,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,to     
,,life  ,by ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]        
,,cont5ts3  ,,biographical ,,sket* ,,by 
,,?omas ,r4 ,,l\nsbury4 ,,! ,,relation  
,,( ,,lit]ature ,,to ,,life             
,,biographical ,,sket*  ,! c\nty (      
,frankl9 9 ,nor?we/]n ,massa*usetts1 if 
n rival+ 9 c]ta9 ways ! adjo9+ ,b]k%ire1
 has /ill a romantic beauty ( its own4  
,9 ! =m] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury its    
population 0 l>gely giv5 up to ! pursuit
 ( agriculture1 ?\gh n "u altoge!r      
favorable conditions4 ,manufactures _h n
 yet invad$ ! region ei!r to add to its 
weal? or to defile its /reams4 ,!       
villages 7 small1 ! roads pretty g5]ally
 wret*$ save 9 summ]1 & f _m ( ! fields 
! mo/ abundant crop t c\ld be ga!r$ 0 t 
( /ones4  ,! "* ( ! p con=m$ 9 _m ways  
to t ( ! soil4 ,! h\ses :i* l9$ !       
opposite sides ( ! s+le /reet1 ( :i* !  
petty places l>gely consi/$1 z well z ! 
dwell+s :i* dott$ ! c\ntry1 7 ! homes ( 
m5 :o possess$ 9 fullness _m ( !        
features1 good & bad1 t *>act]iz$ !     

,puritan /ock to :i* !y belong$4 ,!re 0 
a good deal ( religion 9 ^! rural       
communities & occasionally "s culture4  
,/ill1 z a rule1 x mu/ be confess$1 !re 
w\ld be f\nd 9 !m mu* m ( pla9 liv+ ?an 
( high ?9k+4 ,broad ?9k+ c\ld h>dly be  
said to exi/ at all4 ,by ! dwell]s 9 t  
region ,ea/] _h sc>cely ev5 be5 he>d (2 
,*ri/mas 0 tol]at$ aft] a fa%ion1 b 0   
nev]!less look$ ^u ) a good deal (      
suspicion z a ,popi% inv5tion4 ,9 !     
beliefs ( ^! m5 sev]al s9s n m5tion$ 9 !
 decalogue took really1 if unconsci\sly1
 prec$5ce ( ^? :i* *anc$ to be f\nd 9 t 
li/4 ,danc+ 0 di/9ctly immoral2         
c>d-play+ l$ directly to gambl+ ) all   
its att5dant evils2 !atre-go+ *>act]iz$ 
! conduct ( ! m disreputable d5iz5s (   
great cities4 ,fiction 0 n absolutely   
=bidd52 b ! mo/ l5i5t reg>d$ x z a great
 wa/e ( "t1 & ! boy :o desir$ its solace
 on any l>ge scale 0 "u ! frequ5t       
necessity ( seek+ ! seclusion ( ! haym[4
  ,b h[ev] rigid & /]n ! beliefs ( m5   
might be1 nature 0 !re always *>m+1 n   

only 9 h] summ] beauty1 b ev5 9 h]      
wilde/ w9t] moods4 ,n>r[1 too1 z might  
be ! views ( ! memb]s ( ^! communities  
ab\t ! conduct ( life1 !re 0 ev] be=e ! 
m9ds ( ! be/ ( !m an ideal ( devotion to
 duty1 an e>ne/ all-p]vad+ moral purpose
 :i* implant$ ! feel+ t nei!r p]sonal   
success nor pleasure ( any sort c\ld ev]
 af=d ev5 remotely comp5sation = !      
neglect ( ! lea/ obligation :i* _!      
situation impos$4 ,x 0 no mis=tune = any
 "o1 :o 0 lat] to be transport$ to a    
broad] horizon & m g5ial air1 to h /ruck
 ! roots ( 8 be+ 9 a soil :]e m5 felt ! 
full s5se ( moral responsibility =      
ev]y?+ said or done1 & :]e ! consci5ce 0
 almo/ z s5sitive to ! sugge/ion ( s9 z 
to its actual accompli%m5t4  ,x 0 amid/ 
su* surr\nd+s t ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n] 0  
born on ! #ab? ( ,septemb]1 #ahbi4 ,8   
bir?place 0 ! hill t[n ( ,pla9field1 ov]
 two ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,8
 fa!r1 a f>m]1 0 a man ( cultivation1   
?\gh n college-br$4 ,he di$ :5 8 elde/  
son _h rea*$ ! age ( five1 leav+ to 8   

wid[ ! c>e ( two *ildr54 ,?ree ye>s     
long] ! family cont9u$ to rema9 on !    
f>m4 ,b h[ev] delightful ! sc5]y ( !    
c\ntry might be1 its ae/hetic           
attractions did n suffici5tly           
c\nt]balance its agricultural           
disadvantages4 ,fur!rmore1 :ile ! summ]s
 7 beautiful on ?is high table l&1 !    
w9t]s 7 long & dre>y 9 ! en=c$ solitude 
( a ?9ly settl$ region4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !
 f>m 0 sold aft] ! dea? ( ! gr&fa!r1 & !
 home brok5 up4 ,! "m ) h] two *ildr51  
w5t to ! neighbor+ village ( ,*>lemont  
on ! banks ( ! ,de]field4 ,!re ! eld]   
son took up 8 resid5ce ) 8 gu>dian &    
relative1 a man ( position & influ5ce 9 
! community1 :o 0 ! own] ( a l>ge f>m4  
,) him he /ay$ until he 0 twelve ye>s   
old1 enjoy+ all ! pleasures & do+ all ! 
miscellane\s jobs ( ! k9d :i* fall to ! 
lot ( a boy br\ght up 9 an agricultural 
community4  ,! /ory ( ?is p>ticul> p]iod
 ( 8 life 0 giv5 by ,w>n] 9 a "w :i* 0  
publi%$ ab\t =ty ye>s lat]4 ,x is !     
volume entitl$ ,be+ a ,boy4 ,n[h]e has  

!re be5 drawn a tru] or m vivid picture 
( rural ,new ,engl&4 ,n[h]e else c !re  
be f\nd su* a portrayal ( ! sights &    
s\nds1 ! pa9s & pleasures ( life on a   
f>m z se5 f ! po9t ( view ( a boy4 ,"h  
we h !m all graphically repres5t$3 !    
daily *ores t mu/ be look$ aft]2 ! driv+
 ( c[s to & f ! pa/ure2 ! cle>+ up (    
fields :]e vegetation /ruggl$ )         
difficulty aga9/ ! prevail+ /ones2 !    
climb+ ( l(ty trees & ! sway+ back & =? 
9 ! w9d on _! topmo/ b\ghs2 ! hunt+ (   
wood*ucks2 ! nutt+ excursions ( ,novemb]
 days1 culm9at+ 9 ! glories (           
,?anksgiv+2 ! romance ( s*ool life1 ov] 
:i* vacations1 f> f be+ welcom$ )       
delight1 ca/ a gloom z involv+ extra "w2
 ! cold days ( w9t] ) its deep or drift+
 sn[s1 ! m]cury ( ! !rmomet] cl++ )     
fondness to z]o1 ev5 :5 ! sun 0 %9+     
brilliantly2 ! long *ill+ nights 9 :i* !
 fro/ c>v$ fanta/ic /ructures on !      
w9d[-panes2 ! eag] wat*+ = ! "t :5 ! sap
 w\ld beg9 to run 9 ! sug>-maples2 !    
ev5+s giv5 up to read+1 ) ! inevitable  

inw>d discont5t at be+ s5t to b$ too    
e>ly2 ! long+ = ! mild days ( spr+ to   
come1 :5 ! heavy c[hide boots c\ld be   
disc>d$1 & ! boy c\ld rejoice at la/ 9 !
 cov]+ = 8 feet :i* ! ,"l _h provid$4   
,^! & scores ( simil> descriptions fill 
up ! picture ( ! life furni%$ "h4 ,x 0  
nature's own s*ool :]e9 0 to be ga9$ !  
fulle/ intimacy ) h] _s4 ,:ile !re 0 mu*
 :i* %e c\ld n tea*1 !re 0 also mu* :i* 
%e alone c\ld tea*4 ,f 8 communion ) h] 
! boy le>n$ lessons :i* ! /reets ( cr[d$
 cities c\ld nev] h imp>t$4  ,at ! age (
 twelve ?is portion ( 8 education came  
to an end4 ,! family !n mov$ to         
,caz5ovia 9 ,madison c\nty 9 ,c5tral    
,new ,york1 f :i* place ,w>n]'s "m _h   
come1 & :]e h] imm$iate relatives !n    
resid$4 ,until he w5t to college ?is 0 8
 home4 ,!re he att5d$ a prep>atory s*ool
 "u ! direction ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal 
,*ur*1 :i* 0 /yl$ ! ,oneida ,conf]5ce   
,sem9>y4 ,x 0 at ?is in/itution t he    
fitt$ ma9ly = college2 = to college x _h
 be5 8 fa!r's dy+ wi% t he %\ld g1 & !  

boy himself did n ne$ ! spur ( ?is p>t+ 
injunction4 ,a college ne> 8 home 0 !   
excell5t "o ( ,hamilton 9 ! n di/ant t[n
 ( ,cl9ton 9 ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,oneida4  
,?i!r he repair$ 9 #ahdh1 & z he _h made
 ! be/ use ( 8 advantages1 he 0 enabl$  
to ent] ! sophomore class4 ,he 0        
graduat$ 9 #ahea4  ,b :ile fond ( /udy  
he _h all ^! ye>s be5 do+ some?+ besides
 /udy+4 ,! means ( ! family 7 limit$1 & 
to secure ! education he desir$1 n only 
0 x necess>y to husb& ! res\rces he     
possess$1 b to increase !m 9 e possible 
way4 ,w>n] _h all ! ,am]ican boy's      
will+ness to und]take any occupation n 9
 itself discr$itable4 ,h5ce to him fell 
a full %>e ( ^? exp]i5ces :i* h         
div]sifi$ ! e>ly ye>s ( s _m m5 :o h    
a*iev$ success4 ,he set up type 9 a     
pr9t+ (fice2 he act$ z an assi/ant 9 a  
book/ore2 he s]v$ z cl]k 9 a po/-(fice4 
,he 0 ?us e>ly br\ght into direct       
contact ) p]sons ( all classes &        
conditions ( life4  ,! exp]i5ce gave to 
8 ke5ly obs]vant m9d an insight into !  

nature ( m5 :i* 0 to be ( special s]vice
 to him 9 lat] ye>s4 ,fur!r1 x imp>t$ to
 him a famili>ity ) _! op9ions & hopes &
 aspirations :i* enabl$ him to und]/& & 
sympa?ize ) feel+s 9 :i* he did n always
 %>e4  ,dur+ ! ye>s :i* imm$iately      
foll[$ 8 dep>ture f college1 ,w>n] l$ ! 
some:at desultory & app>5tly aimless    
life ( _m ,am]ican graduates ^: future  
dep5ds ^u _! own ex]tions & ^: *oice ( a
 c>e] is ma9ly det]m9$ by circum/ances4 
,f ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( 8 life he _h be5  
fond ( read+4 ,x 0 an inh]it$ ta/e4 ,!  
few books he f\nd 9 8 *ildhood's home   
w\ld h be5 almo/ swept out ( sight 9 !  
torr5t1 l>gely ( tra%1 :i* p\rs n[ 9 a  
/eady /ream into ! humble/ h\sehold4 ,b 
! books1 ?\gh few1 7 ( a high quality2 &
 because !y 7 few !y 7 read mu*1 & _!   
cont5ts became an integral "p ( 8       
intellectual equipm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ^!   
works ( ! great ma/]s1 ) :i* he became  
famili>1 set = him a /&>d by :i* to te/ 
! value ( :atev] he read1 & sav$ him ev5
 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s f hav+ 8 ta/e impair$ &

 8 judgm5t misl$ by ! vogue ( m]etrici\s
 productions :i* e n[ & !n ga9 popul>ity
 = ! "t4 ,!y gave him also a di/9ct b5t 
t[>ds mak+ lit]ature 8 pr(ession4 ,b    
lit]ature1 h[ev] pleasant & occasionally
 pr(itable z an avocation1 0 n to be    
?\ght ( z a vocation4 ,few !re are at   
any p]iod :o h succe$$ 9 f9d+ x a       
sub/antial & p]man5t support2 at t "t & 
9 ?is c\ntry su* a prospect 0           
practically hopeless = any "o4 ,x is no 
matt] ( surprise1 !re=e1 t ,w>n]1 ?\gh  
(t5 deviat+ f ! direct pa?1 /eadily     
gravitat$ t[>d ! pr(ession ( law4       
,/ill1 ev5 9 ^? e>ly days 8 natural     
incl9ation manife/$ itself4 ,!          
,knick]bock] ,magaz9e 0 !n ! *os5 organ 
to :i* all "y lit]>y aspirants s5t _!   
productions4 ,to x ev5 9 8 college days 
,w>n] contribut$ to "s ext5t1 ?\gh x    
w\ld d\btless be possible n[ to ga!r out
 ( ?is collection b few pieces :i*1     
lack+ 8 own id5tification1 c\ld be      
assign$ to him positively4 ,at a lat]   
p]iod he contribut$ articles to         

,putnam's ,magaz9e1 :i* began its       
exi/5ce 9 #ahec4 ,w>n] himself at "o "t1
 9 t p]iod ( /ruggle & unc]ta9ty1       
expect$ to become an editor ( a mon?ly  
:i* 0 to be />t$ 9 ,detroit4 ,b be=e !  
magaz9e 0 actually set on foot !        
inability ( ! p]son :o project$ x to    
supply ! necess>y means = c>ry+ x on    
prev5t$ ! failure :i* w\ld inevitably h 
befall5 a v5ture ( t sort1 und]tak5 at t
 "t & 9 t place4 ,yet he %[$ 9 a way !  
native b5t ( 8 m9d by br++ out two ye>s 
aft] 8 graduation f college a volume (  
selections f ,engli% & ,am]ican au?ors  
entitl$ ,! ,book ( ,eloqu5ce4 ,?is "w a 
publi%] _m ye>s aft]w>d took advantage (
 8 lat] reputation to repr9t4  ,?is     
unsettl$ p]iod ( 8 life la/$ = sev]al   
ye>s4 ,he 0 resid5t = a :ile 9 v>i\s    
places4 ,"p ( ! "t he seems to h be5 9  
,caz5ovia2 "p ( ! "t 9 ,new ,york2 "p ( 
! "t 9 ! ,we/4 ,"o ?+ 9 p>ticul> !re 0  
:i* /ood 9 ! way ( fix+ def9itely 8     
*oice ( a pr(ession4 ,?is 0 ! prec>i\s  
/ate ( 8 heal?1 f> poor] !n ?an x 0 9   

subsequ5t ye>s4 ,w>n]1 h[ev]1 0 nev] at 
any p]iod ( 8 life :at is call$ robu/4  
,x 0 8 exce$+ temp]ance 9 all ?+s :i*   
enabl$ him to v5ture ^u ! assumption &  
succe$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( tasks :i* m51 
physically f> /rong] ?an he1 w\ld h     
%runk f "u-tak+1 ev5 _h !y be5 possess$ 
( ! same abilities4 ,b 8 condition1 "p (
 t "t1 0 su* t x l$ him to take a c\rse 
( treatm5t at ! sanatorium 9 ,clifton   
,spr+s4 ,x became app>5t1 h[ev]1 t life 
9 ! op5 air1 = a :ile at lea/1 0 ! "o ?+
 ess5tial4 ,"u ! pressure ( ?is         
necessity he secur$ a position z "o ( an
 eng9e]+ p>ty engag$ 9 ! survey ( a     
railway 9 ,miss\ri4 ,9 t occupation he  
sp5t a l>ge "p ( #ahec & #ahed4 ,he came
 back f ?is exp$ition re/or$ to heal?4  
,) t result accompli%$1 ! duty ( settl+ 
def9itely ^u :at he 0 to d became m     
urg5t4 ,among o!r ?+s he did1 :ile liv+ 
= a :ile ) 8 uncle 9 ,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y41
 he /udi$ law 9 ! (fice ( ,daniel ,s4   
,dick9son4  ,9 ! ,*ri/mas season ( #ahed
 he w5t ) a fri5d on a visit to         

