,,the ,,church ,,handy ,,dictionary ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,reverend ,,father ,,in ,,god ,,christopher ,,wordsworth1 ,d4,d4 ,,lord ,,bishop ,,of ,,lincoln1 ,,this ,,little ,,book ,,is 7,,with ,,his ,,lordship',s ,,kind ,,permission7 ,,respectfully ,,dedicated ,,by ,,the ,,author4 ,,the ,,church ,,handy ,,dictionary ,dedicated by permission ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,rev4 ,,the ,,lord ,,bishop ,,of ,,lincoln4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,james ,,pott ,,co41 #ad #af1 ,,astor ,,place4 #ahij ,,church ,,handy ,,dictionary4 ,additions and ,corrections4 ,,altar ,,cloth1 p4 #c add-- ,this is the modern ,roman sequence of colours1 but there is another more truly belonging to the ,english ,church1 viz41 the ,sarum1 in which only ,red and ,white are used4 ,,heresy1 p4 #ec1 line1 for not taught read formally condemned4 ,,miracles1 p4 #fi1 at the end1 dele4 and add-- 1 which latter deals with certain specious arguments adduced by these writers against the a priori possibility of a miracle taking place4 ,,presence1 ,,real1 p4 #ha1 add1-- ,bishop ,harold ,brown says1 in his history of ,art4 #bh1 ,the doctrine of a real1 spiritual presence is the doctrine of the ,english ,church1 and quotes the following passage from ,jer4 ,taylor3 ,the result of which doctrine is this3 it is bread1 and it is ,christ's ,body4 ,it is bread in substance1 ,christ in the ,sacrament2 and ,christ is as really given to all that are truly disposed1 as the symbols are3 each as they can2 ,christ as ,christ can be given2 the bread and the wine as they can2 and to the same real purpose to which they were designed4 ,the ,article referred to above states1 ,the ,body of ,christ is given1 taken1 and eaten1 in the ,supper1 only after an heavenly and spiritual manner4 ,and the mean whereby the ,body of ,christ is received and eaten in the ,supper is ,faith4 ,preface ,from the nature of the case a little work such as this cannot lay claim to much originality1 but must be1 in the main1 a compilation from various sources4 ,thus the articles on controverted subjects set forth the views of the best authorities to which the compiler has had access1 but not necessarily his own1 though his stand-point all along is1 he trusts1 distinctly that of the ,church of ,england4 ,the idea of this book was suggested by ,dean ,hook's invaluable ,church ,dictionary1 but1 as will be seen on comparison1 it is by no means a mere abridgement of that work1 many other authors having been laid under contribution1 and fresh articles having been added4 ,dean ,hook's ,dictionary is admirable for its comprehensiveness and general accuracy1 but unfortunately the price puts it out of the reach of most of those for whose use the present ,handy ,dictionary is intended4 ,the compiler wishes to furnish not only the younger clergy1 but also the laity of the ,church of ,england1 with a cheap and handy book of reference on all ,church matters4 ,he believes that ,sunday ,school ,teachers and ,church ,workers1 ,teachers in ,national ,schools1 the upper scholars in ,church ,schools of higher grade1 both public and private2 and1 indeed1 all engaged in the elementary study of the ,prayer ,book1 or of ,church ,history1 will find this short ,handy ,dictionary full of useful information4 ,the compiler desires in this place to acknowledge gratefully his obligations to all the authors and books consulted1 especially to those contained in the following list3-- ,hook's ,church ,dictionary4 ,hooker's ,ecclesiastical ,polity4 ,bishop ,harold ,browne on the ,thirty-nine ,articles4 ,bishop ,wordsworth's ,greek ,testament4 ,bishop ,wordsworth's ,theophilus ,anglicanus4 ,hart's ,ecclesiastical ,record'4 ,riddle's ,christian ,antiquities4 ,smith's ,bible ,dictionary4 ,sir ,r4 ,phillimore's ,ecclesiastical ,law4 ,the ,s4,p4,c4,k4 ,teacher's ,prayer ,book4 ,bishop ,barry's ,teacher's ,prayer ,book4 ,procter on the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,palmer's ,origines ,liturgicae4 ,wheatly on the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 ,pearson on the ,creed4 ,sanderson's ,handbook of ,theology4 ,hardwick's and other ,church ,histories4 ,blunt's ,household ,theology4 ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 ,chamber's ,encyclopedia ,the ,globe ,encyclopedia4 ,the ,official ,year ,book of the ,church of ,england4 ,whitaker's ,almanack1 etc41 etc4 ,,ablutions4 ,small quantities of wine and water poured into the chalice1 after a celebration1 and consumed by the ,priest4 ,some take two ablutions1 the first of wine1 the second of wine and water mixed4 ,the object of this is to insure the entire consumption of the consecrated element4 ,,absolution4 ,in the ,anglican ,church the authoritative declaration1 by a ,bishop or ,priest1 of ,god's pardon to the truly penitent4 ,all the office and power of man in it is only to minister the external form1 but the internal power and grace of remission of sins is properly ,god's4 7,bingham47 ,there are three forms of absolution in our ,prayer ,book1 viz41 in the ,order for ,morning and ,evening ,prayer2 in the ,communion ,service1 and in the ,office for the ,visitation of the ,sick4 ,it is to be noticed in each case that ,confession precedes ,absolution4 ,the ,scriptural authority for ,absolution is found in ,matt4 xvi4#ai2 xviii4#ah2 ,john xx4#bc2 #a ,cor4 v4#c-e2 #b ,cor4 ii4#aj4 ,st4 ,jerome compares the office of the ,christian ,priest in ,absolution1 with that of the ,jewish ,priest in cases of cleansing from leprosy4 ,,abstinence1 see ,fasting4 ,,acolyte4 ,one of the minor ,orders of the ,church of ,rome4 ,an ,acolyte's duties are to wait upon the ,priests and ,deacons1 carrying the bread and wine1 c4 ,in some of our churches a layman1 called a ,server1 performs these duties4 ,,adult ,,baptism1 see ,baptism4 ,,advent4 ,latin1 ,coming4 ,four ,advent ,sundays immediately precede ,christmas4 ,they are so called because they are designed to prepare us to commemorate the advent1 or coming1 of ,christ in the flesh at ,christmas1 and also to prepare for ,his second coming to judge the world4 ,the ,ecclesiastical1 or ,church ,year1 begins with ,advent ,sunday4 ,the season of ,advent is spoken of in a homily written as far back as the year ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,,advowson4 ,the right in perpetuity of patronage to a church1 or any ecclesiastical benefice4 ,,affinity1 see ,kindred4 ,,agapae4 ,love feasts4 ,after a celebration of ,holy ,communion the early ,christians frequently partook of a social and friendly repast known by this name4 ,this custom was discontinued in the ,vth4 century on account of abuses4 ,it has been partially revived by some dissenting sects of our own day1 who partake of a frugal meal and narrate their spiritual experiences4 ,,agnus ,,dei4 ,two ,latin words1 meaning ,lamb of ,god4 ,it is an anthem sung in some places by the choir during the ,communion of the ,priest4 ,the choir sing thrice1 ,o ,lamb of ,god1 that takest away the sins of the world1 adding twice1 ,have mercy upon us1 and the third time1 ,grant us ,thy peace4 ,the anthem is found in ,edward ,,vi4's ,first ,prayer ,book4 ,,agnosticism4 ,a school of thought which denies that we can know anything of ,god1 or of a future state4 ,it does not say that there is no ,god1 but simply that it is impossible for us to know anything of ,god4 ,it would do away with all revelation and theology1 and make us think of ,god as the great ,unknown and ,unknowable4 ,,aisle4 ,from a ,latin word1 meaning a wing4 ,the lateral division of the choir1 nave1 or transept of a church4 ,,alb1 see ,vestments4 ,,alleluia or ,,hallelujah4 ,a ,hebrew word1 meaning ,praise ye the ,lord4 ,,all ,,saints' ,,day4 ,nov4 #ast4 ,on this day the ,church commemorates all the known and unknown departed ,christian worthies1 and the communion of the ,church triumphant with the ,church as yet militant on earth4 ,it is called also ,all ,hallows ,day4 ,,almoner4 ,one who has the distribution of alms to the needy4 ,in monasteries it was the officer who had charge of the ,almonry1 or room where alms were distributed4 ,the ,lord ,high ,almoner is a ,prelate who has the disposing of the alms of the sovereign4 ,,alms4 ,relief given out of pity to the poor4 ,in ecclesiastical language1 the money collected during the ,offertory4 ,alms should be collected every ,sunday1 whether there is a communion or not1 as the rubric directs4 ,the disposal of the alms rests with the clergyman and churchwardens1 when there is an offertory1 i4e41 when the offertory sentences are read 7see ,rubric74 ,collections made at other times seem to be at the ,clergyman's sole disposal4 ,,altar2 ,,lord',s ,,table2 ,,holy ,,table2 ,,communion ,,table4 ,disputes have frequently arisen as to whether the ,holy ,table was to be called the ,communion ,table or the ,altar4 ,bingham writes--,the ancient writers used both names indifferently2 some calling it ,altar1 others the ,lord's ,table1 the ,holy ,table1 the ,mystical ,table1 the ,tremendous ,table1 c41 and sometimes both ,table and ,altar in the same sentence4 ,ignatius1 ,irenaeus1 ,origan1 and ,tertullian all call it ,altar4 ,it is certain that they did not mean by ,altar what the ,jews and heathen meant3 either an altar dressed up with images1 or an altar for bloody sacrifices4 ,in the first sense they rejected altars1 both name and thing4 ,but for their own mystical1 unbloody sacrifice1 as they called the ,eucharist1 they always owned they had an altar4 ,in our ,prayer ,book it is styled the ,table1 the ,holy ,table1 and the ,lord's ,table4 ,the phrase ,communion ,table occurs in the ,canons only4 ,the word ,altar is used in the ,coronation ,service4 ,bishop ,sparrow1 one of the reviewers of the ,prayer ,book in #affb1 writes thus3--,that no man take offence at the word ,altar1 let him know1 that anciently both these names1 ,altar1 or ,holy ,table were used for the same thing2 though most frequently the ,fathers and ,councils use the name ,altar4 ,and both are fit names for that holy thing4 ,por the ,holy ,eucharist being considered as a sacrifice1 in the representation of the breaking of the bread1 and the pouring forth of the cup1 doing that to the holy symbols which was done to ,christ's body and blood1 and so showing forth and commemorating the ,lord's death1 and offering upon it the same sacrifice that was offered upon the cross1 or rather the commemoration of that sacrifice1 it may fitly be called an ,altar2 which again is as fitly called an ,holy ,table1 the ,eucharist being considered as a ,sacrament1 which is nothing else but a distribution and application of the sacrifice to the several receivers4 ,,altar ,,cloth4 ,the #hbnd ,canon provides that the ,altar be covered with a carpet of silk1 or some other decent stuff2 also with a fair linen cloth at the time of the ministration4 ,it is usual in many churches to vest the ,altar in different colours to mark the various seasons of the ,church4 ,thus at ,christmas1 ,easter1 and festivals1 other than the feasts of ,martyrs1 ,white is used4 ,for ,whit ,sunday and feasts of ,martyrs1 ,red is used4 ,for ,trinity ,sunday ,white is used1 but for the ,sundays after ,trinity1 ,green4 ,violet is the colour for ,advent1 ,lent1 ,rogation ,days1 and ,vigils4 ,,altar ,,lights1 ,,candles4 ,on this subject1 ,proctor in his book on the ,prayer ,book says1 ,no direction was given upon the subject of the ,ornaments of the ,church in ,edward ,,vi4's ,first ,prayer ,book1 or in the ,act of ,uniformity which sanctioned it3 but the publication of the ,book was immediately followed by ,injunctions 7#aedi71 condemning sundry popish ceremonies1 and among them forbidding to set 'any lights upon the ,lord's board at any time4' ,this was especially mentioned because the ,injunctions of #aedg had forbidden candles before pictures or images1 but allowed only two lights upon the high altar1 before the ,sacrament1 for the signification that ,christ is the very true light of the world4 ,although these ,injunctions 7#aedi7 have not the authority of ,parliament1 yet they were undoubtedly issued with the intention of promoting that uniformity in all parts of ,public ,worship which had been enjoined by statute1 and under the large notions of the royal supremacy which then prevailed4 ,they may fairly be considered as affording evidence of the contemporary practice1 and of the intention of the authors of the ,prayer ,book in matters of rites and ceremonies4 ,persons who yield the amount of authority to these ,injunctions 7which never became law7 which is readily given to others 7which were law71 consider that candles upon the ,communion ,table are ornaments which were forbidden in the second year of ,edward ,,vi41 and therefore are not authorized by our present ,rubric4 ,on the other hand1 we may conclude from the terms of ,elizabeth's ,act of ,uniformity1 and from the ,rubric of her ,prayer ,book1 that it was her intention to distinguish between the customs of #aedi1 represented by ,edward's ,injunctions of that year1 and those which1 not being mentioned and forbidden in the statute1 might be considered as authorized by the ,parliament of #aedi4 ,and she certainly gave this practical interpretation to her own law1 since in the royal chapel the cross stood on the altar1 and two candlesticks1 and two tapers burning4 ,hook1 in his ,church ,dictionary1 says1--,from the time of ,edward there never seems to have been a time when the lights were not retained in ,cathedral churches1 and wherever we might look for an authoritative interpretation of the ,law4 ,and to the present day the candles are to be seen on the ,altars of almost all ,cathedrals4 ,in ,collegiate churches1 also1 they are usually found2 and so also in the ,chapels ,royal1 and in the ,chapels of several ,colleges in ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,,altar ,,linen4 ,the rubric at the beginning of the ,communion ,service provides that ,the ,table1 at the ,communion-time1 is to have a fair white linen cloth upon it4 ,and a further rubric declares that ,what remaineth of the consecrated ,elements is to be covered with a fair linen cloth4 ,this latter cloth is called a corporal1 although some understand a cloth laid on the altar by that name4 ,other things used in some churches at the time of the celebration are--7#a7 a chalice-veil1 which is a square of silk embroidered and fringed1 varying in colour1 according to the season1 or of transparent material edged with lace4 ,it is used for covering the chalice4 7#b7 ,the pall1 a small square of card-board1 with linen on either side1 is sometimes used to cover the chalice till after the people have communicated4 7#c7 ,the burse is a kind of purse or pocket in which the corporal and pall are kept4 ,,altar ,,rails4 ,archbishop ,laud1 #afdj1 ordered that the ,holy ,table should be placed at the east end of the chancel1 and protected from rude approach by rails4 ,they do not appear to have been in general use in the ,western ,church before the ,reformation2 although it is probable their use in the side chapels of ,cathedrals is early4 ,it is hard to say whether by the ,latin word cancelli is meant the chancel-screen or the altar-rails1 in some cases probably the latter4 ,the use of altar-rails is ancient in the ,eastern ,church4 ,the space within the rails1 where the altar stands1 is called the sanctuary4 ,,altar ,,screen4 ,a screen behind the altar4 ,,altar ,,vessels4 ,flagon1 ,chalice or ,cup1 and ,paten4 ,to these may be added the cyborium1 a covered vessel1 placed upon the altar of ,roman ,catholic churches1 and holding the consecrated host4 ,altar vessels from very ancient times have usually been made of the most costly materials which the congregation using them could afford4 ,the flagon appears to be the vessel in which the wine is placed before consecration4 ,the chalice1 or cup1 that in which it is consecrated1 and administered to the people4 ,the paten is the plate on which the bread is consecrated1 and from which it is dispensed to the people4 ,a second plate is used for the unconsecrated bread1 and is placed1 with the flagon1 on the ,credence ,table4 ,,altruism1 see ,comtism4 ,,ambulatory1 or ,,processionary4 ,the continuance of the aisles round the east end of a church1 behind the altar4 ,,amen4 ,a ,hebrew word meaning ,so be it1 and thus it is explained in the ,catechism4 ,the same word in the ,greek is rendered the ,verily1 verily of our ,lord's parables4 ,it should be said aloud by every member of the congregation1 as testifying his assent to the prayer or praise offered1 who thus makes it his own4 ,st4 ,jerome says the primitive ,christians at their public offices echoed out the ,amen like a thunderclap4 ,when printed in the ,roman character in our ,prayer ,book it is for the minister to say alone2 when in ,italics1 it is for the people to say1 and not for the minister4 ,,amice1 see ,vestments4 ,,anabaptists1 see ,baptists4 ,,andrew',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,nov4 #cjth4 ,st4 ,andrew appears to have been a disciple of the ,baptist before he became a follower of our ,lord4 ,he was the means of bringing his brother ,simon1 afterwards called ,peter1 to ,jesus4 ,after the ,ascension he is supposed to have laboured in ,scythia1 and finally to have suffered death by crucifixion4 ,the form of the cross on which he was martyred is called after him the ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross4 ,,angel4 ,a ,greek word1 meaning a messenger1 and as such it is applied sometimes to ,god's ministers on earth2 e4g41 the ,bishops of the seven ,churches of ,asia are called ,angels in ,rev4 i4 and ii4 ,the word is more generally used of those bright beings who wait around the throne of ,god to do ,his will4 ,they are the ministers of ,his good ,providence to us4 ,angels are of a different order of creation from man4 ,it is a mistake to believe that the dead in ,christ become angels4 ,there are different orders among the angels2 the ,prayer ,book speaks of ,archangels1 of ,cherubim and ,seraphim4 ,the ,bible tells us that the name of one of the ,archangels is ,michael2 ,gabriel is also probably of this order1 and ,raphael4 ,the ,cherubim 7the derivation of this word is uncertain7 are frequently spoken of in the ,bible3 ,gen4 iii4#bd2 ,exodus xxv4#ai1 #bj2 ,ezekiel i4#aj2 ,rev4 iv4#f4 ,the ,seraphim1 7plural of ,seraph1 a ,hebrew word1 meaning fiery1 or burning7 are possibly referred to in ,psalm civ4#d1 ,he maketh ,his angels spirits1 and ,his ministers a flaming fire4 ,the ,holy ,angels are the objects of worship in the ,church of ,rome1 in a degree which many think idolatrous1 although ,romanists deny this4 ,,anglo-,,catholic ,,church1 see ,church of ,england4 ,,annates1 see ,bounty1 ,queen ,anne's4 ,,annunciation ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,march #beth4 ,at the time of the ,reformation the ,church held seven festivals in honour of the ,virgin4 ,our ,reformers have appointed a ,collect1 ,epistle1 and ,gospel1 for only those two which have a foundation in the ,gospel1 viz3 the ,annunciation and the ,purification4 ,two more1 however1 are retained in the ,calendar1 viz3 the ,visitation of the ,b4 ,v4 ,m41 ,july #bnd1 and the ,nativity of the ,b4 ,v4 ,m41 ,september #hth4 ,the two principal festivals were probably observed as early as the #eth century4 ,it is to be noticed how the collects for both these festivals bring forward their bearing on our ,lord's life1 rather than the incidents they commemorate in the life of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,,anthem1 see ,church4 ,music4 ,,antinomianism4 7literally against law7 ,the doctrine or opinion that the ,elect 7see ,calvinism7 are freed from obligation to keep the ,law of ,god4 ,a power or privilege is asserted for the elect to do what they please without prejudice to their sanctity2 it being maintained that to them nothing is sinful1 and this is represented as the perfection of ,christian ,liberty4 ,history shows1 as was to be expected1 that this doctrine has borne the most disastrous fruits among those who have embraced it4 ,,antiphon1 ,,antiphonally1 see ,church ,music4 ,,anti-,,type1 see ,type4 ,,apostasy4 ,a renouncing of our religion either formally1 or virtually by our actions4 ,,apostle4 ,from a ,greek word1 meaning one sent4 ,a designation of those twelve who were our ,lord's companions on earth1 and who1 afterwards1 were sent into all the world to preach the ,gospel to every creature4 ,after the treachery and death of ,judas ,iscariot1 ,matthias was chosen to fill his place1 ,st4 ,paul1 by virtue of his heavenly commission1 is also termed an ,apostle4 ,,apostles' ,,creed1 see ,creed4 ,,apostolical ,,succession4 ,the line in which the ministry of the ,church is handed on from age to age by the laying on of hands by ,bishops2 the corporate lineage of the ,christian clergy1 just as in the ,jewish ,church there was a family lineage4 ,the ,church of ,england maintains the ,apostolical ,succession in the preface to her ,ordination ,service4 ,those are said to be in ,apostolical ,succession who have been sent to labour in the ,lord's vineyard by ,bishops1 who were consecrated by other ,bishops1 who1 in their turn1 were consecrated by others1 until the derived authority is traced to the ,apostles1 and through them to the great ,head of the ,church4 ,the ,apostolical ,succession of the ,ministry is essential to the right administration of the ,sacraments4 ,the clergy of the ,church of ,england can trace their connexion with the ,apostles by links in the long chain1 not one of which is wanting1 from the times of ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,peter to our own4 7,hook's ,church ,dictionary47 ,,appropriation4 ,in pre-,reformation times4 ,monasteries1 and other spiritual corporations1 frequently annexed to themselves benefices1 placing in them some clergyman1 who was called a ,vicar1 to do the work of the place1 for which they allowed him a certain sum out of the income they had appropriated4 ,at the ,reformation1 the ,monasteries1 and religious houses were put down1 and their property distributed among the favourites of ,henry ,,viii41 and so the patronage and major part of the income of these appropriated benefices came into the hands of laymen4 ,thus1 at the present day1 a great number of our nobility and landed gentry are drawing large incomes from land1 which is1 in all right1 the property of the ,church1 while the clergy who do the work of the ,church receive a miserable pittance out of what was once their own4 ,laymen drawing these incomes1 great-tithes1 as they are called1 are named ,lay-,rectors4 ,a benefice in the hands of a layman is termed1 not an ,appropriation1 but an ,impropriation4 ,,apse or ,,apsis4 ,a semi-circular1 or polyhedral termination of the chancel4 ,this style of ,church building1 although common in the ,east1 has not been in use since the #acth century in ,england until quite the last few years4 ,mr4 ,street1 the ,architect of the ,law ,courts1 built many churches in this style4 ,in churches of this kind the altar should not be placed against the ,east wall1 but upon the chord of the arc1 as in the ancient ,basilicas4 ,,archbishop4 ,an ,archbishop does not differ from a ,bishop in order1 but only in degree4 ,like a ,bishop he has his own diocese1 but besides that he is the chief of the clergy of a whole province4 ,this1 however1 is not always the case in the ,roman and ,eastern churches4 ,to him all appeals are made from inferior jurisdictions within his province4 ,he also1 upon the ,king's writ1 calls the ,bishops and clergy within his province to meet in ,convocation4 ,,archdeacon4 ,as each province is divided into dioceses1 severally presided over by a ,bishop1 so each diocese is divided into archdeaconries1 consisting of a certain number of parishes4 ,over each archdeaconry one of the clergy1 a priest1 sometimes a bishop1 is appointed to preside in subordination to the ,bishop of the diocese4 ,the office dates back to very early times4 ,in ,england the dioceses were divided into archdeaconries about the time of the ,norman ,conquest4 ,,arches1 ,,court ,,of4 ,an ancient court of appeal1 belonging to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,the judge of it is called the ,dean of ,arches1 because he anciently held his court in the ,church of ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow 7,sancta ,maria de ,arcubus74 7,see ,ecclesiastical ,courts47 ,,architecture4 ,the principal styles of ,english ,architecture are3 ,norman1 #ajff to #aaed4 ,round-headed doorways1 windows and arches1 heavy pillars and zig-zag ornaments4 ,the ,nave of ,rochester ,cathedral is a good example4 ,from #aaed to #aahi this style underwent a ,transition1 the rounded arches becoming pointed1 as in the choir of ,canterbury ,cathedral4 ,early ,english1 #aahi to #abgb4 ,narrow1 pointed windows1 lancet-shaped2 clustered pillars4 ,example1 the choir1 ,westminster ,abbey1 or ,salisbury ,cathedral4 #abgb to #acjg was another ,transition period1 tracery being introduced into the windows1 as at the east end of ,lincoln ,cathedral4 ,decorated1 #acjg to #acgg4 ,geometrical tracery in windows1 enriched doorways1 and beautifully arranged mouldings4 ,the ,lady ,chapel of ,ely ,cathedral is a good example4 ,this style underwent ,transition from #acgg to #adjg1 when the lines became less flowing1 as in the choir of ,york ,minster4 ,perpendicular1 #acii to #aedg4 ,upright lines of moulding in windows2 doorways1 a combination of square heads with pointed arches4 ,example1 ,king's ,college ,chapel1 ,cambridge4 ,tudor1 or ,elizabethan1 #aeej to #afjj4 ,a debased species of ,perpendicular1 mostly employed in domestic architecture4 ,jacobean1 #afjc to #afda4 ,an admixture of the ,classical with the ,gothic1 or ,pointed style4 ,,arians4 ,heretics1 so named from ,arius1 a native of ,libya1 their first founder4 ,he was born about the middle of the #crd century1 and taught that ,god the ,son was not equal to ,god the ,father1 being neither consubstantial nor co-eternal with the ,father4 ,as created by the ,father1 ,arius looked upon our ,lord as the highest of all creatures1 and in that sense the ,son of ,god4 ,these heretics were condemned by the ,council of ,nice1 in #cbe4 ,,arminians4 ,a party so-called after ,arminius1 7the ,latin form of ,james ,harmensen1 a ,dutchman17 the opposer of ,calvinism4 ,arminius held that salvation is possible for all men1 if they repent and believe in ,jesus ,christ1 inasmuch as ,he died for the sins of the whole world4 ,they reject the doctrine of ,predestination1 as generally held2 and the doctrine of final perseverance1 they deem uncertain and needing more proof4 7,see ,antinomianism and ,calvinism47 ,,articles1 ,,the ,,thirty-,,nine4 ,the ,church of ,england's definition of ,christian doctrine1 and as such they have to be subscribed by all who seek ,holy ,orders4 ,formerly1 every graduate of our ,universities had to subscribe them4 ,many of the ,articles are of a confessedly elastic nature1 being so framed as to embrace the views of the various parties in the ,church3 but at the same time they are not so indefinite as many would have us believe4 ,their history is this3--,in #aeec ,cranmer1 ,ridley1 and others1 drew up #db ,articles1 which were more or less taken from the ,confession of ,augsburgh1 composed by ,luther and ,melancthon4 ,in #aefb these #db ,articles were entirely re-modelled by ,archbishop ,parker and ,convocation1 when they were reduced to #ch4 ,in #aega1 ,parker and ,convocation added ,article xxix41 which made up our present #ci1 which were subscribed in the ,upper ,house of ,convocation1 by the ,archbishops and ,bishops1 and by all the clergy of the ,lower ,house4 ,they were published the year after 7#aegb7 under the superintendence of ,bishop ,jewel1 and the ,ratification1 still subjoined to them in the ,prayer ,book1 was added4 ,with regard to their arrangement--,the first five treat of the doctrine of the ,holy ,trinity2 the three following establish the rule of ,christian ,faith2 from the ninth to the eighteenth they bear reference to ,christians considered as individuals2 and thence to the end they relate to ,christians1 considered as ,members of a ,church or religious society4 ,,ascension ,,day or ,,holy ,,thursday4 ,the observation of this ,festival cannot be traced with certainty to an earlier period than the #dth century1 although1 in the ,western ,church1 at any rate1 it was in ,st4 ,augustine's time so thorough and universal1 that he supposes it to have had an ,apostolic origin4 ,it is one of the four great ,festivals of the ,church4 ,it is held forty days after ,easter1 in memory of our ,lord's ,ascension into heaven4 ,special psalms and lessons are appointed for the day1 as is also a special preface in the ,communion ,service4 ,,ash-,,wednesday4 ,the first day of ,lent4 ,it is so called from the ceremony anciently used in admitting people to penance1 ashes being sprinkled upon their heads4 ,a special service1 called the ,commination ,service1 is appointed for use on this day4 ,,associations1 ,,church1 see ,societies4 ,,athanasian ,,creed1 see ,creed4 ,,atheist4 ,the fool who saith in his heart1 ,there is no ,god4 ,ps liii4 ,the atheist differs entirely from the sceptic and agnostic 7which see74 ,in ,a plea for ,atheism1 the writer says3 ,if the word ',god' is defined to mean an existence other than that existence of which ,i am a mode1 then ,i deny ',god1' and affirm that it is impossible that ',god' can be4 ,the ,psalmist's definition is the clearer4 ,,atonement4 ,originally at-one-ment1 the reconciling of two parties who were before at variance4 ,from that the word easily passed into a term to denote the means by which the reconciliation was made1 viz3 the life and death of our ,saviour1 ,eph4 ii4 #af4 ,the doctrine of the ,church on this subject is expressed in ,article #aa4 ,,attrition4 ,this term is used by ,romanists to denote the lowest form of ,contrition1 or ,repentance2 namely1 mere sorrow for sin because of its consequences4 ,,banns ,,of ,,marriage see ,matrimony4 ,,baptism4 ,this word means literally dipping4 ,holy ,baptism is one of the two ,sacraments taught by our ,church to be generally 7universally7 necessary to salvation4 ,the reason why the ,church baptizes is well shewn in the exhortation which immediately follows the ,gospel in the ,service for the ,public ,baptism of such as are of riper years4 ,the doctrine of the ,church on the subject is explained in ,article xxvii41 and in the ,catechism2 also throughout her ,baptismal ,offices she shows what she believes it to be4 ,notwithstanding this1 there are diverse views held of ,holy ,baptism by parties in the ,church2 as1 for example1 some will deny that the passage in ,john iii4 #c has anything to do with ,baptism1 although the ,church quotes it as a ,scriptural authority for ,baptism in the exhortation previously alluded to4 ,these seem to degrade ,holy ,baptism into a mere formal admittance into the visible ,church1 this being the view the ,wesleyans of the present day take1 but not their founder's view4 ,hooker1 in his fifth book1 writes thus1--,baptism is not merely a sign or token of grace given1 but an instrument or mean whereby we receive that grace2 for it is a ,sacrament instituted by ,god for incorporation into ,christ1 and so through ,his merit to obtain 7#a7 that saving grace of imputation which takes away all former guiltiness1 7#b7 that infused divine virtue of the ,holy ,ghost which gives to the powers of the soul their first disposition towards future newness of life4 ,it is a seal perhaps to the grace of election before received2 but to our sanctification here a step that hath not any before it4 ,,baptism1 ,,adult4 ,this office was added at the last revision of the ,prayer ,book1 in #affa4 ,it was made necessary by the general neglect of ,church ordinances during the ,rebellion4 ,the ,service is formed from that for the ,baptism of ,infants1 but there are important differences1 as will be seen by comparison4 ,confirmation and ,communion should immediately follow the ,baptism of an adult4 ,,baptism1 ,,infant4 ,the question whether it is right to baptize infants will be gone into under the head of ,baptists4 ,our present service for the ,baptism of ,infants is the out-come of many much older4 ,baptism should always be administered in the presence of a congregation1 as the ,rubric orders4 ,the question about sponsors will be gone into under that head4 ,the first prayer is by ,luther1 the second is from an old ,office2 the ,gospel1 with nearly all the addresses or exhortations here and elsewhere in the ,prayer ,book1 is from the ,consultation1 the work of ,hermann1 a ,german reformer4 ,the questions to the sponsors are taken from an old ,office4 ,the prayer of ,consecration came into the present form in #affa2 but by ,consecration here we only mean that the element of water is separated from common to sacred uses4 ,it is not a necessary part of ,baptism1 as is shown by its being omitted in the ,office for ,private ,baptism4 ,the only two things necessary for the validity of ,holy ,baptism are 7#a7 that it should be administered in water1 7#b7 in the name of the ,holy ,trinity1 as is shown by the questions in that part of the ,office for ,private ,baptism which treats of receiving a child publicly into the ,church4 ,it is to be noticed that the rule of our ,church is that the child should be immersed in the water 7see the ,rubric before the form of words which accompany the act of ,baptism74 ,thus the rite of immersion can be claimed by any ,church people4 ,the custom of affusion1 or aspersion1 or sprinkling1 came into use in the ,western ,church as early as the #acth century2 but in the ancient ,church ,baptism was so administered to the sick4 ,the difference in the climates of ,western ,europe and the ,holy ,land is sufficient to account for the custom4 ,the words which express the reception of the newly-baptized child into the congregation belong altogether to the ,english ,prayer ,book4 ,the ceremony of making the sign of the cross has come down from the ancient ,church4 ,the ,address to the congregation1 the ,lord's ,prayer1 and the ,thanksgiving which follows1 were placed here in #aeeb4 ,it is to be noticed how clearly the ,church expresses her belief in the regeneration 7see ,regeneration7 of each baptized infant4 ,the latter part of the last exhortation was added in #affa4 ,the vulgar tongue of course means the common or ,english language4 ,the note at the end of the ,office1 although declaring the eternal safety of a baptized child1 dying before it commits actual sin1 does not express any opinion as to the future of an unbaptized child4 ,,baptism1 ,,private4 ,to be used only for great cause and necessity4 ,this service was drawn up in #affa1 chiefly from the ,consultation4 ,it is very much to be deplored that so few of the children baptized at home1 who live1 are brought to be publicly received into the ,church4 ,the distinction which the poor draw between ,baptism and ,christening as meaning respectively ,private and ,public ,baptism is1 of course1 unfounded4 ,baptism is also called ,christening1 because in it the child is made a ,christian1 or member of ,christ4 ,under this head we may also treat of ,lay ,baptism4 ,until #afjd this was allowed in the ,church of ,england1 but the rubrics were then brought into such a shape that ,baptism by any but a lawful minister was distinctly disallowed4 ,still we find that by the present law1 ,lay ,baptism1 that is to say1 ,baptism by any man1 or even woman1 is valid so far as to qualify for burial with the usual service4 ,lay ,baptism is allowed in the ,roman ,church1 as it was in the ,mediaeval ,church1 and in primitive times4 ,such having always been the custom of the ,catholic ,church1 it is well that anybody should baptize a child in a case of great emergency1 when a lawful minister cannot be procured4 ,should the child live and be brought to church1 the clergyman can always1 if doubtful of the validity of the ,baptism1 use the hypothetical form at the end of the ,office for ,private ,baptism4 ,,baptists or ,,anabaptists4 ,a name improperly assumed by those who deny the validity of ,infant ,baptism4 ,they were formerly called ,anabaptists because they re-baptized all who had been baptized in their infancy4 ,the ,baptists formed a separate community in ,england in #afcc4 ,they may be looked upon as the successors of the ,dutch ,anabaptists4 ,their object in forming themselves into a separate body was 7#a7 for the maintenance of a strictly ,calvinistic doctrine2 7#b7 for the exercise of a vigorous and exclusive discipline2 7#c7 for the practice of a literal scriptural ritual1 especially in the matter of ,baptism4 ,in ,church polity they follow the ,independents4 ,the ,baptists hold that immersion is essential to the validity of the ordinance4 ,their leading idea is that the ,church must consist of true ,christians1 and not merely of professing ones4 ,in #ahhb in the ,united ,kingdom there were ,sunday ,ministers1 ,members1 ,chapels1 ,scholars #a1ije4 #bih1hhj4 #c1ejb4 #dja1eag4 ,in addition to these they have numerous congregations abroad1 and they raise about ,l#bjj1jjj yearly for missionary and benevolent purposes4 ,infant ,baptism4 ,the following reasons seem to afford ample proof that the baptism of infants has always been the practice of the ,church1 notwithstanding all the ,baptists allege against it4 ,under the ,law infants were admitted into covenant with ,god by circumcision when eight days old4 ,gen4 xvii4#aj1 #ad1 so1 too1 when the ,jews admitted proselytes into their communion1 they not only circumcised all the males1 but baptized all1 male and female1 infant and adult4 ,thus1 when the ,apostles were sent to make proselytes of all nations1 by baptizing them 7,matt1 xviii4#ai1 should be so translated7 would they not baptize infants as well as adults1 seeing that such was the ,jewish custom8 ,compare ,john iii4#e1 ,except a man 7,greek1 except any one7 be born of water and of the ,spirit he cannot enter the kingdom of ,god1 with ,mark x4#ad1 where our ,lord says of infants that of such is the kingdom of ,god4 ,if so1 they must be capable of baptism1 both by water and the ,spirit4 ,st4 ,peter1 when speaking of baptism1 said the promise was not only to adults1 but also to their children1 ,acts ii4#ch1 #ci4 ,again1 where there no children among the whole households which were baptized by the apostles1 ,acts xvi4#ae1 #cc1 #a ,cor4 #a4af8 ,the early ,fathers show that children were baptized in their time1 which1 in some cases1 was less than a century after the ,apostles lived4 ,justin ,martyr1 for instance1 writing ,a4,d4 #adh 7i4e41 #dh years after the death of the last ,apostle71 speaks of persons #fj and #gj years old1 who had been made disciples to ,christ in their infancy4 ,how can infants be made disciples1 but by baptism8 ,and1 if these had been baptized in their infancy1 it must have been during the lifetime of the ,apostle ,st4 ,john1 and of other apostolic men4 ,,barnabas' 7,st47 ,,day4 ,june #aath4 ,this ,apostle's name was changed from ,joses into ,barnabas1 which means the ,son of ,consolation4 ,he was a highly educated man1 being brought up1 as ,st4 ,paul was1 at the feet of ,gamaliel4 ,he travelled with ,st4 ,paul until there was a disagreement on the subject of ,mark1 the kinsman of ,barnabas4 ,after they separated1 it is probable that ,st4 ,barnabas laboured in ,cyprus4 ,he is believed to have suffered martyrdom at ,salamis by being stoned4 ,,bartholomew',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,august #bdth4 ,this ,apostle is believed to have been identical with ,nathaniel4 ,we are told nothing of his labours in the ,bible4 ,he is believed to have worked in ,armenia and ,lycaonia1 and to have suffered martyrdom by crucifixion at ,albanople4 ,this day is rendered famous in history1 on account of the horrible massacre of ,protestants in ,paris in #aegb4 ,thirty thousand persons were put to death in ,france1 and this with the deliberate consent of the ,pope and the authorities of the ,roman ,church6 ,,belfry4 ,originally and properly1 a watch-tower4 ,that part of a church where the bells are hung4 ,,bells4 ,bells have been used in churches in ,england from the #gth century4 ,their various uses are well summed up in the following monkish distichs1-- ,laudo ,deum verum1 plebem voco1 congrego clerum1 ,defunctos ploro1 pestem fugo1 festa decoro4 ,funera plango1 fulgura frango1 sabbata pango1 ,excito lentos1 dissipo ventos1 paco cruentos4 ,in the ,roman ,church they are baptized1 with a certain ceremony2 in the ,english ,church they are merely consecrated1 that is1 set apart for a sacred purpose4 ,the passing bell is the tolling of a bell while anybody is dying1 or passing out of this life1 in order that the faithful may offer prayers on his behalf4 ,it is ordered by ,canon #fg4 ,,benedicite4 ,the apocryphal ending of ,daniel iii4 ,it is a paraphrastical exposition of ,ps4 #adh2 it was commonly sung in the ,christian ,church in the #dth century4 ,in #aedi it was ordered to be sung during ,lent instead of the ,te ,deum4 ,it is now generally used when the lessons speak of the ,creation4 ,the three children are ,ananias1 ,azarias1 and ,misael1 who are better known by their ,chaldean names of ,shadrach1 ,meshach1 and ,abednego4 ,,benediction4 ,a solemn act of blessing performed by ,bishops and ,priests of the ,church4 ,a certain form was given by ,god ,himself for the use of the ,jewish ,priests1 ,num4 vi4#bb-bg4 ,in our ,church several forms are used agreeing with the ,office of which they form a part4 ,the ordinary benediction at the end of the ,communion ,service is from ,phil1 iv4#g1 and ,num4 vi4#bc4 ,,benedictus4 ,the song of ,zacharias1 the father of the ,baptist1 ,luke #a4fh-gi4 ,the alternate ,psalm1 called the ,jubilate ,deo1 was inserted in #aeeb to be used when the ,benedictus happened to be read in the second lesson4 ,the song of ,zacharias has always been a hymn of the ,church4 ,,benefice or ,,living4 ,a church endowed with a revenue for the performance of ,divine ,service2 the holder of which is called a ,rector1 or ,vicar1 or ,incumbent1 or ,perpetual ,curate 7see under each head74 ,heresy1 ,simony1 and other grave offences1 disqualify a man from holding a benefice4 ,a clergyman can only be deprived of his benefice for want of capacity1 ,heresy1 ,contempt of ,court1 or crime4 ,,bible1 ,,the ,,holy4 ,so called from a ,greek word1 meaning the books1 just as the word ,scriptures means the writings4 ,the ,bible is divided into two parts--the ,old and the ,new ,testaments1 or ,covenants4 ,the ,old ,testament1 or the ,covenant of ,god with the ,hebrew nation1 is written partly in ,hebrew1 and partly--the latter part--in ,aramaic4 ,it is most important to remember that it was written by many different persons1 and at widely different times1 spreading over the course of #b1jjj years4 ,the ,new ,testament1 or the ,new ,covenant of ,god with ,his people1 whether ,jews or ,gentiles1 although also written by many various authors1 was produced between the years ,a4,d4 #ej1 and ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,the ,bible is called the ,word of ,god because the authors wrote by the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 ,heb4 i4i2 ,acts iv4#be2 #b ,peter i4#ba2 c4 ,it is important to remember that we do not claim a verbal inspiration1 for the writers1 but simply that ,god put into their minds what they should write4 ,inspiration did not preserve them from errors in grammar1 or natural philosophy1 or anything else foreign to the actual design of the ,bible1 which is the revelation of ,god1 and of ,his will to man4 ,thus1 it is most important that we should know what books are inspired1 and have a right to form a part of the ,holy ,scriptures1 in other words what books are canonical4 ,the ,old ,testament1 as we have it now1 was used by the ,jews in the time of our ,lord1 who often quotes from its various books ,himself1 thus stamping them with the divine authority which they claimed4 ,ezra seems to have determined the canon of ,old ,testament ,scriptures4 ,with regard to the ,new ,testament1 the question of the authenticity and canonicity of some books was very much more difficult to determine1 and an enormous amount of labour and scholarship has been expended on the subject4 ,there can be no reasonable doubt now with regard to any of the books of the ,new ,testament2 the only thing now doubtful is what the original words were in the places where the ancient manuscripts differ4 ,these differences are called various readings4 ,the publication of the ,revised ,version of the ,new ,testament in #ahha was partly an attempt to settle this question4 ,the differences1 as a rule1 are very unimportant4 ,the chief translations of the ,bible into ,english are ,wiclif's1 #acfj2 ,tindal 7or ,tyndale7 and ,coverdale's1 #aebf2 ,the ,geneva ,bible1 #aefj2 ,the ,bishops' ,bible1 #aefh4 ,the ,translation we use now1 called the ,authorized ,version1 was published in #afaa4 ,about #ej learned men were appointed by ,king ,james #ast for the task4 ,we will now proceed to consider the contents of the ,bible1 first remarking that the division into ,chapters and verses does not date back beyond the #acth century1 that it rests on no authority1 and very often spoils the sense4 ,the ,old ,testament consists of #ci books1 which may be thus classified3--,the ,books of the ,law2 ,the ,historical ,books2 ,the ,holy ,writings1 or ,poetical ,books2 and the ,prophetical ,books4 ,the ,books of the ,law1 five in number1 were written by ,moses1 and are called the ,pentateuch2 they are3--,genesis4 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numbers1 and ,deuteronomy4 ,the ,historical ,books are twelve4 ,where the name of the ,author differs from the name of the ,book it is given in brackets1--,joshua1 ,judges 7,samuel871 ,ruth 7,samuel or ,ezra71 #ast and #bnd ,samuel 7,samuel1 ,nathan1 and ,gad71 #ast and #bnd ,kings 7,jeremiah71 #ast and #bnd ,chronicles 7,ezra871 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,esther 7author not known74 ,the ,poetical ,books1 or ,hagiographa1 consist of five books1--,job 7author not known71 ,psalms 7by various authors1 about half by ,david71 ,proverbs 7,solomon chiefly71 ,ecclesiastes 7generally attributed to ,solomon71 ,song of ,solomon1 or ,canticles4 ,the ,prophetical ,books are divided into two classes1 the ,greater ,prophets and the ,lesser ,prophets4 ,they are so called1 not from any superiority or inferiority1 but from the extent of their writings4 ,the ,greater ,prophets are four in number1--,isaiah1 ,jeremiah 7author of two books--his ,prophecy and his ,lamentations71 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel4 ,the ,minor ,prophets are twelve1--,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1 ,jonah1 ,micah1 ,nahum1 ,habakkuk1 ,zephaniah1 ,haggai1 ,zechariah1 ,malachi4 ,the ordinary reader of the ,bible misses much from the fact that the books are not grouped in any chronological order4 ,in the following table the books are placed so as to form a continuous history of the ,jews1 while1 by their side1 are the names of those books which should be read as commentaries on the period4 ,the book of ,job1 however1 it is impossible to place4 ,he seems to have been a shepherd king1 perhaps of the time of ,abraham1 but he was not of the ,hebrew nation4 ,the two books of the ,chronicles contain a summary of history from the ,creation down to the ,restoration under ,cyrus2 parts1 however1 may be read with other books4 7,for ,table1 see opposite page47 ,from the time of ,malachi to the ,birth of ,john the ,baptist1 a period of about #djj years1 there seems to have been no special revelation from ,god4 ,the ,apocrypha was composed in that period by various authors4 ,although parts of it are appointed to be read as ,lessons in ,church1 yet it is not considered as inspired1 and consequently it does not belong to the ,word of ,god4 ,our ,church1 in ,art4 vi41 says that the other books 7viz41 the ,apocrypha7 the ,church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners1 but yet it doth not apply them to establish any doctrine4 ,the ,church of ,rome receives the ,apocrypha as ,canonical4 ,we now pass on to consider the ,new ,testament4 ,it consists of #bg books1 written by eight persons4 ,they were all written in ,greek1 unless perhaps ,st4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 which some critics hold was originally written in ,hebrew4 ,the whole of the ,new ,testament was written before the end of the first century1 and during the lifetime of the ,apostle ,john4 ,the books were all received from the first as inspired1 except the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 ,epistles of ,james and ,jude1 #bnd of ,peter1 #bnd and #crd of ,john1 and the ,book of the ,revelation2 but all these were in early times accepted as ,canonical4 ,it is still doubtful who wrote the ,epistle to the ,hebrews4 ,the ,four ,gospels are by ,st4 ,matthew1 ,st4 ,mark1 ,st4 ,luke1 and ,st4 ,john4 ,of these1 the first three are called the ,synoptical ,gospels1 because they give a general view1 and contain a brief account of the chief events of our ,saviour's life1 ,his miracles and ,his parables1 from the same standpoint4 ,st4 ,john chiefly dwells on our ,lord's words and discourses4 ,the word ,gospel means good news4 ,the ,book of the ,acts of the ,apostles is generally considered to have been written by ,st4 ,luke 7c4f4 ,acts #a4a with ,luke #a4a-d74 ,the ,epistles were written by the authors whose names they bear 7except perhaps ,hebrews74 ,seven of them are called ,catholic1 which means addressed to the ,church generally1 or universally1 and not to particular persons or particular bodies of ,christians4 ,the ,book of ,revelation1 or ,apocalypse1 is by ,st4 ,john the ,apostle4 ,the following is a chronological table of the books of the ,new ,testament1 with their probable dates3-- ,books ,date ,a4,d4 ,s4 ,matt's #fj ,s4 ,mark's #fd ,s4 ,luke's #fd ,s4 ,john's #gj ,the ,acts #fd ,i4 ,thess4 #eb ,,ii4 ,thess4 #eb ,galatians #eb ,i4 ,corinth4 #ec ,,ii4 ,corinth4 #eg ,romans #eh ,ephesians #fa ,philipp4 #fb ,colloss4 #fb ,philemon #fb ,i4 ,tim4 #ef ,titus #ef ,,ii4 ,tim4 #fa ,s4 ,james #fa ,i4 ,peter #fd ,,ii4 ,peter #fd ,jude #fd ,i4 ,john #hj ,,ii4 ,john #he ,,iii4 ,john #ij ,revelation #ie ,some scholars assign an earlier date to the ,revelation4 ,,chronological ,,table ,,of ,,books ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,testament4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,books ,,illustrating ,,contemporary ,,period ,,history ,,same ,,period ,,prophets ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,creation ,genesis1 ,i4 ,chron4 i4 to x4 ,to ,exodus4 7geneaologies74 ,settlement ,numbers4 ,leviticus4 ,in ,deuteronomy4 ,canaan4 ,joshua4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,judges4 ,judges4 ,ruth4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,kings4 ,i4 ,samuel4 ,i4 ,chron4 x4 to xxix4 #bb2 ,psalms ,,ii4 ,samuel4_/ of ,david1,asaph1 ,ethan1 and ,sons of ,korah4 ,i4 ,kings ,ecclesiastes1 ,canticles1 and ,jonah 7time of ,jehu74 ,proverbs1 7time of ,solomon74 ,,ii4 ,kings _/ ,i4 ,chron4 xxix4 #bb1 to end of ,,ii4 ,amos ,chron4 ,hosea ,from ,uzziah ,isaiah to end of ,joel _/ ,hezekiah4 ,micah ,nahum ,zephaniah ,time of ,jeremiah _/ ,josiah4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,esther4 ,psalm cxxxvii4 ,habakkuk1 ,daniel1 ,obadiah1 ,ezekiel4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,ezra4 ,psalms cxx4 to cxxxiv4 7probably sung ,haggai1 ,zechariah1 on the way back74 ,malachi4 ,nehemiah4 ,psalms cxiii4 to xcviii4 at consecration of ,temple4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,bible ,,christians4 ,sometimes called ,bryanites4 ,they are the followers of a ,mr4 ,william ,o',bryan1 a ,wesleyan local preacher in ,cornwall1 who1 in #ahae1 separated from the ,wesleyans1 and began himself to form societies upon the ,methodist plan4 ,in doctrine they do not appear to differ from the various bodies of ,arminian ,methodists4 ,the forms of public worship are of the same simple character4 ,but in the administration of the ,lord's ,supper it is usual to receive the elements in a sitting posture1 as it is believed that that practice is more comformable to the posture of body in which it was first received by ,christ's ,apostles1 than kneeling2 but persons are at liberty to kneel1 if it be more suitable to their views and feelings to do so4 ,members of this sect are nearly all ,cornish people4 ,ministers4 ,lay ,preachers4 ,members4 #agc4 #a1ddb4 #bd1bch4 ,on ,sunday ,probation4 ,chapels4 ,scholars4 #hbb4 #egd4 #cg4cfa4 ,,bidding ,,prayer4 ,the ,prayer before the ,sermon4 ,before the ,reformation it was called the ,bidding of the beads4 ,the people were bid to pray for certain objects as the preacher successively named them4 ,the canonical form of the present prayer is given in the #eeth ,canon4 ,the ordinary practice of using a collect is now sanctioned by custom4 ,an extempore prayer1 however1 from the preacher is quite unauthorized4 ,at the ,university sermons1 and also on occasions of more than usual solemnity1 the ,bidding ,prayer is always used4 ,in ,borough towns it is appropriately repeated on the ,sunday next after ,november #ith1 when the ,mayor is elected4 ,,bier4 ,the carriage on which the coffin is carried to the grave4 ,,bishop1 see ,orders4 ,,bounty1 ,,queen ,,anne',s4 ,before the ,reformation1 the ,annates or ,first-fruits1 being the profits for one year of every vacant benefice1 were paid to the ,pope4 ,in ,henry ,,viii4's reign they were paid to him instead4 ,queen ,anne1 however1 instead of receiving them for her own use1 established a fund for the benefit of the poor clergy4 ,this fund has since been called ,queen ,anne's ,bounty4 ,money was granted to it also by ,parliament1 and many generous individuals increased the sum4 ,,bowing ,,at ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,jesus4 ,this pious custom is ordered by the #ahth ,canon of our ,church1 in supposed accordance with the idea of the ,apostle in ,phil4 ii4#i4 ,in many churches the custom is now observed by bowing at the ,sacred ,name in the ,creed only2 but the ,canon orders due and lowly reverence to be done whenever the ,name of the ,lord ,jesus is mentioned in the time of ,divine ,service4 ,,bowing ,,towards ,,the ,,altar4 ,this reverent custom is still practised in many of the ,royal ,chapels1 and in some churches and ,cathedrals1 e4g41 in ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 in many village churches where the custom1 once universal1 has not died out1 and it survives in some ,college ,chapels4 ,the synod of #afdj said1 ,we heartily commend it to all good and well affected people1 that they be ready to tender to the ,lord their reverence and obeisance1 both at their coming in and going out of church1 according to the most ancient custom of the primitive ,church in the purest times4 ,,broad ,,church1 see ,church ,parties4 ,,burials ,,act4 ,a ,bill passed in ,parliament1 #ahhj4 ,before the passing of the ,act no deceased persons 7with certain exceptions1 specified in the ,rubric7 could be buried in consecrated ground without the ,service of the ,church of ,england being read over their remains4 ,now1 anyone who wishes to have his relatives or friends buried in any such ground without any religious service1 or with any other ,christian and orderly service than that of the ,church of ,england1 can do so4 ,this service may be conducted by anybody1 man1 woman1 or child1 but #dh hours' notice must be given in writing to the incumbent1 who still has all his legal rights preserved4 ,the ,burials ,bill deals solely with the churchyard1 and confers no rights as to the tolling of the bell1 or to the use of any church or consecrated chapel4 ,under this ,act the ,clergy are empowered to use the ,service of the ,church for the burial of the dead in any unconsecrated burial ground or cemetery4 ,the ,bill owes its origin to the agitation of ,dissenters1 and that their supposed grievances were purely sentimental is shown by the fact that comparatively few funerals are taken under this ,act4 ,,burial ,,service1 ,,the4 ,the present arrangement of this ,office is the outcome of several revisions4 ,in #aedi 7#ast ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi47 there was a special ,communion ,office for use at funerals4 ,the custom obtaining in many places of the mourners coming to church on the ,sunday next following the funeral perhaps has its origin in the ancient practice of their receiving ,holy ,communion together4 ,the ,rubric denying ,christian burial to the unbaptized1 the excommunicate1 and to suicides was added in #affa4 ,the first two sentences1 or anthems--,john xi4#be1 #bf1 and ,job xix4#be-bg1 formed part of an ancient ,office4 ,the third sentence1 ,i ,tim4 vi4#g1 and ,job i4#ba1 and the two ,psalms1 were added in #aedi4 ,the ,lesson formerly formed part of the ,mass for the ,dead4 ,the sentences1 or anthems1 to be said at the grave side are from old ,offices1 so also what follows down to the ,collects4 ,the prayer1 ,for as much1 c41 is called the ,committal ,prayer1 and the practice of casting earth upon the coffin is part of a very old ceremony4 ,the last two prayers were added in #aeeb1 and the ,grace in #affa4 ,many of the dissenting sects use this ,service4 ,the whole ,office is of a nature to cheer the heart of the mourner1 and to rouse in all a hope full of immortality4 ,,calendar1 ,,the ,,church1 is the detailed 7excepting1 of course1 the rubrics7 law of the ,church for the daily worship of ,god4 ,it also contains a list of ,fasts and ,festivals1 or ,holy ,days4 ,our ,church recognises eighty-two such ,holy ,days1 of which the following is a classification1 not including ,ash ,wednesday1 ,holy ,week or ,passion ,week1 and ,easter ,eve3-- ,in honour of our ,blessed ,lord 7including #ej ordinary ,lord's ,days7 #eg ,in honour of ,god the ,holy ,ghost #c ,in honour of the ,holy ,trinity #a ,in honour of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary #b ,in honour of the ,holy ,angels #a ,in honour of the ,apostles and ,evangelists #ad ,in honour of ,s4 ,john ,baptist and other ,saints #d ,the object for which ,holy ,days are instituted1 is the commemoration of some person or event by devotional observance1 the devotion being1 of course1 offered to ,almighty ,god4 7,blunt's ,household ,theology47 ,the ,calendar contains a ,table of ,lessons1 or portions of ,holy ,scripture1 to be read in ,church1 and rules for finding the date of the ,moveable ,feasts4 ,the present ,table of ,lessons came into use ,jan4 #ast1 #ahgc4 7,for ,holy ,days1 c41 see under their respective heads47 ,,call ,,to ,,the ,,ministry4 ,every ,candidate for ,deacon's ,orders 7see ,ordinal7 has this question put to him by the ,bishop1--,do you trust that you are inwardly moved by the ,holy ,ghost to take upon you this ,office and ,ministration1 to serve ,god for the promoting of ,his glory and the edifying of ,his people8 ,in the ,ordering of ,priests a similar question is put in this form1--,do you think in your heart that you be truly called1 according to the will of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and the order of this ,church of ,england1 to the ,order and ,ministry of ,priesthood8 ,and in the ,consecration of ,bishops the question is put thus1--,are you persuaded that you be truly called to this ,ministration1 according to the will of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and the order of this realm8 ,it should be noticed that the question is not ,are you sure8 but 7a7 ,do you trust8 7b7 ,do you think8 7c7 ,are you persuaded8 ,if a man deals earnestly and truly with his own heart1 he can scarcely be deceived as to whether he answers these solemn questions truly or not4 ,he need not wait for some miraculous intimation from the ,holy ,spirit4 ,by ordinary signs he may safely judge3 primarily1 from his own sincere inward conviction2 and in an inferior degree from the advice of his parents1 or of ,god's ministers1 or of other godly persons qualified to advise in such a matter4 ,these are all ways of learning ,god's will4 ,bishop ,oxenden1 in his ,pastoral ,office1 says to the ,candidate for ,holy ,orders1 ,if1 after looking well at your motive1 you find it pure1--if you are entering the ,ministry in a serious1 thoughtful spirit1--if the love of souls1 and an earnest desire to save them1 impels you--if you feel the work is one in which your soul will find delight1 and that you are heartily willing to labour in the service of your ,heavenly ,master1--then ,i hesitate not to say that you have chosen for yourself the best and most delightful of all professions4 ,this consciousness of purity of motive is a true indication that a candidate is called of ,god4 ,,calvinists4 ,these form no particular sect1 but are to be found among different bodies of ,christians4 ,they are the followers of the ,reformer1 ,john ,calvin1 who was born in #aeji4 ,the five points1 or essential doctrines of ,calvinism1 are 7#a7 particular election1 7#b7 particular redemption1 7#c7 moral inability in a fallen state1 7#d7 irresistible grace1 and 7#e7 the final perseverance of the saints4 ,in other words1 a ,calvinist holds that before the foundation of the world ,god elected a certain number to salvation1 and reprobated the rest of mankind to damnation2 that ,christ ,jesus died only for the elect2 that mankind are totally depraved in consequence of the fall2 that ,god1 in ,his own good time1 calls all those he has before predestinated to life by the irresistible power of the ,holy ,spirit to grace and salvation2 that those once called can never finally fall from a state of grace4 ,it is true that the #agth ,art4 is so ambiguous in language that even such a doctrine as the above is not reproved by it2 but the ,church of ,england1 in her ,communion ,office1 says that ,christ1 by the one oblation of ,himself once offered1 made a full1 perfect1 and sufficient sacrifice1 oblation1 and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world1 and in the ,church ,catechism it is said that ,god the ,son hath redeemed all mankind4 ,these two passages alone are enough to show that the ,church of ,england is not ,calvinistic in her doctrine4 7,see ,antinomianism and ,arminians47 ,,candles1 see ,altar ,lights4 ,,canon4 ,a ,greek word1 meaning a ,rule or ,measure4 ,the laws of the ,church are called ,canons4 ,the ,canons made before the ,reformation are binding on our ,church now1 and are acted upon in the ,ecclesiastical ,courts1 except where they have been superseded by subsequent ,canons1 or by the provisions of an ,act of ,parliament4 ,,canon4 ,an ecclesiastic1 having the right to a stall in a ,cathedral1 and of giving a vote in the ,chapter4 ,he differs from a ,prebendary in that a ,prebendary means one who enjoys a ,prebend1 or endowment1 whereas a ,canon does not necessarily do so4 ,in ,england the ,honorary ,canons are all without capitular revenues4 ,,canon4 ,a name applied to part of the ,roman ,office of ,mass1 and it was also made use of in first ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi4 ,the name is given to the more solemn part of the ,eucharistic ,service1 from just after the ,preface till the final close4 ,,canon ,,of ,,scripture1 see ,bible4 ,,canonical ,,hours4 ,at a very early date special hours of prayer were appointed by the church4 ,in the ,church of ,rome the ,canonical ,hours begin with vespers1 or evening prayer1 about #f o'clock1 or sunset2 next follows compline1 a service at bedtime2 at midnight the service of nocturns1 or matins1 was held2 lauds1 an early morning service of praise1 was held at cock-crow4 ,then came the ,little ,hours1 prime at #f o'clock1 terce at #i1 sext at noon1 and nones at #c4 ,,cantate ,,domino4 ,psalm xcviii1 used occasionally at ,evening ,prayer in place of the ,magnificat4 ,,canticles4 ,songs1 especially also the ,song of ,solomon4 ,the sacred songs appointed to be sung or said in the ,order for ,morning and ,evening ,prayer4 ,these are the ,venite1 ,te ,deum1 ,benedicite1 ,benedictus1 ,jubilate1 ,magnificat1 ,cantate1 ,nunc ,dimittis1 and ,deus ,misereatur2 each of which see4 ,,cassock1 see ,vestments4 ,,catechism4 ,from a word meaning to instruct by word of mouth4 ,the insertion of this elementary exposition of ,christian ,faith and ,practice into the ,prayer ,book is a feature of the ,reformation4 ,the ,catechism1 as drawn up in #aedi1 finished with the explanation of the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,the explanation of the ,sacraments was not added until #afjd4 ,bishop ,overall is believed to have written it4 ,the ,catechism formerly stood in the ,confirmation ,service1 but was placed in its present position in #affa4 ,the first rubric at the end of the ,catechism has for a long time been rendered practically obsolete by the institution of ,sunday ,schools and ,children's ,services4 ,,cathedral4 ,the chief church of every diocese is called the ,cathedral1 because in it is the cathedra1 or seat1 of the ,bishop4 ,every ,cathedral has a body of clergy belonging to it of various degrees of dignity4 7,see ,dean1 ,dean and ,chapter47 ,,catholic4 ,a ,greek word1 meaning universal or general4 ,the ,holy ,catholic ,church is the visible ,church of ,christ throughout the world1 of all ages1 all whose branches have retained unbroken the ,apostolical succession in the ,ministry4 ,there may be erring ,branches of the ,true ,church4 ,art4 xix4 declares1 ,as the ,church of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch have erred1 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred4444 ,it is improper to speak of the ,roman ,catholic ,church simply by the name of ,catholic2 in ,england1 members of the ,church of ,england are ,catholics4 ,,cemetery4 ,a sleeping place4 ,the beautiful name given to places of burial by ,christians4 ,,ceremony4 ,ceremonia in its classical sense was a general term for worship4 ,johnson defines a ceremony to be outward rite1 external form in religion4 ,hooker uses the word in this sense4 ,in a larger sense it may mean a whole office4 ,all should read that part of the introduction to our ,prayer ,book which treats ,of ,ceremonies1 why some are to be abolished1 and some retained 7written in #aedi74 see also ,art4 xxxiv4 ,,chalice1 see ,altar ,vessels4 ,,chancel4 ,the choir1 or upper part of a church1 commonly at the east end1 is called the chancel4 ,it is the freehold of the ,incumbent should he be a ,rector4 ,where there is a lay impropriator he has the freehold4 ,it usually is raised some steps above the level of the nave1 from which it was formerly separated by a screen1 called the rood screen1 upon which was the rood1 or figure of our ,blessed ,lord on the ,cross4 ,the chancel contains the seats1 or stalls1 for the clergy and the choir4 ,the east end of the chancel is partitioned off by the altar rails4 ,the part thus enclosed is called the sanctuary1 and contains the altar4 ,the sanctuary is usually raised still higher than the chancel by additional steps4 ,,chancellor4 ,a deputy of the ,bishop1 with a jurisdiction in all ecclesiastical matters throughout the diocese4 ,the ,chancellor of a ,cathedral is quite a different personage4 ,he is an ecclesiastic1 frequently a canon1 who discharges many duties in connection with the ,cathedral of which he is ,chancellor4 ,he directs the services1 is secretary of the chapter1 the librarian1 the superintendent of schools connected with the ,cathedral1 c4 ,these offices1 however1 are not always combined4 ,,chant1 see ,church ,music ,,chapel4 ,any consecrated building other than a ,parish ,church or ,cathedral4 ,the word is also now applied to the ,meeting ,houses of the various dissenting bodies4 ,lately1 some of these bodies have taken to calling their places of worship churches4 ,,chaplain4 ,a person authorized to officiate in places other than the ,parish ,church1 such as the private chapels of noblemen1 and the chapels attached to ,asylums1 ,workhouses1 ,hospitals1 and the like4 ,a statute of ,henry ,,viii4 restricts the number of chaplains which may be appointed by personages of various ranks as follows3--an ,archbishop1 eight2 a ,duke or ,bishop1 six2 ,marquis or ,earl1 five2 ,viscount1 four2 ,baron1 ,knight of the ,garter1 or ,lord ,chancellor1 three2 a ,duchess1 ,marchioness1 ,countess1 ,baroness1 the ,treasurer or ,comptroller of the ,king's household1 the ,clerk of the ,closet1 the ,king's ,secretary1 the ,dean of the ,chapel1 ,almoner1 and ,master of the ,rolls1 each of them two chaplains4 ,the ,queen has forty-eight chaplains1 called ,chaplains in ,ordinary4 ,,chapter4 ,the governing body of a ,cathedral or ,collegiate ,church1 consisting of the ,dean1 the ,canons1 ,prebendaries1 c4 7,see ,dean and ,chapter47 ,,chapter ,,house4 ,a building attached to a ,cathedral1 in which the ,dean and ,chapter meet for the transaction of business4 ,,charge4 ,the address delivered by a ,bishop or ,archdeacon at their respective ,visitations of the ,clergy4 ,,chasible1 or ,,chasuble1 see ,vestment4 ,,cherub1 see ,angel4 ,,chimere1 see ,vestments ,,choir1 or ,,quire4 ,that part of a church which is called the chancel1 is generally called the choir in a ,cathedral4 ,the word is also applied to the singing men and boys1 who lead the musical part of the service4 7,see ,church ,music47 ,,chorister4 ,a member of the choir1 and more properly one of the boys of the choir4 ,,christ4 ,the ,anointed ,one4 ,the ,greek form of the ,hebrew ,messiah4 ,one of the titles of our ,blessed ,lord4 ,acts x4#ch4 7,see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy47 ,,christen1 ,,to4 ,the same as to ,baptize4 7,see ,baptism47 ,,christian4 ,a title given1 in ridicule possibly in the first instance1 to the believers in ,christ by the people of ,antioch4 7,acts4 xi4#bf47 ,,christian ,,name4 ,the name given us when we were made ,christians1 viz41 at our baptism4 ,,christmas ,,day4 ,dec4 #beth4 ,the day kept as the anniversary of our ,saviour's birth4 ,this is believed to be the true day and month4 ,w4 ,h4 ,mill says that the objections against it are for the most part weak and groundless4 ,this high ,festival has been kept at least since the ,i,vth century4 ,there are special ,psalms and ,lessons appointed1 and a proper preface in the ,communion ,service4 ,it is one of those three times at which all professing members of the ,church are expected to communicate every year4 ,,church1 ,,the4 ,our ,prayer ,book supplies us with a definition in ,art4 xix4 ,the three chief branches of the ,church ,catholic are--7#a7 the ,eastern1 or ,greek ,church2 7#b7 the ,western1 or ,roman ,church2 and 7#c7 the ,anglican ,church1 of which the ,episcopal ,churches of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,america1 and the ,colonies form part4 ,although1 unhappily1 there are grave differences in both faith and ceremony among these great branches of the ,church1 yet we can still profess our belief in one ,holy ,catholic and ,apostolic ,church1 inasmuch as we are all one by unity of faith in ,christ1 by ,apostolical foundation1 and succession of ,orders4 ,it seems well here to give a brief sketch of the ,english1 ,greek1 and ,roman ,churches4 ,,church ,,of ,,england4 ,christianity was introduced into ,britain at the end of the first1 or beginning of the second1 century4 ,three ,british ,bishops were present at a ,council held at ,arles1 in ,gaul1 in #cad4 ,at the invasion of the heathen ,anglo-,saxons the ,british ,church retreated into ,wales4 ,in #eig ,gregory the ,great1 ,bishop of ,rome1 sent ,augustine to this island1 who was instrumental in reviving ,christianity in the south-east of ,england4 ,when he came he found seven ,bishoprics existing1 and two ,archbishoprics1 viz41 ,london and ,york4 ,augustine was made the first ,archbishop of ,canterbury2 this was the first appointment by ,papal authority in ,england4 ,the northern part of ,england was evangelized in the earlier portion of the following century1 by ,irish ,missionaries from ,iona1 under ,aidan1 ,bishop of ,lindisfarne2 and his successor1 ,finan1 who lived to see ,christianity everywhere established north of the ,humber1 and died in #ffb4 ,the planting1 therefore1 of the ,gospel in the ,anglo-,saxon provinces of ,britain was the work of two rival ,missionary bands 7#eig to #ffb72 in the south1 the ,roman1 aided by their converts1 and some teachers out of ,gaul2 in the north1 the ,irish1 whom the conduct of ,augustine and his party had estranged from their communion4 ,if we may judge from the area of their field of action1 it is plain that the ,irish were the larger body2 but a host of conspiring causes gradually resulted in the spread and ascendancy of ,roman modes of thought4 7,hardwick47 ,in the time of ,archbishop ,theodore 7#ffh--fhi7 the fusion of the ,english ,christians was completed1 and the ,pope began to assert 7not without opposition7 an usurped authority in the ,english ,church 7c4f41 ,hardwick74 ,what are called the dark ages were indeed dark in the ,church1 for then it was that she became erring in faith1 doctrine1 and practice1 and almost a caricature of what she once was4 ,this state of things continued until the #afth century1 when the ,reformation took place4 ,the movement was popular in ,england1 and nearly all1 clergy and people1 were glad to see the superstitions and corruptions which had crept into the ,church swept away by ,archbishop ,cranmer and his colleagues4 ,still1 there was a party which would take no share in this movement1 but remained faithful to the ,pope1--the representatives of what was falsely called the old faith4 ,notwithstanding the differences of faith between these two parties1 they both continued nominally members of the ,church of ,england4 ,it was not until #aefi that the ,roman ,catholic party seceded from the ,church of ,england1 and formed a distinct sect4 ,it is most important for ,churchmen to remember that the ,church of ,england did not secede from that of ,rome1 but ,romanists seceded from the ,church of ,england4 ,just as ,naaman the leper remained the same ,naaman after he was cured of his leprosy as he was before1 so the ,church of ,england remained the same ,church of ,england after the ,reformation as she was before1 composed of the same duly consecrated ,bishops1 of the same duly ordained ,clergy1 and of the same faithful people4 ,the present ,church of ,england is the old ,catholic ,church of ,england1 reformed in the #afth century of certain superstitious errors1 but still the same ,church which came down from our ,british and ,saxon ancestors1 and as such it possesses its original endowments1 which were never1 as some suppose1 taken from one ,church and given to another4 ,and thus1 when ,roman ,catholics speak of our grand old ,cathedrals and ,parish ,churches as being once theirs1 they assert what is not historically true4 ,these buildings always belonged1 as they do now1 to the ,church of ,england1 which ,church has been continuous from ,british times to the present4 7,see ,endowment47 ,the ,established ,church in ,england is governed by #b ,archbishops and #ca ,bishops4 ,besides these1 there are #d ,suffragan 7which see7 ,bishops 7,dover1 ,bedford1 ,nottingham1 and ,colchester74 ,there are also #bb retired ,colonial ,bishops in ,england4 ,four new ,bishoprics have recently been created1 and two more are in course of formation4 ,as assistants to the ,bishops there are #hb ,archdeacons1 and #fac ,rural ,deans4 ,there about #ac1ejj benefices in ,england1 and about #bc1jjj clergymen of every class4 ,the ,church sittings number about #f1bjj1jjj4 ,it is somewhat difficult to arrive at the number of the members of the ,church of ,england1 as ,nonconformists have always objected to a religious census being made4 ,taking the following official returns1 we find that1 out of every #ajj1-- ,chrchs4 ,dsntrs4 ,school returns give #gb #bh ,cemetery #gj #cj ,marriages #ge #be ,army #fc #cg 7,of which #cg no fewer than #bd are ,roman ,catholics47 ,navy returns give #ge #be ,workhouse #gi #ba ,giving an average of #gb per cent1 to the ,church1 and #bh per cent1 to ,dissenters4 ,the whole population in ,england and ,wales in #ahgh was #bd1hed1cig ,church population at #gb percent4 #ag1iie1aei ,nonconformist population 7including ,roman ,catholics7 #f1hei1bch ,with regard to ,educational ,matters1 we find that ,scholars4 ,in ,day ,schools connected with the ,church1 there are #b1jib1hdf ,ditto with ,wesleyans #agc1hjd ,ditto ,roman ,catholics #bbc1dbc ,in ,british and ,undenominational ,schools #cbd1add ,school ,board ,schools #a1aig1ibg ,we also find that on ,hospital ,sunday1 #ahha1 the following contributions were made3 ,church of ,england ,l#agd1ffb ,methodists 7the various sects together7 ,l #i1jab ,for ,missionary purposes the sums of money collected in #ahha were3 ,church of ,england ,l#dfj1cie ,nonconformist ,societies in ,england ,l#cac1agg ,statistics of the ,anglican ,communion ,bishops4 ,clergy4 ,england and ,wales 7including #d ,suffragan1 and #d ,assistant1 ,bishops7 #da #bc1jjj ,ireland #ab #a1gjj ,scotland #g #bej ,british ,colonies1 ,india1 c4 #ge #c1ajj ,united ,states #fi #c1fjj ,retired ,bishops #bb --- ------ ,total 7in round numbers7 #bbf #cj1jjj ,,church1 ,,the ,,greek4 ,this ancient branch of the ,catholic ,church is the ,church of the ,east4 ,the great schism between the ,eastern and ,western ,churches took place in the eleventh century1 though for centuries before a separation had been imminent4 ,one of the chief causes of the separation of the ,eastern from the ,western ,church was that the latter holds the doctrine that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds from the ,son 7filioqe7 as well as from the ,father1 eternally2 and inserted the words filioque 7and from the ,son7 in the ,nicene ,creed4 ,this the ,eastern ,church rejects2 and also she errs in other details both of faith and practice4 ,her orders are without doubt ,apostolical1 and efforts have been made for her union with the ,anglican ,church1 but the filioque clause in the ,creed has hitherto hindered this from being accomplished4 ,,church ,,of ,,rome4 ,this is properly that branch of the great ,church ,catholic over which the ,bishop1 or ,pope1 of ,rome presides4 ,it in no way belongs to the object of this work to trace the history of this ,church from ,apostolic times1 nor yet to notice how by degrees it