mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,j4 ,,edw>ds ,tw5ty-,five ,ye>s 9 ! ,black ,belt ,,by ,,william ,j4 ,,edw>ds ,,illu/rat$ ,,! ,,cornhill ,,company ,,bo/on ,copyright1 #aiah by ,,! ,,cornhill ,,company ,,to ,,my ,,lov+ ,,wife ,,:o ,,enc\rag$ ,,me ,,9 ,,all ,,my ,,e>ly ,,/ruggles ,,& ,,aid$ ,,me ,,9 ,,all ,,my ,,a*ievem5ts ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page #a4 ,,*ildhood ,,days #a #b4 ,,%ad[s #g #c4 ,a ,,ray ,,( ,,light #ac #d4 ,,life ,,at ,,tuskegee #ah #e4 ,,reconnoit]+ #bf #f4 ,,f\nd+ ,,! ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,s*ool #ce #g4 ,,small ,,beg9n+s #cg #h4 ,,campaign+ ,,= ,,funds ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? #dc #i4 ,,results #di #aj4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,jeanes ,,fund #ed #aa4 ,,appreciation #ef #ab4 ,,graduates ,,& ,,ex-,,/ud5ts #fc #ac4 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,negro ,,problem #gg #ad4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,m5ace ,,( ,,! ,,s\? #hf #ae4 ,,! ,,negro ,,exodus #id #af4 ,,! ,,negro ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,s\? #ajj #ag4 ,,:]e ,,lies ,,! ,,negro',s ,,opportunity8 #ajd #ah4 ,,s*ool ,,problems ,,( ,a ,,tuskegee ,,graduate #aji #ai4 ,,b5efits ,,wr\ght ,,by ,,h>d%ips #aae #bj4 ,,! ,,negro ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,,w> #abj ,,app5dix #abg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,william ,j4 ,,edw>ds ,frontispiece ,,uncle ,,*>les ,,lee ,,& ,,8 ,,home ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,fac+ ,page #cb ,,fir/ ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,& ,,two ,,( ,,_! ,,wives #cf ,,p>tial ,,view ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute #dh ,a ,,new ,,type ,,( ,,home ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt #eb ,,typical ,,log ,,cab9 ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt #fj ,,home ,,( ,a ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,graduate #fj ,,graduates ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute #gb ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute #ajj ,,preface ,9 br++ ?is book be=e ! public1 x is my hope t ! fri5ds ( ! ,sn[ ,hill ,s*ool & all :o are int]e/$ 9 ,negro ,education may become m famili> ) ! problems & difficulties t confront ^? :o labor = ! future ( a race4 ,i h _h to endure endless h>d%ips dur+ ^! tw5ty-five ye>s1 9 ord] t ?\s&s ( poor negro y\?s might receive an indu/rial education1--boys & girls :o might h gone into t demoraliz$ class t is a disgrace to any p & t ^! fri5ds may cont9ue _! int]e/ 9 n only ,sn[ ,hill b all ! s*ools ( ! ,s\? t are seek+ to make bett] citiz5s ( our p4 ,i also hope t ! int]e/ may be su/a9$ until ! ,/ate & ,nation realize t x is pr(itable to educate ! black *ild z well z ! :ite4 ,to me1 ^! h be5 tw5ty-five ye>s ( self d5ial1 ( self sacrifice1 ( deprivation1 ev5 ( suff]+1 b :5 ,i ?9k ( ! results1 ,i am /ill enc\rag$ to g on2 :5 ,i ?9k ( ! "w t ,mr4 ,mc,duffie is do+ at ,laur9burg1 ,n4 ,c41 ,br[n at ,ri*mond1 ,ala41 ,knight at ,ev]gre51 ,ala41 ,mit*ell at ,w4 ,butl]1 ,ala41 ,c>mi*ael at ,p]due ,hill1 ,ala41 ,bri/] at ,selma1 ,ala41 & hundr$s ( o!rs1 ,i feel t ! sacrifice has n be5 9 va91 s ,i cont9ue believ+ t aft] all ! great he>t ( ! ,am]ican p is on ! "r side4 ,i ?9k t to-day1 ! ,negro faces ! dawn1--n ! twilight1--! morn+1--n ! ev5+4 ,9 my passionate desire to ha/5 t "t & ) ! cry+ ne$s ( my race at he>t1 ,i *oose ?is opportunity = mak+ an appeal 9 _! behalf4 ,"l1 & :at %all ?is man d8 7,john #ba47 ,man is a relative be+ & %\ld be ?us consid]$4 ,! /atus ( my bro!r !n w always s]ve z a /&>d ( value by :i* my own conduct c be measur$2 by 8 /&>d m9e may become ei!r high or l[1 broad or n>r[1 deep or %all[4 ,?is is ! !ory t und]lies all humanit>ian "w4 ,?is is ! great dynamic =ce ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,no "q is be+ ask$ by ! ,am]ican p m e>ne/ly today ?an ?is "o3 ,"l1 ,:at %all ?is man1 ! ,negro1 d1--?is black man ^u :om c5turies ( ignorance h left _! m>ks8 ,he has made a fai?ful slave1 a c\rage\s soldi]1 & :5 tra9$ & educat$1 an indu/ri\s & law-abid+ citiz51 yet he is tr\bl$ on e side4 ,:at %all he d8 ,un$ucat$1 undiscipl9$1 untra9$1 he is (t5 f]oci\s or dang]\s2 he makes a crim9al ( ! l[e/ type = he is ! product ( ignorance4 ,crime has increas$ 9 proportion z educational privileges h be5 )drawn4 ,?is br+s ! ,negro face to face ) a mo/ dang]\s crim9al =ce4 ,:at %all ?is man d8 ,x is true t ! :ite man is fur!r up on ! ladd] ( civilization ?an ! ,negro1 b ! ,negro desires to climb & has made rapid /rides1 accord+ to 8 *ances4 ,*ri/'s answ] to ,pet] 01 ,:at is t to !e1 foll[ ?\ ,me4 ,john's future welf>e evid5tly dep5d$ ^u ,pet]'s ability to foll[ ,*ri/4 ,s ! future "w & welf>e ( ! ,negro 9 ! ,black-,belt ( ! ,s\? dep5d l>gely ^u ! ,*ri/ian "w ( ! s\!rn :ite man4 ,! ,negro ne$s ju/ice & m]cy f ! c\rts ( ! l& & asks = equal rights 9 educational opportunities4 ,we admit t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! :ite man & ! ,negro1 b ! diff]5ce is n z great z 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples4 ,we admit t ! :ite man is above ! ,negro1 b n s high z 0 ,*ri/ above ,8 disciples4 ,! v fact t ,*ri/ 0 sup]ior to ,8 disciples s]v$ to ,him z a reason :y ,he %\ld m9i/] unto !m4 ,! sup]iority ( ! :ite man to 8 black bro!r c only be %[n by ! :ite man's will+ness to m9i/] unto him4 ,"l1 :at %all ?is black man d8 ,_m great problems confront ! p ( ! rural ,s\?1 namely1 ?is ,negro ,problem & ! problem ( suffici5t labor supply4 ,9 a practical way ,i wi% to consid] ! relation ( ! ,negro to ! labor problem ( ! rural ,s\?4 ,x is a fact t today _m ( ! be/ f>ms ( ! ,s\? h be5 turn$ into pa/ures because ( ! lack ( labor2 o!r f>ms h be5 sold1 & /ill o!rs are gr[+ up 9 we$s because !re is no "o to till !m4 ,?is condition obta9s 9 a v m>k$ degree 9 almo/ e s\!rn /ate4 ,c]ta9ly 9 mo/ ( ! ,agricultural ,sections4 ,be=e inve/igat+ ! cause ( ?is condition1 m5 ( influ5ce & p[] h ha/5$ to proclaim ?r\gh ! press & o!rwise1 t ! responsibility re/s ^u ! ,negro4 ,!y say t ! ,negro is lazy1 wor?less1 crim9al & w n "w & !re=e !y are compell$ to h immigrants to "w ^! fields4 ,t !re are lazy1 wor?less & crim9al ,negroes1 we d n d5y1 b we d d5y t z a race !y are su*4 ,! facts are ^!3 fir/1 ! ,s\?1 unlike o!r sections ( ! c\ntry1 has n _h ?\s&s ( immigrants to come into h] bord]s ye> aft] ye> to d h] "w1 b has dep5d$ solely ^u ! increase 9 h] native population = ?is purpose4 ,?is increase has n kept pace ) ! m>vell\s gr[? & developm5t ( t section1 h5ce1 ! cry = labor4 ,second1 sc>city ( labor 9 t section is due 9 "p1 to ignorance & a false idea ( real fre$om4 ,m5 ) su* ideas d n "w long 9 any "o place1 b rove f section to section & "w en\gh to keep !mselves liv+4 ,?is labor is n only unpr(itable to ! individual1 b is n satisfactory to ! employ]s4 ,?ird1 ! labor tr\ble 9 ! rural ,s\? is due mo/ly to ! way 9 :i* ! l&lords & m]*ants treat _! t5ants & cu/om]s4 ,! great mass ( ,negroes 9 ! ,s\? ei!r r5t ! l&s or "w !m on %>es4 ,?is r5t v>ies accord+ to ! k9d ( crops t are made4 ,if ! t5ant makes a good crop ?is ye>1 he mu/ expect to pay m r5t ! next ye>1 or 8 f>m w be r5t$ to ano!r at high] figures4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,negroes are ignorant & are unable to keep _! own acc\nts4 ,sometimes ^! ,negro f>m]s pay z mu* z #ej1 #ge & #ajj on ! goods & provisions :i* !y consume dur+ ! ye>4 ,?is me?od ( r5t+ l&s & sell+ goods accord+ to ! condition ( ! crops1 is repeat$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,i "k ignorant f>m]s :o h be5 work+ "u ^! conditions = tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s1 :o h nev] be5 able to get m ?an #ae or #bj 9 any "o ye> dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,^! are n wor?less & %iftless ,negroes1 b p]sons :o "w h>d f ,monday morn+ until ,saturday night4 ,z a rule1 !y are on _! f>ms at sunrise1 & rema9 !re until sunset4 ,!y h _! d9n]s br\ght to !m 9 ! fields4 ,i h se5 small families gr[ into l>ge ones "u ^! conditions4 ,i h also se5 infants gr[ to manhood "u same4 ,n[1 ^! p :o h be5 work+ 9 ?is way = tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s are becom+ disc\rag$4 ,:5 y ask !m :y !y d n dit*1 f]tilize1 & improve _! f>ms1 _! answ] is1 t if !y d ?is1 ! next ye> !y w ei!r h to pay m r5t or hunt ano!r home = !mselves4 ,x seems to be ! policy ( ! l&lords & ! m]*ants ( ! rural ,s\? to keep _! t5ants & cu/om]s 9 debt4 ,x is ?is abom9able me?od ( ! l&lords & t5ants ( ! rural ,s\? m ?an any?+ else1 t has caus$ _m ( ! be/ f>m+ l&s !re to be turn$ into pa/ures1 o!rs to be sold at %]iff sale1 & /ill o!rs to be gr[+ up 9 we$s4 ,ano!r m5ace is loss ( f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! problem is1 h[ c we /op ^! p f leav+ ! c\ntry = ! cities & o!r places ( public works & aga9 reclaim ^! wa/e fields8 ,x 0 once ?\ght t ! places ( ^! ,negroes c\ld be suppli$ by immigrants f =eign c\ntries1 b ?is hope is n[ almo/ ab&on$4 ,9 fact1 ! few immigrants :o h gone into t section h1 9 _m in/ances1 be5 oppress$ almo/ z mu* z ! ,negroes1 _m h gone to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry or h return$ to _! homes4 ,s we f9d ourselves face to face ) l>ge & f]tile agricultural areas 9 ! ,s\? ) no labor to till !m4 ,! rem$y ( ^! evils lies 9 ! ,negro himself4 ,he is be/ suit$ to ! "w1 be/ adapt$ to ! climate1 & und]/&s ! s\!rn :ite man bett] ?an anyone else4 ,fur!rmore1 he kn[s ! :ite man2 kn[s 8 disposition & incl9ations1 & !re=e1 kn[s :at is s call$ 8 place4 ,he feels t ju/ice is want+ 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,s\? & he !re=e tries to avoid all tr\bles4 ,mo/ ( all1 he prays = a *ance to "w & educate 8 *ildr54 ,he labors & waits ?us pati5tly because he has fai? 9 ! ,am]ican p4 ,he believes t ere long ! righte\s indignation ( ?is p w be ar\s$ & l ! great wave ( prohibition1 w sweep ?is c\ntry f c5t] to circumf]5ce1 & !n e man w be aw>d$ accord+ to 8 sev]al abilities4 ,^! wa/e places c be reclaim$ & ! gutt]$ hills made to blossom1 only by giv+ ! ,negro a common education comb9$ ) religi\s1 moral & indu/rial tra9+ & ! opportunity to at lea/ own 8 home1 if n ! l& he cultivates4 ,! ,negro mu/ be taught to believe t ! f>m] c become prosp]\s & indep5d5t2 t he c own 8 home & educate 8 *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if he c1 & he c be taught ^! ?+s1 9 less ?an t5 ye>s1 e available f>m 9 ! rural ,s\? w be occupi$4 ,,william ,j4 ,,edw>ds4 ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,,*apt] #a4 ,,*ildhood ,,days4 ,all t ,i "k ( my ance/ors 0 told to me by my p4 ,i le>n$ f my gr&fa!r on my "m's side t ! family came to ,alabama f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,he told me t 8 "m 0 own$ by ! ,wrumphs :o liv$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 b 8 fa!r belong$ to ano!r family4 ,= "s cause1 ! ,wrumphs decid$ to move f ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,alabama2 ?is caus$ 8 "m & fa!r to be sep>at$1 z 8 fa!r rema9$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! new home 0 ne> ! village ( ,sn[ ,hill4 ,?is mu/ h be5 9 ! ,?irties :5 my gr&fa!r 0 q a little *ild4 ,he _h no hope ( ev] see+ 8 fa!r aga91 b 8 fa!r work$ at nights & 9 t way e>n$ en\gh money to pur*ase 8 fre$om f 8 ma/]4 ,s aft] f\r or five ye>s he succe$$ 9 buy+ 8 own fre$om f 8 ma/] & />t$ out = ,alabama4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ,sn[ ,hill1 he f\nd 8 family1 & ,mr4 ,wrumphs at once hir$ him z a driv]4 ,he rema9$ ) 8 family until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ dur+ ! w>4 ,at 8 dea? "o ( 8 sons1 ,george1 0 appo9t$ to take 8 place z driv]4 ,z ,i n[ rememb]1 my gr&fa!r told me t 8 "m's "n 0 ,phoebe & t %e liv$ until ! close ( ! w>4 ,my gr&fa!r m>ri$ a woman by ! "n ( ,ra*ael & %e belong$ to a family by ! "n ( ,sigh4 ,8 wife's "m came directly f ,africa & spoke ! ,african language4 ,x is said t :5 %e became angry no "o c\ld und]/& :at %e said4 ,h] own] all[$ h] to d mu* z %e pleas$4 ,my gr&fa!r _h t5 *ildr51 my "m be+ ! olde/ girl4 ,%e m>ri$ my fa!r dur+ ! w> &1 z ne>ly z ,i c rememb]1 he told me t x 0 9 #ahfd4 ,?ree *ildr5 7 born to !m & ,i 0 ! y\nge/2 !re 0 a girl & ano!r boy4 ,i "k little ( my fa!r's p1 except+ t he repeat$ly told me t !y came f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,s x is1 t :ile ,i c trace my ance/ry back to my great-gr&p>5ts on my "m's side1 ,i c le>n no?+ beyond my gr&p>5ts on my fa!r's side4 ,my gr&fa!r 0 a local prea*] & c\ld read q well4 ,j h[ he obta9$ ?is k1 ,i h nev] be5 able to le>n4 ,he _h ! confid5ce & respect ( ! be/ :ite & color$ p 9 ! community & sometimes he w\ld j\rney eight or t5 miles to prea*4 ,_m times at ^! meet+s !re 7 ne>ly z _m :ites z color$ p 9 ! audi5ce4 ,he 0 inde$ a gr& old man4 ,8 "n 0 ,james & 8 fa!r's "n 0 ,mi*ael4 ,s aft] fre$om he took ! "n ( ,james ,c>mi*ael4 ,"o ( ! sadde/ ?+s ab\t slav]y 0 ! sep>ation ( families4 ,v (t5 ,i come across m5 :o tell me t !y 7 sold f ,virg9ia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a or ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & t !y _h l>ge families 9 ^? /ates4 ,s9ce _! emancipation1 _m ( ^! h return$ to _! =m] /ates 9 se>* ( _! families1 & :ile "s h succe$$ 9 f9d+ !m1 !re are ^? :o h n be5 able to f9d any trace ( _! families & h come back aga9 to die4 ,sometimes we he> p attempt to apologize = slav]y1 b slav]y at its be/ 0 h>d & cruel4 ,(t5 ! old slaves tell me ( _! bitt] exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 today1 !re are ev]y:]e 9 ! ,s\? _m ex-slaves :o liv$ _! be/ days be=e & dur+ ! civil w>4 ,_m ( ^! m5 & wom5 f\nd !mselves alone at ! close ( ! w>1 hav+ be5 sold away f _! families :ile !y 7 slaves4 ,i 0 born at ,sn[ ,hill1 ,wilcox ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 ,septemb] #ab?1 #ahfi1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile ea/ ( :]e ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute n[ /&s4 ,my "m di$ ,septemb] #i?1 #ahgj1 at :i* "t ,i lack$ ?ree days ( be+ "o ye> old4 ,f all ,i c le>n my "m 0 v religi\s4 ,%e 0 a great pray+ woman & almo/ at e meet+ held 9 ! neighborhood %e w\ld be call$ ^u to pray4 ,9 fact1 %e 0 s5t = miles ar\nd to pray at ^! meet+s4 ,my "m's dea? left my fa!r ) ?ree *ildr51 ,i be+ ! y\nge/4 ,he succe$$ 9 gett+ 8 "m1 :o 0 cook+ = h] :ite p 9 ,selma1 ,alabama1 to come & take u 9 *>ge4 ,my "n 0 ,ulyses ,grant ,edw>ds1 b my gr&mo!r1 :o _h be5 ) :ite p s9ce emancipation1 *ang$ my "n to ,william4 ,i aft]w>d add$ to ?is my gr&fa!r's "n ( ,james4 ,my fa!r w5t away to "w & ,i rema9$ ) my gr&mo!r4 ,we liv$ ab\t "o mile f ! qu>t]1--t is1 ! collection ( slaves' cab9s4 ,we _h ab\t ?ree acres ( gr\nd cle>$ ar\nd our cab9 & my gr&mo!r & ,i f>m$4 ,i d n "k h[ old ,i 0 :5 ,i began work+1 = ,i h be5 a f>m h& ev] s9ce ,i c\ld rememb] any?+4 ,we usually made "o bale ( cotton ea* ye> & ab\t tw5ty-five or ?irty bu%els ( corn4 ,sometimes my gr&fa!r w\ld d our pl[+ & at o!r times1--z we _h no /ock1--my gr&mo!r & ,i work$ out = o!rs to get our pl[+ done4 ,9 ! summ] "t x 0 ! cu/om = little ,negro boys to we> only "o g>m5t1 a %irt4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 my gr&mo!r w\ld be unable to get "o = me & 9 t case %e w\ld take a crocus sack or corn sack & put two holes 9 x = my arms & "o = my head4 ,9 putt+ on a sack %irt = ! fir/ "t ! s5sation 0 extremely irritat+4 ,x seem$ z if a ?\s& p9s 7 /ick+ me all at once1 b aft] a few days x w\ld become all "r & ,i c\ld we> x com=tably4 ,= sev]al summ]s ?is 0 my only g>m5t4 ,sometimes we w\ld raise a pig dur+ ! summ] to kill 9 ! w9t] & sometimes we _h a c[ to milk4 ,at su* times we _h pl5ty to eat1 b at o!r times we _h nei!r a pig nor a c[ & !n we _h h>d times 9 ! way ( gett+ some?+ to eat4 ,"s days our only diet 0 corn-bread & corn c(fee4 ,:5 ,i 0 old en\gh1 ,i 0 s5t to s*ool = two or ?ree mon?s ea* w9t]4 ,"h aga9 ,i _h a h>d "t1 z we usually c>ri$ our d9n] 9 a little t9 bucket4 ,sometimes ,i _h no?+ b bread & :5 recess came = d9n]1 ,i w5t away by myself & ate my bread & drank wat]4 ,z long z ,i c\ld keep out ( ! way ( ! o!r *ildr51 no "o 0 ! wis] & ,i did n m9d x1 b "s ( ! *ildr5 began to wat* me & 9 t way f\nd t ,i _h no?+ b bread1 & :5 !y told ! o!rs1 !y w\ld laugh & make fun ( me4 ,?is w\ld make me feel badly & sometimes ,i cri$1 b ,i did n /op s*ool = ?is4 ,my "o desire 0 to le>n to read ! ,bible = my old gr&mo!r1 :o l my "m1 0 v religi\s4 ,at la/ ,i 0 able to read ! ,bible = h]4 ,%e w\ld li/5 = h\rs & too1 %e w\ld s+ su* songs z1 ,roll1 ,jordan ,roll4 ,saturdays 7 mill days & ,i _h to take ! corn on my %\ld] & g to ! mill1 :i* 0 f\r or five miles away4 ,x always took me f f\r to five h\rs to make ?is trip1 z ,i _h to /op by ! way sev]al times to re/4 ,by ?is "t my bro!r & si/] 7 l>ge en\gh to d good "w on ! f>m4 ,my gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r = :om !y 7 work+1 n[ desir$ to take !m :olly f my old gr&mo!r4 ,! ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace said t ! *ildr5 might decide ! matt]4 ,my bro!r *ose to g to my gr&fa!r's b my si/] came back home ) ! gr&mo!r :o _h re>$ u f infants4 ,( c\rse1 ,i did n g to c\rt1 because !y all knew t !re 0 no *ance ( my leav+ my gr&mo!r4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #ahhj :ile on "o ( my trips to ! mill ! ?\ght dawn$ ^u me t my gr&mo!r 0 v old & mu/ soon die4 ,i cri$ all ! way to ! mill & back4 ,i c\ld n see h[ ,i w\ld live aft] %e 0 gone4 ,i did n tell anybody :y ,i 0 cry+4 ,on a ,june night1 %e became sev]ely ill & di$4 ,all %e said to u dur+ h] illness 03 ,*ildr51 ,i h be5 wait+ = ?is h\r a long "t4 ,aft] ! dea? ( my gr&mo!r1 h] daught] ,m>9a ,riv]s1 :o 0 h]self a wid[ & well on 9 ye>s1 came to live ) u t ye>4 ,i soon le>n$ to love h] z ,i _h my gr&mo!r & nev] once ?\ght ( leav+ h] = my "m's p4 ,we ga!r$ ! crop t fall & :5 all 0 ov]1 my fa!r1 :om ,i _h n se5 = five or six ye>s1 came to c>ry my si/] & myself to ,selma1 :]e he 0 /ay+4 ,! ?\ght ( go+ to ! city fill$ me ) joy & ! "t to g c\ld n come too soon = me4 ,,*apt] #b4 ,,%ad[s4 ,we arriv$ 9 ,selma sev]al days be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,"h ev]y?+ 0 /range to me1 z ,i _h nev] be5 9 a city be=e4 ,i did n "k any "o & x 0 n long be=e ,i 0 cry+ to return to ,sn[ ,hill4 ,my fa!r gave me to und]/& !n1 t ,selma 0 my home n[ & t ,i %\ld n be p]mitt$ to return to ,sn[ ,hill4 ,he said t he 0 go+ to put me 9 s*ool :5 ! ,new ,ye> came1 b :5 ! "t came no?+ 0 said ab\t s*ool4 ,he gave u little c>e & (t5 we 7 9 ne$ ( food & clo!s4 ,aft] sp5d+ a few weeks do+ no?+1 ,i w5t out "o day to hunt = "w & succe$$ 9 gett+ a job at ! compress1 :]e !y r$uc$ ! size ( a bale ( cotton by "o-half & clipp$ ! tires4 ,my job 0 to /raight5 out ! b5t tires4 ,i got tw5ty-five c5ts a day = ?is4 ,t week ,i made "o doll> & fifty c5ts4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ money ,i _h ev] _h4 ,i sp5t almo/ all ( x = provisions & t night my si/] cook$ a great supp]4 ,f9ally1 my fa!r said t he w\ld save my wages = me1 b if he did he has x /ill1 z ,i nev] h se5 any t he collect$4 ,i _h n be5 9 ,selma long be=e ,i 0 tak5 ill4 ,t mis=tune *ang$ my :ole life4 ,i _h no m$ical att5dance & suff]$ greatly4 ,sometimes ,i pray$ & sometimes ,i cri$4 ,! news rea*$ ,sn[ ,hill t ,i 0 sick & n be+ c>$ =4 ,z soon z %e c\ld1 my aunt ,r9a came to ,selma = me & c>ri$ me home4 ,on my return to ,sn[ ,hill ,i 0 sick & emaciat$1 b few p welcom$ me4 ,_m tri$ to disc\rage my aunt = br++ me back4 ,!y gave me ab\t ?ree mon?s to live4 ,i 0 glad to be at home aga9 & _h ! consolation ( kn[+ t %\ld ,i die ,i w\ld be buri$ 9 ! old bury+ gr\nd4 ,i 0 unable at ! "t to d any "w on ! f>m1 s ,i 0 put to ! task ( rais+ *ick5s4 ,i took p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! little *icks4 ,i _h a "n = ea* "o ( !m4 ,i w\ld foll[ !m ar\nd ! y>d & see !m "w = _! food4 ,:5 ,i 0 we>y ( ?is ,i w\ld g to an old des]t$ cab9 ne>by1 tak+ a few old books & ! ,bible2 !re unmole/$ ,i w\ld sp5d h\rs at a "t read+ ! ,bible & pond]+ ov] ! books4 ,"o ( ! books 0 an old ,davies' ,practical ,ari?metic4 ,no?+ gave me m pleasure ?an work+ out new sums = ! fir/ "t4 ,i kept up ?is practice until ,i _h read ! ,new ,te/am5t ?r\gh sev]al times & _h work$ e problem 9 ! ari?metic4 ,9 addition to ?is ,i w\ld ga!r up wood & c>ry x home = ! p to cook )4 ,my aunt & h] daught] 7 v poor & _h to "w ea* day = :at !y c\ld get to eat4 ,x pa9$ me because ,i c\ld n g out & "w = some?+ to eat z ,i _h done 9 ,selma4 ,i nev] ate a full meal al?\gh my aunt & h] daught] insi/$ ^u my do+ s2 ,i felt t ,i _h no "r to eat up :at !y _h work$ s h>d to get1 :ile ,i 0 do+ no?+ t 0 wor? :ile4 ,my aunt's daught] _h a son :o 0 "o mon? old] ?an ,i2 he 0 well gr[n = 8 age & always 0 ! picture ( heal?4 ,we all liv$ 9 a "o-room cab9 & !re 7 ?ree b$s 9 x1 besides x 0 ! kit*5 & d9+-room z well4 ,my aunt & h] daught] want$ me to sleep at nights ) _! boy1 b he object$1 s ,i w\ld n =ce myself ^u him4 ,i ask$ !m to give me "o or two old quilts & ,i w\ld spread ^! ^u ! floor ( ! cab9 at night = my b$4 ,i w\ld get up e>ly & roll !m up & /ore !m away 9 "s d>k corn] ( ! cab9 until ! next night4 ,i slept 9 ?is mann] = sev]al ye>s4 ,aft] ,i _h be5 at home = sev]al mon?s & my condition did n improve1 my aunt w5t ab\t begg+ p = nickels & dimes to take me to ! local physician4 ,i ?9k %e rais$ ab\t ?ree doll>s 9 ?is way & succe$$ 9 gett+ a doctor to treat me1 b he gave my aunt to und]/& t %e _h to pay ca% = ea* treatm5t4 ,i %all nev] =get "o ,sunday :5 a great _m ( ! neighbors came to our home1 !y began tell+ my aunt :at !y w\ld d ) me if !y 7 9 h] place4 ,at ! "t ,i 0 9 ! back-y>d wat*+ ! *icks4 ,"s "o said t %e %\ld s5d me to ! poorh\se1 o!rs said t %e _h done s mu* = me1 x 0 "t t "s ( my o!r p %\ld take me & %>e 9 ! burd51 :ile o!rs said t ,i %\ld be driv5 away & g :]ev] ,i c\ld f9d %elt]4 ,i 0 s (f5d$ at he>+ ?is t ,i hobbl$ d[n ! hill & !re "u a p9e tree1 :i* n[ /&s1 ,i pray$ = an h\r or m = ,god to let me die4 ,aft] ?is pray] ,i lay d[n1 fold$ my arms & clos$ my eyes1 to see if my pray] w\ld be answ]$4 ,aft] wait+ = a:ile ,i f9ally decid$ to get up & ,i felt bett] !n ?an ,i _h felt = sev]al mon?s4 ,i h made _m pray]s s9ce !n1 b nev] s9ce h ,i pray$ to die4 ,none ( ! solicitations & advices f our good fri5ds c\ld *ange my aunt's attitude t[>ds me4 ,9 fact1 %e 0 m det]m9$ n[ ?an ev] to c>e = me4 ,! next ye> %e r5t$ a little pat* & work$ x z be/ %e c\ld & t fall %e cle>$ a little money4 ,z ! local physician _h done me no good1 %e took me to ,dr4 ,george ,keys] :o liv$ 9 ! t[n ( ,ri*mond1 eight or t5 miles away4 ,dr4 ,keys] _h ! reputation ( be+ ! be/ physician 9 t section ( ! /ate & p w\ld come = tw5ty-five & ?irty miles ar\nd to be treat$ by him4 ,b we _h also he>d t he 0 a man :o w\ld n treat any "o )\t hav+ 8 money d[n4 ,z ,i rememb]1 my aunt paid him five doll>s on ! fir/ visit & ea* "t aft] t %e w\ld s5d :atev] %e c\ld get4 ,i us$ to borr[ a mule f "o ( ! neighbors to ride to see him4 ,sometimes :5 my m$ic9e gave out & ,i _h to g )\t any money1 ,i w\ld pray to ,god ! :ole di/ance t he might s(t5 ! doctor's he>t s t he w\ld let me h my m$ic9e4 ,i don't "k :e!r my pray]s 7 ne$$ or n1 b ,i d "k t ! doctor always treat$ me k9dly & f9ally he told me t ,i c\ld be treat$ :5ev] my m$ic9e gave out1 money or no money4 ,he treat$ me 9 ?is way until ! e>ly fall ( '#hd :5 he told my aunt t ,i ne$$ an op]ation & %e mu/ try & get me a place to /ay ne>by s t he c\ld see me daily4 ,aft] look+ ar\nd %e f\nd on ! doctor's place an old fell[-s]vant1 t is1 an old lady :o belong$ to ! same man my aunt did 9 slav]y "t4 ,h] "n 0 ,lucy ,george2 %e 0 ne> ! age ( my aunt1 & _h nev] be5 m>ri$4 ,!y 7 inde$ glad to meet & %e readily cons5t$ to take me to h] little cab9 :]e %e liv$ alone4 ,! doctor visit$ 8 plantation two or ?ree times a week & usually came to see me4 ,he op]at$ on me twice dur+ my /ay !re4 ,9 #ahhh ! subject ( ?is sket*1 ,w4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 0 s5t to me by 8 aunt1 ,r9a ,riv]s1 = m$ical treatm5t4 ,he _h be5 sick = sev]al mon?s f scr(ula & x _h affect$ ! bone ( 8 left arm 7h9n]as7 ne> ! elb[ jo9t1 & ! heel bone 7os calcis7 ( 8 left foot4 ,x 0 ) mu* difficulty & pa9 t he walk$ at all4 ,! boy 0 k9d1 c\rte\s & polite to e "o1 :ite & color$1 & all sympa?iz$ ) him 9 8 great affliction1 & manife/$ _! sympa?y 9 a v sub/antial way1 by s5d+ him _m good ?