,new ,edition 7enl>g$7 ,,two ,,p5ce     
,! ,place ( ,an>*ism   9 ,sociali/ic    
,evolution     ,an ,address deliv]$ 9   
,p>is   ,,by   ,,pi]re ,,kropotk9       
,translat$ by ,,h5ry ,,glasse     ,,an  
,,appeal ,,to ,,! ,,"y   ,by ,pi]re     
,kropotk9   ,,price - - - #b;d4         
,,william ,,reeves          #hc ,,*>+   
,,cross ,,road1   ,,booksell] ,,limit$4 
--,,london1 ,w4,c4#b4--     ,,! ,,place 
,,( ,,an>*ism ,,9 ,,sociali/ic          
,,evolution     ,,"p ,i4   ,y mu/ (t5 h 
ask$ y\rselves :at is ! cause (         
,an>*ism1 & :y1 s9ce !re are already s  
_m ,sociali/ s*ools1 x is necess>y to   
f\nd an additional "o--t ( ,an>*ism4 ,9 
ord] to answ] ?is "q ,i w g back to !   
close ( la/ c5tury4  ,y all "k !        
*>act]i/ics :i* m>k$ t epo*3 !re 0 an   
expansion ( intellig5ce1 a prodigi\s    
developm5t ( ! natural sci5ces1 a       
pitiless exam9ation ( accept$           
prejudices1 ! =mation ( a !ory ( ,nature
 bas$ on a truly sci5tific f\ndation1   
obs]vation & reason+4 ,9 addition to ^! 

!re 0 criticism ( ! political           
in/itutions bequea!d to ,humanity by    
prec$+ ages1 & a movem5t t[>ds t ideal (
 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity :i*   
has 9 all times be5 ! ideal ( ! popul>  
masses4 ,fett]$ 9 its free developm5t by
 despotism & by ! n>r[ selfi%ness ( !   
privileg$ classes1 ?is movem5t1 be+ at !
 same "t fav\r$ by an explosion ( popul>
 indignation1 eng5d]$ ! ,great          
,revolution :i* _h to =ce its way ?r\gh 
! mid/ ( a ?\s& ob/acles bo? )\t & )94  
,! ,revolution 0 vanqui%$1 b its ideas  
rema9$4 ,?\gh at fir/ p]secut$ & d]id$1 
!y became ! wat*word = a :ole c5tury (  
sl[ evolution4 ,! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury is summ$ up 9 an ef=t to put 9   
practice ! pr9ciples elaborat$ at ! end 
( la/ c5tury3 ?is is ! lot (            
revolutions3 ?\gh vanqui%$ !y e/abli% ! 
c\rse ( ! evolution :i* foll[s !m4 ,9 ! 
doma9 ( politics ^! ideas are abolition 
( ari/ocratic privileges1 abolition (   
p]sonal gov]nm5t1 & equality be=e ! law4
 ,9 ! economic ord] ! ,revolution       

proclaim$ fre$om ( bus9ess transactions2
 x said--,sell & buy freely4 ,sell1 all 
( y1 y\r products1 if y c produce1 & if 
y d n possess ! implem5ts necess>y = t  
purpose b h only y\r arms to sell1 sell 
!m1 sell y\r lab\r to ! highe/ bidd]1 ! 
,/ate w n int]f]e6 ,compete among       
y\rselves1 contractors6 ,no fav\r %all  
be %[n1 ! law ( natural selection w take
 ^u itself ! function ( kill+ (f ^? :o d
 n keep pace ) ! progress ( indu/ry1 & w
 rew>d ^? :o take ! lead4  ,! above is  
at lea/ ! !ory ( ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 
& if ! ,/ate int]v5es 9 ! /ruggle to    
fav\r "s to ! detrim5t ( o!rs1 z we h   
lately se5 :5 ! monopolies ( m9+ &      
railway companies h be5 "u discussion1  
su* action is reg>d$ by ! lib]al s*ool z
 a lam5table deviation f ! gr& pr9ciples
 ( ! ,revolution4  ,:at has be5 !       
result8 ,y "k only too well1 bo? wom5 & 
m51 idle opul5ce = a few & unc]ta9ty = !
 morr[ & mis]y = ! great] numb]2 crisis 
& w>s = ! conque/ ( m>kets1 & a lavi%   
exp5diture ( public money to f9d op5+s =

 indu/rial speculators4 ,all ?is is     
because 9 proclaim+ lib]ty ( contract an
 ess5tial po9t 0 neglect$ by our fa!rs4 
,n b :at "s ( !m caught sight ( x1 ! be/
 ( !m e>ne/ly desir$ b did n d>e to     
realise x4 ,:ile lib]ty ( transactions1 
t is to say a conflict betwe5 ! memb]s (
 society1 0 proclaim$1 ! cont5d+ p>ties 
7 n equally mat*$1 & ! p[]ful1 arm$ = ! 
conte/ by ! means inh]it$ f _! fa!rs1 h 
ga9$ ! upp] h& ov] ! weak4 ,"u su*      
conditions ! millions ( poor rang$ aga9/
 a few ri* c\ld n d o!rwise ?an give 94 
,comrades6 y h (t5 ask$ y\rselves--,:5ce
 comes ! weal? ( ! ri*8 ,is x f _!      
lab\r8 ,x w\ld be a mock]y to say t x 0 
s4 ,let u suppose t ,m4 ,ro?s*ild has   
work$ all 8 life3 well1 y also1 e "o ( y
 work+ m5 h also lab\r$3 !n :y %\ld !   
=tune ( ,m4 ,ro?s*ild be measur$ by     
hundr$s ( millions :ile y\r possessions 
are s small8 ,! reason is simple3 y h   
ex]t$ y\rselves to produce by y\r own   
lab\r1 :ile ,m4 ,ro?s*ild has devot$    
himself to accumulat+ ! product ( !     