claimed and assumed the supremacy over other churches4 ,but since we find amongst us certain congregations who worship according to the ,roman use1 and who look up to the ,pope of ,rome as their head1 it will be well to see how ,romanism was introduced into this land after the ,reformation4 ,as has been before noticed 7see ,church of ,england71 it was not until about forty years after the ,papal usurpation had been suppressed in ,england that those who still remained ,roman at heart fell away from the ancient ,church of ,england1 and constituted themselves into a distinct community or sect4 ,this was in the year #aegj4 ,this schismatic community was first governed by the ,jesuits4 ,in #afbc a ,bishop1 called the ,bishop of ,chalcedon1 was consecrated1 and sent from ,rome to rule the ,roman sect in ,england4 ,the ,bishop of ,chalcedon was banished in #afbh1 and then the adherents of the ,papacy in ,england were left without any ,bishops until the reign of ,james ,,ii4 ,this ,king favoured the ,romanists1 and would gladly have re-introduced the ,roman ,catholic religion into the country4 ,he filled many vacant ,sees with members of the ,church of ,rome2 but all he did in favour of ,popery was more than reversed in the reign of his successor1 ,william ,,iii41 ,prince of ,orange4 ,in #ahbi a ,bill1 called the ,roman ,catholic ,emancipation ,bill1 was passed1 by which ,roman ,catholics were made eligible to sit in ,parliament1 and restored to other rights of ,english citizenship from which they had before been excluded4 ,in the present reign 7#ahej7 ,dr4 ,wiseman1 and a few other ,roman ,catholic priests1 led the ,pope to trench upon the ,royal prerogative by establishing a ,romish ,hierarchy in this country4 ,cardinal ,wiseman was made ,archbishop of ,westminster2 and twelve others1 ,bishops of territorial ,sees4 ,a ,bill1 however1 was brought into ,parliament by the ,government to resist this ,papal aggression1 and forbidding the assumption of ,english territorial titles4 ,this ,act has been repealed4 ,we of the ,reformed ,church hold that many doctrines and practices of the ,church of ,rome are erroneous and unscriptural1 the most important of which are the following3--,the doctrine of ,original ,sin1 and ,justification1 as defined by the ,council of ,trent2 ,propitiatory ,sacrifice of the ,mass2 ,transubstantiation2 ,communicating in one kind only2 the ,seven ,sacraments2 ,purgatory2 the ,worship1 ,invocation1 and ,intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,saints1 and ,angels2 ,veneration of ,relics2 ,worship of ,images2 ,universal ,supremacy of the ,roman ,church2 the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,blessed ,virgin2 and the ,infallibility of the ,pope4 ,these two last were not imposed upon the ,roman ,church as articles of faith1 necessary to be believed1 until #ahed and #ahgj4 ,with the exception of the last two1 the above is a summary of the errors of ,rome1 drawn up by ,dr4 ,barrow1 and quoted by ,bishop ,harold ,browne in his book on the #ci articles4 ,in ,england the ,roman ,church has two ,cardinals1 one of whom 7,cardinal ,manning7 is also ,archbishop1 #ag ,bishops1 #b1aab other ,clergy4 ,the number of ,roman ,catholic ,archbishops and ,bishops now holding office in the ,british ,empire is #aca4 ,,church ,,music4 ,certain parts of our ,service are directed to be said or sung1 the former possibly describing the parochial1 the latter the ,cathedral1 manner of performing ,divine ,service4 ,the use of musical instruments in the singing of praise to ,god is very ancient4 ,the first ,psalm in the ,bible--viz41 that which ,moses and ,miriam sang after the passage of the ,red ,sea--was then accompanied by timbrels4 ,afterwards1 when the ,temple was built1 musical instruments were constantly used at public worship4 ,in the #aejth ,psalm the writer especially calls upon the people to prepare the different kinds of instruments wherewith to praise the ,lord4 ,and this has been the constant practice of the ,church in all ages4 ,it is not clearly known when organs were first brought into use1 but we find that as early as the year #gff the ,emperor of the ,east sent an organ as a present to ,pippin1 ,king of ,france4 ,it is certain that the use of them has been very common now for several hundreds of years4 ,the custom of dividing the choir into two parts1 stationed on either side of the chancel1 in order that they may say1 or sing1 alternate verses1 dates from the primitive ,church4 ,thus ,miriam sang4 7,ex4 xv4#bj47 ,thus the angels in heaven sing4 7,isaiah vi4#c7 ,the ,psalms and ,canticles are generally sung to a chant4 ,these are of two kinds--,gregorian and ,anglican4 ,gregorian chants are very ancient2 a collection of them was compiled by ,gregory1 ,bishop of ,rome1 about ,a4,d4 #fjj4 ,they are sung in unison4 ,anglican chants1 which are of much more recent invention1 are sung in harmony4 ,nearly all our ,church music is based on the ,gregorian chant4 ,a single chant is an air consisting of two phrases1 corresponding to the two parts into which every verse of the ,psalms and ,canticles is divided in our ,prayer ,book by a colon4 ,a double chant consists of four parts4 ,sometimes the ,canticles are sung to what is called a ,service1 which is a musical arrangement similar to the ,anthem4 ,hymn1 a metrical song of praise4 ,hymns are nowhere formally authorised in our ,church1 with one exception1 viz41 the ,veni ,creator in the ,ordination ,service4 ,still1 metrical hymns have been sung in the ,church from ,apostolic times1 the words of some of which are extant4 ,the hymn sung by our ,lord and his disciples at the ,last ,supper was probably the ,hallel1 ,psalms cvii4--cxviii4 ,anthem1 as the term is usually understood in ,england1 consists of passages from ,holy ,scripture set to music2 such also are ,introits4 ,anthems are almost peculiar to our ,church1 but have been in constant use in it since the ,reformation4 ,other parts of the ,service1 such as the ,prayers1 the ,versicles1 the ,litany1 are frequently read either on one note 7monotoned71 or on one note occasionally varied at the end by a cadence 7intoned74 ,this is objected to by some as being unnatural2 but it is not so4 ,a child naturally intones or monotones if set to read or recite4 ,and where a congregation have to repeat the same words together1 it is absolutely necessary that they should do it on some given note1 or the result would be ,babel4 ,children in school1 of their own accord1 say their lessons together in a monotone4 ,the practice of doing so in the ,church dates from the very earliest times4 ,,church ,,parties4 ,there always have been1 and probably always will be1 in every religious community different schools of thought4 ,truth is many-sided1 and while men may agree in prescribing a certain limit1 outside which is error1 yet within the boundary there may be room for many different views of central truths4 ,in the ,church of ,england the views held by different parties are generally reckoned under three heads1--7#a7 ,high ,church1 a section of which party are ,ritualists2 7#b7 ,low ,church1 or ,evangelicals2 7#c7 ,broad ,church4 ,roughly speaking their influence may be thus described3 ,the ,high ,church party has deepened the sense of the ,church's corporate life and work1 and added to the reverence1 the order1 the beauty of holy worship4 ,the ,low ,church party has done much to awaken a spirit of vital personal religion4 ,the ,broad ,church party has done much to co-ordinate the truths of religion with the certain results of science4 ,the members of this party hold views more or less latitudinarian4 ,the teaching of these three parties will best be seen by an enumeration of the names most favoured by each2 thus ,high ,churchmen appeal to ,laud1 ,hammond1 ,sancroft1 ,hooker1 ,andrewes1 ,cosin1 ,pearson1 ,ken1 ,wilson1 ,robert ,nelson1 ,george ,herbert1 ,john ,keble1 and ,pusey4 ,low ,churchmen delight in ,melanchthon1 ,zwingli1 ,cranmer1 ,hooper1 ,ridley1 ,jewel1 ,bunyan1 ,whitfield1 ,cowper1 ,scott1 ,cecil1 ,john ,newton1 ,romaine1 ,venn1 ,wilberforce1 ,simeon1 and ,henry ,martyn4 ,the ,broad ,church ,school contains such names as ,bacon1 ,milton1 ,hales1 ,jeremy ,taylor1 ,tillotson1 ,locke1 ,isaac ,newton1 ,coleridge1 ,arnold1 ,maurice1 ,hare1 ,robertson1 ,kingsley1 ,thirlwall1 and ,stanley4 ,,church ,,rate4 ,a rate which the ,churchwardens and ,vestry had the right to levy on ratepayers for the repairs of the ,church1 and for the expenses connected with ,divine ,service4 ,ina1 king of ,wessex1 drew up a code of ,ecclesiastical ,laws1 which were accepted in a ,national ,council in ,a4,d4 #fij4 ,among these laws was that--,the ,church ,scot 7or ,rate7 for the repair of ,churches1 and supply of all things necessary for ,divine ,worship1 was to be paid by every house before ,martinmas1 according to a valuation made at ,christmas4 ,this right of the ,church to levy compulsory ,church ,rates was only taken from her by an ,act passed in the present reign1 in consequence of the opposition raised by ,dissenters4 ,,church ,,wardens4 ,the ,office of ,church ,warden dates from very early times in ,england1 but we have no clear account of its origin4 ,the ,church ,wardens1 of whom there are two in most ,parishes1 are appointed at a meeting of parishioners held at ,easter4 ,the ,incumbent has the power of appointing one1 the other is elected by the vote of the parishioners4 ,the ,church ,wardens were originally mere ecclesiastical officers2 the ,state then added various civil functions to the office1 such as levying rates1 c41 but a good deal of this civil power has now been withdrawn4 ,their business has become in substance that of assisting in the finances1 repairs1 warming1 c41 of the ,church4 ,it is also their duty to complain to the ,bishop or ,archdeacon if the ,incumbent be neglectful or irregular in the conduct of ,divine ,service4 ,when ,church ,wardens have been chosen1 they are admitted to their office by the ,archdeacon4 ,the office is of one year's duration only4 ,in many larger parishes they are assisted by ,synodmen1 or ,sidesmen4 ,a ,church ,warden should be a resident rate-payer2 but non-residence is not always a disqualification4 ,the following are certainly disqualified to hold office1--all aliens born1 as well as aliens naturalized2 all ,jews2 all children under #aj years of age2 all persons convicted of felony2 all idiots and insane persons4 ,,church ,,yard4 ,the ground adjoining the ,church1 in which the dead are buried4 ,it is the freehold of the parson1 but inasmuch as it was the common burial place1 it was fenced and cared for at the charge of the parishioners1 who could be rated for it4 ,recent ,burial ,acts 7which see7 have lately given power to laymen to conduct funeral services even in the consecrated ,churchyard4 ,rates have also been done away with1 and thus we find the parson burdened with the charge of a ,churchyard in which any man1 woman1 or child1 may hold funeral services4 ,the ,church of ,england is the only religious body in ,england which may not have a distinct burial ground for her dead6 ,,churching ,,of ,,women4 ,from the earliest times it has been usual for a woman after child-birth to come to ,god's house to offer thanks4 ,it was so among the ,jews1 although with them the idea of purification is involved as well as of thanksgiving1 as it is in the ,eastern ,church at the present day4 ,in some country places there is an idea that a woman can be ,churched at home1 which is a contradiction in terms4 ,,circumcision ,,of ,,christ4 ,a feast dating from before the #fth century1 when a special service was already in use for it4 ,the collect--a translation from an ancient ,latin one--sums up well the teaching of the day4 ,,clergy4 ,a general name for ecclesiastics of all orders 7see ,orders71 as distinguished from the laity4 ,the word is from a ,greek one1 meaning a portion4 ,,clerk4 ,the legal designation of a clergyman is ,clerk in ,holy ,orders4 ,the ,parish ,clerk was formerly a person in ,holy ,orders1 but his office1 as defined in our ,prayer ,book1 is usually discharged by a layman4 ,the appointment of a ,parish ,clerk is in the hands of the incumbent1 by whom also he may be dismissed2 but in some parishes the office is a freehold4 ,the almost universal use of choirs in churches has nearly done away with that strange mode of public worship which consisted of a duet between the parson and clerk4 ,the clerk has certain stated fees for his assistance at marriages and funerals4 ,,cloister4 ,a covered walk attached to monastic and collegiate buildings and ,cathedrals4 ,,collation4 ,the appointment to a benefice by a ,bishop is called a collation4 ,,collect4 ,a short concentrated prayer4 ,the derivation of the word is doubtful4 ,the greater part of our ,collects are found in the ,sacramentaries of ,st4 ,leo 7,a4,d4 #dbj71 ,gelasius 7,a4,d4 #did71 and ,gregory the ,great 7,a4,d4 #eij47 ,fifty-seven out of tie existing eighty-two ,prayer ,book ,collects are thus translations from the ,latin4 ,the later ,collects may sometimes be distinguished from these ancient ones by their lack of terseness1 and by their greater use of scriptural language4 ,,college4 ,a corporation or community4 ,the ,colleges of our ,universities are independent societies1 governed by their own statutes and officers4 ,still1 they are connected in certain ways with the greater ,corporation1 called the ,university 7which see47 ,,collegiate ,,churches4 ,churches with a ,college1 or body of ,canons or ,prebendaries attached1 such as ,westminster ,abbey1 and ,st4 ,george's1 ,windsor4 ,the only others remaining now are ,wolverhampton1 ,middleham1 and ,brecon4 ,,commandments1 ,the ,,ten4 ,the recital of the ,decalogue is peculiar to our ,english ,communion ,service4 ,it was ordered in #aeeb1 possibly to counteract the growth of ,antinomianism 7which see47 ,while other parts of the ,levitical ,law relating to ceremonies and the like are not binding on ,christians1 the ,commandments are so1 because they embody the ,moral ,law1 which is for all time and all people4 ,for the sense in which the ,commandments are to be understood1 see the explanation of them in the ,catechism4 ,the reason of their being placed in the ,communion ,service is to remind us of the duty of self-examination before we presume to eat of that bread and drink of that cup1 and to give us a standard whereby we may measure ourselves4 ,for the alteration from the seventh day to the first1 see ,sunday4 ,,commendatory ,,prayer4 ,one of the four extra prayers added to the ,office for the ,visitation of the ,sick in #affb4 ,it is a most beautiful commendation of a sick person at the point of departure to ,god's gracious mercy4 ,,commination4 ,the word means a threat1 or denunciation of vengeance4 ,the ,service1 so-called in our ,prayer ,book1 took its present shape in #aedi4 ,it is1 as the first exhortation states1 an imperfect substitute for the primitive practice of open penance4 ,notice that in using this ,service we do not invoke the wrath of ,god on sinners1 but merely declare that a curse must rest on sin4 ,the ,service is used on ,ash ,wednesday1 although1 if ordered1 it may be used at other times4 ,the first seven sentences are from ,deut4 xxvii4#ae-bf2 the eighth is from ,jer4 xvii4#e2 the ninth is an agglomeration of sins condemned in ,scripture4 ,the ,amen here means not ,so be it1 but ,so it is4 ,the exhortation which follows is a succession of quotations from ,scripture4 ,the ,rubric mentions the place where they are accustomed to say the ,litany1 which place is neither the pulpit nor reading pew mentioned in the first ,rubric in the ,office1 but is a desk placed in the midst of the church 7,injunctions of #aedi74 ,following the ,lord's ,prayer1 ,versicles1 and ,collects1 comes a most forcible confession couched in the words of ,scripture1 but less comprehensive than those of the ,morning and ,communion ,services4 ,the ,blessing1 added in #affb1 is a shortened form of the old ,jewish ,blessing 7,num4 vi4#bd-bf71 but here it is precatory not declaratory4 ,,committal ,,prayer4 ,that prayer in the ,burial ,service in which the minister commits the body to the ground1 earth to earth1 ashes to ashes1 dust to dust4 7,see ,burial ,service47 ,,common ,,prayer1 see ,liturgy4 ,,communion1 ,,the ,,holy4 ,variously called the ,lord's ,supper and the ,eucharist4 ,this ,service1 formerly exclusively called the ,liturgy is the highest act of ,christian worship4 ,we will consider it under four heads1--7#a7 ,history2 7#b7 ,rubrics2 7#c7 ,service2 7#d7 ,views4 7#a7 ,history4 ,the two ,sacraments--,holy ,communion1 and ,holy ,baptism--differ from all other ,christian observances in that they are the only two expressly ordained by our ,lord4 ,we have four records of the institution of the ,lord's ,supper in the ,new ,testament1 viz41 ,matt1 xxvi4#bf-bh2 ,mark xiv4#bb-bd2 ,luke xxii4#ai-bj2 #a ,cor4 xi4#bc-be4 ,in obedience to our ,lord's command1 ,this do in remembrance of ,me1 we find the ,apostles constantly celebrated the ,holy ,communion2 ,acts ii4#df2 xx4#g2 c4 ,this was always accompanied by a set form of prayer1 traces of which we may even find in the ,new ,testament--,acts ii4#db2 #a ,cor4 x4#af2 #a ,cor4 xiv4#af4 ,justin ,martyr1 who wrote ,a4,d4 #adj1 gives an account of a ,sunday ,service4 ,almsgiving usually1 if not always1 accompanied a celebration of the ,holy ,communion4 ,as the number of ,christians increased1 the various ,churches throughout ,europe compiled for their own use forms of prayer for the celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist2 the form most used in ,england was known by the name of the ,sarum1 or ,salisbury1 ,use4 ,the ,communion ,service in our ,prayer ,book is based upon1 and translated from1 this ,sarum ,use1 with considerable modifications and adaptations4 ,the first reformed ,office appeared in #aedh2 the first full ,english ,office was put forth in #aedi2 the present ,office is substantially that in the second ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi41 #aeeb4 ,a great deal of it is from ,hermann's ,consultation1 a ,liturgy drawn up in #aedc by ,melanchthon and ,bucer4 7#b7 ,rubrics4 ,the first1 inserted in #affa1 has become virtually obsolete4 ,the ,ordinary1 mentioned in the third1 is the ,bishop1 and the ,canon referred to is the #ajith4 ,for first part of fourth rubric1 see ,altar4 ,for the latter part of this rubric1 see ,eastward ,position4 ,this rubric was added in #aeeb4 ,the rubric before the ,commandments was inserted in #aeeb1 but the words turning to the people1 were added in #affa4 ,the next was inserted in #aedi4 ,in the next rubric1 the alternate form of giving out the ,epistle is for use when the passage selected as the ,epistle is not really from the ,epistles1 but is some other portion of ,scripture2 the sung or said refers1 possibly1 to the ,cathedral and ,parochial modes of conducting ,service4 7,see ,church ,music47 ,three rubrics follow the ,nicene ,creed2 in the first1 #affb1 the word ,curate1 there and elsewhere in the ,prayer ,book1 means the minister in charge of the parish1 having cure of souls1 not the assistant minister generally so denominated now4 ,the direction that notice of ,holy ,communion is to be given at this part of the service is quite contradictory to the rubric following the ,prayer for the ,church ,militant1 which should be altered4 ,the word ,homily1 in the second of these rubrics1 means a plain sermon4 ,two books of ,homilies have been put forth1 one in #aedg1 by ,archbp4 ,cranmer and others1 and the second in #aefb1 by ,bishop ,jewel4 ,there is no authority in this1 or any other rubric1 for changing the surplice for a black gown1 neither is there any direction for a prayer before the sermon1 although a form is given in the #eeth ,canon4 7,see ,bidding ,prayer47 ,for the next rubric see ,offertory4 ,the first rubric after the ,offertory ,sentences was inserted in #affa2 in #aeeb the alms were to be put in the poor box1 and not presented4 ,the next rubric orders the bread and wine to be placed on the ,holy ,table1 thus implying the existence of some shelf or table1 called the ,credence ,table1 on which they had been previously placed4 ,this rubric was omitted from #aeeb to #affa1 which perhaps accounts for the custom existing in some churches of not placing the elements on the altar till the time of consecration4 ,the rubrics before the two exhortations giving notice of ,holy ,communion1 were inserted in #affa1 but now they have fallen into disuse4 ,the next rubric1 inserted in #aeeb1 refers to the custom1 almost obsolete now1 of intending communicants taking places in the chancel for the rest of the service4 ,the rubric before the ,confession is ambiguous in language1 and may mean that the ,confession is to be said by the minister alone4 ,the next rubric1 directing the ,bishop1 if present1 to pronounce the ,absolution1 is from the ,scottish ,office1 and was introduced here in #affa4 ,for the rubric before the ,consecration prayer1 see ,eastward ,position4 ,the fair linen cloth1 ordered to be thrown over what remains of the consecrated elements1 is by some thought to represent the linen clothes in which the ,saviour's body was wrapped when placed in the tomb4 ,of the nine rubrics at the close of the service1 the second1 third1 and fourth are directed against the practice obtaining in the ,roman ,catholic ,church of solitary masses4 ,the fifth is stated by ,archbishop ,parker and ,bishop ,cosin not to forbid the use of wafer-bread1 but merely to legalize the use of ordinary bread4 ,the rubric in the ,scottish ,liturgy expresses this more clearly1--,though it be lawful to have wafer-bread1 it shall suffice that the bread be such as is usual4 ,the sixth rubric exhibits the ,church's careful and reverent treatment of the remains of the consecrated elements2 but its main office was to forbid the reservation of the ,blessed ,sacrament for the use of invalids and others4 ,this was allowed in the primitive ,church1 and is now by the ,scottish ,episcopal ,church2 but the superstitions which grew up around the custom seemed to make the present rule necessary4 ,the next rubric has been required since offerings in kind were discontinued4 ,in the next rubric the ,lateran ,council 7#abae7 enjoined one communion yearly1 at ,easter-tide only2 but the present rule is more in accordance with the custom of the ancient ,church1 and encourages lay communions4 ,the last rubric only provides for the distribution of alms when there is an offertory1 i4e4 the reading of the offertory sentences4 ,other collections are in the hands of the incumbent only4 ,the ,ordinary is the ,bishop4 ,the declaration is a protest against certain low and gross notions of a carnal presence1 as taught in the ,roman ,church4 ,the kneeling here1 and the meekly kneeling in the rubric after the ,consecration ,prayer1 exclude prostration1 which is not kneeling4 7#c7 ,the ,service4 ,as was said in the paragraph on the ,history of the ,communion ,service1 it is chiefly taken from the ,sarum ,use4 ,when there is no celebration1 the ,service concludes with a ,collect and the ,benediction1 said immediately after the ,prayer for the ,church ,militant2 and this is called the ,ante-,communion ,office4 ,the ,lord's ,prayer is said by the ,priest alone1 notwithstanding the general rubric to the contrary2 that1 and the ,collect following1 being taken from an ,office which was repeated by the ,priest alone1 in preparation for ,mass4 ,the ,decalogue was inserted in #aeeb 7see ,commandments47 ,in the ,collects following1 the ,mediaeval ,offices coupled the ,pope1 ,king1 and ,bishop of ,diocese together4 ,it is an ancient custom to sit during the reading of the ,epistle1 and to stand during the reading of the ,gospel1 out of reverence for the repetition of the words or acts of ,christ4 ,the ,doxology ,glory be to ,thee1 ,o ,lord has1 from a very early period1 followed the announcement of the ,gospel2 but the ,thanks be to ,thee1 ,o ,lord1 afterwards1 is a comparatively late custom4 ,for the ,nicene ,creed1 see ,creed4 ,in the ,prayer ,book of #affb1 the ,banns of ,marriage were ordered to be published after the ,nicene ,creed4 ,for the ,sermon see article ,sermon4 ,the sentences following are called the ,offertory ,sentences2 formerly a verse was sung before the oblation of the elements4 ,the next prayer1 called the ,prayer for the ,church ,militant1 has1 in some form or other1 formed part of every known ,liturgy4 ,it is divided into three main parts--7#a7 ,the ,oblation2 7#b7 ,commemoration of the living2 7#c7 ,commemoration of the faithful departed4 ,the oblation is twofold1 firstly of the alms which have been collected1 and1 secondly1 of the elements1 the bread and wine for ,holy ,communion4 ,the ,exhortations1 here and elsewhere in the ,prayer ,book1 are sixteenth century compositions4 ,the first is from ,hermann's ,consultation 7which see72 the close of this exhortation is important as shewing that in certain cases the ,reformers allowed auricular confession4 ,the parts of this ,service following the ,exhortations are respectively called the ,invitation1 ,confession1 ,absolution1 and the ,comfortable ,words1 and are very characteristic of the ,anglican ,liturgy4 ,after the ,comfortable ,words begins the most solemn part of the ,office1 anciently called the ,canon4 ,the versicles1 called1 after the ,latin for the first1 the ,sarsum ,corda1 are found in all ,liturgies2 and the ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1--the ,ter-sanctus1--is probably from ,apostolic times4 ,the ,proper ,prefaces are five out of the ten found in ,english and ,roman ,missals2 the first is an old form1 re-modelled in #aedi2 the second remains as it was in #did2 the third dates from #eij2 the fourth seems to be a new composition in #aedi2 the fifth1 like the second1 dates from #did4 ,next follows a very beautiful prayer1 called the ,prayer of ,humble ,access1 which is peculiar to the ,anglican ,liturgy4 ,after this comes the ,prayer of ,consecration4 ,the recital of the words and actions used by our blessed ,lord at the ,institution of this ,holy ,feast has always formed an essential feature in every ,liturgy4 ,the form of words to be used at the ,reception has varied4 ,originally1 the words used were1 ,the ,body of ,christ1 ,the ,blood of ,christ4 ,of the form in use now1 the first clause only was ordered in #aedi1 the second only in #aeeb1 and both were combined in #aeei4 ,the ,lord's ,prayer1 following1 formerly was part of the ,consecration ,prayer2 and the next prayer1 called the ,oblation1 was the conclusion of the ,consecration ,prayer in #aedi4 ,after the alternate prayer1 composed in #aedi1 comes the ancient hymn known as the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 or ,angelic ,hymn1 or the ,great ,doxology4 ,it is of ,eastern origin1 and in the time of ,athanasius was said1 together with certain ,psalms1 at dawn4 ,the ,benediction is a ,scriptural composition of the ,reformed ,church1 the latter part being from ,hermann's ,consultation4 ,of the collects concluding the service1 the first1 second1 and fourth are from ancient ,offices1 the others being composed in #aedi4 7#d7 ,views1 or ,doctrine4 ,in nothing does the belief of men so differ as in this matter of ,holy ,communion4 ,there may be said to be three views existing among members of the ,church of ,england relative to that which all allow to be the greatest ordinance of religion4 ,this difference of belief in this matter is the real foundation of party spirit in the ,church4 7a7 ,the ,symbolic3 viz41 that consecration simply implies a setting apart for a holy use of certain elements by a ,minister authorised to do so2 that the ,bread and ,wine thus set apart are symbols of ,christ's ,body1 which was broken1 and of ,his blood1 which was shed2 and that the participation of them is1 on the one hand1 a sign of the fellowship of love binding all true hearts together2 and1 on the other1 a sign of the nourishment and growth of the soul1 as fed by ,christ ,himself4 ,this is the doctrine of ,zuinglius1 the ,swiss ,reformer4 ,it is adverse to the doctrine of the whole primitive ,church1 which1 says ,bishop ,h4 ,browne1 unquestionably believed in a presence of ,christ in the ,eucharist4 7,art4 xxviii4 ,sec4 ,i47 7b7 ,the ,receptionist2 viz41 that after consecration the elements become in such a sense changed that they become the channels through which the ,body and ,blood of ,christ are subsequently conveyed to those who receive them with certain dispositions of mind4 ,the ,presence of ,christ in the elements is potential1 not actual2 that is1 the elements have the power of conveying the ,presence of ,christ to only a properly qualified receiver4 7c7 ,the ,objective2 viz41 that after the consecration the elements receive not potentially1 but actually1 the ,present ,body and ,blood of ,christ1 and that therefore1 the ,presence does not depend1 as in the view above1 upon faithful participation1 but upon the act of consecration4 ,more briefly1 the ,holy ,communion is considered as 7#a7 a memorial feast of love2 7#b7 the actual ,presence of ,christ in the heart of the faithful recipient2 this might also be called the ,subjective view of the ,real ,presence2 and 7#c7 the ,real ,presence of ,christ in the consecrated elements themselves1 or the ,objective view4 ,there is also the ,sacrificial view of the ,eucharist1 which is held1 in a greater or less degree1 by all schools of thought4 ,sadler1 in ,church ,doctrine1--,bible ,truth1 thus states what he believes to be the ,church of ,england view--,the ,eucharist is the solemn ecclesiastical memorial of the ,sacrifice of the ,death of ,christ4 ,it is the ,saviour's own ordained means of showing forth before ,god1 men1 and angels4 ,his love in ,his ,death4 ,just as the ,old ,law sacrifices were anticipatory showings forth of the ,one ,atoning ,death which was to be1 so this ,communion is a memorial1 or commemorative showing forth1 of the ,one ,atoning ,death which has been4 ,,communion ,,of ,,the ,,sick4 ,this ,office differs from the ordinary ,communion ,service in its introduction1 a special ,collect1 ,epistle1 and ,gospel being appointed4 ,after this is concluded1 the ,priest continues with the ordinary ,office1 beginning ,ye that do truly1 c4 ,up to #aeeb it was allowed to carry the consecrated elements from the church to the sick person2 and even later than this we find the rubric allowing of reservation inserted at large in ,queen ,elizabeth's ,latin ,prayer ,book4 ,this ,prayer ,book was drawn up for the use of the ,universities and the ,colleges of ,winchester and ,eton4 ,the third rubric in the ,service is for the prevention of infection4 ,the direction in the fourth rubric with regard to what is called ,spiritual ,communion is from the ancient ,office of ,extreme ,unction4 ,the last rubric does not allow mere infection to be a sufficient excuse for a clergyman's not giving ,holy ,communion4 ,,communion ,,of ,,saints4 ,an article of our ,faith4 ,the faithful have 7#a7 an external fellowship1 or communion1 in the ,word and ,sacraments2 7#b7 an intimate union as the living members of ,christ4 ,nor is this communion1 or fellowship1 broken by the death of any1 for in ,christ all are knit together in one uninterrupted bond4 ,,comtism1 or ,,positivism4 ,a philosophy taught by one ,auguste ,comte1 a ,frenchman1 who was born in #agih1 and died #aheg4 ,he denied the ,deity1 and introduced the worship of ,humanity4 ,in his religion1 which must not be confounded with his philosophy1 there are many festivals1 a calendar of saints1 nine sacraments1 and a caricature of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,his philosophical system is based on altruism1 a word meaning much the same as the ,biblical command1 ,thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself4 ,this philosophy has many adherents4 ,,conception1 ,,the ,,immaculate1 ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,a doctrine of the ,roman ,church1 invented about the middle of the ninth century4 ,it teaches that the ,blessed ,virgin herself was conceived and born without sin4 ,although this dates from so far back1 yet it was not imposed by the ,church of ,rome upon her members as a definite article of faith until the year ,a4,d4 #ahed4 ,,confession4 ,the verbal admission of sin4 ,the ,prayer ,book provides three forms of public confession--one in ,morning ,prayer1 one in the ,communion ,service1 and one in the ,commination ,service4 ,besides this the ,church of ,england allows private confession to a priest in exceptional cases1 as in the latter part of the first exhortation in the ,communion ,service1 and in the rubric immediately preceding the ,absolution in the ,office for the ,visitation of the ,sick4 ,private1 or ,auricular1 ,confession forms a prominent feature in the ,church of ,rome1 and it is that which gives to the ,roman ,priest his great authority over his flock4 ,the practice is1 to some extent1 founded upon ,s4 ,james v4 #af1 which1 however1 is not necessarily to be understood as speaking of confession to a priest4 ,,confirmation1 ,,rite ,,of4 ,the practice of confirming those who have been baptized is spoken of in ,acts viii4#ab-ag2 xix4#d-f4 ,in the early ,church it was administered by ,bishops alone1 and followed as immediately as possible after ,baptism4 ,such is the custom of the ,greek ,church at the present day1 but there the ,office is not restricted to ,bishops1 as in the ,western ,church1 confirmation being administered with chrism1 an unguent consecrated by a ,bishop4 ,in the ,western ,church the ,rite became gradually dissociated from ,baptism1 although it has never lost its primary signification as a confirming1 or strengthening1 by the ,holy ,ghost of those who have been baptized4 ,it is now administered1 as the rubric directs1 to those who have arrived at years of discretion1 that is to say1 to those who are old enough to understand the leading doctrines of the ,christian ,faith4 ,the age at which ,bishops of the ,anglican ,church will confirm children varies a little in the different dioceses1 but #ac or #ad is the general age4 ,the ,rite of ,confirmation forms one of the seven ,sacraments of the ,churches of ,greece and ,rome4 ,the ,preface to the ,service1 inserted in #affa1 is1 in substance1 the rubric of #aedi4 ,the ,vow1 at all times implied1 was not explicitly inserted until #affa4 ,the ,versicles and ,prayer are from ancient ,offices4 ,the form of words accompanying the ,imposition of ,hands dates from #aeeb4 ,the ,lord's ,prayer was inserted in #affa1 and the ,collect following was composed in #aedi4 ,the second ,collect is from the ,communion ,office4 ,the concluding rubric1 although making it a point of ,church order that people should be confirmed before coming to ,holy ,communion1 allows that in certain cases the privilege conferred by the ,rite may be anticipated4 ,,confirmation of a ,,bishop4 ,when a ,bishop dies1 or is translated1 the sovereign grants a license1 called a conge d'elire1 to the ,dean and ,chapter of the vacant see to elect the person1 whom by his letters missive he has appointed4 ,the ,dean and ,chapter1 having made their election1 certify it to the sovereign1 and to the ,archbishop of the province1 and to the ,bishop elected2 then the sovereign gives his royal assent under the great seal1 directed to the ,archbishop1 commanding him to confirm and consecrate the ,bishop thus elected4 ,the ,archbishop subscribes this fiat confirmatio4 ,after this1 a long and formal process is gone through1 and at length the ,bishop elect takes the oaths of office1 and the election is ratified and decreed to be good4 ,the matter is in no way of a spiritual nature4 ,,congregation4 ,in an ordinary sense1 an assemblage of people for public worship4 ,in the ,bible our translators consider ,congregation and ,church convertible terms4 ,psalm xxii4#bb2 ,heb4 ii4#ab4 ,,congregationalists4 ,the newer name of the ,independents4 7which see47 ,,congruity4 ,a term used in the #acth ,art4 ,the ,school authors mentioned are the theologians of the middle ages as compared with the ,fathers of the early times4 ,bishop ,harold ,browne says1 ,the school-authors thought that some degree of goodness was attributable to unassisted efforts on the part of man towards the attainment of holiness3 and1 though they did not hold1 that such efforts did1 of their own merit1 deserve grace1 yet they taught that in some degree they were such as to call down the grace of ,god upon them1 it being not indeed obligatory on the justice of ,god to reward such efforts by giving ,his grace1 but it being agreeable to ,his nature and goodness to bestow grace on those who make such efforts4 7,art4 ,x47 ,these endeavours on the part of man to attain to godliness were by the schoolmen said to deserve grace de congnio1 of congruity4 ,,consanguinity1 see ,kindred4 ,,consecration of ,,bishops1 see ,ordinal4 ,,consecration of ,,churches1 ,,church ,,yards1 and ,,cemeteries4 ,a ,christian custom dating1 at latest1 from the #dth century4 ,nor does the law of ,england recognise any place as a church until it has been consecrated by a ,bishop4 ,nothing more1 however1 is implied1 than that the building or place consecrated is set apart for holy uses4 ,,consecration of ,,elements1 see ,communion1 ,holy4 ,,consubstantiation4 ,a doctrine of the ,lutheran ,church with regard to the ,real ,presence in ,holy ,communion4 ,it differs from ,transubstantiation1 in that it does not imply a change in the substance of the elements4 ,those who hold this doctrine1 teach that the bread remains bread1 and the wine remains wine2 but that with1 and by means of the consecrated elements1 the true1 natural ,body and ,blood of ,christ are communicated to the recipients4 7,bp4 ,harold ,browne47 ,,consultation1 ,,hermann',s4 ,a book frequently referred to in the articles on the different parts of the ,prayer ,book4 ,hermann was ,archbishop of ,cologne at the time of the ,reformation1 and adopted ,protestantism4 ,he employed ,melanchthon and ,bucer1 two celebrated ,reformers1 to draw up a book of formularies1 doctrine1 and the like1 which was called the ,consultation4 ,much of our ,prayer ,book is derived from it4 ,,contrition1 see ,repentance4 ,,conversion4 ,literally1 turning round4 ,by this is generally meant a sudden and sensible action of the ,blessed ,spirit upon a newly-awakened sinner4 ,a certain party in the ,church1 and nearly all dissenting bodies1 declare the absolute necessity of conversion before a person can be saved4 ,this view is based upon a mistaken interpretation of our ,lord's intercourse with ,nicodemus1 ,s4 ,john iii41 and confuses conversion with regeneration 7which see74 ,to the heathen1 and infidel1 conversion--a change of heart and life--is absolutely and always necessary to salvation2 but the baptized ,christian may1 by ,god's grace1 so continue in that state of salvation 7see ,church ,catechism7 in which he was placed in baptism1 that conversion1 in the above sense1 is not necessary to him2 but inasmuch as all fall into sin day by day1 he will need renewal1 or renovation--the quiet and continuous work of the ,holy ,spirit upon his heart4 ,there is not a single reference to sudden conversion in any of the formularies of the ,church of ,england4 ,,convocation4 ,an assembly of ,bishops and ,clergy to consult on matters ecclesiastical4 ,each ,province 7,canterbury and ,york7 has its own convocation1 consisting of two ,houses--an ,upper1 in which the ,bishops of the ,province sit1 and a ,lower1 in which the ,deans1 ,archdeacons1 and chosen members of the clergy sit4 ,these chosen clergy are called proctors1 and are elected by the votes of the beneficed clergy4 ,it was1 and is1 the custom of convocation to sit at the same time as parliament2 but in the sixteenth century a great deal of the power and authority of convocation was lost1 and it became no longer able to legislate for the ,church without the consent of parliament4 ,,cope1 see ,vestment4 ,,coronation4 ,the solemn religious rite by which a sovereign prince is consecrated to his high office4 ,the ,coronation ,service is substantially the same as that used in the times of the ,heptarchy1 and is very valuable as recording certain high religious and political principles prevailing in those early times1 and still to be cherished4 ,,corporal1 see ,altar ,linen4 ,,councils4 ,,general or ,,oecumenical ,,councils1 or ,,synods4 ,assemblies of ,bishops from all parts of the world1 to determine some weighty matter of faith or discipline4 ,of such ,councils there have been six received by the whole ,catholic ,church1 but the ,roman ,church acknowledges several others4 ,of these six ,councils the first four are the most important3--7#a7 ,council of ,nice1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 summoned by the ,emperor ,constantine1 against the ,arian heresy4 7#b7 ,council of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #cha1 summoned by the ,emperor ,theodosius1 against the heresy of ,macedonius4 7#c7 ,council of ,ephesus1 ,a4,d4 #dca1 summoned by the ,emperor ,theodosius the younger1 against the ,nestorian heresy4 7#d7 ,council of ,chalcedon1 ,a4,d4 #dea1 summoned by the ,emperor ,marcianus1 against the heresy of the ,eutychians4 ,the other two generally received ,councils are the ,second and ,third ,councils of ,constantinople4 7,see ,o,ecumenical47 ,besides these ,general ,councils1 there are ,national1 ,provincial1 and ,diocesan ,councils1 ,,covenant4 ,a mutual agreement between two or more parties4 ,in the ,bible1 ,god is spoken of as entering into covenant with man1 as in ,gen4 xv4#h-ah2 xxviii4#bj-bb2 and elsewhere4 ,in an historical sense it denotes a contract or convention agreed to by the ,scots in #afcj for maintaining the ,presbyterian religion free from innovation4 ,this was called the ,national ,covenant4 ,the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant1 a modification of the above1 guaranteed the preservation of the ,scottish ,reformed ,church1 and was adopted by ,parliament in #afdc4 ,,credence ,,table4 ,a table or shelf near the altar1 on which the bread and wine to be used in ,holy ,communion are placed previously to consecration4 ,the word seems to be derived from the ,italian credenzare1 a buffet1 or sideboard1 at which meats were tasted in early times before being presented to the guests1 as a precaution against poison4 ,it is used for the more convenient observance of the rubric following the offertory sentences1 ,and when there is a ,communion1 the priest shall then place upon the ,table so much bread and wine as he shall think sufficient4 ,,creed4 ,there are three ,creeds recognised in the ,catholic ,church--the ,apostles' ,creed1 the ,nicene ,creed1 and the ,athanasian ,creed4 ,the name ,creed is derived from the ,latin ,credo1 ,i believe4 ,the ,apostles' ,creed1 rehearsed in the ,morning and ,evening ,service of our ,church1 is the most ancient of all creeds1 and can be traced back1 with few variations1 almost to ,apostolic times2 some indeed allege that it1 in its earliest form1 is referred to in ,rom4 vi4#ag1 and #b ,tim4 i4#ac4 ,it is in no way controversial1 but is a simple and plain statement of the fundamental truths of ,christianity1 and being such1 a profession of faith in it is demanded of all candidates for ,baptism4 ,the ,nicene ,creed1 which has a place in the ,communion ,service1 is so called from its being drawn up at the ,council of ,nicaea 7,a4,d4 #cbe74 ,a more distinct enunciation of belief was made necessary by the growth of the ,arian and other heresies which denied the ,godhead of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the latter portion1 from ,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost1 was added later1 viz41 at the ,council of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #cha4 ,other heresies led to the introduction of the filioque clause--,who proceedeth from the ,father and the ,son--at a still later date4 ,this is one cause of the great schism between the ,eastern and ,western ,churches4 ,the ,athanasian ,creed1 recited on certain ,festivals instead of the ,apostles' ,creed1 is not so ancient as the other two1 nor does it rest on the same authority4 ,it is not known for certain by whom it was composed1 but at any rate it was not by ,athanasius4 ,it has been regularly used in the ,western ,church since the year #hjj1 and is regarded as a most valuable exposition of ,scriptural ,truth4 ,so much objection is taken to the damnatory clauses1 as they are called1 that it may be well to quote the declaration of the ,convocation of ,canterbury 7#ahgi73--;,for the removal of doubts1 and to prevent disquietude in the use of the ,creed1 commonly called the ,creed of ,st4 ,athanasius1 it is hereby solemnly declared-- 7,i47 ,that the ,confession of our ,christian ,faith1 commonly called the ,creed of ,st4 ,athanasius1 doth not make any addition to the faith as contained in ,holy ,scripture1 but warneth against errors1 which from time to time have arisen in the ,church of ,christ4 7,,ii47 ,that as ,holy ,scripture in divers places doth promise life to them that believe1 and declares the condemnation of them that believe not1 so doth the ,church in this ,confession declare the necessity for all who would be in a state of ,salvation1 of holding fast the ,catholic ,faith1 and the great peril of rejecting the same4 ,wherefore the warnings in this ,confession of ,faith are not to be understood otherwise than like warnings of ,holy ,scripture2 for we must receive ,god's threatenings1 even as ,his promises1 in such wise as they are generally set forth in ,holy ,writ4 ,moreover1 the ,church doth not herein pronounce judgment on any particular person or persons1 ,god alone being the ,judge of all4 ,,crosier4 ,in ,skeat's ,etymological ,dictionary ,crosier is derived from ,crook2 thus a pastoral staff terminating in a crook4 ,the use of a pastoral staff is ordered in the ,prayer ,book of the second year of ,edward ,,vi4 ,the pastoral staff of an ,archbishop is distinguished from the pastoral staff of a ,bishop by terminating in a cross instead of in a crook4 ,,cross4 ,the instrument of death to our ,blessed ,lord1 and as such it has been considered in all ages by the ,church as the most appropriate emblem1 or symbol1 of our ,christian profession4 ,the sign of the cross was formerly used in nearly every part of the ,church ,service1 but owing to the superstitious use of it by ,roman ,catholics it is retained in our ,church in the baptismal office only4 ,,crucifix4 ,a cross upon which is a representation of our ,lord's body4 ,it is used by the ,romanists1 and the ,lutheran ,protestants1 as an aid to devotion4 ,in the ,church of ,england we sometimes find it in reredoses and stained glass4 ,,crypt4 ,the subterranean vault under any portion of a ,church4 ,possibly used as an additional place of worship2 and1 also1 sometimes of burial1 and of concealment4 ,,cup1 see ,altar ,vessels4 ,,curate4 ,properly the person who has the cure1 or care1 of souls in a parish4 ,in this way the word1 is used in the ,prayer ,book4 ,but the word1 in common parlance1 is used to denote the assistant clergyman in a parish4 ,he is licensed by the ,bishop of the diocese1 and can be removed only by consent of the ,bishop after six months' notice4 ,he can1 however1 resign1 after giving the ,incumbent three months' notice4 ,for particulars with regard to ordination see ,orders4 ,,cure4 ,the spiritual charge of a parish1 or1 in another sense1 the parish itself4 ,,daily ,,prayers4 ,every ,priest and ,deacon is bound to say publicly in ,church1 if a congregation of two or three can be obtained2 or privately1 unless hindered by some good cause1 the ,office for ,morning and ,evening ,prayer4 ,this is directed in the preface of the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,,dalmatic1 see ,vestments4 ,,damnatory ,,clauses1 see ,creed4 ,,deacon1 see ,orders4 ,,dead1 see ,burial ,service4 ,,deadly ,,sin1 see ,sin4 ,,dean4 ,an ecclesiastic next in degree to a ,bishop4 ,he is the head of a corporate body called a ,chapter1 attached to a ,cathedral1 and has the direction of the ,cathedral services4 ,deans of ,peculiars have no ,chapters4 ,the ,dean of a ,college at ,oxford or ,cambridge is the officer appointed to maintain discipline499 ,the ,dean of ,faculty presides over meetings of the particular faculty of which he is ,dean4 ,it is an office in most ancient1 and some modern universities4 99 ,the ,dean of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 is the ,head both of the ,cathedral1 and the ,college4 ,,dean1 ,,rural1 see ,rural ,dean4 ,,dean ,,and ,,chapter4 ,the governing body of a ,cathedral4 ,,decalogue1 see ,commandments4 ,,decoration of ,,churches4 ,it is right and fitting that churches should be made as beautiful as possible for the worship of ,almighty ,god1 for so ,god ,himself directed the ,tabernacle to be made4 ,the custom of especially decorating them with evergreens1 flowers1 c41 at the chief festivals of the ,church is a very ancient one4 ,,degrees4 ,a rank or grade conferred by a university on her members4 ,after three years' residence at ,oxford or ,cambridge1 and after the passing of certain examinations1 a degree is conferred on the student in accordance with the subjects in which he has passed4 ,if1 as is the general rule1 he has studied and passed in ,arts1--,classics1 ,mathematics1 and the like--the student is made a ,b4,a41 or ,bachelor in ,arts1 and in about three years--not necessarily of residence--he is able to proceed to the higher degree of ,m4 ,a41 or ,master in ,arts1 without further examination4 ,other degrees are in the faculties of ,divinity1 ,laws1 ,medicine1 and ,music2 for the last it is not necessary to reside4 ,the highest degree conferred by a university in any faculty is that of ,doctor4 ,a ,bachelor of ,oxford wears a small black hood trimmed with white fur2 a ,bachelor of ,cambridge has a larger hood lined with white fur4 ,an ,oxford ,master wears a hood of black silk lined with red silk1 but the ,cambridge ,master's hood is of black silk lined with white silk4 ,the difference in shape can easily be seen by comparison4 ,a ,dublin ,master's hood is lined with blue silk4 ,other universities have other colours2 and many theological colleges1 which have no power to confer degrees1 have arrogated to themselves hoods with various linings1 which bear a close resemblance to some of the hoods worn by graduates4 ,,deists4 ,a ,deist acknowledges the existence of a ,god1 but denies the existence and necessity of any revelation4 ,,denominations4 ,there appear to be about #ahj ,denominations having ,places of ,meeting for ,religious ,worship in ,england and ,wales4 ,among these there are-- #h ,armies1 besides the ,salvation ,army4 #i ,baptist ,sects4 #bj ,methodist ,sects4 ,,desk4 ,the name usually given to the reading-pew1 mentioned in the rubric before the ,commination ,service1 where morning and evening prayers are said or sung4 ,in #aedi it was directed that the ,service should be said in the ,quire and with a loud voice4 ,this was done by the ,priest near to1 and facing1 the ,altar4 ,in #aeeb the ,service was directed to be said from such a place as the people could best hear4 ,this direction caused a great commotion1 one party retaining their old position in the ,chancel1 the other performing all services in the body of the ,church4 ,in #aeei the rubric before the ,order for ,morning ,prayer was brought into its present shape1 and the accustomed ,place would undoubtedly be the ,chancel1 but still the discretion left with the ,ordinary sanctioned the use of the unsightly reading-pew or desk1 which is occasionally found outside the ,chancel and in the body of the ,church4 ,,deus ,,misereatur4 ,psalm lxvii41 inserted in the ,evening ,service for occasional use instead of the ,nunc ,dimittis in #aeeb4 ,,dignitary4 ,one who holds cathedral or other preferment to which jurisdiction is annexed4 ,one who holds an ecclesiastical rank above a priest or canon4 7,chambers' ,etymological ,dictionary47 ,,dimissory ,,letters4 ,when a ,candidate for ,holy ,orders is ordained by some ,bishop other than the one in whose diocese he is going to work1 it is because the ordaining ,bishop has received leave1 or ,letters ,dimissory1 from the candidate's rightful ,diocesan4 ,,diocese4 ,the extent of a ,bishop's rule4 ,england at present is divided into #cb dioceses2 #bc being in the ,province of ,canterbury1 and #i in the ,province of ,york4 ,it is to be very earnestly wished that these dioceses may be sub-divided1 and the number of ,bishops increased1 that the ,church may be more able to cope with the enormously increased population4 ,,dissenters4 ,a civil1 not a religious term1 and denotes those who have diverged from the civilly established religion of a country4 ,episcopalians are ,dissenters in ,scotland1 ,christians are ,dissenters in ,turkey4 ,in ,england all are ,dissenters who do not belong to the ,church of ,england1 whether they are ,protestants or ,papists4 ,for further particulars see under their various names4 ,,donative4 ,a form of conferring an ecclesiastical benefice on any clerk1 by which he is exempt from presentation1 induction1 or institution2 the patron acting virtually as a ,bishop4 ,this is said to be the usual manner in which benefices were anciently conferred4 ,,doxology4 ,an ascription of praise to ,god4 ,the most familiar doxologies in use in our ,church are the ,gloria ,patri1 the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 and the well-known verse1 ,praise ,god from whom all blessings flow1 c4 ,many of our prayers1 especially those of thanksgiving1 conclude with a doxology4 ,,east1 ,,turning ,,to ,,the4 ,this is now generally done at the ,creeds4 ,it is a survival of a general custom of worship towards the ,east--as the region of light1 symbolical of the rising of the ,sun of ,righteousness--which is at least as old as the time of ,tertullian1 who lived in the second century4 ,,eastward ,,position4 ,a term descriptive of the position used by a ,priest who adopts the custom of celebrating ,holy ,communion facing the ,east1 with his back to the people4 ,there is a very great difficulty in ascertaining what the rubrics with relation to the ,priest's position really mean1 because the ,altar itself occupied various positions at the time the rules were framed4 7#a47 ,position of ,altar4 ,the ,table4 4 4 4shall stand in the ,body of the ,church1 or in the ,chancel1 is the rubric of #aeeb4 ,the ,holy ,table shall be set in the place where the ,altar stood4 4 4 4saving when the ,communion of the ,sacrament is to be distributed1 at which time the same shall be so placed in good sort 7conveniently7 within the ,chancel1 is the direction in the ,injunctions of #aeei4 ,by degrees1 however1 the custom of moving the ,holy ,table at the time of ,communion1 and placing it length-ways in the ,church ceased1 and it was allowed to remain at all times placed ,altar-wise at the ,east ,end of the ,church4 7#b47 ,position of the ,priest4 ,in the rubric of #aedi the direction was for him to stand humbly afore the midst of the ,altar1 of course with his back to the people4 ,in #aeeb the present rubric1 directing the ,north-side1 was introduced1 but owing to the ,altar's standing ,east and ,west then1 the position of the ,priest remained virtually the same as before4 ,but when1 through ,laud's influence1 the ,holy ,table was removed back to its original position1 the question was whether the ,priest was still to obey the letter of the rubric and stand at the ,north-side1 or rather what was now the ,north end1 or whether he too was to retain his old relative and original position4 ,the matter has been further complicated by the insertion of the rubric before the ,consecration ,prayer in #affb1 which seems to favour the ,eastward position in directing the ,priest to stand before the ,table1 while1 on the other hand1 that very position renders it difficult to break the ,bread before the people1 unless1 as some maintain1 the before does not mean in the sight of1 but in front of4 ,,easter4 ,the great festival of the ,church's ,year1 and kept in commemoration of our ,saviour's glorious ,resurrection4 ,it has always been observed by the ,church1 but in early ages there were bitter disputes as to the season when it was to be kept4 ,some wished it to be observed on the actual anniversary1 whether the day happened to be a ,sunday or not4 ,the matter was settled at the ,council of ,nice1 when it was decided that ,easter should be kept on the first ,sunday following the full moon which falls on1 or next after1 ,march #bast4 ,the word ,easter is probably derived from the name of a ,saxon goddess1 whose festival was kept in the ,spring of the year4 ,the other name1 ,paschal1 applied to this festival1 is a ,hebrew word meaning passage1 and is applied to the ,jewish feast of the ,passover1 to which the ,christian festival of ,easter corresponds4 ,easter used to be the great day for ,baptism1 for the restoring of ,penitents1 and1 in the early ages1 even for the freeing of prisoners4 ,every confirmed member of the ,church of ,england is expected to ,communicate on ,easter ,day1 in accordance with the direction at the end of the ,communion ,service4 ,,easter ,,anthems4 ,certain passages1 chosen from #a ,cor4 v41 ,rom4 vi41 #a ,cor4 xv41 directed to be sung instead of the ,venite on ,easter ,day4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,commissioners4 ,in the year #ahcg the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners were embodied4 ,they are not1 as many suppose1 the dispensers of ,state funds to the ,church4 ,they are a corporation for the purpose of holding as trustees a large amount of ,church revenues4 ,the sources from which the income in their hands arises are certain annual payments from several bishoprics1 emoluments of suspended canonries1 the property of suspended deaneries and sinecure rectories1 capitular estates1 and other ,ecclesiastical sources4 7,webb's ,england's ,inheritance in her ,church47 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,commission does with the lands of ,bishops and ,chapters what these could never do for themselves4 ,it can afford to wait for the falling in of leases1 whereas those old corporations were obliged to renew them1 that they might live on the money paid for renewals2 and when it has got the lands it lets them for their full value4 ,by this means it is able to pay the old corporations out of half their lands as much as they used to get from the whole under their own system1 and the other moiety is taken out of the hands of laymen 7regard being had to equity7 and devoted to other beneficial purposes for the ,church4 ,in this way the surplus revenues of capitular estates have been applied to the benefit of an immense number of parishes which had claims upon them4 7,dixon's ,peek ,essay47 ,,ecclesiastical ,,courts4 ,the following are the principal3 the ,consistory ,courts of the ,bishops2 the ,arches ,court of ,canterbury2 and the ,supreme ,court of ,appeal1 composed of members of the ,judicial ,committee of the ,privy ,council4 ,under the ,public ,worship ,act the ,dean of the ,arches ,court has been made ,official ,principal of both ,provinces4 ,a ,royal ,commission has recently issued a ,report upon the ,ecclesiastical ,courts1 and the question of their constitution generally is under consideration4 ,,election4 ,a choosing1 hence the chosen people of ,god4 ,there are three views taken of election1--the ,calvinistic1 the ,arminian1 and the ,catholic4 ,the ,calvinistic view is that certain persons are from all eternity chosen or elected by ,god to salvation1 the rest of mankind being condemned to eternal death 7,see ,predestination1 ,calvinism1 ,antinomianism47 ,the ,arminian view is that ,god1 knowing what the life of every man born into the world shall be1 and foreseeing that some will refuse the evil and choose the good1 hath elected them to eternal life4 7,see ,arminianism47 ,the ,catholic view is that ,god of his mercy elects certain of ,his creatures for a place in the visible ,church1 and thus causes them to be placed in a state of salvation1 of which1 however1 they may fall short by their own perverseness4 ,the ,church of ,england1 as a branch of the great ,church ,catholic1 is believed to teach this latter view1 as will be seen by a study of her ,liturgy4 ,,elements4 ,the ,bread and ,wine used in ,holy ,communion 7,see ,communion1 ,holy74 ,in ,holy ,baptism1 ,water1 wherein the person is baptized1 is the ,element4 ,,elevation4 ,in ,articles xxv4 and xxviii4 reference is made to a ceremony of the ,church of ,rome1 called the ,elevation of the ,host1 which consists in the consecrated wafer being held up1 or elevated1 for the adoration of the people4 ,bp4 ,harold ,browne says1 ,elevating the ,host resulted from a belief in transubstantiation4 4 4 4,there is evidently no ,scriptural ,authority for the ,elevation of the ,host1 the command being1 ',take1 eat4' ,the ,roman ritualists themselves admit that there is no trace of its existence before the #aath or #abth centuries4 7,see ,note on ,art4 xxviii47 ,,ember ,,days4 ,in early times special fasts were appointed at the four seasons of the year1 and of later years they have been made to have a special reference to the ordination of clergy which immediately follows them4 ,the derivation of the name is uncertain4 ,the days thus set apart1 and now used for supplicating ,god's blessing on those about to be ordained1 are the ,wednesday1 ,friday1 and ,saturday after the #ast ,sunday in ,lent1 after ,whit ,sunday1 after the #adth of ,september1 and after the #acth of ,december4 ,special ,collects are appointed for use on these days4 ,,emmanuel1 or ,,immanuel4 ,a ,hebrew word1 used as a name of our ,lord1 and meaning1 ,god with us1 ,isaiah vii4#ad2 ,matt4 i4#bc4 ,,endowment4 ,the permanent provision for the support of the ministry4 ,the annual sum derived from the endowments of the ,established ,church amounts to rather more than four millions sterling4 ,of this sum--,tithes and ,rents voluntarily given to the ,church of ,england by charitable persons before the ,reformation bring in about ,l#a1iej1jjj2 ,tithes1 ,rents1 and ,interest on ,money voluntarily given to the ,church of ,england since the ,reformation bring in about ,l#b1bej1jjj4 ,thus the total of the yearly value of endowments is about ,l#d1bjj1jjj4 ,of this the ,state receives as taxes about ,l#bjj1jjj1 which leaves a net yearly value of endowments of about2 ,l#c1ejj1jjj1 which is paid to the clergy1 of whom there are about #bj1jjj4 ,it is thus divided3 #b ,archbishops1 #bh ,bishops1 #gc ,archdeacons1 receive about ,l#agc1jjj2 #cj ,deans1 #acb ,canons1 #abh ,minor ,canons1 #fjj ,singers1 ,lay ,officers and ,servants1 receive about ,l#bjc1jjj2 #ai1fjj other ,clergy1 ,rectors1 ,vicars1 and ,curates receive about ,l#c1abd1jjj4 ,the average1 therefore1 is just ,l#c1 #ajs4 a week for each clergyman4 ,to supplement its endowments1 which were voluntarily given by private persons1 the ,church receives1 by free gifts from her own members1 about five millions and a half sterling every year4 ,this money is all spent on ,schools1 ,church ,institutions1 ,charities1 ,relief of the ,poor1 ,foreign ,missions1 ,expenses attendant upon the regular performance of ,divine ,worship1 and ,building and ,restoring ,churches 7,see ,establishment47 ,,epiphany4 ,a ,greek word1 meaning manifestation4 ,the term applied to that festival of the ,church observed on ,jan4 #fth1 in commemoration of our ,lord's manifestation to the ,wise ,men from the ,east1 the representatives of the ,gentile world4 ,,episcopacy4 ,the term applied to the ,apostolical form of government1 which consisted in the appointment of a ,bishop as an ,overseer 7for that is the meaning of the ,greek word7 of a particular ,church4 7,see ,orders47 ,,epistle4 ,the name given to the ,letters of the ,apostles1 which the ,church has admitted as forming part of the ,canon of the ,new ,testament 7see ,bible74 ,st4 ,paul wrote fourteen1 if we allow the ,epistle to the ,hebrews to have been written by him4 ,st4 ,james wrote one1 which1 like others addressed to no particular ,church1 is called a general ,epistle4 ,st4 ,peter wrote two ,epistles2 ,st4 ,john1 three2 and ,st4 ,jude1 one4 ,those portions of ,scripture read in the ,communion ,service1 and called ,epistles1 have been used1 with few alterations1 for #abjj years by the ,church of ,england4 ,,epistoler4 ,the #bdth ,canon directs that ,in all cathedral and collegiate churches the ,holy ,communion shall be administered1 4 4 4 the principal minister using a decent cope1 and being assisted with the gospeller and epistoler4 ,so1 in the advertisements published in the seventh year of ,elizabeth1 we read1 ,the principal minister shall use a cope with gospeller and epistoler agreeably4 ,,erastianism4 ,the heresy of ,erastus1 a ,german1 born #aebd4 ,his main principle was that the source of all pastoral authority is the civil magistrate1 who1 whether ,christian or not1 possesses an inherent right to nominate and commission teachers of religion1 and is under no necessity of admitting the least difference between priests and laymen4 ,,eschatology4 ,a term applied to doctrines relative to the state after death4 ,,establishment and ,,endowment4 ,these two terms are constantly linked together in the publications of the ,liberation ,society1 and by other enemies of the ,church of ,england1 as though they formed one and the same thing4 ,in truth1 they are wholly distinct1 and are descriptive of two quite different features of the ,church of ,england4 ,it is ,established1 and it is also ,endowed4 ,it is called the former because it is established in this country by the ,law of the land1 and professes the acknowledged religion of the ,state4 ,if the ,church were disestablished to-morrow she would still continue to be the true ,church of ,god in this country1 because her origin1 doctrine1 and constitution are ,apostolic4 ,besides being called a ,state ,church1 the ,church of ,england has also been called a ,state paid ,church4 ,it is well to remember that the ,parochial ,clergy1 and all others except ,army and ,navy ,chaplains and the like1 do not receive one farthing from the ,state4 ,the property1 or ,endowment1 of the ,church was the voluntary gift of private individuals in all ages1 who1 out of regard to the spiritual interests of those who lived upon their estates1 built churches1 and endowed them for the maintenance of religious worship4 ,the ,state has no right to alienate any portion whatever of that property from the purpose for which it was given4 7,see ,church of ,england and ,endowment47 ,,eucharist4 ,a term applied to the ,holy ,communion 7which see71 derived from the ,greek1 and meaning1 a giving of thanks4 ,it is used in the ,latin version of our ,articles4 ,,evangelicals1 see ,church ,parties4 ,,evangelists4 ,properly1 preachers of the ,evangel1 or ,gospel1 of ,christ2 ,eph4 iv4 #aa4 ,the term now is limited to the four writers of the ,gospel4 ,,eves1 or ,,vigils4 ,the nights or evenings before certain ,holy ,days of the ,church4 ,a list of days which have vigils may be found in the beginning of the ,prayer ,book1 in the table of the ,vigils1 ,fasts1 and ,days of ,abstinence1 to be observed in the year4 7,see ,vigil47 ,,even-,,song4 ,evening ,prayer4 ,the word occurs in the table of ,proper ,lessons at the commencement of the ,prayer ,book4 7,see ,morning ,prayer47 ,,evolution4 ,a name given to the theory of the origin of animal life1 set forth by certain scientists4 ,thus they tell us that the account given us in ,genesis of the ,creation is certainly wrong4 ,that man was not created as man1 but that he has grown to be what he is through a series of stages4 ,according to ,professor ,haeckel1 the pedigree of man is as follows3--#a4 ,monera--formless little lumps of mucus matter supposed to be originated by spontaneous generation4 #b4 ,amoebae--a little piece of protoplasm enclosing a kernel4 #c4 ,synamoebae--a collection of ,amoebae4 #d4 ,planaeada4 #e4 ,gastraeada1 or primaeval stomach animals4 #f4 ,turbellaria1 or worms of a very simple kind4 #g4 ,scolecida1 worms of a higher class4 #h4 ,himatega1 or worms of a higher class still4 #i4 ,acrania1 or skull-less animals4 #aj4 ,monorrhina1 or animals with one nostril4 #aa4 ,selachii1 or primaeval fish4 #ab4 ,dipneusta1 or mud-fish4 #ac4 ,sozobranchia1 or gilled amphibians4 #ad4 ,sozura1 or tailed amphibians4 #ae4 ,protamnia4 #af4 ,primary ,mammals4 #ag4 ,pouched animals4 #ah4 ,prosimiae1 or semi-apes4 #ai4 ,tailed ,apes4 #bj4 ,man-like ,apes4 #ba4 ,ape-like ,men4 #bb4 ,men4 ,this may be all true1 and yet ,genesis need not be false4 ,genesis begins with man as man1 and not with man as a ,monera--supposing he ever was such4 ,but when scientists speak of the principle of life as being the outcome of an act of spontaneous generation without any external creative power1 then we must disagree with them4 ,the principle of life is hidden with ,god alone1 and must come from ,god4 ,nor does it in any way affect our belief in ,almighty ,god1 whether ,he was pleased to create man from the first in ,his own image1 or whether ,he was pleased to make him first pass through the preliminary stages ,professor ,haeckel enumerates6 ,,excommunication4 ,an ecclesiastical censure1 whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is for the time cast out of the communion of the church4 ,the first rubric in the ,office for the ,burial of the ,dead prohibits the use of the ,service for any that die excommunicate4 ,,exhortation4 ,the name given to the various addresses in the ,liturgy4 ,they are nearly all the production of the ,reformers4 ,the ,burial ,office is the only ,service of the ,prayer ,book which has not one or more of these exhortations4 ,,extreme ,,unction4 ,one of the seven so-called ,sacraments of the ,church of ,rome4 ,it consists in the application of consecrated olive oil1 by a priest1 to the five organs of sense of a dying person4 ,it is considered as conveying ,god's pardon and support in the last hour4 ,it is administered when all hope of recovery is gone1 and generally no food is permitted to be taken after it4 ,this custom is founded on ,mark vi4 #ac1 and ,james v4 #ad1 #ae1 but in both these places it is evident that the anointing should be for the recovery of the sick4 ,when miraculous powers ceased in the ,church1 it was reasonable that the unction should cease also4 ,,faculty4 ,an order by the ,bishop of a diocese to award some privilege not permitted by common law4 ,a faculty is necessary in order to effect any important alterations in a church1 such as the erection of a gallery or an organ4 ,without a faculty a person is not entitled to erect a monument within the walls of a church4 ,,faith4 ,man is justified by ,god in respect of1 and by means of1 ,faith in ,christ4 ,it is not the principal cause for our ,justification1 that being ,god's mercy2 it is not the meritorious cause of our ,justification1 for that is ,christ's death2 audit is not the efficient cause of our ,justification1 for that is the operation of the ,holy ,spirit2 but it is the instrument on our side1 by which we rely on ,god's word1 and appeal to ,him for mercy1 and receive a grant of pardon1 and a title to the evangelical promises of ,god4 ,,fald ,,stool4 ,the desk at which the ,litany is usually said4 ,in the rubric before the penitential psalm in the ,commination ,service a special place is mentioned for the saying of the ,litany1 and this we know from the ,injunctions of #aedi was to be in the midst of the ,church1 thus marking the congregational character of the service4 ,,fall ,,of ,,man1 see ,sin1 ,original4 ,,fasting4 ,the ,romanist regards the use of fasting1 or abstinence1 as a means of grace2 the ,protestant regards it only as a useful exercise1 recommended in ,scripture1 for the subduing of the flesh to the ,spirit4 ,,fasts4 ,days appointed by the ,church for the particular discipline of the flesh1 and for a peculiar sorrow for sin4 ,a list of these days is given at the commencement of the ,prayer ,book4 ,,father1 ,,god ,,the1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,fathers1 ,,the4 ,a term applied generally to all the ancient orthodox ,christian writers4 ,st4 ,bernard1 who flourished in the twelfth century1 is reputed to be the last of the ,fathers4 ,the ,schoolmen 7which see7 succeeded the ,fathers4 ,those writers who knew the ,apostles personally are called ,apostolical ,fathers2 such were ,hermas1 ,barnabas1 ,clement of ,rome1 ,ignatius and ,polycarp4 ,other ,fathers of the early ,church were ,justin1 ,irenaeus1 ,clement of ,alexandria1 and ,tertullian4 ,in the third century we have ,origen and ,cyprian1 and succeeding them ,eusebius1 ,athanasius1 ,ambrose1 ,basil1 ,jerome or ,hieronymus1 ,john ,chrysostom1 and ,augustine4 ,the writings of the ,fathers are most valuable to us as showing us what were the doctrines and ceremonies of the first ,christians4 ,the ,tractarian movement was of great service in calling attention to the well-nigh forgotten mine of theological wealth stored up in these writers4 ,pusey has published a library of the works of the ,fathers in ,english4 ,,feasts1 or ,,festivals4 ,these are days of rejoicing in the ,church1 in commemoration of some great truth of ,christianity1 or of some great example of ,holy ,life4 ,the commencement of the ,prayer ,book furnishes us with a list of these ,holy ,days4 ,the rubric1 after the ,nicene ,creed1 directs that ,the ,curate shall then declare to the people what holy days1 or fasting days are in the week following to be observed4 ,,fellowship4 ,a settled income bestowed by a college on a student as a reward for distinguished scholarship4 ,various conditions are associated with these prizes in the different colleges4 ,,feria4 ,a day which is neither a feast nor a fast4 ,,flagon1 see ,altar ,vessels4 ,,font4 ,from a ,latin word1 meaning a fountain4 ,the vessel holding the water for ,baptism4 ,the #hast ,canon says it is to be made of stone4 ,by ancient custom it is usually placed at the ,west end of the ,church1 near the door1 as signifying that ,holy ,baptism is the entrance into ,christ's ,mystical ,body1 the ,church4 ,,formulary1 see ,liturgy4 ,a formulary is a book containing the rites1 ceremonies1 and prescribed forms of the ,church4 ,the formulary of the ,church of ,england is the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,,free ,,will4 see ,article x4 ,the doctrine of our ,church is that although man has a perfectly free will to choose good or evil1 yet we prefer the animal life to the spiritual life1 and1 through the badness of our perverse will1 shall continue to prefer it until prevented by the grace of ,god4 ,,funeral ,,service1 see ,burial of the ,dead4 ,,ghost1 ,,the ,,holy1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,glebe4 ,land belonging to an ecclesiastical benefice1 and which forms part of its endowment1 the freehold being vested in the ,incumbent4 ,,gloria ,,in ,,excelsis4 ,glory be 7to ,god7 on high4 ,a hymn in the ,communion ,office1 sometimes called the ,angelic ,hymn1 because the first part was sung by angels at ,bethlehem4 ,it has been used by the ,church for more than #a1ejj years1 and1 in substance1 was sung by ,polycarp at his martyrdom4 ,,gloria ,,patri4 ,glory be to the ,father4 ,this is one of the oldest doxologies of the ,church2 in substance1 at least1 it is as old as the #dth century4 ,it is directed to be said at the end of every ,psalm1 thus turning ,jewish praises into ,christian hymns4 ,,gnostics4 ,early heretics who boasted of their superior knowledge1 for that is the meaning of the word1 just as agnostic means without knowledge4 ,this heresy dates back to ,apostolic days1 ,simon ,magus being considered its founder4 ,they mixed up the ,christian faith with systems based on ,platonism1 ,oriental ,philosophy1 or corrupt ,judaism4 ,st4 ,john is believed to have written against the gnostics in certain parts of his ,gospel4 ,,god1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,the word ,god can be traced back no further as yet than the ,gothic ,gutha1 but no one knows its root4 ,,god-,,father1 see ,sponsors4 ,,god-,,mother1 see ,sponsors4 ,,golden ,,number4 ,a term used in the elaborate tables placed at the beginning of the ,prayer ,book for the finding of ,easter4 ,the ,golden ,number of a year marks its place in a cycle1 called the ,metonic ,cycle 7from ,meton1 an ,athenian astronomer ,b4,c4 #dcb71 of nineteen years4 ,the year ,a4,d4 #a was fixed as the second year of such a cycle4 ,hence the rule given to find the ,golden ,number1 viz41 ,add one to the year of our ,lord1 and then divide by #ai2 the remainder1 if any1 is the ,golden ,number2 but if there be no remainder1 then #ai is the ,golden ,number4 ,,good ,,friday4 ,the day regarded as the anniversary of our ,saviour's death4 ,it has been observed from the first age of the ,church as a day of peculiar solemnity1 to be spent in fasting and humiliation4 ,,gospel1 see ,bible4 ,,gospeller4 ,the priest or deacon who1 in the ,communion ,service1 reads the ,gospel1 standing at the north side of the ,altar4 7,see ,epistoler47 ,,grace4 ,favour4 ,a word used with various meanings in ,holy ,scripture4 ,the influence of the ,holy ,spirit upon the heart of man4 ,,graduate1 see ,degree4 ,one who has passed through the curriculum of a ,university1 and has had a degree conferred on him4 ,,greek ,,church1 see ,church1 ,the ,catholic4 ,,gregorian ,,music1 see ,church ,music4 ,,guild4 ,in the ,church1 a ,society formed for a certain purpose1 and governed by certain rules2 to promote personal piety2 or active usefulness4 ,,hades4 ,unfortunately two distinct words in the original of the ,new ,testament have both been translated ,hell4 ,hades is one of these words2 ,gehenna is the other4 ,the latter is applied only to the place of the damned1 ,hades is the abode of departed spirits1 good and bad1 waiting for the final ,judgment4 ,when1 in the ,creed1 we say of our ,lord that ,he descended into ,hell1 it should be into ,hades1 showing that alive and dead ,he was perfect man4 ,it is generally believed that a foretaste of final joy or woe is experienced in ,hades by the spirits waiting for their doom4 ,,heaven4 ,the final abode of the blessed4 ,,hell4 ,the final abode of the damned4 7,see ,hades47 ,,heresy4 ,from a ,greek word meaning a choice1 and thus an adoption and obstinate holding of a doctrine not taught by the ,catholic ,church4 ,heresies began very