,,"s ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,prevail+        
,,discont5t  ,by ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n]   
,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce op5s ) !   
/atem5t ( a great & fruitful political  
tru?4 ,b if x _h said3--,we hold ^!     
tru?s to be self-evid5t3 t all m5 are   
creat$ unequal2 t !y are end[$ by _!    
,creator ) c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t   
among ^! are life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( 
happ9ess1 x w\ld also h /at$ ! tru?2 &  
if x _h add$1 ,all m5 are born 9 society
 ) c]ta9 duties :i* _c be disreg>d$ )\t 
dang] to ! social /ate1 x w\ld h laid   
d[n a necess>y coroll>y to ! fir/       
decl>ation4 ,no d\bt ^? :o sign$ !      
docum5t und]/ood t ! second clause      
limit$ ! fir/1 & t m5 are creat$ equal  
only 9 respect to c]ta9 rights4 ,b !    
fir/ "p ( ! clause has be5 tak5 alone z 
! /atem5t ( a self-evid5t tru?1 & !     
attempt to make ?is unlimit$ phrase a   
reality has caus$ a great deal ( mis]y4 
,9 connection ) ! neglect ( ! idea t !  
recognition ( c]ta9 duties is z         
important z ! recognition ( rights 9 !  

political & social /ate--t is1 9        
connection ) ! doctr9e ( laissez faire  
--?is popul> notion ( equality is "o ( !
 mo/ disa/r\s =ces 9 mod]n society4     
,d\btless m5 might h be5 creat$ equal to
 ea* o!r 9 e respect1 ) ! same m5tal    
capacity1 ! same physical ability1 ) l  
inh]itances ( good or bad qualities1 &  
born into exactly simil> conditions1 & n
 dep5d5t on ea* o!r4 ,b m5 nev] 7 s     
creat$ & born1 s f> z we h any record ( 
!m1 & by analogy we h no reason to      
suppose t !y ev] w be4 ,inequality is ! 
mo/ /rik+ fact 9 life4 ,absolute        
equality might be bett]1 b s f> z we c  
see1 ! law ( ! univ]se is inf9ite       
div]sity 9 unity2 & v>iety 9 condition  
is ! ess5tial ( :at we call progress--x 
is1 9 fact1 life4 ,! great doctr9e ( !  
,*ri/ian era--! bro!rhood ( man & ! duty
 ( ! /rong to ! weak--is 9 %>p contra/ )
 ?is doctr9>ian notion ( equality4 ,!   
,*ri/ian religion nev] propos$ to remove
 ! inequalities ( life or its suff]+1 b 
by ! incom+ ( *>ity & cont5tm5t & a high

 m9d to give individual m5 a p[] to be  
sup]ior to _! conditions4  ,x _c1 h[ev]1
 be d5i$ t ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity has       
ameliorat$ ! condition ( civiliz$       
peoples1 coop]at+ 9 ?is ) b5efic5t      
inv5tions4 ,nev] 7 ! mass ( ! p s well  
f$1 s well clad1 s well h\s$1 z today 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! ord9>y daily com=ts
 & privileges 7 ! luxuries ( a =m] age1 
(t5 inde$ unkn[n & unatta9able to ! mo/ 
=tunate & privileg$ classes4 ,n[h]e else
 is x or 0 x s easy = a man to *ange 8  
condition1 to satisfy 8 wants1 n[h]e    
else has he or _h he su* advantages (   
education1 su* facilities ( travel1 su* 
an opportunity to f9d an environm5t to  
suit himself4 ,z a rule ! mass ( mank9d 
h be5 spot :]e !y 7 born4 ,a mighty     
*ange has tak5 place 9 reg>d to lib]ty1 
fre$om ( p]sonal action1 ! possibility (
 com+ into contact ) v>i$ life & an     
enl>g$ p>ticipation 9 ! b\nties ( nature
 & ! inv5tions ( g5ius4 ,! :ole _w is 9 
motion1 & at lib]ty to be s4 ,ev]y:]e t 
civilization has gone !re is an imm5se  

improvem5t 9 mat]ial conditions dur+ !  
la/ "o hundr$ ye>s4  ,& yet m5 7 nev] s 
discont5t$1 nor did !y ev] f9d s _m ways
 ( express+ _! discont5t4 ,9 view ( !   
g5]al amelioration ( ! conditions ( life
 ?is seems unreasonable & illogical1 b x
 may seem less s :5 we reflect t human  
nature is un*ang$1 & t :i* has to be    
satisfi$ 9 ?is _w is ! m9d4 ,& !re are  
"s exceptions to ?is g5]al mat]ial      
prosp]ity1 9 its result to ! work+      
classes4 ,manufactur+ ,engl& is an      
exception4 ,!re is no?+ s pitiful1 s    
hopeless 9 ! record ( man1 n 9 ! ,middle
 ,ages1 n 9 rural ,france j be=e !      
,revolution1 z ! physical & m5tal       
condition ( ! op]ators 9 ! great        
manufactur+ cities & 9 ! va/ reek+ slums
 ( ,london4 ,! political economi/s h    
made ,engl& ! _w's great work%op1 on !  
!ory t weal? is ! greate/ good 9 life1 &
 t ) ! gold5 /reams fl[+ into ,engl& f a
 tribut>y _w1 wages w\ld rise1 food be  
*eap1 employm5t con/ant4 ,! horrible    
result to humanity is "o ( ! exceptions 

