,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,negro  ,by    
,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]  ,at ! close ( ! w>
 = ! ,union ab\t five millions ( negroes
 7 add$ to ! citiz5%ip ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates4 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahij ?is numb] _h
 become ov] sev5 & a half millions4 ,i  
use ! ^w negro because ! descriptive t]m
 black or color$ is n det]m9ative4 ,!re 
are _m v>ieties ( negroes among !       
,african tribes1 b all ( !m agree 9     
c]ta9 physiological if n psy*ological   
*>act]i/ics1 :i* sep>ate !m f all o!r   
races ( mank9d2 :]eas !re are _m races1 
black or color$1 l ! ,abyss9ian1 :i* h  
no o!r negro traits4  ,x is also a matt]
 ( obs]vation t ! negro traits p]si/ 9  
recognizable manife/ations1 to ! ext5t (
 occasional rev]sions1 :atev] may be !  
mixture ( a :ite race4 ,9 a c]ta9 degree
 ?is p]si/5ce is true ( all races n come
 f an hi/oric common /ock4  ,9 !        
political recon/ruction ! negro 0 giv5 !
 ballot )\t any requirem5ts ( education 
or prop]ty4 ,?is 0 p>tly a measure (    
p>ty balance ( p[]2 & p>tly f a conc]n t

 ! negro w\ld n be secure 9 8 rights z a
 citiz5 )\t x1 & also ^u ! !ory t !     
ballot is an educat+ influ5ce4  ,?is    
sudd5 transition & %ift+ ( p[] 0 res5t$ 
at ! ,s\?1 resi/$ at fir/1 & f9ally x   
has g5]ally be5 evad$4 ,?is 0 due to a  
v>iety ( reasons or prejudices1 n all ( 
!m cr$itable to a g5]\s desire = !      
univ]sal elevation ( mank9d1 b "o ( !m !
 hi/orian w judge adequate to produce ! 
result4 ,inde$1 x might h be5 =ese5 f ! 
beg9n+4 ,?is recon/ruction measure 0 an 
attempt to put ! sup]ior "p ( !         
community "u ! control ( ! inf]ior1 ^!  
p>ts sep>at$ by all ! prejudices ( race1
 & by traditions ( ma/]%ip on ! "o side 
& ( s]vitude on ! o!r4 ,i v5ture to say 
t x 0 an exp]im5t t w\ld h fail$ 9 any  
community 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :e!r x 0   
pres5t$ z a piece ( philan?ropy or (    
puni%m5t4  ,a necess>y sequ5ce to !     
enfran*isem5t ( ! negro 0 8 education4  
,h[ev] limit$ our idea ( a prop] common 
education may be1 x is a fundam5tal     
requisite 9 our =m ( gov]nm5t t e vot]  

%\ld be able to read & write4 ,a        
recognition ( ?is tru? l$ to !          
e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,s\? ( public s*ools = ! 
:ites & blacks1 9 %ort1 ( a public s*ool
 sy/em4 ,we are n to "q ! s9c]ity &     
g5]\sness ( ?is movem5t1 h[ev] x may h  
halt$ & lo/ en?usiasm 9 _m localities4  
,?is opportunity ( education 7f\nd also 
9 private s*ools7 0 hail$ by ! negroes1 
c]ta9ly1 ) en?usiasm4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t  
at ! close ( ! w> !re 0 a g5]al desire  
among ! fre$m5 to be in/ruct$ 9 !       
rudim5ts ( k at lea/4 ,_m p>5ts1        
especially wom51 made great sacrifices  
to obta9 = _! *ildr5 ?is advantage :i*  
_h be5 d5i$ to !mselves4 ,_m y\?s1 bo?  
boys & girls1 ent]$ into x ) a g5u9e    
?ir/ = k :i* x 0 pa!tic to see4  ,b x   
may be que/ion$1 f developm5ts t spe$ily
 foll[$1 :e!r ! mass ( negroes did n    
really desire ?is advantage z a sign (  
fre$om1 r ?an f a wi% = k1 & covet x    
because x _h =m]ly be5 ! privilege ( _! 
ma/]s1 & m>k$ a broad di/9ction betwe5 !
 races4 ,x 0 natural t ?is %\ld be s1 :5

 !y _h be5 exclud$ f ?is privilege by   
pa9s & p5alties1 :5 9 "s ,/ates x 0 "o (
 ! grave/ (f5ses to tea* a negro to read
 & write4 ,?is prohibition 0 acc\nt$ =  
by ! peculi> sort ( prop]ty t slav]y    
creat$1 :i* w\ld become insecure if     
intellig5t1 = ! alphabet is a t]rible   
di/urb] ( all false relations 9 society4
  ,b ! ef=t at education w5t fur!r ?an !
 common s*ool & ! prim>y ess5tial       
in/ruction4 ,x introduc$ ! high]        
education4 ,colleges usually call$      
univ]sities--= negroes 7 e/abli%$ 9 _m  
,s\!rn ,/ates1 creat$ & /imulat$ by !   
g5]osity ( ,nor!rn m5 & societies1 & (t5
 aid$ by ! lib]ality ( ! ,/ates :]e !y  
exi/$4 ,! curriculum 9 ^! 0 t 9 colleges
 g5]ally1--! classics1 ! high]          
ma!matics1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 ! mod]n  
languages1 & 9 "s in/ances a c]ta9      
te*nical in/ruction1 :i* 0 be+ tri$ 9 "s
 ,nor!rn colleges4 ,! emphasis1 h[ev]1 0
 laid on lib]al culture4 ,?is high]     
education 0 (f]$ to ! mass t /ill lack$ 
! rudim5ts ( intellectual tra9+1 9 !    

