,,smi?sonian ,,annals ,,( ,,flight ,,volume #a ,,numb] #b ,! ,fir/ ,airplane ,diesel ,eng9e3 ,pack>d ,model ,,dr-#ihj ( #aibh ,rob]t ,b4 ,mey] ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,national ,,air ,,museum ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece--,presid5t ,h]b]t ,hoov] 79 front ( microphones7 pres5t+ ! ,colli] ,trophy to ,alvan ,macauley 7ne>e/ eng9e71 ,presid5t ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 on ,m>* #ca1 #aicb 7al?\gh ! aw>d 0 = #aica74 ,also pres5t 7 ,hiram ,b+ham1 ,u4,s4 ,s5ator f ,connecticut 7ne>e/ pill>71 ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,"y1 ,director ( ,a]onautics1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce 7betwe5 ,macauley & ,hoov]71 & ,amelia ,e>h>t1 fir/ woman to fly across ! ,atlantic ,ocean 7betwe5 ,macauley & ! eng9e74 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a cutaway ,pack>d diesel a]onautical eng9e & directly 9 front ( ,s5ator ,b+ham is ! ,colli] ,trophy1 ,am]ica's highe/ aviation aw>d4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhbe47 ,,smi?sonian ,,annals ,,( ,,flight ,,volume #a ,,numb] #b ,! ,fir/ ,airplane ,diesel ,eng9e3 ,pack>d ,model ,,dr-#ihj ( #aibh ,,rob]t ,b4 ,,mey] ,curator ( ,flight ,propulsion ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,national ,,air ,,museum ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aifd ,! foll[+ micr(ilm pr9ts are available at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution3 ,! ,pack>d ,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e--,a ,new ,*apt] 9 ,transportation ,progress4 ,an adv]tis+ bro*ure produc$ by ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company 9 #aicj1 illu/rat$1 #ag pages4 ,fifty-,h\r ,te/ ( ! ,eng9e by ! ,pack>d ,company1 #aicj4 ,text & *>ts1 #ad pages4 ,fifty-,h\r ,te/ ( ! ,eng9e by ! ,u4,s4 ,navy 9 #aica3 ,text & *>ts1 #bf pages4 ,pack>d ,in/ructional ,manual1 #aica4 ,illu/rat$1 #gd pages4 ,! ,pack>d ,diesel ,eng9e1 ,aviation ,in/itute ( ,u4,s4,a4 ,pamphlet ,no4 #ba-;,a1 #aicj4 ,illu/rat$1 #cb pages4 ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #bjdjb--,price #fj c5ts ,cont5ts ,page ,,ackn[l$gm5ts vi ,,=eword vii ,,introduction #a ,hi/ory #b ,,description #aa ,specifications #aa ,op]at+ ,cycles #ac ,weight-,sav+ ,features #ae ,diesel ,cycle ,features #bj ,developm5t #bc ,,comm5ts #bg ,,analysis #cc ,advantages #cc ,disadvantages #ce ,,app5dix #a4 ,agreem5t ,betwe5 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] & ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company #dc #b4 ,pack>d to ,beg9 ,build+ ,diesel ,plane ,eng9es ,soon #df #c4 ,effect ( ,oxyg5 ,boo/+ on ,p[] & ,weight #dg ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,x is difficult to ackn[l$ge fully ! assi/ance giv5 by p]sons & museums = ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,h[ev]1 ,i wi% especially to ?ank ,hugo ,t4 ,byttebi]1 eng9e hi/orian1 ,bu5os ,aires1 ,arg5t9a2 ,dipl4 ,+4 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn]1 diesel design]1 ,hanov]1 ,g]many2 ,h>old ,e4 ,moreh\se1 & ,c4 ,h4 ,wiegman1 ,lycom+ ,eng9es1 ,williamsport1 ,p5nsylvania2 ,b>ry ,tully1 ,goodye> ,aircraft1 ,akron1 ,ohio2 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,all51 aviation au?or1 ,r\nd ,lake1 ,new ,york2 ,william ,h4 ,cram]1 bro!r ( ,p>k] ,d4 ,cram]1 ,wantagh1 ,new ,york2 ,erik ,hildes-,heim1 ,e>ly ,bird & aviation hi/orian1 ,fairfield1 ,connecticut4 ,i am p>ticul>ly grateful to curators ( ! foll[+ museums :o h be5 s g5]\s 9 _! assi/ance3 ,deuts*es ,museum1 ,muni*1 ,g]many 7,dipl4 ,+4 ,w4 ,jackle72 ,h5ry ,=d ,museum1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan 7,leslie1 ,r4 ,h5ry72 ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce ,museum1 ,wright-,patt]son ,air ,=ce ,base1 ,dayton1 ,ohio 7,maj4 ,rob]t ,l4 ,bryant1 ,jr41 director72 ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london1 ,engl& 7,lt4 ,comdr4 7,e7 ,w4 ,j4 ,tuck1 ,royal ,navy74 ,! prep>ation ( ?is pap] c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( ! ,national ,air ,museum ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ! help ( ,philip ,s4 ,hopk9s1 director1 & ,paul ,e4 ,g>b]1 head curator & hi/orian4 ,=eword ,9 ?is second numb] ( ! ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight1 ,rob]t ,b4 ,mey] ,jr41 curator & head ( ! flight propulsion division1 tells ! /ory ( ! fir/ oil-burn+ eng9e to p[] an airplane1 ! ,pack>d diesel eng9e ( #aibh1 n[ 9 ! collections ( ! ,national ,air ,museum4 ,! au?or's n>rative1 well illu/rat$ ) draw+s & photographs1 provides a hi/orical backgr\nd = ! developm5t ( ! eng9e1 & a te*nical description t includes specifications & details ( p]=mance4 ,x also conta9s comm5ts f m5 & wom5 :o flew planes p[]$ by ! ,pack>d diesel4 ,! au?or concludes ) an analysis ( ! eng9e's advantages & disadvantages4 ,,philip ,s4 ,,hopk9s ,director1 ,national ,air ,museum #cj ,july #aifd ,introduction ,on display 9 ! ,national ,air ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 is ! fir/ oil-burn+ eng9e to p[] an airplane4 ,its label reads3 ,pack>d ,diesel ,eng9e--#aibh--,?is fir/ compression-ignition eng9e to p[] an airplane develop$ #bbe hp at #aiej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x 0 design$ "u ! direction ( ,l4 ,m4 ,woolson4 ,9 #aica1 a production example ( ?is eng9e p[]$ a ,bellanca airplane to an #hd h\r & #cc m9ute nonrefuel$ duration record :i* has nev] be5 equall$4--,weight_/p[] ratio3 #b4bf lb p] hp--,gift ( ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a 7left74--,front view ( fir/ ,pack>d diesel1 #aibh4 ,note hoop hold+ cyl9d]s 9 place & abs5ce ( v5turi ?rottles4 ,?is eng9e 0 equipp$ ) an air pressure />t+ sy/em4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#bchh47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b 7"r74--,left side view ( fir/ ,pack>d diesel1 #aibh4 ,heywood />t] 7air7 fitt+ %[n on ! head ( ! next to l[e/ cyl9d]4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#bchh;,c47 ,?is revolution>y eng9e 0 creat$ 9 ! %ort "t ( "o ye>4 ,)9 two ye>s ( its introduction 9 #aibh1 airplane diesel eng9es 7 be+ te/$ 9 ,engl& by ,rolls-,royce1 9 ,france by ,panh>d1 9 ,g]many by ,junk]s1 9 ,italy by ,fiat1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,guib]son4 ,pack>d _h demon/rat$ to ! _w ! rem>kable economy & safety ( ! airplane diesel eng9e1 & ! response 0 imm$iate & favorable4 ,! novelty & p]=mance ( ! ,pack>d diesel assur$ x a l>ge & att5tive audi5ce :]ev] x 0 exhibit$4 ,yet 9 spite ( its p]=mance record ! eng9e 0 doom$ to failure by reason ( its design1 & x 0 fur!r h&icapp$ by hav+ be5 ru%$ into production be=e x c\ld be ?or\ghly te/$4 ,hi/ory ,! (ficial beg9n+ ( ! ,pack>d diesel eng9e c be trac$ to a lic5se agreem5t dat$ ,augu/ #ah1 #aibg1 betwe5 ,alvan ,macauley1 presid5t ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company ( ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 & ,dipl4 ,+4 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn]1 a diesel eng9e inv5tor ( ,hanov]1 ,g]many4#a ,be=e ! agreem5t 0 drawn up1 ,capt4 ,lionel ,m4 ,woolson1 *ief a]onautical eng9e] = ,pack>d1 te/$ an air-cool$ & a wat]-cool$ diesel t ,dorn] _h design$ & built 9 ,g]many4#b ,bo? eng9es atta9$ ! !n high revolutions p] m9ute ( #bjjj & prov$ effici5t & durable4 ,!y demon/rat$ ! practicability ( ,dorn]'s pat5t$ solid type ( fuel injection :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! ,pack>d diesel's design4#c ,us+ elem5ts f ,dorn]'s eng9es1 ,woolson & ,dorn] design$ ! ,pack>d diesel ) ! help ( ,pack>d eng9e]s & ,dorn]'s assi/ant1 ,adolph ,widmann4 ,woolson 0 responsible = ! weight-sav+ features1 & ,dorn] = ! combu/ion sy/em4 ,! hi/oric fir/ flight took place on ,septemb] #ai1 #aibh1 at ! ,pack>d prov+ gr\nds 9 ,utica1 ,mi*igan1 j a ye> & a mon? f ! day ,dorn] agre$ to jo9 ! ,pack>d team4 ,woolson & ,walt] ,e4 ,lees1 ,pack>d's *ief te/ pilot1 us$ a ,/9son ,,sm-#a;,,dx ,detroit]4 ,! flight 0 s successful1 & lat] te/s 7 s enc\rag+1 t ,pack>d built a #fej1jjj plant dur+ ! fir/ half ( #aibi solely = ! production ( its diesel eng9e4 ,! factory 0 design$ to employ m ?an #fjj m51 & #ejj eng9es a mon? 7 to h be5 manufactur$ by ,july #aibi4d ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,alvan ,macauley 7left71 ,presid5t ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 & ,col4 ,*>les ,a4 ,l9db]gh ) ! orig9al ,pack>d diesel-p[]$ ,/9son ,detroit] 9 ! backgr\nd1 #aibi4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcai;,d47 ,! eng9e's fir/ cross-c\ntry flight 0 accompli%$ on ,may #ac1 #aibi1 :5 ,lees flew ! ,/9son ,,sm-#a;,,dx ,detroit] f ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 to ,norfolk1 ,virg9ia1 c>ry+ ,woolson to ! annual field day ( ! ,national ,advisory ,committee = ,a]onautics at ,langley ,field4 ,! #gjj-mile trip 0 fl[n 9 #f-a_/b h\rs1 & ! co/ ( ! fuel consum$ 0 #d4fh4 ,_h ! airplane be5 p[]$ ) a comp>able gasol9e eng9e1 ! fuel co/ w\ld h be5 ab\t #e times z great4#e ,on ,m>* #i1 #aicj1 us+ ! same airplane & eng9e1 ,lees & ,woolson flew f ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 to ,miami1 ,florida1 a di/ance ( #aajj miles 9 #aj h\rs & #ae m9utes ) a fuel co/ ( #h4ej4 ,! production eng9e1 slightly ref9$ f ! orig9al1 receiv$ ! fir/ approv$ type c]tificate issu$ = any diesel aircraft eng9e on ,m>* #f1 #aicj4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce grant$ c]tificate no4 #dc aft] ! ,pack>d ,company _h gr\nd- & flight-te/$ ?is type ( eng9e = approximately #cch1jjj hp hr1 or ab\t #aejj hr ( op]ation4#f ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,dipl4 ,+4 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn]1 #aicj4 ,g]man diesel eng9e design]1 0 responsible = ! ,pack>d ,,dr-#ihj aircraft eng9e4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhfde47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,capt4 ,lionel ,m4 ,woolson1 #aica4 ,*ief ,a]onautical ,eng9e]1 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 ,design] ( ,pack>d ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9e4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhfde;,a47 ,"o ( ! e>ly production v]sions p[]$ a ,bellanca ,pacemak] :i* 0 pilot$ by ,lees & 8 assi/ant ,fr$]ic ,a4 ,brossy to a _w's nonrefuel+ heavi]-?an-air duration record4 ,! flight la/$ = #hd h\rs1 #cc m9utes f ,may #be ?r\gh #bh1 #aica1 ov] ,jacksonville1 ,florida4 ,?is ev5t 0 s important t x 0 ! basis ( ! foll[+ editorial1 publi%$ 9 ! ,july #aica issue ( ,aviation1#g :i* summ>izes s well ! progress made by ! diesel eng9e ov] a #c-ye> p]iod & ! hope held = its future3 ,a ,,record ,,crosses ,,! ,,atlantic--,! ,diesel eng9e took its fir/ /ep t[>d acceptance z a p[]plant = heavi]-?an-air craft :51 9 ! summ] ( #aibh1 a diesel-p[]$ ma*9e fir/ flew4 ,! second /ep 0 made at ! #aicj ,detroit %[1 :5 ! eng9e w5t on comm]cial sale4 ,! ?ird 0 accompli%$ la/ mon?1 :5 a plane ) a compression-ignition eng9e us+ furnace oil z a fuel circl$ ov] ! bea*es ar\nd ,jacksonville = #hd h\rs & inscrib$ its p]=mance ^u ! books z a _w's record--! longe/ flight ev] made )\t int]m$iate refuel+4 ,) ! pass+ ( ! refuel+-duration excitem5t1 & ) ! app>5t decision to all[ t record to /& p]man5tly at its pres5t level1 trials = /raight "t 9 ! air )\t repl5i%m5t ( supplies beg9 to rega9 a prop] degree ( appreciation4 ,no o!r record1 unless x be "s ( ^? = spe$ ) sub/antial dead loads1 is ( su* importance z ! non-/op di/ance & duration m>ks4 ,no o!r has su* be>+ ^u precisely ^? qualities ( a]odynamic effici5cy1 fuel economy1 & reliability ( airplane & p[]plant t mo/ affect comm]cial usefulness4 ,x is m ?an ?ree ye>s s9ce ! duration record left ,am]ican %ores1 & x has be5 m ?an d\bl$ 9 t "t4 ,its return is v welcome4 ,x is d\bly welcome = be+ made ) a fundam5tally new type ( eng9e4 ,! diesel pr9ciple is n a comm]cial monopoly4 ,x is op5 to anyone4 ,already two diff]5t designs 9 ,am]ica1 & "o or two 9 ,europe1 h be5 9 ! air4 ,= c]ta9 purposes1 at lea/1 x seems reasonable to expect t its special advantages w br+ x into widespread use4 ,e practical demon/ration ( ! progress ( ! diesel t[>d realiz+ its !oretical possibilities 9 ! air z x has realiz$ !m on ! l& & at sea is a bit ( progress t[>d bett] & m economical comm]cial fly+1 & s b5efits ! :ole indu/ry4 ,! f\r?1 & next1 ma9 elem5t 9 ! demon/ration w be provid$ :5 diesels g into regul> s]vice on "s well-kn[n transport l9e z /&>d equipm5t1 & ! accumulation ( data on p]=mance "u normal s]vice conditions beg9s4 ,we believe t t w happ5 be=e ! end ( #aicb4 ,_m m51 f ,dr4 ,rudolf ,diesel to ,walt] ,lees & ,fr$]ic ,brossy1 h _h direct or indirect h&s 9 ! mak+ ( ?is record4 ,! greate/ ( all contributions 0 t ( ,lionel ,m4 ,woolson1 :o creat$ ! eng9e & flew ) x 9 e te/ & br\ght x ?r\gh its e>ly tr\bles to ! po9t ( read9ess = ! comm]cial m>ket4 ,! flight t la/$ f\r days & ?ree nights is 8 memorial1 q z mu* z is ! bronze plaque unveil$ la/ ,april 9 ! ,detroit %[ hang>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,/9son ,,sm-#a;,,dx ,detroit]4 ,?is airplane1 p[]$ ) orig9al ,pack>d ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9e1 made ! _w's fir/ diesel-p[]$ flight on ,septemb] #ai1 #aibh4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,h5ry ,=d ,museum1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,pack>d-,bellanca ,pacemak]4 ,?is airplane1 p[]$ by a ,pack>d ,,dr-#ihj diesel1 holds ! _w's record = nonrefuel+1 heavi]-?an-air aircraft duration flight4 ,! flight la/$ #hd h\rs1 #cc m9utes1 #a-a_/d seconds1 & 0 complet$ on ,may #bh1 #aica1 ,jacksonville1 ,florida4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhddf;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,v]ville ,air ,coa*1 ,octob] #aicj4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhdd47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,pack>d-,bellanca ,pacemak] own$ by ,transam]ican ,airl9es ,corporation & us$ by ,p>k] ,d4 ,cram]1 pilot1 & ,oliv] ,l4 ,paquette1 radio op]ator1 9 _! flight f ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 to ,l]wick1 ,%etl& ,isl&s1 summ] #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#bjj47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,=d #aa-;,,at-#a ,trimotor1 #aicj1 ) #c ,pack>d #bbe-;hp ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9es4 ,note special brac+ = ! outbo>d nacelles4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcaa;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,t[le ,,ta-#c ,fly+ ,boat1 #aicj1 ) #b ,pack>d #bbe-;hp ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9es4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcai47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,/ew>t ,m-#b ,monoplane1 #aicj1 ) #b ,pack>d #bbe-;hp ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9es4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcai;,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,consolidat$ ,,xpt-#h;,a1 #aicj4 ,?is is a ,consolidat$ ,,pt-#c;,a p[]$ by a ,,dr-#ihj ,pack>d diesel4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcai;,e47 ,! ,rob]t ,j4 ,colli] ,trophy1 ,am]ica's highe/ aviation aw>d1 0 won by ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company 9 #aica = its developm5t ( ! diesel eng9e4 ,! =mal pres5tation 0 made at ! ,:ite ,h\se1 ,m>* #ca1 #aicb1 by ,presid5t ,hoov] on behalf ( ! ,national ,a]onautic ,association4 ,alvan ,macauley1 presid5t ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company1 accept$ ! trophy1 say+3 ,we d n claim1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 t we h rea*$ ! f9al developm5t ev5 ?\gh our diesel aircraft eng9e is an accompli%$ fact & we h ! pione]'s joy ( kn[+ t we h successfully accompli%$ :at _h n be5 done be=e4444#h ,! amaz+ e>ly success ( ! ,pack>d diesel is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ *ronological summ>y3 #aibg--,lic5se agreem5t sign$ betwe5 ,alvan ,macauley & ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] to p]mit design+ ( ! eng9e4 #aibh--;,fir/ flight ( a diesel-p[]$ airplane accompli%$4 #aibi--;,fir/ cross-c\ntry flights accompli%$4 #aicj--,pack>d diesels 7 sold on ! comm]cial m>ket & 7 us$ to p[] airplanes manufactur$ by a doz5 diff]5t ,am]ican companies4 #aica--,_w's (ficial duration record = nonrefuel$ heavi]-?an-air flight4 ,fir/ flight across ! ,atlantic by a diesel-p[]$ airplane4 #aicb--,pack>d diesels te/$ successfully 9 ! ,goodye> nonrigid air%ip ,def5d]4#i ,(ficial ,am]ican altitude record = diesel-p[]$ airplanes e/abli%$ 7?is record /ill /&s74 ,9 spite ( ?is promis+ record1 ! project di$ 9 #aicc4 ,! ,decemb] #aiej issue ( ,pegasus gave two reasons = ! failure ( ! eng9e3 ,"o bl[ _h already be5 dealt ! program ?r\gh ! accid5tal dea? ( ,capt4 ,l4 ,m4 ,woolson1 ,pack>d's *ief eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! ,diesel developm5t1 on ,april #bc1 #aicj4 ,!n ! ,big ,depression took its toll 9 rese>* "w ev]y:]e & ,pack>d 0 n except$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--,walt] ,e4 ,lees1 ,pack>d *ief te/ pilot 79 cab97 & ,fr$]ic ,a4 ,brossy1 ,pack>d te/ pilot1 be=e tak+ (f on _! _w's record1 nonrefuel+1 heavi]-?an-air aircraft duration flight1 :i* la/$ #hd h\rs1 #cc m9utes1 & #a-a_/d seconds4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhddf;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,walt] ,e4 ,lees1 (ficial tim]1 & ,ray ,coll9s1 manag]1 #aicj ,national ,air ,t\r1 ) _! (ficial airplane1 a ,pack>d diesel ,waco ,tap] ,w+1 at ,pack>d prov+ gr\nds ne> ,detroit4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#diddi47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--;,capt4 ,k>l ,fickes1 act+ head ( ,goodye>'s air%ip op]ations1 po9t+ out features on "o ( ! ,def5d]'s ,pack>d diesel eng9es to ,rol& ,j4 ,blair1 ,goodye> air%ip pilot1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,f ,a]o ,dige/1 ,febru>y #aicb4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#difgd47 ,! eng9e did n fail = ! above m5tion$ reasons4 ,capt4 ,woolson's dea? 0 inde$ un=tunate1 b !re 7 o!rs connect$ ) ! project :o c>ri$ on 8 "w = ?ree ye>s aft] he pass$ away4 ,! big depression 0 also un=tunate1 b x did n /op a]onautical eng9e developm5t4 ,x 0 a "t :5 su* an eng9e w\ld h be5 mo/ welcome if x _h be5 produc$ 9 l>ge en\gh numb]s to br+ ! price d[n to comp>e favorably pricewise ) gas eng9es ( ! same horsep[] class4#aj ,! ,pack>d diesel fail$ because x 0 n a good eng9e4 ,x 0 an +5i\s eng9e1 & two ( ! sev]al features x pione]$ 7! use ( magnesium & ( a dynamically balanc$ crank%aft7 survive 9 mod]n reciprocat+ eng9e designs4 ,9 addition1 :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$1 no o!r eng9e c\ld mat* x = economical fuel consumption & fuel safety4 ,x also _h o!r less important advantages1 b its disadvantages outweigh$ all ^! advantages1 z w be se54 ,description ,specifications ,! foll[+ specifications are = ! production eng9e & its prototypes1 kn[n z ! model ,,dr-#ihj3aa ,type #d-/roke cycle diesel ,cyl9d]s #i--/atic radial configuration ,cool+ ,air ,fuel injection ,directly into cyl9d]s at a pressure ( #fjjj psi ,valves ,poppet type1 "o p] cyl9d] ,ignition ,compression--gl[ plugs = />t+--air compression #ejj psi at #ajjj ,f4 ,fuel ,di/illate or furnace oil ,horsep[] #bbe at #aiej rpm ,bore & /roke #d-ac_/af 94 #f 94 ,compression ratio #af3a--maximum combu/ion pressure #aejj psi ,displacem5t #ihb cu 94 ,weight #eaj lb )\t propell] hub ,weight-horsep[] ratio #b4bf lb hp ,:]e manufactur$ ,u4,s4,a4 ,fuel consumption 4#df lb p] hp_/hr at full p[] ,fuel consumption 4#dj lb p] hp_/hr at cruis+ ,oil consumption 4#jd lb p] hp_/hr ,outside diamet] #de-aa_/af 94 ,ov]all l5g? #cf-c_/d 94 ,optional accessories ,/>t]--,eclipse electric in]tia2 #f volts4 ,special s]ies no4 #g ,g5]ator--,eclipse type ,g-#a2 #f volts ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--,longitud9al cross section1 ,pack>d diesel eng9e ,,dr-#ihj4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhde47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--,transv]se cross section1 ,pack>d diesel eng9e ,,dr-#ihj4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhdg47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--,"r side view ( eng9e1 %[+ accessories2 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #ej-;h\r te/1 #aicj4 ,a1 />t]2 ,b1 oil filt]4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbc47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--,re> left view ( eng9e1 %[+ accessories1 ,u4,s4 ,navy #ej-;h\r te/1 #aica4 ,b>rel valve type v5turi ?rottles4 ,a1 />t]2 ,b1 oil filt]2 ,c1 fuel circulat+ pump2 ,d1 g5]ator4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbd;,c47 ,op]at+ ,cycles ,! sequ5ces ( op]ation ( a ,pack>d diesel eng9e comp>$ ) ^? ( a #d-/roke cycle gasol9e eng9e are illu/rat$ 9 figure #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,brief ,analysis ( ,action 9 a ,f\r-,cycle ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,mixture ( air & gasol9e ent]s cyl9d] f c>buretor4 ,mixture is compress$ into small] volume by pi/on mov+ upw>d4 ,an electric sp>k ignites ! compress$ mixture caus+ x to explode4 ,combu/ion heat increases ! cyl9d] pressure =c+ pi/on d[nw>d4 ,mom5tum c>ries pi/on upw>d :i* pu%es burnt gases out ?r\gh ! exhau/ valve4 ,simil> ,action 9 ! ,pack>d-,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e ,atmosph]ic air only1 ent]s cyl9d] ?r\gh s+le valve4 ,air is s greatly compress$ by upw>d mov+ pi/on t x rea*es temp]ature ( #ajjj ,f4 ,j be=e pi/on is at dead c5t] fuel oil is spray$ into cyl9d] & spontane\sly ignit$4 ,p[] ( ?is explosion is pass$ to crank%aft 9 conv5tional mann]4 ,pi/on =ces out burnt gases ?r\gh same s+le valve :i* is cool$ by inru% ( new air z cycle repeats4 ,figure #ba4--,op]at+ cycles4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhdf47 ,al?