early in the ,church1 even in ,apostolic times4 7,see ,gnostic47 ,the heresies of the present day are for the most part revivals of the heresies of the first six centuries4 ,,heretic4 ,one who holds doctrines opposed to those of the ,catholic ,church4 7,see above47 ,,heterodox4 ,contrary to the faith of the true ,church4 ,,hierarchy4 ,properly1 rule in sacred matters4 ,the apostolic order of ministry4 ,,high ,,church1 see ,church ,parties4 ,,holy ,,day4 ,a festival of the ,church4 7,see ,feast47 ,,holy ,,ghost4 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,holy ,,thursday4 see ,ascension ,day4 ,,holy ,,week4 ,some consider the terms ,holy ,week and ,passion ,week equally to apply to the week preceding ,easter--the last week in ,lent4 ,this is ,dr4 ,hook's opinion4 ,others restrict the term ,holy ,week to the week commencing with ,palm-,sunday1 and call the week preceding that ,passion ,week4 ,undoubtedly the fifth ,sunday in ,lent was commonly called in old times ,passion ,sunday1 because of the anticipation of the ,passion in the ,epistle4 ,,homilies4 ,the ,homilies of the ,church of ,england are two books of discourses1 composed at the time of the ,reformation1 and appointed to be read in churches1 on any ,sunday or ,holy ,day1 when there is no sermon4 ,cranmer1 ,ridley1 and ,latimer are thought to have composed the first volume2 the second is supposed to be by ,bishop ,jewel1 #aefc4 ,,hoods4 ,the ornamental fold which hangs down the back of a graduate to mark his degree4 7,see ,degree47 ,the #ehth ,canon provides that every minister saying the public prayers1 or ministering the ,sacraments1 or other rites of the ,church1 if they are graduates1 shall wear upon their surplice1 at such times1 such hoods as by the orders of the ,universities are agreeable to their degrees4 ,the same ,canon goes on to say ,it shall be lawful for such ministers as are not graduates to wear upon their surplices1 instead of hoods1 some decent tippet of black1 so it be not silk4 ,,hymn1 see ,church ,music4 ,,idolatry4 ,the worship of any person or thing but the one true ,god1 whether it be in the form of an image or not4 ,,immersion1 see ,baptism1 ,infant4 ,,imposition1 or ,,laying ,,on ,,of ,,hands1 see ,ordinal4 ,,impropriation4 ,ecclesiastical property1 the profits of which are in the hands of a layman4 ,impropriations have arisen from the confiscation of monasteries in the time of ,henry ,,viii41 when1 instead of restoring the tithes to ,church purposes1 they were given to ,court favourites4 ,,incarnation4 ,the act whereby ,christ1 the ,word1 was made flesh4 ,the taking of the ,manhood into ,god4 ,,incumbent4 ,a person in possession of a benefice4 7,see ,benefice47 ,,independents4 ,the first body of ,dissenters which actually broke away from the ,church of ,england was that of the ,independents1 or--as they are nowadays perhaps more intelligibly called--the ,congregationalists4 ,an ,independent sect seems to have existed about the year #aefh1 the whole question in dispute between them and the ,church being then1 as it is still1 essentially one of discipline1 or ,church ,polity4 ,they made each congregation a body corporate1 governed exclusively by itself1 and disclaim1 more or less1 every form of union between churches4 ,in doctrine they are strictly ,calvinistic1 and1 reviving the ancient heresy of ,donatus1 they profess to receive only accredited or really serious ,christians into their fellowship1 and to exclude any who may prove themselves unworthy members4 ,the ,independents are sometimes called ,brownists1 from ,robert ,brown1 a clergyman of the ,church of ,england1 who was the first to secede from her ranks1 and who1 retreating to ,holland1 set up a separatist communion4 ,there are #gf ,county and other ,associations at home and in the ,colonies1 with #c1hie meetinghouses1 and #a1jci preaching stations1 #cjj being foreign mission stations2 of ministers and missionaries they have about #c1ejj4 ,they reckon to have about #cfj1jjj members in the ,british dominions4 ,,induction4 ,the ceremony whereby a minister is put in actual possession of the living to which he has been presented4 ,,infallibility4 ,the claim set up by the ,church of ,rome1 either for the ,pope1 or the ,church1 or for the ,pope and the ,church consenting together2 of absolute freedom from error in deciding questions of faith and doctrine4 ,roman divines are not agreed among themselves as to precisely where the infallibility of their ,church is found4 ,certain it is that ,councils and ,popes have contradicted and anathematized each other4 ,,innocents' ,,day1 ,,the ,,holy4 ,this festival has been observed ever since the #crd century1 in memory of the slaughtered children of ,bethlehem 7,matt4 ii4 #af47 ,its old ,english name is ,childermas1 and it is kept on ,december #bhth2 the attendants on the nativity being ,st4 ,stephen1 a martyr in will and deed1 ,december #bfth2 ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 a martyr in will though not in deed1 ,december #bgth2 and ,the ,holy ,innocents1 martyrs in deed but not in will1 ,december #bhth4 ,,inspiration4 ,the extraordinary and supernatural influence of the ,holy ,spirit on the human mind1 by which the sacred writers were qualified to set forth the things of ,god4 ,in this sense the word occurs in #b ,tim4 iii4 #af4 7,see ,bible47 ,the word is also used of the ordinary influence of the ,holy ,spirit on the heart of man1 as ,cleanse the thoughts of our hearts by the inspiration of ,thy ,holy ,spirit4 ,,institution4 ,the legal act by which the ,bishop commits to a clergyman the cure of a church4 ,,institutions1 ,,church1 see ,societies4 ,,introit1 see ,church ,music ,,irvingites4 ,the followers of ,edward ,irving1 a minister of the ,scottish establishment1 who was born in #agib1 and died in #ahcd4 ,he was deposed from the ,presbyterian ministry for teaching that our ,lord's nature was peccable1 or capable of sin4 ,he gathered a congregation round him in ,london1 and now has many followers both in ,scotland and ,england1 and also in ,germany4 ,his followers entertain peculiar notions about the millennium1 and they claim to exercise the power of prophecy1 to have the miraculous gift of tongues1 and to be able to raise the dead4 ,the ,irvingites call themselves ,the ,catholic and ,apostolic ,church1 and among their ministers number apostles1 prophets1 angels1 evangelists1 c4 ,they use as much as possible the liturgies of the ,church in their worship1 and observe a very ornate ritual4 ,in their principal places of worship the ,holy ,communion is administered daily1 and throughout the day many other ,services are held4 ,they recognise the three ,creeds of the ,catholic ,church as their rule of faith4 ,they have #ai places for public worship1 besides many preaching stations1 in ,england2 the principal erection is in ,gordon ,square1 ,london1 and is a large building of considerable architectural pretensions4 ,,james',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,july #beth4 ,the day on which the ,church celebrates the memory of the ,apostle ,st4 ,james the ,great1 or the ,elder4 ,he was one of the sons of ,zebedee1 and a brother of ,st4 ,john the ,divine4 ,he was the first of the ,apostles to suffer martyrdom4 7,acts xii4 #b47 ,,jesuits1 or ,,society ,,of ,,jesus4 ,a ,roman ,catholic ,society founded by ,ignatius ,loyola1 a ,spaniard1 born in #adia4 ,members of the ,order bind themselves to yield the most blind1 implicit1 and unlimited obedience to the ,general of the ,order4 ,before the conclusion of the #afth century the ,jesuits had obtained the chief direction of the youthful mind in every ,roman ,catholic country in ,europe4 ,they had become the confessors of almost all its monarchs1 and the spiritual guides of nearly every person distinguished for rank or influence4 ,at different periods they obtained the direction of the most considerable courts1 and took part in every intrigue and revolution4 ,their great principle of action is not so much the advance of ,christianity1 as the extension of the ,papal power2 and in effecting this1 their great maxim is the end will justify the means4 ,the ,society is still flourishing1 and has a power which is probably as little imagined as it is unknown to all but themselves4 ,,jesus1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,john 7,st47 ,,baptist',s ,,day4 ,june #bdth4 ,this feast commemorates1 not the martyrdom1 but the miraculous birth of ,st4 ,john ,baptist4 ,it is the only nativity1 besides that of our ,lord1 that is kept by the ,church2 although ,september #hth is marked in our ,calendar for the commemoration of the nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,the festival has been observed since the #dth or #eth century4 ,,john 7,st47 ,,the ,,evangelist',s ,,day4 ,december #bgth4 ,this festival1 with those of ,st4 ,stephen and the ,holy ,innocents1 immediately follows on ,christmas ,day4 ,martyrdom1 love1 and innocence are first to be magnified1 as wherein ,christ is most honoured4 ,the eagle is supposed to be emblematic of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,,jubilate ,,deo4 ,psalm c1 appointed to be sung in the ,morning ,service instead of the ,benedictus1 when the latter happens to be read in the ,gospel for ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 or the lesson for the day4 ,,justification4 ,this term signifies our being accounted just or righteous in the sight of ,god1 not for any merit in ourselves1 but solely for the sake of ,christ1 and by our faith in ,him4 ,the #aath ,article of the ,church of ,england treats of this4 ,all believers are justified by ,christ1 but that does not necessarily imply that they are sanctified2 the one is a work wrought exterior to ourselves1 the other is the work of the ,holy ,spirit in the individual heart of man4 ,,keys1 ,,power ,,of ,,the4 ,the authority existing in the ,christian ,priesthood of administering the discipline of the ,church1 and communicating or withholding its privileges4 ,it is so called from our ,lord's words to ,st4 ,peter in ,matt4 xvi4 #ai4 ,,kindred1 ,,table ,,of4 ,the ,table of ,kindred and ,affinity found at the end of our ,prayer ,book was drawn up by ,archbishop ,parker1 in #aefc4 ,it rests on an ,act of ,henry ,,viii41 and is designed to be an authoritative interpretation of it4 ,the whole is based on ,lev4 xviii4 #f-ah4 ,the principles on which it is drawn up are the following3-- 7a7 ,it places both sexes on the same footing1 forbidding to the man whatever is forbidden to the woman4 7b7 ,it forbids marriage to a man on the grounds of near kindred or consanguinity2 omitting1 however1 prohibition of marriage between cousins as not being forbidden in the ,levitical ,law1 nor definitely by the ,canon ,law4 7c7 ,acting on the important principle sanctioned by our ,lord ,himself1 that man and wife are one flesh1 it puts affinity1 or connection by marriage1 on exactly the same footing as kindred1 or connection by blood1 affirming that a man's wife's connections are to be held strictly as his own4 ,it is for this reason1--a reason distinctly based upon ,holy ,scripture1--that the marriage with a deceased wife's sister is forbidden4 ,,kneeling4 ,the practice of kneeling in confession1 in prayer1 and in adoration1 is of great antiquity4 ,david says1 ,let us worship and bow down1 let us kneel before the ,lord our ,maker1 ,psalm cxv4 #f4 ,see also ,ps4 cxxxii4 #g2 #a ,kings viii4 #ed2 ,ezra ix4 #e-ae2 ,dan4 vi4 #aj2 ,acts vii4 #fj2 ,acts ix4 #dj2 ,acts xx4 #cf1 xxi4 #e4 ,our blessed ,lord ,himself kneeled down when ,he prayed1 ,luke xxii4 #ad4 ,how the example of ,david and ,solomon1 ,ezra and ,daniel1 ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 nay1 of our ,saviour ,himself1 condemns the lolling1 irreverent posture assumed by too many ,christians of the present day in the public worship of the ,lord of ,hosts6 ,,kyrie ,,eleison4 ,two ,greek words1 meaning ,lord1 have mercy4 ,the responses to the ,commandments are so called4 ,,laity1 ,,layman4 ,a baptized member of the ,church1 not being an ecclesiastic4 ,the term layman denotes a positive rank1 not the mere lack of rank4 ,,lambeth ,,degrees4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury has the power of conferring degrees in any of the faculties of the ,university to which he himself belongs4 ,these degrees are called ,lambeth ,degrees4 ,the ,archbishop exercised this power as ,legate of the ,pope1 retaining it 7like the power of granting special marriage licences7 under the ,tudor legislation4 ,,lapse4 ,when a patron neglects to present a clergyman to a benefice within his gift1 within six months after its vacancy1 the benefice lapses to the ,bishop2 if he does not collate within six months1 it lapses to the ,archbishop3 and if he does not collate within six months1 it lapses to the ,crown4 ,,latter-,,day ,,saints1 see ,mormonists4 ,,lay ,,baptism4 ,baptism administered by laymen4 ,although not authorized in our ,prayer ,book1 such baptisms have always been held valid by the ,church of ,england4 ,it is better that children should receive lay baptism than not be baptized at all4 ,,laying ,,on ,,of ,,hands1 see ,ordination4 ,this ceremony has always been esteemed an essential part of ordination1 and rests on undoubted ,scriptural authority4 ,it is also the form1 in the ,anglican ,church1 by which the ,bishop conveys the grace of ,confirmation4 ,,lecturn1 or ,,lectern4 ,the desk from which the ,lessons are read4 ,the form frequently adopted is that of the eagle1 doubtless with some reference to the eagle1 the symbol of ,st4 ,john4 ,the eagle lectern in ,peterborough ,cathedral was given in #adga4 ,,lent4 ,the name is probably derived from the old ,english ,lencten1 ,spring1 from its always being observed at the ,spring-tide of the year4 ,the forty days fast before ,easter are so called4 ,in primitive times the duration of the fast appears to have been forty hours4 ,the present custom of reckoning forty days1 exclusive of the ,sundays1 prevails from the #gth century4 ,,lessons4 ,the portions of ,holy ,scripture read in ,morning and ,evening ,prayer4 ,the calendar of lessons now in use was authorized on ,jan4 #ast1 #ahgc4 ,the lessons were then made generally shorter1 by the selection of parts of chapters containing one complete subject and no more4 ,a choice of lessons was given in many cases1 that the same portions of ,scripture might not be read twice on the same day in churches with three ,sunday services4 ,by the present arrangement the main substance of the whole of the ,old ,testament is now read through once every year2 and the ,new ,testament twice1 except the book of ,revelation1 which1 with a few omissions1 is read once in the year4 ,,letters ,,of ,,orders4 ,a certificate given by the ,bishop to every one whom he ordains1 whether ,priest or ,deacon4 ,churchwardens have the power to require the exhibition of the ,letters of ,orders of any minister assisting in the church of which they are guardians4 ,,litany4 ,in the #dth century this name began specially to be applied to a ,form of ,supplication1 used in times of need1 which was sung in procession1 with hymns and frequent responses1 and with collects at the various halting places4 ,the old ,litanies bore a general resemblance to ours4 ,in #aedd ,cranmer1 by desire of the king1 drew up the first ,english ,litany1 which was compiled principally from ancient sources4 ,the ,litany at first was a separate service4 ,in #affb it was ordered to be sung after ,morning ,prayer4 ,the ,act of ,uniformity of the present reign1 #ahgb1 allows it to be used in the ,morning or ,evening1 or as a separate service4 ,it was ordered for ,wednesdays and ,fridays only in #aedi2 ,sundays were added in #aeeb4 ,,literate4 ,this term1 applied to a ,clergyman1 means one who has not taken a degree1 and is not a member of a ,theological ,college4 ,,liturgy4 ,from a ,greek word1 meaning a public act or duty2 it is now popularly used of the entire ,book of ,common ,prayer1 although formerly it was applied only to the ,service for administering the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,as each different part of the ,prayer ,book is discussed under its own heading1 this article will be confined to 7a7 why a formulary is used2 7b7 the history of our own4 7a7 ,forms of ,prayer were used in the ,jewish ,church4 ,moses and ,miriam used a prescribed form as a thanksgiving for the crossing of the ,red ,sea1 ,exodus xv ,god appointed a form of prayer1 ,deut4 xxi4 #g1 #h2 also a benediction1 ,num4 vi4 #bb1 #bf4 ,moses used a form of prayer1 ,num4 x4 #ce1 #cf4 ,josephus and ,philo tell us that the worship both in the ,temple and in the ,synagogues consisted of a settled form of prayer2 this our ,lord sanctioned by ,his frequent presence4 ,he ,himself gave us a form of prayer--the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,he promises a special blessing on congregational worship4 ,matt1 xviii4 #ai2 the agreement must pre-suppose a settled form4 ,traces of forms of prayer some think are found in the ,new ,testament4 ,the voice of history is unanimous on this point1 nearly all the ,fathers testifying to the use of formularies4 ,common sense reasons are plentiful1 as1 for instance1 that in ,eccles4 v4 #b4 ,a formulary makes the congregation independent of the minister's mood1 or ability1 or piety1 or orthodoxy4 7b7 ,history4 ,before the time of ,augustine 7#eig7 the ,english ,church had its own ,national ,use1 largely derived from the ,east1 through the ,galilean ,church4 ,it is certain that the entire ,roman ,ritual was never used1 although attempts were made to force it upon the ,anglo-,saxon ,church4 ,there was a considerable variety in the manner of performing ,divine ,service in the different ,dioceses1 each having its own particular ,use4 7,see ,sarum1 ,use of47 ,the earliest ,liturgy in general use in ,england was the book of ,offices1 secundum usum ,sarum1 hence called the ,sarum ,use1 compiled by ,osmund1 ,bishop of ,salisbury1 in #ajgh4 ,this book contained much that had been in use from very early times4 ,at the ,reformation it became necessary to remove the ,roman corruptions which had accumulated in the various ,office books1 the ,breviaries1 the ,missals1 the ,manuals1 c4 ,one objection common to them all was that they were in ,latin4 ,the object of the ,reformers was to retain as much of the old as was free from error4 ,the first ,english ,prayer ,book was the ,king's ,primer1 published #aede2 and a ,communion ,service was put forth in #aedh4 ,the ,first ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi41 #aedi1 was drawn up by a ,commission of ,bishops and ,divines under ,cranmer and ,ridley2 an ,ordinal was added in #aeej4 ,the ,second ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi41 #aeeb1 was a revised form of the older book4 ,cranmer1 ,peter ,martyr1 and ,bucer assisted in the revision1 and much was added from ,hermann's ,consultation 7which see74 ,this ,prayer ,book was almost identical with the one in use now4 ,abolished during the reign of ,mary1 it was restored by ,queen ,elizabeth1 #aeei1 with a few alterations4 ,in #afjd a ,conference was held at ,hampton ,court under ,james ,i41 between ,church and ,puritan ,divines1 when some further alterations were made in deference to ,puritan objections4 ,the last revision was made in #affa1 at the ,savoy ,conference1 under ,charles ,,ii41 between ,bishops and ,presbyterian ,divines4 ,the ,prayer ,book then took the form which we have now1 save that in #ahei the services for use on ,nov4 #eth1 ,may #bith1 and ,jan4 #cjth 7,charles the ,martyr7 were removed4 ,in #ahgc a revised ,table of ,lessons was put forth4 ,in #ahgb permission was given to use the ,shortened ,service1 to separate the services1 and to use hymns4 ,for further particulars the reader is referred to the articles on the various different services of the ,church4 ,,living1 see ,benefice4 ,,logos4 ,greek1 a word4 ,christ is called ,the ,word because in ,him ,god is revealed to man4 7,john i47 ,the ,jews sometimes spoke of the ,messiah as the ,word of ,god4 ,,lord1 ,,our1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,lord',s ,,day4 ,the first day of the week1 so called by ,st4 ,john1 ,rev4 i4 #aj4 ,sunday has ever been kept as the weekly festival in commemoration of our ,lord's resurrection on that day4 ,in the fourth ,commandment1 and elsewhere1 we receive stringent directions to keep the seventh day--that is to say1 the ,sabbath1 or ,saturday--holy4 ,it will be well to see on what authority ,christians have hallowed the first1 instead of the last1 day of the week4 ,we find from writers who were contemporary with the ,apostles1 or who immediately succeeded them1 that ,christians were always accustomed to meet on the first day of the week for the performance of their religious exercises4 ,we find them asserting that this festival was instituted by the ,apostles1 who acted under the immediate direction and influence of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,from the constant practice of the ,apostles in keeping this day holy1 it is believed by many that they must have had especial directions to that effect from their risen ,lord1 who1 we know1 gave them instructions relating to the kingdom of ,god4--,his ,church1--during the forty days ,he was with them4 ,and more1 it was often while they were gathered together1 celebrating the festival of the ,lord's ,day1 that the ,lord ,himself appeared among them4 ,,lord',s ,,prayer4 ,the prayer taught us by our blessed ,lord as the model of all our devotions4 7,matt4 vi4 #i47 ,but it is not only a model of prayer1 but an express form to accompany all our worship4 7,luke xi4 #b47 ,thus we find it frequently in our ,prayer ,book1 no ,service being without it4 ,the often repetition of it1 however1 in our ,sunday ,service is caused by the fact of three separate ,services being used as one whole4 ,,lord',s ,,supper1 see ,communion1 ,holy4 ,,lord',s ,,table1 see ,altar4 ,,low ,,church1 see ,church ,parties4 ,,low ,,sunday4 ,the ,sunday after ,easter is called ,low ,sunday1 because1 although it partakes in some sort of the festal nature of ,easter1 it being the ,octave1 yet it is a festival of a much lower degree than ,easter itself4 ,,luke',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,october #ah4 ,kept in commemoration of ,st4 ,luke1 the companion of ,st4 ,paul1 the author of the third ,gospel1 and also probably of the ,book of the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,he is believed to have been a physician1 and his writings prove that he was a man of education4 ,according to ,st4 ,augustine1 his symbol is the ox1 the ,sacrificial ,victim4 ,,lutherans4 ,the followers of ,martin ,luther1 an ,augustine monk1 a ,german1 born #adhc4 ,he was the great ,reformer of the ,continent4 ,they retain the use of the ,altar1 some of the ancient vestments1 lighted tapers1 incense1 crucifix1 confession1 c4 ,at the time of the ,reformation1 the ,lutherans1 meeting with nothing but opposition from the ,bishops1 were constrained to act without them1 and consequently they are in much the same position as the ,scottish ,presbyterian body1 though not from the same cause4 ,the ,lutherans earnestly protested1 that they much wished to retain episcopacy1 but that the ,bishops forced them to reject sound doctrine1 and therefore they were unable to preserve their allegiance to them4 ,the ritual and liturgies differ in the various ,lutheran countries1 but in fundamental articles they all agree4 ,,lych ,,gate4 ,a covered gate of the churchyard where the body 7,leich1 a corpse7 rests on its way to burial4 ,,magnificat4 ,the song of the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,luke i4 ,it is the first canticle of ,evening ,prayer1 and has been sung in the ,church from very early times4 ,,maniple1 or ,,manuple1 see ,vestment4 ,,mariolatry4 ,the worship1 or cultus1 of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,one of the principal errors of the ,church of ,rome1 and on the increase4 ,,mark',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,april #beth4 ,st4 ,mark was a companion of ,st4 ,peter1 and is thought to have written his ,gospel under ,st4 ,peter's directions4 ,this evangelist is symbolized by the ,man4 ,,marriage1 see ,matrimony1 ,holy4 ,,martinmas4 ,november #aath4 ,a festival formerly kept in honour of ,st4 ,martin1 ,bishop of ,tours1 in ,france1 in #cgd4 ,,martyr4 ,one who lays down his life for his religion4 ,the word means a witness4 ,st4 ,stephen was the first1 or proto-martyr4 ,,mary1 ,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,we admit to her the title of ,mother of ,god1 but protest against her being worshipped4 ,no instance of ,divine honour being paid her is earlier than the fifth century4 ,two festivals only in the ,church of ,england are kept in her honour1 viz41 the ,purification1 and the ,annunciation4 ,,mass4 ,in ,latin1 ,missa1 with which word congregations were accustomed to be dismissed4 ,then it was used for the congregation itself1 and finally became applied only to the ,communion ,service4 ,,materialism4 ,one of the philosophies of the day which looks upon everything as the out-come of mere physical energy2 denies the soul1 and every spiritual force2 and regards matter as eternal4 ,,matins1 see ,morning ,prayer4 ,,matrimony1 ,,holy4 ,with regard to the ,marriage ,laws1 the ,church and the ,state are not agreed4 ,the former maintains ,holy ,matrimony to be a religious ceremony1 while the ,state recognises the legality of mere civil contracts1 and allows people to enter into the nuptial state by a civil ceremony4 ,we find the early ,fathers distinctly stating that marriage is of a sacred nature4 ,paley1 in his ,moral ,philosophy1 says1 ,whether it hath grown out of some tradition of the ,divine appointment of marriage in the persons of our first parents1 or merely from a design to impress the obligation of the marriage-contract with a solemnity suited to its importance1 the marriage-rite1 in almost all countries of the world1 has been made a religious ceremony2 although marriage1 in its own nature1 and abstracted from the rules and declarations which the ,jewish and ,christian ,scriptures deliver concerning it1 be properly a civil contract1 and nothing more4 ,it was forbidden in the #dth century during ,lent1 and so custom and propriety forbid it now during the same season4 ,in the ,manual marriages were prohibited in the following seasons3--7a7 ,advent to the octave of ,epiphany1 7b7 ,septuagesima to the octave of ,easter inclusive1 7c7 ,rogation ,sunday to ,trinity ,sunday4 ,the ,roman ,church has exalted ,holy ,matrimony into a ,sacrament4 ,the ,state so far recognises the position of the ,church with regard to ,holy ,matrimony that no clergyman can be forced to marry a divorced person1 though he may be obliged to lend his church to any other who will perform the ceremony4 ,,matrimony1 ,,the ,,form ,,of ,,solemnization ,,of4 ,of all our services this preserves most of the older ,office in the ,sarum ,manual4 ,some of the hortatory portions come as usual from ,hermann's ,consultation4 ,there has been no change since #aedi1 except the omission of the ceremony of giving gold and silver to the bride as tokens of spousage4 ,the ,service is divided into two parts 7a7 the ,marriage ,service proper1 performed in the body of the ,church2 7b7 the succeeding service at the ,holy ,table1 evidently intended as an introduction to the ,holy ,communion which should follow4 ,the ,banns4 ,from a barbarous ,latin word meaning an edict or proclamation4 ,in #affa the rubric directed them to be published immediately before the offertory sentences4 ,the marriage ,acts of the ,georges are supposed to set aside this rubric1 and to order them to be published after the ,second ,lesson4 ,it is doubtful whether this does not apply to the ,evening ,service only1 in places where there is no ,morning ,service4 ,the ,licence of the ,bishop makes the publication of ,banns unnecessary4 ,without a ,special ,licence1 ,marriage can be solemnized only between the hours of #h and #ab in the forenoon4 7a7 ,the ,marriage ,service proper should be performed in the body of the church 7see rubric1 #affa7 the place selected being generally the ,chancel steps4 ,the ,exhortation1 #aedi1 from the ,consultation chiefly2 it rests on the following passages of ,holy ,scripture3--,gen4 ii4 #bd2 ,matt4 xix4 #e2 ,eph4 v4 #bb-cc2 ,john ii4 #a-aa2 ,heb4 xiii4 #d4 ,no impediment being alleged1 the ,espousal or ,betrothal follows4 ,the joining of hands is from time immemorial the pledge of covenant1 and is here an essential part of the ,marriage ,ceremony4 ,the words of the betrothal are agreeable to the following passages3 #a ,cor4 xi4 #a-ab2 ,eph4 v4 #bb-cc2 ,col4 iii4 #ah1 #ai2 #a ,tim4 ii4 #aj-ad2 #a ,peter iii4 #a-g4 ,the ,marriage ,rite itself4 ,the use of the ring is probably of pre-,christian antiquity4 ,the old ,service directed it to be worn on the fourth finger because there is a vein leading direct to the heart4 ,gold and ,silver was also given the bride in #aedi1 but omitted in #aeeb4 ,the word worship means honour1 as in ,wycliffe's ,testament1 ,matt4 xix4 #ai1 ,worship thy father and thy mother4 7b7 ,the ,post-,matrimonial ,service4 ,the rubric directs only the minister or clerks to go to the ,lord's ,table1 but the practice is to carry out the older rubric1 #aedi1 ,then shall they--the whole marriage party--go into the ,quire4 ,a second ,psalm is added for use in cases when the language of the first would be unsuitable4 ,the following rubric is almost unique1 in directing the ,priest to turn his face to the people4 ,the ,versicles are substantially the same as those used at the ,visitation of the ,sick and in the ,churching of ,women4 ,the concluding rubric dates from #affa2 the rubric in #aedi definitely ordered the reception of ,holy ,communion4 ,,matthew',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,sept4 #bast4 ,this ,apostle and ,evangelist1 before his call to the apostleship1 was known as ,levi1 the publican1 or tax-gatherer4 ,he may possibly have been the brother of ,st4 ,james the ,less1 and of ,st4 ,thomas also4 ,he was the first to write a ,gospel1 which he addressed to the ,jews1 his aim being to show that ,jesus was the ,messiah4 ,it is probable that he alone1 of all the ,new ,testament writers1 wrote in ,hebrew4 ,his symbol is the ,lion1 according to ,st4 ,augustine4 ,,matthias',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,feb4 #bdth4 ,of ,st4 ,matthias we know simply nothing1 except that he was elected to the vacant place in the ,apostolic ,college1 caused by the desertion and death of the traitor ,judas2 ,acts i4 #ae to end4 ,,maundy ,,thursday4 ,the ,thursday before ,easter1 being the day on which our ,lord instituted the ,holy ,sacrament of ,his ,body and ,blood4 ,the name is a corruption of the ,latin word mandatum1 meaning a command1 in allusion to the ,new ,commandment of mutual love4 ,,messiah1 see ,trinity1 ,the ,holy4 ,,methodists4 ,the original ,methodists are the ,wesleyans1 but already this sect has split up into numerous sections1 or ,churches1 as they call themselves4 ,the leading sub-divisions will each have a separate notice4 ,the leading idea of ,methodism is a revival of religion by a free appeal to the feelings1 and the method adopted is an elaborate system of societies1 and preaching the doctrine of sensible conversion4 ,the people called ,methodists1 or ,wesleyans1 are the followers of ,john ,wesley1 who was born in #agjc4 ,he took his degree at ,oxford1 and was ordained in #agbe4 ,he held a ,fellowship at ,lincoln ,college until his marriage in #ageb4 ,while at ,oxford1 he1 with his brother ,charles1 of ,christ ,church1 and his friend ,whitefield1 of ,pembroke1 and some twelve others1 determined to live under a common rule of strict and serious behaviour2 to receive frequently the ,holy ,communion2 and to adopt a methodical and conscientious improvement of their time4 ,after ordination1 these two brothers1 ,john and ,charles1 set to work to revive a spirit of religion in the ,church of ,england1 of which they were priests1 and were aided by the good-will and sound paternal advice of some of the ,bishops4 ,in #agce ,john ,wesley went out as a missionary to ,georgia1 in ,america1 but the settlers rejected his services1 and his mission to the ,indians was a failure4 ,on his voyage out1 he unfortunately came under the influence of some ,moravians2 and on returning to ,england1 after a three years' absence1 he became a regular member of the ,moravian ,society in ,london4 ,it was here he learnt the two peculiar doctrines of subsequent ,wesleyanism1 viz43 7#a7 instantaneous and sensible conversion1 7#b7 the doctrine of perfection1 i4e41 of a ,christian ,maturity1 on attaining which1 he that is 7in the ,wesleyan sense7 born again1 born of ,god1 sinneth not4 ,if1 however1 we take into view ,wesley's own persistent affirmation in later times1 ,i have uniformly gone on for fifty years1 never varying from the doctrine of the ,church at all2 and many other such passages1 we cannot escape the inevitable conclusion that the very doctrine on which his modern followers have built their separation from the ,church1 is nothing else than a transient and foreign element in their great founder's teaching4 ,in #agdd ,wesley called around him his most trusted friends1--six clergymen of the ,church of ,england and four lay preachers1 and held what we should now call a ,retreat2 this meeting1 however1 is regarded by the ,wesleyans as the first regular ,conference of the ,methodist ,societies4 ,it was in #aghd that ,wesley drew up a ,deed of ,declaration1 which was formally enrolled in ,chancery1 establishing ,methodism in the eye of the ,law4 ,this was an unintentional step on the part of ,wesley towards an ultimate separation from the ,church4 ,now it was too that he made his second great mistake of consecrating an ,english ,clergyman as bishop1 and two laymen as presbyters of the ,american ,societies4 ,this was the origin of the ,episcopal ,methodists of ,america4 ,john ,wesley died in #agia1 almost his last printed utterance being1 ,i declare that ,i live and die a member of the ,church of ,england2 and none who regard my opinion or advice will ever separate from it4 7,john ,wesley1 ,arminian ,magazine1 ,april1 #agij47 ,four years after his death1 in #agie1 the separation took place1 and the ,conference allowed the preachers to administer the ,lord's ,supper4 ,no sooner was the severance complete than the punishment followed4 ,in #agie the ,methodist ,new ,connexion split away from them1 under a man named ,kilham4 ,in #ahaj the ,primitive ,methodists caused another schism4 ,in #ahae the ,bible ,christians seceded1 and so on4 ,what would ,john ,wesley have thought of all this8 ,only nine months before his death1 he had solemnly charged his preachers3 ,in ,god's name1 stop there6 ,be ,church of ,england men still6 7,wesley1 ,sermons1 iii4 #bfh74 ,and his dying breath was spent in a prayer for the ,church6 ,the ,minutes of the ,wesleyan ,methodist ,conference for the year #ahhc-d give the following statistics3-- ,members4 #a4 ,in ,great ,britain #djg1jhe #b4 ,in ,ireland ,irish ,missions #bd1chd #c4 ,in ,foreign ,missions #gj1gdg #d4 ,south ,african ,conference #bj1gci #e4 ,french ,conference #a1hef ,total #ebd1haa ,on ,trial4 #a4 ,in ,great ,britain #cd1cii #b4 ,in ,ireland ,irish ,missions #ffh #c4 ,in ,foreign ,missions #e1bii #d4 ,south ,african ,conference #i1jic #e4 ,french ,conference #afh ,total #di1fbg ,ministers4 #a4 ,in ,great ,britain #a1ede #b4 ,in ,ireland ,irish ,missions #aha #c4 ,in ,foreign ,missions #bhe #d4 ,south ,african ,conference #ic #e4 ,french ,conference #bh ,total #b1acg ,on probation4 #a4 ,in ,great ,britain #ia #b4 ,in ,ireland ,irish ,missions #af #c4 ,in ,foreign ,missions #ih #d4 ,south ,african ,conference #gd #e4 ,french ,conference -- ,total #bgi ,supernumeries4 #a4 ,in ,great ,britain #bhd #b4 ,in ,ireland ,irish ,missions #db #c4 ,in ,foreign ,missions #i #d4 ,south ,african ,conference #aj #e4 ,french ,conference #c ,total #cdh ,ministers and full members in the ,australian ,wesleyan ,methodist ,church1 and in the ,methodist ,church of ,canada are under their respective ,conferences1 and consequently are not enumerated above4 ,whitaker's ,almanack for #ahhc gives the following statistics for ,wesleyan ,methodism in ,great ,britain4 ,it will be seen that its figures are slightly larger than those given above4 ,ministers4 #b1agj ,lay ,preachers4 #ae1dej ,members4 #dah1bbi ,on ,probation4 #dj1fec ,chapels4 #f1igh ,sunday ,scholars4 #hbi1fff ,the finance of ,wesleyan ,methodism for #ahhj was nearly as follows3-- ,missionary ,fund ,l#ach1cdf ,home ,mission ,income #cd1baj ,education of ,minister's ,children #bb1jcf ,chapel ,building #bib1eii ,training ,candidates for ,ministry #ab1acj ,total ,l#dii1cba ,during the past four years the ,wesleyan ,methodists have raised a ,thanksgiving ,fund amounting to ,l#cjc1fjj4 ,,methodist ,,association4 ,in #ahcd a controversy arose among the ,methodists as to the propriety of establishing a ,wesleyan ,theological ,institution2 and a minister who disapproved of such a measure1 and prepared and published some remarks against it1 was expelled from the ,connexion4 ,sympathizers with him were in like manner expelled4 ,hence the formation of the ,methodist ,association1 which differs from the parent ,society in a few particulars of ,church government4 ,this ,society is now joined with the ,wesleyan ,reform ,association1 and with the ,protestant ,methodists1 the union being effected in #aheg4 ,the amalgamation is known by the name of ,the ,united ,methodist ,free ,churches4 ,they number-- ,ministers4 #cgg ,lay ,preachers4 #c1acd ,members4 #ff1big ,sunday ,scholars #h1eii ,on ,probation4 #a1bcc ,chapels4 #ahf1bed ,,methodists1 ,,calvinistic4 ,up to #agea1 ,john ,wesley and ,george ,whitefield had worked in harmony1 but then arose a difference of opinion between them on the doctrine of election1 which resulted in their separation4 ,whitefield held the ,calvinistic view1 ,wesley the ,arminian4 ,after ,whitefield's death1 in #agfi1 his followers gradually settled into two separate religious bodies1 one being the ,lady ,huntingdon's ,connexion1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 the ,english ,calvinistic ,methodists1 and the other the ,welsh ,calvinistic ,methodists4 ,whitefield was chaplain to the ,countess of ,huntingdon1 and it was by his advice she became the patroness of his followers1 and founded a college for the education of ,calvinistic preachers4 ,the doctrines of this connexion are almost identical with those of the ,church of ,england1 interpreted1 of course1 in a ,calvinistic sense1 and her liturgy is generally employed4 ,they have no general ecclesiastical government1 and have become virtually ,congregational ,societies4 ,the ,welsh ,calvinistic ,methodists owe their origin in a great degree to a ,mr4 ,harris1 who did for ,wales much what ,wesley and ,whitefield did for ,england4 ,he instituted ,private ,societies in #agcf1 but it was not till #ahaa that the connexion separated from the ,church4 ,their ,church government differs slightly from ,wesleyanism1 and their doctrines are said to be in accordance