belief t education--! education ( !     
mom5t1 ! education ( sup]impos$         
in=mation1 c realize ! !ory ( univ]sal  
equality4  ,?is exp]im5t has n[ be5 9   
op]ation long en\gh to enable u to judge
 some?+ ( its results & its promises = !
 future4 ,^! results are ( a nature to  
lead u s]i\sly to inquire :e!r our ef=t 
0 f\nd$ ^u an adequate k ( ! negro1 ( 8 
pres5t developm5t1 ( ! requirem5ts = 8  
p]sonal welf>e & evolution 9 ! scale (  
civilization1 & = 8 tra9+ 9 useful &    
honorable citiz5%ip4 ,i am speak+ ( !   
majority1 ! mass to be consid]$ 9 any   
g5]al s*eme1 & n ( ! exceptional        
individuals --exceptions t w rapidly    
increase z ! mass is lift$--:o are      
capable ( tak+ advantage to ! utmo/ (   
all means ( cultivation1 & :o mu/ always
 be provid$ ) all ! opportunities ne$$4 
,millions ( doll>s h be5 inve/$ 9 !     
high] education ( ! negro1 :ile ?is     
prim>y education has be51 tak+ ! :ole   
mass1 :olly inadequate to 8 ne$s4 ,?is  
has be5 ^u ! supposition t ! high] w\ld 

compel ! rise ( ! l[] ) ! undevelop$    
negro race z x does ) ! m highly        
develop$ :ite race4 ,an exam9ation ( !  
s\ndness ( ?is expectation w n lead u f>
 a/ray f our subject4  ,! evolution ( a 
race1 di/+ui%+ x f ! =mation ( a nation1
 is a sl[ process4 ,we recognize a race 
by c]ta9 peculi> traits1 & by           
*>act]i/ics :i* sl[ly *ange4 ,!y are    
acquir$ little by little 9 an evolution 
:i*1 hi/orically1 x is (t5 difficult to 
trace4 ,!y are due to ! environm5t1 to !
 discipl9e ( life1 & to :at is          
te*nically call$ education4 ,^! "w      
toge!r to make :at is call$ "*1 race "*1
 & x is ?is :i* is transmitt$ f g5]ation
 to g5]ation4 ,acquirem5ts are n        
h]$it>y1 l habits & peculi>ities1       
physical or m5tal4 ,a man does n        
transmit to 8 desc5dants 8 le>n+1 ?\gh  
he may transmit ! aptitude = x4 ,?is is 
illu/rat$ 9 factories :]e skill$ labor  
is h&$ d[n & fix$ 9 ! same families1 t  
is1 :]e ! same k9d ( labor is cont9u$ f 
"o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,! *ild1 put to   

"w1 has n ! k ( ! p>5t1 b a special     
aptitude 9 8 skill & dext]ity4 ,bo? body
 & m9d h acquir$ c]ta9 transmissible    
traits4 ,! same ?+ is se5 on a l>g]     
scale 9 a :ole nation1 l ! ,japanese1 :o
 h be5 tra9$ into :at seems an art      
in/9ct4  ,x is ?is "*1 quality1 habit1 !
 result ( a sl[ educational process1 :i*
 di/+ui%es "o race f ano!r4 ,x is ?is t 
! race transmits1 & n ! m or less       
accid5tal education ( a decade or an    
era4 ,! ,brahm9s c>ry ?is idea into !   
next life1 & say t ! dep>t+ _s c>ries ) 
him no?+ except ?is individual "*1 no   
acquirem5ts or in=mation or extrane\s   
culture4 ,x 0 p]haps 9 ! same _s t ! sad
 prea*] 9 ,ecclesia/es said !re is no k 
nor wisdom 9 ! grave1 :i!r ?\ goe/4  ,x 
is by ?is "* t we classify civiliz$ &   
ev5 semi-civiliz$ races2 by ?is sl[ly   
develop$ fibre1 ?is sl[ accumulation (  
inh]5t quality 9 ! evolution ( ! human  
be+ f l[] to high]1 t cont9ues to exi/  
not)/&+ ! p[]ful influ5ce ( gov]nm5ts & 
religions4 ,we are und]/ood :5 we speak 

( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italian1 ! ,pole1 !       
,spani%1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,arab   
race1 ! ,japanese1 & s on4 ,x is :at a  
=eign writ] calls1 n inaptly1 a         
collective race s\l4 ,z x is sl[ 9      
evolution1 x is p]si/5t 9 endur+4       
,fur!r1 we recognize x z a /age (       
progress1 hi/orically necess>y 9 !      
developm5t ( man into a civiliz$        
adaptation to 8 situation 9 ?is _w4 ,x  
is a process t _c be mu* hurri$1 & a    
result t _c be leap$ to out ( b>b>ism by
 any sup]imposition ( k or ev5 quickly  
by any *ange ( environm5t4 ,we may be "r
 9 our mod]n notion t education has a   
magical virtue t c "w any k9d (         
trans=mation2 b we are c]ta9ly n "r 9   
suppos+ t x c d ?is in/antly1 or t x c  
"w ?is effect ^u a b>b>\s race 9 ! same 
p]iod ( "t t x c ^u "o m develop$1 "o t 
has acquir$ at lea/ a race consci\sness4
  ,be=e go+ fur!r1 & 9 ord] to avoid    
misund]/&+1 x is prop] to say t ,i h !  
firme/ belief 9 ! ultimate developm5t ( 
all mank9d into a high] plane ?an x     

occupies n[4 ,i %\ld o!rwise be 9       
despair4 ,?is fai? w nev] desi/ 9 ! ef=t
 to br+ ab\t ! end desir$4  ,b1 if we "w
 ) ,provid5ce1 we mu/ "w 9 ! reasonable 
ways ( ,provid5ce1 & add to our fai?    
pati5ce4  ,x seems to be ! rule 9 all   
hi/ory t ! elevation ( a l[] race is    
effect$ only by contact ) "o high] 9    
civilization4 ,bo? re=m & progress come 
f ext]ior influ5ces4 ,?is is axiomatic1 
& applies to ! fields ( gov]nm5t1       
religion1 e?ics1 art1 & lett]s4  ,we h  
be5 taught to reg>d ,africa z a d>k1    
/olid cont95t1 unawak5$1 unvisit$ by !  
ag5cies & influ5ces t h trans=m$ ! _w f 
age to age4 ,yet x 0 9 nor!rn & nor!a/]n
 ,africa t )9 hi/oric p]iods ?ree ( !   
mo/ p[]ful & brilliant civilizations 7  
develop$1--! ,egyptian1 ! ,c>?ag9ian1 ! 
,s>ac5ic4 ,t ^! civilizations _h m ?an a
 surface contact ) ! int]ior1 we "k4 ,to
 take ! mo/ anci5t ( !m1 & t :i* longe/ 
endur$1 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,ph>aohs c>ri$ _!
 conque/s & _! p[] deep into ,africa4 ,9
 ! /ory ( _! invasions & occupancy ( !  

int]ior1 told 9 pictures on temple      
walls1 we f9d ! negro figur+ z captive &
 slave4 ,?is contact may n h be5 a      
fruitful "o = ! elevation ( ! negro1 b x
 proves t = ages he 0 9 "o way or ano!r 
9 contact ) a sup]ior civilization4 ,9  
lat] days we f9d little trace ( x 9 !   
home ( ! negro1 b 9 ,egypt ! negro has  
left 8 impress 9 ! mix$ blood ( ! ,nile 
valley4  ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( !       
contact ( ! negro ) a high] civilization
 is 9 ! p[]ful m$ieval empire (         
,songhay1 e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! negro   
c\ntry4 ,! va/ /rip ( ,africa ly+ nor? (
 ! equator & s\? ( ! tw5tie? p>allel &  
we/ ( ! upp] ,nile 0 !n1 z x is n[1 !   
t]ritory ( tribes di/9ctly describ$ z   
,negro4 ,! riv] ,nig]1 runn+ nor?w>d f  
bel[ ,j5ne to ne> ,timbuctoo1 & !n turn+
 we/ & s\? to ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 fl[s    
?r\gh "o ( ! ri*e/ valleys 9 ! _w4 ,9   
ri*ness x is comp>able to t ( ! ,nile &1
 l t ( ! ,nile1 its f]tility dep5ds ^u !
 wat] ( ! c5tral /ream4 ,"h arose 9 e>ly
 times ! p[]ful empire ( ,songhay1 :i*  

dis9tegrat$ & fell into tribal confusion
 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,= a
 long "t ! seat ( its p[] 0 ! city (    
,j5ne2 9 lat] days x 0 ,timbuctoo4  ,?is
 is n ! place to enl>ge ^u ?is          
extraord9>y piece ( hi/ory4 ,! be/      
acc\nt ( ! empire ( ,songhay is to be   
f\nd 9 ! pages ( ,b>?1 ! ,g]man travel]1
 :o _h access to :at seem$ to him a     
cr$ible ,arab hi/ory4 ,consid]able light
 is ?r[n ^u x by a rec5t volume on      
,timbuctoo by ,m4 ,dubois1 a ,fr5*      
travel]4 ,m4 ,dubois f9ds reason to     
believe t ! f\nd]s ( ! ,songhese empire 
came f ,yem51 & s\ght refuge f ,moslem  
fanaticism 9 ,c5tral ,africa "s hundr$ &
 fifty ye>s aft] ! ,hejira4 ,! orig9 ( !
 empire is obscure1 b ! developm5t 0 n  
indig5\s4 ,x seems probable t ! settl]s1
 foll[+ trad]s1 p5etrat$ to ! ,nig]     
valley f ! valley ( ! ,nile z e>ly z !  
?ird or f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,an      
evid5ce ( ?is e>ly influ5ce1 :i* /r5g!n$
 f c5tury to c5tury1 ,dubois f9ds 9 !   
ar*itecture ( ,j5ne & ,timbuctoo4 ,x is 

