,,contributions ,,from   ,,the ,,museum 
,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology3      
,,paper #g      ,,mine ,,pumping ,,in   
,,agricola',s ,,time ,,and ,,later      
,robert ,p4 ,multhauf     ,by ,robert   
,p4 ,multhauf    ,,mine ,,pumping ,,in  
,,agricola',s ,,time ,,and ,,later      
,coins are a source of information much 
used by historians4 ,elaborately        
detailed mining landscapes on           
#afth-century ,german coins in the      
,national ,museum1 discovered by the    
curator of numismatics and brought to   
the author's attention1 led to this     
study of early mine-pumping devices4    
,,the ,,author3 ,robert ,p4 ,multhauf is
 curator of ,science and ,technology1   
,museum of ,history and ,technology1 in 
the ,smithsonian ,institution's ,united 
,states ,national ,museum4    ,the habit
 of heavy reliance on a single source   
for the substance of the history of     
,medieval and ,renaissance mining       
techniques in ,europe has led to a      
rather drastic over-simplification of   

that history1 a condition which persists
 tenaciously in the recent accounts of  
,parsons1 ,wolf1 and ,bromehead4#a ,our 
preoccupation with ,agricola1 who has   
been well known to the ,english-language
 public since the ,hoovers' translation 
of #aiab1 seems to have inhibited the   
investigation of the development of the 
machines he describes so elegantly4     
,more seriously1 the opinion that mining
 techniques remained essentially the    
same for a century or two beyond his    
time appears to have hardened into a    
conviction4#b  ,the history of the      
technology of mining1 as distinguished  
from metallurgy1 is largely a history of
 mechanization1 and that mechanization  
has until the last century consisted    
principally in the development of what  
,agricola calls tractoriae--hauling     
machines4 ,that hauling machines of some
 complexity1 ,archimedian screws and a  
kind of noria1 were used by the ,romans 
for dewatering mines has been known for 
some time4 ,evidence of the survival of 

this technology beyond the fall of ,rome
 remains to be found1 and it is         
generally agreed that mining activity   
declined through the first millenium4   
,the revival and extension of mining in 
the central ,european areas of ,german  
settlement is thought to have occurred  
from the #ajth century1 with an         
intensive development of the region     
known to ,agricola 7,erzgebirge7 in the 
#acth century4#c  ,this revival appears 
to have paralleled in general the       
political and cultural revival1 but1 as 
in any mining region1 the exhaustion of 
easily workable surface deposits marked 
a critical point1 when the necessity of 
deeper mining led to the construction of
 supported tunnels and the introduction 
of machinery for removing ores and water
 from deep mines4 ,on the basis of      
revisions of capital structure and      
mining law which he regards as inspired 
by the financial necessities of deep    
mining1 ,bechtel dates this development 
from the mid-#adth century4#d ,the      

mid-#adth century situation is confused 
by the occurrence of the ,black ,death1 
which reduced mining activity           
drastically1 and the events of which    
,bechtel speaks have been put as much as
 a century later4#e ,in any case1 the   
development of deep-mining methods had  
clearly made considerable progress in   
nonferrous mines when the ,de re        
metallica was written1 in #aeef4        
,illustration3 ,figure #a4--;,,brunswick
 ,,silver #c-a_/b ,,taler1 ,johann      
,friedrich1 #afgg4 7,u4 ,s4 ,national   
,museum1 ,paul ,a4 ,straub coll42       
,smithsonian photo #dcccd-;,c47         
,,mine-,,pumping ,,machinery            
,,illustrated ,,by ,,brunswick          
,,multiple ,,talers       ,these large  
silver coins weighing up to #ae ounces  
were first issued     in #aegd in       
,brunswick by ,duke ,julius 7#aefh-aehi7
 of the ,wolfenbuttel     line4 ,their  
historical background is rather unusual 
and interesting4      ,in #aegj the     
,duke decided to increase the output of 