to ! g5]al uplift ( ! race1 n p>allel$ z
 yet by any?+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b to be tak5
 note ( z a possible outcome ( any      
mat]ial civilization1 & fit to set u    
?9k+ :e!r we h n got on a wrong track4  
,mr4 ,fr\de1 fre% f a sight ( ! mis]y ( 
indu/rial ,engl&1 & borne /raight on    
t[>d ,au/ralia ov] a va/ ocean1 ?r\gh   
calm & /orm1 by a great /eam]1--horses (
 fire yok$ to a sea-*>iot1--exclaims3   
,:at1 aft] all1 h ^! wond]ful a*ievem5ts
 done to elevate human nature8 ,human   
nature rema9s z x 04 ,sci5ce gr[s1 b    
morality is /ation>y1 & art is vulg>iz$4
 ,n "h lie ! '?+s necess>y to           
salvation1' n ! ?+s :i* c give to human 
life grace1 or beauty1 or dignity4  ,9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its op5 opportunities1
 abundant l&1 :]e ! condition ( ! labor+
 class is bett] actually & 9 possibility
 ?an x ev] 0 9 hi/ory1 & :]e !re is     
little pov]ty except t :i* is inevitably
 ! accompanim5t ( human weakness &      
crime1 ! prevail+ discont5t seems       
gr\ndless4 ,b ( c\rse an agitation s    

widespread1 s mu* 9 e>ne/1 s capable (  
evok+ sacrifice1 ev5 to ! v]ge (        
/>vation & ! risk ( life1 mu/ h "s      
reason 9 human nature4 ,ev5 an          
illusion--& m5 are z ready to die = an  
illusion z = a reality--_c exi/ )\t a   
cause4  ,n[1 cont5t does n dep5d s mu*  
^u a man's actual z 8 relative          
condition4 ,(t5 x is n s mu* :at ,i ne$1
 z :at o!rs h t di/urbs me4 ,i %\ld be  
cont5t to walk f ,bo/on to ,new ,york1 &
 be a =tnight on ! way1 if ev]ybody else
 0 oblig$ to walk :o made t j\rney4 ,x  
becomes a h>d%ip :5 my neighbor is :isk$
 ov] ! r\te 9 six h\rs & ,i h to walk4  
,x w\ld /ill be a h>d%ip if he atta9$ ! 
ability to g 9 an h\r1 :5 ,i 0 only able
 to accompli% ! di/ance 9 six h\rs4     
,:ile !re has be5 a trem5d\s uplift all 
along ! l9e ( mat]ial conditions1 & !   
labor+ man :o is sob] & indu/ri\s has   
com=ts & privileges 9 8 daily life :i* !
 ri* man :o 0 sob] & indu/ri\s did n    
enjoy a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! relative     
position ( ! ri* man & ! poor man has n 

greatly *ang$4 ,x is true1 especially 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ! poor h become ri* &
 ! ri* poor1 b inequality ( condition is
 ab\t z m>k$ z x 0 be=e ! inv5tion (    
labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 & ?\gh work+m5 are   
bett] (f 9 _m ways1 ! accumulation ( va/
 =tunes1 acquir$ (t5 9 brutal disreg>d (
 humanity1 m>ks ! contra/ ( conditions  
p]haps m emphatically ?an x ev] appe>$  
be=e4 ,t ?is inequality %\ld cont9ue 9  
an era ( univ]sal education1 univ]sal   
suffrage1 univ]sal locomotion1 univ]sal 
emancipation f ne>ly all tradition1 is a
 surprise1 & a p]fectly compreh5sible   
cause ( discont5t4 ,x is axiomatic t all
 m5 are creat$ equal4 ,b1 someh[1 !     
problem does n "w out 9 ! desir$ actual 
equality ( conditions4 ,p]haps x c be   
=c$ to ! "r conclusion by viol5ce4  ,x  
ought to be said1 z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
t a v consid]able "p ( ! discont5t is   
import$1 x is n native1 nor bas$ on any 
actual /ate ( ?+s exi/+ "h4 ,agitation  
has become a bus9ess4 ,a great _m m5 &  
"s wom51 to :om "w ( any sort is        

di/a/eful1 live by x4 ,"s ( !m are      
refugees f milit>y or political         
despotism1 "s are refugees f ju/ice1 "s 
f ! l[e/ conditions ( indu/rial slav]y4 
,:5 !y come "h1 !y assume t ! h>d%ips !y
 h come away to escape exi/ "h1 & !y    
beg9 agitat+ aga9/ !m4 ,_! bus9ess is to
 s mix ! real wrongs ( our social life )
 imag9>y h>d%ips1 & to height5 ! :ole ) 
illusory & (t5 debas+ !ories1 t         
discont5t w be eng5d]$4 ,= x is by means
 ( t only t !y live4 ,x requires usually
 a great deal ( labor1 ( organization1 (
 oratory to "w up ?is discont5t s t x is
 pr(itable4 ,! solid work+m5 ( ,am]ica  
:o "k ! value ( indu/ry & ?rift1 & h    
confid5ce 9 ! relief to be obta9$ f all 
relievable wrongs by legitimate         
political or o!r s$ate action1 h no "t  
to give to ! lead]%ip ( agitations :i*  
require !m to quit "w1 & de/roy         
indu/ries1 & attack ! social ord] ^u :i*
 !y dep5d4 ,! :ole case1 y may rememb]1 
0 embodi$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 9 a p>able1  
:i* ,jo?am1 /&+ on ! top ( ,m\nt        

