,,! ,,*9ese ,,classics ) a translation1 critical & exegetical notes1 prolegom5a1 & copi\s indexes by ,james ,legge ,,9 ,,five ,,volumes ,,confucian ,,analects ,,! ,,great ,,le>n+ ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,mean ,,prolegom5a4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,classics ,,g5]ally4 ,,section ,i4 ,,books ,,includ$ ,,"u ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,classics4 #a4 ,! ,books n[ recognis$ z ( highe/ au?ority 9 ,*9a are compreh5d$ "u ! d5om9ations ( ',! five ,*+ #a' & ',! f\r ,%u #b4' ,! t]m ,*+ is ( textile orig91 & signifies ! w>p ?reads ( a web1 & _! adju/m5t4 ,an easy application ( x is to d5ote :at is regul> & insures regul>ity4 ,z us$ ) ref]5ce to books1 x indicates _! au?ority on ! subjects ( :i* !y treat4 ',! five ,*+' are ! five canonical ,works1 conta9+ ! tru? ^u ! highe/ subjects f ! sages ( ,*9a1 & :i* %\ld be receiv$ z law by all g5]ations4 ,! t]m ,%u simply means ,writ+s or ,books1 ! ,p5cil ,speak+2 x may be us$ ( a s+le "*1 or ( books conta9+ ?\s&s ( *>act]s4 #b4 ',! five ,*+' are3 ! ,yi #c1 or1 z x has be5 /yl$1 ',! ,book ( ,*anges2' ! ,%u #d1 or ',! ,book ( ,hi/ory2' ! ,%ih #e1 or ',! ,book ( ,poetry2' ! ,li ,*i #f1 or ',record ( ,rites2' & ! ,*'un ,*'iu #g1 or ',spr+ & ,autumn1' a *ronicle ( ev5ts1 ext5d+ f #gbb to #dha ,b4,c4 ,! au?or%ip1 or compilation r1 ( all ^! ,works is loosely attribut$ to ,confucius4 ,b mu* ( ! ,li ,*i is f lat] h&s4 ,( ! ,yi1 ! ,%u1 & ! ,%ih1 x is only 9 ! fir/ t we f9d additions attribut$ to ! philosoph] himself1 9 ! %ape ( app5dixes4 ,! ,*'un ,*'iu is ! only "o ( ! five ,*+ :i* c1 ) an approximation to correctness1 be describ$ z ( 8 own 'mak+4' #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 ',! ,f\r ,books' is an abbreviation = ',! ,books ( ! ,f\r ,philosoph]s #a4' ,! fir/ is ! ,lun ,yu #b1 or ',dige/$ ,conv]sations1' be+ occupi$ *iefly ) ! say+s ( ,confucius4 ,he is ! philosoph] to :om x belongs4 ,x appe>s 9 ?is ,"w "u ! title ( ',confucian ,analects4' ,! second is ! ,ta ,hsio #c1 or ',great ,le>n+1' n[ commonly attribut$ to ,tsang ,%an #d1 a disciple ( ! sage4 ,he is he philosoph] ( x4 ,! ?ird is ! ,*ung ,yung #e1 or ',doctr9e ( ! ,mean1' z ! "n has (t5 be5 translat$1 ?\gh x w\ld be bett] to r5d] x1 z 9 ! pres5t edition1 by ',! ,/ate ( ,equilibrium & ,h>mony4' ,its composition is ascrib$ to ,k'ung ,*i #f1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius4 ,he is ! philosoph] ( x4 ,! f\r? conta9s ! works ( ,m5cius4 #c4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! ,classical ,books1 :i* is commonly suppos$ to h orig9at$ ) ! s*ol>s ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 is defective4 ,! ,great ,le>n+ & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean are bo? f\nd 9 ! ,record ( ,rites1 be+ ! ?irty-n9? & tw5ty-eigh? ,books respectively ( t compilation1 accord+ to ! be/ arrangem5t ( x4 #d4 ,! olde/ enum]ations ( ! ,classical ,books specify only ! five ,*+4 ,! ,yo ,*i1 or ',record ( ,music #g1' ! rema9s ( :i* n[ =m "o ( ! ,books 9 ! ,li ,*i1 0 sometimes add$ to ^?1 mak+ ) !m ! six ,*+4 ,a division 0 also made into n9e ,*+1 consi/+ ( ! ,yi1 ! ,%ih1 ! ,%u1 ! ,*au ,li #h1 or ',ritual ( ,*au1' ! ,i ,li #i1 or c]ta9 ',c]emonial ,usages1' ! ,li ,*i1 & ! annotat$ editions ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu #aj1 by ,tso ,*'iu-m+ #aa1 ,kung- yang ,kao #ab1 & ,ku-liang ,*'ih #ac4 ,9 ! fam\s compilation ( ! ,classical ,books1 und]tak5 by ord] ( ,t'ai-tsung1 ! second emp]or ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #fbg-fdi71 & :i* appe>$ 9 ! reign ( 8 successor1 !re are ?irte5 ,*+1 viz4 ! ,yi1 ! ,%ih1 ! ,%u1 ! ?ree editions ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 ! ,li ,*i1 ! ,*au ,li1 ! ,i ,li1 ! ,confucian ,analects1 ! ,r ,ya #ad1 a sort ( anci5t diction>y1 ! ,hsiao ,*+ #ae1 or ',classic ( ,filial ,piety1' & ! works ( ,m5cius4 #e4 ,a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 0 made among ! ,works ?us #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 #h 4 #i 4 #aj #aa 4 #ab 4 #ac 4 #ad 4 #ae 4 compreh5d$ "u ! same common "n2 & ,m5cius1 ! ,lun ,yu1 ! ,ta ,hsio1 ! ,*ung ,yung1 & ! ,hsiao ,*+ 7 spok5 ( z ! ,hsiao ,*+1 or ',small] ,classics4' ,x ?us appe>s1 contr>y to ! ord9>y op9ion on ! subject1 t ! ,ta ,hsio & ,*ung ,yung _h be5 publi%$ z sep>ate treatises be=e ! ,sung dyna/y1 & t ,f\r ,books1 z di/+ui%$ f ! great] ,*+1 _h also previ\sly f\nd a place 9 ! lit]ature ( ,*9a #a4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,classics4 #a4 ,?is subject w be discuss$ 9 connexion ) ea* sep>ate ,"w1 & x is only design$ "h to exhibit g5]ally ! evid5ce on :i* ! ,*9ese ,classics claim to be receiv$ z g5u9e productions ( ! "t to :i* !y are ref]r$4 #b4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ! ,=m] ,han dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #bjb-;,a4,d4 #bd71 we h "o *apt] :i* we may call ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature #b4 ,x comm5ces ?us3 ',aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius #c1 !re 0 an end ( 8 exquisite words2 & :5 8 sev5ty disciples _h pass$ away1 viol5ce began to be done to _! mean+4 ,x came ab\t t !re 7 five diff]5t editions ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 f\r ( ! ,%ih1 & sev]al ( ! ,yi4 ,amid ! disord] & collisions ( ! w>r+ ,/ates 7,b4,c4 #dha-bbj71 tru? & falsehood 7 /ill m 9 a /ate ( w>f>e1 & a sad confusion m>k$ ! words ( ! v>i\s s*ol>s4 ,!n came ! calamity inflict$ "u ! ,*'9 dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #bbj-bje71 :5 ! lit]>y monum5ts 7 de/roy$ by fire1 9 ord] to keep ! p 9 ignorance4 ,b1 by & by1 !re arose ! ,han dyna/y1 :i* set itself to rem$y ! evil wr\ght by ! ,*'94 ,great ef=ts 7 made to collect slips & tablets #d1 & ! way 0 ?r[n wide op5 = ! br++ 9 ( ,books4 ,9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,hsiao-wu #e 7,b4,c4 #adj-he71 portions ( ,books be+ want+ & tablets lo/1 s t c]emonies & music 7 #a ,= ! /atem5ts 9 ! two la/ p>agraphs1 see 1 1 4 #b 1 1 1 4 #c 4 #d 1 slips & tablets ( bamboo1 :i* suppli$ 9 ^? days ! place ( pap]4 #e 4 suff]+ great damage1 he 0 mov$ to sorr[ & said1 ,i am v sad = ?is4 ,he !re=e =m$ ! plan ( ,repositories1 9 :i* ! ,books might be /or$1 & appo9t$ (fic]s to transcribe ,books on an ext5sive scale1 embrac+ ! works ( ! v>i\s s*ol>s1 t !y might all be plac$ 9 ! ,repositories4 ,! emp]or ,*'ang 7,b4,c4 #cb-e71 f9d+ t a portion ( ! ,books /ill cont9u$ disp]s$ or miss+1 commission$ ,*'an ,nang1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,gue/s #b1 to se>* = undiscov]$ ,books ?r\gh\t ! empire1 & by special edict ord]$ ! *ief ( ! ,banquet+ ,h\se1 ,liu ,hsiang #c1 to exam9e ! ,classical ,works1 along ) ! comm5t>ies on !m1 ! writ+s ( ! s*ol>s1 & all poetical productions2 ! ,ma/]-controll] ( ,infantry1 ,zan ,hwang #d1 to exam9e ! ,books on ! art ( w>2 ! ,gr& ,hi/oriograph]1 ,y9 ,hsi5 #e1 to exam9e ! ,books treat+ ( ! art ( numb]s 7i4e4 div9ation72 & ! imp]ial ,physician1 ,li ,*u-kwo #f1 to exam9e ! ,books on m$ic9e4 ,:5ev] any book 0 done )1 ,hsiang =?) arrang$ x1 index$ x1 & made a dige/ ( x1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! emp]or4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 9 progress1 ,hsiang di$1 & ! emp]or ,ai 7,b4,c4 #f-;,a4,d4 #a7 appo9t$ 8 son1 ,hs9 #g1 a ,ma/] ( ! imp]ial c>riages1 to complete 8 fa!r's "w4 ,on ?is1 ,hs9 collect$ all ! ,books1 & pres5t$ a report ( !m1 "u sev5 divisions4' ,! fir/ ( ^! divisions seems to h be5 a g5]al catalogue #h conta9+ p]haps only ! titles ( ! works includ$ 9 ! o!r six4 ,! second embrac$ ! ,classical ,works #i4 ,f ! ab/ract ( x1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to1 we f9d t !re 7 #bid collections ( ! ,yi-*+ f ?irte5 diff]5t individuals or editors #aj2 #dab collections ( ! ,%u-*+1 f n9e diff]5t individuals2 #daf volumes ( ! ,%ih-*+1 f six diff]5t individuals #aa2 ( ! ,books ( ,rites1 #eee collec- #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 #h 4 #i 4 #aj 1 1 4 ,h[ mu* ( ! :ole "w 0 conta9$ 9 ea* 1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,p4 ,regis says3 ',pi51 quemadmodum ,gallice dicimus des pieces d'loqu5ce1 de posie4' #aa 1 1 4 ,! collections ( ! ,%ih-*+ are m5tion$ "u ! "n ( *uan1 'sections1' 'portions4' ,_h p'i5 be5 us$1 x might h be5 und]/ood ( individual odes4 ,?is *ange ( t]ms %[s t by p'i5 9 ! o!r summ>ies1 we are n to und]/& s+le blocks or *apt]s4 tions1 f ?irte5 diff]5t individuals2 ( ! ,books on ,music1 #afe collections1 f six diff]5t editors2 #idh collections ( ,hi/ory1 "u ! head+ ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 f tw5ty-?ree diff]5t individuals2 #bbi collections ( ! ,lun ,yu1 includ+ ! ,analects & k9dr$ fragm5ts1 f twelve diff]5t individuals2 ( ! ,hsiao-*+1 embrac+ also ! ,r ,ya1 & "s o!r portions ( ! anci5t lit]ature1 #ei collections1 f elev5 diff]5t individuals2 & f9ally ( ! less] ,le>n+1 be+ works on ! =m ( ! *>act]s1 #de collections1 f elev5 diff]5t individuals4 ,! works ( ,m5cius 7 includ$ 9 ! second division #a1 among ! writ+s ( :at 7 deem$ or?odox s*ol>s #b1 ( :i* !re 7 #hcf collections1 f fifty-?ree diff]5t individuals4 #c4 ,! above important docum5t is suffici5t to %[ h[ ! emp]ors ( ! ,han dyna/y1 z soon z !y _h made good _! possession ( ! empire1 turn$ _! att5tion to recov] ! anci5t lit]ature ( ! nation1 ! ,classical ,books engag+ _! fir/ c>e1 & h[ e>ne/ly & effectively ! s*ol>s ( ! "t respond$ to ! wi%es ( _! rul]s4 ,9 addition to ! facts specifi$ 9 ! preface to x1 ,i may relate t ! ord9ance ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y aga9/ possess+ ! ,classical ,books 7) ! exception1 z x w appe> 9 its prop] place1 ( ! ,yi-*+7 0 repeal$ by ! second sov]eign ( ! ,han1 ! emp]or ,hsiao ,hui #c1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,b4,c4 #aia1 & t a l>ge portion ( ! ,%u-*+ 0 recov]$ 9 ! "t ( ! ?ird emp]or1 ,b4,c4 #agi-aeg1 :ile 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #acf a special ,bo>d 0 con/itut$1 consi/+ ( lit]ati1 :o 7 put 9 *>ge ( ! five ,*+ #d4 #d4 ,! collections report$ on by ,liu ,hs9 suff]$ damage 9 ! tr\bles :i* began ,a4,d4 #h1 & cont9u$ till ! rise ( ! second or ea/]n ,han dyna/y 9 ! ye> #be4 ,! f\nd] ( x 7,a4,d4 #be-eg7 zeal\sly promot$ ! und]tak+ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & additional repositories 7 requir$ = ! ,books :i* 7 collect$4 ,8 successors1 ! emp]ors ,hsiao-m+ #e 7#eh-ge71 ,hsiao-*ang #f 7#gf-hh71 & ,hsiao-hwo #g 7#hi-aje71 took a "p !mselves 9 ! /udies & discussions ( ! lit]>y tribunal1 & #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 1 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 ! emp]or ,hsiao-l+ #a1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agb-agh1 _h ! text ( ! five ,*+1 z x _h be5 fix$1 cut 9 slabs ( /one1 & set up 9 ! capital outside ! gate ( ! ,gr& ,college4 ,"s old acc\nts say t ! *>act]s 7 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 b !y 7 only 9 "o =m2 -- see ! #bhg? book ( ,*u ,i-tsun's great ,"w4 #e4 ,s9ce ! ,han1 ! successive dyna/ies h consid]$ ! lit]>y monum5ts ( ! c\ntry to be an object ( _! special c>e4 ,_m ( !m h issu$ editions ( ! ,classics1 embody+ ! comm5t>ies ( prec$+ g5]ations4 ,no dyna/y has di/+ui%$ itself m 9 ?is l9e ?an ! pres5t ,man*au possessors ( ! empire4 ,9 f9e1 ! evid5ce is complete t ! ,classical ,books ( ,*9a h come d[n f at lea/ a c5tury be=e our ,*ri/ian era1 sub/antially ! same z we h !m at pres5t4 #f4 ,b x /ill rema9s to inquire 9 :at condition we may suppose ! ,books 71 :5 ! s*ol>s ( ! ,han dyna/y comm5c$ _! labors ^u !m4 ,!y ackn[l$ge t ! tablets -- we _c "h speak ( manuscripts -- 7 mutilat$ & 9 disord]4 ,0 ! injury :i* !y _h receiv$ ( su* an ext5t t all ! c>e & /udy put =? on ! small rema9s w\ld be ( little use8 ,?is "q c be answ]$ satisfactorily1 only by an exam9ation ( ! evid5ce :i* is adduc$ = ! text ( ea* p>ticul> ,classic2 b x c be made app>5t t !re is no?+1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 to int]f]e ) our believ+ t ! mat]ials 7 suffici5t to enable ! s*ol>s to execute ! "w intru/$ to !m4 #g ,! burn+ ( ! anci5t ,books by ord] ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y is always ref]r$ to z ! greate/ disa/] :i* !y su/a9$1 & ) ?is is c\pl$ ! slaught] ( _m ( ! ,lit]ati by ! same mon>*4 ,! acc\nt :i* we h ( ^! transactions 9 ! ,hi/orical ,records is ! foll[+ #b3 ',9 8 #cd? ye> ! #cd? ye>1 t is1 aft] he _h asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,*'94 ,x 0 only ! #i? ye> aft] he _h be5 ackn[l$g$ ,sov]eign ( ! empire1 co9cid+ ) ,b4,c4 #bac1 ! emp]or1 return+ f a visit to ! s\?1 :i* _h ext5d$ #a 4 #b ,i h ?\ght x well to endeav\r to translate ! :ole ( ! passages4 ,fa!r de ,mailla m]ely con/ructs f !m a n>rative ( 8 own2 see ,l',hi/oire ,gnrale de ,la ,*9a1 tome ii4 pp4 #cii-djb4 ,! avoids ! difficulties ( ! orig9al by giv+ an abridgm5t ( x4 z f> z ,yueh1 gave a fea/ 9 8 palace at ,hsi5-yang1 :5 ! ,great ,s*ol>s1 am\nt+ to sev5ty m51 appe>$ & wi%$ him a long life #a4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal m9i/]s1 ,*au ,*'+-*'an #b1 came =w>d & said1 ,=m]ly1 ! ,/ate ( ,*'9 0 only #ajjj li 9 ext5t1 b ,y\r ,maje/y1 by y\r _s-l efficacy & intellig5t wisdom1 has tranquilliz$ & settl$ ! :ole empire1 & driv5 away all b>b>\s tribes1 s t1 :]ev] ! sun & moon %9e1 all rul]s appe> be=e y z gue/s ackn[l$g+ subjection4 ,y h =m$ ! /ates ( ! v>i\s pr9ces into prov9ces & di/ricts1 :]e ! p enjoy a happy tranquillity1 suff]+ no m f ! calamities ( w> & cont5tion4 ,?is condition ( ?+s w be transmitt$ = #aj1jjj g5]ations4 ,f ! highe/ antiquity !re has be5 no "o 9 awful virtue l ,y\r ,maje/y4 ',! emp]or 0 pleas$ ) ?is flatt]y1 :5 ,%un-yu ,yueh #c1 "o ( ! ,great ,s*ol>s1 a native ( ,*'i1 advanc$ & said1 ,! sov]eigns ( ,y9 & ,*au1 = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 inve/$ _! sons & y\ng] bro!rs1 & m]itori\s m9i/]s1 ) doma9s & rule1 & c\ld ?us dep5d ^u !m = support & aid2-- t ,i h he>d4 ,b n[ ,y\r ,maje/y is 9 possession ( all )9 ! seas1 & y\r sons & y\ng] bro!rs are no?+ b private individuals4 ,! issue w be t "s "o w arise to play ! "p ( ,t'i5 ,*'ang #d1 or ( ! six nobles ( ,ts94 ,)\t ! support ( y\r own family1 :]e w y f9d ! aid :i* y may require8 ,t a /ate ( ?+s n modell$ f ! lessons ( antiquity c long cont9ue2-- t is :at ,i h n he>d4 ,*'+ is n[ %[+ himself to be a flatt]]1 :o increases ! errors ( ,y\r ,maje/y1 & n a loyal m9i/]4 ',! emp]or reque/$ ! op9ions ( o!rs on ?is repres5tation1 & ! premi]1 ,li ,sze #e1 said1 ,! five emp]ors 7 n "o ! d\ble ( ! o!r1 nor did ! ?ree dyna/ies accept "o ano!r's ways4 ,ea* _h a peculi> sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 n = ! sake ( ! contr>iety1 b z be+ requir$ by ! *ang$ times4 ,n[1 ,y\r ,maje/y has laid ! f\ndations ( #a 4 ,! 7 n only 'great s*ol>s1' b _h an (ficial rank4 ,!re 0 :at we may call a college ( !m1 consi/+ ( sev5ty memb]s4 #b 1 4 #c 4 #d 4 -- %\ld probably be 1 z x is giv5 9 ! ,t'ung ,*i54 ,see ,analects ,,xiv4 xxii4 ,t'i5 ,hang 0 ! same z ,*'an ,*'ang ( t *apt]4 #e imp]ial sway1 s t x w la/ = #aj1jjj g5]ations4 ,?is is inde$ beyond :at a /upid s*ol> c und]/&4 ,&1 moreov]1 ,yueh only talks ( ?+s belong+ to ! ,?ree ,dyna/ies1 :i* are n fit to be models to y4 ,at o!r times1 :5 ! pr9ces 7 all /riv+ toge!r1 !y endeav\r$ to ga!r ! w&]+ s*ol>s ab\t !m2 b n[1 ! empire is 9 a /able condition1 & laws & ord9ances issue f "o supreme au?ority4 ,let ^? ( ! p :o abide 9 _! homes give _! /r5g? to ! toils ( husb&ry1 :ile ^? :o become s*ol>s %\ld /udy ! v>i\s laws & prohibitions4 ,in/ead ( do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! s*ol>s d n le>n :at belongs to ! pres5t day1 b /udy antiquity4 ,!y g on to condemn ! pres5t "t1 lead+ ! masses ( ! p a/ray1 & to disord]4 ',at ! risk ( my life1 ,i1 ! prime m9i/]1 say3 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! nation 0 disunit$ & di/urb$1 !re 0 no "o :o c\ld give unity to x4 ,! pr9ces !re=e /ood up toge!r2 con/ant ref]5ces 7 made to antiquity to ! injury ( ! pres5t /ate2 baseless /atem5ts 7 dress$ up to conf\nd :at 0 real1 & m5 made a boa/ ( _! own peculi> le>n+ to condemn :at _! rul]s appo9t$4 ,& n[1 :5 ,y\r ,maje/y has consolidat$ ! empire1 &1 di/+ui%+ black f :ite1 has con/itut$ x a /able unity1 !y /ill hon\r _! peculi> le>n+1 & comb9e toge!r2 !y tea* m5 :at is contr>y to y\r laws4 ,:5 !y he> t an ord9ance has be5 issu$1 e "o sets to discuss+ x ) 8 le>n+4 ,9 ! c\rt1 !y are dissatisfi$ 9 he>t2 out ( x1 !y keep talk+ 9 ! /reets4 ,:ile !y make a pret5se ( vaunt+ _! ,ma/]1 !y consid] x f9e to h extraord9>y views ( _! own4 ,& s !y lead on ! p to be guilty ( murmur+ & evil speak+4 ,if ^! ?+s are n prohibit$1 ,y\r ,maje/y's au?ority w decl9e1 & p>ties w be =m$4 ,! be/ way is to prohibit !m1 ,i pray t all ! ,records 9 *>ge ( ! ,hi/oriograph]s be burn$1 except+ ^? ( ,*'92 t1 ) ! exception ( ^? (fic]s belong+ to ! ,bo>d ( ,great ,s*ol>s1 all ?r\gh\t ! empire :o presume to keep copies ( ! ,%ih-*+1 or ( ! ,%u-*+1 or ( ! books ( ! ,hundr$ ,s*ools1 be requir$ to g ) !m to ! (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ! sev]al di/ricts1 & burn !m #a2 t all :o may d>e to speak #a 4 toge!r ab\t ! ,%ih & ! ,%u be put to dea?1 & _! bodies expos$ 9 ! m>ket-place2 t ^? :o make m5tion ( ! pa/1 s z to blame ! pres5t1 be put to dea? along ) _! relatives2 t (fic]s :o %all "k ( ! violation ( ^? rules & n in=m aga9/ ! (f5d]s1 be held equally guilty ) !m2 & t :oev] %all n h burn$ _! ,books )9 ?irty days aft] ! issu+ ( ! ord9ance1 be br&$ & s5t to labor on ! wall = f\r ye>s4 ,! only ,books :i* %\ld be sp>$ are ^? on m$ic9e1 div9ation1 & husb&ry4 ,:oev] wants to le>n ! laws may g to ! magi/rates & le>n ( !m4 ',! imp]ial decision 0 -- ,approv$4' ,! de/ruction ( ! s*ol>s is relat$ m briefly4 ,9 ! ye> aft] ! burn+ ( ! ,books1 ! res5tm5t ( ! emp]or 0 excit$ by ! rem>ks & ! flight ( two s*ol>s :o _h be5 fav\rites ) him1 & he det]m9$ to in/itute a /rict inquiry ab\t all ( _! class 9 ,hsi5-yang1 to f9d out :e!r !y _h be5 mak+ om9\s spee*es ab\t him1 & di/urb+ ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,! inve/igation 0 committ$ to ! ,c5sors #a1 & x be+ discov]$ t upw>ds ( #dfj s*ol>s _h violat$ ! prohibitions1 !y 7 all buri$ alive 9 pits #b1 = a w>n+ to ! empire1 :ile degradation & bani%m5t 7 employ$ m /rictly ?an be=e aga9/ all :o fell "u suspicion4 ,! emp]or's elde/ son1 ,fu-su1 remon/rat$ ) him1 say+ t su* measures aga9/ ^? :o repeat$ ! words ( ,confucius & s\ght to imitate him1 w\ld ali5ate all ! p f _! infant dyna/y1 b 8 int]f]5ce (f5d$ him fa!r s mu* t he 0 s5t (f f c\rt1 to be ) ! g5]al :o 0 sup]9t5d+ ! build+ ( ! great wall4 #h4 ,no attempts h be5 made by ,*9ese critics & hi/orians to discr$it ! record ( ^! ev5ts1 ?\gh "s h que/ion$ ! ext5t ( ! injury inflict$ by !m on ! monum5ts ( _! anci5t lit]ature #c4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ! edict aga9/ ! ,books did n ext5d to ! ,yi-*+1 :i* 0 #a 1 4 #b 1 1 4 ,! mean+ ( ?is passage z a :ole is suffici5tly pla91 b ,i am unable to make out ! =ce ( ! phrase 4 #c ,see ! rem>ks ( ,*amg ,*ia-tsi 771 ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 on ! subject1 9 ! 1 ,bk4 clxxiv4 p4 #e4 exempt$ z be+ a "w on div9ation1 nor did x ext5d to ! o!r classics :i* 7 9 *>ge ( ! ,bo>d ( ,great ,s*ol>s4 ,!re ought to h be5 no difficulty 9 f9d+ copies :5 ! ,han dyna/y sup]s$$ t ( ! ,*'91 & probably !re w\ld h be5 none b = ! sack ( ! capital 9 ,b4,c4 #bjf by ,hsiang ,yu1 ! =midable oppon5t ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,h\se ( ,han4 ,!n1 we are told1 ! fires blaz$ = ?ree mon?s among ! palaces & public build+s1 & mu/ h prov$ z de/ructive to ! copies ( ! ,great ,s*ol>s z ! edict ( ! tyrant _h be5 to ! copies among ! p4 ,x is to be not$ also t ! life ( ,%ih ,hwang ,ti la/$ only ?ree ye>s aft] ! promulgation ( 8 edict4 ,he di$ 9 ,b4,c4 #baj1 & ! reign ( 8 second son :o succe$$ him la/$ only o!r ?ree ye>s4 ,a brief p]iod ( disord] & /ruggl+ = ! supreme au?ority betwe5 diff]5t *iefs ensur$2 b ! reign ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,han dyna/y dates f ,b4,c4 #bjb4 ,?us1 elev5 ye>s 7 all :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ord] = ! burn+ ( ! ,books & rise ( t family1 :i* signal$ itself by ! c>e :i* x be/[$ = _! recov]y2 & f ! edict ( ! tyrant ( ,*'9 aga9/ private individuals hav+ copies 9 _! keep+1 to its express abrogation by ! emp]or ,hsiao ,hui1 !re 7 only tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,we may believe1 inde$1 t vigor\s ef=ts to c>ry ! edict into effect w\ld n be cont9u$ long] ?an ! life ( its au?or1-- t is1 n = m ?an ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,! calamity inflict$ ^u ! anci5t ,books ( ,*9a by ! ,h\se ( ,*'9 c\ld n h approa*$ to any?+ l a complete de/ruction ( !m4 ,!re w\ld be no occasion = ! s*ol>s ( ! ,han dyna/y1 9 reg>d to ! bulk ( _! anci5t lit]ature1 to und]take m ?an ! "w ( rec5sion & edit+4 #i4 ,! idea ( =g]y by !m on a l>ge scale is out ( ! "q4 ,! catalogues ( ,liang ,hs9 enum]at$ m ?an #ac1jjj volumes ( a l>g] or small] size1 ! productions ( ne>ly #fjj diff]5t writ]s1 & arrang$ 9 ?irty-eight subdivisions ( subjects #a4 ,9 ! ?ird catalogue1 ! fir/ subdivision conta9$ ! or?odox writ]s #b1 to ! numb] ( fifty-?ree1 ) #hcf ,works or portions ( _! ,works4 ,betwe5 ,m5cius & #a 1 1 1 4 #b 4 ,k'ung ,*i1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius1 eight diff]5t au?ors h place4 ,! second subdivision conta9$ ! ,works ( ! ,taoi/ s*ool #a1 am\nt+ to #iic collections1 f ?irty-sev5 diff]5t au?ors4 ,! six? subdivision conta9$ ! ,mohi/ writ]s #b1 to ! numb] ( six1 ) _! productions 9 #hf collections4 ,i specify ^! two subdivisions1 because !y embrace ! ,works ( s*ools or sects antagoni/ic to t ( ,confucius1 & "s ( !m /ill hold a place 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 & conta9 _m ref]5ces to ! five ,classics1 & to ,confucius & 8 disciples4 #aj4 ,! inquiry pursu$ 9 ! above p>agraphs conducts u to ! conclusion t ! mat]ials f :i* ! classics1 z !y h come d[n to u1 7 compil$ & edit$ 9 ! two c5turies prec$+ our ,*ri/ian era1 7 g5u9e rema9s1 go+ back to a /ill m remote p]iod4 ,! injury :i* !y su/a9$ f ! dyna/y ( ,*'9 01 ,i believe1 ! same 9 "* z t to :i* !y 7 expos$ dur+ all ! "t ( '! ,w>r+ ,/ates4' ,x may h be5 m int5se 9 degree1 b ! con/ant w>f>e :i* prevail$ = "s c5turies among ! diff]5t /ates :i* compos$ ! k+dom 0 em95tly unfav\rable to ! cultivation ( lit]ature4 ,m5cius tells u h[ ! pr9ces _h made away ) _m ( ! records ( antiquity1 f :i* _! own usurpations & innovations might h be5 condemn$ #c4 ,/ill ! times 7 n unfruitful1 ei!r 9 s*ol>s or /atesm51 to :om ! ways & monum5ts ( antiquity 7 de>1 & ! space f ! rise ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y to ! dea? ( ,confucius 0 n v great4 ,x only am\nt$ to #beh ye>s4 ,betwe5 ^! two p]iods ,m5cius /&s z a connect+ l9k4 ,born probably 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cga1 he rea*$1 by ! int]v5tion ( ,kung ,*i1 back to ! sage himself1 & z 8 dea? happ5$ ,b4,c4 #bhh1 we are br\ght d[n to )9 ne>ly half a c5tury ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y4 ,f all ^! consid]ations we may proce$ ) confid5ce to consid] ea* sep>ate ,"w1 believ+ t we h 9 ^! ,classics & ,books :at ! great sage ( ,*9a & 8 disciples gave to _! c\ntry m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago4 #a 4 #b 4 #c ,see ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ii4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,confucian ,,analects4 ,,section ,i4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,analects ,,by ,,! ,,s*ol>s ,,( ,,! ,,han ,,dyna/y4 #a4 ,:5 ! "w ( collect+ & edit+ ! rema9s ( ! ,classical ,books 0 und]tak5 by ! s*ol>s ( ,han1 !re appe>$ two diff]5t copies ( ! ,analects1 "o f ,lu1 ! native ,/ate ( ,confucius1 & ! o!r f ,*'i1 ! ,/ate adjo9+4 ,betwe5 ^! !re 7 consid]able diff]5ces4 ,! =m] consi/$ ( tw5ty ,books or ,*apt]s1 ! same z ^? into :i* ! ,classic is n[ divid$4 ,! latt] conta9$ two ,books 9 addition1 & 9 ! tw5ty ,books1 :i* !y _h 9 common1 ! *apt]s & s5t5ces 7 some:at m num]\s ?an 9 ! ,lu exempl>4 #b4 ,! names ( sev]al individuals are giv51 :o devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ^? two copies ( ! ,classic4 ,among ! patrons ( ! ,lu copy are m5tion$ ! names ( ,hsia-hau ,%ang1 gr&-tutor ( ! heir- app>5t1 :o di$ at ! age ( #ij1 & 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,hsuan 7,b4,c4 #gc-di7 #a2 ,hsiao ,wang-*ih #b1 a g5]al-(fic]1 :o di$ 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,yuan 7,b4,c4 #dh-cc72 ,wei ,hsi51 :o 0 a premi] ( ! empire f ,b4,c4 #gj-ff2 & 8 son ,hsuan-*'ang #c4 ,z patrons ( ! ,*'i copy1 we h ,wang ,*'+1 :o 0 a c5sor 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ii #d2 ,yung ,%ang #e2 & ,wang ,*i #f1 a /atesman :o di$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ! emp]or ,yuan4 #c4 ,b a ?ird copy ( ! ,analects 0 discov]$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #aej4 ,"o ( ! sons ( ! emp]or ,*+ 0 appo9t$ k+ ( ,lu #g 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #aed1 & "s "t aft]1 wi%+ to enl>ge 8 palace1 he proce$$ to pull d[n ! h\se ( ! ,k'ung family1 kn[n z t :]e ,confucius himself _h liv$4 #a 4 #b 1 4 #c 1 1 1 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 7or 74 ,:ile do+ s1 !re 7 f\nd 9 ! wall copies ( ! ,%u-*+1 ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 ! ,hsiao-*+1 & ! ,lun ,yu or ,analects1 :i* _h be5 deposit$ !re1 :5 ! edict = ! burn+ ( ! ,books 0 issu$4 ,!re 7 all writt51 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! ,*9ese "* #a1 :i* _h fall5 into disuse1 & ! k+ return$ !m to ! ,k'ung family1 ! head ( :i*1 ,k'ung ,an-kwo #b1 gave himself to ! /udy ( !m1 & f9ally1 9 ob$i5ce to an imp]ial ord]1 publi%$ a ,"w call$ ,! ,lun ,yu1 ) ,explanations ( ! ,*>act]s1 & ,exhibition ( ! ,mean+ #c4' #d4 ,! recov]y ( ?is copy w be se5 to be a mo/ important circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory f ! text ( ! ,analects4 ,x is ref]r$ to by ,*9ese writ]s1 z ',! old ,lun ,yu4' ,9 ! hi/orical n>rative :i* we h ( ! affair1 a circum/ance is add$ :i* may appe> to "s m9ds to ?r[ suspicion on ! :ole acc\nt4 ,! k+ 0 f9ally arre/$1 we are told1 9 8 purpose to de/roy ! h\se1 by he>+ ! s\nds ( bells1 musical /ones1 lutes1 & ci!rns1 z he 0 asc5d+ ! /eps t l$ to ! ance/ral hall or temple4 ,?is incid5t 0 contriv$1 we may suppose1 by ! ,k'ung family1 to pres]ve ! h\se1 or x may h be5 devis$ by ! hi/orian to glorify ! sage1 b we may n1 on acc\nt ( x1 discr$it ! f9d+ ( ! anci5t copies ( ! ,books4 ,we h ,k'ung ,an-kwo's own acc\nt ( _! be+ committ$ to him1 & ( ! ways :i* he took to deciph] !m4 ,! "w ^u ! ,analects1 m5tion$ above1 has n inde$ come d[n to u1 b 8 labors on ! ,%u-*+ /ill rema94 #e4 ,x has be5 already /at$1 t ! ,lun ,yu ( ,*'i conta9$ two ,books m ?an t ( ,lu4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! old ,lun ,yu agre$ ) ! ,lu exempl>4 ,^? two books 7 want+ 9 x z well4 ,! la/ book ( ! ,lu ,lun 0 divid$ 9 x1 h[ev]1 into two1 ! *apt] beg9n+1 ',yao said1' =m+ a :ole ,book by itself1 & ! rema9+ two *apt]s =m$ ano!r ,book beg9n+ ',tsze-*ang4' ,) ?is trifl+ diff]5ce1 ! old & ! ,lu copies appe> to h agre$ toge!r4 #f ,*ang ,yu1 pr9ce ( ,an-*'ang #d1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #d1 aft] hav+ #a 1 -- lit4 'tadpole *>act]s4' ,!y 71 x is said1 ! orig9al =ms devis$ by ,ts'ang-*ieh1 ) l>ge heads & f9e tails1 l ! creature f :i* !y 7 nam$4 ,see ! notes to ! preface to ! ,%u-*+ 9 ',! ,?irte5 ,classics4' #b 4 #c 4 ,see ! preface to ! ,lun ,yu 9 ',! ,?irte5 ,*+4' ,x has be5 my pr9cipal au?ority 9 ?is section4 #d 1 4 su/a9$ sev]al ( ! highe/ (fices ( ! empire1 in/itut$ a comp>ison betwe5 ! exempl>s ( ,lu & ,*'i1 ) a view to det]m9e ! true text4 ,! result ( 8 labors appe>$ 9 tw5ty-"o ,books1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ,liu ,hs9's catalogue4 ,!y 7 kn[n z ! ,lun ( pr9ce ,*ang #a1 & comm&$ g5]al approbation4 ,to ,*ang ,yu is commonly ascrib$ ! eject+ f ! ,classic ! two additional books :i* ! ,*'i exempl> conta9$1 b ,ma ,twan-l9 pref]s to re/ t circum/ance on ! au?ority ( ! old ,lun1 :i* we h se5 0 )\t !m #b4 ,if we _h ! two ,books1 we might f9d suffici5t reason f _! cont5ts to discr$it !m4 ,t may h be5 suffici5t = ,*ang ,yu to condemn !m z he did1 b we c h>dly suppos$ t he did n h be=e him ! old ,lun1 :i* _h come to light ab\t a c5tury be=e he publi%$ 8 "w4 #g4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury1 a new edition ( ! ,analects1 ) a comm5t>y1 0 publi%$ by "o ( ! greate/ s*ol>s :i* ,*9a has ev] produc$1 ,*ang ,hsuan1 kn[n also z ,*ang ,k'ang-*'ang #c4 ,he di$ 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,hsi5 7,a4,d4 #aij-bbj7 #d at ! age ( #gd1 & ! am\nt ( 8 labors on ! anci5t classical lit]ature is almo/ incr$ible4 ,:ile he adopt$ ! ,lu ,lun z ! receiv$ text ( 8 "t1 he comp>$ x m9utely ) ^? ( ,*'i & ! old exempl>4 ,9 ! la/ section f ?is *apt] w be f\nd a li/ ( ! read+s 9 8 comm5t>y diff]5t f ^? :i* are n[ ackn[l$g$ 9 def]5ce to ! au?ority ( ,*u ,hsi1 ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,!y are n _m1 & _! importance is b trifl+4 #h4 ,on ! :ole1 ! above /atem5ts w satisfy ! read] ( ! c>e ) :i* ! text ( ! ,lun ,yu 0 fix$ dur+ ! dyna/y ( ,han4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,at ,,:at ,,"t1 ,,& ,,by ,,:om1 ,,! ,,analects ,,7 ,,writt52 ,,_! ,,plan2 ,,& ,,au!nticity4 #a4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! notes ^u ! fir/ ,book1 "u ! head+1 ',! ,title ( ! ,"w1' ,i h giv5 ! receiv$ acc\nt ( its au?or%ip1 :i* prec$es ! catalogue #a 4 #b 1 ,bk4 clxxxiv4 p4 #c4 #c 1 4 #d 4 ( ,liu ,hs94 ,accord+ to t1 ! ,analects 7 compil$ by ! disciples if ,confucius com+ toge!r aft] 8 dea?1 & dige/+ ! memorials ( 8 disc\rses & conv]sations :i* !y _h sev]ally pres]v$4 ,b ?is _c be true4 ,we may believe1 inde$1 t _m ( ! disciples put on record conv]sations :i* !y _h _h ) _! ma/]1 & notes ab\t 8 mann]s & incid5ts ( 8 life1 & t ^! h be5 incorporat$ ) ! ,"w :i* we h1 b t ,"w mu/ h tak5 its pres5t =m at a p]iod some:at lat]4 ,9 ,book ,,viii1 *apt]s iii iv1 we h "s notices ( ! la/ days ( ,tsang ,%an1 & are told t he 0 visit$ on 8 dea?