+s to eat4 ,?is enabl$ me to build up 8 g5]al heal?4 ,i _h to remove ! dead bone 7necros$ bone7 f 8 arm & heel _m times4 ,he always /ood ! op]ation pati5tly & manife/$ s great a desire to get well1 ,i kept him ne> me a long "t & pati5tly wat*$ 8 case4 ,aft] f\r ye>s' treatm5t 8 heel cur$ up nicely1 & he 0 enabl$ to walk v well1 & ! foll[+ fall he pick$ cotton4 ,) prud5ce1 c>e & close application to cotton pick+1 he sav$ money en\gh to v ne>ly pay 8 m$ical acc\nt1 & 8 f>e to ,book] ,wa%+ton's ,s*ool at ,tuskegee1 ,alabama4 ,! "w ( ?is pupil ( ,book] ,wa%+ton1--c>ri$ on "u adv]se circum/ances1--is wor?y ( emulation4 ,he has1 & is n[1 do+ mu* good "w = 8 race4 ,he has won ! confid5ce & e/eem ( all ! :ite & color$ citiz5s ( ?is section ( ! c\ntry4 ,he is a rem>kable man1 a great b5efactor to 8 race1 & x af=ds me great pleasure to te/ify z to 8 hi/ory & "*4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,simpson1 on ^: plantation he liv$ & :o aid$ him mat]ially1--is "o ( ! ,tru/ees ( 8 ,in/itute4 ,,george ,w4 ,,keys]1 ,m4 ,d4 ,ri*mond1 ,dallas ,c\nty1 ,alabama4 ,,*apt] #c4 ,a ,,ray ,,( ,,light4 ,= ?ree mon?s aft] my fir/ op]ation ,i c\ld n walk4 ,my aunt w\ld come f ,sn[ ,hill once a week to br+ my rations & to see h[ ,i 0 gett+ along4 ,i always cri$ :5 %e w5t home4 ,dur+ my fir/ mon?'s /ay on ! doctor's place1 ,aunt ,lucy ,george ) :om ,i liv$1 0 at home mo/ ( ! "t1 b :5 ! cotton season came on1 %e _h to g to ! doctor's field1 :i* 0 a mile away1 to pick cotton4 ,?is left me alone = five days 9 ! week4 ,aunt ,lucy w\ld get up e>ly & prep>e h] breakfa/1 take h] lun* to ! field ) h]1 & w\ld n return until night4 ,%e w\ld also leave me some?+ to eat1 & ,i c\ld crawl ab\t ! h\se & get su* o!r ?+s z ,i ne$$4 ,! fir/ few days t ,i 0 alone 7 ! mo/ mis]able days ( my life4 ,i tri$ to walk1 b fa9t$ once or twice at ^! attempts1 s ,i _h to be cont5t$ ) crawl+4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ,i began crawl+ ab\t ! y>d4 ,i f\nd sev]al r$ ants' ne/s )9 ab\t tw5ty or tw5ty-five y>ds ( ! h\se1 & soon made fri5ds ( ! ants4 ,i w\ld crawl f ne/ to ne/ & wat* !m d _! "w4 ,i became s int]e/$ 9 !m t ,i w\ld sp5d ! :ole day wat*+ & foll[+ !m ab\t ! y>d4 ,i w\ld be anxi\s = ! nights to pass t ,i might return to !m ! next day4 ,i f\nd t ! ants work$ by classes4 ,"o class w\ld br+ out ! dirt1 ano!r w\ld g out 9 se>* ( food1 ano!r w\ld take away ! dead1 ano!r w\ld ov] look ^? t work$1 & /ill ano!r class1 ?\gh few 9 numb]s1 w\ld come out & look ar\nd & !n return4 ,^! _h mu* l>g] heads ?an ! av]age4 ,"s few1 h[ev]1 ) great heads1 w\ld come out once or twice a day4 ,i nev] le>n$ :at _! bus9ess 01 z !y did n seem to d mu* ( any?+4 ,!y v seldom w5t m ?an a few in*es f ! ne/s4 ,i notic$1 too1 t ^? t w5t 9 se>* ( food & fail$ to get x1 w\ld come back to ! ne/s & /& ar\nd & consult ) ! gu>ds & !n w\ld return4 ,!y did ?is sev]al times4 ,sometimes !y w\ld g away & get into ! we$s & re/ a:ile4 ,h[ev]1 :5 !y saw o!rs com+1 !y w\ld />t out aga94 ,sometimes1 aft] mak+ sev]al trips )\t success1 ,i w\ld give !m crumbs ( bread1 & !y w\ld ha/5 away to _! ne/s4 ,!y nev] hesitat$ :5 !y _h food1 b w\ld run "r 94 ,?is 0 great fun = me1 & ,i sp5t mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( my "t 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! fall ( '#hd4 ,by ! fir/ week 9 ,decemb] ,i _h recov]$ suffici5tly to be able to walk v well ) a /ick & c\ld d a little "w4 ,i !n return$ to ,sn[ ,hill ) my aunt1 &1 ?\gh ,i 0 anxi\s to return home1 ,i hat$ v mu* to leave my little fri5ds4 ,i got home 9 "t to make toy wagons = my ,*ri/mas money4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 al?\gh f> f be+ well1 ,i c\ld d a little "w on my aunt's f>m4 ,i ought n to call x a f>m1 because x 0 only a few acres :i* %e r5t$ f "o ( ! t5ants on ,mr4 ,simpson's plantation4 ,! habit ( sub-r5t+ 0 v preval5t on ?is plantation4 ,a t5ant ) "o mule w\ld r5t tw5ty-five acres1 if he _h two mules he w\ld r5t fifty acres4 ,n[ 9 ord] to get "w done on 8 f>m1 he w\ld sub-r5t f\r or five acres1 to "s "o :o w\ld d ?is "w = him4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t my aunt c\ld get l& to "w4 ,we usually made on ^! few acres ab\t tw5ty bu%els ( corn & sometimes a half a bale or a :ole bale ( cotton4 ,hav+ to "w = our pl[+ & to pay ! r5t ( ! l&1 we _h b little *ance to d mu* "w = ourselves4 ,we v seldom _h en\gh to eat4 ,"s days we w\ld "w f ! ris+ ( ! sun until d>k )\t any?+ b wat]4 ,!n my aunt w\ld g out among ! neighbors 9 ! ev5+ & borr[ a little corn meal or get a little on condition t %e w\ld "w to pay = x ! next day4 ,:ile my aunt w\ld g to hunt = ! bread ,i w\ld g out & beg = "s milk f "s ( our fri5ds4 ,i w\ld always add wat] to my milk to make x g a long way4 ,?is bread & half-wat]-&-milk con/itut$ our supp] = _m nights4 ,9 spite ( ^! h>d times ,i always f\nd "t to /udy my books4 ,sometimes ,i borr[$ books f ! boys & girls :o _h !m4 ,we 7 too poor to buy oil s ,i w\ld g to ! woods & get a k9d ( p9e t we call$ light-wood4 ,?is w\ld make an excell5t light & ,i c\ld /udy "s nights until twelve o'clock4 ,:5 ! blackb]ries1 pea*es1 apples & plums 7 ripe1 we f>$ bett]1 z ^! grew wild & we c\ld h a pl5ty ( !m to eat4 ,z ! season came = ! corn to mature1 we w\ld sometimes make a meal ( gre5 corn4 ,:5 ! corn became too h>d = u to use 9 ?is way1 we us$ to make a grat] out ( an old piece ( t9 & w\ld grate ! corn & make meal ( x 9 ?is way until x 0 h>d en\gh to g to ! mill4 ,:5 ! cotton pick+ season came on we c\ld pick cotton = ! neighbors & 9 t way c\ld h a pl5ty to eat4 ,!y paid fifty c5ts a hundr$ p\nds = pick+ cotton4 ,i sometimes pick$ two hundr$ p\nds a day1 b by pick+ at night1 ,i occasionally got almo/ ?ree hundr$4 ,we *ildr5 ?\ght x great fun to g into ! swamps at night to pick cotton4 ,we w\ld g at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ & sp5d ! :ole night 9 ! cotton fields4 ,:5 we got sleepy we w\ld lie d[n 9 ! cotton r[ ) our cotton sacks "u our heads4 ,we w\ld sleep a few h\rs & get up & beg9 pick+ aga94 ,9 ! swamps at night ! owls & frogs made pl5ty ( music = u4 ,su* 0 my life = sev]al ye>s4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s ! "o ?+ upp]mo/ 9 my m9d 0 ! desire to att5d "s s*ool1 b ,i c\ld n see h[ ,i w\ld ev] be able to d s4 ,i _h he>d mu* ( ,talladega ,college1 ! s*ool at ,normal & ! /ate s*ool at ,montgom]y1 b bo>d at ^! s*ools 0 f sev5 to eight doll>s p] mon? & ?is _h to be paid 9 ca%4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld keep me out1 z ,i c\ld nev] see h[ ,i c\ld get s mu* money4 ,x 0 dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/ '#hg t ,i fir/ he>d ( ,tuskegee4 ,!re 0 a revival meet+ go+ on at "o ( ! *ur*es at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,i 0 det]m9$ to visit ?is meet+4 ,i did n h suitable clo!s1 nei!r did ,i h any %oes1 s my p told me t ,i w\ld n be able to att5d *ur*4 ,i _h n be5 to *ur* 9 sev5 ye>s1 & ,i 0 v anxi\s to he> "s prea*+4 ,notices 7 s5t out t on a ,w$nesday night a ,presid+ ,eld] w\ld speak4 ,?is man _h ! reputation ( be+ a great prea*]4 ,all ( our p prep>$ e>ly1 & w5t to *ur*4 ,:5 ,i ?\ght ! s]vices _h begun1 ,i too w5t4 ,?\gh ,i 0 f> f be+ well1 ,i did n h mu* tr\ble 9 rea*+ !re4 ,i did n g 91 h[ev]1 b w5t ar\nd to ! re> ( ! *ur*4 ,! build+ 0 a l>ge1 box-l cottage1 & conta9$ _m cracks4 ,"o c\ld he> z well on ! outside z on ! inside4 ,i /ood directly beh9d ! pulpit & he>d all t ! prea*] said4 ,at ! close ( 8 s]mon he spoke ( ! s*ool at ,tuskegee1 :]e1 he said1 poor boys & girls c\ld g )\t money & )\t price1 & "w = an education4 ,f t night ,i decid$ to g to ,tuskegee4 ,be=e ! meet+ clos$1 ,i return$ home1 & :5 ! o!rs got !re1 ,i 0 9 my place fa/ asleep4 ,i wrote ,mr4 ,wa%+ton ! next day1 & he s5t me a catalogue imm$iately4 ,,*apt] #d4 ,,life ,,at ,,tuskegee4 ,9 ! fall ( '#hg ,i told my aunt t ,i want$ to g to ,tuskegee ! next ye>1 & t 9 addition to h] little f>m1 ,i want$ to r5t an acre ( l& & "w x = t purpose4 ,%e enc\rag$ me 9 ?is idea & said t %e wi%$ s mu* t %e c\ld d some?+ = me t 0 wor? :ile1 b %e 0 poor & c\ld d b little1 z %e 0 n[ well advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,%e said1 h[ev]1 t %e w\ld help me to "w my pat*4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i le>n$ t my bro!r ,wa%+ton1 :o _h be5 away = a numb] ( ye>s1 0 liv+ at ,haz51 ,alabama1 ab\t fifty miles nor!a/ ( ,sn[ ,hill4 ,he 0 work+ 9 ! bridge-gang on a railroad & 0 mak+ good money4 ,i le>n$ also t my fa!r & si/] _h di$ sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,n[ z !re 7 b two ( u1 & ,i 0 cripple1 ,i ?\ght t ,i w\ld write my bro!r & get him to help me g to ,tuskegee4 ,s ,i />t$ out = ,haz5 & rea*$ !re aft] two days' j\rney on foot4 ,my bro!r did n seem to c>e = me & gave me no enc\ragem5t :atev]4 ,?is 0 a sore disappo9tm5t to me & ,i did n rema9 !re m ?an a few days4 ,i return$ to ,sn[ ,hill v mu* disc\rag$1 b ! w>m? ) :i* my old aunt greet$ & welcom$ me back home1 help$ me mu*4 ,soon we 7 all busy gett+ ready to plant our little f>ms4 ,t ye> !re 7 f\r ( u /ill liv+ 9 ! "o room log cab91 my aunt1 h] daught]1 h] gr&son & myself4 ,ea* ( u _h a little f>m4 ,ab\t mid-summ] :5 our provisions _h giv5 out1 my aunt's daught] & h] son mortgag$ _! crops = some?+ to eat1 & want$ t we %\ld d ! same1 b ,i w\ld n agree to d s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 made x h>d = me to get any?+ to eat4 ,my c\s9 & h] son 7 p]fectly will+ t _! "m & gr&mo!r %\ld %>e 9 _! provisions1 b w\ld see to x t ,i got none4 ,i did n ?9k h>d ( !m = ?is1 because ,i felt t ,i _h no "r to :at !y _h4 ,i cont9u$ to live on wat] & bread1 & sometimes ,i w\ld get a little milk f ! neighbors z ,i _h =m]ly done4 ,i ask$ !m1 h[ev]1 if ,i might h ! wat] 9 :i* !y boil$ _! vegetables :5ev] !y _h a boil$ d9n]4 ,we call$ ?is wat] pot liquor4 ,( c\rse1 !y readily cons5t$ to ?is & sometimes ,i w\ld get en\gh ( ?is liquor to la/ me two or ?ree days4 ,9 fact1 ,i 0 poorly n\ri%$ all ! "t4 ,ab\t ?is "t someone came ?r\gh ! c\nty sell+ clocks1 on condition t we pay = !m lat] 9 ! fall4 ,i object$ to ?is b ! o!r memb]s ( ! family ov]-rul$ my objections & ! clock 0 b\ght on ! condition /at$ above4 ,! clock co/ #ab & ea* ( u agre$ to pay #c4jj ea*4 ,:5 ! "t came to pay = ?is clock no "o _h any money1 & s ,i paid :at ,i _h sav$ to prep>e myself = ,tuskegee4 ,i ?\ght n[ t ,i w\ld nev] get to t s*ool z ,i _h sp5t mo/ ( my money 9 pay+ = a wor?less clock4 ,h[ev]1 ,i pick$ cotton day & night = almo/ two weeks1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ all ! money back :i* ,i _h sp5t = ! clock4 ,i 0 n[ able to f9i% pay+ ,dr4 ,keys] & get a few clo!s & />t = ,tuskegee4 ,= a long "t ! p 9 ! qu>t] did n believe t ,i 0 go+1 & _m tri$ to disc\rage me4 ,_h x n be5 = my aunt's enc\rag+ words & s9c]e ef=ts1 ,i believe t ,i c\ld n h ov]come ! ef=ts ( o!rs to keep me f go+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y all f\nd t ,i 0 det]m9$ to g1 !y all became my fri5ds & ea* w\ld give me a nickel or a dime to help me (f4 ,! night be=e ,i left = ,tuskegee1 "o ( ! neighbors told me t :ile he did n h any?+ to give me1 he _h a contract to get a cord ( wood to ! woody>d = ! tra9 by six o'clock ! next morn+ & if ,i w\ld take 8 team & haul x1 he w\ld give me "o doll> = my s]vices4 ,i agre$ to d x & at two o'clock ! next morn+ ,i 0 at 8 home hit*+ up ! team to haul ! wood4 ,i _h to g ab\t two miles = ! wood & !re 0 a v heavy fro/ t morn+4 ,by five o'clock ,i _h haul$ ! wood & _h ! team back to my neighbor's home wait+ = my doll>4 ,i ?\ght ?is to be ! colde/ morn+ t ,i _h ev] exp]i5c$ up to t "t4 ,i !n got my few ?+s toge!r & 0 (f = s*ool4 ,i rea*$ ,tuskegee ! fir/ day ( '#hi4 ,i f\nd ?+s !re v /range inde$4 ,hundr$s ( /ud5ts 7 go+ to & fro4 ,"s 7 play+ football1 o!rs 7 hav+ b& practice1 & /ill o!rs 7 go+ ar\nd do+ no?+1 z ! fir/ day ( ! ,new ,ye> 0 a holiday4 ,i 0 plac$ ) a cr[d ( boys f ,p5sacola1 ,fla4 ,i le>n$ aft]w>ds t !y 7 ! r\ghe/ boys 9 s*ool4 ,!y made x v unpleasant = me1 s mu* s t ,i decid$ to return home4 ,9 go+ back to ! (fice ,i met ,mr4 ,wa%+ton = ! fir/ "t4 ,he want$ to "k :y ,i 0 n satisfi$1 & aft] ,i told him my tr\bles1 he said t he w\ld rem$y !m4 ,i 0 deeply impress$ ) him & f t day to ?is1 ,i lov$ him z a fa!r4 ,he *ang$ my room & ,i f\nd a cr[d ( v cong5ial boys4 ,! next ordeal ?r\gh :i* ,i 0 to pass1 0 go+ into ! d9+-room & us+ knives & =ks1 b ,i avoid$ all humiliation by simply wat*+4 ,i h made x a rule ( my life to nev] be ! fir/ to try new ?+s1 nor ! la/ to lay old ones aside4 ,aft] supp]1 ,i 0 worri$ ab\t sleep+4 ,i _h he>d ! boys talk+ ab\t night %irts & ,i knew ,i _h none2 9 fact1 ,i did n "k _! purpose4 ,s :5 "t came to retire1 "o ( ! boys 9 my room :o _h sev]al1 gave me "o1 !n ,i 0 undecid$ j :e!r x 0 to g ov] my day %irt or ov] my und]%irt1 b ,i did n want to ask h[ x %\ld be worn1 s ,i decid$ to sit up until "s "o _h gone to b$ & by wat*+ him ,i knew ,i w\ld le>n j h[ to use m9e4 ,9 ?is way ,i came ?r\gh all "r4 ,! habit ( us+ ! too?-bru% 0 n s h>d4 ,! next day ! regul> r\t9e "w ( ! s*ool began & ,i 0 giv5 my exam9ation4 ,i took exam9ation = ! ,b-,middle class4 ,?is is ! second ye> normal4 ,miss ,annie ,c4 ,hawley ( ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 :o 0 !n a tea*] !re1 gave me ! exam9ation4 ,i made ! class 9 all ( ! subjects except gramm>4 ,( ?is subject ,i knew absolutely no?+4 ,i did n "k :at a s5t5ce 04 ,i c\ld n tell ! subject f ! pr$icate1 s ,i 0 put back two ye>s into :at is call$ ! ,a-,prep4 class4 ,aft] my exam9ation ,i 0 assign$ to my "w4 ,i 0 plac$ 9 ! t9 %op1 :i* 0 !n be+ plac$ z "o ( ! indu/ries1 "u ,mr4 ,lewis ,adams4 ,i 0 ! fir/ /ud5t to "w 9 ?is %op1 b x did n take two days to le>n t ,i c\ld nev] be a t9smi?4 ,next ,i 0 assign$ to ! pr9t+ (fice1 b "h too ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld nev] become a pr9t]2 s f9ally1 ,i 0 put on ! f>m & !re ,i rema9$ dur+ my :ole /ay at ,tuskegee4 ,! f>m manag] at t "t1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gre51 _h *>ge ( ! brick-y>d1 p\ltry1 dairy1 l&scape g>d5+1 horticulture1 z well z ! g5]al f>m & truck-f>m4 ,i work$ "s 9 all ( ^! dep>tm5ts & enjoy$ my "w imm5sely4 ,i consid]$ ! "w 9 ! brick-y>d z be+ ! h>de/ ( all & t 0 ! only "w :i* ,i c\ld n d )\t suff]+ great pa9 because ( my physical condition4 ,/ill ,i 0 will+ to endure suff]+ if by s do+ ,i c\ld obta9 an education4 ,i did n g to night s*ool because ,i 0 giv5 extra "w1 su* z keep+ ! clocks on ! campus regulat$ & mak+ fires 9 ! girls' build+s1 & too1 !y _h a sy/em ( electric bells :i* 7 us$ = ! pass+ ( classes1 & ,i kept ^! 9 ord]4 ,9 ?is way ,i work$ en\gh ea* mon? to pay my bo>d & /ay 9 day s*ool4 ,( c\rse1 ,i did n h1 or get any money = my "w1 b ,i did n worry ab\t t4 ,miss ,maggie ,murray 7aft]w>ds ,mrs4 ,wa%+ton7 kept me well suppli$ ) clo!s f ! supply ( second h& g>m5ts :i* came to ! s*ool f nor!rn fri5ds4 ,! rema9d] ( ! "t t ,i 0 at ,tuskegee 0 sp5t 9 practically ! same way t ,i h already describ$4 ,_m ( ! /ud5ts w\ld compla9 ab\t ! food1 b ! fact t ,i 0 gett+ ?ree regul> meals a day 0 en\gh = me4 ,& too1 ,i 0 n[ sleep+ 9 a b$1 some?+ t ,i seldom _h done4 ,:5 burn+ bricks !y w\ld pay /ud5ts ca% = work+ at night1 & x 0 by ?is "w t ,i got a little money n[ & !n4 ,x usually takes f sev5 to eight days to burn a kiln ( brick & sometimes ,i w\ld "w e night until ! kiln _h be5 burn$4 ,! "o ?+ t made ! deepe/ impression on me :ile at ,tuskegee 0 ,mr4 ,wa%+ton's ,sunday ev5+ talks to ! /ud5ts4 ,he us$ to tell u t aft] gett+ our education we %\ld return to our homes & !re help ! p4 ,he said t ! p 7 support+ ,tuskegee 9 ord] t we might be able to help ! masses ( our p4 ,i c\ld und]/& e ^w he said1 & too1 ,i felt always t he 0 talk+ directly to me4 ,^! talks ( ,dr4 ,wa%+ton's *ang$ ! c\rse ( my :ole life & !y are responsible = my be+ at ! ,sn[ ,hill ,s*ool today4 ,x 0 :5 ,i rea*$ ! s5ior class t ,i came 9 p]sonal t\* ) ,dr4 ,wa%+ton1 z he taught t class 9 two or ?ree subjects4 ,"h ,i c\ld /udy him z ,i 0 nev] able to d be=e4 ,he _h a ?or\gh grasp ^u all subjects he taught & w\ld accept no?+ b ! same f 8 /ud5ts4 ,z ! "t 0 ne>+ = my graduation1 ,i 0 deeply worri$ ab\t my ,comm5cem5t suit4 ,all ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! class 7 s5d+ home = _! suits or = ! money ) :i* to get !m1 b ,i knew t my aunt 0 n able to help me1 s ,i 0 at a loss to "k :]e ,i %\ld get m9e4 ,f9ally1 ,i decid$ to write to ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,simpson ( ,furman1 ,alabama1 ! man on ^: plantation ,i 0 re>$1 & ask him to loan me fifte5 doll>s4 ,i pray$ dur+ ! entire "t x took me to write ! lett] & :5 ,i _h seal$ x ,i pray$ ov] x aga94 ,9 two days' "t ,i _h an answ] ) ! fifte5 doll>s4 ,s all ( my tr\bles & worries 7 bani%$ & ,i proce$$ to get ready = ,comm5cem5t4 ,i graduat$ second1 ) a class ( tw5ty1 on ,may #ag1 #ahic4 ,our class motto 0 ,de$s ,n ,words4 ,! morn+ ( ,may #ah? f\nd me pack+ my few clo!s 9 an old trunk :i* "o ( ! "y m5 _h giv5 me1 & gett+ ready to return to ,sn[ ,hill4 ,all ! :ile ,i 0 ?9k+ ( :at ,i c\ld d to live up to ?is new tra9+ :i* ,i _h receiv$ at ,tuskegee1 & above all1 h[ c\ld ,i make good our class motto3 ,de$s ,n ,words4 ,al?\gh x has be5 n[ well nigh #be ye>s s9ce my graduation1 ^? words /ill r+ 9 my e>s3 ,de$s ,n ,words4 ,i %\ld l s to live t :5 ! summons come = me to jo9 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,great ,beyond1 ^! words might be writt5 z an epitaph on my tomb3 ,,de$s ,,n ,,words4 ,,*apt] #e4 ,,reconnoit]+4 ,:5 ,i return$ f ,tuskegee on ! #ai? ( ,may1 #ahic1 ,i f\nd my old aunt1 h] daught] & h] gr&son /ill liv+ 9 ! "o-room log cab9 9 :i* ,i _h left !m f\r & a half ye>s be=e4 ,_! condition 0 mu* ! same z :5 ,i left !m4 ,my fir/ "w 0 to build ano!r end1 a log p51 to ! "o room cab92 ?is gave u two rooms1 some?+ we nev] _h be=e4 ,z x 0 too late = me to pit* a crop1 ,i work$ ) !m until _! crop 0 clean ( we$s & !n ,i w5t f f>m to f>m 9 ! neighborhood1 help+ all ! f>m]s t ,i c\ld4 ,! only pay ,i receiv$ 0 ?ree meals a day :]ev] ,i work$4 ,i usually work$ f "o to ?ree days on ea* f>m4 ,all ! :ile ,i 0 mak+ a close /udy ( ! p's condition4 ,i cont9u$ work+ 9 ?is way until ,i 0 conv9c$ t ,i _h a ?or\gh k ( _! condition4 ,i !n v5tur$ to c>ry ! inve/igation into o!r sections ( ,wilcox ,c\nty & ! adjo9+ c\nties4 ,i visit$ mo/ ( ! places 9 ! c\nties ( ,monroe1 ,butl]1 ,dallas & ,l[ndes4 ,^! con/itute mo/ ( ! ,black ,belt c\nties ( ! ,/ate4 ,i made ! entire j\rney on foot4 ,x 0 a bright beautiful morn+ 9 ,july :5 ,i />t$ f my home1 a log cab94 ,m ?an two hundr$ ,negroes 7 9 ! ne>by fields pl[+ corn1 hoe+ cotton & s++ ^? beautiful songs (t5 ref]r$ to z plantation melodies3 ,i am go+ to roll 9 my ,jesus' arms1 ,o1 ,fre$om1 & ,be=e ,i'd be a ,slave1 ,i'd be c>ri$ to my ,grave4 ,) ! beautiful fields ( corn & cotton out/ret*$ be=e me1 & ! %imm]+ brook l a silv] ?read tw9+ its way ?r\gh ! gold5 mead[s1 & !n ?r\gh v]dant fields1 giv+ wat] to ?\s&s ( creatures z x pass$1 ,i felt t ! e>? 0 truly clo!d 9 ,8 beauty & ! fulness ( ,8 glory4 ,b ,i _h sc>cely gone beyond ! limits ( ! field :5 ,i came to a ?ick und]gr[? ( p9es4 ,"h we saw old pieces ( timb] & two po/s4 ,?is m>ks ! old cotton-g9 h\se1 said ,uncle ,jim1 my companion1 & !n 8 c\nt5ance grew sad2 aft] a sigh1 he said3 ,i h se5 _m a ,negro :ipp$ )9 an in* ( 8 life at ^! po/s4 ,i h se5 !m :ipp$ s badly t !y _h to be c>ri$ away 9 wagons4 ,_m nev] did recov]4 ,f ?is our road l$ fir/ up-hill1 !n d[n1 & f9ally ?r\gh a /ret* ( woods until we rea*$ ,c>l[ville4 ,?is 0 once ! mo/ ari/ocratic village ( ! ,s\!rn "p ( ,dallas ,c\nty4 ,p]haps no "o :o own$ less ?an a hundr$ slaves 0 able to secure a home )9 its bord]s4 ,"h /ill are to be se5 /ately mansions & among ! names ( ! own]s are ^? ( ,lyde1 ,lee1 ,wrumph1 ,bibb1 ,y\ngblood & ,reynolds4 ,_m ( ^! mansions h be5 p>tly rebuilt & remodel$ to con=m to mod]n /yles ( ar*itecture1 :ile o!rs h be5 des]t$ & are n[ fa/ decay+4 ,usually ! orig9al families h sold out or _m h di$ out4 ,9 ,c>l[ville /&s ! l>ge/ :ite *ur* 9 ,dallas or ,wilcox ,c\nties4 ,x has a seat+ capacity ( #a1jjj1 exclud+ ! balcony1 :i* dur+ slav]y 0 us$ exclusively = ! ,negroes ( ! families att5d+4 ,our /ay 9 ,c>l[ville 0 necess>ily %ort1 z ! ev5+ sun 0 l[ & ! ne>e/ place = lodg+ 0 two miles ahead4 ,be=e rea*+ ?is place we came to a l>ge "o-room log cab91 #cj by #cf feet on ! road-side1 ) a d\ble door & ?ree holes = w9d[s cut 9 ! sides4 ,!re 0 no *imney nor any?+ to %[ t ! room c\ld be heat$ 9 cold wea!r4 ,?is 0 ! ,hopewell ,bapti/ ,*ur*4 ,"h five hundr$ memb]s congregat$ "o ,sunday 9 ea* mon? & sp5t ! entire day 9 eat+1 %\t+1 & prais+ ,god = ,8 goodness t[>d ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,"h also ! ?ree mon?s' s*ool 0 taught dur+ ! w9t]4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds beyond ?is *ur* br\ght u to ! home ( a ,deacon ,jones4 ,he 0 liv+ 9 ! h\se occupi$ by ! ov]se] ( ! plantation dur+ slav]y4 ,x 0 cu/om>y = ,deacon ,jones to c>e = /rang]s :o *anc$ to come into ! community1 especially = ! prea*]s & tea*]s4 ,s "h we f\nd re/4 ,at supp] ,deacon ,jones told ( ! _m prea*]s he _h ent]ta9$ & _! fondness = *ick54 ,aft] supp] ,i sp5t "s "t 9 try+ to f9d out ! real condition ( ! p 9 ?is section4 ,mr4 ,jones told me h[ = t5 ye>s he _h be5 try+ to buy "s l&1 & _h be5 kept f x m ?an once1 b t he 0 /ill hopeful ( gett+ ! "r de$s = ! l& = :i* he _h paid4 ,he also told ( _m families :o _h rec5tly mov$ into ?is community4 ,^! newcom]s _h made a good />t = ! ye> & _h promis+ crops1 b !y 7 compell$ to mortgage _! gr[+ crops 9 ord] to get advances = ! ye>4 ,:5 ask$ ( ! s*ools1 he said t !re 7 m ?an five hundr$ *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 8 t[n%ip1 b n m ?an two hundr$ ( ^! _h att5d$ s*ool ! previ\s w9t]1 & mo/ ( ^! = a p]iod n long] ?an six weeks4 ,he also said t ! p 7 v indiff]5t z to ! necessity ( s*oolh\ses & *ur*es4 ,q a few :o cle>$ a little money ! previ\s ye> _h sp5t x all 9 buy+ :iskey1 9 gambl+1 9 buy+ *eap jewelry1 & = o!r useless articles4 ,aft] sp5d+ two h\rs 9 su* talk1 ,i retir$ = ! ev5+4 ,?us end$ ! fir/ day ( my se>* = fir/-h& in=mation4 ,in/ead ( go+ f>!r nor?w>d1 we turn$ our c\rse we/w>d = ! t[n ( ,tild51 :i* is only eight miles we/ ( ,sn[ ,hill4 ,! road f ,c>l[ville to ,tild5 is some:at hilly1 b a v pleasant "o1 & = miles ! l>ge oak trees =m$ an almo/ p]fect ar*4 ,on rea*+ ,tild5 we le>n$ t !re w\ld be a union meet+ ( two *ur*es t night4 ,i decid$ t ?is w\ld give me an opportunity to /udy ! religi\s life ( ^! p = myself4 ,! memb]s ( *ur*es numb] "o & numb] two assembl$ at _! respective places at eight o'clock4 ,! memb]s ( *ur* numb] two _h a %ort praise s]vice & =m$ a l9e ( procession to m>* to *ur* numb] "o4 ,all ! wom5 ( ! congregation _h _! heads b\nd 9 pieces ( :ite clo?1 & !y sang peculi> songs z !y m>*$4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( *ur* numb] two 7 )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! *ur* numb] "o1 ! s++ !n alt]nat$1 & f9ally1 :5 ! memb]s ( *ur* numb] two came to *ur* numb] "o1 !y m>*$ ar\nd ?is *ur* ?ree times be=e ent]+ x4 ,aft] ent]+ ! *ur*1 six s]mons 7 prea*$ to ! two congregations by six diff]5t m9i/]s1 & at lea/ ?ree ( ^! c\ld n read a ^w 9 ! ,bible4 ,ea* m9i/] occupi$ at lea/ "o h\r4 ,_! texts 7 z (t5 tak5 f ,web/]'s blue-back spell] z f ! ,bible1 & sometimes ?is w\ld be held upside d[n4 ,x 0 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! morn+ :5 ! s]vices 7 conclud$4 ,"h1 aga91 we f\nd no s*ool-h\ses1 & ! ?ree mon?s' s*ool _h be5 taught 9 "o ( ! little *ur*es4 ,! next day we />t$ = ,camd51 a di/ance ( sixte5 miles4 ,?is section betwe5 ,tild5 & ,camd5 is p]haps ! mo/ f]tile section ( l& 9 ! ,/ate ( ,alabama4 ,tak+ a s\?we/ c\rse f ,tild51 ,i cross$ into ,wilcox ,c\nty aga91 :]e ,i saw acres ( corn & miles ( cotton1 all be+ cultivat$ by ,negroes4 ,! ev5+ 0 f> advanc$ :5 we rea*$ ,camd51 b hav+ be5 !re be=e1 we _h no difficulty 9 secur+ lodg+4 ,camd5 is ! seat ( ,wilcox ,c\nty1 & has a population ( ab\t ?ree ?\s&4 ,! mo/ co/ly build+s ( ! t[n 7 ! c\r?\se & jail1 & ^! occupi$ ! mo/ conspicu\s places4 ,"h great cr[ds ( ,negroes w\ld ga!r on ,saturdays to sp5d _! e>n+s ( ! week = a f9e breakfa/ or d9n] on ! foll[+ ,sunday1 or = useless trivialities4 ,on ,saturday ev5+s1 on ! roads lead+ to & f ,camd51 z f o!r t[ns1 c\ld be se5 gr\ps ( ,negroes gambl+ "h & !re1 & buy+ & sell+ :iskey4 ,z ! c\nty _h vot$ aga9/ lic5s+ :iskey-sell+1 ?is 0 a violation ( ! law1 & (t5 ! commission m]*ant1 a ,negro1 0 imprison$ = ! (f5se1 :ile ^? :o suppli$ him w5t free4 ,9 ,camd5 ,i f\nd "o ,negro s*ool-h\se2 ?is 0 a box-l cottage1 #bj by #af feet1 & 0 suppos$ to seat m ?an "o hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,?is s*ool1 l ^? taught 9 ! *ur*es1 0 op5$ only ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,aft] a two days' /ay 9 ,camd51 ,i next visit$ ,mill]'s ,f]ry on ! ,alabama ,riv]1 twelve miles we/ ( ,camd54 ,! road f ,camd5 is "o ( ! be/ roads 9 ! ,/ate1 & = miles & miles "o c\ld see no?