n ,roman or ,s>ac5ic or ,go?ic1 x is    
di/9ctly ,ph>aonic4 ,b :atev] ! orig9 ( 
! ,songhay empire1 x became 9 "t        
,mohamm$an1 & s cont9u$ to ! end4       
,mohamm$anism seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5    
impos$4 ,p[]ful z ! empire 01 x 0 nev]  
free f tribal insurrection & int]nal    
tr\bles4 ,! highe/ m>k ( negro capacity 
develop$ 9 ?is hi/ory is1 accord+ to !  
record exam9$ by ,b>?1 t "o ( ! emp]ors 
0 a negro4  ,f all t c be ga!r$ 9 !     
records1 ! mass ( ! negroes1 :i*        
con/itut$ ! body ( ?is empire1 rema9$   
pagan1 did n become1 except 9 outw>d    
con=mity1 ,mohamm$an & did n take !     
,moslem civilization z x 0 develop$     
else:]e1 & t ! dis9tegration ( ! empire 
left ! negro races practically :]e !y 7 
be=e 9 po9t ( developm5t4 ,?is fact1 if 
x is n ov]turn$ by fur!r se>*1 is op5 to
 ! explanation t ! ,moslem civilization 
is n fitt$ to ! developm5t ( ! ,african 
negro4  ,contact1 su* z x has be51 )    
high] civilizations1 has n 9 all ^! ages
 :i* h witness$ ! wond]ful rise &       

developm5t ( o!r races1 mu* affect$ or  
*ang$ ! negro4 ,he is mu* z he w\ld be  
if he _h be5 left to himself4 ,& left to
 himself1 ev5 9 su* a favorable         
environm5t z ,am]ica1 he is sl[ to      
*ange4 ,9 ,africa !re has be5 no        
progress 9 organization1 gov]nm5t1 art4 
,no negro tribe has ev] inv5t$ a writt5 
language4 ,9 8 exhau/ive "w on ! ,hi/ory
 ( ,mank9d1 ,pr(essor ,fr$]ick ,ratzel1 
hav+ /udi$ ?or\ghly ! negro belt (      
,africa1 says ( writ+ prop]ly s call$1  
nei!r d ! mod]n negroes %[ any trace1   
nor h traces ( old] writ+ be5 f\nd 9    
negro c\ntries4  ,f ?is outl9e review we
 come back to ! situation 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 :]e a great mass (              
negroes--possibly ov] n9e millions ( _m 
%ades ( colors--is = ! fir/ "t br\ght   
into contact ) ,*ri/ian civilization4   
,?is mass is "h to make or m> our       
national life1 & ! problem ( its de/9y  
has to be met ) our own4 ,:at c we d1   
:at ought we to d1 = 8 own good & = our 
peace & national welf>e8  ,9 ! fir/     

place1 x is impossible to escape !      
pr(\nd impression t we h made a mi/ake 9
 our e/imate ( 8 evolution z a race1 9  
attempt+ to apply to him ! same treatm5t
 = ! developm5t ( "* t we w\ld apply to 
a race m highly organiz$4 ,has he       
develop$ ! race consci\sness1 ! race    
s\l1 z ,i said be=e1 a collective s\l1  
:i* s /rongly m>ks o!r races m or less  
civiliz$ accord+ to our /&>ds8 ,d we f9d
 9 him1 z a mass 7individuals always    
except$71 t sl[ deposit ( tra9+ &       
education call$ "*1 any firm basis (    
ord]1 initiative ( action1 ! capacity ( 
go+ alone1 any sure f\ndation (         
morality8 ,x has be5 said t a race may  
atta9 a good degree ( /&+ 9 ! _w )\t !  
ref9em5t ( culture1 b nev] )\t virtue1  
ei!r 9 ! ,roman or ! mod]n mean+ ( t ^w4
  ,! ,african1 n[ ! ,am]ican negro1 has 
come 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates into a m         
favorable position = developm5t ?an he  
has ev] be=e _h (f]$4 ,he has come to x 
?r\gh h>d%ip1 & 8 sev]e appr5tice%ip is 
n end$4 ,x is possible t ! hi/orians    