-b$ by ! (fic] ,mang ,*+4 ,n[ ,*+ 0 ! po/hum\s title ( ,*ung- sun ,*ieh #a1 & we f9d him alive 7,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ii4 #b7 aft] ! dea? ( duke ,tao ( ,lu #b1 :i* took place ,b4,c4 #dca1 ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius4 ,aga91 ,book ,,xix is all occupi$ ) ! say+s ( ! disciples4 ,confucius p]sonally does n appe> 9 x4 ,p>ts ( x1 z *apt]s iii1 xii1 & xviii1 c>ry u d[n to a "t :5 ! disciples _h s*ools & foll[]s ( _! own1 & 7 accu/om$ to su/a9 _! tea*+s by ref]r+ to ! lessons :i* !y _h le>n$ f ! sage4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! second *apt] ( ,book ,,xi1 ! second p>agraph ( :i* is evid5tly a note by ! compil]s ( ! ,"w1 enum]at+ t5 ( ! pr9cipal disciples1 & classify+ !m accord+ to _! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,we c h>dly suppose x to h be5 writt5 :ile any ( ! t5 7 alive4 ,b !re is among !m ! "n ( ,tsze-hsia1 :o liv$ to ! age ( ab\t a hundr$4 ,we f9d him1 ,b4,c4 #djg1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 at ! c\rt ( ,wei1 to ! pr9ce ( :i* he is report$ to h pres5t$ "s ( ! ,classical ,books #c4 #b4 ,we _c !re=e accept ! above acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,analects1-- t !y 7 compil$ by ! disciples ( ,confucius4 ,mu* m likely is ! view t we owe ! "w to _! disciples4 ,9 ! note on ,i4 ii4 ,i1 a peculi>ity is po9t$ out 9 ! use ( ! surnames ( ,yew ,zo & ,tsang ,%an1 :i* #a ,see ,*u ,hsi's comm5t>y1 9 loc4 -- 1 1 1 4 #b 4 #c 2 see ! 1 ,bk4 i4 p4 #gg4 has made "s ,*9ese critics attribute ! compilation to _! foll[]s4 ,b ?is conclusion does n /& inve/igation4 ,o!rs h assign$ diff]5t portions to diff]5t s*ools4 ,?us1 ,book ,v is giv5 to ! disciples ( ,tsze-kung2 ,book ,,xi1 to ^? ( ,m9 ,tsze-*'i52 ,book ,,xiv1 to ,yuan ,hsi52 & ,book ,,xvi has be5 suppos$ to be int]polat$ f ! ,analects ( ,*'i4 ,ev5 if we 7 to acquiesce 9 ^! decisions1 we %\ld h acc\nt$ only = a small "p ( ! ,"w4 ,x is be/ to re/ 9 ! g5]al conclusion1 t x 0 compil$ by ! disciples ( ! disciples ( ! sage1 mak+ free use ( ! writt5 memorials conc]n+ him :i* !y _h receiv$1 & ! oral /atem5ts :i* !y _h he>d1 f _! sev]al ma/]s4 ,& we %all n be f> wrong1 if we det]m9e its date z ab\t ! end ( ! f\r?1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 #c4 ,9 ! critical "w on ! ,f\r ,books1 call$ ',record ( ,rem>ks 9 ! village ( ,yung #a1' x is obs]v$1 ',! ,analects1 9 my op9ion1 7 made by ! disciples1 j l a record ( rem>ks4 ,!re !y 7 record$1 & aft]w>ds came a fir/-rate h&1 :o gave !m ! beautiful lit]>y f9i% :i* we n[ witness1 s t !re is n a "* :i* does n h its own indisp5sable place #b4' ,we h se5 t ! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts conta9s only a small am\nt ( tru? ) reg>d to ! mat]ials ( ! ,analects1 nor c we receive ! second4 ,if "o h& or "o m9d _h dige/$ ! mat]ials provid$ by _m1 ! arrangem5t & ! /yle ( ! "w w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,we %\ld n h _h ! same rem>k appe>+ 9 sev]al ,books1 ) little v>iation1 & sometimes ) none at all4 ,nor c we acc\nt on ?is supposition = su* fragm5ts z ! la/ *apt]s ( ! n9?1 t5?1 & sixte5? ,books1 & _m o!rs4 ,no def9ite plan has be5 kept 9 view ?r\gh\t4 ,a degree ( unity appe>s to belong to "s books m ?an o!rs1 & 9 g5]al to ! fir/ t5 m ?an to ^? :i* foll[1 b !re is no progress ( ?\ght or illu/ration ( subject f ,book to ,book4 ,& ev5 9 ^? :]e ! *apt]s h #a 1-- 1 '! village ( ,yung1' is1 ,i conceive1 ! writ]'s nom de plume4 #b 1 1 1 1 1 4 a common subject1 !y are ?r[n toge!r at r&om m ?an on any plan4 #d4 ,we _c tell :5 ! ,"w 0 fir/ call$ ! ,lun ,yu #a4 ,! evid5ce 9 ! prec$+ section is suffici5t to prove t :5 ! ,han s*ol>s 7 engag$ 9 collect+ ! anci5t ,books1 x came be=e !m1 n 9 brok5 tablets1 b complete1 & arrang$ 9 ,books or ,sections1 z we n[ h x4 ,! ,old copy 0 f\nd deposit$ 9 ! wall ( ! h\se :i* ,confucius _h occupi$1 & mu/ h be5 plac$ !re n lat] ?an ,b4,c4 #baa1 di/ant f ! date :i* ,i h assign$ to ! compilation1 n mu* m ?an a c5tury & a half4 ,t copy1 writt5 9 ! mo/ anci5t *>act]s1 01 possibly1 ! autograph ( ! compil]s4 ,we h ! ,writ+s1 or portions ( ! ,writ+s1 ( sev]al au?ors ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,( ^!1 9 addition to ',! ,great ,le>n+1' ',! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1' & ',! ,works ( ,m5cius1' ,i h look$ ov] ! ,works ( ,hsun ,*'+ #b ( ! or?odox s*ool1 ( ! philosoph]s ,*wang & ,lieh ( ! ,taoi/ s*ool #c1 & ( ! h]esi>* ,mo #d4 ,9 ! ,great ,le>n+1 ,comm5t>y1 *apt] iv1 we h ! words ( ,ana4 ,,xii4 xiii4 ,9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 *4 iii1 we h ,ana4 ,,vi4 xxvii2 & 9 *4 xxviii4 #e1 we h sub/antially ,ana4 ,,iii4 ix4 ,9 ,m5cius1 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ,i4 ii4 #ai1 we h ,ana4 ,,vii4 xxxiii1 & 9 vii4 #b1 ,ana4 ,,iv4 i2 9 ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,i4 iv4 #aa1 ,ana4 ,,viii4 xviii1 xix2 9 ,,iv4 ,pt4 ,i4 xiv4 #a1 ,ana4 ,,xi4 xvi4 #b2 9 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 vii4 #i1 ,ana4 ,x4 xiii4 #d2 & 9 ,,vii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 xxxvii4 #a1 #b1 #h1 ,ana4 ,v4 xxi1 ,,xiii4 xxi1 & ,,xvii4 xiii4 ,^! quotations1 h[ev]1 are introduc$ by ',! ,ma/] said1' or ',confucius said1' no m5tion be+ made ( any book call$ ',! ,lun ,yu1' or ,analects4 ,9 ! ,great ,le>n+1 ,comm5t>y1 x4 #ae1 we h ! words ( ,ana4 ,,iv4 iii1 & 9 #a ,9 ! cont9uation ( ! ',g5]al ,exam9ation ( ,records & ,s*ol>s 771' ,bk4 cxcviii4 p4 #ag1 x is said1 inde$1 on ! au?ority ( ,wang ,*'ung 771 a s*ol> ( our fir/ c5tury1 t :5 ! ,"w came out ( ! wall x 0 nam$ a ,*wan or ,record 771 & t x 0 :5 ,k'ung ,an-kwo in/ruct$ a native ( ,ts91 nam$ ,fu-*'+1 9 x1 t x fir/ got ! "n ( ,lun ,yu3-- 1 1 1 4 ,if x 7 s1 x is /range ! circum/ance is n m5tion$ 9 ,ho ,y5's preface4 #b 4 #c 1 4 #d 4 ,m5cius1 ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 vii4 #c1 ^? ( ,ana4 ,,xvii4 i1 b )\t any notice ( quotation4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,hsun ,*'+1 ,book ,i4 page #b1 we f9d some?+ l ! words ( ,ana4 ,,xv4 xxx2 & on p4 #f1 "p ( ,,xiv4 xxv4 ,b 9 ^! in/ances !re is no m>k ( quotation4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,*wang1 ,i h not$ only "o passage :]e ! words ( ! ,analects are reproduc$4 ,ana4 ,,xviii4 v is f\nd1 b ) l>ge additions1 & no ref]5ce ( quotation1 9 8 treatise on ',man 9 ! ,_w1 associat$ ) o!r ,m5 #a4' ,9 all ^? ,works1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,lieh & ,mo1 ! ref]5ces to ,confucius & 8 disciples1 & to _m circum/ances ( 8 life1 are num]\s #b4 ,! quotations ( say+s ( 8 n f\nd 9 ! ,analects are likewise _m1 especially 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 9 ,m5cius1 & 9 ! ,works ( ,*wang4 ,^? 9 ! latt] are mo/ly burlesques1 b ^? by ! or?odox writ]s h m or less ( classical au?ority4 ,"s ( !m may be f\nd 9 ! ,*ia ,yu #c1 or ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' & 9 p>ts ( ! ,li ,*i1 :ile o!rs are only kn[n to u by _! occurr5ce 9 ^! ,writ+s4 ,altoge!r1 !y d n supply ! evid5ce1 = :i* ,i am 9 que/1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,analects z a di/9ct ,"w1 be>+ ! "n ( ! ,lun ,yu1 prior to ! ,*'9 dyna/y4 ,!y leave ! presumption1 h[ev]1 9 fav\r ( ^? conclusions1 :i* arises f ! facts /at$ 9 ! fir/ section1 undi/urb$4 ,!y confirm x r4 ,!y %[ t !re 0 abundance ( mat]ials at h& to ! s*ol>s ( ,han1 to compile a mu* l>g] ,"w ) ! same title1 if !y _h felt x _! duty to d ! bus9ess ( compilation1 & n t ( edit+4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,comm5t>ies ,,^u ,,! ,,analects4 #a4 ,x w\ld be a va/ & unpr(itable labor to attempt to give a li/ ( ! ,comm5t>ies :i* h be5 publi%$ on ?is ,"w4 ,my object is m]ely to po9t out h[ zeal\sly ! bus9ess ( int]pretation 0 und]tak51 z soon z ! text _h be5 #a 4 #b ,9 ,mo's *apt] aga9/ ! ,lit]ati1 he m5tions "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,confucius 9 ! v words ( ! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,analects4 #c 4 recov]$ by ! s*ol>s ( ! ,han dyna/y1 & ) :at indu/ry x has be5 p]sev]$ 9 d[n to ! pres5t "t4 #b4 ,m5tion has be5 made1 9 ,section ,i4 #f1 ( ! ,lun ( pr9ce ,*ang1 publi%$ 9 ! half c5tury be=e our era4 ,pao ,hsi5 #a1 a di/+ui%$ s*ol> & (fic]1 f ! reign ( ,kwang-wu #b1 ! fir/ emp]or ( ! ,ea/]n ,han dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #be-eg1 & ano!r s*ol> ( ! surname ,*au #c1 less kn[n b ( ! same "t1 publi%$ ,works1 conta9+ arrangem5ts ( ?is 9 *apt]s & s5t5ces1 ) explanatory notes4 ,! critical "w ( ,k'ung ,an-kwo on ! old ,lun ,yu has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,t 0 lo/ 9 consequ5ce ( suspicions "u :i* ,an-kwo fell t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ! emp]or ,wu1 b 9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,%un1 ,a4,d4 #abf-add1 ano!r s*ol>1 ,ma ,yung #d1 und]took ! exposition ( ! *>act]s 9 ! old ,lun1 giv+ at ! same "t 8 views ( ! g5]al mean+4 ,! labors ( ,*ang ,hsuan 9 ! second c5tury h be5 m5tion$4 ,n long aft] 8 dea?1 !re ensu$ a p]iod ( an>*y1 :5 ! empire 0 divid$ into ?ree gov]nm5ts1 well kn[n f ! celebrat$ hi/orical romance1 call$ ',! ,?ree ,k+doms4' ,! /ronge/ ( !m1 ! ,h\se ( ,wei1 patroniz$ lit]ature1 & ?ree ( its high (fic]s & s*ol>s1 ,*'an ,*'un1 ,wang ,su1 & ,*au ,%ang-lieh #e1 9 ! fir/ half1 & probably ! second qu>t]1 ( ! ?ird c5tury1 all gave to ! _w _! notes on ! ,analects4 ,v %ortly aft]1 five ( ! great m9i/]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,wei1 ,sun ,yung1 ,*ang ,*'ung1 ,tsao ,hsi1 ,hsun ,k'ai1 & ,ho ,y5 #f1 unit$ 9 ! production ( "o great ,"w1 entitl$1 ',a ,collection ( ,explanations ( ! ,lun ,yu #g4' ,x embodi$ ! labors ( all ! writ]s :i* h be5 m5tion$1 &1 hav+ be5 frequ5tly repr9t$ by succe$+ dyna/ies1 x /ill rema9s4 ,! preface ( ! five compil]s1 9 ! =m ( a memorial to ! emp]or1 s call$1 ( ! ,h\se ( ,wei1 is publi%$ ) x1 & has be5 ( mu* assi/ance to me 9 writ+ ^! sections4 ,ho #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 1 1 1 4 #e 1 2 1 2 1 4 #f 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 #g 4 ,i possess a copy ( ?is "w1 pr9t$ ab\t ! middle ( our f\rte5? c5tury4 ,y5 0 ! lead] among !m1 & ! "w is commonly quot$ z if x 7 ! production ( him alone4 #c4 ,f ,ho ,y5 d[nw>ds1 !re has h>dly be5 a dyna/y :i* has n contribut$ its labor]s to ! illu/ration ( ! ,analects4 ,9 ! ,liang1 :i* occupi$ ! ?rone a good "p ( ! six? c5tury1 !re appe>$ ! ',comm5ts ( ,hwang ,k'an #a1' :o to ! sev5 au?orities cit$ by ,ho ,y5 add$ o!r ?irte51 be+ s*ol>s :o _h des]v$ well ( ! ,classic dur+ ! int]m$iate "t4 ,pass+ ov] o!r dyna/ies1 we come to ! ,sung1 ,a4,d4 #ifj-abgi4 ,an edition ( ! ,classics 0 publi%$ by imp]ial au?ority1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ) ! title ( ',! ,correct ,mean+4' ,! pr9cipal s*ol> engag$ 9 ! und]tak+ 0 ,hs+ ,p'+ #b4 ,! portion ( x on ! ,analects #c is commonly repr9t$ 9 ',! ,?irte5 ,classics1' aft] ,ho ,y5's explanations4 ,b ! names ( ! ,sung dyna/y are all ?r[n into ! %ade by t ( ,*u ,hsi1 ?an :om ,*9a has n produc$ a great] s*ol>4 ,he compos$1 or 8 disciples compli$1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ?ree ,works on ! ,analects3-- ! fir/ call$ ',collect$ ,mean+s #d2' ! second1 ',collect$ ,comm5ts #e2' & ! ?ird1 ',qu]ies #f4' ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! grace & cle>ness ( 8 /yle1 & ! influ5ce :i* he has ex]t$ on ! lit]ature ( ,*9a has be5 almo/ despotic4 ,! s*ol>s ( ! pres5t dyna/y1 h[ev]1 seem incl9$ to "q ! correctness ( 8 views & int]pretations ( ! ,classics1 & ! *ief place among !m is due to ,mao ,*'i-l+ #g1 kn[n by ! local "n ( ,hsi-ho #h4 ,8 writ+s1 "u ! "n ( ',! ,collect$ ,works ( ,hsi-ho #i1' h be5 publi%$ 9 eighty volumes1 conta9+ betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ books or sections4 ,he has n9e treatises on ! ,f\r ,books1 or p>ts ( !m1 & des]ves to take rank ) ,*ang ,hsuan & ,*u ,hsi at ! head ( ,*9ese s*ol>s1 ?\gh he is a vehem5t oppon5t ( ! latt]4 ,mo/ ( 8 writ+s are to be f\nd also 9 ! great ,"w call$ ',a ,collection ( ,works on ! ,classics1 "u ! ,imp]ial dyna/y ( ,*'+ #aj1' :i* conta9s #adjj sections1 & is a noble contribution by ! s*ol>s ( ! pres5t dyna/y to ! illu/ration ( its anci5t lit]ature4 #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 #h 4 #i 4 #aj 4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,read+s4 ,9 ',! ,collection ( ,supplem5t>y ,obs]vations on ! ,f\r ,books #a1' ! second *apt] conta9s a g5]al view ( comm5t>ies on ! ,analects1 & f x ,i extract ! foll[+ li/ ( v>i\s read+s ( ! text f\nd 9 ! comm5ts ( ,*ang ,hsuan1 & ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,book ,,ii4 i1 = 2 viii1 = 2 xix1 = 2 xxiii4 #a1 1 )\t 1 = 4 ,book ,,iii4 vii1 9 ! clause 1 he makes a full /op at 2 xxi4 #a1 = 4 ,book ,,iv4 x1 = 1 & = 4 ,book ,v4 xxi1 he puts a full /op at 4 ,book ,,vi4 vii1 he has n ! *>act]s 4 ,book ,,vii4 iv1 = 2 xxxiv1 simply1 = 4 ,book ,,ix4 ix1 = 4 ,book ,,xi4 xxv4 #g1 = 1 & = 4 ,book ,,xiii4 iii4 #c1 = 2 xviii4 #a1 = 4 ,book ,,xiv4 xxxi1 = 2 xxxiv4 #a1 = 4 ,book ,,xv4 i4 a1 = 4 ,book ,,xvi4 i4 #ac1 = 4 ,book ,,xvii4 i1 = 2 xxiv4 #b1 = 4 ,book ,,xviii4 iv1 = 2 viii4 #a1 = 4 ,^! v>i\s read+s are exce$+ly few1 & 9 !mselves insignificant4 ,! /ud5t :o wi%es to pursue ?is subject at l5g?1 is provid$ ) ! means 9 ! ,"w ( ,ti ,*iao-%au #b1 expressly devot$ to x4 ,x =ms sections #ddi-dgc ( ! ,works ( ! ,classics1 m5tion$ at ! close ( ! prec$+ section4 ,a /ill m compreh5sive "w ( ! same k9d is1 ',! ,exam9ation ( ! ,text ( ! ,classics & ( ,comm5t>ies on !m1' publi%$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,yuan ,yuan1 =m+ *apt]s #hah to #ajed ( ! same ,collection4 ,*apt]s #ajaf to #ajcj are occupi$ ) ! ,lun yu2 see ! ref]5ce to ,yuan ,yuan f>!r on1 on p4 #acb4 #a 4 ,publi%$ 9 #agih4 ,! au?or 0 a ,tsao ,y9-ku -- 4 #b 1 4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,le>n+4 ,,section ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,text1 ,,& ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,x ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,propos$4 #a4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ',! ,great ,le>n+' frms "o ( ! ,books ( ! ,li ,*i1 or ',record ( ,rites1' ! =mation ( ! text ( :i* w be treat$ ( 9 its prop] place4 ,i w only say "h1 t ! ,records ( ,rites _h suff]$ mu* m1 aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 ?an ! o!r anci5t ,classics :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 collect$ & dige/$ by him4 ,!y 7 9 a m dilapidat$ condition at ! "t ( ! revivial ( ! anci5t lit]ature "u ! ,han dyna/y1 & 7 !n publi%$ 9 ?ree collections1 only "o ( :i* -- ! ,record ( ,rites -- reta9s its place among ! five ,*+4 ,! ,record ( ,rites consi/s1 accord+ to ! ord9>y arrangem5t1 ( =ty-n9e ,*apt]s or ,books4 ,liu ,hsiang 7see *4 ,i4 sect4 ,,ii4 #b7 took ! lead 9 its =mation1 & 0 foll[$ by ! two fam\s s*ol>s1 ,tai ,teh #a1 & 8 relative1 ,tai ,%ang #b4 ,! fir/ ( ^! r$uc$ upw>ds ( #bjj *apt]s1 collect$ by ,hsiang1 to eighty-n9e1 & ,%ang r$uc$ ^! aga9 to =ty-six4 ,! ?ree o!r ,books 7 add$ 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 ! ,great ,le>n+ be+ "o ( !m1 by ,ma ,yung1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 section ,,iii4#b4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 ! ,"w has n receiv$ any fur!r additions4 #b4 ,9 8 note app5d$ to :at he calls ! *apt] ( ',classical ,text1' ,*u ,hsi says t ! tablets ( ! 'old copies' ( ! re/ ( ! ,great ,le>n+ 7 consid]ably out ( ord]4 ,by ^? old copies1 he int5ds ! ,"w ( ,*ang ,hsuan1 :o publi%$ 8 comm5t>y on ! ,classic1 soon aft] x 0 complet$ by ! additions ( ,ma ,yung2 & t is possible t ! tablets 7 9 confusion1 & _h n be5 arrang$ ) suffici5t c>e2 b su* a ?+ does n appe> to h be5 suspect$ until ! #a #b ,%ang 0 a second c\s9 ( ,teh4 twelf? c5tury1 nor c any evid5ce f anci5t monum5ts be adduc$ 9 its support4 ,i h relat$ h[ ! anci5t ,classics 7 cut on slabs ( /one by imp]ial ord]1 ,a4,d4 #age1 ! text be+ t :i* ! v>i\s lit]ati _h det]m9$1 & :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ,*ang ,hsuan4 ,! same "w 0 p]=m$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s lat]1 "u ! s-call$ dyna/y ( ,wei1 betwe5 ! ye>s #bdj & #bdh1 & ! two sets ( slabs 7 set up toge!r4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m 01 t :]eas ! ,classics _h be5 cut 9 ! fir/ in/ance only 9 "o =m1 ! *>act]s 9 ! slabs ( ,wei 7 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms4 ,amd ! *anges ( dyna/ies1 ! slabs bo? ( ,han & ,wei _h p]i%$1 or ne>ly s1 be=e ! rise ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #fbd2 b "u "o ( its emp]ors1 9 ! ye> #hcf1 a copy ( ! ,classics 0 aga9 cut on /one1 ?\gh only 9 "o =m ( ! "*4 ,^! slabs we c trace d[n ?r\gh ! ,sung dyna/y1 :5 !y 7 kn[n z ! tablets ( ,%5 #a4 ,!y 7 9 exact con=mity ) ! text ( ! ,classics adopt$ by ,*ang ,hsuan 9 8 comm5t>ies2 & !y exi/ at ! pres5t day at ! city ( ,hsi-an1 ,%5-hsi1 /ill call$ by ! same "n4 ,! ,sung dyna/y did n accompli% a simil> "w itself1 nor did ei!r ( ! two :i* foll[$ x ?9k x necess>y to engrave 9 /one 9 ?is way ! anci5t ,classics4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! lit]>y _w 9 ,*9a 0 />tl$ by a reprt t ! slabs ( ,wei :i* conta9$ ! ,great ,le>n+ _h be5 discov]$4 ,b ?is 0 no?+ m ?an ! result f an impud5t attempt at an imposition1 = :i* x is difficult to a =eign] to assign any adequate cause4 ,! treatise1 z pr9t$ f ^! slabs1 has "s trifl+ additions1 & _m alt]ations 9 ! ord] ( ! text1 b diff]+ f ! arrangem5ts propos$ by ,*u ,hsi1 & by o!r s*ol>s4 ,!re seems to be n[ no diff]5ce ( op9ion among ,*9ese critics t ! :ole affair 0 a =g]y4 ,! text ( ! ,great ,le>n+1 z x appe>s 9 ! ,record ( ,rites ) ! comm5t>y ( ,*ang ,hsuan1 & 0 ?rice engrav$ on /one1 9 ?ree diff]5t dyna/ies1 is1 no d\bt1 t :i* 0 edit$ 9 ! ,han dyna/y by ,ma ,yung4 #c4 ,i h said1 t x is possible t ! tablets conta9+ ! #a 4 text 7 n arrang$ ) suffici5t c>e by him2 & inde$1 any "o :o /udies ! treatise att5tively1 w probably come to ! conclusion t ! "p ( x =m+ ! fir/ six *apt]s ( comm5t>y 9 ! pres5t ,"w is b a fragm5t4 ,x w\ld n be a difficult task to propose an arrangem5t ( ! text diff]5t f any :i* ,i h yet se52 b su* an und]tak+ w\ld n be int]e/+ out ( ,*9a4 ,my object "h is simply to m5tion ! ,*9ese s*ol>s : h r5d]$ !mselves fam\s or notori\s 9 _! own c\ntry by :at !y hav done 9 ?is way4 ,! fir/ 0 ,*'ang ,hao1 a native ( ,lo-yang 9 ,ho-nan ,prov9ce1 9 ! elev5? c5tury #a4 ,8 designation ( ,po-%un1 b s9ce 8 dea? he has be5 kn[n *iefly by ! /yle ( ,m+-tao #b1 :i* we may r5d] ! ,wise-9-doctr9e4 ,! eulogies heap$ on him by ,*u ,hsi & o!rs are extravagant1 & he is plac$ imm$iately aft] ,m5ci\s 9 ! li/ ( great s*ol>s4 ,d\btless he 0 a man ( va/ lit]>y acquirem5ts4 ,! greate/ *ange :i* he introduc$ into ! ,great ,le>n+1 0 to read s9 #c = *'9 #d1 at ! comm5cem5t1 mak+ ! second object propos$ 9 ! treatise to be ! r5ovation ( ! p1 in/ead ( lov+ !m4 ,?is alt]ation & 8 v>i\s transpositions ( ! text are f\nd 9 ,mao ,hsi-ho's treatise on ',! ,atte/$ ,text ( ! ,great ,le>n+ #e4' ,h>dly less illu/ri\s ?an ,*'ang ,hao 0 8 y\ng] bro!r ,*'ang ,i1 kn[n by ! /yle ( ,*ang-%u #f1 & s9ce 8 dea? by t ( ,i-*wan #g4 ,he foll[$ ,hao 9 ! adoption ( ! read+ 'to r5ovate1' in/ead ( 'to love4' ,b he transpos$ ! text diff]5tly1 m ak9 to ! arrangem5t aft]w>ds made by ,*u ,hsi1 sugge/+ also t !re 7 "s sup]flu\s s5t5ces 9 ! old text :i* might conv5i5tly be eras$4 ,! ,"w1 z propos$ to be read by him1 w be f\nd 9 ! volume ( ,mao j ref]r$ to4 ,we come to ! "n ( ,*u ,hsi :o ent]$ into ! labors ( ! bro!rs ,*'ang1 ! "y ( :om he /yles 8 ,ma/]1 9 8 introductory note to ! ,great ,le>n+4 ,8 arrangem5t ( ! text is t n[ curr5t 9 all ! editions ( ! ,f\r ,books1 & x _h ne>ly displac$ ! anci5t text #a 1114 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f 114 #g 4 altoge!r4 ,! sanction ( ,imp]ial approval 0 giv5 to x dur+ ! ,yuan & ,m+ dyna/ies4 ,9 ! editions ( ! ,five ,*+ publi%$ by !m1 only ! names ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean & ! ,great ,le>n+ 7 pres]v$4 ,no text ( ^! ,books 0 giv51 & ,hsi-ho tells u t 9 ! reign ( ,*ia-*+ #a1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #aebb-aeff71 :5 ,wang ,wan-*'ang #b publi%$ a copy ( ! ,great ,le>n+1 tak5 f ! ,t'ang edition ( ! ,?irte5 ,*+1 all ! (fic]s & s*ol>s look$ at "o ano!r 9 a/oni%m5t1 & 7 incl9$ to suppos$ t ! ,"w 0 a =g]y4 ,besides adopt+ ! read+ ( s9 = *'9 f ! ,*'ang1 & modify+ _! arrangem5ts ( ! text1 ,*u ,hsi made o!r innovations4 ,he fir/ divid$ ! :ole into "o *apt] ( ,classical text1 :i* he assign$ to ,confucius1 & !n *apt]s ( ,comm5t>y1 :i* he assign$ to ! disciple ,tsang4 ,previ\s to him1 ! :ole _h be5 publi%$1 inde$1 )\t any specification ( *apt]s & p>agraphs4 ,he und]took1 moreov]1 to supply "o :ole *apt]1 :i* he suppos$1 aft] 8 ma/] ,*'ang1 to be miss+4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,*u ,hsi1 _m s*ol>s h ex]cis$ _! wit on ! ,great ,le>n+4 ,! "w ( ,mao ,hsi-ho conta9s f\r arrangem5ts ( ! text1 propos$ respectively by ! s*ol>s ,wang ,lu-*ai #c1 ,*i ,p'ang- %an #d1 ,kao ,*+-yi #e1 & ,ko ,*'i-*an #f4 ,! curi\s /ud5t may exam9e !m "h4 ,"u ! pres5t dyna/y1 ! t5d5cy has be5 to depreciate ! labors ( ,*u ,hsi4 ,! integrity ( ! text ( ,*ang ,hsuan is zeal\sly ma9ta9$1 & ! simpl] me?od ( int]pretation employ$ by him is advocat$ 9 pref]5ce to ! m ref9$ & +5i\s s*emes ( ! ,sung s*ol>s4 ,i h ref]r$ sev]al times 9 ! notes to a ,"w publi%$ a few ye>s ago1 "u ! title ( ',! ,old ,text ( ! sacr$ ,*+1 ) ,comm5t>y & ,discussions1 by ,lo ,*ung-fan ( ,nan-hai #g4' ,i knew ! man _m ye>s ago4 ,he 0 a f9e s*ol>1 & _h tak5 ! second degree1 or t ( ,*u-zan4 ,he appli$ to me 9 #ahdc = ,*ri/ian baptism1 &1 (f5d$ by my hesitancy1 w5t & enroll$ himself among ! disciples ( ano!r mission>y4 ,he soon1 h[ev]1 #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 4 #f #g 14 )drew into seclusion1 & sp5t ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 lit]>y /udies4 ,8 family h publi%$ ! ,"w on ! ,great ,le>n+1 & "o or two o!rs4 ,he mo/ vehem5tly impugns ne>ly e judgm5t ( ,*u ,hsi2 b 9 8 own exhibitions ( ! mean+ he bl5ds _m ideas ( ! ,supreme ,be+ & ( ! condition ( human nature1 :i* he _h le>n$ f ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,au?or%ip1 ,,& ,,di/9ction ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,into ,,classical ,,text ,,& ,,comm5t>y4 #a4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! ,great ,le>n+ is a v d\btful po9t1 & "o on :i* x does n appe> possible to come to a decid$ conclusion4 ,*u ,hsi1 z ,i h /at$ 9 ! la/ section1 det]m9$ t s mu* ( x 0 ,*+1 or ,classic1 be+ ! v words ( ,confucius1 & t all ! re/ 0 ,*wan1 or ,comm5t>y1 be+ ! views ( ,tsang ,%an ^u ! sage's words1 record$ by 8 disciples4 ,?us1 he does n expressly attribute ! composition ( ! ,treatise to ,tsang1 z he is g5]ally suppos$ to d4 ,:at he says1 h[ev]1 z x is de/itute ( ext]nal support1 is contr>y also to ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,! f\r? *apt] ( comm5t>y comm5ces ) ',! ,ma/] said4' ,surely1 if !re 7 any?