file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,transcrib]s' ,,notes ,mo/ pages ( ! book include at ! bottom a numb] ( que/ions = ! /ud5t to consid]4 ,^! h be5 reta9$ 9 ?is v]sion & enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,"s corrections to typographical errors h be5 made4 ,^! are record$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr4 ,consult+ ,agriculturi/4 ,,accurate ,,analyses ,,( ,,soils1 ,,manures1 ,,& ,,crops ,,procur$4 ,,f>ms ,,visit$1 ,,treatm5t ,,recomm5d$1 ,,etc4 ,lett]s ( advice on analyses w be writt5 = ^? :o require !m1 = #be ea*4 ,lett]s on o!r bran*es ( ! subject1 inclos+ a suitable fee1 w receive prompt att5tion4 ,,(fice1 #adc ,,fulton-,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york1 7,,up ,,/airs4 ,,po/-,,(fice ,,address1 ,,rye1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,,end]l91 ,,analytical ,,& ,,consult+ ,*emi/1 #hd ,,walk]-,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,m9]als1 ,,soils1--,,organic ,,analysis1 ,,etc4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company ,,h ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,prep>ation1 ,,! ,,e>?work]2 ,,or1 ,book ( ,husb&ry4 ,,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,?is book is int5d$ z a sequel to ! ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture1 be+ a l>g] & m complete "w1 conta9+ full] directions = ! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( soils1 = ! prep>ation ( manures1 & especially = ! dra9age ( l&s1 :e!r level1 roll+1 hilly1 or spr+y4 ,p>ticul> att5tion w be paid to ! use ( analysis4 ,! fe$+ ( diff]5t animals1 & ! cultivation ( ! v>i\s crops1 w be describ$ ) c>e4 ,! size ( ! "w w be ab\t #djj pp4 #hvo41 & x w probably be publi%$ ,janu>y #a/1 #ahef4 ,price #a4 ,ord]s s5t to ! publi%]s1 or to ! au?or1 at ,rye1 ,n4 ,y41 w be suppli$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are receiv$4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agriculture ,extract f a lett] to ! au?or f ,pr(4 ,mapes1 editor ( ! ,work+ ,f>m]3 99 99 99 ,aft] a p]usal ( y\r manuscript1 ,i feel au?oriz$ 9 assur+ y t1 = ! use ( "y f>m]s1 & s*ools1 y\r book is sup]ior to any o!r elem5t>y "w extant4 ,,james ,j4 ,,mapes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lett] f ! ,editor ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,tribune3 ,,my ,,fri5d ,,w>+1 ,if all :o ne$ ! in=mation giv5 9 y\r ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture w confess _! ignorance z frankly z ,i d1 & seek to dispel x z promptly & he>tily1 y w h done a va/ am\nt ( good by writ+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h f\nd 9 e *apt] important tru?s1 :i* ,i1 z a w\ld-be-f>m]1 ne$$ to "k1 yet :i* ,i did n "k1 or _h b a confus$ & glimm]+ consci\sness (1 be=e ,i read y\r lucid & /raight=w>d exposition ( ! bases ( ,agriculture z a sci5ce4 ,i w\ld n h my son gr[ up z ignorant ( ^! tru?s z ,i did = _m times ! price ( y\r book2 &1 ,i believe1 a copy ( t book 9 e family 9 ! ,union1 w\ld spe$ily add at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 p] acre to ! aggregate product ( our soil1 beside do+ mu* to /em & rev]se ! curr5t :i* n[ sets s /rongly away f ! pl[ & ! scy! t[>d ! c\nt] & ! (fice4 ,tru/+ t y\r labors w be widely reg>d$ & appreciat$1 ,i rema9 y\rs truly1 ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,new ,york1 ,june #bc1 #ahed4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agriculture3 ,a ,book = ,"y ,f>m]s1 ,,) ,,que/ions ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr41 ,,consult+ ,,agriculturi/4 ,! ef=t to ext5d ! dom9ion ( man ov] nature is ! mo/ heal?y & mo/ noble ( all ambitions4--,,bacon4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #cdf #cdh ,,broadway4 ,m ,,dccc ,,liv4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahed1 by ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,w>+1 ,,jr41 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,to ,,my ,,fri5d ,,& ,,tutor1 ,,pr(4 ,,james ,j4 ,,mapes1 ,,! ,,pione] ,,( ,,agricultural ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,am]ica1 ,?is ,book ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,8 ,,pupil1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t4 ,?is book is pres5t$ to y1 n z a "w ( sci5ce1 nor z a dry1 *emical treatise1 b z a pla9 /atem5t ( ! m simple op]ations by :i* nature produces _m results1 s common to our obs]vation1 t we are ?\ghtless ( _! orig94 ,on ^! results dep5d ! exi/5ce ( man & ! l[] animals4 ,no man %\ld be ignorant ( _! production4 ,9 ! e>ly prosecution ( ! /udy1 y w f9d1 p]haps1 no?+ to relieve its t$i\sness2 b1 :5 ! f\ndation ( agricultural k is laid 9 y\r m9d s ?or\ghly t y "k ! "* & use ( e /one1 !n may y\r ?\ghts build on x fabrics ( su* v>i$ con/ruction1 & s v>i$ 9 _! uses1 t !re w be op5$ to y a new _w1 ev5 m wond]ful & m beautiful ?an ! outw>d _w1 :i* exhibits itself to ! s5ses4 ,?us may y live two lives1 ea* assi/+ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! o!r4 ,b y may ask ! practical use ( ?is4 ,! _w is made up ( little ?+s1 sai? ! prov]b4 ,s ) ! productive arts4 ,! /eam eng9e consi/s ( _m p>ts1 ea* "p be+ itself compos$ ( atoms too m9ute to be detect$ by our obs]vation4 ,! e>? itself1 9 all its solidity & life1 consi/s entirely ( atoms too small to be p]ceiv$ by ! nak$ eye1 ea* visible p>ticle be+ an aggregation ( ?\s&s ( con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! crop ( :eat1 :i* ! f>m] raises by 8 labor1 & sells = money1 is produc$ by a comb9ation ( p>ticles equally small4 ,!y are n my/]i\sly comb9$1 nor irregul>ly1 b ea* atom is tak5 f its place ( deposit1 & c>ri$ to its requir$ location 9 ! liv+ plant1 by laws z c]ta9 z ^? :i* regulate ! motion ( ! eng9e1 or ! revolutions ( ! e>?4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! practical f>m] to put toge!r ^! mat]ials1 ) ! assi/ance ( nature4 ,he may le>n h] ways1 assi/ h] action1 & succe$2 or he may rema9 ignorant ( h] op]ations1 (t5 c\nt]act h] b5eficial influ5ces1 & (t5 fail4 ,a k ( ! inn] _w ( mat]ial ?+s ab\t u w produce pleasure to ! ?\ghtful1 & pr(it to ! practical4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,section ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,plant4 ,,page4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,introduction1 #aa ,,ii4--,atmosph]e1 #ae ,,iii4--,hydrog51 ,oxyg51 & ,nitrog51 #bc ,,iv4--,inorganic ,matt]1 #bi ,v4--,gr[?1 #dj ,,vi4--,proximate division ( ,plants1 #dc ,,vii4--,location ( ! ,proximates1 & v>iations 9 ! ,a%es ( ,plants1 #eb ,,viii4--,recapitulation1 #ef ,,section ,,second4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,=mation & ,"* ( ! ,soil1 #fe ,,ii4--,uses ( ,organic ,matt]1 #gg ,,iii4--,uses ( ,inorganic ,matt]1 #hd ,,section ,,?ird4 ,,manures4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,"* & v>ieties ( ,manure1 #ic ,,ii4--,excrem5ts ( ,animals1 #if ,,iii4--,wa/e ( ,manure1 #aja ,,iv4--,absorb5ts1 #aji ,v4--,compo/+ ,/able ,manure1 #aah ,,vi4--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,animal ,excrem5t1 #abf ,,vii4--,o!r ,organic ,manures1 #acf ,,viii4--,m9]al ,manures1 #adi ,,ix4--,defici5cies ( ,soils1 means ( ,re/oration1 etc41 #aee ,x4--,atmosph]ic ,f]tiliz]s1 #aig ,,xi4--,recapitulation1 #bjc ,,section ,,f\r?4 ,,me*anical ,,cultivation4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,me*anical ,"* ( ! ,soil1 #bji ,,ii4--,"u-dra9+1 #baa ,,iii4--,advantages ( ,"u-dra9+1 #bag ,,iv4--,sub-soil ,pl[+1 #bcb ,v4--,pl[+ & o!r modes ( ,pulv]iz+ ! ,soil1 #bci ,,vi4--,roll+1 ,mul*+1 ,we$+1 etc41 #bde ,,section ,,fif?4 ,,analysis4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,nature ( ,analysis1 #bei ,,ii4--,tables ( ,analysis1 #bfd ,,! ,,practical ,,f>m]1 #bgi ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]ms1 #bhg ,,section ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,plant4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,:at is ! object ( cultivat+ ! soil8 ,:at is necess>y 9 ord] to cultivate ) economy8 ,are plants creat$ f no?+8 ,! object ( cultivat+ ! soil is to raise f x a crop ( plants4 ,9 ord] to cultivate ) economy1 we mu/ raise ! l>ge/ possible quantity ) ! lea/ exp5se1 & )\t p]man5t injury to ! soil4 ,be=e ?is c be done we mu/ /udy ! "* ( plants1 & le>n _! exact composition4 ,!y are n creat$ by a my/]i\s p[]1 !y are m]ely made up ( matt]s already 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y take up wat] conta9+ food & o!r matt]s1 & dis*>ge f _! roots ^? sub/ances t are n requir$ = _! gr[?4 ,x is necess>y = u to "k :at k9d ( matt] is requir$ z food = ! plant1 & :]e ?is is to be obta9$1 :i* we c le>n only ?r\gh su* means z %all sep>ate ! elem5ts ( :i* plants are compos$2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ take !m ap>t1 & exam9e ! diff]5t pieces ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,:at mu/ we d to le>n ! composition ( plants8 ,:at takes place :5 vegetable matt] is burn$8 ,:at d we call ! two divisions produc$ by burn+8 ,:]e does organic matt] orig9ate8 ,inorganic8 ,h[ mu* ( *emi/ry %\ld f>m]s "k8 ,if we burn any vegetable sub/ance x disappe>s1 except a small quantity ( e>?y matt]1 :i* we call a%es4 ,9 ?is way we make an important division 9 ! con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,"o portion dissipates into ! atmosph]e1 & ! o!r rema9s z a%es4 ,t "p :i* burns away dur+ combu/ion is call$ organic matt]2 ! a%es are call$ inorganic matt]4 ,! organic matt] has become air1 & h5ce we conclude t x 0 orig9ally obta9$ f air4 ,! inorganic matt] has become e>?1 & 0 obta9$ f ! soil4 ,?is k c d u no good except by ! assi/ance ( *emi/ry1 :i* expla9s ! prop]ties ( ea* "p1 & tea*es u :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,x is n necess>y = f>m]s to become *emi/s4 ,all t is requir$ is1 t !y %\ld "k en\gh ( *emi/ry to und]/& ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* _! crops are compos$1 & h[ ^? mat]ials are to be us$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,?is am\nt ( k may be easily acquir$1 & %\ld be possess$ by e p]son1 old or "y1 :e!r actually engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil or n4 ,all are dep5d5t on vegetable productions1 n only = food1 b = e com=t & conv5i5ce ( life4 ,x is ! object ( ?is book to tea* *ildr5 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( agriculture3 & x conta9s all t is absolutely necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! practical op]ations ( cultivation1 etc4 ,is organic matt] lo/ aft] combu/ion8 ,( :at does x consi/8 ,h[ l>ge a "p ( plants is c>bon8 ,we w fir/ exam9e ! organic "p ( plants1 or t :i* is driv5 away dur+ combu/ion or burn+4 ,?is matt]1 ?\gh app>5tly lo/1 is only *ang$ 9 =m4 ,x consi/s ( "o solid sub/ance1 c>bon 7or *>coal71 & ?ree gases1 oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,^! f\r k9ds ( matt] con/itute ne>ly ! :ole ( mo/ plants1 ! a%es =m+ (t5 less ?an "o "p 9 "o hundr$ ( _! dry weight4 ,:at d we mean by gas8 ,does oxyg5 unite ) o!r sub/ances8 ,give "s in/ances ( its comb9ations ,:5 wood is burn$ 9 a close vessel1 or o!rwise protect$ f ! air1 its c>bon becomes *>coal4 ,all plants conta9 ?is sub/ance1 x =m+ usually ab\t "o half ( _! dry weight4 ,! rema9d] ( _! organic "p consi/s ( ! ?ree gases nam$ above4 ,by ! ^w gas1 we mean air4 ,oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog51 :5 pure1 are always 9 ! =m ( air4 ,oxyg5 has ! p[] ( unit+ ) _m sub/ances1 =m+ comp\nds :i* are diff]5t f ei!r ( _! con/itu5ts alone4 ,?us3 oxyg5 unites ) iron & =ms oxide ( iron or iron-ru/1 :i* does n resemble ! gray metallic iron nor ! gas oxyg52 oxyg5 unites ) c>bon & =ms c>bonic acid1 :i* is an invisible gas1 b n at all l pure oxyg52 oxyg5 comb9es ) hydrog5 & =ms wat]4 ,all ( ! wat]1 ice1 /eam1 etc41 are compos$ ( ^! two gases4 ,we "k ?is because we c artificially decompose1 or sep>ate1 all wat]1 & obta9 z a result simply oxyg5 & hydrog51 or we c comb9e ^! two gases & ?us =m pure wat]2 oxyg5 comb9es ) nitrog5 & =ms nitric acid4 ,^! *emical *anges & comb9ations take place only "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i*1 s f> z !y affect agriculture1 w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,z ! organic elem5ts ( plants are obta9$ f matt]s exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our globe1 we w exam9e its con/itution4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,atmosph]e4 ,:at is atmosph]ic air compos$ (8 ,9 :at proportions8 ,:at is ! use ( nitrog5 9 air8 ,does ! atmosph]e conta9 o!r matt]s useful to vegetation8 ,:at are !y8 ,atmosph]ic air is compos$ ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,_! proportions are1 "o "p ( oxyg5 to f\r p>ts ( nitrog54 ,oxyg5 is ! active ag5t 9 ! combu/ion1 decay1 & decomposition ( organiz$ bodies 7^? :i* h possess$ animal or vegetable life1 t is1 organic matt]71 & o!rs also1 9 ! brea?+ ( animals4 ,exp]im5ts h prov$ t if ! atmosph]e consi/$ ( pure oxyg5 e ?+ w\ld be spe$ily de/roy$1 z ! processes ( combu/ion & decay w\ld be greatly accel]at$1 & animals w\ld be s /imulat$ t dea? w\ld soon ensue4 ,! use ( ! nitrog5 9 ! air is to dilute ! oxyg51 & ?us r$uce ! int5sity ( its effect4 ,besides ^! two great elem5ts1 ! atmosph]e conta9s c]ta9 impurities :i* are ( great importance to vegetable gr[?2 ^! are1 c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 etc4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( ! c>bon ( plants8 ,:at is c>bonic acid8 ,:at is its proportion 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,:]e else is x f\nd8 ,h[ does x ent] ! plant8 ,:at are ! (fices ( leaves8 ,c>bonic acid is 9 all probability ! only s\rce ( ! c>bon ( plants1 & consequ5tly is ( m importance to vegetation ?an any o!r s+le sort ( food4 ,x is a gas1 & is n1 "u natural circum/ances1 p]ceptible to our s5ses4 ,x con/itutes ab\t #a_/bejj ( ! atmosph]e1 & is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) _m sub/ances 9 nature4 ,m>ble1 lime/one & *alk1 are c>bonate ( lime1 or c>bonic acid & lime 9 comb9ation2 & c>bonate ( magnesia is a comp\nd ( c>bonic acid & magnesia4 ,?is gas exi/s 9 comb9ation ) _m o!r m9]al sub/ances1 & is conta9$ 9 all wat] n rec5tly boil$4 ,its supply1 ?\gh small1 is suffici5t = ! purposes ( vegetation4 ,x ent]s ! plant 9 two ways--?r\gh ! roots 9 ! wat] :i* goes to =m ! sap1 & at ! leaves1 :i* absorb x f ! air 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,! leaf ( ! plant seems to h ?ree (fices3 t ( absorb+ c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e--t ( assi/+ 9 ! *emical prep>ation ( ! sap--& t ( evaporat+ its wat]4 ,if we exam9e leaves ) a microscope we %all f9d t "s h z _m z #agj1jjj op5+s1 or m\?s1 9 a squ>e in*2 o!rs h a mu* less numb]4 ,usually1 ! pores on ! "u side ( ! leaf absorb ! c>bonic acid4 ,?is absorptive p[] is illu/rat$ :5 we apply ! l[] side ( a cabbage leaf to a w\nd1 z x draws /rongly--! o!r side ( ! leaf has no su* action4 ,"y spr\ts may h ! p[] ( absorb+ & decompos+ c>bonic acid4 ,:at p>ts ( roots absorb food8 ,h[ mu* ( _! c>bon may plants receive ?r\gh _! roots8 ,:at *ange does c>bonic acid und]go aft] ent]+ ! plant8 ,9 :at p>ts ( ! plant1 & "u :at influ5ce1 is c>bonic acid decompos$8 ,! roots ( plants t]m9ate at _! ends 9 m9ute spongioles1 or m\?s = ! absorption ( fluids conta9+ nutrim5t4 ,9 ^! fluids !re exi/ great] or less quantities ( c>bonic acid1 & a consid]able am\nt ( ?is gas ent]s into ! circulation ( ! plants & is c>ri$ to ^? p>ts :]e x is requir$ = decomposition4 ,plants1 "u favorable circum/ances1 may ?us obta9 ab\t "o-?ird ( _! c>bon4 ,c>bonic acid1 x w be recollect$1 consi/s ( c>bon & oxyg51 :ile x supplies only c>bon to ! plant4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t x be divid$1 or decompos$1 & t ! c>bon be reta9$ :ile ! oxyg5 is s5t (f aga9 into ! atmosph]e1 to rep]=m its (fice ( unit+ ) c>bon4 ,?is decomposition takes place 9 ! gre5 p>ts ( plants & only "u ! influ5ce ( daylight4 ,x is n necess>y t ! sun %9e directly on ! leaf or gre5 %oot1 b ?is causes a m rapid decomposition ( c>bonic acid1 & consequ5tly we f9d t plants :i* are well expos$ to ! sun's rays make ! mo/ rapid gr[?4 ,expla9 ! condition ( diff]5t latitudes4 ,does ! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e rema9 ab\t ! same8 ,! fact t light is ess5tial to vegetation expla9s ! conditions ( diff]5t latitudes1 :i*1 s f> z ! assimilation ( c>bon is conc]n$1 are mu* ! same4 ,at ! ,equator ! days are b ab\t twelve h\rs long4 ,/ill1 z ! gr[? ( plants is ext5d$ ov] eight or n9e mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! duration ( daylight is suffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( a luxuriant vegetation4 ,at ! ,poles1 on ! contr>y1 ! summ] is b two or ?ree mon?s long2 "h1 h[ev]1 x is daylight all summ]1 & plants f cont9ual gr[? develop !mselves 9 t %ort "t4 ,x w be recollect$ t c>bonic acid con/itutes b ab\t #a_/bejj ( ! air1 yet1 al?\gh ab\t "o half ( all ! vegetable matt] 9 ! _w is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 z well z all ( ! c>bon requir$ by ! gr[? ( plants1 its proportion 9 ! atmosph]e is con/antly ab\t ! same4 ,9 ord] t we may und]/at$ ?is1 x becomes necess>y = u to consid] ! means by :i* x is =m$4 ,c>bon1 by ! aid ( fire1 is made to unite ) oxyg51 & always :5 bodies conta9+ c>bon are burnt ) ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic air1 ! oxyg5 ( t air unites ) ! c>bon1 & =ms c>bonic acid4 ,! same occurs :5 bodies conta9+ c>bon decay1 z ?is is simply a sl[] burn+ & produces ! same results4 ,! respiration 7or brea?+7 ( animals is simply ! union ( ! c>bon ( ! blood ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air drawn into ! lungs1 & _! brea?1 :5 ?r[n out1 always conta9s c>bonic acid4 ,f ?is we see t ! reproduction ( ?is gas is ! direct effect ( ! de/ruction ( all organiz$ bodies1 :e!r by fire1 decay1 or consumption by animals4 ,expla9 "s ( ! op]ations 9 :i* ?is reproduction takes place4 ,h[ is x reproduc$8 ,furnaces are its :olesale manufactories4 ,e cottage fire is cont9ually produc+ a new supply1 & ! blue smoke issu+ f ! cottage-*imney1 z describ$ by s _m poets1 possesses a new beauty1 :5 we reflect t besides indicat+ a *e]ful fire on ! he>?1 x conta9s mat]ials = mak+ food = ! cottag]'s tables & new faggots = 8 fire4 ,! wick ( e burn+ lamp draws up ! c>bon ( ! oil to be made into c>bonic acid at ! flame4 ,all matt]s 9 process ( combu/ion1 decay1 f]m5tation1 or putrefaction1 are return+ to ! atmosph]e ^? con/itu5ts1 :i* !y obta9$ f x4 ,e liv+ animal1 ev5 to ! smalle/ insect1 by respiration1 sp5ds its life 9 ! production ( ?is mat]ial necess>y to ! gr[? ( plants1 & at dea? gives up its body 9 "p = su* =mation by decay4 ,?us we see t !re is a cont9ual *ange f ! c>bon ( plants to air1 & f air back to plants1 or ?r\gh !m to animals4 ,z ea* doll> 9 gold t is receiv$ into a c\ntry p]man5tly increases its am\nt ( circulat+ m$ium1 & ea* doll> s5t out p]man5tly decreases x until return$1 s ! c>bonic acid s5t into ! atmosph]e by burn+1 decay1 or respiration1 becomes a p]man5t /ock ( con/antly *angeable mat]ial1 until x %all be lock$ up = a "t1 z 9 a h\se :i* may la/ = c5turies1 or 9 an oak tree :i* may /& = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,/ill1 at ! decay ( ei!r ( ^!1 ! c>bon :i* !y conta9 mu/ be aga9 resolv$ into c>bonic acid4 ,:at are ! coal-b$s ( ,p5nsylvania8 ,:at are (t5 f\nd 9 !m8 ,! coal-b$s ( ,p5nsylvania are m9es ( c>bon once ab/ract$ f ! atmosph]e by plants4 ,9 ^! coal-b$s are (t5 f\nd f]n leaves1 toads1 :ole trees1 & 9 %ort all =ms ( organiz$ matt]4 ,^! all exi/$ z liv+ ?+s be=e ! great floods1 & at ! break+ away ( ! b>ri]s ( ! imm5se lakes1 ( :i* our pres5t lakes 7 m]ely ! deep holes 9 _! b$s1 !y 7 wa%$ away & deposit$ 9 masses s great z to take fire f _! *emical *anges4 ,x is by _m suppos$ t ?is fire act+ ?r\gh\t ! entire mass 7)\t ! pres5ce ( air to supply oxyg5 except on ! surface7 caus$ x to become melt$ c>bon1 & to fl[ ar\nd ^? bodies :i* /ill reta9$ _! %apes1 *ang+ !m to coal )\t de/roy+ _! /ructures4 ,?is coal1 s long z x reta9s its pres5t =m1 is lo/ to ! vegetable k+dom1 & ea* ton t is burn$1 by be+ *ang$ into c>bonic acid1 adds to ! ability ( ! atmosph]e to support an increas$ am\nt ( vegetation4 ,expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y become coal4 ,h[ does ! burn+ ( coal b5efit vegetation8 ,is c>bon ev] p]man5t 9 any ( its =ms8 ,:at enables x to *ange its condition8 ,?us we see t1 9 ! provisions ( nature1 c>bon1 ! gr& basis1 on :i* all organiz$ matt] is f\nd$1 is nev] p]man5t 9 any ( its =ms4 ,oxyg5 is ! c>ri] :i* enables x to *ange its condition4 ,= in/ance1 let u suppose t we h a c]ta9 quantity ( *>coal2 ?is is ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,we ignite x1 & x unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 becomes c>bonic acid1 & floats away into ! atmosph]e4 ,! w9d c>ries x ?r\gh a =e/1 & ! leaves ( ! trees ) _! millions ( m\?s dr9k x 94 ,by ! assi/ance ( light x is decompos$1 ! oxyg5 is s5t (f to make m c>bonic acid1 & ! c>bon is reta9$ to =m a "p ( ! tree4 ,s long z t tree exi/s 9 ! =m ( wood1 ! c>bon w rema9 unalt]$1 b :5 ! wood decays1 or is burn$1 x imm$iately takes ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 & m+les ) ! atmosph]e ready to be aga9 tak5 up by plants1 & h its c>bon deposit$ 9 ! =m ( vegetable matt]4 ,give an in/ance ( su* *ange4 ,h[ d plants & animals b5efit ea* o!r8 ,describe ! exp]im5t ) ! glass tube4 ,! blood ( animals conta9s c>bon d]iv$ f _! food4 ,?is unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air drawn into ! lungs & =ms c>bonic acid4 ,)\t ?is process1 animals c\ld n live4 ,?us1 :ile by ! natural op]ation ( brea?+1 !y make c>bonic acid = ! uses ( ! vegetable _w1 plants1 9 tak+ up c>bon1 ?r[ (f oxyg5 to keep up ! life ( animals4 ,!re is p]haps no way 9 :i* we c bett] illu/rate ! *anges ( =m 9 c>bon ?an by describ+ a simple exp]im5t4 ,take a glass tube fill$ ) oxyg5 gas1 & put 9 x a lump ( *>coal1 cork ! ends ( ! tube tightly1 & pass ?r\gh ! corks ! wires ( an electrical batt]y4 ,by pass+ a /ream ( electrical fluid ov] ! *>coal x may be ignit$1 :5 x w burn ) great brilliancy4 ,9 burn+ x is dissolv$ 9 ! oxyg5 =m+ c>bonic acid1 & disappe>s4 ,x is no m lo/1 h[ev]1 ?an is ! c>bon ( wood :i* is burn$ 9 a /ove2 al?\gh invisible1 x is /ill 9 ! tube1 & may be detect$ by c>eful weigh+4 ,a m satisfactory pro( ( its pres5ce may be obta9$ by decompos+ ! c>bonic acid by draw+ ! wires a %ort di/ance ap>t1 & giv+ a sp>k ( electricity4 ,?is imm$iately sep>ates ! oxyg5 f ! c>bon :i* =ms a d5se black smoke 9 ! tube4 ,by pu%+ ! corks toge!r we may obta9 a waf] ( *>coal ( ! same weight z ! piece introduc$4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t we h *ang$ c>bon f its solid =m to an invisible gas & back aga9 to a solid1 ?us fully repres5t+ ! cont9ual *anges ( ?is sub/ance 9 ! de/ruction ( organic matt] & ! gr[? ( plants4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,hydrog51 ,,oxyg5 ,,& ,,nitrog54 ,,hydrog5 ,,& ,,oxyg54 ,:at is wat] compos$ (8 ,if analyz$1 :at does x yield8 ,h[ d plants obta9 _! hydrog5 & oxyg58 ,let u n[ consid] ! ?ree gases1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 :i* con/itute ! rema9d] ( ! organic "p ( plants4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 compose wat]1 :i*1 if analyz$1 yields simply ^! two gases4 ,plants p]=m su* analysis1 & 9 ?is way are able to obta9 a suffici5t supply ( ^! mat]ials1 z _! sap is compos$ *iefly ( wat]4 ,:5ev] vegetable matt] is de/roy$ by burn+1 decay1 or o!rwise1 its hydrog5 & oxyg5 unite & =m wat]1 :i* is p>t$ ) usually 9 ! =m ( an invisible vapor4 ,! atmosph]e ( c\rse conta9s great] or less quantities ( wat]y vapor aris+ f ?is cause & f ! evaporation ( liquid wat]4 ,?is vapor cond5ses1 =m+ ra9s1 etc4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg5 are nev] tak5 into consid]ation 9 manur+ l&s1 z !y are s readily obta9$ f ! wat] con/itut+ ! sap ( ! plant1 & consequ5tly %\ld n occupy our att5tion 9 ?is book4 ,,nitrog54 ,if vegetable matt] be de/roy$1 :at becomes ( ^! con/itu5ts8 ,:at is ! rema9+ organic con/itu5t8 ,:y is x wor?y ( close att5tion8 ,d plants appropriate ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e8 ,nitrog51 ! only rema9+ organic con/itu5t ( vegetable matt]1 is = _m reasons wor?y ( close att5tion4 #a4 ,x is necess>y to ! gr[? & p]fection ( all cultivat$ plants4 #b4 ,x is necess>y to ! =mation ( animal muscle4 #c4 ,x is (t5 defici5t 9 ! soil4 #d4 ,x is liable to be easily lo/ f manures4 ,al?\gh ab\t f\r fif?s ( atmosph]ic air are pure nitrog51 x is almo/ c]ta9 t plants get no nutrim5t at all f ?is s\rce4 ,x is all obta9$ f "s ( its comp\nds1 *iefly f ! "o call$ ammonia4 ,nitric acid is also a s\rce f :i* plants may obta9 nitrog51 ?\gh to ! f>m] ( less importance ?an ammonia4 ,,ammonia4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* !y obta9 nitrog58 ,:at is ammonia8 ,h[ is x =m$8 ,:]e does x always exi/8 ,h[ d plants take up ammonia8 ,ammonia is compos$ ( nitrog5 & hydrog54 ,x has a pung5t smell & is famili>ly kn[n z h>t%orn4 ,! same odor is p]ceptible ar\nd /ables & o!r places :]e animal matt] is decompos+4 ,all animal muscle1 c]ta9 p>ts ( plants1 & o!r organiz$ sub/ances1 consi/ ( comp\nds conta9+ nitrog54 ,:5 ^! comp\nds und]go combu/ion1 or are 9 any mann] decompos$1 ! nitrog5 :i* !y conta9 usually unites ) hydrog51 & =ms ammonia4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! atmosph]e always conta9s m or less ( ?is gas1 aris+ f ! decay1 etc41 :i* is cont9ually go+ on all ov] ! _w4 ,?is ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e is ! capital /ock to :i* all plants1 n artificially manur$1 mu/ look = _! supply ( nitrog54 ,z !y c take up ammonia only ?r\gh _! roots1 we mu/ discov] "s means by :i* x may be convey$ f ! atmosph]e to ! soil4 ,does wat] absorb x8 ,:at is spirits ( h>t%orn8 ,:y is ?is p[] ( wat] important 9 agriculture8 ,:at in/ance may be cit$ to prove ?is8 ,wat] may be made to absorb _m times its bulk ( ?is gas1 & wat] ) :i* x comes 9 contact w imm$iately take x up4 ,spirits ( h>t%orn is m]ely wat] ?r\gh :i* ammonia has be5 pass$ until x is saturat$4,a ,?is p[] ( wat] has a direct application to agriculture1 because ! wat] con/itut+ ra9s1 dews1 c41 absorbs ! ammonia :i* ! decomposition ( nitrog5\s matt] _h s5t into ! atmosph]e1 & we f9d t all ra91 sn[ & dew1 conta9 ammonia4 ,?is fact may be *emically prov$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & is p]ceptible 9 ! common op]ations ( nature4 ,e p]son mu/ h notic$ t :5 a summ]'s %[] falls on ! plants 9 a fl[] g>d51 !y comm5ce _! gr[? ) fre% vigor :ile ! blossoms become l>g] & m ri*ly color$4 ,?is effect _c be produc$ by wat]+ ) spr+ wat]1 unless x be previ\sly mix$ ) ammonia1 9 :i* case ! result w be ! same4 ,al?\gh ammonia is a gas & p]vades ! atmosph]e1 few1 if any1 plants c take x up1 z !y d c>bonic acid1 ?r\gh _! leaves4 ,x mu/ all ent] ?r\gh ! roots 9 solution 9 ! wat] :i* goes to =m ! sap4 ,al?\gh ! am\nt receiv$ f ! atmosph]e is ( great importance1 !re are few cases :]e artificial applications are n b5eficial4 ,! value ( f>m-y>d & o!r animal manures1 dep5ds *iefly on ! ammonia :i* !y yield on decomposition4 ,?is subject1 also ! means = reta9+ 9 ! soil ! ammoniacal p>ts ( f]tiliz+ matt]s1 w be fully consid]$ 9 ! section on manures4 ,c plants use m ammonia ?an is receiv$ f ! atmosph]e8 ,on :at does ! value ( animal manure *iefly dep5d8 ,:at *anges take place aft] ammonia ent]s ! plant8 ,may ! same atom ( nitrog5 p]=m _m diff]5t (fices8 ,aft] ammonia has ent]$ ! plant x may be decompos$1 its hydrog5 s5t (f1 & its nitrog5 reta9$ to answ] ! purposes ( gr[?4 ,! *anges :i* nitrog5 und]goes1 f plants to animals1 or1 by decomposition1 to ! =m ( ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e1 are z v>i$ z ^? ( c>bon & ! con/itu5ts ( wat]4 ,! same little atom ( nitrog5 may "o ye> =m a "p ( a plant1 & ! next become a con/itu5t ( an animal1 or1 ) ! decompos$ dead animal1 may =m a "p ( ! soil4 ,if ! animal %\ld fall into ! sea he may become food = fi%es1 & our atom ( nitrog5 may =m a "p ( a fi%4 ,t fi% may be eat5 by a l>g] "o1 or at dea? may become food = ! :ale1 ?r\gh ! m>9e insect1 on :i* x fe$s4 ,aft] ! ab/raction ( ! oil f ! :ale1 ! nitrog5 may1 by ! putrefaction ( 8 rema9s1 be unit$ to hydrog51 =m ammonia1 & escape into ! atmosph]e4 ,f "h x may be br\ght to ! soil by ra9s1 & ent] into ! composition ( a plant1 f :i*1 c\ld its p>ts speak z x lies on our table1 x c\ld tell u a wond]ful tale ( travels1 & assure u t1 aft] w&]+ ab\t 9 all sorts ( places1 x _h return$ to u ! same little atom ( nitrog5 :i* we _h own$ tw5ty ye>s be=e1 & :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s _h be5 cont9ually go+ ?r\gh its *anges4 ,is ! same true ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( plants8 ,is any atom ( matt] ev] lo/8 ,! same is true ( any ( ! organic or inorganic con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,!y are p]=m+ _! natural (fices1 or are ly+ 9 ! e>?1 or float+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 ready to be l5t to any ( _! legitimate uses1 sure aga9 to be return$ to _! />t+ po9t4 ,?us no atom ( matt] is ev] lo/4 ,x may *ange its place1 b x rema9s = ev] z a "p ( ! capital ( nature4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,by saturat$1 we mean t x conta9s all t x is capable ( hold+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,inorganic ,,matt]4 ,:at are a%es call$8 ,h[ _m k9ds ( matt] are !re 9 ! a%es ( plants8 ,into :at ?ree classes may !y be divid$8 ,:at takes place :5 alkalies & acids are br\ght toge!r8 ,we w n[ exam9e ! a%es left aft] burn+ vegetable sub/ances4 ,?is we h call$ inorganic matt]1 & x is obta9$ f ! soil4 ,organic matt]1 al?\gh =m+ s l>ge a "p ( ! plant1 we h se5 to consi/ ( f\r diff]5t sub/ances4 ,! inorganic portion1 on ! contr>y1 al?\gh =m+ s small a "p1 consi/s ( no less ?an n9e or t5 diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4,b ,^! we w consid] 9 ord]4 ,9 _! relations to agriculture !y may be divid$ into ?ree classes--alkalies1 acids1 & neutrals4,c ,is ! "* ( a comp\nd ! same z t ( its con/itu5ts8 ,give an in/ance ( ?is4 ,d neutrals comb9e ) o!r sub/ances8 ,"n ! f\r alkalies f\nd 9 ! a%es ( plants4 ,alkalies & acids are ( opposite prop]ties1 & :5 br\ght toge!r !y unite & neutralize ea* o!r1 =m+ comp\nds :i* are nei!r alkal9e nor acid 9 _! "*4 ,?us1 c>bonic acid 7a gas17 unites ) lime--a burn+1 cau/ic sub/ance--& =ms m>ble1 :i* is a h>d ta/eless /one4 ,alkalies & acids are *>act]iz$ by _! desire to unite ) ea* o!r1 & ! comp\nds ?us =m$ h _m & v>i\s prop]ties1 s t ! *>act]s ( ! con/itu5ts give no indication ( ! "* ( ! comp\nd4 ,= in/ance1 lime causes ! gases ( animal manure to escape1 :ile sulphate ( lime 7a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid & lime7 produces an opposite effect1 & prev5ts _! escape4 ,! sub/ances com+ "u ! signification ( neutrals1 are less affect$ by ! laws ( comb9ation1 /ill !y (t5 comb9e feebly ) o!r sub/ances1 & "s ( ! resultant comp\nds are ( great importance to agriculture4 ,,alkalies4 ,! alkalies :i* are f\nd 9 ! a%es ( plants are f\r 9 numb]2 !y are pota%1 soda1 lime & magnesia4 ,,pota%4 ,h[ may we obta9 pota% f a%es8 ,:at are "s ( its agricultural uses8 ,:5 we p\r wat] ov] wood a%es x dissolves ! pota% :i* !y conta91 & c>ries x ?r\gh 9 solution4 ,?is solution is call$ ley1 & if x be boil$ to dryness x leaves a solid sub/ance f :i* pure pota% may be made4 ,pota% left expos$ to ! air absorbs c>bonic acid & becomes c>bonate ( pota%1 or pe>la%2 if ano!r atom ( c>bonic acid be add$1 x becomes sup]-c>bonate ( pota%1 or salratus4 ,pota% has _m uses 9 agriculture4 #a4 ,x =ms a con/itu5t ( ne>ly all plants4 #b4 ,x unites ) silica 7a neutral71 & =ms a comp\nd :i* wat] c dissolve & c>ry into ! roots ( plants2 ?us supply+ !m ) an +r$i5t :i* gives !m mu* ( _! /r5g?4,d #c4 ,x is a /rong ag5t 9 ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]1 & is ?us ( mu* importance 9 prep>+ manures4 #d4 ,x r\gh5s ! smoo? r\nd p>ticles ( s&y soils1 & prev5ts _! compact+1 z !y are (t5 liable to d4 #e4 ,x is also ( use 9 kill+ c]ta9 k9ds ( insects1 &1 :5 artificially appli$1 9 smoo?+ ! b>k ( fruit trees4 ,! s\rce f :i* ?is & ! o!r inorganic matt]s requir$ are to be obta9$1 w be fully consid]$ 9 ! section on manures4 ,,soda4 ,:]e is soda f\nd mo/ l>gely8 ,:at is ,glaub]'s salts8 ,:at is wa%+ soda8 ,:at are "s ( ! uses ( lime8 ,soda1 "o ( ! alkalies conta9$ 9 ! a%es ( plants1 is v mu* ! same z pota% 9 its agricultural "*4 ,its uses are ! same z ^? ( pota%--be=e enum]at$4 ,soda exi/s v l>gely 9 nature1 z x =ms an important "p ( common salt1 :e!r 9 ! ocean or 9 ^? inl& deposits kn[n z rock salt4 ,:5 comb9$ ) sulphuric acid x =ms sulphate ( soda or ,glaub]'s salts4 ,9 comb9ation ) c>bonic acid1 z c>bonate ( soda1 x =ms ! common wa%+ soda ( ! %ops4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to r5d] soils f]tile4 ,,lime4 ,lime is 9 _m ways important 9 agriculture3 #a4 ,x is a con/itu5t ( plants & animals4 #b4 ,x assi/s 9 ! decomposition ( vegetable matt] 9 ! soil4 #c4 ,x corrects ! acidity,e ( s\r soils4 #d4 ,z *loride or sulphate ( lime x is a good absorb5t ( f]tiliz+ gases4 ,h[ is cau/ic lime made8 ,h[ mu* c>bonic acid is ?us lib]at$8 ,h[ does man resemble ,s9bad ! sailor8 ,9 nature x usually exi/s 9 ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime3 t is1 z m>ble1 lime/one1 & *alk--^! all be+ ( ! same composition4 ,9 manufactur+ cau/ic 7or quick7 lime1 x is cu/om>y to burn ! c>bonate ( lime 9 a kiln2 by ?is means ! c>bonic acid is ?r[n (f into ! atmosph]e & ! lime rema9s 9 a pure or cau/ic /ate4 ,a ,fr5* *emi/ /ates t e cubic y>d ( lime/one t is burn$1 ?r[s (f t5 ?\s& cubic y>ds ( c>bonic acid1 :i* may be us$ by plants4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! /ory ( ,s9bad ! sailor1 :]e we read ( ! imm5se g5ie :o came out ( a v small box by ! sea-%ore1 mu* to ! surprise ( ,s9bad1 :o c\ld n believe 8 eyes1 until ! g5ie *ang$ himself into a cl\d ( smoke & w5t into ! box aga94 ,s9bad fa/5$ ! lid1 & ! g5ie mu/ h rema9$ !re until ! box 0 de/roy$4 ,n[ man is v mu* l ,s9bad1 he lets ! c>bonic acid out f ! lime/one 7:5 x exp&s & becomes a gas72 & !n he raises a crop1 ! leaves ( :i* dr9k x 9 & pack ! c>bon away 9 a v small compass z vegetable matt]4 ,"h x mu/ rema9 until ! plant is de/roy$1 :5 x becomes c>bonic acid aga91 & occupies j z mu* space z ev]4 ,! burn+ ( lime/one is a v prolific s\rce ( c>bonic acid4 ,,magnesia4 ,:at d y "k ab\t magnesia8 ,:at is phosphoric acid compos$ (8 ,) :at sub/ance does x =m its mo/ important comp\nd8 ,magnesia is ! rema9+ alkali ( vegetable a%es4 ,x is well kn[n z a m$ic9e1 bo? 9 ! =m ( calc9$ magnesia1 &1 :5 mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 z epsom salts4 ,magnesia is necess>y to ne>ly all plants1 b too mu* ( x is poison\s1 & x %\ld be us$ ) mu* c>e1 z _m soils already conta9 a suffici5t quantity4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 lime/one rocks 7t class call$ dolomites71 & ! injuri\s effects ( "s k9ds ( lime1 z well z ! b>r5ness ( soils made f dolomites1 may be attribut$ entirely to ! fact t !y conta9 too mu* magnesia4 ,,acids4 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,phosphoric acid4--,?is subject is "o ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! f>m]4 ,phosphoric acid is compos$ ( phosphorus & oxyg54 ,! end ( a loco-foco mat* conta9s phosphorus1 & :5 x is light$ x unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e & =ms phosphoric acid2 ?is con/itutes ! :ite smoke :i* is se5 = a mom5t be=e ! sulphur comm5ces burn+4 ,be+ an acid1 ?is sub/ance has ! p[] ( comb9+ ) any ( ! alkalies4 ,its mo/ important comp\nd is ) lime4 ,w soils1 defici5t 9 phosphate ( lime1 produce good crops8 ,f :at s\rce d plants obta9 _! phosphorus8 ,phosphate ( lime =ms ab\t #fe p] c5t4 ( ! dry weight ( ! bones ( all animals1 & x is all d]iv$ f ! soil ?r\gh ! m$ium ( plants4 ,z plants are int5d$ z food = animals1 nature has provid$ t !y %all n atta9 _! p]fection )\t tak+ up a supply ( phosphate ( lime z well z ( ! o!r e>?y matt]s2 consequ5tly1 !re are _m soils :i* w n produce good crops1 simply because !y are defici5t 9 phosphate ( lime4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important +r$i5ts ( manures1 & its value is dep5d5t on c]ta9 conditions :i* w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,ano!r use ( phosphoric acid 9 ! plant is to supply x ) a small am\nt ( phosphorus1 :i* seems to be requir$ 9 ! =mation ( ! se$4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,:at is sulphuric acid compos$ (8 ,:at is pla/]8 ,:at is silica8 ,:y is x necess>y to ! gr[? ( plants8 ,:at comp\nds does x =m ) alkalies8 ,sulphuric acid is important to vegetation & is (t5 ne$$ to r5d] soils f]tile4 ,x is compos$ ( sulphur & oxyg51 & is made = manufactur+ purposes1 by burn+ sulphur4 ,) lime x =ms sulphate ( lime1 :i* is gypsum or 'pla/]4' ,9 ?is =m x is (t5 f\nd 9 nature1 & is g5]ally us$ 9 agriculture4 ,o!r important me?ods = supply+ sulphuric acid w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,x gives to ! plant a small portion ( sulphur1 :i* is necess>y to ! =mation ( "s ( its p>ts4 ,,neutrals4 ,,silica4 ,h[ c y prove its exi/5ce 9 corn /alks8 ,:at in/ance does ,liebig give to %[ its exi/5ce 9 grass8 ,h[ d we supply silicates8 ,:y does gra9 lodge8 ,:at is ! mo/ important comp\nd ( *lor9e8 ,?is is s&1 ! base ( fl9t4 ,x is necess>y = ! gr[? ( all plants1 z x gives !m mu* ( _! /r5g?4 ,9 connection ) an alkali x con/itutes ! h>d %9+ surface ( corn /alks1 /raw1 etc4 ,silica unites ) ! alkalies & =ms comp\nds1 su* z silicate ( pota%1 silicate ( soda1 etc41 :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e available to plants4 ,if we r\gh5 a corn /alk ) s&-pap] we may %>p5 a knife ^u x4 ,?is is ow+ to ! h>d p>ticles ( silica :i* x conta9s4 ,w9d[ glass is silicate ( pota%1 r5d]$ insoluble by additions ( ars5ic & li?>ge4 ,liebig tells u t "s p]sons discov]$1 betwe5 ,manheim & ,heidelb]g 9 ,g]many1 a mass ( melt$ glass :]e a hay-/ack _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 ,!y suppos$ x to be a meteor1 b *emical analysis %[$ t x 0 only ! comp\nd ( silica & pota% :i* s]v$ to /r5g!n ! grass4 ,!re is always en\gh silica 9 ! soil1 b x is (t5 necess>y to add an alkali to r5d] x available4 ,:5 gra91 etc41 lodge or fall d[n f _! own weight1 x is altoge!r probable t !y are unable to obta9 f ! soil a suffici5t supply ( ! soluble silicates1 & "s =m ( alkali %\ld be add$ to ! soil to unite ) ! s& & r5d] x soluble4 ,,*lor9e4 ,( :at use is *loride ( lime8 ,:at is oxide ( iron8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]oxide & ! protoxide ( iron8 ,*lor9e is an important +r$i5t ( vegetable a%es1 & is (t5 requir$ to re/ore ! balance to ! soil4 ,x is n f\nd alone 9 nature1 b is always 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances4 ,its mo/ important comp\nd is ) sodium1 =m+ *loride ( sodium 7or common salt74 ,sodium is ! base ( soda1 & common salt is usually ! be/ s\rce f :i* to obta9 bo? soda & *lor9e4 ,*lor9e unites ) lime & =ms *loride ( lime1 :i* is mu* us$ to absorb ! unpleasant odors ( decay+ matt]s1 & 9 ?is "* x is ( use 9 ! treatm5t ( manures4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,iron4 ,oxide ( iron1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( a%es1 is common iron ru/4 ,iron itself is naturally ( a grayi% color1 b :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x readily absorbs oxyg5 & =ms a r$di% comp\nd4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t x usually exi/s 9 nature1 & _m soils z well z ! r$ s&/ones are color$ by x4 ,x is seldom1 if ev]1 necess>y to apply ?is z a manure1 !re be+ usually en\gh ( x 9 ! soil4 ,?is r$ oxide ( iron1 ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 is call$ by *emi/s ! p]oxide4 ,!re is ano!r comp\nd :i* conta9s less oxyg5 ?an ?is1 & is call$ ! protoxide ( iron1 :i* is poison\s to plants4 ,:5 x exi/s 9 ! soil x is necess>y to use su* means ( cultivation z %all expose x to ! atmosph]e & all[ x to take up m oxyg5 & become ! p]oxide4 ,! black scales :i* fly f hot iron :5 /ruck by ! blacksmi?'s hamm] are protoxide ( iron4 ,! p]oxide ( iron is a v good absorb5t ( ammonia1 & consequ5tly1 z w be h]eaft] describ$1 adds to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,:at c y say ( ! oxide ( manganese8 ,h[ d y classify ! inorganic con/itu5ts8 ,,oxide ,,( ,,manganese1 ?