,philadelphia & /ay$ at ! h\se ( ,philip
 ,m4 ,price1 a prom95t citiz5 ( t place 
:o 0 engag$1 among o!r ?+s1 9 !         
conveyanc+ ( real e/ate4 ,x w n be      
surpris+ to any "o :o knew ! *>m ( 8    
society 9 lat] life to be told t he     
became at once a favorite ) ! old] man4 
,! latt] 0 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 he 0 anxi\s  
to retire f active bus9ess4 ,act+ "u 8  
advice1 ,w>n] 0 induc$ to come to       
,philadelphia 9 #ahee & jo9 him1 & to =m
 subsequ5tly a p>tn]%ip 9 legal         
conveyanc+ ) ano!r "y man :o _h be5     
employ$ 9 ,mr4 ,price's (fice4 ,?us came
 into be+ ! firm ( ,b>ton & ,w>n]4 ,_!  
headqu>t]s 7 fir/ 9 ,spr+ ,g>d5 ,/reet &
 lat] 9 ,walnut ,/reet4 ,! future soon  
became suffici5tly assur$ to ju/ify     
,w>n] 9 m>riage1 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahef1 he 
0 w$d$ to ,susan ,lee1 daught] (        
,william ,elliott ,lee ( ,new ,york     
,city4  ,b ?\gh 9 a bus9ess alli$ to !  
law1 ,w>n] 0 n yet a lawy]4 ,8          
occupation inde$ 0 only 9 8 eyes a      
tempor>y make%ift :ile he 0 prep>+      

himself = :at 0 to be 8 real "w 9 life4 
,!re=e1 :ile support+ himself by c>ry+  
on ! bus9ess ( conveyanc+1 he att5d$ !  
c\rses ( /udy at ! law dep>tm5t ( !     
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 dur+ !       
academic ye>s ( #ahef-eg & #aheg-eh4 ,f 
t in/itution he receiv$ ! degree (      
ba*elor ( law 9 #aheh--(t5 mis/at$      
#ahef--;& 0 ready to beg9 ! practice (  
81 pr(ession4  ,9 ^? days e "y man (    
ability & ambition 0 c\nsel$ to g ,we/ &
 gr[ up ) ! c\ntry1 & 0 n unfrequ5tly   
dispos$ to take t c\rse ( 8 own accord4 
,w>n] felt ! g5]al impulse4 ,he _h      
contemplat$ ent]+1 9 fact _h pretty     
def9itely made up 8 m9d to ent]1 into a 
law p>tn]%ip ) a fri5d 9 "o ( ! small]  
places 9 t region4 ,b on a t\r1 some:at 
( exploration1 he /opp$ at ,*icago4 ,!re
 he met ano!r fri5d1 & aft] talk+ ov] ! 
situation ) him he decid$ to take up 8  
resid5ce 9 t city4 ,s 9 #aheh ! law-firm
 ( ,dav5port & ,w>n] came into be+4 ,x  
la/$ until #ahfj4 ,x 0 n exactly a      
favorable "t = "y m5 to ent] ^u !       

practice ( ?is pr(ession4 ,! c\ntry 0 j 
beg9n+ to recov] f ! depression :i* _h  
foll[$ ! disa/r\s panic ( #aheg2 b      
confid5ce 0 z yet f> f be+ re/or$4 ,!   
new firm did a fairly good bus9ess2 b   
:ile !re 0 suffici5t "w to d1 !re 0 b   
little money to pay = x4 ,/ill ,w>n]    
w\ld d\btless h cont9u$ 9 ! pr(ession _h
 he n receiv$ an (f]1 ! acceptance ( :i*
 det]m9$ 8 future & *ang$ entirely 8    
c>e]4  ,hawley1 n[ ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator
 f ,connecticut1 0 ,w>n]'s s5ior by a   
few ye>s4 ,he _h prec$$ him z a /ud5t at
 ! ,oneida ,conf]5ce ,sem9>y & at       
,hamilton ,college4 ,practic+ law 9     
,h>t=d1 he _h />t$ 9 #aheg1 9           
conjunction ) o!r lead+ citiz5s1 a pap] 
call$ ! ,ev5+ ,press4 ,x 0 devot$ to !  
advocacy ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,republican  
p>ty1 :i* 0 at t "t /ill 9 :at may be   
call$ ! =mative /ate ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is
 0 a p]iod 9 :i* = "s ye>s ! dissolution
 _h be5 go+ on ( ! two old p>ties :i* _h
 divid$ ! c\ntry4 ,m5 7 *ang+ sides & 7 
align+ !mselves anew accord+ to _! views

 on que/ions :i* 7 e day assum+ great]  
prom95ce 9 ! m9ds ( all4 ,!re 0 really b
 "o great subject talk$ ab\t or ?\ght   
ab\t4 ,x split into oppos+ sections !   
:ole l& ov] :i* 0 l[]+ ! grim1 ?\gh z   
yet unrecognizable1 %ad[ ( civil w>4 ,! 
,republican p>ty _h be5 9 exi/5ce b a v 
few ye>s1 b 9 t %ort "t x _h attract$ to
 its ranks ! "y & en?usia/ic spirits ( !
 ,nor?1 j z to ! o!r side 7 impell$ !   
memb]s ( ! same class 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!      
intellectual conte/ :i* prec$$ !        
physical 0 /irr+ ! he>ts ( all m54      
,hawley1 :o 0 well aw>e ( ,w>n]'s       
peculi> ability1 0 anxi\s to secure 8   
co-op]ation & assi/ance4 ,he urg$ him to
 come ,ea/ & jo9 him 9 ! conduct ( ! new
 ent]prise he _h und]tak54  ,w>n] always
 consid]$ t he d]iv$ great b5efit f 8   
comp>atively limit$ /udy & practice (   
law2 & t ! little "t he _h giv5 up to x 
_h be5 f> f be+ missp5t4 ,b ! op5+ :i*  
n[ pres5t$ itself introduc$ him to a    
field ( activity mu* m suit$ to 8 tal5ts
 & 8 ta/es4 ,he lik$ ! /udy ( law bett] 

?an its practice2 = 8 e>ly tra9+ _h n   
be5 ( a k9d to reconcile him to /&+ up  
/rongly = cli5ts & causes t he hone/ly  
believ$ to be 9 ! wrong4 ,fur!rmore1 8  
he>t1 z has be5 said1 _h always be5 9   
lit]ature2 & ?\gh j\rnalism c\ld h>dly  
be call$ mu* m ?an a half-si/]1 ! "o    
c\ld provide ! support :i* ! o!r c\ld   
nev] promise ) c]ta9ty4 ,s 9 #ahfj ,w>n]
 remov$ to ,h>t=d & jo9$ 8 fri5d z      
associate editor ( ! newspap] he _h     
f\nd$4 ,! next ye> ! w> broke out4      
,hawley at once ent]$ ! army & took "p 9
 ! f\r ye>s' /ruggle4 ,8 dep>ture left  
,w>n] 9 editorial *>ge ( ! pap]1 into ! 
conduct ( :i* he ?rew himself ) all !   
e>ne/ness & en]gy ( 8 nature1 & !       
ability1 bo? political & lit]>y1        
display$ 9 its columns gave x at once a 
high position :i* x nev] lo/4  ,at ?is  
po9t x may be well to give briefly ! few
 fur!r sali5t facts ( ,w>n]'s connection
 ) j\rnalism prop]4 ,9 #ahfg ! own]s ( !
 ,press pur*as$ ! ,c\rant1 ! well-kn[n  
morn+ pap] :i* _h be5 f\nd$ m ?an a     

c5tury be=e1 & consolidat$ ! ,press ) x4
 ,( ?is j\rnal1 ,hawley & ,w>n]1 n[ 9 "p
 proprietors1 7 ! editorial writ]s4 ,!  
=m]1 :o _h be5 mu/]$ out ( ! army ) !   
rank ( brevet ,major-,g5]al1 0 soon     
div]t$ f j\rnalism by o!r employm5ts4   
,he 0 elect$ ,gov]nor1 he became a memb]
 ( ,congress1 s]v+ successively 9 bo?   
bran*es4 ,! ma9 editorial responsibility
 = ! conduct ( ! pap] devolv$ 9         
consequ5ce ^u ,w>n]1 & to x he gave up =
 ye>s ne>ly all 8 ?\ght & att5tion4     
,once only dur+ t e>ly p]iod 0 8 labor  
int]rupt$ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4  
,9 ,may1 #ahfh1 he set out on ! fir/ ( 8
 five trips across ! ,atlantic4 ,he 0   
abs5t ne>ly a ye>4 ,yet ev5 !n he _c be 
said to h neglect$ 8 special "w4        
,articles 7 s5t weekly f ! o!r side1    
describ+ :at he saw & exp]i5c$ abroad4  
,8 active connection ) ! pap] he nev]   
gave up absolutely1 nor did 8 int]e/ 9 x
 ev] cease4 ,b aft] he became connect$ )
 ! editorial /aff ( ,h>p]s ,magaz9e !   
contributions he made to 8 j\rnal 7 only

 occasional & :at may be call$          
accid5tal4  ,:5 #ahgj came1 =ty ye>s (  
,w>n]'s life _h gone by1 & ne>ly tw5ty  
ye>s s9ce he _h left college4 ,dur+ !   
latt] t5 ye>s ( ?is p]iod he _h be5 a   
mo/ effective & =cible lead]-writ] on   
political & social que/ions1 nev] m s   
?an dur+ ! /orm & /ress ( ! ,civil ,w>4 
,outside ( ^! topics he _h devot$ a     
great deal ( att5tion to matt]s connect$
 ) lit]ature & art4 ,8 v>i$ abilities 7 
fully recogniz$ by ! read]s ( ! j\rnal  
he edit$4  ,b z yet !re 0 little or no  
recognition outside4 ,x is no easy matt]
 to tell :at are ! influ5ces1 :at !     
circum/ances1 :i* det]m9e ! success ( a 
p>ticul> writ] or ( a p>ticul> "w4      
,hi!rto ,w>n]'s repute 0 ma9ly conf9$ to
 ! inhabitants ( a prov9cial capital &  
its outly+ & dep5d5t t[ns4 ,h[ev]       
cultivat$ ! class to :i* 8 writ+s       
appeal$--& z a class x 0 di/9ctly       
cultivat$--_! numb] 0 necess>ily n      
great4 ,to ! c\ntry at l>ge :at he did  
or :at he 0 capable ( do+ 0 n kn[n at   

all4 ,"s slight ef=ts he _h occasionally
 put =? to secure ! publication ( matt] 
he _h prep>$4 ,he exp]i5c$ ! usual fate 
( au?ors :o seek to introduce into !    
m>ket lit]>y w>es ( a new & bett] sort4 
,8 productions did n foll[ conv5tional  
l9es4 ,publi%]s 7 ready to exam9e :at he
 (f]$1 & 7 j z ready to decl>e t ^! new 
w>es 7 ( a nature 9 :i* !y 7 n incl9$ to
 deal4  ,b dur+ #ahgj a s]ies ( humor\s 
articles appe>$ 9 ! ,h>t=d ,c\rant1     
detail+ 8 exp]i5ces 9 ! cultivation ( a 
g>d54 ,w>n] _h become ! own] ( a small  
place !n almo/ on ! outskirts ( ! city4 
,) ! dwell+-h\se w5t ! possession ( ?ree
 acres ( l&4 ,! opportunity ?us pres5t$ 
itself ( turn+ into a bless+ ! primeval 
curse ( till+ ! soil1 9 ?is in/ance n ) 
a hoe1 b ) a p54 ,^! articles detail+ 8 
exp]i5ces excit$ s mu* amusem5t & s mu* 
admiration t a g5]al desire 0 manife/$ t
 !y %\ld receive a m p]man5t life ?an t 
accord$ to articles appe>+ 9 ! columns (
 newspap]s1 & %\ld rea* a circle l>g]   
?an t to be f\nd 9 ! society ( !        

,connecticut capital4 ,w>n]'s previ\s   
exp]i5ce _h n dispos$ him to try 8      
=tunes ) ! memb]s ( ! publi%+ frat]nity4
 ,9 fact he did n lay s mu* /ress ^u !  
articles z did 8 read]s & fri5ds4 ,he   
always insi/$ t he _h previ\sly writt5  
o!r articles :i* 9 8 eyes c]ta9ly 7 j z 
good z !y1 if n bett]4  ,x s *anc$ t    
ab\t ?is "t ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] came to   
,h>t=d to visit 8 si/]1 ,h>riet ,bee*]  
,/[e4 ,w>n] 0 invit$ to meet him4 ,9 !  
c\rse ( ! conv]sation ! articles j      
m5tion$ 7 ref]r$ to by "s "o ( ^?       
pres5t4 ,bee*]'s curiosity 0 ar\s$ & he 
express$ a desire to see !m4 ,to him !y 
7 accord+ly s5t = p]usal4 ,no soon] _h  
he run ?r\gh !m ?an he recogniz$ 9 !m ! 
pres5ce ( a r>e & delicate humor :i*    
/ruck a di/9ctly new note 9 ,am]ican    
lit]ature4 ,x 0 some?+ he felt :i* %\ld 
n be conf9$ to ! k ( any limit$ circle4 
,he wrote at once to ! publi%] ,james   
,t4 ,fields1 urg+ ! production ( ^!     
articles 9 book =m4 ,bee*]'s            
recomm5dation 9 ^? days 0 suffici5t to  

insure ! acceptance ( any book by any   
publi%]4 ,mr4 ,fields agre$ to br+ out !
 "w1 provid$ ! great prea*] w\ld prefix 
an introduction4 ,?is he promis$ to d & 
did2 ?\gh 9 place ( ! some:at m =mal    
piece he 0 ask$ to write1 he s5t :at he 
call$ an introductory lett]4  ,! s]ies (
 pap]s publi%$ "u ! title ( ,my ,summ] 9
 a ,g>d5 came out at ! v end ( #ahgj1 ) 
! date ( #ahga on ! title-page4 ,!      
volume met ) in/antane\s success4 ,x 0 !
 subject ( comm5t & conv]sation ev]y:]e 
& pass$ rapidly ?r\gh sev]al editions4  
,!re 0 a g5]al feel+ t a new writ] _h   
sudd5ly appe>$1 ) a wit & wisdom        
peculi>ly 8 own1 precisely l :i* no?+ _h
 previ\sly exi/$ 9 our lit]ature4 ,to ! 
lat] editions ( ! "w 0 add$ an acc\nt ( 
a cat :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to ! au?or by !
 ,/[es4 ,= t reason x 0 giv5 f !        
,*ri/ian "n ( ! husb& ( ! noveli/ !     
title ( ,calv94 ,to ?is ,john 0         
sometimes prefix$1 z betok5+ f ! purely 
animal po9t ( view a c]ta9 resemblance  
to ! imput$ grimness & e>ne/ness ( !    