with the #ci ,articles1 interpreted in a ,calvinistic sense4 ,chapels #a1cdc ,ministers and ,preachers #iha ,deacons #d1cag ,members #e1jbi ,on probation #agg1chc ,sunday ,scholars #aai1ceh ,during the year #ahha-hb1 ,l#afc1hge was collected for various religious purposes4 ,,methodist1 ,,new ,,connexion4 ,this party1 under a ,mr4 ,kilham1 split off from the ,wesleyans in #agie1 four years after the ,wesleyans had left the ,church of ,england4 ,in doctrines1 and in all essential and distinctive features1 it remains the same as its parent society4 ,the grand distinction rests upon the different degrees of power allowed in each communion to the laity1 the ,methodist ,new ,connexion allowing them to participate in ,church government1 whereas the ,wesleyans leave ,church government in the hands of the ministers4 ,ministers #agi ,lay ,preachers #a1bbe ,members #dah1bbi ,on probation #ddb ,chapels #gi1fig ,sunday ,scholars #d1bgg ,,methodists1 ,,primitive4 ,the ,primitives1 or ,ranters1 as they are sometimes called1 represent more truly the original genius of ,wesleyan ,methodism than any other of the various bodies into which the original secession from the ,church of ,england has split up4 ,some still kept to camp-meetings and the like1 after the original connexion had given them up4 ,this practice was condemned by the ,conference of #ahjg1 and the consequence was the birth of the ,primitive ,methodist ,connexion in #ahaj4 ,messrs4 ,hugh ,bourne and ,william ,clowes may be looked upon as the fathers of this body4 ,their doctrines are precisely the same as those of the original connexion4 ,ministers #a1aeb ,lay ,preachers #ae1gbh ,members #aia1cbi ,chapels #d1cig ,sunday ,scholars #cid1bch ,,methodist ,,reformers4 ,in #ahdi certain points in ,methodist procedure were attacked in anonymous pamphlets called ,fly ,sheets1 which resulted in the expulsion of many ministers from the original ,society4 ,they1 with those sympathising with them1 have set up a distinct machinery of methodism1 although still regarding themselves as ,wesleyan ,methodists1 illegally expelled4 ,,metropolitan4 ,a ,bishop who presides over a province is called a ,metropolitan4 ,,michael 7,st47 ,,all ,,angels4 ,a festival observed on the #bith of ,september4 ,st4 ,michael is described in the ,old ,testament as the guardian angel of the ,jewish people2 and in the ,new ,testament he is the great archangel fighting for ,god and ,his ,church against the devil4 7,see ,angel47 ,,militant1 ,,the ,,church4 ,the name given to the ,church on earth in the ,prayer following the ,offertory4 ,militant means fighting1 and is used of the ,church on earth in contra-distinction to the ,church ,triumphant1 the ,church above4 ,,millennium4 ,latin1 a thousand years4 ,certain people look for a return of ,christ to the earth before the end of the world1 and hold that there will be a first or particular resurrection limited to the good1 and a reign of ,christ with all the saints upon the earth for a thousand years1 or millennium4 ,this doctrine is chiefly based upon a most literal interpretation of part of the book of ,revelation 7chap1 xx471 which is confessedly the most figurative and mystical book in the ,bible4 ,,minor ,,canons4 ,priests in ,collegiate ,churches next in rank to the ,canons and ,prebendaries1 but not of the ,chapter4 ,they are responsible for the performance of daily service1 and should be well skilled in ,church music4 ,,minister4 ,one who serves4 ,a term applied generally to the clergy about the time of the ,great ,rebellion4 ,it is equivalent to the ,greek word rendered ,deacon4 ,an effort was unsuccessfully made in #afhi to substitute minister for priest throughout the ,prayer ,book wherever the latter word occurred4 ,,miracle4 ,latin1 ,a ,wonder4 ,the general notion of miracles1 viz41 that they are necessary proofs or credentials of our ,saviour's commission from ,god1 can scarcely be maintained on ,scriptural grounds4 7,matt4 vii4 #bh47 ,a better definition of miracles is given by ,archbishop ,thomson3 ,the miracles of the ,gospel are works done by ,christ in the course of ,his divine mission of mercy1 which could not have proceeded from ordinary causes then in operation1 and therefore proved the presence of a superhuman power1 and which1 by their nature and drift1 showed that this power was being exerted in the direction of love and compassion for the salvation of mankind4 ,if the miraculous works of ,christ were disproved and done away with1 two miracles would still remain which are unassailable1 viz41 the character of ,christ1 and the message of ,christ4 ,therefore the question is not whether miracles by themselves are probable1 but whether the ,lord from heaven1 who lived on this earth--for none could have invented the story of ,his life2 who left a message on earth--for none could have invented that message2 added to his utterances certain marvels of love and compassion to draw men's eyes towards ,him for their good4 ,this may be called the historic consideration of miracles2 the scientific is briefly as follows3--,we are told that the phenomena of nature are so many links in a chain of causes and effects1 and to suppose that ,god breaks through this chain1 is to make ,god contradict ,himself4 ,to this it may be answered that apart from any question of miracles1 there are already flaws in this chain of causation1 or rather1 powers from without that can shake it1 as1 for instance1 the outbreak of a war rendering a country1 which should have been fertile1 barren and wasted4 ,holy ,scripture is not responsible for the phrase1 suspension of the laws of nature4 ,theologians do not dogmatise about the nature of miracles1 and it would be well if science were less zealous for the inviolability of laws1 the outside limits of which she cannot now ascertain4 ,miracles are but a part of the ,gospel1 and we judge them by the setting in which they are placed4 ,those who received them at first were not made ,christians by them4 7,mark ix4 #bc1 #bd47 ,to us they are not even the beginning of faith1 for ,christ was our ,teacher and ,friend before our infant minds could conceive what miracles meant4 ,he1 the sinless ,lord1 is our first miracle2 ,his teaching is our second miracle2 and a third may be added1 viz41 the transforming power of the ,gospel in human hearts4 ,the reader is referred to the sermon on ,miracles in ,archbishop ,thomson's ,life in the ,light of ,god's ,word1 ,the ,reign of ,law1 by the ,duke of ,argyll1 and ,sir ,edmund ,beckett's ,review of ,hume and ,huxley on ,miracles4 ,,mission4 ,a sending forth4 ,the power or commission to preach the ,gospel4 ,thus our blessed ,lord gave ,his disciples and their successors their mission1 when ,he said1 ,go ye into all the world1 and preach the ,gospel to every creature4 ,,mission4 ,an effort to awaken or increase spiritual life in a ,parish by means of special ,services and ,sermons4 ,,missionary ,,societies1 see ,societies4 ,,moravians1 or ,,united ,,brethren4 ,a sect generally said to have arisen under ,nicholas ,lewis1 a ,german nobleman of the last century1 and thus called because among the first converts were some ,moravian families4 ,they themselves claim to have sprung from the ,greek ,church in the ninth century4 ,hook says1 ,it is sometimes supposed that because the ,moravians have ,bishops they are less to be blamed than other dissenting sects4 ,but1 to say nothing of the doubt that exists with respect to the validity of their orders1 an ,episcopal ,church may be1 as the ,english ,moravians and ,romanists in this country are1 in a state of schism4 ,and the very fact that the difference between them and the ,church is not great1 if this be so1 makes the sin of their schism1 in not conforming1 yet greater4 ,in ,england the ,moravians number #e1jjj members1 #f1jjj scholars1 and have #cb chapels and preaching stations4 ,,mormonists1 or ,,latter ,,day ,,saints4 ,the founder of this sect was ,joseph ,smith1 born in #ahje1 of poor parents1 in the ,state of ,vermont1 ,u4,s4 ,at the age of #ae he declared himself to have seen a vision of two personages1 who informed him that all existing ,christian sects were erroneous4 ,according to his own account1 this vision was repeated three years afterwards1 when he was informed that the ,american ,indians were a remnant of the ,israelites1 and that certain prophetical writings of the ,jews were buried in a spot from which he was destined to rescue them4 ,the absurd story goes on to say that ,joseph ,smith accordingly found in a stone box1 just covered with earth1 in ,ontario1 the ,record1 consisting of gold plates engraven with ,reformed ,egyptian characters4 ,although discovered in #ahbc1 the angel would not allow ,smith to remove them until #ahbg4 ,luckily he also discovered the ,urim and ,thummim in the same box with the golden plates1 and by its aid he was able to translate a portion of the revelation1 which1 when complete1 composed a large volume4 ,this volume he called the ,book of ,mormon1 ,mormon meaning1 as he explained1 more good1 from mor1 a contraction for more1 and mon1 the ,egyptian for good4 ,mormon1 too1 was the name of a supposed prophet living in the fourth or fifth century4 ,the golden plates1 said to have been discovered in the above extraordinary manner1 were never publicly produced1 but three witnesses were found to testify that they had actually seen the plates1 an angel having exhibited them4 ,these three witnesses were the two brothers and the father of ,smith4 ,four other witnesses of the name of ,whitmer also testified the same4 ,the ,book of ,mormon was succeeded by a ,book of ,doctrine and ,covenants1 being a collection of special revelations made to ,smith and his associates4 ,followers soon began to flock around the new prophet1 as ,smith called himself4 ,but at the same time much hostility was shown to the sect4 ,they were expelled from different ,states1 until at last they settled in ,illinois4 ,an altercation between the ,saints and the county resulted in the imprisonment of ,joseph ,smith and his brother ,hyrum2 but in #ahdd a mob broke into the prison and the brothers were shot4 ,brigham ,young succeeded to the post of prophet4 ,fresh troubles with the ,state caused another migration of the ,saints in #ahdf1 who1 after much suffering1 settled in the valley of the ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,there they have prospered1 and the settlement itself1 by the name of ,utah1 has been admitted to the ,united ,states ,confederacy4 ,they send missionary agents to all parts of the world to make fresh converts4 ,the practice of polygamy they justify by their doctrine concerning spiritual wives4 ,they have published a ,creed1 in which they profess their belief in the ,holy ,trinity1 in ,salvation through ,christ1 in the necessity of the ,sacraments and the ordinary means of grace4 ,they further believe that the miraculous gifts of the ,spirit continue4 ,they believe in the word of ,god recorded in the ,bible1 and in the ,book of ,mormon4 ,they look for the restoration of the ,jews1 and expect a millennium4 ,they have #hb congregations in ,england4 ,,morning ,,prayer ,the construction of the ,morning and ,evening ,services is so similar that they will both be considered under this heading4 ,it will be noticed that the ,services recognise distinctly what may be called ,god's part and man's part in the communion of worship4 ,they open by the message of ,god to ,his people1 calling for penitence and promising forgiveness1 which is met by the response of the ,confession4 ,next pardon is pronounced in ,god's ,name1 which naturally awakens in the pardoned soul the outburst of ,praise and ,thanksgiving in the ,lord's ,prayer1 the ,psalms and the ,canticles4 ,then the voice of ,god is again heard in the ,lessons1 and ,his revelation is accepted by the response of faith in the ,creed4 ,lastly1 in the sense of ,his grace and the knowledge of ,his will1 we turn to ,prayer for ourselves and for others1 and end with the commendation of all to ,his blessing4 ,many parts of the ,morning and ,evening ,service are considered under their own particular names1 but the history of the rest is given here4 ,the ,introductory ,sentences1 from the ,psalms1 the ,prophets1 and ,new ,testament1 are taken from old ,lent ,services4 ,the ,exhortation1 #aeeb1 was composed partly from the preceding sentences1 and partly from ancient forms4 ,the ,confession1 #aeeb1 is derived from old forms4 ,the ,absolution1 like the previous part of the service1 was added in #aeeb4 ,in the ,rubric1 the words ,remission of sins were added by the ,hampton ,court ,conference in #afjd1 to meet the objection that the word ,absolution was popish4 ,in #affa the word ,priest was substituted for ,minister1 showing that a deacon may not read the ,absolution4 ,with the ,lord's ,prayer the old ,latin ,service begins4 ,the ,rubric directs it to be said with an audible voice1 because formerly it was said inaudibly1 to keep it from the ears of the unbaptized4 ,the direction that the people are to say it with the ,minister was added in #affa4 ,the ,versicles date from the #fth century4 ,the answer1 ,the ,lord's ,name be praised1 was added in #affa4 ,for the ,canticles and ,creed see different articles4 ,the ,salutation1 ,the ,lord be with you1 is apostolic4 ,next comes the ,lesser ,litany4 ,the ,versicles following are said by the ,priest standing up1 in accordance with mediaeval custom4 ,morning ,prayer ended with the ,collect for ,grace until #affa1 when the five final prayers were added4 ,the ,second ,collect dates from #eth century1 the third from #fth century4 ,the prayers for the ,queen1 and for the ,clergy and ,people1 stood in the ,litany in #aeei1 and the ,prayer of ,st4 ,chrysostom 7,john1 the ,golden ,mouthed7 was in the ,litany in #aede1 and dates from the #dth century4 ,the ,prayer for the ,royal ,family was composed in #afjd4 ,,music1 see ,church ,music4 ,,nave4 ,from the ,latin navis1 a ship1 because the nave1 or body1 of a church somewhat resembles the hull of a ship turned upside down4 ,the nave formerly was always separated from the chancel 7which see7 by a screen4 ,,nicene ,,creed1 see ,creed4 ,,non-,,conformists4 ,the name now given to all those who do not conform to the practice of the ,established ,church4 ,originally1 however1 it was restricted to the ,puritan section within the ,church1 dissidents from the ,church being called ,separatists1 which is still their correct title4 ,in ,elizabeth's reign many of the clergy refused to conform to the ,act of ,uniformity2 the use of the surplice1 and many things in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 being objectionable to them4 ,the ,non-,conformists afterwards assumed the name of ,puritan1 which had previously been used of a heresy of the #crd century4 ,they formally separated from the ,church in #aegb4 7,see ,puritan47 ,,north ,,side1 see ,eastward ,position4 ,,nunc ,,dimittis1 or the ,,song ,,of ,,simeon4 7,luke ii4 #bi47 ,the sweetest and most solemn of all the ,canticles--the thanksgiving of the aged saint for the sight of the ,saviour4 ,it is appropriately sung by us after the revelation of ,christ in the ,lessons for the day4 ,it is1 and has been1 used by the whole ,catholic ,church from the earliest times4 ,,oblation4 ,an offering to ,god4 ,in the ,office for the ,holy ,communion we pray ,god to accept our alms and oblations4 ,the word oblations was added to this prayer at the same time that the rubric which directs the priest to place upon the table so much bread and wine as he shall think sufficient1 was inserted1 #affb4 ,from this1 many--,wheatly1 ,palmer1 ,bishop ,patrick1 c4--conclude that the oblation consists in the offering of the bread and wine4 ,others would consider it merely synonymous with alms4 ,,octave4 ,the octave is the eighth day after any principal festival of the ,church4 ,in ancient times it was customary to observe these days with much devotion1 including the whole period also from the festival to the octave4 ,in our ,prayer ,book we observe the octaves of ,christmas1 ,easter1 ,ascension1 and ,whit-,sunday1 by using the special preface appointed in the ,communion ,service at every celebration during the octave4 ,the ,whit-,sunday preface1 however1 is only used six days1 because ,trinity ,sunday falls on the octave4 ,,oecumenical4 7,belonging to the whole inhabited world47 ,a term applied to ,general ,councils of the ,church1 to distinguish them from councils of less importance4 ,it is also a title of the ,patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,,offertory4 ,in an ecclesiastical sense1 the anthem said or sung while the offerings are being made2 it is now frequently used to denote the alms collected4 ,oblations in money or kind have always been made from apostolic times 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #b74 ,out of these offerings in kind were taken the bread and wine used in the celebration of the ,holy ,communion4 7,see ,alms1 ,communion47 ,,orders1 ,,holy4 ,three ,orders have always been recognised in the ,church of ,christ--,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons4 ,the preface to the ,ordinal in our ,prayer ,book affirms this very strongly4 ,to these were added1 but on a distinctly different footing1 what are called the ,minor ,orders--,sub-,deacon1 ,acolyte1 ,exorcist1 ,singer1 ,reader1 ,door-keeper2 these are of merely ecclesiastical institution1 and are not generally retained in the ,church of ,england1 although the office of ,reader may be said to be in part revived1 and the revival of ,sub-,deacon is recommended4 ,the ,church of ,rome has seven ,orders4 ,articles xxiii41 xxxvi4 and xxxvii41 as well as the preface referred to above1 should be carefully read on this matter4 7,see also ,apostolical ,succession and ,ordinal47 ,bishop4 ,from a ,greek word 7episcopos7 meaning an ,overseer4 ,it is the title now given to the highest ,order in the ,christian ,ministry1 to which appertains the function of ordination4 ,of this ,order were ,titus and ,timothy1 the one being ,bishop of ,crete1 the other ,bishop of ,ephesus4 ,in the ,english ,church a ,bishop must not be less than #cj years old1 a ,priest #bd1 and a ,deacon #bc1 unless dispensed by a faculty from the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,priest4 ,the second ,order in the ,christian ,ministry4 ,the word is a corruption of ,presbyter 7which see74 ,in common with ,bishops1 ,priests have the power to absolve1 to consecrate1 and to bless1 but not to ordain4 ,the difference between a ,priest and a ,deacon is far greater than that between a ,deacon and a layman4 ,deacon4 ,the lowest ,order in the ,english ,church4 ,the word is derived from the ,greek1 and means a minister4 ,he is the assistant of the ,priest1 and may only perform certain spiritual duties--e4 g41 the rubrics of our ,prayer ,book direct certain parts of the ,service to be taken by the ,priest1 while the rest is left to the ,minister1 ,priest or ,deacon as he may happen to be1 unless from the nature of the office1 we know that the term ,minister refers only to ,priest4 7,see ,minister47 ,,orders1 ,,qualifications ,,for4 ,although the preface to the ,ordinal and ,canon #ci lay down generally what is necessary from ,candidates for ,holy ,orders1 yet any one intending to be ordained had better write to the ,secretary of the ,bishop into whose diocese he thinks of going for further particulars as to the subjects for examination1 c4 ,the papers generally necessary for ,deacon's orders are the following--7#a7 ,certificate of ,baptism1 or a declaration by some competent witness that the candidate has completed his #bcrd year and has been baptized4 7#b7 ,graduates of ,cambridge must have passed either the ,special ,theological1 or the ,preliminary ,examination for ,holy ,orders2 ,graduates of ,oxford must produce ,certificates that they have attended two courses of ,lectures by ,divinity ,professors4 ,durham men must be either ,b4,a4 or ,l4,th4 ,dublin men must be ,b4,a41 and hold also the ,divinity ,testimonial4 7#c7 ,college ,testimonials4 7#d7 ,the ,si quis1 a notice read in the ,church of the place where the candidate resides1 to give opportunity for raising objections1 something like the asking of ,banns4 7#e7 ,letters ,testimonial for three years1 or for the time elapsed since the ,candidate left ,college4 ,this ,testimonial must be subscribed by three beneficed clergymen4 7#f7 ,a ,title1 or nomination to a ,curacy4 ,for ,priest's ,orders1 the ,candidate requires #d1 #e1 and #f1 as above4 ,when a ,candidate is accepted by the ,bishop1 he has then to pass an ,examination1 which slightly differs in the various dioceses1 but generally comprehends the following subjects1 viz4--,the ,bible2 the ,new ,testament in ,greek1 and a minute acquaintance with some specified portion of it2 ,the ,prayer-,book2 ,the #ci ,articles2 ,church ,history2 ,latin2 some theological authors1 such as ,pearson1 ,hooker1 ,butler1 ,paley1 c42 a ,hebrew ,paper is set for those who care to take up ,hebrew4 ,,ordinal4 ,the form and manner of making1 ordaining1 and consecrating ,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons4 ,various forms of ,service for ,ordination have existed from the earliest times4 ,although differing in many ways1 each kept the essentials of ,ordination1 viz41 ,imposition of hands1 with ,prayer and ,benediction1 as used by the ,apostles themselves4 ,the first ,reformed ,service was taken as usual partly from the ancient ordinals in use4 ,it was revised in #aeeb1 and again in #affb1 when some changes1 tending to greater solemnity1 were introduced4 ,the ,preface insists upon the necessity of ,episcopal ,ordination4 ,it determines the age at which men may be ordained1 viz44 ,deacon at #bc1 ,priest at #bd1 ,bishop at #cj1 and speaks of the qualifications of candidates for the ministry4 ,canon #cd of #afjd mentions further qualifications necessary 7see ,orders1 ,qualifications for74 ,the times for ,ordination appointed by the ,canon are1 of course1 the four ,ember ,seasons1 which have been so set apart from the #eth century4 ,the ,form and ,manner of making of ,deacons4 ,after ,morning ,prayer1 including the ,sermon1 is ended1 the ,candidates for ,deacon's ,orders1 dressed either in surplice or gown1 are presented by the ,archdeacon to the ,bishop1 who is sitting in his chair in the ,sanctuary4 ,the ,bishop's address to the people is of much the same nature as the ,si quis already read4 ,the ,litany is made specially appropriate by the insertion of the suffrage1 ,that it may please ,thee to bless these ,thy servants1 now to be admitted to the ,order of ,deacons 7or ,priests71 and to pour ,thy grace upon them2 that they may duly execute their office1 to the edifying of ,thy ,church1 and the glory of ,thy ,holy ,name4 ,then follows a special ,collect and ,epistle4 ,before the ,gospel the ,bishop proceeds with the ,ordination ,service4 ,until #ahfe the ,oath of the ,queen's ,supremacy was administered here1 but now it is taken before the ,service4 ,sitting in his chair1 the ,bishop puts certain searching questions to those he is about to ordain4 ,the first is of the ,inward ,call of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this perhaps is sometimes misunderstood1 but several high authorities unite with ,calvin in explaining it to be the good testimony of our own heart1 that we have taken this office neither from ambition1 covetousness1 nor any evil design1 but out of a true fear of ,god1 and a desire to edify the ,church4 7,see ,call to the ,ministry47 ,the next question is of the ,outward ,call1 and implies a willingness to accept all the regulations under which the ,ministry is to be exercised in the ,church of ,england4 ,the third and fourth questions demand a belief in the ,bible1 and a desire to read 7and perhaps expound it7 in the ,church4 ,the next question explains the duties of the ,diaconate1 and marks very distinctly the great difference between that ,order and the ,priesthood4 ,the answer expresses the candidate's intention to be faithful in the public ministration of his office1 and the answer to the next question his desire to be an example in his private life4 ,the last question concerns canonical obedience4 ,next follows the ,ordination itself1 which is notable for its extreme simplicity in comparison with the great solemnity of the ,ordination of ,priests4 ,the ,gospel is usually read by the ,deacon who passes first in the ,examination4 ,the ,communion ,service is then proceeded with1 one final prayer being added in behalf of those who have just become ,deacons in the ,church4 ,the ,form and ,manner of ,ordering of ,priests4 ,the ground-plan of this ,service is the same as that of the preceding4 ,the ,deacons are ordained before the ,gospel1 the ,priests after4 ,the ,bishop's exhortation before putting the question brings out in a striking manner a picture of the whole pastoral duty and life4 ,the first question dwells on the outward call to the ,priesthood2 the second1 third1 and fourth1 on the rule of faith and practice2 the fifth and sixth on the individual life2 the seventh and eighth on the submission to order and peace4 ,then follows a call to the congregation present to engage in silent prayer on behalf of those about to be ordained to the ,priesthood4 ,after which the hymn ,veni ,creator is sung1 as it always has been sung since the #aath century on this occasion2 and after another prayer the special act of ,ordination is proceeded with4 ,it is to be noticed that ,priests present are to join with the ,bishop in the laying on of hands in obedience to #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad4 ,the ,charge given in this ,ordination is threefold1 7a7 ,the ,dispensation of the ,word2 7b7 ,the ,dispensation of the ,sacraments2 7c7 the ,power and ,commandment of ,absolution1 ,john xx4 #bc1 and compare ,matt1 xvi4 #ai2 xviii4 #ah4 ,the ,service of the ,holy ,communion is then proceeded with1 the final collect being a twofold prayer for the newly-ordained and for the people4 ,the concluding rubric is a direction for the order of the ,service if ,priests and ,deacons are to be ordained on the same occasion4 ,the form of ,ordaining and ,consecrating of an ,archbishop or ,bishop4 ,this form of ,service differs from the other services in beginning with the ,communion ,service1 placing the ,sermon in its usual place in that ,service1 and then inserting the ,litany after the ,gospel and before the ,consecration4 ,the ,service is to be conducted by the ,archbishop1 or some ,bishop appointed by him4 ,the presence of other ,bishops is implied throughout1 according to the old rule1 which prescribed1 as a matter of church order1 though not of absolute necessity1 that three ,bishops at least should concur in the ,consecration4 ,the ,candidate1 vested in a ,rochet1 is presented by two ,bishops1 in accordance with a custom of great antiquity4 ,the ,queen's mandate is then read1 and the oath of canonical obedience taken4 ,the ,litany contains a special suffrage and prayer4 ,the questions which follow are substantially the same as in the ,ordination of ,priests2 except that 7a7 in the sixth the duty of enforcing discipline is insisted upon2 and 7b7the seventh requires a promise to be faithful in ordaining others2 and 7c7 the eighth lays stress on the duty of gentleness and charity4 ,after this the ,bishop elect is to put on the rest of the episcopal habit4 ,the form of consecration itself corresponds to the ,ordination of ,priests1 save that in place of conferring the power of absolution1 we have ,st4 ,paul's exhortation to ,timothy 7#b ,tim4 i4 #f1 #g71 to stir up the gift of ,consecration in power1 love1 and soberness4 ,the charge at the delivery of the ,bible takes the form of an earnest exhortation4 ,the ,holy ,communion is then proceeded with4 ,,ordinary4 ,where used in the ,prayer ,book this word almost always means the ,bishop of the ,diocese4 ,the word properly signifies any judge authorized to take cognizance of causes in his own proper right4 ,,organ1 see ,church ,music4 ,,original ,,sin1 see ,sin4 ,,ornaments ,,of ,,the ,,church1 and ,,ministers ,,thereof4 ,this ,rubric is well known as the ,ornaments ,rubric4 ,it will be considered under two heads1 7#a7 the ,vestments of the ,minister1 7#b7 the ,ornaments of the ,church4 7#a47 ,this ,rubric had no existence in #aedi2 but a direction in the ,communion ,service says that the ,priest is to wear a white albe plain1 with a ,vestment or ,cope1 and the assisting ,priests or ,deacons1 ,albes with tunicles1 or ,dalmatics4 ,at other ,services in ,parish ,churches the ministers were to use a surplice and1 in ,cathedrals and ,colleges1 the hood of their degree4 ,at a celebration a ,bishop was to wear a ,surplice or ,albe1 and a ,cope or ,vestment4 ,in #aeeb the ,ornaments ,rubric ran thus3--,the ,minister1 at the time of the ,communion1 and at all other times of his ministration1 shall use neither ,albe1 ,vestment1 nor ,cope2 but1 being ,archbishop or ,bishop1 he shall have and wear a ,rochet1 and being ,priest or ,deacon1 a ,surplice only4 ,in #aeei this ,rubric was altered thus3--,the ,minister4444shall use such ornaments in the ,church as were in use by authority of ,parliament in the second year of ,edward ,,vi41 according to the ,act of ,parliament set forth in the beginning of this book4 ,this ,act spoke of authorizing the ,queen to ordain other ceremonies2 but whether she did so or not1 according to this ,act1 has been a matter of controversy4 ,but in the advertisements of ,archbishop ,parker 7#aeff71 no other vestment than the ,cope and ,surplice is named4 ,in #affb the ,rubric was altered into its present form4 ,as a matter of history1 it seems unquestionable that1 with a few exceptions1 all vestments except the ,surplice and ,hood in ,parish ,churches1 and ,copes in some ,cathedrals1 were disused after #aefd4 ,within the last #be years1 the use of the old vestments ordered in the first ,prayer ,book1 and authorized by ,parliament1 has been revived on the authority of the ,rubric of #affb4 ,the ,privy ,council1 however1 has1 rightly or wrongly1 pronounced against the legality of the revival of the vestments named in the ,rubric4 7,see ,vestments47 7#b47 ,the ornaments of the ,church are discussed under the headings of ,altar1 ,altar ,lights1 c4 ,in ,canons #hj to #hd among the things pertaining to the ,church are enumerated 7#a7 a great ,bible and ,prayer ,book1 7#b7 a ,font of stone1 7#c7 a decent ,communion ,table covered in time of ,divine ,service with a carpet of silk or other decent stuff1 7#d7 the ,ten ,commandments to be set up and other chosen sentences written1 7#e7 a ,pulpit1 7#f7 an ,alms ,chest4 ,,orthodox4 ,sound in doctrine according to the consentient testimony of ,scripture and the ,church4 ,the opposite is heterodox4 ,,palm ,,sunday4 ,the ,sunday next before ,easter1 so called from palm branches being strewed on the road by the multitude1 when our ,saviour made ,his triumphal entry into ,jerusalem4 ,,pantheism4 ,from two ,greek words meaning all and ,god4 ,it is a subtle kind of ,atheism1 which makes ,god and the universe the same1 and so denies the existence and sovereignty of any ,god over the universe4 ,what may be called ,natural ,religion partakes largely of ,pantheism4 ,,papists4 ,roman ,catholics4 ,the term is derived from ,papa1 a title restricted in the ,west to the ,pope4 ,in the ,greek ,church it is the title of all parish priests4 ,,parable4 ,in the ,new ,testament a figurative discourse1 or a story with a typical meaning4 ,in the ,old ,testament it sometimes signifies a mere discourse1 as ,job's parable1 ,job xxvi-xxxi4 inclusive4 ,the ,parable1 in the ,new ,testament sense1 was and is a common mode of expression in the ,east4 ,,parish4 ,that circuit of ground which is committed to the charge of one parson or vicar1 or other minister4 ,some think ,england was divided into parishes by ,archbishop ,honorius1 about the year #fcj4 ,there are instances of ,parish ,churches in ,england as early as the year #gjj4 ,the cause of the great difference in the extent of different parishes is explained by the fact that churches were most of them built by lords of the manor for their tenants1 and so the parish was the size of the lord's manor4 ,in #aebj the number of ,parish ,churches was between #i1ejj and #aj1jjj4 ,there are now about #ac1ejj ,benefices2 and many more ,district and ,mission ,churches1 and ,chapels of ,ease4 ,,parson4 ,the ,rector or ,incumbent of a ,parish1 when the income of the living is derived from land4 ,it represents two ,latin words1 ',persona ,ecclesiae1' the ecclesiastical person of a place4 ,,passing ,,bell4 ,a bell tolled now after the death of a person4 ,the #fgth canon orders ,when any one is passing out of this life1 a bell shall be tolled1 and their minister shall not then be slack to do his last duty4 ,thus the beautiful idea of calling for the prayers of the ,church1 by the tolling of a bell1 for the dying person is altogether lost sight of by our modern custom4 ,,passion ,,week1 see ,holy ,week4 ,,pastor4 ,literally1 a shepherd3 hence one who shepherds souls4 ,,pastoral ,,staff4 ,a ,staff shaped like a crook1 which a ,bishop shall either bear in his hand or else have borne or holden by his chaplain4 ,this is the direction of a rubric in the ,prayer ,book of #aedi1 and which is still the law of the ,church according to the present ,ornaments ,rubric4 ,,paten1 see ,altar ,vessels4 ,,patron4 ,the person who has a right to present to a benefice4 ,,paul 7,st471 ,,the ,,conversion ,,of1 ,january #be4 ,the festival of ,st4 ,paul is not1 as usual1 of the day of his martyrdom1 but of his miraculous conversion1 and it is upon this1 rather than on his wonderful character and work1 that the services lay stress4 ,,peculiars4 ,parishes exempt from the jurisdiction of the ,bishop of the ,diocese in which they lie4 ,they were for the most part abolished in the reign of ,william ,,iv4 ,,penance4 ,in the law of ,england penance is an open ecclesiastical punishment for sin4 ,this discipline of the ,church has fallen into disuse1 a fact deplored in the opening exhortation of the ,commination ,service4 ,absolution after penance has been exalted into a ,sacrament in the ,church of ,rome4 ,,penitential ,,psalms4 ,seven psalms1 from their internal character1 are thus called1 viz41 #f1 #cb1 #ch1 #ea1 #ajb1 #acj1 #adc4 ,these are appointed to be read on ,ash-,wednesday4 ,,pentecost4 ,a solemn festival of the ,jews1 so called because it is celebrated fifty days after the ,passover4 ,it corresponds to the ,christian ,whitsuntide1 which is sometimes called by the same name4 ,,perpetual ,,curate4 ,the incumbent of a church1 chapel1 or district1 within the boundaries of a rectory or vicarage4 ,his position is in every respect that of a ,vicar4 ,,pessimism4 ,a philosophy which acknowledges the evils that are in the world1 but instead of looking for a new heaven and a new earth it looks for release in unconsciousness4 ,it is the religion of doubt1 and hopelessness1 and despair4 ,it makes the worst of everything4 ,,peter',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,june #bi4 ,this festival1 originally a festival of both ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 on the traditional anniversary of their common martyrdom1 is of great antiquity1 certainly known from the #dth century1 and kept both in the ,east and ,west on this day4 ,the institution of the festival of the ,conversion of ,st4 ,paul has now transferred the commemoration of that ,apostle to another day1 ,january #beth4 ,,pews4 ,enclosed seats in churches4 ,they did not come into use until the middle of the #agth century1 and almost belong to the past now4 ,but long before pews there were appropriated seats4 ,the first mention of a reading pew1 or desk1 in the body of the church1 for the minister1 is in #aeif3 previous to that time his place was in the chancel4 ,,philip 7,st47 ,,and ,st4 ,,james',s ,,day4 ,may #a4 ,there seems to be no adequate reason for the coupling together of these two ,apostles4 ,in the ,greek ,church their festivals are observed separately4 ,of ,st4 ,philip we have notices only in ,st4 ,john1 and early tradition speaks of his preaching in ,pamphylia4 ,of ,st4 ,james the ,apostle1 the son of ,alphaeus1 sometimes supposed to be the same as ,james the ,less1 or the ,little1 of ,mark xv4 #dj1 we know nothing except his name in the ,apostolic catalogue4 ,in the ,epistle for this day he is identified with ,james1 the brother of the ,lord1 surnamed the ,just1 and author of the ,epistle bearing his name4 ,but this identification is very uncertain4 ,,piscina4 ,a drain for water1 usually accompanied with decorative features1 near the altar on the south side4 ,it was formerly used to pour away the water in which any sacred vessel had been washed4 ,in many churches the ,piscina is the only remaining trace of where an altar has been4 ,,plymouth ,,brethren4 ,the name is a misnomer4 ,they call themselves merely ,brethren1 and instead of originating in ,plymouth1 their principal source was near ,dublin4 ,they date from #ahbg1 and their existence is a protest against all sectarianism1 they holding that there should be a visible unity among ,christians4 ,they decline to be looked upon as one of the many sects into which ,christianity is divided1 and refuse to be identified with any4 ,they hold in great esteem the primitive constitution of the ,church1 and trust largely to the power of prayer for the supply of their temporal necessities4 ,they have no recognised ministry1 but any one believing himself to be inspired of the ,spirit may address their meetings4 ,,polity1 ,,ecclesiastical4 ,the constitution and government of the ,christian ,church1 considered as a society4 ,the great book on this subject is ,hooker's immortal work4 ,,pope4 ,from ,papa1 ,father1 a title anciently given to all ,christian ,bishops2 but at the end of the #aath century it was assumed exclusively by ,gregory ,,vii41 ,bishop of ,rome1 whose successors' peculiar title it has ever since continued4 7,see ,papists47 ,there are but few instances of the exercise of the papal power in ,england before the ,norman ,conquest1 nor has the ,church of ,england ever wholly submitted to papal rule4 7,see ,church of ,england47 ,,positivism1 see ,comtism4 ,,prayer-,,book1 see ,liturgy4 ,,preaching4 ,proclaiming the truths of religion4 ,the term is not necessarily to be limited to what are called sermons1 as we see by ,acts xv4 #ba1 ,moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him1 being read in the synagogues every ,sabbath day4 ,hooker1 in his fifth book1 cleverly argues against the exaltation of sermons as being the means of grace to the detriment of other parts of public worship1 a custom prevalent in his time among the ,puritans1 and now among most of the dissenting sects4 ,,prebendary4 ,a clergyman attached to a ,cathedral ,church1 who anciently enjoyed a prebend1 or stipend1 arising from some part of the ,cathedral property1 in return for his officiating at stated times in the ,cathedral4 ,the appointment is now often honorary4 7,see ,canon47 ,,precentor4 ,the leader of a choir4 ,in almost all ,cathedrals of old foundation in ,england1 and very generally on the ,continent1 the precentor was the first dignitary in the