+ b cotton & corn4 ,at ,mill]'s ,f]ry a ,negro s*ool-h\se ( ample proportions _h be5 built on ,judge ,h5d]son's plantation4 ,"h ! s*ool ran sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & ! color$ p 9 ! community 7 prosp]\s & %[$ a rem>kable degree ( intellig5ce4 ,_! *ur* 0 z attractive z _! s*ool-h\se4 ,judge ,h5d]son 0 = twelve ye>s ,probate ,judge ( ,wilcox ,c\nty4 ,he prov$ to be "o ( ! be/ judges ?is c\nty has ev] _h1 & ev5 unto ?is day he is admir$ by all1 bo? :ite & black1 ri* & poor1 = 8 hone/y1 integrity1 & high s5se ( ju/ice4 ,f ,judge ,h5d]son's place we travel$ s\?w>d to ,rockwe/1 a di/ance ( m ?an fifte5 miles4 ,dur+ ?is j\rney hundr$s ( ,negroes 7 se5 at "w 9 ! corn & cotton fields4 ,^! p 7 almo/ :olly ignorant1 z !y _h nei!r s*ools nor tea*]s1 & _! m9i/]s 7 almo/ :olly illit]ate4 ,at ,rockwe/ ,i f\nd a v intellig5t color$ man1 ,mr4 ,d>r+ton1 :o _h att5d$ s*ool at ,selma = a few ye>s4 ,he own$ 8 home & ran a small groc]y4 ,he told ( ! h>d%ips ) :i* he _h to cont5d 9 build+ up 8 bus9ess1 & ( ! almo/ hopeless condition ( ! ,negroes ab\t !re4 ,he said t !y usually made money ea* ye>1 b t !y did n "k h[ to keep x4 ,! m]*ants w\ld induce !m to buy buggies1 ma*9es1 clocks1 etc41 b w\ld nev] enc\rage !m to buy homes4 ,we 7 v mu* pleas$ ) ! reception :i* ,mr4 ,d>r+ton gave u1 & felt v mu* l putt+ into practice our ,/ate motto1 ,"h ,we ,re/1 at 8 home1 b our objective po9t = ! day 0 ,fatama1 sixte5 miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,uncle ,,*>les ,,lee ,,& ,,8 ,,home ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,on our j\rney t aft]noon we saw hundr$s ( ,negro "o-room log cab9s4 ,"s ( ^! 7 locat$ 9 ! d5se swamps & "s on ! hills1 :ile o!rs 7 miles away f ! public road4 ,mo/ ( ^! p _h nev] se5 a locomotive4 ,we rea*$ ,fatama ab\t sev5 o'clock t night1 & "h = ! fir/ "t we 7 compell$ to divide our cr[d 9 ord] to get a night's lodg+4 ,ea* ( u _h to sp5d ! night 9 a "o-room cab94 ,x 0 my privilege to sp5d ! night ) ,uncle ,jake1 a jovial old man1 a local celebrity4 ,aft] tell+ him ( our we>y j\rney1 he imm$iately made prep>ation = me to retire4 ,?is 0 done by cutt+ (f my b$ f ! rema9d] ( ! cab9 by hang+ up a %eet on a scre54 ,:ile some:at inconv5i5t1 my re/ t night 0 pleasant1 & ! next morn+ f\nd me v mu* refre%$ & ready = ano!r day's j\rney4 ,our company assembl$ at ,uncle ,jake's = breakfa/1 aft] :i* we />t$ = ,p9eapple4 ,we f\nd ! condition ( ! ,negroes betwe5 ,fatama & ,p9eapple mu* ! same z t ( ^? we _h se5 ! previ\s day4 ,no s*ool-h\se 0 to be se51 b occasionally we w\ld see a *ur* at ! cross-roads4 ,we rea*$ ,p9eapple late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,f ,p9eapple we w5t to ,gre5ville1 & f ,gre5ville to ,=t ,deposit1 & f ,=t ,deposit we return$ to ,sn[ ,hill1 aft] hav+ travel$ a di/ance ( #aeg miles & visit+ f\r c\nties4 ,9 ?ree ( ^! c\nties !re 0 a color$ population ( #db1haj betwe5 ! ages ( five & tw5ty ye>s1 & a :ite population ( #g1fjh ( ! same ages4 ,! ,negro s*ool population ( ,wilcox & ! sev5 adjo9+ c\nties 0 #aa1fbc4 ,speak+ ( public s*ools 9 ! s5se t educators use ! t]m1 ! color$ p 9 ?is section _h none4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 s-call$ public s*ools "h & !re1 runn+ f ?ree to five mon?s 9 ! ye> & pay+ ! tea*]s f #g4ej to #ah p] mon?4 ,our trip ?r\gh ?is section reveal$ ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 ,t :ile _m opportunities 7 d5i$ our p1 !y abus$ _m privileges2 7#b7 t !re 0 a color$ population1 9 ?is section visit$1 ( m ?an #bjj1jjj & a s*ool population ( #he1dii2 7#c7 t ! p 7 ignorant & sup]/iti\s2 7#d7 t ! tea*]s & prea*]s = ! mo/ "p1 7 ( ! same condition2 7#e7 t !re 7 no public or private libr>ies & read+-rooms to :i* !y _h access2 7#f7 t1 /rictly speak+1 !re 7 no public s*ools & only "o private "o4 ,n[1 :at c be expect$ ( any p 9 su* a condition8 ,c ! bl9d lead ! bl9d8 ,!y c\ld n 9 ! days ( old1 & x is n likely t !y c n[4 ,,*apt] #f4 ,,f\nd+ ,,! ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,s*ool4 ,aft] ?is trip ?r\gh ! ,black ,belt ,i 0 m conv9c$ ?an ev] be=e ( ! great ne$ ( an ,indu/rial ,s*ool 9 ! v mid/ ( ^! p2 a s*ool t w\ld correct ! errone\s ideas ! p held ( education2 a s*ool t w\ld put mo/ /ress ^u ! ?+s :i* ! p 7 mo/ likely to h to d ) ?r\gh life2 a s*ool t w\ld endeavor to make education practical r ?an !oretical2 a s*ool t w\ld tra9 m5 & wom5 to be good work]s1 good lead]s1 good husb&s1 good wives1 & f9ally tra9 !m to be fit citiz5s ( ! ,/ate & prop] subjects = ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,) ?is idea ! ,sn[ ,hill ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute 0 />t$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago 9 an old dilapidat$ "o-room log cab9 ) "o tea*] & ?ree /ud5ts1 ) no ,/ate appropriation1 & )\t any *ur* or society responsible = "o doll> ( its exp5ses4 ,aside f ?is un=tunate /ate ( affairs1 ! condition ( ! p 0 mis]able4 ,?is 0 due p>tly to poor crops & p>tly to bad managem5t on _! "p4 ,9 _m in/ances ! t5ants 7 n only unable to pay _! debts1 b 7 also unable to pay _! r5ts4 ,9 a few cases ! l&lords _h to provide at _! own exp5se provisions = _! t5ants4 ,?is 0 simply ano!r way ( e/abli%+ s\p-h\ses on ! plantations4 ,! idea ( buy+ l& 0 =eign to all ( !m1 & !re 7 n m ?an tw5ty acres ( l& own$ by ! color$ p 9 ?is :ole neighborhood4 ,! *ur*es & s*ools 7 practically clos$1 :ile crime & immorality 7 rampant4 ,! c>ry+ ( m5 & wom5 to ! *a9-gang 0 a frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,^! p believ$ t ! end ( education 0 to free _! *ildr5 f manual labor4 ,!y 7 mu* oppos$ to indu/rial education4 ,:5 ! s*ool 0 />t$1 _m ( ! p>5ts came to s*ool & =bade our work+ _! *ildr51 /at+ z _! objection t _! *ildr5 _h be5 work+ all _! lives & t !y did n mean to s5d !m to s*ool to le>n to "w4 ,n only did !y =bid our hav+ _! *ildr5 "w1 b _m took _! *ildr5 out ( s*ool r ?an all[ !m to d s4 ,a good deal ( ?is opposition 0 kept up by illit]ate prea*]s & incompet5t tea*]s1 :o _h n _h any p>ticul> tra9+ = _! pr(ession4 ,9 fact1 n9ety-eight p] c5t ( !m _h att5d$ no s*ool4 ,we cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to keep ! ,indu/rial ,plank 9 our plat=m1 & ye> aft] ye> "s indu/ry 0 add$ until we n[ h f\rte5 indu/ries 9 con/ant op]ation4 ,agriculture is ! =emo/ & basic indu/ry ( ! in/itution4 ,we d ?is because we are 9 a f>m+ section & n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! p dep5d ^u agriculture = a livelihood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,& ,,two ,,( ,,_! ,,wives ,,*apt] #g4 ,,small ,,beg9n+s4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ! s*ool 7 inde$ try+ ones4 ,!re are h[ev] 9 all communities p]sons ^: he>ts are 9 ! "r place4 ,i f\nd x s 9 ?is case1 = :ile !re 7 _m :o oppos$ ! indu/rial idea1 !re 7 ^? :o /ood = x & held up our arms4 ,i ref] to t noble class ( old color$ m5 :o always seek = tru?4 ,! m5 :o /ood s loyally by me 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! s*ool 7 ,messrs4 ,frank ,w>r51 ,willis ,mc,cants1 ,ellis ,johnson1 ,john ,?omas1 ,isaac ,johnson1 ,tom ,johnson & ,p4 ,j4 ,ga9es4 ,^! m5 & _! wives 7 ready at e call4 ,!y gave supp]s1 fairs & picnics z well z o!r ent]ta9m5ts to raise money = ! s*ool4 ,n only w\ld !y help 9 ! rais+ ( money1 b !y w\ld come to ! s*ool & "w = days )\t ?9k+ ( any pay = _! "w4 ,:5 we got ready to put up a new build+1 we w\ld h :at we call$ a h\se-rais+ & w\ld invite all ! m5 9 ! neighborhood to come out & help u4 ,on ^! days ! wives ( ^! m5 w\ld compete ) ea* o!r to see :o c\ld br+ out ! be/ basket4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ s*ool ye> x 0 cle>ly se5 t we ne$$ two assi/ant tea*]s2 b ! "q t puzzl$ u 01 :]e c\ld !y "w4 ,we _h only "o room & none ( u _h ! money to buy ! lumb] ne$$4 ,b !re 0 a saw-mill ne> by & f9ally ,i s\ght "w at ?is mill ) ! und]/&+ t ,i w\ld take my pay 9 lumb] if ! p w\ld agree to fe$ me4 ,?is !y readily cons5t$ to d4 ,s ,i work$ dur+ ,may1 ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ at ! saw-mill & took my wages 9 lumb]4 ,?is enabl$ u to get suffici5t mat]ial to erect two ( ! rooms ( our pres5t ,tra9+ ,build+4 ,! foll[+ ,octob] we op5$ s*ool ) ?ree tea*]s & #aej /ud5ts4 ,^! two tea*]s _h graduat$ at ,tuskegee ) me 9 '#ic4 ,!y 7 ,misses ,ophelia ,clopton & ,rosa ,brad=d4 ,!y sp5t f\r ye>s 9 ! "w "h & we nev] _h two tea*]s :o did m = ! old p 9 ! community & :o 7 lov$ m by !m4 ,9 ! fall ( '#ie ,mr4 ,b>nes1 :o 0 also a memb] ( ! class ( '#ic1 jo9$ u1 & has be5 connect$ ) ! s*ool s9ce !n except = two ye>s :i* he sp5t 9 ,bo/on4 ,9 ! fall ( '#if ano!r "o ( our class-mates1 ,julius ,web/]1 a c>p5t]1 jo9$ 9 our "w "h4 ,we n[ _h five tea*]s1 all ( ,tuskegee & all class-mates4 ,i c nev] =get ^! old p & ^! e>ly tea*]s1 = we all %>$ our _m sorr[s & our few joys4 ,no "w 0 too h>d = u & no sacrifice 0 too great4 ,ano!r ,tuskegee /ud5t 0 ) u almo/ f ! beg9n+4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,riv]s did n graduate f ! ,academic ,dep>tm5t at ,tuskegee1 he f9i%$ 8 trade1 ,agriculture1 !re4 ,mr4 ,riv]s has _h *>ge ( our f>m (f & on s9ce '#ie4 ,i %\ld say to 8 cr$it t he is 9 *>ge today & la/ ye> he made ! be/ crop ! s*ool has ev] made4 ,?us f>1 ,i h spok5 ( ! assi/ance giv5 me by ! color$ p & tea*]s1 b no *apt] ab\t ! f\nd+ ( ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute w\ld be complete )\t a m5tion ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,simpson1 ! :ite man on ^: plantation ,i 0 re>$4 ,mr4 ,simpson mu/ h kn[n me f my bir?4 ,i well rememb] t 9 '#gh & '#gi he us$ to /op by to see my old gr&mo!r :5 rid+ ov] 8 plantation4 ,i ?9k t my gr&mo!r prep>$ meals = him on "s ( ^! visits to ! plantation4 ,i also rememb] t aft] ! dea? ( gr&mo!r1 :5 ,i 0 sick & liv+ ) my aunt ,r9a1 "s days he w\ld see me ly+ on ! roadside & w\ld toss me a co94 ,on my return f ,tuskegee ,i f\nd ,mr4 ,simpson deeply int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( my p2 9 fact1 x seem$ z if he 0 look+ = "s "o to />t an indu/rial s*ool ^u 8 place4 ,we _h _m talks toge!r4 ,:5 he f\nd out t ,i _h return$ to ca/ my lot ) my p1 he seem$ highly pleas$ & said t he w\ld give a few acres = ! s*ool if ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld use x to advantage4 ,i decid$ t ?is 0 my opportunity & told him t ,i c\ld4 ,he fir/ gave sev5 acres1 & !n ?irty-?ree1 & f9ally sixty m1 mak+ 9 all "o hundr$ acres t he gave ! s*ool4 ,9 lat] ye>s we b\ght "o-half ( 8 plantation1 mak+ 9 all ne>ly two ?\s& acres4 ,:ile all ( ! :ite p 9 ,sn[ ,hill h be5 fri5dly t[>ds ! "w1 ,i h f\nd ,mr4 ,simpson & 8 entire family to be our p>ticul> fri5ds & ,i h yet to g to !m = a favor & be refus$4 ,"o ( ! c>d9al po9ts 9 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton's ,sunday ev5+ talks to ! /ud5ts & tea*]s at ,tuskegee 0 t !y %\ld buy homes ( _! own4 ,i felt t ! be/ way to tea* ! p to get a home 0 = me to own "o myself4 ,i ?\ght t x w\ld be useless = me to talk to !m ab\t buy+ homes z long z ,i did n h "o = myself1 s ,i secur$ a home4 ,aft] ! s*ool 0 ?or\ghly plant$ & ,i _h b\ght & paid = my home1 we began to enc\rage ! p to buy homes4 ,?is 0 done ?r\gh sev]al ag5cies1 ! ,negro ,f>m]s ,conf]5ce1 ! ,work]s ,conf]5ce & ! ,black-,belt ,improvem5t ,society4 ,! aim ( ?is ,society is cle>ly set =? 9 its con/itution1 a "p ( :i* is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,?is society %all be kn[n z ! ,black ,belt ,improvem5t ,society4 ,its object %all be ! g5]al uplift ( ! p ( ! ,black ,belt ( ,alabama2 to make !m bett] morally1 m5tally1 spiritually1 & f9ancially4 7#b7 ,x %all fur!r be ! object ( ! ,black ,belt ,improvem5t ,society z f> z possible1 to elim9ate ! cr$it sy/em f our social fabric2 to /imulate 9 all memb]s ! desire to raise1 z f> z possible1 all _! food supplies at home1 & pay ca% = :atev] may be pur*as$ at ! /ores4 7#c7 ,to br+ ab\t a sy/em ( co-op]ation 9 ! pur*ase ( :at supplies _c be rais$ at home :]ev] x c be done to advantage4 7#d7 ,to discuss topics ( int]e/ to ! communities 9 :i* ! v>i\s societies may be organiz$1 & topics relat+ to ! g5]al welf>e ( ! race1 & especially to f>m]s4 7#e7 ,to tea* ! p to practice ! /ricte/ economy1 & especially to obta9 & diffuse su* in=mation among f>m]s z %all lead to ! improvem5t & div]sification ( crops1 9 ord] to create 9 f>m]s a desire = homes & bett] home conditions1 & to /imulate a love = labor 9 bo? old & "y4 ,ea* local organization may (f] small prizes = ! cleane/ & be/-kept h\se1 ! be/ pea-pat*1 & ! be/ e> ( corn1 etc4 7#f7 ,to aid ea* o!r 9 sickness & 9 dea?2 = ?is purpose a fee ( t5 c5ts w be collect$ f ea* memb] e mon? & held sacr$ to be us$ = no o!r purpose :atev]4 7#g7 ,x %all be "o ( ! great objects ( ?is society to /imulate its memb]s to acquire homes1 & urge ^? :o already possess homes to improve & beautify !m4 7#h7 ,to urge our memb]s to pur*ase only ! ?+s t are absolutely necess>y4 7#i7 ,to ex]t our e ef=t to oblit]ate ^? evils :i* t5d to de/roy our "* & our homes1 su* z intemp]ance1 gambl+1 & social impurity4 7#aj7 ,to refra9 f sp5d+ money & "t fooli%ly or 9 unpr(itable ways2 to take an int]e/ 9 ! c>e ( our highways1 9 ! pay+ ( our taxes & ! education ( our *ildr52 to plant %ade trees1 repair our y>d f5ces1 & 9 g5]al1 z f> z possible1 br+ our home life up to ! highe/ /&>d ( civilization4 ,?is ,society has /&+ committees on ,gov]nm5t1 on ,education1 on ,bus9ess1 on ,h\sekeep+1 on ,labor1 & on ,f>m+4 ,! *airman ( ea* ( ^! committees holds mon?ly meet+s 9 ! v>i\s communities1 at :i* "t v>i\s topics p]ta9+ to ! welf>e & uplift ( ! p are discuss$4 ,z a result ( ^! meet+s ! p return to _! homes ) new inspiration4 ,! meet+s are do+ good 9 ! communities :]e !y are be+ held1 & our s9c]e hope is t su* meet+s may be ext5d$4 ,x is ! aim ( ! s*ool & ( its sev]al organizations1 to rea* ! ills t mo/ ret>d ! ,negroes ( ! rural ,s\?4 ,! articles ( our simple con/itution g to ! v bottom ( ! conditions4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! "w ( ! class-room is only a small "p ( :at we are try+ to d = ! uplift ( ! ,negro p 9 ! ,black ,belt4 ,,*apt] #h4 ,,campaign+ ,,= ,,funds ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?4 ,! matt] ( rais+ money = und5om9ational s*ools 9 ! ,s\? is no easy task1 & "r "h ,i ought to /ate j :y ,i pref]r$ to h su* a s*ool4 ,our p 9 ! rural ,s\? are mo/ly ,bapti/s & ,me?odi/s1 & ( c\rse ! d5om9ations h _! s*ools1 locat$ 9 c]ta9 cities4 ,:ile no "o is b>r$ f ^! s*ools1 x is a fact t undue influ5ce is ex]t$ ^u ! pupils to make !m become memb]s ( ! *ur* t supports ! s*ool4 ,?is is n only true ( ! ,me?odi/ & ,bapti/ s*ools1 b is also true ( all d5om9ational s*ools 9 ! ,s\?4 ,i did n l t & our p d n l to h any "o influ5ce _! *ildr5 to jo9 *ur*es o!r ?an ! "o ( _! *oice4 ,we may %ut our eyes to ?is tru?1 b ! fact rema9s t ,me?odi/s d n want _! *ildr5 to be p]suad$ to jo9 "s o!r *ur*1 nei!r d ! ,bapti/s want !irs tak5 away f !m4 ,n[1 ,i want$ t my s*ool %\ld be free f su* isms4 ,i want$ a s*ool = all ! ,negroes1 ?or\ghly religi\s 9 its _s1 b entirely und5om9ational4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s n[ we h adh]$ /rictly to ?is policy4 ,_m times :5 all 0 d>k & !re seem$ to be no way1 "s ( ^! d5om9ations w\ld come & (f] me ! money to run ! "w1 provid$ ,i w\ld accept _! fai?4 ,b ?is ,i h nev] done1 ,i _h r t ! "w %\ld die ?an to sell my pr9ciple = money4 ,i repeat t rais+ money = su* a s*ool is a h>d task4 ,i h nev] be5 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ z to ! *oice ( ! *ur* t my /ud5ts make1 b ,i h be5 pr(\ndly int]e/$ 9 _! f9d+ salvation4 ,a great _m p to :om ,i appeal = aid f "t to "t1 tell me t !y give all _! alms ?r\gh _! *ur*4 ,b 9 spite ( all ?is1 ,i feel t ! k9d ( s*ools mo/ ne$$ = our p1 %\ld be broad & n n>r[1 deep & n %all[4 ,aft] w9n+ ! approval ( ! p 9 ! community1 bo? black & :ite1 & gett+ :atev] help ,i c\ld f !m1 my ?\ghts turn$ t[>ds ! ,nor? = means to run ! "w4 ,my fir/ attempt 0 9 ,m>*1 '#ig4 ,i got z f> z ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & saw ! ,inauguration ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 & !n ,i return$ home4 ,! foll[+ ,june ,dr4 ,wa%+ton wrote me to come to ,tuskegee s z to accompany ! ,tuskegee ,qu>tet ,nor? t summ]4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood t ,i 0 "o ( ! s+]s2 t 0 n my good =tune4 ,i 0 to tell :at ,tuskegee _h done = me & 0 to %[ 9 turn :at ,i 0 try+ to d = my p4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton reason$ 9 ?is way ,i w\ld h a *ance to meet "s ( ! be/ p ( ! c\ntry & !reby ga9 support = my "w4 ,!re 0 to be no collection tak5 = ,sn[ ,hill1 b ^? :o became int]e/$ w\ld (t5 come up aft] ! meet+s & give me some?+ = my "w4 ,we left ,tuskegee ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july4 ,we sp5t mo/ ( ! mon? ( ,july 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,massa*usetts1 kn[n z ! ,cape & ,s\? ,%ore4 ,we _h meet+s at mo/ ( ! *ur*es & resorts 9 t section4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton himself met u at ! mo/ prom95t places4 ,9 ,augu/ we came to ,bo/on & f !re w5t up ! ,nor? ,%ore4 ,?is 0 my fir/ visit to ,bo/on & x 0 "h t ,i met ,miss ,susan ,d4 ,mess+] & h] bro!r ,william ,s4 ,mess+]4 ,_! home 0 at #ha ,walnut ,av5ue1 ,roxbury1 ,mass4 ,miss ,mess+] _h be5 an abolitioni/4 ,bo? %e & h] bro!r 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( my p4 ,!y li/5$ att5tively to my /ory & f t day became my be/ fri5ds4 ,al?\gh ,i h be5 go+ ,nor? n[ = tw5ty ye>s1 ,i h nev] met su* welcome z 0 %[n me at _! home4 ,i ?9k ,i h nev] met su* ,*ri/-l p any:]e4 ,x 0 l>gely ?r\gh ,miss ,mess+]'s appeals 9 ! ,transcript t ! p ( ,bo/on & ,new ,engl& le>n$ ( our "w at ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,?r\gh h] appeals f "t to "t1 we rais$ mu* money = our s*ool4 ,i _c1 9 words1 express ! valuable aid ^! p gave u 9 our "w4 ,sometimes :5 ,i _h work$ h>d all day ) poor results1 ,i w\ld g to _! home 9 ! ev5+ disc\rag$ & l[-spirit$1 b w\ld always f9d !re a he>ty welcome & a ^w ( *e]4 ,i w\ld always leave ) new zeal & fre% c\rage4 ,_! home has be5 to me a home n[ = tw5ty ye>s & al?\gh !y are n[ dead1 ,i nev] g to ,bo/on b t ,i f9d "t to g out to ,mt4 ,auburn & put a fre% fl[] on _! graves4 ,! old home is lonely n[1 b ! ,mess+] _s /ill abides !re 9 ! p]son ( ,mr4 ,re$1 _! nephew4 ,i /ill receive f him ! he>ty welcome & support t !y us$ to give 9 days ( old4 ,ano!r fri5d :om ,i met t summ] 0 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,s4 ,h[e ( ,brookl9e 7n[ ,mrs4 ,h]man ,f4 ,vick]y74 ,%e became int]e/$ 9 our "w ?r\gh ,miss ,mess+] & f t "t to ?is h] int]e/ has /eadily gr[n4 ,_h x n be5 = ! enc\ragem5t & aid receiv$ f ! ,mess+]s & ,mrs4 ,h[e on ?is trip1 ,i am sure t ,i %\ld h giv5 up ! /ruggle4 ,aft] leav+ ,bo/on1 ! ,tuskegee s+]s w5t up ! ,nor? ,%ore & on to ! ,isles ( ,%oals4 ,!re we _h a v good meet+1 & z ,mr4 ,wa%+ton c\ld n be pres5t1 ,i 0 ! pr9cipal speak]4 ,! p 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 :at ,i said & al?\gh we took up a good collection = ,tuskegee1 my private collection 0 equally l>ge4 ,?is ! lead] ( ! qu>tet did n l4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ?is man :o 0 a tea*] at ,tuskegee1 to speak z well z myself1 b = "s reason he did n l to d x & w\ld always %irk x :5 he c\ld4 ,b aft] ?is meet+ he cut (f my support & :5 we rea*$ ,portsm\?1 he told me t ,i 0 divid+ ! int]e/ & t he c\ld n use me fur!r on t trip4 ,( c\rse1 :at little money ,i _h be5 gett+ ,i _h s5t to ! s*ool1 s ,i 0 almo/ p5niless :5 he turn$ me (f4 ,i ought to say1 h[ev]1 t he gave me my f>e back to ,bo/on4 ,i rea*$ ,bo/on t night ab\t eight o'clock ) no money & n[h]e to g1 b f9ally1 ,i w5t to ! place :]e we _h /opp$ :5 ! qu>tet 0 9 ,bo/on & ,i f\nd ,r4 ,w4 ,taylor1 :o at ! "t 0 f9ancial ag5t 9 ! ,nor? = ,tuskegee4 ,he saw t ,i 0 disc\rag$ & insi/$ t ,i tell him :y ,i _h come back to ,bo/on4 ,:5 he _h le>n$ ! facts he told 8 l&lady to provide lodg+ & bo>d = me at 8 exp5se until ,i c\ld d bett]4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e ,dr4 ,wa%+ton f\nd out t ,i 0 n ) ! qu>tet1 & z soon z he knew x1 he wrote me to meet him at ,lake ,mohonk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,:5 ! lead] ( ! qu>tet f\nd out t ,i 0 to be at ,lake ,mohonk1 he tri$ to int]f]e s z to prohibit my go+ !re1 b :5 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton said a ?+1 x _h to be done1 & ,i w5t to ,lake ,mohonk & ,i met ! qu>tet aga92 also ,dr4 ,wa%+ton4 ,we _h a great meet+ at ,lake ,mohonk & aft] ! meet+ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,s4 ,p4 ,av]y1 :o 7 gue/s !re1 gave me #bjj4 ,f "h we return$ ,s\? & rea*$ ,tuskegee ab\t ! fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,f !re ,i return$ to ,sn[ ,hill4 ,my trip ,nor? dur+ ! summ] ( '#ih 0 v mu* sadd5$ by ! illness & dea? ( my aunt ,r9a ,riv]s1 :om ,i _h le>n$ to love z a "m1 & to :om ,i always feel t ,i owe my life1 = _h x n be5 = ! c>e %e gave me dur+ my sickness1 ,i c\ld n h /ood ! ordeal4 ,h] dea? came :ile ,i 0 9 ,bo/on & )\t suffici5t funds to take me ei!r to h] b$-side or to h] fun]al4 ,?is incid5t 9 my life has always be5 a cause = deep sorr[ & z ! ye>s g by ,i feel x m ke5ly4 ,i _h always hop$ t %e c\ld h liv$ until ,i c\ld make h] life happy1 b ?is pleasure has be5 =ev] d5i$ me4 ,h[ev] %e left beh9d f\r daught]s & _m gr&*ildr5 & ,i h tri$ to be unusually k9d to !m because ( my great love = _! "m & gr&mo!r4 ,aga9 ?is 0 a h>d ye> because ( ! ,spani% ,w> & ! consequ5t excitem5t4 ,i return$ to ,sn[ ,hill e>ly 9 ! fall1 ca/ d[n1 b n de/roy$4 ,i _h to adju/ myself to ! loss ( my be/ e>?ly fri5d4 ,9 ! meantime1 our enrollm5t 0 con/antly increas+ & new tea*]s & indu/ries 7 be+ add$ f ye> to ye>4 ,my campaign 9 ! ,nor? dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii 0 made alone1 j z ! previ\s "o _h be54 ,i got mu* ne$$ exp]i5ce dur+ ?is summ]4 ,9 ?is h\se-to-h\se campaign = money1 "o mu/ expect _m rebuffs1 b on ! o!r h& "o meets "s ( ! f9e/ p t h ev] liv$4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t z ,i gr[ old] ! /ra9 is h>d]4 ,i don't ?9k t ,i am a v successful money rais]4 ,h[ev]1 on ,april #e?1 #aijf1 at ! #be? anniv]s>y ( ,tuskegee1 ,i deliv]$ an address t int]e/$ ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie & he gave ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute t5 ?\s& doll>s4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>tial ,,view ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute ,,*apt] #i4 ,,results4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h tri$ 9 a pla9 & practical way to tell ! /ory ( my life & /ruggle = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,i n[ purpose to tell "s results ( ?is ef=t4 ,we />t$ our "w ) no l&1 no build+1 & no assurance ( any support f any s\rce4 ,9 fact1 we r5t$ an old log cab9 9 :i* to beg9 our "w4 ,on ! fir/ day ( op5+1 we _h "o tea*]1 ?ree pupils & fifty c5ts 9 money1 a pretty small capital ) :i* to build a ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute4 ,z ,i n[ look back on ?is e>ly adv5ture ( m9e1 ,i am amaz$ at ! und]tak+4 ,al?