\gh (t5 f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ! a%es ( cultivat$ plants1 _c be consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,hav+ n[ exam9$ all ( ! mat]ials f :i* ! a%es ( plants are =m$1,f we are enabl$ to classify !m 9 a simple mann]1 s t !y may be recollect$4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,,alkalies4 ,,acids4 ,,neutrals4 ,pota%4 ,sulphuric acid4 ,silica4 ,soda4 ,phosphoric ,*lor9e4 ,lime4 ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,magnesia4 ,manganese4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,brom9e1 iod9e1 etc41 are sometimes detect$ 9 p>ticul> plants1 b ne$ n occupy ! att5tion ( ! f>m]4 ,c ,?is classification is n /rictly sci5tific1 b x is "o :i* ! le>n] w f9d x well to adopt4 ,^! bodies are call$ neutrals because !y h no decid$ alkal9e or acid "*4 ,d ,9 "s soils ! fluorides und\bt$ly supply plants ) soluble silicates1 z fluoric acid has ! p[] ( dissolv+ silica4 ,?us1 9 ,d]by%ire 7,engl&71 :]e ! soil is suppli$ ) fluoric acid1 gra9 is said nev] to lodge4 ,e ,s\rness4 ,f ,!re is reason to suppose t alum9a is an ess5tial con/itu5t ( _m plants4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gr[?4 ,( :at does a p]fect "y plant consi/8 ,h[ mu/ ! food ( plants be suppli$8 ,c c>bon & e>?y matt] be tak5 up at sep>ate /ages ( gr[?1 or mu/ !y bo? be suppli$ at once8 ,hav+ exam9$ ! mat]ials ( :i* plants are made1 x becomes necess>y to discov] h[ !y are put toge!r 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,let u !re=e suppose a "y :eat-plant = in/ance to be 9 condition to comm5ce indep5d5t gr[?4 ,x consi/s ( roots :i* are locat$ 9 ! soil2 leaves :i* are spread 9 ! air1 & a /em :i* connects ! roots & leaves4 ,?is /em conta9s sap vessels 7or tubes7 :i* ext5d f ! ends ( ! roots to ! surfaces ( ! leaves1 ?us af=d+ a passage = ! sap1 & consequ5tly all[+ ! matt]s tak5 up to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! plant4 ,:at seems to be nature's law ) reg>d to ?is8 ,:at is ! simil>ity betwe5 mak+ a c>t & rais+ a crop8 ,9 ! gr[? ( a "y plant1 :at op]ations take place ab\t ! same "t8 ,x is necess>y t ! mat]ials ( :i* plants are made %\ld be suppli$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & at ! same "t4 ,= in/ance1 c>bon c\ld n be tak5 up 9 l>ge quantities by ! leaves1 unless ! roots1 at ! same "t1 7 receiv+ f ! soil ^? m9]al matt]s :i* are necess>y to gr[?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no consid]able am\nt ( e>?y matt] c\ld be appropriat$ by ! roots unless ! leaves 7 obta9+ c>bon f ! air4 ,?is same rule holds true ) reg>d to all ( ! con/itu5ts requir$2 ,nature seem+ to h made x a law t if "o ( ! important +r$i5ts ( ! plant is abs5t1 ! o!rs1 ?\gh !y may be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantities1 _c be us$4 ,?us1 if ! soil is defici5t 9 pota%1 & /ill has suffici5t quantities ( all ( ! o!r +r$i5ts1 ! plant _c take up ^! +r$i5ts1 because pota% is necess>y to its life4 ,if a f>m] wi%es to make a c>t he prep>es 8 wood & iron1 gets !m all 9 ! prop] condition1 & !n c v readily put !m toge!r4 ,b if he has all ( ! wood necess>y & no iron1 he _c make 8 c>t1 because bolts1 nails & screws are requir$1 & _! place _c be suppli$ by bo>ds4 ,?is s]ves to illu/rate ! fact t 9 rais+ plants we mu/ give !m e ?+ t !y require1 or !y w n gr[ at all4 ,9 ! case ( our "y plant ! foll[+ op]ations are go+ on at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! leaves are absorb+ c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 & ! roots are dr9k+ 9 wat] f ! soil4 ,:at becomes ( ! c>bonic acid8 ,h[ is ! sap dispos$ (8 ,:at does x conta98 ,h[ does ! plant obta9 its c>bon8 ,its oxyg5 & hydrog58 ,its nitrog58 ,its inorganic matt]8 ,"u ! influ5ce ( daylight1 ! c>bonic acid is decompos$2 its oxyg5 return$ to ! atmosph]e1 & its c>bon reta9$ 9 ! plant4 ,! wat] tak5 9 by ! roots circulates ?r\gh ! sap vessels ( ! plant1 &1 f v>i\s causes1 is drawn up t[>ds ! leaves :]e x is evaporat$4 ,?is wat] conta9s ! nitrog5 & ! inorganic matt] requir$ by ! plant & "s c>bonic acid1 :ile ! wat] itself consi/s ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,?us we see t ! plant obta9s its food 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,,c>bon4--,9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 & f t conta9$ 9 ! sap1 ! oxyg5 be+ return$ to ! air4 ,,oxyg5 ,f ! elem5ts ( ! wat] con/itut+ ! sap4 ,,hydrog54 ,,nitrog54--,f ! soil 7*iefly 9 =m ( ammonia74 ,x is c>ri$ into ! plant ?r\gh ! roots 9 solution 9 wat]4 ,,inorganic ,f ! soil1 & only 9 solution 9 wat]4 ,,matt]4 ,:at *anges does ! food tak5 up by ! plant und]go8 ,_m ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 ! int]ior ( ! plant are well und]/ood1 b !y require too mu* k ( *emi/ry to be easily compreh5d$ by ! "y le>n]1 & x is n absolutely ess5tial t !y %\ld be und]/ood by ! s*ol> :o is m]ely le>n+ ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! food tak5 up by ! plant und]goes su* *anges z are requir$ = its gr[?2 z 9 animals1 :]e ! food tak5 into ! /oma*1 is dige/$1 & =m$ into bone1 muscle1 fat1 hair1 etc41 s 9 ! plant ! nutritive portions ( ! sap are resolv$ into wood1 b>k1 gra91 or "s o!r necess>y "p4 ,! results ( ^! *anges are ( ! greate/ importance 9 agriculture1 & no p]son c call himself a practical f>m] :o does n ?or\ghly und]/& !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,proximate ,,division ,,( ,,plants1 ,,etc4 ,we h hi!rto exam9$ :at is call$ ! ultimate division ( plants4 ,t is1 we h look$ at ea* "o ( ! elem5ts sep>ately1 & consid]$ its use 9 vegetable gr[?4 ,( :at d wood1 />* & ! o!r vegetable comp\nds *iefly consi/8 ,are _! small a%y p>ts important8 ,:at are ^! comp\nds call$8 ,into h[ _m classes may proximate pr9ciples be divid$8 ,( :at d ! fir/ class consi/8 ,! second8 ,:at vegetable comp\nds d ! fir/ class comprise8 ,we w n[ exam9e ano!r division ( plants1 call$ _! proximate division4 ,we "k t plants consi/ ( v>i\s sub/ances1 su* z wood1 gum1 />*1 oil1 etc41 & on exam9ation we %all discov] t ^! sub/ances are compos$ ( ! v>i\s organic & inorganic +r$i5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,!y are made up almo/ entirely ( organic matt]1 b _! a%y p>ts1 ?\gh v small1 are 7z we %all soon see7 sometimes ( great importance4 ,^! comp\nds are call$ proximate pr9ciples1,g or vegetable proximates4 ,!y may be divid$ into two classes4 ,! fir/ class are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,! second class conta9 ! same sub/ances & nitrog54 ,are ^! sub/ances ( ab\t ! same composition8 ,c !y be artificially *ang$ f "o to ano!r8 ,give an in/ance ( ?is4 ,is ! ease ) :i* ^! *anges take place important8 ,f :at may ! fir/ class ( proximates be =m$8 ,! fir/ class 7^? comp\nds n conta9+ nitrog57 comprise ! wood1 />*1 gum1 sug>1 & fatty matt] :i* con/itute ! great] "p ( all plants1 also ! acids :i* are f\nd 9 s\r fruits1 etc4 ,v>i\s z are all ( ^! ?+s 9 _! *>act]s1 !y are entirely compos$ ( ! same +r$i5ts 7c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg571 & usually comb9$ 9 ab\t ! same proportion4 ,!re may be a slight diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( _! a%es1 b ! organic "p is mu* ! same 9 e case1 s mu* s1 t !y c (t5 be artificially *ang$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x may be recollect$ by ^? :o att5d$ ! ,fair ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 9 #ahcd1 t ,pr(4 ,mapes exhibit$ samples ( excell5t sug> made f ! juice ( ! corn/alk1 />*1 l951 & woody fibre4 ,! ease ) :i* ^! proximates may be *ang$ f "o to ! o!r is _! mo/ important agricultural feature1 & %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood be=e proce$+ f>!r4 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! gr[? ( bo? vegetables dep5ds4 ,! proximates ( ! fir/ class con/itute usually ! great] "p ( all plants1 & !y are readily =m$ f ! c>bonic acid & wat] :i* 9 nature are s pl5tifully suppli$4 ,:y are ^? ( ! second class p>ticul>ly important to f>m]s8 ,:at is ! g5]al "n "u :i* !y are kn[n8 ,:at is ! prote9 ( :eat call$8 ,:y is fl\r conta9+ mu* glut5 pref]r$ by bak]s8 ,c prote9 be =m$ )\t nitrog58 ,if plants 7 all[$ to complete _! gr[? )\t a supply ( ?is +r$i5t1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,! second class ( proximates1 ?\gh =m+ only a small "p ( ! plant1 are ( ! greate/ importance to ! f>m]1 be+ ! ones f :i* animal muscle,h is made4 ,!y consi/1 z w be recollect$1 ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 or ( all ( ! organic elem5ts ( plants4 ,!y are all ( mu* ! same "*1 ?\gh ea* k9d ( plant has its peculi> =m ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* is kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( prote94 ,! prote9 ( :eat is call$ glut5--t ( ,indian corn is ze9--t ( beans & peas is legum94 ,9 o!r plants ! prote9 sub/ances are vegetable album51 case91 etc4 ,glut5 absorbs l>ge quantities ( wat]1 :i* causes x to swell to a great size1 & become full ( holes4 ,fl\r :i* conta9s mu* glut51 makes light1 por\s bread1 & is pref]r$ by bak]s1 because x absorbs s l>ge an am\nt ( wat]4 ,:at is ! result if a field be defici5t 9 nitrog58 ,! prote9 sub/ances are necess>y to animal & vegetable life1 & none ( our cultivat$ plants w atta9 maturity 7complete _! gr[?71 unless all[$ ! mat]ials requir$ = =m+ ?is con/itu5t4 ,to furni% ?is condition is ! object ( nitrog5 giv5 to plants z manure4 ,if no nitrog5 is suppli$ ! prote9 sub/ances _c be =m$1 & ! plant mu/ cease to gr[4 ,:5 on ! contr>y ammonia is giv5 to ! soil 7by ra9s or o!rwise71 x furni%es nitrog51 :ile ! c>bonic acid & wat] yield ! o!r con/itu5ts ( prote91 & a heal?y gr[? cont9ues1 provid$ t ! soil conta9s ! m9]al matt]s requir$ 9 ! =mation ( ! a%1 9 a condition to be useful4 ,! wisdom ( ?is provision is evid5t :5 we recollect t ! prote9 sub/ances are necess>y to ! =mation ( muscle 9 animals1 = if plants 7 all[$ to complete _! gr[? )\t a supply ( ?is +r$i5t1 our gra9 & hay might n be suffici5tly well suppli$ ) x to keep our ox5 & horses 9 work+ condition1 :ile "u ! exi/+ law plants mu/ be ( ne>ly a uni=m quality 79 ?is respect71 & if a field is %ort ( nitrog51 its crop w n be l>ge1 & ( a v poor quality1 b ! soil w produce good plants z long z ! nitrog5 la/s1 & !n ! gr[? mu/ cease4,i ,,animals4 ,t ?is pr9ciple may be cle>ly und]/ood1 x may be well to expla9 m fully ! application ( ! proximate con/itu5ts ( plants 9 fe$+ animals4 ,( :at are ! bodies ( animals compos$8 ,:at is ! (fice ( vegetation8 ,:at "p ( ! animal is =m$ f ! fir/ class ( proximates8 ,f ! second8 ,:i* conta9s ! l>ge/ portions ( inorganic matt]1 plants or animals8 ,mu/ animals h a v>iety ( food1 & :y8 ,animals are compos$ 7l plants7 ( organic & inorganic matt]1 & e ?+ necess>y to build !m up exi/s 9 plants4 ,x seems to be ! (fice ( ! vegetable _w to prep>e ! gases 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ! m9]als 9 ! e>? = ! uses ( animal life1 & to effect ?is plants put ^! gases & m9]als toge!r 9 ! =m ( ! v>i\s proximates 7or comp\nd sub/ances7 :i* we h j describ$4 ,9 animals ! comp\nds conta9+ no nitrog5 comprise ! fatty sub/ances1 p>ts ( ! blood1 etc41 :ile ! prote9 comp\nd1 or ^? :i* d conta9 nitrog51 =m ! muscle1 a "p ( ! bones1 ! hair1 & o!r portions ( ! animal4 ,animals conta9 a l>g] proportion ( inorganic matt] ?an plants d4 ,bones conta9 a l>ge quantity ( phosphate ( lime1 & we f9d o!r inorganic mat]ials p]=m+ important (fices 9 ! sy/em4 ,9 ord] t animals may be p]fectly develop$1 !y mu/ ( c\rse receive z food all ( ! mat]ials requir$ to =m _! bodies4 ,!y _c live if f$ entirely on "o +r$i5t4 ,?us1 if />* alone be eat5 by ! animal1 he might become fat1 b 8 /r5g? w\ld soon fail1 because 8 food conta9s no?+ to keep up ! vigor ( 8 muscles4 ,if on ! contr>y ! food ( an animal consi/$ entirely ( glut51 he might be v /rong f a sup]ior developm5t ( muscle1 b w\ld n be fat4 ,h5ce we see t 9 ord] to keep up ! prop] proportion ( bo? fat & muscle 9 our animals 7or 9 ourselves71 ! food mu/ be su* z conta9s a prop] proportion ( ! two k9ds ( proximates4 ,:y is gra9 good = food8 ,on :at does ! value ( fl\r dep5d8 ,is !re any relation betwe5 ! a%y "p ( plants & ^? ( animals8 ,h[ may we acc\nt = unheal?y bones & tee?8 ,x is = ?is reason t gra91 su* z :eat = in/ance1 is s good = food4 ,x conta9s bo? classes ( proximates1 & furni%es mat]ial = ! =mation ( bo? fat & muscle4 ,! value ( fl\r dep5ds v mu* on ! mann] 9 :i* x is manufactur$4 ,?is w be soon expla9$4 ,:at is a probable cause ( consumption8 ,:at is an important use ( ! fir/ class ( proximates8 ,:at may lungs be call$8 ,expla9 ! production ( heat dur+ decomposition4 ,:y is ! heat produc$ by decay n p]ceptible8 ,ap>t f ! relations betwe5 ! proximate pr9ciples ( plants1 & ^? ( animals1 !re exi/s an important relation betwe5 _! a%y or inorganic p>ts2 &1 food 9 ord] to satisfy ! dem&s ( animal life1 mu/ conta9 ! m9]al matt] requir$ = ! purposes ( t life4 ,take bones = in/ance4 ,if phosphate ( lime is n always suppli$ 9 suffici5t quantities by food1 animals are prev5t$ f ! =mation ( heal?y bones4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly to be notic$ 9 tee?4 ,:]e food is defici5t ( phosphate ( lime1 we see poor tee? z a result4 ,"s physicians h suppos$ t "o ( ! causes ( consumption is ! defici5cy ( phosphate ( lime 9 food4 ,:y is ! heat produc$ by combu/ion app>5t8 ,expla9 ! production ( heat 9 ! lungs ( animals8 ,:y does ex]cise augm5t ! animal heat8 ,"u :at circum/ances is ! animal's own fat us$ 9 ! production ( heat8 ,! fir/ class ( proximates 7/>*1 sug>1 gum1 etc471 p]=m an important (fice 9 ! animal economy aside f _! use 9 mak+ fat4 ,!y con/itute ! fuel :i* supplies ! animal's fire1 & gives him 8 heat4 ,! lungs ( m5 & o!r animals may be call$ delicate /oves1 :i* supply ! :ole body ) heat4 ,b let u expla9 ?is matt] m fully4 ,if wood1 />*1 gum1 or sug>1 be burn$ 9 a /ove1 !y produce heat4 ,^! sub/ances consi/1 z w be recollect$1 ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & :5 !y are de/roy$ 9 any way 7provid$ !y be expos$ to ! atmosph]e71 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 unite & =m wat]1 & ! c>bon unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air & =ms c>bonic acid1 z 0 expla9$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,?is process is always accompani$ by ! lib]ation ( heat1 & ! int5sity ( ?is heat dep5ds on ! "t occupi$ 9 its production4 ,9 ! case ( decay1 ! *emical *anges take place s sl[ly t ! heat1 be+ conduct$ away z soon z =m$1 is n p]ceptible to our s5ses4 ,9 combu/ion 7or burn+7 ! same *anges take place ) mu* great] rapidity1 & ! same am\nt ( heat be+ conc5trat$1 or br\ght out 9 a f> %ort] "t1 x becomes int5se1 & !re=e app>5t4 ,9 ! lungs ( animals ! same law holds true4 ,! blood conta9s matt]s belong+ to ?is c>bonace\s class1 & !y und]go 9 ! lungs ! *anges :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! head ( combu/ion & decay4 ,_! hydrog5 & oxyg5 unite1 & =m ! moi/ure ( ! brea?1 :ile _! c>bon is comb9$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air drawn into ! lungs1 & is ?r[n out z c>bonic acid4 ,! same consequ5ce--heat--results 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 & ?is heat is produc$ ) suffici5t rapidity = ! animal necessities4 ,:5 an animal ex]cises viol5tly1 8 blood circulates ) increas$ rapidity1 ?us c>ry+ c>bon m rapidly to ! lungs4 ,! brea? also becomes quick]1 ?us supply+ increas$ quantities ( oxyg54 ,9 ?is way ! decomposition becomes m rapid1 & ! animal is heat$ 9 proportion4 ,?us we see t food has ano!r function besides t ( =m+ animal matt]1 namely to supply heat4 ,:5 ! food does n conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( />*1 sug>1 etc41 to answ] ! dem&s ( ! sy/em ! animal's own fat is c>ri$ to ! lungs1 & !re us$ 9 ! production ( heat4 ,?is important fact w be ref]r$ to aga94 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,by proximate pr9ciple1 we mean t comb9ation ( vegetable elem5ts :i* is kn[n z a vegetable product1 su* z wood1 etc4 ,h ,muscle is lean meat1 x gives to animals _! /r5g? & ability to p]=m labor4 ,i ,?is1 ( c\rse1 supposes t ! soil is f]tile 9 o!r respects4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,proximates ,,& ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,a%es ,,( ,,plants4 ,( :at proximate are plants *iefly compos$8 ,:at is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! potato root8 ,( ! c>rot & turnip8 ,:at "p ( ! plant conta9s usually ! mo/ nutrim5t8 ,let u n[ exam9e plants ) a view to le>n+ ! location ( ! v>i\s plants4 ,! /em or trunk ( ! plant or tree consi/s almo/ entirely ( woody fibre2 ?is also =ms a l>ge portion ( ! o!r p>ts except ! se$s1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 ! roots4 ,! roots ( ! potato conta9 l>ge quantities ( />*4 ,o!r roots su* z ! c>rot & turnip conta9 pectic acid1,j a nutriti\s sub/ance resembl+ />*4 ,x is 9 ! se$ h[ev] t ! m nutritive portions ( mo/ plants exi/1 & "h !y ma9ta9 c]ta9 relative positions :i* x is well to und]/&1 & :i* c be be/ expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ figures1 z describ$ by ,pr(4 ,john/on3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,?us a %[s ! position ( ! oil 9 ! out] "p ( ! se$--x exi/s 9 m9ute drops1 inclos$ 9 six-sid$ cells1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( glut52 b1 ! position & comp>ative quantity ( ! />*1 :i* 9 ! he>t ( ! se$ is mix$ ) only a small proportion ( glut52 c1 ! g]m or *it :i* conta9s mu* glut54,k ,is ! composition ( ! inorganic matt] ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant ! same1 or diff]5t8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a% ( ! /raw & t ( ! gra9 ( :eat8 ,! location ( ! inorganic "p ( plants is "o ( mu* int]e/1 & %[s ! adaptation ( ea* "p to its p>ticul> use4 ,take a :eat plant1 = in/ance--! /alk1 ! leaf1 & ! gra91 %[ 9 _! a%es1 important diff]5ce ( composition4 ,! /alk or /raw conta9s ?ree or f\r times z l>ge a proportion ( a% z ! gra91 & a no less rem>kable diff]5ce ( composition may be notic$ 9 ! a%es ( ! two p>ts4 ,9 t ( ! /raw1 we f9d a l>ge proportion ( silica & sc>cely any phosphoric acid1 :ile 9 t ( ! gra9 !re is sc>cely a trace ( silica1 al?\gh phosphoric acid con/itutes m ?an "o half ( ! entire weight4 ,! leaves conta9 a consid]able quantity ( lime4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is diff]5ce8 ,9 :at "p ( ! gra9 does phosphoric acid exi/ mo/ l>gely8 ,?is may at fir/ seem an unimportant matt]1 b on exam9ation we %all see ! use ( x4 ,! /raw is int5d$ to support ! gra9 & leaves1 & to convey ! sap f ! roots to ! upp] portions ( ! plant4 ,to p]=m ^! (fices1 /r5g? is requir$1 & ?is is giv5 by ! silica1 & ! woody fibre :i* =ms s l>ge a proportion ( ! /alk4 ,! silica is comb9$ ) an alkali1 & con/itutes ! glassy coat+ ( ! /raw4 ,:ile ! plant is "y1 ?is coat+ is h>dly app>5t1 b z x gr[s old]1 z ! gra9 becomes heavi]1 7v]g+ t[>ds rip5ess71 ! silici\s coat+ ( ! /alk assumes a m prom95t "*1 & gives to ! /raw suffici5t /r5g? to support ! gold5 head4 ,! /raw is n ! mo/ important "p ( ! plant z food1 & !re=e requires b little phosphoric acid4 ,:y is ,graham fl\r m :olesome ?an f9e fl\r8 ,are ! a%es ( all plants ! same 9 _! composition8 ,! gra91 on ! contr>y1 is especially int5d$ z food1 & !re=e mu/ conta9 a l>ge proportion ( phosphoric acid--?is be+1 z we h already le>n$1 necess>y to ! =mation ( bone--:ile1 z x has no necessity = /r5g?1 & z silica is n ne$$ by animals1 ?is +r$i5t exi/s 9 ! gra9 only 9 a v small proportion4 ,x may be well to obs]ve t ! phosphoric acid ( gra9 exi/s mo/ l>gely 9 ! h>d portions ne> ! %ell1 or bran4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ,graham fl\r is m :olesome ?an f9e fl\r4 ,x conta9s all ( ! nutritive mat]ials :i* r5d] ! gra9 valuable z food1 :ile fl\r :i* is v f9ely bolt$,l conta9s only a small "p ( ! out] portions ( ! gra9 7:]e ! phosphoric acid1 prote9 & fatty matt]s exi/ mo/ l>gely74 ,! />*y matt] 9 ! int]ior ( ! gra91 :i* is ! lea/ capable ( giv+ /r5g? to ! animal1 is c>efully sep>at$1 & us$ z food = man1 :ile ! bett] portions1 n be+ gr\nd s f9ely1 are reject$4 ,?is "o ?+ alone may be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! fact1 t ! lives ( m5 h become %ort] & less bless$ ) heal? & /r5g?1 ?an !y 7 9 ! good old days :5 a /one mort> & a co>se sieve made a respectable fl\r mill4 ,ano!r important fact conc]n+ ! a%es ( plants is ! diff]5ce ( _! composition 9 diff]5t plants4 ,?us1 ! mo/ prom95t +r$i5t 9 ! a% ( ! potato is pota%2 ( :eat & o!r gra9s1 phosphoric acid2 ( mead[ hay1 silica2 ( clov]1 lime2 ( beans1 pota%1 etc4 ,9 gra91 pota% 7or soda71 etc41 are among ! important +r$i5ts4 ,( :at advantage are ^! diff]5ces to ! f>m]8 ,( :at are plants compos$8 ,^! diff]5ces are ( great importance to ! practical f>m]1 z by und]/&+ :at k9d ( plants use ! mo/ ( "o +r$i5t1 & :at k9d requires ano!r 9 l>ge proportion1 he c regulate 8 crops s z to prev5t 8 soil f be+ exhau/$ m 9 "o +r$i5t ?an 9 ! o!rs1 & c also manure 8 l& ) ref]5ce to ! crop :i* he int5ds to gr[4 ,! tables ( analyses 9 ! fif? section w po9t out ^! diff]5ces accurately4 ,,footnotes3 ,j ,?is pectic acid gelat9izes food 9 ! /oma*1 & ?us r5d]s x m dige/ible4 ,k ,see ,john/on's ,elem5ts1 page #da4 ,l ,sift$ ?r\gh a f9e clo? call$ a bolt+ clo?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,recapitulation4 ,we h n[ le>n$ z mu* ab\t ! plant z is requir$ = our imm$iate uses1 & we w c>efully reconsid] ! v>i\s po9ts ) a view to fix+ !m p]man5tly 9 ! m9d4 ,plants are compos$ ( organic & inorganic matt]4 ,:at is organic matt]8 ,inorganic8 ,( :at does organic matt] consi/8 ,inorganic8 ,h[ d plants obta9 _! organic food8 ,h[ _! inorganic8 ,h[ is ammonia suppli$8 ,c>bonic acid8 ,organic matt] is t :i* burns away 9 ! fire4 ,inorganic matt] is ! a% left aft] burn+4 ,! organic matt] ( plants consi/s ( ?ree gases1 oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog51 & "o solid sub/ance c>bon 7or *>coal74 ,! inorganic matt] ( plants consi/s ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 *lor9e1 silica1 oxide ( iron1 & oxide ( manganese4 ,plants obta9 _! organic food z foll[s3--,oxyg5 & hydrog5 f wat]1 nitrog5 f "s comp\nd conta9+ nitrog5 7*iefly f ammonia71 & c>bon f ! atmosph]e :]e x exi/s z c>bonic acid--a gas4 ,!y obta9 _! inorganic food f ! soil4 ,! wat] :i* supplies oxyg5 & hydrog5 to plants is readily obta9$ )\t ! assi/ance ( manures4 ,ammonia is obta9$ f ! atmosph]e1 by be+ absorb$ by ra9 & c>ri$ into ! soil1 & x ent]s plants ?r\gh _! roots4 ,x may be artificially suppli$ 9 ! =m ( animal manure ) pr(it4 ,c>bonic acid is absorb$ f ! atmosph]e by leaves1 & decompos$ 9 ! gre5 p>ts ( plants "u ! influ5ce ( daylight2 ! c>bon is reta9$1 & ! oxyg5 is return$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 plants are de/roy$ by combu/ion or decay1 :at becomes ( _! con/itu5ts8 ,h[ does ! inorganic matt] ent] ! plant8 ,are ! alkalies soluble 9 _! pure =ms8 ,:i* "o ( !m is injuri\s :5 too l>gely pres5t8 ,h[ may sulphuric acid be suppli$8 ,is phosphoric acid important8 ,h[ mu/ silica be treat$8 ,f :at s\rce may we obta9 *lor9e8 ,:5 plants are de/roy$ by decay1 or burn+1 _! organic con/itu5ts pass away z wat]1 ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 etc41 ready aga9 to be tak5 up by o!r plants4 ,! inorganic matt]s 9 ! soil c ent] ! plant only :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia1 are soluble 9 _! pure =ms4 ,magnesia is injuri\s :5 pres5t 9 too l>ge quantities4 ,sulphuric acid is (t5 necess>y z a manure1 & is usually mo/ available 9 ! =m ( sulphate ( lime or pla/]4 ,x is also valuable 9 its pure =m to prev5t ! escape ( ammonia f compo/s4 ,phosphoric acid is highly important1 f its frequ5t defici5cy 9 worn-out soils4 ,x is available only "u c]ta9 conditions :i* w be describ$ 9 ! section on manures4 ,silica is ! base ( common s&1 & mu/ be unit$ to an alkali be=e x c be us$ by ! plant1 because x is insoluble except :5 s unit$4 ,*lor9e is a con/itu5t ( common salt 7*loride ( sodium71 & f ?is s\rce may be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantities = manurial purposes4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]oxide & protoxide ( iron8 ,h[ mu/ ! food ( plants be suppli$8 ,:at takes place aft] x ent]s ! plant8 ,:at "n is giv5 to ! comp\nds ?us =m$8 ,h[ are proximates divid$8 ,:i* class con/itutes ! l>ge/ "p ( ! plant8 ,( :at are animals compos$1 & h[ d !y obta9 ! mat]ials f :i* to =m _! gr[?8 ,oxide ( iron is iron ru/4 ,!re are two oxides ( iron1 ! p]oxide 7r$7 & ! protoxide 7black74 ,! =m] is a f]tiliz]1 & ! latt] poisons plants4 ,oxide ( manganese is (t5 abs5t f ! a%es ( our cultivat$ plants4 ,! food ( plants1 bo? organic & inorganic1 mu/ be suppli$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & at ! "t :5 x is requir$4 ,9 ! plant1 ?is food und]goes su* *emical *anges z are necess>y to gr[?4 ,! comp\nds =m$ by ^! *emical comb9ations are call$ proximates4 ,proximates are ( two classes1 ^? n conta9+ nitrog51 & ^? :i* d conta9 x4 ,! fir/ class con/itute ne>ly ! :ole plant4 ,! second class1 al?\gh small 9 quantity1 are ( ! greate/ importance to ! f>m]1 z f !m all animal muscle is made4 ,animals1 l plants1 are compos$ ( bo? organic & inorganic matt]1 & _! bodies are obta9$ directly or indirectly f plants4 ,:at p>ts ( ! animal belong to ! fir/ class ( proximates8 ,:at to ! second8 ,:at is necess>y to ! p]fect developm5t ( animals8 ,:y are se$s valuable = work+ animals8 ,:at o!r important use1 9 animal economy1 h proximates ( ! fir/ class8 ,"u :at circum/ances is animal fat decompos$8 ,! fir/ class ( proximates 9 animals comprise ! fat1 & l tissues4 ,! second class =m ! muscle1 hair1 gelat9e ( ! bones1 etc4 ,9 ord] t !y may be p]fectly develop$1 animals mu/ eat bo? classes ( proximates1 & 9 ! proportions requir$ by _! natures4 ,!y require ! phosphate ( lime & o!r inorganic food :i* exi/ 9 plants4 ,se$s are ! be/ adapt$ to ! uses ( work+ animals1 because !y are ri* 9 all k9ds ( food requir$4 ,aside f _! use 9 ! =mation ( fat1 proximates ( ! fir/ class are employ$ 9 ! lungs1 z fuel to keep up animal heat1 :i* is produc$ 7z 9 fire & decay7 by ! decomposition ( ^! sub/ances4 ,:5 ! food is insuffici5t = ! purposes ( heat1 ! animal's own fat is decompos$1 & c>ri$ to ! lungs z fuel4 ,! /ems1 roots1 bran*es1 etc41 ( mo/ plants consi/ pr9cipally ( woody fibre4 ,_! se$s1 & sometimes _! roots1 conta9 consid]able quantities ( />*4 ,"n ! p>ts ( ! plant 9 :i* ! diff]5t proximates exi/4 ,/ate :at y "k ab\t fl\r4 ,d we "k t diff]5t plants h a%es ( diff]5t composition8 ,! prote9 & ! oils ( mo/ plants exi/ mo/ l>gely 9 ! se$s4 ,! location ( ! proximates1 z well z ( ! inorganic p>ts ( ! plant1 %[ a rem>kable ref]5ce to ! purposes ( gr[?1 & to ! wants ( ! animal _w1 z is notic$ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! con/ruction ( ! /raw & t ( ! k]nel ( :eat4 ,! reason :y ! f9e fl\r n[ made is n s heal?fully nutriti\s z t :i* conta9$ m ( ! co>se portions1 is t x is robb$ ( a l>ge proportion ( prote9 & phosphate ( lime1 :ile x conta9s an undue am\nt ( />*1 :i* is available only to =m fat1 & to supply fuel to ! lungs4 ,diff]5t plants h a%es ( diff]5t composition4 ,?us--"o may take f ! soil l>ge quantities ( pota%1 ano!r ( phosphoric acid1 & ano!r ( lime4 ,by und]/&+ ^! diff]5ces1 we %all be able s to regulate our rotations1 t ! soil may n be call$ on to supply m ( "o +r$i5t ?an ( ano!r1 & ?us x may be kept 9 balance4 ,h[ are f>m]s to be b5efit$ by su* k8 ,! facts conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] are ! alphabet ( agriculture1 & ! le>n] %\ld n only become p]fectly famili> ) !m1 b %\ld also cle>ly und]/& ! reasons :y !y are true1 be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,,section ,,second4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,:at is a necess>y condition ( gr[?8 ,9 ! =ego+ section1 we h /udi$ ! "* ( plants & ! laws :i* gov]n _! gr[?4 ,we le>n$ t "o necess>y condition = gr[? is a f]tile soil1 & !re=e we w exam9e ! nature ( diff]5t soils1 9 ord] t we may und]/& ! relations betwe5 !m & plants4 ,:at is a fix$ "* ( soils8 ,h[ is ! *emical "* ( ! soil to be asc]ta9$8 ,:at d we fir/ le>n 9 analyz+ a soil8 ,h[ d ! proportions ( organic or inorganic p>ts ( soils comp>e ) ^? ( plants8 ,( :at does ! organic "p ( soils consi/8 ,! soil is n to be reg>d$ z a my/]i\s mass ( dirt1 :]eon crops are produc$ by a my/]i\s process4 ,well asc]ta9$ sci5tific k has prov$ beyond "q t all soils1 :e!r 9 ,am]ica or ,asia1 :e!r 9 ,ma9e or ,cali=nia1 h c]ta9 fix$ prop]ties1 :i* r5d] !m f]tile or b>r51 & ! sci5ce ( agriculture is able to po9t out ^! *>act]i/ics 9 all cases1 s t we c asc]ta9 f a sci5tific inve/igation :at w\ld be ! *ances = success 9 cultivat+ any soil :i* we exam9e4 ,! soil is a great *emical comp\nd1 & its *emical "* is asc]ta9$ 7z 9 ! case ( plants7 by analyz+ x1 or tak+ x ap>t4 ,we fir/ le>n t f]tile soils conta9 bo? organic & inorganic matt]2 b1 unlike ! plant1 !y usually possess mu* m ( ! latt] ?an ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! plant1 ! organic matt] con/itutes ! mo/ consid]able portion ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! soil1 on ! contr>y1 x usually exi/s 9 v small quantities1 :ile ! inorganic portions con/itute ne>ly ! :ole bulk4 ,c ! requir$ proportion be def9itely indicat$8 ,f :at s\rce is ! inorganic "p ( soils d]iv$8 ,d all soils decompose ) equal facility8 ,h[ does fro/ affect rocks8 ,does x affect soils 9 ! same way8 ,! organic "p ( soils consi/s ( ! same mat]ials t con/itute ! organic "p ( ! plants1 & x is 9 reality decay$ vegetable & animal matt]4 ,x is n necess>y t ?is organic "p ( ! soil %\ld =m any p>ticul> proportion ( ! :ole1 & inde$ we f9d x v>y+ f "o & a half to fifty1 & sometimes1 9 peaty soils1 to ov] sev5ty p] c5t4 ,all f]tile soils conta9 "s organic matt]1 al?\gh x seems to make b little diff]5ce 9 f]tility1 :e!r x be t5 or fifty p] c5t4 ,! inorganic "p ( soils is d]iv$ f ! crumbl+ ( rocks4 ,"s rocks 7su* z ! slates 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york7 decompose1 & crumble rapidly on be+ expos$ to ! wea!r2 :ile granite1 m>ble1 & o!r rocks w la/ = a long "t )\t p]ceptible *ange4 ,! causes ( ?is crumbl+ are v>i\s1 & are n unimportant to ! agriculturi/2 z by ! same processes by :i* 8 soil 0 =m$1 he c increase its dep?1 or o!rwise improve x4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we w 9 a few words expla9 "s ( ! pr9cipal pulv]iz+ ag5ts4 #a4 ,! action ( fro/4 ,:5 wat] lodges 9 ! crevices ( rocks1 & freezes1 x exp&s1 & bur/s ! rock1 on ! same pr9ciple z causes x to break a pit*] 9 w9t]4 ,?is p[] is v great1 & by its assi/ance1 l>ge cannon may be bur/4 ,( c\rse ! action ( fro/ is ! same on a small scale z :5 appli$ to l>ge masses ( matt]1 &1 !re=e1 we f9d t :5 wat] freezes 9 ! pores,m ( rocks or /ones1 x sep>ates _! p>ticles & causes !m to crumble4 ,! same rule holds true ) reg>d to /iff clay soils4 ,if !y are ridg$ 9 autumn1 & left ) a r\gh surface expos$ to ! fro/s ( w9t]1 !y w become mu* light]1 & c aft]w>ds be work$ ) less difficulty4 ,:at is ! effect ( wat] on c]ta9 rocks8 ,h[ are "s rocks affect$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e8 ,give an in/ance ( ?is4 #b4 ,! action ( wat]4 ,_m k9ds ( rock become s s(t on be+ soak$ ) wat]1 t !y readily crumble4 #c4 ,! *emical *anges ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! rock4 ,_m k9ds ( rock are affect$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e1 9 su* a mann]1 t *anges take place 9 _! *emical "*1 & cause !m to fall to pieces4 ,! r$ kellis ( ,new ,j]sey 7a species ( s&/one71 is1 :5 fir/ qu>ri$1 a v h>d /one1 b on exposure to ! influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 x becomes s s(t t x may be easily cru%$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,:at is ! simil>ity betwe5 ! composition ( soils & ! rocks f :i* !y 7 =m$8 ,:at does feldsp> rock yield8 ,talcose slate8 ,m>ls8 ,does a soil =m$ entirely f rock conta9 organic matt]8 ,h[ is x affect$ by ! gr[? ( plants8 ,o!r actions1 ( a less simple k9d1 ex]t an influ5ce on ! /ubbornness ( rocks1 & cause !m to be resolv$ into soils4,n ,( c\rse1 ! composition ( ! soil mu/ be simil> to t ( ! rock f :i* x 0 =m$2 &1 consequ5tly1 if we "k ! *emical "* ( ! rock1 we c tell :e!r ! soil =m$ f x c be br\ght "u pr(itable cultivation4 ,?us feldsp>1 on be+ pulv]iz$1 yields pota%2 talcose slate yields magnesia2 m>ls yield lime1 etc4 ,! soil =m$ entirely f rock1 conta9s1 ( c\rse1 no organic matt]4,o ,/ill x is capable ( be>+ plants ( a c]ta9 class1 & :5 ^! die1 !y are deposit$ 9 ! soil1 & ?us =m its organic portions1 r5d]+ x capable ( support+ ^? plants :i* furni% food = animals4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s mu/ h be5 occupi$ 9 prep>+ ! e>? = habitation by man4 ,z ! inorganic or m9]al "p ( ! soil is usually ! l>ge/1 we w consid] x fir/4 ,z we h /at$ t ?is portion is =m$ f rocks1 we w exam9e _! "*1 ) a view to %[+ ! diff]5t qualities ( soils4 ,:at is ! g5]al rule conc]n+ ! composition ( rocks8 ,d ^! di/9ctions affect ! f]tility ( soils =m$ f !m8 ,:at d we mean by ! me*anical "* ( ! soil8 ,is its f]tility indicat$ by its me*anical "*8 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be /at$ t all rocks are ei!r s&/ones1 lime/ones1 or clays2 or a mixture ( two or m ( ^! +r$i5ts4 ,h5ce we f9d t all m9]al soils are ei!r s&y1 calc>e\s1 7limey71 or clayey2 or consi/ ( a mixture ( ^!1 9 :i* "o or ano!r usually pr$om9ates4 ,?us1 we speak ( a s&y soil1 a clay soil1 etc4 ,^! di/9ctions 7s&y1 clayey1 loamy1 etc47 are important 9 consid]+ ! me*anical "* ( ! soil1 b h little ref]5ce to its f]tility4 ,by me*anical "*1 we mean ^? qualities :i* affect ! ease ( cultivation--excess or defici5cy ( wat]1 ability to )/& dr\ght1 etc4 ,= in/ance1 a heavy clay soil is difficult to pl[--reta9s wat] aft] ra9s1 & bakes q h>d dur+ dr\ght2 :ile a light s&y soil is pl[$ ) ease1 (t5 all[s wat] to pass ?r\gh imm$iately aft] ra9s1 & becomes dry & p[d]y dur+ dr\ght4 ,not)/&+ ^? diff]5ces 9 _! me*anical "*1 bo? soils may be v f]tile1 or "o m s ?an ! o!r1 )\t ref]5ce to ! clay & s& :i* !y conta91 & :i*1 to our obs]vation1 =m _! lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,! same facts exi/ ) reg>d to a loam1 a calc>e\s 7or limey7 soil1 or a vegetable m\ld4 ,_! me*anical texture is n ess5tially an index to _! f]tility1 nor to ! manures requir$ to enable !m to furni% food to plants4 ,x is true1 t ea* k9d ( soil appe>s to h "s g5]al quality ( f]tility or b>r5ness :i* is well kn[n to practical m51 yet ?is is n f\nd$ on ! fact t ! clay or ! s&1 or ! vegetable matt]1 ent] m l>gely into ! con/itution ( plants ?an !y d :5 !y are n pres5t 9 s great quantities1 b on c]ta9 o!r facts :i* w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,:at is a s&y soil8 ,a clay soil8 ,a loamy soil8 ,a m>l8 ,a calc>e\s soil8 ,a peaty soil8 ,z ! foll[+ names are us$ to d5ote ! "* ( soils1 9 ord9>y agricultural description1 we w briefly expla9 _! application3 ,a ,s&y soil is1 ( c\rse1 "o 9 :i* s& l>gely pr$om9ates4 ,clay soil1 "o :]e clay =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! soil4 ,loamy soil1 :]e s& & clay are ab\t equally mix$4 ,m>l conta9s f five to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,calc>e\s soil m ?an tw5ty p] c5t4 ,peaty soils1 ( c\rse1 conta9 l>ge quantities ( organic matt]4,p ,h[ l>ge a "p ( ! soil may be us$ z food by plants8 ,:at d we le>n f ! analyses ( b>r5 & f]tile soils8 ,we w n[ take "u consid]ation t "p ( ! soil on :i* dep5ds its ability to supply food to ! plant4 ,?is portion r>ely con/itutes m ?an five or t5 p] c5t4 ( ! entire soil1 sometimes less--& x has no ref]5ce to ! s&1 clay1 & vegetable matt]s :i* !y conta94 ,f analyses ( _m f]tile soils1 & ( o!rs :i* are b>r5 or ( poor] quality1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 +r$i5ts is necess>y to f]tility4 ,?is may be bett] expla9$ by ! assi/ance ( ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,9 "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,soil f]tile ,good ,b>r54 )\t :eat soil4 manure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,organic matt]1 #i4g #g4j #d4j ,silica 7s&71 #fd4h #gd4c #gg4h ,alum9a 7clay71 #e4g #e4e #i4a ,lime1 #e4i #a4d 4#d ,magnesia1 4#i 4#g 4#a ,oxide ( iron1 #f4a #d4g #h4a ,oxide ( manganese1 4#a 4#a ,pota%1 4#b #a4g ,soda1 4#d 4#g ,*lor9e1 4#b 4#a ,sulphuric acid1 4#b 4#a ,phosphoric acid1 4#d 4#a ,c>bonic acid1 #d4j ,loss dur+ ! analysis #a4d #c4f 4#d ------------------------------------- #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:at c y say ( ! soils repres5t$ 9 ! table ( analyses8 ,:at proportion ( ! f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts is requir$8 ,if ! soil repres5t$ 9 ! ?ird column conta9$ all ! +r$i5ts requir$ except pota% & soda1 w\ld x be f]tile8 ,:at w\ld be necess>y to make x s8 ,:at is ! reason = ?is8 ,:at are ! (fices p]=m$ by ! inorganic "p ( soils8 ,! soil repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ column might /ill be f]tile ) less organic matt]1 or ) a l>g] proportion ( clay 7alum9a71 & less s& 7silica74 ,^! affect its me*anical "*2 b1 if we look d[n ! column1 we notice t !re are small quantities ( lime1 magnesia1 & ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! a%es ( plants 7except ox4 ( manganese74 ,x is n necess>y t !y %\ld be pres5t 9 ! soil 9 ! exact quantity nam$ above1 b n "o mu/ be entirely abs5t1 or greatly r$uc$ 9 proportion4 ,by ref]r+ to ! ?ird column1 we see t ^! +r$i5ts are n all pres5t1 & ! soil is b>r54 ,ev5 if x 7 suppli$ ) all b "o or two1 pota% & soda = in/ance1 x c\ld n support a crop )\t ! assi/ance ( manures conta9+ ^! alkalies4 ,! reason = ?is mu/ be readily se51 z we h le>n$ t no plant c arrive at maturity )\t ! necess>y supply ( mat]ials requir$ 9 ! =mation ( ! a%1 & ^! mat]ials c be obta9$ only f ! soil2 consequ5tly1 :5 !y d n exi/ !re1 x mu/ be b>r54 ,! inorganic "p ( soils has two di/9ct (fices to p]=m4 ,! clay & s& =m a mass ( mat]ial into :i* roots c p5etrate1 & ?us plants are support$ 9 _! position4 ,^! p>ts also absorb heat1 air & moi/ure to s]ve ! purposes ( gr[?1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]4 ,! m9ute portions ( soil1 :i* comprise ! acids1 alkalies1 & neutrals1 furni% plants ) _! a%es1 & are ! mo/ necess>y to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,,geology4 ,:at is geology8 ,is ! same k9d ( rock always ( ! same composition8 ,h[ d rocks diff]8 ,! relation betwe5 ! inorganic "p ( soils & ! rocks f :i* x 0 =m$1 is ! f\ndation ( ,agricultural ,geology4 ,geology may be briefly nam$ ! sci5ce ( rocks4 ,x w\ld n be prop] 9 an elem5t>y "w to introduce mu* ( ?is /udy1 & we w !re=e simply /ate t ! same k9d ( rock is ( ! same composition all ov] ! _w2 consequ5tly1 if we f9d a soil 9 ,new ,engl& =m$ f any p>ticul> rock1 & a soil f ! same rock 9 ,asia1 _! natural f]tility w be ! same 9 bo? localities4 ,"s rocks consi/ ( a mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ( m9]als2 & "s1 consi/+ *iefly ( "o +r$i5t1 are ( diff]5t degrees ( h>dness4 ,bo? ( ^! *anges mu/ affect ! "* ( ! soil1 b x may be laid d[n z rule t1 :5 ! rocks ( two locations are exactly alike1 ! soils =m$ f !m w be ( ! same natural f]tility1 & 9 proportion z ! "* ( rocks *anges1 9 ! same proportion w ! soils diff]4 ,:at rule may be giv5 9 relation to soils =m$ f ! same or diff]5t rocks8 ,are all soils =m$ f ! rocks on :i* !y lie8 ,:at in/ances c y give ( ?is8 ,9 mo/ di/ricts ! soil is =m$ f ! rock on :i* x lies2 b ?is is n always ! case4 ,soils are (t5 =m$ by deposits ( matt] br\ght by wat] f o!r localities4 ,?us ! alluvial banks ( riv]s consi/ ( matt]s br\ght f ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! riv]s h pass$4 ,! riv] ,nile1 9 ,egypt1 ye>ly ov]fl[s its banks1 & deposits l>ge quantities ( mud br\ght f ! un9habit$ upp] c\ntries4 ,! prairies ( ! ,we/ owe a portion ( _! soil to deposits by wat]4 ,swamps (t5 receive ! wa%+s ( adjac5t hills2 &1 9 ^! cases1 _! soil is d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce4 ,we might cont9ue to enum]ate in/ances ( ! relations betwe5 soils & ! s\rces :5ce !y orig9at$1 ?us demon/rat+ m fully ! importance ( geology to ! f>m]2 b x w\ld be beyond ! scope ( ?is "w1 & %\ld be inve/igat$ by s*ol>s m advanc$ ?an ^? :o are /udy+ m]ely ! elem5ts ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,! m9d1 9 its e>ly application to any bran* ( /udy1 %\ld n be *>g$ ) intricate subjects4 ,x %\ld ma/] well ! rudim5ts1 be=e inve/igat+ ^? matt]s :i* %\ld foll[ su* und]/&+4 ,9 :at light w plants & soils be reg>d$ by ^? :o und]/& !m8 ,by pursu+ ! prop] c\rse1 x is easy to le>n all t is necess>y to =m a good f\ndation = a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! subject4 ,if ?is f\ndation is laid ?or\ghly1 ! le>n] w reg>d plants & soils z old acqua9tances1 ) ^: =mation & prop]ties he is z famili> z ) ! con/ruction ( a build+ or simple ma*9e4 ,a simple spe> ( grass w become an object ( int]e/1 =m+ itself into a p]fect plant1 ) full developm5t ( roots1 /em1 leaves1 & se$s1 by processes ) :i* he feels acqua9t$4 ,! soil w cease to be m]e dirt2 x w be view$ z a comp\nd sub/ance1 ^: composition is a matt] ( int]e/1 & ^: c>e is productive ( intellectual pleasure4 ,! comm5cem5t ( /udy 9 any sci5ce mu/ necess>ily be we>isome to ! "y m9d1 b its m advanc$ /ages amply repay ! tr\ble ( e>ly ex]tions4 ,,footnotes3 ,m ,! spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles4 ,n ,9 v _m in/ances ! crevices & seams ( rocks are p]meat$ by roots1 :i*1 by decay+ & ?us induc+ ! gr[? ( o!r roots1 cause ^! crevices to become fill$ ) organic matt]4 ,?is1 by ! absorption ( moi/ure1 may exp& ) suffici5t p[] to bur/ ! rock4 ,o ,"s rocks conta9 sulphur1 phosphorus1 etc41 & ^! may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ z organic matt]4 ,p ,^! di/9ctions are n ess5tial to be le>n$1 b are (t5 conv5i5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,uses ,,( ,,organic ,,matt]4 ,:at proportion ( organic matt] is requir$ = f]tility8 ,h[ does ! soil obta9 its organic matt]8 ,h[ does ! gr[? ( clov]1 etc41 affect ! soil8 ,x w be recollect$ t1 9 addition to its m9]al portions1 ! soil conta9s organic matt] 9 v>i$ quantities4 ,x may be f]tile ) b "o & a half p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 & "s peaty soils conta9 m ?an fifty p] c5t4 or m ?an "o half ( ! :ole4 ,! precise am\nt necess>y _c be fix$ at any p>ticul> sum2 p]haps five p>ts 9 a hundr$ w\ld be z good a quantity z c\ld be recomm5d$4 ,! soil obta9s its organic matt] 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by ! decay ( roots & dead plants1 also ( leaves1 :i* h be5 br\ght to x by w9d1 etc4 ,second1 by ! application ( organic manures4 ,:5 organic matt] decays 9 ! soil1 :at becomes ( x8 ,is *>coal tak5 up by plants8 ,are humus & humic acid ( great practical importance8 ,:5 a crop ( clov] is rais$1 x obta9s its c>bon f ! atmosph]e2 &1 if x be pl[$ "u1 & all[$ to decay1 a portion ( ?is c>bon is deposit$ 9 ! soil4 ,c>bon con/itutes ne>ly ! :ole ( ! dry weight ( ! clov]1 aside f ! con/itu5ts ( wat]2 &1 :5 we calculate ! imm5se quantity ( hay1 & roots gr[n on an acre ( soil 9 a s+le season1 we %all f9d t ! am\nt ( c>bon ?us deposit$ is imm5se4 ,if ! clov] _h be5 remov$1 & ! roots only left to decay1 ! am\nt ( c>bon deposit$ w\ld /ill h be5 v great4 ,! same is true 9 all cases :]e ! crop is remov$1 & ! roots rema9 to =m ! organic or vegetable "p ( ! soil4 ,:ile und]go+ decomposition1 a portion ( ?is matt] escapes 9 ! =m ( gas1 & ! rema9d] *iefly assumes ! =m ( c>bon 7or *>coal71 9 :i* =m x w always rema91 )\t loss1 unless driv5 out by fire4 ,if a bu%el ( *>coal be mix$ ) ! soil n[1 x w be ! same bu%el ( *>coal1 nei!r m nor less1 a ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 unless "s influ5ce is br\ght to be> on x aside f ! gr[? ( plants4 ,x is true t1 9 ! case ( ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 c]ta9 comp\nds are =m$1 kn[n "u ! g5]al names ( humus & humic acid1 :i* may1 9 a slight degree1 affect ! gr[? ( plants1 b _! practical importance is ( too d\btful a "* to ju/ify u 9 consid]+ !m4 ,! application ( manures1 conta9+ organic matt]1 su* z peat1 muck1 animal manure1 etc41 supplies ! soil ) c>bon on ! same pr9ciple1 & ! decompos+ matt]s also g5]ate,q c>bonic acid gas :ile be+ decompos$4 ,! agricultural value ( c>bon 9 ! soil dep5ds 7z we h /at$71 n on ! fact t x ent]s into ! composition ( plants1 b on c]ta9 o!r important (fices :i* x p]=ms1 z foll[s3-- ,on :at does ! agricultural value ( ! c>bon 9 ! soil dep5d8 ,:y does x make ! soil m ret5tive ( manure8 ,:at is ! exp]im5t ) ! b>rels ( s&8 #a4 ,x makes ! soil m ret5tive ( manures4 #b4 ,x causes x to appropriate l>g] quantities ( ! f]tiliz+ gases ( ! atmosph]e4 #c4 ,x gives x great] p[] to absorb moi/ure4 #d4 ,x r5d]s x w>m]4 #a4 ,c>bon 7or *>coal7 makes ! soil ret5tive ( manures1 because x has 9 itself a /rong p[] to absorb1 & reta9,r f]tiliz+ matt]s4 ,!re is a simple exp]im5t by :i* ?is p[] c be %[n4 ,ex4--,take two b>rels ( pure bea* s&1 & mix ) ! s& 9 "o b>rel a few h&fuls ( *>coal du/1 leav+ t 9 ! o!r pure4 ,p\r ! br[n liquor ( ! b>n-y>d ?r\gh ! pure s&1 & x w pass out at ! bottom unalt]$4 ,p\r ! same liquor ?r\gh ! b>rel1 conta9+ ! *>coal1 & pure wat] w be obta9$ z a result4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! *>coal reta9s all ( ! impurities ( ! liquor1 & all[s only ! wat] to pass ?r\gh4 ,*>coal is (t5 employ$ to purify wat] = dr9k+1 or = manufactur+ purposes4 ,w *>coal purify wat]8 ,if a piece ( ta9t$ meat1 or a fi%y duck be buri$ 9 a ri* g>d5 soil1 :at takes place8 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is8 ,h[ does *>coal ov]come (f5sive odors8 ,h[ c y prove t *>coal absorbs ! m9]al impurities ( wat]8 ,a ri* g>d5-soil conta9s l>ge quantities ( c>bonace\s matt]2 &1 if we bury 9 su* a soil a piece ( ta9t$ meat or a fi%y duck1 x w1 9 a %ort "t1 be depriv$ ( its odor1 because ! *>coal 9 ! soil w entirely absorb x4 ,c>bon absorbs gases z well z ! impurities ( wat]2 &1 if a little *>coal be spr9kl$ ov] manure1 or any o!r sub/ance1 emitt+ (f5sive odors1 ! gases escap+ w be tak5 up by ! *>coal1 & ! odor w cease4 ,x has also ! p[] ( absorb+ m9]al matt]s1 :i* are conta9$ 9 wat]4 ,if a quantity ( salt wat] be filt]$ ?r\gh *>coal1 ! salt w be reta9$1 & ! wat] w pass ?r\gh pure4 ,we are n[ able to see h[ c>bon r5d]s ! soil ret5tive ( manures4 #a/4 ,manures1 :i* resemble ! br[n liquor ( b>n-y>ds1 h _! f]tiliz+ matt]s tak5 out1 & reta9$ by x4 ,h[ does *>coal 9 ! soil affect ! manures appli$8 ,:y does *>coal 9 ! soil cause x to appropriate ! gases ( ! atmosph]e8 ,:at f]tiliz+ gases exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,h[ are !y c>ri$ to ! soil8 ,does ! c>bon reta9 !m aft] !y rea* ! soil8 ,:at c y say ( ! air circulat+ ?r\gh ! soil8 ,h[ does c>bon give ! soil p[] to absorb moi/ure8 #b;d4 ,! gases aris+ f ! decomposition 7rott+7 ( manure are absorb$ by x4 #c;d4 ,! soluble m9]al portions ( manure1 :i* might 9 "s soils lea* d[n ) wat]1 are arre/$ & reta9$ at a po9t at :i* !y c be made use ( by ! roots ( plants4 #b4 ,*>coal 9 ! soil causes x to appropriate l>g] quantities ( ! f]tiliz+ gases ( ! atmosph]e1 on acc\nt ( its p[]1 z j nam$1 to absorb gases4 ,! atmosph]e conta9s results1 :i* h be5 produc$ by ! brea?