c5turies h5ce1 look+ back ov] ! r\gh    
road t all races h travel$ 9 _!         
evolution1 may reckon slav]y & ! =c$    
transportation to ! new _w a necess>y   
/ep 9 ! tra9+ ( ! negro4 ,we d n "k4 ,! 
ways ( ,provid5ce are n measurable by   
our foot rules4 ,we see t slav]y 0      
unju/1 uneconomic1 & ! wor/ tra9+ =     
citiz5%ip 9 su* a gov]nm5t z ours4 ,x   
/ifl$ a numb] ( g]ms t might h produc$ a
 bett] developm5t1 su* z individuality1 
responsibility1 & ?rift1--g]ms          
absolutely necess>y to ! well-be+ ( a   
race4 ,x laid no f\ndation ( morality1 b
 9 place ( morality saw cultivat$ a     
sup]/iti\s1 emotional1 hy/]ical         
religion4 ,x is true t x taught a savage
 race subord9ation & ob$i5ce4 ,nor did x
 /ifle c]ta9 inh]5t temp]am5tal virtues1
 fai?fulness1 (t5 highly develop$1 &    
frequ5tly *e]fulness & philosophic      
cont5tm5t 9 a situation t w\ld h brok5 !
 _s ( a m s5sitive race4 ,9 %ort1 "u all
 ! disadvantages ( slav]y ! race %[$    
c]ta9 f9e traits1 qualities ( humor &   

good humor1 & capacity = devotion1 :i* 7
 abundantly te/ifi$ to by s\!rn]s dur+ !
 progress ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x has1 z a   
race1 traits :olly di/9ct f ^? ( !      
:ites1 :i* are n only int]e/+1 b might  
be a valuable contribution to a         
cosmopolitan civilization2 gifts also1  
su* z ! love ( music1 & temp]am5tal     
gayety1 mix$ ) a note ( sadness1 z 9 !  
,hung>ians4  ,b slav]y br\ght ab\t "o   
result1 & t ! mo/ difficult 9 !         
developm5t ( a race f savag]y1 &        
especially a tropical race1 a race t has
 always be5 idle 9 ! luxuriance ( a     
nature t suppli$ its physical ne$s )    
little labor4 ,x taught ! negro to "w1 x
 trans=m$ him1 by compulsion x is true1 
into an indu/rial be+1 & held him 9 !   
habit ( indu/ry = sev]al g5]ations4     
,p]haps only =ce c\ld d ?is1 = x 0 a    
radical trans=mation4 ,i am glad to see 
t ?is result ( slav]y is recogniz$ by   
,mr4 ,book] ,wa%+ton1 ! able/ & mo/     
cle>-sight$ lead] ! negro race has ev]  
_h4  ,b some?+ m 0 done "u ?is pressure1

 some?+ m ?an creation ( a habit (      
physical ex]tion to productive ends4    
,skill 0 develop$4 ,skill$ labor1 :i*   
ne$s bra9s1 0 c>ri$ to a high degree (  
p]=mance4 ,on almo/ all ! ,s\!rn        
plantations1 & 9 ! cities also1 negro   
me*anics 7 br$1 excell5t blacksmi?s1    
good c>p5t]s1 & h\se-build]s capable (  
execut+ plans ( high ar*itectural m]it4 
,ev]y:]e 7 negroes skill$ 9 trades1 &   
compet5t 9 v>i\s me*anical indu/ries4   
,! opportunity & ! disposition to labor 
make ! basis ( all our civilization4 ,! 
negro 0 taught to "w1 to be an          
agriculturi/1 a me*anic1 a mat]ial      
produc] ( some?+ useful4 ,he 0 taught   
?is fundam5tal ?+4 ,our high] education1
 appli$ to him 9 8 pres5t developm5t1   
op]ates 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 
,?is is a s]i\s ass]tion4 ,its tru? or  
falsehood _c be e/abli%$ by /ati/ics1 b 
x is an op9ion gradually =m$ by         
exp]i5ce1 & ! obs]vation ( m5 compet5t  
to judge1 :o h /udi$ ! problem close at 
h&4 ,among ! witnesses to ! failure ( ! 

result expect$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( colleges
 & univ]sities = ! negro are he>d1 f "t 
to "t1 & m frequ5tly z "t goes on1      
practical m5 f ! ,nor?1 railway m51     
manufactur]s1 :o h initiat$ bus9ess     
ent]prises at ! ,s\?4 ,_! te/imony      
co9cides ) t ( c>eful /ud5ts ( !        
economic & social conditions4  ,!re 0   
reason to assume1 f our !ory & exp]i5ce 
( ! high] education 9 its effect ^u :ite
 races1 t ! result w\ld be diff]5t f :at
 x is4 ,:5 ! negro colleges fir/ op5$1  
!re 0 a gl[ ( en?usiasm1 an eag]ness (  
/udy1 a facility ( acquirem5t1 & a good 
ord] t promis$ ev]y?+ = ! future4 ,x    
seem$ z if ! light !n k9dl$ w\ld n only 
cont9ue to burn1 b w\ld p5etrate all !  
d>k & /olid communities4 ,x 0 my =tune  
to see _m ( ^! in/itutions 9 _! e>ly    
days1 & to believe t !y 7 full ( !      
greate/ promise = ! race4 ,i h no       
int5tion ( criticis+ ! g5]osity & !     
noble self-sacrifice t produc$ !m1 nor !
 aspirations ( _! inmates4 ,!re is no   
d\bt t !y furni% %9+ examples (         