,g]izim1 spoke to ! m5 ( ,%e*em3  ,!    
trees w5t =? on a "t to ano9t a k+ ov]  
!m2 & !y said unto ! olive-tree1 ',reign
 ?\ ov] u4'  ,b ! olive-tree said unto  
!m1 ',%\ld ,i leave my fatness :]e) by  
me !y honor ,god & man1 & g to be       
promot$ ov] ! trees8'  ,& ! trees said  
to ! fig-tree1 ',come ?\ & reign ov] u4'
  ,b ! fig-tree said unto !m1 ',%\ld ,i 
=sake my sweetness & my good fruit1 & g 
to be promot$ ov] ! trees8'  ,!n said ! 
trees unto ! v9e1 ',come ?\ & reign ov] 
u4'  ,& ! v9e said unto !m1 ',%\ld ,i   
leave my w9e1 :i* *e]e? ,god & man1 & g 
to be promot$ ov] ! trees8'  ,!n said ! 
trees unto ! bramble1 ',come ?\ & reign 
ov] u4'  ,& ! bramble said to ! trees1  
',if 9 tru? ye ano9t me k+ ov] y1 !n    
come & put y\r tru/ 9 my %ad[2 & if n1  
let fire come out ( ! bramble1 & dev\r !
 c$>s ( ,lebanon4'  ,9 our day a        
conflagration ( ! c$>s ( ,lebanon has   
be5 ! only result ( ! k+%ip ( ! bramble4
  ,9 ! op9ion ( _m1 our univ]sal        
education is "o ( ! *ief causes ( !     

discont5t4 ,?is might be true & n be an 
argum5t aga9/ education1 = a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( discont5t is ess5tial to             
self-developm5t & if1 z we believe1 !   
developm5t ( ! be/ p[]s ( e human be+ is
 a good 9 itself1 education ought n to  
be held responsible = ! evils att5d+ a  
transitional p]iod4 ,yet we _c ignore ! 
dang]1 9 ! pres5t /age1 ( an education t
 is necess>ily sup]ficial1 t eng5d]s    
conceit ( k & p[]1 r ?an real k & p[]1 &
 t bre$s 9 two-?irds ( ^? :o h x a      
di/a/e = useful labor4 ,we believe 9    
education2 b !re mu/ be some?+ wrong 9  
an education t sets s _m p at odds ) !  
facts ( life1 &1 above all1 does n      
furni% !m ) any protection aga9/ !      
wilde/ illusions4 ,!re is some?+ want+ 9
 ! education t only half educates p4    
,:e!r !re is ! relation ( cause & effect
 betwe5 ! two ,i d n pret5d to say1 b   
univ]sal & sup]ficial education 9 ?is   
c\ntry has be5 accompani$ ) ! mo/       
extraord9>y delusions & ! evolution ( ! 
wilde/ !ories4 ,x is only necess>y to   

ref]1 by way ( illu/ration1 to !        
gre5back illusion1 & to ! :ole gr\p (   
spirituali/ic di/urbances & psy*ological
 epidemics4 ,x sometimes seems z if half
 ! ,am]ican p 7 los+ ! p[] to apply     
logical processes to ! ord9>y affairs ( 
life4  ,9 /udy+ ! discont5t 9 ?is c\ntry
 :i* takes ! =m ( a labor movem5t1 "o is
 at fir/ /ruck by its illogical aspects4
 ,s f> z x is an organiz$ attempt to    
bett] ! condition ( m5 by association ( 
int]e/s x is consi/5t4 ,b x seems /range
 t ! doctr9e ( individualism %\ld s     
spe$ily h an outcome 9 a p]sonal slav]y1
 only bett] 9 ! s5se t x is volunt>y1   
?an t :i* x prote/$ aga9/4 ,! revolt f  
au?ority1 ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( private   
judgm5t1 has be5 pu%$ =w>d into a       
socialism :i* de/roys individual lib]ty 
( action1 or to a /ate ( an>*y 9 :i* !  
weak w\ld h no protection4 ,i d n imag9e
 t ! lead]s :o prea* socialism1 :o live 
by agitation & n by labor1 really desire
 to ov]turn ! social ord] & br+ *aos4   
,if social *aos came1 _! occupation w\ld

 be gone1 = if all m5 7 r$uc$ to a      
level1 !y w\ld be compell$ to scrat*    
ab\t ) ! re/ = a liv+4 ,!y live by      
agitation1 & !y are confid5t t gov]nm5t 
w be /rong en\gh to hold ?+s toge!r1 s t
 !y c cont9ue agitation4  ,! /range ?+  
is t _! foll[]s :o live by labor &      
expect to live by x1 & believe 9 !      
doctr9e ( individualism1 & love lib]ty (
 action1 %\ld be will+ to surr5d] _!    
discretion to an arbitr>y committee1 &  
%\ld expect t lib]ty ( action w\ld be   
pres]v$ if all prop]ty 7 h&$ ov] to !   
,/ate1 :i* %\ld und]take to regulate e  
man's "t1 occupation1 wages1 & s on4 ,! 
c5tral committee or au?ority1 or :atev] 
x might be call$1 w\ld be an extraord9>y
 despotism1 temp]$ only by ! idea t x   
c\ld be ov]turn$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b   
:at security w\ld !re be = any          
calculations 9 life 9 a /ate ( ?+s 9    
expectation ( a revolution any mom5t8   
,comp>$ ) ! fre$om ( action 9 su* a     
gov]nm5t z ours1 any =m ( communism is  
an iniquit\s & m$dlesome despotism4 ,9 a