+ ( animals & by ! decomposition ( v>i\s k9ds ( organic matt]1 :i* are expos$ to atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,^! gases are *iefly ammonia & c>bonic acid1 bo? ( :i* are l>gely absorb$ by wat]1 & consequ5tly are conta9$ 9 ra91 sn[1 etc41 :i*1 z !y ent] ! soil1 give up ^! gases to ! *>coal1 & !y !re rema9 until requir$ by plants4 ,ev5 ! air itself1 9 circulat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 gives up f]tiliz+ gases to ! c>bon1 :i* x may conta94 #c4 ,*>coal gives to ! soil p[] to absorb moi/ure1 because x is itself "o ( ! be/ absorb5ts 9 nature2 & x has be5 prov$ by accurate exp]im5t t peaty soils absorb moi/ure ) great] rapidity1 & "p ) x m sl[ly ?an any o!r k9d4 ,h[ does x r5d] x w>m]8 ,is ! heat produc$ by ! decomposition ( organic matt] p]ceptible to our s5ses8 ,is x s to ! gr[+ plant8 ,:at is ano!r important "p ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soil8 #d4 ,c>bon 9 ! soil r5d]s x w>m]1 because x d>k5s its color4 ,black surfaces absorb m heat ?an light ones1 & a black coat1 :5 worn 9 ! sun1 is w>m] ?an "o ( a light] color4 ,by mix+ c>bon ) ! soil1 we d>k5 its color1 & r5d] x capable ( absorb+ a great] am\nt ( heat f ! sun's rays4 ,x w be recollect$ t1 :5 vegetable matt] decomposes 9 ! soil1 x produces c]ta9 gases 7c>bonic acid1 etc471 :i* ei!r escape into ! atmosph]e1 or are reta9$ 9 ! soil = ! use ( plants4 ,! production ( ^! gases is always accompani$ by heat1 :i*1 ?\gh sc>cely p]ceptible to our s5ses1 is p]fectly s to ! gr[+ plant1 & is ( mu* practical importance4 ,?is w be exam9$ m fully 9 speak+ ( manures4 ,h[ is x obta9$ by ! soil8 ,:at (fices does ! organic matt] 9 ! soil p]=m8 ,ano!r important "p ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soil is t :i* conta9s nitrog54 ,?is =ms b a v small portion ( ! soil1 b x is ( ! greate/ importance to vegetables4 ,z ! nitrog5 9 food is ( absolute necessity to ! gr[? ( animals1 s ! nitrog5 9 ! soil is indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( cultivat$ plants4 ,x is obta9$ by ! soil 9 ! =m ( ammonia 7or nitric acid71 f ! atmosph]e1 or by ! application ( animal matt]4 ,9 "s cases1 manures call$ nitrates,s are us$2 &1 9 ?is mann]1 nitrog5 is giv5 to ! soil4 ,we h n[ le>n$ t ! organic matt] 9 ! soil p]=ms ! foll[+ (fices3-- ,organic matt] ?or\ghly decompos$ is c>bon1 & has ! v>i\s effects ascrib$ to ?is sub/ance on p4 #gi4 ,organic matt] 9 process ( decay produces c>bonic acid1 & sometimes ammonia 9 ! soil2 also its decay causes heat4 ,organic matt] conta9+ nitrog51 su* z animal sub/ances1 etc41 furni% ammonia1 & o!r nitrog5\s sub/ances to ! roots ( plants4 ,,footnotes3 ,q ,produce4 ,r ,by absorb+ & reta9+1 we mean tak+ up & hold+4 ,s ,nitrates are comp\nds ( nitric acid 7:i* consi/s ( nitrog5 & oxyg571 & alkal9e sub/ances4 ,?us nitrate ( pota% 7saltpetre71 is compos$ ( nitric acid & pota%3 nitrate ( soda 7cubical nitre71 ( nitric acid & soda4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,uses ,,( ,,inorganic ,,matt]4 ,:at effect has clay besides ! "o already nam$8 ,h[ does x comp>e ) *>coal = ?is purpose8 ,! (fices p]=m$ by ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! soil are _m & important4 ,^!1 z well z ! diff]5t conditions 9 :i* ! bodies exi/1 are necess>y to be ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,^? p>ts :i* con/itute ! l>g] proportion ( ! soil1 namely ! clay1 s&1 & limy portions1 are useful = purposes :i* h be5 nam$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is section1 :ile ! clay has an additional effect 9 ! absorption ( ammonia4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is z effectual z *>coal1 ! gases escap+ f manures1 z well z ^? exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ra9-wat]1 be+ arre/$ by clay z well z *>coal4,t ,:at p>ticul> condition ( inorganic matt] is requisite = f]tility8 ,:at is ! fix$ rule ) reg>d to ?is8 ,:at is ! condition ( ! alkalies 9 mo/ ( _! comb9ations8 ,( ! acids8 ,:at is said ( phosphate ( lime8 ,! m m9ute +r$i5ts ( ! soil--^? :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( plants--exi/ 9 conditions :i* are m or less favorable or injuri\s to vegetable gr[?4 ,! pr9cipal condition necess>y to f]tility is capacity to be dissolv$1 x be+ 7s f> z we h be5 able to asc]ta97 a fix$ rule1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! fir/ section1 t no m9]al sub/ance c ent] into ! roots ( a plant except x be dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! alkalies pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia1 are 9 ne>ly all ( _! comb9ations 9 ! soil suffici5tly soluble = ! purposes ( gr[?4 ,! acids are1 z w be recollect$1 sulphuric & phosphoric4 ,^! exi/ 9 ! soil 9 comb9ation ) ! alkalies1 z sulphates & phosphates1 :i* are m or less soluble "u natural circum/ances4 ,phosphoric acid 9 comb9ation ) lime z phosphate ( lime is b slightly soluble2 b1 :5 x exi/s 9 ! comp\nd kn[n z sup]-phosphate ( lime1 x is mu* m soluble1 & consequ5tly ent]s into ! composition ( plants ) mu* great] facility4 ,?is matt] w be m fully expla9$ 9 ! section on manures4 ,h[ may silica be r5d]$ soluble8 ,:at is ! condition ( *lor9e 9 ! soil8 ,d p]oxide & protoxide ( iron affect plants 9 ! same way8 ,h[ w\ld y treat a soil conta9+ protoxide ( iron8 ,on :at does ! usefulness ( all ^! matt]s 9 ! soil dep5d8 ,! neutrals1 silica1 *lor9e1 oxide ( iron1 & oxide ( manganese1 des]ve a c>eful exam9ation4 ,silica exi/s 9 ! soil usually 9 ! =m ( s&1 9 :i* x is1 z is well kn[n1 p]fectly insoluble2 &1 be=e x c be us$ by plants1 :i* (t5 require x 9 l>ge quantities1 x mu/ be made soluble1 :i* is done by comb9+ x ) an alkali4 ,= in/ance1 if ! silica 9 ! soil is insoluble1 we mu/ make an application ( an alkali1 su* z pota%1 :i* w unite ) ! silica1 & =m ! silicate ( pota%1 :i* is 9 ! exact condition to be dissolv$ & c>ri$ into ! roots ( plants4 ,*lor9e 9 ! soil is probably always 9 an available condition4 ,oxide ( iron exi/s1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 usually 9 ! =m ( ! p]oxide 7or r$ oxide74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x exi/s 9 ! =m ( ! protoxide 7or black oxide71 :i* is poison\s to plants1 & r5d]s ! soil unf]tile4 ,by loos5+ ! soil 9 su* a mann] z to admit air & wat]1 ?is comp\nd takes up m oxyg51 :i* r5d]s x a p]oxide1 & makes x available = plants4 ,! oxide ( manganese is probably ( little consequ5ce4 ,! usefulness ( all ( ^! matt]s 9 ! soil dep5ds on _! exposure2 if !y are 9 ! int]ior ( p>ticles1 !y _c be made use (2 :ile1 if ! p>ticles are s pulv]iz$ t _! con/itu5ts are expos$1 !y become available1 because wat] c imm$iately attack to dissolve1 & c>ry !m into roots4 ,:at is "o ( ! *ief (fices ( pl[+ & hoe+8 ,is ! subsoil usually diff]5t f ! surface soil8 ,:at circum/ances h occasion$ ! diff]5ce8 ,9 :at way8 ,?is is "o ( ! great (fices ( pl[+ & hoe+2 ! lumps ( soil be+ !reby m brok5 up & expos$ to ! action ( atmosph]ic influ5ces1 :i* are (t5 necess>y to produce a f]tile condition ( soil1 :ile ! trituration ( p>ticles r$uces !m 9 size4 ,,subsoil4 ,may ! subsoil be made to resemble ! surface soil8 ,may all soils be br\ght to ! highe/ /ate ( f]tility8 ,on :at exam9ation mu/ improvem5t be bas$8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! soil ( "s p>ts ( ,massa*usetts & t ( ! ,miami valley8 ,! subsoil is usually ( a diff]5t "* f ! surface soil1 b ?is diff]5ce is m (t5 ! result ( circum/ances ?an ( =mation4 ,! surface soil f hav+ be5 long cultivat$ has be5 m op5$ to ! influ5ces ( ! air ?an is ! case ) ! subsoil1 :i* has nev] be5 di/urb$ s z to all[ ! same action4 ,aga9 ! gr[? ( plants has suppli$ ! surface soil ) roots1 :i* by decay+ h giv5 x organic matt]1 ?us d>k5+ its color1 r5d]+ x w>m]1 & giv+ great] ability to absorb heat & moi/ure1 & to reta9 manures4 ,all ( ^! effects r5d] ! surface soil ( a m f]tile "* ?an x 0 be=e vegetable gr[? comm5c$2 &1 :]e frequ5t cultivation & manures h be5 appli$1 a /ill great] b5efit has result$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! subsoil may by ! same means be gradually improv$ 9 condition until x equals ! surface soil 9 f]tility4 ,! means ( produc+ ?is result1 also f>!r acc\nts ( its advantages1 w be giv5 "u ! head ( ,cultivation 7,sect4 ,,iv47 ,,improvem5t4 ,f :at has n[ be5 said ( ! "* ( ! soil1 x mu/ be evid5t t1 z we "k ! causes ( f]tility & b>r5ness1 we may by ! prop] means improve ! "* ( all soils :i* are n n[ 9 ! highe/ /ate ( f]tility4 ,*emical analysis w tell u ! composition ( a soil1 & an exam9ation1 su* z any f>m] may make1 w in=m u ( its defici5cies 9 me*anical "*1 & we may at once resort to ! prop] means to secure f]tility4 ,9 "s in/ances ! soil may conta9 e ?+ t is requir$1 b n 9 ! necess>y condition4 ,= in/ance1 9 "s p>ts ( ,massa*usetts1 !re are ne>ly b>r5 soils :i* %[ by analysis precisely ! same *emical composition z ! soil ( ! ,miami valley ( ,ohio1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile 9 ! _w4 ,! cause ( ?is great diff]5ce 9 _! agricultural capabilities1 is t ! ,miami soil has its p>ticles f9ely pulv]iz$2 :ile 9 ! ,massa*usetts soil ! +r$i5ts are comb9$ )9 p>ticles 7su* z pebbles1 etc471 :]e !y are out ( ! rea* ( roots4 ,:y d soils ( ! same degree ( f95ess sometimes diff] 9 f]tility8 ,c soils always be r5d]$ f]tile ) pr(it8 ,c we det]m9e ! co/ be=e comm5c+ ! "w8 ,:at mu/ be done be=e a soil c be cultivat$ und]/&+ly8 ,:at mu/ be done to keep up ! quality ( ! soil8 ,9 o!r cases1 we f9d two soils1 :i* are equally well pulv]iz$1 & :i* appe> to be ( ! same "*1 hav+ v diff]5t p[] to support crops4 ,*emical analysis w %[ 9 ^! in/ances a diff]5ce ( composition4 ,all ( ^! diff]5ces may be ov]come by ! use ( ! prop] means4 ,sometimes x c\ld be done at an exp5se :i* w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! result2 &1 at o!rs1 x might require too l>ge an outlay to be pr(itable4 ,x becomes a "q ( economy1 n ( ability1 & sci5ce is able to e/imate ! co/4 ,soil _c be cultivat$ und]/&+ly until x has be5 subject$ to su* an exam9ation z w tell u exactly :at is necess>y to r5d] x f]tile4 ,ev5 aft] f]tility is p]fectly re/or$ x requires ?\ght & c>e to ma9ta9 x4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ! soil mu/ be return$ 9 ! =m ( manures z l>gely z !y are remov$ by ! crop1 or ! supply w ev5tually become too small = ! purposes ( vegetation4 ,,footnotes3 ,t ,x is due to our c\ntry1 z well z to ,pr(4 ,mapes & o!rs1 :o long ago expla9$ ?is absorptive p[] ( clay & c>bon1 to say t ! subject 0 p]fectly und]/ood & practically appli$ 9 ,am]ica a numb] ( ye>s be=e ,pr(4 ,way publi%$ ! discov]y 9 ,engl& z orig9al4 ,,section ,,?ird4 ,,manures4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,"* ,,& ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,manures4 ,:at mu/ a f>m] "k 9 ord] to avoid failures8 ,c ?is be le>n$ entirely f obs]vation8 ,:at k9d ( action h manures8 ,give examples ( ea* ( ^!4 ,may me*anical effects be produc$ by *emical action8 ,h[ does pota% affect ! soil8 ,to und]/& ! sci5ce ( manures is ! mo/ important bran* ( practical f>m+4 ,no bak] w\ld be call$ a good practical bak] :o kept 8 fl\r expos$ to ! sun & ra94 ,no %oemak] w\ld be call$ a good practical %oemak]1 :o us$ morocco = ! soles ( 8 %oes1 & heavy lea!r = ! upp]s4 ,no c>p5t] w\ld be call$ a good practical c>p5t]1 :o tri$ to build a h\se )\t nails1 or o!r fa/5+s4 ,s ) ! f>m]4 ,he _c be call$ a good practical f>m] if he keeps ! mat]ials1 f :i* he is to make plants1 9 su* a condition1 t !y w h _! value de/roy$1 uses !m 9 ! wrong places1 or tries to put !m toge!r )\t hav+ e ?+ pres5t t is necess>y4 ,be=e he c avoid failures ) c]ta9ty1 he mu/ "k :at manures are compos$ (1 h[ !y are to be pres]v$1 :]e !y are ne$$1 & :at k9ds are requir$4 ,true1 he may f obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 guess at results1 b he _c "k t he is "r until he has le>n$ ! facts above nam$4 ,9 ?is section ( our "w1 we mean to convey "s ( ! in=mation necess>y to ?is bran* ( practical f>m+4 ,we %all adopt a classification ( ! subject some:at diff]5t f t f\nd 9 mo/ works on manures1 b ! facts are ! same4 ,! action ( manures is ei!r me*anical or *emical1 or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,= in/ance3 "s k9ds ( manure improve ! me*anical "* ( ! soil1 su* z ^? :i* loos5 /iff clay soils1 or o!rs :i* r5d] light s&y soils compact--^! are call$ me*anical manures4 ,"s aga9 furni% food = plants--^! are call$ *emical manures4 ,_m me*anical manures produce _! effects by means ( *emical action4 ,?us pota% comb9es *emically ) s& 9 ! soil4 ,9 s do+1 x r\gh5s ! surfaces ( ! p>ticles ( s&1 & r5d]s ! soil less liable to be compact$ by ra9s4 ,9 ?is mann]1 x acts z a me*anical manure4 ,! comp\nd ( s& & pota%1,u z well z ! pota% alone1 may ent] into ! composition ( plants1 & h5ce x is a *emical manure4 ,9 o!r words1 pota% belongs to bo? classes describ$ above4 ,x is important t ?is di/9ction %\ld be well und]/ood by ! le>n]1 z ! words me*anical & *emical 9 connection ) manures w be made use ( ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ pages4 ,:at are absorb5ts8 ,:at k9d ( manure is *>coal8 ,!re is ano!r class ( manures :i* we %all call absorb5ts4 ,^! comprise ^? sub/ances :i* h ! p[] ( tak+ up f]tiliz+ matt]s1 & reta9+ !m = ! use ( plants4 ,= in/ance1 *>coal is an absorb5t4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! section on soils1 ?is sub/ance is a reta9] ( all f]tiliz+ gases & _m m9]als4 ,o!r matt]s made use ( 9 agriculture h ! same effect4 ,^! absorb5ts w be spok5 ( m fully 9 _! prop] places4 ,,table4 ,,me*anical ,,manures are ^? :i* improve ! me*anical condition ( soils4 ,,*emical are ^? :i* s]ve z food = plants4 ,,absorb5ts are ^? sub/ances :i* absorb & reta9 f]tiliz+ matt]s4 ,into :at classes may manures be divid$8 ,:at are organic manures8 ,inorganic8 ,atmosph]ic8 ,manures may be divid$ into ?ree classes1 viz43 organic1 inorganic1 & atmosph]ic4 ,,organic manures comprise all animal & vegetable matt]s :i* are us$ to f]tilize ! soil1 su* z dung1 muck1 etc4 ,,inorganic manures are ^? :i* are ( a purely m9]al "*1 su* z lime1 a%es1 etc4 ,,atmosph]ic manures consi/ ( ^? organic manures :i* are 9 ! =m ( gases 9 ! atmosph]e1 & :i* are absorb$ by ra9s & c>ri$ to ! soil4 ,^! are ( imm5se importance4 ,! ammonia & c>bonic acid 9 ! air are atmosph]ic manures4 ,,footnotes3 ,u ,silicate ( pota%4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,excrem5ts ,,( ,,animals4 ,( :at is animal excrem5t compos$8 ,expla9 ! composition ( ! food ( animals4 ,:at does hay conta98 ,to :at does ,liebig comp>e ! consumption ( food by animals1 & :y8 ,! fir/ organic manure :i* we %all exam9e1 is animal excrem5t4 ,?is is compos$ ( ^? matt]s :i* h be5 eat5 by ! animal z food1 & h be5 ?r[n (f z solid or liquid manure4 ,9 ord] t we may "k ( :at !y consi/1 we mu/ ref] to ! composition ( food & exam9e ! process ( dige/ion4 ,! food ( animals1 we h se5 to consi/ ( bo? organic & inorganic matt]4 ,! organic "p may be divid$ into two classes1 i4 e41 t portion :i* conta9s nitrog5--su* z glut51 album51 etc41 & t :i* does n conta9 nitrog5--su* z />*1 sug>1 oil1 etc4 ,! inorganic "p ( food may also be divid$ into soluble matt] & insoluble matt]4 ,,dige/ion ,,& ,,its ,,products4 ,( :at does t "p ( dung consi/ :i* resembles soot8 ,:at else does ! dung conta98 ,9 :at mann] does ! dige/$ "p ( food escape f ! body8 ,let u n[ suppose t we h a full-gr[n ox1 :i* is n increas+ 9 any ( 8 p>ts1 b only consumes food to keep up 8 respiration1 & to supply ! natural wa/es ( 8 body4 ,to ?is ox we w fe$ a ton ( hay :i* conta9s organic matt]1 ) & )\t nitrog51 & soluble & insoluble inorganic sub/ances4 ,n[ let u try to foll[ x ?r\gh its *anges 9 ! animal1 & obs]ve its de/9ation4 ,liebig comp>es ! consumption ( food by animals to ! imp]fect burn+ ( wood 9 a /ove1 :]e a portion ( ! fuel is resolv$ into gases & a%es 7t is1 x is completely burn$71 & ano!r portion1 :i* is n ?or\ghly burn$1 passes (f z soot4 ,9 ! animal action 9 "q1 ! food und]goes *anges :i* are simil> to ?is burn+ ( wood4 ,a "p ( ! food is dige/$ & tak5 up by ! blood1 :ile ano!r portion rema9s undige/$1 & passes ! b[els z solid dung--correspond+ to soot4 ,?is "p ( ! dung !n1 we see is m]ely s mu* ( ! food z passes ?r\gh ! sy/em )\t be+ mat]ially *ang$4 ,its nature is easily und]/ood4 ,x conta9s organic & inorganic matt] 9 ne>ly ! same condition z !y exi/$ 9 ! hay4 ,!y h be5 r5d]$ f9] & s(t]1 b _! *emical "* is n mat]ially alt]$4 ,! dung also conta9s small quantities ( nitrog5\s matt]1 :i* leak$ out1 z x 71 f ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,! dige/$ food1 h[ev]1 und]goes fur!r *anges :i* affect its "*1 & x escapes f ! body 9 ?ree ways--i4 e41 ?r\gh ! lungs1 ?r\gh ! bladd]1 & ?r\gh ! b[els4 ,x w be recollect$ f ! fir/ section ( ?is book1 p4 #bb1 t ! c>bon 9 ! blood ( animals1 unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air drawn into ! lungs1 & is ?r[n (f 9 ! brea? z c>bonic acid4 ,! hydrog5 & oxyg5 unite to =m a "p ( ! wat] :i* con/itutes ! moi/ure ( ! brea?4 ,expla9 ! escape ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,:at becomes ( ! nitrog5\s p>ts8 ,h[ is ! soluble a% ( ! dige/$ food p>t$ )8 ,! insoluble8 ,if any portions ( ! food are n return$ 9 ! dung1 h[ are !y dispos$ (8 ,t portion ( ! organic "p ( ! hay :i* has be5 tak5 up by ! blood ( ! ox1 & :i* does n conta9 nitrog5 7correspond+ to ! fir/ class ( proximates1 z describ$ 9 ,sect4 ,i71 is emitt$ ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,x consi/s1 z w be recollect$1 ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & ^! assume1 9 respiration1 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! organic matt] ( ! dige/$ hay1 9 ! blood1 :i* conta9s nitrog5 7correspond+ to ! second class ( proximates1 describ$ 9 ,sect4 ,i71 goes to ! bladd]1 :]e x assumes ! =m ( urea--a con/itu5t ( ur9e or liquid manure4 ,we h n[ dispos$ ( ! imp]fectly dige/$ food 7dung71 & ( ! organic matt] :i* 0 tak5 up by ! blood4 ,all t rema9s to be exam9$ is ! inorganic or m9]al matt] 9 ! blood1 :i* w\ld h become a%es1 if ! hay _h be5 burn$4 ,! soluble "p ( ?is inorganic matt] passes into ! bladd]1 & =ms ! inorganic "p ( ur9e4 ,! insoluble "p passes ! b[els1 9 connection ) ! dung4 ,h[ is _! place suppli$8 ,is food put out ( exi/5ce :5 x is f$ to animals8 ,:at does ! solid dung conta98 ,liquid manure8 ,! brea?8 ,if any ( ! food tak5 up by ! blood is n return$ z above /at$1 x goes to =m fat1 muscle1 hair1 bones1 or "s o!r "p ( ! animal1 & z he is n gr[+ 7n increas+ 9 weight7 an equival5t am\nt ( ! body ( ! animal goes to ! manure to take ! place ( ! "p reta9$4,v ,we n[ h our subject 9 a =m to be readily und]/ood4 ,we le>n t :5 food is giv5 to animals x is n put out ( exi/5ce1 b is m]ely *ang$ 9 =m2 & t 9 ! impurities ( ! brea?1 we h a l>ge portion ( ^? p>ts ( ! food :i* plants obta9 f air & f wat]2 :ile ! solid & liquid excrem5ts conta9 all t 0 tak5 by ! plants f ! soil & manures4 ,! ,,solid ,,dung conta9s ! undige/$ p>ts ( ! food1 ! insoluble p>ts ( ! a%1 & ! nitrog5\s matt]s :i* h escap$ f ! dige/ive organs4 ,,liquid ,,manure ! nitrog5\s or second class ( proximates ( ! dige/$ food1 & ! soluble p>ts ( ! a%4 ,,! ,,brea? conta9s ! fir/ class ( proximates1 ^? :i* conta9 c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 b no nitrog54,w ,,footnotes3 ,v ,?is acc\nt ( dige/ion is n1 p]haps1 /rictly accurate 9 a physiological po9t ( view1 b x is suffici5tly s to give an elem5t>y und]/&+ ( ! "* ( excrem5ts z manures4 ,w ,! excrem5ts ( animals conta9 m or less ( sulphur1 & sometimes small quantities ( phosphorus4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,wa/e ,,( ,,manure4 ,:at are ! fir/ causes ( loss ( manure8 ,:at is evaporation8 ,! loss ( manure is a subject :i* dem&s mo/ s]i\s att5tion4 ,until )9 a few ye>s1 little 0 kn[n ab\t ! true "* ( manures1 & consequ5tly1 ( ! importance ( protect+ !m aga9/ loss4 ,! fir/ causes ( wa/e are evaporation & lea*+4 ,,evaporation4 ,"n a solid body :i* evaporates4 ,:at takes place :5 a dead animal is expos$ to ! atmosph]e = a suffici5t "t8 ,:at (t5 assi/ ! evaporation ( solids8 ,evaporation is ! *ang+ ( a solid or liquid body to a vapory =m4 ,?us common smell+ salts1 a solid1 if left expos$1 passes into ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( a gas or vapor4 ,wat]1 a liquid1 evaporates1 & becomes a vapor 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is ! case ) v _m sub/ances1 & 9 organic nature1 bo? solid & liquid1 !y are liable to assume a gase\s =m1 & become mix$ ) ! atmosph]e4 ,!y are n de/roy$1 b are m]ely *ang$ 9 =m4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is action1 suppose an animal to die & to decay on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,aft] a "t1 ! fle% w entirely disappe>1 b is n lo/4 ,x no long] exi/s z ! fle% ( an animal1 b its c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 /ill exi/ 9 ! air4 ,!y h be5 lib]at$ f ! attractions :i* held !m toge!r1 & h pass$ away2 b 7z we already "k f :at has be5 said 9 a =m] section7 !y are ready to be aga9 tak5 up by plants1 & press$ into ! s]vice ( life4 ,! evaporation ( liquids may take place )\t ! aid ( any ?+ b heat2 /ill1 9 ! case ( solids1 x is (t5 assi/$ by decay & combu/ion1 :i* break up ! bonds t hold ! con/itu5ts ( bodies toge!r1 & ?us enable !m to return to ! atmosph]e1 f :i* !y 7 orig9ally d]iv$4 ,:at is ! cause ( odor8 ,:5 we p]ceive an odor1 :at is tak+ place8 ,:y d manures give (f (f5sive odors8 ,h[ may we detect ammonia escap+ f manure8 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t e ?+1 :i* has an odor 7or c be smell$71 is evaporat+4 ,! odor is caus$ by p>ts ( ! body float+ 9 ! air1 & act+ on ! n]ves ( ! nose4 ,?is is an inv>iable rule2 &1 :5 we p]ceive an odor1 we may be sure t p>ts ( ! mat]ial1 f :i* x emanates1 are escap+4 ,if we p]ceive ! odor ( an apple1 x is because p>ts ( ! volatile oils ( ! apple ent] ! nose4 ,! same is true :5 we smell h>t%orn1 cologne1 etc4 ,manures made by animals h an (f5sive odor1 simply because volatile p>ts ( ! manure escape into ! air1 & are !re=e made p]ceptible4 ,all organic p>ts 9 turn become volatile1 assum+ a gase\s =m z !y decompose4 ,we d n see ! gases ris+1 b !re are _m ways by :i* we c detect !m4 ,if we wave a fea!r ov] a manure heap1 f :i* ammonia is escap+1 ! fea!r hav+ be5 rec5tly dipp$ 9 manure1 :ite fumes w appe> ar\nd ! fea!r1 be+ ! muriate ( ammonia =m$ by ! union ( ! escap+ gas ) ! muriatic acid4 ,n only ammonia1 b also c>bonic acid1 & o!r gases :i* are useful to vegetation escape1 & are giv5 to ! w9ds4 ,inde$ x may be /at$ 9 few words t all ( ! organic "p ( plants 7all t 0 obta9$ f ! air1 wat]1 & ammonia71 con/itut+ m ?an n9e t5?s ( _! dry weight1 may be evaporat$ by ! assi/ance ( decay or combu/ion4 ,! organic "p ( manures may be lo/ 9 ! same mann]2 &1 if ! process ( decomposition be cont9u$ long en\gh1 no?+ b a mass ( m9]al matt] w rema91 except p]haps a small quantity ( c>bon :i* has n be5 resolv$ into c>bonic acid4 ,:at rema9s aft] manure has be5 long expos$ to decomposition8 ,:at gase\s comp\nds are =m$ by ! decomposition ( manures8 ,! proportion ( solid manure lo/ by evaporation 7made by ! assi/ance ( decay71 is a v l>ge "p ( ! :ole4 ,manure _c be kept a s+le day 9 its natural /ate )\t los+ some?+4 ,x comm5ces to give out an (f5sive odor imm$iately1 & ?is odor is occasion$1 z 0 be=e /at$1 by ! loss ( "s ( its f]tiliz+ p>ts4 ,animal manure conta9s1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to p4 #ajj1 all ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 plants1 ?\gh n always 9 ! correct relative proportions to ea* o!r4 ,:5 decomposition comm5ces1 ! c>bon unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & passes (f z c>bonic acid2 ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 comb9e to =m wat] 7:i* evaporates71 & ! nitrog5 is mo/ly resolv$ into ammonia1 :i* escapes into ! atmosph]e4 ,describe fire-fang+4 ,:at takes place :5 animal manure is expos$ 9 an op5 b>n-y>d8 ,:at does liquid manure lose by evaporation8 ,if manure is ?r[n into heaps1 x (t5 f]m5ts s rapidly z to produce suffici5t heat to set fire to "s p>ts ( ! manure1 & cause x to be ?r[n (f ) great] rapidity4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 ne>ly all heaps ( animal excrem5t4 ,:5 !y h la9 = "s "t 9 mild wea!r1 gray /reaks ( a%es are (t5 to be se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! pile4 ,! organic "p ( ! manure hav+ be5 burn$ away1 no?+ b ! a% rema9s1--?is is call$ fire-fang+4 ,manures kept 9 cell>s )\t be+ mix$ ) refuse matt] are subject to ! same losses4 ,:5 kept 9 ! y>d1 !y are /ill liable to be lo/ by evaporation4 ,!y are "h (t5 saturat$ ) wat]1 & ?is wat] 9 its evaporation c>ries away ! ammonia1 & c>bonic acid :i* x has obta9$ f ! rott+ mass4 ,! evaporation ( ! wat] is rapidly c>ri$ on1 on acc\nt ( ! great ext5t ( surface4 ,! :ole mass is spongy1 & soaks ! liquids up f bel[ 7?r\gh holl[ /raws1 etc471 to be evaporat$ at ! surface on ! same pr9ciple z causes ! wick ( a lamp to draw up ! oil to supply fuel = ! flame4 ,,liquid ,,manure conta9+ l>ge quantities ( nitrog51 & =m+ mu* ammonia1 is also liable to lose all ( its organic "p f evaporation 7& f]m5tation71 s t x is r5d]$ z mu* less valuable z is ! solid dung4,x ,:5 does ! wa/e ( expos$ manure comm5ce8 ,:at does economy ( manure require8 ,:at is ! effect ( lea*+8 ,give an illu/ration ( lea*+4 ,f ^! rem>ks1 x may be ju/ly inf]r$ t a v l>ge portion ( ! value ( solid & liquid manure z ord9>ily kept is lo/ by evaporation 9 a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 dep5d+ on circum/ances1 :e!r x be ?ree mon?s or sev]al ye>s4 ,! wa/+ comm5ces z soon z ! manure is dropp$1 & cont9ues1 except 9 v cold wea!r1 until ! de/ruction is complete4 ,h5ce we see t true economy requires t ! manures ( ! /able1 /ye1 & p\ltry-h\se1 %\ld be protect$ f evaporation 7z w be h]eaft] describ$71 z soon z possible aft] !y are made4 ,,lea*+4 ,! subject ( lea*+ is z important 9 consid]+ ! inorganic p>ts ( manures z evaporation is to ! organic1 :ile lea*+ also affects ! organic gases1 !y be+ absorb$ by wat] 9 a great degree4 ,a good illu/ration ( lea*+ is f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( pota%4 ,:5 wat] is p\r$ ov] wood-a%es1 x dissolves _! pota% :i* x c>ries ?r\gh 9 solution1 mak+ ley4 ,if ley is boil$ to dryness1 x leaves ! pota% 9 a solid =m1 prov+ t ?is sub/ance _h be5 dissolv$ by ! wat] & remov$ f ! insoluble p>ts ( ! a%es4 ,h[ does wat] affect decompos+ manures8 ,does cont9u$ decomposition cont9ue to prep>e mat]ial to be lea*$ away8 ,h[ f> f ! surface ( ! soil may organic con/itu5ts be c>ri$ by wat]8 ,9 ! same way wat] 9 pass+ ?r\gh manures takes up ! soluble portions ( ! a% z fa/ z lib]at$ by decomposition1 & c>ries !m into ! soil bel[2 or1 if ! wat] runs (f f ! surface1 !y accompany x4 ,9 ei!r case !y are lo/ to ! manure4 ,!re is b a small quantity ( a% expos$ = lea*+ 9 rec5t manures2 b1 z ! decomposition ( ! organic "p proce$s1 x cont9ues to develope x m & m 79 ! same mann] z burn+ w\ld d1 only sl[]71 ?us prep>+ fre% supplies to be c>ri$ (f ) ea* %[]4 ,9 ?is way1 :ile manures are l>gely injur$ by evaporation1 ! soluble inorganic p>ts are remov$ by wat] until b a small remnant ( its orig9al f]tiliz+ prop]ties rema9s4 ,:at arre/s _! f>!r progress8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( all[+ ^! matt]s to filt] d[nw>ds8 ,:at does evaporation remove f manure8 ,lea*+8 ,x is a s+ul> fact conc]n+ lea*+1 t wat] is able to c>ry no "p ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( vegetables m ?an ab\t ?irty-f\r in*es bel[ ! surface 9 a f]tile soil4 ,!y w\ld probably be c>ri$ to an unlimit$ di/ance 9 pure s&1 z x conta9s no?+ :i* is capable ( arre/+ !m2 b1 9 mo/ soils1 ! clay & c>bon :i* !y conta9 reta9 all ( ! ammonia2 also ne>ly all ( ! matt]s :i* g to =m ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( plants )9 ab\t ! above nam$ di/ance f ! surface ( ! soil4 ,if su* 7 n ! case1 ! f]tility ( ! e>? mu/ soon be de/roy$1 z all ( ^? elem5ts :i* ! soil mu/ supply to gr[+ plants w\ld be c>ri$ d[n out ( ! rea* ( roots1 & leave ! _w a b>r5 wa/e1 its surface hav+ lo/ its elem5ts ( f]tility1 :ile ! d[nw>d filtration ( ^! w\ld r5d] ! wat] ( wells unfit = our use4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !y are all reta9$ ne> ! surface ( ! soil1 & ! wat] issues f spr+s comp>atively pure4 ,,evaporation removes f manure-- ,c>bon1 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid4 ,hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,nitrog51 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,,lea*+ removes f manure-- ,! soluble & mo/ valuable p>ts ( ! a% 9 solution 9 wat]1 besides c>ry+ away "s ( ! nam$ above =ms ( organic matt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,x ,x %\ld be recollect$ t e b5t /raw may act z a syphon1 & occasion mu* loss ( liquid manure4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,absorb5ts4 ,:at sub/ances are call$ absorb5ts8 ,:at is ! mo/ important ( ^!8 ,:at sub/ances are call$ *>coal 9 agriculture8 ,h[ is vegetable matt] r5d]$ useful z *>coal8 ,be=e consid]+ f>!r ! subject ( animal excrem5t1 x is necess>y to exam9e a class ( manures kn[n z absorb5ts4 ,^! comprise all matt]s :i* h ! p[] ( absorb+1 or soak+ up1 z x 71 ! gases :i* arise f ! evaporation ( solid & liquid manures1 & reta9+ !m until requir$ by plants4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is und\bt$ly c>bon or *>coal4 ,,*>coal4 ,*>coal1 9 an agricultural s5se1 means all =ms ( c>bon1 :e!r z peat1 muck1 *>coal du/ f ! sp>k-cat*]s ( locomotives1 *>coal he>?s1 riv] & swamp deposits1 leaf m\ld1 decompos$ sp5t tanb>k or sawdu/1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 if any vegetable matt] is decompos$ ) ! p>tial exclusion ( air 7s t !re %all n be oxyg5 en\gh suppli$ to unite ) all ( ! c>bon71 a portion ( its c>bon rema9s 9 ! exact condition to s]ve ! purposes ( *>coal4 ,:at is ! fir/-nam$ effect ( *>coal8 ,! second8 ,?ird8 ,f\r?8 ,expla9 ! fir/ action4 ,! (fices p]=m$ 9 ! soil by c>bonace\s matt] 7 fully expla9$ 9 a =m] section 7p4 #gi1 ,sect4 #b71 & we w n[ exam9e m]ely its action ) reg>d to manures4 ,:5 prop]ly appli$ to manures1 9 compo/1 x has ! foll[+ effects3 #a4 ,x absorbs & reta9s ! f]tiliz+ gases evaporat+ f decompos+ matt]s4 #b4 ,x acts z a divisor1 !reby r$uc+ ! /r5g? 7or int5sity7 ( p[]ful manures--?us r5d]+ !m less likely to injure ! roots ( plants2 & also increases _! bulk1 s z to prev5t fire fang+ 9 compo/s4 #c4 ,x 9 "p prev5ts ! lea*+ out ( ! soluble p>ts ( ! a%4 #d4 ,x keeps ! compo/ moi/4 ,! fir/-nam$ (fice ( *>coal1 i4 e41 absorb+ & reta9+ gases1 is "o ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x is ?is quality t gives to x s high a position 9 ! op9ion ( all :o h us$ x4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! section on soils1 c>bonace\s matt] seems to be capable ( absorb+ e ?+ :i* may be ( use to vegetation4 ,x is a gr& purifi]1 & :ile x prev5ts (f5sive odors f escap+1 x is at ! same "t /or+ its pores ) food = ! n\ri%m5t ( plants4 ,expla9 its action z a divisor4 ,h[ does *>coal protect compo/s aga9/ injuri\s action ( ra9s8 ,h[ does x keep !m moi/8 #b;d4 ,9 its capacity z a divisor = manures1 *>coal %\ld be consid]$ z excell5t 9 all cases1 especially to use ) /rongly conc5trat$ 7or heat+7 animal manures4 ,^!1 :5 appli$ 9 _! natural /ate to ! soil1 are v apt to injure "y roots by ! viol5ce ( _! action4 ,:5 mix$ ) a divisor1 su* manures are dilut$1 made less active1 & consequ5tly less injuri\s4 ,9 compo/s1 manures are liable1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 to become burn$ by ! resultant heat ( decomposition2 ?is is call$ fire fang+1 & is prev5t$ by ! lib]al use ( divisors1 because1 by increas+ ! bulk1 ! heat be+ diffus$ ?r\gh a l>g] mass1 becomes less int5se4 ,! same pr9ciple is exhibit$ 9 ! fact t x takes m fire to boil a cauldron ( wat] ?an a tea-kettle full4 #c;d4 ,*>coal has mu* p[] to arre/ ! passage ( m9]al matt]s 9 solution2 s mu* s1 t compo/ heaps1 well suppli$ ) muck1 are less affect$ by ra9s ?an ^? n s suppli$4 ,all compo/s1 h[ev]1 %\ld be kept "u cov]4 #d?4 ,*>coal keeps ! compo/ moi/ f ! ease ) :i* x absorbs wat]1 & its ability to )/& dr\ght4 ,:at s\rce ( c>bon is )9 ! rea* ( mo/ f>m]s8 ,:at d we mean by muck8 ,( :at does x consi/8 ,h[ does x diff] 9 quality8 ,) ^! advantages be=e u1 we mu/ see ! importance ( an und]/&+ ( ! modes = obta9+ *>coal4 ,_m f>m]s are s situat$ t !y c obta9 suffici5t quantities ( *>coal du/4 ,o!rs h n equal facilities4 ,ne>ly all1 h[ev]1 c obta9 muck1 & to ?is we w n[ turn our att5tion4 ,,muck1 ,,& ,,! ,,lime ,,& ,,salt ,,mixture4 ,:at is ! fir/ /ep 9 prep>+ muck = decomposition8 ,) :at proportion ( ! lime & salt mixture %\ld x be compo/$8 ,:y %\ld ?is compo/ be made "u cov]8 ,:at is ?is call$ aft] decomposition8 ,:y %\ld we n use muck imm$iately aft] tak+ x f ! swamp8 ,by muck1 we mean ! vegetable deposits ( swamps & riv]s4 ,x consi/s ( decay$ organic sub/ances1 mix$ ) m or less e>?4 ,its pr9cipal con/itu5t is c>bon1 9 diff]5t degrees ( developm5t1 :i* has rema9$ aft] ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]4 ,muck v>ies l>gely 9 its quality1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( c>bon :i* x conta9s1 & ! p]fection ( its decomposition4 ,! be/ muck is usually f\nd 9 comp>atively dry locations1 :]e ! wat] :i* once caus$ ! deposit has be5 remov$4 ,muck :i* has be5 long 9 ?is condition1 is usually bett] decompos$ ?an t :i* is saturat$ ) wat]4 ,! muck f swamps1 h[ev]1 may soon be br\ght to ! be/ condition4 ,x %\ld be ?r[n out1 if possible1 at lea/ "o ye> be=e x is requir$ = use 7a less "t may suffice1 except 9 v cold climates7 & left1 9 small heaps or ridges1 to ! action ( ! wea!r1 :i* w assi/ 9 pulv]iz+ x1 :ile1 f hav+ its wat] remov$1 its decomposition goes on m rapidly4 ,aft] ! muck has rema9$ 9 ?is condition a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 x may be remov$ to ! b>n-y>d & compo/$ ) ! lime & salt mixture 7describ$ on page #aae7 9 ! proportion ( "o cord ( muck to f\r bu%els ( ! mixture4 ,?is compo/ ought to be made "u cov]1 le/ ! ra9 lea* out ! con/itu5ts ( ! mixture1 & ?us occasion loss2 at ! end ( a mon? or m1 ! muck 9 ! compo/ w h be5 r$uc$ to a f9e pulv]ul5t mass1 ne>ly equal to *>coal du/ = application to animal excrem5t4 ,:5 9 ?is condition x is call$ prep>$ muck1 by :i* "n x w be designat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,muck %\ld n be us$ imm$iately aft] be+ tak5 f ! swamp1 z x is !n almo/ always s\r1 & is liable to produce sorrel4 ,its s\rness is due to acids :i* x conta9s1 & ^! mu/ be rectifi$ by ! application ( an alkali1 or by long exposure to ! wea!r1 be=e ! muck is suitable = use4 ,,lime ,,& ,,salt ,,mixture4 ,:at proportions ( lime & salt are requir$ = ! decompos+ mixture8 ,expla9 ! process ( mak+ x4 ,:y %\ld x be made "u cov]8 ,! lime & salt mixture1 us$ 9 ! decomposition ( muck1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,recipe4--,take ?ree bu%els ( %ell lime1 hot f ! kiln1 or z fre% z possible1 & slake x ) wat] 9 :i* "o bu%el ( salt has be5 dissolv$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to use only s mu* wat] z is necess>y to dissolve ! salt1 z x is difficult to induce ! lime to absorb a l>g] quantity4 ,9 dissolv+ ! salt1 x is well to hang x 9 a basket 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wat]1 z ! salt wat] w imm$iately settle t[>ds ! bottom 7be+ heavi]71 & all[ ! fre%e/ wat] to be ne>e/ to ! salt4 ,9 ?is way1 ! salt may be all dissolv$1 & ?us make ! br9e us$ to slake ! lime4 ,x may be necess>y to apply ! br9e at int]vals ( a day or two1 & to /ir ! mass (t51 z ! am\nt ( wat] is too great to be readily absorb$4 ,?is mixture %\ld be made "u cov]1 z1 if expos$1 x w\ld obta9 moi/ure f ra9 or dew1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! use ( all ! br9e4 ,ano!r objection to its exposure to ! wea!r is its great liability to be wa%$ away by ra9s4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ t5 days old be=e be+ us$1 & w\ld probably be improv$ by an age ( ?ree or f\r mon?s1 z ! *emical *anges x und]goes w require "s "t to be complet$4 ,expla9 ! "* ( ?is mixture z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram4 7,black bo>d47 ,! "* ( ?is mixture may be be/ describ$ by ! foll[+ diagram3-- ,we h orig9ally-- ---------------------------------- ,lime- ,salt consi/+ ( ---,*lor9e ,*loride & ( -,sodium4 ,sodium4 --,c>bonic acid & --,oxyg5 9 ! air4 -,*loride ( lime4- -,c>bonate ( ,soda4 ,y ,! lime unites ) ! *lor9e ( ! salt & =ms *loride ( lime4 ,! sodium1 aft] be+ fre$ f ! *lor9e1 unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air & =ms soda1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 =ms c>bonate ( soda4 ,*loride ( lime & c>bonate ( soda are bett] ag5ts 9 ! decomposition ( muck ?an pure salt & lime2 &1 z ^! comp\nds are ! result ( ! mixture1 mu* b5efit ensues f ! op]ation4 ,:5 %ell lime _c be obta9$1 ,?oma/on1 or any o!r v pure lime1 w answ]1 ?