emancipation f ignorance1 & ( useful    
lives4 ,b a few ye>s h ?r[n mu* light ^u
 ! c>e]s & *>act]s ( a great proportion 
( ! graduates1 & _! effect ^u !         
communities ( :i* !y =m a "p1 ,i mean1 (
 c\rse1 ) reg>d to ! indu/rial & moral  
condition ( ^? communities4 ,h ^!       
colleges1 z a :ole1--,?is s5t5ce %\ld h 
be5 fur!r qualifi$ by ackn[l$g+ !       
excell5t "w done by ! colleges at       
,atlanta & ,na%ville1 :i*1 "u           
exceptionally good managem5t1 h s5t out 
mu*-ne$$ tea*]s4 ,i believe t _!        
success1 h[ev]1 is l>gely ow+ to _!     
practical features4--,c4,d4,w4--/imulat$
 indu/ry1 ?rift1 ! incl9ation to settle 
d[n to ! necess>y h>d "w ( ! _w1 or h !y
 br$ idl5ess1 indisposition to "w1 a    
vapor\s ambition 9 politics1 & t sort ( 
conceit ( g5tility ( :i* ! _w has       
already en\gh8 ,if any "o is 9 d\bt ab\t
 ?is he c satisfy himself by a soj\rn 9 
diff]5t localities 9 ! ,s\?4 ,!         
condition ( ,new ,orleans & its negro   
univ]sities is (t5 cit$4 ,x is a        

favorable example1 because ! ambition ( 
! negro has be5 aid$ !re by influ5ce    
outside ( ! s*ools4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t   
has impos$ ^u ! intellig5t & s5sitive   
population negro (ficials 9 high        
positions1 because !y 7 negroes & n     
because !y 7 specially fitt$ = ^?       
positions by "* or ability4 ,x is my    
belief t ! condition ( ! race 9 ,new    
,orleans is l[] ?an x 0 sev]al ye>s ago1
 & t ! influ5ce ( ! high] education has 
be5 9 ! wrong direction4  ,?is is n say+
 t ! high] education is responsible = ! 
pres5t condition ( ! negro4  ,o!r       
influ5ces h ret>d$ 8 elevation & !      
developm5t ( prop] "*1 & mo/ important  
means h be5 neglect$4 ,i only say t we h
 be5 disappo9t$ 9 our extravagant       
expectations ( :at ?is education c\ld d 
= a race undevelop$1 & s want+ 9 c]ta9  
elem5ts ( "*1 & t ! millions ( money    
devot$ to x might h be5 mu* bett]       
appli$4  ,we face a grave national      
situation4 ,x _c be successfully dealt )
 s5tim5tally4 ,x %\ld be fac$ ) k &     

c&or4 ,we mu/ admit our mi/akes1 bo?    
social & political1 & set ab\t !        
solution ( our problem ) intellig5t     
resolution & a l>ge *>ity4 ,x is n      
simply a ,s\!rn "q4 ,x is a ,nor!rn "q z
 well4 ,= ! tru? ( ?is ,i h only to     
appeal to ! consci\sness ( all ,nor!rn  
communities 9 :i* !re are negroes 9 any 
consid]able numb]s4 ,h ! negroes        
improv$1 z a rule 7always rememb]+ !    
exceptions71 9 ?rift1 tru?fulness1      
morality1 9 ! elem5ts ( indu/ri\s       
citiz5%ip1 ev5 9 ,/ates & t[ns :]e !re  
has be5 ! lea/ prejudice aga9/ _!       
education8 ,9 a pap] read at ! la/      
session ( ?is ,association1 ,pr(essor   
,w4 ,f4 ,willcox ( ,cornell ,univ]sity  
%[$ by /ati/ics t 9 proportion to       
population !re 7 m negro crim9als 9 !   
,nor? ?an 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! negro prison]s 9 
! ,s\!rn ,/ates to t5 ?\s& negroes      
increas$ betwe5 #ahhj & #ahij tw5ty-n9e 
p] c5t41 :ile ! :ite prison]s to t5 ?\s&
 :ites increas$ only eight p] c5t4 ,9 ! 
,/ates :]e slav]y 0 nev] e/abli%$1 !    

