,transcriber's notes3 7#a7 ,letters following a carat 77 were originally printed in superscript4 7#b7 ,side-notes were moved to their respective paragraph's start1 and treated as titles4 for the exact locations see the html version4 7#c7 ,the following typographical errors have been corrected3 ,page i3 are useful in themselves1 and are neatly and clearly4 'clearly' amended from 'cleary'4 ,page #h3 ,i have seen the ghastly illustrations to the licentious ,contes ,drolatiques of ,balzac4 ',drolatiques' changed from ',diolatiques'4 ,page #ajj3 ,arrogance or ,nonchalance of the ,tenth ,reported4 ',nonchalance' changed from ',nonchalence'4 ,page #aad3 ,in common fairness some credit should be conceded4 'conceded' changed from 'conceeded'4 ,page #aae3 with a threat of further inquiry into its truth4 'further' changed from 'furthur'4 ,page #aaf3 ,this extraordinary work presents us with pictures4 'work' amended from 'works'4 ,page #aag3 ,the ,king at ,home1 or ,mathews at ,carlton ,house4 ',the' amended from 'the'4 ,page #bjf3 ,professor ,bates would assign as one of the principal causes of the sterility which befel the genius of ,cruikshank4 'befell' amended from 'befel' ,page #bdf3 who however is too firmly seated on his shoulders to be dislodged4 'dislodged' amended from 'disloged'4 ,page #ccj3 ,while at ,whitby1 a deputation from the ,institute of that town waited on ,john ,leech4 ',whitby' amended from ',whity'4 ,page #cdi3 which does not show the care and thought which he bestowed upon its elaboration4 ,comma removed after 'upon'4 ,page #cgf3 stated anywhere1 we shall now proceed to relate them4 ,thackeray was in ,london when ,seymour shot himself in #ahcf4 ,comma after 'them' changed to period4 ,,appendix ,v43 ,charles ,lever's ',harry ,lorrequer4' #ahci4 7,a pirated edition was published at ,philadelphia1 #ahdj47 '#ahdj' amended from '#ahjd'4 ,,english ,,caricaturists4 ,,some ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,at last we have a treatise upon our caricaturists and comic draughtsmen worthy of the great subject4444 ,an entertaining history of caricature1 and consequently of the events1 political and social1 of the century2 in fact1 a thoroughly readable and instructive book4444 ,and what a number of political occurrences1 scandals public and private1 movements political and secular1 are passed in review6 ,all these events ,mr4 ,everitt describes at length with great clearness and vivacity1 giving us a view of them1 so to speak1 from the inside4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,it is a handsome and important volume of #djj pages2 the letterpress being a brightly written commentary1 abounding with illustrative gossip1 on the caricature of the century and the merits of its graphic humourists4444 ,it includes a great deal of the more stirring social and political history of the time4 ,the illustrations so plentifully strewn through ,mr4 ,everitt's volume give it a peculiar interest4--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,the work1 which contains a large amount of information and some valuable lists of publications1 is illustrated with about seventy wood engravings4--,literary ,world4 ,a real contribution to the history of the social life of the century4 ,the book is very fully and well illustrated1 forming in fact quite a gallery of nineteenth century caricature4--,truth4 ,the plates with which it is illustrated are remarkably well produced1 and are useful in themselves1 and are neatly and clearly printed1 so that they give a capital idea of the originals from which they are prepared4--,saturday ,review4 ,gives an elaborate estimate of the merits of the later caricaturists and a complete account of their lives4--,graphic4 ,illustration3 ,published #bast ,october1 #ahab1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fores1 #ej1 ,piccadilly4 ,a ,,buz ,,in ,a ,,box1 ,,or ,,the ,,poet ,,in ,a ,,pet4 ,frontispiece4 ,,english ,,caricaturists ,,and ,,graphic ,,humourists ,,of ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4 ,how they ,illustrated and ,interpreted their ,times4 ,a ,contribution to the ,history of ,caricature from the ,time of the ,first ,napoleon ,down to the ,death of ,john ,leech1 in #ahfd4 ,,by ,,graham ,,everitt4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,illustration ,london3 ,,swan ,,sonnenschein ,,co4 #ahic4 ,,butler ,,tanner1 ,,the ,,selwood ,,printing ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,and ,,london4 ,,preface4 ,the only works which1 so far as ,i know1 profess to deal with ,english caricaturists and comic artists of the nineteenth century are two in number4 ,the first is a work by the late ,robert ,william ,buss1 embodying the substance of certain lectures delivered by the accomplished author many years ago4 ,mr4 ,buss's book1 which was published for private circulation only1 deals more especially with the work of ,james ,gillray1 his predecessors and contemporaries1 treating only briefly and incidentally of a few of his successors of our own day4 ,the second is a work by ,mr4 ,james ,parton1 an ,american author1 whose book 7published by ,harper ,brothers1 of ,new ,york7 treats of ,caricature1 and other ,comic ,art in all ,times and many ,lands4 ,it is obviously no part of my duty 7even if ,i felt disposed to do so7 to criticise the work of a brother scribe1 and that scribe an ,american gentleman4 ,covering an area so boundless in extent1 it is scarcely surprising that ,mr4 ,parton should devote only thirty of his pages to the consideration of ,english caricaturists and graphic humourists of the nineteenth century4 ,under these circumstances1 it would seem to me that1 in placing the present work before the public1 an apology will scarcely be considered necessary4 ,depending oftentimes for effect upon overdrawing1 nearly always upon a graphic power entirely out of the range of ordinary art1 the work of the caricaturist is not to be measured by the ordinary standard of artistic excellence1 but rather by the light which it throws upon popular opinion or popular prejudice1 in relation to the events1 the remembrance of which it perpetuates and chronicles4 ,while1 however1 a latitude is allowed to the caricaturist which would be inconsistent with the principles by which the practice of art is ordinarily governed1 it may at the same time be safely laid down that it is essential to the success of the comic designer as well as the caricaturist1 that both should be artists of ability1 though not necessarily men of absolute genius4 ,it may be contended that ,gillray1 ,rowlandson1 ,bunbury1 and others1 although commencing work before1 are really quite as much nineteenth century graphic satirists as their successors4 ,this ,i admit2 but inasmuch as their work has been already described by other writers1 and the present book concerns itself especially with those whose labours commenced after #ahjj1 ,i have endeavoured to connect them with those of their predecessors and contemporaries1 without unnecessarily entering into detail with which the reader is supposed to be already more or less familiar4 ,i am in hopes that the character in which ,i am enabled to present ,george ,cruikshank as the leading caricaturist of the century2 the account ,i have given of his hitherto almost unknown work of this character2 together with the view ,i have taken of the causes which led to his sudden and unexampled declension in the very midst of an artistic success almost unprecedented1 may prove both new and interesting to some of my readers4 ,i have to acknowledge the assistance ,i have derived from the #ahfd and #ahfg ,,ms4 diaries of the late ,shirley ,brooks1 kindly placed at my service by ,cecil ,brooks1 ,esq41 his son2 my thanks are likewise due to ,mr4 ,william ,tegg for some valuable information kindly rendered4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,edition4 ,having been called on to write a ,preface to a popular edition of this book1 ,i seize the opportunity which is now afforded me of correcting an error which occurred in the original edition4 ,by some unaccountable accident the printer omitted my sub-title2 and it was not unnatural that some of my reviewers should inquire why1 in a work dealing with ,english ,caricaturists of the ,nineteenth ,century1 no mention should be made of the graphic humourists who succeeded ,john ,leech4 ,this question is answered by the restoration of the original title1 from which it will be seen that the work is simply a contribution to the history of caricature from the time of the first ,napoleon down to the death of ,john ,leech1 in #ahfd4 ,to take in the later humourists1 would be to carry the work beyond the limits which ,i had originally assigned to it4 ,one word more1 and ,i have done4 ,my intention in writing this book was to show how the caricaturist illustrated his time1--in other words1 how he interpreted the social and political events of his day1 according to his own bias1 or the views he was retained to serve4 ,while exhibiting him in the light of an historian--which he most undoubtedly is--,i had no idea 7as some of my too favourable critics seem to have imagined7 of writing a history of caricature itself4 ,for this task1 indeed1 ,i am not qualified1 nor does it in the slightest degree enlist my sympathy4 ,g4 ,,everitt4 #aath ,august1 #ahic4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,dr4 ,johnson's definition of the word ,caricatura4--,francis ,grose's definition4--,modern signification of the word4--,change in the ,spirit of ,english ,caricature during the last ,fifty ,years4--,its ,causes4--,gillray4--,rowlandson4--,bunb ury4--,influence of ,gillray and ,rowlandson on their immediate ,successors4--,gradual ,disappearance of the ,coarseness of the ,old ,caricaturists4--,change wrought by ,john ,doyle4--,we have now no ,caricaturist4--,effect of ,wood ,engraving on ,caricature4--,hogarth1 although a ,satirist1 not a ,caricaturist4--,gustave ,dor misdescribed a ,caricaturist4--,absurdity of comparing him with ,cruikshank4--,etching ,moralized4 pp4 #a-aa4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,connection of ,gillray and ,rowlandson with ,nineteenth ,century ,caricaturists4--,napoleon ,bonaparte4--,the ,causes of ,english ,exasperation against him explained4--,sketch of his ,policy towards ,england4--,the ,berlin ,decree4--,english ,caricatures brought to the notice of ,bonaparte4--,a ,political ,fair4--,the ,gallick ,storehouse for ,english ,shipping4--,spanish ,flies1 or ,boney taking an ,immoderate ,dose4--,boney and his ,new ,wife1 or a ,quarrel about ,nothing4--,birth of the young ,king of ,rome4--,british ,cookery1 or ,out of the ,frying-pan into the ,fire4--,general ,frost ,shaving ,boney4--,polish ,diet with ,french ,dessert4--,the ,corsican ,blood-hound beset by the ,bears of ,russia4 ,nap nearly ,nab'd1 or a ,retreating ,jump just in time4--,boney ,returning from ,russia covered with ,glory4--,nap's ,glorious ,return4--,rowlandson's ,anti-,bonaparte ,caricatures4--,french ,contemporary ,satires4--,gillray's ,anti-,bonaparte ,caricatures4--,his ,libels on ,josephine4--,madame ,tallien4--,robert ,dighton4--,consequences of a ,pinch of ,snuff4--,master ,betty--,impeachment of ,lord ,melville4--,introduction of ,gas4--,mary ,anne ,clarke4--,imbecility and ,death of ,james ,gillray pp4 #ab-cc4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,re-opening of ,drury ,lane4--,dr4 ,busby's ,monologue4--,a ,buz in a ,box1 or the ,poet in a ,pet4--,doctors ,differ1 or ,dame ,nature against the ,college4--,joanna ,southcott4--,flight of the ,princess ,charlotte4--,plebeian ,spirit1 or ,coachee and the ,heiress ,presumptive4--,miss endeavouring to ,excite a ,glow with her ,dutch ,plaything4--,american ,war of #ahab-ahae4--;,hostile ,temper of the ,americans4--,disastrous ,results of their ,invasion of ,canada4--,english ,retaliatory ,measures4--,burning of ,washington4--,expedition against ,alexandria4--,the ,fall of ,washington1 or ,maddy in ,full ,flight4--,british ,defeated at ,baltimore and ,new ,orleans4--,romeo ,coates4--,marriage of the ,princess ,charlotte4--,leap ,year1 or ,john ,bull's ,establishment4--,troubles of #ahag4--,narrow ,escape of the ,prince ,regent4--,more ,plots666 ,more ,plots666--,edmund ,kean and ,lucius ,junius ,booth4--,the ,rival ,richards4--,congress of the ,allied ,sovereigns at ,aix-la-,chapelle4--,a ,russian ,dandy at ,home3 a ,scene at ,aix-la-,chapelle4--,a ,peep at the ,pump ,room1 or the ,zomerzetshire ,folks in a ,maze4--,death of ,queen ,charlotte4--,the ,hambourg ,waltz4--,invention of the ,kaleidoscope4--,caleidoscopes1 or ,paying for ,peeping4--,the ,velocipede or ,hobby4--,the ,spirit ,moving the ,quakers upon ,worldly ,vanities4--,john ,bull in ,clover1 and ,john ,bull ,done ,over4--,birth of the ,princess ,victoria4--,a ,scene in the ,new ,farce1 called ,the ,rivals1 or a ,visit to the ,heir ,presumptive4 pp4 #cd-fa4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,caroline of ,brunswick4--,levity of her ,character4--,result of the ,commission to ,inquire into her ,conduct in #ahjf4--;,her ,letter to the ,regent4--,result of the ,commission of #ahac4--;,caroline rebels4--,wrath of ,lord ,ellenborough4-,a ,key to the ,investigation1 or ,iago distanced by odds4--,refusal of the ,regent to meet her in #ahad4--;,her ,protest4--,applies for ,permission to ,travel ,abroad4--,rumours prejudicial to her ,moral ,conduct4--,paving the way for a ,royal ,divorce4--,the ,milan ,commission4--,ministers averse to the ,prosecution of the ,queen4--,their ,false ,step4--,arrival of ,caroline in ,london4--,opening of the ,green ,bag4--,arrival of the ,witnesses4--,strange ,appearance of ,caroline at the ,trial4--,satire upon ,her and her ,supporters4--,city ,scavengers ,cleansing the ,london ,streets of ,impurities4--,practical ,failure of the ,prosecution4--,the ,queen ,caroline running down the ,royal ,george4--,the ,steward's ,court of the ,manor of ,torre ,devon4--,popularity of the ,king4--,grand ,entrance to ,bamboozlem4--,public ,events of #ahbb-ahbe4--;,greek ,war of ,independence4--,battle of ,navarino4--,russian ,bear's ,grease1 or a ,peep into ,futurity4--,the ,descent of the ,great ,bear1 or the ,mussulmans in a ,quandary4--,the ,nest in ,danger4--,the ,porte presenting a ,bill of ,indemnification4--,burking old ,mrs4 ,constitution1 aged #ada4--;,caricature ,declines after #ahcj1 and why4--,william ,heath and other ,caricaturists of the ,period4--,theodore ,lane4 pp4 #fb-hh4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,caricatures of ,robert ,cruikshank4--,forgotten1 and why4--,artistic ,training--,the ,mother's ,girl ,plucking a ,crow1 or ,german ,flesh and ,english ,spirit4--,the ,horse ,marine and his ,trumpeter in a ,squall4--,queer ,fashions of the early part of the ,century4--,thackeray's ,difficulty4--,caricatures on the ,dandies of #ahah4--,robert and his ,fellow-,caricaturists ridicule the sham ,corinthians and ,corinthian ,kates of their day4--,hollow ,pretensions of the ,dandies4--,the ,dandy ,dressing at ,home and ,the ,dandy ,dressed4--,a ,dandyess4--,robert's ,satires on the ,dandies of #ahai4--,the ,mysterious ,fair ,one1 or the ,royal ,introduction to the ,circassian ,beauty4--,other ,caricatures of his of #ahai4--;,his ,satires on the ,trial of ,queen ,caroline4--,his ,caricatures of #ahba4--;,duel between the ,dukes of ,bedford and ,buckingham4--,other ,satires by him in #ahbb4--;,interference of ,louis ,,xviii4 in ,spanish ,affairs4--,robert's ,satires on ,louis and his ,son4--,the ,golden ,ball4--,other ,caricatures by ,robert in #ahbc4--,the ,tenth ,hussars4--,maria ,foote and ,pea-green ,hayne4--,other satires by ,robert in #ahbd4--;,colonel ,fitz-,bastard and ,mr4 ,judge4--,cox v4 ,kean4--,sir ,walter ,scott4--,the ,living ,skeleton4--,popple and ,stockdale4--,other ,subjects of #ahbe4--;,cruikshankiana4 pp4 #hi-ajh4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,book ,illustrations of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank4--,the ,life in ,london4--,injustice done to ,robert with reference to this ,book4--,the ,life ,dramatized4--,excitement it ,occasioned4--,the ,portly ,stranger in the ,duke's ,box4--,queer ,visitors at ,rehearsal4--,horror of the ,serious ,people4--,the ,mistake which they made4--,the ,finish4--,pierce ,egan's ,position with reference to the ,life4--,origin of ,bell's ,life in ,london4--,charles ,molloy ,westmacott4--,the ,english ,spy4--,the ,oppidans' ,museum4--,the ,king at ,home4--,rowlandson's contribution to ,the ,english ,spy4--,westmacott and the ,literature of ,foote and ,hayne4--,robert's ,carelessness4--,points of ,misery4--,doings in ,london4--,cruikshank's ,comic ,album4--,monsieur ,nong-tong-paw4--,three ,books ,illustrated by ,robert4--,death4 pp4 #aji-abd4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank4--,no ,plan1 no ,ambition4--,the ,assertion ,disproved4--,why ,george's ,caricatures possess so remarkable an ,interest4--,the ,scourge4--,lord ,sidmouth's ,bill to amend the ,toleration ,act4--,opposition to the ,measure by the ,nonconformists4--,george's ,satire upon them4--,satire upon the ,medical ,profession4--,the ,satirist1 or ,monthly ,meteor4--,fashion4--,the ,loyalists' ,magazine4--,an ,early ,satire4--,meditations amongst the ,tombs4--,other ,satires of #ahac4--,little ,boney gone to ,pot4--,alexander of ,russia and the ,duchess of ,oldenburg4--,the ,princess ,caroline4--,joanna ,southcott4--,the ,obnoxious ,corn ,laws of #ahae4--,satires thereon4--,escape of ,napoleon4--,outlawed by the ,powers4--,excitement caused by this ,event4--,george's ,satires thereon4--,napoleon endeavours to ,establish ,friendly ,relations4--,silent ,hostility of ,europe4--,he ,sets out for the ,army4--,george's ,satire thereon4--,surrender of ,bonaparte4--,the ,bellerophon off the ,english ,coast4--,other ,satires of #ahae4--,the ,regent's ,repugnance to ,retrenchment and ,reform4--,marriage of the ,princess ,charlotte4--,satire on the ,purchase of the ,elgin ,marbles4--,other ,satires of #ahaf4--;,john ,bull's ,bankruptcy ,proceedings4--,remanded for ,extravagance4--,his ,schedule4--,seditious ,troubles of #ahag4--;,a ,satire on the ,princess ,caroline4--,death of the ,princess ,charlotte4--,other ,satires of #ahag--of #ahah4--,the ,bank ,restriction ,note4--,satires of #ahai4--,queen ,caroline and other ,caricatures of #ahbj and #ahba4--;,death and ,funeral of the ,queen4--,the ,populace force the ,procession to go through the ,city4--,the ,military fire on the ,people4--,alderman ,sir ,william ,curtis in ,highland ,costume4--,indignation of the ,king4--,satires on both4--,statue of ,achilles4--,other ,caricatures of #ahbb4--,satires of #ahbc and #ahbd4--;,joint ,stock ,company ,mania of #ahbe4--,undated ,satires4--,amazing value of ,george ,cruikshank's ,caricatures4 pp4 #abe-aff4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,george ,cruikshank as a ,book ,illustrator4--,defects and ,excellencies4--,women1 ,horses1 ,trees4--,greenwich ,hospital4--,sikes and the ,dog4--,jonathan ,wild4--,simon ,renard and ,winwike4--,born a ,genius and ,born a ,dwarf4--,its ,history4--,randalph and ,hilda at ,ranelagh4--,sale of the ,shadow4--,sailors ,carousing4--,paying off a ,jew4--,simpkin ,dancing4--,the ,last ,cab ,driver4--,dominie ,sampson4--,dumbiedikes4--,fall of the ,leaf4--,taurus4--,libra4--,revolution at ,madame ,tussaud's4--,theatrical ,fun ,dinner4--,gone6--,duke of ,marlborough's ,boot4--,the ,two ,elves4--,witches' ,frolic4--,ghosts4--,jack o' ,lantern4--,devils4--,the ,gin ,shop4--,redgauntlet4--,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell4--,murder of ,sir ,rowland ,trenchard4--,xit ,wedded to the ,scavenger's ,daughter4--,mauger ,sharpening his ,axe4--,massacre at ,tullabogue1 etc4--,his ,genius4 pp4 #afg-ahh4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,the ,sleep of ,thirty ,years4--,causes of ,george ,cruikshank's ,decadence ,insufficiently ,understood4--,professor ,bates' ,theory4--,charles ,dickens's ,nervousness 7874--,why ,cruikshank was ,unfitted to ,illustrate his ,novels4--,the ,rejected ,illustration to ,oliver ,twist4--,quarrel with ,bentley4--,guy ,fawkes ,illustrations4--,ainsworth's ,magazine4--,progress of the ,cruikshank versus ,bentley ,campaign4--,cruikshank's ,declaration of ,war4--,his ,tactics4--,our ,library ,table4--,quarrel with ,harrison ,ainsworth4--,cruikshank's ,claim to be ,originator of ,two of his ,stories ,considered4--,a word for ,harrison ,ainsworth4--,popularity and ,success of his ,novels4--,charles ,lever's ,arthur ,o',leary4--,cruikshank's final ,leap in the ,dark4--,its ,fatal ,consequences4--,crusade against ,drink4--,worship of ,bacchus4--,his ,work ,falls away4--,thirty ,years of ,artistic ,sterility4--,fairy ,stories turned into ,temperance ,tracts4--,forgotten6 pp4 #ahi-bjg4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,birth of ,robert ,seymour4--,starts as a ,painter in ,oils4--,death of ,george ,,iv4--,his ,contemptible ,character4--,sale of his ,wardrobe4--,order for ,general ,mourning4--,the ,adelaide ,mill4--,revolution of #ahcj4--;,dismissal of the ,german ,band4--,st4 ,john ,long the ,quack4--,administering an ,oath4--,the ,humorous ,sketches4--,book of ,christmas4--,new ,readings of ,old ,authors4--,figaro in ,london4-- ,beckett's ,editorial ,amenities4--,feud between him and ,seymour4--,seymour ,caricatures ,beckett4--,figaro passes into the hands of ,mayhew4--,re-engagement of ,seymour4--,origin of the ,pickwick ,papers4--,the ,rejected ,etching4--,suicide of ,seymour4--,his ,claim to be the ,inventor of ,pickwick considered4 pp4 #bjh-bcd4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,agitation for ,reform in #ahcj-cb4--,the ,marquis of ,blandford's ,scheme of ,reform4--,strange ,state of the ,english ,representative ,system of those ,days4--,o',connell's ,scheme4--,lord ,john ,russell's ,resolutions ,rejected4--,dearth of ,political ,caricaturists at this ,time4--,,hb4--,secret of the ,success of his ,political ,sketches4--,his ,style a ,complete ,innovation4--,i'll be your ,second4--,unpopularity of the ,duke of ,cumberland4--,my ,dog and my ,gun4--,lord ,john ,russell ,introduces a ,reform ,bill4--,second ,reading ,carried by a ,majority of ,one4--,general ,election4--,lord ,john ,russell's ,second ,reform ,bill ,passes the ,house of ,commons4--,deputation to the ,lords4--,bringing up our ,bill4--,the ,lords ,throw it ,out4--,lord ,john ,russell again brings in a ,bill4--,ministers again in a ,minority in the ,lords4--,earl ,grey tenders certain ,alternatives4--,excitement caused by the ,opposition of the ,lords4--,perplexity of the ,king4--,how he ,overcame the ,opposition of the ,peers4--,william ,,iv4 as ,johnny ,gilpin4--,the ,king as ,mazeppa and ,sinbad the ,sailor4--,outrage on the ,duke of ,wellington4--,taking an ,airing in ,hyde ,park4--,auld ,lang ,syne4--,a ,hint to ,duellists4--,a ,great ,subject ,dedicated to the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons4--,sir ,francis ,burdett4--,following the ,leader4--,the ,dog and the ,shadow4--,a ,race for the ,westminster ,stakes4--,a ,fine ,old ,english ,gentleman4--,jim ,crow ,dance and ,chorus4 pp4 #bce-bec4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,political ,sketches of ,,hb4 7continued74--,lord ,john ,russell4--,jonah4--,reduction of the ,stamp on ,newspapers4--,how it was evaded4--,arguments of the ,opponents of the ,measure4--,hard and ,soft ,soap versus ,newspapers4--,strange ,arguments of the ,newspaper ,proprietors of the ,day4--,the ,rival ,newsmongers4--,brougham ,watches for the ,door of ,preferment being ,opened4--,the ,gheber ,worshipping the ,rising ,sun4--,made ,lord ,chancellor4--,a ,select ,specimen of the ,black ,style4--,a ,scene in the ,house of ,lords4--,the ,duel that ,did ,not ,take ,place4--,dissolution of ,parliament in #ahcd4--;,brougham's ,royal ,progress through ,scotland4--,annoyance of ,william ,,iv41 who ,determines to ,get ,rid of ,him4--,the ,fall of ,icarus4--,the ,vaux and the ,grapes4--,the ,irish ,coercion ,bill of #ahcc4--;,irish ,disaffection which led ,up to ,it4--,list of ,irish ,crimes for ,one ,year4--,scenes between ,english and ,irish ,members4--,prisoners of ,war4--,good ,effects of the ,coercion ,bill4--,irish ,agitators of #ahcc and #ahhc ,compared4--,o' ,connell and the ,irish ,peasant4--,unscrupulous ,political ,conduct of ,o',connell4--,the ,comet of #ahce4--;,doctor ,syntax i4e4 ,peel on his ,faithful ,steed in ,search of the ,picturesque4--,amazing ,number of ,,hb's ,political ,sketches4--,his failings4--,his ,imitators and their ,fate4 pp4 #bed-bgf4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,john ,leech4--,birth4--,at ,charterhouse4--,the ,coach ,tree4--,early ,efforts in ,drawing brought to the notice of ,flaxman4--,apprenticed to ,whittle1 an ,eccentric ,medical ,man4--,transfer of ,leech's ,indentures4--,early ,work4--,applies to ,illustrate ,pickwick4--,style not ,matured till #ahdj4--;,an ,attack on ,dickens4--,attack on ,phiz4--,attack on ,d',israeli4--,bentley's ,miscellany4--,joins ,punch4--,marriage4--,the ,right-hand ,man in ,punch's ,cabinet4--,illuminated ,magazine4--,portraits of ,leech in ,punch4--,douglas ,jerrold and ,albert ,smith4--,douglas ,jerrold and ,beckett4--,leech at a ,fancy ,ball4--,albert ,smith and the ,wide-awake ,innkeepers at ,chamounix4--,george ,cruikshank ,borrowing from ,leech4--,influence of ,cruikshank on ,leech4--,the ,two ,compared4--,abhorrence of ,frenchmen4--,mistake in ,the ,battle of ,life4 pp4 #bgg-bic4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,john ,leech's ,punch ,cartoons4--,the ,albert ,hat4--,o',connell4--,sir ,james ,graham4--,peel's ,dirty ,little ,boy4--,how do you ,like the ,new ,whig8--,the ,premier's ,fix4--,the ,railway ,juggernaut4--,between ,free ,trade and ,protection ,sir ,robert ,peel falls through4--,dombey and ,son4--,lord ,brougham in order4--,smithfield4--,louis ,philippe4--,the ,year of ,unrest1 #ahdh4--;,french ,expedition to ,rome4--,a ,bright ,idea4--,general ,haynau and ,barclay ,perkins' ,draymen4--,joe ,hume4--,the ,papal ,aggression ,cartoons4--,the ,boy who ,chalked up ',no ,popery' and then ,ran ,away4--,great ,exhibition of #ahea4--,the ,coup d'tat4--,the ,peace ,society4--,the ,old ',un and the ,young ',un4--,war with ,russia4--,evils of the ,purchase ,system4--,generals ,janvier and ,fevrier4--,the ,return from ,vienna4--,incapacity of ,english ,generals4--,urgent ,private ,affairs4--,staying ,proceedings4--,the ,royal ,leves4--,the ,french ,colonels4--,religion la mode4--,fte at ,cremorne4--,plots against the ,french ,emperor1 and their ,consequences4--,invasion of ,french ,light ,wines4 pp4 #bid-cad4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,exhibition of ,leech's ,sketches in ,oil at the ,egyptian ,hall in #ahfb4--,what ,thackeray said of them4--,gradual ,decrease in the ,numbers of his ,cartoons for ,punch4--,overwork4--,goes to the ,continent with ,mark ,lemon in #ahfb4--;,a day at ,biarritz4--,returns with no ,benefit4--,leech and ,thackeray at ,evans's in ,december1 #ahfc4--,thackeray and ,leech at ,charterhouse on ,founder's ,day4--,thackeray at the ,wednesday ,punch ,dinner1 #aeth of ,december1 #ahfc4--;,death of ,thackeray4--,death of ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees4--,the ,punch ,council ,dinners4--,john ,leech a faithful ,attendant4--,moses ,starting for the ,fair4--,john ,leech's ,illness described4--,no ,falling off in the ,quality of his ,designs4--,st4 ,genulphus4--,starts off for ,homburg with ,mr4 ,alfred ,elmore4--,death of ,thomas ,frederick ,robson4--,his ,wonderful ,powers ,wasted4--,leech goes to ,whitby4--,shirley ,brooks joins him4--,the ,weinbrunnen ,schwalbach4--,reminiscences of the ,whitby ,visit4--,opening of ,fechter's ,season at the ,lyceum4--,john ,leech at a ,party at ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith's1 #acth of ,october--,at the ,weekly ,punch ,dinner1 #bfth of ,october4--,serious ,change for the ,worse4--,his ,death4--,shock caused by his ,death in ,london and the ,provinces4--,his ,funeral4--,shirley ,brooks' ,memorial in ,punch4 pp4 #cae-cce4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,hablot ,knight ,browne 7,phiz74--,invincible ,tendency to ,exaggeration4--,charles ,lever's ,opinion4--,weakness and ,attenuation of his ,figures4--,compared with ,john ,leech4--,tendency to ,reproduce4--,all his ,heroes closely ,resemble ,one ,another4--,charles ,lever's ,complaint on this ,score4--,great ,ability of the ,artist4--,ralph ,nickleby's ,visit to his ,poor ,relations4--,newman ,noggs4--,squeers4--,mrs4 ,nickleby's ,lunatic ,admirer4--,pecksniff's ,reception of the ,new ,pupil4--,pleasant ,little ,family ,party at ,mr4 ,pecksniff's4--,warm ,reception of ,mr4 ,pecksniff by his ,venerable ,friend4--,quilp and ,samson ,brass4--,quilp and the ,dog4--,mrs4 ,jarley's ,waxwork ,brigand4--,capture of ,bunsby by ,mrs4 ,macstinger4--,sunday under ,three ,heads4--,the ,jack ,sheppard ,mania of #ahdj4--,the ,way to the ,gallows made ,easy and ,pleasant4--,phiz not a ,born ,comic ,artist4--,excellence in ,depicting ,graver ,subjects4--,the ,dombey ,family4--,mrs4 ,dombey at ,home4--,abstraction and ,recognition4--,the ,dark ,road4--,carker in his ,hour of ,triumph4--,bleak ,house4--,why ,browne suited ,charles ,dickens's ,requirements4--,coolness between ,artist and ,author4--,one of ,browne's ,finest ,illustrations4--,decline of ,book ,etching4--,browne without an ,idea of his ,own4--,powerful ,assistance rendered to ,novelists by ,book ,illustrators of his day4--,sketches and ,studies4--,death of the ,artist4 pp4 #ccf-ced4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,kenny ,meadows4--,portraits of the ,english4--,a ,thoroughly ,useful ,man4--,some ,works ,illustrated by ,meadows4--,his ,merits ,unequal4--,his ,contempt for ,nature4--,an ,early ,illustrator of ,punch4--,his ,illustrated ,shakespeare4--,some ,excellent ,work of ,meadows4--,his ,death4--,robert ,william ,buss4--,recommended to ,illustrate ,pickwick on ,seymour's ,death4--,etchings ,suppressed4--,the ,buss ,plates not his at all4--,his ,paintings4--,lectures on ,caricature and ,graphic ,satire4--,comic ,publications which preceded or ran side by side with ,punch4--,alfred ,william ,forrester 7,alfred ,crowquill74--,a ,general ,utility ,man4--,crowquill a ,caricaturist4--,his ,talent and ,cleverness4--,some of ,his ,paintings4--,charles ,h4 ,bennett4--,shadows4--,shadow and ,substance4--,origin of ,species4--,taken on the ,punch ,staff4--,early ,death4--,theatrical ,performances for the ,benefit of his ,family4--,kate ,terry4--,thackeray as a ,comic ,artist4--,satire on ,charles ,lever4--,unfitted to ,illustrate his own ,novels1 and why4--,his ,genius ,displayed in ,literature not in ,art4--,illustrations to ,vanity ,fair ,considered4--,anthony ,trollope on this ,subject4 pp4 #cee-chj4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,first ,work of ,richard ,doyle4--,receives his ,art ,training from his ,father4--,joins ,punch4--,the ,peace-at-any-,price ,party4--,the ,troubles of #ahdh4--,the ,sea-,serpent of ,revolution ,upsetting the ,monarchical ,cock-boats4--,lord ,brougham4--,richard ,doyle's ,dream of the ,future of ,ireland4--,the ,window ,tax4--,manners and ,customs of ,ye ,englishe4--,the ,month upon ,exeter ,hall4--,establishment of the ,papal ,hierarchy in ,england4--,the ,causes of ,doyle's ,retirement from ,punch ,explained4--,unselfishness of ,his ,conduct4--,ultimate ,consequences on his ,prospects4--,number of his ,punch ,illustrations4--,caricatures of ,richard ,doyle4--,brown1 ,jones1 and ,robinson4--,works ,illustrated by ,doyle4--,mr4 ,hamerton's ,criticism on his ,illustrations to ,the ,newcomes4--,his ,death4--,john ,tenniel4--,joins ,punch at the ,commencement of ,troublous ,times4--,death of the ,duke of ,wellington4--,battle of ,oltenitza4--,lord ,aberdeen as the ,courier of ,st4 ,petersburg4--,lord ,aberdeen tries to ,hold in the ,british ,lion4--,england the ,unready4--,peace ,seated on the ,garrison ,gun4--,punch's ,low ,estimate of the ,third ,napoleon4--,an ,international ,poultry ,show4--,the ,eagle in ,love4--,playing with ,edged ,tools4--,an ,unpleasant ,neighbour4--,louis ,closes his ,firework ,shop to please ,johnny4--,miss ,britannia ,refuses to ,dance again with ,louis4--,mr4 ,tenniel one of the most ,versatile of ,modern ,designers4--,examples of his ,graphic ,satire4--,notice of his ,cartoons ,closes with #ahfd1 in ,accordance with the ,plan of the ,work4--,his ,comic ,powers4 pp4 #cha-djj4 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,anonymous4 ,,page ,a ,,buzz ,,in ,a ,,box ,frontispiece ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,grand ,,entrance ,,to ,,bamboozlem #ha ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,leap ,,year2 ,,or1 ,,john ,,bull',s ,,peace ,,establishment #ej ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,a ,,peep ,,in ,,the ,,pump ,,room #eg ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,bennett1 ,,chas4 ,h4 ,,creeping ,,like ,a ,,snail #cga ,from ,original ,woodblock in possession of the ,publishers4 ,,old ,,enough ,,to ,,know ,,better #cgb ,from ,original ,woodblock in possession of the ,publishers4 ,,browne1 ,,hablot ,k4 7,,phiz74 ,,the ,,departure #ccf ,,dick ,,swiveller ,,and ,,the ,,lodger #cdj ,,the ,,rioters #cdf ,,sam ,,weller ,,and ,,his ,,father #ceb ,woodcut ,reproductions of the ,original ,sketches4 ,,bunbury1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,barber',s ,,shop #e ,,salutation ,,tavern #aa ,,strephon ,,and ,,chloe #aa ,by ,permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,crowquill1 ,,alfred4 ,,frozen ,,out ,,gardeners #cfh ,,swearing ,,the ,,horns ,,at ,,highgate #cfi ,both by permission of ,messrs4 ,w4 ,r4 ,chambers4 ,,cruikshank1 ,,george4 ,,absent-,,mindedness #age ,,bat ,,boroo #age ,,the ,,braintrees #aga ,,the ,,deaf ,,postilion #aga ,,the ,,dentist #age ,,the ,,elves ,,and ,,the ,,cobbler #ahj ,above six by permission of ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,bell ,sons4 ,,the ,,gin ,,shop #ahd ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,the ,,old ,,commodore #ahb ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,routledge ,son4 ,,russian ,,condescension #acc ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,a ,,scene ,,in ,,kensington ,,gardens #aeb ,from ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,a ,,tall ,,figure ,,her ,,sight ,,engrossed #ahb ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,routledge ,son4 ,,the ,t,,te-,a-,t,,te #age ,,the ,,waits ,,of ,,bremen #ahj ,,the ,,witch',s ,,switch #age ,above three by permission of ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,bell ,sons4 ,,cruikshank1 ,,robert4 ,,john ,,bull ,,flourishing #ii ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,cuts ,,from ,,the ,,universal ,,songster #aaj ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,geo4 ,routledge ,son4 ,,dor1 ,,gustave4 ,,the ,,abbot ,,of ,,marmoustiers #h ,,the ,,landlord ,,of ,,the ,,three ,,barbels #i ,,monseigneur ,,hugon #i ,,serjeant-,,of-,,the-,,justice ,,taupin #h ,above four by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,gillray1 ,j4 ,a ,,connoisseur #bd ,,the ,,gout #e ,a ,,lesson ,,in ,,apple ,,dumplings #bd ,,napoleonic ,,caricatures #ah1 #bj ,,the ,,national ,,assembly #bf ,a ,,peep ,,at ,,christie',s #ad ,,royal ,,affability #bd ,above seven by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,shakespeare ,,sacrificed #ab ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,twopenny ,,whist #af ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,hogarth1 ,w4 ,,marriage ,,la ,,mode #g ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,sketch4 ,,lane1 ,,theodore4 ,,the ,,gallery #he ,,the ,,non-,,paying ,,audience #he ,woodcut ,reproductions of the ,original ,sketches4 ,,leech1 ,,john4 ,,the ,,election #bhf ,i ,,hope1 ,,mr4 ,,smug1 ,,you ,,don',t ,,beat ,,your ,,boys6 #bib ,,the ,,mayor ,,and ,,corporation ,,of ,,swinestead #bgh ,,rowlandson1 ,t4 ,,all ,,the ,,talents #c ,,anything ,,will ,,do ,,for ,,an ,,officer #b ,,the ,,cobbler',s ,,cure ,,for ,a ,,scolding ,,wife #bi ,,desire #aa ,,spitfires #bh ,,trumpet ,,and ,,bassoon #b ,above six by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,sandby1 ,,paul4 ,a ,,mountebank ,,painter #g ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,seymour1 ,,robert4 ,,the ,,adelaide ,,mill #bac ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,caricature4 ,,the ,,dying ,,clown #bcc ,woodcut ,reproduction of the ,original ,sketch4 ,,thackeray1 ,w4 ,m4 ,,angelica ,,arrives ,,just ,,in ,,time #cgi ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,elder ,co4 ,,brown1 ,,jones1 ,,and ,,robinson #cib ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,bradbury1 ,agnew ,co4 ,,gruffanuff #cgh ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,elder ,co4 ,,marginal ,,sketches 7#b7 #cge ,by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,,monks ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,flagellants #cgh ,,prince ,,bulbo #cgh ,both by permission of ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,elder ,co4 ,,woodward1 ,g4 ,m4 ,,desire #aa ,,general ,,complaint #aa ,both by permission of ,messrs4 ,chatto ,windus4 ,illustration3 ,the ,farthing ,rushlight4 ,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 ,,with ,,fox1 ,,sheridan1 ,,and ,,his ,,whig ,,associates1 ,,trying ,,in ,,vain ,,to ,,blow ,,out ,,poor ,,old ,,george4 ,the author desires to express his sense of obligation to the several publishers who have courteously granted him permission to reproduce drawings1 the copyrights of which are vested in themselves2 and at the same time to state his regret that other publishers1 similarly situated with respect to other works1 have not seen their way to render it possible for him to supply specimens of the style of certain artists1 two of whom in particular1 ,john ,leech and ,h4 ,k4 ,browne1 must needs be conspicuous by their comparative absence4 ,such ,caricatures and ,book ,illustrations as have seemed specially desirable--of which the copyrights have lapsed and no editions are at the present day in print--have been engraved for this work by ,,mr4 ,,william ,,cheshire4 ,,english ,,caricaturists4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,caricature ,,and ,,its ,,decay4 ,,definition ,,of ,,caricature ,if you turn to the word caricatura in your ,italian dictionary1 it is just possible that you will be gratified by learning that it means caricature2 but if you refer to the same word in old ,dr4 ,johnson1 he will tell you1 with the plain1 practical common-sense which distinguished him1 that it signifies an exaggerated resemblance in drawings1 and this expresses exactly what it does mean4 ,any distinguishing feature or peculiarity1 whether in face1 figure1 or dress1 is exaggerated1 and yet the likeness is preserved4 ,a straight nose is presented unnaturally straight1 a short nose unnaturally depressed2 a prominent forehead is drawn unusually bulbous2 a protuberant jaw unnaturally underhung2 a fat man is depicted preternaturally fat1 and a thin one correspondingly lean4 ,this at least was the idea of caricature during the last century4 ,old ,francis ,grose1 who1 in #agia1 wrote certain ,rules for ,drawing ,caricaturas1 gives us the following explanation of their origin3--,the sculptors of ancient ,greece1 he tells us1 seem to have diligently observed the form and proportions constituting the ,european ideas of beauty1 and upon them to have formed their statues4 ,these measures are to be met with in many drawing books2 a slight deviation from them by the predominancy of any feature constitutes what is called character1 and serves to discriminate the owner thereof and to fix the idea of identity4 ,this deviation or peculiarity aggravated1 forms caricatura4 ,as a matter of fact1 the strict definition of the word given by ,francis ,grose and ,dr4 ,johnson is no longer applicable2 the word caricature includes1 and has for a very long time been understood to include1 within its meaning any pictorial or graphic satire1 political or otherwise1 and whether the drawing be exaggerated or not3 it is in this sense that ,mr4 ,wright makes use of it in his ,caricature ,history of the ,georges1 and it is in this sense that we shall use it for the purposes of this present book4 ,illustration3 ,,rowlandson4 ,,the ,,trumpet ,,and ,,the ,,bassoon4 ,illustration3 ,,rowlandson4 ,january #ast1 #agif4 ,,anything ,,will ,,do ,,for ,,an ,,officer4 ,what shall we do with him8 ,do with him8 ,why1 make an officer of him6 ,face p4 #b4 ,,change ,,in ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,english ,,caricature4 ,since the commencement of the present century1 and more especially during the last fifty years1 a change has come over the spirit of ,english caricature4 ,the fact is due to a variety of causes1 amongst which must be reckoned the revolution in dress and manners2 the extinction of the three-bottle men and topers2 the change of thought1 manners1 and habits consequent on the introduction of steam1 railways1 and the electric telegraph4 ,the casual observer meeting1 as he sometimes will1 with a portfolio of etchings representing the men with red and bloated features1 elephantine limbs1 and huge paunches1 who figure in the caricatures of the last and the early part of the present century1 may well be excused if he doubt whether such figures of fun ever had an actual existence4 ,our answer is that they not only existed1 but were very far from uncommon4 ,our great-grandfathers of #ahjj were jolly good fellows2 washing down their beef-steaks with copious draughts of ,york or ,burton ale1 or the porter for which ,trenton1 of ,whitechapel1 appears to have been famed1#a fortifying themselves afterwards with deeper draughts of generous wines--rich port1 ,madeira1 claret1 dashed with hermitage--they set up before they were old men paunches and diseases which rendered them a sight for gods and men4 ,reader1 be assured that the fat men who figure in the graphic satires of the early part of the century were certainly not caricatured4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,,rowlandson4 ,april #acth1 #ahjg4 ,,all ,,the ,,talents4 ,the ,broad-,bottom ,administration1 known as ,all the ,talents1 showing the several qualifications of the ,ministry4 ,face p4 #c4 ,,the ,,three ,,great ,,caricaturists ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,century4 ,in connection with the subject of graphic satire1 the names of the three great caricaturists of the last century--,gillray1 ,rowlandson1 and ,bunbury--are indispensable4 ,the last1 a gentleman of family1 fortune1 and position1 and equerry to the ,duke of ,york1 was1 in truth1 rather an amateur than an artist4 ,rowlandson was an able draughtsman1 and something more2 but his style and his tastes are essentially coarse and sensual1 and his women are the overblown beauties of the ,drury ,lane and ,covent ,garden of his day4 ,george ,moutard ,woodward1 whose productions he sometimes honoured by etching1 and whose distinguishing characteristics are carelessness and often bad drawing1 follows him at a respectful distance4 ,the genius of ,james ,gillray has won him the title of the ,prince of ,caricaturists1 a title he well earned and thoroughly deserved4 ,the only one of the nineteenth century caricaturists who touches him occasionally in caricature1 but distances him in everything else1 is our ,george ,cruikshank4 ,commencing work when ,george the ,third was still a young man1 ,gillray and ,rowlandson necessarily infused into it some of the coarseness and vulgarity of their century4 ,with ,gillray1 indeed1 this coarseness and vulgarity may be said to be rather the exception than the rule1 whereas the exact contrary holds good of his able and too often careless contemporary4 ,as might have been expected1 every one who excites their ridicule or contempt is treated and 7in their letterpress descriptions7 spoken of in the broadest manner4 ,bonaparte is mentioned by both artists 7in allusion to his supposed sanguinary propensities7 as ,boney1 the carcase butcher2 ,josephine is represented by ,gillray as a coarse fat woman1 with the sensual habits of a ,drury ,lane strumpet2 ,talleyrand1 by right of his club foot and limping gait1 is invariably dubbed ,hopping ,talley4 ,the influence of both artists is felt by those who immediately succeeded them4 ,the coarseness1 for instance1 of ,robert ,cruikshank1 when he displays any at all1 which is seldom1 is directly traceable to the influence of ,rowlandson1 whom 7until he followed the example of his greater brother7 he at first copied4 ,,influence ,,of ,,gillray ,,on ,,cruikshank4 ,gillray wrought much the same influence upon ,george ,cruikshank4 ,i have seen it gravely asserted by some of those who have written upon him1#b that this great artist never executed a drawing which could call a blush into the cheek of modesty4 ,but those who have written upon ,george ,cruikshank--and their name is legion--instead of beginning at the beginning1 and thus tracing the gradual and almost insensible formation of his style1 appear to me to have plunged as it were into medias res1 and commenced at the point when he dropped caricature and became an illustrator of books4 ,book illustration was scarcely an art until ,george ,cruikshank made it so2 and the most interesting period of his artistic career appears to us to be the one in which he pursued the path indicated by ,james ,gillray1 until his career of caricaturist merged into his later employment of a designer and etcher of book illustration1 by which no doubt he achieved his reputation4 ,in answer to those who tell us that he never produced a drawing which could call a blush into the cheek of modesty1 and never raised a laugh at the expense of decency1 we will only say that we can produce at least a score of instances to the contrary4 ,to go no further than ,the ,scourge1 we will refer them to three3 his ,dinner of the ,four-in-,hand ,club at ,salthill1 in vol4 i42 his ,return to ,office 7#ast ,july1 #ahaa71 in vol4 ii42 and his ,coronation of the ,empress of the ,nares 7#ast ,september1 #ahab71 in vol4 iv4 ,,revolution ,,effected ,,by ,h4 ,b4 ,as the century passed out of its infancy and attained the maturer age of thirty years1 a gradual and almost imperceptible change came over the spirit of ,english graphic satire4 ,the coarseness and suggestiveness of the old caricaturists gradually disappeared1 until at length1 in #ahcj1 an artist arose who was destined to work a complete revolution in the style and manner of ,english caricature4 ,this artist was ,john ,doyle1--the celebrated ,h4 ,b4 ,he it was that discovered that pictures might be made mildly diverting without actual coarseness or exaggeration2 and when this fact was accepted1 the art of caricaturing underwent a complete transition1 and assumed a new form4 ,the ,sketches of ,h4 ,b4 owe their chief attraction to the excellence of their designer as a portrait painter2 his successors1 with less power in this direction but with better general artistic abilities1 rapidly improved upon his idea1 and thus was founded the modern school of graphic satirists represented by ,richard ,doyle1 ,john ,leech1 and ,john ,tenniel4 ,so completely was the style of comic art changed under the auspices of these clever men1 that the very name of caricature disappeared1 and the modern word cartoon assumed its place4 ,with the exception indeed of ,carlo ,pellegrini 7the ,ape of ,vanity ,fair71 and his successors1 we have now no caricaturist in the old and true acceptation of the term1 and original and clever as their productions are1 their compositions are timid compared with those of ,bunbury1 ,gillray1 ,rowlandson1 and their successors1 being limited to a weekly exaggerated portrait1 instead of composed of many figures4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,gillray4 ,may #adth1 #agii4 ,,the ,,gout4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bunbury1 etched by ,,gillray4 #ahaa1 pubd4 ,may #aeth1 #ahah4 ,,interior ,,of ,a ,,barber',s ,,shop ,,in ,,assize ,,time4 ,face p4 #e ,but caricature was destined to receive its final blow at the hands of that useful craftsman the wood-engraver4 ,the application of wood-engraving to all kinds of illustration1 whether graphic or comic1 and the mode in which time1 labour1 and expense are economised1 by the large wood blocks being cut up into squares1 and each square entrusted to the hands of a separate workman1 has virtually superseded the old and far more effective process of etching4 ,economy is now the order of the day in matters of graphic satire as in everything else2 people are no longer found willing to pay a shilling for a caricature when they may obtain one for a penny4 ,hence it has come to pass1 that whilst comic artists abound1 the prevailing spirit of economy has reduced their productions to a dead level1 and the work of an artist of inferior power and invention1 may successfully compete for public favour with the work of a man of talent and genius like ,john ,tenniel1 a result surely to be deplored1 seeing there never was a time which offered better opportunities for the pencil of a great and original caricaturist than the present4#c ,,mistake ,,of ,,those ,,who ,,compare ,,modern ,,caricaturists ,,with ,,hogarth4 ,it is a common practice1 and ,i may add mistake1 with writers on comic artists or caricaturists of our day1 to compare them with ,hogarth4 ,both ,hogarth and the men of our day are graphic satirists1 but there is so broad a distinction between the satire of each1 and the circumstances of the times in which they respectively laboured1 that comparison is impossible4 ,those who know anything of this great and original genius1 must know that he entertained the greatest horror of being mistaken for a caricaturist pure and simple2 and although he executed caricatures for special purposes1 they may literally be counted on the fingers4 ,his pictures1 says ,hazlitt1 are not imitations of still life1 or mere transcripts of incidental scenes and customs2 but powerful moral satires1 exposing vice and folly in their most ludicrous points of view1 and with a profound insight into the weak sides of character and manners1 in all their tendencies1 combinations1 and contrasts4 ,there is not a single picture of his containing a representation of mere pictorial or domestic scenery4 ,his object is not so much to hold the mirror up to nature1 as to show vice her own feature1 scorn her own image4 ,folly is there seen at the height--the moon is at the full--it is the very error of the time4 ,there is a perpetual error of eccentricities1 a tilt and tournament of absurdities1 pampered with all sorts of affectation1 airy1 extravagant1 and ostentatious6 ,yet he is as little a caricaturist as he is a painter of still life4 ,criticism has not done him justice1 though public opinion has4#d ,a set of severer satires1 says ,charles ,lamb1 7for they are not so much comedies1 which they have been likened to1 as they are strong and masculine satires71 less mingled with anything of mere fun1 were never written upon paper or graven upon copper4 ,they resemble ,juvenal1 or the satiric touches in ,timon of ,athens4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,,hogarth4 ,mariage la ,mode4 ,illustration3 ,,paul ,,sandby4 ,anti-,hogarthian ,caricature4 ,a ,mountebank ,painter demonstrating to his admirers and subscribers that crookedness is ye most beautifull4 ,face p4 #g4 ,,character ,,of ,,hogarth',s ,,satires4 ,hogarth was a stern moralist and satirist1 but his satires have nothing in common with the satires of the nineteenth century2 such men as the infamous ,charteris and the quack ,misaubin figure in his compositions1 and their portraits are true to the life4 ,although his satire is relieved with flashes of humour1 the reality and gravity of the satire remain undisturbed4 ,the ,march to ,finchley is one of the severest satires on the times2 it shows us the utter depravity of the morals and manners of the day1 the want of discipline of the king's officers and soldiers1 which led to the routs of ,preston and ,falkirk1 the headlong flight of ,hawley and his licentious and cowardly dragoons4 ,some modern writers know so little of him that they have not only described his portrait of ,wilkes as a caricature1 but have cited the inscription on his veritable contemporary caricature of ,churchill in proof of the assertion4 ,now what says this inscription8 ,the ,bruiser 7,churchill1 once the ,reverend71 in the character of a ,russian ,hercules1 regaling himself after having killed the monster ,caricatura1 that so severely galled his virtuous friend1 the heaven-born ,wilkes4 ,hogarth's use of the word caricatura conveys a meaning which is not patent at first sight2 ,wilkes's leer was the leer of a satyr1 his face1 says ,macaulay1 was so hideous that the caricaturists were forced in their own despite to flatter him4#e ,the real sting lies in the accuracy of ,hogarth's portrait 7a fact which ,wilkes himself admitted71 and it is in this sarcastic sense that ,hogarth makes use of the word caricatura4 ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,turning from ,hogarth to a modern artist1 in spite of his faults of most marvellous genius and inventive faculty1 ,i frequently find critics of approved knowledge and sagacity describing the late ,gustave ,dor as a caricaturist4 ,it may seem strange at first sight to introduce the name of ,dor into a work dealing exclusively with ,english caricature art1 and ,i do so1 not by reason of the fact that his works are as familiar to us in ,england as in ,france1 not because he has pictorially interpreted some of the finest thoughts in ,english literature1 but because ,i find his name so constantly mentioned in comparison with ,english caricaturists and comic artists1 and more especially with our ,george ,cruikshank4 ,now ,gustave ,dor is1 if possible1 still less a caricaturist than our ,english ,hogarth4 ,i have seen the ghastly illustrations to the licentious ,contes ,drolatiques of ,balzac cited in proof of his claims to be considered a caricaturist4 ,i will not deny that ,dor did try his hand once upon a time at caricature1 and if we are to judge him by these attempts1 we should pronounce him the worst ,french caricaturist the world ever saw1 which would be saying a great deal2 for a worse school than that of the modern ,french caricaturists 7and ,i do not except even ,gavarni1 ,cham1 or ,daumier71 does not anywhere exist4 ,that this man of marvellous genius had humour ,i do not for one moment deny2 but it was the grim humour of an inquisitor or torturer of the middle ages--of one that revels in a perfect nightmare of terror4#f ,genius is said to be nearly allied to madness2 and if one studies some of his weird creations--such1 for instance1 as ,the ,judgment ,day in the legend of ,the ,wandering ,jew--the thought involuntarily suggests itself that a brain teeming with such marvellous and often morbid conceptions1 might have been pushed off its balance at any moment4 ,gustave ,dor delights in lofty1 medival-gabled buildings1 with bartizans and antique galleries2 in steep streets1 dominated by gloomy turrets2 in narrow entries1 terminating in dark vistas2 in gloomy forests1 crowded with rocky pinnacles2 in masses of struggling1 mutilated men and horses2 in monstrous forms of creeping1 crawling1 slimy1 ghastly horror4 ,by the side of the conceptions of ,gustave ,dor--teste for instance the weird pictures of ,the ,wandering ,jew already mentioned--,george ,cruikshank sinks at times into insignificance2 and yet side by side with ,george ,cruikshank1 as a purely comic artist or caricaturist1 ,dor is beneath mediocrity4 ,illustration3 ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,from ,contes ,drolatiques4 ,,sergeant-,,of-,,the-,,justice ,,taupin4 ,illustration3 ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,from ,contes ,drolatiques4 ,,the ,,abbot ,,of ,,marmoustiers4 ,back to p4 #h4 ,illustration3 ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,from ,contes ,drolatiques4 ,,the ,,landlord ,,of ,,the ,,three ,,barbels4 ,illustration3 ,,gustave ,,dor4 ,from ,contes ,drolatiques4 ,,monseigneur ,,hugon4 ,back to p4 #i4 ,,mr4 ,,hamerton',s ,,observations ,,on ,,caricature4 ,artists and art critics not unnaturally regard caricature with some disfavour4 ,art1 says ,hamerton1 with a great social or political purpose1 is seldom pure fine art2 artistic aims are usually lost sight of in the anxiety to hit the social or political mark1 and though the caricaturist may have great natural facility for art1 it has not a fair chance of cultivation4 ,writing of ,cruikshank's etchings 7and ,i presume he refers to those which are marked with comic or satirical characteristics71 he says3 ,they are full of keen satire and happy invention1 and their moral purpose is always good2 but all these qualities are compatible with a carelessness of art which is not to be tolerated in any one but a professional caricaturist4#g ,now all this is true1 and moreover it is fairly and generously stated2 on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,hamerton will probably admit that no artist is likely to succeed in graphic satire1 unless he be a man of marked artistic power and invention4 ,while treating incidentally of the etchings of artists who have distinguished themselves as graphic satirists or designers1 with etching itself as an art this work has no concern4 ,for those who would be initiated into the mysteries of etching and dry point1 negative and positive processes1 soft grounds1 mordants1 or the like1 the late ,thomas ,hood has left behind him a whimsical sketch of the process1 which1 imperfect as it is1 will not only suffice for our purpose1 but has the merit probably of being but little known3-- ,prepared by a hand that is skilful and nice1 ,the fine point glides along like a skate on the ice1 ,at the will of the gentle designer1 ,who1 impelling the needle1 just presses so much1 ,that each line of her labour the copper may touch1 ,as if done by a penny-a-liner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,certain objects however may come in your sketch1 ,which1 designed by a hand unaccustomed to etch1 ,with a luckless result may be branded2 ,wherefore add this particular rule to your code1 ,let all vehicles take the wrong side of the road1 ,and man1 woman1 and child be left-handed4 ,yet regard not the awkward appearance with doubt1 ,but remember how often mere blessings fall out1 ,that at first seemed no better than curses3 ,so1 till things take a turn1 live in hope1 and depend ,that whatever is wrong will come right in the end1 ,and console you for all your reverses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but the acid has duly been lower'd and bites ,only just where the visible metal invites1 ,like a nature inclined to meet troubles2 ,and behold as each slender and glittering line ,effervesces1 you trace the completed design ,in an elegant bead-work of bubbles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but before with the varnishing brush you proceed1 ,let the plate with cold water be thoroughly freed ,from the other less innocent liquor2 ,after which1 on whatever you want to protect1 ,put a coat that will act to that very effect1 ,like the black one which hangs on the vicar4 ,then the varnish well dried--urge the biting again1 ,but how long1 at its meal1 the eau forte may remain1 ,time and practice alone can determine3 ,but of course not so long that the mountain1 and mill1 ,the rude bridge1 and the figures--whatever you will-- ,are as black as the spots on your ermine4 ,it is true1 none the less1 that a dark looking scrap1 ,with a sort of ,blackheath and ,black ,forest1 mayhap1 ,is considered as rather ,rembrandty2 ,and that very black cattle and very black sheep1 ,a black dog1 and a shepherd as black as a sweep1 ,are the pets of some great dilettante4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but before your own picture arrives at that pitch1 ,while the lights are still light1 and the shadows1 though rich4 ,more transparent than ebony shutters1 ,never minding what ,black-,arted critics may say1 ,stop the biting1 and pour the green blind away1 ,as you please1 into bottles or gutters4 ,then removing the ground and the wax at a heat1 ,cleanse the surface with oil1 spermaceti or sweet-- ,for your hand a performance scarce proper-- ,so some careful professional person secure1 ,for the laundress will not be a safe amateur1 ,to assist you in cleaning the copper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thus your etching complete1 it remains but to hint ,that with certain assistance from paper and print1 ,which the proper mechanic will settle1 ,you may charm all your friends--without any sad tale ,of such perils and ills as beset ,lady ,sale-- ,with a fine ,india ,proof of your metal4#h ,illustration3 ,,woodward1 engr4 by ,,rowlandson4 ,desire1 ,jan4 #bjth1 #ahjj4 ,,desire4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bunbury4 ,strephon and ,chloe1 ,july #ast1 #ahjd4 ,,sentimental ,,courtship4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bunbury4 ,the ,salutation ,tavern1 ,july #bast1 #ahja4 ,a ,,fashionable ,,salutation4 ,illustration3 ,g4 ,m4 ,,woodward4 ,general ,complaint1 ,may #eth1 #agif4 ,don't tell me of generals raised from mere boys1 ,though1 believe me1 ,i mean not their laurel to taint2 ,but the general1 ,i'm sure1 that will make the most noise1 ,if the war still goes on1 will be ,general ,complaint4 ,face p4 #aa4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,nor ,london singly can his porter boast1 ,alike 'tis famed on every foreign coast2 ,for this the ,frenchman leaves his ,bordeaux wine1 ,and pours libations at our ,thames's shrine2 ,afric retails it 'mongst her swarthy sons1 ,and haughty ,spain procures it for her ,dons4 ,wherever ,britain's powerful flag has flown1 there ,london's celebrated porter's known4 --,the ,art of ,living in ,london 7#fth edition #ahje74 #b ,one quotation shall suffice4 ,mr4 ,william ,bates tells us in his admirable ,maclise ,portrait ,gallery3--,he never transgressed the narrow line that separates wit from buffoonery1 pandered to sensuality1 glorified vice or raised a laugh at the expense of decency4 ,satire never in his hands degenerated into savagery or scurrility4 ,a moral purpose ever underlaid his humour2 he sought to instruct or improve when he amused4 ,mr4 ,bates will1 we hope1 pardon us if we say that this is not quite the fact4 ,george ,cruikshank in truth was no better or worse than his satirical brothers1 and his tone necessarily improved from the moment he took to illustrating books4 #c ,since the above was written1 strange to say1 caricature appears to be showing symptoms of revival4 #d ,the ,fine ,arts1 by ,william ,hazlett1 p4 #bi4 #e ,critical and ,historical ,essays1 vol4 iii41 p4 #egd4 #f ,we can scarcely call the wonderful series of historical cartoons which he executed at sixteen caricatures1 even in the modern sense of the word4 ,whatever humour they possess is neutralized by the grim irony which1 even at this early period1 characterized his work4 #g ,etching and ,etchers1 by ,philip ,gilbert ,hamerton1 third edition1 p4 #bdf4 #h ,thomas ,hood's ,etching ,moralized1 in ,new ,monthly ,magazine1 #ahdc1 vol4 lxvii4 p4 #d1 and seq4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,caricatures ,,and ,,subjects ,,of ,,caricature1 #ahjj-ahaa4 ,,proposed ,,method ,,of ,,arrangement4 ,although ,gillray began his work in #agfi1--thirty years before our century commenced1 and ,rowlandson five years later on1 in #aggd1 their labours were continued some years after #agii1 and are so interwoven1 so to speak1 with the work of their immediate successors1 that it is almost impossible in a work dealing with nineteenth century caricaturists to omit all mention of them4 ,in collecting too materials for the present treatise1 we necessarily met with many anonymous satires1 without signature1 initials1 or distinguishing style1 which may be1 and some of which are probably due to artists whose pencils were at work before the century began4 ,even if equal in all cases to the task of assigning these satires to the particular hands which designed and executed them1 we submit that little real service would be rendered to the cause of graphic satire4 ,it appears to us therefore that the most convenient method will be to indicate in this and the following chapters some of the leading topics of caricature during the first thirty years of the century1 and to cite in illustration of our subject such of the work of anonymous or other artists1 for which no better place can be assigned in other divisions of the work4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,gillray4 ,june #bjth1 #aghi4 ,,shakspeare ,,sacrificed1 ,,or ,,the ,,offering ,,to ,,avarice4 ,alderman ,boydell1 as ,high ,priest within the magic circle1 preparing an oblation to ,shakspeare2 the demon of ,avarice1 seated upon the ,list of ,subscribers1 hugging his money-bags2 ,puck on his shoulders blowing bubbles of immortality to the promoter of the ,gallery about to be published4 ,shakespeare himself1 obscured by the ,aldermanic fumes4 ,figures of ,shakspearean characters above4 ,face p4 #ab4 ,the attention of the public during the first fifteen years of the century was mainly directed to the progress and fortunes of the great national enemy1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,the hatred with which he was regarded in this country can scarcely be appreciated in these days2 and in order that the cause of this bitter antipathy may be understood1 it will be necessary for us to consider ,bonaparte's general policy in relation to ourselves4 #ah,,th ,,brumaire4 ,the close of the century had been signalized in ,france by the memorable revolution of the eighteenth ,brumaire4 ,the ,directory had ceased to exist1 and a provisional consular commission1 consisting of ,citizens ,sieyes1 ,ducos1 and ,bonaparte1 was appointed4 ,on the #acth of ,december1 the legislative committees presented the new constitution to the nation1 the votes against it being #a1efb as against #c1jab1fei in its favour4 ,bonaparte was nominated first consul for ten1 and ,cambacres and ,lebrun 7nominal7 second and third consuls for five years4 ,although ,bonaparte1 as soon as he was appointed ,first ,consul1 made direct overtures to the king of ,england with a view to peace1 he had himself to thank if his overtures met with no corresponding return4 ,to accomplish the revolution of the eighteenth ,brumaire1 he had found it necessary to quit ,egypt4 ,the ,english knew the ,french occupation of ,egypt was intended as a direct menace to ,british interests in ,india4 ,lord ,granville1 therefore1 in his official reply1 without assuming to prescribe a form of government to ,france1 plainly but somewhat illogically intimated that the restoration of the ancient line of princes1 under whom ,france had enjoyed so many centuries of prosperity1 would afford the best possible guarantee for the maintenance of peace between the two countries4 ,this ,new ,year's greeting on the part of ,lord ,granville put an end1 as might have been expected1 to all further communications4 ,,the ,,french ,,driven ,,out ,,of ,,egypt4 ,the ,french1 however1 had no business in ,egypt1 and ,england was resolved at any cost to drive them out of that country4 ,with this object in view1 the armament under the command of ,sir ,ralph ,abercrombie effected its disembarkation at ,aboukir on the #hth of ,march1 #ahja4 ,a severe though indecisive action followed five days afterwards4 ,on the #bjth was fought the decisive battle of ,alexandria4 ,general ,hutchinson1 on the death of the ,english commander1 followed up the victory with so much vigour and celerity1 that early in the autumn the ,french army capitulated1 on condition of being conveyed to ,france with all its arms1 artillery1 and baggage4 ,the capitulation was signed just in time to save ,french honour2 for immediately after the conclusion of the treaty1 a second ,british force1 under the command of ,sir ,david ,baird1 arrived from ,india by way of the ,red ,sea4 ,bonaparte's favourite project of making ,egypt an entrept for the conquest of ,hindostan was thus most effectually checkmated4#i ,on the #ast of ,october1 #ahja1 preliminaries of peace between ,france and ,great ,britain were signed in ,downing ,street2 on the #ajth1 ,general ,lauriston1 aide-de-camp to the ,first ,consul1 having arrived with the ratification of these preliminaries1 the populace took the horses from his carriage and drew it to ,downing ,street4 ,that night and the following there was a general illumination in ,london4 ,the preliminaries referred to were those of the very unsatisfactory ,peace of ,amiens1 as it was called4 ,its terms1 by no means flattering to this country1 were shortly these3 ,france was to retain all her conquests2 while1 on the other hand1 the acquisitions made by ,england during the war were to be given up4 ,malta and its dependencies were to be restored 7under certain restrictions7 nominally to the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem2 the ,french were to evacuate ,naples and the ,roman ,states2 and the ,british ,porto ,ferrago1 and all the ports possessed by them in the ,mediterranean and the ,adriatic4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,gillray4 ,sept41 #agif4 ,a ,,peep ,,at ,,christie',s1 ,,or ,,tally-,,ho ,,and ,,his ,,nimeney ,,pimeney ,,taking ,,the ,,morning ,,lounge4 ,a study of ,lord ,derby and ,miss ,farren 7the actress71 a few months before their marriage1 enjoying the ,fine ,arts1 he studying ,the ,death of ,reynard1 she ,zenocrates and ,phryne4 ,face p4 #ad4 ,,bonaparte ,,establishes ,,an ,,english ,,newspaper ,,in ,,paris4 ,all this time a violent paper war had been maintained between the ,english press and the ,moniteur1 the official organ of the ,consular ,government4 ,in the month of ,august1 #ahjb1 ,bonaparte prohibited the circulation of the ,english newspapers1 and immediately after the issue of the order1 the coffee houses and reading rooms were visited by his police1 who carried away every ,english journal upon which they could lay their hands4 ,by way of answer to ,english abuse 7to which ,napoleon was singularly sensitive71 the ,first ,consul now established an ,english newspaper in ,paris1 which was thenceforth unceasingly occupied in vilifying the ,government and people of ,england4 ,this paper was called ,the ,argus1 and an ,englishman1 one ,goldsmith1--whilom proprietor of the ,albion newspaper in ,london1--was actually found mean enough to undertake the peculiarly dirty office of its editor4 ,the denouement was not long delayed4 ,on the #acth of ,march1 #ahjc1 occurred the extraordinary and well-known scene between the ,first ,consul and the ,english ambassador1 ,lord ,whitworth4 ,bonaparte1 in the presence of a numerous and astonished ,court1 vehemently accused ,england of breach of faith in not carrying out the provisions of the treaty1 by still remaining in possession of ,malta4 ,the episode appears to have been of an extraordinary character1 and the violence and ferocity of ,bonaparte's language and behaviour1 maintained till the very close of the interview1 must have contrasted strangely with the coolness of the ,english ambassador4 ,the restoration of ,malta to the ,knights of ,st4 ,john was of course a mere nominal restitution1 for1 except in name1 the ,knights of ,st4 ,john had ceased to exist4 ,the ,first ,consul really wanted the island for himself2 and while he accused us of breach of faith1 was himself acting all the while contrary to the spirit of the treaty of ,amiens4 ,while requiring that we should drive the royalist emigrants from our shores1 he demanded that the ,english press should be deprived of its liberty of speaking in such frank terms of himself and his policy4 ,his unfriendly conduct did not end here4 ,at this very time he was actively employed in fomenting rebellion in ,ireland1 and in planting 7under the nominal character of consuls7 spies along our coast1 whose treacherous objects were accidentally discovered by the seizure of the secret instructions issued to one of these fellows at ,dublin4 ,you are required1 said this precious document1 to furnish a plan of the ports of your district1 with a specification of the soundings for mooring vessels4 ,if no plan of the ports can be procured1 you are to point out with what wind vessels can come in and go out1 and what is the greatest draught of water with which vessels can enter the river deeply laden4 ,still there was no actual breach of the nominal peace between the two countries until the #abth of ,may1 on which day ,lord ,whitworth left ,paris4 ,he landed at ,dover on the #bjth1 meeting there ,general ,audreossi1 ,napoleon's minister to the ,english ,court1 on the point of embarking for ,france4 ,,england ,,declares ,,war4 ,for two days before1 that is to say on the #ahth of ,may1 #ahjc1 ,england had issued her declaration of war against ,france4 ,in this document1 our government alleged that the surrender of ,malta to the knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem had been rendered impossible by the action of ,france and ,spain1 who had destroyed the independence of the ,order itself4 ,reference was made to ,bonaparte's attempts to interfere with the liberty of the ,english press1 and the indignities he had offered to our ambassador2 but the real ground of quarrel was to be found in an official gasconade of ,bonaparte's1 in which he declared that ,britain could not contend single handed against ,france1 a vainglorious boast1 which 7in those days at least7 touched a chord which thrilled the patriotic feelings of every ,englishman that loved his country4 ,napoleon's next step--a simply detestable action--was quite in accordance with the faithless policy which he pursued towards this country4 ,the treaty of ,amiens had induced crowds of ,english to cross the ,channel1 and on the specious pretext that two ,french ships had been captured prior to the actual declaration of war1 he issued a decree on the #bbnd of ,may1 #ahjc1 for the arrest and imprisonment of all ,englishmen in ,france1 over eighteen and under sixty years of age1 all subjects of the king of ,england between those ages being considered1 for the purpose of this outrageous order1 as forming part of the ,english militia4 ,this measure was carried out with the utmost rigour1 and the eleven thousand ,english who thus became prisoners of war were deprived of their liberty fifteen years1 and regained it only in #ahad4 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,gillray4 ,january #aath1 #agif4 ,,twopenny ,,whist4 ,mistress ,humphrey and ,betty1 of ,st4 ,james' ,street1 their neighbour ,mortimer 7a well-known picture dealer7 and a ,german guest4 ,a satire1 by contrast1 on the high stakes of ,white's and ,boodle's4 ,face p4 #af4 ,,english ,,enthusiasm4 ,the feeling of the nation at this time may be judged by the debates in the ,houses of ,parliament4 ,in the ,commons1 ,mr4 ,grey moved an amendment1 which1 while it assured ,his ,majesty of support in the war1 expressed disapprobation of the conduct of ,ministers4 ,this amendment was rejected by #cih to #fg4 ,the unanimity in the ,lords was still greater4 ,the official statement that ,england was unable to contend single-handed with ,france produced a violent outburst of indignation1 and the amendment moved by ,lord ,king1 to omit words which charged ,france with the actual guilt and responsibility of breaking the treaty1 was negatived by #adb to #aj4 ,this was on the #bcrd of ,may4 ,on the #bjth of ,june a great meeting was held at ,lloyds1 for the purpose of promoting a subscription for carrying on the war4 ,six days later on1 five thousand merchants1 bankers1 and other persons of position met at the ,royal ,exchange1 and unanimously agreed to a declaration which expressed their determination to stand or fall with their king and country4 ,this resolution or declaration was seconded by the ,secretary to the ,east ,india ,company1 and the meeting did not separate until ,god save the ,king and ,rule ,britannia had been sung1 and nine cheers had been given for ,england and ,king ,george4 ,on the #bfth of ,august1 ,his ,majesty reviewed the ,london volunteers in ,hyde ,park1 in the presence of the ,french princes1 ,general ,dumouriez1 and two hundred thousand spectators2 this military spectacle being followed on the #bhth by a review1 in the same place1 of the ,westminster1 ,lambeth1 and ,southwark corps4 ,the number of volunteers actually enrolled in the metropolis and outparishes at this time was forty-six thousand4 ,the following year saw the final end of the great ,french ,revolution2 the names of the puppet second and third consuls had been long omitted from the public acts of the ,french ,government4 ,the motives of this omission were soon abundantly apparent2 and in the month of ,may1 #ahjd1 ,bonaparte was proclaimed ,emperor of the ,french4 ,some writers have doubted whether ,napoleon entertained any serious intention of invading this country2 but to doubt such intention would be really to doubt whether ,nelson fell at ,trafalgar1 for that crushing defeat was simply the sequel and outcome of the collapse of the emperor's plans4 ,the details of the invasion scheme were fully explained to ,general ,sir ,neil ,campbell by ,napoleon himself at ,elba1 in #ahad1 and afterwards confirmed by him in precisely similar terms to ,o',meara at ,st4 ,helena4 ,those plans were defeated by the suspicions and vigilance of ,lord ,nelson2 by his habit of acting promptly upon his suspicions2 by the alacrity with which the ,admiralty of the day obeyed his warnings2 by the prescience of ,lord ,collingwood2 and by the consequent intercepting of the combined ,french and ,spanish fleets off ,ferrol by ,sir ,robert ,calder1 in ,july1 #ahjf4 ,the moment this happened1 ,napoleon saw that his game--so far at least as ,england was concerned--was at an end2 and fertile in resources1 he immediately carried out the second part of his programme4 ,then followed1 as we know1 the campaign of ,austerlitz1 the treaty of ,presburg1 the war with ,prussia1 and finally the battle of ,jena1 in ,october1 #ahjf4 ,,berlin ,,decree4 ,ever bent on humiliating and crippling the resources of ,england1 ,napoleon on the #ast of ,november1 #ahjf1 issued his memorable ,berlin ,decree1 containing eleven clauses1 of which this country formed the exclusive topic4 ,by it1 all trade and correspondence with the ,british ,isles was prohibited2 all letters and packets at the post office1 addressed to ,england1 or to an ,englishman1 or written in ,english1 were to be seized2 every subject of ,england found in any of the countries occupied by ,french troops or those of their allies1 was to be made prisoner of war2 all warehouses1 merchandise1 and property belonging to a subject of ,england were declared lawful prize2 all trading in ,english merchandise forbidden2 every article belonging to ,england1 or coming from her colonies1 or of her manufacture1 was declared good prize2 and ,english vessels were excluded from every ,european port4#aj ,this outrageous decree ,bonaparte imposed upon every country that fell under the iron sway of his military despotism4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,forty-,,eight ,,hours ,,after ,,landing4 ,ha1 my little ,boney6 what dost think of ,johnny ,bull now8 ,plunder ,old ,england1 hay8 ,make ,french slaves of us all1 hay8 ,ravish all our wives and daughters1 hay8 ,o1 ,lord help that silly head6 ,to think that ,johnny ,bull would ever suffer those lanthorn jaws to become ,king of ,old ,england's ,roast ,beef and ,plum ,pudding6 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,bull ,,offering ,,little ,,boney ,,fair ,,play4 ,,bonaparte--,i'm a-coming6 ,i'm a-coming6 ,,john ,,bull--,you're a-coming6 ,if you mean to invade us1 why make such a route8 ,i say1 ,little ,boney1--why don't you come out8 ,yes1 d---- you1 why don't you come out8 ,,figures ,,from ,,gillray',s ,,napoleonic ,,caricatures4 ,face p4 #ah4 ,,base ,,policy ,,of ,,bonaparte4 ,the policy1 therefore1 of the emperor towards ,england1 which was contrary to all the usages of civilized warfare1 will explain the bitter animosity with which he was regarded in this country4 ,the ,english were molested everywhere2 they were made prisoners at ,verdun and in ,holland2 their property was confiscated in ,portugal2 ,russia was cajoled1 ,prussia forced into a league against them1 and ,sweden menaced1 because she persisted in maintaining her alliance with this country4 ,the ,berlin ,decree was an infamous document1 worthy rather the policy of a bandit chief than of a fair and honourable antagonist4 ,it proclaimed war not against individuals1 but against private property1 and specially appealed to the cupidity of those to whom it was addressed4 ,this base policy towards ,english subjects recoiled inevitably against its perpetrator2 and its effects were soon felt in the fields of the ,peninsula1 the banishment to ,elba1 and above all1 in the final consignment to the rock of ,st4 ,helena4 ,we1 on our part1 ignored ,bonaparte's right to the title of emperor4 ,with us1 he was invariably ,general ,bonaparte1 and nothing more2 and in the graphic lampoons of ,gillray1 ,rowlandson1 and ,cruikshank1 he was exhibited under the most ludicrous circumstances in connection with the divorce1 the defeats of ,russia and the ,peninsula1 and even the paternity of his son the young king of ,rome4 ,these caricatures were brought to his notice by his spies and emissaries in ,england2 they rendered him furious2 and one of them--,gillray's admirable and1 as it subsequently proved1 prophetic satire of ,the ,handwriting on the ,wall--is said to have given him not only offence1 but even serious uneasiness4 ,the tone of the ,english caricaturists may be gathered from one of the best of ,woodward's satires1 published in #ahjg4 ,it is entitled ,a ,political ,fair1 in which the various shows are labelled ,russian1 ,danish1 ,swedish1 ,westphalian1 ,austrian1 ,dutch1 ,spanish1 and even ,american4 ,the best show in the fair is kept of course by ,john ,bull ,co41 whilst ,bonaparte is the proprietor of a humble stall1 whereat gingerbread kings and queens are sold wholesale and retail by his ,imperial ,majesty4#aa ,the same artist1 in another but distinctly inferior satire 7published in ,november1 #ahjg71 gives us ,the ,gallick ,storehouse for ,english ,shipping3 on one side we see ,napoleon accumulating vast stores of ,spanish1 ,danish1 ,dutch1 and ,swedish vessels1 intended to annihilate the naval power of ,england--the shipbuilder1 however1 shrugs his shoulders and suggests it is but time thrown away1 for as fast as the ships are built1 ,john ,bull claps them into his storehouse over the way4 ,the satire was suggested of course by the victory of ,trafalgar in ,october1 #ahje2 by ,sir ,j4 ,duckworth's capture of ,french shipping in ,january1 #ahjf2 and by the surrender of the ,danish fleet after the bombardment of ,copenhagen1 in ,september1 #ahjg4ab ,,battle ,,of ,,baylen4 ,in a caricature published by ,walker in #ahjh1 we see ,joseph ,bonaparte 7one of these ,imperial ginger-bread monarchs7 driven from ,madrid by ,spanish flies2 the satire is entitled ,spanish ,flies1 or ,boney taking an ,immoderate ,dose1 and has reference to the results of the ,battle of ,baylen1 in ,andalusia1 one of the very few victories ever obtained by the ,spaniards against the ,french1 where a division of #ad1jjj men surrendered to ,castanos4 ,this was on the #bjth of ,july1 and nine days afterwards ,joseph retreated to ,burgos with the crown jewels4 ,the wretched ,spaniards1 however1 were incapable of improving their victory2 and ,general ,castanos instead of following up the retreating enemy1 went to ,seville to fulfil a vow he had made of dedicating his unexpected victory to ,st4 ,ferdinand1 on whose tomb he deposited the crown of laurel presented to him by his grateful countrymen4 ,of the ,bonaparte caricatures of this year1 no less than nineteen are due to the pencil of ,thomas ,rowlandson1 and will be found fully described in ,mr4 ,joseph ,grego's exhaustive work#ac upon that artist and his works4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,brobdingnag ,,and ,,gulliver4 ,illustration3 ,,talleyrand1 ,,king-,,at-,,arms1 ,,bearing ,,his ,,master',s ,,genealogical ,,tree1 ,,springing ,,from ,,buone1 ,,butcher4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,in ,,his ,,coronation ,,robes4 ,,figures ,,from ,,gillray',s ,,napoleonic ,,caricatures4 ,face p4 #bj4 ,the year #ahji witnessed the divorce from ,josephine1 and the marriage of the emperor to ,marie ,louise4 ,the purposes for which this matrimonial alliance was effected were made no secret of by the emperor1 and were indicated of course in the plainest possible terms by the ,english contemporary caricaturists1 who were certainly not troubled with any unnecessary scruples of prudery or delicacy4 ,one of these satires1 published by ,tegg1 on the #afth of ,august1 #ahaj1 is entitled ,boney and his ,new ,wife1 or a ,quarrel about ,nothing1 and indicates in the plainest possible terms that the purposes for which the divorce had been effected were as distant as ever4 ,the result of this union1 however1 was the birth of the young king of ,rome on the #bjth of ,march1 #ahaj1 an event which set the pencils of our pictorial satirists once more in motion1 and the young heir and his father were complimented by ,rowlandson in a rough caricature1 published by ,tegg on the #ith of ,april1 #ahaa1 as ,boney the ,second1 the little ,babboon sic created to devour ,french ,monkies4 ,,battle ,,of ,,barossa4 ,in ,march1 #ahaa1 was fought the battle of ,barossa2 while the same month ,massena1 finding it difficult to maintain his army in a devastated country1 instead of fulfilling his vain-glorious boast of driving the ,english into their native element1 began his own retreat from ,santarem1 abandoning part of his baggage and heavy artillery4 ,marching in a solid mass1 his rear protected by one or two divisions1 he retired towards the ,mondego1 preserving his army from any great serious disaster1 though watchfully and vigorously pursued by ,lord ,wellington4 ,the skilful generalship of the ,french marshal elicited of course no encomiums from the ,english caricaturists4 ,on the contrary1 we see 7in ,the ,scourge of #ast ,may1 #ahaa7 ,wellington in the act of basting a ,french goose before a huge fire1 a ,british bayonet forming the spit4 ,while basting the goose with one hand1 the ,english general holds over the fire in the other a frying-pan filled with ,french generals1 some of whom--to escape the overpowering heat--are leaping into the fire2 another ,british officer 7probably intended for ,general ,graham7 blows the flames with a pair of bellows labelled ,british bravery4 ,napoleon appears in a stew-pan over an adjoining boiler1 while we find ,marshal ,massena himself in a pickle-jar below4 ,this satire is entitled1 ,british ,cookery1 or ,out of the ,frying-pan into the ,fire4 ,,napoleon',s ,,star ,,begins ,,to ,,wane4 ,the star of ,napoleon was beginning to wane in #ahab4 ,the snow made its first appearance in ,russia on the #acth of ,october of that year1 and the ,french emperor already commenced his preparations for retreat4 ,this is referred to in a very clever caricature published by ,tegg on the #ast of ,december1 #ahab1 wherein we find ,general ,frost shaving ,boney with a razor marked ,russian steel4 ,napoleon stands up to his knees in snow1 and out of the nostrils of the snow fiend ,general ,frost issue blasts labelled ,north1 ,east1 ,snow1 and ,sleet4 ,seven days later on1 we meet with a roughly-executed cartoon1 ,polish ,diet with ,french ,dessert1 wherein we see ,napoleon basted by ,general ,benningsen1 the spit being turned by a ,russian bear4 ,this caricature1 no doubt1 has reference to the disastrous defeat by ,benningsen of the ,french advanced guard1 thirty thousand strong1 under ,murat1 on the #ahth of ,october1 #ahab1 when fifteen hundred prisoners1 thirty-eight cannon1 and the whole of the baggage of the corps1 besides other trophies1 fell into the victors' hands4 ,the retreat from ,moscow is referred to in a satire published by ,thomas ,tegg on the #gth of ,march1 #ahac1 labelled1 ,the ,corsican ,bloodhound beset by the ,bears of ,russia2 wherein ,napoleon is represented as a mongrel bloodhound with a tin kettle tied to his tail1 closely pursued by ,russian bears4 ,various papers are flying out of the kettle1 labelled ,oppression1 ,famine1 ,frost1 ,destruction1 ,death1 ,horror1 ,mortality1 ,annihilation4 ,push on1 my lads1 says one of the pursuers4 ,no grumbling2 keep scent of him2 no sucking of paws this winter1 here is food for the bears in all the ,russias4 ,the emperor1 in truth1 had the narrowest escape from being made a prisoner by the ,cossacks1 a fact alluded to in another caricature published by ,tegg in ,june1 #ahac1 entitled1 ,nap nearly ,nab'd1 or a ,retreating ,jump just in time4 ,here1 the emperor and one of his marshals are depicted leaping out of window1 at the very moment when a ,cossack with his lance appears outside the palings4 ,vite1 says the marshal1 in the peculiar patois adopted by the ,english caricaturists of the early part of the century1 ,courez1 mon ,empereur1 ce ,diable de ,cossack1 dey spoil our dinner666 ,,the ,,bulletin4 ,napoleon collected his marshals around him at ,smorgoni1 on the #eth of ,december1 #ahab1 and dictated a bulletin which developed the horrors of the retreat1 and explained to them his reasons for returning to ,paris4 ,i quit you1 he said1 but go to seek three hundred thousand men4 ,he then proceeded to lay the blame on the ,king of ,westphalia1 and his trusted and tried friend the ,duc d',abrantes2 alleged that ,english torches had turned ,moscow into a heap of ashes2 and added 7with greater truthfulness7 that the cold had done the rest of the mischief4 ,he entrusted the command to ,murat1 and bidding them farewell set out1 accompanied only by ,generals ,coulaincourt1 ,duroc1 and ,mouton1 the ,mameluke ,rustan1 a captain of the ,polish lancers1 and an escort of ,neapolitan horsemen4 ,this event is referred to in a caricature1 published by ,s4 ,w4 ,fores on the #ast of ,january1 #ahac1 entitled1 ,boney returning from ,russia covered with ,glory1 leaving his army in comfortable winter quarters4 ,napoleon and ,coulaincourt are seated in a sleigh driven by another general in jack boots1 with a tremendous cocked hat on his head1 a huge sword by his side1 and a formidable whip in his hand4 ,coulaincourt inquires1 ,will your ,majesty write the bulletin8 ,no1 replies ,napoleon2 you write it4 ,tell them we left the army all well1 quite gay2 in excellent quarters2 plenty of provisions2 that we travelled in great style2 received everywhere with congratulations2 and that ,i had almost completed the repose of ,europe 7a favourite expression of his74 ,by way of contrast to these grandiloquent phrases1 the eye is attracted to the surroundings4 ,the ground is thickly coated with snow2 in the foreground1 two famished wretches cut and devour raw flesh from a dead horse4 ,on all sides lie dead and dying men and animals1 while in the distance we behold the flying and demoralized troops chased by a cloud of ,cossacks4 ,the ,english caricaturists follow the emperor into the sanctity of his private life2 they depict in their own homely but forcible fashion the astonishment of the empress at his unexpected return1 and the disgust of young ,boney the ,second1 who not only expresses surprise that his imperial sire had forgotten his promise to bring him some ,russians to cut up1 but suggests that they seem to have cut him up instead4 ,these incidents are described in a satire entitled1 ,nap's ,glorious ,return2 or1 the ,conclusion of the ,russian campaign1 published by ,tegg1 in ,june1 #ahac4 ,the crushing defeat of ,vitoria1 the crowning disaster of ,leipzig--sustained the same year1 the subsequent abdication of ,bonaparte1 the return from ,elba1 the brief incident of the hundred days1 the catastrophe of ,waterloo1 and the subsequent consignment of the great emperor to ,st4 ,helena1 form of course the subjects of a host of graphic satires4 ,foremost amongst them 7for ,gillray's intellect was gone71 must be mentioned the caricatures of ,thomas ,rowlandson and of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,the first being fully described in ,mr4 ,grego's work1 we are not called on to mention them here1 while the last will be fully set out when we come to treat of the caricature work of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,,french ,,royalist ,,satires4 ,the ,french royalist satirists of course expressed their views on the situation4 ,a ,french royalist caricature1 published after ,waterloo1 represents ,napoleon as a dancing bear forced to caper by ,england1 his keeper1 who makes an unsparing use of the lash1 whilst ,russia and ,prussia play pipe and drum by way of music4 ,a good answer1 however1 to this is found in a ,french caricature 7published in the ,napoleon interest71 like most of the ,french satires of that period without date1 entitled1 ,l'aprs dine des ,anglais1 par un ,franais prisonnier-de-guerre1 which satirizes the after-dinner drinking propensities of the ,english of the period4 ,the caricature1 although neither flattering nor altogether decent1 is probably not an exaggerated picture of ,english after-dinner conviviality while the century was young4 ,illustration3 ,,gillray4 ,royal ,affability1 ,feb4 #ajth4 ,well1 friend1 where a' you going1 hay8 ,what's your name1 hay8 ,where do you live1 hay8--hay8 ,illustration3 ,,gillray4 ,connoisseur examining a ,cooper ,june #ahth1 #agib4 ,a ,,connoisseur ,,in ,,art4 ,illustration3 ,,gillray4 ,a ,lesson in ,apple ,dumplings4 ,hay8 hay8 apple dumplings8--how get the apples in8--how8 ,are they made without seams8 ,face p4 #bd4 ,by far the most biting1 the most sarcastic1 the most effective1 and the most popular of the anti-,bonaparte caricatures are those by ,james ,gillray1 which commence before the close of the last century1 and end in #ahaa1 the year when the lurid genius of this greatest and most original of satirists was quenched in the darkness of mental imbecility4 ,james ,gillray1 however1 like his able friend and contemporary1 ,thomas ,rowlandson1 does not fall within our definition of a nineteenth century satirist2 and ,i am precluded from describing them4 ,i have before me the admirable anti-,bonaparte satires of both artists2 and inseparably linked as they are with the men who began work after #ahjj1 the almost irresistible tendency is to describe some of them in elucidation of the events to which ,i have occasion to refer4 ,to do so1 however1 although fascinating and easy1 would be not only to wander from my purpose1 but to invade the province of the late ,thomas ,wright and of ,mr4 ,grego1 which ,i am not called upon to do2 to refer to them1 however1 for the purpose of this chapter1 ,i have found not only necessary1 but unavoidable4 ,,injustice ,,of ,,the ,,caricaturists4 ,,they ,,mistake ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,bonaparte4 ,caricature1 like literary satire 7as we all know from the days of the ,dunciad downwards71 has little concern with justice2 but we who look back after the lapse of the greater part of the century1 and have moreover studied the history and the surroundings of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 may afford at least to do him justice4 ,gillray is a fair exponent of the intense hatred with which ,bonaparte was regarded in this country1 when not only the little ,corsican1 but those about him1 were held up to a ridicule which1 oftentimes vulgar1 partook not unfrequently of absolute brutality4 ,who would imagine1 for instance1 that the fat blousy female quaffing deep draughts of ,maraschino from a goblet1 in his famous satire of the ,handwriting on the ,wall1 was intended for the refined and delicate ,josephine8 ,occasionally1 however1 ,james ,gillray descended to a lower depth1 as in his ,ci ,devant ,occupations 7of #bjth ,february1 #ahje71 in which we see this delicate woman1 with the frail but lovely ,spaniard1 ,theresa de ,cabarrus 7,madame ,tallien71 figuring in a manner to which the most infamous women of ,drury ,lane would have hesitated to descend4 ,josephine de la ,pagerie1 as we all know1 was anything but blameless2 which indeed of les ,desses de la ,revolution could pass unscathed through the fiery furnace of the ,terror8#ad ,but this miscalled satire of ,james ,gillray1 which he dubs a fact1 is nothing less than a poisonous libel4 ,as for le petit ,caporal himself1 everyone now knows1 that while he viewed the carnage of the battlefield with the indifference of a conqueror1 he shrank in horror from the murderers of the ,swiss2 from ,danton and his satellites1 the ,septembrist massacrists2 from the mock trials and cold-blooded atrocities of the ,terrorists4 ,standing apart from these last by right of his unexampled genius1 with ,danton1 ,marat1 ,robesperre1 ,couthon1 ,carrier1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte has nothing whatever in common4 ,looking back upon the ruins of his empire1 the mistakes he had made1 the faults he had committed1 ,napoleon1 with reference at least to his own personal elevation1 might say with truth3 ,nothing has been more simple than my elevation4 ,it was not the result of intrigue or crime4 ,it was owing to the peculiar circumstance of the times1 and because ,i fought successfully against the enemies of my country4 ,what is most extraordinary is1 that ,i rose from being a private person to the astonishing height of power ,i possessed1 without having committed a single crime to obtain it4 ,if ,i were on my death-bed ,i could make the same declaration4#ae ,to these facts1 of course1 ,james ,gillray 7if indeed he knew them7 closed his eyes4 ,in his sketch of the #abth of ,may1 #ahjj1 he shows us the young lieutenant at the head of tattered legions directing the destruction of the royal palaces4 ,blinded by the prejudice of his times1 he seems apparently ignorant of the fact that ,napoleon although a spectator of the attack on the ,tuileries1 had no power2 that if he had1 he would 7as he himself expressed it at the time7 have swept the sanguinary canaille into the gutters with his grape shot4 ,again1 in his satires1 he connects him repeatedly with the guillotine1 to all appearance unconscious of the fact that between ,napoleon and the guillotine no possible sympathy existed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,james ,,gillray4 ,june #bhth1 #agia4 ,,the ,,national ,,assembly ,,petrified1 ,,and ,,the ,,national ,,assembly ,,revivified4 #a4 ,,barber--,de ,king is escape6 de ,king is escape6 #b4 ,,cook4--,aha6 be gar1 de ,king is retaken66 ,aha6 ,monsieur ,lewis is retaken1 aha66 ,the ,french ,revolution4 ,face p4 #bf4 ,,robert ,,dighton',s ,,sketches4 ,a good idea of the appearance and costume of the general and notables of the early part of the century1 is given by the sketches of the last century artist1 ,robert ,dighton4 ,his etchings are not caricatures1 as may be supposed1 but likenesses of the oi polloi--the university dons--the prize-fighters--the butchers--the singers--actors--actresses--the men about town 7,corinthians1 as they were termed in the slang of the ,regency7--the upper ten2 and what amazingly queer folks were these last6 ,the ,duke of ,grafton1 with his tremendous beak1 wig1 and cocked hat1 his mahogany tops and spurs1 his long coat with the flapped pockets and his star2 the ,marquis of ,buckingham1 with his red fat face and double chin1 which told tales of nightly good cheer1 his cocked hat1 military coatee1 and terrific paunch1 which resisted all attempts to confine it within reasonable military compass2 ,john ,bellingham--the murderer of ,spencer ,perceval1--with his retreating forehead1 long pointed nose1 drab cloth coat and exuberant shirt frill2 ,what8 ,what8 ,what8--,great ,george himself1 as he appeared in #ahaj1 in full military panoply--huge ill-fitting boots1 huge blue military coat1 collar1 lappets1 and star1 a white-powdered bob surmounting a clean-shaved unintellectual face1 the distinguishing characteristics of which were a pair of protruding eyes surmounted by ponderous eyebrows4 ,a well-drawn caricature published by ,s4 ,w4 ,fores on the #aath of ,may1 #ahja1 gives us an admirable idea of the male and female costume of the period4 ,it contains sixteen figures1 and is entitled ,tea just ,over1 or the ,game of ,consequences begun4 ,consequences would appear to have been a fashionable game at this time2 but the consequences here alluded to are the immediate results of a pinch of snuff4 ,the consequences of one gentleman sneezing are the following3 he jerks the arm of the lady next him1 the result being that she pours her cup of scalding hot tea over the knees of her neighbour1 a testy old gentleman1 who in his fright and pain raises his arms1 jerking off with his cane the wig of a person standing at the back of his chair1 who in the attempt to save his wig upsets his own cup and saucer upon the pate of his antagonist ,another guest1 with his mouth full of tea1 witnessing this absurd contretemps is unable to restrain his laughter1 the result of which is that he blows a stream of tea into the left ear of the man who has lost his wig1 at the same time setting his own pigtail alight in the adjoining candle4 ,all these disasters1 passing in rapid succession from left to right1 are the direct consequences of one unfortunate pinch of snuff4 ,,master ,,betty4 ,the year #ahjd witnessed the advent of a performer whose theatrical reputation1 notwithstanding the wonderful sensation it created for a couple of seasons1 was not destined to survive his childhood4 ,the brief furore he excited1 enabled his friends to lay by for him a considerable fortune1 which enabled him to regard the memory of his immature triumphs and subsequent failures with resignation4 ,master ,betty1 the ,young ,roscius1 was not quite thirteen years of age when he made his first appearance at ,covent ,garden on the #ast of ,december1 #ahjd1 as ,achmet in ,barbarossa4 ,he played alternately at the two great houses2 twenty-eight nights at ,drury ,lane brought #ag1baj into the treasury1 whilst the receipts at ,covent ,garden during the same period are supposed to have been equally large4 ,a rough caricature of #ahjd1 bearing the signature ,i4 ,b41 depicts the child standing with one foot on ,drury ,lane and the other on ,covent ,garden1 with a toy whip in one hand and a rattle in the other1 while two full-grown actors of real merit bemoan the decadence of public taste on the pavement below4 ,some years later on the pair might have said with ,byron1-- ,though now1 thank ,heaven6 the ,rosciomania's o'er1 ,and full-grown actors are endured once more4#af ,the leading home political incident of #ahjf was the impeachment and acquittal of ,lord ,melville1 an event which is dealt with by ,gillray1 and also by ,rowlandson in his graphic satire of ,the ,acquittal1 or ,upsetting the ,porter ,pot1 both artists alluding to ,whitbread1 the brewer1 the head of the advanced ,liberals1 and one of the principal movers of ,lord ,melville's impeachment4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,,rowlandson4 ,october #beth1 #ahaj4 ,,spitfires4 ,back to p4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,,rowlandson4 #ahac4 ,,the ,,cobbler',s ,,cure ,,for ,a ,,scolding ,,wife4 ,back to p4 #bi4 ,,introduction ,,of ,,gas4 ,gas1 which now promises to be superseded in its turn by electricity1 was introduced into ,boulton ,watts' foundry1 at ,birmingham1 as early as the year #agih1 and the ,lyceum ,theatre was lit with gas 7by way of experiment7 in #ahjc2 it met however with much opposition from persons interested in the conservation of the oil trade1 and made no real progress in ,london until #ahjg1 when it was introduced into ,golden ,lane on the #afth of ,august4 ,pall ,mall1 however1 was not lighted with gas until #ahji1 and it was really not finally and generally introduced into ,london until the year #ahbj4 ,we meet with an excellent satire published by ,s4 ,w4 ,fores1 in #ahjg1 wherein a harlequin is depicted sitting on a rope suspended between a couple of lamp posts4 ,the lamps and the hat of the figure are garnished with lighted burners2 the neighbours in the windows of the adjoining houses1 the people on the pavement below1 the fowls1 the dogs1 the cats on the roofs1 are suffocated with the noxious vapour4 ,the figure holds in his hand a paper1 whereon we read1 ,this is the speculation to make money1 #aj1jjj per cent4 profit all in ,air-light air4 ',tis there1 'tis here1 and 'tis gone for ever4 ,this caricature bears the title of ,the ,good ,effects of ,carbonic ,gas4 ,a caricature of ,woodward1 engraved by ,rowlandson1 and published by ,ackermann on the #bcrd of ,december1 #ahji1 gives us ,a ,peep at the ,gas ,lights in ,pall ,mall1 the interest of which chiefly centres in the eccentric form of the early street lamps4 ,among the groups looking on are a wondering country cousin and a serious companion4 ,ay1 friend1 says the latter1 anxious of course1 in season and out of season1 to turn the occasion to profitable account1 verily it is all vanity6 ,what is this to the inward light8 ,some more disreputable members of the community are expressing their fears that the new light will interfere with their own peculiar modes of livelihood4 ,a clever and somewhat remarkable woman succeeded in achieving an unenviable notoriety in #ahji4 ,the daughter of a printer residing in ,bowl and ,pin ,alley1 near ,white's ,alley1 ,chancery ,lane1 the remarkably intelligent girl had early attracted the notice of friends1 one of whom placed her at a boarding school1 where she picked up an education 7such as it was7 sufficient to sharpen her natural abilities4 ,her commencement in life was scarcely a hopeful one4 ,mary ,anne ,thompson eloped at seventeen years of age with one ,joseph ,clarke1 the son of a builder on ,snow ,hill1 and after living with him three years married him4 ,the marriage was not a happy one4 ,the pair after some years separated1 and ,mary ,anne was thenceforth driven to trust for her support to her own resources and attractions4 ,,mary ,,anne ,,clarke4 ,these proved fully equal to the occasion4 ,somewhat small in stature1 nature had nevertheless endowed her with a remarkably well turned figure1 well shaped arms1 comely features1 a singularly clear complexion1 and blue eyes full of light and vivacity4 ,dressing with considerable taste and elegance--utterly shameless--without principle or character1 with nothing to lose--everything to gain1 the woman was eminently fitted to succeed in the peculiar path in life she had elected to follow4 ,throwing her line with all the dexterity of an accomplished angler1 she succeeded almost at her first cast in hooking a very large fish indeed--his ,royal ,highness ,frederick ,duke of ,york1 ,commander-in-chief1 ,prince-bishop of ,osnaburgh1 who had attained at this time the respectable age of forty-six years4 ,mary ,anne proved1 as might have been expected1 an expensive plaything4 ,in the short space of two years1 the duke seems to have handed his mistress upwards of #e1jjj1 besides expending on her in payments to tradesmen for wine1 furniture1 and other paraphernalia1 at least #af1jjj or #ag1jjj more4 ,in time1 as is not unusual in matters of this kind1 the duke seems to have grown tired of his enslaver1 and endeavoured to pension her off with an annuity of #djj a year2 but with the niggardliness which was so distinguishing a characteristic of his family1 payment was not only withheld1 but when the woman applied for payment1 the duke was mean and foolish enough to threaten her with prison and the pillory4 ,mrs4 ,clarke1 a woman of genius and resource1 instead of being frightened1 straightway betook herself to ,messrs4 ,wilberforce and ,whitbread1 the supporters of the impeachment of ,lord ,melville1 and confessed to them certain irregularities of which she had been guilty4 ,into the unsavoury revelations of ,mary ,anne ,clarke1 her traffic in the sale of military commissions1 and still worse1 in a system of ecclesiastical patronage in which she alleged his ,royal ,highness connived1 we need not enter4 ,they are set out as far as is necessary in ,mr4 ,grego's book1 and also in ,mr4 ,wright's treatise on ,james ,gillray and his works4 ,suffice it to say1 that all these miserable exposures would have been saved1 had the duke1 instead of seeking to save his pocket1 paid the annuity to which the woman was entitled4 ,if by resigning1 he thought to silence his unscrupulous persecutor1 he was quickly and unpleasantly undeceived4 ,the clever1 unscrupulous woman had reserved her trump-card to the last4 ,all this time she had been engaged in preparing her ,memoirs1 comprising not only the history of her transactions with his ,royal ,highness1 but a series of his letters1 containing1 it is said1 anecdotes of illustrious personages of the most curious and recherch description4 ,the immediate publication of these ,memoirs having been announced to his ,royal ,highness1 the duke was driven in spite of himself to effect an arrangement4 ,for a payment of #g1jjj down1 an annuity of #djj for her own life1 and one of #bjj for each of her daughters1 the printed ,memoirs 7eighteen thousand copies7 were destroyed1 the publication suppressed1 and above all the terrible private correspondence duly surrendered4 ,the mover of the committee of inquiry was one ,wardle1 colonel of a militia regiment1 who for a very brief space of time was permitted to figure as a patriot2 that he was a mere instrument in the hands of other persons seems now abundantly clear4 ,no sooner had ,mary ,anne ,clarke landed his ,royal ,highness1 than she fixed her hook in the jaws of the luckless colonel1 who1 tool as he was1 proved to be by no means a sharp one4 ,it is obvious a woman of ,mrs4 ,clarke's character would be the last person to open her lips1 unless it was made clear to her that it would be worth her while to do so4 ,her go-between in the transaction was a certain ,major ,dodd4 ,wardle gave ,mrs4 ,clarke #ajj for present necessities1 and by way of earnest of more liberal promises which seem afterwards to have been repudiated by his employers4 ,through ,major ,dodd1 the clever1 unprincipled woman secured a house in ,westbourne ,place1 which she furnished in a style of comfortable elegance1 and succeeded by her blandishments in swindling ,wardle into becoming security for her furniture4 ,the inevitable result of course followed4 ,on the #crd ,july1 #ahji1 ,wright1 the upholsterer1 brought his action against ,wardle and recovered #a1djj damages1#ag besides costs1 for furniture sold to the defendant to the use of ,mary ,anne ,clarke4 ,the colonel1 like the commander-in-chief1 thus found himself not only out-manoeuvred by his clever and unscrupulous ex-ally1 but reaped the obloquy attendant on exposure and ridicule1 instead of the glorification which had at first greeted his patriotic exertions4 ,mary ,anne ,clarke and the ,duke of ,york1 afforded 7as might have been expected7 plenty of employment to the caricaturists4 ,the theme1 however1 is treated too grossly for description1 a subject to be regretted1 as most of the satires1 containing as they do admirable portraits of the principal personages1 are exceedingly clever4 ,the subject suited an artist who delighted in delineating the immodest and full-blown beauties of ,drury ,lane2 and accordingly1 more than forty caricatures on the subject of ,the ,delicate ,investigation1 as it was called1 are due to the pencil of ,thomas ,rowlandson4 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,mary ,,anne ,,clarke4 ,in order to show the character of this infamous woman1 we must follow her progress a little farther than either ,mr4 ,grego or ,mr4 ,wright appear to have done4 ,in ,february1 #ahad1 she once more made a public appearance3 this time in the ,court of ,queen's ,bench4 ,she seems to have got the ,right ,hon4 ,william ,fitzgerald1 ,chancellor of the ,irish ,exchequer1 by some means or other into her clutches1 in connection with the proceedings of #ahji4 ,by this time1 however1 she had descended so low1 that exposure was threatened unless a sum of money was deposited under a stone4 ,in her threats1 she announced her intention of submitting to the public in a very short time two or three volumes1 which might be followed by others as opportunity should suit or circumstances require4 ,this threat1 instead of extorting money1 consigned ,mary ,anne to the custody of the marshal of the ,king's ,bench ,prison for the space of nine calendar months1 at the end of which period she was ordered to find securities to keep the peace for a space of three years4 ,it might have gone harder with the brazen woman if the proceedings had taken any other form than that of an indictment for libel1 and if she had not admitted her fault1 and in some measure thrown herself upon the mercy of the court4 ,the pages of history do not appear to be sullied with the intrusion of ,mary ,anne ,clarke's name after this period4 ,the year #ahaa is marked by an event which claims special record in a work treating of ,english caricatures and caricaturists of the century4 ,in that year1 ,james ,gillray executed the last of his famous etchings2 and although mere existence was prolonged for nearly four years afterwards1 till the #ast of ,june1 #ahae1 he sank in #ahaa into that hopeless and dreary state of mingled imbecility and delirium from which the intellect of this truly great and original genius was destined never to recover4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,if it had not been for you ,english1 ,i should have been ,emperor of the ,east2 but wherever there is water enough to float a ship1 we are sure to find you in our way4--,napoleon to ,captain ,maitland4 ,see ,maitland's ,narrative of the ,surrender of ,bonaparte1 p4 #ii4 #aj ,london ,chronicle1 ,december #fth1 #ahjf4 #aa ,see also ,gillray's previous satire of the #bcrd of ,january1 #ahjf 7which probably suggested this71 ,tiddy ,doll1 the ,great ,french ,gingerbread ,baker1 drawing out a new batch of kings4 #ab ,see also ,gillray's cartoon of #ast ,october1 #ahjg1 ,british ,tars towing the ,danish ,fleet into ,harbour4 #ac ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ib1 et seq4 #ad ,in a loose age1 ,madame ,tallien1 notwithstanding such virtues as she possessed1 was a loose character4 ,between #agih and #ahjb she had three children1 who were registered in her family name of ,cabarrus4 ,on the #hth of ,april1 #ahjb1 at her own request a divorce was pronounced from ,tallien1 and with two husbands still alive she married 7#adth ,july1 #ahje17 ,count ,joseph de ,caraman1 soon after heir of the ,prince de ,chimay4 ,she died in the odour of sanctity1 on the #aeth of ,january1 #ahce4 #ae ,o',meara1 vol4 i1 p4 #bej4 #af ,english ,bards and ,scotch ,reviewers4 #ag ,according to ,mr4 ,grego1 #b1jjj4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,caricatures ,,and ,,subjects ,,of ,,caricature1 #ahab-ahai4 #ahab4 ,,rebuilding ,,of ,,drury ,,lane ,,theatre4 ,drury ,lane ,theatre1 which was burnt down in #ahaa1 was rebuilt the following year1 and the committee1 anxious to celebrate the opening by an address of merit corresponding to the occasion1 advertised in the papers for such a composition4 ,theatrical addresses1 however1 as we all know by reference to a recent occasion1#ah are not always up to the mark2 and whether the result of their appeal was unsatisfactory1 or whether--as appears not unlikely--they were appalled by the number of competitors1 which is said to have been upwards of one hundred1 not one was accepted1 the advertisers preferring to seek the assistance of ,lord ,byron1 who wrote the actual address which was spoken at the opening on the #ajth of ,october1 #ahab4 ,among the competitors was a ,dr4 ,busby1 living in ,queen ,anne ,street1 who apparently unable to realize the fact that competent men could have the effrontery to reject his monologue1 refused to accept the verdict of the committee4 ,a few evenings afterwards1 the audience and the company were electrified by an unexpected sensation4 ,busby and his son sat in one of the stage boxes2 and the latter1 to the amazement of the audience1 stepped at the end of the play from his box upon the stage1 and began to recite his father's nonsense1 as follows3-- ,when energizing objects men pursue1 ,what are the prodigies they cannot do8 ,,dr4 ,,busby',s ,,monologue4 ,the question remained unanswered2 for ,raymond1 the stage manager1 walked at this moment upon the stage accompanied by a constable1 and gave the amateur performer into custody4 ,it is said that his father1 not content with this failure1 actually made an attempt to recite the monologue from his box1 until hissed and howled down by the half laughing1 half indignant audience4 ,the circumstance is commemorated by an admirable pictorial satire entitled1 ,a ,buz in a ,box1 or the ,poet in a ,pet1 published by ,s4 ,w4 ,fores on the #bast of ,october1 in which we see the doctor gesticulating from his box1 and imploring the audience to listen to his monologue4 ,young ,busby1 seated on his father's ,pegasus 7an ass71 quotes one of the verses of the absurd composition1 while the animal 7after the manner of its kind7 answers the hisses of the audience by elevating its heels and uttering a characteristic hee haw4 ,by the side of ,busby junior stands the manager 7,raymond71 apologetically addressing the audience4 ,certain pamphlets lie scattered in front of the stage1 on which are inscribed 7among others7 the following doggerel3-- ,a ,lord and a ,doctor once started for ,fame1 ,which for the best poet should pass2 ,the ,lord was cried up on account of his name1 ,the ,doctor cried down for an ass4 ,doctor ,buz1 he assures us1 on ,drury's new stage ,no horses or elephants there should engage2 ,but pray1 ,doctor ,buz1 how comes it to pass1 ,that you your own self should produce there an ass8 ,dr4 ,busby was a person desirous of achieving literary notoriety at any amount of personal inconvenience4 ,he translated ,lucretius1 and is said to have given public recitations1 accompanied with bread and butter and tea2 but in spite of these attractions1 the public did not come and the book would not sell1 facts which a wicked wag of the period ridiculed1 by inserting the following announcement in the column of births of one of the newspapers3 ,yesterday1 at his house in ,queen ,anne ,street1 ,dr4 ,busby of a stillborn ,lucretius4 #ahac4 ,the medical profession is ridiculed in a satire published in #ahac3 ,doctors ,differ1 or ,dame ,nature against the ,college4#ai ,four physicians have quarrelled in consultation over the nature of their patient's malady1 and the proper mode of administering to his relief4 ,unable to convince one another1 they wax so warm in argument that they speedily proceed from words to blows4 ,i say1 shouts one 7beneath the feet of the other three71 ,i say it is an exfoliation of the glands which has fallen on the membranous coils of the intestines1 and must be thrown off by an emetic4 ,i say1 says another1 raising at the same time his cane to protect his head1 ,i say it is a pleurisie in the thigh1 and must be sweated away4 ,you