great re=m]4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! lea/       
exagg]at$ 9 ! acc\nt :i* ,w>n] gave ( ! 
"* & conduct ( ?is really rem>kable     
memb] ( ! fel9e race4 ,no biography 0   
ev] tru]2 no appreciation 0 ev] m       
sympa!tic2 & 9 ! long l9e ( cats none 0 
ev] m wor?y to h 8 /ory truly &         
sympa!tically told4 ,all :o _h ! =tune  
to see ,calv9 9 ! fle% w recognize !    
accuracy ) :i* 8 portrait 0 drawn4 ,all 
:o read ! acc\nt ( him1 ?\gh n hav+ se5 
him1 w f9d x "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ (          
descriptions4 ,x has ! fulle/ "r to be  
t]m$ a cat classic4  ,) ! publication ( 
,my ,summ] 9 a ,g>d5 ,w>n] 0 laun*$ ^u a
 c>e] ( au?or%ip :i* la/$ )\t cessation 
dur+ ! ?irty ye>s t rema9$ ( 8 life4 ,x 
cov]$ a wide field4 ,8 int]e/s 7 v>i$ & 
8 activity 0 unremitt+4 ,lit]ature1 art1
 & t va/ div]sity ( topics :i* are      
loosely embrac$ "u ! g5]al "n ( social  
sci5ce--^u all ^! he _h some?+ fre% to  
say1 & he said x inv>iably )            
attractiv5ess & effect4 ,x matt]$ little
 :at he set out to talk ab\t1 ! talk 0  

sure to be full bo? ( in/ruction &      
ent]ta9m5t4 ,no soon] _h ! unequivocal  
success ( 8 fir/ publi%$ "w br\ght 8 "n 
be=e ! public ?an he 0 besieg$ =        
contributions by conductors ( p]iodicals
 ( all sorts2 & z he _h ideas ( 8 own ^u
 all sorts ( subjects1 he 0 con/antly   
furni%+ matt] ( ! mo/ div]se k9d = ! mo/
 div]se audi5ces4  ,z a result1 !       
volumes "h ga!r$ toge!r repres5t b a    
limit$ portion ( ! "w he accompli%$4    
,all 8 life1 inde$1 ,w>n] 0 n only an   
omnivor\s consum] ( ! writ+s ( o!rs1 b a
 con/ant produc]4 ,! manife/ation ( x   
took place 9 ways frequ5tly kn[n to b   
few4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! fact t z an editor (
 a daily pap] he wrote regul>ly articles
 on topics ( curr5t int]e/ to :i* he    
nev] expect$ to pay any fur!r att5tion2 
b aft] 8 "n became widely kn[n & 8      
s]vices 7 9 reque/ ev]y:]e1 he produc$  
scores ( articles1 "s long1 "s %ort1 "s 
sign$1 "s unsign$1 ( :i* he made no     
acc\nt :atev]4 ,"o look+ ?r\gh ! pages (
 contempor>y p]iodical lit]ature is apt 

at any mom5t to light ^u pieces1 &      
sometimes ^u s]ies ( !m1 :i* ! au?or    
nev] took ! tr\ble to collect4 ,_m ( ^? 
to :i* 8 "n 0 n atta*$ c no long] be    
id5tifi$ ) any approa* to c]ta9ty4 ,ab\t
 ! pres]vation ( mu* t he did--& "s ( x 
belong$ di/9ctly to 8 be/ & mo/         
*>act]i/ic "w--he 0 s+ul>ly c>eless1 or 
x may be bett] to say1 s+ul>ly          
indiff]5t4  ,if ,i may be p]mitt$ to    
indulge 9 ! recital ( a p]sonal         
exp]i5ce1 !re is "o incid5t ,i recall   
:i* w br+ out ?is trait 9 a m>k$ mann]4 
,once on a visit to him ,i accompani$   
him to ! (fice ( 8 pap]4 ,:ile wait+ =  
him to dis*>ge c]ta9 duties !re1 &      
employ+ myself 9 look+ ov] ! ex*anges1  
,i *anc$ to light ^u a lead+ article on 
! editorial page ( "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( 
! ,new ,york dailies4 ,x 0 devot$ to !  
consid]ation ( "s rec5t utt]ances ( a   
not$ orator :o1 aft] ! actual mission ( 
8 life _h be5 accompli%$1 0 employ+ !   
decl9e ( x 9 ! exploitation ( e         
political & economic vag>y :i* x _h     

ent]$ into ! addl$ bra9s ( m5 to evolve4
 ,! article /ruck me z "o ( ! mo/       
brilliant & ent]ta9+ ( its k9d ,i _h ev]
 read2 x 0 n long inde$ be=e x appe>$ t 
! same view ( x 0 tak5 by _m o!rs       
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! peculi> wit ( !    
comm5t1 ! ke5ness ( ! satire made s mu* 
( an impression ^u me t ,i call$ ,w>n]  
away f 8 "w to look at x4 ,at my reque/ 
he ha/ily glanc$ ov] x1 b some:at to my 
*agr9 fail$ to ev9ce any en?usiasm ab\t 
x4 ,on our way home ,i aga9 spoke ( x & 
0 a good deal nettl$ at ! indiff]5ce    
t[>ds x :i* he manife/$4 ,x seem$ to    
imply t my critical judgm5t 0 ( little  
value2 & h[ev] true might be 8          
conclusion on t po9t1 "o does n enjoy   
hav+ ! fact ?ru/ too =cibly ^u !        
att5tion 9 ! famili>ity ( conv]sation4  
,res5t+ !re=e ! tone he _h assum$1 ,i   
took occasion n only to reit]ate my     
previ\sly express$ op9ion some:at m     
aggressively1 b also w5t on to ins9uate 
t he 0 himself di/9ctly lack+ 9 any real
 appreciation ( :at 0 excell5t4 ,he bore

 ) me pati5tly = a :ile4 ,well1 sonny1  
he said at la/1 s9ce y seem to take !   
matt] s mu* to he>t1 ,i w tell y 9      
confid5ce t ,i wrote ! piece myself4 ,i 
f\nd t ?is 0 n only true 9 ! case j     
specifi$1 b t :ile engag$ 9 prep>+      
articles = 8 own pap] he occasionally   
prep>$ !m = o!r j\rnals4 ,no "o besides 
himself & ^? imm$iately conc]n$1 ev]    
knew any?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,he nev] ass]t$
 any "r to ^! pieces1 he nev] s\ght to  
collect !m1 ?\gh "s ( !m exhibit$ 8     
happie/ ve9 ( humor4 ,unclaim$1         
unid5tifi$1 !y are swept into t wallet (
 oblivion 9 :i* "t /[s ! be/ z well z ! 
wor/ ( newspap] production4  ,! next    
volume ( ,w>n]'s writ+s t made its      
appe>ance 0 entitl$ ,saunt]+s4 ,x 0 !   
fir/ &1 ?\gh good ( its k9d1 0 by no    
means ! be/ ( a class ( productions 9   
:i* he 0 to exhibit signal excell5ce4 ,x
 w be obs]v$ t ( ! v>i\s works compris$ 
9 ?is collective edition1 no small numb]
 consi/ ( :at by a wide ext5sion ( !    
phrase may be t]m$ books ( travel4 ,!re 

are two or ?ree :i* fall /rictly "u t   
designation4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 c be m   
prop]ly call$ records ( p]sonal exp]i5ce
 & adv5ture 9 diff]5t places & regions1 
) ! comm5ts on life & "* to :i* !y gave 
rise4  ,books ( travel1 if !y are       
expect$ to live1 are peculi>ly h>d to   
write4 ,if !y come out at a p]iod :5    
curiosity ab\t ! region describ$ is     
pr$om9ant1 !y are fairly c]ta91 no matt]
 h[ wret*$1 to a*ieve tempor>y success4 
,b !re is no k9d ( lit]>y production to 
:i*1 by ! v law ( its be+1 x is m       
difficult to imp>t vitality4 ,p>adoxical
 z x may seem1 x is p]fectly true t !   
greate/ h9d]ance to _! p]man5t int]e/ is
 ! in=mation !y furni%4 ,! m full1      
specific & ev5 accurate t is1 ! m       
rapidly does ! "w conta9+ x lose its    
value4 ,! fre%] k convey$ by a new1 & x 
may be mu* inf]ior book1 cr[ds out (    
circulation ^? :i* h gone be=e4 ,! *ang$
 or *ang+ conditions 9 ! region trav]s$ 
r5d]s ! in=mation previ\sly furni%$ out 
( date & ev5 mislead+4 ,h5ce ! old]     

works come 9 "t to h only an antiqu>ian 
int]e/4 ,_! pages are consult$ only by t
 v limit$ numb] ( p]sons :o are anxi\s  
to le>n :at has be5 & view ) /olid      
indiff]5ce :at actually is4 ,some?+ (   
?is transitory nature belongs to all    
sket*es ( travel4 ,x is ! "o great      
reason :y s v few ( ! c\ntless numb] (  
su* works1 writt51 & sometimes writt5 by
 m5 ( highe/ ability1 are h>dly he>d ( a
 few ye>s aft] publication4 ,travels =m 
a species ( lit]>y production 9 :i*     
great classics are exce$+ly r>e4  ,f ?is
 fatal *>act]i/ic1 ?reat5+ ! endur+ life
 ( su* works1 mo/ ( ,w>n]'s writ+s ( ?is
 sort 7 sav$ by ! me?od ( proc$ure he   
foll[$4 ,he made x 8 ma9 object n to    
give facts b impressions4 ,all details (
 exact in=mation1 ev]y?+ calculat$ to   
gratify ! /ati/ical m9d or to qu5* !    
?ir/ ( ! seek] = purely useful          
in=mation1 he 0 c>eful1 :e!r consci\sly 
or unconsci\sly1 to bani% f ^? volumes (
 8 9 :i* he foll[$ 8 own b5t & felt     
himself "u no obligation to say any?+ b 

:at he *ose4 ,h5ce ^! books are ma9ly a 
record ( views ( m5 & mann]s made by an 
acute obs]v] on ! spot1 & put d[n at !  
mom5t :5 ! impression creat$ 0 mo/      
vivid1 n def]r$ till famili>ity _h dull$
 ! s5se ( x or cu/om _h caus$ x to be   
disreg>d$4 ,take z an illu/ration !     
little book entitl$ ,baddeck1 "o ( !    
slighte/ ( 8 productions 9 ?is field4 ,x
 purports to be & is no?+ m ?an an      
acc\nt ( a two weeks' t\r made to a     
,cape ,breton locality 9 company ) !    
delightful companion to :om x 0 d$icat$4
 ,y take x up ) ! notion t y are go+ to 
acquire in=mation ab\t ! :ole c\ntry    
j\rney$ ov]1 y are beguil$ at times ) ! 
fancy t y are gett+ x4 ,9 ! be/ s5se x  
may be said t y d get x2 = x is ! g5]al 
impression ( ! v>i\s sc5es ?r\gh :i* !  
exp$ition leads ! travel]s t is left ^u 
! m9d1 n ^? accurate details ( a s+le "o
 ( !m :i* ! lapse ( a ye> might r5d]    
inaccurate4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! "w     
!re=e ?an "o ga9s f x little specific k4
 ,9 its place are ! reflections bo? wise

 & witty ^u life1 ^u ! *>act]s ( ! m5 t 
are met1 ^u ! nature ( ! sights t are   
se54  ,?is is :at con/itutes ! endur+   
*>m ( ! be/ ( ^! pictures ( travel :i*  
,w>n] produc$4 ,x is p]haps mislead+ to 
ass]t t !y d n furni% a good deal (     
in=mation4 ,/ill x is n ! sort (        
in=mation :i* ! ord9>y t\ri/ gives & :i*
 ! cultivat$ read] res5ts & is c>eful n 
to rememb]4 ,_! dom9ant note is r !     
quiet humor ( a delightful /ory-tell]1  
:o _c fail to say some?+ ( int]e/       
because he has se5 s mu*2 & :o out ( 8  
wide & v>i$ obs]vation selects = recital
 c]ta9 sights he has witness$1 c]ta9    
exp]i5ces he has gone ?r\gh1 & s relates
 !m t ! way ! ?+ is told is ev5 m       
int]e/+ ?an ! ?+ told4 ,! *ief value (  
^! works does n accord+ly dep5d ^u !    
accid5tal1 :i* passes4 ,inns *ange &    
become bett] or worse4 ,facilities =    
transportation increase or decrease4    
,sc5]y itself alt]s to "s ext5t "u !    
op]ation ( ag5cies br\ght to be> ^u x = 
its own improvem5t or = ! improvem5t (  

some?+ else4 ,b man's nature rema9s a   
con/ant quantity4 ,traits se5 "h & n[   
are sure to be met ) some:]e else1 & ev5
 9 ages to come4 ,h5ce works ( ?is      
nature1 embody+ descriptions ( m5 &     
mann]s1 always reta9 some?+ ( ! fre%ness
 :i* *>act]iz$ !m on ! day ( _!         
appe>ance4  ,( ^! productions 9 :i* !   
p]sonal elem5t pr$om9ates1 & :]e !      
necessity ( intrud+ in=mation is n felt 
z a burd51 ^? ( ,w>n]'s works :i* deal )
 ! ,ori5t take ! fir/ rank4 ,! two--,my 
,w9t] on ! ,nile & ,9 !                 
,levant--con/itute ! record ( a visit to
 ! ,ea/ dur+ ! ye>s #ahge & #ahgf4  ,!y 
w\ld naturally h ( !mselves ! mo/       
p]man5t value1 inasmu* z ! c\ntries     
describ$ h = mo/ educat$ m5 an abid+    
int]e/4 ,! lifelike repres5tation &     
graphic *>act]ization :i* ,w>n] 0 apt to
 display 9 8 travel+ sket*es 7 "h se5 at
 _! be/1 because n[h]e else did he f9d !
 task ( description m cong5ial4 ,alike !
 gorge\sness & ! squalor ( ! ,ori5t     
appeal$ to 8 arti/ic sympa?ies4 ,egypt 9

 p>ticul> _h = him always a special     
fasc9ation4 ,twice he visit$ x--at ! "t 
j m5tion$ & aga9 9 ! w9t] ( #ahha-hb4   
,he rejoic$ 9 e ef=t made to dispel !   
obscurity :i* hung ov] its e>ly hi/ory4 
,no "o1 outside ( ! m5 mo/ imm$iately   
conc]n$1 took a deep] int]e/ ?an he 9 ! 
"w ( ! ,egyptian ,exploration ,society1 
( :i* he 0 "o ( ! ,am]ican              
vice-presid5ts4 ,to promot+ its success 
he gave no small %>e ( "t & att5tion4   
,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ei!r ! pa/ or !      
pres5t ( ! c\ntry _h = him an           
attraction4 ,a civilization :i* _h be5  
fl\ri%+ = c5turies1 :5 ! f\nd] ( ,israel
 0 a w&]+ %eik on ! ,syrian pla9s or 9 !
 hill-c\ntry ( ,canaan2 ! sl[ unravel+ (
 records ( dyna/ies ( =gott5 k+s2 !     
memorials ( ,egypt's vani%$ greatness & 
! vision ( h] future prosp]ity ^! & ?+s 
simil> to ^! made ?is c\ntry1 s         
peculi>ly ! gift ( ! ,nile1 ( fasc9at+  
int]e/ to ! mod]n travel] :o saw ! same 
sights :i* _h met ! eyes ( ,h]odotus    
ne>ly tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s be=e4  ,to 

! g5]al public ! volume :i* foll[$--,9 !
 ,levant--0 p]haps ( ev5 deep] int]e/4  
,at all ev5ts x dealt ) sc5es & memories
 ) :i* e read]1 educat$ or un$ucat$1 _h 
associations4 ,! region ?r\gh :i* !     
f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity w&]$1 ! places he   
visit$1 ! words he said 9 !m1 ! acts he 
did1 h nev] lo/ _! hold ov] ! he>ts (   
m51 n ev5 dur+ ! p]iods :5 ! precepts ( 
,*ri/ianity h _h ! lea/ influ5ce ov] !  
conduct ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to x _!         
allegiance4 ,9 ! ,levant1 too1 7 se5 !  
beg9n+s ( comm]ce1 ( art1 ( lett]s1 9 ! 
=ms 9 :i* ! mod]n _w be/ kn[s !m4 ,^!1  
!re=e1 h always made ! l&s ab\t ! ea/]n 
,m$it]ranean an attraction to cultivat$ 
m5 & ! int]e/ ( ! subject accord+ly     
re9=c$ ! skill ( ! writ]4  ,!re are two 
or ?ree ( ^! works :i* c n be includ$ 9 
! class j describ$4 ,!y 7 writt5 = !    
specific purpose ( giv+ exact in=mation 
at ! "t4 ,( ^! ! mo/ noticeable are !   
volumes entitl$ ,s\? & ,we/ & ! acc\nt (
 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia :i* goes "u ! "n (    
,our ,italy4 ,!y are ! outcome ( j\rneys

 made expressly ) ! int5t ( inve/igat+ &
 report+ ^u ! actual situation & app>5t 
prospects ( ! places & regions describ$4
 ,z !y 7 writt5 to s]ve an imm$iate     
purpose1 mu* ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 !m 
t5ds to gr[ m & m out ( date z "t goes  
on2 & ?\gh ( value to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 
^! volumes mu/ necess>ily become (      
/eadily dim9i%+ int]e/ to ! ord9>y      
read]4 ,yet x is to be said ( !m t :ile 
! pill ( useful in=mation is !re1 x has 
at lea/ be5 sug>-coat$4 ,nor c we af=d  
to lose sight ( ! fact t !              
widely-circulat$ articles1 collect$ "u !
 title ( ,s\? & ,we/1 by ! _s p]vad+ !m 
z well z by ! in=mation !y gave1 _h a   
m>k$ effect 9 br++ ! v>i\s sections ( ! 
c\ntry into a bett] und]/&+ ( "o ano!r1 
& 9 imp>t+ to all a full] s5se ( !      
community !y possess$ 9 pr(it & loss1 9 
honor & di%onor4  ,x is a some:at s+ul> 
fact t ^! sket*es ( travel l$ ,w>n]     
incid5tally to ent] into an entirely new
 field ( lit]>y ex]tion4 ,?is 0         
novel-writ+4 ,some?+ ( ?is nature he _h 

attempt$ 9 conjunction ) ,m>k ,twa9 9 ! 
composition ( ,! ,gild$ ,age1 :i* appe>$
 9 #ahgc4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0           
unsatisfactory to bo? ! collaborators4  
,ea* _h humor1 b ! humor ( ea* 0        
fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,b ! magaz9e ) :i*
 ,w>n] _h become connect$ 0 desir\s t he
 %\ld prep>e = x an acc\nt ( "s ( !     
pr9cipal wat]+-places & summ] resorts ( 
! c\ntry4 ,ea* 0 to be visit$ 9 turn &  
its sali5t features 7 to be describ$4 ,x
 0 f9ally sugge/$ t ?is c\ld be done mo/
 effectively by weav+ into a love /ory  
occurr5ces t might happ5 at a numb] ( ^!
 places :i* 7 made ! subjects (         
description4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]s 7 to   
take _! t\rs "u ! p]sonal conduct ( !   
noveli/4 ,!y 7 to g to ! p>ticul> spots 
select$ ,nor? & ,s\?1 accord+ to ! v>y+ 
seasons ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 a some:at novel   
way (1 visit+ resorts ( ?is nature2 !re 
are ^? to :om x w seem altoge!r m       
agreeable ?an w\ld be ! visit+ ( !m 9   
p]son4 ,h5ce appe>$ 9 #ahhf ! articles  
:i* 7 collect$ lat] 9 ! volume entitl$  