:ite prison]s increas$ sev5 p] c5t4 fa/]
 ?an ! :ite population1 :ile ! negro    
prison]s no less ?an ?irty-n9e p] c5t4  
fa/] ?an ! negro population4 ,?us !     
increase ( negro crim9ality1 s f> z x is
 reflect$ 9 ! numb] ( prison]s1 exce$$ !
 increase ( :ite crim9ality m 9 ! ,nor? 
?an x did 9 ! ,s\?4  ,?is /atem5t 0     
surpris+4 ,x _c be acc\nt$ = by color   
prejudice at ! ,nor?2 x is relat$ to !  
kn[n %iftlessness & irresponsibility ( a
 great portion ( ! negro population4 ,if
 x c\ld be believ$ t ?is %iftlessness is
 due to ! late /ate ( slav]y1 !         
explanation w\ld n d away ) ! exi/+     
conditions4 ,s*ools at ! ,nor? h = a    
long "t be5 op5 to ! negro2 ?\gh color  
prejudice exi/s1 he has n be5 on ! :ole 
9 an unfri5dly atmosph]e1 & will+ h&s h 
be5 /ret*$ out to help him 9 8 ambition 
to rise4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z has be5  
(t5 said lately1 t ! negro at ! ,nor?   
has be5 cr[d$ out ( _m occupations by m 
vigor\s races1 newly come to ?is c\ntry1
 cr[d$ out n only ( factory indu/ries & 

agricultural1 b ( ! positions ( s]vants1
 wait]s1 b>b]s1 & o!r m9or ways ( e>n+ a
 liv+4 ,! g5]al v]dict is t ?is loss (  
position is due to lack ( /am9a &       
tru/wor?9ess4 ,:]ev] a negro has %[n    
himself able1 hone/1 att5tive to ! moral
 & economic duties ( a citiz51 ei!r     
successful 9 accumulat+ prop]ty or fill+
 honorably 8 /ation 9 life1 he has ga9$ 
respect & consid]ation 9 ! community 9  
:i* he is kn[n2 & ?is is z true at !    
,s\? z at ! ,nor?1 not)/&+ ! race       
antagonism is m acc5tuat$ by reason ( ! 
prepond]ance ( negro population !re & ! 
m rec5t pres5ce ( slav]y4 ,^u ?is ugly  
race antagonism x is n necess>y to      
enl>ge "h 9 discuss+ ! problem (        
education1 & ,i w leave x ) ! s+le      
obs]vation t ,i h he>d intellig5t       
negroes1 :o 7 hone/ly at "w1 accumulat+ 
prop]ty & dispos$ to po/pone active     
politics to a m conv5i5t season1 say t  
!y _h no?+ to fe> f ! intellig5t :ite   
population1 b only f ! envy ( !         
ignorant4  ,! :ole situation is mu*     

aggravat$ by ! fact t !re is a          
consid]able infusion ( :ite blood 9 !   
negro race 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 lead+ to  
complications & social aspirations t are
 inf9itely pa!tic4 ,"t only & no pres5t 
contrivance ( ours c ameliorate ?is     
condition4  ,i h made ?is outl9e ( our  
negro problem 9 no _s ( pessimism or (  
prejudice1 b 9 ! belief t ! only way to 
rem$y an evil or a difficulty is c&idly 
& fundam5tally to und]/& x4 ,two ?+s are
 evid5t3 ,fir/1 ! negro population is   
c]ta9 to increase 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a
 ratio at lea/ equal to t ( ! :ites4    
,second1 ! ,s\? ne$s its labor4 ,its    
deportation is an idle dream4 ,! only   
visible solution is = ! negro to become 
an integral & an intellig5t "p ( !      
indu/rial community4 ,! way may be long1
 b he mu/ "w 8 way up4 ,sympa!tic aid   
may d mu*1 b ! salvation ( ! negro is 9 
8 own h&s1 9 ! developm5t ( individual  
"* & a race s\l4 ,?is is fully und]/ood 
by 8 wise/ lead]s4 ,8 wor/ enemy is !   
demagogue :o flatt]s him ) ! delusion t 

all he ne$s = 8 elevation is fre$om &   
c]ta9 privileges t 7 d5i$ him 9 slav]y4 
,9 all ! ,nor!rn cities h]oic ef=ts are 
made to assimilate ! =eign population by
 education & in/ruction 9 ,am]icanism4  
,9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! city & on plantation1 !  
same ef=t is necess>y = ! negro1 b x mu/
 be m radical & fundam5tal4 ,! common   
s*ool mu/ be z fully su/a9$ & z f> rea*+
 z x is 9 ! ,nor?1 rea*+ ! l[e/ 9 ! city
 slums & ! mo/ ignorant 9 ! agricultural
 di/ricts1 b to its /rictly elem5tal    
tea*+ mu/ be add$ moral in/ructions1 &  
tra9+ 9 indu/ries & 9 habits ( indu/ry4 
,only by su* rudim5t>y & indu/rial tra9+
 c ! mass ( ! negro race 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates be expect$ to improve 9 "* &     
position4 ,a top-dress+ ( culture on a  
field ) no dep? ( soil may = a mom5t    
/imulate ! promise ( vegetation1 b no   
fruit w be produc$4 ,x is a gigantic    
task1 & g5]ations may elapse be=e x c 9 
any degree be relax$4  ,:y attempt x8   
,:y n let ?+s drift z !y are8 ,:y       
attempt to civilize ! race )9 our doors1