are a blockhead6 cries a third1 furiously striking at him with his professional cane4 ,i say it is a nervous affection of the cutis1 and the patient must immediately lose eighteen ounces of blood1 and then take a powerful drastic4 ,what are you quarrelling about8 asks a fourth1 arresting the downfall of his professional brother's cane4 ,you are all wrong6 ,i say it is an inflammation in the os sacrum1 and therefore fourteen blisters must be immediately applied to the part affected and the adjacents4 ,the table is down1 and the prescriptions of the learned doctors covered with the ink which flows from the ruined inkstand4 ,the amused patient 7whom nature has meanwhile relieved of the cause and effect7 watches the combat from the adjoining bedroom1 and makes preparations to retreat and save both his pocket and his life4 #ahad4 ,,joanna ,,southcott4 ,the year #ahad was marked by the bursting of one of the most extraordinary religious bubbles with which ,england has ever been scandalized4 ,the person identified with and responsible for the craze to which we allude1 was ,joanna ,southcott1 the daughter of a farmer residing at the village of ,gettisham1 in ,devonshire1 where she herself was born in the month of ,april1 #agej4 ,at the time1 therefore1 the imposture was made patent to such of her deluded followers as retained any remnants of the small stock of common sense with which nature had originally endowed them1 ,joanna was sixty-four years of age4 ,the village girl appears to have been a constant reader of the ,scriptures1 which she studied with so much enthusiasm1 that a strong religious bias was established1 which took almost entire possession of her mind4 ,still1 no marked peculiarity was manifested until after she had attained forty years of age1 at which time we find her employed as a workwoman at an upholsterer's shop at ,exeter4 ,the proprietor being a ,methodist1 the shop was visited by ministers of that persuasion1 and ,joanna1 with her serious turn of mind1 was not only permitted to join in their discussions1 but was regarded by these harmless folk somewhat in the light of a prodigy4 ,to a mind predisposed to religious mania 7for it would be unjust to stigmatize ,joanna altogether as a wilful impostor7 the result was peculiarly unfortunate2 she was visited with dreams1 which she quickly accepted as spiritual manifestations1 instead of being1 as they really were1 indications of a disordered digestion4 ,two years afterwards ,joanna retired from secular business1 and set up as a prophetess at ,exeter4 ,she declared herself to be the woman spoken of as the bride1 the ,lamb's wife1 the woman clothed with the sun4 ,the county lunatic asylum might have done good at this point2 but its wholesome discipline1 unfortunately1 was not resorted to4 ,she published in #ahja her first inspired book1 ,the ,strange ,effects of ,faith1 which absolutely brought five wise men of ,gotham to inquire into her pretensions from different parts of ,england4 ,three of these learned pundits were ,methodist parsons1 and these three parsons declared themselves satisfied that the mission of ,joanna was a divine one4 ,it is needless to add that in ,england1 no matter how absurd the nature of a so-called divine mission1 it is safe and certain to attract believers2 and by the year #ahjc the doctrines of ,joanna ,southcott were eagerly swallowed by numerous simpletons in various parts of the country4 ,thus fortified1 ,joanna issued a manifesto1 in which she stated her calling and pretensions3 we set it out in all the original baldness of its composition3-- ,i1 ,joanna ,southcott1 am clearly convinced that my calling is of ,god1 and my writings are indited by ,his ,spirit1 as it is impossible for any spirit but an all-wise ,god1 that is wondrous in working1 wondrous in wisdom1 wondrous in power1 wondrous in truth1 could have brought round such mysteries1 so full of truth1 as is in my writings2 so ,i am clear in whom ,i have believed1 that all my writings came from the spirit of the most high ,god4 ,joanna was clear in whom she believed1 and her followers were equally clear in their belief in ,joanna4 ,this incoherent nonsense was signed in the presence of fifty-eight simpletons1 all of whom expressed their confidence in the inspired mission of their precious prophetess4 ,her disciples rapidly increased1 and she visited in her apostolic character1 ,bristol1 ,leeds1 ,stockport1 and other large centres1 obtaining numerous converts everywhere4 ,among them was the celebrated engraver1 ,william ,sharp2 and to the last this man1 who out of his calling was the veriest simpleton living1 and who had swallowed successively the doctrines of ,richard ,brothers1 ,wright1 ,bryan1 and ,joanna1 believed in the divine mission of this unincarcerated lunatic4 ,although ,joanna did not 7like ,joseph ,smith7 discover a book1 she discovered a seal1 which one of her disciples is said to have picked up in a dust-heap at ,clerkenwell4 ,with this miraculously acquired talisman the spirit ordered her to seal up the people1 and as the people were limited to one hundred and forty-four thousand1 and each of the elect had to pay a sum varying at different times from a guinea to twelve shillings1 or even lower1 for the privilege of being sealed up1 the scheme promised at first to turn out a comfortably profitable one4 ,into the details of the sealing it is unnecessary for us to enter4 ,suffice it to say that the numbers of the sealed1 up to #ahjh1 when for some unexplained reason the process appears to have been discontinued1 exceeded six thousand simpletons2 the numbers of her deluded followers in the metropolis and its vicinity alone1 are supposed at one time to have amounted to a hundred thousand4 ,joanna was a coarse1 common-place1 and somewhat corpulent woman2 she dressed in a plain1 quaker-like garb1 in a gown of ,calimancoe1 with a shawl and bonnet of drab colour4 ,the three leading preachers in her chapel in ,southwark 7her great stronghold71 were a ,mr4 ,carpenter1 who1 after learning his business1 set up as a prophet on his own account2 a ,mr4 ,foley1 and a lath-render named ,tozer4 ,she had chapels also in ,spitalfields1 ,greenwich1 ,twickenham1 and ,gravesend4 ,the scribblings in prose and verse of this illiterate creature1 instead of being committed to the waste paper basket1 were solemnly preserved and received as prophecies4 ,attacked at last with dropsy1 her delusions assumed the following objectionable form3 she prophesied1 and ,sharp and his fellow-disciples--some of whom were men of fair education--actually believed1 that ,christ was to be born again under the name of ,shiloh1 and that she1 ,joanna1 at the age of sixty-five1 was to be the mother4 ,the revelation which proclaimed the miraculous accouchement was worded as follows3 ,this year #ahad1 in the sixty-fifth year of thy age1 thou shalt have a son by the power of the ,most ,high2 which if they 7the ,hebrews7 receive as their prophet1 priest1 and king1 then ,i will restore them to their own land1 and cast out the heathen for their sakes1 as ,i cast out them when they cast out ,me1 by rejecting ,me as their ,saviour1 ,prince1 and ,king1 for which ,i said ,i was born1 but not at that time to establish ,my kingdom4 ,one might have imagined that this gibberish would open the eyes of some at least of her votaries3 their insane enthusiasm1 on the contrary1 increased4 ,joanna was absolutely inundated with the freewill offerings of the faithful--a costly cradle1 white robes1 pinafores1 shoes of satin and worsted1 flannel shirts1 napkins1 blankets1 silver spoons1 pap-boats1 mugs1 silver tea-pots1 sugar-basins1 tongs1 and corals1--absolutely without number4 ,the absurdity of the simpletons who sent these offerings was severely criticised1 both in ,england and on the ,continent2 and by way apparently of answering her traducers1 ,joanna inserted an apostolical advertisement in the ,morning ,chronicle of ,thursday1 #bbnd ,september1 #ahad1 and in the ,courier of ,friday1 #bcrd1 in which she stated that1 in consequence of the false and malicious reports in circulation respecting herself1 she was desirous of treating for a spacious and ready-furnished house to be hired for three months1 in which her accouchement may take place in the presence of such competent witnesses as shall be appointed by proper authority to prove her character to the world4 ,the appointed day--the #bith of ,october--however passed by1 and the prophecy remained of course unfulfilled1 although1 in the manufacturing towns of the north1 crowds of the faithful assembled to wait the arrival of the coaches1 in expectation of tidings of the great manifestation4 ,the satire entitled1 ,delivering a ,prophetess 7in vol4 #h of ,the ,scourge71 has reference to the actual event which occurred on the #bgth of ,december1 #ahad1 when death relieved ,joanna of her delusions and her dropsy2 the wretched creature declaring on her deathbed that1 if she had been deceived1 she had at all events been the sport of some spirit1 good or evil4 ,joanna forms the subject of one of ,rowlandson's caricatures of #ahad1 ,joanna ,southcott1 the ,prophetess1 ,excommunicating the ,bishops1 published by ,tegg on the #bjth of ,september1 #ahad4 ,we shall also have to refer to her again when we treat of the caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,,flight ,,of ,,the ,,princess ,,charlotte4 ,this year 7#ahad7 the ,princess ,charlotte1 heiress presumptive actually ran away in a hackney coach1 to avoid being affianced to the ,prince of ,orange1 to whom ,her ,royal ,highness evinced an invincible repugnance4 ,the event is referred to in a caricature entitled1 ,plebeian ,spirit1 or ,coachee and the ,heiress ,presumptive 7published by ,fores on the #beth of ,july71 which shows us the princess emerging from ,warwick ,house1 followed by ,britannia 7who raises her hands in a suppliant attitude71 and the dejected ,british lion4 ,coachman1 will you protect me8 she appeals to the driver4 ,yes1 yes1 your ,highness1 replies the fellow1 to the last drop of my blood6 ,a servant in the royal livery holds up his hands in amazement and horror1 while another spurs off in hot haste to apprise the ,regent of the flight of his daughter4 ,but a satire of far superior merit1 entitled1 ,miss endeavouring to excite a glow with her ,dutch ,plaything1#bj was issued by the same publisher a few days previously1 in which the rejected prince figures as a ,dutch top1 which the princess has kept spinning for some time4 ,there1 she says to her father at last1 ,i have kept it up for a long while2 you may send it away now1 ,i am tired of it2 mother i4e4 the ,princess ,caroline has got some better plaything for me4 ,what6 are you tired already8 exclaims the ,regent4 ,take another spell at it1 or give me the whip4 ,no1 no1 replies ,her ,royal ,highness2 you may take the top1 but ,i'll keep the whip4 ,behind her is a picture representing an orange falling with ,cupid headlong into space4 ,the ,regent was so incensed at his daughter's refractoriness1 that he went at once to ,warwick ,house and dismissed all her attendants1 and never forgave the ,duke of ,sussex for his supposed share in breaking off the connection4 ,it was immediately after this event that her mother1 the ,princess ,caroline1 contrary to the advice of her friends and well-wishers1 applied for permission to make that tour on the ,continent which1 owing to her own obstinate folly and contempt for the duties of her high station1 was destined--as we shall afterwards find--to end in such disastrous consequences to herself4 #ahab #ahae4 ,,america ,,and ,,england4 ,in the course of the year #ahab1 ,england had become involved--scarcely through any fault of her own--in a war with the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the causes of difference were mainly due to the obnoxious ,orders in ,council1 which had been forced upon us in consequence of the ,berlin and ,milan ,decrees of ,napoleon4 ,as an evidence1 however1 of our own friendly intentions1 it may be mentioned that the ,regent had issued a declaration on the #bcrd of ,april1 that if at any time the obnoxious decrees should by an authentic act be absolutely repealed1 thenceforth the ,orders in ,council of #gth ,january1 #ahjg1 and #bfth ,april1 #ahji1 should be revoked2 and the ,american representative1 having1 on the #bjth of ,may1 transmitted to the ,english ,court a copy of a ,french decree of the #bjth of ,april1 by which the decrees of ,milan and ,berlin were declared to be no longer in force1 so far as ,american vessels were concerned1 the ,regent declared that1 although he could not accept the terms of the decree as satisfying the conditions of his own declaration of the #bcrd of ,april1 yet1 with the view of re-establishing friendly relations1 he revoked the ,orders in ,council of #gth ,january1 #ahjg1 and ,april #bfth1 #ahji1 so far as regarded ,american vessels and ,american cargoes4 ,of this repeal1 be it observed1 the ,united ,states ,government took no notice1 it might be in consequence of the very reasonable proviso annexed to the ,regent's concession1 that unless the ,government of the ,united ,states revoked their exclusion of ,british armed vessels from their harbours1 while those of ,france were admitted1 and their interdiction of ,british commerce1 while that of ,france was allowed1 the order was to be of no effect4 ,a very old ,english proverb tells us that a stick is never wanting to beat a dog2 and where one nation wishes to fasten a quarrel on another1 and the opportunity be favourable1 there will be no difficulty in finding an excuse4 ,there were other causes of discontent2 in particular our claim to search not only for ,english goods1 but for ,british seamen serving on board neutral vessels2 and as the sovereignty of the seas depended on upholding these assumptions1 our ,government was as strenuous in enforcing them as the ,french emperor was bent on the maintenance of his continental system4 ,,hostile ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,americans4 ,the ,americans1 however1 were anxious for a war with this country1 and in particular1 the opportunity seemed eminently favourable for attempting the conquest of ,canada4 ,a motion in the ,house of ,representatives1 for the indefinite postponement of a bill for raising #be1jjj additional troops1 was rejected by a majority of #ih to #bi4 ,an outrageous bill1 specially intended as an insult to ,england1 was introduced into the same ,house about the end of ,april1 for the protection1 recovery1 and indemnification of ,american seamen1 the first clause of which declared that every person who1 under pretence of a commission from a foreign power1 should impress upon the high seas a native seaman of the ,united ,states1 should be adjudged a pirate and a felon1 and should upon conviction suffer death4 ,another of its articles gave to every such seaman impressed under the ,british flag1 the right of attaching in the hands of any ,british subject1 or in the hands of any debtor of any ,british subject1 a sum equal to thirty dollars per month for the whole time of his detention4 ,this monstrous bill was actually allowed to pass a third reading4 ,the temper of the ,americans may be judged by the result of the voting on ,mr4 ,randolph's motion in the same ,house1 on the #bith of ,may4 ,that gentleman submitted that1 under the present circumstances1 it was inexpedient to resort to a war with ,great ,britain4 ,the question being then put1 that the ,house do proceed to the consideration of the said resolution1 it was negatived by #fb votes against #cg4 ,under the overpowering influence of these feelings1 war was declared against ,england on the #ahth of ,june1 #ahab2 our own declaration was not issued until the #acth of ,october following4 ,our ,american cousins1 did not wait for this joinder of issue2 they had invaded ,canada early in ,july4 ,on the #aath of that month1 the ,american ,general ,hull1 with a body of #b1ejj men--regulars and militia--crossed the river above ,detroit with most disastrous consequences to himself4 ,he was speedily forced to retreat1 and on the #afth of ,august to surrender the important fort of ,detroit itself1 with his #b1ejj men and thirty-three pieces of artillery4 ,although this disaster seriously disconcerted the ,american plans of invasion1 the design was by no means abandoned4 ,a considerable force was assembled in the neighbourhood of ,niagara1 and on the #acth of ,october1 the ,american ,general ,wadsworth1 with some #a1djj men1 made an attack on the ,british position of ,queenstown1 on the ,niagara river4 ,wadsworth1 with #ijj men and many officers1 was speedily compelled to surrender to ,british forces not exceeding the number of his own following4 ,,american ,,naval ,,successes4 ,on the other hand1 the losses of the ,americans on land were to some extent balanced by their naval successes4 ,on the #aith of ,august1 the ,english frigate ,guerriere1 ,captain ,dacres1 was forced after a gallant but 7as we shall see7 unequal fight1 to strike her colours to the ,american frigate ,constitution1 ,captain ,hull4 ,under similar conditions1 the ,english frigate ,macedonia1 ,captain ,carden1 was forced on the #beth of ,october1 after an hour's hard fighting1 in which the ,english lost #ajd men killed and wounded1 to yield to the ,american frigate ,united ,states1 ,commodore ,decatur4 ,these successes were due to the following causes3 the rate of the ,american frigates corresponded to the largest ,british2 but in size1 weight of metal1 and number of men1 were almost equal to line-of-battle ships2 the ,american navy too1 at this time1 was manned by sailors many of whom were unfortunately ,british tars1 while many more had been trained in ,british service4 ,,the ,,english ,,assume ,,the ,,offensive4 ,although we do not profess to give a history of the ,anglo-,american war of #ahab-ad1 some slight sketch of its more remarkable incidents seems necessary for the purpose of enabling the reader to understand what has to follow4 ,having named some of the ,american naval successes1 we can scarcely pass over the well-known fight of the #ast of ,june1 #ahac4 ,captain ,broke1 of the ,british frigate ,shannon1 #ccj men1 burning with indignation at the naval defeats of his countrymen1 having diligently perfected his crew in discipline1 offered battle to the ,united ,states frigate ,chesapeake1 for which he had long been watching4 ,the ,chesapeake was a fine ship1 carrying forty-nine guns 7#ah- and #cb-pounders7 and a complement of #ddj men4 ,the ,american captain1 nothing loth1 bore down on his antagonist off ,boston light-house4 ,the ships were soon in close contact2 but the gallant ,english captain1 discerning his opportunity1 gave orders for boarding1 himself setting the example2 and after a sanguinary fight of only fifteen minutes1 hauled down his adversary's flag and carried off the ,chesapeake in triumph4 ,the invasion of ,canada was still persevered in by the ,americans1 with varying successes and defeats2 but the results of the campaign of #ahac were in the end disastrous to them2 and by the #abth of ,december1 both provinces of ,canada were freed from the invaders1 who retired to winter quarters within their own territory4 ,another determined attempt to penetrate into ,canada was made by them in ,july1 #ahad1 the ,british troops in the first instance being obliged to fall back3 this was on the #eth4 ,their triumph1 however1 was of brief duration4 ,veteran troops1 who had served under ,wellington in ,spain1 had meanwhile arrived at ,quebec2 ,general ,drummond arrested the further retreat of ,riall's division1 and a decisive battle ensued1 which terminated in the defeat of the ,americans1 who were obliged to retire with precipitation beyond the ,chippewa4 ,on the following day they abandoned their camp1 threw the greater part of their baggage and provisions into the rapids1 and after destroying the bridge over the ,chippewa1 continued their retreat in great disorder to ,fort ,erie4 ,out of a force of #e1jjj men1 they had lost in killed1 wounded1 and prisoners at least #a1ejj4 ,this defeat1 and the timely arrival of veteran troops from ,europe1 appear to have decided the ,british commanders to change the defensive warfare they had hitherto adopted1 and the small operations they had conducted on the coast of the southern ,states1 for offensive movements of greater vigour4 ,a large naval force was despatched under the command of ,vice-,admiral ,cockrane1 having on board a powerful land force commanded by ,general ,ross4 ,the latter landed on the #bjth of ,august at ,benedict2 marched to ,nottingham on the #bast1 and to ,upper ,marlborough on the #bbnd1 ,admiral ,cockrane in the meanwhile1 with the barges1 armed launches1 and other boats of the fleet1 having the marines on board1 proceeding up the ,patuxent on the flank of the army4 ,the ,american ,commodore blew up his vessels1 seventeen in number1 with the exception of one which fell into the hands of the ,british4 ,the troops reached ,bladensburg 7about five miles from ,washington7 on the #bdth4 ,,burning ,,of ,,washington4 ,about #i1djj ,americans 7#djj of whom were cavalry7 drawn up to oppose them1 were speedily routed1 with the loss of ten pieces of artillery and the capture of their commanding officer1 ,general ,barney4 ,it appears to have been ,general ,ross's first intention to return to his ships after laying the capital under contribution2 but the ,americans having fired upon the bearer of the flag of truce who was sent forward with the conditions1 all thoughts of an arrangement were dissipated4 ,the soldiers pressed into the city1 and after burning a frigate and sloop of war1 the ,president's residence1 the capitol--including the ,senate ,house and ,house of ,representatives1 dockyard1 arsenal1 war office1 treasury1 and the great bridge over the ,potomac1 re-embarked on the #cjth of ,august4 ,a part of the operations against ,washington consisted in despatching a force against ,fort ,washington1 situate on the ,potomac below that city4 ,captain ,gordon1 the commander of this expedition1 proceeded with the ,sea ,horse and several other vessels up the river on the #agth of ,august1 but was unable to reach the fort till the #bgth4 ,the place being rendered untenable by the explosion of a powder magazine1 the garrison spiked their guns and evacuated it next day4 ,the populous and commercial town of ,alexandria1 situated higher on the river1 thus lost its sole protection2 and ,captain ,gordon1 having no obstacle to oppose his progress1 buoyed the channel1 and placed his ships in such a position as to enforce compliance with his terms4 ,the town 7with the exception of public works7 was not to be destroyed nor the inhabitants molested on compliance with the following articles3--,all naval and ordnance stores1 public and private1 were to be given up1 together with all the shipping1 the furniture of which was to be sent on board by their owners2 the sunk vessels to be delivered in their original condition2 the merchandise of every description to be immediately delivered up1 including all removed from the town since the #aith2 and the ,british squadron to be supplied with refreshments at the market price4 ,this capitulation was signed on the #bith2 the whole of the captured vessels--twenty-one in number--were fitted1 loaded1 and delivered1 by the #cast2 and ,captain ,gordon had got back with all his ships and prizes1 and anchored in safety in the ,chesapeake by the #ith of ,september4 ,these events are referred to in a pictorial satire 7published by ,fores on the #dth of ,october1 #ahad71 entitled1 ,the ,fall of ,washington1 or ,maddy i4e41 ,president ,madison in full flight3-- ,death of thy soul those linen cheeks of thine ,are counsellors to fear4 ,,flight ,,of ,,president ,,madison4 ,james ,madison and one of his ministers1 habited as ,quakers 7a then popular mode of ridiculing the ,americans71 are seen in full flight1 carrying under their arms bundles of compromising papers4 ,by the ,bill of fare of the ,cabinet ,supper at ,president ,madison's1 ,august #bdth1 #ahad1 which has fallen at his feet1 the flight would really seem to have been of the most hasty character4 ,i say1 ,jack1 says an ,english tar1 pointing at the same time to the flying ,president1 what1 is that the man of war that was to annihilate us1 as ,master ,boney used to say8 ,aye1 messmate1 answers his companion2 he is a famous fighter over a bottle of ,shampain2 why1 he'd have played ---- with us if we had let him sit down to supper4 ,five ,americans 7all ,quakers7 meanwhile make their own observations on the situation3 ,jonathan1 says one1 where thinkest thou our ,president will run to now8 ,why1 verily1 answers ,jonathan1 to ,elba1 to his bosom friend4 ,the great ,washington1 remarks a third1 fought for liberty2 but we are fighting for shadows1 which1 if obtained1 could do us no earthly good1 but this is the blessed effects of it4 ,i suppose1 observes a fourth1 this is what ,maddis calls benefitting his country4 ,why1 answers his friend1 it will throw such a light on affairs1 that we shall find it necessary to change both men and measures4 ,the popular notion of the day that there had been some understanding between ,boney and the ,yankees1 was scarcely unnatural under the circumstances we have narrated4 ,the ,president himself is made to say to his companion1 ,who would have thought of this man1 to oblige us to run from the best cabinet supper ,i ever ordered8 ,i hope you have taken care of ,boney's promissory notes2 the people won't stand anything after this4 ,d--n his notes1 answers the other2 what are they good for now8 ,we should get nothing but iron2 he hasn't any of his stock of brass left1 or some of that would have helped us through this business4 ,the caricaturist simply reflected the opinion of his countrymen in insinuating that the ,yankees had some understanding or sympathy with ,bonaparte2 but in this they were mistaken4 ,with ,napoleon and his system the ,americans had no sympathy or feelings in common4 ,probably all that the satirist intended to convey was the fact that they had brought the retaliatory measure 7severe as it was7 upon themselves1 and in this undoubtedly he was right4 ,the ,americans would never have dreamed of invading ,canada had they not supposed that we were so hampered with our struggle with ,bonaparte in #ahab4 ,it was perhaps well for ,america that we were not actuated by the same embittered feelings as themselves2 that our generals were incompetent1 and their plans both badly conceived and most inefficiently carried out4 ,,the ,,caricaturists ,,too ,,jubilant4 ,notwithstanding these successes1 the caricaturists proved a trifle too jubilant4 ,on the #aath of ,september1 a ,british naval force--consisting of a frigate1 a brig1 two sloops of war1 and some gunboats--attacked the ,american flotilla before ,platsburg1 on ,lake ,champlain1 and after a severe conflict were all captured1 with the exception of the gun-boats1 ,captain ,downie1 the ,english commander1 being killed at the very beginning of the engagement4 ,sir ,g4 ,prevost1 in consequence of this disaster1 began his retreat1 leaving his sick and wounded to the mercy of the enemy4 ,the ,americans having now collected from all quarters1 the ,british retired to their lines1 and relinquished all idea of penetrating into the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,on the #abth1 however1 an attempt was made to enter ,baltimore1 and although in the engagement which followed the ,american troops were broken and dispersed in the course of fifteen minutes1 the victory was dearly purchased by the death of ,general ,ross1 while the defensive arrangements of the harbour were so perfect and so formidable1 that the attempt was obliged to be given up4 ,although peace was concluded in the following ,december1 the intelligence unfortunately did not reach the belligerents in time to prevent further mistakes and bloodshed4 ,a series of operations of the ,british army in the neighbourhood of ,new ,orleans occupied the last week of ,december and a part of ,january4 ,an army had been collected for an attack on that town under the command of ,general ,kean1 which1 with the assistance of ,admiral ,cochrane1 was disembarked without resistance on the #bcrd ,december4 ,on the #beth1 ,general ,sir ,edward ,pakenham arrived and assumed the chief command4 ,on the #bgth1 the enemy's picquets were driven in within six miles of the town1 where their main body was found most strongly posted1 and supported by a ship of war moored in such a position as to enfilade the assailants4 ,the result was that the assault of the ,british was delivered under so withering a fire from every part of the enemy's line1 that ,general ,pakenham was killed1 ,generals ,keane and ,gibbs wounded1 while over #b1jjj men and officers were killed1 wounded1 or made prisoners4 ,colonel ,thornton1 indeed1 had crossed the river during the previous night and captured a flanking battery of the ,americans on the other side2 but the report made by him to ,general ,lambert was of so discouraging a character that he decided not to persevere with the attempt1 and in the end the whole army re-embarked1 leaving a few of the most dangerously wounded behind them1 but carrying off all their artillery1 ammunition1 and stores4 ,the concluding operation of the war was the capture of ,fort ,mobile1 which surrendered to the ,british on the #aath of ,february4 #ahae4 ,,romeo ,,coates4 ,a remarkable figure puts in an appearance in the caricatures of the early part of the century4 ,this was the renowned ,romeo ,coates1 a vain1 weak-minded gentleman1 who had an absolute passion for figuring on the boards as ,romeo1 ,lothario1 ,belcour1 and other romantic characters1 for which his personal appearance and lack of brains altogether unfitted him4 ,his readings1 like himself1 being of the most original character1 his vagaries afforded endless amusement to the coarse public of his day4 ,the gods befooled him to the top of his bent2 his overweening vanity failing to show the poor creature that he was exciting ridicule instead of applause4 ,the fun 787 culminated in the tragic scene1 ,romeo1 to their delight1 responding to the encores of his audience1 by repeating the dying scene so long as it suited the managers to prolong the sorry exhibition4 ,macready1 whose dramatic genius and refined sensibilities revolted at a spectacle so degrading1 describes him as he appeared at ,bath1 in #ahae3 ,i was at the theatre1 says the tragedian1 on the morning of his rehearsal1 and introduced to him4 ,at night the house was too crowded to afford me a place in front1 and seeing me behind the scenes1 he asked me1 knowing ,i acted ,belcour1 to prompt him if he should be 'out1' which he very much feared4 ,the audience were in convulsions at his absurdities1 and in the scene with ,miss ,rusport1 being really 'out1' ,i gave him a line which ,belcour has to speak1 ',i never looked so like a fool in all my life1' which1 as he delivered it1 was greeted with a roar of laughter4 ,he was 'out' again1 and ,i gave him again the same line1 which1 again being repeated1 was acquiesced in with a louder roar4 ,being 'out' again1 ,i administered him the third time the same truth for him to utter1 but he seemed alive to its application1 rejoining in some dudgeon1 ',i have said that twice already4' ,his exhibition was a complete burlesque of the comedy and a reflection on the character of a management that could profit by such discreditable expedients4 ,poor ,romeo ,coates lived to get over his theatrical weakness1 and died 7in #ahdh71 in his seventy-sixth year1 from the results of a street accident4 ,illustration3 ,published ,march1 #ahaf1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fores1 #ej1 ,piccadilly4 ,,leap ,,year1 ,,or ,,john ,,bull',s ,,peace ,,establishment4 ,when two ride upon a horse1 one must ride behind4 ,face p4 #ej4 #ahaf4 ,,marriage ,,of ,,the ,,princess ,,charlotte4 ,the ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales1 having successfully thrown over her royal ,dutch suitor1 was married at ,carlton ,house to ,prince ,leopold of ,saxe-,coburg1 afterwards ,king of the ,belgians1 on the #bnd of ,may1 #ahaf4 ,prior to the marriage1 ,parliament had voted a provision for an establishment for the pair of #fj1jjj1 while in the event of the princess's death1 #ej1jjj was settled on the prince during his life4 ,leap ,year1 or ,john ,bull's ,establishment 7,s4 ,w4 ,fores1 ,march1 #ahaf7 shows us ,john ,bull with a bit in his mouth1 driven by ,her ,royal ,highness1 who lashes him unmercifully with a tremendous horse-whip4 ,miserable ,john is saddled with a pair of panniers1 one of which carries the prince and his money bags1 the other being filled with heavy packages labelled with different impositions or items of expenditure of which ,john is the victim4 ,plans for thatched cottages1 ,plan for pulling down and rebuilding1 ,assessed taxes1 ,increase of salaries1 ,army for peace establishment1 and so on4 ,says ,leopold to the princess1 ,you drive so fast1 ,i shall be off666 ,never fear1 she replies2 ,i'll teach you an ,english waltz4 ,the gouty ,regent hobbles after them on his crutches1 the supports of which are formed of dragons from his famous ,brighton ,pavilion4 ,push on6 he shouts to his daughter and future son-in-law1 ,push on6 ,preach economy6 and when you have got your money1 follow my example4 ,oh6 my back1 groans poor ,john1 crawling with the greatest difficulty under the weight of his heavy burdens4 ,i never can bear it6 ,this will finish me4 ,,popular ,,discontent4 ,the two years which succeeded the fall of ,bonaparte were remarkable for the distress which prevailed amongst the industrial classes in ,england4 ,the glory we had reaped in our long struggle with ,france was forgotten in the consideration of the almost insupportable burdens which it necessarily entailed4 ,the sufferings of the masses prompted them to seek relief by bringing their grievances before ,parliament2 but the reception their petitions met with1 served only to show the little sympathy which existed between the national representatives1 as then elected1 and the people of ,england4 ,petitions were next presented to the ,regent himself1 while the popular discontent found expression in large meetings convened in ,london1 ,leeds1 ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 and other industrial centres4 ,these meetings1 it was observed1 were convened1 attended1 and addressed almost exclusively by the working classes1 the middle and upper ranks taking no share in the proceedings4 ,the speakers pointed out in impressive and forcible language the various evils which they said had brought about their altered condition2 the waste of public money in perpetual wars1 in unearned pensions1 sinecures1 and other unjust expenditure4 ,the high price of provisions provoked riots at ,brandon1 ,norwich1 ,newcastle1 ,ely1 ,glasgow1 ,preston1 ,leicester1 ,merthyr1 ,tredegar1 and other places2 a large number of the populace assembled in ,spafields in ,december to receive the ,regent's answer to their petition4 ,while waiting the arrival of orator ,hunt1 one of the most popular of the agitators of the day1 a band of desperadoes appeared on the scene with a tri-coloured flag1 and headed by a man named ,watson1 who1 after delivering a violent harangue from a waggon1 led them into the city4 ,the rioters pillaged several gunsmiths' shops1 but the prompt action of ,lord ,mayor ,wood1 the strong party of constables at his back1 who seized several of the rioters1 and the appearance on the scene of the military1 soon induced the rioters to disperse4 ,in ,january1 #ahag1 ,john ,cashman1 one of the ,spafields rioters1 was tried for burglariously entering the shop of ,mr4 ,beckworth1 a gunsmith1 and hanged opposite the scene of his depredations4 #ahag4 ,,regent ,,opens ,,parliament4 ,the ,regent opened ,parliament on the #bhth of ,january1 #ahag4 ,in his address1 he said that the distress consequent upon the termination of a war of such universal extent and duration1 had been felt with greater or less severity throughout all the nations of ,europe1 and had been considerably aggravated by the unfavourable state of the season4 ,alluding to the proceedings of the popular agitators1 he added3 ,in considering our internal situation1 you will1 ,i doubt not1 feel a just indignation at the attempts which have been made to take advantage of the distresses of the country1 for the purpose of exciting a spirit of sedition and violence4444 ,i am determined to omit no precautions for preserving the public peace1 and for counteracting the designs of the disaffected4 ,whether this statement was the cause or not1 the ,regent had a narrow escape on his return from the ,house2 for1 while passing at the back of the gardens of ,carlton ,house1 the glass of his window was broken1 either by a stone or 7as was supposed7 by two balls from an air-gun1 which appeared to have been aimed at ,his ,royal ,highness4 ,on the #fth of ,february1 ,lord ,cockrane presented to the ,house of ,commons the petition of the ,spafields meeting1 signed by #bd1jjj persons4 ,it prayed for annual parliaments1 universal suffrage1 and reduction in the public expenditure4 ,he presented at the same time a petition from ,manchester1 signed by #cj1jjj persons1 praying for reform in ,parliament and economy in the public expenditure4 ,sir ,francis ,burdett also presented a ,leeds petition for the same objects1 containing #g1jjj signatures4 ,these were of course only legitimate modes of expressing the wants of the people2 but1 unhappily1 quite independent of the action of the popular leaders1 the country in some parts was so disturbed1 so closely on the brink of insurrection1 that ministers found themselves obliged twice during the course of the year to resort to the almost unprecedented measure of suspending the ,habeas ,corpus ,act1 on the first occasion at the end of ,february1 and on the second in ,june4 ,at a meeting held at ,manchester in ,march1 for the purpose of petitioning the ,regent against the suspension of the ,act1 it was proposed and agreed that another meeting should be held on the following ,monday 7the #ajth of ,march71 with the professed intention that ten out of every twenty persons who attended it should proceed to ,london with a petition to ,his ,royal ,highness4 ,the meeting took place accordingly2 many thousands actually attended in full marching order 7i4e4 provided with a bundle and a blanket72 and a considerable body appear to have made some advance on their way before their further progress was arrested4 ,expeditions of a similar character were simultaneously planned1 attempted1 and frustrated in other parts of the country4 ,,government ,,spies4 ,meanwhile1 there were trials for high treason at ,westminster ,hall2 trials of rioters at ,york and ,derby2 and at the latter town1 on the #gth of ,november1 three miserable men were hung4 ,among the witnesses at these trials appear to have been two men named ,castle and ,oliver3 and it came out that these fellows1 with two other ,government spies1 named ,edwards and ,franklin1 had been among the chief fomenters by speeches and writings of the seditions in the ,metropolis and northern counties4 ,the disclosures made by these scoundrels produced of course a great sensation and numerous satires4 ,one of these1 entitled1 ,more ,plots666 ,more ,plots666 published by ,fores in ,august1 #ahag1 is dedicated to the inventors1 ,lord ,s idmouth and ,lord ,c astlereagh4 ,it is divided into four compartments4 ,in the first we see four foxes 7typifying no doubt the four informers7 watching the movements of a flock of geese4 ',tis plain1 says one of the former1 there is a plot on foot2 let's seize them1 ,brother ,oliver4 ,i have no doubt of it3 ,i can smell it plainly1 answers his companion4 ,in the second1 a couple of fierce nondescript beasts are regarding a number of innocent lambs3 ,these bloodthirsty wretches1 remarks one of the two1 mean to destroy man1 woman1 and child1 ,i know it to a certainty2 for they carry sedition1 privy conspiracy1 and rebellion in their looks4 ,and ,i'll swear it1 ,brother ,castle1 says his companion2 let's dash at them4 ,in the third1 a cat watches the movements of some unsuspecting mice3 ,there's a pretty collection of rogues gathered together1 observes ,grimalkin2 if there is not a plot among them1 burn my tail and whiskers4 ,in the last1 we behold a ,kite just about to pounce on some chicken3 ,the world's over-run with iniquity1 says the bird of prey2 and these troublesome miscreants will not let honest hawks sleep in security4 ,we shall return to the subject of these ,government spies and the troubles of #ahag in the graphic satires of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,,edmund ,,kean ,,and ,,booth4 ,in #ahag1 the rivalry between the two national theatres ran so high1 that the ,covent ,garden management employed agents to scour the provinces in search of a rival to ,edmund ,kean at ,drury ,lane4 ,after a time one was found in the person of ,lucius ,junius ,booth1 who in stature1 rle of characters1 and 7as it was imagined7 style of acting1 closely resembled1 if he did not equal1 the great original4 ,he made his dbut at ,covent ,garden1 in the character of ,richard the ,third4 ,whether it was a success or not seems doubtful2 for the manager being out of town1 those deputed to act as deputies did not care to undertake the responsibility of engaging the new star4 ,in this dilemma1 overtures were made to him by the rival house1 which he accepted1 and made his appearance as ,iago to ,kean's ,othello to a densely-packed audience at ,drury ,lane4 ,so great was the likeness between the two actors1 that strangers were puzzled to know which was ,kean and which was ,booth1 until the tragedy reached the third act1 when the genius of ,kean made itself felt1 and no doubt remained in the minds of the audience which was master of his art4 ,booth1 in fact1 discovered that he had made a mistake1 and the day after his trial at old ,drury1 signed articles to return to ,covent ,garden for three years4 ,here he proved a great attraction2 he must have been in truth an actor of no ordinary merit2 his rendering of the character of ,lear1 in particular1 met with universal approbation1 and in this tragedy he was supported by actors of the ability of ,charles ,kemble and ,william ,macready1 both of whom he threw into the shade4 ,at the end1 however1 of his engagement1 feeling that he was incapable of meeting ,kean on anything like equal terms1 he set sail for ,america4 ,the appearance of ,edmund ,kean and ,lucius ,junius ,booth at ,drury ,lane is referred to in a satire entitled1 ,the ,rival ,richards1 published by ,s4 ,w4 ,fores in #ahag4 ,the sketch 7evidently the work of an amateur7 shows us ,folly seated on an ass1 holding in one hand a pair of scales1 in one of which stands ,booth1 and in the other ,edmund ,kean4 ,to the mind of the satirist there appears to be no difference in the abilities of the two performers1 as the scales exactly balance4 ,on the right1 the portico of ,covent ,garden is overshadowed by the inelegant but massive proportions of ,drury ,lane2 the intervening space being occupied by various figures and details1 among which is a patent clapping machine4 ,an advertisement board carried by one of the figures clearly shows that the satire--an elaborate idea badly worked out--has reference to the period when both actors were engaged at old ,drury4 #ahah4 ,,evacuation ,,of ,,france4 ,undoubtedly the most important event of the year #ahah was the congress of the allied sovereigns at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 and the evacuation of ,france which followed4 ,by the second treaty of ,paris1 the stay of the occupying armies had been fixed at a period of five years2 but by an official note1 dated the #dth of ,november1 #ahah1 the ministers of ,austria1 ,great ,britain1 ,russia1 and ,prussia1 referring to the engagements entered into by the ,french ,government with the subscribing powers to that treaty1 stated that such ,government had fulfilled all the clauses of the treaty1 and proposed1 with respect to those clauses1 the fulfilment of which was reserved for more remote periods1 arrangements which were satisfactory to the contracting parties4 ,under these circumstances the sovereigns resolved that the military occupation of ,france should forthwith be discontinued4 ,on the #gth of ,november1 the ,duke of ,wellington1 commander-in-chief of the army of occupation1 issued an order of the day1 taking leave of the troops under his command1 which concluded in the following terms3-- ,it is with regret that the general has seen the moment arrive when the dissolution of this army was to put an end to his public connections and his private relations with the commanders and other officers of the corps of the army4 ,the field marshal deeply feels how agreeable these relations have been to him4 ,he begs the generals commanding in chief to receive and make known to the troops under their orders1 the assurance that he shall never cease to take the most lively interest in everything that may concern them2 and that the remembrance of the three years during which he has had the honour to be at their head1 will be always dear to him4 ,wellington appears to have received particular marks of distinction from the ,emperor ,alexander2 but what may have been the particular tittle tattle which led up to the caricature we shall next describe1 we are now unable to fathom4 ,that it grew out of the event which we have attempted to describe will be sufficiently obvious4 ,it is entitled1 ,a ,russian ,dandy at ,home2 a scene at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 and was published by ,fores in ,december1 #ahah4 ,in it1 the satirist shows us the ,duke arrayed in the regimentals of a ,russian general1 part of which comprise a pair of jack-boots considerably too large for him1 a fact which amuses the ,emperor and certain ,english and ,cossack officers at his back4 ,the following doggerel appended to the satire affords an explanation of its meaning3-- ,it is said that the head of the forces allied1 ,not having a coat to his back1 ,a generous monarch the needful supplied2 ,and when thus equipped1 they sat down side by side1 ,to drink their champagne and their sack4 ,now1 doubtless this hero of wonderful note1 ,had the monarch allowed him to choose1 ,would have bartered the honour to sit in his coat1 ,for the pleasure to stand in his shoes4 ,,queen ,,charlotte4 ,a well-drawn caricature1 published by ,fores in ,february1 #ahah1 and entitled1 ,a ,peep at the ,pump ,room1 or the ,zomersetshire ,folks in a ,maze1 shows us a singularly ugly old woman habited in a wonderful bonnet1 and clothes of antiquated make and fashion1 drinking the ,bath waters in the midst of a circle of deeply interested and curious gazers4 ,this poor old woman1 who looks very like an old nurse1 is no less a person than ,charlotte of ,mecklenburg-,strelitz1 ,queen of ,george the ,third1 who1 in failing health and rapidly drawing towards the close of her earthly pilgrimage1 had been recommended by her physicians to try the effect of the ,bath waters4 ,the excitement which this event occasioned in the then gay1 but now decayed western city1 is thus referred to by ,mrs4 ,piozzi in two of her contemporary letters to ,sir ,james ,fellowes3 ,the queen has driven us all distracted2 such a bustle ,bath never witnessed before4 ,she drinks at the ,pump ,room1 purposes going to say her prayers at the ,abbey ,church1 and a box is making up for her at the theatre4 ,and again3 ,of the clusters in the ,pump ,room who swarm round ,queen ,charlotte1 as if she were actually the queen bee1 courtiers must give you an account4 ,at the back of ,her ,majesty's chair stands the portly figure of the ,duke of ,clarence1 who recommends the old lady to qualify the water 7which is evidently very distasteful to her7 with a little brandy4 ,george and ,i1 he adds1 always recommend brandy4 ,a fat1 well favoured woman in a flower-pot bonnet1 with a gin bottle in her hand1 on the other hand recommends the old queen to qualify the ,bath water with a dash of ,old ,tom1 advice which is seconded by the old woman next her4 ,behind this last stands the physician1 watch in hand1 watching1 and moreover predicting in very plain terms1 the expected action of the medicated water4 ,the folks behind make their observations on the old lady's appearance4 ,well1 ,i declare1 says one1 ,i see nothing extraordinary to look at4 ,why1 she doant look a bit better than oul granny1 remarks a country joskin4 ,who said she did1 eh1 dame8 replies her companion4 ,poor old ,queen ,charlotte was never a beauty1 and those who remember her exaggerated likenesses in the satires of ,gillray1 will not fail to recognise her in the present satire4 ,one of her well-known habits is referred to by the snuff-box which lies at her feet4 ,illustration3 ,published ,february1 #ahah1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fores1 #ej1 ,piccadilly ,a ,,peep ,,into ,,the ,,pump-,,room1 ,,or ,,the ,,zomersetshire ,,folk ,,in ,a ,,maze4 ,face p4 #eg4 ,the poor old lady was beyond the help of the ,bath waters or of any earthly assistance4 ,we find ,mrs4 ,piozzi writing a few months later on3 ,nothing kills the queen1 however4 ,it is really a great misfortune to be kept panting for breath so1 and screaming with pain by medical skill3 were she a subject1 ,i suppose they would have released her long ago2 but diseases and distresses of the human frame must lead to death at length1 which was the case with the poor old queen1 who died nine months after the date of the satire 7in ,november1 #ahah74 ,the announcement of the marriages of four of her children this year1 viz43 of the ,princess ,elizabeth to ,frederick1 ,landgrave of ,hesse ,homburg2 of ,edward ,augustus1 ,duke of ,kent1 to ,victoria1 daughter of the ,duke of ,saxe-,coburg 7and mother of ,queen ,victoria71 on the #bith of ,may2 of ,adolphus ,frederick1 ,duke of ,cambridge1 to ,augusta1 daughter of the ,landgrave of ,hesse1 on the #ast of ,may2 and of ,william ,henry1 ,duke of ,clarence 7afterwards ,william the ,fourth71 to ,adelaide1 daughter of the ,duke of ,saxe-,meiningen1 on the #aath of ,july1 gave rise to a coarse though admirably executed caricature entitled1 ,the ,homburg ,waltz1 with ,characteristic ,sketches of ,family ,dancing1 in which all these royal personages1 with the ,regent at their head1 are seen prominently figuring amongst the dancers4 ,,invention ,,of ,,the ,,kaleidoscope4 ,a forgotten but ingenious instrument1 the kaleidoscope1 was invented by ,sir ,david ,brewster in #ahah4 ,the leading principles of the toy appear to have been accidentally discovered in the course of a series of experiments on the polarization of light by successive reflections between plates of glass4 ,the invention of this now despised toy made a tremendous sensation at the time1 and the inventor was induced to take out a patent for its protection2 but he had1 it appears1 divulged the secret of its construction before he had secured the invention to himself1 and the consequence was that1 although it made a hundred shopmen rich1 it brought the inventor himself but little substantial benefit4 ,this is explained by the fact that it was so simple in construction1 that even when made without scientific accuracy1 it served to delight as well as to amuse4 ,so largely was it pirated1 that it was calculated that no fewer than two hundred thousand were sold in three months in ,london and ,paris alone4 ,judging by a caricature of ,williams's1 published by ,fores in ,june1 #ahah1 and its doggerel explanation1 the toys would appear even at this time to have been made and sold by every street boy4 ,the satire is called1 ,caleidoscopes1 or ,paying for ,peeping4 ,in it1 we see the pertinacious vendors pushing the sale of their wares upon the passengers in the streets--many of them women4 ,a bishop resolves to buy one because the coloured glass reminds him of a painted window in his cathedral1 another person has paid dearly for peeping1 and discovers that while gratifying his curiosity1 his pocket-book has slipped off with two hundred pounds in it4 ,williams was a satirist of the old school1 and the allusions made by some of the vendors render this otherwise interesting satire wantonly coarse and indelicate4 ,attached to this rare and curious production is the following doggerel3-- ',tis the favourite plaything of school-boy and sage1 ,of the baby in arms and the baby of age2 ,of the grandam whose sight is at best problematical1 ,and of the soph who explains it by rule mathematical4 ,such indeed is the rage for them1 chapel or church in1 ,you see them about you1 and each little urchin ,finding a sixpence1 with transport beside his hope1 ,runs to the tin-man and makes a caleidoscope6 #ahai4 ,,the ,,hobby4 ,another invention made its appearance in #ahai3 this was the velocipede1 or as it was then called the hobby1 the grandfather of the bicycle and tricycle of our day4 ,a tall gawky perched on the summit of a lofty bicycle1 with an enormous wheel gyrating between a couple of spindle shanks capped with enormous crab-shells1 is a sufficiently familiar and ridiculous object in our times2 but the appearance presented by the people of #ahai1 who adopted the spider looking thing called a hobby1 was so intensely comical that it gave rise to a perfect flood of caricatures4 ,the best of these we have personally met with is one entitled1 ,the ,spirit ,moving the ,quakers upon ,worldly ,vanities1 a skit upon the ,society of ,friends 7published by ,j4 ,t4 ,sidebotham74 ,the scene is laid in front of a ,society of ,friends ,meeting ,house1 and numerous ,friends of both sexes are busily engaged in exercising their hobbies4 ,in the foreground1 a broad-brimmed young ,friend gives ardent and amorous chase to a lovely ,quakeress1 who1 apparently disinclined to encourage his advances1 urges her steed to its utmost speed1 and makes frantic endeavours to get out of his way4 ,,depression ,,in ,,trade4 ,the internal condition of the country this year 7#ahai7 gave cause for much anxiety4 ,pecuniary distress1 owing to the depression in trade1 was almost universal4 ,this state of things1 as might have been expected1 was taken advantage of by the popular agitators for their own purposes2 and the people1 under their encouragement1 as in the two previous years1 continued to give audible expression to their dissatisfaction at meetings1 and through the medium of publications more or less of a seditious character4 ,the miserable outlook gave rise 7among others7 to a pair of caricatures1 published by ,fores on the #ith of ,january1 ,john ,bull in ,clover1 and 7by way of contrast71 ,john ,bull ,done ,over4 ,in the first1 fat ,john is enjoying himself with his pipe and his glass2 the sleek condition of his dog shows that it shares in the comforts of its master's prosperity4 ,john1 in fact1 has what our ,transatlantic cousins call a good time2 scattered over the floor lie invoices of goods despatched by him to customers in ,spain1 in ,russia1 in ,america4 ,beneath a portrait of ,good ,queen ,bess1 ,john has pinned several of his favourite ballads3 ,the ,land we live in1 ,oh1 the ,roast ,beef of ,old ,england6 ,may we all live the days of our life4 ,in ,john ,bull ,done ,over1 a very different picture is presented to our notice4 ,the whole of ,john's fat is gone2 he sits1 a lean1 starving1 tattered1 shoeless object in a bottomless chair1 the embodiment of human misery4 ,in place of his invoices lie the ,gazette1 which announces his bankruptcy1 and a number of tradesmen's bills2 on the back of his chair is coiled a rope1 and on the table before him a razor lies on a treatise on suicide1--,john in fact is debating by what mode he shall put an end to his existence4 ,an onion and some water in a broken jug are the only articles of sustenance he has to depend on4 ,the tax gatherer1 who has made a number of fruitless calls1 looks through the broken panes to ascertain if ,john is really at home4 ,on the wall1 in place of the picture of ,good ,queen ,bess1 hangs a portrait of ,john ,bellingham1 the assassin of ,spencer ,perceval2 and in lieu of his once joyous ballads1 such doleful ditties as ,oh1 dear1 what can the matter be6 ,there's nae luck about the house1 and so on4 ,the poor dog1 grown like his master a lean and pitiable object1 vainly appeals to him for food4 ,england's hope#ba--the darling of the nation--the amiable and interesting ,princess ,charlotte1 whose loss is still lamented after the lapse of more than half a century1 died in childbirth on the #fth of ,november1 #ahag2 but on the #bdth of ,may1 #ahai1 was born1 at ,kensington ,palace1 another amiable and august princess1 whose life has been most happily spared to us--her present ,majesty ,queen ,victoria4 ,to show that the influence of the last century caricaturists had not yet left us1 this auspicious event immediately gave rise to a coarse caricature1#bb published by ,fores1 and labelled1 ,a ,scene in the ,new ,farce called the ,rivals1 or a ,visit to the ,heir ,presumptive1 in which the scurrilous satirist depicts the supposed mortification and jealousy of other members of the royal family4 ,her ,majesty's father1 the ,duke of ,kent1 died nine months afterwards1 on the #bcrd of ,january1 #ahbj4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,the new ,alhambra4 #ai ,a caricature entitled ,doctors ,differ1 according to ,mr4 ,grego 7published in #aghe7 is due to ,rowlandson4 ,it is possible1 therefore1 that the present one1 although not in ,rowlandson's style1 may be a reproduction4 #bj ,this admirable satire appears to me very like the handiwork of ,george ,cruikshank2 but not being able positively to identify it1 ,i have given it its place in this chapter4 #ba ,see the caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank1 #ahag4 #bb ,apparently by ,williams4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,miscellaneous ,,caricatures ,,and ,,subjects ,,of ,,caricature1 #ahbj-ahcj4 ,,caroline ,,of ,,brunswick4 ,as in #ahji a revengeful and unscrupulous woman had succeeded in exposing the reputation of a member of the ,royal family to public opprobrium1 so1 in like manner1 in #ahbj1 a woman1 and no less a person in this instance than a titular queen of ,england1 was the means of dragging the crown itself through the mire of a disreputable scandal4 ,that ,caroline of ,brunswick was an uncongenial and unfitting consort2 that she was an utterly unfit and improper person to occupy the exalted position of ,queen of ,england1 there can be no manner of doubt4 ,but to the question whether it was wise1 politic1 or dignified to subject her conduct 7however morally criminal7 to the reproach of a public investigation1 there can be but one answer4 ,the marriage of ,caroline1 daughter of ,charles1 ,duke of ,brunswick-,wolfenbttel1 with ,george1 ,prince of ,wales1 was solemnized on the #hth of ,april1 #agie4 ,exactly one year afterwards1 and three months after the birth of their child1 the ,princess ,charlotte1 the pair separated4 ,the separation was effected at the instance of the prince1 and the reasons for his wishing to live apart from her are assigned in a letter which he sent her ,royal ,highness through ,lord ,cholmondeley3 ,our inclinations1 he told her1 are not in our own power2 nor should either be answerable to the other because nature has not made us suitable to each other4 ,tranquil and comfortable society is1 however1 in our power2 let our intercourse therefore be restricted to that4 ,sixty years have elapsed since this miserable woman died1 and we who are no longer biassed by the political leanings which more or less influenced those who regarded her with favour or prejudice1 are enabled to consider the circumstances from a fair and dispassionate point of view4 ,in order that the reader may form his own conclusions of her character and disposition1 we prefer to quote authorities whose political sympathies were distinctly favourable to her cause4 ,writing of his grandmother1 ,lady de ,clifford 7governess of the ,princess ,charlotte71 ,lord ,albermarle tells us3 ,she ,lady de ,clifford used often to recount to me the events of her court life4 ,the behaviour of the ,princess of ,wales 7this was before she left ,england7 naturally came under review4 ,i fear that the judgment she formed of the conduct of this much sinned against and sinning lady coincides but too closely with the verdict that public opinion has since passed upon her4 ,to ,lady de ,clifford she was the source of constant anxiety and annoyance4 ,often1 when in obedience to the king's ,george ,,iii4 commands1 my grandmother took her young charge to the ,charlton ,villa1 the ,princess of ,wales would behave with a levity of manner and language that the presence of her child and her child's governess were insufficient to restrain4 ,on more than one occasion1 ,lady de ,clifford was obliged to threaten her with making such a representation to the king as would tend to deprive her altogether of the ,princess ,charlotte's society4 ,these remonstrances were always taken in good part1 and produced promises of amendment4#bc ,the ,hon4 ,amelia ,murray tells us in her ,recollections from #ahjc to #ahcg3 ,there was about this period an extravagant furore in the cause of the ,princess of ,wales4 ,she was considered an ill-treated woman1 and that was enough to arouse popular feeling4 ,my brother was among the young men who helped to give her an ovation at the opera4 ,a few days afterwards he went to breakfast at a place near ,woolwich4 ,there he saw the princess1 in a gorgeous dress1 which was looped up to show her petticoat covered with stars1 with silver wings on her shoulders1 sitting under a tree1 with a pot of porter on her knee2 and as a finale to the gaiety1 she had the doors opened of every room in the house1 and selecting a partner1 she galloped through them1 desiring all the guests to follow her example6 ,it may be guessed whether the gentlemen were anxious to clap her at the opera again4 ,now this was the personage whom certain classes of the community persisted in regarding1 sixty years ago1 as a royal martyr4 ,small as is the respect or esteem which we owe to the memory of ,george the ,fourth1 we may almost sympathise with him when he calls such a consort uncongenial4 ,a person so little fitted for the high position which she occupied was certain to give trouble2 and as far back as #ahjf1 her indiscreet conduct had induced the king ,george ,,iii4 to grant a commission to ,lords ,spencer1 ,grenville1 ,erskine1 and ,ellenborough1 to examine into the truth of certain allegations which had been made against her2 and1 although their report expressed the most unqualified opinion that the graver charges were utterly destitute of foundation1 such report1 nevertheless1 concluded with some strictures made by the commissioners on the levity of manners displayed by the princess on certain occasions4#bd ,in consequence of this official report1 the intercourse between the ,princess of ,wales and her daughter1 the ,princess ,charlotte1 was subjected to regulation and restraint2 they were allowed at first a single weekly interview1 which1 for some doubtless sufficient reason1 was afterwards reduced to a fortnightly meeting4#be ,while pitying the mother1 we seem scarcely justified in assuming1 with our present knowledge of her obstinate nature and disposition1 that these restrictions were imposed without some just and sufficient reason4 ,it would seem to have come to the knowledge of the ,princess ,caroline in #ahac1 that the interdiction was intended to be still more rigidly enforced1#bf for on the #adth of ,january of that year we find that she wrote a letter to the ,prince ,regent1 in which she complained that the separation of mother and daughter was equally injurious to her own character and to the education of her child4 ,adverting to the restricted intercourse between them1 she observed that in the eyes of the world1 this separation of a daughter from her mother would only admit 444 of a construction fatal to the mother's reputation4 ,your ,royal ,highness1 she continued1 will pardon me for adding that there is no less inconsistency than injustice in this treatment4 ,he who dares advise your ,highness to overlook the evidence of my innocence1 and disregard the sentence of complete acquittal which it i4e4 the inquiry of #ahjf produced--or is wicked and false enough still to whisper suspicions in your ear1 betrays his duty to you1 sir1 to your daughter1 and to your people1 if he counsels you to permit a day to pass without a further investigation of my conduct4444 ,let me implore you to reflect on the situation in which ,i am placed1 without the shadow of a charge against me1 without even an accuser after an inquiry that led to my ample vindication1 yet treated as if ,i were still more culpable than the perjuries of my suborned traducers represented me1 and held up to the world as a mother who may not enjoy the society of her only child4 ,no possible objection can be taken to this letter2 indeed1 by whomsoever it was penned1 taken altogether it was an admirable composition4 ,if1 however1 we are to credit the statement of ,mr4 ,whitbread1 made in the ,house on the #eth of ,march1 #ahac1 it was thrice returned to the writer unopened4 ,but the princess1 as we shall find1 was not a person to be intimidated by any amount of rebuffs4 ,at length that letter we quote ,mr4 ,whitbread was read to him the ,prince ,regent1 and the cold answer returned was1 that ministers had received no commands on the subject4#bg ,the letter found its way into the public prints1 and then1 and not till then1 if we are to believe ,mr4 ,whitbread1 his ,royal ,highness directed that the whole of the documents1 together with her ,royal ,highness's communications to himself1 should be referred to certain members of the ,privy ,council1 who were to report to him their opinion1 whether under all the circumstances 444 it was fit and proper that the intercourse between the ,princess of ,wales and her daughter 444 should continue to be1 subject to regulations and restrictions4#bh ,in their report1 which was presented on the #aith of ,february1 the commissioners stated that they had taken into their most serious consideration1 together with the other papers referred to by ,his ,royal ,highness1 all the documents relative to the inquiry instituted in #ahjf 444 into the truth of certain representations respecting 444 the ,princess of ,wales2 and1 that after full examination of all the documents before them1 they were of opinion1 that under all the circumstances of the case1 it was highly fit and proper1 with a view to the welfare of 444 the ,princess ,charlotte 444 and the most important interests of the ,state1 that the intercourse between 444 the ,princess of ,wales and the 444 ,princess ,charlotte should continue to be subject to regulation and restraint4 ,it was only natural1 of course1 that ,caroline should rebel2 and she accordingly wrote on the #ast of ,march a letter to the ,speaker1 protesting against the mode in which this second inquiry had been conducted4 ,motions on her behalf were afterwards brought forward successively in the ,house by ,mr4 ,cockrane ,johnson and ,mr4 ,whitbread1 both of which1 however1 fell to the ground4 ,the remarks made by ,mr4 ,whitbread provoked a speech in the ,house of ,lords from ,lord ,ellenborough 7who had been a member of both commissions71 which is singularly illustrative of the habits and manners of the time4 ,after an introduction of great solemnity1 his lordship said1 that1 in the case alluded to1 the persons intrusted with the commission of #ahjf were charged with having fabricated an unauthorised document1 purporting to relate what was not given in evidence1 and to suppress what was given4 ,this accusation1 said his lordship1 is as false as h---- in every particular4 ,he then proceeded to give an account of the mode in which everything had been taken down from the mouth of the witness1 and afterwards read over to and subscribed by her4#bi ,he concluded his peculiarly energetic speech by again denying1 in the most positive terms1 the truth of the imputation which had been cast upon the commissioners4 ,the inquiry of #ahac set the pencils of the caricaturists in motion1 and among the satires it occasioned1 ,i find a series of eight pictures on one sheet1 representing the witnesses1 the commissioners1 ,mr4 ,whitbread1 and other persons connected with that and the previous investigation of #ahjf4 ,it is called ,a ,key to the ,investigation1 or ,iago ,distanced by ,odds2 and the most amusing of the series is the seventh1 which represents the furious ,lord ,ellenborough1 attired in his official robes of ,lord ,chief ,justice of the ,king's ,bench4 ,the following doggerel clearly identifies it with the speech from which we have already quoted3-- ,this is the ,chief ,j---- who1 as the ,lords tell1 ,swore that the reflections were false6--black as h----6 ,and though such bad words no man can use fewer1 ,in his rage it was fear'd he would pistol the ,brewer#cj ,for moving the senate1 who all cried1 oh fie6 ,that the ,lady and ,b----#ca had told a d----d lie1 ,and were unworthy credit the oaths they did try2 ,and lamented the witness1 whose answer when penn'd1 ,without questions which drew them1 appear'd to portend ,more reproach than she meant against her good friend4 ,while the hireling servants examined by law1 ,who thought by a stretch to gain some clat1 ,while before the commissioners named by the ,king1 ,to investigate matters and witnesses bring1 etc41 etc4 ,the eighth of the series is the spring that set all in motion1 the satirist's meaning being indicated by a throne1 on which lies a cocked hat adorned with the ,prince of ,wales' feathers1 and beneath it1 as is usual in a large proportion of the satires which allude to the prince-regent1 a number of empty bottles4 ,the ,regent seems never to have lost an opportunity of insulting his uncongenial and unfortunate wife4 ,in anticipation of the expected visit of the allied sovereigns in ,june1 #ahad1 the prince conveyed an intimation to his royal mother that1 as he considered his presence could not be dispensed with at her ensuing drawing-rooms1 he desired it to be distinctly understood1 for reasons of which he alone could be the judge1 to be his fixed and unalterable determination not to meet the ,princess of ,wales upon any occasion1 either in public or private4#cb ,queen ,charlotte was bound of course to give an official intimation to that effect to the ,princess ,caroline1 which1 on the #bdth and #bfth of ,may1 #ahad1 brought from her letters to the queen and the ,regent4 ,in the first of these communications she intimated her intention of making public the cause of her absence from ,court at a time when the duties of her station would otherwise peculiarly demand her attendance2 while her letter to her husband contained the following intimation3 ,your ,royal ,highness may possibly refuse to read this letter2 but the world must know that ,i have written it1 and they will see my real motives for foregoing in this instance the rights of my rank4 ,occasions1 however1 may arise 7one1 ,i trust1 is far distant7 when ,i must appear in public1 and your ,royal ,highness must be present also4 ,can your ,royal ,highness have contemplated the full extent of your declaration8 ,has your ,royal ,highness forgotten the approaching marriage of our daughter to the ,prince of ,orange and the possibility of our coronation8 ,these words show that from the first ,caroline had decided1 cote que cote1 when the time came to assert her position1 in spite of the opposition of her husband and any obstacles which might be raised by his friends and advisers4 ,we have entered rather fully into this matter1 because it seemed to us necessary1 in order that the reader might understand the temper of ,caroline1 and the motives which influenced her in the extraordinary course of conduct which she afterwards thought fit to pursue4 ,she was treated1 we have seen1 with the most cruel and studied insult2 excluded from ceremonials at which her rank and position entitled her to be present4 ,sir1 said the unfortunate woman in the letter to her husband to which we have alluded1 the time you have selected for this proceeding is calculated to make it peculiarly galling4 ,many illustrious strangers are already arrived in ,england2 among others1 as ,i am informed1 the illustrious heir of the house of ,orange1 who has announced himself to me as my future son-in-law4 ,from their society ,i am unjustly excluded4 ,others are expected1 of rank equal to your own1 to rejoice with your ,royal ,highness in the peace of ,europe4 ,my daughter will for the first time appear in the splendour and publicity becoming the approaching nuptials of the presumptive heiress of this empire4 ,this season your ,royal ,highness has chosen for treating me with great and unprovoked indignity2 and of all his ,majesty's subjects1 ,i alone am prevented by your ,royal ,highness from appearing in my place1 to partake of the general joy1 and am deprived of the indulgence of those feelings of pride and affection permitted to every mother but me4 ,poor mother6 who may help pitying her6 ,her most prejudiced enemy will admit that this was an eloquent and noble protest4 ,had she only maintained this language and attitude1 we should justly assign to her a place amongst the royal martyrs of history4 ,naturally this barbarous1 impolitic treatment soured her1 as it would sour even the sweetest disposition4 ,in an evil hour for her1 and we may add for this country1 she solicited and obtained permission to travel abroad4 ,no sooner was she freed from the restraints which had surrounded her at home1 than her conduct not only makes us doubt whether she had any hand in the composition of this maternal appeal1 but appears to justify the conclusions at which the commissioners of #ahjf and #ahac seem to have arrived4 ,her temper was obstinate and wilful4 ,she knew that she was watched2 and from a spirit apparently of wanton mischief1 designed with the view doubtless of annoying her enemies1 she indulged in a series of the most extraordinary and undignified vagaries4 ,she took into her service and received into her closest confidence and favour persons of the lowest position4 ,it was impossible for rumours of her extraordinary eccentricities not to reach1 not only the ears of those who detested her1 but in an imperfect and incorrect degree those of the general public4 ,that this was the case is shown by a caricature entitled1 ,paving the way for a ,royal ,divorce1 published by ,johnston on the #ast of ,october1 #ahaf1 in which we see the corpulent ,regent at table with ,lord ,liverpool1 ,old ,bags#cc 7,chancellor ,eldon71 ,lord ,chief ,justice ,ellenborough1 ,vansittart1 ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 and another1 probably intended for ,viscount ,sidmouth4 ,his ,royal ,highness is made by the caricaturist to say that he and his sympathizers think we shall now succeed1 having secured some evidence from the coast of ,barbary4444 ,i have got everything as clear as the sun at noon-day4444 ,now for a divorce as soon as possible4 ,lord ,chancellor ,eldon says1 ,i'll stick to your ,highness through thick and thin1 or never call me ',old ,bags' again as long as ,i live4 ,lord ,liverpool supports him by the assurance1 ,i'm an unmatched negotiator1 and ,i'll enter into a treaty with the ,house of ,commons to secure your suit4 ,the temper of the ,commons is shown by the doubts expressed by the individual we take to be intended for ,viscount ,sidmouth4 ,i have my doubts1 says this person1 at the same time laying his hands on the port wine decanter1 ,i have my doubts and qualms of conscience1 your ,highness2 what say you1 ,van8 ,oh1 my lord1 replies ,vansittart1 who is seated on the ,budget1 ,i have some strange touches of feeling on the subject4 ,up rises the hot-tempered ,lord ,chief ,justice1 upsetting a decanter of port wine1 and at the same time the chair on which he has been sitting1 ,don't put me in a passion with your 'qualms' and your 'touches'2 they are all false1 false as h----6 ,i'll blow you all to the d----l if you don't stick to your master manfully66 ,by the side of the prince we see1 as usual1 a pailful of wine bottles1 and at his feet1 in allusion to his notorious infidelities1 an open volume entitled1 ,the ,secret ,memoirs of a ,prince1 by ,humphrey ,hedghog1 ,esq41 #ahae4 ,by the side of the ,lord ,chief ,justice lie three portly volumes labelled1 ,the ,law of ,divorce4 ,it will be evident from the foregoing1 that from an early period1 the satirists on the popular side gave credit to the prince and his advisers for being members of a secret conspiracy for compassing the ruin of the erring and unfortunate woman4 ,now what was the evidence to which the corpulent ,regent is made to refer in the sketch before us8 ,it was not of course evidence1 but rumour2 and rumour said the strangest things of the ,princess ,caroline4 ,it associated her name with that of a courier1--a low ,italian1 named ,bartolomeo ,bergami2 it said that she had enriched and ennobled this man and other members of his family2 procured for him a barony in ,sicily2 decorated him with several orders of knighthood2 and asserted in the plainest terms that she was living with him in a state of open and notorious adultery4 ,these reports rendered it necessary to ascertain on what foundation they rested1 and the result was that in #ahah1 ,mr4 ,cooke1 of the ,chancery ,bar1 and ,mr4 ,powell1 a solicitor1 were despatched into ,germany and ,italy to collect evidence with respect to her conduct4 ,this inquiry1 which is generally known as the ,milan ,commission1 seemed certainly preferable to an investigation of a more public and notorious character2 and upon the evidence these gentlemen obtained was founded the ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties1 which we shall presently have to consider4 #ahbj4 ,it is quite clear that the ministers of #ahbj were strongly averse to the introduction of the ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties1 which is now known to us as the ,trial of ,queen ,caroline4 ,the whole odium indeed of the proceedings rested upon them at the time2 but we have no reason to doubt the statement of ,mr4 ,charles ,greville1 under date of #bjth ,february1 #ahbj1 that they had offered to resign1 because the king would not hear reason4 ,it seems at any rate tolerably certain that1 although they brought forward the ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties under pressure of the ,crown1 they did not do so until they had well-nigh exhausted every effort short of actual resignation 7this dignified position they did not take7 to avoid it4 ,mr4 ,wade tells us that their first indiscretion consisted in commencing hostilities against the queen by the omission of her name in the liturgy1 thereby provoking her claim to legal rights2#cd but this omission1 which appears to us justifiable under the circumstances1 ,mr4 ,greville shows us was due to the action of the king himself4#ce ,in the month of ,june1 #ahai1 a communication appears to have been received from ,mr4 ,brougham1 the professional adviser of the princess1 and understood to be charged with the confidential management of her affairs4 ,the proposal contained in this communication was in substance1 that her then income of #ce1jjj a year should be secured to her for life1 instead of terminating with the demise of the crown3 and that she should undertake upon that arrangement being made to reside permanently abroad1 and not to assume at any time the rank or title of ,queen of ,england4 ,this proposal1 however1 being stated to be made without any authority from the princess1 or knowledge of it on her part1 the ,government at that time replied that there would be no indisposition at the proper time to entertain the principle on which the proposal was grounded1 if it met with the approbation of her ,royal ,highness on the king's accession4 ,the ministers1 reverting to ,mr4 ,brougham's proposal1 offered to raise the already handsome allowance to #ej1jjj a year1 subject to the conditions before mentioned4 ,caroline1 however1 peremptorily declined the proposal1 alleging that it had been made without her knowledge or sanction4 ,unfortunately1 too1 this offer when made to ,caroline herself1 was coupled with the intimation that if the queen should be so ill-advised as to come over to this country1 there must be an end to all negotiations and compromise4#cf ,considering the temper and disposition of the woman1 the fact that she had demanded the insertion of her name in the liturgy1 the haughty assertion of her claim to be received and acknowledged as the ,queen of ,england1 and the communication made at the same time of her desire that a royal yacht should be in readiness to receive her at ,calais1#cg it appears to us a greater mistake on the part of the ministry could scarcely have been made4 ,it aroused her woman's nature1 and flaming with the anger and resentment which she had nourished for so long a course of years1 she boldly took up the gauntlet her enemies had flung at her feet1 and crossed the ,channel almost as soon as the astonished ,government messenger himself4 ,the queen 7for she was titular ,queen of ,england now7 arrived in ,london on the #gth of ,june3 the road was thronged with an immense multitude the whole way from ,westminster ,bridge to ,greenwich4 ,carriages1 carts1 and horsemen followed1 preceded1 and surrounded her coach the whole way4 ,she was everywhere received with the greatest enthusiasm4 ,women waved pocket-handkerchiefs1 and men shouted wherever she passed4 ,she travelled in an open landau1 ,alderman ,wood sitting by her side1 and ,lady ,ann ,hamilton the ,duke of ,hamilton's sister and another woman opposite4444 ,the queen looked exactly as she did before she left ,england1 and seemed neither dispirited nor dismayed4#ch ,in one of the popular satires of the day we see her standing on the balcony of ,alderman ,wood's house in ,south ,audley ,street1 receiving and acknowledging the enthusiastic plaudits of her admirers4 ,the very day she arrived at ,dover1 a royal message was sent down to ,parliament1 by which the king commended to the ,lords an inquiry into the conduct of the queen2 while on the following day1 ,mr4 ,brougham read in the ,house of ,commons a message or manifesto from his client1 declaring that her return was occasioned by the necessity her enemies had laid upon her of defending her character and conduct4 ,,the ,,bill ,,of ,,pains ,,and ,,penalties4 ,both parties now stood irrevocably committed to the fatal measure4 ,a secret committee of the ,house of ,lords proceeded to open the celebrated green bag1 which contained the reports of the ,milan ,commission2 and on the #dth of ,july they made their report1 recommending a solemn inquiry into the conduct of the queen4 ,next day the ,earl of ,liverpool presented a bill of pains and penalties entitled1 ,an ,act to deprive ,her ,majesty ,queen ,caroline ,amelia ,elizabeth of the title1 prerogative1 rights1 privileges1 and exemptions of ,queen ,consort of this realm1 and to dissolve the marriage between ,his ,majesty and the said ,caroline ,amelia ,elizabeth on the ground of the grossly immoral conduct therein alleged against her4 ,the ill-advised proceedings once commenced1 no time was lost in carrying them through4 ,on the #gth of ,july the ,italian witnesses in support of the bill 7twelve in number7 landed at ,dover4 ,the object of their visit soon became known1 and on emerging from the custom house they were set upon and badly beaten by a furious crowd1 composed principally of women4 ,they were lodged in a building then separating the old houses of ,parliament1 which1 with its enclosure1 was called ,cotton ,garden2 the front faced the abbey1 the rear the ,thames4 ,the land entrance was strongly barricaded4 ,the side facing ,westminster ,bridge was shut out from the public by a wall run up for the express purpose at a right angle to the ,parliament stairs4 ,thus the only access was by the river4 ,here was erected a causeway to low-water mark2 a flight of steps led to the interior of the inclosure4 ,the street was guarded by a strong military force1 the water side by gunboats4 ,an ample supply of provisions was stealthily 7for fear of the mob7 introduced into the building2 a bevy of royal cooks was sent to see that the food was of good quality1 and to render it as palatable as their art could make it4 ,about this building1 in which the witnesses were immured from ,august till ,november1 the ,london mob would hover like a cat round the cage of a canary4 ,such confinement would have been intolerable to the natives of any other country1 but it was quite in unison with the feelings of ,italians4 ,to them it realized their favourite 'dolce far niente4' ,their only physical exertion appears to have been the indulgence in that description of dance that the ,pifferari have made familiar to the ,londoner4#ci ,such was the residence of the ,italian witnesses against the queen1 and it is certain that if they had ventured beyond its precincts they would have been torn in pieces4 ,the appearance which ,caroline of ,brunswick presented at her trial was an outrageous caricature1 and is thus described by one then distinctly friendly to her cause--the ,earl of ,albemarle3 ,the peers rose as the queen entered1 and remained standing until she took her seat in a crimson and gilt chair immediately in front of her counsel4 ,her appearance was anything but prepossessing4 ,she wore a black dress with a high ruff1 an unbecoming gipsy hat with a huge bow in front1 the whole surmounted by a plume of ostrich feathers4 ,nature had given her light hair1 blue eyes1 a fair complexion1 and a good-humoured expression of countenance2 but these characteristics were marred by painted eyebrows1 and by a black wig with a profusion of curls1 which overshadowed her cheeks and gave a bold1 defiant air to her features4 ,the names of the witnesses1 and possibly the precise nature of the testimony against her1 would seem to have been unknown to the queen1 for we have it on record that when the first witness 7,teodoro ,majoochi1 the celebrated ,non ,mi ,ricordo7 was placed at the bar1 on the #bast of ,august1 ,her ,majesty1 uttering a loud exclamation1 retired hastily from the ,house1 followed by ,lady ,ann ,hamilton4#dj ,she evidently laboured under some strong emotion1 whether of surprise or displeasure1 or both1 seems never to have been ascertained4 ,among the general public1 and even in the ,house of ,commons itself1 the falsehood of all that had been alleged on oath against the queen was assumed as an undeniable axiom2 the witnesses were loaded with the most opprobrious epithets1 while those who had been concerned in collecting or sifting evidence were represented as conspirators or suborners4 ,we shall see1 when we come to speak of the caricatures of ,robert ,cruikshank1 the light in which these unhappy witnesses were regarded by the graphic satirists on the popular side4#da ,nevertheless1 if their testimony is carefully read over by any unprejudiced person having any knowledge of the law of evidence1 in spite of the badgering of ,mr4 ,brougham1 the admirable speech of that gentleman1 and the testimony of the witnesses on the other side1 ,i think he cannot fail to come to any other conclusion than that expressed by the then ,lord ,ellenborough1 that ,her ,royal ,highness was the last woman a man of honour would wish his wife to resemble1 or the father of a family would recommend as an example to his daughters4 ,no man1 said his lordship1 could put his hand on his heart and say that the queen was not wholly unfit to hold the situation which she holds4#db ,he will see too1 by reference to the report of the proceedings in the ,annual ,register1 that of the peers who decided to vote against the second reading of the bill on the ground of inexpediency1 a large majority gave it as their deliberate opinion that the case had been proved against the queen4#dc ,in a very clever pictorial satire1 published by ,s4 ,humphrey in #ahba1 the queen1 ,bergami1 and a third figure 7possibly intended for ,alderman ,wood7 are represented as standing on a pedestal forming the apex of a slender stem labelled ,mobility1 which rests on a base marked ,adultery4 ,the whole structure depends for support on a broom 7in allusion of course to ,mr4 ,brougham7 and two frail pieces of wood1 labelled respectively1 ,sham addresses1 and ,sham processions1 which in turn rest on a slender railing1 while a ladder on either side1 marked ,brass and ,wood1 lend a further slight support to the very insecure fabric4 ,the superincumbent weight of the queen and ,bergami breaks the frail stem in pieces1 and the three figures tumble to the ground together4 ,the back of the design is occupied with scenes and incidents detailed in the evidence4 ,a very clever caricature1 without date 7published by ,t4 ,sidebotham71 ,i am inclined to assign to this period2 and if so1 it is one of the most plain spoken and telling satires ever published4 ,it is entitled1 ,city ,scavengers ,cleansing the ,london ,streets of ,impurities2 a placard which has fallen in the street sufficiently explains its meaning3 ,by particular desire of the ,society for the ,suppression of ,vice1 ,d-- of ,k--t in the chair1 ordered that the city officers do keep the streets clear of common prostitutes4--,signed1 ,wood1 ,mayor4#dd ,a more foolish and undignified proceeding1 however1 than this ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties can scarcely be conceived4 ,its fate might almost have been predicted from the first4 ,the second reading was carried on the #fth of ,november1 by a majority of twenty-eight1 but the third 7for the reasons already given7 by a majority of nine only2 whereupon1 the ,earl of ,liverpool said that1 had the third reading been carried by as considerable a number of peers as the second had been1 he and his colleagues would have felt it their duty to persevere with the bill and to send it down to the other branch of the legislature4 ,in the present state of the country1 however1 444 they had come to the determination not to proceed further with it4#de ,the victory will be acknowledged by us now-a-days as damaging as a defeat2 but the result1 curious to relate1 was hailed by the queen and her party as if her innocence had been triumphantly vindicated4 ,in signing a document prepared by her counsel on the #hth of ,november1 she wrote1 ,carolina ,regina1 adding the words1 there1 ,regina still1 in spite of them4 ,the abandonment of the bill was followed by three nights of illumination2 but it was observed that they were of a very partial character1 wholly unlike those which had greeted the great victories by sea and land1 in which the public sympathy was spontaneous and universal4 ,the mob in some cases testified its disapproval when these signs of satisfaction were wanting2 and one gentleman in ,bond ,street1 on being repeatedly requested to light up1 placed a single rushlight in his two-pair-of-stairs window4 ,some of the transparencies were1 as might have been expected1 of a singular character4 ,a trunk maker in the same street displayed the following new reading from ,genesis3 ,and ,god said1 ,it is not good the ,king should reign alone4 ,a publican at the corner of ,half ,moon ,street exhibited a flag whereon1 in reference to the unpopular witness ,teodoro ,majoochi1 was depicted a gallows with the following inscription3-- ,q4 ,what's that for8 ,a4 ,non ,mi ,ricordo4 ,an enthusiastic cheesemonger at the top of ,great ,queen ,street displayed a transparency on which he had inscribed the following verses3-- ,some friends of the devil ,with mischief and evil ,filled a green bag of no worth2 ,but in spite of the host1 ,it gave up the ghost ,and died #ec days after birth4 ,the caricaturists of course were not idle1 and the trial of ,queen ,caroline provoked a perfect legion of pictorial satires4 ,the queen's victory is celebrated in one of the contemporary caricatures 7published by ,john ,marshall1 junior7 under the title of ,the ,queen ,caroline ,running down the ,royal ,george2 while on the ministerial side it is recorded 7among others7 by a far more elaborate and valuable performance 7published by ,g4 ,humphrey71 called1 ,the ,steward's ,court of the ,manor of ,torre ,devon1 which contains an immense number of figures1 and wherein the queen is seated on a black ram#df in the midst of one of the popular processions1 the members of which carry poles bearing pictorial records of the various events brought out in evidence against her4 ,it is one of the peculiarities of our ,glorious ,constitution1 that while the ministers who acted under his direction incurred all the blame1 the prime instigator of all these exposures was enabled to shelter himself behind the backs of his advisers4 ,the ministers were unpopular1--they deserved to be so1 for1 whatever might have been the consequences to themselves so far as loss of office was concerned1 they should have refused from the first to lend themselves to the publication of a scandal so utterly grievous4 ,the king himself at this time was far from unpopular2 the odium he had incurred the previous year by the thanks he had caused to be conveyed to ,major ,trafford1 and the officers1 non-commissioned officers1 and privates of the yeomanry who had signalized themselves in the massacre at ,manchester 7an outrage which1 by the way1 led to a number of pictorial satires71 seemed to have wholly passed away4 ,he was at ,ascot only two days before the queen's arrival1 and was always cheered by the mob as he went away4 ,one day only a man in the crowd called out ,where's the ,queen8#dg ,again1 we find on the same authority1 that on the night of the #fth of ,february1 #ahba3 ,the king went to the play 7,drury ,lane7 for the first time1 the ,dukes of ,york and ,clarence and a great suite with him4 ,he was received with immense acclamations1 the whole pit standing up1 hurrahing and waving their hats4 ,the boxes were very empty at first1 for the mob occupied the avenues to the theatre1 and those who had engaged boxes could not get to them4 ,the crowd on the outside was very great4444 ,a few people called ',the ,queen6' but very few4 ,a man in the gallery called out1 ',where's your wife1 ,georgy8'#dh ,his reception at ,covent ,garden the following night appears to have been equally loyal and gratifying4 ,the truth was1 that the numerous and truly honest people who sympathized with ,queen ,caroline1 did so from little admiration for herself1 but because she had been the victim of twenty-five years' persecution2 because1 however great her follies1 they had been grievously provoked2 and above all1 because they felt that the man who was her most powerful and relentless persecutor1 was the very last who was justified in casting a stone against her4 ,the ministerialists and their supporters1 however1 attributed the sympathy which was shown by her professed admirers exclusively to a political origin1 and thus stigmatized the motives of their opponents 7with more justice than poetry7 in one of the jingling rhymes of the day3-- ,what's the ,queen to ,reformists8 as ,queen was to ,france1 ,round her head and her consort's they'd equally dance4 ,they care not for ,caroline1 nor king1 nor for queen1 ,a pretext they want their intentions to screen1 ',the ,queen6' is the ,radicals' rallying cry2 ,a queen bears the standard the king to defy4 ,how entirely unfitted this mistaken woman was to figure in the august position of a queen of ,england may be judged from her subsequent conduct4 ,instead of contenting herself with her victory1 such as it was1 she had the ill taste1 in spite of the remonstrances of her friends and advisers1 to communicate to the ,lord ,mayor1 through the medium of her vice chamberlain1 her intention to proceed to ,st4 ,paul's in a public manner on ,wednesday1 the #bith of ,november1 there and then to offer up her thanksgivings for the result3 and this resolution she actually carried out4 ,the details of her procession1 which really reminds us of the entry of a company of equestrians into some provincial town1 need not be entered into here2 suffice it to say that it comprised trumpeters without number1 stewards' carriages1 gentlemen on horseback1 the corpulent queen herself1 with her attendant1 ,lady ,ann ,hamilton1 and the indispensable ,alderman ,wood1 the whole closing with the various trades with flags and banners4 ,it would appear to us that one of the rarest of the caricatures on the ministerial side has reference to this triumphal entry4 ,it is labelled1 ,grand ,entrance to ,bamboozlem1 and was published by ,humphrey shortly afterwards4 ,the queen is represented at the head of a procession1 all the members of which 7herself included7 are mounted on braying jackasses4 ,a figure1 intended no doubt for ,alderman ,wood1 habited in a fool's cap and jester's dress1 holds her by the hand2 the lady who follows him1 playing on the fiddle and wearing a ,scotch bonnet1 is meant for ,lady ,ann ,hamilton 7she is named ,lady ,ann ,bagpipe in the sketch72 ,bergami 7immediately behind7 carries a banner inscribed ,innocence2 and next him1 his fat sister1 whom the queen had dignified with the title of a countess2 ,venus and ,bacchus appear amongst the crowd1 and are labelled ,protgs and bosom friends of ,her ,m----y4 ,she is welcomed by an enthusiastic body of butchers with marrow-bones and cleavers2 while among the crowd waiting to receive her we notice ,orator ,hunt and the other popular leaders of the day4 ,illustration3 ,face p4 #ha4 ,and here we drop for the present the subject of ,queen ,caroline1 a subject we have approached with caution1 although conscious that it can be by no means omitted from a work treating of graphic satires of the nineteenth century4 ,that she should now accept the #ej1jjj per annum which she had previously refused1 will probably not surprise the reader4 ,the end of a career so strangely undignified will be seen when we come to treat of the caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,the duel between the ,dukes of ,buckingham and ,bedford2 the erection of the statue of ,achilles in ,hyde ,park2 the new ,marriage ,act2 the second ,french invasion of ,spain under the ,duc d',angoulme2 the ,tenth ,hussars2 ,miss ,foote1 the celebrated actress2 ,edmund ,kean2 and the commercial distress of #ahbe-f1 afford subjects for the pencils of the caricaturists1 and will be mentioned in the chapters which relate to the graphic satires of the brothers ,cruikshank4 ,,greek ,,war ,,of ,,independence4 ,the pictorial satirists were kept fully employed by the political events of #ahbg and #ahbh4 ,the former year beheld the sanguinary ,greek war of independence4 ,things turned out badly for the over-matched ,greeks1 until at last ,great ,britain1 ,france1 and ,russia interposed with ,turkey on their behalf4 ,the proposals offered were such as the ,turks refused to entertain4 ,the ,porte1 in refusing them1 maintained that1 though mediation might be allowable in matters of difference between independent states1 it was utterly inadmissible as between a power and its revolted subjects4 ,the allied powers then proposed an armistice1 demanding a reply within fifteen days1 plainly intimating that in the event of refusal or silence 7which would be construed into a refusal71 they should resort to measures for enforcing a suspension of hostilities4 ,,battle ,,of ,,navarino4 ,in the meantime arrived at ,navarino the ,egyptian fleet1 consisting of ninety-two sail1 including fifty-one transports1 having on board #e1jjj fresh troops4 ,ibraham ,pacha's attempt to hoodwink the ,british1 and to land these troops at ,patras1 was foiled by the vigilance and determination of the ,english admiral4 ,disappointed in these attempts1 he proceeded1 in the teeth of the warnings which had been given him1 to execute his orders to put down the insurrection on land1 and carried them out with merciless atrocity1--ravaging the ,morea with fire and sword4 ,resolved now to bring matters to an issue1 the combined fleets in ,october1 #ahbg1 entered the harbour4 ,as was expected would happen1 the ,turks fired upon them1 and then ensued the famous battle of ,navarino1 in which1 after a four hours' engagement1 the ,turkish and ,egyptian fleets were annihilated1 and the bay strewed with the remains of their ruined vessels4 ,russia declared war against ,turkey the following year1 and we meet with many miscellaneous caricatures having reference to the conflict which followed4 ,in one1 published by ,maclean 7without date7 entitled1 ,russian ,bears' ,grease1 or a ,peep into ,futurity1 we see the ,russian bear running off with ,greece in spite of ,england1 ,france1 and ,austria4 ,another 7also without date71 is labelled ,the ,descent of the ,great ,bear1 or the ,mussulmans in a ,quandary4 ,in a third 7also without date71 called ,the ,nest in ,danger1 we see ,turkey sitting on a nest marked ,greece disturbed by ,russia1 whilst the ,british lion stands looking on at no great distance1 discontentedly gnawing a bone labelled ,navarino4 ,by the time peace was concluded between the belligerents in #ahbi1 ,england would seem to have realized the fact that she had been made the tool of ,russia1 and this is the obvious idea intended to be conveyed by the satirist in another caricature 7also without date1 but bearing obvious reference to the same subject74 ,the ,porte is represented in the act of presenting a bill of indemnification to ,george the ,fourth4 ,,catholic ,,relief ,,bill4 ,the principal political topic remaining to be noticed is the ,catholic ,relief ,bill of #ahbi1 a measure forced upon the king1 the ministry1 the church1 and the aristocracy by the imperative force of circumstances1 directed by the prescience of a minister who1 sharing at first all the objections of his colleagues1 felt nevertheless that a large portion of his ,majesty's subjects were labouring under disabilities and fettered by restrictions inconsistent with the boasted liberties of a free people2 and that such a measure1 in the face of the political changes which had been loudly demanded for a long time past1 could no longer be delayed4 ,it is not surprising1 however1 that ,wellington and his colleagues1 following out the maxims of a ,whig policy1 should be viewed by their own party somewhat in the light of traitors4 ,accordingly we see them figuring in this character in some of the caricatures of the day1 one of which 7one of the ,paul ,pry series71 published by ,geans in #ahbi1 may be cited as an example of the rest1 and shows them to us in the act of ,burking ,old ,mrs4 ,constitution1 aged #ada4 ,in this and the two preceding chapters we have attempted to give an account of some of the leading events of the first thirty years of the century1 illustrating them by reference to a few of the miscellaneous caricatures of the period4 ,we have adopted this method of arrangement because1 if our theory be correct1 it was during this period that the art of caricature continued to flourish1 and it is from this period that we date its speedy decline and downfall4 ,we think that the prime cause of this decline may be traced to the fact that ,george ,cruikshank1 the best of nineteenth century satirists1 had by this time resigned the art to follow his new employment of an illustrator of books2 we think1 too1 that caricature received an additional impetus in its downward progress by the secession from the ranks of its professors of the veteran ,thomas ,rowlandson1 who1 although he did not die until #ahbg1 had virtually given up caricature in favour of book illustration#di many years before4 ,further illustration of some of the events already related1 and of others to which we have no occasion at present to refer1 will be found in the chapters devoted to the work of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank and his brother ,george4 ,a considerable number of the caricatures which belong to the first quarter of the century have an anonymous origin2 whilst a large proportion are due to ,william ,heath1 who1 either in his own name1 or often under the distinguishing hieroglyphic of ,paul ,pry1 contributed largely to the political and social satires of his day4 ,other caricaturists of the period were ,h4 ,heath 7hundreds of whose comic sketches were collected and published by ,charles ,tilt71 ,theodore ,lane1 and his friends ,isaac ,robert and ,george ,cruikshank4 ,to these names we must add those of the last century men who continued their work into the present1 ,james ,gillray1 ,thomas ,rowlandson1 ,george ,moutard ,woodward1 ,c4 ,williams1 ,henry ,william ,bunbury1 ,robert ,dighton1 and others4 ,some idea of the industry of the nineteenth century satirists may be gathered from the fact that the ,paul ,pry series of political satires of #ahbi-cj1 alone number some fifty plates1 which in our day can rarely be purchased at three times their original cost4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,theodore ,,lane4 ,from ,life of an ,actor1 #ahbd4 ,,the ,,gallery4--,,powerful ,,attraction ,,of ,,talents6 ,illustration3 ,,theodore ,,lane4 ,from ,life of an ,actor1 #ahbd4 ,,the ,,non-,,paying ,,audience4 ,face p4 #he4 ,,theodore ,,lane4 ,on the walls of some old-fashioned dining-rooms1 and the parlours of provincial inns1 may still be seen an engraving1 called ,the ,enthusiast1 which some of my readers may remember to have seen in the print shops of some twenty or five-and-twenty years ago4 ,it represents an old disciple of ,izaac ,walton1 whom the gout has incapacitated from following his favourite pursuit1 so devoted to the sport1 that we see him fishing for minnows in a water-tub1 instead of the rippling stream out of which he has been accustomed to whip his favourite speckle-backed beauties4 ,the painting from which this engraving was taken was the work of ,theodore ,lane1 who1 although his work is limited to the short space of five or six years1 seems to call for special mention by virtue of his tragic ending1 the short span allotted to his life and labours1 and the superiority of his talent and genius to those of many of his contemporaries4 ,lane was literally a comic artist of the nineteenth century1 having been born at ,isleworth in #ahjj4 ,he was apprenticed to a colourer of prints at ,battle ,bridge1 named ,barrow2 and1 shortly after completing his time1 produced 7in #ahbb7 six designs illustrative of ,the ,life of an ,actor1 and with these in a small portfolio under his arm1 went out into the world to seek his fortune as other comic artists have done before him and since4 ,pierce ,egan1 at this time1 was the most popular man in town2 his name 7on very insufficient literary merits7 was identified with the success of the most famous book of the century--we allude to the ,life in ,london4 ,to his residence in ,spann's ,buildings1 ,st4 ,pancras1 ,lane betook himself2 showed him his sketches1 and said if ,egan would only undertake the letterpress1 he should find no difficulty in getting ,ackermann1 ,sherwood1 or any of the art publishers of the day1 to undertake its publication4 ,but ,egan's hands were full1 and he declined the offer4 ,two years later on1 author and artist again met1 and the result was that ,the ,life of an ,actor1 ,peregrine ,proteus1 made its appearance1 illustrated by twenty-seven coloured scenes and nine woodcuts1 representing the vicissitudes of the stage4 ,the publisher was ,arnold1 of ,tavistock ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 who paid the young artist one hundred and fifty pounds fifteen shillings for his share of the work4 ,the ,life of an ,actor was published at a guinea1 and dedicated to ,edmund ,kean2 and a contemporary critic describes it as one of the best exemplifications of ,mr4 ,egan's peculiar talent4 ,it is impossible for us1 he continues1 to do justice to the spirit of the designs1 many of which would of course not discredit the pencil of ,hogarth4 ,lane's association with one of the most noted sporting characters of the day opened the way to him for further engagements1 and for another work1 entitled1 ,a ,complete ,panorama of the ,sporting ,world1 he executed thirteen original etchings1 and an equal number of designs on wood4 ,among the number of ,theodore ,lane's social satires may be mentioned ,scientific ,pursuits1 or ,hobbyhorse ,races to the ,temple of ,fame1 four folio plates2 ,the ,parson's ,clerk 7a comic song71 four illustrations in ridicule of cant and hypocrisy2 ,legal ,illustrations 7seventy humorous applications of law terms72 ,the ,masquerade at the ,argyll ,rooms 7a large plate full of vigour1 life1 and character72 ,new ,year's ,morning3 the ,old ,one out1 and the ,new ,one coming in1 a party of topers1 one of whom--the chairman1 with the empty punch-bowl on his head 7representing the old one out7--merrily points at the waiter bringing a full bowl 7the new one7 in2 ,sunday ,morning--the ,barber's ,shop2 ,shilling ,fare to a ,christmas ,dinner1 or ,just in ,pudding ,time2 ,the ,rival ,whiskers2 and ,amorous1 ,clamorous1 ,uproarious1 and ,glorious 7a pair of admirable and amusing satires of the prevailing features1 vices1 and follies of the day72 ,crowding to the ,pit and ,contending for a ,seat 7two capital theatrical subjects74 ,lane also made a sketch entitled1 ,paul ,pry's ,first ,night in a ,boarding ,house1 intended to be succeeded by eleven others1 the publication of which was however prevented by the death of ,liston4 ,mc,lean published a large and clever design1 bearing the somewhat lengthy title of ,law ,gorging on the ,spoils of ,fools and ,rogues1 and ,honest ,men among ,knavery1 producing ,repentance and ,ruin2 or1 the ,fatal ,effects of ,legal ,rapacity1--wherein the highway of ,law conducts to ,ruin through a series of toll-gates labelled respectively1 ,opinion of ,counsel1 ,injunction1 ,filing the ,bill1 ,consultation1 ,procrastination1 etc4 ,like his contemporaries the ,cruikshanks1 with whom he was familiar1 ,theodore ,lane mixed freely with the young bloods of his day1 termed in the slang of his time ,corinthians1 and the results are shown in his designs4 ,he might often be seen at the ,craven's ,head1 in ,drury ,lane1 kept by a host known to his patrons by the familiar title of ,billy ,oxberry2 at the ,saturday night harmonic meetings held at the ,kean's ,head1 in ,russell ,court1 ,drury ,lane2 at ,the ,wrekin1 in ,broad ,court1 ,long ,acre1 at that time frequented by gentlemen of the ,press2 at ,the ,harp1 in ,russell ,street1 ,drury ,lane1 a well known house of call for actors1 and appropriately immortalised in one of his illustrations to ,the ,life of an ,actor2 at the ,cider ,cellar2 at the ,fives ,court2 at the numerous ,masquerades of the day2 at any place of resort1 in fact1 which offered studies of life and character or subjects of social satire4 ,he figures in his own sketch of ,the ,masquerade at the ,argyll ,rooms1 where we recognise him 7in one of the right hand boxes7 in a white sheet1 a tall paper cap on his head1 and a staff in his hand4 ,his impersonations were sometimes singularly original4 ,at one of these masquerades1 for instance1 he represented a frozen-out gardener soliciting charity1 and holding in his hand a cabbage covered with icicles2 at another1 he appeared as a hospital out-patient1 wearing a hideous mask 7designed by himself7 representing some dreadful disease1 from which the bystanders recoiled in horror and amazement4 ,with all this drollery ,lane kept himself well out of mischief1 and was moreover1 in days when young and old were more or less inclined to be topers1 a strictly temperate man4 ,but ,lane's talents were not confined to comic etching or designs on wood4 ,he was also an artist in oil and water colour4 ,he painted in oils ,the ,drunken ,gardener2 ,the ,organ of ,murder1 a clumsy1 nervous craniologist feeling his own head in doubt and perplexity to ascertain whether the dreadful organ is developed in himself2 ,an ,hour before the ,duel 7exhibited at the ,institution in ,pall ,mall74 ,other subjects of his pictures were3 ,the ,poet reading his ,manuscript ,play of ,five ,acts to a ,friend2 ,too many ,cooks ,spoil the ,broth2 ,the ,nightmare2 ,the ,mathematician's ,abstraction 7the latter purchased by ,lord ,northwick74 ,his most ambitious work in oils 7upwards of seventeen feet in length7 was called ,a ,trip to ,ascot ,races4 ,his last work1 ,the ,enthusiast 7the first we have mentioned71 was exhibited at ,somerset ,house at the time of his death4 ,the fate of this clever young artist and satirist was both singular and tragical4 ,it appears that on the #bast of ,february1 #ahbh1 ,theodore ,lane1 who then resided in ,judd ,street1 ,brunswick ,square1 called upon his brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,wakefield1 a surgeon of ,battle ,bridge1 intending to proceed in the latter's gig to ,hampstead1 to join a party of friends who had gone there to spend the day4 ,mr4 ,wakefield having to visit a patient in ,manchester ,street1 ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 drove there with his brother-in-law1 and this was the last time he was seen alive4 ,close to the place was a horse bazaar1 which the artist appears to have entered by way of passing the time4 ,the horse and trap were there1 but no trace of poor ,lane2 and on search being made1 his body was found lying lifeless at the foot of the auctioneer's stand4 ,he appears to have wandered into the betting-room1 and by some unexplained means or other fallen backwards through an insufficiently protected skylight4 ,the clever head was battered so completely out of recognition that he was only identified by his card-case4 ,that ,lane was a man of unusual promise is shown by the fact that amongst the subscribers for the benefit of the widow and children of the deceased1 we find the names of ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 president of the ,royal ,academy2 ,f4 ,chantrey1 ,r4,a42 ,george ,westmacott2 ,cooper1 the celebrated animal painter2 and ,leahy1 the painter of the celebrated picture of ,mary ,stuart's ,farewell to ,france4 ,the remains of this ill-fated1 talented young fellow lie in the burial ground of old ,st4 ,pancras4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,fifty ,years of my ,life1 by ,george ,thomas1 ,earl of ,albemarle1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4 #bd ,annual ,register1 #ahac4 #be ,ibid4 7,chronicle71 #cdb4 #bf ,see the letter of the ,princess of ,wales1 ,annual ,register1 #ahac 7,chronicle71 #cdb4 #bg ,see speech of ,mr4 ,whitbread1 ,annual ,register1 #ahac 7#bj74 #bh ,annual ,register1 #ahac 7,chronicle71 #cde4 #bi ,annual ,register1 #ahac1 p4 #bd4 #cj ,whitbread4 #ca ,sir ,john and ,lady ,douglas4 #cb ,letter from the queen to the ,princess of ,wales of #bcrd ,may1 #ahad4--;,annual ,register1 #ahad1 p4 #cdi4 #cc ,so called because he carried home with him1 in sundry bags1 the cases pending his judgments4 #cd ,wade's1 ,british ,history1 p4 #gfe4 #ce ,see ,greville ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #bd 7,february #bdth74 #cf ,annual ,register1 #ahbj1 p4 #ace4 #cg ,ibid41 pp4 #aca1 #acb4 #ch ,greville ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #bh4 #ci ,fifty ,years of my ,life1 by ,george ,thomas1 ,earl of ,albemarle1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abc4 #dj ,annual ,register1 #ahbj1 p4 #ihf4 #da ,see caricatures of ,robert ,cruikshank1 #ahbj4 #db ,annual ,register1 #ahbj1 p4 #aadi2 see also the impartial opinion of the ,duke of ,portland1 ,greville ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #ef4 #dc ,see ,annual ,register1 #ahbj1 p4 #aaci et seq4 #dd ,this of course may not be the case4 ,the ,duke of ,kent1 we know1 was dead at the time1 and ,wood1 we believe1 was not ,lord ,mayor4 ,he had been ,lord ,mayor some time before1 and the satire may possibly allude to some order made at that time4 ,at the same time1 ,i find the caricature amongst those assigned 7in the large but badly arranged collection to which ,i have present access7 to this particular period4 #de ,annual ,register1 #ahbj #aij4 #df ,there is a custom in the ,manor of ,torre ,devon1 that when a copyhold tenant dies1 his widow has her free-bench in his land1 but forfeits her estate on committing the offence with which the queen was charged2 on her coming however into court riding backward on a black ram1 and repeating the formula mentioned in the design1 the steward is bound to reinstate her4 ,without this explanation the meaning of this telling satire would not be understood4 ,for the formula 7which cannot be repeated here7 ,i must refer the reader to ,jacob's ,law ,dictionary1 ed4 #agef1 title1 ,free ,bench4 #dg ,greville ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg4 #dh ,ibid41 p4 #dc4 #di ,unlike ,george ,cruikshank1 ,rowlandson seldom dropped caricature in his book illustration4 ,when he does so1 as in his designs to ,naples and the ,compagna ,felice1 he shows 7as in his water colour drawings7 his wonderful graphic powers4 ,his illustrated books are rare1 and command good prices4 ,william ,coombe's ,english ,dance of ,death and ,dance of ,life 7,i refer of course to first editions7 can only now be purchased at #ad4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,caricatures ,,of ,,isaac ,,robert ,,cruikshank4 ,,the ,,brothers ,,cruikshank4 ,it was the misfortune of the brothers ,cruikshank that they outlived their popularity3 in the case of the younger brother1 this result 7as we shall presently see7 must be attributed in a certain measure to his own fault2 but as regards ,robert1 his efforts as a caricaturist were destined to be eclipsed by the greater novelty and attractions of ,,hb1 whilst a tendency to carelessness1 and the absence of actual genius1 prevented him from attaining lasting celebrity in the line of book illustration which ,george made so peculiarly his own4 ,the final result1 however1 was the same in both cases2 and the brothers might have said with truth1 that1 in suffering both to die poor and neglected1 the ,british public treated both with the strictest impartiality4 ,here1 however1 the impartiality ended2 for whilst over two hundred articles have been penned in praise of the brilliant man of genius1 poor ,robert ,transit#ej 7a name strictly appropriate to his memory7 reposes in his nameless grave still unregarded and still forgotten4 ,few writers indeed have wasted pen and ink about ,robert ,cruikshank or his work3 ,robert ,william ,buss1 in his book on ,english ,graphic ,satire 7a work published for private circulation only71 devotes exactly a line and a half to his memory2 his friend1 ,george ,daniel1 gives him a few kindly words in memoriam2 ,professor ,bates's essay on his brother ,george contains several pages of valuable information in relation to some of his book illustrations2 whilst ,mr4 ,hamilton presents us with a dozen specimens of work of this kind which are nothing less than libels on his graphic powers4 ,to the general public of to-day the name of ,robert ,cruikshank is so little known1 that comparatively few are cognizant of the fact that he was one of the most popular and successful graphic satirists of his time4 ,it is the misfortune of the caricaturist that his wares attain only a transitory popularity1 whilst it is their peculiarity that after he is dead their value is increased fourfold4 ,it is by no means uncommon for five and even seven