his silver mines     in the ,harz and   
arranged for the opening of three new   
mines4 ,in     order to insure the      
retention of a portion of this increased
 silver     output under his control1   
the ,duke decided to issue an entirely  
new     kind of silver coin which he    
called ,loeser1 meaning redeemer4       
,these were larger than taler-size      
pieces1 and were struck in              
denominations from #a-a_/d to #af       
talers4 ,the ,duke ordered that each of 
his subjects was to purchase one of     
these large coins1 the size of     the  
coin to be acquired depending on the    
individual's wealth4 ,the     owners    
were not allowed to use these pieces in 
everyday trade1 but     could pawn them 
in case of dire need4 ,they were        
expected to produce     them at any time
 upon demand4 ,thus a means of hoarding1
 a treasure     piece1 was created1 and 
the risk of draining the country's      
wealth     through replacement of good1 
full-weight silver coins with imported  

base currency was to some extent        
limited4 ,at the same time1 the ,duke   
had a considerable sum of money at his  
disposal in case of     emergency4      
,similar ,loesers were issued up to     
#afhh by different rulers of            
,brunswick4 ,some of the later issues   
are commemorative in character     and  
might have served for presentation      
purposes4 ,the workmanship of     the   
majority is exquisite4 ,they portray    
personages real and ideal     and ornate
 coats of arms1 in addition to the      
elaborate mining     landscapes shown   
here4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is 
fortunate in     having a number of     
examples through the generosity of ,mr4 
,paul ,a4     ,straub4      ,for calling
 my attention to these coins1 and for   
other invaluable     assistance1 ,i am  
indebted to the former curator of the   
numismatic     collections of the ,u4   
,s4 ,national ,museum1 the late ,stuart 
,mosher1     and to the present curator1
 ,dr4 ,v4 ,clain-,stefanelli4           

,figure #a shows an overshot waterwheel 
driving through ,stangenkunsten         
pumps in three separate shafts1 each    
covered by the typical conical     shaft
 house4 ,it is possible that these shaft
 houses also cover horse     whims used 
to operate bucket hoists such as that   
shown in the lower     center4 ,a house 
with three chimneys in the background   
may be the     smelter4 ,the horse over 
whose head the ,deity holds a wreath is 
a     symbol of ,luneberg4   ,for a     
detailed description of the mechanical  
equipment of this era we are largely    
indebted to ,agricola4 ,he classifies   
hauling machines into four types2 the   
ordinary bucket windlass1 the piston    
7suction7 pump1 the chain of dippers1   
and the rag and chain pump4 ,although   
the first three had been known in       
antiquity1 and the last perhaps a       
century before his time1#f their use in 
mining would appear to date from the    
mid-#adth century or later4 ,his is not 
an historical account1 and one who      

attempts to compare it with others of   
contemporary or later times encounters a
 difficulty in his use of descriptive   
,latin names rather than the common     
,german names used by most others4      
,english and ,german editors have       
interpreted them as follows3#g    ,latin
               ,english          ,german
   bulga                 water bucket   
,wasserkubel1 ,kehrrad   orbiculis      
suction pump       ,pumpe   situlis     
chain of dippers   ,kannen 7werke71     
,bulgenkunst#h   machina1 quae pilis    
rag and chain      ,heinzenkunst1       
,taschenkunst#i     aquas hauriut       
pump   ,illustration3 ,figure           
#b4--;,,brunswick ,,silver #a-a_/b      
,,taler1 ,ernst ,august1 #afhh4 7,u4 ,s4
 ,national ,museum1 ,paul ,a4 ,straub   
coll42 ,smithsonian photo #dcccd-;,a47  
,figure #b shows two shaft-houses       
covering pumps driven by                
,stangenkunsten4 ,the source of power1  
hidden by the curious log     cabin at  
the right1 was probably a waterwheel4 ,i