\gh p5niless & almo/ )\t a place to re/ my head1 ,i _h an abundance ( hope & great fai? 9 ,god4 ,^! h always be5 my greate/ assets 9 ?is "w4 ,! p 9 ! community 7 equally poor2 n m ?an t5 acres ( l& 7 own$ by ! color$ p )9 a radius ( t5 miles1 & !re 0 ev5 a mortgage on ^! t5 acres4 ,! homes ( ! p consi/$ *iefly ( "o-room & two-room log cab9s4 ,!re 0 n a s+le glass w9d[ to be f\nd4 ,i rememb] t %ortly aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! s*ool a ,negro built a h\se & fitt$ x up ) glass w9d[s & p w\ld g t5 miles to see x4 ,! economic condition ( ! p 0 deplorable4 ,!y all c>ri$ heavy mortgages f ye> to ye>4 ,^! mortgages rang$ all ! way f #ajj to #aejj4 ,! p 7 ?or\ghly disc\rag$1 & seem+ly _h lo/ all hopes4 ,ev]y:]e 9 _! religi\s s]vices1 !y sang ?is song3 ,y may h all ! _w1 b give me ,jesus4 ,! :ite man 0 tak+ !m at _! ^w & giv+ !m all ( ,jesus1 b none ( ! _w4 ,s di%e>t5$ 7 ! p t :5 ,mr4 ,simpson (f]$ to give u ! fir/ sev5 acres ( l& = ! s*ool1 _m tri$ to prevail ) him n to d s1 say+ t !y did n want any l&4 ,b z ,i h said1 y c always f9d 9 any place a few ( our p ^: he>ts are 9 ! "r place2 x 0 s 9 ?is in/ance2 a few ( ! old m5 7 v /an* fri5ds1--!y /ood by me 9 ?is fight & we won4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! p "h tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,n[ h[ *ang$ are ^! conditions8 ,f ! r5t$ log cab9 ! s*ool has gr[n until we h at pres5t1 to be exact1 #aidj acres ( l& & tw5ty-f\r build+s1 c\nt+ l>ge & small4 ,x enrolls ea* ye> betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ /ud5ts1 tea*es f\rte5 trades1 putt+ mo/ /ress on agriculture4 ,! entire prop]ty is valu$ upw>ds ( #abe1jjj & is de$$ to a ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees4 ,b ! wor? ( an in/itution is n judg$ by h\ses & l&1 b by its ability to s]ve ! p among :om x is locat$4 ,x has nev] be5 our end to acquire h\ses1 l& & indu/ries1 ^! we h us$ z means ( enabl+ u to accompli% our end1 :i* 0 & /ill is to seek & to save t :i* 0 lo/4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s !n we h be5 "h1 seek+ lo/ boys1 lo/ girls1 lo/ m5 & lo/ wom54 ,we h toll$ our bells t !y might he>1 & prea*$ ! gospel ( "w 9 ord] t !y might und]/&2 we h us$ ! *ur*1 ! ,sunday-,s*ool1 ,bible classes & o!r religi\s societies t !y might feel2 ! class-rooms t !y might "k2 ! %ops & f>ms t !y might h&le & d4 ,& s all ( our mat]ial acquisitions h be5 us$ to drive home "o great end2 social s]vice1 bett] m5 & bett] wom54 ,n[ h[ well we h accompli%$ ?is end may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,c\nt+ ^? :o h f9i%$ ! c\rse ( /udy & o!rs :o h rema9$ at ! s*ool long en\gh to cat* its _s & be influ5c$ by its tea*+1 we h s5t out into v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\? m ?an a ?\s& "y m5 & wom5 :o are today lead+ useful & helpful lives4 ,!y are f>m]s1 blacksmi?s1 :eelwrights1 c>p5t]s1 h\sekeep]s1 dressmak]s1 pr9t]s1 railway po/al cl]ks1 lett] c>ri]s1 tea*]s1 prea*]s1 dome/ic s]vants1 insurance ag5ts1 doctors1 expressm51 contractors1 timb]-inspectors1 college /ud5ts4 ,9 fact1 !y are to be f\nd 9 e vocation kn[n to ! ,s\?4 ,_m ( ^! "y p h b\ght f>ms & homes ( _! own1 h erect$ neat & com=table cottages2 h influ5c$ _! neighbors to buy l&1 to build bett] homes1 bett] *ur*es & bett] s*ool-h\ses4 ,!y h also be5 in/rum5tal 9 secur+ a high] type ( tea*]s & prea*]s4 ,!y make a special ef=t always to cultivate a fri5dly relation betwe5 ! two races4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> !y h be5 rem>kably successful4 ,i %all speak m directly ab\t _! "w "u ! *apt] on ,graduates4 ,p]haps ,i c 9 no way bett] %[ ! effects ( ! s*ool ^u ! imm$iate community ?an by ref]r+ to an address giv5 by me & quot$ 9 ! app5dix ( ?is book4 ,x is ! cu/om at ,tuskegee to h ea* class reassemble at ! s*ool tw5ty ye>s aft] graduation4 ,"s "o ( ! class is *os5 by ! s*ool1 to repres5t ! class & is plac$ on ! ,comm5cem5t program4 ,x fell my lot to repres5t my class on ?is occasion4 ,( c\rse at ! anniv]s>y ( ea* class1 t class is expect$ to make a donation to ! s*ool4 ,al?\gh ?is _h be5 ! cu/om = sev]al ye>s1 ! class donations v seldom am\nt$ to m ?an #ajj4 ,sometimes !y 7 z small z #be4jj or less4 ,someh[ ,i h always felt t ! graduates ( ,tuskegee ow$ t in/itution a debt ( gratitude :i* !y c nev] pay1 & ?\ght t !y %\ld make ! class anniv]s>ies mean some?+ m sub/antial to ! s*ool ?an !y _h meant4 ,s long be=e our "t came1 ,i wrote ! memb]s ( my class tell+ !m t x %\ld be our aim to give ,tuskegee #ajjj at our ,anniv]s>y4 ,!y readily agre$ ) me & ! class set itself to ! task ( rais+ ! #ajjj4 ,?is 0 done because we felt t ! "t _h come = ! graduates to give m sub/antial aid to _! ,alma-,mat]1 & z a /imulus to ^? :o are to foll[4 ,i ?9k 9 a small way x has s]v$ t purpose1 because ^! class anniv]s>y donations h nev] be5 less ?an #ejj s9ce t date4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new] ,,type ,,( ,,home ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,i ?9k ( all ! talks ,i h ev] made1 none h giv5 me ! real joy t ?is "o gave4 ,i feel t ?is 0 true = ! reason t ?is 0 a giv+ talk r ?an a receiv+ "o4 ,! address is also giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,,*apt] #aj4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,jeanes ,,fund4 ,9 ! fall ( #aijb ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,dr4 ,wa%+ton reque/+ me to speak at a meet+ 9 ,philadelphia 9 ! int]e/ ( ,tuskegee4 ,miss ,cornelia ,b[51 also a graduate ( ,tuskegee1 0 ask$ to speak at ! same meet+4 ,we bo? accept$4 ,dur+ my /ay 9 ! city ,mr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,davis1 a tru/ee ( ,tuskegee at ! "t1 gave me a lett] ( introduction to ,miss ,anna ,t4 ,jeanes1 a weal?y woman :o seldom gave to s*ools z l>ge z ,tuskegee & ,hampton1 b :o w\ld1 9 all probability1 be int]e/$ 9 my s*ool4 ,9 go+ to ,miss ,jeanes's home on ,ar* ,/reet ,i _h _m appreh5sions b ,i f\nd h] v cordial & deeply int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( my p4 ,i told h] ( my /ruggle to get an education & h[1 aft] f9i%+ at ,tuskegee ,i _h return$ to my home 9 ,alabama4 ,i describ$ ! condition ( ! public s*ools 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,%e gave ke5 int]e/ to ?is "p ( my /ory4 ,f9ally1 %e ask$ me if ,i 0 aim+ to build a l>ge s*ool su* z ,tuskegee or ,hampton4 ,i told h] t ,i _h no su* idea2 t ,i only want$ to build a s*ool t c\ld prop]ly c>e = ?ree or f\r hundr$ /ud5ts1 & try z be/ ,i c\ld to help ! little s*ools ?r\gh\t t section4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ,sn[ ,hill ,i f\nd a *eck f h] = five ?\s& doll>s = ! "w at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,ea* ye> aft] ?is ,miss ,jeanes gave me f #cjj to #bjjj = ! "w at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,f9ally1 9 ! fall ( #aijf :5 %e _h mov$ to ! home 9 ,g]mant[n :i* %e _h e/abli%$ = ! ag$1 ,i call$ to see h]4 ,%e 0 !n ill & al?\gh ! nurse said t ,i c\ld n see h]1 aft] my c>d _h be5 tak5 to h]1 %e s5t = me4 ,%e 0 q feeble1 b said to me3 ,i h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 :at !e has be5 tell+ me all ^! ye>s ab\t ! little s*ools4 ,i w\ld give l>gely to !m if !e ?9ks t !e c\ld get ,dr4 ,wa%+ton or ,dr4 ,frissell to come to see me4 ,i am sure %e 0 ?9k+ ( ! l>ge exp]i5ce ( ^? m54 ,%e said also t %e ?\ght if %e w\ld make su* a gift z %e contemplat$1 x might induce o!r great philan?ropi/s to d z mu*4 ,at my sugge/ion ,dr4 ,wa%+ton visit$ ,miss ,jeanes :o gave #aa1jjj ea* to ,dr4 ,wa%+ton & ,dr4 ,frissell to be us$ z !y ?\ght be/ = ! small s*ools4 ,i am positive t ! ,jeanes ,fund orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 & ,i am pr\d ( ! "p t ,i _h 9 ?is affair & t s _m ,negro *ildr5 c be help$ by ! fund t is de/9$ to d s mu* = ! elevation ( our p 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,*apt] #aa4 ,,appreciation4 ,9 build+ up an in/itution su* z we h done at ,sn[ ,hill1 no "o man is entitl$ to all ! cr$it4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is impossible to "n all to :om cr$it is due4 ,we c only speak ( ^? :o h be5 closely alli$ ) u & ^: "w has be5 prom95t 9 ! build+ ( ! in/itution4 ,p]haps ( ^!1 ! ,tru/ees come fir/4 ,we c\ld nev] h gone on ) ! "w f ye> to ye> )\t _! aid & assi/ance4 ,)\t ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,simpson !re c\ld n h be5 any ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,we might h built a simil> s*ool else:]e1 b we c\ld n h built x at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,mr4 ,simpson gave ! fir/ site = ! s*ool & f ! />t has be5 "o ( our be/ fri5ds4 ,he /ood = ,negro ,education :5 x 0 unpopul> = him to d s4 ,he alli$ himself ) ?is cause1 at ! risk ( be+ o/racis$ by o!r :ite p4 ,because ( 8 firm /&1 mo/ ( ! :ite p 9 ?is section h be5 won ov] to 8 way ( ?9k+1 & n[ !re is sc>cely if any opposition h]eab\ts to ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,simpson is "o ( ! noble/ m5 t ,i h ev] met1 ,nor? or ,s\?4 ,he is absolutely free f all racial & petty prejudice t we s (t5 f9d 9 ! av]age man ( today4 ,i feel safe 9 say+ t he is liv+ at lea/ fifty ye>s ahead ( 8 "t4 ,! ?+s t he /&s = & h be5 fight+ =1 = ?irty ye>s1 are com+ m & m to pass1 & al?\gh x seems h>d = ! pres5t g5]ation to accept !m1 !y mu/ be accept$ if we w\ld make ! _w safe = ,democracy4 ,he is a true patriot1 a true democrat1 & a zeal\s ,*ri/ian g5tleman4 ,mr4 ,simpson has a family ( five *ildr51 ?ree sons & two daught]s1 all ( :om possess 8 _s to a l>ge degree4 ,i fir/ met ,rev4 ,r4 ,c4 ,b$=d at ,tuskegee :ile ,i 0 !re 9 s*ool4 ,i lov$ him f ! fir/ "t ,i saw him & ,i feel t ?is 0 because ( 8 deep & s9c]e int]e/ 9 our p4 ,until ,i met ,mr4 ,b$=d1 ,i _h always di/ru/$ ! :ite man & ?\ght x 0 impossible = any :ite man to be free f race prejudice4 ,aft] my graduation at ,tuskegee1 z ,i said be=e1 ,i return$ to ,sn[ ,hill & see+ t ,mr4 ,b$=d & ,mr4 ,simpson _h some?+ 9 common1 arrang$ to h ,mr4 ,b$=d come to ,sn[ ,hill & meet ,mr4 ,simpson4 ,_! meet+ resembl$ t ( ,jona?an & ,david1 & ,i believe _! fri5d%ip 0 equally great4 ,x cont9u$ until ,mr4 ,b$=d's dea?4 ,mr4 ,b$=d 0 "o man :o und]/ood :at x 0 to build up an in/itution f no?+4 ,he knew ! h>d%ips "o _h to und]go to meet bills :5 !re 0 no money appropriat$ = ^! bills4 ,he knew :at x 0 to make brick )\t /raw4 ,(ttimes :5 ! burd5 0 heavy & ! yoke r\gh1 x 0 ! enc\rag+ words f ,mr4 ,b$=d t gave me /r5g? & c\rage to cont9ue4 ,:ile 8 p>ticul> mission 0 to look aft] ! ,tuskegee s*ools1 he lov$ e good "w & w\ld always l5d a h& to a good cause4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! ,*ri/-_s4 ,i _c express 9 words ! great debt ( gratitude t ,i owe ! immortal ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 = ,i owe all to him4 ,x 0 he :o *ang$ my view ( life4 ,he *ang$ me f ! vision>y to ! sub/antial1 f ! %ad[ to ! sub/ance1 f ! artificial to ! real1 & f words to de$s4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton became a tru/ee ( ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute f its beg9n+ & rema9$ z su* until 8 dea?4 ,he made ?ree visits to ,sn[ ,hill1 ! la/ be+ ,novemb] #ah?1 #aiad4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton always did :at he c\ld to help u 9 our "w4 ,he seem$ to appreciate ! ef=ts t we 7 putt+ =? to uplift our p4 ,he c\ld sympa?ize ) u2 he c\ld und]/& t an in/itution t _h no p]man5t support1 b _h to dep5d ^u ! ef=ts ( "o man to raise money1 c\ld n be p]fect1 & _m ?+s 7 n z well z !y %\ld be4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton c\ld sympa?ize ) u because he knew :at x 04 ,he _h borne ! burd5 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,b ,i f9d t p]sons :o h done no?+ !mselves1 b h liv$ z p>asites mo/ ( _! days1 are mu* m critical ?an ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ev] c\ld be4 ,sometimes ,i am ask$ to :at ,i attribute ,dr4 ,wa%+ton's success 9 life4 ,my answ] to ?is "q has always be5 ! same3 to 8 _s & simplicity4 ,he possess$ 9 a v l>ge degree1 ! _s & simplicity ( ! ,ma/]4 ,he nev] /ruck back4 ,he always s\ght to d good to ^? :o w\ld d evil to him4 ,he 0 meek & l[ly ( he>t1 & ,i "k t he has f\nd re/ = 8 s\l4 ,!re are o!r tru/ees :o h play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! "w "h1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,po/1 ,rev4 ,h5ry ,wild] ,foote1 ,pr(4 ,william ,h[ell ,re$ & ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,baldw91 #crd4 ,! tru/ees are n[ tak+ a m active "p 9 ! "w ?an ev] be=e4 ,?is is _! b\nd5 duty1 because ! s*ool is !irs1 n m9e4 ,next to ! ,tru/ees1 ! (fic]s & tea*]s h play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! "w "h4 ,my classmate1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,b>nes1 has be5 treasur] ( ! s*ool = tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 :i* p]iod ( s]vice is1 9 itself1 a tribute to 8 fai?fulness4 ,mr4 ,b>nes n only does ! "w ( treasur]1 b is also ,act+ ,pr9cipal dur+ my abs5ce f ! s*ool1 & "u him ! "w ( ! s*ool cont9ues ) little or no int]ruption :ile ,i am away4 ,:at ,mr4 ,b>nes has be5 to ! ,f9ancial ,dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,daly has be5 to our ,indu/ries4 ,i consid] ,mr4 ,daly ! be/ ,indu/rial man t we c h4 ,! ,academic ,dep>tm5t has be5 develop$ "u ! managem5t ( ,messrs4 ,:itehead & ,h&y1 & x /&s well 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!r simil> s*ools 9 ! ,/ate4 ,i _c ov]e/imate ! value ( ! consci5ti\s "w done by my secret>ies dur+ all ^! ye>s4 ,miss ,rebecca ,savage 7n[ ,mrs4 ,r4 ,v4 ,cooke7 s]v$ 9 ?is capacity = f\rte5 ye>s & ,miss ,o4 ,h4 ,williamson has s]v$ "o way or ano!r = five ye>s4 ,mu* ( ! (fice "w & responsibility fall ^u ! secret>ies & ?is responsibility !y h borne )\t compla9t4 ,sometimes we h be5 compell$ to "w night & day1 b !y h always be5 will+ to s]ve4 ,n only h ! (fic]s be5 will+ to s]ve1 b ! rank & file ( our tea*]s h %[n ! same _s ( will+ness f ye> to ye>4 ,sometimes !y w\ld get _! pay promptly & at o!r times !y w\ld h to wait = mon?s1 b always !y h be5 will+ to d :at !y c\ld to *e] & help me 9 ! d>ke/ h\r ( ! /ruggle4 ,i believe t ! _s ( ! (fic]s & tea*]s ( ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute is3 ,n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]4 ,aside f ,tru/ees1 (fic]s & tea*]s1 !re is t great cl\d ( witnesses :i* no man c numb]1 :o h help$ by _! aid1 _! words ( *e] & _! pres5ce f "t to "t4 ,^! are 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b pr9cipally 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/4 ,h[ %all we ?ank !m = :at !y h be5 to u8 ,we _c d x by words1 because !re are no words t c\ld adequately express our deep s5se ( gratitude to ?is ho/ ( fri5ds4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 be cont5t$ to %[ !m by our acts & de$s t we are ev] m9dful ( _! help & t ea* day we are /riv+ m & m to make ourselves & our "w wor?y ( _! aid & enc\ragem5t4 ,among ?is cl\d ( witnesses are "s ( ! be/ p t ,god has ev] made4 ,!y deem x a privilege to give & to help ! l[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,log ,,cab9 ,,9 ,,! ,,black ,,belt ,illu/ration3 ,,home ,,( ,a ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,graduate ,9 speak+ ( our debt ( gratitude to ! =ces t h help$ 9 build+ up our "w "h1 we mu/ n ov]look ! press4 ,!re are c]ta9 great pap]s 9 ?is c\ntry t h be5 fe>less 9 _! advocacy ( "r & ju/ice to ! ,negro1 & h always op5$ _! columns to any cause t has = its end ! uplift ( ! l[ly4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ especially ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,! ,bo/on ,transcript1 ,! ,spr+field ,republican1 ,! ,h>t=d ,c\rant1 & 9 ! ,s\? ,! ,montgom]y ,adv]tis]4 ,"o also receives mu* aid & enc\ragem5t f ^? :o are 9 simil> "w4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to meet 9 ! ,nor? f "t to "t ) ^? :o h simil> "w z m9e4 ,9 ?is way ,i h met mo/ ( ! ,pr9cipals ( ,s\!rn ,s*ools4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holtzclaw ( ,utica1 ,mississippi1 comes fir/ 9 ?is class4 ,?is is true1 because ,i h kn[n him ! longe/4 ,i fir/ met him 9 ,tuskegee 9 ! e>ly n9eties1 :5 we bo? 7 9 s*ool !re4 ,8 life 0 simil> to m9e1 z we bo? _h a v h>d "t 9 try+ to get an education4 ,i became int]e/$ 9 him !re & :5 he f9i%$ ,i took him to "w ) me at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,x 0 at ,sn[ ,hill t he met & m>ri$ ,miss ,m>y ,ella ,patt]son1 "o ( our tea*]s4 ,!y rema9$ ) u at ,sn[ ,hill f\r ye>s4 ,bo? ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,holtzclaw h always seem$ m l my relatives ?an l fri5ds4 ,"s ( ,mr4 ,holtzclaw's be/ tea*]s today are graduates ( ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,i h always be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ,utica = x is 9 reality an outgr[? ( ,sn[ ,hill4 ,o!r ,pr9cipals :om ,i meet occasionally1 are ,presid5t ,battle ( ,okolona1 ,mississippi1 :]e a numb] ( our graduates h work$4 ,i h f\nd ,mr4 ,battle int]e/$ 9 ! g5]al cause ( ,negro ,education1 & too1 we f\nd 9 our case t ! cause is ! same4 ,i h _h occasion to ask ,mr4 ,battle j h[ our graduates measure up ) 8 o!r tea*]s1 & he tells me t ,sn[ ,hill graduates are among 8 be/ help]s4 ,by ?is ,i "k t 9 de$s1 n words1 we are mak+ good4 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ "* :om ,i always meet on my t\rs ,nor? is ,mr4 ,frank ,p4 ,*i%olm1 ,f9ancial ,secret>y ( ,tuskegee ,in/itute4 ,i h be5 kn[+ ,mr4 ,*i%olm = a great _m ye>s4 ,we h att5d$ ! ,summ] ,s*ool at ,h>v>d sev]al summ]s toge!r & x has be5 bo? a pleasure & b5efit to me to be associat$ ) him 9 ?is way4 ,al?\gh work+ directly = ,tuskegee1 he has always be5 will+ to speak a ^w = ,sn[ ,hill :]ev] ! opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,i h obta9$ _m sugge/ions f ,mr4 ,*i%olm :i* h be5 v b5eficial to me 9 my "w "h4 ,i consid] ,mr4 ,*i%olm a repres5tative type ( ! new ,negro ( to-day4 ,he is a brilliant s*ol>1 a cle> ?9k]1 & is do+ a v effective "w = ,tuskegee4 ,o!rs ) :om ,i come 9 contact on su* trips are ,pr9cipal ,hunt ( ,=t ,valley1 ,ga42 ,pr9cipal ,m9afee ( ,d5m>k1 ,s4 ,c42 ,pr9cipal ,long ( ,*ri/ianburg1 ,va4 ,^! "y m5 & _m o!rs are do+ a great] "w ?an !y "k1 & all possess 9 a small] or l>g] degree ! _s ( de> old ,tuskegee4 ,!y are all prea*+ ! gospel ( ,s]vice4 ,,*apt] #ab4 ,,graduates ,,& ,,ex-,,/ud5ts4 ,pr(4 ,bagley 9 8 ,classroom ,managem5t1 page #bbe1 has ! foll[+ to say 9 ,te/+ ,results3 ,! ultimate te/ ( effici5cy ( ef=ts is ! result ( ef=t4 ,unhappily ?is te/ is seldom appli$ to ! "w ( tea*+4 ,we judge ! tea*] by ! process r ?an by ! product1 & we introduce a numb] ( extrane\s crit]ia to hide ! abs5ce ( a real crit]ion4 ,we wat* ! way 9 :i* he conducts a recitation1 h[ _m slips he makes 9 8 diction & syntax1 inspect 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 ask ( :at s*ool he is a graduate & h[ _m degrees he possesses1 inquire into 8 moral "*1 det]m9e 8 *ur* memb]%ip1 & judge him to be a good or a poor tea*] accord+ to our f9d+s4 ,all ( ^! qu]ies may h _! place 9 ! e/imation ( any tea*]'s wor?1 b !y d n /rike ! mo/ sali5t1 ! mo/ vital1 po9t at issue4 ,t po9t is simply ?is3 ,does he 'make good' 9 results8 ,does he d ! ?+ t he sets out to d1 & does he d x well8 ,i agree :olly ) ,pr(4 ,bagley 9 ?is p>ticul> & on ^! gr\nds we are will+ to /& or fall by ! results ( our graduates4 ,speak+ ( our graduates & ex-/ud5ts1 ,i wi% to po9t to ! life & "w ( a few writt5 by _! own h&s because 9 ^! p>ticul> cases ,i c te/ify to ! tru? ( e ^w !y say1 hav+ kn[n !m f e>ly *ildhood4 ,_! record foll[s & !y speak = !mselves3 ,i 0 born 9 ,sn[ ,hill1 ,wilcox ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 ab\t #cj ye>s ago4 ,i 0 ! #ad? *ild ( a family ( #ag4 ,my fa!r 0 a v prosp]\s f>m] & believ$ 9 educat+ 8 *ildr54 ,ea* ye> he w\ld s5d !m by twos (f to s*ools1 su* z ,talladega1 ,tuskegee & ,normal1 ,alabama4 ,"s ( ! old] *ildr51 h[ev]1 did n take advantage ( ! great opportunity !y _h4 ,he sp5t 8 money lavi%ly on !m & ab\t ! "t ,i 0 l>ge en\gh to g (f to s*ool1 he 0 n z prosp]\s4 ,z soon z ,i 0 old en\gh he kept me 9 ! public & sometimes private s*ools1 bo? summ] & w9t]4 ,yet1 he _h promis$ to s5d ! rema9d] ( u (f to s*ool4 ,=tunately = u1 h[ev]1 ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 & my fa!r be+ v mu* impress$ ) ,mr4 ,edw>ds & 8 tea*]s1 consult$ him ab\t ent]+ ?ree *ildr51 ,i be+ ! y\nge/4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds k9dly cons5t$ & we 7 at once put 9 s*ool !re4 ,i 0 also fond ( music & aft] le>n+ t ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute _h su* an effici5t music tea*]1 ,i 0 v mu* pleas$ to att5d s*ool !re4 ,s 9 ! ye> ( #aijj ,i ent]$4 ,i 0 enabl$ to develop my musical tal5t to ! ext5t t ,i 0 select$ to play = my home *ur*1 & t inspir$ o!r /ud5ts to att5d ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,dur+ my fir/ ye> 9 s*ool !re ,i 0 undecid$ z to j :at ,i 0 go+ to foll[ z a trade4 ,i work$ a:ile 9 ! sew+ room !n 9 ! laundry--0 also int]e/$ 9 cook+ & took special lessons 9 cook+ "u ,miss ,mabry4 ,9 fact1 ,i /udi$ cook+ ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,f9ally1 9 my s5ior ye>1 ,miss ,c4 ,v4 ,johnson1 !n ,secret>y to ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 ask$ me to clean ! (fices ( morn+s = h] & "w ) h] on my "w days4 ,i began ?is "w & w\ld wat* h] us+ ! typewrit] s mu* until ,i fully decid$ t ,i want$ to make an effici5t secret>y = someone1 & began work+ to t end4 ,on my "w days %e w\ld h me copy+ lett]s ) ink4 ,i w\ld be c>eful n to make a mi/ake4 ,dur+ ! "t ,i 0 work+ 9 ! (fice1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds w\ld (t5 s5d me on err&s & tell me to see h[ quickly ,i c\ld g & come4 ,he seem$ to h be5 v mu* impress$ ) my "w z a /ud5t 9 bo? ! ,academic & ,indu/rial dep>tm5ts4 ,!re 7 sev]al prize conte/s giv5 my class by diff]5t tea*]s1 & ,i won ea* prize4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,academic dep>tm5t4 ,!re 7 twelve memb]s 9 ! class4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds _h ! memb]s ( my class to write "s fri5ds ( ! s*ool = s*ol>%ips 7?is be+ ! reque/ ( ! fri5ds7 & ( ! two p]sons t receiv$ favorable answ]s1 ,i 0 "o4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ,i 0 9 s*ool ,i did n receive "o dem]it1 or a black m>k4 ,our tea*]s seem$ p]fect1 & x 0 a pleasure = me to try to please !m4 ,9 ! ye> #aijc ,i graduat$ f ! in/itution ) a spl5did grasp ( all t ! s*ool /ood = & 9 favor ) all ( my tea*]s & fri5ds4 ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 kn[+ my ability to d ?+s z ,i 0 in/ruct$1 employ$ me to "w 9 8 (fice z cl]k4 ,i !n put =? m /r5u\s ef=ts to d effici5t "w & w\ld try to improve myself along t p>ticul> l9e ( "w4 ,s 9 ! summ] ( #aije ,i att5d$ s*ool at ,*eyney1 ,pa41 tak+ a special c\rse 9 ,engli%1 typewrit+ & %or?&4 ,i did my be/ to give satisfaction 9 my "w4 ,9 ! ye> #aiji ,i 0 made ,private ,secret>y to ,mr4 ,edw>ds & a memb] ( ! ,executive ,c\ncil4 ,i /ill _h a desire to make fur!r improvem5t1 & 9 ! summ] ( #aiaa1 ,i att5d$ ,com]'s ,comm]cial ,college 9 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 try+ to become m effici5t 9 ! "w t 0 assign$ to my h&s4 ,pr9cipal ,edw>ds w\ld h to be away f ! s*ool mo/ ( ! "t solicit+ means to c>ry on ! "w1 b ,i tri$ to n leave a /one unturn$ 9 accompli%+ ! "w he left beh9d4 ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute succe$$ 9 inculcat+ into my life a love = "w1 & ,i am n satisfi$ unless ,i h "s "w to d4 ,i work$ = ,mr4 ,edw>ds untir+ly until ,octob]1 #aiag4 ,i 0 m>ri$1 h[ev]1 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ :]e my lot w\ld h be5 ca/ _h !re be5 no ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,i 0 born ( ex-slave p>5ts on ! ,calh\n plantation 9 ,dallas ,c\nty1 ,alabama4 ,i am n q sure ( ! exact date ( my bir?1 b at any rate1 z ne>ly z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 ,i 0 born ne> ! village call$ ,ri*mond1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahhc4 ,my life _h its beg9n+ "u ! mo/ difficult circum/ances4 ,?is 0 s1 h[ev]1 n because ( any wilful neglect on ! "p ( my p>5ts1 b z ex-slaves !y naturally knew b little z to ! provid+ = ! ma9t5ance ( _! family & home4 ,i 0 born 9 a "o-room log cab9 ab\t #ad x #ae feet squ>e4 ,9 ?is cab9 ,i liv$ ) my "m1 fa!r & ! o!r eight si/]s & bro!rs until provid5tially ,i f\nd an opportunity to ent] s*ool at ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute1 ,sn[ ,hill1 ,alabama4 ,i w5t to ,sn[ ,hill 9 ! ye> ( #ahif1 & !re rema9$ = eight ye>s receiv+ in/ruction at ! h& ( a loyal b& ( self-sacrific+ tea*]s1 :o n only taught me h[ to read1 write & to ciph]1 b 9 addition !y taught me lessons ( ?rift & indu/ry :i* h prov5 to be ! ma9 sav+ po9t 9 my life4 ,i complet$ ! prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy at ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute 9 #aijd & return$ home z ,i _h resolv$ to d1 be=e ent]+ s*ool !re1 = ! purpose ( help+ ! p ( my home community4 ,! ,/reet ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool 7,incorporat$7 at ,ri*mond1 ,dallas ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 0 />t$ 9 #aijd ) "o tea*]1 fifte5 pupils & no money4 ,s9ce t "t x has gr[n to ! po9t :]e x n[ has ?irty acres ( l&1 f\r build+s1 & an enrollm5t ( ?ree hundr$ pupils4 ,! entire prop]ty is valu$ at fifte5 ?