,! ,republic ( ,*ildhood                
,,froebel',s ,,gifts                    
,,by ,,kate ,,d\glas ,,wigg9            
,,& ,,nora ,,ar*ibald ,,smi?            
,,!                         ,,republic  
,,( ,,*ildhood                          
,,by                          ,,kate    
,,d\glas ,,wigg9                        
,,&                          ,,nora     
,,ar*ibald ,,smi?                       
,i                                      
,,froebel',s ,,gifts                    
,! ,republic ( ,*ildhood      ,!        
,k9d]g>t5 is ! free republic (          
*ildhood4--,,froebel                    
,,froebel',s ,,gifts                    
,,by                          ,,kate    
,,d\glas ,,wigg9                        
,,&                          ,,nora     
,,ar*ibald ,,smi?                   ,!  
true tea*] is a /ud5t ( human           
nature1 & ! /ud5t ( human nature        
is ! pupil ( ,god4--,,horatio ,,/ebb9s  
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york                
,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company       

,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge         
#ahie                                   
,copyright1 #ahie1                      
,,by ,,kate ,,d\glas ,,riggs            
,,&                         ,,nora      
,,ar*ibald ,,smi?4                      
,all rights res]v$4             ,!      
,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41   
,u4 ,s4 ,a4        ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$
 by ,h4 ,o4 ,h\ghton & ,company4        
,,preface   ,! ?ree little volumes on t 
,republic ( ,*ildhood1 ! k9d]g>t51 ( :i*
 ?is h&book1 deal+ ) ! gifts1 =ms !     
initial numb]1 might well be call$ ,*ips
 f a ,k9d]g>t5 ,work%op4 ,!y are !      
outcome ( talks & conf]5ces on          
,froebel's educational pr9ciples )      
successive gr\ps ( e>ne/ "y wom5 "h1    
!re1 & ev]y:]e1 = fifte5 ye>s1 &        
repres5t z mu* practical "w at ! b5* z a
 c>p5t] c\ld %[ 9 a simil> l5g? ( "t4   
,!y are ! result ( mutual give & take1 (
 "q & answ]1 ( ef=t & exp]i5ce1 ( !     
friction ( m9ds aga9/ "o ano!r1 ( ideas 
/ruck out 9 ! heat ( argum5t1 & ( v>i$  

exp]i5ce ) _m hundr$ little *ildr5 ( all
 nationalities & conditions4 ,!y are n  
!ories1 writt5 9 ! seclusion ( ! /udy2 &
 if p]*ance !y h ! defects1 s %\ld !y h 
! virtues1 too1 ( "w correct$ & revis$  
at e /ep by ! *ild 9 ! mid/4 ,if x is   
object$ t _m ?+s 9 !m h be5 he>d be=e1  
we c b say ) ,montaigne3 ,tru? & reason 
are common to e "o1 & are no m 8 :o     
spake !m fir/ ?an 8 :o spake !m aft]4   
,! v>i\s talks h be5 cut d[n "h1 enl>g$ 
!re1 cond5s$ 9 "o place1 amplifi$ 9     
ano!r1 f ye> to ye>1 z k & exp]i5ce h   
gr[n2 _m ( ! ideas :i* !y advocat$ 9 !  
beg9n+ h be5 elim9at$1 z be+ completely 
rev]s$ by ! passage ( "t1 & mu* new     
matt] has be5 add$ z ! k9d]g>t5 pr9ciple
 has develop$4 ,!y are z mu* a gr[? z a 
coral reef1 ?\gh ! au?ors h little hope 
t !y w be z endur+4  ,! k9d]g>t5 ( #ahie
 is n ! k9d]g>t5 ( #ahhj1 = ! sci5ce (  
education has made great /rides 9 ^! pa/
 fifte5 ye>s4 ,_m ?+s :i* 7 held to be  
vital pr9ciples :5 we began our talks ) 
k9d]g>t5 /ud5ts1 we n[ f9d 7 b lifeless 

me?ods aft] all4 ,x is n t "t has rev]s$
 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* !        
k9d]g>t5 re/s1--^! are z true z tru? & z
 *angeless2 b ! int]pretation ( !m has  
greatly *ang$ & broad5$ ) ! passage (   
ye>s1 & _m ( ! in/rum5talities (        
education :i* ,froebel devis$ are de/9$ 
to fur!r trans=mation 9 ! future4 ,= ?is
 reason1 ! la/ book on ! k9d]g>t5 is    
sometimes ! be/ book1 s9ce x naturally  
embodies ! late/ ?\ght & discov]y on !  
subject4  ,^! talks on ! k9d]g>t5 h     
purposely be5 dive/$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt (  
te*nicality & detail1 9 ! hope t !y w   
?us rea* n only k9d]g>t5 /ud5ts1 b ! _m 
mo!rs & tea*]s :o really long to "k :at 
,froebel's sy/em ( education is & :at x 
aims to d4 ,!y w nev] ( !mselves make a 
k9d]g>tn]1 & are n int5d$ to d s2 b !y  
c]ta9ly %\ld %$ "s light on ,froebel's  
!ories1 & e/abli% a basis on :i* !y c be
 work$ out 9 ! home & 9 ! s*ool4  ,we   
%all attempt no def5se ( ! k9d]g>t5 "h4 
,x has pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age2 x is no 
long] on trial = its life2 & no long]   

humbly begg+1 hat 9 h&1 = a place to lay
 its head4 ,z an educational idea1 x is 
a recogniz$ "p ( ! great sy/em (        
*ild-tra9+2 & to say1 9 ?is ye> ( our   
,"l1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & n9ety-five1 
t "o does n believe 9 ! k9d]g>t5 is z if
 "o said1 ,i d n believe 9 electricity1 
or1 ,i nev] saw mu* =ce 9 ! law (       
gravitation4  ,true1 ,froebel's ideas   
are (t5 mis9t]pret$ & misappli$2 (t5    
esp\s$ by ignorant & s5tim5tal p]sons2  
(t5 degrad$ 9 _! practical application2 
true1 ! ideal k9d]g>t5 & ! ideal        
k9d]g>tn] are seldom se5--7?\gh !y are  
wor? travel+ a ?\s& miles to see7--all  
?is is true1 & no "o kn[s x bett] ?an   
we2 b t a div9e idea is wrongly us$ does
 n invalidate its div9ity4  ,t k9d]g>t5 
pr9ciples are ga9+ gr\nd ev]y:]e2 t e   
ye> m free & private k9d]g>t5s are      
e/abli%$1 m tra9+ s*ools op5$1 m /ud5ts 
apply+ = in/ruction1 m books writt5 on !
 subject1 m educational p]iodicals seek+
 = k9d]g>t5 articles1 m cities add+ x to
 _! s*ool sy/ems1 m normal s*ools giv+  

c\rses 9 k9d]g>t5 tra9+1 m mo!rs &      
tea*]s seek+ = light on ,froebel's      
pr9ciples1--all ^! are matt]s ( /ati/ics
 :i* any "o may v]ify by consult+ !     
,reports ( ! ,commission] ( ,education &
 ! v>i\s educational magaz9es4  ,our    
mode/ volumes1 ( :i* ! second w deal ) !
 occupations1 ! ?ird ) ! educational    
!ories ( ,froebel1 d n claim to be      
deeply philosophic1 nor ev5 to be       
exhau/ive4 ,!y are1 9 a s5se1 :at is    
call$ a popul> treatise on a sci5tific  
subject2 & ?\gh "s sci5ti/s decry su*   
treatises1 yet !re are _m p]sons to :om 
a simple message c>ries m conviction ?an
 a purely philosophic "o4  ,x is hop$ t 
! psy*ologic pr9ciples on :i* ! talks   
re/ are at lea/ measurably correct1 ?\gh
 :5 doctors disagree on vital po9ts1 h[ 
%all ! layman "k ! ext5t ( 8 own        
ignorance8  ,! au?ors h always be5 ( a  
humble & docile _s1 & 9 ! e>li] ye>s (  
_! "w ) *ildr51 look+ ^u all treatises  
on education z inspir$1 tri$ fai?fully  
to make ! *ild's m9d "w accord+ to !    

laws !re9 laid d[n4 ,b sometimes !      
*ild's m9d ob/9ately decl9$ to foll[ !  
prescrib$ r\te2 x refus$ to beg9 at !   
prop] beg9n+ ( a subject & g on         
logically to ! end1 z ! books decre$1 b 
flew into ! middle ( x1 & d>t$ bo? ways1
 l a weav]'s %uttle4 ,if1 !n1 any "o ( !
 !ories we enunciate does n co9cide )   
y\r p>ticul> educational cre$1 we c only
 say t ours1 we fe>1 has sometimes be5 a
 rule ( ?umb psy*ology1 & t 9 our       
exp]i5ce x has occasionally be5 necess>y
 to turn a psy*ologic law ! o!r end     
=emo/ be=e x c\ld be made to fit ! *ild4
  ,we h endeavor$ n to be dogmatic 9 any
 ( ^! talks1 = we d n claim to h se5 &  
c\nt$ all ! facets ( ! cry/al ( tru?4   
,we humbly ackn[l$ge t we h (t5 be5     
wrong 9 ! pa/1 & no reason has latt]ly  
be5 giv5 u to believe ourselves         
infallible2 b ^! disput$ po9ts 9 !      
k9d]g>t5 are1 aft] all1 ( no m vital    
importance ?an ! old !ologic controv]sy 
z to h[ _m angels c /& on ! po9t ( a    
ne$le4 ,if ! occupations are f\nd to be 

bas$ on incorrect psy*ologic pr9ciples1 
d n use !m2 if a simil> objection is    
made to ! gifts1 sub/itute o!rs4 ,^! are
 all accessories1--!y are ( no m        
importance ?an ! leaves to ! tree2 if "t
 & /ress ( wea!r /rip !m (f1 ! life     
curr5t is /ill !re1 & new ones w gr[ 9  
_! places4                              
,,kate ,,d\glas ,,wigg94                
,,nora ,,ar*ibald ,,smi?4   ,augu/1     
#ahie4                                  
,,cont5ts                               
,,page           ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,!      
,,gifts ,,( ,,froebel                 #a
           ,,froebel',s ,,fir/ ,,gift   
#f           ,,froebel',s ,,second      
,,gift                           #ca    
,,! ,,build+ ,,gifts                    
#ed           ,,froebel',s ,,?ird ,,gift
                            #eg         
,,froebel',s ,,f\r? ,,gift              
#gf           ,,froebel',s ,,fif? ,,gift
                            #hi         
,,froebel',s ,,six? ,,gift              
#aab           ,,froebel',s ,,sev5?     

,,gift                         #abd     
,,froebel',s ,,eigh? ,,gift             
#adb           ,,froebel',s ,,n9? ,,gift
                           #aei         
,,froebel',s ,,t5? ,,gift               
#age           ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,!
 ,,gifts                   #ahi         
,,froebel',s ,,gifts                    
,,?\ghts ,,on ,,! ,,gifts ,,( ,,froebel 
,a correct compreh5sion ( ext]nal1      
mat]ial ?+s is a prelim9>y to a j       
compreh5sion ( intellectual relations4  
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,! ,a1 ,b1 ,c (   
?+s mu/ prec$e ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c ( words1 &  
give to ! words 7ab/ractions7 _! true   
f\ndations4 ,x is because ^! f\ndations 
fail s (t5 9 ! pres5t "t t !re are s few
 m5 :o ?9k indep5d5tly & express        
skillfully _! inborn div9e ideas4       
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,p]ception is !   
beg9n+ & ! prelim9>y condition = ?9k+4  
,"o's own p]ceptions awak5 "o's own     
conceptions1 & ^! awak5 "o's own ?9k+ 9 
lat] /ages ( developm5t4 ,let u h no    
precocity1 b natural1 t is consecutive1 

developm5t4                             
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,e *ild br+s ) him
 into ! _w ! natural disposition to see 
correctly :at is be=e him1 or1 9 o!r    
words1 ! tru?4 ,if ?+s are %[n to him 9 
_! connection1 8 s\l p]ceives !m ?us z a
 conception4 ,b if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ?+s   
are br\ght be=e 8 m9d s+ly1 or          
piecemeal1 & 9 fragm5ts1 !n ! natural   
disposition to see correctly is p]v]t$  
to ! opposite1 & ! heal?y m9d is        
p]plex$4                                
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,! l9k+ toge!r :i*
 is ev]y:]e se51 & :i* holds ! ,univ]se 
9 its :ol5ess & unity1 ! eye receives1 &
 !reby receives ! repres5tation1 b )\t  
und]/&+ x except z an impression & an   
image4 ,b ^! fir/ impressions are !     
root-fibres = ! und]/&+ t is develop$   
lat]4                                   
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,! correct        
p]ception is a prep>ation = correct kn[+
 & ?9k+4                                
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,no new subject ( 
in/ruction %\ld come to ! s*ol>1 ( :i*  

he does n at lea/ conjecture t x is     
gr\nd$ 9 ! =m] subject1 & h[ x is s     
gr\nd$ z its application %[s1 & conc]n+ 
:i* he does n1 h[ev] dimly1 feel x to be
 a ne$ ( ! human _s4                    
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4  ,! sequ5ces :i* ! 
*ild builds1 z well z ! sequ5ce ( !     
k9d]g>t5 gifts1 po9t on ! "o h& to      
physical evolution1 :]e9 ea* =m         
'rememb]s ! next inf]ior & pr$icts !    
next high]1' & on ! o!r to ! process (  
hi/oric developm5t1 :i* magnifies !     
pres5t by l9k+ ) x ! pa/ & ! future4    
,,susan ,e4 ,,bl[4  ,let u educate !    
s5ses1 tra9 ! faculty ( spee*1 ! art (  
receiv+1 /or+1 & express+ impressions1  
:i* is ! natural gift ( infants1 & we   
%all n ne$ books to fill up ! empt9ess (
 our tea*+ until ! *ild is at lea/ sev5 
ye>s old4                               
,e4 ,,segu94  ,z soon z we1 "y or old1 h
 tak5 to ! habit ( ask+ ! book = :at x  
is 9 our p[] to le>n f p]sonal          
obs]vation1 we dismiss our organs (     
p]ception & compreh5sion f _! righte\s  

*>ge1 & cov] ! empt9ess ( our own m9ds )
 ! pat*work ( o!rs4                     
,e4 ,,segu94  ,natural geometry 7tak+ ! 
^w 9 its limit$ s5se ( /udy ( =m 9      
space7 is ! object ( a desire :i*       
g5]ally prec$es ! artificial curiosity =
 ! mean+ ( lett]s4                      
,e4 ,,segu94  ,)\t an accurate          
acqua9tance ) ! visible & tangible      
prop]ties ( ?+s1 our conceptions mu/ be 
errone\s1 our inf]5ces fallaci\s1 & our 
op]ations unsuccessful4                 
,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4  ,! tru?s ( numb]1 (   
=m1 ( relation%ip 9 position1 7 all     
orig9ally drawn f objects2 & to pres5t  
^! tru?s to ! *ild 9 ! concrete is to   
let him le>n !m z ! race le>n$ !m4      
,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4  ,if we consid] x1 we  
%all f9d t exhau/ive obs]vation is an   
elem5t ( all great success4             
,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4  ,le>n to compreh5d ea*
 ?+ 9 its entire hi/ory4 ,?is is ! maxim
 ( sci5ce guid$ by ! reason4            
,,wm4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4  ,geometrical facts &
 conceptions are easi] to a *ild ?an ^? 

( ari?metic4                            
,,?omas ,,hill4  ,in/ruction mu/ beg9 ) 
actual inspection1 n ) v]bal            
descriptions ( ?+s4 ,f su* inspection x 
is t c]ta9 k comes4 ,:at is actually se5
 rema9s fa/] 9 ! memory ?an description 
or enum]ation a hundr$ times z (t5      
repeat$4                                
,,com5ius4  ,obs]vation is ! absolute   
basis ( all k4 ,! fir/ object1 !n1 9    
education1 mu/ be to lead ! *ild to     
obs]ve ) accuracy2 ! second1 to express 
) correctness ! results ( 8 obs]vation4 
,,pe/alozzi4  ,if 9 ! ext]nal univ]se   
any "o con/ructive pr9ciple c be        
detect$1 x is ! geometrical4            
,,bulw]-,,lytton4  ,! education ( !     
s5ses neglect$1 all aft]-education      
p>takes ( a dr[s9ess1 a haz9ess1 an     
insuffici5cy1 :i* x is impossible to    
cure4                                   
,,"l ,,bacon4  ,( ?is ?+ be c]ta93      
,w\ld/ ?\ plant = et]nity8 ,!n plant    
into ! deep inf9ite faculties ( man1 8  
fantasy & he>t4 ,w\ld/ ?\ plant = ye> & 

day8 ,!n plant into 8 %all[1 sup]ficial 
faculties1 8 self-love1 & ari?metical   
und]/&+1 :at w gr[ !re4                 
,,?os4 ,,c>lyle4                        
,,froebel',s ,,fir/ ,,gift      ,i wi%  
to f9d ! "r =ms = awak5+ ! high]        
s5ses ( ! *ild3 :at symbol does my ball 
(f] to him8     ,t ( unity4      ,! ball
 connects ! *ild ) nature z mu* z !     
univ]se connects man ) ,god4            
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,l9e 9 nature 
is n f\nd1 ,unit & ,univ]se are r\nd4   
,nature c5tres into balls4              
,r4 ,w4 ,,em]son4                       
,f ?y h&         ,! worlds 7 ca/2 yet e 
leaflet claims         ,f t same h& its 
little %9+ sph]e         ,( />lit dew4  
,o4 ,w4 ,,holmes4          ,! ,small1 a 
sph]e z p]fect z ! ,great         ,to ! 
s\l's absolut5ess4        ,,rob]t       
,,br[n+4   #a4 ,! fir/ gift consi/s (   
six s(t wool5 balls color$ 9 ! six /&>d 
colors d]iv$ f ! spectrum1 namely1 r$1  
orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet4  ,!
 balls %\ld be provid$ ) /r+s = use 9 ! 

v>i\s motions4#a      #a ,! /r+ unites !
 ball1 symbol ( ! out] _w1     ) ! *ild1
 & is ! means by :i* x c act ^u 8       
inn] nature4 7,e4 ,g4 ,seym\r47  #b4    
,froebel *ose ! ball z ! fir/ gift      
because x is ! simple/ %ape1 & ! "o f   
:i* all o!rs may subsequ5tly be d]iv$2 !
 %ape mo/ easily grasp$ by ! h& z well z
 by ! m9d4 ,x is an object :i* attracts 
by its pleas+ color1 & "o :i*1 view$ f  
all directions1 ev] makes ! same        
impression4#b      #b ,! ,egyptians & ! 
,greeks hung geometrical =ms ov]     _! 
cradles1 s z to /rike ! eyes ( ! *ild ) 
lawful relations4 ,froebel introduces   
color$ balls = !     same purpose1 :i*1 
consid]+ ! psy*ological &     emotional 
condition ( ! *ild1 leads to ! joyful   
conception ( motion1 color1 & life4     
7,emma ,m>w$el47  #c4 ,! mo/ important  
*>act]i/ics ( ! gift are ,unity1        
,activity1 ,color4  ,! v>i\s colors s]ve
 to di/+ui% ^! sev]al playmates ( ! *ild
 by special *>act]i/ics1 & enable him to
 make 8 fir/ cle> analyses or           

ab/ractions1 s9ce ! color is ! only po9t
 :]e9 ! objects diff]4 ,?is contra/ 9   
color results 9 ! ab/raction ( color f  
=m4  #d4 ,s9ce ! ball is ! mo/ mobile ( 
inanimate %apes1 x may be consid]$ z !  
opposite equal ( ! liv+ organism4 ,!    
quickness & ease ( its motion z well z  
its ela/icity cause ! *ild to reg>d x z 
in/9ct ) life1 :ile its s(tness r5d]s   
him able to grasp & h&le x readily4     
,its mat]ial is also ( great advantage 9
 t x less5s ! possibility ( />tl+ noises
 :i* w\ld di/ract ! *ild f !            
contemplation ( its qualities4 ,by its  
use1 he is fir/ l$ to obs]vation1 & !n  
to self-expression4 ,z ! simple/ type-=m
 z well z ! mo/ univ]sal1 x (f]s a      
satisfactory basis = ! classification ( 
objects 9 g5]al2 :ile its indef9it5ess &
 adaptability make x a useful m$ium = ! 
expression ( ! *ild's vague ideas4 ,) ! 
ball we give fir/ impressions ( ,unity1 
,=m1 ,color1 ,mat]ial1 ,mobility1       
,motion1 ,direction1 & ,position4 ,!    
ball songs & plays are us$ z ! fir/     

ex]cises 9 language1 s++1 & rhy?m4  #e4 
,z ! k9d]g>t5 gifts are design$ to s]ve 
z an alphabet ( =m1 by ^: use ! *ild may
 le>n to read all mat]ial objects1 x    
foll[s t !y mu/ =m an organically       
connect$ sequ5ce1 mov+ 9 logical ord] f 
an object :i* conta9s all qualities1 b  
directly emphasizes none1 to objects m  
specializ$ 9 nature1 & !re=e m def9itely
 sugge/ive z to use4  ,ea* successive   
gift 9 ! s]ies mu/ n only be implicit 91
 b dem&$ by1 its pr$ecessor2 s ,froebel 
selects ! ball1 ) its simplicity b great
 adaptability1 = ! />t+-po9t ( 8 s]ies4 
#f4 ,connect$ contra/s ( ,motion1       
,direction1 & ,position are %[n 9 ! fir/
 gift4 ,by ! use ( pigm5ts1 ! s-call$   
second>y colors1 purple1 orange1 & gre51
 may be produc$ f ! opposite hues1 r$ & 
blue1 r$ & yell[1 & blue & yell[4  ,!   
m9d is ar\s$ to att5tion & l$ to        
comp>ison by contra/s2 on ! gr\ndwork ( 
comp>ison1 x is enabl$ to d ! "w (      
classification1 ( cle> ab/raction1 ( !  
=mation ( def9ite ideas by ! connection 

( ^! contra/s4#c      #c ,suppose1 e4   
g41 t ! *ild1 by d9t ( repeat$ &        
v>i$ play+ ) ! blue ball ( ! fir/ gift1 
has     succe$$ 9 gett+ a tol]ably cle> 
notion ( ! blue     ball4 ,if !n y br+ !
 yell[ ball to 8 notice1 8     m9d w be 
l$ to exam9e m closely & to comp>e !    
two play?+s1 resembl+ ea* o!r s fully 9 
e     respect1 yet diff]+ s widely 9    
color4 ,! o!r balls (     ! gift are    
introduc$ 9 judici\s succession1 (f]+   
new     yet mild] contra/s3 ^!          
reconcile1 comb9e1 ! contra/s     fir/  
(f]$2 !y are aid$ 9 ?is by ! colors (   
surr\nd+ objects4 ,! *ild beg9s to feel 
t ^!     color impressions1 h[ev] widely
 !y diff]1 h a simil>     s\rce2 he is  
connect+ ! contra/s1 & z he succe$s 9   
?is1 he succe$s1 too1 9 sep>at+1        
ab/ract+1 !     ball f its color4 7,w4  
,n4 ,hailmann47         99       99     
99       99       99   ,! ,ball a       
,univ]sal ,play?+4  ,! pres5tim5t ( tru?
 always goes be=e ! recognition ( x1    
says ,froebel2 & x w\ld seem1 inde$1 z  

x1 9 select+ ! fir/ gift1 he look$ f>   
back into ! pa/ ( humanity1 & !re s\ght 
! ?read :i* f ! beg9n+ connects all     
times & leads to ! f>!/ future4  ,! ball
 is ! la/ play?+ ( m51 z well z ! fir/ )
 *ildr54 ,9 ,kreutz]'s ,symbolik we read
 t ! educators ( ! "y god ,bac*us gave  
him gold5 balls to play )1 & also t !   
y\?ful pr9ces ( ,p]sia play$ ) !m1 &    
alone _h ?is privilege4  ,x is a        
significant fact t we f9d balls ev5     
among ! rema9s ( ! ,lake ,dwell]s (     
,nor!rn ,italy & ,switz]l&1 :ile small1 
r\nd balls1 resembl+ m>bles1 h be5 f\nd 
9 ! e>ly ,egyptian tombs4 ,! ,teutons   
made ball-plays national1 & built h\ses 
9 :i* to indulge 9 ^! ex]cises 9 all    
sections ( ,g]many1 z late z ! close ( !
 sixte5? c5tury4 ,! anci5t ,aztecs us$ !
 game ( ball z a tra9+ 9 w>f>e = ! "y m5
 ( ! nation2 & t x 0 consid]$ ( great   
importance is evid5t f ! fact t !       
tribute exact$ by a c]ta9 ,aztec mon>* f
 "s ( ! cities conqu]$ by him consi/$ ( 
balls1 & am\nt$ to sixte5 ?\s& annually4

  ,! ball ent]$ into _m ( ! favorite    
games alike ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 !  
=m] hav+ a special place 9 _! gymnasiums
 & a special ma/] = x4 ,x may be not$   
also t ne>ly all our mod]n sports are   
bas$ ^u ! ef=t to get possession ( a    
ball4   ,froebel's ,ideas ( ,fir/ ,gift4
  ,froebel consid]$ ! ball z an ext]nal 
c\nt]p>t ( ! *ild 9 ! fir/ /ages ( 8    
developm5t1 its undivid$ unity          
correspond+ to 8 m5tal condition1 & its 
movabl5ess to 8 in/9ctive activity4     
,?r\gh its recognition he is l$ to      
sep>ate himself f ! ext]nal _w1 & !     
ext]nal _w f himself4#d      #d ,b z he 
gr[s he ga!rs mu*1            ,& le>ns !
 use ( ',i' & 'me1'            ,& f9ds  
',i am n t ,i see1          ,& o!r ?an !
 ?+s ,i t\*4'          ,s r\nds he to a 
sep>ate m9d            ,f :5ce cle>     
memory may beg91            ,z ?r\gh !  
frame t b9ds him 9          ,8 isolation
 gr[s def9$4                            
,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam4  ,froebel's    
int5tion 0 t ! fir/ gift %\ld be us$ 9 !

 nurs]y1#e b z ?is is = ! mo/ "p        
neglect$1 or imp]fectly & unwisely done1
 we beg9 ! s]ies ( k9d]g>t5 play-lessons
 ) x1 illu/rat+ its qualities & ask+    
que/ions conc]n+ !m1 always div]sify+ ! 
ex]cises ) rhymes1 games1 & songs4 ,we  
mu/ rememb] t to ! "y *ild1 z to        
primitive man1 ! activity ( an object is
 m pleas+ ?an its qualities1 & we %\ld  
!re=e devise a s]ies ( games ) !        
fasc9at+ play?+ :i* w lead ! *ild to    
le>n ^! qualities by practical exp]i5ce4
      #e ,_m sugge/ions = ! use ( ! ball
 9 ! nurs]y     may be f\nd 9 ,froebel's
 ,p$agogics ( ! ,k9d]g>t51     translat$
 by ,joseph9e ,j>vis4   ,mann] (        
,introduction4  ,be=e beg9n+ any ex]cise
 we %\ld fully decide 9 our own m9ds !  
ma9 po9t or po9ts to be br\ght          
out1--,color1 ,=m1 or ,direction1 =     
example2 !n1 & only !n1 w ! *ild ga9 a  
cle>1 def9ite impression1 & h a di/9ct  
remembrance ( :at we h be5 try+ to tea*4
 ,by way ( div]sion1 e song or rhyme 9  
:i* ! ball c play a symbolic "p 9       

action1 & illu/rate ! po9t we wi% to    
make1 is ( use 9 ! lessons4#f      #f   
,see ,k9d]g>t5 ,*imes 7,kate ,d4        
,wigg971 pages #bb-cb1     ,oliv]       
,ditson ,publi%+ ,co4  ,) ?is da9ty     
color$ play?+ we beg9 our fir/ bit (    
education1--n in/ruction1 m]e p\r+ 91 b 
true education1 draw+ out1 develop+4 ,! 
balls %\ld be kept 9 a pretty basket1 z 
! beautiful %\ld be cultivat$ 9 e way 9 
! true k9d]g>t52 & :5 !y are giv5 to !  
class1 x %\ld be ) "s little song sung  
by ! k9d]g>tn] or "o ( ! old] *ildr54   
,at ! close ( ! lesson1 z ! basket is   
pass$1 ea* *ild may g5tly drop 8 ball   
into x1 say+ simply1 ,?ank y = my ball1 
or nam+ its color4 ,at o!r times !y may 
be call$ by ! names ( fruits or fl[]s1 !
 *ild say+1 ,i w give y a *]ry1 or1 ,i w
 give y a violet4   ,me?od (            
,introduction4  ,! qualities ( ! ball   
mu/ ( c\rse be br\ght be=e ! *ild's     
obs]vation 9 "s m or less def9ite ord]1 
& x w be pr(itable to consid] ! relative
 claims ( ,=m & ,color to ! fir/ place4 

,we might say1 correctly1 t to illu/rate
 ! ball1 we %\ld beg9 ) its ess5tial    
qualities4#g ,! ess5tial quality is     
,unity4 ,unity dep5ds on ,=m1 & ! ball's
 =m nev] *anges2 !re=e we might conclude
 t ?is %\ld be ! fir/ subject "u        
consid]ation1 s9ce we always treat ( !  
univ]sal prop]ties ( objects be=e       
special ones1 proce$+ f homog5e\s to    
het]og5e\s4 ,?is view ( ! subject is    
support$ by ,rati*'s important maxim1   
,fir/ ! ?+1 & !n its prop]ties4      #h 
,! infant beg9s to exam9e =ms f !       
comm5cem5t     ( 8 exi/5ce2 = )\t ?is k 
x is d\btful     if he c\ld di/+ui% "o  
object f ano!r1 or ev5 be     aw>e ( an 
ext]nal _w4 ,gradually he beg9s to "k   
objects ap>t & to recognize !m1 & 9 "t  
disc]ns     resemblances :i* cause him  
to classify !m4--,w4 ,w4     ,spe]'s ,=m
 ,lessons4   ,conrad ,diehl4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ,conrad ,diehl says3 ,color is !    
fir/ s5sation ( :i* an infant is        
capable4 ,) ! fir/ ray ( light t ent]s !
 ret9a ( ! eye1 ! pres5ce ( color =ces  

itself on ! m9d4444 ,:5 light is pres5t1
 color is pres5t4 ,! fir/ impression :i*
 ! eye receives ( an object is its      
color2 its =m is reveal$ by ! action (  
light ^u its surfaces4 ,we recognize at 
a di/ance ! color ( a leaf1 an apple1 a 
fl[] or b]ry1 long be=e we are able     
di/9ctly to make out _! =ms4 ,9 ! abs5ce
 ( light1 nei!r ! color nor ! =m ( an   
object c be se54#h      #h ,conrad      
,diehl's ,elem5ts ( ,ornam5tation &     
,color4   ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4  ,sp5c] says3#i
 ,! e>lie/ impressions :i* ! m9d c      
assimilate are ^? giv5 to x by !        
undecomposable s5sations1 resi/ance1    
light1 s\nd1 etc4 ,manife/ly            
decomposable /ates ( consci\sness _c    
exi/ be=e ! /ates ( consci\sness out (  
:i* !y are compos$4 ,!re c be no idea ( 
=m until "s famili>ity ) light 9 its    
gradations & qualities1 or resi/ance 9  
its diff]5t int5sities1 has be5 acquir$2
 =1 z has long be5 kn[n1 we recognize   
visible =m by means ( v>ieties ( light1 
& tangible =m by means ( v>ieties (     

resi/ance4 ,simil>ly1 no articulate s\nd
 is cognizable until ! in>ticulate s\nds
 :i* g to make x up h be5 le>n$4 ,& ?us 
mu/ x be 9 e o!r case4#aj      #i       
,education1 page #acj4      #aj ,t      
priority ( color to =m :i*1 z already   
po9t$ out1 has a psy*ological basis1 & 9
 virtue (     :i* psy*ological basis    
arises ?is /rong pref]5ce 9     ! *ild1 
%\ld be recogniz$ f ! v                 
beg9n+4--,sp5c]'s ,education4           
,froebel4  ,! balance ( au?ority seems  
to be1 on ! :ole1 ^u ! side ( pres5t+   
color fir/ to ! "y *ild1 z we appeal to 
! emotions at ?is age r ?an to !        
intellect2 & :ile ! s5ses revel 9 color1
 =m foll[s m ! law ( use4 ,let u he>1   
h[ev]1 :at ! great pione] ( *ild /udy   
says ^u ?is po9t4 ,froebel says1 z      
di/9ct & diff]5t z color & =m may be 9  
!mselves1 !y are to ! "y *ild           
indivisible1 z insep>able z body & life4
 ,nay1 ! idea ( color seems to come to !
 *ild1 z p]haps to mank9d 9 g5]al1 ?r\gh
 ! =ms2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =ms ga9       

prom95ce & impressiv5ess by ! colors4   
,h5ce ideas ( colors mu/ at fir/ be     
c\pl$ ) ideas ( =m1 & vice v]sa2 color &
 =m are 9 ! beg9n+ an undivid$ unity4#aa
      #aa ,a p]son born bl9d1 & sudd5ly 
enabl$ to see1 w\ld     at fir/ h no    
conception ( 9 or out 7( eye71 &        
w\ld be consci\s ( colors only1 n (     
objects2 :5 by     8 s5se ( t\* he      
became acqua9t$ ) objects1 & _h     "t  
to associate m5tally ! objects he t\*$ )
 !     colors he saw1 !n1 & n till !n1  
w\ld he beg9 to see                     
objects4--,prey]'s ,m9d ( ! ,*ild1 page 
#eh4      ,color _c be ab/ract$ f t :i* 
gives x     vitality1--i4 e41 ,=m1--f   
:i* x _c be ab/ract$     )\t r5d]+ !    
color flat & mean+less4 7,geo4 ,l4      
,s*reib]47  ,! color & =m ( ! ball be+  
indissolubly bl5d$ 9 ! *ild's eyes1 we c
 sc>cely tea* !m sep>ately at fir/4 ,we 
may1 h[ev]1 consid] ea* by itself1 9    
ord] to pres5t ! subject m cle>ly4      
,,=m4  ,to tea* =m 9 an int]e/+ mann]1  
to make x pla9 to ! *ild )\t giv+ him   

any t]ms1 b r coax+ him by +5uity to    
=mulate 8 own k1 is a difficult ?+ to d1
 & %\ld n be attempt$ at all ) v "y     
*ildr54 ,x seems unnecess>y to say t    
,froebel did n int5d ! ball %\ld be made
 a m$ium ( object lessons = babies1     
al?\gh ?is di/ort$ view ( 8 idea seems  
to h ent]$ ! m9ds ( "s critics4  ,!     
*ild1 :5 old en\gh to ent] a k9d]g>t51 w
 g5]ally "k r\nd objects1 & be some:at  
famili> ) ! ball already 9 8 home plays4
 ,we %\ld let him roll & grasp x 9 8 t9y
 f+]s1 till gradually1 9 comp>ison ) o!r
 objects h&l$ 9 ! same way1 he notices !
 abs5ce ( corn]s1 edges1 or any         
ob/ructions :i* w\ld meet 8 t\* or eye4 
,!n we may ask him if he c\ld make a    
ball out ( a r\gh block ( wood :i* we   
%[4 ,"s bright little "o w guess t a    
c>p5t] c\ld d x ) 8 tools4 ,:at w\ld he 
h to d8 ,plane x (f1 w p]haps be !      
answ]4 ,:]e & h[ is he to plane8 may be 
! next inquiry1 & ! *ild (t5 answ]s1    
,all ! r\gh p>ts & ! p>ts t /ick out4   
,:y does he l to play ball8 ,he does n  

"k exactly4 ,w\ld he l to play ball ) ! 
scissors8 ,:y n8 ,!n :y does he l to    
feel ! ball 9 8 h&8  ,aft] su* prelim9>y
 conv]sations ^u ! =m ( ! ball1 we may  
lead ! *ildr5 fir/ to note o!r r\nd ?+s 
9 ! room1 & !n to recall :at !y h at    
home ( a simil> %ape & :at !y may h se5 
9 ! /reets4 ,^! ex]cises are always     
delightful to ! little ones1 & are      
invaluable to ! k9d]g>tn]1 z !y furni% a
 ?or\gh te/ ( ! *ild's compreh5sion ( ! 
subject %e has be5 h&l+4#ab ,we %\ld    
notice slight div]g5ces f ! sph]ical =m 
9 ! objects ! *ildr5 "n1 & speak ( !m4  
,!y w soon be able to tell 9 e case :]e 
! egg or cobble/one is n j r\nd4        
#ab ,f9d+ =ms ( ! same g5]al %ape z ^?  
tak5     z types is ( ! highe/          
importance4 ,unless ?is is done1        
pupils are n le>n+ to pass f ! p>ticul> 
to !     g5]al4 ,!y are n taught to see 
_m ?+s ?r\gh !     "o1 & ! impression !y
 ga9 is t ! p>ticul>     =ms obs]v$ are 
! only =ms ( ?is k9d4 ,unless t     :i* 
! pupil obs]ves aids him 9 int]pret+    

some?+     else1 x is ( no value to him4
 ,c]ta9 ?+s are taught     t ?r\gh !m   
o!r ?+s may be se54 ,pupils %\ld n      
be tra9$ to see = ! sake ( ! see+1 b t  
!y     may h ! p[] to see4 ,w4 ,w4      
,spe]1 ,lessons 9 ,=m4  ,!y w ( c\rse   
m5tion /ove-lids1 d9n]-plates1 etc41 z  
r\nd objects1 & ! attempt to give a cle>
 & def9ite und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5  
solids & planes is difficult at fir/1 b 
!y v soon discrim9ate betwe5 r\nd+      
objects t possess ?ickness & ^? t are   
flat b h curv$ edges4 ,a ball ( putty or
 "o ( d\gh is a good ?+ ) :i* to        
illu/rate ?is diff]5ce4  ,we mu/ rememb]
 t any ab/ract tea*+ on ,=m is too      
difficult at ?is "t1 mu* m difficult ?an
 ,color4 ,let ! *ildr51 dur+ ^! fir/ few
 weeks1 draw circles on ! blackbo>d & on
 pap]1 & sew1 & draw pictures ( balls1  
pea*es1 or r\nd fruits2 !y may also make
 balls ( wax1 d\gh1 or clay4 ,r\sseau   
says1 ,a *ild may =get :at he sees1 &   
soon] /ill :at is said to him1 b he nev]
 =gets :at he has made4   ,,color4  ,!  

compreh5sion ( ! s+le tone ( color      
gradually leads to ! compreh5sion ( !   
full *ord2 ! recognition ( s+le colors  
leads to ! recognition ( %ades & _!     
h>moni\s connections3 ?us1 /ep by /ep1 !
 capacity ( compreh5d+ nature 9 its     
beauty & ) its treasures is develop$4#ac
      #ac ,emma ,m>w$el1 ,*ildhood's    
,poetry & ,/udies1 page #ce4  ,aga91    
suppose ! play-lesson = ! day to be ^u  
,color4 ,( c\rse1 ! subject may be h&l$ 
9 a doz5 diff]5t ways & s]ve = a doz5   
diff]5t lessons2 a few h9ts only are "h 
giv51 z 9 matt]s ( detail x is bett] t  
ea* tea*] %\ld be free & unguid$ 9 ! use
 ( h] own +5uity4  ,we may take1 p]haps1
 ! r$#ad ball1 &1 hold+ x high 9 ! air1 
ask1 ,:o has a ball exactly l m9e8 ,look
 c>efully1 n[1 & !n %[ me4 ,a volley (  
balls1 compris+ e color 9 ! ra9b[1 w be 
%ot into ! air1 & !n becomes necess>y ! 
task ( discrim9ation4 ,we may f9d ! r$  
ones1 & gratify ! *ildr5 by nam+ ^? :o  
possess !m1 z x seems a great honor 9 _!
 eyes4 ,n[ !y %\ld be l$ to f9d e bit ( 

r$ 9 ! room1--,&rew's /ock+s1 ,m>y's    
ribbon1 ! t9y pip+s on ,katie's apron1  
,jim's necktie1 y\r belt1 ! fl[]s on !  
wall1 etc4 ,! sc5e w become int5sely    
excit+2 ! bright eyes w beg9 se>*+ 9 e  
corn] ( ! room1 & ! transport :i* w     
greet u :5 any?+ f> out ( sight & ( ! "r
 color is discov]$ is truly refre%+4    
#ad ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes1 ( ,/an=d     
,univ]sity1 reports     t 9 8 v>i\s     
color exp]im5ts on ! ,pacific ,coa/1    
#ajjj *ildr5 hav+ be5 /udi$1 a v l>ge   
majority     select$ r$ z _! favorite   
color4  ,all ! *ildr51 z f> z possible1 
%\ld be engag$ 9 ?is div]sion1 :ile !   
mo/ timid & backw>d %\ld be kept ne> &  
enc\rag$ ) ^w & smile4 ,! "n ( ! color  
%\ld n be ask$ =1 or giv51 till x c be  
mat*$ by all1 & f\nd 9 surr\nd+ objects4
  ,we may ask :at fl[]s !y h se5 :i* 7 l
 ! color !y are /udy+1 & %[ !m "s ( ! m 
famili> k9ds2 also speak ( ! action ( ! 
sun 9 mak+ c]ta9 fruits r$1--!          
raspb]ries & /rawb]ries1 = in/ance4 ,"s 
rosy-fac$ little ur*9 9 ! class may be  

*os5 & ask$ h[ he keeps su* r$ *eeks1 & 
f ?is ! idea ( r$ z ! color ( w>m? &    
life may be develop$4 ,we may proce$ )  
blue & yell[1 !n ) violet1 orange1 &    
gre51 9 l mann]1 con/antly div]sify+ !  
ex]cises ) plays1 songs1 & appropriate  
/ories4   ,h9ts on ,additional ,color   
,ex]cises4  ,! =mation ( ! s-call$      
second>y colors w n be v obvi\s to !    
y\ng] *ildr51 nor is ! fact to be taught
 sci5tifically or le>n$ by !m2 !y w1    
h[ev]1 be greatly int]e/$ 9 ! mix+ (    
pa9ts 9 small di%es1 or ! bl5d+ (       
diff]5t color$ crayons on ! blackbo>d4  
,r$ & ,yell[ into ,orange4              
,yell[ & ,blue into ,gre54              
,blue & ,r$ into ,purple4  ,pieces (    
glass are s]viceable objects ) :i* to %[
 ! same ?+1 or we c buy ! gelat9e films 
f any k9d]g>t5 supply /ore4 ,hold+ ! r$ 
& yell[1 "o on ! o!r1 = in/ance1 ! piece
 ne>] ! eye w1 ( c\rse1 det]m9e ! %ade2 
if ! r$ piece be next ! eye1 ! orange   
color w be deep] ?an if ! yell[ 7 9 !   
same position4 ,none ( ^! exp]im5ts1    

h[ev]1 w produce pure colors1 ! gre5 &  
purple be+ especially unsatisfactory4   
,among ! devices ) :i* to tea* color may
 be recomm5d$ a color quilt made ( v>i\s
 %ades & %apes ( wool5s & silks or      
ribbons4 ,?is may be us$ z a sort ( *>t1
 to ! great delight ( ! *ildr51 & is "o 
( ! valuable aids 9 tea*+1 because x    
calls out bo? individual & g5]al action4
 ,we may also make a clo!s-l9e ( tw9e & 
susp5d x f door to door1 or betwe5 any  
two suitable po9ts1 atta*+ to x pieces (
 all colors1 &1 aft] a :ile1 ( v>i\s    
t9ts & %ades ( wor/$1 lett+ ! *ildr5 t\*
 ! ones designat$1 or f9d bits ( ! same 
color z _! balls4  ,c>ds w\nd ) diff]5t 
t9ts & %ades ( ! same color are also    
useful :5 ! *ildr5 h develop$ great]    
p[]s ( discrim9ation1 & a *>t or map may
 be made by pa/+ color$ squ>es1         
triangles1 oblongs1 or circles on a     
gr\nd ( gray ,bri/ol bo>d4  ,!n1 too1 we
 may h a box ( tablets ( ! simple       
geometrical figures1 &1 giv+ a quantity 
to ! *ildr51 let !m arrange ! diff]5t   

colors 9 sep>ate r[s4  ,*ildr5 ( all    
ages w be fasc9at$ by ! spectrum1       
,nature's palette ( pure colors1 :i* !  
sunlight /ream+ ?r\gh a prism %[s ^u !  
wall2 & z x c be supplem5t$ by a        
spectrum *>t = cl\dy days1 !y w delight 
to arrange _! color$ pap]s to imitate x4
 ,! old] *ildr5 w ga9 mu* valuable k by 
exp]im5t+ ) ! color tops1 & if a color  
:eel ) ! accompany+ ,maxwell disks c be 
obta9$1 ! mat]ials = color education w  
be q complete4  ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t !  
purpose ( all ^! ex]cises is t ! *ild   
may le>n to "k ! six /&>ds1 &           
subsequ5tly _! int]m$iates1 & may 9 "t  
le>n to use & comb9e !m h>moni\sly4 ,x  
is1 !re=e1 ess5tial t ! colors suppli$  
him %all be fre% & pure1#ae & t he n    
only h fre$om to make 8 own exp]im5ts1 b
 mat]ials to pres]ve !m 9 p]man5t =m :5 
!y prove successful4      #ae ,c>e %\ld 
be tak51 9 ! selection ( all mat]ials   
= color lessons1 to get z p]fect        
f\ndation colors z     possible2 no fad$
 or poor %ades are all[able1 z !y lead  