lab\r ( o!rs--! :ole matt] lies 9 t4  ,b
 "s "o may say to me2--,h[ comes x t    
millions ( m5 ?us all[ ! ,ro?s*ilds & ! 
,mackays to appropriate ! fruit ( _!    
lab\r8 ,alas1 !y _c help !mselves "u !  
exi/+ social sy/em6 ,b let u picture to 
our m9ds a city all ( ^: inhabitants f9d
 _! lodg+1 clo?+1 food & occupation     
secur$ to !m1 on condition ( produc+ ?+s
 useful to ! community1 & let u suppose 
a ,ro?s*ild to ent] ?is city br++ ) him 
a cask full ( gold4 ,if he sp5ds 8 gold 
x w dim9i% rapidly2 if he locks x up x w
 n increase1 because gold does n gr[ l  
se$1 & aft] ! lapse ( a twelvemon? he w 
n f9d #aaj 9 8 draw] if he only put #ajj
 into x4 ,if he sets up a factory &     
proposes to ! inhabitants ( ! t[n t !y  
%\ld "w 9 x = f\r %ill+s a day :ile     
produc+ to ! value ( eight %ill+s a day 
!y reply--,among u y'll f9d no "o will+ 
to "w on ^? t]ms4 ,g else:]e & settle 9 
"s t[n :]e ! un=tunate p h nei!r clo?+1 
bread1 nor "w assur$ to !m1 & :]e !y w  
cons5t to give up to y ! lion's %>e ( ! 

result ( _! lab\r 9 return = ! b>e/     
necess>ies ( life4 ,g :]e m5 />ve6 !re y
 w make y\r =tune6  ,! orig9 ( ! weal? (
 ! ri* is y\r mis]y4 ,let !re be no     
poor1 !n we %all h no millionaires4  ,! 
facts ,i h j /at$ 7 su* z ! ,revolution 
( la/ c5tury did n compreh5d or else    
c\ld n act ^u4 ,t ,revolution plac$ face
 to face two oppos+ ranks1 ! "o consi/+ 
( a hungry1 ill-clad army ( =m] s]fs1 ! 
o!r ( m5 well provid$ ) means4 ,x !n    
said to ^! two arrays--,fight out y\r   
battle4 ,! un=tunate 7 vanqui%$4 ,!y    
possess$ no =tunes1 b !y _h some?+ m    
preci\s ?an all ! gold 9 ! _w--_! arms2 
& ^! arms1 ! s\rce ( all weal?1 7       
monopolis$ by ! weal?y4 ,?us we h se5 ^?
 imm5se =tunes :i* are ! *>act]i/ic     
feature ( our age spr+ up on all sides4 
,a k+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! great ,l\is !   
,f\rte5? ( m]c5>y hi/orians1 w\ld nev] h
 dream$ ( possess+ a =tune su* z are    
held by ^? k+s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !    
,v&]bilts & ! ,mackays4  ,on ! o!r h& we
 h se5 ! poor r$uc$ /ill m & m to toil =

 o!rs1 & :ile ^? :o produc$ on _! own   
acc\nt h rapidly disappe>$1 we f9d      
ourselves compell$ "u an ev] increas+   
pressure to lab\r m & m to enri* ! ri*4 
,attempts h be5 made to remove ^! evils4
 ,"s h said--,let u give equal          
in/ruction to all1 & =?) education has  
be5 spread abroad4 ,bett] human ma*9es h
 be5 turn$ out1 b ^! educat$ ma*9es /ill
 lab\r to enri* o!rs4 ,?is illu/ri\s    
sci5ti/1 t r5[n$ noveli/1 despite _!    
education are /ill bea/s ( burd5 to !   
capitali/4 ,in/ruction improves ! cattle
 to be exploit$ b ! exploitation rema9s4
 ,next1 !re 0 great talk ab\t           
association1 b ! work]s soon le>n$ t !y 
c\ld n get ! bett] ( capital by         
associat+ _! mis]ies1 & ^? :o *]i%$ ?is 
illusion mo/ e>ne/ly 7 compell$ to turn 
to ,socialism4  ,timid1 at ! outset1    
,socialism spoke at fir/ 9 ! "n (       
,*ri/ian s5tim5t & morality3 m5 pr(\ndly
 imbu$ ) ! moral pr9ciples (            
,*ri/ianity--pr9ciples :i* x possesses 9
 common ) all o!r religions--came =w>d &

 said--,a ,*ri/ian has no "r to exploit 
8 bre?r56 ,b ! rul+ classes laugh$ 9 _! 
faces ) ! reply--,tea* ! p ,*ri/ian     
resignation1 tell !m 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ t !y
 %\ld (f] _! left *eek to :osoev] smites
 !m on ! "r1 !n y w be welcome2 z = !   
dreams ( equality :i* y f9d 9           
,*ri/ianity1 g & m$itate on y\r         
discov]ies 9 prison4  ,lat] on          
,socialism spoke 9 ! "n (               
,gov]nm5talism2 x said--,s9ce x is !    
special mission ( ! ,/ate to protect !  
weak aga9/ ! /rong1 x is its duty to aid
 work+ m5's associations2 ! ,/ate alone 
c enable work+ m5 to fight aga9/ capital
 & to oppose to capitali/ic exploitation
 ! free work%op ( work]s pocket+ !      
entire value ( ! produce ( _! lab\r4 ,to
 ?is ! ,b\rgeoisie repli$ ) grape%ot 9  
#ahdh4  ,x 0 n until betwe5 tw5ty to    
?irty ye>s lat]1 at a "t :5 ! popul>    
masses 7 invit$ to express _! m9d 9 !   
,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association1
 t ,socialism spoke 9 ! "n ( ! p1 &     
=mulat+ itself little by little 9 !     