+ m1 directly f ,confucius1 !re w\ld be an intimation ( x 9 ! same way4 ,or1 if we may all[ t %ort say+s ( ,confucius might be int]wov5 ) ! ,"w1 z 9 ! fifte5? p>agraph ( ! t5? *apt]1 )\t ref]r+ !m expressly to him1 x is too mu* to ask u to receive ! long *apt] at ! beg9n+ z be+ f him4 ,) reg>d to ! ,"w hav+ come f ! disciples ( ,tsang ,%an1 record+ _! ma/]'s views1 ! p>agraph 9 *apt] six?1 comm5c+ ) ',! disciple ,tsang said1' seems to be conclusive aga9/ su* an hypo!sis4 ,s mu* we may be sure is ,tsang's1 & no m4 ,bo? ( ,*u ,hsi's judgm5ts mu/ be set aside4 ,we _c admit ei!r ! di/9ction ( ! cont5ts into ,classical text & ,comm5t>y1 or t ! ,"w 0 ! production ( ,tsang's disciples4 #b4 ,:o !n 0 ! au?or8 ,an anci5t tradition attributes x to ,k'ung ,*i1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius4 ,9 a notice publi%$1 at ! "t ( _! prep>ation1 ab\t ! /one slabs ( ,wei1 ! foll[+ /atem5t by ,*ia ,k'wei1 a not$ s*ol> ( ! fir/ c5tury1 is f\nd3-- ',:5 ,k'ung ,*i 0 liv+1 & 9 /raits1 9 ,sung1 be+ afraid le/ ! lessons ( ! =m] sages %\ld become obscure1 & ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5t sov]eigns & k+s fall to ! gr\nd1 he !re=e made ! ,great ,le>n+ z ! w>p ( !m1 & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean z ! wo( #a4' ,?is w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to h be5 ! op9ion ( t e>ly "t1 & ,i may say ! only difficulty 9 admitt+ x is t no m5tion is made ( x by ,*ang ,hsuan4 ,!re c]ta9ly is t agreem5t betwe5 ! two treatises1 :i* makes _! common au?or%ip n at all unlikely4 #c4 ,?\gh we _c positively assign ! au?or%ip ( ! ,great ,le>n+1 !re c be no hesitation 9 receiv+ x z a g5u9e monum5t ( ! ,confucian s*ool4 ,!re are n _m words 9 x f ! sage himself1 b x is a fai?ful reflection ( 8 tea*+s1 writt5 by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 n f> remov$ f him by lapse ( "t4 ,x mu/ syn*ronize pretty ne>ly ) ! ,analects1 & may be safely ref]r$ to ! fif? c5tury be=e our era4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,its ,,scope ,,& ,,value4 #a4 ,! wor? ( ! ,great ,le>n+ has be5 celebrat$ 9 mo/ extravagant t]ms by ,*9ese writ]s1 & !re h be5 =eign]s :o h n yield$ to !m 9 _! e/imation ( x4 ,pau?i]1 9 ! ',argum5t ,philosphique1' prefix$ to 8 translation ( ! ,"w1 says3-- ',x is evid5t t ! aim ( ! ,*9ese philosoph] is to exhibit ! duties ( political gov]nm5t z ^? ( ! p]fect+ ( self1 & ( ! practice ( virtue by all m54 ,he felt t he _h a high] mission ?an t ) :i* ! great] "p ( anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s h cont5t$ !mselves2 & 8 imm5se love = ! happ9ess ( humanity1 :i* dom9at$ ov] all 8 o!r s5tim5ts1 has made ( 8 #a 11111 1112 see ! 11 p4 #e4 philosophy a sy/em ( social p]fectionat+1 :i*1 we v5ture to say1 has nev] be5 equall$4' ,v diff]5t is ! judgm5t pass$ ^u ! treatise by a writ] 9 ! ,*9ese ,repository3 ',! ,ta ,hsio is a %ort politico-moral disc\rse4 ,ta ,hsio1 or ,sup]ior ,le>n+1 is at ! same "t bo? ! "n & ! subject ( ! disc\rse2 x is ! summum bonum ( ! ,*9ese4 ,9 op5+ ?is ,book1 compil$ by a disciple ( ,confucius1 & conta9+ 8 doctr9es1 we might expect to f9d a "w l ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis2 b we f9d a v diff]5t production1 consi/+ ( a few commonplace rules = ! ma9t5ance ( a good gov]nm5t #a4' ,my read]s w p]haps ?9k1 aft] read+ ! pres5t section1 t ! tru? lies betwe5 ^! two repres5tations4 #b4 ,i believe t ! ,book %\ld be /yl$ ,t'ai ,hsio #b1 & n ,ta ,hsio1 & t x 0 s nam$ z sett+ =? ! high] & m ext5sive pr9ciples ( moral sci5ce1 :i* come into use & manife/ation 9 ! conduct ( gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ,*u ,%i endeav\rs to make ! title mean -- ',! pr9ciples ( ,le>n+1 :i* 7 taught 9 ! high] s*ools ( antiquity1' & tells u h[ at ! age ( fifte51 all ! sons ( ! sov]eign1 ) ! legitimate sons ( ! nobles1 & high (fic]s1 d[n to ! m promis+ scions ( ! common p1 all ent]$ ^! sem9>ies1 & 7 taught ! difficult lessons "h inculcat$1 we pity ! anci5t y\? ( ,*9a4 ,su* '/rong meat' is n adapt$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( y\?ful m9ds4 ,b ! evid5ce adduc$ = ! exi/5ce ( su* educational in/itutions 9 anci5t times is unsatisfactory1 & f ! old] int]pretation ( ! title we advance m easily to contemplate ! object & me?od ( ! ,"w4 #c4 ,! object is /at$ def9itely en\gh 9 ! op5+ p>agraph3 ',:at ! ,great ,le>n+ tea*es1 is -- to illu/rate illu/ri\s virtue2 to love ! p2 & to re/ 9 ! highe/ excell5ce4' ,! political aim ( ! writ] is "h at once evid5t4 ,he has be=e him on "o side1 ! p1 ! masses ( ! empire1 & ov] aga9/ !m are ^? ^: "w & duty1 delegat$ by ,heav51 is to gov]n !m1 culm9at+1 z a class1 9 '! son ( ,heav5 #c1' '! ,"o man #d1' ! sov]eign4 ,f ! f\r? & #a ,*9ese ,repository1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ih #b 1 n 4 ,see ! note on ! title ( ! ,"w bel[4 #c 1 ,cl4 7classical7 ,text1 p>4 #f1 #b4 #d 1 ,comm4 ix4 #c4 fif? p>agraphs1 we see t if ! lessons ( ! treatise be le>n$ & c>ri$ into practice1 ! result w be t 'illu/ri\s virtue w be illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ! nation1' :i* w be br\ght1 ?r\gh all its l5g? & bread?1 to a condition ( happy tranquillity4 ,?is object is c]ta9ly bo? gr& & good2 annd if a reasonable & likely me?od to secure x 7 propos$ 9 ! ,"w1 language w\ld h>dly supply t]ms adequate to express its value4 #d4 ,b ! above acc\nt ( ! object ( ! ,great ,le>n+ leads u to ! conclusion t ! /ud5t ( x %\ld be a sov]eign4 ,:at int]e/ c an ord9>y man h 9 x8 ,x is high up 9 ! cl\ds1 f> beyond 8 rea*4 ,?is is a s]i\s objection to x1 & q unfits x = a place 9 s*ools1 su* z ,*u ,hsi cont5ds x once _h4 ,intellig5t ,*9ese1 ^: m9ds 7 some:at quick5$ by ,*ri/ianity1 h spok5 to me ( ?is defect1 & compla9$ ( ! difficulty !y felt 9 mak+ ! book a practical directory = _! conduct4 ',x is s vague & va/1' 0 ! obs]vation ( "o man4 ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 has made "s provision = ! g5]al application ( 8 in/ructions4 ,he tells u t1 f ! sov]eign d[n to ! mass ( ! p1 all mu/ consid] ! cultivation ( ! p]son to be ! root1 t is1 ! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to #a4 z 9 8 me?od1 moreov]1 he rea*es f ! cultivation ( ! p]son to ! tranquillization ( ! k+dom1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /eps ( ! regulation ( ! family1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate #b1 !re is room = sett+ =? pr9ciples t p>5ts & rul]s g5]ally may f9d adapt$ = _! guidance4 #e4 ,! me?od :i* is laid d[n = ! atta9m5t ( ! great object propos$1 consi/s ( sev5 /eps3-- ! inve/igation ( ?+s2 ! completion ( k2 ! s9c]ity ( ! ?\ghts2 ! rectify+ ( ! he>t2 ! cultivation ( ! p]son2 ! regulation ( ! family2 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate4 ,^! =m ! /eps ( a climax1 ! end ( :i* is ! k+dom tranquilliz$4 ,pau?i] calls ! p>agraphs :]e !y occur in/ances ( ! sorites1 or abridg$ syllogism4 ,b !y elong to rhetoric1 & n to logic4 #f4 ,9 (f]+ "s obs]vations on ^! /eps1 & ! writ]'s treatm5t ( !m1 x w be well to sep>ate !m into ^? prec$+ ! cultivation ( ! p]son1 & ^? foll[+ x2 & to #a ,cl4 ,text1 p>4 #f4 #b ,cl4 ,text1 p>s4 #d4 #e4 deal ) ! latt] fir/4 -- ,let u suppose t ! cultivation ( ! p]son is fully atta9$1 e discordant m5tal elem5t hav+ be5 subdu$ & remov$4 ,x is assum$ t ! regulation ( ! family w necess>ily fl[ f ?is4 ,two %ort p>agraphs are all t are giv5 to ! illu/ration ( ! po9t1 & !y are vague g5]alities on ! subject ( m5's be+ l$ a/ray by _! feel+s & affections4 ,! family be+ regulat$1 !re w result f x ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,fir/1 ! virtues taught 9 ! family h _! correspond5cies 9 ! wid] sph]e4 ,filial piety w appe> z loyalty4 ,frat]nal submission w be se5 9 respect & ob$i5ce to eld]s & sup]iors4 ,k9dness is capable ( univ]sal application4 ,second1 ',f ! lov+ example ( "o family1 a :ole ,/ate becomes lov+1 & f its c\rtesies ! :ole ,/ate become c\rte\s #a4' ,sev5 p>agraphs suffice to illu/rate ^! /atem5ts1 & %ort z !y are1 ! writ] goes back to ! topic ( self-cultivation1 return+ f ! family to ! individual4 ,! ,/ate be+ gov]n$1 ! :ole empire w become peaceful & happy4 ,!re is ev5 less ( connexion1 h[ev]1 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is !me1 betwe5 ! premiss & ! conclusion1 ?an 9 ! two previ\s *apt]s4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ! relation betwe5 ! :ole k+dom1 & its compon5t ,/ates1 or any "o ( !m4 ,x is said at once1 ',:at is meant by ,! mak+ ! :ole k+dom peaceful & happy dep5ds on ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate1 is ?is3-- ,:5 ! sov]eign behaves to 8 ag$1 z ! ag$ %\ld be behav$ to1 ! p become filial2 :5 ! sov]eign behaves to 8 eld]s1 z eld]s %\ld be behav$ to1 ! p le>n bro!rly submission2 :5 ! sov]eign treats compassionately ! "y & helpless1 ! p d ! same #b4' ,?is is no?+ b a repetition ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 in/ead ( t *apt]'s be+ made a /ep f :i* to g on to ! spl5did consummation ( ! good gov]nm5t ( ! :ole k+dom4 ,! words :i* ,i h quot$ are foll[$ by a v /rik+ enunciation ( ! gold5 rule 9 its negative =m1 & "u ! "n ( ! measur+ squ>e1 & all ! lessons ( ! *apt] are connect$ m or less closely ) t4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple by a rul]1 ^: he>t is 9 ! fir/ place 9 lov+ sympa?y ) ! p1 w guide him 9 all ! exactions :i* #a ,see ,comm4 ix4 #c4 #b ,see ,comm4 x4 #a4 he lays ^u !m1 & 9 8 selection ( m9i/]s1 9 su* a way t he w secure ! affections ( 8 subjects1 & 8 ?rone w be e/abli%$1 = 'by ga9+ ! p1 ! k+dom is ga9$1 &1 by los+ ! p1 ! k+dom is lo/ #a4' ,!re are 9 ?is "p ( ! treatise _m valuable s5tim5ts1 & c\nsels = all 9 au?ority ov] o!rs4 ,! objection to x is1 t1 z ! la/ /ep ( ! climax1 x does n rise ^u all ! o!rs ) ! accumulat$ =ce ( _! conclusions1 b introduces u to new pr9ciples ( action1 & a new l9e ( argum5t4 ,cut (f ! comm5cem5t ( ! fir/ p>agraph :i* connects x ) ! prec$+ *apt]s1 & x w\ld =m a brief b admirable treatise by itself on ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is brief review ( ! writ]'s treatm5t ( ! conclud+ /eps ( 8 me?od w satisfy ! read] t ! execution is n equal to ! design2 &1 moreov]1 und]nea? all ! reason+1 & m especially app>5t 9 ! eigh? & n9? *apt]s ( comm5t>y 7accord+ to ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( ! "w71 !re lies ! assumption t example is all b omnipot5t4 ,we f9d ?is pr9ciple p]vad+ all ! ,confucian philosophy4 ,& d\btless x is a tru?1 mo/ important 9 education & gov]nm5t1 t ! influ5ce ( example is v great4 ,i believe1 & w insi/ ^u x h]eaft] 9 ^! prolegom5a1 t we h come to ov]look ?is elem5t 9 our conduct ( adm9i/ration4 ,x w be well if ! /udy ( ! ,*9ese ,classics %\ld call att5tion to x4 ,yet 9 !m ! subject is pu%$ to an extreme1 & repres5t$ 9 an extravagant mann]4 ,proce$+ f ! view ( human nature t x is entirely good1 & l$ a/ray only by influ5ces f )\t1 ! sage ( ,*9a & 8 foll[]s attribute to p]sonal example & to in/ruction a p[] :i* we d n f9d t !y actually possess4 #g4 ,! /eps :i* prec$e ! cultivation ( ! p]son are m briefly dealt ) ?an ^? :i* we h j consid]$4 ',! cultivation ( ! p]son results f ! rectify+ ( ! he>t or m9d #b4' ,true1 b 9 ! ,great ,le>n+ v inadequately set =?4 ',! rectify+ ( ! m9d is realiz$ :5 ! ?\ghts are made s9c]e #c4' ,& ! ?\ghts are s9c]e1 :5 no self-deception is all[$1 & we move )\t ef=t to :at is "r & wrong1 'z we love :at is beautiful1 & z we dislike a bad #a ,comm4 x4 #e4 #b ,comm4 vii4 #a4 #c ,comm4 ,*4 vi4 smell #a4' ,h[ are we to atta9 ?is /ate8 ,"h ! ,*9ese morali/ fails u4 ,accord+ to ,*u ,hsi's arrangem5t ( ! ,treatise1 !re is only "o s5t5ce f :i* we c frame a reply to ! above "q4 ',!re=e1' x is said1 '! sup]ior man mu/ be wat*ful ov] himself :5 he is alone #b4' ,foll[+4 ,*u's six? *apt] ( comm5t>y1 & =m+1 we may say1 "p ( x1 we h 9 ! old arrangem5t ( ! ,great ,le>n+ all ! passages :i* he has di/ribut$ s z to =m ! previ\s five *apt]s4 ,b ev5 f ! exam9ation ( !m1 we d n obta9 ! in=mation :i* we desire on ?is mom5t\s inquiry4 #h4 ,inde$1 ! m ,i /udy ! ,"w1 ! m satisfi$ ,i become1 t f ! conclusion ( :at is n[ call$ ! *apt] ( classical text to ! six? *apt] ( comm5t>y1 we h only a few fragm5ts1 :i* x is ( no use try+ to arrange1 s z fairly to exhibit ! plan ( ! au?or4 ,accord+ to 8 me?od1 ! *apt] on ! connexion betwe5 mak+ ! ?\ghts s9c]e & s rectify+ ! m5tal nature1 %\ld be prec$$ by "o on ! completion ( k z ! means ( mak+ ! ?\ghts s9c]e1 & t aga9 by "o on ! completion ( k by ! inve/igation ( ?+s1 or :atev] else ! phrase ko wu may mean4 ,i am less conc]n$ = ! loss & injury :i* ?is "p ( ! ,"w has suff]$1 because ! subject ( ! connexion betwe5 intellig5ce & virtue is v fully exhibit$ 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 & w come "u our notice 9 ! review ( t ,treatise4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,*u ,hsi has endeav\r$ to supply ! blank ab\t ! p]fect+ ( k by ! inve/igation ( ?+s is too extravagant4 ',! ,le>n+ = ,adults1' he says1 'at ! outset ( its lessons1 in/ructs ! le>n]1 9 reg>d to all ?+s 9 ! _w1 to proce$ f :at k he has ( _! pr9ciples1 & pursue 8 inve/igation ( !m1 till he rea*es ! extreme po9t4 ,aft] ex]t+ himself = a long "t1 he w sudd5ly f9d himself possess$ ( a wide & f>-rea*+ p5etration4 ,!n1 ! qualities ( all ?+s1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 ! subtle or ! co>se1 w be appreh5d$1 & ! m9d1 9 its entire sub/ance & its relations to ?+s1 w be p]fectly intellig5t4 ,?is is call$ ! inve/igation ( ?+s4 ,?is is call$ ! p]fection ( k #c4' ,& k mu/ be ?us p]fect$ be=e we c a*ieve ! s9c]ity ( our ?\ghts1 & ! rectify+ ( our he>ts6 #a ,comm4 vi4 #a4 #b ,comm4 vi4 #b4 #c ,suppl4 to ,comm4 ,*4 v4 ,v]ily ?is w\ld be le>n+ n = adults only1 b ev5 ,me?uselahs w\ld n be able to compass x4 ,yet = c5turies ?is has be5 accept$ z ! or?odox exposition ( ! ,classic4 ,lo ,*ung-fan does n express himself too /rongly :5 he says t su* language is altoge!r incoh]5t4 ,! au?or w\ld only be 'impos+ on himself & o!rs4' #i4 ,! or?odox doctr9e ( ,*9a conc]n+ ! connexion betwe5 intellig5ce & virtue is mo/ s]i\sly errone\s1 b ,i w n lay to ! *>ge ( ! au?or ( ! ,great ,le>n+ ! wild repres5tations ( ! comm5tator ( our twelf? c5tury1 nor ne$ ,i make "h any rem>ks on :at ! doctr9e really is4 ,aft] ! exhibition :i* ,i h giv51 my read]s w probably conclude t ! ,"w be=e u is f> f develop+1 z ,pau?i] ass]ts1 'a sy/em ( social p]fectionat+ :i* has nev] be5 equall$4' #aj4 ,! ,treatise has und\bt$ly great m]its1 b !y are n to be s\ght 9 ! sev]ity ( its logical processes1 or ! l>ge-m9d$ prosecution ( any c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,we %all f9d !m 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( c]ta9 sem9al pr9ciples1 :i*1 if recognis$ 9 gov]nm5t & ! regulation ( conduct1 w\ld conduce greatly to ! happ9ess & virtue ( mank9d4 ,i w conclude ^! obs]vations by specify+ f\r su* pr9ciples4 ,fir/4 ,! writ] conceives nobly ( ! object ( gov]nm5t1 t x is to make its subjects happy & good4 ,?is may n be a suffici5t acc\nt ( t object1 b x is mu* to h x s cle>ly laid d[n to 'all k+s & gov]nors1' t !y are to love ! p1 rul+ n = _! own gratification b = ! good ( ^? ov] :om !y are exalt$ by ,heav54 ,v important also is ! /atem5t t rul]s h no div9e "r b :at spr+s f ! dis*>ge ( _! duty4 ',! decree does n always re/ on !m4 ,goodness obta9s x1 & ! want ( goodness loses x #a4' ,second4 ,! insi/+ on p]sonal excell5ce 9 all :o h au?ority 9 ! family1 ! /ate1 & ! k+dom1 is a great moral & social pr9ciple4 ,! influ5ce ( su* p]sonal excell5ce may be ov]/at$1 b by ! requirem5t ( its cultivation ! writ] des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?ird4 ,/ill m important ?an ! requirem5t ( su* excell5ce1 is ! pr9ciple t x mu/ be root$ 9 ! /ate ( #a ,comm4 x4 #aa4 ! he>t1 & be ! natural outgr[? ( int]nal s9c]ity4 ',z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t1 s is he4' ,?is is ! tea*+ alike ( ,solomon & ! au?or ( ! ,great ,le>n+4 ,f\r?4 ,i m5tion la/ ! /rik+ exhibition :i* we h ( ! gold5 rule1 ?\gh only 9 its negative =m3-- ',:at a man dislikes 9 8 sup]iors1 let him n display 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 inf]iors2 :at he dislikes 9 inf]iors1 let him n display 9 8 s]vice ( 8 sup]iors2 :at he dislikes 9 ^? :o are be=e him1 let him n !re) prec$e ^? :o are beh9d him2 :at he dislikes 9 ^? :o are beh9d him1 let him n !re) foll[ ^? :o are be=e him2 :at he dislikes to receive on ! "r1 let him n be/[ on ! left2 :at he dislikes to receive on ! left1 let him n be/[ on ! "r4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! pr9ciple ) :i*1 z ) a measur+ squ>e1 to regulate "o's conduct #a4' ,! ,"w :i* conta9s ^? pr9ciples _c be ?\ght meanly (4 ,!y are 'commonplace1' z ! writ] 9 ! ,*9ese ,repository calls !m1 b !y are at ! same "t et]nal v]ities4 l ,comm4 x4 a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,mean4 ,,section ,i4 ,,its ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,li ,,*i1 ,,& ,,its ,,publication ,,sep>ately4 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean 0 "o ( ! treatises :i* came to light 9 connexion ) ! labors ( ,liu ,hsiang1 & its place z ! ?irty-fir/ ,book 9 ! ,li ,*i 0 f9ally det]m9$ by ,ma ,yung & ,*ang ,hsuan4 ,9 ! translation ( ! ,li ,*i 9 ',! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/' x is ! tw5ty-eigh? ,treatise4 #b4 ,b :ile x 0 ?us made to =m a "p ( ! great collection ( ,treatises on ,c]emonies1 x ma9ta9$ a sep>ate foot+ ( its own4 ,9 ,liu ,hs9's ,catalogue ( ! ,classical ,works1 we f9d ',two p'i5 ( ,obs]vations on ! ,*ung ,yung l4' ,9 ! ,records ( ! dyna/y ( ,sui 7,a4,d4 #ehi-fah71 9 ! *apt] on ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature #b1 !re are m5tion$ ?ree ,works on ! ,*ung ,yung2-- ! fir/ call$ ',! ,record ( ! ,*ung ,yung1' 9 two *uan1 attribut$ to ,tai ,yung1 a s*ol> :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury2 ! second1 ',a ,p>aphrase & ,comm5t>y on ! ,*ung ,yung1' attribut$ to ! emp]or ,wu 7,a4,d4 #ejb-edi7 ( ! ,liang dyna/y1 9 "o *uan 2 & ! ?ird1 ',a ,private ,record1 ,det]m9+ ! ,mean+ ( ! ,*ung ,yung1' 9 five *uan1 ! au?or1 or suppos$ au?or1 ( :i* is n m5tion$ #c4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! ,*ung ,yung _h be5 publi%$ & comm5t$ on sep>ately1 long be=e ! "t ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,! s*ol>s ( t1 h[ev]1 devot$ special att5tion to x1 ! way be+ l$ by ! fam\s ,*au ,li5-*'i #d4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ! two bro!rs ,*'ang1 b nei!r ( !m publi%$ ^u x4 ,at la/ came ,*u ,hsi1 :o produc$ 8 ,"w call$ #a 4 #b 11111 p4 #ab4 #c 11211224 #d 4 ',! ,*ung ,yung1 9 ,*apt]s & ,s5t5ces #a1' :i* 0 made ! text book ( ! ,classic at ! lit]>y exam9ations1 by ! f\r? emp]or ( ! ,yuan dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #acab-acbj71 & f t "t ! "n m]ely ( ! ,treatise 0 reta9$ 9 editions ( ! ,li ,*i4 ,nei!r text nor anci5t comm5t>y 0 giv54 ,"u ! pres5t dyna/y x is n s4 ,9 ! sup]b edition ( ',! ,?ree ,li ,*+1' edit$ by num]\s committees ( s*ol>s t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,*'i5-lung reign1 ! ,*ung ,yung is publi%$ 9 two p>ts1 ! anci5t comm5t>ies f ',! ,?irte5 ,*+' be+ giv5 side by side ) ^? ( ,*u ,hsi4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,its ,,au?or2 ,,& ,,"s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,him4 #a4 ,! composition ( ! ,*ung ,yung is attribut$ to ,k'ung ,*i1 ! gr&son ( ,confucius #b4 ,*9ese inquir]s & critics are agre$ on ?is po9t1 & app>5tly on suffici5t gr\nds4 ,!re is inde$ no int]nal evid5ce 9 ! ,"w to lead u to su* a conclusion4 ,among ! _m quotations ( ,confucius's words & ref]5ces to him1 we might h expect$ to f9d "s indication t ! sage 0 ! gr&fa!r ( ! au?or1 b no?+ ( ! k9d is giv54 ,! ext]nal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 or t f ! te/imony ( au?orities1 is v /rong4 ,9 ,sze-ma ,*'i5's ,hi/orical ,records1 publi%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj1 x is expressly said t ',tsze- sze made ! ,*ung ,yung4' ,& we h a /ill /rong] pro(1 a c5tury e>li]1 f ,tsze-sze's own desc5dant1 ,k'ung ,fu1 ^: words are1 ',tsze- sze compil$ ! ,*ung ,yung 9 =ty-n9e p'i5 #c4' ,we may1 !re=e1 accept ! receiv$ acc\nt )\t hesitation4 #b4 ,z ,*i1 spok5 ( *iefly by 8 designation ( ,tsze-sze1 ?us occupies a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! classical lit]ature ( ,*9a1 x #a 4 #b 2 see ! 114 #c ,?is ,k'ung ,fu 77 0 t desc5dant ( ,confucius1 :o hid sev]al books 9 ! wall ( 8 h\se1 on ! issu+ ( ! imp]ial edict = _! burn+4 ,he 0 a writ] himself1 & 8 ,works are ref]r$ to "u ! title ( 4 ,i h n se5 !m1 b ! /atem5t giv5 above is f\nd 9 ! 2-- art4 4 -- 114 may n be out ( place to br+ toge!r "h a few notices ( him ga!r$ f reliable s\rces4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,li1 ^: dea? took place ,b4,c4 #dhc1 f\r ye>s be=e t ( ! sage1 8 fa!r4 ,i h n f\nd x record$ 9 :at ye> he 0 born4 ,sze-ma ,*'i5 says he di$ at ! age ( #fb4 ,b ?is is evid5tly wrong1 = we le>n f ,m5cius t he 0 high 9 fav\r ) ! duke ,mu ( ,lu #a1 ^: accession to t pr9cipality dates 9 ,b4,c4 #dji1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius4 ,9 ! ',plates & ,notices ( ! ,wor?ies1 sacrific$ to 9 ! ,sage's ,temples #b1' x is suppos$ t ! sixty-two 9 ! ,hi/orical ,records %\ld be eighty-two #c4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by o!rs t ,tsze-sze's life 0 protract$ beyond #ajj ye>s #d4 ,?is v>iety ( op9ions simply %[s t ! po9t _c be positively det]m9$4 ,to me x seems t ! conjecture 9 ! ,sacrificial ,canon mu/ be pretty ne> ! tru? #e4 ,dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 boyhood1 !n1 ,tsze-sze mu/ h be5 ) 8 gr&fa!r1 & receiv$ 8 in/ructions4 ,x is relat$1 t "o day1 :5 he 0 alone ) ! sage1 & he>d him sigh+1 he w5t up to him1 &1 b[+ twice1 inquir$ ! reason ( 8 grief4 ',is x1' said he1 'because y ?9k t y\r desc5dants1 ?r\gh n cultivat+ !mselves1 w be unwor?y ( y8 ,or is x t1 9 y\r admiration ( ! ways ( ,yao & ,%un1 y are vex$ t y fall %ort ( !m8' ',*ild1' repli$ ,confucius1 'h[ is x t y "k my ?\ghts8' ',i h (t51' said ,tsze-sze1 'he>d f y ! lesson1 t :5 ! fa!r has ga!r$ & prep>$ ! firewood1 if ! son _c c>ry ! bundle1 he is to be pron\nc$ deg5]ate & unwor?y4 ,! rem>k comes frequ5tly into my ?\ghts1 & fills me ) great appreh5sions4' ,! sage 0 delight$4 ,he #a4 7or 74 #b4 4 #c4 4 ,eighty-two & sixty-two may m easily be conf\nd$1 z writt5 9 ,*9ese1 ?an ) ! ,roman figures4 #d ,see ! 1 on ! preface to ! ,*ung ,yung1 -- 4 #e ,li himself 0 born 9 ,confucius's tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 & if ,tsze-sze _h be5 born 9 ,li's tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 he mu/ h be5 #ajc at ! "t ( duke ,mu's accession4 ,b ! tradition is1 t ,tsze-sze 0 a pupil ( ,tsang ,%an :o 0 born ,b4,c4 #ejd4 ,we mu/ place 8 bir? !re=e consid]ably lat]1 & suppose him to h be5 q "y :5 8 fa!r di$4 ,i 0 talk+ once ab\t ! "q ) a ,*9ese fri5d1 :o obs]v$3-- ',li 0 fifty :5 he di$1 & 8 wife m>ri$ aga9 into a family ( ,wei4 ,we c h>dly ?9k1 !re=e1 t %e 0 any?+ l t age4 ,li c\ld n h m>ri$ s soon z 8 fa!r did4 ,p]haps he 0 ab\t =ty :5 ,*i 0 born4' smil$ & said1 ',n[1 inde$1 %all ,i be )\t anxiety6 ,my und]tak+s w n come to naught4 ,!y w be c>ri$ on & fl\ri% #a4' ,aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 ,*i became a pupil1 x is said1 ( ! philosoph] ,tsang4 ,b he receiv$ 8 in/ructions ) discrim9ation1 & 9 "o in/ance :i* is record$ 9 ! ,li ,*i1 ! pupil sudd5ly took ! place ( ! ma/]4 ,we !re read3 ',tsang said to ,tsze-sze1 ,*i1 :5 ,i 0 engag$ 9 m\rn+ = my p>5ts1 nei!r congee nor wat] ent]$ my m\? = sev5 days4 ,tsze-sze answ]$1 ,9 ord]+ _! rules ( propriety1 x 0 ! design ( ! anci5t k+s t ^? :o w\ld g beyond !m %\ld /oop & keep by !m1 & t ^? :o c\ld h>dly rea* !m %\ld /& on tiptoe to d s4 ,?us x is t ! sup]ior man1 9 m\rn+ = 8 p>5ts1 :5 he has be5 ?ree days )\t wat] or congee1 takes a /aff to enable himself to rise #b4' ,:ile he ?us condemn$ ! sev]e discipl9e ( ,tsang1 ,tsze-sze appe>s1 9 v>i\s incid5ts :i* are relat$ ( him1 to h be5 himself m ?an suffici5tly ascetic4 ,z he 0 liv+ 9 great pov]ty1 a fri5d suppli$ him ) gra91 :i* he readily receiv$4 ,ano!r fri5d 0 embold5$ by ?is to s5d him a bottle ( spirits1 b he decl9$ to receive x4' ,y receive y\r corn f o!r p1' urg$ ! donor1 '& :y %\ld y decl9e my gift1 :i* is ( less value8 ,y c assign no gr\nd 9 reason = x1 & if y wi% to %[ y\r indep5d5ce1 y %\ld d s completely4' ',i am s poor1' 0 ! reply1 'z to be 9 want1 & be+ afraid le/ ,i %\ld die & ! sacrifices n be (f]$ to my ance/ors1 ,i accept ! gra9 z an alms4 ,b ! spirits & ! dri$ fle% :i* y (f] to me are ! appliances ( a fea/4 ,= a poor man to be fea/+ is c]ta9ly unreasonable4 ,?is is ! gr\nd ( my refus+ y\r gift4 ,i h no ?\ght ( ass]t+ my indep5d5ce #c4' ,to ! same effect is ! acc\nt ( ,tsze-sze1 :i* we h f ,liu ,hsiang4 ,t s*ol> relates3-- ',:5 ,*i 0 liv+ 9 ,wei1 he wore a tatt]$ coat1 )\t any l9+1 & 9 ?irty days _h only n9e meals4 ,t'i5 ,tsze-fang hav+ he>d ( 8 #a ,see ! 1 9 ! place j quot$ f4 ,= ! incid5t we are indebt$ to ,k'ung ,fu2 see note #c1 p4 #cf4 #b ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 ii4 #g4 #c ,see ! 1 z above4 di/ress1 s5t a mess5g] to him ) a coat ( fox-fur1 & be+ afraid t he might n receive x1 he add$ ! message1-- ,:5 ,i borr[ f a man1 ,i =get x2 :5 ,i give a ?+1 ,i "p ) x freely z if ,i ?rew x away4 ,tsze-sze decl9$ ! gift ?us (f]$1 & :5 ,tsze- fang said1 ,i h1 & y h n2 :y w y n take x8 he repli$1 ,y give away z ra%ly z if y 7 ca/+ y\r ?+s into a dit*4 ,poor z ,i am1 ,i _c ?9k ( my body z a dit*1 & d n presume to accept y\r gift #a4 ',tsze-sze's "m m>ri$ aga91 aft] ,li's dea?1 into a family ( ,wei4 ,b ?is circum/ance1 :i* is n at all cr$itable 9 ,*9ese e/imation1 did n ali5ate 8 affections f h]4 ,he 0 9 ,lu :5 he he>d ( h] dea?1 & proce$$ to weep 9 ! temple ( 8 family4 ,a disciple came to him & said1 ',y\r "m m>ri$ aga9 into ! family ( ! ,%u1 & d y weep = h] 9 ! temple ( ! ,k'ung8' ',i am wrong1' said ,tsze-sze1 ',i am wrong2' & ) ^! words he w5t to weep else:]e #b4 ,9 8 own m>ri$ relation he does n seem to h be5 happy1 & = "s cause1 :i* has n be5 transmitt$ to u1 he divorc$ 8 wife1 foll[+ 9 ?is1 x has be5 wrongly said1 ! example ( ,confucius4 ,on h] dea?1 h] son1 ,tsze-%ang #c1 did n und]take any m\rn+ = h]4 ,tsze-sze's disciples 7 surpris$ & que/ion$ him4 ',did y\r pr$ecessor1 a sup]ior man1' !y ask$1 'm\rn = 8 "m :o _h be5 divorc$8' ',yes1' 0 ! reply4 ',!n :y d y n cause ,pai #d to m\rn = 8 "m8' ,tsze-sze answ]$1 ',my prog5itor1 a sup]ior man1 fail$ 9 no?