! *ild a/ray4  ,:5 ! *ildr5 are j mak+  
fri5ds ) ! tea*] & ) ea* o!r1 x is v    
int]e/+ & pr(itable = !m to =mulate _!  
mite ( k into a s5t5ce1 ea* "o hold+ 8  
ball high 9 ! air ) ! "r h&1 & say+3--  
,my ball is r$ l a *]ry4   ,my ball is  
yell[ l a lemon4   ,my ball is blue l ! 
sky4   ,my ball is orange l a m>igold4  
,my ball is gre5 l ! grass4   ,my ball  
is violet l a plum4  ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 
all[ ?is to deg5]ate into m]e           
recitation1 b let ! *ild f9d 8 own      
objects ( comp>ison1 & *ange !m :5 he   
*ooses = any o!rs t occur to him4 ,?is  
prev5ts p>rot repetition1 & gives room =
 individuality & real self-expression4  
,,motion2 ,,direction2 ,,position4  ,!  
*ild ( ?ree or f\r ye>s has seldom any  
conception ( ! t]ms3--                  
,"r----,left4   ,"h ----,!re4           
,up   ----,d[n4   ,ne> ----,f>4         
,ov] ----,"u4  ,front----,back4  ,ev5 if
 he has a dim idea ( direction1 he _c   
express himself reg>d+ x1 nor is he     
c]ta9 en\gh ( 8 k to be able to move or 

place ! ball accord+ to dictation4      
,motion is always easy & delightful to !
 *ild1 & !re=e he w move 8 ball 9       
diff]5t directions1 z ! words & music   
sugge/1 :5 he w\ld be too timid to      
express a ?\ght1 & is will+ & happy to d
 9 unison :at he w\ld hesitate to d by  
himself4  ,! ball may be made a         
/>t+-po9t 9 giv+ ! *ild an idea ( v>i\s 
simple facts ab\t objects 9 g5]al1 & 9  
illu/rat+ 9 movem5ts ! _m t]ms ) :i* we 
wi% him to become famili>4 ,! mean+ ( ! 
t]ms to sw+1 hop1 jump1 roll1 spr+1 run 
away1 come back1 fall1 draw1 b\nce1 &   
pu% may be taught by a l movem5t ( !    
ball1 urg+ ! *ild to give 8 own         
int]pretation ( ! motions 9 words4 ,all 
! *ildr5 may !n make _! balls hop1 spr+1
 roll1 or sw+ at ! same "t1 accompany+ !
 movem5ts by appropriate rhymes4  ,!    
ball is m purely a play?+ ?an any?+ :i* 
! *ild receives 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & its     
mobility is s *>m+1 x s easily slips f 8
 h&s & travels s delightfully f> :5     
dropp$1 t ex]cises ) x soon become      

riot\s if n c>efully guid$4 ,e          
play-lesson on ! ball %\ld close ) "s   
active ex]cise 9 :i* ! *ildr5 may       
indulge _! wi% = a game ) _! de>        
playfell[1 & 9 :i* !y may also ga9      
great] skill & le>n practically ! laws (
 motion4  ,:5 sitt+ at _! tables1 ea*   
pair ( *ildr5 may roll a ball to & fro1 
all beg9n+ at ! same mom5t2 or ! fir/   
pair may beg91 ! second & ?ird foll[1 & 
s on until all are roll+4 ,!y may ?r[   
balls aga9/ ! wall1 or toss !m 9 ! air1 
or ?r[ !m alt]nately fir/ 9 ! air1 !n   
aga9/ ! wall2 !y may toss !m to ea* o!r 
at increas+ di/ances4 ,! :ole company ( 
*ildr5 may be arrang$ 9 two r[s & ?r[ ! 
balls to ea* o!r 9 unison1 or !y may    
pass !m f h& to h& z 9 a ,w&]+          
,game1--all ! ex]cises be+ accompani$ ) 
appropriate songs or rhymes4  ,! laws ( 
incid5ce & reflection may be simply     
taught by lead+ ! *ildr5 to note t if !y
 /rike ! ball /raight aga9/ ! wall x w  
b\nd /raight back1 & !n ask+ !m to see  
if x returns :5 ?r[n 9 a slant+         

direction4   ,symbolic ,/age ( ,*ild's  
,developm5t4  ,9 ord] to pres5t ! ball 9
 a m attractive light 9 ! k9d]g>t51 to  
suit x to ! symbolic /age ( ! *ild's    
developm5t1 & to br+ x ne>] to 8        
sympa?ies1 we con/antly1 9 our play1    
suppose x to be some?+ :i* x resembles 9
 c]ta9 ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,by its color1
 x may repres5t a fruit1 a fl[]1 or a   
gayly dress$ *ild2 by its =m1 an egg1 a 
d[ny *ick51 a t9y duckl+2 by its        
mobility1 a bird1 a squirrel1 a baby2 or
 :5 fa/5$ to its /r+1 a bucket 9 ! well1
 a toy wagon1 a p5dulum1 or a pet lamb  
te!r$ by ! roadside4  ,! *ild is always 
at home 9 ! _w ( make-believe1 &        
delights 9 ! /ories & ! _m *>m+ songs to
 :i* ?is imag9ative use ( ! ball gives  
rise4  ,p]haps we may wisely rem9d      
ourselves1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ! *ild's fancy 
is mo/ vivid1 & ?\gh ! ball is well     
adapt$ to repres5t _m objects1 yet if x 
resemble 9 no s+le po9t ! ?+ to :i* we  
lik5 x1 we are indulg+ 9 empty imag9+s  
:i* w only h9d] ! *ild's compreh5sion ( 

tru?4#af      #af ,! resemblance ( !    
symbol to ! ?+ signifi$     is a v      
important matt] 9 education1 especially 
9     k9d]g>t5 education4--,geo4 ,p4    
,br[n1 ,ess5tials (     ,educational    
,psy*ology4   ,cop]ative ,ex]cises4  ,! 
tea*] :o truly und]/&s ! great pr9ciples
 on :i* ,froebel built ! k9d]g>t5 w ev] 
be m9dful ( "o ( ! highe/ ( ^!1--!      
bro!rly union ( ^? :o are l-m9d$4 ,ev5 9
 ! simple plays ) ! fir/ gift1 gr\p "w  
is easily possible4 ,! /r++ ( ! fir/    
gift beads or ! supplem5t>y model+ 9    
clay may be made into a cop]ative       
ex]cise1 ! "w ) ! balls at ! s&-table   
may h a simil> aim1 & _m ( ! ball games 
are well fitt$ to unite ! :ole community
 ( *ildr51 old] & y\ng]1 9 a common aim1
 a common purpose4#ag      #ag ,if1     
!re=e1 g5u9e bro!rl9ess1 444            
consid]ation     & respect = playmates &
 fell[-m51 are aga9 to become           
preval5t1 !y c become s only by be+     
connect$ )     ! feel+ ( community abid+
 9 ea* man 7h[ev] mu* or     little ( x 

may be f\nd71 & by fo/]+ ?is feel+     )
 ! greate/ c>e4--,fri$ri* ,froebel1     
,education (     ,man1 page #gd4   ,:at 
we %\ld /rive =4  ,we mu/ rememb] t on a
 c>efully prep>$ plan ( proc$ure dep5ds 
mu* ( ! value ( any sy/em ( education2  
!re=e we mu/ decide1 :5 ! *ild comes "u 
our tutelage1 :at we wi% to accompli% & 
:at %all be our me?od ( accompli%+ x2 & 
yet z ! fir/ gift is n ! la/1 z x is b !
 fir/ l9k 9 a *a9 ( relat$ objects1 x is
 obvi\s t x mu/ be *iefly useful z a    
/>t+-po9t4 ,ea* lesson %\ld be c>efully 
/udi$ by ! tea*]1 = ! f\ndation is be+  
laid = all future acquisition4  ,!      
k9d]g>t5 gifts are design$ to lead to ! 
ma/]y ( mat]ial objects1 b at ! same "t 
!y are always connect$ ) ! *ild's       
exp]i5ce & affection by be+ (t5         
transport$ into ! region ( fancy & feel+
 9 a bl5d+ ( realism & symbolism4       
,omitt+ ev]y?+ :i* has ref]5ce to !     
moral & physical developm5t1 & speak+ n[
 only ( t :i* is intellectual1 :at we   
%\ld /rive = at ! beg9n+ is t ! *ild may

 acquire a habit ( quick obs]vation1 )  
cle> & precise expression2 t 9 due "t he
 may see n only quickly1 b accurately2 9
 %ort1 t a slight degree ( judgm5t may  
beg9 to att5d 8 p]ceptions1 s t he may  
"k z well z obs]ve4 ,x is n en\gh to    
awak5 ! curiosity ( a *ild1 & to heap up
 9 8 memory a mass ( good mat]ials :i* w
 comb9e ( !mselves 9 due "t1 & :i* !    
bra9 :5 m highly develop$ w arrange 9   
sy/ematic gr\ps2 we %\ld endeavor z f> z
 possible to control ! fir/ impressions 
:i* s9k unconsci\sly into a *ild's m9d1 
b /ill m c>eful %\ld we be 9 ! selection
 ( ^? lat] ones :i* we try to inculcate1
 & ( ! l9ks :i* we wi% to e/abli% betwe5
 su* & su* p]ceptions1 s5tim5ts1 or     
actions4  ,we %\ld seek to develop1 side
 by side ) ! p]ceptions1 ! faculty (    
judg+ & act+ rightly4  ,to give a *ild v
 little to obs]ve at a "t1 b to make him
 obs]ve t little well & rightly1 is !   
true way ( =m+ & /or+ 8 m9d4  ,! process
 ( receiv+ an idea mu/ be ?r\gh         
s5sation1 att5tion1 & p]ception1        

conception & judgm5t be+ lat] processes4
 ,! curiosity to "k mu/ be kept alive1 =
 x is our greate/ ally1 & ! imag9ation  
mu/ be f$1 = ! *ild rememb]s only :at   
int]e/s him4  ,recogniz+ :at is to be   
accompli%$1 we say1 !n3--      a4 ,!    
ball is "o ( ! fir/ means us$ 9 awak5+ &
     develop+ ! dawn+ consci\sness &    
gr[+ faculties (     ! *ild4      b4 ,! 
beg9n+ mu/ be well made1 or no lat] /ep 
w     seem cle>4      c4 ,if ! fir/     
opportunity :i* occurs ( deal+ )     !  
gift 7or ) any in/rum5tality (          
education7 is     wa/$1 int]e/ on ! "p (
 ! *ild is p]man5tly     less5$4      d4
 ,! m9d reta9s cle> impressions 9       
proportion to !     degree ( spontane\s 
int]e/ & att5tion ) :i* !y     are      
receiv$4      e4 ,! law ( dim9i%+ int]e/
 decrees t ea* po9t     9 a successful  
ex]cise %all be m int]e/+ ?an !         
previ\s "o4      f4 ,! lessons mu/ n be 
conf9$ to s n>r[ a *annel     t !y      
become monoton\s1 & !y mu/ leave room = 
!     *ild to develop & n attempt to    

prescribe 8 m5tal     action4  ,ti$emann
 says3 ,lib]ty ( action ev5 9 imitat$   
actions is "o ( ! conditions ( a *ild's 
happ9ess2 besides t1 x has ! effect (   
ex]cis+ & develop+ all 8 faculties4     
,example is ! fir/ tutor1 & lib]ty !    
second1 9 ! ord] ( evolution2 b ! second
 is ! bett] "o1 = x has incl9ation = its
 assi/ant4   ,,read+s ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t4  
,f ,cradle to ,s*ool4 ,b]?a ,mey]4      
,pages #aah-bj4   ,education4 ,h]b]t    
,sp5c]4 #abh-dj4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4  
,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4 #da-df4   ,education4
 ,e4 ,segu94 #g1 #h4   ,! ,k9d]g>t54    
,emily ,%irreff4 #aj4   ,k9d]g>t5 at    
,home4 ,emily ,%irreff4 #df4            
,rem9isc5ces ( ,froebel4 ,von           
,m>5holtz-,bl[4 #bjh1 #bji4   ,lectures 
on ,*ild-,culture4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4   
#bd4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4      
,ronge4 #a-c4   ,koehl]'s ,k9d]g>t5     
,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y ,gurney4 #e-ab4 
,*ild-,culture4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d4 #efg1     
#efh1 #egj-ge4   ,education ( ,man4 ,fr4
 ,froebel4 ,tr4 by ,j4 ,j>vis4 #aje1    

#ajf1 #bjf4   ,lectures to ,k9d]g>tn]s4 
,e4 ,p4 ,peabody4 #cj1 #ca1 #ch1 #ci1   
#dd-ea4   ,p$agogics ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,fr4
 ,froebel4 ,tr4 by ,j4 ,j>vis4          
#ca-fi4   ,p>adise ( ,*ildhood4 ,edw>d  
,wiebe4 #g-i4   ,law ( ,*ildhood4 ,w4   
,n4 ,hailmann4 #ca-cc4   ,k9d]g>t5      
,guide4 ,kraus-,boelte4 #a-ae4          
,froebel & ,education by                
,self-,activity4 ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[54     
#acf-ch4   ,*ildhood's ,poetry &        
,/udies4 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 ,"p ,i4 #g-ae4    
,*ildhood's ,poetry & ,/udies4 ,e4      
,m>w$el4 ,"p ,,ii4 #f-ag4   ,a ,sy/em ( 
,*ild-,culture4 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 #a-e4   ,! 
,dawn ( ,hi/ory4 ,a4 ,ke>y4 #dd-dg4     
,h9ts to ,tea*]s4 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 #e1 #f4  
,froebel's ,lett]s4 ,tr4 by ,mi*aelis & 
,moore4 #hc-he1 #ih1       #aja-jc1     
#ajg1 #agf1 #bbj4   ,consci\s ,mo!rhood4
 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aai1   
#aec1       #afb-fd1 #agj-gd1 #bef-fb1  
#bia-if4                                
,,froebel',s ,,second ,,gift      ,f !  
ball z a symbol ( unity1 we pass ov] 9 a

     consecutive mann] to ! manifoldness
 ( =m 9 ! cube4      ,! *ild has an     
intimation 9 ! cube ( ! unity :i*       
lies at ! f\ndation ( all manifoldness1 
& f :i*     ! latt] proce$s4            
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,notice has n[
 become obs]vation1 & obs]vation leads  
to     discrim9ation4 ,he sees & is     
curi\s by nature1 b x     belongs to u  
to lead him to obs]ve & inquire4        
,,emily ,,%irreff4   #a4 ,froebel's     
second gift consi/s ( a wood5 sph]e1    
cube1 & cyl9d]1 two in*es 9 diamet] 7z  
n[ made71 ) rods & /&>ds =              
revolution4#ah      #ah ,! wood5 sph]e  
has no /r+ l ! balls ( !     fir/ gift1 
because ! *ild no long] ne$s ! outw>d   
connection2 he n[ realizes ! spiritual  
connection betwe5     himself & ! out]  
_w4 7,e4 ,g4 ,seym\r47  #b4 ,9 ! fir/   
gift ! *ild receiv$ objects ( ! same    
%ape & size b ( diff]5t colors1 ?us     
le>n+ to sep>ate color f =m4 ,9 ! second
 gift he receives unlike objects1 &     
le>ns to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r by _!     

individual peculi>ities4 ,! fir/ gift   
sugge/s unity1 & leads to ! detection ( 
resemblances2 ! second sugge/s v>iety or
 manifoldness1 & emphasizes contra/s4   
#c4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ! gift
 is contra/ ( =m1 lead+ to ! di/9ction (
 diff]5t objects4 ,! m$iation ( contra/s
 "h sugge/s ! connection ( all objects1 
h[ev] widely sep>at$4  #d4 ,! purpose ( 
! gift is to /imulate obs]vation &      
comp>ison by pres5tation ( /rik+        
contra/s1 & to af=d new bases = !       
classification ( objects4 ,sp5c] says t 
any sy/ematic m9i/rations to !          
p]ceptions ought to be bas$ ^u ! g5]al  
tru? t 9 ! developm5t ( e faculty m>k$ly
 contra/$ impressions are ! fir/ to be  
di/+ui%$2 t h5ce s\nds greatly diff]+ 9 
l\dness & pit*1 colors v remote f ea*   
o!r1 & sub/ances widely remov$ 9 h>dness
 or texture %\ld be ! fir/ suppli$2 & t 
9 ea* case ! progression mu/ be by sl[  
degrees to impressions m ne>ly alli$4#ai
      #ai ,education1 page #acb4  #e4 ,!
 geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift   

are3--              ,sph]e4             
,cube4   ,solids4   ,cyl9d]4            
,d\ble ,cone4  ,se5 9 motion4           
,conoid4          ,planes4   ,circles4  
,squ>es4  #f4 ,! sph]e & cube are %>ply 
contra/+ =ms1 & ! cyl9d] illu/rates !   
connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two1 possess+     
*>act]i/ics ( bo?4  ,! cyl9d] is ! fir/ 
example ,froebel gives ( ! int]m$iate   
transition--=ms connect+ opposites1 :i* 
he expla9s z ! v gr\nd plan ( ,nature1 &
 on :i* 8 fundam5tal law ( contra/s &   
connection ( contra/s1 ! law ( all      
h>moni\s developm5t & creative indu/ry1 
is bas$4#bj      #bj ,e4 ,%irreff4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,po9ts to be not$ 9 ea* ,new ,gift4  ,t 
:i* foll[s is always condition$ ^u t :i*
 goes be=e1#ba says ,froebel1 & he makes
 ?is app>5t to *ildr5 ?r\gh 8           
educational processes2 ! gifts %[ ?is   
idea 9 concrete =m4      #ba ,we _c     
evolve :at has n fir/ be5 involv$4  ,9  
ent]+ ^u a consid]ation ( ! second gift 
"o ?+ _c fail to impress u1 & t is !    

cont9u\s developm5t 9 ea* new set (     
objects plac$ be=e ! *ild2 toge!r ) an  
increase ( difficulty or complexity :i* 
is nev] )\t a correspond+ =e?\ght1      
c>eful arrangem5t1 & att5tion to logical
 sequ5ce2 ?us ! newly introduc$ objects 
c nev] seem unnatural to him4  ,we %all 
f9d t 9 e new gift or occupation !re is 
always a sugge/ion ( ! la/1 en\gh to    
make x a pleasant rem9d] ( k ga9$ &     
difficulties surm\nt$1 & s ! *ild sees n
 ev]y?+ pa9fully /range1 b some?+ :i* at
 lea/ recalls to 8 m9d 8 =m] fri5d &    
famili> playfell[4#bb      #bb ,no?+    
*>ms u m ?an ! recognition ( ! old     9
 ! new4 ,! man :o hurries ?r\gh a =eign 
city1     indiff]5t & inatt5tive to !   
pass+ cr[d1 feels a     quick ?rill (   
pleasure :5 9 ! mid/ ( all !     /rang]s
 he recognizes a famili> face4 7,e4     
,m9h9nick47   ,me?od ( ,attack 9 ,fir/  
,ex]cise4  ,9 ! fir/ lesson ) ! second  
gift ! *ild w quickly see ! simil>ities 
betwe5 8 =m] wor/$ ball & 8 new         
companion1 ! wood5 sph]e4 ,let him take 

^! two balls toge!r1 & f9d out !        
simil>ities & dissimil>ities1 rememb]+ t
 be=e he comp>es objects consci\sly1    
exp]i5ces %\ld inv>iably be giv5 him4   
,we %\ld always draw att5tion to !      
univ]sal prop]ties ( ?+s fir/ & !n      
proce$ to ! specific4 ,! qualities      
common to all objects are ! univ]sal    
ones3 ,=m1 ,size1 ,color1 ,mat]ial1 etc4
 ,! inv>iable rule %\ld be3 simple be=e 
complex1 concrete be=e ab/ract1 unity   
be=e v>iety1 univ]sal qualities be=e    
special ones4  ,if we are 9 d\bt z to   
:e!r we %all fir/ direct att5tion to !  
simil>ities or to ! dissimil>ities      
betwe5 ! ball & sph]e1 we may recall !  
educational maxim1 ,! *ild's eye always 
at fir/ seizes ! analog\s1 ! po9t (     
union1 ! :ole connection ( ?+s1 & only  
aft] t beg9s to disc]n diff]5ces &      
opposition4#bc      #bc ,! infant m9d is
 transp>5t to resemblance1 b     opaque 
to diff]5ce4--,susan ,e4 ,bl[1 ,symbolic
 ,education1     page #hc4   ,ball &    
,sph]e4  ,9 comp>+ ! ball & ! sph]e !   

*ild w obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place t !y are  
bo? r\nd & bo? roll equally well1 b t "o
 has color1 "o be+ )\t2 "o is s(t1 ! o!r
 h>d2 "o quiet1 "o noisy2 "o a little   
r\gh to ! t\*1 ! o!r velvet smoo?4 ,he  
%\ld f9d = & by himself1 aid$ by our    
sugge/ive que/ion+1 ! reasons = ^!      
evid5t diff]5ces4  ,x is absolutely     
necess>y t ea* *ild %\ld h "o ( ! boxes 
conta9+ ! solids1 or at lea/ ! ?ree =ms 
( ! gift )\t ! box1 rods1 & /&>ds1 &    
exam9e !m ?or\ghly & (t5 z he w be glad 
to d4  ,if ! solids z ord9>ily          
manufactur$ are too co/ly = a k9d]g>tn] 
( limit$ means1 %e c sub/itute l>ge     
m>bles1 blocks1 & l95 ?read spools2 !   
mat]ial does n matt] s long z ea* *ild  
has ! objects to h&le4   ,value ( !     
,discrim9ative ,p[]2 ,me?od by :i* x may
 be develop$4  ,we ne$ n be di/ress$ if 
! lessons are a little noisy :5 ! *ildr5
 are mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ^! wond]ful   
new fri5ds4 ,to be sure !y w p\nd !     
wood5 =ms he>tily up & d[n on ! table   
7if !y are ?ree-ye> old babies1 !y      

c]ta9ly w\ld & %\ld d s72 b )9 b\nds :at
 does x matt]8 ,if x c be arrang$ s t   
o!r classes %all n be di/urb$1 & ea*    
*ild c h ! same opportunity = exp]im5t+ 
z 8 neighbor1 !re w be no great h>m     
done4  ,we are endeavor+ to r\se all !  
lat5t en]gies ( ! *ild by ! pres5tation 
( ^! objects to 8 obs]vation1 & he mu/ h
 full lib]ty to make ! v>i\s exp]im5ts  
:i* sugge/ !mselves to him4 ,8 desire to
 he> ! s\nd ( ! objects is s manife/ t x
 w\ld be folly to try & ?w>t x4 ,x is f>
 bett] to use ! desire = educational    
purposes & div]t x into ! *annel (      
sy/ematiz$ noise4 ,let u suppose t we   
are c>p5t]s today & p\nd ! wood5 objects
 on ! floor 9 exact "t ) a build+ song2 
let u play we are drumm] boys & tap )   
our drum/icks = ! soldi]s to m>*2 or    
%all we make believe t ! sph]e is a     
woodpeck] & let x tap on ! trees :ile we
 recite "s simple little rhyme8#bd      
#bd ,= second gift songs1 see ,k9d]g>t5 
,*imes 7,kate ,d4     ,wigg971 pages    
#cb1 #cc1 ,oliv] ,ditson ,publi%+ ,co4  

,?is crav+ ( "y *ildr5 = in=mation1 says
 ,b]n>d ,p]ez1 is an emotional &        
intellectual absorb+ p[]1 z dom9ant z ! 
appetite = nutrition1 & equally ne$+ to 
be wat*$ ov] & regulat$4  ,x is n alone 
! noise ( ! sph]e :i* delights !        
*ild1#be ?\gh ?is is always pleas+1--x  
is ! k he is ga9+1 ! new ideas t dawn ^u
 him = ! fir/ "t 9 recognizable =m4 ,x  
is1 9 fact1 a k ( cause & effect4 ,he   
has (t5 dropp$ ! wool5 ball & p\nd$ x on
 ! table1 & x produc$ no s\nd4 ,he does 
! same ) ! sph]e & recognizes !         
diff]5ce4 ,he w beg9 to exp]im5t ) o!r  
objects1 by & by to classify 8 k1 &     
f9ally1 he w see & rememb] t l causes   
produce l effects1 & 9 progress+ ?us f> 
w h made a trem5d\s /ride4 ,! *ild w see
 all ! m cle>ly1 9 comp>+ ! wool5 ball &
 wood5 sph]e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 s(t &   
h>d1 r\gh & smoo?1 light & heavy1 if he 
is all[$ to p]=m 8 own exp]im5ts4       
#be ,! s\nd is a yet high] sign ( life  
to ! *ild1     z he !n1 & also lat]1    
likes to l5d spee* to all dumb     ?+s2 

!re=e he also desires to he> s\nd &     
spee*     f ev]y?+4--,froebel's         
,p$agogics1 page #gb4   ,! ,cube4  ,we w
 n[ turn to ! inve/igation ( ! cube &   
op5 a new _w ( in=mation to ! *ild1 & "h
 we seem to deviate a little f ! fam\s  
educational maxim1 ,proce$ f ! kn[n to !
 unkn[n1 & almo/ to make a leap into !  
d>k4 ,h[ev]1 we v soon give ! cyl9d]1 & 
?us connect ! opposites4 ,"h he meets a 
dazzl+ quantity ( new appe>ances2 !     
squ>e sides or faces1 & ! _m edges &    
corn]s1 all ( :i* mu/ be view$ 9        
comp>ison ) ! sph]e4 ,we c give him an  
exp]i5ce ( ! faces ( ! cube )\t consci\s
 analysis1 by lett+ ! ball roll aga9/   
!m4   ,m$iation ( ,contra/s4  ,( c\rse  
we %all see ! und]ly+ idea ( ! gift to  
be ! connection ( opposites4 ,n too mu* 
c be said ( ?is law1 s all-important &  
significant 9 ,froebel's sy/em4#bf ,we  
%\ld be> x con/antly 9 m9d1 & br+ x 9   
connection ) e new phase ( our "w4      
,froebel _c be und]/ood cle>ly unless   
?is deep pr9ciple1 :i* lies at ! v root 

( 8 sy/em1 is appreciat$ & compreh5d$4  
,at ! same "t x is1 :5 =mulat$1 an      
ab/ract & metaphysical /atem5t1 :i* "o  
_c grasp at once1 b to :i* "o mu/ gr[4  
#bf ,b ea* ?+ is recogniz$ only :5 x is 
connect$     ) ! opposite ( its k9d1 &  
:5 ! union1 accord1     similitude ) ?is
 object are f\nd2 & ! connection     ) !
 opposite1 & ! discov]y ( ! unit+1 r5d]s
     ! recognition s mu* ! m            
complete4--,froebel's     ,education (  
,man1 page #bf4  ,x may be said t       
comp>atively few k9d]g>tn]s "k its      
value2 nev]!less k ( ?is k9d c nev] be  
useless or fruitless to ! p]son :o is   
=m+ ! m9d ( ! *ild1 & :o %\ld be a      
p]fect mi/ress ( h] sci5ce & h] art4    
,value ( ,contra/s4  ,^! contra/s ( !   
second gift1 & all contra/s1 ar\se ! m9d
 to att5tion4 ,we c h no judgm5t )\t    
comp>ison4 ,we %\ld h no idea ( heat or 
d>kness if we _h n a conception ( cold &
 light2 ! quality ( sweetness w\ld h no 
mean+ if its opposite did n s]ve to     
/imulate comp>ison4  ,! sph]e is %>ply  

contra/$ ) ! cube1 s t !re may be a     
ready p]ception ( ! /rik+ qualities (   
bo?4 ,! m abrupt ! contra/ ! m readily  
notic$ & describ$2 = x takes a m        
develop$ eye to disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5
 a sph]e & a sph]oid1 = in/ance1 ?an    
betwe5 a sph]e & a cube4  ,! contra/s ( 
! fir/ gift 7 contra/s ( color1         
m$iations ( !m be+ %[n also1 & contra/s 
( direction & position or situation4    
,ano!r po9t less readily se5 9 ! fir/   
gift p]haps 0 ,froebel's ?\ght t ! ball1
 9 its p]fect simplicity & unity1 :5    
fir/ giv5 to ! "y *ild1 is reg>d$ by him
 z ano!r contra/$ individuality1 almo/ z
 capable ( life 9 its v>i$ movem5ts z he
 is himself4   ,mobility ( ,sph]e4  ,!  
sph]e is ! symbol ( motion1 ! cube !    
embodim5t ( re/1 & ! fact %\ld be       
illu/rat$ 9 div]s ways4 ,we may1 =      
in/ance1 place ! sph]e ne> ! rim ( a    
plate1 & by incl9+ ! latt] a little1 !  
sph]e w roll rapidly r\nd its own axis &
 r\nd ! rim4 ,a few simple little rhymes
 may be taught1 :i* ! *ildr5 may say or 

s+ toge!r :ile ! sph]e is j\rney+       
rapidly r\nd & r\nd ! plate1 =1 z       
,froebel says1 ! ?\ght always gr[s cle>]
 to ! *ild :5 ^w & motion g h& 9 h&4    
,sph]e & ,cube4  ,! cube c only be mov$1
 on ! contr>y1 :5 =ce is ex]t$1 & !n x  
m]ely slides1 to /op :5 ! =ce is remov$4
 ,! *ildr5 w soon see :y ! cube is s    
lazily incl9$1 & :y ! sph]e is ev]      
roll+1 roll+ ab\t1 sc>cely to be kept   
/ill1 = by v>i\s exp]im5ts we may %[ t !
 sph]e /&s only on a little "p ( its    
face1 ! cube on ! :ole4  ,! sph]e is    
always ! same 9 :atev] way reg>d$1 & to 
:atev] te/s subject$4 ,x is always an   
emblem ( unity1 & _c be robb$ ( its     
simplicity1 its unity1 its fre$om f all 
t is puzzl+4  ,! cube1 on ! contr>y1 be+
 made to revolve on any "o ( its axes1  
con/antly %[s a diff]5t aspect1 s t !   
*ild views x z a v extraord9>y little   
block1 full ( fasc9at+ surprises &      
:imsical app>itions4  ,x is put ^u !    
/r+1 &1 :5 :irl$ rapidly1 my/]i\sly     
loses its id5tity1 & appe>s to ! little 

"o's laugh+ gaze z an entirely diff]5t  
object2 & yet z ! motion gr[s m s$ate1 !
 new =m fades away & ! cube reappe>s s  
quickly z to make him rub 8 eyes & wond]
 if he has be5 dream+4   ,c\nt+ ,faces4 
,! squ>e faces ( ! cube1 9 comp>ison ) !
 "o curv$1 unbrok5 surface ( ! sph]e1   
mu/ n[ be not$1 & may be c\nt$ if we are
 us+ ! gift z a means ( in/ruction4  ,we
 mu/ bew>e1 h[ev]1 ( mak+ ?is c\nt+     
ex]cise into a lesson1 or requir+ t !   
numb] ( faces %all be le>n$ & recit$4 ,e
 tea*] ( exp]i5ce w corroborate ,mr4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,hailmann :5 he says3 ,if !        
k9d]g>tn] sets ! cube be=e ! *ild &     
c\nts ! faces1 edges1 & corn]s1 s t he  
may '"k all ab\t x1' ! *ild's int]e/1 if
 born at all1 w soon die4  ,if ! faces  
are c\nt$1 z !y are all s exactly alike1
 ! *ildr5 may sometimes be puzzl$ z to !
 numb]1 by enum]at+ ! same "o m ?an     
once4 ,?is difficulty may be obviat$ by 
pa/+ a pap] squ>e ( a diff]5t color on  
ea* face1 & !n submitt+ x to exam9ation1
 giv+ ea* *ild an opportunity to c\nt1  

s9ce indep5d5t self-activity is to be m 
& m enc\rag$4  ,if ! faces1 edges1 &    
corn]s be made ! integral po9t ( an     
int]e/+ /ory or play1 ! *ild w h little 
difficulty 9 recall+ _! numb] & "*1 b we
 mu/ rememb] t lively int]e/ & /eady    
progress come only f foll[+ & fe$+ !    
*ild's purposes4   ,cyl9d]4  ,we n[     
proce$ to ! cyl9d]1 ! reconciliation ( !
 two opposites2 an object :i* hav+      
qualities possess$ by bo? occupies a    
middle gr\nd 9 :i* ea* has some?+ 9     
common4  ,froebel orig9ally took !      
doll#bg z ! int]m$iate =m unit+ 9 itself
 ! opposites ( ! sph]e & cube1 & ?us %[$
 t he und]/ood *ild nature well1 = no   
toy foll[s ! ball ) great] c]ta9ty ?an !
 doll4      #bg ,b n[ z man bo? unites !
 s+le1 :i* f9ds its     limits 9 itself1
 & ! manifold1 :i* is con/antly         
develop+1 & reconciles !m )9 himself z  
opposites1     !re results also to !    
*ild f bo?1 f sph]e &     cube outw>dly 
unit$1 ! expression ( ! animate &       
active1 especially z embodi$ 9 !        

doll4--,froebel's     ,p$agogics1 page  
#ajf4  ,! cyl9d]1 h[ev]1 0 subsequ5tly  
select$1 z be+ m 9 l9e ) ! o!r          
geometrical =ms %[n 9 ! sequ5ce ( gifts4
 ,x is z easily mov$ z ! sph]e1 ^u "o   
side2 z prone to re/ z ! cube1 :5 plac$ 
^u ! o!r2 x has ! curv$ surface ( !     
sph]e & ! flat faces ( ! cube2 x has no 
corn]s b two curv$ edges2 m edges ?an ! 
sph]e1 few] ?an ! cube2 less unity ?an !
 sph]e1 m ?an ! cube4  ,its importance z
 a m$iation1 or connect+ l9k1 is fur!r  
%[n by susp5d+ ! cube on a /r+1 by :i* x
 may be twi/$ rapidly & caus$ to        
revolve2 9 ?is motion a cyl9d] be+      
readily se54 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is spun 9 l   
mann] a sph]e sudd5ly appe>s1 & s !     
wond]ful & subtle bond ( union is       
complete4#bh      #bh ,on revolv+ !     
cyl9d] on an axis p>allel to !          
circul> faces1 we f9d t x incloses a    
solid1 opaque     sph]e2 tea*+ u !      
lesson1 n only t ea* memb] (     !      
second gift conta9s ea* & all ( ! o!rs1 
b t     :atev] is 9 ! univ]se is 9 e    

individual "p (     x2 t ev5 ! meane/   
holds ! elem5ts ( ! noble/2     t !     
highe/ life is ev5 9 :at 9 %ort-sight$  
conceit we call dea?4--,w4 ,n4          
,hailmann1 ,law ( ,*ildhood1     page   
#ce4   ,h9ts z to ,mann] & ,me?od4  ,let
 ! *ildr5 call ! cyl9d] a roll] or b>rel
 if !y *oose1 & tell !m ! "r "n :5 x is 
ne$ful4 ,ea* gift mu/ be ?or\ghly       
und]/ood be=e we pass to ! next1 or !re 
w be no ord]ly developm5t2 b z !        
impressions h all be5 made ?r\gh ! s5ses
 ( ! *ild1 we mu/ n expect him to voice 
^! impressions 9 logical phrases all at 
once1 s bew>e ( mak+ ! lesson irksome or
 we>isome to him ?r\gh a =mal que/ion+ t
 does n prop]ly belong to *ildhood4  ,:5
 ! ke5 appetite = k disappe>s we may    
well despair4 ,if sev]al *ildr5 9 our   
class express dislike ( a c]ta9 ex]cise 
or lesson1 & seem to dread its          
appe>ance1 we may be well assur$ t !    
fault lies 9 our me?od ( putt+ x be=e   
!m1 & /rive 9 all humility = a bett]    
und]/&+ ( !m1 ( ourselves1 & ( !        

subject4  ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be too h>d 9
 our self-judgm5ts & lose c\rage4 ,we   
are n responsible = a *ild :o is born   
tir$1 & :o seems to h no int]e/ 9 any?+1
 ei!r 9 heav5 above or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1   
until1 by +5uity & p]sev]ance1 we are   
able to op5 ! eyes & e>s :i* see & he>  
n4  ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 discuss+ ! fir/
 play or lesson ) ! second gift great   
fre$om 0 advis$2 b let u note ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 lib]ty & lawlessness1 betwe5    
spontaneity & ! confusion (             
self-ass]tion :i* is sometimes mi/ak5 = 
x4  ,no lesson or play am\nts to any?+  
unless conduct$ ) ord] & h>mony1 unless 
at its close1 no matt] h[ m]ry & he>ty !
 enjoym5t1 "s quiet & la/+ impression   
has be5 made on ! m9d4 ,_m tea*]s miss !
 happy m$ium1 & 9 try+ ) ! be/ int5tions
 to all[ ! individuality ( ! *ild prop] 
developm5t1 only succe$ 9 ga9+ excitem5t
 & disord]4   ,dang]s ( ,object         
,lessons4  ,! second gift is1 m ?an any 
o!r1 too mu* us$ = m]e object lessons1 &
 ^! are inv>iably dang]\s because !re is

 apt to be too mu* impress+ ( ! tea*]'s 
own ideas ^u ! m9d1 & too little actual 
h&l+1 p]ceiv+1 obs]v+1 comp>+1 judg+1   
conclud+1 on ! *ild's "p1 & t is ! only 
logical way 9 :i* he is able to =m a    
cle>ly cry/alliz$ idea4  ,we c h no     
high] au?ority ?an ,dr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 :o
 says t ! object lesson m ?an any?+ else
 dem&s a c>eful h&l+2 !re be+ great     
dang] le/ an admirable device %\ld      
settle d[n into a plausible b vici\s    
=mality4   ,h[ to deal successfully )   
,second ,gift4  ,x is n uncommon to he> 
/ud5ts 9 k9d]g>t5 tra9+ classes 7& ev5  
"s full-fl$g$ k9d]g>tn]s7 express a     
di/a/e = ! second gift1 & x is1         
un=tunately1 ev5 m common to f9d !      
*ildr5 deal+ ) x ei!r sunk 9 deepe/     
apa?y1 or m]cifully oblivi\s ( ! matt] 9
 h& & *att+ ) _! neighbors4 ,! fact is t
 we h too commonly made ! ex]cises dull1
 dre>y affairs2 we h dol$ out ! =ms to !
 *ildr5 & ask$ a s]ies ( =mal que/ions  
ab\t !m1 giv+ no exp]im5ts1 no conc]t$  
"w1 & no opportunity = action4 ,! *ildr5

 h be5 int5sely bor$1 !re=e ei!r /upid  
or w&]+1 & ! k9d]g>tn] has attribut$ h] 
want ( success to ! gift1 & n to h]     
me?od ( deal+ ) x4  ,let ! light (      
imag9ation %9e on ! sc5e1 & note !      
answ]+ sp>kle 9 ! *ildr5's eyes4 ,:o    
c>es = ! names ( all ! faces on a /upid 
block2 b :o doesn't c>e :5 x's a h\se & 
,johnnie c't f9d 8 "m1 ?\gh he looks 9 !
 front door & ! back door1 ! "r-h& door1
 ! left-h& door1 ! cell>-door1 & f9ally 
! trap-door lead+ to ! ro(8 ,nobody     
kn[s1 or wants to "k1 :5 que/ion$ if !  
cyl9d] rolls bett] on its flat circul>  
face1 or on its r\nd+ face2 b :5 x's a  
log ( wood 9 ! =e/1 & mu/ be tak5 home =
 w9t] fires1 !n x is wor? :ile to       
exp]im5t & see h[ x may be mov$ mo/     
easily4  ,! second gift1 too1 is        
delightful = gr\pwork 9 ! s& table1 :]e 
! objects may be treat$ symbolically1 & 
lik5$ to a hundr$ diff]5t ?+s4 ,) !     
second gift beads1 :i* 9 ! natural wood 
color are admirable supplem5ts to ! l>g]
 =ms1 ! *ildr5 are always *>m$1 assort+ 

& /r++ !m accord+ to fancy or dictation1
 & ) ! addition ( /icks mak+ !m into r[s
 ( soldi]s1 trees 9 fl[]pots1 kit*5     
ut5sils1 *urns1 /oves1 lamps1 & div]s   
o!r h\sehold objects4  ,! k9d]g>tn] may 
give _m a lesson 9 ! simple pr9ciples ( 
me*anics ) ! second gift & its rods &   
/&>ds1 all[+ ! *ildr5 to exp]im5t freely
 z well z to foll[ h] sugge/ions4 ,!    
pulley1 ! /eely>d1 ! cap/an1 ! pump1 !  
me*anical *urn1 ! :eelb>r[1 etc41 may   
all be made1 add+ ! beads :]e necess>y1 
& ?us ! *ild ga9 a real work+ k ( simple
 ma*9]y4   ,treatm5t ( ,previ\s ,gifts  
:5 pass$ ov]4  ,! prec$+ gift ne$ n     
entirely disappe>1 b be us$ occasionally
 = a pleas+ review z a bond ( fri5dly   
int]c\rse betwe5 old] & y\ng] pupils4#bi
 ,?is w convey an indirect h9t1 p]haps1 
to ! little ones t x is n well to       
neglect old fri5ds = new ones1 b t !y   
%\ld /ill love & value ! play?+s &      
playmates ( =m] days4      #bi ,! giv+ (
 a new play by no means precludes !     
fur!r use ( ! prec$+ & e>li] plays4 ,b1 

on !     contr>y1 ! use ( ! prec$+ play 
= "s "t long]     ) ! new play1 &       
alt]nat+ ) x1 makes !     application ( 
! new play s mu* ! easi] & m     widely 
significant4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1    
page #ade4   ,second ,gift ,=ms 9       
,ar*itecture & ,cube 9 ,anci5t ,times4  
,^! ?ree objects1 ! sph]e1 cyl9d]1 &    
cube1 con/itute a triad ( =ms unit$ 9   
ar*itecture & sculpture produc+ !       
column1 :i* is made up ( ! p$e/al or    
base 7! cube71 ! %aft 7! cyl9d]71 & !   
capital 7! sph]e74  ,9 a book on        
,egyptian antiquities we f9d t1 9 !     
beg9n+ ( ! culture ( t c\ntry1 ! ?ree   
,graces1 or goddesses ( beauty1 7       
repres5t$ by ?ree cubes lean+ ^u ea*    
o!r4 ,! ,egyptians did n1 ( c\rse1 "k t 
x 0 ! fir/ regul> =m ( solid bodies 9   
nature or cry/allization2 b !           
significant fact aga9 br+s u to ! ?\ght 
express$ 9 ! fir/ lecture3 ,x w\ld seem1
 inde$1 z ?\gh ,froebel1 9 select+ 8    
gifts1 look$ f> back into ! pa/ (       
humanity1 & !re s\ght ! ?read :i* f !   

