,,contributions ,,f   ,,! ,,museum ,,(  
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3   ,,pap] #g   
,,m9e ,,pump+ ,,9   ,,agricola',s ,,"t  
,,& ,,lat]    ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf       
,by ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf    ,,m9e ,,pump+
 ,,9 ,,agricola',s ,,"t ,,& ,,lat]      
,co9s are a s\rce ( in=mation mu* us$ by
 hi/orians4 ,elaborately detail$ m9+    
l&scapes on #af?-c5tury ,g]man co9s 9 ! 
,national ,museum1 discov]$ by ! curator
 ( numismatics & br\ght to ! au?or's    
att5tion1 l$ to ?is /udy ( e>ly         
m9e-pump+ devices4  ,,! ,,au?or3 ,rob]t 
,p4 ,mul?auf is curator ( ,sci5ce &     
,te*nology1 ,museum ( ,hi/ory &         
,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian             
,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national   
,museum4    ,! habit ( heavy reliance on
 a s+le s\rce = ! sub/ance ( ! hi/ory ( 
,m$ieval & ,r5aissance m9+ te*niques 9  
,europe has l$ to a r dra/ic            
ov]-simplification ( t hi/ory1 a        
condition :i* p]si/s t5aci\sly 9 ! rec5t
 acc\nts ( ,p>sons1 ,wolf1 &            
,bromehead4#a ,our preoccupation )      

,agricola1 :o has be5 well kn[n to !    
,engli%-language public s9ce ! ,hoov]s' 
translation ( #aiab1 seems to h inhibit$
 ! inve/igation ( ! developm5t ( !      
ma*9es he describes s elegantly4 ,m     
s]i\sly1 ! op9ion t m9+ te*niques rema9$
 ess5tially ! same = a c5tury or two    
beyond 8 "t appe>s to h h>d5$ into a    
conviction4#b  ,! hi/ory ( ! te*nology (
 m9+1 z di/+ui%$ f metallurgy1 is l>gely
 a hi/ory ( me*anization1 & t           
me*anization has until ! la/ c5tury     
consi/$ pr9cipally 9 ! developm5t ( :at 
,agricola calls tractoriae--haul+       
ma*9es4 ,t haul+ ma*9es ( "s complexity1
 ,ar*im$ian screws & a k9d ( noria1 7   
us$ by ! ,romans = dewat]+ m9es has be5 
kn[n = "s "t4 ,evid5ce ( ! survival (   
?is te*nology beyond ! fall ( ,rome     
rema9s to be f\nd1 & x is g5]ally agre$ 
t m9+ activity decl9$ ?r\gh ! fir/      
mill5ium4 ,! revival & ext5sion ( m9+ 9 
! c5tral ,european areas ( ,g]man       
settlem5t is ?\ght to h occurr$ f ! #aj?
 c5tury1 ) an int5sive developm5t ( !   

region kn[n to ,agricola 7,erzgebirge7 9
 ! #ac? c5tury4#c  ,?is revival appe>s  
to h p>allel$ 9 g5]al ! political &     
cultural revival1 b1 z 9 any m9+ region1
 ! exhau/ion ( easily workable surface  
deposits m>k$ a critical po9t1 :5 !     
necessity ( deep] m9+ l$ to !           
con/ruction ( support$ tunnels & !      
introduction ( ma*9]y = remov+ ores &   
wat] f deep m9es4 ,on ! basis (         
revisions ( capital /ructure & m9+ law  
:i* he reg>ds z inspir$ by ! f9ancial   
necessities ( deep m9+1 ,be*tel dates   
?is developm5t f ! mid-#ad? c5tury4#d ,!
 mid-#ad? c5tury situation is confus$ by
 ! occurr5ce ( ! ,black ,dea?1 :i* r$uc$
 m9+ activity dra/ically1 & ! ev5ts (   
:i* ,be*tel speaks h be5 put z mu* z a  
c5tury lat]4#e ,9 any case1 ! developm5t
 ( deep-m9+ me?ods _h cle>ly made       
consid]able progress 9 nonf]r\s m9es :5 
! ,de re metallica 0 writt51 9 #aeef4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,,brunswick 
,,silv] #c-a_/b ,,tal]1 ,johann         
,fri$ri*1 #afgg4 7,u4 ,s4 ,national     