\gh c>e mu/ be tak5 t x d n conta9 mu* magnesia4 ,,lime4 ,:at effect has lime on muck8 ,on :at does ! en]gy ( ?is effect dep5d8 ,:y %\ld a compo/ ( muck & lime be protect$ f ra98 ,muck may be decompos$ by ! aid ( o!r mat]ials4 ,lime is v effici5t1 ?\gh n z mu* s z :5 comb9$ ) salt4 ,! action ( lime1 :5 appli$ to ! muck1 dep5ds v mu* on its condition4 ,air-slak$ lime 7c>bonate ( lime71 & hydrate ( lime1 slak$ ) wat]1 h b a limit$ effect comp>$ ) lime fre%ly burn$ & appli$ 9 a cau/ic 7or pure7 =m4 ,:5 s us$1 h[ev]1 ! compo/ %\ld n be expos$ to ra9s1 z ?is w\ld h a t5d5cy to make mort> :i* w\ld h>d5 x4 ,,pota%4 ,is pota% valuable = ?is use8 ,f :at s\rces may pota% be obta9$8 ,9 :at proportion %\ld a%es be appli$ to muck8 ,sp>l+s8 ,pota% is a v active ag5t 9 decompos+ vegetable matt]1 & may be us$ ) great advantage1 especially :]e an analysis ( ! soil :i* is to be manur$ %[s a defici5cy ( pota%4 ,unlea*$ wood a%es are g5]ally ! be/ s\rce f :i* to obta9 ?is1 & f five to tw5ty-five bu%els ( ^! mix$ ) "o cord ( muck w produce ! desir$ result4,z ,! sp>l+s 7or refuse7 ( pota% w>eh\ses may (t5 be pur*as$ at suffici5tly l[ rates to be us$ = ?is purpose1 & answ] an excell5t end4 ,!y may be appli$ at ! rate ( f tw5ty to "o hundr$ p\nds to ea* cord ( muck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by any ( ! =ego+ me?ods1 muck may be prep>$ = use 9 compo/+4 ,,footnotes3 ,y ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 "s ( ?is lime :i* does n unite ) ! *lor9e2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is /ill z valuable z any lime4 ,z ,lea*$ a%es w n supply ! place ( ^!1 z ! lea*+ has depriv$ !m ( _! pota%4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,compo/+ ,,/able ,,manure4 ,:at pr9ciples %\ld regulate u 9 compo/+8 ,9 :at condition is solid dung ( value z a f]tiliz]8 ,:at d we aim to d 9 compo/+8 ,9 compo/+ /able manure 9 ! mo/ economical mann]1 ! evaporation ( ! organic p>ts & ! lea*+ ( ! a%y 7& o!r7 portions mu/ be avoid$1 :ile ! condition ( ! mass is su* z to admit ( ! p]fect decomposition ( ! manure4 ,solid manures 9 _! fre% /ate are ( b v little use to plants4 ,x is only z !y are decompos$1 & h _! nitrog5 turn$ into ammonia1 & _! o!r +r$i5ts resolv$ into ! condition requir$ by plants1 t !y are ( mu* value z f]tiliz]s4 ,we h se5 t1 if ?is decomposition takes place )\t prop] precautions be+ made1 ! mo/ valuable p>ts ( ! manure w\ld be lo/4 ,nor w\ld x be prud5t to keep manures f decompos+ until !y are appli$ to ! soil1 = !n !y are n imm$iately ready = use1 & "t is lo/4 ,by compo/+1 we aim to save e ?+ :ile we prep>e ! manures = imm$iate use4 ,,%elt]4 ,:at is ! fir/ consid]ation = compo/s8 ,describe ! arrangem5t ( floor4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 prep>+ = compo/+1 is to provide prop] %elt]4 ,?is may be done ei!r by means ( a %$ or by arrang+ a cell> "u ! /ables1 or 9 any o!r mann] t may be dictat$ by circum/ances4 ,x is no d\bt bett] to h ! manure %$ enclos$ s z to make x an effectual protection2 ?is h[ev] is n absolutely necess>y if ! ro( project f> en\gh ov] ! compo/ to %elt] x f ! sun's rays & f driv+ ra9s4 ,! importance ( "s protection ( ?is k9d1 is evid5t f :at has already be5 said1 & inde$ x is impossible to make an economical use ( manures )\t x4 ,! trifl+ co/ ( build+ a %$1 or prep>+ a cell>1 is amply repaid 9 ! b5efit result+ f _! uses4 ,,! ,,floor4 ,! floor or f\ndation on :i* to build ! compo/ des]ves "s consid]ation4 ,x may be ( plank tightly fitt$1 a h>d b$ ( clay1 or bett]1 a cem5t$ surface4 ,:atev] mat]ial is us$ 9 its con/ruction 7& /iff clay mix$ ) wat] & beat5 compactly d[n answ]s an excell5t purpose71 ! floor mu/ h su* an incl9ation z w cause x to dis*>ge wat] only at "o po9t4 ,t is1 "o "p ( ! edge mu/ be l[] ?an ! re/ ( ! floor1 :i* mu/ be s %ap$ t wat] w run t[>ds ?is po9t f e "p ( x2 !n--! floor be+ wat]-tight--all ( ! liquids ( ! compo/ may be collect$ 9 a ,,tank4 ,h[ %\ld ! tank be atta*$8 ,?is tank us$ to collect ! liquids ( ! manure may be made by s9k+ a b>rel or hog%ead 7accord+ to ! size ( ! heap7 9 ! gr\nd at ! po9t :]e x is requir$1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t mann]4 ,9 ! tank a pump ( *eap con/ruction may be plac$1 to raise ! liquid to a suffici5t height to be convey$ by a tr\gh to ! c5tre ( ! heap1 & !re di/ribut$ by means ( a p]=at$ bo>d ) rais$ edges1 & long en\gh to rea* across ! heap 9 any direction4 ,by alt]+ ! position ( ?is bo>d1 ! liquid may be c>ri$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole mass4 ,! appe>ance ( ! app>atus requir$ = compo/+1 & ! compo/ laid up1 may be bett] %[n by ! foll[+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 a1 tank2 b1 pump2 c g1 p]=at$ bo>d2 d1 muck2 e1 manure2 f1 floor4 ,h[ is ! compo/ made8 ,! compo/ is made by lay+ on ! floor t5 or twelve in*es ( muck1 & on t a few in*es ( manure1 !n ano!r heavy lay] ( muck1 & ano!r ( manure1 cont9u+ 9 ?is mann] until ! heap is rais$ to ! requir$ height1 always hav+ a ?ick lay] ( muck at ! top4 ,:at liquids are be/ = moi/5+ ! compo/8 ,h[ %\ld !y be appli$8 ,:at are ! advantages ( ?is moi/5+8 ,h[ does x comp>e ) =k+ ov]8 ,aft] lay+ up ! heap1 ! tank %\ld be fill$ ) liquid manure f ! /ables1 slops f ! h\se1 soap-suds1 or o!r wat] conta9+ f]tiliz+ matt]1 to be pump$ ov] ! mass4 ,!re %\ld be en\gh ( ! liquid to saturate ! heap & filt] ?r\gh to fill ! tank twice a week1 at :i* int]vals x %\ld be aga9 pump$ up1 ?us cont9ually be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! manure4 ,?is liquid %\ld n be *ang$1 z x conta9s mu* soluble manure4 ,%\ld ! liquid manures nam$ above n be suffici5t1 ! quantity may be increas$ by ! use ( ra9-wat]4 ,t fall+ dur+ ! fir/ t5 m9utes ( a %[] is ! be/1 z x conta9s mu* ammonia4 ,! effects produc$ by frequ5tly wat]+ ! compo/ is "o ( ! greate/ advantages ( ?is sy/em4 ,! soluble portions ( ! manure are equally diffus$ ?r\gh e "p ( ! heap4 ,%\ld ! heat ( f]m5tation be too great1 ! wat]+ w r$uce x4 ,:5 ! compo/ is saturat$ ) wat]1 ! air is driv5 out2 &1 z ! wat] subsides1 fre% air ent]s & takes its place4 ,?is fre% air conta9s oxyg51 :i* assi/s 9 ! decomposition ( ! manure4 ,9 %ort1 ! wat]+ does all ! "w ( =k+ ov] by h& mu* bett] & mu* m *eaply4 ,:y w ! ammonia ( manure ?us made1 n escape if x be us$ z a top dress+8 ,:at are ! advantages ( prep>+ manures 9 ?is mann]8 ,:at is ! pr(it att5d+ x8 ,at ! end ( a mon? or m1 ?is compo/ w be ready = use4 ,! lay]s 9 ! manure w h disappe>$1 ! :ole mass hav+ become ( a uni=m "*1 highly f]tiliz+1 & ready to be imm$iately us$ by plants4 ,x may be appli$ to ! soil1 ei!r z a top-dress+1 or o!rwise1 )\t fe> ( loss1 z ! muck w reta9 all ( ! gases :i* w\ld o!rwise evaporate4 ,! co/ & tr\ble ( ! =ego+ sy/em ( compo/+ are trifl+ comp>$ ) its advantages4 ,! quantity ( ! manure is mu* increas$1 & its quality improv$4 ,! heal? ( ! animals is secur$ by ! ret5tion ( ^? gases1 :i*1 :5 all[$ to escape1 r5d] impure ! air :i* !y h to brea!4 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! /able & y>d is mu* advanc$ z ! effete matt]s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise litt] !m1 are c>efully remov$ to ! compo/4 ,z an in/ance ( ! pr(it ( compo/+1 x may be /at$ t ,pr(4 ,mapes has decompos$ n9ety-two cords ( swamp muck1 ) f\r hundr$ bu%els ( ! lime & salt mixture1 & !n compo/$ x ) eight cords ( fre% horse dung1 mak+ "o hundr$ cords ( manure fully equal to ! same am\nt ( /able-manure alone1 :i* has la9 "o ye> expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,inde$ "o cord ( muck well decompos$1 & conta9+ ! *lor9e lime & soda ( f\r bu%els ( ! mixture1 is ( itself equal 9 value to ! same am\nt ( manure :i* has la9 9 an op5 b>n-y>d dur+ ! heat & ra9 ( "o season1 & is !n appli$ to ! l& 9 a raw or undecompos$ /ate4 ,9 :at o!r mann]s may muck be us$ 9 ! pres]vation ( manures8 ,h[ may liquid manure be made mo/ useful8 ,! =ego+ sy/em ( compo/+ is ! be/ t has yet be5 sugge/$ = mak+ use ( solid manures4 ,_m o!r me?ods may be adopt$ :5 circum/ances w n admit ( s mu* att5tion4 ,x is a common & excell5t practice to ?r[ prep>$ muck into ! cell> "u ! /ables1 to be mix$ & turn$ ov] ) ! manure by sw9e4 ,9 o!r cases ! manures are kept 9 ! y>d1 & are cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( muck e morn+4 ,! pr9ciple :i* r5d]s ^! sy/ems b5eficial is ! absorb5t p[] ( *>coal4 ,,liquid ,,manure4 ,liquid manure f animals may1 also1 be made useful by ! assi/ance ( prep>$ muck4 ,:]e a tank is us$ 9 compo/+1 ! liquids f ! /able may all be employ$ to supply moi/ure to ! heap2 b :]e any sy/em is adopt$1 n requir+ liquids1 ! ur9e may be appli$ to muck heaps1 & !n all[$ to f]m5t4 ,f]m5tation is necess>y 9 ur9e z well z 9 solid dung1 be=e x is v active z a manure4 ,ur9e1 z w be recollect$1 conta9s nitrog5 & =ms ammonia on f]m5tation4 ,describe ! mann] ( digg+ out ! bottoms ( /alls4 ,x is a v good plan to dig out ! bottoms ( ! /alls 9 a circul> or gutt]-l =m1 ?ree or f\r feet deep 9 ! middle1 cem5t ! gr\nd1 or make x ne>ly wat]-tight1 by a pla/]+ ( /iff clay1 & fill !m up ) prep>$ muck4 ,! appe>ance ( a cross section ( ! floor ?us arrang$ w\ld be z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! prep>$ muck 9 ! bottom ( ! /alls w\ld absorb ! ur9e z soon z void$1 :ile yet w>m ) ! animal heat1 & receive heat f ! animal's body :ile ly+ d[n at night4 ,?is heat w ha/5 ! decomposition ( ! urea1,,aa & if ! muck be r5ew$ twice a mon?1 & t :i* is remov$ compo/$ "u cov]1 x w be f\nd a mo/ prolific s\rce ( good manure4 ,9 ,fl&]s1 ! liquid manure ( a c[ is consid]$ wor? #aj p] ye>1 & x is n less valuable "h4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is section1 ! inorganic 7or m9]al7 matt] conta9$ 9 ur9e1 is soluble1 & consequ5tly is imm$iately useful z food = plants4 ,by ref]r+ to ! analysis ( liquid & solid manure1 9 section ,v41 _! relative value may be se54 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,animal ,,excrem5t4 ,! manures ( diff]5t animals are1 ( c\rse1 ( diff]5t value1 z f]tiliz]s1 v>y+ accord+ to ! food1 ! age ( ! animals1 etc4 ,,/able ,,manure4 ,by /able manure we mean1 usually1 t ( ! horse1 & t ( horn$ cattle4 ,! case describ$ 9 *ap4 #b 7( ?is section71 0 "o :]e ! animal 0 n increas+ 9 any ( its p>ts1 b return$1 9 ! =m ( manure1 & o!rwise1 ! equival5t ( e ?+ eat54 ,?is case is "o ( ! mo/ simple k9d1 & is subject to _m modifications4 ,is ! manure ( full-gr[n animals ( ! same quality z t ( o!r animals8 ,:y does t ( ! gr[+ animal diff]8 ,:y does n ! =mation ( fat r$uce ! quality ( manure8 ,:at does milk remove f ! food8 ,! gr[+ animal is increas+ 9 size1 & z he d]ives 8 increase f 8 food1 he does n return 9 ! =m ( manure z mu* z he eats4 ,if 8 bones are gr[+1 he is tak+ f 8 food phosphate ( lime & nitrog5\s matt]2 consequ5tly1 ! manure w be poor] 9 ^! +r$i5ts4 ,! same may be said ( ! =mation ( ! muscles1 9 relation to nitrog54 ,! fatt+ animal1 if full gr[n1 makes manure :i* is z good z t f animals t are n increas+ 9 size1 because ! fat is tak5 f ^? p>ts ( ! food :i* is obta9$ by plants f ! atmosph]e1 & f nature1 7i4 e4 f ! #a/ class ( proximates74 ,fat conta9s no nitrog51 &1 consequ5tly1 does n less5 ! am\nt ( ?is +r$i5t 9 ! manure4 ,mil* ,c[s turn a "p ( _! food to ! =mation ( milk1 & consequ5tly1 !y produce manure ( r$uc$ value4 ,h[ d ! solid & liquid manure ( ! horse & ox comp>e8 ,:at occasions ^! diff]5ces8 ,! solid manure ( ! horse is bett] ?an t ( ! ox1 :ile ! liquid manure ( ! ox is comp>atively bett] ?an t ( ! horse4 ,! cause ( ?is is t ! horse has poor] dige/ive organs ?an ! ox1 & consequ5tly passes m ( ! valuable p>ts ( 8 food1 9 an undige/$ =m1 z dung1 :ile ! ox1 f *ew+ ! cud & hav+ m p]fect organs1 turns m ( 8 food into ur9e ?an ! horse4 ,,recapitulation4 ,,full ,,gr[n animals n produc+ milk1 & full make ! be/ manure4 gr[n animals fatt5+ ,,gr[+ ,,animals r$uce ! value ( _! manure1 tak+ portions ( _! food to =m _! bodies4 ,,mil* ,,c[s r$uce ! value ( _! manure by *ang+ a "p ( _! food into milk4 ,,! ,,ox makes poor dung & ri* ur9e4 ,,! ,,horse makes ri* dung & poor ur9e4,,ab ,,night ,,soil4 ,:at is ! mo/ valuable manure accessible to ! f>m]8 ,:at is ! probable value ( ! night soil ye>ly lo/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,( :at does ! manure ( man consi/8 ,! be/ manure )9 ! rea* ( ! f>m] is night soil1 or human excrem5t4 ,!re has always be5 a false delicacy ab\t m5tion+ ?is f]tiliz]1 :i* has caus$ mu* wa/e1 & great loss ( heal?1 f ! impure & (f5sive odors :i* x is all[$ to s5d =? to ta9t ! air4 ,! value ( ! night soil ye>ly lo/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 probably1 ab\t fifty millions ( doll>s 7#ej1jjj1jjj72 an am\nt ne>ly equal to ! entire exp5ses ( our ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,mu* ( ! ill heal? ( our p is und\bt$ly occasion$ by neglect+ ! prop] treatm5t ( night soil4 ,describe ?is manure z comp>$ ) ! excrem5ts ( o!r animals4 ,does ! use ( night soil produce disagreeable prop]ties 9 plants8 ,t :i* directly affects agriculture1 z treat$ ( 9 ?is book1 is ! value ( ?is sub/ance z a f]tiliz]4 ,! manure ( man consi/s 7z is ! case ) t ( o!r animals7 ( ^? p>ts ( 8 food :i* are n reta9$ 9 ! increase ( 8 body4 ,if he be gr[+1 8 manure is poor]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ox1 & x is subject to all ! o!r modifications nam$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,8 food is usually ( a v>i$ "*1 & is ri* 9 nitrog51 ! phosphates1 & o!r inorganic con/itu5ts2 consequ5tly1 8 manure is made valuable by conta9+ l>ge quantities ( ^! matt]s4 ,z is ! case ) ! ox1 ! dung conta9s ! undige/$ food1 ! secretions 7or leak+s7 ( ! dige/ive organs1 & ! insoluble p>ts ( ! a% ( ! dige/$ food4 ,! ur9e1 9 l mann]1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( ! nitrog5 & ! soluble inorganic p>ts ( ! dige/$ food4 ,:5 we consid] h[ mu* ri*] ! food ( man is ?an t ( horn$ cattle1 we %all see ! sup]ior value ( 8 excrem5t4 ,night soil has be5 us$ z a manure1 = ages1 9 ,*9a1 :i* is1 und\bt$ly1 "o great secret ( _! success 9 support+ a d5se population1 = s long a "t1 )\t impov]i%+ ! soil4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 9 _m in/ances1 to increase ! productive p[] ( ! natural soil ?ree-fold4 ,t is1 if a soil w\ld produce t5 bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 )\t manure1 x w\ld produce ?irty bu%els if manur$ ) night soil4 ,"s h suppos$ t manur+ ) night soil w\ld give disagreeable prop]ties to plants3 su* is n ! case2 _! quality is inv>iably improv$4 ,! color & odor ( ! rose become ri*] & m delicate by ! use ( ! mo/ (f5sive night soil z manure4 ,:at is ! direct object ( plants8 ,:at w\ld result if ?is 7 n ! case8 ,h[ may night soil be easily prep>$ = use1 & its (f5sive odor prev5t$8 ,x is evid5t t ?is is ! case f ! fact t plants h x = _! direct object to make ov] & put toge!r ! refuse organic matt]1 & ! gases & ! m9]als f\nd 9 nature1 = ! use ( animals4 ,if !re 7 no natural means ( r5d]+ ! excrem5t ( animals available to plants1 ! e>? mu/ soon be %orn ( its f]tility1 z ! elem5ts ( gr[? :5 once consum$ w\ld be ess5tially de/roy$1 & no soil c\ld survive ! exhau/ion4 ,!re is no reason :y ! manure ( man %\ld be reject$ by vegetation m ?an t ( any o!r animal2 & inde$ x is n1 = ample exp]i5ce has prov$ t = mo/ soils !re is no bett] manure 9 exi/5ce4 ,a s+le exp]im5t w suffice to %[ t night soil may be s kept t !re %all be no loss ( its valuable gases1 & consequ5tly no (f5sive odor aris+ f x1 :ile x may be remov$ & appli$ to crops )\t unpleasantness4 ,all t is necess>y to effect ?is wond]ful *ange 9 night soil1 & to turn x f its disagreeable "* to "o entirely in(f5sive1 is to mix ) x a little *>coal du/1 prep>$ muck1 or any o!r good absorb5t--?us mak+ :at is call$ p\drette4 ,! mode ( do+ ?is mu/ dep5d on circum/ances4 ,9 _m cases1 x w\ld be exp$i5t to keep a b>rel ( ! absorb5t 9 ! privy & ?r[ d[n a small quantity e day4 ,! effect on ! odor ( ! h\se w\ld amply repay ! tr\ble4 ,%\ld pure night soil be us$ z a manure8 ,:at precaution is necess>y 9 prep>+ hog manure = use8 ,! manure ?us made is ( ! mo/ valuable "*1 & may be us$ "u any circum/ances ) a c]ta9ty ( obta9+ a good crop4 ,x %\ld n be us$ unmix$ ) "s absorb5t1 z x is ( su* /r5g? z to kill plants4 ,= an analysis ( human manure1 see ,section ,v4 ,,hog ,,manure4 ,hog ,manure is v valuable1 b x mu/ be us$ ) c>e4 ,x is s viol5t 9 its action t1 :5 appli$ 9 a pure =m to crops1 x (t5 produces injuri\s results4 ,x is liable to make cabbages clump-foot$1 & to induce a disease 9 turnips call$ ambury 7or f+]s & toes74 ,! only precaution necess>y is to supply ! /ye ) prep>$ muck1 *>coal-du/1 leaf-m\ld1 or any absorb5t 9 pl5tiful quantities1 (t5 add+ fre% supplies4 ,! hogs w "w ?is ov] ) ! manure2 &1 :5 requir$ = use1 x w be f\nd an excell5t f]tiliz]4 ,! absorb5t w h ov]come its injuri\s t5d5cy1 & x may be safely appli$ to any crop4 ,f ! v>iety & ri* "* ( ! food ( ?is animal1 8 manure is ( a sup]ior quality4 ,:y is ! manure f but*]s' hog-p5s v valuable8 ,h[ does ! value ( p\ltry manure comp>e ) t ( guano8 ,h[ may x be protect$ aga9/ loss8 ,but*]s' hog-p5 manure is "o ( ! be/ f]tiliz]s kn[n4 ,x is made by animals t live almo/ entirely on blood & o!r animal refuse1 & is v ri* 9 nitrog5 & ! phosphates4 ,x %\ld be mix$ ) prep>$ muck1 or its sub/itute1 to prev5t ! loss ( its ammonia1 & z a protection aga9/ its injuri\s effect on plants4 ,,p\ltry ,,h\se ,,manure4 ,next 9 value to night soil1 among dome/ic manures1 are ! excrem5ts ( p\ltry1 pigeons1 etc4 ,birds live on ! nice bits ( creation1 se$s1 insects1 etc41 & !y dis*>ge _! solid & liquid excrem5ts toge!r4 ,p\ltry-dung is ne>ly equal 9 value to guano 7except t x conta9s m wat]71 & x des]ves to be c>efully pres]v$ & judici\sly us$4 ,x is z well wor? tw5ty-five c5ts p] bu%el z guano is wor? fifty doll>s a ton 7at :i* price x is n[ sold74 ,p\ltry-manure is liable to z mu* injury f evaporation & lea*+ z is any o!r manure1 & equal c>e %\ld be tak5 7by ! same means7 to prev5t su* loss4 ,good %elt] ov] ! roo/s1 & daily spr9kl+ ) prep>$ muck or *>coal-du/ w be amply repaid by ! increas$ value ( ! manure1 & its bett] action & great] durability 9 ! soil4 ,! value ( ?is manure %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 calculat+ ! pr(it ( keep+ p\ltry 7z inde$ ) all o!r /ock74 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by a g5tleman ( mu* exp]i5ce1 9 p\ltry rais+1 t ! ye>ly manure ( a hundr$ f[ls appli$ to previ\sly unmanur$ l& w\ld produce extra corn en\gh to keep !m = a ye>4 ,?is is probably a l>ge e/imate1 b x s]ves to %[ t ?is f]tiliz] is v valuable1 & also t p\ltry may be kept ) great pr(it1 if _! excrem5ts are prop]ly secur$4 ,! manure ( pigeons has be5 a favorite f]tiliz] 9 "s c\ntries = m ?an #bjjj ye>s4 ,m>ket g>d5]s atta* mu* value to rabbit-manure4 ,,%eep ,,manure4 ,:at c y say ( ! manure ( %eep8 ,! manure ( %eep is less valuable ?an x w\ld be1 if s l>ge a quantity ( ! nitrog5 & m9]al p>ts ( ! food 7 n employ$ 9 ! =mation ( wool4 ,?is has a great effect on ! ri*ness ( ! excrem5ts1 b !y are /ill a v good f]tiliz]1 & %\ld be protect$ f loss 9 ! same way z /able manure4 ,,guano4 ,%\ld ! use ( guano induce u to disreg>d o!r manures8 ,:]e & 9 :at mann] is ! be/ guano deposit$8 ,guano z a manure has become _w r5[n$4 ,! worn-out tobacco l&s ( ,virg9ia1 & o!r fields 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :i* seem$ to h yield$ to ! effect ( an ignorant c\rse ( cultivation1 & to h sunk to _! f9al repose1 h 9 _m cases be5 reviv$ to ! production ( excell5t crops1 & h _h _! value multipli$ _m fold by ! use ( guano4 ,al?\gh an excell5t manure1 x %\ld n cause u to lose sight ( ^? valuable mat]ials :i* exi/ on almo/ e f>m4 ,e ton ( guano import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates is an addition to our national weal?1 b e ton ( /able-manure1 or p\ltry-dung1 or night soil evaporat$ or c>ri$ away 9 riv]s1 is equally a d$uction f our ri*es4 ,if ! import$ manure is to really b5efit u1 we mu/ n all[ x to occasion ! neglect & consequ5t loss ( our dome/ic f]tiliz]s4 ,! ,p]uvian guano 7:i* is consid]$ ! be/7 is br\ght f isl&s ne> ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,! birds :i* frequ5t ^! isl&s live almo/ entirely on fi%1 & drop _! excrem5ts "h 9 a climate :]e ra9 is almo/ unkn[n1 & :]e1 f ! dryness ( ! air1 !re is b little loss su/a9$ by ! manure4 ,x is br\ght to ?is c\ntry 9 l>ge quantities1 & is an excell5t f]tiliz]1 sup]ior ev5 to night soil4 ,h[ %\ld x be prep>$ = use8 ,x %\ld be mix$ ) an absorb5t be=e be+ us$1 unless x is pl[$ deeply "u ! soil1 z x conta9s mu* ammonia :i* w\ld be lo/ f evaporation4 ,x w\ld probably also injure plants4 ,! be/ way to use guano1 is 9 connection ) sulphuric acid & bones1 z w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,! composition ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( guano may be f\nd 9 ! section on analysis4 ,,footnotes3 ,,aa ,! nitrog5\s comp\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,,ab ,comp>atively4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,o!r ,,organic ,,manures4 ,! numb] ( organic manures is almo/ c\ntless4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! h be5 describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s on ! excrem5ts ( animals4 ,! m prom95t ( ! rema9+ ones w n[ be consid]$4 ,z a univ]sal rule1 x may be /at$ t all organic matt] 7e ?+ :i* has _h vegetable or animal life7 is capable ( f]tiliz+ plants4 ,,dead ,,animals4 ,:at are ! *ief f]tiliz+ con/itu5ts ( dead animals8 ,:at becomes ( ^! :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e8 ,h[ may ?is be prev5t$8 ,! bodies ( animals conta9 mu* nitrog51 z well z valuable quantities1 ! phosphates & o!r inorganic mat]ials requir$ 9 ! gr[? ( plants4 ,on _! decay1 ! nitrog5 is resolv$ into ammonia1,,ac & ! m9]al matt]s become valuable z food = ! inorganic p>ts ( plants4 ,if ! decomposition ( animal bodies takes place 9 expos$ situations1 & )\t prop] precautions1 ! ammonia escapes into ! atmosph]e1 & mu* ( ! m9]al portion is lea*$ out by ra9s4 ,! use ( absorb5ts1 su* z *>coal-du/1 prep>$ muck1 etc41 w entirely prev5t evaporation1 & w 9 a great measure s]ve z a protection aga9/ lea*+4 ,if a dead horse be cut 9 pieces & mix$ ) t5 loads ( muck1 ! :ole mass w1 9 a s+le season1 become a mo/ valuable compo/4 ,small animals1 su* z dogs1 cats1 etc41 may be ) advantage buri$ by ! roots ( grape-v9es or trees4 ,,bones4 ,( :at d ! bones ( animals consi/8 ,:at is gelat9e8 ,describe ! f]tiliz+ qualities ( fi%4 ,! bones ( animals conta9 phosphate ( lime & gelat9e4 ,! gelat9e is a nitrog5\s sub/ance1 & produces ammonia on its decomposition4 ,?is subject w be spok5 ( m fully "u ! head ( 'phosphate ( lime' 9 ! *apt] on m9]al manures1 z ! treatm5t ( bones is m directly ) ref]5ce to ! f]tiliz+ value ( _! inorganic matt]4 ,,fi%4 ,9 _m localities ne> ! sea-%ore l>ge quantities ( fi% are caught & appli$ to ! soil4 ,^! make excell5t manure4 ,!y conta9 mu* nitrog51 :i* r5d]s !m /rongly ammoniacal on decomposition4 ,_! bones consi/ ( phosphate & c>bonate ( lime2 &1 be+ naturally s(t1 !y decompose 9 ! soil ) great facility1 & become available to plants4 ,! scales ( fi% conta9 valuable quantities ( nitrog51 phosphate ( lime1 etc41 all ( :i* are highly useful4 ,refuse fi%y matt]s f m>kets & f ! h\se are well wor? sav+4 ,^! & fi% caught = manure may be made into compo/ ) prep>$ muck1 etc42 &1 z !y putrefy rapidly1 !y soon become ready = use4 ,!y may be add$ to ! compo/ ( /able manure ) great advantage4 ,%\ld ^! be appli$ z a top dress+ to ! soil8 ,:at are ! f]tiliz+ prop]ties ( wooll5 rags8 ,:at is ! be/ way to use !m8 ,fi% 7l all o!r nitrog5\s manures7 %\ld nev] be appli$ z a top dress+1 unless previ\sly mix$ ) a good absorb5t ( ammonia1 b %\ld :5 us$ alone be imm$iately pl[$ "u to consid]able dep?1 to prev5t ! evaporation--& consequ5t loss--( _! f]tiliz+ gases4 ,,wooll5 ,,rags1 ,,etc4 ,wooll5 rags1 hair1 wa/e ( wooll5 factories1 etc41 conta9 bo? nitrog5 & phosphate ( lime2 &1 l all o!r matt]s conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts1 are excell5t manures1 b mu/ be us$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! escape ( _! f]tiliz+ gases4 ,!y decompose sl[ly1 & are !re=e consid]$ a la/+ manure4 ,l all la/+ manures1 h[ev]1 !y are sl[ 9 _! effects1 & ! mo/ advantage\s way to use !m is to compo/ !m ) /able manure1 or ) "s o!r rapidly f]m5t+ sub/ance1 :i* w ha/5 _! decomposition & r5d] !m soon] available4 ,rags1 hair1 etc41 ?us treat$1 w 9 a %ort "t be r$uc$ to su* a condition t !y may be imm$iately us$ by plants in/ead ( ly+ 9 ! soil to be sl[ly tak5 up4 ,x is bett] 9 all cases to h manures act quickly & give an imm$iate return = _! co/1 ?an to lie = a long "t 9 ! soil be=e _! influ5ce is felt4 ,:at is _! value comp>$ ) t ( f>m-y>d manure8 ,h[ %\ld old lea!r be treat$8 ,describe ! manurial prop]ties ( tann]s' refuse4 ,h[ %\ld !y be treat$8 ,are horn pi?s1 etc4 valuable8 ,a p\nd ( wooll5 rags is wor?1 z a manure1 twice z mu* z is paid = good l95 %r$s = pap] mak+2 /ill1 :ile ! latt] are always pres]v$1 ! =m] are ?r[n away1 al?\gh consid]$ by good judges to be wor? =ty times z mu* z b>n-y>d manure4 ,old lea!r %\ld n be ?r[n away4 ,x decomposes v sl[ly1 & consequ5tly is ( b a little value2 b1 if put at ! roots ( "y trees1 x w 9 "t produce appreciable effects4 ,tann]s' & curri]s' refuse1 & all o!r animal (fal1 includ+ t ( ! slaught]-h\se1 is well wor? att5tion1 z x conta9s m or less ( ^? two mo/ important +r$i5ts ( manures1 nitrog5 & phosphate ( lime4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t1 9 common ) all o!r animal manures1 ^! sub/ances mu/ be ei!r compo/$1 or imm$iately pl[$ "u ! soil4 ,horn pi?s1 & horn %av+s1 if decompos$ 9 compo/1 ) sub/ances :i* f]m5t rapidly1 make v good manure1 & are wor? fully ! price *>g$ = !m4 ,,organic ,,manures ,,( ,,vegetable ,,orig94 ,muck1 ! mo/ important ( ! purely vegetable manures1 has be5 already suffici5tly describ$4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly borne 9 m9d t1 :5 fir/ tak5 f ! swamp x is (t5 s\r1 or cold1 b t if expos$ = a long "t to ! air1 or if well treat$ ) lime1 unlea*$ a%es1 ! lime & salt mixture1 or any o!r alkali1 its acids w be neutraliz$ 7or ov]come71 & x becomes a good application to any soil1 except peat or o!r soils already conta9+ l>ge quantities ( organic matt]4 ,9 apply+ muck to ! soil 7z has be5 be=e /at$71 x %\ld be made a vehicle = c>ry+ ammoniacal manures4 ,,sp5t ,,tan ,,b>k4 ,:y is decompos$ b>k m f]tiliz+ ?an t ( decay$ wood8 ,sp5t tan b>k1 if previ\sly decompos$ by ! use ( ! lime & salt mixture1 or pota%1 answ]s all ! purposes ( prep>$ muck1 b is m difficult ( decomposition4 ,h[ may b>k be decompos$8 ,:y %\ld tan b>k be compo/$ ) an alkali8 ,:y is x good = mul*+8 ,is sawdu/ ( any value8 ,! b>k ( trees conta9s a l>g] proportion ( inorganic matt] ?an ! wood1 & mu* ( ?is1 on ! decomposition ( ! b>k1 becomes available z manure4 ,! *emical effect on ! b>k1 ( us+ x 9 ! tann+ ( lea!r1 is su* z to r5d] x difficult to be rott$ by ! ord9>y means1 b1 by ! use ( ! lime & salt mixture x may be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ condition1 & becomes a mo/ excell5t manure4 ,x probably conta9s small quantities ( nitrog5 7obta9$ f ! lea!r71 :i* adds to its value4 ,unless tan b>k be compo/$ ) lime1 or "s o!r alkali1 x may produce injuri\s effects f ! tannic acid :i* x is liable to conta94 ,alkal9e sub/ances w neutralize ?is acid1 & prev5t x f be+ injuri\s4 ,"o great b5efit result+ f ! use ( sp5t tan b>k1 is due to its p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,= ?is reason x is v valuable = mul*+,,ad "y trees & plants :5 fir/ set out4 ,,sawdu/4 ,:y is sawdu/ a good addition to ! pig-/ye8 ,:at is ! peculi>ity ( sawdu/ f ! bee*1 etc48 ,:at is a peculi>ity ( soot8 ,:y may soot be us$ z a top dress+ )\t los+ its ammonia8 ,sawdu/ 9 its natural /ate is ( v little value to ! l&1 b :5 decompos$1 z may be done by ! same me?od z 0 describ$ = tan b>k1 x is ( "s importance1 z x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( c>bon4 ,its a%1 too1 :i* becomes available1 conta9s soluble inorganic matt]1 & 9 ?is way x acts z a direct manure4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! value ( ! a%1 h[ev]1 ! b>k is sup]ior to sawdu/4 ,sawdu/ may be p>tially rott$ by mix+ x ) /rong manure 7z hog manure71 :ile x acts z a divisor1 & prev5ts ! too rapid action ( ?is :5 appli$ to ! soil4 ,"s k9ds ( sawdu/1 su* z t f bee* wood1 =m acetic acid on _! decomposition1 & ^! %\ld be treat$ )1 at lea/1 a suffici5t quantity ( lime to correct ! acid4 ,soot is a good manure4 ,x conta9s mu* c>bon1 & has1 ?us f>1 all ( ! b5eficial effects ( *>coal du/4 ,! sulphur1 :i* is "o ( its con/itu5ts1 n only s]ves z food = plants1 b1 f its odor1 is a good protection aga9/ "s insects4 ,by ?r[+ a h&ful ( soot on a melon v9e1 or "y cabbage plant1 x w keep away _m insects4 ,soot conta9s "s ammonia1 & z ?is is 9 ! =m ( a sulphate1 x is n volatile1 & consequ5tly does n evaporate :5 ! soot is appli$ z a top dress+1 :i* is ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om4 ,,gre5 ,,crops4 ,:at plants are mo/ us$ z gre5 crops8 ,:at (fice is p]=m$ by ! roots ( gre5 crops8 ,h[ d su* manures increase ! organic matt] ( soils8 ,gre5 crops1 to pl[ "u1 are 9 _m places l>gely rais$1 & are always b5eficial4 ,! plants mo/ us$ = ?is purpose1 9 our c\ntry1 are clov]1 buck:eat1 & peas4 ,^! plants h v long roots1 :i* !y s5d deep 9 ! soil1 to draw up m9]al matt] = _! support4 ,?is m9]al matt] is deposit$ 9 ! plant4 ,! leaves & roots receive c>bonic acid & ammonia f ! air1 & f wat]4 ,9 ?is mann] !y obta9 _! c>bon4 ,:5 ! crop is turn$ "u ! soil1 x decomposes1 & ! c>bon1 z well z ! m9]al +r$i5ts obta9$ f ! subsoil1 are deposit$ 9 ! surface soil1 & become ( use to succe$+ crops4 ,! holl[ /alks ( ! buck:eat & pea1 s]ve z tubes1 9 ! soil1 = ! passage ( air1 & ?us1 9 heavy soils1 give a mu* ne$$ circulation ( atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s4 ,:at (fice is p]=m$ by ! /raw ( ! buck:eat & pea8 ,:at treatm5t may be sub/itut$ = ! use ( gre5 crops8 ,:i* c\rse %\ld be adopt$ 9 high f>m+8 ,:y is ! use ( gre5 crops pref]able 9 ord9>y cultivation8 ,"n "s o!r valuable manures4 ,al?\gh gre5 crops are ( great b5efit1 & are manag$ ) little labor1 !re is no d\bt b ! same results may be m economically produc$4 ,a few loads ( prep>$ muck w d m t[>ds increas+ ! organic matt] 9 ! soil1 ?an a v heavy crop ( clov]1 :ile x w\ld be ready = imm$iate cultivation1 in/ead ( hav+ to lie idle dur+ ! ye> requir$ 9 ! production & decomposition ( ! gre5 crop4 ,! effect ( ! roots p5etrat+ ! subsoil is1 z we h se51 to draw up inorganic matt]1 to be deposit$ )9 rea* ( ! roots ( future crops4 ,9 ! next section we %all %[ t ?is end may be mu* m effici5tly atta9$ by ! use ( ! sub-soil pl[1 :i* makes a passage = ! roots into ! subsoil1 :]e !y c obta9 = !mselves :at w\ld1 9 ! o!r case1 be br\ght up = !m by ! roots ( ! gre5 crop4 ,! (fices ( ! holl[ /raws may be p]=m$ by a sy/em ( ridg+ & back furr[+1 hav+ previ\sly cov]$ ! soil ) leaves1 or o!r refuse organic mat]ial4 ,9 high f>m+1 :]e ! object ( ! cultivator is to make a pr(itable inve/m5t ( labor1 ^! la/ nam$ me?ods w be f\nd mo/ exp$i5t2 b1 if ! f>m] h a l>ge quantity ( l&1 & c af=d b a limit$ am\nt ( labor1 ! rais+ ( gre5 crops1 to be pl[$ "u 9 ! fall1 w probably be adopt$4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt]1 x may be well to rem>k t !re are v>i\s o!r f]tiliz]s1 su* z ! ammoniacal liquor ( gas-h\ses1 soap]s' wa/es1 blea*]s' lye1 lees ( old oil casks1 etc41 :i* we h n space to consid] at l5g?1 b :i* are all valuable z additions to ! compo/ heap1 or z applications1 9 a liquid =m1 to ! soil4 ,:at are ! advantages aris+ f bury+ manure 9 its gre5 /ate8 ,:i* is g5]ally pref]able1 ?is c\rse1 or compo/+8 ,:y8 ,9 _m cases 7:5 heavy manur+ is practis$71 x may be well to apply organic manures to ! soil 9 a gre5 /ate1 turn !m "u1 & all[ !m to und]go decomposition 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em are1 t ! heat1 result+ f ! *emical *anges1 w ha/5 ! gr[? ( plants1 by mak+ ! soil w>m]2 ! c>bonic acid =m$ w be pres5t$ to ! roots in/ead ( escap+ into ! atmosph]e2 & if ! soil be heavy1 ! ris+ ( ! gases w t5d to loos5 x1 & ! leav+ vacant ( ! spaces occupi$ by ! solid matt]s w1 on _! be+ resolv$ into gases1 r5d] ! soil ( a m por\s "*4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 9 ord9>y f>m+1 :]e ! am\nt ( manure appli$ is only suffici5t = ! supply ( food to ! crop1 x is und\bt$ly bett] to h x previ\sly decompos$--cook$ z x 71 = ! uses ( ! plants--z !y c !n obta9 ! requir$ am\nt ( nutrim5t z fa/ z ne$$4 ,,absorption ,,( ,,moi/ure4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t to "k ! relative p[] ( diff]5t manures to absorb moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 especially :5 we wi% to manure l&s t suff] f dr\ght4 ,! foll[+ results are giv5 by ,c4 ,w4 ,johnson1 9 8 essay on salt1 7pp4 #h & #ai74 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! animal manures 7 employ$ )\t any admixture ( /raw4 ,,p>ts #ajjj p>ts ( horse dung1 dri$ 9 a temp]ature ( #ajj1 absorb$ by exposure = ?ree h\rs1 to air saturat$ ) moi/ure1 ( ! temp]ature ( #fb #ade #ajjj p>ts ( c[ dung1 "u ! same circum/ances1 absorb$ #acj #ajjj p>ts pig dung #abj #ajjj %eep #ha #ajjj pigeon #ej #ajjj ri* alluvial soil #ad #ajjj fre% tann]'s b>k #aae #ajjj putrifi$ #ade #ajjj refuse m>9e salt sold z manure #di #ajjj soot #cf #ajjj burnt clay #bi #ajjj coal a%es #ad #ajjj lime #aa #ajjj s$im5t f salt pans #aj #ajjj cru%$ rock salt #aj #ajjj gypsum #i #ajjj salt #d;,,ae ,muck is a mo/ excell5t absorb5t ( moi/ure1 :5 ?or\ghly decompos$4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,manures4 ,! foll[+ table f ,johnson1 on manures1 w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 ! di/ribution ( manures4 ,by its assi/ance ! f>m] w "k h[ _m loads ( manure he requires1 divid+ ea* load into a /at$ numb] ( heaps1 & plac+ !m at c]ta9 di/ances4 ,9 ?is mann] manure may be appli$ ev5ly1 & calculation may be made z to ! am\nt1 p] acre1 :i* a c]ta9 quantity w supply4,,af ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,di/ance ,,( ,,! ,,heaps4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,heaps ,,9 ,a ,,load4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c y>ds4 #ech #bfi #agi #acd #ajh #hi #gg #fg #fj #ed #c d4 #cie #afh #acb #ii #gi #ff #ef #di #dd #ci #d d4 #cjc #aea #aja #ge #fj #ej #dc #cg #cc #cj #d d4 #bci #abj #gi #fj #dg #ci #cd #cj #bf #bd #e d4 #aid #ig #fd #dh #ch #cb #bg #bd #ba #ai #e d4 #afj #hj #ec #dj #cb #bf #bb #bj #ag #af #f d4 #aca #fg #dd #cc #bg #bb #ai #af #ae #ac #f d4 #aae #eg #ch #bh #bc #ai #af #ad #ab #aa #g d4 #ii #di #cc #bd #ai #af #ad #ab #aa #aj #g d4 #hf #dc #bh #ba #ag #ad #ab #aj #i #h #h d4 #ge #cg #be #ai #ae #ab #aj #i #h #g #h d4 #fg #cc #bb #af #ac #aa #i #h #g #f #i d4 #fj #cj #bj #ae #ab #aj #h #g #f #f #i d4 #ec #bf #ah #ac #aj #i #g #f #f #e #aj d4 #dh #bd #af #ab #i #h #g #f #e #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,example #a4--,requir$1 ! numb] ( loads necess>y to manure an acre ( gr\nd1 divid+ ea* load into six heaps1 & plac+ !m at a di/ance ( #d y>ds f ea* o!r8 ,! answ] by ! table is #ci4 ,example #b4--;,a f>m] has a field conta9+ #e acres1 ov] :i* he wi%es to spread #hb loads ( dung4 ,n[ #hb divid$ by #e1 gives #ae loads p] acre2 & by ref]r+ to ! table1 x w be se5 t ! desir$ object may be accompli%$1 by mak+ #d heaps ( a load1 & plac+ !m #i y>ds ap>t1 or by #i heaps at #f y>ds1 z may be ?\ght advisable4 ,,footnotes3 ,,ac ,"u "s circum/ances1 nitric acid is =m$1 :i* is equally b5eficial to vegetable gr[?4 ,,ad ,see ! gloss>y at ! end ( ! book4 ,,ae ,work+ ,f>m]1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ee4 ,,af ,x is n necess>y t ?is & ! =ego+ table %\ld be le>n$ by ! s*ol>1 b !y w be f\nd valuable = ref]5ce by ! f>m]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m9]al ,,manures4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( action h inorganic manures8 ,:at is ! fir/ ( ^!8 ,! second8 ,?ird8 ,f\r?8 ,d all m9]al manures possess all ( ^! qualities8 ,! second class ( manures nam$ 9 ! g5]al division ( ! subject1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]1 comprises ^? ( a m9]al "*1 or inorganic manures4 ,^! manures h f\r k9ds ( action :5 appli$ to ! soil4 #a/4 ,!y furni% food = ! inorganic "p ( plants4 #b;d4 ,!y prep>e matt]s already 9 ! soil1 = assimilation by roots4 #c;d4 ,!y improve ! me*anical condition ( ! soil4 #d?4 ,!y absorb ammonia4 ,"s ( ! m9]al manures produce 9 ! soil only "o ( ^! effects1 & o!rs are effici5t 9 two or all ( !m4 ,! pr9ciples to be consid]$ 9 ! use ( m9]al manures are ess5tially giv5 9 ! fir/ two sections ( ?is book4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to repeat !m briefly 9 ?is connection1 & to give ! reasons :y any ( ^! manures are ne$$1 f :i* we may le>n :at rules are to be obs]v$ 9 _! application4 ,relate :at y "k ( ! prop]ties ( vegetable a%es8 ,h[ does ?is relate to ! f]tility ( ! soil8 ,accord+ to :at two rules may we apply m9]al manures8 ,:at c\rse w\ld y pursue to raise potatoes on a soil conta9+ a v little phosphoric acid & no pota%8 #a/4 ,^? :i* are us$ z food by plants4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! a% left aft] burn+ plants1 & :i* =m$ a "p ( _! /ructures1 has a c]ta9 *emical composition2 t is1 x consi/s ( alkalies1 acids1 & neutrals4 ,x 0 also /at$ t ! a%es ( plants ( ! same k9d are always ( ab\t ! same composition1 :ile ! a%es ( diff]5t k9ds ( plants may v>y mat]ially4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant too1 z we le>n$1 are suppli$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( a%4 ,= in/ance1 clov]1 on be+ burn$1 leaves an a% conta9+ lime1 z "o ( its pr9cipal +r$i5ts1 :ile ! a% ( potatoes conta9s m ( pota% ?an ( any ?+ else4 ,9 ! second section 7on soils71 we le>n$ t "s soils conta9 e ?+ necess>y to make ! a%es ( all plants1 & 9 suffici5t quantity to supply :at is requir$1 :ile o!r soils are ei!r entirely defici5t 9 "o or m +r$i5ts1 or conta9 s little ( !m t !y are unf]tile = c]ta9 plants4 ,w\ld y manure x 9 ! same way = :eat8 ,:y8 ,f ?is1 we see t we may pursue ei!r "o ( two c\rses4 ,aft] we "k ! exact composition ( ! soil--:i* we c le>n only f correct analysis--we may manure x ) a view ei!r to mak+ x f]tile = all k9ds ( plants or only = "o p>ticul> plant4 ,= in/ance1 we may f9d t a soil conta9s a v little phosphoric acid1 & no pota%4 ,if we wi% to raise potatoes on su* a soil1 we h only to apply pota% 7if ! soil is good 9 o!r p>ticul>s71 :i* is l>gely requir$ by ?is plant1 ?