beg9n+ connects all times & leads to !  
f>!/ future4   ,froebel's ,monum5t4  ,& 
"h we leave ! second gift1 t tr9ity (   
=ms :i*1 wr\ght 9 m>ble1 m>ks ! place   
de> & sacr$ to all k9d]g>tn]s1 ! grave (
 ,froebel1--a simple monum5t to "o s    
great1 yet s connect$ ) our /udy & !    
*ild's exp]i5ce t ) all its simplicity x
 is /rangely effective4 ,a /ill m endur+
 monum5t he has 9 ! millions ( happy    
*ildr5 :o h f\nd _! way to k ?r\gh !    
door :i* he op5$ to !m2 inde$1 if half !
 *ildr5 he has b5efit$ c\ld build a t[] 
( ^! t9y blocks to commemorate 8 life & 
dea?1 its po9t w\ld rea* high] ?an ,/4  
,pet]'s dome & draw ! ?\ghts ( m5 to    
heav54   ,sugge/ions ( ! ,gift4  ,?is   
gift c h>dly be /udi$ b t an inn] unity1
 born ( ^! reconcil$ contra/s1 sugge/s  
itself to ! imag9ation4  ,! cube seems  
to /& z ! symbol ( ! inorganic1 ! m9]al 
k+dom1 ) its wond]ful cry/als2 ! cyl9d] 
z ! type ( vegetable life1 sugge/+ !    
roots1 /ems1 & bran*es1 ) _! r\nd$      
sides1 & =m+ a beautiful connection     

betwe5 ! cube1 t emblem ( ?+s 9 ! e>?   
b5ea?1 & ! sph]e :i* completes ! tr9ity 
& speaks to u ( a nev]-end+ & p]fect    
:ole hav+ ,unity = its c5tre1 ,div]sity 
= its circumf]5ce4  ,! cube seems to    
sugge/ re/1 immobility2 ! cyl9d]1 9 ?is 
connection1 gr[?2 & ! sph]e1 p]fection1 
complet5ess1--s delicately pois$ x      
is1--only kept 9 its prop] place by !   
mo/ exquisite adju/m5t4 ,& s to u1      
sometimes1 ! ?+s t are visible become   
lum9\s ) sugge/ions ( great] realities  
:i* are yet unse52 & 9 ! lea/ we disc]n 
a fa9t radiance ( ! greate/4  ,?+s t are
 small mirror ?+s t are mighty4 ,! t9y  
sph]e is an emblem ( ! big r\nd _w & !  
planet>y sy/ems4 ,! cube recalls !      
wond]ful cry/als1 & %[s ! =m t m5       
reflect 9 ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,z = 
! cyl9d] x is ,nature's special =m1 &   
,god has taught man ?r\gh ,nature to use
 x 9 a ?\s& ways1 & inde$ has himself   
fa%ion$ man m or less 9 its %ape4  ,mr4 
,hailmann says3 ,! second gift pres5ts  
types ( ! pr9cipal phases ( human       

developm5t2 f ! easy mobility ( infancy 
& *ildhood1--! ball1--we pass ?r\gh !   
half-/eady /ages ( boyhood & girlhood1  
repres5t$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 to ! firm "* (    
manhood & womanhood = :i* ! cube        
furni%es ! =mula4  ,bi%op ,brooks1      
speak+ f ! words1 ,! l5g? & ! bread? ( x
 are equal1 9 8 s]mon on ,symmetry (    
,life1 uses ! cube z a symbol ( p]fect  
"*3 ,! p]sonal pu% ( a life =w>d1 its   
outrea* lat]ally or ! go+ out 9 sympa?y 
to o!rs1 ! upw>d rea* t[>d ,god1--^! he 
consid]s ! ?ree life dim5sions4 ,b su*  
build+ mu/ be done )\t n]v\s ha/e2 !    
f\ndation mu/ h9t solidly ( ! ?reefold  
purpose2 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness mu/ be
 kept 9 proportion1 if ! p]fect cube (  
life is ev] to be f\nd4  ,,note ,,on    
,,second ,,gift4 #cj ,! second gift1 ev5
 9 ! nurs]y1 calls = modifications f !  
=m 9 :i* x comes to u f ,froebel4 ,x is 
incomp>able 9 its ri* symbolism =       
illu/rat+ ,froebel's ?\ght to mature    
m9ds1 & answ]s q a useful purpose 9 !   
nurs]y1 :]e x may help mamma tell h]    

/ories4 ,b 9 ! k9d]g>t5 ! *ild wants to 
build ) blocks4 ,h5ce1 ! ?ird1 f\r?1    
fif?1 & six? gifts are indicat$2 !      
second gift1 z su*1 is1 to say ! lea/1  
an ana*ronism4 ,only 9 ! =m ( ! beads1  
or "s simil> exp$i5t :i* gives _m ( ^!  
?+s = control1 w x satisfy ! k9d]g>t5   
*ild4 ,:5 he is expect$ to /udy ! cube1 
z an object lesson1 to c\nt ! squ>es &  
corn]s & tell :]e !y are1 x is :olly    
unpalatable to him & entirely =eign to 8
 plans4      #cj ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4     
,,?\ghts ,,on ,,! ,,discrim9ative ,,p[]4
      ,m9d />ts f ,discrim9ation4 ,!    
consci\sness (     diff]5ce is ! beg9n+ 
( e intellectual ex]cise4      ,our     
intellig5ce is1 !re=e1 absolutely limit$
 by our     p[] ( discrim9ation2 ! o!r  
functions ( intellect1     ! ret5tive   
p[]1 = in/ance1 are n call$ into play   
until we h fir/ discrim9at$ a numb] (   
?+s4      ,! m9ut5ess or delicacy ( !   
feel+ ( diff]5ce is     ! measure ( !   
v>iety & multitude ( our prim>y         
impressions & !re=e ( our /or$-up       

recollections4      ,be> 9 m9d ! fact t 
until a diff]5ce is felt     betwe5 two 
?+s1 intellig5ce has n yet made ! fir/  
/ep4      ,! high] arts ( comp>ison to  
impress diff]5ce are be/     illu/rat$  
:5 bo? diff]5ces & agreem5ts h to be    
not$1 i4 e41 simil>ities &              
dissimil>ities4      ,discrim9ation is !
 necess>y prelude ( e     intellectual  
impression z ! basis ( our /or$-up     k
 or memory4      ,def9ition ( ! /ate (  
m9d significantly nam$                  
,indiff]5ce1--! /ate :]e diff]+         
impressions fail     to be recogniz$ z  
di/9ct4      ,! ret5tive p[] works up to
 ! height ( !     discrim9ative p[]2 x c
 d no m4                                
,,alex4 ,,ba94      ,! mo/ delightful & 
fruitful ( all ! intellectual           
en]gies is ! p]ception ( simil>ity &    
agreem5t1 by     :i* we rise f !        
individual to ! g5]al1 trace     sam5ess
 9 div]sity1 & ma/] in/ead ( be+ ma/]$  
by ! multiplicity ( nature4             
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,x is by      

comp>isons t we asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce :i*  
exi/s betwe5 ?+s1 & x is by comp>isons1 
also1 t     we asc]ta9 ! g5]al features 
( ?+s1 & x is by     comp>isons t we    
rea* g5]al propositions4 ,9 fact1       
comp>isons are at ! bottom ( all        
philosophy4                             
,,l\is ,,agassiz4   ,,read+s ,,= ,,!    
,,/ud5t4    ,f ,cradle to ,s*ool4 ,b]?a 
,mey]4 ,pages #acb1 #acc4   ,!          
,k9d]g>t54 ,emily ,%irreff4 #aa1 #ab4   
,lectures on ,*ild-,culture4 ,w4 ,n4    
,hailmann4 #bf1 #bg4   ,froebel &       
,education by ,self-,activity4 ,h4      
,c\r?ope ,b[54       #ach-dj4           
,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4     
#c-e4   ,koehl]'s ,k9d]g>t5 ,practice4  
,tr4 by ,m>y ,gurney4 #dg-di4           
,k9d]g>t5 at ,home4 ,emily ,%irreff4    
#dg-di4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4 ,w4 ,n4   
,hailmann4 #df1 #ea1 #ed4   ,*ildhood's 
,poetry & ,/udies4 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 ,"p     
,,ii4 #af-db4   ,p$agogics ( !          
,k9d]g>t54 ,fr4 ,froebel4 #fi-ajg4      
,p>adise ( ,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4    

#i-aa4   ,law ( ,*ildhood4 ,w4 ,n4      
,hailmann4 #cc-ce4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4  
,kraus-,boelte4 #ae-bg4   ,education (  
,man4 ,fr4 ,froebel4 #ajg-aj4           
,k9d]g>t5 ,toys4 ,h4 ,h(fmann4 #ab-ag4  
,ar*itecture1 ,my/icism1 & ,my?4 ,w4 ,k4
 ,le?aby4 #ej1 #fe4   ,/ories (         
,indu/ry4 ,vols4 i4 & ii4 ,a4 ,*ase &   
,e4 ,cl[4   ,e?ics ( ! ,du/4 ,john      
,rusk94   ,mme4 ,a4 de ,portugall's     
,synoptical ,table1 z giv5 9 ,essays on 
!       ,k9d]g>t54                      
,,! ,,build+ ,,gifts   ,! ,build+ ,gifts
 meet two v /rongly m>k$ t5d5cies 9 !   
*ild4 a4 ,! t5d5cy to inve/igate4 b4 ,! 
t5d5cy to trans=m4  ,! fir/ & second    
gifts consi/ ( undivid$ units1 ea* "o ( 
:i* /&s 9 relation to a l>g] :ole1 or to
 a class ( objects4  ,! ?ird1 f\r?1     
fif?1 & six? gifts are divid$ units1 &  
_! significance lies 9 ! relation%ip ( !
 p>ts to "o ano!r1 & to ! :ole ( :i* !y 
are ! p>ts4  ,! effect ( ! ,build+      
,gifts is to develop ! con/ructive p[]s 
( ! *ild4 ,_! second>y importance lies 9

 ! fact t !y af=d /rik+ fundam5tal      
p]ceptions ( ,=m1 ,size1 ,numb]1        
,relation1 & ,position4  ,! foll[+ rules
 %\ld gov]n ! dictation ex]cises3--     
,,build+ ,,rules4  #a4 ,use all mat]ial 
9 ord] to keep ! idea ( relation ( p>ts 
to a :ole1 & because all unus$ mat]ial  
is wa/$ mat]ial4#ca      #ca ,9 ea*     
con/ruction ! :ole ( ! mat]ials mu/ be  
us$2 or at lea/ ea* sep>ate piece mu/ be
 arrang$ s z     to /& 9 "s actual      
relation to ! :ole4 ,:ile ?is     awak5s
 ! ?9k+ _s1 x also /r5g!ns & elevates   
! imag9ation2 because amid/ s mu*       
v>iety1 !     und]ly+ unity is made     
visibly app>5t4--,froebel's     ,lett]s1
 tr4 by ,mi*aelis & ,moore1 page #gb4   
#b4 ,build on ! squ>es ( ! table 9 ord] 
to develop accuracy & symmetry4  #c4    
,induce ! *ild to =m o!r :oles gradually
 & sy/ematically f ! v>i\s p>ts ( !     
cube4 ,9 do+ ?is ! laws ( contra/ &     
developm5t mu/ be y\r guide4            
,,koehl]4  #d4 ,give names to ea* object
 con/ruct$1 !reby br++ x into relation )

 ! *ild's exp]i5ce2 = ! m9iature model  
s]ves to int]pret m cle>ly to him !     
object :i* x repres5ts4  #e4 ,connect ) 
! *ild's life & sympa?y 9 ord] to       
increase 8 int]e/ & develop ! t5d5cy to 
view ?+s 9 _! "r relations4  #f4 ,!     
y\ng] ! *ild1 ! m y %\ld talk ab\t ! ?+ 
:i* y int5d to con/ruct4 ,y %\ld        
int]sp]se pass+ obs]vations or %ort     
songs4 ,z ! *ildr5 ga9 intellig5ce1 ?is 
conv]sation w be replac$ by m =mal      
descriptions ( ! ?+s repres5t$4         
,,koehl]4  #g4 ,beg9 ) ,life =ms &      
proce$ f ^! to =ms ( ,beauty & ,k4  #h4 
,all[ no *ild to rely ^u ! blocks ( 8   
playmates 9 8 build+1--?us he w le>n    
economy1 self-reliance1 & indep5d5ce (  
action4  ,?is %\ld n be c>ri$ too f>1 or
 r ! necessity & beauty ( int]dep5d5ce  
%\ld also be taught4 ,h]e91 inde$1 lies 
m ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,to make ! mo/ out
 ( little is ! great "w ( life2 to be   
cont5t$ ) :at "o has1 & to make ! be/ ( 
x ) happ9ess & cont5tm5t is surely no   
small lesson1 & "o :i* is con/antly1    

?\gh indirectly1 taught 9 ! k9d]g>t5 "w 
& plays & lessons4  #i4 ,gr\p "w1 or    
unit$ build+1 %\ld frequ5tly be         
introduc$4 ,e direction giv5 by !       
k9d]g>tn] %\ld be foll[$ by spontane\s  
"w 7ei!r 9 ^w or de$7 by ! *ild4 ,?is   
mu/ n only be individual1 b syn!siz$ = !
 community4  #aj4 ,(t5 enc\rage ! class 
to imitate "s specially attractive =m   
:i* has be5 produc$ by a *ild1 & nam$   
accord+ to 8 fancy4  #aa4 ,accu/om !    
*ild to develop figures or =ms by slight
 *anges r ?an by rudely de/roy+ ea* s+le
 "o prep>atory to con/ruct+ ano!r4 ,f   
le>n+ to be /rictly me?odical 9 8       
actions1 he w become s 9 8 lat] reason+4
  #ab4 ,let ! *ild1 if possible1 correct
 8 own mi/akes1 & d n con/antly int]f]e 
) 8 "w4 ,:atev] he is able to d =       
himself1 no "o %\ld d = him4            
,,koehl]4                               
,,froebel',s ,,?ird ,,gift      ,all    
*ildr5 h ! build+ in/9ct1 & 'to make a  
h\se' is a univ]sal =m ( unguid$ play4  
,x is n a m]e pa/ime1 b a key ) :i* to  

op5 !     out] _w1 & a means ( awak5+ ! 
inn] _w4      ,?is gift includes 9      
itself m outw>d manifoldness1 &1     at 
! same "t1 makes ! inw>d manifoldness   
yet m     p]ceptible & manife/4      ,! 
play?+ %[s also ! ultimate type (       
/ructures put     toge!r by human h& :i*
 /& 9 _! sub/antiality     ar\nd ! *ild4
                    ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4
      ,! def9itely productive ex]cises  
beg9 ) ! ?ird     gift4                 
,,susan ,e4 ,,bl[4   #a4 ,! ?ird gift is
 a wood5 cube measur+ two in*es 9 ea* ( 
its dim5sions4 ,x is divid$ once 9 its  
height1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 accord+ to !
 ?ree dim5sions :i* def9e a solid1 & ?us
 eight small] cubes are produc$4  #b4   
,we pass f ! undivid$ to ! divid$ unit1 
emphasiz+ ! fact t unity /ill exi/s1    
?\gh divisibility ent]s z a new factor4 
#c4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( !    
gift are contra/s ( size result+ 9 !    
ab/raction ( =m f size2 increase (      
mat]ial z a :ole1 decrease ( size 9     
p>ts2 increase ( facilities 9 illu/rat+ 

=m & numb]4  ,! new exp]i5ce to be f\nd 
9 ?is fir/ divid$ body is ! idea (      
relativity2 ( ! :ole 9 its relation to !
 p>ts 7ea* an embryo :ole71 & ( ! p>ts 9
 relation to ! :ole4  ,! =m ( ! p>ts is 
l ! =m ( ! :ole1 b1 9 %ape alike1 !     
dissimil>ity is 9 size2 ! fact becom+ m 
app>5t by a v>iety ( comb9ations ( a    
diff]5t numb] ( p>ts3 ?us ! relations ( 
numb]s are introduc$ to ! obs]vation ( !
 *ild toge!r ) ^? ( =m & magnitude4  #d4
 ,! ?ird gift 0 int5d$ by ,froebel to   
meet ! necessities ( ! *ild at a p]iod  
:51 no long] satisfi$ ) ! ext]nal       
appe>ances ( ?+s1 he /rives to p5etrate 
_! int]nal conditions1 & beg9s to       
realize ! _m diff]5t possibilities ( !  
same elem5t4  #e4 ,! geometrical =ms    
illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift are3--             
,cube4   ,solids4      ,squ>e ,prism4   
,rectangul> ,p>allelopip$4    ,planes4  
,squ>e4                ,oblong4  #f4    
,froebel int5ds ! build+ ex]cise to be  
c>ri$ on 9 a c]ta9 way ) a view (       
e/abli%+ a law to regulate ! *ild's     

activity4 ,! upp] & l[] p>ts ( !        
figure--! contra/s--are fir/ br\ght into
 position1 & ! balance is e/abli%$ by ! 
int]m$iates--"r & left4  ,! cube itself 
is divid$ accord+ to ! law ( ,m$iation (
 ,contra/s4 ,! contra/s ( ext]ior &     
int]ior1 :ole & p>ts1 analysis &        
syn!sis1 are also br\ght into relation )
 ea* o!r4         99       99       99  
99       99   ,hailmann on ,?ird ,gift4 
,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann says t ! ?ird    
gift m>ks an important /ep 9 ! m5tal    
life ( ! *ild4 ,h]et(ore1 he has _h to d
 ) play?+s indivisible1 :ole1 complete 9
 !mselves4 ,e impression1 or1 r1 e fact1
 came to him z a unit1 a "o1 an         
indivisible :ole4  ,! analyses & syn!ses
 t are pres5t$ to him 9 ! fir/ & second 
gifts come ready-made z x 71 s t ! joy\s
 ex]cise ( 8 in/9ctive activity1 guid$ &
 direct$ by ! judici\s1 lov+ "m1 is     
suffici5t to give him control ( !m2     
inde$1 ! fir/ & second gifts hold to 8  
m5tal developm5t ! same relation t !    
"m's milk holds to 8 physical gr[?4  ,b 

! ?ird gift satisfies ! gr[+ desire =   
indep5d5t activity1 = ! ex]cise ( 8 own 
p[] ( analysis & syn!sis1 ( tak+ ap>t & 
putt+ toge!r4#cb      #cb ,! idea (     
sep>ation ga9$ "h 9 concrete =m         
becomes typical ( t condition :i* mu/   
always exi/ 9     any gr[?--! se$ breaks
 ?r\gh its cov]+s1 & seems     to divide
 itself into di/9ct p>ts1 ea* hav+ its  
function 9 ! gr[? ( ! :ole plant4       
7,alice ,h4     ,putnam47   ,simplicity 
b ,adaptability ( ! ,gifts4  ,simple z  
?is fir/ build+ gift appe>s1 x is       
capable ( great ?+s4 ,x l5ds itself to a
 hundr$ practical lessons & a hundr$    
*>m+ trans=mations1 b if x is n ?or\ghly
 compreh5d$ x w nev] be well or         
effectively us$ by ! k9d]g>tn]1 & w be  
no?+ m to h] ?an to un9t]e/$ obs]v]s1 :o
 see 9 x no?+ m ?an eight commonplace   
little blocks 9 a wood5 box4  ,froebel  
says if 8 educational mat]ials are f\nd 
useful x _c be because ( _! ext]ior1 :i*
 is z pla9 z possible & conta9s no?+    
new1 b t _! wor? is to be f\nd          

exclusively 9 _! application4   ,h[     
,*ildr5 are to be rea*$4  ,!re=e ^!     
simple devices ) :i* we c>ry on our     
education %\ld nev] seem trifl+1 = we   
are compell$ 9 tea*+ v "y *ildr5 to put 
=? all g5tle allurem5ts to ! ga9+ ( k4  
,!y are to be rea*$ *iefly by ! *>ms (  
s5se1 novelty1 & v>iety1 & consequ5tly1 
to please su* active & imag9ative little
 critics1 our lessons mu/ be fre%1      
vivid1 vigor\s1 & to ! po9t4   ,:at is  
,necess>y on ,"p ( ,k9d]g>tn]4  ,to     
accompli% ?is1 we c see t n only is     
absolute k necess>y1 b t a well develop$
 s5sibility & imag9ation are ne$$ 9     
lead+ ! *ild f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1
 f univ]sal to p>ticul>1 & f concrete to
 ab/ract4 ,! wor? ( ! gifts !n1 we      
repeat1 lies exclusively 9 _!           
application2 ! rude little =ms mu/ be   
us$ s t ! *ild's imag9ation & sympa?y w 
be rea*$4   ,imag9ation 9 ,*ild &       
,k9d]g>tn]4  ,we may be ?ankful t ?is   
heav5-born imag9ative faculty is !      
h]itage ( e *ild1--t x is h>d to kill & 

lives on v %ort rations4 ,! little boy  
ties a /r+ ar\nd a /one & drags x ?r\gh 
du/ & mire ) happy conviction t x is a  
g-c>t4 ,! little girl wraps up a /ock+  
or a t[el ) t5d] h&s1 w9ds h] %awl ab\t 
x1 & at once ! ,god-giv5 mat]nal in/9ct 
leaps into life1--9 an in/ant %e has x 9
 h] arms4 ,%e kisses its cotton head &  
s+s x to sleep 9 div9e unconsci\sness ( 
any incomplet5ess1 = love supplies _m   
defici5cies4 ,s let u *]i% ! *ild he>t 9
 ourselves & nev] look ) scorn ^u ! rude
 sugge/ions ( ! =ms ! *ild has built1 b 
r ent] into ! play1 enri*+ x ) our own  
imag9ative p[]4 ,! *ildr5 w r>ely       
p]ceive any incongruities1 & surely we  
ne$ n h9t !m1 any m ?an we w\ld rem9d a 
*ild ne$lessly t h] doll is /uff$ )     
sawdu/ & has a pla/] head1 :5 %e ?9ks x 
a responsive & affectionate little      
daught]4  ,midd5dorf said1 ,?is is l a  
fre% ba? = ! human s\l1 :5 we d>e to be 
*ildr5 aga9 ) *ildr54#cc ,! burd5s (    
life c\ld n be borne 7 x n = real gayety
 ( he>t4      #cc ,if we want to educate

 *ildr51 we mu/ be *ildr5 )     !m      
ourselves4 7,m>t9 ,lu!r47  ,if x 7 only 
! play & ! m]e outw>d app>atus1 says !  
,b>oness von ,m>5holtz-,bl[1 we might   
inde$ f9d our daily tea*+ monoton\s1 b !
 idea at ! f\ndation ( x & !            
contemplation ( ! be+ ( man & its       
developm5t 9 ! *ild is an inexhau/ible  
m9e ( int]e/+ discov]y4   ,reasons =    
,*oice ( ,?ird ,gift4  ,?is ?ird gift   
satisfies ! *ild's crav+ to take ?+s to 
pieces4 ,froebel did n *oose x          
arbitr>ily1 = ,nature1 human & physical1
 0 an op5 h&book to him1 & if we /udy   
deeply & sympa!tically ! reasons = 8    
*oice !y w always be compreh5d$4#cd     
,fnelon says1 ,! curiosity ( *ildr5 is a
 natural t5d5cy1 :i* goes 9 ! van (     
in/ruction4 ,de/ruction aft] all is only
 con/ructive faculty turn$ back ^u      
itself4 ,! *ild1 hav+ no legitimate     
outlet = 8 creative in/9ct1 pulls 8     
play?+s to pieces1 to see :at is        
inside1--:at !y are made ( & h[ !y are  
put toge!r2#ce b to 8 *agr9 he f9ds x n 

s easy to reunite ! tatt]$ fragm5ts4    
#cd ,:at mu/ we furni% to ! *ild aft] ! 
self-conta9$ ball1 aft] ! h>d sph]e1 e  
"p (     :i* is simil>1 & aft] ! s+le   
solid cube8 ,x mu/ be     some?+ firm   
:i* c be easily pull$ ap>t by !         
*ild's /r5g?1 & j z easily put toge!r   
aga94     ,!re=e x mu/ also be some?+   
:i* is simple1 yet     multi=m2 & :at   
%\ld ?is be1 aft] :at we h     p]ceiv$  
up to ?is po9t1 & 9 view ( :at !        
surr\nd+ _w af=ds u1 b ! cube divid$    
?r\gh     ! c5tre by ?ree planes        
p]p5dicul> to "o     ano!r4--,froebel's 
,p$agogics4      #ce ,unmak+ is z       
important z mak+ to ! *ild4 ,8          
de/ructive en]gy is z ess5tial to him z 
8 p[] (     con/ruction4 7,w4 ,t4       
,h>ris47      ,! *ild wi%es to discov] !
 inside ( ! ?+1 be+     urg$ to ?is by  
an impulse he has n giv5 to himself1--! 
impulse :i*1 rightly recogniz$ & rightly
 guid$1 seeks     to "k ,god 9 all 8    
works4444 ,:]e c ! *ild seek =          
satisfaction ( 8 impulse to rese>* b f !

 ?+     itself8--,fri$ri* ,froebel1     
,education ( ,man4  ,9 ! divid$ cube1   
h[ev]1 he c gratify 8 desires1 & at !   
same "t possess ! joy ( do+ "r & de/roy+
 no?+1 = ! eight little blocks c be     
quickly unit$ into _! orig9al =m1 & also
 into _m o!r pleas+ little =ms1 ea* "o  
complete 9 itself1 s t e analysis ends z
 x %\ld1 9 syn!sis4  ,froebel calls ?is 
gift specifically ! *ildr5's delight1 & 
inde$ x is1 respond+ s g5]\sly to _!    
spontane\s activity1 :ile at ! same "t x
 suits _! small capabilities1 = !       
possibilities ( an object us$ = =m /udy 
%\ld n be too v>i$4 ,x mu/ be sugge/ive 
?r\gh its limitations1 says ,miss ,bl[1 
= ! "y m9d may be z easily cru%$ by     
excess z by defect4#cf      #cf ,an     
elem5t :i* slumb]s l a vip] "u roses is 
t :i* is n[ s frequ5tly provid$ z a     
play?+ =     *ildr52 x is1 9 a ^w1 !    
already too complex &     ornate1 too   
f9i%$ toy4 ,! *ild c beg9 no new ?+     
) x1 _c produce en\gh v>iety by means ( 
x2 8     p[] ( creative imag9ation1 8   

p[] ( giv+ outw>d     =m to 8 own idea1 
are ?us actually dead5$4--,froebel's    
,p$agogics4  ,froebel 0 left mo!rless at
 a v e>ly age1 & dur+ 8 fir/ f\r ye>s ( 
life 8 fa!r 0 entirely engross$ ) p>i%  
duties1 & ! *ild _h only occasional     
sup]vision f a h>d-work$ s]vant4 ,?us x 
happ5$ t he 0 frequ5tly alone long h\rs 
at a "t 9 a dusky room ov]%ad[$ by !    
neighbor+ *ur*1 & naturally /ray$ (t5 to
 ! w9d[1 f :5ce he might look d[n ^u !  
busy _w outside4 ,he recalls t he 0     
greatly int]e/$ at "o "t 9 "s workm5 :o 
7 repair+ ! *ur*1 & t he con/antly turn$
 f 8 po/ ( obs]vation to try & imitate  
_! labors1 b 8 only build+ mat]ial 0 !  
furniture ( ! room1 & *airs & tables    
clumsily resi/$ 8 ef=ts to pile !m up   
into suitable =m4 ,he tells u t ?is     
/rong desire = build+ & ! bitt]         
disappo9tm5t ( 8 repeat$ failures 7 /ill
 ke5ly rememb]$ :5 he 0 a gr[n man1 &   
?us sugge/$ to him t *ildr5 ought to be 
provid$ ) mat]ials = build+ among _!    
play?+s4 ,he (t5 notic$ also1 9 lat]    

ye>s1 t all *ildr5 seem to h ! build+   
in/9ct1 correspond+ to :at ,dr4 ,segu9  
calls ! build+ mania 9 ! infancy (      
peoples1 & t to make a h\se is !        
univ]sal =m ( unguid$ play4#cg      #cg 
,"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ univ]sal delights 
(     *ildr5 is to con/ruct = !mselves a
 habitation ( "s     sort1 ei!r 9 ! g>d5
 or indoors1 :]e *airs h     g5]ally to 
s]ve _! purpose4 ,in/9ct leads !m1 z x  
does all animals1 to procure %elt] &    
protection = _!     p]sons1 individual  
outw>d self-exi/5ce &                   
indep5d5ce4--,b]?a von ,m>5holtz-,bl[1  
,*ild & ,*ild     ,nature4  ,we n[      
und]/& ! mean+ ( ! gift1 ! reason = its 
importance 9 ,froebel's plan1 & its     
capabilities z a vehicle = delightful   
in/ruction4   ,classes ( ,=ms4  ,!re are
 ?ree diff]5t classes ( =ms = dictation 
& inv5tion1 v>i\sly nam$ by k9d]g>tn]s4 
#a4 ,life =ms1 or upright =ms1 :i* are  
se5 9 ! *ild's daily life1 z a pair (   
boots1 a *air1 table1 b$1 or s(a4       
,froebel calls !m also object =ms1 or   

=ms ( ?+s4  7,! *ild dem&s t ! object   
con/ruct$ /& 9 connection ) himself1 8  
life1 or somebody or some?+ 9 8         
life4--,froebel47  #b4 ,ma!matical =ms1 
or v>i\s comb9ations ( ! blocks1 upright
 & sup9e1 = ma!matical ex]cises4 ,!y    
correspond to ! =ms ( k 9 ,logic4       
7,also call$ by ,froebel =ms ( tru?1 =ms
 ( in/ruction1 =ms ( le>n+47  #c4       
,symmetrical =ms1 or flat designs =m$ by
 opposites & _! int]m$iates4 ,^! are    
figures 9 :i* f\r ( ! blocks g5]ally    
revolve 9 ord] ar\nd ! o!r f\r z a      
c5tre4  7,also call$ by ,froebel picture
 =ms1 fl[] =ms1 /> =ms1 dance =ms47     
,,life ,,=ms4  ,life =ms %\ld be giv5   
fir/1 z ! natural t5d5cy ( ! "y *ild is 
to pile ?+s up1#ch & ^! =ms seem simpl] 
= dictation1 are m readily grasp$ by !  
m9d1 & m fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation4 ,!y  
are ! images ( ?+s bo? de> & famili> to 
him1 & ?us are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to !   
beg9n+ s9ce ! />t+ po9t ( ! *ild's      
developm5t is ! he>t & ! emotions4 ,x is
 easi] = him to be an ar*itect at fir/  

?an an arti/1 ?\gh ea* w be compreh5d$ 9
 ! o!r aft] a "t4#ci      #ch ,! build+ 
or pil+ up is ) ! *ild1 z ) !           
developm5t ( ! human race1 & z ) ! fix$ 
=ms 9     ,nature1 ! fir/4--,froebel's  
,education ( ,man4      ,t[]s1 pyramids1
 up1 up1 connect+ !mselves )     some?+ 
high1 voic+ aspiration4      #ci ,!     
repres5tation ( facts & circum/ances (  
hi/ory1 ( geography1 & especially (     
e-day life1 by     means ( build+1 ,i   
hold to be 9 ! highe/ degree            
important = *ildr51 ev5 if ^!           
repres5tations are     imp]fect & fall  
f> %ort ( _! orig9als4 ,! eye is     at 
all ev5ts ar\s$ & /imulat$ to obs]ve )  
great]     precision ?an be=e ! object t
 has be5     repres5t$4444 ,& ?us1 by   
means ( p]haps a q     imp]fect outw>d  
repres5tation1 ! inn] p]ception is      
made m p]fect4--,froebel's ,lett]s1 tr4 
by ,mi*aelis     & ,moore1 page #ii4  ,!
 dictations %\ld be giv5 v simply1      
cle>ly1 & sl[ly1 always us+ "o set (    
t]ms to express a c]ta9 mean+1 & hav+ ^?

 absolutely correct4 ,we %\ld nev] give 
dictations f a book1 b f memory1 hav+   
prep>$ ! lesson be=eh&1 & %\ld rememb] t
 e ex]cise we give %\ld incite & develop
 self-activity4 ,we mu/ gu>d aga9/      
mi/akes or confusion 9 our own m9ds2 x  
is v easy to confuse ! *ild1 & he w     
become inatt5tive & c>eless if he is    
unable to cat* our mean+4  ,brief /ories
 %\ld occasionally be told1 j m]e       
outl9es to give color & =ce to ! *ild's 
build+1 & connect x ) 8 exp]i5ce4 ,if x 
is an arm*air1 gr&mo!r may sit 9 x      
knitt+ ! baby's /ock+4 ,if x is a well1 
describe ! digg+ ( x1 ! l9+ ) /ones or  
brick1 ! infl[+ ( ! wat]1 ! lett+ d[n ( 
! bucket & long *a91 ! cle>1 cool wat]  
com+ up f ! deep1 d>k hole 9 ! gr\nd on 
a hot summ]'s day4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are b !
 m]e/ sugge/ions :i* exp]i5ce may be    
tru/$ to develop4  ,x is bett]1 p]haps1 
to give a bit ( ^w-pa9t+ to ea* object  
con/ruct$ ?an to wait till ! end ( !    
s]ies = ! day & tell a long] /ory1 z !  
int]e/ is ?us m easily su/a9$4 ,!       

*ildr51 too1 %\ld be enc\rag$ to talk   
ab\t ! =ms & tell little /ories conc]n+ 
!m4 ,! =m creat$ %\ld nev] be de/roy$1 b
 trans=m$ into ! next 9 ord] by a few   
simple movem5ts4   ,,symmetrical ,,=ms4 
,^! =ms1 9 spite ( _! regul>ity1 are    
call$ =ms ( beauty4 ,! ma!matical =ms   
:i* ,froebel designates =ms ( k give    
only ! skeleton f :i* ! beautiful =m    
develops itself4  ,symmetry ( ! p>ts :i*
 make up ^! simple figures gives !      
impression ( beauty to ! *ildi% eye4 ,he
 mu/ h ! elem5ts ( ! beautiful be=e he  
is 9 a condition to compreh5d x 9 its   
:ole ext5t4  ,only :at is simple gives  
light to ! *ild at fir/4 ,he c only     
op]ate ) a small numb] ( mat]ials1 !re=e
 ,froebel gives only eight cubes = ?is  
object at ?is "t4  ,( c\rse ^! ?ree     
classes ( =ms are n to be kept          
arbitr>ily sep>ate1 & ! *ildr5 f9i% &   
lay aside "o set be=e attempt+ ano!r4   
,!re are _m cases :]e ! ?ree may be     
unit$1 z inde$ !y are morally speak+ 9 !
 life ( e human be+4  ,:5 ! di/9ctions  

are cle> 9 our own m9ds1 our k & tact w 
guide u to introduce ! gift prop]ly1 &  
c>ry x on 9 a natural1 ord]ly1 &        
rational mann]1 n re/rict+ ! *ild's own 
productive p[]s4  ,if ! *ildr5 h _h "t  
to imbibe a love ( symmetry & beauty1 & 
h be5 tra9$ to obs]ve & delight 9 !m1 !n
 ?is second class ( =ms w attract !m z  
mu*1 aft] a little1 z ! fir/1 ?\gh m    
difficult ( execution4  ,ea* sequ5ce    
/>ts f a def9ite po9t1 ! f\r outside    
blocks revolv+ r\nd ! c5tral f\r1 & go+ 
?r\gh or danc+ ?r\gh1 z ,froebel says1  
all ! successive figures be=e return+ 9 
! opposite direction4  ,all ! dictations
 are mo/ valuable intellectually1 b %\ld
 n be long-cont9u$ at "o "t1 z !y       
require great conc5tration ( m9d1 & are 
consequ5tly we>isome4   ,h9ts f ,ronge's
 ,guide4  ,excell5t ex]cises or         
sugge/ions = build+ c be f\nd 9 ,ronge's
 ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,he m5tions "o       
pleasant little play :i* ,i w quote4 ,:5
 ea* 9 ! class has produc$ a diff]5t =m1
 let ! *ildr5 rise & m>* r\nd ! table to

 obs]ve ! v>iety4 ,let !m s+ 9 ! asc5d+ 
& desc5d+ scales3--    ,_m pretty =ms ,i
 see1   ,:i* "o seems ! be/ to me8  ,at 
ano!r "t let ea* *ild try to build !    
h\se he lives 91 & :ile ?is is be+ done1
 let !m jo9 9 s++ "s song ab\t home4 ,x 
is well to enc\rage s++ dur+ ! build+   
ex]cises1 z we h s _m appropriate       
selections4#dj      #dj ,see ,k9d]g>t5  
,*imes 7,kate ,d4 ,wigg971 ,oliv]       
,ditson ,publi%+ ,co43 ,build+ ,song1   
pages #cd1 #ce2 ,trade     ,game1 page  
#gj2 ,! ,c>p5t]1 page #ib4   ,gr\p ,"w4 
,) ! fir/ ( ! ,build+ ,gifts ent]s a new
 v>iety ( gr\p "w1 :i* 0 n adapt$ = !   
fir/ & second gifts4 ,! *ildr5 may n[ be
 seat$ at squ>e tables1 "o at ea* side1 
& build 9 unison 9 ! c5tre1 ! =m produc$
 be+ ( c\rse f\r times z l>ge & f9e z   
any "o ( ! numb] c\ld h produc$ alone4  
,all ! sugge/ions or directions = build+
 are necess>ily c>ri$ out toge!r1 & !   
success ( ! complet$ =m is obvi\sly     
dep5d5t on ! cop]ation ( all f\r *ildr54
 ,=ms ( ,beauty are v easily con/ruct$ 9

 ?is mann]1 z well z =ms ( ,life1 hav+  
f\r uni=m sides1 & :5 ! little ones are 
some:at m exp]t build]s1 ,life =ms hav+ 
opposite sides alike1 or ev5 f\r diff]5t
 sides1 may be con/ruct$4  ,! o!r v>i\s 
=ms ( cop]ative "w are ( c\rse nev] to  
be neglect$1 t a social unity may be    
produc$1 9 :i* ! might ( ea* individual 
may be re9=c$ by ! might ( ! :ole4      
,,ma!matical ,,=ms4  ,a bett] idea ( ^! 
may be obta9$ ?r\gh a manipulation ( !  
blocks & an arrangem5t ( ! geometrical  
=ms 9 _! regul> ord]4  ,! *ild1 if he 7 
taught z ,froebel int5d$1 w\ld make 8   
fir/ acqua9tance ) numb]s 9 ! nurs]y1   
beg9n+ 9 a v small way & progress+      
sl[ly4 ,! pupils ( ! k9d]g>t5 are a     
little old]1 & hav+ already a slight k (
 numb]s 7?\gh n ( c\rse 9 _! ab/ract    
relations7 are able to accompli% great] 
?+s4  ,! *ild c1 ) our guidance1 make   
all possible comb9ations ( ! p>ts ( !   
numb] ,eight4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,addition1 
,subtraction1 ev5 ,multiplication &     
,fractions1 c also be ma/]$ )\t "o te> (

 mis]y or pang ( torture4 ,he grasps !  
:ole fir/1 !n by simple processes1      
build+ ) 8 own h&s1 he f9ds out &       
demon/rates = himself halves1 f\r?s1 &  
eigh?s1 sometimes 9 diff]5t positions1 b
 always hav+ ! same cont5ts4   ,me?od & 
,mann] ( us+ ! ,gift4  ,ev5 yet we mu/ n
 suff] ?is to become "w4 ,! ex]cises    
%\ld be repeat$ aga9 & aga91 b we mu/   
le>n to break (f :5 ! play is /ill      
delightful1 & /udy ways to end[ ! next  
"o ) new life & *>m1 ?\gh x c>ry ) x !  
same old facts4 ,:at we want to secure  
is1 n a =midable numb] ( p>rot-l        
/atem5ts1 b a firm f\ndation = future   
cle>ness ( und]/&+1 dep? ( feel+1 &     
firmness ( purpose4 ,s1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
ex]cise1 we %\ld n ask ,john if he      
rememb]s :at we talk$ ab\t la/ "t1 &    
expect him to answ] cle>ly at once4     
,because he does n answ] our =mal       
que/ions :i* d n prop]ly belong to      
babyhood1 we ne$ n conclude he has le>n$
 no?+1 = a *ild c %[ to our dull eyes   
only a v t9y glimpse ( 8 wond]ful inn]  

_w4  ,let our aim be1 t ! *ild %all     
little by little receive impressions s  
cle>ly t he w recognize !m :5 !y appe>  
aga91 & t he %all1 aft] a "t1 "k ^!     
impressions by _! names4 ,x is no?+ b   
play aft] all1 b x is 9 ?is *ildi% play 
t deep mean+ lies4  ,a *ild is f> less  
int]e/$ 9 t :i* is giv5 him complete ?an
 9 t :i* ne$s some?+ f him to make x    
p]fect4 ,he loves to employ all 8       
en]gies 9 conceiv+ & con/ruct+ =ms2 !   
less y d = him ! bett] he enjoys x1 if  
he has be5 tra9$ to indep5d5ce4#da      
#da ,probably ! *ief wi% ( *ildr5 is to 
d ?+s =     !mselves1 in/ead ( to h ?+s 
done = !m4 ,!y     w\ld gladly live 9 a 
,p>adise ( ! ,home-made4 ,=     example1
 :5 we read h[ ! 'pr5tices ( ,london us$
 to     skate on %>p bones ( animals1   
:i* !y b\nd ab\t _!     feet1 we also   
wi%$1 at lea/1 to try t plan1 r ?an     
to we> skates b\ght 9 %ops4 7,&rew      
,lang47      ,complete toys h9d] !      
activity ( *ildr51 enc\rage     laz9ess 
& ?\ghtlessness1 & d !m m h>m ?an c     

be told4 ,! active t5d5cy 9 !m turns to 
! di/ortion     ( :at is complete1 & s  
becomes de/ructive4      ,any fus+      
toge!r ( lessons1 "w1 & play1 is        
possible     only :5 ! objects ) :i* !  
*ild plays all[ room     = indep5d5t    
m5tal & bodily activity1 i4 e41 :5 !y   
are n !mselves complete 9 ! *ild's h&4  
,_h man     f\nd ev]y?+ 9 ! _w fix$ &   
prep>$ = use2 _h     all means (        
culture1 ( satisfaction = ! spiritual & 
mat]ial wants ( 8 nature1 be5 ready to 8
 h&1 !re     w\ld h be5 no developm5t1  
no civilization ( ! human     race4     
,p$antry & dogmatism mu/ be elim9at$ f  
all ! dictations2 ! life mu/ n be %ut   
out ( ! lessons 9 ord] t we may he> a p9
 drop1 nor %\ld !y be all[$ to deg5]ate 
into a t$i\s =malism & me*anical        
puppet-%[1 9 :i* we pull ! /r+s & ! poor
 little dummies move ) "o accord4  ,yet 
mo/ emphatically a c]ta9 ord] & h>mony  
mu/ prevail1 ! =ms mu/ foll[ ea* o!r 9  
natural sequ5ce1 ! blocks mu/1          
inv>iably1 be tak5 c>efully f ! box1 s z

 to pres5t a :ole at ! fir/ glance1 & at
 ! close ( ! lesson %\ld always be      
neatly put toge!r aga9 into ! orig9al =m
 & return$ to ! box z a :ole4#db        
#db ,9 ord] to furni% to ! *ild at once 
cle>ly &     def9itely ! impression ( ! 
:ole1 ( !     self-conta9$1 ! play?+    
be=e x is giv5 to !     *ild = 8 own    
free use mu/ be op5$ z foll[s4444 ,x    
w ?us appe> be=e ! obs]v+ *ild z a cube 
closely     unit$1 yet easily sep>at$ & 
aga9 re/or$4--,froebel's     ,p$agogics1
 pages #abc1 #abd4  ,& n[ "o la/ ^w (   
w>n+ ab\t do+ too mu* = ! *ildr5 9 ^!   
ex]cises1 & ev5 guid+ too mu*1 c>ry+    
sy/em & me?od too f> 9 dictation4 ,we   
mu/ rememb] t an excess ( sy/ematiz+    
cru%es in/ead ( develop+ orig9ality1 & t
 x is all too easy ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 to  
turn *ildr5 into ma*9es incapable ( act+
 :5 ! guid+ h& is remov$4   ,,note4  ,9 
op5+ ! boxes1 x is well to obs]ve "s    
simple =m4 ,x is n irksome1 b1 on !     
contr>y1 r pleas+ to ! *ildr51 :o       
delight 9 do+ ?+s 9 conc]t4   ,,boxes   