+ to pursue ! prop] pa?4 ,8 obs]vances increas$ or decreas$ z ! case requir$4 ,b ,i _c atta9 to ?is4 ,:ile %e 0 my wife1 %e 0 ,pai's "m2 :5 %e ceas$ to be my wife1 %e ceas$ to be ,pai's "m4' ,! cu/om ( ! ,k'ung family n to m\rn = a "m :o _h be5 divorc$1 took its rise f ,tsze-sze #e4 ,^! few notices ( ,k'ung ,*i 9 8 m private relations br+ him be=e u z a man ( /rong feel+ & /rong w1 indep5d5t1 & ) a t5d5cy to asceticism 9 8 habits4 #a ,see ! 1 z above4 #b ,see ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 iii4 #ae4 mu/ be und]/ood z ,i h done above1 & n ) ,*ang ,hsuan1 -- ',y\r "m 0 born a ,miss ,%u4' #c -- ?is 0 ! designation ( ,tsze-sze's son4 #d 1-- ?is 0 ,tsze-%ang's "n4 #e ,see ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 i4 #d4 ,z a public "*1 we f9d him at ! ducal c\rts ( ,wei1 ,sung2 ,lu1 & ,pi1 & at ea* ( !m held 9 high e/eem by ! rul]s4 ,to ,wei he 0 c>ri$ probably by ! fact ( 8 "m hav+ m>ri$ into t ,/ate4 ,we are told t ! pr9ce ( ,wei receiv$ him ) great di/9ction & lodg$ him hon\rably4 ,on "o occasion he said to him1 ',an (fic] ( ! ,/ate ( ,lu1 y h n despis$ ?is small & n>r[ ,wei1 b h b5t y\r /eps hi!r to com=t & pres]ve x2 v\*safe to conf] y\r b5efits ^u me4' ,tsze-sze repli$4 ',if ,i %\ld wi% to requite y\r pr9cely fav\r ) money & silks1 y\r treasuries are already full ( !m1 & ,i am poor4 ,if ,i %\ld wi% to requite x ) good words1 ,i am afraid t :at ,i %\ld say w\ld n suit y\r ideas1 s t ,i %\ld speak 9 va9 & n be li/5$ to4 ,! only way 9 :i* ,i c requite x1 is by recomm5d+ to y\r notice m5 ( wor?4' ,! duke said4 ',m5 ( wor? are exactly :at ,i desire4' ',nay1' said ,*i4 'y are n able to appreciate !m4' ',nev]!less1' 0 ! reply1 ',i %\ld l to he> :om y consid] des]v+ t "n4' ,tsze-sze repli$1 ',d y wi% to select y\r (fic]s = ! "n !y may h or = _! reality8' ',= _! reality1 c]ta9ly1' said ! duke4 ,8 gue/ !n said1 ',9 ! ea/]n bord]s ( y\r ,/ate1 !re is "o ,li ,y91 :o is a man ( real wor?4' ',:at 7 8 gr&fa!r & fa!r8' ask$ ! duke4 ',!y 7 husb&m51' 0 ! reply1 on :i* ! duke broke into a l\d laugh1 say+1 ' ,i d n l husb&ry4 ,! son ( a husb&man _c be fit = me to employ4 ,i d n put into (fice all ! cadets ( ^? families ev5 9 :i* (fice is h]$it>y4' ,tsze-sze obs]v$1 ',i m5tion ,li ,y9 because ( 8 abilities2 :at has ! fact ( 8 =efa!rs be+ husb&m5 to d ) ! case8 ,& moreov]1 ! duke ( ,*au 0 a great sage1 & ,k'ang-%u 0 a great wor?y4 ,yet if y exam9e _! beg9n+s1 y w f9d t f ! bus9ess ( husb&ry !y came =? to f\nd _! ,/ates4 ,i did c]ta9ly h my d\bts t 9 ! selection ( y\r (fic]s y did n h reg>d to _! real "* & capacity4' ,) ?is ! conv]sation end$4 ,! duke 0 sil5t #a4 ,tsze-sze 0 naturally l$ to ,sung1 z ! ,k'ung family orig9ally sprang f t pr9cipality4 ,"o acc\nt1 quot$ 9 ',! #a ,see ! 1114 ,f\r ,books1 ,text & ,comm5t>y1 ) ,pro(s & ,illu/rations #a1' says t he w5t ?i!r 9 8 sixte5? ye>1 & hav+ foil$ an (fic] ( ! ,/ate1 nam$ ,yo ,s1 9 a conv]sation on ! ,%u ,*+1 8 oppon5t 0 s irritat$ at ! disgrace put on him by a y\?1 t he li/5$ to ! advice ( evil c\nsellors1 & made an attack on him to put him to dea?4 ,! duke ( ,sung1 he>+ ! tumult1 hurri$ to ! rescue1 & :5 ,*i f\nd himself 9 safety1 he said1 ',:5 k+ ,wan 0 imprison$ 9 ,yu-li1 he made ! ,yi ( ,*au4 ,my gr&fa!r made ! ,*'un ,*'iu aft] he _h be5 9 dang] 9 ,*'an & ,ts'ai4 ,%all ,i n make some?+ :5 rescu$ f su* a risk 9 ,sung8' ,^u ?is he made ! ,*ung ,yung 9 =ty-n9e p'i54 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ! ,*ung ,yung 0 ! "w ( ,tsze-sze's e>ly manhood1 & ! tradition has obta9$ a wond]ful preval5ce4 ,! notice 9 ',! ,sacrificial ,canon' says1 on ! contr>y1 t x 0 ! "w ( 8 old age1 :5 he _h f9ally settl$ 9 ,lu1 :i* is mu* m likely #b4 ,( ,tsze-sze 9 ,pi1 :i* c\ld h>dly be said to be out ( ,lu1 we h only "o %ort notice1-- 9 ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 iii4 #c1 :]e ! duke ,hui ( ,pi is introduc$ z say+1 ',i treat ,tsze-sze z my ma/]4' ,we h full] acc\nts ( him 9 ,lu1 :]e he sp5t all ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 in/ruct+ 8 disciples to ! numb] ( sev]al hundr$ #c1 & held 9 great rev]5ce by ! duke ,mu4 ,! duke inde$ want$ to raise him to ! highe/ (fice1 b he decl9$ ?is1 & w\ld only occupy ! position ( a 'guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d4' ,( ! att5tion :i* he dem&$1 h[ev]1 in/ances w he f\nd 9 ,m5cius1 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 xi4 #c2 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 vi4 #d1 & vii4 #d4 ,9 8 int]c\rse ) ! duke he spoke ! tru? to him fe>lessly4 ,9 ! ',cyclopa$ia ( ,surnames #d1' ,i f9d ! foll[+ conv]sations1 b ,i _c tell f :at s\rce !y are extract$ into t ,"w4-- ',"o day1 ! duke said to ,tsze-sze1 ,! (fic] ,hsi5 told me t y d good )\t #a ,?is is ! ,"w s (t5 ref]r$ to z ! 1 ! full title be+ 4 ,! passage "h translat$ f x w be f\nd 9 ! place sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ?is section4 #b ,! au?or ( ! adopts ! view t ! ,"w 0 compos$ 9 ,sung4 ,"s h advocat$ ?is f *4 xxviii4 #e1 comp>$ ) ,ana4 ,,iii4 ix1 'x be+ prop]1' !y say1 't ,tsze-sze1 writ+ 9 ,sung1 %\ld n depreciate x z ,confucius _h done out ( x6' #c ,see 9 ! ',sacrificial ,canon1' on ,tsze-sze4 #d ,?is is ! ,"w ref]r$ to 9 note #a1 p4 #dj4 wi%+ = any praise f m52-- is x s8 ,tsze-sze repli$1 ,no1 t is n my feel+4 ,:5 ,i cultivate :at is good1 ,i wi% m5 to "k x1 = :5 !y "k x & praise me1 ,i feel enc\rag$ to be m zeal\s 9 ! cultivation4 ,?is is :at ,i desire1 & am n able to obta94 ,if ,i cultivate :at is good1 & m5 d n "k x1 x is likely t 9 _! ignorance !y w speak evil ( me4 ,s by my good-do+ ,i only come to be evil spok5 (4 ,?is is :at ,i d n desire1 b am n able to avoid4 ,9 ! case ( a man1 :o gets up at cock-cr[+ to practise :at is good & cont9ues s$ul\s 9 ! endeav\r till midnight1 & says at ! same "t t he does n wi% m5 to "k x1 le/ !y %\ld praise him1 ,i mu/ say ( su* a man1 t1 if he be n deceitful1 he is /upid4' ,ano!r day1 ! duke ask$ ,tsze-sze1 say+1 ',c my /ate be made to fl\ri%8' ',x may1' 0 ! reply4 ',& h[8' ,tsze-sze said1 ',o pr9ce1 if y & y\r m9i/]s w only /rive to realize ! gov]nm5t ( ! duke ( ,*au & ( ,po-*'92 practis+ _! trans=m+ pr9ciples1 s5d+ =? wide ! fav\rs ( y\r ducal h\se1 & n lett+ advantages fl[ 9 private *annels2 if y w ?us conciliate ! affections ( ! p1 & at ! same "t cultivate fri5dly relations ) neighbor+ /ates1 y\r /ate w soon beg9 to fl\ri%4' ,on "o occasion1 ! duke ask$ :e!r x _h be5 ! cu/om ( old = m9i/]s to g into m\rn+ = a pr9ce ^: s]vice & /ate !y _h left4 ,tsze-sze repli$ to him1 ',( old1 pr9ces advanc$ _! m9i/]s to (fice accord+ to propriety1 & dismiss$ !m 9 ! same way1 & h5ce !re 0 t rule4 ,b n[-a-days1 pr9ces br+ _! m9i/]s =w>d z if !y 7 go+ to take !m on _! knees1 & s5d !m away z if !y w\ld ca/ !m into an abyss4 ,if !y d n treat !m z _! greate/ enemies1 x is well4-- ,h[ c y expect ! anci5t practice to be obs]v$ 9 su* circum/ances #a8' ,^! in/ances may suffice to illu/rate ! "* ( ,tsze-sze1 z x 0 display$ 9 8 int]c\rse ) ! pr9ces ( 8 "t4 ,we see ! same indep5d5ce :i* he affect$ 9 private life1 & a dignity n unbecom+ ! gr&son ( ,confucius4 ,b we miss ! rea* ( ?\ght & capacity = adm9i/ration :i* belong$ to ! ,sage4 ,x is ) him1 h[- #a ,?is conv]sation is giv5 9 ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ii1 #a4 ev]1 z a ?9k] & writ] t we h to d1 & 8 rank 9 t capacity w appe> f ! exam9ation ( ! ,*ung ,yung 9 ! section iv bel[4 ,8 place 9 ! temples ( ! ,sage has be5 t ( "o ( 8 f\r assessors1 s9ce ! ye> #abfg4 ,he ranks ) ,y5 ,hui1 ,tsang ,%an1 & ,m5cius1 & be>s ! title ( ',! ,philosoph] ,tsze-sze1 ,transmitt] ( ! ,sage #a4' ,,section ,,iii4 ,,its ,,integrity4 ,9 ! te/imony ( ,k'ung ,fu1 :i* has be5 adduc$ to prove ! au?or%ip ( ! ,*ung ,yung1 x is said t ! ,"w consi/$ orig9ally ( =ty-n9e p'i54 ,f ?is /atem5t x is argu$ by "s1 t ! arrangem5t ( x 9 ?irty-?ree *apt]s1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,*u ,hsi1 is wrong #b2 b ?is does n affect ! "q ( integrity1 & ! "* p'i5 is s vague & indef9ite1 t we _c affirm t ,k'ung ,fu meant to tell u by x t ,tsze-sze himself divid$ 8 ,treatise into s _m p>agraphs or *apt]s4 ,x is on ! entry 9 ,liu ,hs9's ,catalogue1 quot$ section i1-- ',two p'i5 ( ,obs]vations on ! ,*ung ,yung1' t ! integrity ( ! pres5t ,"w is call$ 9 "q4 ,y5 ,sze-ku1 ( ! ,tang dyna/y1 has a note on t entry to ! effect3-- ',!re is n[ ! ,*ung ,yung 9 ! ,li ,*i 9 "o p'i54 ,b t is n ! orig9al ,treatise "h m5tion$1 b only a bran* f x #c' ,wang ,wei1 a writ] ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 says3-- ',anci5tly1 ! ,*ung ,yung consi/$ ( two p'i51 z appe>s f ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature ( ! ,han dyna/y1 b 9 ! ,li ,*i we h only "o p'i51 :i* ,*u ,hsi1 :5 he made 8 ,*apt]s & ,s5t5ces1 divid$ into ?irty-?ree *apt]s4 ,! old ,"w 9 two p'i5 is n to be met ) n[ #d4' ,^! views are bas$ on a mis9t]pretation ( ! entry 9 ! #a 4 #b ,see ! 1 art4 4 #c 1114 #d 1111111 14 ,catalogue4 ,x does n speak ( two p'i5 ( ! ,*ung ,yung1 b ( two p'i5 ( ,obs]vations !reon4 ,! ,great ,le>n+ c>ries on its front ! evid5ce ( be+ incomplete1 b ! /ud5t w n easily believe t ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean is s4 ,i see no reason = call+ its integrity 9 "q1 & no necessity !re=e to recur to ! +5i\s device employ$ 9 ! edition ( ! five *+ publi%$ by ! imp]ial au?ority ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 to get ov] ! difficulty :i* ,wang ,wei supposes4 ,x !re appe>s 9 two p'i51 ( :i* we h ! foll[+ acc\nt f ! au?or ( ',supplem5tal ,rem>ks ^u ! ,f\r ,books3'-- ',! prop] c\rse n[ is to consid] ! fir/ tw5ty *apt]s 9 ,*u ,hsi's arrangem5t z mak+ up ! fir/ p'i51 & ! rema9+ ?irte5 z =m+ ! second4 ,9 ?is way we reta9 ! old =m ( ! ,treatise1 & d n come into collision ) ! views ( ,*u4 ,= ?is sugge/ion we are indebt$ to ,lu ,wang-*ai' 7an au?or ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7 #a4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,its ,,scope ,,& ,,value4 #a4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean is a "w n easy to und]/&4 ',x fir/1' says ! philosoph] ,*ang1 'speaks ( "o pr9ciple2 x next spreads ?is out & embraces all ?+s2 f9ally1 x returns & ga!rs !m up "u ! "o pr9ciple4 ,unroll x & x fills ! univ]se2 roll x up1 & x retires & lies hid 9 secrecy #b4' ,!re is ?is advantage1 h[ev]1 to ! /ud5t ( x1 t m ?an mo/ o!r ,*9ese ,treatises x has a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,! fir/ *apt] /&s to all t foll[s 9 ! "* ( a text1 conta9+ sev]al propositions ( :i* we h ! expansion or developm5t4 ,if t developm5t 7 satisfactory1 we %\ld be able to br+ our own m9ds en rapport ) t ( ! au?or4 ,un=tunately x is n s4 ,z a writ] he belongs to ! intuitional s*ool m ?an to ! logical4 ,?is is well put 9 ! ',cont9uation ( ! ,g5]al ,exam9ation ( ,lit]>y ,monum5ts & ,le>n$ ,m51'-- ',! philosoph] ,tsang rea*$ 8 conclusions by foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( ?+s1 wat*- #a ,see ! 1 art4 4 #b ,see ! ,introductory note ( ,*u ,hsi4 + & exam9+2 :]eas ,tsze-sze proce$s directly & rea*es to ,heav5ly virtue4 ,8 0 a my/]i\s p[] ( disc]nm5t1 approa*+ to t ( ,y5 ,hui #a4' ,we mu/ take ! ,book & ! au?or1 h[ev]1 z we h !m1 & get to _! mean+1 if we c1 by assidu\s exam9ation & reflection4 #b4 ',man has receiv$ 8 nature f ,heav54 ,conduct 9 accordance ) t nature con/itutes :at is "r & true1-- is a pursu+ ( ! prop] ,pa?4 ,! cultivation or regulation ( t pa? is :at is call$ ,in/ruction4' ,x is ) ^! axioms t ! ,treatise comm5ces1 & f su* an introduction we might expect t ! writ] w\ld g on to unfold ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( duty1 d]iv$ f an analysis ( man's moral con/itution4 ,conf9+ himself1 h[ev]1 to ! second axiom1 he proce$s to say t '! pa? may n = an in/ant be left1 & t ! sup]ior man is cauti\s & c>eful 9 ref]5ce to :at he does n see1 & fe>ful & appreh5sive 9 ref]5ce to :at he does n he>4 ,!re is no?+ m visible ?an :at is secret1 & no?+ m manife/ ?an :at is m9ute1 & !re=e ! sup]ior man is wat*ful ov] 8 alon5ess4' ,?is is n all v pla94 ,comp>+ x ) ! six? *apt] ( ,comm5t>y 9 ! ,great ,le>n+1 x seems to inculcate :at is !re call$ 'mak+ ! ?\ghts s9c]e4' ,! passage conta9s an admonition ab\t equival5t to t ( ,solomon1-- ',keep ?y he>t ) all dilig5ce1 = out ( x are ! issues ( life4' ,! next p>agraph seems to speak ( ! nature & ! pa? "u o!r names4 ',:ile !re are no movem5ts ( pleasure1 ang]1 sorr[1 or joy1 we h :at may be call$ ! /ate ( equilibrium4 ,:5 ^? feel+s h be5 mov$1 & !y all act 9 ! due degree1 we h :at may be call$ ! /ate ( h>mony4 ,?is equilibrium is ! great root ( ! _w1 & ?is h>mony is its univ]sal pa?4' ,:at is "h call$ '! /ate ( equilibrium1' is ! same z ! nature giv5 by ,heav51 consid]$ absolutely 9 itself1 )\t deflection or incl9ation4 ,?is nature act$ on f )\t1 & respond+ ) ! v>i\s emotions1 s z always 'to hit #b' ! m>k ) entire #a ,see ! 1 ,bk4 cxcix1 art4 1--11 14 #b 4 correctness1 produces ! /ate ( h>mony1 & su* h>moni\s response is ! pa? along :i* all human activities %\ld proce$4 ,f9ally4 ',let ! /ates ( equilibrium & h>mony exi/ 9 p]fection1 & a happy ord] w prevail ?r\gh\t heav5 & e>?1 & all ?+s w be n\ri%$ & fl\ri%4' ,"h we pass into ! sph]e ( my/]y & my/icism4 ,! language1 accord+ to ,*u ,hsi1 'describes ! m]itori\s a*ievem5ts & trans=m+ influ5ce ( sage & spiritual m5 9 _! highe/ ext5t4' ,f ! pa? ( duty1 :]e we tread on solid gr\nd1 ! writ] sudd5ly raises u al(t on w+s ( air1 & w c>ry u we "k n :]e1 & to we "k n :at4 #c4 ,! p>agraphs ?us pres5t$1 & :i* con/itute ,*u ,hsi's fir/ *apt]1 conta9 ! sum ( ! :ole ,"w4 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by all2-- by ! critics :o dis[n ,*u ,hsi's int]pretations ( x1 z freely z by him #a4 ,revolv+ !m 9 my own m9d (t5 & long1 ,i collect f !m ! foll[+ z ! ideas ( ! au?or3-- ,fir/ly1 ,man has receiv$ f ,heav5 a moral nature by :i* he is con/itut$ a law to himself2 secondly1 ,ov] ?is nature man requires to ex]cise a jeal\s wat*fulness2 & ?irdly1 ,z he possesses x1 absolutely & relatively1 9 p]fection1 or atta9s to su* possession ( x1 he becomes inve/$ ) ! highe/ dignity & p[]1 & may say to himself-- ',i am a god2 yea1 ,i sit 9 ! seat ( ,god4' ,i w n say "h t !re is impiety 9 ! la/ ( ^! ideas2 b d we n h 9 !m ! same comb9ation :i* we f\nd 9 ! ,great ,le>n+1-- a comb9ation ( ! ord9>y & ! extraord9>y1 ! pla9 & ! vague1 :i* is v p]plex+ to ! m9d1 & r5d]s ! ,book unfit = ! purposes ( m5tal & moral discipl9e8 ,& "h ,i may inquire :e!r we d "r 9 call+ ! ,treatise by any ( ! names :i* =eign]s h hi!rto us$ = x8 ,9 ! note on ! title1 ,i h ent]$ a little into ?is "q4 ,! ,"w is n at all :at a read] mu/ expect to f9d 9 :at he supposes to be a treatise on ',! ,gold5 ,m$ium1' ',! ,inv>iable ,mean1' or ',! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4' ,^? l ,comp>e ,*u ,hsi's language 9 8 conclud+ note to ! fir/ *apt]3-- 1 & ,mao ,hsi-ho's1 9 8 1 1 p4 #aa3-- 4 names are descriptive only ( a portion ( x4 ,:]e ! phrase ,*ung ,yung occurs 9 ! quotations f ,confucius1 9 ne>ly e *apt] f ! second to ! elev5?1 we d well to translate x by '! c\rse ( ! ,mean1' or "s simil> t]ms2 b ! conception ( x 9 ,tsze-sze's m9d 0 ( a diff]5t k9d1 z ! prec$+ analysis ( ! fir/ *apt] suffici5tly %[s #a4 #d4 ,i may return to ?is po9t ( ! prop] title = ! ,"w aga91 b 9 ! meantime we mu/ proce$ ) ! analysis ( x4-- ,! t5 *apt]s f ! second to ! elev5? con/itute ! second "p1 & 9 !m ,tsze-sze quotes ! words ( ,confucius1 '= ! purpose1' accord+ to ,*u ,hsi1 '( illu/rat+ ! mean+ ( ! fir/ *apt]4' ,yet1 z ,i h j intimat$1 !y d n to my m9d d ?is4 ,confucius bewails ! r>ity ( ! practice ( ! ,mean1 & graphically sets =? ! difficulty ( x4 ',! empire1 ) its compon5t ,/ates & families1 may be rul$2 dignities & emolum5ts may be decl9$2 nak$ weapons may be trampl$ "u foot2 b ! c\rse ( ! ,mean c n be atta9$ to #b4' ',! kn[+ g beyond x1 & ! /upid d n come up to x #c4' ,yet "s h atta9$ to x4 ,%un did s1 humble & ev] le>n+ f p f> inf]ior to himself #d2 & ,y5 ,hui did s1 hold+ fa/ :atev] good he got hold (1 & nev] lett+ x g #e4 ,tsze-lu ?\ght ! ,mean c\ld be tak5 by /orm1 b ,confucius taught him bett] #f4 ,& 9 f9e1 x is only ! sage :o c fully exemplify ! ,mean #g4 ,all ^! citations d n ?r[ any light on ! ideas pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y int]rupt ! tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,in/ead ( %[+ u h[ virtue1 or ! pa? ( duty is 9 accordance ) our ,heav5-giv5 nature1 !y lead u to ?9k ( x z a mean betwe5 two extremes4 ,ea* extreme may be a violation ( ! law ( our nature1 b t is n made to appe>4 ,confucius's say+s w\ld be 9 place 9 illu/rat+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 ':i* plac$ all virtue 9 a m$ium betwe5 opposite vices #h4' ,"h 9 ! ,*ung ,yung ( ,tsze-sze ,i h always felt !m to be out ( place4 #e4 ,9 ! twelf? *apt] ,tsze-sze speaks aga9 himself1 & we seem at once to "k ! voice4 ,he beg9s by say+ t '! way ( ! sup]ior man rea*es f> & wide1 & yet is #a ,9 ! v]sion 9 ',! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1' ,i call ! ,treatise ',! ,/ate ( ,equilibrium & ,h>mony4' #b ,*4 ix4 #c ,*4 iv4 #d ,*4 vi4 #e ,*4 viii4 #f ,*4 x4 #g ,*4 xi4 #h ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,prelim9>y ,diss]tations1 p4 #cah1 eigh? edition4 secret1' by :i* he means to tell u t ! pa? ( duty is to be pursu$ ev]y:]e & at all times1 :ile yet ! secret spr+ & rule ( x is ne> at h&1 9 ! ,heav5-conf]r$ nature1 ! individual consci\sness1 ) :i* no /rang] c int]m$dle4 ,*u ,hsi1 z w be se5 9 ! notes1 gives a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! utt]ance4 ,b ! view :i* ,i h adopt$ is ma9ta9$ conv9c+ly by ,mao ,hsi-ho 9 ! second "p ( 8 ',obs]vations on ! ,*ung ,yung4' ,) ?is *apt] comm5ces ! ?ird "p ( ! ,"w1 :i* embraces also ! eight *apt]s :i* foll[4 ',x is design$1' says ,*u ,hsi1 'to illu/rate :at is said 9 ! fir/ *apt] t ! pa? may n be left4' ,b m ?an t "o s5t5ce f9ds its illu/ration "h4 ,tsze-sze _h ref]5ce 9 x also to :at he _h said-- ',! sup]ior man does n wait till he sees ?+s to be cauti\s1 nor till he he>s ?+s to be appreh5sive4 ,!re is no?+ m visible ?an :at is secret1 & no?+ m manife/ ?an :at is m9ute4 ,!re=e1 ! sup]ior man is wat*ful ov] himself :5 he is alone4' ,x is 9 ?is portion ( ! ,*ung ,yung t we f9d a good deal ( moral in/ruction :i* is really valuable4 ,mo/ ( x consi/s ( say+s ( ,confucius1 b ! s5tim5ts ( ,tsze-sze himself 9 8 own language are int]sp]s$ ) !m4 ,! sage ( ,*9a has no high] utt]ances ?an ^? :i* are giv5 9 ! ?irte5? *apt]4-- ',! pa? is n f> f man4 ,:5 m5 try to pursue a c\rse :i* is f> f ! common indications ( consci\sness1 ?is c\rse _c be consid]$ ! pa?4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,poetry x is said-- ,9 hew+ an axe-h&le1 9 hew+ an axe-h&le1 ,! patt]n is n f> (f4 ,we grasp "o axe-h&le to hew ! o!r1 & yet if we look askance f ! "o to ! o!r1 we may consid] !m z ap>t4 ,!re=e1 ! sup]ior man gov]ns m5 accord+ to _! nature1 ) :at is prop] to !m2 & z soon z !y *ange :at is wrong1 he /ops4 ,:5 "o cultivates to ! utmo/ ! moral pr9ciples ( 8 nature1 & ex]cises !m on ! pr9ciple ( reciprocity1 he is n f> f ! pa?4 ,:at y d n l :5 done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs4' ',9 ! way ( ! sup]ior man !re are f\r ?+s1 to none ( :i* h ,i z yet atta9$4-- ,to s]ve my fa!r z ,i w\ld require my son to s]ve me3 to ?is ,i h n atta9$2 to s]ve my eld] bro!r z ,i w\ld require my y\ng] bro!r to s]ve me3 to ?is ,i h n atta9$2 to s]ve my rul] z ,i w\ld require my m9i/] to s]ve me3 to ?is ,i h n atta9$2 to set ! example 9 behav+ to a fri5d z ,i w\ld require him to behave to me3 to ?is ,i h n atta9$4 ,e>ne/ 9 practis+ ! ord9>y virtues1 & c>eful 9 speak+ ab\t !m2 if 9 8 practice he has any?+ defective1 ! sup]ior man d>es n b ex]t himself2 & if 9 8 words he has any excess1 he d>es n all[ himself su* lic5se4 ,?us 8 words h respect to 8 actions1 & 8 actions h respect to 8 words2-- is x n j an entire s9c]ity :i* m>ks ! sup]ior man8' ,we h "h ! gold5 rule 9 its negative =m expressly prop\nd$3-- ',:at y d n l :5 done to y\rself1 d n d to o!rs4' ,b 9 ! p>agraph :i* foll[s we h ! rule virtually 9 its positive =m4 ,confucius recognises ! duty ( tak+ ! initiative1-- ( behav+ himself to o!rs 9 ! fir/ in/ance z he w\ld t !y %\ld behave to him4 ,!re is a c]ta9 n>r[ness1 inde$1 9 t ! sph]e ( its op]ations seems to be conf9$ to ! relations ( society1 :i* are spok5 ( m at l>ge 9 ! tw5tie? *apt]1 b let u n grudge ! tribute ( our w>m approbation to ! s5tim5ts4 ,?is *apt] is foll[$ by two f ,tsze-sze1 to ! effect t ! sup]ior man does :at is prop] 9 e *ange ( 8 situation1 always f9d+ 8 rule 9 himself2 & t 9 8 practice !re is an ord]ly advance f /ep to /ep1-- f :at is ne> to :at is remote4 ,!n foll[ five *apt]s f ,confucius3-- ! fir/1 on ! op]ation & influ5ce ( spiritual be+s1 to %[ '! manife/ness ( :at is m9ute1 & ! irrepressibl5ess ( s9c]ity2' ! second1 on ! filial piety ( ,%un1 & h[ x 0 rew>d$ by ,heav5 ) ! ?rone1 ) endur+ fame1 & ) long life2 ! ?ird & f\r?1 on ! k+s ,wan & ,wu1 & ! duke ( ,*au1 celebrat+ !m = _! filial piety & o!r associate virtues2 & ! fif?1 on ! subject ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! *apt]s are int]e/+ en\gh 9 !mselves1 b :5 ,i g back f !m1 & exam9e :e!r ,i h f !m any bett] und]/&+ ( ! p>agraphs 9 ! fir/ *apt] :i* !y are said to illu/rate1 ,i d n f9d t ,i h4 ,?ree ( !m1 ! sev5te5?1 eighte5?1 & n9ete5?1 w\ld be m 9 place 9 ! ,classic ( ,filial ,piety ?an "h 9 ! ,*ung ,yung4 ,! mean+ ( ! sixte5? is %ad[y & undef9$4 ,aft] all ! /udy :i* ,i h direct$ to x1 !re are "s po9ts 9 ref]5ce to :i* ,i h /ill d\bts & difficulties4 ,! tw5tie? *apt]1 :i* concludes ! ?ird portion ( ! ,"w1 conta9s a full exposition ( ,confucius's views on gov]nm5t1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly descriptive only ( t ( ! k+s ,wan & ,wu4 ,along ) lessons prop] = a rul] !re are _m also ( univ]sal application1 b ! m+l+ ( !m p]plexes ! m9d4 ,x tells u ( '! five duties ( univ]sal application1'-- ^? betwe5 sov]eign & m9i/]1 husb& & wife1 fa!r & son1 eld] & y\ng] bro!r1 & fri5ds2 ( '! ?ree virtues by :i* ^? duties are c>ri$ into effect1' namely1 k1 b5evol5ce1 & en]gy2 & ( '! "o ?+1 by :i* ^? virtues are practis$1' :i* is s+l5ess or s9c]ity #a4 ,x sets =? 9 detail ! 'n9e /&>d rules = ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1' :i* are '! cultivation by ! rul] ( 8 own "*2 ! hon\r+ m5 ( virtue & tal5ts2 affection to 8 relatives2 respect t[>ds ! great m9i/]s2 k9d & consid]ate treatm5t ( ! :ole body ( (fic]s2 *]i%+ ! mass ( ! p z *ildr52 enc\rag+ all classes ( artisans2 indulg5t treatm5t ( m5 f a di/ance2 & ! k9dly *]i%+ ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,/ates #b4' ,!re are ^! & o!r equally int]e/+ topics 9 ?is *apt]2 b1 z !y are 9 ! ,"w1 !y di/ract ! m9d1 in/ead ( mak+ ! au?or's great object m cle> to x1 & ,i w n say m ^u !m "h4 #f4 ,d\btless x 0 ! m5tion ( 's+l5ess1' or 's9c]ity1' 9 ! tw5tie? *apt]1 :i* made ,tsze-sze introduce x into ?is ,treatise1 = f ^? t]ms he is able to g on to develop :at he int5d$ 9 say+ t 'if ! /ates ( ,equilibrium & ,h>mony exi/ 9 p]fection1 a happy ord] w prevail ?r\gh\t heav5 & e>?1 & all ?+s w be n\ri%$ & fl\ri%4' ,x is "h1 t n[ we are a/oni%$ at ! audacity ( ! writ]'s ass]tions1 & n[ lo/ 9 va9 endeav\rs to asc]ta9 8 mean+4 ,i h quot$ ! words ( ,confucius t x is 's+l5ess' by :i* ! ?ree virtues ( k1 b5evol5ce1 & en]gy are able to c>ry into practice ! duties ( univ]sal obligation4 ,he says also t x is ?is same 's+l5ess' by :i* '! n9e /&>d rules ( gov]nm5t' c be effectively c>ri$ out #c4 ,?is 's+l5ess' is m]ely a "n = '! /ates ( ,equilibrium #a ,p>4 #h4 #b ,p>4 #ab4 #c ,p>4 #ae4 & ,h>mony exi/+ 9 p]fection4' ,x d5otes a "* absolutely & relatively good1 want+ no?+ 9 itself1 & correct 9 all its outgo+s4 ',s9c]ity' is ano!r t]m = ! same ?+1 & 9 speak+ ab\t x1 ,confucius makes a di/9ction betwe5 s9c]ity absolute & s9c]ity acquir$4 ,! =m] is born ) "s1 & practis$ by !m )\t any ef=t2 ! latt] is atta9$ by /udy1 & practis$ by /rong endeav\r #a4 ,! =m] is '! way ( ,heav52' ! latt] is '! way ( m5 #b4' ',he :o possesses s9c]ity1'-- absolutely1 t is1-- 'is he :o )\t ef=t hits :at is "r1 & appreh5ds )\t ! ex]cise ( ?\ght2 he is ! sage :o naturally & easily embodies ! "r way4 ,he :o atta9s to s9c]ity1 is he :o *ooses :at is good & firmly holds x fa/4 ,& to ?is atta9m5t !re are requisite ! ext5sive /udy ( :at is good1 accurate inquiry ab\t x1 c>eful reflection on x1 ! cle> discrim9ation ( x1 & ! e>ne/ practice ( x #c4' ,9 ^! passages ,confucius unhesitat+ly enunciates 8 belief t !re are "s m5 :o are absolutely p]fect1 :o come into ! _w z we might conceive ! fir/ man 01 :5 he 0 creat$ by ,god '9 ,8 own image1' full ( k & righte\sness1 & :o gr[ up z we "k t ,*ri/ did1 'increas+ 9 wisdom & 9 /ature4' ,he disclaim$ be+ consid]$ to be su* an "o himself #d1 b ! sages ( ,*9a 7 su*4 ,& moreov]1 o!rs :o are n s naturally may make !mselves to become s4 ,"s w h to put =? m ef=t & to cont5d ) great] /ruggles1 b ! end w be ! possession ( ! k & ! a*ievem5t ( ! practice4 ,i ne$ n say t ^! s5tim5ts are contr>y to ! views ( human nature :i* are pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! te/imony ( ,revelation is t '!re is n a j man ^u e>? t doe? good & s9ne? n4' ',if we say t we h no s91' & 9 writ+ ?is t]m1 ,i am ?9k+ "h n ( s9 aga9/ ,god1 b1 if we c conceive ( x ap>t f t1 ( failures 9 reg>d to :at ought to be 9 our regulation ( ourselves1 & 9 our behavior to o!rs2-- 'if we say t we h no s91 we deceive ourselves1 & ! tru? is n 9 u4' ,?is language is appropriate 9 ! lips ( ! le>n$ z well z 9 ^? ( ! ignorant1 to ! highe/ sage z to ! l[e/ *ild ( ! soil4 ,nei!r ! scriptures ( ,god nor ! exp]i5ce ( man "k ( individuals #a ,p>4 #i4 #b ,p>4 #ah4 #c ,p>s4 #ah1 #ai4 #d ,ana4 ,,vii4 xix4 absolutely p]fect4 ,! o!r s5tim5t t m5 c make !mselves p]fect is equally wide ( ! tru?4 ,intellig5ce & goodness by no means /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! say+s ( ,ovid1 ',video meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor1' ',nitimur 9 velitum semp]4 cupimusque negata1' are a m correct expression ( ! facts ( human consci\sness & conduct ?an ! high-fl[n praises ( ,confucius4 #g4 ,b ,tsze-sze adopts ! dicta ( 8 gr&fa!r )\t que/ion+ !m1 & gives !m =? 