 have not found     evidence that the   
,stangenkunst was used to operate bucket
 hoists1 as     appears to be the case  
here4 ,it will be noticed that the above
 and     below ground portions of these 
illustrations do not correlate          
precisely4 ,this coin1 like the others1 
shows miners doing various     things   
familiar from ,agricola--divining1      
digging1 carrying1 and     operating    
windlasses4      ,figure #c exhibits the
 principal advantage of the             
,stangenkunst1 in     its utilization to
 connect a waterwheel located in a      
valley stream     to driven machinery on
 the mountain some distance above4 ,the 
lute-playing girl 7,lautenspielerin7    
refers to the ,lautental mine4 ,a       
,stangenkunst 7fig4 #g7 existed here as 
recently as #aicj4      ,the mines shown
 in figures #a-c are in the ,harz       
region4      ,figures #d and #e show the
 ,st4 ,anna mine in the ,erzgebirge1    
near     ,freiberg1 as illustrated on a 
medal in the ,brunswick museum4         

,prominent in figure #d is an aqueduct1 
one function of which is to     supply a
 waterwheel in the house below1 which in
 turn delivers power     through the    
,stangenkunst to two open shafts4 ,the  
reverse 7fig4 #e71     an unusually fine
 view of the inner workings of a mine1  
shows1 above     ground1 a typical horse
 whim driving a bucket windlass4 ,below 
ground     is shown a crank-driven      
piston pump typical of those driven by  
,stangenkunst4 ,in this case1 however1  
it is driven by an underground          
vertical treadmill4   ,illustration3    
,figure #c4--;,,brunswick ,,silver #d   
,,taler1 ,ernst ,august1 #afhe4 7,u4 ,s4
 ,national ,museum1 ,paul ,a4 ,straub   
coll42 ,smithsonian photo #dcccd-;,a47  
,illustration3 ,figure #d4--,,medal1    
#afij1 ,,showing ,,st4 ,,anna ,,mine1   
near ,freiberg4 7,photo courtesy of     
,stadtisches ,museum1 ,braunschweig47   
,illustration3 ,figure #e4--,,reverse   
,,of ,,medal shown in figure #d4 7,photo
 courtesy of ,stadtisches ,museum1      

,braunschweig47   ,the resemblance of   
the ,german term for bag 7,bulge7 to the
 ,latin term for bucket 7bulga7 instead 
of the ,latin term for bag 7canalis71   
and the presence of buckets 7,kbeln71   
bags 7,bulgen71 pockets 7,taschen71 or  
cans 7,kannen7 as components of three of
 ,agricola's four categories of hauling 
machines are reasons enough for the     
apparent superfluity of ,german names1  
if not for his decision to avoid the use
 of ,german names4 ,but it should also  
be noted that the names sometimes refer 
to a pump and its prime mover considered
 as a single machine4 ,such is the case 
with the ,kehrrad1 a bucket windlass    
driven by a reversible waterwheel which 
,agricola describes as his largest      
hauling machine4#aj  ,agricola describes
 #bc hauling devices of these four      
types1 the diversity resulting generally
 from the application of three types of 
prime movers1 men1 horses1 and          
waterwheels1 and in the endowment of    
each in turn with a mechanical advantage

 in the form of gearing4#aa ,although he
 does not specify clearly the relative  
importance of the various pumps1 the    
majority 7#ac7 use man as the prime     
mover4 ,he speaks of the advantages of  
some1 noting that the horse whim has a  
power two and a half times that of the  
man windlass1 and emphasizing the even  
greater power available in flowing water
 when a running stream can be diverted  
to a mine4 ,the most powerful machine   
then in use for deep mines appears to   
have been the horse-powered rag and     
chain pump4  ,such1 then1 were the      
important mining machines of this early 
period of deep mining1 according to the 
leading authority4 ,but did they        
continue1 as has been claimed1 to be the
 only important machines of the         
subsequent century8 ,g4 ,e4             
,lohneyss1#ab writing a little over a   
half century after the publication of   
,de re metallica1 declared3       ,the  
old miners alten ,bergleute had         
,heintzen1 ,kerratt1      ,bulgenkunst1 