,museum1 ,paul ,a4 ,/raub coll42        
,smi?sonian photo #dcccd-;,c47          
,,m9e-,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y ,,illu/rat$ ,,by 
,,brunswick ,,multiple ,,tal]s       ,^!
 l>ge silv] co9s weigh+ up to #ae ounces
 7 fir/ issu$     9 #aegd 9 ,brunswick  
by ,duke ,julius 7#aefh-aehi7 ( !       
,wolf5buttel     l9e4 ,_! hi/orical     
backgr\nd is r unusual & int]e/+4       
,9 #aegj ! ,duke decid$ to increase !   
output ( 8 silv] m9es     9 ! ,h>z &    
arrang$ = ! op5+ ( ?ree new m9es4 ,9    
ord] to insure ! ret5tion ( a portion ( 
?is increas$ silv]     output "u 8      
control1 ! ,duke decid$ to issue an     
entirely new     k9d ( silv] co9 :i* he 
call$ ,loes]1 mean+ r$eem]4     ,^! 7   
l>g] ?an tal]-size pieces1 & 7 /ruck 9  
d5om9ations f #a-a_/d to #af tal]s4 ,!  
,duke ord]$ t ea* (     8 subjects 0 to 
pur*ase "o ( ^! l>ge co9s1 ! size (     
! co9 to be acquir$ dep5d+ on !         
individual's weal?4 ,!     own]s 7 n    
all[$ to use ^! pieces 9 ev]yday trade1 
b     c\ld pawn !m 9 case ( dire ne$4   

,!y 7 expect$ to produce     !m at any  
"t ^u dem&4 ,?us a means ( ho>d+1 a     
treasure     piece1 0 creat$1 & ! risk (
 dra9+ ! c\ntry's weal?     ?r\gh       
replacem5t ( good1 full-weight silv]    
co9s ) import$     base curr5cy 0 to "s 
ext5t limit$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,duke    
_h a consid]able sum ( money at 8       
disposal 9 case (     em]g5cy4          
,simil> ,loes]s 7 issu$ up to #afhh by  
diff]5t rul]s (     ,brunswick4 ,"s ( ! 
lat] issues are commemorative 9 "*     &
 might h s]v$ = pres5tation purposes4 ,!
 workman%ip (     ! majority is         
exquisite4 ,!y portray p]sonages real & 
ideal     & ornate coats ( arms1 9      
addition to ! elaborate m9+     l&scapes
 %[n "h4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is
 =tunate 9     hav+ a numb] ( examples  
?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,mr4 ,paul ,a4       
,/raub4      ,= call+ my att5tion to ^! 
co9s1 & = o!r invaluable     assi/ance1 
,i am indebt$ to ! =m] curator ( !      
numismatic     collections ( ! ,u4 ,s4  
,national ,museum1 ! late ,/u>t ,mo%]1  

& to ! pres5t curator1 ,dr4 ,v4         
,cla9-,/efanelli4      ,figure #a %[s an
 ov]%ot wat]:eel driv+ ?r\gh ,/ang5kun/5
     pumps 9 ?ree sep>ate %afts1 ea*    
cov]$ by ! typical conical     %aft     
h\se4 ,x is possible t ^! %aft h\ses    
also cov] horse     :ims us$ to op]ate  
bucket hoi/s su* z t %[n 9 ! l[]        
c5t]4 ,a h\se ) ?ree *imneys 9 !        
backgr\nd may be !     smelt]4 ,! horse 
ov] ^: head ! ,deity holds a wrea? is a 
symbol ( ,luneb]g4   ,= a detail$       
description ( ! me*anical equipm5t ( ?is
 era we are l>gely indebt$ to ,agricola4
 ,he classifies haul+ ma*9es into f\r   
types2 ! ord9>y bucket w9dlass1 ! pi/on 
7suction7 pump1 ! *a9 ( dipp]s1 & ! rag 
& *a9 pump4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ ?ree _h be5  
kn[n 9 antiquity1 & ! la/ p]haps a      
c5tury be=e 8 "t1#f _! use 9 m9+ w\ld   
appe> to date f ! mid-#ad? c5tury or    
lat]4 ,8 is n an hi/orical acc\nt1 & "o 
:o attempts to comp>e x ) o!rs (        
contempor>y or lat] times enc\nt]s a    
difficulty 9 8 use ( descriptive ,lat9  