\gh x ne$s b little phosphoric acid2 :ile1 if we wi% to make x f]tile = :eat1 & all o!r plants1 we mu/ apply m phosphoric acid z well z pota%4 ,z a univ]sal rule1 x may be /at$ t to r5d] a soil f]tile = any p>ticul> plant1 we mu/ supply x 7unless x already conta9s !m7 ) ^? matt]s :i* are necess>y to make ! a% ( t plant2 &1 if we w\ld r5d] x capable ( produc+ all k9ds ( plants1 x mu/ be furni%$ ) ! mat]ials requir$ 9 ! =mation ( all k9ds ( vegetable a%es4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to h ! soil analyz$ be=e x c be cultivat$ ) success1 b x is ! *eape/ way4 ,h[ is ! f]tility ( ! soil to be ma9ta9$1 if ! crops are sold8 ,:at rule is giv5 = g5]al treatm5t8 ,give an in/ance ( matt]s 9 ! soil t are to be r5d]$ available by m9]al manures8 ,we might proce$ f an analysis ( ! plant requir$ 7:i* w be f\nd 9 ,section ,v471 & apply to ! soil 9 ! =m ( manure e ?+ t is necess>y = ! =mation ( ! a% ( t plant4 ,?is w\ld give a good crop on any soil t 0 9 ! prop] me*anical condition1 & conta9$ en\gh organic matt]2 b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t1 if ! soil conta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( pota%1 or ( phosphate ( lime1 x w\ld n be necess>y to make an application ( m ( ^! +r$i5ts--at an exp5se ( p]haps ?ree times ! co/ ( an analysis4 ,x is true t1 if ! crop is sold1 & x is desir$ to ma9ta9 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 ! full am\nt ( ! a% mu/ be appli$1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! crop is gr[n2 b1 9 ! ord9>y use ( crops = fe$+ purposes1 a l>ge "p ( ! a% w exi/ 9 ! excrem5ts ( ! animals2 s t ! judici\s f>m] w be able to manure 8 l& ) m economy ?an if he _h to apply to ea* crop ! :ole am\nt & v>iety requir$ = its a%4 ,! be/ rule = practical manur+ is probably to /r5g!n ! soil 9 its weak] po9ts1 & prev5t ! /rong] ones f becom+ weak]4 ,9 ?is way1 ! soil may be rais$ to ! highe/ /ate ( f]tility1 & be fully ma9ta9$ 9 its productive p[]s4 #b;d4 ,^? manures :i* r5d] available matt] already conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,h[ may silica be develop$8 ,h[ does lime affect soils conta9+ co>se p>ticles8 ,h[ d m9]al manures sometimes improve ! me*anical texture ( ! soil8 ,silica 7or s&71 x w be recollect$1 exi/s 9 all soils2 b1 9 its pure /ate1 is n capable ( be+ dissolv$1 & !re=e _c be us$ by plants4 ,! alkalies 7z has be5 /at$71 h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) ?is silica1 mak+ comp\nds1 :i* are call$ silicates4 ,^! are readily dissolv$ by wat]1 & are available 9 vegetable gr[?4 ,n[1 if a soil is defici5t 9 ^! soluble silicates1 x is well kn[n t gra91 etc41 gr[n on x1 n be+ able to obta9 ! mat]ial :i* gives !m /r5g?1 w fall d[n or lodge2 b1 if su* measures be tak51 z w r5d] ! s& soluble1 ! /raw w be /rong & heal?y4 ,alkalies us$ = ?is purpose1 come "u ! head ( ^? manures :i* develope ! natural res\rces ( ! soil4 ,aga91 mu* ( ! m9]al matt] 9 ! soil is comb9$ )9 p>ticles1 & is !re=e out ( ! rea* ( roots4 ,lime1 among o!r ?+1 has ! effect ( caus+ ^! p>ticles to crumble & expose _! con/itu5ts to ! dem& ( roots4 ,!re=e1 lime has = "o ( its (fices ! developm5t ( ! f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts ( ! soil4 #c;d4 ,^? manures :i* improve ! me*anical condition ( ! soil4 ,! alkalies1 9 comb9+ ) s&1 comm5ce _! action on ! surfaces ( ! p>ticles1 & r\gh5 !m--ru/ !m z x 74 ,?is r\gh5+ ( p>ticles ( ! soil prev5ts !m f mov+ among ea* o!r z easily z !y d :5 !y are smoo?1 & ?us keeps ! soil f be+ compact$ by heavy ra9s1 z x is liable to be 9 its natural condition4 ,9 ?is way1 ! me*anical texture ( ! soil is improv$4 ,x has j be5 said t lime causes ! pulv]ization ( ! p>ticles ( ! soil2 & ?us1 by mak+ x f9]1 improves its me*anical condition4 ,"s m9]al manures1 z pla/] & salt1 h ! p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e2 & ?is is a me*anical improvem5t to dry soils4 ,"n "s m9]al manures :i* absorb ammonia8 #d?4 ,^? m9]al manures :i* h ! p[] ( absorb+ ammonia4 ,pla/]1 *loride ( lime1 alum9a 7clay71 etc41 are l>ge absorb5ts ( ammonia1 :e!r aris+ f ! f]m5tation ( animal manures or wa%$ d[n f ! atmosph]e by ra9s4 ,! ammonia ?us absorb$ is ( c\rse v important 9 ! vegetation ( crops4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! reasons :y m9]al manures are necess>y1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y produce _! effects1 we w proce$ to exam9e ! v>i\s defici5cies ( soils & ! "* ( _m k9ds ( ?is class ( f]tiliz]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,defici5cies ,,( ,,soils1 ,,means ,,( ,,re/oration1 ,,etc4 ,z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! analyses ( soils on p4 #gb1 !y may be defici5t 9 c]ta9 +r$i5ts1 :i* x is ! object ( m9]al manures to supply4 ,^! we w take up 9 ord]1 & endeavor to %[ 9 a simple mann] ! be/ means ( manag+ !m 9 practical f>m+4 ,,alkalies4 ,,pota%4 ,d all soils conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( pota%8 ,h[ may its defici5cy h be5 caus$8 ,h[ may its abs5ce be detect$8 ,does b>n-y>d manure conta9 suffici5t pota% to supply its defici5cy 9 worn-out soils8 ,pota% is (t5 defici5t 9 ! soil4 ,its defici5cy may h be5 caus$ 9 two ways4 ,ei!r x may n h exi/$ l>gely 9 ! rock f :i* ! soil 0 =m$1 & consequ5tly is equally abs5t f ! soil itself1 or x may h once be5 pres5t 9 suffici5t quantities1 & be5 c>ri$ away 9 crops1 )\t be+ return$ to ! soil 9 ! =m ( manure until too little rema9s = ! requirem5ts ( f]tility4 ,9 ei!r case1 its abs5ce may be accurately detect$ by a skilful *emi/1 & x may be suppli$ by ! f>m] 9 v>i\s ways4 ,pota%1 z well z all ( ! o!r m9]al manures1 is conta9$ 9 ! excrem5ts ( animals1 b n 7z is also ! case ) ! o!rs7 9 suffici5t quantities to re/ore ! prop] balance to soils :]e x is l>gely defici5t1 nor ev5 to make up = :at is ye>ly remov$ ) ea* crop1 except t crop 7or its equival5t7 has be5 f$ to su* animals z return all ( ! f]tiliz+ con/itu5ts ( _! food 9 ! =m ( manure1 & ?is be all c>efully pres]v$ & appli$ to ! soil4 ,9 all o!r cases1 x is necess>y to apply m pota% ?an is conta9$ 9 ! excrem5ts ( animals4 ,:at is g5]ally ! mo/ available s\rce f :i* to obta9 ?is alkali8 ,w lea*$ a%es answ] ! same purpose8 ,h[ may a%es be us$8 ,unlea*$ wood a%es is g5]ally ! mo/ available s\rce f :i* to obta9 ?is alkali4 ,! a%es ( all k9ds ( wood conta9 pota% 7m or less accord+ to ! k9d--see analysis section ,v47 ,if ! a%es are lea*$1 ! pota% is remov$2 &1 h5ce = ! purpose ( supply+ x1 !y are wor?less2 b unlea*$ a%es are an excell5t s\rce f :i* to obta9 x4 ,!y may be made into compo/ ) muck1 z direct$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 or appli$ directly to ! soil4 ,9 ei!r case ! pota% is available directly to ! plant1 or is capable ( unit+ ) ! silica 9 ! soil to =m silicate ( pota%4 ,nei!r pota% nor any o!r alkali %\ld ev] be appli$ to animal manures unless 9 compo/ ) an absorb5t1 z !y cause ! ammonia to be ?r[n (f & lo/4 ,f :at o!r s\rces may pota% be obta9$8 ,h[ may we obta9 soda8 ,9 :at quantities %\ld pure salt be appli$ to ! soil8 ,pota% sp>l+s1 or ! refuse ( pota% w>eh\ses1 is an excell5t manure = l&s defici5t 9 ?is con/itu5t4 ,pota% m>l1 su* z is f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( pota%1 & is an excell5t application to soils requir+ x4 ,feldsp>1 kaol91 & o!r m9]als conta9+ pota%1 are1 9 "s localities1 to be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantities to be us$ = manurial purposes4 ,granite conta9s pota%1 & if x c be cru%$ 7z is ! case ) "s ( ! s(t] k9ds17 x s]ves a v good purpose4 ,,soda4 ,if appli$ 9 l>ge quantities w x produce p]man5t injury8 ,9 :at quantities %\ld salt be appli$ to compo/s8 ,to asp>agus8 ,soda1 ! requirem5t ( :i* is occasion$ by ! same causes z create a defici5cy ( pota%1 & all ( ! o!r +r$i5ts ( vegetable a%es1 may be v readily suppli$ by ! use ( common salt 7*loride ( sodium71 :i* consi/s ( ab\t "o half sodium 7! base ( soda74 ,! be/ way to use salt is 9 ! lime & salt mixture1 previ\sly describ$1 or z a direct application to ! soil4 ,if too mu* salt be giv5 to ! soil x w kill any plant4 ,9 small quantities1 h[ev]1 x is highly b5eficial1 & if six bu%els p] acre be s[n broadca/ ov] ! l&1 to be c>ri$ 9 by ra9s & dews1 x w n only de/roy _m insects 7grubs1 worms1 etc471 b w1 aft] decompos+ & becom+ *lor9e & soda1 prove an excell5t manure4 ,salt1 ev5 9 quantities l>ge en\gh to d5ude ! soil ( all vegetation1 is nev] p]man5tly injuri\s4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>1 x becomes resolv$ into its con/itu5ts1 & furni%es *lor9e & soda to plants1 )\t injur+ !m4 ,"o bu%el ( salt 9 ea* cord ( compo/ w n only ha/5 ! decomposition ( ! manures1 b w kill all se$s & grubs--a v desirable effect4 ,:ile small quantities ( salt 9 a compo/ heap are b5eficial1 too mu* 7z :5 appli$ to ! soil7 is positively injuri\s1 z x arre/s decomposition2 fairly pickles ! manures1 & prev5ts !m f rott+4 ,:at is g5]ally ! be/ way to use salt8 ,:at is nitrate ( soda8 ,:at plants conta9 lime8 ,= asp>agus1 :i* is a m>9e plant1 salt is an excell5t manure1 & may be appli$ 9 almo/ unlimit$ quantities1 :ile ! plants are gr[+1 if us$ aft] !y h gone to top1 x is injuri\s4 ,salt has be5 appli$ to asp>agus b$s 9 su* quantities z to completely cov] !m1 & ) app>5t b5efit to ! plants4 ,( c\rse l>ge doses ( salt kill all we$s1 & ?us save labor & ! injury to ! asp>agus roots1 :i* w\ld result f _! removal by hoe+4 ,salt may be us$ advantage\sly 9 any ( ! =ego+ mann]s1 b %\ld always be appli$ ) c>e4 ,= ord9>y f>m purposes1 x is und\bt$ly mo/ pr(itable to use ! salt ) lime1 & make x p]=m ! d\ble duty ( assi/+ 9 ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]1 & f]tiliz+ ! soil4 ,soda unites ) ! silica 9 ! soil1 & =ms ! valuable silicate ( soda4 ,nitrate ( soda1 or cubical nitre1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 consi/s ( soda & nitric acid4 ,x furni%es bo? soda & nitrog5 to plants1 & is an excell5t manure4 ,,lime4 ,! subject ( lime is "o ( mo/ vital importance to ! f>m]2 inde$1 s v>i$ are its modes ( action & its effects1 t "s writ]s h giv5 x cr$it = e ?+ good 9 ! way ( f>m+1 & h gone s f> z to say t all p]man5t improvem5t ( agriculture mu/ dep5d on ! use ( lime4 ,al?\gh ?is is f> 9 excess ( ! tru? 7z lime _c pl[1 nor dra91 nor supply any ?+ b lime to ! soil71 its _m b5eficial effects dem& = x ! close/ att5tion4 ,d all soils conta9 en\gh lime = ! use ( plants8 ,:at am\nt is ne$$ = ?is purpose8 ,:at is its fir/-nam$ effect on ! soil8 ,its second8 ,?ird8 ,f\r?8 ,fif?8 ,h[ are acids produc$ 9 ! soil8 ,z food = plants1 lime is ( consid]able importance4 ,all plants conta9 lime--"s ( !m 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is an important con/itu5t ( /raw1 mead[ hay1 leaves ( fruit trees1 peas1 beans1 & turnips4 ,x con/itutes m ?an "o ?ird ( ! a% ( r$ clov]4 ,_m soils conta9 lime en\gh = ! use ( plants1 9 o!rs x is defici5t1 & mu/ be suppli$ artificially be=e !y c produce good crops ( ^? plants ( :i* lime is an important +r$i5t4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! exact quantity ( lime 9 ! soil c be asc]ta9$ is by *emical analysis4 ,h[ev]1 ! am\nt requir$ = ! m]e fe$+ plants is n l>ge1 7mu* less ?an "o p] c5t471 b lime is (t5 necess>y = o!r purposes2 & sett+ aside1 = ! pres5t1 its fe$+ action1 we w exam9e its v>i\s effects on ! me*anical & *emical condition ( ! soil4 #a4 ,x corrects acidity 7s\rness74 #b4 ,x ha/5s ! decomposition ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soil4 #c4 ,x causes ! m9]al p>ticles ( ! soil to crumble4 #d4 ,by produc+ ! above effects1 x prep>es ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil = assimilation by plants4 #e4 ,x is said to exhau/ ! soil1 b x does s 9 a v desirable mann]1 ! injuri\s effects ( :i* may be easily avoid$4 ,h[ does lime correct !m8 ,h[ does x affect animal manures 9 ! soil8 #a4 ,! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 (t5 produces acids :i* makes ! l& s\r1 & cause x to produce sorrel & o!r we$s1 :i* int]f]e ) ! heal?y gr[? ( crops4 ,lime is an alkali1 & if appli$ to soils suff]+ f s\rness1 x w unite ) ! acids1 & neutralize !m1 s t !y w no long] be injuri\s4 #b4 ,we h be=e /at$ t lime is a decompos+ ag5t1 & ha/5s ! rott+ ( muck & o!r organic matt]4 ,x has ! same effect on ! organic p>ts ( ! soil1 & causes !m to be resolv$ into ! gases & m9]als ( :i* !y are =m$4 ,x has ?is effect1 especially1 on organic matt]s conta9+ nitrog51 caus+ !m to ?r[ (f ammonia2 consequ5tly1 x lib]ates ?is gas f ! animal manures 9 ! soil4 #c4 ,v>i\s inorganic comp\nds 9 ! soil are s affect$ by lime1 t !y lose _! p[] ( hold+ toge!r1 & crumble1 or are r$uc$ to f9] p>ticles1 :ile "s ( _! con/itu5ts are r5d]$ soluble4 ,"o way 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$ is by ! action ( ! lime on ! silica conta9$ 9 ^! comp\nds1 =m+ ! silicate ( lime4 ,?is crumbl+ effect improves ! me*anical z well z ! *emical condition ( ! soil4 #d4 ,we are n[ enabl$ to see h[ lime prep>es ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil = ! use ( plants4 ,inorganic comp\nds8 ,h[ does lime prep>e ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil = use8 ,:at c y say ( ! rem>k t lime exhau/s ! organic matt] 9 ! soil8 ,by its action on ! roots1 buri$ /ubble1 & o!r organic matt] 9 ! soil1 x causes !m to be decompos$1 & to give up _m ( _! gase\s & inorganic con/itu5ts = ! use ( roots4 ,9 ?is mann] ! organic matt] is prep>$ = use m rapidly ?an w\ld be ! case1 if !re 7 no lime pres5t to ha/5 its decomposition4 ,by ! decompos+ action ( lime on ! m9]al p>ts ( ! soil 7#c71 !y also are plac$ m rapidly 9 a useful condition ?an w\ld be ! case1 if _! prep>ation dep5d$ on ! sl[ action ( atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,?us1 we see t lime1 aside f its use directly z food = plants1 ex]ts a b5eficial influ5ce on bo? ! organic & inorganic p>ts ( ! soil4 #e4 ,_m cont5d t lime exhau/s ! soil4 ,if we exam9e ! mann] 9 :i* x does s1 we %all see t ?is is no argum5t aga9/ its use4 ,h[ c lime exhau/ ! m9]al p>ts ( ! soil8 ,mu/ ! matt] tak5 away be return$ to ! soil8 ,x exhau/s ! organic p>ts ( ! soil1 by decompos+ !m1 & resolv+ !m into ! gases & m9]als ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,if ! soil d n conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( absorb5t matt]1 su* z clay or *>coal1 ! gases aris+ f ! organic matt] are liable to escape2 b :5 !re is a suffici5t am\nt ( ^! sub/ances pres5t 7z !re always %\ld be71 ^! gases are all reta9$ until requir$ by ! roots ( plants4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! organic matt] ( manure & vegetable sub/ances may be alt]$ 9 =m1 by ! use ( lime1 x c escape 7except 9 v poor soils7 only z x is tak5 up by roots to fe$ ! crop1 & su* exhau/ion is c]ta9ly pr(itable2 /ill1 9 ord] t ! f]tility ( ! soil may be ma9ta9$1 en\gh ( organic manure %\ld be appli$1 to make up = ! am\nt tak5 f ! soil by ! crop1 aft] lib]ation = its use by ! action ( ! lime4 ,?is w be b a small proportion ( ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! crop1 z x obta9s ! l>g] "p f ! atmosph]e4 ,! only way 9 :i* lime c exhau/ ! inorganic "p ( ! soil is1 by alt]+ its condition1 s t plants c use x m readily4 ,t is1 x exposes x = solution 9 wat]4 ,we h se5 t f]tiliz+ matt] _c be lea*$ out ( a good soil1 9 any mat]ial quantity1 b c only be c>ri$ d[n to a dep? ( ab\t ?irty-f\r in*es4 ,h5ce1 we see t !re c be no loss 9 ?is direction2 &1 z inorganic matt] _c evaporate f ! soil1 ! only way 9 :i* x c escape is ?r\gh ! /ructure ( plants4 ,if ?is c\rse be pursu$1 w ! soil suff] f ! use ( lime8 ,is x ! lime1 or its crop1 t exhau/s ! soil8 ,is lime conta9+ magnesia bett] ?an pure lime8 ,:at is ! be/ k9d ( lime8 ,if lime is appli$ to ! soil1 & increases ! am\nt ( crops gr[n by furni%+ a l>g] supply ( inorganic matt]1 ( c\rse1 ! removal ( inorganic sub/ances f ! soil w be m rapid ?an :5 only a small am\nt ( crop is gr[n1 & ! soil w be soon] exhau/$--n by ! lime1 b by ! plants4 ,9 ord] to make up = ?is exhau/ion1 x is necess>y t a suffici5t am\nt ( inorganic matt] be suppli$ to comp5sate = ! increas$ quantity tak5 away by plants4 ,?us we see1 t x is h>dly fair to accuse ! lime ( exhau/+ ! soil1 :5 x only improves its "*1 & increases ! am\nt ( its yield4 ,x is ! crop t takes away ! f]tility ( ! soil 7! same z w\ld be ! case if no lime 7 us$1 only fa/] z ! crop is l>g]71 & 9 all judici\s cultivation1 ?is loss w be fully comp5sat$ by ! application ( manures1 !reby prev5t+ ! exhau/ion ( ! soil4 ,is ! pur*ase ( m>l to be recomm5d$8 ,h[ is lime prep>$ = use8 7,note47 ,describe ! burn+ & slak+ ( lime4 ,k9d ( lime to be us$4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 procur+ lime = manur+ l&1 is to select t :i* conta9s b little1 if any magnesia4 ,ne>ly all /one lime conta9s m or less ( ?is1 b "s k9ds conta9 m ?an o!rs4 ,:5 magnesia is appli$ to ! soil1 9 too l>ge quantities1 x is positively injuri\s to plants1 & great c>e is necess>y 9 mak+ selection4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be /at$1 t ! be/ pla/]+ lime makes ! be/ manure4 ,su* k9ds only %\ld be us$ z are kn[n f exp]im5t n to be injuri\s4 ,%ell lime is und\bt$ly ! be/ ( all1 = x conta9s no magnesia1 & x does conta9 a small quantity ( phosphate ( lime4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea-coa/1 & ne> ! l9es ( railroads1 oy/] %ells1 clam %ells1 etc41 c be *eaply procur$4 ,^! may be prep>$ = use 9 ! same mann] z /one lime4,,ag ,! prep>ation ( ! lime is done by fir/ burn+ & !n slak+1 or by putt+ x directly on ! l&1 9 an unslak$ condition1 aft] its hav+ be5 burn$4 ,%ells are sometimes gr\nd1 & us$ )\t burn+2 ?is is h>dly advisable1 z !y _c be made s f9e z by burn+ & slak+4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is book1 lime usually exi/s 9 nature1 9 ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 z lime/one1 *alk1 or m>ble 7be+ lime & c>bonic acid comb9$71 & :5 ?is is burn$1 ! c>bonic acid is ?r[n (f1 leav+ ! lime 9 a pure or cau/ic =m4 ,?is is call$ burn$ lime1 quick-lime1 lime %ells1 hot lime1 etc4 ,if ! prop] quantity ( wat] be p\r$ on x1 x is imm$iately tak5 up by ! lime1 :i* falls into a dry p[d]1 call$ slak$ lime4 ,if quick-lime 7 left expos$ to ! wea!r1 x w\ld absorb moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & become :at is t]m$ air slak$4 ,:at is air slak+8 ,if slak$ lime be expos$ to ! air1 :at *ange does x und]go8 ,:at is ! object ( slak+ lime8 ,h[ mu* c>bonic acid is conta9$ 9 a ton ( c>bonate ( lime8 ,h[ mu* lime does a ton ( slak$ lime conta98 ,:at is ! mo/ economical =m = transportation8 ,:5 slak$ lime 7consi/+ ( lime & wat]7 is expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x absorbs c>bonic acid1 & becomes c>bonate ( lime aga92 b x is n[ 9 ! =m ( a v f9e p[d]1 & is mu* m useful ?an :5 9 ! /one4 ,if quick-lime is appli$ directly to ! soil1 x absorbs fir/ moi/ure1 & !n c>bonic acid1 becom+ f9ally a p[d]$ c>bonate ( lime4 ,"o ton ( c>bonate ( lime conta9s #aa cwt4 ( lime2 ! rema9d] is c>bonic acid4 ,"o ton ( slak$ lime conta9s ab\t #ae cwt4 ( lime2 ! rema9d] is wat]4 ,h5ce we see t lime %\ld be burn$1 & n slak$1 be=e be+ transport$1 z x w\ld be unpr(itable to transport ! l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid & wat] conta9$ 9 c>bonate ( lime & slak$ lime4 ,! quick-lime may be slak$1 & c>bonat$ aft] rea*+ its de/9ation1 ei!r be=e or aft] be+ appli$ to ! l&4 ,:at is ! be/ =m = imm$iate action on ! inorganic matt] 9 ! soil8 ,= mo/ o!r purposes8 ,z has be5 be=e /at$1 mu* is ga9$ by slak+ lime ) salt wat]1 ?us imitat+ ! lime & salt mixture4 ,inde$ 9 _m cases1 x w be f\nd pr(itable to use all lime 9 ?is way4 ,:]e a direct action on ! inorganic matt]s conta9$ 9 ! soil is desir$1 x may be well to apply ! lime directly 9 ! =m ( quick-lime2 b1 :]e ! decomposition ( ! vegetable & animal con/itu5ts ( ! soil is desir$1 ! correction ( s\rness1 or ! supply+ ( lime to ! crop1 ! mixture ) salt w\ld be advisable4 ,! am\nt ( lime requir$ by plants is1 z 0 be=e obs]v$1 usually small comp>$ ) ! :ole am\nt conta9$ 9 ! soil2 /ill x is n unimportant4 ,,( ,,lime4 #be bus4 ( :eat conta9 ab\t #ac lbs4 #be b>ley #aj #be oats #aa #b tons ( turnips #ab #b potatoes #e #b r$ clov] #gg #b rye grass #cj ,,ah ,:at is ! be/ guide conc]n+ ! quantity ( lime to be appli$8 ,:at is said ( ! s9k+ ( lime 9 ! soil8 ,:at is pla/] ( ,p>is compos$ (8 ,:y is x call$ pla/] ( ,p>is8 ,! am\nt ( lime requir$ at ea* application1 & ! frequ5cy ( ^? applications1 mu/ dep5d on ! *emical & me*anical condition ( ! soil4 ,no exact rule c be giv51 b probably ! cu/om ( ea* di/rict--regulat$ by long exp]i5ce--is ! be/ guide4 ,lime s9ks 9 ! soil2 & !re=e1 :5 us$ alone1 %\ld always be appli$ z a top dress+ to be c>ri$ into ! soil by ra9s4 ,! t5d5cy ( lime to settle is s great t1 :5 cutt+ dra9s1 x may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 a :iti% /reak on ! top ( ! subsoil4 ,aft] heavy doses ( lime h be5 giv5 to ! soil1 & h settl$ s z to h app>5tly ceas$ f _! action1 !y may be br\ght up & mix$ ) ! soil by deep] pl[+4 ,lime %\ld nev] be mix$ ) animal manures1 unless 9 compo/ ) muck1 or "s o!r good absorb5t1 z x is liable to cause ! escape ( _! ammonia4 ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is or ,gypsum 7sulphate ( lime7 is compos$ ( sulphuric acid & lime 9 comb9ation4 ,x is call$ 'pla/] ( ,p>is1' because x con/itutes ! rock und]ly+ ! city ( ,p>is4 ,is x a con/itu5t ( plants8 ,:at else does x furni% !m8 ,h[ does x affect manure8 ,h[ does x produce sorrel 9 ! soil8 ,h[ may ! acidity be ov]come8 ,x is a con/itu5t ( _m plants4 ,x also furni%es !m ) sulphur--a con/itu5t ( ! sulphuric acid :i* x conta9s4 ,x is an excell5t absorb5t ( ammonia1 & is v useful to spr9kle ar\nd /ables1 p\ltry h\ses1 pig-/yes1 & privies1 :]e x absorbs ! escap+ gases1 sav+ !m = ! use ( plants1 & purify+ ! air1 ?us r5d]+ /ables1 etc41 m heal?y ?an :5 n s suppli$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! extravagant use ( pla/] sometimes induces ! gr[? ( sorrel4 ,?is is probably ! case only :]e ! soil is defici5t 9 lime4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! lime requir$ by plants is obta9$ by ! decomposition ( ! pla/]4 ,! lime ent]s into ! con/ruction ( ! plant1 & ! sulphuric acid rema9s free1 r5d]+ ! soil s\r1 & !re=e 9 condition to produce sorrel4 ,9 su* a case1 an application ( lime w correct ! acid by unit+ ) x & conv]t+ x into pla/]4 ,,*loride ,,( ,,lime4 ,:at does *loride ( lime supply to plants8 ,h[ does x affect manures8 ,h[ may x be us$8 ,h[ may magnesia be suppli$1 :5 want+8 ,:at c>e is necess>y conc]n+ ! use ( magnesia8 ,*loride ( lime is a comp\nd ( lime & *lor9e4 ,x furni%es bo? ( ^! con/itu5ts to plants1 & x is an excell5t absorb5t ( ammonia & o!r gases aris+ f decomposition--h5ce its usefulness 9 de/roy+ bad odors1 & 9 pres]v+ f]tiliz+ matt]s = ! use ( crops4 ,x may be us$ l pla/]1 or 9 ! decomposition ( organic matt]s1 :]e x n only ha/5s decay1 b absorbs & reta9s ! escap+ gases4 ,x w be recollect$ t *loride ( lime is "o ( ! products ( ! lime & salt mixture4 ,lime 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric acid =ms ! valuable phosphate ( lime1 ( :i* s l>ge a portion ( ! a% ( gra91 & ! bones ( animals1 is =m$4 ,?is w be spok5 ( m at l5g? "u ! head ( 'phosphoric acid4' ,,magnesia4 ,magnesia is a con/itu5t ( vegetable a%es1 & is almo/ always pres5t 9 ! soil 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,:5 analysis indicates t x is ne$$1 x may be appli$ 9 ! =m ( magnesian lime1 or refuse epsom salts1 :i* are compos$ ( sulphuric acid & magnesia 7sulphate ( magnesia74 ,! great c>e necess>y conc]n+ ! use ( magnesia is1 n to apply too mu* ( x1 x be+1 :5 9 excess1 z has be5 previ\sly rem>k$1 injuri\s to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,"s soils are hopelessly b>r5 f ! fact t !y conta9 too mu* magnesia4 ,,acids4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,:at is sulphuric acid commonly call$8 ,h[ may x be us$8 ,h[ does x prev5t ! escape ( ammonia8 ,sulphuric acid is a v important con/itu5t ( vegetable a%es1 especially ( oats & ! root-crops4 ,x is (t5 defici5t 9 ! soil1 p>ticul>ly :]e potatoes h be5 long cultivat$4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y pla/] 7sulphate ( lime7 is s b5eficial to ! potato crop is und\bt$ly t x supplies x ) sulphuric acid4 ,sulphuric acid is commonly kn[n by ! "n ( oil vitriol1 & may be pur*as$ = agricultural purposes at a l[ price4 ,x may be us$ 9 a v dilute =m 7weak5$ by mix+ x ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]7 to ! compo/ heap1 :]e x w *ange ! ammonia to a sulphate z soon z =m$1 & ?us prev5t its loss1 z ! sulphate ( ammonia is n volatile2 &1 be+ soluble 9 wat]1 is useful to plants4 ,"s idea ( ! value ( ?is comp\nd may be =m$ f ! fact t manufactur]s ( manures are will+ to pay sev5 c5ts p] lb41 or ev5 m1 = sulphate ( ammonia1 to insure ! success ( _! f]tiliz]s4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 _m f>m]s p]si/ 9 ?r[+ away hundr$s ( p\nds ( ammonia e ye>1 z a tax = _! ignorance 7or indol5ce71 :ile a small tax 9 money--n m valuable1 nor m necess>y to _! success--= ! support ( common s*ools1 & ! bett] education ( ! "y1 is too (t5 unwill+ly paid4 ,:at is ! effect ( us+ too mu* sulphuric acid8 ,if a tumbl] full ( sulphuric acid 7co/+ a few c5ts71 be ?r[n into ! tank ( ! compo/ heap once a mon?1 ! b5efit to ! manure w\ld be v great4 ,:]e a defici5cy ( sulphuric acid 9 ! soil is indicat$ by analysis1 x may be suppli$ 9 ?is way1 or by ! use ( pla/] or refuse epsom salts4 ,c>e is necess>y t too mu* sulphuric acid be n us$1 z x w\ld prev5t ! prop] decomposition ( manures1 & w\ld induce a gr[? ( sorrel 9 ! soil by mak+ x s\r4 ,9 _m in/ances1 x w be f\nd pr(itable to use sulphuric acid 9 ! manufacture ( sup]-phosphate ( lime 7z direct$ "u ! head ( 'phosphoric acid1'7 ?us mak+ x p]=m ! d\ble purpose ( prep>+ an available =m ( phosphate1 & ( supply+ sulphur & sulphuric acid to ! plant4 ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,h[ l>ge a "p ( ! a%es ( gra9 consi/s ( phosphoric acid8 ,( :at o!r sub/ances does x =m a lead+ +r$i5t8 ,h[ _m p\nds ( sulphuric acid are conta9$ 9 "o hundr$ bu%els ( :eat8 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ important ( all subjects connect$ ) agriculture1 t is1 phosphoric acid4 ,phosphoric acid1 =m+ ab\t "o half ( ! a%es ( :eat1 rye1 corn1 buck:eat1 & oats2 ne>ly ! same proportion ( ^? ( b>ley1 peas1 beans & l9se$2 an important +r$i5t ( ! a%es ( potatoes & turnips2 "o qu>t] ( ! a% ( milk & a l>ge proportion ( ! bones ( animals1 (t5 exi/s 9 ! soil 9 ! proportion ( only ab\t "o or two p\nds 9 a ?\s&4 ,! cultivation ( our :ole c\ntry has be5 su*1 z to take away ! phosphoric acid f ! soil )\t return+ x1 except 9 v m9ute quantities4 ,e hundr$ bu%els ( :eat sold conta9s 7& removes p]man5tly f ! soil7 ab\t sixty p\nds ( phosphoric acid4 ,o!r gra9s1 z well z ! root crops & grasses1 remove likewise a l>ge quantity ( x4 ,x has be5 said by a contempor>y writ]1 t = ea* c[ kept on a pa/ure ?r\gh ! summ]1 !re is c>ri$ (f 9 veal1 butt] & *eese1 n less ?an fifty lbs4 ( phosphate ( lime 7bone-e>?7 on an av]age4 ,?is w\ld be "o ?\s& lbs4 = tw5ty c[s2 & x %[s cle>ly :y old dairy pa/ures become s exhau/$ ( ?is sub/ance1 t !y w no long] produce ^? nutriti\s grasses1 :i* are favorable to butt] & *eese-mak+4 ,h[ mu* phosphate ( lime w tw5ty c[s remove f a pa/ure dur+ a summ]8 ,:at has ?is removal ( phosphate ( lime occasion$8 ,h[ h ! ,g5esee & ,mohawk valleys be5 affect$ by ?is removal ( phosphoric acid8 ,t ?is removal ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ( ! soil1 has be5 ! cause ( m exhau/ion ( f>ms1 & m emigration1 9 se>* ( f]tile di/ricts1 ?an any o!r s+le effect ( injudici\s f>m+1 is a fact :i* multipli$ in/ances mo/ cle>ly prove4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,g5esee & ,mohawk valleys1 :i* once produc$ an av]age ( ?irty-five or =ty bu%els ( :eat1 p] acre1 h s9ce be5 r$uc$ 9 _! av]age production to twelve & a half bu%els4 ,hundr$s ( simil> cases might be /at$2 & 9 a l>ge majority ( ^!1 c\ld ! cause ( ! impov]i%m5t be asc]ta9$1 x w\ld be f\nd to be ! removal ( ! phosphoric acid f ! soil4 ,h[ may ?is deva/ation be arre/$8 ,is any soil inexhau/ible8 ,:at is usually ! be/ s\rce f :i* to obta9 phosphoric acid8 ,! evid5t t5d5cy ( cultivation be+ to cont9ue ?is murd]\s sy/em1 & to prey ^u ! vital /r5g? ( ! c\ntry1 x is necess>y to take su* measures z w arre/ ! outfl[ ( ?is valuable mat]ial4 ,?is c nev] be fully accompli%$ until laws %all be made prev5t+ ! wa/es ( cities & t[ns4 ,su* laws h exi/$ = a long "t 9 ,*9a1 & h d\btlessly be5 ! secret ( ! long subsi/5ce & pres5t prosp]ity ( ! millions ( p inhabit+ t c\ntry4 ,we h1 nev]!less1 a means ( re/or+ to f]tility _m ( our worn-out l&s1 & pres]v+ our f]tile fields f s rapid impov]i%m5t z !y are n[ suff]+4 ,_m suppose t soils :i* produce good crops1 ye> aft] ye>1 are inexhau/ible1 b "t w prove to ! contr>y4 ,!y may possess a suffici5tly l>ge /ock ( phosphoric acid1 & o!r con/itu5ts ( plants1 to la/ a long "t1 b :5 t /ock becomes s r$uc$1 t !re is n en\gh left = ! uses ( full crops1 ! productive p[] ( ! soil w ye>ly decrease1 until x becomes wor?less4 ,x may la/ a long "t1 a c5tury1 or ev5 m1 b z long z ! sy/em is--to remove e ?+1 & return no?+1--! fate ( ! mo/ f]tile soil is evid5t4 ,! s\rce m5tion$1 f :i* to obta9 phosphoric acid1 is ! bones ( animals4 ,^! conta9 l>ge quantities ( phosphate ( lime4 ,!y are ! receptacles :i* collect ne>ly all ( ! phosphates 9 crops1 :i* are f$ to animals1 & are n return$ 9 _! excrem5ts4 ,= ! gra91 etc41 s5t out ( ! c\ntry1 !re is no way to be repaid except by ! importation ( ?is mat]ial2 b1 all t is f$ to animals1 or to human be+s1 may1 if a prop] use be made ( _! excrem5t1 & ( _! bones aft] dea?1 be return$ to ! soil4 ,) ! treatm5t ( animal excrem5ts we are already famili>1 & we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! subject ( ,,bones4 ,( :at d dri$ bones consi/8 ,:at is ! organic matt] ( bones8 ,! inorganic8 ,:at c y say ( ! use ( :ole bones8 ,bones consi/1 :5 dri$1 ( ab\t "o ?ird organic matt]1 & two ?irds inorganic matt]4 ,! organic matt] consi/s *iefly ( gelat9e--a comp\nd conta9+ nitrog54 ,! inorganic "p is *iefly phosphate ( lime4 ,h5ce1 we see t bones are excell5t1 z bo? organic & m9]al manure4 ,! organic "p1 conta9+ nitrog51 =ms ammonia1 & ! inorganic "p supplies ! mu* ne$$ phosphoric acid to ! soil4 ,liebig says t1 z a produc] ( ammonia1 #ajj lbs4 ( dry bones are equival5t to #bej lbs4 ( human ur9e4 ,h[ does ! value ( bone du/ comp>e ) t ( brok5 bones8 ,:at is ! reason ( ! sup]iority ( bone du/8 ,h[ is bone-black made8 ,( :at does x consi/8 ,bones are appli$ to ! soil 9 almo/ e conceivable =m4 ,:ole bones are (t5 us$ 9 v l>ge quantities2 _! action1 h[ev]1 is extremely sl[1 & x is nev] advisable to use bones 9 ?is =m4 ,t5 bu%els ( bones1 f9ely gr\nd1 w produce l>g] results1 dur+ ! curr5t t5 ye>s aft] application1 ?an w\ld ensue f ! use ( "o hundr$ bu%els m]ely brok51 n because ! du/ conta9s m f]tiliz+ matt] ?an ! :ole bones1 b because t :i* x does conta9 is 9 a mu* m available condition4 ,x f]m5ts readily1 & produces ammonia1 :ile ! a%y p>ts are expos$ to ! action ( roots4 ,%\ld f>m]s burn bones be=e us+ !m8 ,h[ w\ld y compo/ bones ) a%es8 ,9 :at way w\ld y prev5t ! escape ( ammonia8 ,bone-black4 ,if bones are burn$ 9 retorts1 or o!rwise protect$ f ! atmosph]e1 _! organic matt] w all be driv5 (f1 except ! c>bon1 :i* n be+ suppli$ ) oxyg5 _c escape4 ,9 ?is =m bones are call$ ivory black1 or bone-black4 ,x consi/s ( ! inorganic matt]1 & ! c>bon ( ! bones4 ,! nitrog5 hav+ be5 expell$ x c make no ammonia1 & ?us f> ! orig9al value ( bones is r$uc$ by burn+2 t is1 "o ton ( bones conta9s m f]tiliz+ matt] be=e1 ?an aft] burn+2 b "o ton ( bone black is m valuable ?an "o ton ( raw bones1 z ! c>bon is reta9$ 9 a good =m to act z an absorb5t 9 ! soil1 :ile ! :ole may be cru%$ or gr\nd mu* m easily ?an be=e be+ burn$4 ,?is means ( pulv]iz+ bones is adopt$ by manufactur]s1 :o replace ! ammonia 9 ! =m ( guano1 or o!rwise2 b x is n to be recomm5d$ = ! use ( f>m]s1 :o %\ld n lose ! ammonia1 =m+ a "p ( bones1 m ?an t ( o!r manure4 ,compo/+ bones ) a%es is a good means ( secur+ _! decomposition4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ 9 a wat]-tight vessel 7su* z a cask72 fir/1 ?ree or f\r in*es ( bones1 !n ! same quantity ( /rong unlea*$ wood a%es1 cont9u+ ^! alt]nate lay]s until ! cask is full1 & keep+ !m always wet4 ,if !y become too dry !y w ?r[ (f an (f5sive odor1 accompani$ by ! escape ( ammonia1 & consequ5t loss ( value4 ,9 ab\t "o ye>1 ! :ole mass ( bones 7except1 p]haps1 ^? at ! top7 w be s(t5$1 s t !y may be easily cru%$1 & !y are 9 a good condition = manur+4 ,! a%es are1 9 !mselves1 valuable1 & ?is compo/ is excell5t = _m crops1 p>ticul>ly = ,indian corn4 ,a little dilute sulphuric acid1 occasionally spr9kl$ on ! upp] "p ( ! matt] 9 ! cask1 w prev5t ! escape ( ! ammonia4 ,:at is ! effect ( boil+ bones "u pressure8 ,h[ is sup]-phosphate ( lime made8 ,describe ! composition ( phosphate ( lime1 & ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 alt]+ x to sup]-phosphate ( lime4 ,boil+ bones "u pressure1 :]eby _! gelat9e is dissolv$ away1 & ! inorganic matt] left 9 an available condition1 f its s(tness1 is a v good way ( r5d]+ !m useful2 b1 z x requires1 among o!r ?+s1 a /eam boil]1 x is h>dly probable t x w be l>gely adopt$ by f>m]s ( limit$ means4 ,any or all ( ^! me?ods are good1 b bones _c be us$ ) true economy1 except by *ang+ _! inorganic matt] into ,,sup]-,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,sup]-phosphate ( lime is made by treat+ phosphate ( lime1 or ! a%es ( bones1 ) sulphuric acid4 ,phosphate ( lime1 z x exi/s 9 bones1 consi/s ( "o atom ( phosphoric acid & ?ree atoms ( lime4 ,x may be repres5t$ z ,lime ,phosphoric acid ,lime ,lime ,by add+ a prop] quantity ( sulphuric acid ) ?is1 x becomes sup]-phosphate ( lime2 t is1 ! same am\nt ( phosphoric acid1 ) a small] proportion ( lime 7or a sup]-abundance ( phosphoric acid71 ! sulphuric acid1 tak+ two atoms ( lime away f ! comp\nd1 comb9$ ) x mak+ sulphate ( lime 7pla/]74 ,! *anges may be ?us repres5t$4 ,phosphoric acid ,sup]-phosphate ,phosphate ( lime ,lime ( lime4 ,lime ,lime ,sulphate ( lime4 ,sulphuric acid ,sup]-phosphate ( lime may be made f :ole bones1 bone du/1 bone-black1 or f ! pure a%es ( bones4 ,h[ %\ld sulphuric acid be appli$ to :ole bones8 ,:at is ! necessity = s l>ge an am\nt ( wat]8 ,! process ( mak+ x f :ole bones is sl[ & tr\blesome1 z x requires a long "t = ! effect to diffuse itself ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( a l>ge bone4 ,:5 x is made 9 ?is way1 ! bones %\ld be dry1 & ! acid %\ld be dilut$ 9 _m times its bulk ( wat]1 & %\ld be appli$ to ! bones 7:i* may be plac$ 9 a suitable cask1 ) a spiggot at ! bottom71 9 quantities suffici5t to cov] !m1 ab\t once 9 t5 days2 & at ! end ( t "t1 "o half ( ! liquid %\ld be drawn (f by ! spiggot4 ,?is liquid is a solution ( sup]-phosphate ( lime1 conta9+ sulphate ( lime1 & may be appli$ to ! soil 9 a liquid =m1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a compo/ heap4 ,! object ( us+ s mu* wat] is to prev5t an incru/ation ( sulphate ( lime on ! surfaces ( ! bones1 ?is mu/ be remov$ by /irr+ ! mass1 :i* all[s ! next application ( acid to act directly on ! phosphate rema9+4 ,! am\nt ( acid requir$ is ab\t #ej or #fj lbs4 to ea* #ajj lbs4 ( bones4 ,! gelat9e w rema9 aft] ! phosphate is all dissolv$1 & may be compo/$ ) muck1 or pl[$ "u ! soil1 :]e x w =m ammonia4 ,may less wat] be employ$ 9 mak+ sup]-phosphate f bone du/ or cru%$ bones8 ,bone du/1 or cru%$ bones1 may be mu* m easily *ang$ to ! desir$ condition1 z ! surface expos$ is mu* great]1 & ! acid c act m g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,! am\nt ( acid requir$ is ! same z 9 ! o!r case1 b x may be us$ /rong]1 two or ?ree times its bulk ( wat] be+ suffici5t1 if ! bones are f9ely gr\nd or cru%$--m or less wat] %\ld be us$ accord+ to ! f95ess ( ! bones4 ,! "t occupi$ w also be mu* less1 & ! result ( ! op]ation w be 9 bett] condition = manure4 ,bones may be made f9e en\gh = ?is op]ation1 ei!r by gr9d+1 etc41 or by boil+ "u pressure1 z previ\sly describ$2 inde$1 by :atev] me?od bones are pulv]iz$1 !y %\ld always be treat$ ) sulphuric acid be=e be+ appli$ to ! soil1 z ?is w m ?an d\ble _! value = imm$iate use4 ,bone-black is *iefly us$ by manufactur]s ( sup]-phosphate ( lime1 :o treat x ) acid ! same z has be5 direct$ above1 only t !y gr9d ! black v f9ely be=e apply+ ! acid4 ,:at o!r =ms ( bones may be us$ 9 mak+ sup]-phosphate ( lime8 ,:y is sup]-phosphate ( lime a bett] f]tiliz] ?an phosphate ( lime8 ,:at c y say ( ! la/+ manures8 ,bone a%es1 or bones burn$ to :it5ess1 may be simil>ly treat$4 ,inde$1 9 all ( ! =ms ( bones "h describ$1 ! phosphate ( lime rema9s unalt]$1 z x is inde/ructible by heat2 ! diff]5ces ( composition are only 9 ! admixture ( organic con/itu5ts4 ,! reason :y sup]-phosphate ( lime is s mu* bett] ?an phosphate1 may be easily expla9$4 ,! phosphate is v sl[ly soluble 9 wat]1 & consequ5tly furni%es food to plants sl[ly4 ,a piece ( bone z l>ge z a pea may lie 9 ! soil = ye>s )\t be+ all consum$2 consequ5tly1 x w be ye>s be=e its value is return$1 & x pays no int]e/ on its co/ :ile ly+ !re4 ,! sup]-phosphate dissolves v rapidly & furni%es food = plants ) equal facility2 h5ce its mu* great] value z a manure4 ,x is true t ! phosphate is ! mo/ la/+ manure2 b1 once = all1 let u caution f>m]s aga9/ consid]+ ?is a virtue 9 m9]al manures1 or 9 organic manures ei!r1 :5 us$ on soils conta9+ ! prop] absorb5ts ( ammonia4 ,!y are la/+1 only 9 proportion z !y are lazy4 ,manures are wor?less unless !y are 9 condition to be imm$iately us$4 ,! f>m] :o wi%es 8 manures to la/ 9 ! soil1 & to lose _! use1 may be ju/ly comp>$ ) ! mis]1 :o buries 8 gold & silv] 9 ! gr\nd = ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t he owns x4 ,x is an old & a true say+ t a nimble sixp5ce is bett] ?an a sl[ %ill+4 ,,improv$ ,,sup]-,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,:at are ! +r$i5ts ( ! improv$ sup]-phosphate ( lime8 ,to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* sup]-phosphate ( lime is p]fect$1 & r5d]$ ! be/ manure = g5]al uses1 :i* has yet be5 made1 conta9+ l>ge quantities ( phosphoric acid & a good supply ( ammonia1--h]eby cov]+ ! two lead+ defici5cies 9 a majority ( soils1 x may be well to expla9 ! composition ( ! improv$ sup]-phosphate ( lime inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,mapes4 ,?is manure consi/s ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts 9 ! proportions nam$3-- #ajj lbs4 bone-black 7phosphate ( lime & c>bon74 #ef sulphuric acid4 #cf guano4 #bj sulphate ( ammonia4 ,expla9 ! uses ( ^! diff]5t con/itu5ts4 ,:at is nitrog5iz$ phosphate8 ,! sulphuric acid has ! be=e-m5tion$ effect on ! bone-black1 & fixes ! ammonia ( ! guano by *ang+ x to a sulphate4 ,! tw5ty p\nds ( sulphate ( ammonia add$ increase ! am\nt1 s z to furni% nitrog5 to plants 9 suffici5t quantities to give !m en]gy1 & induce !m to take up ! sup]-phosphate ( lime 9 ! manure m readily ?an w\ld be done1 7 !re n a suffici5t supply ( ammonia 9 ! soil4 ,! addition ( ! guano1 :i* conta9s all ( ! elem5ts ( f]tility1 & _m ( !m 9 consid]able quantities1 r5d]s ! manure ( a m g5]al "*1 & enables x to produce v l>ge crops ( almo/ any k9d1 :ile x assi/s 9 =tify+ ! soil 9 :at is usually its weake/ po9t--phosphoric acid4 ,pr(4 ,mapes has m rec5tly inv5t$ a new f]tiliz] call$ nitrog5iz$ sup]-phosphate ( lime1 compos$ ( ! improv$ sup]-phosphate ( lime & blood1 dri$ & gr\nd be=e mixture1 9 equal proportions4 ,?is manure1 f its highly nitrog5\s "*1 !oretically surpasses all o!rs1 & probably w be f\nd 9 practice to h great value2 its co/ w be r great] ?an guano4 ,we und]/& its manufacture w %ortly be comm5c$ by a company n[ =m+ = t purpose4 ,:at %\ld be le>n$ be=e pur*as+ am5dm5ts = ! soil8 ,:at d y "k ( silica8 ,_m f>m]s w f9d x exp$i5t to pur*ase bones1 or bone du/1 & manufacture _! own sup]-phosphate ( lime2 o!rs w pref] to pur*ase ! prep>$ manure4 ,9 do+ s1 x %\ld be obta9$ ( m5 ( kn[n respectability1 z manures are easily adult]at$ ) wor?less matt]s2 &1 z _! price is s high1 t su* deception may occasion great loss4 ,we w\ld n recomm5d ! application ( any artificial manure1 )\t fir/ obta9+ an analysis ( ! soil1 & kn[+ to a c]ta9ty t ! manure is ne$$2 /ill1 :5 no analysis has be5 procur$1 x may be pr(itable to apply su* manures z mo/ g5]ally produce good results--su* z /able manure1 night soil1 ! improv$ sup]-phosphate ( lime2 or1 if ?is _c be procur$1 guano4 ,,neutrals4 ,,silica4 ,silica 7or s&7 always exi/s 9 ! soil 9 suffici5t quantities = ! supply ( food = plants2 b1 z has be5 (t5 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 n always 9 ! prop] condition4 ,?is subject has be5 s (t5 expla9$ to ! /ud5t ( ?is book1 t x is only necess>y to repeat "h1 t :5 ! weakness ( ! /raw or /alk ( plants gr[n on any soil indicates an inability 9 t soil to supply ! silicates requir$ = /r5g?1 n m s& %\ld be add$1 b alkalies1 to comb9e ) ! s& already conta9$ 9 x1 & make soluble silicates :i* are available to roots4 ,s& is (t5 necess>y to /iff clays1 z a me*anical manure1 to loos5 _! texture & r5d] !m easi] ( cultivation1 & m favorable to ! di/ribution ( roots1 & to ! circulation ( air & wat]4 ,,*lor9e4 ,h[ may *lor9e be appli$8 ,*lor9e1 a necess>y con/itu5t ( plants1 & (t5 defici5t 9 ! soil 7z indicat$ by analysis71 may be appli$ 9 ! =m ( salt 7*loride ( sodium71 or *loride ( lime4 ,! =m] may be dissolv$ 9 ! wat] us$ to slake lime1 & ! latt] may1 ) mu* advantage1 be spr9kl$ ar\nd /ables & o!r places :]e f]tiliz+ gases are escap+1 &1 aft] be+ saturat$ ) ammonia1 appli$ to ! soil1 ?us s]v+ a d\ble purpose4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,iron4 ,h[ may ! protoxide ( iron be *ang$ to p]oxide8 ,ne>ly all soils conta9 suffici5t quantities ( oxide ( iron1 or iron ru/1 s t ?is sub/ance c h>dly be requir$ z a manure4 ,"s soils1 h[ev]1 conta9 ! protoxide ( iron 9 su* quantities z to be injuri\s to plants1--see page #hf4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x is necess>y to pl[ ! soil ?or\ghly1 & use su* o!r me*anical means z %all r5d] x op5 to ! admission ( air4 ,! protoxide ( iron w !n take up m oxyg51 & become ! p]oxide--:i* is n only in(f5sive1 b is absolutely necess>y to f]tility4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,manganese4 ,?is c h>dly be call$ an ess5tial con/itu5t ( plants1 & is nev] tak5 into consid]ation 9 manur+ l&s4 ,,v>i\s ,,o!r ,,m9]al ,,manures4 ,,lea*$ ,,a%es4 ,:y are lea*$ a%es inf]ior to ^? t h n be5 lea*$8 ,on :at d ! b5efits ( lea*$ a%es dep5d8 ,c ^! +r$i5ts be m *eaply obta9$ 9 ano!r =m8 ,:y d unlea*$ a%es1 appli$ 9 ! spr+1 sometimes cause gra9 to lodge8 ,among ! m9]al manures :i* h n yet be5 m5tion$--n com+ /rictly "u any ( ! prec$+ heads1 is ! "o kn[n z lea*$ a%es4 ,^! are n )\t _! b5efits1 ?