,,9 ,,c5tre ,,( ,,table4    #a4 ,draw ! 
cov] out "o half space4   #b4 ,f+]s ( "r
 h& plac$ on left-h& side ( box4   #c4  
,turn entirely ov] f left to "r4   #d4  
,)draw lid & place on "r-h& upp] corn] (
 table4   #e4 ,lift box g5tly & place on
 top ( cov] m\? upw>ds4   ,,read+s ,,=  
,,! ,,/ud5t4    ,rem9isc5ces ( ,froebel4
 ,von ,m>5holtz-,bl[4 ,page #aeb4       
,*ild & ,*ild ,nature4 ,von             
,m>5holtz-,bl[4 #ade1 #adf4             
,education4 ,e4 ,segu94 #ie1 #if4       
,lessons 9 ,=m4 ,w4 ,w4 ,spe]4 #bc4     
,p$agogics ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,fr4 ,froebel4
 #ajh-dd4   ,education ( ,man4 ,fr4     
,froebel4 ,tr4 by ,joseph9e ,j>vis4 #dj1
 #da4   ,k9d]g>t5 at ,home4 ,e4         
,%irreff4 #ab-ad4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4 
,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4 #ee-ff4   ,p>adise ( 
,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4 #aa-af4   ,law
 ( ,*ildhood4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4 #ce-ch4
   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4  
#e-ac4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4              
,kraus-,boelte4 #bg-dg4   ,koehl]'s     
,k9d]g>t5 ,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y       

,gurney4 #bj-bc4   ,froebel & ,education
 by ,self-,activity4 ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[54 
#adj-db4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,toys4 ,he9ri*     
,h(fmann4 #ag-bf4   ,consci\s ,mo!rhood4
 ,e4 ,m>w$el4 #afe1 #aff4   ,!          
,k9d]g>t54 ,h4 ,goldamm]4 #di-gj4       
,,froebel',s ,,f\r? ,,gift      ,a new  
gift is dem&$--a gift :]e9 ! l5g?1      
bread?1     & ?ickness ( a solid body   
%all be di/+ui%$ f     ea* o!r by       
diff]5ce ( size4 ,su* a gift w op5 !    
*ild's eyes to ! ?ree dim5sions ( space1
 & w s]ve     also z a means ( recogniz+
 & int]pret+ ! manifold     =ms &       
/ructures ) :i* he is con/antly br\ght 9
     contact4      ,! inn] diff]5ce1    
intimat$ 9 ! ?ree p]p5dicul>     axes ( 
! cube 7& ! sph]e71 n[ becomes ext]nally
     visible & abid+ 9 ea* ( its build+ 
blocks z a     diff]5ce ( size4         
,,fr4 ,,froebel4      ,! f\r? gift      
incites ! *ild to consid] ?+s 9     _!  
relations to space1 & to ! =ces (       
nature1 & 9     8 play ) ! bricks he is 
con/antly engag$ 9 ef=ts     to adapt   

himself to ! laws ( _! nature1 :ile     
r5d]+     !m subs]vi5t to 8 ends4       
,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann4   #a4 ,! f\r? gift  
consi/s ( a cube measur+ two in*es 9 ea*
 ( its dim5sions4 ,x is divid$ once     
v]tically 9 its height1 & ?ree times    
horizontally 9 its ?ickness1 giv+ eight 
p>allelopip$s or bricks1 ea* two in*es  
long1 "o in* wide1 & "o half in* ?ick4  
#b4 ,l ! ?ird gift 9 =m1 size1 mat]ial1 
& use1 x is unlike x 9 division4 ,9 !   
?ird gift ! p>ts 7 l ea* o!r1 & l !     
:ole1 9 ! f\r? !y are l ea* o!r1 b      
unlike ! :ole4  #c4 ,! mo/ important    
*>act]i/ics ( ! gift are3--      a4     
,approximation to surface 9 !           
symmetrical =ms4      b4 ,great] height 
& great] ext5sion1 result+ 9 a          
great] possible inclosure ( space4      
c4 ,! illu/ration ( two philosophical   
laws1 viz41 !     law ( ,equilibrium or 
,balance1 & ! law ( ,transmitt$         
,motion or ,propagation ( ,=ce4  #d4    
,progress is %[n 9 ?is gift z foll[s3-- 
a4 ,9 ! difficulty ( dictation &        

manipulation aris+     f ! diff]5t "* ( 
! faces ( ! bricks1 &     ! _m positions
 :i* ea* brick c assume4      b4 ,9 !   
necessity ( p]fect balance4      c4 ,9 a
 cle>] illu/ration ( dim5sion4 ,9 ! ?ird
     gift ! p>ts 7 equal 9 height1      
bread?1 & ?ickness2     9 ! f\r? !y are 
unequal1 & !re=e ea* dim5sion     is    
emphasiz$4  ,z to progression1 !        
increase ( difficulty suits ! increase 9
 ! *ild's p[] ( compreh5sion &          
receptivity4 ,he is be+ develop$ ?us f>1
 n by rapid *anges 9 mat]ial or great]  
ex]cise 9 numb]1 b by practice ) diff]+ 
=ms1 ea* "o br++ ) x new k & exp]i5ce4  
,! organs ( p]ception are be+ con/antly 
made to gr[ by ex]cise ) int5tion4 ,we  
are =m+ ! sci5tific eye :i* c detect    
diff]5ces ev] aft] at a glance4  #e4 ,! 
geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift    
are3--    ,solids4  ,rectangul>         
,p>allelopip$s4            ,squ>e       
,prisms4    ,planes4  ,oblongs4         
,squ>es4  #f4 ,! f\r? gift pres5ts      
contra/s ( dim5sion &1 z to ! area ( its

 faces1 contra/s ( size & _! m$iation4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,:at ! ,*ild has ga9$ f ,?ird ,gift4  ,!
 use ( ! ?ird gift op5$ to ! *ild q a   
new _w ( exp]i5ces1 ea* "o ( :i* 0      
pleasant & in/ructive1 comb9+ all !     
delights ( m5tal & physical activity1   
imag9ation1 practical indu/ry1 &        
cop]ation4  ,he has ga9$ an idea1 di/9ct
 9 proportion to ! skill ) :i* x has be5
 plac$ be=e him1 ( ! cube z a solid body
 hav+ surfaces1 corn]s1 & edges2 ( a    
:ole & its equal fractional p>ts2 ( !   
p[] ( comb9+ ^? p>ts into new :oles2 & (
 ! fact t =m & size are two sep>ate &   
di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( objects4 ,he has   
also ga9$ new dext]ity4#dc ,8 t5 little 
f+]s t seem$ all ?umbs z !y arrang$ s   
c>efully ! clumsy little cubes ( ! ,l[  
,wall c n[ build ! ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t
 ) un]r+ skill1 & c ev51 ) ! grave      
conc5tration t x dem&s1 drop ! la/      
difficult little block corn]wise into ! 
top ( ! *ur* w9d[4      #dc ,a *ild     
tra9$ = "o ye> 9 a k9d]g>t5 w\ld        

acquire a skillful use ( 8 h&s & a habit
 ( accurate     measurem5t ( ! eye :i*  
w\ld be 8 possession ?r\gh     life4    
7,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris47  ,! *ild has c\nt$ 8  
cubes f "o to eight until he kn[s !m l !
 *ildr5 ( a family1 & c divide !m into  
sets ( two & f\r ) equal ease4  ,^! are 
! de$s4 ,z to ! new words ! little box (
 blocks has br\ght him1 _! numb] is     
legion1 compris+ _m t]ms ( direction &  
position1 names ( tools & implem5ts1    
build+s & places4  ,truly if ! k9d]g>tn]
 has be5 wise & fai?ful1 ! *ild has ga9$
 wond]s f ?is simple unassum+ toy1 "o   
:i* is almo/ too pla9 & rude to fix !   
mom5t>y att5tion ( a mod]n spoil$ *ild1 
?\gh ev5 he w gr[ to appreciate its     
treasures if rightly guid$4   ,diff]5ces
 betwe5 ,?ird & ,f\r? ,gifts4  ,& n[ we 
approa* ano!r cubical box1 conta9+ !    
f\r? gift1 &1 on op5+ x1 see t x pres5ts
 resemblances betwe5 & diff]5ces :5     
comp>$ ) t j left beh9d4  ,we notice at 
once ! new me?od ( division1 & 9 sep>at+
 x f9d t ! p>ts1 evid5tly 9 numb] ! same

 z be=e1 are entirely novel 9 =m1 ?\gh !
 :ole 0 famili> 9 its aspect4 ,if ! *ild
 is old en\gh to und]/& ! process (     
comp>ison1 he w see t ! p>ts ( ! two    
gifts h ea* six surfaces1 eight corn]s1 
& twelve edges2 b t :ile edges & corn]s 
are alike1 ! faces diff] greatly on !   
new block1 :i* he w probably call !     
brick1 z x is a famili> =m & "n to him4 
,?is process ( comp>ison w be greatly   
facilitat$ if he models ! two cubes 9   
clay1 & divides !m ) /r+ or wire1 ! "o  
into in* cubes1 ! o!r into bricks4      
,dr4 ,segu9's ,objections to ! ,cube z !
 ,prim>y ,figure 9 ! ,k9d]g>t54  ,dr4   
,e4 ,segu91 9 8 celebrat$ ,report on    
,education1 says1 9 reg>d to ! use ( !  
cube z ! prim>y block or figure 9 !     
k9d]g>t53 ,_h ! k9d]g>tn]s *os5 x ) _!  
s5ses1 z x mu/ speak to ! s5ses ( !     
*ild1 in/ead ( ) _! m9d1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly
 nev] h select$ ! cube1 a =m 9 :i*      
simil>ity is ev]y:]e1 diff]5ce n[h]e1 a 
b>r5 type incapable by itself ( in/igat+
 ! *ild to active comp>ison4 ,_h !y1 on 

! contr>y1 f infantile rem9isc5ces1 or f
 m philosophical indications1 select$ a 
block ( brick-=m1 ! *ild w\ld soon h    
discov]$ & made use ( ! simil>ity ( !   
/raight l9es1 & ( ! diff]5ce ( ! ?ree   
dim5sions4 ,= example3 ,put a cube on   
y\r desk & let a pupil put "o on 82 y   
*ange ! position ( y\rs1 he1 accord+ly1 
( 84 ,if y r5ew ^! moves till bo? ( y   
are tir$1 !y w n make any p]ceptible    
*ange 9 ! aspect ( ! object4 ,! movem5t 
has be5 b>r5 ( any modification         
p]ceptible to ! s5ses & appreciable to !
 m9d4 ,!re has be5 no lesson unless y h1
 by words speak+ to ! m9d1 succe$$ 9    
mak+ ! *ild compreh5d ! idea ( a cube   
d]iv$ f its intr9sic prop]ties2 a body )
 six equal sides & eight equal angles4  
,answ]s to ^! ,objections4  ,) all      
def]5ce to ,dr4 ,segu91 ^: op9ions &    
d$uctions are g5]ally indisputable1 we  
_c reg>d z unwise ! *oice ( ! cube z !  
prim>y figure 9 ! gifts4  ,9 ! fir/     
place1 ,froebel1 hav+ a sequ5ce ( =ms 9 
8 m9d1 und\bt$ly wi%$ to introduce1 e>ly

 9 t sequ5ce1 ! "o :i* w\ld be/ s]ve him
 z a f\ndation = fur!r division &       
subdivision4 ,?is ne$ is1 beyond "q1    
bett] met 9 ! cube ?an 9 ! brick1 :i*   
w\ld l5d itself awkw>dly to regul>      
division4  ,secondly1 al?\gh !re is 9 ! 
cube simil>ity ev]y:]e1 diff]5ce n[h]e1 
& !re=e x might be call$ 9 tru? a b>r5  
type1 incapable by itself ( in/igat+ !  
*ild to comp>ison & action1 we d n      
introduce x1 by itself1 b 9 contra/ ) ! 
sph]e & cyl9d]4  ,!n1 :5 x appe>s aga9 9
 ! build+ gifts1 z ! simple/ & mo/      
easily h&l$ =m elem5t1 ! k9d]g>tn] has e
 opportunity to use x s t x may lead !  
*ild to comp>ison & action1 & to develop
 ! sl[ly dawn+ s5se ( diff]5ce &        
agreem5t )\t :i* %e well kn[s k has n   
yet made ! fir/ /ep4 ,b1 if ! cube is a 
=m speak+ little to ! s5ses ( a *ild1 & 
requir+ description by words spok5 to ! 
m9d1 x is evid5t t we %\ld use great c>e
 9 deal+ ) ! second gift1 le/ we run    
ne$lessly into ab/ractions1 & /rive to  
give ! *ild ideas ( :i* he c h no       

compreh5sion4   ,value ( ! ,brick ,=m4  
,! brick is a =m ri* 9 impressions1 = we
 f9d t e position 9 :i* x is plac$ gives
 ! *ild a new p]ception1 & ! union ( ^! 
p]ceptions furni%es him ) a complete    
idea ( ! object1 & ( its possible uses 9
 relation to its =m4  ,dr4 ,segu9 does n
 rate x too highly :5 he says3 ,:at a   
spr+ ( effective movem5ts1 ( p]ceptions 
& ( ideas 9 ! ex]cises ) ?is =m1 :]e    
analogy & diff]5ce1 incessantly not$ by 
! t\* & ! view1 *all5ge ! m9d to        
comp>ison & judgm5t6   ,dim5sion4  ,!   
f\r? gift conta9s all t ! ?ree =m] gifts
 %[$1 & introduces diff]5ces ( dim5sion 
& equilibrium only h9t$ at be=e4 ,x     
also1 z ,froebel says1 ?r[s into relief 
! p]ception ( size by %[+ simil>ity (   
size ) dissimil>ity ( dim5sion &        
position4  ,z to dim5sion1 ! *ild built 
! ,%ot-t[] ) ! ?ird gift1 & knew t x 0  
high1 ! ,plat=m & t x 0 broad1 ! ,well &
 t x 0 deep1 ! ,wall & saw t x 0 ?ick1  
etc41 s t he has a conception ( height1 
l5g?1 bread?2 b 9 ! f\r? gift he is %[n 

^! dim5sions 9 a s+le block4 ,he is ?us 
l$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4#dd ,!y are     
unit$ & contra/$ 9 "o object1 & !re=e   
emphasiz$4      #dd ,! ?ree pr9cipal    
dim5sions ( space1 :i* 9 !     cube only
 make !mselves kn[n z diff]5ces (       
position1     9 ! f\r? gift become m    
prom95t & manife/     !mselves z        
diff]5ces ( size4 ,^! ?ree relations (  
size are 9 ! f\r? gift z abid+ &        
*angeless z !     position ( ! ?ree     
pr9cipal directions 0 be=e &     /ill   
is4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1 page #ahi4  
,equilibrium4  ,z to ! law (            
equilibrium1 x is v =cibly br\ght to !  
*ild's att5tion e "t 8 =ms fall to !    
table :5 con/ruct$ )\t due reg>d to its 
pr9ciples4  ,he soon sees its practical 
significance1 takes c>e to foll[ its    
manife/ expression1 & to obs]ve ) m c>e 
! c5tre ( gravity4 ,great lib]ties c\ld 
be tak5 ) ! /olid little cubes & !y     
seldom %[$ any res5tm5t2 !y quietly     
settl$ d[n into _! places & resi/$      
/urdily all ! e>?quake %ocks :i* are apt

 to visit a k9d]g>t5 table dur+ ! build+
 h\r4 ,! bricks on ! o!r h& h to be     
humor$ & treat$ ) def]5ce4 ,! mom5t "o  
is plac$ ^u ano!r1 end to end1 ! /ruggle
 beg9s1 & 9 any ( ! high ,life =ms1 !   
utmo/ delicacy ( t\* is necess>y z well 
z sure aim & /eady h&4  ,"h comes 91    
too1 a necessity ( calculation n be=e   
requir$4 ,! cubes c\ld be plac$ on any  
side & always occupy ! same space1 b !  
build+ ) ! bricks w v>y accord+ z !y are
 plac$ on ! broad1 ! n>r[1 or ! %ort    
face4 ,!y mu/ also fit toge!r & be> a   
c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r4  ,9 !        
dictations x w be p]ceiv$ t we n[ h to  
specify ! position :i* ! brick mu/ take 
z well z ! place :i* x is to occupy4 ,we
 designate ! ?ree faces ( ! brick z !   
broad face1 ! n>r[ face1 & ! %ort face  
or end4   ,f\r? ,gift ,build+4  ,!      
symmetrical =ms are mu* m int]e/+ ?an   
be=e & decid$ly m arti/ic :5 view$ 9    
comp>ison ) ! some:at ?ick & clumsy     
designs made ) ! cubes4 ,! f\r? gift =ms
 cov] m space1 approa* ne>] ! surface1 &

 ! bricks slide gracefully f "o position
 to ano!r1 & slip 9 & out ( ! diff]5t   
figures ) a movem5t :i* seems l a       
swan's1 comp>$ ) ! goose-/ep ( ! /ubby  
little cubes4  ,x is a notewor?y fact t 
! buds1 z ,froebel calls !m1 ( all !    
f\r? gift ,beauty =ms 7 conta9$ 9 ^? ( !
 ?ird gift1 & h "h op5$ into full]      
bloom4  ,! ,life =ms are mu* m arti/ic  
n[1 & beg9 to imitate a little m ne>ly !
 objects !y are int5d$ to repres5t4 ,we 
c make m ext5sive build+s also s9ce we h
 an additional height or l5g? ( eight   
in*es ov] t ( ! ?ird gift1 & ?us c cov] 
d\ble ! am\nt ( surface & inclose a mu* 
great] space4 ,9 ! fir/ play ) ! gift1 !
 *ildr5's eyes1 s ke5 9 see+ play       
possibilities1 quickly discov] ! value (
 ! bricks 9 furniture-mak+1 & set to "w 
at once on tables & *airs1 or bureaus & 
s(as & b$/eads4  ,!y engage too 9 a     
lively conte/ ) ! law ( equilibrium1 &  
exp]im5t long & pati5tly until !y       
compreh5d its practical work+s4  ,:5 !y 
und]/& ! f\r? gift fairly well1 "k !    

diff]5t faces & c h&le ! bricks ) "s    
dext]ity1 ! ?ird gift %\ld be add$ & !  
two us$ toge!r4 ,!y complem5t ea* o!r   
admirably1 & give v>iety & /r5g? to !   
build+1 :e!r =ms ( ,life1 ,beauty1 or ,k
 are con/ruct$4  ,froebel1 h[ev]1 is mo/
 emphatic 9 direct+ t ea* set ( blocks  
%\ld be giv5 to ! *ild 9 its own box1   
op5$ s z to pres5t a :ole at ! fir/     
glance1 & c>efully rebuilt & pack$ away 
:5 ! play is ov]4 ,! cubes & bricks %\ld
 nev] be left jumbl$ toge!r at ! close (
 ! ex]cise1 nor %\ld !y be kept 9 &     
return$ to a common receptacle4         
,unimportant z ^! little rules may      
appe>1 he says1 !y are ess5tial to !    
cle> & def9ite developm5t ( ! *ild1 to 8
 ord]ly appreh5sion ( ext]nal objects1 &
 to ! logical unfold+ ( 8 own concepts &
 judgm5ts4  ,! box ( build+ blocks %\ld 
be reg>d$ by ! *ild1 he concludes1 z a  
wor?y1 an appreciat$1 & a lov$ comrade4 
,! ma!matical =ms are con/ruct$ & appli$
 9 precisely ! same mann] z be=e4 ,!    
f\r? gift1 h[ev]1 (f]s a f> great] numb]

 ( ^! ?an its pr$ecessor1 :ile x is     
p>ticul>ly adapt$ to %[ t objects       
id5tical 9 =m & size may be produc$ 9 q 
diff]5t ways4  ,?r\gh\t all ^! guid$    
plays1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t "t is always
 to be all[$ ! *ild = free inv5tion1 t !
 k9d]g>tn] %\ld talk to him ab\t :at he 
has produc$ s t 8 ?\ght may be discov]$ 
to himself1#de & t 9 all possible ways  
,gr\p "w %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 ord] t 8 own
 /r5g? & atta9m5ts may be multipli$ by t
 ( 8 playfell[s & swell ! common /ock ( 
p[]4 ,froebel1 ! great advocate ( !     
,toge!r pr9ciple says1 ,isolation &     
exclusion de/roy life2 union &          
p>ticipation create life4#df      #de ,!
 *ild is all[$ ! greate/ possible fre$om
 (     inv5tion2 ! exp]i5ce ( ! adult   
only accompanies &                      
expla9s4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1 page   
#acj4      #df ,p$agogics1 page #ahj4   
,x is p]haps ne$less to say t !         
philosophical laws :i* gov]n ! outw>d   
manife/ations ( a mov+ =ce1 z           
equilibrium or self-propagat+ activity1 

are = p]sonal /udy1 & are nev] to be    
spok5 ( ab/ractly to ! *ild1 b m]ely to 
be illu/rat$ ) simple explanations4     
,transmitt$ ,motion4  ,to %[ simply !   
law ( transmitt$ motion1 = in/ance1 let 
! *ild place 8 eight bricks on end1 9 a 
r[1 "o half in* ap>t1 ) _! broad faces  
t[>d ea* o!r4 ,!n ask him to give ! "o  
at ! "r a v g5tle pu% t[>ds ! o!rs & see
 :at w happ52 ! result is probably z    
great a delight z y c\ld reasonably wi% 
to put )9 8 rea*4  ,:5 he asks1 ,:at    
makes !m d s8 z e ?\ghtful *ild is apt  
to d1 let u ask ! class ! same "q & set 
!m ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,:i* brick did x8 we may
 say famili>ly1 & !y w see x all 9 a    
mom5t1--:]e ! =ce orig9at$1 h[ x gave   
itself to ! next brick 9 ord]1 t "o 9   
turn do+ ! same1 & s on4  ,?is law (    
transmitt$ motion1 :5 s simply illu/rat$
 9 ! f\r? gift1 easily sugge/s to !     
*ildr5 ! =ce ( example1 & inde$ e       
physical law seems to h its correlate 9 
! moral _w4 ,we may make ! *ildr5 see x 
v cle>ly ?r\gh ! sev5 poor1 weak little 

bricks t fell d[n because !y 7 t\*$ by !
 fir/ "o4 ,!y really c\ld n help x2 n[1 
h[ ab\t sev5 little boys or girls8 ,!y c
 help do+ ?+s1 c !y n8  ,by su* simple  
ex]cises & appropriate comm5ts ! *ildr5 
may be made to realize _! moral free    
ag5cy4   ,,read+s ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t4      
,k9d]g>t5 at ,home4 ,emily ,%irreff4    
,pages #eh-fa4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,hailmann4 #ff4   ,koehl]'s        
,k9d]g>t5 ,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y       
,gurney4 #bc1 #bd4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4  
,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4 #ac-bd4   ,p$agogics (
 ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,fr4 ,froebel4 #aff-ie4   
,p>adise ( ,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4    
#ag-ai4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4             
,kraus-,boelte4 #dg-ha4   ,froebel &    
,education by ,self-,activity4 ,h4      
,c\r?ope ,b[54           #ada1 #adb4    
,k9d]g>t5 ,toys4 ,h4 ,h(fmann4 #bg-cj4  
,,froebel',s ,,fif? ,,gift      ,!      
mat]ial = mak+ =ms increases by degrees1
     progress+ accord+ to law1 z ,nature
 prescribes4 ,!     simple wild rose    
exi/$ be=e ! d\ble "o 0 =m$ by          

c>eful culture4 ,*ildr5 are too (t5     
ov]:elm$ )     quantity & v>iety (      
mat]ial t makes =mation     impossible  
to !m4      ,! dem& ( ! new gift1 !re=e1
 is t ! oblique     l9e1 hi!rto only    
transi5tly indicat$1 %all become an     
abid+ feature ( its mat]ial4      ,9 !  
=ms made ) ! fif? gift !re rules a liv+ 
_s ( unity4 ,ev5 memb]s & directions :i*
 are     app>5tly isolat$ are discov]$  
to be relat$ by     significant connect+
 memb]s & l9ks1 & ! :ole %[s     itself 
9 all its p>ts z "o & liv+1--!re=e1     
also1     z a life-r\s+1 life-nurtur+1 &
 life-develop+     totality4            
,,fr4 ,,froebel4   #a4 ,! fif? gift is a
 ?ree-in* cube1 :i*1 be+ divid$ equally 
twice 9 ea* dim5sion1 produces          
tw5ty-sev5 "o-in* cubes4 ,?ree ( ^! are 
divid$ into halves by "o diagonal cut1 &
 ?ree o!rs into qu>t]s by two diagonal  
cuts cross+ ea* o!r1 mak+ 9 all         
?irty-n9e pieces1 tw5ty-"o ( :i* are    
:ole cubes1 ! same size z ^? ( ! ?ird   
gift4  #b4 ,! fif? gift seems to be an  

ext5sion ( ! ?ird1 f :i* x diff]s 9 !   
foll[+ po9ts3--  ,! ?ird gift is a      
two-in* cube1 ! fif? a ?ree-in* cube2 ! 
?ird is divid$ once 9 ea* dim5sion1 !   
fif? twice4 ,9 ! ?ird all ! p>ts are l  
ea* o!r & l ! :ole2 9 ! f\r?1 !y are l  
ea* o!r b unlike ! :ole2 & 9 ! fif? !y  
are n only = ! mo/ "p unlike ea* o!r1 b 
eighte5 ( !m are unlike ! :ole4  ,! ?ird
 gift emphasiz$ v]tical & horizontal    
divisions produc+ entirely rectangul>   
solids2 ! fif?1 by introduction ( !     
slant+ l9e & triangul> prism1 ext5ds !  
elem5t ( =m4 ,9 ! ?ird gift1 ! slant+   
direction 0 m]ely impli$ 9 a transitory 
way by ! position ( ! blocks2 9 ! fif? x
 is def9itely realiz$ by _! diagonal    
division4  ,9 numb]1 ! ?ird gift        
emphasiz$ two & multiples ( two2 ! fif? 
is relat$ to ! f\r? 9 its advance 9     
complexity ( =m & ma!matical relations4 
#c4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( !    
gift are3 introduction ( diagonal l9e & 
triangul> =m2 division into ?irds1 n9?s1
 & tw5ty-sev5?s2 illu/ration ( ! incl9$ 

plane & cube-root4 ,z a result ( ^!     
comb9$ *>act]i/ics1 x is specially      
adapt$ to ! production ( symmetrical    
=ms4  ,x includes n only multiplicity1  
b1 = ! fir/ "t1 div]sity ( mat]ial4  #d4
 ,! fif? gift realizes a high] unity    
?r\gh a great] v>iety ?an has be5       
illu/rat$ previ\sly4 ,x corresponds ) ! 
*ild's increas+ p[] ( analysis2 x (f]s  
increas$ complexity to satisfy 8 gr[+   
p[]s ( creation1 & less def9itely       
sugge/ive mat]ial 9 ord] to keep pace ) 
8 develop+ individuality4  #e4 ,!       
geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift    
are3--                   ,cube4         
,rectangul> ,p>allelopip$4              
,squ>e ,prism4                          
,triangul> ,prism4   ,solids4           
,rhomboidal ,prism4                     
,trapezoidal ,prism4                    
,p5tagonal ,prism4                      
,hexagonal ,prism4                      
,heptagonal ,prism4                     
,octagonal ,prism4                      
,squ>e4                  ,oblong4       

,"r ,isosceles ,triangle4               
,rhomboid4   ,planes4        ,trapezium4
                  ,trapezoid4           
,p5tagon4                  ,hexagon4    
,heptagon4                  ,octagon4   
#f4 ,! fif? gift %[s ! foll[+ contra/s &
 m$iations3--  ,! diagonal l9e a        
connection betwe5 ! horizontal &        
v]tical2 ! "r angle z a connection      
betwe5 ! obtuse angle 7l>ge/7 & ! acute 
angle 7smalle/72 9 size ( p>ts ! half   
cube /&+ betwe5 ! :ole & qu>t] cubes4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,we h ?us f> be5 proce$+ f unity to     
v>iety1 f ! :ole to its p>ts1 f ! simple
 to ! complex1 f easily con/ruct$ =ms to
 ^? m difficult ( manipulation &        
dictation1 until we h arriv$ at ! fif?  
gift4   ,effect ( ! ,/udy ( ,froebel's  
,gifts on ! ,k9d]g>tn]4  ,h[ in/ructive 
& delightful h we f\nd ?is ord]ly       
proc$ure2 ?is developm5t ( great f      
little ?+s2 ?is ?\ghtful association (  
new & practical ideas ) all t is famili>
 to ! *ild m9d & he>t4 ,e ye> ! tra9+   

tea*] feels x anew h]self1 & is sure ( !
 gr[+ int]e/ & sympa?y ( h] pupils4  ,_m
 p]sons :o fail to grasp ! true mean+ ( 
! k9d]g>t5 seem to consid] ! balls &    
blocks & /icks ) :i* we "w mo/          
insignificant little objects2 b we ?9k1 
on ! o!r h&1 t no?+ 9 ! univ]se is small
 or insignificant if view$ 9 its "r     
connection & und]tak5 ) e>ne/ness &     
en?usiasm4 ,no?+ 9 *ildhood is too      
slight = ! notice1 too trivial = !      
sympa?y ( ^? on :om ! ,fa!r ( all has   
be/[$ ! holy dignity ( mo!rhood or      
tea*]hood2 & to ! k9d]g>tn] belongs !   
add$ dignity ( approa*+ ne>] ! =m] ?an !
 latt]1 = h]s inde$ is a sort (         
vice-mo!rhood4  ,we mu/ always be       
impress$ ) ! k :i* we ourselves ga9 9   
/udy+ ^! gifts & prep>+ ! ex]cises ) !m4
 ,9 conc5tration ( ?\ght2 c>eful1       
di/9ct1 precise1 & expressive language2 
logical arrangem5t ( ideas2 new love (  
ord]1 beauty1 symmetry1 fitness1 &      
proportion2 add$ +5uity 9 adapt+ mat]ial
 to v>i\s uses1 /hetic & practical1--9  

all ^! ways e practical /ud5t ( ,froebel
 mu/ con/antly feel a decid$ advance 9  
ability4  ,!n1 too1 ! simple rudim5ts ( 
geometry h be5 review$ 9 a new light2 we
 h dealt ) solid bodies & planes1 &     
/udi$ !m critically s t we might draw ! 
*ild's att5tion to all po9ts (          
resemblance or diff]5ce2 we h f\nd "s   
beautifully simple illu/rations (       
famili> philosophical tru?s1 &1 be/ (   
all1 h simplifi$ & cry/alliz$ our k ( ! 
relations ( numb]s s t ! *ild's         
impressions ( !m may be easily & cle>ly 
ga9$4   ,:y we are requir$ to /udy      
deeply & to "k m ?an we tea*4  ,we h be5
 requir$ to look at ea* gift 9 its      
broade/ aspect1 & to obs]ve x pati5tly &
 m9utely 9 all its possibilities1 = !   
l>g] ! am\nt ( k ! k9d]g>tn] possesses1 
! m free f error w be h] practice4      
,unless we "k m ?an we expect to tea*1  
we %all f9d t our lessons w be /iff1    
=mal affairs1 lack+ v>iety1 ela/icity1 &
 fre%ness1 & m>r$ cont9ually by lack (  
illu/ration & spontaneity4  ,lack (     

int]e/ 9 ! tea*] is z fatal z lack (    
int]e/ 9 ! *ild2 9 fact1 ! "o foll[s    
directly ^u ! heels ( ! o!r4 ,= ?is     
reason1 cont9u$ /udy is vitally necess>y
 t new phases ( tru? may cont9ually be  
se54  ,above all o!r p ! tea*] %\ld g   
?r\gh life ) eyes & e>s op54 ,unless %e 
is con/antly accumulat+ new in=mation h]
 m9d w n only become l a /agnant pool1 b
 %e w f9d out t :at %e possesses is     
gradually evaporat+4 ,!re is no /ate (  
equilibrium "h2 %e :o does n progress   
retrogresses4  ,x %\ld be a comp>atively
 simple matt] to ga9 en\gh k = tea*+1--!
 difficult ?+ is ! art ( imp>t+ x4 ,said
 ,"l ,bacon1 ,! art ( well deliv]+ ! k  
we possess to o!rs is among ! secrets   
left to be discov]$ by future g5]ations4
   ,relation betwe5 ,gifts1 & _!        
,relation to ! ,*ild's ,m5tal & ,moral  
,gr[?4  ,^! are a few ( ! te*nicalities 
:i* h be5 ma/]$ up to ?is "t by a       
fai?ful /udy ( ! gifts ( ,froebel2 & yet
 !y are only te*nicalities1 & d n       
include ! half ( :at has be5 ga9$ 9 ways

 m difficult to describe4  ,to cle>ly   
compreh5d ! gifts ei!r individually or  
collectively we mu/ cle>ly conceive _!  
relation to & dep5d5ce on ea* o!r1 = x  
is only 9 ?is intimate connection t !y  
ga9 importance or value4  ,if !         
k9d]g>tn] does n recognize ! relation%ip
 :i* exi/s betwe5 !m & _! relation to ! 
*ild's m5tal & moral gr[?1 %e uses !m ) 
no p[] or intellig5ce4 ,we conceive no?+
 truly s long z we conceive x by itself2
 ! individual example mu/ be ref]r$ to !
 univ]sal law be=e we c rightly appreh5d
 its significance1 & = a cle> insight   
into any?+ :atsoev] we mu/ view x 9     
relation to ! class to :i* x belongs4   
,we c nev] really "k ! "p unless we "k !
 :ole1 nei!r c we "k ! :ole unless we "k
 ! "p4   ,pleasure ( ,*ild at ,new      
,gift4  ,9 ! fif? gift1 :i*1 x may be   
said1 c commonly only be us$ ) pr(it    
aft] ! *ild has ne>$ or atta9$ 8 fif?   
ye>1 we f9d t we h n p>t$ f our good old
 fri5d1 ! cube1 t has taught u s _m     
valuable lessons4 ,we always f9d conta9$

 9 ea* gift a rem9d] ( ! previ\s "o1    
toge!r ) new elem5ts :i* may h be5      
impli$ be=e1 b n realiz$4 ,s1 !re=e1 we 
h aga9 ! cube1 b greatly enl>g$1 divid$1
 & div]sifi$4 ,:5 ! *ild sees = ! fir/  
"t ev5 ! l>g] box conta9+ 8 new play?+1 
he feels joyful anticipation1 surmis+ t 
z he has gr[n m c>eful & capable1 he has
 be5 entru/$ ) some?+ ( consid]able     
importance4 ,if he has be5 all[$ to use 
! ?ird & f\r? gifts toge!r frequ5tly1 he
 w n be emb>rass$ by ! am\nt ( mat]ial 9
 ! new object4  ,le/ he be ov]:elm$1    
h[ev]1 by its v>iety z mu* z by its     
quantity1 x might be well be=e pres5t+ !
 new mat]ial z a :ole to all[ ! *ild to 
play ) a ?ird gift 9 :i* "o cube cut 9  
halves & "o 9 qu>t]s h be5 sub/itut$ =  
two :ole cubes4 ,he w joyfully discov] !
 new =ms1 /udy !m c>efully1 & f9d out _!
 di/9ctive peculi>ities & _! value 9    
build+4 ,:5 he has us$ !m successfully  
once or twice1 & has le>n$ h[ to place !
 triangul> prisms to =m ! cube1 !n !    
mass ( new mat]ial z a :ole c h no      

t]rors = him4  ,h[ great is 8 pleasure  
:5 he )draws ! cov] & f9ds inde$ some?+ 
full ( imm5se possibilities2 he feels1  
too1 a comm& ( 8 faculties :i* leads him
 to reg>d ! new mat]ials1 n ) d\bt or   
misgiv+1 b ) a consci\s p[] (           
compreh5sion4   ,its ,new ,features4    
,at ! fir/ glance ! mo/ /rik+           
*>act]i/ics are its great] size & great]
 numb] ( divisions1 into ?irds1 n9?s1 & 
tw5ty-sev5?s1 in/ead ( halves1 qu>t]s1 &
 eigh?s4  ,^! divisions op5 a new field 
9 numb] lessons1 :ile ! introduction ( !
 slant+ l9e & triangul> prism makes a   
decid$ advance 9 =m & ar*itectural      
possibilities4   ,importance (          
,triangul> ,=m4  ,! triangle1 by ! way1 
is a valuable addition 9 build+         
ex]cises1 = z a fundam5tal =m 9         
ar*itecture x occurs v frequ5tly 9 !    
=mation ( all famili> objects4 ,inde$1 !
 new =m & its v>i\s uses 9 build+       
con/itute ! mo/ /rik+ & valuable feature
 ( ! gift4  ,we f9d x an int]e/+ fact t 
all ! gr& divisions ( ! e>?'s surface h 

a triangul> =m1 & t ! l>g] isl&s assume 
?is %ape m or less4  ,! op]ation (      
divid+ ! e>?'s surface into great] &    
less] triangles is us$ 9 mak+ a         
trigonometrical survey & 9 asc]ta9+ !   
l5g? ( a degree ( latitude or longitude4
 ,! triangle is also ( great use 9 !    
v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( me*anical "w1 z w be  
not$ h]eaft] 9 connection ) ! sev5?     
gift4   ,difficulties ( ! ,fif? ,gift4  
,! difficulties ( ! fif? gift are only  
app>5t1 = ! well-tra9$ *ild ( ! k9d]g>t5
 sees m ?an any o!r1 & he w grasp !     
small complexities ) wond]ful ease1     
smoo?+ out a pa? = himself :ile we are  
wond]+ h[ we %all make x pla9 to him4   
,effect ( ,good ,tra9+4  ,b "h let u    
note t we c only succe$ 9 atta9+        
satisfactory results 9 k9d]g>t5 "w by   
beg9n+ intellig5tly & nev] discont9u+   
our pati5t wat*fulness1 self-comm&1 &   
firmness ( purpose1--firmness1 rememb]1 
n /ubbornness1 = x is a r>e gift to be  
able to yield rightly & at ! prop] "t4  
,if we help ! little "o too mu* 9 8 fir/

 simple lessons or dictations2 if we    
supply ! ^w he ought to give2 if1 to    
save "t & produce a symmetrical effect1 
we move a block "h & !re 9 we>9ess at "s
 *ild's app>5t /upidity1 we %all nev]   
fail to reap ! natural results4 ,!      
effect ( a rational consci5ti\s &       
consi/5t behavior to ! *ild 9 all our   
deal+s ) him is v great1 & e little slip
 f ! lov+ yet firm & /raight=w>d c\rse  
br+s its imm$iate fruit4  ,! p]fectly   
develop$ *ild welcomes ea* new          
difficulty & invites x2 ! imp]fectly    
tra9$ pupil %r9ks 9 half-t]ror &        
helplessness1 feel+ no hope ( becom+    
ma/] ( ^! /range new impressions4       
,arrangem5t ( ,pieces4  ,to return to ! 
specific consid]ation ( ! gift1 !re mu/ 
be a plan ( arrang+ ! v>i\s pieces :i* g
 to make up ! :ole cube4  ,we h n[ = !  
fir/ "t ! slant+ l9e1 ! m$iation ( ! two
 opposites1 v]tical & horizontal1 & by  
?is ?ree ( ! small cubes are divid$ into
 halves & ?ree into qu>t]s4 ,x is       
advisable1 :5 build+ ! cube1 to place   

n9e :ole cubes 9 ea* ( ! two l[] lay]s1 
keep+ all ! divid$ cubes 9 ! upp] or    
?ird lay]1 halves 9 ! middle r[1 qu>t]s 
at ! back4 ,!n we may slide ! box g5tly 
ov] ! cube z 9 ! ?ird & f\r? gifts1 :i* 
enables u to h ! blocks sep>at$ prop]ly 
:5 tak5 out aga91 & =ms ! only exp$i5t  
way ( h&l+ ! pieces4#dg      #dg ,?is   
proc$ure is by no means int5d$ m]ely to 
make     ! )drawal ( ! box easy = !     
*ild1 b1 on !     contr>y1 br+s to him  
mu* inn] pr(it4 ,x is well = him     to 
receive 8 play?+s 9 an ord]ly mann]--n  
to h     !m toss$ to him z fodd] is     
toss$ to animals4 ,x is good     = !    
*ild to beg9 8 play ) ! p]ception ( a   
:ole1 a simple self-conta9$ unit1 & f   
?is unity to     develop 8              
repres5tations4 ,f9ally1 x is ess5tial t
     ! play+ *ild %\ld receive 8 mat]ial
 s arrang$     t its v>i\s elem5ts are  
disc]nible1 & t by see+     !m 8 m9d may
 unconsci\sly =m plans = us+ !m4        
,receiv+ 8 mat]ial ?us arrang$1 ! *ild w
 use x     ) ev]-recurr5t & increas+    

satisfaction1 & 8 play     w produce f> 
m abid+ results ?an ! play ( "o     ^:  
mat]ial lies be=e him l a heap (        
cobble/ones4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1    
page #bje4  ,! ex]cises ) ?is gift are l
 ^? :i* h prec$$ x4   ,ex]cises ( !     
,gift  #a4 ,in=mal que/ions by !        
k9d]g>tn] & answ]s by ! *ildr51 on its  
introduction1 t x may be well und]/ood4 
,?is %\ld be made entirely              
conv]sational1 famili>1 & playful1 b a  
logical plan ( developm5t %\ld be kept 9
 m9d4 ,a consid]ation ( ! v>i\s pieces (
 ! gift may occupy a "p ( ea* build+ or 
numb] lesson4  #b4 ,dictation1 build+ by
 sugge/ion1 & coop]ative plays 9 ! v>i\s
 =ms4 ,) all except advanc$ *ildr5 !    
,life =ms are mo/ useful & desirable4#dh
      #dh ,! *ild1 9 a ^w1 foll[s ! same
 pa? z ! man1     & advances f use to   
beauty & f beauty to                    
tru?4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1 page #bai4
  #c4 ,free inv5tion ) ea* lesson4  #d4 
,numb] & =m lessons4 ,9 numb] !re w (   
c\rse be "s repetition ( :at has be5    

done be=e1 b a suffici5t am\nt ( new    
pres5tation to awak5 int]e/4 ,x is only 
by con/ant review & repetition t we c   
assi/ *ildr5 to rememb] ^! ?+s & to     
receive !m among _! natural exp]i5ces1 &
 =tunately ! habit ( repetition 9       
*ildhood is a natural "o1 & !re=e seldom
 irksome4   ,errors 9 ,=m ,tea*+4  ,z to
 ! =m lessons1 we mu/ rememb] t our     
me?od has no?+ to d ) sci5tific         
geometry1 b is bas$ entirely on         
inspection & practice4 ,x lays !        
f\ndation ( in/ruction 9 draw+1 & =ms an
 admirable prep>ation = diff]5t trades1 
z c>p5try1 cab9et-mak+1 masonry1        
lock-smi?+1 patt]n-mak+1 etc4 ,ev5 9 !  
prim>y s*ools1 & h[ mu* m 9 ! k9d]g>t51 
! =m or geometrical "w %\ld be          
ess5tially practical & giv5 by          
inspection4 ,ev5 !re all sci5tific      
demon/ration %\ld be prohibit$1 & !     
tea*] %\ld be sp>+ 9 def9itions4  ,x is 
en\gh if ! *ildr5 recognize ! =ms by _! 
special *>act]i/ics & by p]ceiv+ _!     
relations1 & c reproduce ! solids 9     

model+1 & ! planes & outl9es 9 tablets1 
/icks1 r+s1 slats1 draw+1 & sew+4#di    
#di ,! ,conf]5ce recomm5ds t ! *ild's   
geometrical     education %\ld beg9 z   
e>ly z possible2 9 !     k9d]g>t51 if he
 att5ds a k9d]g>t51 or if n1 9 !        
prim>y s*ool4 ,he %\ld at fir/ ga9      
famili>ity ?r\gh     ! s5ses ) simple   
geometrical figures & =ms1 plane     &  
solid2 %\ld h&le1 draw1 measure1 & model
 !m2 &     %\ld gradually le>n "s ( _!  
simpl] prop]ties &                      
relations4--,report ( ,committee ( ,t51 
page #aaj4   ,,life ,,=ms4  ,we c n[ be 
q me?odical & workman-l 9 our build+1 & 
c le>n to use all ! p>ts economically & 
accord+ to pr9ciple4 ,we c discuss gr\nd
 plans1 cell>s1 f\ndations1 basem5ts1   
ro(s1 eaves1 *imneys1 entrances1 &      
w9d[s1 & ?us c make almo/ habitable     
dwell+s & m9iature models ( l>g]        
objects4#ej      #ej ,! *ild's life     
moves f ! h\se & its     liv+-rooms1    
?r\gh kit*5 & cell>1 ?r\gh y>d &        
g>d51 to ! wid] space & activity ( /reet