,congresses ( ! great ,association &    
lat] on among its successors1 arriv$ at 
"s su* conclusion z ! foll[+3  ,all     
accumulat$ weal? is ! product ( ! lab\r 
( all--( ! pres5t & ( all prec$+        
g5]ations4 ,?is hall 9 :i* we are n[    
assembl$ d]ives its value f ! fact t x  
is situat$ 9 ,p>is--?is magnific5t city 
built by ! lab\rs ( tw5ty successive    
g5]ations4 ,if ?is same hall 7 convey$  
amid ! sn[s ( ,sib]ia its value w\ld be 
next to no?+4 ,! ma*9]y :i* y h inv5t$ &
 pat5t$ be>s )9 itself ! intellig5ce (  
five or six g5]ations & is only possess$
 ( value because x =ms "p ( t imm5se    
:ole t we call ! progress ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury4 ,if y s5d y\r lace-mak+ ma*9e   
among ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea x w become
 valueless4 ,we defy any man ( g5ius (  
our times to tell u :at %>e 8 intellect 
has _h 9 ! magnific5t d$uctions ( !     
book1 ! "w ( tal5t :i* he has produc$6  
,g5]ations h toil$ to accumulate facts =
 him1 8 ideas h p]haps be5 sugge/$ to   
him by a locomotive cross+ ! pla9s1 z = 

elegance ( design he has grasp$ x :ile  
admir+ ! ,v5us ( ,milo or ! "w (        
,murillo1 & f9ally1 if 8 book ex]cises  
any influ5ce ov] u1 x does s1 ?anks to  
all ! circum/ances ( our civilisation4  
,ev]y?+ belongs to all6 ,we defy anyone 
soev] to tell u :at %>e ( ! g5]al weal? 
is due to ea* individual4 ,see ! enorm\s
 mass ( appliances :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury 
has creat$2 behold ^? millions ( iron   
slaves :i* we call ma*9es1 & :i* plane &
 saw1 weave & sp9 = u1 sep>ate & comb9e 
! raw mat]ials1 & "w ! miracles ( our   
times4 ,no "o has ! "r to monopolise any
 "o ( ^! ma*9es & to say to o!rs--,?is  
is m9e1 if y wi% to make use ( x y mu/  
pay me a tax on ea* article y produce1  
any m ?an ! feudal "l ( ! middle ages _h
 ! "r to say to ! cultivator--,?is hill 
& ?is mead[ are m9e & y mu/ pay me      
tribute = e %eaf ( b>ley y b9d1 & on ea*
 haycock y heap up4  ,all belongs to    
ev]yone6 ,& provid$ ea* man & woman     
contributes 8 & h] %>e ( lab\r = !      
production ( necess>y objects1 !y h a "r

 to %>e 9 all t is produc$ by ev]ybody4 
,,"p ,,ii4   ,all ?+s belong to all1 &  
provid$ t m5 & wom5 contribute _! %>e ( 
lab\r = ! production ( necess>y objects1
 !y are entitl$ to _! %>e ( all t is    
produc$ by ! community at l>ge4 ,b ?is  
is ,communism1 y may say4 ,yes1 x is    
,communism1 b x is ! ,communism :i* no  
long] speaks 9 ! "n ( religion or ( !   
/ate1 b 9 ! "n ( ! p4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifty 
ye>s a great awak5+ ( ! work+-class has 
tak5 place6 ! prejudice 9 fav\r (       
private prop]ty is pass+ away4 ,! work] 
gr[s m & m accu/om$ to reg>d ! factory1 
! railway1 or ! m9e1 n z a feudal ca/le 
belong+ to a "l1 b z an in/itution (    
public utility :i* ! public has ! "r to 
control4 ,! idea ( possession 9 common  
has n be5 work$ out f ! sl[ d$uctions ( 
"s ?9k] buri$ 9 8 private /udy1 x is a  
?\ght :i* is g]m9at+ 9 ! bra9s ( ! work+
 masses1 & :5 ! revolution1 :i* ! close 
( ?is c5tury has 9 /ore = u1 %all h     
hurl$ confusion into ! camp ( our       
exploit]s1 y w see t ! mass ( ! p w dem&

 ,expropriation1 & w proclaim its "r to 
! factory1 ! locomotive1 & ! /eam%ip4   
,j z ! s5tim5t ( ! inviolability ( !    
home has develop$ dur+ ! latt] half (   
our c5tury1 s also ! s5tim5t (          
collective "r to all t s]ves = !        
production ( weal? has develop$ among ! 
masses4 ,x is a fact1 & he :o1 l        
ourselves1 wi%es to %>e ! popul> life & 
foll[ its developm5t1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t   
?is affirmation is a fai?ful summ>y ( ! 
p's aspirations4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is clos+  
c5tury is t[>ds ,communism1 n ! mona/ic 
or b>rack-room ,communism =m]ly         
advocat$1 b ! free ,communism :i* places
 ! products reap$ or manufactur$ 9      
common at ! disposal ( all1 leav+ to ea*
 ! lib]ty to consume !m z he pleases 9 8
 own home4  ,?is is ! solution ( :i* !  
mass ( ! p c mo/ readily take hold1 & x 
is ! solution :i* ! p dem&s at ! mo/    
solemn epo*s4 ,9 #ahdh ! =mula ,f ea*   
accord+ to 8 abilities1 to ea* accord+  
to 8 ne$s 0 ! "o :i* w5t /raight to !   
he>t ( ! masses1 & if !y acclaim$ !     