\gh ! size1 weight1 & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! ,pack>d diesel did n diff] radically f conv5tional gasol9e eng9es ( a simil> type1 !re 7 def9ite diff]5ces caus$ by ! diesel cycle4 ,9 ! words ( ,capt4 ,woolson3#ab ,z ?is eng9e op]ates on an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple ?an ! gasol9e eng9es us$ h]et(ore 9 aircraft1 x is desirable be=e laun*+ into a me*anical description to consid] fir/ 9 a g5]al way ! pr9ciples ( op]ation ( ! ,diesel cycle z oppos$ to ! ,otto cycle pr9ciple on :i* ne>ly all gasol9e eng9es op]ate4 ,! real po9t ( dep>ture betwe5 ! two sy/ems ( op]ation is ! ignition sy/em involv$4 ,9 ! gasol9e eng9e an electric sp>k is dep5d$ ^u to fire a combu/ible mixture ( gasol9e vapor & air :i* mixture ratio mu/ be ma9ta9$ )9 r n>r[ limits to be fir$ by ?is me?od4444 ,9 ! ,diesel eng9e1 air alone is introduc$ into ! cyl9d]s1 in/ead ( a mixture ( air & fuel z 9 ! gasol9e eng9e1 & ?is air is compress$ into mu* small] space ?an is possible :5 us+ a mixture ( gasol9e & air1 :i* w\ld spontane\sly & prematurely detonate if compress$ to ?is degree4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! cyl9d] at ! end ( ! compression /roke ( a ,diesel eng9e op]at+ ) a compression ratio ( ab\t #af3a is approximately #ajjj degrees ,fahr41 :i* is f> above ! spontane\s-ignition temp]ature ( ! fuel us$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! fuel is inject$ 9 a highly atomiz$ condition at "s "t previ\s to ! pi/on rea*+ ! end ( its /roke1 ! fuel burns z x comes 9 contact ) ! highly heat$ air1 & ! greatly increas$ pressures result+ f ! trem5d\s increase 9 temp]ature br\ght ab\t by ?is combu/ion1 act+ on ! pi/ons1 drive ! eng9e1 z 9 ! case ( ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,summ+ up1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,diesel & gasol9e eng9es />t ) ! fact t ! gasol9e eng9e requires a complicat$ electrical ignition sy/em 9 ord] to fire ! combu/ible mixture1 :]eas ! ,diesel eng9e g5]ates its own heat to />t combu/ion by means ( highly compress$ air4 ,?is br+s ab\t ! necessity = inject+ ! fuel 9 a well-atomiz$ condition at ! "t t combu/ion is desir$ & ! quantities ( fuel inject$ at ?is "t control ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$2 t is1 an inf9itesimally small quantity ( fuel w be burn$ j z effici5tly 9 ! ,diesel eng9e z a full *>ge ( fuel1 :]eas 9 ! gasol9e eng9e ! mixture ratio mu/ be kept reasonably con/ant &1 if ! supply ( fuel is to be cut d[n = ?rottl+ purposes1 ! supply ( air mu/ be correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,x is ?is requirem5t 9 a gasol9e eng9e t necessitates an accurate & s5sitive fuel-&-air met]+ device kn[n z ! c>buretor4 ,! fact t ! air supply ( a ,diesel eng9e is compress$ & its temp]ature rais$ to su* a high degree p]mits ! use ( liquid fuels ) a high ignition temp]ature4 ,^! fuels correspond m ne>ly to ! crude petroleum oil z x issues f ! wells & ?is fact acc\nts = ! mu* l[] co/ ( ,diesel fuel z comp>$ to ! highly ref9$ gasol9e ne$$ = aircraft eng9es4 ,weight-,sav+ ,features ,9 ord] to be successful 9 aviation use1 ! mod]n lightweight diesel ( ! "t _h to h its weight r$uc$ f #be lb_/hp to #b4e lb_/hp4 ,?is requir$ unusual design & con/ruction me?ods1 z foll[s3 ,crankcase3 ,x weigh$ only #cd lb because ( ?ree factors3 ,magnesium alloy 0 us$ ext5sively 9 its con/ruction1 ?us sav+ weight z comp>$ ) alum9um alloy1 :i* 0 ! conv5tional mat]ial at ?is "t4 ,x 0 a s+le ca/+4 ,?is sav$ weight because heavy flanges1 nuts1 & bolts 7 disp5s$ )4 ,! cyl9d]s1 in/ead ( be+ bolt$ to ! crankcase1 z 0 normal practice1 7 held 9 position by two circul> hoops ( alloy /eel pass+ ov] ! cyl9d] flanges4 ,!y 7 tight5$ to su* an ext5t t at no "t did ! cyl9d]s transf] any t5sion loads to ! crankcase4 ,?is type ( fa/5+ actually /r5g!n$ ! crankcase 9 contra/ to ! usual me?od4 ,= ?is reason x c\ld be built light]4 ,! hoops did n always function well4 ,! fir/ job ,i ev] did on ! ,t[le 0 to pat* ! holes 9 ! top & bottom ( ! hull :5 a cyl9d] blew (f dur+ run-up & ne>ly behead$ ! pilot4#ac ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--,re> view ( eng9e ) re> crankcase cov] remov$1 %[+ valve & injector rock] lev]s & injector control r+ m\nt$ on crankcase diaphram4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbc;,d47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--,ma9 crankcase4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--,re> crankcase cov] & ge> tra93 crank%aft ge> drives ,b1 :i* drives oil pump at ,f4 ,a1 integral ) ,b1 drives int]nal cam ge>4 ,b also drives ,c on fuel-circulat+ pump4 ,d1 driv5 by crank%aft ge>1 drives ,e on g5]ator %aft4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe;,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--,ma/] & l9k connect+ rods4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbc;,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--;,crank%aft ) automatic-tim+ ret>d+ device on re> end ( pivot$- & spr+-m\nt$ c\nt]weights4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbc;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--,propell] hub & vibration damp]4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe;,a47 ,crank%aft3 ,s9ce ?is eng9e develop$ ! high maximum cyl9d] pressure ( #aejj psi1 x 0 necess>y to protect ! crank%aft f ! result+ heavy /resses4 ,)\t su* protection ! crank%aft w\ld be too l>ge & heavy = practical a]onautical applications4 ,al?\gh ! maximum cyl9d] pressures 7 #aj times z great z ! av]age ones1 !y 7 ( %ort duration4 ,! me?od ( protect+ ! crank%aft took full advantage ( ?is fact4 ,x consi/$ ( hav+ ! c\nt]weights flexibly m\nt$ in/ead ( be+ rigidly bolt$1 z 0 common practice4 ,! c\nt]weights 7 pivot$ on ! crank *eeks4 ,p[]ful compression spr+s absorb$ ! maximum impulses by p]mitt+ ! c\nt]weights to lag slightly1 yet =c$ !m to travel precisely ) ! crank *eeks at all o!r times4 ,propell] ,hub3 ,! propell] is1 ( c\rse1 subject to ! same /resses z ! crank%aft4 ,in/ead ( be+ rigidly bolt$ to ! %aft z 0 common practice1 x 0 fur!r protect$ f excessive accel]ation =ces by be+ m\nt$ 9 a rubb]-cu%ion$ hub4 ,?is p]mitt$ ! use ( a light] propell] & hub4 ,valves3 ,a fur!r weight sav+ result$ f ! use ( a s+le valve = ea* cyl9d] in/ead ( two z 9 ! case ( conv5tional gasol9e aircraft eng9es4 7,a diesel eng9e design$ 9 ?is mann] loses less effici5cy ?an a gasol9e "o because only air is drawn 9 dur+ ! intake /roke47 ,9 addition to ! weight sav+ br\ght ab\t by hav+ few] p>ts 9 ! valve me*anism1 !re 0 an additional advantage s9ce ! cyl9d] heads c\ld be made consid]ably light]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,cyl9d] disassembly1 %[+ valve & fuel injector4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbd;,d47 ,diesel ,cycle ,features ,al?\gh ,woolson design$ ! +5i\s weight-sav+ features1 ,dorn] 0 responsible = ! eng9e's diesel cycle :i* employ$ ! solid type ( fuel injection4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,dorn]'s contribution1 a brief description ( ! type ( diesel injection pione]$ by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,diesel is necess>y4 ,8 sy/em inject$ ! fuel into ! cyl9d] head ) a bla/ ( air suppli$ by a special air res]voir at a pressure ( #ajjj psi or m4 ,kn[n z ! air bla/ type ( injection x produc$ good turbul5ce1 ) ! fuel & air ?or\ghly mix$ be=e be+ ignit$4 ,su* mix+ increases eng9e effici5cy1 b x involves ! provision ( bulky & co/ly air-compress+ app>atus :i* c absorb m ?an #e p]c5t ( ! eng9e's p[]4 ,naturally ! compressor also adds consid]ably to ! eng9e's weight4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 a solid type ( fuel injection may be employ$ to elim9ate ! complications ( ! air bla/ sy/em4 ,x consi/s ( inject+ only fuel at a pressure ( #ajjj psi or m4 ,air is admitt$ by intake /roke1 z ) a gasol9e eng9e4 ,turbul5ce is induc$ by design+ ! combu/ion *amb] & pi/on s z to give a :irl+ motion to ! air dur+ ! intake /roke4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,dorn] n[ becomes readily und]/&able4 ,s9ce #aibb my inv5tion consi/$ 9 elim9at+ ! highly complicat$ compressor & 9 inject+ directly su* a highly diffus$ fuel spray s t a quick fir/ ignition c\ld be dep5d$ ^u4 ,by means ( rotat+ ! air column ar\nd ! cyl9d] axis1 fre% air 0 con/antly l$ along ! fuel spray to a*ieve completely sootless burn+-up4444 ,9 #aicj ,i sold my ,u4,s4,a4 pat5ts to ,pack>d4#ad ,valve ,ports3 ,! inlet port 7:i* 0 also ! exhau/ port7 0 arrang$ tang5tially to ! cyl9d]4 ,?is design imp>t$ a v rapid :irl+ motion to ! incom+ air1 !reby aid+ ! combu/ion process4 ,eng9e effici5cy & rpm 7 bo? increas$4 ,fuel ,injector ,pumps3 ,a comb9ation fuel pump & nozzle 0 provid$ = ea* cyl9d] 9 contra/ to ! usual sy/em ( hav+ a multiple pump unit remotely plac$ ) reg>d to ! nozzles4 ,! =m] sy/em 0 adopt$ aft] frequ5t fuel-l9e failures 7 exp]i5c$ due to ! eng9e's vibration4 ,woolson /at$ t 8 sy/em prev5t$ pressure waves1 :i* int]f]$ ) ! correct tim+ ( ! fuel injection1 f =m+ 9 ! tub+4 ,leigh ,m4 ,griffi?1 vice presid5t ( ,emsco ,a]o1 writ+ 9 ! ,septemb] #aicj1 ,s4,a4,e4 ,j\rnal /at$3 ,reg>d+ ! sup]iority claim = ! simple comb9ation ( fuel pump & injection valve into "o unit1 )\t connect+ pip+1 ! au?or entirely ov]looks ! fact t ! ela/icity ( a pipe & its conta9$ fuel c be important aids 9 secur+ t extremely abrupt beg9n+ & end+ ( injection :i* is s desirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4--;,fuel-injector disassembly4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbc;,c47 ,a major advantage obta9$ f comb9+ ! fuel pump & injection valve is ! ability ( an eng9e s equipp$ to burn a wide v>iety ( fuels4 ,! elim9ation ( ! above-m5tion$ type ( high-pressure tub+ r$uces ! possibility ( a vapor lock occurr+1 !reby p]mitt+ m volatile fuels to be burn$4 ,?is increases ! range ( hydroc>bon fuels ! eng9e c utilize4 ,x c\ld run on any type ( hydroc>bon f gasol9e to melt$ butt]4#ae ,ano!r reason = comb9+ ! fuel pump & injection valve is giv5 by ,p4 ,e4 ,bigg> 9 ,diesel ,eng9es 7publi%$ 9 #aicf by ! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada ,ltd41 ,toronto73 ,9 ! ,dorn] pump1 = example1 ! /roke ( ! plung] is *ang$ by us+ a lev]-type lift] & mov+ ! pu%-rod along ! lev] to v>y its movem5t4 ,un=tunately1 9 all arrangem5ts ( ?is sort1 ! plung] comes to a reluctant & we>y /op1 z ! roll] ( ! lift] r\nds ! nose ( ! cam4 ,:5 ! movem5t does f9ally end1 ! injection does n necess>ily /op1 z ! compress$ fuel 9 ! injection pipe is /ill left to dribble mis]ably into ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,to m9imize ?is defect1 ! design] has plac$ ! pump & injector toge!r 9 a s+le unit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--,me*anism = ret>d+ valve & fuel-injection tim+ dur+ />t+ 7see also fig4 #bf74 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbd;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4--,upp]--valve & fuel injector cam2 l[]--fuel-injector cam us$ = />t+4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe47 ,/>t+ ,sy/em3 ,on ,novemb] #a1 #aifa1 ,c4 ,h4 ,wiegman1 vice presid5t ( eng9e]+ ( ! ,lycom+ ,division ( ,avco ,corporation wrote to ! ,museum 9 "p z foll[s3 ,e>ly 9 ! developm5t x became q evid5t t cold />t+ 0 a problem4 ,?is 0 f9ally work$ out by ,pack>d ?r\gh ! use ( gl[ plugs & spe$+ up ! injectors dur+ ! crank+ p]iod4 ,x _h be5 felt t dur+ ! sl[ crank+ process we 7 n vaporiz+ ! fuel ?r\gh ! nozzles & t if we c\ld spe$ up ! injection pumps dur+ ?is p]iod ( crank+ a bett] vaporization c\ld be obta9$4 ,our te/s %[$ t we 7 "r1 & t ! eng9e c\ld be />t$ q easily at m9us #aj ,f ?r\gh ! use ( gl[ plugs4 ,! me?od us$ = spe$+ up ! injection pumps 0 accompli%$ by utiliz+ a crank%aft cam dur+ ! crank+ p]iod4 ,! />t] w\ld %ift ! runn+ cam out ( position all[+ ! crank%aft cam to take ov]4 ,aft] ! eng9e fir$1 ! />t] 0 dis5gag$ & ! runn+ injector pump cam w\ld assume its orig9al position4 ,! />t+ cam w\ld be run at eng9e spe$ dur+ crank+1 & ! runn+ cam at #a_/h rev]se eng9e spe$ dur+ eng9e op]ation4 ,! %ift+ 0 accompli%$ by a p9-9-slot & spr+ arrangem5t to *ange ! index+ ( ! cams to />t+ position & return4 ,an ,eclipse electric />t] ) an ov]siz$ fly:eel 0 us$4444 ,?is 0 p[]$ by a d\ble-siz$ batt]y4 ,developm5t ,air ,%utt]s3 ,! fir/ eng9es _h no provision = ?rottl+ ! intake air4 ,?is all[$ ! eng9e to run on its own lubricat+ oil :5 ! ?rottle 0 9 idle position4 ,z a result ! eng9e idl$ too fa/1 !reby caus+ ei!r excessive taxi+ spe$s or rapid brake we>4 ,?is inability to idle sl[ly also caus$ high l&+ spe$s s9ce ! propell] did n turn sl[ly en\gh to act z an airbrake4 ,figure #a %[s ! fir/ model4 ,note t ! tubul> air intakes on top ( ! cyl9d]s h no valves4 ,figure #cb %[s a lat] model4 ,note ! butt]fly valves 9 ! ,u-%ap$ air intakes4 ,"h !y are %[n fully op5$4 ,:5 ! ?rottle 0 plac$ 9 idle position ^! valves automatically clos$ & prev5t$ air f fl[+ pa/ !m4 ,air c\ld !n only ent] f ! back ( ! intakes4 ,s9ce less air c\ld fl[ into ! cyl9d]s1 ! =ce ( _! explosions 0 r$uc$1 :i*1 9 turn1 l[]$ ! idl+ revolutions p] m9ute4 ,figure #bh %[s a cyl9d] f a m advanc$ model4 ,note ! circul> op5+ betwe5 ! air intake & ! intake_/exhau/ h\s+4 ,a b>rel type ( valve fitt$ into ?is op5+4 ,"o ( ^! valves c be se5 j bel[ & to ! left ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! ?rottle 0 plac$ 9 idle position ?is valve rotat$ to a position :i* cut (f almo/ all ( ! airfl[ into its cyl9d]4 ,?is increas$ ! vacuum =m$ t[>d ! end ( ! intake /roke1 !reby caus+ m resi/ance1 :i* r$uc$ ! idl+ rpm to t ( a gasol9e eng9e4#af ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--;,front left view ( eng9e f ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co4 #ej-;h\r te/1 #aicj1 %[+ butt]fly valve type v5turi ?rottles4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--;,front left view ( eng9e f ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica1 %[+ spiral oil cool]4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbd;,a47 ,crankcase3 ,x 0 /r5g!n$ by hav+ ext]nal ribs add$4 ,note ! contra/ betwe5 ! fir/ eng9e1 figure #b1 & a lat] model1 figure #cb4 ,oil ,cool]3 ,! drum-%ap$ honeycomb$ cool] 0 replac$ by a spiral pipe type locat$ betwe5 ! eng9e c[l & ! crankcase4 ,figure #c %[s an example ( ! =m] type ( cool] locat$ at ! top ( ! eng9e betwe5 two ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,figure #cc illu/rates ! latt] type locat$ betwe5 ! c[l+ & ! crankcase4 ,cyl9d] ,fa/5+3 ,e>ly models _h _! cyl9d]s /rapp$ & bolt$ to ! crankcase4 ,lat] ones _h !m only /rapp$4 ,figure #b %[s a bolt-fa/5$ clamp betwe5 two ( ! cyl9d]s on ! fir/ eng9e4 ,figure #ai %[s a lat] model )\t any bolts hold+ d[n ! cyl9d]s4 ,pi/ons3 ,! pi/ons us$ 9 ! #aibi eng9e _h "o compression r+ & "o oil scrap] r+ above ! pi/on p91 & "o oil scrap] r+ bel[ x4 ,!re 7 ?ree grooves1 two above ! pi/on p91 & "o bel[ x4#ag ,pi/ons us$ 9 #aicj _h two compression r+s1 "o oil scrap] r+ above ! pi/on p91 & "o oil scrap] r+ bel[ x4 ,!re 7 f\r grooves1 ?ree above ! pi/on p91 & "o bel[ x4#ah ,! #aica pi/ons _h "o compression r+ above ! pi/on p91 & "o compression r+ & f\r oil scrap] r+s bel[ x4 ,!re 7 f\r grooves1 "o above ! pi/on p91 & ?ree bel[ x4#ai ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--,modifi$ pi/ons aft] endurance run4 ,u4,s4 ,navy te/1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcbe;,d47 ,combu/ion ,*amb]3 ,9 #aica ! cont\r ( ! cyl9d] head 0 *ang$ slightly4 ,?is improv$ ! combu/ion effici5cy to ! ext5t t ! /roke ( ! fuel pumps c\ld be decreas$ ab\t #ae p]c5t4 ,! specific fuel consumption !n decreas$ ab\t #aj p]c5t4 ,9 addition ! compression ratio 0 r$uc$ f #af3a to #ad3a4bj ,^! *anges 7 design$ to elim9ate smoke f ! exhau/ at cruis+ spe$1 & to r$uce x at wide-op5 ?rottle4 ,valves3 ,a two-valve-p]-cyl9d] model 0 built1 b n put into production4 ,x featur$ m horsep[] 7#cjj71 a high] rate ( revolutions p] m9ute 7#bjjj71 & a bett] specific fuel consumption 7ab\t 4#ce lb_/hp_/hr74#ba ,capt4 ,woolson design$ ! production model ) a s+le l>ge valve = ea* cyl9d]4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] to %ort5 ! developm5t p]iod1 = x is easi] to design a s+le valve :i* s]ves bo? ! intake & exhau/ functions ?an "o valve = ea* function4 ,n only are !re few] p>ts1 b m important1 !re are no heat-dissipat+ problems4 ,al?\gh ! s+le valve is heat$ :5 x releases ! exhau/ gases1 x is imm$iately cool$ by ! incom+ air ( ! next cycle4 ,?is cool+ advantage is n %>$ by a valve :i* only passes exhau/ gases4#bb ,cyl9d] ,head3 ,ribs 7 add$ to increase its rigidity 7comp>e fig4 #cb ) fig4 #cc74 ,eng9e ,size3 ,a #djj-;hp model 0 develop$ 9 #aicj4 ,x 0 n put into production4#bc ,comm5ts ,comm5ts ( ,a]onautical ,eng9e]s3 ,^! comm5ts appe>$ 9 ,aviation = ,febru>y #ae1 #aicj1 j a mon? be=e ! ,pack>d diesel receiv$ its approv$-type c]tificate4 ,!y 7 9 answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! probable e>ly future ( ! compression ignition type ( eng9e 9 aircraft p[]plants8 ,mo/ ( ! eng9e]s 7 en?usia/ic ab\t ! diesel eng9e's future 9 aviation2 h[ev]1 nei!r ,george ,j4 ,mead nor ,c4 ,fayette ,taylor %>$ _! colleagues' op9ions4 ,mead's prophesy 0 accurate except = 8 disc\nt+ ! diesel's role 9 light]-?an-air craft4 ,taylor 0 correct 9 imply+ t !re 0 a future = ! diesel 9 p[]+ air%ips4 ,george ,j4 ,mead 7vice presid5t & te*nical director1 ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft ,company73 ,comp>$ ) ! pres5t ,otto cycle eng9e1 ! ,diesel p[]plant weight1 includ+ fuel = a long-di/ance flight1 w\ld app>5tly be less4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re w\ld be any sav+ if ! or?odox eng9e 7 op]at$ on a m suitable fuel4 ,inh]5tly ! ,diesel eng9e mu/ /& high] pressures & !re=e is heavi] p] horsep[]4 ,a p>tial solution ( ?is difficulty is ! two-cycle op]ation1 :i* seems almo/ a requirem5t if ! ,diesel cycle is to be consid]$ at all = aircraft4 ,= any normal comm]cial op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re seems to be little or no improvem5t to be _h f ! ,diesel4 ,aft] all1 x is n entirely a "q ( fuel co/ b payloads c>ri$ = a giv5 horsep[]4 ,x seem$ at "o "t z ?\gh ! ,diesel 0 p>ticul>ly desirable = ,zeppel9 "w4 ,n[ t blau gas has be5 introduc$1 :i* obviates ! ne$ ( valv+ preci\s lift+ gas1 ! ,diesel cycle seems mu* less int]e/+ = ?is purpose4 ,!re may be a r$uction 9 fire haz>d & radio int]f]5ce ) ! ,diesel cycle1 b x is d\btful :e!r x w be us$ 9 view ( ^! consid]ations alone4 ,c4 ,fayette ,taylor 7pr(essor ( a]onautical eng9e]+1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology73 ,i believe t ! compression ignition eng9e w cont9ue to rema9 9 ! exp]im5tal /age dur+ ! ye> #aicj4 ,i %\ld expect its fir/ really practical in/allation to be 9 light]-?an-air craft4 ,p4 ,b4 ,taylor 7act+ *ief eng9e]1 ,wright ,a]onautical ,corporation73 ,i believe ! compression ignition eng9e is probably ! type :i* w ev5tually sup]s$e ! pres5t electric ignition units4 ,?is developm5t w come sl[ly & w n be a solid injection eng9e4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,mull9nix 7=m] *ief ( p[]plant section1 ,navy ,bureau ( ,a]onautics73 ,! advantages ( compression-ignition1 includ+ r$uc$ fire haz>d1 m effici5t cycle1 elim9ation ( electrical app>atus & h5ce ( radio int]f]5ce1 elim9ation ( c>buretion problems1 & o!r b5efits less evid5t1 w\ld seem to outweigh ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 met]+ & inject+ m9ute quantities ( fuel at ! prop] in/ant4 ,al?\gh ! ,diesel eng9e suff]s ^u comp>ison ) ! ,otto cycle eng9e 9 flexibility !re seems to be a def9ite field = employm5t ( ,diesels & a gradual ext5sion ( _! use may be pr$ict$4 ,john ,h4 ,geisse 7*ief eng9e]1 ,comet ,eng9e ,corporation73 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t ! ,diesel eng9e 9 ! future w n only ma9ta9 ! advantages ( ,diesel eng9es z !y are n[ kn[n1 b w also be light] 9 p\nds p] horsep[] ?an ! pres5t ,otto eng9es4 ,lt4 ,cdr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,mc,cord 7,u4,s4 ,navy1 ,naval ,aircraft ,factory73 ,! use ( compression ignition 9 due "t appe>s to be assur$2 b increase 9 weights above ^? ( pres5t ,otto cycle eng9es1 to insure reliability1 mu/ be expect$4 ,l4 ,m4 ,woolson 7a]onautical eng9e]1 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company73 ,!re is no "q t ! compression ignition aircraft eng9e w 9 "t (f] sev]e competition to ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m basic problems to be solv$ = ! solution ( :i* !re exi/s no prec$5t4 ,n4 ,n4 ,tilley 7*ief eng9e]1 ,k9n] ,airplane & ,motor ,corp473 ,consid]able developm5t ( ! compression ignition type ( eng9e = aircraft w be requir$ be=e x is commonly available4 ,x is believ$ t ! weight p] horsep[] mu/ be equal to1 or less ?an1 t ( ! pres5t type ( eng9es1 9 ord] to int]e/ ! public1 s9ce rapid take-(f1 rate ( climb1 & spe$ are desir$1 r ?an l[ fuel consumption or high mileage4 ,mo/ flights are ( few h\rs duration4 ,x is believ$ t flights mu/ be ( ov] five or six h\rs duration 9 ord] to %[ any advantage ( ,diesel eng9es 7) l[ fuel consumption7 if appreciably heavi] ?an pres5t eng9es4 ,also ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,otto cycle & ,diesel becomes slight z ! compression ratios come clos] toge!r4 ,comm5ts ( ,flight ,crews3 ,! prec$+ comm5ts 7 made by eng9e]s ?9k+ prim>ily ( ! comm]cial possibilities ( ! diesel4 ,foll[+ are comm5ts by flight crewmemb]s ab\t ! op]at+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,pack>d diesel4 ,! =m] 7 l>gely optimi/ic4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 only famili> ) ! a]onautical diesel z a design project & !re=e did n h ! practical exp]i5ce necess>y to und]/& all ( its limitations4 ,! latt] 7 pessimi/ic1 z !y knew fir/h& v>i\s %ortcom+s ( ! eng9e :i* only became app>5t :5 x 0 op]at$4 ,cl>5ce ,d4 ,*amb]l91 pione] pilot3 ,my only exp]i5ce ) ! ,pack>d diesel 0 9 a ,lockhe$ ,vega :i* ,i own$ back ab\t #aicb4 ,! ,wright ,j-#e _h be5 replac$ ) ! #bbe hp ,pack>d ,diesel4 ,my ma9 compla9t 0 ! excessive fumes4 ,:5 ,i w\ld come home at night my wife w\ld greet me )1 ,y h be5 fly+ t oil burn] aga94 ,x 0 s bad t pass5g]s' clo?