,taschen-kunst1 ,pumpen1 with which one 
lifted water      with cans on pulleys  
or with a treadmill2 and they devised   
and      constructed these in which the 
poor people moved like cattle and       
wore themselves out4 ,at that time they 
had powerful machines      7,kunst7     
using swift water1 although it cost much
 to erect and      maintain them1 and   
was very dangerous since an iron chain  
of a      ,bulgenkunst alone often      
weighed #bjj centner over #aj tons and  
more4       ,but today's artisan        
jetzigen ,knstler far surpasses the old 
444      since we have in the present   
time invented many other mining         
machines2 such as the ,stangenkunst mit 
dem krummen ,zapffen1 which      raises 
water at small cost over #ajj ,lachter  
#efb feet4   ,illustration3 ,figure     
#f4--,,stangenkunst1 ,,showing ,,driving
 ,,wheel1 ,,feldkunst1 ,,and            
,,kunstkreuz4 ,from ,h4 ,calvr 7see     
footnote #ae74   ,the ,stangenkunst1    
which can be roughly translated as rod  

work with crank1 was a piston pump      
driven through a crank and rods by a    
prime mover located at a distant point4 
,agricola describes a crank-driven      
piston pump1 calling it a new machine   
invented ten years earlier4#ac ,but it  
is not driven bya distant prime mover4  
,like his other water-powered hauling   
machines it can only be used when a     
running stream can be diverted to a     
mine4 ,so far as we can determine from  
internal evidence1 ,agricola did not    
know the ,stangenkunst4  ,although the  
full development of the ,stangenkunst   
came later1 it was apparently introduced
 in ,agricola's time4 ,its introduction 
to the ,erzgebirge has been put as early
 as #aeej4ad ,according to another      
authority it was introduced to the ,harz
 in #aefe by one ,heinrich ,eschenbach  
of ,meissen4#ae ,its significance is    
only made clear to us by later          
authorities4 ,as shown in figure #c it  
was adapted to the utilization of a     
distant stream1 through the             

,feldstangen1 an extended horizontal    
series of reciprocating rods1 and the   
,kunstkreuz 7fig4 #f71 a lever in the   
shape of a cross for changing at right  
angles the direction of power           
transmission4 ,these improvements may   
have been almost contemporaneous with   
,agricola1 as ,calvr mentions the use of
 the ,feldkunst1 which term signified   
the extended rods1 as having been known 
in #aefe4  ,the disadvantage of moving  
the weight of a long extension of rods  
was obviated1 during the #agth century1 
through the use of a double set of      
balanced rods1 resembling a pantograph4 
,at some later date the horse whim was  
fitted with a crank and adapted to the  
,stangenkunst1#af thus permitting the   
establishment of a veritable power      
network1 as suggested in figure #a4     
,the ,freiberg mine director ,martin    
,planer reported in #aegj the           
installation since #aeeg of thirty-eight
 ,kunsten und ,zeugen in mines under his
 charge4 ,that these were water-powered 

machines is clear from his remark that  
their cost was only #aj to #bj percent  
that of ,pferden und ,knechten4#ag ,it  
is likely that many if not most were    
,stangenkunsten1 for mining treatises of
 the #agth and #ahth centuries testify  
to the continuous extension of this     
mechanism4#ah  ,perhaps the most        
striking evidence of its importance is  
its representation on the illustrated   
coinage of the #agth century4 ,these    
multiple talers 7figs4 #a1 #b1 #c71     
happy products of the ingenious fiscal  
policies of the ,dukes of ,brunswick1   
picture mining activity in the #agth    
century no less elegantly than do the   
woodcuts of ,de re metallica a century  
earlier4 ,the ,stangenkunst received its
 most spectacular application in        
,france1 in its application to the      
driving of the second- and third-stage  
pumps in the famous waterworks at ,marly
 7#afha-hh71 but its real importance is 
better illustrated in central ,europe1  
by the many descriptions and drawings   