 & m>ket1     & ?is expansion ( life is 
cle>ly reflect$ 9 ! ord]     &          
developm5t ( 8 productions4--,froebel's 
,p$agogics1     page #bba4  ,! *ild is a
 real c>p5t] n[1 & innoc5tly happy 9 8  
labor4 ,:o c d\bt t 9 ^! *e]ful daily   
avocations he becomes 9 love ) indu/ry &
 p]sev]ance1 & z "* is no?+ b cry/alliz$
 habit1 he gets a decid$ bias 9 ^!      
directions :i* affects him = _m a ye>   
aft]w>d4#ea      #ea ,9 "s ,g]man       
k9d]g>t5s l>ge build+-logs are          
suppli$ 9 "o corn] ( ! play g>d54 ,^!   
logs are a     foot or m 9 l5g?1 ?ree   
in*es wide1 & "o in*     ?ick4 ,sev]al  
hundr$ ( ^! are kept neatly pil$ aga9/  
! f5ce1 & ! *ildr5 are expect$ to leave 
!m 9     good ord]4 ,?is bit ( volunt>y 
discipl9e has its good     uses on !    
playgr\nd1 & ! free build+ all[$ )      
?is l>g] mat]ial gives rise to          
individual ef=t1 &     te/s ! p[] ( !   
*ildr5 9 a way :i* makes !     lat]1 m  
organiz$ "w at ! tables f> m full (     
mean+4--,k9d]g>t5 ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1   

#ahid4  ,objects :i* he meets 9 8 daily 
walks are to be con/ruct$1 & also       
objects ) :i* he is n s famili>1#eb s t 
by pleasant conv]sation ! realm ( 8 k   
may be ext5d$1 & ! sph]e ( 8 affections 
& fancies enl>g$2 = ^! ex]cises :5      
prop]ly conduct$ address equally head1  
he>t1 & h&4      #eb ,z ^! build+ gifts 
af=d a means ( cle>+ !     p]ceptions ( 
! *ild1 !y give occasion = ext5d+     ^!
 p]ceptions1 & = repres5t+ 9 _! ess5tial
     p>ts objects ( :i* ! *ild has only 
he>d4--,froebel's     ,p$agogics1 page  
#bbb4  ,froebel says ( all ?is build+1  
,x is ess5tial to proce$ f ! cube z a   
:ole4 ,9 ?is way ! conception ( ! :ole1 
( unit+1 /amps itself ^u ! *ild's m9d1 &
 ! evolution ( ! p>ticul>1 p>tial1 &    
manifold f unity is illu/rat$4   ,gr\p  
,"w4  ,our opportunities = gr\p "w1 or  
unit$ build+1 are greatly ext5d$1 & none
 ( !m %\ld be neglect$1 z x is ess5tial 
to inculcate ?us e>ly ! value (         
cop]ation4 ,we h mat]ial en\gh to call  
into be+ _m diff]5t ?+s on ! *ildr5's   

tables2 ! h\se :]e !y live1 ! *ur* !y   
see on ,sunday1 ! factory :]e _! fa!rs  
or bro!rs "w1 ! s*oolh\se1 ! ,city      
,hall1 ! public f\nta91 ! /able1 & !    
%ops4 ,?us we may create an entire      
village ) unit$ ef=t1 & sy/ematic1      
h>moni\s action4 ,ea* object may be     
br\ght into intimate relation ) ! o!rs  
by tell+ a /ory 9 :i* e =m is introduc$4
 ,?is always increases ! int]e/ ( !     
class1 & ! /ory itself seems to be m    
di/9ctly rememb]$ by ! *ild :5 br\ght   
into connection ) :at he has himself    
con/ruct$4  ,! ?ird gift may be us$ ) ! 
fif? if we wi% to increase ! numb] (    
blocks = cop]ative "w1 & is p>ticul>ly  
adapt$ to ! lay+ ( f\ndations = l>ge    
build+s 9 ! s&-table4 ,a l>ge fif? gift1
 con/ruct$ on ! scale ( a foot in/ead ( 
an in*1 is v useful = unit$ build+4 ,"o 
*ild or ! k9d]g>tn] may be ! ar*itect ( 
! monum5t or o!r l>ge =m :i* is to be   
erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,! v>i\s   
*ildr5 !n br+ ! :ole cubes1 ! halves1 & 
qu>t]s1 & lay !m 9 _! appropriate       

places1 & ! erection :5 complete is ! "w
 ( e memb] ( ! community4               
,,symmetrical ,,=ms4  ,^! are 9 numb] & 
v>iety almo/ endless1 z we h ?irty-n9e  
pieces ( diff]5t *>act]s4 ,edw>d ,wiebe 
says3 ,he :o is n a /rang] 9 ma!matics  
kn[s t ! numb] ( comb9ations &          
p]mutations ( ?irty-n9e diff]5t bodies  
_c be c\nt$ by hundr$s nor express$ by  
?\s&s1 b t millions h>dly suffice to    
exhau/ all possible comb9ations4  ,^!   
=ms naturally sep>ate !mselves1 ,froebel
 says1 into two di/9ct s]ies1 i4 e41 !  
s]ies ( squ>es & ! s]ies ( triangles1 & 
move f ^! to ! circle z ! conclusion ( !
 :ole s]ies ( repres5tations4 ,f ^! =ms 
approximat+ to ! circle !re is an easy  
transition to ! repres5tation ( !       
diff]5t k9ds ( cog-:eels1 & h5ce to a   
crude prelim9>y idea ( me*anics4  ,if ! 
movem5ts beg9 ) ! ext]ior "p ( ! figure 
in/ead ( ! int]ior1 we %\ld make all !  
*anges we wi% 9 t direction be=e t\*+ ! 
c5tre1 & vice v]sa4  ,ea* def9ite beg9n+
 conditions a c]ta9 process ( its own1 &

 h[ev] mu* lib]ty 9 reg>d to *anges may 
be all[$1 !y are always to be introduc$ 
)9 c]ta9 limits4#ec  ,we %\ld leave     
ample room = ! *ild's own p[]s (        
creation1 b nev] disreg>d ,froebel's    
pr9ciple ( connection ( opposites2 ?is  
alone w furni% him ) ! inw>d guide :i*  
he ne$s4#ed ,x is only by becom+        
accu/om$ to a logical mode ( action t ! 
*ild c use ?is am\nt ( mat]ial to good  
advantage4      #ec ,) ^! =ms ( beauty x
 is above all important     t !y be     
develop$ "o f ano!r4 ,ea* =m 9 !        
s]ies %\ld be a modification or         
trans=mation ( its     pr$ecessor4 ,no  
=m %\ld be entirely de/roy$4 ,x is also 
ess5tial t ! s]ies %\ld be develop$ s t 
ea*     /ep %\ld %[ ei!r an evolution   
into great]     manifoldness & v>iety1  
or a return to great]                   
simplicity4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1 page
 #bbe4      #ed ,?is free activity 444  
is only possible :5 ! law     ( free    
creativ5ess is kn[n & appli$2 = t a free
     creativ5ess only c be a lawful "o1 

we are taught by !     smalle/ blade (  
grass1 ^: developm5t takes place only   
accord+ to immutable laws4--,rem9isc5ces
 ( ,froebel1     page #acc4   ,dang]s ( 
,dictation4  ,! dictations %\ld be made 
) great c>e & simplicity4 ,! *ild's m9d 
mu/ nev] be =c$ if x %[s we>9ess1 nor ! 
m difficult lessons giv5 9 too noisy a  
room1 z ! n]v\s /ra9 is v great "u su*  
circum/ances4 ,we %\ld rememb] t great  
conc5tration is ne$$ = a "y *ild to     
foll[ ^! dictations1 & we mu/ be        
exce$+ly c>eful 9 en=c+ t /rict att5tion
 = too long a "t4 ,a well-kn[n speciali/
 says t su* ex]cises %\ld n be all[$ at 
fir/ to take up m ?an a m9ute or two at 
a "t2 !n1 t _! duration %\ld gradually  
ext5d to five & t5 m9utes4 ,! l5g? ( "t 
:i* *ildr5 closely & volunt>ily att5d to
 an ex]cise is z foll[s3 ,*ildr5 f five 
to sev5 ye>s1 ab\t fifte5 m9utes2 f sev5
 to t5 ye>s1 tw5ty m9utes2 f twelve to  
eighte5 ye>s1 ?irty m9utes4 ,a magnetic 
tea*] c obta9 att5tion some:at long]1 b 
x w always be at ! exp5se ( ! succe$+   

lesson4 ,by tea*]s ( high pret5sions1   
lessons are (t5 c>ri$ on greatly &      
griev\sly 9 excess ( ! prop] limits2 b  
:5 ! results are exam9$ !y %[ t aft] a  
c]ta9 "t has be5 exce$$1 ev]y?+ =c$ ^u !
 bra9 only t5ds to drive out or to      
confuse :at has be5 previ\sly /or$ 9 x4 
,we f9d1 ( c\rse1 t ! m9d c su/a9 m     
labor = a long] "t :5 all ! faculties   
are employ$ ?an :5 a s+le faculty is    
ex]t$1 b ! ambiti\s tea*] ne$s to rem9d 
h]self e day t no error is m fatal ?an  
to ov]work ! bra9 ( a "y *ild4 ,o!r     
errors may p]haps be correct$1 b !      
effects ( ?is end only ) life4 ,to =ce  
^u him k :i* is too advanc$ = 8 pres5t  
compreh5sion1 or to dem& f him great]   
conc5tration1 & = a long] p]iod ?an he  
is physically fitt$ to give1 is to      
produce arre/$ developm5t4#ee      #ee  
,:oev] sacrifices heal? to wisdom has   
g5]ally     sacrific$ wisdom1 too4      
7,jean ,paul47   ,,ma!matical ,,=ms4    
,we mu/ bew>e ( ab/ractions 9 ^! =ms (  
k1 & let ! *ild see & build = himself1  

!n lead him to express 9 numb]s :at he  
has se5 & built4 ,he w n call x         
,ari?metic1 nor be tr\bl$ ) any visions 
( ma!matics z an ab/ract sci5ce4#ef     
#ef ,p]ceptions & recognitions :i* are )
 difficulty     ga9$ f words are easily 
ga9$ f facts & de$s4     ,?r\gh actual  
exp]i5ce ! *ild ga9s 9 a trice a total  
concept1 :]eas ! same concept express$ 9
 words w\ld be     only grasp$ 9 a      
p>tial mann]4 ,! r>e m]it1 !     vivify+
 influ5ce ( ?is play-mat]ial is t1 ?r\gh
     ! repres5tations x makes possible1 
concepts are     recogniz$ at once 9 _! 
:ol5ess & unity1 :]eas su*     an idea (
 a :ole c only v gradually be ga9$ f its
     v]bal expression4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be
 add$ t lat]1     ?r\gh words1 ! concept
 c be br\ght into high] &     cle>]     
consci\sness4--,froebel's ,p$agogics1   
page #bjf4  ,! cube may be divid$ into  
?irds1 n9?s1 & tw5ty-sev5?s1 & ! fact   
?us practically %[n t :e!r ! ?irds are 9
 "o =m or ano!r1 9 long l9es or squ>es1 
upright or flat1 ! cont5ts rema9 ! same4

 ,we may also illu/rate by build+1 t l  
=ms may be produc$ :i* %all h diff]5t   
cont5ts1 or diff]5t =ms hav+ ! same     
cont5ts4  ,halves & qu>t]s may be       
discuss$ & fully illu/rat$1 & addition1 
subtraction1 multiplication1 & division 
may be cont9u$ z fully z ! compreh5sion 
( ! *ild w all[4  ,dur+ ! practice ) !  
=ms ( k we %\ld frequ5tly illu/rate !   
lawful evolution ( "o =m f ano!r1 z 9 ! 
s]ies mov+ f ! p>allelopip$ to !        
hexagonal prism4  ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t 
:5ev] ! cube is sep>at$ & divid$1       
recomb9ation %\ld foll[1 & t ! gift     
plays %\ld always close ) syn!tic       
processes4  ,"s ( ! ma!matical tru?s %[n
 9 ! fif? gift 7 also se5 9 ! ?ird1 b   
repeat$ exp]i5ces1 z ,froebel says1 are 
( great pr(it to ! *ild4#eg  ,we %\ld   
all[ no memoriz+ 9 any ( ^! ex]cises or 
mean+less & s+-song repetitions ( words4
 ,we mu/ always talk en\gh to make !    
lesson a liv+ "o1 b n too mu*1 le/ !    
*ild be depriv$ ( ! use ( 8 own ?\ghts &
 abilities4      #eg ,x is ?r\gh frequ5t

 return to a subject & int5se           
activity ^u x = %ort p]iods1 t x 'soaks 
9' &     becomes influ5tial 9 ! build+ (
 "*4 ,especially     is ?is true if !   
pr9ciples ( app]ception &               
conc5tration are n =gott5 by ! tea*] 9  
work+     ^u ! discipl9>y subjects4     
7,geo4 ,p4 ,br[n47   ,,! ,,fif? ,,gift  
,b4  ,!re is a supplem5tal box ( blocks 
call$ 9 ,g]many ! fif? gift ,b1 :i* may 
be reg>d$ z a comb9ation ( ! second &   
fif? gifts1 & ^: place 9 ! regul> l9e ( 
mat]ial is betwe5 ! fif? & six?4 ,x 0   
br\ght out 9 ,b]l9 m ?an ?irte5 ye>s    
ago1 b has n s f> be5 us$ to any ext5t 9
 ?is c\ntry4  ,x is a ?ree-in* wood5    
cube divid$ into twelve "o-in* cubes1   
eight additional cubes f ea* ( :i* "o   
corn] is remov$ & :i* correspond 9 size 
to a qu>t] ( a cyl9d]1 six "o-in*       
cyl9d]s divid$ 9 halves1 & ?ree "o-in*  
cubes divid$ diagonally into qu>t]s l ^?
 ( ! fif? gift4  ,h]mann ,goldamm]      
argues its necessity 9 8 book ,! ,gifts 
( ! ,k9d]g>t5 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 :5 he says

 t ! curv$ l9e has be5 kept too mu* 9 ! 
backgr\nd by k9d]g>tn]s1 & t ! new      
blocks w enable *ildr5 to con/ruct =ms  
d]iv$ f ! sph]e & cyl9d]1 z well z f !  
cube4  ,goldamm]'s rem>k 9 reg>d to !   
curv$ l9e is und\bt$ly true1 b x w\ld   
seem t he himself indicates t ! place ( 
! new blocks 7or ( "s gift conta9+ curv$
 l9es7 %\ld be supplem5tal to ! ?ird1 r 
?an ! fif?1 z !y w\ld !re c>ry out m    
/rictly ! logical ord] ( developm5t &   
amplify ! sugge/ions ( ! sph]e1 cube1 & 
cyl9d]4  ,x is possible t we ne$ a ?ird 
gift ,b & a f\r? gift ,b1 z well z "s   
modifications ( ! "o already exi/+1 all 
( :i* %\ld include =ms deal+ ) ! curve4 
,goldamm] says fur!r3 ,9 ,froebel's     
build+ boxes !re are two s]ies (        
developm5t int5d$ to r5d] a *ild by 8   
own rese>*es & p]sonal activity famili> 
) ! g5]al prop]ties ( solid bodies & !  
special prop]ties ( ! cube & =ms d]iv$ f
 x4 ,^! two s]ies hi!rto _h ! six? gift 
z _! la/ /age1 al?\gh ,froebel himself  
wi%$ to see !m cont9u$ by two new boxes4

 ,he nev] con/ruct$ !m1 h[ev]1 nor are !
 indications :i* he has left u ) reg>d  
to ^? int5d$ additions suffici5tly cle> 
to be foll[$ by o!rs4  ,! curv$ =ms ( ! 
fif? gift ,b are1 ( c\rse1 ( m>k$       
advantage 9 build+1 especially 9        
con/ruct+ entrances1 wells1 ve/ibules1  
rose-w9d[s1 cov]$ bridges1 railroad     
/ations1 viaducts1 /eam & horse c>s1    
h\se-boats1 f\nta9s1 ligh?\ses1 z well z
 famili> h\sehold furniture1 su* z      
pianos1 tall clocks1 book%elves1        
cradles1 etc4  ,?\gh "o may p]haps      
consid] ! fif? gift ,b z n entirely well
 plac$ 9 po9t ( sequ5ce1 & ne$+ "s      
modification ( its pres5t =m1 yet no "o 
c fail to enjoy its practical use1 or to
 recognize ! validity ( ! argum5ts = its
 introduction4   ,,read+s ,,= ,,!       
,,/ud5t4    ,p>adise ( ,*ildhood4 ,edw>d
 ,wiebe4 ,pages #ba-bg4   ,k9d]g>t5     
,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4 #bd-bi4       
,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,kraus-,boelte4       
#ha-aac4   ,koehl]'s ,k9d]g>t5          
,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y ,gurney4 #be-ca4

   ,froebel & ,education by             
,self-,activity4 ,h4 ,c\r?ope ,b[54     
#adb1 #adc4   ,p$agogics ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 
,fr4 ,froebel4 #bja-bcf4   ,art & !     
,=mation ( ,ta/e4 ,walt] ,crane4 #aeb1  
#aig-bdb4   ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture4
 ,john ,rusk94   ,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,h4      
,goldamm]4 #he-ajd1 #aaa-aaf4           
,k9d]g>t5 ,toys4 ,h4 ,h(fmann4 #ca-cf4  
,,froebel',s ,,six? ,,gift      ,!      
arti/ically cultivat$ s5ses ( ! new     
g5]ation     w aga9 re/ore pure1 holy   
art4   ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,life  
br+s to ea* 8 task1 & :atev] art y      
select1     algebra1 plant+1            
ar*itecture1 poems1 comm]ce1            
politics1--all are atta9able1 ev5 to !  
miracul\s     triumphs1 on ! same t]ms1 
( select+ t = :i* y     are apt2 beg9 at
 ! beg9n+1 proce$ 9 ord]1 /ep by        
/ep4                                    
,r4 ,w4 ,,em]son4      ,! six? gift     
reveals ! value ( axial contra/s4       
,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann4   #a4 ,! six? gift  
is a ?ree-in* cube divid$ by v>i\s cuts 

into ?irty-six pieces1 eighte5 ( :i* are
 rectangul> p>allelopip$s1 or bricks1 ! 
same size z ^? ( ! f\r? gift1 two in*es 
long1 "o in* wide1 & "o half in* ?ick4  
,twelve additional pieces are =m$ by    
cutt+ six ( ^! p>allelopip$s or units ( 
measure 9 halves bread?wise1 giv+ blocks
 ) two squ>e & f\r oblong faces4 ,!     
rema9+ six pieces are =m$ by cutt+ ?ree 
p>allelopip$s or units ( measure 9      
halves1 l5g?wise1 giv+ squ>e prisms1    
columns1 or pill>s4  #b4 ,! six? is !   
la/ ( ! solid gifts1 & is an ext5sion ( 
! f\r?1 f :i* x diff]s 9 size & numb] ( 
p>ts4 ,x deals ) multiples ( ! numb] two
 & ?ree also2 ) halves r ?an ) qu>t]s or
 ?irds1 ! half be+ treat$ 9 a new mann]1
 i4 e41 by divid+ ! unit ( measure bo? 9
 its l5g? & bread?1 giv+ two solids1    
diff]5t 9 =m b alike 9 cubical cont5ts4 
#c4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ( !    
gift are3--      a4 ,irregul>ity (      
division4      b4 ,introduction (       
column4      c4 ,ext5t ( surface cov]$  
by symmetrical =ms4      d4 ,great]     

inclosure ( space 9 symmetrical =ms4    
e4 ,introduction ( di/9ct /yle (        
ar*itecture4      f4 ,great] height (   
,life =ms4      g4 ,sev]e simplicity (  
,life =ms produc$ by !     rectangul>   
solids4  #d4 ,! six? gift has no great  
increase ( difficulty1 & ?\gh new =ms   
are pres5t$ !re is little complexity 9  
dictation4 ,! build+ ne$s a some:at m   
c>eful h&l+1 inasmu* z ! ,life =ms rise 
to consid]able height & ne$ ! mo/ exact 
balance4  ,! *ild sees solids ^: faces  
are all ei!r squ>es or oblongs1 b (     
diff]5t sizes1 viz41 oblongs ( ?ree     
sizes1 squ>es ( two sizes4  ,?is is !   
la/ ( ! ,build+ ,gifts2 ! *ild hav+     
receiv$ suffici5t k to be introduc$ /ep 
by /ep into ! doma9 ( ! ab/ract1 ! fir/ 
/ep be+ ! planes ( ! sev5? gift4  #e4 ,!
 geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift   
are3--              ,rectangul>         
p>allelopip$s4   ,solids4   ,squ>e      
prisms4             ,cubes4    ,planes4 
,squ>es4             ,oblongs4  #f4 ,!  
brick ( ! six? gift is id5tical ) t ( ! 

f\r?1 !re=e x pres5ts ! same contra/s & 
m$iations4  ,9 numb] ! diff]5t classes (
 blocks /& to ea* o!r z #f3ab3ah4  ,we  
may add t ! brick is ! f\ndation =m ( ! 
gift1 & t we ga9 ! rema9+ two =ms1 !    
squ>e block & pill>1 by divid+ x 9      
exactly opposite directions4         99 
99       99       99       99           
,introduction ( ! ,gift4  ,! six? gift  
is s evid5tly an enl>g$ & div]sifi$ f\r?
 gift1 t x is well to comp>e x on its   
introduction ) ! f\r?1 z well z ) its   
imm$iate pr$ecessor 9 ! s]ies4 ,:5 !    
f\r? is plac$ beside x1 & ! cont5ts ( ! 
two boxes br\ght to view1 x is evid5t at
 once to ! *ild t a high] r\nd 9 ! ladd]
 ( evolution has be5 rea*$1 & a new &   
highly specializ$ =m develop$4 ,he is   
fir$ at once ) creative activity1 & 8   
eag] h&s s quiv] ) impati5ce to         
inve/igate ! possibilities ( ! new      
blocks t ! wise k9d]g>tn] does n deta9  
him long ) comp>isons1 only assur+      
h]self t he notes ! relation ( ! new    
gift to ! =m] ones1 t he comp>es ! two  

new solids to ! brick1 or unit (        
measure1 & to ea* o!r1 & discov]s h[ ea*
 has be5 produc$4   ,difficulties ( !   
,new ,gift4  ,! difficulties ( ! new    
gift are v slight1 z has be5 said1      
consi/+ nei!r 9 dictation1 9 mass (     
mat]ial1 nor 9 new =ms1 l9es1 or angles4
 ,equilibrium alone pres5ts novel       
problems1 b ?is law ! *ild n[ und]/&s   
fairly well 9 its practical work+s1 :ile
 he has ga9$ s mu* dext]ity 9 8 use ( ! 
o!r blocks t ! height & delicate poise (
 ! new =ms are add$ attractions r ?an   
ob/acles4   ,=ms ( ,life4  ,! six? gift 
f> surpasses all ! o!r build+ blocks 9  
its decid$ adaptation to ! purely       
ar*itectural =ms4 ,! bricks ( ! f\r?    
gift may be us$ z a f\ndation = !       
con/ruction ( l>ge & ambiti\s /ructures1
 & ) ?is additional mat]ial1 ! six? gift
 may excel 9 produc+ elegant & graceful 
=ms4  ,! bricks ( c\rse admit ( a mu*   
great] sup]ficial ext5sion & ! inclosure
 ( a m ext5sive space ?an has h]et(ore  
be5 possible4  ,! *ildr5 w unaid$       

con/ruct famili> objects1 su* z h\sehold
 furniture & implem5ts1 *ur*es1 f5ces1  
wall$ inclosures1 & t[]s1 ) ! new       
blocks1 & seize ) delight ^u !          
possibilities ( ! column1 :i* is really 
! di/9ctive feature ( ! gift4  ,s f>1 ! 
build+ ( object =ms w closely resemble  
^? ( ! previ\s gifts1 b a /ep 9 advance 
may be made by ! *ildr5 if ! k9d]g>tn]  
is complete mi/ress ( ! new =ms & kn[s  
_! capabilities4 ,! gift may s]ve z a   
prim] ( ar*itecture if its mat]ials are 
?or\ghly exploit$1 & may lead lat] on to
 a heal?y discont5t ) incorrect outl9e1 
) vulg> ornam5tation1 & ) crudity (     
=m4#eh      #eh ,! s5se ( beauty mu/ be 
awak5$ 9 ! s\l     9 *ildhood if 9 lat] 
life he is to create !                  
beautiful4--,rem9isc5ces ( ,froebel1    
page #aeh4  ,froebel himself1 :o _h made
 exhau/ive /udies 9 ar*itecture1 &      
obta9$ ! tra9+ necess>y to enable him to
 take x up z a pr(ession1 has left u _m 
examples ( six? gift build+1 :i* are to 
be f\nd 9 all ! ,g]man ,guides4 ,!      

/ructures are no long] rude             
repres5tations1 b h a m>k$ grace &      
symmetry1 & 9 _! simplicity1 cle>ness ( 
outl9e1 & f9e proportion1 /rongly       
resemble e>ly ,greek ar*itecture4       
,colonnades1 commemorative columns1     
faades ( palaces1 belv$]es1 temples1    
ar*es1 city gates1 monum5ts1 f\nta9s1   
portals1 fonts1 obs]vatories1--all c be 
con/ruct$ 9 m9iature ) due reg>d to law1
 fitness1 & proportion1 & z ! s(t1      
creamy-:ite /ructures rise on ! v>i\s   
tables1 we see borne out ,froebel's say+
 t ! ord] ( 8 ,build+ ,gifts 0 su* t !  
*ild might be l$ 9 _! use ?r\gh ! _w's  
great ar*itectural epo*s f ,egypt to    
,rome4#ei      #ei ,z ! gifts proce$ f !
 fir/ to ! six?1     obs]vation is dem&$
 ) increas+ /rictness1     relativity m 
& m appreciat$1 & ! opportunity         
af=d$ = endless manife/ations ( !       
con/ructive     faculty1 :ile all ! "t  
impressions are =m+ 9 !     m9d :i* 9   
due "t w be> ri* fruits ( ma!matical    
& practical k z well z /hetic culture1 =

 !     dawn+ s5se ( ! beautiful z well z
 ( ! true is     ga9+ consi/5cy & p[]4  
7,k>l ,froebel47   ,=ms ( ,symmetry4    
,al?\gh ) ?is gift we _c produce        
symmetrical =ms 9 z great div]sity z ) !
 fif?1 yet ! mat]ials are productive to 
! inv5tive m9d1 & :5 ! pieces are       
arrang$ ) c>e & ta/e1 beautiful figures 
may always be develop$1 ^? hav+ a       
triangul> c5tre be+ novel & especially  
pleas+4 ,al?\gh n z div]sifi$1 h[ev]1 !y
 h ! add$ advantage ( approa*+ ne>] !   
plane2 & t ?is progression may be m     
cle>ly %[n1 x seems evid5t t !          
symmetrical =ms %\ld only be produc$ by 
lay+ ! columns1 squ>e-fac$ blocks &     
bricks1 flat ^u ! table1 & t ! practice1
 advis$ by "s au?orities1 ( *ang+ !     
figures by plac+ ! blocks erect1 or half
 erect1 %\ld be disc\rag$4   ,=ms ( ,k4 
,9 ! =ms ( k we f9d aga9 mu* less       
div]sity ?an 9 ! fif? gift1--! rectil9e>
 solids & consequ5t abs5ce ( oblique    
angles limit+ u 9 ! con/ruction (       
geometrical =ms4 ,! blocks1 h[ev]1 (f]  

excell5t means = g5]al ari?metical      
in/ruction1 = work+ out problems z to   
areas1 = fur!r illu/ration ( dim5sion1 &
 = build+ _m v>ieties ( p>allelopip$s1  
squ>e prisms1 & cubes1 & /udy+ !        
p>allelograms :i* b\nd !m4 ,! elem5ts ( 
?is k1 x is true1 7 ga9$ ) ! f\r? gift1 
b we mu/ rememb] t int]e/ 9 any subject 
is n necess>ily decreas$ by repetition1 
& t ! value ( review dep5ds ^u :e!r or n
 x is me*anical4#fj      #fj ,:at makes 
,froebel's gifts p>ticul>ly in/ructive  
is1     inde$1 ! fact t ! mo/ v>i$      
mat]ials con/antly     lead to ! same   
obs]vations1 b always "u diff]5t        
conditions1 s t we obta9 ! necess>y     
repetitions     )\t ! dryness1 !        
tiresom5ess1 ! fatigue     insep>able f 
con/ant unv>i$ it]ation4 ,b !y also     
accu/om ! *ild to discov] simil>ity 9   
?+s t     appe> to diff]1 to f9d        
resemblance 9 contra/s1 unity 9         
div]sity1 connection 9 :at appe>s       
unconnect$4--,h4     ,goldamm]'s ,!     
,k9d]g>t51 page #aji4   ,cop]ative ,"w4 

,! gr\p "w at ! squ>e tables is n[      
especially beautiful1 bo? :5 =ms (      
symmetry or object =ms are con/ruct$4 ,!
 f\r? gift may be us$1 z has be5 said1  
if m mat]ial is ne$$1 & ( c\rse comb9es 
p]fectly ) ! six? gift blocks4 ,a l>ge  
six? gift made z 0 sugge/$ = ! fif?1 on 
! scale ( a foot in/ead ( an in*1 is mo/
 useful = cop]ative ex]cises 9 ! c5tre (
 ! r+1 & ! sl5d]1 graceful columns1 =   
in/ance1 :i* may ?us be built 9 unison  
to commemorate "s hi/oric bir?day1 are s
 _m concrete evid5ces to ! *ild's eyes (
 ! value ( unit$ ef=t4   ,! ,gifts & _! 
,treatm5t by ! ,k9d]g>tn]4  ,e gift &   
occupation & ex]cise ( ! k9d]g>t5 has   
be5 develop$ ) inf9ite love & =e?\ght to
 meet ! *ild's wi%es & capabilities2 e  
"o ( !m has be5 s delicately adju/$ to  
meet ! dem&s ( ! case1 & s g5tly drawn  
into ! natural & legitimate *annel (    
*ildlike play1 t !y nev] fail to meet ) 
an en?usia/ic reception f ! *ild1 nor to
 awak5 ! /ronge/ int]e/ 9 him4  ,!      
k9d]g>tn] %\ld be c>eful t he nev]      

builds ha/ily or lawlessly1 & above all 
%e %\ld guide him to ^? =ms :i* he w be 
able to con/ruct ) p]fection & accuracy4
 ,%e %\ld always foll[ him 9 8 "w1      
answ]+ 8 que/ions & sugge/+ new ideas1  
lett+ him feel 9 e way t %e is 9 sympa?y
 ) him1 & t none ( 8 plans or exp]im5ts1
 h[ev] small !y may be1 are indiff]5t to
 h]4 ,x is always a delight to ! *ild if
 8 productions are und]/ood by gr[n-up  
p1 = he (t5 feels some:at d\btful ( !   
value ( 8 "w until ! seal ( approval has
 be5 set ^u x by a sup]ior m9d4         
,und]ly+ ,idea ( ,froebel's ,gifts4  ,if
 we h grasp$ ! und]ly+ idea :i* welds ! 
mass ( mat]ial :i* =ms ! k9d]g>t5 gifts 
into a h>moni\sly connect$ :ole2 if we h
 develop$ ! analytical faculty          
suffici5tly to p]ceive _! relation to ! 
*ild1 ! *ild's relation to !m1 & !      
reasons = _! selection z m$iums (       
education2 if we see cle>ly :y ea*      
object is giv51 :at connection x has ) !
 *ild's developm5t1 & :at natural laws  
%\ld gov]n x 9 play1 !n we compreh5d    

,froebel's own idea ( _! use4           
,education vs4 ,cramm+4  ,c]ta9ly !     
ignorant & unsympa!tic k9d]g>tn] may err
 9 deal+ ) !m1 & introduce ! cramm+     
process into h] field ( labor z easily z
 ! public s*ool tea*]1 = x is z easy to 
cram ) objects z ) books1 & %\ld ?is    
occur !re is cause = grave uneas9ess1   
s9ce ! opportunity = injur+ ! bra9 ( !  
*ild is great] dur+ ^! fir/ ye>s ?an at 
any o!r "t4  ,if we =ce ! *ild1 or make 
! lesson seem "w to him1 8 faculties w  
rebel1 he w be dull1 inatt5tive1 or     
re/less1 accord+ to 8 temp]am5t or      
physical /ate2 he w n be int]e/$ 9 :at  
we tea* him1 & !re=e x w make no        
impression on him4  ,! *ild has memory  
en\gh2 he rememb]s ! picnic 9 ! woods1 !
 glori\s sail across ! bay1 ! :ite foam 
9 ! wake ( ! boat1 ! v t9t ( ! fl[]s t  
he ga!r$1--9 fact1 he rememb]s ev]y?+ 9 
:i* he is int]e/$4 ,if we w\ld h him    
rememb] our tea*+s =ev]1 we mu/ make !m 
wor?y ( be+ rememb]$ =ev]4 ,& to ?is end
 x is ess5tial t only ! be/ tea*]s be   

provid$ = little *ildr54 ,! ideal tea*] 
%\ld "k h] subject ?or\ghly1 b %\ld be  
able to boil x d[n1 to cond5se x1 s t ! 
conc5trat$ extract alone w rema91 & ?is 
be pres5t$ to h] pupils4#fa      #fa ,if
 y w\ld be pung5t1 be brief2 = x is )   
words     z ) sunbeams1--! m !y are     
cond5s$ ! deep]     !y burn4  ,9 leav+  
^! fir/ six gifts1 we ne$ f9ally to     
rememb] ^! ?+s3--   ,sugge/ions z to    
,me?od4  ,fir/1 t we mu/ n be too anxi\s
 to resolve ^! plays into ! r\t9e (     
lessons2 ) our y\ng] pupils especially  
?is is n admissible1 & we mu/ gu>d aga9/
 x 9 all ex]cises ) ! k9d]g>t5 mat]ials4
  ,second1 we may assure ourselves1 9   
all mode/y1 t x is a difficult matt]1   
inde$1 to direct ^! plays prop]ly2 t is1
 to h sy/em & me?od en\gh to gu>d !     
*ildr5 f all lawlessness1 idl5ess1 &    
disord]1 & yet to keep f fall+ into a   
me*anical drill :i* w nev] produce !    
wi%$-= results4 ,play is ! natural1 !   
appropriate bus9ess & occupation ( !    
*ild left to 8 own res\rces1 & we mu/   

/rive to turn our lessons into t        
*annel1--only ?us %all we rea* ! highe/ 
measure ( true success4  ,?ird1 we mu/  
/rive by con/ant /udy & ?\ght1 by ent]+ 
into ! inn]mo/ *amb]s ( ! *ild-nature1 &
 e/imat+ its crav+s & necessities1 to   
p5etrate ! secret1 ! s\l ( ! ,froebel   
gifts1 !n we %all nev] m be satisfi$ )  
_! ext]nal appe>ances & sup]ficial uses4
      ,,note4 ,9 arrang+ ! blocks ( !   
six? gift1 place !     eighte5 bricks   
erect1 9 ?ree r[s1 ) _! broad faces     
toge!r4 ,on top ( ^! place n9e ( !      
squ>e-fac$     blocks1 ?us =m+ a second 
lay]4 ,! ?ird lay] is     =m$ by plac+ !
 rema9+ ?ree blocks ( ?is class on     !
 back r[1 & fill+ 9 ! space 9 front ) ! 
six     pill>s1 plac$ side by side4     
,,read+s ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t4    ,p>adise ( 
,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4 ,pages #bg-bi4
   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4  
#bj-ca4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4             
,kraus-,boelte4 #aac-ade4   ,koehl]'s   
,k9d]g>t5 ,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y       
,gurney4 #ca1 #cb4   ,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,h4  

,goldamm]4 #aje-aaj4   ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 
,john ,rusk94   ,ar*itecture1 ,my/icism1
 & ,my?4 ,w4 ,k4 ,le?aby4   ,! ,s\rces (
 ,ar*itectural ,types4 ,sp5c]'s ,essays1
 vol4 ii4           page #cge4   ,! ,two
 ,pa?s4 ,john ,rusk94 7,*apt] on        
,influ5ce ( ,imag9ation           9     
,ar*itecture47   ,disc\rses on          
,ar*itecture4 ,e4 ,e4 ,viollet-le-,duc4 
,tr4 by ,h5ry           ,van ,brunt4    
7,fir/ & ,second ,disc\rses47           
,,froebel',s ,,sev5? ,,gift      ,!     
prop]ties ( numb]1 =m1 & size1 ! k (    
space1 ! nature ( p[]s1 ! effects (     
mat]ial1 beg9     to disclose !mselves  
to him4 ,color1 rhy?m1 tone1 &          
figure come =w>d at ! budd+-po9t & 9 _! 
individual value4 ,! *ild beg9s already 
to di/+ui%     ) precision nature & ! _w
 ( art1 & looks )     c]ta9ty ^u ! out] 
_w z sep>ate f himself4                 
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,froebel's ?9 
color$ planes correspond ) ! mosaic     
wood or /one "w ( e>ly man4             
,h4 ,,poes*e4      ,!re is no?+ 9 ! :ole

 pres5t sy/em ( education     m des]v+ (
 s]i\s consid]ation ?an ! sudd5 &       
viol5t transition f ! mat]ial to !      
ab/ract :i*     our *ildr5 h to g ?r\gh 
on quitt+ ! p>5tal     h\se to ent] a   
s*ool4 ,froebel !re=e made x a po9t     
to bridge ov] ?is transition by a :ole  
s]ies (     play-mat]ial1 & 9 ?is s]ies 
x is ! lay+-tablets     :i* occupy !    
fir/ place4             ,h4 ,,goldamm]4 
#a4 ,! sev5? gift consi/s ( v>i\sly     
color$ squ>e & triangul> tablets made ( 
wood or pa/ebo>d1 ! sides ( ! pieces be+
 ab\t "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,circul> & oblong  
pa/ebo>d tablets h lately be5 introduc$1
 z well z :ole & half circles 9 poli%$  
woods4  #b4 ,! fir/ six gifts illu/rat$ 
solids1 :ile ! sev5?1 mov+ f ! concrete 
t[>ds ! ab/ract1 makes ! transition to !
 surface4  ,! ,build+ ,gifts pres5t$ to 
! *ild divid$ units1 f :i* he con/ruct$ 
new :oles4 ,?r\gh ^! he became famili> )
 ! idea ( a :ole & p>ts1 & 0 prep>$ = ! 
sev5? gift1 :i* (f]s him n an object to 
trans=m1 b indep5d5t elem5ts to be      

comb9$ into v>i$ =ms4 ,^! divid$ solids 
also (f]$ ! *ild a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt (   
mat]ial = 8 use2 aft] ! introduction ( !
 sev5? gift1 ! am\nt to be us$ is       
optional ) ! k9d]g>tn]4  #c4 ,! *ild up 
to ?is "t has se5 ! surface 9 connection
 ) solids4 ,he n[ receives ! embodi$    
surface sep>at$ f ! solid1 & gradually  
ab/racts ! g5]al idea ( surface1 le>n+  
to reg>d x n only z a "p1 b z an        
individual :ole4  ,?is gift also        
emphasizes color & ! v>i\s triangul>    
=ms1 besides imp>t+ ! idea ( pictorial  
repres5tation1 or ! repres5tation (     
objects by means ( plane surfaces4  #d4 
,! gift leads ! *ild f ! object itself  
t[>ds ! repres5tation ( ! object1 ?us   
%>p5+ ! obs]vation & prep>+ ! way =     
draw+4  ,x is also less def9itely       
sugge/ive ?an previ\s gifts1 & dem&s m  
creative p[] = its prop] use4 ,x appeals
 to ! s5se ( =m1 s5se ( place1 s5se (   
color1 & s5se ( numb]4  #e4 ,!          
geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift    
are3--    ,squ>es4                      

,"r isosceles4                          
,obtuse isosceles4   ,triangles4        
,equilat]al4                            
,"r-angl$ scal5e4                       
,oblong4                                
,rhombus4                               
,rhomboid4                              
,trapezoid4   ,9 comb9ation4            
,trapezium4                             
,p5tagon4                               
,hexagon4                               
,heptagon4                              
,octagon4  #f4 ,! law ( ,m$iation (     
,contra/s is %[n 9 ! =ms ( ! gift4 ,we h
 9 ! triangles1 = in/ance1 two l9es     
runn+ 9 opposite directions1 connect$ by
 a ?ird1 :i* s]ves z ! m$iation4        
,contra/s & _! m$iations are also %[n 9 
! squ>es & 9 ! =ms made by comb9ation4  
,?is gift1 repres5t+ ! plane1 is a l9k  
betwe5 ! divid$ solid & ! l9e4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,/ep f ,solid to ,plane4  ,we h n[ left 
! solid & are approa*+ ab/raction :5 we 
beg9 ! /udy ( planes4 ,all m5tal        

developm5t has ev] begun & mu/ beg9 ) ! 
concrete1 & progress by successive /ages
 t[>d ! ab/ract1 & x 0 ,froebel's idea t
 8 play-mat]ial might be us$ to =m a    
s]ies ( /eps up :i* ! *ild might climb 9
 8 j\rney t[>d ! ab/ract4  ,beg9n+ ) !  
ball1 a p]fect type ( :ol5ess & unity1  
we are l$ ?r\gh div]sity1 z %[n 9 ! ?ree
 solids ( ! second gift1 t[>d           
divisibility 9 ! ,build+ ,gifts1 &      
approximation to surface 9 ! six? gift4 
,! next move 9 advance is ! p>tial      
ab/raction ( surface1 %[n 9 ! tablets ( 
! sev5? gift4  ,! tablets %[ two        
dim5sions1 l5g? & bread?1 ! ?ickness be+
 s trifl+ relatively t x ne$ n be       
consid]$1 z x does n m> ! *ild's        
p]ception & idea ( ! plane4 ,!y are     
int5d$ to repres5t surfaces1 & %\ld be  
made z ?9 z is consi/5t ) durability4   
,sy/ematic ,relation betwe5 ! ,tablets4 
,! v>i\s tablets z fir/ introduc$ 9     
,g]many & 9 ?is c\ntry 7 commonly q     
diff]5t 9 size & degrees ( angles 9 !   
diff]5t k9d]g>t5s1 z !y 7 ei!r cut out  

ha/ily by ! tea*]s !mselves1 or made by 
manufactur]s :o knew v little ( !       
subject4 ,! =m] practice ( divid+ an    
oblong f corn] to corn] to produce !    
"r-angl$ scal5e triangle 0 mu* to be    
condemn$1 z x entirely set aside ! law (
 sy/ematic relation betwe5 ! tablets &  
r5d]$ x impossible to produce ! /&>d    
angles1 :i* are s valuable a feature ( !
 gift4  ,"o ( ! pr9cipal advantages ( ! 
k9d]g>t5 sy/em is t x lays ! f\ndation =
 a sy/ematic1 sci5tific education :i* w 
help ! masses to become exp]t & arti/ic 
workm5 9 :atev] occupation !y may be    
engag$4#fb      #fb ,pamphlet on !      
,sev5? ,gift4 7,milton ,bradley ,co47   
,9 ?is direction ! sev5? gift has       
d\btless imm5se capabilities1 b mu* (   
its =ce & value has be5 lo/1 mu* ( ! "w 
?r[n away :i* x has accompli%$1 = want (
 prop] & sy/ematic relation betwe5 !    
tablets4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ^! are n[ d]iv$ &
 introduc$ is z foll[s3--  ,! squ>e     
tablet is1 ( c\rse1 ! type (            
quadrilat]als1 & :5 x is divid$ f corn] 

to corn] a ?ree-sid$ figure is se51--!  
half squ>e or "r isosceles triangle2 b  
"o :i* is n ! type ( ?ree-sid$ figures4 
,! typical & simple/ triangle1 !        
equilat]al1 is next pres5t$1 & if ?is be
 divid$ by a l9e bisect+ "o angle1 !    
result w be two triangles ( /ill diff]5t
 %ape1 ! "r-angl$ scal5e4 ,if ^! two are
 plac$ ) %orte/ sides toge!r1 we h ano!r
 =m1 ! obtuse-angl$ triangle1 & ?is     
gives u all ! five =ms ( ! sev5? gift4  
,! squ>e educates ! eye to judge        
correctly ( a "r angle1 & ! division ( !
 squ>e gives ! angle ( #de1 or ! mitre4 
,! equilat]al has ?ree angles ( #fj ea*2
 ! divid$ equilat]al or "r-angl$ scal5e 
has "o angle ( #ij1 "o ( #fj1 & "o (    
#cj1 :ile ! obtuse isosceles has "o     
angle ( #abj1 & ! rema9+ two ea* #cj4   
,^! are ! /&>d angles 7#ij1 #de1 #fj1 & 
#cj7 us$ by c>p5t]1 jo9]1 cab9et-mak]1  
blacksmi?1--9 fact1 9 all ! trades & _m 
( ! pr(essions1 & ! *ild's eye %\ld     
become z famili> ) !m z ) ! size ( !    
squ>es on 8 table4   ,possibilities ( ! 