 less degree an association to :i* a man
 surr5d]s ! "r to say :51 :]e1 & = h[   
mu* he %all "w1 is a despotism1 & :5 x  
goes fur!r & attempts to put a pressure 
on all m5 outside ( ! association1 s t  
!y are free nei!r to "w nor to hire !   
workm5 !y *oose1 x is an extraord9>y    
tyranny4 ,x almo/ puts 9 ! %ade ,mexican
 or ,russian p]sonal gov]nm5t4 ,a dem&  
is made ^u a railway company t x %all   
dis*>ge a c]ta9 workman because & only  
because he is n a memb] ( ! union4 ,!   
company refuses4 ,!n a di/ant committee 
ord]s a /rike on t road1 :i* ?r[s       
bus9ess f> & wide into confusion1 & is !
 cause ( heavy loss to t5s ( ?\s&s :o h 
no int]e/ 9 any association ( capital or
 labor1 _m ( :om are ru9$ by ?is        
viol5ce4 ,"s ( ! results ( ?is surr5d] (
 p]sonal lib]ty are z illegal z         
illogical4  ,! boycott is a conspiracy  
to injure ano!r p]son1 & z su*          
indictable at common law4 ,a /rike1 if a
 conspiracy only to raise wages or to   
r$uce h\rs ( labor1 may n be indictable1

 if its object _c be %[n to be ! injury 
( ano!r1 ?\gh t may be incid5tally its  
effect4 ,b 9 its incid5ts1 su* z        
viol5ce1 intimidation1 & 9 "s cases     
injury to ! public welf>e1 x (t5 becomes
 an indictable (f5se4 ,! law (          
conspiracy is ! mo/ ill-def9$ bran* (   
jurisprud5ce1 b x is safe to say ( !    
boycott & ! /rike t !y bo? introduce an 
insupportable elem5t ( tyranny1 (       
dictation1 ( int]f]5ce1 into private    
life4 ,if !y c\ld be ma9ta9$1 society   
w\ld be at ! m]cy ( an irresponsible &  
ev5 secret tribunal4  ,! /rike is       
illogical4 ,take ! rec5t exp]i5ce 9 ?is 
c\ntry4 ,we h _h a long season (        
depression1 9 :i* _m e>n$ v little &    
labor s\ght employm5t 9 va94 ,9 ! latt] 
"p ( w9t] ! prospect bright5$1 bus9ess  
reviv$1 ord]s = goods p\r$ 9 to all !   
factories 9 ! c\ntry1 & ev]ybody believ$
 t we 7 on ! eve ( a v prosp]\s season4 
,?is 0 ! "t tak5 to ord] /rikes1 & !y 7 
en=c$ 9 p]haps a majority ( cases aga9/ 
! wi%es ( ^? :o obey$ ! ord]1 & :o      

compla9$ ( no imm$iate grievance4 ,:at  
m5 *iefly want$ 0 ! opportunity to "w4  
,! result has be5 to ?r[ u all back into
 ! condition ( /agnation & depression4  
,_m p are ru9$1 an imm5se am\nt (       
capital :i* v5tur$ into ent]prises is   
lo/1 b ( c\rse ! greate/ suff]]s are !  
work+m5 !mselves4  ,! me?ods ( viol5ce  
sugge/$ by ! communi/s & an>*i/s are n  
rem$ial4 ,real difficulties exi/1 b ^! d
 n rea* !m4 ,! fact is t p 9 any        
relations incur mutual obligations1 & ! 
_w _c g on )\t a recognition ( duties z 
well z rights4 ,we all agree t e man has
 a "r to "w = :om he pleases1 & to quit 
! "w if x does n or ! wages d n suit    
him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man has a "r to    
hire :om he pleases1 pay su* wages z he 
?9ks he c af=d1 & dis*>ge m5 :o d n suit
 him4 ,b :5 m5 come toge!r 9 ! relation 
( employ] & employ$1 o!r consid]ations  
arise4 ,a man has capital :i*1 in/ead ( 
loan+ at int]e/ or lock+ up 9 real e/ate
 or bonds1 he puts into a factory4 ,9   
o!r words1 he unlocks x = ! b5efit p>tly

 ( m5 :o want wages4 ,he has !          
expectation ( mak+ money1 ( mak+ m ?an  
he c\ld by l5d+ 8 money4 ,p]haps he w be
 disappo9t$1 = a common exp]i5ce is !   
loss ( capital ?us inve/$4 ,he hires    
workm5 at c]ta9 wages4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is
 arrangem5t1 he accepts ord]s & makes   
contracts = ! deliv]y ( goods4 ,he may  
make money "o ye> & lose ! next4 ,x is  
bett] = ! workman t he %\ld prosp]1 = ! 
fund ( capital accumulat$ is t ^u :i* !y
 dep5d to give !m wages 9 a dull "t4 ,b 
"s day :5 he is 9 a corn] ) ord]s1 & 8  
rivals are compet+ = ! m>ket1 & labor is
 sc>ce1 8 m5 /rike on him4  ,conv]sely1 
take ! workman settl$ d[n to "w 9 !     
mill1 at ! be/ wages atta9able at ! "t4 
,he has a h\se & family4 ,he has giv5   
pl$ges to society4 ,8 employ] has       
incurr$ c]ta9 duties 9 reg>d to him by !
 v nature ( _! relations4 ,suppose !    
workman & 8 family _c live 9 any com=t  
on ! wages he receives4 ,! employ] is   
morally b\nd to increase ! wages if he  
c4 ,b if1 in/ead ( sympa?iz+ ) !        