,_! ,pilgrimage4  ,w>n] execut$ ! task  
:i* _h be5 assign$ him ) 8 wont$ skill4 
,! complet$ "w met ) success--) s mu*   
success inde$ t he 0 l$ lat] to try 8   
=tune fur!r 9 ! same field & br+ out !  
trilogy ( novels :i* g "u ! names       
respectively ( ,a ,little ,j\rney 9 !   
,_w1 ,! ,gold5 ,h\se1 & ,t ,=tune4 ,ea* 
( ^! is complete 9 itself1 ea* c be read
 by itself2 b ! effect ( ea* & ( ! :ole 
s]ies c be be/ secur$ by read+ !m 9     
succession4 ,9 ! fir/ x is ! /ory ( h[ a
 great =tune 0 made 9 ! /ock m>ket2 9 ! 
second1 h[ x 0 fraudul5tly div]t$ f !   
object = :i* x 0 int5d$2 & 9 ! ?ird1 h[ 
x 0 mo/ b5eficially & satisfactorily    
lo/4 ,! sc5e ( ! la/ novel 0 laid 9 "p 9
 ,w>n]'s e>ly home 9 ,*>lemont4 ,^!     
works 7 produc$ ) consid]able int]vals (
 "t betwe5 _! respective appe>ances1 !  
fir/ com+ out 9 #ahhi & ! ?ird t5 ye>s  
lat]4 ,?is detract$ to "s ext5t f !     
popul>ity :i* !y w\ld h atta9$ _h !     
diff]5t memb]s foll[$ "o ano!r rapidly4 
,/ill1 !y met ) di/9ct success1 ?\gh x  

has always be5 a "q :e!r ?is success 0  
due s mu* to ! /ory z to ! %rewd        
obs]vation & cau/ic wit :i* 7 br\ght to 
be> ^u :at 0 ess5tially a s]i\s /udy (  
"o side ( ,am]ican social life4  ,! "w )
 :i* ,w>n] himself 0 lea/ satisfi$ 0 8  
life ( ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 :i* came out
 9 #ahhha4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be  
"o ( a s]ies ( biographies ( not$ m51   
:i* 7 to give ! facts accurately b to   
treat !m humor\sly4 ,hi/ory & com$y1    
h[ev]1 h nev] be5 bl5d$ successfully1   
?\gh desp]ate attempts h occasionally   
be5 made to a*ieve t result4 ,w>n] _h n 
long be5 engag$ 9 ! task be=e he        
recogniz$ its hopelessness4 ,= its      
prep>ation x requir$ a special /udy ( ! 
man & ! p]iod1 & ! m "t he sp5t ^u !    
prelim9>y "w1 ! m ! humor\s elem5t t5d$ 
to rec$e4 ,?us act$ on by two impulses1 
"o ( a light & "o ( a grave nature1 he  
mov$ = a :ile 9 a sort ( diagonal betwe5
 ! two to n[h]e 9 p>ticul>2 b f9ally    
end$ 9 treat+ ! subject s]i\sly4  ,9    
giv+ himself up to a biography 9 :i* he 

_h no special int]e/1 ,w>n] felt        
consci\s t he c\ld n int]e/ o!rs4 ,8    
=ebod+s 7 realiz$4 ,! "w1 ?\gh made f a 
c>eful /udy ( orig9al s\rces1 did n     
please him1 nor did x attract ! public4 
,! attempt 0 all ! m un=tunate because !
 "t & toil he sp5t ^u x div]t$ him f    
c>ry+ out a s*eme :i* _h !n tak5 full   
possession ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,?is 0 !         
production ( a s]ies ( essays to be     
entitl$ ,conv]sations on ,horseback4 ,_h
 x be5 work$ up z he sket*$ x 9 8 m9d1 x
 w\ld h be5 ! outdoor c\nt]p>t ( 8      
,backlog ,/udies4 ,?\gh 9 a measure bas$
 ^u a horseback ride :i* he took 9      
,p5nsylvania 9 #ahhj1 ! incid5ts (      
travel z he outl9$ its int5d$ treatm5t  
w\ld h b>ely furni%$ ! slighte/ (       
backgr\nds4 ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 h[ev]1 
int]f]$ ) a project specially suit$ to 8
 abilities & cong5ial to 8 ta/es4 ,t he 
did s possibly l$ ! au?or ( 8 life to   
exhibit a some:at ho/ile attitude t[>ds 
8 h]o4 ,:5 ! biography 0 f9i%$1 o!r     
engagem5ts 7 press+ ^u 8 att5tion4 ,!   

opportunity ( tak+ up & complet+ !      
project$ s]ies ( essays nev] pres5t$    
itself1 ?\gh ! subject lay 9 8 m9d = a  
long "t & he himself believ$ t x w\ld h 
turn$ out "o ( ! be/ pieces ( "w he ev] 
did4  ,x 0 un=tunate4 ,= to me--& v     
likely to _m o!rs if n to mo/--,w>n]'s  
/r5g? lay above all 9 essay-writ+4 ,:at 
he accompli%$ 9 ?is l9e 0 almo/         
inv>iably p]vad$ by t g5ial grace :i*   
makes "w ( ! k9d attractive1 & he       
exhibit$ ev]y:]e 9 x ! delicate b sure  
t\* :i* pres]ves ! j mean betwe5 say+   
too mu* & too little4 ,! essay 0 9 8    
nature1 & 8 occupation z a j\rnali/ _h  
develop$ ! t5d5cy t[>ds ?is =m ( lit]>y 
activity1 z well z skill 9 its          
manipulation4 ,:e!r he wrote sket*es (  
travel1 or :e!r he wrote fiction1 ! sc5e
 depict$ 0 f ! po9t ( view ( ! essayi/ r
 ?an f t ( ! t\ri/ or ( ! noveli/4 ,x is
 ?is *>act]i/ic :i* gives to 8 "w 9 !   
=m] field its endur+ int]e/4 ,aga9 9 8  
novels1 x 0 n s mu* ! /ory t 0 9 8      
?\ghts z ! opportunity ! v>y+ sc5es     

af=d$ = amus+ obs]vations ^u mann]s1 =  
comm5ts ^u life1 sometimes good-natur$1 
sometimes sev]e1 b always ent]ta9+1 &   
above all1 = s]i\s /udy ( ! social      
problems :i* pres5t !mselves on e side =
 exam9ation4 ,?is is di/9ctly ! prov9ce 
( ! essayi/1 & 9 x ,w>n] always display$
 8 fulle/ /r5g?4  ,we h se5 t 8 fir/    
purely humor\s publication ( ?is nature 
0 ! "o :i* made him kn[n to ! g5]al     
public4 ,x 0 spe$ily foll[$1 h[ev]1 by  
"o ( a some:at grav] "*1 :i* became at !
 "t & has s9ce rema9$ a special favorite
 ( cultivat$ read]s4 ,?is is ! volume   
entitl$ ,backlog ,/udies4 ,!            
attractiv5ess ( ?is "w is z mu* due to !
 sugge/ive social & lit]>y discussions )
 :i* x ab\nds z to ! delicate & ref9$   
humor ) :i* ! ideas are express$4       
,some?+ ( ! same *>act]i/ics 0 display$ 
9 ! two little volumes ( %ort pieces    
deal+ ) social topics1 :i* came out lat]
 "u ! respective titles ( ,z ,we ,7     
,say+1 & ,z ,we ,g4 ,b !re 0 a deep] & m
 s]i\s side ( 8 nature :i* f\nd utt]ance

 9 sev]al ( 8 essays1 p>ticul>ly 9 "s   
:i* 7 giv5 9 ! =m ( addresses deliv]$ at
 v>i\s in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,!y exhibit 
! *>m :i* belongs to all 8 writ+s2 b 8  
feel+s 7 too pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 !       
subjects consid]$ to all[ him to give m 
?an occasional play to 8 humor4 ,essays 
conta9$ 9 su* a volume1 = in/ance1 z ,! 
,relation ( ,lit]ature to ,life w n     
appeal to him ^: ma9 object 9 read+ is  
amusem5t4 ,into !m ,w>n] put 8 deepe/ & 
mo/ e>ne/ convictions4 ,! subject f :i* 
! book j m5tion$ d]iv$ its title lay ne>
 to 8 he>t4 ,no "o felt m /rongly ?an he
 ! importance ( art ( all k9ds1 b       
especially ( lit]>y art1 = ! uplift+ ( a
 nation4 ,no "o saw m di/9ctly !        
absolute necessity ( its fulle/         
recognition 9 a moneymak+ age & 9 a     
money-mak+ l&1 if ! spread ( ! dry rot (
 moral det]ioration 7 to be prev5t$4 ,! 
ampl] horizon x pres5t$1 ! l(ti] ideals 
x set up1 ! c\nt]act+ ag5cy x suppli$ to
 ! sordidness ( motive & act :i*1 left  
un*eck$1 0 c]ta9 to ov]:elm ! national  

_s--all ^! 7 en=c$ by him aga9 & aga9 ) 
cle>ness & effectiv5ess4 ,8 essays ( ?is
 k9d w nev] be popul> 9 ! s5se 9 :i* are
 8 o!r writ+s4 ,b no ?\ghtful man w rise
 up f read+ !m )\t hav+ ga9$ a vivid    
conception ( ! "p :i* lit]ature plays 9 
! life ( ev5 ! humble/1 & )\t a deep]   
conviction ( its necessity to any heal?y
 developm5t ( ! "* ( a p4  ,dur+ ! e>ly 
"p ( 8 purely lit]>y c>e] a l>ge        
proportion ( ,w>n]'s collect$ writ+s1   
:i* !n appe>$1 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 !       
,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,b ab\t f\rte5 ye>s  
be=e 8 dea? he became closely connect$ )
 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e4 ,f ,may1 #ahhf1 to   
,m>*1 #ahib1 he conduct$ ! ,editor's    
,draw] ( t p]iodical4 ,! mon? foll[+ ?is
 la/ date he succe$$ ,william ,dean     
,h[ells z ! contributor ( ! ,editor's   
,/udy4 ,?is position he held until      
,july1 #ahih4 ,! scope ( ?is dep>tm5t 0 
l>gely exp&$ aft] ! dea? ( ,george      
,william ,curtis 9 ! summ] ( #ahib1 & ! 
consequ5t discont9uance ( ! ,editor's   
,easy ,*air4 ,comm5ts ^u o!r topics ?an 

^? to :i* 8 dep>tm5t 0 orig9ally devot$1
 especially ^u social que/ions1 7 made a
 di/9ct feature4 ,8 editorial connection
 ) ! magaz9e naturally l$ to 8          
contribut+ to x num]\s articles besides 
^? :i* 7 dem&$ by ! requirem5ts ( !     
position he held4 ,ne>ly all ^!1 z well 
z ^? :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1  
are indicat$ 9 ! bibliographical notes  
prefix$ to ! sep>ate works4  ,!re 71    
h[ev]1 o!r lit]>y ent]prises 9 :i* he 0 
conc]n$2 = ! calls ^u him 7 num]\s1 8   
own appetite = "w 0 insatiable1 & 8     
activity 0 indefatigable4 ,9 #ahha he   
assum$ ! editor%ip ( ! ,am]ican ,m5 (   
,lett]s s]ies4 ,?is he op5$ ) 8 own     
biography ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 !           
resemblance betwe5 :om & himself has be5
 made ! subject ( frequ5t rem>k4 ,lat]  
he became ! editor-9-*ief ( ! ?irty odd 
volumes :i* make up ! collection entitl$
 ,! ,_w's ,be/ ,lit]ature4 ,to ?is he   
contribut$ sev]al articles ( 8 own &    
c>efully allott$ & sup]vis$ ! prep>ation
 ( a l>ge numb] ( o!rs4 ,! labor he put 

^u ! edit+ ( ?is collection occupi$ him 
a great deal ( ! "t f #ahie to #ahih4   
,b lit]ature1 ?\gh 9 x lay 8 *ief       
int]e/1 0 b "o ( ! subjects :i* employ$ 
8 _m-sid$ activity4 ,he 0 con/antly     
call$ ^u = ! dis*>ge ( civic duties4 ,! 
confid5ce felt by 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 8   
judgm5t & ta/e 0 almo/ equal to !       
absolute tru/ repos$ 9 8 integrity4 ,!  
man :o e/abli%es a reputation = !       
possession ( ^! qualities c nev] escape 
f be>+ ! burd5s :i* a good "* always    
imposes4 ,if any "w ( art 0 ord]$ by !  
/ate1 ,w>n] 0 fairly c]ta9 to be *os5 a 
memb] ( ! commission select$ to decide  
^u ! p]son :o 0 to d x & ^u ! way x 0 to
 be done4 ,by 8 fell[-t[nsm5 he 0 made a
 memb] ( ! ,p>k ,commission4 ,su* 7 "s (
 ! duties impos$2 !re 7 o!rs volunt>ily 
und]tak54 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life he
 became increas+ly int]e/$ 9 social     
que/ions1 "s ( :i* p>took ( a           
semi-political "*4 ,"o ( ! subjects :i* 
engag$ 8 att5tion 0 ! be/ me?od to be   
adopt$ = elevat+ ! "* & conduct ( !     