,gift 9 ,ma!matical ,in/ruction4  ,edw>d
 ,wiebe says 9 reg>d to ! relation ( !  
sev5? gift to geometry & g5]al          
ma!matical in/ruction3 ,:o c d\bt t !   
contemplation ( ^! figures & !          
occupations ) !m mu/ t5d to facilitate !
 und]/&+ ( geometrical axioms 9 !       
future1 & :o c d\bt t all ma!matical    
in/ruction by means ( ,froebel's sy/em  
mu/ ne$s be facilitat$ & bett] results  
obta9$8 ,t su* in/ruction w be r5d]$    
fruitful 9 practical life is a fact :i* 
w be obvi\s to all :o simply glance at !
 sequ5ce ( figures ev5 )\t a ?or\gh     
explanation1 = !y conta9 demon/ratively 
! l>g] numb] ( ^? axioms 9 elem5t>y     
geometry :i* relate to ! conditions ( ! 
plane 9 regul> figures4  ,z ! tablets   
are us$ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 !y are int5d$ only
 to increase ! sum ( g5]al exp]i5ce 9   
reg>d to ! qualities ( ?+s1 b !y may be 
made ! m$ium ( really advanc$ in/ruction
 9 ma!matics1 su* z w\ld be suitable = a
 connect+-class or a prim>y s*ool4 ,all 
?is tra9+1 too1 may be giv5 9 !         

concrete1 & s lay ! f\ndation = future  
ma!matical "w on ! rock ( practical     
obs]vation4  ,! k9d]g>t5 *ild is expect$
 only to "k ! diff]5t k9ds ( triangles f
 ea* o!r1 & to be famili> ) _! simple   
names1 to recognize ! /&>d angles1 & to 
"k practically t all "r angles are      
equally l>ge1 obtuse angles great]1 &   
acute less ?an "r angles4 ,all ?is he w 
le>n by means ( play ) ! tablets1 by    
dictations & inv5tions1 & by con/ant    
comp>ison & use ( ! v>i\s =ms4   ,h[ &  
:5 ,tablets %\ld be introduc$4  ,z to ! 
introduction ( ! tablets1 ! squ>e is    
fir/ ( all ( c\rse giv5 to ! *ild4 ,a   
small cube ( ! ?ird gift may be tak5 &  
surr\nd$ on all its faces by squ>e      
tablets1 & !n ea* "o peel$ (f1 disclos+1
 z x 71 ! hidd5 solid4 ,we may also m\ld
 cubes ( clay & h ! *ildr5 slice (f "o (
 ! squ>e faces1 z bo? processes %[      
conclusively ! relation ! squ>e plane   
be>s to ! cube ^: faces are squ>es4 ,if 
! fir/ tablets introduc$ are ( pa/ebo>d1
 z probably w be ! case1 ! new mat]ial  

%\ld be not$ & "s idea giv5 ( !         
manufacture ( pap]4  ,!re is a va/      
diff]5ce 9 op9ion conc]n+ ! introduction
 ( ?is sev5? gift1 & x is us$ by ! *ild 
9 ! v>i\s k9d]g>t5s at all times1 f !   
beg9n+ ( 8 ball plays up to 8 lay+ aside
 ( ! fif? gift4 ,x seems v cle>1 h[ev]1 
t he %\ld n use ! squ>e plane until aft]
 he has receiv$ "s impression ( ! ?ree  
dim5sions z !y are %[n 9 solid bodies1 &
 ?is ,mr4 ,hailmann tells u he has no   
prop] means ( ga9+1 save ?r\gh ! f\r?   
gift4#fc      #fc ,! p]ception ( !      
diff]5ce betwe5 a     surface-ext5sion &
 an ext5sion 9 ?ree dim5sions beg9s     
late & is e/abli%$ sl[ly4--,w4 ,prey]1  
,! ,m9d ( !     ,*ild1 page #ahj4  ,z to
 ! triangul> tablets1 x is evid5t en\gh 
!y %\ld n be dealt ) until aft] ! *ild  
has se5 ! triangul> plane on ! solid =ms
 ( ! fif? gift4 ,mr4 ,hailmann says t a 
cle> idea ( ! ext5sion ( solids 9 ?ree  
dim5sions c only come f a famili>ity ) !
 bricks1 & aga9 t ! ab/ractions ( !     
tablet %\ld n be obtrud$ on ! *ild's    

notice until he has t cle> idea4  ,?\gh 
! six tablets :i* surr\nd ! cube may be 
giv5 to ! *ild at ! fir/ ex]cise1 x is  
bett] to dictate simple positions ( "o  
or two squ>es fir/1 & let him use ! six 
9 dictation & _m m 9 inv5tion4   ,ord] (
 introduc+ ,triangles4  ,! fir/ triangle
 giv5 is ! "r isosceles1 %[+ ! angle (  
=ty-five degrees1 & =m$ by bisect+ !    
squ>e ) a diagonal l9e4 ,! *ild %\ld be 
giv5 a squ>e ( pap] & scissors & all[$  
to discov] ! new =m = himself1 lett+ him
 exp]im5t until ! desir$ triangle is    
obta9$4 ,he %\ld !n /udy ! new =m1 its  
edges & angles1 & !n jo9 8 two "r-angl$ 
triangles into a squ>e1 a l>g] triangle1
 etc4 ,!n let him obs]ve h[ _m positions
 ^! triangles may assume by mov+ "o r\nd
 ! o!r4 ,he w f9d !m act+ accord+ to !  
law ( opposites already famili> to him1 
& if n compreh5d$1#fd yet furni%+ him ) 
an infallible crit]ion = 8 inv5tive "w4 
#fd ,) ?is law ,i give *ildr5 a guide = 
creat+1 &     because x is ! law accord+
 to :i* !y1 z creatures     ( ,god1 h   

!mselves be5 creat$1 !y c easily apply  
x4 ,x is born ) !m4--,rem9isc5ces (     
,froebel1 page     #gc4  ,! equilat]al  
is !n tak5 up1 is comp>$ ) ! half-squ>e1
 & !n /udi$ by itself1 its ?ree equal   
sides & angles 7ea* sixty degrees7 be+  
not$ z well z ! obtuse angles made by   
all possible comb9ations ( ! equilat]al4
  ,next1 z we h said1 comes ! "r-angl$  
scal5e triangle1 ) its inequality (     
sides & angles1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ &      
comp>$ ) ! equilat]al2 & la/ ( all1 !   
obtuse isosceles triangle1 :i* is dealt 
) 9 ! same way4  ,"h1 aga91 x %\ld be   
not$ t ! two la/ =ms %\ld always be     
discov]$ by ! *ild 9 8 play ) !         
equilat]al1 & t he %\ld cut !m himself f
 pap] be=e he is giv5 ! regul> pa/ebo>d 
or wood5 triangles = /udy4 ,if pres5t$ =
 ! fir/ "t 9 ?is latt] =m1 !y c nev]    
mean z mu* to him z if he _h f\nd !m out
 = himself4   ,dictations4  ,!          
dictations %\ld inv>iably be giv5 s t   
opposites & _! int]m$iates may be       
readily se54 ,! diff]5t triangles may be

 /udi$ ea* 9 ! same way1 introduc+ !m "o
 at a "t 9 ! ord] nam$1 aft]w>ds all[+ z
 free a comb9ation z w produce          
symmetrical figures4 ,x is be/ always to
 /udy "o ( a new k9d1 !n two1 !n        
gradually give l>g] numb]s4  ,great     
possibilities und\bt$ly lie 9 ?is gift1 
b x is well to rememb] t ) "y *ildr5 x  
mu/ n be made ! vehicle ( too ab/ract   
in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to make ! dictations
 simple1 ! *ild mu/ be p]fectly famili> 
) ! t]ms ( direction1 up1 d[n1 "r1 left1
 c5tre2 ) ! simple names ( ! planes     
7squ>es1 half-squ>es1 equal-sid$1 blunt 
& %>p-angl$ triangles1 etc472 & he mu/  
le>n to "k ! longe/ edge ( ea* triangle1
 t he may be able to place x accord+ to 
direction4  ,! *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$  
to inv5t1 to give ! dictation ex]cises  
to "o ano!r1 & to copy ! simpl] =ms ( ! 
lesson on blackbo>d or pap]4 ,"s        
duplicate copies 9 color$ pap]s may be  
made f _! inv5tions1 & ! walls ( !      
s*oolroom ornam5t$ ) !m4 ,x w be a      
pleasure to ! little ones !mselves1 &   

demon/rate to o!rs h[ wond]ful a gift   
?is is & h[ *>m+ly ! *ildr5 use x4  ,no 
ex]cise %\ld be giv5 )\t previ\s /udy1 &
 9 ! fir/ ye>'s tea*+ x is wis] to draw 
or make ! figures be=e giv+ !           
dictations4 ,! mat]ials1 too1 %\ld be   
prep>$ be=eh&1 9 su* a =m t !y c be giv5
 out readily & quietly by ! *ildr5 at ! 
op5+ ( ! ex]cise4 ,to require a class ( 
a doz5 or m pupils to wait :ile !       
k9d]g>tn] assorts & c\nts ! v>i\s colors
 & %apes ( tablets to be us$ is         
positively to invite loss ( int]e/ on ! 
*ildr5's "p1 & to produce 9 ! tea*] a   
hurry & worry & n]v\s t5sion :i* w      
infallibly ru9 ! play4   ,life ,=ms4  ,!
 ,life =ms are no long] absolute        
repres5tations1 b only m or less        
sugge/ive images ( c]ta9 objects1 & ?us 
%[ /ill m cle>ly ! ord]ly movem5t f     
concrete to ab/ract4  ,hi!rto 9 ,life   
=ms ! *ild has produc$ m or less real   
objects1--= in/ance1 he built a m9iature
 h\se1 a f\nta91 a *air1 or a s(a4 ,!y 7
 n absolutely real1 & !re=e 9 "o way    

m]ely images2 b !y 7 bodily images4 ,he 
c\ld place a little di% on ! table1 a   
t9y cup on ! edge ( ! f\nta91 a doll    
c\ld sit 9 ! *air1 & !re=e !y 7 all real
 = purposes ( play1 at lea/4  ,) !      
tablets1 h[ev]1 ! *ild c no long] make a
 *air1 ?\gh by a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( !m  
he c make an image ( x4  ,! *ild w      
notice t _m ( ! =ms made ) squ>es are   
flat pictures ( ^? made ) ! ?ird gift1 &
 ) ! addition ( ! "r isosceles triangles
 he c reproduce ! faades ( _m ( !       
elaborate object =ms ( ! fif?4 ,! v>i\s 
triangles diff] greatly 9 _!            
capabilities ( produc+ ,life =ms1 !     
equilat]al & ! obtuse isosceles be+     
especially defici5t 9 ?is reg>d &       
requir+ to be comb9$ ) ! o!r tablets4 ,!
 fact t bo? ! "r isosceles & "r scal5e  
triangles produce ,life =ms 9 great     
v>iety seems to prove t1 z ,goldamm]    
says1 ! "r angle pr$om9ates 9 ! products
 ( human activity4   ,symmetrical ,=ms4 
,! symmetrical =ms are m v>i$ &         
innum]able ?an ^? ( any o!r gift1 & ) ! 

addition ( ! brilliant colors ( !       
pa/ebo>d1 or ! s(t %ades ( ! wood5      
tablets1 make figures :i* are und5iably 
beautiful1 & :i* are mosaic-l 9 _!      
effect4  ,! :irl+ figures are int]e/+ & 
new1 & ! *ild ) develop$ eye & gr[+     
arti/ic ta/e w delight 9 _! oddity1 &   
yet be able to f9d opposites & _!       
int]m$iates & make !m z correctly z 9 ! 
m me?odical figures1 :]e ! exact "r &   
left balanc$ ! upp] & l[] extremes4 ,"h 
we note t ! equilat]al & obtuse         
isosceles triangles1 s ill fitt$ to     
produce ,life =ms1 l5d !mselves to =ms (
 symmetry 9 great v>iety4 ,! v>i\s      
sequ5ces ( ! latt] 9 ! ?ird & fif? gifts
 may ( c\rse be fai?fully reproduc$ 9   
surface-ext5sion ) ! tablets1 & ?us ga9 
an add$ *>m4  ,! am\nt ( mat]ial giv5 to
 ! *ild is n[ a matt] = ! decision ( !  
k9d]g>tn]1 & is dep5d5t only on !       
ability ( ! *ild to use x to advantage4 
,?is increase ( mat]ial pres5ts a fur!r 
difficulty1 & x is "t = u to add /ill   
ano!r1 t is1 to expect m ( ! *ild1 & to 

require t he produce n only some?+      
orig9al1 b some?+ :i* %all1 ?\gh simple1
 be really beautiful4  ,inv5tions 9     
bord]s are a new & *>m+ feature ( ?is   
gift1 & ! circul> & oblong tablets z    
well z ! squ>es & v>i\s triangles are   
well adapt$ to produce !m4 ,! v>i\s     
bord]s laid horizontally across !       
tablets may be divid$ by l9es ( /icks1 &
 ?us make an effect altoge!r diff]5t f  
any?+ we h _h be=e4   ,ma!matical ,=ms4 
,! "w ) =ms ( k1 z has be5 fully %[n1 w 
be 9 geometry ?an 9 ari?metic1 to :i*   
inde$ ! gift is n especially well       
adapt$4 ,9 addition to ! /udy &         
comp>ison ( ! v>i\s =ms1 _! l9es &      
angles1 we h a great v>iety ( figures to
 be produc$ by comb9ation4 ,we c make ! 
n9e regul> =ms already m5tion$ 9 !      
introduction 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & ?us   
give new *>m to ! old tru?s4 ,we mu/    
all[ ! *ild to exp]im5t by himself v    
frequ5tly1 & int]pret to him 8          
discov]ies :5 he makes !m4   ,! ,sev5?  
,gift 9 ,weav+4  ,! squ>e tablets af=d a

 valuable aid to ! occupation ( weav+1 z
 all ! simple patt]ns c be =m$ ) !m1 !  
*ild lay+ !m ^u 8 table until he has    
ma/]$ ! num]ical pr9ciple ^u :i* !y are 
con/ruct$4 ,we c easily see h[ ^! same  
patt]ns may be fur!r utiliz$ z designs =
 inlaid tiles1 or p>quetry floors4 ,?us 
! sev5? gift may introduce *ildr5 to    
subsequ5t practical life1 & s]ve z a    
useful prep>ation = v>i\s bran*es (     
art-"w4   ,sev5? ,gift ,p>quetry4  ,x is
 easy to see :5 we beg9 ! practical use 
( ! tablets t ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( !
 gifts 9 _! progress f solid to po9t are
 n[ becom+ less m>k$1 & t !y beg9 to    
m]ge into ! occupations1 :i* develop f  
po9t to solid4 ,! meet+-place ( ! two   
s]ies is close at h&1 &1 l drops ( wat] 
fall5 ne> ea* o!r1 !y tremble )         
impati5ce to ru% into "o4  ,! inv5tions 
:i* ! *ild makes ) tablets he n[ v      
commonly expresses a desire to give     
away1 or to take home ) him1--a ?\ght   
:i* he seldom _h ) ! gifts1 wi%+ r to %[
 !m 9 _! place ^u ! tables4 ,z ?is is a 

natural & legitimate desire1 a supplem5t
 to ! sev5? gift has be5 devis$1 consi/+
 ( pap] sub/itutes = ! v>i\s =ms1 ( !   
same size & appropriate color+1 & to be 
_h ei!r pla9 or gumm$ on ! back4 ,aft] !
 inv5tions h be5 made1 !y are easily    
transf]r$ to pap] ) p>quetry1 & s c be  
be/[$ accord+ to ! w ( ! inv5tor4       
,gr\p ,"w4  ,! p>quetry ( ! sev5? gift  
l5ds an add$ grace to cop]ative "w1 = ! 
*ildr5 c n[ comb9e all _! mat]ial 9 "o  
=m to decorate ! room1 or p]haps to s5d 
z a gift to an abs5t playmate4 ,!y may  
make an inlaid floor = ! doll's h\se1 a 
brightly color$ w9d[pane = ! sun to     
/ream ?r\gh1 & ) l>g] =ms may ev5 design
 an effective bord] = ! wa9scot+ ( !    
s*oolroom4#fe      #fe ,! utility ( ?is 
unit$ action is n to be     ov]look$4 ,!
 *ildr5 all proce$ accord+ to "o & !    
same law1 !y all "w to produce "o & !   
same result1     ! same purpose unites  
!m all2 9 %ort1 we see "h 9     !       
*ildr5's play all t =ms ! base ( e human
     society1 all t r5d]s x possible =  

m5 to act toge!r     9 organiz$         
communities1 su* z are ! family1 ! /ate1
     & ! *ur*4 ,& to prep>e = ! future1 
to be m9dful     ev5 amid/ play ( t :i* 
a *ild w aft]w>ds     require 9 ord]    
wor?ily to fill 8 place 9 ! _w1         
ought surely n to be among ! lea/       
important ends ( an     education claim+
 to be 9 con=mity ) nature &            
reason4--,h4 ,goldamm]1 ,! ,k9d]g>t51   
page #ace4  ,! gr\p "w at ! squ>e tables
 is also c>ri$ on v fully ) ! tablets1 !
 symmetrical figures :5 ! colors are    
well comb9$ be+ q dazzl+ 9 beauty4      
,color ) ,sev5? ,gift4  ,9 ?is          
connection1 a dang] may be not$ 9 !     
treatm5t ( ! gifts1 bo? by k9d]g>tn] &  
*ildr54 ,color appe>s aga9 "h 9 almo/   
bewild]+ pr(usion aft] its long abs5ce 9
 ! s]ies1 & is ano!r /raw to prove t !  
w9d is bl[+ /rongly t[>d ! occupations4 
,_m ( ! pa/ebo>d tablets are ( diff]5t  
colors on ! opposite sides1 & ?\gh ?is  
is ( great use 9 ,beauty =ms1 :5 prop]ly
 treat$1 x is q (t5 un=tunate 9 =ms (   

life1 unless c>eful att5tion is giv5 to 
arrang+ ! mat]ial be=eh&4 ,! effect ( a 
b>n1 = in/ance1 ) its front view *eck]$ 
) violet1 r$1 & yell[ squ>es1 may be    
imag9$1 or ( a pigeon-h\se ) a          
p>ti-color$ gre5 & blue ro(1 an orange  
/&>d1 & r$ supports4 ,yet ^! are no     
fancy pictures ,i h pa9t$1 & if ! *ild  
places ! tablets 9 ?is fa%ion1 !y are   
(t5 all[$ s to rema9 )\t criticism f !  
purbl9d k9d]g>tn]4 ,%e ev5 sometimes    
dictates1 h]self1 extravagant & vulg>   
comb9ations ( color1 su* z a violet     
c5tre-piece ) gre5 corn]s & an orange   
bord]4  ,!re ne$s no reason+ to prove t 
su* a p]son is radically unfit to h&le !
 subject ( color-tea*+1 & is sure to    
corrupt ! *ildr5 "u h] *>ge2 = 9 g5]al1 
if ord9>ily well tra9$1 !y %\ld n[ be f>
 beyond ! /age 9 :i* !y w\ld be satisfi$
 ) su* crudity ( comb9ation4 ,!y h _h _!
 season ( play+ ) brightness1 z ,mr4    
,hailmann calls x1 & %\ld n[ beg9 to h  
really good ideas z to h>moni\s         
arrangem5t ( hues4 ,if !y h n1 if !y    

really seem to pref] ! pigeon-h\se or   
b>n above m5tion$1 !n !y are vici\sly   
ill-taught1 or altoge!r defici5t 9 color
 s5se4  ,x has be5 not$ t ! old] *ildr5 
(t5 *oose ! light & d>k wood5 tablets1 =
 inv5tion1 r ?an ! gay pa/ebo>d =ms2 b  
?is may be on acc\nt ( ! high poli% ( ! 
wood1 & its novelty 9 ?is guise1 r ?an  
because1 z has be5 sugge/$1 !y h be5    
surfeit$ ) brightness4   ,,read+s ,,=   
,,! ,,/ud5t4    ,p>adise ( ,*ildhood4   
,edw>d ,wiebe4 ,pages #cj-ch4   ,law (  
,*ildhood4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4 #ch1 #ci4 
,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,kraus-,boelte4       
#ade-bcg4   ,koehl]'s ,k9d]g>t5         
,practice4 ,tr4 by ,m>y ,gurney4 #f-i4  
,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,h4 ,goldamm]4 #aaf-ed4   
,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4  
#fh-gj4   ,k9d]g>t5 & ,*ild-,culture4   
,h5ry ,b>n>d4 #baj1 #bee1 #beg4   ,prang
 ,prim>y ,c\rse 9 ,art ,education4 ,"p  
,i4 ,m>y ,d4 ,hicks1       ,joseph9e ,c4
 ,locke4   ,color 9 ! ,s*ool-,room4     
,milton ,bradley4   ,elem5t>y ,color4   
,milton ,bradley4   ,color ,tea*+ 9     

,public ,s*ools4 ,l\is ,prang1 ,j4 ,s4  
,cl>k1       ,m>y ,d4 ,hicks4   ,color1 
an ,elem5t>y ,manual = ,/ud5ts4 ,a4 ,h4 
,*ur*4   ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,h>mony &      
,contra/s ( ,colors4 ,m4 ,e4 ,*evreul4  
,/ud5ts' ,text-,book ( ,color4 ,o4 ,n4  
,rood4   ,sugge/ions ) ,reg>d to ! ,use 
( ,color4 ,prang ,ed4 ,co4              
,,froebel',s ,,eigh? ,,gift             
,,! ,,/raight ,,l9e4            ,! ,s+le
 & ,jo9t$ ,slats & ,/aff or ,/ick4      
,! k ( ! l9e> lies at ! f\ndation ( !   
k ( ea* =m2 ! =ms are view$ & recogniz$ 
by ! int]m$iation ( ! /raight-l9$4      
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,froebel's    
la?s1 :]e) ! *ild c =m lett]s1          
correspond to ! bee*-/aves 7bu*55 ,/b*51
 n[     contract$ to ,bu*/ab51 i4 e41   
lett]s ( ! alphabet71     :]eon 7 c>v$ !
 runes & magic symbols ( our            
primitive ance/ors4                     
,,h]mann ,,poes*e4      ,x w be readily 
se5 h[ useful /ick-lay+ may become     9
 p]spective draw+1 9 ! /udy ( planes &  
solids1 9     cry/allography2 h[1 :ile x

 insures an enjoyable     famili>ity )  
geometrical =ms & secures               
ev]-increas+ manual skill & delicacy (  
t\*1 x     develops at ! same "t !      
arti/ic s5se ( ! *ildr5     9 a high    
degree4                                 
,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann4   #a4 ,! wood5 /affs
 ( ! eigh? gift 7sometimes call$ ! t5?7 
are ( v>i\s l5g?s1 b h = _! uni=m       
?ickness ! t5? ( an in*4  ,!y pres5t1 z 
n[ made1 flat sides & squ>e ends1 are   
sometimes uncolor$ & sometimes dy$ 9 !  
six prim>y colors4  #b4 ,! previ\s gifts
 dealt ) solids & plane surfaces1 :oles 
or divid$ :oles1 :ile ?is "o illu/rates 
! edge or l9e4  ,! previ\s gifts m      
def9itely sugge/$ _! uses by _! prom95t 
*>act]i/ics2 ?is dep5ds = its value     
l>gely ^u ! +5uity ( ! tea*]4  ,we h    
contra/s ( size 9 ! prec$+ gifts1 bo? 9 
! units !mselves & 9 ! compon5t p>ts (  
:i* ! divid$ units are made2 b 9 ?is    
gift ! dim5sion l5g? is alone emphasiz$4
  #c4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( !   
gift is ! repres5tation ( ! l9e4 ,!     

relations ( position & =m ent] z        
ess5tial elem5ts ( usefulness4  #d4 ,!  
lay+ ( /icks may be us$ z an occupation 
v e>ly 9 ! k9d]g>t5 c\rse1 & ?us s]ve z 
a prep>ation = ! fir/ draw+ ex]cises1 b 
!re %\ld be no attempt at ?is "t to give
 !m _! legitimate connection ) ! cube z 
! edge ( ! solid & ) ! tablet z a       
portion ( ! surface4  ,lat] !y may be   
introduc$ 9 _! prop] place 9 ! sequ5ce (
 gifts1 & ?us assume _! true relation 9 
! *ild's m9d4 ,?is relation is made m   
evid5t z we c & %\ld reproduce ! lessons
 ) ! solids 9 outl9e ) ! /icks4 ,:5 !   
*ild is m advanc$1 ! connection ( !     
/icks ) ! prec$+ objects w be m cle>ly  
expla9$ & intellig5tly compreh5d$1 & !n 
!y may be us$ 9 connection ) s(t5$ peas 
or t9y corks1 :i* s]ve to illu/rate !   
po9ts ( contact ( ! sides ( surfaces &  
edges ( solids ^: skeletons ! *ild c !n 
con/ruct ) ^! mat]ials4  #e4 ,!         
geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is gift    
are3--    ,angles ( e degree4           
,triangles1 quadrilat]als1 & additional 

polygons4   ,skeletons ( solids by means
 ( corks or peas4  #f4 ,! law ( !       
m$iation ( contra/s is %[n 9 ! fact t e 
l9e is a connection betwe5 opposite     
po9ts4 ,z 9 ! o!r gifts1 ! law gov]ns ! 
use ( ! l9e 9 ! =mation ( all outl9es ( 
objects & all symmetrical designs4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,z we h already not$1 ! gifts ( ,froebel
 are ?us f> solids1 divid$ solids1      
planes & divid$ planes4   ,relation ( ! 
,s+le & ,jo9t$ ,slats to ! o!r ,gifts4  
,h[ bo? are us$4  ,) ! s+le & jo9t$     
slats we %all n deal sep>ately1 m]ely   
/at+ t !y =m a transition betwe5 !      
surface & ! l9e1 hav+ m bread? &        
relation to ! surface itself ?an to !   
edge1 b manife/ly t5d+ t[>ds ! embodi$  
l9e ( :i* ! little /ick giv5 by ,froebel
 is ! realization4  ,! jo9t$ slats1     
g5]ally rul$ 9 half & qu>t] in*es =     
measur+1 may be us$ to %[ h[ "o =m is   
develop$ f ano!r1--= in/ance1 ! rhombus 
f ! squ>e1 ! rhomboid f ! oblong1 & !y  
are v useful also = expla9+ & illu/rat+ 

! diff]5t k9ds ( angles1 z ! op5+ betwe5
 ! jo9ts may be made n>r[] or wid] at   
pleasure4  ,! disconnect$ slats are us$ 
= ! occasional play or ex]cise (        
int]lac+1 =m+ a v>iety ( figures1       
geometrical & arti/ic1 :i* hold toge!r  
:5 c>efully treat$4#ff      #ff ,! slats
 =m1 9 "s sort1 ! transition f !        
surface-pictures ( ! lay+-tablets to !  
l9eal     repres5tations ( ! lay+-/icks1
 b h ?is advantage     ov] bo? tablets &
 /icks1 t ! =ms con/ruct$ )     !m are n
 b\nd d[n to ! surface ( ! table1 b     
possess suffici5t solidity to be> be+   
remov$ f     x4--,h4 ,goldamm]1 ,!      
,k9d]g>t51 page #aee4   ,mat]ials (     
,froebel's ,gifts4  ,z to ! unpret5ti\s 
little /icks !mselves1 ! use ( ^! bits (
 wa/e wood is entirely unique &         
*>act]i/ic4 ,no "o else w\ld h deem$ !m 
wor?y ( a place 9 s*ool app>atus or     
among educational appliances2 b ,froebel
 _h ! eye & m9d ( a true philosoph]1 ev]
 see+ ! great 9 ! small1--ev] br++ out (
 ! commonplace mat]ial1 :i* lies unus$  

on e h&1 all its inh]5t possibilities & 
capabilities ( usefulness4 ,froebel 0 no
 de/ructive re=m]1 b ! mo/ cons]vative (
 philosoph]s4   ,h[ ! ,/ick is to be    
reg>d$4  ,! /ick ( c\rse is to be reg>d$
 9 its relation to :at comes be=e & aft]
 x1--z ! embodi$ edge ( ! cube1 z !     
tablet 0 its embodi$ face4 ,! *ild %\ld 
at la/ id5tify 8 /ick1 ! embodim5t ( !  
/raight l9e1 ) ! axis ( ! sph]e1 ! edge 
( ! cube1 & ! side ( ! squ>e4#fg ,!     
/icks & r+s are1 prop]ly speak+1 "o     
gift1 contra/+ ! curv$ & /raight l9es4  
#fg ,j z we obta9$ ! tablets f ! cubes1 
( :i*     !y are ! embodi$ faces1 s n[  
we obta9 also !     lay+-/icks f ! cube1
 ^: edges !y repres5t4 ,b     !y are    
conta9$ also 9 ! lay+-tablets1 = "o may 
reg>d ! surface z produc$ by !          
progressive movem5t (     a l9e1 & ?is  
may be made cle> to ! *ild by slic+ a   
squ>e tablet into a numb] ( /icks4--,h4 
,goldamm]1 ,!     ,k9d]g>t51 page #afa4 
,me?od & ,mann] ( ,lessons4  ,al?\gh !  
/ick ex]cises %\ld make _! appe>ance at 

lea/ once e week aft] _! introduction1  
!y may always be v>i$ by /ories1 & :5   
occasionally connect$ ) o!r objects1 cut
 f pap] to illu/rate "s po9t1 are among 
! pleasante/ & mo/ fruitful ex]cises ( !
 k9d]g>t54  ,! /icks may be us$ = tea*+ 
numb] & elem5t>y geometry1 bo? 9 !      
k9d]g>t5 & s*ool1 or = review+ & fix+ k 
already ga9$ 9 ^! directions1 = practice
 9 ! elem5ts ( design+1 = giv+ a correct
 idea ( outl9es ( famili> objects1 &    
%\ld con/antly s]ve z an introduction to
 draw+ & sew+ lessons1 to :i* !y are !  
natural prelude4  ,!y %\ld be us$       
/rictly aft] ! mann] ( ! o!r gifts1     
beg9n+ ) c>eful dictations1 9 :i* !     
v>i\s positions ( "o /ick %\ld be       
exhau/$ be=e proce$+ to a great] numb]1 
) cop]ative "w1 & ) free inv5tion4 ,^!  
ex]cises & orig9al designs may be put   
into p]man5t =m 9 p>quetry1 :i* is      
furni%$ = ?is gift 9 ! v>i\s color$     
pap]s1 z well z = ! tablets4 ,!         
inv5tions may also be transf]r$ to pap] 
by draw+1 & to c>d-bo>d by sew+4  ,!    

ex]cises may cont9ue f ! v>i\s simple   
positions :i* "o /ick may assume to     
really complex dictations requir+ f     
fifte5 to tw5ty-five /icks1 & introduc+ 
_m difficult positions & outl9es ( new  
geometrical figures4   ,=ms ( ,k &      
,numb] ,"w4  ,:5 we consid] t ! l5g? ( !
 /icks v>ies f "o to six in*es1 & t !   
numb] giv5 to ! *ild is limit$ only by 8
 capacity = us+ !m successfully1 we c   
see t ! outl9es ( all ! rectil9e> plane 
figures c easily be made by _! use4 ,(  
c\rse 9 ^! ex]cises !re mu/ be a great  
deal ( incid5tal ari?metic1 b ! gift may
 also be us$ = def9ite numb] "w1 & is f>
 bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an any o!r
 9 ! s]ies1 s9ce x pres5ts a numb] (    
sep>ate units :i* may be gr\p$ or comb9$
 to suit any simple ari?metical process4
 ,repres5t+ ! l9e z x does1 x has less  
bodily sub/ance ?an any previ\s gift1 & 
h5ce comes ne>e/ to ! num]ical symbols1 
z ! next /ep to us+ a l9e w\ld obvi\sly 
be mak+ "o4 ,x also (f]s v mu* ! same   
mat]ials = calculation z 7 us$ by ! race

 9 its *ildhood1 & h5ce fits 9 ) !      
inh]it$ in/9cts ( ! undevelop$ human    
be+4#fh      #fh ,ea* foll[+ g5]ation & 
ea* foll[+ individual     man is to pass
 ?r\gh ! :ole e>li] developm5t &        
cultivation ( ! human race1--& he does  
pass x2     o!rwise he w\ld n und]/& !  
_w pa/ &     pres5t1--b n by ! dead way 
( imitation1 ( copy+1     b by ! liv+   
way ( individual1 free1 active          
developm5t     & cultivation4--,fri$ri* 
,froebel1 ,education ( ,man1     page   
#aa4  ,:o has n se5 him arrang+ twigs & 
bran*es 9 8 play1 c\nt+ !m ov] & ov] or 
simulat+ ! process1 & delight+ to divide
 !m into gr\ps8 ,s ! cave-dwell] us$ !m1
 d\btless1 n 9 play1 b 9 s]i\s e>ne/1 = 
"s su* purpose z keep+ tally ( ! wild   
bea/s he _h kill$1 or ! numb] ( 8       
enemies vanqui%$4  ,) a few packets (   
,froebel's /icks1 z has be5 v well said1
 ! *ild is provid$ ) an excell5t        
calculat+ ma*9e4 ,! use ( ?is ma*9e 9 ! 
prim>y s*ool 9 ^w mak+ z well z 9 numb] 
"w is practically unlimit$2 b 9 !       

k9d]g>t5 x may v well give a cle>1      
practical und]/&+ ( ! fir/ f\r rules (  
ari?metic1--an und]/&+ :i* w be bas$ on 
p]sonal activity & exp]i5ce4#fi      #fi
 ,?us ! *ild's sph]e ( k1 ! _w ( 8      
life1 is aga9 ext5d$ by ! obs]vation &  
recognition1     by ! developm5t &      
cultivation1 ( ! capacity (     numb]2 &
 an ess5tial ne$ ( 8 inn] nature1 a     
c]ta9     ye>n+ ( 8 _s1 are !reby       
satisfi$4444 ,!     k ( ! relations (   
quantity extraord9>ily     height5s !   
life ( ! *ild4--,fri$ri* ,froebel1      
,education ( ,man1 page #de4            
,evolution ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,/ick4  ,x is  
well by way ( prelude to ! fir/ few     
lessons to draw f ! *ildr5 ! orig9 &    
hi/ory ( ! t9y bit ( wood giv5 !m = _!  
play1 & !y w h5ce=? reg>d x 9 a new     
light & treat x ) great] respect & c>e4 
,let u trace x c>efully f its baby      
beg9n+s 9 ! se$1 its g]m9ation & gr[?1 !
 influ5ces :i* surr\nd & fo/] x f day to
 day1 its /eady increase 9 size & /r5g?1
 its d[nw>d grasp & its upw>d rea*1 !   

h>d5+ ( ! t5d] /em & sl5d] cyl9drical   
trunk into ! massive oak or p9e1 ! gr[? 
( its t\gh1 /rong g>m5t ( b>k1 its w9t] 
times ( re/ & spr+ times ( r5ewal1 until
 f ! t5d] gre5 twig s frail & pliant x  
has become too l>ge to clasp ) ! arms1 &
 high en\gh to sw+ its dry leaves into !
 *ur* t[]4  ,!n let u foll[ out its     
usefulness2 = in/ance1 we might fir/    
pa9t a gl[+ ^w-picture ( ! logg+-camp1 !
 *opp+ & hew+ & fell+1 ! life ( ! busy  
woodcutt] 9 ! leafy woods 9 autumn1 or 9
 ! d5se =e/s 9 w9t] "t1 :5 ! sn[1 cold &
 :ite & dazzl+1 cov]s ! gr\nd ) its     
fleecy c>pet4 ,aga91 let u depict ! road
 & ! busy team/]s driv+ _! yokes ( /rong
 ox5 ) _! heavy loads ( logs to ! t[ns &
 cities :]e !y are to be sold4 ,a sc5e1 
a p]fect ^w-picture1 %\ld be pa9t$ (    
ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! trip1--! crun*+ ( !    
ox5's ho(s on ! press$ sn[1 ! creak+ ( !
 heavy truck z its runn]s slip along !  
smoo? surface1 ! brea? ( ! m5 & animals 
ris+ l /eam into ! cle>1 cold air4 ,all 
^! ?+s rise 9 image be=e ! *ild's eye & 

are n soon =gott51 y may be sure4 ,! "w 
& life ( ! riv]-driv]s might also be    
describ$1 & _! mann] ( float+ ! logs d[n
 riv] 9 spr+time :5 ! wat] is high & !  
curr5t /rong4 ,!n p]haps ! *ildr5 w help
 to tell u ab\t ! mill ( :i* !y d\btless
 "k some?+1--:]e ! sawmills are built1  
h[ ! wat] helps 9 turn+ ! great :eel1 ! 
buzz+ & hiss+ ( ! big saws1 & ! way 9   
:i* !y quickly make bo>ds ( ! long1     
/rong logs4 ,?is & mu* m may be said1 & 
if x is well said1 no *ild c ev] look at
 ! t9y /ick aft]w>ds & entirely =get !  
*>m :i* once surr\nd$ x4#gj      #gj ,^!
 t]se graphic descriptions ( objects w  
be     f\nd v s]viceable 9 %>p5+ &      
int5sify+ !     p[]s ( obs]vation1 z    
well z secur+ cle>ness1     di/9ctness1 
accuracy1 & life 9 v]bal description4   
,"h     ! pupil le>ns practically to    
give due prom95ce to     ess5tials1 & to
 appreciate ! full value ( accessories2 
to look = & discov] ! fundam5tal ideas (
 :i*     ?+s are ! modifi$1 adorn$1     
g>bl$1 or /unt$     expression2 to seek 

& f9d ! v s\l ( ?+s4--,w4 ,n4           
,hailmann1 ,prim>y ,helps1 page #ag4    
,gr\p ,"w ) ,/icks4  ,! /icks are       
especially s]viceable = gr\p "w ( v>i\s 
k9ds1 ei!r at ! long or squ>e tables4 ,z
 ! *ildr5 h n[ an abundance ( mat]ial !y
 c make all ! objects1 p]haps1 :i* may  
be m5tion$ 9 a /ory ! k9d]g>tn] tells4  
,if x is ab\t ! orig9 ( ,?anksgiv+ ,day1
 = in/ance1 ,abby1 :o sits at "o end ( !
 l9e1 may make a picture ( ! ,mayfl[]1 &
 ,john1 h] neighbor1 make ! ,spe$well4  
,! next *ild may con/ruct a cradle =    
,oceanus1 ! little ,pilgrim baby born on
 %ipbo>d2 ! next use 8 mat]ial = !      
,indian huts ! settl]s saw aft] l&+2 & s
 on1 ea* *ild mak+ a diff]5t object1 :i*
 rema9s ^u 8 table until ! close ( !    
/ory4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 x w h be5    
fully illu/rat$ by ! *ildr5 ) _! /icks1 
& !y w be delight$ to inspect ! diff]5t 
pictures :i* !y w pla9ly see are mu* m  
v>i$ & beautiful ?an any "o ( !m c\ld h 
made alone4 ,?us ! value ( cop]ation w  
be pla9ly %[n1 )\t a ^w f !             