shillings to be demanded and obtained for one of the impressions of ,robert's plates1 which in his lifetime could have been purchased at the cost of a shilling4 ,it is the design of this chapter to rescue the memory of a clever artist from undeserved oblivion1 and restore him to that place in comic art which he once occupied1 and which it seems to us he deserved to fill not only on account of his own merits1 but by reason of being associated in illustrations of a different character with such men as his brother ,george1 ,robert ,seymour1 ,thomas ,rowlandson1 ,john ,leech1 and other artists of genius and reputation4 ,isaac ,robert1 or rather ,robert ,cruikshank 7as he usually styled himself71 was born in #agij4 ,he had as a boy acquired the groundwork of his technical education as an artist and etcher under the direction of old ,isaac his father2 but we personally have met with little of his work prior to #ahaf1 which is accounted for by the fact that he followed for a short time a sea life in the service of the ,east ,india ,company1 and after having thrown this up in favour of a calling more congenial to his tastes1 he devoted himself for some years almost exclusively to miniature and portrait painting1 by which he earned not only a fair livelihood1 but a certain amount of fashionable patronage4 ,gradually1 however 7,george tells us71 he abandoned this occupation1 and took almost exclusively to designing and etching4 ,he occasionally alternated his work with water-colour drawing1 in which he is said to have greatly excelled4 ,his works in this line are extremely rare1 for ,robert had neither the means nor the patience to wait for the tardy patronage to be commanded by a higher walk in art2 there was a demand for caricatures and comic etching in his day1 which afforded a present means of livelihood1 and ,robert's water colours were executed more by way of relaxation than in the way of actual artistic pursuit4 ,among his early caricatures we may mention a rough and coarsely coloured affair engraved by him after the design of an amateur1 published by ,fores on the #bhth of ,april1 #ahaf1 entitled1 ,the ,mother's ,girl ,plucking a ,crow1 or ,german ,flesh and ,english ,spirit4 ,the ,princess ,charlotte1 as we have seen1 had an undoubted will of her own1 and could1 as we have also seen1 assert it when occasion demanded4 ,here she is presented to us at the moment when a hideous ,german duenna1 catching her in the act of writing to her mother abroad1 orders her at once to desist4 ,the princess1 however1 in plain terms1 enforced with a clenched fist1 gives her clearly to understand that she fully intends to have her own way4 ,another caricature1 published by ,t4 ,sidebotham1 in #ahag1 bearing the title of ,the ,horse ,marine and his ,trumpeter in a ,squall1 is dedicated to the ,united ,service ,club4 ,,strange ,,french ,,fashions4 ,subjects for the pencil of a clever graphic satirist were not wanting sixty years ago4 ,france in those days set the fashion both in male and female attire1 and the strangest eccentricities had marked the emancipation of that country from the thraldom of the ,terror4 ,there were the incroyables1 a set of young dandies who affected royalist sympathies1 and paraded the streets of ,paris when young ,napoleon was yet a general in the service of the ,directory4 ,they wore short-waisted coats with tails of preposterous length1 cocked hats of ponderous dimensions1 green cravats1 powdered hair plaited and turned up with a comb1 while on each side of the face hung down two long curls called dogs' ears 7oreilles de chien74 ,these charming fellows carried twisted sticks of enormous size1 as weapons of offence and defence1 and spoke in a peculiarly affected manner4#ea ,some fourteen or fifteen years later on1 when we had driven ,joseph ,bonaparte and his brother's legions out of ,spain1 the fashions had not improved4 ,the biographer of ,victor ,hugo gives us the picture of one ,gil1 a ,parisian dandy of that period1 whose coat of olive brown was cut in the shape of a fish's tail1 and dotted all over with metal buttons even to the shoulders4 ,young men who went to moderate lengths in fashion were content to wear the waists of their coats in the middle of their backs1 but the waist of this ,gil intruded on the nape of his neck4 ,his hat was stuck on the right side of his head1 bringing into prominent notice on the left a thick tuft of hair frizzed out with curling irons4 ,his trousers were ornamented with stripes which looked like bars of gold lace2 they were pinched in at the knees and wide at the bottom1 giving his feet the appearance of elephant's hoofs4 ,our own costume had been strange enough1 in all conscience2 but when ,napoleon's continental system had been broken up after ,leipzig1 and a free market had been once more opened out between this country and foreign nations1 fashions more strange and eccentric1 if possible1 found their way into ,england4 ,thackeray1 when writing his ,vanity ,fair1 the scenes of which are laid prior and subsequent to the battle of ,waterloo1 was fain to confess that he had intended to depict his characters in their proper costumes2 but when he remembered the appearance of people in those days1 he had not the heart to disfigure his heroes and heroines by costumes so hideous1 and thenceforth he habited these men and women of #ahae in the costume of the men and women of #ahdh4 ,george ,cruikshank's ,monstrosities are familiar to all acquainted with his works2 and his brother ,robert and his contemporaries were equally fond of ridiculing the preposterous fashions of their time4 ,we find in the year #ahah a pictorial satire by ,robert1 which shows us a pair of ,dandies at ,tea1 habited in the short-waisted1 long-tailed coats1 tight breeches1 terrific stocks1 shirt collars1 and top boots of the period4 ,my dear fellow1 ,mr4 ,sim1 one of them1 asks1 is your tea agreeable8 to which the other answers1 ,charming1 my dear ,lollena2 where do you buy it8 ,they are seated in an attic1 which1 like that of the cobbler1 serves for parlour and bedroom and all1 and the washing of the tenant hangs suspended on a line above the heads of the interesting pair4 ,we find another the same year1 entitled1 ,dandies having a ,treat1 wherein we are shown a couple of eccentricities in a confectioner's shop2 one of them1 who eyes himself with much complacency in the glass1 has his back to us1 and is habited1 la ,gil1 in a very tight coat1 whose tail commences just below its collar and narrows to a very fine point when it reaches its extremity2 short wide trousers terminate at the knees1 at which points they are met by a pair of ,wellington boots4 ,he entreats his equally strangely dressed companion to pay no attention to the uncomplimentary remarks of certain rude people who stand at the door and seem strongly inclined to subject them to the discipline of the pump4 ,the pretty girl in attendance expresses to herself a hope that the creatures will leave the shop1 as she fears the exasperated people will do some mischief4 ,another caricature of the same year shows us ,a ,dandy ,shoemaker in a ,fright1 or the ,effects of ,tight-lacing4 ,in stooping to measure a lady's foot1 the fellow's stays have given way1 and he evidently fears he shall tumble to pieces4 ,in another subject1 ,robert shows us a couple of dandies diving into a countryman's pockets1 in the neighbourhood of ,st4 ,james's ,palace2 others are entitled respectively1 ,a ,dandy put to his ,last ,chemisette1 or ,preparing for a ,bond ,street ,lounge2 ,a ,dandy ,cock in ,stays2 and ,the ,hen-pecked ,dandy4 ,besides those already mentioned1 ,i find four or five other coarse caricatures of ,robert's1 published by ,fores in #ahah4 ,robert ,cruikshank was a man about town in those days1 and the dandies whom he and his fellow caricaturists satirized and ridiculed were the sham ,corinthians of his time4 ,apart from the idea of caricature they must have been queer fellows--these men with the large eye-glasses1 squat broad-brimmed hats1 huge cravats and collars1 cauliflower frills1 tight coats1 short bell-shaped trousers1 and well-spurred ,wellington boots6 ,in one of the satires of the time 7which ,i take to be ,robert's7 we see five of them preparing for conquest in a hairdresser's shop2 and the make up comprises1 in addition to the tremendous neckties1 cauliflower frills1 and top-boots of the period1 false calves and stays1 a pair of which the ,frenchman hairdresser is lacing for one of his customers4 ,another of the party1 who has completed the upper part of his toilet1 is so hampered with the voluminous folds and stiffening of his cravat that he cannot wriggle into his unmentionables4 ,the caricaturists take us into the garrets of these fellows1 abodes of squalor and wretchedness1 and show us that beneath their exterior magnificence there is nothing1 or next to nothing4 ,in a pair of rough anonymous satires--,the ,dandy ,dressing at ,home and ,the ,dandy ,dressed ,abroad--the former shows us how the completed figure is built up4 ,the absence of a shirt is concealed by an amply frilled dickey1 the dirty feet protrude from the well-nigh footless stockings1 the bare arms are clothed at the extremities only by the cuffs1 while a pair of huge seals dangling from a ribbon guard form pendants to a latch-key instead of a gold watch4 ,the fellow's washing bill1 which lies on the dressing-table before him1 comprises four items--all of them collars4 ,on the ground1 side by side with the ,wellington boots1 which he himself has just been cleaning1 lie the open pages of ,the ,beau's ,stratagem4 ,in a sketch by the always coarse satirist ,williams1 two of these fellows have been decoyed into an infamous house and drugged1 and the indignation of the bully and his female assistants is intense when they find that their watches are not even pinchbeck1 but only pincushions4 ,the ,corinthian ,kates who figure in the satirical sketches of this period are members of the demi monde4 ,an excellent undated sketch1 signed ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 fect41 entitled1 ,a ,dandyess1 is divided into two compartments4 ,the first scene shows us the completed figure 7a most absurd one71 and the second 7which is laid in the lady's garret7 how the magnificent result has been attained4 ,we find her engaged in ironing her chemisette2 over the fire are suspended her stockings2 on a stool near her stand her bottles of cosmetic and a pot of rouge2 on the floor her artificial hump2 while her preposterous bonnet and other articles of costume hang from different articles of the scanty furniture4 #ahai4 ,robert ,cruikshank continues his attacks upon the fops in #ahai4 ,in that year we meet with ,a ,dandy ,sick2 ,dandies on their ,hobbies1 and ,female ,lancers1 or a ,scene in ,st4 ,james's ,street1 chiefly remarkable on account of the costume of the two men who figure therein4 ,besides these we meet with a sort of pictorial allegory1 entitled1 ,the ,mysterious ,fair ,one1 or the ,royal ,introduction to the ,circassian ,beauty1 in which a foreign fair one is supposed to be introduced to the ,regent's harem4 ,the veil being removed discovers to him the well-known features of his neglected wife1 from whom he recoils in abhorrence4 ,the bulky figure of the ,regent who1 under the influence of copious port wine libations and general good living1 had grown preposterously fat1 is admirably preserved by both the ,cruikshanks4 ,the head and wig1 tapering to an apex1 remind one somewhat of the ,french poire caricatures which disturbed the serenity of ,louis ,philippe1 and preceded the revolutionary period of #ahdh4 ,other caricatures by ,robert of this year 7#ahai7 are labelled respectively1 ,the ,political ,champion turned ,resurrection ,man1 having reference to ,cobbett and ,orator ,hunt2 ,the ,master of the ,ordnance ,exercising his ,hobby2 ,a ,steward at ,sea in a ,vain ,tempest1 or ,gaining the ,point of ,matrimony in ,spite of ,squalls2 ,a ,new ,chancery ,suit ,removed to the ,scotch ,bar2 ,the ,ladies' ,accelerator 7two women on hobbies72 ,collegians at their ,exercises1 or ,brazen ,nose ,hobbies2 ,a ,new ,irish ,jaunting ,car2 and a satire entitled ,landing at ,dover and ,overhauling the ,baggage1 which would appear to refer to some incivilities on the part of the custom house authorities to the ,persian ambassador and his suite4 ,the subject was probably only etched by the artist from the design of another1 and is so grossly treated that in spite of the admirable workmanship we cannot further describe it4 ,besides these we have the now well-known ,going to ,hobby ,fair 7the only caricature of ,robert which would seem to be known to those who have troubled themselves about him71 and a far better one of contemporary date1 entitled1 ,cruising on ,land1 or ,going to ,hobby ,horse ,fair4 #ahbj4 ,,the ,,queen',s ,,trial4 ,among the caricatures on the popular side in connection with the queen's trial in #ahbj1 we find one by ,robert1 entitled1 ,the ,secret ,insult1 or ,bribery and ,corruption ,rejected1 which has reference to the overtures which1 as we have seen in the previous chapter1 were made to her by the ministers in the hope of avoiding1 if possible1 a public exposure2 and here ,lord ,liverpool is represented in the act of offering to ,her ,majesty a purse4 ,abandon1 he says1 your claim to the throne1 change your name and the livery1 and retire to some distant part of the earth1 where you may never be seen or heard of any more2 and if #ej1jjj per annum will not satisfy you--what will8 ,to which the queen 7who assumes an appearance of virtuous indignation7 replies1 ,nothing but a crown4 ,brougham turns his back1 saying1 ,i turn my back on such dirty work as this1 the fact being1 as we have seen1 that he had really entered into negotiations with the ministers on the queen's behalf1 which she afterwards angrily repudiated4 ,the devil pats him on the back4 ,well done1 ,broom1 he says2 you have done your business well4 ,by the side of the queen stands a figure1 possibly meant for ,alderman ,wood1 carrying a shield for the innocent1 and a sword for the guilty2 behind her in the distance is a ship1 bearing the title of ,the ,wooden ,walls of ,old ,england4 ,in our last chapter we mentioned the estimation in which the witnesses against ,caroline of ,brunswick were held by her sympathizers and the general public1 and ,robert's political views naturally inclined him to take the popular side4 ,those who saw them before they were housed in ,cotton ,garden1 describe them as swarthy1 dirty looking fellows1 in scanty ragged jackets and greasy leathern caps2 at the bar of the ,house1 however1 they looked as respectable as fine clothes and soap and water could make them4 ,to this a caricature of ,robert's1 entitled1 ,preparing the ,witnesses--a ,view in ,cotton ,garden1 refers4 ,three dirty foreigners are being washed1 with no satisfactory result1 in a bath labelled1 ,waters of ,oblivion1 ,non ,mi ,ricordo1 and ,ministerial ,washing ,tub4 ,one of the operators 7probably the ,attorney-,general1 ,sir ,robert ,gifford7 remarks that he never had such a dirty job in his life2 seated around are a number of equally dirty foreigners awaiting their turn4 ,on the same theme and in the same year we find ,the ,milan ,commission 7a very rough affair72 ,the ,master ,cook and his ,black ,scullion composing a ,royal ,hash2 and a satire on the alderman1 who1 in spite of his ,carolinian and popular sympathies1 figures therein under the familiar title of ,mother ,wood4 #ahba4 ,the following year gives us ,all ,my ,eye 7a skit upon ,hone's ,eulogium on the ,radical ,press71 representing a large eye1 within the pupil of which we see a printing press1 whereon rests a portrait of ,queen ,caroline2 and also an admirable work1 divided into two compartments1 bearing respectively the titles of ,the ,morning after ,marriage1 and ,coke upon ,albemarle--not ,coke upon ,littleton4 #ahbb4 ,,duel ,,between ,,the ,,dukes ,,of ,,buckingham ,,and ,,bedford4 ,a somewhat ludicrous affair of honour took place in #ahbb4 ,in consequence of some words used by the ,duke of ,bedford in reference to the ,duke of ,buckingham at the ,bedfordshire county meeting1 a hostile meeting took place in ,kensington ,gardens between the two noblemen on the #bnd of ,may4 ,the seconds were ,lord ,lynedock and ,sir ,watkin ,williams ,wynn4 ,both parties fired together at a distance of twelve paces1 but without effect2 when the ,duke of ,buckingham1 observing that the ,duke of ,bedford fired into the air1 advanced to his grace1 and remarking that for that reason the affair could go no farther1 said3 ,my ,lord ,duke1 you are the last man ,i wish to quarrel with2 but you must be aware that a public man's life is not worth preserving unless with honour4 ,the ,duke of ,bedford replied1 that upon his honour he meant no personal offence to the ,duke of ,buckingham1 nor to impute to him any bad or corrupt motive whatever2 and here this somewhat absurd event terminated4 ,robert commemorates it in a caricature1 entitled1 ,a ,shot from ,buckingham to ,bedford1 which cannot be said to be complimentary to either of the principals1 one of the walls bearing the inscription in very large letters of ,rubbish may be shot here4 ,another admirable caricature of the year is entitled1 ,the ,treadmill1 or ,stage-struck ,heroes1 ,blacklegs1 and ,cadgers stepping it to the tune of ,mill1 ,mill ,o6 a sort of general satire2 card-sharpers1 decayed ,corinthians1 and other vagabonds1 are undergoing a course of hard labour upon the wheel1 which was then a comparatively new invention1#eb their movements being accelerated by a gaoler armed with a heavy whip1 who bears some resemblance to1 and is probably intended for1 the artist himself4 ,a third excellent pictorial satire of the same year bears the title of ,pope ,mistaken4 #ahbc4 ,,french ,,interposition ,,in ,,spain4 ,the year #ahbc is remarkable for the interposition of the ,french ,bourbon king into ,spanish politics4 ,the ,spanish military1 under the influence of ,riego and other officers1 and encouraged by the discontent of the middle classes1 had revolted in #ahbj against the despotism of ,ferdinand1 and succeeded in establishing a constitution1 which1 in spite of its imperfections1 was preferable to the absolute and irresponsible government of the ,spanish monarchy4 ,this state of things was peculiarly distasteful to ,louis ,,xviii41 on account of the evil example it afforded to his subjects2 and1 fortified by the sympathy of the ,holy ,alliance 7which may be shortly described as a sort of trades union of sovereigns to resist all political changes not originating with themselves71 he determined to put it down4 ,in his speech to the chambers on the #bhth of ,january1 he announced that1 the infatuation with which the representations made at ,madrid had been rejected1 left little hope of preserving peace4 ,i have ordered1 he said1 the recall of my minister2 one hundred thousand ,frenchmen1 commanded by a prince of my family the ,duc d',angoulme--by him whom my heart delights to call my son--are ready to march1 invoking the ,god of ,st4 ,louis1 for the sake of preserving the throne of ,spain to a descendant of ,henry the ,fourth1 of saving that fine kingdom from its ruin1 and of reconciling it with ,europe4 ,the real cause of interposition1 however1 is indicated a few sentences afterwards3 ,let ,ferdinand the ,seventh be free to give to his people institutions which they cannot hold but from him1 and which1 by securing their tranquillity1 would dissipate the just inquietudes of ,france1 and hostilities shall cease from that moment4 ,we have neither time1 space1 nor inclination to relate the events of this invasion2 suffice it to say that1 owing to the cowardice of the ,spaniards1 it was a complete walk over for the ,french1 who1 in five months after they had crossed the ,bidassoa1 had penetrated to ,cadiz1 dispersed the ,cortes1 and restored the despotism of ,ferdinand4 ,illustration3 ,r4 ,,cruikshank fecit4 ,a4 ,g4--,published ,may1 #ahbc4 ,,john ,,bull ,,flourishing ,,in ,a ,,dignified ,,attitude ,,of ,,strict ,,neutrality6666 ,face p4 #ii4 ,the contemplated crusade had aroused a certain amount of sympathy in favour of ,spain in ,england1 but it did not go farther than the giving of a splendid entertainment to the ,spanish and ,portuguese ambassadors at the ,london ,tavern on the #gth of ,march1 under the presidentship of ,lord ,william ,bentinck4 ,the truth was that ,john ,bull had not forgotten the ungrateful and cowardly conduct of the ,spaniards when we drove the ,french out of their country in ,napoleon's time2 added to which ,england was saddled with a heavy national debt1 which made us still less inclined to intermeddle with the affairs of our neighbours4 ,robert ,cruikshank produced a caricature in reference to our position1 called1 ,john ,bull ,flourishing in an ,attitude of ,strict ,neutrality1 wherein he shows us ,spain in the act of imploring his assistance1 which1 however1 poor ,john is in no position to render1 seeing that he wants help himself1 being placed in the stocks and heavily burdened with the weight of last war's taxes4 ,in the distance appears fat ,louis1 mounted on a cannon1 driven by the ,pope1 ,russia1 ,austria1 and ,prussia1 in allusion1 of course1 to the ,holy ,alliance 7the three latter powers had recalled their ambassadors from ,madrid on the #eth of ,january71 while the devil condescends to lend his assistance by pushing on behind4 ,this caricature is probably the best that ,robert ever designed4 ,another satire on the same subject bears the title of ,king ,gourmand ,,xviii4 and ,prince ,posterior in a ,fright4 ,,hughes ,,ball4 ,one of ,robert's satires of this year1 entitled ,the ,golden ,football1 has obvious reference to ,hughes ,ball1 known at ,eton by his surname of ,hughes only1 but who took the further name of ,ball on coming into a fortune of forty thousand a year left him by his uncle1 ,admiral ,sir ,alexander ,ball1 and thenceforth received his appropriate nickname of the ,golden ,ball4 ,he was considered a great catch by all the mothers in ,london2 but1 notwithstanding his money1 was unfortunate in love1 being jilted by ,lady ,jane ,paget1 rejected by ,miss ,floyd 7afterwards the wife of ,sir ,robert ,peel71 and then by ,lady ,caroline ,churchill4 ,the young ladies hearing of his numerous disappointments1 were disinclined to encourage a man so proverbially unfortunate4 ,by way1 perhaps1 of revenge1 ,hughes ,ball this year ran off with and married ,mademoiselle ,mercandotti1 premire danseuse at ,his ,majesty's ,theatre1 a beautiful girl of sixteen1 reported in the scandal of the day to be a natural daughter of the ,earl of ,fife4 ,the incident of ,lady ,jane ,paget we have mentioned is thus referred to by ,charles ,molloy ,westmacott1 the ,ishmael of the press of his day1 in the ,english ,spy1 a work which1 as we shall presently see1 was also illustrated by the artist3-- ,now1 by my faith1 it gives me pain ,to see thee1 cruel ,lady ,j----1 ,regret the ,golden ,ball4 ',tis useless now3 ',the ,fox and ,grapes' ,remember1 and avoid the apes ,which wait an old maids' fall4 ,other of ,robert's satires of the same year bear the title of ,the ,commons versus the ,crown of ,martyrdom1 or ,king ,abraham's ,coronation ,deferred2 and ,a ,view in ,cumberland1 that is the royal duke of that name--a most unpopular personage1 and of course proportionately fertile subject of satire in his time4 #ahbd4 ,,the ,,tenth ,,hussars4 ,among ,robert's pictorial satires of #ahbd1 ,i find one entitled ,arrogance or ,nonchalance8 of the ,tenth ,reported1--the tenth here referred to being the ,tenth ,hussars4 ,this distinguished regiment set the pencils of the ,brothers ,cruikshank and their fellow caricaturists in motion at this period1 and ,i find an amazing number of caricatures of the date of #ahbd1 of which they form the subject4 ,the officers would seem to have acquired considerable unpopularity by the exclusive airs they gave themselves in society1 refusing to dance1 declining introductions at public and private balls1 and otherwise assuming an arrogant and exclusive tone which made them supremely ridiculous4 ,so far did they carry these absurdities1 that they even declined to associate with an officer of their own regiment unless he previously submitted to them the particulars of his birth1 parentage1 and education1 and general claim to be admitted to the privilege of their august society4 ,a certain ,mr4 ,battier1 who seems to have been ignorant of the peculiar arrangement they had established in opposition to the rules and policy of the service1 had obtained from the ,duke of ,york a cornetcy in the regiment1 but not having submitted himself to the examination referred to1 or possibly not answering to the exclusive requirements of the regiment1 was forthwith sent to ,coventry by his courteous brother officers4 ,the result1 of course1 was that the unlucky gentleman1 finding no one to speak to him1 was forced to retire on half pay1 which he was unfortunate enough afterwards to forfeit by not unnaturally sending a challenge to the colonel of the regiment4#ec ,,miss ,,foote4 ,maria ,foote at this time was one of the most popular actresses in ,london4 ,some years before she had come on a starring tour to ,cheltenham1 a town much affected by the notorious ,colonel ,berkeley1 who being passionately devoted to the stage1 and possessed moreover of some histrionic ability1 gallantly offered to perform for her benefit4 ,the colonel was notorious for his gallantries2 under a promise of marriage--which could not then1 he said1 be carried into effect1 inasmuch as he was then petitioning the ,crown to grant him the dormant peerage1 which a marriage with an actress could not fail to prejudice--he succeeded in accomplishing her seduction1 and she continued to live under his protection till1 on the birth of her second child1 she arrived at the true conviction that he never had any intention of fulfilling his promise4 ,there was at this time a silly fellow about town1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,hayne1 of ,burderop ,park1 ,wiltshire1 familiarly known 7in reference to the colour of his coat7 as ,pea ,green ,hayne1 who fell in love with and proposed to the fascinating actress4 ,there was no attempt at concealment on her part3 it was stated at the trial which followed that she herself wished to communicate to him the circumstance of her connexion with ,colonel ,berkeley1 when this gallant gentleman saved her the trouble of doing so1 and one night when they were in the pit of the opera together1 took the characteristic course of making ,hayne acquainted with the liaison1 and the fact that it still existed4 ,hayne immediately broke off the engagement2 but soon afterwards not only renewed it1 but fixed the day of marriage4 ,again he broke it off1 again yielded to the fascinations of his enslaver1 and this time not only was the wedding-day fixed and the license obtained1 but ,pea ,green ,hayne took a solemn vow that nothing should separate him from the object of his affections4 ,believing that all was safe1 ,miss ,foote now threw up her engagement and disposed of her theatrical wardrobe1 but the weak-minded1 vacillating creature1 who could not summon up resolution either to have or to leave her1 let matters go on to the very day1 and again failed to put in an appearance4 ,some preliminary letters having passed between the parties1 ,maria then issued a writ1 and recovered #c1jjj damages in the action which followed4 ,the plaintiff1 who seven years afterwards became ,countess of ,harrington1 died in #ahfg4 ,pea ,green ,hayne was also known as the ,silver ,ball1 in allusion to his large income1 which was smaller however than that enjoyed by his friend and contemporary1 ,hughes ,ball4 ,after his exposure in the action ,foote v4 ,hayne1 he received the far more appropriate nickname of ,foote-,ball4 ,the opportunity of course was improved by the caricaturists1 and ,robert's contributions on the subject 7#ahbd and #ahbe7 are labelled respectively1 ,miss ,foote in the ,king's ,bench ,battery2 ,miss ,foote putting her ,foot in it2 and ,a ,foot on the ,stage and ,asses in the ,pit1 or a ,new ,year's ,piece for #ahbe4 ,other pictorial satires of ,robert's bearing the date of #ahbd1 are3 ,a ,civic ,louse in the ,state ,bed2 ,a ,cut at the ,city ,cauliflower2 ,the ,corinthian ,auctioneer2 two very coarse but well drawn subjects--,moments of ,prattle and ,pleasure and ,moments of ,parting with ,treasure2 and an exquisitely drawn sketch bearing the title of ,madame ,catalani and the ,bishop of ,limbrig1 having reference to some musical festival at ,cambridge1 the point of which has been lost1 but which is remarkable for the admirable likeness of the popular singer4 #ahbe4 ,the conduct of ,colonel ,berkeley in reference to the case ,foote v4 ,hayne1 called forth1 as might have been expected1 some severe strictures from the press1 and in particular ,mr4 ,judge1 editor of the ,cheltenham ,journal1 which place the colonel honoured with his patronage and society1 had occasionally indulged in animadversions on his conduct4 ,in one of the numbers of his paper an article appeared1 in which some satirical observations were made with reference to the annual ,berkeley ,hunt ball4 ,on the afternoon of that day ,colonel ,berkeley accompanied1 by two of his friends1 called at ,mr4 ,judge's residence1 and being invited to walk in1 the colonel asked ,mr4 ,judge if he would name the author of the papers which had appeared in the ,journal4 ,mr4 ,judge said he did not know whom he had the honour of addressing1 and on learning who he was1 proposed that he should call at the office of the paper1 where he would give him every satisfaction4 ,colonel ,berkeley replied1 ,no1 sir6 ,now1 sir6 ,now1 sir6 and without further notice commenced a cowardly attack on the unarmed man by beating him over the head and face with the butt-end of a heavy hunting whip4 ,to make the dastardly affair more dastardly if possible1 one of the two fellows with him stood at the door1 and the other near the fire place1 so as to prevent ,judge from seizing any weapon or calling any one to his assistance4 ,for this ruffianly assault1 which placed poor ,judge for some time in considerable danger of his life1 he subsequently recovered substantial damages against his cowardly antagonist4 ,the ,colonel got a far worse dressing from ,robert ,cruikshank who1 in a severe contemporary skit1 named 7in allusion to the colonel's notorious illegitimacy7 ,colonel ,fitz ,bastard1 depicted him and his friends in the act of assaulting the editor of the ,cheltenham ,journal4 ,,edmund ,,kean4 ,the artist's tastes and sympathies threw him much in the society of actors4 ,the following year his thoroughly ,bohemian friend1 ,edmund ,kean1 was mulcted in #hjj damages1 in consequence of a disgraceful liaison with the wife of ,alderman ,cox2 and while audiences thronged the one theatre to testify their sympathy for a favourite and popular actress1 they crowded the other to howl and hiss at the thoroughly disreputable and disgraced tragedian4 ,the episode is referred to by the artist in three of his contemporary caricatures1 labelled respectively1 ,wolves ,triumphant1 or a ,fig for ,public ,opinion2 ,a ,scene from the ,pantomime of ,cock-a-,doodle-,doo1 lately performed at ,drury ,lane with unbounded applause2 and the ,hostile ,press1 or ,shakespeare in ,danger1 all of which contain perhaps the best theatrical portraits of the popular tragedian which are extant4 ,sir ,walter ,scott also figures in one of ,robert's satires of this year entitled1 ,the ,great ,unknown lately discovered in ,ireland1 wherein he is represented in ,highland costume1 with the ,waverley novels on his head1 holding by the hand a small figure in hussar uniform1 intended for his son1 ,captain ,scott of the #ahth hussars1 who this year had married ,miss ,jobson1 of ,lochore4 ,the pair after their marriage returned to ,ireland1 where the captain was quartered1 and where he and his wife were visited by ,sir ,walter in ,august of this year4 ,although the fact was pretty well known1 the authorship of the novels was not avowed until ,february of the following year1 when with ,sir ,walter's consent it was proclaimed by ,lord ,meadowbank at a theatrical dinner on the #bgth of ,february4 ,,the ,,living ,,skeleton4 ,a very curious personage makes his appearance in ,robert's sketches of this year1 who would seem at first sight to be the most outrageously caricatured of any of his subjects1 and yet this in truth is not the case4 ,this person was the celebrated ,claude ,ambroise ,seurat1 the living skeleton1 who was exhibited at the ,chinese saloon in ,pall ,mall1 and whose portrait from three different points of view was taken by ,robert ,cruikshank1 and afterwards appeared in the first volume of ,hone's ,every-day ,book1 where a full account of this very singular personage will be found4 ,the repulsive object1 who 7with the exception of his face7 presented all the appearance of an attenuated skeleton1 was exhibited in a state of complete nudity with the exception of a fringe of silk about his middle1 from which 7out of two holes cut for the purpose7 protruded his dreadful hip bones4 ,seurat1 as might have been expected1 forms the subject of numerous contemporary caricatures2 and in one of these1 by way of comical contrast1 the worthy but corpulent alderman1 ,sir ,william ,curtis1 distinguished by a similar scantiness of attire1 figures with the living skeleton in a lively pas de deux4 ,william ,heath1 in another of contemporary date1 represents the fat alderman standing on a map of ,england1 and ,seurat on a map of ,france4 ,says ,sir ,william3 ,i say1 friend1 did you ever eat turtle soup8 to which ,claude ,ambroise replies1 ,no1 sare2 but ,i did eat de soupe maigre4 ,in another 7also ,i think by the same artist71 labelled1 ,foreign ,rivals for ,british ,patronage1 the living skeleton and a favourite male ,italian singer of the time are represented in the act of preparing for mortal combat4#ed ,a number of the caricatures of #ahbe 7and among them many by ,robert7 are singularly illustrative of the morals of the time4 ,about this year had been published a work professing to contain the memoirs of an apt disciple of ,mrs4 ,mary ,anne ,clarke1 which was made the vehicle of extorting money4 ,the modus operandi appears to have been as follows4 ,in the month of ,march1 #ahbe1 a well-known ,m4,p4 of that day received a letter from this creature in the following terms3-- ,,no4 #aaa1 ,,rue ,,du ,,faubourg ,,st4 ,,honor1 ,,paris4 ,sir1--,people are buying themselves so fast out of my book1 444#ee that ,i have no time to attend to them2 should be sorry not to give each a chance1 if they chuse to be out4 ,you are quizzed most unmercifully4 ,two noble dukes have lately taken my word1 and ,i have never named them4 ,i am sure ---- would say you might trust me never to publish1 or cause to be published1 aught about you1 if you like to forward #bjj directly to me1 else it will be too late1 as the last volume1 in which you shine1 will be the property of the editor1 and in his hands4 ,lord ---- says he will answer for aught ,i agree to2 so will my husband4 ,do just as you like--consult only yourself4 ,i get as much by a small book as you will give me for taking you out1 or more4 ,i attack no poor men1 because they cannot help themselves4 ,adieu4 ,mind1 ,i have no time to write again1 as what with writing books1 and then altering them for those who buy out1 ,i am done up--frapp en mort4 ,don't trust to bag#ef with your answer4 ,that this extraordinary communication was no idle threat was proved by the fact that a respectable statuary1 carrying on business in ,piccadilly1 who had refused to pay black-mail1 brought an action for libel in the ,king's ,bench on the #ast of ,july against a man named ,stockdale1 publisher of the infamous production referred to1 and recovered #cjj damages4 ,the same year ,popple1 the printer1 brought his action against this fellow2 but ,mr4 ,justice ,best directed him to be nonsuited1 on the ground that he was not entitled to remuneration for printing a work of such a character4 ,the ,catholic ,relief ,bill1 which was thrown out this year1 is the subject of several of ,robert's satires1 bearing the titles of ,john ,bull versus ,pope ,bull2 ,defenders of the ,faith2 ,the ,hare ,presumptuous1 or a ,catholic ,game ,trap2 ,a ,political ,shaver1 or the ,crown in ,danger4 ,the ,catholic ,association1 or ,paddy ,coming it too ,strong1 has reference to ,mr4 ,goulburn's motion to suppress the ,catholic ,association of ,ireland1 which was carried by #bgh to #abc1 and the third reading by a majority of #acj4 ,the language used by ,mr4 ,o',connell on the occasion was so strong that an indictment was subsequently preferred against him1 which1 however1 was thrown out by the grand jury4 ,matheworama for #ahbe depicts that celebrated impersonator in thirteen of his characters4 ,duelling deserves particular mention by reason of the admirably designed landscape and figures4 ,it represents one of the principals 7who looks very far from comfortable7 waiting1 with his second and a doctor1 the advent of the other parties4 ,the ,bubble ,burst1 or the ,ghost of an old ,act of ,parliament1 has reference to the speculation mania of #ahbe4 ,others of his satires for the year are labelled respectively1 ,frank and ,free1 or ,clerical ,characters in #ahbe2 ,a ,beau ,clerk for a ,banking ,concern2 ,the ,flat ,catcher and the ,rat ,catcher2 and ,a ,pair of ,spectacles1 or the ,london ,stage in #ahbd-e1 which1 although unsigned and bearing no initials1 ,i have no hesitation in assigning to ,robert ,cruikshank4 ,i am unable to indicate the dates of the following3 ,football1 very clever1 and probably earlier than any of those already mentioned2 ,waltzing1 dedicated with propriety to the lord chamberlain1 a very coarse and severe satire upon the immoralities of the ,prince ,regent4 ,besides those we have already mentioned1 we have others with which the volume miscalled ,cruikshankiana 7so often republished7 has made the general public probably more familiar1 such as the ,monstrosities of #ahbg2 ,a ,dandy ,fainting1 or an ,exquisite in ,fits2 ,the ,broom ,sold 7,lord ,brougham72 ,household ,troops 7a skit on domestic servants72 and ,a ,tea-party1 or ,english ,manners and ,french ,politeness1 all of which may be dismissed with the remark that they are the worst specimens of ,robert's work which could probably have been selected4 ,,scarcity ,,of ,,robert',s ,,satires4 ,with the year #ahbe1 our record of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank's caricature work somewhat abruptly terminates4 ,we cannot assert that after that date it wholly ceased1 but1 inasmuch as we have selected those we have named from a mass of some of the rarest pictorial satires published between the years #ahjj and #ahcj1 ,i think we are fairly justified in assuming that after this period his contributions to this branch of comic art became fewer4 ,if this be the fact1 it confirms the conclusion at which we have arrived1 that at this time caricature had begun its somewhat hasty decline4 ,those ,i have named comprise over seventy examples2 and their value1 which is great on account of their scarcity1 will be increased by the possibility that in the conception and execution of some of them the mind and hand of ,robert might have been assisted by those of the more celebrated brother4 ,when my dear brother ,robert1 says ,george in writing to the compiler of the famous catalogue of his own works1 when my dear brother ,robert 7who in his latter days omitted the ,isaac7 left off portrait painting1 and took almost entirely to designing and etching1 ,i assisted him at first to a great extent in some of his drawings on wood and his etchings4 ,if this be the case1 it is at least possible that he lent the assistance of his cunning hand and original fancy to the preparation of some of these contributions to pictorial satire4 ,it appears to us1 therefore1 that a just idea of ,george's own work as an artist can scarcely be arrived at 7especially his share of the famous ,life in ,london7 until we have first considered the early work of himself and his brother ,robert as graphic satirists and caricaturists4 ,they were closely associated in artistic work during their early career2 and it was not until both had given up social and political satire1 and devoted themselves to the then comparatively new field of book illustration and etching on copper1 that the superiority1 originality1 and genius of the younger brother became so manifest and incontrovertible4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,the name given him by ,bernard ,blackmantle4 #ea ,further particulars of them will be found in the ,memoirs of the ,duchess d',abrantes 7,madame ,junot74 ,the fashions of the years which immediately preceded the ,revolution appear to have been almost as funny4 ,i have somewhere seen a ,french semi-caricature depicting fashionables of the ,palais ,royal in #aghf1 and the people who had their heads cut off in '#ic were almost as queer as the dandies of the ,directory and the ,consulate4 #eb ,the treadmill was the invention of ,mr4 7afterwards ,sir ,william7 ,cubitt1 of ,ipswich4 ,it was erected at ,brixton gaol in #ahag1 and was afterwards gradually introduced into other prisons4 #ec ,the ,marquis of ,londonderry4 #ed ,what became of ,seurat we do not know1 but we lately came across the following3 the ,siamese twins married2 the living skeleton was crossed in love1 but afterwards consoled himself with a corpulent widow4 ,the authority is ,george ,augustus ,sala in ,twice ,round the ,clock4 ,we strongly suspect that the wit extracted the information out of his own inner consciousness4 #ee ,we purposely omit the title4 #ef ,presumably post bag4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,robert ,,cruikshank 7,continued74 ,,life ,,in ,,london ,,and ,,other ,,book ,,work4 ,in perusing various articles on ,george ,cruikshank in which reference is made to the ,life in ,london1 we have been struck with the almost utter absence of ,robert ,cruikshank's name2 further than this1 it seems to have been the almost universal impression that it was his association with ,george on this memorable book which secured such reputation as ,robert himself enjoyed4 ,so far1 however1 was this from being the case1 that not only was ,robert1 in #ahba1 a caricaturist and satirist of acknowledged reputation1 but he was believed at this very time by the general public to be the cleverer artist of the two4 ,robert1 indeed1 has been treated with curious injustice in relation to this famous book1 which owes its very existence 7as we shall presently see7 to him alone4 ,while according to ,george 7as in effect they do7 the whole merit of the performance1 many of the writers of the articles referred to acknowledge that they find it impossible to assign to him his share of the illustrations2 and that difficulty will be largely increased to any one who has studied ,robert ,cruikshank's caricature work4 ,the fact is that few of these famous plates will bear comparison with the best of ,robert's pictorial satires2 while the kindred book of the ,english ,spy1 which was illustrated 7with the exception of one plate7 by ,robert alone1 contains designs quite equal to those which adorn the ,life in ,london4 ,when it is admitted that ,robert executed three parts of these illustrations1 while those who have written upon him say that they are unable to identify ,george's share of the work1#eg it seems unjust 7to say the least of it7 that the credit of the whole performance should be assigned to him alone4 ,let us be just to ,robert1 even though his merit as a draughtsman has been lost sight of in the fame which the younger brother achieved by virtue of his greater genius4 ,,popularity ,,of ,,life ,,in ,,london4 ,the reader need not be told--and we are not going to tell him what he knows already--that the ,life was dramatized by four writers for different theatrical houses4 ,the most successful version was the one produced at the ,adelphi1 previously known as the ,sans ,pareil theatre4 ,the first season of this house1 which ,messrs ,jones and ,rodwell had recently purchased for #be1jjj1 was only moderately successful2 but the fortune of the second was made by ,tom and ,jerry4 ,night after night immediately after the opening of the doors1 the theatre was crowded to the very ceiling2 the rush was tremendous4 ,by three o'clock in the afternoon of every day the pavement of the ,strand had become impassable1 and the dense mass which occupied it had extended by six o'clock far across the roadway4 ,peers and provincials1 dukes and dustmen1 all grades and classes of people swelled the tide which night after night rolled its wave up the passage of the ,adelphi4 ,it was a compact wedge2 on it moved1 slowly1 laboriously1 amid the shouts and shrieks1 the justling and jostling of the crowd which composed it1 leavened by the intermixture of numbers of the swell mob1 who plied their vocation with indefatigable industry and impunity4 ,nevertheless1 the reader will be surprised to learn 7and it is probably little known7 that in spite of this amazing popularity1 the first night of ,tom and ,jerry met with such unexpected opposition that ,mr4 ,rodwell declared it should never be played again4 ,luckily for himself and his partner he was induced to reconsider this decision4 ,the tide was taken at the flood1 and it led--as the poet assures us that it will lead when so taken--to an assured fortune4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,cruikshank4 ,from ,the ,universal ,songster4 ,by this take a warning1 for noon1 night1 or morning1 ,the devil's in search of attorneys4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,cruikshank4 ,from ,the ,universal ,songster4 ,with her flames and darts1 and apple tarts1 her ices1 trifles1 cherry-brandy1 ,o1 she knew not which to choose1 for she thought them both the ,dandy4 ,face p4 #aaj4 ,one night a stranger entered the private box of the ,duke of ,york at the ,adelphi1 and seated himself immediately behind his ,royal ,highness1 who took but little notice of the intruder4 ,the mysterious stranger had been brought in and was fetched by a plain green chariot2 and the few that saw him said that he was a portly gentleman1 wrapped in a long great coat and muffled up to the eyes4 ,keeping himself well behind his ,royal ,highness1 the portly stranger took a deep but unostentatious interest in the performance4 ,in his ,haroun al-,raschid character he had been present1 with his friend ,lord ,coleraine 7then ,major ,george ,hanger71 at some of the actual scenes represented2 and in particular1 by virtue of the fact of his wearing a clean shirt1 had been called upon by the ragged chairman at a convivial meeting of the ,cadgers to favour them with a song1 which had been sung for him by his friend and proxy the ,major4 ,the mysterious stranger in fact1 as the reader has already guessed1 was his gracious ,majesty ,king ,george the ,fourth1 and his visit incognito having been made by previous notice and arrangement1 the passages were kept as clear of the general public as possible4 ,the scenery of the ,adelphi version was superintended by ,robert ,cruikshank himself4 ,tom and ,jerry brought a strange mixture of visitors to attend the rehearsals4 ,corinthians 7men of fashion7--members of the turf and the prize ring1 who found a common medium of conversation in the sporting slang which ,mr4 ,egan has made so familiar to us4 ,naturally there was a mixture4 ,tom ,cribb1 whom the ,cruikshanks had temporarily elevated into the position of a hero1 was indispensable2 and the silver cup which figures in ,robert's sketch was every night made use of in the scene depicting the champion's pot-house sanctum4 ,among the frequenters at these rehearsals was a quiet man of unusually unobtrusive deportment and conversation1--this man was ,thurtell1 the cold-blooded murderer of ,mr4 ,weare4 ,since the days of the ,beggars' ,opera1 a success equal to that which attended the ,life in ,london1 and its several dramatized versions by ,barrymore1 ,charles ,dibdin1 ,moncrieff1 and ,pierce ,egan1 had been unknown4 ,the exhausted exchequers of four or five theatres were replenished2 and as in the days of the ,beggars' ,opera the favourite songs of that piece were transferred to the ladies' fans1 and highwaymen and abandoned women became the heroes and heroines of the hour1 so1 in like manner1 the ,cruikshanks' designs were now transferred to tea-trays1 snuff-boxes1 pocket-handkerchiefs1 screens1 and ladies' fans1 and the popular favourites of #ahba and #ahbb were ,corinthian ,tom1 ,jerry ,hawthorn1 ,bob ,logic1 ,bob the dustman1 and ,corinthian ,kate4 ,the success of ,life in ,london was not regarded with equal satisfaction by all classes of the community2 the serious world was horribly scandalized4 ,zealous1 honest1 fervid1 and terribly in earnest1 these good folks1 in their ignorance of the world and of human nature1 only added to the mischief which it was their honest wish to abate4 ,they proclaimed the immorality of the drama2 denounced ,tom and ,jerry from the pulpit2 and besieged the doors of the play houses with a perfect army of tract droppers4 ,anything more injudicious1 anything less calculated to achieve the end which these good people had in view1 ,i can scarcely imagine2 for it is a well-known fact that the best method of making a book or a play a commercial success1 in ,england1 is to throw doubts on its moral tendency4#eh ,the more respectable portion of the press did better service to their cause by showing that1 in spite of their popularity1 ,tom and ,jerry were doing mischief1 and that the theatres lent their aid to disseminate the evil1 by nightly regaling the female part of society with vivid representations of the blackest sinks of iniquity to be found in the metropolis4 ,called on to defend his drama1 ,moncrieff1 strange to say1 proved himself no wiser than his assailants4 ,all he could allege in its behalf was that the obnoxious scenes of life were only shown that they might be avoided2 the danger of mixing in them was strikingly exemplified2 and every incident tended to prove--what8 why1--that happiness was only to be found in the domestic circle6 ,this was special pleading with a vengeance6 ,of course all that the theatres really cared to do was to fill their exhausted exchequers2 while as for ,bohemian ,robert and his friend ,egan1 the idea of making the ,life in ,london a moral lesson never once entered their heads4 ,the artist however was shrewd enough to take note of the observation for future use2 and seven years later on1 when he and ,egan produced their ,finish to the ,adventures of ,tom1 ,jerry1 and ,logic in their ,pursuits through ,life in and out of ,london1 endeavoured to profit by the storm which had been raised by the good people of #ahba1 by tagging a clumsy moral to the sequel4 ,by this time1 however1 the excitement which had attended the original work had evaporated2 by this time1 too1 the public had learnt to discriminate between the pencils of the brothers ,cruikshank2 and the ,finish1 as compared with the original ,life1 fell comparatively flat4 ,it made however some sort of sensation in its day1 but has become not only a scarce book1 but one that is little sought after4 ,the genius and reputation of ,george and the pen of ,thackeray have kept alive the popularity of the ,life1#ei while the ,finish--left to the unaided but clever hand of ,robert--has like himself been almost forgotten4 ,and yet it scarcely merits this fate4 ,it contains thirty-six etchings by ,robert ,cruikshank1 some of them of singular merit4 ,among them may be mentioned1 ,the ,duchess of ,dogood2 ,splendid ,jim2 ,logic ,visiting his ,old ,acquaintance on ,board the ,fleet2 ,corinthian ,kate in the ,last ,stage of ,consumption1 ,disease1 and ,inebriety2 and if not the production of a genius1 the hand of an artist of singular merit1 ability1 and power is manifest in the etchings entitled1 ,the ,hounds at a ,standstill2 ,logic's ,upper ,storey2 and ,the ,end of ,corinthian ,kate4 ,,pierce ,,egan4 ,although modestly claiming for himself the merits of this book1 ,pierce ,egan stands in relation to it in the position of a showman1 and nothing more4 ,he is not even entitled to the credit of being the originator1--for the originator and suggestor was ,robert ,cruikshank1 who informs us of the fact 7after his own characteristic fashion7 by way of footnote to his frontispiece to the ,finish4#fj ,but ,egan is undoubtedly a clever showman2 if he displays rather more vulgarity than we altogether like1 we must not forget the audience to whom he addresses himself1 and for whom indeed his show is specially intended4 ,we cannot admit that the popularity of this book was entirely due to the merit of the artists whose canvas he elucidates and 7after his own fashion7 explains4 ,in common fairness some credit should be conceeded to ,egan himself4 ,of literary talents he had not a particle2 and if he lacked taste and refinement1 it may at least be urged in his behalf that the age was not one of refinement1 and that sixty years ago we had scarcely emancipated ourselves from the barbarism and vulgarity some remnants of which had descended to us from the time of ,george the ,second4 ,the bent of his taste and the scope of his abilities may be guessed from the fact that his account of the trial of ,john ,thurtell1 the murderer1 passed into at least thirteen editions4 ,a man of this stamp could scarcely be expected to recognise the true value of the work with which he had the honour to be associated2 he never looked beyond his patrons of the day1 and as a natural consequence posterity has troubled itself little about him4 ,you will search the biographical dictionaries in vain for any account of him2#fa and this oblivion he scarcely deserves1 for not only was he one of the most popular men of sixty years ago1 but he would scarcely have attained that position without a fair share of merit4 ,he was not deficient in energy1 and his talent is shown by the fact that he understood and 7in a measure7 led the taste of his day1 taking advantage of his knowledge to raise himself to a position unattainable had such taste been of a more elevated and refined character4 ,his descriptive powers 7such as they were7 were sufficient to procure him the post of recorder of the ,doings of the ,ring on the staff of the ,weekly ,dispatch1 which post he occupied at the time he officiated as literary showman to ,tom and ,jerry4 ,he had however tried many trades1--had been in turn a compositor1 bookseller1 sporting writer1 newspaper reporter1 and even secretary to an ,irish theatrical manager4 ,the success of ,life in ,london1 which he arrogated to himself1 raised up a crop of enemies as well as friends1 and he soon afterwards received his cong from the proprietors of the ,dispatch4 ,pierce ,egan1 however1 was not a man to be daunted by any such discouragement2 he was found equal to the occasion1 meeting his employers' coup d'tat by starting a sporting paper of his own1 to which he gave the name of his successful book1--,pierce ,egan's ,life in ,london1 and ,sporting ,guide4 ,this counter movement proved the germ of a great enterprise4 ,probably his venture was no very great success2 it ran only for three years from its commencement on the #ast of ,february1 #ahbd4 ,on the #bhth of ,october1 #ahbg1 ,egan's ,life in ,london was sold by auction to a ,mr4 ,bell1 and thenceforth assumed its well known and now time honoured title of ,bell's ,life in ,london4 ,,charles ,,molloy ,,westmacott4 ,another friend of the artist was ,charles ,molloy ,westmacott1 as he called himself1 but who is supposed to have been--filius nullius or filius populi--the child of ,mrs4 ,molloy1 a pretty widow who kept a tavern at ,kensington4 ,westmacott was one of a class of writers who not only existed but thrived in the early part of our century by the levying of literary black-mail4 ,the modus operandi 7as given by ,mr4 ,william ,bates1 from whom we derive our information respecting this man7 appears to have been as follows3 ,sometimes a vague rumour or hint of scandal1 accompanied perchance by a suggestive newspaper paragraph1 was conveyed to one or more of the parties implicated1 with a threat of further inquiry into its truth1 and a full exposure of the circumstances which excited the sender's virtuous indignation4 ,this1 if the selected victim was a man of nervous1 timid temperament1 often produced the desired effect2 and although possibly entirely innocent of the allegation1 he preferred to purchase silence1 and escape the suspicion which publicity does not fail to attach to a name4 ,if1 on the other hand1 no notice was taken of the communication1 the screw received some further turns4 ,a narrative was drawn up1 and printed off1 in the form of a newspaper paragraph1 and was transmitted to the parties concerned1 with a letter1 intimating that it had been 'received from a correspondent1' and that the publisher thought fit1 prior to publication1 to ascertain whether those whose names were mentioned desired to correct1 modify1 or cancel any part of the statement4 ,there is no doubt that very large sums have been extorted by these scoundrelly means1 and a vast amount of anxiety and misery occasioned4#fb ,this was the sort of man that ,charles ,molloy ,westmacott appears to have been2 and ,i learn on the same authority that by these means he was enabled in one instance alone to net not much less than a sum of #e1jjj4 ,pulls of this kind enabled this fellow to live at his ease in a suburban retreat situated somewhere between ,barnes and ,richmond1 which he fitted up 7for he considered himself1 as some others of his more modern class appear to do1 a man of letters7 with books and pictures4 ,,the ,,english ,,spy4 ,in #ahbe this man brought out1 under his pseudonym of ,bernard ,blackmantle1 a veritable chronique scandaleuse of the time1 entitled1 ,the ,english ,spy1 the title page of which describes it as an original work1 characteristic1 satirical1 and humorous1 containing scenes and sketches in every rank of society2 being portraits of the ,illustrious ,eminent1 ,eccentric and ,notorious1 drawn from the ,life by ,bernard ,blackmantle4 ,this extraordinary work presents us with pictures of life at ,eton1 at ,oxford1 and in fashionable society in ,london1 ,brighton1 ,cheltenham1 ,bath1 and elsewhere2 and the seventy-two admirable copperplate aqua-tinted etchings1 with one exception 7which is by the veteran ,rowlandson71 are the work of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank4 ,this is a far rarer and more valuable book than the ,life in ,london4 ,in place of ,corinthian hook-nosed ,tom1 rosy-cheeked ,jerry1 and the vulgar gobemouche ,logic1 we find figuring amongst the interesting groups1 scenes1 and characters all the notabilities of the day3 celebrities such as ,george the ,fourth and his favourite sultana the ,marchioness of ,conyngham1 the ,princess ,augusta1 ,charles ,kemble1 ,matthews1 ,fawcett1 ,farren1 ,grimaldi1 ,macready1 ,young1 ,t4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,elliston1 ,dowton1 ,harley1 ,munden1 ,liston1 ,wallack1 ,madame ,vestris1 ,townsend 7the ,bow ,street runner71 ,pea ,green ,hayne1 ,lord ,william ,lennox1 ,colonel ,berkeley1 ,hughes ,ball1 and others4 ,the etchings are singularly clear and distinct1 and the colouring bright and pleasing4 ,among the illustrations which specially deserve notice are3 ,the ,oppidans' ,museum2 ,the ,eton ,montem 7an admirable design72 ,the ,first ,bow to ,alma ,mater2 ,college ,comforts 7a freshman taking possession of his rooms72 ,kensington ,gardens ,sunday ,evenings1 ,singularities of #ahbd 7woodcut72 ,the ,opera ,green-room1 or ,noble ,amateurs viewing ,foreign ,curiosities2 ,oxford ,transports1 or ,albanians doing ,penance for ,past ,offences2 ,the ,king at ,home1 or ,mathews at ,carlton ,house2 ,a ,visit to ,billingsgate2 ,characters on the ,steyne1 ,brighton2 ,the ,cogged ,dice1 ,interior of a ,modern ,hell2 ,city ,ball at the ,mansion ,house2 ,the ,wake2 ,the ,cyprians' ,ball at the ,argyle ,rooms2 ,the ,post ,office ,bristol1 ,arrival of the ,london ,mail2 ,the ,fancy ,ball at the ,upper ,rooms1 ,bath2 and ,milsom ,street and ,bond ,street1 containing portraits of ,bath fashionables4 ,the so-called ,oppidans'#fc ,museum is composed of the signs stolen by ,eton scapegraces from the local tradesmen2 a mock court is in progress1 at which the injured parties attend and either claim or receive compensation for their stolen property4 ,the tradesmen in the plate before us look anything but injured persons1 and as a matter of fact the award is sufficiently ample to make amends for all damage4 ,the two persons officiating as assessors and apportioning compensation to the various claimants1 are ,westmacott and ,robert ,transit 7the artist himself74 ,the illustration is full of life and character4 ,among the groups may be noticed a young fellow holding a bull-terrier suspended by its teeth from a handkerchief2 a bet depends on the dog's patience and strength of jaw1 and an interested companion watches the result1 chronometer in hand4 ,the ,king at ,home1 represents a scene which is said to have actually taken place when ,mathews was giving his entertainment at ,carlton ,house4 ,the performer was imitating ,kemble1 when the king started up1 and to the surprise of every one1 particularly of ,mathews1 interrupted the performance by a personal and very clever imitation of the actor1 who1 by the way1 had taught him elocution4 ,this1 indeed1 was one of ,george's strong points1 who1 if not a good king1 was at least an admirable mimic4 ,says old ,dr4 ,burney 7writing to his daughter on the #abth of ,july1 #ahje71 ,he is a most excellent mimic of well-known characters2 had we been in the dark1 any one would have sworn that ,dr4 ,parr and ,kemble were in the room4#fd ,in this plate we find likenesses not only of the king and of ,mathews1 but also of the ,princess ,augusta and the too celebrated ,marchioness of ,conyngham4 ,thomas ,rowlandson's single pictorial contribution to the ,english ,spy1 ,r---- ,a----ys of ,genius ,reflecting on the ,true ,line of ,beauty at the ,life ,academy1 is described by ,mr4 ,grego under date of #ahbe4 ,this is not the only time in which the artist was associated in work with ,rowlandson4 ,there is a rare work 7one of an annual series7--,the ,spirit of the ,public ,journals1 for the year #ahbd1 with explanatory notes by ,c4 ,m4 ,westmacott1 a collection of whimsical extracts from the press1 which appeared in print in the previous season1 which has illustrations on wood by four distinguished coadjutors3 ,thomas ,rowlandson1 ,george ,cruikshank1 ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank1 and ,theodore ,lane4 ,,fitzalleyne ,,of ,,berkeley4 ,the ,foote v4 ,hayne affair mentioned in our last chapter afforded grist for the kind of mill driven by literary blacklegs of the class of ,bernard ,blackmantle4 ,the black-mail system was tried at first1 and when that failed he produced the now rare ,fitz,alleyne of ,berkeley3 a ,romance of the ,present ,times1 a pair of libellous volumes1 the dramatis person of which comprise the persons whose names were mentioned in connection with the case4 ,maria ,pous was of course ,maria ,foote2 ,samuel ,pous1 her father2 ,lord ,a----y1 ,alvanley2 ,major ,h----r1 ,major ,george ,hanger1 afterwards ,lord ,coleraine2 ,optimus1 ,mr4 ,tom ,best 7who shot ,lord ,camelford in a duel72 the ,pea-green ,count and ,fitz,alleyne of ,berkeley speak for themselves2 while ,mary ,carbon is the butcher's daughter of ,gloucester1 mother of the ,colonel1 and afterwards ,countess of ,berkeley4 ,such a character as ,molloy1 otherwise ,westmacott1 was bound to get sometimes into trouble 7in these days he would probably receive his reward for endeavouring to extort money by threats72 and if he did not get exactly what he deserved1 he did get1 on the tenth of ,october1 #ahcj1 a tremendous thrashing from ,charles ,kemble4 ,references to the memorandum books of this ,ishmaelite of the press1 in which he entered 7for future use7 some of the scandalous chronicles of his time1 and which were offered for sale at his death in #ahfh1 will be found in ,mr4 ,bates's interesting book1 from which we have already quoted4 ,,points ,,of ,,humour4 ,returning to his friend and coadjutor1 ,robert ,cruikshank1 the best of the artist's coloured illustrations to the ,english ,spy are contained in the first volume2 in the second he falls into those habits of carelessness which1 with all his ability and artistic talent1 were a besetting weakness4 ,robert lacked the genius1 the fine fancy1 the careful1 delicate handling of ,george4 ,up to the publication of the ,life1 the brothers as we have seen had worked together frequently1 but after this period they separated4 ,george had already achieved one of his earliest triumphs in book illustration--,the ,points of ,humour1 which provoked the universal admiration of the critics1 and proclaimed him one of the most original geniuses of the time4 ,the ,life1 however1 had made both brothers famous1 and the general public had scarcely yet learnt to distinguish between the pencils of ,george and ,robert4 ,this confusion was taken advantage of by unscrupulous publishers 7a practice at which ,robert himself seems to have connived7 to trade upon the popularity of the ,cruikshank name4 ,we frequently find1 for instance1 in literary advertisements of the time1 that a forthcoming book is illustrated by ,cruikshank1 and the work we have just named is a case in point4 ,no sooner had the ,points of ,humour appeared and made their mark1 than they were followed by an announcement by ,sherwood1 ,jones ,co41 of the ,points of ,misery1 the letterpress by ,charles ,molloy ,westmacott1 and the designs by ,cruikshank1 that is to say--,robert4 ,although this publication is marred by the slovenliness of execution which characterised the artist in his careless moods1 a few of the designs are excellent1 and the tailpieces--,a ,six ,inside1 at page #cf2 ,cleaned ,out1 at page #hh2 and the ,pawn ,shop1 at page #hg--suffice to show of how much better work ,robert ,cruikshank was capable4 ,george1 as was usual with him on these occasions1 was horribly annoyed1 and loudly and 7as it seems to us7 unnecessarily proclaimed to the world that he had no connection with the work4 ,probably this manifesto did no good to a book little calculated either by its literary or pictorial merits to command success2 and as the copy before us remained uncut from the date of the publication until the present1 the inference is that the speculation of ,messrs4 ,sherwood1 ,jones ,co41 proved scarcely a remunerative one4 ,among the forgotten books of half a century ago1 we meet with one whose title reminds us of the ,life in ,london4 ,it is called1 ,doings in ,london2 or1 ,day and ,night ,scenes of the ,frauds1 ,frolics1 ,manners1 and ,depravities of the ,metropolis4 ,it came out in threepenny numbers1 in #ahbh1 and its professed object 7in the queer language of ,george ,smeeton1 its compiler and publisher7 was to show vice and deception in all their real deformity1 and not by painting in glowing colours the fascinating allurements1 the mischievous frolics and vicious habits of the profligate1 the heedless1 and the debauchee1 tempt youth to commit those irregularities which often lead to dangerous consequences1 not only to themselves but also to the public4 ,this shot of course was aimed at ,pierce ,egan1 who1 engaged at that time in bringing out the ,finish1 not unnaturally considered these ,doings an attempt to derive profit by an indirect infringement of his own title4 ,the title in fact was a misleading one1 and the book a specimen of a class of useless literature of the time1 by which paste-and-scissors information compiled from books1 newspapers1 and statistics by some one at best imperfectly acquainted with his subject1 was attempted to be conveyed by means of questions and answers1 supplemented by dreary and unnecessary remarks of a moralizing tendency4 ,the persons in whose company ,smeeton would send us round1 in order that we may form a just conception of the vice and deception in all their real deformity1 of which he speaks1 are a couple of idiots1 one ,peregrine ,wilson1 and an attendant mentor1 whom we drop at the earliest convenient opportunity4 ,information combined with morality is all very well4 ,the ,history of ,sandford and ,merton may have been1 as ,lord ,houghton assures us it was1 the delight of the youth of the first generation of the present century4 ,as one of the youth of the generation referred to1 we refuse to admit it1 and we are perfectly certain that the youth of the present generation would have nothing whatever to do with it4 ,we resign ourselves preferentially to the guidance of ,isaac ,robert and ,george ,cruikshank1 sensible that they at least1 while conversant with the scenes they so graphically describe1 will not bore us with unnecessary moral reflections4 ,we prefer1 if the truth must be told1 to sport a toe among the ,corinthians at ,almack's with hooked-nosed ,tom and rosy-cheeked ,jerry2 to visit with these merry and by no means strait-laced persons1 ,mr4 ,o',shaunessy's rooms in the ,haymarket2 the back parlour of the respected ,thomas ,cribb1 ex-champion of ,england2 to take wine with them in the wood at the ,london ,docks2 to enjoy with them1 if they will1 the humours of a masquerade supper at the opera house4 ,the work which ,smeeton designed with such indifferent success was subsequently carried out in a far more efficient manner by ,mr4 ,james ,grant1 in his ,sketches in ,london1#fe and at a later date by ,mr4 ,mayhew1 in his well-known ,london ,labour and the ,london ,poor4 ,the ,doings in ,london owe whatever value they possess to the thirty-nine curious designs on wood of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank1 engraved by ,w4 ,c4 ,bonner1 which1 on the whole fair examples of his workmanship in this style1 strongly remind us of the smaller woodcuts in ,hone's ,every-,day ,book4 ,the best specimens1 however1 of ,robert's designs on wood are those which will be found in two small volumes1 known indifferently as ,faceti and ,cruikshank's ,comic ,album1 which contain a series of jeux d'esprits1 published between the years #ahcj and #ahcb1 and comprising ,old ,bootey's ,ghost and ,the ,man of ,intellect1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,moncrieff2 ,the ,high-mettled ,racer and ,monsieur ,nongtongpaw1 by ,charles ,dibdin2 ,margate and ,brighton2 ,the ,devil's ,visit2 ,steamers and ,stages2 ,monsieur ,touson2 ,monsieur ,mallet1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,montague2 ,mathew's ,comic ,annual 7a miserable mlange by our friend ,pierce ,egan72 the famous ,devil's ,walk1 by ,coleridge and ,southey1 etc41 etc4 ,these little volumes1 which are now rare1 contain nearly one hundred excellent examples of ,robert ,cruikshank's workmanship1 the woodcuts being executed after the artist's designs by ,w4 ,c4 ,bonner and other wood engravers of eminence4 ,we can stay only to describe one1 which illustrates one of the many experiences of ,john ,bull in his memorable visit to ,france4 ,struck with the appearance of a ,french lady1 young and gay1 the stanza tells us-- ,struck by her charms he ask'd her name ,of the first man he saw2 ,from whom1 with shrugs1 no answer came ,but1 ',je vous n'entends pas4' ,three other books 7two of them exceedingly rare7 must suffice to complete our survey of ,robert's merits as a designer and book illustrator4 ,these are ,colburn's ,kalendar of ,amusements 7#ahdj71 ,job ,crithannah's ,original ,fables 7#ahcd71 and ,eugene ,sue's ,orphan4 ,there is an ,irishman sitting on a barrel in one of the woodcuts to the ,kalendar1 who quite equals any of the ,hibernians of ,george4 ,the eighty-four designs to the ,fables are admirable specimens of the artist's best manner1 and ,george himself rarely executed better illustrations than those of the ,farmer and the ,pointer1 at page #aaj1 ,the ,cow and the ,farmer1 at page #afc1 and ,the ,old ,woman and her ,cat1 at page #bai4 ,this rare and choice book abounds with admirable tailpieces2 one of which exhibits a sufferer down in the agonies of gout1 the treatment of which subject may even be compared with the more elaborate and admirable design by the brother described by ,thackeray4 ,sue's ,orphan has numerous carefully executed etchings by the artist1 after the style and manner of his brother2 in the very signature1 ,robert ,cruikshank1 we trace a distinct copy of ,george's peculiar trademark or sign-manual4 ,mr4 ,walter ,hamilton1 in his essay on the brother1 presents us with a dozen copies of ,robert's designs1 eight of which1 although unacknowledged1 are taken from ,crithannah's ,fables1 and will bear as much comparison with the original and beautiful woodcuts as the work of a common sign-painter with a finished painting by ,landseer4 ,a detailed but probably imperfect list of the artist's book work will be found in the appendix4 ,the name of ,robert ,cruikshank has slipped out of the place it once occupied in public estimation2 and his good work and his poor work being equally scarce1 his name and his claims to rank high among the number of ,english caricaturists and comic artists have been forgotten even by the survivors of the generation to which he himself belonged4 ,in bringing to the remembrance of those who do know1 and to the knowledge of those who do not know1 some of the work which entitled him in our judgment to occupy a leading place amongst the number of those of whom we write1 we have endeavoured to brush away the dust of oblivion which for so many years has obscured the name and reputation of an artist1 who1 in spite of much slovenliness and carelessness of execution1 was both an able caricaturist and a skilful draughtsman4 ,george writes of his dead brother in terms of affection1 and describes him as a very clever miniature and portrait painter1 and also a designer and etcher2 his friend and coadjutor1 the late ,george ,daniel1 gives him credit for genius1 of which however 7in the sense in which we use and understand the word7 he did not possess a particle4 ,he tells us that he was apt to conceive and prompt to execute2 he had a quick eye and a ready hand2 with all his extravagant drollery1 his drawing is anatomically correct2 his details are minute1 expressive1 and of careful finish1 and his colouring is bright and delicate4 ,in the early part of his career1 as we have seen1 the two brothers had been so closely associated in life and in art1 that the history of ,robert is1 to some extent1 the history of ,george2 but when they separated1 when each was left to his own individual resources1 ,george then struck into a path which neither ,robert nor any of his contemporaries might hope to follow4 ,by the time ,robert had realized this fact1 ,,hb had appeared1 and the art of caricaturing1 as theretofore practised1 received a blow from which it will never rally4 ,besides being an able water colour artist1 he had at one time achieved some reputation as a portrait painter2 but the latter pursuit he had long practically abandoned1 while success in the former required a closer application and the exercise of a greater amount of patience than a man of his age and temperament could afford to bestow4 ,he was1 in fact1 too old to commence life afresh2 and so it came inevitably to pass that1 as his brother did in after life 7but from causes1 as we shall see1 widely different71 ,robert gradually dropped behind and was forgotten4 ,he had not the genius or pride in his art of his brother1 and looked rather to that art as a means of present livelihood than of acquiring a permanent and enduring reputation4 ,if ,george--with all his pride in his art1 with all his genius1 with all his rare gifts of imagination and fancy--was destined to be left behind in the race of life1 what could poor ,robert hope for8 ,it is sad to think that in later life1 poor easy-going1 thriftless1 careless1 ,bohemian ,robert sank into neglect and consequent poverty4 ,he died 7of bronchitis7 on the #acth of ,march1 #ahef1 in his sixty-sixth year4 ,,footnotes3 #eg ,in this ,i cannot agree4 ,george designed about a third of the plates1 and those who know his workmanship thoroughly will not fail to identify it4 #eh ,a fact which testifies to the curiosity and not the immorality of our people4 #ei ,i have known as much as #aj asked for a copy2 but a first edition 7a rarity7 may be purchased sometimes of a respectable bookseller for #h4 #fj ,fair ,play6 ,robt4 ,cruikshank1 invt4 et fect41 original suggestor and artist of the #b vols4 ,adieu6 #fa ,a list of his works will be found in ,dr4 ,brewer's ,handbook4 #fb ,the ,maclise ,portrait ,gallery1 by ,william ,bates 7ed4 #ahhc71 p4 #bcf4 #fc ,the name given to the students of ,eton ,school who board in the town4 #fd ,diary of ,madam d',arblay4 #fe ,w4 ,s4 ,orr ,co41 #ahch4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,caricatures ,,of ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,,sixty ,,years ,,ago4 ,just sixty years ago1 a writer in ,blackwood spoke of the subject of the present chapter 7then a young man who had already acquired an artistic reputation7 in the following terms3-- ,it is high time that the public should think more than they have hitherto done of ,george ,cruikshank2 and it is also high time that ,george ,cruikshank should begin to think more than he seems to have done hitherto of himself4 ,generally speaking1 people consider him as a clever1 sharp caricaturist1 and nothing more2 a free-handed1 comical young fellow1 who will do anything he is paid for1 and who is quite contented to dine off the proceeds of a ',george ,,iv4' to-day1 and those of a ',hone1' or a ',cobbett' to-morrow4 ,he himself1 indeed1 appears to be the most careless creature alive1 as touching his reputation4 ,he seems to have no plan--almost no ambition--and1 ,i apprehend1 not much industry4 ,he does just what is suggested or thrown in his way1 pockets the cash1 orders his beef-steak and bowl1 and chaunts1 like one of his own heroes1-- ',life is all a variorium1 ,we regard not how it goes4' ,now1 for a year or two to begin with1 this is just what it should be4 ,cruikshank was resolved to see ,life1#ff and his sketches show that he has seen it1 in some of its walks1 to purpose4 ,but life is short1 and art is long2 and our gay friend must pull up4 ,perhaps he is not aware of the fact himself--but a fact it undoubtedly is--that he possesses genius--genius in its truest sense--strong1 original1 ,english genius4 ,look round the world of art1 and ask1 ,how many are there of whom anything like this can be said8 ,why1 there are not half a dozen names that could bear being mentioned at all2 and certainly there is not one1 the pretensions of which will endure sifting1 more securely and more triumphantly than that of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,in the first place1 he is--what no living caricaturist but himself has the least pretensions to be1 and what1 indeed1 scarcely one of their predecessors was--he is a thoroughbred artist4#fg ,he draws with the ease and freedom and fearlessness of a master2 he understands the figure completely2 and appears1 so far as one can guess from the trifling sort of things he has done1 to have a capital notion of the principles of grouping4 ,now these things are valuable in themselves1 but they are doubly1 trebly valuable as possessed by a person of real comic humour2 and a total despiser of that ,venerable ,humbug which almost all the artists of our day seem1 in one shape or other1 to revere as the prime god of their idolatry4 ,nobody1 that has the least of an eye for art1 can doubt that ,cruikshank1 if he chose1 might design as many annunciations1 beatifications1 apotheoses1 metamorphoses1 and so forth1 as would cover ,york cathedral from end to end4 ,it is still more impossible to doubt that he might be a famous portrait painter4 ,now1 these are fine lines both of them1 and yet it is precisely the chief merit of ,cruikshank that he cuts them both2 that he will have nothing to do with them2 that he has chosen a walk of his own1 and that he has made his own walk popular4 ,here lies genius2 but let him do himself justice2 let him persevere and rise in his own path1 and then1 ladies and gentlemen1 then the day will come when his name will be a name indeed1 not a name puffed and paraded in the newspapers1 but a living1 a substantial1 perhaps even an illustrious1 ,english name4 ,let him1 in one word1 proceed1 and1 as he proceeds1 let him think of ,hogarth4#fh ,now1 although amused 7and surely he cannot fail to be amused7 at the curious incapacity of an art critic so strangely ignorant of his subject as to conceive ,george ,cruikshank an artist capable of designing annunciations1 beatifications1 apotheoses1 and subjects so completely out of the range of his sympathies and abilities1 the reader will1 at the same time1 be struck with the prescience of the intelligent writer who discerned in him the possession of true genius1 and predicted for him1 even at this early period of his career1 the reputation--living1 substantial1 and illustrious--which he afterwards so justly achieved for himself4 ,in everything save the power to realize an annunciation1 a beatification1 or an apotheosis1 ,george ,cruikshank was1 at the time this article was penned1 exactly what ,mr4 ,lockhart describes him4 ,the most able and accomplished of the caricaturists of his time1 he was nevertheless willing to etch the works of an amateur or of an artist inferior to himself1 to whose work he has frequently imparted a vitality of which it would have been destitute but for the interposition of his hand4 ,he was ready1 moreover1 to execute woodcuts for a song-book or the political skits of any scribbler of his time1 whether on the ministerial or the popular side mattered little to him4 ,it was therefore not unnatural that doing just what was suggested or thrown in his way1 ,lockhart should come to the erroneous conclusion that the artist had no plan1 no ambition1 and not much industry4 ,the assertion that he had no ambition has been amply disproved by his subsequent life1 whilst so far from having no plan1 the sequel shows that all this time1 unsuspected by the critic1 he had been gradually developing the style of illustration by which he made his mark and reputation1--a style first displayed in the celebrated ,points of ,humour1 the publication of which served as the occasion for ,lockhart's criticism4 ,on this account1 if for no other reason1 the caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank possess so remarkable an interest1 that it is singular that this field of artistic labour has been left almost unexplored by the essayists1 many of whom1 with a somewhat imperfect knowledge of their subject1 have essayed to give us information on the subject of this artist and his works4 ,it is just this early period of his life1 in which he first followed and then gradually emancipated himself from the artistic control and influence of ,gillray1 which seems to us to afford the most interesting study of the man's career4 ,nevertheless1 nearly all the articles we have read on ,george ,cruikshank would give us the idea that1 with the exception of certain designs for woodcuts for ,hone--such as the celebrated ,non ,mi ,ricordo and others--certain rough coloured engravings for ,the ,meteor1 ,the ,scourge1 and other periodicals of a kindred stamp1 the artist executed but few caricatures properly so called4 ,this at least is the impression which these articles have left on our own minds2 and we can only account for the little notice taken of him as a caricaturist by the fact that1 unlike the etchings which he produced when in the prime of his career1 his caricatures are not only exceedingly scarce1 but being in many cases unsigned1 are capable only of being recognised by those intimately acquainted with his early handiwork4 ,the caricatures of ,george ,cruikshank may be divided into three classes3 first1 those which are wholly designed and etched by himself2 secondly1 those which he designed after the sketches or suggestions of his friends2 and thirdly1 those merely etched from the designs of other artists4 ,we find the first1 although frequently unsigned1 more usually signed 7on the left hand71 ,geo4 ,cruikk4 fect4 or invt4 fect42 the second--invt4 ,g4 ,cruikk4 fect42 while the third are indicated as merely etched by him4 ,of the second class it may be remarked that with the exception of the mere sketch or suggestion1 the drawing and the workmanship are oftentimes unmistakably ,george's own4 ,in the description of his caricatures which follow1 we shall indicate the designs which belong to this class with an asterisk4 ,publications such as ,the ,scourge1 although containing many caricature designs by ,george ,cruikshank1 are scarcely among those to which the present chapter was intended to be devoted4 ,there are1 however1 two satirical compositions of his in this scurrilous publication1#fi which appear to us so exceptionally good1 that we feel justified in drawing special attention to them4 ,as the publication itself affords little or no clue to the subject of the illustrations1 it seems necessary in order that the first may be understood1 to explain the circumstances which appear to us to have led up to it4 #ahaa4 ,for several years prior to #ahaa1 the established clergy had manifested considerable uneasiness on account of the rapid spread of ,methodism4 ,the readiness with which licenses for preaching could be obtained according to the usual interpretation of the ,toleration ,act1 had tended to the multiplication of a class of preachers whose manners and language peculiarly fitted them for acquiring influence over the inferior ranks of the people2 and by this means a great diminution had taken place in the congregations of parish churches4 ,it is affirmed--with what truth we know not--that ,lord ,sidmouth in the measure 7presently to be noticed7 was encouraged to proceed in his design by letters from persons of high position in the ,church4 ,,lord ,,sidmouth',s ,,motion4 ,on the #ith of ,may1 #ahaa1 ,lord ,sidmouth moved in the ,house of ,lords for leave to bring in a bill for amending and explaining the ,acts of ,william and ,mary and #agth ,george ,,iii41 so far as applied to dissenting ministers4 ,according to the statement of his lordship1 at most of the quarter sessions1 when the oaths were taken and the declarations made requisite for enabling a person to officiate in a chapel or meeting-house1 any person1 however ignorant or profligate1 was able to obtain a certificate which authorized him to preach4 ,his lordship proposed that1 in order to entitle any person to a qualification as a preacher1 he should have the recommendation of at least six respectable householders of the congregation to which he belonged4 ,lord ,holland1 in opposing the bill1 observed that he held it to be the inalienable right of every man who thought himself able to instruct others to do so1 provided his doctrines were not incompatible with the peace of society4 ,when the nature and provisions of the proposed measure were made known to the public1 an alarm was excited among all those whom it was likely to affect4 ,the ,nonconformists generally regarded it as intended1 not so much to add to the respectability of the dissenting ministers1 as to contract the limits of toleration1 and subject the licensing of preachers to the control of the magistracy4 ,when therefore1 on the #bast of ,may1 the bill was to be read a second time1 such a deluge of petitions was poured in against it1 that the mover was left totally unsupported4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury said with truth1 that the ,dissenters were the best judges of their own concerns2 and as it appeared from the great number of petitions against it1 that they were hostile to the bill1 he thought it unwise to press the measure against their manifest wishes4 ,under these circumstances the bill was1 we need not say1 thrown out4 ,this would appear to be the subject which produced ,george ,cruikshank's graphic satire of the ,interior ,view of the ,house of ,god1 in the first volume of ,the ,scourge4 ,the pulpit is occupied by two fanatics1 one of whom rants1 while the other snuffs the candles2 the devil1 in the gallery above1 ridicules the proceedings by rasping1 la fiddle1 the bars of a gridiron with a poker2 among the numerous congregation present we notice some attentive and interested listeners1 whilst others evidently attend from mere motives of curiosity4 ,above the composition appears the quotation1 ,believe not every spirit1 but try the spirits whether they are of ,god3 because many false prophets are gone out into the world4 ,the satire1 ,the ,examination of a ,young ,surgeon1 which appears in the same volume1 is aimed at the medical profession4 ,one of the examiners is deaf1 another has the gout1 a third is asleep1 while two others 7unmistakable ,scotchmen7 discuss the merits of their respective snuff-mulls4 ,the deaf man calls upon the frightened candidate to describe the organs of hearing4 ,the table is garnished with ,the ,cow ,pox ,chronicle1 and a skull and bones1 while the walls are decorated with pictures depicting a fight between death and a pugilist1 the ,hottentot ,venus1 a group of various nations worshipping the golden calf1 and the lady without arms or legs4 ,the hand of the clock points to the hour of eleven4 ,judging by the pile of money-bags lying at the foot of the president's chair1 and the two members of the court who are busily engaged in counting coin1 ,george would seem to insinuate that the fellows of the college of his time were a decidedly mercenary set4 ,,the ,,satirist4 ,of character akin to ,the ,scourge 7the ten volumes of which were published between #ahaa and #ahae inclusive72 is ,the ,satirist1 or ,monthly ,meteor1 the thirteen volumes of which made their appearance between the years #ahjh and #ahac4 ,both publications1 which now command prices very far beyond what they are intrinsically worth1 contain a number of satires1 of more or less merit 7generally less71 by various satirists1 including ,george ,cruikshank2 so far as ,the ,satirist is concerned1 the designs of the latter are confined to the thirteenth and last volume1 and his caricature contributions are of a vastly superior order of merit to any of those by which they are preceded4 ,besides those in ,the ,scourge and ,the ,satirist1 may be mentioned ,george ,cruikshank's comic designs in ,fashion1 printed for ,j4 ,j4 ,stockdale1 of ,pall ,mall1 in #ahah2 and his very admirable series of untinted etchings in ,the ,loyalist ,magazine2 or1 ,anti-,radical1 a publication exclusively devoted to the ministerial side of the ,carolinian scandal1 and published by ,james ,wright1 of ,fleet ,street1 in #ahbj4 ,one of the earliest caricatures ,i have met with by ,george is entitled1 ,apollyon i4e41 ,napoleon1 the ,devil's ,generalissimo1 ,addressing his ,legions2 it is signed 7contrary to his usual custom71 ,cruikshank del41 and was executed 7if ,i am right in assigning it to him7 when he was sixteen years of age4 #ahac4 ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,remains ,,of ,,charles ,i4 ,the attention of the public in #ahac was1 as we have seen1 attracted by the ,regent's treatment of his miserable wife2 and in ,april the sympathy of the ,livery and ,corporation of ,london1 and other public bodies1 found expression in an address which was presented to ,her ,royal ,highness4 ,on the #bhth of ,march of that year1 the remains of ,charles the ,first had been discovered in the vault of ,henry the ,eighth1 at ,windsor1 a circumstance which suggested to ,george ,cruikshank his admirable satire entitled1 ,meditations amongst the ,tombs4 ,it shows us ,his ,royal ,highness gazing at the recovered bodies1 and regretting that while ,henry had managed to dispose of many wives1 he found it impossible to get rid of one4 ,a figure behind him points to the headless corpse1 and significantly remarks1 ,how rum ,king ,charley looks without his head6 ,the ,battle of ,vitoria 7fought this year7 forms the subject of a pair of roughly executed caricatures1 entitled respectively1 ,the ,battle of ,vitoria1 and ,a ,scene after the ,battle1 or ,more ,trophies for ,whitehall4 ,other satires of the year1 are ,double ,bass1 and ,a ,venomous ,viper ,poisoning the ,r--l ,mind1 the latter as coarsely and indelicately handled a subject as any caricaturist of the old school might possibly desire4 #ahad4 ,little ,boney gone to ,pot 7,thomas ,tegg1 ,may #abth1 #ahad71 is one of the artist's contributions to the series of caricatures which followed the fall of ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,here the satirist has seated the emperor 7a lean1 ragged1 forlorn1 miserable1 diseased object7 on a huge article of bedroom furniture1 labelled1 ,imperial ,throne4 ,he is in a forlorn condition1 suffering from itch1 with large excrescences growing on his toes4 ,he is all alone in his island prison 7,elba71 and tempted by a fiend1 who tenders him a pistol--,if you have one spark of courage left1 it says1 take this4 ,perhaps ,i may1 replies ,napoleon1 if you'll take the flint out4 ,by his side we find a pot of brimstone1 numerous medicine bottles1 and a treatise on the itch1 by ,dr4 ,scratch4#gj ,one of the imperial boots1 mounted on a tiny carriage1 forms a dummy cannon4 ,his back leans against a tree1 to which is nailed the ,imperial ,crow1 while from the branches depends a ragged pair of breeches and stockings4 ,it was a sorry libel on the unfortunate emperor1 whose courage was undoubted1 and who1 at this time1 instead of being the scarecrow the artist has represented him1 had grown extremely corpulent4 ,snuffing out ,boney follows up the same subject1 and represents a cossack snuffing out ,napoleon1 who figures as a candle2 another caricature on the great subject of the year bears the title of ,broken ,gingerbread 7,napoleon selling images74 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,published ,july #aath1 #ahad1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,,fores1 ,piccadilly4 ,,russian ,,condescension1 ,,or ,,the ,,blessings ,,of ,,universal ,,peace4 ,face page #acc4 ,,visit ,,of ,,the ,,allied ,,sovereigns4 ,on the #hth of ,june1 #ahad1 the ,emperor of ,russia1 with his sister the ,duchess ,oldenburg1 the ,king of ,prussia1 and his two sons1 with ,prince ,metternich1 ,marshal ,blucher1 ,general ,barclay de ,tolly1 the ,hetman ,platoff1 and other persons of distinction1 arrived in ,london4 ,the strangers were splendidly entertained by the merchants and bankers of ,london at ,merchant ,taylors' ,hall1 and by the ,corporation of ,london at ,guildhall4 ,on the #bjth there was a grand review of regulars and metropolitan volunteers in ,hyde ,park2 the ceremony of announcing to the inhabitants of the metropolis the conclusion of the definitive treaty of peace with ,france took place with all its ancient and accustomed solemnities4 ,on the #beth of ,july a grand naval review was held at ,portsmouth1 and on the #bgth the illustrious visitors embarked at ,dover for the ,continent4 ,the handsome ,russian emperor and his handsome sister acquired great popularity by the condescension and affability they displayed during their short visit4 ,this is commemorated by ,george ,cruikshank in a satire published by ,fores on the #aath of ,july1 entitled1 ,russian ,condescension1 or the ,blessings of ,peace1 in which a coarse woman is represented as kissing the emperor1 who is habited in ,english military uniform4 ,there1 ,sal1 says she to her companion1 ,i can boast of what none of the ----s at ,billingsgate can1 having kissed the king's emperor of all the ,russian bears1 and he is the sweetest1 modestest1 mildest gentleman ,i ever kissed in all my life4 ,on the other side a huge country gawky shakes hands with the duchess1 whose vast bonnet is a study4 ,dang it1 he says1 when ,i goes back and tells the folks in our village of this1 law6 how they will envy ,i6 ,in the distance we see another female in pursuit of the frightened ,hetman ,platoff4 ,the reader will remember1 that from the state ceremonies and festivities which took place on this memorable occasion the miserable ,caroline had been excluded1 nor did she of course receive recognition or visits from any of her husband's illustrious visitors4 ,the state of social isolation to which she was thus consigned is referred to by ,george ,cruikshank in a very roughly executed caricature entitled1 ,the ,british ,spread ,eagle1 ,presented to the northern monarchs as a model for their national banner in consequence of the general peace4 ,the ,regent1 holding in his hand a bottle of port wine1 turns away from his neglected wife3 ,i'll go1 he says1 to my bottle1 my marchioness of ,conyngham1 my countess of ,jersey1 who may be seen close at hand in an adjoining thicket2 and ,i1 answers ,caroline1 to my child1 my only comfort4 ,the only comfort is seen coming to her mother's assistance in the distance1 uttering the trite quotation1 ,the child that feels not for a mother's woes1 can ne'er be called a ,briton4 ,the ,impostor1 or ,obstetric ,dispute1 a still more roughly executed satire 7published by ,tegg in ,september1 #ahad71 refers to the wretched impostor ,southcott4 ,doctors called in to report on her condition differed according to their proverbial custom4 ,three of these learned pundits may be seen in consultation in the right-hand corner4 ,a blatant and irascible cobbler1 standing on a stool1 loudly proclaims the woman to be a cheat6 a faggot6 a bag of deceit6 a blasphemous old hag6 ,the indignant ,joanna1 far advanced in her dropsical condition1 rushes at him1 brandishing a broom in one hand and her book of prophecies in the other1 to the delight of certain members of the great unwashed4 ,the buildings at the back appropriately include ,new ,bethlehem1 and the house which the reader may remember was engaged for the purposes of her miraculous accouchement4 ,a rougher and coarser piece of workmanship1 if possible1 will be found in ,gambols on the ,river ,thames1 ,february1 #ahad 7published also by ,tegg71 which commemorates the memorable frost of that year4 #ahae4 ,,the ,,corn ,,laws4 ,on the #agth of ,february1 #ahae1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,robinson1 vice-president of the board of trade1 moved for the ,house of ,commons to resolve itself into a committee of the whole house1 for the purpose of considering the state of the corn laws4 ,this having been done1 he proceeded to lay before the ,house certain resolutions1 three of which related to the free importation of grain to be warehoused and afterwards exported1 or to be taken for home consumption when importation for that purpose was allowable4 ,the fourth and most important stated the average price of ,british corn at which free importation was to be allowed1 and below which it was to be prohibited1 and this for wheat was fixed at eighty shillings per quarter4 ,an exception was made in favour of grain produced in the ,british colonies1 which might be imported when ,british grown wheat was at sixty-seven shillings4 ,all the resolutions were read and agreed to1 with the exception of the fourth1 and this in the end also passed in the face of every amendment4 ,on the #ast of ,march1 ,mr4 ,robinson brought in his bill to amend the laws now in force for regulating the importation of corn4 ,by this time very numerous petitions against the bill were coming in from the commercial and manufacturing districts2 riotous proceedings also took place on the #fth1 #gth1 #hth1 and #ith of ,march1 in the course of which the mob cut to pieces many valuable pictures belonging to ,mr4 ,robinson1 destroyed and pitched his furniture into the street1 and did a variety of mischief to the property of other well-known supporters of the measure4 ,the riots 7which were of a most formidable character7 were only quelled by the number and determined attitude of the military and constables4 ,in spite1 however1 of the unmistakable unpopularity of the measure1 and of the strenuous opposition to it both in and out of ,parliament1 the bill passed the ,house on the #ajth of ,march1 and the ,upper ,house on the #bjth4 ,the consequences of this measure were not such as were expected either by its promoters or opposers4 ,former importations1 or more probably the effect of two abundant harvests1 combined with the greatly extended cultivation of grain1 produced a gradual and steady reduction in prices2 so that instead of approaching the limits at which alone importation was allowable by the ,act1 it sunk to a level below that of several years past4 ,the farmers1 who were labouring under exorbitant rents in addition to other increased expenses1 were general sufferers1 and the landlords found it necessary in many instances to make great abatements in their dues4 ,in the result many leases were voided and farms left without tenants4 ,to this most unpopular measure a satire1 published by ,fores on the #crd of ,march1 #ahae1 has reference4 ,it is entitled1 ,the ,blessings of ,peace1 or the ,curse of the ,corn ,bill1 a very rough affair1 etched by ,george 7as it appears to me7 from the design of an amateur whose hand may be recognised in more than one of his caricatures4 ,a foreign vessel is approaching our shores laden with best wheat at #ejs4 a quarter4 ,a figure with a star on his breast1 emblematical of course of the aristocratic influence which was supposed to have dictated the unpopular corn law1 forbids the sailors to land it3 ,we won't have it1 he says1 at any price4 ,we are determined to keep up our own to #hjs41 and if the poor can't buy at that price1 why1 they must starve4 ,we love money too well to lower our rents again1 tho' the income tax is taken off4 ,his sentiments are re-echoed by companions belonging to the same class as himself4 ,a farmer and his starving family1 however1 come forward4 ,no1 no1 masters1 he remonstrates2 ,i'll not starve1 but quit my native country1 where the poor are crushed by those they labour to support1 and retire to one more hospitable1 and where threats of the rich do not interpose to defeat the providence of ,god6 ,behind the starving family is a warehouse absolutely bursting with sacks of grain at #hjs4 ,by gar6 says the foreign captain1 if they won't have the wheat at all1 we must throw it overboard1 which they accordingly are depicted as doing4 ,the subject is followed up by a still more slovenly affair by the artist himself1 bearing the title of ,the ,scale of ,justice ,reversed1 published by ,fores on the #bith of ,march4 ,an eighteenpenny loaf in one scale is overmatched by the accumulated weight of taxes in the other4 ,the overbalanced scale in its descent knocks down and crushes ,john ,bull under its weight4 ,the bread1 he cries1 is out of my reach1 and those cursed taxes will break my back4 ,that large one 'duty on manufactories1' which the chancellor is just putting into the scale will do for me4 ,beyond1 a usurer and four large landowners are seen rejoicing at the flight of the ,property ,tax1 an alleviation which is calculated to do no good to any one but themselves4 ,,napoleon ,,returns ,,from ,,elba4 ,john ,bull's trials1 however1 were in reality just commencing4 ,only seven months before he had held a grand jubilee in the parks1 to celebrate the return of peace1 treating his little difficulty with the ,americans as a bagatelle not worth serious consideration4 ,four months before that celebration1 his majesty the ,emperor ,napoleon had formally renounced for himself1 his successors1 etc41 all right of sovereignty and dominion1 as well to the ,french empire and the kingdom of ,italy1 as over every other country4 ,in return for this concession1 as if in absolute mockery1 the isle of ,elba1 adopted by his majesty the ,emperor 444 as the place of his residence1 was formed during his life into a separate principality1 to be possessed by him in full sovereignty and property1 besides a certain annual revenue mentioned in the articles of treaty of the #ahth of ,april1 #ahad4 ,here the ,regent and his very good friends the allied sovereigns had been content to leave him1 dreaming apparently1 that the man whose military genius had held ,europe at defiance1 was disposed of for ever and a day2 disregarding the feeble capacity of the ,bourbon who succeeded him2 the magic influence wielded by the man who thought the world too small for his ambition over a soldiery he had created and trained into perfection1 and who regarded him in the light of a demi-god4 ,on the #bfth of ,february1 #ahae1 ,bonaparte embarked at ,porto ,ferrago on board a brig1 followed by four small vessels conveying about #a1jjj men--,french1 ,poles1 ,corsicans1 ,neapolitans1 and natives of ,elba4 ,on the #ast of ,march the expedition anchored off the town of ,cannes1 in ,provence1 where these heterogeneous forces were landed4 ,the small and motley force of filibusters was forthwith marched on ,grenoble1 which was reached on the #hth4 ,the seventh regiment of the line1 under ,colonel ,labedoyre1 had meanwhile joined the adventurer2 the rest of the garrison opened their gates1 delivered their arsenal and magazine1 and thus placed him at the head of a body of regular troops with a train of artillery4 ,only five short months afterwards1 while the unfortunate emperor was on his way to ,st4 ,helena1 poor ,labedoyre was shot on the plain of ,grenelle1 for the treason of re-swearing fealty to the original master he had loved so well4 ,on the #ith of ,march1 ,bonaparte appeared before ,lyons1 which he entered without resistance4 ,once in possession of this important city1 and hailed ,emperor by his beloved soldiery1 ,bonaparte assumed the sovereignty and dominion which he had renounced for ever4 ,frenchmen6 he said1 after his sententious but stirring manner1 there is no nation1 however small it may be1 which has not had the right1 and which may not withdraw itself from the disgrace of obeying a prince imposed on it by an enemy momentarily victorious4 ,when ,charles ,,vii4 re-entered ,paris1 and overthrew the ephemeral throne of ,henry ,v41 he acknowledged that he held his throne from the valour of his heroes1 and not from a ,prince ,regent of ,england4 ,although the troops assembled around him were comparatively a handful1 ,bonaparte had unquestionably obtained sufficient assurance of the general disposition of the army in his favour4 ,preparations indeed had been made for collecting a large body of troops at ,melun for the immediate protection of ,paris1 while another was posted at ,fontainebleau1 so as to place the adventurer as it were between two fires4 ,the greatest hopes were derived from the professed loyalty to the ,bourbon cause of ,marshal ,ney1 who had spontaneously presented himself at the ,tuileries and proffered his services to the king4 ,with the marshal1 #ab1jjj or #ae1jjj men were posted at ,lons-le-,saulnier1 whence it was understood that he would fall on the rear of ,bonaparte4 ,instead of doing so1 he joined him at ,auxerre with his whole division1 which had already hoisted 7under his orders7 the tri-coloured flag4 ,this defection practically decided the contest2 and ,bonaparte entered ,paris on the evening of the #bjth as a conqueror1 received everywhere by the military in triumph4 ,meanwhile1 on the #acth of ,march1 the powers who had signed the ,treaty of ,paris assembled in congress at ,vienna1 being informed of the escape of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 and of his entrance into ,france with an armed force1 issued a formal declaration1 in which they stated that1 by thus breaking the convention which established him on the island of ,elba1 ,bonaparte had destroyed the only legal title on which his existence depended2 444 deprived himself of the protection of the law2 and manifested to the universe that there could be neither peace nor truce with him4 ,the powers consequently declared that he had placed himself without the pale of civil and social relations1 and as an enemy and disturber of the tranquility of the world1 rendered himself liable to public vengeance2 and1 by a treaty concluded at ,vienna on the #beth of ,march1 ,great ,britain1 ,austria1 ,russia1 and ,prussia bound themselves to maintain the ,treaty of ,paris of #cjth ,may1 #ahad1 and for that purpose each was to keep constantly in the field a force of #aej1jjj men1 and not lay down their arms until ,bonaparte should have been rendered absolutely unable to create disturbance1 and renew his attempts for possessing himself of the supreme power in ,france4 ,,reappearance ,,of ,,bonaparte4 ,the excitement which this portentous event occasioned amongst the nations of ,europe is admirably realized by a caricature of ,george ,cruikshank's1 published by ,fores on the #fth of ,april1 and entitled1 ,the ,congress ,dissolved before the ,cake was ,cut up4 ,alexander1 engaged in cutting up the cake 7i4e4 ,europe71 and apportioning to each nationality a share of the whole1 drops the knife as ,napoleon rushes in among them1 with the tremendous cocked hat1 huge sword1 and boots assigned to him on the authority of ,james ,gillray4 ,crushing under his feet the ,decrees of the ,congress1 ,an ,account of the ,deliverance of ,europe1 ,a ,plan for the ,security of ,europe1 and other documents of a similar character1 he shouts to the affrighted company1 ,avast6 ye bunglers2 the cake you have been these six months disputing about the cutting up1 ,i will do in as many hours4 ,holland in his fright has dropped off his stool to the ground4 ,o ,donner and ,blixen6 he exclaims1 my ,hollands is all gone6 ,i thought ,england had promised to guard him1 says ,saxony1 alluding to the kind of naval supervision of ,elba by ,english armed cruisers1 which appears to have been exercised1 so far as we can see1 without any direct claim on our part to control the movements of ,bonaparte4 ,hold him6 seize him6 cries ,austria4 ,seize him6 kill him6 re-echoes ,prussia4#ga ,who'll begin8--,there's the rub6 is the sensible observation of ,sweden4 ,oh dear6 oh dear6 groans his holiness the ,pope1 crowned with a composite hat1 the crown of which is composed of his mitre2 what will become of me8 ,the only one who says nothing1 but seems prepared to act with determination and promptitude1 is the representative of ,england1 who is shown in the act of drawing his sword4 ,napoleon 7we need not say7 did not exactly act as the caricaturist describes3 he endeavoured to re-establish relations with the foreign powers4 ,on the #adth of ,april1 however1 ,coulaincourt1 the minister of foreign affairs1 published his report to the emperor1 giving an account of the result of the applications which had been made to foreign courts4 ,from this it appeared that while no communication was permitted with the actual government of ,france1 all the allied powers were diligently making preparation for war4 ,in all parts of ,europe at once1 said the minister1 they are arming1 or marching1 or ready to march4 ,the powers1 of course1 were acting strictly within the terms of their expressed declaration to make neither peace nor truce with ,bonaparte4 ,the emperor's practical reply to this declaration was made in the ,champ de ,mars on the #ast of ,june4 ,descending from his throne1 he distributed the imperial eagles to the troops of the line and the national guards as they marched past1 and swore to defend them at the hazard of their lives1 and to suffer no foreigners to dictate laws to their country4 ,all this time reinforcements were being despatched from ,england without intermission1 and the ,duke of ,wellington had arrived to take command of the troops1 native and foreign1 in ,belgium4 ,there was nothing left for ,napoleon except to fight4 ,in the latter end of ,may1 the headquarters of the ,french army of the north was established at ,avesnes1 in ,french ,flanders2 while1 in the apprehension of an invasion by the allied armies on that part1 ,laon and the ,castle of ,guise were put in a defensive condition4 ,on the #abth of ,june ,bonaparte left ,paris1 accompanied by ,marshal ,bertrand and ,general ,drouet1 and proceeded to ,laon4 ,,tri-,,coloured ,,eagles4 ,at this point we meet with a piece of ,george ,cruikshank's handiwork which is curious as indicative of the spirit which pervaded ,england at this momentous period4 ,i am not at present in a position to refer to a newspaper of the period2 but it would appear from the sketch referred to that1 on or about the very day that ,napoleon left ,paris to join the splendid army which six days afterwards was so disastrously routed at ,waterloo1 a city fte was held at the ,mansion ,house1 at which that eccentric and sturdy nationalist1 ,sir ,william ,curtis1 whose face and figure were a fortune to the caricaturists of the period1 covered the floor of the ,mansion ,house with the tri-coloured eagles captured from the ,french in ,peninsular battle-fields1 while the banners of ,england domineered from the walls above4 ,the exceedingly rare sketch which illustrates this incident is labelled appropriately by the artist1 ,opening of ,sir ,william ,curtis's ,campaign against the ,french ,colours4 ,six days afterwards1 the star of ,napoleon ,bonaparte had set for ever in the lurid and ensanguined battle clouds of ,waterloo4 ,scarcely one month later on--that is to say1 on the #aeth of ,july1 #ahae--;he had surrendered to ,captain ,maitland1 of his majesty's ship ,bellerophon1 under circumstances which1 while they reflect no discredit on the honour of that gallant officer1 seem to us1 so far as ,england was herself concerned1 scarcely to have justified her subsequent treatment of the great but unfortunate emperor4 ,with this1 however1 we have nothing to do4 ,the ,bellerophon on the evening of the #bcrd1 brought the distinguished exile within sight of the coast of ,england1 a circumstance to which a subsequent caricature 7etched by the artist7 has reference4 ,on the #fth of ,september was published by ,fores1 ,boney's ,threatened ,invasion brought to bear1 or ,taking a ,view of the ,english ,coast from ye ,poop of the ,bellerophon4 ,the little emperor1 confined to the mast by a chain fastened to his leg1 leaps on the breech of one of the ,bellerophon's guns1 spy-glass in hand4 ,by gar1 mon ,empereur1 says ,count ,bertrand1 dey have erect von prospect for you4 ,the prospect is far from encouraging--a fort with the ,english flag flying from the central tower1 and a gibbet erected in front of it4 ,no wonder that the emperor expresses himself dissatisfied with a prospect of so lugubrious a character4 ,an ,english sailor seated on a neighbouring gun1 delivers the sentiments of the day after the plain-spoken fashion of his countrymen4 ,this design1 which is by no means in the artist's usual style1 was etched by him from the design of some one whose name or initials are not recorded4 ,the actual circumstance to which the foregoing sketch refers is related to us by the commander of the ,bellerophon3-- ,at daybreak on the #bdth of ,july1 we were close off ,dartmouth4 ,count ,bertrand went into the cabin and informed ,bonaparte of it1 who came upon deck about half-past four1 and remained on the poop until the ship anchored in ,torbay4 ,he talked with admiration of the coast1 saying1 ',you have in that respect a great advantage over ,france1 which is surrounded by rocks and dangers4' ,on opening ,torbay1 he was much struck with the beauty of the scenery1 and exclaimed1 ',what a beautiful country6 ,it very1 very much resembles the bay of ,porto ,ferrago1 in ,elba4'#gb ,the same year1 and on the same subject1 the artist gives us ,boney's ,meditations on the ,island of ,st4 ,helena1 or the ,devil addressing the ,sun1 in which the idea is manifestly borrowed from a design by ,james ,gillray2 ,the ,corsican's ,last ,trip under the ,guidance of his ,good ,angel the devil2 ,the ,genius of ,france ,expounding her ,laws to the ,sublime ,people2 and a very admirable and original design1 ,the ,pedigree of ,corporal ,violet2 all of which are etched from the designs of other artists4 ,hardly was ,napoleon despatched to the island prison which was so shortly to prove his grave1 and replaced by the unwieldly ,louis1 than the latter came in for his full share of satire4 ,in another of ,george ,cruikshank's caricatures of the same year1 he shows us ,the ,royal ,laundress ,louis the ,eighteenth ,washing ,boney's ,court ,dresses1 ,napoleon watching the process the while from ,st4 ,helena4 ,ha1 ha6 he laughs1 such an old woman as you might rub a long while before they'll be all white1 for they are tri-coloured in grain4 ,another shows us fat ,louis climbing the mt de cocagne 7soaped pole7 and clutching the crown of ,france2 he clambers up on the shoulders of ,austria1 ,russia1 and ,prussia1 his immediate supporter being ,england4 ,napoleon watches his progress from across the sea2 ,i climbed up1 he says1 twice1 without any help4 ,other subjects of the year are3 ,friends in ,need1 and ,john's ,dream1 or the ,prince and ,old ,england for ,ever6 #ahaf4 ,,aversion ,,of ,,the ,,regent ,,to ,,retrenchment4 ,the repugnance of the ,regent to the economical measures which were forced upon the ministry in #ahaf is well-known4 ,the people complained with every just reason of the pressure of taxes1 which were levied1 as they said1 upon the industrious1 to be squandered in extravagant salaries1 sinecures1 and unmerited pensions4 ,they complained of the large standing army1 which the ,regent insisted to be necessary for the maintenance of our position and high character among the ,european powers4 ,the prince's aversion to the popular cry for retrenchment and reform is shown by one of ,george's caricatures entitled1 ,sick of the ,property ,tax1 or ,ministerial ,influenza1 published by ,fores on the #hth of ,march1 #ahaf1 where we see the ministers vomiting into a huge receptacle labelled ,budget1 the matter voided consisting of ,standing armies1 ,property tax1 ,increase of salaries1 and so on4 ,the gouty1 self-indulgent prince hobbles up to his ministers on a pair of crutches marked respectively1 ,more economy and ,increase of income4 ,under his arms he carries bundles of accounts1 most of which relate to his own private expenditure1 and are labelled1 ,expenses of ,brighton ,pavilion1 of ,furniture1 ,drinking expenses4 ,aye1 this comes1 he exclaims1 of your cursed pill economy1 which you forced me to take a month back2 no one knows what ,i have suffered from this economical spasm4 ,i am afraid we shall all be laid up together4 ,on the table behind him lie the medicines which have been prescribed for him1 certain pills labelled ,petitions against the property tax1 and a huge bolus ticketed economy1 to be taken immediately4 ,on the same subject a month later on is a sketch by an amateur1 etched by the artist1 bearing the title of ,economical ,humbug of #ahaf1 or ,saving at the ,spiggot and ,letting ,out at the ,bunghole4 ,from a series of small vats1 ,assessed taxes1 ,property tax1 ,customs1 ,excise1 and other streams of supply1 are pouring into a huge vat labelled ,the ,treasury of ,j4 ,bull's ,vital ,spirits4 ,vansittart1 ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 is carefully drawing off what he requires into a small bucket for the ,public ,service4 ,you see1 he says to ,mr4 ,bull1 who looks admiringly on1 ,i am not a quibbling pettifogger1 ,i am a man of my