+ w\ld smell l a smoky oil /ove = h\rs aft] a flight4 ,look+ backw>d1 x is my guess t ! ,diesel w\ld h _h only a limit$ p]iod ( acceptance ev5 if all mi/akes _h be5 avoid$4 ,x is easi] & *eap] to get p]=mance ) light] & m p[]ful eng9es & long] runways ?an by ref9+ ! airplane4 ,fuel economy ( an eng9e has ceas$ to be ! decid+ factor4 ,high] utilization ( a high spe$ ,jet at lea/ 9 "p (fsets ! ineffici5t use ( fuel4 ,! only "t ! ,diesel _h a *ance 0 f ! middle #bj's p]haps on ?ru ,,ww-#b = c]ta9 ?+s due to gasol9e %ortage4 ,to sum x up1 ! ?+ t lick$ !m wor/ 0 ! use ( a s+le valve = inlet & exhau/ mak+ x impossible to collect & keep ! fumes out ( ! fuselage4#bd ,ru? ,ni*ols1 prom95t aviatrix3 ,i 0 fly+ ,*amb]l9's diesel-p[]$ ,lockhe$1 9 :i* a mon? be=e ,i _h made an (ficial altitude record = bo? m5 & wom5 9 aircraft p[]$ by an eng9e ( t type4 ,! record1 ,i believe1 /ill holds4 ,x 0 a rugg$1 dep5dable plane ^: exp]im5tal oil-burn+ eng9e nev]!less _h a numb] ( bugs4 ,= "o ?+1 x 0 con/antly bl[+ out gl[-plugs us$ = w>m+ ! fuel mixture1 & :5 t happ5$ long :ite plumes ( smoke w\ld /ream out1 giv+ spectators ! impression t ! %ip 0 on fire4 ,= ano!r1 ! vibration 0 s bad t out ( #aj /&>d in/rum5ts on ! plane1 #g 7 brok5 f ! j>r+ be=e my return4 ,! diesel fuel also produc$ a /rong odor 9 ! cockpit1 ! fumes s p]meat+ my luggage & clo!s t my public appe>ances dur+ ! t\r always 7 highly & n v agreeably aromatic4 ,hav+ a /rong /oma*1 ,i soon became accu/om$ to ! fumes1 b ano!r pilot :o f]ri$ ! plane betwe5 cities = me on "o occasion 444 0 almo/ ov]come4 ,on arrival he said1 ,i w\ldn't fly t oil burn] ano!r mile4#be ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4--;,=d #aa-;,,at-#a ,trimotor1 #aicj1 ) #c ,pack>d #bbe-;hp ,,dr-#ihj diesel eng9es1 "r side view ( "r eng9e nacelle4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhcaa47 ,ri*>d ,tott51#bf airplane me*anic3 ,! ,=d ,trimotor 0 ! poore/ ( ! lot4 ,x 0 inh]5tly noisy & sl[1 & ) ! ,pack>ds in/all$ x 0 on ! po9t ( be+ und]p[]$4 ,x 0 almo/ impossible to syn*ronize ! ?ree eng9es1 & ! beat 0 almo/ unbe>able4 ,x 0 n fl[n mu* b x made a f9e conv]sation piece /&+ on ! airport apron4444 ,! ,waco tap]w+ develop$ ! unn]v+ habit ( break+ fly+ & l&+ wires f ! vibration1 & mo/ ( ! "t sat on ! hang> floor ) its w+s droop+ l a sick pigeon4 ,9 flight ! op5 cockpit fill$ ) exhau/ smoke & unburn$ fuel & ! pilot w\ld l& aft] an h\r's flight look+ l an ,indianapolis #ejj ,mile ,race driv]4444 ,! ,/9son ,detroit]1 ! ,bellanca ,pacemak] & ! ,buhl-,v]ville ,airs$an 7 ! mo/ successful %ips & 7 ! mo/ us$4 ,! ,airs$an1 9 :i* ,woolson 0 kill$1 0 8 favorite %ip1 & ! "o ,i believe t 0 ! mo/ fl[n4 ,! ,t[le ,,ta-#c amphibian flew beautifully1 b n = long4 ,x nev] got a *ance to d mu* z x 0 a victim ( ! depression4 ,! ,t[le 0 p[]$ by #b ,pack>d diesels on loan f ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company4 ,x 0 built ( corrugat$ alum9um exactly l ! ,=d ,trimotor4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,t[le _h be5 employ$ by ,=d until ,=d cancell$ airplane build+4 ,t[le got 8 airplane built at ! hang> on ,grosse ,isle 9 ,detroit1 & ran out ( money dur+ ! flight te/+ program4 ,he n[ look$ = money to cont9ue ) & f\nd a back] 9 ! p]son ( "o ,doctor ,adams1 a widely adv]tis$ ,pa9less ,d5ti/ ( ,detroit4 ,adams want$ a quick] return on 8 money ?an ! av]age back] & he insi/$ t ,t[le put ! airplane 9 s]vice s x c\ld />t e>n+ "s money4 ,at ?is "t ! amphibian 0 beg9n+ to become popul> = int]city fly+1 especially ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes region z all ( ! major cities 7 locat$ on ! wat]front4 ,:at 0 m natural ?an an airl9e fly+ pass5g]s "r into ! d[nt[n area ( a city8 ,?ompson 0 do+ x betwe5 ,detroit & ,clevel&1 ,m>quette 0 do+ x betwe5 ,detroit & ,milwaukee1 s ,adams appli$ = p]mission to op]ate an airplane betwe5 ,detroit & ,clevel& & o!r cities on ! lakes4 ,9 ^? days x 0 necess>y to prove an airplane's reliability by fly+ a c]ta9 numb] ( trips ov] ! propos$ r\te ) a simulat$ payload4 ,?is payload 0 suppos$ to consi/ ( s& bags1 b usually consi/$ ( any me*anic or pilot :o happ5$ to be loose at ! mom5t1 & :o _h n]ve en\gh to g along4 ,me*anics 7 easi] to load & unload ?an s& bags4 ,! ,t[le 0 9 ! middle ( ! qualification flights1 & ! publicity began to appe> ab\t ! new airl9e4 ,mu* newspr9t 0 devot$ to ! fact t ! ,t[le 0 p[]$ by ! new ,pack>d diesel eng9e1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 made x ! only safe airl9e s9ce all its competitors 7 us+ ! old-fa%ion$ dang]\s gasol9e4 ,on ! la/ payload trip ( ! ,t[le ! pilot ask$ me if ,i want$ to g along1 & ( c\rse ,i 0 delight$4 ,i neglect$ to m5tion t ,i _h be5 hir$ by ! ,adams airl9e z a me*anic because ( my exp]i5ce 9 repair+ ! corrugat$ sk9 ( ! ,=d ,trimotor own$ by my employ]1 ! ,kn[les ,fly+ ,s]vice4 ,! m]e fact t ,i did _m repairs to ! airframe did n preclude me f gett+ my %>e ( ! eng9e "w too1 & s9ce ,i 0 already famili> ) ! ,pack>d diesel1 ,i 0 quickly hir$ by ,dr4 ,adams4 ,! la/ flight 0 inde$ ! la/ flight4 ,we took (f f ! ,detroit ,city ,airport & :5 we cross$ ! ,detroit riv] ! pilot decid$ to l& at ! ,solvay ,coal ,company docks & fuel up = ! op5+ ( ! airl9e ! next day4 ,! ,solvay ,coal ,company 0 ! only place 9 ,detroit :]e diesel fuel 0 obta9able at ! "t & all ( ! diesel p[]$ ya*ts got fuel !re4 ,! pilot 0 n too exp]i5c$ 9 ! op]ation ( amphibians1 & he put ! :eels d[n z we approa*$ ! riv]4 ,:5 we hit ! wat] ! airplane w5t ov] on its back & sunk to ! bottom4 ,x came up to ! surface aga91 & we all climb$ out onto ! keel1 & wait$ = rescue4 ,a police boat came ov] & took u to ! dock4 ,! police s5t u to ! hospital & !n w5t back & t[$ ! airplane ov] to ! %ipy>d next door to ,solvay4 ,:ile we 7 at ! hospital1 ! crane man hook$ onto ! ,t[le & lift$ x out ( ! wat] & g5tly set x d[n on ! dock4 ,he 0 only try+ to help1 b he inadv]t5tly set x d[n on its back in/ead ( its :eels4 ,t 0 ! end ( ! ,adams airl9e4 ,! ,pack>d ,company took back _! eng9es4 ,i help$ remove !m ! next day4 ,we dismantl$ ! airplane & truck$ x back to ! airport :]e x sat 9 a /ate ( neglect = "s "t4 ,! pilot 0 fir$1 ,i lo/ my job1 & ,t[le lo/ 8 airplane4 ,analysis ,advantages ,a ,pack>d diesel adv]tisem5t :i* appe>$ 9 ,a]o ,dige/ = ,june #aicj /at$ t ?is eng9e _h ?ree major advantages ov] its gasol9e rivals3 ,great] reliability because ( extreme simplicity ( design2 great] economy because ( l[] fuel co/ plus l[] fuel consumption1 p]mitt+ great] payloads ) long] range ( flight2 & great] safety because ( removal ( ! fire haz>d ?r\gh ! use ( fire-safe fuel & abs5ce ( electrical ignition equipm5t4 ,^! 7 ! eng9e's pr9cipal advantages4 ,o!rs are analyz$ "h by ! au?or 9 ord] ( _! importance4 ,at l[ altitudes ! diesel uses an excess ( air to elim9ate a smok+ exhau/2 consequ5tly at high altitudes1 :]e ! air is less d5se1 ! diesel is /ill able to ma9ta9 mu* ( its p[]4 ,9 contra/1 ! c>buretor$ gasol9e eng9e is s5sitive to ! fuel-air ratio & ?us has no surplus air available at high] altitudes4 ,a malfunction+ c>buretor c\ld cause a gasol9e eng9e to cease op]at+1 b an inop]ative fuel injector w\ld cause ! ,pack>d diesel to lose "o n9? ( its p[]1 s9ce ea* cyl9d] _h its own indep5d5tly op]at+ injector4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 because ( ! excessive vibration1 ! eng9e 0 g5]ally %ut (f imm$iately aft] a cyl9d] cut out4#bg ,%ield+ 0 unnecess>y because ! diesel _h no electrical ignition sy/em4 ,c>buretor ic+ 0 an impossibility because !re 0 no c>buretor4 ,any excess lubricat+ oil 9 a diesel eng9e's cyl9d] is consum$ cleanly to produce p[]4 ,by contra/1 su* oil 9 a gasol9e eng9e's cyl9d] is only p>tly burn$4 ,z a result c>bon deposits =m t ev5tually cause malfunction+ ( ! sp>k plugs1 valves1 & combu/ion *amb]s4 ,?is advantage accru$ to ! diesel because x utiliz$ an excess ( air1 & 9 addition its cyl9d] walls 7 hott]4 ,! eng9e 0 v clean-runn+ f ! /&po9t ( oil leakage4 ,?is 0 a safety factor s9ce x elim9at$ ! possibility ( a fire />t+ on ! outside surfaces ( ! eng9e1 & 9 addition x sav$ ! "t & money t 0 normally sp5t clean+ eng9es4#bh ,s9ce ! diesel utiliz$ its heat ( combu/ion m effici5tly ?an ! gasol9e eng9e1 its cool+ f9 area c\ld be r$uc$ by #ce p]c5t4 ,?is p]mitt$ bett] /reaml9+4 ,hav+ less cool+ f9 area1 x w>m$ up m rapidly ?an a gasol9e eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,pack>d-,,diesel ,,aircraft ,,eng9e ,fire-,safe ,fuel ,furnaces 9 _m a home burn simil> oil ,a light$ mat* _c ignite or explode x ,saturat$ clo? c burn only l a wick ,& ! oil itself w qu5* ?is fire ,b only :5 prop]ty atomiz$ ! spray may be ignit$ ,graphic ,pro( ( fuel safety 9 ! ,pack>d-,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e ,figure #cf4--;,adv]tisem5t emphasiz+ ! advantages ( fire-safe fuel4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#dhhdh47 ,due to ! great] simplicity1 x 0 m practical to build a l>ge diesel ?an a l>ge gasol9e eng9e4 ,l>ge airplanes w\ld !re=e ne$ few] eng9es if diesel p[]$4 ,small] fuel tanks c\ld be us$ because ( ! great] fuel economy ( ! diesel1 & also because ( ! high specific gravity ( fuel oil z comp>$ to gasol9e4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! small] tanks c\ld be plac$ 9 m conv5i5t locations4 ,n hav+ a c>buretor ! eng9e c\ld n backfire1 fur!r r$uc+ ! fire haz>d4 ,! exhau/ note 0 l[] because ( ! diesel's high] expansion ratio4 ,! abs5ce ( an ignition sy/em p]mitt$ ! diesel to op]ate 9 ! heavie/ types ( precipitation4 ,su* conditions might cause ! ignition sy/em ( a gasol9e eng9e to malfunction4 ,! ,pack>d diesel 0 fl[n at times )\t exhau/ /acks or manifolds2 ?is 0 practical f a safety /&po9t because ( ! diesel's l[] exhau/ temp]ature due to its high] expansion ratio4 ,elim9ation ( ^! p>ts r$uc$ ! weight & co/ ( ! eng9e in/allation4 ,f9ally1 ! eng9e 0 ideal = a]obatics1 s9ce ! injectors1 unlike c>buretors1 w\ld "w equally well :e!r "r side up or upside d[n4 ,an advantage peculi> to ! ,pack>d among a]onautical diesels 0 its light weight4 ,! ,engli% ,be>dmore ,tornado ,,iii weigh$ #f4i lb_/hp1 & ! ,g]man ,junk]s ,,sl-#a 7,,fo-#d7 weigh$ #c4a lb_/hp1 :ile ! ,pack>d weigh$ b #b4c lb_/hp4 ,9 fairness to ! ,be>dmore1 x 0 ! only "o ( ! ?ree eng9es design$ = air%ip use1 & "p ( its heav9ess 0 due to ! special requirem5ts ( light]-?an-air craft4 ,a contempor>y & comp>able ,am]ican gasol9e eng9e1 ! ,lycom+ ,r-#fhj1 weigh$ #b4b lb_/hp4 ,to h design$ a diesel aircraft eng9e z light z a gasol9e "o 0 a rem>kable a*ievem5t4 ,disadvantages ,!re are f\r