,republic & univ]sal suffrage1 x 0      
because !y hop$ to atta9 to ,communism  
?r\gh !m4 ,9 #ahga1 also1 :5 ! p besieg$
 9 ,p>is desir$ to make a supreme ef=t  
to resi/ ! invad]1 :at 0 _! dem&8--,t   
free rations %\ld be s]v$ out to        
ev]yone4 ,let all articles be put into  
"o common /ock & let !m be di/ribut$    
accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ea*4 ,let ea*
 "o take freely ( all t is abundant &   
let ^? objects :i* are less pl5tiful be 
di/ribut$ m sp>+ly & 9 due              
proportions--?is is ! solution :i* !    
mass ( ! work]s und]/& be/4 ,?is is also
 ! sy/em :i* is commonly practis$ 9 !   
rural di/ricts 7( ,france74 ,s long z ! 
common l&s af=d abundant pa/ure1 :at    
,commune seeks to re/rict _! use8 ,:5   
bru%-wood & *e/nuts are pl5tiful1 :at   
,commune =bids its memb]s to take z mu* 
z !y want8 ,& :5 ! l>g] wood beg9s to   
gr[ sc>ce1 :at c\rse does ! peasant     
adopt8--,! all[anc+ ( individuals4  ,let
 u take f ! common /ock ! articles :i*  
are abundant1 & let ^? objects ^:       

production is m re/rict$ be s]v$ out 9  
all[ances accord+ to requirem5ts1 giv+  
pref]5ce to *ildr5 & old p]sons1 t is to
 say1 to ! weak4 ,&1 moreov]1 let all be
 consum$1 n 9 public1 b at home1 accord+
 to individual ta/es & 9 company ) "o's 
family & fri5ds4 ,?is is ! ideal ( !    
masses4  ,b x is n en\gh to argue ab\t1 
,communism & ,expropriation2 x is       
fur!rmore necess>y to "k :o %\ld h !    
managem5t ( ! common patrimony1 & x is  
especially on ?is "q t diff]5t s*ools ( 
,sociali/s are oppos$ to "o ano!r1 "s   
desir+ au?orit>ian ,communism1 & o!rs1 l
 ourselves1 decl>+ unres]v$ly 9 fav\r ( 
an>*i/ ,communism4 ,9 ord] to judge     
betwe5 ^! two1 let u return once aga9 to
 our />t+ po9t1 ! ,revolution ( la/     
c5tury4  ,9 ov]turn+ royalty !          
,revolution proclaim$ ! sov]eignty ( !  
p2 b1 by an inconsi/5cy :i* 0 v natural 
at t "t1 x proclaim$1 n a p]man5t       
sov]eignty1 b an int]mitt5t "o1 to be   
ex]cis$ at c]ta9 int]vals only1 = !     
nom9ation ( deputies suppos$ to repres5t

 ! p4 ,9 reality x copi$ its in/itutions
 f ! repres5tative gov]nm5t ( ,engl&4 ,!
 ,revolution 0 dr[n$ 9 blood1 &1        
nev]!less1 repres5tative gov]nm5t became
 ! wat*word ( ,europe4 ,all ,europe1 ) !
 exception ( ,russia1 has tri$ x1 "u all
 possible =ms1 f gov]nm5t bas$ on a     
prop]ty qualification to ! direct       
gov]nm5t ( ! little ,swiss republics4   
,b1 /range to say1 j 9 proportion z we h
 approa*$ ne>] to ! ideal ( a           
repres5tative gov]nm5t1 elect$ by a     
p]fectly free univ]sal suffrage1 9 t    
same proportion h its ess5tial vices    
become manife/ to u1 till we h cle>ly   
se5 t ?is mode ( gov]nm5t is radically  
defective4 ,is x n inde$ absurd to take 
a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 f out ! mass1 & to   
entru/ !m ) ! managem5t ( all public    
affairs1 say+ to !m1 ,att5d to ^!       
matt]s1 we exon]ate ourselves f ! task  
by lay+ x ^u y3 x is = y to make laws on
 all mann] ( subjects--armam5ts & mad   
dogs1 obs]vatories & *imneys1 in/ruction
 & /reet-sweep+3 arrange ^! ?+s z y     

please & make laws ab\t !m1 s9ce y are !
 *os5 ones :om ! p has vot$ capable (   
do+ ev]y?+6 ,x appe>s to me t if a      
?\ghtful & hone/ man 7 (f]$ su* a po/1  
he w\ld answ] some:at 9 ?is fa%ion3--   
,y entru/ me ) a task :i* ,i am unable  
to fulfil4 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) mo/ ( !   
que/ions ^u :i* ,i %all be call$ on to  
legislate4 ,i %all ei!r h to "w to "s   
ext5t 9 ! d>k1 :i* w n be to y\r        
advantage1 or ,i %all appeal to y &     
summon meet+s 9 :i* y w y\rselves seek  
to come to an und]/&+ on ! que/ions at  
issue1 9 :i* case my (fice w be         
unnecess>y4 ,if y h =m$ an op9ion & h   
=mulat$ x1 & if y are anxi\s to come to 
an und]/&+ ) o!rs :o h also =m$ an      
op9ion on ! same subject1 !n all y ne$ d
 is to communicate ) y\r neighb\rs & s5d
 a delegate to come to an und]/&+ ) o!r 
delegates on ?is specific "q2 b y w     
c]ta9ly res]ve to y\rselves ! "r ( tak+ 
an ultimate decision2 y w n entru/ y\r  
delegate ) ! mak+ ( laws = y4 ,?is is h[
 sci5ti/s & bus9ess m5 act ea* "t t !y h