chapter1 ranking next to the dean4 ,he superintended the choral service and the choristers4 ,in all new foundations the precentor is a minor canon1 holding a rank totally different from1 and inferior to that of his namesake of the older foundation4 7,see ,minor ,canon47 ,,predestination1 see ,election4 ,the #agth ,article treats of ,predestination1 but in such a way as to make it very difficult to comprehend what it teaches with regard to this most controverted subject4 ,it seems designedly drawn up1 in guarded and general terms1 on purpose to embrace all persons of tolerably moderate views4 7,see ,arminianism1 ,calvinism1 ,antinomianism47 ,,prelate4 ,generally a ,bishop1 but strictly an ecclesiastic having jurisdiction over other ecclesiastics4 ,,presbyter4 ,a ,greek word signifying an ,elder4 ,in the ,christian ,church a presbyter or elder is one who is ordained to a certain office1 and authorized by his quality1 not his age1 to discharge the several duties of that office and station in which he is placed4 ,in this large and extended sense1 ,bishops were sometimes called presbyters in the ,new ,testament1 for the apostles themselves did not refuse the title4 ,priests are in an ordinary sense the presbyters of the ,church1 and in the ,scotch ,liturgy1 compiled in the reign of ,charles ,i1 the word presbyter is substituted for that of priest4 7,see ,orders47 ,,presbyterians4 ,a ,protestant sect which maintains that there is no order in the ,church superior to presbyters1 and on that account has separated from the ,catholic ,church4 ,this sect is established by law in ,scotland1 where there nevertheless exists a national branch of the ,catholic ,church1 under canonical ,bishops4 ,of course the establishment or disestablishment of a sect in no way alters its position as being1 or not being1 a branch of the ,catholic ,church4 ,from time to time considerable secessions have occurred in ,scotland from the ,established ,church1 the principal being the ,united ,presbyterian ,church1 and the ,free ,church of ,scotland4 ,english ,presbyterians are not to be confounded with ,scotch ,presbyterians1 the former being the main supporters of ,socinianism and ,rationalism in this country4 ,the ,presbyterian ,church of ,england has #aj presbyteries1 #bge congregations1 #ef1jii communicants4 ,,presence1 ,,real1 see ,communion1 ,holy1 part iv4 ,the ,homily on the ,sacrament asserts1 ,thus much we must be sure to hold1 that in the ,supper of the ,lord there is no vain ceremony or bare sign1 no untrue figure of a thing absent2 but the communion of the body and blood of our ,lord in a marvellous incorporation1 which1 by the operation of the ,holy ,ghost1 is1 through faith1 wrought in the souls of the faithful4 ,,presentation4 ,the offering of a clerk to the ,bishop by the patron of a benefice1 for institution4 ,,priest1 see ,presbyter1 ,orders1 ,holy4 ,,primate4 ,a ,primate is the highest in rank in a ,national ,church4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury is ,primate of all ,england1 but is without power in the province of ,york4 ,the ,archbishop of ,york is ,primate of ,england4 ,,procession ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost4 ,the doctrine that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds from the ,father and the ,son4 ,it is an incomprehensible mystery1 and in thinking of it we shall do well to remember the words of ,gregory ,nazianzen to an objector2 ,do you tell me how the ,father is unbegotten1 and ,i will then attempt to tell you how the ,son is begotten1 and the ,spirit proceeds4 ,the ,eastern or ,greek ,church 7which see7 split from the ,western on this question of the procession of the ,holy ,ghost1 believing that the eternal procession is from the ,father alone1 and not from the ,son4 ,,proctor ,a name given to the clergy elected by their brethren to represent them in convocation4 ,the same name is given to those officers of the universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge whose duty it is to guard the morals1 and preserve the quiet of the university4 ,,professor4 ,a public teacher in a university4 ,,protestant4 ,the term is now used of all who protest against ,popery4 ,it was originally given to those who protested against a certain decree issued by the ,diet of ,spires in #aebi4 ,,province4 ,the limit of an ,archbishop's jurisdiction1 as a diocese is the limit of the jurisdiction of a ,bishop4 7,see ,archbishop and ,diocese47 ,,psalter4 ,the word ,psalter is often used by ancient writers for the book of the ,psalms1 considered as a separate book of ,holy ,scripture2 but the term is generally used now of the book in which the ,psalms are arranged for the public service of the ,church4 ,the ,roman ,psalter1 for instance1 does not follow the course of the ,psalms as in the ,bible1 but arranges them for the different services4 ,the division of the ,psalms into daily portions1 as given in our ,prayer ,books1 has been done with a view to convenience4 ,the ,psalter1 properly speaking1 is a separate book from that of ,common ,prayer4 ,the ,english ,psalter does not follow the last translation of the ,bible 7which is the authorized one71 but that of ,coverdale's ,bible1 corrected1 which had become familiar to the people from constant use4 ,,public ,,worship4 ,the united ,service of the ,congregation4 ,a ,christian duty very much neglected by the laity1 notwithstanding the ,apostolic direction not to forsake the assembling of ourselves together4 7,heb4 x4 #be47 ,formerly the law of the land compelled every parishioner to attend public worship1 unless excommunicate4 ,there is a special blessing promised to the assembly of believers for common prayer and praise4 ,where two or three are gathered together there am ,i in the midst of them4 7,matt1 xviii4 #bj47 ,the ,lord loveth the gates of ,zion more than all the dwellings of ,jacob 7,ps4 lxxxvii4 #b47 ,both in the ,old ,testament and ,new ,testament this duty holds a prominent place4 ,,public ,,worship ,,regulation ,,act4 ,an ,act of ,parliament1 passed in #ahgd1 for the better administration of the ,laws respecting the regulation of ,public ,worship4 ,under this ,act any three aggrieved ,parishioners1 calling themselves members of the ,church of ,england1 though not necessarily ,communicants1 may report to the ,bishop anything their clergyman does which they believe to be unlawful4 ,the ,bishop may use his discretion whether proceedings are to be taken against the clergyman on the representation of his parishioners4 ,if the litigious parties prefer it1 the case may be taken out of the ,bishop's hands and brought before a ,judge appointed under this ,act--at present ,lord ,penzance4 ,the workings of the ,act have been far from satisfactory to any1 and in many cases have given rise to grave scandal4 ,,pulpit4 ,a raised desk4 ,sermons were formerly delivered from the steps of the ,altar4 ,by ,canon #hc1 a raised desk1 called a pulpit1 is ordered in every church1 from which the preacher is to address his flock4 ,,purgatory4 ,a place in which souls are1 by the ,romanists1 supposed to be purged from carnal impurities1 before they are received into heaven4 ,the ,council of ,florence1 #adci1 first gave an authoritative decree concerning ,purgatory1--,if any who truly repent depart from this life before that by worthy fruits of repentance they have made satisfaction for their sins of commission and omission1 their souls are purified after death1 and to relieving these pains1 the suffrages of the faithful who are alive1 to wit1 the sacrifice of masses1 prayers1 alms1 and other pious works1 are profitable4 ,but whether purgatory is a fire1 or a mist1 or a whirlwind1 or anything else1 we do not dispute4 ,the idea of ,purgatory was very early broached by individuals4 ,st4 ,augustine1 #cih1 speaks of it as a thing which possibly may be found so1 and possibly never2 the ,venerable ,bede says it is not altogether incredible4 ,origen1 in the #crd century1 is by some thought to have been the first to teach distinctly the doctrine of ,purgatory1 but his view differs altogether from the ,roman4 ,article xxii4 gives the view of the ,church of ,england on this subject4 ,purgatory444 is a fond thing1 vainly invented1 and grounded upon no warranty of ,scripture1 but rather repugnant to the word of ,god4 ,however1 in the celebrated ,essays and ,reviews case1 the point arose in respect of a doctrine1 scarcely discernible from that of ,purgatory1 being taught by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,wilson1 and the ,privy ,council decided that there is no condemnation of it in the ,anglican formularies4 ,the teaching of ,article xxii4 is borne out by the following3 ,luke xxiii1 #dc2 ,phil4 i #bc2 #b ,cor4 v4 #h2 ,rev4 xiv4 #ac2 and many other passages4 ,,purification ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary4 ,february #bnd4 ,the alternative title 7the ,presentation of ,christ in the ,temple17 suggests the lesson to be drawn from all the services of the day4 ,the name ,candle-mas ,day is derived from the custom of a procession with torches1 superseding 7it is thought7 the heathen festival of torches to ,ceres in the early part of ,february1 with a reference to the true light to lighten the ,gentiles4 ,exodus xiii4 #a-ag 7the proper lesson for the day7 gives the ,mosaic law of the dedication of the first-born4 ,,puritans4 ,a name assumed by the ultra-,protestants in the reigns of ,elizabeth1 ,james ,i41 and ,charles ,i4 ,the following chapter of history is often much misrepresented by the enemies of the ,church3--,in the time of the great ,rebellion seven thousand ,english clergymen1 having refused to take the covenant1 were ejected from their livings1 their places being supplied by dissenting teachers4 ,at the ,restoration it was required that all those persons who had thus become possessed of the property of the ,english ,church should either conform to the regulations of the ,church1 or resign4 ,of all the ,puritan clergy then in possession only fifteen hundred refused to conform4 ,these fifteen hundred were ejected1 and from what8 ,from their rights8 ,no2 from what they had usurped4 ,more than five thousand conformed and still retained possession of their benefices1 so that but few of the loyal ,english clergy who had been ejected regained their rights even at the ,restoration4 ,,quakers4 ,a sect owing their origin to ,george ,fox1 a cattle-drover1 in #afbd4 ,they are also called the ,society of ,friends4 ,the first assembly for public worship was held in ,leicestershire in #afdd4 ,the ,society is diminishing in numbers in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the body is much more numerous in ,america4 ,three gradations of meetings or synods--monthly1 quarterly1 and yearly--administer the affairs of the ,society4 ,fit persons are chosen by monthly meetings as ,elders1 to watch over the religious duties of the members4 ,they make provision for their poor1 none of whom are ever known to require parochial relief4 ,at the monthly meetings also marriages are sanctioned4 ,monthly meetings being limited to a certain circuit1 several monthly meetings compose a quarterly meeting1 at which general reports are given and appeals heard4 ,the yearly meeting has the general superintendence of the ,society4 ,in case of disputes among ,friends the matter is submitted1 not to law1 but to arbitration4 ,their solemn affirmations are accepted in lieu of oaths4 ,the chief rule of their faith is that the inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit so guides and teaches them that the ,bible and all else is subordinate to this inward monition of the ,spirit4 ,their ministers may be either male or female1 the only qualification necessary being the immediate inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,they decline to define in any way the doctrine of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,they deny the necessity of any outward sign accompanying ,baptism1 it being a wholly spiritual matter4 ,also they affirm that taking or receiving the ,eucharist is not of perpetual obligation4 ,and they condemn all war1 even in self-defence1 as unlawful for ,christians4 ,the ,society of ,friends consists of about #ab1jjj members1 #bed recorded ministers1 and about #djj unrecorded2 and in ,england and ,wales they have #cag places of worship4 ,as a rule their moral character is excellent1 and they are very valuable members of society4 ,,quinquagesima ,,sunday4 ,the fiftieth day before ,easter1 reckoning in whole numbers4 ,,questmen4 ,the same as ,synod's men1 or ,sidesmen4 7,see ,churchwardens47 ,,rationalism4 ,there are two ways by which the human mind can attain to a knowledge of the truth2 first by receiving a divine revelation of it1 and secondly by means of observation and reasoning4 ,the name of ,rationalism is given to that school of thought which believes that the latter of these two ways is of itself fully sufficient for the attainment of all truth4 ,,reading ,,desk1 see ,desk4 ,,reading ,,in4 ,every incumbent upon entering his living is obliged to read the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 and to give his assent thereto publicly1 in ,church1 on some ,sunday nearly following his appointment4 ,he must also read the ,morning and ,evening ,prayer1 and declare his assent to the ,prayer ,book4 ,a certificate to that effect has to be signed by the ,churchwardens4 ,the whole ceremony is known as that of reading in4 ,,real ,,presence1 see ,presence1 ,real4 ,,rector4 ,a clergyman who has charge of a parish1 and who possesses all the tithes4 ,the distinction between a ,rector and ,vicar is that the former has the whole right to all the ecclesiastical dues within his parish1 whereas the latter is entitled only to a certain portion of those profits1 the best part of which are often absorbed by the impropriator4 ,,reformation4 ,the great revolt in ,europe in the #afth century against the ,papacy4 ,the rescue of our ,church from the usurped dominion of the ,pope1 and its restoration from the corruptions of ,popery to primitive purity was then effected4 7,see ,church of ,england47 ,,refreshment ,,sunday ,the fourth ,sunday in ,lent is so called probably because the ,gospel for the day relates the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand4 ,it is also frequently called ,mid-,lent ,sunday4 ,in several parts of ,england it is known by the name of ,mothering ,sunday1 from an ancient practice of making a pilgrimage to the ,mother ,church1 usually the ,cathedral1 of the neighbourhood on this day4 ,the comparatively modern and local custom of young men and women going home to visit their parents on this day is probably a survival of the older practice4 ,,regeneration4 ,a ,latin word meaning new birth1 or being born again4 ,the catechism teaches us that the grace of ,baptism is a death unto sin1 and a new birth unto righteousness444 ,so1 in perfect consistency with the catechism1 the minister1 immediately after the administration of ,holy ,baptism to a child1 addresses the congregation thus3 ,seeing now1 dearly beloved brethren1 that this child is regenerate2 and he returns thanks to ,god that it hath pleased ,him to regenerate this infant with ,thy ,holy ,spirit4 ,the same connexion between regeneration and baptism is expressed in the ,office for ,private ,baptism and in the ,office for the ,baptism of ,adults4 ,there has been much confusion and misunderstanding caused by using the word regeneration as though it meant conversion4 ,both the ,bible--,tit4 iii4 #e2 ,john iii4 #c-e--;and the ,fathers use regeneration as the new birth of baptism1 but never as meaning anything else1 unless figuratively as ,matt4 xix4 #bh4 7,see ,conversion1 ,baptism47 ,,register4 ,a parochial record of ,baptisms1 ,marriages1 and ,burials4 ,the keeping of a church book for registering the age of those that should be born and christened in the parish began in the thirtieth year of ,henry ,,viii4 ,canon #gj gives directions for the safe keeping of parish registers wherein baptisms1 weddings1 and burials were entered4 ,duplicate registers of weddings are now kept by order of recent legislation1 and also copies are made quarterly and given to the registrar of the district4 ,there is a small fee payable by those who wish to search the parish registers2 and for a copy of an entry #bs4 #f;d4 is the legal charge4 ,,renovation4 ,this action of the ,holy ,spirit upon the heart of man differs from ,regeneration 7which see7 in that it is progressive1 and may often be repeated or totally lost4 ,whereas ,regeneration comes only once1 in or through ,baptism1 and can never be repeated nor ever totally lost4 ,,repentance or ,,contrition1 ,a sincere sorrow for all past sins1 an unfeigned disposition of mind to perform the will of ,god better for the future1 and an actual avoiding and resisting of those temptations to sin under which we have before fallen4 ,,reredos4 ,a screen behind an altar1 necessary in cathedrals1 and some large churches1 because the altar is not against the ,east wall4 ,the name is commonly given to all carved or decorated work immediately behind the altar4 ,,residentiary ,,canons4 ,these ,cathedral officers have to reside in the ,cathedral ,close for three months in the year1 in their respective turns1 and take their part in the services of the ,cathedral4 7,see ,canon47 ,,response4 ,in the ,church ,service an answer made by the people speaking alternately with the minister4 ,this has always been a fundamental feature in every liturgy4 ,the practice has been handed down from the ,jewish ,church4 ,,resurrection4 ,both the resurrection of our ,lord and our own future resurrection are articles of the ,christian faith4 ,what the resurrection body will be like we do not know1 but we believe that our mortal1 corruptible body1 which is laid in the grave1 will rise again immortal and incorruptible4 ,the principal passages of ,scripture bearing on the resurrection are--#a ,thess4 iv4 #ad-af2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bj-eb2 ,rev4 xx4 #ac2 ,phil4 iii4 #ba2 ,rom4 viii4 #aa4 ,,ring4 see ,matrimony1 ,solemnization of4 ,,rites4 ,religious observances prescribed by competent authority4 ,this competent authority is described to be the ,church in that portion of the preface of the ,prayer ,book which treats of ,ceremonies2 and the claim of this right for the ,church accords with ,art4 xxxiv41 which says3 ,every particular or national ,church hath authority to ordain1 change1 and abolish ceremonies or rites of the ,church ordained only by man's authority1 so that all things be done to edifying4 ,,ritual4 ,the name given before the ,reformation to that book or manual 7sometimes it was so called7 which comprised all those occasional offices of the ,church which a ,presbyter could administer4 ,the word is now often used of the mode or manner in which ,divine ,service is conducted4 ,,ritualist4 7#a7 ,a writer on the rites of ,churches4 7#b7 ,a name given of late to the school which has revived disused ceremonial in the ,church of ,england4 7,see ,church ,parties47 ,,rochet1 see ,vestments4 ,,rood ,,screen4 ,a screen separating the chancel from the nave1 on which the rood 7i4e41 the figure of our ,lord on the ,cross7 was placed1 and on either side the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,john4 ,the place of the rood1 where the screen was sufficiently substantial1 as in cathedrals1 has been almost universally converted into an organ loft4 ,,rubrics4 ,rules for the ordering of ,divine ,service4 ,they were formerly written or printed in a red character1 and therefore called ,rubrics1 from a ,latin word signifying red4 ,the most controverted rubric in the ,church of ,england is the well-known ,ornaments ,rubric 7which see47 ,the ,rubrics dealing with the position of the ,priest at ,holy ,communion are examined in the articles on ,communion and ,eastward ,position4 ,,rural ,,dean4 ,as each ,province is divided into ,dioceses1 and each ,diocese into ,archdeaconries1 so each ,archdeaconry is divided into ,rural ,deaneries1 consisting of a certain number of ,parishes4 ,over this ,rural ,deanery some beneficed clergyman1 usually appointed by the ,bishop1 presides4 ,in the ,diocese of ,exeter the clergy elect their own ,rural ,deans4 ,his duties are to call together the clergy in his ,deanery at certain times for the discussion of ecclesiastical matters4 ,these meetings are called ,ruri-decanal ,chapters4 ,it is also the duty of the ,rural ,dean to see that the churches in his ,deanery are in fit order for public worship1 and supplied with those things by law required4 ,he is to report any immorality or crime among the clergy of his ,deanery4 ,the office of ,rural ,dean is an ancient office of the ,church1 and is mentioned as early as the time of ,edward the ,confessor4 ,,sabaoth4 ,a ,hebrew word meaning hosts or armies4 ,jehovah ,sabaoth is the ,lord of ,hosts4 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,lord ,god of ,sabaoth4 ,,sabbath4 ,rest4 ,the seventh day of the week1 commanded in the ,decalogue to be kept holy1 and still observed by the ,jews4 ,the ,christian ,sabbath is kept on the first day of the week4 7,see ,sunday and ,lord's ,day47 ,,sacerdotalism4 ,the spirit or character of the priestly class or priesthood2 devotion to priestly interests4 ,from ,latin ,sacerdos1 one given to sacred things4 ,,sacrament4 ,latin1 sacramentum1 an oath or promise ratified by a sacred or religious ceremony2 thus the oath taken by soldiers in classical times was called sacramentum4 ,in the early ,church the word sacrament was used to express the promises made by ,christians in ,holy ,baptism4 ,then it came to be used of the ceremony itself1 and thence to signify any religious ordinance4 ,in this extended sense the ,church of ,england acknowledges other rites to be sacraments beside ,baptism and the ,eucharist2 thus in the ,homily on ,swearing we find1 ,by the like holy promise the sacrament of matrimony knitteth man and wife in perpetual love1 c4 ,so the catechism does not limit the number of sacraments to two1 but says1 ,two only1 as generally necessary to salvation4 ,thus in the ,church of ,england we distinguish ,baptism and the ,eucharist from all other ordinances1 because they are1 what the others are not1 necessary for salvation to all men1 wherever they can be had4 ,other ordinances may confer grace1 but ,baptism and the ,eucharist alone unite with ,christ ,himself4 ,thus we may say that in the strict definition of the word there are only two sacraments4 ,baptism and the ,supper of the ,lord4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church teaches that there are seven sacraments1 but this can hardly be borne out2 for if the word be taken in the larger sense as meaning any religious ordinance1 then there are more than seven1 but if in a limited sense1 there are only two4 ,for the ,roman view of sacraments see ,article xxv4 ,the ,church ,catechism defines a sacrament in the strict sense as follows3--,it is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us1 ordained by ,christ ,himself as a means whereby we receive the same1 and a pledge to assure us thereof4 ,,sacrifice4 ,an offering made to ,god4 ,in strictness of speech there has been but one great sacrifice--once offered1 and never to be repeated--the sacrifice of the death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,he suffered death upon the ,cross for our redemption2 ,who made there 7by ,his one oblation of ,himself once offered7 a full1 perfect1 and sufficient sacrifice1 oblation1 and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world4 ,but1 figuratively speaking1 all ,divine worship was anciently called a sacrifice1 a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving2 but more especially this term has been applied to the ,eucharist4 ,justin ,martyr and ,irenaeus1 both ,fathers of the #bnd century1 speak of the ,eucharist as a sacrifice4 ,tertullian1 of the #crd century1 does the same4 7,see ,altar1 and ,communion1 ,the ,holy47 ,,sacrilege4 ,the desecration of objects sacred to ,god4 ,thus the robbing of churches or of graves1 the abuse of sacred vessels and jars1 by employing them for unhallowed purposes1 the plundering and misappropriation of alms and donations1 c41 are acts of sacrilege which1 in the ancient ,church1 were punished very severely4 ,,sacristan4 ,the person to whose charge the sacred vestments1 c41 in a ,church are committed4 ,the word is now corrupted to sexton 7which see47 ,,sacristy4 ,the place in which sacred vestments1 c41 are kept1 answering to the modern vestry4 ,,saint4 ,holy4 ,the ,apostles in their ,epistles use this word simply for baptized believers1 that is1 for all ,christians4 7,see ,communion of ,saints47 ,,saints' ,,days4 ,the ,church of ,rome commemorates an enormous number of holy men and women who have lived and died following in the footsteps of ,christ4 ,but at the ,reformation it was decided to celebrate in the ,church of ,england only the festivals of the principal saints mentioned in the ,new ,testament4 ,if the line was not drawn there1 it was difficult to say where it should be drawn4 ,when two ,holy-,days occur 7i4e41 fall on the same day71 the service appointed for the superior day should be used1 but in certain cases the ,collect for the inferior day should be used after the ,collect for the superior day4 ,as a general rule1 a ,saint's ,day1 or ,holy-,day1 takes precedence before an ordinary ,sunday4 ,,salvation ,,army1 ,,the1 was commenced as a ,christian ,mission in #ahfe1 by its present ,general1 then known as the ,rev4 ,w4 ,booth1 formerly a minister of the ,methodist ,new ,connexion4 ,in #ahgh the name ,salvation ,army was assumed4 ,in #ahhj the ,army was established in the ,united ,states and in ,france1 and a weekly newspaper called the ,war ,cry was issued1 which has now 7#ahhc7 reached the sale of #djj1jjj copies4 ,in #ahhb the ,army had in ,great ,britain #dbj stations1 or corps2 #ihj officers 7as the missionaries1 male and female1 entirely engaged in the work1 are called72 and held #g1ejj services weekly in the streets1 and in buildings bought1 built1 or hired for the purpose4 ,every member or soldier of the ,army is expected to wear an ',s1' meaning ,salvation1 on the collar1 and those who can1 provide themselves with a complete uniform of dark blue cloth thus marked4 ,the grotesqueness1 not to say irreverence1 of many of their proceedings1 and much of their language2 the noise1 excitement1 and display which always accompany their work2 the silly affectation of constantly using a quasi-military phraseology1 and some other features of the movement1 do not commend it to sober-minded ,christians2 while the unauthorised celebration of the 7so-called7 ,sacrament of the ,lord's ,supper condemns it in the eyes of the ,church4 ,,sanctification4 ,holiness2 the effect of the ,holy ,spirit's work upon the heart of man1 7,see ,justification47 ,,sanctuary4 ,the place within the ,septum1 or rails1 where the altar stands in the ,christian church4 ,the term is also used of the privilege of criminals1 who1 having fled to a sacred place1 are free from arrest so long as they remain there4 ,this custom of ,sanctuary1 which is now almost wholly done away with everywhere1 arose from ,deut4 xix4 #aa1 #ab1 and ,joshua xx4 ,,sarum1 ,,the ,,use ,,of4 ,in the early ,church in ,england every ,bishop was allowed to ordain rites and ceremonies1 and prayers for use in his own diocese4 ,the exercise of this power1 in process of time1 caused a considerable variety in the manner of performing ,divine ,service2 and the custom of a diocese in its ceremonial1 mode of chanting1 c41 became a distinct ,use1 and was known by the name of that diocese4 ,thus gradually the ,uses1 or customs1 of ,york1 ,sarum 7or ,salisbury71 ,hereford1 ,exeter1 ,lincoln1 ,bangor1 and doubtless others of which the records have perished1 were recognised as defined and established varieties of the ,ritual of the ,english ,church4 ,the most remarkable of these was the ,use of ,sarum4 ,it was drawn up about #ajhe by ,osmund1 ,bishop of ,salisbury and ,chancellor of ,england4 ,he re-built his cathedral1 collected together clergy distinguished for learning1 and skill in chanting1 and took much pains to regulate the ecclesiastical offices2 so that his church became a model for others1 and his ,custom-book was wholly or partially followed in various parts of the kingdom1 more especially in the ,south of ,england4 ,we may look upon this ,use as being the foundation of our present ,prayer ,book4 ,,satan4 ,an adversary1 an enemy1 an accuser4 ,sometimes the word ,satan is put for the ,devil1 as in ,job i4 #f1 #g2 ,ps4 cix4 #f42 ,zech4 iii4 #a1 #b4 ,in the ,new ,testament it almost always means the ,devil1 but in ,matt4 xvi4 #bc1 it simply means an adversary4 ,be gone1 ,o mine adversary1 you that withstand what ,i most desire1 c4 ,the word ,devil is from the ,greek for an accuser1 or calumniator4 ,the ,devil1 or ,satan1 is a wicked spirit1 who with many others1 his angels or under-agents1 is fighting against ,god4 ,he has a limited dominion over all the sons of ,adam1 except the regenerate1 in his kingdom of this world4 ,,scarf or ,,stole1 see ,vestments4 ,,sceptics4 ,from a ,greek word meaning to look about1 to deliberate4 ,anciently the term was applied to a sect of philosophers founded by ,pyrrho4 ,in modern times the word has been applied to ,deists1 or those who doubt of the truth and authenticity of the sacred ,scriptures4 ,,schism4 ,greek1 a fissure1 or rent4 ,in an ecclesiastical sense it means a breaking off from communion with the ,church1 on account of some disagreement in matters of faith or discipline4 ,those who do so are called ,schismatics4 ,to separate wilfully from the ,church of ,god is a sin2 7#a ,cor4 i4 #aj2 iii4 #c2 xi4 #ah27 and we are directed to avoid those who cause divisions4 7,rom4 xvi4 #ag47 ,in the ,litany we pray1 ,from heresy and schism1 good ,lord deliver us4 ,history brings before our notice many considerable schisms1 in which whole bodies of men separated from the communion of the ,catholic ,church4 ,such were1 in the fourth century1 the schisms of the ,donatists1 and of the numerous heretics which sprung up in the ,church1 as the ,arians1 ,photinians1 ,apollinarians1 c41 the schism in the ,church of ,antioch2 in the fifth century1 the schism in the ,church of ,rome1 between ,laurentius and ,symmachus2 the schism of the rival popes at ,rome and ,avignon1 in the fourteenth century4 ,in ,england the chief schisms have been by the ,romanists1 the ,independents1 and the ,wesleyans4 ,,schoolmen4 ,the title given to a class of learned theologians who flourished in the middle ages4 ,they derive their name from the schools attached to the cathedrals or universities in which they lectured4 ,the chief ,schoolmen were1 ,albertus ,magnus1 a ,dominican friar1 died #abhj1 ,bonaventure1 surnamed the ,seraphic ,doctor1 born #abba1 and died a cardinal4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 surnamed the ,angelical ,doctor1 born #abbd1 was a pupil of ,albertus ,magnus4 ,john ,duns ,scotus1 surnamed the ,subtle ,doctor1 was a ,scotchman by birth1 but educated in ,paris4 ,william ,ocham1 surnamed the ,singular ,doctor1 was born in ,surrey1 in ,england4 ,he1 too1 like ,scotus1 was educated at the ,university of ,paris1 about the year #acjj4 ,raymond ,lully1 born in ,majorca1 #abcf4 ,durandus1 surnamed the ,most resolving ,doctor1 ,bishop of ,meaux1 #acah4 ,,screen4 ,any separation of one part of a church from another4 ,the screens separating side chapels from the chancel1 nave1 or transept1 are usually called parcloses4 7,see ,rood ,screen1 c47 ,,scripture1 ,,holy1 see ,bible4 ,,sealed ,,books4 ,by an ,act of ,charles ,,ii4 it was ordered that the ,dean and ,chapter of every ,cathedral and ,collegiate ,church should obtain under the great seal of ,england a true and perfect printed copy of the ,prayer ,book1 as revised in his reign 7#affb71 to be kept by them in safety for ever1 and to be produced in any ,court of ,record when required4 ,these copies are called ,sealed ,books4 ,,seats1 see ,pew4 ,,sedilia4 ,seats near an altar almost always on the south side1 for the ministers officiating at the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,,see4 ,latin1 sedes1 a seat4 ,the scat of episcopal dignity and jurisdiction1 where the ,bishop has his throne1 or cathedra4 ,,septuagesima ,,sunday4 ,the ,sunday which is1 in round numbers1 seventy days before ,easter4 ,,septuagint4 ,the ,greek ,version of the ,old ,testament which was in general use in the time of our ,lord4 ,the word ,septuagint means seventy1 and this name was given this ,version from the tradition that it was the work of seventy translators4 ,according to the common account1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus procured seventy-two learned ,jews 7six from each tribe7 to translate their sacred books into the ,greek language4 ,the translators1 it is said1 were placed in houses on the island of ,pharos1 at the mouth of the ,nile1 where they completed their work in seventy-two days4 ,the whole ,greek ,version of the ,hebrew ,scriptures was completed before ,b4,c4 #acj4 ,the ,gospels quote from this version4 ,,septum4 ,the enclosure of the holy table1 made by the altar rails4 ,,sepulchre or ,,tomb4 ,a niche figuring our ,lord's tomb1 generally at the north side of the altar1 and used in the scenic representations of our ,saviour's burial and resurrection4 ,before the ,reformation these sacred plays were common on ,good ,friday and at ,easter4 ,perhaps the most beautiful ,sepulchre now in ,england is in ,lincoln ,cathedral4 ,,sequestration4 ,the process by which the creditor of a clergyman of the ,church of ,england in possession of a living1 sues out execution on his judgment1 and obtains payment of the debt4 ,the ,bishop puts in force the law1 and appoints sequestrators to take possession of the benefice and draw the emoluments1 and pay them over to the creditor1 first making due provision for the proper celebration of ,divine ,worship4 ,,seraphim1 see ,,angels4 ,,sermons4 ,orations or discourses1 delivered by the clergy of the ,christian ,church in their religious assemblies4 ,in the ancient ,church it was one of the chief offices of a ,bishop to preach1 and it was only in the lesser churches of the city and country that the office of preaching devolved upon presbyters4 ,deacons were never allowed to preach1 and they are only permitted to do so now by special licence of the ,bishop 7see ,ordination ,service47 ,st4 ,augustine has laid down excellent rules for the practice of ,christian eloquence4 ,the subject is to be weighty1 the style answering to the subject4 ,it was no part of the ancient oratory to raise the affections of the congregation1 either by gesticulations1 or the use of external shows4 ,scarcely any of their sermons would last an hour1 and many not half the time4 ,many of ,st4 ,augustine's might be preached in eight minutes4 ,they always concluded their sermons1 as we do now1 with a doxology to the ,holy ,trinity4 ,the preacher usually sat1 and the people stood4 ,the sermon in the ,church of ,england is enjoined after the ,nicene ,creed1 according to ancient custom2 but nowhere else4 7,see ,preaching47 ,,service4 ,in technical language those stated parts of the ,liturgy which are set to music2 but the term is also used of the whole of ,public ,worship4 ,,sexagesima ,,sunday4 ,that ,sunday which is1 in round numbers1 sixty days before ,easter4 ,,sexton4 ,from ,sacristan4 ,the name is now generally given to the person who digs the graves1 c4 ,,shakers4 ,a party of enthusiasts who left ,england for ,america in #aggd4 ,they affected to consider themselves as forming the only true ,church1 and their preachers as possessed of the ,apostolic gift4 ,they disowned ,baptism and the ,eucharist4 ,their leader was ,anna ,lees1 whom they believed to be the woman mentioned in the ,apocalypse 7,rev4 xii4 #a1 #b74 ,,shrove ,,tuesday4 ,the day before ,ash ,wednesday1 so called in the ,church of ,england from the old ,saxon word shrive1 shrif1 shrove1 which means to confess2 it being our duty to confess our sins to ,god on that day in order to receive the ,holy ,communion1 and thereby qualify ourselves for a more holy observance of ,lent4 ,before the ,reformation ,auricular ,confession was compulsorily made to a priest1 and ,absolution was sought4 ,,sick1 ,,communion ,,of1 see ,communion of ,sick4 ,,sick1 ,,visitation ,,of4 ,a duty entailed upon the ,christian minister by ,canon #gf1 and by the rubric before the ,office for the ,visitation of the ,sick4 ,this ,office1 with the exception of the ,exhortations1 is chiefly taken from the ,sarum ,use 7which see74 ,the ,service has little changed since #aedi1 except by the addition in #affb of the final ,commendation1 and of the four beautiful collects appended to the service4 ,the ,salutation is in obedience to our ,lord's command 7,luke x4 #e74 ,the ,versicles are the same as those in the ,marriage ,service1 except the prayer for deliverance from the enemy1 which is taken from ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bb1 #bc4 ,after two ,collects come two very beautiful and practical exhortations1 which are followed by an examination in the faith of the sick person4 ,next comes the provision for ,confession and ,absolution1 which is similar to that in the first exhortation at ,holy ,communion1 as to private confession and special ,absolution4 ,till #affb the initiative was left wholly to the sick person1 ,then shall the sick man1 c41 but now the minister is to move him to confession4 ,the ,absolution is only to be given if the sick person humbly and heartily desire it4 ,the latter part of the ,absolution is taken from the ancient ,office1 and is declaratory1 the first clause being precatory4 ,the phrase1 ,i absolve thee1 has been much discussed2 this form has been used ever since the #abth century4 ,a rubric in #aedi provided this ,absolution for use in all cases of private confession1 and thus it is probably the ,absolution referred to in the ,exhortation at ,holy ,communion4 7,see ,absolution47 ,the next ,collect is the original ,absolution1 or reconciliation of a dying penitent1 in the ,sacramentary of ,gelasius1 a #eth century compilation4 ,after the ,psalm comes a beautiful specimen of the ancient antiphon4 ,the ,benediction was composed in #aedi1 and the ,commendation was added in #affb4 7,num4 vi4 #bd-bf47 ,the four beautiful final prayers were added in #affb4 ,,sidesmen or ,,synodsmen1 see ,churchwardens4 ,,simon 7,st47 ,,and ,,jude',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,october #bhth4 ,these two ,apostles are found together in all the ,apostolic catalogues immediately after ,james the son of ,alphaeus1 and in the list of the brethren of our ,lord we have ,james1 ,judas1 and ,simon2 thus it has been usual to identify the two lists4 ,however1 the weight of evidence seems against this identification4 ,st4 ,simon is surnamed the ,canaanite 7it ought to be ,cananite7 and ,zelotes1 which two names are really the same2 the one being ,hebrew and the other ,greek4 ,the ,zealots were an enthusiastic sect in ,judaea about the time of our ,lord4 ,st4 ,jude had two surnames1 viz41 ,thaddeus and ,lebbeus4 ,of neither ,apostle have we any special notice in ,scripture1 or trustworthy tradition4 ,,simony4 ,the conferring of ,holy ,orders1 or the presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money1 gift1 or reward4 ,canon #dj calls it the detestable sin of simony1 and every person on being instituted to a benefice has to swear that he is not guilty of it4 ,it is so called from the sin of ,simon ,magus 7,acts viii4 #ai71 though ,paley states that the resemblance is an imaginary one4 ,,sin4 ,the subject ,sin may be considered under various heads2 #a4 ,original ,sin2 #b4 ,actual ,sin2 #c4 ,deadly ,sin2 #d4 ,sin against the ,holy ,ghost4 7#a47 ,original ,sin4 ,this is the fault and corruption of our nature1 which infects all men4 7,see ,article ix47 ,we inherit it from ,adam1 our first parent4 ,it is the dread consequence of the ,fall4 ,scripture proofs3 ,gen4 viii4 #ba2 ,job xiv4 #d2 ,ps4 li4 #e2 ,rom4 viii4 #ah2 ,ep4 iv4 #bb2 ,ep4 ii4 #c2 ,gal4 iii4 #bb2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bb2 ,rom4 v4 #ab1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,the ,church of ,england teaches that although all taint of original sin is not done away in baptism1 yet it holds that its condemnation is remitted4 7#b47 ,actual ,sin4 ,sin which we ourselves commit4 7#c47 ,deadly ,sin4 7,see ,article xvi47 ,the ,church of ,rome divides sin into two classes3 mortal sin1 that sin which is in its nature gross1 and is committed knowingly1 wilfully1 deliberately2 and venial sin1 sins of ignorance1 and negligence1 and the like4 ,we also make a distinction between sins of greater or less enormity2 we admit that there is a difference of degree1 but the ,romanists make a difference in their nature and kind1 a distinction we cannot admit4 ,according to the ,romans1 no amount of venial sins would ever make a mortal sin4 ,we consider every sin to be in its nature mortal or deadly1 and deserving of ,god's wrath and condemnation 7,james ii4 #aj1 #aa71 and only hope to be saved through the intercession of our ,advocate with the ,father1 ,jesus ,christ the righteous1 who is the propitiation for our sins4 7#d47 ,sin against the ,holy ,ghost4 7,see ,article xvi47 ,what is the nature of this terrible sin which shall not be forgiven1 neither in this world nor in the world to come8 7,matt4 xii4 #ca1 #cb47 ,the ,church clearly teaches in ,article xvi4 that wilful sin after baptism is not1 as some have taught1 the unforgivable sin1 but it seems rather to be obstinate1 resolute1 and wilful impenitence1 after all the means of grace and with all the strivings of the ,spirit1 under the ,christian dispensation as distinguished from the ,jewish1 and amid all the blessings and privileges of the ,church of ,christ4 7,harold ,browne on the ,thirty-nine ,articles47 ,this1 in effect1 is the teaching of ,st4 ,augustine1 that the sin against the ,holy ,ghost is a final and obdurate continuance in wickedness1 despite the calls of ,god to repentance1 joined with a desperation of the mercy of ,god4 ,in ,matt4 xii4 #ca1 #cb1 it would seem that the unpardonable sin was committed by those who ascribed our ,lord's miracles to the power of ,beelzebub4 ,,societies1 ,,church4 ,it will be possible to mention a few only of the chief societies1 c41 connected with the ,church1 in a work like the present4 ,they will be described under the headings 7#a7 ,charitable1 7#b7 ,educational1 7#c7 ,missionary1 7#d7 ,building1 7#e7 ,general4 #a4 ,charitable4 ,each diocese has charities of its own in addition to those which are not of limited area1-- ,the ,corporation of the ,sons of the ,clergy4 ,founded #afee4 ,registrar1 ,w4 ,p4 ,bowman1 ,esq4 ,office1 #b1 ,bloomsbury ,place1 ,london4 ,objects1 assistance to necessitous clergymen1 their widows and maiden daughters2 education of children of poor clergymen1 and the starting of them in life4 ,the ,friend of the ,clergy ,corporation1 #ahdi4 ,secretary1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,jona1 #d1 ,st4 ,martin's ,place1 ,trafalgar ,square1 ,london4 ,objects much the same as above4 ,the ,poor ,clergy ,relief ,corporation1 #ahef4 ,secretary1 ,dr4 ,robert ,turtle ,pigott1 #cf1 ,southampton ,street1 ,strand4 ,objects1 immediate relief1 both in money and clothing1 to poor clergymen1 their widows and orphans1 in sickness and other temporary distress4 ,the ,cholmondeley ,charities4 ,treasurer1 ,john ,hanby1 ,esq41 #a1 ,middle ,scotland ,yard1 ,whitehall1 ,s4,w4 ,class ,i41 ,augmentation of certain stipends4 ,class ,,ii41 ,much the same as above ,societies4 ,class ,,iii41 ,exhibitions to sons of clergymen to the ,universities4 ,class ,,iv41 ,allowance for starting the children of clergymen in life4 #b4 ,educational ,societies4 ,each diocese has societies of its own in addition to the following3-- ,church of ,england ,sunday ,school ,institute4 ,founded #ahdc4 ,sec41 ,j4 ,palmer1 ,esq41 ,serjeant's ,inn1 ,fleet ,street1 ,e4,c4 ,objects1 to provide educational appliances 7,books1 ,lessons1 c47 both for teachers and scholars1 and to assist teachers in the work of teaching by means of lectures1 c4 ,incorporated ,national ,society4 ,secretary1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,duncan1 ,national ,society ,office1 ,sanctuary1 ,westminster4 ,object1 to help forward the education of the ,poor in the ,principles of the ,established ,church by making grants to ,church ,schools and the like1 and by training teachers4 ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge 7see ,part ,v4 of this article74 #c4 ,missionary ,societies1 7a7 ,home1 7b7 ,foreign4 7a7 ,the ,missions to ,seamen ,society4 ,office1 #aa1 ,buckingham ,street1 ,strand1 ,w4,c4 ,object1 to make provision for the spiritual needs of ,british ,merchant ,sailors when afloat4 ,the ,navvy ,mission ,society4 ,office1 ,palace ,chambers1 ,bridge ,street1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,object1 to promote the spiritual welfare of navvies working on railways1 docks1 c4 ,church ,pastoral ,aid ,society1 #ahcf4 ,office1 ,falcon ,court1 #cb1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,object1 to give grants to ,evangelical ,clergyman towards the incomes of additional curates and lay helpers in populous parishes4 ,the ,committee interferes in the appointments4 ,additional ,curates' ,society1 #ahcg4 ,office1 #g1 ,whitehall1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,object1 to assist in the payment of additional ,curates1 irrespective of party views4 ,this ,society does not interfere in the appointments1 but very properly leaves them to the ,bishop and the ,incumbent4 7b7 ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts4 ,incorporated #agja4 #ai1 ,delahay ,street1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,object1 the spiritual care of our ,colonists and the evangelizing of the heathen in ,british ,dominions abroad on thorough ,church of ,england principles4 ,church ,missionary ,society1 #agii4 ,salisbury ,square1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,object1 the preaching of the ,gospel of ,christ among the heathen1 in strict accordance with the doctrines and discipline of the ,church of ,england4 ,colonial ,bishoprics ,fund1 #ai1 ,delahay ,street1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,object1 to help endow ,colonial ,sees4 ,there is also a ,mission to the ,jews1 #af1 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 ,london4 #d4 ,building ,societies4 ,there are many ,diocesan1 as well as ,general ,church ,building ,societies4 ,queen ,anne's ,bounty4 7,see ,bounty1 ,queen ,anne's47 ,dean's ,yard1 ,westminster1 ,s4,w4 ,object1 the building of ,parsonage ,houses1 c4 ,incorporated ,church ,building ,society4 #g1 ,whitehall1 ,london4 ,object1 the ,enlargement1 ,building and ,repairing of ,churches and ,chapels in ,england and ,wales4 #e4 ,general ,societies4 ,these all have local branches4 ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge4 ,address1 ,the ,secretaries1 ,s4,p4,c4,k41 ,northumberland ,avenue1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,objects1 to provide good and cheap ,bibles and ,prayer ,books in various languages2 to circulate general literature of a high character in thorough keeping with the principles of the ,church of ,england1 and suitable to all classes2 to help forward ,church ,education1 ,home ,mission ,work1 ,the ,building of ,churches and ,chapels abroad1 and the ,training of a ,native ,ministry abroad4 ,the ,religious ,tract ,society1 #f1 ,paternoster ,row1 ,london4 ,object1 the production and circulation of religious books1 treatises1 tracts and pure literature1 in various languages1 throughout the ,british ,dominions1 and in ,foreign ,countries1 of a ,protestant and ,evangelical description4 ,the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society1 #adf1 ,queen ,victoria ,st41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,object1 the circulation of the ,holy ,scriptures in various languages without note or comment1 both at home and abroad4 ,church ,penitentiary ,association1 #ad1 ,york ,buildings1 ,adelphi1 ,london4 ,object1 the establishment and maintenance of ,penitentiaries and ,houses of ,refuge throughout the country for the lessening of vice1 and furthering efforts for the recovery of the fallen4 ,church of ,england ,temperance ,society4 ,object1 the ,promotion of the ,habits of ,temperance2 the ,reformation of the ,intemperate2 and the removal of the ,causes which lead to ,intemperance4 ,the ,church ,defence ,association4 ,st4 ,stephen's ,palace ,chambers1 #i1 ,bridge ,street1 ,westminster4 ,object1 to resist all attempts to destroy or weaken the union between ,church and ,state1 or to injure the temporal interests of the ,church4 ,english ,church ,union1 #ce1 ,wellington ,street1 ,strand1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,object1 to unite ,clergy and ,laity in loyal ,defence of the ,doctrine and ,discipline of the ,church of ,england and the ,rights and ,liberties of her faithful children4 ,the ,church ,association1 #ad1 ,buckingham ,street1 ,strand4 ,object1 to uphold the doctrines of the ,evangelical ,party in the ,church of ,england4 ,this ,society is notorious as the prosecutor of ,mr4 ,mackonochie and other clergy of the same school4 ,the ,free and ,open ,church ,association1 #cc1 ,southampton ,street1 ,strand4 ,objects1 7#a7 ,the throwing open of our ,churches for the free and equal use of all classes2 7#b7 ,the adoption of the ,weekly ,offertory instead of ,pew ,rents2 7#c7 ,the opening of ,churches throughout the day for private prayer4 ,tithe ,redemption ,trust4 7,see ,tithes47 ,,socinianism4 ,the doctrine of ,faustus ,socinus1 an ,italian1 born #aeci4 ,he taught that the eternal ,father was the one only ,god1 and that ,jesus was ,god no otherwise than by ,his superiority over all creatures4 ,that ,jesus ,christ was not a mediator between ,god and man1 but only a pattern to men4 ,that the punishment of ,hell will last only for a time1 after which both body and soul will be destroyed4 ,that it is not lawful for princes to make war4 ,many of the ,anabaptists are ,socinian in doctrine4 7,see ,unitarianism47 ,,son ,,of ,,god1 see ,trinity1 the ,holy4 ,,spike4 ,the high pyramidical capping or roof of a tower4 ,this is sometimes confounded with the word ,steeple1 which latter really means the tower1 with all its appendages4 ,,sponsors4 ,in the administration of ,baptism1 ,sponsors have from time immemorial held an important place4 ,they are called ,sponsors1 because they respond or answer for the baptized4 ,they are also called ,sureties1 in virtue of the security given by them to the ,church1 that the baptized shall be virtuously brought up to lead a ,godly and a ,christian life4 ,they are also called ,godparents because of the spiritual affinity created in ,baptism when they undertake a responsibility almost parental in the future training of the baptized4 ,in the ,church of ,rome ,godparents may not intermarry4 ,anciently only one ,sponsor was required4 ,their action at the font may be likened to that of those who brought the man sick of the palsy to our ,lord4 7,mark ii47 ,although it is not necessary to have ,sponsors for the validity of ,baptism1 still the rule of the ,church of ,england requires that ,there shall be for every male child to be baptized two ,godfathers and one ,godmother2 and for every female1 one ,godfather and two ,godmothers4 7,rubric47 ,and ,canon #bi1 ,no person shall be urged to be present1 nor be admitted to answer as ,godfather for his own child2 nor any ,godfather or ,godmother shall be suffered to make any other answer or speech1 than by the ,book of ,common ,prayer is prescribed in that behalf4 ,neither shall any person be admitted ,godfather or ,godmother to any child at ,christening or ,confirmation1 before the said person so undertaking hath received the ,holy ,communion4 ,parents are now allowed to act as sponsors for their children4 ,,stalls4 ,seats in the choir1 or chancel4 ,,steeple1 see ,spire4 ,,stephen',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,dec4 #bfth4 ,a festival in honour of the proto- 7first7 martyr1 ,st4 ,stephen4 ,he was one of the seven deacons1 and all we know of him is told us in ,acts vii4 and viii4 ,,stole1 see ,vestments4 ,,succentor4 ,the precentor's deputy in ,cathedral ,churches4 ,at ,york he is a dignitary1 and is called ,succentor ,canonicorum to distinguish him from the other subchanter1 who is a vicar-choral4 ,,succession1 ,,apostolical4 see ,apostolical ,succession and ,orders1 ,holy4 ,,suffragans4 ,properly all provincial ,bishops who are under a ,primate or ,metropolitan2 but the word now is applied especially to assistant ,bishops1 such as the ,bishop of ,bedford1 the ,bishop of ,nottingham1 c4 ,,sunday4 ,the first day of the week1 so called by the ,saxons1 because it was dedicated to the worship of the ,sun4 ,among ,christians it is kept holy instead of the ,jewish ,sabbath1 because on that day our ,lord rose from the dead1 and for that reason it is called by ,st4 ,john the ,lord's ,day4 7,rev4 i4 #aj47 ,when the ,sunday began to be kept instead of the ,sabbath we are not quite sure1 but we find that the ,apostles kept the first day of the week as a festival4 ,our ,lord ,himself sanctioned it by ,his repeated appearance among ,his disciples on that day4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 too1 poured down ,his miraculous gifts on that day4 ,the early ,christians observed the ,sunday4 ,by many it is believed that it is one of the things in which our ,lord instructed ,his ,apostles before ,his ,ascension1 while speaking of things pertaining to the ,kingdom of ,god4 7,acts #a1c47 ,the phrase kingdom of ,god is always used of the ,church4 ,in keeping the ,sunday holy1 ,christians comply with the spirit of the fourth ,commandment1 which orders a seventh part of our time to be consecrated to ,god4 ,,super-,,altar1 or ,,re-,,table4 ,a shelf or step behind the altar1 on which the vases1 candlesticks1 and cross are placed4 ,properly the ,super-,altar is a small portable slab of stone which is placed on wooden altars4 ,,supererogation4 ,the #adth ,article gives the teaching of the ,church of ,england4 ,romanists teach that there are certain good deeds which have been performed by saints over and above those necessary for their own salvation4 ,from this fund of good works1 technically known as the ,treasury of ,merits1 the ,pope claims to have the power to draw and apply the good deeds of others to the benefit of those who are deficient in them themselves4 ,,supremacy4 ,the ,church of ,england regards the ,sovereign as being over all persons1 and all causes1 ecclesiastical as well as civil1 supreme in this realm4 7,see ,article xxxvii47 ,this does not teach in any way that the ,clergy derive their authority and mission from the ,state1 as some misunderstand4 7,see ,apostolical ,succession47 ,,surplice1 see ,vestments4 ,,surrogate4 ,one appointed in place of another4 ,thus to avoid the necessity of journeying to the ,bishop1 he grants to other clergymen living in the principal towns1 the power of giving licenses for marriage instead of publishing banns1 of granting probates of wills1 c4 ,these clergymen acting in place of the ,bishop are called ,surrogates4 ,,swedenborgians4 ,the followers of ,emanuel1 ,baron ,swedenborg1 who was born in ,stockholm in #afhh1 and died in ,london1 #aggb4 ,he believed himself to be the subject of inspiration1 and taught that the ,scriptures have two senses1 natural and spiritual4 ,the natural sense is that held by the ,christian ,church1 but the spiritual is that which is concealed within the natural sense of the same words4 ,he taught that the second advent had been realized in the establishment of his ,new ,church1 the ,new ,jerusalem of the ,apocalypse4 ,they do not receive the usual doctrine of the ,trinity1 and reject the doctrine of justification by faith alone4 ,they administer the ,sacraments4 ,they still profess to believe themselves visited by super-natural beings1 by the ,apostles and other saints4 ,it is not generally known that the heaven of the ,swedenborgian bears a close resemblance to the ,mahometan's idea of heaven1--a place of sensual delights2 and one of their books which is as hard to obtain as the others are easy1 named ,conjugal ,love1 is not particularly moral in its teaching6 ,the ,swedenborgians number #fd ,societies1 with #d1ihg registered members4 ,,synod4 ,a meeting duly summoned and constituted of ecclesiastical persons for the discussion of religious matters4 ,synods are of less authority than general or ,o,ecumenical ,councils4 ,,te ,,deum ,,laudamus4 ,a canticle of ,morning ,prayer1 which has been sung for #a1ejj years throughout the ,western ,church4 ,its origin is not known4 ,the tradition which ascribes it to ,st4 ,ambrose1 or to ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,augustine1 conjointly1 rests on very slight foundation4 ,an able article in the ,church ,quarterly ,review 7,april1 #ahhd71 comes to the conclusion that the ,te ,deum very probably originated from the monastery of ,st4 ,honoratus1 at ,lerins1 about the middle of the #eth century4 ,it is the great triumphant hymn of praise of the ,western ,church as the ,gloria in ,excelsis is of the ,eastern4 ,verses #a to #ac1 are praise2 vv4 #ad-ai are a ,creed in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 vv4 #bj-bi are prayer to our ,lord broken by another burst of praise4 ,there is a musical setting of the ,te ,deum1 called the ,ambrosian1 dating from the #eth century4 ,,testament1 ,,old ,,and ,,new1 see ,bible4 ,,testimonial ,,letters1 see ,orders1 ,qualifications for1 ,,thanksgiving1 ,,the ,,general4 ,composed by ,bishop ,reynolds1 and inserted in #affb4 ,the custom obtaining in some churches of the congregation repeating this ,thanksgiving after the minister1 was certainly not originally intended1 and perhaps has been based on a mistaken idea of the meaning of the word general1 as applied to this ,thanksgiving3 we understand it to mean that the terms and subjects of the prayer are general4 ,,theism4 ,the recognition of a principle apart from nature1 independent of nature1 yet moulding1 regulating1 and sustaining nature4 ,the idea of ,personality is essential to ,theism4 ,a-theism1 literally1 is the denial of ,theism4 ,,theology4 ,the science which treats of the ,deity4 ,it is too often forgotten that theology is a science as much as medicine or mathematics1 or we should not find the laity so confident of their knowledge1 and so ready to give the law on questions of systematic ,divinity4 ,,theological ,,colleges4 ,colleges specially established for the training of candidates for ,holy ,orders1 in theology4 ,they seem to answer to the assemblies of sons of the prophets1 spoken of in #b ,kings ii4 #c1 #e1 #g1 c4 ,these colleges have not the power of conferring degrees4 ,,thomas',s 7,st47 ,,day4 ,dec4 #bast4 ,the name ,thomas 7,hebrew71 and ,didymus 7,greek71 means a twin brother4 ,some think ,st4 ,matthew to have been his brother4 ,the only incidents of his life with which we are acquainted1 are told us by ,st4 ,john1 7xi4 #af2 xiv4 #e2 xx4 #bh47 ,tradition says that he laboured in ,persia1 and finally suffered martyrdom in ,india4 ,,throne4 ,the ,bishop's seat in his ,cathedral4 ,anciently it stood behind the altar in churches which terminated in an apse4 ,,tippet1 see ,hood4 ,,tithes4 ,a certain portion1 or allotment1 for the maintenance of the priesthood1 being the tenth part of the produce of land1 cattle1 or other branches of wealth4 ,it is an income1 or revenue1 common both to the ,jewish and ,christian priesthood4 7,gen4 xiv4 #bj2 ,lev4 xxvii4 #cj-cc2 c47 ,the origin of tithes1 in the ,christian ,church1 was something of this kind3 ,when a benefactor was not able or not willing to part with an estate out and out1 he settled on the ,church which he was endowing a certain portion of the income arising out of the estate4 ,the ratio which this portion bore to the whole amount varied enormously1 and so one man gave a tithe of corn only1 another a tithe of wood1 another a tithe of meadow land1 another a tithe of stock1 another tithes of all these together4 ,there is a very common mistake made that tithes are a kind of tax1 levied on the whole country by ,act of ,parliament4 ,they are nothing of the kind1 being simply a certain portion of the income arising out of lands settled by the former owners of those lands for the maintenance of the parson of the parish4 ,they date back to the #dth century4 ,although the ,church is disestablished in ,ireland1 tithes are still paid1 not to the clergy1 but to the ,government4 ,disestablishment1 therefore1 is small gain to the farmer4 ,tithe ,redemption ,trust4 ,in the year #ahdf a very excellent ,society was formed1 called ,the ,tithe ,redemption ,trust1 the object of which is the very opposite of that at which the ,liberation ,society aims4 ,it has been quietly at work for some years1 endeavouring1 with some success1 to get back1 either by redemption or by voluntary donation1 the tithes which have been alienated by appropriation or impropriation4 ,what portion of ,church property has been long enjoyed by private families1 or by ,corporations1 has1 of course1 become inalienable2 but it would be a reasonable and a righteous thing 7and all the more blessed for being voluntary7 that every person who receives tithes1 or possesses glebe land in a parish1 for which no spiritual service is rendered1 should give in some way or other to the ,church a very liberal percentage of what was never meant to be raised for the purpose of private emolument1 but for the fitting discharge of ecclesiastical duties4 7,webb's ,england's ,inheritance in her ,church47 ,,title1 see ,orders1 ,qualifications for4 ,,tractarianism4 ,the ,anglican movement which began with the publication of the celebrated ,tracts for the ,times in #ahcc4 ,the principal results of this movement are 7#a7 the complete reintegration of the original theory of the ,church of ,england2 of that ancient religion which1 in #ahcj1 had well-nigh faded out of the land2 7#b7 the improvement which has taken place in the lives of the clergy1 in the performance of the ,services1 and in the condition of our churches2 and the marked revival in the ,corporate life of the ,church herself4 ,the great names of this movement are ,pusey1 ,newman1 ,marriott1 ,oakley1 ,manning1 ,robert ,wilberforce1 ,keble1 and ,palmer4 ,for some few the movement led to disastrous issues2 and they fell at last into ,roman errors1 and joined that erring ,church4 ,,transubstantiation4 ,the name given to the philosophical theory whereby the ,church of ,rome has endeavoured to explain and define the doctrine of the ,real ,presence4 ,in it they allege that the bread and wine in the ,eucharist is miraculously converted or changed into the very body and blood of our ,lord1 by the consecration of the priest4 ,this false doctrine is condemned in ,article xxviii4 ,,trent1 ,,council ,,of4 ,an important ,council of the ,roman ,church which met in #aede1 and was dissolved in #aefc4 ,the city of ,trent is in the ,tyrol4 ,it was at this ,council that the ,creed of the ,roman ,church was last defined1 and all who differed from it were anathematised4 ,neither the ,greek ,church nor the ,english ,church was represented there1 so it has no claim to the title of oecumenical1 or general1 as asserted by ,romanists4 ,,trinity1 ,,the ,,holy4 ,the ,athanasian ,creed and ,article i4 give the teaching of our ,church on the ,holy ,trinity4 ,there we learn that in the unity of the ,godhead there be three ,persons2 that is1 though there be but one living and true ,god1 yet there be three ,persons1 who are that one living and true ,god4 ,though the true ,god be but one in substance1 yet ,he is three in subsistence1 so as still to be but one substance4 ,and these three ,persons1 every one of which is ,god1 and yet all three but one ,god1 are really related to one another2 as they are termed in ,scripture1 one is the ,father1 the other the ,son1 the other the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,father is the first ,person in the ,deity2 not begotten1 nor proceeding1 but begetting2 the ,son1 the second1 not begetting nor proceeding1 but begotten2 the ,holy ,ghost1 the third1 not begotten1 nor begetting1 but proceeding4 ,the first is called the ,father1 because ,he begot the second2 the second is called the ,son1 because ,he is begotten of the ,father2 the third is called the ,holy ,ghost1 because breathed both from the ,father and the ,son4 ,this is a great mystery to us1 which1 however1 we are not called upon to understand1 but only to believe on the plain statement of ,scripture4 ,the ,father is ,god1 ,john vi1 #bg2 ,gal4 i4 #a2 #a ,thess4 i4 #a1 c4 ,the ,son is ,god1 ,john i4 #a2 xx4 #bh2 ,rom4 ix4 #e1 c4 ,the ,holy ,ghost is ,god4 ,this1 however1 has to be proved by implication and analogy1 as with ,luke i4 #ce compare ,matt4 i4 #ah2 ,acts v4 #c1 #d1 with ,john iii4 #f compare #a ,john v4 #d2 with #a ,cor4 iii4 #af compare vi4 #ai1 c4 ,the unity of the ,godhead is declared in many such passages as ,deut4 vi4 #d2 ,gal4 iii4 #bj2 ,john x4 #cj1 c4 ,the ,son of ,god1 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 took man's nature in the womb of the blessed ,virgin1 of her substance2 so that the two whole and perfect natures1 that is to say the ,godhead and ,manhood1 were joined together in one ,person1 never to be divided1 whereof is one ,christ very ,god and very ,man4 7,art4 ii4 and ,luke i47 ,,trinity ,,sunday4 ,this is a festival of ,western origin1 and of comparatively recent date2 the earliest formal notice of the festival is in ,england1 under ,becket1 in #aafb2 though the collect dates from the #eth century4 ,,triumphant1 ,the ,,church4 ,those who have departed this life in ,god's faith and fear2 the ,church in ,heaven4 ,the ,church on earth is called the ,church ,militant4 ,,tunicle1 see ,vestments4 ,,type4 ,an impression1 image1 or representation of some model which is termed the anti-type2 thus the brazen serpent and the paschal lamb were types1 of which our ,lord was the anti-type4 ,,unitarians4 ,heretics who deny the ,divinity of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and the separate personality of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the name includes all ,deists1 whether the ,arians of old1 or the ,socinians 7which see7 of later years4 ,the ,arians were heretics named after ,arius1 whose doctrine was condemned at the ,council of ,nice1 ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,he taught that there was a time when the ,son of ,god was not1 and that ,he was created by the ,father4 ,he called ,him by the name of ,god1 but denied that ,he was homoousios1 of one ,substance with the ,father4 ,the ,arians seem to have held that the ,holy ,ghost also was a created ,being4 ,the ,athanasian ,creed1 vv4 #d-ai opposes the ,arian heresy4 ,the ,unitarians have in ,england #cbe ministers1 #cee chapels1 and about #ac mission stations4 ,,university4 7,lat41 universitas1 corporation47 ,a corporation of teachers and students instituted for the promotion of the higher education1 and empowered to grant degrees in the various faculties of ,divinity1 ,arts1 ,law4 ,medicine1 c4 ,england has five ,universities1 two ancient--,oxford and ,cambridge2 and three modern1 viz41 ,durham1 ,london1 and the ,victoria ,university1 ,manchester4 ,,use1 see ,sarum1 ,use of4 ,,utilitarianism4 ,the name of the peculiar theory of ,ethics1 or of the ground of moral obligation1 that adopts1 as the criterion of right1 the happiness of mankind2 or1 as ,jeremy ,bentham defined it1 the greatest happiness of the greatest number4 ,it is opposed to the view that founds moral distinctions on the mere arbitrary will of ,god4 ,the most eminent modern advocates of ,utilitarianism are ,hume1 ,bentham1 ,paley1 ,james ,mill1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh1 ,john ,austin1 ,samuel ,bailey1 ,herbert ,spencer1 and ,bain4 ,,venial ,,sin1 see ,sin4 ,,veni ,,creator4 ,an old ,latin hymn ascribed by common tradition to ,st4 ,ambrose1 but with no sufficient authority4 ,it has been used with special reference to the gifts of ,ordination since the #aath century4 ,the first version in the ,ordination ,service was inserted in #affb1 previous to that the second and longer form had been used4 ,,venite1 ,,exultemus ,,domino4 ,ps4 xcv4 has been sung as the ,invitatory ,psalm1 opening the ,service of ,praise1 from time immemorial4 ,it is found in the ,sarum ,use4 ,in the ,eastern ,church a condensed form of it is used4 ,,verger4 ,from the ,latin ,virga1 a ,rod4 ,one who carries the mace before the ,dean or ,canons in a ,cathedral1 or conducts the congregation to their seats in church4 ,,versicles4 ,the short ejaculatory prayers of our ,service1 generally taken from ,holy ,scripture4 ,,version1 ,the ,,authorised4 ,the version of the ,bible now in use in ,england4 ,it was published in #afaa1 and authorised by ,king ,james ,i4 ,it retains in many places the original translation of ,tyndale1 very little altered4 ,a company of ,divines and ,scholars of the present day have been engaged in revising this version of the ,old ,testament4 ,the result of their labours will probably be given to the public in #ahhe4 7,see ,bible47 ,,version1 ,,the ,,revised4 ,the version of the ,new ,testament put forth in #ahha4 ,it is a revision of that of #afaa1 made by a company of ,scholars and ,divines1 and aims at being a more exact reproduction of the original4 ,although at present it has not been authorised for public use1 yet it will be found by all to be a very useful commentary on the ,authorised ,version4 ,,vespers1 or ,,evensong4 ,the ,evening ,service of the ,church4 ,for arrangement1 c41 see ,morning ,prayer1 but the various parts of the ,service are given each under its own heading4 ,,vestments4 ,generally1 the garments worn by the clergy in the public services of the ,church1 but more particularly the special robes worn by some clergymen during the celebration of the ,holy ,communion4 ,alb4 ,a linen vestment longer than the surplice1 and with tight sleeves4 ,it is confined at the waist by a girdle1 and1 when employed in the ,eucharist1 it is often1 though not necessarily1 ornamented with patches of embroidery called apparels4 ,amice4 ,a kind of broad linen collar1 fastened with strings4 ,biretta4 ,a square cap of black silk worn at processions and other out-door functions4 ,it is simply the ordinary cap 7beret7 of civil life1 and1 like the cassock1 is not strictly an ecclesiastical vesture at all4 ,it is worn also in church during certain parts of the service by extreme ,ritualists4 ,cassock4 ,a long coat buttoning over the breast and reaching to the feet1 confined at the waist by a wide sash1 called the cincture4 ,it is worn immediately over the ordinary clothes of the minister1 and is usually of black1 though violet and scarlet are sometimes used4 ,chasuble4 ,an oval garment without sleeves1 open at the sides1 and having an aperture at the neck through which the priest passes his head4 ,it is embroidered with a ,y-,cross behind1 and is considered the principal vestment of the priest4 ,it varies in colour with the season4 ,cope4 ,a large semicircular cloak of silk or other material1 fastening in front by a clasp or morse4 ,at the back is a piece of embroidery in the shape of a shield1 called the hood4 ,it varies in colour with the season4 ,cotta4 ,a vestment of linen1 shorter than the surplice1 and not quite so full4 ,it has short sleeves1 and is frequently edged with lace4 ,dalmatic and ,tunicle4 ,these differ very slightly in form1 but the former is generally the more richly embroidered4 ,it is the special dress of the ,deacon at ,holy ,communion1 and varies in colour with the season4 ,girdle4 ,a white cord1 used to confine the ,alb at the waist4 ,hood4 7,see article1 ,hood47 ,maniple4 ,a smaller ,stole worn over the left arm4 ,stole4 ,a narrow strip of silk passed round the neck and hanging in front to about the knees4 ,it varies in colour with the season4 ,surplice4 ,a linen vestment of various degrees of fulness1 and with long wide sleeves4 ,it is the garment usually worn by the clergy of the ,church of ,england1 although many of the above are ordered in the first ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi4 ,the ,eucharistic ,vestments are the ,amice1 ,alb1 ,girdle1 ,stole1 ,maniple1 ,tunicle1 ,dalmatic and ,chasuble4 ,besides these we have the ,episcopal ,vestments1 called the chimere and the rochet4 ,chimere4 ,the upper robe worn by a ,bishop1 to which the lawn sleeves are generally attached4 ,until ,queen ,elizabeth's time it was of scarlet1 but in her reign it was changed into black satin4 ,rochet4 ,a linen garment worn by ,bishops under the chimere4 ,the lawn sleeves now sewn on the chimere properly are part of the rochet1 and formerly were much less full than now worn4 7,see ,ornaments47 ,,vestry4 ,a room attached to a church for the keeping of the vestments and sacred vessels4 ,meetings of parishioners1 for the despatch of the official business of the parish are held in this room1 whence they are called ,vestries1 or ,vestry ,meetings4 ,it is not however essential to the validity of the meeting that it should be held in the ,vestry of the church1 indeed1 by making application under an ,act passed in #ahej1 meetings in the ,vestry can be made illegal4 ,notice of the meeting must be affixed on or near the door of the ,church three days previously4 ,the ,incumbent is ex-officio chairman of the meeting1 and all persons rated to the relief of the poor are entitled to attend and vote4 ,,via ,,media4 ,the middle road4 ,this position is occupied in the ,christian world by the ,anglican ,church4 ,on the one side there is the ,church of ,rome2 on the other1 the ultra-,protestant ,sects4 ,the phrase is also used of any middle way between two extremes4 ,,viaticum4 ,a provision made for a journey4 ,in the ancient ,church both baptism and the ,eucharist were called ,viatica1 because they are equally necessary for the safe passage of a man through this world to eternal life4 ,more particularly1 however1 the term is used of the ,eucharist given to persons in immediate danger of death4 ,the #acth ,canon of the ,council of ,nice ordains that none be deprived of his perfect and most necessary viaticum when he departs out of this life4 ,,vicar1 see ,rector4 ,,vicars ,,choral4 ,the assistants or deputies of the canons or prebendaries of cathedrals and collegiate churches1 in the discharges of their duties4 ,they are not necessarily all in ,holy ,orders2 those who are so are now generally called ,minor ,canons1 7which see7 and the others are ,lay-clerks4 ,,vicar ,,general4 ,an officer whose duties are much the same as those of the ,chancellor of a ,diocese 7which see47 ,,vigil4 ,the night or evening before certain holy-days of the ,church4 ,the word means a watching1 and is derived from the custom of the primitive ,christians1 who used to spend the whole night previous to any great festival in watching and fasting4 ,the ,collect for those holy-days which have vigils is read at the ,evening ,service of the day before4 ,festivals occurring in seasons of joy as a rule have no vigil preceding them4 ,,virgin ,,mary1 see ,mary4 ,,visitation4 ,once in three years a ,bishop goes through his diocese1 calling together the ,clergy at different centres1 and delivering to them a charge1 7which see47 ,an ,archdeacon does the same for his ,archdeaconry once a year4 ,it is at this latter visitation that ,church-wardens are admitted to their office4 ,,visitation ,,of ,,the ,,sick1 see ,sick4 ,,voluntary4 ,a piece of ,music played on the organ at the beginning and close of ,divine ,service4 ,formerly a ,voluntary was played after the ,psalms1 sometimes after the ,second ,lesson4 ,the name implies that its performance is optional4 ,lord ,bacon approved of ,voluntaries as giving time for meditation4 ,,vulgar ,,tongue4 ,the native language of a country4 ,the phrase in the ,baptismal ,office stood formerly1 in the ,english tongue1 but it was altered to embrace the case of foreigners4 ,,vulgate4 ,the ,latin translation of the ,bible in common use4 ,the first ,vulgate of the ,old ,testament was translated1 not from the original ,hebrew1 but from the ,septuagint 7which see71 the author being unknown4 ,the second ,vulgate was by ,st4 ,jerome1 and was made from the ,hebrew4 ,a mixture of these two was authorised for use by the ,council of ,trent4 ,other translations have since been made4 ,it is the official and standard text in the ,roman ,church4 ,,wafers4 ,the bread used by the ,romanists1 by ,lutheran ,protestants1 and by some ,ritualists in our own ,church1 in the ,eucharist4 ,,wesleyans1 see ,methodists4 ,,whitsun-,,day1 or ,,whitsunday4 ,the derivation of the name is doubtful2 some taking it from ,whitsun1 a corruption of ,pentecosten1 the old ,anglo-,saxon name for the day2 and some from ,white ,sunday1 because those who had been baptized on its eve wore white robes4 ,this festival is the birthday of the ,church1 and has been observed1 like ,easter1 from the first days of ,christianity4 7,see ,pentecost47 ,,will1 ,,free1 see ,free ,will4 ,,word1 ,,the4 ,a name given to our ,lord in the opening of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel4 ,the term was familiar to the ,jews4 7,see ,logos47 ,,worship4 ,besides meaning the supreme homage and devotion due to ,almighty ,god1 it is also used in the ,bible and ,prayer ,book1 to denote honour1 respect1 and reverence given to men4 ,thus it is used in ,ps4 lxxxiv4#ab2 ,luke xiv4#aj2 and in #a ,chron4 xxix4#bj1 it seems to be used in both senses4 ,in the marriage service the husband promises to worship his wife1 that is1 to render her all due respect and honour4 ,in like manner we call a ,mayor or a ,chancellor ,worshipful4 ,,worship1 ,,public1 see ,public ,worship4 ,,year1 ,,the ,,ecclesiastical4 ,the different seasons of the ,church ,year have each a separate notice4 ,the ,church begins her year with ,advent1 because1 as ,bishop ,cosin says1 she does not number her days1 or measure her seasons1 so much by the motion of the sun1 as by the course of our ,saviour2 beginning and counting her year with ,him who1 being the true ,sun of ,righteousness1 began now to rise upon the world4