names r ?an ! common ,g]man names us$ by
 mo/ o!rs4 ,engli% & ,g]man editors h   
int]pret$ !m z foll[s3#g    ,lat9       
,engli%          ,g]man   bulga         
wat] bucket       ,wass]kubel1 ,kehrrad 
orbiculis             suction pump      
,pumpe   situlis               *a9 (    
dipp]s   ,kann5 7w]ke71 ,bulg5kun/#h    
ma*9a1 quae pilis   rag & *a9           
,he9z5kun/1 ,tas*5kun/#i     aquas      
hauriut         pump   ,illu/ration3    
,figure #b4--;,,brunswick ,,silv]       
#a-a_/b ,,tal]1 ,ern/ ,augu/1 #afhh4    
7,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,paul ,a4   
,/raub coll42 ,smi?sonian photo         
#dcccd-;,a47       ,figure #b %[s two   
%aft-h\ses cov]+ pumps driv5 by         
,/ang5kun/54 ,! s\rce ( p[]1 hidd5 by ! 
curi\s log     cab9 at ! "r1 0 probably 
a wat]:eel4 ,i h n f\nd     evid5ce t ! 
,/ang5kun/ 0 us$ to op]ate bucket hoi/s1
 z     appe>s to be ! case "h4 ,x w be  
notic$ t ! above &     bel[ gr\nd       
portions ( ^! illu/rations d n correlate
     precisely4 ,?is co91 l ! o!rs1 %[s 

m9]s do+ v>i\s     ?+s famili> f        
,agricola--div9+1 digg+1 c>ry+1 &       
op]at+ w9dlasses4      ,figure #c       
exhibits ! pr9cipal advantage ( !       
,/ang5kun/1 9     its utilization to    
connect a wat]:eel locat$ 9 a valley    
/ream     to driv5 ma*9]y on ! m\nta9 "s
 di/ance above4 ,!     lute-play+ girl  
7,laut5spiel]97 ref]s to ! ,laut5tal    
m9e4 ,a     ,/ang5kun/ 7fig4 #g7 exi/$  
"h z rec5tly z #aicj4      ,! m9es %[n 9
 figures #a-c are 9 ! ,h>z region4      
,figures #d & #e %[ ! ,/4 ,anna m9e 9 ! 
,erzgebirge1 ne>     ,freib]g1 z        
illu/rat$ on a m$al 9 ! ,brunswick      
museum4     ,prom95t 9 figure #d is an  
aqu$uct1 "o function ( :i* is to        
supply a wat]:eel 9 ! h\se bel[1 :i* 9  
turn deliv]s p[]     ?r\gh ! ,/ang5kun/ 
to two op5 %afts4 ,! rev]se 7fig4 #e71  
an unusually f9e view ( ! inn] work+s ( 
a m9e1 %[s1 above     gr\nd1 a typical  
horse :im driv+ a bucket w9dlass4 ,bel[ 
gr\nd     is %[n a crank-driv5 pi/on    
pump typical ( ^? driv5 by              

,/ang5kun/4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is    
driv5 by an und]gr\nd     v]tical       
treadmill4   ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#c4--;,,brunswick ,,silv] #d ,,tal]1    
,ern/ ,augu/1 #afhe4 7,u4 ,s4 ,national 
,museum1 ,paul ,a4 ,/raub coll42        
,smi?sonian photo #dcccd-;,a47          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,,m$al1      
#afij1 ,,%[+ ,,/4 ,,anna ,,m9e1 ne>     
,freib]g4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,/adtis*es  
,museum1 ,brauns*weig47  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #e4--,,rev]se ,,( ,,m$al %[n 9  
figure #d4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,/adtis*es 
,museum1 ,brauns*weig47   ,! resemblance
 ( ! ,g]man t]m = bag 7,bulge7 to !     
,lat9 t]m = bucket 7bulga7 in/ead ( !   
,lat9 t]m = bag 7canalis71 & ! pres5ce (
 buckets 7,kbeln71 bags 7,bulg571       
pockets 7,tas*571 or cans 7,kann57 z    
compon5ts ( ?ree ( ,agricola's f\r      
categories ( haul+ ma*9es are reasons   
en\gh = ! app>5t sup]fluity ( ,g]man    
names1 if n = 8 decision to avoid ! use 
( ,g]man names4 ,b x %\ld also be not$ t
 ! names sometimes ref] to a pump & its 