negro population ( ! c\ntry4 ,he        
recogniz$ ! gravity ( ! problem ) :i* ! 
nation _h to deal & ! difficulties      
att5d+ its solution4 ,"o essay on !     
subject 0 prep>$ = ! meet+ held at      
,wa%+ton 9 ,may1 #aijj1 ( ! ,am]ican    
,social ,sci5ce ,association1 ( :i* he 0
 presid5t4 ,he 0 n able to be !re 9     
p]son4 ,! disease :i* 0 ultimately to   
/rike him d[n _h already made its       
prelim9>y attack4 ,8 address 0 accord+ly
 read = him4 ,x 0 a subject ( special   
regret t he c\ld n be pres5t to set =? m
 fully 8 views2 = ! debate1 :i* foll[$ !
 pres5tation ( 8 pap]1 0 by no means    
conf9$ to ! meet+1 b ext5d$ to ! press (
 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,:e!r ! conclusions he  
rea*$ 7 "r or wrong1 !y 7 9 no case     
adopt$ ha/ily nor inde$ )\t ! fulle/    
consid]ation4  ,b a m special int]e/ ( 8
 lay 9 prison re=m4 ,! subject _h engag$
 8 att5tion long be=e he publi%$ any?+ 9
 connection ) x4 ,lat] "o ( ! e>lie/    
articles he wrote = ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e 0  
devot$ to x4 ,x 0 9 8 ?\ghts j be=e 8   

dea?4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,connecticut    
commission on prisons1 ( ! ,national    
,prison ,association1 & a vice-presid5t 
( ! ,new ,york ,association = ,prison   
,re=m4 ,a /rong advocate ( ! doctr9e ( !
 indet]m9ate s5t5ce1 he _h little       
pati5ce ) _m ( ! judicial outgiv+s on t 
subject4 ,to him !y seem$ op9ions       
inh]it$1 n =m$1 & 9 mo/ cases 7 no?+ m  
?an ! result ( prejudice work+ ^u       
ignorance4 ,?is p>ticul> "q 0 "o :i* he 
purpos$ to make ! subject ( 8 address z 
presid5t ( ! ,social ,sci5ce            
,association1 at its annual meet+ 9     
#aija4 ,he nev] liv$ to complete :at he 
_h 9 m9d4  ,dur+ 8 lat] ye>s ! rigor ( !
 ,nor!rn w9t] _h be5 too sev]e = ,w>n]'s
 heal?4 ,he _h accord+ly f\nd x         
advisable to sp5d z mu* ( ?is season z  
he c\ld 9 w>m] regions4 ,he visit$ at   
v>i\s times p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 ,mexico1 &   
,cali=nia4 ,he pass$ ! w9t] ( #ahib-ic  
at ,flor5ce2 b he f\nd ! air ( ! valley 
( ! ,arno no p]ceptible improvem5t ^u t 
( ! valley ( ! ,connecticut4 ,9 tru?1   

nei!r disease nor dea? ent]ta9s a       
prejudice aga9/ any p>ticul> locality4  
,?is fact he 0 to le>n by p]sonal       
exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahii1 :ile at    
,new ,orleans1 he 0 /rick5 by pneumonia 
:i* ne>ly br\ght him to ! grave4 ,he    
recov]$1 b x is probable t ! /r5g? ( 8  
sy/em 0 p]man5tly impair$1 & ) x 8 p[] (
 resi/+ disease4 ,/ill 8 condition 0 n  
su* z to prev5t him f go+ on ) v>i\s    
projects he _h be5 contemplat+ or f =m+ 
new ones4 ,! fir/ di/9ct w>n+ ( !       
approa*+ end 0 ! facial p>alysis :i*    
sudd5ly attack$ him 9 ,april1 #aijj1    
:ile on a visit to ,norfolk1 ,va4 ,yet  
ev5 f t he seem$ to be app>5tly on !    
full road to recov]y dur+ ! foll[+      
summ]4  ,x 0 9 ! second week ( ,octob]1 
#aijj1 t ,w>n] paid me a visit ( two or 
?ree days4 ,he 0 purpos+ to sp5d ! w9t] 
9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 com+ back to ! ,ea/ 
9 ample "t to att5d ! annual meet+ ( !  
,social ,sci5ce ,association4 ,8 ?\ghts 
7 ev5 !n busy ) ! subject ( ! address   
:i*1 z presid5t1 he 0 to deliv] on t    

occasion4 ,x seem$ to me t ,i _h nev]   
se5 him :5 8 m9d 0 m active or m        
vigor\s4 ,i 0 n only /ruck by ! cle>ness
 ( 8 views--"s ( :i* 7 di/9ctly novel1  
at lea/ to me--b by ! felicity &        
effectiv5ess ) :i* !y 7 put4  ,nev]1    
too1 _h ,i be5 m impress$ ) ! suavity1 !
 agreeabl5ess1 ! g5]al *>m ( 8 mann]4   
,he _h det]m9$ dur+ ! com+ w9t] to le>n 
to ride ! :eel1 & we !n & !re plann$ to 
take a bicycle trip dur+ ! foll[+ summ]1
 z we _h previ\sly made excursions      
toge!r on horseback4 ,:5 we p>t$1 x 0 ) 
! agreem5t t we %\ld meet ! next spr+ 9 
,wa%+ton & fix def9itely ^u ! "t &      
region ( our int5d$ ride4 ,x 0 on a     
,saturday morn+ t ,i bade him good-by1  
app>5tly 9 ! be/ ( heal? & spirits4 ,x 0
 on ! ev5+ ( ! foll[+ ,saturday         
--,octob] #bj?--t ! cond5s$1            
passionless1 rel5tless message :i* !    
telegraph transmits1 in=m$ me t he _h   
di$ t aft]noon4  ,t v day he _h lun*$ at
 a fri5d's1 :]e 7 ga!r$ sev]al ( 8      
special associates :o _h *anc$ to come  

toge!r at ! same h\se1 & !n _h gone to !
 (fice ( ! ,h>t=d ,c\rant4 ,!re 0 n !   
slighte/ indication app>5t ( ! end t 0 s
 ne>4 ,aft] ! company broke up1 he />t$ 
out to pay a visit to "o ( ! city p>ks1 
( :i* he 0 a commission]4 ,on 8 way     
?i!r1 feel+ a c]ta9 fa9tness1 he turn$  
aside into a small h\se ^: occupants he 
knew1 & ask$ to sit d[n = a brief re/1 &
 !n1 z ! fa9tness increas$1 to lie      
undi/urb$ on ! l\nge = a few m9utes4 ,! 
few m9utes pass$1 & ) !m 8 life4 ,9 !   
/ricte/ s5se ( ! words1 he _h fall5     
asleep4 ,f "o po9t ( view x 0 an ideal  
way to die4 ,to ! individual1 dea? com+ 
s g5tly1 s sudd5ly1 is %orn ( all its   
t]rors4 ,x is only ^? :o live to rememb]
 & to lam5t t ! suff]+ comes :i* has be5
 sp>$ ! victim4 ,ev5 to !m1 h[ev]1 is ! 
consolation t ?\gh !y may h be5 fully   
prep>$ = ! com+ ( ! inevitable ev5t1 x  
w\ld h be5 none ! less pa9ful :5 x      
actually came4  ,w>n] z a writ] we all  
"k4 ,! v>i\s & v>y+ op9ions ent]ta9$    
ab\t ! quality & value ( 8 "w d n       

require notice "h4 ,future times w      
assign him 8 exact position 9 ! roll (  
,am]ican au?ors1 & we ne$ n tr\ble      
ourselves to anticipate1 z we %all      
c]ta9ly n be able to influ5ce1 its      
v]dict4 ,b to only a comp>atively few ( 
^? :o knew him z a writ] 0 x giv5 to "k 
him z a man2 to /ill few] to "k him 9 t 
famili>ity ( intimacy :i* reveals all t 
is f9e or ignoble 9 a man's p]sonality4 
,scanty is ! numb] ( ^? :o w come out ( 
t sev]e/ ( ordeals s successfully z he4 
,! same conclusion w\ld be rea*$1 :e!r  
we 7 to consid] him 9 8 private         
relations or 9 8 c>e] z a man ( lett]s4 
,among ! irritable race ( au?ors no "o 0
 fre] f petty envy or jeal\sy4 ,dur+ _m 
ye>s ( close int]c\rse1 9 :i* he        
con/antly gave utt]ance to 8 views bo? (
 m5 & ?+s ) absolute unres]ve1 ,i recall
 no disp>ag+ op9ion ev] express$ ( any  
writ] ) :om he _h be5 comp>$ ei!r =     
praise or blame4 ,he _h unque/ionably   
def9ite & decid$ op9ions4 ,he w\ld po9t 
out t su* or su* a "w 0 above or bel[   

its au?or's ord9>y level2 b !re 0 nev]  
any ill-nature 9 8 comm5t1 no           
depreciation = depreciation's sake4     
,nev] 9 tru? 0 any "o m loyal to 8      
fri5ds4 ,if 8 lit]>y consci5ce w\ld n   
p]mit him to say any?+ 9 favor ( some?+ 
:i* !y _h done1 he usually cont5t$      
himself ) say+ no?+4 ,:atev] fail+ !re 0
 on 8 critical side 0 due to ?is some:at
 uncritical attitude2 = x is f 8        
p>ticul> fri5ds t ! writ] is apt to get 
! mo/ dispassionate consid]ation &      
sometimes ! colde/ comm5dation4 ,x 0 a  
"p ( ,w>n]'s g5]\s recognition ( o!rs t 
he 0 9 all s9c]ity dispos$ to attribute 
to ^? he admir$ & to :om he 0 atta*$ an 
ability ( :i* "s ( !m at lea/ 7 mu*     
incl9$ to d\bt _! own possession4  ,7 ,i
 inde$ compell$ to select any "o ^w :i* 
w\ld be/ give ! impression1 bo? social &
 lit]>y1 ( ,w>n]'s p]sonality1 ,i %\ld  
be dispos$ to designate x z urbanity4 ,t
 seems to indicate be/ ! "o trait :i*   
mo/ di/+ui%$ him ei!r 9 conv]sation or  
writ+4 ,:atev] x 01 x 0 innate1 n       

assum$4 ,x 0 ! g5u9e outcome ( !        
k9dl9ess & broad-m9d$ness ( 8 nature &  
l$ him to sympa?ize ) m5 ( all positions
 9 life & ( all k9ds ( ability4 ,x      
manife/$ itself 9 8 attitude t[>ds e "o 
) :om he came 9 contact4 ,x l$ him to   
treat ) fulle/ consid]ation all :o 7 9 !
 lea/ degree "u 8 direction1 & conv]t$ 9
 consequ5ce ! toil ( subord9ates into a 
pleasure4 ,x impell$ him to d uns\ght   
ev]y?+ :i* lay 9 8 p[] = ! success ( ^? 
9 :om he felt int]e/4 ,_m a "y writ] w  
recall 8 words ( enc\ragem5t at "s p]iod
 9 8 own c>e] :5 ! quiet appreciation ( 
"o meant m to him ?an did lat] ! l\d    
applause ( _m4 ,z x 0 9 public1 s x 0 9 
private life4 ,! g5]osity ( 8 _s1 !     
g5iality & high-br$ c\rtesy ( 8 mann]1  
r5d]$ a visit to 8 home z mu* a social  
delight z 8 wide k ( lit]ature & 8      
appreciation ( :at 0 be/ 9 x made x an  
intellectual ent]ta9m5t4   ,,?omas ,r4  
,,l\nsbury4       ,,! ,,relation ,,(    
,,lit]ature ,,to ,,life ,,prelim9>y     
,?is pap] 0 prep>$ & deliv]$ at sev]al (

 our univ]sities z introductory to a    
c\rse ( five lectures :i* insi/$ on !   
value ( lit]ature 9 common life--"s     
he>]s ?\ght ) an exagg]at$ emphasis--&  
attempt$ to ma9ta9 ! !sis t all g5u9e1  
endur+ lit]ature is ! outcome ( ! "t t  
produces x1 is responsive to ! g5]al    
s5tim5t ( its "t2 t ?is close relation  
to human life insures its welcome ev]   
aft] z a true repres5tation ( human     
nature2 & t consequ5tly ! mo/           
remun]ative me?od ( /udy+ a lit]ature is
 to /udy ! p = :om x 0 produc$4         
,illu/rations ( ?is 7 drawn f ! ,greek1 
! ,fr5*1 & ! ,engli% lit]atures4 ,?is   
/udy always ?r[s a flood ( light ^u !   
mean+ ( ! text ( an old au?or1 ! same   
light t ! read] unconsci\sly has ^u     
contempor>y pages deal+ ) ! life ) :i*  
he is famili>4 ,! read] c te/ ?is by    
tak+ up 8 ,%akespe>e aft] a ?or\gh      
inve/igation ( ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 &      
popul> life ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,(   
c\rse ! conv]se is true t good lit]ature
 is an op5 door into ! life & mode (    

?\ght ( ! "t & place :]e x orig9at$4    
,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,to     
,,life  ,i hade a vision once--y may all
 h _h a l "o--( ! /ream ( "t fl[+ ?r\gh 
a limitless l&4 ,along its banks sprang 
up 9 succession ! g5]ations ( man4 ,!y  
did n move ) ! /ream-!y liv$ _! lives & 
sank away2 & always bel[ !m new         
g5]ations appe>$1 to play _! brief p>ts 
9 :at is call$ hi/ory--! sequ5ce ( human
 actions4 ,! /ream fl[$ on1 op5+ =      
itself =ev] a way ?r\gh ! l&4 ,i saw t  
^! successive dwell]s on ! /ream 7 busy 
9 con/ruct+ & sett+ afloat vessels (    
v>i\s size & =m & rig--arks1 galleys1   
galleons1 sloops1 brigs1 boats propell$ 
by o>s1 by sails1 by /eam4 ,i saw !     
anxiety ) :i* ea* build] laun*$ 8       
v5ture1 & wat*$ its p]=mance & progress4
 ,! anxiety 0 to inv5t & laun* some?+ t 
%\ld float on to ! g5]ations to come1 & 
c>ry ! "n ( ! build] & ! fame ( 8       
g5]ation4 ,x 0 almo/ pa!tic1 ^! puny    
ef=ts1 because fai? always sprang afre% 
9 ! success ( ea* new v5ture4 ,_m ( !   

vessels c\ld sc>cely be said to be      
laun*$ at all2 !y sank l lead1 close to 
! %ore4 ,o!rs float$ out = a "t1 & !n1  
/ruck by a flaw 9 ! w9d1 heel$ ov] &    
disappe>$4 ,"s1 n well put toge!r1 broke
 into fragm5ts 9 ! buflet+ ( ! waves4   
,o!rs danc$ on ! flood1 tak+ ! sun on _!
 sails1 & w5t away ) good promise ( a   
long voyage4 ,b only a few float$ = any 
l5g? ( "t1 & /ill few] 7 ev] se5 by !   
g5]ation succe$+ t :i* laun*$ !m4 ,!    
%ores ( ! /ream 7 /rewn ) wrecks2 !re   
lay blea*+ 9 ! s& ! ribs ( _m a once    
gallant craft4  ,innum]able 7 ! devices 
( ! build]s to keep _! inv5tions afloat4
 ,"s paid great att5tion to ! =m ( !    
hull1 o!rs to ! k9d ( c>go & ! load+ (  
x1 :ile o!rs--& ^! seem$ !              
majority--tru/$ m to "s new sort ( sail1
 or new fa%ion ( rudd]1 or new          
application ( propell+ p[]4 ,& x 0      
wond]ful to see :at ^! new +5uities did 
= a "t1 & h[ ea* g5]ation 0 deceiv$ into
 ! belief t its products w\ld sail on   
=ev]4 ,b "o fate practically came to !  

mo/ ( !m4 ,!y 7 too heavy1 !y 7 too     
light1 !y 7 built ( old mat]ial1 & !y   
w5t to ! bottom1 !y w5t a%ore1 !y broke 
up & float$ 9 fragm5ts4 ,& especially   
did ! crafts built 9 imitation ( some?+ 
t _h float$ d[n f a previ\s g5]ation    
come to quick disa/]4 ,i saw only "h &  
!re a vessel1 beat5 by wea!r & black5$  
by "t --s old1 p]haps1 t ! "n ( ! mak] 0
 no long] legible2 or "s fragm5ts (     
antique wood t _h evid5tly come f f> up 
! /ream4 ,:5 su* a vessel appe>$ !re 0  
sure to arise great dispute ab\t x1 & f 
"t to "t exp$itions 7 organiz$ to asc5d 
! riv] & discov] ! place & circum/ances 
( its orig94 ,along ! banks1 at         
int]vals1 :ole fleets ( boats & fragm5ts
 _h gone a%ore1 & 7 pil$ up 9 bays1 l ! 
driftwood ( a subsid$ fre%et4 ,ef=ts 7  
made to dislodge ^! f "t to "t & set !m 
afloat aga91 newly *ri/5$1 ) fre% pa9t &
 sails1 z if !y /ood a bett] *ance ( !  
voyage ?an any new ones4 ,inde$1 ,i saw 
t a l>ge "p ( ! comm]ce ( ?is riv] 01 9 
fact1 ! old hulks & /r&$ wrecks t ea*   

g5]ation _h set afloat aga94 ,z ,i saw x
 9 ?is fooli% vision1 h[ pa!tic ?is     
labor 0 f g5]ation to g5]ation2 s _m    
vessels laun*$2 s few mak+ a voyage ev5 
= a lifetime2 s _m build]s confid5t (   
immortality2 s _m lives outla/+ ?is     
covet$ reputation6 ,& /ill ! g5]ations1 
ea* ) t\*+ hopefulness1 busi$ !mselves )
 ?is *ild's play on ! banks ( ! /ream2 &
 /ill ! riv] fl[$ on1 :elm+ & wreck+ !  
mo/ ( t s confid5tly committ$ to x1 &   
be>+ only "h & !re1 on its swift1 wide  
tide1 a %ip1 a boat1 a %+le4  ,^! ho/s (
 m5 :om ,i saw ?us occupi$ s9ce hi/ory  
began 7 au?ors2 ^! vessels 7 books2 ^!  
heaps ( refuse 9 ! bays 7 great         
libr>ies4 ,! allegory admits ( any am\nt
 ( +5i\s p>allelism4 ,x is nev]!less    
mislead+2 x is ! illusion ( an idle     
fancy4 ,i h introduc$ x because x       
expresses1 ) "s :imsical exagg]ation--n 
mu* m ?an t ( ,! ,vision ( ,mirza--!    
popul> notion ab\t lit]ature & its      
relation to human life4 ,9 ! popul>     
conception1 lit]ature is z mu* a ?+ ap>t

 f life z ^! boats on ! /ream ( "t 7 f !
 exi/5ce1 ! /ruggle1 ! decay ( !        
g5]ations along ! %ore4 ,i say 9 !      
popul> conception1 = lit]ature is :olly 
diff]5t f ?is1 n only 9 its effect ^u   
individual lives1 b ^u ! procession (   
lives ^u ?is e>?2 x is n only an        
integral "p ( all ( !m1 b1 ) its si/]   
arts1 x is ! "o unceas+ cont9uity 9     
hi/ory4 ,lit]ature & art are n only !   
records & monum5ts made by ! successive 
races ( m51 n only ! local expressions (
 ?\ght & emotion1 b !y are1 to *ange !  
figure1 ! /reams t fl[ on1 endur+1 amid 
! pass+ %[ ( m51 reviv+1 trans=m+1      
ennobl+ ! fleet+ g5]ations4 ,)\t ?is    
cont9uity ( ?\ght & emotion1 hi/ory w\ld
 pres5t u only a succession ( mean+less 
exp]im5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts fail1 !         
exp]im5ts succe$--at any rate1 !y end--&
 :at rema9s = transmission1 = ! su/5ance
 ( succe$+ peoples8 ,no?+ b ! ?\ght &   
emotion evolv$ & express$4 ,x is true t 
e era1 ea* g5]ation1 seems to h its     
peculi> "w to d2 x is to subdue !       