9 8 own /yle at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? "p ( 8 ,treatise4 ',:5 we h intellig5ce result+ f s9c]ity1 ?is condition is to be ascrib$ to nature2 :5 we h s9c]ity result+ f intellig5ce1 ?is condition is to be ascrib$ to in/ruction4 ,b giv5 ! s9c]ity1 & !re %all be ! intellig5ce2 giv5 ! intellig5ce1 & !re %all be ! s9c]ity #a4' ,tsze-sze does m ?an adopt ! dicta ( ,confucius4 ,he applies !m 9 a way :i* ! ,sage nev] did1 & :i* he w\ld probably h %runk f do+4 ,! s9c]e1 or p]fect man ( ,confucius1 is he :o satisfies completely all ! requirem5ts ( duty 9 ! v>i\s relations ( society1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( gov]nm5t2 b ! s9c]e man ( ,tsze-sze is a pot5cy 9 ! univ]se4 ',able to give its full developm5t to 8 own nature1 he c d ! same to ! nature ( o!r m54 ,able to give its full developm5t to ! nature ( o!r m51 he c give _! full developm5t to ! natures ( animals & ?+s4 ,able to give _! full developm5t to ! natures ( creatures & ?+s1 he c assi/ ! trans=m+ & n\ri%+ p[]s ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,able to assi/ ! trans=m+ & n\ri%+ p[]s ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 he may ) ,heav5 & ,e>? =m a t]nion #b4' ,su* are ! results ( s9c]ity natural4 ,! case bel[ ?is -- ( s9c]ity acquir$1 is z foll[s1-- ',! individual cultivates its %oots4 ,f ^! he c atta9 to ! possession ( s9c]ity4 ,?is s9c]ity becomes app>5t4 ,f be+ app>5t1 x becomes manife/4 ,f be+ manife/1 x becomes brilliant4 ,brilliant1 x affects o!rs4 ,affect+ o!rs1 !y are *ang$ by x4 ,*ang$ by x1 !y are trans=m$4 ,x is only he :o is possess$ ( ! mo/ complete s9c]ity t c exi/ "u heav51 :o c trans=m #c4' ,x may safely be affirm$1 t :5 he ?us express$ himself1 ,tsze-sze und]/ood nei!r :at he said nor #a ,*4 xxi4 #b ,*4 xxii4 #c ,*4 xxiii4 :]e( he affirm$4 ,mao ,hsi-ho & "s o!r mod]n writ]s expla9 away _m ( 8 pr$icates ( s9c]ity1 s t 9 _! h&s !y become no?+ b extravagant hyp]boles1 b ! au?or himself w\ld1 ,i believe1 h prote/$ aga9/ su* a mode ( deal+ ) 8 words4 ,true1 8 /ructures are ca/les 9 ! air1 b he _h no idea himself t !y 7 s4 ,9 ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] !re is a ridicul\s desc5t f ! sublimity ( ! two prec$+4 ,we are told t ! possessor ( entire s9c]ity is l a _s & c =ekn[1 b ! =ekn[l$ge is only a judg+ by ! milfoil & tortoise & o!r auguries6 ,b ! au?or recov]s himself1 & resumes 8 !me ab\t s9c]ity z conduct+ to self-completion & ! completion ( o!r m5 & ?+s1 describ+ x also z possess+ all ! qualities :i* c be pr$icat$ ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,gradually ! subject is made to conv]ge to ! p]son ( ,confucius1 :o is ! ideal ( ! sage1 z ! sage is ! ideal ( humanity at l>ge4 ,an old acc\nt ( ! object ( ,tsze-sze 9 ! ,*ung ,yung is t he wrote x to celebrate ! virtue ( 8 gr&fa!r #a4 ,he c]ta9ly contrives to d ?is 9 ! c\rse ( x4 ,! ?irtie?1 ?irty-fir/1 & ?irty-second *apt]s conta9 8 eulogium1 & nev] has any o!r mortal be5 exalt$ 9 su* t]ms4 ',he may be comp>$ to heav5 & e>? 9 _! support+ & conta9+1 _! ov]-%ad[+ & curta9+ all ?+s2 he may be comp>$ to ! f\r seasons 9 _! alt]nat+ progress1 & to ! sun & moon 9 _! successive %9+4' ',quick 9 appreh5sion1 cle> 9 disc]nm5t1 ( f>-rea*+ intellig5ce1 & all-embrac+ k1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise rule2 magnanim\s1 g5]\s1 b5ign1 & mild1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise =be>ance2 impulsive1 en]getic1 /rong1 & endur+1 he 0 fitt$ to ma9ta9 a firm hold2 self-adju/$1 grave1 nev] sw]v+ f ! ,mean1 & correct1 he 0 fitt$ to comm& rev]5ce2 accompli%$1 di/9ctive1 conc5trative1 & se>*+1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise discrim9ation4' ',all-embrac+ & va/1 he 0 l heav52 deep & active z a f\nta91 he 0 l ! abyss4' ',!re=e 8 fame ov]spreads ! ,middle ,k+dom1 & ext5ds to all b>b>\s tribes4 ,:]ev] %ips & c>riages rea*2 :]ev] ! /r5g? ( man p5etrates2 :]ev] ! heav5s ov]%ad[ #a 112 see ! 1 p4 #a4 & ! e>? su/a9s2 :]ev] ! sun & moon %9e2 :]ev] fro/s & dews fall2-- all :o h blood & brea? unfeign$ly hon\r & love him4 ,h5ce x is said1-- ,he is ! equal ( ,heav56' ',:o c "k him b he :o is inde$ quick 9 appreh5sion1 cle> 9 disc]nm5t1 ( f>-rea*+ intellig5ce1 & all-embrac+ k1 possess+ all heav5ly virtue8' #h4 ,we h arriv$ at ! conclud+ *apt] ( ! ,"w1 9 :i* ! au?or1 accord+ to ,*u ,hsi1 'hav+ c>ri$ 8 descriptions to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 turns back & exam9es ! s\rce ( 8 subject2 & !n aga9 f ! "w ( ! le>n]1 free f all selfi%ness & wat*ful ov] himself :5 he is alone1 he c>ries out 8 description1 till by easy /eps he br+s x to ! consummation ( ! :ole _w tranquilliz$ by simple & s9c]e rev]5tialness4 ,he moreov] eulogizes its my/]i\sness1 till he speaks ( x at la/ z )\t s\nd or smell #a4' ,betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s !re is a correspond5cy1 & ea* ( !m may be consid]$ z a summ>y ( ! :ole treatise4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t 9 ! fir/ a comm5cem5t is made ) ! m5tion ( ,heav5 z ! conf]r] ( man's nature1 :ile 9 ?is ! progress ( man 9 virtue is trac$1 /ep by /ep1 till at la/ x is equal to t ( ,high ,heav54 #i4 ,i h ?us 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs giv5 a g5]al & some:at copi\s review ( ?is ,"w4 ,my object has be5 to seize1 if ,i c\ld1 ! tra9 ( ?\ght & to hold x up to ! read]4 ,m9or objections to x1 aris+ f ! confus$ use ( t]ms & s+ul> applications ( passages f ! old] ,classics1 are notic$ 9 ! notes subjo9$ to ! translation4 ,i wi%$ "h t its scope %\ld be se51 & ! means be af=d$ ( judg+ h[ f> x is wor?y ( ! high "* attribut$ to x4 ',! reli% ( x1' says ! y\ng] ,*'ang1 'is inexhau/ible4 ,! :ole ( x is solid le>n+4 ,:5 ! skilful read] has explor$ x ) delight till he has appreh5d$ x1 he may c>ry x into practice all 8 life1 & w f9d t x _c be exhau/$ #b4' ,my own op9ion ( x is less fav\rable4 ,! names by :i* x has be5 call$ 9 translations ( x h l$ to misconceptions ( its "*4 ,7 x /yl$ ',! /ates ( ,equilibrium & ,h>mony1' we %\ld be prep>$ to expect some?+ /range & probably extravagant4 ,assur$ly we %\ld expect no?+ m #a ,see ! conclud+ note by ,*u ,hsi4 #b ,see ! ,introductory note bel[4 /range or extravagant ?an :at we h4 ,x beg9s suffici5tly well1 b ! au?or has h>dly enunciat$ 8 prelim9>y apoph!gms1 :5 he conducts into an obscurity :]e we c h>dly grope our way1 & :5 we em]ge f t1 x is to be bewild]$ by 8 gorge\s b unsub/antial pictures ( sagely p]fection4 ,he has em95tly contribut$ to n\ri% ! pride ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he has exalt$ _! sages above all t is call$ ,god or is wor%ipp$1 & taught ! masses ( ! p t ) !m !y h ne$ ( no?+ f )\t4 ,9 ! meantime x is antagoni/ic to ,*ri/ianity4 ,by-&-by1 :5 ,*ri/ianity has prevail$ 9 ,*9a1 m5 w ref] to x z a /rik+ pro( h[ _! fa!rs by _! wisdom knew nei!r ,god nor !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,confucius ,,& ,,8 ,,imm$iate ,,disciples4 ,,section ,i4 ,,life ,,( ,,confucius4 #a4 ',& h y =eign]s surnames z well8' ,?is "q has (t5 be5 put to me by ,*9ese4 ,x m>ks ! ignorance :i* belongs to ! p ( all t is ext]nal to ,sideb> ,8 ance/ry4 !mselves1 & ! pride ( antiquity :i* ent]s l>gely z an elem5t into _! "*4 ,if su* a pride c\ld 9 any case be ju/ifi$1 we might all[ x to ! family ( ! ,k'ung1 ! desc5dants ( ,confucius4 ,9 ! reign ( ,k'ang-hsi1 tw5ty-"o c5turies & a half aft] ! dea? ( ! sage1 !y am\nt$ to elev5 ?\s& males4 ,b _! ance/ry is c>ri$ back ?r\gh a p]iod ( equal ext5t1 & g5ealogical tables are common1 9 :i* ! desc5t ( ,confucius is trac$ d[n f ,hwang-ti1 9 ^: reign ! cycle 0 inv5t$1 ,b4,c4 #bfcg #a4 ,! m mod]ate writ]s1 h[ev]1 cont5t !mselves ) exhibit+ 8 ance/ry back to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*au dyna/y1 ,b4,c4 #aaba4 ,among ! relatives ( ! tyrant ,*au1 ! la/ emp]or ( ! ,y9 dyna/y1 0 an eld] bro!r1 by a concub9e1 nam$ ,*'i #b1 :o is celebrat$ by ,confucius1 ,ana4 ,,xviii4 i1 "u ! title ( ! visc\nt ( ,wei4 ,=esee+ ! imp5d+ ru9 ( _! family1 ,*'i )drew f ! c\rt2 & subsequ5tly he 0 inve/$ by ! emp]or ,*'ang1 ! second ( ! h\se ( ,*au1 ) ! pr9cipality ( ,sung1 :i* embrac$ ! ea/]n portion ( ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,ho-nan1 t he might !re cont9ue ! sacrifices to ! sov]eigns ( ,y94 ,*'i 0 foll[$ z duke ( ,sung by a y\ng] bro!r1 9 ^: l9e ! succession cont9u$4 ,8 great-gr&son1 ! duke ,m9 #c1 0 l ,see ,mmoires conc]nant les ,*9ois1 ,tome ,,xii1 p4 #ddg et seq4 ,fa!r ,amiot /ates1 p4 #eja1 t he _h se5 ! repres5tative ( ! family1 :o succe$$ to ! dignity ( 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,*'i5- lung1 ,a4,d4 #agdd4 ,! la/ duke1 n ! pres5t1 0 visit$ 9 our own "t by ! late ,dr4 ,williamson & ,mr4 ,consul ,m>kham4 ,x is h>dly necess>y t ,i %\ld say "h1 t ! "n ,confucius is m]ely ! ,*9ese *>act]s 7,k'ung ,fu-tsze1 ',! ma/] ,k'ung'7 ,lat9iz$4 #b 4 #c 4 foll[$1 ,b4,c4 #ijh1 by a y\ng] bro!r1 leav+1 h[ev]1 two sons1 ,fu-fu ,ho #a & ,fang-sze #b4 ,fu ,ho #c resign$ 8 "r to ! duk$om 9 fav\r ( ,fang-sze1 :o put 8 uncle to dea? 9 ,b4,c4 #hic1 & became ma/] ( ! ,/ate4 ,he is kn[n z ! duke ,li #d1 & to 8 eld] bro!r belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ ! sage among 8 desc5dants4 ,?ree desc5ts f ,fu ,ho1 we f9d ,*ang ,k'ao-fu #e1 :o 0 a di/+ui%$ (fic] "u ! dukes ,tai1 ,wu1 & ,hsuan #f 7,b4,c4 #gii- #gbh74 ,he is /ill celebrat$ = 8 humility1 & = 8 lit]>y ta/es4 ,we h acc\nts ( him z be+ 9 communication ) ! ,gr&- hi/oriograph] ( ! k+dom1 & engag$ 9 rese>*es ab\t its anci5t poetry1 ?us sett+ an example ( "o ( ! works to :i* ,confucius gave himself #g4 ,k'ao gave bir? to ,k'ung-fu ,*ia #h1 f :om ! surname ( ,k'ung took its rise4 ,five g5]ations _h n[ elaps$ s9ce ! duk$om 0 held 9 ! direct l9e ( 8 ance/ry1 & x 0 accord+ to ! rule 9 su* cases t ! bran* %\ld cease its connexion ) ! ducal /em1 & m]ge among ! p "u a new surname4 ,k'ung ,*ia 0 ,ma/] ( ! ,horse 9 ,sung1 & an (fic] ( well-kn[n loyalty & probity4 ,un=tunately = himself1 he _h a wife ( surpass+ beauty1 ( :om ! *ief m9i/] ( ! ,/ate1 by "n ,hwa ,tu #i1 happ5$ on "o occasion to get a glimpse4 ,det]m9$ to possess h]1 he comm5c$ a s]ies ( intrigues1 :i* end$1 ,b4,c4 #gaj1 9 ! murd] ( ,*ia & ( ! rul+ duke ,%ang #aj4 ,at ! same "t1 ,tu secur$ ! p]son ( ! lady1 & ha/5$ to 8 palace ) ! prize1 b on ! way %e _h /rangl$ h]self ) h] girdle4 ,an enmity 0 ?us comm5c$ betwe5 ! two families ( ,k'ung & ,hwa :i* ! lapse ( "t did n oblit]ate1 & ! latt] be+ ! m p[]ful ( ! two1 ,*ia's great-gr&son )drew into ! ,/ate ( ,lu to avoid _! p]secution4 ,!re he 0 appo9t$ comm&ant ( ! city ( ,fang #aa1 & is kn[n #a 4 #b 7al4 7 4 #c ,i drop "h ! 7second tone71 :i* seems to h be5 us$ 9 ^? times 9 a mann] equival5t to our ,mr4 #d 4 #e 2 is us$ 9 ! same way z 2 see note #c4 #f 1 1 1 4 #g ,see ! 1 & 2 quot$ 9 ,*iang ,yung's 77 ,life ( ,confucius1 :i* =ms a "p ( ! 4 #h 4 #i 4 #aj 4 #aa 4 9 hi/ory by ! "n ( ,fang-%u #a4 ,fang-%u gave bir? to ,po-hsia #b1 & f him came ,%u-liang ,heh #c1 ! fa!r ( ,confucius4 ,heh appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! times z a soldi] ( great pr[ess & d>+ brav]y4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #efb1 :5 s]v+ at ! siege ( a place call$ ,peh-yang #d1 a p>ty ( ! assailants made _! way 9 at a gate :i* _h purposely be5 left op51 & no soon] 7 !y inside ?an ! portcullis 0 dropp$4 ,heh 0 j ent]+2 & cat*+ ! massive /ructure ) bo? 8 h&s1 he gradually by d9t ( ma9 /r5g? rais$ x & held x up1 till 8 fri5ds _h made _! escape4 ,?us mu* on ! ance/ry ( ! sage4 ,d\btless he c\ld trace 8 desc5t 9 ! way :i* has be5 indicat$ up to ! imp]ial h\se ( ,y91 nor 0 !re "o among 8 ance/ors dur+ ! rule ( ,*au to :om he c\ld n ref] ) satisfaction4 ,!y _h be5 m9i/]s & soldi]s ( ,sung & ,lu1 all m5 ( wor?1 & 9 ,*ang ,k'ao1 bo? = 8 humility & lit]>y rese>*es1 ,confucius might h special complac5cy4 #b4 ,confucius 0 ! *ild ( ,%u-liang ,heh's old age4 ,! soldi] _h m>ri$ 9 e>ly life1 b 8 wife br\ght him only ,sideb> ,f 8 bir? to 8 fir/ public employm5ts4 ,b4,c4 #eea-eca4 daught]s1-- to ! numb] ( n9e1 & no son4 ,by a concub9e he _h a son1 nam$ ,mang-p'i1 & also ,po-ni #e1 :o prov$ a cripple1 s t1 :5 he 0 ov] sev5ty ye>s1 ,heh s\ght a second wife 9 ! ,y5 family #f1 f :i* came subsequ5tly ,y5 ,hui1 ! fav\rite disciple ( 8 son4 ,!re 7 ?ree daught]s 9 ! family1 ! y\nge/ be+ nam$ ,*ang-tsai #g4 ,_! fa!r said to !m1 ',"h is ! comm&ant ( ,tsau4 ,8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 7 only s*ol>s1 b 8 ance/ors be=e !m 7 desc5dants ( ! sage sov]eigns4 ,he is a man t5 feet high #h1 & ( extraord9>y pr[ess1 & ,i am v desir\s ( 8 alliance4 ,?\gh he is old & au/]e1 y ne$ h no misgiv+s ab\t him4 ,:i* ( y ?ree w be 8 wife8 ',! two eld] daught]s 7 sil5t1 b ,*ang-tsai said1 ',:y d y ask u1 fa!r8 ,x is = y to det]m9e4' ',v well1' said h] fa!r 9 reply1 'y w d4' ,*ang-tsai1 accord+ly1 became ,heh's wife1 & 9 due "t gave #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 1 4 #f 4 #g 4 #h 1 4 ,see1 on ! l5g? ( ! anci5t foot1 ,ana4 ,,viii4 vi1 b ! po9t ne$s a m sift+ inve/igation ?an x has yet receiv$4 bir? to ,confucius1 :o receiv$ ! "n ( ,*'iu1 & 0 subsequ5tly /yl$ ,*ung-ni #a4 ,! ev5t happ5$ on ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ! t5? mon? ( ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( ! duke ,hsiang1 ( ,lu1 be+ ! tw5tie? ye> ( ! emp]or ,l+1 ,b4,c4 #eeb #b4 ,! bir?-place 0 9 ! di/rict ( ,tsau #c1 ( :i* ,heh 0 ! gov]nor4 ,x 0 some:]e )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,y5-*au 9 ,%an-tung1 b ! hon\r ( be+ ! exact spot is claim$ = two places 9 two diff]5t di/ricts ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,! notices :i* we h ( ,confucius's e>ly ye>s are v scanty4 ,:5 he 0 9 8 ?ird ye> 8 fa!r di$4 ,x is relat$ ( him1 t z a boy he us$ to play at ! arrangem5t ( #a 1 4 ,! leg5ds say t ,*ang-tsai fe>+ le/ %e %\ld n h a son1 9 consequ5ce ( h] husb&'s age1 privately asc5d$ ! ,ni-*'iu hill to pray = ! boon1 & t :5 %e _h obta9$ x1 %e commemorat$ ! fact 9 ! names -- ,*'iu & ,*ung-ni4 ,b ! cripple1 ,mang-p'i1 _h previ\s be5 /yl$ ,po-ni4 ,!re 0 "s reason1 previ\s to ,confucius's bir?1 = us+ ! t]m ni 9 ! family4 ,z might be expect$1 ! bir? ( ! sage is surr\nd$ ) _m prodigi\s occurr5ces4 ,"o acc\nt is1 t ! husb& & wife pray$ toge!r = a son 9 a dell ( m\nt ,ni4 ,z ,*ang-tsai w5t up ! hill1 ! leaves ( ! trees & plants all erect$ !mselves1 & b5t d[nw>ds on h] return4 ,t night %e dreamt ! black ,ti appe>$1 & said to h]1 ',y %all h a son1 a sage1 & y mu/ br+ him =? 9 a holl[ mulb]ry tree4' ,"o day dur+ h] pregnancy1 %e fell into a dreamy /ate1 & saw five old m5 9 ! hall1 :o call$ !mselves ! ess5ces ( ! five planets1 & l$ an animal :i* look$ l a small c[ ) "o horn1 & 0 cov]$ ) scales l a dragon4 ,?is creature knelt be=e ,*ang-tsai1 & ca/ =? f its m\? a slip ( jade1 on :i* 0 ! inscription1-- ',! son ( ! ess5ce ( wat] %all succe$ to ! decay+ ,*au1 & be a ?roneless k+4' ,*ang-tsai ti$ a piece ( embroid]$ ribbon ab\t its horn1 & ! vision disappe>$4 ,:5 ,heh 0 told ( x1 he said1 ',! creature mu/ be ! ,*'i-l94' ,z h] "t drew ne>1 ,*ang-tsai ask$ h] husb& if !re 0 any place 9 ! neighborhood call$ '! holl[ mulb]ry tree4' ,he told h] !re 0 a dry cave 9 ! s\? hill1 :i* w5t by t "n4 ,!n %e said1 ',i w g & be conf9$ !re4' ,h] husb& 0 surpris$1 b :5 made acqua9t$ ) h] =m] dream1 he made ! necess>y arrangem5ts4 ,on ! night :5 ! *ild 0 born1 two dragons came & kept wat* on ! left & "r ( ! hill1 & two _s-ladies appe>$ 9 ! air1 p\r+ out fragrant odors1 z if to ba! ,*ang-tsai2 & z soon z ! bir? took place1 a spr+ ( cle> w>m wat] bubbl$ up f ! floor ( ! cave1 :i* dri$ up aga9 :5 ! *ild _h be5 wa%$ 9 x4 ,! *ild 0 ( an extraord9>y appe>ance2 ) a m\? l ! sea1 ox lips1 a dragon's back1 c4 c4 ,on ! top ( 8 head 0 a rem>kable =mation1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he 0 nam$ ,*'iu1 c4 ,see ! 1 ,bk4 lxxviii4--,sze-ma ,*'i5 seems to make ,confucius to h be5 illegitimate1 say+ t ,heh & ,miss ,y5 cohabit$ 9 ! wild]ness 7 74 ,*iang ,yung says t ! phrase has ref]5ce simply to ! disp>ity ( _! ages4 #b ,sze-ma ,*'i5 says t ,confucius 0 born 9 ! tw5ty-second ye> ( duke ,hsiang1 ,b4,c4 #eej4 ,he is foll[$ by ,*u ,hsi 9 ! %ort sket* ( ,confucius's life prefix$ to ! ,lun ,yu1 & by ',! ,annals ( ! ,empire' 771 publi%$ ) imp]ial sanction 9 ! reign ( ,*ia-*'+4 7,to ?is latt] "w ,i h g5]ally ref]r$ = my dates47 ,! ye> assign$ 9 ! text above re/s on ! au?ority ( ,ku-liang & ,kung- yang1 ! two comm5tators on ! ,*'un-,*'iu4 ,) reg>d to ! mon?1 h[ev]1 ! t5? is t assign$ by ,ku-liang1 :ile ,kung-yang names ! elev5?4 #c ,tsau is writt5 1 1 1 & 4 sacrificial vessels1 & at po/ures ( c]emony4 ,( 8 s*ool+ we h no reliable acc\nt4 ,!re is a leg5d1 inde$1 t at sev5 he w5t to s*ool to ,y5 ,p'+-*ung #a1 b x mu/ be reject$ z ,p'+-*ung belong$ to ! ,/ate ( ,*'i4 ,he tells u himself t at fifte5 he b5t 8 m9d to le>n+ #b2 b ! condition ( ! family 0 "o ( pov]ty4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod1 :5 p 7 a/oni%$ at ! v>iety ( 8 k1 he expla9$ x by say+1 ',:5 ,i 0 "y1 my condition 0 l[1 & !re=e ,i acquir$ my ability 9 _m ?+s2 b !y 7 mean matt]s #c4' ,:5 he 0 n9ete51 he m>ri$ a lady f ! ,/ate ( ,sung1 ( ! ,*i5-kwan family #d1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 son ,li 0 born4 ,on ! occasion ( ?is ev5t1 ! duke ,*ao s5t him a pres5t ( a c\ple ( c>p4 ,x 0 to signify 8 s5se ( 8 pr9ce's fav\r1 t he call$ 8 son ,li 7,! ,c>p71 & aft]w>ds gave him ! designation ( ,po-yu #e 7,fi% ,primus74 ,no m5tion is made ( ! bir? ( any o!r *ildr51 ?\gh we "k1 f ,ana4 ,v4 i1 t he _h at lea/ "o daught]4 ,we "k also1 f an inscription on h] grave1 t he _h "o o!r daught]1 :o di$ :5 %e 0 q "y4 ,! fact ( ! duke ( ,lu's s5d+ him a gift on ! occasion ( ,li's bir?1 %[s t he 0 n unkn[n1 b 0 already comm&+ public att5tion & ! respect ( ! great4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 probably 9 ! ye> aft] 8 m>riage1 t ,confucius took 8 fir/ public employm5t1 z keep] ( ! /ores ( gra9 #f1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! public fields & l&s #g4 ,m5cius adduces ^! employm5ts 9 illu/ration ( 8 doctr9e t ! sup]ior man may at times take (fice on acc\nt ( 8 pov]ty1 b mu/ conf9e himself 9 su* a case to places ( small emolum5t1 & aim at no?+ b ! dis*>ge ( _! humble duties4 ,accord+ to him4 ,confucius1 z keep] ( /ores1 said1 ',my calculations mu/ all be "r3-- t is all ,i h to c>e ab\t2' & :5 9 *>ge ( ! public fields1 he said1 ',! ox5 & %eep mu/ be fat & /rong & #a 4 #b ,ana4 ,,ii4 iv4 #c ,ana4 ,,ix4 vi4 #d 4 #e 1 4 #f 4 ,?is is ,m5cius's acc\nt4 ,sze-ma ,*'i5 says 1 b 8 subsequ5t words %[ t ! (fice 0 ! same4 #g ,m5cius calls ?is (fice 1 :ile ,sze-ma ,*'i5 says 4 sup]ior3-- t is all ,i h to c>e ab\t #a4' ,x does n appe> :e!r ^! (fices 7 held by ,confucius 9 ! direct employm5t ( ! ,/ate1 or z a dep5d5t ( ! ,*i family 9 ^: jurisdiction he liv$4 ,! pres5t ( ! c>p f ! duke may incl9e u to suppose ! =m]4 #c4 ,9 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 ,confucius comm5c$ 8 labors z a public tea*]1 & 8 h\se became a resort = "y & inquir+ spirits1 :o wi%$ to le>n ! doctr9es ( antiquity4 ,sideb> ,comm5cem5t ( 8 labors z a tea*]4 ,! dea? ( 8 "m4 ,b4,c4 #eca-ebg4 ,h[ev] small ! fee 8 pupils 7 able to af=d1 he nev] refus$ 8 in/ructions #b4 ,all t he requir$1 0 an ard5t desire = improvem5t1 & "s degree ( capacity4 ',i d n op5 up ! tru?1' he said1 'to "o :o is n eag] to get k1 nor help out any "o :o is n anxi\s to expla9 himself4 ,:5 ,i h pres5t$ "o corn] ( a subject to any "o1 & he _c f x le>n ! o!r ?ree1 ,i d n repeat my lesson #c4' ,8 "m di$ 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ebg1 & he resolv$ t h] body %\ld lie 9 ! same grave ) t ( 8 fa!r1 & t _! common re/+-place %\ld be 9 ,fang1 ! fir/ home ( ! ,k'ung 9 ,lu4 ,b "h a difficulty pres5t$ itself4 ,8 fa!r's c(f9 _h be5 = tw5ty ye>s :]e x _h fir/ be5 deposit$1 (f ! road ( ,! ,five ,fa!rs1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tsau3-- w\ld x be "r 9 him to move x8 ,he 0 reliev$ f ?is p]plexity by an old woman ( ! neighborhood1 :o told him t ! c(f9 _h only j be5 put into ! gr\nd1 z a tempor>y arrangem5t1 & n regul>ly buri$4 ,on le>n+ ?is1 he c>ri$ 8 purpose into execution4 ,bo? c(f9s 7 convey$ to ,fang1 & put 9 ! gr\nd toge!r1 ) no int]v5+ space betwe5 !m1 z 0 ! cu/om 9 "s ,/ates4 ,& n[ came a new p]plexity4 ,he said to himself1 ',9 old times1 !y _h graves1 b rais$ no tumulus ov] !m4 ,b ,i am a man1 :o belongs equally to ! nor? & ! s\?1 ! ea/ & ! we/4 ,i mu/ h some?+ by :i* ,i c rememb] ! place4' ,accord+ly he rais$ a m\nd1 f\r feet high1 ov] ! grave1 & return$ home1 leav+ a p>ty ( 8 disciples to see ev]y?+ prop]ly complet$4 ,9 ! meantime !re came on a heavy /orm ( ra91 & x 0 a consid]able "t be=e ! disciples jo9$ him4 ',:at makes y s late8' he ask$4 ',! grave 9 ,fang fell d[n1' !y said4 ,he made no reply1 & !y repeat$ _! #a ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 v4 #d4 #b ,ana4 ,,vii4 vii4 #c ,ana4 ,,vii4 viii4 answ] ?ree times1 :5 he bur/ into te>s1 & said1 ',ah6 !y did n make _! graves s 9 antiquity #a4' ',confucius m\rn$ = 8 "m ! regul> p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1-- ?ree ye>s nom9ally1 b 9 fact only tw5ty-sev5 mon?s4 ,five days aft] ! m\rn+ 0 expir$1 he play$ on 8 lute1 b c\ld n s+4 ,x requir$ o!r five days be=e he c\ld accompany an in/rum5t ) 8 voice #b4 ,"s writ]s h repres5t$ ,confucius z tea*+ 8 disciples important lessons f ! mann] 9 :i* he buri$ 8 "m1 & hav+ a design to correct irregul>ities 9 ! ord9>y fun]al c]emonies ( ! "t4 ,^! ?+s are altoge!r ')\t book4' ,we simply h a dutiful son pay+ ! la/ tribute ( affection to a good p>5t4 ,9 "o po9t he dep>ts f ! anci5t practice1 rais+ a m\nd ov] ! grave1 & :5 ! fre% e>? gives way f a sudd5 ra91 he is mov$ to te>s1 & seems to regret 8 innovation4 ,?is sets ,confucius vividly be=e u1-- a man ( ! pa/ z mu* z ( ! pres5t1 ^: own natural feel+s 7 liable to be hamp]$ 9 _! developm5t by ! traditions ( antiquity :i* he consid]$ sacr$4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve ! reason :i* he gave = re>+ ! m\nd4 ,he _h 9 x a pres5tim5t ( mu* ( 8 future c\rse4 ,he 0 'a man ( ! nor?1 ! s\?1 ! ea/1 & ! we/4' ,he might n conf9e himself to any "o ,/ate4 ,he w\ld travel1 & 8 way might be direct$ to "s 'wise rul]1' :om 8 c\nsels w\ld conduct to a b5evol5t sway t w\ld break =? on e side till x trans=m$ ! empire4 #d4 ,:5 ! m\rn+ = 8 "m 0 ov]1 ,confucius rema9$ 9 ,lu1 b 9 :at special capacity we d n "k4 ,probably he cont9u$ to enc\rage ! resort ( ,sideb> ,he le>ns music2 visits ! c\rt ( ,*au2 & returns to ,lu4 ,b4,c4 #ebg-eag4 inquir]s to :om he communicat$ in/ruction1 & pursu$ 8 own rese>*es into ! hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & in/itutions ( ! empire4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ebe1 ! *ief ( ! small ,/ate ( ,t'an #c1 made 8 appe>ance at ! c\rt ( ,lu1 & disc\rs$ 9 a wond]ful mann]1 at a fea/ giv5 to him by ! duke1 ab\t ! names :i* ! mo/ anci5t sov]eigns1 f ,hwang-ti d[nw>ds1 gave to _! #a ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect ,i4 i4 #aj2 ,sect4 ,,ii4 iii4 #cj2 ,pt4 ,i4 i4 #f4 ,see also ! discussion ( ^? passages 9 ,*iang ,yung's ',life ( ,confucius4' #b ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 i4 #bc4 #c ,see ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 "u ! sev5? ye> ( duke ,*ao1-- 1 4 m9i/]s4 ,! sacrifices to ! emp]or ,%ao-hao1 ! next 9 desc5t f ,hwang-ti1 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ,t'an1 s t ! *ief fanci$ t he knew all ab\t ! ab/ruse subject on :i* he disc\rs$4 ,confucius1 he>+ ab\t ! matt]1 wait$ on ! visitor1 & le>n$ f him all t he _h to communicate #a4 ,to ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ebe1 :5 ,confucius 0 tw5ty-n9e ye>s old1 is ref]r$ 8 /udy+ music "u a fam\s ma/] ( ! "n ( ,hsiang #b4 ,he 0 approa*+ 8 ?irtie? ye> :51 z he tells u1 'he /ood #c' firm1 t is1 9 8 convictions on ! subjects ( le>n+ to :i* he _h b5t 8 m9d fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,five ye>s m1 h[ev]1 7 /ill to pass by1 be=e ! anticipation m5tion$ 9 ! conclusion ( ! la/ p>agraph began to receive its fulfillm5t #d1 ?\gh we may conclude f ! way 9 :i* x 0 br\ght ab\t t he 0 gr[+ all ! "t 9 ! e/imation ( ! ?9k+ m9ds 9 8 native ,/ate4 ,9 ! tw5ty-f\r? ye> ( duke ,*ao1 ,b4,c4 #eah1 "o ( ! pr9cipal m9i/]s ( ,lu1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,mang ,hsi1 di$4 ,sev5te5 ye>s be=e1 he _h pa9fully felt 8 ignorance ( c]emonial obs]vances1 & _h made x 8 subsequ5t bus9ess to make himself acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,on 8 dea?b$1 he address$ 8 *ief (fic]1 say+1 ',a k ( propriety is ! /em ( a man4 ,)\t x he has no means ( /&+ firm4 ,i h he>d t !re is "o ,k'ung ,*'iu1 :o is ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 x4 ,he is a desc5dant ( sages1 & ?\gh ! l9e ( 8 family 0 ext+ui%$ 9 ,sung1 among 8 ance/ors !re 7 ,fu-fu ,ho1 :o resign$ ! ,/ate to 8 bro!r1 & ,*ang ,k'ao-fu1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 humility4 ,tsang ,heh has obs]v$ t if sage m5 ( intellig5t virtue d n atta9 to em95ce1 di/+ui%$ m5 are sure to appe> among _! po/]ity4 ,8 words are n[ to be v]ifi$1 ,i ?9k1 9 ,k'ung ,*'iu4 ,aft] my dea?1 y mu/ #a ,?is re/s on ! respectable au?ority ( ,tso ,*'iu-m+'s annotations on ! ,*'un ,*'iu1 b ,i mu/ consid] x apocryphal4 ,! leg5d-writ]s h fa%ion$ a j\rney to ,t'an4 ,! slighte/ hi/orical intimation becomes a text ) !m1 on :i* !y enl>ge to ! glory ( ! sage4 ,amiot has reproduc$ & exp&$ _! romanc+s1 & o!rs1 su* z ,pau?i] 7,*9e1 pp4 #aba-ahc7 & ,?ornton 7,hi/ory ( ,*9a1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aea-bae71 h foll[$ 9 8 wake4 #b 4 ,see ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' 1 art 2 b ! acc\nt !re giv5 is n m cr$ible ?an ! *ief ( ,t'an's expositions4 #c ,ana4 ,,ii4 iv4 #d ,! j\rney to ,*au is plac$ by ,sze-ma ,*'i5 be=e ,confucius's hold+ ( 8 fir/ (ficial employm5ts1 & ,*u ,hsi & mo/ o!r writ]s foll[ him4 ,x is a great error1 & aris5 f a misund]/&+ ( ! passage f ! ^u ! subject4 tell ,ho-*i to g & /udy proprieties "u him #a4' ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is *>ge1 ,ho-*i #b1 ,mang ,hsi's son1 :o appe>s 9 ! ,analects "u ! "n ( ,mang ,i #c1 & a bro!r1 or p]haps ony a ne> relative1 nam$ ,nan-kung ,*ang-%u #d1 became disciples ( ,confucius4 ,_! weal? & /&+ 9 ! ,/ate gave him a position :i* he _h n _h be=e1 & he told ,*ang-%u ( a wi% :i* he _h to visit ! c\rt ( ,*au1 & especially to conf] on ! subject ( c]emonies & music ) ,lao ,tan4 ,*ang-%u repres5t$ ! matt] to ! duke ,*'ao1 :o put a c>riage & a pair ( horses at ,confucius's disposal = ! exp$ition #e4 ,at ?is "t ! c\rt ( ,*au 0 9 ! city ( ,lo #f4 9 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,ho-nan ( ! prov9ce ( ! same "n4 ,! reign+ sov]eign is kn[n by ! title ( ,*ang #g1 b ! sov]eignty 0 little m ?an nom9al4 ,! /ate ( ,*9a 0 !n analog\s to t ( "o ( ! ,european k+doms dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! dyna/y1 ! v>i\s /ates ( ! k+dom _h be5 assign$ to ! relatives & adh]5ts ( ! reign+ family4 ,!re 7 ?irte5 pr9cipalities ( great] note1 & a l>ge numb] ( small] dep5d5cies4 ,dur+ ! vigor\s y\? ( ! dyna/y1 ! sov]eign or "l p>am\nt ex]cis$ an effective control ov] ! v>i\s *iefs1 b ) ! lapse ( "t !re came weakness & decay4 ,! *iefs -- correspond+ some:at to ! ,european dukes1 e>ls1 m>quises1 b>ons1 c4 -- qu>rell$ & w>r$ among !mselves1 & ! /rong] among !m b>ely ackn[l$g$ _! subjection to ! sov]eign4 ,a simil> condition ( ?