word2 for you see ,i have thrown away the great war spiggot1 and have substituted a small peace one in its stead1 which will cause an unknown saving to you4 ,this is all very well2 but the gouty ,regent has also tapped the vat on the other side1 and draws off the supplies in a copious stream into a receptacle labelled1 ,deficiencies of the ,civil ,list4 ,his friends and boon companions are bringing up a fresh supply of empty vessels to be filled in their turn2 one carries a barrel marked1 ,for household troops and standing army2 another is labelled1 ,sinecures1 places1 and pensions2 a third1 ,for cottages and pavilions2 and a fourth1 #fj1jjj for fun4 ,come1 my friends1 says the prince1 make haste and fill your buckets1 whilst ,van is keeping noisy ,johnny quiet with fine speeches and promises of economy1 which ,i am determined not to practise as long as ,i can get anything to expend2 and while he is saving at the spiggot1 we will have it out of the bunghole4#gc ,preparing for the ,match1 or the #bnd of ,may1 #ahaf1 has reference to the marriage of the ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales1 who1 as we have already seen1 was on that day united to ,prince ,leopold of ,saxe-,coburg4 ,it had been preceded by a well-designed but most indelicate satire1 labelled ,royal ,nuptials1 published by ,j4 ,johnstone on the #ast of ,april1 in which the prince is seen landing on our shores in a state of destitution1 with a pitiable lack of certain necessary articles of clothing1 which are being handed to him by ,john ,bull in the guise of a countryman4 ,the dramatis person are seven in number3 ,prince ,leopold1 ,john ,bull1 the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 the gouty ,regent1 the ,princess ,charlotte1 old ,queen ,charlotte1 with her snuff-box1 and1 behind her1 an old woman intended1 ,i believe1 for the poor old king himself4 ,the same year we find two other indelicate subjects3 ,a ,bazaar1 a skit upon the immorality and costume of the period1 comprising thirty figures2 and another1 in allusion to the marriage of the ,princess ,mary with her cousin1 the ,duke of ,gloucester1 on the #bbnd of ,july1 #ahaf4 ,to those who have asserted that ,george ,cruikshank never pandered to sensuality 444 or raised a laugh at the expense of decency1 that satire in his hands never degenerated into savagery or scurrility1 ,i would commend the serious consideration of the three satires ,i have last named4 ,,the ,,elgin ,,marbles4 ,at the time ,egypt was in the power of the ,french1 during the early part of the century1 ,lord ,elgin had quitted ,england upon a mission to the ,ottoman ,porte4 ,a great change has taken place in the attitude and bearing of the ,turks towards other ,european nations during the last half century2 but even at this time the contempt and dislike which had characterized them in their behaviour towards every denomination of ,christians still prevailed in full force4 ,the success1 however1 of the ,british arms in ,egypt1 and the expected restitution of that province to the ,porte1 seem to have wrought a wonderful and instantaneous change in the disposition of that power and its people towards ourselves2#gd and ,lord ,elgin1 availing himself of these favourable circumstances1 obtained in the summer of #ahja1 access to the ,acropolis of ,athens for general purposes1 with a concession to make excavations and to take away any stones that might appear interesting to himself4 ,the result 7shortly stated7 was the excavation of the once celebrated ,elgin marbles1 about which1 if we are to credit the report from which we glean this information1 his lordship would seem to have expended 7including the interest of capital7 some #gd1jjj4 ,the committee recommend the ,house1 under these circumstances1 coupled with the valuations which they had obtained from competent authorities1 that #ce1jjj was a reasonable and sufficient price to be paid for the collection1 and their purchase appears to have been completed on the basis of these figures1 a fact which forms the subject of the artist's undated and admirable satire of ,john ,bull ,buying ,stones at the ,time his ,numerous ,family ,want ,bread4 ,unsigned1 and under date of #beth of ,november1 #ahaf1 ,i find a caricature published by ,fores1 which seems to me due to the hand of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,it is entitled1 ,the ,nightmayor1 painted by ,fuzeley1 and represents a debased woman in the stertorous sleep of drunkenness1 whose muddled dream-thoughts revert to the experiences with which her evil habits have made her so frequently familiar4 ,the gin drinker has been brought before the ,lord ,mayor any number of times for being drunk and disorderly1 and accordingly her nightmare assumes the form of the city official1 who sits upon the body clothed in his robes and invested with the insignia of his office4 ,appended to the satire are the following lines3-- ,the night mayor flitting through the evening fogs1 ,traverses alleys1 streets1 courts1 lanes1 and bogs1 ,seeking some love-bewilder'd maid by gin oppress'd1 ,alights--and sits upon her downy breast4 ,the only other caricature of ,george ,i have to notice under date of #ahaf is entitled1 ,state ,physicians ,bleeding ,john ,bull to ,death4 7997 #ahag4 ,in our third chapter we referred to the distress which prevailed amongst the industrial classes during the two years which followed the fall of ,bonaparte4#ge ,we meet with an exceedingly rare pictorial satire by ,george ,cruikshank1 which relates to this state of things2 it bears the title of1 ,john ,bull ,brought up for a ,discharge1 but ,remanded on ,account of ,extravagance and ,false ,schedule1 and was published by ,fores on the #bith of ,march1 #ahag4 ,john ,bull1 a bankrupt1 is being publicly examined as to the causes of his failure3 ,being desired by the court to give some explanation on the subject of the prodigious difference between his debts and his assets1 he said that he had been persuaded originally to join with some of the parishioners in indicting his neighbour1 ,mr4 ,frog1 for keeping a disorderly house2 that they had engaged to bear their part of the expenses1 but had all sneaked off one by one1 and left him to pay the whole1 and carry on the proceedings4 ,it had at last1 after being moved from one court to another1 become a suit in ,chancery2 and he had been advised by the gentleman whom he had always consulted on these matters1 and who was now dead1 to go on and persevere1 for that he would be sure to get a final decree in his favour1 and all the costs4 ,he had at last1 in fact1 got a decree in his favour1 about two years since1 before ,lord ,chancellor ,wellington1 and for the costs2 but not a farthing had ever been paid1 nor was it likely to be2 on the contrary1 ,mr4 ,frog had surrendered himself1 and gone to prison1 where he was now living at this moment1 at his ,mr4 ,bull's expense4 ,besides1 the house in question was now opened again under a new license1 granted by the magistrates of the district 444 or rather1 a renewal of the old one1 in favour of the brother of the person who had kept it formerly1 444 and the new landlord had taken down the late sign of the ,bee ,hive1 and put up the old one of the ,fleur-de-lis2 but it was nearly as disorderly as ever1 and the magistrates were obliged to keep up a great number of special constables to preserve the peace of the neighbourhood4#gf ,john ,bull1 in his best blue coat and white waistcoat1 and suffering under an attack of gout is going through the ordeal of his public examination before the judge4 ,in front of this functionary is the bankrupt's schedule1 on which we read the following items3-- ,amount of ,income #bd1jjj1jjj ,expenditure #hj1jjj1jjj ,dr4 ,nick ,frog #aj1jjj1jjj ,paul ,bruin #a1jjj1jjj ,frank ,force-child #h1jjj1jjj ,will ,eagle ,eye #f1jjj1jjj ,ferd4 ,faithless #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,in the body of the court1 and separated from the commissioner by a wooden enclosure1 the upper edge of which is lined with bayonets pointing inwards1 are a number of the bankrupt's wretched creditors1 whom ,death1 clothed in a red coat and armed with a mace1 vainly strives to keep quiet4 ,ck4 fect4 in such faint letters that they might easily escape detection1 is appended to this remarkable composition4 ,in our third chapter we also referred to the serious disturbances which followed and were the consequences of the public discontents of #ahag1 and the fact that the names of four informers1 ,castle1 ,oliver1 ,edwards1 and ,franklin were identified with those of the chief fomenters of sedition in the metropolis and the northern counties4#gg ,in further illustration of the satires in which these fellows put in an appearance1 we have one by ,george ,cruikshank 7published by ,fores on the #ast of ,july71 and labelled1 ,conspirators1 or ,delegates in ,council4 ,we may here mention that on the #ith of ,june1 one ,watson1 a surgeon1 was tried for high treason at ,westminster ,hall1 and acquitted on the #afth1 whereupon the ,attorney ,general abandoned the prosecution against ,thistlewood1 ,preston1 and ,hooper1 who were also indicted under a like charge4 ,all the accused were in indigent or humble circumstances1 and the chief witness against them appears to have been ,castle4 ,among the five persons sitting round the table1 we recognise ,castle 7whose villainous face is turned towards us7 and ,oliver4 ,the others we cannot identify4 ,the aristocratic looking gentleman receiving them so blandly is my ,lord ,castlereagh4 ,don't you think1 my lord1 says the person next him1 ,don't you think that our friends ,castle and ,oliver should be sent to ,lisbon or somewhere1 as consul-generals or envoys8 ,can't you1 says his lordship to the beetle-browed ruffians by way of rejoinder1 ,can't you negotiate for some boroughs8 ,john ,bull1 looking through the window at these negotiations1 with much indignation1 and recognising in these fellows the rascals by whom he has been ensnared into committing criminal acts1 hints in very plain terms that the conduct pursued by such men was the high road to political favour in #ahag4 ,among the papers on the table we notice a ,plan for the attack on the ,regent's carriage2#gh a bundle of treasonable papers to be slipped into the pockets of some duped artisans2 another1 indicating the means to be taken to implicate ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 ,lord ,cochrane1 and other popular agitators of that day2 ,a list of victims in ,ireland1 and so on4 ,on the floor at his lordship's feet lie some of the tri-coloured flags unfurled at the ,spafields meeting2 the obvious inference intended to be conveyed being of course that the ,government were really at the bottom of the popular disturbances4 ,r-y-l ,condescension1 or a ,foreign ,minister ,astonished1 published by ,fores on the #aeth of ,september1 #ahag1 is one of ,george ,cruikshank's most finished but at the same time indelicate compositions4 ,it refers to the rumours affecting the ,princess ,caroline's reputation which preceded the bill of pains and penalties1 to which we have already alluded4 ,it appears to us to have originated out of the following circumstance4 ,it was asserted that at a masked ball which the princess had given shortly after she left ,england to the then ,king of ,naples1 ,joachim ,murat1 she appeared in three different disguises2 that in one of these1 ,the ,genius of ,history1 she had appeared in so unclothed a state as to call for particular observation2 her third disguise was a ,turkish costume4 ,it was further asserted that in her changes of dress she had been assisted1 not by her female attendants1 but by the person with whom her name was so familiarly associated4 ,in the sketch before us1 ,her ,royal ,highness's corpulent and redundant figure is clothed in a tight-fitting ,turkish dress and trousers1 her head being covered by a ponderous turban4 ,the five figures composing her suite are the ,courier ,bartolomeo ,bergami1 his brothers ,louis and ,vollotti ,bergami1 his sister1 and ,william ,austin1 the youth she had adopted1#gi and who1 it was proved1 slept in her bed-chamber4 ,the whole are decorated with the crosses and ribbons of the absurd order which she was said to have instituted4 ,the courtly1 well dressed foreign gentleman to whom she is introducing these vulgar persons appears to be intended for ,metternich1 who1 while thanking ,her ,royal ,highness for her condescension1 looks the very picture of unfeigned but well-bred astonishment4 ,,death ,,of ,,princess ,,charlotte4 ,in the evening of the #ahth of ,november1 #ahag1 a mournful procession1 at which all the great officers of state attended1 quitted ,claremont ,house en route for ,windsor4 ,at the impressive ceremony which followed1 ,garter ,king at ,arms proclaimed its melancholy purport in the following words3 ,thus it has pleased ,almighty ,god to take out of this transitory life1 unto ,his ,divine mercy1 the late most illustrious ,princess ,charlotte ,augusta1 daughter of ,his ,royal ,highness1 ,george1 ,prince of ,wales1 ,regent of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,it was even so4 ,the pride and hope of the nation1 the heiress of the crown1 was on the #fth of ,november delivered of a still-born child1 and within a very few hours afterwards had succumbed to the unlooked-for and fatal exhaustion which followed4 ,the grief which this occasioned was so universal that every one seemed to realize the fact that he or she had sustained an individual loss2 scarcely perhaps in ,english history had the death of a member of a royal family been more sincerely and truly regretted4 ,the mournful event is referred to by the artist in a more than usually touching sketch1 entitled1 ,england's ,hope ,departing4 ,among the medical attendants of ,her ,royal ,highness who followed her to the grave1 was the accoucheur1 ,sir ,richard ,croft1 ,bart4 ,this distinguished gentleman was so deeply affected with the unlooked-for result1 that his mind refused to recover its tone1 and within a month afterwards he committed self-destruction4 ,other pictorial satires of ,george ,cruikshank1 bearing the date of #ahag1 are3 ,fashionables of #ahag1 two figures--a male and female--outrageously caricatured1 a rough affair1 altogether differing from his usual style2 the well-known double entendre1 ,a ,view of the ,regent's ,bomb1 which1 with our knowledge of his sensitiveness on the subject of his personal appearance1 must have given the exalted personage thus outrageously satirized the greatest possible mortification2 ,the ,spa ,fields ,orator ,hunting for ,popularity to do ,good1 7997 a punning satire on ,orator ,hunt2 ,a ,patriot ,luminary ,extinguishing ,noxious ,gas 7etched from the design of another artist72 and two admirable designs bearing the titles of ,vis--,vis and ,les ,graces4 ,the same year we meet with one of the earliest of his alliterative satires1 afterwards so frequently to be seen among the famous illustrations to the ,comic ,almanack3 ,la ,belle ,assemble1 or ,sketches of ,characteristic ,dancing1 miscellaneous groups1 comprising in all thirty figures 7exclusive of the orchestra71 engaged in a country dance1 a ,scotch reel1 an ,irish jig1 a minuet1 the ,german waltz1 a ,french quadrille1 the ,spanish bolero1 and a ballet ,italienne4 ,the walls are hung with pictures of dancing dogs1 a dancing bear1 a dancing horse1 rope dancing1 the dance of ,st4 ,vitus1 and ,dancing ,mad4 ,besides this1 we find the same year two large sheets showing the ,striking ,effects produced by ,lines and ,dots1 for the ,assistance of every ,draughtsman1 suggested by1 but a very vast improvement on1 ,g4 ,m4 ,woodward's ,multum in ,parvo1 or ,liliputian ,sketches1 showing what may be done by ,lines and ,dots4 #ahah4 ,,adulteration ,,of ,,tea4 ,a report of the ,house of ,commons1 showing how four million pounds weight of sloe1 liquorice1 and ash-tree leaves were annually mixed with ,chinese teas in ,england1 was supplemented by a trial in the ,court of ,exchequer1 in which a grocer named ,palmer was fined in #hdj penalties1 for the fabrication of spurious tea4 ,it appeared that there was a regular manufactory of imitation tea in ,goldstone ,street1 which was composed of thorn leaves1 which1 after passing through a peculiar process1 were coloured with logwood2 the same leaves1 after being pressed and dried1 were laid upon sheets of copper1 coloured with verdigris and ,dutch pink1 and sold as green tea4 ,these revelations led1 in #ahah1 to the artist's admirable caricature of ,the ,t ,trade in ,hot-water1 or a ,pretty ,kettle of ,fish3 dedicated to ,j4 ,canister and ,t4 ,spoon1 ,esquires4 ,besides these1 we have the same year3 ,an ,interesting ,scene on ,board an ,east ,indian1 a very coarse but admirable performance2 ,introduction to the ,gout 7a fiend dropping a hot coal on the toe of a bon vivant72 ,a ,fine ,lady1 or the ,incomparable1 in which it appears to us that ,robert had a hand2 ,les ,savoyards and ,le ,palais ,royal de ,paris2 ,comparative ,anatomy1 or the ,dandy ,trio2 and ,the ,art of ,walking the ,streets of ,london1 eight subjects1 etched by the artist after the design of ,george ,moutard ,woodward4 ,illustration3 ,designed1 ,etched and ,published by ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,november #ast1 #ahbi4 ,a ,,scene ,,in ,,kensington ,,gardens1 ,,or ,,fashions ,,and ,,frights ,,of #ahbi4 ,face p4 #aeb4 ,on the #dth of ,december1 #ahah1 the number of convicts lying under sentence of death in his ,majesty's gaol of ,newgate1 amounted to no less than sixty1 of whom ten were females2 probably not three of these unfortunate beings would have been hung now-a-days4 ,under the ,draconian laws1 however1 then in force1 people were hung in scores for passing forged one-pound ,bank of ,england notes2 and this barbarous state of things1 disgraceful to a ,christian country1 led to the famous and telling satire of the ,bank ,restriction ,note1 one of the very few which seem to have escaped oblivion1 and which1 having been repeated and reproduced in all the latest essays which have been written on him1 calls for no extra description from ourselves4 ,it is said to have had the effect desired1 and that no man or woman was ever hanged after this for passing forged one-pound ,bank of ,england notes4 #ahai4 ,in #ahai we have one of ,george ,cruikshank's severe and telling attacks upon the ,prince ,regent1 in ,sales by ,auction1 or ,provident ,children disposing of their ,deceased ,mother's ,effects for the ,benefit of the ,creditors 79971 in which he shows us the prince knocking down 7in his character of auctioneer7 his dead mother's old hats1 gowns1 and clothing1 and begging the bystanders to bid liberally4 ,at the foot of the rostrum lie sundry snuff-boxes and pots1 labelled ,queen's ,mixture and ,prince's ,mixture 7in allusion to the old queen's habits71 ,strasburg 7in reference to her ,german tastes and nationality71 together with her old china tea-set4 ,this year is remarkable for producing perhaps the most ambitious and admirable allegory which the artist ever designed2 it bears the title of ,old ,thirty-nine ,shaking ,hands with his ,good ,brother the ,pope of ,italy1 or ,covering ,up versus ,sealing the ,bible4 ,old ,thirty-nine 7an ,english bishop7 stands on a pile of volumes labelled1 ,never-out-ism1 ,ante-biblism1 ,never-the-same-ism1 etc41 whilst the pope1 standing on the opposite side on a mass of books bearing similar suggestive titles1 shakes hands with his good brother4 ,by the pope's side we find the devil busily engaged in sealing up the ,bible4 ,behind him stands the ,temple of ,mammon1 surrounded by a crowd of reverend worshippers4 ,two fiends standing by the side of ,old ,thirty-nine make preparations for a bonfire1 to which sundry bundles labelled1 ,articles of ,faith1 ,athanasian ,creed1 ,catechism1 ,liturgies1 ,nicene ,creed1 and so on1 will contribute materials4 ,out of a building in the rear1 inscribed1 ,national ,school for ,thirty-niners only1 issues a procession of ecclesiastics and beadles carrying banners4 ,in the foreground stands the figure of ,divine ,truth1 surrounded by little children1 and perusing the pages of the ,holy ,bible1 held for that purpose by an angel4 ,a roughly executed affair in two compartments1 ,preachee and ,floggee ,too1 satirizes certain clerical magistrates who1 while preaching mercy and forgiveness in the pulpit1 distinguish themselves by the severity of their sentences for minor offences on the magisterial bench4 ,the titles of other subjects of the year are3 ,the ,hobby ,horse ,dealer2 ,johnny ,bull and his ,forged ,notes1 or ,rags and ,ruin in the ,paper ,currency2 ,smoke ,jack1 the ,alarmist1 ,extinguishing the ,second ,great ,fire of ,london2 ,love1 ,law1 and ,physic 79972 ,the ,sailor's ,progress 7six subjects72 ,dandies in ,france1 or ,le ,restorateur 79972 ,a ,match for the ,king's ,plate2 ,the ,belle ,alliance1 or the ,female ,reformers of ,blackburn 79972 ,voila t'on mort2 and ,royal ,red ,bengal ,tiger 7etched from the designs of other artists72 ,irish ,decency 7two caricatures72 ,giant ,grumbo and the ,black ,dwarf1 or ,lord ,g---- and the ,printers ,devil2 and ,our ,tough old ,ship ,steered ,safely into ,harbour maugre ,sharks of the ,day 79974 ,an unsigned caricature1 published by ,fores on the #aeth of ,may1 #ahai1 appears to me to be due to the hand of ,george ,cruikshank4 ,it bears the title of ,the ,dandy ,tailor ,planning a ,new ,hungry ,dress1 and would appear to have reference to some contemplated introduction of foreign mercenaries into the ,english service4 ,the tailor1 while stitching a military jacket1 sings a song of which the following is a verse1-- ,a tailor there was1 and he lived in a stall1 ,which served him for palace1 for kitchen1 and hall4 ,no coin in his pocket1 no nous in his pate1 ,no ambition has he1 nor no wish to be great4 ,derry down1 down1 down1 derry down6 ,a foreigner enters in military costume1 introducing two foreign mercenaries4 ,dese men1 he says1 will teach you de proper vay to make de ,hungarian soldats4 ,i did bring dem expres'4 ,observe des grands mustaches4 ,no more ,english soldats4 ,a military figure in jack boots1 standing by the side of the tailor1 holds the goose in readiness for his master's use4 ,the ,prince ,regent1 especially as ,george the ,fourth1 was fond of inventing new military costumes1 and ,mr4 ,greville describes him in #ahbi 7the year before his death7 as employed in devising a new dress for the guards2 but by the mitre at his back1 and the reference to his impecunious position1 ,i should take this tailor to be intended for the ,duke of ,york4 #ahbj4 ,ah6 sure such a pair was never seen1 so justly formed to meet by nature6 7997 represents a couple of pears1 in which we recognise likenesses of ,george the ,fourth and ,queen ,caroline1 the features of the king being expressive of strong disgust4 ,after ,lord ,liverpool had decided not to send the ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties to the ,commons1 for the reason stated in a previous chapter1 the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council of the ,city of ,london distinguished themselves by presenting1 on the #ajth of ,december1 an address to their most gracious sovereign1 complaining of things in general1 and of public expenditure in particular1 the real cause of complaint1 however1 being the alleged criminality which1 as the petitioners stated1 had been falsely ascribed to the queen4 ,this address1 which was conceived in the worst possible taste1 concluded with the following outrageous prayer3 ,we therefore humbly pray your ,majesty to dismiss from your presence and councils for ever those ministers whose pernicious measures have so long endangered the throne1 undermined the constitution1 and blighted the prosperity of the nation4 ,now1 only fancy any ,corporation of ,london in our time signalizing itself by presenting a petition to ,her ,most ,gracious ,majesty1 complaining of the measures of ,lord ,beaconsfield or ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and praying her to dismiss them from her councils6 ,the king returned the following answer3 ,it has been with the most painful feelings that ,i have heard the sentiments contained in the address and petition now presented to me by the ,lord ,mayor1 ,aldermen1 and ,common ,council of the ,city of ,london4 ,whatever may be the motives of those by whom it is brought forward1 its evident tendency is to inflame the passions and mislead the judgment of the unwary and less enlightened part of my subjects1 and thus to aggravate all the difficulties with which we have to contend4 ,this episode suggested to ,george one of the most admirable of his caricatures3 ,a ,scene in the ,new ,farce as performed at the ,royalty ,theatre4 ,the corpulent monarch1 in the character and costume of ,henry the ,eighth1 is receiving a number of deputations from all parts of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 bearing petitions praying him to dismiss his ministry1 the members of which stand on each side of the throne1 one of the number being habited as a jester4 ,this exceedingly rare plate carries on it the following explanation3 ,king ,henry ,,viii4 being petitioned to dismiss his ministers and council by the citizens of ,london and many boroughs1 to relieve his oppressed subjects1 made the citizens this sagacious reply3 ',we1 with all our cabinet1 think it strange that ye who be but brutes and inexpert folk1 should tell us who be and who be not fit for our council4' #ahba4 ,another of ,george ,cruikshank's rare and valuable contributions to the ,queen ,caroline series of pictorial satires is labelled ,the ,royal ,rushlight1 which many people 7among them the ,chancellor and corpulent ,george7 are vainly endeavouring to blow out4 ,by way 7it may be7 of contrast1 this excellent satire has appended to it the following miserable doggerel1-- ,cook1 coachee1 men and maids1 very nearly all in buff1 ,came and swore in their lives they never met with such a light2 ,and each of the family by turns had a puff ,at the little farthing rushlight4 ,but none of the family could blow out the rushlight4 ,,death ,,of ,,queen ,,caroline4 ,with the year #ahba came the closing scene in the drama of ,caroline's unhappy but singularly undignified career4 ,on the occasion of the king's coronation she had applied to ,lord ,liverpool1 desiring to be informed what arrangements had been made for her convenience1 and who were appointed her attendants at the approaching ceremony4 ,an answer was returned that1 it was a right of the ,crown to give or withhold the order for her ,majesty's coronation1 and that his ,majesty would be advised not to give any directions for her participation in the arrangements2 but with the obstinacy of purpose which was so fatal a blemish in her character1 and which seems to have been the primary cause of all her misfortunes1 she insisted on her right1 and declared moreover her firm intention of attending the ceremony4 ,a respectful but peremptory reply was returned1 reasserting the legal prerogative of the ,crown1 and announcing that the former intimation must be understood as amounting to a prohibition of her attendance4 ,she was however so ill-advised as to present herself early on the morning of the day 7the #aith of ,july7 at the doors of the ,abbey of ,westminster4 ,the door-keepers refused to allow her to enter as queen2 and she was forced to submit to the mortification of having to retire without having succeeded 7as it was her evident intention to have done7 in marring the arrangements for the splendid ceremony4 ,by this time the enthusiasm in her favour had greatly evaporated1 and she was received even coldly by her friends the assembled mob4 ,the mortification proved fatal to her2 very shortly afterwards she was taken ill1 and died in less than three weeks after the unnecessary mortification to which she had thus insisted on exposing herself4 ,it is probable that if the wishes of her executors had been allowed to be carried out1 the unfortunate woman would have been carried to her grave in peace4 ,she had directed that her remains should1 three days after her death1 be carried to ,brunswick for interment2 and had ,lord ,liverpool been wise1 he would have left the executors to carry out the arrangements after their own fashion4 ,unfortunately1 the ,government decided to take the arrangements into their own hands1 and to lay down the route 7the shortest7 by which the mournful procession should proceed to ,harwich4 ,no fault can be found with the arrangements themselves1 which were intended to pay the greatest respect to the memory of the deceased2 but the cautions they took brought about the very result they were anxious to avoid1 and at once revived all the slumbering sympathies of the mob in favour of the unhappy queen4 ,a squabble took place at the outset1 ,dr4 ,lushington1 as one of the executors1 protesting against the removal of the corpse2 but1 escorted by squadrons of ,horse-guards ,blue1 the procession left ,brandenburg ,house at eight o'clock in the morning of the #aeth of ,august1 in a drizzling rain4 ,the cavalcade reached ,kensington in solemn order2 but on arriving at the ,gravel ,pits1 and attempting to turn off to the left1 its progress was instantly blocked by wagons and carts placed across the road1 while a body of men formed across the streets twenty deep and evinced every disposition to dispute the passage4 ,a severe conflict took place between them and the constables1 several on both sides being hurt4 ,for an hour and a half the procession waited for orders1 and at length it moved towards ,london4 ,on reaching ,kensington ,gore a squadron of the ,life ,guards1 with a magistrate at their head1 tried in vain to open the park gates1 the crowd vociferating in the meantime1 ,to the city6 the city6 ,on reaching ,hyde ,park ,corner1 the gate there was found barricaded with carts1 and the procession then moved on to ,park ,lane1 which being also blocked up1 it turned back hastily and entered ,hyde ,park1 through which it proceeded at a trot1 the soldiers having cleared away the obstacles at the gate4 ,on reaching ,cumberland ,gate1 it was found closed by the populace1 and in the conflict which ensued the park wall was thrown down by the pressure of the crowd1 who hurled the stones at the soldiers1 in return for the use the latter had made of their sabres in clearing the passage4 ,many of the military and their horses were hurt2 and some of the soldiers1 irritated by their rough usage1 resorted to their pistols and carbines1 and two persons 7,richard ,honey1 a carpenter1 and ,george ,francis1 a bricklayer7 were unfortunately killed1 and others wounded4 ,the ,edgeware ,road was blockaded1 but quickly cleared1 and the procession moved on till it arrived at the turnpike gate near the top of ,tottenham ,court ,road4 ,there the mob made so determined a stand that further opposition was deemed unadvisable1 and the popular will being at length acceded to1 the cavalcade forthwith took its way into the city4 ,every street through which a turn could have been made in order to enter the ,new ,road or the ,city ,road was found barricaded4 ,as the funeral passed through the city1 the ,oxford ,blues doing duty there1 who had not participated in the outrage1 were cordially greeted by the populace on either side of the street4 ,the inquests on the bodies of the dead men lasted for a considerable period4 ,in the case of ,francis1 a verdict of wilful murder against a life guardsman unknown was returned2 whilst in that of ,honey1 the verdict was manslaughter against the officers and men of the first regiment of ,life ,guards on duty at the time4 ,this event is recorded by ,george in a caricature entitled1 ,the ,manslaughter ,men1 or a ,horse ,laugh at the ,law of the ,land1--two ghostly gory figures rising from their graves1 which are respectively inscribed1 ,verdict1 wilful murder1 and ,verdict1 manslaughter2 a group of life guardsmen grin and point at the body1 and one of them jeeringly remarks1 ,shake not thy bloody locks at me2 ye cannot say who did it4 ,another satire on the same subject bears the title of ,the ,horse ,chancellor obtaining a ,verdict1 or ,killing no ,murder4 ,other subjects of this year are the following3 ,and when ,ahitophel saw that his ,counsel was not followed1 he ,saddled his ,ass1 and arose and went and ,hanged himself2 ,o6 ,o6 there's a ,minister of the ,gospel2 ,the ,royal ,extinguisher1 or the ,king of ,brobdingnag and the ,liliputians 7etched after the design of ,isaac ,robert74 ,six subjects1 ,la ,diligence and ,la ,doriane1 ,venus de ,medici and ,mer de ,glace1 ,visit to ,vesuvius and ,forum ,boarium1 and ,nosing the ,nob at ,ramsgate1 a coarsely executed satire aimed at his ,majesty and his eccentric subject1 ,alderman ,sir ,william ,curtis4 #ahbb4 ,,sir ,,william ,,curtis4 ,sir ,william ,curtis1 alderman1 trader1 and formerly member for the city1 is one of the most prominent figures in the satires of his time4 ,making every allowance for caricature drawing1 the likeness must have been on the whole a faithful though an exaggerated one2 for in all the numerous comical sketches in which he makes an appearance1 we never fail to recognise his ruby nose and ponderous figure4 ,we have already seen him figuring by way of ludicrous contrast with ,claude ,ambroise ,seurat1 the living skeleton1 and we shall now find him associated by the caricaturists with no less a person than the king himself4 ,when his majesty1 in #ahbb1 paid his visit to ,scotland1 and by way of compliment to the country and her traditions assumed the garb of old ,gael1 ,alderman ,sir ,william ,curtis1 who followed his sovereign at a respectful distance1 out of compliment to the country1 her traditions1 his most gracious majesty1 and himself1 put his own corpulent form into fancy costume1 and likewise donned the ,highland garb4 ,the absurdly ludicrous result is told us by ,lockhart4 ,the king at his first levee diverted many1 and delighted ,scott by appearing in the full ,highland garb--the same brilliant ,stewart tartans1 so-called1 in which certainly no ,stewart1 except ,prince ,charles1 had ever before presented himself in the saloons of ,holyrood4 ,his majesty's ,celtic toilette had been carefully watched and assisted by the gallant ,laird of ,garth1 who was not a little proud of the result of his dexterous manipulations of the rough plaid1 and pronounced the king 'a vara pretty man4' ,and he did look a most stately and imposing person in that beautiful dress2 but his satisfaction therein was cruelly disturbed when he discovered1 towering and blazing among and above the genuine ,glengarries and ,macleods and ,mac,gregors1 a figure even more portly than his own1 equipped from a sudden impulse of loyal ardour in an equally complete set of the self-same conspicuous ,stewart tartans3-- ',he caught ,sir ,william ,curtis in a kilt-- ,while throng'd the chiefs of every ,highland clan ,to hail their brother1 ,vich ,ian ,alderman4'#hj ,in truth this portentous apparition cast an air of ridicule and caricature over the whole of ,sir ,walter's celtified pageantry4 ,a sharp little bailie from ,aberdeen1 who had previously made acquaintance with the worthy ,guildhall baronet1 and tasted the turtle soup of his voluptuous yacht1 tortured him as he sailed down the long gallery of ,holyrood1 by suggesting that after all his costume was not quite perfect4 ,sir ,william1 who had been rigged out1 as the auctioneer's advertisements say1 'regardless of expense1' exclaimed that he must be mistaken1 begged he would explain his criticism1 and1 as he spoke1 threw a glance of admiration on his skene dhu 7black knife71 which1 like a true 'warrior and hunter of deer1' he wore stuck into one of his garters4 ',oo ay6 ,oo ay6' quoth the ,aberdonian2 'the knife's a' right1 mon--but faar's your speen8' 7where's your spoon87 ,such was ,scott's story2 but whether he 'gave it a cocked hat and walking cane1' in the hope of restoring the king's good humour1 so grievously shaken by this heroical doppel ganger1 it is not very necessary to inquire4#ha ,which indeed of the absurd pair looked the most ridiculous it would be hard to say3 a great-grandson of ,george the ,second in the ,highland garb of ,bonnie ,prince ,charlie1 was perhaps as absurd an anachronism as a fat cockney alderman in the same fancy costume4 ,our friends the caricaturists were fully alive to these puerilities4 ,an anonymous caricature of the day celebrates the ludicrous event in a satire entitled1 ,equipt for a ,northern ,visit1 which represents the fat king and the fat alderman in kilts1 the point of the pictorial epigram lying in the fact that the corpulent king recommends his corpulent subject to lay aside the costume as unbecoming to a man of his proportions4 ,george has several pictorial satires on the same fertile theme2 one of these1 ,bonnie ,willie1 depicts the huge man in ,highland garb4 ,a rare and most amusing caricature shows us the supposed unfortunate ,results of this ,northern ,excursion4 ,the fat king and his fat subject have caught the northern complaint vulgarly termed the ,scottish fiddle1 and are vigorously going through the traditionary process of rubbing themselves against the post1 blessing the while his grace the ,duke of ,argyle4 ,an ,english acquaintance1 not unnaturally afraid of infection1 refuses the alderman's proffered hand4 ,a caricature of altogether another kind commemorates a raid made by the ,bow ,street officers on the numerous gaming establishments of #ahbb4 ,it is called1 ,cribbage1 ,shuffling1 ,whist1 and a ,round ,game1 is divided into six compartments1 and is most humorously and admirably treated4 ,the principal performers are the knaves of cards4 ,one of the compartments shows us the knaves on the treadmill1 which is marked ,fortune's ,wheel2 while in another a knave is undergoing the discipline of the cat1 and calling out at every stroke ,e4 ,o46 ,e4 ,o46 ,e4 ,o46#hb ,,statue ,,of ,,achilles4 ,sir ,richard ,westmacott's statue of ,achilles was executed in #ahbb4 ,the nude1 undraped colossal figure1 which was subscribed for by the ladies of ,england in honour of the ,duke of ,wellington and his soldiers1 was the occasion of numerous contemporary satires--most of them 7in those plain-spoken days7 of the broadest possible character4 ,one of the most indelicate 7997 7drawn by the artist from the sketch or suggestion of another7 gives a burlesque front and back view of the figure1 which is surrounded by a number of people 7principally ladies71 among whom we recognise a caricature likeness of the ,dook4 ,the inscription runs as follows3 ,to ,arthur ,bradley1 and his jolly companions every one1 this brazen image of ,patrick ,o',killus1 ,esq41 is inscribed by their countrywomen4#hc ,besides the foregoing1 we meet this year with ,a ,lollipop-,ally ,campagne and ,brandy ,ball 79972 ,premium1 ,par1 and ,discount2 ,showing-off--,bang up--,prime 79972 and ,a ,sailor's description of a ,chase and ,capture 79974 #ahbc4 ,a large proportion of his satires for #ahbc are aimed at ,louis the ,eighteenth's ,spanish expedition1 the object of which we have already related4 ,one of these shows us ,france the great ,nation driven by the ,north into the ,south2 in another1 ,ferdinand the ,seventh and the ,duc d',angoulme figure respectively as a ,spanish ,mule and a ,french ,jackass2 ,a ,french ,hilt on a ,spanish ,rapier1 is likewise dedicated to the ,duc d',angoulme2 another shows us ,old ,bumblehead the #ahth trying on ,napoleon's ,boots2 a fifth is entitled1 ,a ,hint to the ,blind and ,foolish1 or the ,bourbon ,dynasty in ,danger2 while a sixth shows us ,louis the ,fat troubled with ,nightmare and ,dreams of ,terror4 ,in all these caricatures1 the figure of ,napoleon1 already sleeping his last sleep at ,st4 ,helena--the place of his exile and of his grave--is represented by way of contrast to the unwieldly and incompetent ,bourbon4 ,another caricature1 the point of which ,i fail to see1 bears the title of ,the ,tables ,turn'd1 or the ,devil ,outwitted and ,cruelly ,punished1--a ,scene on the ,portsmouth ,treadmill2 this last1 though said to be designed by an amateur1 and etched by ,g4 ,ck41 is unquestionably all his own4 #ahbd4 ,drilling ,one-tenth of the ,military in the ,manual ,exercise1 and ,saint ,shela 7two subjects71 have reference to the ,tenth ,hussars and ,battier scandal1 mentioned in a previous chapter2#hd other subjects of #ahbd are3 ,parisian ,luxury 7a man being shaved in a bath72 ,preparing for a ,duel2 and ,the ,ostend ,packet in a ,squall2 all etched by ,george from the designs of other artists4 ,the mania for joint-stock companies in #ahbe1 was scarcely equalled by the speculation mania which inaugurated the passing in our own time of the ,limited ,liability ,act4 ,in #ahbd and the beginning of #ahbe1 two hundred and seventy-six companies had been projected1 of which the aggregate capital 7on paper only7 represented #agd1aad1jej4 ,thirty-three of these were established for the construction of canals and docks1 forty-eight of railroads1 forty-two for the supply of gas1 six of milk1 and eight of water1 four for the working of coal1 and thirty-four of metal mines2 twenty new insurance companies were started1 twenty-three banks1 twelve navigation and packet companies1 three fisheries1 two for boring tunnels under the ,thames1 three for the embellishment and improvement of the metropolis1 two for sea-water baths1 and the rest for miscellaneous purposes2 it is a somewhat significant fact that two only had for their object the establishment of newspapers4 ,notwithstanding the manifest absurdity of many of these projects1 the shares of several--especially of the mining adventurers in ,south ,america--rose to enormous premiums4 ,among the last may be mentioned those of the ,real del ,monte1 the price of which1 between the #ajth of ,december and the #aath of ,january1 rose from #eej to #acej1 and the ,united ,mexican during the same period from #ce to #aeej4 ,on these last shares only #aj had been paid1 and on the former only #gj4 ,speaking of this mania1 the ,rev4 ,t4 ,f4 ,dibdin 7in his ,reminiscences7 says1 ,if it did not partake of the name1 it had certainly all the wild characteristics of the ,south ,sea ,bubble4 ,to-day you had only to put your name down to a share or shares in the ,rio de la ,plata or other ,south ,american mines1 and to-morrow a supplicant purchaser would give you fifty per cent4 for every share taken4 ,the old were bewitched 444 the young were in ecstasies4 ,everybody made a rush for the city4 ,a new world of wealth had been discovered4 ,it was only to ask and have4 ,george ,cruikshank refers to this state of things in a caricature called1 ,a ,scene in the ,farce of ,lofty ,projects1 as ,performed with great success for the benefit and amusement of ,john ,bull4 ,besides these1 he gives us ,the ,four ,mr4 ,prices 7,high ,price1 ,low ,price1 ,full ,price1 and ,half ,price74 ,i can assign no date to ,waiting on the ,ladies2 ,the ,death of the ,property ,tax1 or ,thirty-seven ,mortal ,wounds for ,ministers and the ,inquisitorial ,commissioners2 or to ,the ,court at ,brighton1 la ,chinese1 one of the most admirable of the whole series4 ,in this last1 the fat prince habited as a mandarin1 is seated on a sofa between the ,princess ,charlotte and an enormously fat woman1 probably intended for the ,marchioness of ,conyngham4 ,he is handing to a ,chinese official a paper inscribed ,instructions for ,lord ,amhurst1 to get fresh patterns of ,chinese deformities to finish the decorations of ,pavilion ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,a specimen of regency taste and sympathies stands on a pedestal in the form of the ,hottentot ,venus1 while a statuette of the fat prince himself1 habited in a red coat1 white waistcoat1 yellow inexpressibles1 and silk stockings1 is labelled the ,british ,adonis4 ,the princess recommends her papa to order the officer to bring her over a ,chinaman1 instead of getting her a husband among our ,german cousins4 ,a variety of miscellaneous articles are strewn about the floor1 among them a box containing the ,regent's wigs and whiskers1 a treatise on ,the ,art of making ,punch1 the indispensable hamper of champagne1 and a pair of curling irons2 while no one will fail to recognise the interior of the ,brighton ,pavilion as the scene where this admirable satire is laid4 ,another undated satire remains to be noticed3 it represents a young man in a boat with three young women1 one of them of considerable personal attractions1 that is to say from a ,cruikshankian point of view1 and evidently a likeness4 ,on the shore stands another young woman and her child1 whom the young spark has evidently left behind him4 ,in the stern of the boat is a hamper of wine and a goblet fashioned out of a skull2 a noseless man rows the boat1 while three sailors in an adjoining vessel make ribald observations in reference to the young man's female companions4 ,by the star on his coat1 the turned-down collar1 profile1 and the arrangement of the hair1 we take it that the person thus satirized is ,lord ,byron4 ,any doubts we may have on the subject seem removed by the words of the song he is supposed to be singing while waving his hat to the disconsolate woman on the shore3-- ,all my faults perchance thou knowest1 ,all my madness none can know4 ,and the concluding stanza3-- ,fare thee well6 thus disunited1 ,torn from every nearer tie1 ,seared in heart1 and lone1 and blighted1 ,more than this ,i scarce can die66 ,the foregoing contains a list and description of some of ,george ,cruikshank's graphic satires1 many of which we have reason to believe will be entirely new to the great majority of our readers4 ,they support the description given of him by ,lockhart at the opening of our chapter3 ,people consider him as a clever1 sharp caricaturist1 and nothing more--a free-handed1 comical young fellow1 who will do anything he is paid for1 and who is quite content to dine off the proceeds of a ',george ,,iv4' to-day1 and those of a ',hone1' or a ',cobbett1' to-morrow4 ,it must be remembered that these represent but a branch of his work2 and that while content to design a satire as elaborate and as admirable as any which owe their origin to the hand of ,gillray1 or to dash off a rough and carelessly executed caricature1 he was equally ready to etch the work of an inferior artist1 or even of an amateur2 to execute a drawing on wood for a ballad1 or for one of the numerous political hits of the day1 whether on the loyal or the popular side mattered but little to him2 to do anything1 in fact 7to use the words of ,lockhart71 that was suggested or thrown in his way4 ,it is barely possible that the very imperfect series we have given may astonish those who have hitherto regarded ,george ,cruikshank only as an illustrator of books1 and supposed that1 with the exception of the woodcuts for ,hone's various jeux d'esprits1 and the rough work which appears in ,the ,satirist1 ,the ,scourge1 and publications of a similar character1 he executed but few pictorial satires4 ,a perfect set of impressions from his caricatures probably does not exist2 if it did it would command a high price indeed4 ,we have seen a set of about seventy plates advertised by one enterprising bookseller at the price of seventy pounds4 ,the specimens we have cited 7exclusive of two from ,the ,scourge7 #abh in number1 were published between the years #ahjh and #ahbe1 by ,g4 and ,h4 ,humphrey1 ,s4 ,fairburn1 ,thomas ,tegg1 ,ackermann1 ,m4 ,jones1 ,j4 ,fairburn1 ,j4 ,dolby1 ,w4 ,hone1 ,s4 ,w4 ,fores1 ,a4 ,bengo1 ,j4 ,sidebotham1 ,s4 ,knight1 and ,j4 ,johnstone4 ,if to the foregoing we add the plates in ,cruikshankiana--twenty-six in number1 thirty in ,the ,scourge1 six in ,fashion1 nine in ,the ,satirist1 and eight in the ,loyalists' ,magazine1 we get seventy-nine more1 making a sum total of over two hundred in all4 ,how many more have escaped notice--how many have disappeared for ever from public notice without a chance of recovery or revival--it would be1 perhaps1 impossible to say2 for even ,george himself was sometimes at fault1 when the long-forgotten work of his early years was presented to him for recognition or acknowledgment4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,alluding to the ,life in ,london4 #fg ,this certainly was not true2 both ,gillray and ,rowlandson were draughtsmen and artists of exceptionable ability4 #fh ,the article from which this is quoted is variously assigned to ,professor ,wilson and ,lockhart2 it matters little which4 ,meanwhile1 we must have a name1 let it be ,lockhart's4 #fi ,the editor of ,the ,scourge was one ,jack ,mitford4 ,he received a classical education1 was originally in the navy1 and fought under ,hood and ,nelson4 ,besides ,the ,scourge1 he edited ,the ,bon ,ton magazine1 and ,quizzical ,gazette1 and was author of a sea song once popular1 ,the ,king is a true ,british ,sailor4 ,he was an irreclaimable drunkard1 thought only of the necessities of the hour1 and slept in the fields when his finances would not admit of payment of a twopenny lodging in ,st4 ,giles's4 ,his largest work was ,johnny ,newcome in the ,navy1 for which the publisher gave him the generous remuneration of a shilling a day till he finished it4 ,he died in ,st4 ,giles's workhouse in #ahca4 #gj ,the reader may remember that ,napoleon once contracted a skin disease from taking up a weapon which had been wielded by a dead artilleryman1 which gave him trouble at various periods of his life4 ,it may be that this suggested the subject4 #ga ,see the ,declaration of the ,powers1 from which we have already quoted4 #gb ,narrative of ,captain ,maitland1 p4 #aji4 #gc ,the ,regent's selfish nature and expensive habits may be judged by the following extract from the ,greville ,memoirs4 ,under date of #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,greville writes3 ,sefton gave me an account of the dinner in ,st4 ,george's ,hall on the ,king's ,william ,,iv4 birthday1 which was magnificent1 excellent1 and well served4 ,bridge came down with the plate1 and was hid during the dinner behind the great wine-cooler1 which weighs #g1jjj ounces1 and he told ,sefton afterwards that the plate in the room was worth #bjj1jjj4 ,there is another service of plate which was not used at all4 ,the king has made it all over to the crown4 ,all this plate was ordered by the late king1 and never used2 his delight was ordering what the public had to pay for4--,greville ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #db4 #gd ,see ,report of the ,select ,committee of the ,house of ,commons on the ,earl of ,elgin's ,collection 444 of ,marbles 7,annual ,reg41 #ahaf1 p4 #ddg74 #ge ,see ,chapter ,,iii4 7#ahag74 #gf ,the idea of the letterpress description 7a very long one71 from which the above is an extract1 is borrowed of course from ,dr4 ,arbuthnot4 #gg ,see ,chapter ,,iii4 7#ahag74 #gh ,see ,chapter ,,iii4 7#ahag74 #gi ,she was fond of adopting children1 and it was proved that she had adopted a daughter of the man ,bergami4 #hj ,byron's ,age of ,bronze4 #ha ,lockhart's ,life of ,scott1 vol4 v4 p4 #bjc4 #hb ,e4 ,o4 was another name for roulette1 and forms the subject of one of ,rowlandson's early and best caricatures4 #hc ,the following are the words of the original inscription3 ,to ,arthur1 ,duke of ,wellington1 and his brave companions in arms1 this statue of ,achilles1 cast from cannon taken in the battles of ,salamanca1 ,vitoria1 ,toulouse1 and ,waterloo1 is inscribed by their countrywomen4 #hd ,see ,chapter ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,george ,,cruikshank ,,at ,,his ,,prime4 ,,alterations ,,in ,,cruikshank',s ,,style4 ,those who have studied the work of ,george ,cruikshank from its commencement to its close 7and those only can be said to have done so who are familiar with the satires described in the previous chapter71 cannot fail to be struck with the alterations which took place in his style at different periods of the career we have already been considering4 ,george ,cruikshank's peculiar style and manner1 which enable us to recognise his work at a glance1 was the outcome of a very slow and gradual process of development4 ,in the first instance he closely copied ,gillray1 but soon acquired a manner of his own1 blending the two styles after a fashion which is both interesting and amusing to follow4 ,soon1 however1 the style of the master was discontinued1 and gradually the artist began to discover that the bent of his genius lay in altogether another direction4 ,unlike ,thomas ,rowlandson1 the moment ,cruikshank became an illustrator of books1 he realized the fact that the style adapted to graphic satire was unsuitable for the purposes of this branch of art1 and thenceforth he adopted a style differing from anything which had gone before4 ,the revolution thus accomplished 7a singular proof of the genius of the man7 was effected without effort1 and is strikingly manifest in an early book illustration representing the execution of ,madame ,tiquet and her accomplice1 in #afii4 ,the design to which we refer1 which we believe is rare and little known1 was engraved by ,h4 ,r4 ,cook1 from a design by the artist for the frontispiece to a collection of narratives by ,cecil1 printed for ,hone1 in #ahai1 and stands by virtue of its force and character apart from most of the book illustrations of the period4 ,from the moment that the new style was adopted1 the artist's services were brought into requisition for the purposes of book illustration2 and from the time work of this kind began to come in1 he relaxed and afterwards discontinued the practice of caricature4 ,it is as an etcher and designer of book illustrations we shall henceforth have to consider him1 and in this character one of his famous illustrations to ,greenwich ,hospital will be found superior to the whole series of ,rowlandson's careless overdrawn designs to the three ,tours of ,syntax put together4 ,this alteration in the man's style after he took to book illustration is known only to those familiar with his early caricatures4 ,if you take1 for instance1 the etching of ,st4 ,swithin's ,chapel1 of the ,sketch ,book1 or ,the ,gin ,shop in the ,scraps and ,sketches#he 7we are speaking of course of the early coloured impressions71 and show them together with any two of the caricatures we have named to a person who had never before seen either1 we will venture to say that he would pronounce them without hesitation to be executed by entirely different hands4 ,,george',s ,,ideas ,,of ,,female ,,beauty4 ,after ,lockhart's statement that ,george ,cruikshank was capable of designing an ,annunciation1 a ,beatification1 or an ,apotheosis1 we must accept his assertion that he understood the human figure completely with a certain amount of reservation4 ,perhaps he did2 and if he did1 he certainly played some extraordinary tricks with the figure aforesaid4 ,the truth is1 that we forget the artist's weaknesses1 many and glaring as they are1 in the lustre of his unexampled genius4 ,the ,times1 in an otherwise laudatory article which it published after his death1 remarked that there was not a single beautiful face or figure probably in the whole range of ,cruikshank's work4 ,now1 although this is not entirely true1 there is at least so much of truth in it that we may admit that the cases in which he has produced a pretty face or figure are very few and far between1 and even those cases seem rather to have been the result of accident than of design4 ,there is no getting over the fact that ,george's ideas of female beauty were1 to say the least of them1 peculiar3 his women are fearfully and wonderfully made2 they are horse-faced2 their eyebrows are black and strongly marked2 their hair is plastered to the sides of their faces1 and meet bobs of hair at the back of their heads2 their waists are as thin as their necks2 and they all bear a strong family likeness to one another4 ,the ,times assertion is happily1 however1 so broad that it is easy to traverse and contradict it4 ,george's handsome women are so few1 that it is difficult at the moment to say where any of them may be found4 ,i know at least of one amazingly handsome one--the ,london ,barrow ,woman in ,hone's ,every-,day ,book4 ,some pretty servant girls will be found in the etching of ,the ,sergeant ,introducing his ,dutch ,wife to his ,friends in ,st4 ,james's1 or the ,court of ,queen ,anne1 and ,i will undertake to point out at least half a dozen pretty faces in the course of illustrations to ,the ,miser's ,daughter2 but after all1 these are only exceptions to the general rule2 and it may be safely conceded that as a delineator of female beauty1 ,george could not hold a candle to ,john ,leech1 to ,john ,tenniel1 or even to his own brother1 ,isaac ,robert4 ,,the ,,cruikshankian ,,steed4 ,as for the celebrated ,cruikshankian steed1 ,i give him up at once as an utterly irreclaimable and unmanageable brute4 ,thackeray1 writing in #ahdj1 said1 that though our artist does not draw horses very scientifically1 to use the phrase of the atelier2 he feels them very keenly1 and his queer animals1 after one is used to them1 answer quite as well as better4 ,even on this subject1 however1 the ablest critics have contradicted each other4 ,george ,augustus ,sala tells us that the artist could draw the ordinary nag of real life well enough1 and cites by way of example the very horses of the celebrated ,deaf ,postilion1 in ,three ,courses and a ,dessert1 which ,thackeray had previously held up to well-merited execration4 ,he goes on to tell us that when ,george essayed to portray a charger or a hunter1 or a lady's hack1 or even a pair of carriage horses1 the result was the most grotesque of failures4 ,the noble animal has1 ,i apprehend1 forty-four 'points1' technically speaking1 and from the muzzle to the spavin-place1 from the crest to the withers1 from the root of the dock to the fetlock1 ,george was wrong in them all4 ,his fiery steed bore an equal resemblance to a ,suffolk punch with the head of a griffin and the legs of an antelope1 and that traditionary cockhorse on which the lady was supposed to ride to ,banbury ,cross with rings on her fingers and bells on her toes4#hf ,his peculiarities notwithstanding1 ,george himself was in no wise conscious of them1 and never hesitated to introduce the fiery untamed into any scene--battle or otherwise--in which the services of the eccentric animal might be turned to account4 ,we find him assisting ,washington in his triumphal journey to the capitol2 astonishing the ,french squares in the character of a ,mameluke charger at the ,battle of the ,pyramids2 and leaping into the lake along with ,herne the ,hunter1 that peculiar creation of the late ,mr4 ,harrison ,ainsworth1 on which supernatural occasion he comes out1 as might have been expected1 with peculiar force and vigour4 ,thackeray1 moreover1 says of his trees1 that they were decidedly original1 being decidedly of his own make and composition1 not imitated from any master2 another and a minor difficulty with the artist was a boot1 which he invariably drew half a foot too long4 ,george lived in the days of straps1 and being strictly conservative in principle1 when he met with a pair of trousers1 his idea of the fitness of things was not satisfied until he pinned them to the wearer's feet with a pair of these most uncomfortable appendages4 ,against these shortcomings1 which are a sufficient answer to those who would give him credit for possessing the faculty of designing ,annunciations1 ,beatifications1 ,apotheoses1 and the like1 we must set his excellencies1 the power and brilliancy of his imaginative faculties1 his extraordinary talents of conception and realization1 the delicacy of his manipulation and execution3 in a word1 the strong original genius with which ,lockhart credited him from the moment he had seen his ,points of ,humour4 ,examples of this genius might be cited by the thousand4 ,look only at the famous ,sketch ,book2 its recent republication has placed it within the reach of every one of our readers4 ,look at the ,sprig of ,shelalegh1 the rollicking1 whiskey drinking1 fighting1 devil-may-care expression he has thrown into that piece of wood2 turn to the sheet wherein he has recorded his ,recollections of the ,court of ,common ,pleas1 and study the group of lawyers' and witnesses' faces therein contained4 ,there is genius for you1 if you will4 ,if you are overworked1 turn to them2 they will do you good1 for they will not only make you merry1 but force upon you the conviction that the conception which created them was essentially original4 ,it is this delightful originality of ,george ,cruikshank which constitutes his genius4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,three ,courses and a ,dessert4 ,,the ,,deaf ,,postilion4 7,see p4 #afi47 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,three ,courses and a ,dessert4 ,,the ,,braintrees4 ,i doan't want to hurt thee1 zo ,i leaves thee wi' un1 but1 mind--he'll hold thy droat a little tighter than ,i did1 if thee wags a hair4 ,face p4 #aga4 ,no plan6 no ambition6 not much industry6 so at least said ,lockhart4 ,we may doubt whether even at the time it was spoken this charge had any foundation of truth to rest upon2 an answer to it at least will be found in the fact that1 before the mysterious spell had fallen upon him we shall presently have to describe1 this sterling and indefatigable genius had already produced thousands upon thousands of miraculous little drawings4 ,from the mass of these wonderful creations we propose now to select a few examples1 choosing them in the first instance from a graver type than some we shall presently have to consider4 ,greenwich ,hospital gives us one of the very best drawings which ,cruikshank ever designed4 ,the scene of the ,point of ,honour is laid on board the ,triumph1 at ,spithead1 at the time of the famous mutiny4 ,a detachment of marines with shouldered arms are drawn up on the quarter deck1 their drummer is beating to quarters1 while all hands are assembled to witness a degrading and demoralizing spectacle1--a sailor1 with his shoulders bare and his hands tied to the triangles1 about to receive punishment for disobedience to orders4 ,conspicuous amongst the figures are two little middies1 habited in the strange naval uniform of sixty years ago4 ,the illustration to ,the ,braintrees1 at page #ij of the ,three ,courses and a ,dessert is a marvellous specimen1 not only of the graphic power of the artist1 but a triumph of the wood-engraver's craft4 ,in ,the ,gin ,shop 7,sketches by ,boz71 the artist selected a subject which invariably enlisted his sympathy and called into action the full power of his graphic satire4 ,mark the flaming gas1 the huge spirit vats1 the gaudily painted pillars and mouldings2 above all1 the strange people3 the young man with his hat on one side who chaffs the young ladies behind the bar1 the gin-drinking female by his side1 the gin-loving cripple1 the small boy who brings the family bottle to be filled with gin1 whose head barely reaches the counter1 the gin-drinking charwoman to the left1 and the quarrelsome gin-drinking ,irish customers at the back4 ,everything in this picture reeks of gin2 the only persons not imbibing it are the proprietor and his dowdy barmaids1 whom ,i have no manner of doubt the artist intended to look captivating4 ,what a fine touching picture of melancholy desolation1 remarks ,thackeray1 is that of ',sikes and the dog4' ,the poor cur is not too well drawn1 the landscape is stiff and formal2 but in this case the faults1 if faults they be1 of execution rather add to than diminish the effect of the picture3 it has a strange1 wild1 dreary1 broken-hearted look2 we fancy we see the landscape as it must have appeared to ,sikes1 when ghastly and with bloodshot eyes he looked at it4 ,the etching of ,jonathan ,wild ,discovering ,darrell in the ,loft ,jack ,sheppard reminds one1 in its treatment1 of ,rembrandt1 for the work of ,cruikshank1 be it observed1 distinctly shows in its results that he studied both ,hogarth and ,rembrandt4 ,the effect the artist has produced is wonderful2 the ray of light thrown through the gloom upon the figure of ,darrell as he stands against the wall1 sword in hand1 is capitally managed1 while the intricacies of the tile-work1 and the mysterious twinkling of light among the beams are excellently felt and rendered4#hg ,simon ,renard and ,winwike on the ,roof of the ,white ,tower ,tower of ,london is another admirable drawing4 ,the scene is laid on the platform of one of the antique guns which frown from the embrasures of the river face of the fortress4 ,the head of ,renard is not well drawn4 ,the character of the ambassador gives one the idea of a ,spanish ,iago1 a clever1 calculating knave1 whom we should credit with the possession of a broad and lofty forehead1 indicative of deep and concentrated thought2 in the etching1 however1 before us1 he has none at all1 a deficiency compensated by puffy cheeks and a preposterous beak4 ,these imperfections1 which in another artist would mar the drawing1 serve only to throw its excellencies into prominent notice4 ,the lights and shadows are most effectively rendered1 and the setting sun throws a broad light upon the features of the warder1 who has laid aside his arquebus while conversing with the wily ,spaniard4 ,of the many who have noticed the well-known etching of ,born a ,genius and ,born a ,dwarf ,comic ,almanack1 #ahdg1 not one 7so far at least as we know7 has ever mentioned its origin4 ,the subject was prompted by one of the last entries in the diary of poor ,benjamin ,robert ,haydon1 who died by his own hand on the #bbnd of ,june1 #ahdf1 his corpse being found at the foot of his colossal picture of ,alfred the ,great and the ,first ,british ,jury4 ,the entry runs as follows3--,tom ,thumb had #ab1jjj people last week1 ,b4 ,r4 ,haydon #acc-a_/b 7the #a_/b a little girl74 ,exquisite taste of the ,english people6 ,in the etching which shows us ,randulph and ,hilda ,dancing in the ,rotunda at ,ranelagh ,miser's ,daughter1 he brings us face to face with our great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers2 wherever he got his authority from1 the huge circular hall with galleries and arches running round it1 illuminated by a thousand lamps1 and the curious orchestra with the old-fashioned sounding-board above1 are no freak of the artist's imagination4 ,the etching possesses a wondrous charm of reality4 ,we find ourselves assisting1 as it were1 at one of the masquerades described in ,sir ,charles ,grandison2 many of the company are in fancy dresses1 and we find it difficult to realize1 in these broad-cloth days1 that the gentlemen in the velvet coats1 with gold-bound embroidered waistcoats1 silk stockings1 silver gilt rapiers1 and laced hats1 dancing minuets with ,chinamen1 harlequins1 scaramouches1 templars1 and other fancifully-dressed persons1 are simply wearing the every-day costume of men of fashion of the day4 ,,mannerism4 ,perhaps more than any other comic artist of past or present time1 ,george is distinguished by his mannerisms4 ,his horses1 his women1 the costumes of his male and female characters1 the cut of their garments and of their boots1 the arrangement of their hair1 will proclaim his individuality anywhere2 and yet1 if you look at any of the designs which he executed in his best and brightest days1 before he took up with the mania which contributed1 as we shall presently see1 so largely to the ruin of his artistic genius1 fame1 and fortunes1 we cannot fail to be impressed with the quaintness of his imagination4 ,in this quaintness and originality lie the charm and freshness which is the peculiar characteristic of his designs4 ,unlike those of other artists1 you may turn over volume after volume of his sketches1 and be conscious of no sense of weariness4 ,much of this no doubt is due to their constant variety4 ,unlike the generality of modern illustrators1 he is not limited to the costumes and incidents of the every-day commonplace life of the nineteenth century2 he does not confine himself to humour2 his fancy takes a wider range1 and revels in subjects of wonder1 diablery1 and romance4 ,gnomes and fairies1 devils and goblins1 knights1 giants1 jesters1 and morris dancers are continually passing before us2 there is an endless succession of novelties1 treated with a quaintness of fancy which distinguishes it above all others2 there is a ceaseless variety in his dramatis person1 while the characters are as various as the subjects4 ,in these characteristics seem to lie the secret of the pleasure which his illustrations1 whether they be drawn on wood or etched on the copper1 never fail to inspire4 ,the sale and purchase of ,peter ,schlemihl's ,shadow has been noticed by ,thackeray4 ,we see the ,old ,gentleman neatly packing up his purchase after the manner of an old clo' dealer2 he has just lifted the shadow of one leg2 he is going to fold it back neatly1 as one does the tails of a coat1 and will stow it1 without any creases or crumples1 along with the other black garments that lie in that immense pocket of his4#hh ,another illustration in the same book shows us ,peter1 after he has repented of his bargain 7as vendors invariably do who indulge in mercantile transactions of this character7 in ardent pursuit of his shadow1 which the tantilizing purchaser has let out for the occasion4 ,can anything more ludicrous be imagined than this scampering piece of intangibility8 ,the etching of ,sailors ,carousing ,greenwich ,hospital1 executed in #ahbf1 before the artist had altogether discontinued the style and manner of ,gillray1 would have delighted the heart of that accomplished caricaturist4 ,an old one-eyed salt presides over a vast bowl of punch1 the contents of which he is engaged in distributing to the company4 ,one enthusiastic tar foots it with such vigour that he cannons against a potman1 upsetting him and the measure of scalding liquor he carries over another angry1 blaspheming sailor man2 another sea worthy1 snoring drunk1 has converted his quart pot into an impromptu pillow1 his own recumbent form serving the purposes of a footstool to a companion4 ,the females are a combination of the styles of ,gillray and ,cruikshank1 and1 with one exception1 are old1 ugly1 and preposterously fat4 ,a comical illustration in the same book is called1 ,paying off a ,jew ,pedlar4 ,the unhappy man 7who had cheated the sailors71 innocent of danger1 is seated on a grating with his combs1 spy-glasses1 necklaces1 ribbons1 and all the rest of his ,brummagem trumpery1 spread out before him4 ,the men1 who have slily hitched a rope to the grating1 suddenly give it a hoist1 and away slides ,moses1 with all his wares and trumpery1 into the hold together6 ,how poor ,seymour would have revelled in that admirable tailpiece in ,three ,courses and a ,dessert1 where an unhappy wight1 pursued by a bull1 manages to scramble atop of a gate-post 7the only part free from spikes71 to find his escape cut off on one side by a couple of bull-dogs1 and on the other by a chevaux-de-frise terminating in a horse pond6 ,we meet with a solemn piece of fun in ,simpkin ,dancing to the ,musicians1 one of the illustrations to the celebrated ,new ,bath ,guide of ,christopher ,anstey-- ,and ,i thought it was right1 as the music was come1 ,to foot it a little in ,tabitha's room4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,witch',s ,,switch4 ,,absent-,,mindedness4 ,,the ,t,,te--,t,,te4 ,,the ,,dentist4 ,,bat ,,boroo4 ,,sketches ,,from ,,george ,,cruikshank',s ,,three ,,courses ,,and ,a ,,dessert4 ,face p4 #age4 ,the ,last ,cab ,driver ,sketches by ,boz deserves a passing notice1 because it has preserved from oblivion a class of vehicles which has long since disappeared from the ,london streets4 ,it looked for all the world like the section of a coffin set on end1 the seat 7which was intended to accommodate only one person besides the driver7 occupying the centre4 ,the cabman being a very mauvais sujet1 we find the surroundings 7after the artist's practice7 in strict keeping with his character4 ,the building past which he drives is marked ,old ,bailey2 whilst a snuff manufacturer in the street at the back advertises himself as the vendor of ,real ,irish ,blackguard4 ,,waverley ,,novels4 ,the dry1 quaint humour of the author of ,waverley exactly suited the quaint imaginings of our artist4 ,both ,scott and ,cruikshank delighted in the supernatural and the marvellous1 and this is why some of the most characteristic of the artist's designs are to be found in his illustrations to the ,waverley ,novels4 ,in one of these he shows us the illustrious ,dominie at the moment1 when reaching over to gather a water-lily1 he falls souse into the ,slough of ,lochend1 in which he forthwith became bogged up to the middle1 his plight drawing from him of course his favourite ejaculation of amazement4 ,by the assistance of some women the luckless ,dominie was extracted from his position1 justifying the remark of one of his assistants1 that the laird might as weel trust the care of his bairn to a potato-bogle4 ,which was the most helpless of the two men--the ,laird of ,dumbiedikes1 or the illustrious ,dominie--it would be difficult to say2 both these most original characters took a powerful hold on the artist's imagination1 and as a natural consequence the ideas of ,scott were completely realized4 ,a very comical design is that in which he shows us the worthy but witless laird with his laced cocked hat and empty tobacco pipe1#hi and his hand extended like the claw of a heraldic griffin1 when he managed to utter something beyond his usual morning greeting1 and frightened ,jeannie into the belief that he had so far screwed his courage to the sticking place as to venture on a matrimonial proposal1 to which unwonted effort of imagination his intelligence1 however1 proved altogether unequal4 ,,alliterative ,,designs4 ,in the ,comic ,almanack will be found many examples of ,george's tendency to graphic alliteration4 ,the ,fall of the ,leaf affords a capital specimen of the kind of design to which we allude4 ,the leaf of the dinner-table has been so insecurely fastened that it falls1 burying with it the mistress of the house1 the fish1 the champagne1 a sherry decanter1 a vase of flowers1--everything1 in fact1 to which it formed a treacherous and unreliable support2 ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall lies in a corner of the room1 and the walls are hung with appropriate subjects1 such as the ,fall of ,foyers1 the ,falls of ,niagara1 ,falls of the ,clyde1 and so on4 ,an illustration of a similar kind will be found in ,taurus--a ,literary ,bull4 ,the animal has rushed into a printing office and scattered the compositors right and left2 some seek shelter beneath their frames1 one clambers wildly up the shelves of a paper case1 while others scuttle over the frames1 and one man1 too wholly dismayed and bewildered to run1 brandishes a stool in helpless imbecility4 ,the bull is perhaps the most astonished of the dramatis person1 and evidently wonders into what manner of place fate has brought him4 ,the walls are pasted with appropriate advertisements3 ,some ,account of the ,pope's ,bull1 ,a ,cock and ,bull ,story1 ,theatre ,royal1 ,haymarket--,john ,bull ,to be ,sold by ,auction1 the ,bull ,inn1 ,abstract of the ,act against ,bull-baiting1 and so on4 ,in ,libra ,striking the ,balance 7same year71 a dishonest tradesman has been detected in using false weights and measures4 ,the beadle holds up a pair of scales1 one of which weighs very much heavier than the other4 ,the wretched culprit1 conscious1 all too late1 that honesty would have proved the best policy for himself1 leans against his shelves the picture of sullen and detected guilt4 ,the window of the shop bears on it the painted legend of ,the cheapest shop in ,london4 ,leaning against the counter we find a programme of the ,city ,theatre1 announcing the performance of ,measure for ,measure3 to conclude with ,honest ,thieves2 an officer outside 7surrounded by a deeply interested crowd7 is engaged in breaking up a second pair of dishonest scales4 ,chronology1 difference in politics1 character1 tastes1 and disposition1 are most amusingly set at defiance in the etching entitled ,the ,revolution at ,madame ,tussaud's #ahdg3 ,mary ,queen of ,scots treads a measure with ,william ,penn the ,quaker2 ,fox and ,pitt make long noses at each other from opposite sides of the room2 ,o',connell shakes hands with ,freschi1 to whom our old friend the elderly country gentleman offers a friendly pinch of snuff2 ,william ,shakespeare flirts with an almond-eyed ,chinese woman2 ,henry the ,eighth smokes a long churchwarden with ,judge ,jefferys2 ,lord ,byron 7with greater propriety7 exchanges friendly greetings with ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau2 whilst the great ,napoleon unbends1 as chroniclers assert that he was wont to do1 and waltzes round the room with ,madame ,tussaud1 and ,britannia 7to the uproarious delight of ,sir ,william ,wallace7 rasps her trident across her shield1 by way of accompaniment to the fiddle of the ,saturnine ,paganini4 ,the fun of these side splitting designs is only equalled by their variety4 ,the ,almanack of #ahch introduces us to the inevitable row which forms the wind-up of a ,hibernian festa2 chairs1 sticks1 shovels1--anything that comes to hand is used without fear or favour2 men1 women1 children struggle together in inextricable confusion amidst the dbris of wrecked furniture1 broken glass1 and battered pewter2 high above the din drone the nasal tones of the piper2 while amidst the infernal clatter the praist vainly endeavours to re-establish order and make himself heard4 ,theatrical ,fun ,dinner 7#ahda7 represents the close of the banquet4 ,hamlet is already too far gone to know what he is doing2 ,othello belabours ,iago with a bottle2 ,shylock and ,antonio fraternize2 whilst a reconciliation is established between ,macbeth and ,macduff1 who chink glasses by way of cementing their friendship2 ,sir ,john ,falstaff lights his pipe at ,bardolph's nose2 whilst ,romeo hands up a glass of something short and strong to his ,juliet in the balcony4 #ahdb gives us the celebrated etching of ,gone6 an auctioneer knocking down a bust of ,socrates2 at the word gone the flooring gives way1 and auctioneer1 buyers1 and ,socrates1 with all their surroundings1 descend with a simultaneous crash into the cellars below4 ,drowning men catch at straws1 and the spectacled visage of the auctioneer1 as he clings wildly to his rostrum1 is a perfect study of terrified imbecility4 ,in looking at these quaint designs1 the mind of any one possessed of any imagination at all cannot fail to be impressed with a sense of the original train of thought which must have characterized the man who could conceive and realize them4 ,how appropriately and admirably1 even in trivial matters1 the details of the design are worked out6 ,if the reader will refer to the etching in ,st4 ,james'1 where the sergeant places the boot of his master1 the ,duke of ,marlborough1 on a map of ,flanders1 he will at once see what we mean4 ,the action is accidental2 and yet where could the boot have been placed with greater propriety8 for surely if any country was under the heel of the great ,english captain1 it was ,flanders4 ,nothing to equal these designs are ever seen in these days1 perhaps nothing like them will ever be seen again4 ,there are many excellent comic designs produced by our artists of to-day2 but with the exception1 perhaps1 of ,mr4 ,caldicott and ,colonel ,seccombe1 they lack character4 ,you pass them by1 and straightway forget them4 ,not so with these admirable little designs2 you turn to them again and again1 and each time with a refreshing sense of pleasure4 ,herein seems to lie the power of true genius--that its productions give not only a sense of freshness and delight1 but that the sensation so conveyed will not die4 ,there are people1 ,i believe1 on whom they produce no such impression2 such people1 as regards comic art1 are for all practical purposes dry bones1 and to dry bones such as these the pencil of honest ,george will appeal in vain4 ,some writers on the subject of ,cruikshank and his work would have us believe that he developed his highest powers of imagination and fancy1 and achieved his highest reputation1 when depicting subjects of a fairy or supernatural order4 ,whether these scribes be right or whether they be wrong1 there is no doubt that he discovered for himself an enchanted land of mountain and streamlet1 of meadow and waterfall1 of gnomes and fairies1 of demons1 witches1 and of giants4 ,the process by which he attained his excellence as an illustrator of fairy lore and legend has been related by himself in his own simple1 unpolished words in the 7so-called7 ,fairy ,library4 ,unquestionably the opportunity which these subjects afforded of exercising untrammelled his marvellous gifts of imagination and fancy1 and of realizing objects which owe their being to the creative faculties of his mind1 were eagerly embraced by the artist2 but1 although the results were singularly weird and often very beautiful1 ,i find myself obliged to differ from those who would have us believe that in realizing subjects of this kind he attained his highest excellence4 ,the charm of ,george ,cruikshank's talent lies in the fact that notwithstanding his defects in drawing1 everything he took in hand is impressed with the stamp of a strong and original genius2 it is like nothing we have seen before2 every one of his designs is marked with distinctive features of beauty1 quaintness1 or originality peculiar to himself4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,elves ,,and ,,the ,,cobbler4 ,,the ,,waits ,,of ,,bremen ,,and ,,the ,,robbers4 ,,from ,,george ,,cruikshank',s ,,edition ,,of ,,german ,,popular ,,stories4 ,face p4 #ahj4 ,the ,german ,popular ,stories probably contain the most striking specimens of ,cruikshank's power as a designer of fairy subjects4 ,in reference to these illustrations1 our great critic1 ,mr4 ,ruskin1 says3 ,they are of quite sterling and admirable art1 in a class precisely parallel in elevation to the character of the tales which they illustrate2 and the original etchings1 as ,i have before said in the ,appendix to my ',elements of ,drawing1' were unrivalled in masterfulness of touch since ,rembrandt1 in some qualities of delineation unrivalled even by him4 ,the ,two ,elves1 says ,hamerton1 especially the nearer one1 who is putting on his breeches1 are drawn with a point at once so precise and vivacious1 so full of keen fun and inimitably happy invention1 that ,i have not found their equal in comic etching anywhere 444 the picturesque details of the room are etched with the same felicitous intelligence2 but the marvel of the work is in the expression of the strange little faces1 and the energy of the comical wee limbs4#ij ,in ,the ,witches' ,frolic ,letters on ,demonology and ,witchcraft1 we find a happy blending of the terrible and the grotesque4 ,look at the old hags floating out to sea in their tubs2 and the strange1 uncanny thing with dreadful eyes bobbing up and down midway between the foremost old woman and the distant vessel4 ,the thing may be a ship1 it may be a fish1 or it may be a fiend1--in the dim half light we cannot tell what1--but it is horribly suggestive of nightmare1 and makes one laugh as well as shudder4 ,some ghostly goblins1 the creations of ,george's weird fancy1 will be found in ,the ,omnibus2 we see them following a ghostly ship manned by ghostly mariners1 and we find in the same book ghostly ,dutchmen playing a game of diabolical leap-frog with ,australian kangaroos4 ,in one illustration he introduces us to a cheerful assembly of ancestral ghosts3 there is the ghostly saucer-eyed head of the family1 with a ghostly hound peeping beneath his chair1 a ghostly grandmother1 half a dozen ghostly spinster aunts1 a ghostly butler1 a ghostly cook1 a ghostly small boy1 two ghostly candles2 and lastly1 a ghostly cat4 ,small wonder that under the influence of such ghostly surroundings the hair of the affrighted ghost-seer stands erect in the extremity of his terror4 ,this same book contains1 too1 the celebrated etching of ,jack o',lantern1 probably the best illustration of the supernatural which we owe to the pencil and weird imagination of the artist4 ,talk of ,fuseli and his wind-bag1 there is real vivid imagination enough in this to make a whole academy of ,fuselis4 ,it is just an ,egyptian darkness1 with breaking through it1 above a bog-hole1 some black bulrushes1 and above them a bending1 leathery goblin exulting over some drowned traveller1 the meteor lamp he carries casting a downward flicker on the dark water4 ,such darkness1 such wicked speed1 such bad1 ,puck-like malice1 such devilry1 ,hoffman and ,poe together could not have better devised4 ,many a ,may exhibition has not half the genius in all its pictures that focuses in that gem of jet4 ,the description is admirable2 but ,walter ,thornbury has altogether misconceived the artist's idea4 ,jack o',lantern is simply misguiding a belated traveller into a bog1 and the elfin grin which pervades his countenance testifies to the delight he takes in his mischievous employment4 ,the words of the song in ,dryden's ,king ,arthur convey the best possible description of this wondrous conception3-- ,hither this way1 this way bend1 ,trust not that malicious fiend2 ,those are false1 deluding lights1 ,wafted far and near by sprights2 ,trust 'em not1 for they'll deceive ye1 ,and in bog and marshes leave ye1 ,if you step no danger thinking1 ,down you fall1 a furlong sinking2 ',tis a fiend who has annoyed ye1 ,name but ,heav'n1 and he'll avoid ye4 ,by way of contrast to all these1 ,i would turn to the celebrated and much-too-often-described ,triumph of ,cupid1 of the ,table ,book2 but as the praises of this remarkable composition may already be counted by the ream1 ,i have no intention whatever of contributing a further addition4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,from ,the ,universal ,songster4 ,,the ,,old ,,commodore4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,cruikshank4 ,from ,the ,universal ,songster4 ,a tall figure her sight engross'd1 ,and it cried1 ',i beez ,giles ,scroggin's ,ghost4' ,face p4 #ahb4 ,a notice1 however1 of ,george ,cruikshank's supernatural work would be incomplete without some reference to his devils4 ,from time immemorial our idea of ,his ,satanic ,majesty has been associated with the distinguishing appendages of horns1 hoofs1 and a cow's tail4 ,a conceit there is1 says old ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 that the devil commonly appeareth with a cloven hoof1 wherein1 although it seems excessively ridiculous1 there may be somewhat of truth1 and the ground thereof at first might be his frequent appearing in the shape of a goat1 which answers the description4 ,george ,cruikshank too well apprehended the cunning nature of ,his ,satanic ,majesty to suppose him idiotic enough to introduce his hoofs1 his horns1 or his tail into the company of all sorts and conditions of men4 ,it will be remembered that ,fitz ,dottrel takes leave to doubt the identity of the devil who waits upon him in the character of a body servant4 ,you cannot1 he says1 cozen me4 ,your shoe's not cloven1 sir2 you are whole hoofed4 ,but ,pug simply and unaffectedly assures him1 ,sir1 that's a popular error1--deceives many4#ia ,like ,pug1 ,george ,cruikshank's devils accommodate themselves1 their appearance1 and their costume to the prejudices of the persons they design to serve4 ,with saints and perverse sinners it is obvious that any attempt at disguise would be futile2 but with so respectable a person as a ,dutch burgher1 or so suspicious an individual as an ,english lawyer1 the case is altogether different4 ,we have specimens of the respectable devil in the long-legged bondholder who appears to his unfortunate ,dutch debtor2 the portly1 well-dressed little man in the ,gentleman in black2 and the seedy looking old clothes dealer of ,peter ,schlemihl4 ,quite a different devil to any of these is the devil that interviews ,st4 ,nicholas1 the devil whom ,st4 ,medard circumvented1 or the simple-minded and unfortunate devil that fell into the clutches of ,st4 ,dunstan4 ,this last is probably the most comical diabolique that ,cruikshank ever designed4 ,in an evil hour this miserable fiend had irritated the saint by mimicking his musical powers2 and growing bolder with impunity1 even ventured to challenge his skill as a mechanic1 by doubting his ability to fit a shoe to his own diabolical hoof4 ,the saint promptly whipped up the leg1 and it was not until this simple devil found himself in the clutches of the saint1 that he fully comprehended the prodigious powers of the holy personage he had ventured to chaff4 ,in spite of his howls and frantic efforts to escape1 the iron shoe is remorselessly fitted1 and nail after nail driven into the quick4 ,imagine the sufferings of that poor devil2 observe his comically distorted countenance as he bellows with agony and impotent rage2 how his tail curls round his leg in the extremity of his anguish6 ,the worst perhaps has to follow1 for in spite of the agony of his crippled hoof1 a deed will have to be signed1 sealed1 and delivered1 by which his claim to a legion of sinful souls has to be for ever released and extinguished4 ,it is worthy of remark that ,george ,cruikshank's devils--simple-minded1 weak creatures1 more mischievous than really wicked1 in all their contests with the saints 7,saint ,anthony excepted7 invariably come off second best4 ,in estimating his merits1 the genius of ,george ,cruikshank may not inaptly be compared to a diamond4 ,one facet often emits more brilliant coruscations than any other2 and if we may be permitted to compare his powers of realizing the grave1 the comical1 the supernatural1 and the terrible to the facets of a diamond1 we think the one which would be found to emit the most brilliant flashes of light would be the last4 ,thackeray1 one of the most friendly and most competent of his critics1 would seem to have considered that much of his power was shown in depicting subjects of this kind4 ,what a fine eye1 he tells us1 in his famous article which has supplied the backbone--the muscles--the very integuments of so many others1--what a fine eye the artist has1 what a skilful hand1 and what a sympathy for the wild and dreadful6 ,illustration3 ,designed1 ,etched and ,published by ,,george ,,cruikshank4,november #ast1 #ahbi4 ,,the ,,gin ,,shop4 --now1 ,oh dear1 how shocking the thought is1 ,they makes the gin from aquafortis3 ,they do it on purpose folks' lives to shorten1 ,and tickets it up at two-pence a quartern4--,new ,ballad4 ,face p4 #ahd4 ,from an early period of his career as an etcher and designer1 ,george had waged a deadly war with gin1--that potent1 insidious1 and evil spirit of ,london2 the most priceless services he rendered to the cause of temperance being unquestionably given long before he had any notion of joining the ranks of the total abstainers4 ,like the ,triumph of ,cupid1 the well-known ,gin ,juggernaut of the ,sketch ,book requires nothing more than a passing allusion4 ,an example less known but quite as admirable will be found in the ,scraps and ,sketches4 ,it is called ,the ,gin ,shop1#ib and shows us the interior of a ,london gin palace4 ,in place of the usual barrels1 around the walls are ranged coffins1 labelled respectively3 ,deady's ,cordial2 ,blue ,ruin2 ,gin and ,bitters2 the largest 7a huge one7 being marked ,old ,tom4 ,death1 habited as a watchman1 has baited a huge gin trap1 wherein stand five persons 7two of them children1 besides a baby in arms71 all imbibing the deadly liquid4 ,the wretched woman with the infant has actually placed her foot on the spring1 and so great is the artist's power of realization1 that we momentarily expect to see the horrible thing close with a snap6 ,a skeleton1 whose fleshless skull is masked with a pleasant female countenance1 officiates as barmaid1 and behind her yawns a pit1 on the further side of which a circle of evil spirits curvet around a huge still4 ,just such a weird scene as would strike a sympathetic chord in the artist's fancy was found for him in ,scott's novel of ,red ,gauntlet4 ,the episode selected for illustration is the frightful adventure of ,hutcheon and ,dougal ,mac,callum4 ,when midnight came1 and the house was quiet as the grave1 the silver whistle sounded as sharp and shrill as if ,sir ,robert was blowing it1 and up got the two old serving-men and tottered into the room where the dead man lay4 ,hutcheon saw enough at the first glance2 for there were torches in the room1 which showed him the foul fiend in his ain shape1 sitting on the laird's coffin6 ,ower he couped1 as if he had been dead4 ,he could not tell how long he lay in a trance at the door2 but when he gathered himself1 he cried on his neighbour1 and getting nae answer1 raised the house1 when ,dougal was found lying dead within twa steps of the bed where his master's coffin was placed4 ,as for the whistle1 it was lost ance and aye1 but mony a time it was heard at the top of the house on the bartizan and among the auld chimneys and turrets1 where the howlets have their nests4 ,the coffin of the dead laird lies in state on a table covered with black cloth1 richly ornamented with his armorial bearings2 at the foot of the bier stands his black plumed helmet2 while atop of the coffin crouches the grinning ape with the laird's whistle in his paw2 on the ground1 as they have been tossed about by the mischievous beast1 lie his rapier1 gauntlet1 and other military trappings4 ,the furniture1 the fittings1 the sombre hangings1 the gloomy ancestral portraits1 all are in keeping with the weird scene and its surroundings4 ,the ,death of ,sikes1 and ,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell 7especially the latter7 have been described any number of times1 and the circumstances1 moreover1 under which the latter design was conceived1 told invariably wrong4 ,in the ,murder of ,sir ,rowland ,trenchard ,jack ,sheppard1 we have a ,rembrandtish etching1 quite equalling in power and intensity that of ,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell4 ,the gloomy depths of the well hole are illumined only by the pine torch of the frightened ,jew1 as ,wild hammers with his bludgeon on the fingers of the doomed wretch who1 maimed and faint from loss of blood1 clings with desperate tenacity to the bannister1 from which his relaxing grip will presently plunge him into the black abyss below4 ,the ,tower of ,london introduces us to two scenes of a dismal and terrible character in the etching entitled ,xit ,wedded to the ,scavenger's ,daughter1 the artist carries us to a gloomy torture chamber1 dimly lighted by a solitary lantern4 ,on the framework of the rack sits the dwarf ,xit1 his limbs compressed in the grip of the frightful instrument called the ,scavenger's daughter1 while ,simon ,renard1 scarcely able to repress a smile1 interrogates the comical little figure at his leisure4 ,behind him stands ,sorrocold1 the surgeon2 and in the farther corner ,mauger 7the headsman71 ,nightgall1 and an assistant torturer1 recline against the wall4 ,the feeble rays of the lantern throw an obscure light upon the gloomy walls decorated with the stock in trade of the torturers1 thumb-screws1 gauntlets1 collars1 pinchers1 saws1 chains1 and other horrible and suggestive implements4 ,affixed to the ceiling is a steel pulley1 the rope which traverses it terminating with an iron hook and two leathern shoulder straps4 ,facing the gloomy door stands a brazier filled with blazing coals1 in which a huge pair of pinchers are suggestively heating4 ,reared against the side of a deep dark recess is a ponderous wheel--broad as that of a wagon1 and twice the circumference2 and next it the iron bar with which the bones of those condemned to die by this most horrible torture were broken while alive4 ,the etching of ,mauger ,sharpening his ,axe is nearly as celebrated as that of ,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell4 ,a wonderful weird dusk1 with no light but that which glimmers on the bald scalp of the hideous headsman1 who1 feeling the edge of his axe with his thumb1 grins with a devilish foretaste of his pleasure on the morrow4 ,i need scarcely say that all the poetry1 dramatic force1 mystery1 and terror of the design is attributable to ,cruikshank1 and not to ,ainsworth4#ic ,scenes still more realistically terrible even than these1 such as the ,massacre at ,tullabogue1 ,the ,rebel ,camp on ,vinegar ,hill1 and the ,executions at ,wexford ,bridge1 will be found in ,maxwell's ,history of the ,irish ,rebellion4 ,mr4 ,lockhart1 we may remember1 advised the artist in the early part of his career to think of ,hogarth1 and throughout the whole of ,george ,cruikshank's designs of the graver caste the influence of the study of ,rembrandt and of ,hogarth will be apparent to those acquainted with the characteristics of these great artists4 ,in the case of ,rembrandt it is manifest in the deep shadows1 penetrated by broad but skilfully treated rays of light1 throwing the salient parts of the design into prominent but pleasing relief2 in the case of ,hogarth it is shown in minute attention to details of a character singularly appropriate to the designs4 ,delineators of subjects of greater pretension are frequently content to throw all their sympathies1 their energies1 into the elaboration of their leading figure or figures3 the attitude1 the face1 the features1 the hands1 the costume1 leave nothing to be desired1 while the rest of the composition is slurred or neglected4 ,this is not the case with ,cruikshank1 every part of his work bears witness to his careful attention to detail2 no part of it is elaborated at the expense of the rest2 from the tenants of the room down to the smallest and most insignificant ornament on the chimney-piece1 everything appears as distinct as it would appear in actual every-day life4 ,but this study of ,rembrandt and of ,hogarth1 this minute attention to detail1 this careful and conscientious elaboration1 would have done little for ,george ,cruikshank if he had not possessed in an eminent degree that faculty of creation1 otherwise of originality1 which men call genius4 ,various descriptions of this gift have been attempted by eminent men1 but the most felicitous seems to us to be that given by ,robert ,william ,elliston3 ,a true actor1 says this distinguished comedian1 must possess the power of creation1 which is genius1 as well as the faculty of imitation1 which is only talent4 ,substitute the word artist for the word actor1 and the remark will apply with equal felicity to the subject of our present chapter4 ,it was this same gift of genius which1 whilst it enabled the artist to lend a sentient expression to such unpromising subjects as a barrel1 a wig-block1 a jug of beer1 a pair of bellows1 or an oyster1 imparted to his drawings a piquancy which has elevated these apparently insignificant designs into perfectly sterling works of art4 ,the reader who is fortunate enough to number amongst his books the first half-dozen volumes of ,bentley's ,miscellany and ,ainsworth's ,magazine1 ,the ,omnibus1 ,the ,table ,book1 ,the ,comic ,almanack1 possesses a series of designs1 drawn and etched by the hand of the master himself1 the value of which is yearly increasing1 not only because they are becoming scarcer and scarcer every day1 but because nothing like them--under the conditions in which book illustration is now produced--will ever be seen again4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,the ,sketch ,book and ,scraps and ,sketches have recently been republished2 but the impressions from the sadly worn plates give but little idea of the exquisite originals4 #hf ,sala1 in ,gentleman's ,magazine1 ,may1 #ahgh4 #hg ,thackeray1 ,westminster ,review4 #hh ,thackeray1 in the ,westminster ,review1 ,june1 #ahdj4 #hi ,this idea of the empty pipe is splendid1 there never is any tobacco in it2 a better notion of absolute forgetfulness--of inability to exercise the most trifling effort of memory--could not be conveyed4 #ij ,etching and ,etchers4 #ia ,ben ,jonson's ,the ,devil is an ,ass4 #ib ,this was written1 of course1 before the recent republication1 which lacks the colour and crispness of the early issue4 #ic ,british ,artists from ,hogarth to ,turner4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,george ,,cruikshank 7,continued74 ,,the ,,sleep ,,of ,,thirty ,,years4 ,the artistic career of ,george ,cruikshank presents probably one of the most singular problems to be met with in the history of satirical art4 ,it may be divided into three portions1 two of which we have already considered3 the first represents that section wherein we have seen him described by ,lockhart as one of the most careless creatures alive1 having no plan1 almost no ambition1 doing just what was suggested or thrown in his way1 quite contented to dine off the proceeds of a ',george the ,fourth' to day1 and those of a ',hone' or a ',cobbett' to morrow6 the second may be said to be embraced between the years #ahbb and #ahdh1 during which period we find this man without plan1 ambition1 or industry 7to complete the charge of ,lockhart71 busily engaged in building up the reputation which the critic had so confidently and so truly predicted of him2 the third and last section1 the strangest surely of all1 shows us this man of genius--in the full enjoyment of an assured and well-merited reputation1 in the midst of his artistic vigour1 at the height of a success altogether unexampled--deliberately throwing away his opportunities1 and consigning himself to a slumber of thirty years1 which might almost justify us in terming him the ,rip ,van ,winkle of ,british art4 ,the causes of this strange decadence1 this singular mental inactivity1 which seem to us to have been hitherto very little or at best very imperfectly understood1 we now propose to consider4 ,,professor ,,bates' ,,theory4 ,professor ,bates1 one of the ablest of the essayists who have written on ,george ,cruikshank since the time when ,thackeray penned his famous article1 would have us believe that the causes which led up to his retirement from active life whilst yet in the enjoyment of his vigorous intellect1 are due partly to the change which has befallen the literature of fiction during the last thirty years1 but principally to the fact of his embracing the temperance movement with more zeal than discretion4 ,as a matter of fact1 however1 long before this step had been taken1 there had been causes equally potent at work which seem to have escaped ,mr4 ,bates' attention1 and these causes1 which appear to us the leading factors in the unfortunate final result1 lay1 as we shall endeavour to explain1 in an entirely different direction4 ,people who knew and judged of ,george ,cruikshank 7as the majority of his contemporaries necessarily did7 by his work alone1 formed altogether an erroneous judgment of the character and disposition of the man4 ,because his later designs showed or seemed to show a love of little children1 a liking for home and homely subjects1 a delight in fairy lore and legend1 it seems therefore to have been assumed that the artist was almost child-like in simplicity1 innocence1 and guilelessness of heart4 ,some even of those who have written upon him1 acting apparently upon this impression1 have given us to understand that he never raised a laugh at the expense of decency2 that satire never1 in his hands1 descended into scurrility2 that a moral purpose ever underlaid his humour2 that he sought to instruct and improve whenever he amused4 ,the absurdity of this statement we have already exposed4 ,in reference to a supposed singleness of heart and honesty of purpose1 some writers have termed him honest ,george4 ,all this was very well4 ,we all know1 of course1 that he never pandered to sensuality or glorified vice2 but in spite of these facts1 honest ,george himself1 so far at least as we personally know1 never assumed or set up1 or even aimed at assuming1 that he was one whit better than his neighbours4 ,in order that the reader may grasp the causes of his sudden decadence1 it is important that he should understand the position and the peculiarities of the artist4 ,as an illustrator of books he was dependent on a clientle composed exclusively of authors and publishers4 ,honest ,george1 however1 laboured under a disadvantage common perhaps more or less to all men possessed of true genius4 ,hasty and hot-tempered1 particularly in matters connected with his artistic labours1 he was more than usually prone and ready to take offence4 ,almost invariably at war with some one or another of his employers1 the story of ,george ,cruikshank's skirmishes and quarrels with the authors and publishers with whom he was thrown in contact forms a most curious and interesting chapter in the history of artistic and literary squabbles4 ,at the time when ,charles ,dickens began to write1 ,george ,cruikshank had already achieved his reputation2 and so well assured was this reputation1 that the young novelist in his preface to his ,sketches by ,boz1 speaks of the nervousness he should have experienced in venturing alone before the public1 and of his delight in securing the co-operation of an artist so distinguished as ,george ,cruikshank4 ,in #ahch1 however1 the author like the artist had made his mark3 ,pickwick and ,nicholas ,nickleby1 and ,oliver ,twist had been written2 and every vestige of the nervousness of which he speaks in the preface to his ,sketches had disappeared for ever4 ,mr4 ,sala has somewhere happily remarked that ,charles ,dickens wanted rather a scene painter for his novels than a mere illustrator of books1 and the very last person to answer his requirements was ,george ,cruikshank2 for1 while ready and willing to execute designs illustrative of ,mr4 ,dickens's writings1 he made it an implied condition of his retainer1 that he should be free to design them in his own way and after his own fashion4 ,it was an essential condition of ,george ,cruikshank's success as a draughtsman1 not only that he should feel a sympathy for any subject he was called upon to design1 but also that his genius should be left unfettered and untrammelled in his method of treatment4 ,hence it was that he found it impossible to co-operate with so exacting an employer of artistic labour as ,charles ,dickens4 ,the latter argued1 with some show of reason1 that knowing what he intended to describe1 he was the fittest and most competent person to explain how his meaning should be pictorially carried out4 ,this sort of arrangement1 however1 did not suit the independent and somewhat impracticable spirit of the artist1 and the result was almost a foregone conclusion4 ,these two men of genius inevitably clashed2 and the connection between ,charles ,dickens and ,cruikshank was abruptly severed4 ,a singular memorial of the quarrel between ,dickens and ,cruikshank will be found in the last illustration to the author's novel of ,oliver ,twist1 one of the worst that the artist ever executed4 ,although ,mr4 ,forster does not say so--and possibly would not admit it1--,charles ,dickens is directly responsible for this result1 as the reader will agree when he learns the whole of the facts1 which are only partly given in ,forster's ,life1 and in every other work which professes to tell the story4 ,the reader will not require to be told that ,oliver ,twist made its appearance in the pages of ,bentley's ,miscellany4 ,the story of course had been written in anticipation of the magazine2 and according to ,mr4 ,forster1 ,cruikshank's designs for the portion which forms the third volume having to be executed 'in a lump1' were necessarily done somewhat hastily4 ,how far this statement is correct1 the reader will be enabled to judge when we tell him that these so-called hastily prepared illustrations include the famous designs of ,sikes and his ,dog and ,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell4 ,none of these illustrations1 ,mr4 ,forster goes on to tell us1 ,dickens had seen until he saw them in the book on the eve of its publication we assume in the three-volume form1 when he so strongly objected to one of them that it had to be cancelled4 ,my dear ,cruikshank1 he at once wrote off to the artist1 ,i returned suddenly to town yesterday afternoon ,october1 #ahch to look at the latter pages of ',oliver ,twist' before it was delivered to the booksellers1 when ,i saw the majority of the plates for the first time4 ,with reference to the last one1 ,rose ,maylie and ,oliver1 without entering into the question of great haste or any other cause which may have led to its being what it is1 ,i am quite sure there can be little difference of opinion between us with respect to the result4 ,may ,i ask you whether you will object to designing this plate afresh1 and doing so at once1 in order that as few impressions as possible of the present one may go forth4 ,i feel confident you know me too well to feel hurt by this inquiry1 and with equal confidence in you1 ,i have lost no time in preferring it4 ,at this point ,mr4 ,forster leaves the story4 ,,the ,,quarrel ,,with ,,dickens4 ,probably very few of our readers have seen this despised and rejected plate of ,rose ,maylie and ,oliver1 for it is not the one which bears that title among the ordinary illustrations to the novel of ,oliver ,twist4 ,it is very rare1 and we wish we could reproduce it here4 ,if not one of the very best of the series1 it is entirely in keeping with the rest2 and so far from displaying great haste1 is in every respect a carefully finished book etching4 ,four figures are represented in it as sitting round the fire1 among them the well known form of ,oliver1 with his turn-down collar and elaborately brushed hair4 ,on the mantle-shelf1 with other ornaments1 are two hyacinths in glasses1 thus fixing ,january as the date of the scene depicted4 ,it would have been better for the book if ,charles ,dickens had left it alone4 ,the artist did as he was requested1 with anger at his heart2 and as a consequence1 ,rose ,maylie will go down to posterity as the ugliest of ,george ,cruikshank's very ugly women1 in an outrageous bonnet1 with her hand resting on the shoulder of a youth wearing the singular coatee or boy's jacket of forty years ago4 ,differing altogether from the admirable designs which preceded it1 there is an incongruity about the etching which cannot fail to impress the observer4 ,the unfortunate letter and still more unfortunate result occasioned a coolness between the men which was never wholly removed4 ,from that time forth ,george ,cruikshank executed no more designs for ,charles ,dickens1 and the illustrations to the long series of novels which afterwards followed from the pen of the talented but distinctly autocratic author were entrusted to other hands4 ,however much this result must be deplored so far as the artist himself is concerned1 the coolness between ,charles ,dickens and ,george ,cruikshank is scarcely to be viewed in the light of a misfortune for ,english illustrative art4 ,only consider for one moment what might have followed had the artist executed the designs to the rest of ,dickens's novels6 ,dick ,swiveller would have suited him1 and so would ,quilp1 or ,sampson ,brass1 the ,yorkshire schoolmaster1 ,newman ,noggs1 ,lord ,frederick ,verisopht1 ,captain ,bunsby1 or even ,mr4 ,pecksniff himself2 but only fancy1 on the other hand1 the horrors which would have been made of ,dolly ,varden1 of ,edith ,dombey1 of ,little ,em'ly1 of dear1 gentle1 loving little ,nell6 ,happily for the fame of ,george ,cruikshank1 his imagination was not called into requisition for any one of these creations1 and like the annunciations1 the beatifications1 and the apotheoses of ,lockhart1 they remain 7we are thankful to say it7 still unrealized6 ,,the ,,feud ,,with ,,bentley4 ,the quarrel with ,dickens was followed by a very bitter and very singular feud between the artist and ,bentley4 ,into the causes of that quarrel we need not enter2 suffice it to say that to the misunderstanding we owe some of the very worst etchings which ,cruikshank ever designed1 the series of illustrations to ,harrison ,ainsworth's novel of ,guy ,fawkes4 ,the worst of all is the ,vision of ,guy ,fawkes at ,saint ,winifred's ,well1 and a very singular vision it is4 ,the saint has all the appearance1 with all the grace1 expression1 and symmetry of a ,dutch doll arrayed in a pocket handkerchief2 the sky is machine ruled2 the pillars and tracery of the ruined chapel are architectural impossibilities2 while at the very first snort1 the slumbering figure of ,guy ,fawkes must roll inevitably into the well towards the brink of which he lies in dangerous propinquity4 ,these illustrations provoked the ire of the publisher and the remonstrances of the author1 both of which were disregarded with strict impartiality4 ,in #ahdb1 ,harrison ,ainsworth retired from the conduct of the ,miscellany1 and set up a rival magazine of somewhat similar plan and conception1 which he christened after his own surname4 ,this opposition venture appears to have been the result of a misunderstanding between the editor and publisher1 the most serious outcome of which was1 that when ,ainsworth left he carried with him ,george ,cruikshank4 ,the secession of ,george caused ,mr4 ,bentley the greatest possible inconvenience4 ,the straits to which he was reduced may be imagined by the fact that ,a4 ,hervieu 7an artist of considerable ability71 and the clever1 well-known amateur1 ,alfred ,crowquill 7,alfred ,henry ,forrester71 had to be pressed into the service1 and contributed leading etchings4 ,meanwhile1 the cover of the ,miscellany showed that ,george ,cruikshank was nominally retained on the pictorial staff2 and before the quality of his illustrations became so villainously bad that the object he had in view--that of forcing ,bentley to cancel his engagement--had been attained1 a draughtsman of unusual graphic power and versatility had come to the assistance of the magazine4 ,this was a young man who had already executed many comic designs of a somewhat novel and original character1 and was already forcing his way to the front3 his name--familiar afterwards in our mouths as household words--was ,john ,leech4 ,the ,guy ,fawkes illustrations were the outcome of the first campaign between ,bentley and ,cruikshank2 and as the history of the quarrel between the publisher and his unmanageable artist is a somewhat amusing one1 we may be pardoned for describing it at length4 ,the engagement from which he sought to free himself1 and which he stigmatized as a one-sided one1 obliged ,cruikshank to supply ,mr4 ,bentley with at least one etching every month2 and as ,bentley continued to advertise him as the illustrator of the ,miscellany1 ,george commenced the second campaign by issuing in the opening pages of the opposition venture the following characteristic manifesto3--,mr4 ,bentley1 the publisher1 says the indignant ,george1 evidently wishes to create the supposition that ,i illustrate his ',miscellany4' ,on the contrary1 ,i wish the public to understand that ,i do no such thing4 ,it is true that1 according to a one-sided agreement 7of which more may be heard hereafter71 ,i supply a single etching per month4 ,but ,i supply only that single etching4 ,and even that can hardly be called my design1 since the subject of it is regularly furnished to me by ,mr4 ,bentley1 and ,i have never even read a page of any of the stories thus 'illustrated4' ,yet ,mr4 ,bentley not only advertises me as the illustrator of his ',miscellany1' but he has lately shaped his advertisement thus1 in the papers as well as on the wrapper of his magazine3 ',illustrated by ,geo4 ,cruikshank1 etc4' ,are his other artists worthy only of being merged in an etc48 ,this is1 indeed1 paying them but a poor compliment2 and one which ,i should hardly think they would submit to4 ,in certain other announcements ,i observe mentioned1 in addition to my own name1 a ',cruikshank the ,younger4' ,who is he8 ,the only ,cruikshank the ,younger ,i ever heard of as a designer1 is myself4 ,would it not be supposed that there must be a third ,cruikshank1 etching1 drawing1 and 'illustrating1' as his two predecessors have done8 ,yet there is no such person6 ,there is indeed a nephew of mine1 who1 as a wood-engraver1 and a wood-engraver only1 has been employed by ,mr4 ,bentley to engrave ',crowquill's designs2' just as in my ',omnibus' he engraved my own drawings upon wood1 and still does engrave them in ',ainsworth's ,magazine4' ,now1 can any one imagine it possible for any respectable publisher1 especially ',her ,majesty's ,publisher in ,ordinary1' to be guilty of so miserable a trick1 so wretched an expedient1 as that of putting off the engraver of a few of the drawings as the designer himself--as one of the 'illustrators' of the ',miscellany'8 ,let ,mr4 ,bentley but produce a single design for the ',miscellany1' by ',cruikshank the ,younger' 7by him so-called71 and ,i will retract this indignant disclaimer and apologise4 ,if ,mr4 ,bentley cannot do this1 he stands self-convicted of an attempt to impose upon the public by a mystification1 for purposes as apparent as the trick itself4 ,what this strange declaration of war proposed to effect is not altogether manifest2 if its author imagined it would produce the result of releasing him from his engagement1 he was signally mistaken1 for ,mr4 ,bentley1 as might have been expected1 held him all the tighter to the letter of his bond4 ,what the artist thought and what he did are told us in the plainest language by the etchings which followed this singular manifesto4 ,they tell us as plainly as could be expressed in words1 that ,george reasoned after the following fashion3--,it is clear that under the terms of my engagement ,i am bound to supply ',bentley's ,miscellany' with one etching a month2 but our agreement says nothing as to the quality of the etchings1 nor am ,i bound to see that they shall be strictly relevant to the subjects which ,i am called upon to illustrate4 ,from that time1 so long as he continued to design for the ,miscellany1 ,george tried to do his worst1 and it must be admitted that he succeeded to admiration4 ,anything more outrageous than these wretched drawings--taking into account the talent1 power1 and skill of the artist1 and the quality of the work which he was at this very time executing for ,harrison ,ainsworth--can scarcely be conceived4 ,they are so ashamed of themselves1 that his signature--usually so distinct1 so characteristic1 and so clear on other occasions--is illegible1 in many cases wholly wanting4 ,at length1 in vol4 xiii4 7#ahdc7 appeared a story called ,the ,exile of ,louisiana1 with an illustration by ,george ,cruikshank 7for ,bentley1 probably by way of retaliation1 was determined the public should know that these performances were due to the hand which had produced the famous etchings to ,oliver ,twist1 ,jack ,sheppard1 and the contemporaneous story of the ,miser's ,daughter74 ,we should like to have seen the face of the author when this extraordinary conception dawned upon him4 ,the tale 7a serious and pathetic one7 was burlesqued with one of the most grotesque caricatures the mind of comic artist ever conceived4 ,it represents ,marshal ,saxe recognising the widow of a late ,czaaravitch in the gardens of the ,tuileries4 ,the