intractable e>?1 to repel or to civilize
 ! b>b>ians1 to settle society 9 ord]1  
to build cities1 to amass weal? 9       
c5tres1 to make des]ts bloom1 to        
con/ruct edifices su* z 7 nev] made     
be=e1 to br+ all m5 )9 speak+ di/ance ( 
ea* o!r--lucky if !y h any?+ to say :5 t
 is accompli%$--to ext5d ! in=mation ( !
 few among ! _m1 or to multiply ! means 
( easy & luxuri\s liv+4 ,age aft] age ! 
_w labors = ^! ?+s ) ! busy absorption (
 a colony ( ants 9 its ca/le ( s&4 ,& we
 mu/ confess t ! process1 su*1 =        
in/ance1 z t n[ go+ on "h--?is onset (  
_m peoples1 :i* is trans=m+ ! cont95t ( 
,am]ica--is a spectacle to excite !     
imag9ation 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,if !re 7 
any poet capable ( putt+ into an epic ! 
_s ( ?is a*ievem5t1 :at an epic w\ld be 
86 ,c x be t !re is any?+ ( m consequ5ce
 9 life ?an ! great bus9ess 9 h&1 :i*   
absorbs ! vitality & g5ius ( ?is age8   
,surely1 we say1 x is bett] to g by /eam
 ?an to g afoot1 because we rea* our    
de/9ation soon]--gett+ !re quickly be+ a

 supreme object4 ,x is well to =ce !    
soil to yield a hundr$-fold1 to         
congregate m5 9 masses s t all _!       
en]gies %all be tax$ to br+ food to     
!mselves1 to /imulate indu/ries1 drag   
coal & metal f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 cov] its
 surface ) rails = swift-runn+ c>riages1
 to build ev] l>g] palaces1 w>eh\ses1   
%ips4 ,?is gigantic a*ievem5t /rikes !  
imag9ation4  ,if ! _w 9 :i* y live      
happ5s to be ! _w ( books1 if y\r       
pursuit is to "k :at has be5 done & said
 9 ! _w1 to ! end t y\r own conception (
 ! value ( life may be enl>g$1 & t bett]
 ?+s may be done & said h]eaft]1 ?is _w 
& ?is pursuit assume supreme importance 
9 y\r m9d4 ,b y c 9 a mom5t place       
y\rself 9 relations--y h n to g f>1     
p]haps only to speak to y\r next        
neighbor--:]e ! v exi/5ce ( y\r _w is   
sc>cely recogniz$4 ,all t has seem$ to y
 ( supreme importance is ignor$4 ,y h   
ent]$ a _w t is call$ practical1 :]e !  
?+s t we h be5 speak+ ( are done2 y h   
int]e/ 9 x & sympa?y ) x1 because y\r   

s*eme ( life embraces ! developm5t (    
ideas into actions2 b ^! m5 ( realities 
h only ! smalle/ conception ( ! _w t    
seems to y ( ! highe/ importance2 &1    
fur!r1 !y h no idea t !y owe any?+ to x1
 t x has ev] influ5c$ _! lives or c add 
any?+ to !m4 ,& x may *ance t y h1 = !  
mom5t1 a s5se ( insignificance 9 ! small
 "p y are play+ 9 ! drama go+ =w>d4 ,g  
out ( y\r libr>y1 out ( ! small circle (
 p :o talk ( books1 :o are engag$ 9     
rese>*1 ^: livelie/ int]e/ is 9 !       
progress ( ideas1 9 ! expression ( ?\ght
 & emotion t is 9 lit]ature2 g out ( ?is
 atmosph]e into a region :]e x does n   
exi/1 x may be into a place giv5 up to  
comm]ce & ex*ange1 or to manufactur+1 or
 to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 o!r indu/ries1 
su* z m9+1 or ! pursuit ( (fice--:i* is 
sometimes call$ politics4 ,y w spe$ily  
be aw>e h[ completely ap>t f human life 
lit]ature is held to be1 h[ few p reg>d 
x s]i\sly z a necess>y elem5t 9 life1 z 
any?+ m ?an an amusem5t or a vexation4  
,i h 9 m9d a m\nta9 di/rict1 /ripp$1    

sc>r$1 & black5$ by ! ru?less lumb]m51  
ravi%$ ( its =e/ weal?2 dive/$ ( its    
beauty1 :i* has rec5tly become ! field (
 va/ coal-m9+ op]ations4 ,remote f      
communication1 x 0 ye/]day an exhau/$1  
w\nd$1 des]t$ c\ntry4 ,today audaci\s   
railways are ent]+ x1 crawl+ up its     
m\nta9 slopes1 r\nd+ its dizzy          
precipices1 spann+ its valleys on iron  
cobwebs1 pi]c+ its hills ) tunnels4     
,drifts are op5$ 9 its coal seams1 to   
:i* iron tracks %oot away f ! ma9 l9e2 9
 ! woods is se5 ! gleam ( ! eng9e]'s    
level1 is he>d ! rattle ( heavily-lad5  
wagons on ! newly-made roads2 t5ts are  
pit*$1 unc\? %anties h sprung up1 great 
/ables1 bo>d+-h\ses1 /ores1 work%ops2 ! 
m9]1 ! blacksmi?1 ! mason1 ! c>p5t] h   
arriv$2 h\seholds h be5 set up 9        
tempor>y b>racks1 *ildr5 are already !re
 :o ne$ a s*ool1 wom5 :o mu/ h a *ur* & 
society2 ! /agnation has giv5 place to  
excitem5t1 money has fl[$ 91 & ev]y:]e  
are ! hum ( indu/ry & ! swi% ( ! goad ( 
,am]ican life4 ,on ?is hillside1 :i* 9  

,june 0 cov]$ ) oaks1 is already 9      
,octob] a t[n2 ! /ately trees h be5     
fell$2 /reets are laid out & grad$ &    
nam$2 !re are a hundr$ dwell+s1 !re are 
a /ore1 a po/-(fice1 an inn2 ! telegraph
 has rea*$ x1 & ! telephone & ! electric
 light2 9 a few weeks m x w be 9 size a 
city1 ) ?\s&s ( p--a t[n made out ( h&  
by draw+ m5 & wom5 f o!r t[ns1 civiliz$ 
m5 & wom51 :o h volunt>ily put !mselves 
9 a position :]e !y mu/ be civiliz$ ov] 
aga94  ,?is is a m>vel\s exhibition (   
:at en]gy & capital c d4 ,y ackn[l$ge z 
mu* to ! creators ( x4 ,y rememb] t n f>
 back 9 hi/ory su* a trans=mation z ?is 
c\ld n h be5 wr\ght 9 a hundr$ ye>s4    
,?is is really life1 ?is is do+ some?+ 9
 ! _w1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( x y c see :y !   
creators ( x reg>d y\r _w1 :i* seem$ to 
y s important1 ! _w ^: bus9ess is !     
evolution & expression ( ?\ght &        
emotion1 z insignificant4 ,"h is a      
mat]ial addition to ! bus9ess & weal? ( 
! race1 "h employm5t = m5 :o ne$ x1 "h  
is indu/ry replac+ /agnation1 "h is !   

pleasure ( ov]com+ difficulties &       
conqu]+ ob/acles4 ,:y enc\nt] ^!        
difficulties8 ,9 ord] t m coal may be   
procur$ to op]ate m railway tra9s at    
high] spe$1 to supply m factories1 to   
add to ! indu/rial /ir ( mod]n life4 ,! 
m5 :o project$ & are pu%+ on ?is        
ent]prise1 ) an executive ability t w\ld
 ma9ta9 & manoeuvre an army 9 a         
campaign1 are n1 h[ev]1 consci\sly      
philan?ropi/s1 mov$ by ! *>itable       
purpose ( giv+ employm5t to m51 or f9d+ 
satisfaction 9 mak+ two blades ( grass  
gr[ :]e "o grew be=e4 ,!y enjoy no d\bt 
! s5se ( p[] 9 br++ ?+s to pass1 ! feel+
 ( lead]%ip & ! consequ5ce d]iv$ f its  
recognition2 b !y emb>k 9 ?is ent]prise 
9 ord] t !y may h ! position & ! luxury 
t increas$ weal? w br+1 ! object be+1 9 
mo/ cases1 simply mat]ial               
advantages--sumptu\s h\ses1 furni%$ )   
all ! luxuries :i* are ! signs ( weal?1 
includ+1 ( c\rse1 libr>ies & pictures & 
/atu>y & curiosities1 ! mo/ %[y         
equipages & troops ( s]vants2 ! object  

be+ t _! wives %all dress magnific5tly1 
glitt] 9 diamonds & velvets1 & nev] ne$ 
to put _! feet to ! gr\nd2 t !y may     
comm& ! be/ /alls 9 ! *ur*1 ! be/ pews 9
 ! !atre1 ! *oice/ rooms 9 ! inn1 &--a  
consid]ation t ,plato does n m5tion1    
because 8 _w 0 n our _w--t !y may       
impress & r$uce to obsequi\s def]5ce !  
hotel cl]k4  ,?is life--= ?is ent]prise 
& its objects are types ( a consid]able 
portion ( life--is n )\t its ideal1 its 
h]o1 its highe/ expression1 its         
consummate fl[]4 ,x is express$ 9 a ^w  
:i* ,i use )\t any s5se ( its           
p]sonality1 z ! ,fr5* use ! ^w ,b>num--=
 our crude "y nation has ! di/9ction (  
add+ a v]b to ! ,fr5* language1 ! v]b to
 b>num--x is express$ 9 ! well-kn[n "n  
,croesus4 ,?is is a /&>d--impossible to 
be rea*$ p]haps1 b a /&>d4 ,if "o may   
say s1 ! c\ntry is s[n ) se$s (         
,croesus1 & ! crop is =w>d & promis+4 ,!
 int]e/ to u n[ 9 ! obs]vation ( ?is    
phase ( mod]n life is n 9 ! lea/ =      
purposes ( satire or ( re=m4 ,we are    

inquir+ h[ :olly ?is conception ( life  
is divorc$ f ! desire to le>n :at has   
be5 done & said to ! end t bett] ?+s may
 be done & said h]eaft]1 9 ord] t we may
 und]/& ! popul> conception ( !         
insignificant value ( lit]ature 9 human 
affairs4 ,b x is n aside f our subject1 
r "r 9 its pa?1 to take he$ ( :at !     
philosoph]s say ( ! effect 9 o!r        
respects ( ! pursuit ( weal?4  ,"o cause
 ( ! decay ( ! p[] ( def5se 9 a /ate1   
says ! ,a!nian ,/rang] 9 ,plato's       
,laws--"o cause is ! love ( weal?1 :i*  
:olly absorbs m5 & nev] = a mom5t all[s 
!m to ?9k ( any?+ b _! private          
possessions2 on ?is ! s\l ( e citiz5    
hangs susp5d$1 & c att5d to no?+ b 8    
daily ga92 mank9d are ready to le>n any 
bran* ( k & to foll[ any pursuit :i*    
t5ds to ?is end1 & !y laugh at any o!r2 
t is ! reason :y a city w n be 9 e>ne/  
ab\t w> or any o!r good & honorable     
pursuit4  ,! accumulation ( gold 9 !    
treasury ( private individuals1 says    
,socrates1 9 ! ,republic1 is ! ru9 (    

democracy4 ,!y inv5t illegal modes (    
exp5diture2 & :at d !y or _! wives c>e  
ab\t ! law8  ,& !n "o1 see+ ano!r's     
display1 proposes to rival him1 & ?us ! 
:ole body ( citiz5s acquires a simil>   
"*4  ,aft] t !y get on 9 a trade1 & ! m 
!y ?9k ( mak+ a =tune1 ! less !y ?9k (  
virtue2 = :5 ri*es & virtue are plac$   
toge!r 9 ! balance1 ! "o always rises z 
! o!r falls4  ,& 9 proportion z ri*es & 
ri* m5 are honor$ 9 ! /ate1 virtue & !  
virtu\s are di%onor$4  ,& :at is honor$ 
is cultivat$1 & t :i* has no honor is   
neglect$4  ,& s at la/1 in/ead ( lov+   
cont5tion & glory1 m5 become lov]s (    
trade & money1 & !y honor & rev]5ce !   
ri* man & make a rul] ( him1 & di%onor !
 poor man4  ,!y d s4  ,! object ( a     
reasonable /atesman 7x is ,plato :o is  
really speak+ 9 ! ,laws7 is n t ! /ate  
%\ld be z great & ri* z possible1 %\ld  
possess gold & silv]1 & h ! greate/     
empire by sea & l&4  ,! citiz5 mu/1     
inde$1 be happy & good1 & ! legislator w
 seek to make him s2 b v ri* & v good at

 ! same "t he _c be2 n at lea/ 9 ! s5se 
9 :i* _m speak ( ri*es4 ,= !y describe  
by ! t]m ri* ! few :o h ! mo/ valuable  
possessions1 ?\gh ! own] ( !m be a      
rogue4 ,& if ?is is true1 ,i c nev]     
ass5t to ! doctr9e t ! ri* man w be     
happy3 he mu/ be good z well z ri*4 ,&  
good 9 a high degree & ri* 9 a high     
degree at ! same "t he _c be4 ,"s "o w  
ask1 ,:y n8 ,& we %all answ]1 ,because  
acquisitions :i* come f s\rces :i* are j
 & unju/ indiff]5tly are m ?an d\ble ^? 
:i* come f j s\rces only2 & ! sums :i*  
are exp5d$ nei!r honorably nor          
disgracefully are only half z great z ^?
 :i* are exp5d$ honorably & on honorable
 purposes4 ,?us if "o acquires d\ble &  
sp5ds half1 ! o!r1 :o is 9 ! opposite   
case & is a good man1 _c possibly be    
weal?i] ?an he4 ,! fir/ 7,i am speak+ ( 
! sav]1 & n ( ! sp5d]7 is n always bad2 
he may inde$ 9 "s cases be utt]ly bad1 b
 z ,i 0 say+1 a good man he nev] is4 ,= 
he :o receives money unju/ly z well z   
ju/ly1 & sp5ds nei!r ju/ly nor unju/ly1 

w be a ri* man if he be also ?rifty4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ! utt]ly bad man is g5]ally  
pr(ligate1 & !re=e poor2 :ile he :o     
sp5ds on noble objects1 & acquires weal?
 by j means only1 c h>dly be rem>kable =
 ri*es any m ?an he c be v poor4 ,!     
argum5t1 !n1 is "r 9 decl>+ t ! v ri*   
are n good1 & if !y are n good !y are n 
happy4  ,& ! conclusion ( ,plato is t we
 ought n to pursue any occupation to !  
neglect ( t = :i* ri*es exi/--,i mean1  
he says1 s\l & body1 :i* )\t gymna/ics &
 )\t education w nev] be wor? any?+2 &  
!re=e1 z we h said n once b _m times1 ! 
c>e ( ri*es %\ld h ! la/ place 9 our    
?\ghts4  ,m5 _c be happy unless !y are  
good1 & !y _c be good unless ! c>e ( !  
s\l occupies ! fir/ place 9 _! ?\ghts4  
,t is ! fir/ int]e/ ( man2 ! int]e/ 9 ! 
body is midway2 & la/ ( all1 :5 rightly 
reg>d$1 is ! int]e/ ab\t money4  ,!     
majority ( mank9d rev]ses ?is ord] (    
int]e/s1 & !re=e x sets lit]ature to "o 
side z ( no practical acc\nt 9 human    
life4 ,m ?an ?is1 x n only drops x out (