\s& doll>s 7#ae1jjj7 & de$$ to a bo>d ( ,tru/ees4 ,among ! memb]s ( ?is bo>d are3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,alison1 ,presid5t1 ,mrs4 ,edw9 ,d4 ,mead1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,emmanuel ,m4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,d4 ,brigham1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,p[]s1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,w4 ,lamb]t1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 ,mrs4 ,francis ,c>r & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,b>nes4 ,?is s*ool is tra9+ "s ?ree hundr$ ,negro *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & eighte5 ye>s 9 ! practical arts necess>y to enable !m to make an e>ne/1 com=table liv+4 ,!re is no attempt made to tea* !m =eign languages1 ei!r dead or liv+2 b !y are well gr\nd$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,!y d n /udy high] ma!matics1 b !y le>n simple ari?metic4 ,!y sp5d no "t on psy*ology1 economics1 sociology1 or logic2 _! "t is tak5 up try+ to raise crops1 to manage a small f>m1 to cook & to sew4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,my ,,life4 ,i 0 born 9 ,sn[ ,hill1 ,wilcox ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 ,decemb] #bd?1 #ahhc4 ,my p>5ts 7 ,emanuel & ,emma ,mc,duffie4 ,i 0 br\ght up "u ! mo/ adv]se conditions4 ,my fa!r di$ ab\t six mon?s be=e my bir?1 ?us leav+ my "m ) ! c>e ( sev5 *ildr54 ,z ,i _h nev] se5 my fa!r1 ,i 0 (t5 ref]r$ to by ! o!r *ildr5 ( ! community1 z ! son ( none4 ,9 ,july1 #ahic1 my "m di$ & ! burd5 ( c>+ = ! *ildr5 !n fell ^u my old gr&mo!r1 :o 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! community z ,aunt ,polly4 ,9 ord] to help secure food & clo?+ = myself & ! re/ ( ! family1 ,i 0 compell$ to pl[ an ox on a f>m & z we usually made f f\r to five bales ( cotton & #dj & #ej bu%els ( corn ea* ye>1 %e 0 look$ ^u z a great f>m]4 ,:5 ,i 0 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 my gr&mo!r 0 call$ to h] heav5ly re/1 ?us leav+ a h\se full ( *ildr5 to %ift = !mselves4 ,aft] h] dea? ,i became int]e/$ 9 education & imm$iately appli$ = admittance to ,sn[ ,hill ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 e/abli%$4 ,i 0 admitt$ z a "w /ud5t1 work+ all day & att5d+ s*ool ab\t two h\rs & a half at night4 ,until ,i ent]$ ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute1 ,i _h a v vague idea ab\t life z x p]ta9$ to ! ,negro4 ,9 fact1 up until t "t1 ,i 0 ( ! op9ion t ! ,negro _h no bus9ess be+ any?+2 b aft] ent]+ ! s*ool & be+ surr\nd$ by a diff]5t atmosph]e & see+ :at _h already be5 accompli%$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 ,i soon realiz$ t ! ,negro _h z mu* "r to life & lib]ty z any o!r man4 ,:ile x 0 great joy = me to be 9 s*ool1 ,i 0 woefully unprep>$ to rema9 !re4 ,really1 ,i am unable to tell ! _m ob/acles t confront$ me :ile 9 s*ool4 ,b "o ( my _m difficulties 0 to get suffici5t clo?+1 = :5 ,i ent]$1 ,i _h on all t ,i possess$ & day aft] day ,i wore :at ,i _h until f9ally !y got beyond m5d+4 ,! tea*]s at ,sn[ ,hill 7 j z !y are n[1 extremely h>d aga9/ dirt & fil?4 ,z ,i only _h "o suit ( und]we> & z we 7 compell$ to *ange at lea/ once a week1 ,i c\ld pla9ly see t my condition 0 becom+ m al>m+ ea* day4 ,s ,i w\ld g d[n to ! spr+ at night1 wa% t suit & dry x ! be/ ,i c\ld by ! heat] t 0 9 my room4 ,q (t5 ,i w\ld g = days we>+ damp or wet und]we>1 :i* has caus$ bo? pa9 & doctor bills 9 aft] ye>s4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds reliev$ me ( ?is situation :5 he s5t me to ! sales-room to get a pair ( second-h& tr\s]s & ano!r suit ( und]we>4 ,my tr\s]s didn't beg9 to fit1 = !y 7 bo? too l>ge & too long1 b ,i wore !m ) pleasure because ,i w5t to ,sn[ ,hill 9 se>* ( an education & ,i 0 will+ to make any sacrifice to obta9 my desire4 ,?r\gh all ( my tr\bles ,i nev] became disc\rag$1 because ,i felt t "s day ,i w\ld be prep>$ to be ( s]vice to my p4 ,( all ?+s t gave me inspiration :ile 9 s*ool1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds's own ,*ri/ian life :i* he liv$ be=e u day aft] day _h m to d ) keep+ me !re ?an any?+ else4 ,8 c\rage & p]sev]ance "u difficulties1 :i* we all c\ld see1 7 noble lessons to me4 ,9 8 ,sunday ev5+ talks 9 ! *apel1 he w\ld plead ) u to %ape our lives = "w among ^? :o 7 less =tunate ?an we4 ,"o ,sunday ev5+1 he made a p[]ful & vivid appeal1 admoni%+ ! /ud5ts to g out1 :5 !y _h f9i%$ _! education1 & />t _! life's "w among ! l[ly 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,he spoke ^! words _m times dur+ ! t]m4 ,9 fact1 s (t5 did he repeat !m t ! v ?\ghts ( !m inspir$ me & ,i soon le>n$ to love ! cause ( humanity z well & z de>ly z did ,mr4 ,edw>ds himself4 ,soon aft] complet+ my c\rse 9 ,may1 #aijd1 a call came f ! ,black ,belt ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a = a man to g to ,laur9burg & build up an ,indu/rial s*ool !re4 ,aft] talk+ ! matt] ov] ) ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 ,i decid$ to g4 ,i rea*$ ! t[n ( ,laur9burg ,septemb] #ae1 #aijd4 ,:5 ,i got !re ,i f\nd t ! p _h be5 s (t5 deceiv$ & hoodw9k$ by political demagogues & suppos$ race lead]s1 t !y _h no confid5ce 9 any "o4 ,b ,i made a />t & op5$ s*ool 9 an old public s*ool build+ ) sev5 /ud5ts & fifte5 c5ts 9 ca%4 ,z ! p _h no confid5ce 9 me1 x 0 h>d = me to increase my enrollm5t1 b ,i cont9u$ to labor ) !m on ! /reets & 9 ! *ur*es until ,i gradually won _! respect4 ,!n we />t$ ! erection ( a new s*ool build+ & f t day until n[1 bo? :ite & black h tak5 ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 ! "w & we n[ h ! absolute confid5ce ( all ! p4 ,! "w has con/antly gr[n f ye> to ye> & results h be5 obta9$4 ,f "o tea*]1 sev5 /ud5ts & fifte5 c5ts 9 ca%1 ?irte5 ye>s ago1 ! in/itution n[ has f\rte5 tea*]s1 upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ /ud5ts f all ov] ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 & c\nt+ l&1 live/ock1 five l>ge & ?ree small build+s1 x has a prop]ty valuation ( #cj1jjj all free ( debt4 ,ea* ye> our tea*]s are select$ f "s ( ! be/ s*ools ( ! ,s\?2 su* z ,tuskegee ,in/itute1 ,%aw ,univ]sity1 ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute1 ,clafl9 ,univ]sity1 ,b5$ict ,college1 etc4 ,eight indu/ries are taught1 consi/+ ( f>m+1 blacksmi?+1 :eelwright+1 sew+1 laund]+1 pr9t+1 dome/ic sci5ce & home nurs+4 ,we are kept 9 imm$iate ne$ ( money = curr5t & build+ exp5ses1 b we are go+ on accompli%+ results ) :at we h at h&4 ,boys & girls are be+ s5t out ea* ye> to "w among _! fell[s4 ,^! "y m5 & wom5 are rea*+ ! masses & z a result1 ! moral tone ( ! p is be+ ar\s$ to ! contemplation ( high] ideals & !y are at la/ becom+ s]i\s z to ! sob] side ( life4 ,excursions1 p>ties & a good "t g5]ally are sl[ly b surely be+ relegat$ to ! re>4 ,our f>m]s are /udy+ h[ to become bett] f>m]s & 9 all walks ( life1 we are improv+ 9 work%op & ! v>i\s indu/ries4 ,v]ily1 ! s*ool room is do+ mu* 9 awak5+ ! dormant en]gies ( ! ,negro = good4 ,9 fact1 ! s*ool's influ5ce is help+ ! p g5]ally4 ,:]e !re 7 ignorance & indiff]5ce1 n[ we h a fair measure ( intellig5ce & ?rift4 ,! p are buy+ homes & prop]ty1 & 9 _m ways %[+ signs ( aspiration4 ,we h also organiz$ a f>m]s' conf]5ce & x is gratify+ inde$ to see h[ hundr$s ( f>m]s1 ) _! wives & *ildr51 turn out seek+ in=mation1 demon/ration & co-op]ation4 ,i h be5 ?us enabl$ to help my p "h 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a by giv+ !m ! new tru? & ! new light & po9t+ !m on to a bett] way4 ,wav]ley ,turn] ,c>mi*ael 0 born at ,sn[ ,hill1 ,ala41 9 #ahhh1 & 0 re>$ on ! f>m z all c\ntry negro boys are4 ,all ( 8 education 0 obta9$ at ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute except = six weeks he sp5t 9 ! ,h>v>d ,summ] ,s*ool la/ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,graduates ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute ,,emmanuel ,,mcduffie4 ,pr9cipal ,laur9burg ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute1 ,laur9burg1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,john ,w4 ,,bri/]1 :o e/abli%$ a prize at ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute4 ,,rev4 ,,emmanuel ,m4 ,,br[n ( ,/reet ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,ri*mond1 ,alabama4 ,,wav]ley ,,turn] ,,c>mi*ael1 ,poet ( ,sn[ ,hill4 ,i _h be5 deeply impress$ ) ! poems :i* he _h be5 writ+ = sev]al ye>s1 b z ,i 0 no judge ( poems1 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld give him a *ance to br+ 8 poems be=e ^? :o c\ld judge1 s ,i receiv$ = him a free s*ol>%ip at ! ,summ] ,s*ool at ,h>v>d4 ,he read 8 poems to ! class on sev]al occasions & ,i _h ! opportunity ( he>+ him sev]al times4 ,!y _h a deep impression ^u ! class1 s mu* s t 8 pr(essor wrote ! introduction to 8 book 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,:5 ,wav]ley ,c>mi*ael1 z a /ud5t 9 my summ] class at ,h>v>d1 br\ght me "o day a mode/ %eaf ( 8 poems1 ,i felt t 9 him a race _h become or at lea/ 0 becom+ articulate4 ,we h _h1 x is true1 sympa!tic portrayals ( ,negro life & feel+ f )\t2 we h _h also ! poems ( ,dunb>1 significant ( ! high capabilities ( ! ,negro z he advances f> along ! way ( civilization & culture4 ,! note :i* is s\nd$ 9 ?is little volume is ( ano!r sort4 ,^! humble & (t5 imp]fect utt]ances h sprung up spontane\sly f ! s\l ( a primitive & untutor$ folk4 ,! ri* emotion1 ! individual humor1 ! simple wisdom1 ! naive fai? :i* are its bir?right1 h "h = ! fir/ "t f\nd voice4 ,x is suffici5t to say ( ,wav]ley ,c>mi*ael t he is a full blood$ s\!rn ,negro1 t until la/ summ] he has nev] be5 away f 8 native ,alabama1 t he has _h b ! mo/ limit$ advantages ( education1 & t he has %>$ ! portion ( 8 race 9 h>d%ip1 pov]ty & toil4 ,he does n "k :y he wrote ^! poems4 ,x is an amaz+ ?+ t he %\ld h done s--a freak1 we may call x1 ( ! w9d ( g5ius1 :i* bl[e? :]e x li/e? & s+les out "o 9 t5 ?\s& to f9d a fitt+ spee* = ! dumb ?\ght & feel+ ( ! re/4 ,b we ne$ n base ! claim ( ,c>mi*ael to ! att5tion ( ! public m]ely on consid]ations ( ?is sort4 ,8 "w speaks = itself4 ,x is orig9al & s9c]e4 ,x foll[s no traditions & suff]s no affectation4 ,x is artless1 yet x rea*es ! goal ( art4 ,! rhy?ms1 especially ( "s ( ! religi\s pieces1 are ( a k9d :i* is beyond ! rea* ( ef=t4 ,he has rightly call$ !m melodies4 ,occasionally !re is1 x seems to me1 a t\* ( some?+ high]1 z 9 ! haunt+ refra9 ( ! lyric ,w9t] is ,com+4 ,de yall] leafs are fall+ fas' ,fur summ] days is be5 & pas' ,! air is bl[9' mighty cold1 ,l x done 9 days ( old4 ,b ?is is r>e4 ,(t5e/ ! *>act]i/ic note is humor1 or t5d] melan*oly reliev$ by a philosophy ( *e] & c\rage1 & ! poetic virtue is t ( simple tru?4 ,we are rem9d$ ( no poet s /rongly z ( ,burns4 ,:at ,wav]ley ,c>mi*ael may accompli% 9 ! future ,i d n "k4 ,b c]ta9ly 9 ?is volume he has entitl$ himself to ! gratitude ( 8 own race & to ! sympa!tic appreciation ( all :o h its int]e/s & ^? ( true poetry at he>t4 ,,james ,,holly ,,han=d4 ,mr4 ,william ,/anley ,brai?waite speak+ ( 8 poems _h ! foll[+ to say3 ,_m h claim$ ! mantle ( ,paul ,laur5ce ,dunb>1 b only ^u ! %\ld]s ( ,wav]ley ,turn] ,c>mi*ael has x fall51 & he we>s x ) becom+ grace & fitness4 ,= ?is poet1 a v]itable *ild ( ,negro folk1 gives expression to its _s 9 ne$ & language m ak9 to ! ante-bellum 'spirituel' ?an any writ] ,i "k4 ,l ^? 'black & unkn[n b>ds' he s+s because he mu/1 ) all _! f]vid imag9ativ5ess1 symbolizations1 poignant /ra9s ( pa?os & philosophic humor4 ,mr4 ,brai?waite is ! be/ kn[n ,negro critic ( poetry 9 ! _w today4 ,z = me :o has always liv$ 9 ! ,s\? & "k ! ,s\!rn ,negro ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 ,i feel & believe t ,c>mi*ael has int]pret$ ,negro life z nev] be=e4 ,we hope & pray t ,c>mi*ael w live ?r\gh ?is great ordeal & come back to u & cont9ue 8 "w ( int]pret+ ,negro life4 ,!re are hundr$s ( o!r graduates & ex-/ud5ts :o h won di/9ction 9 o!r fields & are do+ equally z well z ^? :o h be5 m5tion$ "h4 ,we h _! record at ! s*ool1 & any "o c h !m = ! ask+4 ,i only wi% to m5tion 9 a brief way two o!r graduates because !y h e/abli%$ a fir/ & second prize at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,!y are ,john ,w4 ,bri/] & ,edmond ,j4 ,o',neal4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! late ,misses ,coll9s 7,ell5 & ,m>gu]ite7 ( ,new ,york1 two ( ! mo/ sa9t$ wom5 :om ,i ev] met1 e/abli%$ an annual prize at ! s*ool kn[n z ! ,sumn] ,peace ,prize1 ( #ae4jj4 ,b at _! dea? ?is prize w\ld h /opp$ unless "s "o _h tak5 x up4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,bri/] & ,mr4 ,o',neal _h won ^! prizes sev]al times :ile !y 7 9 s*ool4 ,s at ! dea? ( ! ,misses ,coll9s !y came =w>d & said t !y w\ld be responsible = ! prize ea* ye> on condition t ! s*ool make a fir/ & second prize in/ead ( "o1 ,mr4 ,bri/] giv+ #aj4jj 9 gold = ! fir/ prize & ,mr4 ,o',neal giv+ #e4jj 9 gold = ! second4 ,?is !y h done = sev]al ye>s1 & !y con/antly assure me t x w be kept up dur+ _! lifetime4 ,?is %[s t our graduates are c>ry+ ) !m ! _s ( ,*ri/1 ,freely receive1 freely give4 ,,*apt] #ac4 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,negro ,,problem4 ,all prophecies p]ta9+ ?us f> to ! solution ( ! ,negro ,problem h fail$4 ,m5 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry are becom+ al>m$ ov] ! situation & are ask+1 :i!r are we drift+8 ,& yet al?\gh ev]yone admits t !re is a ,negro problem1 few are agre$ z to ! exact nature ( ! problem1 & /ill few] are agre$ z to :at ! f9al answ] %\ld be4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,negro problem consi/s ( twelve millions ( p ( ,african desc5t liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 mo/ly 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates1 & =m+ "o-?ird ( ! population ( ?is section & "o-eigh? ( ! entire population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t we are f> f an agreem5t z to ! answ] to ?is problem1 we are all agre$ t ! solution mu/ be s\ght 9 ! answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at is to be ! economic1 ! political1 ! civil1 & ! social /atus ( ! ,negro 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,x is true t !re are crim9als 9 ! ,negro race = :om no legal =m ( puni%m5t is too sev]e4 ,x is also true t ! bett] & be/ classes ( ,negroes are daily be+ insult$ 9 ! /reets1 on ! /reet-c>s1 on ! railroads1 at ! ticket (fices1 at ! baggage rooms1 ! express (fices1 & 9 fact1 9 all places p]ta9+ to public travel4 ,!y are p]secut$1 despis$1 reject$1 & discrim9at$ aga9/ be=e e c\rt 9 ! ,s\?4 ,s9ce ! ,negro is n[ be+ lyn*$ z readily = 8 s9s ( omission z he is = 8 s9s ( commission1 x is q necess>y = him :5 travel+ 9 ! ,s\?1 to keep con/antly 9 telegraphic communication ) ! ag5t at ! /ation ahead z to ! movem5t ( ! mob4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ,negro is subject$ to _m o!r =ms ( p]secution & discrim9ation 9 almo/ e walk ( life4 ,^! ?+s g to make up :at we call ! ,negro problem4 ,! ,:ite ,man's ,solution4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! :ite m5 9 ! ,s\? believe t ?is problem is to be solv$ by ! ,negro le>n+ 8 place & keep+ 9 x4 ,?\gh !y d n say j :at ?is place is1 !y purpose to tea* x to ! ,negro by disfran*isem5t1 by limit+ 8 education1 by discrim9ation on ! /reets & on ! railroads1 by b>r+ him f public p>ks1 public libr>ies1 & public amusem5ts ( any k9d1 by insult+ replies to c\rte\s que/ions1 by conviction = trivial (f5ces1 &1 f9ally1 by judge lyn* & ! %ot gun4 ,?is class is call$ ! rabble4 ,!re is ano!r class ( :ite m5 9 ! ,s\?1 ?\gh few] 9 numb]1 :o deprecate all su* views & actions 7z advanc$ by ?is fir/ class74 ,!y believe t ! ,negro %\ld h equal legal rights1 b t he %\ld be d5i$ equal political & educational rights4 ,!y believe ! ,bible to be ! panacea = all ! ills ( ! ,negro4 ,to be> out _! cont5tion1 !y (t5 rev]t to ! "t :51 !y say1 !re 0 no race problem4 ,?is1 !y say1 0 dur+ slav]y1 :5 ! ma/] taught 8 slaves ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,bible4 ,!y are n[ appeal+ to ! :ite m5 ( ! ,s\? to return to ?is practice4 ,9 ?is class w\ld fall a l>ge numb] ( politicians1 /atesm51 educators1 & m9i/]s4 ,?is is call$ ! cons]vative class4 ,!re is /ill a ?ird class ( :ite m5 9 ! ,s\?1 :o believe t ! ,negro is a man1 no?+ m & no?+ less4 ,!y believe t "u simil> circum/ances ! ,negro w act z o!r races d4 ,!y cont5d t ! ,negro %\ld h equal rights 9 e respect2 !y believe t wor?y ,negroes l wor?y :ite m51 %\ld vote1 & t ignorant & vici\s ,negroes l ignorant & vici\s :ite m51 %\ld n2 t ! s*ool money %\ld be divid$ equally among ! *ildr5 ( ! /ate reg>dless ( race1 color or previ\s conditions2 t ! ,negro %\ld be giv5 ju/ice 9 all ( ! c\rts2 t ! crim9al & lawless ,negro1 l ! crim9al & lawless :ite man1 %\ld be puni%$ to ! full ext5t ( ! law4 ,!y believe t a /rict adh]5ce to ?is view w result 9 ! f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s few :o feel 9 ?is way1 & !y are s widely scatt]$1 t !y c h>dly be call$ a class4 ,! o!r classes ( :ite p consid] !m insane & accuse !m ( advocat+ social equality4 ,!y are giv5 no voice 9 ! gov]nm5t & _! wi%es are disreg>d$ z readily z ^? ( ! ,negro4 ,!y are sometimes p]secut$1 o/racis$1 & h>m$ 9 e conceivable way4 ,?is class is increas+ & ! two o!r classes decreas+4 ,! ,negro's ,me?od ( ,solution4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( ,negroes 9 ! ,s\?1 b only "o desires a solution ( ! problem & t is class numb] two1 ( ^? ,i %all m5tion4 ,class numb] "o is compos$ *iefly ( ! illit]ate & sup]/iti\s ,negroes4 ,!y usually "w on ! railroads1 on ! /eamboats1 9 ! l>ge saw-mills1 & on ! f>ms = wages4 ,!y h no homes & d n want any2 b float f place to place4 ,?is class is cont5t$ to be let alone1 b is quick to res5t an insult1 & w %oot almo/ z readily z ! :ite man1 & make no attempt to *oose _! victims4 ,among ?is class are to be f\nd ! :iskey sell]1 ! drunk>d1 ! gambl]1 & ! crim9al ( ! l[e/ type4 ,x is ! l[1 degrad$ & deprav$ crim9als ( ?is class :o /ir up & incite race hatr$1 :i* always results 9 race riots4 ,!y d n att5d *ur* or any o!r religi\s meet+4 ,! bett] class ( ,negroes are z anxi\s to get rid ( ^! z ! :ite man4 ,! second class is compos$ ( ! r5t]s ( f>ms1 ! own]s ( f>ms1 ( homes1 ( prea*]s1 tea*]s1 /ud5ts1 pr(essional & bus9ess m54 ,!y believe t ! ,negro %\ld be educat$ 9 ! trades z well z 9 ! pr(essions2 t !y %\ld own homes1 pay _! taxes & p]=m _! civic duties l all o!r citiz5s & t !y %\ld possess all ( ! rights & privileges t are delegat$ to !m by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y believe 9 ! purity ( ! /ate & 9 ! sanctity ( ! home4 ,!y are endur+1 self-sacrific+1 pati5t1 & long suff]+1 & desire ! good ( all4 ,x is ?is class t always assi/s 9 quell+ race riots & is con/antly seek+ ! co-op]ation ( ! be/ class ( :ite p 9 ord] t ! relation betwe5 ! races may be ( ! mo/ cordial nature4 ,x is ?is class also :o d n lose _! heads ?\gh innoc5t memb]s ( ! race be murd]$ by ! mob4 ,?\gh ?is class is rapidly increas+1 x is /ill f> inf]ior 9 numb] to ! fir/ class4 ,! ?ird class is compos$ *iefly ( ! ante-bellum ,negroes4 ,!y are well advanc$ 9 age & are cont5t$ ) _! pres5t lot4 ,_m ( !m h wait$ = ye>s = ! =ty acres & mule & hav+ be5 disappo9t$ 9 _! expectation1 !y h lo/ all hopes4 ,!y are fa/ los+ sight on ! ?+s ( ?is _w & ga9+ sight on ! ?+s ( ! _w to come4 ,(ttimes1 !y s+1 ,y may h all ?is _w1 b give me ,jesus4 ,!y are p]fectly h>mless & h no e>?ly ambition4 ,?is is :at ! :ite man "h calls a good ,negro2 = him !y act z pall-be>]s :5 he dies & = him !y weep :5 he is gone4 ,9 _m in/ances !y erect monum5ts to 8 memory4 ,fallacy ( ! ,ma/] & ! ,bible ,rem$y4 ,s9ce ! rec5t riots t h occurr$ 9 ,georgia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas & o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates1 _m :ite m9i/]s & o!r prom95t citiz5s ( ! ,s\? h be5 advocat+ a return to ! ma/] & ,bible !ory ( slav]y days1 :51 !y say1 !re 0 no race problem4 ,b e /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s t at ! same "t ! ma/] 0 c>ry+ ! ,bible to 8 slaves ?is c\ntry 0 /ruggl+ ) "o ( ! greate/ race problems t ! _w has ev] witness$ & ! slav]y phase ( ?is problem 0 settl$ by "o ( ! bloodie/ w>s 9 ! annals ( hi/ory4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s t ! ma/] c>ri$ ! la% m (t5 to ! slave's back ?an ! ,bible to ! slave's he>t2 t ! la% kept ! slave 9 subjection4 ,if ! relation betwe5 ! races n[ seems mo/ /ra9$ & ! solution ( ! problem seems f>!r away ?an ev]1 we mu/ be c&id & seek ! cause ( failure 9 ! me?ods t we h be5 us+4 ,9 ! pa/1 ! :ite man's idea ( ! solution has be5 contr>y to ! ,negro's idea4 ,! :ite man has be5 try+ to circumscribe ! ,negro's sph]e1 at ! same "t1 ! ,negro has be5 try+ to "k ! tru? :i* w\ld make him free2 yet1 bo? claim to be try+ to solve ! same problem4 ,be=e a satisfactory solution ( ! problem c be _h1 x w be necess>y = ! be/ :ite p & ! be/ class ( ,negroes to get toge!r & agree z to :at ! solution mu/ be4 ,is x to consi/ ( ! ,negro kn[+ 8 place & /ay+ 9 x1 or is x to consi/ ( ! ,negro kn[+ ! tru? & be+ free8 ,:i* %all x be8 ,unless !y c agree z to ! answ] !re c be no satisfactory solution4 ,9 a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t hav+ "o language1 "o hi/ory1 "o lit]ature1 "o religion1 "o ,bible1 & "o ,god1 !re c be only "o man :o is ! sum total ( ^!1 only "o man :o is ! typically good democratic citiz51 & ?is man w be kn[n by 8 accompli%m5ts & n by ! color ( 8 sk94 ,if we %\ld h two types1 two m51 !n we mu/ h two gov]nm5ts1 two languages1 two hi/ories1 two lit]atures1 two religions1 two ,bibles1 & two ,gods4 ,if ! %iftless1 ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 & crim9al class ( ,negroes is increas+1 x is because ! rul+ class ( :ite m5 h be5 limit+ 8 education1 disfran*is+ him1 & 9 o!r ways try+ to doom him to s]fdom4 ,! great race riot 9 ,atlanta 0 simply ! culm9ation ( ! t5 mon?s' campaign+ ( race hatr$4 ,m5 :o are n[ writ+ resolutions & s\nd & sane editorials1 7 !n rival+ ea* o!r 9 _! abuse ( ! ,negro4 ,! nom9ee = gov]nor seem+ly1 0 to be giv5 to ! "o :o c\ld prove himself ! greate/ enemy ( ! ,negro4 ,x is a div9e & immutable law t if we s[ ! w9d we w reap ! :irlw9d4 ,only ,"o ,road to ! ,solution4 ,lyn*+s & mobs w n solve ! problem1 = x has be5 prov5 t su* actions beget crimes4 ,depriv+ him ( educational advantages & disfran*is+ him1 w n suffice1 = on ! "o h& ?is me?od produces ignorant ,negroes1 & on ! o!r h& x increases 9 ! :ite man ! belief t ! ,negro has no rights :i* a :ite man is b\nd to respect4 ,^! two /ates ( m9d 9 ! la/ analysis w always produce crime4 ,! ma/] & ,bible !ory w n solve x1 because ! crim9al & lawless ,negro does n att5d *ur*4 ,!re is b "o true solution & t lies 9 compulsory education = all ! *ildr5 ( ! /ate ) religi\s1 moral & indu/rial tra9+4 ,if ! ,s\? is s9c]e 9 its ef=ts to help ! ,negro1 or ev5 if ! m9i/]s & o!r citiz5s :o are n[ fill+ ! daily press ) sugge/ions z to ! practical solution ( ?is problem are s9c]e1 !y w advocate ! enact+ ( compulsory educational laws & see to x t all *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( six & f\rte5 are kept 9 s*ool4 ,!y w also advocate a m equitable division ( ! s*ool fund betwe5 ! races4 ,! great factor 9 ! solution ( ?is problem is education & ! ,negro s*ools are ! hope ( ! race4 ,! ,attitude ( ! ,nor? ,t[>ds ,?is ,problem4 ,j n[1 ! attitude ( ! ,nor? t[>ds ?is problem is t ( an onlook] & well wi%]4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! ,s\? has be5 say+ to ! ,nor?1 ,h&s (f1 we und]/& ! ,negro & we c solve our own problem4 ,! ,nor?1 seem+ly1 has he$$ ?is injunction & ! press & politicians ( ! ,nor?1 b>r+ a few1 h be5 incl9$ to take sides ) ! s-call$ cons]vative class ( :ite m5 ( ! ,s\?4 ,! philan?ropi/ ( ! ,nor?1 h[ev]1 :ile be+ a fri5d to ! :ite ,s\? has be5 none ! less a fri5d to ! black ,s\?1 & has kept con/antly aid+ ,negro education & x is ! s*ools ?us support$ t are do+ ! mo/ effective "w 9 ! uplift+ ( ! race4 ,x 0 ! wise guidance1 judici\s & calm lead]%ip ( ! m5 9 ^! s*ools t sav$ ! day at ,atlanta4 ,all ( ^! s*ools h ! record ( _! graduates & ex-/ud5ts op5$ to ! public = inspection4 ,& an imp>tial inspection ( ^! records w %[ t ^! /ud5ts & graduates h made s9ce leav+ s*ool1 accord+ to _! circum/ances1 z cr$itable a m>k z ! graduates & ex-/ud5ts f any ( our ,nor!rn s*ools4 ,^! s*ools d n give college tra9+4 ,9 ^! p]il\s times :5 ! race is pass+ ?r\gh su* try+ ordeals1 & :5 ! s\ls ( m5 are be+ tri$1 ,i tru/ t our fri5ds w n =sake u4 ,our indu/rial s*ools & colleges & ! bett] elem5t ( ! race1 ne$ _! sympa?y1 enc\ragem5t1 & assi/ance n[ z nev] be=e4 ,my pray] is = a d\ble portion ( _! _s & an increas$ am\nt ( _! assi/ance4 ,! rec5t race tr\bles %\ld n disc\rage u or our fri5ds4 ,9 fact1 we %\ld be enc\rag$1 = dur+ ^! tr\bles ! bett] elem5t ( ! race has be5 sev]ely tri$ & !y h /ood ! te/4 ,ev]y:]e _! advice has be5 = mod]ation1 pati5ce1 & =be>ance4 ,x is true1 we are tr\bl$ on e side1 yet n di/ress$2 we are p]plex$1 b n 9 despair2 p]secut$1 b n =sak52 ca/ d[n1 b n de/roy$4 ,our records w %[ t we h be5 fai?ful ov] a few ?+s1 may we n reta9 ! fai? & tru/ ( fri5ds8 ,,*apt] #ad4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,m5ace ,,( ,,! ,,s\?4 ,9 e age !re are great & press+ problems to be solv$1--problems ^: solution w h seem+ly1 a f> rea*+ & la/+ effect ^u ! economic life ( ! c\ntry conc]n$4 ,x 0 ! case 9 ?is c\ntry f its v beg9n+ & ! same condition obta9s today1 al?