prime mov] consid]$ z a s+le ma*9e4 ,su*
 is ! case ) ! ,kehrrad1 a bucket       
w9dlass driv5 by a rev]sible wat]:eel   
:i* ,agricola describes z 8 l>ge/ haul+ 
ma*9e4#aj  ,agricola describes #bc haul+
 devices ( ^! f\r types1 ! div]sity     
result+ g5]ally f ! application ( ?ree  
types ( prime mov]s1 m51 horses1 &      
wat]:eels1 & 9 ! end[m5t ( ea* 9 turn ) 
a me*anical advantage 9 ! =m ( ge>+4#aa 
,al?\gh he does n specify cle>ly !      
relative importance ( ! v>i\s pumps1 !  
majority 7#ac7 use man z ! prime mov]4  
,he speaks ( ! advantages ( "s1 not+ t !
 horse :im has a p[] two & a half times 
t ( ! man w9dlass1 & emphasiz+ ! ev5    
great] p[] available 9 fl[+ wat] :5 a   
runn+ /ream c be div]t$ to a m9e4 ,! mo/
 p[]ful ma*9e !n 9 use = deep m9es      
appe>s to h be5 ! horse-p[]$ rag & *a9  
pump4  ,su*1 !n1 7 ! important m9+      
ma*9es ( ?is e>ly p]iod ( deep m9+1     
accord+ to ! lead+ au?ority4 ,b did !y  
cont9ue1 z has be5 claim$1 to be ! only 
important ma*9es ( ! subsequ5t c5tury8  

,g4 ,e4 ,lohneyss1#ab writ+ a little ov]
 a half c5tury aft] ! publication ( ,de 
re metallica1 decl>$3       ,! old m9]s 
alt5 ,b]gleute _h ,he9tz51 ,k]ratt1     
,bulg5kun/1 ,tas*5-kun/1 ,pump51 ) :i*  
"o lift$ wat]      ) cans on pulleys or 
) a treadmill2 & !y devis$ &            
con/ruct$ ^! 9 :i* ! poor p mov$ l      
cattle &      wore !mselves out4 ,at t  
"t !y _h p[]ful ma*9es      7,kun/7 us+ 
swift wat]1 al?\gh x co/ mu* to erect & 
ma9ta9 !m1 & 0 v dang]\s s9ce an iron   
*a9 ( a      ,bulg5kun/ alone (t5 weigh$
 #bjj c5tn] ov] #aj tons &      m4      
,b today's artisan jetzig5 ,kn/l] f>    
surpasses ! old 444      s9ce we h 9 !  
pres5t "t inv5t$ _m o!r m9+      ma*9es2
 su* z ! ,/ang5kun/ mit dem krumm5      
,zapff51 :i*      raises wat] at small  
co/ ov] #ajj ,la*t] #efb feet4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,,/ang5kun/1 
,,%[+ ,,driv+ ,,:eel1 ,,feldkun/1 ,,&   
,,kun/kreuz4 ,f ,h4 ,calvr 7see footnote
 #ae74   ,! ,/ang5kun/1 :i* c be r\ghly 
translat$ z rod "w ) crank1 0 a pi/on   