+s prevail$ 9 ea* p>ticul> ,/ate4 ,!re !re sic 7 h]$it>y m9i/]ial families1 :o 7 cont9ually encroa*+ on ! au?ority ( _! rul]s1 & ! heads ( ^? families aga9 7 frequ5tly h>d press$ by _! inf]ior (fic]s4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ,*9a 9 ,confucius's "t4 ,! read] mu/ h x cle>ly be=e him1 if he w\ld und]/& ! position ( ! sage1 & ! re=ms :i*1 we %all f9d1 x 0 subsequ5tly 8 object to introduce4 ,arriv$ at ,*au1 he _h no int]c\rse ) ! c\rt or any ( #a ,see 1 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 4 #e ,! makes ,*ang-%u accompany ,confucius to ,*au4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ?is1 if ,*ang-%u 7 really a son ( ,mang ,hsi :o _h di$ t ye>4 #f 4 #g 7,b4,c4 #eai-dge7 ! pr9cipal m9i/]s4 ,he 0 !re n z a politician1 b z an inquir] ab\t ! c]emonies & maxims ( ! f\nd]s ( ! exi/+ dyna/y4 ,lao ,tan #a1 :om he _h wi%$ to see1 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,taoi/s1 or ,rationali/ic sect 7s call$71 :i* has ma9ta9$ its gr\nd 9 opposition to ! foll[]s ( ,confucius1 0 !n a curator ( ! royal libr>y4 ,!y met & freely int]*ang$ _! views1 b no reliable acc\nt ( _! conv]sations has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! fif? ,book ( ! ,li ,*i1 :i* is head$ ',! philosoph] ,tsang ask$1' ,confucius ref]s f\r times to ! views ( ,lao-tsze on c]ta9 po9ts ( fun]al c]emonies1 & 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' ,book ,,xxiv1 he tells ,*i ,k'ang :at he _h he>d f him ab\t ',! ,five ,tis1' b we may hope _! conv]sation turn$ also on m important subjects4 ,sze-ma ,*'i51 fav\rable to ,lao-tsze1 makes him lecture 8 visitor 9 ! foll[+ /yle3-- ',^? :om y talk ab\t are dead1 & _! bones are mold]$ to du/2 only _! words rema94 ,:5 ! sup]ior man gets 8 "t1 he m\nts al(t2 b :5 ! "t is aga9/ him1 he moves z if 8 feet 7 entangl$4 ,i h he>d t a good m]*ant1 ?\gh he has ri* treasures deeply /or$1 appe>s z if he 7 poor1 & t ! sup]ior man ^: virtue is complete1 is yet to outw>d seem+ /upid4 ,put away y\r pr\d air & _m desires1 y\r ins9uat+ habit & wild w #b4 ,^! are ( no advantage to y4 ,?is is all :i* ,i h to tell y4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ,confucius is made to say to 8 disciples1 ',i "k h[ birds c fly1 h[ fi%es c swim1 & h[ animals c run4 ,b ! runn] may be sn>$1 ! swimm] may be hook$1 & ! fly] may be %ot by ! arr[4 ,b !re is ! dragon4 ,i _c tell h[ he m\nts on ! w9d ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 & rises to heav54 ,today ,i h se5 ,lao-tsze1 & c only comp>e him to ! dragon #c4' ,:ile at ,lo1 ,confucius walk$ ov] ! gr\nds set ap>t = ! great sacrifices to ,heav5 & ,e>?2 inspect$ ! patt]n ( ! ,hall ( ,light1 built to give audi5ce 9 to ! pr9ces ( ! k+dom2 & exam9$ all ! arrangem5ts ( ! ance/ral temple & ! c\rt4 ,f ! :ole he receiv$ a pr(\nd #a ,accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i51 ,tan 0 ! po/hum\s epi!t ( ?is individual1 ^: surname 0 ,li 771 "n ,r 771 & designation ,po-yang 774 #b 4 #c ,see ! 1 1 & comp>e ! rem>ks attribut$ to ,lao-tsze 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,k'ung family ne> ! beg9n+4 impression4 ',n[1' said he ) a sigh1 ',i "k ! sage wisdom ( ! duke ( ,*au1 & h[ ! ,h\se ( ,*au atta9$ to ! royal sway #a4' ,on ! walls ( ! ,hall ( ,light 7 pa9t+s ( ! anci5t sov]eigns f ,yao & ,%un d[nw>ds1 _! *>act]s appe>+ 9 ! repres5tations ( !m1 & words ( praise or w>n+ be+ app5d$4 ,!re 0 also a picture ( ! duke ( ,*au sitt+ ) 8 infant nephew1 ! k+ ,*'ang1 ^u 8 knees1 to give audi5ce to all ! pr9ces4 ,confucius survey$ ! sc5e ) sil5t delight1 & !n said to 8 foll[]s1 ',"h y see h[ ,*au became s great4 ,z we use a glass to exam9e ! =ms ( ?+s1 s mu/ we /udy antiquity 9 ord] to und]/& ! pres5t "t #b4' ,9 ! hall ( ! ance/ral temple1 !re 0 a metal /atue ( a man ) ?ree clasps ^u 8 m\?1 & 8 back cov]$ ov] ) an enjoyable homily on ! duty ( keep+ a wat* ^u ! lips4 ,confucius turn$ to 8 disciples & said1 ',obs]ve x1 my *ildr54 ,^! words are true1 & comm5d !mselves to our feel+s #c4' ,ab\t music he made inquiries at ,*'ang ,hung1 to :om ! foll[+ rem>ks are attribut$3-- ',i h obs]v$ ab\t ,*ung-ni _m m>ks ( a sage4 ,he has riv] eyes & a dragon =ehead1-- ! v *>act]i/ics ( ,hwang-ti4 ,8 arms are long1 8 back is l a tortoise1 & he is n9e feet six in*es 9 height1-- ! v semblance ( ,t'ang ! ,complet]4 ,:5 he speaks1 he praises ! anci5t k+s4 ,he moves along ! pa? ( humility & c\rtesy4 ,he has he>d ( e subject1 & reta9s ) a /rong memory4 ,8 k ( ?+s seems inexhau/ible4-- ,h we n 9 him ! ris+ ( a sage #d8' ,i h giv5 ^! notices ( ,confucius at ! c\rt ( ,*au1 m z be+ ! only ones ,i c\ld f9d1 ?an because ,i put mu* fai? 9 !m4 ,he did n rema9 !re long1 b return$ ! same ye> to ,lu1 & cont9u$ 8 "w ( tea*+4 ,8 fame 0 greatly increas$2 disciples came to him f diff]5t p>ts1 till _! numb] am\nt$ to ?ree ?\s&4 ,sev]al ( ^? :o h come d[n to u z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 7 yet unborn1 & ! /atem5t j giv5 may be consid]$ z an exagg]ation4 ,we are n to conceive ( ! disciples z =m+ a community1 & liv+ toge!r4 ,p>ties #a #b #c ,see ! 1 1 art4 4 #d ,quot$ by ,*iang ,yung f ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ( !m may h done s4 ,we %all f9d ,confucius h]eaft] always mov+ amid a company ( admir+ pupils2 b ! great] numb] mu/ h _h _! prop] avocations & ways ( liv+1 & w\ld only resort to ! ,ma/]1 :5 !y wi%$ specially to ask 8 c\nsel or to le>n ( him4 #e4 ,9 ! ye> succe$+ ! return to ,lu1 t ,/ate fell into great confusion4 ,!re 7 ?ree ,families 9 x1 all connect$ irregul>ly ) ! ducal ,h\se1 :i* _h long kept ! rul]s 9 a condition ( dep5d5cy4 ,!y appe> frequ5tly 9 ! ,analects z ! ,*i clan1 ! ,%u1 & ! ,mang2 & :ile ,confucius freely spoke ( _! ,sideb> ,he )draws to ,*i & returns to ,lu ! foll[+ ye>4 ,b4,c4 #eae1 #eaf4 usurpations #a1 he 0 a sort ( dep5d5t ( ! ,*i family1 & appe>s 9 frequ5t communication ) memb]s ( all ! ?ree4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #eag1 ! duke ,*ao came to op5 ho/ilities ) !m1 & be+ wor/$1 fl$ into ,*'i1 ! ,/ate adjo9+ ,lu on ! nor?4 ,?i!r ,confucius also repair$1 t he might avoid ! prevail+ disord] ( 8 native ,/ate4 ,*'i 0 !n "u ! gov]nm5t ( a rul] 79 rank a m>quis1 b hi/orically call$ duke7 1 aft]w>ds /yl$ ,*+ #b1 :o '_h a ?\s& teams1 ea* ( f\r horses1 b on ! day ( 8 dea? ! p did n praise him = a s+le virtue #c4' ,8 *ief m9i/]1 h[ev]1 0 ,y5 ,y+ #d1 a man ( consid]able ability & wor?4 ,at 8 c\rt ! music ( ! anci5t sage-emp]or1 ,%un1 orig9ally br\ght to ,*'i f ! ,/ate ( ,*'an #e1 0 /ill pres]v$4 ,accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' an incid5t occurr$ on ! way to ,*'i1 :i* ,i may transf] to ^! pages z a good specim5 ( ! way 9 :i* ,confucius turn$ occurr+ matt]s to acc\nt1 9 8 int]c\rse ) 8 disciples4 ,z he 0 pass+ by ! side ( ! ,tai m\nta91 !re 0 a woman weep+ & wail+ by a grave4 ,confucius b5t =w>d 9 8 c>riage1 & aft] li/5+ to h] = "s "t1 s5t ,tsze-lu to ask ! cause ( h] grief4 ',y weep1 z if y _h exp]i5c$ sorr[ ^u sorr[1' said ,tsze-lu4 ,! woman repli$1 ',x is s4 ,my husb&'s fa!r 0 kill$ "h by a tig]1 & my husb& also2 & n[ my son has met ! same fate4' ,confucius ask$ h] :y %e did n remove f ! place1 & on h] answ]+1' ,!re is "h no oppressive gov]nm5t1' he turn$ to 8 disciples1 & said1 ',my #a ,see ,analects1 ,,iii4 i4 ii1 et al4 #b 4 #c ,ana4 ,,xvi4 xii4 #d 4 ,?is is ! same :o 0 aft]w>ds /yl$ 4 #e 4 *ildr51 rememb] ?is4 ,oppressive gov]nm5t is fi]c] ?an a tig] #a4' ,z soon z he cross$ ! bord] f ,lu1 we are told he discov]$ f ! gait & mann]s ( a boy1 :om he saw c>ry+ a pit*]1 ! influ5ce ( ! sages' music1 & told ! driv] ( 8 c>riage to hurry on to ! capital #b4 ,arriv$ !re1 he he>d ! /ra91 & 0 s ravi%$ ) x1 t = ?ree mon?s he did n "k ! ta/e ( fle%4 ',i did n ?9k1' he said1 't music c\ld h be5 made s excell5t z ?is #c4' ,! duke ,*+ 0 pleas$ ) ! conf]5ces :i* he _h ) him #d1 & propos$ to assign to him ! t[n ( ,l9-*'iu1 f ! rev5ues ( :i* he might d]ive a suffici5t support2 b ,confucius refus$ ! gift1 & said to 8 disciples1 ',a sup]ior man w only receive rew>d = s]vices :i* he has done4 ,i h giv5 advice to ! duke ,*+1 b he has n yet obey$ x1 & n[ he w\ld end[ me ) ?is place6 ,v f> is he f und]/&+ me #e6' ,on "o occasion ! duke ask$ ab\t gov]nm5t1 & receiv$ ! *>act]i/ic reply1 ',!re is gov]nm5t :5 ! rul] is rul]1 & ! m9i/] is m9i/]2 :5 ! fa!r is fa!r1 & ! son is son #f4' ,i say t ! reply is *>act]i/ic4 ,once1 :5 ,tsze-lu ask$ him :at he w\ld consid] ! fir/ ?+ to be done if entru/$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate1 ,confucius answ]$1 ',:at is necess>y is to rectify names #g4' ,! disciple ?\ght ! reply wide ( ! m>k1 b x 0 sub/antially ! same ) :at he said to ! m>quis ,*+4 ,!re is a suffici5t f\ndation 9 nature = gov]nm5t 9 ! sev]al relations ( society1 & if ^? be ma9ta9$ & develop$ accord+ to _! relative significancy1 x is sure to obta94 ,?is 0 a fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! political e?ics ( ,confucius4 ,ano!r day ! duke got to a simil> inquiry ! reply t ! art ( gov]nm5t lay 9 an economical use ( ! rev5ues2 & be+ pleas$1 he resum$ 8 purpose ( reta9+ ! philosoph] 9 8 ,/ate1 & propos$ to assign to him ! fields ( ,ni-*'i4 ,8 #a ,see ! 1 1 art4 4 ,i h translat$1 h[ev]1 f ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 iii4 #aj1 :]e ! same incid5t is giv51 ) "s v>iations1 & )\t say+ :5 or :]e x occurr$4 #b ,see ! 1 1 p4 #ac4 #c ,ana4 ,,vii4 xiii4 #d ,"s ( ^! are relat$ 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool2'-- ab\t ! burn+ ( ! ance/ral %r9e ( ! sov]eign 1 & a "o-foot$ bird :i* appe>$ hopp+ & flapp+ its w+s 9 ,*'i4 ,!y are pla9ly fabul\s1 ?\gh quot$ 9 pro( ( ,confucius's sage wisdom4 ,?is ref]5ce to !m is m ?an en\gh4 #e 1 1 4 #f ,ana4 ,,xii4 xi4 #g ,ana4 ,,xiii4 iii4 *ief m9i/] ,y5 ,y+ dissuad$ him f ! purpose1 say+1 ',^? s*ol>s are impracticable1 & _c be imitat$4 ,!y are haughty & conceit$ ( _! own views1 s t !y w n be cont5t 9 inf]ior positions4 ,!y set a high value on all fun]al c]emonies1 give way to _! grief1 & w wa/e _! prop]ty on great burials1 s t !y w\ld only be injuri\s to ! common mann]s4 ,?is ,mr4 ,k'ung has a ?\s& peculi>ities4 ,x w\ld take g5]ations to exhau/ all t he kn[s ab\t ! c]emonies ( go+ up & go+ d[n4 ,?is is n ! "t to exam9e into 8 rules ( propriety4 ,if y1 pr9ce1 wi% to employ him to *ange ! cu/oms ( ,*'i1 y w n be mak+ ! p y\r prim>y consid]ation #a4' ,i _h r believe t ^! 7 n ! words ( ,y5 ,y+1 b !y mu/ repres5t pretty correctly ! s5tim5ts ( _m ( ! /atesm5 ( ! "t ab\t ,confucius4 ,! duke ( ,*'i got tir$ ere long ( hav+ su* a monitor ab\t him1 & obs]v$4 ',i _c treat him z ,i w\ld ! *ief ( ! ,*i family4 ,i w treat him 9 a way betwe5 t accord$ to ! *ief ( ! ,*i1 & t giv5 to ! *ief ( ! ,mang family4' ,f9ally he said1 ',i am old2 ,i _c use 8 doctr9es #b4' ,^! obs]vations 7 made directly to ,confucius1 or came to 8 he>+ #c4 ,x 0 n consi/5t ) 8 self-respect to rema9 long] 9 ,*'i1 & he return$ to ,lu #d4 #f4 ,return$ to ,lu1 he rema9$ = ! long p]iod ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s )\t be+ engag$ 9 any (ficial employm5t4 ,x ,sideb> ,he rema9s )\t (fice 9 ,lu1 ,b4,c4 #eaf-eja4 0 a "t inde$ ( great disord]4 ,! duke ,*ao cont9u$ a refugee 9 ,*'i1 ! gov]nm5t be+ 9 ! h&s ( ! great ,families1 up to 8 dea? 9 ,b4,c4 #eaj1 on :i* ev5t ! rightful heir 0 set aside1 & ano!r memb] ( ! ducal ,h\se1 kn[n to u by ! title ( ,t+ #e1 sub/itut$ 9 8 place4 ,! rul+ au?ority ( ! pr9cipality became ?us /ill m enfeebl$ ?an x _h be5 be=e1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *iefs ( ! ,*i1 ! ,%u1 & ! ,mang1 c\ld h>dly keep _! gr\nd aga9/ _! own (fic]s4 ,( ^? latt]1 ! two mo/ conspicu\s 7 ,yang ,hu #f1 call$ also ,yang ,ho #g1 & #a ,see ! 1 1 p4 #b4 #b ,ana4 ,,xviii4 iii #c ,sze-ma ,*'i5 makes ! fir/ obs]vation to h be5 address$ directly to ,confucius4 #d ,accord+ to ! above acc\nt ,confucius 0 only once1 & = a portion ( two ye>s1 9 ,*'i4 ,= ! refutation ( contr>y acc\nts1 see ,*iang ,yung's ,life ( ! ,sage4 #e 4 #f 4 #g 4 ,kung-%an ,fu-zao #a4 ,at "o "t ,*i ,hwan1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! *iefs1 0 kept a prison] by ,yang ,hu1 & 0 oblig$ to make t]ms ) him 9 ord] to obta9 8 lib]ation4 ,confucius w\ld give 8 c\nt5ance to none1 z he disapprov$ ( all1 & he /udi\sly kept alo( f !m4 ,( h[ he comport$ himself among !m we h a specim5 9 ! incid5t relat$ 9 ! ,analects1 ,,xvii4 i4-- ',yang ,ho wi%$ to see ,confucius1 b ,confucius w\ld n g to see him4 ,on ?is1 he s5t a pres5t ( a pig to ,confucius1 :o1 hav+ *os5 a "t :5 ,ho 0 n at home1 w5t to pay 8 respects = ! gift4 ,he met him1 h[ev]1 on ! way4 ,come1 let me speak ) y1 said ! (fic]4 ,c he be call$ b5evol5t1 :o keeps 8 jewel 9 8 bosom1 & leaves 8 c\ntry to confusion8 ,confucius repli$1 ,no4 ,c he be call$ wise1 :o is anxi\s to be engag$ 9 public employm5t1 & yet is con/antly los+ ! opportunity ( be+ s8 ,confucius aga9 said1 ,no4 ,! o!r add$1 ,! days & mon?s are pass+ away2 ! ye>s d n wait = u4 ,confucius said1 ,"r2 ,i w g into (fice4' ,*9ese writ]s are eloqu5t 9 _! praises ( ! sage = ! comb9ation ( propriety1 complaisance & firmness1 :i* !y see 9 8 behavior 9 ?is matt]4 ,to myself !re seems no?+ rem>kable 9 x b a some:at que/ionable dext]ity4 ,b x 0 well = ! fame ( ,confucius t 8 "t 0 n occupi$ dur+ ^? ye>s ) (ficial s]vices4 ,he turn$ !m to bett] acc\nt1 prosecut+ 8 rese>*es into ! poetry1 hi/ory1 c]emonies1 & music ( ! nation4 ,_m disciples cont9u$ to resort to him1 & ! leg5d>y writ]s tell u h[ he employ$ _! s]vices 9 dige/+ ! results ( 8 /udies4 ,i mu/ repeat1 h[ev]1 t sev]al ( !m1 ^: names are mo/ fam\s1 su* z ,tsang ,%an1 7 z yet *ildr51 & ,m9 ,sun #b 0 n born till ,b4,c4 #ejj4 ,to ?is p]iod we mu/ ref] ! almo/ s+le in/ance :i* we h ( ! mann] ( ,confucius's int]c\rse ) 8 son ,li4 ',h y he>d any lessons f y\r fa!r diff]5t f :at we h all he>d8' ask$ "o ( ! disciples once ( ,li4 ',no1' said ,li4 ',he 0 /&+ alone once1 :5 ,i 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! c\rt bel[ ) ha/y /eps1 & said to me1 ,h y le>n$ ! ,odes8 ,on my reply+1 ,n yet1 he add$1 ,if y d n le>n ! ,odes1 y w n be fit to conv]se )4 ,ano!r day1 #a 71 74 #b 4 9 ! same place & ! same way1 he said to me1 ,h y read ! rules ( ,propriety8 ,on my reply+1 ,n yet1 he add$1 ,if y d n le>n ! rules ( ,propriety1 y\r "* _c be e/abli%$4 ,i h he>d only ^! two ?+s f him4' ,! disciple 0 delight$ & obs]v$1 ',i ask$ "o ?+1 & ,i h got ?ree ?+s4 ,i h he>d ab\t ! ,odes4 ,i h he>d ab\t ! rules ( ,propriety4 ,i h also he>d t ! sup]ior man ma9ta9s a di/ant res]ve t[>ds 8 son #a4' ,i c easily believe t ?is di/ant res]ve 0 ! rule :i* ,confucius foll[$ g5]ally 9 8 treatm5t ( 8 son4 ,a /]n dignity is ! quality :i* a fa!r has to ma9ta9 ^u 8 sy/em4 ,x is n to be )\t ! elem5t ( k9dness1 b t mu/ nev] g beyond ! l9e ( propriety4 ,!re is too little room left = ! play & developm5t ( natural affection4 ,! divorce ( 8 wife mu/ also h tak5 place dur+ ^! ye>s1 if x ev] took place at all1 :i* is a disput$ po9t4 ,! curi\s read] w f9d ! "q discuss$ 9 ! notes on ! second ,book ( ! ,li ,*i4 ,! evid5ce incl9es1 ,i ?9k1 aga9/ ! supposition t ,confucius did put 8 wife away4 ,:5 %e di$1 at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! pres5t1 ,li kept on weep+ al\d = h] aft] ! p]iod = su* a demon/ration ( grief _h expir$1 :5 ,confucius s5t a message to him t 8 sorr[ mu/ be subdu$1 & ! ob$i5t son dri$ 8 te>s #b4 ,we are glad to "k t on "o occasion ! dea? ( 8 fav\rite disciple1 ,y5 ,hui -- ! te>s ( ,confucius himself w\ld fl[ ov] & above ! measure ( propriety #c4 #g4 ,we come to ! %ort p]iod ( ,confucius's (ficial life4 ,9 ! ,sideb> ,he holds (fice4 ,b4,c4 #ejj-dif4 ye> ,b4,c4 #eja1 ?+s _h come to a head betwe5 ! *iefs ( ! ?ree ,families & _! m9i/]s1 & _h result$ 9 ! defeat ( ! latt]4 ,9 t ye> ! res\rces ( ,yang ,hu 7 exhau/$1 & he fl$ into ,*'i1 s t ! ,/ate 0 deliv]$ f its greate/ tr\bl]1 & ! way 0 made m cle> = ,confucius to g into (fice1 %\ld an opportunity occur4 ,x soon pres5t$ itself4 ,t[>ds ! end ( t ye> he 0 made *ief magi/rate ( ! t[n ( ,*ung-tu #d4 #a ,ana4 ,,xvi4 xiii4 #b ,see ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ,i4 i4 #bg4 #c ,ana4 ,,xi4 ix4 #d 4 ,amiot says ?is 0 'la ville meme ou le ,s\v]a9 t5oit sa ,c\r' 7,vie de ,confucius1 p4 #adg74 ,he is foll[$ ( c\rse by ,?ornton & ,pau?i]4 ,my read+ has n %[n me t su* 0 ! case4 ,9 ! notes to ,k'ang-hsi's edition ( ! ',five ,*+1' ,li ,*i1 ,,ii ,sect4 ,i4 iii4 #d1 x is simply said-- ',*ung-tu1-- ! "n ( a t[n ( ,lu4 ,x aft]w>ds belong$ to ,*'i :5 x 0 call$ ,p+-lu 774' ,j be=e he receiv$ ?is appo9tm5t1 a circum/ance occurr$ ( :i* we d n well "k :at to make4 ,:5 ,yang-hu fl$ into ,*'i1 ,kung-%an ,fu-zao1 :o _h be5 conf$]ate ) him1 cont9u$ to ma9ta9 an attitude ( rebellion1 & held ! city ( ,pi aga9/ ! ,*i family4 ,!nce he s5t a message to ,confucius invit+ him to jo9 him1 & ! ,sage seem$ s incl9$ to g t 8 disciple ,tsze-lu remon/rat$ ) him1 say+1 ',inde$ y _c g6 :y mu/ y ?9k ( go+ to see ,kung-%an8' ,confucius repli$1 ',c x be )\t "s reason t he has invit$ me8 ,if any "o employ me1 may ,i n make an ea/]n ,*au #a8' ,! up%ot1 h[ev]1 0 t he did n g1 & ,i _c suppose t he _h ev] any s]i\s int5tion ( do+ s4 ,amid ! g5]al gravity ( 8 int]c\rse ) 8 foll[]s1 !re gleam out a few in/ances ( quiet pleasantry1 :5 he amus$ himself by play+ ) _! notions ab\t him4 ,?is 0 probably "o ( !m4 ,z magi/rate ( ,*ung-tu he produc$ a m>vell\s re=mation ( ! mann]s ( ! p 9 a %ort "t4 ,accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' he enact$ rules = ! n\ri%+ ( ! liv+ & all obs]vances to ! dead4 ,diff]5t food 0 assign$ to ! old & ! "y1 & diff]5t burd5s to ! /rong & ! weak4 ,males & females kept ap>t f ea* o!r 9 ! /reets4 ,a ?+ dropp$ on ! road 0 n pick$ up4 ,!re 0 no fraudul5t c>v+ ( vessels4 ,inn] c(f9s 7 made f\r in*es ?ick1 & ! out] ones five4 ,graves 7 made on ! high gr\nds1 no m\nds be+ rais$ ov] !m1 & no trees plant$ ab\t !m4 ,)9 twelve mon?s1 ! pr9ces ( ! o!r ,/ates all wi%$ to imitate 8 /yle ( adm9i/ration #b4 ,! duke ,t+1 surpris$ at :at he saw1 ask$ :e!r 8 rules c\ld be employ$ to gov]n a :ole ,/ate1 & ,confucius told him t !y might be appli$ to ! :ole k+dom4 ,on ?is ! duke appo9t$ him assi/ant-sup]9t5d5t ( ,works #c1 9 :i* capacity he survey$ ! l&s ( ! ,/ate1 & made _m improvem5ts 9 agriculture4 ,f ?is he 0 quickly made m9i/] ( ,crime #d1 & ! appo9tm5t 0 en\gh to put an end to crime4 ,!re 0 no necessity to put ! p5al laws 9 execution4 ,no (f5d]s %[$ !mselves #e4 #a ,ana4 ,,xvii4 v4 #b 1 ,bk4 ,i4 #c 4 ,?is (fice1 h[ev]1 0 held by ! *ief ( ! ,mang ,family4 ,we mu/ und]/& t ,confucius 0 only an assi/ant to him1 or p]haps act$ = him4 #d 4 #e 1 ,bk4 ,i4 ,^! indiscrim9at+ eulogies are ( little value4 ,"o incid5t1 relat$ 9 ! annotations ( ,tso-%ih on ! ,*'un-,*'iu #a1 comm5ds itself at once to our belief1 z 9 h>mony ) ,confucius's "*4 ,! *ief ( ! ,*i1 pursu+ ) 8 enmity ! duke ,*ao1 ev5 aft] 8 dea?1 _h plac$ 8 grave ap>t f ! graves ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & ,confucius surr\nd$ ! ducal cemet]y ) a dit* s z to include ! solit>y re/+-place1 boldly tell+ ! *ief t he did x to hide 8 disloyalty #b4 ,b he signaliz$ himself mo/ ( all 9 ,b4,c4 #ejj1 by 8 behavior at an int]view betwe5 ! dukes ( ,lu & ,*'i1 at a place call$ ,%ih-*'i #c1 & ,*ia-ku #d1 9 ! pres5t di/rict ( ,lai-wu1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,t'ai-an #e4 ,confucius 0 pres5t z ma/] ( c]emonies on ! "p ( ,lu1 & ! meet+ 0 pr(ess$ly pacific4 ,! two pr9ces 7 to =m a cov5ant ( alliance4 ,! pr9cipal (fic] on ! "p ( ,*'i1 h[ev]1 despis+ ,confucius z 'a man ( c]emonies1 )\t c\rage1' _h advis$ 8 sov]eign to make ! duke ( ,lu a prison]1 & = ?is purpose a b& ( ! half-savage orig9al inhabitants ( ! place advanc$ ) weapons to ! /age :]e ! two dukes 7 met4 ,confucius und]/ood ! s*eme1 & said to ! opposite p>ty1 ',our two pr9ces are met = a pacific object4 ,= y to br+ a b& ( savage vassals to di/urb ! meet+ ) _! weapons1 is n ! way 9 :i* ,*'i c expect to give law to ! pr9ces ( ! k+dom4 ,^! b>b>ians h no?+ to d ) our ,great ,fl[]y l&4 ,su* vassals may n int]f]e ) our cov5ant4 ,weapons are out ( place at su* a meet+4 ,z be=e ! spirits1 su* conduct is unpropiti\s4 ,9 po9t ( virtue1 x is contr>y to "r4 ,z betwe5 man & man1 x is n polite4' ,! duke ( ,*'i ord]$ ! di/urb]s (f1 b ,confucius )drew1 c>ry+ ! duke ( ,lu ) him4 ,! bus9ess proce$$1 not)/&+1 & :5 ! words ( ! alliance 7 be+ read on ! "p ( ,*'i1-- ' ,s be x to ,lu1 if x contribute n #cjj *>iots ( w> to ! help ( ,*'i1 :5 its army goes across its bord]s1' a mess5g] f ,confucius add$1 ',& s be x to u1 if we obey y\r ord]s1 unless y return to u ! fields on ! s\? ( ! ,wan4' ,at ! conclusion ( ! c]emonies1 ! pr9ce ( ,*'i want$ to give a gr& ent]ta9m5t1 b ,confucius demon/rat$ t su* a ?+ w\ld be #a 1 4 #b 1 ,bk4 ,i4 #c 4 #d 4 #e 1 4 contr>y to ! e/abli%$ rules ( propriety1 8 real object be+ to keep 8 sov]eign out ( dang]4 ,9 ?is way ! two p>ties sep>at$1 !y ( ,*'i fill$ ) %ame at be+ foil$ & disgrac$ by '! man ( c]emonies2' & ! result 0 t ! l&s ( ,lu :i* _h be5 appropriat$ by ,*'i 7 re/or$ #a4 ,= two ye>s m ,confucius held ! (fice ( m9i/] ( ,crime4 ,"s h suppos$ t he 0 fur!r rais$ to ! dignity ( *ief m9i/] ( ! ,/ate #b1 b t 0 n ! case4 ,"o in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* he execut$ 8 functions is wor? record+4 ,:5 any matt] came be=e him1 he took ! op9ion ( diff]5t individuals ^u x1 & 9 giv+ judgm5t w\ld say1 ',i decide accord+ to ! view ( s & s4' ,!re 0 an approa* to our jury sy/em 9 ! plan1 ,confucius's object be+ to enli/ g5]al sympa?y1 & c>ry ! public judgm5t ) him 9 8 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,a fa!r hav+ br\ght "s *>ge aga9/ 8 son1 ,confucius kept !m bo? 9 prison = ?ree mon?s1 )\t mak+ any diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! fa!r1 & !n wi%$ to dismiss !m bo?4 ,! head ( ! ,*i 0 dissatisfi$1 & said1 ',y are play+ ) me1 ,sir m9i/] ( ,crime4 ,=m]ly y told me t 9 a ,/ate or a family filial duty 0 ! fir/ ?+ to be insi/$ on4 ,:at h9d]s y n[ f putt+ to dea? ?is unfilial son z an example to all ! p8' ,confucius ) a sigh repli$1 ',:5 sup]iors fail 9 _! duty1 & yet g to put _! inf]iors to dea?1 x is n "r4 ,?is fa!r has n taught 8 son to be filial2 to li/5 to 8 *>ge w\ld be to slay ! guiltless4 ,! mann]s ( ! age h be5 long 9 a sad condition2 we _c expect ! p n to be transgress+ ! laws #c4' ,at ?is "t two ( 8 disciples1 ,tsze-lu & ,tsze-yu1 ent]$ ! employm5t ( ! ,*i family1 & l5t _! influ5ce1 ! =m] especially1 to =w>d ! plans ( _! ma/]4 ,"o great cause ( disord] 9 ! ,/ate 0 ! =tifi$ cities held by ! ?ree *iefs1 9 :i* !y c\ld defy ! supreme au?ority1 & 7 9 turn defi$ !mselves by _! (fic]s4 ,^? cities 7 l ! ca/les ( ! b>ons ( ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ! ,norman #a ,?is meet+ at ,*ia-ku is relat$ 9 ,sze-ma ,*'i51 ! ',n>ratives ( ! s*ool1' & ,ku-liang1 ) _m exagg]ations4 ,i h foll[$ 1 4 #b ,! says ,bk4 ,,ii1 1 4 ,b he 0 a only 9 ! s5se ( an assi/ant ( c]emonies1 z at ! meet+ 9 ,*ia-ku1 describ$ above4 #c ,see ! 1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 k+s4 ,confucius _h _! de/ruction v mu* at he>t1 & p>tly by ! influ5ce ( p]suasion1 & p>tly by ! assi/+ c\nsels ( ,tsze-lu1 he accompli%$ 8 object 9 reg>d to ,pi #a1 ! *ief city ( ! ,*i1 & ,hau #b1 ! *ief city ( ! ,%u4 ,x does n appe> t he succe$$ 9 ! same way 9 dismantl+ ,*'ang #c1 ! *ief city ( ! ,mang #d2 b 8 au?ority 9 ! ,/ate greatly increas$4 ',he /r5g!n$ ! ducal ,h\se & weak5$ ! private ,families4 ,he exalt$ ! sov]eign1 & depress$ ! m9i/]s4 ,a trans=m+ gov]nm5t w5t abroad4 ,di%one/y & dissolut5ess 7 a%am$ & hid _! heads4 ,loyalty & good fai? became ! *>act]i/ics ( ! m51 & *a/ity & docility ^? ( ! wom54 ,/rang]s came 9 cr[ds f o!r ,/ates #e4' ,confucius became ! idol ( ! p1 & flew 9 songs ?r\gh _! m\?s #f4 ,b ?is sky ( bright promise 0 soon ov]ca/4 ,z ! fame ( ! re=mations 9 ,lu w5t abroad1 ! neighbor+ pr9ces began to be afraid4 ,! duke ( ,*'i said1 ',) ,confucius at ! head ( its gov]nm5t1 ,lu w become supreme among ! ,/ates1 & ,*'i :i* is ne>e/ to x w be ! fir/ swall[$ up4 ,let u propitiate x by a surr5d] ( t]ritory4' ,"o ( 8 m9i/]s propos$ t !y %\ld fir/ try to sep>ate betwe5 ! sage & 8 sov]eign1 & to effect ?is1 !y hit ^u ! foll[+ s*eme4 ,eighty beautiful girls1 ) musical & danc+ accompli%m5ts1 & a hundr$ & tw5ty ( ! f9e/ horses t c\ld be f\nd1 7 select$1 & s5t z a pres5t to duke ,t+4 ,!y 7 put up at fir/ outside ! city1 & ,*i ,hwan hav+ gone 9 disguise to see !m1 =got ! lessons ( ,confucius1 & took ! duke to look at ! bait4 ,!y 7 bo? captivat$4 ,! wom5 7 receiv$1 & ! sage 0 neglect$4 ,= ?ree days ! duke gave no audi5ce to 8 m9i/]s4 ',ma/]1' said ,tsze-lu to ,confucius1 'x is "t = y to be go+4' ,b ,confucius 0 v unwill+ to leave4 ,! spr+ 0 com+ on1 :5 ! sacrifice to ,heav5 w\ld be (f]$1 & he det]m9$ to wait & see :e!r ! #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d ,9 connexion ) ^! ev5ts1 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool' & ,sze-ma ,*'i5 m5tion ! summ>y puni%m5t inflict$ by ,confucius on an able b unscrupul\s & insidi\s (fic] ! ,%a\ *ang1 ,ma\ 774 ,8 judgm5t & dea? occupy a conspicu\s place 9 ! leg5d>y acc\nts4 ,b ! ,analects1 ,tsze-sze1 ,m5cius1 & ,tso ,*'iu-m+ are all sil5t ab\t x1 & ,*iang ,yung rightly rejects x z "o ( ! _m n>ratives inv5t$ to exalt ! sage4 #e ,see ! 