situation ( 8 workman1 he =ms a         
comb9ation ) all ! mills ( 8 sort1 &    
r$uces wages m]ely to increase 8 ga9s1  
he is guilty ( an act z wor?y (         
indictm5t z ! /rike4 ,i d n see :y a    
conspiracy aga9/ labor is n z illegal z 
a conspiracy aga9/ capital4 ,! tru? is1 
! possession ( p[] by m5 or associations
 makes !m selfi% & g5]ally cruel4 ,few  
employ]s consid] any?+ b ! ari?metic (  
supply & dem& 9 fix+ wages1 & work+m5 :o
 h ! p[]1 t5d to act z selfi%ly z ! male
 pr9t]s us$ to act 9 /rik+ 9 an         
e/abli%m5t :i* d>$ to give employm5t to 
wom5 typesett]s4 ,x is ( c\rse s5tim5tal
 to say x1 b ,i d n expect we %all ev]  
get on ) less friction ?an we h n[1     
until m5 recognize _! duties z well z _!
 rights 9 _! relations ) ea* o!r4  ,9   
runn+ ov] "s ( ! reasons = ! pres5t     
discont5t1 & ! (t5 illogical expression 
( x1 ,i am f> f say+ any?+ aga9/        
legitimate associations = secur+ ju/ice 
& fair play4 ,disassociat$ labor has    
g5]ally be5 p[]less aga9/ accumulat$    

capital4 ,( c\rse1 organiz$ labor1 gett+
 p[] w use its p[] 7z p[] is always us$7
 unju/ly & tyrannically4 ,x w make      
mi/akes1 x w (t5 injure itself :ile     
inflict+ g5]al damage4 ,b ) all its     
inju/ice1 ) all its surr5d] ( p]sonal   
lib]ty1 x seeks to call ! att5tion ( !  
_w to c]ta9 hide\s wrongs1 to :i* ! _w  
is likely to cont9ue selfi%ly indiff]5t 
unless rudely %ak5 out ( its s5se (     
security4 ,"s ( ! objects propos$ by ^! 
associations are *im]ical1 b ! agitation
 w d\btless g on until ano!r elem5t is  
introduc$ into "w & wages ?an m]e supply
 & dem&4 ,i believe t "s "t x w be      
impossible t a woman %all be =c$ to make
 %irts at six c5ts apiece1 ) ! gaunt    
figures ( />vation or a life ( %ame     
wait+ at ! door4 ,i talk$ rec5tly ) !   
driv] ( a /reet-c> 9 a l>ge city4 ,he   
receiv$ a doll> & sixty c5ts a day4 ,he 
w5t on to 8 plat=m at eight 9 ! morn+1 &
 left x at twelve at night1 sixte5 h\rs 
( cont9u\s labor e day 9 ! week4 ,he _h 
no re/ = meals1 only snat*$ :at he c\ld 

eat z he drove along1 or at int]vals (  
five or eight m9utes at ! end ( r\tes4  
,he _h no ,sunday1 no holiday 9 ! ye>4  
,betwe5 twelve o'clock at night & eight 
! next morn+ he mu/ wa% & clean 8 c>4   
,?us 8 h\rs ( sleep 7 abridg$4 ,he 0    
oblig$ to keep an eye on ! pass5g]s to  
see t !y put _! f>es 9 ! box1 to be     
always1 responsible = !m1 t !y got on & 
(f )\t accid5t1 to wat* t ! rules 7     
en=c$1 & t collisions & common /reet    
dang]s 7 avoid$4 ,?is m5tal & physical  
/ra9 = sixte5 consecutive h\rs1 ) scant 
sleep1 s demoraliz$ him t he 0 oblig$   
once 9 two or ?ree mon?s to hire a      
sub/itute & g away to sleep4 ,?is is    
treat+ a human be+ ) less consid]ation  
?an ! horses receive4 ,he is p[]less    
aga9/ ! great corporation2 if he        
compla9s1 8 place is in/antly fill$2 !  
public does n c>e4  ,n[ :at ,i want to  
say ab\t ?is case1 & t ( ! woman :o     
makes a %irt = six c5ts 7& ^! are only  
types ( disreg>d ( human s\ls & bodies t
 we are all famili> )71 is t if society 

rema9s indiff]5t x mu/ expect t         
organizations w attempt to "r !m1 & ! l 
wrongs1 by ways viol5t & de/ructive ( ! 
innoc5t & guilty alike4 ,x is human     
nature1 x is ! lesson ( hi/ory1 t real  
wrongs1 unr$ress$1 gr[ into prepo/]\s   
dem&s4 ,m5 are mu* l nature 9 action2 a 
little di/urbance ( atmosph]ic          
equilibrium becomes a cyclone1 a slight 
break 9 ! levee 'a crevasse ) imm5se    
de/ructive p[]4  ,9 consid]+ ! gr[? (   
discont5t1 & ( a natural disreg>d (     
duties betwe5 employ]s & employ$1 x is  
to be not$ t :ile wages 9 ne>ly all     
trades are high1 ! s]vice r5d]$         
det]iorates1 less consci5ce is put into 
! "w1 less c>e to give a fair day's "w =
 a fair day's wages1 & t pride 9 good "w
 is vani%+4 ,?is may be 9 ! nature (    
retaliation = ! indiff]5ce to humanity  
taught by a c]ta9 s*ool ( political     
economi/s1 b x is1 nev]!less1 "o ( ! mo/
 al>m+ features ( ^! times4 ,h[ to      
cultivate ! sympa?y ( ! employ]s ) !    
employ$ z m51 & h[ to int]e/ ! employ$ 9