marshal1 a most extraordinary personage1 would make in actual life the fortune of any enterprising showman4 ,he possesses a nose of ,slawkenbergian proportions2 his pig-tail reaches below his waist2 and his sword1 sticking out at right angles1 gives him the appearance of a fly with a pin through its middle4 ,near him stands a courtier1 with ankles of such fearful and wonderful construction that his legs will snap the moment he attempts to use them4 ,as for the distinguished relict of the ,czaaravitch1 she is one of the most wonderful of the many wonderful people who figure in the sketch4 ,her figure is an anatomical impossibility2 while her mouth reaches from ear to ear 7the letterpress1 by the way1 informs us that her deceased husband had married her for her beauty674 ,the statue of ,mercury1 posed like a scaramouch at a masquerade1 is matched by that of ,neptune1 who whirls his trident round his head in a state of the wildest hilarity1 cutting at the same time a caper over the body of an attendant dolphin1 who is so overcome with the whimsicality of the proceeding that he is making the most violent efforts to restrain his laughter4 ,this last shot probably hit the mark1 for only three etchings appear in vol4 xiv41 and not one afterwards4 ,george was victorious2 but there are victories and victories1 and a triumph won at the cost of an artistic reputation is as disastrous as a defeat4 ,,the ,,misunderstanding ,,with ,,ainsworth4 ,harrison ,ainsworth's long connection with the artist had taught him that he was one who would be neither driven nor led1 and he was wise enough to accommodate himself to circumstances4 ,the admirable woodcut design at the head of that division of the magazine which was known as ,our ,library ,table1 shows us the artist and the handsome editor in consultation1 and the attitude of the two men is indicative of the fact that ,ainsworth is attentively listening to the advice or suggestions of his coadjutor1 a fact to which ,cruikshank himself has been particular to draw our attention4 ,to the free and unfettered conditions under which ,cruikshank co-operated with ,ainsworth we owe a series of the most justly celebrated and valuable of his designs4 ,in matters1 however1 connected with art1 ,cruikshank was1 as we have seen1 a difficult man to get on with1 and it was fairly safe to predict that a quarrel between the author and artist was a mere question of time4 ,the artist remained on the staff of ,ainsworth's ,magazine for three years1 enriching its pages with some of the choicest efforts of his pencil4 ,at the end of that period came the unfortunate but almost unavoidable misunderstanding2 and ,george ,cruikshank1 as he had done with ,bentley1 withdrew from the concern4 ,unlike ,bentley1 however1 ,ainsworth appears not only to have foreseen1 but to have made preparations for the inevitable2 and accordingly1 when ,george ,cruikshank retired1 his place was immediately taken by an artist of talent1 destined to win for himself a considerable position among the ranks of designers and etchers3 this was ,hablot ,knight ,browne1 then and now known to us under his monosyllabic nom-de-guerre of ,phiz4 ,it seems to us fitting in this place to say a few words on the subject of ,george's pretension to be the originator of two of ,ainsworth's stories1 because the truth of his assertion has been questioned by a late commentator4#id ,george's statements simply amount to this3 that so far as the illustrations to the ,miser's ,daughter and ,the ,tower of ,london are concerned1 the author wrote up to his designs4 ,we have considered ,ainsworth's answers to this statement1 and find that although he fences with1 he does not deny it4 ,it was one essential condition of ,cruikshank's success that his fancy should be free and untrammelled1 and the truth of his statement appears to us to be proved by the illustrations to these works1 which are certainly the finest which he ever designed2 that he was therefore 7as he stated7 the originator of these tales in the sense in which he used the word1 we can entertain no manner of doubt4 ,most of the ,cruikshank commentators1 whilst writing on the subject of the ,harrison ,ainsworth etchings1 have thought fit to decry the author's share of the performance2 but the fact that the pictures are so much better than the letterpress should not prevent us from dealing fairly with the veteran author1 who1 like the distinguished artist with whom he so long co-operated1 has now gone to his rest4 ,even ,mr4 ,ainsworth's detractors will1 we think1 admit that without him we should have lost the admirable illustrations to ,windsor ,castle1 ,jack ,sheppard1 and ,st4 ,james's2 it may even be doubted whether without him we should have had the still better series of etchings which adorn the ,tower of ,london and the ,miser's ,daughter4 ,if this be the fact1 it seems to us we owe a lasting debt of gratitude to this venerable writer1 who experienced the vicissitudes which inevitably befall mere talent when allied with genius4 ,he was a writer of the ,george ,payne ,ransford ,james school1 dispensing1 however1 with the inevitable setting sun and two travellers1 and received a price for his productions which many a better author might well envy4 ,for his novel of ,old ,st4 ,paul's 7#ahda7 he was paid by the proprietors of the ,sunday ,times one thousand pounds2 ,the ,miser's ,daughter attained an extraordinary success2 and the same remark applies to ,windsor ,castle4 ,for ,the ,lancashire ,witches he received from the proprietors of the ,sunday ,times one thousand pounds4 ,several of the works named had not the benefit of ,cruikshank's illustrations2 but in #ahej-a1 cheap editions of all such of ,mr4 ,ainsworth's romances and tales as had appeared up to that period1 were published by ,messrs4 ,chapman and ,hall without any illustrations at all4 ,windsor ,castle was the first of the series1 and upwards of thirty thousand copies were disposed of in a short time2 while all the other works enjoyed a very large sale1 and popular favour was so far from being exhausted1 that another edition of his novels was called for in #ahfd-ahfh4 ,he was a veritable literary rolling stone4 ,in #ahde he disposed of his magazine to the publishers1 and purchased the ,new ,monthly1 previously edited by ,theodore ,hook and 7after his death7 by ,thomas ,hood2 in #ahed he bought the far-famed ,miscellany itself1 becoming its proprietor and editor2 in that year he seems also to have re-purchased ,ainsworth's ,magazine1 which as a separate and rival publication thenceforth ceased to exist4 ,the only work which ,cruikshank illustrated for ,charles ,lever was ,arthur ,o',leary1 and the reason of this has been explained by himself in a letter which he wrote to ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick1 the author of ,charles ,lever's life3 ,i had the honour and the pleasure1 he says1 of being personally acquainted with the late ,charles ,lever1 and ,i regret that ,i was only able to illustrate one of his works1 ',arthur ,o',leary1' my engagements on ',jack ,sheppard1' etc41 at that time prevented me from illustrating his other works1 which he wished me to have done1 but ,i do not remember ever having any written correspondence with him1 as the ,,ms4 or printed matter was placed in my hands for illustration2 and then ,i had entirely to deal with the publisher4 ,mr4 ,charles ,lever was an author whom ,i held in high estimation4 ,lever himself was highly gratified with these illustrations4 ,,the ,,final ,,leap ,,in ,,the ,,dark4 ,by #ahde1 that is to say1 at least two years before he had taken his final leap in the dark1 ,cruikshank had contrived to pick quarrels with the very class of men whom it was his special interest to conciliate1 and had been driven to set up an opposition serial of his own--the celebrated ,table ,book--which1 notwithstanding the superlative excellence of his own illustrations and the talent of his literary contributors1 comprising such names as ,john ,oxenford1 ,horace ,mayhew1 ,shirley ,brooks1 ,mark ,lemon1 ,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray1 and others1 could not manage to prolong its existence beyond its first volume4 ,in matters connected with his own interests he was not only impracticable1 but seems to have been remarkably destitute of tact and even of discernment4 ,it cannot be doubted that the estrangement from ,bentley was unwise and impolitic1 for as one of the greatest publishers of fiction of the day1 his influence was both far-reaching and comprehensive4 ,in quarrelling with ,dickens1 ,ainsworth1 and ,bentley1 three of the great artistic employers of labour of his time1 and in face of the growing popularity of ,john ,leech and ,hablot ,knight ,browne1 he was literally quarrelling with his bread and butter1 and few men1 even of genius1 may afford to do that4 ,he was essentially impulsive1 and frequently acted under the influence of first impressions4 ,although fond of his pipe and his glass1 as his famous ,reverie1--,the ,triumph of ,cupid1 in the ,table ,book1 will show1 he had always evinced a horror of drink1 and had1 as we have seen1 done his best at various times to expose its insidious and baneful influences4 ,at last1 in #ahdg1 came a sudden and extraordinary impulse of enthusiasm1 under the influence of which he not only produced his ,bottle1 but laid aside for ever his pipe and his bowl4 ,to do any real good1 he said he must practise what he preached3 he joined the teetotallers1 and not being one of those who did things by halves1 entered heart and soul into the crusade against drink by becoming a temperance advocate4 ,this last was the one step needed to fill up the measure of the artist's folly1 and to secure for him the reputation of being an incurably eccentric1 self-willed man4 ,those who would charge the author with blaming ,george ,cruikshank for joining the ranks of the teetotallers will do him grave injustice4 ,although very much of the opinion of ,robert ,burton1 author of the ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 that1 ,no verses can please men or live long that are written by water-drinkers1 and disposed to undervalue the tact and discretion of some of the advocates of total abstinence1 for its abstract principles he can say and think nothing but what is good4 ,but he is writing1 be it remembered1 of a great artist--one whose mission was that of an artist1 not that of a temperance orator1--of one who had served the righteous and good cause of temperance best when he remembered that genius had made him an artist and not a temperance orator1--of one who had rendered that cause yeoman's service long before he joined the total abstainers1 in designing ,the ,gin ,juggernaut1 ,the ,gin ,trap1 and work of a kindred nature4 ,the cause1 too1 so far as mere verbal advocacy was concerned1 was better served by men of vastly inferior mark and ability4 ,before this fatal plunge was taken his genius had roamed in an absolutely uncontrolled range of freedom4 ,he had travelled into the land of chivalry and romance1 into the realms of fairy fancy1 magic1 and diablery2 he had brought back with him pictures of the wondrous people1 lands1 and scenes which his fancy had visited4 ,all this was at an end2 this wonderful genius was now forced into a narrow groove1 where it could no longer have the freedom of action which was essential to its very existence4 ,from the moment that ,george ,cruikshank turned temperance orator1 the world of ,english art lost one of its brightest ornaments1 and he himself both fame and fortune2 for1 as ,mr4 ,bates observes1 some of his earliest friends were alienated1 and remunerative work that might have been his was diverted1 from sheer prejudice1 into other hands4 ,his style1 too1 as ,mr4 ,bates further remarks1 suffered by the contraction of his ideas and sympathies1 and his art became associated with that vulgarity and want of stheticism which perhaps necessarily characterizes the movement4 ,the ,bottle and ,the ,drunkard's ,children1 although successful in a pecuniary point of view--compared with what had gone before1--can scarcely be called art at all2 in these too he unconsciously put himself in competition with ,hogarth1 and as a matter of necessity failed4 ,he had been a king among designers and etchers2 he had been and was still an admirable water-colour artist1 but knew comparatively little of the manipulation or management of oils4 ,a new crusade had however to be preached1 to be preached by means of an oil painting2 and for this purpose ,george was to be inspired off hand 7so to speak7 with a new art1 and to paint a picture in oils4 ,we know the result--the lamentable result--in that most preposterous ,worship of ,bacchus4 ,his motive was good1 his ideas were vast1 but the genius which in his unregenerate days had enabled him to design ,the ,gin ,trap and the ,the ,gin ,juggernaut1 was no longer there4 ,unhappy ,rip6 ,there is more poetry--more fancy--more romance--more art--fire--genius in one of the little bits1 nine inches by six1 executed in the days of his pipe and his glass1 than in any one part or portion of this most gigantic failure4 ,the mere fact of his joining the ranks of the total abstainers would have done him perhaps little professional mischief1 had he been content simply to join them1 and aid their cause1 as he had once so graphically done by depicting the evils of gin drinking and intemperance2 but it was one of the failings as well as one of the virtues of this impulsive1 earnest man's character1 that whatever his hand found to do1 he did it with his might4 ,desiring to aid them to the best of his power1 he mistook the means by which that aid might best be applied1 and forgot that his talents lay not in the tongue but in his hand and his head4 ,we look upon ,george ,cruikshank after #ahdi1 no longer as an artist1 but as a very indifferent temperance lecturer4 ,the reign of ,fancy was over4 ,thenceforth no ,reveries1 no ,jack o' ,lanterns1 no ,gin ,juggernauts1 would come from that indefatigable hand1 that fertile brain1 that wondrous and facile pencil4 ,george ,cruikshank took his ,worship of ,bacchus1 and went out into the world 7heaven save the mark67 as a temperance lecturer4 ,his literary abilities were1 however1 small2 he lacked even that gentle dulness#ie which characterizes the leading advocates of the movement1 and kindles a certain amount of sympathetic enthusiasm in kindred breasts4 ,the dull people who went to hear him1 knew little about and cared less for art and genius than they did for the abstract doctrines of total abstinence4 ,the result1 so far as he personally was concerned1 was curious1 lamentable1 and almost instantaneous4 ,the work which had hitherto crowded upon him fell away like water from a leaking vessel2 nay1 on the authority of ,mr4 ,william ,bates1 when work was offered him he refused to take it4 ,when pressed by the late ,mark ,lemon to draw on his own terms for ,punch1 this man who had designed some of the broadest1 coarsest1 most personal of the satires of the nineteenth century1 had grown so extremely particular that he definitely refused to have anything to do with it on account of what he termed its personalities4#if ,what could be done for such a man as this8 ,authors and publishers wholly ceased to employ him2 and he was left without work in the very pride of his artistic career4 ,he turned to oil painting2 was taken by the hand by the influential few who appreciated1 pitied1 and loved him2 but from the moment that he became a temperance advocate1 to the literary world and to the general public this most singular and original genius was to all practical intents and purposes--dead4 ,these observations1 ,i repeat1 are made in no spirit of hostility to the sincere and earnest men who would seek to reduce the crime and misery which owe their origin to the immoderate use of ardent spirits4 ,so far from this being the case1 ,i hold their cause to be so righteous1 so sensible1 that it seems to me as effectually advocated by a plain1 simple1 earnest man as by a great artist and man of genius4 ,i say advisedly1 that the cause of temperance had been better served had ,cruikshank stuck to his pencil and his etching needle1 instead of seeking the position of a temperance advocate1 and stumping the provinces with his absurd panorama of ,the ,worship of ,bacchus4 ,thirty years of quite sterling and admirable work were now to be followed by thirty years of artistic sterility1 for from this ,rip ,van ,winkle slumber of thirty years' duration his reputation never once awoke4 ,out of the dreary desert of mental and artistic inactivity came forth at long distant intervals specimens of his handiwork1 which served1 it is true1 to remind us of what he once was capable1 but failed to restore him to the place he had for ever lost in public estimation2 such were the illustrations to ,angus ,bethune ,reach's ,clement ,lorymer1 to ,robert ,brough's ,life of ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 to ,smedley's ,frank ,fairleigh1 to ,george ,raymond's ,life and ,enterprises of ,elliston1 to his own so-called ,fairy ,library4 ,good and excellent as this work was1 it utterly failed to lend even a passing vitality to his departed reputation1 a fact sufficiently and vexatiously proved when he essayed once more to start a magazine of his own1 which met with such little encouragement that only two parts were issued4 ,nevertheless1 the designs of the ,life of ,falstaff and his own ,fairy ,library showed that1 when the subject took hold of his fancy1 the hand of ,cruikshank had not altogether lost the cunning which characterized it in days of yore4 ,to illustrate the so-called fairy stories1 he had to read them1--no longer1 alas6 with his former love of fairy lore and legend1--no longer with the mind of a man free1 vigorous1 elastic1 but with a mind warped and prejudiced with the study of a theme which was intellectually depressing and uninspiring4 ,no one knows the origin of these fairy stories1 they come to us from our ,danish and ,saxon ancestors1 but are interwoven with the literature of every civilized nation under the sun1 and are altogether beyond the sphere of modern criticism4 ,their primitive style is singularly adapted to enlist the sympathies of the little folk to whom they specially address themselves3 their highest aim and object is not to instruct1 but to amuse4 ,all this the artist1 in the ardour of his new crusade1 lost sight of1 and so dead had he become to the fairy fancies and reveries of his youth1 that he placed sacrilegious hands on these time-honoured and favourite legends of our childhood1 and converted them 7with most indifferent literary ability7 into something little better than temperance tracts6 ,but happily not without protest4 ,charles ,dickens1 the champion of the injured fairies1 set his lance in rest1 and speedily rolled hapless ,van ,winkle in the dust4 ,into the details of this very absurd and very unequal contest there is no necessity for us to enter4 ,george was at home with his pencil1 his etching needle1 or his tubes of water colour2 but put a pen in his hand1 and he forthwith would cut the funniest of capers4 ,he argued 7with every appearance of comical gravity and earnestness71 that because ,shakespeare might alter an ,italian story1 or ,sir ,walter ,scott use history for the purposes of the drama1 poetry1 or romance1 therefore1 any one might take the liberty of altering a common fairy story to suit his purpose and convey his opinions4 ,aye1 and so he might1 honest ,rip2 but he would set about his task in a very different fashion to ,shakespeare or ,sir ,walter ,scott1 and ,i fear too that the literary results and value would be vastly different4 ,it never seemed to occur to the mind of the honest but simple casuist that in putting any one on a par with ,william ,shakespeare and ,sir ,walter ,scott1 he was writing simple nonsense4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that the change which had come over the literature of fiction during the past quarter of a century1 and which ,professor ,bates would assign as one of the principal causes of the sterility which befell the genius of ,cruikshank1 had really very little to do with it4 ,this calamity--for a national calamity it undoubtedly was--did not fall upon him1 be it remembered1 when he was old1 but in the very acme and pride of artistic success4 ,his fall was distinctly due to causes which were within his own control1 and might have been avoided by the exercise of qualities which 7it seems to me7 he did not possess1--forethought1 tact1 and judgment4 ,during the rest of his long life1 the place which ,george ,cruikshank deliberately ceded to others he never once regained2 when he dropped behind1 he became as completely forgotten as if he had ceased any longer to exist2 men whose childhood he had delighted with his quaint imaginings1 his own friends and contemporaries1 died off2 and so it came to pass1 that before he knew it1 for time moves quickly after youth is over1 the old man was left standing alone amongst the ranks of a generation that did not know him4 ,so little was he known or regarded1 that when his works were first exhibited1 no one took the trouble to see them2 and when a small circle of admirers1 with the great ,english critic1 ,john ,ruskin1 at their head1 started a subscription for the forgotten artist1 the attempt was a failure--hundreds being received when thousands were expected4 ,it will be remembered that in his best days the artist had executed a memorable etching1 ,born a ,genius and ,born a ,dwarf3 ,i wonder whether1 in the bitterness of his spirit and the righteousness of his anger1 ,george ,cruikshank ever thought of that etching8 ,,footnotes3 #id ,mr4 ,blanchard ,jerrold4 #ie ,and gentle dulness ever loves a joke4--,dunciad4 #if ,the ,maclise ,portrait ,gallery1 #ahhc1 p4 #aie4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,robert ,,seymour4 ,decidedly next in order of merit to ,george ,cruikshank1 amongst his own contemporaries1 if we except only ,theodore ,lane1 comes ,robert ,seymour4 ,with a style and manner peculiar to himself1 and a power of invention and realization which amounted almost to genius1 ,seymour was superior in every respect to ,robert ,cruikshank1 with whom we find him not unfrequently associated in comic design4 ,this style and manner were clearly founded on those of ,george ,cruikshank2 and when he selected 7as he not unfrequently did7 subjects which had been treated by the latter1 the work of this most able draughtsman will bear even favourable comparison with that of the great original whom he chose as his master4 ,that he drew his inspiration from and sought even to emulate ,cruikshank1 is shown by the fact that to some of his earlier caricatures he affixed the name of ,shortshanks1 a practice which he discontinued on receiving a remonstrance from the irritable ,george4 ,robert ,seymour was born in #agih4 ,henry ,seymour1 his father1 a gentleman of good family in ,somersetshire1 meeting with misfortune1 removed to ,london1 and apprenticed him to ,mr4 ,vaughan1 a pattern designer of ,duke ,street1 ,smithfield4 ,this ,vaughan seems to deserve a passing notice here by reason of the fact that his father is said to have received proposals for partnership from the father of the late ,sir ,robert ,peel1 which were rejected1 on the ground that the fortunes of the ,peel family were not then considered particularly flourishing4 ,how far this statement may be correct we know not4 ,assuming it to be true1 the fortunes of the ,peel family afterwards took a turn which probably frequently gave ,vaughan pre 7if he lived to ruminate thereon7 some serious cause for reflection as well as of repentance4 ,like ,hogarth1 with whom this artist1 like all other comic designers1 has been frequently and improperly compared1 young ,robert ,seymour declined to waste his abilities as a mere mechanical draughtsman1 and used his technical education as a means of cultivating the artistic gifts with which nature and inclination had endowed him4 ,he seems at first to have selected a walk in art which required for its ultimate success a larger amount of application and patience than he could well spare for the purpose4 ,shortly after the expiration of his indentures1 he started as a painter in oils1 and executed several pictures1 one of which 7a ,biblical subject7 included1 it is said1 no less than one hundred figures1 whilst a no less ambitious subject than ,tasso's ,jerusalem ,delivered was deemed of sufficient merit to be exhibited on the walls of the ,royal ,academy4 ,other pictorial subjects were taken from ,don ,quixote1 ,waverley1 ,the ,tempest1 etc41 besides which he executed numerous portraits and miniatures4 ,these efforts1 however1 do not appear to have been sufficiently remunerative to encourage him to continue them1 and after a time he resigned them to follow a branch of art more congenial1 perhaps1 to his abilities1 and thenceforth very rapidly acquired fame as a social satirist and caricaturist4 ,the coloured caricatures of ,robert ,seymour1 besides being comparatively scarce and little known1 seem hardly to call for any particular description2 the titles of some of them will be found mentioned in our ,appendix4 ,one which has survived1 and with which the public are probably most familiar1 is one of the worst of the series4 ,it is entitled1 ,going it by ,steam1 is signed ,short ,shanks1 and was published by ,king4 ,among rarer and better ones may be named two very excellent specimens1 without date1 published by ,creed1 of ,chancery ,lane1 labelled respectively1 ,a ,musical ,genius 7a butcher boy playing on the ,pandean pipes and accompanying himself with marrow bone and cleaver71 and ,a ,man of ,taste and ,feeling 7a tramp caught in a trap while helping himself in a butler's pantry74 ,among the best of his coloured political caricatures1 we may mention1 ,greece and her ,rough ,lovers 7i4e4 ,russia and ,turkey71 published by ,maclean1 in #ahbh4 ,lithography afforded greater facilities of execution than the old process1 and much of ,seymour's work in political as well as social satire was executed by himself on stone4 ,,death ,,of ,,george ,,iv4 ,the year #ahcj brought the life and reign of ,george the ,fourth to a close4 ,he had been breaking up for a long time past4 ,the first entry of any moment occurs in ,mr4 ,greville's diary1 of #beth ,august1 #ahbh3 ,the king has not been well2 he goes fishing and dining at ,virginia ,water1 stays out late1 and catches cold4 ,a year later1 the diarist relates that the king had nearly lost his eyesight1 and would be couched as soon as his eyes were in a proper state for the operation4 ,on the #gth of ,december he attended a chapter of the ,bath1 looked well1 but was so blind that he could not see to read the list1 and begged ,mr4 ,greville to read it for him4 ,the ,sangrado treatment was then in full force2 and we find that in ,january1 #ahcj1 the king1 being very ill1 lost forty ounces of blood4 ,he grew at last so much worse that the preparations for the festivities with which the royal birthday was to have been celebrated were obliged to be postponed sine die4 ,a victim to dropsy1 the operation of puncturing the legs was resorted to1 with the result of giving him temporary relief4 ,the patient1 however1 became liable to violent fits of coughing1 in one of which he ruptured a blood vessel1 and expired early on the morning of ,saturday the #bfth of ,june1 #ahcj4 ,a more contemptible1 selfish1 unfeeling being as a man than this king could scarcely have been found1 a mixture of narrow-mindedness1 selfishness1 truckling1 blustering1 and duplicity1 with no object but self1 his own ease1 and the gratification of his own fancies and prejudices4#ig ,a more despicable scene1 continues ,mr4 ,greville1 cannot be exhibited than that which the interior of our ,court presents--every base1 low1 and unmanly propensity1 with selfishness1 avarice1 and a life of petty intrigue and mystery4#ih ,george the ,fourth as king and regent was recklessly extravagant1 but his expenditure was always upon self or the gratification of self4 ,a hundred examples of his selfish nature might be given1 but cui bono8 ,everything he could get hold of1 which could minister to his own personal gratification1 he grasped with avidity4 ,in this spirit he appropriated the jewels and spent on himself the whole of the money belonging to his late father's estate1 amounting to #abj1jjj4 ,his ministers did not dare to oppose his greed1 or tell him that this money belonged to the ,crown1 and not to himself as an individual4 ,he acted precisely in the same manner with regard to his mother's jewels1 of which she possessed a large quantity4 ,those she received from ,george ,,iii4 she left by will to the king2 the rest she gave to her daughters2 in spite of which bequest1 her selfish son appropriated the whole to himself as his own personal private property4 ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,king4 ,an admirable likeness of this most selfish of royal or private personages has been drawn by a master hand4 ,to make a portrait of him1 says ,thackeray1 at first seemed a matter of small difficulty4 ,there is his coat1 his star1 his wig1 his countenance simpering under it3 with a slate and a piece of chalk1 ,i could at this very desk perform a recognisable likeness of him4 ,and yet after reading of him in scores of volumes1 hunting him through old magazines and newspapers1 having him here at a ball1 there at a public dinner1 there at races1 and so forth1 you find you have nothing--nothing but a coat and wig1 and a mask smiling below it--nothing but a great simulacrum4 ,his sire and grandsires were men4 ,one knew what they were like3 what they would do in given circumstances3 that on occasion they fought and demeaned themselves like tough1 good soldiers4 ,they had friends whom they liked according to their natures2 enemies whom they hated firmly2 passions and actions and individualities of their own4 ,the sailor king who came after ,george was a man2 the ,duke of ,york was a man1 big1 burly1 loud1 jolly1 cursing1 courageous4 ,but this ,george1 what was he8 ,i look through all his life1 and recognise but a bow and a grin4 ,i try and take him to pieces1 and find silk stockings1 padding1 stays1 a coat with frogs and a fur collar1 a star and blue ribbon1 a pocket-handkerchief prodigiously scented1 one of ,truefitt's best nutty brown wigs reeking with oil1 a set of teeth1 and a huge black stock1 under-waistcoats1 more under-waistcoats1 and then nothing4 ,under-waistcoats1 more under-waistcoats--and then nothing6 ,yes1 there was something besides the silk stockings--the padding--the stays--the coat with frogs and a fur collar1 the star and the blue ribbon1 although there might be nothing underneath which resembled a heart or which was capable of being inspired by a feeling which had not its origin in self4 ,the wardrobe of this royal professor of deportment1 who ten years before had been described to his own great personal annoyance as-- ,the dandy of sixty1 who bows with a grace1 ,and has taste in wigs1 collars1 cuirasses1 and lace1 was sold on the #bnd of ,august1 #ahcj1 and is said to have been sufficiently numerous to fill ,monmouth ,street1 and sufficiently various and splendid for the wardrobe of ,drury ,lane ,theatre4 ,the meanness of his disposition was exhibited even in the matter of his clothes1 scarcely any of which he gave away except his linen1 which was distributed every year4 ,here were all the coats which this monarch had had for fifty years before1 three hundred whips1 canes without number1 every sort of uniform1 the costumes of all the order of ,europe1 splendid fur pelisses1 hunting coats and breeches2 among other etcetera1 a dozen pair of corduroy breeches made to hunt in when ,don ,miguel was in ,london4 ,his profusion in these articles was explained by the fact that he never paid for them2 but his memory in relation to them was nevertheless so accurate that he recollected every article of dress1 no matter how old1 and his pages were liable to be called on at any moment to produce some particular coat or other article of apparel of years gone by4 ,the demise of this treasurer of royal antique raiment was followed by an order for general mourning1 to which a caricature drawing by ,seymour has reference1 the satirical meaning of which will be apparent after the explanation previously given4 ,a colossal military figure armed with a baton1 on which is inscribed the word fashion1 encounters at dusk1 in ,hyde ,park1 a solitary pedestrian habited in a suit of grey clothing4 ,how dare you appear1 says the apparition1 without a black coat8 to which the frightened pedestrian replies1 ,the tailor would not trust me1 sir4 ,in ,august1 #ahcj1 he gives likenesses of the new king and queen1 ,william the ,fourth and ,adelaide1 surrounded by a halo of glory4 ,the new king1 in reference to his profession1 and by way of obvious contrast to his predecessor1 is subsequently depicted as an anchor labelled1 ,england's best bower not a maker of bows4 ,from other contemporary pictorial skits by ,seymour we learn that various changes were made in the royal establishment1 and the new queen seems to have addressed herself specially to a reform in the dresses of the court domestics4 ,on the #ast of ,october1 #ahcj1 ,seymour represents her grinding an enormous machine1 called the ,adelaide ,mill1 into which the women servants1 dressed in the outrageous head-gear and leg-of-mutton sleeves of the period1 are perforce ascending1 and issuing from the other side attired in plain and more suitable apparel4 ,no silk gowns1 says ,her ,majesty as she turns the handle4 ,no ,french curls2 and ,i'll have you all wear aprons4 ,the new queen seems also to have shown a disposition to encourage native manufactures and produce at the expense of ,french and continental importations4 ,these changes were not particularly pleasing to the ,conservative lady patronesses of ,almack's1 who were celebrated at this time for their capricious exclusiveness4 ,one of ,robert ,seymour's satires1 bearing date the #ast of ,november1 #ahcj1 shows us a conference of these haughty dames1 who seriously discuss the propriety of admitting some lady 7probably the queen7 who proposed appearing at one of the balls in some vulgar stuff made by the canaille at a place called ,kittlefields ,spitalfields4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,seymour4 ,october #ast1 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,adelaide ,,mill4 ,face p4 #bac4 ,,french ,,revolution ,,of #ahcj4 ,whilst ,england was thus peacefully passing through the excitement of a succession to a vacant throne1 ,france was convulsed with one of her ever-recurring revolutions4 ,charles the ,tenth1 driven from his throne1 had been replaced by one who in his turn1 some three and twenty years afterwards1 was doomed to give place to the ,bonaparte whose sun we ourselves have seen set in the defeat and disaster of ,sedan4 ,we find portraits in ,september1 #ahcj1 of ,louis ,philippe1 king of the ,french1 of the queen1 ,general ,lafayette1 the ex-king ,charles the ,tenth1 and the ,duc d',angoulme4 ,besides these1 we meet with several clever illustrations by the artist1 on stone1 of the stirring events of the time1 which are interesting and valuable specimens of his versatile powers4 ,some of our readers may remember a passage in ,peter ,pindar1 where the merciless satirist ridicules ,george the ,third's ,german band1 telling us 7in allusion to his ,majesty's well-known penurious habits7 that1 although they displaced native talent and expected to feast upon the ,coldstream regiments fat1 their experience was altogether of another character3-- ,but ah1 their knives no veal nor mutton carved6 ,to feasts they went indeed1 but went and starved6 ,the services of these foreign musical mercenaries had been retained by ,george the ,fourth1 but one of the very earliest acts of his successor was to dismiss them in favour of the guards' bands1 who1 however1 if we are to believe ,mr4 ,greville1 had no great reason to be thankful1 but were on the contrary ready to die of it1 as they had to play every night without pay1 and were moreover prevented from earning money elsewhere4 ,this act of the new king is referred to in a sketch by ,seymour1 which shows us his ,majesty in the act of discharging the ,german band1 who may be seen marching off headed by their ancient and crestfallen drum-major4 ,,st4 ,,john ,,long4 ,the month of ,october1 #ahcj1 witnessed the trial of the notorious impostor1 ,john ,st4 ,john ,long 7whose real name was ,o',driscoll7 for the manslaughter of ,miss ,cushin4 ,the success of this ignorant and notorious quack1 who managed for a series of years to extract a magnificent income of some #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj per annum by trading on the credulity of his fellow-creatures1 forms a curious commentary on the weakness of contemporary society4 ,it is said that he commenced life as a house-painter1 and afterwards acquired some slight knowledge of art in the humble capacity of colour grinder to ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 and while colouring 7on his own account7 some anatomical drawings for a medical ,london school1 picked up a slight and imperfect knowledge of anatomy4 ,this stimulated him to further superficial research2 and after a few months' probation1 his confidence enabled him to pretend that he possessed a cure for every disease under the sun--more especially consumption4#ii ,the origin and pretensions of this learned practitioner are thus referred to in one of the rhymes of the day3-- ,you may talk of your ,celsus1 ,machaons1 and ,galens1 ,physicians who cured all incurable ailings1 ,but ne'er yet was doctor applauded in song ,like that erudite ,phoenix1 the great ,doctor ,long4 ,such astonishing cures he performs1 ,i assure ye1 ,some think him a god--all a lusus natur3 ,the whole animal system1 no matter how wrong1 ,is set right in a moment by great ,doctor ,long4 ,through all regions his vast reputation has flown1 ,through the torrid1 the frigid1 and temperate zone2 ,the wretch1 just expiring1 springs healthy and strong ,from his bed at one touch of the great ,doctor ,long4 ,his skill to experience1 what potentates ran-- ,the ,pope1 the ,grand ,llama1 the ,king of ,japan6 ,the great ,chinese autocrat1 mighty ,fon ,whong1 ,was cured of the 'doldrums' by famed ,doctor ,long6 ,in each serious case he considers as well as ,doctor ,horace1 'naturam cum furc expellas'2 ',dame ,nature' 7i4e47 'you must poke with a prong4' ,pretty poking she gets from the great ,doctor ,long4 ,he cures folks merveille1 the ,french people cry2 ,the ,greeks all pronounce him ,greek3 theztagon tz ,dutch and ,germans adore him2 the ,irish among1 ',to be sure he's the dandy6' ,go bragh1 ,doctor ,long6 ,king ,chabert has proved1 since restored from his panic1 ,there's small harm in quaffing pure hydrocyanic2 ,but he never found out it was good for the throng1 ,when scrubbed on their stomachs by great ,doctor ,long4 ,a machine he's invented1 stupendous as new1 ,to sweep one's inside as you'd sweep out a flue2 ,no climbing boy1 urged by the sound of the thong1 ,can brush out your vitals like great ,doctor ,long4#ajj 99 99 99 99 99 ,garter ,king has assigned1 like a sad 'fleering ,jack1' ,a duck for a crest1 with the motto1 ',quack1 ,quack' ,to the proud name of ,st4 ,john 7it should be ,st4 ,johng1 ,which would rhyme with the surname of great ,doctor ,long74 ,great house-painting1 sign-painting1 face-painting sage6 ,thou ,raffaelle of physic6--thou pride of our age6 ,alas6 when thou diest1 and the bell goes ding-dong1 ,sure ,hygeia herself will expire with her ,long6 ,then fill every glass1 drink in grand coalition1 ,long life1 long await this long-headed physician2 ,long1 long may ,fame sound1 with her trumpet and song1 ,through each nation the name of the great ,doctor ,long6#aja ,dr4 ,long's remedy 7the prong referred to in the foregoing ballad7 was of the simplest possible character1 and--his dupes in nine cases out of ten being women--his success complete4 ,he invented a wonderful liniment or lotion1 by means of which he professed to diagnose and eradicate the virus of consumption4 ,with many patients an inflammation followed its application1 which 7according to the quack7 discovered the presence of disease1 and which1 after a plentiful crop of guineas had been extracted1 nature was allowed to heal3 the patient was then pronounced out of danger4 ,with some persons the liniment was perfectly innocuous1 and when this was the case the patient was informed that no disease need be feared4 ,the secret of course lay in the fact that the quack used two liniments1 apparently identical1 one of which only contained the irritating medium4 ,many actually consumptive persons of course consulted him2 but when this was the case he refused his assistance1 on the ground that it had been invoked too late4 ,he carried the imposition1 as might have been anticipated1 once too far1 and1 in the case of the beautiful and unfortunate ,miss ,cushin 7a lady of highly nervous temperament71 maintained the inflammation for so long a time that nature for once refused to assist him1 and when ,sir ,benjamin ,brodie was summoned1 mortification had already set in4 ,the trial resulted in a verdict of guilty1 but the judge 7,baron ,parke71 who summed up scandalously in his favour1 instead of sending the fellow to hard labour1 imposed a fine of #bej1 which was immediately paid4 ,seymour alludes to this event in a pictorial satire1 in which he shows us ,st4 ,john ,long1 with a vulture's head and beak1 kneeling on the floor of a dungeon with a bottle by his side labelled lotion1 and 7beneath7 the words1--,lost1 #ab1jjj per annum1 medical practice4 ,whoever will restore the same to ,mr4 ,st4 ,j4 ,l--g1 shall receive the benefit of his advice4 ,miss ,cushin's death was quickly followed by another fatal case1 that of ,mrs4 ,colin ,campbell ,lloyd1 who also died from the effects of the corrosive lotion1 and ,st4 ,john ,long the following year was again put on his trial for manslaughter2 in this case the fellow was acquitted4 ,seymour's prediction was not destined to be verified4 ,the soi-disant ,st4 ,john ,long1 alias ,o',driscoll1 in spite of these mistakes1 which in our day would receive a harsher term1 retained his large practice to the last1 and died--still a young man--of the very disease to which he professed to be superior1 thus conclusively proving better than anything else could have done the utter impotency of his preparation4 ,anstey 7son of the once celebrated author of the ,new ,bath ,guide7 amusingly describes the administration of an oath to a witness in a court of law3-- ,here1 ,simon1 you shall 7silence there67 ,the truth and all the truth declare1 ,and nothing but the truth be willing ,to speak1 so help you ,g--d 7a shilling74#ajb ,the artist possibly had this quotation in his mind when he designed the following3--,the deponent is a country bumpkin1 to whom an official tenders the ,testament1 at the same time extending his disengaged palm4 ,pleas zur1 says ,hodge1 wot be ,i to zay8 7,to him the officer71 ,say1 ,this is the truth and nothing but the truth1 so help me ,god one and sixpence4 ,the open and notorious bribery1 corruption1 and intimidation which prevailed in those days at parliamentary elections2 ,sir ,robert ,peel's ,new ,police ,act 7which was received with extraordinary suspicion and dislike72 the ,reform ,bill2 the universal distress and consequent bread riots of #ahcj-ca1 form the subjects of other pictorial satires by ,robert ,seymour1 which seem1 however1 to call for little notice4 ,the artist's talent and services were constantly in demand as a designer on wood2 but finding that the productions of his pencil suffered at the hands of the wood-engravers to whom they were entrusted1 and the very inferior paper upon which the impressions were taken1 he1 in or about the year #ahbg1 began to learn the art of etching on copper4 ,we believe his earliest attempts in this direction will be found in a work now exceedingly rare1 bearing the title of ,assisting1 ,resisting1 and ,desisting4 ,a volume called ,vagaries1 in ,quest of the ,wild and ,wonderful1 which appeared in #ahbg1 was embellished with six clever plates after the manner of ,george ,cruikshank1 and ran through no less than three editions4 ,the ,humorous ,sketches1 several times republished1 perhaps the only work by which ,seymour is now known to the general public1 appeared between the years #ahcd and #ahcf4 ,they were first published at threepence each by ,richard ,carlisle1 of ,fleet ,street1 who is said to have paid the artist fifteen shillings for each drawing on the stone4 ,carlisle falling into difficulties shortly before ,seymour's death1 sold the copyright and lithographic stones to ,henry ,wallis1 who in turn parted with the latter to ,mr4 ,tregear1 of ,cheapside1 but retaining his property in the copyright1 transferred the drawings to steel1 and published them in #ahch1 with letterpress by ,alfred ,crowquill4 ,mr4 ,henry ,g4 ,bohn issued an edition in #ahdb1 and another some twenty-three years later1 with plates so sadly worn and blurred by over use that the best part of this last edition 7issued by the ,routledges in #ahgh7 is the binding4 ,the ,humorous ,sketches 7we refer1 of course1 only to the early impressions71 although affording fair examples of the artist's comic style and manner1 are in truth of very unequal merit4 ,they comprise some eighty subjects1 which1 owing to the frequent republications1 are so well known that it would be superfluous to attempt a detailed description of them here4 ,the best is unquestionably the one numbered ,,xxv41 ,this is a werry lonely spot1 ,sir2 ,i wonder you arn't afeard of being rob'd4 ,the inevitable sequel is amusingly related by ,crowquill3-- ,poor ,timmins trembled as he gazed ,upon the stranger's face2 ,for cut-purse6 robber6 all too plain1 ,his eye could therein trace4 ',them's werry handsome boots o' yourn1' ,the ruffian smiling cried2 ',jist draw your trotters out1 my pal1 ,and we'll swop tiles beside4 ,that coat1 too1 is a pretty fit1-- ,don't tremble so--for ,i ,vont rob you of a single fish1 ,i've other fish to fry4' ,the ,sketches1 with other detached works by the artist1 reappeared in an edition published by the late ,john ,camden ,hotten1 entitled ,sketches by ,seymour1 comprising in all #ahf subjects1 for the most part sadly worn impressions4 ,although there is nothing whatever ,hogarthian about the originals1 as the amiable publisher would have us 7as usual7 believe1 we may admit that the faces in ,no4 #bd1 ,at a ,concert1 are a perfect study1 and that this sketch1 with ,nos4 #de and #df 7,snuffing and ,smoking71 afford excellent examples of the artist's ability as a draughtsman4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,christmas4 ,but the work which contains probably some of the best specimens of the artist's style is one now exceedingly scarce4 ,christmas books1 like ,christmas cards1 are practically unsaleable after the great ,christian festival has come and gone2 and this was the experience of ,mr4 ,t4 ,k4 ,hervey's ,book of ,christmas1 which1 owing to the author's dilatoriness1 came out a day after the fair1 and despite its attractions proved unmarketable4 ,this circumstance1 we need not say1 by no means detracts from its value1 and as a matter of fact1 the collector will now deem himself fortunate if he succeeds in securing a copy at a price exceeding by one half the original cost4 ,those who have formed their ideas of ,seymour's powers from the oft republished and irretrievably damaged impressions of the ,humorous ,sketches1 will be astonished at the unaccustomed style1 vigour1 and beauty of these illustrations4 ,a few of the earlier etchings are somewhat faint and indistinct1 as if the artist1 even at that time1 was scarcely accustomed to work on copper4 ,they1 however1 improve as he proceeds with his work2 the larger number are really beautiful1 and are characterised by a vigour of conception and execution1 of which no possible idea can be formed by those who have seen only the ,humorous ,sketches4 ,noteworthy among the illustrations may be mentioned the finely executed head of ,old ,christmas1 facing page #bc2 the ,baronial ,hall 7a picture highly realistic of the ,christmas comfort and good cheer which is little better than a myth to many of us72 ,the ,mummers2 ,christmas ,pantomime2 ,market1 ,christmas ,eve2 ,boxing ,day2 and ,twelfth ,night in the ,london ,streets4 ,the cheery seasonable book shows us the ,norfolk ,coach with its spanking team rattling into ,london on a foggy ,christmas ,eve1 heaped with fat turkeys1 poultry1 ,christmas hampers and parcels4 ,william ,congreve tells us-- ,music hath charms to soothe the savage breast1 ,to soften rocks1 or bend a knotted oak4 ,the irritable personage awoke from his slumbers by the music of the waits1 certainly does not belong to any of the order of animate or inanimate subjects so softened1 soothed1 or bent1 as aforesaid1 for he opens his window and prepares to discharge the contents of his jug on the heads of the devoted minstrels4 ,if the ancient ophicleide player1 with the brandy bottle protruding from his great coat pocket1 might but know of the impending cataract which more immediately threatens himself1 he would convey himself from the dangerous neighbourhood with all the alacrity of which his spindle shanks are capable4 ,a younger neighbour on the opposite side of the street awaits the catastrophe with amused interest1 whilst a drunken unfortunate executes--under the elevating influences of music and drink--a pas seul on the pavement below4 ,in the etching of ,story ,telling1 the deep shadows of an old baronial hall are illuminated solely by the moonbeams and the flickering flame of the firelight2 a door opens into a gallery beyond1 and one of the listeners1 fascinated by the ghost story to which she is listening1 glances fearfully over her shoulder as if apprehensive that something uncanny will presently issue out of the black recesses4 ,the ghostly surroundings have their influences on the very cat1 who looks uneasily about her as if afraid of her shadow4 ,besides the thirty-six etchings on copper1 the book contains several charming woodcuts1 impressed on paper of a very different quality to that on which the artist was accustomed to behold impressions from his wood blocks4 ,of a class entirely different to the foregoing may be mentioned the still rarer series of comicalities executed by the artist under the title of ,new ,readings of old ,authors1 of which we may notice the following3 ,moved in ,good ,time 7,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act #b1 ,sc4 #a71 a tax-gatherer and other creditors bemoaning themselves outside the premises of a levanted debtor2 ,i am to get a man1 whate'er he be 7,act #c1 ,sc4 #b71 disciples of ,burke and ,hare providing themselves with a living subject2 ,i do remember when the fight was done1 when ,i was dry 7,king ,henry ,,iv41 ,part #a1 ,act #a1 ,sc4 #c71 a victorious prize-fighter recruiting his exhausted frame by imbibing many quarts of strong ale2 ,he was much ,feared by his ,physicians 7,act #d1 ,sc4 #a71 an irascible gouty patient flinging medicine bottles and nostrums at one of his doctors1 and stamping a prostrate one under foot2 ,you are too great to be by me gainsaid 7,king ,henry ,,iv41 ,part #b1 ,act #a1 ,sc4 #a71 a huge woman administering chastisement to a small and probably 7in more senses than one7 frail husband2 ,my ,lord1 ,i over rode him on the way 7,act #a1 ,sc4 #a71 a miserable huntsman who has ridden over and killed one of the master's fox-hounds2 ,he came1 saw1 and overcame 7,act #d1 ,sc4 #b71 a wretched ,frenchman1 who1 overbalancing himself1 falls over the rails of a bear-pit amongst the hungry animals below2 ,never was such a sudden scholar made1 7,king ,henry ,v41 ,act #a1 ,sc4 #a71 in allusion to the installation of the ,duke of ,wellington as ,chancellor of ,oxford ,university2 ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 a fat sleeper suffering under the agonies of nightmare1 under the influence of whose delusion he fancies himself roasting before a vast fire1 with a huge hook stuck through his stomach2 and1 ,i beg the ancient privilege of ,athens3 as she is mine1 ,i may dispose of her 7,act #a1 ,sc4 #a71 an ,englishman attempting to dispose of his ugly1 wooden-legged old harridan of a wife by auction4 ,the lithographic stones on which the drawings to these ,new ,readings were made1 and which comprised no less than three hundred drawings1 were effaced before the artist's death1 and impressions from them are now1 of course1 more than difficult to procure4 ,the ,shakespeare series were collected and republished in four volumes1 in #ahda-b1 by ,tilt ,bogue1 of ,fleet ,street1 and even these last are very seldom met with4 ,on the #ajth of ,december1 #ahca1 there started into life a periodical of decidedly pronounced political bias and opinions1 entitled ,figaro in ,london4 ,politics ran high in those days2 it was the time of the great agitation for reform1 which in those days1 as we shall presently see1 was both loudly called for and imperatively necessary4 ,a mob of boys and degraded women had taken complete possession of ,bristol1--had driven its deformed little mayor over a stone wall in ignominious flight1--had burnt down the gaol and the mansion-house1 and laid ,queen ,square in ashes1 whilst the military and its very strangely incompetent officer looked on while the city was burning4#ajc ,every one in those days was either a rabid ,tory or an ultra ,radical4 ,it was just the period for an enthusiastic youth to plunge into the excitement of political life2 but the crude1 unformed opinions of a young man scarcely of age are of little value1 and the political creed of the proprietor and originator of this literary 787 venture does not appear to have been clearly defined even to himself4 ,in his valedictory addresses written three years afterwards1 when things were not altogether so rosy with him as when he started his periodical1 he confesses that he belongs to no party1 for we have had1 he says1 such a thorough sickener of the ,whigs1 that we do expect something better from the new government1 although it be a ,tory one4 ,the price of ,figaro in ,london1 one of the immediate predecessors of the comic publications of our day1 was a penny1 quite an experiment in times when the price of paper was dear1 and periodical literature was heavily handicapped with an absurdly heavy duty4 ,figaro consisted of four weekly pages of letterpress illustrated by ,robert ,seymour4 ,the projector1 proprietor1 and editor1 was ,mr4 ,gilbert ,beckett1 whose name--with those of men of vastly superior literary attainments--was associated in after years with the early fortunes of ,punch4 ,the literary part of the performance was indeed sorry stuff1--the main stay and prop of the paper from its very commencement was ,seymour1 whose drawings however suffered severely at the hands of the engraver and paper maker4 ,an eccentricity of the publication perhaps deserves notice4 ,it professed to look with sovereign contempt upon advertisements1 as occupying a quantity of unnecessary space--considering1 however1 that exception was made in favour of one particularly persevering hatter of the period1 we are driven to the conclusion that the projector's contempt for a source of revenue which modern newspaper proprietors can by no means afford to despise1 was nearly akin to that expressed by the fox after he had come to the melancholy conclusion that the grapes he longed for were absolutely beyond his reach4 ,the new periodical assumed from the outset a position which cannot fail to amuse the journalist and reader of the present day4 ,it professed to look down upon all other publications 7with certain exceptions of magnitude1 whom the editor deemed it prudent to conciliate7 with supercilious contempt4 ,the absurdity of these pretensions will strike any one who turns over its forgotten pages1 and compares his pretensions with ,mr4 ,beckett's own share of the performance4 ,the mode in which this young gentleman's editorial duties were conducted1 gathered from extracts taken at random from the ,notices to ,correspondents1 were1 to say the least1 peculiar3 ,a4 ,b41 who has written to us1 is a fool of the very lowest order4 ,his communication is rejected4 ,poor ,mr4 ,cox of ,bath is told he is a rogue and a fool for sending us a letter without paying the postage4 ,if he wants his title page1 let him order it of his bookseller1 when it will be got as a matter of course from our publisher1 and so on4 ,the aristocracy are regarded with a disfavour which must have given them serious disquietude4 ,the coming out of the daughter of the late ,lord ,byron1 or a soire at the ,duchess of ,northumberland's town house1 serve as occasions for indulging in splenetic abuse of what ,mr4 ,beckett was pleased to term the beastly aristocracy4 ,authors1 even of position1 were not spared by this young ,ishmael of the press1 the respected ,mrs4 ,trollope1 for instance1 being unceremoniously referred to as ,mother ,trollope4 ,the only excuse of course for this sort of thing is to be found in the fact that comic journalism being then in its infancy1 personal abuse was mistaken for satire2 while1 so far as the bad taste of the editor is concerned1 allowance must be made for an inexperienced young man who imagined that the editorship of a paper1 wholly destitute of merit except that which ,seymour brought to its aid1 conferred upon himself a position which rendered him superior to the rules of literary courtesy4 ,with all these pretensions1 however1 ,beckett was conscious of the powerful assistance he was receiving from the artist2 and we find him1 after his own peculiar fashion and more than questionable taste1 constantly alluding to the fact2 describing him at various times as that highly gifted and popular artist1 ,mr4 ,seymour2 our illustrious artist ,seymour2 and so on4 ,in the preface to his second volume1 he indulges in the following flight of fancy1 which will suffice to give us an idea of the literary merits of the editor himself3 ,in this our annual address1 he says1 we cannot omit a puff for the rampant ,seymour1 in whom the public continue to see-more and more every time he puts his pencil to the block for the illustration of our periodical4 ,this was the sort of stuff which passed for wit in #ahcb4ajd ,as for ,seymour himself1 he was annoyed at these fulsome and foolish compliments1 and in a letter which he wrote to ,beckett after the quarrel to be presently related1 told him in the plainest terms that1 the engraving1 bad printing1 and extravagant puffing of his designs were calculated to do him more harm than good as an artist4 ,but artist and editor jogged on together in perfect good will until the #afth of ,august1 #ahcd1 when1 for the first and only time1 ,figaro in ,london made its appearance without any illustrations at all4 ,the two succeeding weekly issues contained each a single woodcut after ,seymour's drawing1 but from that time until the end of the year1 when ,beckett himself retired from the proprietorship and disposed of his interest in the concern1 the paper was illustrated by ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank2 this change was due to the following circumstance4 ,a special feature of ,figaro in ,london was its theatrical leader4 ,beckett had always taken an interest in dramatic matters1 and was himself author of some thirty plays1 the very titles of which are now forgotten4 ,not content with being proprietor and editor of a newspaper1 he was concerned at this time in another venture1 being proprietor and manager of a theatre in ,tottenham ,court ,road1 known at different times under the various designations of the ,tottenham ,street or ,west ,london ,theatre1 the ,queen's1 and latterly as the ,prince of ,wales' ,theatre4 ,the result was almost a foregone conclusion4 ,a newspaper is a sufficiently hazardous speculation1 but a theatre in the hands of an inexperienced manager is one of the most risky of all possible experiments2 and the result in this case was so unfortunate1 that ,beckett in the end had to seek the uncomfortable protection of the insolvent court4 ,he was considerably indebted to ,seymour for the illustrations to ,figaro1 half of the debt thus incurred being money actually paid away by the artist to the engraver who executed the cuts from his drawings on the wood4 ,finding that ,beckett was in no position to discharge this debt or to remunerate him for his future services1 ,seymour did--what every man of business must have done who1 like the artist1 was dependent on his pencil for bread1 refused any longer to continue his assistance4 ,apart from the bad paper and bad impressions of which he complained1 and above all the bad taste displayed in fulsome adulation of his own merits1 supremely distasteful to a man of real ability1 ,seymour appears hitherto to have entertained no bad feeling towards ,beckett personally4 ,the result however was a feud4 ,beckett was not unnaturally angry1 and an angry man in his passion is apt to lose both his head and his memory4 ,forgetting the manner in which he had shortly before acknowledged the services and talent of the artist1 he now attacked him and his abilities with a malice which would be unintelligible if we had not seen something of his nature and disposition4 ,in his favourite ,notices to ,correspondents in the number of #acth ,september1 #ahcd1 he professes to account for the employment of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank after the following disingenuous fashion3 ,mr4 ,seymour1 our ex-artist1 is much to be pitied for his extreme anguish at our having come to terms with the celebrated ,robert ,cruikshank in the supplying the designs of the caricatures in ',figaro4' ,seymour has been venting his rage in a manner as pointless as it is splenetic1 and we are sorry for him4 ,he ought1 however1 to feel1 that notwithstanding our friendly wish to bring him forward1 which we have done in an eminent degree1 we must engage first-rate ability when public patronage is bestowed so liberally1 as it now is upon this periodical4 ,he ought therefore not to be nettled at our having obtained a superior artist4 ,the public1 however1 were not to be gulled2 they perfectly well knew that ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank was an inferior artist in every respect to ,seymour1 and had not forgotten the tribute which the foolish editor had previously paid to the talents and ability of the latter4 ,conduct like this could only recoil on the head of the person who was injudicious and spiteful enough to be guilty of it4 ,the ,notices to ,correspondents in subsequent numbers continued to be filled with references and allusions to ,seymour1 dictated by a malice which was alike silly and childish4 ,they are not worthy of repetition here1 and we must refer the reader for them to the numbers of ,figaro in ,london of #bjth ,september and #aeth ,november1 #ahcd1 or 7if he have not access to its pages7 to the short biographical notice prefixed to the latest edition of the ,sketches by ,mr4 ,henry ,g4 ,bohn4 ,we have no doubt whatever that the interval between these dates was employed in fruitless endeavours on the part of ,beckett to arrange terms with the artist1 who1 however1 steadily refused to give the failing publication the indispensable benefit of his assistance4 ,left as it were to its own resources1 the circulation1 in spite of the graphic help accorded by ,robert ,cruikshank1 steadily declined1 and ,beckett finally retired from the editorship and proprietorship on the #bgth of ,december1 #ahcd4 ,seymour wielded a far more effectual weapon of offence than any which ,beckett possessed1 and dealt him blows which at this time and in his then circumstances must have been keenly felt4 ,one of ,seymour's satires is aimed specially at the ,notices to ,correspondents already mentioned1 and shows us a heavy1 vulgar fellow seated at his desk1 habited in a barber's striped dressing-gown la ,figaro4 ,his features are distorted with passion1 for he has received a letter the contents of which are anything but flattering1 addressed ,to the ,editor of the nastiest thing in ,london4 ,this sketch bears the following descriptive title3 ,an editor in a small way1 after pretending a great deal about his correspondents1 is here supposed to have received a letter4 ,a second skit shows us a critic examining a picture representing the death of ,beckett1 ,archbishop of ,cant4 ,a figure in armour1 with its vizor down 7obviously intended for the artist7 is depicted in the act of cutting at the archbishop with a sword1 the blade of which is inscribed debts due4 ,his first blow has severed the mitre labelled assumption1 and the pastoral staff1 inscribed impudence1 with which the victim vainly endeavours to defend himself4 ,don't1 says ,beckett1 as he falls prostrate amid a heap of spoilt paper1 among which we recognise1 ,figaro1 ,the ,thief1 ,the ,wag1 and other periodicals with which his name was associated4 ,don't cut at me 'our own inimitable1 our illustrious1 our talented2' pray don't give me any more cuts2 think how many ,i have had and not paid you for already3 a hand indicates the way to the ,insolvent ,court4 ,figaro1 after the retirement of ,beckett1 passed into the editorial hands of ,mr4 ,h4 ,mayhew1 and conscious of the injury which the defection of ,seymour had done to the undertaking1 he lost no time in opening negotiations with a view to his return4 ,in this he experienced little difficulty1 for ,seymour was glad to avail himself of the opportunity of giving to the public the most convincing proof which could have been adduced of the falsity of the libels which had been published by the retiring and discomfited editor4 ,the fourth volume commenced #crd of ,january1 and from that time until his death 7in #ahcf7 he continued to illustrate the paper4 ,mayhew announces his return after the following curious fashion3 ,the generous ,seymour1 with a patriotic ardour unequalled since the days of ,curtius1 has abandoned all selfish considerations1 and yielded to our request for his country's sake4 ,again he wields the satiric pencil1 and corruption trembles to its very base4 ,his first peace-offering to ',figaro in ,london1' is the rich etching woodcut our readers now gaze upon with laughing eyes4 ,constant references of a laudatory kind are made to him in succeeding numbers4 ,the woodcuts after ,seymour's designs1 which appear in ,figaro in ,london1 are too small and unimportant to justify the title which the editor gives them of caricatures2 and relating to political matters which at that time were far more efficiently chronicled by the pencil of ,h4 ,b41 they have lost any interest which they once might have commanded4 ,the most interesting illustrations which ,seymour contributed to ,figaro1 are the brief series of theatrical portraits1 which are not only clever but evidently excellent likenesses4 ,it was not only in the case of ,figaro in ,london that the slanders of ,beckett recoiled upon his own head4 ,that gentleman in #ahcb had started a sort of rival to ,hood's ,comic ,annual1 under the title of the ,comic ,magazine4 ,it was cheaper in price than the former publication1 and contained an amazing number of amusing cuts of the punning order1 after ,seymour's designs4 ,after the quarrel with ,beckett1 the artist withdrew his assistance from its pages1 and the illustrations show a fearful falling off after #ahcc4 ,many of the wretched designs which follow bear the signature of ,dank1 and so destitute are they of merit that the embellishments 7as they are termed7 for #ahcd1 are altogether below criticism4 ,at the opening of the present chapter we said that ,robert ,seymour was almost a genius4 ,genius1 however1 he never absolutely touched2 he was destitute of the inventive faculties which distinguished ,john ,leech1 and lacked the vivid imagination which enabled ,george ,cruikshank to realize any idea which occurred to him1 whether comical1 grave1 realistic1 or terrible4 ,his talents as an artist1 though undoubtedly great1 ran in a narrow groove1 and their bent is shown by the well-known ,humorous ,sketches1 and the less known but far more admirable designs which he executed for the ,comic ,magazine4 ,he always had a fancy for depicting and satirizing cockneys and cockney subjects1 and had conceived the by no means new or ambitious idea of producing a series of such pictures with an appropriate letterpress to be furnished by a literary coadjutor1 whose work1 however1 was to be subservient to his own4 ,the idea was not perhaps a very definite one1 but the pictorial part of the work was commenced1 and four plates actually etched at the time the artist was retained to execute the illustrations to the ,book of ,christmas4 ,out of this undeveloped idea1 and out of the four apparently unimportant drawings to which we have alluded1 was destined to evolve the strange and melancholy story which will be associated for all time with the mirth-inspiring novel of the ,pickwick ,papers4 ,,origin ,,of ,,pickwick4 ,the difficulty at the outset was to find an author to carry out the artist's idea1 indefinite as it was4 ,in this direction there was in #ahcf1 a very embarras de richesses1 for1 if comic artists were few1 there was on the other hand no lack of humourists of the highest order of merit4 ,theodore ,hook1 ,clark 7the author of ,three ,courses and a ,dessert7--probably many others were suggested by the publishers who were taken into consultation by ,seymour2 but all were rejected4 ,he himself seems to have inclined towards ,mayhew1 with whom it will be recollected he was associated at this time on ,figaro in ,london4 ,the man of all others most fitted to carry out the artist's own idea seems to us to have been ,john ,poole1 one of the most original of ,english humourists1 whose productions1 now forgotten1 are worth searching for in the pages of the ,new ,monthly and other periodical publications of a past day4 ,it is a singular fact1 too1 that on the first appearance of the ,pickwick ,papers1 the authorship was by many ascribed to this very man4 ,in the end1 ,mr4 ,chapman1 of the firm of ,chapman ,hall1 introduced the artist to one of the most unlikely men for his own purpose that could possibly have been selected1--the man1 as we have already seen1 of all others the least fitted and the least disposed to act the part of ,william ,coombe to ,seymour's character of ,thomas ,rowlandson4 ,at this time ,charles ,dickens was reporter on the staff of a newspaper2 he had written a book which1 although successful1 had created no very intense excitement2 he was moreover a young man1 and consequently plastic1 and fifteen pounds a month would be a small fortune to him2 so at least argued the artist and his friends4 ,how little they understood the resolute1 self-reliant character of this unknown writer6 ,the result was altogether different from anything they expected4 ,author and artist differed at the outset as to the form the narrative should take2 but the man with the strongest power of mind and will took his stand from the first1 and ,charles ,dickens made it a condition of his retainer that the illustrations should grow out of the text1 instead of the latter being suggested 7as ,seymour desired7 by the illustrations1 and the artist had reluctantly to give way4 ,no one can doubt that the author was right4 ,by way however of a concession1 and of meeting ,seymour's original idea as far as practicable1 he introduced the absurd character of ,winkle1 the cockney sportsman4 ,the mode of publication followed was the artist's own suggestion1 who1 desiring the widest possible circulation1 insisted on the work being published in monthly numbers at a shilling4 ,thus it was that ,pickwick came to be written4 ,we are not called on in this place to discuss the merits of ,pickwick2 to compare ,charles ,dickens with the writers who had immediately preceded him2 to enlarge upon the comic vein which he discovered and made so peculiarly his own2 to show the influence which his humour exercised upon the literature of the next quarter of a century2 to contrast such humour with his wonderful power of pathos2 to marshal the shades of true-hearted1 noble ,nell1 unhappy ,smike1 little ,paul ,dombey1 world abandoned ,joe1 and compare them with the ,wellers--father and son1 ,mr4 ,jingle1 ,tracy ,tupman1 ,bob ,sawyer1 and the spectacled but essentially owlish founder of the ,pickwick ,club4 ,all this we fancy has been done in another place2 our task is altogether of a simpler character4 ,we have to trace the connection which subsisted between the artist and author2 to show how this book--the creation of a writer in the spring-time of his genius--the essence of fun1 the unfailing source of merriment to countless readers past1 present1 and to come1 came to be associated with the memory of a terrible and still incomprehensible tragedy4 ,we have seen that1 contrary to his own wishes1 ,seymour had yielded to ,charles ,dickens' suggestion1 or rather condition1 that the illustrations should grow out of the text2 but he does not seem to have abandoned 7so far as we can judge7 all idea of having a hand in the management of the story1 and he never for one instant contemplated interference on the part of the author with any one of his own designs4 ,if we are to believe his friends 7and their testimony seems to us distinctly valuable in this place71 he was extremely angry at the introduction into the plot of the ,stroller's ,tale1 and we may therefore fancy the spirit in which he would receive ,charles ,dickens' intimation1 conveyed to him in the same manner that he afterwards communicated to ,cruikshank his disapproval of the last etching in ,oliver ,twist1 that he objected to that etching as not quite his ,dickens' idea2 that he wished to have it as complete as possible1 and would feel personally obliged if he would make another drawing4 ,the letter 7on the whole a kindly one7 has been set out elsewhere1#aje and there is no occasion to repeat it here4 ,what other causes of irritation existed will never be known4 ,all that is still known is1 that he executed a fresh design and handed it over to ,dickens at the time appointed2 that he went home and destroyed nearly all the correspondence relating to the subject of ,pickwick2 that he executed a drawing for a wood-engraver named ,john ,jackson1#ajf and delivered it himself on the evening of the #bjth of ,april1 #ahcf2 that he then returned to his house in ,king ,street1 ,islington1 and committed self-destruction4 ,he left behind him an unfinished drawing for ,figaro in ,london1 which afterwards appeared 7in the state in which it was found7 in the pages of that periodical4 ,various reasons have been assigned for this rash act1 all more or less contradictory4 ,according to some he was a man of equable temperament2 while others1 who knew him personally1 have told us that he was nervous and subject to terrible fits of depression4 ,some would trace the act to his quarrel with ,beckett2 but this is simply absurd1 seeing that it had occurred some two years before4 ,we need not1 as it seems to us1 travel out of our course to seek the real cause1 which was probably due to over-work4 ,his energies had been tasked to the utmost to keep pace with the supply which his ever-increasing popularity brought him4 ,the state of his mind appears to us clearly indicated by his design of ,the ,dying ,clown1 one of the last drawings which he etched for the ,pickwick ,papers1 and for which we must refer the reader to the original edition only2 anything more truly melancholy we can scarcely imagine4 ,entirely appropriate to the story1 it seems to tell its own tale of the morbid state of mind of the man who designed it2 it is a pictorial commentary on the sad story we have attempted to tell4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,seymour4 ,pickwick ,papers4 ,,the ,,dying ,,clown4 ,face p4 #bcc4 ,a too zealous application to work has destroyed many men both of talent and genius2 it produces different effects in different individuals1 according to their respective temperaments3 while it drove ,robert ,seymour to frenzy1 it killed ,john ,leech--a man of far finer imaginative faculties--with the terrible pangs of angina pectoris4 ,differently endowed as they were1 both belonged to the order of men so touchingly described by ,manfred3-- ,there is an order ,of mortals on the earth1 who do become ,old in their youth1 and die ere middle age ,without the violence of warlike death2 ,some perishing of pleasure1 some of study1 ,some worn with toil1 some of mere weariness1 ,some of disease1 and some insanity1 ,and some of wither'd or of broken hearts2 ,for this last is a malady which slays ,more than are numbered in the lists of fate4#ajg ,the coadjutorship of distinguished artists and authors has led to more than one strange controversy4 ,those who have read ,forster's ,life of ,dickens will remember the curious claim which ,george ,cruikshank preferred after ,dickens' death to be the suggester of the story of ,oliver ,twist1 and the unceremonious mode in which ,mr4 ,forster disposed of that pretension4 ,we have referred elsewhere to the edifying controversy between ,george ,cruikshank and ,harrison ,ainsworth1 in relation to the origin of the latter's novels of the ,miser's ,daughter and ,the ,tower of ,london4 ,the republication of ,seymour's ,humorous ,sketches in #ahff1 led to a very curious claim on the part of his friends1 in which they sought to establish the fact that he was the originator and inventor of the incidents of ,pickwick4 ,this claim happily was made while ,dickens was yet alive1 and was very promptly and satisfactorily disposed of by himself in a letter which he wrote to the ,athenum on the #bjth of ,march1 #ahff4 ,author and artist have long since gone to their rest2 and the plan which the author of this work proposed when he sat down to write the story of ,robert ,seymour1 was to place that artist in the position which he believes him to occupy in the ranks of ,british graphic humourists1 and not to rake up or revive the memory of a somewhat painful controversy4 ,of the claim itself we would simply remark1 that not only was it made in all sincerity by those who loved and cherished the memory of ,robert ,seymour1 but that to a certain extent the claim has a foundation of fact to rest upon2 for who will deny that had not ,seymour communicated his idea to ,chapman1 and ,chapman introduced the artist to ,dickens1 the ,pickwick ,papers themselves would have remained unwritten4 ,in this sense1 but in this sense only1 therefore1 ,robert ,seymour was the undoubted originator of ,pickwick4 ,he was an artist of great power1 talent1 and ability2 and it seems to us that those only detract from his fame who1 in a kind but mistaken spirit of zeal1 would claim for him any other position than that which he so justly and honestly earned for himself1 as one of the most talented of ,english graphic satirists4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,greville ,memoirs4 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj4 #ih ,ibid41 p4 #bjg4 #ii ,his theory1 as stated in a book which he published1 was this3 that as all men are born in moral sin1 so they have about them a physical depravity in the form of an acrid humour1 which1 flying about the system1 at length finds vent in diseases which afflict or terminate existence4 ,he professed by the means afterwards explained to bring this acrid humour to the surface1 and having thus expelled the cause of disease1 to put an end to every bodily ailment4 #ajj ,in allusion to a complex piece of machinery he said 7in his book7 he had invented1 which when complete would cost him two thousand guineas4 ,this machine1 said ,long1 alias ,o',driscoll1 will search all the body1 and cut away all the diseased parts1 leaving the patient perfectly sound and well4 #aja ,we found a curtailed copy of these amusing verses in one of the jeux d'esprit of the time1 called ,valpurgis2 or1 the ,devil's ,festival 7,william ,kidd1 #f1 ,old ,bond ,street1 #ahca71 illustrated by ,seymour4 ,with the exception of one immaterial verse1 we now give the complete poem2 in the ring of the verses the reader will have no difficulty in recognising the hand of the ,rev4 ,richard ,harris ,barham1 subsequently author of the ,ingoldsby ,legends4 #ajb ,anstey's ,pleader's ,guide1 ,bk4 #bnd 7#ahaj74 #ajc ,colonel ,brereton4 ,his conduct afterwards formed the subject of a court-martial1 but the unhappy man forestalled the finding by committing suicide4 #ajd ,mr4 ,beckett's strong point was puns2 in later days he found a vehicle for these in the well-known ,comic ,histories of ,england and ,rome1 illustrated by ,john ,leech4 ,it was his peculiar good fortune always to be associated with artists of the highest ability4 #aje ,see ,forster's ,life of ,dickens4 #ajf ,in one account of ,seymour's death the name of the engraver is given as ,starling4 ,this is a mistake4 ,the engraving 7probably one of the best the unfortunate artist ever executed7 represents a sailor captain of ,charles the ,first's time1 showing a casket of pearls to a lady of remarkable beauty4 #ajg ,act #c1 ,scene #a4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,political ,,sketches ,,of ,,hb4 ,the years #ahcj-cb were full of political trouble2 men's minds were unsettled2 progress was the order of the day1 and a reform in the election of the members who represented or who were supposed to represent the political opinions of the ,english constituencies was not only loudly called for1 but had 7as we have seen7 for a very long time past been imperatively demanded4 ,the question was shelved from time to time1 but sooner or later it must be settled1 and as ,liberals and ,conservatives alike will be amused and astounded at the state of ,english parliamentary representation half a century ago1 we propose just to glance at matters as they existed in #ahcj4 ,the ,marquis of ,blandford was a somewhat notable character in those days4 ,he had been a violent opponent of the ,catholic ,relief ,bill2 but from the moment that measure was carried had become as fiery and reckless a reformer4#ajh ,on the #ahth of ,february1 #ahcj1 he proposed that a committee should be chosen by ballot to take a review of all boroughs and cities in the kingdom1 and report to the ,secretary of ,state for the ,home ,department those among them which had fallen into decay1 or had in any manner forfeited their right to representation on the principles of the ,english constitution as anciently recognised by national and parliamentary usage4 ,the ,home ,secretary was to be bound immediately to act on this report1 and to relieve all such places from the burthen of sending members to parliament in future1 and the vacancies were to be supplied by towns which had hitherto been unrepresented4 ,all parliamentary representatives were to be elected by persons paying scot and lot4 ,he further proposed to extend the right of voting to all copyholders and leaseholders1 and to place the representation of ,scotland on an equal footing with that of ,england4 ,the members were to be chosen from the inhabitants of the places for which they were returned1 and were to be paid for their services according as they were borough or county members4 ,the former were to receive two guineas a day each1 and county members four guineas2 why the latter were to be estimated at double the value of the former does not seem clear4 ,mr4 ,brougham1 although ready to vote for this somewhat extraordinary measure1 because much of what it proposed to do was good1 recommended that a merely general resolution that reform was necessary should be substituted in its place4 ,lord ,althorp moved an amendment accordingly on the terms suggested2 but both the amendment and the original motion were negatived4 ,on the third reading of what was then known as the ,east ,retford bill1 the first attempt was made in parliament by ,o',connell to introduce a new principle into the representative system of the country1 viz41 that the votes of the electors should be taken by ballot4 ,only twenty-one members voted for ,o',connell's motion1 among whom the names now most familiar to us are those of ,lord ,althorp1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 and ,mr4 ,hume4 ,the most ultra-,conservative1 however1 of our day1 who thinks that the representation of the people has already been carried far enough1 will scarcely credit the fact1 that in those days constituencies such as ,leeds1 ,manchester1 and ,birmingham were absolutely unrepresented4 ,yet such was the case4 ,the motion for transferring the franchise of ,east ,retford to ,birmingham having been lost1 ,lord ,john ,russell1 on the #bcrd of ,february1 brought the matter of the great unrepresented constituencies before parliament by moving for leave to bring in a bill to enable ,leeds1 ,manchester1 and ,birmingham to return members to the ,house of ,commons4 ,it seems scarcely credible to us now-a-days1 that this reasonable motion was negatived by #ahh to #adj4 ,on the #bhth of ,may1 ,o',connell brought in a wilder scheme4 ,he moved for leave to bring in a bill to establish triennial parliaments1 universal suffrage1 and vote by ballot2 the simple foundation of his system being that every man who pays a tax or is liable to serve in the militia is entitled to have a voice in the representation of the country4 ,only thirteen members were found to join him in a house of #ccb4 ,lord ,john ,russell1 who took advantage of this motion to introduce certain resolutions of his own1 embracing a wider scheme of reform than that included in his former programme1 could not consent to any part of ,o',connell's scheme4 ,dismissing the subject of triennial parliaments as a subject of comparative unimportance1 and passing on to the other propositions1 universal suffrage and vote by ballot1 he contended that both were incompatible with the principles of the ,english ,constitution4 ,mr4 ,brougham1 while he thought that the duration of parliaments might be shortened with considerable advantage1 provided that other measures for removing improper influence were adopted1 declared himself both against universal suffrage and against vote by ballot2 and he entered into a full statement of the grounds on which he held that the secresy of voting supposed to be attained by the ballot would produce most mischievous consequences without securing the object which it professed to have in view4 ,the resolutions moved by ,lord ,john ,russell 7after ,o',connell's motion had been negatived7 were as follows3 7#a7 ,that it was expedient the number of representatives in the ,house should be increased2 7#b7 ,that it was expedient to give members to the large and manufacturing towns1 and additional members to counties of great wealth and population4 ,under the second of the resolutions1 it was proposed to divide large and populous counties1 such as ,yorkshire for instance1 into two divisions1 and to give to each of them two members4 ,among the towns proposed to be benefited were such important centres as ,macclesfield1 ,stockport1 ,cheltenham1 ,birmingham1 ,brighton1 ,whitehaven1 ,wolverhampton1 ,sunderland1 ,manchester1 ,bury1 ,bolton1 ,dudley1 ,leeds1 ,halifax1 ,sheffield1 ,north and ,south ,shields2 while it was stated that the same principle would apply to extend the representation to cities of such importance as ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 and ,belfast4 ,all the resolutions1 however 7comprising a third which we have considered it unnecessary to refer to71 were negatived by the amazing majority of #bac to #aag4 ,the fact that this was a much larger majority than that which had thrown out the previous and more limited proposal for extending the franchise to three only of the manufacturing towns1 will suffice to show the spirit in which the unreformed parliament of #ahcj was accustomed to receive any suggestion of improvement and reform1 reasonable or otherwise4 ,it may perhaps seem strange that at this stirring period there was an absolute dearth of political caricaturists1 but the fact we have already attempted to account for4 ,george ,cruikshank1 the finest caricaturist of his day1 as well as his brother ,robert1 neither of whom can be described as purely political satirists1 had now practically retired from the practice of the art1 and were employed on work of a totally different character4 ,political caricature languished2 indeed1 if we perhaps except ,william ,heath1 oftentimes better known by his artistic pseudonym of ,paul ,pry1 there was not a political caricaturist of any note in #ahbi-cj4 ,at this juncture there arose a graphic satirist--if indeed we are justified in so terming him--of genuine originality4 ,before #ahbi1 he had been known only as a miniature painter of some celebrity2 but he possessed a taste for satiric art1 and had essayed several subjects of political character which he treated in a style and manner differing altogether from the mode in which satirical pictures had hitherto been treated4 ,these he showed to ,maclean1 one of the great caricature publishers of the day1 who had sufficient discernment and prescience to recognise in them the work of a man of unquestionable original ability4 ,he prevailed on the artist to publish these specimens1 and their success was so genuine and unmistakable that both publisher and artist decided to continue them4 ,thus commenced a series of political pictures which ultimately numbered almost a thousand1 and ran an uninterrupted course of prosperity for a period of upwards of two and twenty years4 ,the enormous success and reputation which the sketches1 as they were called1 achieved1 was due not only to the cleverness and originality of the artist himself1 but also in a great measure to the mystery which attended their publication and appearance4 ,both parties concerned in their production preserved an inviolable secrecy on the subject of the identity of the artist and the place whence the sketches originated4 ,mr4 ,buss tells us1#aji the drawings were called for in a mysterious hackney coach1 mysteriously deposited in a mysterious lithographic printing office1 and as mysteriously printed and mysteriously stored until the right day of publication4 ,the ,,hb mystery was most religiously preserved for a great number of years1 both by the artist and the publisher4 ,the initials afforded no clue to those not immediately concerned in preserving the secret2 and yet in this very original monogram lay the key to the whole of the mystery4 ,the origin of this signature was simply the junction of two ,i's and two ,d's 7one above the other71 thus converting the double initials into ,,hb4 ,the single initials were those of ,john ,doyle1 father of the late ,richard ,doyle1 who afterwards made his own mark as a comic artist in the pages of ,punch and elsewhere4 ,the sketches of ,,hb were a complete innovation upon pictorial satire4 ,the idea of satirizing political subjects and public men without the exaggeration or vulgarity which the caricaturists had more or less inherited from ,gillray1 was entirely new to the public1 and took with them immensely2 and herein lies their peculiarity1 that whilst the subjects are treated with a distinctly sarcastic humour1 there is an absence of anything approaching to exaggeration1 and the likenesses of the persons represented are most faithfully preserved4 ,whilst claiming for himself the character of a pictorial satirist1 the artist is all throughout anxious to impress upon you the fact that he repudiates the notion of being considered a caricaturist in the ,johnsonian meaning of the word4 ,this idea seems also to have struck ,thackeray1 who1 writing at the time when the sketches were appearing1 says of him1 ,you never hear any laughing at ',h4,b4'2 his pictures are a great deal too genteel for that1--polite points of wit1 which strike one as exceedingly clever and pretty1 and cause one to smile in a quiet1 gentlemanlike kind of way4#aaj ,throughout the series of sketches we know but of one instance where the artist suffers any comparison to be established between himself and the political caricaturists who had preceded him1 and that is the one entitled ,bombardment ,extraordinary 7having reference to the indictment for libel against the ,morning ,journal1 which was shortly followed by the collapse of that paper71 which is treated to the full as coarsely as ,gillray himself might desire4 ,the fact of this being among the earliest sketches would seem to show that the artist had not then quite made up his mind whether to follow in the footsteps of his great predecessor or not4 ,we think the result must have convinced him that1 whilst having distinct merits of his own as a satirist1 and indeed as an artist1 he was very far behind ,gillray2 and the rest of the sketches seem to show that their designer had made up his mind that no middle course was possible2--in other words1 that he must be ,,hb or nothing4 ,the faithfulness of the likenesses of the persons who appear in these sketches is simply marvellous4 ,not only has the artist preserved the features of the subjects of his satires1 but he has caught their attitude--their manner1 almost their tricks and habits1--and the drawings being1 as we have said1 wholly free from exaggeration1 the very men stand before you1 often1 it is true1 in absurd and ridiculous positions4 ,the persons who figure in these lithographs comprise among names of note many whose reputations were too ephemeral to preserve them from oblivion4 ,on the other hand1 amongst the various groups we recognise ,prince ,talleyrand1 the ,dukes of ,cumberland1 ,gloucester1 ,wellington1 and ,sussex1 ,george the ,fourth1 ,william the ,fourth1 ,louis ,philippe1 her present ,majesty1 ,lord ,brougham1 ,colonel ,sibthorpe1 ,count ,pozzo di ,borgo1 ,daniel ,o',connell1 ,lord ,john ,russell1 ,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,mr4 ,hume1 ,lord ,melbourne1 ,lord ,palmerston1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 ,mr4 ,roebuck1 ,sir ,james ,graham4 ,persons with no political reputation or connection are occasionally introduced to serve the purposes of the artist3 doing duty for him in this manner we find the ,rev4 ,edward ,irving2 ,townsend the runner1 of ,bow ,street notoriety2 ,george ,robins1 the auctioneer2 ,liston1 the comedian2 and others4 ,ever on the alert for comic subjects1 ,john ,doyle was remarkably prompt and ready to catch an idea4 ,frequently these ideas were suggested to him by a phrase--a sentence--a few words in a speech2 occasionally he takes a hint from his ,lemprire2 whilst not unfrequently his happiest conceptions are derived from a character or scene in one of the popular operas or farces of the time4 ,thus1 in one of the debates on the ,reform ,bill in the ,house of ,lords1 some very high words passed between ,lords ,grey and ,kenyon1 the latter applying the words abandoned and atrocious to the conduct of the former1 who on his part declared in reply that he threw back the expressions with scorn and indignation4 ,in the midst of the confusion the ,duke of ,cumberland rose1 and implored their lordships to tranquillize themselves and proceed with the debate in a temperate and orderly manner1 advice which1 after taking time to cool1 they thought it prudent to follow4 ,the farce of ,i'll ,be ,your ,second was then running at the ,olympic1 ,mr4 ,liston taking the part of ,placid1 who1 having a pecuniary interest in one of the characters who has a weakness for duelling1 is kept in a state of nervous anxiety1 and constantly interposes with the question1 ,can't this affair be arranged8 ,in one of his sketches1 ,,hb gives us ,a ,scene from the ,farce of ,i'll ,be ,your ,second1 in which the ,duke of ,cumberland is represented as ,placid1 endeavouring to arrange matters amicably between my ,lords ,kenyon and ,grey4 ,,duke ,,of ,,cumberland4 ,the duke himself was one of the most unpopular personages of his time1 and evinced on his part a contempt for public opinion which did nothing to lessen the prejudice with which he was generally regarded4 ,we dislike a man none the less for knowing that he is conscious of and indifferent to our good or bad opinion2 and so it was with the ,duke of ,cumberland4 ,he followed his pleasure 7field sports amongst the rest7 with a serene and happy indifference to all that the world might think or say about him4 ,this characteristic of his ,royal ,highness is satirized in another of the sketches1 where he is supposed to sing ,my ,dog and ,my ,gun1 as ,hawthorn1 in the then popular opera of ,love in a ,village4 ,his ,royal ,highness made himself a remarkable character in those smooth-faced days by wearing a profusion of whisker and moustache perfectly white4 ,a rumour somehow got abroad and was circulated in the tittle-tattle newspapers of the time1 that at the instance of some fair lady he had shaved off these martial appendages4 ,the cavalry for some unexplained reason were the only branch of the service who were then permitted to wear moustaches1 and in one of his sketches1 the artist places the smooth-shaved duke in the midst of his brother officers1 who regard him with the greatest horror and amazement4 ,the ,ministry which succeeded that of the ,duke of ,wellington had entered office under express declaration that they would forthwith apply themselves to the reform of the representation of the people2 and accordingly1 on the #ast of ,march1 #ahca1 a bill for that purpose was actually introduced by ,lord ,john ,russell2 but the strength and violence of the opposition which could still be mustered against it may be judged by the fact1 that the second reading was carried by the hopeless majority of one in the fullest house that had ever been assembled4 ,a dissolution took place shortly afterwards1 and the avowed intention of such dissolution had been to obtain from the people at the general election 7which followed7 a ,house of ,commons pledged to support the ,reform ,bill2 indeed1 the only test by which candidates were tried1 was their expressed pledge to support this particular measure4 ,on the #bdth of ,june1 #ahca1 ,lord ,john ,russell again moved for leave to bring in a bill to amend the representation of ,england1 and the difference in the result obtained by the election is conclusively shown by the fact1 that the votes for the second reading were #cfg against #bca4 ,on the #acth of ,july it passed into ,committee1 and on the #gth of ,september1 the bill as amended in ,committee was reported to the ,house2 the majority in favour of the motion for passing it was found to be #aji1 the ayes being #cde1 and the noes #bcf4 ,,the ,,reform ,,bill ,,thrown ,,out ,,by ,,the ,,lords4 ,the ,reform ,bill next day was carried up to the ,lords by ,lord ,john ,russell1 attended by about a hundred of its staunchest supporters in the lower ,house4 ,these gentlemen appear to have adopted the unusual mode of exciting the attention of the peers and giving to the function they were performing a striking and theatrical character1 by accompanying the delivery of the bill to the ,lord ,chancellor with their own characteristic ,hear1 hear4 ,a cry of order recalled them to a sense of the presence in which they stood4 ,in ,doyle's contemporary sketch of ,bringing up our ,bill1 this incident is referred to4 ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham stands at the bar of the ,house to receive it from the hands of the member who leads the deputation 7,lord ,john ,russell72 behind him we see ,lord ,althorp1 the ,marquis of ,chandos1 and the ,right ,hon4 ,john ,wilson ,croker1 who exchange signs with their fingers1 showing that the proceeding does not altogether meet with their approval4 ,in the background may be seen ,sir ,charles ,wetherell1 hated of the reformers of ,bristol1 looking as opposed to the measure as ever2 the bill1 as we know1 was thrown out by the ,lords in ,october1 by a majority of #da4 ,the same month1 its enthusiastic advocate1 the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith1 at a reform meeting at ,taunton1 compared the attempt of the ,house of ,lords to stop the progress of reform to a certain fictitious ,dame ,partington of ,sidmouth1 who had essayed during the progress of the great storm to arrest the progress of the ,atlantic with her broom4 ,the ,atlantic was roused1 said the wit2 ,mrs4 ,partington's spirit was up2 but ,i need not tell you that the contest was unequal4 ,the ,atlantic ,ocean beat ,mrs4 ,partington4 ,immediately after this speech appeared the sketch of ,dame ,partington and the ,ocean of ,reform1 in which the character of the apocryphal and obstinate dame is sustained by that vigorous opponent of the ,reform ,bill1 his grace the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,a ,,dead ,,lock4 ,as the ,lords had thrown out the ,reform ,bill1 it was necessary to begin de novo4 ,accordingly1 on the #abth of ,december1 ,lord ,john ,russell again moved for leave to bring in a new ,reform ,bill1 which passed the third reading by a majority of #aaf on the #bcrd of ,march1 #ahcb1 and its second reading in the ,house of ,peers1 by a majority of nine1 on the #adth of ,april4 ,then the fighting and opposition became once more as strenuous and as sustained as ever4 ,on a subsequent division the ministry were left in a minority of thirty-five1 whereupon ,earl ,grey proceeded to the king1 and tendered to his ,majesty the alternative either of arming the ministers with the powers they deemed necessary to carry through their bill 7which really meant a power to create whatever new peers they might deem requisite for the purpose71 or of accepting their own immediate resignation4 ,in the course of the following day the king informed his lordship that he had determined to accept his resignation rather than have recourse to the only alternative which had been proposed to him2 and accordingly1 on the #ith1 ,earl ,grey announced in the ,house of ,lords1 and ,lord ,althorp in the ,commons1 that the ministry was at an end1 and simply held office till their successors should be appointed4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington attempted to form an administration1 and failed--and his failure left matters1 the ministers1 and the perplexed monarch1 of course exactly as they were4 ,the excitement occasioned by the ,lords was tremendous4 ,at ,london1 ,birmingham1 ,manchester1 and other large centres1 simultaneous meetings were held to petition the ,commons to stop the supplies4 ,in the metropolis placards were everywhere posted1 recommending the union of all friends of the cause2 the enforcement of the public rights at all hazards2 and a universal resistance to the payment of taxes1 rates1 tithes1 and assessments2 the country in fact was on the brink of revolution4 ,at the meetings of the political societies1 even in the leading journals1 projects were openly discussed and recommended for organizing and arming the people2 the population of the large towns was ready to be launched on the metropolis4 ,what was to be done--peers or no peers8 ,a cabinet sat nearly all day1 and ,lord ,grey went once or twice to the king4 ,he1 poor man1 was at his wits' end1 and tried an experiment 7not a very constitutional one7 of his own by writing to a number of peers1 entreating them to withdraw their opposition to the bill4#aaa ,the letter to which ,mr4 ,charles ,greville refers is evidently the following circular3-- ,,st4 ,,james',s ,,palace1 ,may #agth1 #ahcb4 ,,my ,,dear ,,lord1--,i am honoured with his ,majesty's command to acquaint your lordship1 that all difficulties to the arrangements in progress will be obviated by a declaration in the ,house to-night from a sufficient number of peers1 that in consequence of the present state of affairs1 they have come to the resolution of dropping their further opposition to the ,reform ,bill1 so that it may pass without delay1 and as nearly as possible in its present shape4 ,i have the honour to be yours sincerely1 ,,herbert ,,taylor4 ,such a request1 coming from such a quarter1 was not only weighty in itself1 but necessarily implied after all that had taken place1 that his ,majesty suggested this course as the only means of avoiding the creation of a large number of additional peers4 ,the majority of the ,house were thus placed in the unenviable position of being compelled to choose whether they would see a hundred members added to the number of their opponents to carry a measure which was hateful to them1 or to abandon for a time their rights1 privileges1 and duties as legislators4 ,they chose the latter alternative1 and during the remainder of the discussion on the bill1 not more than between thirty and forty attended at any one time4 ,by this means1 and this only1 the bill was eventually carried4 ,on these grounds ,john ,doyle appears to have founded his theory that ,william the ,fourth was a sincere convert to ,reform4#aab ,in one of the sketches he shows us his ,majesty in the character of ,johnny ,gilpin carried along at headlong speed by his unmanageable grey steed ,reform4 ,he flies past the famous hostelry at ,edmonton1 where his wife and her friends 7represented by the ,duke of ,wellington and a party of ,tories7 are anxiously awaiting his arrival4 ,the turnpike-keeper 7,john ,bull7 throws open the gate to let him pass1 too delighted with the fun to think of any personal expense to himself1 and conscious that if the gate is shut the inexpert horseman must come to unutterable grief4 ,the bottles dangling at ,gilpin's waist are filled with ,birmingham froth and ,rotunda pop1 in allusion to the stump oratory of the ,birmingham ,political ,union and the ,rotunda in ,blackfriars ,road4 ,hume and ,o',connell1 the ardent supporters of the bill1 cheering with might and main1 closely follow ,john on horseback2 while ,sir ,francis ,burdett and ,sir ,t4 ,c4 ,hobhouse1 equally ardent advocates of ,reform1 join the cry on foot4 ,the frightened geese with coroneted heads represent1 of course1 the peers1 who had offered such determined opposition to the measure1 while the old apple woman rolling in the mud is no other than poor ,lord ,eldon4 ,the bird of ill-omen foretelling disaster is ,mr4 ,croker1 ,secretary to the ,admiralty4 ,later on the same year 7#ahcb71 we find his ,majesty represented as ,mazeppa bound to the grey steed ,reform1 several of the ,conservative members of either houses of ,parliament doing duty as the wolves and fearful wild fowl that accompany the rider in his perilous course4 ,in another satire1 the king1 supposed to have discovered his mistake1 figures as ,sinbad the ,sailor1 vainly endeavouring to shake himself free of the old man of the sea 7,earl ,grey71 who however is too firmly seated on his shoulders to be dislodged4 ,,unpopularity ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington's political convictions having prompted him to be among one of the leading opponents to the ,reform ,bill1 he narrowly escaped serious injury at the hands of the ,london rabble4 ,on the #ahth of ,june1 #ahcb1 having occasion to pay a visit to the ,mint1 a crowd of several hundred roughs collected on ,tower ,hill to await his return2 and on making his appearance at the gate he was hissed and hooted by the crowd1 who followed him along the ,minories yelling1 hooting1 and using abusive language1 their numbers and threatening demeanour momentarily increasing4 ,about half-way up the ,minories he was met by ,mr4 ,ballantine1 the ,thames police magistrate1 who asked him if he could render him any assistance2 but the cool1 courageous soldier simply replied that he did not mind what was going on4 ,when his grace had got to about the middle of ,fenchurch ,street1 one of the cowardly ruffians rushed out of the crowd1 and seizing the bridle with one hand attempted to dismount the duke with the other1 in which he would have succeeded but for the courageous conduct of the groom and a body of city police1 who opportunely made their appearance at the time4 ,the mob had now grown as numerous as it was cowardly2 but by the exertions of the police1 his grace was escorted through it and along ,cheapside without sustaining personal injury4 ,in ,holborn1 however1 the rabble1 growing bolder1 began to throw stones and filth1 and the duke1 followed by the canaille1 rode to the chambers of ,sir ,charles ,wetherell1 in ,stone ,buildings1 ,lincoln's ,inn1 where he remained1 till a body of police arrived from ,bow ,street1 by whom he was escorted in safety to ,apsley ,house4 ,to make the outrage more disgraceful1 if possible1 it happened on the anniversary of the crowning victory of ,waterloo2 the mob1 forgetting in their unreasoning wrath the priceless services the great soldier had rendered to the nation1 whilst the cowardly rascals who composed it were the very persons who could by no possibility be benefited by the provisions of the bill in which they professed to take so great an interest4 ,on the night of the illumination which followed the passing of the ,act1 they broke the windows of his grace and other opponents of the measure2 and in one of the contemporary ,,hb sketches1 ,taking an ,airing in ,hyde ,park1 the duke is seen looking out of one of his broken window-panes4 ,before the end of the year he was visited by serious illness1 and the angry feelings his opposition to the measure had provoked1 and which had been gradually subsiding1 were suddenly followed by a complete reaction in his favour4 ,,hb commemorates this in his sketch of ,auld ,lang ,syne1 which shows the happy reconciliation between ,john ,bull and the hero of ,waterloo4 ,,duel ,,between ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington ,,and ,,lord ,,winchelsea4 ,consistently and conscientiously as the great duke had opposed what he considered the revolutionary tendency of the ,reform ,bill1 it must not be forgotten that it is to him that the ,catholics owe the benefits of the ,act of #ahbi1 which relieved them of the disabilities under which they had so long suffered2 and it must not be forgotten too1 that in this measure he had not only to contend with his own repugnance to ,catholic emancipation1 but also with that of his chief colleagues1--of the great majority of the ,house of ,lords1 and of the king himself4 ,with the latter indeed his task had been a very difficult one2 and it was only a few days before the meeting of ,parliament in the early part of #ahbi1 that the consent of ,george the ,fourth had been obtained4 ,among the most strenuous of the duke's opponents to the ,catholic ,relief ,bill was the ,earl of ,winchelsea1 who1 in the unreasoning bitterness of his anger1 shut his eyes to the injustice under which the ,catholics had so long suffered1 and most unwarrantably charged his grace with an intention to introduce ,popery into every department of the ,state4 ,these words led to a hostile meeting in ,battersea ,fields on the #bast of ,march1 #ahbi4 ,lord ,winchelsea1 after receiving the duke's fire1 discharged his pistol in the air1 and there the affair ended1 his second delivering a written acknowledgment expressing his lordship's regret for having imputed disgraceful motives to the conduct of the duke1 in his pro-,catholic exertions4 ,twelve months afterwards1 on the #bnd of ,april1 #ahcj1 ,richard ,william ,lambrecht was indicted at ,kingston assizes for the murder of ,oliver ,clayton1 whom he had shot in a duel in ,battersea ,fields on the preceding #hth of ,january4 ,lambrecht had a narrow escape1 for the judge in his summing up told the jury that if they were of opinion that the accused met ,clayton on the ground with the intention1 if the difference could not be settled1 of putting his life against ,clayton's1 and ,mr4 ,clayton's against his1 the prisoner was guilty of wilful murder2 and the jury1 finding on application to the learned judge that there were no circumstances in the case to reduce the crime to manslaughter1 by way apparently of getting out of the difficulty1 returned a verdict of not guilty4 ,this incident suggested the sketch entitled ,a ,hint to ,duellists1 in which the unsparing satirist places the duke in ,lambrecht's unenviable position before ,mr4 ,justice ,bailey1 from whose lips are proceeding a portion of the charge which he actually delivered to the jury at the trial at ,kingston assizes4 ,even the duke1 impassive as he appeared1 must have felt the justice of this unsparing but admirable sarcasm4 ,another member of the royal family who frequently figures in the sketches is the ,duke of ,sussex4 ,he was a man of large frame1 and as remarkable for the blackness of his whiskers as the ,duke of ,cumberland was conspicuous for the bleached appearance of these hirsute adornments4 ,at a meeting of the council of the ,london ,university1 he is reported to have said that for the promotion of anatomical science he should have no personal objection to dedicate his own body after death to the ,college of ,surgeons for the purposes of dissection4 ,this hint was enough of course for ,,hb1 and his royal highness accordingly figures in a contemporary satire as ,a great ,subject ,dedicated to the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons4 ,,sir ,,francis ,,burdett4 ,another prominent personage of ,,hb's time1 and a singular instance of the change which frequently takes place in the political convictions of public men1 was ,sir ,francis ,burdett4 ,commencing his career as an ardent radical and reformer intolerant of abuses1 he finished it and astonished his former supporters by being returned for ,westminster in the ,conservative interest4 ,the political conduct of this once celebrated man is of so unusual a character that a short recapitulation of his career seems necessary1 in order that the reader may understand the satires we are about to describe4 ,notwithstanding his expressed views in support of absolute purity of election1 his own election for ,middlesex in #ahjb-d1 is said--what with the expenses and subsequent litigation--to have cost him upwards of one hundred thousand pounds4 ,on the #eth of ,may1 #ahjg1 he was challenged by and fought a duel with ,mr4 ,james ,paull1 on ,wimbledon ,common1 the cause of quarrel being ,sir ,francis's refusal to act as chairman at a gathering of ,paull's supporters at the ,crown and ,anchor ,tavern1 ,westminster1 in ,april4 ,the duel terminated in both the principals being seriously wounded4 ,the same year he was returned to ,parliament to serve as member for ,westminster1 which constituency he continued to represent for nearly thirty years4 ,perhaps the greatest event of his life was his committal to the ,tower under the ,speaker's warrant for a libellous letter published in ,cobbett's ,political ,register1 of #bdth ,march1 #ahaj1 in which he questioned the power of the ,house to imprison delinquents4 ,he at first resisted the execution of the warrant1 and being a favourite with the mob1 a street contest ensued between the military and the people1 in which some lives were lost4 ,in #ahah1 we find him moving for annual parliaments and universal suffrage1 when the ,house divided with the result of #ajj to #b1 the minority being composed of the mover and seconder--that is to say1 himself and ,lord ,cochrane4 ,in #ahbj1 he was found guilty at ,leicester of a libel on ,government in a letter to his constituents reflecting on the ,manchester outrage of the preceding year2 a new trial was moved for by himself1 but this was refused1 and he was sentenced the following ,february to three months' imprisonment1 and to pay a fine of #b1jjj4 ,in ,march1 #ahbe1 his resolutions for the relief of the ,irish ,catholics were carried by a majority of #bdg to #bcd2 but in later life his restless spirit gradually calmed down1 and after the appointment of the ,melbourne ,ministry in #ahce1 he surprised and disgusted his party by going into opposition1 principally 7as he alleged7 on account of the court which they paid to ,o',connell and his followers in their agitation against the ,irish ,established ,church4 ,for some time previous to the sketch we are about to describe he had absented himself from the ,house1 and otherwise shown his distaste for the persons and principles of the leading men of the party to which he had formerly belonged4 ,the busy-bodies who professed to be the exponents of public opinion in ,westminster1 pressed him for an explicit statement of his views1 and eventually called upon him to resign1 and he took them directly at their word4 ,the person brought forward to oppose him was ,john ,temple ,leader1 then member for ,bridgwater1 a name which suggested to the artist the pictorial pun of ,following the ,leader1 the followers being ,lord ,melbourne1 ,lord ,john ,russell1 ,lord ,palmerston1 ,mr4 ,o',connell1 ,sir ,j4 ,hobhouse1 ,mr4 ,hume1 and ,sir ,william ,molesworth4 ,notwithstanding the exertions of the ministers and their friends to secure the election of ,mr4 ,leader1 that gentleman was not only beaten by a very considerable majority1 but lost as a natural consequence his seat for ,bridgwater1 a fact which suggested to the artist another able sketch1 ,the ,dog and the ,shadow4 ,the election itself forms the subject of ,a ,race for the ,westminster ,stakes1 in which the aged thoroughbred 7,sir ,francis71 ridden by ,lord ,castlereagh1 beats the young horse ,leader1 jockey ,mr4 ,roebuck4 ,among the backers of the losing horse1 ,daniel ,o',connell and ,joseph ,hume may be easily detected by the lugubrious expression of their faces4 ,the sketch of ,a ,fine ,old ,english ,gentleman was suggested by a remark made by the ,times during the progress of the contest1 in which it described ,sir ,francis as a fine specimen of the old ,english gentleman4 ,in the left-hand corner of this sketch the artist has placed a picture of the ,tower of ,london1 by way of reminder of the days when the baronet was regarded not so much in the light of a fine old ,english ,gentleman as a radical of the most advanced type1 and as a martyr in the cause of public liberty4 ,,changes ,,in ,,political ,,opinion4 ,a change of opinion however is obviously a necessary incident of political life1 and we have ourselves witnessed some remarkable instances of such versatility in our own days4 ,in some cases these changes are only temporary or partial1 in others they are radical and complete2 sometimes they are dictated by conviction1 at others by necessity2 occasionally they seem to be the result of absolute caprice2 while in not a few instances1 ,i fear1 we should not be very far wrong in assigning them to feelings of disappointment or personal or political pique4 ,this tergiversation in public men forms the subject of one of ,,hb's happiest inspirations4 ,in #ahcg there appeared at the ,adelphi ,theatre an ,american comedian named ,rice1 the forerunner of the ,christies and other original minstrels of our day1 who sang in his character of a nigger a comic 787 song1 which1 being wholly destitute of melody1 and even more idiotic than compositions of that kind usually are1 forthwith became exceedingly popular1 being groaned by every organ1 and whistled by all the street urchins of the day4 ,this peculiar production1 which was known as ,jim ,crow1 was accompanied by a characteristic double shuffle1 while every verse concluded with this intellectual chorus3-- ,turn about1 and wheel about1 ,and do just so2 ,and every time ,i turn about1 ,i jump ,jim ,crow4 ,in ,jim ,crow ,dance and ,chorus 7the title of the sketch referred to71 we find the leading men of all parties assembled at a ball1 engaged in the new saltatory performance initiated by ,mr4 ,rice4 ,in the left-hand corner we notice ,lord ,abinger1 formerly ,sir ,james ,scarlett1 a ,whig1 who growing tired of waiting for the advent of his own party to power1 changed his political opinions--that is to say jumped ,jim ,crow1--and was made ,attorney ,general by the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,next him is ,lord ,stanley1 who commenced life as a ,whig and was a member of ,lord ,grey's ,reform administration1 but unprepared to go the lengths which his party seemed disposed to take1 he too jumped ,jim ,crow1 deserted them1 and joined the ranks of the ,opposition4 ,lord ,stanley's vis--vis is ,sir ,james ,graham2 in his early days he had distinguished himself by the strength of his radical opinions1 but as a member of ,lord ,grey's cabinet1 he suppressed these sentiments1 and jumped ,jim ,crow by confining himself more strictly within ,whig limits4 ,conspicuous amongst the performers is ,lord ,melbourne6 ,when in office under ,mr4 ,canning he had made several anti-,reform speeches1 but afterwards became a member of the ,government of ,lord ,grey by which ,reform was carried2--as ,prime ,minister he went far nearer to the principles of absolute democracy than either ,lord ,grey or ,lord ,althorp4 ,lord ,melbourne's face1 however1 shows unmistakable repugnance at finding that his numerous wheels about have brought him face to face with ,o',connell1 and he turns in disgust from the famous agitator1 who1 with his thumb to his nose and his left arm stuck in his side1 shows that he has no intention of permitting him to enjoy a pas all to himself4 ,o',connell of course shows himself complete master of the figure which he had danced so frequently2 one of the most shifty1 unstable men of his day1 he can scarcely be called a politician1 for like all agitators1 the person he really sought to serve was himself alone4 ,he chopped and changed just as it suited his purpose1 and is properly introduced by the artist amongst the most adroit and vigorous of the political double shufflers4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington and ,sir ,robert ,peel find themselves vis--vis1 in allusion to their conduct with reference to ,catholic ,emancipation4 ,both had originally been consistent opposers of the measure1 which was at last carried by the influence of the very men who before had been its most persistent adversaries4 ,but1 if any one had turned about and wheeled about1 it was ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 and accordingly the artist introduces him as indulging in a very flourishing pas seul2 he wears a self-satisfied smirk1 and carries his thumbs in his waistcoat1 in allusion to his own contention that he had been always consistent4 ,yet this self-satisfied aristocratic-looking personage not many years before had distinguished himself as the most prominent of radical malcontents1 and had been drawn by his enthusiastic dupes through the city of ,westminster in a triumphal car1 decorated with the symbols of liberty1 and preceded by a banner bearing the inscription1 ,westminster's ,pride and ,england's ,glory4 ,the queer figure in the cocked hat is ,sir de ,lacy ,evans1 who figures as one of the dancers in allusion to his practice as compared with his professions4 ,in #ahcc he obtained a seat for ,westminster1 triumphing over his opponent ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,hobhouse1 who for fifteen years had represented that constituency1 both candidates professing to be zealous advocates for the abolition of flogging in the army4 ,sir de ,lacy nevertheless1 when commanding the ,british ,legion at ,st4 ,sebastian1 jumped ,jim ,crow by flogging his soldiers without mercy4 ,lord ,john ,russell once sneered at every project of ,reform1 but his ,lordship1 as we have seen1 jumped ,jim ,crow by repeatedly introducing the ,reform ,bill into the ,house of ,commons1 which was mainly passed by his persistent exertions2 very properly1 therefore1 ,lord ,john figures in ,,hb's clever sketch among the most prominent of ,jim ,crow double shufflers4 ,,footnotes3 #ajh ,these political changes1 as we shall presently see1 are by no means uncommon4 ,william ,cobbett1 for instance1 in #ahja supported the principles of ,pitt1 but in #ahje1 from a ,church and ,king man1 he became and continued an ardent liberal4 #aji ,english ,graphic ,satire1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,buss4 #aaj ,westminster ,review1 ,june1 #ahdj4 #aaa ,greville's ,memoirs1 ii4 p4 #cjc4 #aab ,this was the idea of all ,tories of the day4 ,the terrible effects of the ,reform ,bill were amusingly predicted by ,john ,wilson ,croker to the king himself2 they have not of course been fulfilled4 ,see ,journal of ,julian ,charles ,young 7,memoir of ,charles ,mayne ,young1 vol4 i4 p4 #bca74 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,political ,,sketches ,,of ,,hb 7,continued74 ,,lord ,,john ,,russell4 ,sydney ,smith said of little ,lord ,john ,russell1 that he was ready to undertake anything and everything--to build ,st4 ,paul's1--cut for the stone1--or command the ,channel fleet1 and this satire of the wit was true4 ,he tried politics and he tried literature1 and few people will say that he was entirely successful at either4 ,as a politician1 for instance1 his general capacity for getting himself and his party into a mess1 earned from the most intellectually powerful of his political opponents the enduring title of ,lord ,meddle and ,muddle4 ,he has not been dead very long1 yet what reputation has he left behind him as a dramatist--novelist--historian--biograph er--editor--pamphleteer1 all of which rles he essayed at some time or other of his long and eventful career8 ,his ,nun of ,arronca 7#ahbb7 fetches it is true an exceedingly high price1 because having been rigidly suppressed by its author it is now exceedingly rare4 ,the best that can be said of ,lord ,john--and that is saying a great deal--is1 that he was a consistent ,liberal according to his lights1 and that to him belongs the honour and glory of bringing about the great measure of ,reform1 which1 as we have seen1 was1 mainly through his instrumentality1 accomplished in #ahcb4 ,lord ,john1 as might have been expected1 frequently appears in the political sketches of ,,hb4 ,he cuts an amusing figure in one where ,jonah 7,lord ,minto7 is about to be thrown overboard by ,lords ,lansdowne1 ,palmerston1 and ,duncannon1 by order of the captain 7,lord ,melbourne71 to appease the storm raised by ,lords ,brougham and ,lyndhurst in reference to a rumour that ,lord ,minto 7,first ,lord of the ,admiralty71 had instructed ,british cruisers to stop all ,sardinian vessels carrying warlike stores for ,don ,carlos4 ,lord ,john1 while clinging to the mast behind1 and viewing with terror the impending fate of his colleague1 evidently solaces himself with the conviction that his own weight is too insignificant to have any material effect upon the safety of the ship4 ,minto owed his safety to the ,duke of ,wellington1 who therefore figures in the sketch as the whale2 for1 although convinced that his lordship had been imprudent1 he successfully resisted ,brougham's motion for a copy of the instructions1 and thereby succeeded in lodging poor ,jonah on dry land4 ,,stamp ,,duty ,,on ,,newspapers4 ,one of the sketches in which ,lord ,john ,russell figures reminds us of a remarkable discussion which possesses considerable interest for every reader of the cheap newspapers of to-day4 ,the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer 7the ,right ,hon4 ,thomas ,spring ,rice7 in opening his budget on the #fth of ,may1 #ahcf1 showed a disposable surplus of #ffb1jjj only1 which he proposed 7in the usual way7 to apply towards the reduction of taxation4 ,he proposed1 in the first place1 to consolidate the paper duties and to reduce their amount in a manner which he proceeded to explain2 and after accounting for #bjj1jjj1 the balance of the surplus he intended to apply to the reduction of the stamp on newspapers4 ,the duty minus the discount was fourpence1 which he proposed to reduce to a penny1 and to give of course no discount4 ,the reader must not suppose from the foregoing1 however1 that all the proprietors of newspapers of that day paid the duty2 on the contrary1 the large majority evaded it in every possible way4 ,the measure in fact was intended as much as a protection to the revenue as anything else1 for the sale of unstamped newspapers throughout the country had become so extensive that no series of prosecutions was found effectual to put them down4 ,every sheet1 it is true1 professed to bear on it the printer's name2 but the name so appended was in six cases out of eight a false one4 ,exchequer processes were issued2 all the power of the law was set in motion2 in the course of three weeks three hundred persons had been imprisoned for selling unstamped papers in the streets1 but without in the slightest degree repressing the illegal sale4 ,the ,chancellor argued that the loss which the revenue would sustain in the first instance would be more than compensated by the enormous increase of duty to be obtained from the enlarged circulation2 from the additional duty arising from the greater consumption of paper2 and from the very large increase which might be expected from the produce of the duty on advertisements4 ,the opponents of the measure were of three classes3 first1 those who looked upon the proposal as radical and subversive2 secondly1 those who because a reduction is suggested in one quarter invariably consider it the correct thing to propose it in another2 and lastly1 the owners of the established newspapers of the day4 ,the arguments of the first class assumed the following form3 ,in proportion as any political party approaches more or less towards pure democracy and the right divine of mere numbers1 its interests will require that the means should be increased of disseminating among the lower classes1 and as nearly gratuitously as possible1 the exciting and poisonous food which is at last to end in the revolutionary fever4#aac ,the second class1 strange to say1 rested their hopes in this instance on the singularly slippery basis of soap4 ,sir ,c4 ,keightley moved 7on the #bjth of ,june7 that instead of diminishing the stamp duty on newspapers1 the duty on hard and soft soap should be reduced4 ,the reduction of such duty would1 he argued1 by aiding cleanliness1 promote the health and comfort of the people1 while the lowering of newspaper stamps would do nothing of the kind1 but would tend rather to introduce a cheap and profligate press1 one of the greatest curses which could be inflicted on humanity4 ,he contended1 moreover1 that it was absurd to argue that the poor were debarred from reading the public prints1 when in a coffee shop1 for three-halfpence1 they could obtain a cup of coffee and a sight of every newspaper published in ,london4 ,mr4 ,barclay1 one of the members for ,surrey1 thought it impossible for any reasonable being to hesitate between the relative virtues of newspapers and soap2 and as for the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 he could not believe for one moment that if left to his own unaided judgment he would hesitate to give his preference to the latter4 ,the ,chancellor nevertheless avowed in the plainest terms his preference for newspapers1 and his conviction of the advisability of an immediate reduction in the stamp duty2 the result1 after the lapse of less than forty years1 has conclusively proved the wisdom of the measure which he succeeded in carrying4 ,,curious ,,arguments ,,of ,,the ,,newspaper ,,proprietors4 ,newspaper proprietorship was then a monopoly2 and the argument by which the rich proprietor1 the representative of the third class of opponents1 sought to maintain his monopoly cannot fail to amuse the newspaper reader of to-day4 ,the monopoliser who1 to maintain the character of his paper and to supply the public with the best and earliest information1 incurred the expense of procuring parliamentary reports1 obtaining foreign intelligence1 anticipating the arrival of the post by expresses1 and by having correspondents in every quarter of the world where matters of interest were going forward1 said1 that should the measure pass1 he must thenceforth either be content to lower the tone of the public press by not giving the same amount of accurate intelligence1 or must carry on the contest with those who went to no expense at all4 ,the result would be not only the ruin of the property of the newspaper proprietors and the destruction of their property1 but it would be something much more fatal to the general interests of the country1 for the editors of the present respectable papers would not be able to compete with these predatory publications1 and would be compelled to forego that extent of information which was then so accurately given4 ,we should have the newspaper press--mark this1 ye omnivorous readers of to-day1 who commence with ,the ,times1 adjourn to the ,telegraph1 peruse the pages of the ,morning ,post1 wander through the columns of the ,daily ,news1 and finish off with the express edition of the ,globe or ,evening ,standard1 reserving your ,saturday ,review1 your ,truth1 and your ,vanity ,fair for ,sunday solatium--we should have the newspaper press simply reduced to this state3 that no longer would there be a regular and correct supply of information to the public respecting the debates of ,parliament or other important matters1 but there would be only such an amount and such a description of information as could be furnished upon the inaccurate data of a man who would not go to any expense in the use of the means at present employed4 ,these were the views of the newspaper proprietors of #ahcf1 as expounded by that respectable but distinctly ,tory authority1 ,the ,annual ,register4#aad ,the measure of the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer1 of which we have attempted the foregoing explanation1 appears to have suggested to ,john ,doyle his sketch of ,the ,rival ,newsmongers1 in which the leading men of all parties are represented in the act of endeavouring to force the sale of their own journals4 ,the scene is supposed to be enacted in front of the ,elephant and ,castle1 where we find the ,union ,coach waiting to take up passengers1--the three who occupy the roof being a ,scotchman1 indicated by his bonnet and plaid1 ,paddy by his shocking bad hat1 while in the portly1 jolly-looking party next him we have no difficulty whatever in recognising honest ,john ,bull4 ,the three are listening to the appeals of ,o',connell1 close to whom is ,mr4 ,roebuck1 and behind him again ,mr4 ,hume4 ,sir ,roger ,gresley addresses himself to the insides1 and the person holding up his paper to the special notice of ,john ,bull is the ,marquis of ,londonderry4 ,the driver of the coach is ,lord ,melbourne1 and the ostler little ,lord ,john ,russell4 ,,lord ,,brougham4 ,the public man who perhaps of all others earned and deserved his place in the pictorial satires of the nineteenth century was emphatically ,brougham4 ,the verdict of posterity on this restless but unquestionably brilliant man of genius must of necessity be a somewhat disappointing one2 he aimed at being nothing less than an ,admirable ,crichton1 and such a character in the nineteenth century1 when every public man must be more or less talented1 more or less brilliant1 would be an impossibility even to a genius4 ,a rival lawyer and political opponent1 ,sir ,charles ,wetherell is reported to have said of him that he knew a little of everything but law2 and although this statement was spiteful and untrue1 there is no doubt of the truth of ,mr4 ,greville's remarks1 that his duty as ,chancellor was confined to appeals which must come before him1 lunacy and other matters over which he had sole jurisdiction1 and that nobody ever thought of bringing an original cause into his court4#aae ,we think we may even go farther than this1 and say that no lawyer of the present day would dream of relying on ,lord ,brougham's decisions4 ,o',connell said of him1 ,i pay very little attention to anything ,lord ,brougham says4 ,he makes a greater number of foolish speeches than any other man of the present generation4 ,there may be more nonsense in some one speech of another person1 but in the number1 the multitude of foolish speeches1 ,lord ,brougham has it hollow4 ,i would start him ten to one--ay1 fifty to one--in talking nonsense against any prattler now living4 ,some amusing examples of his restless anxiety to figure on all occasions in the character of an ,admirable ,crichton are given by ,mr4 ,charles ,greville1 whose ,memoirs stand in much the same relation to the graphic satires of the nineteenth century as the ,odes of ,dr4 ,walcot do towards the caricatures of ,james ,gillray4 ,dined1 says ,mr4 ,greville 7under date of #gth ,june1 #ahca71 with ,sefton yesterday1 who gave me an account of a dinner at ,fowell ,buxton's on ,saturday to see the brewery1 at which ,brougham was the magnus ,apollo4 ,sefton is excellent as a commentator on ,brougham2 he says that he watches him incessantly1 never listens to anybody else when he is there1 and rows him unmercifully afterwards for all the humbug1 nonsense1 and palaver he hears him talk to people4444 ,they dined in the brewhouse and visited the whole establishment4 ,lord ,grey was there in star1 garter1 and ribbons4 ,there were people ready to show and explain everything4 ,but not a bit4 ,brougham took the explanation of everything into his own hands2 the mode of brewing1 the machinery1 down to the feeding of the cart-horses4 ,after dinner the account books were brought1 and the young ,buxtons were beckoned up to the top of the table by their father to hear the words of wisdom which flowed from the lips of my ,lord ,chancellor4 ,he affected to study the ledger1 and made various pertinent remarks on the manner of book-keeping4 ,there was a man whom ,brougham called ',cornelius' 7,sefton did not know who he was71 with whom he seemed very familiar4 ,while ,brougham was talking he dropped his voice1 on which ',cornelius' said1 ',earl ,grey is listening1' that he might speak louder and nothing be lost4 ,he was talking of ,paley1 and said that 'although he did not always understand his own meaning1 he always made it intelligible to others1' on which ',cornelius' said1 ',my good friend1 if he made it so clear to others1 he must have some comprehension of it himself2' on which ,sefton attacked him afterwards1 and swore that 'he was a mere child in the hands of ,cornelius2 that he never saw anybody so put down4' ,these people are all subscribers to the ,london ,university1#aaf and ,sefton swears he overheard ,brougham tell them that ',sir ,isaac ,newton was nothing compared to some of the present professors1' or something to that effect4 ,i put down all this nonsense because it amused me in the recital1 and is excessively characteristic of the man1 one of the most remarkable that ever existed4 ,lady ,sefton told me that he went with them to the ,british ,museum1 where all the officers of the ,museum were in attendance to receive them4 ,he would not let anybody explain anything1 but did all the honours himself4 ,at last they came to the collection of minerals1 when she thought he must be brought to a standstill4 ,their conductor began to describe them1 when ,brougham took the words out of his mouth1 and dashed off with as much ease and familiarity as if he had been a ,buckland or a ,cuvier4 ,such is the man1 a grand mixture of moral1 political1 and intellectual incongruities4#aag ,if the part which ,brougham's position as attorney-general to ,queen ,caroline obliged him to take at the memorable period of the ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties had not closed the door of professional advancement against him1 he had most effectually locked it against himself so long as her husband lived by the intemperate and ill-judged language in which he alluded to that event in the speech which he delivered at ,edinburgh on the #eth of ,april1 #ahbe4aah ,but ,brougham was constantly on the watch for its being opened1 and on the very day when ,george the ,fourth died1 that is to say on the #bjth of ,june1 #ahcj1 he spoke in the ,house of ,commons in eulogistic terms of the new sovereign1 praising him for allowing the ,speaker to take the oaths at an unusually early hour in order to suit the convenience of members1 a graceful act1 which ,mr4 ,brougham declared he hailed as a happy omen of the commencement of an auspicious reign4 ,the astute ,k4 ,c4's object did not escape the penetrating eye of ,,hb1 who forthwith represented him as ,the ,gheber ,worshipping the ,rising ,sun1 in whose smiling face we recognise the unmistakable lineaments of ,william the ,fourth4 ,the sun proved not unmindful of the attention2 for1 on the formation of ,earl ,grey's ministry in #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,brougham was made ,lord ,chancellor1 with the title of ,baron ,brougham and ,vaux4 ,the appointment took the nation by surprise2 for although a consistent upholder of ,whig principles1 he had always maintained a peculiar and independent position with his party1 and was expected to prove rather an embarrassment than otherwise4 ,these expectations were fully realized1 and there can be no doubt that the sentiments which ,lord ,brougham's bearing as ,chancellor excited among his colleagues and contemporaries1 excluded him for the remainder of his life from all official life and employment4 ,with all his wonderful powers1 however1 ,lord ,brougham could make1 as ,o',connell asserted of him1 as inconsiderate a speech as any man4 ,one of these speeches1 which was delivered on the #adth of ,august1 #ahcc1 in a debate on the bill for the abolition of slavery in the ,west ,indies1 suggested to ,,hb a happy subject4 ,his lordship is reported to have said that1 the object of the clause then under discussion was to make the black1 from the moment that he arrived on the shores of this country1 a free man in all respects3 to make him eligible to sit in ,parliament1 either in the ,house of ,lords1 if it should be his ,majesty's pleasure to give him a title to a seat1 or in the other ,house if he should be elected4 ,,hb1 with his usual facility for seizing an idea1 took his lordship at his word1 and forthwith elevated the emancipated nigger to the woolsack1 clothing him in the wig and gown of ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham1 and giving him the features of the noble and learned lord himself3 this sketch bears the title of ,a ,select ,specimen of the ,black ,style4 ,the ,house of ,lords was a lively place whilst my ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham was in office1 and in the scenes in which he figured1 and which drew down upon him the hatred and resentment of his contemporaries1 he not unfrequently displayed a want of judgment which was nothing less than lamentable4 ,we might give many instances of these regrettable scenes1 but one shall suffice4 ,on the #bith of ,september1 #ahca1 the ,lord ,chancellor made the following answer to a question put by the ,marquis of ,londonderry3--,my lords1 he said1 ,i beg to state to you once for all1 that ,i will not sit here to be bothered with questions which emanate from the ridiculous ideas of certain absurd individuals who cannot or will not see anything1 however clear1 and seem lamentably incapacitated by nature from comprehending what is going on4 ,moreover1 ,i beg to state to the noble marquis1 that for the future ,i will answer no question of his1--will give him no information whatever4 ,the amazed patrician said in reply1 ,as to the language which the noble and learned lord has ventured to apply to me here1 ,i will only say that ,i shall wish those words to be repeated in another place4 ,the ,lord ,chancellor rejoined that he had said nothing which he was not prepared to repeat elsewhere2 and here the matter appears to have ended1 for strange to say it was the ,marquis of ,londonderry and not the irascible ,brougham who subsequently apologised1 a circumstance which occasioned the artist's satirical and telling sketch of ,the ,duel that did ,not ,take ,place4 ,these scenes do not appear to have been the result of any mere ebullition of temper2 on the contrary1 ,brougham would seem to have delighted in these undignified exhibitions4 ,the ,chancellor1 who loves to unbosom himself to ,sefton1 because he knows the latter thinks him the finest fellow breathing1 tells him that it is nuts to him to be attacked by noble lords in the ,upper ,house1 and that they had better leave him alone if they care for their own hides4 ,since he loves these assaults1 last night1 continues ,mr4 ,greville1 he got his bellyful1 for he was baited by a dozen at least1 and he did not come out of the mle so chuckling and happy as usual4#aai ,parliament was dissolved on the #aeth of ,august1 #ahcd1 and by that time his party1 the king1 and everybody else1 had grown pretty well tired of ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham4 ,his head would seem to have been almost turned by his success2 for he employed the recess which followed the prorogation in making a sort of royal progress through ,scotland1 parading the ,great ,seal on his way1 to the great disgust of the king1 who seriously thought he had taken leave of his senses1 and protested against it being carried across the border4 ,in the course of this strange progress he reached ,inverness in the beginning of ,september1 #ahcd1 and was presented by the magistrates with the freedom of their city4 ,in returning thanks for this honour1 ,lord ,brougham said he was conscious that it was not owing to any personal merits that he had received this mark of distinction at their hands4 ,first of all he owed it to the circumstance that he had the honour of serving a monarch who lived in the hearts of his subjects4 ,he had enjoyed the honour of serving that prince for nearly four years1 and during that time he had experienced from his ,majesty only one series of gracious condescension1 confidence1 and favour4 ,to find that he lived in the hearts of his loyal subjects in the ancient and important capital of the ,highlands1 as it had afforded him 7,lord ,brougham7 only pure and unmixed satisfaction1 would1 he was confident1 be so received by his ,majesty1 when he 7,lord ,brougham7 told him1 as he would by that night's post 7cheers71 of the gratifying circumstances4#abj ,so far1 however1 from being gratified1 the bluff sailor king was tremendously annoyed4 ,these fulsome adulations1 and the ridiculous manner in which his eccentric and embarrassing ,chancellor tortured any personal attention to himself 7,brougham7 into a personal compliment to his royal master1 thoroughly disgusted him4 ,for some weeks previously ,the ,times had attacked the eccentric ,chancellor with a constancy and vigour of satire quite unexampled2 the tide of ridicule was swelled by contributions from the ,london and provincial press2 ,brougham made some foolish speeches at ,aberdeen and ,dundee1 which excited the laughter of his enemies and the alarm of his friends4 ,those who are charitably disposed1 remarks the unfriendly ,greville1 express their humane conviction that he is mad1 and it probably is not very remote from the truth4 ,intellectually strong as he was1 a ,chancellor so eccentric as this was an incubus to be got rid of at the first convenient opportunity4 ,in ,may1 #ahcd1 ,mr4 ,stanley1 ,sir ,james ,graham1 the ,earl of ,ripon1 and the ,duke of ,richmond1 seceded from the ministry2 but the ,whig party1 in spite of these resignations and the subsequent one of ,lord ,grey in ,july1 continued in office under ,lord ,althorp till the following ,november1 when the latter being called 7by the death of his father7 to the ,upper ,house as ,earl ,spencer1 the king seized the opportunity which he had so long desired of placing a less embarrassing and self-willed ,chancellor on the woolsack4 ,this circumstance prompted the clever sketch of the ,fall of ,icarus4 ,icarus in this instance is of course ,brougham1 who1 flying in defiance of the injunctions of ,ddalus too near the sun--that is to say1 ,william the ,fourth--the wax of his mechanical wings melted and he fell into the sea4 ,that there may be no mistake as to the artist's meaning1 the wings aforesaid are labelled with the titles of various publications which were loudest in sounding the praises of the ,king and of the noble and learned lord1 and to which he himself1 with the questionable taste which distinguished him1 was reputed 7with justice7 to be a contributor4 ,whether my ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham caught the infection from his client1 ,queen ,caroline1 we know not2 but his conduct1 whether in or out of office1 appears to have been of the most undignified character4 ,ignoring the fact that his party were no longer in power1 there is no doubt whatever that he wrote a letter to his successor1 ,lord ,lyndhurst1 actually suggesting his own nomination to ,lyndhurst's vacant office of ,chief ,baron of the ,exchequer1 thereby 7as he pointed out7 saving to the public his own pension of ex-,chancellor4 ,what his real motive may have been is of little consequence2 it was certainly a most undignified proceeding1 made the more undignified1 if possible1 because the proposal was not accepted4 ,it suggested to the artist one of his pictorial puns1 ,the ,vaux and the ,grapes1 and to the ,rev4 ,richard ,harris ,barham the following amusing verses1 which we have extracted from a contemporary poetical skit3-- ,then in ,great ,stanhope ,street ,the confusion was great ,in a certain superb habi-tation1 ,where seated at tea1 ,o'er a dish of ,bohea1 ,brougham was quaffing his 'usual potation' 7,for you know his indignant ne-gation1 ,when accused once of jollifi-cation71 ,down went saucer and cup1 ,which ,le ,marchant picked up1 ,not to hear his lord mutter 'd--n-ation4' ,but this greatest of men ,soon caught hold of a pen1 ,and1 after slight delibe-ration1 ,no longer he tosses ,his flexile proboscis ,about in so much exci-tation2#aba ,but scribbling with great ani-mation1 ,he sends off a communi-cation3-- ',dearest ,lyndhurst1' says he1 ',can't you find room for me ,when constructing your adminis-tration8 ,though the ,times says ,i'm mad1 ,and each rascally ,rad ,abuses my tergiversation2 ,though those humbugs1 the ,whigs1 ,swear that my thimble-rigs ,were the cause of all their vacill-ation2 ,the whole story's a base fabri-cation ,to damage my great reputa-tion2 ,so now to be brief1 ,only make me ,lord ,chief1 ,and ,i'll serve without remuner-ation6' ,when he found 'twas 'no go1' ,and that ,lyndhurst and ,co4 ,were deaf to all solici-tation1 ,as 'twas useless with ,lyndy ,to kick up a shindy1 ,he resolved upon peregrin-ation4 ,not waiting for much prepa-ration1 ,he bolted with precipi-tation2 ,a sad loss1 ,i ween1 ,to ,charles ,knight's magazine1 ,and to ,stinkomalee edu-cation4 ,lord ,brougham1 indeed1 by his despotic1 intractable conduct1 had thoroughly shut himself out from all chance of office4 ,sir ,robert ,peel's ,conservative ministry lasted till ,april1 #ahce1 when a second ,whig government came into power1 under the premiership of ,lord ,melbourne1 and from the re-constructed cabinet1 ,brougham--much to his own surprise1 but to the surprise of no one else--was excluded4#abb ,,irish ,,disaffection4 ,irish disaffection was1 unfortunately1 as stale a subject in #ahcc as in #ahhc4 ,for what particular sins of her own ,england has been cursed with a neighbour so bloodthirsty1 so unreasonable1 and so troublesome as ,ireland1 it would be difficult to say4 ,although we had no ,irish ,americans--no cowardly dynamitards--in those days1 ,ireland was nevertheless in a state of chronic disaffection1 and an ,irish ,coercion ,bill was found just as necessary to restrain the excitement of ,irish political malcontents in #ahcc as in #ahhc4 ,irish history1 in this respect at least1 has a method of repeating itself which is singularly embarrassing1 and the student of the history of ,irish disaffection cannot fail to be interested in the statement with which ,lord ,grey introduced his measure fifty years ago4 ,we learn from this statement that a state of things existed little short of actual rebellion4 ,bodies of men were collected and arrayed by signals1 evidently directed by a system of organization in which many were combined1 and such system was conducted in a manner which had hitherto set at defiance all the exertions of law and order4 ,the disturbers of the peace prescribed the terms on which land was to be let1 and any one who presumed to disobey their orders was subject to have his property destroyed or be put to death4 ,the reign of terror was complete4 ,the organization which supplied the place of the ,land ,league of to-day dictated what persons should employ and be employed2 and while they forbad labourers from working for obnoxious masters on the one hand1 they prevented a master on the other from employing as labourers any but those who were obedient to their orders4 ,they enforced their decrees by acts of cruelty and outrage2 by spoliation1 murder1 attacks on houses in the dead of night2 by dragging the inmates from their beds and so maltreating them that death often ensued1 or by inflicting cruelties which were sometimes worse than death4 ,the persons belonging to this organization assembled by signals1 made concerted movements1 watched the movements of the troops1 and by information received so avoided them that the military were rendered practically useless4 ,the ordinary tribunals were powerless to arrest this iniquitous organization of murder and terror1 which the ,irish disaffectants and their advisers even in that day appear to have brought to a system of execrable perfection4 ,witnesses and jurors were terrified into silence4 ,in one case the master of a female servant was commanded to dismiss her because her mother had given evidence against a person brought to trial for a capital crime1 and similar cases were of almost daily occurrence4 ,five armed men went to the house of ,patrick ,lalor1 a man of nearly seventy years of age1 and shot him through the body4 ,his crime had been disobedience to a mandate to give up some ground which he held contrary to the will of the ,terrorists4 ,the same system prevented a son of ,lalor1 and an eye-witness of his murder1 from giving evidence against his murderers4 ,on the trial of these miscreants at ,kilkenny assizes1 the jury not being able to agree was dismissed4 ,it had been arranged in the jury-room that nothing should transpire as to the opinions of individual jurymen1 and yet1 in half an hour1 the names of those in favour of an acquittal or of a conviction were printed--the former in black1 and the latter1 or as they were designated the jurors who were for blood1 in red ink4 ,the result was that those whose names were printed in red were obliged to leave the country4 ,at the ,clonmel assizes the previous ,october 7#ahcb71 when a person was to be tried for resisting the payment of tithe1 only #gf jurors out of #bfe who had been summoned made their appearance4 ,a gentleman had been murdered in sight of his own gate in consequence of some dispute in connection with tithes4 ,the answer of his son-in-law1 summoned by the coroner to give evidence against the supposed murderer1 was this3 ,that he would submit to any penalty the crown or the law would impose upon him1 but he would not appear at the trial1 because he knew that if he stood forward as a witness his life would inevitably be forfeited4 ,the ,irish ,government received a notice from ,kilkenny that many gentlemen who had always most conscientiously discharged their duties1 would not attend at the next assizes4 ,they cared not what penalty was imposed upon them4 ,they refused to attend1 because they knew that death awaited them if they dared to do their duty4 ,it is the boast of the prisoners1 continued this document1 that they cannot under existing circumstances be found guilty4 ,under such a disgraceful state of things1 outrage had become of course triumphant4 ,the sickening catalogue of ,irish cruelty and crime during the previous year comprised #agb homicides1 #dfe robberies1 #efh burglaries1 #dee acts of houghing of cattle1 #b1jie illegal notices1 #dbe illegal meetings1 #gif malicious injuries to property1 #gec attacks on houses1 #bhj arsons1 #c1aef serious assaults1 making an aggregate of crimes of every description during the year1 connected with the disturbed state of the country1 exceeding #i1jjj in number1 and the number was evidently still on the increase4 ,,effect ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,coercion ,,bill ,,of #ahcc4 ,the third reading of the ,coercion ,bill was carried in the ,commons on the #bith of ,march1 by #cde to #hf1 and the ,act was to continue in force till the #ast of ,august1 #ahcd4 ,it led of course to many scenes in the ,house between ,english and ,irish members1 although the ,irish members of that day1 to do them simple justice1 had not graduated in the aggravated system of obstruction they have since developed1 and thereby earned for themselves the character of political nuisances4 ,one of these scenes led to the sketch entitled ,prisoners of ,war1 which has reference to a serio-comic interlude1 in which the principal performers were ,lord ,althorp and ,mr4 ,shiel1 member for ,tipperary4 ,on the #eth of ,february1 #ahcd1 ,lord ,althorp charged 7without naming them7 certain ,irish members who had particularly distinguished themselves by violent opposition to the ,bill in the ,house1 with using very different language in reference to it in private conversation4 ,up then rose one ,irish member after another1 inquiring if he was the person alluded to4 ,to ,mr4 ,o',connell and ,mr4 ,finn the answer was in the negative1 while ,mr4 ,shiel was given directly to understand that he was one of the members intended1 his lordship declining at the same time to name his authority1 but avowing his belief in the truth of the story1 and his willingness to take upon himself the full responsibility4 ,the result of course was a scene4 ,mr4 ,shiel1 after the manner of fire-eating ,irishmen of that day1 having hinted his intention to demand satisfaction elsewhere1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett arose and said that1 unless the honourable members pledged themselves to preserve the peace1 he should instantly move that they be committed to the custody of the ,serjeant-at-arms4 ,as neither of the parties would give such assurance1 the motion was put from the chair and carried4 ,the ,prisoners of ,war portrayed in the sketch are of course ,mr4 ,shiel and ,lord ,althorp4 ,after a brief absence from the ,house1 each having given the required assurance was discharged from custody1 and there the matter ended4 ,the benefits of the ,act were almost immediately made apparent4 ,the association1 which called itself1 by the way1 ,the ,irish ,volunteers 7the ,land ,league of #ahcc71 was promptly suppressed by the ,lord ,lieutenant2 and the list of offences during the month of ,march which preceded and the month of ,may which followed the passing of the ,act most conclusively proved its efficiency1 for1 while in the former month the records of crime in eleven counties reached a sum total of #dgb1 they had declined in the latter month to #afb4abc ,o',,connell4 ,irish agitators of the nineteenth century are all more or less tarred with the same brush1 but the conditions under which an ,irish agitator of #ahhc-d must be content to figure in that character are1 it must be remembered1 widely different from those which influenced the agitators of #ahcc4 ,the ,irish ,home ,rulers have sown the wind and have reaped the whirlwind which carries them along in its progress1 and we doubt whether if they wished to stop the hideous ,frankenstein they have created1 it would allow them to do so4 ,the ,home ,rulers1 however1 are not in any way to be pitied4 ,not content with ,land ,league terrorism1 they sought to force their measures upon ,john ,bull himself by an unheard-of system of parliamentary obstruction1 which has inevitably recoiled upon themselves4 ,o',connell was far too sharp-sighted--far too intelligent and clever a man to make so grave a mistake as this4 ,by the sheer force of his genius he exercised for many years of his life a most powerful influence on ,english politics4 ,he figures in one of ,john ,doyle's sketches in the character ascribed to him probably by most of his contemporaries4 ,in the sketch referred to1 the ,governor of ,barataria is represented by the typical ,irish peasant2 ,o',connell appears in the character of the ,doctor2 and ,lord ,john ,russell as the attendant and amused servitor4 ,pat's eagerness to enjoy the good things he has been led to expect1 and his mortification at their being removed out of reach and out of sight are ridiculously rendered4 ,we must not be misunderstood2 although ,o',connell had far greater personal influence over the ,irish than his successors1 he was for all that in political matters eminently unscrupulous4#abd ,at the general election of #ahce1 the avowed principles on which he stood forth as a candidate were3 repeal of the union1--universal suffrage1 vote by ballot1--triennial parliaments1--and the abolition of tithes4 ,i am1 he said1 decidedly for the vote by ballot4 ,whoever votes by ballot votes as he pleases1 and no one need know how he votes4 ,yet1 in spite of these avowed principles1 he controlled the election of ,irish candidates after the following fashion3--,the ,knight of ,kerry started as a candidate for his native county1 but dared to avow his intention to take an independent course4 ,he had spent all his life in resisting ,orangemen1 and yet ,o',connell said1 ,every one who dares to vote for the ,orange knight of ,kerry shall have a death's head and cross-bones painted on his door4 ,the voters at the ,irish elections were collected in the chapels by the priests1 and led forth to the poll under threats of being refused all the rites and visited with all the punishments of their ,church4 ,under these influences1 the ,knight of ,kerry1 supported by nearly all the property1 intelligence1 and respectability of the county1 was defeated4 ,of a candidate for ,new ,ross who had refused to enlist under his banner1 ,o',connell said1 ,whoever shall support him his shop shall be deserted1 no man shall pass his threshold2 put up his name as a traitor to ,ireland2 let no man speak to him2 let the children laugh him to scorn4 ,his example was followed of course by his lieutenants4 ,it says something for ,irish independence that these unscrupulous dodges were not always successful2 and ,o',connell himself1 and his colleague1 ,mr4 ,ruthven1 secured their own seats by comparatively small majorities4 ,at the previous election ,o',connell had obtained a majority of #a1edi1 and ,mr4 ,ruthven of #a1dij above the highest ,conservative candidate3 at the election in #ahce1 ,o',connell's majority had fallen to #bag1 and ,mr4 ,ruthven's to #afi4 ,the ,irish agitator was manifestly no favourite with ,,hb1 who depicted him as the comet of #ahce4 ,comets being supposed by the vulgar to portend disaster1 it is represented as leaving ,ireland in a flame1 and passing over ,st4 ,george's ,channel to exercise a malign influence on peaceful ,england4 ,the head of course is that of ,o',connell1 while the tail is studded with the countenances of the ,irish members who made up his following4 ,in a previous sketch he had figured as the ,wolf to ,lord ,john ,russell's ,little ,red ,riding ,hood1 in allusion to a statement made by the opposition journals that the ,government had made a league with the restless agitator with the view of securing his support in the ,house of ,commons4 ,we have heard something very like this lately1 in relation to what is now known as the ,kilmainham ,treaty4 ,,sir ,,robert ,,peel4 ,the rapidity with which ,john ,doyle caught an inspiration from a few chance words in a speech1 may be aptly illustrated by the manner in which he served ,sir ,robert ,peel4 ,on the occasion of his being installed ,lord ,rector of ,glasgow ,university1 in ,november1 #ahcf1 the distinguished statesman made a speech to his patrons1 in which he meant to tell them that1 admiring ,scotland and ,scottish scenery1 he thought the best mode of seeing both was on horseback instead of travelling in a public or private conveyance4 ,he expressed the idea1 however1 in the following round-about fashion3--,i wished1 he said1 to see something of ,scotland which ,i could not have seen from the windows of a luxurious carriage2 ,i wished to see other habits and manners of life than those which the magnificent hospitable castles of the nobility presented4 ,yes1 he continued1 in ,glasgow ,i hired an humble but faithful steed2 ,i travelled partly on horseback and partly on foot through almost every county that lies southern of ,inverness2 ,i have read the map of ,scotland upon the great scale of nature1 from the summits of ,ben ,nevis and ,ben ,lomond2 ,i have visited that island whence savage and roaming bands derived the benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion4 ,yes1 amid the ruins of ,iona ,i have abjured the rigid philosophy which would conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground that has been dignified by wisdom1 by bravery1 and by virtue4 ,i have stood on the shores of ,staffa1--,i have seen the temple not built with hands1--,i have seen the mighty swell of the ocean1--the waves of the great ,atlantic beating in its inmost recesses1 and swelling notes of praise nobler than ever pealed from human organs4 ,well1 other tourists besides the statesman have stood on the summit of ,ben ,nevis and ,ben ,lomond1--have visited ,staffa and ,iona1--and yet1 the rigid philosophy which ,sir ,robert credited himself for abjuring1 has unconsciously conducted them comparatively indifferent and unmoved over much ground that may have been dignified by wisdom1 by bravery1 and even by virtue4 ,the stilted remarks of ,sir ,robert will serve to remind some of us of the very original sentiments we find recorded in visitors' books of sundry home and continentals hotels much affected by members of the gushing order of travellers4 ,some such idea seems to have struck the artist2 for in his next satire ,sir ,robert very deservedly figured as ,dr4 ,syntax setting out on his ,humble but ,faithful ,steed in ,search of the ,picturesque4 ,as a rule the titles of these sketches1 which reach the amazing number of nine hundred and seventeen1 afford no clue whatever to their subject matter4 ,here are the titles of a few1 taken at random from the general bulk3--,an ,affair of ,honour2 ,a ,group of ,sporting ,characters at ,epsom2 ,a ,nice ,distinction1 or a ,hume-iliating ,rejoinder to a ,warlike ,ap-,peel2 ,a ,political ,ruse2 ,swearing the ,horatii2 ,retaliation2 ,goody ,two ,shoes turned ,barber2 ,state ,cricket ,match2 ,taking an ,airing in ,hyde ,park2--and so on4 ,a description1 however short1 of the events to which these ,political ,sketches refer1 would occupy probably a couple of volumes2 and1 following the course which we have hitherto adopted1 we have preferred to make selection of a few which seemed to us--either from the persons satirized or the scenes in which they figure--likely to interest the general reader4 ,thackeray said of them at the time they were appearing1 ,you never hear any laughing at ,,hb1 his pictures are a great deal too genteel for that1--polite points of wit which strike one as exceedingly clever and pretty1 and cause one to smile in a quiet1 gentlemanlike kind of way4 ,forty-two years have elapsed since this was written2--the sketches fail now almost to provoke the gentlemanlike kind of smile mentioned by the humourist1 for the events and the persons which caused it and to which they relate have alike passed away out of sight and out of memory4 ,,faults ,,of ,,the ,,sketches4 ,the number which they attained is due no doubt in a large measure to the facility with which they were produced4 ,they were all drawn on stone1 and exhibit the faults so often to be found in the productions of artists who confine themselves to this material1 which1 owing to the comparative facility of the process1 has a tendency to induce a slovenliness in execution unusual with artists accustomed to the careful discipline under which a successful etching on steel or copper can alone be produced4 ,a writer in ,blackwood#abe says with much truth that ,,hb would have been a greater artist had he worked on the same material and with the same tools as ,gillray and ,cruikshank1 but we should probably not have possessed so complete a gallery of portraits1 comprising all the men of note who took part in political affairs from before the passing of the ,catholic ,relief ,bill until after the repeal of the ,corn ,laws1 a period more eventful than any of a similar length since the ,revolution of #afhh4 ,john ,doyle1 too1 had no great powers of sarcasm1 and he was timid in design1 contenting himself with as few figures as were possible for the purposes of his drawings4 ,robert ,william ,buss1 himself a comic artist of ability1 in his brief notice of him charges him with a certain feebleness in the attitude of the persons who figure in his sketches1 and gives us to understand that to balance a figure properly requires a knowledge and practice in drawing to which ,,hb was a stranger2 and further1 that by reason of the absence of such knowledge and practice1 he falls far behind ,hogarth1 ,gillray1 ,bunbury1 ,rowlandson1 or the ,cruikshanks4 ,with these artists indeed1 as we have endeavoured to show1 ,john ,doyle has nothing in common1 and he evidently designed that no comparison should ever be instituted between any one of them and himself4 ,his chief merits are to be found in the facility with which he grasped an idea2 the harmlessness and playfulness of his satire1 which wrought a complete revolution in the style and manner of caricaturists2 and above all in the excellence of his likenesses4 ,the best and most graceful of the series was produced just after the wedding of her ,majesty1 and is a transcript 7as it were7 of ,stothard's beautiful design of ,the ,procession of the ,flitch of ,bacon1 the leading personages being the young ,queen and the late ,prince ,consort1 whose portraits are admirably executed4 ,towards the close of the series they show signs of failing power1 not unnatural in an artist who during a course of twenty years had produced upwards of a thousand drawings4 ,i have seen it somewhere stated that this deterioration dates from the period when the identity of ,,hb was discovered2 but inasmuch as this secret had been practically revealed long before the decadence commences1 there is no just ground for any such assumption4 ,the reputation of the ,political ,sketches was1 however1 ephemeral1 and considering their popularity and the eagerness with which they were bought up at the time1 it is surprising how completely they have passed into oblivion4 ,the name of ,,hb1 or of ,john ,doyle1 is now not only caviare to the general1 but it is amazing how little until lately he was known even to men not altogether ignorant on the subject of satirical art4 ,a gentleman to whom ,i am indebted for some valuable information1 tells me that some three or four years since a large number of original sketches 7not the engravings7 were catalogued and announced for sale at ,christies'4 ,i went1 he says1 possibly to buy several1 but 7and it is curious as showing the decadent interest in the pictures7 no sale took place1 because ,i was told there was no one to buy4 ,i think1 my informant adds1 that ,i was the only person1 or nearly the only person1 in the room4 ,distinguished people1 however1 had been to look at the drawings1 and among them the late ,lord ,beaconsfield4 ,the success of the artist produced1 of course1 a number of imitators4 ,their productions were of various degrees of merit2 but like most imitations they generally accentuated the faults without reproducing the excellencies of the model4 ,some of them are entitled ,political ,hits1 ,royal ,ramblings1 ,the ,belgian ,trip1 ,parisian ,trip1 and so on2 some are signed ,philo ,h4 ,b41 ,h4 ,h41 ,b4 ,h41 while others have neither initials or signature4 ,they comprise some eighty or a hundred plates at least1 many of which were probably suppressed1 whilst others no doubt served the useful purposes of the greengrocer1 the bookbinder1 or the trunk-maker2 and if1 as we are told-- ,imperial ,csar1 dead and turned to clay1 ,might stop a hole to keep the wind away2 there can be nothing after all very dishonourable or very surprising in their ultimate destination4 ,the artist died in #ahfh4 ,,footnotes3 #aac ,annual ,register1 #ahcf1 p4 #bcg4 #aad #ahcf1 p4 #bdd4 ,mr4 ,baldwin 7one of the proprietors of the ,standard newspaper7 stated that if the bill passed in its present shape1 it would deteriorate his property fifty per cent41 and would operate in the same way with all property of that description4--,ibid41 p4 #bdg4 #aae ,greville's ,memoirs1 pp4 #c1 #ga4 #aaf ,in which ,lord ,brougham took a special interest4 #aag ,greville's ,memoirs1 ii41 p4 #adh4 #aah ,for the silly and spiteful observations made in this speech1 see ,annual ,register1 #ahbe1 p4 #dc4 #aai ,greville's ,memoirs1 iii4 p4 #he4 #abj ,inverness ,courier1 ,sept4 #crd 7quoted in ,annual ,register1 #ahed1 p4 #abi74 #aba ,from a nervous habit he had contracted of twitching his nose ,lord ,brougham was known to his contemporaries by the nickname of ,jemmy ,twitcher4 #abb ,on this occasion the ,great ,seal was reserved and for the time put in commission1 the commissioners being ,sir ,charles ,pepys 7,master of the ,rolls71 ,vice ,chancellor ,shadwell1 and ,mr4 ,justice ,bosanquet4 ,eventually it was presented to ,sir ,charles ,pepys 7,lord ,cottenham71 and the slight produced such a stunning effect on ,brougham that he retired from active public life for a time1 and sought solace in the pursuit and study of literature and philosophy4 #abc ,for this interesting table1 see ,annual ,register1 #ahcc1 p4 #hc4 #abd ,one whose name is unconnected with any honourable action1 whose whole life has been one scene of skulking from dangers into which he had drawn others1 and who is occupied from one end of the year to the other in devising plans of drawing enormous fortunes from squalid beggary4--,dr4 ,maginn4 #abe ,vol4 xciv41 ,august1 #ahfc4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,john ,,leech4 ,john ,leech1 born in ,bennett ,street1 ,stamford ,street1 #bith ,august1 #ahag1 and baptized 7son of ,john ,leech1 vintner7 #aeth ,november1 at ,christ ,church1 ,blackfriars ,road4 ,such is the entry ,i find in the manuscript diary of his friend the late ,shirley ,brooks1 now before me1 written a few days after the death of the gifted and lamented artist4 ,the ,john ,leech1 vintner1 his father1 here referred to1 was at one time proprietor of the ,london ,coffee ,house on ,ludgate ,hill4 ,a late commentator says he was an ,irishman1 a man of fine culture1 a profound ,shakespearian scholar1 and presumably by way of apology--as if any such were needed a thorough gentleman4 ,be this as it may1 he was not successful as a landlord1 and as a matter of fact depended in a great measure for his support upon the talents of his remarkably gifted son4 ,,early ,,days4 ,leech was only seven years old when his father sent him to the ,charterhouse4 ,his arm had been broken by a fall from a pony1 and the effects of this accident debarred him from taking an active part in the athletic sports of cricket1 hockey1 or football2 but his nature inclined him nevertheless to manly exercises1 and despite his excellence with the pencil1 which was manifested at a remarkably early age1 he is said to have preferred the lessons of ,angelo the fencing1 to those of ,burgess the drawing1 master4 ,he was not distinguished at school as a classical scholar1 and ,latin verses in particular proved so serious a stumbling-block that he always got a schoolfellow to do them for him4 ,his famous friend and fellow-pupil1 ,thackeray1 carried an indelible personal reminiscence of the ,charterhouse about him in the shape of a broken nose1 a mark of distinction which was earned in a pugilistic encounter with another schoolfellow4 ,a reminiscence of ,john ,leech's schoolboy days will be found in one of his illustrations to ,once a ,week1#abf which represents a schoolboy perched in the topmost branches of a tree overlooking the walls of the ,carthusian playground4 ,as the mail coaches bound to the north passed the ,charterhouse walls in the old coaching days1 the boys not seeing any just reason why they should be debarred from the exhilarating spectacle1 notched the trees and drove in spikes at ticklish points1 which enabled them to mount to the upper branches1 whence they could watch the coaches at their leisure4 ,the illustration referred to is labelled1 ,a ,coach ,tree1 but without this explanation the reader would scarcely suspect 7the letterpress being of course silent on the subject7 that the schoolboy represented in the illustration is the artist himself4 ,leech always retained a pleasant recollection of his old ,carthusian school-days1 and frequently attended the festivities of the ,charterhouse4 ,his early aptitude for the pencil was developed when he was only three years of age4 ,one of his early efforts attracted the attention of ,flaxman the sculptor1 who advised that he should not be cramped with lessons in drawing2 let his genius1 he said1 follow its own bent1 and he will astonish the world4 ,this advice was so far followed1 that we believe we are justified in saying that beyond the ordinary perfunctory drawing lessons obtained at school1 he received no other artistic education during the rest of his life4 ,his father1 the profound ,shakesperian scholar and perfect gentleman1 so little encouraged the bent of the boy's genius1 that if he had had his way he would have driven this square peg into a very round hole4 ,at sixteen years of age he took his son from the ,charterhouse1 and shortly afterwards apprenticed him to an eccentric person at ,hoxton1 nominally carrying on the profession of a surgeon1 and rejoicing in the name of ,whittle4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,leech4 ,illuminated ,magazine4 ,,the ,,mayor ,,and ,,corporation ,,of ,,swinestead ,,wait ,,upon ,,mr4 ,,bagges4 ,face p4 #bgh4 ,this ,whittle proved a perfect study to the young artist1 and it is possible that his connection with this eccentric personage had some influence in deciding him not to follow a profession for which he had but little sympathy4 ,whittle was a man of large frame and muscular development1 so far at least as the upper part of his body was concerned1 but the development extended no farther1 his legs being formed on much more slender proportions4 ,his tastes were decidedly athletic2 he had rings let into the wall for the purpose of practising gymnastics1 and delighted in posing before his amused pupils in the character of ,the ,dying ,gladiator1 ,hercules1 and other antique statues4 ,the few patients he possessed had small chance of professional attendance when ,mr4 ,whittle was in training for a walking or running match1 or any other amateur athletic engagement4 ,when1 says ,shirley ,brooks1 lady patients1 taking a walk1 are suddenly surrounded by a hurrying and shouting crowd1 in the middle of which1 as they escape1 they behold their medical adviser1 in quaint attire1 rushing to pick up stones with his mouth1 an early termination of the relations between the healer and his patients is not impossible4#abg ,a person of this kind was obviously out of his element in a learned profession1 and this ,whittle eventually recognised1 and descended to his level by marrying one of his patients1 a widow who kept a neighbouring public4 ,he found himself more at home behind the bar in his shirt sleeves1 and with ready facility adapted himself to circumstances by drawing beer for his former pupils and patients4 ,various stories have been told of this eccentric personage1 who is said 7with what truth we know not7 to have commenced life as a ,quaker1 and ended it eventually as a missionary4 ,,rawkins4 ,whittle the eccentric was afterwards immortalized by ,leech as ,rawkins in ,albert ,smith's ,adventures of ,mr4 ,ledbury1 which made their appearance in ,bentley's ,miscellany4 ,we cannot advise those who would enjoy a hearty laugh to do better than refer to ,leech's comical etchings of ,the ,return of ,hercules from a ,fancy ,ball 7on a wet night1 without his latchkey71 and the ,last ,appearance of ,mr4 ,rawkins in ,public1 in which the rencontre of ,mr4 ,whittle and some of his female patients already referred to is superbly realized4 ,when ,mr4 ,whittle and his practice had finally parted company in the manner we have described1 ,john ,leech's indentures were transferred to ,dr4 ,john ,cockle1 afterwards physician to the ,royal ,free hospital4 ,during part of his spasmodic medical course1 he went through the mystic performance at one time known as walking the hospitals1 and at ,st4 ,bartholomew's varied his attendance at the anatomical lectures of ,mr4 ,stanley--where he met other square pegs intended for round holes1 ,albert ,smith and ,percival ,leigh--with sketches of his fellow-pupils and their medical lecturers4 ,many of these1 the earliest of his sketches1 were in the possession of his friend1 the late ,mark ,lemon4 ,before his time was out1 ,leech luckily resolved to throw his medical studies to the winds1 and to live wholly by the practice of his art4 ,his first work1 published when he was eighteen years of age1 was entitled ,etchings and ,sketchings by ,a4 ,pen1 ,esq41 and consisted of four quarto sheets1 containing slightly caricature sketches of oddities of ,london life1 such as cabmen1 policemen1 street musicians1 and the like4 ,he next tried his hand at lithography1 and produced some political satires not without ability2 but these at best were merely the tentative efforts of an artist who had not yet discovered the bent of his genius1 in consequence of being compelled to accommodate himself to the standard of his early patrons--the printsellers4 ,having drawn his design1 ,leech has been known in those early times to spend a weary day in search of a buyer1 by carrying the heavy stone about with him from publisher to publisher4 ,the style of these tentative efforts may be judged by the work which first brought him into notice1 a poor caricature of ,mulready's envelope in commemoration of the establishment of ,sir ,rowland ,hill's cheap postage system1 a reproduction of which will be found in a late ,biographical ,sketch by ,mr4 ,kitton4#abh ,although the pecuniary reward of this early effort was small1 people began to ask by whom it was executed2 thus it was that his subsequently well-known mark1 the leech-bottle1 first came into public notice4 ,specimens of these tentative efforts are of course scarce1 but occasionally the reader may fall in with odd numbers of the ,comicalities1 issued some half century ago by the proprietors of ,bell's ,life1 in which may be found specimens of his early work among impressions from the designs on wood of ,kenny ,meadows1 ,phiz1 and even ,robert ,seymour4#abi ,among these early efforts may also be named ,the ,boys' ,own ,series2 ,studies from ,nature2 ,amateur ,originals2 the ,ups and ,downs of ,life1 or the ,vicissitudes of a ,swell2 and other etcetera4 ,when poor ,seymour shot himself in #ahcf1 the artist who was at first selected to fill his place as illustrator of ,pickwick was ,robert ,william ,buss1 who1 failing however to supply the requirements of ,charles ,dickens1 was 7as we shall afterwards see7 quickly discarded4 ,others1 however1 had applied to supply the place of the deceased artist1 and among them were ,hablot ,knight ,browne 7,phiz71 ,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray1 and ,john ,leech2 although the latter failed to secure the appointment1 he appears to us of all others the one best fitted to pictorially interpret the author's creations4 ,thackeray was so little conscious of the bent of his own genius that he seems at this time to have had some thoughts of following the profession of an artist1 but happily failed so completely that he was induced to follow up his alternative art of authorship1 by which he achieved his fame and reputation4 ,notwithstanding his failure1 his implicit faith in his own artistic powers remained unshaken to the end1 in which belief he has been followed by one or two writers who might have known better4 ,it is not until #ahdj that we find ,leech had matured the style and manner which afterwards made him famous2 and accordingly1 in this year we find designs which are thoroughly worthy of his reputation4 ,among these may be named ,the ,children of the ,mobility1 seven lithographs 7reproduced in #ahge7 dealing with the humorous and pathetic episodes of the ,london street arabs2 ,the ,comic ,latin ,grammar2 ,the ,comic ,english ,grammar2 and a now exceedingly rare jeu d'esprit1 bearing the full title of ,the ,fiddle-,faddle ,fashion ,book and ,beau ,monde a la ,franaise1 enriched with numerous highly coloured figures of lady-like gentlemen1#acj a most amusing skit upon the absurd fashion books of the period1 containing four coloured plates of gentlemen 7more than fifty figures7 in male and female costume1 posed in the ridiculous and well-known simpering style of those periodicals4 ,all these works were produced in conjunction with ,percival ,leigh1 one of the artist's fellow-students at ,st4 ,bartholomew's1 and led directly to his engagement on the pages of ,punch1 which was started the following year4 ,among the rarer works published in #ahdj1 to which ,john ,leech contributed the benefit of his assistance1 may be mentioned a publication1 entitled ,the ,london ,magazine1 ,charivari1 and ,courier des ,dames 7,simpkin1 ,marshall ,co471 in which we find some portraits and other work altogether out of the range of his usual style of illustration4 ,the tone of this publication was personal in the extreme4 ,charles ,dickens had produced 7among other publications7 his ,pickwick ,papers1 ,oliver ,twist1 ,nicholas ,nickleby1 and at this time was engaged on the most touching and pathetic of his stories1 ,the ,old ,curiosity ,shop1 which was1 however1 so little appreciated by the editor of this scurrilous publication1 that we find him perpetrating the following sorry libel on the writer and three of his contemporaries3 ,to cheesemongers and others6 ,ready for delivery1 at a halfpenny per pound1 forty tons of foundered literature2 viz41 ,mrs4 ,trollope's ',unsatis-factory ,boy1'#aca ',master ,humphrey's ,clock' 7refer to the second meaning in ',johnson's ,dictionary'3 'an unsightly crawling thing'671 ,captain ,marryat's ',alas1 ,poor ,jack'6 and ,turpis ,ainsworth's ',guy ,fox'3-- ',an animal cunning1 unsavoury1 small1 ,that will dirty your hands if you touch it at all4' ,so little merit had this critical periodical itself1 that some rare etchings by ,hablot ,knight ,browne and ,leech to a novel entitled ,the ,diurnal ,revolutions of ,david ,diddledoff1 which appeared in its pages1 failed to keep the dreary serial alive1 and a quarrel ensuing between the proprietors and himself1 ,browne was dismissed and ,leech supplied his place4 ,leech's caricature of ,mulready's postage envelope1 already mentioned1 appears to have led to others1 and among them one by ,phiz1 a circumstance which is referred to in the following attack3 ,phiz has found a lower deep in the lowest depths of meanness4 ,when ,leech's admirable caricature of ,mulready's postage envelope was pirated by every tenth-rate sketcher1 ,phiz steps in to complete the work of injustice1 and advertises his caricature of the same subject at sixpence1 thus both borrowing the design and underselling the artist upon whose brains he is preying as the fly upon the elk's4 ,well might ,leech exclaim1 ',et tu1 ,brute6' 7and you1 you brute67 ,leech is a genuine artist1 while ,phiz is only a bad engraver4 ,by way of answer to this vulgar abuse1 ,phiz almost immediately afterwards produced his admirable illustration of ,quilp and the ,dog1 in ,no4 #ah of ,master ,humphrey's ,clock4 ,in the pages of this defunct periodical we find a long and virulent article on ,benjamin ,d',israeli1 the late ,lord ,beaconsfield1 from which we have disinterred the following remarkable prophecy4 ,after referring to his celebrated parliamentary fiasco1 and his own prophetic words on that memorable occasion3 ,you won't hear me now2 but the time will come when you shall hear me6 the writer goes on to say3 ,that time has never since arrived4 ,in vain did ,benjamin parody ,sheridan's celebrated saying 7',it's in me1 and by ,g---- it shall be out of me6'74 ,he renewed his efforts repeatedly4444 ,but though1 in consequence of his 7sic7 moderating his tone into a semblance of humility1 he is sometimes just listened to1 he has never made the slightest impression in the house1 and we may fairly predict he never will4 ,the article is illustrated by a remarkable semi-caricature likeness of the late ,lord ,beaconsfield1 then in his thirty-second year1 which1 although unsigned and altogether different from his well-known style1 we can assign to no other hand than that of ,john ,leech4 ,we found our opinion on the fact that the previous portrait is by him2 that none but his etchings appear in the latter portion of the book2 and because the bird represented following the footsteps and mimicking the walk of the young statesman1 is own brother to the celebrated ,jackdaw of ,rheims immortalized by ,thomas ,ingoldsby4 ,so remarkable is the likeness1 that the shadow of ,d',israeli's follower and that of ,saint ,jem ,crow of the ,legends are identical4 ,,artistic ,,position ,,secured4 ,in #ahdj some of ,john ,leech's sketches were brought to the notice of the ,rev ,thomas ,harris ,barham1 which led to his engagement on the pages of ,bentley's ,miscellany1 from which moment his artistic position was secured4 ,his first illustration was ,the ,black ,mousquetaire4 ,barham in describing the scene1 regretted1 oddly enough1 that he had neither the pencil of ,fuseli or ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds at command1 or had himself taken lessons in drawing3-- ,had ,i done so1 instead ,of the lines you have read1 ,i'd have given you a sketch should have filled you with dread6 ,franois ,xavier ,auguste squatting up in his bed1 ,his hands widely spread1 ,his complexion like lead1 ,ev'ry hair that he had standing up on his head1 ,as when1 ,agnes des ,moulins first catching his view1 ,now right and now left1 rapid glances he threw1 ,then shriek'd with a wild and unearthly halloo1 ,mon ,dieu6 v'l deux66 ,by the ,pope there are two666 ,leech continued on the pictorial staff of ,bentley's ,miscellany ten years2 his etchings therein commence with vol4 viii4 7#ahdj7 and 7practically7 end with vol4 xxv4 7#ahdi74acb ,altogether he contributed to this sterling periodical some one hundred and forty etchings1 illustrating 7amongst numerous scattered papers7 ,the ,ingoldsby ,legends 7with ,cruikshank72 ,henry ,cockton's ,stanley ,thorn2 ,charles ,whitehead's ,richard ,savage2 ,albert ,smith's ,adventures of ,mr4 ,ledbury1 ,fortunes of the ,scattergood ,family1 and ,the ,marchioness of ,brinvilliers2 ,w4 ,h4 ,maxwell's ,brian ,o',linn1 etc41 etc4 ,from the time that he joined the ,punch staff1 in #ahda1 the life of ,john ,leech was one of well-earned prosperity and happiness4 ,his income at first gradually and then rapidly increased1 and he moved from the attic which he occupied in the vicinity of ,tottenham ,court ,road1 into a house of his own at ,notting ,hill4 ,shortly after this he married4 ,miss ,ann ,eaton was one of those ,english beauties that ,leech delighted to draw2 and it is related of him that he first met her walking in ,london1 and1 following her home1 noted the house in which she lived1 ascertained her name1 procured an introduction1 and straightway married her4 ,the issue of this marriage was two children--a boy and a girl4 ,the former--,john ,george ,warrington ,leech1 the miniature counterpart of his father in appearance and dress1 and inheriting in a marvellous degree his talent for drawing--was unfortunately drowned at ,south ,adelaide in #ahgf4 ,leech's hand appears for the first time in the fourth number of ,punch 7#gth ,august1 #ahda71acc to which he contributed the well-known full-page illustration of ,foreign ,affairs4 ,his first cartoon1 ,a ,morning ,call1 will be found at page #aai of vol4 ii41 and the reader will find it worth his while to refer to it for the purpose of comparing it with the later and better work with which he afterwards enriched the pages of this famous serial1 which mainly through his instrumentality was steered into the current of prosperity which carried it--after a time of considerable doubt and perplexity--#acd steadily onwards4 ,one of ,punch's most celebrated contributors has borne testimony to the value of his services4 ,mr4 ,punch1 says ,thackeray in reviewing his friend's contributions in #ahed1 has very good reason to smile at the work and be satisfied with the artist4 ,mr4 ,leech1 his chief contributor1 and some kindred humourists with pencil and pen1 have served ,mr4 ,punch admirably4444 ,there is no blinking the fact that in ,mr4 ,punch's cabinet ,john ,leech is the right-hand man4#ace ,that this was true is proved by the fact that during his connection with ,punch1 extending over a period of three and twenty years1 he executed no less than three thousand pictures1 of which at least six hundred are cartoons4#acf ,no wonder that when he lay dead1 ,shirley ,brooks--another valued contributor1 and afterwards editor of ,punch--mournfully acknowledged that the good ship had lost its mainsail4#acg ,,the ,,illuminated ,,magazine4 ,most admirable examples of his designs on wood will be found in the first three volumes of ,the ,illuminated ,magazine1 a delightful serial which appeared in #ahdc-d1 which also contains a series of etchings on copper of unusual size and brilliancy4 ,associated with him on the pages of this periodical1 which is now seldom met with1 were his friends ,thomas ,hood and ,mark ,lemon1 ,douglas ,jerrold and ,laman ,blanchard1 ,albert ,smith and ,angus ,bethune ,reach1 ,samuel ,lover and ,kenny ,meadows4 ,the world was young with authors and artists alike in those days2 the youngest of the band were ,william ,hepworth ,dixon1 then aged twenty-two2 ,john ,leech1 twenty-six2 and ,wilkie ,collins1 literally not out of his teens1 one of whose earliest literary productions we find here under the title of ,the ,last ,stage ,coachman1 illustrated by ,hine4 ,in these volumes appeared ,douglas ,jerrold's delightful allegory of the ,chronicles of ,clovernook1 to which the veteran ,kenny ,meadows contributed some of the most quaint and original of his sketches4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,leech4 ,illuminated ,magazine4 ,,the ,,election4 ,face p4 #bhf4 ,john ,leech's portrait appears in three of the ,punch sketches--two only of which are due to his own hand2 the first in ,january1 #ahdf1 in one wherein a servant maid is depicted as saying1 ,if you please1 sir1 here's the printer's boy called again2 again1 in ,january1 #ahdg1 where we find him playing the clarionet as one of the orchestra at ,mr4 ,punch's ,fancy ,ball4 ,other performers are--,mayhew1 cornet2 ,percival ,leigh1 double bass2 ,gilbert ,beckett1 violin2 ,richard ,doyle1 clarionet2 ,thackeray1 piccolo2 ,tom ,taylor1 piano2 while ,mark ,lemon1 the conductor1 appeals to ,jerrold to somewhat moderate his assaults on the drum4 ,another hand portrays him seven years later1 as armed with a porte crayon he rides his hobbyhorse at an easel which does duty for a hurdle1 ,jerrold is playing skittles1 ,thackeray holds the bat at a game of cricket1 and ,mark ,lemon is engaged at rackets4 ,,douglas ,,jerrold4 ,amongst the early literary contributors to ,punch were ,mark ,lemon1 ,horace ,mayhew1 ,gilbert ,beckett1 ,stirling ,coyne1 ,w4 ,h4 ,wills1 ,h4 ,p4 ,grattan1 ,douglas ,jerrold1 ,percival ,leigh1 and ,dr4 ,maginn4 ,albert ,smith joined the staff through the introduction of his friend ,leech2 ,thackeray was a later acquisition1 in #ahdd4 ,it was scarcely to be expected that the brilliant and the lesser wits who shed their lustre on the early volumes of ,punch1 and were brought together at the weekly council dinners1 would invariably agree2--,jerrold and ,thackeray1 for instance1 entertained a sort of constitutional antipathy to one another1 and the latter1 it must not be forgotten1 was 7in the words of ,anthony ,trollope7 still struggling to make good his footing in literature at the time he joined the ranks of the ,punch parliament4 ,jerrold could not veil his contempt for ,albert ,smith1 angrily asking ,leech at one of the ,punch gatherings1 with reference to the former's free and easy method of addressing his friend1 ,leech1 how long is it necessary for a man to know you before he can call you ',jack'8 ,when ,beckett announced his ,comic ,history of ,england1 in #ahdf1 the strong mind of ,jerrold recoiled in horror from what he deemed a sacrilege4 ,writing to ,charles ,dickens in reference to the announcement1 he said1 ,after all1 life has something serious in it4 ,it cannot be all a ,comic ,history of ,humanity4 ,some men would1 ,i believe1 write the ,comic ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,think of a ,comic ,history of ,england6 ,the drollery of ,alfred6 the fun of ,sir ,thomas ,more in the ,tower6 the farce of his daughter begging the dead head1 and clasping it in her coffin1 on her bosom6 ,surely the world will be sick of this blasphemy6 ,the ,comic ,history of ,england appeared1 notwithstanding1 and was followed afterwards by the ,comic ,history of ,rome2 and however we may sympathize with the honest indignation of ,jerrold1 and condemn the questionable taste of ,beckett1 we have at least to thank the latter for some of the drollest and most original designs which ever emanated from the pencil of ,john ,leech4 ,the eccentric and original costumes in which he draped the classical characters of ,rome appear to have been a favourite idea with the artist4 ,shirley ,brooks relates that he first made his acquaintance at a fancy ball given at the house of their mutual friend1 the late ,john ,parry4 ,leech's costume1 says the late editor of ,punch1 ,i well remember4 ,it was something like ,charles ,mathews1 as chorus to ,medea4 ,the black trousers and patent leather boots of decorous life were below2 but above was the classic tunic4 ,then in addition he wore a fine new hat1 round which1 instead of around his head1 was the laurel wreath2 and the ,greek ideal was brought into further discomfiture by a pair of spectacles and an exceedingly neat umbrella4 ,this comical idea will be found ridiculously amplified in his amazing designs to ,the ,comic ,history of ,rome4 ,,albert ,,smith4 ,medical student1 novelist1 dramatist1 humourist1 and showman--for some of us still remember his diorama of ,the ,overland ,route--the most fortunate venture of ,albert ,richard ,smith 7to give him his full name7 was his ascent of ,mont ,blanc1 which formed the theme of a well-remembered lecture1 in which his perils amid rocky pinnacle1 snow-field1 and glacier lost nothing by the graphic mode in which they were related4 ,this ascent1 by the way1 proved a source of profit to others besides himself2 and we should be curious to know the number of ,chamounix guides and hotel-keepers who were enabled through his indirect means to retire into private life4 ,the memory of ,albert ,smith is deservedly cherished by the inhabitants of the distant ,savoyard valley1 for he made the ascent of the ,monarch of ,mountains popular among his countrymen1 and thereby sowed the seed of a succession of golden harvests1 of which the primitive but thoroughly wide-awake peasantry were by no means slow to profit4 ,dissimilar in many respects1 ,albert ,smith and ,john ,leech had this bond of sympathy between them1 that both were old friends1 and both had nominally studied for the medical profession2 and whilst ,leech attained at ,st4 ,bartholomew's that practical knowledge of anatomical drawing which did him such good service in his artistic career1 ,albert ,smith at ,middlesex ,hospital and the ,hotel ,dieu appears to have picked up that intimate acquaintance with ,london and ,parisian student life which he displays in the ,adventures of ,mr4 ,ledbury4 ,the ,new ,monthly for #ahdd contains two etchings by ,leech to ,the ,lord of ,thoulouse and ,the ,wedding ,day1 which seem to call for notice1 because they are not to be found in the collected edition of the ,ingoldsby ,legends4 ,in the collected edition he shows us little ,jack ,ingoldsby before he entered the fatal cellar1 while in the ,new ,monthly we see him lying dead at the feet of the weird buccaneer1 who points with grim irony at the little corpse by way of caveat to those who would broach his wine4 ,from the ,new ,monthly etching ,george ,cruikshank borrowed the idea for his illustration of the same subject in the #ahfd edition4 ,there is a difference1 of course1 but the fact will become ridiculously patent to any one who has an opportunity of comparing the two designs4 ,this1 by the way1 is not the only instance in the '#fd edition in which ,cruikshank borrowed his idea from ,john ,leech1#ach which at one time he would have scorned to do1 a fact which affords the strongest possible evidence of the decadence of ,george's once unrivalled powers of invention1 imagination1 and fancy4 ,leech it will be remembered obtained a footing on the staff of ,bentley's ,miscellany at the time when ,george ,cruikshank was leaving it4 ,cruikshank1 however1 was an admirer of the genius of ,leech1 and when they laid him in his untimely grave in ,kensal ,green ,cemetery1 on the #dth ,november1 #ahfd1 the veteran artist was among the crowd of distinguished men who looked sorrowfully on4 ,the influence which ,george ,cruikshank exercised upon the genius of ,leech will be apparent to any one who has given attention to the early etchings of the latter4 ,this influence will be particularly discernible in the illustrations to ,richard ,savage and ,the ,marchioness of ,brinvilliers4 ,both were men of genius1 but ,leech's fancy was of a tamer kind1 and little inclined him in the direction of the supernatural or the terrible4 ,leech1 for instance1 never produced anything which equalled ,fagin in the ,condemned ,cell2 ,the ,murder of ,sir ,rowland ,trenchard2 ,xit ,wedded to the ,scavenger's ,daughter2 ,jack o' ,lantern2 or the reverie of the ,triumph of ,cupid4 ,we shall find but few diabolicals in his gallery of pictorial subjects1 notwithstanding which there is not a fiend in the whole of ,cruikshank's demon ranks who equals ,leech's devil in ,thomas ,ingoldsby's legend of ,the ,house-warming4 ,it may seem invidious to institute a comparison between the two men4 ,some1 indeed1 may hold that a comparison is impossible2 but we will quickly show that such a comparison is not only possible but unavoidable4 ,george ,cruikshank1 for instance1 might or might not have illustrated the ,comic ,histories of ,england and of ,rome better than ,john ,leech2 we may fancy1 however1 his hand on the ,surtees' novels1 the odd men1 the strange coats1 the eccentric women1 the podgy cockhorses1 the wonderful dogs that would have put in an appearance in the various sporting scenes and incidents which form the subject of these horsey romances2 we should like1 for instance1 to see what he would have made of the pretty serving woman who figures in the frontispiece of ,ask ,mamma2 how he would have treated the fair de ,glancey2 how he would have grouped and dressed his figures at ,the ,handley ,cross ,ball2 how he would have treated poor old ,jorrocks when he fell into the shower bath4 ,but1 admirable as are ,leech's book illustrations and etchings1 it is in the minor designs which he executed for ,punch during the short quarter of a century allotted to him that we must seek for ,leech's genius3 it is these little drawings which place him in the front rank of nineteenth century graphic satirists4 ,they are characterized by genuine humour and satire1 unalloyed with a single trace of ill-humour1 exaggeration1 or vulgarity4 ,it was in this direction that the artistic instincts of poor ,robert ,seymour inclined him2 but his imagination and invincible tendency to exaggerate1 inherited from the caricaturists who preceded him1 failed to bear him beyond the limited sphere of cockney sports and cockney sportsmen in which his soul delighted4 ,here1 we have the swells and vulgarians1 the flunkies and servants1 the old men and maidens1 the soldiers1 the parsons1 the pretty women of ,english everyday life1 placed in situations more or less embarrassing1 but presenting nevertheless perfect types of the respective classes thus harmlessly and admirably satirized4 ,in this lies their chief value1 and as years roll on and the ,punch volumes become scarce1 this value will necessarily increase4 ,,abhorrence ,,for ,,frenchmen4 ,a shy and unobtrusive member of the society in which he moved1 and which delighted in the enjoyment of his friendship1 ,john ,leech was the keenest of observers1 noting and satirizing as no one before his time had attempted1 or indeed had been able to do1 the cant and hypocrisy1 the pride and selfishness1 the upstart and arrogant exclusiveness1 the insular prejudices and weaknesses1 which form a part of our national character2 but doing this1 he loved his countrymen and countrywomen for their finer qualities1 and hated the bungling foreigners who presume to caricature them without the barest knowledge of their subject4 ,this is the secret of the hearty abhorrence which ,leech always testified for ,frenchmen4 ,the ignorance of his countrymen on the subject of ,english women has been amusingly ridiculed by one of the most distinguished of their own writers--,eugene ,sue1 in his novel of ,mathilde3--,that an ,englishwoman6 ,nonsense2 there is nothing more easy to recognise than an ,englishwoman2 you have only to look at her dress2 it is simple enough1 in all conscience6 ,a straw bonnet all the year through2 a pink spencer2 a ,scotch plaid petticoat1 and bright green or lemon-coloured boots2 you may see the costume any day in ,les ,anglaises pour rire1 at the ,varits4 ,we all know it is a ,vaudeville1 and it would not be publicly acted unless it were authentic4 ,i repeat it once more1 ever since this world has been a world1 ,englishwomen--real genuine ,englishwomen--have never been differently dressed4 ,m4 ,taine1 who devoted himself to the study of our language and literature1 and spent much time amongst us1 has 7if ,i remember rightly7 admitted the errors which prevail amongst his countrymen and women with reference to ourselves2 but such observers as ,m4 ,taine and ,m4 ,sue are unfortunately rare in ,france1 and many have essayed to depict us1 with as much knowledge of their subject as our ,sir ,john ,maundeville possessed when he sat down to write his absurd but quaint and amusing ,book of ,voiage and ,travaile4 ,john ,leech resented this deplorable ignorance on the part of our neighbours2 and the ,punch volumes are filled with biting sarcasms on ,french habits1 manners1 and sentiments1 which were keenly felt1 because1 unlike the ,english who figure at the ,varits or in ,french caricatures1 in the dirty men who regard with astonishment the ,english washstand at the exhibition1 the cabs full of hirsute monstrosities1 the ,flowers of the ,french army1 the grimy ,revolutionists of ,leicester ,square--the hundred and one ,frenchmen who figure in the satires of ,john ,leech1 the ,parisian recognises compatriots whose ridiculous lineaments have been too faithfully reproduced to render identification a matter of doubt or difficulty4 ,leech executed very few illustrations for ,dickens2 and the amusing blunder which he perpetrated in ,the ,battle of ,life1 in allowing the lady to elope with the wrong man1 and the horror and agony of the author in consequence thereof1 have been set forth in ,forster's ,life4 ,the mistake was discovered too late for correction1 and remains a curious proof of the carelessness with which distinguished artists will sometimes read the manuscript of an author however illustrious4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,leech4 ,illuminated ,magazine4 ,i ,,hope ,,mr4 ,,smug1 ,,you ,,don',t ,,beat ,,your ,,boys8 ,face p4 #bib4 ,the ,surtees' novels afford singular evidence of the keenness of ,john ,leech's critical observation4 ,an ardent lover of sport himself1 and a frequent attendant at the ,pytchley1 when he went a day's hunting it was his custom to single out some fellow disciple of ,nimrod that happened to take his fancy1 keeping behind him all day1 noting his attitudes in the saddle1 and marking every item of his turn-out1 to the last button and button-hole of his hunting coat4 ,it was in this way that he obtained the correctness of detail which renders his famous sporting etchings so wonderfully true to nature4 ,strange to say1 notwithstanding his knowledge of every detail of the huntsman's dress1 even to the number of buttons on his coat1 he himself1 with reference to his own outfit1 invariably presented in the hunting field a somewhat incongruous appearance4 ,either he would wear the wrong kind of boots1 or would dispense with some detail which on the part of an enthusiast would be considered an unpardonable omission4 ,leech1 however1 was not what is called a rough rider1 his constitutional nervousness prevented him indeed from making a prominent figure in the hunting field1 and his friends attributed this want of attention to detail in dress to his sensitiveness to criticism1 and his unwillingness to place himself in any position which would be likely to incur it4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,vol4 iii41 #ahfj4 #abg ,shirley ,brooks in the ,illustrated ,london ,news1 #aith ,nov41 #ahfd4 #abh ,george ,redway1 #ab1 ,york ,street1 ,covent ,garden4 #abi ,they include also some 7pirated7 impressions from the designs of ,george ,cruikshank1 which set that irritable genius1 as might have been expected1 in a fume4 #acj ,chapman ,hall1 #ahf1 ,strand1 #ast ,november1 #ahdj4 #aca ,adventures of ,michael ,armstrong1 the ,factory ,boy4 #acb ,he subsequently returned to it for a short time only4 #acc ,the serial commenced #agth ,july1 #ahda4 #acd ,that this was the case1 see ,mr4 ,joseph ,hatter's ,with a ,show in the ,north2 see also a remarkable letter of ,mr4 ,william ,tegg in the ,athenum of #afth ,october1 #ahge4 #ace ,thackeray in the ,quarterly4 #acf ,i calculate that the minor drawings number about #b1ejj2 if to these we add #fch cartoons1 we get a sum total of over #c1ajj illustrations for ,punch alone4 ,if we say nearly #a1jjj for ,mr4 ,surtees' sporting novels1 without taking into account ,leech's other work1 we may form some notion of his untiring industry4 #acg ,,ms4 ,diary of ,shirley ,brooks 7,october #cast1 #ahfd74 #ach ,compare1 for instance1 ,leech's ,black ,mousquetaire in the original edition with ,cruikshank's reproduction of the same subject in the '#fd edition4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,punch ,,cartoons ,,of ,,john ,,leech4 ,we have seen that at the time ,john ,leech commenced work as a comic artist1 the art of caricature was practically dead2 it was not therefore at all surprising1 under the circumstances1 that he should reverse1 as it were1 the order of things3 commence as an illustrator of books1 and finish his career as a graphic humourist4 ,although his first contribution to ,punch commences in the fourth number1 his cartoons so called 7from which1 in accordance with the plan of this work we now proceed to select a few examples7 seem to us to call for little mention before the year #ahdc4 ,,prince ,,albert4 ,his ,royal ,highness ,prince ,albert1 who held high rank in the ,british army by virtue of his exalted position1 was most unjustly suspected in those early ,punch days of a desire to interfere unduly with its administration4 ,he took1 however1 much interest in the dress and comfort of the ,british soldier2 and those who remember what military costume was in #ahdc1 will admit that there was room for improvement4 ,changes were made indeed1 but these changes can hardly be said to have been made in the direction of either comfort1 convenience1 or good taste4 ,the ,albert hat 7as it was called71 one of the ugliest1 most ungainly1 and preposterous of military shakoes that was ever invented1 made its appearance about this time1 and the idea was credited 7rightly or wrongly7 to the amiable prince4 ,constant reference to this preposterous invention is made in the pages of ,punch1 and the prince's questionable taste in the matter of military costume is specially satirized in ,leech's amusing cartoon entitled ,prince ,albert's ,studio4 ,mr4 ,o',connell1 at a great ,repeal meeting held in ,september1 #ahdc1 had expressed a hope that he should be able to give his dupes as a new year's gift a parliament on ,college ,green4 ,no one knew better than himself the absurdity of such a promise4 ,had he named the first of ,april for the presentation instead of the first of ,january1 it would have been more appropriate1 and at least equally veracious4 ,a great ,repeal meeting was intended to be held in ,october at ,clontarf1 three miles from ,dublin1 at which certain supporters of the movement were to have attended on horseback and paraded in the character of the ,repeal ,cavalry4 ,this meeting the ,irish executive prohibited by proclamation1 and on the #adth1 ,o',connell and other prominent leaders were arrested1 and held to bail on a charge of conspiracy4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 #ahdd1 the ,irish judges sentenced him to twelve months' imprisonment1 and a fine of #b1jjj4 ,the cartoon of ,the ,probable ,effects of ,good ,living and no ,exercise refers to this result2 but ,punch on this occasion was wrong4 ,o',connell proved too many for the ,irish lawyers4 ,he appealed by writ of error to the ,lords1 and on the #dth of ,september the judgment was reversed4#aci ,sir ,james ,graham1 the ,home ,secretary1 and the government to which he belonged1 had encountered much odium in consequence of the opening of certain letters which had passed through the post office4 ,the result was the appointment of a ,committee of ,secrecy by both ,houses to inquire into the official practice1 and it would appear from their report that every administration had been in the habit of exercising this espionage under the authority of a warrant of the ,secretary of ,state4 ,the sins of the past as well as of the present were visited on the head of ,sir ,james1 who sought to throw the responsibility on higher powers2 and in reference to this1 ,sir ,james ,graham and ,sir ,robert ,peel figure respectively as ,sairey ,gamp and ,betsey ,prig1 after ,phiz's well-known drawing4 ,sir ,james indeed seemed to have had rather a facility for getting himself into trouble4 ,there was much excitement in and out of the ,house with reference to the additional grant to ,maynooth ,college4 ,in the course of the debates1 ,sir ,james ,graham retracted an expression which he said had fallen from him in the heat of debate1 viz4 that concession in favour of ,ireland had reached its utmost limit1 and hoped that his actions had proved better than his words4 ,among the subsequent cartoons by ,leech1 he figures as ,peel's ,dirty ,little ,boy4 ,drat the boy1 says ,dame ,peel 7as she chastises him71 he's always in a mess4 ,towards the close of the debate two remarkable speeches were delivered by ,lord ,john ,russell and ,sir ,robert ,peel1 both of whom concurred in the necessity of a conciliatory policy towards ,ireland4 ,this rapprochement between the two leaders of the opposite camps1 and the leanings of ,sir ,robert in the direction of a ,liberal policy1 are referred to in ,leech's cartoons of ,how do you ,like the ,new ,whig8 and the ,premier's ,fix 7,peel between ,free ,trade and ,protection71 the last borrowed from one of ,cruikshank's drawings4 ,the ,railway ,juggernaut of #ahde 7also suggested by ,cruikshank's well-known etching71 refers to the then mania for dabbling in railway shares4 ,between the two stools of ,free ,trade and ,protection1 ,sir ,robert1 as might have been anticipated1 ultimately fell through2 an event which is chronicled in vol4 x41 the idea in this instance being taken from the celebrated drawing in the late ,mr4 ,clarke's ,three ,courses and a ,dessert1 the cartoon of ,peel driving the vehicle of ,protection1 which has broken down1 bearing the title of ,the ,deaf ,postilion4 ,a change of ministry took place in #ahdf1 little ,lord ,john replacing ,sir ,robert ,peel as ,first ,lord of the ,treasury4 ,he cuts an amazingly queer figure 7in vol4 xi47 in the ex-premier's huge hat1 vast coat1 and voluminous waistcoat and inexpressibles4 ,little ,lord ,john was an enduring subject of ,punch's satire during that statesman's somewhat unsatisfactory political career1 and ,leech was never weary of comparing him with his far more brilliant and able contemporary4 ,here we have the pair figuring as ,dombey and ,son 7,dombey being ,sir ,robert1 and the son ,lord ,john71 ,mr4 ,dombey was in a difficulty4 ,he would like to have given him 7the boy7 some explanation involving the terms circulating medium1 currency1 depreciation of currency1 paper1 bullion1 rates of exchange1 value of precious metals in the market1 and so forth4 ,the ,portrait of a ,noble ,lord in ,order refers to one of those exhibitions of want of tact1 taste1 and temper in which ,lord ,brougham would seem to have delighted4#adj ,who calls me to order8 cries the noble and learned lord1 ,who calls me to order8 ,pooh6 ,pooh6 ,fiddle-de-dee6 ,i never was in better order in my life4 ,noble lords don't know what they are about2 a conspicuous and aggressive appurtenance of the noble and learned1 by the way1 is his preposterous umbrella4 ,one of the most barbarous and disgraceful of ,london neighbourhoods in #ahdg1 and for many years afterwards1 was ,smithfield2 the present generation can form no idea of the state of things thirty years ago1 which is referred to in the cartoon of ,punch and the ,smithfield ,savages1 the artist borrowing his idea from ,west's well-known picture of ,penn's ,treaty with the ,indians4 ,the odious matrimonial swindle perpetrated by ,louis ,philippe with the idea of ultimately seating a member of his family on the ,spanish throne1 which has cast an indelible stain on his memory1 had now been found out1 and attracted universal indignation4 ,we find him1 in reference to this shameless piece of business1 figuring as the ,fagin of ,france after ,condemnation1 the idea being suggested of course by ,cruikshank's famous etching in ,oliver ,twist4 ,retribution overtook the mercenary monarch in the year of disquietude and national unrest--#ahdh2 foreign kings and potentates were sent flying in all directions1 and ,louis ,philippe1 who1 like the rest of his family had learnt nothing by misfortune1 was among the first to go4 ,put ,out1 one of the best of the artist's political cartoons1 represents an armed ouvrier clapping the cap of libert by way of extinguisher on the ,french candle 7,king ,louis74 ,uneasy were the heads which wore crowns in that year2 and to the throned and unthroned sovereigns1 the former of whom watched these untoward events with nervous interest1 ,john ,leech presented a seasonable gift in the form of ,a ,constitutional ,plum ,pudding1 served up by ,mr4 ,punch on ,magna ,charta1 and curiously compounded of ,liberty of the ,press1 ,common ,sense1 ,order1 ,trial by ,jury1 ,religion1 and ,true ,liberty of the ,subject4 ,among the sovereigns who had a peculiarly insecure seat at this period was ,mastai ,ferretti1 better known as ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,his temporal power was weak1 whilst his spiritual dominion1 as might have been expected1 had never been much stronger4 ,to bolster up the former1 and at the same time find employment for his troops1 ,louis1 ,prince ,president of the ,french ,republic1 sent an army to ,rome1 thus affording matter for the speculation of his countrymen1 who were puzzled to know what possible concern a ,french ,republic could have with the affairs of the ,papacy4 ,allusion to this is made in ,leech's cartoon of ,the ,french ,cock and the ,roman ,eagle1 in which the bird of higher caste1 chained and fettered1 is unable to offer anything like fair resistance to his unwilling antagonist4 ,in a ,bright ,idea1 we have the apostle of peace 7whose uncompromising arguments in its favour have driven us before now in the direction of war7 figuring as a recruiting sergeant1 and endeavouring to enlist the ,iron ,dook4 ,,general ,,haynau4 ,in no country perhaps are women more cruelly used than among the poorer classes of ,england1 while in no country under the sun is greater sympathy expressed for the weaker sex2 a paradox which was strikingly exemplified in #ahej4 ,the ,austrian ,general ,haynau in that year paid a visit to this country4 ,some time before he had earned unenviable notoriety by his treatment of the wives and daughters of ,hungarian insurgents who fell into his hands1 and it was reported1 probably with much exaggeration1 that regardless of sex and condition he had subjected these hapless fugitives to the indignity of corporal punishment4 ,the rising had been however some time repressed1 and there was every reason to believe that in this country at least the rumour had been forgotten4 ,among the sights the ,general had been recommended to visit in ,london was the celebrated brewery of ,messrs4 ,barclay ,perkins1 and no sooner was his presence discovered1 than he was simultaneously attacked by the draymen1 and narrowly escaped with his life4 ,he got small sympathy from ,punch1 who1 in vol4 xix41 presented ,leech's ,sketch of a ,most ,remarkable ,flea found in ,general ,haynau's ,ear4 ,who's ,dat ,knocking at de ,door8 is a question put by ,johnny ,russell to old ,joe 7,hume71 who once in every session in those days stood knocking at the door with his banjo labelled1 ,extension of the ,suffrage4 ,,the ,,papal ,,aggression4 ,macaulay1 writing in #ahdj1ada referred to the progress of what he happily termed ,the ,catholic ,revival of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,this revival was never more clearly exemplified than at the very time the temporal power was most seriously endangered4 ,such of the temporal power1 indeed1 as was left to it has gone1 probably for ever2 while the spiritual power of the ,papacy1 at least in ,protestant ,england1 as must be patent to any one who has given the subject the smallest attention1 has unostentatiously but enormously increased1 especially within the last twenty years4 ,the year #ahej was remarkable for what was then known among us as the ,papal ,aggression1 and ,punch and his right-hand man were exceedingly angry4 ,among the cartoons which they fulminated on the occasion were the following3 ,the ,guy ,fawkes of #ahej i4e4 the ,pope ,preparing to ,blow up all ,england2 ,the ,thin ,end of the ,wedge the ,pope trying with his jemmy1 labelled ,roman ,archbishopric of ,westminster1 to force the doors of the ,english ,church4 ,it is both a singular and significant circumstance1 that at this time the ,ritualists1 or rather ,puseyites1 were helping on the work of ,rome by promoting1 if not schism1 at least dissension in the ,church of ,england by advocating the strictest attention to the letter instead of the spirit of the rubric and liturgy4 ,we find1 in special reference to the assistance thus1 in some cases we believe unconsciously1 rendered to the ,romish ,church1 ,the ,puseyite ,moth flying into the ,roman ,catholic candle2 and ,fashion in #ahej1 or a ,page for the ,puseyites1 in which we see the ,bishops of ,lincoln1 ,oxford1 and ,exeter dropping the hot poker of ,puseyism1 and the ,pope1 as monkey1 making a catspaw of poor ,pus7s7ey the ,doctor lately deceased2 again1 in vol4 xx41 ,punch 7a boy7 inquires of an episcopal showman1 who holds the model of a church on his stand1 ,please1 ,mr4 ,bishop1 which is ,popery and which is ,puseyism8 ,to which the episcopal showman replies1 ,whichever you like1 my little dear2 another cartoon represents a ,puseyite parson who has received warning from his cook4 ,inquiring the reason of her dissatisfaction1 he receives the following reply3 ,well1 sir1 the fact is ,i aint equal to them ,fast days2 for what with a hegg here1 and a hegg there1 and little bits of fish for breakfastes1 and little bits of fish for dinners1 and the sweet omelicks1 and the fried and stewed hoysters1 and the ,bashawed lobsterses1 and one think and the hother1 there's so much cooking that ,i aint even time to make up a cap6 ,another influential person besides ,mr4 ,punch was terribly indignant at this aggressive movement on the part of the ,papacy1 and loudly avowed his determination to go any length to put a stop to it4 ,this was my ,lord ,john ,russell1 who1 after vapouring like ancient ,pistol1 quietly sneaked off after his usual fashion1 and did nothing4 ,he got1 however1 a well-merited dressing from ,leech1 who showed him up in his true character in a contemporary number as ,the ,boy who ,chalked up ,no ,popery1 and then ,ran ,away4 ,it was these ,papal satires 7as we shall afterwards see7 which led to the secession from ,punch1 and the consequent loss to satiric art1 of one of its most genial and capable professors1 the late ,richard ,doyle2#adb a loss followed 7if we may so term it7 by a compensating gain4 ,richard ,doyle's place was almost immediately taken by an artist of great and exceptional power1 for more than twelve years the friend and coadjutor of ,john ,leech--,mr4 ,tenniel1 who makes his first appearance in ,punch's twentieth volume4 ,the long peace which followed the national and ,european struggle with ,napoleon had produced a curious effect upon ourselves4 ,while ,russia took advantage of the lull to recruit her colossal forces1 and ,prussia to perfect the military system which took us so much by surprise half a century afterwards1 we1 on the other hand1 wearied with our long and arduous struggle1 had fallen asleep1 and dreamed pleasantly that the ,millennium was at hand4 ,with this idea apparently in our minds1 we inscribed on the walls of the ,great ,exhibition of #ahea1 the ,scriptural text which tells us that swords shall be beaten into ploughshares and spears into pruning hooks1 neither shall they learn war any more4 ,a significant commentary on the text was found in the fact that many of the exhibits at the ,world's ,fair consisted of cannon1 rifles1 and other lethal instruments of improved method and construction1 intended for the wholesale destruction of the human race4 ,we read the ,scriptural text1 and viewed these exhibits as relics of a barbarism which had existed six and thirty years before1 oblivious of the circumstance that an incompetent general had wiped out a ,british army in ,afghanistan1 and that we had crushed the empire of ,runjeet ,singh on the banks of the ,sutlej not so many years before4 ,the closing of the ,exhibition is commemorated by a cartoon1 in which ,leech shows us the famous ,amazon putting on her bonnet and shawl1 chatting the while with ,hiram ,power's ,greek ,slave1 who1 habited in bloomer costume1 prepares likewise to take her departure4 ,allusion to the bribery and corruption prevalent at a notorious borough of that day is made in a sketch which depicts the ,horror of that ,respectable ,saint1 ,st4 ,alban's1 at ,hearing the ,confession of a ,st4 ,alban's ,elector4 ,,the ,,coup ,d',,tat4 ,remarkable results were destined to follow the year of unrest--#ahdh4 ,louis ,philippe had been replaced in ,france by ,louis ,napoleon1 who seems to have been elevated to the ,presidency of the ,republic because he was considered to be so absolutely harmless1 the principle followed being analogous to that observed at the election of a ,pope1 which has resulted more than once in an unpleasant surprise for the cardinal electors4 ,those who had formed a low estimate of his abilities1 found that ,louis was no longer the half-saved youth of ,boulogne and ,strasburg2 that he had learnt some stern lessons in the hard school of adversity2 that he had developed1 moreover1 a firm and decided will of his own4 ,we thought it a hazardous experiment on the part of ,french ,republicans1 for ,louis held a craze on the subject of his uncle's ideas1 and the craze had sufficient method to induce us to believe that he was the last man who would have been selected to fill the presidential chair4 ,as a refugee in ,england1 we had given him small credit for sagacity2 and as an emperor and a man1 history has already said of him that he was cunning1 unreliable1 and thoroughly unscrupulous4 ,although a comparison between the two men is impossible1 there was at least this similarity between the two ,napoleons1 that both were indebted for their elevation to the imperial purple to a revolution2 here1 however1 all resemblance ceased4 ,the first ,napoleon relied upon himself alone1 while ,louis was advised by counsellors and adventurers wiser and more unscrupulous than himself1 and who were prepared to back his fortunes with a view of advancing their own4 ,at the close of #ahea1 ,europe was electrified by the unexpected and dastardly blow delivered by these men1 and by means of a great crime1 the history of which has been so graphically related by ,victor ,hugo1 ,louis ,napoleon1 ,prince ,president of the ,republic1 found himself master of the destinies of ,france4 ,the event is referred to by ,john ,leech in the cartoon of ,france is ,tranquil666 which she cannot well fail to be1 seeing that we find her bound hand and foot2 a chain-shot fastened to her foot1 and a sentry menacing her with his bayonet4 ,the next volume shows us the ,prince ,president in the act of being measured by his military tailor1 while he offers money to his cast-off mistress ,libert1 her mother 7,france7 looking indignantly on4 ,immediately behind1 a priest 7in allusion to the support which the ,papal party were receiving from this eldest son of the ,church7 helps himself from a plate of money which stands by the ,president's side2 the floor is littered with miscellaneous articles1--bayonets1 knapsacks1 imperial and other crowns1 crosses of the legion of honour1 the code ,napoleon1--and1 in reference to ,louis's craze on the subject of his uncle and his ideas1 one of ,napoleon's old boots4 ,on a stool stands a bust of the first ,napoleon1 and on a chair to the right a roll of ,imperial purple4 ,by the year #ahec1 the only persons who steadily shut their eyes to the signs of the times1 and continued steadfastly to believe in the immediate advent of the ,millennium1 were the peace-at-any-price party 7represented by ,messrs ,bright and ,cobden71 the members of the ,peace ,society1 and the very strange people who obstinately opposed any attempt on the part of ,england to provide for her national safety by putting her defences in order4 ,to the ,peace ,society1 ,leech especially addressed his cartoon of ,no ,danger1 which represents a donkey braying in front of a loaded cannon2 while to the mischievous lunatics who opposed any scheme of national defence1 he dedicated an appropriate gift in the shape of ,a ,strait ,waistcoat ,worked by the ,women of ,england4#adc ,by this time ,john ,bull had awoke from his dreams1 and tacitly admitting that the time for conversion of his swords into ploughshares and his spears into pruning hooks had scarcely arrived1 adopted the far more sensible method of sending his troops to the camp at ,chobham by way of getting them acclimatized to the trials and vicissitudes of wind and weather4 ,this step leads of course to a number of little pleasantries4 ,in one cartoon we see an officer of household cavalry parting his hair in front of his cuirass1 whilst a soldier servant brings him his shaving water in a bucket2 another1 entitled ,a ,cold in the ,head1 represents an officer in this melancholy condition1 who requests his servant to bring him his bucket of gruel as sool as he has tallowed his loze4 ,john1 in fact1 had been aroused from his slumbers by the ,emperor ,nicholas1 who1 thinking it a good time to appropriate ,turkey1 was suspected of having offered a slice to ,austria4 ,the rumour is referred to in the cartoon of ,the ,old ',un and the ,young ',un1 in which we see the ,russian and ,austrian ,emperors at table with a bottle of port between them1 ,now then1 ,austria1 says ,nicholas1 just help me to finish the ,port7e74 ,in another cartoon1 ,john ,bull nails the ,russian eagle to his barn door1 remarking to his ,french friend the while1 that he wouldn't worry the ,turkeys any more4 ,lord ,aberdeen1 who1 notwithstanding the signs of the times1 refused like ,nicholas to believe in a war with ,england1 is represented placidly smoking the ,pipe of ,peace over a barrel of gunpowder4 ,thanks to ,messrs ,bright and ,cobden1 who obstinately persisted in opposing the popular feeling which had set in steadily in the direction of war1--thanks to the exertions of the ,peace ,society1 who were not restrained from sending certain zealous members of their body to the ,emperor ,nicholas1 who not unnaturally supposed that these broad-brimmed gentlemen represented the sentiments of the great ,english people1--but thanks above all to the ,french ,emperor and his astute advisers1 who were enabled to take advantage of the state of ,english feeling to hoodwink the great nation by the prospect of an alliance with a great and respectable power1 the year #ahed found us in actual conflict with ,russia1 starting off after our usual fashion with a handful of men to attack the strongest fortress in ,europe1 provided with an unlimited supply of men and metal and inexhaustible stores of warlike materiel of all kinds4 ,in vol4 xxvi4 we see ,her ,majesty ,throwing the ,old ,shoe after her ,guards1 who1 for the first time since #ahae1 are seen setting out on foreign service4 ,another cartoon1 which has reference to our ,bombardment of ,odessa1 is divided into two parts1 in one of which we see ,lord ,aberdeen 7whose dream of peace had been so rudely dissipated71 and in the other ,nicholas of ,russia1 both reading the newspaper4 ,says ,aberdeen1 ,bombardment of ,odessa6 ,dear me1 this will be very disagreeable to my imperial friend6 ,says the ,emperor1 ,bombardment of ,odessa6 ,confound it6 this will be very annoying to dear old ,aberdeen6 ,in ,november1 #ahed1 occurred our disastrous victory of ,inkermann1 in which scarcely four thousand ,english troops found themselves opposed by forty thousand ,russians and drove them into flight4 ,no thanks1 however1 to our allies1 who--with the exception of sixty brave ,zouaves and their lieutenant1 who played truant from their regiment to give us timely assistance--either looked on or absolutely ran away4#add ,spectators of this battle were two of the ,imperial family1 a circumstance alluded to in vol4 xxvii4 by ,leech's cartoon of ,the ,russian ,bear's ,licked ,cubs1 ,nicholas and ,michael4 ,,the ,,purchase ,,system4 ,picton remarked of our officers1 when en route to ,waterloo1 that with fifty thousand of his own men1 and ,french officers at their head1 he would march from one end of ,europe to the other4 ,but both the quality of ,french officers and soldiers had deteriorated at the time of the ,crimean ,war1 and was destined still further to deteriorate until the utter unsoundness of their military discipline was laid bare years afterwards by ,prussia4 ,the ,french had no generals1 while we had one general and an excellent body of soldiers4 ,unquestionably the ,russian war did us the service of thoroughly exposing the rottenness of our military system so far as concerned the officering of the army4 ,the principle followed was precisely that complained of by ,sir ,thomas ,picton forty years before2 there was no actual test of fitness until it came to be subjected to the practical test of emergency2 money invariably had the advantage of merit1 not only in the appropriation of first commissions1 but in the purchase of subsequent regimental grades1 which were given in exchange for pecuniary value1 and not as a reward for military efficiency4 ,the material thus obtained was splendid as regards manliness and bravery1 but something more than these were wanted in the absence of a leader like the great ,duke2 and although the type selected is an extreme one1 the result may be indicated by my ,lord ,cardigan1 who1 though equal to any amount of endurance and heroism1 proved himself incapable of the exercise of the smallest particle of common sense4 ,the scandal of the then existing system of purchase was aptly exposed by the artist in vol4 xxviii41 where we find a rich titled old lady in a shop served by military counter-jumpers1 one of whom1 wrapping up a lieutenant-colonelcy for her boy1 inquires1 in the well-known jargon of the trade1 ,what is the next article8 in answer to which she expresses a wish to have a nice majority for his little brother2 a wounded officer with his arm in a sling timidly inquires the price of a captain's commission1 and turns wearily away on finding the preposterous price 7#c1fid7 is wholly beyond his means4 ,fortunately for us 7for events proved that in trusting to ,french assistance we were leaning on a broken reed indeed67 the ,russian rank and file1 besides being badly led1 were as inferior to our own in endurance and pluck as they were superior to us in the mere matter of numbers4 ,justly wondering why forty thousand men1 supported by twenty thousand reserves1 had failed to hold their own against a mere handful of ,british infantry1 ,nicholas nevertheless treated the result apparently in a philosophical spirit1 and calmly asked his people to wait for ,generals ,janvier and ,fevrier4 ,but the brave man's heart was broken1 and when ,february came it found the ,imperial prophet a corpse4#ade ,the death of this great and disappointed man is forcibly commemorated by ,leech's memorable cartoon of ,general ,fevrier ,turned ,traitor4 ,lord ,john ,russell1 true to his character of ,lord ,meddle and ,muddle1 had done nothing for us at the ,congress1 and in ,the ,return from ,vienna1 ,her ,majesty catches the frightened little statesman by the collar and angrily asks him1 ,now1 sir1 what a time you have been6 ,what's the answer8 ,to her ,lord ,john--,please ',m--there is--is--is--is--isn't any answer4 ,an ,english general in those days was so scarce a commodity that in ,lord ,raglan we seemed absolutely to have exhausted the supply3 one old incapable was replaced by another1 until the dearth of ,english military ability became at length nothing less than an absolute scandal4 ,in ,what we must ,come to1 reference is made to this lamentable state of things1 wherein an old woman in bonnet and shawl1 with a capacious umbrella1 applies for a post to ,lord ,panmure 7the ,minister of ,war71 ,oh1 if you please1 sir1 did you want a sperity old woman to see after things in the ,crimea8 ,no objection to being made a ,field ,marshal1 and glory not so much an object as a good salary2 in another 7,a ,grand ,military ,spectacle7 we find the heroes of the campaign engaged in inspecting the ,field ,marshals1 a pair of decrepid1 purblind1 old men seated in arm chairs2 in the third we recognise the amiable ,prince ,consort1 who was most unjustly suspected in those days of a desire to interfere in the administration of our military matters--it would be moonshine to term it military system1 as we had none4 ,the ,new ,game of ,follow my ,leader is a palpable hit at a practice common enough too in those days4 ,applications were frequently made by officers for leave to return home on the plea of urgent private affairs1 and you were astonished to see gentlemen walking about whose duty it was to be with their regiments in the ,crimea4 ,in the cartoon referred to1 a long line of soldiers is drawn up in front of the general's tent2 a little drummer boy steps out of the ranks1 and making the usual salute inquires1 ,please1 general1 may me and these other chaps have leave to go home on urgent private affairs8 ,a more unsatisfactory state of things for the belligerents all round than this miserable ,crimean conflict can scarcely well be imagined4 ,lord ,raglan1 who had learned war by practical experience under the eye of the great ,duke himself1 speedily realized the fact that he had been made the victim of ,french military jealousy and imbecility1 the leaders having been selected not on account of their military efficiency1 but solely for attachment to the cause of the ,emperor4 ,the battle of the ,alma had been won without the assistance of the ,french1 who for all practical purposes might just as well have been away4#adf ,marshal ,st4 ,arnaud1 who1 to do him simple justice1 was at this time dying literally by inches1 had refused to follow up the defeated ,russians1#adg whose retreat a competent ,french general must have converted into an absolute rout2 whilst1 had he followed the advice and wishes of ,lord ,raglan1 we should probably have entered ,sebastopol in a fortnight1 instead of having to wait three years for an event which was afterwards accomplished at a ruinous waste of time1 men1 materiel1 and money4#adh ,we had defeated the ,russians at ,inkerman without ,french assistance1#adi whilst the timidity and professional jealousy on that occasion of ,marshal ,canrobert had again failed to turn our success into a crushing disaster for the enemy4#aej ,if ,england was dissatisfied1 ,russia was still more discontented1 and her strength moreover at this time well-nigh exhausted4 ,efforts in the direction of peace were being made by ,austria1 which are referred to in the cartoon1 ,staying ,proceedings 7vol4 xxx471 wherein plaintiff ,john ,bull instructs his solicitor ,clarendon 7who is setting off for ,paris bag in hand71 ,tell ,russia1 says angry ,john1 tell ,russia if he doesn't settle at once ,i shall go on with the action2 but so unprofitable to us in the end was the arrangement effected by the solicitor1 that the action was settled after all on the terms of each party having to pay their own costs4 ,this preposterous result is referred to in the admirable sketch entitled ,swindling the ,clarendon1 wherein landlord ,bull angrily expostulates with his two waiters 7,louis ,napoleon and ,palmerston71 ,what6 says ,john1 quite the gentleman6 ,why he has left nothing but a portmantel of bricks and stones1 and gone off without paying the bill4#aea ,just complaints were made in the papers of #aheg of the arrangements1 or rather want of arrangements1 at the ,royal leves4 ,the space was circumscribed and the crush frightful1 and ladies returned from the ceremony with torn dresses and dishevelled hair1 just as if they had been engaged in some feminine battle-royal4 ,to accustom them to this uncomfortable but apparently inevitable ordeal1 ,john ,leech1 in one of the very best of his sketches 7vol4 xxxii471 suggested a ,training ,school for ,ladies about to ,appear at ,court1 where we see charming women in court dresses leaping over forms1 crowding beneath barriers1 and going through a vigorous course of saltatory exercises1 to prepare them for what they might expect at the ceremony2 the floor is strewn with broken fans1 gloves1 feathers1 watches1 and jewellery2 while one fat old lady1 who1 in attempting to scramble beneath the barrier has become a permanent fixture1 presents a truly comical appearance4 ,,the ,,english ,,dissatisfied4 ,the war was at an end2 the ,eastern ,question1 as it was called in the political jargon of that day1 had been settled for the next twenty years1 and ,john ,bull had now leisure to sit down to count the cost1 and consider the value of the ,french alliance1 and the quality of the assistance he had derived from ,french generalship and the ,french army4 ,the result of ,john's calculation was eminently unsatisfactory to himself1 for he felt that while he had done all the hard work and nearly all the fighting1 the ,french1 as might have been expected1 had arrogated to themselves all the praise4 ,john in his secret heart was angry2 he felt he had been drawn into a contest from which he personally derived little advantage1 and from which he emerged nominally triumphant at a ruinous waste of men and money2 the ,frenchman1 on his part1 was doubtful of the reality of the gloire he claimed for himself1 and distinctly conscious1 moreover1 that the ,english soldiers looked coldly on the ,french army and its achievements4#aeb ,the result was a feeling of secret dissatisfaction on both sides1 which found1 however1 no actual expression until an unexpected circumstance afforded opportunity for its manifestation4 ,the war had been succeeded by a period of inaction1 a state of things always dreaded by ,louis1 who was now harassed by plots and conspiracies1 and a certain foreigner connected1 or supposed to be connected1 with one of these had sought and found an asylum on our shores4 ,certain valorous ,french colonels1 desirous of displaying their loyalty at a cheap cost1 presented an address to his ,majesty1 which contained the following intemperate passage3--,let the miserable assassins--the subaltern agents of such crimes--receive the chastisement due to their abominable attempts2 but also1 let the infamous haunt where machinations so infernal are planned be destroyed for ever4444 ,give us the order1 sire1 and we shall pursue them even to their places of security4 ,french military composition1 even in the time of the first ,napoleon1 was never of the highest order of merit1 and the third ,napoleon1 whose policy it was to distract the attention of his people from reflecting on the questionable means by which he had attained his position1 never lost an opportunity of earning popularity with any class of his subjects1 particularly with the army4 ,he suffered this quintessence of bombastic absurdity to appear in the pages of the official ,moniteur1 whence it was duly copied by the ,english newspapers1 and afforded us the most intense amusement4 ,punch answered this valorous appeal with ,leech's celebrated cartoon 7in vol4 xxxiv47 of ,cock-a-doodle-do6 wherein the ,french cock1 habited in the uniform of a ,french colonel1 crows most lustily on his own dunghill4 ,this remarkable caricature possesses a singular historical interest1 as it exactly expresses the feeling which pervaded ,england for some time after the close of the ,crimean war4 ,the hostile spirit towards ,frenchmen which formed a part of ,john ,leech's nature1 once aroused was not easily allayed1 and in the same volume he gives us specimens of ,some ,foreign ,produce that ,mr4 ,bull can very well ,spare1 in which he angrily includes ,french conspirators1 vile ,french women1 organ grinders 7the artist's peculiar abomination71 and other foreign refuse of an objectionable character4 ,further on1 he follows up the subject in ,a ,discussion ,forum 767 as ,imagined by our ,volatile ,friends1 which represents a party of ,english conspirators from a ,french point of view4 ,they wear the peaked hats1 long cravats1 long hair1 boots1 and inexpressibles peculiar to the ,reign of ,terror1 and carry knives1 revolvers1 axes1 and other weapons of destruction2 a speaker occupies the rostrum1 and below him sits the registrar with a bowl of blood1 in which sanguinary fluid the proceedings are supposed to be recorded4 ,the opposite picture1 ,a ,discussion ,forum 767 as it is in ,reality1 shows us a number of foolish1 ignorant1 harmless youths1 smoking pipes1 drinking brandy and water1 and discussing politics 7so far as they are capable of understanding them7 in a tavern club-room4 ,returning once more to his attacks on what he justly deemed the ,romanizing tendency of the practices of certain members of the ,english ,church1 he gives us the cartoon of ,religion la ,mode1 in which a handsome woman is about to confess to a truculent and knavish looking ritualist4 ,in the distance appears ,john ,bull with his horsewhip1 ,no1 no1 ,mr4 ,jack ,priest1 says he2 after all ,i have gone through1 ,i am not such a fool as to stand any of this disgusting nonsense4 ,some sensation was created this year by a private fte which was given by a member of the aristocracy at ,cremorne ,gardens4 ,it occasioned considerable talk at the time1 and as ,ritualism was then in the ascendant amongst certain female leaders of fashion1 ,leech gives us 7in vol4 xxxv47 a powerful picture1 entitled ,aristocratic ,amusements1 in which ,john ,thomas asks his mistress 7a magnificent specimen of the artist's handsome women7 as he puts up the steps of her carriage1 whither she would wish to be driven1--,confession or ,cremorne1 my lady8 ,misfortune1 the proverb tells us1 makes us acquainted with strange associates4 ,the ,emperor ,louis1 during his early exile1 had picked up certain undesirable acquaintances1 who were in the habit in after life of forcing themselves on his notice after a peculiarly disagreeable and dangerous fashion4 ,his unfaithfulness to the principles of the brotherhood of which he and they had been members1 had seriously exercised the minds of certain of these quondam acquaintances1 who had given forcible expression to their feelings by attempting his assassination4 ,the pear-shaped hand grenades of ,orsini and his fellow-conspirator were the fruit of ,louis's early connection with the secret societies of the ,carbonari4 ,they indicate the forces which controlled the policy of the ,third ,napoleon1 and obliged him constantly to pick quarrels with his neighbours for the double purpose of employing his army and of keeping the attention of his restless subjects and quondam acquaintances distracted from himself4 ,as the advisers upon whom he depended were removed by death1 the absence of military capacity which his habitual reticence had concealed was manifested by his extraordinary ignorance of the weakness of the force which he had at his disposal1 and the utter rottenness of its organization4 ,meanwhile ,italian assassins warned ,louis's advisers of the desperate insecurity of the tenure by which they held their own position1 and of the necessity of distracting the attention of the restless spirits who made it their business to inquire into their master's title4 ,within a year1 therefore1 of the execution of ,orsini and his friend1 a quarrel was fastened on the ,austrian ambassador1 which reminded us of the first ,emperor's insult to our own ,lord ,whitworth1 and the ,imperial word went forth that ,italy was to be freed from the ,alps to the ,adriatic4#aec ,although ,louis was unable to accomplish this programme1 he was enabled by great good fortune1 the aid of ,sardinia1 the execrably bad generalship of the ,austrians1 and the military prestige which still attached to the ,french name1 to pave the way for this result2 and ,austria was not only humbled1 but had moreover to surrender ,venetia to ,sardinia4 ,no sooner was the war over1 than ,louis was suspected of casting longing eyes at the territories of his brave little ally1#aed and in ,a ,scene from the ,new ,pantomime1 he figures as clown1 holding a revolver in his hand1 with a goose marked ,italy in his capacious pocket1 assuring ,britannia 7a stout elderly woman who looks suspiciously on7 that his intentions were of the most honourable description4 ,in the sketch entitled ,the ,next ,invasion1 ,landing of the ,french 7,light ,wines71 and ,discomfiture of ,old ,general ,beer 7vol4 xxxviii471 we have a pictorial prophecy which has not borne fulfilment4 ,although the so-called vin ordinaire made some progress among us for a time1 it was soon discovered that a low class of wine1 which the ,french themselves would not drink1 was being manufactured for the ,english market1 and that good sound claret remained 7as might have been anticipated7 as dear1 if not dearer1 than ever4 ,the climate and constitution of ,john ,bull do not enable him to appreciate the merits of red ink as a table beverage1 and in the end old ,general ,barleycorn rallied and drove the invaders out of the popularity they had for a time achieved4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and here we break off--for reasons which will be apparent in our next chapter--the further consideration of the graphic satires of the late ,john ,leech4 ,before passing on to other matters1 we are bound to say that we regard them rather for what they might have been than for what we actually find them4 ,had they been executed with the same materials and under the same conditions as the graphic satires of ,gillray or ,cruikshank1 or still better1 in the manner in which the sporting pictures to the late ,mr4 ,surtees' novels were produced1 we have no hesitation in saying that they would have distanced anything in the nature of caricature which had gone before4 ,unfortunately1 the productions of the modern caricaturist 7if1 indeed1 we may term him one7 have no reasonable chance1 it being apparently taken for granted that a modern public will not invest in caricatures of an expensive character4#aee ,moreover1 he has no longer any hand in the completion of his picture1 the wood-block being cut up into segments1 each entrusted to a different hand1 and executed with materials with which the older caricaturists had nothing to do1 and under conditions of pressure and haste to which they were happily strangers4 ,hence it is1 that while the admirable satires of ,john ,leech enhance the value of the ,punch volumes themselves1 taken singly1 not only will they not command a fiftieth part of the price asked and given for the coloured but inferior productions of an earlier school1 but they are to all intents and purposes valueless4 ,leech himself has often been known to say to friends who admired his composition on the wood block3--,wait till ,saturday1 and see how the engraver will have spoiled it4 ,we will subject the justice of these observations to a practical test4 ,let the reader compare an ordinary ,punch cartoon with one of the tinted lithographs issued from the ,punch office during the artist's lifetime under the title of ,the ,rising ,generation1 and he cannot fail to be struck with the enormous advantages possessed by the latter4 ,these last have their price1 and command1 by reason of their scarcity1 a comparatively high one4 ,,footnotes3 #aci ,the prosecution1 however1 answered its purpose4 ,the funds of the ,repeal ,association were nearly exhausted by the contest1 the influence of the ,liberator1 as he was called1 was destroyed1 and he himself was more guarded and circumspect in his language4 ,he died three years afterwards4 #adj ,see the ,political ,sketches of ,,hb4 #ada ,edinburgh ,review1 ,october1 #ahdj4 #adb ,see ,chapter xviii4 #adc ,the national defences1 such as they are1 being an accomplished fact1 these strange people are now making themselves active in the promotion of the last suicidal mania--the ,channel ,tunnel6 #add ,vide ,kinglake's ,invasion of the ,crimea4 #ade ,there are of course curious stories about as to the cause of the ,emperor's death3 for one of these see ,journal of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,young1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca4 #adf ,figures will conclusively prove who bore the burden and heat of the day4 ,the ,english loss was3 killed1 #be officers1 #ai sergeants1 #cah rank and file2 #ha officers1 #ajb sergeants1 and #a1dch rank and file wounded4 ,the ,french loss was simply #fj killed and #ejj wounded4 ,the ,russian loss in killed and wounded was #e1gji4 #adg ,kinglake's ,invasion of the ,crimea1 #fth edition1 #ahgg1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cje4 #adh ,kinglake's ,invasion of the ,crimea1 #fth edition1 #ahgg1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdi4 #adi ,at #h4cj a4m4 the ,russians had #ag1jjj infantry and #ajj guns opposed to #c1fjj ,english with #cf guns and #a1fjj ,french infantry and #ab guns ,ibid4 vol4 vi4 p4 #cba4 ,three hours later on1 ,canrobert had under his orders #i1jjj fresh men1 who remained inactive3 ,so far as concerned any active exertion of infantry power1 our people were now left to fight on without any aid from the ,french--,ibid4 pp4 #daf1 #dag4 #aej ,ibid4 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dci1 #ddj4 #aea ,a more telling commentary on our useless waste of blood and treasure could scarcely be found4 ,truly they manage these things better in ,germany4 #aeb ,see the remarkable expressions of dissatisfaction wrung from the placid ,lord ,raglan on various occasions1 and the very free manner in which the ,english officers expressed themselves when the #gth ,french leger regiment ran away from the ,russians at ,inkerman for the second time4--,kinglake's ,invasion of the ,crimea1 #fth edition1 #ahgg1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cbg-h1 #cdd-e4 #aec ,louis was fond of these theatrical announcements1 which answered the purpose he designed1 of attracting the sympathy of the impressionable ,french people4 ,the following is a short summary of the mode in which ,italy was really freed from the ,alps to the ,adriatic3--,lombardy was surrendered to ,sardinia #aath ,july1 #ahei2 the treaty ceding ,savoy and ,nice to ,france was signed #bdth ,march1 and approved by the ,sardinian ,parliament #bith ,may1 #ahfj4 ,the ,french troops retired from ,italy the same month4 ,garibaldi landed at ,marsala #aath ,may1 #ahfj1 and entered ,naples on the #ahth of ,august4 ,the kingdom of ,italy was recognised by ,great ,britain #cast ,march1 #ahfa4 ,in #ahfd ,florence was declared the capital of ,italy4 ,the ,french troops left ,rome in ,november1 #ahfe4 ,venetia was ceded to ,france by ,austria #crd ,july1 #ahff4 ,they retired from the ,quadrilateral in ,october1 #ahff2 ,venice was annexed to ,italy the same month2 the ,italian troops entered ,rome in ,september1 #ahgj1 when ,napoleon ,,iii4 was no longer able to interpose1 and it was incorporated in the ,italian kingdom in ,october4 #aed ,see previous note4 #aee ,since the above was written1 a weekly paper has been established1 which promises to promote the revival of caricature art4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,john ,,leech 7,continued74 ,giovanni4 ,what do the dead do1 uncle8--do they eat1 ,hear music1 go a hunting1 and be merry1 ,as we that live8 ,francesco de ,medicis4 ,no1 ,cuz2 they sleep4 ,giov4 444 ,when do they wake8 ,frances4 ,when ,god shall please4 ,,webster',s ,white ,devil2 or1 ,vittoria ,corombona 7#afab71 ,act #c4 ,many of our readers will remember the exhibition at the ,egyptian ,hall1 in #ahfb1 of ,john ,leech's ,sketches in ,oil1 the subjects being enlarged reproductions from selected examples of his minor drawings for ,punch4 ,to his friend ,mark ,lemon is due the credit of this idea1 which was carried out after the following manner3--,the impression of a block in ,punch being first taken on a sheet of india-rubber1 was enlarged by a lithographic process2 the copy thus obtained was transferred to stone1 and impressions obtained on a large sheet of canvas4 ,the result was an outline groundwork1 consisting of his own lines enlarged some eight times the dimensions of the original drawing1 which the artist then proceeded to fill up in colour4 ,his knowledge of the manipulation of oil colours was1 however1 slight1 and his first crude attempts were made under the guidance of his friend ,mr4 ,millais4 ,the first results can scarcely be said to be satisfactory2 a kind of transparent colour was used1 which allowed the coarse lines of the enlargement to be distinctly visible1 and the finished production presented very much the appearance of an indifferent lithograph slightly tinted4 ,in a short time1 however1 he conquered the difficulty2 and1 instead of allowing the thick1 fatty lines of printer's ink to remain on the canvas1 he removed them--particularly as regards the outlines of the face and figure--by means of turpentine4 ,these outlines he re-drew with his own hand in a fine and delicate manner1 and added a daintiness of finish1 particularly in flesh colour1 which greatly enhanced the value and beauty of the work4 ,he nevertheless experienced some difficulty in reproducing in these enlargements the delicacy of touch and exactness which characterized the original drawings1 and would labour all day at a detail--such as a hand in a certain position--before attaining a result which entirely satisfied himself4 ,the catalogue of this exhibition may be cited in evidence of ,leech's characteristic modesty4 ,these sketches1 it said1 have no claim to be regarded or tested as finished pictures4 ,it is impossible for any one to know the fact better than ,i do4 ,they have no pretensions to a higher name than that ,i have given them--',sketches in ,oil4' ,popular and eminently successful as this exhibition proved to be1 it was undeniably rendered more popular and successful by his staunch friend ,thackeray's article in the ,times of #bast ,june1 #ahfb3--;,he is a natural truth-teller1 said the humourist1 as ,hogarth was before him1 and indulges in as many flights of fancy4 ,he speaks his mind out quite honestly1 like a thorough ,briton4444 ,he holds ,frenchmen in light esteem4 ,a bloated ',mossoo' walking in ,leicester ,square1 with a huge cigar and a little hat1 with 'billard' and 'estaminet' written on his flaccid face1 is a favourite study with him2 the unshaven jowl1 the waist tied with a string1 the boots which pad the ,quadrant pavement1 this dingy and disreputable being exercises a fascination over ,mr4 ,punch's favourite artist4 ,we trace1 too1 in his work a prejudice against the ,hebrew nation1 against the natives of an island much celebrated for its verdure and its wrongs2 these are lamentable prejudices indeed1 but what man is without his own8 ,thackeray's kindly article delighted ,leech2 he said it was like putting #a1jjj in his pocket4 ,the exhibition1 indeed1 was so splendid a success that it is said to have brought in nearly #e1jjj4 ,those who1 like ourselves1 have found it necessary to examine the ,punch volumes from their commencement in #ahda1 down to the #cast of ,december1 #ahfd1 cannot fail to be struck by the steady decrease in the number of cartoons which the artist annually designed and executed for the periodical4 ,in #aheg the number contributed was #cc2 in #aheh1 #cj2 in #ahei1 #ba2 in #ahfj1 #ae1 in #ahfa the number had fallen as low as #aj2 while in #ahfb it did not exceed #d4aef ,this decrease 7which is confined1 be it observed1 to the cartoons which he contributed to ,punch7 was due to failing health consequent on the strain of incessant production4 ,of the coming evil he himself was distinctly cognizant4 ,it is said of him that ,lord ,ossington1 then ,speaker1 once met him on the rail1 and expressed to him his hope that he enjoyed in his work some of the gratification which it afforded to others4 ,his answer was a melancholy one3--,i seem to myself to be a man who has undertaken to walk a thousand miles in a thousand hours4 ,it was certainly not such a reply as one would exactly look for1 looking only at the joyous character of the pictures he executed for ,punch4 ,he complained in #ahfb--the year at which we have arrived--of habitual weariness and sleeplessness1 and was advised to try rest and change of air4 ,he acted upon the suggestion1 and1 accompanied by his old friend ,mark ,lemon1 proceeded in that year on a short tour to ,paris1 and from thence to ,biarritz4 ,leech's pencil was not idle on this holiday1 as two of his pictures will testify4 ,the first1 ,a ,day at ,biarritz1 appears in the ,almanack of #ahfc1 and among the figures he has introduced into this delightful sketch is that of the grave and saturnine ,louis1 snapping his fingers in the highest abandon and skipping off with his friend ,punch to enjoy his ocean bath4 ,the other1 says ,mr4 ,shirley ,brooks1 is a very remarkable drawing4 ,it represents a bull-fight as seen by a decent ,christian gentleman1 and for the first time since the 'brutal fray' was invented the cold-blooded barbarity and stupidity of the show is depicted without any of the flash and flattery with which it has pleased artists to treat the atrocious scene4 ,that grim indictment of a nation professing to be civilized will be a record for many a day after the offence shall have ceased4#aeg ,leech returned from this brief visit with no appreciable benefit4 ,charles ,mackay tells us that he met him and his constant friend1 ,thackeray1 at ,evans' supper-rooms in ,december1 #ahfc4 ,they both complained of illness1 but neither of them looked ill enough to justify the belief that anything ailed them beyond a temporary indisposition1 such as all of us are subject to4 ,leech was particularly despondent1 and complained much of the annoyances to which he was subjected by the organ-grinders of ,london1 and by the dreadful railway whistles at the stations whenever he left town4 ,his nerves were evidently in a high state of tension1 and ,i recommended him1 not only as a source of health and amusement1 but of profit1 to take a voyage across the ,atlantic1 and pass six months in ,america1 where he would escape the organ-grinders1 street-music1 and the railway-whistles1 and bring back a portfolio filled with sketches of ,american and ,yankee character4 ',i am afraid1' he replied1 'that ,b4 ,e4 ,bradbury ,evans would not like it4 ,besides1 ,i should not like to be absent from ,punch for so long a time4' ',nonsense1' said ,thackeray1 ',b4 and ,e4 would highly approve1 provided you sent them sketches4 ,i think it a good idea1 and you might put five thousand pounds in your pocket by the trip4 ,the ,americans have never been truly portrayed1 as you would portray them4 ,the niggers alone would be a little fortune to you4' ,leech shook his head dubiously1 and ,i thought mournfully1 and no more was said upon the subject4#aeh ,nevertheless1 the end of one at least of these steady friends and men of genius was drawing near with sure and rapid strides4 ,both were present at the anniversary of the death of the founder of the ,charterhouse1 good old ,thomas ,sutton1 on the #abth of that same month of ,december1 #ahfc4 ,at the celebration of ,divine service at four o'clock1 ,thackeray occupied his accustomed back seat in the quaint old chapel2 from thence he went to the oration in the ,governor's room2 and as he walked up to the orator with his contribution1 the great humourist1 ,mr4 ,theodore ,taylor1 tells us1 was received with such hearty applause as only ,carthusians can give to one who has immortalized their school4#aei ,at the banquet which followed he sat by the side of ,john ,leech1 who was one of the stewards1 and proposed the time-honoured toast1 ,floreat ternum ,carthusiana ,domus1 in a speech which was received with three times three and one cheer more4 ,john ,leech replied to the toast of the stewards4 ,the day is memorable as the last ,founder's ,day1 which either of these men--so eminently distinguished in art and letters--was ever permitted to attend4 ,three days afterwards ,thackeray was present at the usual weekly ,punch dinner on the #aeth of ,december1 for1 although he had long ceased to be a regular contributor to the periodical1 he not only continued to aid the staff with his suggestion and advice1 but was a constant member of the council4#afj ,but ever since the time he was writing ,pendennis1 a dozen years before1 he had been visited periodically by attacks of sickness1 attended with violent retching4 ,one of these occurred on the morning of ,wednesday1 the #bcrd of this same month of ,december1 and he was in great suffering all day4 ,about midnight of that day1 his mother1 ,mrs4 ,carmichael ,smith1#afa who slept in the room above his own1 had heard him get up and walk about2 but as this was his habit when visited by these fell visitations1 she was not alarmed4 ,the man1 however1 was in his mortal agony2 and when his valet1 ,charles ,sargent1 entered his master's chamber on the morning of ,christmas ,eve1 and tried to arouse him1 he found that he answered not1 neither regarded1 having passed into the slumber from which the spirit of man refuses to be awakened4 ,dying ,jerrold had time vouchsafed to him to whisper1 ,tell the dear boys1 meaning his associates in ,punch1 that if ,i have ever wounded any of them1 ,i've always loved them1 and so he went his way4 ,to ,thackeray no such grace was given2 the hands peacefully spread over the coverlet1 which stirred not when ,sargent bent anxiously over his master1 proclaimed that true hearted noble ,thackeray had gone the long journey1 leaving no word of message for those who had loved him4 ,we talked of him1 said ,mr4 ,edmund ,yates1 of how1 more than any other author1 he had written about what is said of men immediately after their death--of how he had written of the death-chamber1 ',they shall come in here for the last time to you1 my friend in motley4' ,we read that marvellous sermon which the week-day preacher delivered to entranced thousands over old ,john ,sedley's dead body1 and 'sadly fell our ,christmas ,eve4' ,that same ,christmas ,eve1 the melancholy tidings were conveyed to ,mark ,lemon by his sorrowing friend1 ,john ,leech4 ,the artist was terribly affected1 and told ,millais of his presentiment that he also should die suddenly and soon4 ,in ,march1 #ahfd1 we notice the death of another author1 whose almost unrecorded name is1 nevertheless1 intimately associated with that of the artist4 ,this was ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 author of the sporting novels which the genius of ,leech has made for ever famous4 ,mr4 ,surtees for some years practised as a ,london solicitor2 but the death of an elder brother improved his position1 and enabled him to quit a profession which he disliked1 in favour of the more congenial employment of literature4 ,those of his works best known 7he published several others7 are1 of course1 ,handley ,cross1 ,sponge's ,sporting ,tour1 ,plain or ,ringlets1 ,ask ,mamma1 and ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds4 ,notwithstanding a decidedly horsey and somewhat vulgar tone1--a tone which by the way certainly did not characterize ,mr4 ,surtees himself1--they possess a certain original humour1 which will render their perusal productive of amusement4 ,he died suddenly on the #afth of ,march1 #ahfd1 in his sixty-second year4 ,it has been the habit of the contributors to ,punch1 almost from the commencement of the periodical1 to dine together every ,wednesday4 ,in the winter months the dinner was usually held in the front room of the first floor of the business premises of the proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,bradbury ,evans1 in ,bouverie ,street1 ,whitefriars4 ,sometimes these dinners were held at the ,bedford ,hotel1 ,covent ,garden4 ,during the summer months it was customary to hold ten or twelve dinners at ,greenwich1 ,richmond1 ,blackwall1 and other places in the neighbourhood of ,london4 ,on these occasions the programme 7if we may so term it7 of the forthcoming number was arranged and settled1 papers were brought out1 and the latest intelligence discussed1 so as to bring the cartoon down to the latest1 or rather one of the latest subjects of current interest4 ,at the weekly council dinner ,john ,leech was a faithful attendant4 ,these meetings1 indeed1 he thoroughly enjoyed1 and his suggestions1 not merely as to pictorial matters1 but generally1 were among the most valuable that were offered1 as may be inferred from his large knowledge of the world1 his keen sense of the ludicrous1 and his hatred of injustice and cruelty4#afb ,one of the most regular attendants of the ,punch dinners--,i think that in #ahfd1 at least1 he scarcely missed one--was the most indefatigable of the literary staff1 ,mr4 ,shirley ,brooks4 ,one was held at ,the ,bedford on the #acth of ,april1 #ahfd1 just about the time when ,lord ,john ,russell was setting out as our representative at the ,conference1 and the outcome of this particular ,punch dinner1 at which were present ,messrs4 ,mark ,lemon1 ,shirley ,brooks1 ,tom ,taylor1 ,john ,leech1 and ,percival ,leigh1 was ,leech's admirable cartoon of ,moses ,starting for the ,fair4 ,let us hope1 adds the pictorial satirist1 in special reference to his lordship's unfortunate capacity for getting himself into a mess1 that he won't bring back a gross of green spectacles4 ,it was one of the last of ,leech's political shafts1 and the subject was suggested 7we have his own authority for stating it7 by his friend and literary colleague1 ,mr4 ,shirley ,brooks4#afc ,clearly ill1 is ,mr4 ,brook's record of the state of ,john ,leech's health on this same #acth of ,april1 #ahfd4 ,he no longer found pleasure in hunting1 of which he had been exceedingly fond1 and had even discontinued1 at the order of his medical attendant1 riding on horseback4 ,he was affected with nervous irritability1 the effect of incessant application4 ,the ordinary noise of the streets--musicians1 organ-grinders1 street vendors1 and the like--worried him beyond endurance4 ,long before the period at which we have arrived these annoyances had driven him from his residence in ,brunswick ,square to seek shelter from his enemies at ,no4 #c1 ,the ,terrace1 ,kensington4 ,his nervous irritability is manifested in the designs which he continued to draw for ,punch4 ,in one of his illustrations to vol4 xlv4 7#ahfc71 depicting certain familiar sea-side nuisances1 he asks1 ,why a couple of conceited fanatics should be allowed to disturb the repose of a ,sunday afternoon by the sea-side8 and ,why the authorities at ,brighton1 so sensible and considerate in keeping the place free from the detestable organ grinders1 should permit the terrible nuisance indicated in the illustration to exist8 ,fresh prawns1 whiting1 oysters1 or watercresses1 remonstrated the persecuted artist1 are capital things in their way1 and we should think that the jaded man of occupation1 or the invalid1 would very much rather send to a respectable shop for such delicacies1 than have them 'bellowed' into his ears morning1 noon1 and night4 ,his illustrations of this character are so numerous that the ordinary observer would probably suppose that they were part only of a series2 to the observer1 however1 who knew ,leech1 they clearly indicate the nervous irritability under which he suffered1 and which was probably caused1 and certainly intensified1 by the nuisances of which he complained4 ,the state of ,leech's health in ,may1 #ahfd1 seems to me best explained in the letter which ,mark ,lemon at this time wrote to ,mr4 ,bass1 in relation to his proposed bill for the regulation of street music4 ,after showing how he himself was obliged to quit ,london to escape the nuisance of street music1 the then editor of ,punch continues3 ,a dear friend of mine1 and one to whom the public has been indebted for more than twenty years for weekly supplies of innocent amusement1 and whose name will find a place in the future history of art1 has not been so fortunate4 ,he lived in ,brunswick ,square1 and remained there until the nervous system was so seriously affected by the continual disturbance to which he was subjected while at work1 that he was compelled to abandon a most desirable home1 and seek a retreat at ,kensington4 ,after expending considerable sums to make his residence convenient for his art-work1--placing double windows to the front of his house1 etc41--he is again driven from his home by the continual visitation of street bands and organ-grinders4 ,the effect upon his health--produced1 upon my honour1 by the causes ,i have named--is so serious that he is forbidden to take horse exercise1 or indulge in fast walking1 as a palpitation of the heart has been produced--a form of angina pectoris1 ,i believe--and his friends are most anxiously concerned for his safety4 ,he is ordered to ,homburg1 and ,i know that the expatriation will entail a loss of nearly #ej a week upon him just at present4 ,i am sure ,i need not withhold from you the name of this poor gentleman4 ,it is ,mr4 ,john ,leech4 ,if those gentlemen who laugh at complaints such as this letter contains were to know what are the natural penalties of constant brain-work1 they would not encourage or defend such unnecessary inflictions as street music entails upon some of the benefactors of their age4 ,such men are the last to interfere with the enjoyments of their poorer fellow-labourers2 but they claim to be allowed to pursue their callings in peace1 and to have the comfort of their homes secured to them4 ,all they wish is to have the same immunity from the annoyances of street music as the rest of the community have from dustmen's bells1 post-horns1 and other unnecessary disturbances4 ,the terrible nature of poor ,leech's sufferings will be shown by another anecdote of ,dr4 ,mackay's4 ,just about this time he met ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,evans1 one of the proprietors of ,punch1 and asked him how ,leech was4 ,very ill1 was the reply2 the sufferings he endures from noise are painful to think of4 ,i took him down into the country a little while ago to stay a week1 or as much longer as he pleased1 promising him that he should hear no organ-grinders there1 nor railway whistles1 nor firing of guns4 ,the next morning on getting up to breakfast1 ,i found that he had packed up his portmanteau and was ready to depart4 ',i cannot stay any longer here1' he said1 'the noise drives me frantic6' ',what noise8' ',the gardener whetting his scythe4 ,it goes through my ears like a corkscrew4' ,and nothing that ,i could say could prevail upon him to prolong his visit4 ,but there was no falling off in the quality of the work which ,leech executed for ,punch or other employers at this time2 on the contrary1 his drawings seemed to me marked by more than their usual excellence4 ,witness more especially the few etchings he lived to finish for ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds1 and the coloured etching to ,punch's ,pocket ,book of the year4 ,one of the illustrations which he designed for the #ahfd edition of the ,ingoldsby ,legends1 and which shows us one of his stalwart servant girls drawing up the trunkless head of ,st4 ,genulphus from the bottom of the well1 appears to me to call for special notice4 ,i would ask the reader to observe the details of that perfectly marvellous drawing1 executed with all the effect and at a fifth of the labour which ,george ,cruikshank in his best days would have bestowed upon it4 ,i would entreat him to mark that wicked1 graceless1 bald-pated old head1 with its port wine nose resting on the rim of the bucket1 and its wicked old eye suggestively winking unutterable things at the perplexed and astounded maiden4 ,i would ask him to look at that drawing2 to take into account the health of the genial1 failing artist who designed it2 and to tell me1 whether in all the range of ,english comic art he remembers to have met with anything more intensely comical8 ,we find ,john ,leech and his able coadjutor1 ,mr4 ,john ,tenniel1 present at the ,punch dinner of ,wednesday1 the #aeth of ,june2 but shortly afterwards he started on the journey ordered by his medical advisers1 and set off for ,homburg in the company of his friend1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,elmore1 sojourning afterwards for a time at ,schwalbach4 ,he was absent altogether about six weeks4 ,a record in the diary to which ,i am indebted for so much information in relation to him tells me1 under date of #ajth ,august1 ,leech has returned from ,germany1 but ,i am sorry to say ,i don't think he is stronger4 ,the sole result1 in fact1 obtained was that his mind was amused by his visit to new scenery1 while his sketch-book was filled with valuable memorials of the sojourn for future use4 ,he was present at the ,punch dinner on ,wednesday1 the #agth of ,august1 and suggested to his colleagues by way of cartoon the subject of ,the ,american ,juggernaut4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,robson4 ,just at the time when ,leech came back from ,germany1 unbenefited by the change which it was hoped would recruit his exhausted strength1 a great artist in another and a different walk in art1 one who had not used his genius 7we will not say his opportunities1 for we doubt whether they were really given him7 to the best advantage1 took his departure from the scene of many triumphs and greater disappointments3 this was ,thomas ,frederick ,robson1 the actor4 ,he had been so long absent from the boards1 that the event failed to create the sensation which might have been expected from the sudden fall of a theatrical star of such unquestionable magnitude4 ,full justice has been done to his remarkable genius elsewhere2 and all united in regret that a man who was so great an artist1 and might have been a greater1 had been prematurely lost to the theatrical world4 ,those who remember ,robson and his marvellous powers1--the lightning-like flashes of energy he was wont to throw into his parts1--his startling transition from passion to passion1--will agree with us that1 if circumstances had led him to study the higher drama1 his name would probably have occupied a place side by side with the more prominent names of ,george ,frederick ,cooke1 ,edmund ,kean1 and our own ,irving4 ,the remarkable power wasted on burlesque1 or thrown away in the delineation of low life character1 must assuredly have made itself felt in tragedy2 and the genius manifested in the mock ,shylock of ,robson1 would have enabled him to offer a splendid presentment of the real ,hebrew1 and as perfect a realization of the character of ,richard the ,third as has ever perhaps been seen4 ,his comedy--when opportunity was given him of displaying it--was full of true humour4 ,he had in fact1 in a remarkable degree1 all the qualities of a splendid actor2 but it was his peculiar misfortune that he had never a proper opportunity given him of displaying them4 ,the fact that he was enormously popular was nothing1 for many men are popular with not a tithe of the gifts or power which distinguished ,robson4 ,the favour of the general1 except in a sordid sense1 is not worth much in these days4 ,a proof of this is to be found in the fact that the name of ,robson--after the lapse of twenty years--is scarcely known to the ordinary playgoer2 but his genius1 while he lived1 was recognised by those whose applause is not easily earned1 and was therefore worth the earning4 ,within a week or ten days after his return from the ,continent1 ,leech went with his family to ,whitby1 in the hope that the fresh ,yorkshire sea air would invigorate and brace up his shattered system4 ,some friends were staying there at the time1 and among them a young artist then comparatively new to ,punch1 but who has been for years past one of its leading pictorial supporters#afd--,mr4 ,du ,maurier4 ,during his sojourn here1 ,i find him writing to his friends the ,brookses1 that if they would join him1 it would induce him to prolong his stay4 ,they went accordingly1 and remained at ,whitby until the artist returned to town on the #crd of ,october4 ,leech1 when we could induce him to leave the painting in oil1 to which he devoted too many hours1 enjoyed the drives into the wild moors1 and up and down the terrible but picturesque roads2 and he was still more delighted with the rich woods1 deep glades1 and glorious views about ,mulgrave ,castle4 ,i hoped1 continues ,shirley ,brooks1 in the touching memorial which he contributed to the ,illustrated ,london ,news only a few weeks afterwards1 ,i hoped that good was being done2 but it was very hard to stir him from his pictures1 of which he declared that he must finish a great number by ,christmas4 ,it was not for want of earnest and affectionate remonstrance of those close by his side1 nor lack of such remonstrance being seconded by myself and others1 that he persevered in overlabour at these paintings1 which he had undertaken with his usual generosity1 in order to enable himself to provide a very large sum of money for the benefit of his relatives1 not of his own household4 ,it need hardly be said that he was never pressed for work by his old friend the editor of ,punch4 ,for a long time past his contribution to that periodical had not exceeded one half-page engraving each week2 but at ,whitby he elaborated a large sketch1 originally taken at ,schwalbach1 which is worthy of mention as being the last of his cartoons4 ,it will be found in vol4 xlvii4 7#ahfd71 and is labelled ,the ,weinbrunnen ,schwalbach1 and among the company drinking the waters he has introduced the late ,emperor ,louis1 the late ,king of ,italy1 the late ,pope1 and other notable political personages4 ,the light esteem in which he held everything ,french is notable in this drawing4 ,conspicuous in the foreground are several dogs belonging to the ,english turnspit breed1 one of which views a yapping ,french poodle with the most unmitigated disdain4 ,the landscape and surroundings in this composition deserve particular attention1 as they are charming examples of ,leech's oft-admitted talent as a landscape artist4 ,in the diary ,i find several reminiscences of the ,whitby visit1 and of the walks and drives and dinners with the ,leeches4 ,shirley ,brooks and his wife drove with them to ,mulgrave ,castle and its glorious woods1 on the #bith of ,september2 the former afterwards went to a concert at ,st4 ,hilda's ,hall1 in reference to which ,i find the following entry3--,grisi1 ,mario1 ,sainton and his wife4 ,i wrote to the latter1 and went round to see them between the parts4 ,introduced to ,grisi1 who was in a vile temper1 something about rooms4 ,shirley ,brooks sent also the following characteristic account of the entertainment to the ,musical ,world3-- ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1-- ,owls1 like other quadrupeds1 must have holidays1 and ,i have flown hither4 ,but the wind has changed1 and the owl1 for all his feathers1 is a-cold1 as the poet observes4 ,i shall return to the ,metropolis--templa quam dilecta--as ,plautus might have said in his ,owlowlaria1 if he had liked4 ,i never thought much of these ,latin dramatists1 and indeed ,i never would read any of their works4 ,for that matter1 the works of few dramatists are worth reading4 ,and while on the subject1 ,i may add1 that few writings of any kind are worth reading4 ,herein ,i am at one with ,thomas ,carlyle1 and show my admiration of what he says by absolutely declining to read his ',frederick the ,great4' ,possibly ,i might not have expended the postage stamp affixed to this letter had ,i intended only to offer you the above interesting information4 ,i could have given you this at the ,keppell's ,arms during one of those many refections which ,i hope to partake with you at that hostelry4 ,but ,i wish to record something that may have an immediate interest4 ,there is a hall here called ,st4 ,hilda's ,hall1 and it is used for public purposes4 ,it is furnished with a large scene-like painting of ,whitby1 is very hot1 and is near the harbour1 which at low tide emitteth odours which are odious2 and ,i think that it is always low tide4 ,there was a concert in this hall in the afternoon1 and also in the evening1 of the ,feast of ,s4 ,michael and ,all ,angels4 ,two of the latter came here to sing4 ,you know them in ,london as ,madame ,grisi and ,madame ,sainton-,dolby4 ,with them came ,signor ,mario and ,m4 ,sainton1 and also ,herr ,m4 ,lutz and ,mr4 ,patey4 ,they all sang or played4 ,verily1 my friend and pitcher 7for thou pitchest stones deftly1 as it were71 it was a refreshment1 yea1 and a consolation1 to hear their voices and their instruments4 ,i will not give you a catalogue of their musical deeds1 for ,i had a bill1 but it was borrowed from me by a large ,yorkshireman1 and he was so very large that ,i did not like to demand it again4 ,nevertheless1 ,la ,diva sang ,the ,last ,rose of ,summer1 a la ,flotow1 and made me think of many things--are they not written in the book of the ,chronicles of ,benjamin1 whose name is ,lumley8 ,likewise she sang something out of ,faust1 with il ,signor1 and other matters1 whereof no matter--is it not enough to have seen and heard her8 ,but commend me1 7not that ,i need your commendation7 to ,madame ,sainton-,dolby1 inasmuch as that lady sang ,handel's ',lascia ch'o pianga1' and sang it nobly1 and sang ,smart's ',lady of the ,lea1' and sang ,claribel's ',maggie's ,secret1' and sang it divinely4 ,you know what ,m4 ,sainton can do with his violin1 but you do not know what he cannot do with it1 nor do ,i4 ,il ,signor ,mario put forth his powers chivalrously1 and broke many hearts among the fair ,york roses4 ,la ,diva was dressed in white4 ,madame ,sainton-,dolby was dressed in pink4 ,i was dressed in a black coat1 waistcoat1 and trowsers1 white cravat1 lavender gloves1 and patent leather boots1 and the little boys of ,whitby1 unaccustomed to such splendour1 cheered me as ,i came out1 privately and alone1 to dip my beak in the gascon wine1 that is1 in some excellent beer1 in which ,i now drink your health4 ,if you have another reporter1 your own special1 in the town 7,i saw two or three persons who looked disreputable and enthusiastic enough to be musical critics--or even dustmen71 and he has kept sober and sent you a report1 you need not print this4 ,i do not care a horse's mamma whether you print it or not4 ,but ,i had a delightful evening1 and ,i do not care who knows it2 in fact1 ,i wish everybody to know it1 and that is why ,i write to your widely circulated 7and widely yawned-over7 journal4 ,you have not been over civil to me of late1 which is very ungrateful4 ,you may say1 with an attempt at wit1 that the owl was a baker's child1 and therefore crusty4 ,i believe that you could win the prize for the worst conundrum in any circus in ,yorkshire4 ,receive the assurance of my profound respect4 ,ever yours1 ,,whitby4 ,,zamiel',s ,,owl4 ,while at ,whitby1 a deputation from the ,institute of that town waited on ,john ,leech1 to ask him to attend at a meeting and speak in promotion of the interests of their association4 ,on that day he happened to be too ill to bear an interview with more than one of the gentlemen who composed the deputation1 and was obliged in consequence to refuse the request4 ,but the refusal gave the kindly1 failing man serious disquietude1 and fearing it might be thought ungracious1 he forthwith sent for all his sketches of character from ,london and presented them to the ,institute4 ,fechter was the leading dramatic star of that time1 and his opening night differed from the commencement of other theatrical seasons in the fact that it invariably attracted together some of the best known men in literature and art4 ,at the opening of the ,lyceum on ,saturday1 the #bbnd of ,october1 were present ,messrs4 ,charles ,dickens1 ,shirley ,brooks1 ,hollingshead1 ,oxenford1 ,horace ,mayhew1 ,edmund ,yates1 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith1 ,r4,a41 ,creswick1 ,r4,a41 ,marcus ,stone1 ,mr4 ,burnand 7the present editor of ,punch71 and ,serjeant ,ballantine4 ,the new piece1 said ,mr4 ,yates1 was splendidly mounted1 and never1 even in ,paris1 have ,i seen ,mr4 ,fechter play so perfectly4#afe ,the said piece was called ,the ,king's ,butterfly1 and ,mr4 ,brooks says of it that1 barring the splendid scenery1 it was rubbish pure and simple4 ,the ,leeches left ,whitby on the #crd of ,october1 breaking their journey at ,york4 ,the artist seemed somewhat better1 and ten days after their return we find them at a party at the house of ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith1 ,r4,a41 among the company being ,messrs4 ,elmore1 ,creswick1 ,yates1 ,george ,cruikshank1 ,solomon ,hart1 and others4 ,between the date of this party1 on ,thursday the #acth1 and that of the usual ,punch dinner1 on ,wednesday the #bfth of ,october1 at which the artist was present1 a visible change had1 however1 taken place in the appearance of ,john ,leech4 ,shirley ,brooks afterwards had occasion to notice that at this ,punch dinner he complained of illness and pain1 and ,i saw that it was difficult to make him completely grasp the meaning of things that were said to him without two or three repetitions4 ,he left early with ,tom ,taylor4#aff ,on the #bhth of ,october1 the artist himself was conscious that something was wrong4 ,he visited ,dr4 ,quain1 who assured him that his only chance lay in complete and entire rest2 and1 on returning home1 he wrote a note in pencil addressed to his old friend1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,evans1 in which he mentioned his interview with the medical man1 and added that he hoped to complete a cut for which a messenger was to be sent1 but that he was not sure of being able to finish it4 ,a messenger was sent in obedience to his desire1 but he returned empty-handed4 ,we return at this point to the diary of ,mr4 ,shirley ,brooks4 ,i called1 he says 7#bith of ,october71 at #bg1 ,bouverie ,street1 and heard from ,evans that he was very ill4 ,we went off to the ,terrace1 ,kensington4 ,he was in bed1 but no one seemed frightened1 and there was a child's party--a small one4 ,mrs4 ,leech was in tears1 but certainly had no reason to apprehend the worst4 ,he would have seen us4 ,we remained three-quarters of an hour or so1 but an opiate had been given1 so it was of course felt that he ought not to be disturbed4 ,arranged to meet ,evans at three next day2 but the fatal messenger1 who will call for each and every of us1 had already delivered his summons1 and never more 7in life7 were either of the friends fated to see ,john ,leech again4 ,at seven o'clock that night1 continues the narrator 7in another place#afg71 it pleased ,god to release him from sufferings so severe as even to make the brave1 patient1 enduring man say that they were almost more than he could bear4 ,mr4 ,evans called on ,brooks the following day 7,sunday1 #cjth ,october74 ,after hearing all he could say1 ,i went with him to telegraph to ,mark ,lemon1 and also to ,leech's4 ,millais and ,leigh at the door--heard much from them4 ,mrs4 ,chester came up--,charles ,eaton1 ,mrs4 ,leech's brother and best friend1 had come4 ,we went in and saw him 444 and the poor mother1 and two of the sisters1 and afterwards to the chamber of death4 ,he looked noble in his calm2 the hair and whiskers put back1 gave up his fine forehead and handsome features--and the eternal stillness gave his face an elevated expression4 ,i looked a very long time on my old friend's face4 ,we have known one another many years1 and he has been engaged with me in business as well as in pleasure4 ,he was very kind--very good--and is in heaven1 whatever that means4 ,london was1 perhaps1 more shocked at the sudden and unexpected death of ,john ,leech than even when ,thackeray was smitten4 ,the shock radiated all over the country2 for there was not a household in the land in which his name was not familiar as a household word4 ,his personal friends were deeply affected--none more so than his attached friend1 ,charles ,dickens4 ,writing at the time to ,forster1 in reference to his coming book1 ,our ,mutual ,friend1 he said1 ,i have not done my number4 ,this death of poor ,leech 7,i suppose7 has put me out woefully4 ,yesterday1 and the day before1 ,i could do nothing2 seemed1 for the time being1 to have quite lost the power2 and am only by slow degrees getting back into the track to day4 ,mr4 ,john ,tenniel heard of the loss of his valued confrre that same ,sunday1 #cjth ,october1 and was stunned at the news1 totally unexpected by him4#afh ,a special meeting of the ,punch staff was called by ,mark ,lemon on the following day2 himself1 ,messrs4 ,percival ,leigh1 ,shirley ,brooks1 ,f4 ,c4 ,burnand1 ,tom ,taylor1 ,charles ,keene1 ,h4 ,silver1 ,john ,tenniel1--all were present with the exception of ,horace ,mayhew4 ,with the particulars of that meeting we of course have nothing to do2 its melancholy character the reader may well imagine4 ,on ,friday1 the #dth of ,november1 #ahfd1 they laid ,john ,leech to rest in ,kensal ,green ,cemetery1 in the next grave but one to ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray4 ,when ,annie ,thackeray heard of the death1 she had said to ,mrs4 ,millais1 ',how glad my father will be to meet him6' ',and he will1' adds the friend whose note we have transcribed4#afi ,we take the account of his burial from ,mr4 ,edmund ,yates's impressive and touching account in the ,morning ,star newspaper4 ,the scene round the grave was a most impressive one4 ,there1 ranged round the coffin1 stood the remnant of that famous body of wits who had caused the name of ,punch to be famous at the ends of the earth2 there1 in the coffin1 lay all that was earthly of him who1 more than any of them1 had helped to spread its renown1 and to win for himself a name familiar as a household word in all our ,english homes4 ,by its side stood ,mark ,lemon1 who1 for two and twenty years has presided over the weekly dinner where the good things are suggested1 and the weekly sheet whereon they are inscribed2 who has seen comrades fall out of the ranks in the march of life1 and perish by the wayside4 ,and such comrades6 ,gone the brilliant1 meteoric ,a',beckett2 fiery1 impulsive1 scathing ,jerrold2 playfully cynical ,thackeray2 and now--,john ,leech6 ,there stood ,shirley ,brooks1 who since ,jerrold's death has been ,punch's literary mainstay2 ,tom ,taylor1 working now in other channels1 but still attached to the staff2 ,horace ,mayhew and ,percival ,leigh1 old colleagues of the dead man2 ,f4 ,c4 ,burnand and ,h4 ,silver1 the youngest of the corps2 and ,john ,tenniel1 who had taken ,mr4 ,doyle's place on his secession1 and worked in thorough amity with ,leech4 ,over the coffin bowed the handsome head of ,millais in overwhelming grief4 ,all round one caught glimpses of well-known people4 ,there1 in the front rank of the crowd1 was the frank1 earnest face of ,charles ,dickens2 by him ,alexander ,munro1 the sculptor2 there a group of artists--,messrs4 ,creswick1 ,o',neil1 and ,elmore2#agj ,messrs4 ,mowbray1 ,morris1 ,dallas1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,russell1 of the ,times4 ,at the back of the grave1 by the canopy1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,frith1 ,r4,a42 near him a group of journalists--,messrs4 ,friswell1 ,halliday1 ,gruneison2 ,mr4 ,swain1 the engraver1 who had had for years the engraving of ,mr4 ,leech's drawings2 ,richard ,doyle2 ,mr4 ,orridge1 the barrister2 the ,rev4 ,c4 ,currey1 preacher of the ,charter ,house2 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,wilkinson1 who had had ,john ,leech for his school-fellow and fag at ,charter ,house2 while amateur art was worthily represented by ,messrs4 ,arthur ,lewis1 ,m4 ,f4 ,halliday1 and ,jopling4 ,and there1 in the bright autumn sunshine1 they laid him to his rest4 ,sir ,t4 ,n4 ,talfourd relates that at the burial of ,charles ,lamb1 'the true-hearted son of ,admiral ,burney refused to be comforted4' ,it is our task to record that round the grave of ,john ,leech there was not a dry eye1 and that some of his old companions were very painfully affected4 ,the most beautiful part of the service was read by ,mr4 ,hole1#aga in an earnest manner1 broken occasionally by convulsions of grief which he had some difficulty in repressing1 while here and there among the crowd loud sobs told of hearty though humble mourners4 ,on the #abth of ,november1 #ahfd1 there appeared in the pages of the periodical he had so well served1 whose pages he has permanently enriched with some of the choicest specimens of graphic satire1 and with whose fortunes he had been associated from the commencement1 the following touching notice from the pen of his friend1 the late ,shirley ,brooks3-- ,,john ,,leech1 ,,obiit ,,october ,,xxix1 ,,mdccclxiv1 tat #df4 ,the simplest words are best where all words are vain4 ,ten days ago a great artist1 in the noon of life1 and with his glorious mental faculties in full power1 but with the shade of physical infirmity darkening upon him1 took his accustomed place among friends who have this day held his pall4 ,some of them had been fellow-workers with him for a quarter of a century1 others for fewer years2 but to know him well was to love him dearly1 and all in whose name these lines are written mourn as for a brother4 ,his monument is in the volumes of which this is one sad leaf1 and in a hundred works which at this hour few will remember more easily than those who have just left his grave4 ,while society1 whose every phase he has illustrated with a truth1 a grace1 and a tenderness heretofore unknown to satiric art1 gladly and proudly takes charge of his fame1 they1 whose pride in the genius of a great associate was equalled by their affection for an attached friend1 would leave on record that they have known no kindlier1 more refined1 or more generous nature than that of him who has been thus early called to his rest4 ,,november ,,the ,,fourth4 ,,footnotes3 #aef ,i estimate the number of his cartoons as nearly as possible as follows3-- #ahdb #c #ahej #cg #aheh #cj #ahdc #aa #ahea #db #ahei #ba #ahdd #db #aheb #ce #ahfj #ae #ahde #dc #ahec #cb #ahfa #aj #ahdf #ce #ahed #cd #ahfb #d #ahdg #ce #ahee #da #ahfc #c #ahdh #ch #ahef #cc #ahfd #d #ahdi #cg #aheg #cc #aeg ,shirley ,brooks in ,illustrated ,london ,news of #aith ,november1 #ahfd4 #aeh ,charles ,mackay's ,forty ,years' ,recollections4 #aei ,thackeray the ,humourist and the ,man of ,letters1 p4 #ab4 #afj ,,ms4 ,diary of the late ,shirley ,brooks1 #ast ,january1 #ahfd4 #afa ,died on the #ahth of ,december1 #ahfd1 exactly within a year from the date of her son's death4 #afb ,shirley ,brooks in ,illustrated ,london ,news of #aith ,november1 #ahfd4 #afc ,i suggested the cut1 ,moses being dressed for the ,fair1 ,johnny ,russell for the ,conference4 ,,ms4 ,diary of the late ,shirley ,brooks4 #afd ,the first time ,i find mention of his name is on the #bbnd of ,march1 #ahfd1 when the late ,shirley ,brooks met him at a party at ,mr4 ,ernest ,hart's1 #fi1 ,wimpole ,street4 ,some years afterwards1 he adds in a note1 ,met him next at ,whitby4 ,i first meet with his name at a ,punch council1 #gth ,november1 #ahfd3 ,dumaurier first time4 #afe ,mr4 ,yates in ,morning ,star4 #aff ,,ms4 ,diary of ,shirley ,brooks3 #bith ,october1 #ahfd4 #afg ,illustrated ,london ,news1 #aith ,november1 #ahfd4 #afh ,,ms4 ,diary of ,mr4 ,shirley ,brooks4 #afi ,ibid4 #agj ,h4 ,k4 ,browne 7,phiz71 ,t4 ,landseer1 ,george ,cruikshank1 ,marcus ,stone1 ,sir ,john ,gilbert1 and ,mr4 ,philips1 ,r4,a41 were also present4 #aga ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,reynolds ,hole1 author of ,a ,little ,tour in ,ireland1 to which his friend1 ,john ,leech 7who accompanied him71 contributed some of the most charming of his illustrations4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,a ,,book ,,illustrator3 ,,hablot ,,knight ,,browne4 ,in a work dealing with comic artists and caricaturists1 one is somewhat puzzled to decide what place to assign to the distinguished draughtsman who died a year and a half ago4 ,ultimus ,romanorum1 the last of the great trio of designers1 ,cruikshank1 ,leech1 and ,browne1 his career offers to us a singular paradox2 for although not born a comic artist 7as we shall endeavour presently to show71 he executed a vast number of comic illustrations2 and while1 so far as we know1 never guilty of a caricature in his life1 the larger portion of his drawings are caricatures pure and simple4 ,we might cite a hundred examples of this tendency to exaggeration1 but one shall suffice4 ,in the etching wherein ,miss ,nickleby is introduced to her uncle's objectionable friends1 ,miss ,nickleby as well as the friends are remarkable for the largeness of their heads and the flimsiness of their bodies2 while the men1 if not exactly like those described by ,pliny1 or quoted from him 7without acknowledgment7 by our ,sir ,john ,mandeville1 are at any rate too grotesque for human beings4 ,if humanity offers to our study in daily life a variety in form1 face1 and feature1 comprising eccentricities as well as excellencies1 such specimens1 nevertheless1 as poor ,smike or ,mr4 ,mantalini were never designed in its atelier4 ,illustration3 ,,phiz4 ,master ,humphrey's ,clock1 #ahdj-a4 ,,the ,,departure4 ,face p4 #ccf4 ,the artist's invincible tendency to exaggeration1 that is caricature 7in the ,johnsonian definition of the word71 was observed by his friend and ally1 the late ,charles ,james ,lever1 who remarked with reference to his illustrations of the novel of ,jack ,hinton1 ,browne's sketches are as usual caricatures2 they make my scenes too riotous and disorderly4 ,the character of my books for uproarious people and incident ,i owe mainly to ,master ,phiz4#agb ,when ,samuel ,lover was sent over to ,brussels by ,mc,glashan1 the publisher1 to take a likeness of the novelist1 he was accompanied by ,browne1 the object of whose visit was to confer with the author on the subject of these very illustrations4 ,lever was so anxious to restrain him from caricaturing his countrymen1 that he even begged ,browne to accompany him to ,dublin for the purpose of seeing the natives1 instead of the wretched specimens of ,milesian humanity to be met with in ,london4 ,,lack ,,of ,,vitality4 ,another fault of this artist1 which will be apparent to any one acquainted with his work1 is the weakness of his outline1 and the singular absence of solidity1 stability1 and even of vitality in his figures4 ,there is no lack of powerful situations in ,frank ,smedley's novel of ,lewis ,arundel1 but ,browne's illustrations are characterised by an utter absence of vitality1 while shadow usurps the place of substantial bone and muscle4 ,there are the usual thread-paper men in tail hats1 with trousers so tightly strapped to their feet that they must go through the tedium of existence in intolerable discomfort4 ,in one picture he shows us a fragile1 attenuated man holding another fragile1 attenuated man over the well of a staircase by the waistband of his trousers1 a feat which1 difficult of performance to a ,hercules1 would be absolutely beyond the power of a person so fragile1 so absolutely destitute of bone and muscle1 as the hero of this particular episode4 ,the weakness of which we now speak becomes strikingly apparent when he enables us to compare him with either of the distinguished trio to which he himself belonged4 ,such an opportunity offers itself in ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees' novel of ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds4 ,compare ,john ,leech's illustration1 ,fresh as a ,four-,year ,old 7the last he executed for the novelist before his firm1 free hand was paralysed by death71 with ,hablot ,knight ,browne's first etching in the same book4 ,a better subject1 surely1 could scarcely have been selected3 the hounds have just been let out of the kennel1 and in actual life would1 of course1 be scampering over the place in all the exuberant consciousness of canine freedom2 the scene1 in fact1 would be redolent of life and excitement1 which is wholly wanting to ,browne's illustration4 ,phiz1 from boyhood1 had been accustomed to horses1 and frequently hunted with the ,surrey hounds1 and to this circumstance is due the facility with which he usually delineated horses in the hunting field4 ,in the delineation of hunting scenes1 however1 he falls far behind ,john ,leech1 and this inferiority is strikingly manifested in the illustration to which we are now referring4 ,if you compare the fragile men1 horses1 and hounds1 with those in ,leech's last etching1 you cannot fail to be struck with the vigour and life-like reality of the latter drawing4 ,browne's women as a rule are delicate1 fragile1 consumptive-looking creatures4 ,the one in the etching referred to is both physically weak and a bad horsewoman to boot--sitting her horse with all the ungracefulness of a sack of flour4 ,another weakness of ,hablot ,knight ,browne is a tendency to reproduce4 ,if you look at any of his interiors1 it will be apparent to you that the men and women--the furniture and fittings--the room itself1 you have seen any number of times before4 ,charles ,chesterfield becomes ,nicholas ,nickleby1 and ,nicholas ,nickleby ,harry ,lorrequer2 and with the slightest possible rearrangement1 the scenes in which these gentlemen figure from time to time are so much alike1 that we are reminded for all the world of the set scenes and artificial backgrounds of a photographer's1 studio4 ,take ,nicholas ,nickleby1 by way of example3 the room in which old ,ralph ,nickleby first finds his poor relations1 does duty 7with the slightest possible rearrangement7 for the ,yorkshire schoolmaster's room at the ,saracen's ,head2 while a room in ,kenwig's house becomes successively an apartment in ,mr4 ,mantalini's residence1 a green-room1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,nickleby's office1 ,mr4 ,charles ,cheeryble's room1 a hairdresser's shop1 and so on4 ,the illustrations to a novel may not inaptly be compared to the scenery and characters of a drama1 and a theatre furnished with such a dearth of scenery and properties1 would be a poor affair indeed4 ,this tendency to reproduction becomes strikingly apparent wherever a romantic hero puts in an appearance4 ,thus1 ,mrs4 ,trollope's ,charles ,chesterfield in a frock coat1 becomes in a tailcoat ,charles ,dickens's ,nicholas ,nickleby2 in another frock coat1 ,martin ,chuzzlewit2 while a military surtout converts him1 with equal facility1 into ,charles ,lever's ,jack ,hinton or ,harry ,lorrequer1 according to the exigencies of the costume4 ,the strange part of it is that this peculiarity is shown almost exclusively in the delineation of heroes of fiction4 ,the imagination of the artist is evidently impressed by marked and clearly defined characters such as ,squeers1 ,pecksniff1 ,gamp1 ,dombey1 ,macstinger1 ,quilp1 or ,carker1 and their identity as a rule is admirably preserved4 ,if pressed for an explanation1 it is possible that ,browne might have pleaded that heroes of romance present for the most part1 with a few notable exceptions1 a strong family likeness1 being little better than dummies1 introduced by their authors for the purpose of setting off personages possessed of greater force of character and decision of purpose4 ,be this as it may1 the singular failing we refer to is certainly no mere fancy of our own4 ,charles ,lever himself complained that in the supper scene of his second number1 ,lorrequer bore so striking a resemblance to his contemporary1 ,nicholas ,nickleby2 while his biographer1 ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick1 observes that the identity of ,harry ,lorrequer is never maintained throughout the novel1 that mercurial hero being alternately represented old1 young1 good-looking1 and ugly4 ,so much indeed was ,lever impressed with the fact1 that he actually besought the artist to represent ,o',malley the same person throughout the book4 ,a knowledge of ,irish physiognomy was essential to any illustrator of ,lever's novels1 and ,hablot ,knight ,browne was so innocent of this knowledge that the author begged him to go down to the ,house of ,commons and study the faces of the ,irish members there1 as the only accessible method of obtaining the necessary insight in ,england4 ,hypercriticism1 happily1 would be out of place in a work dealing with caricaturists and graphic humourists of the nineteenth century4 ,faults such as those the author has ventured to indicate appear to him faults indeed of a grave character2 but1 while conscious of defects which cannot fail to be patent to the most ordinary observer1 he is conscious at the same time of the great abilities of the artist1 who like those of whom he has already treated1 has passed over to the ranks of the great majority4 ,if the scenery and properties are sometimes poor1--if there is no genius1 and oftentimes a lack of decision and reality1 there is on the other hand no lack of talent2 and there are many designs of ,hablot ,knight ,browne which place him in the very first rank of ,english book illustrators4 ,his etching of ,the ,goblin and the ,sexton 7the eccentric yew-tree notwithstanding71 ,mr4 ,pickwick in the ,pound1 and the very admirable little etchings which we find in that rare ,paper of ,tobacco by ,joseph ,fume1 may be favourably compared with some of the best comic illustrations of ,george ,cruikshank himself4 ,illustration3 ,,phiz4 ,master ,humphrey's ,clock1 #ahdj-a4 ,,dick ,,swiveller ,,and ,,the ,,lodger4 ,face p4 #cdj4 ,,nicholas ,,nickelby4 ,can any picture tell its story better than that first illustration to ,nicholas ,nickleby1 where old ,ralph pays his visit to his poor relations8 ,mark the supercilious air with which the vulgar moneylender hands his hat to ,nicholas1 and the unveiled contempt with which he receives the attentions of poor ,mrs4 ,nickleby and her daughter4 ,a no less admirable illustration is the one wherein we see the ,yorkshire schoolmaster nibbing his pen1 whilst ,snawley consigns his wretched step-sons to the tender mercies of the principal of ,do-the-boys ,hall4 ,observe the extraordinary anatomical proportions1 hat and toggery1 of ,mr4 ,newman ,noggs1 as he stretches up to the top of the coach to hand a letter to ,nicholas4 ,regard the nightcap and head-gear of the detestable ,mrs4 ,squeers1 as she administers matutinal brimstone and treacle to the starving pupils of ,do-the-boys ,hall4 ,mark the astonishment of ,squeers and his victim1 as the savage goes down under the thundering blows of ,nickleby's cane4 ,look at the old imbecile declaring his passion for the foolish ,mrs4 ,nickleby4 ,behold his knee-breeches and shorts protruding from the chimney1 when his benighted intellect prompted him1 at the imminent hazard of strangulation1 to pay a visit to the object of his affections via that unusually circuitous route4 ,look at the fatal brawl between ,sir ,mulberry ,hawk and his hopeful pupil2 and rejoice at the final retributive justice which overtakes ,mrs4 ,squeers1 when she falls into the hands of her late victims1 and is drenched in her turn with the loathsome brew she had so long administered to themselves4 ,,martin ,,chuzzlewit4 ,specially noteworthy is the bright little picture on the title-page1 where the coach1 with its spanking four-in-hand1 gallops on its distant journey after depositing ,martin ,chuzzlewit at his destination4 ,the guard1 as he mounts up behind1 watches with curious interest ,pecksniff's unctuous reception of the new pupil4 ,nothing can well be cleverer than his realization of the ,pleasant ,little ,family ,party at ,mr4 ,pecksniff's1 where that hypocritical personage1 surrounded by foes1 assumes a look of persecuted benevolence1 and gravely requests his daughter1 when he takes his chamber candlestick that night1 to remind him to be more particular in praying for ,mr4 ,anthony ,chuzzlewit1 who had done him an injustice4 ,the ,warm ,reception of ,mr4 ,pecksniff by his ,venerable ,friend gives us the liveliest satisfaction4 ,if old ,chuzzlewit's face is one of the caricatures referred to1 it must be remembered that it is distorted with passion1 and the fact is forgotten in the satisfaction with which we hail the detection and punishment of the whining rascal1 the sting of which is envenomed by the astounding revelation that all the while he has been weaving his web of falsehood around his intended victim1 he himself has been the dupe of the man he had schemed so long to hoodwink and deceive4 ,,the ,,old ,,curiosity ,,shop4 ,regard again ,quilp1 the dwarf1 and his elfin errand boy 7in the ,old ,curiosity ,shop71 enjoying the agonies of ,sampson ,brass as he essays to smoke a long churchwarden4 ,behold ,quilp upon his back taunting the large fierce dog with hideous grimaces1 triumphant in the consciousness that the shortness of his chain will not permit him to advance another inch4 ,look at ,mrs4 ,jarley's wax-work brigand1 with the blackest possible head and the clearest possible complexion1 going his rounds in the company of little ,nell1 his eyes fixed on the miniature of his lady-love1 and his hand pressed to his stomach instead of his heart4 ,behold the dwarf once more1 as he entertains ,sampson and his sister ,sally in the ruined outhouse overlooking the river2 the rain pours down on the head of the hapless attorney1 who1 with coat buttoned up to the chin1 and evidently suffering from severe influenza1 looks the picture of shivering discomfort4 ,although in no better plight herself1 ,sally rejoices in the sufferings of her brother1 and as she sips her tea1 her repulsive features are distorted with a hideous grin of satisfaction4 ,quilp1 seated on his barrel beneath the only remnants of a roof1 occupies a comparatively dry corner1 and looks the very picture of rollicking fun and enjoyment4 ,,bunsby4 ,but incomparably one of the best of ,browne's comic illustrations is the one in ,dombey1 wherein ,captain ,cuttle encounters ,mrs4 ,macstinger in charge of ,bunsby1 bent on rivetting matrimonial chains upon that confused and ancient mariner4 ,bunsby is one of the happiest of ,dickens's creations2 stupid as an owl1 he has nevertheless an oracular mode of delivering himself1 and the simple-minded ,cuttle places as much reliance upon this wooden-headed sailor as the ancients did on the mysterious utterance of the ,delphic ,apollo4 ,that the powerful will of ,macstinger should hold himself in subjugation so long as he was under the dominion of her eye was a matter of course2 but that this man of wisdom should be so easily boarded and captured by the enemy1 is so absolutely beyond his simple comprehension that he scratches his head in sheer amazement4 ,as for poor ,bunsby1 the cup of his humiliation is full4 ,so far as his wooden features are capable of expression1 they indicate two distinct trains of thought3 a conviction that his own pretensions have been detected and exposed1 and a desire to run1--an inclination repressed by the powerful clutch of his strong-minded bride1 who retains his wrist in a grasp of iron4 ,compare the look of bewilderment on ,cuttle's face with the look of mingled contempt and triumph on the features of ,macstinger2 and then look at poor ,bunsby6 ,phiz began etching when he was seventeen1 and was in full work when he was twenty-one4 ,it was his three drawings on the wood for ,dickens's rare tract1 ,sunday ,under ,three ,heads1#agc which introduced him first to public notice4 ,this was intended as a protest against the cant and narrow-mindedness of the bigots whose ignorance of the sacred writings is so dense that they confound the ,jewish ,sabbath 7i4e4 the ,saturday7 with the ,english ,sunday2 misunderstand 7which in their ignorance of ,hebrew may be excusable7 the directions to his own people of the ,jewish law-giver1--and ignore 7which is absolutely inexcusable7 the dictates of common sense1 and the plain directions of our ,saviour and of the ,gentile ,apostle4 ,the strong common sense of ,charles ,dickens1 and of many good ,christian men after him1 have striven in vain to expose an error due to the narrow-mindedness of our ,puritan forefathers1 to whom are due also the impurities of ,dryden and of the dramatic writers of the ,restoration4 ,cant1 however1 has prevailed2 and the ,english ,sunday--to the delight of these fanatics1 and the absolute terror of their children--remains the most unrefreshing and most doleful of the seven days of the week4 ,,the ,,jack ,,sheppard ,,mania4 ,theatrical ,london in #ahdj was visited by an excitement second only to the ,tom and ,jerry mania of #ahba4 ,the mania of #ahdj1 if occupying a narrower area1 was more morbid in its character1 and certainly not less mischievous in its results4 ,harrison ,ainsworth had brought out his peculiar romance of ,jack ,sheppard1 which1 resting on its own merits1 might have achieved perhaps a mild popularity and done but little harm4 ,thanks1 however1 to the genius and fancy of ,george ,cruikshank1 the public became for a time ,sheppard mad2 the heroes presented to admiring and applauding audiences at the theatres were murderers1 housebreakers1 highway robbers1 thieves1 and their female companions4 ,the morbid taste of the populace had in fact been thoroughly roused1 a condition of things which was satirized by the artist's little-known etching of ,the ,way to the ,gallows made ,easy and ,pleasant1 which appeared in ,the ,new ,monthly ,magazine of #ahdj4agd ,the inventive powers of the artist were almost nil1 and the rare and able etching referred to was suggested to him by ,john ,poole1 the author of ,paul ,pry1 to whom we are indebted for the descriptive letterpress3 ,at the foot of a gently sloping path strewed with flowers1 stands a gibbet decorated1 not with a halter1 but wreaths of roses4 ,around it are many tombs of elegant construction1 supposed to enclose the ashes of the illustrious departed4 ,upon one is inscribed1 ',here repose the mortal remains of the ever-famed ,jerry ,abershaw'2 upon another1 ',sacred to the memory of ,poor ,johnny ,greenacre4' ,a third is remarkable for its touching simplicity--',alas6 ,poor ,thurtell6' ,another1 somewhat more elaborate1 gives us ',burke and ,hare6 ,as they were loving friends in life1 so in death are they undivided6 ,erected by their affectionate disciples1 ,bishop and ,may4' ,besides these there are many others all bearing names of mark and fame4 ,the whole is surrounded by a pretty arabesque composed of crowbars and other implements of burglary1 pistols1 knives1 death's heads and cross-bones1 halters1 handcuffs1 and fetters1 ingeniously disposed and prettily intertwined with wreaths of roses4 ,we said at the opening of this chapter that ,phiz was not born a comic artist4 ,he possessed a certain amount of humour1 which was evoked in the first instance by the example of ,cruikshank1 and his abilities and desire to emulate the greater artist have enabled him unquestionably to realize many humorous designs4 ,it is impossible1 however1 to examine the numerous etchings of this draughtsman1 without coming to the conclusion that he is always seen at his best when not called on to exercise his purely comic powers4 ,take by way of example1 ,the ,venice ,glass1 in ,ainsworth's romance of ,crichton2 you will need no reference to the letterpress to understand it1 for the artist tells his story far better than the novelist4 ,observe ,crichton as he raises the goblet1 and the poisoned wine bubbles and boils1 and finally shivers the chalice into a thousand fragments2 regard the agitation of ,marguerite de ,valois2 the keen attention of ,henri and his attendants4 ,where shall we find a finer illustration than the one in this book in which ,esclairmonde is presented to ,henri8 ,the meeting of ,mr4 ,tigg and ,martin ,chuzzlewit at the pawnbroker's shop is full of pathos4 ,look at the poor1 wasted but still handsome mother waiting her turn whilst the gin-drinking laundress pawns her flat-irons to gratify her passion for the deadly drink2 note the insouciance of the thoughtless musician as he twangs the guitar which he is about to pledge1 though probably dependent on it for bread4 ,notice the pictures above1--the ,bacchante pressing grapes into a wine cup1--the bailiff distraining for rent4 ,hablot ,knight ,browne has no powers which would enable us to compare him with ,hogarth1 and yet the grim reality of this picture ,hogarth himself might almost admire4 ,regard again that wondrous tailpiece at page #if of ,the ,old ,curiosity ,shop1 where ,quilp1 the odious dwarf1 sits up all night smoking and drinking1 his countenance every now and then expanding with a grin of delight as his patient1 long-suffering wife makes some involuntary movement of restlessness or fatigue4 ,look at poor1 wasted1 shoeless ,nell1 as she reclines on the settee of the public-house1 surrounded by sympathisers1--the kind-hearted motherly landlady administering mental and bodily solace to the motherless child1--the poor1 foolish1 gambling grandfather gazing into her face with wistful anxiety4 ,lastly1 look at the ghastly corpse of old ,quilp as he lies dead amid the mud and slime of the river1 which1 after playing with the ugly1 malicious1 ill-shapen thing until it was bereft of life1 flung it contemptuously high and dry upon the swamps at low tide4 ,,dombey ,,and ,,son4 ,dombey and ,son called for comparatively little exercise of ,browne's comic power1 and consequently we shall find in this book examples of some of his finest book etchings4 ,the pompous ,london merchant1 the frigid influence he exercises on those about him1 the distrustful look of the nurse as she brings baby ,paul into his presence1 the shrinking form of little ,florence as the frightened child cowers with folded hands behind her repellent father's chair1 are finely depicted in the etching of ,the ,dombey ,family4 ,in ,mrs4 ,dombey at ,home1 the proud1 haughty beauty chafing under the consciousness that she has been sacrificed to the wealth of the heartless merchant1 takes no pains to veil the contempt she feels for the admiring men who surround her4 ,these men 7by the way7 are scarcely men at all1 they are all grossly exaggerated2 but ,phiz1 like many artists of greater pretensions1 has sacrificed everything to his central figure1 and the presence and bearing of the disdainful beauty makes the coup d'oeil delightful4 ,abstraction and ,recognition is a wonderful etching2 both man and horse are admirably drawn1 whilst the figures scowling out of the dark entry on the passing and unconscious horseman require no reference to the letterpress4 ,in his etching of ,the ,dark ,road1 ,mr4 ,browne developed a style of etching of which he afterwards frequently availed himself1 and by which 7as in ,bleak ,house and ,roland ,cashel7 he sometimes succeeded in producing remarkable effects4 ,it shows us a postilion driving a team of horses over a dark and dreary road bordered on either hand by dismal moorland2 the streaks of the approaching dawn illuminate the edges of the landscape2 the single occupant of the berlin1 unable to control his agitation1 stands upright1 and gazes anxiously around him4 ,so realistic is the drawing1 that as we look at the flying team we may almost hear the jingle of the splinter-bars and harness as the horses rattle along the dismal road4 ,cruikshank1 to save his life1 could draw neither a horse1 a tree1 or a pretty woman2 when he did so it was rather by accident than by design4 ,phiz 7with all his faults7 could draw all three1 and impart to them a grace1 a beauty1 and a poetry peculiar to himself4 ,look at that etching of ,carker in his ,hour of ,triumph1 where ,edith1 after using the villain as a tool to revenge herself upon her husband1 turns upon her miserable dupe with all the force of her superior intellect1 and laughs in the face of the man she has so egregiously befooled4 ,this really is an admirable drawing2 the anger and humiliation on the face of the dumbfounded villain1 who feels himself absolutely powerless in the hands of the scornful1 resolute woman1 are powerfully depicted4 ,a more perfect realization of ,edith ,dombey it seems to us could scarcely be imagined4 ,leech1 perhaps1 might have reached the idea4 ,he would certainly have put more breadth and solidity into the figure of ,carker2 but the woman he could scarcely have improved upon--,i doubt if he could have matched her4 ,as for ,cruikshank1 he would have given her an impossible waist1 a puffy face surmounted with bandeaux of raven hair scrupulously plastered to each side of her lofty forehead2 whilst ,carker would have been presented to us in an uncomfortable coat1 hair parted and dressed after the ,cruikshankian fashion1 and a pair of boots at least half a yard in length4 ,illustration3 ,,phiz4 ,master ,humphrey's ,clock1 #ahdj-a4 ,,the ,,rioters4 ,face p4 #cdf4 ,,bleak ,,house ,,and ,,roland ,,cashel4 ,bleak ,house 7#aheb-c7 has been described as the most successful of ,phiz's illustrated work2 but although it contains some of the best etchings he ever designed for ,charles ,dickens1 the rest are in truth of unequal merit4 ,among the best may be mentioned ,consecrated ,ground2 ,the ,old ,man of the name of ,tulkinghorn2 ,morning2 ,tom ,all ,alone's2 and the sunset scene in the ,long ,drawing-room at ,chesney ,wold4 ,in the dreary twilight of the ,ghost's ,walk and of the room in which the murder was consummated we have a pair of drawings unsurpassed by any of the illustrations he executed for ,charles ,lever's ,roland ,cashel1 which last contains unquestionably the finest of his designs4 ,of all his illustrators1 ,hablot ,knight ,browne was the one who best suited the requirements of ,charles ,dickens4 ,a man of talent without a single idea of his own1 he was found more malleable and manageable than ,cruikshank1 who1 as we have seen1 would have had a hand 7if he could7 not only in the illustrations1 but also in the management of the story4 ,the conditions under which ,phiz illustrated ,pickwick were wholly different from those which poor ,seymour had endeavoured to impose upon his author4 ,it is due to the gentleman1 says ,dickens1 in his preface to the ,pickwick ,papers1 ,it is due to the gentleman whose designs accompany the letterpress1 to state that the interval has been so short between the production of each number in manuscript and its appearance in print1 that the greater portion of the illustrations have been executed by the artist from the author's verbal description of what he intended to write4 ,cruikshank would certainly not have done this1 and we doubt whether ,john ,leech would have consented to work under such conditions4 ,but as regards ,browne1 the case was entirely different4 ,he had no genius or ideas of his own1 and could only work from the suggestions of others4 ,the interest and anxiety which ,dickens felt in the character of the illustrations to his novels1 is shown by reference to the illustrations to ,dombey4 ,the points for illustration1 and the enormous care required1 make me1 he says1 excessively anxious6 ,the man for ,dombey1 if ,browne could see him1 the class of man to a ,t1 is ,sir ,a---- ,e----1 of ,d----s4 ,great pains will be necessary with ,miss ,tox4 ,the ,toodle family should not be too much caricatured1 because of ,polly4 ,as the story unwinds itself1 he proceeds1 ,browne is certainly interesting himself and taking pains2 and again1 in another letter1 ,browne seems to be getting on well4 ,still ,browne1 with all his pliability1 found it a hard matter to please him4 ,he made a particular point of ,paul1 ,mrs4 ,pipchin1 and the cat by the fire2 and the result to himself was so eminently unsatisfactory that it produced a characteristic protest4 ,i am really distressed by the illustration of ,mrs4 ,pipchin and ,paul4 ,it is so frightfully and wildly wide of the mark4 ,good heaven6 in the commonest and most literal construction of the text1 it is all wrong6 ,she is described as an old lady1 and ,paul's 'miniature arm-chair' is mentioned more than once4 ,he ought to be sitting in a little arm-chair down in a corner of the fireplace1 staring up at her4 ,i can't say what pain and vexation it is to be so utterly misrepresented4 ,i would cheerfully have given a hundred pounds to have left this illustration out of the book4 ,he never could have got that idea of ,mrs4 ,pipchin if he had attended to the text4 ,indeed1 ,i think he does better without the text2 for then the notion is made easy to him1 a short description1 and he can't help taking it in4 ,this last sentence exactly describes the man3 a personal description with him did more than any amount of letterpress1 however lucid4 ,one may readily understand this almost nervous anxiety of ,charles ,dickens with reference to the character of his illustrations4 ,he worked1 be it remembered1 under conditions entirely different to the novelist of a later date4 ,the etched illustrations of his day formed a most important--in some cases 7the works of inferior men1 such as ,albert ,smith1 for instance7 by far the most important--portion of the work itself4 ,under the charm of the illustrations and the mode of issue1 the tale was protracted to a length which would be impossible in a novel of ,charles ,reade or ,wilkie ,collins1 which depends for its success upon the skill of the novelist alone4 ,the novel issued in monthly numbers depended on two sources of attraction--the skill of the novelist and the skill of his artistic coadjutor4 ,dickens' requirements1 however1 were of so exacting a nature that they proved in the end too exacting even for the patience of the accommodating artist1 and the reader will not be surprised to learn that a coolness was ultimately established between artist and author1 the outcome of which was the employment of ,marcus ,stone and ,luke ,fildes on the later novels of ,our ,mutual ,friend and ,edwin ,drood4 ,those who would find fault with ,charles ,dickens for the mode in which he controlled his artists quite fail to understand the man himself4 ,although he had no knowledge of the pencil1 although he himself had no knowledge of drawing1 he was nevertheless a thorough artist in heart and mind4 ,there is scarcely a character in his books which does not show the care and thought which he bestowed upon its elaboration4 ,ralph ,nickleby1 ,squeers1 ,smike1 little ,nell1 ,quilp1 ,barnaby ,rudge1 ,steerforth1 ,paul ,dombey1 ,lady ,dedlock1 ,joe1 each and all show how carefully they were elaborated2 how distinctly they presented themselves to the retina of the mind of their distinguished creator4 ,when this is borne in mind1 it will be at once understood why the ,mrs4 ,pipchin of ,hablot ,browne was not the ,mrs4 ,pipchin with whose outward appearance and mental peculiarities the author himself was so intimately acquainted4 ,,auriol4 ,notwithstanding the exhibition1 after his death1 of water-colours and other works1 which took the public by surprise1 ,hablot ,knight ,browne will continue to be known to most of us as an illustrator of books1 and nothing more4 ,oh6 ,i'm aweary1 ,i'm aweary1 he said himself in a letter to one of his sons1 of this illustration business4 ,some of these illustrations1 however1 are wonderfully graceful1 and one in particular seems to call for special notice4 ,it will be found in the ,new ,monthly ,magazine for #ahde1 and is undoubtedly one of the best examples of the artist's work which may be found anywhere4 ,it represents a prisoner in a dungeon lying at the foot of a pillar1 which1 except in a ghastly carved work running round it of skulls and cross bones1 reminds us somewhat of ,bonneval's pillar at ,chillon4 ,the lights and shadows are wonderfully rendered1 and the work is characterized by a softness1 a beauty1 and a finish only to be observed in work which took the artist's fancy4 ,this etching is entitled1 ,rougemont's ,device to ,perplex ,auriol2 and ,ainsworth's story which it illustrates--a peculiarly unsatisfactory one--commenced1 ,i think1 in ,ainsworth's ,magazine1 passed into the ,new ,monthly1 when its author purchased that periodical in #ahde1 and 7whether the novelist got himself into an intellectual fix or otherwise ,i know not7 finished1 ,i believe1 eventually nowhere4 ,browne indeed finds a place here more by virtue of his book illustrations than by reason of any just pretensions to be considered a graphic humourist4 ,his comic powers appear to us more the result of education and emulation than natural gifts1 and the consequence is1 that in attempting to be funny1 his work too often degenerates into absolute exaggeration4 ,his excellencies must be sought for in his serious illustrations1 which fall more within the province of the art critic than the scope and purpose of a work which treats of graphic satirists and comic artists of the nineteenth century4 ,some of his finest illustrations of a serious character will be found in the pages of the ,illuminated ,magazine2 in ,charles ,lever's admirable story of ,st4 ,patrick's ,eve2 in the ,fortunes of ,colonel ,forlogh ,o',brien2 in ,augustus ,mayhew's ,paved with ,gold2 in ,ainsworth's ,mervyn ,clithero2 and ,revelations of ,london2 and above all1 in ,charles ,lever's novel of ,roland ,cashel4 ,hablot ,knight ,browne lived to see the decline and fall of that peculiar and powerful art of book illustration which was introduced by ,cruikshank2 was fostered and encouraged by ,charles ,dickens1 ,charles ,james ,lever1 their imitators and contemporaries2 and died1 so to speak1 with these distinguished men4 ,his work in later years1 as might naturally have been expected1 shows a woeful decline of power2 and when the suggestors from whom he derived inspiration were no longer at his back1 the poverty of invention which characterized the man when left to his own devices becomes painfully apparent4 ,phiz drew in later years for ,judy and other comic papers1 and it is simple justice to say that his designs are characterized by an utter absence of comic power4 ,the true comic inspiration possessed in so wonderful a degree by ,cruikshank1 by ,john ,leech1 and even by ,robert ,seymour1 he never indeed possessed4 ,some fifteen years before his death he suffered from incipient paralysis1 and furthermore injured his thumb1 which obliged him to hold his pencil between his middle and fore-fingers4 ,gradually this great and graceful artist dropped so far behind in the race of life that he yielded latterly to proposals to illustrate boys' literature of a very inferior class4 ,in addition to an absence of comic inspiration1 the creative faculty of ,cruikshank and ,leech was wanting to ,hablot ,knight ,browne4 ,in order to carry out an idea1 it was necessary that it should be put into his head2 for leave him to himself1 and he could do absolutely nothing4#age ,george ,cruikshank and ,john ,leech after receiving instructions would proceed to realize them in their own way and after their own fashion2 but this was not the case with ,hablot ,knight ,browne4 ,while he could realize the idea of another with peculiar success when the subject took his fancy1 he could neither enlarge nor improve upon it1 and in this lies the difference between genius and mere ability4 ,lacking an inherent sense of humour1 he copied ,cruikshank1 and hence his exaggerations and failures as a comic designer2 but he was ultimus ,romanorum1--the last representative of the famous men whose art was fostered and encouraged by ,charles ,dickens1 by ,charles ,lever1 by ,harrison ,ainsworth1 and by ,richard ,bentley4 ,the services which these eminent men rendered to the novelists who like them are dead and gone can scarcely be appreciated2 for we presume few will deny that their labours lent a charm1 a beauty1 and an interest to their works1 which largely tended to promote their sale4 ,the fortunes of ,jack ,sheppard1 of ,the ,miser's ,daughter1 of ,the ,tower of ,london1--the success obtained by nearly all the stories of ,ainsworth which obtained any success at all1 was mainly due to the pencil of ,cruikshank4 ,the reputation of ,oliver ,twist--a morbid novel--was made in a great measure by him2 but for ,john ,leech1 neither ,mr4 ,ledbury1 ,the ,scattergood ,family1 ,the ,marchioness of ,brinvilliers1 or ,richard ,savage1 would have survived to our day4 ,to him the novels of ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees owe their entire popularity2 while his genius has conferred vitality on the rubbish of ,beckett4 ,it is curious1 however1 how little these facts were recognised at the time1 and what little credit was given in contemporary reviews and by contemporary critics to the artists who rendered to successful novelists the priceless aid and assistance of their pencils4 ,how far the needle of ,phiz contributed to the ultimate success of the great raconteur1 ,charles ,james ,lever1 we are in no position to state2 that it proved a very large factor in that result there can be no manner of doubt4 ,that success was not achieved immediately4 ,lever commenced life as a struggling country doctor1 and ,harry ,lorrequer1 first brought out in the ,dublin ,university ,magazine1 before it appeared in illustrated shilling numbers1 was almost wholly ignored by the ,london press1 the criticisms and favourable remarks coming almost wholly from provincial journals4 ,there was one exception by the way1 a military paper1 the critic of which went into such ecstacies over this sparkling military medley1 that he asserted he would rather be author of ,lorrequer than of all the ,pickwicks or ,nicklebys in the world4 ,this notice 7unknown to ,lever7 was published with the advertisements of the book1 and 7strange to say7 gave so much annoyance to ,dickens that he sent an angry reply to a civil letter which came to him shortly afterwards from the ,irish novelist1 and their friendly intercourse was for some years suspended in consequence4 ,illustration3 ,,phiz4 ,master ,humphrey's ,clock1 #ahdj-a4 ,,sam ,,weller ,,and ,,his ,,father4 ,face p4 #ceb4 ,the decline of ,hablot ,browne's popularity was painfully apparent to himself4 ,although our chapter was written long before the appearance of ,mr4 ,kitton's pamphlet1 we may be permitted to re-open it to extract from the latter the following melancholy observations which we find in a letter to his son1 ,dr4 ,browne3 ,i am at present on a sporting paper1 supported by some high and mighty nobs2 but ,i fear1 like everything ,i have to do with1 now a-days1 it will collapse1 for some of the proprietors of the paper are also shareholders1 etc41 etc41 in the ,graphotype ,company1 so they want to work the two together4 ,i hate the process2 it takes quite four times as long as wood1 and ,i cannot draw and express myself with a nasty1 finicking brush1 and the result when printed seems to alternate between something all as black as my hat1 or as hazy and faint as a worn-out plate4 ,if on wood1 ,i should like it well enough2 as it is it spoils four days a week1 leaving little time for anything else4 ,oh6 ,i'm aweary1 ,i'm aweary6 of this illustration business4#agf ,this seems to us inexpressibly sad4 ,we hear nothing of it in earlier days1 when he was drawing the excellent designs for ,roland ,cashel1 for ,dombey1 or for ,bleak ,house4 ,of the works and sketches in water colour and oils exhibited in ,liverpool after the artist's death1 personally we have seen nothing4 ,they took the public by surprise1 for few at least of the outer world suspected that this shy1 retiring illustrator of books was a persevering and accomplished water-colour artist4 ,we ourselves were aware of the fact1 and had seen some thirty original and highly characteristic sketches1 some of them studies of characters in novels of ,charles ,dickens and ,lever2 all executed prior to #ahdf1 some in ,indian ink1 some in crayon1 a few in pencil4 ,among them was a small but highly finished water-colour drawing1 representing a group of seven knights in full martial panoply1 and a striking effect is produced by the glint of the sun on the burnished armour of the central figure4 ,the author of a recent sketch would cite these water colours as a complete answer to those who like ourselves maintain1 in no mere spirit of detraction1 that the artist possessed not one particle of genius4 ,surely he cannot be in earnest4 ,if so1 we have only to say1 that if painting subjects in oils or water colour from the thousand and one hints to be gathered from history1 fiction1 or every-day life1 be a test of genius1 the walls of every summer and winter exhibition--to say nothing of the ,royal ,academy--would be furnished annually with examples from end to end4 ,leech died in the meridian of his fame at the early age of forty-six4 ,hablot ,browne when he died had not only survived his talents1 but his peculiarly shy and retiring nature had caused him at the age of sixty-seven to be absolutely forgotten4 ,the famous men of letters whose works he had illustrated were dead and gone2 the world of literature and of art took such small note of him that his funeral was the funeral of a private individual1 and not of one who1 if he did not partake in1 had contributed in no considerable degree to the success of ,charles ,dickens and of ,charles ,james ,lever4 ,when his passing-bell rang out upon the summer air1 journalists remembered that a great artist was gone to his rest1 and ,punch inserted in his number of the #bbnd of ,july1 #ahhb1 to the memory of the last of the book etchers of the nineteenth century the following graceful tribute3-- ,the lamp is out that lighted up the text ,of ,dickens1 ,lever--heroes of the pen4 ,pickwick and ,lorrequer we love1 but next ,we place the man who made us see such men4 ,what should we know of ,martin ,chuzzlewit1 ,stern ,mr4 ,dombey1 or ,uriah ,heap8 ,tom ,burke of ,ours8--,around our hearts they sit1 ,outliving their creators--all asleep4 ,no sweeter gift ere fell to man than his ,who gave us troops of friends--delightful ,phiz4 ,he is not dead6 ,there1 in the picture-book1 ,he lives with men and women that he drew2 ,we take him with us to the cozy nook1 ,where old companions we can love anew4 ,dear boyhood's friend6 ,we rode with him to hounds2 ,lived with dear ,peggotty in after years2 ,missed in old ,ireland1 where fun knew no bounds4 ,at ,dora's death we felt poor ,david's tears4 ,there is no death for such a man1--he is ,the spirit of an unclosed book6 immortal ,phiz6 ,,footnotes3 #agb ,fitzpatrick's ,life of ,charles ,lever4 #agc ,now lately republished4 #agd ,and republished in ,poole's ,miscellany4 #age ,as ,i notice a similar remark in one of the obituary notices of the artist's death1 ,i think it necessary to observe that this chapter was written while ,phiz was yet living4 #agf ,mr4 ,kitton's ,memoir1 p4 #ai4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,a ,,batch ,,of ,,book ,,illustrators3 ,,kenny ,,meadows2 ,,robert ,,william ,,buss2 ,,alfred ,,crowquill2 ,,charles ,h4 ,,bennett2 ,w4 ,m4 ,,thackeray4 ,in old and second-hand bookshops1 and in booksellers' catalogues1 may often be found a book which is gradually becoming a literary rarity4 ,it dates from #ahdj1 and is a curiosity in its way1 not only on account of the portraits which adorn its pages1 but as a specimen of the literary padding on which men of letters 7some of them distinguished7 were content to employ their talents fifty years ago4 ,it was published by ,robert ,tyas1 of #ej1 ,cheapside2 professed to give ,portraits of the ,english of the period1 but served as a means of introducing certain characteristic pictorial sketches1 more or less true to nature1 by ,kenny ,meadows1 an artist whose name and reputation1 although he has been dead scarcely ten years1 are already forgotten4 ,connected with these portraits are original essays by distinguished writers1 including1 amid names of lesser note1 literary stars such as ,douglas ,jerrold1 ,leman ,rede1 ,percival ,leigh1 ,laman ,blanchard1 ,leigh ,hunt1 ,william ,howitt1 and ,samuel ,lover4 ,these essays1 or rather letterpress descriptions1 were written to the pictures1 which were not drawn 7as is generally supposed7 in illustration of the text4 ,the portraits are taken from almost every grade in life3 from the dressmaker to the draper's assistant1 and from the housekeeper to the hangman2 the last1 by the way1 being perhaps the most characteristic sketch of the series4 ,the best of these forty-three pictures is the one which faces the title-page1 a gathering of the company which individually take part in this gallery of illustration4 ,the designs are characteristic of the artist's style1 but possess little power of attraction1 being destitute of any claim to originality either of conception or treatment4 ,the artist's share of the work is by far the best part of the somewhat lugubrious entertainment1 which the performances of his literary associates scarcely serve to enliven4 ,the book1 however1 was a success in its day1 for1 if we mistake not1 it was followed by a second series1 is even now sought after by the collector 7not bibliomaniac71 and possesses some historical value by reason of the fact that national types1 such as ,the ,diner-out1 ,the ,stockbroker1 ,the ,lion of the ,party1 ,the ,fashionable ,physician 7that is to say1 of #ahdj71 ,the ,linen ,draper's ,assistant1 ,the ,barmaid1 ,the ,family ,governess1 ,the ,postman1 ,the ,theatrical ,manager1 ,the ,farmer's ,daughter1 and ,the ,young ,lord1 no longer live and move and act their part amongst us4 ,a change comes over the people in the course of forty years1 and some years hence our grandchildren may well smile at the extraordinary monstrosities 7female7 who figure in the graphic satires of #ahhc-d4 ,kenny ,meadows was the son of a retired naval officer1 and was born at ,cardigan on the first of ,november1 #agij4 ,you will look in vain for any notice of him1 or of his services in the cause of illustrative art1 in any of the biographical dictionaries of his own or a subsequent period2 and this appears to us an unaccountable omission1 for he achieved in his time considerable celebrity as an artistic illustrator of books4 ,his work will be found bound up with that of most of his artistic confrres in nearly all the illustrated periodicals of his day2 he was one of the first to introduce wood-engraving among ,english publishers as a means of cheap and popular illustration2 he was employed by the late ,mr4 ,ingram1 in the designs for the early ,christmas numbers of the ,illustrated ,london ,news2 he will be found amongst the number of the artists who illustrated the early volumes of ,punch2 he was in universal request as a designer of drawings to fairy and fanciful stories2 among his intimate friends were men of mark2 such as ,leigh ,hunt1 ,douglas ,jerrold1 ,charles ,dickens1 ,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray1 ,clarkson ,stanfield1 ,david ,roberts1 and the ,landseers2 he did as much for illustrative art as1 perhaps1 any artist of his time2 and yet1 amongst men whose abilities scarcely exceeded his own in the same particular walk in art1 no place is to be found in any biographical dictionary1 so far at least as we know1 for any mention of poor1 kindly1 genial1 ,kenny ,meadows4 ,besides the popular illustrated periodicals of his day1 in most of which his familiar initials may be recognised1 ,kenny ,meadows was in almost universal request both amongst authors and publishers of the time4 ,we find him in #ahcb illustrating1 with ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank1 a periodical bearing the somewhat unpromising title of ,the ,devil in ,london4 ,to an #ahcc edition of ,gil ,blas1 illustrated by ,george ,cruikshank1 he contributed a frontispiece2 and we find his hand in the following3 the late ,j4 ,b4 ,buckstone's dramas of ,the ,wreck ,ashore1 ,victorine1 ,may ,queen1 ,henriette1 ,rural ,felicity1 ,pet of the ,petticoats1 ,married ,life1 ,the ,rake and his ,pupil1 ,the ,christening1 ,isabella1 ,second ,thoughts1 and ,the ,scholar 7#ahce1 #ahcf72 ,whitehead's ,autobiography of ,jack ,ketch 7#ahce72 ,heads of the ,people1 or ,portraits of the ,english 7#ahda72 ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall's ,book of ,british ,ballads 7#ahdb-dd72 an #ahdb edition of ,moore's ,lalla ,rookh2 ,leigh ,hunt's ,palfrey1 a ,love ,story of ,old ,times 7#ahdb72 ,the ,illuminated ,magazine 7#ahdc72 ,shakespeare 7#ahdc72 ,whist1 its ,history and ,practice2 ,backgammon1 its ,history and ,practice1 by the same author2 ,the ,illustrated ,london ,almanacks 7from #ahde upwards72 ,sir ,edward ,lytton ,bulwer's ,leila1 and ,calderon 7#ahdg72 ,w4 ,n4 ,bailey's ,illustrated ,musical ,annual1 ,the ,family ,joe ,miller1 a ,drawing-room ,jest ,book 7#ahdh72 ,puck1 7a comic serial1 #ahdh72 ,laman ,blanchard's ,sketches from ,life 7#ahdi72 ,samuel ,lover's ,metrical ,tales and ,poems2 ,the ,magic of ,kindness1 by the brothers ,mayhew2 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall's ,midsummer ,eve2 ,punch1 up to and including the seventh volume2 and 7some time afterwards7 its able opponent ,the ,man in the ,moon 7now exceedingly scarce74#agg ,in these and very many other works we find him associated not only with ,george ,cruikshank1 ,john ,leech1 ,hablot ,knight ,browne1 and ,richard ,doyle1 but with artists occupying the position of ,sir ,john ,gilbert1 ,frank ,stone1 ,maclise1 ,clarkson ,stanfield1 ,creswick1 ,e4 ,m4 ,ward1 ,elmore1 ,frost1 ,sir ,j4 ,noel ,paton1 ,frederick ,goodall1 ,thomas ,landseer1 ,f4 ,w4 ,popham1 ,fairholt1 ,harrison ,weir1 ,redgrave1 ,corbould1 and ,stephanoff4 ,he was a thoroughly useful man2 and a thousand examples of quaint imaginings--oftentimes of graceful workmanship--might be culled from the various works and serials in which his hand may be readily recognised4 ,but the merits of ,kenny ,meadows as an illustrator of books are very unequal4 ,his friend1 ,mr4 ,hodder1 who gives us in his pleasant ,memories an occasional note of some of the artists with whom he was thrown in contact1 says of him3 ,the quiet1 unostentatious way in which he worked at his art1 too often under the most adverse and discouraging circumstances1 and the pride which he displayed when he felt he had made a 'happy hit1' was somewhat like the enthusiasm of a youth who had first attained the honour of a prize4 ,as a draughtsman he never cared to be guided by those practical laws which regulate the academic exercise of the pictorial art2 for he contended that too strict an adherence to nature only trammelled him1 and he preferred relying upon the thought conveyed in his illustrations1 rather than upon the mechanical correctness of his outline or perspective4 ,george ,cruikshank showed1 as we know1 a tolerable contempt for nature when he undertook the delineation of a horse1 a woman1 or a tree2 but it was one of the conditions of his genius that it should be left free and untrammelled to follow the dictates of its own inspiration1 and the quaint effect which somehow or other he managed to impart to a design which1 in its details might offend the educated taste of the art critic1 made us forget the contempt too often displayed for those practical laws to which ,mr4 ,hodder refers4 ,to constitute a good comic artist1 not only is it necessary that he should be a good draughtsman1 but certain special gifts are indispensable1--a keen sense of the ridiculous1 an inherent appreciation of humour1 a quick and ready invention1 qualities which no amount of artificial training will bestow4 ,they were possessed in an eminent degree by ,gillray1 by ,cruikshank1 by ,john ,leech1 but were wholly wanting to ,kenny ,meadows4 ,he could draw on occasion a queer face--for that matter his faces1 intentionally or otherwise1 were generally queer--and an eccentric figure1 and so can many persons who have a natural taste for drawing1 and have learnt to handle the pencil2 but the caricaturist1 like the poet1 nasciiur non fit1 and a hundred or even a thousand queer faces or eccentric figures1 without the gift of invention or originality1 will not of themselves constitute the designer a comic artist4 ,the truth is that with ,kenny ,meadows mannerism takes the place of genius4 ,you will recognise his hand anywhere without the familiar ,k4,m4 appended to it1 for all his faces are chubby 7not to say puffy71 and their arms and legs look for all the world as if the hand that designed them had been guided by a ruler4 ,the delusion which led him to imagine that his genius would enable him to soar superior to nature is no doubt responsible in some degree for this latter eccentricity1 for the artist who would be bold enough to despise the laws which regulate the exercise of the pictorial art1 would be prepared to view ,hogarth's line of beauty with like indifference and contempt4 ,kenny ,meadows was one of the early illustrators of ,punch1 and contributed moreover to the first volume some of the best of the cartoons4 ,good specimens of his work will be found in ,young ,loves to ,sell1 and ,the ,speculative ,mama 7sic71 second vol42 in the third volume he illustrated ,punch's ,letters to ,his ,son1 and the first of the almanacks contains six of his designs4 ,in the fourth volume we find six of his cartoons1 among them ,the ,milk of ,poor ,law ,kindness1 and ,the ,first ,tooth 7the ,queen and infant ,prince of ,wales72 the doctor's legs and shoes are thoroughly characteristic of his style1 and look for all the world as if they had been drawn by a ruler4 ,the cartoon1 ,punch ,turned ,out of ,france in this volume is1 if we mistake not1 the work of ,kenny ,meadows4 ,the ,christian ,bayadere ,worshipping the ,idol ,siva1 has reference to the tolerance which ,john ,company wisely conceded to ,hindoo religious ceremony1 so long as its traditions were found consistent with the ordinary dictates of humanity4 ,the ,story of a ,feather in this volume has five illustrations1 two of which are very clever4 ,among the other cartoons we find ,the ,modern ,macheath 7the ,captain being ,sir ,robert ,peel74 ,the fifth volume contains eight of his illustrations1 six being cartoons2 among them1 ,the ,irish ,frankenstein 7badly imagined and atrociously drawn71 ,the ,water ,drop and the ,gin ,drop are characterized by much poverty of invention1 but the former is the best of the two4 ,the ,battle of the ,alphabet 7cartoon7 is a better specimen of his work1 although the legs and arms look as usual1 as if drawn with a ruler4 ,the sixth volume contains three of his cartoons1 while the almanack of the year 7#ahdd7 has several of his illustrations4 ,to the seventh volume he contributed no less than thirty-one illustrations1 some very good1 one of the best being that of the two legal dogs quarrelling over a bone of litigation4 ,punch at the outset of his career had considerable difficulty in the selection of a graphic satirist1 and one of his right hand men in those early days was a ,mr4 ,henning1 by whose side ,kenny ,meadows figures as an absolute genius4 ,after his seventh volume1 however1 he met with artists better fitted to interpret his political and social views1 and no trace of ,meadows' useful hand appears in succeeding volumes4 ,in stating that the merits of ,kenny ,meadows as an illustrator of books are unequal1 and in denying to him the possession of genius1 we must not be held to imply that he was deficient of talent4 ,an excellent example of the inequality of which we speak will be found in his ,shakespeare 7,robert ,tyas1 #ahdc71 a work selected by us for the reason that it was considered by himself and his two favourable friends as his masterpiece4 ,although we cannot stay to notice all the strange conceptions with which he has enriched this book1 we may be permitted to wonder whence he derived his preposterous ideas of ,caliban1 of ,malvolio1 of ,shylock1 of ,juliet's nurse1 of ,launce's unhappy dog1 of the ,egpytian ,sphynx in ,antony and ,cleopatra4 ,the model of ,shylock was evidently some old clo' dealer in ,petticoat ,lane4 ,the figure