1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 #f ,see 1 quot$ by ,*iang ,yung4 solemnization ( t w\ld br+ ! duke back to 8 "r m9d4 ,no su* result foll[$4 ,! c]emony 0 hurri$ ?r\gh1 & portions ( ! (f]+s 7 n s5t r\nd to ! v>i\s m9i/]s1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,confucius regretfully took 8 dep>ture1 go+ away sl[ly & by easy /ages #a4 ,he w\ld h welcom$ a message ( recall4 ,b ! duke cont9u$ 9 8 ab&onm5t1 & ! sage w5t =? to ?irte5 we>y ye>s ( homeless w&]+4 #h4 ,on leav+ ,lu1 ,confucius fir/ b5t 8 /eps we/w>d to ! ,/ate ( ,wei1 situate ab\t :]e ! pres5t prov9ces ( ,*ih-li & ,ho-nan adjo94 ,sideb> ,he w&]s f ,/ate to ,/ate4 ,b4,c4 #dig-dhd4 ,he 0 n[ 9 8 fifty-six? ye>1 & felt depress$ & melan*oly4 ,z he w5t along1 he gave expression to 8 feel+s 9 v]se3-- ',fa9 w\ld ,i /ill look t[>ds ,lu1 ,b ?is ,kwei hill cuts (f my view4 ,) an axe1 ,i'd hew ! ?ickets ?r\gh3-- ,va9 ?\ght6 'ga9/ ! hill ,i n\ght c d2' & aga91-- ',?r\gh ! valley h[ls ! bla/1 ,drizzl+ ra9 falls ?ick & fa/4 ,homew>d goes ! y\?ful bride1 ,o'er ! wild1 cr[ds by h] side4 ,h[ is x1 ,o azure ,heav51 ,f my home ,i ?us am driv51 ,?r\gh ! l& my way to trace1 ,) no c]ta9 dwell+-place8 ,d>k1 d>k2 ! m9ds ( m56 ,wor? 9 va9 comes to _! k54 ,ha/5s on my t]m ( ye>s2 ,old age1 desolate1 appe>s #b1' ,a numb] ( 8 disciples accompani$ him1 & 8 sadness infect$ !m4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at ! bord]s ( ,wei at a place call$ ,i1 ! w>d5 s\ght an int]view1 & on com+ out f ! sage1 he tri$ to com=t ! disciples1 say+1 ',my fri5ds1 :y are y di/ress$ at y\r ma/]'s loss ( (fice8 ,! _w has be5 long )\t ! pr9ciples ( tru? & "r2 ,heav5 is go+ to use y\r ma/] z a bell ) its wood5 tongue #c4' ,su* 0 ! ?\ght ( ?is fri5dly /rang]4 ,! bell did inde$ s\nd1 b few _h e>s to he>4 #a 1 1 p4 #e4 ,see also ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 i4 #d42 et al4 #b ,see ,*iang ,yung's ,life ( ,confucius1 4 #c ,ana4 ,,iii4 xxiv4 ,confucius's fame1 h[ev]1 _h gone be=e him1 & he 0 9 little dang] ( hav+ to suff] f want4 ,on arriv+ at ! capital ( ,wei1 he lodg$ at fir/ ) a wor?y (fic]1 nam$ ,y5 ,*'au-yu #a4 ,! reign+ duke1 kn[n to u by ! epi!t ( ,l+ #b1 0 a wor?less1 dissipat$ man1 b he c\ld n neglect a visitor ( su* em95ce1 & soon assign$ to ,confucius a rev5ue ( #fj1jjj measures ( gra9 #c4 ,"h he rema9$ = t5 mon?s1 & !n = "s reason left x to g to ,*'an #d4 ,on ! way he _h to pass by ,k'wang #e1 a place probably 9 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,k'ai-fung 9 ,ho-nan1 :i* _h =m]ly suff]$ f ,yang-hu4 ,x s happ5$ t ,confucius resembl$ ,hu1 & ! att5tion ( ! p be+ call$ to him by ! movem5ts ( 8 c>riage-driv]1 !y ?\ght x 0 _! old enemy1 & made an attack ^u him4 ,8 foll[]s 7 al>m$1 b he 0 calm1 & tri$ to assure !m by decl>+ 8 belief t he _h a div9e mission4 ,he said to !m1 ',aft] ! dea? ( k+ ,wan1 0 n ! cause ( tru? lodg$ "h 9 me8 ,if ,heav5 _h wi%$ to let ?is cause ( tru? p]i%1 !n ,i1 a future mortal1 %\ld n h got su* a relation to t cause4 ,:ile ,heav5 does n let ! cause ( tru? p]i%1 :at c ! p ( ,k'wang d to me #f8' ,hav+ escap$ f ! h&s ( 8 assailants1 he does n seem to h c>ri$ out 8 purpose ( go+ to ,*'an1 b return$ to ,wei4 ,on ! way1 he pass$ a h\se :]e he _h =m]ly lodg$1 & f9d+ t ! ma/] 0 dead1 & ! fun]al c]emonies go+ on1 he w5t 9 to condole & weep4 ,:5 he came out1 he told ,tsze-kung to take ! outside horses f 8 c>riage1 & give !m z a contribution to ! exp5ses ( ! occasion4 ',y nev] did su* a ?+1' ,tsze-kung remon/rat$1 'at ! fun]al ( any ( y\r disciples2 is x n too great a gift on ?is occasion ( ! dea? ( an old ho/8' ',:5 ,i w5t 91' repli$ ,confucius1 'my pres5ce br\ght a bur/ ( grief f ! *ief m\rn]1 & ,i jo9$ him ) my te>s4 ,i dislike ! ?\ght ( my te>s n be+ foll[$ by any?+4 ,d x1 my *ild #g4' ,on rea*+ ,wei1 he lodg$ ) ,*u ,po-yu1 an (fic] ( :om #a 4 ,see ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,i4 viii4 #b4 #b4 4 #c see ! 1 1 p4 #e4 #d 4 #e4 4 #f ,ana4 ,,ix4 v4 ,9 ,ana4 ,,xi4 xxii1 !re is ano!r ref]5ce to ?is "t1 9 :i* ,y5 ,hui is made to appe>4 #g ,see ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 ii4 #af4 hon\rable m5tion is made 9 ! ,analects #a4 ,b ?is "t he did n rema9 long 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! duke 0 ,sideb> ,b4,c4 #die4 m>ri$ to a lady ( ! h\se ( ,sung1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,nan-tsze1 notori\s = h] intrigues & wick$ness4 ,%e s\ght an int]view ) ! sage1 :i* he 0 oblig$ unwill+ly to accord #b4 ,no d\bt he 0 innoc5t ( ?\ght or act ( evil1 b x gave great dissatisfaction to ,tsze- lu t 8 ma/] %\ld h be5 9 company ) su* a woman1 & ,confucius1 to assure him1 swore an oa?1 say+1 ',:]e9 ,i h done improp]ly1 may ,heav5 reject me6 ,may ,heav5 reject me #c6' ,he c\ld n well abide1 h[ev]1 ab\t su* a c\rt4 ,"o day ! duke rode out ?r\gh ! /reets ( 8 capital 9 ! same c>riage ) ,nan-tsze1 & made ,confucius foll[ !m 9 ano!r4 ,p]haps he int5d$ to hon\r ! philosoph]1 b ! p saw ! incongruity1 & cri$ out1 ',lu/ 9 ! front2 virtue beh9d6' ,confucius 0 a%am$1 & made ! obs]vation1 ',i h n se5 "o :o loves virtue z he loves beauty #d4' ,wei 0 no place = him4 ,he left x1 & took 8 way t[>ds ,*'an4 ,*'an1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,ho-nan1 lay s\? f ,wei4 ,aft] pass+ ! small ,/ate ( ,ts'ao #e1 he approa*$ ! bord]s ( ,sung1 occupy+ ! pres5t prefecture ( ,kwei-teh1 & _h "s int5tions ( ent]+ x1 :5 an incid5t occurr$1 :i* x is n easy to und]/& f ! meagre /yle 9 :i* x is relat$1 b :i* gave occasion to a rem>kable say+4 ,confucius 0 practis+ c]emonies ) 8 disciples1 we are told1 "u ! %ade ( a l>ge tree4 ,hwan ,t'ui1 an ill-m9d$ (fic] ( ,sung1 he>d ( x1 & s5t a b& ( m5 to pull d[n ! tree1 & kill ! philosoph]1 if !y c\ld get hold ( him4 ,! disciples 7 mu* al>m$1 b ,confucius obs]v$1 ',heav5 has produc$ ! virtue t is 9 me2 :at c ,hwan ,t'ui d to me #f8' ,!y all made _! escape1 b seem to h be5 driv5 we/w>ds to ! ,/ate ( ,*ang #g1 on arriv+ at ! gate conduct+ into :i* f ! ea/1 ,confucius f\nd himself sep>at$ f 8 foll[]s4 ,tsze-kung _h arriv$ be=e him1 & 0 told by a native ( ,*ang t !re 0 a man /&+ by ! ea/ gate1 ) a =ehead l ,yao1 a neck l ,kao- yao1 8 %\ld]s on a level ) ^? ( ,tsze-*'an1 b want+1 bel[ ! wai/1 ?ree #a ,ana4 ,,xiv4 xxvi2 ,,xv4 vi4 #b ,see ! acc\nt 9 ! 1 1 p4 #f4 #c ,ana4 ,,vi4 xxvi4 #d ,ana4 ,,ix4 xvii4 #e 4 #f ana4 ,,ix4 xxii4 #g 4 in*es ( ! height ( ,yu1 & altoge!r hav+ ! disconsolate appe>ance ( a /ray dog4' ,tsze-kung knew x 0 ! ma/]1 ha/5$ to him1 & repeat$ to 8 great amusem5t ! description :i* ! man _h giv54 ',! bodily appe>ance1' said ,confucius1 'is b a small matt]1 b to say ,i 0 l a /ray dog1-- capital6 capital6' ,! /ay !y made at ,*ang 0 %ort1 & by ! end ( ,b4,c4 #die1 ,confucius 0 9 ,*'an4 ,all ! next ye> he rema9$ !re1 lodg+ ) ! w>d] ( ! city wall1 an (fic] ( wor?1 ( ! "n ( ,*ang #b1 & we h no acc\nts ( him :i* des]ve to be relat$ "h #c4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #did1 ,*'an 0 mu* di/urb$ by attacks f ,wu #d1 a l>ge ,/ate1 ! capital ( :i* 0 9 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,su-*au1 & ,confucius det]m9$ to retrace 8 /eps to ,wei4 ,on ! way he 0 laid hold ( at a place call$ ,p'u #e1 :i* 0 held by a rebelli\s (fic] aga9/ ,wei1 & be=e he c\ld get away1 he 0 oblig$ to engage t he w\ld n proce$ ?i!r4 ,?i!r1 not)/&+1 he cont9u$ 8 r\te1 & :5 ,tsze-kung ask$ him :e!r x 0 "r to violate ! oa? he _h tak51 he repli$1 ',x 0 a =c$ oa?4 ,! spirits d n he> su* #f4' ',! duke ,l+ receiv$ him ) di/9ction1 b paid no m att5tion to 8 lessons ?an be=e1 & ,confucius is said !n to h utt]$ 8 compla9t1 ',if !re 7 any ( ! pr9ces :o w\ld employ me1 9 ! c\rse ( twelve mon?s ,i %\ld h done some?+ consid]able4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ! gov]nm5t w\ld be p]fect$ #g4' ,a circum/ance occurr$ to direct 8 att5tion to ! ,/ate ( ,ts9 #h1 :i* occupi$ ! s\!rn "p ( ! pres5t ,%an-hsi1 & ext5d$ ov] ! ,yell[ riv] into ,ho-nan4 ,an invitation came to ,confucius1 l t :i* he _h =m]ly receiv$ f ,kung-%an ,fu-zao4 ,pi ,hsi1 an (fic] ( ,ts91 :o 0 hold+ ! t[n ( ,*ung-mau aga9/ 8 *ief1 invit$ him to visit him1 & ,confucius 0 incl9$ to g4 ,tsze-lu 0 always ! m5tor on su* occasions4 ,he said to him1 ',ma/]1 ,i h he>d y say1 #a ,see ! 1 1 p4 #f4 #b 4 ,see ,m5cius1 ,v4 ,pt4 ,i4 viii4 #c4 #c ,*iang ,yung dige/s 9 ?is place two fooli% /ories1-- ab\t a l>ge bone f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,yueh1 & a bird :i* appe>$ 9 ,*'ia & di$1 %ot ?r\gh ) a rem>kable arr[4 ,confucius knew all ab\t !m4 #d 4 #e 4 #f ,?is ia relat$ by ,sze-ma *'i5 1 p4 #g1 & also 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ,i w\ld fa9 believe x is n true4 ,! wond] is1 t no ,*9ese critic %\ld h set ab\t disprov+ x4 #g ,ana4 ,,xii4 x4 #h 4 t :5 a man 9 8 own p]son is guilty ( do+ evil1 a sup]ior man w n associate ) him4 ,pi ,hsi is 9 rebellion2 if y g to him1 :at %all be said8' ,confucius repli$1 ',yes1 ,i did use ^? words4 ,b is x n said t if a ?+ be really h>d1 x may be gr\nd )\t be+ made ?92 & if x be really :ite1 x may be /eep$ 9 a d>k fluid )\t be+ made black8 ,am ,i a bitt] g\rd8 ,am ,i to be hung up out ( ! way ( be+ eat5 #a8' ,^! s5tim5ts s\nd /rangely f 8 lips4 ,aft] all1 he did n g to ,pi ,hsi2 & hav+ travell$ z f> z ! ,yell[ riv] t he might see "o ( ! pr9cipal m9i/]s ( ,ts91 he he>d ( ! viol5t dea? ( two m5 ( wor?1 & return$ to ,wei1 lam5t+ ! fate :i* prev5t$ him f cross+ ! /ream1 & try+ to solace himself ) poetry z he _h done on leav+ ,lu4 ,aga9 did he communicate ) ! duke1 b z ineffectually1 & disgu/$ at be+ que/ion$ by him ab\t milit>y tactics1 he left & w5t back to ,*'an4 ,he resid$ 9 ,*'an all ! next ye>1 ,b4,c4 #dia1 )\t any?+ occurr+ !re :i* is wor?y ( note #b4 ,ev5ts _h transpir$ 9 ,lu1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 to issue 9 8 return to 8 native ,/ate4 ,! duke ,t+ _h deceas$ ,b4,c4 #did1 & ,*i ,hwan1 ! *ief ( ! ,*i family1 di$ 9 ?is ye>4 ,on 8 dea?-b$1 he felt remorse = 8 conduct to ,confucius1 & *>g$ 8 successor1 kn[n to u 9 ! ,analects z ,*i ,k'ang1 to recall ! sage2 b ! *>ge 0 n imm$iately fulfill$4 ,*i ,k'ang1 by ! advice ( "o ( 8 (fic]s1 s5t to ,*'an = ! disciple ,y5 ,*'iu in/ead4 ,confucius will+ly s5t him (f1 & w\ld gladly h accompani$ him4 ',let me return6' he said1 ',let me return #c6' ,b t 0 n to be = sev]al ye>s yet4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #dij1 accompani$1 z usual1 by sev]al ( 8 disciples1 he w5t f ,*'an to ,ts'ai1 a small dep5d5cy ( ! great fief ( ,*'u1 :i* occupi$ a l>ge "p ( ! pres5t prov9ces ( ,hu-nan & ,hu-pei4 ,on ! way1 betwe5 ,*'an & ,ts'ai1 _! provisions became exhau/$1 & !y 7 cut (f someh[ f obta9+ a fre% supply4 ,! disciples 7 q ov]come ) want1 & ,tsze-lu said to ! ma/]1 ',has ! sup]ior man inde$ to endure 9 ?is way8' ,confucius answ]$ him1 ',! sup]ior man may inde$ h to endure want2 b ! mean man l ,ana4 ,,xvii4 vii4 #b ,tso ,*'iu-m+1 inde$1 relates a /ory ( ,confucius1 on ! report ( a fire 9 ,lu1 tell+ ^: ance/ral temple _h be5 de/roy$ by x4 #c ,ana4 ,v4 xxi4 :5 he is 9 want1 gives way to unbridl$ lic5se #a4' ,accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' ! di/ress cont9u$ sev5 days1 dur+ :i* "t ,confucius reta9$ 8 equanimity1 & 0 ev5 *e]ful1 play+ on 8 lute & s++ #b4 ,he reta9$1 h[ev]1 a /rong impression ( ! p]ils ( ! season1 & we f9d him aft]w>ds recurr+ to x1 & lam5t+ t ( ! fri5ds t 7 ) him 9 ,*'an & ,ts'ai1 !re 7 none rema9+ to ent] 8 door #c4 ,escap$ f ?is /rait1 he rema9$ 9 ,ts'ai ov] ,b4,c4 #dhi1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> we f9d him 9 ,%eh1 ano!r di/rict ( ,*'u1 ! *ief ( :i* _h tak5 ! title ( duke1 accord+ to ! usurp+ policy ( t ,/ate4 ,puzzl$ ab\t 8 visitor1 he ask$ ,tsze-lu :at he %\ld ?9k ( him1 b ! disciple did n v5ture a reply4 ,:5 ,confucius he>d ( x1 he said to ,tsze-lu4 ',:y did y n say to him3-- ,he is simply a man :o 9 8 eag] pursuit ( k =gets 8 food1 :o 9 ! joy ( its atta9m5t =gets 8 sorr[s1 & :o does n p]ceive t old age is com+ on #d8' ,subsequ5tly1 ! duke1 9 conv]sation ) ,confucius1 ask$ him ab\t gov]nm5t1 & got ! reply1 dictat$ by "s circum/ances ( :i* we are ignorant1 ',good gov]nm5t obta9s1 :5 ^? :o are ne> are made happy1 & ^? :o are f> (f are attract$ #e' ,aft] a %ort /ay 9 ,%eh1 accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i51 he return$ to ,ts'ai1 & hav+ to dross a riv]1 he s5t ,tsze-lu to inquire = ! =d ( two m5 :o 7 at "w 9 a neighbor+ field4 ,!y 7 recluses1 m5 :o _h )drawn f public life 9 disgu/ at ! wayw>dness ( ! times4 ,"o ( !m 0 call$ ,*'ang-tsu1 & in/ead ( giv+ ,tsze-lu ! in=mation he want$1 he ask$ him1 ',:o is x t holds ! re9s 9 ! c>riage !re8' ',x is ,k'ung ,*'iu4' ',k'ung ,*'iu ( ,lu8' ',yes1' 0 ! reply1 & !n ! man rejo9$1 ',he kn[s ! =d4' ,tsze-lu appli$ to ! o!r1 :o 0 call$ ,*ieh-ni1 b got = answ] ! "q1 ',:o are y1 ,sir8' ,he repli$1 ',i am ,*ung ,yu4' ',*ung ,yu1 :o is ! disciple ( ,k'ung ,*'iu ( ,lu8' ',yes1' aga9 repli$ ,tsze-lu1 & ,*ieh-ni said to him1 ',disord]1 l a swell+ flood1 spreads ov] ! :ole k+dom1 #a ,ana4 ,,xv4 i4 #b1 #c4 #b 1 1 1 4 #c ,ana4 ,,xi4 ii4 #d ,ana4 ,,vii4 xviii4 #e ,ana4 ,,xiii4 xvi4 & :o is he t w *ange x = y8 ,?an foll[ "o :o m]ely )draws f ?is "o & t "o1 _h y n bett] foll[ ^? :o )draw f ! _w altoge!r8' ,) ?is he fell to cov]+ up ! se$1 & gave no m he$ to ! /rang]4 ,tsze-lu w5t back & report$ :at !y _h said1 :5 ,confucius v9dicat$ 8 own c\rse1 say+4 ',x is impossible to associate ) birds & bea/s z if !y 7 ! same ) u4 ,if ,i associate n ) ^! p1-- ) mank9d1-- ) :om %all ,i associate8 ,if "r pr9ciples prevail$ ?r\gh ! k+dom1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = me to *ange its /ate #a4' ,ab\t ! same "t he _h an enc\nt] ) ano!r recluse1 :o 0 kn[n z ',! madman ( ,*'u4' ,he pass$ by ! c>riage ( ,confucius1 s++ out1 ',o pho5ix1 ,o pho5ix1 h[ is y\r virtue deg5]at$6 ,z to ! pa/1 repro( is useless1 b ! future may be provid$ aga9/4 ,give up1 give up y\r va9 pursuit4' ,confucius alight$ & wi%$ to ent] into conv]sation ) him1 b ! man ha/5$ away #b4 ,b n[ ! att5tion ( ! rul] ( ,*'u -- k+1 z he /yl$ himself -- 0 direct$ to ! illu/ri\s /rang] :o 0 9 8 dom9ions1 & he met ,confucius & conduct$ him to 8 capital1 :i* 0 9 ! pres5t di/rict ( ,i-*'ang1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,hsiang-yang #c1 9 ,hu-pei4 ,aft] a "t1 he propos$ end[+ ! philosoph] ) a consid]able t]ritory1 b 0 dissuad$ by 8 prime m9i/]1 :o said to him1 ',has y\r maje/y any (fic] :o c\ld dis*>ge ! duties ( an ambassador l ,tsze-kung8 or any "o s qualifi$ = a premi] z ,y5 ,hui8 or any "o to comp>e z a g5]al ) ,tsze-lu8 ,! k+s ,wan & ,wu1 f _! h]$it>y dom9ions ( a hundr$ li1 rose to ! sov]eignty ( ! k+dom4 ,if ,k'ung ,*'iu1 ) su* disciples to be 8 m9i/]s1 get ! possession ( any t]ritory1 x w n be to ! prosp]ity ( ,*'u #d8 ,on ?is remon/rance ! k+ gave up 8 purpose2 &1 :5 he di$ 9 ! same ye>1 ,confucius left ! ,/ate1 & w5t back aga9 to ,wei4 ,! duke ,l+ _h di$ f\r ye>s be=e1 soon aft] ,confucius ,sideb> ,b4,c4 #dhi4 _h la/ p>t$ f him1 & ! reign+ duke1 kn[n to u by ! title ( ,*'u #e1 0 8 gr&son1 & 0 hold+ ! pr9cipality aga9/ 8 own fa!r4 ,! relations #a ,ana4 ,,xviii4 vi4 #b ,ana ,,xvii4 v4 #c 4 #d ,see ! 1 1 p4 #aj4 #e 4 betwe5 !m 7 r complicat$4 ,! fa!r _h be5 driv5 out 9 consequ5ce ( an attempt :i* he _h in/igat$ on ! life ( 8 /ep-"m1 ! notori\s ,nan-tsze1 & ! succession 0 giv5 to 8 son4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! fa!r want$ to reclaim :at he deem$ 8 "r1 & an unseemly /ruggle ensu$4 ,! duke ,*'u 0 consci\s h[ mu* 8 cause w\ld be /r5g!n$ by ! support ( ,confucius1 & h5ce :5 he got to ,wei1 ,tsze-lu c\ld say to him1 ',! pr9ce ( ,wei has be5 wait+ = y1 9 ord] ) y to adm9i/] ! gov]nm5t2-- :at w y consid] ! fir/ ?+ to be done #a8' ,! op9ion ( ! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 0 aga9/ ! propriety ( ! duke's c\rse #b1 & he decl9$ tak+ (fice ) him1 ?\gh he rema9$ 9 ,wei = betwe5 five & six ye>s4 ,dur+ all t "t !re is a blank 9 8 hi/ory4 ,9 ! v ye> ( 8 return1 accord+ to ! ',annals ( ! ,empire1' 8 mo/ belov$ disciple1 ,y5 ,hui1 di$1 on :i* occasion he exclaim$1 ',alas6 ,heav5 is de/roy+ me6 ,heav5 is de/roy+ me #c6' ,! dea? ( 8 wife is assign$ to ,b4,c4 #dhd1 b no?+ else is relat$ :i* we c connect ) ?is long p]iod4 #i4 ,8 return to ,lu 0 br\ght ab\t by ! disciple ,y5 ,yu1 :o1 we h se51 w5t into ! s]vice ( ,*i ,k'ang1 9 ,b4,c4 #dia4 ,sideb> ,f 8 return to ,lu to 8 dea?4 ,b4,c4 #dhd-dgh4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #dhc1 ,yu _h ! conduct ( "s milit>y op]ations aga9/ ,*'i1 & be+ successful1 ,*i ,k'ang ask$ him h[ he _h obta9$ 8 milit>y skill2-- 0 x f nature1 or by le>n+8 ,he repli$ t he _h le>n$ x f ,confucius1 & ent]$ into a gl[+ eulogy ( ! philosoph]4 ,! *ief decl>$ t he w\ld br+ ,confucius home aga9 to ,lu4 ',if y d s1' said ! disciple1 'see t y d n let mean m5 come betwe5 y & him4' ,on ?is ,k'ang s5t ?ree (fic]s ) appropriate pres5ts to ,wei1 to invite ! w&]] home1 & he return$ ) !m accord+ly #d4 ,?is ev5t took place 9 ! elev5? ye> ( ! duke ,ai #e1 :o succe$$ to ,t+1 & accord+ to ,k'ung ,fu1 ,confucius's desc5dant1 ! invitation proce$$ f him #f4 ,we may suppose t #a ,ana4 ,,xiii4 iii4 ,9 ! notes on ?is passage1 ,i h giv5 ,*u ,hsi's op9ion z to ! "t :5 ,tsze-lu made ?is rem>k4 ,x seems m correct1 h[ev]1 to ref] x to ,confucius's return to ,wei f ,*'u1 z is done by ,*iang ,yung4 #b ,ana4 ,,vii4 xiv4 #c ,ana4 ,,xi4 viii4 ,9 ! notes on ,ana4 ,,xi4 vii1 ,i h adv]t$ to ! *ronological difficulty connect$ ) ! dates assign$ respectively to ! dea?s ( ,y5 ,hui & ,confucius's own son1 ,li4 ,*iang ,yung assigns ,hui's dea? to ,b4,c4 #dha4 #d ,see ! 1 4 #e 4 #f ,see ,*iang ,yung's memoir1 9 loc4 :ile ,*i ,k'ang 0 ! mov] & director ( ! proce$+1 x 0 ) ! au?ority & approval ( ! duke4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! *ronicle ( ,tso ,*'iu-m+ z hav+ occurr$ at a v opportune "t4 ,! philosoph] _h be5 consult$ a little be=e by ,k'ung ,wan #a1 an (fic] ( ,wei1 ab\t h[ he %\ld conduct a feud ) ano!r (fic]1 & disgu/$ at be+ ref]r$ to on su* a subject1 _h ord]$ 8 c>riage & prep>$ to leave ! ,/ate1 exclaim+1 ',! bird *ooses its tree4 ,! tree does n *oose ! bird4' ,k'ung ,wan endeav\r$ to excuse himself1 & to prevail on ,confucius to rema9 9 ,wei1 & j at ?is juncture ! mess5g]s f ,lu arriv$ #b4 ,confucius 0 n[ 9 8 sixty-n9? ye>4 ,! _w _h n dealt k9dly ) him4 ,9 e ,/ate :i* he _h visit$ he _h met ) disappo9tm5t & sorr[4 ,only five m ye>s rema9$ to him1 nor 7 !y ( a bright] "* ?an ! pa/4 ,he _h1 inde$1 atta9$ to t /ate1 he tells u1 9 :i* 'he c\ld foll[ :at 8 he>t desir$ )\t transgress+ :at 0 "r #c1' b o!r p 7 n m incl9$ ?an !y _h be5 to abide by 8 c\nsels4 ,! duke ,ai & ,*i ,k'ang (t5 conv]s$ ) him1 b he no long] _h weight 9 ! guidance ( /ate affairs1 & wisely address$ himself to ! completion ( 8 lit]>y labors4 ,he wrote a preface1 accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i51 to ! ,%u-*+2 c>efully dige/$ ! rites & c]emonies det]m9$ by ! wisdom ( ! m anci5t sages & k+s2 collect$ & arrang$ ! anci5t poetry2 & und]took ! re=m ( music #d4 ,he has told u himself4 ',i return$ f ,wei to ,lu1 & !n ! music 0 re=m$1 & ! pieces 9 ! ,songs ( ! ,k+dom & ,praise ,songs f\nd all _! prop] place #e4' ,to ! ,yi-*+ he devot$ mu* /udy1 & ,sze-ma ,*'i5 says t ! lea!r ?ongs by :i* ! tablets ( 8 copy 7 b\nd toge!r 7 ?rice worn out4 ',if "s ye>s 7 add$ to my life1' he said1 ',i w\ld give fifty to ! /udy ( ! ,yi1 & !n ,i might come to be )\t great faults #f4' ,dur+ ?is "t also1 we may suppose t he suppli$ ,tsang ,%an ) ! mat]ials ( ! classic ( ,filial ,piety4 ,! same ye> t he return$1 ,*i ,kang s5t ,y5 ,yu to ask 8 op9ion ab\t an #a 1 ! same :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,analects1 ,v4 xiv4 #b ,see ! 1 4 #c ,ana4 ,,ii4 iv4 #f4 #d ,see ! 1 1 p4 #ab4 #e ,ana4 ,,ix4 xiv4 #f ,ana4 ,,vii4 xvi4 additional impo/ :i* he wi%$ to lay ^u ! p1 b ,confucius refus$ to give any reply1 tell+ ! disciple privately 8 disapproval ( ! propos$ measure4 ,x 0 c>ri$ out1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 by ! ag5cy ( ,y51 on :i* occasion1 ,i suppose1 x 0 t ,confucius said to ! o!r disciples1 ',he is no disciple ( m9e2 my little *ildr51 beat ! drum & assail him #a4' ,! ye> ,b4,c4 #dhc 0 m>k$ by ! dea? ( 8 son ,li1 :i* he seems to h borne ) m equanimity ?an he did t ( 8 disciple ,y5 ,hui1 :i* "s writ]s assign to ! foll[+ ye>1 ?\gh ,i h already m5tion$ x "u ! ye> ,b4,c4 #dhi4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ,b4,c4 #dha1 a s]vant ( ,*i ,k'ang caught a ,*'i-l9 on a hunt+ excursion ( ! duke 9 ! pres5t di/rict ( ,*ia-hsiang #b4 ,no p]son c\ld tell :at /range animal x 01 & ,confucius 0 call$ to look at x4 ,he at once knew x to be a l91 & ! leg5d-writ]s say t x bore on "o ( its horns ! piece ( ribbon1 :i* 8 "m _h atta*$ to ! "o t appe>$ to h] be=e 8 bir?4 ,accord+ to ! *ronicle ( ,kung-yang1 he 0 pr(\ndly affect$4 ,he cri$ out1 ',= :om h y come8 ,= :om h y come8' ,8 te>s fl[$ freely1 & he add$1 ',! c\rse ( my doctr9es is run #c4' ,not)/&+ ! appe>ance ( ! l91 ! life ( ,confucius 0 /ill protract$ = two ye>s long]1 ?\gh he took occasion to t]m9ate ) t ev5t 8 hi/ory ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu4 ,?is ,"w1 accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i51 0 altoge!r ! production ( ?is ye>1 b we he$ n suppose t x 0 s4 ,9 x1 f ! /&po9t ( ,lu1 he briefly indicates ! pr9cipal ev5ts occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 e t]m be+ expressive1 x is said1 ( ! true "* ( ! actors & ev5ts describ$4 ,confucius said himself1 ',x is ! ,spr+ & ,autumn :i* w make m5 "k me1 & x is ! ,spr+ & ,autumn :i* w make m5 condemn me #d4' ,m5cius makes ! composition ( x to h be5 an a*ievem5t z great z ,yu's regulation ( ! wat]s ( ! deluge3-- ',confucius complet$ ! ,spr+ & ,autumn1 & rebelli\s m9i/]s & villa9\s sons 7 /ruck ) t]ror #e4' ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is ye>1 ^w came to ,lu t ! duke #a ,ana4 ,,xi4 xvi4 #b 4 #c 1 4 ,accord+ to ,kung-yang1 h[ev]1 ! l9 0 f\nd by "s wood-ga!r]s4 #d ,m5cius ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ix4 #h4 #e ,m5cius ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ix4 #aa4 ( ,*'i _h be5 murd]$ by "o ( 8 (fic]s4 ,confucius 0 mov$ ) indignation4 ,su* an outrage he felt1 call$ = 8 solemn int]f]5ce4 ,he ba!d1 w5t to c\rt1 & repres5t$ ! matt] to ! duke1 say+1 ',*'an ,hang has sla9 8 sov]eign1 ,i beg t y w und]take to puni% him4' ,! duke plead$ 8 incapacity1 urg+ t ,lu 0 weak comp>$ ) ,*'i1 b ,confucius repli$1 ',"o half ! p ( ,*'i are n cons5t+ to ! de$4 ,if y add to ! p ( ,lu "o half ! p ( ,*'i1 y are sure to ov]come4' ,b he c\ld n infuse 8 _s into ! duke1 :o told him to g & lay ! matt] be=e ! *iefs ( ! ?ree ,families4 ,sorely aga9/ 8 s5se ( propriety1 he did s1 b !y w\ld n act1 & he )drew ) ! rem>k1 ',foll[+ 9 ! re> ( ! great (fic]s1 ,i did n d>e n to repres5t su* a matt] #a4' ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #dgi1 ,confucius _h to m\rn ! dea? ( ano!r ( 8 disciples1 "o ( ^? :o _h be5 longe/ ) him1 ! well-kn[n ,tsze-lu4 ,he /&s out a sort ( ,pet] 9 ! ,confucian s*ool1 a man ( impulse1 prompt to speak & prompt to act4 ,he gets _m a *eck f ! ma/]1 b !re is evid5tly a /rong sympa?y betwe5 !m4 ,tsze- lu uses a fre$om ) him on :i* none ( ! o!r disciples d>es to v5ture1 & !re is n "o among !m all1 = :om1 if ,i may speak f my own feel+1 ! =eign /ud5t comes to =m su* a lik+4 ,a pleasant picture is pres5t$ to u 9 "o passage ( ! ,analects4 ,x is said1 ',! disciple ,m9 0 /&+ by 8 side1 look+ bl& & precise2 ,tsze-lu 7nam$ ,yu71 look+ bold & soldi]ly2 ,y5 ,yu & ,tsze-kung1 ) a free & /raight=w>d mann]4 ,! ma/] 0 pleas$1 b he obs]v$1 ,yu !re6-- he w n die a natural dea? #b4' ,?is pr$iction 0 v]ifi$4 ,:5 ,confucius return$ to ,lu f ,wei1 he left ,tsze-lu & ,tsze-kao #c engag$ !re 9 (ficial s]vice4 ,tr\bles arose4 ,news came to ,lu1 ,b4,c4 #dgi1 t a revolution 0 9 progress 9 ,wei1 & :5 ,confucius he>d x1 he said1 ',*'ai w come "h1 b ,yu w die #d4' ,s x turn$ out4 ,:5 ,tsze-kao saw t matt]s 7 desp]ate he made 8 escape1 b ,tsze-lu w\ld n =sake ! *ief :o _h treat$ #a ,see ! 1 & ,analects ,,xiv4 xxii4 #b ,ana4 ,,xi4 xii4 #c 1 by surname ,kao 771 & "n ,*'ai 774 #d ,see ! 1 4 him well4 ,he ?rew himself into ! melee1 & 0 sla94 ,confucius wept sore = him1 b 8 own dea? 0 n f> (f4 ,x took place on ! elev5? day ( ! f\r? mon? 9 ! same ye>1 ,b4,c4 #dgi #a4 ,e>ly "o morn+1 we are told1 he got up1 & ) 8 h&s beh9d 8 back1 dragg+ 8 /aff1 he mov$ ab\t by 8 door1 croon+ ov]1-- ',! great m\nta9 mu/ crumble2 ,! /rong beam mu/ break2 ,& ! wise man )] away l a plant4' ,aft] a little1 he ent]$ ! h\se & sat d[n opposite ! door4 ,tsze-kung _h he>d 8 words1 & said to himself1 ',if ! great m\nta9 crumble1 to :at %all ,i look up8 ,if ! /rong beam break1 & ! wise man )] away1 on :om %all ,i lean8 ,! ma/]1 ,i fe>1 is go+ to be ill4' ,) ?is he ha/5$ into ! h\se4 ,confucius said to him1 ',ts'ze1 :at makes y s late8 ,accord+ to ! /atutes ( ,hsia1 ! corpse 0 dress$ & c(f9$ at ! top ( ! ea/]n /eps1 treat+ ! dead z if he 7 /ill ! ho/4 ,"u ! ,y91 ! c]emony 0 p]=m$ betwe5 ! two pill>s1 z if ! dead 7 bo? ho/ & gue/4 ,! rule ( ,*au is to p]=m x at ! top ( ! we/]n /eps1 treat+ ! dead z if he 7 a gue/4 ,i am a man ( ,y91 & la/ night ,i dreamt t ,i 0 sitt+ ) (f]+s be=e me betwe5 ! two pill>s4 ,no intellig5t mon>* arises2 !re is n "o 9 ! k+dom t w make me 8 ma/]4 ,my "t has come to die4' ,s x 04 ,he w5t to 8 c\*1 & aft] sev5 days expir$ #b4 ,su* is ! acc\nt :i* we h ( ! la/ h\rs ( ! great philosoph] ( ,*9a4 ,8 end 0 n unimpressive1 b x 0 melan*oly4 ,he sank beh9d a cl\d4 ,disappo9t$ hopes made 8 s\l bitt]4 ,! great ones ( ! k+dom _h n receiv$ 8 tea*+s4 ,no wife nor *ild 0 by to d ! k9dly (fices ( affection = him4 ,nor 7 ! expectations ( ano!r life pres5t ) him z he pass$ ?r\gh ! d>k valley4 ,he utt]$ no pray]1 & he betray$ no appreh5sions4 ,deep-treasur$ 9 8 own he>t may h be5 ! ?\ght t he _h endeav\r$ to s]ve 8 g5]ation by ! w ( ,god1 b he gave no sign4 ',! m\nta9 fall+ came to n\ght1 & ! rock 0 remov$ #a ,see ! 1 1 & ,*iang ,yung's ,life ( ,confucius1 9 loc4 #b ,see ! ,li ,*i1 ,,ii1 ,sect4 ,i4 ii4 #bj4 out ( 8 place4 ,s dea? prevail$ aga9/ him & he pass$2 8 c\nt5ance 0 *ang$1 & he 0 s5t away4' #aj4 ,i flatt] myself t ! prec$+ p>agraphs conta9 a m correct n>rative ( ! pr9cipal incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,confucius ?an has yet be5 giv5 9 any ,european language4 ,!y might easily h be5 exp&$ into a volume1 b ,i did n wi% to exhau/ ! subject1 b only to furni% a sket*1 :i*1 :ile x might satisfy ! g5]al read]1 w\ld be ( special assi/ance to ! c>eful /ud5t ( ! classical ,books4 ,i _h tak5 _m notes ( ! manife/ errors 9 reg>d to *ronology & o!r matt]s 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' & ! *apt] ( ,sze-ma ,*'i5 on ! ,k'ung family1 :5 ! dige/ ( ,*iang ,yung1 to :i* ,i h made frequ5t ref]5ce1 attract$ my att5tion4 ,conclusions to :i* ,i _h come 7 confirm$1 & a clue 0 furni%$ to difficulties :i* ,i 0 seek+ to dis5tangle4 ,i take ! opportunity to ackn[l$ge "h my obligations to x4 ,) a few notices ( ,confucius's habits & mann]s1 ,i %all conclude ?is section4 ,v little c be ga!r$ f reliable s\rces on ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! sage4 ,! height ( 8 fa!r is /at$1 z ,i h not$1 to h be5 t5 feet1 & ?