\gh ea* section ( ! c\ntry has its own peculi> problems ! true ,am]ican citiz5 recognizes ! fact t ! success ( "o section 9 solv+ its problems w be b5eficial to ! entire nation4 ,p]haps1 no section ( ?is c\ntry has be5 confront$ ) m difficult problems ?an ! ,s\?4 ,i !re=e1 wi% to pres5t :at ,i consid] to be ! greate/ m5ace ( ?is section1 n z a prophet =etell+ future ev5ts1 b humbly express+ my views ( ! situation aft] c>eful /udy4 ,if y 7 to ask ! av]age :ite man ( ! ,s\? today :at is ! greate/ m5ace to ?is section1 8 answ]1 und\bt$ly1 w\ld be1 ! ,negro & ,negro dom9ation4 ,at lea/ ?is w\ld be ! answ] ( ! politician4 ,t he w\ld take ?is view1 is %[n by ! great am\nt ( legislation t has be5 enact$1 aim+ ei!r directly or indirectly to ret>d ! ,negro's progress4 ,i d n believe t !re has be5 "o piece ( legislation enact$ 9 ! ,s\? )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s = ! express purpose ( promot+ ! ,negro's welf>e4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! entire :ite ,s\? is aga9/ ! ,negro or t x means to oppose 8 advancem5t4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( :ite m5 & wom5 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,s\?1 :o are today1 labor+ almo/ incessantly = ! advancem5t ( ! ,negro4 ,to ^!1 we owe a great debt ( gratitude1 & to ^! %\ld be giv5 mu* cr$it = :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,?is class ( :ite s\!rns are n1 z a rule1 politicians & x is seldom1 if ev]1 !y are elect$ to (fice4 ,:5 we speak ( ! av]age s\!rn :ite man !n1 we h p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! great horde ( (fice seek]s & politicians t infe/ ! entire s\?-l&4 ,x is ?is class t w tell y t ,negro dom9ation is ! greate/ m5ace to ! ,s\?4 ,n[1 ,negro dom9ation may be a m5ace to ! ,s\?1 b x is c]ta9ly n ! greate/4 ,nei!r is ! ext]m9ation ( our =e/s to be greatly fe>$4 ,!re are organizations & societies on foot 9 all p>ts ( ! ,s\? = ! cons]vation ( our =e/s4 ,s\!rn citiz5%ip is suff]+ mu* f *ild labor1 b ev5 ?is1 al?\gh be+ a great dang] to our future developm5t & prosp]ity1 _c rightly be class$ z our greate/ m5ace4 ,! "o ?+ today1 9 :i* we /& 9 greate/ dang]1 is ! loss ( ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,if we %\ld lose ?is1 z we are gradually do+1 !n all is lo/4 ,if we %\ld save x1 !n all o!r ?+s w be add$4 ,our great ne$ is ! cons]vation & pres]vation ( ! soil4 ,! increas$ crops :i* we h 9 ! ,s\? occasionally1 are n due to improv$ me?ods ( f>m+1 b to increas$ acreage4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( new l& are add$ ea* ye> & our increase 9 f>m production is due to ! /r5g? ( ^! fre% l&s4 ,!re is n mu* m woodl& to be tak5 9 z new f>m l&s1 = ?is s\rce has be5 well nigh exhau/$4 ,we mu/ !n1 )9 a few ye>s1 expect a gradual r$uction 9 ! f>m production ( ! ,s\?4 ,already ! old f>m l&s t h be5 9 cultivation = ! pa/ fifty or fifty-five ye>s are practically worn out4 ,i h se5 9 my day :]e =ty acres ( l& tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s ago w\ld produce f tw5ty to tw5ty-five bales ( cotton ea* ye>1 & f #hjj to #ajjj bu%els ( corn4 ,n[1 ^! =ty acres w n produce m ?an eight or n9e bales ( cotton & h>dly en\gh corn to fe$ two horses4 ,9 fact1 "o small family _c obta9 a dec5t support f ! l& :i* tw5ty ye>s ago support$ ?ree families 9 abundance4 ,?is f>m is n on ! hill-side1 nei!r has x be5 worn away by erosion4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! l[l&s1 9 ! black prairie1 & is consid]$ ! be/ f>m on a l>ge plantation4 ,?is condition obta9s 9 all p>ts ( ! ,s\? today4 ,?is con/ant det]ioration ( l&1 ?is gradual r$uction ( crops ye> aft] ye>1 if kept up = ! next fifty ye>s1 w surely prove disa/r\s to ! ,s\?4 ,practically1 all ! l& 9 ! black belt ( ! ,s\? is cultivat$ by ,negroes & ! f>m production has decreas$ s rapidly dur+ ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s t ! av]age ,negro f>m] h>dly makes suffici5t to pay 8 r5t & buy ! few necess>ies ( life4 ,( c\rse1 "h & !re :]e a t5ant has be5 lucky en\gh to get hold ( "s new l&1 he makes a good crop1 b aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s ( cultivation1 8 crop beg9s to decrease & ?is decrease is kept up at a c]ta9 ratio z long z he keeps ! l&4 ,in/ead ( improv+1 ! t5ant's condition becomes worse ea* ye> until he f9ds x impossible to support 8 family on ! f>m4 ,f>m aft] f>m is be+ ab&on$ or giv5 up to ! c>e ( ! old m5 & wom54 ,already1 mo/ ( ^! are too old & feeble to d effective "w4 ,n[1 ! *ief cause ( ^! f>ms becom+ less productive1 is ! failure on ! "p ( ! f>m]s to add some?+ to ! l& aft] !y h ga!r$ _! crops4 ,!y seem to ?9k t ! l& conta9s an inexhau/ible supply ( plant food4 ,ano!r cause ( ?is defici5cy ( ! soil is ! failure ( ! f>m] to rotate 8 crop4 ,!re are f>ms be+ cultivat$ 9 ! ,s\? today :]e ! same piece ( l& has be5 plant$ 9 cotton e ye> = =ty or fifty ye>s4 ,=ty ye>s ago1 ,i am told by reliable au?ority1 t ?is same l& w\ld yield f "o bale to "o & a half p] acre4 ,& today x w take f f\r to six acres to produce "o bale4 ,/ill ano!r cause = ! det]ioration ( ! soil is erosion4 ,!re is practically no ef=t put =? on ! t5ant's "p to prev5t 8 f>m f wa%+ away4 ,! hill-side & o!r roll+ l&s are n t]rac$ & aft] be+ 9 use f\r or five ye>s1 practically all ( ^! l&s are wa%$ away & z f>m l&s !y are entirely ab&on$4 ,n only are ! hillside l&s unprotect$ f ! beat+ ra9s & fl[+ /reams1 b ! bottom or l[l&s are n prop]ly dra9$1 & ! s& wa%$ d[n f ! hill1 ! *aff & raft f previ\s ra9s soon fill ! dit*es & creeks & almo/ any ord9>y ra9 w cause an ov]fl[ ( ^! /reams4 ,"u ^! conditions an av]age crop is impossible ev5 9 ! be/ ( ye>s4 ,at pres5t1 ! ,s\? does n produce "o-half ( ! food/uff t x consumes & if ! pres5t condition ( ?+s cont9ue = ! next fifty ye>s1 ?is section ( ! c\ntry w be on ! v]ge ( />vation & fam9es w be a frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ,negro />vation w come fir/1 b :ite man />vation w surely foll[4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t !re is ev5 m dang] 9 ,negro />vation ?an !re is 9 ,negro dom9ation4 ,i h notic$ 9 ?is c\ntry t ! s9s ( ! races are contagi\s4 ,if ! ,negro 9 a community be lazy1 indiff]5t1 & c>eless ab\t 8 f>m1 ! :ite man 9 ! community w soon fall into ! same habit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! :ite man is sm>t1 indu/ri\s1 en]getic & p]sev]+ 9 8 g5]al makeup1 ! ,negro w soon fall into l9e2 s aft] all1 :atev] helps "o race 9 ! ,s\? w help ! o!r & :atev] degrades "o race 9 ! ,s\?1 soon] or lat] w degrade ! o!r4 ,b y may reply to ?is ass]tion by say+ t ! ,negro c g to ! city & make an indep5d5t liv+ = himself & family1 b y =get t all real weal? mu/ come f ! soil & t ! city _c prosp] unless ! c\ntry is prosp]\s4 ,:5 ! c\ntry fails1 ! city feels ! effect2 :5 ! c\ntry weeps1 ! city moans2 :5 agriculture dies1 all die4 ,su* are ! conditions :i* face u today4 ,n[ = ! rem$y4 ,x is wor? :ile to rememb] t !re are t5 ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food4 ,if ! supply ( any "o ( ! elem5ts fails1 ! crop w fail4 ,^! t5 elem5ts are c>bon & oxyg5 tak5 into ! leaves ( ! plant f ! air z c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 a con/itu5t ( wat] absorb$ ?r\gh ! plant roots2 nitrog51 tak5 f ! soil by all plants also secur$ f ! air by legumes4 ,! o!r elem5ts are phosphorus1 potassium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron & sulphur1 all ( :i* are secur$ f ! soil4 ,! soil nitrog5 is conta9$ 9 ! organic matt] or humus1 & to ma9ta9 ! supply ( nitrog51 we %\ld keep ! soil well /or$ ) organic matt]1 mak+ lib]al use ( clov] or o!r legumes :i* h p[] to secure nitrog5 f ! inexhau/ible supply 9 ! air4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t "o ( ! able/ *emi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,w4 ,cl>k ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 has said t an acre ( gr\nd sev5 in*es deep conta9s suffici5t iron to produce "o hundr$ bu%els ( corn e ye> = #bjj1jjj ye>s1 suffici5t calcium to produce "o hundr$ bu%els ( corn or "o bale ( cotton ea* ye> = #ee1jjj ye>s1 en\gh magnesium to produce su* a crop #g1jjj ye>s1 en\gh sulphur = #aj1jjj ye>s & potassium = #b1fjj ye>s1 b only en\gh phosphorus = #acj ye>s4 ,! nitrog5 re/+ ^u ! surface ( an acre ( gr\nd is suffici5t to produce "o hundr$ bu%els ( corn or a bale ( cotton = #gjj1jjj ye>s2 b only en\gh 9 ! pl[$ soil to produce fifty su* crops4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are en\gh ( eight ( ! elem5ts ( plant food 9 ! ord9>y soil to produce #ajj bu%els ( corn p] acre or a bale ( cotton p] acre = ea* ye> = #b1fjj ye>s2 b only en\gh ( ! o!r two1 phosphorus & nitrog51 to produce su* crops = =ty or fifty ye>s4 ,let u grant t mo/ ( our f>m l&s 9 ! ,s\? h be5 9 cultivation = fifty or sev5ty-five ye>s1 & 9 _m in/ances = "o hundr$ ye>s1 x is readily se5 t practically all ( ! phosphorus & nitrog5 9 ! pl[$ soil h be5 exhau/$4 ,is x any wond] !n t we are hav+ su* poor crops8 ,! wond] is t our crops h kept up s well4 ,unless a radical *ange is made 9 our mode ( f>m+1 we mu/ expect less & less crops ea* ye> until we h no crops1 or su* little t we c h>dly pay ! r5t4 ,to improve & aga9 make f]tile our soils1 we mu/ re/ore to !m ! phosphorus & nitrog5 :i* h be5 us$ up 9 ! sev5ty-five or m crops t we h ga!r$ f !m4 ,?is is a h]culean task b ?is is :at confronts u & ,i = "o1 believe we c accompli% x4 ,by ! prop] rotation ( crops1 includ+ oats1 clov]1 c[peas1 z well z cotton & corn1 & a lib]al use ( b>n-y>d manure & cotton se$ f]tiliz]1 all ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( plant food c be re/or$ to our worn out soil4 ,b ! prop] use ( ^! require mu* pa9/ak5 /udy4 ,! black z well z ! :ite %\ld give ?is matt] s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! l&lords & ! t5ants %\ld co-op]ate 9 ?is great "w4 ,! m]*ants & bank]s mu/ l5d _! aid & influ5ce1 prea*]s & tea*]s %\ld be pione]s 9 ?is movem5t to save our common c\ntry4 ,our agricultural colleges %\ld impr9t _! c\rses ( /udy 9 some?+ m ?an _! annual catalogues4 ,!y %\ld be impr9t$ 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( _! /ud5ts1 & especially ^? :o are to d f>m "w4 ,?us f>1 b v little g5]al good has be5 accompli%$ by ^! s*ools4 ,! reason is t ! f>m]s1 ^? :o till ! soil1 h n _h access to ^! s*ools & ^? :o att5d are n ! f>m+ class1 & d n take to f>m+ z _! life's "w4 ,! man :o works ! soil mu/ be taught h[ to f>m4 ,we h 9 ?is /ate n9e purely agricultural s*ools1 ea* ( :i* is a :ite in/itution4 ,x is true t "s agricultural tra9+ is giv5 = ,negroes at ,normal1 ,montgom]y & ,tuskegee1 b ^! are n purely agricultural s*ools & ! great mass ( ,negro f>m]s _c hope to att5d !m4 ,if ! ,negro is to rema9 ! f>m+ class 9 ! ,black ,belt ( ! ,s\?1 !n he mu/ be taught at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( ! mod]n me?ods ( improv$ f>m+4 ,he mu/ h agricultural s*ools & mu/ be enc\rag$ to att5d !m4 ,! loss ( ! f]tility ( ! soil is ! greate/ m5ace ( ! ,s\?4 ,h[ c we rega9 ?is lo/ f]tility1 is ! greate/ "q ( ! h\r4 ,,*apt] #ae4 ,,! ,,negro ,,exodus4 ,! ,negro has rema9$ 9 ! ,s\? almo/ z a solid mass s9ce 8 emancipation4 ,?is1 9 itself %[s t he loves ! ,s\?1 & if he is n[ migrat+ to ! ,ea/1 ,nor? & ,we/ by ! hundr$s & ?\s&s1 !re mu/ be a cause = x4 ,we %\ld d our be/ to f9d out ^! causes & at lea/ sugge/ ! rem$y1 if we _c accompli% x4 ,! "t has come = pla9 speak+ on ! "p ( u all4 ,x w d u no good to try to hide ! facts1 because tru? cru%$ to e>? w rise aga94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,negro 9 ?is c\ntry is oppress$4 ,?is oppression is greate/ :]e ! ,negro population is greate/4 ,! ,negro population happ5s to be great] 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 !re=e1 he is m oppress$ 9 ! ,s\? ?an 9 ! ,nor?4 ,take ! c\nties 9 our own /ate4 ,"s are kn[n z :ite c\nties & o!rs z black c\nties4 ,9 ! :ite c\nties ! ,negro is giv5 bett] educational opportunities ?an 9 ! black c\nties4 ,i h 9 m9d "o ,black ,belt c\nty :]e ! :ite *ild is giv5 fifte5 doll>s a ye> = 8 education & ! ,negro *ild ?irty c5ts a ye>4 ,see ! late ,dr4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton's article1 ,is ! ,negro ,hav+ a ,fair ,*ance8 ,n[ ^! facts are g5]ally kn[n ?r\gh\t ?is ,/ate by bo? :ite & black4 ,& we all "k t ?is is unju/4 ,x is oppression4 ,?is oppression %[s itself 9 _m o!r ways4 ,take = example ! railroads runn+ ?r\gh ! rural sections ( ! ,s\?4 ,!re are _m flag /ations :]e hundr$s ( our p get (f & on tra94 ,! railroads h at ^! little /ops a plat=m ab\t six feet squ>e1 only "o coa* /ops at ?is po9t2 ! ,negro wom51 girls & boys are compell$ to get (f & on ! tra9 sometimes 9 wat] & 9 ! dit*es because !re are no provisions made = !m o!rwise4 ,aga91 take ! matt] ( ! fran*ise4 ,we all agree t ignorant ,negroes %\ld n be entru/$ ) ?is p[]1 b we all feel t :]e a ,negro has be5 sm>t & indu/ri\s 9 gett+ an education & prop]ty & pays 8 taxes1 he %\ld be repres5t$4 ,taxation )\t repres5tation is j z unju/ today z x 0 9 #aggf4 ,x is j z unfair = ! ,negro z x is to ! :ite man1 & we all1 bo? :ite & black1 "k ?is4 ,we may %ut our eyes to ?is great tru?1 z sometimes we d1 b x is unju/ j ! same4 ,take ! matt] ( ! c\rts4 ,!re is no ju/ice unless ! ,negro has a case aga9/ ano!r ,negro4 ,:5 he has a case aga9/ a :ite man y c tell :at ! decision w be j z soon z y "k ! nature ( ! case1 unless "s /rong :ite man w come to ! ,negro's rescue4 ,?is1 too1 is g5]ally kn[n1 & ! ,negro does n expect ju/ice4 ,none ( u h =gott5 ! rec5t campaign ( ,mr4 ,und]wood & ,mr4 ,hobson = ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator f ?is ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,und]wood's support]s attack$ ,mr4 ,hobson because he def5d$ ! ,negro soldi]s :5 he 0 ,repres5tative1 & ,mr4 ,hobson's support]s attack$ ,mr4 ,und]wood because !y said t he _h a ,negro secret>y 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,any politician :o d>es def5d a ,negro1 h[ev] j ! cause may be1 is doom$ to political dea?4 ,?is is ano!r fact :i* we all "k4 ,z yet1 !re has be5 no conc]t$ actions on ! "p ( ! :ite p to /op mob viol5ce4 ,i "k a few plantations1 h[ev]1 :]e ! own]s w n all[ _! ,negroes to be arre/$ unless ! (fic] fir/ consults !m1 & ^! ,negroes idolize ^! :ite m5 z gods1 & s f> n "o ( ^! ,negroes has gone ,nor?4 ,i repeat t !re are out-cropp+s ( ^! oppressions ev]y:]e 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !y %[ !mselves mo/ :]e ! ,negroes are 9 l>ge/ numb]s4 ,all ( ^! sorr[s ! ,negro has endur$ ) pati5ce & long suff]+1 & !y may be all class$ z ! second>y cause ( ?is great exodus4 ,! prim>y cause is economics4 ,! /orms & floods de/roy crops 9 ! ,black ,belt section4 ,^! p are hungry1 !y are nak$1 !y h no corn & _h no cotton2 s !y are )\t food & clo!s4 ,:at else c !y d b g away 9 se>* ( "w8 ,!re are a great _m weal?y :ite m5 "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ,black ,belt section4 ,!y h l>ge plantations :i* ne$ ! dit*es cle>$ & new ones made to prop]ly dra9 _! f>ms4 ,!y c\ld h giv5 mu* "w to ^! de/itute p2 b :at h !y done8 ,no?+4 ,!y say t x is a pity = ! ,negro to g away 9 su* l>ge numb]s1 & s x is1 b t w n /op !m4 ,!y h x 9 _! p[] to /op !m by mak+ ! ,negro's economic condition bett] "h4 ,! ,s\? mu/ d m ?an make cotton & corn2 x mu/ beg9 to manufacture "s ( ! ?+s t x uses4 ,:y %\ld we s5d our raw mat]ial to ! ,nor? to be manufactur$8 ,practically all ! furniture we use comes f ! ,nor? & !y get ! timb] f u4 ,! ,s\? mu/ be bo? a manufactur+ z well z a f>m+ section1 if x w\ld hold its own ) ! o!r sections ( ?is great c\ntry4 ,! capitali/s ( ! ,s\? mu/ turn loose _! money if ?is section w\ld come into its own4 ,?us f>1 ! av]age :ite man ( ! ,s\? has be5 int]e/$ 9 ! ,negro f a selfi% po9t ( view4 ,he mu/ n[ become int]e/$ 9 him f a humanit>ian po9t ( view4 ,he mu/ be int]e/$ 9 8 educational1 moral & religi\s welf>e4 ,we "k t we h _m ignorant1 vici\s1 & crim9al ,negroes1 :i* are a disgrace to any p1 b !y are ignorant because !y h n _h a *ance4 ,:y ,i "k "o c\nty 9 ?is ,/ate today ) #aj1jjj ,negro *ildr5 ( s*ool age & only #d1jjj ( ^! are 9 s*ool1 accord+ to ! report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education4 ,we _c expect ignorant p to act l intellig5t ones1 & no am\nt ( abuse w make !m bett]4 ,we "k t our race is weak & t ! :ite race is /rong4 ,we "k also t our race is sick & t ! :ite race is well or :ole4 ,n[1 h[ %\ld ! /rong treat ! weak8 ,h[ %\ld ! :ole treat ! sick8 ,w\ld a /rong man say1 "h is a weak man ) a heavy burd51 !re=e1 ,i w put m ^u him8 ,w\ld a well man say1 "h is a sick man1 !re=e1 ,i %all give him less m$ical treatm5t8 ,!n :y d y say1 "h is ! ignorant ,negro1 !re=e let u give him less educational opportunities ?an we give ! :ite man8 ,if ! :ite man w\ld be logical 9 ?is p>ticul>1 he w\ld say 9 ! c\rts1 because he is ignorant let u make 8 puni%m5t less sev]e2 because he is weak1 let u protect him1 because he is ignorant1 let u give him great] educational opportunities4 ,b ?is has n be5 done4 ,!re has n be5 "o doll> increase 9 ! ,negro public s*ool fund 9 ! rural di/ricts 9 tw5ty ye>s2 if any?+1 x is less today ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,sometimes we he> x said t ! :ite man ( ! ,s\? kn[s ! ,negro bett] ?an anybody else1 b ! av]age :ite man ( ! ,s\? only kn[s ! ignorant1 vici\s & crim9al class ( ,negroes bett] ?an anybody else4 ,he kn[s little ( ! be/ class ( ,negroes4 ,i am glad to say1 h[ev]1 t !re are a few ,s\!rn :ite m5 :o "k ! bett] class & "k !m intimately & are do+ :at !y c to bett] ! ,negro's condition4 ,i w\ld to ,god t ! numb] ( ^! few c\ld be increas$ a hundr$ fold4 ,we us$ to d]ide ! ,nor? = giv+ ! ,negro a *ance to sp5d a doll> :ile )hold+ f him ! opportunity to make "o4 ,b 9 ! ,provid5ce ( ,god all ?is has be5 *ang$ by ! great w> 9 ,europe1 :i* has creat$ a labor sc>city 9 ! ,nor?1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 & ! ,negro is n[ be+ giv5 a *ance to make a doll> !re z well z sp5d "o4 ,! :ite man ( ! ,nor? is due no special cr$it = ?is1 ! cr$it belongs to ,god4 ,he is ! ,righte\s ,judge ( all ! e>? & 9 ! end ,he w d "r4 ,we w he> _m tales ( ! suff]+s ( ^! p :o g f ?is section4 ,_m w die & "s w come back1 b /ill "s w nev] return4 ,y rememb] ! fate ( ! ,pilgrims1 & ! e>ly coloni/s :o fir/ came to ?is c\ntry4 ,y also "k ! fate ( ! m5 9 ! _w w>2 _m mu/ die t "s be sav$4 ,x behooves u ( ! ,s\? :o rema9 "h1 bo? :ite & black1 to re-d$icate ourselves to unselfi% s]vice & try m & m ea* day ( our lives to live up to ! great pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! memorable ,atlanta spee* by ! immortal ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton :5 he said3 ,9 all ?+s t are purely social we c be z sep>ate z ! f+]s1 yet "o z ! h& 9 all ?+s ess5tial to mutual progress4 ,,*apt] #af4 ,,! ,,negro ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,s\?4 ,too mu* praise _c be giv5 to ! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d1 ,dr4 ,dill>d & ,mr4 ,ros5wald1 & o!rs = :at !y h done & are do+ to improve ,negro public s*ools ( ! ,s\?1 = 9 ! la/ analysis x is !re :]e ! great masses ( ,negro *ildr5 mu/ be educat$4 ,we h 9 ! ,s\?1 z e "o kn[s1 a dual sy/em ( public s*ools1 "o = ! :ites & "o = ! ,negroes4 ,?is acc\nts 9 "p = our poor s*ools = bo? :ite & color$4 ,su* a sy/em is exp5sive &1 ( c\rse1 ! ,negro gets ! wor/ ( ! b>ga94 ,?is is n surpris+ to him2 he expects x 9 all su* cases4 ,he has be5 taught to expect only a half loaf :]e o!rs get a :ole "o1 b 9 "s cases he gets practically no?+ f ! ,/ate = education4 ,= an in/ance1 ,i "k f\r or five ,negro public s*ools 9 ! ,black ,belt t get #cg4jj = ! s*ool t]m ( f\r mon?s4 ,x w\ld be h>d to figure out h[ a tea*] c live 9 ^! days on #i4be p] mon?4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! ag5cies t ,i h m5tion$ above h done mu* & are do+ m to improve ^! conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,sn[ ,,hill ,,in/itute ,!y endeavor to "w ) or ?r\gh ! ,/ate & c\nty (ficials :]ev] x c be done4 ,?is ,i ?9k is p]fectly "r & prop] because ! ,/ate mu/ 9 ! end direct ! education ( its subjects4 ,b :]e ?is _c be done1 ,i ?9k provision %\ld be made = ! ?\s&s :o are n[ be+ neglect$4 ,ev] s9ce ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ ! late ,miss ,anna ,t4 ,jeanes ( ,philadelphia to give s l>gely t[>ds ! ,negro public s*ools ( ! ,s\?1 ,i h be5 ?9k+ h[ ?is "w c\ld be c>ri$ on 9 h>mony ) ! ,/ate & c\nty (ficials4 ,! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d1 ,dr4 ,dill>d & ,mr4 ,ros5wald h gone a long way t[>ds solv+ ?is problem4 ,at ! pres5t "t e ,s\!rn ,/ate has a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education & a ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,^! (fic]s are elect$ by ! p 7:ite p1 ( c\rse74 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !re h be5 two o!r (fices creat$1 ,/ate ,sup]visor ( ,education = ! ,negro & ,c\nty ,sup]visor4 ,^! (fic]s are select$ & n elect$4 ,i ?9k ! (fices came ab\t z a result ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d & ,dr4 ,dill>d1 & ,i ?9k t ! ,/ate ,sup]visors ( ,education are select$ l>gely ?r\gh !m4 ,?us f> all ( ! ,/ate ,sup]visors = ,negro s*ools h be5 :ite m51 & !y 9 turn h be5 giv5 ! p[] to select ! ,c\nty ,sup]visor = ! ,negro s*ools1 all ( :i* are color$4 ,^! :ite m5 are n always able to get ! mo/ effici5t p]sons = su* "w because ,i "k ( a few ,c\nty ,sup]visors "h & !re :o are n compet5t to d ! "w t has be5 intru/$ to !m4 ,n[ z ! ,negro has no?+ to say z to :o %\ld be 8 ,/ate or ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education1 x seems t 9 ! matt] ( 8 ,/ate & ,c\nty ,sup]visors he %\ld h a ^w4 7,i ?9k x is "r & prop] t ! great funds = ,negro education %\ld be sp5t ?r\gh ! ,/ate & c\nty (ficials :]ev] x c be done47 ,! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ought to be giv5 ! p[] to select ! mo/ compet5t ,negro educator to be ,/ate ,sup]visor ( ,negro ,s*ools1 & ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t ought to be giv5 ! same4 ,fur!rmore1 z ea* ,/ate has a ,negro ,education ,association :i* meets once a ye>1 ,i ?9k ?is ,association %\ld recomm5d to ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education a numb] ( p]sons f :om he may select ! ,/ate ,sup]visor4 ,9 ea* c\nty we h an organization1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,c\nty ,tea*] ,in/itute4 ,?is organization c\ld recomm5d two or m p]sons to ! ,c\nty ,sup]9t5d5t f :om he might select ! ,c\nty ,sup]visor4 ,i feel & ?9k 9 ?is way because 9 ord] to really help ! p "o mu/ g among/ !m & "k ( _! h>d%ips1 /ruggles1 desires1 sorr[s1 & _! joys1 mu/ talk ) !m1 eat & sleep ) !m & "k _! he>ts4 ,x w\ld be ask+ too mu* ( ! ,s\!rn :ite man to d ?is4 ,we "k t 9 ord] to save ! _w ,god gave ,8 only begott5 ,son1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o came to e>? 9 ! lik5ess ( man1 to save man4 ,p]haps ,he might h s5t an ,ar*angel or an ,angel1 b ?is "w ( r$emption c\ld only be done by ,8 s5d+ a p]son :o 0 a man1 j l ! m5 ,he 0 to save1 & s x is ) all great "w ( re=mation & evolution4 ,9 ord] to help ! p we mu/ become l !m4 ,9 ,*ri/ becom+ l man is :at we call ! humiliation ( ! ,inc>nation1 & 9 t lies ! great secret ( r$emption & re=mation4 ,aga91 ,i feel t ?is is a day ( democracy1 & t ! ,negro %\ld be giv5 a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 s*ools4 ,if ?is democracy1 ( :i* we are he>+ s mu*1 is = ! :ite man alone1 !n ,i ?9k t ! ,negro %\ld "k x1 & if x is = all p he %\ld "k t4 ,! :ite man owes x to ! ,negro to make ?is matt] pla94 ,,*apt] #ag4 ,,:]e ,,lies ,,! ,,negro',s ,,opportunity8 ,! lib]ation & enfran*isem5t ( f\r million ( slaves 9 ?is c\ntry fifty ye>s ago br\ght into ! body politic a situation t has ev] s9ce be5 a bone ( cont5tion4 ,because ( _! ignorance1 mo/ ( ^! p 7 )\t ! slighte/ idea ( ! prop] use1 or ! p[]1 ( ! ballot1 & b few c\ld prop]ly ex]cise ?is new & high pr]ogative4 ,z long z ! f$]al troops rema9$ 9 ! ,s\? & sup]vis$ & controll$ ! elections1 ^! newly-made citiz5s reta9$ _! rights1 b :51 dur+ ,presid5t ,hayes' adm9i/ration1 ! troops 7 )drawn1 ! ,s\? imm$iately set to "w to rem$y ?is condition4 ,/>t+ ) ,mississippi 9 #ahij1 /ate aft] /ate disfran*is$ ! ,negro4 ,o!r discrim9at+ laws h be5 enact$ sett+ ap>t ,jim ,cr[ ap>tm5ts = ! ,negro on all public c>ri]s1 e/abli%+ ,jim ,cr[ s*ools1 &1 9 fact1 segregat+ ! two races 9 all public places :]ev] x is possible4 ,?is action on ! "p ( ! ,s\? br\ght =? a /orm ( criticism f ! ,nor?4 ,! ,nor? accus$ ! ,s\? ( treat+ ! ,negro unju/ly & tak+ f him 8 con/itutional rights4 ,! ,s\? answ]$ ! ,nor?1 n by claim+ its policy t[>ds ! ,negro to be "r1 b by accus+ ! ,nor? ( hypocrisy2 b bo? sections agree t ! ,negro %\ld be made z useful z 8 capacities w p]mit1 & t he %\ld seek ! place :]e ?is usefulness c be be/ secur$4 ,?is long & con/ant agitation has l$ ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( ! race problem to ask ! "q3 ,are ! conditions 9 ! ,s\? m conducive to ! social effici5cy ( ! ,negro ?an ^? (f]$ to him 9 ! ,nor?8 ,?is is a vital "q & a j answ] to x w h a f>-rea*+ & la/+ effect ^u ! future welf>e ( ! ,negro race 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,by social effici5cy we mean t degree ( developm5t ( ! individual t w enable him to r5d] ! mo/ effective s]vice to himself1 8 family & to society4 ,z has be5 def9$1 all w agree t social effici5cy is ! *ief end ( life4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! ,negro lives mo/ly 9 ! l>ge cities1 :ile 9 ! ,s\? he lives mo/ly 9 ! rural or c\ntry di/ricts4 ,bo? ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? w admit ?is fact2 ! opportunities (f]$ 9 ! ,nor? !n mu/ be l>gely ! opportunities su* z l>ge cities c (f]1 ^? 9 ! ,s\? mu/ be l>gely su* z c\ntry di/ricts c (f]4 ,b be=e fur!r consid]+ ?is "q let u note = a mom5t ! opportunities (f]$ 9 ! ,s\? & ^? (f]$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x is true t1 9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,negro is disfran*is$4 ,x is also true t he suff]s _m o!r inju/ices 9 t section1 b on ! o!r h& he has a wide field ( labor4 ,fir/ ( all he has almo/ an unlimit$ opportunity to f>m4 ,he is bett] adapt$ to f>m "w 9 t section ?an ei!r ! native :ite man or ! =eign]4 ,he /&s ! heat bett] & c d m "w "u a burn+ ,s\!rn sun4 ,9 railroad con/ruction ! ,negro is pref]r$4 ,! coal ( ! ,s\? is dug by ,negro labor1 ! iron ore is pick$ f ! b[els ( ! e>? by 8 brawny muscles4 ,! ,negro f9ds "w at ! f\ndries1 ! great pipe furnaces1 ! roll+ mills1 c> factories & o!r indu/ries 9 ! m9]al di/ricts4 ,he is eag]ly s\ght = ! sawmills1 ! turp5t9e or*>d1 & 9 fact = almo/ e indu/ry ( ! ,s\?4 ,?\gh ! :ite man 9 ! ,s\? is beg9n+ to ent] ! field ( indu/ry1 he has n ent]$ to ! ext5t t ! ,negro's place is1 9 ! lea/1 9 jeop>dy4 ,su* are ! opportunities (f]$ ! ,negro 9 ! ,s\?1 ?\gh he is l>gely depriv$ ( political & social rights4 ,^! facts are admitt$ by bo? ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,n[ :at are ! opportunities (f]$ him 9 ! ,nor?8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,negro is a free man 9 a political s5se4 ,he has ! same "r to vote t o!r citiz5s h &1 too1 he c vote accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt 9 8 spee* at ,tuskegee 9 #aije1 said t ! color$ p _h opportunities = economic developm5t 9 ! ,s\? t are n (f]$ to !m else:]e4 ,9 ! l>ge cities ( ! ,nor?1 :]e ! ,negro mo/ly lives1 ! *ances = good heal? & ! pur*ase ( a home are n s good4 ,! man ) little means1 su* z ! ,negro usually is1 mu/ live 9 ei!r fil?y /reets or back alleys1 :]e ! air is f\l & ! environm5ts are p]meat$ ) disease g]ms4 ,= ! lack ( fre% air1 pure food & prop] ex]cise1 8 *ildr5 are m]e weakl+s in/ead ( /rong & robu/ boys & girls4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,b4 ,bean ( ,ann ,arbor1 9 8 essay on ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,negro 9 ,c5tury ,magaz9e ( ,octob]1 #aijf1 said t 9 ! l>ge cities ! ,negro is be+ =c$ by competition into ! mo/ degrad$ & lea/ remun]ative occupations2 t su* occupations make !m helpless to combat ! blight ( squalor & disease :i* are inevitable 9 ^! cities1 & !re=e _m ( !m are be+ de/roy$ by !m4 ,mr4 ,bak] says3 ,"o ( ! que/ions ,i ask$ ( ,negroes :om ,i met bo? ,nor? & ,s\? 0 ?is3 ',:at is y\r *ief cause ( compla9t8' ,9 ! ,s\? ! fir/ answ] ne>ly always ref]r$ to ! ,jim ,cr[ c>s or ! ,jim ,cr[ railroad /ations2 aft] t1 ! compla9t 0 ( political disfran*isem5t1 ! difficulty ( gett+ ju/ice 9 ! c\rts1 ! lack ( good s*ool facilities1 & 9 "s localities1 ( ! dang] ( actual physical viol5ce4 ,b 9 ! ,nor? ! fir/ answ] inv>iably ref]r$ to work+ conditions4 ',! ,negro isn't giv5 a fair opportunity to get employm5t4 ,he is discrim9at$ aga9/ because he is color$4' ,^! conditions in/ead ( promot+ ! social effici5cy ( ! ,negro1 t5d to degrade & demoralize him4 ,! argum5t t ! deprivation ( ! ,negro's political & social rights 9 ! ,s\? t5ds to cru% 8 ambition1 w>p 8 aspirations & di/ort 8 judgm5t1 is uns\nd1 because 8 self-reliance1 ambition & indep5d5ce 9 ! ,s\? c be trac$ p>tly to ?is v deprivation4 ,by x he has be5 =c$ to e/abli% 8 own s*ools1 8 own *ur*es1 educate 8 own *ildr5 & tra9 8 own m9i/]s4 ,all ( ^! make = self-reliance & indep5d5ce & are !re=e conducive to 8 social effici5cy4 ,,*apt] #ah4 ,,s*ool ,,problems ,,( ,a ,,tuskegee ,,graduate4 ,two di/9ct problems face ! ,tuskegee graduate :o goes =? z a lead] ( 8 p3 ! problem ( ext5d+ education to ! masses ( our p & ! problem ( s adju/+ ! p to _! actual conditions t ! two races w be able to live & "w toge!r 9 h>mony & helpfulness4 ,x may z well be admitt$ at ! outset t ! public s*ools 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ! l[] ,s\? are n work+ t[>d ?is end4 ,! condition ( ! public s*ools = our p 9 ! ,black ,belt section ( ?is /ate is di%e>t5+4 ,z unreasonable z x may seem1 x is a fact t z ! ,negro population increases1 9 ?is section1 ! appropriation = ,negro s*ools decreases4 ,9 _m places ! s*ools h be5 aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,f almo/ e nook & corn] ( ! ,s\? !re comes a cry t ! ,negro z a labor] is unsatisfactory4 ,x is said t he is ineffici5t1 unreliable1 indol5t1 lazy1 9 %ort1 t he is unfit to d ! "w ! ,s\? wants done4 ,less ?an two decades ago x 0 j ! opposite4 ,!n1 x 0 said t ! ,negro 0 unfit = ev]y?+ else except "w4 ,h[ inconsi/5t6 ,we admit t !re is a labor problem 9 ! ,s\?1 b we d5y t x is due :olly to ! ineffici5cy ( ! ,negro z a labor]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! natural increase ( ! population ( ! ,s\? has n kept pace ) ! m>vel\s gr[? & developm5t ( h] indu/ries4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld expla9 a sc>city ( labor4 ,fur!rmore1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! mo/ indu/ri\s1 ! mo/ frugal1 & ! mo/ ?rifty ,negroes ( ! ,s\? are rapidly *ang+ f ! wage h&s1 to contract h&s1 & ! day labor]s1 to ! r5t]s ( _! own f>ms1 :ile ?\s&s ( ,negroes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,s\? are e/abli%+ indep5d5t bus9ess ent]prises = !mselves4 ,! ,s\? _c hire t class ( ,negroes f _! "w4 ,?is1 aga9 has a t5d5cy to make labor sc>ce4 ,add$ to ?is is ! fact t ?\s&s ( ,negroes are mov+ into ! cities4 ,"s are go+ into o!r /ates seek+ on ! "o h& bett] educational opportunities = _! *ildr51 & on ! o!r h&1 protection f mobs & lyn*]s4 ,?is aga9 has a depress+ effect ^u labor4 ,:ile ^! und]ly+ causes seem suffici5t to acc\nt = ! pres5t labor tr\bles ( ! ,s\?1 we mu/ admit t !re are entirely too _m ,negroes1 p>ticul>ly among ^? :o "w z wage-h&s1 contract-h&s1 & day labor]s1 :o are ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 too _m :o are gambl]s & drunk>ds4 ,naturally1 _! "w is n satisfactory4 ,b !y are n :olly to blame s9ce !y h _h nei!r adequate educational opportunities1 nor ! prop] home tra9+4 ,if !y lack "*1 x is l>gely because !y lack tra9+4 ,?is is1 z ,i und]/& x1 :at ! ,presid5t means :5 he says t ignorance is ! mo/ co/ly crop t any community c produce4 ,graduates f ,tuskegee1 a few ye>s ago1 receiv$ f our illu/ri\s ,pr9cipal ! injunction1 ,g ye into all p>ts ( ! ,s\? & *ange ^! conditions4 ,i w n[ try to give an acc\nt ( my /ew>d%ip4 ,i hail f ,sn[ ,hill1 :i* is locat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! ,black ,belt ( ?is ,/ate1 9 a section :]e ! color$ p outnumb] ! :ite sev5 to "o1 & 9 ! c5t] ( a color$ population ( m ?an #bjj1jjj4 ,:5 we />t$ "w !re tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! p z a :ole 7 poor1 ignorant1 sup]/iti\s & greatly 9 debt4 ,!y _h no special love = indu/rial tra9+ & n mu* g5]al love = any k9d ( education4 ,! s-call$ public s*ools 7 !n runn+ ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye> & pay+ ! tea*]s n9e & t5 doll>s p] mon?4 ,we />t$ "w 9 a dilapidat$ "o-room log cab9 ) ?ree /ud5ts & fifty c5ts 9 money4 ,!re 0 no /ate appropriation1 nei!r 0 any *ur* or society responsible = "o doll> ( its exp5ses4 ,today we h an in/itution ( m ?an f\r hundr$ /ud5ts & tw5ty-two tea*]s & (fic]s4 ,we h #aidj acres ( l&1 tw5ty-f\r build+s1 c\nt+ l>ge & small1 & f\rte5 indu/ries 9 con/ant op]ation4 ,be+ 9 a f>m+ section1 h[ev]1 we are putt+ m /ress ^u agriculture4 ,x is ! aim ( our in/itution to tea* ! beauty & dignity ( all labor & inculcate a love = ! soil & = agricultural life4 ,9 spite ( ! d5ial ( political rights & ( ! poor educational opportunities1 & _m o!r unju/ discrim9ations1 ! ,s\?1 j n[1 is ! be/ place 9 ?is c\ntry = ! ,negro1 & especially ! agricultural section4 ,we might z well recognize ?is fact & tea* our p to act accord+ly4 ,aga91 we aim to tra9 lead]s = ! masses ( our p2 = ?is purpose we ne$ "y m5 & "y wom5 imbu$ ) ! _s ( sacrifice & s]vice :o w g into ^! rural sections & tea* our p h[ to live1 h[ n to die2 tea* !m h[ to live economically1 to pay _! debts1 to buy l&1 to build bett] homes1 bett] s*ools1 bett] *ur*es1 & above all1 h[ to lead pure & upright lives & become useful & helpful citiz5s 9 ! community 9 :i* !y live4 ,f9ally1 we aim to tra9 a high class ( dome/ic s]vants4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> or uneas9ess = we h an abundance ( mat]ial = ea* class4 ,b ! wor? ( an in/itution is n det]m9$ by ! acquisition ( h\ses & l&1 nei!r by ! b>e /atem5t ( its aims1 b by its actual p[] to s]ve ! practical1 daily ne$s ( ! community 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,z a result ( our tw5ty-five ye>s' "w at ,sn[ ,hill1 we h ab\t "o ?\s& graduates & ex-/ud5ts :o h ei!r f9i%$ ! full or p>tial c\rse at ! in/itution & are n[ out 9 ! _w do+ cr$itable "w z tea*]s1 f>m]s1 me*anics1 & dome/ic work]s4 ,ov] fifty p] c5t ( our /ud5ts h b\ght homes s9ce leav+ s*ool4 ,_m h h\ses ) five & six rooms4 ,:]ev] a ,sn[ ,hill /ud5t tea*es ! s*ool t]m is l5g!n$ & ! p are enc\rag$ to buy l&1 build bett] homes1 bett] s*ool-h\ses & bett] *ur*es4 ,! p h n only be5 help$ by our /ud5ts & graduates1 b !y h be5 help$ directly ?r\gh our ,negro conf]5ce & ,black ,belt ,improvem5t ,society4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! p 9 ! neighborhood ( ! s*ool did n own m ?an t5 acres ( l&1 :ile today !y own m ?an tw5ty ?\s& acres4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! "o-room log cab9 0 ! rule1 today x is ! exception4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! majority ( ! f>m]s 7 9 heavy debt & mortgag$ _! crops1 today _m ( ! f>m]s n[ h bank acc\nts1 :ile a few ye>s ago !y did n "k :at a bank acc\nt 04 ,?r\gh\t ! community !y are build+ bett] homes1 bett] *ur*es1 bett] s*ool-h\ses1 & ! relation betwe5 ! races is cordial4 ,j a ^w ab\t our ,black ,belt ,improvem5t ,society4 ,?is organization has t5 degrees ( memb]%ip & any "o ( good moral /&+ desir+ to bett] 8 condition1 c become a memb] ( ! fir/ degree4 ,a memb] ( ! second degree1 h[ev]1 mu/ own a little prop]ty1 at lea/ ?ree *ick5s1 & a pig4 ,a memb] ( ! ?ird degree mu/ own a c[1 ( ! f\r? degree he mu/ own an acre ( l&1 a memb] ( ! fif? degree mu/ h erect$ on t acre a h\se hav+ at lea/ ?ree rooms1 a memb] ( ! six? degree mu/ own tw5ty acres ( l&1 ( ! sev5? degree mu/ own =ty acres ( l&1 & ( ! eigh? degree mu/ own sixty acres1 etc41 until !y rea* ! t5? degree4 ,!n we h an annual fair at :i* prizes are giv5 to ^? :o h excell$ 9 any ( ! agricultural products1 or ^? :o h _h ! be/ g>d5s1 or :o h kept ! be/ h\se dur+ ! ye>4 ,a special prize is giv5 to ! p>ty :o has b\ght ! mo/ l& dur+ ! ye>4 ,?is society has sev]al committees4 ,x has a committee on education4 ,?is committee holds meet+s 9 ! v>i\s communities to ar\se 9 ! p an int]e/ 9 education4 ,x enc\rages !m to build bett] s*ool-h\ses1 to ext5d ! s*ool t]m & x keeps _! *ildr5 9 s*ool4 ,x is ! duty ( ! committee on labor to ga!r toge!r ^? ( our race :o /ill "w z contract-h&s1 wage-h&s1 day-labor]s1 & dome/ic s]vants1 & impress ^u !m ! necessity ( r5d]+ ! be/ s]vice1 tell !m t ! race is judg$ m by :at !y d ?an :at we d1 & h[ great _! responsibility is4 ,! f>m+ committee is always active1 try+ to create 9 ! p a real love = agricultural life1 try+ to %[ !m t ! opportunities :i* ! c\ntry (f]s u are sup]ior to ^? (f]$ 9 ! cities4 ,o!r committees are ! committee on good gov]nm5t1 committee on bus9ess1 & committee on good roads4 ,! influ5ce = good ?is society is ex]t+ ?r\gh\t ! section c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! "w we are do+ at ,sn[ ,hill4 ,,*apt] #ai4 ,,b5efits ,,wr\ght ,,by ,,h>d%ips4 ,! ^w ,(f5ce is a g5]al & some:at indef9ite t]m4 ,z def9$ by ! v>i\s diction>ies1 x means an attack1 an assault1 aggression1 inju/ice1 oppression1 transgression ( a law1 misdemeanor1 trespass1 crime & p]secution4 ,9 all ( ^! def9itions !re is impli$ an act consid]$ z disagreeable if n h>mful to ! recipi5t4 ,( ! v>i\s nations ( ! e>?1 ^? t are mo/ p[]ful & t h accompli%$ mo/ good are ^? :i* h endur$ & h surviv$ ! mo/ (f5ces4 ,!y h gr[n by reason ( ! ob/acles :i* !y h ov]come4 ,x is s+ul>1 yet x is true1 t (f5ces h nev] de/roy$ a nation4 ,^? nations :i* h be5 de/roy$ h be5 de/roy$ n by attack f )\t1 b by _! own int]nal weakness4 ,societies t are accompli%+ ! mo/ good = ! uplift ( humanity today are ^? aga9/ :om ! mo/ (f5ces h be5 committ$4 ,take ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! greate/ ( all societies4 ,:o c enum]ate ! (f5ces :i* h be5 committ$ aga9/ ! *ur*8 ,h]od tri$ to behead x1 b c\ld n2 ,pilate tri$ to crucify x1 b in/ead sanctifi$ x2 ,paul p]secut$ x & x r$eem$ him2 poor drunk5 & debau*$ ,n]o p\r$ =? ! fury ( 8 wra? aga9/ x 9 e conceivable1 wick$ way4 ,he delib]ately set fire to ! city ( ,rome & accus$ ! ,*ri/ians ( ! de$4 ,he gave fea/s 9 8 g>d5 & ! bodies ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 burn$ z tor*es 9 ! ev5+s4 ,_! groans & agonies con/itut$ ! music = _! dance & c>\sal4 ,o!r ,*ri/ians 7 f$ to half-/>v$ lions4 ,b ?r\gh x all ! *ur* has become m p[]ful & m glori\s ?an be=e2 :ile ,n]o's "n w =ev] be a /5* to ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! prophecy ( ,*ri/ ,t (f5ces mu/ ne$ be b woe unto ! man by :om ! (f5ce come? is fulfill$4 ,z ) ! *ur*1 s ) all o!r societies & in/itutions t are do+ good 9 ! community1 !y endure _! (f5ces4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gr[? & rise ( ! v>i\s races w %[ t !y1 too1 h _h _! bitt] z well z _! sweet4 ,9 fact1 !y h f\ght = e in* ( t]ritory :i* !y n[ possess4 ,let u consid] "s ( ! b5efits :i* h be5 d]iv$ f our h>d%ips4 ,t ! enslavem5t ( my p 0 a s]i\s (f5ce !re is no d\bt4 ,i %\ld be ! la/ "o to apologize = slav]y2 b1 aft] all1 we br\ght m out ( slav]y ?an we c>ri$ into x4 ,we w5t into x hea!ns1 ) no language1 & no ,god2 we came out ,am]ican citiz5s1 speak+ ! pr\d ,anglo-,saxon tongue1 & s]v+ ! ,god ( all ! e>?4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( old ,ri*>d ,all5 & o!r not$ color$ div9es1 ! ,negro *ur* 0 set up "u a bu% h>bor1 b today !y own *ur* prop]ty 9 ?is c\ntry valu$ at m ?an #bf1jjj1jjj4 ,z a result ( ! educational (f5ces committ$ aga9/ ! ,negro1 today he has #ce1jjj ,negro tea*]s & m ?an sev5te5 million doll>s' wor? ( s*ool prop]ty 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,negro has be5 disfran*is$1 b he is m capable ( ! ballot today ?an ev] be=e4 ,?\gh ! disfran*isem5t ( ! ,negro has wr\ght great h>m to our ,democratic =m ( gov]nm5t1 x has increas$ 9 ! ,negro ! _s ( pati5ce1 self-reliance1 self-sacrifice1 &1 9 fact1 x has enhanc$ 9 him all ( ^? virtues :i* make = true manhood & womanhood4 ,9 ! bus9ess _w !re has be5 less (f5ce committ$ aga9/ ! ,negro ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,:at little !re has be5 0 r slight & x has be5 only 9 rec5t ye>s t ! ,negro has began to detect x1 & e/abli% bus9ess ( 8 own4 ,he has n s _m /ores z he has s*ools1 nor s _m %ops z he has *ur*es1 yet ! reports ( ! ,negro ,national ,bus9ess ,league1 :i* rec5tly met 9 ,atlanta1 w %[ t he is mak+ rapid progress 9 ! bus9ess _w4 ,all great m5 z well z races & nations suff]$ _! (f5ces4 ,wa%+ton1 ,l9coln & ,grant 7 great because !y _h to endure h>d%ips4 ,rob]t ,small1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glas & ,book] ,wa%+ton are great because !y 7 slaves4 ,! ,negro ( ! ,s\? 0 emancipat$ #ej ye>s ago )\t education1 )\t money1 )\t clo!s1 )\t food1 )\t ev5 a place to re/ 8 head1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 )\t a "n4 ,8 greate/ possession 0 ignorance4 ,if1 dur+ slav]y1 he 0 taught _m useful & helpful lessons1 dur+ slav]y1 also1 he 0 d5i$ ! opportunity ( ex]cis+ & develop+ ! greate/ requisite ( indep5d5ce1 self-reliance4 ,he 0 a new-born babe1 z a %ip 9 mid-ocean )\t a rudd]4 ,x 0 no?+ m ?an natural = him at times to drift1 at times to w&]1 & /ill at o!r times to /e] 9 ! wrong direction4 ,consequ5tly1 he made _m mi/akes1 "s ( !m s]i\s4 ,he made mi/akes 9 religion1 mi/akes 9 economics1 & mi/akes 9 politics1 b to my m9d 8 greate/ mi/ake 0 made 9 ! matt] ( education4 ,until ! ye> '#ie ! masses ( our p 9 ! ,black-,belt section ( ! ,s\? believ$ t ! end ( education 0 to free "o f manual labor1 especially f ! labor ( ! f>m4 ,!y fur!rmore believ$ t x 0 ! end ( education to take ! p f ! c\ntry to ! cities & o!rwise fit !m = only ?ree call+s1 namely1 ( tea*]1 ( prea*]1 & ( politician4 ,?is conception ( education 0 ent]ta9$ n only by ! masses1 b _m ( our s*ools & colleges enc\rag$ ! same view4 ,j at ?is p]iod1 :5 ! relation betwe5 ! races seem$ mo/ /ra9$1 !re loom$ on ! horizon ! ,book] ,wa%+ton idea1 ,t ! k9d ( education mo/ ne$$ by our p 0 t :i* w\ld dignify1 beautify1 & make attractive & desirable c\ntry life & at ! same "t fit our p = high & useful citiz5%ip4 ,mr4 ,wa%+ton fur!r cont5d$ t any education :i* did n manife/ itself 9 ! practical daily life ( ! p 0 n wor?y ( ! "n4 ,?is idea ( ,mr4 ,wa%+ton 0 inde$ timely1 b1 l all o!r great movem5ts = re=m1 x 0 n accompli%$ )\t ob/acles1 b 9 ! face ( _m dang]s & difficulties4 ,b ! dawn ( a new day is break+ & indu/rialism seems to be ! _s ( ! age4 ,! v fact t ! ,negro 0 n all[$ to att5d ! :ite man's s*ool 9 ! ,s\? gave ! ,negro a ,tuskegee4 ,! fact t no :ite educator 0 will+ to be> ! black man's burd5 gave him a ,book] ,wa%+ton4 ,= simil> reasons ! ,negro has be5 =c$ to build 8 own libr>ies1 8 own !atres1 8 own hotels1 & to e/abli% _m o!r bus9ess ent]prises4 ,h>d%ips1 trials1 p]secution1 & (f5ces are a prim>y necessity 9 life4 ,we ought n1 !re=e1 compla9 ( !m2 our trials h made u :at we are4 ,?is is pre-em95tly a progressive age4 ,! _w no long] /&s /ill4 ,we are ei!r go+ =w>d or backw>d1 ris+ or fall+2 !re is no su* ?+ z /&+ /ill4 ,^? phases ( our human activities t are /&+ /ill are dy+4 ,?is =w>d movem5t is n accompli%$ )\t ob/acles1 & :at is true ( politics & bus9ess is equally true ( individuals4 ,! greate/ /r5g? comes f ov]com+--f resi/ance & /ruggle4 ,,*apt] #bj4 ,,! ,,negro ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,,w>4 ,no book writt5 9 ! ye> #aiah w\ld be complete )\t a ^w ab\t ?is awful conflagration :i* is n[ sweep+ ov] ! e>?4 ,"o sometimes ?9ks t ! end is ne> & t ! _w is be+ de/roy$4 ,we "k t ev]y?+ t has be5 inv5t$ to advance civilization is n[ be+ us$ to de/roy x4 ,our "o consolation is t h[ev] imp]fect we may h be5 z a nation1 we "k t our cause is j & because ( ?is we believe t 9 ! end we w & mu/ w94 ,! "r has always be5 m p[]ful ?an ! wrong1 ev5 m p[]ful ?an might & x w prove true 9 ?is case4 ,i am be+ con/antly ask$ by :ite m5 9 bo? ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 ,h[ does ! ,negro reg>d ?is w> & :at ab\t 8 will+ness to %>e 9 its responsibilities4 ,i h only "o answ] = su* que/ions3 ,! ,negro n[ kn[s b "o ^w ',loyalty4' ,he is no ali51 he owes no allegiance to any o!r c\ntry1 !re is no hyph5 to 8 "n1 he is all ,am]ican1 he is will+ to fight & die1 t ! _w might be made safe = democracy4 ,he only asks t he may %>e 9 ?is democracy4 ,already !re are practically #bjj1jjj ,negroes :o h be5 call$ to ! colors & ?\s&s ( o!rs are expect$ to be call$4 ,i he> ( b few if any slack]s among !m1 :ile ?\s&s ( slack]s ( o!r races are be+ r\nd$ up by ! police 9 v>i\s cities ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! #bjj1jjj ,negro soldi]s :o are n[ at ! front & 9 ! camps h gone ) z brave he>ts z any ,am]ican citiz54 ,!y say1 ,silv] & gold1 h ,i b little1 b ,i give my life to ,uncle ,sam1 x is all t ,i c d4 ,! ,negro is n only furni%+ m5 to ! ,national ,army1 b he is do+ 8 "p to support ! boys at ! front4 ,he has b\ght ,lib]ty ,bonds to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,_m ( 8 bus9ess organizations1 societies & lodges h b\ght l>ge blocks ( ^! bonds4 ,on ,sunday morn+1 ,june #ad?1 ,dr4 ,cortl& ,l4 ,my]s ( ,tremont ,temple1 ,bo/on1 9 8 s]mon told ( an incid5t ( an old color$ woman :o _h work$ h>d & sav$ up ?ree hundr$ doll>s 9 ord] t %e might n at ! end be buri$ 9 ! paup]s' field1 b :5 %e read t ! ,unit$ ,/ates want$ money1 took all %e _h & c>ri$ x to ! bank to ! ag5t4 ,:5 ! ag5t gave h] ! ,lib]ty ,bond & told h] t %e w\ld get f\r p] c5t on h] money1 %e 0 utt]ly surpris$ & said1 ,"l1 ,boss1 ,i ?\ght ,i 0 giv+ ?is money to ,uncle ,sam4 ,?is woman _h only ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 b %e gave all4 ,y rememb] :at ,*ri/ said ab\t ^? :o 7 contribut+ to a great cause on "o occasion4 ,_m made l>ge gifts1 b "o poor woman came up & gave a p5ny :i* 0 all %e _h4 ,*ri/ on comm5t+ on ?is to 8 ,disciples said t %e _h giv5 m ?an all1 because %e _h giv5 all %e _h4 ,_m incid5ts ( ?is k9d may be cit$ z pro( ( ! ,negroes' loyalty 9 ?is /ruggle4 ,n only 9 ! ,lib]ty ,loan drive1 b 9 ! ,r$ ,cross & ,w> ,sav+s ,/amp drives1 ! ,negro is do+ 8 "p4 ,!re are ,negro ag5ts all ov] ! ,s\? :o are educat+ our p up to :at ! ,gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton wants4 ,su* s*ools z ,sn[ ,hill1 ,laur9burg1 ,d5m>k1 ,utica1 ,okalona & ,calh\n & _m o!rs are s]v+ z bureaus ( in=mation = ?is w> "w among ! ,negroes4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! ,negro is do+ 8 "p 9 ! v>i\s indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h he>d ( _m /rikes & walk-outs s9ce we ent]$ ! w>1 b n once h a gr\p ( ,negroes /ruck4 ,9 "s places :]e a few are work+ ) ! unions1 ! unions h =c$ !m out at ! risk ( _! lives1 b :]e he is free1 n[h]e 9 ?is c\ntry has ! ,negro /ruck dur+ ! w>4 ,he is do+ 8 bit on ! f>m4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,negro f>m]s1 man1 woman & *ild1 believe t !y c help w9 ! w> by mak+ a good crop & !y are at "w on ! f>m try+ to d ?is1 s y see t ! ,negro 9 e way is 9 ! w> to a f9i%4 ,^! are answ]s to que/ions ask$ me by ! :ite man bo? ,nor? & ,s\? z to ! attitude ( ! ,negro t[>d ?is _w's w>4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! ,negro soldi]s & civilians are n asleep & !y too are ask+ su* que/ions z ^!3-- ,are we to %>e 9 ! democracy = :i* we are giv+ our lives8 ,:5 ! _w is made safe = democracy1 w ! entire c\ntry be made safe = x8 ,w my fa!r1 "m1 si/] & bro!r be all[$ to %>e 9 ?is democracy8 ,w lyn*+s & burn+s at ! /ake cease8 ,w ! :ite man :o makes ! laws all[ ^! laws to take _! c\rse8 ,w !y all[ u or give u a fair trial be=e _! c\rts1 :i* h only :ite m5 z jurors8 ,w !y cease tax+ u )\t repres5tation8 ,w !y give u an equal "p ( ! money sp5t = education8 7,9 _m places 9 ! ,black ,belt ! ,negro *ild receives ?irty c5ts a ye> = education1 :ile ! :ite *ild receives fifte5 doll>s47 ,w ! ,negro be giv5 any "w t he is capable ( do+ & n be d5i$ x on acc\nt ( 8 color8 ,w x be possible = a ,negro travell+ f ,alabama to ,cali=nia or ,massa*usetts1 to f9d a place to sleep at night8 ,w ! baggage ma/]s & ! conductors ( ! ,s\? ev] treat ! ,negro pass5g]s ) c\rtesy & respect & f9ally w ! :ite man 9 ! ,s\? aft] mak+ ! laws = ! qualifications ( vot]s1 all[ a ,negro to vote if he measures up to ^! qualifications8 ,! ,negro does n c>e :at ^! qualifications may be4 ,he only wants a fair *ance 9 case he measures up to !m4 ,! ,negro only seeks equal rights & ju/ice be=e all ! c\rts ( ! l&4 ,he expects ?is because ( 8 tea*+s4 ,he 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry aga9/ 8 w1 ev5 aga9/ 8 prote/4 ,he has be5 giv5 ! :ite man's language1 8 hi/ory1 8 lit]ature1 8 ,bible & ev5 8 ,god4 ,8 aspirations1 inspirations & desires h be5 br\ght ab\t z a result ( ^! & if !y are wrong1 ! :ite man is to blame4 ,! ,negro has be5 taught to believe t ,god is no respect] ( p]sons & !re=e 8 subjects %\ld n be4 ,he ?