 _! "w beyond ! m]e wages !y receive1 is
 ! d\ble problem4  ,z ! int5tion ( ?is  
pap] 0 n to sugge/ rem$ies1 b only to   
review "s ( ! causes ( discont5t1 ,i w  
only say1 z to ?is d\ble problem1 t ,i  
see no rem$y s long z ! popul> notion   
prevails t ! greate/ good ( life is to  
make money rapidly1 & :ile x is d5i$ t  
all m5 :o contribute to prosp]ity ought 
to %>e equitably 9 x4 ,! employ$ mu/    
recognize ! necessity ( an accumulat$   
fund ( capital1 & on ! o!r h& ! employ] 
mu/ be z anxi\s to h ab\t him a cont5t$1
 prosp]\s community1 z to heap up money 
beyond any reasonable use = x4 ,! dem&  
seems to be reasonable t ! employ] 9 a  
prosp]\s ye> ought to %>e ) ! workm5 !  
pr(its beyond a limit t capital1 risk1  
ent]prise1 & sup]ior skill c            
legitimately claim2 & t on ! o!r h& !   
workm5 %\ld /& by ! employ] 9 h>d times4
  ,discont5t1 !n1 arises f absurd       
notions ( equality1 f natural conditions
 ( inequality1 f false notions (        
education1 & f ! v pat5t fact1 9 ?is    

age1 t m5 h be5 educat$ into wants mu* m
 rapidly ?an social conditions h be5    
adju/$1 or p]haps ev] c be adju/$1 to   
satisfy ^? wants4 ,beyond all ! actual  
h>d%ip & suff]+1 !re is an imm5se m5tal 
discont5t :i* has to be reckon$ )4  ,?is
 leads me to :at ,i *iefly want$ to say 
9 ?is pap]1 to ! cause ( discont5t :i*  
seems to me altoge!r ! mo/ s]i\s1       
altoge!r ! mo/ difficult to deal )4 ,we 
may arrive at "s conception ( x1 if we  
consid] :at x is t ! well-to-d1 !       
prosp]\s1 ! ri*1 ! educat$ & cultivat$  
portions ( society1 mo/ value j n[4     
,if1 to take an illu/ration :i* is      
suffici5tly remote to give u ! necess>y 
p]spective1 if ! political economi/s1 ! 
manufactur]s1 ! trad]s & ari/ocracy (   
,engl& _h _h *iefly 9 m9d ! developm5t (
 ! labor+ p ( ,engl& into a f9e type (  
m5 & wom51 full ( heal? & physical      
vigor1 ) m9ds capable ( expansion &     
enjoym5t1 ! creation ( dec5t1 happy1 &  
cont5t$ homes1 w\ld !y h re>$ !         
indu/rial fabric we n[ see !re8 ,if !y  

_h n put ! accumulation ( weal? above ! 
good ( individual humanity1 w\ld !y h   
turn$ ,engl& into a grimy & smoky       
work%op1 comm&+ ! m>kets ( ! _w by *eap 
labor1 condemn+ ! mass ( ! p to         
unreliev$ toil & ! mo/ squalid & degrad$
 conditions ( life 9 t[ns1 :ile ! l& is 
m & m set ap>t = ! p>ks & pleasure      
gr\nds ( ! ri*8 ,! policy pursu$ has    
made ,engl& ! ri*e/ ( c\ntries1 a l& ( !
 highe/ ref9em5t & luxury = ! upp]      
classes1 & ( ! mo/ mis]y = ! great mass 
( common p4 ,on ?is po9t we h b to read 
! te/imony ( ,engli% writ]s !mselves4 ,x
 is n necess>y to suppose t ! political 
economi/s 7 inhuman4 ,!y no d\bt believ$
 t if ,engl& atta9$ ?is comm&+ position1
 ! accumulat$ weal? w\ld raise all      
classes into bett] conditions4 ,_!      
mi/ake is t ( all peoples :o h made     
money _! fir/ object4 ,look$ at m]ely on
 ! mat]ial side1 y w\ld ?9k t :at a     
philan?ropic /atesman w\ld desire1 :o   
wi%$ a vigor\s1 prosp]\s nation1 w\ld be
 a /rong & virile population1 ?rifty &  

indu/ri\s1 & n m]e slaves ( m9es &      
mills1 deg5]at+ 9 _! *ildr51 ye> by ye>1
 physically & morally4 ,b app>5tly !y h 
gone ^u ! !ory t x is money1 n man1 t   
makes a /ate4  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u   
totally diff]5t conditions1 & "u an     
economic !ory t1 :atev] its defects on  
pap]1 has nev]!less insi/$ m ^u ! wor? (
 ! individual man1 we h _h1 all ! same1 
a di/9ctly mat]ial developm5t4 ,:5 =eign
 critics h comm5t$ ^u ?is1 ^u our       
sup]ficiality1 our commonplac5ess1 :at  
!y are pleas$ to call ! we>y level ( our
 m$iocrity1 ^u ! rag+ unre/ & race =    
=tune1 & ^u ! trem5d\s pace ( ,am]ican  
life1 we h said t ?is is incid5t to a   
new c\ntry & ! necessity ( controll+    
physical conditions1 & ( fitt+ our      
het]og5e\s population to _! environm5t4 
,x is h>dly to be expect$1 we h said1   
until1 we h ! leisure t comes f easy    
circum/ances & accumulat$ weal?1 t we   
%\ld %[ ! graces ( ! highe/             
civilization1 9 intellectual pursuits4  
,mu* ( ?is criticism is ignorant1 & to  