 to come to an agreem5t4  ,b ! above    
reply w\ld be a repudiation ( !         
repres5tative sy/em1 & nev]!less x is a 
fai?ful expression ( ! idea :i* is gr[+ 
ev]y:]e s9ce ! vices ( repres5tative    
gov]nm5t h be5 expos$ 9 all _! nak$ness4
 ,our age1 h[ev]1 has gone /ill fur!r1 =
 x has begun to discuss ! rights ( !    
,/ate & ( ,society 9 relation to !      
individual2 p n[ ask to :at po9t !      
int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate is necess>y 9 !     
multitud9\s functions ( society4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,d we require a gov]nm5t to educate our 
*ildr58 ,only let ! work] h leisure to  
in/ruct himself1 & y w see t1 ?r\gh !   
free initiative ( p>5ts & ( p]sons fond 
( tuition1 ?\s&s ( educational societies
 & s*ools ( all k9ds w spr+ up1 rivall+ 
"o ano!r 9 ! excell5ce ( _! tea*+4 ,if  
we 7 n cru%$ by taxation & exploit$ by  
employ]s1 z we n[ are1 c\ld we n        
ourselves d mu* bett] ?an is n[ done =  
u8 ,! great c5tres w\ld initiate        
progress & set ! example1 & y may be    

sure t ! progress realis$ w\ld be       
incomp>ably sup]ior to :at we n[ atta9  
?r\gh our m9i/]ies4--,is ! ,/ate ev5    
necess>y = ! def5ce ( a t]ritory8 ,if   
arm$ brig&s attack a p1 is n t same p1  
arm$ ) good weapons1 ! sure/ ramp>t to  
oppose to ! =eign aggressor8 ,/&+ armies
 are always beat5 by invad]s1 & hi/ory  
tea*es t ! latt] are to be repuls$ by a 
popul> ris+ alone4--,:ile ,gov]nm5t is  
an excell5t ma*9e to protect monopoly1  
has x ev] be5 able to protect u aga9/   
ill-dispos$ p]sons8 ,does x n1 by creat+
 mis]y1 increase ! numb] ( crimes in/ead
 ( dim9i%+ !m8 ,9 e/abli%+ prisons into 
:i* multitudes ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are 
?r[n = a "t 9 ord] to come =? inf9itely 
worse ?an :5 !y w5t 91 does n ! ,/ate   
ma9ta9 nurs]ies ( vice at ! exp5se ( !  
tax-pay]s8 ,9 oblig+ u to commit to o!rs
 ! c>e ( our affairs1 does x n create ! 
mo/ t]rible vice ( societies--indiff]5ce
 to public matt]s8  ,on ! o!r h&1 if we 
analyse all ! great advances made 9 ?is 
c5tury--our int]national traffic1 our   

indu/rial discov]ies1 our means (       
communication--d we f9d t we owe !m to !
 ,/ate or to private ent]prise8 ,look at
 ! network ( railways :i* cov] ,europe4 
,at ,madrid1 = example1 y take a ticket 
= ,/4 ,pet]sburg direct4 ,y travel along
 railroads :i* h be5 con/ruct$ by       
millions ( work]s1 set 9 motion by doz5s
 ( companies2 y\r c>riage is atta*$ 9   
turn to ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 ,bav>ian1 &     
,russian locomotives3 y travel )\t los+ 
tw5ty m9utes any:]e1 & ! two hundr$     
francs :i* y paid 9 ,madrid w be divid$ 
to a nicety among ! companies :i* h     
comb9$ to =w>d y to y\r de/9ation4 ,?is 
l9e f ,madrid to ,/4 ,pet]sburg has be5 
con/ruct$ 9 small isolat$ bran*es :i* h 
be5 gradually connect$1 & direct tra9s  
are ! result ( an und]/&+ :i* has be5   
arriv$ at betwe5 tw5ty diff]5t          
companies4 ,( c\rse !re has be5         
consid]able friction at ! outset1 & at  
times "s companies1 influ5c$ by an      
un5light5$ egotism h be5 unwill+ to come
 to t]ms ) ! o!rs2 b1 ,i ask1 0 x bett] 

to put up ) ?is occasional friction1 or 
to wait until "s ,bism>ck1 ,napoleon1 or
 ,z5gis ,khan %\ld h conqu]$ ,europe1   
trac$ ! l9es ) a pair ( compasses1 &    
regulat$ ! despat* ( ! tra9s8 ,if !     
latt] c\rse _h be5 adopt$1 we %\ld /ill 
be 9 ! days ( /age-coa*es4  ,! network (
 railways is ! "w ( ! human m9d proce$+ 
f ! simple to ! complex by ! spontane\s 
ef=ts ( ! p>ties int]e/$1 & x is ?us t  
all ! great ent]prises ( our age h be5  
und]tak54 ,x is q true1 inde$1 t we pay 
too mu* to ! manag]s ( ^! ent]prises2   
?is is an additional reason = suppress+ 
_! incomes1 b n = confid+ ! managem5t ( 
,european railways to a c5tral ,european
 gov]nm5t4  ,:at ?\s&s ( examples "o    
c\ld cite 9 support ( 8 same idea6 ,take
 all great ent]prises su* z ! ,suez     
,canal1 ! l9es ( ,atlantic /eam]s1 !    
telegraph :i* connects u ) ,nor? & ,s\? 
,am]ica4 ,consid] also t comm]cial      
organisation :i* enables y on ris+ 9 !  
morn+ to f9d bread at ! bak]'s--t is1 if
 y h ! money to pay = x1 :i* is n always