pump driv5 ?r\gh a crank & rods by a    
prime mov] locat$ at a di/ant po9t4     
,agricola describes a crank-driv5 pi/on 
pump1 call+ x a new ma*9e inv5t$ t5 ye>s
 e>li]4#ac ,b x is n driv5 bya di/ant   
prime mov]4 ,l 8 o!r wat]-p[]$ haul+    
ma*9es x c only be us$ :5 a runn+ /ream 
c be div]t$ to a m9e4 ,s f> z we c      
det]m9e f int]nal evid5ce1 ,agricola did
 n "k ! ,/ang5kun/4  ,al?\gh ! full     
developm5t ( ! ,/ang5kun/ came lat]1 x 0
 app>5tly introduc$ 9 ,agricola's "t4   
,its introduction to ! ,erzgebirge has  
be5 put z e>ly z #aeej4ad ,accord+ to   
ano!r au?ority x 0 introduc$ to ! ,h>z 9
 #aefe by "o ,he9ri* ,es*5ba* (         
,meiss54#ae ,its significance is only   
made cle> to u by lat] au?orities4 ,z   
%[n 9 figure #c x 0 adapt$ to !         
utilization ( a di/ant /ream1 ?r\gh !   
,feld/ang51 an ext5d$ horizontal s]ies (
 reciprocat+ rods1 & ! ,kun/kreuz 7fig4 
#f71 a lev] 9 ! %ape ( a cross = *ang+  
at "r angles ! direction ( p[]          
transmission4 ,^! improvem5ts may h be5 

almo/ contemporane\s ) ,agricola1 z     
,calvr m5tions ! use ( ! ,feldkun/1 :i* 
t]m signifi$ ! ext5d$ rods1 z hav+ be5  
kn[n 9 #aefe4  ,! disadvantage ( mov+ ! 
weight ( a long ext5sion ( rods 0       
obviat$1 dur+ ! #ag? c5tury1 ?r\gh ! use
 ( a d\ble set ( balanc$ rods1 resembl+ 
a pantograph4 ,at "s lat] date ! horse  
:im 0 fitt$ ) a crank & adapt$ to !     
,/ang5kun/1#af ?us p]mitt+ ! e/abli%m5t 
( a v]itable p[] network1 z sugge/$ 9   
figure #a4  ,! ,freib]g m9e director    
,m>t9 ,plan] report$ 9 #aegj !          
in/allation s9ce #aeeg ( ?irty-eight    
,kun/5 und ,zeug5 9 m9es "u 8 *>ge4 ,t  
^! 7 wat]-p[]$ ma*9es is cle> f 8 rem>k 
t _! co/ 0 only #aj to #bj p]c5t t (    
,pf]d5 und ,kne*t54#ag ,x is likely t _m
 if n mo/ 7 ,/ang5kun/51 = m9+ treatises
 ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies te/ify to !   
cont9u\s ext5sion ( ?is me*anism4#ah    
,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( its       
importance is its repres5tation on !    
illu/rat$ co9age ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,^!   
multiple tal]s 7figs4 #a1 #b1 #c71 happy

 products ( ! +5i\s fiscal policies ( ! 
,dukes ( ,brunswick1 picture m9+        
activity 9 ! #ag? c5tury no less        
elegantly ?an d ! woodcuts ( ,de re     
metallica a c5tury e>li]4 ,! ,/ang5kun/ 
receiv$ its mo/ spectacul> application 9
 ,france1 9 its application to ! driv+ (
 ! second- & ?ird-/age pumps 9 ! fam\s  
wat]works at ,m>ly 7#afha-hh71 b its    
real importance is bett] illu/rat$ 9    
c5tral ,europe1 by ! _m descriptions &  
draw+s %[+ its use 9 ! m9es1 driv+      
ma*9]y z di/ant z a mile#ai f ! s\rce ( 
p[]4   ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#g4--;,,feldge/ange 7,,/ang5kun/7 ,,ne> 
,,laut5tal4 ,f ,c4 ,mats*oss1 ,te*nis*e 
,kulturd5kmal1 ,muni*1 #aicb4   ,x      
seems1 !re=e1 t ,lohneyss' old m9]s 7 ^?
 describ$ by ,agricola1 & t ! m9e-haul+ 
ma*9]y us$ 9 c5tral ,european m9es *ang$
 9 ! c5tury aft] him f> m ?an has be5   
recogniz$4#bj ,?is !sis may fur!r ca/ "s
 light on o!r te*nological que/ions4 ,! 
connection betwe5 ! urg5cy ( ! problem (
 m9e dra9age 9 ,engl&1 & ! inv5tion ( ! 