 m9d1 b x has no conception ( its       
influ5ce & p[] 9 ! v affairs f :i* x    
seems to be exclud$4 ,x is my purpose to
 %[ n only ! close relation ( lit]ature 
to ord9>y life1 b its em95t position 9  
life1 & its sav+ p[] 9 lives :i* d n    
suspect its influ5ce or value4 ,j z x is
 virtue t saves ! /ate1 if x be sav$1   
al?\gh ! majority d n recognize x &     
attribute ! salvation ( ! /ate to en]gy1
 & to ob$i5ce to ! laws ( political     
economy1 & to discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 & to 
f9ancial contrivances2 s x is t 9 ! life
 ( g5]ations ( m51 consid]$ f an e?ical 
& n f a religi\s po9t ( view1 ! mo/     
pot5t & la/+ influ5ce = a civilization t
 is wor? any?+1 a civilization t does n 
by its own nature "w its decay1 is t :i*
 ,i call lit]ature4 ,x is "t to def9e   
:at we mean by lit]ature4 ,we may arrive
 at ! mean+ by ! def9ition ( exclusion4 
,we d n mean all books1 b "s books2 n   
all t is writt5 & publi%$1 b only a     
small "p ( x4 ,we d n mean books ( law1 
( !ology1 ( politics1 ( sci5ce1 (       

m$ic9e1 & n necess>ily books ( travel1  
or adv5ture1 or biography1 or fiction   
ev54 ,^! may all be ephem]al 9 _!       
nature4 ,! t]m belles-lettres does n    
fully express x1 = x is too n>r[4 ,9    
books ( law1 !ology1 politics1 m$ic9e1  
sci5ce1 travel1 adv5ture1 biography1    
philosophy1 & fiction !re may be        
passages t possess1 or ! :ole cont5ts   
may possess1 t quality :i* comes )9 our 
mean+ ( lit]ature4 ,x mu/ h 9 x some?+ (
 ! endur+ & ! univ]sal4 ,:5 we use ! t]m
 art1 we d n mean ! arts2 we are        
indicat+ a quality t may be 9 any ( !   
arts4 ,9 art & lit]ature we require n   
only an expression ( ! facts 9 nature & 
9 human life1 b ( feel+1 ?\ght1 emotion4
 ,!re mu/ be an appeal to ! univ]sal 9 !
 race4 ,x is1 = example1 impossible = a 
,*ri/ian today to und]/& :at ! religi\s 
sy/em ( ! ,egyptians ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s   
ago 0 to ! ,egyptian m9d1 or to grasp ! 
idea convey$ to a ,*9aman's ?\ght 9 !   
phrase1 ! wor%ip ( ! pr9ciple ( heav52 b
 ! ,*ri/ian ( today compreh5ds p]fectly 

! lett]s ( an ,egyptian scribe 9 ! "t ( 
,?otmes ,,iii41 :o describ$ ! comical   
mis]ies ( 8 campaign ) z cle> an appeal 
to univ]sal human nature z ,horace us$ 9
 8 ',it] ,brundusium2' & ! maxims (     
,confucius are z compreh5sible z !      
bitt]-sweetness ( ,?omas a ,kempis4 ,de 
,qu9cey di/+ui%es betwe5 ! lit]ature ( k
 & ! lit]ature ( p[]4 ,! def9ition is n 
exact2 b we may say t ! "o is a /atem5t 
( :at is kn[n1 ! o!r is an emanation f !
 man himself2 or t "o may add to ! sum (
 human k1 & ! o!r addresses itself to a 
high] want 9 human nature ?an ! want (  
k4 ,we select & set aside z lit]ature t 
:i* is orig9al1 ! product ( :at we call 
g5ius4 ,z ,i h said1 ! subject ( a      
production does n always det]m9e !      
desir$ quality :i* makes x lit]ature4 ,a
 biography may conta9 all ! facts 9     
reg>d to a man & 8 "*1 arrang$ 9 an     
ord]ly & compreh5sible mann]1 & yet n be
 lit]ature2 b x may be s writt51 l      
,plut>*'s ,lives or ,defoe's acc\nt (   
,rob9son ,crusoe1 t x is lit]ature1 & ( 

imp]i%able value z a picture ( human    
life1 z a satisfaction to ! want ( !    
human m9d :i* is high] ?an ! want ( k4  
,& ?is contribution1 :i* ,i desire to be
 und]/ood to mean :5 ,i speak (         
lit]ature1 is precisely ! ?+ ( mo/ value
 9 ! lives ( ! majority ( m51 :e!r !y   
are aw>e ( x or n4 ,x may be weighty &  
pr(\nd2 x may be light1 z light z ! fall
 ( a leaf or a bird's song on ! %ore2 x 
may be ! ?\ght ( ,plato :5 he disc\rses 
( ! "* necess>y 9 a p]fect /ate1 or (   
,socrates1 :o1 out ( ! !orem ( an       
absolute beauty1 goodness1 greatness1 & 
! l1 d$uces ! immortality ( ! s\l2 or x 
may be ! lovesong ( a ,scot* pl[man3 b x
 has ?is "o quality ( answ]+ to a ne$ 9 
human nature high] ?an a ne$ = facts1 = 
k1 = weal?4  ,9 notic+ ! remot5ess 9 !  
popul> conception ( ! relation (        
lit]ature to life1 we mu/ n neglect to  
take into acc\nt :at may be call$ !     
arrogance ( culture1 an arrogance t has 
be5 emphasiz$1 9 ^! days ( reaction f ! 
old attitude ( lit]>y obsequi\sness1 by 

h>% di/9ctions & h>d words1 :i* are paid
 back by equally emphasiz$ contempt4 ,! 
apo/les ( light reg>d ! re/ ( mank9d z  
b>b>ians & ,phili/9es1 & ! _w retorts t 
^! self-con/itut$ apo/les are idle      
^w-mong]s1 )\t any sympa?y ) humanity1  
critics & je]]s :o d no?+ to make !     
conditions ( life easi]4 ,x is natural t
 e man %\ld magnify ! circle ( ! _w 9   
:i* he is active & imag9e t all outside 
( x is comp>atively unimportant4        
,ev]ybody :o is n a drone has 8         
suffici5t _w4 ,to ! lawy] x is 8 cases &
 ! body ( law1 x is ! legal relation (  
m5 t is ( supreme importance2 to !      
m]*ant & manufactur] all ! _w consi/s 9 
buy+ & sell+1 9 ! production & ex*ange (
 products2 to ! physician all ! _w is   
diseas$ & 9 ne$ ( rem$ies2 to ! cl]gyman
 speculation & ! discussion ( dogmas &  
hi/orical !ology assume imm5se          
importance2 ! politician has 8 _w1 !    
arti/ 8 also1 & ! man ( books & lett]s a
 realm /ill ap>t f all o!rs4 ,& to ea* (
 ^! p]sons :at is outside ( 8 _w seems (

 second>y importance2 he is absorb$ 9 8 
own1 :i* seems to him all-embrac+4 ,to !
 lawy] ev]ybody is or ought to be a     
litigant2 to ! groc] ! _w is t :i* eats1
 & pays--) m or less regul>ity2 to !    
s*ol> ! _w is 9 books & ideas4 ,"o      
realizes h[ possess$ he is ) 8 own      
little _w only :5 by *ance he *anges 8  
pr(ession or occupation & looks back ^u 
! law1 or politics1 or j\rnalism1 & sees
 9 its true proportion :at x 0 t once   
absorb$ him & seem$ to him s l>ge4 ,:5  
,socrates discusses ) ,gorgias ! value (
 rhetoric1 ! use ( :i*1 ! latt] ass]ts1 
relates to ! greate/ & be/ ( human ?+s1 
,socrates says3 ,i d>e say y h he>d m5  
s++--at fea/s ! old dr9k+-song1 9 :i* ! 
s+]s enum]ate ! goods ( life-fir/1      
heal?2 beauty next2 ?irdly1 weal?       
hone/ly acquir$4 ,! produc]s ( ^! ?+s--!
 physician1 ! tra9]1 ! money-mak]--ea* 9
 turn cont5ds t 8 art produces ! greate/
 good4 ,surely1 says ! physician1 heal? 
is ! greate/ good2 !re is m good 9 my   
art1 says ! tra9]1 = my bus9ess is to   

make m5 beautiful & /rong 9 body2 &     
consid]1 says ! money-mak]1 :e!r any "o 
c produce a great] good ?an weal?4 ,b1  
insi/s ,gorgias1 ! greate/ good ( m51 ( 
:i* ,i am ! creator1 is t :i* gives m5  
fre$om 9 _! p]sons1 & ! p[] ( rul+ ov]  
o!rs 9 _! sev]al /ates--t is1 ! ^w :i*  
p]suades ! judge 9 ! c\rt1 or ! s5ators 
9 ! c\ncil1 or ! citiz5s 9 ! assembly3  
if y h ! p[] ( utt]+ ?is ^w1 y w h !    
physician y\r slave1 & ! tra9] y\r      
slave1 & ! moneymak] ( :om y talk w be  
f\nd to ga!r treasures1 n = himself1 b =
 ^? :o are able to speak & p]suade !    
multitude4  ,:at we call life is divid$ 
into occupations & int]e/1 & ! horizons 
( mank9d are b\nd$ by !m4 ,x happ5s     
naturally en\gh1 !re=e1 t !re %\ld be a 
want ( sympa?y 9 reg>d to ^! pursuits   
among m51 ! politician despis+ ! s*ol>1 
& ! s*ol> look+ d[n ^u ! politician1 & !
 man ( affairs1 ! man ( indu/ries1 n c>+
 to conceal 8 contempt = bo? ! o!rs4 ,& 
/ill m reasonable does ! division appe> 
betwe5 all ! _w :i* is devot$ to mat]ial

 life1 & ! few :o live 9 & = !          
expression ( ?\ght & emotion4 ,x is a   
pity t ?is %\ld be s1 = x c be %[n t    
life w\ld n be wor? liv+ divorc$ f !    
graci\s & ennobl+ influ5ce ( lit]ature1 
& t lit]ature suff]s atrophy :5 x does n
 conc]n itself ) ! facts & feel+s ( m54 
,if ! poet lives 9 a _w ap>t f ! vulg>1 
! mo/ l5i5t appreh5sion ( him is t 8 is 
a sort ( fool's p>adise4 ,"o ( ! mo/    
curi\s features 9 ! relation ( lit]ature
 to life is ?is1 t :ile poetry1 !       
production ( ! poet1 is z necess>y to   
univ]sal man z ! atmosph]e1 & z         
acceptable1 ! poet is reg>d$ ) t m+l+ ( 
compassion & und]valuation1 & p]haps    
awe1 :i* once atta*$ to ! weak-m9d$ &   
insane1 & :i* is sometimes express$ by !
 t]m inspir$ idiot4 ,h[ev] ! poet may h 
be5 pett$ & cr[n$1 h[ev] 8 "n may h be5 
diffus$ among peoples1 ,i d\bt n t !    
popul> e/imate ( him has always be5     
sub/antially :at x is today4 ,& we all  
"k t x is true1 true 9 our individual   
consci\sness1 t if a man be kn[n z a    

poet & no?+ else1 if 8 "* is su/a9$ by  
no o!r a*ievem5t ?an ! production (     
poetry1 he suff]s 9 our op9ion a loss ( 
respect4 ,& ?is is only recov]$ = him   
aft] he is dead1 & 8 poetry is left     
alone to speak = 8 "n4 ,h[ev] fond my "l
 & lady 7 ( ! ballad1 ! place ( ! m9/rel
 0 at ! l[] end ( ! hall4 ,if we are    
pu%$ to say :y ?is is1 :y ?is happ5s to 
! poet & n to ! produc]s ( any?+ else t 
excites ! admiration ( mank9d1 we are   
=c$ to admit t !re is some?+ 9 ! poet to
 su/a9 ! popul> judgm5t ( 8 9 utility4  
,9 all ! occupations & pr(essions ( life
 !re is a sign put up1 invisible--b none
 ! less real1 & express+ an almo/       
univ]sal feel+--,no poet ne$ apply4 ,&  
?is is n because !re are s _m poor      
poets2 = !re are poor lawy]s1 poor      
soldi]s1 poor /atesm51 incompet5t       
bus9ess m52 b none ( ! p]sonal          
disp>agem5t atta*es to !m t is affix$ to
 ! poet4 ,?is popul> e/imate ( ! poet   
ext5ds also1 possibly 9 less degree1 to 
all ! produc]s ( ! lit]ature t does n   

conc]n itself ) k4 ,x is n our c>e to   
inquire fur!r :y ?is is s1 b to repeat t
 x is /range t x %\ld be s :5 poetry is1
 & has be5 at all times1 ! univ]sal     
solace ( all peoples :o h em]g$ out (   
b>b>ism1 ! "o ?+ n sup]natural & yet ak9
 to ! sup]natural1 t makes ! _w1 9 its  
h>d & sordid conditions1 tol]able to !  
race4 ,= poetry is n m]ely ! com=t ( !  
ref9$ & ! delight ( ! educat$2 x is !   
alleviator ( pov]ty1 ! pleasure-gr\nd ( 
! ignorant1 ! bright spot 9 ! mo/ dre>y 
pilgrimage4 ,we _c conceive ! abject    
animal condition ( our race 7 poetry    
ab/ract$2 & we d n wond] t ?is %\ld be s
 :5 we reflect t x supplies a want high]
 ?an ! ne$ = food1 = raim5t1 or ease (  
liv+1 & t ! m9d ne$s support z mu* z !  
body4 ,! majority ( mank9d live l>gely 9
 ! imag9ation1 ! (fice or use ( :i* is  
to lift !m 9 _s out ( ! b>e physical    
conditions 9 :i* ! majority exi/4 ,!re  
are races1 :i* we may call ! poetical   
races1 9 :i* ?is is /rik+ly exemplifi$4 
,x w\ld be difficult to f9d pov]ty m    

complete1 physical wants less gratifi$1 
! conditions ( life m b>e ?an among !   
,ori5tal peoples f ! ,nile to ! ,ganges 
& f ! ,indian ,ocean to ! /eppes (      
,sib]ia4 ,b !re are p]haps none among ! 
m favor$ races :o live s mu* 9 ! _w (   
imag9ation f$ by poetry & romance4 ,wat*
 ! ?rong seat$ ab\t an ,arab or ,indian 
or ,p]sian /ory-tell] & poet1 m5 & wom5 
) all ! m>ks ( want1 hungry1 almo/ nak$1
 )\t any prospect 9 life ( ev] bett]+ _!
 sordid condition2 see _! eyes k9dle1 _!
 brea?+ susp5d$1 _! t5se absorption2 see
 _! te>s1 he> _! laught]1 note _!       
excitem5t z ! magician unfolds to !m a  
realm ( ! imag9ation 9 :i* !y are free =
 ! h\r to w&]1 ta/+ a ke5 & deep        
enjoym5t t all ! weal? ( ,croesus _c    
pur*ase = 8 disciples4 ,measure1 if y c1
 :at poetry is to !m1 :at _! lives w\ld 
be )\t x4 ,to ! millions & millions ( m5
 :o are 9 ?is condition1 ! b>d1 !       
/ory-tell]1 ! creator ( :at we are      
consid]+ z lit]ature1 comes ) ! "o ?+ t 
c lift !m out ( pov]ty1 suff]+--all !   