k9d]g>tn]4#ga      #ga ,9 ?is gr\p "w x 
is desirable t ! common     aims %\ld be
 fully )9 ! compreh5sion ( ea* little   
work]1 yet suffici5tly beyond 8 p[]s (  
execution &     endurance to make him   
s5sible ( ! ne$ ( assi/ance4 ,!     =m] 
secures ! possibility ( individual      
enjoym5t1 &     h5ce ! only reliable    
inc5tive to p]si/5ce2 ! latt]           
insures free subord9ation to ! w ( !    
:ole1 !     ess5tial condition (        
success4--,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann1 ,prim>y    
,helps1 page #ah4   ,=ms ( ,life4  ,z to
 ,life =ms 9 g5]al1 _! numb] is         
practically unlimit$1 ?\gh z !y are only
 l9e-pictures1 & heavy l9es at t1 !y are
 n z real z ^? made 9 ! ,build+ ,gifts4 
,!y are easily made1 h[ev]1 & ! v]ie/   
baby 9 ! k9d]g>t5 :o h&les ! /icks z a  
prelude to 8 draw+ ex]cises inv5ts ) !m 
all sorts ( rude =ms :i* he calls by    
appropriate names4  ,! "q ( color z x   
ent]s into ^! =ms ne$s1 p]haps1 a       
mom5t's consid]ation "h4 ,z ! gift      
includes bo? :ite & color$ /icks1 w\ld x

 n be well to use ! =m] = all dictations
 9 ,life =ms1 res]v+ ! brilliant hues = 
! =ms ( symmetry ^: *>ms !y w\ld greatly
 enhance8   ,connection ( o!r ,objects )
 ,/ick ,dictations4  ,we may sometimes  
connect simple1 inexp5sive objects )    
/ick dictations1 ) a view to mak+ !m m  
reali/ic & delightful4 ,:5 ! little ones
 are j gett+ ! v>i\s positions &        
correspond+ t]ms into _! m9ds1 & :5     
!re=e x is advisable to keep !m amus$ & 
happy ) "o to ?ree /icks z long z       
possible1--t is1 until ! fundam5tal     
pr9ciples h become v famili>1--^!       
objects are mo/ invaluable4  ,innum]able
 lessons may be practic$ ) "o /ick only1
 call+ x at la/ a :ip/ock & giv+ x a bit
 ( curly pap] = a la%4 ,f> f be+ an     
in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 x makes e *ild     
laugh ) ! glee ( possession4  ,) two    
/icks laid horizontally we may give a   
little pap] horse-c>1 or :5 "o is       
v]tical & ! o!r runs horizontally across
 its end1 we may call x a c&le/ick &    
snip a half-circle ( pap] into !        

semblance ( a flame4 ,! effect is       
electrical1 ?\gh ! light be only "o     
c&le-p[]4  ,& s on1 ad inf9itum2 x is   
en\gh to give ! h9t = ! play4 ,we c cut 
little pap] birds = ! bird-cages1       
tumbl]s = ! rude little tables1 gre5    
leaves = ! trees1 etc41 mak+ ! /ick     
ex]cise1 ev5 9 its fir/ m difficult     
details1 a "t ( great satisfaction &    
gladness4  ,complete sets ( ^! c>d-bo>d 
objects1 "o = ea* *ild1 %\ld always be  
kept on h&2 if well made !y w la/ a ye>4
   ,=ms ( ,beauty4  ,en\gh has already  
be5 said ( ! possibilities ( ! /icks to 
%[ t !y are mo/ valuable = symmetrical  
=ms4 ,!y may be comb9$ ) ! tablets1 &   
?us v pretty effects be made1 & :5 f\r  
*ildr5 unite _! mat]ial at ! gr\p "w    
tables1 ! dictations & inv5tions produc$
 are ( c\rse v l>ge1 & may be really    
beautiful if con/ruct$ on arti/ic       
pr9ciples4  ,bord] "w may be v fully    
c>ri$ out ) ! /icks1 & ano!r *>m+       
feature ( ! gift is ! way 9 :i* x l5ds  
itself to ! mak+ ( sn[ cry/als4 ,^! are 

symmetrical comb9ations & modifications 
( famili> geometrical =ms ar\nd !       
hexagon4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann says    
reg>d+ !m3 ,at fir/1 x is be/ to give   
ea* *ild only six or twelve /icks1 & to 
dictate ! c5tral figure 7a hexagon or   
hexagonal />7 v]bally or by means ( a   
draw+ on ! blackbo>d4 ,!y may !n receive
 a numb] ( additional /icks1 & let !    
c5tral figure gr[1 all obey+ ! tea*]'s  
dictation1 or ea* foll[+ 8 own inv5tive 
g5ius4#gb      #gb ,^! =ms are          
invaluable ev5 z sil5t tea*]s     (     
geometrical & num]ical relations4 ,us$  
judici\sly     9 conv]sational lessons1 
lead+ to p>tial or complete     analysis
 ( ! figures 9 spok5 or writt5          
descriptions1     _! tea*+ p[] is       
inexhau/ible4--,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann's      
,prim>y ,helps1 page #ba4  ,9 ?is gift1 
z well z 9 ! sev5?1 ! *ild's imitative &
 inv5tive p[]s are obvi\sly m greatly   
tax$ ?an 9 ! o!rs1 & ! dang] w be1 if he
 is n well tra9$1 t1 z he app>5tly c d  
any?+ ) ! mat]ial1 he w end by do+ no?+4

 ,! great] ! fre$om giv5 to ! *ild1 !   
great] ! necessity ( tea*+ him to use t 
lib]ty 9 & ?r\gh ! law1 & n to abuse x  
by fail+ to rea* ) its aid ! highe/     
ends4   ,connection ( ,/icks ) ,draw+4  
,we may make ! lay+ ( "o-in* /icks 9    
v]tical & horizontal positions1 9 angles
 & squ>es1 a prelude to ! draw+ ( simil>
 l9es2 & ! copy+ ( /ick dictations1 ei!r
 f ! table1 or f memory1 into draw+1 is 
a mo/ excell5t ex]cise1 call+ into      
requisition great correctness & good    
judgm5t1 besides an unusual am\nt (     
calculation1 s9ce ! /ick dictation w be 
on a scale ( "o in*1 & ! draw+ on a     
scale ( "o f\r? in*1 r$uc+ ! orig9al    
design to "o 9 m9iature4 ,! *ild w almo/
 always beg9 by attempt+ to make !      
picture exactly l 8 model 9 size )\t    
c\nt+ ! in*es & try+ to make x          
ma!matically correct2 b aft] ! idea is  
c>efully expla9$ & fully illu/rat$1 he w
 h no fur!r difficulty except+1 p]haps1 
) ! m complicat$ figures conta9+ slant+ 
l9es4   ,ambidext]ity4  ,we %\ld        

enc\rage 9 all possible ways ! use ( bo?
 h&s 9 all ! ex]cises ) gifts &         
occupations1 n only t "o may be z       
skillful z ! o!r1 b also to avoid a     
"o-sid$ position ( ! body :i* frequ5tly 
leads to curvature ( ! sp9e4 ,!         
well-kn[n physiologi/1 ,pr(essor        
,br[n-,squ>d1 insi/s on ! equal use (   
bo? h&s1 9 ord] to induce ! necess>y    
equal fl[ ( blood to ! bra94 ,?r\gh !   
effect ( our irregul> & abnormal        
developm5t1 ! cause ( :i* is ! too      
p]si/5t use ( ! "r h&1 "o lobe ( our    
bra9s & "o side ( our bodies are 9 a    
neglect$ & weak5$ condition1 & ! evils  
result+ f ?is weakness are _m &         
widespread4 ,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson says3  
,9 ! majority ( cases ! defect1 ?\gh x  
_c be :olly ov]come1 may be 9 great "p  
cur$ by e>ly tra9+1 :i* w /r5g!n at once
 bo? ! body & m9d4#gc      #gc ,:5ev] ! 
e>ly & p]si/5t cultivation ( !     full 
use ( bo? h&s has be5 accompli%$1 !     
result is     great] effici5cy1 )\t any 
correspond+ awkw>dness or     defect4 ,9

 c]ta9 arts & pr(essions1 bo? h&s are   
necess>ily call$ into play4 ,! skillful 
surgeon f9ds an     enorm\s advantage 9 
be+ able to transf] 8 in/rum5t     f "o 
h& to ! o!r4 ,! d5ti/ has to multiply   
in/rum5ts to make up = ! lack ( su*     
acquir$ p[]4     ,! f5c] :o c transf] 8 
weapon to ! left h&     places 8 adv]s>y
 at a disadvantage4 ,! lumb]] f9ds x    
indisp5sable1 9 ! op]ation ( 8          
woodcraft1 to le>n to     *op timb]     
"r-&-left-h&$2 & ! c>p5t] may be        
frequ5tly se5 us+ ! saw & hamm] 9 ei!r  
h&1 &     !reby n only re/+ 8 arm1 b    
greatly facilitat+     8 "w4 ,9 all !   
f9e arts ! ma/]y ( bo? h&s is           
advantage\s4 ,! sculptor1 ! c>v]1 !     
draughtsman1 !     engrav]1 !           
cameo-cutt]1 ea* has rec\rse at times to
 !     left h& = special manipulative   
dext]ity2 ! piani/     dep5ds little    
less on ! left h& ?an on ! "r2 &     z =
 ! organi/1 ) ! num]\s p$als & /ops (   
! mod]n gr& organ1 a quadruman\s        
musician w\ld /ill     f9d reason to    

envy ! ampl] scope :i* a ,bri>eus c\ld  
comm&4--,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson1           
,left-,h&$ness4 ,a ,h9t =               
,educators4   ,abuse ( ,eigh? ,gift4    
,no mat]ials ( ! k9d]g>t5 7save ! beans1
 l5tils1 etc41 :i* s]ve to repres5t !   
po9t7 h be5 s ov]-us$ & s abus$ z !     
/icks4 ,:5 no o!r "w 0 prep>$ = !       
*ildr51 :5 help]s 7 few1 & x 0 desirable
 to give some?+ :i* ne$$ no sup]vision1 
:5 inexp]i5c$ /ud5ts 7 to take *>ge (   
classes1 :5 ! k9d]g>tn] 0 we>y & want$ a
 quiet mom5t to re/1 :5 ev]ybody 0 9 a  
hurry1 :5 ! wea!r 0 v cold1 or          
oppressively w>m1 :5 !re 0 a torr5t (   
ra91 or _h be5 a long dr\ght1 ! /icks 7 
ha/ily br\ght =? f ! closet & z ha/ily  
?ru/ ^u ! *ildr54 ,^! small suff]]s1 be+
 ?us provid$ ) "w-mat]ials 9 :i* x 0    
obvi\s t sup]ior gr[n p took no int]e/1 
imm$iately lo/ int]e/ !mselves4 ,9      
riot\s k9d]g>t5s ! /icks 7 brok51 pok$  
into pockets1 & ?r[n on ! floor2 9 !    
ord]ly ones !y 7 gaz$ at apa!tically1 no
 "o deem+ x wor? :ile to /ir a h& to    

arrange !m1 save "u pressure4 ,/icks _h 
be5 pres5t$ s (t5 & 9 s tiresome a mann]
 t !y produc$ a k9d ( m5tal atrophy 9 ! 
*ild1--!y 7 arre/+ 8 developm5t in/ead (
 =w>d+ x4  ,su* an abuse ( mat]ial is   
entirely unnecess>y 9 ! k9d]g>t51 :]e s 
_m ways are provid$ ( pres5t+ ! same    
tru?s 9 all sorts ( diff]5t & *>m+      
guises4 ,x is unnecess>y & mo/          
un=tunate1 = x has frequ5tly ?r[n       
undes]v$ contempt on an innoc5t &       
attractive gift1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly treat$1
 is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ & useful :i*      
,froebel has bequea!d to u4   ,,read+s  
,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t4    ,p>adise (          
,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4 ,pages #ci-de4
   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,j4 & ,b4 ,ronge4  
#cc-cf4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4             
,kraus-,boelte4 #bci-cgc4   ,! ,k9d]g>t5
 ,pr9ciple4 ,m>y ,j4 ,lys*9ska4 #ajc-bj4
   ,law ( ,*ildhood4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4 
#ci4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,culture4 ,w4 ,n4      
,hailmann4 #gj-gb4   ,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,h4  
,goldamm]4 #aed-gb4   ,prim>y ,helps4   
,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann4   ,indu/rial ,art 9  

,s*ools4#gd ,*>les ,g4 ,lel&4   ,draw+ &
 ,decorative ,design4 ,*>les ,g4 ,lel&4 
,art & ! ,=mation ( ,ta/e4 ,walt]       
,crane4   ,manual ( ,design4 ,ri*>d     
,r$grave1 ,r4 ,a4   ,pr9ciples (        
,decorative ,design4 ,*ri/oph] ,dress]4 
,art & ,ornam5t 9 ,dress4 ,introduction4
 ,*>les ,blanc4      #gd ,circul>s (    
,in=mation ( ! ,bureau ( ,education1    
,no4 #d1 #ahhb4                         
,,froebel',s ,,n9? ,,gift               
,,! ,,r+ ,,or ,,curv$ ,,l9e      ,art   
develop$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ,egyptian     
temples %[ u     only /raight-l9$       
figures1 :i* consequ5tly %[             
ma!matical relations4 ,only 9 lat] times
 appe>$ !     l9es ( beauty1 t is1 !    
ar*$ or circul> l9es4 ,i     c>ry ! *ild
 on 9 ! same way4                       
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,! curve be>s 
) x 9 its unity & v>iety1 its ri*       
symbolism to ev]y?+ :i* lives & moves1 !
 mo/     intimate relation to t :i* !   
*ild sees1 feels1 &     loves4          
,,emma ,,m>w$el4      ,x might be said t

 to produce useful objects is !         
result ( ! /ruggle = life2 b ! t5d5cy to
 create     t :i* is simply arti/ic     
results f no su* urg5t     ne$1 yet x is
 f\nd :]ev] ! =m] exi/s4                
,,*>les ,g4 ,,lel&4          ,?\ can/ n 
wave ?y /aff 9 air1         ,or dip ?y  
paddle 9 ! lake1         ,b x c>ves ! b[
 ( beauty !re1         ,& ! ripples 9   
rhymes ! o> =sake4                      
,,em]son4   #a4 ,! r+s ( ! n9? gift are 
made ( silv]$ wire1 ei!r sold]$ or      
unsold]$1 & are :ole circles ?ree in*es1
 two in*es1 & "o in* 9 diamet]1 ) _!    
respective halves & qu>t]s4  #b4 ,z !   
fir/ six gifts emphasiz$ solids & divid$
 solids1 ! sev5?1 ! plane1 & ! eigh?1 ! 
/raight l9e1 s ! n9?1 ! r+1 embodies !  
curve1 & illu/rates ! circumf]5ce ( !   
sph]e & ! edge ( ! cyl9d]4  #c4 ,all !  
objects hi!rto us$ h1 ) ! exception ( ! 
ball & cyl9d]1 dealt ) /raight l9es & ! 
figures =m$ by ^? l9es4 ,we n[ beg9 a   
s]ies ( ex]cises ) ! curve1 & ! v>iety (
 symmetrical figures t c be con/ruct$ is

 imm5sely increas$4  #d4 ,mu* new k c be
 convey$ by means ( ?is fre% mat]ial1 a 
complete set ( new figures may be       
produc$1 & ! imitation ( objects passes 
f t ( ?+s con/ruct$ by man1 :i* are     
mo/ly rectil9e>1 to ^? ( nature 9 :i*   
curv$ l9es 9 e possible v>iety prevail4 
#e4 ,! geometrical =ms illu/rat$ 9 ?is  
gift are3--              ,circles4      
,semicircles4   ,planes4   ,quadrants4  
,sectors4             ,segm5ts4  ,by !  
union ( /raight & curv$ l9es 7/icks &   
r+s7 ! entire geometry ( ! circle may be
 illu/rat$1 & ! *ild may ?us become     
acqua9t$ ) ! appe>ance ( !    ,diamet]4 
,radius4   ,circumf]5ce4   ,*ord4       
,arc4  #f4 ,! law ( m$iation ( contra/s 
is %[n z foll[s3 ! semicircles1 :5 plac$
 on ! table ) ends t[>ds "r or left1    
connect po9ts ( opposite direction up & 
d[n1 & :5 plac$ ) ends po9t+ upw>d or   
d[nw>d !y connect ! "r ) ! left side4   
,! circle is ( c\rse an un5d+ l9e trac$ 
f a giv5 po9t back to itself1 accord+ to
 c]ta9 laws1 b x is also a union ( two  

semicircles curv+ outw>d 9 opposite     
directions4 ,x is a repres5tation ( !   
g5]al law1 s9ce ! p]iph]y & c5tre /& 9  
contra/ to ea* o!r1 & are connect$ by ! 
radii4--7,froebel47         99       99 
99       99       99   ,! ,new ,gift &  
its ,*>ms4  ,hav+ already analyz$       
/raight l9es 9 ! /icks1 we w pass       
directly to ! consid]ation ( ! n9? 9 !  
s]ies ( ,froebel's gifts1 ! r+s1 :i* are
 :ole1 half1 & qu>t] circles ( bright   
silv]$ wire4  ,if ! /icks 7 fasc9at+ to 
! *ild z ! embodi$ /raight edge or l9e1 
& p]fect treasure-h\ses ( new           
possibilities to ! k9d]g>tn]1 ! r+s are 
j a bit m delightful z1 ) _! glitt]+    
surface & curv$ l9es1 & _! wond]ful     
prop]ty ( hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 !y 
are q diff]5t 9 appe>ance f any?+ :i*   
prec$es or foll[s !m4 ,( c\rse ! *ild   
sees at once t "h is an entirely new    
field = inv5tion1 & he ha/5s to possess 
x1 fully consci\s ( 8 p[] ( comb9+ ! new
 elem5ts4   ,introduction ( ! ,r+4  ,we 
mu/ fir/ discuss ! new =m ) ! *ildr5 s z

 to be c]ta9 t !y fully und]/& its      
relation to ! o!r gifts4 ,p]haps 9 a    
previ\s ex]cise ) ! eigh? gift we h     
all[$ ! *ildr5 to exp]im5t ) a /ick1 &  
to break x p>tially 9 a numb] ( places s
 z to produce a measurably correct curv$
 l9e1 aft]w>ds promis+ !m t !y %\ld soon
 h p]fect curves to play )4 ,?is ex]cise
 has its value because x illu/rates     
practically t a curv$ l9e is "o :i*     
*anges its direction at e po9t4  ,let u 
see :5 to-day's play beg9s if ! *ildr5 c
 ?9k ( any way to make su* curves1 save 
by ! /ick already us$4 ,"s quick-witt$  
little "o w rememb] at once ! surface ( 
! ball & 8 repeat$ exp]im5ts 9 divid+ x1
 & w sugge/ 9 suffici5tly pla9 words t a
 curv$ l9e might be made f a clay sph]e4
 ,8 neighbor ?9ks a clay cyl9d] w\ld    
make "o m easily1 & bo? exp]im5ts are   
tri$ by all ! *ildr5 ) a resultant ( q  
p]fect clay r+s4 ,!n "s "o wants to make
 pap] r+s1 & "s "o else clo? r+s1 & !   
wise k9d]g>tn] enc\rages all ?is        
exp]im5t+1 kn[+ t ! p[] ( memory        

increases 9 ! same ratio z delight1     
animation1 & joy are connect$ ) free    
m5tal activity4   ,mat]ial ( ! ,r+s4    
,:5 ! wire r+s are at la/ giv51 "s      
conv]sation ab\t _! mat]ial w be        
pleasant & timely1 z x is ( a k9d we h n
 _h be=e 9 ! gifts1 & %all n h aga94 ,! 
*ildr5 w see t x is ak9 to ! sub/ance ( 
:i* _! sew+ & weav+ ne$les & _! scissors
 are made1 & possibly "s "o may "k t bo?
 are products ( iron4 ,at ?is juncture x
 may be well to %[ a piece ( iron1 to   
let ! *ildr5 h&le x & note its v>i\s    
prop]ties1 & :ile ?is is be+ done1 to   
tell !m ( ! _m p>ts ( ! _w 9 :i* x is   
f\nd1 ( its great /r5g? & usefulness1 & 
t its value is great] ?an t ( ! %9+     
yell[ gold4 ,a description ( iron m9es w
 easily foll[1 & ! *ildr5 w delight to  
he> ( ! great %afts sunk deep 9 ! e>?1 (
 ! baskets 9 :i* ! m9]s travel up & d[n1
 ( ! d>kness und]gr\nd :]e !y toil all  
day ) pick & %ovel1 ( ! safety lamps !y 
c>ry 9 _! caps1 ( ! mules t drag ! loads
 ( iron ore to & fro1 &--/>tl+ fact1 at 

:i* r\nd eyes are inv>iably op5$--t "s (
 ^! mules h _! /ables d[n 9 ! gr\nd     
bel[1 & nev] come up :]e ! sun %9es & ! 
fl[]s bloom4 ,if !re is a f\ndry 9 !    
vic9ity ( ! k9d]g>t51 & we c take !     
little ones to see ! huge furnaces1 !   
int5se fires1 ! molt5 iron1 & ! v>i\s   
roa/+1 melt+1 & m\ld+ processes necess>y
 9 ref9+ ! ore1 !y w ga9 an ineffaceable
 idea ( ! value ( ! metal 9 human labor1
 & ( ! endless *a9 ( h&s1 clasp$ ea* 9 !
 o!r1 ?r\gh :i* ! sl5d] wire r+s h pass$
 to rea* !m4   ,fir/ ,ex]cises4  ,9 !   
fir/ dictation ex]cise sev]al :ole      
circles ( ! same size may be giv51 & _! 
equality %[n by lay+ "o on top ( ! o!r4 
,!n we may lay !m side by side 9 actual 
contact1 & ! important fact w be        
discov]$ by ! *ildr5 t circles c t\* ea*
 o!r at "o po9t only4 ,subsequ5t        
ex]cises take up r+s ( diff]5t sizes1 :5
 conc5tric circles are ( c\rse made1 %[+
 "o ?+ completely inclos$ 9 ano!r1 &    
next foll[ ! half & qu>t] r+s1 :i* !    
*ildr5 mu/ be l$1 z h]et(ore1 to discov]

 & make = !mselves4  ,) ! semicircles1  
:i* (f] /ill ri*] sugge/ions = inv5tion 
?an ! :ole r+s1 ano!r prop]ty ( ! curv$ 
l9e is se54 ,two blocks1 two tablets1   
two /icks c\ld n t\* ea* o!r )\t =m+ new
 angles1 nor c\ld !y be s plac$ z to    
produce a complete figure4 ,two         
semicircles1 on ! o!r h&1 =m no new     
angles :5 !y t\*1 & !y may be jo9$      
completely & leave no op5+4  ,9 8 "w ) !
 /icks ! *ild became well v]s$ 9 h&l+ a 
comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial1 s t  
n[ he c deal successfully f ! fir/      
ex]cise ) a fair numb] ( :ole1 half1 &  
qu>t] r+s4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n  
to give him too _m ( ^! 9 ! beg9n+1 le/ 
he be ov]:elm$ ) ! ri*es at 8 comm&4#ge 
#ge ,! numb] ( r+s %\ld only gradually  
be augm5t$4     ,satiety de/roys e      
impulse ( creation4--,emma ,m>w$el1     
,*ildhood's ,poetry & ,/udies1 page #ae4
   ,:5 ! ,r+s %\ld be introduc$4  ,! r+s
 %\ld n be us$ freely until ! *ild is   
famili> ) v]tical1 horizontal1 & slant+ 
l9es1 & n only famili> 9 ! s5se ( be+   

able to receive & obey dictations       
intellig5tly1 b 9 con/antly mak+ correct
 & arti/ic use ( !m 9 8 creations4 ,!   
practice ) !m1 h[ev]1 is (t5 def]r$     
entirely too long1 & ! int5se pleasure &
 pr(it :i* ! *ild ga9s f ! beautiful &  
satisfy+ curv$ l9e are n giv5 him until 
v late 9 ! k9d]g>t5 c\rse4 ,?is is      
manife/ly unnecess>y1 = al?\gh1 if we   
introduce ,froebel's gifts & occupations
 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 we make great] use ( 
! /raight l9e aft] ! fir/ & second gifts
 are pass$ ?an we d ( ! curve1 yet we   
%\ld n end ) x1 nor accept x z a        
f9ality2 nei!r %\ld we keep ! *ild ti$  
d[n altoge!r to ! contemplation ( su*   
l9es4  ,!re is no ne$ ( exhau/+ all !   
possibilities ( ! /raight l9e be=e      
beg9n+ "w ) ! curve1 = suffici5t        
difficulties c\ld be devis$ ) ! =m] to  
la/ an indef9ite l5g? ( "t4  ,if ! *ild 
und]/&s ! relation ( ! edge to ! solid1 
& ( ! outl9e to ! body2 if he is skill$ 
9 ! use ( six to a doz5 /icks laid 9    
v>i\s positions1 he c appreciate        

p]fectly ! relation ( ! curv$ edge or   
l9e to ! sph]ical & circul> objects :i* 
he has se5 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,he rememb]s ! 
faces ( ! cyl9d]1 ! conv]sation ab\t    
sph]ical & flat r\nd+ objects 9 8 plays 
) ! ball1 & he has se5 ! circul> z well 
z squ>e pap]-fold+4  ,he w be accu/om$ 9
 t to ! appe>ance ( ! semicircle1       
segm5t1 quadrant1 & sector1 & w take    
great delight 9 cutt+ & draw+ r+s &     
cresc5ts if we op5 ! way = him4   ,h[ we
 may keep ! ,curve be=e ! ,*ild's ,eye4 
,al?\gh ! gifts1 f ?ird to n9?1         
illu/rate /raight l9es1 angles1 &       
rectil9e> figures1 yet ! occupations    
pres5t _m facilities = keep+ ! curve    
be=e ! eye ( ! *ild4 ,9 sew+1 we        
introduce curv+ outl9es dur+ ! /udy ( ! 
ball1 & "w out a s]ies ( objects 9 !    
vegetable & animal _w 9 ord] to v>y !   
ma!matical precision ( ! mak+ ( l9es1   
angles1 & geometrical figures1 z well z 
to illu/rate m fully ! sph]ical =m4  ,we
 may also use ! circul> pap]-fold+ 9 "s 
simple sequ5ce z e>ly z ! *ild's        

developm5t w p]mit1 & we h1 ( c\rse1 at 
! v outset1 ! occupation ( model+1 :i*  
is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( aids 9 ?is     
matt]1 & ! /r++ ( wood5 sph]es & beads4 
,! ?read game ent]s "h also1 & makes a  
useful supplem5t to ! r+s1 z ! wet ?read
 may be pu%$ :ile x lies on ! surface ( 
! table or slate into numb]less diff]5t 
=ms1 all ( :i* may be includ$ "u curv+  
outl9es4  ,9 l9e> draw+ we give ! *ild  
l9es runn+ 9 v>i\s directions at !      
e>lie/ possible "t1 s t he may n gr[    
into a /ra9$ & unnatural position ( !   
h&1 = ?is con/ant draw+ ( ! v]tical l9e1
 :i* is necess>y to its execution )     
p]fect precision by ! "y *ild1 limits ! 
fre$om ( ! wri/ & muscles1 & in/ead (   
prep>+ him to write a good h&1 does     
absolutely ! rev]se4 ,! v>i\s ex]cises1 
on ! o!r h&1 9 draw+ ! curves ( circle &
 oval & _! comb9ations are q p]fect     
prep>ations = cle>1 graceful p5man%ip4  
,we also h1 9 draw+1 ,miss ,emma        
,m>w$el's circul> sy/em1 & ! outl9e "w  
p]=m$ by means ( pa/ebo>d patt]ns1 mo/ (

 :i* are ( ! curv+ outl9es ( leaves1    
fl[]s1 fruits1 & vegetables4 ,:5 !      
*ildr5 c draw q well f ^! patt]ns we    
always enc\rage ! draw+ )\t !m1 m]ely   
look+ at ! object to be copi$4  ,^!     
ex]cises are ( ! greate/ value z        
connect$ ) model+ :5 ! subjects *os5 =  
inv5tion are compreh5d$ "u ! sph]e1     
prolate & oblate sph]oid1 ovoid1 cone1  
etc41 ! cube ) its /raight l9es com+ la/
 ( all4  ,9 ?is way1 :ile keep+ up !    
regul> sequ5ce ( lessons & occupations )
 ! /raight l9e1 we d n deb> ! *ild f !  
contemplation ( ! l9e ( beauty4   ,unit+
 ! ,/raight & ,curv$ ,l9es4  ,aft] ?is1 
he takes great pleasure 9 unit+ !       
/raight & curv$ l9es 9 8 inv5tions ) !  
/icks & r+s giv5 him toge!r1 & is q able
 to use !m sep>ately or unit$ly 9 8     
creative "w4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! fruit ( ^!  
ex]cises w beg9 to appe> 9 8 draw+4 ,he 
w attempt to unite 8 /raight l9es by    
curves1 & ev5 essay l>ge designs 9      
curves :i* w be f> f p]fect1 b nev]!less
 w n be )\t _! value4   ,copy+          

,inv5tions4  ,! fir/ trials ( ?is k9d   
may be 9 copy+ ! inv5tions 9 r+s :i* he 
has made on 8 table1 exactly z he       
previ\sly transf]r$ 8 /ick inv5tions to 
! slate4 ,! spaces %\ld be j z c>efully 
c\nt$1 & accuracy expect$ 9 pres]v+ !   
num]ical proportions4 ,b ?is ne$s mu*   
tact & pati5ce on ! "p ( ! k9d]g>tn]1 z 
well z skill 9 tea*+2 = ! pr9ciples (   
draw+ ! curve are mu* less obvi\s to !  
*ild & mu* m difficult = him to         
compreh5d ?an ! measurem5t & calculation
 ( /raight l9es ) _! v>i\s l5g?s &      
incl9ations4  ,^! inv5tions ) r+s1 :i*  
are (t5 wond]fully beautiful1--s        
beautiful1 9 fact1 t ! un9/ruct$ p]son  
is sometimes skeptical z to _!          
production by ! *ildr51--may also be    
pres]v$ 9 p]man5t =m by p>quetry4 ,x is 
furni%$ 9 v>i\s colors = ?is gift1 z = !
 sev5? & eigh?1 & is greatly enjoy$ by !
 *ildr54  ,if any %\ld fe> t ! long     
contemplation ( rectangul> solids1      
planes1 & /raight l9es 9 ,froebel's     
gifts %\ld t5d t[>ds too great rigidity 

& b>r5ness ( imag9ation 9 inv5tive "w1 x
 is obvi\sly )9 our p[]1 z has be5 %[n1 
to v>y ?is ma!matical exactness1 :i* is 
no d\bt less agreeable to ! *ild ?an !  
graceful image ( 8 own fancy 7c\ld he   
atta9 x71 by introduc+ ! curve freely   
into _m ( ! occupations & ex]cises ) !  
k9d]g>t5 mat]ial 9 g5]al4   ,=ms (      
,life1 ,beauty1 & ,k4  ,! r+s are (     
c\rse n z well adapt$ to ! production ( 
objects con/ruct$ by man z 7 ! /icks1 b1
 nev]!less1 ! mat]ial is n )\t value 9  
?is direction4 ,v>i\s fruits1 fl[]s1 &  
leaves may be made1 z well z su* objects
 z b[ls1 goblets1 h\r-glasses1 baskets1 
& vases4 ,:5 connect$ ) /icks1 ! numb] (
 ,life =ms is obvi\sly mu* increas$ on  
acc\nt ( ! union ( /raight & curv$ l9es 
?us made possible4 ,tablets may also be 
add$ & contribute a new elem5t to !     
possibilities = inv5tion4  ,=           
symmetrical =ms1 h[ev]1 ! gift is       
admirably adapt$1 s9ce ! *ild c h>dly   
put two r+s toge!r )\t produc+ some?+   
pleas+4#gf ,bord]s ent] "h 9 great      

v>iety1 tablets & /icks be+ add$ :5     
desirable1 & ! gr\p "w =ms1 comb9+ !    
sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? gifts1 give full    
play to ! creative impulses ( ! *ild1   
:ile call+ con/antly ^u ^? pr9ciples (  
design :i* he has le>n$ empirically4    
#gf ,x is true t ! *ild produces =ms (  
beauty )     o!r mat]ial also1 b x is ! 
curv$ l9e :i* (f]s     ! /ronge/        
inducem5ts to attempt su* =ms1 s9ce ev5 
! simple/ comb9ations ( a small numb] ( 
semicircles     & circles yield figures 
be>+ ! /amp ( beauty4--,h4              
,goldamm]'s ,! ,k9d]g>t51 page #agg4  ,!
 =ms ( k :i* c be made ) ! n9? gift are 
necess>ily few4 ,x is n especially well 
fitt$ = numb] "w1 & developm5t (        
geometrical =m is limit$ to ! planes &  
l9es ( ! circle4   ,wood5 ,r+s4  ,miss  
,emma ,m>w$el introduc$ a supplem5t to !
 n9? gift 9 ! =m ( wood5 circles &      
half-circles 9 _m colors4 ,^! are mu*   
heavi] ?an ! metal r+s1 !re=e some:at   
easi] to h&le & give1 z %e claims1 !    
*ild's creative p[]s a mu* l>g] field = 

/hetic developm5t4 ,( c\rse1 ?is l>g]   
field is to be f\nd 9 color bl5d+1 n 9  
beauty ( design1 z ! =m elem5ts rema9 ! 
same4 ,! bright hues are und\bt$ly a    
great attraction1 h[ev]1 & p]haps are 9 
l9e ) t return to color :i* 0 not$ 9 !  
sev5? gift1 :5 ! ar*itectural =ms 7 laid
 aside4 ,if we adopt ! wood5 r+s we ne$ 
n on t acc\nt lay aside ! metal ones1 = 
! two mat]ials may be comb9$ to great   
advantage4   ,difficulties ( ! ,gift4   
,! gift pres5ts little difficulty1 !    
dictations requir+ less conc5tration ?an
 h]et(ore z ! positions 9 :i* ! r+s may 
be plac$ are few & simple4 ,froebel's   
purpose evid5tly 0 t ! *ild %\ld n[     
conc5trate 8 activity entirely ^u       
design1 & t he %\ld use ! mat]ial by    
itself1 & 9 connection ) /icks & tablets
 to give out 9 visible =m :atev] /hetic 
impressions he _h receiv$ ?r\gh ! prec$+
 gifts4 ,! (fice ( ! k9d]g>tn] is h>dly 
n[ m ?an to sugge/1 m]ely to wat* ! *ild
 9 8 creative "w1 & to advise :5        
necess>y z to ! mo/ arti/ic disposition 

( ! simple mat]ial4 ,%e may "h1 if %e   
adopts ?is attitude1 h ! exp]i5ce ( see+
 ! direct result ( h] tea*+s1 = ! *ild's
 "w w be a mirror 9 :i* %e c see        
reflect$ h] successes or h] failures4   
,froebel's ,idea4  ,! idea ( ,froebel 9 
devis+ all ^! gifts 0 n1 x seems h>dly  
necess>y to say1 to in/ruct ! *ild 9    
ab/ractions1 :i* d n prop]ly belong to  
*ildhood1 b to lead him e>ly 9 life to !
 practical k ( ?+s ab\t him2 to         
inculcate ! love ( indu/ry1 helpfulness1
 indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action1 neatness1 
accuracy1 economy1 beauty1 h>mony1 tru?1
 & ord]4  ,! gifts & occupations are    
only means to a great end1 & if us$ 9   
?is s5se w atta9 _! highe/ usefulness4  
,no dictation ) any ( ! k9d]g>t5        
mat]ials1 no /udy ( l9es1 angles1       
oblongs1 triangles1 & p5tagons1 no "w ) 
numb]s ei!r concrete or ab/ract are fit 
employm5ts = little *ildr51 if n        
connect$ 9 e possible way ) _! home     
pleasures & ! natural objects ( _! love4
 ,only :5 ?us connect$ d !y produce real

 int]e/1 only ?us c agreem5t ) ! *ild's 
inn] wants be secur$4  ,actual exp]i5ces
 9 ! *ild's life are its mo/ natural &  
pot5t tea*]s4 ,we ne$ con/antly to      
rememb] t ! prime value ( ! k9d]g>t5    
lies 9 its p]sonal influ5ce ^u          
individuals1 & seek to develop ea*      
sep>ate memb] ( our class accord+ to 8  
possibilities4   ,an ,objection answ]$4 
,! objection has be5 made t ! /udy &    
practice ) /raight l9es1 angles1        
geometrical =ms1 cubes1 & o!r rectangul>
 solids w\ld fit ! *ild = lat] "w 9 !   
exact & ma!matical sci5ces m ?an = o!r  
bran*es ( /udy4 ,b yet x is difficult to
 see h[1 :5 ! *ild's p[]s ( obs]vation  
are s c>efully tra9$ 9 e way2 :5 he is  
con/antly l$ to notice objects 9 nature 
& reproduce !m ) clay1 p5cil1 *alk1 or  
ne$le2 :5 ^! objects are s frequ5tly    
pres5t$ = 8 critical inspection &       
comp>ison2 :5 he is l$ to see 9 ! fl[]s1
 plants1 rocks1 & />s1 ! unity :i* holds
 toge!r ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se2 :5 beauty & 
h>mony1 m+l$ freely1 con/itute !        

atmosph]e ( ! ideal k9d]g>t51--x is     
difficult inde$ to see h[ he c receive  
any?+ b b5efit f ! gift plays1 :i*      
pres5t at fir/ ma9ly ! /raight l9e1     
seem+ly def]r+ ! curve to a lat] p]iod  
:5 x c be manag$ m successfully4        
,,read+s ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t4    ,p>adise ( 
,*ildhood4 ,edw>d ,wiebe4 ,pages #de1   
#df4   ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4 ,kraus-,boelte4
 #cgc-dag4   ,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,h4          
,goldamm]4 #agc-gh4   ,! ,k9d]g>t54     
,pr9ciples ( ,froebel's ,sy/em4 ,emily  
,%irreff4           #ag-bj4   ,indu/rial
 ,art 9 ,s*ools4#gg ,*>les ,g4 ,lel&4   
,*ildhood's ,poetry & ,/udies4 ,)       
,diagrams4 ,emma ,m>w$el4   ,! ,gramm> (
 ,ornam5t4 ,ow5 ,jones4   ,art4 ,sir    
,john ,lubbock4   ,h[ to ,judge a       
,picture4 ,van ,dyke4      #gg ,circul>s
 ( ,in=mation ( ! ,bureau ( ,education1 
,no4 #d1 #ahhb4                         
,,froebel',s ,,t5? ,,gift               
,,! ,,po9t      ,! awak5+ m9d ( ! *ild  
444 is l$ f ! mat]ial     body & its    
regul> division to ! contemplation ( !  

surface1 f ?is to ! contemplation ( !   
l9e & to     ! po9t made visible4       
,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4      ,& x is       
precisely ?us t ! fir/ arti/ic "w (     
primeval man occurs2 he beg9s by ! =m+ (
 simple r[s1     z /r+s ( beads1 or (   
%ells1 = in/ance4                       
,h4 ,,poes*e4      ,= ! la/ /ep 9 ?is   
analysis ! *ild receives small     l5til
 se$s or pebbles--concrete po9ts1 s to  
speak--)     :i* he con/ructs ! mo/     
wond]ful pictures4                      
,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann4   #a4 ,! po9t made  
concrete1 :i* =ms ! t5? & la/ (         
,froebel's gifts1 is repres5t$ by _m    
natural objects1 by beans1 l5tils1      
pebbles1 %ells1 leaves1 & buds ( fl[]s1 
by se$s ( v>i\s k9ds1 z well z by t9y   
sph]es ( clay & bits ( wood & cork4  #b4
 ,we h be5 mov+ by gradual analysis f ! 
solid ?r\gh ! divid$ solid1 ! plane & ! 
l9e1 & ?us h rea*$ 9 logical sequ5ce !  
po9t1 into a s]ies ( :i* ! l9e may be   
resolv$4  #c4 ,! po9t :i* 0 visible 9 ! 
prec$+ gifts1 b insep>able f !m1 n[ 9 ! 

t5? gift has an exi/5ce ( its own4      
,al?\gh x is an imag9>y quantity hav+   
nei!r l5g?1 bread?1 nor ?ickness1 yet x 
is "h illu/rat$ by tangible objects :i* 
! *ild c h&le4 ,by its v lack (         
individuality1 x l5ds itself to _m *>m+ 
plays & trans=mations4  #d4 ,by ! use ( 
! po9t ! *ild le>ns practically !       
composition ( ! l9e1 t its direction is 
det]m9$ by two po9ts1 t ! %orte/ di/ance
 betwe5 two po9ts is a /raight l9e1 & t 
a curv$ l9e is "o :i* *anges its        
direction at e po9t4 ,! gift closes !   
s]ies ( objects obta9$ by analysis f !  
solid1 & prep>es = ! occupations :i* are
 develop$ by syn!sis f ! po9t4  #e4 ,!  
outl9es ( all geometrical plane figures 
bo? rectil9e> & curvil9e> may be        
illu/rat$ ) ! po9t z well z /raight &   
curv$ l9es & angles ( e degree4  #f4 ,! 
law ( m$iation ( contra/s is no long]   
illu/rat$ 9 ! gift itself1 b simply     
gov]ns ! use ( ! mat]ial4 ,all l9es &   
outl9es ( planes made ) a s]ies ( dots  
%[ its work+s1 & ! symmetrical figures1 

z we h not$ f ! fir/1 owe to x _! v     
exi/5ce4   ,meet+-,place ( ,gifts &     
,occupations4  ,:5 we beg9 ^u a         
consid]ation ( ! t5? gift1 ! la/ l9k 9 !
 *a9 ( objects :i* ,froebel devis$ to   
produce an all-sid$ developm5t ( ! *ild1
 we see at once t ! meet+-place ( gift &
 occupation has be5 rea*$4 ,! two s]ies 
are n[ 9 fact s ne>ly "o t ! po9t is mu*
 m (t5 us$ = occupation "w ?an z a gift4
 ,?is conv]g5ce ( ! s]ies 9 reg>d to _! 
practical use 0 fir/ not$ 9 ! tablets1 &
 has gr[n m & m m>k$ ) ea* succe$+      
object4  ,?\gh ! po9t is 9 tru? ! la/   
/ep :i* ! *ild takes 9 ! sequ5ce ( gifts
 z he j\rneys t[>d ! ab/ract1 yet we are
 met at once 9 practice by ! app>5tly   
inconsi/5t fact t x is "o ( ! fir/      
pres5t$ 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,?is c only be    
expla9$ by ! /atem5t t x is 9 tru? q z  
mu* ( an occupation z a gift1 & is us$ 9
 ! =m] s5se among ! *ild's fir/         
"w-mat]ials z a prep>ation = lat]       
po9t-mak+ 7p]=at+71 & z an ex]cise 9    
eye-tra9+ & accuracy ( measurem5t4 ,x is

 n an occupation1 ( c\rse1 = ! reason t 
p]man5t results _c be produc$ ) x1 &    
because no trans=mation ( its mat]ial is
 possible4   ,! ,po9t z a ,gift4  ,be=e 
! *ild completes 8 k9d]g>t5 c\rse1      
h[ev]1 he %\ld c]ta9ly be l$ to an      
intellectual p]ception ( ! int]relation 
( ! gifts & _! gradual developm5t f     
solid to po9t1 = _! ord]ly progression  
accord+ to law1 ?\gh x be b dimly       
appreh5d$1 w be mo/ useful & /r5g!n+ to 
! m9d4 ,to disc]n ! logical ord] ( a    
s+le s]ies ( objects is a /ep t[>d !    
compreh5sion ( _w-ord] 9 mature life4#gh
      #gh ,?is com+-out ( ! *ild f !    
out] &     sup]ficial & 8 entrance into 
! inn] view ( ?+s1     :i*1 because x is
 inn]1 leads to recognition1 insight1   
& consci\sness1--?is com+-out ( ! *ild f
 !     h\se-ord] to ! high] _w-ord]     
makes ! boy a     s*ol>4--,fri$ri*      
,froebel1 ,education ( ,man1 page #gi4  
,! m9d 9 lat] *ildhood %\ld be :at      
,froebel describes 8 own to h be54 ,i   
(t5 felt1 he says1 z if my m9d 7 a      

smoo?1 /ill pool sc>ce a h&bread? ov]1  
or ev5 a s+le wat]-drop1 9 :i* surr\nd+ 
?+s 7 cle>ly mirror$1 :ile ! blue vault 
( ! sky 0 se5 z well1 rea*+ f> away &   
above4  ,:5 ! d]ivation ( plane & (     
/raight & curv$ l9e & _! place 9 ! gifts
 are cle>ly und]/ood by ! *ild1 !re w be
 no difficulty 9 ga9+ an equally cle>   
appreh5sion ( ! po9t & its position 9 ! 
s]ies4 ,?is may be done some:at z       
foll[s4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are play+ ) blocks 
on "s occasion1 we may direct !         
conv]sation to ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( 
! cube1 its faces1 edges1 & corn]s4 ,d  
!y rememb] :i* "o ( _! play?+s is l !   
face ( ! cube2 d !y rememb] cutt+ clay  
tablets f ! clay blocks8  ,x is mo/     
unlikely t ?is exp]im5t w h be5 =gott51 
b if x has be51 x may be easily repeat$4
 ,speak next ( ! edges ( ! cube1 & let !
 *ildr5 recall ! d]ivation ( ! /ick4 ,t 
portion ( ! cube n yet discuss$ w n[ be 
seiz$ ^u by ! *ildr51 & !y w ask if any 
( _! play?+s are l ! cube's corn]s4 ,c  
!y ?9k ( any?+2 %all we n try to make   

some?+8  ,n[ ! clay appe>s1 cubes are   
quickly fa%ion$1 & ea* *ild is all[$ to 
cut (f ! eight corn]s ( 8 block4 ,he has
 no soon] done ?is ?an he sees ! ne>e/  
approa* we c make to a po9t1 & proce$s  
to make a design f !m :ile he recalls ! 
beans1 %ells1 l5tils1 etc41 he has us$  
be=e 9 a simil> way4  ,x is well "h to  
sugge/ mak+ ! bits ( clay into t9y      
oblate sph]oids1 & lay+ !m away to dry s
 t we may make a gr\p "w inv5tion ( !m  
to-morr[4 ,bett] /ill1 h[ev]1 is !      
in/ant introduction ( /icks or wires to 
connect ) ! clay po9ts1 & ?us =m at once
 ! skeleton ( ! solid1 :i* w give an    
ineffaceable impression ( ! relation (  
po9t & l9e to ea* o!r4   ,pleasure (    
,*ild 9 ,po9t-lay+ & ,/r++4  ,! pleasure
 ! *ild f9ds 9 po9t-lay+ is n conf9$ to 
! k9d]g>t51 = play+ ) beads & p9-heads  
is an ord9>y nurs]y occupation 9 all    
c\ntries1 & :i* ( u _c recall long happy
 h\rs on ! sea%ore1 or by ! brookside1  
:5 we ga!r$ & sort$ %ells & smoo? gli/5+
 pebbles1 & laid !m 9 r[s & patt]ns8 ,! 