/eam eng9e1 has (t5 be5 sugge/$4#ba     
,p]haps ! backw>dness ( ,g]many 9       
/eam-eng9e exp]im5tation1 & lat] 9 !    
introduction ( ! ,newcom5 eng9e1 0 to "s
 ext5t due to ! adequacy ( exi/+ ma*9]y 
to meet ! problem ( m9e flood+1 = x is n
 cle> t ?is problem exi/$ on !          
cont95t4#bb   ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#h4--,,! ,,wat]works ,,at               
,,m>ly-,,le-,,roi1 ,,on ,,! ,,se9e      
,,riv]1 ,,built ,,9 #afhd ,,to ,,supply 
,,! ,,f\nta9s ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,palace 
,,at ,,v]sailles4 ,f a pr9t by de ,f]1  
#agje4 7,smi?sonian photo #deeic47   ,a 
comp>ison ( ! te*niques describ$ by     
,agricola ) ^? ( a c5tury lat] sugge/s t
 ?is 0 a c5tury ( significant progress 9
 t e>li] indu/rial revolution describ$  
by ,mum=d z 8 ,eote*nic phase1 *>act]iz$
 by ! dim9i%$ use ( human be+s z prime  
mov]s1 & ! sep>ation ( ! production (   
en]gy f its application & imm$iate      
control4#bc     ,footnotes3  #a ,w4 ,b4 
,p>sons1 ,eng9e]s & eng9e]+ 9 !         
,r5aissance1 ,baltimore1 #aici4 ,abraham

 ,wolf1 ,a hi/ory ( sci5ce1 te*nology1 &
 philosophy 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1   
,new ,york1 #aice2 & ,a hi/ory ( sci5ce1
 te*nology & philosophy 9 ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 ,london1 #aich4 ,c4 ,m4         
,bromehead1 ,m9+ & qu>ry+ to ! sev5te5? 
c5tury1 9 ,*>les ,s+] & o!rs1 ,a hi/ory 
( te*nology1 vol4 #b1 ,ox=d1 #aief4  #b 
,accord+ to ,p>sons 7op4 cit41 footnote 
#a1 p4 #fbi7 ! introduction ( ma*9]y    
work$ by animals & fall+ wat]1 radical  
improvem5ts ( ! #ae? c5tury1 fix$ !     
developm5t ( ! art until ! eighte5?1 &1 
9 "s respects1 ev5 well into ! n9ete5?  
c5tury4 ,wolf 9 8 ,hi/ory ( sci5ce 444 9
 ! eighte5? c5tury 7p4 #fbi1 see        
footnote #a7 agrees1 say+ t ap>t f !    
/eam eng9e m9+ me?ods rema9$ dur+ ! #ah?
 c5tury ess5tially simil> to ^? describ$
 9 ,agricola's ,de re metallica4        
,bromehead 7op4 cit41 footnote #a1 p4   
#bb71 9 ref]r+ to ! date #afgc also sees
 no appreciable *ange 9 me?ods ( m9+    
s9ce ,agricola4  #c ,p>sons1 op4 cit4   
7footnote #a71 p4 #agi4 ,t4 ,a4 ,rick>d1

 ,man & metals1 ,new ,york1 #aicb1 vol4 
#b1 pp4 #eai-eba4  #d ,he9ri* ,be*tel1  
,wirts*aft/il des deuts*5               
,sptmittelalt]s1 ,muni*1 #aicj1 pp4     
#bjb-bjc4 ,be*tel calls ?is "o ( ! mo/  
revolution>y indu/rial developm5ts ( !  
middle ages4  #e ,rick>d 7op4 cit41     
footnote #c1 pp4 #edg-eed1 #efa7 also   
speaks ( a decl9e ?r\gh ! exhau/ion (   
surface deposits1 b dates ! revival     
#adhj-aegj4 ,he supports ?is conclusion 
by /ati/ics on ! lead+ m9e at           
,rammelsb]g1 :i* 0 unproductive f !     
,black ,dea? 7#acdg7 to #adej1 & only   
slightly active be=e #aeah4  #f ,accord+
 to ,f4 ,m4 ,feldhaus 7,die ,te*nik1    
,leipzig & ,b]l91 #aiad1 p4 #hcc471 a   
manuscript illu/ration ( ?is type (     
pump1 :i* he calls ,s*pfkolb5kette1     
appe>s 9 ! ,m>iano ,codex lat9us #aig1  
,b4 #ahj1 dat$ #adch1 9 ! ,muni*        
,h(biblio!k4  #g ,bas$ on a comp>ison ( 
! foll[+ editions ( ,agricola1 ,de re   
metallica3 ,frob51 ,basel1 #aeef 79     
,lat92 ! fir/ edition72 ,! ,m9+         