\gh wor? mu* less ?an unlea*$ a%es1 :i*1 besides ! con/itu5ts ( ^? :i* h be5 lea*$1 conta9 mu* pota%1 soda1 etc4 ,f>m]s h g5]ally ov]rat$ ! value ( lea*$ a%es1 because !y conta9 small quantities ( available phosphate ( lime1 & soluble silicates1 9 :i* mo/ old soils are defici5t4 ,:ile we witness ! good results ensu+ f _! application1 we %\ld n =get t ! f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts ( ?irty bu%els ( ^! a%es may be b\ght 9 a m conv5i5t =m = t5 or fifte5 c5ts1 or = less ?an ! co/ ( spread+ ! a%es on ! soil4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,long ,isl& f>m]s pay z mu* z eight or t5 c5ts p] bu%el = ?is manure1 & ?\s&s ( loads ( lea*$ a%es are tak5 to ?is locality f ! riv] c\nties ( ,new ,york1 & ev5 f ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 & are sold = _m times _! value1 produc+ an effect :i* c\ld be z well & mu* m *eaply obta9$ by ! use ( small quantities ( sup]-phosphate ( lime & pota%4 ,^! a%es (t5 conta9 a little *>coal 7result+ f ! imp]fect combu/ion ( ! wood71 :i* acts z an absorb5t ( ammonia4 ,x is sometimes obs]v$ t unlea*$ a%es1 :5 appli$ 9 ! spr+1 cause gra9 to lodge4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 z x seldom is1 x may be inf]r$ t ! pota% :i* !y conta9 causes s rapid a gr[?1 t ! soil is n able to supply silicates z fa/ z !y are requir$ by ! plants1 b aft] ! fir/ ye>1 ! pota% w h unit$ ) ! silica 9 ! soil1 & ov]come ! difficulty4 ,,old ,,mort>4 ,:at are ! mo/ f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts ( old mort>8 ,old mort> is a valuable manure1 because x conta9s nitrate ( pota% & o!r comp\nds ( nitric acid ) alkalies4 ,^! are sl[ly =m$ 9 ! mort> by ! *ang+ ( ! nitrog5 ( ! hair 79 ! mort>7 into nitric acid1 & ! union ( ?is ) ! small quantities ( pota%1 or ) ! lime ( ! pla/]4 ,nitrog51 pres5t$ 9 o!r =ms1 z ammonia1 = in/ance1 may be trans=m$ into nitric acid1 by unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & ?is nitric acid comb9es imm$iately ) ! alkalies ( ! mort>4,,ai ,! lime conta9$ 9 ! mort> may be useful 9 ! soil = ! _m purposes accompli%$ by o!r lime4 ,,gas ,,h\se ,,lime4 ,h[ may gas-h\se lime be prep>$ = use8 ,:y %\ld x n be us$ fre%1 f ! gas h\se8 ,on :at d its f]tiliz+ prop]ties dep5d8 ,:at use may be made ( its (f5sive odor8 ,! refuse lime ( gas works1 :]e x c be *eaply obta9$1 may be advantage\sly us$ z a manure4 ,x consi/s1 *iefly1 ( v>i\s comp\nds ( sulphur & lime4 ,x %\ld be compo/$ ) e>? or refuse matt]1 s z to expose x to ! action ( air4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ fre% f ! gas h\se4 ,9 a few mon?s ! sulphur w h unit$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & become sulphuric acid1 :i* unites ) ! lime & makes sulphate ( lime 7pla/]71 :i* =m x mu/ assume1 be=e x is ( mu* value4 ,hav+ be5 us$ to purify gas made f coal1 x conta9s a small quantity ( ammonia1 :i* adds to its value4 ,x is consid]$ a pr(itable manure 9 ,engl&1 at ! price !re paid = x 7=ty c5ts a c>tload71 &1 if ( good quality1 x may be wor? d\ble t sum1 especially = soils defici5t 9 pla/]1 or = su* crops z are mu* b5efit$ by pla/]4 ,its price mu/1 ( c\rse1 be regulat$ some:at by ! price ( lime1 :i* con/itutes a l>ge proportion ( its f]tiliz+ p>ts4 ,! (f5sive odor ( ?is comp\nd r5d]s x a good protection aga9/ _m insects4 ,! refuse liquor ( gas works conta9s en\gh ammonia to make x a valuable manure4 ,,soap]s' ,,ley ,,& ,,blea*]s' ,,ley4 ,:at use may be made ( ! refuse ley ( soap-mak]s & blea*]s8 ,:at peculi> qualities does soap]s' ley possess8 ,! refuse ley ( soap factories & blea*+ e/abli%m5ts conta9s great] or less quantities ( soluble silicates & alkalies 7especially soda & pota%71 & is a good addition to ! tank ( ! compo/ heap1 or x may be us$ directly z a liquid application to ! soil4 ,! soap]s' ley1 especially1 w be f\nd a good manure = l&s on :i* gra9 lodges4 ,mu* ( ! b5efit ( ?is manure arises f ! soluble silicates x conta9s1 :ile its nitrog5\s matt]1,,aj obta9$ f ^? p>ts ( ! fatty matt]s :i* _c be conv]t$ into soap1 & consequ5tly rema9s 9 ?is solution1 =ms a valuable addition4 ,heaps ( soil saturat$ ) ?is liquid 9 autumn1 & subject$ to ! freez+s ( w9t]1 =m an admirable manure = spr+ use4 ,mr4 ,crane1 ne> ,new>k 7,n4 ,j471 has long us$ a mixture ( sp5t ley & /able manure1 appli$ 9 ! fall to tr5*es pl[$ 9 ! soil1 & has be5 mo/ successful 9 obta9+ l>ge crops4 ,,irrigation4 ,on :at does ! b5efit aris+ f irrigation *iefly dep5d8 ,:at k9d ( wat] is be/ = irrigation8 ,h[ d "u-dra9s increase ! b5efits ( irrigation8 ,irrigation does n come /rictly "u ! head ( inorganic manures1 z x (t5 supplies ammonia to ! soil4 ,its *ief value1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases1 mu/ dep5d on ! am\nt ( m9]al matt] :i* x furni%es4 ,! ^w irrigation means simply wat]+4 ,9 _m di/ricts wat] is 9 v>i\s ways made to ov]fl[ ! l&1 & is remov$ :5 necess>y = ! purposes ( cultivation4 ,all riv] & spr+ wat] conta9s "s impurities1 _m ( :i* are b5eficial to vegetation4 ,^! are d]iv$ f ! e>? ov]1 or ?r\gh :i*1 ! wat] has pass$1 & ammonia absorb$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 wat] is made to cov] ! e>?1 especially if its rapid motion be arre/$1 mu* ( ?is f]tiliz+ matt] settles1 & is deposit$ on ! soil4 ,! wat] :i* s9ks into ! soil c>ries its impurities to be reta9$ = ! uses ( plants4 ,:51 by ! aid ( "u-dra9s1 or 9 op5 soils1 ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! soil1 its impurities are arre/$1 & become available 9 vegetable gr[?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to say exactly :at k9d ( m9]al matt] is suppli$ by wat]1 z t dep5ds on ! k9d ( rock or soil f :i* ! impurities are d]iv$2 b1 :atev] x may be1 x is g5]ally soluble & ready = imm$iate use by plants4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 wat] :i* only runs ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & t :i* runs out ( ! e>?8 ,:y %\ld /rong curr5ts ( wat] n be all[$ to trav]se ! soil8 ,wat] :i* has run ov] ! surface ( ! e>? conta9s bo? ammonia & m9]al matt]1 :ile t :i* has aris5 out ( ! e>?1 conta9s usually only m9]al matt]4 ,! direct use ( ! wat] ( irrigation z a solv5t = ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! soil1 is "o ( its ma9 b5efits4 ,to describe ! _m modes ( irrigation w\ld be too long a task = our limit$ space4 ,x may be appli$ 9 any way 9 :i* x is possible to cov] ! l& ) wat]1 at /at$ times4 ,c>e is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t x d n wa% m f]tiliz+ matt] f ! soil ?an x deposits on x1 z w\ld (t5 be ! case1 if a /rong curr5t ( wat] 7 run ov] x4 ,brooks may be damm$ up1 & ?us made to cov] a l>ge quantity ( l&4 ,9 su* a case ! rapid curr5t w\ld be de/roy$1 & ! f]tiliz+ matt] w\ld settle2 b1 if ! c\rse ( ! brook 7 turn$1 s t x w\ld run 9 a curr5t ov] any "p ( ! soil1 x might c>ry away m ?an x deposit$1 & ?us prove injuri\s4 ,small /reams turn$ on to l&1 f ! wa%+ ( roads1 or f elevat$ spr+s1 are good means ( irrigation1 & produce increas$ f]tility1 except :]e ! soil is ( su* a "* z to prev5t ! wat] f pass+ away1 9 :i* case x %\ld be "u-dra9$4 ,irrigation 0 "o ( ! olde/ means ( f]tility ev] us$ by man1 & /ill cont9ues 9 great favor :]ev] its effects h be5 witness$4 ,,mix+ ,,soils4 ,h[ are soils improv$ by mix+8 ,! mix+ ( soils is (t5 all t is necess>y to r5d] !m f]tile1 & to improve _! me*anical condition4 ,= in/ance1 soils defici5t 9 pota%1 or any o!r con/itu5t1 may h t defici5cy suppli$1 by mix+ ) !m soil conta9+ ?is con/itu5t 9 excess4 ,x is v frequ5tly ! case1 t su* means ( improvem5t are easily avail$ (4 ,:ile ^! *emical effects are be+ produc$1 !re may be an equal improvem5t 9 ! me*anical "* ( ! soil4 ,?us /iff clay soils are r5d]$ light]1 & m easily workable1 by an admixture ( s&1 :ile light bl[y s&s are compact$1 & made m ret5tive ( manure1 by a dress+ ( clay or ( muck4 ,:y may ! same effect sometimes be produc$ by deep pl[+8 ,:at is absolutely necess>y to economical manur+8 ,( c\rse1 ?is _c be dep5d$ on z a sure means ( *emical improvem5t1 unless ! soils are previ\sly analyz$1 s z to "k _! requirem5ts2 b1 9 a majority ( cases1 ! soil w be b5efit$1 by mix+ ) x soil ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x is n always necess>y to g to o!r locations to procure ! soil to be appli$1 z ! subsoil is (t5 v diff]5t f ! surface soil1 & simple deep pl[+ w suffice1 9 su* cases1 to produce ! requir$ admixture1 by br++ up ! e>? f bel[ to m+le x ) t ( a diff]5t "* at ! surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks on ! subject ( m9]al manures1 ! writ] has endeavor$ to po9t out su* a c\rse z w\ld produce ! greate/ good to ! greate/ numb]1 &1 consequ5tly1 has neglect$ mu* :i* might disc\rage ! f>m] ) ! idea1 t ! :ole sy/em ( sci5tific agriculture is too exp5sive = 8 adoption4 ,/ill1 :ile he has conf9$ 8 rem>ks to ! m simple improvem5ts on ! pres5t sy/em ( managem5t1 he w\ld say1 briefly1 t no manur+ c be /rictly economical t is n bas$ on an analysis ( ! soil1 & a k ( ! be/ means ( ov]com+ ! defici5cies indicat$1 toge!r ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e ( e ounce ( evaporat+ or soluble manure4 ,,footnotes3 ,,ag ,m>l is e>? conta9+ lime1 b its use is n to be recomm5d$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 except :]e x c be obta9$ at little co/1 z ! exp5ses ( c>t+ ! e>? w\ld (t5 be m ?an ! value ( ! lime4 ,,ah ,! /raw produc+ ! gra9 & ! turnip & potato tops conta9 m lime ?an ! gra9 & roots4 ,,ai ,see ,work+ ,f>m]1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bgh4 ,,aj ,glyc]9e1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,are ! gases 9 ! atmosph]e manures8 ,:at w\ld be ! result if !y 7 n s8 ,x is n common to look on ! gases 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! light ( manures1 b !y are decid$ly s4 ,inde$1 !y are almo/ ! only organic manure ev] receiv$ by ! uncultivat$ p>ts ( ! e>?1 z well z a l>ge portion ( t :i* is occupi$ 9 ! production ( food = man4 ,if ^! gases 7 n manures2 if !re 7 no means by :i* !y c\ld be us$ by plants1 ! f]tility ( ! soil w\ld long s9ce h ceas$1 & ! e>? w\ld n[ be 9 an unf]tile condition4 ,t ?is mu/ be true1 w be prov$ by a few mom5ts' reflection on ! facts /at$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book4 ,! f]tiliz+ gases 9 ! atmosph]e be+ compos$ ( ! con/itu5ts ( decay$ plants & animals1 x is z necess>y t !y %\ld be aga9 return$ to ! =m ( organiz$ matt]1 z x is t con/itu5ts tak5 f ! soil %\ld n be put out ( exi/5ce4 ,,ammonia4 ,h[ is ammonia us$ by plants8 ,h[ may x be c>ri$ to ! soil8 ,h[ may ! value ( organic manures be e/imat$8 ,:at effects has ammonia beside supply+ food to plants8 ,! ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e probably _c be appropriat$ by ! leaves ( plants1 & mu/1 !re=e1 ent] ! soil to be assimilat$ by roots4 ,x rea*es ! soil 9 two ways4 ,x is ei!r arre/$ f ! air circulat+ ?r\gh ! soil1 or x is absorb$ by ra9s 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ?us c>ri$ to ! e>?1 :]e x is reta9$ by clay & c>bon1 = ! uses ( plants4 ,9 ! soil1 ammonia is ! mo/ important ( all organic manures4 ,9 fact1 ! value ( organic manure may be e/imat$1 ei!r by ! am\nt ( ammonia :i* x w yield1 or by its p[] ( absorb+ ammonia f o!r s\rces4 ,! mo/ important action ( ammonia 9 ! soil is ! supply ( nitrog5 to plants2 b x has o!r (fices :i* are ( consequ5ce4 ,x assi/s 9 "s ( ! *emical *anges necess>y to prep>e ! matt]s 9 ! soil = assimilation4 ,"s argue t ammonia /imulates ! roots ( plants1 & causes !m to take up increas$ quantities ( inorganic matt]4 ,! discussion ( ?is "q w\ld be out ( place "h1 & we w simply say1 t x gives !m su* vigor t !y require increas$ am\nts ( a%y matt]1 & enables !m to take ?is f ! soil4 ,to h[ great a degree c ! f>m] control atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s8 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( ! soil8 ,:at sub/ances are good absorb5ts 9 ! soil8 ,h[ may s&y soils be made ret5tive ( ammonia8 ,al?\gh1 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 ! atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s are pl5tifully suppli$ to ! soil1 )\t ! imm$iate att5tion ( ! f>m]1 x is n beyond 8 p[] to manage !m 9 su* a mann] z to arre/ a great] quantity4 ,! precautions necess>y h be5 repeat$ly giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 b x may be well to "n !m aga9 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! condition ( ! soil is ! ma9 po9t to be consid]$4 ,x mu/ be su* z to absorb & reta9 ammonia--to all[ wat] to pass ?r\gh x1 & be dis*>g$ bel[ ! po9t to :i* ! roots ( crops are se>*+ = food--& to admit ( a free circulation ( air4 ,! p[] ( absorb+ & reta9+ ammonia is n possess$ by s&1 b x is a prom95t prop]ty ( clay1 *>coal1 & "s o!r matt]s nam$ z absorb5ts4 ,h5ce1 if ! soil consi/s ( ne>ly pure s&1 x w n make use ( ! ammonia br\ght to x f ! atmosph]e1 b w all[ x to evaporate imm$iately aft] a %[]4 ,soils 9 ?is condition require additions ( absorb5t matt]s1 to enable !m to use ! ammonia receiv$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,soils already conta9+ a suffici5t am\nt ( clay or *>coal1 are ?us f> prep>$ to receive b5efit f ?is s\rce4 ,:y does "u-dra9+ increase ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil8 ,h[ d plants obta9 _! c>bonic acid8 ,h[ does c>bonic acid affect cau/ic lime 9 ! soil8 ,! next po9t is to cause ! wat] ( ra9s to pass ?r\gh ! soil4 ,if x lies on ! surface1 or runs (f )\t ent]+ ! soil1 or ev5 if x only ent]s to a slight dep?1 & comes 9 contact ) b a small quantity ( ! absorb5ts1 x is n probable t ! f]tiliz+ matt]s :i* x conta9s w all be ab/ract$4 ,"s ( !m w und\bt$ly return to ! atmosph]e on ! evaporation ( ! wat]2 b1 if ! soil conta9s a suffici5t supply ( absorb5ts1 & w all[ all ra9 wat] to pass ?r\gh x1 ! f]tiliz+ gases w all be reta9$4 ,!y w be filt]$ 7or rak$7 out ( ! wat]4 ,?is subject w be m fully treat$ 9 ,section ,,iv4 9 connection ) "u-dra9+4 ,besides ! prop]ties j describ$1 ! soil mu/ possess ! p[] ( admitt+ a free circulation ( air4 ,to effect ?is1 x is necess>y t ! soil %\ld be well pulv]iz$ to a great dep?4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 ! soil be su* z to admit wat] to pass ?r\gh1 x w all[ t circulation ( air necess>y to ! greate/ supply ( ammonia4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,:at p[] does x give to wat]8 ,:at condition ( ! soil is necess>y = ! reception ( ! l>ge/ quantity ( c>bonic acid8 ,may oxyg5 be consid]$ a manure8 ,:at is ! effect ( ! oxidation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil8 ,c>bonic acid is receiv$ f ! atmosph]e1 bo? by ! leaves & roots ( plants4 ,if !re is cau/ic lime 9 ! soil1 x unites ) x1 & makes x mild] & f9]4 ,x is absorb$ by ! wat] 9 ! soil1 & gives x ! p[] ( dissolv+ _m m sub/ances ?an x w\ld d )\t ! c>bonic acid4 ,?is use is "o ( v great importance1 z x is equival5t to mak+ ! m9]als !mselves m soluble4 ,wat] dissolves c>bonate ( lime1 etc41 exactly 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid :i* x conta9s4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 /rive to h z mu* c>bonic acid z possible 9 ! wat] 9 ! soil2 & "o way1 9 :i* to effect ?is1 is to admit to ! soil ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( atmosph]ic air :i* conta9s ?is gas4 ,! condition ( soil necess>y = ?is1 is ! same z is requir$ = ! deposit ( ammonia by ! same circulation ( air4 ,,oxyg54 ,h[ does x affect ! protoxide ( iron8 ,h[ does x neutralize ! acids 9 ! soil8 ,h[ does x affect its organic p>ts8 ,h[ does x =m nitric acid8 ,h[ may x affect excrem5titi\s matt] ( plants8 ,:at effect has x on ! me*anical condition ( ! soil8 ,oxyg51 ?\gh n tak5 up by plants 9 its pure =m1 may ju/ly be class$ among manures1 if we consid] its effects bo? *emical & me*anical 9 ! soil4 #a4 ,by oxidiz+ or ru/+ "s ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 x prep>es !m = ! uses ( plants4 #b4 ,x unites ) ! protoxide ( iron1 & *anges x to ! p]oxide4 #c4 ,if !re are acids 9 ! soil1 :i* make x s\r & unf]tile1 x may be op5$ to ! circulation ( ! air1 & ! oxyg5 w prep>e "s ( ! m9]al matt]s conta9$ 9 ! soil to unite ) ! acids & neutralize !m4 #d4 ,oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon ( organic matt]s 9 ! soil1 & causes !m to decay4 ,! comb9ation produces c>bonic acid4 #e4 ,x comb9es ) ! nitrog5 ( decay+ sub/ances & =ms nitric acid1 :i* is s]viceable z food = plants4 #f4 ,x und\bt$ly affects 9 "s way ! matt] :i* is ?r[n out f ! roots ( plants4 ,?is1 if all[$ to accumulate1 & rema9 un*ang$1 is (t5 v injuri\s to plants2 b1 probably1 ! oxyg5 & c>bonic acid ( ! air 9 ! soil *ange x to a =m to be in(f5sive1 or ev5 make x aga9 useful to ! plant4 #g4 ,x may also improve ! me*anical condition ( ! soil1 z x causes its p>ticles to crumble1 ?us mak+ x f9]2 & x r\gh5s ! surfaces ( p>ticles1 mak+ !m less easy to move among ea* o!r4 ,^! prop]ties ( oxyg5 claim = x a high place among ! atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s4 ,,wat]4 ,:y may wat] be consid]$ an atmosph]ic manure8 ,:at classes ( action h manures8 ,:at are *emical manures8 ,me*anical8 ,wat] may be consid]$ an atmosph]ic manure1 z its *ief supply to vegetation is receiv$ f ! air 9 ! =m ( ra9 or dew4 ,its _m effects are already too well kn[n to ne$ f>!r comm5t4 ,! means ( supply+ wat] to ! soil by ! deposit ( dew w be fully expla9$ 9 ,section ,,iv4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,recapitulation4 ,manures h two di/9ct classes ( action 9 ! soil1 namely1 *emical & me*anical4 ,*emical manures are ^? :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( plants1 or produce su* *emical effects on matt]s 9 ! soil z %all prep>e !m = use4 ,me*anical manures are ^? :i* improve ! me*anical condition ( ! soil1 su* z loos5+ /iff clays1 compact+ light s&s1 pulv]iz+ l>ge p>ticles1 etc4 ,:at are ! ?ree k9ds ( manures8 ,:at are organic manures1 & :at are _! uses8 ,m9]al8 ,atmosph]ic8 ,manures are ( ?ree di/9ct k9ds1 namely1 ,organic1 m9]al1 & atmosph]ic4 ,organic manures comprise all vegetable & animal matt]s 7except a%es7 :i* are us$ to f]tilize ! soil4 ,vegetable manures supply c>bonic acid1 & inorganic matt] to plants4 ,animal manures supply ! same sub/ances & ammonia4 ,m9]al manures comprise a%es1 salt1 phosphate ( lime1 pla/]1 etc4 ,!y supply plants ) inorganic matt]4 ,_! usefulness dep5ds on _! solubility4 ,_m ( ! organic & m9]al manures h ! p[] ( absorb+ ammonia aris+ f ! decomposition ( animal manures1 z well z t :i* is br\ght to ! soil by ra9s--^! are call$ absorb5ts4 ,atmosph]ic manures consi/ ( ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 oxyg5 & wat]4 ,_! greate/ usefulness requires ! soil to all[ ! wat] ( ra9s to pass ?r\gh x1 to admit ( a free circulation ( air among its p>ticles1 & to conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( absorb5t matt] to arre/ & reta9 all ammonia & c>bonic acid pres5t$ to x4 ,:at rule %\ld regulate ! application ( manures8 ,h[ mu/ organic manures be manag$8 ,atmosph]ic8 ,manures %\ld nev] be appli$ to ! soil )\t reg>d to its requirem5ts4 ,ammonia & c>bon are almo/ always useful1 b m9]al manures become m]e dirt :5 appli$ to soils n defici5t ( !m4 ,! only true guide to ! exact requirem5ts ( ! soil is *emical analysis2 & ?is mu/ always be obta9$ be=e f>m+ c be c>ri$ on ) true economy4 ,organic manures mu/ be protect$ aga9/ ! escape ( _! ammonia & ! lea*+ out ( _! soluble p>ts4 ,"o cord ( /able manure prop]ly pres]v$1 is wor? t5 cords :i* h lo/ all ( _! ammonia by evaporation1 & _! soluble p>ts by lea*+--z is ! case ) mu* ( ! manure kept expos$ 9 op5 b>n-y>ds4 ,atmosph]ic manures co/ no?+1 & are ( great value :5 prop]ly employ$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! soil :i* is enabl$ to make ! l>ge/ appropriation ( ! atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s1 is wor? _m times z mu* z t :i* all[s !m to escape4 ,,section ,,f\r?4 ,,me*anical ,,cultivation4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,"* ,,( ,,soils4 ,:at is ! fir/ (fice ( ! soil8 ,h[ does x hold wat] = ! uses ( ! plant8 ,h[ does x obta9 a "p ( its moi/ure8 ,! me*anical "* ( ! soil is well und]/ood f prec$+ rem>ks1 & ! le>n] kn[s t !re are _m (fices to be p]=m$ by ! soil aside f ! fe$+ ( plants4 #a4 ,x admits ! roots ( plants1 & holds !m 9 _! position4 #b4 ,by a sponge-l action1 x holds wat] = ! uses ( ! plant4 #c4 ,x absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e to supply ! dem&s ( plants4 ,h[ may x obta9 heat8 ,:at is ! use ( ! air circulat+ among its p>ticles8 ,c\ld mo/ soils be br\ght to ! highe/ /ate ( f]tility8 ,:at is ! fir/ ?+ to be done8 ,%\ld its color be d>k5$8 #d4 ,x absorbs heat f ! sun's rays to assi/ 9 ! process ( gr[?4 #e4 ,x admits air to circulate among roots1 & supply !m ) a "p ( _! food1 :ile ! oxyg5 ( t air r5d]s available ! m9]als ( ! soil2 & its c>bonic acid1 be+ absorb$ by ! wat] 9 ! soil1 gives x ! p[] ( dissolv+1 & c>ry+ into roots m inorganic matt] ?an w\ld be conta9$ 9 pur] wat]4 #f4 ,x all[s ! excrem5titi\s matt] ?r[n out by roots to be c>ri$ out ( _! rea*4 ,all ( ^! actions ! soil mu/ be capable ( p]=m+1 be=e x c be 9 its highe/ /ate ( f]tility4 ,!re are comp>atively few soils n[ 9 ?is condition1 b !re are also few :i* c\ld n be pr(itably r5d]$ s1 by a judici\s application ( ! modes ( cultivation to be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,! ?ree great objects to be accompli%$ are3-- #a4 ,to adopt su* a sy/em ( dra9age z w cause all ( ! wat] ( ra9s to pass ?r\gh ! soil1 in/ead ( evaporat+ f ! surface4 #b4 ,to pulv]ize ! soil to a consid]able dep?4 #c4 ,to d>k5 its color1 & r5d] x capable ( absorb+ atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s4 ,"n "s ( ! means us$ to secure ^! effects4 ,:y are "u-dra9s sup]ior to op5 dra9s8 ,! means us$ to secure ^! effects are "u-dra9+1 sub-soil & surface-pl[+1 digg+1 apply+ muck1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"u-,,dra9+4 ,! advantages ( "u-dra9s ov] op5 dra9s are v great4 ,:5 op5 dra9s are us$1 mu* wat] passes into !m imm$iately f ! surface1 & c>ries ) x f]tiliz+ p>ts ( ! soil1 :ile _! b$s are (t5 compact$ by ! runn+ wat] & ! heat ( ! sun1 s t !y become wat]-tight1 & d n admit wat] f ! l[] p>ts ( ! soil4 ,! sides ( ^! dra9s are (t5 cov]$ ) we$s1 :i* spread _! se$s ?r\gh\t ! :ole field4 ,op5 dra9s are n only a great ob/ruction to ! prop] cultivation ( ! l&1 b !y cause mu* wa/e ( room1 z we c r>ely pl[ ne>] ?an )9 six or eight feet ( !m4 ,!re are none ( ^! objections to ! use ( "u-dra9s1 z ^! are completely cov]$1 & d n at all int]f]e ) ! cultivation ( ! surface4 ,) :at mat]ials may "u-dra9s be con/ruct$8 ,describe ! tile4 ,"u dra9s may be made ) bru%1 /ones1 or tiles4 ,bru% is a v poor mat]ial1 & its use is h>dly to be recomm5d$4 ,small /ones are bett]1 & if ^! be plac$ 9 ! bottoms ( ! tr5*es1 to a dep? ( eight or t5 in*es1 & cov]$ ) sods turn$ upside d[n1 hav+ ! e>? pack$ well d[n on to !m1 !y make v good dra9s4 ,,tile ,,dra9+4 ,! be/ "u-dra9s are ^? made ) tiles1 or burnt clay pipes4 ,! fir/ =m ( ^! us$ 0 t call$ ! horse-%oe tile1 :i* 0 9 two di/9ct pieces2 ?is 0 sup]s$$ by a r\nd pipe1 & we h n[ :at is call$ ! sole tile1 :i* is mu* bett] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--,sole ,tile4 ,:y is ! sole tile sup]ior to ^? ( previ\s con/ruction8 ,h[ are ^! tiles laid8 ,h[ may ! tr5*es be dug8 ,?is tile is made 7l ! horse-%oe & pipe tile7 ( common brick clay1 & is burn$ ! same z bricks4 ,x is ab\t "o half or ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 & is s por\s t wat] passes directly ?r\gh x4 ,x has a flat bottom on :i* to /&1 & ?is enables x to reta9 its position1 :ile mak+ ! dra91 bett] ?an w\ld be done by ! r\nd pipe4 ,! orifice ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes is egg-%ap$1 hav+ its smalle/ curve at ! bottom4 ,?is %ape is ! "o mo/ easily kept cle>1 z any p>ticles ( dirt :i* get into ! dra9 mu/ fall imm$iately to ! po9t :]e ev5 ! smalle/ /ream ( wat] runs1 & are ?us remov$4 ,an orifice ( ab\t two in*es is suffici5t = ! small] dra9s1 :ile ! ma9 dra9s require l>g] tiles4 ,^! tiles are laid1 s t _! ends w t\* ea* o!r1 on ! bottoms ( ! tr5*es1 & are kept 9 position by hav+ ! e>? tightly pack$ ar\nd !m4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no space is left betwe5 ! ends ( ! tiles1 z dirt w\ld be liable to get 9 & *oke ! dra94 ,x is advisable to place a sod--grass side d[n--ov] ea* jo9t1 be=e fill+ ! tr5*1 z ?is m effectually protects !m aga9/ ! entrance ( dirt4 ,!re is no dang] ( keep+ ! wat] out by ?is op]ation1 z x w readily pass ?r\gh any "p ( ! tiles4 ,9 digg+ ! tr5*es x is n necess>y 7except 9 v /ony gr\nd7 to dig out a place wide en\gh = a man to /& 91 z !re are tools made expressly = ! purpose1 by :i* a tr5* may be dug six or sev5 in*es wide1 & to any requir$ dep?4 ,"o set ( ^! implem5ts consi/s ( a long n>r[ spade & a hoe to correspond1 su* z are repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,upton tool4 ,spade & hoe4 ,) ^! tools1 & a long light cr[b>1 = h>d soils1 tr5*es may be dug mu* m *eaply ?an ) ! common spade & pickaxe4 ,:]e !re are l>ge b\ld]s 9 ! soil1 ^! dra9+ tools may dig "u !m s t !y w n h to be remov$4 ,:5 ! tr5*es are dug to a suffici5t dep?1 ! bottoms mu/ be made p]fectly smoo?1 ) ! requir$ desc5t 7f six in*es to a few feet 9 "o hundr$ feet74 ,!n ! tiles may be laid 91 s t _! ends w correspond1 be pack$ d[n1 & ! tr5*es fill$ up4 ,su* a dra91 if prop]ly con/ruct$1 may la/ = ages4 ,unlike ! /one dra91 x is n liable to be frequ5t$ by rats1 nor *ok$ up by ! soil work+ into x4 ,! position ( ! tile may be be/ repres5t$ by a figure1 also ! mode ( con/ruct+ /one dra9s4 ,:y are small /ones bett] ?an l>ge /ones 9 ! con/ruction ( dra9s8 ,on :at mu/ ! dep? ( "u-dra9s dep5d8 ,x w be se5 t ! tile dra9 is made ) mu* less labor ?an ! /one dra91 z x requires less digg+1 :ile ! break+ up ( ! /one = ! /one dra9 w be ne>ly1 or q z exp5sive z ! tiles4 ,dra9s made ) l>ge /ones are n ne>ly s good z ) small ones1 because !y are m liable to be *ok$ up by animals work+ 9 !m4,,ak ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 a--,tile dra9 tr5*4 b--,/one dra9 tr5*4 c--,sod laid on ! /one4 ,describe ! pr9ciple :i* regulates ^! relative dep?s & di/ances4 7,blackbo>d47 ,:i* is usually ! *eap] plan ( con/ruct+ dra9s8 ,! dep? ( ! dra9s mu/ dep5d on ! di/ances at :i* !y are plac$4 ,if b tw5ty feet ap>t1 !y ne$ be b ?ree feet deep2 :ile1 if !y are eighty feet ap>t1 !y mu/ be five feet deep1 to produce ! same effect4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t ! wat] 9 ! dra9$ soil is n level1 b is high] midway betwe5 ! dra9s1 ?an at any o!r po9t4 ,x is necess>y t ?is highe/ po9t %\ld be suffici5tly f> f ! surface n to int]f]e ) ! roots ( plants1 consequ5tly1 z ! wat] l9e betwe5 two dra9s is curv$1 ! mo/ di/ant dra9s mu/ be ! deepe/4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 aa--#e feet dra9s1 #hj ft4 ap>t4 bb--#c feet dra9s1 #bj ft4 ap>t4 ,! curv$ l9e repres5ts ! position ( ! wat]4 ,9 mo/ soils x w be easi] to dig "o tr5* five feet deep1 ?an f\r tr5*es ?ree feet deep1 & ! deep tr5*es w be equally b5eficial2 b :]e ! soil is v h>d bel[ a dep? ( ?ree feet1 ! %all[ tr5*es w be ! *eape/1 & 9 su* soils !y w (t5 be bett]1 z ! h>d mass might n all[ ! wat] to pass d[n to ent] ! deep] dra9s4 ,by foll[+ out ^! in/ructions1 l& may be *eaply1 ?or\ghly1 & p]man5tly dra9$4 ,,footnotes3 ,,ak ,x is probable t a composition ( hydraulic cem5t & "s soluble mat]ial w be inv5t$1 by :i* a cont9u\s pipe may be laid 9 ! bottoms ( tr5*es1 becom+ por\s z ! soluble mat]ial is remov$ by wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,"u-,,dra9+4 ,! advantages ( "u-dra9+ are _m & important4 #a4 ,x entirely prev5ts dr\ght4 #b4 ,x furni%es an increas$ supply ( atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s4 #c4 ,x w>ms ! l[] portions ( ! soil4 #d4 ,x ha/5s ! decomposition ( roots & o!r organic matt]4 #e4 ,x accel]ates ! dis9tegration ( ! m9]al matt]s 9 ! soil4 #f4 ,x causes a m ev5 di/ribution ( nutriti\s matt]s among ^? p>ts ( soil trav]s$ by roots4 #g4 ,x improves ! me*anical texture ( ! soil4 #h4 ,x causes ! poison\s excrem5titi\s matt] ( plants to be c>ri$ out ( ! rea* ( _! roots4 #i4 ,x prev5ts grasses f runn+ out4 #aj4 ,x enables u to deep5 ! surface soil4 ,by remov+ excess ( wat]-- #aa4 ,x r5d]s soils e>li] 9 ! spr+4 #ab4 ,x prev5ts ! ?r[+ out ( gra9 9 w9t]4 #ac4 ,x all[s u to "w soon] aft] ra9s4 #ad4 ,x keeps (f ! effects ( cold wea!r long] 9 ! fall4 #ae4 ,x prev5ts ! =mation ( acetic & o!r organic acids1 :i* induce ! gr[? ( sorrel & simil> we$s4 #af4 ,x ha/5s ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 & ! f9] comm9ution ( ! e>?y p>ts ( ! soil4 #ag4 ,x prev5ts1 9 a great measure1 ! evaporation ( wat]1 & ! consequ5t ab/raction ( heat f ! soil4 #ah4 ,x admits fre% quantities ( wat] f ra9s1 etc41 :i* are always m or less imbu$ ) ! f]tiliz+ gases ( ! atmosph]e1 to be deposit$ among ! absorb5t p>ts ( soil1 & giv5 up to ! necessities ( plants4 #ai4 ,x prev5ts ! =mation ( s h>d a cru/ on ! surface ( ! soil z is cu/om>y on heavy l&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ does "u-dra9+ prev5t dr\ght8 #a4 ,"u-dra9+ prev5ts dr\ght1 because x gives a bett] circulation ( air 9 ! soil2 7x does s by mak+ x m op574 ,!re is always ! same am\nt ( wat] 9 & ab\t ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 w9t]1 !re is m 9 ! soil ?an 9 summ]1 :ile 9 summ]1 t :i* has be5 dri$ out ( ! soil exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( a vapor4 ,x is held 9 ! vapory =m by heat1 :i* acts z braces to keep x di/5d$4 ,:5 vapor comes 9 contact ) sub/ances suffici5tly cold] ?an itself1 x gives up its heat--?us los+ its braces--contracts1 & becomes liquid wat]4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 hundr$s ( common op]ations4 ,:y is !re less wat] 9 ! soil 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 & :]e does x exi/8 ,:at holds x 9 its vapory =m8 ,h[ is x affect$ by cold sub/ances8 ,describe ! deposit ( moi/ure on ! outside ( a pit*] 9 summ]4 ,:at o!r in/ances ( ! same action c be nam$8 ,x is well kn[n t a cold pit*] 9 summ] robs ! vapor 9 ! atmosph]e ( its heat1 & causes x to be deposit$ on its own surface4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! pit*] 7 sweat+1 b ! wat] all comes f ! atmosph]e1 n1 ( c\rse1 ?r\gh ! sides ( ! pit*]4 ,if we brea! on a knife-blade1 x cond5ses 9 ! same mann] ! moi/ure ( ! brea?1 & becomes cov]$ ) a film ( wat]4 ,/one h\ses are damp 9 summ]1 because ! inn] surfaces ( ! walls1 be+ cool] ?an ! atmosph]e1 cause its moi/ure to be deposit$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,by leav+ a space1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! walls & ! pla/]1 ?is moi/ure is prev5t$ f be+ tr\blesome4 ,h[ does ?is pr9ciple affect ! soil8 ,expla9 ! exp]im5t ) ! two boxes ( soil4 ,ne>ly e night 9 ! summ] season1 ! cold e>? receives moi/ure f ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( dew4 ,a cabbage1 :i* at night is v cold1 cond5ses wat] to ! am\nt ( a gill or m4 ,! same op]ation takes place 9 ! soil4 ,:5 ! air is all[$ to circulate among its l[] & cool] p>ticles1 !y receive moi/ure f ! same process ( cond5sation4 ,!re=e1 :51 by ! aid ( "u-dra9s1 ! l[] soil becomes suffici5tly op5 to admit ( a circulation ( air1 ! deposit ( atmosph]ic moi/ure w keep ! soil suppli$ ) wat] at a po9t easily accessible to ! roots ( plants4 ,if we wi% to satisfy ourselves t ?is is practically correct1 we h only to prep>e two boxes ( f9ely pulv]iz$ soil1 "o1 five or six in*es deep1 & ! o!r fifte5 or tw5ty in*es deep1 & place !m 9 ! sun at mid-day 9 summ]4 ,! ?9n] soil w be completely dri$1 :ile ! deep] "o1 ?\gh x may h be5 p]fectly dry at fir/1 w soon accumulate a l>ge am\nt ( wat] on ^? p>ticles :i*1 be+ l[] & m %elt]$ f ! sun's heat ?an ! p>ticles ( ! ?9 soil1 are made cool]4 ,) an op5 condition ( subsoil1 !n1 su* z may be secur$ by "u-dra9+1 we entirely ov]come dr\ght4 ,h[ does "u-dra9+ supply to ! soil an increas$ am\nt ( atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s8 ,h[ does x w>m ! l[] p>ts ( ! soil8 #b4 ,"u-dra9+ furni%es an increas$ supply ( atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s1 because x secures a *ange ( air 9 ! soil4 ,?is *ange is produc$ :5ev] ! soil becomes fill$ ) wat]1 & !n dri$2 :5 ! air above ! e>? is 9 rapid motion1 & :5 ! comp>ative temp]ature ( ! upp] & l[] soils *anges4 ,x causes new quantities ( ! ammonia & c>bonic acid :i* x conta9s to be pres5t$ to ! absorb5t p>ts ( ! soil4 #c4 ,"u-dra9+ w>ms ! l[] p>ts ( ! soil1 because ! deposit ( moi/ure 7#a7 is necess>ily accompani$ by an ab/raction ( heat f ! atmosph]ic vapor1 & because heat is )drawn f ! :ole am\nt ( air circulat+ ?r\gh ! cool] soil4 ,:5 ra9 falls on ! p>*$ surface soil1 x robs x ( a portion ( its heat1 :i* is c>ri$ d[n to equalize ! temp]ature = ! :ole dep?4 ,! heat ( ! ra9-wat] itself is giv5 up to ! soil1 leav+ ! wat] f "o to t5 degrees cool]1 :5 x passes out ( ! dra9s1 ?an :5 receiv$ by ! e>?4 ,!re is always a curr5t ( air pass+ f ! l[] to ! upp] end ( a well con/ruct$ dra92 & ?is air is always cool] 9 w>m wea!r1 :5 x issues f1 ?an :5 x ent]s ! dra94 ,its lo/ heat is imp>t$ to ! soil4 ,h[ does x ha/5 ! decomposition ( roots & o!r organic matt] 9 ! soil8 ,h[ does x accel]ate ! dis9tegration ( its m9]al p>ts8 ,:y is ?is dis9tegration necess>y to f]tility8 ,?is heat+ ( ! l[] soil r5d]s x m favorable to vegetation1 p>tially by exp&+ ! spongioles at ! end ( ! roots1 ?us enabl+ !m to absorb l>g] quantities ( nutriti\s matt]s4 #d4 ,"u-dra9+ ha/5s ! decomposition ( roots & o!r organic matt]s 9 ! soil1 by admitt+ increas$ quantities ( air1 ?us supply+ oxyg51 :i* is z ess5tial 9 decay z x is 9 combu/ion4 ,x also all[s ! resultant gases ( decomposition to pass away1 leav+ ! air ar\nd ! decay+ sub/ances 9 a condition to cont9ue ! process4 ,?is organic decay1 besides its o!r b5efits1 produces an am\nt ( heat p]fectly p]ceptible to ! small] roots ( plants1 ?\gh n s to u4 #e4 ,dra9+ accel]ates ! dis9tegration ( ! m9]al matt]s 9 ! soil1 by admitt+ wat] & oxyg5 to keep up ! process4 ,?is dis9tegration is necess>y to f]tility1 because ! roots ( plants c fe$ only on matt]s dissolv$ f surfaces2 & ! m f9ely we pulv]ize ! soil1 ! m surface we expose4 ,= in/ance1 ! int]ior ( a /one c furni% no food = plants2 :ile1 if x 7 f9ely cru%$1 x might make a f]tile soil4 ,any ?