showing its use in the mines1 driving   
machinery as distant as a mile#ai from  
the source of power4   ,illustration3   
,figure #g4--;,,feldgestange            
7,,stangenkunst7 ,,near ,,lautental4    
,from ,c4 ,matschoss1 ,technische       
,kulturdenkmal1 ,munich1 #aicb4   ,it   
seems1 therefore1 that ,lohneyss' old   
miners were those described by          
,agricola1 and that the mine-hauling    
machinery used in central ,european     
mines changed in the century after him  
far more than has been recognized4#bj   
,this thesis may further cast some light
 on other technological questions4 ,the 
connection between the urgency of the   
problem of mine drainage in ,england1   
and the invention of the steam engine1  
has often been suggested4#ba ,perhaps   
the backwardness of ,germany in         
steam-engine experimentation1 and later 
in the introduction of the ,newcomen    
engine1 was to some extent due to the   
adequacy of existing machinery to meet  
the problem of mine flooding1 for it is 

not clear that this problem existed on  
the continent4#bb   ,illustration3      
,figure #h4--,,the ,,waterworks ,,at    
,,marly-,,le-,,roi1 ,,on ,,the ,,seine  
,,river1 ,,built ,,in #afhd ,,to        
,,supply ,,the ,,fountains ,,at ,,the   
,,royal ,,palace ,,at ,,versailles4     
,from a print by de ,fer1 #agje4        
7,smithsonian photo #deeic47   ,a       
comparison of the techniques described  
by ,agricola with those of a century    
later suggests that this was a century  
of significant progress in that earlier 
industrial revolution described by      
,mumford as his ,eotechnic phase1       
characterized by the diminished use of  
human beings as prime movers1 and the   
separation of the production of energy  
from its application and immediate      
control4#bc     ,footnotes3  #a ,w4 ,b4 
,parsons1 ,engineers and engineering in 
the ,renaissance1 ,baltimore1 #aici4    
,abraham ,wolf1 ,a history of science1  
technology1 and philosophy in the #afth 
and #agth centuries1 ,new ,york1 #aice2 

and ,a history of science1 technology   
and philosophy in the eighteenth        
century1 ,london1 #aich4 ,c4 ,m4        
,bromehead1 ,mining and quarrying to the
 seventeenth century1 in ,charles       
,singer and others1 ,a history of       
technology1 vol4 #b1 ,oxford1 #aief4  #b
 ,according to ,parsons 7op4 cit41      
footnote #a1 p4 #fbi7 the introduction  
of machinery worked by animals and      
falling water1 radical improvements of  
the #aeth century1 fixed the development
 of the art until the eighteenth1 and1  
in some respects1 even well into the    
nineteenth century4 ,wolf in his        
,history of science 444 in the          
eighteenth century 7p4 #fbi1 see        
footnote #a7 agrees1 saying that apart  
from the steam engine mining methods    
remained during the #ahth century       
essentially similar to those described  
in ,agricola's ,de re metallica4        
,bromehead 7op4 cit41 footnote #a1 p4   
#bb71 in referring to the date #afgc    
also sees no appreciable change in      