,magaz9e1 ,london1 #aiab 7,engli%       
translation by ,h4 ,c4 & ,l4 ,h4        
,hoov]72 ,,vdi1 ,b]l91 #aibh 7,g]man    
translation by ,c>l ,s*iffn]74  #h ,!   
em]g5ce ( ! t]m ,kun/ 9 ,g]man m9+      
t]m9ology is connect$ ) ! application ( 
wat] p[]1 especially to pump+ 7see      
,he9ri* ,vei?1 ,deuts*es ,b]g-wrt]bu*1  
,breslau1 #ahgj1 article ,kun/74  #i    
,accord+ to ,vei? 7op4 cit41 footnote   
#h1 p4 #cjf71 ,b4 ,rssl]1 9 8 ,speculum 
metallurgiae politissimum 7,dresd51     
#agjj1 p4 #da7 says t ! ,tas*5kun/      
7pocket-"w7 0 us$ ) a pipe1 l ! rag &   
*a9 pump1 & ! translator ( ! ,g]man     
7#aibh7 edition ( ,de re metallica also 
uses ,he9z5 & ,tas*5 int]*angeably4     
,calvr & o!rs1 h[ev]1 seem to use       
,tas*5kun/ = ! ord9>y *a9 ( dipp]s1 :i* 
seems bett] suit$ to its lit]al mean+4  
#aj ,agricola1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71  
ed4 ,hoov]1 p4 #aii4 ,8 contempor>y &   
fell[-t[nsman ,ma!sius equates !        
,kehrrad to ! ,bulg5kun/ 7,s>epta1 p4   
#ade1 ,nurnb]g1 #aega74 ,accord+ to     

,vei? 7op4 cit41 footnote #h1 p4 #bhf71 
,seba/ian ,mn/] 9 8 ,cosmographei 444   
7p4 #cha1 ,basel1 #aeeh71 _h previ\sly  
m5tion$ its use 9 ! m9es ( ,meiss52 &   
its introduction has be5 put z e>ly z   
#aejj by ,otto ,vogel 7,*ri/oph] ,pohlem
 und se9e ,beziehung5 zum ,h>z] ,b]gbu1 
,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,te*nik und   
,indu/rie1 #aiac1 vol4 #e1 p4 #cbd47    
#aa ,agricola1 op4 cit4 7footnote #g71  
ed4 ,hoov]1 pp4 #afj-aii4  #ab ,g4 ,e4  
,lohneyss1 ,b]i*t von ,b]gw]k51 #afai81 
n4 p41 p4 #c4  #ac ,agricola1 op4 cit4  
7footnote #g71 ed4 ,hoov]1 pp4 #ahd-ahe4
 ,! crank 0 c5turies old at ?is "t1 & _h
 be5 appli$ to pump+ e>li] ?an ! "t     
m5tion$ by ,agricola1 al?\gh p]haps n 9 
m9+4 ,a draw+ dat$ #adje %[s an         
,ar*im$ian screw turn$ by a crank       
7,feldhaus1 op4 cit41 footnote #f1 p4   
#hcd74 ,! ,mittelalt]li*e ,hausbu* 7ed4 
,h4 ,t4 ,boss]t & ,w4 ,f4 ,/orck1       
,leipzig1 #aiab1 ,tafel #cb71 a ,g]man  
description ( te*nology t appe>$ 9      
#adhj1 %[s an arrangem5t v l t describ$ 