say ! be/ ( x1 ungraci\s1 consid]+ :at  
we h done 9 ! way ( sub/antial          
appliances = education1 9 ! field (     
sci5ce1 9 va/ *>ities1 & mission>y      
ent]prises1 & :at we h to %[ 9 ! diffus$
 ref9em5ts ( life4  ,we are already     
weal?y2 we h great] res\rces & high]    
cr$it ?an any o!r nation2 we h m weal?  
?an any save "o2 we h va/ accumulations 
( =tune1 9 private h&s & 9 enorm\s      
corporations4 ,!re exi/s already1 :at   
c\ld n be said to exi/ a qu>t] ( a      
c5tury ago1 a class :o h leisure4 ,n[   
:at is ! object 9 life ( ?is great1 gr[+
 class t has money & leisure1 :at does x
 *iefly c>e =8 ,9 y\r exp]i5ce (        
society1 :at is x t x pursues & desires8
 ,is x ?+s ( ! m9d or ?+s ( ! s5ses8    
,:at is x t int]e/s wom51 m5 ( =tune1   
club-m51 m]*ants1 & pr(essional m5 ^:   
incomes give !m leisure to foll[ _!     
incl9ations1 ! "y m5 :o h inh]it$ money8
 ,is x political duties1 ! affairs (    
/ate1 economic problems1 "s adju/m5t (  
our relations t %all light5 & relieve ! 

wrongs & mis]y ev]y:]e app>5t2 is !     
int]e/ 9 intellectual pursuits & art    
7except 9 a dilettante way dictat$ = a  
season by fa%ion7 9 books1 9 ! wide     
range ( m5tal pleasures :i* make m5     
sup]ior to ! accid5ts ( =tune8 ,or is ! 
int]e/ ( ?is class1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) "s    
noble exceptions1 r 9 ?+s grossly       
mat]ial1 9 :at is call$ pleasure8 ,to   
come to some:at vulg> details1 is n !   
gr[+ desire = equipages1 = epicurean    
ent]ta9m5ts1 = display1 ei!r ref9$ or   
o/5tati\s1 rivalry 9 pr(usion & exp5se1 
new me?ods = kill+ "t1 = e imag9able    
luxury1 :i* is enjoy$ p>tly because x   
pleases ! s5ses1 & p>tly because x      
satisfies an ignoble crav+ = class      
di/9ction8  ,i am n ref]r+ to ^! ?+s z a
 morali/ at all1 b simply 9 _! relation 
to popul> discont5t4 ,! a/oni%+ gr[? (  
luxury & ! habit ( s5sual indulg5ce are 
se5 ev]y:]e 9 ?is c\ntry1 b are mo/     
/rik+ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 s9ce !     
fa%ion & weal? ( ! :ole c\ntry meet !re 
= display & indulg5ce1--,new ,york1 :i* 

rivals ,london & outdoes ,p>is 9        
sumptu\sness4 ,!re congregate m ?an     
else:]e idl]s1 m5 & wom5 ( leisure :o h 
no?+ to d except to obs]ve or to act 9 !
 spectacle ( ,vanity ,fair4 ,aside f !  
display ( luxury 9 ! %ops1 9 ! /reets1 9
 private h\ses1 "o is impress$ by !     
numb] ( idle "y m5 & wom5 ( fa%ion4  ,x 
is impossible t a work+man :o /&s ^u a  
metropolitan /reet corn] & obs]ves ?is  
,bac*analian revel & prodigality (      
exp5se1 %\ld n be embitt]$ by a s5se ( !
 inequality ( ! conditions ( life4 ,b   
?is is n ! mo/ mis*iev\s effect ( !     
spectacle4 ,x is ! example ( :at ^! p   
c>e =4 ,) all _! weal? & opportunities1 
x seems to him t ^! select p h no high] 
object ?an ! pleasures ( ! s5ses1 & he  
is taught daily by reit]at$ example t   
?is is ! end & aim ( life4 ,:5 he sees !
 value ! intellig5t & ! well-to-d set ^u
 mat]ial ?+s1 & _! small reg>d =        
intellectual ?+s & ! pleasures ( ! m9d1 
:y %\ld he n mo/ passionately desire ^? 
?+s :i* 8 m =tunate neighbors put =emo/8