woe ( :i* nature is s he$less4  ,x is n 
alone ( ! poetical nations ( ! ,ea/ t   
?is is true1 nor is ?is desire = ! high]
 enjoym5t always want+ 9 ! savage tribes
 ( ! ,we/4 ,:5 ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs 9 #agfh 
l&$ ^u ! almo/ unt\*$ & unexplor$ s\!rn 
,pacific coa/1 !y f\nd 9 ! ,san ,gabriel
 ,valley 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia t ! ,indians  
_h games & fea/s at :i* !y deck$        
!mselves 9 fl[] g>l&s t rea*$ to _!     
feet1 & t at ^! games !re 7 song conte/s
 :i* sometimes la/$ = ?ree days4 ,?is   
conte/ ( ! poets 0 an old cu/om ) !m4 ,&
 we rememb] h[ ! ignorant ,icel&]s1 :o  
_h nev] se5 a writt5 "*1 creat$ !       
spl5did ,saga1 & h&$ x d[n f fa!r to    
son4 ,we %all sc>cely f9d 9 ,europe a   
peasantry ^: abject pov]ty is n 9 "s    
measure alleviat$ by ?is p[] :i*        
lit]ature gives !m to live outside x4   
,?r\gh our sacr$ ,scriptures1 ?r\gh !   
anci5t /orytell]s1 ?r\gh ! tradition :i*
 9 lit]ature made1 z ,i said1 ! *ief    
cont9uity 9 ! /ream ( "t1 we all live a 
consid]able1 p]haps ! bett]1 portion (  

our lives 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,b ,i am n sure t 
! ,scot* peasant1 ! cr(t] 9 8 ,highl&   
cab91 ! op]ative 9 8 squalid            
t5em5t-h\se1 9 ! hopelessness ( pov]ty1 
9 ! grime ( a life made twice z h>d z t 
( ! ,arab by an inimical climate1 does n
 owe m to lit]ature ?an ! man ( culture1
 ^: mat]ial surr\nd+s are heav5 9 !     
imag9ation ( ! poor4 ,?9k :at 8 wret*$  
life w\ld be1 9 its nak$ de=mity1 )\t ! 
popul> ballads1 )\t ! romances ( ,scott1
 :i* h inve/$ 8 l& = him1 z = u1 )      
endur+ *>m2 & especially )\t ! songs (  
,burns1 :i* keep alive 9 him ! feel+ t  
he is a man1 :i* imp>t to 8 blunt$      
s5sibility ! delici\s ?rob ( spr+-songs 
t enable him to he> ! birds1 to see !   
bits ( blue sky-songs t make him t5d] ( 
! wee bit daisy at 8 feet--songs t he>t5
 him :5 8 he>t is fit to break ) mis]y4 
,p]haps ! ,engli% peasant1 ! ,engli%    
op]ative1 is less susceptible to su*    
influ5ces ?an ! ,scot* or ! ,iri%2 b ov]
 him1 sordid z 8 conditions are1 close  
k9 z he is to ! clod1 ! light ( poetry  

is diffus$2 !re filt]s into 8 life1     
also1 some?+ ( t div9e /ream ( :i* we h 
spok51 a dialect poem t t\*es him1 !    
leaf ( a psalm1 "s bit ( imag9ation1 "s 
tale ( pa?os1 set afloat by a poor writ]
 s long ago t x has become ! common /ock
 ( human tradition-maybe f ,pale/9e1    
maybe f ! ,ganges1 p]haps f ,a!ns--"s   
expression ( real emotion1 "s creation1 
we say1 t makes = him a _w1 vague &     
dimly appreh5d$1 t is n at all ! actual 
_w 9 :i* he s9s & suff]s4 ,! poor woman1
 9 a hut ) an e>? floor1 a reek+ ro(1 a 
smoky *imney1 b>r5 ( com=t1 s indec5t t 
a g5tleman w\ld n /able 8 horse 9 x1    
sits & sews ^u a co>se g>m5t1 :ile %e   
rocks ! cradle ( an infant ab\t :om %e  
*]i%es no illusions t 8 lot w be o!r ?an
 t ( 8 fa!r be=e him4 ,z %e sits =lorn1 
x is n ! wret*$ hovel t %e sees1 nor o!r
 hovels l x--r[s ( t5em5ts ( hopeless   
pov]ty1 ! ale-h\se1 ! g9-%op1 !         
coal-pit1 & ! *ok+ factory--b3          
,sweet fields beyond ! swell+ flood     
,/& dress$ 9 liv+ gre5  = h]1 ?anks to !

 poet4 ,b1 alas = ! poet !re is n a     
peasant nor a wret*$ op]ative ( !m all  
:o w n %ake 8 head & tap 8 =ehead ) 8   
=ef+] :5 ! poor poet *ap passes by4 ,!  
peasant has ! same op9ion ( him t !     
physician1 ! tra9]1 & ! money-l5d] _h ( 
! rhetorician4  ,! h>d conditions ( !   
lonely ,new ,engl& life1 ) its religi\s 
!ories z sombre z its =e/s1 its rigid   
notions ( duty z difficult to make bloom
 into sweetness & beauty z ! /ony soil1 
w\ld h be5 un5durable if !y _h n be5    
t\*$ ) ! ideal creat$ by ! poet4 ,!re 0 
9 cre$ & purpose ! virility t creates a 
/ate1 &1 z ,m5&] says1 ! c\ntry :i* is  
cultivat$ ) difficulty produces brave   
m52 b we leave out an important elem5t 9
 ! lives ( ! ,pilgrims if we ov]look !  
means !y _h ( liv+ above _! b>r5        
circum/ances4 ,i d n speak only ( !     
culture :i* _m ( !m br\ght f !          
univ]sities1 ( ! ,greek & ,roman        
classics1 & :at unworldly lit]ature !y  
c\ld glean f ! productive age (         
,elizabe? & ,james1 b ( ano!r s\rce1 m  

univ]sally resort$ to1 & m p[]ful 9     
excit+ imag9ation & emotion1 & fill+ !  
want 9 human nature ( :i* we h spok54   
,!y _h ! ,bible1 & x 0 m to !m1 mu* m1  
?an a book ( religion1 ?an a revelation 
( religi\s tru?1 a rule = ! conduct (   
life1 or a guide to heav54 ,x suppli$ ! 
place to !m ( ! ,mahabh>ata to ! ,h9doo1
 ( ! /ory-tell] to ! ,arab4 ,x op5$ to  
!m a b\ndless realm ( poetry &          
imag9ation4  ,:at is ! ,bible8 ,x might 
h suffic$1 accept$ z a book (           
revelation1 = all ! purposes ( moral    
guidance1 spiritual consolation1 &      
sy/ematiz$ au?ority1 if x _h be5 a      
collection ( precepts1 a dry code (     
morals1 an ars5al ( judgm5ts1 & a       
treasury ( promises4 ,we are accu/om$ to
 ?9k ( ! ,pilgrims z tra9+ _!           
intellectual faculties 9 ! knottie/     
problems ( human responsibility & de/9y1
 t\gh5+ _! m5tal fibre 9 wre/l+ ) dogmas
 & ! decrees ( ,provid5ce1 =gett+ :at   
else !y drew out ( ! ,bible3 :at else x 
0 to !m 9 a degree x has be5 to few     

peoples _m age4 ,= ! ,bible is !        
unequal$ record ( ?\ght & emotion1 !    
res]voir ( poetry1 traditions1 /ories1  
p>ables1 exaltations1 consolations1     
great imag9ative adv5ture1 = :i* ! _s ( 
man is always long+4 ,x might h be51 9  
w>n+ examples & comm&s1 all-suffici5t to
 enable m5 to make a dec5t pilgrimage on
 e>? & rea* a bett] c\ntry2 b x w\ld h  
be5 a v diff]5t book to mank9d if x _h  
be5 only a volume ( /atutes1 & if x     
lack$ its wond]ful lit]>y quality4 ,x   
might h enabl$ m5 to rea* a bett]       
c\ntry1 b n1 :ile on e>?1 to rise into &
 live 9 t bett] c\ntry1 or to live 9 a  
region above ! sordidness ( actual life4
 ,=1 ap>t f its religi\s int5tion &     
sacr$ "*1 ! book is s writt5 t x has    
supremely 9 its hi/ory1 poetry1         
prophecies1 promises1 /ories1 t cle>    
lit]>y quality t supplies1 z c]ta9ly no 
o!r s+le book does1 ! want 9 ! human m9d
 :i* is high] ?an ! want ( facts or k4  
,! ,bible is ! be/ illu/ration ( !      
lit]ature ( p[]1 = x always conc]ns     

itself ) life1 x t\*es x at all po9ts4  
,& ?is is ! te/ ( any piece (           
lit]ature--its univ]sal appeal to human 
nature4 ,:5 ,i consid] ! n>r[           
limitations ( ! ,pilgrim h\seholds1 !   
abs5ce ( luxury1 ! pres5ce ( dang] &    
h>d%ip1 ! h>% laws--only less sev]e ?an 
! contempor>y laws ( ,engl& &           
,virg9ia--! we>y drudg]y1 ! few         
pleasures1 ! curb ^u ! expression (     
emotion & ( t5d]ness1 ! ascetic         
repression ( worldly ?\ght1 ! abs5ce (  
poetry 9 ! r\t9e occupations &          
conditions1 ,i c feel :at ! ,bible mu/ h
 be5 to !m4 ,x 0 an op5 door into a _w  
:]e emotion is express$1 :]e imag9ation 
c range1 :]e love & long+ f9d a         
language1 :]e imag]y is giv5 to e noble 
& suppress$ passion ( ! s\l1 :]e e      
aspiration f9ds w+s4 ,x 0 hi/ory1 or1 z 
,?ucydides said1 philosophy tea*+ by    
example2 x 0 ! romance ( real life2 x 0 
ent]ta9m5t unfail+2 ! wond]-book (      
*ildhood1 ! volume ( sweet s5tim5t to ! 
%y maid51 ! sword to ! soldi]1 ! incit] 

( ! y\? to h]oic endur+ ( h>dness1 x 0 !
 refuge ( ! ag$ 9 fail+ activity4       
,p]haps we c n[h]e f9d a bett]          
illu/ration ( ! true relation (         
lit]ature to life ?an 9 ?is example4    
,let u consid] ! comp>ative value (     
lit]ature to mank9d4 ,by comp>ative     
value ,i mean its wor? to m5 9 comp>ison
 ) o!r ?+s ( ackn[l$g$ importance1 su* z
 ! creation ( indu/ries1 ! gov]nm5t (   
,/ates1 ! manipulation ( ! politics ( an
 age1 ! a*ievem5ts 9 w> & discov]y1 & ! 
lives ( admirable m54 ,x ne$s a c]ta9   
p]spective to judge ( ?is aright1 = !   
ne> & ! imm$iate always assume          
importance4 ,! "w t an age has on h&1   
:e!r x be discov]y1 conque/1 ! w>s t    
det]m9e b\nd>ies or are f\ght =         
policies1 ! indu/ries t develop a c\ntry
 or affect ! "* ( a p1 ! wield+ ( p[]1 !
 accumulation ( =tunes1 ! v>i\s         
activities ( any giv5 civilization or   
p]iod1 assume su* enorm\s proportions to
 ^? engag$ 9 !m t su* a mode/ ?+ z !    
lit]>y product seems insignificant 9    

comp>ison2 & h5ce x is t ! man ( action 
always holds 9 slight e/eem ! man (     
?\ght1 & especially ! express] ( feel+ &
 emotion1 ! poet & ! humori/4 ,x is only
 :5 we look back ov] ! ages1 :5         
civilizations h pass$ or *ang$1 ov] !   
rivalries ( ,/ates1 ! ambitions &       
enmities ( m51 ! %9+ de$s & ! base de$s 
t make up hi/ory1 t we are enabl$ to see
 :at rema9s1 :at is p]man5t4 ,p]haps !  
*ief result left to ! _w out ( a p]iod (
 h]oic ex]tion1 ( passion & /ruggle &   
accumulation1 is a %eaf ( poems1 or !   
record by a man ( lett]s ( "s admirable 
"*4 ,spa9 fill$ a l>ge place 9 ! _w 9 ! 
sixte5? c5tury1 & its influ5ce ^u hi/ory
 is by no means sp5t yet2 b we h inh]it$
 out ( t p]iod no?+1 ,i d>e say1 t is ( 
m value ?an ! romance ( ,don ,quixote4  
,x is true t ! be/ h]itage ( g5]ation f 
g5]ation is ! "* ( great m52 b we always
 owe its transmission to ! poet & !     
writ]4 ,)\t ,plato !re w\ld be no       
,socrates4 ,!re is no influ5ce comp>able
 9 human life to ! p]sonality ( a p[]ful

 man1 s long z he is pres5t to 8        
g5]ation1 or lives 9 ! memory ( ^? :o   
felt 8 influ5ce4 ,b aft] "t has pass$1 w
 ! _w1 w human life1 t is ess5tially !  
same 9 all *ang+ conditions1 be m       
affect$ by :at ,bism>ck did or by :at   
,goe! said8  ,we may )\t impropriety    
take = an illu/ration ( ! comp>ative    
value ( lit]ature to human ne$s ! c>e] (
 a man n[ liv+4 ,9 ! op9ion ( _m1 ,mr4  
,glad/one is ! greate/ ,engli%man ( ?is 
age4 ,:at w\ld be ! position ( ! ,briti%
 empire1 :at w\ld be ! t5d5cy ( ,engli% 
politics & society )\t him1 is a matt] =
 speculation4 ,he has n play$ su* a role
 = ,engl& & its neighbors z ,bism>ck has
 play$ = ,g]many & ! ,cont95t1 b he has 
be5 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 9 mold+ 
,engli% action4 ,he is ! =emo/ tea*]4   
,r>ely 9 hi/ory has a nation dep5d$ m ^u
 a s+le man1 at times1 ?an ! ,engli% ^u 
,glad/one1 ^u 8 w1 8 ability1 &         
especially 8 "*4 ,9 c]ta9 rec5t crises !
 ?\ght ( los+ him produc$ some?+ l a    
panic 9 ! ,engli% m9d1 ju/ify+ 9 reg>d  

to him1 ! hyp]bole ( ,*oate ^u ! dea? ( 
,web/]1 t ! sailor on ! di/ant sea w\ld 
feel less safe--z if a protect+         
provid5ce _h be5 )drawn f ! _w4 ,8 ma/]y
 ( f9ance & ( economic problems1 8 skill
 9 debate1 8 m>vel\s a*ievem5ts 9       
oratory1 h extort$ ! admiration ( 8     
enemies4 ,!re is sc>cely a prov9ce 9    
gov]nm5t1 lett]s1 art1 or rese>* 9 :i* !
 m9d c w9 triumphs t he has n invad$ &  
display$ 8 p[] 92 sc>cely a "q 9        
politics1 re=m1 lett]s1 religion1       
ar*aeology1 sociology1 :i* he has n     
discuss$ ) ability4 ,he is a s*ol>1     
critic1 p>liam5t>ian1 orator1 volum9\s  
writ]4 ,he seems equally at home 9 e    
field ( human activity--a man (         
prodigi\s capacity & enorm\s            
acquirem5ts4 ,he c take up1 ) a turn ( !
 h&1 & always ) vigor1 ! cause ( !      
,greeks1 ,papal p[]1 education1 !ology1 
! influ5ce ( ,egypt on ,hom]1 ! effect (
 ,engli% legislation on ,k+ ,o',bri51   
contribut+ some?+ notewor?y to all !    
discussions ( ! day4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t  

he has ev] produc$ a s+le page (        
lit]ature4 ,:atev] space he has fill$ 9 
8 own c\ntry1 :atev] & h[ev] endur+ !   
impression he has made ^u ,engli% life &
 society1 does x seem likely t ! sum    
total ( 8 imm5se activity 9 s _m fields1
 aft] ! passage ( s _m ye>s1 w be wor?  
to ! _w z mu* z ! simple /ory ( ,rab & 8
 ,fri5ds8 ,already 9 ,am]ica ,i d\bt if 
x is4 ,! illu/ration might h m weight ) 
"s m9ds if ,i contra/$ ! "w ( ?is great 
man--z to its answ]+ to a deep want 9   
human nature--) a novel l ',h5ry        
,esmond' or a poem l ',9 ,memoriam'2 b  
,i ?9k x is suffici5t to re/ x ^u s     
slight a p]=mance z ! sket* by ,dr4     
,john ,br[n1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,= ! tru? is t
 a little page ( lit]ature1 no?+ m ?an a
 %eet ( pap] ) a poem writt5 on x1 may h
 t vitality1 t endur+ quality1 t        
adaptation to life1 t make x ( m        
consequ5ce to all :o inh]it x ?an e     
mat]ial a*ievem5t ( ! age t produc$ x4  
,x 0 no?+ b a %eet ( pap] ) a poem on x1
 c>ri$ to ! door ( 8 ,london patron1 =  

:i* ! poet receiv$ a gu9ea1 & p]haps a  
seat at ! foot ( my "l's table4 ,:at 0 t
 scrap comp>$ to my "l's bus9ess1 8     
great e/abli%m5t1 8 equipages 9 ! ,p>k1 
8 position 9 society1 8 weight 9 ! ,h\se
 ( ,lords1 8 influ5ce 9 ,europe8 ,& yet 
t scrap ( pap] has gone ! _w ov]2 x has 
be5 sung 9 ! camp1 wept ov] 9 ! lonely  
cottage2 x has gone ) ! m>*+ regim5ts1 )
 ! explor]s--) mank9d1 9 %ort1 on its   
way d[n ! ages1 bright5+1 consol+1      
elevat+ life2 & my "l1 :o reg>d$ z      
sc>cely above a m5ial ! poet to :om he  
toss$ ! gu9ea--my "l1 ) all 8 pageantry 
& p[]1 has utt]ly gone & left no        
witness4