+1 t5d+ to op5 ! soil to exposure1 facilitates ! dis9tegration ( its p>ticles1 & !reby increases its f]tility4 ,h[ does "u-dra9+ equalize ! di/ribution ( ! f]tiliz+ p>ts ( ! soil8 ,:y does ?is di/ribution less5 ! impov]i%m5t ( ! soil8 ,h[ does "u-dra9+ improve ! me*anical texture ( ! soil8 ,h[ d dra9s affect ! excrem5titi\s matt] ( plants8 #f4 ,dra9+ causes a m ev5 di/ribution ( nutriti\s matt]s among ^? p>ts ( soil trav]s$ by roots1 because x increases ! ease ) :i* wat] travels ar\nd1 desc5d+ by its own weight1 mov+ sideways by a desire to f9d its level1 or c>ri$ upw>d by attraction to supply ! evaporation at ! surface4 ,by ?is cont9u$ motion ( ! wat]1 soluble matt] ( "o "p ( ! soil may be c>ri$ to "s o!r "p2 & ano!r con/itu5t f ?is latt] position may be c>ri$ back to ! =m]4 ,?us ! food ( vegetables is cont9ually circulat+ ar\nd among _! roots1 ready = absorption at any po9t :]e x is ne$$1 :ile ! m op5 "* ( ! soil enables roots to occupy l>g] portions1 mak+ a m ev5 dra9 on ! :ole1 & prev5t+ ! undue impov]i%m5t ( any "p4 #g4 ,"u-dra9s improve ! me*anical texture ( ! soil2 because1 by ! decomposition ( its p>ts1 z previ\sly describ$ 7#d & #e71 x is r5d]$ ( a "* to be m easily work$2 :ile smoo? r\nd p>ticles1 :i* h a t5d5cy to pack1 are r\gh5$ by ! oxidation ( _! surfaces1 & move less easily among ea* o!r4 #h4 ,dra9s cause ! excrem5titi\s matt] ( plants to be c>ri$ out ( ! rea* ( _! roots4 ,ne>ly all plants return to ! soil ^? p>ts ( _! food1 :i* are n adapt$ to _! necessities1 & usually 9 a =m t is poison\s to plants ( ! same k9d4 ,9 an op5 soil1 ?is matt] may be c>ri$ by ra9s to a po9t :]e roots _c rea* x1 & :]e x may und]go su* *anges z w fit x to be aga9 tak5 up4 ,:y d !y prev5t grasses f runn+ out8 #i4 ,by "u-dra9+1 grasses are prev5t$ f runn+ out1 p>tly by prev5t+ ! accumulation ( ! poison\s excrem5titi\s matt]1 & p>tly because ^! grasses usually consi/ ( till]+ plants4 ,^! plants cont9ually reproduce !mselves 9 spr\ts f ! upp] p>ts ( _! roots4 ,^! spr\ts become indep5d5t plants1 & cont9ue to till] 7?us keep+ ! l& suppli$ ) a full gr[?71 until ! roots ( ! /ools 7or clumps ( till]s71 come 9 contact ) an uncong5ial "p ( ! soil1 :5 ! till]+ ceases2 ! /ools become ext9ct on ! dea? ( _! plants1 & ! grasses run out4 ,! op5 & heal?y condition ( soil produc$ by dra9+ prev5ts ! till]+ f be+ /opp$1 & ?us keeps up a full gr[? ( grass until ! nutrim5t ( ! soil is exhau/$4 #aj4 ,dra9+ enables u to deep5 ! surface-soil1 because ! admission ( air & ! decay ( roots r5d] ! condition ( ! subsoil su* t x may be br\ght up & mix$ ) ! surface-soil1 )\t injur+ its quality4 ,! second class ( advantages ( "u-dra9+1 aris+ 9 ! removal ( ! excess ( wat] 9 ! soil1 are q z important z ^? j describ$4 ,h[ does ! removal ( wat] r5d] soils e>li] 9 spr+8 ,:y does x prev5t ! ?r[+ out ( gra9 9 w9t]8 ,:y does x enable u to "w soon] aft] ra9s8 ,:y does x keep (f ! effects ( cold wea!r long] 9 ! fall8 #aa4 ,soils are1 !reby1 r5d]$ e>li] 9 spr+1 because ! wat]1 :i* r5d]$ !m cold1 heavy1 & untillable1 is e>li] remov$1 leav+ !m e>li] 9 a gr[+ condition4 #ab4 ,! ?r[+ out ( gra9 9 w9t] is prev5t$1 because ! wat] fall+ on ! e>? is imm$iately remov$ in/ead ( rema9+ to ?r[ up ! soil by freez+1 z x always does f ! upright position tak5 by ! p>ticles ( ice4 #ac4 ,we are enabl$ to "w soon] aft] ra9s1 because ! wat] desc5ds1 & is imm$iately remov$ in/ead ( ly+ to be tak5 (f by ! sl[ process ( evaporation1 & s9k+ ?r\gh a heavy soil4 #ad4 ,! effects ( cold wea!r are kept (f long] 9 ! fall1 because ! excess ( wat] is remov$1 :i* w\ld produce an unf]tile condition on ! fir/ appe>ance ( cold wea!r4 ,! dra9s also1 f causes already nam$ 7#c71 keep ! soil w>m] ?an be=e be+ dra9$1 ?us actually l5g!n+ ! season1 by mak+ ! soil w>m en\gh = vegetable gr[? e>li] 9 spr+1 & lat] 9 autumn4 ,h[ does x prev5t l&s f becom+ s\r8 ,:y does x ha/5 ! decay ( roots1 & ! comm9ution ( m9]al matt]s8 ,h[ does x prev5t ! ab/raction ( heat f ! soil8 #ae4 ,l&s are prev5t$ f becom+ s\r by ! =mation ( acetic acid1 etc41 because ^! acids are produc$ 9 ! soil only :5 ! decomposition ( organic matt] is arre/$ by ! antiseptic 7pres]v+7 p[]s ( wat]4 ,if ! wat] is remov$1 ! decomposition ( ! organic matt] assumes a heal?y =m1 :ile ! acids already produc$ are neutraliz$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & ! soil is re/or$ f sorrel to a condition 9 :i* x is fitt$ = ! gr[? ( m valuable plants4 #af4 ,! decay ( roots1 etc41 is all[$ to proce$1 because ! pres]vative influ5ce ( too mu* wat] is remov$4 ,wood1 leaves1 or o!r vegetable matt] kept cont9ually "u wat]1 w la/ = ages2 :ile1 if expos$ to ! action ( ! wea!r1 z 9 "u-dra9$ soils1 !y soon decay4 ,! pres5ce ( too mu* wat]1 by exclud+ ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 prev5ts ! comm9ution ( matt]s necess>y to f]tility4 ,h[ mu* heat does wat] take up 9 becom+ vapor8 ,:y does wat] spr9kl$ on a floor r5d] x cool]8 ,:y is n a cubic in* ( vapor w>m] ?an a cubic in* ( wat]8 ,:y does a wet clo? on ! head make x cool] :5 fann$8 ,h[ does ?is pr9ciple apply to ! soil8 #ag4 ,! evaporation ( wat]1 & ! consequ5t ab/raction ( heat f ! soil1 is 9 a great measure prev5t$ by dra9+ ! wat] out at ! bottom ( ! soil1 in/ead ( leav+ x to be dri$ (f f ! surface4 ,:5 wat] assumes ! gase\s 7or vapory7 =m1 x takes up #agbc times z mu* heat z x conta9$ :ile a liquid4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is heat is d]iv$ f surr\nd+ sub/ances4 ,:5 wat] is spr9kl$ on ! floor1 x cools ! room2 because1 z x becomes a vapor1 x takes heat f ! room4 ,! reason :y vapor does n feel hott] ?an liquid wat] is1 t1 :ile x conta9s #agbc times z mu* heat1 x is #agbc z l>ge4 ,h5ce1 a cubic in* ( vapor1 into :i* we place ! bulb ( a !rmomet]1 conta9s no m heat ?an a cubic in* ( wat]4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same 9 "s o!r cases4 ,a sponge conta9+ a table-spoonful ( wat] is j z wet z "o twice z l>ge & conta9+ two spoonsful4 ,if a wet clo? be plac$ on ! head1 & ! evaporation ( its wat] assi/$ by fann+1 ! head becomes cool]--a portion ( its heat be+ tak5 to su/a9 ! vapory condition ( ! wat]4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true ) ! soil4 ,:5 ! evaporation ( wat] is rapidly go+ on1 by ! assi/ance ( ! sun1 w9d1 etc41 a l>ge quantity ( heat is ab/ract$1 & ! soil becomes cold4 ,:5 !re is no evaporation tak+ place1 except ( wat] :i* has be5 deposit$ on ! l[] portions ( soil1 & c>ri$ to ! surface by capill>y attraction 7z is ne>ly true on "u-dra9$ soils71 ! loss ( heat is comp5sat$ by t tak5 f ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e by ! soil1 9 ! above-nam$ mann]4 ,?is cool+ ( ! soil by ! evaporation ( wat]1 is ( v great injury to its p[]s ( produc+ crops1 & ! fact t "u-dra9s avoid x1 is "o ( ! be/ argum5ts 9 favor ( _! use4 ,"s idea may1 p]haps1 be =m$ ( ! am\nt ( heat tak5 f ! soil 9 ?is way1 f ! fact t1 9 midsumm]1 #be hog%eads ( wat] may be evaporat$ f a s+le acre 9 twelve h\rs4 ,:5 ra9s are all[$ to ent] ! soil1 h[ d !y b5efit x8 ,h[ d "u-dra9s prev5t ! =mation ( a cru/ on ! surface ( a soil8 #ah4 ,:5 n saturat$ ) wat] ! soil admits ! wat] ( ra9s1 etc41 :i* br+ ) !m f]tiliz+ gases f ! atmosph]e1 to be deposit$ among ! absorb5t p>ts ( soil1 & giv5 up to ! necessities ( ! plant4 ,:5 ?is ra9 falls on l&s already saturat$1 x _c ent] ! soil1 b mu/ run (f f ! surface1 or be remov$ by evaporation1 ei!r ( :i* is injuri\s4 ,! fir/1 because f]tiliz+ matt] is wa%$ away4 ,! second1 because ! soil is depriv$ ( necess>y heat4 #ai4 ,! =mation ( cru/ on ! surface ( ! soil is due to ! evaporation ( wat]1 :i* is drawn up f bel[ by capill>y attraction4 ,x arises f ! fact t ! wat] 9 ! soil is saturat$ ) m9]al sub/ances1 :i* x leaves at its po9t ( evaporation at ! surface4 ,?is soluble matt] f bel[1 (t5 =ms a v h>d cru/1 :i* is a complete %ield to prev5t ! admission ( air ) its ameliorat+ effects1 & %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be avoid$4 ,"u-dra9+ is ! be/ means ( do+ ?is1 z x is ! be/ means ( less5+ ! evaporation4 ,! =ego+ are "s ( ! m important reasons :y "u-dra9+ is always b5eficial4 ,?or\gh exp]im5ts h amply prov$ ! tru? ( ! !ory4 ,:at k9ds ( soil are b5efit$ by "u-dra9+8 ,! k9ds ( soil b5efit$ by "u-dra9+ are ne>ly z unlimit$ z ! k9ds ( soil 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is a common op9ion1 among f>m]s1 t ! only soils :i* require dra9+ are ^? :i* are at times cov]$ ) wat]1 su* z swamps & o!r l[ l&s2 b ! facts /at$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]1 %[ u t e k9d ( soil--wet1 dry1 compact1 or light--receives b5efit f ! treatm5t4 ,! fact t l& is too dry1 is z mu* a reason :y x %\ld be dra9$1 z t x is too wet1 z x ov]comes dr\ght z effectually z x removes ! injuri\s effects ( too mu* wat]4 ,all soils 9 :i* ! wat] ( heavy ra9s does n imm$iately pass d[n to a dep? ( at lea/ ?irty in*es1 %\ld be "u-dra9$1 & ! op]ation1 if c>ri$ on ) judgm5t1 w\ld inv>iably result 9 pr(it4 ,:at d ,engli% f>m]s "n z ! pr(its ( "u-dra9+8 ,:at /& has be5 tak5 by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ) reg>d to "u-dra9+8 ,( ! precise pr(its ( "u-dra9+ ?is is n ! place to speak3 _m ( ! agricultural pap]s conta9 num]\s acc\nts ( its success4 ,x may be well to rem>k "h1 t _m ,engli% f>m]s give x1 z _! exp]i5ce1 t "u-dra9s pay = !mselves e ?ree ye>s1 or t !y produce a p]petual pr(it ( #cc-a_/c p] c5t41 or _! orig9al co/4 ,?is is n ! op9ion ( !ori/s & book f>m]s4 ,x is ! conviction ( practical m51 :o "k1 f exp]i5ce1 t "u-dra9s are b5eficial4 ,! be/ evid5ce ( ! utility ( "u-dra9+ is ! position1 ) reg>d to x1 :i* has be5 tak5 by ! ,engli% national gov]nm5t1 :i* af=ds mu* protection to ! agricultural int]e/s ( h] p--a protection :i* 9 ?is c\ntry is unwisely & unju/ly )held4 ,9 ,engl& a v l>ge sum f ! public treasury has be5 appropriat$ z a fund = loans1 on "u-dra9s1 :i* is l5t to f>m]s = ! purpose ( "u-dra9+ _! e/ates1 ! only security giv5 be+ ! increas$ value ( ! soil4 ,! "t all[$ = paym5ts is tw5ty ye>s1 & only five p] c5t4 int]e/ is *>g$4 ,by ! influ5ce ( ?is patronage1 ! actual weal? ( ! k+dom is be+ rapidly increas$1 :ile ! f>m]s !mselves1 c raise _! f>ms to any desir$ /ate ( f]tility1 )\t imm$iate inve/m5t4 ,h[ does "u-dra9+ affect ! heal?fulness ( m>%y c\ntries8 ,describe ! sub-soil pl[4 ,! be/ pro( t ! gov]nm5t has n act$ injudici\sly 9 ?is matt] is1 t private capitali/s are fa/ employ+ _! money 9 ! same mann]1 & loans on "u-dra9s are consid]$ a v safe inve/m5t4 ,!re is no d\bt t we may soon h simil> facilities = improv+ our f>ms1 & :5 we d1 we %all f9d t x is unnecess>y to move ,we/ to f9d good soil4 ,! di/ricts ne>] m>ket1 :]e ! exp5se ( transportation is mu* less1 may1 by ! aid ( "u-dra9s1 & a judici\s sy/em ( cultivation1 be made equally f]tile4 ,"o v important1 ?\gh n /rictly agricultural1 effect ( ?or\gh dra9age is its removal ( c]ta9 local diseases1 peculi> to ! vic9ity ( m>%y or l[ moi/ soils4 ,! heal?-reports 9 sev]al places 9 ,engl&1 %[ t :]e fev] & ague 0 once common1 x has almo/ entirely disappe>$ s9ce ! g5]al use ( "u-dra9s 9 ^? localities4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,sub-,,soil ,,pl[+4 ,describe ! ,mapes pl[4 ,:y is ! motion 9 ! soil ( "o & a half in*es suffici5t8 ,h[ does ! oxidation ( ! p>ticles ( ! soil resemble ! ru/+ ( cannon balls 9 a pile8 ,! sub-soil pl[ is an implem5t diff]+ 9 figure f ! surface pl[4 ,x does n turn a furr[1 b m]ely runs ?r\gh ! subsoil l a mole--loos5+ & mak+ x f9] by lift+1 b all[+ x to fall back & occupy its =m] place4 ,x usually foll[s ! surface pl[1 ent]+ ! soil to ! dep? ( f twelve to eighte5 in*es bel[ ! bottom ( ! surface furr[4 ,! be/ patt]n n[ made 7! ,mapes pl[7 is repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,! ,mapes pl[ & its mode ( action4 a--,%ape ( ! foot ( ! pl[1 b--,its effect on ! soil4 ,! sub-soil pl[s fir/ made rais$ ! :ole soil ab\t eight in*es1 & requir$ v great p[] 9 _! use (t5 six1 eight1 or ev5 t5 ox54 ,! ,mapes pl[1 rais+ ! soil b slightly1 may be work$ ) mu* less p[]1 & produces equally good results4 ,x may be run to its full dep? 9 mo/ soils by a s+le yoke ( ox54 ,( c\rse a motion 9 ! soil ( b "o & a half in*es is v slight1 b x is suffici5t to move ea* p>ticle f ! "o next to x :i*1 9 dry soils1 is all t is necess>y4 ,:oev] has exam9$ a pile ( cannon-balls mu/ h obs]v$ t at ! po9ts :]e !y t\* ea* o!r1 !re is a little ru/4 ,9 ! soil1 ! same is (t5 ! case4 ,:]e ! p>ticles t\* ea* o!r1 !re is su* a *emical *ange produc$ z r5d]s !m fit = ! use ( plants4 ,:ile ^! p>ticles rema9 9 _! fir/ position1 ! *ang$ portions are out ( ! rea* ( roots2 b1 if1 by ! aid ( ! sub-soil pl[1 _! position is alt]$1 ^! p>ts are expos$ = ! uses ( plants4 ,if we hold 9 ! h& a ball ( dry clay1 & press x h>d en\gh to produce ! lea/ motion among its p>ticles1 ! :ole mass becomes pulv]iz$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 ! sub-soil pl[ r5d]s ! compact l[] soil suffici5tly f9e = ! requirem5ts ( f]tility4 ,:y are ! b5efits ( sub-soil+ n p]man5t on wet l&s8 ,does sub-soil+ ov]come dr\ght8 ,h[ does x deep5 ! surface soil8 ,not)/&+ its great b5efits on l&1 :i* is suffici5tly dry1 sub-soil+ _c be recomm5d$ = wet l&s2 =1 9 su* case1 ! ra9s ( a s+le season w\ld (t5 be suffici5t to entirely ov]come its effects by pack+ ! subsoil d[n to its =m] h>dness4 ,on l&s n ov]*>g$ ) wat]1 x is productive ( ! be/ results1 x be+ (t5 suffici5t to turn ! balance betwe5 a ga9+ & a los+ bus9ess 9 f>m+4 ,x increases ne>ly e effect ( "u-dra9+2 especially does x ov]come dr\ght1 by loos5+ ! soil1 & admitt+ air to circulate among ! p>ticles ( ! subsoil & deposit its moi/ure on ! pr9ciple describ$ 9 ! *apt] on "u-dra9+4 ,x deep5s ! surface-soil1 because x admits roots into ! subsoil :]e !y decay & leave c>bon1 :ile ! circulation ( air s affects ! m9]al p>ts1 t !y become ( a f]tiliz+ "*4 ,! deposit ( c>bon gives to ! subsoil ! p[] ( absorb+1 & reta9+ ! atmosph]ic f]tiliz]s1 :i* are m freely pres5t$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! air is all[$ to circulate ) great] fre$om4 ,z a majority ( roots decay 9 ! surface-soil1 !y !re deposit mu* m9]al matt] obta9$ f ! subsoil4 ,:y is ! ret5tion ( atmosph]ic manures ensur$ by sub-soil+8 ,:y are organic manures pl[$ deeply "u ! soil1 less liable to evaporation ?an :5 deposit$ ne> ! surface8 ,h[ does sub-soil+ resemble "u-dra9+ 9 relation to ! till]+ ( grasses8 ,:5 ! subsoil consi/s ( a ?9 lay] ( clay on a s&y b$1 :at use may be made ( ! sub-soil pl[8 ,! ret5tion ( atmosph]ic manures is m fully ensur$ by ! bett] exposure ( ! clayey portions ( ! soil4 ,^? manures :i* are artificially appli$1 by be+ pl[$ "u to great] dep?s1 are less liable to evaporation1 z1 f ! great] am\nt ( soil above !m1 _! escape w m probably be arre/$2 &1 f ! great] preval5ce ( roots1 !y are m liable to be tak5 up by plants4 ,! subsoil (t5 conta9s matt]s :i* are defici5t 9 ! surface-soil4 ,by ! use ( ! sub-soil pl[1 !y are r5d]$ available4 ,sub-soil+ is simil> to "u-dra9+ 9 cont9u+ ! till]+ ( grasses1 & 9 gett+ rid ( ! poison\s excrem5titi\s matt] ( plants4 ,:5 ! subsoil is a ?9 lay] ( clay on a s&y b$ 7z 9 "s plants ( ,cumb]l& ,co4 ,ma9e71 ! sub-soil pl[1 by pass+ ?r\gh x1 op5s a passage = wat]1 & (t5 af=ds a suffici5t dra9age4 ,to h[ great a dep? w ! roots ( plants usually occupy ! soil8 ,:at is ! object ( loos5+ ! soil8 ,h[ are ^! v>i\s effects bett] produc$ 9 deep ?an 9 %all[ soils8 ,if plants w gr[ bett] on a soil six in*es deep ?an on "o ( ?ree in*es1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be b5efit$ 9 proportion1 by di/urb+ ! soil to ! :ole dep? to :i* roots w travel--:i* is usually m ?an two feet4 ,! m9ute rootlets ( corn & mo/ o!r plants1 w1 if all[$ by cultivation1 occupy ! soil to ! dep? or ?irty-f\r in*es1 hav+ a fibre 9 ne>ly e cubic in* ( ! soil = ! :ole di/ance4 ,!re are v few cultivat$ plants ^: roots w\ld n travel to a dep? ( ?irty in*es or m4 ,ev5 ! onion s5ds its roots to ! dep? ( eighte5 in*es :5 ! soil is well cultivat$4 ,! object ( loos5+ ! soil is to admit roots to a suffici5t dep? to hold ! plant 9 its position--to obta9 ! nutrim5t necess>y to its gr[?--to receive moi/ure f ! l[] portions ( ! soil--&1 if x be a bulb1 tub]1 or tap1 to assume ! =m requisite = its l>ge/ developm5t4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t roots1 p5etrat+ ! soil to a dep? ( two feet1 an*or ! plant ) great] /ability ?an ^? :i* are spread m ?9ly ne> ! surface4 ,! roots ( plants trav]s+ ! soil to su* great di/ances1 & be+ locat$ 9 ne>ly e "p1 absorb m9]al & o!r food1 9 solution 9 wat]1 only ?r\gh ! spongioles at _! ends4 ,consequ5tly1 by hav+ ^! ends 9 e "p ( ! soil1 x is all br\ght "u contribution1 & ! am\nt suppli$ is great]1 :ile ! dem& on any p>ticul> "p may be less ?an :5 ! :ole requirem5ts ( plants h to be suppli$ f a dep? ( a few in*es4 ,may g>d5 soils be pr(itably imitat$ 9 field culture8 ,! ability ( roots1 to assume a natural %ape 9 ! soil1 & gr[ to _! l>ge/ sizes1 mu/ dep5d on ! condition ( ! soil4 ,if x is f9ely pulv]iz$ to ! :ole dep? to :i* !y ought to g1 !y w be fully develop$2 :ile1 if ! soil be too h>d = p5etration1 !y w be de=m$ or small4 ,?us a c>rot may gr[ to ! l5g? ( two & a half feet1 & be ( p]fect %ape1 :ile1 if x meet 9 its c\rse at a dep? ( eight or t5 in*es a cold1 h>d subsoil1 its gr[? mu/ be arre/$1 or its =m injur$4 ,roots are turn$ aside by a h>d sub-soil1 z !y w\ld be if receiv$ by ! surface ( a plate ( glass4 ,add to ?is ! fact t cold1 imp5etrable subsoils are *emically uncong5ial to vegetation1 & we h suffici5t evid5ce ( ! importance1 & 9 _m cases ! absolute necessity ( sub-soil+ & "u-dra9+4 ,x is unnecess>y to urge ! fact t a g>d5 soil ( two feet is m productive ?an a field soil ( six in*es2 & x is c]ta9 t prop] att5tion to ^! two modes ( cultivation w 9 a majority ( cases make a g>d5 ( ! field--m ?an d\bl+ its value 9 ease ( work+1 increas$ produce1 c]ta9 security aga9/ dr\ght1 & m ev5 di/ribution ( ! dem&s on ! soil--:ile ! outlay w be imm$iately repaid by an increase ( crops4 ,is ! use ( ! sub-soil pl[ increas+8 ,w its use ev] injure crops8 ,! subsoil w be mu* improv$ 9 its "* ! fir/ ye>1 & a cont9ual advancem5t r5d]s x 9 "t equal to ! orig9al surface-soil1 & ext5d+ to a dep? ( two feet or m4 ,! sub-soil pl[ is com+ rapidly into use4 ,!re are n[ 9 ,new ,j]sey m f\ndries ca/+ sub-soil pl[s ?an !re 7 sub-soil pl[s 9 ! ,/ate six ye>s ago4 ,! implem5t has !re1 z well z 9 _m o!r places1 ceas$ to be a curiosity2 & ! man :o n[ objects to its use1 is class$ ) him :o %ells 8 corn on a %ovel ov] a half-bu%el1 in/ead ( employ+ an improv$ ma*9e1 :i* w enable him to d m 9 a day ?an he c d 9 ! good old way 9 a week4 ,_h we space1 we might give _m in/ances ( ! success ( sub-soil+1 b ! agricultural pap]s ( ! pres5t day 7at lea/ "o ( :i* e f>m] %\ld take7 h s repeat$ly publi%$ its advantages1 t we w n d s4 ,9 no case w its use be f\nd any ?+ b satisfactory1 except 9 occasional in/ances :]e !re is "s *emical difficulty 9 ! subsoil1 :i* an analysis w tell u h[ to ov]come4 ,z 0 be=e /at$1 its use on wet l&s is n advisable until !y h be5 "u-dra9$1 z excess ( wat] prev5ts its effects f be+ p]man5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pl[+ ,,& ,,o!r ,,modes ,,( ,,pulv]iz+ ,,! ,,soil4 ,may ! satisfaction att5d+ labor be increas$ by an und]/&+ ( ! natural laws :i* regulate our op]ations8 ,on :at dep5ds ! k9d ( pl[ to be us$8 ,! advantages ( pulv]iz+ ! soil1 & ! reasons :y x is necess>y1 are n[ too well kn[n to ne$ rem>k4 ,few f>m]s1 :5 !y pl[1 dig1 or h>r[1 are enabl$ to give sub/antial reasons = s do+4 ,if !y w reflect on :at has be5 said 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 conc]n+ ! supply ( m9]al food to ! plant by ! soil1 & ! effect ( air & moi/ure ab\t roots1 !y w f9d m satisfaction 9 _! labor ?an x c af=d :5 appli$ )\t ?\ght4 ,,pl[+4 ,:at is a g5]al rule ) reg>d to ?is8 ,%\ld deep pl[+ be imm$iately adopt$8 ,:y8 ,:y is ?is c\rse ( treatm5t advisable = g>d5 culture8 ,! k9d ( pl[ us$ 9 cultivat+ ! surface-soil mu/ be decid$ by ! k9d ( soil4 ,?is "q ! practical1 obs]v+ f>m] w be able to solve4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be /at$ t ! pl[ :i* runs ! deepe/1 ) ! same am\nt ( =ce1 is ! be/4 ,we might ent] m fully into ?is matt] b = want ( space4 ,! advantages ( deep pl[+ _c be too /rongly urg$4 ,! /atem5t t ! deep] & ! f9] ! soil is r5d]$1 ! m productive x w become1 is 9 e respect true1 & :i* no s+le in/ance w contradict4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ?is1 t we w\ld advise a f>m]1 :o has always pl[$ 8 soil to ! dep? ( only six in*es1 to d\ble ! dep? at once4 ,su* a practice 9 "s soils w\ld be highly injuri\s1 z x w\ld completely bury ! m f]tile & bett] cultivat$ soil1 & br+ to ! top "o :i* conta9s no organic matt]1 & has nev] be5 subject to atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,?is w\ld1 p]haps1 be s little fitt$ = vegetation t x w\ld sc>cely su/a9 plants until _! roots c\ld rea* ! m f]tile p>ts bel[4 ,su* treatm5t ( ! soil 7turn+ x upside d[n7 is excell5t 9 g>d5 culture1 :]e ! great am\nt ( manures appli$ is suffici5t to ov]come ! tempor>y b>r5ness ( ! soil1 b x is n to be recomm5d$ = all field cultivation1 :]e mu* less manure is employ$4 ,h[ %\ld field pl[+ be conduct$8 ,h[ does su* treatm5t affect soils previ\sly lim$8 ,h[ may x sometimes improve s&y or clay soils8 ,! c\rse to be pursu$ 9 su* cases is to pl[ "o in* deep] ea* ye>4 ,by ?is means ! soil maybe gradually deep5$ to any desir$ ext5t4 ,! am\nt ( uncong5ial soil :i* w ?us be br\ght up1 is slight1 & w n int]f]e at all ) ! f]tility ( ! soil1 :ile ! elevat$ portion w become1 9 "o ye>1 s alt]$ by exposure1 t x w equal ! re/ ( ! soil 9 f]tility4 ,(t5 :]e lime has be5 us$ 9 excess1 x has sunk to ! subsoil1 :]e x rema9s inactive4 ,! slight deep5+ ( ! surface pl[+ w\ld mix ?is lime ) ! surface-soil1 & r5d] x aga9 useful4 ,:5 ! soil is light & s&y1 re/+ on a heavy clay subsoil1 or clay on s&1 ! br++ up ( ! mass f bel[ w improve ! texture ( ! soil4 ,z an in/ance ( ! success ( deep pl[+1 we call to m9d ! case ( a f>m] 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :o _h a field :i* _h yield$ ab\t tw5ty-five bu%els ( corn p] acre4 ,x _h be5 cultivat$ at ord9>y dep?s4 ,aft] lay+ x out 9 eight /ep l&s 7#bd feet71 he pl[$ x at all dep?s f five to t5 in*es1 on ! diff]5t l&s1 & s[$ oats ev5ly ov] ! :ole field4 ,! crop on ! five in* soil 0 v poor1 on ! six in* r bett]1 on ! sev5 in* bett] /ill1 & on ! t5 in* soil x 0 z f9e z ev] grew 9 ,new ,j]sey2 x _h /iff /raw & broad leaves1 :ile ! gra9 0 also mu* bett] ?an on ! rema9d] ( ! field4 ,:at k9d ( soils are b5efit$ by fall pl[+8 ,!re is an old anecdote ( a man :o di$1 leav+ 8 sons ) ! in=mation t he _h buri$ a pot ( gold = !m1 some:]e on ! f>m4 ,!y comm5c$ digg+ = ! gold1 & dug ov] ! :ole f>m to a great dep? )\t f9d+ ! gold4 ,! digg+1 h[ev]1 s enri*$ ! soil t !y 7 fully comp5sat$ = _! disappo9tm5t1 & became weal?y f ! increas$ produce ( _! f>m4 ,f>m]s w f9d1 on exp]im5t1 t !y h gold buri$ 9 _! soil1 if !y w b dig deep en\gh to obta9 x4 ,! law gives a man ! own]%ip ( ! soil = an indef9ite di/ance f ! surface1 b few seem to realize t !re is ano!r f>m bel[ ! "o !y are cultivat+1 :i* is q z valuable z ! "o on ! surface1 if x 7 b prop]ly work$4 ,fall pl[+1 especially = heavy l&s1 is a v good means ( secur+ ! action ( ! fro/s ( w9t] to pulv]ize ! soil4 ,if x be a /iff clay1 x may be well to ?r[ ! soil up into ridges 7by ridg+ & back furr[+71 s z to expose ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( surface to ! freez+ & ?aw+ ( w9t]4 ,s&y soils %\ld n be pl[$ 9 ! fall1 z x r5d]s !m too light4 ,,digg+ ,,ma*9es4 ,:at is ! digg+ ma*9e8 ,a rec5t inv5tion has be5 made 9 ,engl&1 kn[n z ! digg+ ma*9e or rot>y spade1 :i*--al?\gh f hav+ too mu* ge>+ betwe5 ! p[] & ! "p p]=m+ ! labor1 x is n adapt$ to g5]al use--has giv5 su* promise ( future success1 t ,mr4 ,me*i 7an agricultural writ] ( ! highe/ /&+7 has said t ! pl[ is doom$4 ,?is c h>dly be true1 = ! v>i$ uses to :i* x may be appli$1 w gu>antee its cont9uance 9 ! favor ( ! f>m]4 ,already1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,messrs4 ,gibbs ,mapes1 h inv5t$ a digg+ ma*9e ( v simple con/ruction1 :i* seems calculat$ to s]ve an excell5t purpose1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( ! f>m] ( limit$ means4 ,its fri5ds ass]t t1 ) "o pair ( ox51 x w dig p]fectly ?ree feet wide1 & = a dep? ( fifte5 in*es4 ,an exp]im5t ) an unp]fect$ ma*9e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! writ]1 seem$ to ju/ify _! hopes4 ,?is ma*9e ?or\ghly pulv]izes ! soil to a consid]able dep?1 & = smoo? l& mu/ prove f> sup]ior to ! pl[4 ,,! ,,h>r[ ,,& ,,cultivator4 ,:y is ! h>r[ a defective implem5t8 ,:y is ! cultivator sup]ior to ! h>r[8 ,! h>r[1 an implem5t l>gely us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 to pulv]ize ! soil1 & break clods1 has become s firmly root$ 9 ! affections ( f>m]s1 t x mu/ be a v long "t be=e !y c be conv9c$ t x is n ! be/ implem5t = ! use to :i* x is devot$4 ,x is true t x pulv]izes ! soil = a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 & ?us mu* improves its appe>ance1 b5efit+ x1 )\t d\bt1 = ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! gr[? ( plants4 ,its action1 h[ev]1 is v defective1 because1 f ! w$ge %ape ( its tee?1 x cont9ually acts to pack ! soil2 ?us--al?\gh favorable = ! g]m9ation ( ! se$--x is n calculat$ to b5efit ! plant dur+ ! lat] /ages ( its gr[?1 :5 ! roots require ! soil to be pulv]iz$ to a consid]able dep?4 ,! cultivator may be consid]$ an improv$ h>r[4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+1 t :ile ! tee? ( ! h>r[ are po9t$ at ! l[] end1 ^? ( ! cultivator are %ap$ l a small d\ble pl[1 be+ l>ge at ! bottom & gr[+ small] t[>ds ! top4 ,!y lift ! e>? up1 in/ead ( press+ x d[nw>ds1 ?us loos5+ in/ead ( compact+ ! soil4 ,_m /yles ( cultivators are n[ sold at agricultural w>eh\ses4 ,a v good "o1 = field use1 may be made by sub/itut+ ! cultivator tee? = ! spikes 9 an old h>r[ frame4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,roll+1 ,,mul*+1 ,,we$+1 ,,etc4 ,,roll+4 ,"n "s ( ! b5efits ( roll+8 ,roll+ ! soil ) a l>ge roll]1 arrang$ to be drawn by a team1 is 9 _m in/ances a good accessory to cultivation4 ,by its means1 ! foll[+ results are obta9$3-- #a4 ,! soil at ! surface is pulv]iz$ )\t ! compact+ ( ! l[] p>ts1 ! area ( contact be+ l>ge4 #b4 ,! /ones on ! l& are press$ d[n s z to be out ( ! way ( ! scy! 9 m[+4 #c4 ,! soil is compact$ ar\nd se$s aft] s[+ 9 su* a mann] z to exclude light & to t\* !m 9 e "p1 bo? ( :i* are ess5tial to _! g]m9ation & to ! heal?fulness ( ! plants4 ,"u :at circum/ances %\ld ! roll] be us$8 #d4 ,! soil is s compact$ at ! surface1 t x is less frequ5t$ by grubs1 etc41 ?an :5 x is m loose4 #e4 ,:5 ! soil is smoo!d 9 ?is mann]1 !re is less surface expos$ = ! evaporation ( wat] ) its cool+ effect4 #f4 ,light s&y l&s1 by be+ roll$ 9 ! fall1 are r5d]$ m compact1 & ! loos5+ effects ( frequ5t freez+ & ?aw+ are avoid$4 ,al?\gh productive ( ^! v>i\s effects1 roll+ %\ld be adopt$ only ) mu* c>e1 & %\ld nev] be appli$ to v heavy l&s1 except 9 dry wea!r :5 lumpy aft] pl[+1 z its t5d5cy 9 su* cases w\ld be to r5d] !m /ill m difficult ( cultivation4 ,soils 9 :i* air does n circulate freely1 are n improv$ by roll+1 z x presses ! surface-p>ticles /ill m closely toge!r1 & prev5ts ! free admission ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if well "u-dra9$1 a l>ge majority ( soils w\ld d\btless be b5efit$ by a judici\s use ( ! roll]4,,al ,,mul*+4 ,:at is mul*+8 ,:at are "s ( its b5efits8 ,mul*+ 7call$ ,gurneyism 9 ,engl&7 consi/s 9 cov]+ ! soil ) salt hay1 litt]1 seawe$1 leaves1 sp5t tanb>k1 *ips1 or o!r refuse matt]4 ,e f>m] mu/ h notic$ t1 if a bo>d or rail1 or an old bru%-heap be remov$ 9 spr+ f soil :]e grass is gr[+1 ! grass aft]w>ds gr[s 9 ^? places mu* l>g] & bett] ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field4 ,?is improvem5t arises f v>i\s causes4 #a4 ,! evaporation ( wat] f ! soil is prev5t$ dur+ dr\ght by ! %ade af=d$ by ! mul*2 & x is !re=e kept 9 bett] condition1 z to moi/ure & temp]ature1 ?an :5 evaporation goes on m freely4 ,?is condition is well calculat$ to advance ! *emical *anges necess>y to prep>e ! matt]s--bo? organic & m9]al--9 ! soil = ! use ( plants4 #b4 ,by prev5t+ evaporation1 we p>tially protect ! soil f los+ ammonia resultant f decay+ organic matt]4 #c4 ,a heavy mul* breaks ! =ce ( ra9s1 & prev5ts !m f compact+ ! soil1 z w\ld be ! result1 7 no su* precaution tak54 #d4 ,mul*+ protects ! surface-soil f freez+ z readily z :5 expos$1 & ?us keeps x long] op5 = ! admission ( air & moi/ure4 ,:5 unprotect$1 ! soil e>ly becomes froz52 & all wat] fall+1 in/ead ( ent]+ z x %\ld d1 passes (f on ! surface4 ,:y does mul*+ take ! place ( artificial wat]+8 ,:y is ! late s[+ ( oats b5eficial8 ,f :at arises ! *ief b5efit ( top dress+ ! soil ) manure 9 autumn8 #e4 ,! ?r[+ out ( w9t] gra9 is (t5 prev5t$1 because ?is is due to ! freez+ ( ! surface-soil4 #f4 ,mul*+ prev5ts ! gr[? ( "s we$s1 because x removes f !m ! fo/]+ heat ( ! sun4 ,_m ( ! be/ nurs]y-m5 keep ! soil ab\t ! roots ( "y trees mul*$ cont9ually4 ,"o ( ! *ief argum5ts = ?is treatm5t is1 t x prev5ts ! removal ( ! moi/ure f ! soil & ! consequ5t loss ( heat4 ,also t x keeps up a full supply ( wat] = ! uses ( ! roots1 because x keeps ! soil cool1 & causes a deposit ( dew4 #g4 ,x also prev5ts ! bak+ ( ! soil1 or ! =mation ( a cru/4 ,x is to be recomm5d$ 9 ne>ly all cases to s[ oats v ?9ly ov] l& int5d$ = w9t] fall[ aft] ! removal ( crops1 z !y w gr[ a little be=e be+ kill$ by ! fro/1 :5 !y w fall d[n1 ?us af=d+ a v b5eficial mul* to ! soil4 ,:5 f>m]s spread manure on _! fields 9 ! fall to be pl[$ "u 9 ! spr+1 !y b5efit ! l& by ! mul*+ m ?an by ! addition ( f]tiliz+ matt]1 because !y give x ! protect+ influ5ce ( ! /raw1 etc41 :ile !y lose mu* ( ! ammonia ( _! manure by evaporation4 ,! same mul*+ might be m *eaply done ) leaves1 or o!r refuse matt]1 & ! ammonia ( ! manure made available by compo/+ ) absorb5ts4 ,:y is sn[ p>ticul>ly b5eficial8 ,x is an old & true say+ t sn[ is ! poor man's manure4 ,! reason :y x is s b5eficial is1 *iefly1 t x acts z a mo/ excell5t mul*4 ,x conta9s no m ammonia ?an ra9-wat] does2 &1 7 x n = ! fact t x protects ! soil aga9/ loss ( heat1 & produces o!r b5efits ( mul*+1 x w\ld h no m advantage\s effect4 ,! sev]ity ( w9t]s at ! ,nor? is p>tially comp5sat$ by ! long duration ( sn[4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t :5 !re is b little sn[ 9 cold c\ntries1 :eat is v liable to be w9t] kill$4 ,! same protection is af=d$ by artificial mul*+4 ,?is treatm5t is peculi>ly applicable to ! cultivation ( fl[]s1 bo? 9 pots & 9 b$s out ( doors4 ,x is almo/ indisp5sable to ! pr(itable production ( /rawb]ries1 & _m o!r g>d5 crops1 su* z asp>agus1 rhub>b1 etc4 ,_m say t ! be/ treatm5t = trees is to put /ones ab\t _! roots4 ,?is is simply mul*+ !m1 & might be done m *eaply by ! use ( leaves1 copy+ ! action ( nature 9 =e/s2,,am =1 unless ^! /ones be remov$ 9 spr+1 !y w s9k & compact ! soil 9 "p dur+ op5 wea!r4 ,,we$+4 ,:at are "s ( ! uses ( we$s8 ,_! disadvantages8 ,if a f>m] 7 ask$--:at is ! use ( we$s8 he might make out q a li/ ( _! b5efits1 among :i* might be "s ( ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,!y %ade t5d] plants1 & 9 a measure s]ve z a mul* to ! gr\nd4 #b4 ,"s we$s1 by _! (f5sive odor1 drive away _m insects4 #c4 ,!y may s]ve z a gre5 crop to be pl[$ into ! soil1 & increase its organic matt]4 #d4 ,!y make u /ir ! soil1 & ?us increase its f]tility4 ,/ill1 :ile ?9k+ out ^! excuses = we$s1 he w\ld see o!r & m urg5t reasons :y !y %\ld n be all[$ to gr[4 #a4 ,!y occupy ! soil to ! disadvantage ( crops4 #b4 ,!y exclude light & heat f cultivat$ plants1 & ?us int]f]e ) _! gr[?4 #c4 ,!y take up m9]al & o!r matt]s f ! soil1 & hold !m dur+ ! gr[+ season1 ?us depriv+ crops ( _! use4 ,x is n necess>y to argue ! injury done by we$s4 ,e f>m] is well conv9c$ t !y %\ld be de/roy$1 & ! be/ means ( accompli%+ ?is are ( ! greate/ importance4 ,h[ may we protect ourselves aga9/ _! increase8 ,:y is x especially important = ?is purpose to ma9ta9 ! balance ( ! soil8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we %\ld protect ourselves aga9/ _! increase4 ,?is may be done3-- ,by decompos+ all manures 9 compo/1 :]eby ! se$s conta9$ w be kill$ by ! heat ( f]m5tation2 or1 if "o bu%el ( salt be mix$ ?r\gh ea* cord ( compo/ 7z be=e recomm5d$71 x w kill se$s z well z grubs1-- ,by hoe+1 or1 o!rwise1 de/roy+ gr[+ we$s be=e !y mature _! se$s1 & ,by keep+ ! soil 9 ! be/ *emical condition4 ,?is la/ po9t is "o ( mu* importance4 ,x is well kn[n t soils defici5t 9 pota%1 w naturally produce "o k9d ( plants1 :ile soils defici5t 9 phosphoric acid w produce plants ( ano!r species1 etc4 ,_m soils produce c]ta9 we$s :i* w\ld n gr[ on !m if !y 7 made *emically p]fect1 z indicat$ by analysis4 ,x is also believ$ t ^? we$s1 :i* naturally gr[ on ! mo/ f]tile soils1 are ! ones mo/ easily de/roy$4 ,!re are exceptions 7( :i* ! ,?i/le is "o71 b ?is is giv5 z a g5]al rule4 ,h[ mu* salt may be us$ ) advantage8 ,:y is ! scuffle-hoe sup]ior to ! common hoe8 ,by c>eful att5tion to ! =ego+ po9ts1 we$s may be kept f increas+ :ile ^? already 9 ! soil may be eradicat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 *iefly by me*anical means1 su* z hoe+1 pl[+1 etc4,,an ,pr(4 ,mapes says t six bu%els ( salt annually s[n broadca/ ov] ea* acre ( l&1 w de/roy v _m we$s z well z grubs & worms4 ,! common hoe is a v imp]fect tool = ! purpose ( remov+ we$s1 z x prep>es a bett] soil =1 & replants 9 a position to gr[1 ne>ly z _m we$s z x de/roys4 ,! scuffle-hoe 7or pu%-hoe7 is mu* m effective1 z1 :5 work$ by a man walk+ backw>ds1 & retir+ z he works1 x leaves ne>ly all ( ! we$s on ! surface ( ! soil to be kill$ by ! sun4 ,:5 us$ 9 ?is way1 ! e>? is n trodd5 on aft] be+ ho$--z is ! case :5 ! common hoe is employ$4 ,?is tread+1 besides compact+ ! soil1 cov]s ! roots ( _m we$s1 & causes !m to gr[ aga94 ,h[ may mu* labor be sav$ 9 remov+ we$s8 ,:at is ! ,langdon horse-hoe8 ,describe ! univ]sal cultivator8 ,mu* ( ! labor ( we$+ usually p]=m$ by m51 might be m *eaply done by horses4 ,!re are v>i\s implem5ts = ?is purpose1 "s ( :i* are com+1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 into v g5]al use4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is ! ,langdon ,horse ,hoe1 :i* is a %ovel-%ap$ pl[1 to be run "o or two in*es deep4 ,x has a w+ on ea* side to prev5t ! e>? f fall+ on to ! plants 9 ! r[s4 ,at ! re>1 or upp] edge1 is a k9d ( rake or comb1 :i* all[s ! e>? to pass ?r\gh1 :ile ! we$s pass ov] ! comb & fall on ! surface ( ! soil1 to be kill$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,x is a simple & *eap tool1 & w p]=m ! "w ( tw5ty m5 ) hoes4 ,! h& hoe w be necess>y only 9 ! r[s4 ,,cultivator4 ,! cultivator1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & ( :i* !re are v>i\s patt]ns 9 use1 is excell5t = we$+1 & = loos5+ ! soil betwe5 ! r[s ( corn1 etc4 ,! "o call$ ! univ]sal cultivator1 hav+ its side b>s made ( iron1 curv$ s t at :atev] di/ance x is plac$ ! tee? w po9t /raight =w>d1 is a mu* bett] tool ?an ^? ( ! old] patt]ns1 :i* _h ! tee? s arrang$ t :5 set = wide r[s1 !y po9t$ t[>ds ! clevis4 ,x is difficult to keep su* a cultivator 9 its place1 :ile ! univ]sal is z difficult to move out ( a /raight l9e4 ,,improv$ ,,horse-,,hoe4 ,:at is ! improv$ horse-hoe8 ,! improv$ horse-hoe is a comb9ation ( ! ,langdon horse hoe & ! cultivator1 & is ! be/ implem5t1 = _m purposes1 t has yet be5 made4,,ao ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,,h>ve/+ ,,ma*9es4 ,until )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 b little att5tion has be5 paid to ! production ( ma*9es = h>ve/+ ! v>i\s crops4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 _m valuable inv5tions h appe>$4 ,among ^! we notice ,ket*um's m[]1 ,hussey's m[] & reap]1 & ,wag5]'s gra9 & grass se$ h>ve/]4 ,! latt] ma*9e ga!rs only ! gra9 & se$s ( ! crop1 leav+ ! /raw to be pl[$ "u ! soil1 ?us ma9ta9+ its supply ( soluble silicates1 & increas+ its am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,aft] tak+ ! se$ heads f ! /&+ /raw & grasses1 x ?ra%es !m1 bl[s out ! *aff1 sep>ates ! diff]5t k9ds ( se$s1 & dis*>ges !m into bags ready = m>ket4 ,x consi/s ( a c> conta9+ ! ma*9]y2 to ?is may be atta*$ any requir$ numb] ( horses4 ,! inv5tor affirms t x has h>ve/$ ! gra9 ( two acres 9 "o h\r1 p]=m+ ! "w ) accuracy4,,ap 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ! foll[+ prov]bs3 ,a g>d5 t is well kept1 is kept easily4 ,y mu/ conqu] we$s1 or we$s w conqu] y4 ,:at are ! two great rules 9 me*anical cultivation8 ,x is almo/ impossible to give a recapitulation ( ! matt]s treat$ 9 ?is section1 z x is1 itself1 b an outl9e ( subjects :i* might occupy our :ole book4 ,! s*ol> & ! f>m] %\ld und]/& e pr9ciple :i* x conta9s1 z well z !y und]/& ! multiplication table2 & _! application w be f\nd1 9 e in/ance1 to produce ! be/ results4 ,! two great rules ( me*anical cultivation are-- ,,?or\gh ,,"u-,,dra9+4 ,,deep ,,& ,,frequ5t ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,,footnotes3 ,,al ,field roll]s %\ld be made 9 sections1 = ease ( turn+4 ,,am ,! b5eficial effects ( mul*+ is s great z to lead u to ! conclusion t x has o!r means ( action ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ?is book4 ,future exp]im5ts may lead to m k on ?is subject4 ,,an ,x is possible t ! excrem5titi\s matt] ?r[n out by "s plants may be suffici5tly de/ructive to o!r k9ds to ext]m9ate !m f ! soil--?us1 f>m]s 9 ,ma9e say t a s+le crop ( turnips w entirely rid ! soil ( wit* grass4 ,?is is1 und\bt$ly1 ! effect ( ! excrem5titi\s matt] ( ! turnips4 ,?is subject is "o ( practical importance1 & dem&s close inve/igation by f>m]s1 :i* may lead to its be+ r$uc$ to a sy/em4 ,,ao ,! improv$ horse-hoe is made & sold by ,ruggles1 ,n\rse ,mason1 ( ,worce/]1 ,mass41 & ,qu9cy ,hall1 ,bo/on4 ,,ap ,?is ma*9e is m fully notic$ 9 ! adv]tis+ pages4 ,,section ,,fif?4 ,,analysis4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,:y does true practical economy require t ! soil %\ld be analyz$8 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 su* m>k$ improvem5ts h be51 & are /ill be+ made1 9 ! practice ( agriculture1 ! f>m] _c be too /rongly advis$ to procure an analysis ( 8 soil1 & = obvi\s reasons4 ,x has be5 suffici5tly prov$ t ! plant draws f ! soil c]ta9 k9ds ( m9]al matt]1 9 c]ta9 proportions2 also1 t if ! soil d n conta9 ! con/itu5ts requir$1 ! plants _c obta9 !m1 & consequ5tly _c gr[4 ,fur!rmore1 9 proportion to ! ability ( ! soil to supply ^! mat]ials1 9 exactly ! same proportion w x1 :5 "u good treatm5t1 produce good & abundant crops4 ,c ea* f>m] make 8 own analyses8 ,:y w n travell+ *emi/s answ] ! purpose8 ,h[ mu/ an analysis be us$8 ,all admit ! value & ! necessity ( manures2 !y are requir$ to make up defici5cies 9 ! soil1 & consequ5tly1 !y mu/ supply to x ! matt]s :i* are want+4 ,9 ord] to "k :at is want+1 we mu/ "k ! composition ( ! soil4 ,?is c be le>n$ only by accurate *emical analysis4 ,su* an analysis e f>m] mu/ possess be=e he c conduct 8 op]ations ) true practical economy4 ,an important "q n[ arises z to :e!r ea* f>m] c make 8 own analyses4 ,he _c d s )\t long /udy & practice4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,norton said t1 at lea/ two ye>s' "t w\ld be necess>y to enable a man to become compet5t to make a reliable analysis4 ,:5 we reflect t a f>m] may nev] ne$ m ?an five or six analyses1 we %all see t ! "t necess>y to le>n ! art w\ld be mu* m valuable ?an ! co/ ( ! analyses 7at #e or #aj ea*71 sett+ aside ! co/ ( app>atus1 & ! fact t :ile practis+ 9 ! laboratory1 he mu/ n use 8 h&s = any labor t w\ld unfit !m = ! mo/ delicate manipulations4 ,nei!r w travell+ *emi/s be able to make analyses z accurately & z *eaply z ^? :o "w 9 _! own laboratories1 :]e _! app>atus is n liable to ! _m injuries consequ5t on frequ5t removal4 ,! co/ ( s5d+ "o hundr$ samples ( soil to a di/ant *emi/1 w\ld be mu* less ?an ! exp5se ( hav+ 8 app>atus br\ght to ! t[n :]e 8 s]vices are requir$4 ,h[ may a f>m] obta9 ! requisite k8 ,:5 are ! s]vices ( a consult+ agriculturi/ requir$8 ,! way 9 :i* an analysis %\ld be us$ is a matt] ( mu* importance4 ,to a man :o kn[s no?+ ( *emi/ry 7be he ev] s successful a f>m]71 an analysis1 z receiv$ f a *emi/1 w\ld be z useless & un9telligible z ?\gh x 7 writt5 9 ,*9ese2 :ile1 if a *emi/ :o knew no?+ ( f>m+1 7 to give him advice conc]n+ ! application ( manures1 he w\ld be l$ equally a/ray1 & 8 c\rse w\ld be any ?+ b practical4 ,x is necess>y t *emical & practical k %\ld be comb9$1 & !n ! value ( analysis w be fully demon/rat$4 ,! am\nt ( k requir$ is n great1 b x mu/ be ?or\gh4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is little book is suffici5t1 b x w\ld be folly = a man to attempt to use an analysis f read+ x once hurri$ly ov]4 ,x mu/ be /udi$ & ?\ght on ) great c>e1 be=e x c be ( mat]ial assi/ance4 ,! ev5+s ( "o w9t]1 devot$ to ?is subject1 w enable a f>m] to und]/& ! application ( analysis to practical f>m+1 especially if o!r & m comp5di\s works are also read4 ,a less "t c\ld h>dly be recomm5d$4 ,is !re any d\bt z to ! practical value ( analysis8 ,h[ %\ld samples ( soil = analysis be select$8 ,:]e ?is att5tion _c be giv5 to ! subject1 ! s]vices ( a ,consult+ ,agriculturi/ %\ld be employ$ to advise ! treatm5t necess>y to r5d] f]tile ! soil analyz$4 ,e f>m]1 h[ev]1 %\ld le>n en\gh ( ! pr9ciples ( agriculture to be able to use an analysis1 :5 procur$1 )\t su* assi/ance4,,aq ,ne>ly all sci5tific m5 7all ( ! highe/ m]it7 are unanim\s 9 _! conviction ( ! practical value ( an analysis ( soils2 & a volume ( in/ances ( _! success1 ) h>dly a s+le failure1 might be publi%$4 ,pr(4 ,mapes says1 9 ! ,work+ ,f>m]1 t he has giv5 advice on hundr$s ( diff]5t soils1 & n a s+le in/ance c be f\nd :]e he has fail$ to produce a pr(it great] ?an ! co/ ( analysis & advice4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,jackson1 ( ,bo/on1 ! late ,pr(4 ,norton1 ( ,yale ,college1 & o!rs1 h _h univ]sal success 9 ?is matt]4 ,analysis mu/ be consid]$ ! only sure road to economical f>m+4 ,to select samples ( soil = analysis1 take a spadeful f v>i\s p>ts ( ! field--go+ to exactly ! dep? to :i* x has be5 pl[$--until1 say a :eel-b>r[ full1 has be5 obta9$4 ,mix ?is well toge!r1 & s5d ab\t a qu>t or a p9t ( x 7free f /ones7 to ! *emi/4 ,?is w repres5t all ( t "p ( ! f>m :i* has be5 subject to ! same cultivation1 & is ( ! same me*anical "*4 ,if !re are m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! k9ds ( soil1 sep>ate analyses w be necess>y4 ,give an in/ance ( ! success ( treatm5t accord+ to analysis8 ,:5 an analysis is obta9$1 a regul> debtor & cr$itor acc\nt may be kept ) ! soil2 & ! f>m] may "k by ! composition ( ! a%es ( 8 crops1 & ! manures suppli$1 :e!r he is ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( 8 soil4 ,pr(4 ,mapes once pur*as$ "s l& :i* c\ld n produce corn at all1 & by apply+ only su* manures z analysis indicat$ to be necess>y1 at a co/ ( less ?an #b p] acre1 he obta9$ ! fir/ ye> ov] fifty bu%els ( %ell$ corn p] acre4 ,! l& has s9ce cont9u$ to improve1 & is z f]tile z any 9 ! ,/ate4 ,x has produc$ 9 "o season a suffici5t crop ( cabbages to pay ! exp5se ( cultivation1 & ov] #bej p] acre besides1 ?\gh x 0 app>5tly wor?less :5 he pur*as$ x4 ,^! are /rong facts1 & %\ld ar\se ! f>m]s ( ! :ole c\ntry to _! true int]e/s4 ,let !m n call ! tea*+s ( sci5ce book-f>m+1 b prove all ?