by ,agricola1 al?\gh n 9 m9+ s]vice4    
#ad ,o4 ,frits*e & ,a4 ,wag5bre?1 ,die  
,wass]haltungs-mas*95 bei ,agricola und 
se9 ,e9fluss auf ihre weit]e            
,entwicklung1 9 ,deuts*e ,akademie d]   
,wiss5s*aft zu ,b]l91 ,georgius         
,agricola1 7,ea/7 ,b]l93 ,akademie      
,v]lag1 #aiec1 p4 #aab4  #ae ,h5nig     
,calvr1 ,acta                           
hi/orico-*ronologico-me*anica circa     
,metallurgiam 4441 ,brauns*weig1 #agfc1 
pp4 #cf-cg4  #af ,i h be5 unable to f9d 
an e>ly ref]5ce to ?is innovation1 :i*  
appe>s 9 a sket* ( #aghd-he illu/rat+   
,conrad ,mats*oss'1 ,die ,mas*95 des    
deuts*5 ,b]g- und ,htt5wes5s vor #ajj   
,jahr51 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d]       
,te*nik und ,indu/rie 7#aiji71 ,b& ,i1  
p4 #g4 ,its introduction may be connect$
 ) ! appe>ance ( ! t]m ,rosskun/ = !    
horse w9dlass1 kn[n e>li] z ! ,gpel4    
#ag ,b]i*t des ,b]gv]walt]s ,m>t9 ,plan]
 b] d5 ,/& des ,freib]g] ,b]gbaues im   
,jahre #aegj1 ed4 ,r4 ,w5gl]1           
,mit!ilung5 ,freib]g] ,alt]tumsv]e91    

#ahih1 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #ge-hc4  #ah ,!    
description ( ! ,/ang5kun/ 9 its v>i\s  
modifications is "o ( ! *ief topics ( ! 
previ\sly cit$ "w ( ,calvr 7footnote    
#ae71 & f 8 & o!r ref]5ces x is cle> t !
 subject 0 also treat$ ext5sively by su*
 e>li] writ]s z ,lohneyss 7#afag7 &     
,rssl] 7#agjj74  #ai ,frits*e &         
,wag5bre?1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ad71 p4  
#aab4  #bj ,! haul+ ( ores1 z oppos$ to 
wat]1 seems to h rema9$ z %[n by        
,agricola until ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4  
,9 #afid1 h[ev]1 ! fam\s ,sw$i% eng9e]  
,*ri/oph] ,polhem built at ,falun a     
wat]-p[]$ convey] sy/em :i* br\ght ! ore
 f ! po9t ( orig9 9 ! m9e to ! smelt] 9 
a s+le op]ation1 t]m9at+ ) ! automatic  
unload+ ( ! buckets 7,vogel1 op4 cit41  
footnote #aj1 p4 #cjf74  #ba ,dick9son1 
,h4 ,w41 ,a %ort hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e1 
,new ,york1 n4 d41 p4 #c4  #bb ,9 #afgc 
,edw>d ,br[ne visit$ ,hung>y & !        
,erzgebirge4 ,8 report on ! trip1 ,a    
brief acc\nt ( "s travels 9 div]se p>ts 
( ,europe 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #afhe1 p4 

#agj71 says little ab\t ma*9]y1 b does n
 m5tion flood+ z a s]i\s problem4 ,( an 
#hd-;fa?om m9e call$ ,auff d]           
,halsbruck]1 ne> ,freib]g1 he says !y   
are n s mu* tr\bl$ ) wat]1 & h v good   
eng9es to draw wat] out4 ,yet ! *a9 (   
dipp]s & rag & *a9 pump 7 evid5tly fall5
 into disuse1 z !y d n appe> among ! m9+
 ma*9es report$ by ,frits*e & ,wag5bre? 
z hav+ be5 describ$ by ,lohneyss 7#afag7
 or ,rssl] 7#agjj72 & ,frits*e &        
,wag5bre? decl>e t ,g]man hydraulic     
ma*9]y 0 able to compete ) ! /eam eng9e 
9 m9e dewat]+ = "s "t into ! #ai? c5tury
 7op4 cit41 footnote #ad1 pp4 #aaa1     
#aab74  #bc ,lewis ,mum=d1 ,te*nics &   
civilization1 ,new ,york1 #aicd1 p4     
#aab4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3         
,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by     
und]score4  ,pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9    
hyph5ation usage h be5 reta9$4