 ! case n[-a-days--meat at ! but*]'s1 & 
all o!r ?+s t y want at o!r %ops4 ,is   
?is ! "w ( ! ,/ate8 ,x is true t we pay 
abom9ably de>ly = middlem52 ?is is1     
h[ev]1 an additional reason = suppress+ 
!m1 b n = believ+ t we mu/ entru/       
gov]nm5t ) ! c>e ( provid+ = our fe$+ & 
clo?+4 ,if we closely scan ! developm5t 
( ! human m9d 9 our times we are /ruck  
by ! numb] ( associations :i* spr+ up to
 meet ! v>i$ requirem5t ( ! individual (
 our age--societies = /udy1 = comm]ce1 =
 pleasure & recreation2 "s ( !m1 v      
small1 = ! propagation ( a univ]sal     
language or a c]ta9 me?od ( %ort-h&     
writ+2 o!rs ) l>ge arms1 su* z t :i* has
 rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ = ! def5ce ( !    
,engli% coa/1 or = ! avoidance (        
lawsuits1 & s on4 ,to make a li/ ( !    
associations :i* exi/ 9 ,europe1 volumes
 w\ld be necess>y1 & x w\ld be se5 t !re
 is n a s+le bran* ( human activity )   
:i* "o or o!r does n conc]n itself4 ,!  
,/ate itself appeals to !m 9 ! dis*>ge (
 its mo/ important function--w>2 x says1

 ,we und]take to slaught]1 b we _c take 
c>e ( our victims2 =m a ,r$ ,cross      
,society to ga!r up ! w\nd$ on !        
battle-field & to take c>e ( !m4  ,let  
o!rs1 if !y w1 advocate indu/rial       
b>racks or ! mona/]y ( ,au?orit>ian     
,communism1 we decl>e t ! t5d5cy (      
society is 9 an opposite direction4 ,we 
=esee millions & millions ( gr\ps freely
 con/itut+ !mselves = ! satisfaction (  
all ! v>i$ ne$s ( human be+s--"s ( ^!   
gr\ps organis$ by qu>t]1 /reet1 & h\se2 
o!rs ext5d+ h&s across ! walls ( cities1
 ov] fronti]s & oceans4 ,all ( ^! w be  
compos$ ( human be+s :o w comb9e freely1
 & aft] hav+ p]=m$ _! %>e ( productive  
lab\r w meet toge!r1 ei!r = ! purpose ( 
consumption1 or to produce objects ( art
 or luxury1 or to advance sci5ce 9 a new
 direction4 ,?is is ! t5d5cy ( ! n9ete5?
 c5tury1 & we foll[ x2 we only ask to   
develop x freely1 )\t any gov]nm5tal    
int]f]5ce4 ,individual lib]ty6 ,take    
pebbles1 said ,f\rri]1 put !m into a box
 & %ake !m1 & !y w arrange !mselves 9 a 

mosaic t y c\ld nev] get by entru/+ to  
anyone ! "w ( arrang+ !m h>moni\sly4    
,,"p ,,iii4   ,n[ let me pass to ! ?ird 
"p ( my subject--! mo/ important )      
respect to ! future4  ,!re is no m room 
= d\bt+ t religions are go+2 ! n9ete5?  
c5tury has giv5 !m _! dea? bl[4 ,b      
religions--all religions--h a d\ble     
composition4 ,!y conta9 9 ! fir/ place a
 primitive cosmogony1 a rude attempt at 
expla9+ nature1 & !y fur!rmore conta9 a 
/atem5t ( ! public morality born &      
develop$ )9 ! mass ( ! p4 ,b :5 we ?r[  
religions ov]bo>d or /ore !m among our  
public records z hi/orical curiosities1 
%all we also relegate to museums ! moral
 pr9ciples :i* !y conta98 ,?is has      
sometimes be5 done1 & we h se5 p decl>e 
t z !y no long] believ$ 9 ! v>i\s       
religions s !y despis$ morality & boldly
 proclaim$ ! maxim ( b\rgeois           
selfi%ness1 ,ev]yone = himself4 ,b a    
,society1 human or animal1 _c exi/ )\t  
c]ta9 rules & moral habits spr++ up )9  
x2 religion may g1 morality rema9s4 ,if 

we 7 to come to consid] t a man did well
 9 ly+1 deceiv+ 8 neighb\rs1 or plund]+ 
!m :5 possible 7?is is ! middle-class   
bus9ess morality71 we %\ld come to su* a
 pass t we c\ld no long] live toge!r4 ,y
 might assure me ( y\r fri5d%ip1 b      
p]haps y might only d s 9 ord] to rob me
 m easily2 y might promise to d a c]ta9 
?+ = me1 only to deceive me2 y might    
promise to =w>d a lett] = me1 & y might 
/eal x j l an ord9>y gov]nor ( a jail4  
,"u su* conditions society w\ld become  
impossible1 & ?is is s g5]ally und]/ood 
t ! repudiation ( religions 9 no way    
prev5ts public morality f be+ ma9ta9$1  
develop$1 & rais$ to a high] & ev] high]
 /&>d4 ,?is fact is s /rik+ t           
philosoph]s seek to expla9 x by !       
pr9ciples ( utilit>ianism1 & rec5tly    
,sp5c] s\ght to base ! morality :i*     
exi/s among u ^u physiological causes & 
! ne$s connect$ ) ! pres]vation ( !     
race4  ,let me give y an example 9 ord] 
to expla9 to y :at we ?9k on ! matt]4   
,a *ild is dr[n+1 & f\r m5 :o /& ^u !   