 ,x is n ! sight ( a ,pet] ,coop] & 8   
weal? t discont5ts him1 nor !           
intellectual pursuits ( ! s*ol> :o uses 
! leisure 8 =tune gives him = ! high]   
pleasures ( ! m9d4 ,b :5 society daily  
d9s ^u 8 s5ses ! lesson t n manhood &   
high ?9k+ & a cont5t$ _s are ! mo/      
desirable ?+s1 :e!r "o is ri* or poor1  
is he to be blam$ = hav+ a wrong notion 
( :at w or %\ld satisfy him8 ,:at !     
well-to-d1 ! prosp]\s1 are se5 to value 
mo/ 9 life w be ! ?+s mo/ desir$ by !   
less =tunate 9 accumulation4 ,x is n s  
mu* ! accumulation ( money t is         
mis*iev\s 9 ?is c\ntry1 = ! mo/ /upid c 
see t =tunes are con/antly %ift+ h&s1 b 
x is ! use t is made ( ! leisure &      
opportunity t money br+s4  ,ano!r       
obs]vation1 :i* makes m5 discont5t$ ) v 
sl[ accumulation1 is t app>5tly1 9 !    
public e/imation x does n make mu*      
diff]5ce :e!r a man acquires weal? ju/ly
 or unju/ly4 ,if he only secures en\gh1 
he is a p[]1 he has social position1 he 
grasps ! high honors & places 9 ! /ate4 

,! fact is t ! tol]ation ( m5 :o secure 
weal? by well kn[n di%one/ & %>p        
practices is a *ief cause ( !           
demoralization ( ! public consci5ce4    
,h[ev] ! l9es social & political may be 
drawn1 we h to keep 9 m9d t no?+ 9 "o   
class c be =eign to any o!r1 & t        
practically "o philosophy und]lies all !
 movem5ts ( an age4 ,if our philosophy  
is mat]ial1 result+ 9 selfi% e?ics1 all 
our en]gies w h a mat]iali/ic t5d5cy4 ,x
 is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t1 9 a "t 
:5 mak+ money is ! *ief object1 if x is 
n reckon$ ! *ief good1 our education    
%\ld all t5d to :at is call$ practical1 
t is1 to t :i* c be imm$iately          
s]viceable 9 "s pr(itable occupation (  
life1 to ! neglect ( ^? /udies :i* are  
only ( use 9 tra9+ ! intellect &        
cultivat+ & broad5+ ! high] intellig5ce4
 ,to ?is purely mat]ial & utilit>ian    
idea ( life1 ! high] colleges &         
univ]sities ev]y:]e are urg$ to con=m   
!mselves4 ,?us is ! utilit>ian _s eat+  
away ! f\ndations ( a high] intellectual

 life1 apply+ to ev]y?+ a mat]ial       
measure4 ,9 proportion z s*ol>s yield to
 x1 !y are l[]+ ! /&>d ( :at is mo/ to  
be desir$ 9 human life1 act+ 9 p]fect   
conc]t ) t _s :i* exalts money mak+ z ! 
*ief good1 :i* makes sci5ce itself !    
slave ( ! av>ici\s & gre$y1 & fills all 
! _w ) discont5t$ & ignoble long+4 ,we d
 n ne$ to be told t if we neglect pure  
sci5ce = ! pursuit ( appli$ sci5ce only1
 appli$ sci5ce w spe$ily be degrad$ &   
unfruitful2 & x is j z true t if we     
pursue k only = ! sake ( ga91 & n = its 
own sake1 k w lose ! p[] x has (        
satisfy+ ! high] ne$s ( ! human s\l4 ,if
 we are se5 to put only a money value on
 ! high] education1 :y %\ld n !         
work+man1 :o reg>ds x only z a di/9ction
 ( class or privilege1 e/imate x by :at 
he c see ( its practical results 9 mak+ 
m5 ri*]1 or br++ him m pleasure ( !     
s5ses8  ,! _w is rul$ by ideas1 by      
ab/ract ?\ght4 ,society1 lit]ature1 art1
 politics1 9 any giv5 age are :at !     
prevail+ sy/em ( philosophy makes !m4   

,we recognize ?is cle>ly 9 /udy+ any pa/
 p]iod4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 h[ all !    
curr5ts ( human life *ang$ ^u ! adoption
 ( ! inductive me?od2 no sci5ce1 no     
lit]ature1 no art1 practical or f9e1 no 
p]son1 inquir+ s*ol>1 day labor]1 trad]1
 sailor1 f9e lady or humble/ h\sekeep]1 
escap$ ! influ5ce4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! prevail+ 
e?ics may tea* t e man's highe/ duty is 
to himself1 we _c escape community (    
sympa?y & de/9y 9 ?is cold-blood$       
philosophy4  ,no social or political    
movem5t /&s by itself4 ,if we inquire1  
we %all f9d "o prepond]at+ cause und]ly+
 e movem5t ( ! age4 ,if ! utilit>ian _s 
is abroad1 x acc\nts = ! devotion to !  
production ( weal?1 & to ! consequ5t    
sep>ation ( classes & ! discont5t1 & x  
acc\nts also = ! dem& t all education   
%all be imm$iately useful4 ,i 0 talk+ ! 
o!r day ) a lady :o 0 d\bt+ :at sort (  
an education to give h] daught]1 a "y   
girl ( exce$+ly f9e m5tal capacity4 ,if 
%e pursu$ a classical c\rse1 %e w\ld1 at
 ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 "k v little ( !      

sci5ces4 ,& ,i said1 :y n make h] an    
intellectual woman8 ,at tw5ty-"o1 ) a   
tra9$ m9d1 all kn[l$ges are at "o's     
feet4  ,if any?+ c correct ! evils (    
devotion to money1 x seems to me t x is 
! production ( intellectual m5 & wom51  
:o w f9d o!r satisfactions 9 life ?an ^?
 ( ! s5ses4 ,& :5 labor sees :at x is t 
is really mo/ to be valu$1 its discont5t
 w be ( a nobl] k9d4