ma9 reasons :y ! ,pack>d diesel 0 n successful4 ,fir/ ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company put ! eng9e into production a brief ?ree ye>s aft] x 0 creat$4 ,! only successful airplane diesel1 ! ,g]man ,junk]s ,jumo1 0 9 developm5t m ?an ?ree times z long 7#aiab-aibi74 ,! foll[+ te/s indicate t ! ,pack>d diesel 0 n ready = production1 & h5ce 0 unreliable4 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company #ej-;,h\r ,te/ 7,feb4 #ae-ah1 #aicj73 ,?is te/ 0 id5tical to ! /&>d ,army #ej-;h\r te/ :i* 0 us$ = ! grant+ ( ! ,approv$ ,type ,c]tificate4 ,! eng9e te/$ 0 numb]$ #ajj1 & 0 ! fir/ to be made ) production tools 7approximately half a doz5 eng9es _h be5 h&made previ\sly74 ,x _h to be /opp$ ?ree times1 twice due to failure ( ! fuel pump plung] spr+s & once due to ! loos5+ ( ! oil connection r+4 ,^! failures 7 attribut$ to manufactur+ discrepancies4 ,9 addition1 #d out ( a total ( #ajc valve spr+s broke4#bi ,u4,s4 ,navy #ej-;,h\r ,te/ 7,jan4 #bb1 #aica1 to ,m>* #ae1 #aica73 ,! eng9e us$ 9 ! ,navy te/ 0 numb]$ #abj4 7,app>5tly only #bj production eng9es _h be5 built dur+ ! prec$+ #ab mon?s2 ,dorn] 9 a lett] ( ,m>* #c1 #aifb1 /ates t ! total numb] ( ,pack>d diesels produc$ 0 approximately #be47 ,! eng9e _h to be /opp$ ?ree times1 twice due to valve-spr+ coll> failures & once due to a valve head break+4 ,because ( ^! failures ?is te/ 0 n complet$4 ,! foll[+ significant quotations h be5 extract$ f ! te/3 ,! eng9e is n recomm5d$ = s]vice use4444 ,flight te/s1 until ! durability ( ! eng9e is improv$1 be limit$ to a det]m9ation ( ! critical eng9e spe$s1 & to %ort hops 9 seaplanes4444 ,x is believ$ t ?is size eng9e %\ld be made suitable = s]vice use be=e ?is type 9 a l>g] class is attempt$4 ,?is latt] /atem5t probably ref]s to ! #djj-;hp model4 ,a ye> _h pass$ betwe5 ! mak+ ( eng9e #ajj & #abj1 yet ! reliability _h n improv$4 ,al?\gh unreliability 0 ! imm$iate cause ( failure1 !re 7 two design defects :i* w\ld h doom$ ! eng9e ev5 if x _h be5 reliable4 ,all ! ,pack>d diesels 7 ( ! #d-/roke cycle unbl[n type1 yet ! mo/ successful airplane diesels 7 ( ! #b-/roke cycle bl[n type4#cj ,! advantages ( ! latt] type = a]onautical use are t x is ( a m compact eng9e1 ( l[] weight & great] effici5cy4#ca ,! eng9e 0 !re=e built ar\nd ! wrong cycle4 ,! ,pack>d diesel ( #aibh 0 design$ to compete ) ! ,wright ,j-#e ,:irlw9d :i* p[]$ ,l9db]gh's ,_s ( ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aibg4cb ,! specifications 7 )9 two p]c5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! diesel eng9e's fuel consumption 0 f> less al?\gh its price 0 consid]ably high]4 ,pack>d ,diesel ,wright ,j-#e ,,dr-#ihj ,:irlw9d ,diamet] 7947 #de-aa_/af #de ,horsep[] #bbe #bbe ,weight 7lb7 #eaj #eaj ,weight-horsep[] ratio #b4bf #b4bf ,fuel consumption 7lb p] hp_/hr at #j4dj #j4fj cruis+74 ,co/ #djbe #cjjj ,! advantages ( l[] fuel co/ & great] cruis+ range (f]$ by ! diesel eng9e w\ld be relatively unimportant to a private pilot fly+ = pleasure1 b w\ld be vital to ! comm]cial op]ator us+ airplanes p[]$ by eng9es hav+ sev]al times ! horsep[] ( ! ,pack>d diesel4 ,its size1 moreov]1 0 too small = ! te*nology ( fuel injectors4#cc ,! ,pack>d ,company realiz$ t ! production eng9e 0 too small4#cd ,9 #aicj a #djj-;hp v]sion 0 built b 0 n put into production1 probably because ( ! unreliability ( ! #bbe-;hp model4 ,! f\r? pr9cipal reason :y ! eng9e fail$ is expla9$ by ! foll[+ quotation f ,! ,propulsion ( ,aircraft1 by ,m4 ,j4 ,b4 ,davy 7publi%$ 9 #aicf by ,8 ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice1 ,london73 ,al?\gh ! developm5t & adoption = transport purposes ( ! relatively high-spe$ compression ignition eng9e has be5 rapid dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 !re has be5 no correspond+ advance 9 its adoption = aircraft propulsion4 ,a reason = ?is is ! rec5t great advance 9 take-(f p[] 9 ! petrol 7gasol9e7 eng9e due to ! introduction ( #hg octane fuel 7:i* p]mits high] compression ratios7 & ! /rong probability ( #ajj octane fuels 9 ! ne> future1 /ill fur!r increas+ ?is p[]4 ,! ne$ = increas$ take-(f p[] results f ! high] w+ load+ necessitat$ by ! mod]n dem& = comm]cial aircraft ) high] cruis+ spe$s ) reasonable p[] exp5diture4 ,production ( ! ,pack>d diesel ceas$ 9 #aicc4 ,dur+ t same ye> ! ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft ,company & ! ,wright ,a]onautical ,corporation specifi$ #hg-octane fuel = c]ta9 ( _! eng9es4 ,less ?an #aj ye>s lat] octane rat+s _h increas$ to ov] #ajj1 putt+ ! diesel at a fur!r disadvantage4#ce ,al?\gh ! above disadvantages seal$ ! ,pack>d diesel's fate1 !re 7 o!r m9or reasons = its failure4 ,! ,pack>d diesel _h ! highe/ maximum cyl9d] pressure 7up to #aejj psi at peak rpm7 ( any prov5 contempor>y aircraft diesel eng9e4 ,leigh ,m4 ,griffi?1 vice presid5t & g5]al manag]1 ,emsco ,a]o ,eng9e ,company1 _h ?is to say ab\t ! ,pack>d diesel's high maximum cyl9d] pressure 9 ! ,septemb] #aicj ,s4,a4,e4 ,j\rnal3 ,! design]s consid]$ x necess>y to adopt unusual b admitt$ly clev] exp$i5ts to c\nt]act ! great torque irregul>ity caus$ by ! excessive maximum pressure4 ,! adoption ( ! l[] pressure ( #hjj lbs4 w\ld h elim9at$ ! necessity = ! pivot$ spr+-m\nt$ c\nt]weights & ! %ock-absorb+ rubb] propell]-drive4444 ,! use ( su* high pressures is 9 reality ! quick & easy way to secure high-spe$ op]ation & c be ju/ifi$ only f ?is /&po9t1 al?\gh ! result+ increas$ difficulty 9 keep+ ! eng9e light en\gh 0 a /rong (fsett+ factor4#cf ,ins(> z ! eng9e life 0 conc]n$ x is true t #a1ejj-psi peak pressures 7 obs]v$ b ! eng9e 0 s develop$ to )/& ^! pressures4444 ,"o ( ! mo/ sev]e problems connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ?is eng9e 0 ! pi/on r+ seal+4 ,special compression r+s 7 made ) no gaps & fur!r "w 9 ?is respect c\ld h be5 us$ to advantage _h ! eng9e be5 kept 9 production4#cg ,x is significant t 9 #aicj ! ,pack>d diesel _h a compression ratio ( #af3a1 :]eas 9 #aica x has be5 r$uc$ to #ad3a4 ,?is 0 probably done to r$uce vibration & ! problem ( pi/on-r+ seal+4#ch ,! exhau/ products _h an unpleasant odor :i* 0 p>ticul>ly objectionable dur+ taxi+4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,fayette ,taylor1 writ+ 9 ! ,janu>y #aica issue ( ,aviation1 rem>k$ ab\t ?is fault3 ,"o is incl9$ to "q :e!r ! disagreeable escap+ ( exhau/ gas f ! intake ports c be ov]come1 :ile /ill reta9+ ! obvi\s advantages 9 weight & simplicity ( ! s+le valve4 ,! eng9e exhau/ deposit$ a black oily film4 ,9 fact "s airplanes fitt$ ) ! ,pack>d diesel eng9e 7 pa9t$ black1 s t soot deposits f ! exhau/ w\ld n be notic$4#ci ,s9ce ! pass5g]s' & pilots' comp>tm5ts 7 g5]ally locat$ beh9d ! eng9es1 & 7 n airtight1 damage to clo?+ result$4 ,?is fault c\ld h be5 elim9at$ by ! use ( sep>ate valves = ! intake & exhau/ sy/ems4 ,x 0 n possible to />t ! eng9e :5 ! temp]ature dropp$ mu* bel[ #cb ,f unless gl[ plugs 7 us$4 ,^! sp>k-plug-l devices1 :i* 7 only us$ = />t+1 _h resi/ance w9d+s :i* gl[$ cont9u\sly :5 turn$ on4 ,! additional heat gl[ plugs provid$ made />t+ an easy matt] 9 ! colde/ wea!r2 h[ev]1 !y complicat$ ! design ( an eng9e not$ = its simplicity1 & !y us$ s mu* electricity t only a long flight w\ld all[ ! g5]ator to fully re*>ge ! batt]y4 ,h4 ,r4 ,ric>do1 writ+ 9 ! ,june #d1 #aicj1 issue ( ,! ,a]oplane said3 ,ref]r+ to ! v f9e a*ievem5t ( ! ,pack>d ,company ( ,am]ica 9 produc+ a small radial air-cool$ heavy-oil eng9e1 a petrol eng9e ( simil> design & ) ! same m>g9 ( safety w\ld weigh less ?an #a-a_/b lbs4 p] hp4 ,! important po9t made is t a gasol9e eng9e design$ along ! same l9es z ! ,pack>d diesel w\ld weigh consid]ably less1 b w\ld !n suff] f ! ,pack>d's r$uc$ /ructural safety factor4 ,x is significant t z ! ,pack>d develop$1 x became heavi]4#dj ,l o!r diesels1 ! ,pack>d co/ m to build ?an a comp>able gasol9e eng9e1 because ( ! type ( con/ruction requir$ = ! diesel's high] maximum cyl9d] pressures & ! difficulty ( ma*9+ ! fuel injectors4 ,hav+ fuel injectors1 ! eng9e 0 m s5sitive to dirt 9 ! fuel sy/em ?an a c>buretor-equipp$ gasol9e eng9e4#da ,! fuel injectors 7 a crude & defici5t me*anism subject to rapid we>1 & (t5 ^! injectors caus$ smok+ exhau/s & high fuel consumptions4#db ,9 ! ev5t ( batt]y or />t] failure1 a comp>able gasol9e eng9e c\ld be />t$ by sw++ ! propell]4 ,because ( ! eng9e's high compression1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to h h&-/>t$ a ,pack>d diesel ?is way4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aifb1 ,dorn] comm5t$3 ,dur+ my fir/ demon/ration 7( high-spe$ diesel eng9es7 9 #aibf 9 ,cali=nia & lat] 9 ,detroit ,i le>n$ f ,capt4 ,woolson t ! l>ge transport airl9es 7 controll$ by oil companies :i* 7 n int]e/$ 9 7supply+7 two diff]5t k9ds ( aircraft fuel1 & 9 sav+s ( fuel4 ,! ,may issue ( ,a]o ,dige/ _h a full-page illu/rat$ adv]tisem5t titl$ ,ann\nc+ ,national ,di/ribution = ,texaco ,a]odiesel ,fuel4 ,al?\gh di/ribution 0 limit$1 ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry did n prev5t ! airplane diesel f becom+ a success 9 ! civil m>ket4 ,h[ev]1 x is significant t ! adv]tisem5t 0 plac$ by ,frank ,hawks ( ! ,texas ,company l>gely z a ge/ure ( fri5d%ip to ,woolson4#dc ,! situation 9 ! milit>y m>ket 0 diff]5t1 h[ev]1 z te/ifi$ by ?is quotation f ! same lett]4 ,! milit>y adm9i/ration1 hav+ paid all ( ! exp5ses = ! te/+ p]iod to t date 7#aica71 came aft] ! te/s to ! conclusion t ! advantages ( ! diesel z comp>$ to its disadvantages did n ju/ify ! great risk to procure & di/ribute two diff]5t k9ds ( fuel 9 case ( w>4 ,two accid5ts1 :i* receiv$ wide publicity & no d\bt did consid]able h>m to ! entire project1 occurr$ to ,pack>d diesel-p[]$ airplanes4 ,! foll[+ quotation is f ! ,h]ald ,tribune = ,april #bc1 #aicj3 ,attica1 ,new ,york--,los+ _! be>+s 9 a bl9d+ sn[/orm & mi/ak+ ! side ( a sn[-cov]$ hill = a suitable l&+ place1 ?ree m51 "o ( !m ,capt4 ,lionel ,m4 ,woolson1 a]onautical eng9e] = ! ,pack>d ,motor ,company & adapt] ( ! diesel eng9e to airplanes1 7 kill$ "h today4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--;,int]ior ( ,bellanca1 %[+ ,p>k] ,d4 ,cram]1 pilot 7left71 & ,oliv] ,l4 ,paquette1 radio op]ator1 j be=e tak+ (f f ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 on ,july #bh1 #aica4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a#bjb47 ,! second ( ^! accid5ts is describ$ 9 ! ,septemb] #aica issue ( ,u4,s4 ,air ,s]vices3 ,columbus want$ to sail we/ beyond ! limits set by ! le>n$ navigators ( 8 "t1 & 9 mu* ! same consum+ fa%ion ,p>k] ,d4 ,cram] want$ to %[ 8 g5]ation & po/]ity t a sub>ctic air r\te to ,europe via ,canada1 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k 0 feasible4444 ,on ,july #bg1 )\t any prelim9>y ann\ncem5t1 ,cram] left ,detroit 9 a ,diesel-eng9$ ,bellanca1 & foll[+ ! c\rse he took ) ,b]t ,hassel ?ree ye>s ago1 he flew fir/ to ,co*rane1 on ,hudson ,bay4 ,8 next /op 0 ,great ,:ales & !n ,wakeham ,bay4 ,f !re he flew to ,pangnirtum1 ,baff9 ,l&1 & across ! ,hudson ,/raits to ,hol/e9borg1 ,gre5l&4 ,he cross$ ! icecap at a po9t f>!r nor? ?an ! r\tes t h be5 discuss$ h]et(ore1 b almo/ on ! mo/ direct or ,great ,circle r\te f ,detroit to ,cop5hag54 ,he 0 accompani$ by ,oliv] ,paquette1 radio op]ator4 ,!y 7 on _! way m ?an a week be=e !y 7 discov]$4 ,to ,icel&1 to ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 to ! ,%etl&s4 ,!y 7 taxi+ across ! little h>bor ( ,l]wick1 ,%etl& ,isl&s1 :5 a mess5g] f ! bank wav$ a yell[ pap]4 ,x 0 a w>n+ ( gales on ! coa/ ea/ to ,cop5hag54 ,cram] app>5tly ?