\ght t if he did :at o!r m5 did he w\ld obta9 ! same results4 ,n[ evid5tly ! ,negro is a man4 ,he loves z o!r m5 d1 he lives z o!rs d1 he dies z o!rs die1 he has joy & sorr[ z o!rs d1 ev5 hates z o!rs d1 laughs & cries z o!rs4 ,he mu/ !re=e1 be a man z man is ! only be+ :i* possesses ^! faculties4 ,!n he asks = a man's *ance & ! _w w nev] be "r until ?is is giv5 him4 ,! _w w nev] be safe = democracy until all ! races ( ! e>? are all[$ to %>e 9 x4 ,9 answ] to all ( ! =ego+ que/ions ask$ me by bo? ! :ite & black1 ,i h said t ?+s w be bett] = ! ,negro aft] ! w>4 ,i h said t x 0 impossible = ! _w to be made safe = democracy unless e c\nty 9 ! ,s\? is made safe = x4 ,i h gone z f> z to cite a rec5t occurr5ce 9 ,camd51 ,wilcox ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 :]e m ?an "o hundr$ & =ty ,negroes 7 s5t to ! cantonm5ts & ,i 0 ask$ to be "o ( ! speak]s on ! occasion4 ,! :ite p !re gave ! ,negroes a great banquet & 9 my rem>ks aft] ?ank+ !m = _! hospitality1 ,i said ,t x w\ld be fooli% & c[>dly on my "p to /& "h 9 y\r pres5ce & say t z a race we h no grievances1 = we h !m1 b ?is is no "t to air !m4 ,:5 ! h\se is on fire x is no "t = family qu>rels1 b ! ?+ to d is to put ! fire out & !n we c adju/ ! qu>rels aft]4 ,today our ,national h\se is on fire & x is ! duty ( e man1 bo? :ite & black1 ri* & poor1 great & small1 to rise 9 8 might & put ! fire out & :5 ! fire is out1 we w see y ab\t ^! grievances4 ,i w5t a /ep fur!r & told t already ! w> _h br\ght "s good results z ?is 0 ! mo/ democratic day t ?is little city _h ev] se54 ,be=e ! w>1 two expressions 7 commonly us$ by ! :ite man & ! ,negro4 ,! ,negro's expression 0 ?is3--,i hav5't any c\ntry1 & ! :ite man's expression 03--,?is is a :ite man's c\ntry4 ,n[ bo? ( ^! classes are say+1 ,?is is our c\ntry4 ,i fur!r said t we %\ld w9 ?is w>1 because democracy 0 "r & autocracy is wrong1 & if we lose1 & ,god =bid t we %\ld1 ! fault w n be 9 democracy1 b x w be due to ! fact t we are n practic+ :at we prea*4 ,at ! close ( my rem>ks _m ( ! :ite citiz5s1 includ+ ! judge1 ! %]iff1 lawy]s & o!r prom95t m5 came =w>d & congratulat$ me on :at ,i _h said & "s said t ! :ite p ( ,camd5 ne$$ m ( su* pla9 talk4 ,i took ^! signs to mean t bett] ?+s 7 com+ = ! ,negro ( ! ,s\? aft] ! w>1 b ,i mu/ admit t :5 ,i read 9 ! ev5+ pap]s ( ,june #bg? t ,s5ator ,john ,%>p ,williams ( ,mississippi _h practically defeat$ ! bill = wom5 suffrage1 because he said t he favor$ ! vote = :ite wom5 only & t ! bill 9 its pres5t =m w\ld n be all[$ 9 8 /ate--,i mu/ confess t ?is action almo/ took away all ( my hopes especially aft] !re 0 no "o to rise & rebut 8 argum5t4 ,!re 0 no "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate to speak = democracy = all ! p4 ,n[ ,i ?9k t j su* _s z ?is exhibit$ by t great ,s5ator f ,mississippi is at ! f\ndation ( ?is _w's w> & until t _s is cru%$1 ,i fe> t ?is w> w cont9ue4 ,= ( a tru?1 ,god is no respect] ( p]sons4 ,n[ ,i h giv5 my answ]s to bo? ! ,negro & ! :ite man4 ,:at is ! answ] ( ! :ite man8 ,are we fight+ = democracy = all ! p1 or are we fight+ = democracy = ! :ite man only8 ,?is "q has nev] be5 answ]$ by ! :ite man1 b x mu/ be answ]$ aft] ?is great w>4 ,,app5dix ,address ,deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds on ! ,tw5tie? ,anniv]s>y ( ,8 ,graduation f ,tuskegee4 ,two decades ago1 tw5ty memb]s con/itut+ ! class ( '#ic1 receiv$ _! commission f ! illu/ri\s ,pr9cipal ( ?is great in/itution on yond] hill1 to g ye into all p>ts ( ! ,s\? & tea* & prea* ,tuskegee's gospel4 ,?is gospel 0 !n z x is n[1 a gospel ( s]vice4 ,n[ aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty ye>s we h assembl$ "h to review ! ef=ts ( pa/ ye>s4 ,al?\gh tw5ty ye>s are n long en\gh 9 :i* to record ! life's "w ( a class1 x is suffici5tly long to indicate ! direction 9 :i* ?is "w is t5d+4 ,s we come today1 n s mu* to tell :at we h accompli%$ z to tell :at we are do+ to r5ew our allegiance to our ,alma ,mat]1 & to assure its ,pr9cipal & memb]s ( ! ,faculty t our motto1 ,de$s ,n ,words1 is /ill our guid+ />4 ,f\r ( our numb] h pass$ to ! great beyond4 ,we mu/ !re=e wait a lat] & great] day to he> _! record read or told4 ,( ! rema9+ sixte51 we h lo/ all communication ) two1 & x w\ld be m]e speculation = u to say :at ^! two are do+4 ,we c only hope1 & d mo/ f]v5tly pray1 t :]ev] !y are !y h ) !m ! deep & abid+ _s ( ,tuskegee1 & ?is we believe !y h4 ,?is leaves !n only f\rte5 live1 vigor\s & active memb]s ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,all ( ^!1 except "o1 h be5 engag$ m or less 9 tea*+4 ,!y are locat$ z foll[s3 ,two 9 ,normal ,s*ool at ,sn[ ,hill1 ,alabama2 "o at ! head ( a l>ge ,indu/rial ,s*ool at ,topeka1 ,kansas2 ?ree 9 ,birm+ham1 ,alabama2 "o tea*+ 9 ,miles ,memorial ,college2 "o 9 ,gov]nm5t ,s]vice2 "o do+ settlem5t "w2 two are 9 ,a%eville1 ,n4 ,c41 :]e !y are engag$ 9 tea*+ & do+ settlem5t "w respectively2 ano!r tea*+ 9 ,do?an1 ,alabama2 two 9 ,montgom]y1 "o ( ^! tea*+ & ! o!r do+ settlem5t "w2 "o 9 ,selma1 ,alabama1 f>m+ & do+ ext5sion "w2 "o at ! head ( a prosp]\s ,indu/rial ,s*ool at ,*9a1 ,alabama1 & "o tea*+ 9 ,georgia4 ,all h be5 rem>kably successful & !y h t\*$ & made bett] ! lives ( m ?an five ?\s& s\ls4 ,:ile los+ _! lives = o!rs1 !y h sav$ _! own some:at1 mat]ially4 ,hav+ be5 out on ! tempe/u\s sea ( life = tw5ty ye>s amid/ bo? /orms & calms1 x may n be out ( place = u to speak a ^w ( w>n+ or make a few sugge/ions to ^? :o are to set sail today1 & to ^? :o hope to g to sea at a lat] date4 ,?is1 !n1 is our message4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is necess>y = y to "k :]e ! "w ( ! _w is to be done4 ,on "o occasion dur+ ,*ri/'s soj\rn on e>?1 ,he took a few ( ,8 disciples ) ,him ^u ! m\nta9 & !re transfigur$ ,himself4 ,he clo!d ,himself 9 heav5ly beauty & spl5dor2 ,he array$ ,himself 9 ,8 ,godlike p[]4 ,^! m5 7 s ov]joy$ at ?is manife/ation ( ,8 glory & p[]1 t old ,pet]1 impulsive z he 01 spoke out & said3 ',"l1 x is good = u to be "h1 if x be ,?y w1 let u build "h ?ree tab]nacles1 "o = ,!e1 "o = ,moses1 & "o = ,elias4' ,! place 0 s glori\s t !y want$ to abide !re4 ,b at ! same "t ! multitude 0 wait+ at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 hung]+ & desir+ to be f$2 nak$ & desir+ to be clo!d2 sick1 & desir+ to be heal$4 ,! "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples 0 n on ! transfigur$ m\nta91 b at ! foot among ! masses4 ,s z !y came d[n f ! m\nta91 !re met ,him a man ^: son 0 a lunatic1 desir+ t ! ,ma/] might heal him4 ,s on occasions l ?is :5 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton takes u ^u ! m\nta9 & reveals to u ,tuskegee 9 all ( h] beauty & spl5dor1 we are likely1 9 su* a /ate ( ec/asy1 to cry out say+1 ,pr9cipal ,wa%+ton1 x is good = u to be "h1 & let u build ?ree tab]nacles2 "o = !e1 "o = ,arm/rong1 & "o = ,d\glas4 ,b my fri5ds1 we _c abide "h4 ,we mu/ g d[n to ! foot ( ! m\nta9 among ! masses4 ,we mu/ g out into ! rural di/ricts = !re x is t ! p are a hungry & ?ir/y cr[d1 & !re x is t ! h>ve/ is great1 b ! labor]s are few1 & !re x is ! "w ( ! _w mu/ be done4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is1 t z y g out to "w1 y w f9d t = ! mo/ "p ,negro society is built ^u a false basis4 ,in/ead ( be+ built ^u ! s\nd basis ( m]it & "*1 x is built ^u display2 in/ead ( be+ built ^u sub/ance1 x is built ^u %ad[4 ,we ne$ "y m5 & wom5 :o h confid5ce 9 !mselves2 confid5ce 9 ! race1 & abid+ fai? 9 ,god4 ,we ne$ "y m5 & wom5 :o are m int]e/$ 9 ! opportunity to make a doll> ?an 9 ! privilege to sp5d "o4 ,we ne$ "y m5 & wom5 :o are imbu$ ) ! _s ( sacrifice & s]vice1 ^: mission is1 ',n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]4' ,we ne$ "y m5 & wom5 ) a purpose4 ,to illu/rate :at we mean by a purpose1 we take ! action ( ,grant dur+ ! late ,civil ,w>4 ,:5 ,w9field ,scott & ,mc,clellan _h practically fail$ ) ! army ( ! ,potomac & ?+s 7 look+ v d>k = ! ,union =ces1 ,lieut5ant ,u4 ,s4 ,grant 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( all ! ,union =ces4 ,f ! date ( 8 comm&1 8 purpose 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,day aft] day 8 comm& 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,:5 !y _h riv]s to =d & m\nta9s to climb1 8 comm& 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,at times ?\s&s 7 laid l[ by ! ravage ( disease1 b 8 comm& 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,:5 ! cannon ( 8 enemy ro>$ l ?und] & bullets l lightn+ /ruck 8 m5 d[n by ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 8 comm& 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,he receiv$ lett]s & telegrams by ! ?\s&s say+3 ',my ,god1 ,g5]al1 are y go+ to kill all ( our husb&s1 all ( our sons1 our bro!rs8 ,are y go+ to make all ( ! ,nor? a l& ( wid[s & orphans8' ,8 reply 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,:5 riv]s ( blood 7 be=e him1 flames ( fire swept ov] 8 =ces1 8 comm& 03 ',on to ,ri*mond4' ,& ! comm& nev] ceas$ until ,lee surr5d]$ 8 sword to ,grant at ,appomattox ,c\rt ,h\se4 ,we repeat1 t = ! "w t lies be=e u1 we ne$ "y m5 & wom5 ) a purpose4 ,a ?ird w>n+ is1 t we mu/ n mi/ake ! aim & end ( education4 ,y w f9d some:]e 9 ! ,bible a s5t5ce l ?is3 ',& ! ^w 0 made fle% & x dwell$ among u4' ,! ^w _h be5 spok5 by ,abraham2 ,moses ?und]$ x f ,mt4 ,s9ai's ragg$ br[2 ,ezekiel prea*$ x2 ,david sang x2 ,solomon proclaim$ x2 ,j]emiah prophesi$ x2 ,elijah saw x 9 ! :irlw9d2 ,moses saw x 9 ! burn+ bu%1 & ,isaiah saw x & 9 amazem5t cri$3 ',:o is ?is t come? f ,edom ) dy$ g>m5ts f ,bazroh8 ?is t is glori\s 9 8 app>el1 travel+ 9 ! greatness ( ,8 /r5g?8' ,b my fri5ds1 none ( ?is w\ld d4 ,speak+ ! ^w w\ld n atone2 he>+ x w\ld n r$eem2 & see+ x w\ld n save4 ,! ^w _h to be made fle% & blood 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & !n come d[n on e>? & live1 move1 & dwell among u4 ,z ) ! ^w1 s ) education4 ,y h be5 "h a numb] ( ye>s try+ to obta9 x4 ,y h he>d education f y\r tea*]s2 y h he>d x 9 ! class-rooms2 y h he>d x f ! plat=m2 y h he>d x 9 ! ,sunday-,s*ool2 y h glean$ x f y\r text-books2 y h sung x2 y h pray$ x2 y h spok5 x2 y h walk$ x2 y h assum$ x4 ,b none ( ^! w suffice4 ,education1 9 ord] to be real1 mu/ be appli$2 9 ord] to be effective1 x mu/ be dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,x mu/ become a "p ( y\r fle% & blood2 x mu/ trans=m y into a new creature & !n g out & move1 live & dwell among u4 ,& n[ a f9al ^w = ! class ( '#ic4 ,:at ( its loyalty to ,tuskegee1 our ,alma ,mat]8 ,x is true t at times our purposes & aims h be5 misund]/ood & miscon/ruct$2 at times y\r attitude t[>ds u has be5 mis9t]pret$1 b n once h we d\bt$ y\r love4 ,we hope t y h nev] mi/ru/$ ours4 ,x is true t at times we are tr\bl$ on e side1 yet n di/ress$2 we are p]plex$1 b n 9 dispair2 p]secut$1 b n =sak52 ca/ d[n1 b n de/roy$4 ,?r\gh all ( ?is1 our love & loyalty to de> old ,tuskegee has nev] wav]$1 & n[ z a tok5 ( ?is love & loyalty1 ,i h& to ,dr4 ,wa%+ton z a ,memorial ,s*ol>%ip = ! class ( '#ic1 a *eck = "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,i ?9k t ?is act pleas$ ,dr4 ,wa%+ton m ?an any?+ t _h ev] be5 done by ! class ( '#ic4 ,we all 7 pr\d ( ?is because we want$ ,dr4 ,wa%+ton to see t we _h n =gott5 :at he _h done = u4 ,we want$ to d ?is dur+ 8 lifetime1 & ?is we succe$$ 9 do+4 ,an address be=e ! ,alabama ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association1 held 9 ,montgom]y1 ,ala41 ! subject be+3 ,s*ool ,build+ ,"u ,difficulties4 ,!re is no "w p]ta9+ to ! welf>e ( our race t is ( m importance ?an t ( ! tea*]1 & no class ( p has a h>d] task to p]=m ?an ! e>ne/ & consci5ti\s ,negro tea*] ( today4 ,! problems t come be=e ! l>ge educational associations ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 are problems deal+ l>gely ) ! *ild1 su* z ! treatm5t ( backw>d *ildr51 treat+ ( abnormal *ildr51 c>e ( ! bl9d1 ( ! deaf1 special treatm5t = incorrigibles1 ! feeble m9d$1 & _m o!r k9ds ( m5tal & physical defectives4 ,o!r problems t dem& ! att5tion ( su* meet+s1 are problems deal+ ) ! tea*]1 8 prep>ation & qualification = ! v>i\s grades ( our s*ools1 = in/ance1 prep>ation ( ! tea*] = ! elem5t>y s*ool1 = ! second>y s*ool1 & = colleges & univ]sities4 ,^! associations also give mu* "t to su* subjects z ,! ,relation ( ,education to ,real ,life2 ,! ,defects ( our ,pres5t ,s*ool ,sy/em2 & h[ ^! defects may be rem$i$4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ c ! s*ool bett] fit ! /ud5t to take 8 place 9 ! social & economic life ( today8 ,i repeat1 ^! are ! problems :i* l>gely consume ! "t ( ^! educational meet+s4 ,!y are vital & f>-rea*+1 & dem& ! close/ att5tion ( our wise/ & be/ educators4 ,!y are n racial2 n sectional2 n ev5 national1 b are univ]sal 9 _! scope & tea*]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w mu/ cont5d ) !m4 ,! av]age ,negro tea*] ( ! ,s\? today mu/ assume 8 %>e ( ! burd5 ( ^! problems along ) o!r tea*]s1 :e!r he wills x or n4 ,9 addition to ?is he has to deal ) ! s]i\s problem ( 8 bread & butt]4 ,?is makes ! burd5 ( ! ,negro tea*] ( a two-fold nature1 & 9 ?is respect he is at a disadvantage ( ! av]age ,am]ican tea*]4 ,he has n z yet be5 able to live up to ! ,biblical injunction1 ',take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all dr9k1 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4' ,no tea*] c d 8 be/ s long z !re is d\bt & unc]ta9ty ab\t 8 daily bread4 ,! ,negro /ud5t :o f9i%es at "o ( our high] in/itutions ( le>n+ today1 & goes =? to tea*1 does n f9d ev]y?+ to 8 lik+4 ,he soon le>ns t !re has be5 no voice be=e him cry+ 9 ! wild]ness say+3 ',prep>e ye ! way ( ! tea*]1 make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our educator4' ,he le>ns "h = ! fir/ "t t 9 addition to ! ord9>y educational problems1 x is = him to exalt e valley1 make l[ e hill & m\nta91 make ! crook$ /raight1 & ! r\gh places pla94 ,he f9ds no way prep>$1 he mu/ make "o2 he f9ds no s*ool-h\se ready1 he mu/ build "o2 he f9ds no p anxi\sly await+ him1 he mu/ p]suade !m4 ,9 _m cases ! ,negro tea*] :o is imbu$ ) ! _s ( sacrifice & s]vice c truly say z did ! ,ma/]1 ',! foxes h holes & ! birds ( ! air h ne/s1 b ! tea*] :o w\ld r$eem a pov]ty /rick5 & ignorant p1 has n :]e to lay 8 head4' ,! purpose ( ! ,sn[ ,hill ,in/itute is to prep>e "y m5 & "y wom5 to g into communities :]e !y propose to "w & influ5ce ! p to /op liv+ 9 r5t$ "o-room log cab9s1 buy l&1 & build dwell+ h\ses hav+ at lea/ f\r rooms1 & ?us improve ! home life ( ! p4 ,second1 to influ5ce ! p to build bett] s*ool-h\ses & l5g!n ! s*ool t]ms & ?us by ar\s+ educational int]e/1 assi/ 9 br++ ab\t ! ne$$ re=m t is s ess5tial to economic & upright liv+2 & f9ally to promote good "* build+4 ,to "s ext5t ! purpose is be+ realiz$1 = m ?an "o ?\s& diff]5t /ud5ts :o h be5 m or less b5efit$ by hav+ sp5t a ye> or m "u its guidance1 are lead+ sob] & useful lives4 ,two hundr$ fifte5 h ei!r be5 grant$ c]tificates or diplomas1 & are engag$ z foll[s3 ,fifty are tea*]s1 tw5ty-five are h\sekeep]s1 ?ree ( ! tea*]s h f\nd$ s*ools ( _! own1 "o at ,laur9burg1 ,n4 ,c41 "o at ,we/ ,butl]1 ,alabama1 & "o at ,ri*mond1 ,alabama4 ,?\gh ! majority ( ! ex-/ud5ts are locat$ 9 ! ,black ,belt ( ,alabama & are engag$ pr9cipally 9 f>m+1 a l>ge numb] ( !m are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ /ates3 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,,app5dix ,,address ,,deliv]$ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,edw>ds ,,9 ,,bessem]1 ,,alabama ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,times ,x 0 cu/om>y 9 anci5t times = nations to build walls ar\nd _! cities to protect !m f ! enemy4 ,w> 0 ! rule1 & peace ! exception4 ,nations !re=e sp5t mo/ ( _! "t 9 prep>+ = w>1 z !y believ$ t _! advancem5t dep5d$ l>gely ^u _! conque/4 ,wat*m5 w\ld be plac$ "h & !re on ! walls to keep a %>p look-out = ! enemy & :5 detect$1 w\ld w>n ! inhabitants ( 8 approa*4 ,z a result ( ^! w>like times & milit>y activities1 "s ( ! _w's greate/ g5]als 7 produc$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,und\bt$ly1 conditions "h m5tion$1 exi/$ because ( ! poor me?ods ( transportation & communication t 7 unc]ta9 dur+ t day1 = s9ce ! adv5t ( ! /eam-eng9e1 telegraph1 telephone1 ! automobile1 & o!r means ( rapid transit1 national l9es ( dem>cation h be5 becom+ less di/9ct4 ,z nations commun$ ) nations & und]/ood ea* o!r bett]1 !y f\nd less causes = diff]5ces & less ne$ ( wat*m5 on ! walls4 ,we _c help b believe t ) a bett] k ( ea* race by ! o!r & on ! "p ( ea* a bett] und]/&+ ( ! great & common end ( life1 :i* is to s]ve & uplift1 t racial /rife & conflict w cease & ere long ?is old _w w become ! k+dom ( our ,god4 ,b ^! are n anci5t times & ?+s t 7 are n n[4 ,! cities ( ! pla9 are no long] sep>at$1 = ! walls h be5 demoli%$ & in/ead ( ! wat*m5 we h ! tea*]1 ! prea*] & ! politician to tell u ! signs ( ! times4 ,?is is1 pre-em95tly1 a progressive age2 an age ( go+ =?2 an age 9 :i* ?+s move4 ,) ! new & v>i$ inv5tions ( ! #ai? & #bj? ,c5turies1 old cu/oms & conditions are rapidly pass+ away & ^? nations1 races1 & individuals :o _c adju/ !mselves to ^! new conditions mu/ be left beh9d4 ,j n[ grave & s]i\s problems confront ! ,am]ican ,p & ?is1 9 itself1 is a pro( ( our go+ =?4 ,we mu/ n deprecate !m1 we mu/ n %irk !m1 !y are ours1 we mu/ face !m manfully1 mu/ %\ld] !m & /& up & walk4 ,^! problems are ! mo!rs ( progress & in/ead ( try+ to turn f !m or to dodge !m1 we %\ld rejoice because we live at a "t :5 we c help 9 ! solution ( su* complex problems1 ^: results w h su* f> rea*+ & la/+ effect ^u ! social & economic life ( ! ,am]ican ,p4 ,?is c\ntry is "o & insep>able & :atev] is b5eficial to ! :ite man is b5eficial to ! black man also4 ,! negro _c hope at ! pres5t to play a v important "p 9 ! solution ( great que/ions4 ,at our be/ ! "p we mu/ play c only be second>y4 ,fir/1 because our bus9ess op]ations h n br\ght u into intimate relation to ^! que/ions & we d n fully compreh5d _! mean+4 ,second1 we c d b little because ^! que/ions are political 9 _! nature & mu/ be settl$ by ! ballot4 ,! ,negro 9 ?is section has be5 disfran*is$ & !re=e he _c play at t game4 ,our be+ ?us h&icapp$ & prohibit$ f assi/+ 9 ! solution ( ^! great problems1 is no reason :y we %\ld say !re is no?+ we c d4 ,if y _c cross ! ocean ,& ! hea!n l&s explore ,y c f9d ! hea!n ne>]2 ,y c help !m at y\r door4 ,!re are "s problems1 h[ev]1 t are )9 our rea*1 ^u ! solution ( :i* dep5ds our future welf>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are1 ineffici5cy1 vagrancy1 & crime4 ,= a long "t we h be5 he>+ ( ! ineffici5cy ( ! ,negro tea*]1 ! ineffici5cy ( ! ,negro prea*]1 b all ! :ile x 0 said t he 0 a good work]2 t he 0 only fitt$ to d manual labor4 ,! cry has gone out & is rapidly spread+ to ! effect t ! ,negro is wor?less2 t !re is ineffici5cy 9 ! pulpit1 ineffici5cy 9 ! s*ool-room1 & n[ ineffici5cy on ! f>m4 ,ineffici5cy ev]y:]e4 ,our race has lo/ _m places ( tru/ & honor because ( ?is cry4 ,i "k p]sonal cases :]e ,negro m5 h be5 replac$ by :ite m5 because1 !y say1 ! black m5 7 ineffici5t4 ,?is is z mu* true 9 ,new ,york z x is 9 ,alabama4 ,z ! supply ( effici5t m5 increases1 ! dem& = ineffici5t m5 w decrease & soon] or lat] !re w be no room = ! ineffici5t man4 ,he w be idle1 _c get any "w to d4 ,he w be add$ to ! vagrant class4 ,already ?is class is too l>ge among u2 /rong able-bodi$ m5 walk+ ab\t ) no home & no?+ to d4 ,?is is a dang]\s class4 ,( c\rse1 unless ! vagrant gets "s "w to d he w />ve or h to leave ! c\ntry2 b ?is man does n d ei!r4 ,he becomes a p>asite & lives ( ! hone/ toil ( o!rs4 ,sometimes he lives out ( ! :ite man's kit*51 because 8 swee!>t is ! cook2 sometimes because 8 old "m is a wa% woman1 & sometimes because 8 si/] is a nurse4 ,?is is ! class1 my :ite fri5ds1 t gives y tr\ble1 ?is is ! class t gives u tr\ble1 ?is is ! class t w give tr\ble to any community & we are z anxi\s z y are to rid ourselves ( ?is body ( dea?4 ,n[ ! be/ class ( ,negroes & ! be/ class ( :ite p are agre$ z to ! fact t ?is dang]\s class mu/ be gott5 rid (1 b !y diff] z to me?ods4 ,! ,negro believes mo/ly 9 ! prev5tive me?od1 ! :ite man mo/ly 9 ! cure me?od4 ,! ,negro says a good s*ool 9 e community w prev5t1 ! :ite man says a good jail 9 e c\nty w cure4 ,! ,negro says tea* ! law1 ! :ite man says en=ce ! law4 ,! ,negro cries = a /ate re=matory = ! boys & girls ( 8 race1 ! :ite man cries = ! p5it5ti>y = !m4 ,n[1 ?is is n a v great diff]5ce aft] all & we %\ld get toge!r by ea* ask+ = ! be/ s*ools to prev5t ^! evils & !n :5 ! evils are committ$1 ask+ = ! /ricte/ law = _! puni%m5t4 ,z = my "p1 x is n a "q 9 my m9d z to ! cause ( ?is increas+ class among my p4 ,x is pla9 to me t ignorance is ! cause ( ineffici5cy1 ineffici5cy ! cause ( vagrancy1 & vagrancy ! cause ( crime4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 seek ! rem$y 9 ! removal ( ! cause4 ,if ignorance be ! "m ( ineffici5cy1 ineffici5cy ! "m ( vagrancy1 & vagrancy ! "m ( crime1 x is pla9 t ! removal ( ignorance w /op ! o!rs4 ,?is c only be done by education & civic righte\sness4 ,i wi% "h to emphasize ! fact t education is ! s\rce ( all we h & ! spr+ ( all our future joys4 ,our religion1 our morality1 & t :i* is highe/ & be/ 9 our social & civic life1 all come f education4 ,!re=e1 x is ! prim>y factor 9 ! elevation ( all races4 ,our education %\ld be ( a ?reefold nature1 viz43 ,lit]>y1 ,indu/rial & ,religi\s4 ,no limit %\ld be plac$ ^u ! ,negro's lit]>y qualification4 ,a race s l>gely segregat$ z ours1 ne$s its own tea*]s1 prea*]s1 lawy]s1 doctors1 ph>maci/s1 & o!r pr(essional & bus9ess m51 & !re=e !y %\ld be giv5 ! highe/ & be/ education t is obta9able4 ,if our prea*]s & tea*]s are ineffici5t1 x is because !y are improp]ly educat$4 ,if ! *ur*es are gr[+ cold & dy+ & ! s*ools accompli%+ b v little good1 x is because religion is n be+ made practical & education n be+ made to apply to our e day life4 ,su* an end c only be accompli%$ ?r\gh well & sy/ematically tra9$ tea*]s & prea*]s4 ,bett] tea*]s & bett] prea*]s w g a long way t[>ds ! alleviation ( our ills4 ,if we w\ld secure ! k9d ( education "h ref]r$ to1 we mu/ be will+ to pay = x2 we mu/ make a sacrifice1 we mu/ c>e less ab\t =ms & fa%ions & m ab\t ! high] ?+s ( life4 ,we mu/ see less evils 9 ! doll> & m good4 ,we mu/ n only h a good education1 b we mu/ h good indu/rial tra9+4 ,?is is a sci5tific z well z a lit]>y age4 ,a sci5tific age is always an age ( inv5tions & ) new inv5tions comes ! dem& = m5 qualifi$ to manage l>ge int]e/s & complicat$ ma*9]y4 ,?is dem& c only be suppli$ by indu/rially tra9$ m5 & wom54 ,?is mu/ be done 9 our indu/rial s*ools4 ,our h&s %\ld be z truly tra9$ to "w z our m9ds to ?9k1 & any education t tea*es o!rwise1 is n wor?y ( ! "n4 ,i "k t 9 "s sections my p are prejudic$ t[>ds indu/rial s*ools1 b ?is is fooli% 9 ! extreme4 ,if we are to hold our own 9 ?is c\ntry1 x mu/ be by our ability to d "w & to d x 9 ! mo/ acceptable mann]4 ,we are 9 a f>m+ section & ,i believe t we %\ld !re=e /rive to be ! be/ f>m]s 9 ! _w4 ,let u make a specialty ( all ! trades t are relat$ 9 anyway to agriculture2 endeavor to become ! be/ /ock rais]s1 ! be/ truck g>d5]s1 ! be/ cooks1 ! be/ wa% wom51 ! be/ h\sekeep]s1 ! be/ dress mak]s1 ! be/ blacksmi?s1 & 9 fact1 ! be/ 9 all t p]ta9s to c\ntry life4 ,let u get hold ( ! l&s we cultivate z f> z possible & build bett] homes & keep our homes clean4 ,b y say t we d n ne$ indu/rial tra9+4 ,let u see4 ,_m ye>s ago ,h5ry ,clay1 9 ord] to enc\rage home indu/ry1 introduc$ a bill 9 ! ,k5tucky ,legislature to ! effect t ! p ( t /ate %\ld use no?+ save :at c\ld be produc$ 9 ! /ate4 ,suppose today ! :ite man ( ?is c\ntry %\ld say t ! ,negro mu/ use only ! ?+s :i* he c\ld make1 :at w\ld be 8 condition8 ,c\ld we cook ) prop] ut5sils8 ,c\ld we eat ) knives & =ks8 ,c\ld we dress z we d n[8 ,practically ev]y?+ we we> or use 0 made by ! :ite man & 7 he to in/itute su* actions we w\ld be helpless to provide = ourselves4 ,9 our que/ = k1 we mu/ n ov]look ! education ( ! he>t4 ,our religion %\ld be made practical4 ,x mu/ be real & n vision>y4 ,no o!r w suffice4 ,our religion mu/ consi/ m 9 de$s & less 9 words4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 #baj correct$ to #abj 7,table ( ,cont5ts7 ,tuskeegee correct$ to ,tuskegee 7page #dg7 phosporus correct$ to phosphorus7page #ia7 ,"s quotes are op5$ ) m>ks b are n clos$4 ,obvi\s errors h be5 sil5tly clos$1 :ile ^? requir+ int]pretation h be5 left op54 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 & hyph5ation usage h be5 reta9$4