of ,armado 7,love's ,labour's ,lost7 is so wonderfully put together that his anatomy must sooner or later fall to pieces2 the ghost of ,hamlet's father is the ghost of some colossal statue1 certainly not the shade of one who had worn the guise of ordinary humanity4 ,the head of the gentle ,juliet might derive benefit from the application of a bottle of invigorating hair wash4 ,the figure of the monk in ,romeo and ,juliet literally cut out of wood1 carries as much expression in its face as a lay figure2 while the walls of ,northampton ,castle 7in ,king ,john7 are so much out of the perpendicular1 that the courtiers seem less concerned at finding the dead body of ,arthur1 than in seeking a place of shelter from the impending downfall4 ,henry the ,eighth1 although acknowledged to be a corpulent1 was not1 so far as we know1 a deformed man2 the preposterous beak of ,richard the ,third occupies one half of his otherwise remarkably short face1 and its owner 7in the well-known tent scene7 suffers from an attack of tetanus instead of an accession of mental terror4 ,these eccentric realizations1 in which he has succeeded in setting all the rules of drawing at defiance1 are rendered the more remarkable by reason of the circumstance that the work now under consideration is interspersed with numerous charming drawings1 the effect of which is wholly marred by these erratic performances4 ,meadows was an admirable water-colour artist1 and a scarce edition of this work contains some engravings of ,shakespearian heroines after his designs4 ,the ,germans fancy they understand ,shakespeare better than ourselves 7an amiable and complimentary weakness71 and the work was favourably received in ,germany1 the artist's conception of ,falstaff1 in particular1 being so highly appreciated that a bronze statuette was modelled after it1 which enjoyed a large sale4 ,his ideas of female beauty were almost as eccentric as those of ,cruikshank4 ,a couple of beauties of the ,meadows type will be found at page #c of ,henry ,cockton's ,sisters 7,nodes1 #ahdd71 where one lady is represented to us with a neck like that of a giraffe1 whilst her sister beauty is sensibly inconvenienced by a lock of hair which has strayed into her eye1--a favourite device1 by the way1 of the artist4 ,this book1 now scarce 7in the illustration of which he was assisted by ,alfred ,crowquill71 is adorned with a portrait on steel1 after a painting by ,childe1 in which the author is presented to us in a white waistcoat and dress coat1 with a pen in his hand1 leading us to the inference that his clumsily constructed novels 7one of which--,valentine ,vox1 thanks perhaps to the illustrator1 ,onwhyn--still holds its ground7 were written in evening costume4 ,but notwithstanding these failures1 ,kenny ,meadows has happily left behind him work of a very much better kind4 ,his ,christmas pictures in particular are impressed with the kindly1 genial humour which characterized the man2 the ,illuminated ,magazine1 a scarce and valuable work1 contains sixty-three very fine specimens of his pencillings1 including the illustrations to his friend ,douglas ,jerrold's ,chronicles of ,clovernook1 admirable in every respect1 probably the finest designs he ever executed4 ,the wood engravings in this charming serial have probably never been surpassed2 we seldom see woodcuts in these days which equal the splendid workmanship of ,e4 ,landells4#agh ,after the third volume1 the ,illuminated ,magazine passed into other hands1 and although ,kenny ,meadows continued its mainstay for a time1 the rest of the excellent artists left1 and the literary matter visibly declined4 ,to the famous ,gallery of ,comicalities ,kenny ,meadows contributed ,sketches from ,lavater and ,phisogs of the ,traders of ,london4 ,during the last decade of his life his services in the cause of illustrative art were rewarded and recognised by a pension from the ,civil ,list of #hj per annum4 ,like ,george ,cruikshank he remained hale and vigorous to the last1 proud of his age1 and fond of asserting there was life in the old dog yet4 ,that this was no idle boast may be inferred from the fact that within a few months of his death he was engaged in painting a subject from his favourite ,shakespeare4 ,at the time of his death 7in ,august1 #ahgd7 he had almost completed his eighty-fifth year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in hunting up materials for the present work1 we have come at various times upon editions 7specimens1 perhaps1 might be the better word7 of the ,pickwick ,papers1 which will possess an interest in the eyes of the collector4 ,the first issue1 in the original green sporting covers designed by ,seymour1 is of course exceedingly scarce2 we have never indeed seen a perfect copy1 which would probably be worth some ten pounds1 while the same edition bound may be purchased at prices varying from twenty-four shillings to three guineas1 according to the condition of the volume4 ,an ,australian edition was published at ,launceston1 ,van ,dieman's ,land1 in #ahch1 with plates after ,phiz by ,tiz1 facsimiles on stone of the earliest issue of the parts in ,england4 ,at a ,west of ,england bookseller's we met with a first edition bound up with etchings by ,onwhyn1#agi ,peter ,palette1 and others4 ,then there are the twenty-four etchings from remarkably clever original drawings by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,pailthorpe in illustration of scenes in ,pickwick1 of which the proofs before letters were published at three guineas2 and lastly1 there is the rare first edition1 containing all the plates by ,seymour and ,phiz1 supplemented by the two suppressed etchings1 which are credited 7wrongly7 to the hand of ,buss4 ,among the etchers of book illustration after #ahcf1 we may name ,,robert ,,william ,,buss1 whose etchings will be found in ,mrs4 ,trollope's ,widow ,married 7a sequel to her ,widow ,barnaby71 which made its appearance in the ,new ,monthly ,magazine of #ahci1 and whose hand will also be found in ,marryat's ,peter ,simple1 ,jacob ,faithful1 ,harrison ,ainsworth's ,court of ,king ,james ,,ii41 etc4 ,although his designs lack the genius1 the artistic power1 the finish and the comic invention of ,leech or ,cruikshank1 they show nevertheless that as an etcher and designer he was possessed of exceptional talent and ability4 ,the first experience1 however1 of this able artist as an etcher was peculiarly unfortunate and vexatious4 ,when poor ,seymour shot himself in #ahcf1 the draughtsman first called in to supply his place was ,robert ,william ,buss4 ,he had been recommended to ,messrs4 ,chapman and ,hall by ,john ,jackson1 the wood-engraver1 but does not seem at that time to have had any practical experience of etching1 as he himself explained to the member of the firm who called upon him4 ,mr4 ,buss1 in fact1 was decidedly indisposed to undertake the work1 being then engaged on a picture he was preparing for exhibition1 and he undertook it only after considerable pressure4 ,he immediately began to practise the various operations of etching and biting in1 and produced a plate with which the publishers expressed themselves satisfied4 ,two subjects were then selected for illustration1 ,the ,cricket ,match1 and ,the ,fat ,boy ,watching ,mr4 ,tupman and ,miss ,wardle4 ,when1 however1 ,mr4 ,buss began to etch them on the plate1 he found1 having had little or no experience in laying his ground1 that it holed up under the etching point2 and as time was precious1 he placed the plates in the hands of an experienced engraver to be etched and bitten in4 ,had opportunity been given him1 his son 7from whom we take this account7 tells us he would have cancelled these plates and issued fresh ones of his own etching4 ,designs were prepared by him for the following number1 when he received an intimation that the work of illustrating the ,pickwick ,papers had been placed in other hands4 ,the illustrations referred to were suppressed1 and the collectors who are so anxious to secure an edition with the two ,buss plates1 will be pleased to learn that1 although the design was his1 not one line of the etchings which bear his name are due to the artist's point4#ahj ,the father of ,robert ,william was an engraver and enameller1 and under his directions he acquired a knowledge of this technical branch of art2 but evincing a taste and preference for drawing and painting1 he became a pupil of ,george ,clint1 ,a4,r4,a41 under whose direction he studied subject and portrait painting4 ,he painted fifteen theatrical portraits for ,mr4 ,cumberland in illustration of his ,british ,drama1 and a collection of these works was afterwards exhibited at that melancholy monument to past exhibitions1 the ,colosseum in the ,regent's ,park4 ,he was employed by ,charles ,knight in the illustrations to his ,shakespeare1 ,london1 ,old ,england1 ,chaucer1 and the now forgotten ,penny ,magazine1 for all of which publications he executed many designs on wood4 ,it must not be supposed because ,robert ,william ,buss was not considered the right man to illustrate ,pickwick1 that he was therefore an indifferent draughtsman4 ,his finest book etchings are probably those which he executed for ,harrison ,ainsworth's novel of ,the ,court of ,james ,,ii42 but in a higher and far more ambitious walk in art he was not only more successful1 but achieved in his time a considerable reputation4 ,among his pictures may be mentioned one of ,christmas in the ,olden ,time1 which1 apart from its merits as a painting1 showed that he possessed considerable antiquarian knowledge4 ,other works of his are1 ,the ,frosty ,morning1 purchased by ,lord ,charles ,townshend2 ,the ,stingy ,traveller1 bought by the ,duchess of ,st4 ,albans2 ,the ,wooden ,walls of ,old ,england1 the property of ,lord ,coventry2 ,soliciting a ,vote1 and ,chairing the ,member2 ,the ,musical ,bore2 ,the ,frosty ,reception2 ,master's ,out2 ,time and ,tide ,wait for no ,man2 ,shirking the ,plate2 ,the ,first of ,september2 ,the ,introduction of ,tobacco2 ,the ,biter ,bit2 ,the ,romance2 and ,satisfaction4 ,for ,mr4 ,hogarth1 of the ,haymarket1 he painted four small subjects illustrative of ,christmas1 entitled1 ,the ,waits2 ,bringing in the ,boar's ,head2 ,the ,yule ,log1 and ,the ,wassail ,bowl2 all afterwards engraved4 ,for ,mr4 ,james ,haywood1 ,m4,p41 he executed a series of drawings illustrative of student life at ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,durham1 ,london1 and ,paris2 while two vast subjects1 ,the ,origin of ,music and ,the ,triumph of ,music 7each twenty feet wide by nine feet high71 were painted for the ,earl of ,hardwick1 and are1 or lately were1 in the music saloon at ,wimpole1 in ,cambridgeshire4 ,his pictures were seventy-one in number1 twenty-five of which were engraved4 ,on the whole1 therefore1 ,robert ,william ,buss might afford to bear the refusal of ,charles ,dickens's patronage with equanimity4 ,the paintings and etchings of ,robert ,william ,buss evince a strong leaning in the direction of comic art1 a taste which prompted him1 in #ahec1 to deliver at various towns in the ,united ,kingdom a course of very successful and interesting lectures on caricature and graphic satire1 illustrated by several hundred examples executed by himself4 ,in #ahgd1 the year before his death1 he published for the amusement of his friends1 and for private circulation only1 the substance of these lectures1 under the title of ,english ,graphic ,satire and its ,relation to ,different ,styles of ,painting1 ,sculpture1 and ,engraving4 ,the numerous illustrations to this work were those drawn for his lectures by the artist1 and reproduced for his book by the process of photo-lithography4 ,so far as comic art and caricaturists of the nineteenth century are concerned1 the author has comparatively little to say2 but the work is valuable as regards the subject generally1 and might have been published with advantage to the public4 ,the artist delivered also lectures on ,the ,beautiful and the ,picturesque1 as well as on ,fresco ,painting4 ,mr4 ,buss1 if not very original as a comic designer1 possessed nevertheless a keen sense of humour4 ,one of his pictures 7engraved by ,h4 ,rolls71 entitled ,time and ,tide ,wait for no ,man1 represents an artist1 sketching by the sea-shore1 so absorbed in the contemplation of nature that he remains unconscious of the fast inflowing tide1 and deaf to the warnings of the fisherman who is seen hailing him from the beach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the comic publications which either preceded or ran side by side with ,punch had for the most part a somewhat short and unsatisfactory career4 ,perhaps the most successful of them was ,figaro in ,london1 #ahca-cf1 which we have already noticed4 ,the ,wag1 a long-forgotten publication1 enjoyed a very transient existence4 ,in #ahcb appeared ,punchinello1 on the pages of which ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank was engaged4 ,punchinello1 however1 ceased running after its tenth number4 ,asmodeus in ,london1 notwithstanding the support it derived from ,seymour's pencil1 was by no means a commercial success4 ,the ,devil in ,london was a little more fortunate4 ,this periodical commenced running on the #bith of ,february1 #ahcb1 and the illustrations of ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank and ,kenny ,meadows enabled it to reach its thirty-seventh number4 ,tom ,dibdin's ,penny ,trumpet ignominiously blew itself out after the fourth number4 ,the ,schoolmaster at ,home1 notwithstanding ,seymour's graphic exertions1 collapsed at its sixth number4 ,the ,whig ,dresser1 illustrated by ,heath1 enjoyed an existence exactly of twelve numbers4 ,the ,squib 7#ahdb7 lasted for thirty weeks before it exploded and went out4 ,puck 7#ahdh71 illustrated by ,w4 ,hine1 ,kenny ,meadows1 and ,gilbert1 died the twenty-fifth week after its first publication4 ,chat ran its course in #ahej and #ahea4 ,the ,man in the ,moon1 under the literary guidance of ,shirley ,brooks1 ,albert ,smith1 ,g4 ,a4 ,sala1 and the ,brothers ,brough1 enjoyed a comparatively glorious career of two years and a half4 ,diogenes 7started in #ahec1 under the literary conduct of ,watts ,phillips1 the ,broughs1 ,halliday1 and ,angus ,bethune ,reach71 notwithstanding the graphic help rendered by ,mc,connell#aha and ,charles ,h4 ,bennett1 gave up the ghost in #ahed4 ,punchinello 7second of the name7 flickered and went out at the seventh number4 ,judy 7the predecessor of the present paper7 appeared #ast ,february1 #ahdc1 but soon died a natural death4 ,town ,talk1 edited by ,halliday and illustrated by ,mc,connell1 lasted a very limited time4 ,london1 started by ,george ,augustus ,sala in rivalry of ,punch1 soon ceased running2 while the ,puppet ,show1 notwithstanding the ability of ,mr4 ,procter1 enjoyed but a very brief and transitory existence4 ,the strong and healthy constitution of ,punch enabled him not only to outlive all these1 but even a publication superior in some important respects to himself4 ,we allude to the ,tomahawk1 whose cartoons are certainly the most powerful and outspoken satires which have appeared since the days of ,gillray4#ahb ,among the draughtsmen whom ,punch called in to help him in his early days was a useful and ingenious artist1 inferior in many respects to ,kenny ,meadows1 his name was ,,alfred ,,henry ,,forrester1 better known to most of us under his nom de guerre of ,alfred ,crowquill4 ,the scribes of the ,catnach1 or ,seven ,dials school1 of literature are satirized by ,forrester 7in the second volume71 wherein we see a ,literary ,gentleman hard at work at his vocation of a scribe of cheap and deleterious literature1 consulting his authorities--,the ,annals of ,crime1 a ,last ,dying ,speech and ,confession1 and the ,newgate ,calendar4 ,in ,the ,footman we have a gorgeous figure1 adorned with epaulets1 lace1 and a cocked hat1 reading 7of all things in the world7 the ,loves of the ,angels1 over a bottle of hock and soda-water6 ,the ,pursuit of ,matrimony under ,difficulties is a more ambitious performance4 ,punch's ,guide to the ,watering ,places 7vol4 iii47 is illustrated with a number of coarsely executed cuts1 wholly destitute of merit2 the fourth volume contains a cartoon entitled ,private ,opinions4 ,but the graphic humour of ,alfred ,crowquill1 although amusing and sometimes bright and sparkling1 was unsuited to the requirements of a periodical such as ,punch4 ,as better men came forward1 he gradually dropped out of its pages1 and we see nothing more of him after the fourth volume4 ,illustration3 ,,alfred ,,crowquill4 ,from ,the ,book of ,days4 ,,frozen ,,out ,,gardeners4 ,face p4 #cfh4 ,alfred ,crowquill was a sort of general utility man1 essaying the character of a littrateur as well as that of an artist1 and achieving as a natural consequence no permanent success in either4 ,in his literary capacity1 ,alfred ,henry ,forrester made his first appearance 7we believe7 in ,the ,hive1 and ,the ,mirror1 under the editorship of ,mr4 ,timbs2 while as an artist he illustrated his own writings1 besides those of a host of other authors4 ,an early effort of his pencil is entitled1 ,der ,freyschutz ,travestied2 this was followed by ,alfred ,crowquill's ,sketch ,books1 which were dedicated to the 7then7 ,princess ,victoria1 by command of the ,duchess of ,kent4 ,we find him afterwards employed on the pages of the ,new ,monthly1 but on the death of its editor1 ,mr4 ,theodore ,hook1 his useful talents procured him an engagement on the staff of ,bentley's ,miscellany1 to whose pages he was not only an indefatigable contributor1 but rendered it substantial assistance in its difficulties with ,george ,cruikshank4 ,the best of his illustrative works 7mostly designs on wood7 were executed for this periodical1 and selections were afterwards collected and published under the title of ,the ,phantasmagoria of ,fun4 ,illustration3 ,,alfred ,,crowquill4 ,from ,the ,book of ,days4 ,,swearing ,,the ,,horns ,,at ,,highgate4 ,when any person passed through ,highgate for the first time on his way to ,london1 he1 being brought before the horns1 had a mock oath administered to him1 to the effect that he would never drink small beer when he could get strong1 unless he liked it better2 that he would never eat brown bread when he could get white1 or water-gruel1 when he could command turtle-soup2 that he would never make love to the maid when he might to the mistress2 and so on 4 according to the wit of the imposer of the oath1 and simplicity of the oath-taker4 ,face p4 #cfi4 ,in these days a man like ,forrester would be almost at a discount1 but at the time when he started there was less competition1 and a useful1 clever man1 like he undoubtedly was1 was fortunately not lost4 ,his hands1 in fact1 were always full1 and a list of some of the books to which his pen and his pencil contributed will be found in the ,appendix4 ,one of the best of his designs was a title-page he executed for a work published by ,kent ,co41 under the title of ,merry ,pictures by the ,comic ,hands of ,alfred ,crowquill1 ,doyle1 ,meadows1 ,hine1 and ,others 7#aheg71 a rchauffage of cuts and illustrations which had previously done duty for books of an ephemeral character1 such as ,the ,gent1 ,the ,ballet ,girl1 and even of the superior order of ,gavarni in ,london4#ahc ,some excellent designs executed by him on wood will be found in ,messrs4 ,chambers' ,book of ,days4 ,in his dual character of a writer and comic artist1 ,crowquill was an inveterate punster4 ,leaves from his ,memorandum ,book 7#ahcd7 will give us a good idea of his style4 ,in ,tea ,leaves for ,breakfast1 ,strong ,black is represented by a sturdy negro carrying a heavy basket2 a tall youth with a small father personating ,hyson2 a housemaid shaking a hall mat1 to the discomfort of herself and the passers-by1 is labelled ,fine dust2 a cockney accidentally discharging his fowling-piece does duty for ,gunpowder2 while ,mixed is aptly personified by a curious group of masqueraders4 ,the vowels put in a comical appearance3 ,a with his hands behind him listens to ,e1 who points to ,i as the subject of his remarks1 which must be of a scandalous character1 as the injured vowel looks the picture of anger and astonishment4 ,e finds a ready listener in ,o1 who opens his mouth and extends his hands in real or simulated amazement and horror4 ,crowquill was a clever caricaturist1 and began work when he was only eighteen4 ,we have seen some able satires of his executed between the years #ahbc and #ahbf inclusive4 ,one of the best1 published by ,s4 ,knight in #ahbe1 is entitled1 ,paternal ,pride3 ,dear ,doctor1 don't you think my little ,billy is like me8 ,the very picture of you in every feature6 ,ups and ,downs 7,knights1 #ahbc71 comprise ,take ,up 7a ,bow ,street runner72 ,speak ,up 7a barrister72 ,hang ,up 7a hangman72 ,let-em-,down 7a coachman72 ,knock-em-,down 7an auctioneer72 ,screw-em-,down 7an undertaker74 ,the following are given as ,four ,specimens of the ,reading ,public 7,fairburn1 #ahbf73 ,romancing ,molly1 ,sir ,lacey ,luscious1 a ,political ,dustman1 and ,french la ,mode4 ,two1 in which he was assisted by ,george ,cruikshank1 entitled1 ,indigestion1 and ,jealousy1 will be found in the volume published 7and republished7 under the name of ,cruikshankiana4 ,the latter shows on the face of it that1 while ,crowquill was responsible for the design1 the etching and a large share of the invention are due to ,cruikshank4 ,if not a genius1 the man was talented and clever1--a universal favourite4 ,he could draw1 he could write2 he was an admirable vocalist1 setting the table in a roar with his medley of songs4 ,even as a painter he was favourably known4 ,temperance and ,intemperance were engraved from his painting in oils1 and called forth a letter of thanks from the great apostle of temperance1 ,father ,mathew himself4 ,other works were ,the ,ups and ,downs of ,life1 the well-known ,president and ,vice ,president 7both engraved71 and many others4 ,a clever artist in black and white1 two of his pen-and-ink sketches--,the ,huntsman's ,rest and ,the ,solitary--were honoured with a place among the drawings at the ,royal ,academy ,exhibition of #ahdf4 ,his talents did not end here2 most of the ,christmas pantomimes of his time were indebted to him for clever designs1 devices1 and effects4 ,the kindly1 genial1 gifted man died in #ahgb1 in his sixty-eighth year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,chas4 ,h4 ,,bennett4 ,shadow and ,substance4 444 creeping like a snail ,unwillingly to school4--,,as ,,you ,,like ,,it4 ,face p4 #cga4 ,some of our readers may possibly remember seeing in one of the comic publications published concurrently with or shortly after the appearance of ,mr4 ,charles ,darwin's work1 a series of comical designs ridiculing the theory of the origin of species in a manner which must have astonished as well as amused the learned philosopher4 ,the origin of the genus footman1 and of the dish he carries to his master's table1 is traced out as follows3 ,the dish carries a bone1 which eventually finds its way into the jaws of a mongrel cur with a peculiarly short tail4 ,the process then goes merrily onwards2 the dog gradually develops2 his skin turns into a suit of livery with buttons1 the dog-collar gradually assumes the form of a footman's tie1 until the process is ended and the species complete4 ,in like manner1 a cat develops into a spinster aunt2 a monkey into a mischievous urchin2 a pig into a gourmand2 a sheep into a country bumpkin2 a weasel into a lawyer2 a dancing bear into a garrotter2 a shark into a money-lender2 a snail into the schoolboy to which ,shakespeare likens him2 a fish into a toper1 and so on4 ,these developments 7twenty in number71 which were dedicated to ,mr4 ,darwin1 are signed ,c4 ,h4 ,b4 and these are the initials of ,,charles ,h4 ,,bennett1 one of the gentlest1 most promising1 and withal most original graphic humourists of the century4 ,amongst the earliest of the serials which he illustrated was1 we believe1 ,diogenes1 a sort of rival of ,punch1 which made its appearance and ran a brief course in #ahec-d4 ,associated with him in the illustrations were ,mc,connell and ,watts ,phillips1 the latter of whom contributed largely also to the literary matter4 ,we find a clever design of his 7in ,leech's style7 in the second volume3 ,now1 gentlemen of the jury1 says a brazen-faced barrister1 ,i throw myself upon your impartial judgment as husbands and fathers1 and ,i confidently ask1 ,does the prisoner the most murderous-looking ruffian un-hung look like a man who would knock down and trample upon the wife of his bosom8 ,gentlemen1 ,i have done6 ,there was considerable originality in the designs of ,bennett1 which is more particularly manifested in the well-known series of humorous sketches in which the effect intended to be produced is effected by means of the shadows of the figures represented1 which are supposed to indicate their distinguishing failings and characteristics4 ,among them may be mentioned a tipsy woman amused at the shadow cast by her own figure of a gin bottle2 an undertaker1 in his garb of woe wrung from the pockets of widows and orphans1 casts the appropriate shadow of a crocodile2 a red-nosed old hospital nurse of a tea-pot2 a worn-out seamstress of a skeleton2 a mischievous street boy of a monkey2 an angry wife sitting up for a truant husband of an extinguisher2 a tall1 conceited-looking parson1 with a long coat1 of a pump2 while a sweep1 with his machine1 to his mortal terror beholds his own shadow preceding him in the guise of ,beelzebub himself4 ,the series is continued in a work published by ,w4 ,kent ,co4 in #ahfj1 under the title of ,shadow and ,substance1 the letterpress of which is contributed to ,bennett's pictures by ,robert ,b4 ,brough4 ,literary work of this description1 like ,william ,combe's ,doctor ,syntax1 is necessarily unsatisfactory2 but the pictures themselves are distinctly inferior to the series which preceded them1 the best being ,old ,enough to ,know ,better1--a bald-headed1 superannuated old sinner behind the scenes1 presenting a bouquet to a ballet girl1 his figure casting a shadow on the back of the scene of a bearded1 long-eared1 horned old goat4 ,illustration3 ,,chas4 ,h4 ,,bennett4 ,shadow and ,substance4 ,,old ,,enough ,,to ,,know ,,better4 ,face p4 #cgb4 ,we are in no position to give a detailed list of ,charles ,bennett's work1 which was of a very miscellaneous kind1 comprising among others a series of slight outline portraits of members of parliament1 which appeared in the ,illustrated ,times1 an edition of the ,pilgrim's ,progress1 edited by the ,rev4 ,charles ,kingsley2 ,john ,todd1 a work by the ,rev4 ,john ,allen2 ,shadows1 and ,shadow and ,substance1 just spoken of2 ,proverbs1 with ,pictures by ,charles ,h4 ,bennett1 etc41 etc4 ,his talent at last attracted the notice of the weekly ,punch council1 and he received the coveted distinction of being engaged on the permanent staff of that periodical4 ,his life1 however1 was a brief one4 ,the diary of ,shirley ,brooks1 who took much personal interest in him1 refers with some anxiety to his illness on the #cjth of ,march1 #ahfg4 ,on the #cast of ,march the report was somewhat more favourable2 but the #bnd of ,april brought a letter from the editor of ,punch1 ,mark ,lemon1 which said that ,charles ,bennett had died between the hours of eight and nine o'clock that morning4 ,i am very sorry1 adds ,shirley ,brooks in an autograph note appended beneath the letter referred to4 ,bennett was a man whom one could not help loving for his gentleness1 and a wonderful artist4 ,the obituary notice by the same hand which appears in ,punch records that he was a very able colleague1 a very dear friend4 ,none of our fellow-workers1 it continues1 ever entered more heartily into his work1 or laboured with more earnestness to promote our general purpose4 ,his facile execution and singular subtilty of fancy were1 we hoped1 destined to enrich these pages for many a year4 ,it has been willed otherwise1 and we lament the loss of a comrade of invaluable skill1 and the death of one of the kindliest and gentlest of our associates1 the power of whose hand was equalled by the goodness of his heart4 ,charles ,bennett was only thirty-seven when he died4 ,he left a widow and eight children unprovided for1 for his health having precluded it1 no life insurance had been effected4 ,the ,punch men1 however1 with the unselfishness which so nobly characterizes them1 put their shoulders to the wheel for the family of their stricken comrade4 ,we shall have to do something1 said ,shirley ,brooks in his diary of the #crd of ,april2 and they did it accordingly4 ,a committee was immediately started1 on which we find the names of ,messrs4 ,arthur ,lewis1#ahd ,wilbert ,beale1 ,mark ,lemon1 ,du ,maurier1 ,john ,tenniel1 ,arthur ,sullivan1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,bradbury4 ,then came rehearsals1 and1 on the #aath of ,may1 a performance at the ,adelphi in aid of the ,bennett fund4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,sullivan had1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,burnand1 converted the well-known farce of ,box and ,cox into an operetta of the most ludicrous description4 ,this was the opening piece--the forerunner of ,pinafore1 ,pirates1 ,patience1 and other triumphs4 ,arthur ,sullivan himself conducted1 and the players were ,mr4 ,du ,maurier1 ,mr4 ,quinton1 and ,mr4 ,arthur ,blunt4 ,then followed ,a ,sheep in ,wolf's ,clothing1 in which ,mesdames ,kate ,terry1 ,florence ,terry1 ,mrs4 ,stoker1 ,mrs4 ,watts 7the present ,ellen ,terry71 and ,messrs4 ,mark ,lemon1 ,tom ,taylor1 ,tenniel1 ,burnand1 ,silver1 ,pritchett1 and ,horace ,mayhew took part4 ,this was succeeded by ,offenbach's ,blind ,beggars1 who were admirably personated by ,mr4 ,du ,maurier and ,mr4 ,harold ,power4 ,the evening concluded with a number of part songs and madrigals sung by the ,moray ,minstrels--so called from their chiefly performing at ,moray ,lodge1 the residence of ,mr4 ,arthur ,lewis4 ,between the two portions of their entertainment1 ,shirley ,brooks came on and delivered an address written by himself1 which contained the following allusion to him for whose family the generous work had been undertaken3-- ,only some friends of a lost friend1 whose name ,is all the inheritance his children claim 7,save memory of his goodness71 think it due ,to make some brief acknowledgment to you4 ,brief but not cold2 some thanks that you have come ,and helped us to secure that saddened home1 ,where eight young mourners round a mother weep ,a fond and dear loved father's sleep4 ,take it from us--and with this word we end ,all sad allusion to our parted friend-- ,that for a better purpose generous hearts ,ne'er prompted liberal hands to do their parts4 ,you knew his power1 his satire keen but fair1 ,and the rich fancy1 served by skill as rare4 ,you did not know1 except some friendly few1 ,that he was earnest1 gentle1 patient1 true4 ,a better soldier doth life's battle lack1 ,and he has died with harness on his back4 ,illustration3 ,,result ,,of ,,animal ,,magnetism4 ,,thackeray',s ,,marginal ,,sketches1 ,,made ,,when ,,at ,,school1 ,,in ,,his ,,school-,,books1 ,,etc4 ,back to p4 #cge4 ,illustration3 ,,thackeray',s ,,marginal ,,sketches1 ,,made ,,when ,,at ,,school1 ,,inhis ,,school-,,books1 ,,etc4 ,back to p4 #cge4 ,the last verse alludes to ,kate ,terry's approaching marriage3-- ,last1 but not least1 in your dear love and ours1 ,there is a head we'd crown with all our flowers4 ,our kindest thanks to her whose smallest grace ,is the bewitchment of her fair young face4 ,our own ,kate ,terry comes1 to show how much ,the truest art does with the lightest touch4 ,make much of her while still before your eyes-- ,a star may glide away to other skies4 ,by this performance1 a second which took place at ,manchester on the #bith of ,july1 and the efforts of ,shirley ,brooks and the members of the committee1 a large sum was raised4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,punch volumes1 prior to his withdrawal from its pages1 are interspersed with numerous mirth-provoking drawings on wood by the late ,mr4 ,,thackeray4 ,probably the best of these will be found in the ,novels by ,eminent ,hands1 in one of which 7in amusing burlesque of ,phiz's spirited title-page to ,charles ,o',malley7 we see the hero flying over the heads of the ,french army4 ,charles ,lever was nervously sensitive to ridicule1 and1 although he laughed at and enjoyed the clever jeux d'esprit in which ,phil ,fogarty1 ,harry ,jolly-cur1 ,harry ,rollicker1 etc41 put in their respective appearances1 he declared nevertheless1 with evident vexation1 that he himself might just as well retire from business altogether4 ,this1 indeed1 he proceeded to do2 and although we miss from that time the rattling heroes of the ,frank ,webber and ,charles ,o',malley school1 we are indebted to ,thackeray for the striking proof which ,charles ,lever was thus enabled to afford us of the versatility of a genius which enabled him to change front and alter his style with manifest advantage to his literary reputation4 ,the fact of his waiting upon ,dickens at his chambers in ,furnival's ,inn with two or three drawings in his hand1 which strange to say he did not find suitable for ,pickwick1 has been told so often that there is no occasion for repeating it again2 but the circumstances under which he seems to have sought the interview not being1 so far as we know1 stated anywhere1 we shall now proceed to relate them4 ,thackeray was in ,london when ,seymour shot himself in #ahcf4 ,the death of the latter caused a vacancy in the post of illustrator to ,figaro in ,london1 which at that time ,seymour was illustrating as well as ,pickwick1 and such vacancy was supplied by ,thackeray1 who1 ,i think1 continued to illustrate it until the paper died a natural death4 ,his designs for ,figaro in ,london were drawn in pen and ink on paper1 and transferred to the wood by the engravers1 ,messrs4 ,branstone and ,wright1 and the remuneration he received for them was very trifling1 at most a few shillings each4 ,it was probably this circumstance which put into his head the idea of illustrating ,pickwick4 ,from what we know of the graphic abilities of ,thackeray and the fastidious requirements of ,dickens1 we may readily understand why the post rendered vacant by ,seymour's suicide was given to an abler artist4 ,we wish that from a work dealing with comic art in the nineteenth century the name of ,mr4 ,thackeray might be omitted2 for no notice of him1 however short1 would be just or complete which failed to refer to his book illustrations4 ,to do this we must separate ,thackeray the artist from ,thackeray the man of letters4 ,regarding him simply in the character of illustrator of the novels of ,w4 ,m4 ,thackeray1 we are bound in justice to the memory of that great and sterling humourist1 to say that he has undertaken a task which is manifestly beyond his powers4 ,while ,thackeray with his pen could most effectively describe a fascinating woman1 like ,becky ,sharp1 the illusion vanishes the moment his artist essays to draw her portrait with his pencil4 ,while ,thackeray's women are pretty and fascinating1 well dressed and accomplished1 the artist's women on the contrary are hideous2 their waists commence somewhere in the region of their knees2 and their clothes look as if they had been piled on their back with a pitchfork4 ,the same remarks apply to the men2 while the originals are witty or clever1 handsome or well-dressed1 those presented to us by the artist are destitute of calf1 and their limbs so curiously constructed that the free use of them as nature intended would be a matter of utter impossibility4 ,those defects are the more noticeable because the artist has shown in his admirable essays on ,george ,cruikshank and ,john ,leech how thoroughly he was alive to the possession of artistic genius in others4 ,the admiration which we have for ,thackeray the man of letters1 and the way in which we have already expressed that admiration1 render it unlikely that the drift of these remarks will be misunderstood4 ,while rejoicing that the admirable tales and satires of the humourist are uninjured by illustrations which are altogether unworthy of them1 we venture to suggest how much better the result might have been had the latter been entrusted1 as in the case of ,the ,newcomes1 to other hands1 and the artist contented himself with the initial letters and designs on wood with which his writings are pleasantly interspersed4 ,we have seen it somewhere stated 7we think in the volume entitled ,thackerayana7 that the author's rapid facility of sketching was the one great impediment to his attainment of excellence in illustrative art4 ,some of his designs indeed bear on their face evidence of the rapidity with which they were thrown off2 but no satisfactory explanation appears to be possible of his contempt for what ,mr4 ,hodder has termed the practical laws which regulate the academic exercise of the pictorial art1 and his apparent ignorance of the art of balancing his figures so as to enable them to stand upright1 to walk straight1 or to move their limbs with the grace and freedom assigned to them by nature4 ,one of the designs to ,the ,virginians shows a horseman1 who in the letterpress is described as crossing a bridge at full gallop1 whereas in the picture both man and horse will inevitably leap over the parapet into the river below4 ,nothing could possibly avert the catastrophe1 and the effect thus produced is due1 not to the manifest carelessness and haste with which the sketch is thrown off1 but to a palpable defect in the artistic powers of the designer himself4 ,yet in the face of defects so patent and so palpable we have found it gravely stated1 ,the world which is loth to admit high excellence in more than one direction1 has never fitly recognised ,thackeray's great gift as a comic draftsman4 ,here i4e4 in a work edited by his daughter he will be found advantageously represented2 inferior1 it is true to the unjustly neglected ,hablot ,browne 7',phiz'71 but often equalling if not sometimes surpassing the greatly over-rated ,john ,leech4 ,illustration3 ,,gruffanuff4 ,,prince ,,bulbo ,,seized ,,by ,,the ,,guards4 ,,monks ,,of ,,the ,,severest ,,order ,,of ,,flagellants4 ,,sketches ,,by ,,thackeray ,,from ,,his ,,rose ,,and ,,the ,,ring4 ,back to p4 #cgh4 ,ay6 the world is loth to admit high excellence in more than one direction1 and experience has taught it that few men1 however gifted1 are capable of exercising two different arts with an equal measure of success4 ,thackeray was both a genius and an artist1 but the world has long recognised the fact that the former manifested itself only when he laid down the pencil and took up the pen4 ,if called on to prove his incapacity to illustrate his own work1 we will refer the reader to his admirable novel of ,vanity ,fair4 ,the time selected for the story is the early part of the present century2 and on the plea that he had not the heart to disfigure his heroes and heroines by the correct but hideous costumes of the period1 ,thackeray has actually habited these men and women of #ahae in the dress of #ahdh6 ,cruikshank1 ,leech1 ,phiz1 or ,doyle1 it is unnecessary to say1 would have been guiltless of such an absurdity2 and the difficulty in which the gifted author found himself1 and the confession of his inability to cope with it1 afford the clearest possible evidence of his utter incapacity to illustrate the story itself4 ,if any further proof be wanted1 look at the designs themselves4 ,captain ,dobbin would be laughed out of any ,european military service2 such a guardsman as ,rawdon ,crawley could find no place in her ,majesty's guards2 ,jemima 7at p4 #g71 ,miss ,sharp in the schoolroom 7p4 #hj71 the children waiting on ,miss ,crawley 7p4 #hi71 the figures in the fencing scene 7p4 #bjg71 ,the ,family ,party at ,brighton1 ,gloriana trying her fascinations on the major1 ,jos 7at p4 #efi71 and ,becky's second appearance as ,clytemnestra1 without meaning to be so1 are caricatures pure and simple2 and yet these are admirable compared with the designs to ,the ,virginians1 which may safely be reckoned amongst the worst in the entire range of ,english illustrative art4 ,contrast them with illustrations confessedly not up to the severe standard of excellence required by the art critic1 but admirably adapted for their purpose1 ,mr4 ,doyle's etchings to ,the ,newcomes1 and remark the immeasurable superiority of the latter4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,m4 ,,thackeray4 ,the ,rose and the ,ring4 ,,angelica ,,arrives ,,just ,,in ,,time4 ,back to p4 #cgi4 ,and yet1 in justice to the great humourist of the nineteenth century1 let us hear what another great writer has to say upon the very illustrations which seem to us to call for such severe animadversion4 ,after telling us that ,thackeray studied drawing at ,paris1 affecting especially ,bonnington 7the young ,english artist who died in #ahbh71 ,mr4 ,anthony ,trollope goes on to say1 ,he never learned to draw1--perhaps never could have learned4 ,that he was idle and did not do his best1 we may take for granted4 ,he was always idle1 and only on some occasions1 when the spirit moved him thoroughly1 did he do his best even in after life4 ,but with drawing--or rather without it--he did wonderfully well1 even when he did his worst4 ,he did illustrate his own books1 and every one knows how incorrect were his delineations4 ,but as illustrations they were excellent4 ,how often have ,i wished that characters of my creating might be sketched as faultily1 if with the same appreciation of the intended purpose4 ,let any one look at the 'plates1' as they are called1 in ',vanity ,fair1' and compare each with the scenes and the characters intended to be displayed1 and then see whether the artist--if we may call him so--has not managed to convey in the picture the exact feeling which he has described in the text4 ,i have a little sketch of his1 in which a cannon-ball is supposed to have just carried off the head of an aide-de-camp1--messenger ,i had perhaps better say1 lest ,i might affront military feelings1--who is kneeling on the field of battle and delivering a despatch to ,marlborough on horseback4 ,the graceful ease with which the duke receives the message though the messenger's head be gone1 and the soldierlike precision with which the headless hero finishes his last effort of military obedience1 may not have been portrayed with well-drawn figures1 but no finished illustration ever told its story better4#ahe ,we read these remarks with profound astonishment1 and can only ask in reply3 ,if1 as ,mr4 ,trollope has admitted1 ,thackeray never learned to draw1--perhaps never could have learned1 how he could manage to convey in any of his pictures the exact feeling he has described in the text8--how1 in the face of the admitted incorrectness of his delineations1 he could be in any way fitted to illustrate a novel of such transcendent excellence as ,vanity ,fair8 ,it has been assumed1 without any sort of authority1 that it was only when ,thackeray found he could not succeed as an artist that he turned to literature4 ,the statement is altogether unwarranted4 ,at or about the very time he was engaged in drawing the cuts for ,figaro in ,london1 he was--if we are to judge of the sketch of the ,fraserians in the ,maclise ,portrait ,gallery1 in which young ,thackeray may easily be recognised--writing for ,fraser's ,magazine4 ,be this1 however1 as it may1 it seems tolerably certain that the rebuff he received from ,dickens had no hand in turning him into the path of letters1 towards which his genius and unerring judgment alone most fortunately guided him4 ,,footnotes3 #agg ,there is a scarce edition of the ,bon ,gaultier ,ballads1 which contains some unacknowledged tailpieces1 etc41 by ,kenny ,meadows2 in all subsequent editions these are omitted--why1 we know not4 #agh ,so great was the scarcity of good engravers in #ahhj1 that in ,september of that year the proprietors of the ,graphic newspaper acknowledged the difficulty they experienced in obtaining the assistance of high-class engravers1 and stated their intention to found a school of engraving on wood4 ,specimens of a new style of illustration have lately come from ,america1 which appear in illustrated serials2 some are good1 but the majority1 notwithstanding the song of praise with which they were first received1 are nothing less than abominable4 #agi ,onwhyn's name occurs frequently in illustrative literature4 ,he etched a set of designs for ,pickwick and ,nicholas ,nickleby2 for ,mr4 ,henry ,cockton's ,george ,st4 ,julian1 and a translation of ,eugene ,sue's ,mysteries of ,paris4 ,he is well known as the illustrator of ,valentine ,vox1 ,fanny the ,little ,milliner1 and other works4 ,some of his best designs will be found in ,mrs4 ,trollope's ,michael ,armstrong4 ,he occasionally displays some ability1 but his performances are very unequal4 #ahj ,see ,mr4 ,alfred ,g4 ,buss1 in ,notes and ,queries1 ,april #bdth1 #ahge4 #aha ,a very clever and promising artist1 who died early1 of consumption4 #ahb ,as the ,tomahawk appeared in #ahfg1 it does not come within the scope of the present work4 #ahc ,a work produced by ,david ,bogue1 in #ahdi1 and illustrated by the celebrated ,french caricaturist1 which professes to give sketches of ,london ,life and ,character4 ,allowing for the unfaithfulness of the portraits1 which are wholly ,parisian1 these designs possess unquestionable merit4 ,the literary contributors were ,albert ,smith1 ,shirley ,brooks1 ,angus ,b4 ,reach1 ,oxenford1 ,j4 ,hannay1 ,sterling ,coyne1 and others4 #ahd ,afterwards married ,kate ,terry4 #ahe ,thackeray1 by ,anthony ,trollope1 in ,english ,men of ,letters1 p4 #g4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,contemporaries ,,of ,,john ,,leech3 ,,richard ,,doyle ,,and ,,john ,,tenniel4 ,we gather from the article in ,the ,month which followed his death1 and to which we have to acknowledge materials of which we have availed ourselves in the revision of the present chapter1#ahf that ,richard ,doyle's first work was ,the ,eglinton ,tournament1 or the ,days of ,chivalry ,revived1 which was published when he was only fifteen years old4 ,three years later he produced ,a ,grand ,historical1 ,allegorical1 and ,classical ,procession1 a humorous pageant which the same authority tells us combined a curious medley of men and women who played a prominent part on the world's stage1 bringing out into good-humoured relief the characteristic peculiarities of each4 ,apart from his talent1 it was no doubt the fact of his being his father's son--the son of ,john ,doyle1 the once famous and eminent ,,hb--which first attracted the attention of the promoters of ,punch1 and he was only nineteen when1 in #ahdc1 he was taken on the regular pictorial staff of that periodical4 ,it was to the cheery1 delightful pencil of ,richard ,doyle that the paper owed much of the popularity which it subsequently achieved4 ,it was from his father that he not only inherited his artistic talent1 but received1 and that almost exclusively1 his artistic training4 ,the writer in ,the ,month goes on to tell us that ,john ,doyle would not allow his son to draw from models2 his plan was to teach the boy to observe with watchful eye the leading features of the object before him1 and then some little time after reproduce them from memory as nearly as he could4444 ,he had no regular training in academy or school of art2 he painted in the studio of no master save his father2 and it is curious to see how his genius overleapt what would have been serious disadvantages to an ordinary man4444 ,he attached himself to no school2 he was not familiar1 strange to say1 with the masterpieces of foreign artists4 ,he had never been in ,paris1 or ,rome1 or ,vienna4 ,it will be well for the reader to bear this in mind1 because ,doyle is one of the few book illustrators or etchers whom the professional art critic has condescended to notice1 and it will enable him the better to understand and appreciate the soundness of his criticism4 ,no one1 we are told1 owed less than ,richard ,doyle did to those who had gone before him2 and if this rendered his works less elaborate and conventional1 it gave them a freshness and originality which might have been hampered if he had been forced into conformity with the accepted canons of the professional studio4#ahg ,the writer of the article from which we have quoted would seem to have read what ,mr4 ,hodder has told us respecting his friend ,kenny ,meadows1 for the following is certainly not new to us3 ,he was not a self-taught artist1 for he was trained by one who had a genius kin to his own1 but he was an artist who had never forced himself into the observance of those mechanical rules and canons which to ordinary men are necessary to their correct painting 7just as rules of grammar are necessary to correct writing71 but hamper and trammel the man of genius1 who has in himself the fount whence such rules proceed1 and instinctively follows them in the spirit1 though not in the letter4 ,so far as they will forward the end he has in view1 and no farther4#ahh ,it will be seen by the above that the kindly writer gives ,doyle credit for genius1 and we who are strictly impartial will cheerfully admit that if he had not positive genius1--which we somewhat doubt1--he was certainly one of the most genial and graceful of comic designers4 ,it was ,punch's practice during the earlier years of his career to produce a new cover with each succeeding volume4#ahi ,richard ,doyle1 however1 signalized his accession by the contribution of a wrapper which was considered too good to be thrown aside at the expiration of a few months4 ,the well known and admirable design was stereotyped1 and still forms1 with certain modifications1 the permanent cover of ,punch's weekly series4 ,specially worthy of note amongst his ,punch designs may be mentioned ,the ,napoleon of ,peace 7,louis ,philippe71 and ,the ,land of ,liberty1 recommended to the consideration of ,brother ,jonathan4 ,in the latter1 allusion is made to the ,mexican war1 rifle duelling and rowdyism1 repudiation1 ,lynch law1 and the then but no longer peculiar institution4 ,these will be found in the thirteenth volume1 with a design of great excellence1 ,punch's ,vision at ,stratford-on-,avon1 supposed to occur in the house of ,shakespeare4 ,a new ,english 787 party had been growing up and gradually forcing itself into ,english politics4 ,this was the ,peace-at-any-price party1 the members of which1 oblivious of the fact that the best preservative of peace is to be found in a perpetual state of readiness for war1 erased from their minds all remembrance of the position won for the nation by our glorious army and navy1 and ruled that national honour and national obligations must now be considered subordinate to the interests of peace1 trade1 and commerce4 ,conspicuous among these men of the new school was ,mr4 ,cobden1 an able1 earnest1 but 7so far as our foreign policy was concerned7 thoroughly mistaken enthusiast4 ,he figures as ,peace in ,doyle's cartoon of ,john ,bull between ,peace and ,war 7i4e4 the ,duke of ,wellington74 ,in ,gentlemen1 make your ,game while the ,ball is ,rolling 7#ahdh71 the best cartoon ever designed by ,richard ,doyle1 the various ,european monarchs are engaged at roulette under the auspices of ,punch himself4 ,the ball is the world1 and the edges of the board are respectively inscribed1 ,reform1 ,progress1 ,republicanism1 ,equality1 ,constitutional ,government4 ,anarchy1 and ,liberalism4 ,bomba of ,naples having staked a large sum1 he and other monarchs follow the erratic movements of the ball with absorbing attention4 ,in the background may be seen the then ,queen of ,spain and ,louis ,philippe1 who1 having staked their all and lost1 are just leaving the apartment4 ,another1 following up the same subject1 is the political sea serpent of ,revolution suddenly appearing above the surface of the sea and upsetting1 one after another1 the cockle-shell boats in which the various ,european sovereigns are endeavouring to get to shore4 ,the writer in the ,catholic ,month points out the fact that this picture was drawn in the earlier part of the year1 before the ,roman revolution1 and the ,holy ,father was still riding safely unharmed by the monster which is working havoc in ,france and ,germany1 and ,austria and ,spain4 ,in ,the ,citizen of the ,world we find a capital skit upon the admirable ,crichton delusion which made my ,lord ,brougham fancy himself in every character he chose to assume1 or on any subject to which he condescended to give his attention1 facile princeps4 ,here we find him figuring in turn as an ,english ,lord ,chancellor1 a ,german student1 a ,french subject1 a ,french ,national ,guard1 an ,american citizen1 a ,bedouin ,arab1 a ,carmelite monk1 a ,chinese mandarin1 an ,osmanli1 a red ,indian1 a ,scottish shepherd1 and by the unmistakable nose and self-complacent smirk on his countenance1 it is clear that in each and every character ,henry ,lord ,brougham feels himself thoroughly at home4 ,the ,sleeping ,beauty is a clever composition4 ,beauty1 by the way1 is ,lord ,john ,russell1 and amongst the sleeping attendants may be recognised the ,duke of ,wellington1 ,benjamin ,disraeli1 ,colonel ,sibthorpe1 and ,lord ,william ,bentinck2 while the ever indispensable ,brougham of course puts in an appearance1 this time in the character of a jester4 ,richard ,doyle1 as we have seen1 was young when he joined the ranks of the ,punch staff4 ,young men are apt to dream dreams1 and one of ,richard ,doyle's was in truth a charming one4 ,in ,ireland3 a ,dream of the ,future1 he shows us our ,queen gazing into the depths of an ,irish lake1 wherein she beholds prosperous towns1 smiling fields1 a contented peasantry1 flourishing homesteads1 a land flowing with milk and honey4 ,on the opposite bank sit in dreary solitude a starving cottier and his family4 ,this was ,richard ,doyle's dream in #ahdi4 ,he did not live to wake to the reality of #ahhd3 half a dozen ,gladstone bags filled with ,american dynamite1 the property of subjects of a republic who allows her mongrel murderers to plot the deaths of thousands of the people of a friendly nation without lifting a hand or a finger to restrain them4 ,a home government too weak to pass a law which would stop these outrages by hanging these foreign miscreants as high as ,haman4 ,these formed no part of course of the young artist's dream4 ,he delighted in sunshine4 ,the year #ahej was memorable for the repeal of the window tax1 one of the most extraordinary impositions which ever crossed the inventive mind of a ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 ,hollo6 old fellow1 says a workman to his family1 hailing the unwonted appearance of the sunbeams in their dark and dreary apartment1 ,hollo6 old fellow2 we're glad to see you here4 ,among the numerous illustrations which ,doyle designed for ,punch1 probably the most original were the series entitled ,manners and ,customs of ye ,englishe1 which1 under the title of ,bird's-eye ,views of ,english ,society1 he afterwards continued in the ,cornhill ,magazine in a more elaborate form4 ,the ,manners and ,customs form a curious record of the doings of the period1 and remind us of ,sam ,cowell and the cider cellars1 the ,jenny ,lind mania1 ,julien and his famous band1 ,astleys1 the ,derby day1 and many of the forgotten scenes and follies in which some of us may have mingled in days gone by4 ,they are very clever so far as they go2 but none of them1 as the writer in ,the ,month would have us believe1 are at all worthy of or in any way remind us of ,hogarth 7why are all the writers on comic art immediately reminded of ,hogarth874 ,each face in one of these pictures--,a ,prospecte of ,exeter ,hall1 showynge a ,christian ,gentleman denouncynge ye ,pope1 says the same writer--deserves a careful study1 and tells the tale of bigotry1 prejudice1 and gaping credulity which has made ,exeter ,hall a bye-word among men4 ,although we agree with the writer on this subject1 we would at the same time take leave to remind him that the ,catholics are singularly fortunate in ,england compared with the religious freedom or tolerance enjoyed by ,protestants in ,catholic countries--in ,italy for instance1 or in ,spain4 ,as for bigotry1 let him look only at ,catholic ,france during the reign of priestcraft there1 where an actor of the position of ,talma1 writing with reference to a proposed monument to his ,english brother1 ,john ,kemble1 could add by way of shameful contrast1 ,je serai trop heureux ici si les pretres me laissent une tombe dans mon jardin6 ,when we first completed this chapter1 and while the artist was yet living1 we deemed it better to say as little as possible in reference to the conscientious motives which induced him to throw up his lucrative position on ,punch1 and with it the whole of his splendid prospects in comic art2 and this course we had decided to follow after ,richard ,doyle had been removed from us by death4 ,as1 however1 the ,catholic organ has entered fully into the subject1 not only is every cause for further reticence removed1 but by being placed in a position to understand causes and motives1 we are enabled to do justice to the memory of this most generous and unselfish of men4 ,the ,catholics have cause to feel satisfied with the results of what the benighted ,protestants of ,england are apt to term the ,papal ,aggression4 ,the conduct of the latter in relation to this portentous event is thus described by ,the ,month3--,in #ahej the ,catholic ,hierarchy was established in ,england1 and the ,protestant public raved and stormed and talked bigoted nonsense without end respecting this new invasion4 ,parliament passed the futile and obsolete ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,bill1 and ,punch took up the popular cry4 ,cardinal ,wiseman was represented as 'tree'd' by the ,papal bull1 and comic verses and personal ridicule was lavished on the ,pope1 the new hierarchy1 and ,catholics generally4 ,doyle remonstrated1 but received answer that1 as he had been allowed to turn ,exeter ,hall and its doings into ridicule1 it was only fair that his own opinions should have their turn4 ,but those who used this argument little knew1 and could scarcely be expected to know1 the difference between the devotion of supernatural faith and the bigotry of a self-chosen creed4 ,doyle was anything but narrow or over-scrupulous4 ,it was not any of the cartoons which was the immediate occasion of the step that he took1 nor was it 7as some of the notices of him have intimated7 any mere personal attachment to ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ',i don't mind1' he said1 'as long as you keep to the political and personal side of the matter1 but doctrines you must not attack4' ,douglas ,jerrold and ,thackeray were not likely to appreciate this reversal of the general sentiment1 which resents personal attack above all else4 ',look at the ,times1' they argued2 'its language has been most violent1 but the ,catholic writers on its staff do not for that reason resign4 ,they understand1 and the world at large understands1 that the individual contributor is not responsible for the opinions expressed by other contributors in articles with which he has nothing to do4' ',that is very well in the ,times1' was ,doyle's answer1 'but not in ,punch4 ,for the ,times is a monarchy we believe these were his very words1 whereas ,punch is a republic4' ,so1 when a week or so later an article1 attributed to ,jerrold himself1 jeeringly advised the ,pope to 'feed his flock on the wafers of the ,vatican1' it was too much for ,doyle4 ,dignified protest was not sufficient now4 ,to be any longer identified with a paper which could use such language was intolerable to the faithful soul4 ,to ply his skilful fingers and busy inventive brain in behalf of those who scoffed at the ,blessed ,sacrament of the ,altar was out of the question4 ,his connection with ,punch must cease4 ,but is he bound in conscience to throw away a good income and congenial work1 because there were expressed opinions different from his own in a paper in which1 republic though it was1 solidarity was scarcely possible8 ,who would expect that in a comic journal each and all of the contributors should agree with each and every sentiment expressed8 ,never mind2 whatever ,richard ,doyle might have been strictly bound to do1 generosity at least urged him to make the sacrifice--the sacrifice of his career1 of his future success it may be4 ,at least he could show that ,catholic belief was no empty superstition1 no set of mere traditional observances1 which sat lightly on the man of culture1 even if in his heart he accepted them at all4 ,so he wrote to resign his connection with ,punch1 stating the reasons plainly and simply4 ,this was in #ahej1 after he had been contributing for more than six years4 ,now he must simply start afresh1 in consequence of what his ,protestant friends regarded as an ecclesiastical crotchet4 ,he must turn aside from the path of worldly success2 he must give up all for conscience' sake4 ,but as the ,daily ,telegraph remarks1 in an article respecting him that does it honour1 ',he made a wise and prudent choice4 ,the loss was ours1 not his2 and1 apart from the claims of his genius to admiration1 such conduct at the critical moment of a career will never cease to command respect4' ,passing by 7as we may afford to do7 the assertion that we ,protestants raved and stormed and talked bigoted nonsense without end respecting this new invasion1 and the somewhat unnecessary boast that ,lord ,john ,russell's ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,bill has been suffered to become a futile and obsolete measure1 we would recognise the value of the writer's remarks as establishing in the clearest possible manner the perfect honesty and unselfishness of the motives which induced the artist to resign his connection with ,punch1 and to throw up the chances of an assured and brilliant future4 ,we think however1 that the value of his statement does not end here4 ,we may here acknowledge that1 while admitting the perfect purity and disinterestedness of ,doyle's motives1 we ourselves never thoroughly understood them until we had read the article from which we have quoted4 ,we had taken into consideration the fact that when he took this decided step he was but twenty-five years of age1 and we suspected 7let us honestly own it7 that other influences might have been at work independent of the artist himself1 of which we as ,protestants must always remain ignorant4 ,there are grounds on which ,protestant and ,catholic writers may meet one another even in connection with religious questions2 and although a bigoted ,protestant1 ,i am glad to admit that the writer's clear and lucid statement has removed an impression that was absolutely without foundation4 ,with respect1 however1 to the ultimate consequences of this decisive step1 the ,catholic writer and ourselves are wholly at variance4 ,we are inclined to believe1 continues the former1 that apart from the respect he earned by his noble sacrifice1 ,mr4 ,doyle achieved a higher reputation in consequence of his retirement from comic journalism1 than if he had continued to employ his pencil in its services all his life through4 ,it is true that his name was not1 towards the end of his life1 so familiar to the popular mind of ,england as was that of ,john ,leech at the end of his career1 and as that of ,du ,maurier at the present time1 but the work which he did in his later life was more lasting and more world-wide4 ,punch is an ,english periodical2 you must be an ,englishman to understand the allusions4 ,the humour is essentially and almost exclusively ,english2 it would never attain any great popularity in other ,english-speaking nations1 in spite of its undoubted claim to be the first comic journal in the world4 ,if ,doyle had confined himself to the pages of ,punch1 or directed his energies mainly to the weekly issue of some design in its numerous columns1 the limnings of his pencil would scarcely be known outside of ,england1 whereas all over the continent of ,america1 and in the ,english colonies1 the old ,colonel ,newcome1 and the ,marquis of ,farintosh1 ,lady ,kew1 and ,trotty ,veck meet us with their familiar faces as we turn over the ,transatlantic editions of ,thackeray and ,dickens1 not to mention the exquisite paintings1 of which we shall have more to say presently1 exhibited in the ,grosvenor ,gallery1 and to be found in many a country mansion as a lasting memorial of ,dicky ,doyle4 ,does the writer seriously mean to tell us that ,doyle could not illustrate ,thackeray and ,dickens at the same time and side by side with his illustrations for ,punch or any other serial of a satirical character8 ,granted that ,punch is a periodical appealing to ,english tastes and sympathies1 yet it was through the introduction obtained by means of its pages that the artist probably obtained employment upon the very works to which the writer refers1 and upon which 7as he claims7 his reputation will rest4 ,nor do we1 nor can we1 admit that1 out of the circle of his coreligionists1 or the still narrower circle of educated unbiassed minds1 ,doyle reaped much respect by the noble sacrifice of which the writer speaks4 ,english prejudice looks with special coldness on conscientious motives it does not understand1 and with which it can have but little sympathy4 ,doyle was a man of purer motives and finer sympathies than ,george ,cruikshank2 but the same insular prejudice which conduced to the ruin of ,george ,cruikshank1 wrecked the future prospects of an artist almost as original in some respects as the more brilliant ,george4 ,from the moment that ,doyle retired from ,punch1 ,english fanaticism and ,english prejudice persisted in regarding him as a supporter of the ,papal aggression1 and he permanently lost from that moment the ground which his talent and his reputation had so honourably won for him4 ,from the moment he deemed it his duty to retire from the circle of literary and artistic wits and humourists with whom he was then associated1 he took himself practically out of the range of comic art1 and the public ceased to trouble itself about him1 although it had lost 7in the expressive language of ,mr4 ,thackeray7 the graceful pencil1 the harmless wit1 the charming fancy1 of one of the most genial and promising of ,english graphic satirists of the modern time4 ,before he left ,punch he had executed for the periodical upwards of five hundred illustrations1 of which nearly eighty are cartoons4 ,but ,richard ,doyle manifested the honesty of purpose which was a part of his noble nature by other sacrifices than his retirement from ,punch4 ,from the friendly hand which has strewn flowers upon his grave1 we learn that at one time he was offered a handsome income to draw for a periodical started some years ago1 but declined the engagement because he disapproved of the principles of those by whom it was conducted4 ,at another he had a similar offer made him by a distinguished statesman on behalf of a political journal1 in which the work would have been light and the remuneration excellent4 ,he was offered his own terms to illustrate an edition of ,swift's humorous works2 but here too he refused1 because he did not admire the morality of the witty ,dean of ,st ,patrick's4 ,in these and other cases like them1 religion1 virtue1 high principle1 carried the day against interests which would have proved too much for any but a man of ,doyle's noble and lofty character4 ,his biographer points out the fact that all this while he had to look to his pencil for bread1 and denies the statement1 made by one of the leading newspapers at the time of his death1 that during the latter part of his life he was independent of his profession4 ,in one set of illustrations1 now very scarce and little known1 ,doyle has shown that he possessed eminent powers as a caricaturist4 ,we have a set of lithographs before us1 entitled1 ,rejected ,cartoons1 a sort of pictorial ,rejected ,addresses1 supposed to be intended for the then new ,houses of ,parliament1 some of them caricatures of the works of living artists--,maclise1 ,pugin1 etc41 whose styles are closely imitated and most amusingly burlesqued4 ,some of them are irresistibly droll1 such as ,king ,alfred sending the ,danes into a ,profound ,slumber with the ,sleepy ,notes of his ,harp2 ,canute reproving the ,flattery of his ,courtiers2 ,the ,faces of ,king ,john and his ,barons at the ,signing of ,magna ,charta2 ,perkin ,warbeck in the ,stocks2 ,the ,meeting of ,francis and ,harry in the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold1 etc4 ,few people with whom the touch of ,richard ,doyle is perfectly familiar would recognise his hand in these amazing and amusing cartoons4 ,we met with them at a bookstall twenty years ago1 unconscious until lately that they were due to his pencil4 ,the once celebrated ,adventures of ,brown1 ,jones1 and ,robinson would alone secure for this artist an eminent position amongst the number of ,english comic designers4 ,graphically relating the experiences of the most ordinary class of continental tourists1 they cannot fail to bring to the recollection even of the most commonplace traveller some of the experiences which may have actually happened to himself4 ,doyle of course enlarges on these experiences as his fancy and imagination suggest2 but after all1 there is little which might not have actually befallen any ordinary ,english travellers such as this unlucky trio4 ,the episode of ,jones's ,portmanteau undergoing the ordeal of ,search at ,cologne2 ,the scene at the ,speise-,saal ,hotel2 ,the ,jewish ,quarter of the ,city of ,frankfort1 and what they saw there2 ,the ,gambling ,scene at ,baden3 ,the ,descent of the ,st4 ,gothard2 ,the ,academia at ,venice2 will appeal to the actual experiences of nearly every continental tourist2 and notwithstanding its extravagant drollery1 little ,browne's adventure at ,verona is sufficiently possible to remind one of personal vicissitudes encountered off the track or on the frontiers1 which might almost match the experiences of this personally uninteresting little sketcher4 ,illustration3 ,,richard ,,doyle4 ,brown1 ,jones ,robinson1 #ahee4 ,robinson 7solo73 ,i stood in ,venice--1 etc4 ,jones and ,brown1 having heard something like it before1 have walked on a little way4 ,face p4 #cib4 ,besides ,punch1 ,mr4 ,doyle's hand will be found in the following3--,the ,fairy ,ring1 ,leigh ,hunt's ,jar of ,honey1 ,professor ,ruskin's ,king of the ,golden ,river1 ,montalba's ,fairy ,tales from all ,nations1 ,jack and the ,giants1 ,the ,cornhill ,magazine1 ,pictures from the ,elf ,world1 ,the ,bon ,gaultier ,ballads1 ,thackeray's ,rebecca and ,rowena1 ,charles ,dickens's ,battle of ,life1 ,the ,family ,joe ,miller1 ,mr4 ,tom ,hughes' ,scouring of the ,white ,horse1 ,pictures of ,extra ,articles and ,visitors to the ,exhibition1 ,laurence ,oliphant's ,piccadilly1 ,puck on ,pegasus1 ,p,lanche's ,old ,fairy ,tales1 ,beckett's ,almanack of the ,month1 ,london ,society1 and ,mr4 ,thackeray's ,newcomes4 ,writing of this last1 ,mr4 ,hamerton says1 ,i never regretted the hard necessity which forbids an art critic to shut his eyes to artistic shortcomings more heartily than ,i do now in speaking of ,richard ,doyle4 ,considered as commentaries on human character1 his etchings are so full of wit and intelligence1 so bright with playful satire and manly relish of life1 that ,i scarcely know how to write sentences with a touch at once light enough and keen enough to describe them2#aij and then the critic goes on to expose the glaring faults which characterize ,mr4 ,doyle's performances from a purely artistic point of view1 his feeble attempts of light1 his undeveloped sense of the nature of material1 and his absence of imitative study4 ,it is somewhat singular that whilst ,mr4 ,hamerton is silent on the subject of the book etchings of ,leech and ,phiz1 he should have selected for criticism those of ,doyle1 who never intended to claim for these sketches the dignity of etchings4 ,the critic1 however1 is not only just1 but remarkably fair4 ,with reference to the illustrations to the ,newcomes1 he acknowledges their all but inestimable dramatic value4 ,illustrations to imaginative literature1 he continues1 are too frequently an intrusion and an impertinence1 but these really added to our enjoyment of a great literary masterpiece1 and ,doyle's conception of the ,colonel1 of ,honeyman1 of ,lady ,kew1 is accepted at once as authentic portraiture4 ,in ,ethel he was less happy1 which was a misfortune1 as she was the heroine of the book2 but many of the minor characters were successes of the most striking and indisputable kind4 ,further on1 he says of ,doyle's etching1 ,a ,student of the ,old ,masters1--,colonel ,newcome is sitting in the ,national ,gallery1 trying to see the merits of the old masters4 ,observe the enormous exaggeration of arial perspective resorted to in order to detach the figure of the ,colonel4 ,the people behind him must be several miles away2 the floor of the room1 if judged by arial perspective only1 is as broad as the ,lake of ,lucerne4 ,the criticism1 though exaggerated1 is not unfair or unjust2 but the people are certainly not miles away4 ,doyle has perpetuated a mistake common with many ,english artists1 who seem to think1 as ,hazlitt expresses it1 that1 if they only leave out the subordinate parts1 they are sure of the general result4#aia ,doyle's intention to give us a portrait of ,colonel ,newcome only has prompted him to treat the subordinates as almost non-existent4 ,his work1 however1 was never intended to be faultless2 it carries out his own intention most thoroughly and admirably1 and in a manner very far superior to anything which ,thackeray himself could have done4 ,the closing scenes in the life of this most amiable and unselfish of artists we give in the singularly graceful words of his ,catholic biographer3 ,in the autumn of last year 7#ahhc71 ,mr4 ,doyle spent some time in ,north ,devon1 and while there painted a picture of ,lynton churchyard4 ,the view is taken at a distance of some ten or fifteen yards to the south-west of the church1 and is looking in an easterly direction4 ,in front of the picture one sees far down below the blue waters of the ,bristol ,channel1 while behind the picturesque little church nestles among the trees4 ,in the churchyard an old man is mowing down the long grass amid the graves1 while two or three little children scatter flowers on one of them4 ,this picture was unfinished at the time of his death4 ,a strange coincidence that he should have chosen such a scene for his last picture1 when1 as far as man can judge1 he had no sort of reason for thinking that death was so near2 stranger still1 that on his return home he chose for the sketch a black frame1 as if to clothe it in the garb of mourning for its maker4 ,there it remains on his easel1 unfinished still1 as if to tell of one cut off so suddenly1 not indeed in the summer of life1 but in a mellow autumn1 which seemed to give promise of many years of good work still to be done4 ,but the time had come when the little sprites who peopled his dreams of earth1 were to be exchanged for the angel forms who were to welcome the faithful servant to his reward in heaven4 ,on the #ajth of ,december1 as he was preparing to return from the ,athenum club1 ,mr4 ,doyle was struck down by apoplexy4 ,an ambulance was procured1 and he was carried home4 ,he never regained the power of speech1 and it is doubtful whether he was ever again conscious1 though the priest who anointed him for his journey from thence to heaven thought that he detected some traces of a joyful acquiescence in the rite4 ,the next morning1 in the home where the last years had been spent in quiet peaceful pursuit of the art he passionately loved1 his simple1 innocent1 loyal soul passed away from earth to heaven4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will be admitted that ,mr4 ,tenniel joined the ranks of the graphic satirists at the commencement of troublous times4 ,the nations of ,europe1 with the exception of ,england1 whose slumbers still remained unbroken1 were all more or less awake4 ,prussia1 insufficiently avenged 7as she herself considered7 at ,waterloo for the unendurable humiliations which ,napoleon had heaped upon her after ,jena1 had been unostentatiously preparing for another deadly struggle with ,france1 and perfecting the most admirable military machinery of modern times4 ,russia1 under ,nicholas1 a thorough soldier in theory1 had an army so elaborately over-drilled that when the time came it was found practically useless for the purposes of actual warfare4 ,the sleep of ,england was suddenly awakened by the war with ,russia1 and afterwards by the revolt of her ,indian mercenaries4 ,the ,russian was to be followed by a war between ,france and ,austria2 the enfranchisement of ,italy from the ,alps to the ,adriatic2 the fratricidal struggle between ,prussia and ,austria1 and the rending asunder within six weeks of the famous ,germanic ,confederation of the ,rhine4 ,it is a somewhat singular coincidence that immediately before the commencement of these troubles the great ,duke of ,wellington died1 an event commemorated by two remarkable cartoons of ,tenniel1 the first of which is entitled ,september ,,xiv4 ,,mdccclii4 7the day of the great soldier's death71 and the other1 ,the ,duke's ,bequest--for the most ,worthy4 ,the year #ahec opened the eyes of those of us who fancied that war was a thing of the past1 and that the reign of ,universal ,peace had begun4 ,not only was ,turkey at war with ,russia1 but had given her a tremendous thrashing at ,oltenitza1 an event alluded to in the artist's cartoon of ,a ,bear with a ,sore ,head4 ,one of the best of his satires of the same year depicts ,aberdeen as he appeared in ,the ,unpopular ,act of the ,courier of ,st4 ,petersburg1 wherein the premier attempts the risky feat of driving a team of unmanageable horses4 ,the features of the nervous athlete betray much anxiety2 the two fiery leaders1 ,russia and ,turkey1 prove wholly beyond his control2 while ,austria1 unsettled by their bad example1 is much disposed to be troublesome4 ,matters went from bad to worse in #ahed4 ,england was not only thoroughly aroused but angry1 not only with her enemies1 but with the foolish people who had preached peace to her when there was no peace2 and1 in ,what it has ,come to1 we find my ,lord ,aberdeen vainly trying to hold in the ,british lion1 whose ire has been roused by the ,russian bear1 who is seen scampering off in the distance4 ,away goes the lion1 with his tail as stiff as a poker and every hair of his mane erect1 dragging after him the frightened premier1 who exclaims1 in the extremity of his terror1 that he can hold him no longer and is bound to let him go4 ,the ,russian war showed our singular unreadiness for warfare4 ,just at its close we had provided ourselves with a fleet of vessels of light draught capable of floating in the shallows which surrounded the ,russian fortifications1 which1 had they been ready at the time they were wanted1 might have proved of incalculable service4 ,britannia disconsolately eyes these gun-boats from the summit of her cliffs4 ,ah6 she sighs1 if you'd been only hatched a year ago1 what might have come out of your shells6 ,close upon the heels of the ,russian war followed the mutiny of our ,indian levies4 ,so closely did one event follow the other1 that those who have watched and learnt with reason to distrust the odious and insidious policy of ,russia towards this country1 considered the coincidence a more than singular one4 ,the ,franco-,austrian war came next2 and the war wave passed onwards to ,america1 where the ,northern and ,southern states were speedily engaged in fratricidal and deadly strife4 ,peace1 driven from land to land1 found no resting place for the sole of her foot1 and the artist shows her to us1 seated disconsolately pondering over these untoward matters and her own unhappy condition on the breech of a garrison gun4 ,punch's low estimate of the character and abilities of the ,emperor ,louis is patent throughout those of ,tenniel's satires in which he puts in an appearance4 ,in #ahec he takes us to an ,international ,poultry ,show 7in obvious reference to the ,boulogne catastrophe7 where1 amid a variety of eagles--the ,american eagle1 the ,prussian eagle--the double-headed ,austrian and ,russian eagles--we find a wretched nondescript1 half eagle half barn-door fowl1 labelled the ,french eagle4 ,victoria 7a royal visitor7 remarks to her astonished companion1 ,we have nothing of that sort1 ,mr4 ,punch2 but should there be a lion show1 we can send a specimen66 ,the approaching marriage of the ,french ,emperor is alluded to in the cartoon of ,the ,eagle in ,love1 in which the present ex-,empress 7then ,comtesse de ,teba71 whose likeness by the way is far from happy1 is represented as cutting his talons4 ,the air of mystery which was a part of his character1 and was not so well understood in those days as it afterwards came to be1 not unnaturally misled ,mr4 ,tenniel1 for in his satire1 ,playing with ,edged ,tools1 we behold him studying 7of all things in the world7 a model of the guillotine1 an instrument of terror to which those of the ,bonaparte family who profess to be guided by the policy of the great ,napoleon1 must always entertain the greatest possible aversion4 ,punch not only looked upon the third ,napoleon as a treacherous man1 but also as a dangerous and inconvenient neighbour4 ,in the cartoon labelled1 ,an ,unpleasant ,neighbour 7#ahei71 we see him in the act of placing outside his firework shop a flaming advertisement1 whereon we read in the largest possible type1 ,blaze of ,triumph6 ,roman ,candles6--,italian ,fire6#aib ,his neighbour1 ,john ,bull1 proprietor of ,the ,roast ,beef ,house next door1 rushes out in a very excited state1 ,here have ,i got1 says he1 to pay double insurance1 all along of your confounded fireworks6 ,the next cartoon shows us ,louis1 alias ,monsieur ,walker1 after he has closed his establishment and chalked up1 ,the ,business to be disposed of1 while incredulous ,john places his finger to his nose as ,louis assures him1 ,ah1 friend ,johnny6 ,i close my shop entirely to please you6 ,in ,the ,congress ,quadrille1 ,louis vainly essays to make himself agreeable to ,miss ,britannia 7a good example of the artist's handsome women7--,voulez-vous danser1 ,mad'moiselle8 says ,louis4 ,britannia1 however1 having been his partner on more than one memorable occasion1 had had quite enough of him and his peculiar style of dancing4 ,thanks1--no6 she languidly replies1 thinking doubtless of her experiences of the ,russian quadrille--of the ,chinese country dance1 etc41 etc4 ,i'm not sure of the figure--and know nothing of the ,finale4 ,mr4 ,tenniel's art training before he joined the ,punch staff1 combined with his undoubted genius1 renders him unquestionably one of the most versatile of modern designers4 ,his satire is something quite apart from his caricature1 and the former is characterized by a strong dramatic element particularly noticeable in serious illustrations1 such as his designs to ,the ,pythagorean1 in the second volume of ,once a ,week4 ,in caricature he resumes in a measure the manner of the older caricaturists1 without retaining a trace of their vulgarity1 and a good example will be found in his cartoon of ,what ,nicholas heard in the ,shell 7#ahed71 in which the features and salient points of the figure are intensely overdrawn4 ,his caricature pure and simple seems to us always inferior to his satirical power2 as fine examples of the latter we may mention3 ,the ,british ,lion ,smells a ,rat 7an angry lion sniffing at a door1 in allusion to the conference which followed the fall of ,sebastopol72 ,the ,british ,lion's ,vengeance on the ,bengal ,tiger1 which chronicles the ghastly massacre of ,cawnpore2 ,bright the ,peace ,maker 7#ahfj71 in which ,punch testifies his indignation at the manner in which ,mr4 ,bright endeavoured to create a popular feeling against the ,house of ,lords2 ,poland's ,chain ,shot 7#ahfc71 a stirring and powerful composition1 wherein ,poland1 gallantly struggling once more for freedom1 breaks her chains and fiercely rams them into a cannon2 ,humble ,pie at the ,foreign ,office 7#ahfc71 and ,teucer ,assailed by ,hector is ,protected by the ,shield of ,ajax 7#ahfd71 in which ,lord ,john ,russell is the subject of satire2 and ,the ,false ,start and ,out of the ,race 7the same year71 in the first of which ,palmerston endeavours to restrain the leaning of ,gladstone towards democracy1 the last showing the result of his inattention to the starter's warning4 ,in all these and a host of other admirable satires1 the superior art training of ,mr4 ,tenniel is seconded by his strong dramatic power1 and above all by his unquestionable genius4 ,it would be a poor compliment to him to deny that he had his failings--which indeed of the admirable satirists who preceded him had not8 ,his failings1 when they do occur1 are perhaps more noticeable on account of his style and the mode in which he frequently drapes his figures4 ,we have heard it objected to him1 for instance1 that the beauty of his female figures is occasionally marred by the somewhat disproportionate size of their feet1 and this charge seems to us sustainable4 ,mr4 ,tenniel displays rare excellence in the drawing of animals--an excellence peculiarly noteworthy in such cartoons as ,the ,british ,lion ,smells a ,rat1 and ,the ,british ,lion's ,vengeance on the ,bengal ,tiger4 ,embracing a period of only fourteen years1 from #ahea to #ahfd1 during which time he worked side by side with his friend and colleague1 ,john ,leech1 on the pages of ,punch1 our notice of the cartoons of ,john ,tenniel must necessarily be short4 ,during the last three years of his life1 when1 as we have seen1 the strength of the artist who had been on the pictorial staff from the commencement had been gradually failing1 the execution of the weekly cartoons had fallen almost entirely upon ,mr4 ,tenniel4 ,as fellow-labourers1 constantly associated on the same periodical1 we are enabled to compare their individual merits4 ,the conclusion we have arrived at is as follows3 ,that as a political satirist1 ,tenniel is the best of the two2 while as a delineator of ,english habits1 manners1 eccentricities1 and peculiarities1 ,leech finds no equal4 ,after #ahfd1 when the artistic friendship and partnership 7so to speak7 of these gifted men was dissolved by the untimely death of ,john ,leech1 it would be beyond the declared scope and purpose of this work to follow ,mr4 ,tenniel further4 ,unlike the caricaturists who preceded him1 many of whom relied on humour1 more or less forced1 for the success of their productions1 the cartoons of ,john ,tenniel are oftentimes distinguished by a gravity and sternness of purpose which1 combined with their artistic excellence1 appeals forcibly to the imagination4 ,unfortunately1 as in the case of those of ,john ,leech1 these truly admirable examples of nineteenth century satire1 apart from the ,punch volumes themselves--owing to the material on which they are impressed and the process to which the original drawings are subjected--are practically valueless by the side of an indifferent caricature torn from the scurrilous and worthless pages of ,the ,scourge or ,the ,meteor4 ,to the persons who charge this artist with want of humour1 his cartoon of ,britannia ,discovering the ,source of the ,nile--probably the most comical picture in the whole of the ,punch volumes--will afford the most conclusive answer1 as will also the quaint and mirth-provoking little pictures which he designed for ,alice in ,wonderland1 its sequel1 ,through the ,looking-glass1 and the #ahfd edition of the ,ingoldsby ,legends4 ,one of these last1 by the way1 so closely resembles a scarce design of ,john ,leech's in the ,new ,monthly1 that the coincidence will strike any one who has an opportunity of comparing the two together4 ,during the fourteen years that ,mr4 ,tenniel was a fellow-worker with the late ,john ,leech1 he contributed to the pages of ,punch about #a1djj designs1 of which upwards of #djj are cartoons4 ,we believe we are correct in stating that all these illustrations1 and his subsequent and contemporary designs1 were drawn at once upon the wood block1 not a single preliminary sketch having been made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here1 in accordance with the plan which we designed when we sat down to write this work1 we bring our labours to a close4 ,if we have omitted all mention of two very excellent and talented artists1 ,messrs4 ,charles ,keene and ,george ,du ,maurier1 it is not from any lack of appreciation1 but because one of them at least began his labours just about the period when those of ,john ,leech were drawing to a close1 while the reputation of both were made after their distinguished contemporary was laid to his rest4 ,the merits of both these able men and of those now following after them must be left to be dealt with by another chronicler4 ,although1 as we remarked in our opening chapter1 the wood engraver has rung the knell of ,english caricature1 with such clever men as ,colonel ,seccombe1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 ,mr4 ,randolph ,caldicott1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,barnard1 the present ,george ,cruikshank1 ,mr4 ,chasemore1 and others whose names do not at present occur to us1 there is happily no prospect of a decline in the art of ,english graphic satire4 ,,footnotes3 #ahf ,the present chapter was written before the artist's death2 but ,i have to acknowledge the great assistance ,i have derived in its revision from the authority indicated4 #ahg ,the ,month1 a ,catholic ,magazine1 ,no4 #bcg 7,march1 #ahhd71 p #cae4 #ahh ,ibid41 page #cag4 #ahi ,one of these 7and a very effective one7 was the work of the present ,sir ,john ,gilbert4 #aij ,hamerton's ,etching and ,etchers4 #aia ,william ,hazlitt on ,the ,fine ,arts1 p4 #ea4 #aib ,an excellent burlesque of the ,emperor's theatrical declarations4 ,,appendices4 ,,appendix ,i4 ,,some ,,illustrative ,,work ,,of ,,isaac ,,robert ,,cruikshank4 ,coloured frontispiece to the ,age of ,intellect2 or1 ,clerical ,show ,folk and ,wonderful ,lay ,folk1 by ,francis ,moore1 ,physician4 #ahai4 ,lessons of ,thrift1 published for the general benefit1 by a ,member of the ,save-all ,club1 eleven coloured full-page etchings4 #ahbj4 ,the ,total ,eclipse1 a ,grand ,politico-,astronomical ,phenomenon4 7,dolby1 ,strand47 #ahbj4 ,a ,peep at the ,p4 ,c4 ,n42 or1 ,boiled ,mutton with ,caper ,sauce at the ,temple of ,joss4 7,effingham ,wilson47 #ahbj4 ,the ,men in the ,moon2 or1 the ,devil to ,pay4 7,dean ,munday47 #ahbj4 ,with his brother ,george4 ,designs to ,nightingale's ,memoirs of ,queen ,caroline4 7,j4 ,robins47 #ahbj4 ,radical ,chiefs4 ,one caricature illustration4 #ahba4 ,the ,royal ,game of ,chess4 #ahba4 ,the ,political ,all-my-knack for the ,year of our ,lord #ahba4 ,the ,queen and ,magna ,charta2 or1 the ,thing that ,john ,signed4 7,dolby1 ,strand47 #ahba4 ,tales of the ,cordelier ,metamorphosed4 #ahba4 ,with his brother ,george4 ,life in ,london4 7,sherwood1 ,nealy ,jones47 #ahba4 ,the ,commercial ,tourist2 or1 ,gentleman ,traveller4 7,a satirical ,poem71 five coloured plates4 #ahbb4 ,mock ,heroicks2 or1 ,snuff1 ,tobacco1 and ,gin1 and a ,rapsody on an ,inkstand4 ,four caricature engravings4 #ahbb4 ,annals of ,sporting and ,fancy ,gazette4 7,numerous coloured plates47 #ahbb-ahbe4 ,with ,c4 ,williams4 ,frontispiece to ,george ,ramsey's ,new ,dictionary of ,anecdote4 #ahbb4 ,my ,cousin in the ,army2 or1 ,johnny ,newcome on the ,peace ,establishment4 ,many coloured plates4 #ahbb4 ,twenty designs on wood for ,charles ,westmacott's ,points of ,misery4 #ahbc4 ,a series of drawings on wood to the ,spirit of the ,public ,journals for #ahbc and #ahbd4 7,a selection of essays1 jeux d'esprit1 tales of humour1 etc41 #b vols47 ,life and ,exploits of ,don ,quixote4 ,twenty-four designs on wood4 7,knight ,lacey47 #ahbd4 ,bernard ,blackmantle's 7,charles ,westmacott7 ,english ,spy4 #ahbe4 ,spirit of the ,public ,journals for #ahbe4 ,charles ,westmacott's ,punster's ,pocket-book2 or1 the ,art of ,punning ,enlarged4 #ahbf4 ,with his brother ,george4 ,london ,characters4 7,twenty-four plates1 of which nine only are by ,robert47 ,robins4 #ahbg4 ,with ,george4 ,designs on wood for the ,fairy ,tales of ,albert ,ludwigg ,grimm4 #ahbg4 ,j4 ,thompson's ,new ,life of ,j4 ,allen4 #ahbh4 ,smeeton's ,doings in ,london4 #ahbh4 ,british ,dance of ,death 7allegorical coloured frontispiece74 #ahbh4 ,spirit of the ,age ,newspaper 7vignette74 #ahbh4 ,with his brother4 ,the designs on wood for the ,universal ,songster2 or1 ,museum of ,mirth4 7#c vols47 #ahbh4 ,london ,oddities2 or1 ,theatrical ,cabinet1 and ,tit-bits of ,humour and ,eccentricity4 #ahbh4 ,the ,finish to the ,adventures of ,tom1 ,jerry1 and ,logic4 #ahbh4 ,the following between #ahcj and #ahcb4 ,cruikshank's ,comic ,album 7sometimes called ,faceti71 being a series of little books published by ,kidd1 ,miller1 and others1 afterwards collected into #c vols4 ,walks about ,town by an ,antiquated ,trio1 three designs4 ,the ,condition of the ,west ,indian ,slave contrasted with that of the ,infant ,slave in our ,english ,factories4 ,cruikshank and the ,new ,police1 showing the great ,utility of that ,military ,body4 ,cruikshank versus ,witchcraft2 ,mary ,ogilvie2 ,wee ,watty4 ,robert ,cruikshank versus ,sir ,andrew ,agnew4 ,w4 ,s4 ,moncrieff's ,march of ,intellect1 six designs4 ,with ,kenny ,meadows4 ,the ,devil in ,london4 ,a ,slap at the ,times4 ,illustrations to ,foote's ,tailors1 and ,mayor of ,garratt2 ,o',hara's ,midas2 ,the ,beggars' ,opera2 ,katherine and ,petruchio1 and others4 ,the following between #ahca and #ahcf4 ,design on wood for ,figaro in ,london4 ,with ,seymour and others4 ,illustrations to a periodical called ,the ,thief4 ,twenty illustrations to ,w4 ,r4 ,macdonald's ,comic ,alphabet4 7,a rival to ,george ,cruikshank's work of the same title47 ,eighty-five designs on wood to ,crithannah's ,original ,fables4 ,six designs on wood for ,readings from ,dean ,swift ,his ,tale of a ,tub1 with ,variorum ,notes1 and a ,supplement for the use of the ,nineteenth ,century1 by ,quintus ,flestrin ,grildrig4 ,johann ,abricht's ,divine ,emblems4 ,and with his brother illustrations to ,j4 ,thomas's ,burlesque ,drama4 #ahch4 ,with ,seymour4 ,the series known as ,cruikshank at ,home1 and ,the ,odd ,volume4 ,the following in #ahci-ahdj4 ,ten vignettes to ,the ,lady and the ,saints4 ,twelve designs on wood to ,colburn's ,kalendar of ,amusements in ,town and ,country4 ,cozi ,toobad4 ,with ,w4 ,lee4 ,twenty-three steel plates and designs on wood for ,jem ,blunt1 by ,barker 7author of the celebrated ,greenwich ,hospital74 #ahdb and #ahdd4 ,with ,john ,leech4 ,merrie ,england in the ,olden ,time1 by ,george ,daniel4 7,since rep4 by ,warne ,co47 ,three illustrations to ,james ,hatfield and the ,beauty of ,buttermere4 ,with ,r4 ,w4 ,buss and ,t4 ,wageman4 ,cumberland's ,british and ,minor ,theatre4 ,fourteen etchings to ,abraham ,elder's ,tales and ,legends of the ,isle of ,wight4 ,nine aqua-tinta plates to ,hugo ,playfair's ,brother ,jonathan1 the ,smartest ,nation in all ,creation4 ,from #ahde to #ahdi4 ,sketches of ,pumps ,handled by ,robert ,cruikshank4 ,twenty-four etchings to ,the ,orphan2 or1 ,memoirs of ,matilda 7a translation of ,sue's ,mathilde74 ,forty etchings to ,the ,bertaudiere 7,chronicles of the ,bastile74 ,and the following4 ,francis ,l4 ,clarke's ,life of ,wellington4 ,kentish's ,hudibrastic ,history of ,lord ,amherst's ,visit to ,china4 ,the ,london ,directory and ,london ,ambulator4 ,golden ,key of the ,treasures of ,knowledge4 ,the ,little ,world of ,great and ,good ,things4 ,e4 ,thomson's ,adventures of a ,carpet4 ,raphael's ,witch2 or1 ,oracle of the ,future 7ten coloured designs74 ,the ,london ,stage 7a collection of about #ahj plays1 with a cut to each play2 #d vols474 ,portrait of ,mr4 ,oxberry as ,humphrey ,gull in the ,dwarf of ,naples1 etc41 etc4 ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,some ,,miscellaneous ,,work ,,of ,,robert ,,seymour ,,executed ,,between #ahbb ,,and #ahcf4 ,views from the ,poets4 ,the ,devil on ,two ,sticks4 ,ovid4 ,demosthenes4 ,views of ,newstead ,abbey1 ,margate1 ,dover1 etc4 ,designs for ,benevolence1 ,friendship1 and ,death4 ,quarrels of the ,poets4 ,anatomical ,theatre4 ,vanities of the ,human ,race4 ,the ,happy ,family4 ,the ,gin-shop4 ,the ,sleepwalker4 ,the ,sluggard4 ,don ,juan4 ,the ,economist4 ,the ,chemist4 ,the ,march of ,intellect4 ,the ,great ,joss and his ,playthings4 ,the ,r----l ,speech4 ,the ,works of ,wordsworth1 ,southey1 ,gay1 and other poets4 ,robinson's ,history and ,antiquities of ,enfield4 ,shakspeare's ,seven ,ages4 ,hogarth's ,apprentices1 and ,rake's ,progress4 ,uncle ,timothy4 ,views of ,london4 ,sporting ,almanacks4 ,percy ,anecdotes4 ,book of ,martyrs4 ,portraits of ,public ,characters4 ,death in ,london4 ,spectre ,bride4 ,midnight ,embrace4 ,the ,red ,king4 ,the ,ghost with ye ,golden ,casket4 ,the ,devil's ,ladder4 ,assisting1 ,resisting1 and ,desisting4 ,contributions to ,friendship's ,offering4 #ahbd-cf4 ,seymour's ,comic ,annual3 a ,perennial of ,fun4 ,miss ,louisa ,sheridan's ,comic ,offering4 #ahca-ahce4 ,the ,national ,omnibus1 a journal of literature1 etc4 7designs on wood1 with ,cruikshank71 #ahca-ahcb2 ,the ,comic ,magazine1 #ahcb-ahcd2 ,richardson's ,minor ,drama1 #ahbg-ahcj2 ,piers ,shafton ,granton's ,vagaries in ,quest of the ,wild and ,wonderful2 ,mrs4 ,greece and her ,rough ,lovers ,russia and ,turkey 7,mc,lean71 #ahbh2 ,how to ,spell ,harrowgate 7,c4 ,king71 #ahbh2 ,going by ,steam 7,g4 ,king72 ,the ,political ,bellman2 ,a ,musical ,genius 7,g4 ,creed72 ,a ,man of ,taste and ,feeling 7,g4 ,creed74 ,the following1 among others1 for ,mc,lean1 in #ahbi4 ,search after ,happiness 7two plates72 ,portrait of ,o',connell2 ,buonaparte in his ,study2 ,state of the ,nation2 ,treasure ,seeking2 ,the ,raft2 ,o',connell's ,dream2 ,london2 ,plot ,discovered2 ,death of the ,giraffe 7a series of plates72 ,rival ,actresses2 ,moments of ,reflection2 ,ennui2 ,the ,ear-wig2 ,the ,lost ,key2 ,the ,man ,wot ,steers2 ,raising the ,wind2 ,catholic ,state ,wagon4 ,the ,looking ,glass 7a series of political and other caricatures1 in which he was assisted by ,william ,heath74 #ahcj-ahcf4 ,sycophant ,saints and ,sabbath ,sinners4 ,circa #ahcb4 ,with ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank4 ,cruikshank at ,home1 and ,the ,odd ,volume4 #ahcf4 ,the ,omnibus 7a series of humorous etchings on copper72 and ,the ,heiress 7six plates1 each consisting of about five subjects74 ,upwards of three hundred designs on wood for ,figaro in ,london4 #ahca-ahcf4 ,valpurgis2 or1 the ,devil's ,festival4 ,four woodcuts4 7,kidd47 #ahca4 ,the ,extraordinary ,black ,book 7an exposition of the incomes of the aristocracy1 ,church1 civil list1 list of sinecurists1 etc471 one caricature plate4 #ahca4 ,the ,comic ,magazine4 #ahca-ahcd4 ,maxims and ,hints for an ,angler 7twelve beautifully-finished drawings on stone74 ,the ,schoolmaster ,abroad 7aimed at ,lord ,brougham's educational movement74 ,new ,readings by ,old ,authors 7a small lithographic series comprising upwards of three hundred plates1 the subjects being suggested by readings in ,shakespeare1 ,schiller's ,william ,tell1 and ,byron's ,giaour47 ,several hundred illustrations for ,maddeley1 the publisher4 ,the ,humorous ,sketches2 ,hood's ,comic ,almanack1 #ahcf 7thirteen woodcuts72 ,squib ,annual of ,poetry1 ,politics1 and ,personalities 7twelve designs72 with ,cruikshank ,sayings worth ,hearing1 and ,secrets worth ,knowing2 ,terrific ,penny ,magazine2 ,t4 ,k4 ,hervey's ,book of ,christmas1 #ahcf2 the early plates to ,pickwick2 some of the plates to the ,pocket ,magazine 7,robins' series71 eleven vols41 etc41 etc4 ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,illustrated ,,work ,,of ,,john ,,leech4 #ahce4 ,etchings and ,sketchings1 by ,a4 ,pen1 ,esq4 #ahcg4 ,jack ,brag1 by ,theodore ,hook4 #ahdj4 ,the ,comic ,latin ,grammar1 by ,paul ,prendergast4 7,percival ,leigh47 ,plates and cuts4 ,the ,comic ,english ,grammar1 by ,gilbert ,beckett4 ,fifty illustrations4 ,the ,fiddle-,faddle ,fashion ,book1 by ,percival ,leigh4 ,four coloured plates4 ,with ,hablot ,knight ,browne and another4 ,the ,london ,magazine1 ,charivari1 and ,courrier des ,dames4 ,bentley's ,miscellany1 #ahdj to #ahdi1 containing etchings to the ,ingoldsby ,legends1 ,stanley ,thorn1 ,richard ,savage1 ,adventures of ,mr4 ,ledbury1 ,fortunes of the ,scattergood ,family1 ,marchioness of ,brinvilliers1 ,brian ,o',linn1 etc41 etc4 #ahda4 ,the ,children of the ,mobility1 seven lithographs in a wrapper4 ,written ,caricatures1 by ,c4 ,c4 ,pepper 7pseud474 ,punch1 or ,the ,london ,charivari4 #ahda to #ahfd4 ,with ,isaac ,robert ,cruikshank4 ,merrie ,england in the ,olden ,time1 by ,george ,daniel4 #ahdb4 ,new ,monthly ,magazine1 #ahdb to #ahdd4 ,hood's ,comic ,annual4 #ahdc4 ,the ,wassail ,bowl1 by ,albert ,richard ,smith1 etchings and woodcuts4 ,jack the ,giant-,killer4 ,the ,illuminated ,magazine1 #ahdc to #ahde4 #ahdd4 ,the ,comic ,arithmetic1 designs on wood4 ,punch's ,snap-,dragon for ,children1 four etchings4 ,a ,christmas ,carol1 by ,charles ,dickens1 four coloured plates and cuts4 #ahdc-d4 ,jessie ,phillips1 by ,mrs4 ,trollope1 eleven plates4 ,with ,george ,cruikshank4 ,colin ,clink1 by ,charles ,hooton4 #ahde4 ,with ,doyle and others4 ,the ,chimes1 by ,charles ,dickens4 ,hints in ,life2 or1 ,how to ,rise in ,society1 frontispiece4 ,young ,master ,troublesome2 or1 ,master ,jacky's ,holidays4 ,douglas ,jerrold's ,shilling ,magazine1 #ahde to #ahdh4 ,etchings to ,st4 ,giles and ,st4 ,james4 #ahdf4 ,the ,quizziology of the ,british ,drama1 by ,gilbert ,beckett1 frontispiece4 ,the ,comic ,annual 7a re-publication of ,hood's ,whimsicalities71 forty-five illustrations4 ,with ,doyle and others4 ,the ,battle of ,life1 by ,charles ,dickens4 #ahdg4 ,the ,comic ,history of ,england1 by ,gilbert ,beckett1 coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 #ahdh4 ,the ,life and ,adventures of ,oliver ,goldsmith1 by ,john ,forster with another4 ,the ,rising ,generation1 twelve large1 tinted lithographs1 issued from the ,punch office4 ,the ,struggles and ,adventures of ,christopher ,tadpole1 by ,albert ,smith1 etchings4 ,with ,john ,tenniel and others4 ,the ,haunted ,man and the ,ghost's ,bargain1 by ,charles ,dickens4 #ahdg-h4 ,with ,richard ,doyle and ,alfred ,crowquill4 ,bon ,gaultier's ,book of ,ballads1 by ,theodore ,martin and ,professor ,aytoun4 #ahdi4 ,a ,man made of ,money1 by ,douglas ,jerrold1 twelve etchings4 ,natural ,history of ,evening ,parties1 by ,albert ,smith4 #ahea4 ,the ,month1 edited by ,albert ,smith4 #aheb4 ,dashes of ,american ,humour1 by ,howard ,paul4 ,the ,comic ,history of ,rome1 by ,gilbert ,beckett1 ten coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 #ahec4 ,the ,fortunes of ,hector ,o',halloran and his man ,mark ,antony ,toole1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,maxwell1 etchings4 ,mr4 ,sponge's ,sporting ,tour1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 twelve coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 #ahed4 ,the ,great ,highway1 by ,s4 ,w4 ,fullom4 ,handley ,cross2 or1 ,mr4 ,jorrock's ,jaunts1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 #ahef4 ,the ,paragreens4 #aheg4 ,merry ,pictures1 by the ,comic ,hands of ,phiz1 ,leech1 ,kenny ,meadows1 ,gavarni1 and others4 ,the ,militia ,man at ,home and ,abroad1 by ,emeritus4 ,a ,month in the ,forests of ,france1 by the ,hon4 ,grantley ,f4 ,berkeley4 #aheh4 ,encyclopdia of ,rural ,sports4 ,ask ,mamma2 or1 the ,richest ,commoner in ,england1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 #ahei4 ,the ,fliers of the ,hunt1 by ,john ,mills4 ,a ,little ,tour in ,ireland1 by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,reynolds ,hole1 coloured folding frontispiece and designs on wood4 ,newton ,dogvane3 a ,story of ,english ,life1 by ,j4 ,francis4 ,soapey ,sponge 7sporting74 ,paul ,prendergast4 ,once a ,week1 #ahei to #ahfd4 #ahfj4 ,mr4 ,briggs and ,his ,doings 7fishing71 twelve coloured plates4 ,plain or ,ringlets1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 coloured etchings and numerous designs on wood4 ,with ,george ,cruikshank1 ,phiz1 and ,john ,tenniel4 ,puck on ,pegasus4 #ahfa4 ,mill's ,life of a ,fox-,hound4 ,with ,george ,cruikshank and ,john ,tenniel4 ,the ,ingoldsby ,legends4 #ahfd4 ,the ,follies of the ,year1 twenty-one coloured etchings from ,punch's ,pocket ,books1 with descriptive letterpress by ,shirley ,brooks4 ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds1 by ,r4 ,w4 ,surtees1 coloured etchings and designs on wood 7finished by ,phiz74 ,with ,doyle and others4 ,the ,cricket on the ,hearth4 ,by ,charles ,dickens4 #ahde-f4 ,reprint4 ,fly ,leaves1 lithographs4 ,sketches of ,life and ,character taken at the ,police ,court1 ,bow ,street1 by ,george ,hodder4 ,,appendix ,,iv4 ,,some ,,miscellaneous ,,work ,,of ,,alfred ,,henry ,,forrester 7,,alfred ,,crowquill74 ,ups and ,downs1 #ahbc2 ,paternal ,pride1 #ahbe2 ,despondency and ,jealousy 7with ,george ,cruikshank71 and many others1 in #ahbe2 ,der ,freyschutz ,travestied1 ,alfred ,crowquill's ,sketch-,book1 ,absurdities in ,prose and ,verse1 #ahbg2 ,goethe's ,faust1 #ahcd2 six plates of ,pickwickian ,sketches1 ,alfred ,bunn's ,vauxhall ,papers1 #ahda2 designs on wood for ,sea ,pie1 an omnium gatherum containing also plates after ,david ,cox1 ,pyne1 ,stanfield1 and ,vickers1 #ahdb2 ,punch 7vols4 ii4 to iv472 plates and numerous designs on wood for ,bentley's ,miscellany1 many original designs to ,doctor ,syntax's ,tour in ,search of the ,picturesque1 #ahdd2 ,comic ,arithmetic 7forty-seven humorous vignettes71 #ahdd2 ,woman's ,love1 #ahdf2 ,wanderings of a ,pen and ,pencil1 #ahdf2 ,a ,good-natured ,hint about ,california1 #ahdi2 ,the ,excitement 7#b plates71 #ahdi2 #abj designs on wood for the ,pictorial ,grammar2 designs on wood for the ,pictorial ,arithmetic2 ,gold1 #ahej2 ,a ,bundle of ,crowquills ,dropped by ,alfred ,crowquill1 #ahed2 ,fun1 #ahed2 ,griffel ,swillendrunken1 #ahef2 ,aunt ,mavor's ,nursery ,tales1 #ahef2 ,little ,pilgrim1 #ahef2 ,little ,plays for ,little ,actors1 #ahef2 ,fairy ,tales1 #aheg2 ,merry ,pictures by the ,comic ,hands of ',phiz1' etc4 7,kent ,co471 #aheg2 ,the ,book of ,ballads1 by ,bon ,gaultier 7with ,doyle and ,leech71 #aheg2 ,a ,new ,story ,book1 #aheh2 ,fairy ,tales1 by ,cuthbert ,bede1 #aheh2 ,baron ,munchausen 7coloured plates71 #aheh2 ,tyll ,owlglass 7a similar book71 #ahei2 ,honesty and ,cunning1 #ahei2 ,kindness and ,cruelty1 #ahei2 ,the ,red ,cap1 #ahei2 ,paul ,prendergast1 #ahei2 ,strange ,surprising ,adventures of the ,venerable ,gooros ,simple1 #ahfa2 ,fairy ,footsteps1 #ahfa2 ,chambers' ,book of ,days2 ,g4 ,w4 ,reynolds' ,pickwick ,abroad 7now scarce72 ,the ,boys and the ,giant1 #ahgj2 ,the ,cunning ,fox1 #ahgj2 ,dick ,doolittle1 #ahgj2 ,little ,tiny's ,picture ,book1 #ahga2 ,guide to the ,watering ,places 7views and comic plates72 ,comic ,eton ,grammar 7with ,leech72 ,fairy ,footsteps2 or1 ,lessons from ,legends 7#ajj designs on wood1 with ,kenny ,meadows72 ,henry ,cockton's ,sisters2 or1 ,england and ,france4 ,,appendix ,v4 ,,some ,,works ,,illustrated ,,by ,,hablot ,,knight ,,browne4 ,charles ,dickens's ,sunday under ,three ,heads1 #ahcf4 ,posthumous ,papers of the ,pickwick ,club1 forty-three plates by ,seymour and ,phiz4 #ahcf-cg4 ,the following are also to be met with4 ,posthumous ,papers of the ,pickwick ,club1 with the ,seymour and ,phiz plates1 the two suppressed plates of ,buss1 and the extra series of thirty plates by ,onwhyn4 #ahcg4 ,the same1 with the forty plates by ,seymour and ,phiz1 the two suppressed plates of ,buss1 and twenty-three plates by ,sam ,weller and ,onwhyn4 ,sketches of ,young ,ladies by ',quiz' 7,charles ,dickens71 six copper plates1 #ahcg4 ,james ,grant's ,sketches in ,london1 twenty-four humorous illustrations on steel by ,phiz and others1 ,orr1 #ahch4 ,another edition in #ahdj4 ,a ,paper of ,tobacco3 a ,treatise on ,smoking1 with ,anecdotes1 ,mems on ,pipes1 ,tobacco-boxes1 and ,snuff4 ,by ,joseph ,fume1 ,copper plates and picture boards4 #ahci4 ,life and ,adventures of ,nicholas ,nickleby4 #ahci4 ,the same1 with the plates by ,phiz1 and an extra series of plates by ,onwhyn and ,peter ,palette4 #ahci4 ,the same1 with the forty plates by ,phiz1 and a set of forty plates by ,peter ,palette added4 ,new ,sporting ,magazine4 #ahci4 ,charles ,lever's ,harry ,lorrequer4 #ahci4 7,a pirated edition was published at ,philadelphia1 #ahdj47 ,london ,magazine1 ,charivari1 and ,courrier des ,dames 7with ,leech and ,gillray1 ,junr474 #ahdj4 ,master ,humphrey's ,clock1 ,old ,curiosity ,shop1 and ,barnaby ,rudge1 designs on wood1 with ,cattermole4 #c vols4 #ahdj-da4 ,sir ,thomas ,dick ,lauder's ,legendary ,tales of the ,highlands4 #c vols4 #ahda4 ,charles ,lever's ,charles ,o',malley1 the ,irish ,dragoon1 #b vols4 ,dublin1 #ahda4 ,peter ,priggins1 the ,college ,scout1 #c vols4 #ahda 7made its first appearance without illustrations in the ,new ,monthly ,magazine74 ,the ,pic-nic ,papers1 by ,various ,hands1 edited by ,charles ,dickens1 plates by ,cruikshank1 ,phiz1 and ,hamerton4 #c vols4 #ahda4 ,w4 ,h4 ,maxwell's ,rambling ,recollections of a ,soldier of ,fortune1 woodcuts by ,phiz and others4 ,dublin1 #ahdb4 ,lever's ,jack ,hinton4 ,dublin1 #ahdb-dc4 ,carleton's ,traits and ,stories of the ,irish ,peasantry 7both series71 steel plates by ,phiz1 ,sir ,j4 ,gilbert1 ,franklin1 etc41 and woodcuts4 #b vols4 ,dublin1 #ahdc-dd4 ,charles ,dickens's ,martin ,chuzzlewit1 forty plates4 #ahdd4 ,charles ,lever's ,tom ,burke of ,ours4 ,dublin1 #ahdd4 ,ainsworth's ,magazine1 from and after #ahdd4 ,the ,illuminated ,magazine with ,meadows1 ,sargent1 ,gilbert1 ,harvey1 etc44 #ahde4 ,charles ,lever's ,st4 ,patrick's ,eve1 woodcuts and fine steel etchings4 #ahde4 ,tales of the ,trains2 some ,chapters of ,railroad ,romance1 by ,tilbury ,tramp 7i4e4 ,charles ,lever74 ,orr1 #ahde4 ,nuts and ,nutcrackers4 #ahde4 ,charles ,lever's ,the ,o',donoghue4 ,dublin1 #ahde4 ,fiddle-,faddle's ,sentimental ,tour in ,search of the ,amusing1 ,picturesque1 and ,agreeable4 #ahde4 ,the ,union ,magazine1 vol4 i4 ,three plates4 #ahdf4 ,fanny the ,little ,milliner2 or1 the ,rich and the ,poor with ,onwhyn4 #ahdf4 ,the ,commissioner2 or1 ,de ,lunatico ,inquirendo1 twenty-eight steel plates4 ,dublin1 #ahdf4 ,a ,medical1 ,moral1 and ,christian ,dissertion of ,teetotalism1 by ,democritus4 #ahdf4 ,charles ,lever's ,knight of ,gwynne4 #ahdg4 ,the ,fortunes of ,colonel ,torlogh ,o',brien3 a ,tale of the ,wars of ,king ,james4 ,dublin1 #ahdg4 ,john ,smith's ,irish ,diamonds2 or1 a ,theory of ,irish ,wit and ,blunders4 #ahdg4 ,w4 ,harrison ,ainsworth's ,old ,st4 ,paul's1 two plates4 #ahdg4 ,charles ,dickens's ,dombey and ,son4 #ahdf-dh4 ,twelve full-length portraits illustrating ,dombey and ,son1 designed and etched by ,phiz4 7,sometimes bound up with the book47 #ahdh4 ,albert ,smith's ,the ,pottleton ,legacy4 #ahdi4 7,another edition in #ahed47 ,charles ,dickens's ,david ,copperfield1 forty plates4 #ahdi-ej4 ,charles ,lever's ,roland ,cashel4 #ahdi-ej4 ,john ,smith's ,sketches of ,cantabs1 two plates4 #ahej4 ,defoe's ,robinson ,crusoe1 full-page cuts4 #ahej4 ,the ,illustrated ,byron1 two hundred woodcuts after ,kenny ,meadows1 ,birket ,foster1 ,phiz1 and ,janet4 ,circa #ahej4 ,ghost ,stories and ,tales of ,mystery1 etchings4 ,dublin1 #ahea4 ,the ,daltons4 7,charles ,lever47 #ahej-eb4 ,francis ,edward ,smedley's ,lewis ,arundel4 #aheb4 ,charles ,dickens's ,bleak ,house1 thirty-nine plates4 #aheb-ec4 ,horace ,mayhew's ,letters ,left at the ,pastrycook's3 being the ,correspondence of ,kitty ,clover1 cuts4 #ahec4 ,w4 ,harrison ,ainsworth's ,crichton4 ,christmas ,day1 and ,how it was ,spent by four ,persons in the ,house of ,fograss1 ,fograss1 ,mowton1 and ,snorton1 ,bankers1 by ,c4 ,le ,ros4 ,woodcuts4 #ahed4 ,charles ,lever's ,dodd ,family ,abroad4 #ahed4 ,francis ,e4 ,smedley's ,harry ,coverdale's ,courtship4 #ahed4 ,charles ,lever's ,martins of ,cro' ,martin4 #ahef4 ,home ,pictures1 seven excellent plates4 ,darton ,co4 #ahef4 ,charles ,dickens's ,little ,dorrit4 #ahee-eg4 ,w4 ,harrison ,ainsworth's ,spendthrift1 #aheg2 ,mervyn ,clitheroe1 #aheg-eh4 ,charles ,lever's ,davenport ,dunn4 #ahei4 ,mrs4 ,stowe's ,the ,minister's ,wooing4 #ahei4 ,charles ,dickens's ,tale of ,two ,cities1 sixteen etchings2 the last work he executed for that author4 ,w4 ,harrison ,ainsworth's ,ovingdean ,grange2 a ,tale of the ,south ,downs4 #ahfj4 ,twigs for ,nests2 or1 ,notes on ,nursery ,nurture1 illustrations in graphotype by ,h4 ,k4 ,browne and others1 #ahfj4 ,charles ,lever's ,one of ,them1 #ahfa2 ,barrington1 #ahfb-fc4 ,tom ,moody's ,tales4 7,mark ,lemon47 #ahfd4 ,mr4 ,facey ,romford's ,hounds 7,surtees71 with ,john ,leech4 #ahfd4 ,charles ,lever's ,luttrell of ,arran4 #ahfe4 ,ballads and ,songs of ,brittany1 by ,tom ,taylor1 translated from the ,barsaz-,breiz1 illustrations by ,tenniel1 ,millais1 ,h4 ,k4 ,browne1 and others4 #ahfe4 ,anthony ,trollope's ,can ,you ,forgive ,her8 7forty plates by ,phiz and ,marcus ,stone47 #ahff4 ,dame ,perkins and her ,grey ,mare1 by ,j4 ,l4 ,meadows4 #ahff4 ,and the following4 ,the ,illustrated ,musical ,annual with ,kenny ,meadows and ,crowquill4 ,the ,works of ,shakespeare1 revised from the original text by ,samuel ,phelps4 #b vols4 ,numerous coloured plates4 ,wits and ,beaux of ,society1 by ,grace and ,philip ,wharton 7,mrs4 ,k4 and ,j4 ,c4 ,thomson72 plates by ,brown and ,godwin4 ,memoirs of an ,umbrella1 by ,g4 ,g4 ,h4 ,rodwell1 sixty-eight engravings by ,landells from designs by ,phiz4 ,phiz's ,sketches of the ,seaside and the ,country1 twenty-eight large plates1 tinted mountings2 oblong folio4 ,smollett's ,adventures of ,roderick ,random4 ,charles ,lever's ,con ,creggan4 ,h4 ,b4's ,schoolboy ,days4 ,illustrations of the ,five ,senses4 ,george ,halse's ,adventures of ,sir ,guy de ,guy4 ,g4 ,a4 ,salas ,baddington ,peerage 7in ,illustrated ,times74 ,the ,abbotsford ,edition of ,the ,waverley ,novels1 etc41 etc4 ,see also the ,memorial ,edition of ,dickens's whole works1 with several hundred illustrations by ,george ,cruikshank1 ,h4 ,k4 ,browne1 and others1 printed on ,chinese paper4 ,and in the following serials4 ,new ,monthly ,magazine2 early volumes of ,once a ,week2 ,tinsley's ,magazine2 ,london ,society2 ,st4 ,james's ,magazine2 ,illustrated ,gazette2 ,sporting ,times2 ,judy2 etc4 ,,index4 ,a ,bazaar1 #ade4 ,beckett1 ,gilbert1 #bbc4 ,aberdeen1 ,lord1 #cjc1 #cie4 ,abinger1 ,lord1 #beb4 ,aboukir1 ,battle of1 #ac4 ,achilles1 ,statue of1 #ha1 #afa4 ,achitophel1 #aei4 ,a ,constitutional ,plum ,pudding1 #bih4 ,actors1 their position in ,france1 #chf4 ,a ,day at ,biarritz1 #cag4 ,adelaide ,mill1 ,the1 #bac4 ,adelphi ,theatre1 #aaj4 ,a ,discussion ,forum1 #caj4 ,adulteration of ,tea1 #aeb4 ,adventures of ,brown1 ,jones1 etc41 #cia4 ,a ,fine ,old ,english ,gentleman1 #bea4 ,a ,great ,subject1 etc41 #bdi4 ,ah1 sure such a ,pair1 etc41 #aee4 ,a ,hint to ,duellists1 #bdh4 ,ainsworth1 ,harrison1 #aid1 #aih1 #aii4 ,ainsworth's ,auriol1 #cdi4 ,crichton1 #cdd4 ,albert1 ,prince1 #bid4 ,alexander1 ,the ,emperor1 #acc1 #aci4 ,alice in ,wonderland1 #djj4 ,all ,my ,eye1 #ig4 ,allied ,sovereigns4 ,visit of the1 #acc4 ,alliteration1 ,graphic1 #agg4 ,almack's1 ,lady patronesses of1 #bac4 ,althorp1 ,lord1 #bfi4 ,a ,match for the ,king's ,plate1 #aed4 ,america4 ,causes of ,difference between her and ,england in #ahab1 #da4 ,england offers to ,revoke ,orders in ,council1 #db4 ,her anxiety to fix a ,quarrel on ,england1 #db1 #dc4 ,desire of the ,americans to ,invade ,canada1 #db4 ,invasion of ,canada1 #dc4 ,defeat and ,surrender of the ,american ,general ,hull1 #dc4 ,naval ,successes of the ,americans1 #dc4 ,americans driven out of ,canada1 #de4 ,english assume the ,offensive1 #de4 ,burning of ,washington1 #df4 ,alexandria placed under ,contribution1 #df4 ,capture of ,british ,naval ,force1 #dh4 ,retreat of ,prevost1 #dh4 ,attack on ,new ,orleans1 #dh4 ,amiens1 ,peace of1 #ad4 ,a ,morning ,call1 #bhe4 ,a ,musical ,genius1 #bji4 ,anstey's ,new ,bath ,guide1 #agf4 ,a ,paper of ,tobacco1 #cdj4 ,a ,patriot ,luminary1 etc41 #aea4 ,apollyon1 the ,devil's ,generalissimo1 etc41 #aca4 ,a ,prospecte of ,exeter ,hall1 #che4 ,a ,race for the ,westminster ,stakes1 #bea4 ,argus1 ,the 7an ,english ,newspaper in the pay of ,bonaparte71 #ae4 ,arrogance or ,nonchalance of the ,tenth ,reported1 #ajj4 ,art of ,walking the ,streets of ,london1 #aeb4 ,arthur ,bradley1 #afb4 ,arthur ,o',leary1 #bjj4 ,a ,select ,specimen of the ,black ,style1 #bfb4 ,a ,sheep in ,wolf's ,clothing1 #cgd4 ,a ,shot from ,buckingham to ,bedford1 #ig4 ,assisting1 ,resisting1 and ,desisting1 #bah4 ,a ,student of the ,old ,masters1 #cic4 ,at a ,concert1 #bbj4 ,auld ,lang ,syne1 #bdg4 ,authors and ,artists1 ,quarrels between1 #bcc4 ,a ,venomous ,viper poisoning the ,r----l ,mind1 #acb4 ,a ,view of the ,regent's ,bomb1 #aea4 ,ball1 ,hughes 7see ,hughes ,ball47 ,bank ,restriction ,note1 #aeb4 ,barossa1 ,battle of1 #ba4 ,bath1 ,queen ,charlotte at1 #eg4 ,battier1 ,mr41 #ajj1 #afc4 ,baylen1 ,battle of1 #bj4 ,beaconsfield1 ,lord1 #bhc4 ,beau ,clerk for a ,banking ,concern1 #ajf4 ,belle ,alliance1 etc41 #aed4 ,bellingham1 ,john1 #bg4 ,bell's ,life1 ,origin of1 #aae4 ,bennett1 ,c4 ,h41 #cga-cge4 ,benningsen1 ,general1 #bb4 ,bentley's ,miscellany1 #bhd1 #bij4 ,bergami1 ,bartolomeo1 #ga1 #aej4 ,berkeley1 ,colonel1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aah4 ,berlin ,decree1 #ah4 ,bernard ,blackmantle 7see ,westmacott1 ,c4 ,m474 ,betty1 ,master1 #bh4 ,bill of ,pains and ,penalties1 #adi4 ,birds'-eye ,views of ,society1 #che4 ,black-mail1 #aje4 ,blandford1 ,marquis of1 #bce4 ,bleak ,house1 #cdg4 ,blessings of ,peace2 or1 the ,curse of the ,corn ,bill1 #acf4 ,bloated ,men of the ,last ,century1 #b4 ,bombardment ,extraordinary1 #bdj4 ,bonaparte1 ,napoleon 7see ,napoleon74 ,boney and his ,new ,wife1 etc41 #ba4 ,boney's ,meditations on the ,island of ,st4 ,helena1 #adb4 ,boney returning from ,russia covered with ,glory1 #bc4 ,boney the ,second1 #ba4 ,boney's threatened ,invasion brought to bear1 #adb4 ,bonnie ,willie1 #afa4 ,book of ,christmas1 #bbj4 ,book of ,days1 #cfi4 ,booth1 ,lucius ,junius1 #ed4 ,born a ,genius1 and born a ,dwarf1 #agc4 ,bottle1 ,the1 #bja4 ,braintrees1 ,the1 #aga4 ,brereton1 ,colonel1 #bbc 7note74 ,bright1 ,john1 #cih4 ,brighton ,pavilion1 #afd4 ,bringing up our ,bill1 #bdc4 ,britannia ,discovering the ,source of the ,nile1 #cii4 ,british ,cookery2 or1 out of the ,frying-pan1 etc41 #ba4 ,british ,spread ,eagle1 #acd4 ,brooks1 ,shirley1 #bja1 #cba1 #cbh1 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,brougham1 ,lord1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #beh-bff1 #big1 #chd 7and see ,jemmy ,twitcher74 ,browne1 ,h4 ,k41 #bhc1 #ccf-ced1 #dab-daf4 ,bubble ,burst2 or1 the ,ghost of an old ,act of ,parliament1 #ajf4 ,buckingham1 ,duke of 7see ,duel74 ,buckingham1 ,marquis of1 #bg4 ,bunbury1 ,h4 ,w41 #c1 #hd4 ,bunsby1 #cdb4 ,burdett1 ,sir ,francis1 #bdi-bea1 #bec1 #bfi4 ,burking 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