\ght x 0 an en?usia/ic bon voyage1 &1 aft] circl+ ! t[n1 flew away4 ,a ,sw$i% radio /ation report$ a fa9t ,hello1 ,hello1 ,hello 9 ,engli%1 b ! plane 0 n se5 aga94 ,z ! result ( a p]sonal conv]sation ) 8 bro!r1 ,william ,a4 ,cram]1 9 #aifd1 ! au?or le>n$ t ! fuselage & floats ( ! airplane 7 f\nd six weeks lat]4 ,s9ce !re 0 no indication ( a heavy impact 7n a s+le glass dial on ! in/rum5t panel 0 brok571 a successful l&+ mu/ h be5 made4 ,sev]al weeks lat]1 a package 0 f\nd wrapp$ 9 a torn oilsk9 conta9+ in/rum5ts1 maps1 & a p]sonal lett]1 all sub/antiat+ ! evid5ce t ! l&+ 0 successful4 ,x c only be surmis$ t !re 0 eng9e failure1 probably due to a clogg$ oil filt]4#dd ,once be=e dur+ ! trip a =c$ l&+ _h be5 made due to eng9e malfunction+1 & a successful take(f 0 accompli%$ 9 spite ( a mod]ately r\gh sea4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 /orm conditions probably made ! take(f impossible4 ,z a f9al summ>y ( ! au?or's analysis ( ! ,pack>d diesel eng9e1 x mu/ be emphasiz$ t al?\gh ! eng9e burn$ a mu* *eap] & saf] fuel m effici5tly ?an any ( its gasol9e rivals1 x 0 too unreliable to compete ) !m4 ,ev5 if x _h be5 reliable1 x 0 too small to be useful to ! l>ge transport op]ators1 to :om its fuel economy w\ld h appeal$4 ,9 addition1 ?is me*anism op]at$ on ! wrong cycle3 #d-/roke1 r ?an ! light]1 m compact1 & m effici5t bl[n #b-/roke cycle4 ,la/ly1 x 0 doom$ by ! adv5t ( high octane gasol9es1 fir/ us$ :ile x 0 /ill 9 ! developm5t /age4 ,^! new fuels r$uc$ ! diesel's advantage result+ f l[ fuel consumption1 &1 9 addition1 gave ! gasol9e eng9e a def9ite advantage f ! /&po9t ( p]=mance4 ,! ,pack>d diesel 0 a d>+ design b1 = ! reasons analyz$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x c\ld n meet ?is competition1 & !re=e fail$ to survive4 ,app5dix #a4 ,agreem5t betwe5 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] & ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company ,,?is ,,agreem5t made ?is #ah? day ( ,augu/ #aibg1 by & betwe5 ,,h]mann ,,dorn]1 ( ,hanov]1 ,g]many1 h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ,lic5sor1 & ,,pack>d ,,motor ,,c> ,,company1 a ,corporation ( ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan1 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 h]e9aft] ref]r$ to z ,lic5see2 ,,witnesse?1 t ,,:]eas1 ,lic5sor owns c]ta9 ,lett]s ,pat5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries relat+ to oil burn+ eng9es "u :i* he desires to lic5se ! ,lic5see2 ,,:]eas1 ,lic5see desires rights "u said ,lett]s ,pat5t2 ,,n[1 ,,!re=e1 = ! mutual consid]ations h]e9aft] set =?1 ! p>ties h agre$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,lic5sor w>rants t he is ! inv5tor ( an oil burn+ eng9e1 is ! sole own] ( ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,numb] #a1fbh1feg1 dat$ ,may #ag1 #aibg1 & ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t applications1 ,s]ial ,numb]s #df1chc fil$ ,july #bg1 #aibe1 & #hh1dji & #hh1daa1 fil$ ,febru>y #ae1 #aibf1 relat+ to su* eng9es & is jo9t or sole own] ( pat5ts or pat5t rights relat+ to said eng9es 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,sw$54 #b4 ,lic5sor agrees to furni% ! ,lic5see at co/ price b n exce$+ ,?irty ,doll>s 7#cj4jj7 ca%1 z _m pump & nozzle units z are ne$$ = use 9 build+ "o or m exp]im5tal eng9es4 #c4 ,lic5sor h]eby gives & grants unto ,lic5see an exclusive lic5se = ! manufacture1 )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & its dep5d5cies1 & a non-exclusive lic5se = ! use & sale1 ( eng9es = aircraft1 & a non-exclusive lic5se = ! manufacture1 use1 & sale ( eng9es = motor vehicles & motor boats1 "u said ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,numb] #a1fbh1feg1 "u all aft]-acquir$ pat5ts & "u all pat5ts t may result f said pat5t applications1 & f all o!r pat5t applications p]ta9+ to 8 pres5t oil burn+ eng9e or reasonable v>iations !re(1 su* lic5ses to ext5d = ! full life & t]m ( all su* pat5ts1 provid$ h[ev]1 t !re is specially except$ f ?is grant--/ation>y eng9es1 tractor eng9es1 & eng9es = agricultural purposes4 #d4 ,lic5sor fur!r h]eby p]mits said ,lic5see to export to all o!r c\ntries & sell & use !re1 )\t fur!r royalty1 all eng9es made by ,lic5see 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is lic5se4 #e4 ,lic5sor ackn[l$ges receipt ( ,"o ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#a1jjj4jj7 9 paym5t ( a portion ( ! exp5ses h]et(ore incurr$ by him & z "o ( ! consid]ations = ?is agreem5t4 #f4 ,lic5sor agrees to devote all "t necess>y f ?is date to ,novemb] #a1 #aibh to sup]vision ( ! design ( an eng9e & con/ruction !re( at ! plant ( ! ,lic5see & w 9 8 abs5ce furni% ! s]vices ( a compet5t assi/ant1 ! exp5ses ( ,lic5sor & assi/ant to be paid = by ,lic5see at ! rate ( ,"o ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#a1jjj4jj7 p] mon? = ! fir/ ?ree 7#c7 mon?s1 & ,five ,hundr$ ,doll>s 7#ejj4jj7 p] mon? !reaft] until ! decision 9 p>agraph eight has be5 made by ,lic5see4 #g4 ,lic5see agrees to build & te/ at lea/ "o exp]im5tal aircraft eng9e ) special ,dorn] features1 & to take all reasonable measures to rea* ! /age ( f9al te/4 ,all ,dorn] feature eng9es made by ,lic5see w be m>k$ ,lic5s$ ,"u ,dorn] ,pat5ts4 #h4 ,)9 "o ye> aft] ! completion ( te/s ( ! aircraft eng9e built by ,lic5see h]eund]1 or 9 any ev5t n lat] ?an ,novemb] #a1 #aibh1 ,lic5see w decide :e!r x w proce$ ) ! manufacture ( eng9es h]eund]1 or n4 ,if ,lic5see decides 9 ! affirmative !n x w pay ,lic5sor =?) ! sum ( ,five ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#e1jjj4jj7 z advance on royalties & z m9imum royalty = ! fir/ production ye>4 ,if ,lic5see decides 9 ! negative = reasons :i* are "u ! influ5ce ( ,lic5sor1 !n ,lic5see w give ,lic5sor notice & suffici5t "t to try to correct possible imp]fections1 & ! "t = f9al decision w be correspond+ly ext5d$4 ,if ! reasons = ! negative decision are "u ! influ5ce ( ,lic5see1 !n ,lic5see w grant to ,lic5sor an oral conf]5ce at ,detroit & expla9 ! reasons 9 detail4 ,9 ev5t a negative decision is f9ally r5d]$ by ,lic5see ?is agreem5t may be t]m9at$ at any "t !reaft] ^u sixty 7#fj7 days' notice 9 writ+ to ,lic5see & bo? p>ties releas$ f all fur!r obligations h]eund]4 #i4 ,lic5see agrees t if aft] ?ree 7#c7 ye>s f ! date h]e( ,lic5see is n manufactur+ & does n contemplate ! manufacture (1 a c]ta9 size & type ( aircraft eng9e :i* ,lic5sor w\ld l to grant ano!r manufactur] ! "r to build & :i* w\ld n reasonably compete ) any?+ manufactur$ by ,lic5see1 ,lic5see w release su* size & type aircraft eng9e f ! exclusiv5ess ( ?is lic5se & !reby p]mit ,lic5sor to grant a lic5se to su* o!r manufactur] to make1 use & sell su* eng9e & su* eng9e only4 #aj4 ,lic5see agrees to pay royalty on all eng9es manufactur$ & sold or us$ "u ?is agreem5t1 bas$ on effective brake horsep[] "u normal load1 z foll[s3 ,on ea* ( ! fir/ ,five ,?\s& 7#e1jjj7 su* eng9es produc$ & sold 9 any "o cal5d> ye>1 ! royalty %all be at ! rate ( ,tw5ty-five ,c5ts 74#be7 p] horsep[]2 & on all ov] ,five ,?\s& 7#e1jjj7 9 su* cal5d> ye>1 at ! rate ( ,t5 ,c5ts 74#aj7 p] horsep[]2 provid$ t1 aft] a total ( ,fifty ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#ej1jjj4jj7 has be5 paid 9 royalties ! royalties %all be r$uc$ "o-half 7#a_/b74 #aa4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye> ( production1 ,lic5see agrees t if ! royalties "u ! above s*$ule am\nt to less ?an ,t5 ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#aj1jjj4jj7 p] ye> !n ! royalty %all be ,t5 ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#aj1jjj4jj7 p] ye> payable 9 qu>t]ly in/alm5ts ( ,two ,?\s& ,five ,hundr$ ,doll>s 7#b1ejj4jj7 ea*1 or 9 o!r words1 ! m9imum royalty payable %all be ,t5 ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#aj1jjj4jj7 p] ye>4 #ab4 ,royalties %all cont9ue only dur+ ! life ( said pat5t ,numb] #a1fbh1feg1 & :5 a total ( ,two ,hundr$ ,fifty ,?\s& ,doll>s 7#bej1jjj4jj7 has be5 paid by ,lic5see to ,lic5sor1 all royalties %all cease & ! lic5se h]eund] %all be free !reaft]4 #ac4 ,lic5sor agrees t ,lic5see %all h ! b5efit ( any m favorable royalty rates t may be h]eaft] grant$ to or enjoy$ by any o!r manufactur] ( eng9es o!r ?an aircraft eng9es4 #ad4 ,lic5see agrees to keep prop] books ( acc\nt %[+ ! numb] ( eng9es manufactur$ & sold or us$ "u ?is agreem5t & to report qu>t]ly to ,lic5sor4 #ae4 ,9 case ( suit aga9/ ! ,lic5see = infr+em5t ( pat5ts by any ( ! ,dorn] features built "u ?is lic5se ,lic5sor agrees to assi/ 9 ! def5se ( any su* suit & pay ! exp5ses !re( up to an am\nt equal to ,t5 ,p]c5t 7#aj7 ( all royalties paid by ,lic5see to ,lic5sor h]eund]4 #af4 ,9 ev5t ( default ( ! ,lic5see 9 ! paym5t ( any ( ! sums h]e9 provid$ =1 ,lic5sor may t]m9ate ?is lic5se agreem5t by s]v+ ^u ! ,lic5see ,sixty 7#fj7 days' notice 9 writ+ ( its desire & det]m9ation s to d & /at+ ! default ^u :i* ! notice is bas$1 & at ! expiration ( su* ,sixty 7#fj7 days ?is lic5se %all !reupon be t]m9at$1 provid$ h[ev] t su* t]m9ation %all n release ! ,lic5see f obligations already accru$ h]eund] & n p]=m$1 & provid$ fur!r t if1 dur+ said ,sixty 7#fj7 days' notice p]iod1 ! default nam$ 9 said notice %all h be5 made good !n ?is lic5se to cont9ue z if no default & notice _h be5 made or giv54 #ag4 ,at ! expiration ( any "o ye> f ,novemb] #a1 #aibi1 ,lic5see may t]m9ate ?is agreem5t ^u ,sixty 7#fj7 days' notice 9 writ+ to ,lic5sor ( its desire & det]m9ation s to d1 provid$ h[ev]1 t su* t]m9ation %all n release ! ,lic5see f obligations already accru$ h]eund] & n p]=m$4 #ah4 ,9 case ( diff]5ces ( op9ion reg>d+ any ( ! t]ms ( ?is agreem5t1 ! dispute %all be submitt$ to arbitration4 ,ea* p>ty %all select "o arbitrator & if !y1 aft] five days1 fail to agree ^u a ?ird1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt = ! ,detroit ,di/rict %all be ask$ to appo9t su* a ?ird arbitrator1 & ! decision ( a majority ( ! arbitrators %all be b9d+ ^u bo? p>ties4 ,9 witness :]e(1 we h h]eto set our h&s & seals at ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 on ! day & ye> fir/ above writt54 ,witnesses--7,signatures73 ,h]mann ,dorn] ,l4 ,a4 ,wright ,adolf ,widmann ,,pack>d ,,motor ,,c> ,,company ,alvan ,macauley ,presid5t 7,seal7 ,atte/3 ,milton ,tibbetts ,assi/ant ,secret>y #b4 ,pack>d to ,beg9 ,build+ ,diesel ,plane ,eng9es ,soon ,w ,/>t ,con/ruction at ,once on ,new ,?ree ,/ory ,factory to ,h&le ,"w ,f ,aviation1 ,m>* #b1 #aibi1 vol4 #bf1 no4 #aj ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4--,indications t ! ,diesel type airplane eng9e1 rec5tly develop$ by ,capt4 ,l4 ,m4 ,woolson1 *ief a]onautical eng9e] ( ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 w become a comm]cial reality & possibly a revolution>y factor 9 airplane eng9e design1 is se5 "h 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! conc]n t x w beg9 con/ruction imm$iately ( a #fej1jjj plant to produce ! eng9es 9 l>ge quantity = ! comm]cial m>ket4 ,! new plant1 accord+ to ! ann\ncem5t by ,hugh ,j4 ,f]ry1 treasur] ( ! ,pack>d firm1 w be complet$ & 9 op]ation )9 five weeks4 ,betwe5 #fjj & #gjj m5 w be employ$ &1 accord+ to expectations1 production w be c>ri$ on at ! rate ( ab\t #ejj ,diesel eng9es p] mon? by ,july4 ,! ,pack>d ,diesel 0 ann\nc$ fir/ 9 ,octob]1 foll[+ exp]im5ts cov]+ sev]al ye>s4 ,! orig9al eng9e 0 plac$ 9 a ,/9son-,detroit]1 :i* 0 fl[n successfully by ,capta9 ,woolson & ,walt] ,lees1 ,pack>d pilot4 ,s9ce t "t ,capta9 ,woolson has built f\r ( ! eng9es1 all ( #bjj hp4 capacity1 develop+ #a hp4 = e #b lb4 ( weight4 ,! ,diesel1 in/all$ on ! ,/9son-,detroit]1 x 0 said1 n[ has _h #bjj hr4 fly+ "t1 & gives n ! slighte/ indication t x w ne$ an ov]haul+ = "s "t4 ,! o!r ?ree eng9es h be5 te/$ on ! block 9 ! company's rese>* plant4 ,x is claim$ by ! build]s t ! ,pack>d ,diesel w produce a sav+ ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 9 fuel consumption z comp>$ ) eng9es us+ gasol9e4 ,x is claim$ fur!r t ! ,diesel w prove f> m reliable 9 con/ruction ?an any airplane eng9e yet develop$4 ,evid5ce ( ?is1 x 0 po9t$ out1 is se5 9 ! p]=mance ( ! initial ,diesel4 ,,details ,,n ,,ann\nc$ ,al?\gh nei!r ,mr4 ,f]ry1 nor ,capta9 ,woolson1 w\ld disclose any te*nical details z to ! eng9e's con/ruction 9 mak+ x applicable to airplane use1 ! secret ( its success 0 report$ to be an especially design$ pump+ device creat+ high compression necess>y = ,diesel fir+4 ,s9ce ann\ncem5t ( ! eng9e1 ! ,pack>d factory has be5 lit]ally a ,mecca = eng9e]s f _m p>ts ( ! _w wi%+ to see ! eng9e4 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,spa91 9 ,detroit la/ fall1 0 giv5 a flight 9 ! ,diesel p[]$ ,/9son4 ,none ( ! con/ruction secrets1 h[ev]1 h be5 divulg$1 x 0 said4 ,! ,pack>d ann\ncem5t set at re/ rumors t ! company plann$ con/ruction ( a plant co/+ sev]al million doll>s1 z well z reports t ! company 0 go+ into ! production ( airplanes4 ,our ef=ts1 ,mr4 ,f]ry said1 w be conf9$ to ! eng9e1 or p[] plant end ( ! aircraft indu/ry4 ,we w cont9ue to build ! wat]-cool$ type we h be5 produc+ = ye>s4 ,! new ,diesel plant w be prim>ily an assembly plant1 al?\gh "s ma*9e "w w be done !re4 ,! bulk ( ! ma*9e "w1 h[ev]1 w be done 9 ! pres5t ,pack>d ma*9e %ops4 ,al?\gh no approximation ( sell+ price on ! new ,diesel 0 divulg$1 x 0 intimat$ t ! eng9e w retail at a price competitive ) or slightly "u ! price ( pres5t gasol9e consum+ air-cool$ eng9es ( t horsep[] range4 ,capta9 ,woolson w h complete *>ge ( ! ,diesel plant1 x 0 ann\nc$4 #c4 ,effect ( ,oxyg5 ,boo/+ on ,p[] & ,weight ,f ,p4 ,h4 ,,s*weitz] & ,e4 ,r4 ,,kl+e1 ,oxyg5-,boo/+ ( ,diesel ,eng9es = ,take-,(f1 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college ,bullet9 7,april #a1 #aida71 vol4 #ce1 no4 #ad1 p4 #be4 ,practical ,conclusions ,airplanes require ab\t "o ?ird m p[] dur+ ! take-(f ?an 9 flight4 ,9 diesel-eng9$ airplanes ! size ( ! eng9e c\ld be r$uc$ by #be p]c5t by fe$+ oxyg5 into ! intake air dur+ ! take(f4 ,apply+ ! results ( ! exp]im5ts to a transport plane1 ,fig4 #ca %[s ! possible weight sav+ ) v>i\s oxyg5 boo/s4 ,! curves are bas$ on #fjjj cruis+ horsep[] & an e/imat$ eng9e weight ( #b lb p] hp4 ,= ! take-(f #hjjj hp are necess>y4 ,to supply ! additional #bjjj hp1 #bjj lb ( oxyg5 are f$ into ! intake air dur+ ! take-(f4 ,! volume ( #bjj lb ( liquid oxyg5 is approximately #bj gal4 ,/&>d liquid air conta9]s ( #ee litre capacity weigh #ge lb4 ,!re=e ! weight ( ! oxyg5 & conta9] is #cej lb :ile ! possible sav+ 9 eng9e weight is #djjj lb4 ,! weight p] take-(f horsep[] is !reby r$uc$ f #b to #a4ed lb4 ,! calculation is %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--;,effect ( ,oxyg5 ,boo/ on ,p[] & ,weight4 7,cruis+ horsep[] #fjjj1 take(f horsep[] #hjjj47 ,oxyg5 addition may be us$ = />t+ diesel eng9es4 ,! rais+ ( ! oxyg5 conc5tration f ! normal #ba p] c5t to #de p] c5t 0 f\nd to be equival5t to a raise ( approximately #aj cetane numb]s z f> z />t+ is conc]n$4 ,five p] c5t increase 9 oxyg5 conc5tration elim9at$ exhau/ smoke completely4 ,,table #a ,normal horsep[] #fjjj ,take-(f horsep[] #hjjj ,normal fuel consumption #j4d lb p] hp-hr1 or #ec4e lb p] m9 ,normal air consumption #ijj lb p] m9 ,normal oxyg5 consumption1 #ba p] c5t oxyg5 #ahi lb p] m9 conc5tration ,boo/$ oxyg5 consumption1 #cb p] c5t oxyg5 #bhi lb p] m9 conc5tration ,oxyg5 to be suppli$ #ajj lb p] m9 ,weight ( #hjjj-;hp eng9e #af1jjj lb ,weight ( boo/$ #fjjj-;hp eng9e #ab1jjj lb ,weight ( oxyg5 = #b-m9 boo/ #bjj lb ,weight ( conta9] = #bi lb ( liquid oxyg5 #aej lb ,net weight sav+ by oxyg5 boo/ #cfej lb ,weight p] horsep[]1 nonboo/$ eng9e #b lb ,weight p] horsep[]1 boo/$ eng9e #a4ed lb ,footnotes3 #a ,app5dix1 p4 #dc4 #b ,lett]1 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,m>* #c1 #aifb4 #c ,see p4 #bj ff4 #d ,app5dix1 p4 #df4 #e ,a]onautics 7,octob] #aibi71 vol4 #e1 no4 #d1 p4 #cb4 #f ,! ,pack>d ,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e--,a ,new ,*apt] 9 ,transportation ,progress 7,detroit3 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,co41 #aicj71 p4 #e4 #g ,a memorial to ,woolson :o 0 kill$ 9 ! cra% ( a ,pack>d diesel-p[]$ ,v]ville ,air ,s$an on ,april #bc1 #aicj4 #h ,pack>d ,inn] ,circle 7,april #ah1 #aicb71 vol4 #ag1 no4 #f1 p4 #a4 #i ,a]o ,dige/ 7,febru>y #aicb71 vol4 #bj1 no4 #b1 p4 #ed4 #aj ,lett]1 ,ri*>d ,tott5 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aifd4 #aa ,in/ruction ,book = ! ,pack>d-,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e 7,detroit3 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company1 #aica71 p4 #c4 #ab ,s4,a4,e4 ,j\rnal 7,april #aicj71 vol4 #bd1 no4 #d1 pp4 #dca & #dcb4 #ac ,lett]1 ,ri*>d ,tott5 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aifd4 #ad ,lett]1 ,h]mann ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn] to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,decemb] #af1 #aifa4 #ae ,! ,national ,a]onautic ,magaz9e 7,april #aicb71 vol4 #aj1 no4 #d4 p4 #ah4 #af ,aviation 7,may #aica71 vol4 #cj1 no4 #e1 p4 #bha4 #ag ,! ,pack>d ,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e1 p4 #e4 #ah ,in/ruction ,book = ! ,pack>d-,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e1 p4 #c4 #ai ,te/ ( ,pack>d-,diesel radial air-cool$ eng9e1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 ,bureau ( ,a]onautics1 ,report ,,ael-#cce1 ,july #ac1 #aica1 ,bu4 ,a]4 ,proj4 #bbfe4 #bj ,aviation 7,may #aica71 vol4 #cj1 no4 #e1 p4 #bha4 #ba ,lett]1 ,cl>5ce ,h4 ,wiegman to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,novemb] #a1 #aifa4 #bb ,lett]1 ,dorn] to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aifb4 #bc ,lett]1 ,hugo ,t4 ,byttebi] to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,octob] #bj1 #aifa4 #bd ,lett]1 ,cl>5ce ,d4 ,*amb]l9 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,febru>y #h1 #aifd4 #be ,,ru? ,,ni*ols1 ,w+s ,= ,life 7,philadelphia & ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,co41 #aieg71 p4 #bje4 #bf ,lett]1 ,ri*>d ,tott5 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aifd4 #bg ,lett]1 ,ri*>d ,tott5 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aifa4 #bh ,a]o ,dige/ 7,febru>y #aica71 vol4 #ah1 no4 #b1 p4 #eh4 #bi #ej-;,h\r ,te/ ( ,pack>d ,diesel ,aircraft ,eng9e1 ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 s]ial no4 #dbf1 te/ no4 #bcd-gc1 ,febru>y #ai1 #aicj4 #cj ,bl[] 9 ?is s5se ref]s to a l[-pressure air pump 7sup]*>g]7 design$ to increase cyl9d] scav5g+ effici5cy by bl[+ out exhau/ gasses4 ,9 do+ ?is x also increases some:at ! am\nt ( fre% air introduc$ into ! cyl9d]s4 ,woolson inv5t$ a #b-/roke cycle bl[n eng9e2 ! pat5t 0 issu$ 9 #aicb 7pat5t #ahecgad7 ) rights assign$ to ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company4 7,woolson himself di$ 9 #aicj47 #ca ,a #b-/roke cycle eng9e completes #cfj ( crank%aft rotation 9 :at x takes a #d-/roke cycle eng9e #gbj to accompli%4 ,a #c-;cyl9d] two-/roke cycle eng9e !re=e has ! same capacity to d "w z a #f-;cyl9d] f\r-/roke cycle eng9e4 ,= ?is reason ! =m] type ( eng9e is bo? m compact & light] ?an ! latt] type4 ,! above advantages1 plus ! increas$ effici5cy ( ! bl[n #b-;cycle diesel1 are discuss$ 9 ,flight--,! ,a]onautical ,eng9e] ,supplem5t 7,decemb] #bf1 #aidj71 vol4 #ai1 no4 #aa1 pp4 #ede & #eeb4 #cb ,pack>d adv]tisem5t--,a]o ,dige/ 7,june #aicj71 vol4 #af1 no4 #f1 p4 #bc4 #cc ,aviation 7,m>* #ae1 #aicj71 vol4 #bh1 no4 #aa1 p4 #eca4 #cd ,! ,national ,a]onautic ,magaz9e 7,april #aicb71 vol4 #aj1 no4 #d41 p4 #ah4 #ce ,app5dix1 p4 #dg4 #cf ,see ,woolson's pat5t #agidjdg1 issu$ 9 #aica & assign$ to ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company4 ,an object ( my inv5tion is to automatically regulate ! compression ratio 9 an eng9e inv]sely to ! spe$4444 ,see also 8 pat5t #ahiacba1 issu$ 9 #aicb & assign$ to ! ,pack>d ,motor ,c> ,company4 ,x describes a simil> b nonautomatic sy/em4 ,woolson !re=e fully realiz$ ! disadvantages ( ! high cyl9d] pressures 8 eng9e develop$ at high rpm's4 #cg ,lett]1 ,cl>5ce ,h4 ,wiegman to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,novemb] #a1 #aifa4 #ch ,ibid4 #ci ,major ,george ,e4 ,a4 ,hallet1 ,u4,s4 ,air ,s]vice1 =m] director ( eng9e]+ division1 ,mc,cook ,field1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 #dj ,te/ ( ,pack>d-,diesel radial air-cool$ eng9e1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 ,bureau ( ,a]onautics1 ,report ,,ael-#cce1 ,july #ac1 #aica1 ,bu,aer ,proj4 #bbfe4 #da ,aviation ,week & ,space ,te*nology 7,febru>y #ai1 #aifb71 vol4 #gf1 no4 #h1 p4 #aja4 #db ,a]onautics 7,octob] #aibi71 vol4 #e1 no4 #d1 p4 #ca4 #dc ,lett]1 ,ri*>d ,tott5 to ,national ,air ,museum1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aifd4 #dd ,accord+ to ,fr$]ic ,e4 ,hat* ( ! ,national ,air ,museum1 x is possible t ! eng9e fail$ because ! fuel injectors became clogg$4 ,he notes t ! airplane refuel$ at sev]al fi%+ ports1 & !re=e mu/ h us$ diesel oil set aside = fi%+ boats4 ,?is oil 0 g5]ally q dirty4 ,z a result x 0 r\t9e = ! fi%]m5 to h to clean eng9e oil filt]s frequ5tly enr\te4 ,! oil filt]s ( ! ,pack>d diesel c\ld n be clean$ 9 flight4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 crackcase correct$ to crankcase 7page #af7 is is correct$ to x is 7page #cf7 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 & hyph5ation usage h be5 reta9$4