bank see x /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]4 ,"o ( !m   
does n /ir1 he is a p>tisan ( ,ea* "o = 
himself1 ! maxim ( ! comm]cial          
middle-class2 ?is "o is a brute & we ne$
 n speak ( him fur!r4 ,! next "o reasons
 ?us3 ,if ,i save ! *ild1 a good report 
( my action w be made to ! rul] ( heav51
 & ! ,creator w rew>d me by increas+ my 
flocks & my s]fs1 & !reupon he plunges  
into ! wat]4 ,is he !re=e a moral man8  
,cle>ly n6 ,he is a %rewd calculator1 t 
is all4 ,! ?ird1 :o is an utilit>ian1   
reflects ?us 7or at lea/ utilit>ian     
philosoph]s repres5t him z s reason+73  
,pleasures c be class$ 9 two categories1
 inf]ior pleasures & high] ones4 ,to    
save ! life ( anyone is a sup]ior       
pleasure inf9itely m int5se & m durable 
?an o!rs2 !re=e ,i w save ! *ild4       
,admitt+ t any man ev] reason$ ?us1 w\ld
 he n be a t]rible egoti/8 &1 moreov]1  
c\ld we ev] be sure t 8 sophi/ical bra9 
w\ld n at "s giv5 mom5t cause 8 w to    
incl9e t[>d an inf]ior pleasure1 t is to
 say1 t[>ds refra9+ f tr\bl+ himself8   

,!re rema9s ! f\r? individual4 ,?is man 
has be5 br\ght up f 8 *ildhood to feel  
himself "o ) ! re/ ( humanity3 f 8      
*ildhood he has always reg>d$ m5 z      
possess+ int]e/s 9 common3 he has       
accu/om$ himself to suff] :5 8 neighb\rs
 suff]1 & to feel happy :5 ev]yone ar\nd
 him is happy4 ,directly he he>s !      
he>t-r5d+ cry ( ! "m1 he leaps into !   
wat]1 n ?r\gh reflection b by in/9ct1 & 
:5 %e ?anks him = sav+ h] *ild1 he says1
 ,:at h ,i done to des]ve ?anks1 my good
 woman8 ,i am happy to see y happy2 ,i h
 act$ f natural impulse & c\ld n d      
o!rwise6  ,y recognise 9 ?is case !     
truly moral man1 & feel t ! o!rs are    
only egoti/s 9 comp>ison ) him4 ,! :ole 
an>*i/ morality is repres5t$ 9 ?is      
example4 ,x is ! morality ( a p :i* does
 n look = ! sun at midnight--a morality 
)\t compulsion or au?ority1 a morality (
 habit4 ,let u create circum/ances 9 :i*
 man %all n be l$ to deceive nor exploit
 o!rs1 & !n by ! v =ce ( ?+s ! moral    
level ( humanity w rise to a height     

hi!rto unkn[n4 ,m5 are c]ta9ly n to be  
moralis$ by tea*+ !m a moral cate*ism3  
tribunals & prisons d n dim9i% vice2 !y 
p\r x ov] society 9 floods4 ,m5 are to  
be moralis$ only by plac+ !m 9 a        
position :i* %all contribute to develop 
9 !m ^? habits :i* are social1 & to     
weak5 ^? :i* are n s4 ,a morality :i*   
has become in/9ctive is ! true morality1
 ! only morality :i* endures :ile       
religions & sy/ems ( philosophy pass    
away4  ,let u n[ comb9e ! ?ree prec$+   
elem5ts1 & we %all h ,an>*y & its place 
9 ,sociali/ic ,evolution4  ,emancipation
 ( ! produc] f ! yoke ( capital2        
production 9 common & free consumption (
 all ! products ( ! common lab\r4       
,emancipation f ! gov]nm5tal yoke2 free 
developm5t ( individuals 9 gr\ps &      
f$]ations2 free organisation asc5d+ f ! 
simple to ! complex1 accord+ to mutual  
ne$s & t5d5cies4  ,emancipation f       
religi\s morality2 free morality1 )\t   
compulsion or au?ority1 develop+ itself 
f social life & becom+ habitual4  ,!    

above is no dream ( /ud5ts1 x is a      
conclusion :i* results f an analysis ( !
 t5d5cies ( mod]n society3 ,an>*i/      
,communism is ! union ( ! two fundam5tal
 t5d5cies ( our society--a t5d5cy t[>ds 
economic equality1 & a t5d5cy t[>ds     
political lib]ty4 ,s long z ,communism  
pres5t$ itself "u an au?orit>ian =m1 :i*
 necess>ily implies gov]nm5t1 arm$ ) mu*
 great] p[] ?an t :i* x possesses       
to-day1 inasmu* z x implies economic 9  
addition to political p[]--s long z ?is 
0 ! case1 ,communism met ) no suffici5t 
response4 ,be=e #ahdh x c\ld1 inde$1    
sometimes excite = a mom5t ! en?usiasm (
 ! work] :o 0 prep>$ to submit to any   
all-p[]ful gov]nm5t1 provid$ x w\ld     
release him f ! t]rible situation 9 :i* 
he 0 plac$1 b x left ! true fri5ds (    
lib]ty indiff]5t4  ,an>*i/ ,communism   
ma9ta9s t mo/ valuable ( all            
conque/s--individual lib]ty--& moreov]  
ext5ds x & gives x a solid              
basis--economic lib]ty--)\t :i*         
political lib]ty 9 delusive2 x does n   

ask ! individual :o has reject$ god1 !  
univ]sal tyrant1 god ! k+1 & god !      
p>liam5t1 to give unto himself a god m  
t]rible ?an any ( ! prec$+--god !       
,community1 or to abdicate ^u its alt> 8
 indep5d5ce1 8 w1 8 ta/es1 & to r5ew !  
v[ ( asceticism :i* he =m]ly made be=e !
 crucifi$ god4 ,x says to him1 on !     
contr>y1 ,no society is free s long z ! 
individual is n s6 ,d n seek to modify  
society by impos+ ^u x an au?ority :i*  
%all make ev]y?+ "r2 if y d1 y w fail z 
popes & emp]ors h fail$4 ,modify society
 s t y\r fell[s may n be any long] y\r  
enemies by ! =ce ( circum/ances3 aboli% 
! conditions :i* all[ "s to monopolise !
 fruit ( ! lab\r ( o!rs2 & in/ead (     
attempt+ to con/ruct society f top to   
bottom1 or f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1  
let x develop itself freely f ! simple  
to ! composite1 by ! free union ( free  
gr\ps4 ,?is c\rse1 :i* is s mu* ob/ruct$
 at pres5t1 is ! true =w>d m>* (        
society3 d n seek to h9d] x1 d n turn   
y\r back on progress1 b m>* along ) x6  