methods of mining since ,agricola4  #c  
,parsons1 op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 p4    
#agi4 ,t4 ,a4 ,rickard1 ,man and metals1
 ,new ,york1 #aicb1 vol4 #b1 pp4        
#eai-eba4  #d ,heinrich ,bechtel1       
,wirtschaftstil des deutschen           
,sptmittelalters1 ,munich1 #aicj1 pp4   
#bjb-bjc4 ,bechtel calls this one of the
 most revolutionary industrial          
developments of the middle ages4  #e    
,rickard 7op4 cit41 footnote #c1 pp4    
#edg-eed1 #efa7 also speaks of a decline
 through the exhaustion of surface      
deposits1 but dates the revival         
#adhj-aegj4 ,he supports this conclusion
 by statistics on the leading mine at   
,rammelsberg1 which was unproductive    
from the ,black ,death 7#acdg7 to #adej1
 and only slightly active before #aeah4 
#f ,according to ,f4 ,m4 ,feldhaus 7,die
 ,technik1 ,leipzig and ,berlin1 #aiad1 
p4 #hcc471 a manuscript illustration of 
this type of pump1 which he calls       
,schpfkolbenkette1 appears in the       
,mariano ,codex latinus #aig1 ,b4 #ahj1 

dated #adch1 in the ,munich             
,hofbibliothek4  #g ,based on a         
comparison of the following editions of 
,agricola1 ,de re metallica3 ,froben1   
,basel1 #aeef 7in ,latin2 the first     
edition72 ,the ,mining ,magazine1       
,london1 #aiab 7,english translation by 
,h4 ,c4 and ,l4 ,h4 ,hoover72 ,,vdi1    
,berlin1 #aibh 7,german translation by  
,carl ,schiffner74  #h ,the emergence of
 the term ,kunst in ,german mining      
terminology is connected with the       
application of water power1 especially  
to pumping 7see ,heinrich ,veith1       
,deutsches ,berg-wrterbuch1 ,breslau1   
#ahgj1 article ,kunst74  #i ,according  
to ,veith 7op4 cit41 footnote #h1 p4    
#cjf71 ,b4 ,rssler1 in his ,speculum    
metallurgiae politissimum 7,dresden1    
#agjj1 p4 #da7 says that the            
,taschenkunst 7pocket-work7 was used    
with a pipe1 like the rag and chain     
pump1 and the translator of the ,german 
7#aibh7 edition of ,de re metallica also
 uses ,heinzen and ,taschen             

interchangeably4 ,calvr and others1     
however1 seem to use ,taschenkunst for  
the ordinary chain of dippers1 which    
seems better suited to its literal      
meaning4  #aj ,agricola1 op4 cit4       
7footnote #g71 ed4 ,hoover1 p4 #aii4    
,his contemporary and fellow-townsman   
,mathesius equates the ,kehrrad to the  
,bulgenkunst 7,sarepta1 p4 #ade1        
,nurnberg1 #aega74 ,according to ,veith 
7op4 cit41 footnote #h1 p4 #bhf71       
,sebastian ,mnster in his ,cosmographei 
444 7p4 #cha1 ,basel1 #aeeh71 had       
previously mentioned its use in the     
mines of ,meissen2 and its introduction 
has been put as early as #aejj by ,otto 
,vogel 7,christopher ,pohlem und seine  
,beziehungen zum ,harzer ,bergbu1       
,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,technik   
und ,industrie1 #aiac1 vol4 #e1 p4      
#cbd47  #aa ,agricola1 op4 cit4         
7footnote #g71 ed4 ,hoover1 pp4         
#afj-aii4  #ab ,g4 ,e4 ,lohneyss1       
,bericht von ,bergwerken1 #afai81 n4 p41
 p4 #c4  #ac ,agricola1 op4 cit4        