+s--hold fa/ t :i* is good4 ,,footnotes3 ,,aq ,see ,au?or's c>d 9 ! front ( ! book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tables ,,( ,,analysis4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,a%es ,,( ,,crops4 ,no4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,:eat4 ,:eat ,rye4 ,rye ,/raw4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a%es 9 #ajjj dry p>ts #bj #fj #bd #dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,silica 7s&7 #af #fed #e #fde ,lime #bh #fg #ej #ia ,magnesia #abj #cc #ajd #bd ,p]oxide ( ,iron #g #ac #ad #ad ,pota% #bcg #abd #bba #agd ,soda #ia #b #aaf #c ,*lor9e #aa #e ,sulphuric ,acid #c #eh #aj #h ,phosphoric ,acid #dih #ca #dif #ch ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,corn4 ,corn ,b>ley4 ,b>ley ,/alks4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,a%es 9 #ajjj dry p>ts4 #ae #dd #bh #fa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,silica 7s&7 #ae #bgj #bga #gjf ,lime #ae #hf #bf #ie ,magnesia #afb #ff #ge #cb ,p]oxide ( ,iron #c #h #ae #g ,oxide ( ,manganese #a ,pota% #bfa #if #acf #fb ,soda #fc #bgg #ha #f ,*lor9e #b #bj #a #aj ,sulphuric ,acid #bc #e #a #af ,phosphoric ,acid #ddi #aga #chi #ca ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,oats4 ,oat ,buck ,potatoes4 ,/raw4 ,:eat4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a%es 9 #ajjj dry p>ts #bj #ea #ba #ij ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,silica 7s&7 #g #dhd #g #db ,lime #fj #ha #fg #ba ,magnesia #ii #ch #ajd #ec ,p]oxide ( ,iron #d #ah #aa #e ,pota% #bfb #aia #hg #eeg ,soda #ig #bja #ai ,*lor9e #c #cb #dc ,sulphuric ,acid #ajd #cc #bb #acg ,phosphoric ,acid #dch #bg #ejj #abf ,organic ,matt] #gej ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,no4 ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,peas4 ,beans4 ,turnips4 ,turnip ,tops4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a%es 9 #ajjj dry p>ts #be #bg #gf #agj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,silica 7s&7 #e #ab #ga #h ,lime #ec #eh #abh #bcc ,magnesia #he #hj #dh #ca ,p]oxide ( ,iron #aj #f #i #h ,pota% #cfa #ccf #cih #bhf ,soda #ia #ajf #ajh #ed ,*lor9e #bc #g #cg #afj ,sulphuric ,acid #dd #aj #aca #abe ,phosphoric ,acid #ccc #cgh #fg #ic ,organic ,matt] #hgj ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,no4 ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,flax4 ,l9se$4 ,mead[ ,r$ ,hay4 ,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a%es 9 #ajjj dry p>ts #ej #df #fj #ge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,silica 7s&7 #beg #ge #cdd #dh ,alum9a 7clay7 #cg8 ,lime #adh #hc #aif #cga ,magnesia #dd #adf #gh #df ,p]oxide ( ,iron #cf8 #i #g #b ,pota% #aag #bdj #bcf #bfg ,soda #aah #de #ai #ga ,*lor9e #bi #b #bh #dh ,sulphuric ,acid #cb #bc #bi #fj ,phosphoric ,acid #acj #cfe #eh #hh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,,vi4 ,am\nt ( ,inorganic ,matt] remov$ f ! soil by t5 bu%els ( gra9s1 etc41 & by ! /raw1 etc41 requir$ 9 _! production--e/imat$ 9 p\nds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #abjj lbs4 #afbj lbs4 ,:eat4 ,:eat ,rye4 ,rye ,/raw4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,pota% #b4hf #h4ig #b4ea #aa4cd ,soda #a4jd 4#ab #a4cc 4#bj ,lime 4#cd #d4hd 4#ef #e4ia ,magnesia #a4df #b4gf #a4ah #a4eh ,oxide ( ,iron 4#jh 4#id 4#ae 4#hh ,sulphuric ,acid 4#jc #d4bj 4#aa 4#je ,phosphoric ,acid #f4ja #b4bb #e4fd #b4di ,*lor9e 4#gi 4#cj ,silica 4#ad #dg4af 4#je #db4be ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #ab #gb #aa #ff ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,no4 ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #afbj lbs4 #gjj lbs4 ,corn4 ,corn ,oats4 ,oat ,/alks4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,pota% #b4gh #f4hd #a4fi #ab4jh ,soda #ai4hc ,lime 4#ab #f4jb 4#ci #c4ci ,magnesia #a4eb #d4gd 4#fd #a4ei ,oxide ( ,iron 4#eg 4#jb 4#gh ,sulphuric ,acid 4#cf 4#ff #a4da ,phosphoric ,acid #d4eb #ab4ae #b4hj #a4jg ,*lor9e #a4cc 4#jb #a4cf ,silica 4#jf #ai4af 4#ah #bj4cb ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #i #ga #f #db ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,no4 ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,buck #ffj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 ,:eat4 ,b>ley4 ,b>ley ,flax4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pota% #a4ja #a4ij #b4eg #aa4gh ,soda #b4ac #a4ah 4#bc #aa4hb ,lime 4#gh 4#if #c4hh #aa4he ,magnesia #a4bj #a4jj #a4ca #i4ch ,oxide ( ,iron 4#ad 4#bj 4#ij #g4cb ,sulphuric ,acid 4#be 4#ja 4#ff #c4ai ,phosphoric ,acid #e4dj #e4ce #a4be #ac4je ,*lor9e 4#ja 4#dj #b4ij ,silica 4#ji #c4ij #bh4hj #be4ga ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #aa #ad #dj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,no4 ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aabj lbs4 #acff lbs4 ,beans4 ,bean ,field ,pea ,/raw4 ,peas4 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pota% #e4ed #cf4bh #e4ij #c4gh ,soda #a4hc #a4ji #a4dj ,lime #ih4ih #ac4fj 4#ha #dc4ic ,magnesia 4#bh #d4ee #a4cj #e4ej ,oxide ( ,iron 4#aj 4#bj 4#ae #a4dj ,sulphuric ,acid 4#af 4#fd 4#fd #e4dc ,phosphoric ,acid #g4hj #e4jj #e4ej #c4hf ,*lor9e 4#ac #a4gd 4#bc 4#jh ,silica 4#ah #d4ij 4#g #af4jb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #ag #fh #af #hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,no4 ,x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #fce lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 #a ,ton ,turnip #a ,ton ,r$ ,turnips4 ,tops4 ,potatoes4 ,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,pota% #g4ad #d4cd #bg4hb #ca4da ,soda 4#hf 4#hd 4#ic #h4cd ,lime #b4ca #c4fa #a4jc #dc4gg ,magnesia 4#ia 4#dh #b4fc #e4be ,oxide ( ,iron 4#bc 4#ac 4#bf 4#bc ,sulphuric ,acid #b4cj #a4ha #f4ha #g4je ,phosphoric ,acid #a4bi #a4ca #f4be #aj4bh ,*lor9e 4#fa #b4ce #b4ac #e4hf ,silica #a4cf 4#ac #b4ad #e4ha ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #ag #ae #ej #aah ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ,,xi4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bjjj lbs4 #bjjj lbs4 ,mead[ ,cabbage ,hay4 ,wat] #i-aj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,pota% #ah4aa #e4be ,soda #a4ce #i4bj ,lime #bb4ie #i4de ,magnesia #f4ge #b4gj ,oxide ( ,iron #a4fi 4#be ,sulphuric ,acid #b4gj #i4fj ,phosphoric ,acid #e4ig #e4fj ,*lor9e #b4ei #b4fj ,silica #cg4hi 4#ce ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p\nds c>ri$ (f #ajj #de ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,no4 ,,xii4 ,composition ( ,a%es1 lea*$ & unlea*$1 %[+ _! manurial value3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,oak ,oak ,bee* ,bee* unlea*$4 lea*$4 unlea*$4 lea*$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pota% #hd -- #aeh -- ,soda #ef -- #bi -- ,lime #gej #edh #fcd #dbf ,magnesia #de #f #aac #gj ,oxide ( ,iron #f -- #h #ae ,sulphuric ,acid #ab -- #ad -- ,phosphoric ,acid #ce #h #ca #eg ,*lor9e #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ,,xiii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,bir* ,seawe$ ,bitum9\s lea*$4 unlea*$4 ,coal unlea*$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,pota% -- #ahj #b ,soda -- #baj #b ,lime #ebb #id #ba ,magnesia #cj #ii #b ,oxide ( ,iron #e #c #dj ,sulphuric ,acid -- #bdh #i ,phosphoric ,acid #dc #eb #b ,*lor9e -- #ih #a ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,no4 ,,xiv4 ,,tobacco4 ,analysis ( ! a% ( ! ,,plant ,w ,fres$ius-- ,pota% #ai4ee ,soda #j4bg ,magnesia #aa4jg ,lime #dh4fh ,phosphoric ,acid #c4ff ,sulphuric ,acid #c4bi ,oxide ( ,iron #b4ii ,*loride ( ,sodium #c4ed ,loss #f4ie ------ #ajj4jj ,analysis ( ! a% ( ! ,,root ,b]?i]-- ,soluble ,matt] #ab4c ,insoluble #hg4g ,! ,soluble p>ts consi/ ( ne>ly-- ,c>bonic ,acid #aj4j ,sulphuric ,acid #aj4c ,muriatic ,acid 7,*lor9e1 c47 #ah4bf ,pota% & ,soda #fa4dd ------ #ajj4jj ,no4 ,,xv4 ,composition ( "s ( ! m common ,comp\nds ( ,acids & ,alkalies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ,p>ts ( ,conta9 ( ! ,conta9 ( ! ,alkalies ,acids ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c>bonate ( ,pota% 7,pe>la%7 ,pota% #fh4ji ,c>bonic #ca4ia ,bi-,c>bonate ( ,pota% 7,sal]atus7 d4 #ea4fb ,c>bonic #dh4ch ,nitrate ( ,pota% 7,saltpetre7 d4 #df4ef ,nitric #ec4dd ,silicate ( ,pota% d4 #ej4ed ,silicic #di4df ,c>bonate ( ,soda ,soda #eh4eh ,c>bonic #da4db ,bi-,c>bonate ( ,soda 7,common ,soda7,,ar d4 #da4db ,c>bonic #eh4eh ,nitrate ( ,soda d4 #cf4fj ,nitric #fc4dj ,sulphate ( ,soda 7,glaub] ,salts7,,ar d4 #ai4ch ,sulphuric #bd4he ,silicate ( ,soda d4 #dj4cg ,silicic #ei4fc ,c>bonate ( ,lime 7,lime/one7 ,lime #ef4bi ,c>bonic #dc4ga ,sulphate ( ,lime 7,pla/] ,p>is7,,ar d4 #cb4ij ,sulphuric #df4ca ,sulphate ( ,lime 7,burn$7 d4 #da4ec ,sulphuric #eh4dg ,phosphate ( ,lime d4 #ed4dh ,phosphoric #de4eb ,sup]-,phosphate ( ,lime d4 #bh4eb ,phosphoric #ga4dh ,silicate ( ,lime d4 #ch4ae ,silicic #fa4he ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia ,magnesia #dh4ca ,c>bonic #ea4fi ,sulphate ( ,magnesia 7,epsom ,salts7,,ar d4 #af4gj ,sulphuric #cb4dj ,silicate ( ,alum9a ,alum9a #ag4je ,silicic #gb4ie ,sulphate ( ,iron 7,gre5 ,vitriol7,,ar ,oxide ( ,sulphuric #ca4jc ,iron #bg4ai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,no4 ,,xvi4 ,proximate ,analyses ( ,crops1 %[+ ! am\nt ( ! diff]5t ,organic ,comp\nds conta9$ 9 ,gra91 ,roots1 ,hay1 etc4--e/imat$ 9 p\nds3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,wat]4 ,husk or ,/>*1 ,glut51 ,fatty ,woody ,gum & ,album51 ,matt]4 ,fibre4 ,sug>4 ,legum94 ---------------------------------------- ---- #aj ,bu%els4 ,:eat #fjj lbs4 #ij #ij #ccj #hg #ah ,b>ley #eae lbs4 #gg #gg #cji #gj #ac ,oats #dbe lbs4 #fh #he #bee #gj #be ,rye #ebj lbs4 #fb #gh #cab #fe #ah ,indian ,corn #fjj lbs4 #hd #cf #dbj #gb #db ,buck ,:eat #dbe lbs4 #fd #ajf #bab #cd #b8 ,beans #fdj lbs4 #ij #fa #bef #aff #af ,peas #fdj lbs4 #ij #eh #cbj #aed #ad #bjjj lbs4 ,potatoes #aejj #hj #cfj #dj #f ,turnips #agfj #dj #ahj;,,z #cj #f ,c>rots #agjj #fj #bjj;,,z #cj #h ,mangold ,wurtzel #agjj #dj #bbj;,,z #dj 8 ,mead[ ,hay #bhj #fjj #hjj #adj #gj ,clov] ,hay #bhj #ejj #hjj #ahf #hj ,pea ,/raw #bej #ejj #ijj #bdf #cj ,rye ,/raw #bgj #ijj #gfj #bf 8 ,corn ,/alks #bdj #ejj #ajdj #fj #cd #ajj lbs4 ,f9e ,:eat ,fl\r #aj #gi #aa #ajj lbs4 ,:eat ,bran #ac #ee #ai #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4 ,,xvii4 ,am\nt ( ,a% left aft] burn+ #ajjj lbs4 ( v>i\s plants1 ord9>ily dry-- ,:eat #bj its /raw #ej ,b>ley #cj #ej ,oats #dj #fj ,rye #bj #dj ,indian ,corn #ae #ej ,pea #cj #ej ,bean #cj ,mead[ ,hay #ej to #ajj ,clov] #ij ,rye ,grass #ie ,potato #h to #ae ,turnip #e to #h ,c>rot #ae to #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,,xviii4 ,,manures4 ,,horse ,,manure4 ,solid ,dung-- ,combu/ible ,matt] #ai4fh ,a% #c4jg ,wat] #gg4be ------ #ajj4jj ,composition ( ! ,a%-- ,silica #fb4dj ,pota% #aa4cj ,soda #a4ih ,oxide ( ,iron #a4ag ,lime #d4fc ,magnesia #c4hd ,oxide ( ,manganese #b4ac ,phosphoric ,acid #aj4di ,sulphuric ,acid #a4hi ,*lor9e #j4jc ,loss #j4ad ------ #ajj4jj ,no4 ,,xix4 ,,night ,,soil4 ,solid 7,a%7-- ,e>?y ,phosphates & a trace ( ,sulphate ( ,lime #ajj ,sulphate ( ,soda & ,pota%1 & ,phosphate ( ,soda #h ,c>bonate ( ,soda #h ,silica #af ,*>coal & ,loss #ah --- #aej ,ur9e ,urea,,at #cj4aj ,uric ,acid #a4jj ,sal ,ammoniac,,at #a4ej ,lactic ,acid1 etc4 #ag4ad ,mucus 4#cb ,sulphate ( ,pota% #c4ga ,sulphate ( ,soda #c4af ,phosphate ( ,ammonia,,at #a4fe ,e>?y ,phosphates #c4id ,salt 7,*loride ( ,sodium7 #d4de ,silica #j4jc ------ #fg4jj ,wat] #icc4jj ------ #ajjj4jj ,no4 ,,xx4 ,,c[ ,,manure4 ,solid 7,a%7-- ,phosphates #bj4i ,p]oxide ( ,iron #h4h ,lime #a4e ,sulphate ( ,lime 7,pla/]7 #c4a ,*loride ( ,potassium trace ,silica #fc4g ,loss #b4j ----- #ajj4j ,no4 ,,xxi4 ,,comp>ative ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,ur9e ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,animals4 ,solid ,matt]4 ,organic4 ,inorganic4 ,total4 ,man #bc4d #g4f #ca ,horse #bg4 #cc4 #fj ,c[ #ej4 #bj4 #gj ,pig #ef4 #ah4 #gd ,%eep #bh4 #ab4 #dj ,no4 ,,xxii4 ,,guano4 ,wat] #f4dj ,ammonia #b4ga ,uric ,acid #cd4gj ,oxalic ,acid1 etc4 #bf4gi ,fix$ ,alkal9e ,salts4 ,sulphate ( ,soda #b4id ,phosphate ( ,soda 4#dh ,*loride ( ,sodium 7salt7 4#hf ,e>?y ,salts4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime #a4cf ,phosphates #ai4bd ,=eign ,matt]4 ,silici\s grit & s& #d4eb ------ #ajj4jj ,= ! analysis ( f]tile & b>r5 soils1 see page #gb4 ,,footnotes3 ,,ar ,conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( ,wat]4 ,,z ,pectic ,acid4 ,,at ,supply ,ammonia4 ,,! ,,practical ,,f>m]4 ,:o is ! practical f>m]8 ,let u look at two pictures & decide4 ,"h is a f>m ( #ajj acres 9 ord9>y condition4 ,x is own$ & till$ by a h>d-work+ man1 :o1 9 ! busy season1 employs "o or two assi/ants4 ,! f>m is free f debt1 b x does n produce an abundant income2 !re=e1 its own] _c af=d to pur*ase ! be/ implem5ts1 or make o!r ne$$ improvem5ts2 besides1 he don't believe 9 su* ?+s4 ,8 fa!r 0 a good solid f>m]2 s 0 8 gr&fa!r2 & s is he1 or ?9ks he is4 ,he is satisfi$ t '! good old way' is be/1 & he /icks to x4 ,he works f morn+ till night2 f spr+ till fall4 ,9 ! w9t]1 he re/s1 z mu* z 8 less5$ duties w all[4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 he reads little1 or no?+4 ,lea/ ( all does he read ab\t f>m+4 ,he don't want to le>n h[ to dig potatoes out ( a book4 ,book f>m+ is nons5se4 ,_m o!r simil> ideas keep him f agricultural read+4 ,8 h\se is com=table1 & 8 b>ns are q z good z 8 neighbors'1 :ile 8 f>m gives him a liv+4 ,x is true t 8 soil does n produce z mu* z x did t5 ye>s ago2 b prices are bett]1 & he is satisfi$4 ,let u look at 8 premises1 & see h[ 8 affairs are manag$4 ,fir/1 exam9e ! l&4 ,well1 x is good fair l&4 ,"s ( x is a little spr+y1 b is n to be call$ wet4 ,x w produce a ton & a half ( hay to ! acre--x us$ to produce two tons4 ,!re are "s /ones on ! l&1 b n en\gh 9 8 e/imation to d h>m4 ,! pl[$ fields are pretty good2 !y w produce #ce bu%els ( corn1 #ac bu%els ( :eat1 or #cj bu%els ( oats p] acre1 :5 ! season is n dry4 ,8 fa!r us$ to get m2 b1 someh[1 ! wea!r is n s favorable z x 0 9 old times4 ,he has ?\ght ( rais+ root crops1 b !y take m labor ?an he c af=d to hire4 ,ov]1 9 ! back "p ( ! l& !re is a muck-hole1 :i* is ! only piece ( wor?less l& on ! :ole f>m4 ,n[1 let u look at ! b>ns & b>n-y>ds4 ,! /ables are pretty good4 ,!re are "s wide cracks 9 ! sid+1 b !y help to v5tilate1 & make x heal?i] = ! cattle4 ,! manure is ?r[n out ( ! back w9d[s1 & is left 9 piles "u ! eaves on ! sunny side ( ! b>n4 ,! ra9 & sun make x nic] to h&le4 ,! cattle h to g "s di/ance = wat]2 & ?is gives !m ex]cise4 ,all ( ! cattle are n kept 9 ! /able2 ! fatt5+ /ock are kept 9 ! v>i\s fields1 :]e hay is f$ out to !m f ! /ack4 ,! b>n-y>d is (t5 occupi$ by cattle1 & is cov]$ ) _! manure1 :i* lies !re until x is c>t$ on to ! l&4 ,9 ! %$ are ! tools ( ! f>m1 consi/+ ( c>ts1 pl[s--n deep pl[s1 ?is f>m] ?9ks x be/ to h roots ne> ! surface ( ! soil :]e !y c h ! b5efit ( ! sun's heat1--a h>r[1 hoes1 rakes1 etc4 ,^! tools are all 9 good ord]2 &1 unlike ^? ( 8 less prud5t neighbor1 !y are protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,! crops are cultivat$ ) ! pl[1 & hoe1 z !y h be5 s9ce ! l& 0 cle>$1 & z !y always w be until ?is man dies4 ,"h is ! 'practical f>m]' ( ! pres5t day4 ,h>d work+1 out ( debt1 & economical--( doll>s & c5ts1 if n ( soil & manures4 ,he is a bett] f>m] ?an two ?irds ( ! ?ree millions ( f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he is "o ( ! be/ f>m]s 9 8 t[n--!re are b few bett] 9 ! c\nty1 n _m 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he repres5ts ! bett] class ( 8 pr(ession4 ,) all ?is1 he is1 9 matt]s relat+ to 8 bus9ess1 an unread+1 un?9k+ man4 ,he kn[s no?+ ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( f>m+1 & is successful by ! indulg5ce ( nature1 n because he und]/&s h]1 & is able to make ! mo/ ( h] assi/ance4 ,?is is an unpleasant fact1 b x is "o :i* _c be d5i$4 ,we d n say ?is to disp>age ! f>m]1 b to ar\se him to a realization ( 8 position & ( 8 p[] to improve x4 ,b let u see :]e he is wrong4 ,he is wrong 9 ?9k+ t 8 l& does n ne$ dra9+4 ,he is wrong 9 be+ satisfi$ ) "o & a half tons ( hay to ! acre :5 he might easily get two & a half4 ,he is wrong 9 n remov+ z f> z possible e /one t c int]f]e ) ! deep & ?or\gh cultivation ( 8 soil4 ,he is wrong 9 reap+ less ?an 8 fa!r did1 :5 he %\ld get m4 ,he is wrong 9 ascrib+ to ! wea!r1 & simil> causes1 :at is due to ! actual impov]i%m5t ( 8 soil4 ,he is wrong 9 n rais+ turnips1 c>rots1 & o!r roots1 :i* 8 w9t] /ock s mu* ne$1 :5 !y might be rais$ at a co/ ( less ?an "o ?ird ( _! value z food4 ,he is wrong 9 consid]+ wor?less a deposit ( muck1 :i* is a m9e ( weal? if prop]ly employ$4 ,he is wrong 9 v5tilat+ 8 /ables at ! co/ ( heat4 ,he is wrong 9 8 treatm5t ( 8 manures1 = he loses m ?an "o half ( _! value f evaporation1 f]m5tation1 & lea*+4 ,he is wrong 9 n hav+ wat] at h& = 8 cattle--_! ex]cise detracts f _! accumulation ( fat & _! production ( heat1 & x exposes !m to cold4 ,he is wrong 9 n protect+ 8 fatt5+ /ock f ! cold ( w9t]2 =1 "u exposure to cold1 ! food1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be us$ 9 ! =mation ( fat1 goes to ! production ( ! animal heat necess>y to c\nt]act ! *ill+ influ5ce ( ! wea!r1 p4 #ej4 ,he is wrong 9 all[+ 8 manure to lie unprotect$ 9 ! b>n-y>d4 ,he is wrong 9 n add+ to 8 tools ! deep surface pl[1 ! subsoil pl[1 ! cultivator1 & _m o!rs ( improv$ con/ruction4 ,he is wrong 9 cultivat+ ) ! pl[ & hoe1 ^? crops :i* c\ld be bett] or m *eaply manag$ ) ! cultivator or horse-hoe4 ,he is wrong 9 _m ?+s m1 z we %all see if we exam9e all ( 8 ye>ly r\t9e ( "w4 ,he is "r 9 a few ?+s2 & b a few1 z he himself w\ld admit1 _h he t k ( 8 bus9ess :i* he c\ld obta9 9 ! leisure h\rs ( a s+le w9t]4 ,/ill1 he ?9ks himself a practical f>m]4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s1 we %all h few] su*1 = our "y m5 h ! m5tal capacity & m5tal en]gy necess>y to raise !m to ! highe/ po9t ( practical education1 & to t po9t !y are gradually b surely ris+4 ,let u n[ place ?is same f>m 9 ! h&s ( an educat$ & und]/&+ cultivator2 &1 at ! end ( five ye>s1 look at x aga94 ,he has sold "o half ( x1 & cultivates b fifty acres4 ,! money = :i* ! o!r fifty 7 sold has be5 us$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! f>m4 ,! l& has all be5 "u-dra9$1 & %[s ! _m improvem5ts consequ5t on su* treatm5t4 ,! /ones & small rocks h be5 remov$1 leav+ ! surface ( ! soil smoo?1 & all[+ ! use ( ! sub-soil pl[1 :i* ) ! "u-dra9s h m ?an d\bl$ ! productive p[] ( ! f>m4 ,suffici5t labor is employ$ to cultivate ) improv$ tools1 ext5sive root crops1 & !y inv>iably give a l>ge yield4 ,! grass l& produces a ye>ly av]age ( #b tons ( hay p] acre4 ,f #hj to #ajj bu%els ( corn1 #cj bu%els ( :eat1 & #de bu%els ( oats are ! av]age ( ! crops reap$4 ,! soil has be5 analyz$1 & put 9 ! be/ possible condition1 :ile x is ye>ly suppli$ ) manures conta9+ e ?+ tak5 away 9 ! abundant crops4 ,! analysis is nev] lo/ sight ( 9 ! regulation ( crops & ! application ( manures4 ,! wor?less muck b$ 0 reta9$1 & is made wor? "o doll> a load to ! compo/ heap1 especially z ! l& requires an increase ( organic matt]4 ,a new b>n has be5 built l>ge en\gh to /ore all ( ! hay produc$ on ! f>m4 ,x has /ables1 :i* are tight & w>m1 & are well v5tilat$ above ! cattle4 ,! /ock be+ ?us protect$ f ! loss ( _! heat1 give m milk1 & make m fat on a less am\nt ( food ?an !y did "u ! old sy/em4 ,wat] is ne> at h&1 & ! animals are n oblig$ to ov] ex]cise4 ,! manure is c>efully compo/$1 ei!r "u a %$ con/ruct$ = ! purpose ) a tank & pump1 or is ?r[n into ! cell> bel[1 :]e ! hogs mix x ) a l>ge am\nt ( muck1 :i* has be5 c>t$ 9 aft] be+ ?or\ghly decompos$ by ! lime & salt mixture4 ,!y are ?us protect$ aga9/ all loss1 & are prep>$ = ! imm$iate use ( crops4 ,no manures are all[$ to lie 9 ! b>n-y>d1 b !y are all e>ly remov$ to ! compo/ heap1 :]e !y are pres]v$ by be+ mix$ ) c>bonace\s matt]4 ,9 ! tool %$1 we f9d deep surface-pl[s1 sub-soil pl[s1 cultivators1 horse-hoes1 se$-drills1 & _m o!r valuable improvem5ts4 ,?is f>m] takes "o or m agricultural pap]s1 f :i* he le>ns _m new me?ods ( cultivation1 :ile 8 k ( ! reasons ( v>i\s agricultural effects enables him to disc>d ! injudici\s sugge/ions ( m]e book f>m]s & un$ucat$ dream]s4 ,"h are two specim5s ( f>m]s4 ,nei!r description is ov]-drawn4 ,! fir/ is mu* m c>eful 9 8 op]ations ?an ! majority ( our rural population4 ,! second is no bett] ?an _m :o may be f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,we appeal to ! common s5se ( ! read] ( ?is "w to "k :i* ( ! two is ! practical f>m]--let him imitate ei!r z 8 judgm5t %all dictate4 ,,f9is4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,t]ms4 ,,absorb--to soak 9 a liquid or a gas4 ,,ab/ract--to take f4 ,,acid--s\r2 a s\r sub/ance4 ,,agriculture--! art ( cultivat+ ! soil4 ,,alkali--! direct opposite ( an acid1 ) :i* x has a t5d5cy to unite4 ,,alum9a--! base ( clay4 ,,analysis--sep>at+ into its prim>y p>ts any comp\nd sub/ance4 ,,c>bonate--a comp\nd1 consi/+ ( c>bonic acid & an alkali4 ,,cau/ic--burn+4 ,,*loride--a comp\nd conta9+ *lor9e4 ,,clevis--t "p ( a pl[ by :i* ! draw+ p[] is atta*$4 ,,decompose--to sep>ate ! con/itu5ts ( a body f _! comb9ations1 =m+ new k9ds ( comp\nds4 ,,dige/ion--! decomposition ( food 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es ( animals 7agricultural74 ,,dew--deposit ( ! ins5sible vapor ( ! atmosph]e on cold bodies4 ,,excrem5t--! matt] giv5 out by ! organs ( plants & animals1 be+ ^? p>ts ( _! food :i* !y are unable to assimilate4 ,,f]m5tation--a k9d ( decomposition4 ,,gas--air--a]i=m matt]4 ,,gurneyism--see ,mul*+4 ,,+r$i5t--compon5t "p4 ,,inorganic--m9]al1 or e>?y4 ,,m\ldbo>d--t "p ( a surface pl[ :i* turns ! sod4 ,,mul*+--cov]+ ! soil ) litt]1 leaves1 or o!r refuse matt]4 ,see p4 #bdg4 ,,neutralize--,to ov]come ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties (4 ,,organic ,,matt]--t k9d ( matt] :i* at times possesses an organiz$ 7or liv+7 =m1 & at o!rs exi/s z a gas 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,,oxide--a comp\nd ( oxyg5 ) a metal4 ,,phosphate--a comp\nd ( phosphoric acid ) an alkali4 ,,proximate--an organic comp\nd1 su* z wood1 />*1 gum1 etc42 a product ( life4 ,,pung5t--prick+4 ,,putrefaction--rott+4 ,,saturate--to fill ! pores ( any sub/ance1 z a sponge ) wat]1 or *>coal ) ammonia4 ,,silicate--a comp\nd ( silica ) an alkali4 ,,soluble--capable ( be+ dissolv$4 ,,solution--a liquid conta9+ ano!r sub/ance dissolv$ 9 x4 ,,saturat$ ,,solution--"o :i* conta9s z mu* ( ! =eign sub/ance z x is capable ( hold+4 ,,spongioles--! m\?s at ! ends ( roots4 ,,sulphate--a comp\nd ( sulphuric acid ) an alkali4 ,,vapor--gas4 ,,ket*um',s ,,pat5t ,,m[+ ,,ma*9es ,illu/ration ,! greate/ ,improvem5t ev] made = ,simplicity1 ,durability1 & ,ease ( ,action4 ,x is n[ beyond a "q1 f ! complete triumph ov] all o!r ma*9es ?is season1 t ?is is ! only successful ,grass ,cutt] kn[n4 ,x is 9 fact ! only ma*9e t has ev] cut all k9ds ( grass )\t clogg+ or int]ruption4 ,m ?an #ajjj h be5 sold ! pres5t season "u ! foll[+ w>ranty1 & n 9 a s+le in/ance h we be5 call$ on to take "o back4 7,w>ranty37 ,t said ma*9es are capable ( ,cutt+ & ,spread+1 ) "o span ( horses & driv]1 f t5 to fifte5 acres p] day1 ( any k9d ( grass1 heavy or light1 wet or dry1 lodg$ or /&+1 & d x z well z is done ) a scy! by ! be/ m[]s4 ,! price ( our ma*9e1 ) two sets ( knives & extras1 is #aaj1 ca%1 deliv]$ on bo>d ( c>s or boat1 free ( *>ge4 ,,h[>d ,,co41 ,manufactur]s & ,proprietors1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,buffalo1 ,aug4 #a1 #ahec4 ,,ruggles1 ,,n\rse1 ,,mason ,co41 ,manufacture ,ket*um's ,m[] = ,new ,engl&4 ,,w>d] ,,brokaw1 ,spr+field1 ,ohio2 = ,s\!rn ,ohio & ,k5tucky4 ,,seym\r ,,morgan1 ,brockport1 ,n4 ,y42 = ,mi*igan & ,ill9ois4 ,,new ,,& ,,useful ,,works4 ,,j ,,publi%$ ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company ,a new & mu*1 enl>g$ edition ( ,,dr4 ,,ure',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,manufactures ,,& ,,m9es4 ,conta9+ a cle> ,exposition ( _! pr9ciples & practice4 ,illu/rat$ ) ne>ly #a1fjj engrav+s4 ,complete 9 two l>ge #hvo4 volumes2 c\nts ov] #b1jjj pages4 ,price #e4jj4 ,?is new edition is ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury 9 advance ( any previ\s "o4 ,x conta9s "o ?ird m matt] ?an ! late/ previ\s "o4 ,! /ati/ics1 inv5tions1 & improvem5ts1 are all br\ght d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! results ( ! ,london ,exhibition on ! respective subjects ( :i* ! ,diction>y treats1 are pres5t$ ) great fulness & accuracy4 ,! num]\s errors 9 ! typography ( ! ,london edition h be5 correct$ 9 ?is4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell',s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geology2 ,or1 ! ,mod]n ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants1 consid]$ z illu/rative ( ,geology4 ,a new & mu* enl>g$ edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) maps1 plates1 & wood-cuts4 #a vol4 #hvo41 ( #hej pages4 ,price #b4be4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell',s ,,manual ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,geology2 ,or1 ! ,anci5t ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants1 z illu/rat$ by ,geological ,monum5ts4 ,a new & greatly enl>g$ edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ejj wood-cuts4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,price #a4ge4 999999 ,! au?or ( ^! works1 /&s 9 ! v front rank ( sci5tific m51 & 8 works ^u ! sci5ce to :i* he has devot$ 8 great p[]s & 8 indefatigable /udy1 are ! /&>d books ^u ^! subjects4 ,,appleton',s ,,mod]n ,,atlas ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,) an ,alphabetical ,index ( ! ,latitudes & ,longitudes ( #ah1jjj places4 ,?irty-f\r beautifully engrav$ & color$ maps1 ) ,temp]ature ,scales4 #dto4 size1 b\nd 9 #a vol41 royal #hvo4 ,price #c4ej4 ,?is is ! only complete portable ,mod]n ,atlas yet publi%$4 ,! maps are engrav$ on /eel1 & execut$ ) great cle>ness1 di/9ctness & accuracy4 ,! del9eations ( m\nta9\s di/ricts1 ! s\rces ( riv]s & b\nd>y l9es1 h be5 made ) great c>e4 ,x is design$ = ! table ( ! ,/ud5t & ! (fice ( ! ,pr(essional ,man1 & is issu$ 9 a v f9i%$ & elegant /yle1 & embraces ext5sive details ( all ! important p>ts ( ! ,e>?4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,popul> ,sci5ce4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,common ,life4 ,,by ,,james ,f4 ,w4 ,,john/on1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4,s4 ,l4 ,e41 c4 ,au?or ( ,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology1 a ,cate*ism ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology1 c4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! common life ( man is full ( wond]s1 ,*emical & ,physiological4 ,mo/ ( u pass ?r\gh ?is life )\t see+ or be+ s5sible ( !m1 ?\gh e day our exi/5ce & our com=ts ought to recall !m to our m9ds4 ,"o ma9 cause ( ?is is1 t our s*ools tell u no?+ ab\t !m--d n tea* ^? p>ts ( mod]n le>n+ :i* w\ld fit u = see+ !m4 ,:at mo/ conc]ns ! ?+s t daily occupy our att5tion & c>es1 are 9 e>ly life almo/ s$ul\sly kept f our k4 ,^? :o w\ld le>n any ?+ reg>d+ !m1 mu/ subsequ5tly tea* !mselves ?r\gh ! help ( ! press3 h5ce ! necessity = a ,popul> ,*emical ,lit]ature4 ,x is ) a view to meet ?is want ( ! ,public1 & at ! same "t to supply a ,manual = ! ,s*ools1 t ! pres5t "w has be5 project$4 ,x treats1 9 :at appe>s to be _! natural ord]1 ( ,,! ,,air ,,we ,,brea! & ,,! ,,wat] ,,we ,,dr9k1 9 _! relations to human life & heal?--,,! ,,soil ,,we ,,cultivate ,,& ,,! ,,plant ,,we ,,re>1 z ! s\rces f :i* ! *ief su/5ance ( all life is obta9$--,,! ,,bread ,,we ,,eat ,,& ,,! ,,beef ,,we ,,cook1 z ! repres5tatives ( ! two gr& divisions ( human food--,,! ,,bev]ages ,,we ,,infuse1 f :i* s mu* ( ! com=t ( mod]n life1 bo? savage & civiliz$1 is d]iv$--,,! ,,sweets ,,we ,,extract1 ! hi/ory ( :i* pres5ts s /rik+ an illu/ration ( ! economical value ( *emical sci5ce--,,! ,,liquors ,,we ,,f]m5t1 s diff]5t f ! sweets 9 _! action on ! sy/em1 & yet s closely connect$ ) !m 9 *emical hi/ory--,,! ,,n>cotics ,,we ,,indulge ,,91 z pres5t+ u ) an aspect ( ! human con/itution :i*1 bo? *emically & physiologically1 is m my/]i\s & wond]ful ?an any o!r we are acqua9t$ )--,,! ,,od\rs ,,we ,,enjoy ,,& ,,! ,,smells ,,we ,,dislike2 ! =m] because ( ! beautiful illu/ration x pres5ts ( ! rec5t progress ( organic *emi/ry 9 its relations to com=ts ( common life1 & ! latt] because ( its intimate connection ) our mo/ important sanit>y arrangem5ts--,,:at ,,we ,,brea! ,,= & ,,:y ,,we ,,dige/1 z functions ( ! body at once ! mo/ important to life1 & ! mo/ purely *emical 9 _! nature--,,! ,,body ,,we ,,*]i%1 z pres5t+ _m /rik+ ph5om5a1 & p]=m+ _m int]e/+ *emical functions n t\*$ ^u 9 ! discussion ( ! prec$+ topics--& la/ly1 ,,! ,,circulation ,,( ,,matt]1 z exhibit+ 9 "o view ! end1 purpose1 & me?od ( all ! *anges 9 ! natural body1 9 organic nature1 & 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 :i* are connect$ ) & det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,x has be5 ! object ( ! ,au?or 9 ?is ,"w to exhibit ! pres5t condition ( *emical k & ( matur$ sci5tific op9ion ^u ! subjects to :i* x is devot$4 ,! read] w n be surpris$1 !re=e1 %\ld he f9d 9 x "s ?+s :i* diff] f :at is to be f\nd 9 o!r popul> works already 9 8 h&s or on ! %elves ( 8 libr>y4 ,! ,"w is be+ publi%$ 9 #e or #f ,,numb]s1 price #be c5ts ea*1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 =m+ #a vol4 #abmo4 ( ab\t #djj pages4 #a4 ,! ,,air we ,brea! & #b4 ,! ,,wat] we ,dr9k4 #c4 ,! ,,soil we ,cultivate & #d4 ,! ,,plant we ,re>4 #e4 ,! ,,bread we ,eat & #f4 ,! ,,beef we ,cook4 #g4 ,! ,,bev]ages we ,infuse4 #h4 ,! ,,sweets we ,extract4 #i4 ,! ,,liquors we ,f]m5t4 #aj4 ,! ,,n>cotics we ,indulge 94 #aa4 ,! ,,od\rs we ,enjoy & #ab4 ,! ,,smells we ,dislike4 #ac4 ,:at we ,,brea! & ,,brea! ,,=1 & #ad4 ,:at1 ,h[1 & ,:y we ,,dige/ #ae4 ,! ,,body we ,*]i%1 & #af4 ,! ,,circulation ( ,,matt]1 a ,recapitulation4 ,,works ,,on ,,agriculture1 ,,! ,,horse1 ,,dog4 ,publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton1 ,co4 ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,h&-,,book ,be+ a ,full & ,complete ,guide = ! ,f>m] & ,emigrant4 ,compris+--,! ,cle>+ ( ,=e/ & ,prairie ,l&s2 ,g>d5+2 ,f>m+ ,g5]ally2 ,f>ri]y2 ,! ,managem5t & ,treatm5t ( ,cattle2 ,cook]y2 ,! ,con/ruction ( ,dwell+s2 ,prev5tion & ,cure ( ,disease2 ) copi\s ,tables1 ,recipes1 ,h9ts1 c41 c4 ,by ,,josiah ,t4 ,,m>%all4 ,"o volume1 #abmo41 illu/rat$ ) num]\s wood engrav+s4 ,neatly b\nd4 ,price #a2 pap] cov]1 #fb c5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful books we ev] saw4--,bo/on ,po/4 ,,rural ,,economy1 ,9 its relations ) ,*emi/ry1 ,physics1 & ,meteorology2 or1 ,*emi/ry appli$ to ,agriculture4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,b\issangault4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes1 etc41 by ,george ,law1 ,agriculturi/4 #abmo1 ov] #ejj pages1 #a #ej4 ,! "w is ! fruit ( a long life ( /udy & exp]im5t1 & its p]usal w aid ! f>m] greatly 9 obta9+ a practical & sci5tific k ( 8 pr(ession4--,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,manual3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,nature & ,value ( ,manures1 f\nd$ f ,exp]im5ts on v>i\s ,crops1 ) a brief acc\nt ( ! mo/ ,rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,f4 ,,falkn] & ! ,au?or ( ,briti% ,husb&ry4 #abmo1 #ej cts4 ,,! ,,f>m]',s ,,treasure3 ,conta9+ ,falkn]'s ,f>m]'s ,manual1 & ,smi?'s ,productive ,f>m+1 b\nd toge!r4 #abmo1 #ge c5ts4 ,,/able ,,economy3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,managem5t ( ,horses1 9 relation to ,/abl+1 ,groom+1 ,fe$+1 ,wat]+1 & ,work+4 ,by ,,john ,,/ew>t1 ,vet]9>y ,surgeon4 ,) ,notes & ,additions1 adapt+ x to ,am]ican ,food & ,climate1 by ,a4 ,b4 ,,all54 #abmo1 illu/rat$ ) #bc ,engrav+s1 #a4 ,no "o %\ld build a /able or own a horse )\t consult+ ! excell5t directions = /abl+ & us+ ! horse1 9 ?is book ( ,/ew>t's4 ,x is an invaluable vade mecum = all :o h ! luxury ( a /able4--,eve4 ,mirror4 ,,! ,,horse',s ,,foot2 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,x ,,s\nd4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,william ,,miles1 ,esq41 f ! ,?ird ,london ,edition1 ) #bc plates4 ,price #be c5ts4 ,?is "w has receiv$ ! unqualifi$ recomm5dation ( ! ,qu>t]ly1 ! ,ed9burgh1 & ! ,reviews g5]ally1 ( ,engl&4 ,! price ( ! ,engli% copy is #c4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e own] or fri5d ( ! horse4 ,,dogs3 ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,v>ieties4 ,directions z to _! g5]al ,managem5t4 ,) num]\s orig9al anecdotes4 ,also ,complete ,in/ructions z to ,treatm5t "u ,disease4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s4 #a vol4 #abmo1 #be cts4 pap] cov]1 #ch cts4 clo?4 ,?is is n only a *eap1 b "o ( ! be/ works ev] publi%$ on ! ,dog4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,useful ,,k3 ,a ,cyclopdia ( ,six ,?\s& ,practical ,receipts1 & ,collat]al ,in=mation 9 ! ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,trades2 includ+ ,m$ic9e1 ,ph>macy1 & ,dome/ic ,economy1 design$ z a comp5di\s ,book ( ,ref]5ce = ! ,manufactur]1 ,tradesman1 ,amateur1 & ,heads ( ,families4 ,by ,,arnold ,,james ,,cooley1 ,practical ,*emi/4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,=m+ "o h&some volume1 #hvo1 ( #dfd pages4 ,price #b #be1 b\nd4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+3 ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,) ,a ,,view ,,to ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,resid5ces-- ,compris+ ,hi/orical ,notices & ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ! ,art1 ,directions = ,lay+ ,out ,gr\nds & ,arrang+ ,plantations1 ! ,description & ,cultivation ( ,h>dy ,trees1 ,decorative ,accompanim5ts ( ! ,h\se & ,gr\nds1 ! ,=mation ( pieces ( ,artificial ,wat]1 ,fl[] ,g>d5s1 etc41 ) rem>ks on ,rural ,ar*itecture4 ,a new edition1 enl>g$1 revis$ & newly illu/rat$4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,d[n+1 au?or ( ,designs = ,cottage ,resid5ces1 etc4 ,a new & improv$ edition1 #hvo41 illu/rat$1 #c #ej4 ,insult n ,nature ) absurd exp5se1 ,nor spoil h] simple *>ms by va9 pret5se2 ,weigh well ! subject1 be ) caution bold1 ,pr(use ( g5ius1 n pr(use ( gold4 ,,rik]1 ,,?orpe ,,co41 #abi ,fulton /41 ,new ,york4 ,!re is no "w extant :i* c be comp>$ 9 ability to ,d[n+'s volume on ?is subject4 ,x is n ov]laid ) elaborate & le>n$ disquisition1 l ! ,engli% works1 b x is truly practical4--,l\isville ,j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,d[n+'s works h be5 greatly influ5tial 9 recomm5d+ among u t life :i* has always seem$ to u ! p]fection ( human exi/5ce--! life ( m5 ( education1 liv+ ^u & cultivat+ _! own f>ms4--,c\r4 & ,enq4 ,! pr9ciples he lays d[n are n only s\nd1 b are develop$ on a uni=m sy/em1 :i* is n p>allel$ 9 any ,engli% "w4--,pr(4 ,l9dley's ,*ronicle1 ,london4 ,,ruggles1 ,,n\rse1 ,,mason ,,co41 ,,manufactur]s ,,at ,,worce/]1 ,& ,:olesale & ,retail ,deal]s 9 ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ma*9es1 ,g>d51 ,field & ,fl[] ,se$s1 ,,fruit ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,trees1 ,,%rubs1 ,,roses1 ,,v9es ,,& ,,plants1 ,,guano1 ,,bone ,,du/1 ,,phosphates1 ,,p\drette1 c4 ,also1 ,agricultural & ,horticultural ,publications1 & ,ag5ts = ,pr9cipal ,nurs]ies1 ,,at ,,! ,,qu9cy ,,hall ,,agricultural ,,w>eh\se ,,& ,,se$ ,,/ore1 ,,ov] ,,qu9cy ,,m>ket1 ,,s\? ,,m>ket ,,/41 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,wag5]',s ,,am]ican ,,se$ ,,h>ve/]4 ,,highe/ ,,premiums ,,aw>d$ ,at ! ,_w's ,fair ,exhibition ( ! ,indu/ry ( all ,nations1 #ahec4 ,,also ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,in/itute1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,v>i\s ,,o!r ,,approbations ,,h ,,be5 ,,receiv$4 ,?is ,ma*9e consi/s ( a simple frame & box m\nt$ on :eels1 9 front ( :i* is a cyl9d]1 set ) spiral knives1 act+ 9 conc]t ) curv$ spr+ tee?1 9 comb9ation ) a /raight knife1 :i* =ms a p]fect %e>1 & sev]s ! head f ! /alk2 ! heads are at ! same "t dis*>g$ into ! box4 ,! tee? be+ made to spr+ & vibrate1 n a p>ticle ( clov]1 h[ev] /alky or ?ick1 c possibly escape be+ cut1 or all[ ! tee? to become clogg$4 ,! ,cyl9d] & ,knives are protect$ by an adju/ible gu>d plate1 ?us all[+ only ! heads to pass to ! ,knives1 reta9+ ! head1 & ! head only--?us leav+ ! /alk to enri* ! soil4 ,! ma*9e is s con/ruct$ t x c be made adju/ible to ! height ( ! ,clov] & ,timo?y4 ,to be se5 at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,price ( ! ma*9es mod]ate4 ,! ,f>m] w f9d t by ?is process1 he may save two crops ( ,timo?y p] ye>4 ,:5 ! se$ is ripe ! tops c be clipp$1 & ! /raw left until fall to mature4 ,y n[ h y\r se$ & hay 9 two crops ( equal value2 9 case ( clov]1 y m[ ! fir/ crop = hay1 ! second = se$2 y 9 bo? cases get bett] se$ & hay ) less labor & exp5se ?an gra9 crops1 at ! same "t leav+ ! soil clo!d ) a coat ( /raw1 = ! com+ season1 :i* w increase ! value ( ! soil = crops1 make f9e pa/ures & f9e /ock1 :ile x fits ! l& = f9e gra94 ,9 ?is way l&s 9 our /ates h be5 rais$ 9 production f five to tw5ty-five or ?irty bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,?is is )9 ! rea* ( e f>m]1 )\t money or labor1 z organic matt] accumulates f ! atmosph]e & is deposit$ 9 ! soil4 ,manufactur$ & = sale by ! ,pat5tee & ,proprietor1 ,,jep?a ,a4 ,,wag5]4 ,(fice #cdh ,we/ ,tw5ty-,f\r? ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,all ord]s = ,ma*9es ?is season %\ld be s5t 9 imm$iately1 9 ord] to h !m 9 read9ess = h>ve/ "t4 ,price ( ,ma*9es1 #ajj & #aaj1 two sizes1 at ! ,manufactory4 -- ,rights ( ,/ates & ,c\nties on favorable t]ms4 ,wag5]'s ,clov] & ,timo?y ,se$ ,h>ve/] has be5 9 successful op]ation two seasons1 & has receiv$ ! premium at ! ,_w's ,fair & at ! ,fair ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 & v>i\s o!r te/imonials ( sup]ior value4 ,!y are manufactur$ & = sale by ! inv5tor1 ,jep?a ,a4 ,wag5]1 at #cdh ,we/ #bd? /reet1 ,new ,york4--,u4 ,s4 ,j\rnal4 ,! ,gra9 ,h>ve/] is 9 c\rse ( prep>ation1 & w soon be (f]$ = sale4 ,,! ,,work+ ,,f>m]1 ,,publi%$ ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,( ,,ea* ,,mon?1 ,at #adc ,fulton ,/41 7upp] side17 a few doors ea/ ( ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,t]ms4 ,"o ye>1 payable 9 advance1 #a #jj ,clubs ( six subscrib]s1 #e #jj ,clubs ( twelve subscrib]s1 #aj #jj ,clubs ( tw5ty-five subscrib]s1 #bj #jj ,s+le copies1 #aj ,volume "o1 9 pap] cov]1 #ej ,volumes two1 ?ree1 f\r & five1 9 pap] cov]1 ea* #a #jj ,po/age on ! ,,work+ ,,f>m]1 if paid at ! ,subscrib]'s ,po/ ,(fice1 is1 = ,any di/ance )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cjjj miles & "u1 "o c5t = ea* pap]4 ,if paid at a ,subscrib]'s ,po/ ,(fice1 9 advance1 #a c5ts p] qu>t]1 or #g c5ts p] ye>4 ,po/age on b\nd volumes 9 pap] cov]s1 if pre-paid at ! ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,vols4 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv ,v4 ,any di/ance )9 ,unit$ cts4 cts4 ,/ates1 #cjjj miles & "u #bb #bf ea* volume4 ,if n pre-paid at ! ,new ,york ,po/ ,(fice1 d\ble ! above rates w be *>g$4 ,subscriptions mu/ comm5ce ) ! ye>1 namely1 ,m>*2 or ! ev5 half ye>1 ,septemb]2 & = n less ?an "o ye>4 ,remittances c be made1 f su* ,/ates z h no small pap] circulation1 9 gold doll>s1 ,po/ ,(fice /amps1 or ! bills ( o!r ,/ates4 ,,adv]tisem5ts4 ,five l9es1 "o doll> ea* ins]tion1 & 9 ! same ratio = m l5g?y adv]tisem5ts4 ,po/-paid ,lett]s1 address$ to ! ,publi%]1 w meet ) prompt att5tion4 ,,fr$',k ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y1 #adc ,fulton /reet1 upp] side1 a few doors ea/ ( ,broadway4 ,,mapes' ,,improv$ ,,sup] ,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime #afj lbs4 ,,fr$k4 ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y ,,:olesale ,,agt4 #adc ,,fulton ,,/reet1 ,,keep ,,dry4 ,n4,y4 ,,sev]al ,,imitations ( ?is celebrat$ f]tiliz] hav+ be5 introduc$ among ! deal]s s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,improv$ ,sup]-,phosphate ( ,lime1 ,i beg to /ate t all manufactur$ "u ! recipe ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,mapes1 is ,,m>k$ ,,on ,,! ,,bags ,,z ,,above1 & ea* bag conta9s 8 c]tificate ( hav+ be5 made "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce4 -- ,ord]s = ! above f]tiliz] by mail1 f /rang]s1 %\ld be accompani$ ) ! money1 a draft1 or prop] ref]5ces4 ,! bags conta9 exactly #afj lbs41 :i* at two & a half c5ts p] p\nd1 am\nts to f\r doll>s4 ,,fr$',k ,mc,c,r,e,a,d,y1 #adc ,fulton /reet1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,cultivator1 ,describ$ on page #bed1 ,is repres5t$ 9 ! above cut4 ,x is manufactur$ by u1 & is sold by all implem5t deal]s4 ,,our ,,improv$ ,,horse ,,hoe1 ,( :i* a cut may be se5 on p4 #bed1 ,is n[ manufactur$ at our e/abli%m5t1 & is sold ?r\gh\t ! ,union4 ,x is ! be/ implem5t = we$+1 etc4 ev] made4 ,,! ,,sod ,,& ,,sub-,,soil ,,pl[1 7,sometimes call$ ! ,,mi*igan ,,pl[17 ,consi/s ( two pl[s on ! same beam4 ,! fir/ inv]ts ! sod to ! dep? ( a few in*es1 & ! h9dmo/ pl[ br+s up ! l[] soil1 deposit+ x on ! inv]t$ sod4 ,,= ,,deep ,,tillage1 especially on prairie l&1 ?is is sup]ior to any ( its competitors4 ,,ruggles1 ,,n\rse1 ,,mason ,,co4 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 & ,qu9cy ,hall1 ,bo/on4 ,,transcrib]s' ,,notes ,page #h ,page numb] add$ = tables ( analysis ,page #bb ,p]iod add$ aft] great brilliancy ,page #cc sea%ore /&>dis$ to sea-%ore2 g5ii /&>dis$ to g5ie ,page #ci ,no footnote an*or 0 9 place4 ,an*or add$ aft] are =m$1 z ?is seem$ mo/ reasonable 9 context4 ,page #eb quanties correct$ to quantities2 nutrici\s correct$ to nutriti\s ,page #ec ,footnote m>k] add$ = ,see ,john/on's ,elem5ts1 page #da4 ,page #ee 8 add$ aft] 9 _! composition 9 foot] ,page #gd ,remov$ second ! 9 is ! ! f\ndation ( ,agricultural ,geology4 ,page #adb pig/ye /&>dis$ to pig-/ye ,page #add pl\gh /&>dis$ to pl[ ,pages #ade1 #baa subsoil pl[ /&>dis$ to sub-soil pl[ ,note t 9 l9e ) ! m common usage 9 ?is "w1 ! phrases sub-soil pl[ & sub-soil+ h reta9$ _! hyph5s ,page #adh ,remov$ second n 9 mannures ,page #aeb po/a% correct$ to pota% ,page #aeg suply+ correct$ to supply+ ,page #afg c>bonia correct$ to c>bonic ,page #agd buck-:eat /&>dis$ to buck:eat ,pages #aif1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bda sub-soil /&>dis$ to subsoil ,page #bjd 8 ,add$ aft] ,m9]al 9 ! "q section ,page #baa wat] tight /&>dis$ to wat]-tight ,page #bbc ,second #f4 *ang$ to #g4 ,page #bcb oxydation /&>dis$ to oxidation ,page #bff ,p]iod add$ aft] lbs 9 #afbj lbs rye /raw ,page #bgb ,title ,no4 ,,xvi4 add$ to table ,page #bgc #aj1jjj correct$ to #ajj4jj ,page #bij accurracy correct$ to accuracy ,page #bib ,numb] ( pages uncle>4 #dfd ,guess$4