m]e h&l+ ( a great /ore ( ^! gave a     
,midas-l delight1 & :at primitive       
arti/ic pleasure we felt z we arrang$ !m
 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( repetition to  
bord] our g>d5-b$s or to inclose our    
m9iature p>ks & playgr\nds4  ,! same joy
 is felt 9 pluck+1 arrang+1 & /r++      
rose-hips1 ! se$s ( ! ailantus1 !       
na/urtium1 ! pumpk91 or ! *eeses ( !    
mall[ & wild g]anium4   ,miscellane\s   
,mat]ials4  ,x w commonly be f\nd t !   
*ild enjoys t5fold m ! objects = po9t-"w
 :i* he f9ds himself ?an ! m p]fect     
s*ool-mat]ials4 ,imag9e ! joy1 =        
in/ance1 ( a bevy ( k9d]g>t5 *ildr5 set 
free on ,pescad]o ,bea* 7,cali=nia71 &  
all[$ to ramble up & d[n its %9+ s&s to 
pick up ! wond]ful ,pescad]o pebbles4   
,:at colors ( dull r$ & amb]1 ( p9k &   
pale/ gre51 :at opal9e lights1 & smoo?1 
glimm]+ surfaces6 ,busy "w ) su*        
mat]ials w\ld be wor? :ile inde$1--yet  
easy to obta9 z !y are1 !y are almo/    
nev] se5 9 use4  ,smoo?1 :ite pebbles1  
wa%$ entirely clean & sort$ accord+ to  

size1 are n uncommonly se5 9 !          
k9d]g>t5s1 h[ev]1 & are especially      
useful 9 ! s&-table1 & if ^! & ! %9+    
cream-color$ %ells c\ld be f\nd by !    
*ildr5 !mselves1 _! pleasure 9 !m w\ld  
be imm5sely increas$4 ,t ?is is true is 
prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( _m tea*]s )       
se$-"w4 ,"o ( our own brood ( k9d]g>tn]s
 once _h a bir?day melon p>ty = "o ( h] 
*ildr54 ,! melons 7 br\ght to ! k9d]g>t5
 room & !re divid$1 ! small ho/ s]v+ 8  
gue/s himself4 ,great int]e/ 0          
imm$iately %[n 9 ! jet-black se$s ( !   
wat]-melon 9 contra/ ) ! small]         
light-color$ se$s ( ! musk-melon1 &     
unanim\s appeals 7 made to ! k9d]g>tn] t
 !y might be sav$ & us$ = inv5tions4    
,?is 0 done1 & !y 7 always call$ =      
aft]w>ds 9 po9t-"w1 r ?an ! beans1 or   
vegetable & wood5 l5tils4  ,9 ^?        
k9d]g>t5s :]e ! se$s ( all fruits are   
sav$ by ! *ildr5 at lun* h\r1 x is also 
not$ t ! collection ?us made is always !
 object ( univ]sal int]e/ & pref]5ce4   
,use ( ! ,gift4  ,"o ( ! fir/ uses ( !  

po9t may be 9 foll[+ ! outl9e ( "s =m ( 
life :i* ! k9d]g>tn] has drawn 9 :ite or
 color$ *alk on ! *ild's table4 ,?is is 
mu* m fasc9at+ "w ?an ! plac+ ( se$s "o 
space ap>t1 ?ree 9 a r[1 etc41 = ! latt]
 belongs to ! k-acquir+ side ( ! game1  
:i*1 z ,froebel says1 is ! quickly tir+ 
side1 only to be giv5 q casually at     
fir/1 & z *ance may provide suitable    
op5+s = x4  ,! =ms drawn 9 *alk may v   
well be ( curv+ outl9es ( vegetables1   
fruits1 leaves1 & fl[]s to connect ) !  
/udy ( ! fir/ gift1 & may include any   
o!r simple appropriate object :i* !     
k9d]g>tn] is capable ( draw+4  ,! m     
advanc$ *ild c ( c\rse make 8 own ,life 
=ms )\t ! aid ( draw+1 & if he is giv5  
diff]5t sizes & k9ds ( %ells1 se$s1 or  
pebbles1 (t5 arranges !m ) great ability
 to imitate ! %ad+ ( ! object4  ,!      
beg9n+ ( ! =ms ( k is 9 plac+ ! po9ts 9 
regul> ord] on ! squ>$ tables at !      
int]section ( v]tical & horizontal l9es4
 ,next1 ! *ild lays "o space v]tical    
l9es1 ?ree po9ts 9 a l9e1 !n two space  

l9es ) five po9ts1 !n horizontal l9es1  
angles1 p>allelograms1 bord]s1 etc41    
foll[+ out ! s*ool ( l9e> draw+1 & 9 ?is
 way progresses 9 an ord]ly mann] to !  
design+ ( symmetrical =ms4 ,curv$ l9es (
 c\rse are q z easily repres5t$ z !     
/raight1 & really beautiful designs are 
(t5 made by ! *ildr5 ) !m4   ,t5? ,gift 
,p>quetry4  ,t9y circles & squ>es (     
color$ pap] correspond+ to ! wood5      
l5tils are also to be _h ) ?is gift1 &  
af=d a means ( pres]v+ ! designs 9      
p]man5t =m4 ,!y are s small1 h[ev]1 z to
 give occasion = consid]able pati5ce 9  
pa/+ !m1 & are r difficult to arrange ) 
regul>ity )\t fir/ draw+ ! design4 ,x is
 d\btful1 9 our op9ion1 if !y may be    
consid]$ to be ( any p>ticul>           
educational b5efit1 if inde$ !y are n a 
positive h>m to ! *ild 9 t !y require a 
too m9ute & long-su/a9$ use ( ! f9]     
muscles4   ,objections to ! ,gift4  ,^! 
/rictures on ! t5? gift p>quetry br+ u  
naturally to ! criticisms lately made by
 em95t au?orities ^u "s ( ! ,froebel    

mat]ials4 ,! objection t _m ( !m require
 too m9ute h&l+ & too close att5tion on 
! "p ( *ildr5 ( ! k9d]g>t5 age seems1 z 
f> z ! gifts are conc]n$1 to hold       
especial weight 9 reg>d to po9t-"w4#gi  
#gi ,! developm5t ( motor-ability 9     
*ildr5 & its     fur!rance or arre/ by !
 k9d]g>t5 mat]ials conc]ns     !        
occupations m p>ticul>ly1 & z su* w     
receive     full consid]ation 9 a lat]  
volume4  ,we ne$ n consid] "h !         
physio-psy*ological te/s lately made ( !
 e>ly motor-ability ( *ildr5 & ! results
 :i* ^! h %[n1 b simply conc]n ourselves
 ) :at we h se5 & not$ _m times 9 daily 
k9d]g>t5 practice4 ,is x n true t ! lay+
 ( beans & l5tils "o in* ap>t on !      
tables1 = in/ance1 is an occupation :i* 
requires v delicate h&l+ on acc\nt ( !  
smallness ( ! object1 its easy mobility1
 & ! exactness requir$ to place x       
precisely at ! cross+-po9t ( v]tical &  
horizontal l9es8 ,is x n true t su* "w  
requires consid]able ef=t f ! k9d]g>tn] 
to make x int]e/+ to ! *ild8 ,is x n    

true t !re is a cramp ( ! f+]s1 %[n by a
 slight trembl+1 9 gett+ hold ( ! t9y   
object & plac+ x1 a cramp ( ! eye 9     
=esee+ & foll[+ ! movem5t1 & a cramp ( !
 body accompany+ ! t5sion ( h& & arm8   
,if all ^! obs]vations are correct1 or  
measurably s1 if !y hold ) a majority ( 
*ildr51 !n po9t-lay+ z an occupation    
cle>ly ne$s consid]able modification 9 !
 k9d]g>t54  ,:at are !n ! objections to 
! po9t z illu/rat$ 9 bean1 c(fee-b]ry1  
se$1 & wood5 l5til8 ,9 a ^w1 t :5       
repres5t$ z above1 x becomes too small &
 too mobile4 ,! difficulty ( us+ ^!     
mat]ials is imm5sely increas$ by ! fact 
t a slight movem5t ( ! *ild's table w   
s5d !m all on ! floor1 :ile ev5 an      
ill-tim$ c\gh or sneeze1 or puff ( w9d1 
w bl[ !m out ( position4 ,po9t-lay+ is q
 difficult en\gh = ! *ild's small p[]s  
"u ! be/ conditions1 & ne$ n be made m s
 by undue mobility 9 ! mat]ials ) :i* x 
is c>ri$ on4 ,?is criticism w\ld n hold 
( c\rse z aga9/ l>ge %ells or pebbles or
 z aga9/ ,miss ,m>w$el's hemisph]es &   

ellipsoids4   ,h[ ^! ,objections may be 
obviat$4  ,! only good reason = us+ !   
small mat]ials to :i* ! prec$+          
objections h be5 made is a v good "o1   
viz41 t if we are to take any concrete  
object to repres5t ! po9t1 x %\ld be z  
small z possible1 s9ce ! po9t is 9      
reality an intangible some?+1 hav+ no "o
 ( ! ?ree dim5sions4 ,?is reason+ seems 
to be logical en\gh1 & x is surely      
equally s1 to insi/ t ! *ild %all at "s 
"t d]ive 8 own po9ts f ! cube & make !m 
z small z possible1 t he may ! bett]    
und]/& _! relation to l9e1 plane1 &     
solid4 ,:5 once ?is relation is         
und]/ood1 h[ev]1 & be=e x is sugge/$ to 
8 m9d1 :y may he n use ! l>g] mat]ials1 
ev5 ?\gh !y d n illu/rate ! po9t z      
p]fectly8 ,any lack 9 p]fect            
repres5tation w\ld probably be m ?an    
comp5sat$ by ! removal ( ! /ra9 on !    
accessory muscles & ! ga9 9 arti/ic     
developm5t4 ,?is latt] po9t1 inde$1 ne$s
 special consid]ation1 = !re seems no   
d\bt t ! cont9u$ use ( su* small objects

 = design leads to accuracy & prett9ess 
r ?an bread? & p[]4   ,! ,m>w$el        
,mat]ials4  ,if we ?r[ out all ! small] 
mat]ials us$ = po9t-lay+1 & x seems     
advisable s to d1 we /ill h left smoo?  
pebbles f "o half to ?ree f\r?s ( an in*
 9 diamet]1 & %ells ( any univalve1 su* 
z ! money-c[ry 7cyproea moneta74 ,^!    
%\ld be poli%$1 z free f convolutions z 
possible1 & n less ?an half an in* 9    
diamet]4 ,to ^! we may add ,miss ,emma  
,m>w$el's wood5 ellipsoids & hemisph]es1
 already m5tion$1 :i* are satisfactory 9
 size1 & add ! delights ( color4#hj     
#hj ,m>w$el's ,mat]ials =               
,*ild-,culture4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?      ,co4 
,! hemisph]es1 :i* are ab\t "o half in* 
9 diamet]1 come 9 eight colors & also 9 
! natural wood1 are pi]c$ = /r++1 & are 
simil> to ord9>y button-m\lds1 hav+ (   
c\rse "o flat side4  ,! ellipsoids 9 !  
six ra9b[ hues1 black gray1 br[n1 & wood
 colors1 resemble elliptical %ells1 hav+
 "o flat side1 are also pi]c$ = /r++1 & 
v>y 9 l5g? f ?ree f\r?s ( to some?+ ov] 

an in*1 be+ ne>ly an in* wide1 p]haps1 &
 a half in* ?ick4  ,! *ildr5 are        
inv>iably delight$ ) bo? hemisph]es &   
ellipsoids1 & ne$ no /imulus f !        
k9d]g>tn] 9 _! use4   ,m9d-,pictures4   
,9 "s ( ,miss ,m>w$el's pamphlets on !  
use ( ^! mat]ials1 %e speaks ( !        
m9d-pictures :i* c be made ) !m1 & :i*  
are ( c\rse q possible ) any ( ! o!r    
gifts4 ,^! m9d-pictures1 %[+ =m & numb] 
gr\ps1 are drawn by ! k9d]g>tn] on !    
blackbo>d1 :]e !y are left a second & !n
 eras$4 ,!y are !n copi$ f memory1 & !  
results comp>$1 describ$1 & criticis$ by
 ! *ildr54 ,?is con/itutes a valuable   
m5tal ex]cise1 & if ! te/s are simple at
 fir/ & made gradually m difficult w be 
mo/ valuable 9 increas+ ! memory-span z 
well z 9 develop+ language p[]4   ,abuse
 ( ! ,gift4  ,if "s ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 !
 k9d]g>t5 are unwisely *os51 & if ?is   
objection applies 9 ! gifts1 especially 
to ! po9t1 !n ! k9d]g>tn] has be51 &    
/ill is1 unnecess>ily increas+ h] sum ( 
error1 = no "o ( ! connect$ s]ies (     

objects 7save ! /ick7 is commonly s =c$ 
^u ! *ild4 ,x is some:at unusual = ?is  
reason to f9d a :ole class ( *ildr5     
really enjoy+ po9t-"w1 ?\gh sev]al      
consci5ti\s & indu/ri\s memb]s ( ! gr\p 
may be toil+ away ) praisewor?y         
dilig5ce4  ,sometimes ! *ildr5's feel+  
t[>d ! gift goes beyond indiff]5ce &    
passes into active dislike1 b 9 ei!r    
attitude ( m9d ! beans1 l5tils1 etc41   
are likely to be mi/reat$4  ,x is n t ! 
"w ) !m is n 9 itself pleas+ to ! *ild1 
b t x has be5 =c$ ^u him ad nauseam1 & t
 ! k9d]g>tn] has lack$ int]e/ 9 pres5t+ 
x4 ,8 own int]e/ has 9 consequ5ce       
gradually di$ out1 & :5 once ! fire is  
cold1 :o %all light x aga98  ,t !re is  
no ne$ ( ?is abuse ( ! gift is cle>     
en\gh1 & x c only come f entire lack (  
orig9ality 9 us+ ,froebel's mat]ials1 or
 f a m5tal or physical in]tia on ! "p ( 
! k9d]g>tn]1 :i* causes h] to pref] giv+
 out su* "w z ne$s nei!r prep>ation nor 
previ\s ?\ght4   ,,read+s ,,= ,,!       
,,/ud5t4    ,k9d]g>t5 ,guide4           

,kraus-,boelte4 ,pages #dci-ec4   ,!    
,k9d]g>t54 ,h4 ,goldamm]4 #aha-hd4   ,a 
,sy/em ( ,*ild-,culture4 ,emma ,m>w$el4 
#f-h4   ,h9ts to ,tea*]s4 ,emma ,m>w$el4
 #di4   ,decorative ,design4 ,frank ,s4 
,jackson4   ,art 9 ,education4 ,?os4    
,davidson4   ,manual ( ,design4 ,ri*>d  
,r$grave1 ,r4 ,a4   ,ex]cices et        
,travaux p\r les ,enfants4 ,fanny ,*4   
,delon4   ,manuel ,pratique des ,j>d9s  
d',enfants4 ,j4 ,e4 ,jacobs &           
,mme4 von ,m>5holtz-,bl[4               
,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,gifts   ,z  
we close ! s]ies ( talks ^u ,froebel's  
gifts & look back ov] ! gr\nd t has be5 
cov]$1 we see t a numb] ( important     
subjects h be5 only lightly t\*$ ^u1    
:ile we h be5 altoge!r sil5t reg>d+ o!rs
 equally z vital4 ,?is is d\btless      
inevitable 9 any "w ^u ! k9d]g>t5 :i*   
does n aim to be encyclopdic 9 "*1 b a  
few ( ! m s]i\s omissions may be suppli$
 be=e we close our consid]ation ( !     
gifts & ent] ^u t ( ! occupations4      
,fir/1 !n1 a ^w on ! subject ( att5tion4

   ,difficulty ( hold+ ,*ild's          
,att5tion4  ,x is n uncommon1 :5        
discuss+ any ex]cises ) k9d]g>t5        
mat]ials :i* require dictation or       
guidance1 to he> compla9ts ( !          
difficulty ( hold+ ! *ildr5's att5tion4 
,x may g5]ally be said1 d\btless1 t :5  
little *ildr5 fail to give att5tion x is
 because !y are n int]e/$1 & if ! tea*] 
f9ds ! majority ( h] pupils li/less1    
indiff]5t1 & vagrant-m9d$1 %e may       
reasonably conclude t some?+ is amiss   
ei!r ) ! subject or ) h] pres5tation (  
x4 ,! *ild is z yet too "y to comm& 8   
m5tal p[]s & drive himself on by 8 own  
self-det]m9ation1 & if we en=ce an      
att5tion :i* he gives ?r\gh fe>1 we lose
 ! motive p[] ( int]e/ :i* ,froebel     
s\ght to utilize 9 ! plays ( ! k9d]g>t54
  ,dr4 ,george ,p4 ,br[n 9 a late       
article on ,metaphysics & ,p$agogics#ha 
says1 ,e "o admits t !re is mu* t mu/ be
 done by ! *ild 9 8 elem5t>y education  
:i* is a task1 = ! reason t 8 ideas (   
its wor? to himself _c be suffici5tly   

appreciat$ to ar\se a lively & impell+  
int]e/ 9 ! do+ ( x1 & he adds1 ,g>field 
once compla9$ t he _h done s long ^? ?+s
 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$ t he 0 los+ 8 p[] to
 d t :i* did n int]e/ him1 :i* sugge/s !
 dang] ( rely+ entirely ^u int]e/ z an  
inc5tive to le>n4      #ha ,public      
,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahie4  ,t !re is
 a dang] "h _c be d5i$1 b x is "o :i*   
ne$ h>dly be consid]$ at ! k9d]g>t5 age1
 :5 t int]e/ :i* comes f cont9u$        
agreem5t betwe5 ! "w 9 h& & ! *ild's    
inn] wants is absolutely ess5tial to !  
ga9+ ( k4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann puts ! 
:ole matt] 9 a nut%ell :5 he says3 ,if !
 k9d]g>tn] has ! p5etration to discov]  
^! inn] wants1 & ! skill to adapt !     
circum/ances & h] own purposes to ^!1 %e
 w f9d x easy to secure & hold ! *ild's 
att5tion4 ,)\t ?is p5etration & skill1  
all else is unavail+4 ,%e may s+ &      
cajole h]self into ho>s5ess1 %e may     
smile & ge/iculate h]self into a mild   
sort ( t>antism1 or freeze h]self at "o 
end ( ! table into a /atue ( ,suppress$ 

,reproa*1--if ! in/ruction or dictation 
has no natural connection ) ! purposes (
 ! *ildr51 ^! w rema9 un9t]e/$ or bor$  
victims ( h] ill-direct$ en?usiasm4     
,language ,tea*+4  ,! plays ) ! gifts   
op5 wide av5ues = language tea*+ if     
conduct$ z ,froebel int5d$4 ,he says _m 
wise ?+s on ?is subject 9 8 ,education (
 ,man1 & ! foll[+ is ( absolute         
application4  ,our *ildr5 w atta91 he   
says1 to a f> m fundam5tal insight into 
language1 if we1 :5 tea*+ !m1 connect ! 
words m ) ! actual p]ception ( ! ?+ & ! 
object4444 ,our language w\ld !n aga9   
become a true language ( life1 t is1    
born ( life & produc+ life2 :ile x      
?reat5s o!rwise1 by m]ely outw>d        
consid]ation1 to become m & m dead4#hb  
#hb ,education ( ,man1 page #ade4  ,f ! 
fir/ ! *ild %\ld be l$ to voice 8 small 
obs]vations on ! gifts 9 cle> language &
 9 approximately complete s5t5ces1 brief
 ?\gh !y be4 ,he c z easily say1 ,i w\ld
 l a blue ball1 please1 if ask$ :at     
color he pref]s1 z to j]k out a         

monosyllabic ,blue6  ,aft] a little     
practice he w use a %ort s5t5ce :5      
comp>+ two objects1 = in/ance1 b z he   
naturally moves along ! l9e ( lea/      
resi/ance x is h>dly to be expect$ t he 
w take ! tr\ble to =m complete s5t5ces  
unless g5tly /imulat$ to d s4 ,! /imulus
 mu/ be g5tle1 h[ev]1 & giv5 at ! "r "t1
 = any feel+ t 8 words are criticis$ w  
lead him to self-repression1 n          
expression4  ,9 gift "w1 too1 he expla9s
 to ! k9d]g>tn] :at he is inv5t+1 & =   
:at purpose2 he weaves gossam] ?reads ( 
fancy ab\t ! objects con/ruct$1 or      
describes ! =ms ( beauty & k he has     
built by dictation4  ,!re is & %\ld be  
con/ant int]*ange ( conv]sation dur+ !  
gift plays1 & ! k9d]g>tn] :o directs !m 
l a drill-s]geant1 requir+ h] recruits  
only to be sil5t & obey1 has entirely   
misconceiv$ ,froebel's idea4#hc      #hc
 ,x is a difficult ?+ to f9d ! via m$ia 
betwe5     complete sil5ce on ! "p ( !  
*ildr5 save :5     answ]+ que/ions & a  
confusion ( tongues l t at     ! build+ 

( ,babel1 b !re is su* a via m$ia1 &    
x c be f\nd by ^? :o seek x dilig5tly4  
,x is und5iably mu* easi] = ! tea*] to d
 all ! talk+1 ! *ildr5 s]v+ z audi5ce1 b
 ! ideal to be rea*$ is t %e %all be !  
audi5ce h]self1 or r ! *airman ( !      
meet+1 guid+ ! conv]sation1 ask+        
sugge/ive que/ions1 & mak+ wise comm5ts4
  ,our language tea*+1 h[ev]1 is n      
conf9$ to ! cultivation ( great] p[]s ( 
expression1 = !re is a direct ga9 9 !   
*ild's vocabul>y consequ5t ^u 8 k9d]g>t5
 exp]i5ce4 ,he absorbs _m new words f 8 
tea*]s1 b _m o!rs he le>ns ?r\gh 8 daily
 "w & play1 & ^! are 8 absolute         
possession1--! ?+ & ! ^w toge!r4 ,an    
int]e/+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 once made 9 
! ,san ,francisco free k9d]g>t5s        
relative to ! numb] ( new words :i* !   
*ild _h ma/]$ & us$ easily & freely aft]
 ?ree ye>s 9 ! *ild-g>d54 ,^! includ$   
t]ms ( dictation1 geometrical t]ms1     
names ( tools1 colors1 mat]ials1 plants1
 animals1 build+s1 & places1 new &      
poetic words ( songs1 games1 & /ories1  

etc41 & ! exp]im5ts e/abli%$ ! fact t ! 
*ild's vocabul>y 0 fully z great z t ( 8
 p>5ts & decid$ly m *oice4   ,relation (
 ,^w to ,object4  ,x %\ld be said "h t  
!re is great value to ! *ild 9 le>n+ to 
"n ?+s correctly f ! v beg9n+4 ,if ! new
 ^w is a simple "o1 he c le>n x ) p]fect
 ease1 & !n ! object is prop]ly label$1 
s to speak1 = future use4#hd ,famili>   
names are sometimes us$ 9 ! k9d]g>t5 :5 
! correct t]m w\ld be q z easy to       
pron\nce4 ,?is practice (t5 arises f a  
false conception ( symbolism1 & is      
cont9u$ ) an idea t x is pleas+ to !    
*ild4 ,sometimes ! pseudonyms are       
absolutely mislead+1 z 9 ! frequ5t      
speak+ ( squ>es z boxes1 :i* mu/1 (     
c\rse1 confuse ! *ild z to ! real nature
 ( a plane4 ,!re are _m cases :]e !     
geometrical "n ( a =m c easily be taught
 if x is giv5 aft] ! object is cle>ly   
und]/ood4#he      #hd ,at all /ages (   
le>n+ ! "m tongue1 ! purely     v]bal   
ex]cises are m or less accompani$ ) !   
occupation ( ! m9d ^u ?+s4 ,if we       

suppose ! *ild     to become acqua9t$1 9
 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) a v>iety     (       
objects1 ! imp>t+ ( ! names is a welcome
     op]ation1 & ! m5tal fusion ( ea* "n
 & ?+ is     rapidly br\ght ab\t4 ,if ! 
objects are 9 any way     int]e/+1 if !y
 ar\se or excite att5tion1 _! names     
are eag]ly embrac$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if    
objects are b     languidly c>$ =1 or if
 !y are inconspicu\s or confus$     )   
o!r ?+s1 we are indiff]5t bo? to ! ?+s  
!mselves & to _! designations4 7,alex&] 
,ba947      #he ,language is ! necess>y 
tool ( ?\ght us$ 9 !     conduct ( !    
analysis & syn!sis ( inve/igation4 7,w4 
,t4 ,h>ris47      ,:at we are really    
seek+ is ! mean+ & ! ^w4     ,"o is ( no
 value )\t ! o!r 9 ! education ( !      
*ild4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a valuable    
obs]vation &     inve/igation ( natural 
objects )\t language 9 :i* to     embody
 ! results at e /ep4 7,geo4 ,p4 ,br[n47 
,report     on ,correlation ( ,/udies by
 ,committee ( ,fifte54 ,)               
annotations by ,geo4 ,p4 ,br[n4  ,!re is

 a di/9ction "h z to age1 :i* %\ld be   
not$4 ,?\gh ) babies ( ?ree ye>s x is n 
only delightful1 b necess>y1 to use     
objects symbolically1 to give play-names
 to ! l9es !y make1 etc41 ) old] *ildr5 
:o are ne>+ ! age ( s*ool in/ruction &  
!re=e pass+ away f ! s5se relations (   
?+s1 x is j z ess5tial to beg9 a m      
sci5tific nom5clature4   ,value ( ,k    
,ga9$ by ,individual ,ef=t4  ,"o ( !    
commone/ errors 9 ! k9d]g>t51 z well z  
"o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s1 is t ( assi/+ !    
*ild too mu* 9 all 8 "w4 ,?is is p]haps 
m univ]sally true ( ! plays ) !         
occupations ?an ) ! gifts1 b ev5 9 !    
latt] direction ! practice is f> too    
widespread4#hf      #hf ,( c\rse1 !re is
 great diff]5ce betwe5 !     discipl9>y 
value ( t /udy 9 :i* ! pupil solves     
8 own difficulties & t tea*+ 9 :i* !    
tea*]     accompanies ! pupil1 supply+ !
 ne$$ in=mation or     sugge/ion at e   
/ep ( 8 progress4 ,! latt] is n     wor?
 mu* = "* build+ = ! reason t x is     n
 apt to become a "p ( ! organiz$        

self4444 ,! s*ool     _c af=d to exp5d  
mu* en]gy 9 acquir+ su*     k4 7,geo4   
,p4 ,br[n47 ,report on ,correlation (   
,/udies by ,committee ( ,fifte54 ,)     
annotations by ,geo4 ,p4     ,br[n4  ,! 
k9d]g>tn] (t5 =ms 8 s5t5ces = ! *ild1   
ov]-directs him :5 he is mat*+ colors1  
gives names to ! objects he con/ructs   
)\t wait+ = him to d s1 moves 8 blocks1 
/icks1 tablets1 r+s into m accurate     
position1 *anges 8 spac+ :5 incorrect1  
re>ranges 8 inv5tions1 selects ! colors 
= 8 p>quetry "w1--& all = :at reasons8  
,prim>ily1 to produce a bett] effect1 x 
is probable1 glory+ 9 ! consci\sness t !
 "w on e *ild's table is exactly "r1 &  
bl9d to ! tru? t uni=mity mu/ always be 
me*anical2 & second>ily1 to quiet h] own
 feel+ ( impati5ce1 :i* sometimes comes 
f n]v\s exhau/ion & sometimes f an      
ov]-eag]ness to get a quantity ( "w done
 reg>dless ( ! me?od by :i* x is obta9$4
  ,!re is a ?irdly1 too1 :i* is t !     
inaccurate "w1 ! awkw>d designs1 !      
un=tunate bl5d+ ( colors :i* ! little "o

 inevitably makes at fir/1 s (f5d h]    
arti/ic eye t %e trembles ) eag]ness to 
set !m "r1 =gett+ t by s do+ %e is      
impos+ h] sup]ior ta/e ^u ! *ild & !reby
 fail+ to develop 84 ,we %all nev] see  
?is matt] cle>ly1 nor "k h[ to be> ) !  
crudity ( ! *ild's "w1 until we le>n t !
 crudity is natural & !re=e to be       
respect$1 & t x is 9 a s5se beautiful   
aft] all1 = x is a /age ( be+4  ,?is    
vice1 = x is a vice1 ( assi/+ ! *ild too
 mu* causes him to lose 8 own p[] (     
bravely & p]si/5tly ov]com+             
difficulties1 & makes him weak &        
dep5d5t4 ,x gives occasion = tea*]s to  
say1 & app>5tly ) ju/ice1 t k9d]g>t5    
*ildr5 ne$ con/ant assi/ance 9 _! s*ool 
"w1 t !y are always cry+ out = help1 &  
seem incapable ( tak+ a /ep alone4  ,t  
?is is n true ( all k9d]g>t5 *ildr5 we  
"k1 b t x %\ld be true ( any is a       
disgrace to our int]pretation (         
,froebel's sy/em1 :i* is1 9 reality1 a v
 treasure-h\se ( self-reliance1 (       
self-developm5t1 & ( indep5d5ce ( ?\ght 

& action4   ,value ( ,int]relation 9    
,k9d]g>t5 ,"w4  ,"o ( ! highe/ ess5tials
 ( gift "w is t x %\ld n be isolat$ f   
o!r exp]i5ces ( ! *ild & conc]n itself  
m]ely ) fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matics1 )   
elem5ts ( con/ruction1 reproduction1 &  
design1 & ) unrelat$ bits ( k4  ,froebel
 says 9 ! motto to "o ( ! poems 9 !     
,mutt]-,spiel und ,kose-,li$]1--        
,:atev] s+ly ) a *ild y've play$1       
,weave x toge!r till a :ole y've made4  
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4   ,?us x w dawn ^u 8 *ildi% s\l3  
,! smalle/ ?+ belongs to "s great :ole4 
,& aga91--    ,sil5tly *]i% y\r ,baby's 
dim ?\ght1   ,t ,life 9 itself is z     
unity wr\ght4  ,no?+ is m evid5t 9 all 8
 writ+s1 9 8 m =mal works z well z 9 8  
autobiography1 8 volumes ( lett]s & 8   
rem9isc5ces1 ?an t 8 lifelong /ruggle 0 
= unity 9 all ?+s4 ,he w\ld h ?is unity 
express$ 9 simple concrete =m 9 !       
k9d]g>t5 by a complete int]relation (   
all ! activities ( ! *ild2 & ! gifts z  
outw>d repres5tations ( 8 int]nal m5tal 

_w may be tru/$ to furni% u ) an        
absolute te/ z to h[ f> we are c>ry+ out
 ?is pr9ciple 9 our tea*+4  ,:e!r or n !
 necessity ( correlation decreases z age
 increases we ne$ n discuss "h1 b t !re 
is absolute ne$ ( x 9 ! k9d]g>t5        
probably no "o w d5y4 ,if a s+le aim    
does n unify ! k9d]g>t5 day1 7or mon?1  
or season71 x w be a succession (       
scrappy exp]i5ces1 ( surface            
impressions1 no "o ( :i* c be p]man5t1  
because x 0 slight by itself & receiv$  
no re9=cem5t f o!rs4 ,su* in/ruction    
only s]ves to dissipate ! m9d1 to blot  
out ! dim feel+ ( unity inscrib$ !re by 
its mak]1 & to r5d] ! *ild incapable &  
undesir\s ( b9d+ 8 ?\ghts into a        
:ole4#hg      #hg ,9 ! broad view we are
 safe 9 affirm+ t all     tru? is       
congru\s1 & t tru? 9 "o dep>tm5t ( human
     k w always re9=ce tru? 9 any o!r   
dep>tm5t4 ,!re is a unity 9 all tru?4   
,:ile x is true1     z ,dr4 ,h>ris      
affirms 9 8 ,report on ! ,correlation ( 
,/udies1 t ! /ud5t does n come into !   

full     consci\sness ( ?is fact be=e he
 atta9s ! univ]sity1     is x n also    
true t he c be s taught t he w     feel 
?is unity be=e he c ?9k x1 & t 8        
feel+ x w ha/5 ! developm5t ( ! p[] to  
?9k     x8--,geo4 ,p4 ,br[n1 ,congru5ce 
9 ,tea*+1 ,public ,s*ool     ,j\rnal1   
,sept41 #ahie4  ,:at ! subjects %\ld be1
 ar\nd :i* ! *ild's m5tal1 physical1 &  
spiritual activities may cry/allize1    
furni%es a fruitful field = discussion2 
b1 above all1 !y %\ld be vital ones1 =1 
z ,miss ,bl[ says1 ,s]i\s injury may be 
done ! m9d by develop+ conc5tric        
ex]cises :i* belong n to ! c5tre1 b !   
circumf]5ce ( ?\ght4  ,x w\ld be        
fruitless to sugge/ suitable subjects   
"h1 = if !y d n1 on ! "o h&1 con=m to ! 
gr[+ m9d ( ! p>ticul> *ild or class (   
*ildr51 !y may ei!r arre/ or ov]tax     
developm5t1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y d n   
proce$ f ! k9d]g>tn]'s insight into     
pr9ciple1 x w\ld be b sup]/iti\s        
imitation = h] to foll[ !m out4 ,no     
manual1 no guide-book1 no treatise1 no  

lecture1 c supply ! want ( f9e          
intellig5ce & judgm5t 9 all ^! matt]s1 &
 n until ! tea*] compreh5ds ! g5esis (  
any pr9ciple f deep] pr9ciples c %e     
emancipate h]self f ev5 ! hypnotic      
sugge/ion ( ! pr9ciple itself1 & conv]t 
ext]nal au?ority into inw>d fre$om4#hh  
#hh ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris4   ,effect (         
,froebel's ,gifts on ! ,k9d]g>tn]4      
,al?\gh un9t]e/$ & un9itiat$ p]sons     
d\btless reg>d ! v>i\s gifts ( ,froebel 
z v ord9>y objects1 made f commonplace  
mat]ials1 yet t ?is view ( ! matt] is   
only a peep ?r\gh a p9-hole is          
abundantly prov5 by _! effect on !      
k9d]g>tn]4 ,^? ( u :o h se5 successive  
gr\ps ( "y wom5 9 tra9+-classes approa* 
! fir/ few gifts h not$ t int]e/ is     
commonly m+l$ at fir/ ) a slight        
surprise t ! objects %\ld be consid]$   
wor?y ( s mu* /udy1 :ile und]nea? lies a
 half-conceal$ amusem5t at ! simple =ms 
produc$4 ,yet ?is attitude ( m9d endures
 b = a season1 = z soon z ! gifts are   
/udi$ & us$ practically1 x is se5 t !y  

conta9 possibilities ( indef9ite        
expansion4 ,:5 !y are look$ at ?r\gh !  
glasses ( imag9ation1 x is wond]ful h[  
l>ge !y appe>1 & :5 "o has toil$ long   
h\rs to inv5t "s sequ5ce ) !m1 "o wond]s
 at ! reality & fasc9ation ( ! =ms      
produc$4  ,! outsid] :o glanc$ at !     
mat]ials ha/ily w\ld und\bt$ly suppose  
!m capable ( only a limit$ numb] (      
*anges & comb9ations1 b ! fact rema9s t 
e ye> k9d]g>t5 /ud5ts inv5t hundr$s (   
new =ms ) ^! simple1 insignificant      
blocks & /icks & beans4  ,h[1 !n1 does  
?is *ange come ab\t8 ,h[ is x t ! same  
/ud5t :o once half-scorn$ ! gifts1 n[1  
^u ! completion ( h] c\rse ( tra9+1     
looks ^u !m ) affection1 admiration1 &  
respect8 ,x is t h] eyes h be5 op5$1 &  
:]eas %e 0 bl9d1 n[ %e sees4 ,h]        
imag9ation has be5 awak5$1 h] lit]>y    
in/9ct has be5 /irr$1 & %e has come to  
look at ?+s 9 ! *ild way1 :i* is always 
! poetic way4   ,effect ( ,froebel's    
,gifts ^u ! ,*ild4  ,! effect (         
,froebel's gifts ^u ! *ild has be5 %[n  

directly & indirectly ?r\gh ! entire    
s]ies ( talks1 & ne$ n n[ be            
recapitulat$4 ,if !y are wisely pres5t$ 
& wisely conduct$1 inw>d & outw>d1 !    
limits ( _! influ5ce & scope lie 9      
inf9ity4  ,froebel says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3
 ,no "o w\ld believe1 )\t see+ x1 h[ !  
*ild-s\l--! *ild-life--develops :5      
treat$ z a :ole1 & 9 ! s5se ( =m+ a "p (
 ! great connect$ life ( ! _w1 by "s    
skill$ k9d]g>tn]1--nay1 ev5 by "o :o is 
only simple-he>t$1 ?\ghtful1 & att5tive2
 nor h[ x blooms into delici\s h>monies 
l a beautifully t9t$ fl[]4 ,oh1 if ,i   
c\ld only %\t al\d ) t5 ?\s& lung-p[] ! 
tru? t ,i n[ tell y 9 sil5ce4 ,!n w\ld  
,i make ! e>s ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 r+ ) x6
 ,:at ke5ness ( s5sation1 :at a s\l1 :at
 a m9d1 :at =ce ( w & active en]gy1 :at 
dext]ity & skill ( muscul> movem5t & (  
p]ception1 & :at calm & pati5ce w n all 
^! ?+s call out 9 ! *ildr54#hi      #hi 
,froebel's ,lett]s on ! ,k9d]g>t51 page 
#ade4  ,x is n t we reg>d ! connect$    
s]ies ( gifts z inspir$1 nor z incapable

 ( improvem5t1 = x may be t z our       
psy*ological obs]vations ( *ildr5 gr[   
wis]1 m sympa!tic1 & m subtle1 we %all  
see cause to make radical *anges 9 !    
objects :i* are ,froebel's legacy to !  
k9d]g>t54 ,?is we may d1 b we c nev]    
improve ^u ! mo!rly t5d]ness ( _s ) :i* 
!y 7 devis$ by ! great pione] (         
*ild-/udy1 nor ^u ! philosophic insight 
:i* bas$ !m on ! univ]sal in/9cts (     
*ildhood4                               
,by ,mrs4 ,wigg94      ,,! ,,birds'     
,,*ri/mas ,,c>ol4 ,illu/rat$4 ,squ>e    
#abmo1 bo>ds1     #ej c5ts4      ,,!    
,,/ory ,,( ,,patsy4 ,illu/rat$4 ,squ>e  
#abmo1 bo>ds1 #fj     c5ts4      ,a     
,,summ] ,,9 ,a ,,ca,,on4 ,a ,cali=nia   
,/ory4 ,illu/rat$4 #afmo1     #a4be4    
,,timo?y',s ,,que/4 ,a ,/ory = ,anybody1
 ,"y or ,old1 :o c>es     to read x4    
#afmo1 #a4jj4      ,,! ,,same4 ,new     
,holiday ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n    
#hvo1     #a4ej4      ,,! ,,/ory ,,h\r4 
,a ,book = ! ,home & ,k9d]g>t54 ,by     
,mrs4     ,,wigg9 & ,,nora ,a4 ,,smi?4  

,illu/rat$4 #afmo1 #a4jj4               
,,*ildr5',s ,,rights4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,wigg9 
& ,,nora ,a4 ,,smi?4 ,a ,book     (     
,nurs]y ,logic4 #afmo1 #a4jj4      ,a   
,,ca!dral ,,c\rt%ip ,,& ,,p5elope',s    
,,engli% ,,exp]i5ces4     ,illu/rat$4   
#afmo1 #a4jj4      ,,polly ,,oliv]',s   
,,problem4 ,illu/rat$4 #afmo1 #a4jj4    
,,! ,,village ,,wat*-,,t[]4 #afmo1      
#a4jj4      ,,froebel',s ,,gifts4 ,by   
,mrs4 ,,wigg9 & ,,nora ,a4 ,,smi?4      
#afmo4                                  
,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9  ,,co4              
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york4               
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes   #a4 ,passages 
9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4   
#b4 ,! sid5otes are *ang$ to section    
head+s4  #c4 ,! ^w cyproea moneta uses  
an oe ligature 9 ! orig9al4  #d4 ,o!r   
?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s   
inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation &   
hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4