 :ile !re are s _m di/ant & ali5 races  
to :om we ought to turn our civiliz+    
att5tion8 ,! answ] is simple & does n   
ne$ elaboration4 ,a gr[+ ignorant mass 9
 our body politic1 inevitably *]i%+     
bitt]ness ( feel+1 is an increas+ p]il  
to ! public4  ,9 ord] to remove ?is     
p]il1 by trans=m+ ! negro into an       
indu/rial1 law-abid+ citiz51 id5tifi$ ) 
! prosp]ity ( 8 c\ntry1 ! cordial       
assi/ance ( ! ,s\!rn :ite population is 
absolutely ess5tial4 ,x c only be       
accompli%$ by reg>d+ him z a man1 ) !   
natural "r to ! developm5t ( 8 capacity 
& to cont5tm5t 9 a secure social /ate4  
,! ef=t = 8 elevation mu/ be fundam5tal4
 ,! opportunity ( ! common s*ool mu/ be 
univ]sal1 & att5dance 9 x compulsory4   
,beyond ?is1 tra9+ 9 ! dec5cies ( life1 
9 conduct1 & 9 all ! indu/ries1 mu/ be  
(f]$ 9 su* indu/rial in/itutions z t (  
,tuskegee4 ,= ! exceptional cases a     
high] education c be easily provid$ = ^?
 :o %[ !mselves wor?y ( x1 b n (f]$ z an
 indiscrim9ate panacea4  ,! "q at once  

arises z to ! k9d ( tea*]s = ^! s*ools (
 v>i\s grades4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/         
difficult 9 ! :ole problem4 ,z a rule1  
!re is little ga91 ei!r 9 in/ruction or 
9 elevation ( "*1 if ! tea*] is n !     
sup]ior ( ! taught4 ,! le>n]s mu/       
respect ! atta9m5ts & ! au?ority ( !    
tea*]4 ,x is a too frequ5t fault ( our  
common-s*ool sy/em t1 ow+ to inadequate 
pay & ignorant selections1 ! tea*]s are 
n compet5t to _! responsible task4 ,!   
highe/ skill & atta9m5t are ne$$ to     
evoke ! p[]s ( ! common m9d1 ev5 9 a    
community call$ enlight5$4 ,mu* m are !y
 ne$$ :5 ! community is only slightly   
develop$ m5tally & morally4 ,! process (
 educat+ tea*]s ( ?is race1 fit to      
promote its elevation1 mu/ be a sl[ "o4 
,tea*]s ( v>i\s indu/ries1 su* z        
agriculture & ! me*anic arts1 w be m    
readily tra9$ ?an tea*]s ( ! rudim5ts ( 
le>n+ 9 ! common s*ools4 ,x is a v grave
 "q :e!r1 ) "s exceptions1 ! s*ool &    
moral tra9+ ( ! race %\ld n be = a      
consid]able "t to come 9 ! control ( !  

:ite race4 ,b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t     
in/ructors *eap 9 "*1 atta9m5ts1 & bre$+
 w d m h>m ?an good4 ,if we give        
ourselves to ?is "w1 we mu/ give ( our  
be/4  ,)\t ! cordial concurr5ce 9 ?is   
ef=t ( all p>ties1 black & :ite1 local &
 national1 x w n be fruitful 9          
fundam5tal & p]man5t good4 ,ea* race mu/
 accept ! pres5t situation & build on x4
 ,to ?is end x is indisp5sable t "o     
great evil1 :i* 0 inh]5t 9 !            
recon/ruction measures & is /ill p]si/$ 
91 %all be elim9at$4 ,! p>ty allegiance 
( ! negro 0 bid = by ! temptation (     
(fice & position = :i* he 0 9 no s5se   
fit4 ,no p]man5t1 righte\s adju/m5t (   
relations c come till ?is policy is     
:olly ab&on$4 ,politicians mu/ cease to 
make ! negro a pawn 9 ! game ( politics4
  ,let u admit t we h made a mi/ake4 ,we
 seem to h expect$ t we c\ld accompli%  
sudd5ly & by artificial ,contrivances a 
developm5t :i* hi/orically has always   
tak5 a long "t4 ,)\t abatem5t ( ef=t or 
loss ( pati5ce1 let u put ourselves 9 ! 

common-s5se1 ! sci5tific1 ! hi/oric l9e4
 ,x is a gigantic task1 only to be      
accompli%$ by long labor 9 accord ) !   
,div9e purpose4          ,?\ wilt n     
leave u 9 ! du/2         ,?\ made/ man1 
he kn[s n :y1         ,he ?9ks he 0 n   
made to die2         ,& ?\ ha/ made him2
 ?\ art j4          ,oh1 yet we tru/ t  
someh[ good         ,w be ! f9al goal ( 
ill1         ,to pangs ( nature1 s9s (  
w1         ,defects ( d\bt1 & ta9ts (   
blood4          ,t no?+ walks ) aimless 
feet1         ,t n "o life %all be      
de/roy$1         ,or ca/ z rubbi% to !  
void1         ,:5 ,god ha? made ! pile  
complete4