,!n ! s5tim5t ( sociability :i* is      
common to human be+s1 z x is to all     
animals liv+ 9 society1 w be able to    
develop itself freely1 because our      
fell[s w no long] be our enemies1 & we  
%all ?us arrive at a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i*   
ea* individual w be able to give free   
re9 to 8 incl9ations1 & ev5 to 8        
passions1 )\t any o!r re/ra9t ?an ! love
 & respect ( ^? :o surr\nd him4  ,?is is
 our ideal1 & x is ! ideal :i* lies deep
 9 ! he>ts ( peoples--( all peoples4 ,we
 "k full well t ?is ideal w n be atta9$ 
)\t viol5t %ocks2 ! close ( ?is c5tury  
has a =midable revolution 9 /ore = u3   
:e!r x beg9s 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 
or ,russia1 x w be an ,european "o1 &   
spread+ ) ! same rapidity z t ( our     
fa!rs1 ! h]oes ( #ahdh1 x w set all     
,europe 9 a blaze4 ,?is com+ ,revolution
 w n aim at a m]e *ange ( gov]nm5t1 b w 
h a social "*2 ! "w ( expropriation w   
comm5ce1 & exploit]s w be driv5 out4    
,:e!r we l x or n1 ?is w be done        
indep5d5tly ( ! w ( individuals1 & :5   

h&s are laid on private prop]ty we %all 
arrive at ,communism1 because we %all be
 =c$ to d s4 ,communism1 h[ev]1 _c be   
ei!r au?orit>ian or p>liam5t>y1 x mu/   
ei!r be an>*i/ or non-exi/5t2 ! mass ( !
 p does n desire to tru/ itself aga9 to 
any savi\r1 b w seek to organise itself 
by itself4  ,we d n advocate ,communism 
& ,an>*y because we imag9e m5 to be     
bett] ?an !y really are2 if we _h angels
 among u we might be tempt$ to entru/ to
 !m ! task ( organis+ u1 ?\gh d\btless  
ev5 !y w\ld %[ ! clov5 foot v soon4 ,b x
 is j because we take m5 z !y are t we  
say3 ,d n entru/ !m ) ! gov]n+ ( y4 ,?is
 or t despicable m9i/] might h be5 an   
excell5t man if p[] _h n be5 giv5 to    
him4 ,! only way ( arriv+ at h>mony (   
int]e/s is by a society )\t exploit]s & 
)\t rul]s4 ,x is precisely because m5   
are n angels t we say1 ,let u arrange   
matt]s s t ea* man may see 8 int]e/ b\nd
 up ) ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 !n y w no long] 
h to fe> 8 evil passions4  ,an>*i/      
,communism be+ ! inevitable result (    

exi/+ t5d5cies1 x is t[>ds ?is ideal t  
we mu/ direct our /eps1 in/ead ( say+1  
,yes1 ,an>*y is an excell5t ideal1 & !n 
turn+ our backs ^u x4 ,%\ld ! approa*+  
revolution n succe$ 9 realis+ ! :ole (  
?is ideal1 /ill all t %all h be5 effect$
 9 ! direction ( x w rema92 b all t %all
 h be5 done 9 a contr>y direction w be  
doom$ to disappe>4 ,x is a g5]al rule t 
a popul> revolution may be vanqui%$1 b  
t1 nev]!less1 x furni%es a motto = !    
evolution ( ! succe$+ c5tury4 ,france   
expir$ "u ! heel ( ! allies 9 #ahae1 &  
yet ! action ( ,france _h r5d]$ s]fdom  
impossible ( cont9uance1 all ov]        
,europe1 & repres5tative gov]nm5t       
inevitable2 univ]sal suffrage 0 dr[n$ 9 
blood1 & yet univ]sal suffrage is !     
wat*word ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahga ! ,commune
 expir$ "u volleys ( grape%ot1 & yet !  
wat*word 9 ,france to-day is ! ,free    
,commune4 ,& if ,an>*i/ ,communism is   
vanqui%$ 9 ! com+ revolution1 aft] hav+ 
ass]t$ itself 9 ! light ( day1 n only w 
x leave beh9d x ! abolition ( private   

prop]ty1 n only w ! work+ man h le>n$ 8 
true place 9 society1 n only w ! l&$ &  
m]cantile ari/ocracy h receiv$ a mortal 
bl[1 b ,communi/ ,an>*ism w be ! goal ( 
! evolution ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4  ,an>*i/
 ,communism sums up all t is mo/        
beautiful & mo/ durable 9 ! progress (  
humanity2 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 ! s5tim5t 
( lib]ty1 & solid>ity or community (    
int]e/4 ,x gu>antees ! free evolution1  
bo? ( ! individual & ( society4 ,!re=e1 
x w triumph4   ,pr9t$ by ,,! ,,new      
,,temple ,,press1 ,norbury1 ,london1    
,great ,brita94