7footnote #g71 ed4 ,hoover1 pp4         
#ahd-ahe4 ,the crank was centuries old  
at this time1 and had been applied to   
pumping earlier than the time mentioned 
by ,agricola1 although perhaps not in   
mining4 ,a drawing dated #adje shows an 
,archimedian screw turned by a crank    
7,feldhaus1 op4 cit41 footnote #f1 p4   
#hcd74 ,the ,mittelalterliche ,hausbuch 
7ed4 ,h4 ,t4 ,bossert and ,w4 ,f4       
,storck1 ,leipzig1 #aiab1 ,tafel #cb71 a
 ,german description of technology that 
appeared in #adhj1 shows an arrangement 
very like that described by ,agricola1  
although not in mining service4  #ad ,o4
 ,fritsche and ,a4 ,wagenbreth1 ,die    
,wasserhaltungs-maschinen bei ,agricola 
und sein ,einfluss auf ihre weitere     
,entwicklung1 in ,deutsche ,akademie der
 ,wissenschaft zu ,berlin1 ,georgius    
,agricola1 7,east7 ,berlin3 ,akademie   
,verlag1 #aiec1 p4 #aab4  #ae ,hennig   
,calvr1 ,acta                           
historico-chronologico-mechanica circa  
,metallurgiam 4441 ,braunschweig1 #agfc1

 pp4 #cf-cg4  #af ,i have been unable to
 find an early reference to this        
innovation1 which appears in a sketch of
 #aghd-he illustrating ,conrad          
,matschoss'1 ,die ,maschinen des        
deutschen ,berg- und ,httenwesens vor   
#ajj ,jahren1 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte  
der ,technik und ,industrie 7#aiji71    
,band ,i1 p4 #g4 ,its introduction may  
be connected with the appearance of the 
term ,rosskunst for the horse windlass1 
known earlier as the ,gpel4  #ag        
,bericht des ,bergverwalters ,martin    
,planer ber den ,stand des ,freiberger  
,bergbaues im ,jahre #aegj1 ed4 ,r4     
,wengler1 ,mittheilungen ,freiberger    
,altertumsverein1 #ahih1 vol4 #ce1 pp4  
#ge-hc4  #ah ,the description of the    
,stangenkunst in its various            
modifications is one of the chief topics
 of the previously cited work of ,calvr 
7footnote #ae71 and from his and other  
references it is clear that the subject 
was also treated extensively by such    
earlier writers as ,lohneyss 7#afag7 and

 ,rssler 7#agjj74  #ai ,fritsche and    
,wagenbreth1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ad71 p4
 #aab4  #bj ,the hauling of ores1 as    
opposed to water1 seems to have remained
 as shown by ,agricola until the end of 
the #agth century4 ,in #afid1 however1  
the famous ,swedish engineer            
,christopher ,polhem built at ,falun a  
water-powered conveyer system which     
brought the ore from the point of origin
 in the mine to the smelter in a single 
operation1 terminating with the         
automatic unloading of the buckets      
7,vogel1 op4 cit41 footnote #aj1 p4     
#cjf74  #ba ,dickinson1 ,h4 ,w41 ,a     
short history of the steam engine1 ,new 
,york1 n4 d41 p4 #c4  #bb ,in #afgc     
,edward ,browne visited ,hungary and the
 ,erzgebirge4 ,his report on the trip1  
,a brief account of some travels in     
diverse parts of ,europe 7#bnd ed41     
,london1 #afhe1 p4 #agj71 says little   
about machinery1 but does not mention   
flooding as a serious problem4 ,of an   
#hd-;fathom mine called ,auff der       

,halsbrucker1 near ,freiberg1 he says   
they are not so much troubled with      
water1 and have very good engines to    
draw water out4 ,yet the chain of       
dippers and rag and chain pump were     
evidently fallen into disuse1 as they do
 not appear among the mining machines   
reported by ,fritsche and ,wagenbreth as
 having been described by ,lohneyss     
7#afag7 or ,rssler 7#agjj72 and         
,fritsche and ,wagenbreth declare that  
,german hydraulic machinery was able to 
compete with the steam engine in mine   
dewatering for some time into the #aith 
century 7op4 cit41 footnote #ad1 pp4    
#aaa1 #aab74  #bc ,lewis ,mumford1      
,technics and civilization1 ,new ,york1 
#aicd1 p4 #aab4     ,transcriber's      
,notes3  ,passages in italics are       
indicated by underscore4  ,printer's    
inconsistencies in hyphenation usage    
have been retained4