\gh ,confucius came %ort ( ?is by f\r in*es1 he 0 (t5 call$ '! tall man4' ,x is all[$ t ! anci5t foot or cubit 0 %ort] ?an ! modem1 b x mu/ be r$uc$ m ?an any s*ol> ,i h consult$ has yet done1 to br+ ?is /atem5t )9 ! range ( cr$ibility4 ,! leg5ds assign to 8 figure 'n9e-&-=ty rem>kable peculi>ities #a1' a t5? "p ( :i* w\ld h made him m a mon/] ?an a man4 ,dr4 ,morrison says t ! images ( him :i* he _h se5 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,*9a1 repres5t him z ( a d>k1 sw>?y col\r #b4 ,x is n s ) ^? common 9 ! s\?4 ,he 01 no d\bt1 9 size & complexion mu* ! same z _m ( 8 desc5dants 9 ! pres5t day4 ,dr4 ,edk9s & myself enjoy$ ! s]vices ( two ( ^? desc5dants1 :o act$ z ':eel]s' 9 ! :eelb>r[s :i* convey$ u f ,*'u-fau to a t[n on ! ,gr& ,canal m ?an #bej miles (f4 ,!y 7 /rong1 capable m51 bo? physically & m5tally sup]ior to _! companions4 #a 4 #b ,*9ese & ,engli% ,diction>y1 *>4 4 ,sir ,john ,davis also m5tions see+ a figure ( ,confucius1 9 a temple ne> ! ,po-yang lake1 ( :i* ! complexion 0 'q black' 7,! ,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff74 ,b if 8 disciples _h no?+ to *ronicle ( 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 !y h gone v m9utely into an acc\nt ( _m ( 8 habits4 ,! t5? ,book ( ! ,analects is all occupi$ ) 8 deportm5t1 8 eat+1 & 8 dress4 ,9 public1 :e!r 9 ! village1 ! temple1 or ! c\rt1 he 0 ! man ( rule & c]emony1 b 'at home he 0 n =mal4' ,yet if n =mal1 he 0 p>ticul>4 ,9 b$ ev5 he did n =get himself2-- 'he did n lie l a corpse1' & 'he did n speak4' ',he requir$ 8 sleep+ dress to be half z long aga9 z 8 body4' ',if he happ5$ to be sick1 & ! pr9ce came to visit him1 he _h 8 face set to ! ea/1 made 8 c\rt robes be put ov] him1 & drew 8 girdle across !m4' ,he 0 nice 9 8 diet1-- 'n dislik+ to h 8 rice dress$ f9e1 nor to h 8 m9c$ meat cut small4' ',any?+ at all gone he w\ld n t\*4' ',he mu/ h 8 meat cut prop]ly1 & to e k9d its prop] sauce2 b he 0 n a great eat]4' ',x 0 only 9 dr9k t he laid d[n no limit to himself1 b he did n all[ himself to be confus$ by x4' ',:5 ! villag]s 7 dr9k+ toge!r1 on ^? :o c>ri$ /affs go+ out1 he w5t out imm$iately aft]4' ,!re mu/ always be g+] at ! table1 & ':5 eat+1 he did n conv]se4' ',al?\gh 8 food might be co>se rice & poor s\p1 he w\ld (f] a little ( x 9 sacrifice1 ) a grave1 respectful air4' ',on occasion ( a sudd5 clap ( ?und]1 or a viol5t w9d1 he w\ld *ange c\nt5ance4 ,he w\ld d ! same1 & rise up moreov]1 :5 he f\nd himself a gue/ at a load$ bo>d4' ',at ! sight ( a p]son 9 m\rn+1 he w\ld also *ange c\nt5ance1 & if he happ5$ to be 9 8 c>riage1 he w\ld b5d =w>d ) a respectful salutation4' ',8 g5]al way 9 8 c>riage 0 n to turn 8 head r\nd1 nor talk ha/ily1 nor po9t ) 8 h&s4' ,he 0 *>itable4 ',:5 any ( 8 fri5ds di$1 if !re 7 no relations :o c\ld be dep5d$ on = ! necess>y (fices1 he w\ld say1 ,i w bury him4 ',! disciples 7 s c>eful to record ^! & o!r *>act]i/ics ( _! ma/]1 x is said1 because e act1 ( movem5t or ( re/1 0 closely associat$ ) ! great pr9ciples :i* x 0 8 object to inculcate4 ,! detail ( s _m small matt]s1 h[ev]1 h>dly impresses a =eign] s fav\rably4 ,!re r seems to be a want ( fre$om ab\t ! philosoph]4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,& ,,op9ions4 #a4 ,confucius di$1 we h se51 compla9+ t ( all ! pr9ces ( ! k+dom !re 0 n "o :o w\ld adopt 8 ,sideb> ,homage r5d]$ to ,confucius by ! sov]eigns ( ,*9a4 pr9ciples & obey 8 lessons4 ,he _h h>dly pass$ f ! /age ( life1 :5 8 m]it began to be ackn[l$g$4 ,:5 ! duke ,ai he>d ( 8 dea?1 he pron\nc$ 8 eulogy 9 ! words1 ',heav5 has n left to me ! ag$ man4 ,!re is none n[ to assi/ me on ! ?rone4 ,woe is me6 ,alas6 ,o v5]able ,ni #a6' ,tsze-kung compla9$ ( ! inconsi/5cy ( ?is lam5tation f "o :o c\ld n use ! ma/] :5 he 0 alive1 b ! pr9ce 0 probably s9c]e 9 8 grief4 ,he caus$ a temple to be erect$1 & ord]$ t sacrifice %\ld be (f]$ to ! sage1 at ! f\r seasons ( ! ye> #b4 ,! sov]eigns ( ! tott]+ dyna/y ( ,*au _h n ! intellig5ce1 nor 7 !y 9 a position1 to d hon\r to ! dep>t$ philosoph]1 b ! facts detail$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ^! prolegom5a1 9 connexion ) ! attempt ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y to de/roy ! lit]>y monum5ts ( antiquity1 %[ h[ ! au?ority ( ,confucius _h come by t "t to prevail ?r\gh ! nation4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,han dyna/y1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ,lu1 ,b4,c4 #aie1 visit$ 8 tomb & (f]$ ! ?ree victims 9 sacrifice to him4 ,o!r sov]eigns s9ce !n h (t5 made pilgrimages to ! spot4 ,! mo/ fam\s temple 9 ! empire n[ rises ne> ! place ( ! grave4 ,! second & greate/ ( ! rul]s ( ! pres5t dyna/y1 9 ! tw5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 reign1 ! ,k'ang-hsi p]iod1 !re set ! example ( kneel+ ?rice1 & ea* "t lay+ 8 =ehead ?rice 9 ! du/1 be=e ! image ( ! sage4 ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #a1 began ! practice ( conf]r+ hon\r>y designations on ,confucius by imp]ial au?ority4 ,! emp]or ,p+ #c !n /yl$ him-- ',! duke ,ni1 all-complete & l ,li ,*i1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 iii4 #dc4 ,?is eulogy is f\nd at great] l5g? 9 ! 1 imm$iately aft] ! notice ( ! sage's dea?4 #b ,see ! 1 1 art4 on ,confucius4 ,i am indebt$ to ?is = mo/ ( ! notices 9 ?is p>agraph4 #c 4 illu/ri\s #a4' ,?is 0 *ang$1 9 ,a4,d4 #dib1 to-- ',! v5]able ,ni1 ! accompli%$ ,sage #b4' ,o!r titles h supplant$ ?is4 ,%un-*ih #c1 ! fir/ ( ! ,man-*au dyna/y1 adopt$1 9 8 second ye>1 ,a4,d4 #afde1 ! /yle1 ',k'ung1 ! anci5t ,tea*]1 accompli%$ & illu/ri\s1 all- complete1 ! p]fect ,sage #d2' b twelve ye>s lat]1 a %ort] title 0 introduc$1-- ',k'ung1 ! anci5t ,tea*]1 ! p]fect ,sage #e4' ,s9ce t ye> no fur!r alt]ation has be5 made4 ,at fir/1 ! wor%ip ( ,confucius 0 conf9$ to ! c\ntry ( ,lu1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #eg x 0 enact$ t sacrifices %\ld be (f]$ to him 9 ! imp]ial college1 & 9 all ! colleges ( ! pr9cipal t]ritorial divisions ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,9 ^? sacrifices he 0 = "s c5turies associat$ ) ! duke ( ,*au1 ! legislator to :om ,confucius made frequ5t ref]5ce1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #fji sep>ate temples 7 assign$ to !m1 & 9 #fbh our sage displac$ ! old] wor?y altoge!r4 ,ab\t ! same "t began ! cu/om1 :i* cont9ues to ! pres5t day1 ( erect+ temples to him1-- sep>ate /ructures1 9 connexion ) all ! colleges1 or exam9ation-halls1 ( ! c\ntry4 ,! sage is n alone 9 ^? temples4 ,9 a hall beh9d ! pr9cipal "o occupi$ by himself are ! tablets -- 9 "s cases1 ! images -- ( sev]al ( 8 ance/ors1 & o!r wor?ies2 :ile associat$ ) himself are 8 pr9cipal disciples1 & _m :o 9 subsequ5t times h signaliz$ !mselves z exp\nd]s & exemplifi]s ( 8 doctr9es4 ,on ! fir/ day ( e mon?1 (f]+s ( fruits & vegetables are set =?1 & on ! fifte5? !re is a solemn burn+ ( inc5se4 ,b twice a ye>1 9 ! middle mon?s ( spr+ & autumn1 :5 ! fir/ t+ day #f ( ! mon? comes r\nd1 ! wor%ip ( ,confucius is p]=m$ ) peculi> solemnity4 ,at ! imp]ial college ! emp]or himself is requir$ to att5d 9 /ate1 & is 9 fact ! pr9cipal p]=m]4 ,aft] all ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts h be5 made1 & ! emp]or has twice knelt & six times b[$ 8 head to ! e>?1 ! pres5ce ( ,confucius's _s is invok$ 9 ! words1 ',great art ?\1 ,o p]fect sage6 ,?y virtue is full2 ?y doctr9e is complete4 ,among mortal m5 !re has n be5 ?9e equal4 ,all k+s hon\r !e4 ,?y /atutes & laws h come glori\sly #a 4 #b 4 #c 4 #d 1 1 #e #f d[n4 ,?\ art ! patt]n 9 ?is imp]ial s*ool4 ,rev]5tly h ! sacrificial vessels be5 set out4 ,full ( awe1 we s\nd our drums & bells #a4' ,! _s is suppos$ n[ to be pres5t1 & ! s]vice proce$s ?r\gh v>i\s (f]+s1 :5 ! fir/ ( :i* has be5 set =?1 an (fic] reads ! foll[+ #b1 :i* is ! pray] on ! occasion3-- ',on ?is 444 mon? ( ?is 444 ye>1 ,i1 ,a4,b41 ! emp]or1 (f] a sacrifice to ! philosoph] ,k'ung1 ! anci5t ,tea*]1 ! p]fect ,sage1 & say1-- ,o ,tea*]1 9 virtue equal to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ^: doctr9es embrace ! pa/ "t & ! pres5t1 ?\ did/ dige/ & transmit ! six classics1 & did/ h& d[n lessons = all g5]ations6 ,n[ 9 ?is second mon? ( spr+ 7or autumn71 9 rev]5t obs]vance ( ! old /atutes1 ) victims1 silks1 spirits1 & fruits1 ,i c>efully (f] sacrifice to !e4 ,) !e are associat$ ! philosoph] ,y51 ,cont9uator ( !e2 ! philosoph] ,tsang1 ,exhibit] ( ?y fundam5tal pr9ciples2 ! philosoph] ,tsze-sze1 ,transmitt] ( !e2 & ! philosoph] ,mang1 ,second to !e4 ,may'/ ?\ enjoy ! (f]+s6' ,i ne$ n g on to enl>ge on ! homage :i* ! emp]ors ( ,*9a r5d] to ,confucius4 ,x c\ld n be m complete4 ,he 0 unreasonably neglect$ :5 alive4 ,he is n[ unreasonably v5]at$ :5 dead4 #b4 ,! rul]s ( ,*9a are n s+ul> 9 ?is matt]1 b 9 entire sympa?y ) ! mass ( _! p4 ,x is ! di/9ction ,sideb> ,g5]al appreciation ( ,confucius4 ( ?is empire t education has be5 highly priz$ 9 x f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x 0 s be=e ! era ( ,confucius1 & we may be sure t ! sy/em met ) 8 approbation4 ,"o ( 8 rem>kable say+s 01-- ',to lead an un9/ruct$ p to w> is to ?r[ !m away #c4' ,:5 he pron\nc$ ?is judgm5t1 he 0 n ?9k+ ( milit>y tra9+1 b ( education 9 ! duties ( life & citiz5%ip4 ,a p s taught1 he ?\ght1 w\ld be morally fitt$ to fight = _! gov]nm5t4 ,m5cius1 :5 lectur+ to ! rul] ( ,t'ang on ! prop] way ( gov]n+ a k+dom1 told him t he mu/ provide ! means ( education = all1 ! poor z well z ! ri*4 ',e/abli%1' said he1 'hsiang1 hsu1 hsio1 & hsiao1-- all ^? educational in/itutions1-- = ! in/ruction ( ! p #d4' #a #b ,see ! 4 #c ,ana4 ,,xiii4 xxx4 #d ,m5cius ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,i4 iii4 #aj4 ,at ! pres5t day1 education is widely diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,*9a4 ,9 few o!r c\ntries is ! s*oolma/] m abroad1 & 9 all s*ools x is ,confucius :o is taught4 ,! plan ( competitive exam9ations1 & ! selection = civil (fices only f ^? :o h be5 successful c&idates1-- good s f> z ! competition is conc]n$1 b injuri\s f ! re/rict$ range ( subjects ) :i* an acqua9tance is requir$1-- h obta9$ = m ?an twelve c5turies4 ,! classical works are ! text books4 ,x is f !m almo/ exclusively t ! !mes propos$ to det]m9e ! k & ability ( ! /ud5ts are *os54 ,! :ole ( ! magi/racy ( ,*9a is ?us v]s$ 9 all t is record$ ( ! sage1 & 9 ! anci5t lit]ature :i* he pres]v$4 ,8 ?\ghts are famili> to e man 9 au?ority1 & 8 "* is m or less reproduc$ 9 him4 ,! (ficial civilians ( ,*9a1 num]\s z !y are1 are b a fraction ( its /ud5ts1 & ! /ud5ts1 or ^? :o make lit]ature a pr(ession1 are aga9 b a fraction ( ^? :o att5d s*ool = a %ort] or long] p]iod4 ,yet s f> z ! /udies h gone1 !y h be5 occupi$ ) ! ,confucian writ+s4 ,9 ! s*oolrooms !re is a tablet or inscription on ! wall1 sacr$ to ! sage1 & e pupil is requir$1 on com+ to s*ool on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ & fifte5? ( e mon?1 to b[ be=e x1 ! fir/ ?+1 z an act ( rev]5ce #a4 ,?us all 9 ,*9a :o receive ! slighte/ t9cture ( le>n+ d s at ! f\nta9 ( ,confucius4 ,!y le>n ( him & d homage to him at once4 ,i h repeat$ly quot$ ! /atem5t t dur+ 8 life-"t he _h ?ree ?\s& disciples4 ,hundr$s ( millions are 8 disciples n[4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to make any all[ance 9 ?is /atem5t = ! foll[]s ( ,taoism & ,buddhism1 =1 z ,sir ,john ,davis has obs]v$1 ':atev] ! o!r op9ions or fai? ( a ,*9ese may be1 he takes good c>e to treat ,confucius ) respect #b4' ,= two ?\s& ye>s he has reign$ supreme1 ! undisput$ tea*] ( ?is mo/ popul\s l&4 #c4 ,?is position & influ5ce ( ,confucius are to be ascrib$1 ,i conceive1 *iefly to two causes3-- 8 be+ ! pres]v]1 namely ( l ,dur+ ! pres5t dyna/y1 ! tablet ( 1 ! god ( lit]ature1 has to a consid]able ext5t displac$ t ( ,confucius 9 s*ools4 ,yet ! wor%ip ( him does n cla% ) t ( ! o!r4 ,he is '! fa!r' ( composition only4 #b ,! ,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #de4 ! monum5ts ( antiquity1 & ! exemplifi] & exp\nd] ( ,sideb> ,! causes ( 8 influ5ce4 ! maxims ( ! gold5 age ( ,*9a2 & ! devotion to him ( 8 imm$iate disciples & _! e>ly foll[]s4 ,! national & ! p]sonal are ?us bl5d$ 9 him1 ea* 9 its highe/ degree ( excell5ce4 ,he 0 a ,*9ese ( ! ,*9ese2 he is also repres5t$ z1 & all n[ believe him to h be51 ! beau ideal ( humanity 9 its be/ & noble/ e/ate4 #d4 ,x may be well to br+ =w>d "h ,confucius's own e/imate ( himself & ( 8 doctr9es4 ,x w s]ve to illu/rate ! ,sideb> ,8 own e/imate ( himself & ( 8 doctr9es4 /atem5ts j made4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( 8 say+s3-- ',! sage & ! man ( p]fect virtue2-- h[ d>e ,i rank myself ) !m8 ,x may simply be said ( me1 t ,i /rive to become su* )\t satiety1 & tea* o!rs )\t we>9ess4' ',9 lett]s ,i am p]haps equal to o!r m52 b ! "* ( ! sup]ior man1 c>ry+ out 9 8 conduct :at he pr(esses1 is :at ,i h n yet atta9$ to4' ',! leav+ virtue )\t prop] cultivation2 ! n ?or\ghly discuss+ :at is le>n$2 n be+ able to move t[>ds righte\sness ( :i* a k is ga9$2 & n be+ able to *ange :at is n good2-- ^! are ! ?+s :i* occasion me solicitude4' ',i am n "o :o 0 born 9 ! possession ( k2 ,i am "o :o is fond ( antiquity & e>ne/ 9 seek+ x !re4' ',a transmitt] & n a mak]1 believ+ 9 & lov+ ! anci5ts1 ,i v5ture to comp>e myself ) our old ,p'ang #a4' ,confucius _c be ?\ght to speak ( himself 9 ^! decl>ations m highly ?an he ought to d4 ,r we may recognise 9 !m ! expressions ( a g5u9e humility4 ,he 0 consci\s t p]sonally he came %ort 9 _m ?+s1 b he toil$ aft] ! "*1 :i* he saw1 or fanci$ t he saw1 9 ! anci5t sages :om he ackn[l$g$2 & ! lessons ( gov]nm5t & morals :i* he labor$ to diffuse 7 ^? :i* _h already be5 inculcat$ & exhibit$ by !m4 ,emphatically he 0 'a transmitt] & n a mak]4' ,x is n to be und]/ood t he 0 n fully satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples :i* he _h le>n$4 ,he held !m ) ! full approval & cons5t ( 8 own und]/&+4 ,he believ$ t if !y 7 act$ on1 !y w\ld rem$y ! evils ( 8 "t4 #a ,all ^! passages are tak5 f ! sev5? ,book ( ! ,analects4 ,see *apt]s xxxiii1 xxxii1 iii1 xix1 & i4 ,!re 0 no?+ to prev5t rul]s l ,yao & ,%un & ! great ,yu f aga9 aris+1 & a condition ( happy tranquillity be+ realiz$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom "u _! sway4 ,if 9 any?+ he ?\ght himself 'sup]ior & alone1' hav+ attributes :i* o!rs c\ld n claim1 x 0 9 8 possess+ a div9e commission z ! cons]vator ( anci5t tru? & rules4 ,he does n speak v def9itely on ?is po9t4 ,x is not$ t '! appo9tm5ts ( ,heav5 0 "o ( ! subjects on :i* he r>ely t\*$ #a4' ,8 mo/ rem>kable utt]ance 0 t :i* ,i h already giv5 9 ! sket* ( 8 ,life3-- ',:5 he 0 put 9 fe> 9 ,k'wang1 he said1 ,aft] ! dea? ( k+ ,wan1 0 n ! cause ( tru? lodg$ "h 9 me8 ,if ,heav5 _h wi%$ to let ?is cause ( tru? p]i%1 !n ,i1 a future mortal1 %\ld n h got su* a relation to t cause4 ,:ile ,heav5 does n let ! cause ( tru? p]i%1 :at c ! p ( ,k'wang d to me #b8' ,confucius1 !n1 did feel t he 0 9 ! _w = a special purpose4 ,b x 0 n to ann\nce any new tru?s1 or to initiate any new economy4 ,x 0 to prev5t :at _h previ\sly be5 kn[n f be+ lo/4 ,he foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ,yao & ,%un1 ( ,t'ang1 & k+ ,wan4 ,di/ant f ! la/ by a long int]val ( "t1 he w\ld h said t he 0 di/ant f him also by a great inf]iority ( "*1 b /ill he _h le>n$ ! pr9ciples on :i* !y all happily gov]n$ ! c\ntry1 & 9 _! "n he w\ld lift up a /&>d aga9/ ! prevail+ lawlessness ( 8 age4 #e4 ,! language employ$ ) ref]5ce to ,confucius by 8 disciples & _! e>ly foll[]s pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ ) 8 own4 ,sideb> ,e/imate ( him by 8 disciples & _! e>ly foll[]s4 ,i h already1 9 writ+ ( ! scope & value ( ',! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1' call$ att5tion to ! extravagant eulogies ( 8 gr&son ,tsze- sze4 ,he only foll[$ ! example :i* _h be5 set by ^? among :om ! philosoph] w5t 9 & out4 ,we h ! language ( ,y5 ,yuan1 8 fav\rite1 :i* is comp>atively mod]ate1 & simply expresses ! g5u9e admiration ( a devot$ pupil #c4 ,tsze-kung on sev]al occasions spoke 9 a diff]5t /yle4 ,hav+ he>d t "o ( ! *iefs ( ,lu _h said t he himself -- ,tsze-kung -- 0 sup]ior to ,confucius1 he obs]v$1 ',let me use ! comp>ison ( a h\se & its encompass+ wall4 ,my wall #a ,ana4 ,,ix4 i4 #b ,ana4 ,,ix4 iii4 #c ,ana4 ,,ix4 x4 only rea*es to ! %\ld]s4 ,"o may peep ov] x1 & see :atev] is valuable 9 ! ap>tm5ts4 ,! wall ( my ma/] is sev]al fa?oms high4 ,if "o d n f9d ! door & ent] by x1 he _c see ! ri* ance/ral temple ) its beauties1 nor all ! (fic]s 9 _! ri* array4 ,b ,i may assume t !y are few :o f9d ! door4 ,! rem>k ( ! *ief 0 only :at might h be5 expect$ #a' ,ano!r "t1 ! same individual hav+ spok5 revil+ly ( ,confucius1 ,tsze-kung said1 ',x is ( no use do+ s4 ,*ung-ni _c be revil$4 ,! tal5ts & virtue ( o!r m5 are hillocks & m\nds :i* may be /epp$ ov]4 ,*ung-ni is ! sun or moon1 :i* x is n possible to /ep ov]4 ,al?\gh a man may wi% to cut himself (f f ! sage1 :at h>m c he d to ! sun & moon8 ,he only %[s t he does n "k 8 own capacity #b4' ,9 conv]sation ) a fell[-disciple1 ,tsze-kung took a /ill high] flight4 ,be+ *>g$ by ,tsze-*'9 ) be+ too mode/1 = t ,confucius 0 n really sup]ior to him1 he repli$1 ',= "o ^w a man is (t5 deem$ to be wise1 & = "o ^w he is (t5 deem$ to be fooli%4 ,we ought to be c>eful inde$ 9 :at we say4 ,our ma/] _c be atta9$ to1 j 9 ! same way z ! heav5s _c be gone up to by ! /eps ( a /air4 ,7 our ma/] 9 ! position ( ! pr9ce ( a ,/ate1 or ! *ief ( a ,family1 we %\ld f9d v]ifi$ ! description :i* has be5 giv5 ( a sage's rule3-- ,he w\ld plant ! p1 & =?) !y w\ld be e/abli%$2 he w\ld lead !m on1 & =?) !y w\ld foll[ him2 he w\ld make !m happy1 & =?) multitudes w\ld resort to 8 dom9ions2 he w\ld /imulate !m1 & =?) !y w\ld be h>moni\s4 ,:ile he liv$1 he w\ld be glori\s4 ,:5 he di$1 he w\ld be bitt]ly lam5t$4 ,h[ is x possible = him to be atta9$ to #c8' ,f ^! repres5tations ( ,tsze-kung1 x 0 n a difficult /ep = ,tsze-sze to take 9 exalt+ ,confucius n only to ! level ( ! anci5t sages1 b z '! equal ( ,heav54' ,& ,m5cius took up ! !me4 ,be+ que/ion$ by ,kung-sun ,*'au1 "o ( 8 disciples1 ab\t two ackn[l$g$ sages1 ,po-i & ,i ,y91 :e!r !y 7 to be plac$ 9 ! same rank ) ,confucius1 he repli$1 ',no4 ,s9ce !re 7 liv+ m5 until n[1 !re nev] 0 ano!r ,confucius2' & !n he proce$$ to =tify 8 #a ,ana4 ,,xix4 xxiii4 #b ,ana4 ,,xix4 xxiv4 #c ,ana4 ,,xix4 xxv4 op9ion by ! concurr+ te/imony ( ,tsai ,wo1 ,tsze-kung1 & ,yu ,zo1 :o all _h wisdom1 he ?\ght1 suffici5t to "k _! ma/]4 ,tsai ,wo's op9ion 01 ',accord+ to my view ( our ma/]1 he is f> sup]ior to ,yao & ,%un4' ,tsze-kung said1 ',by view+ ! c]emonial ord9ances ( a pr9ce1 we "k ! "* ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,by he>+ 8 music1 we "k ! "* ( 8 virtue4 ,f ! di/ance ( a hundr$ ages aft]1 ,i c arrange1 accord+ to _! m]its1 ! k+s ( ^? hundr$ ages2-- n "o ( !m c escape me4 ,f ! bir? ( mank9d till n[1 !re has nev] be5 ano!r l our ma/]4' ,yu ,zo said1 ',is x only among m5 t x is s8 ,!re is ! *'i-l9 among quadrup$s2 ! fung-hwang among birds2 ! ,t'ai m\nta9 among m\nds & ant-hills2 & riv]s & seas among ra9pools4 ,?\gh diff]5t 9 degree1 !y are ! same 9 k9d4 ,s ! sages among mank9d are also ! same 9 k9d4 ,b !y /& out f _! fell[s1 & rise above ! level2 & f ! bir? ( mank9d till n[1 !re nev] has be5 "o s complete z ,confucius #a4' ,i w n indulge 9 f>!r illu/ration4 ,! judgm5t ( ! sage's disciples1 ( ,tsze-sze1 & ( ,m5cius1 has be5 un*all5g$ by ! mass ( ! s*ol>s ( ,*9a4 ,d\btless x pleases !m to b[ d[n at ! %r9e ( ! ,sage1 = _! pr(ession ( lit]ature is !reby glorifi$4 ,a reflection ( ! hon\r done to him falls ^u !mselves4 ,& ! p[]s t be1 & ! multitudes ( ! p1 fall 9 ) ! judgm5t4 ,confucius is ?us1 9 ! empire ( ,*9a1 ! "o man by :om all possible p]sonal excell5ce 0 exemplifi$1 & by :om all possible lessons ( social virtue & political wisdom are taught4 #f4 ,! read] w be prep>$ by ! prec$+ acc\nt n to expect to f9d any light ?r[n by ,confucius on ! great problems ( ! human condition & de/9y4 ,he did n speculate on ! creation ( ?+s or ! end ( !m4 ,he 0 n tr\bl$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( man1 nor did he seek to "k ab\t 8 h]eaft]4 ,he m$dl$ nei!r ) physics nor metaphysics #b4 ,sideb> ,subjects on :i* ,confucius did n treat4-- ,t he 0 unreligi\s1 unspiritual1 & op5 to ! *>ge ( ins9c]ity4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,analects ab\t ! subjects ( 8 tea*+ is ! foll[+3-- ',8 frequ5t !mes ( disc\rse 7 ! ,book #a ,m5cius1 ,,ii4 ,pt4 ,i4 ii4 #bc-bh4 #b ',! cont5ts ( ! ,yi-*+1 & ,confucius's labors ^u x1 may be object$ 9 opposition to ?is /atem5t1 & ,i mu/ be und]/ood to make x ) come res]vation4 ,six ye>s ago1 ,i sp5t all my leisure "t = twelve mon?s 9 ! /udy ( t ,"w1 & wrote out a translation ( x1 b at ! close ,i 0 only grop+ my way 9 d>kness to lay hold ( footnote cont9u$ next page4 ( ,poetry1 ! ,book ( ,hi/ory1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! rules ( ,propriety4' ',he taught lett]s1 e?ics1 devotion ( s\l1 & tru?fulness4' ',extraord9>y ?+s2 feats ( /r5g?2 /ates ( disord]2 & spiritual be+s1 he did n l to talk ab\t #a4' ,confucius is n to be blam$ = 8 sil5ce on ! subjects "h indicat$4 ,8 ignorance ( !m 0 to a great ext5t 8 mis=tune4 ,he _h n le>n$ !m4 ,no report ( !m _h come to him by ! e>2 no vision ( !m by ! eye4 ,& to 8 practical m9d ! toil+ ( ?\ght amid unc]ta9ties seem$ worse ?an useless4 ,! "q has1 inde$1 be5 rais$1 :e!r he did n make *anges 9 ! anci5t cre$ ( ,*9a #b1 b ,i _c believe t he did s consci\sly & design$ly4 ,_h 8 idiosyncrasy be5 diff]5t1 we might h _h expositions ( ! anci5t views on "s po9ts1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld h be5 m b5eficial ?an ! indef9it5ess 9 :i* !y are n[ left1 & x may be d\bt$ s f>1 :e!r ,confucius 0 n unfai?ful to 8 guides4 ,b t he suppress$ or add$1 9 ord] to br+ 9 articles ( belief orig9at+ ) himself1 is a ?+ n to be *>g$ aga9/ him4 ,i w m5tion two important subjects 9 reg>d to :i* !re is a conviction 9 my m9d t he came %ort ( ! fai? ( ! old] sages4 ,! fir/ is ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,?is "n is common 9 ! ,%ih-*+ & ,%u-*+4 ,ti or ,%ang-,ti appe>s !re z a p]sonal be+1 rul+ 9 heav5 & on e>?1 ! au?or ( man's moral nature1 ! gov]nor among ! nations1 by :om k+s reign & pr9ces decree ju/ice1 ! rew>d] ( ! good1 & ! puni%] ( ! bad4 ,confucius pref]r$ to speak ( ,heav54 ,in/ances h already be5 giv5 ( ?is4 ,two o!rs may be cit$3-- ',he :o (f5ds aga9/ ,heav5 has none to :om he c pray #c8' ',alas6 ' said he1 '!re is no "o t kn[s me4' ,tsze-kung said1 ',:at d y mean by ?us say+ t no "o kn[s y8' ,he repli$1 ',i d n murmur aga9/ ,heav54 ,i d footnote cont9u$ f previ\s page its scope & mean+1 & up to ?is "t ,i h n be5 able to ma/] x s z to speak positively ab\t x4 ,x w come 9 due "t1 9 its place1 9 ! pres5t ,publication1 & ,i d n ?9k t :at ,i "h say ( ,confucius w require mu*1 if any1 modification4' ,s ,i wrote 9 #ahfa2 & ,i at la/ accompli%$ a translation ( ! ,yi1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 z ! sixte5? volume ( ',! ,sacr$ ,books ( '! ,ea/4' ,i %\ld l to br+ out a revision ( t v]sion1 ) ! ,*9ese text1 s z to make x uni=m ) ! volumes ( ! ,classics previ\sly publi%$4 ,b z ,yang ,ho said to ,confucius1 ',! ye>s d n wait = u4' #a ,ana4 ,,vii4 xvii2 xxiv2 xx4 #b ,see ,h>dwick's ',*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s1' ,"p iii1 pp4 #ah1 #ai1 ) 8 ref]5ce 9 a note to a passage f ,mead[s's ',! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions4' #c ,ana4 ,,iii4 xiii4 n grumble aga9/ m54 ,my /udies lie l[1 & my p5etration rises high4 ,b !re is ,heav52-- ,,t kn[s me #a6' ,n once ?r\gh\t ! ,analects does he use ! p]sonal "n4 ,i w\ld say t he 0 unreligi\s r ?an irreligi\s2 yet by ! coldness ( 8 temp]am5t & intellect 9 ?is matt]1 8 influ5ce is unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( ard5t religi\s feel+ among ! ,*9ese p g5]ally2 & he prep>$ ! way = ! speculations ( ! lit]ati ( m$ieval & mod]n times1 :i* h expos$ !m to ! *>ge ( a!ism4 ,secondly1 ,along ) ! wor%ip ( ,god !re exi/$ 9 ,*9a1 f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times1 ! wor%ip ( o!r spiritual be+s1-- especially1 & to e individual1 ! wor%ip ( dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,confucius recognis$ ?is z an in/itution to be dev\tly obs]v$4 ',he sacrific$ to ! dead z if !y 7 pres5t2 he sacrific$ to ! spirits z if ! spirits 7 pres5t4 ,he said4 ,i consid] my n be+ pres5t at ! sacrifice z if ,i did n sacrifice #b4' ,! cu/om mu/ h orig9at$ f a belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,we _c suppose t !y :o in/itut$ x ?\ght t ) ! cessation ( ?is life on e>? !re 0 a cessation also ( all consci\s be+4 ,b ,confucius nev] spoke explicitly on ?is subject4 ,he tri$ to evade x4 ',*i ,lu ask$ ab\t s]v+ ! spirits ( ! dead1 & ! ma/] said1 ,:ile y are n able to s]ve m51 h[ c y s]ve _! spirits8 ,! disciple add$1 ,i v5ture to ask ab\t dea?1 & he 0 answ]$1 ,:ile y d n "k life1 h[ c y "k ab\t dea? #c4' ,/ill m /rik+ is a conv]sation ) ano!r disciple1 record$ 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ,tsze-kung ask$ him1 say+1 ',d ! dead h k 7( our s]vices1 t is71 or are !y )\t k8' ,! ma/] repli$1 ',if ,i 7 to say t ! dead h su* k1 ,i am afraid t filial sons & dutiful gr&sons w\ld injure _! sub/ance 9 pay+ ! la/ (fices to ! dep>t$2 & if ,i 7 to say t ! dead h n su* k1 ,i am afraid le/ unfilial sons %\ld leave _! p>5ts unburi$4 ,y ne$ n wi%1 ,tsze1 to "k :e!r ! dead h k or n4 ,!re is no pres5t urg5cy ab\t ! po9t4 ,h]eaft] y w "k x = y\rself #d4' ,surely ?is 0 n ! tea*+ prop] to a sage4 #a ,ana4 ,,xiv4 xxxvii4 #b ,ana4 ,,iii4 xii4 #c ,ana4 ,,xi4 xi4 #d 1 1 art4 1 t[>ds ! end4 ,he said on "o occasion t he _h no concealm5ts f 8 disciples #a4 ,:y did he n c&idly tell 8 real ?\ghts on s int]e/+ a subject8 ,i incl9e to ?9k t he d\bt$ m ?an he believ$4 ,if ! case 7 n s1 x w\ld be difficult to acc\nt = ! answ] :i* he return$ to a "q z to :at con/itut$ wisdom3-- ',to give "o's self e>ne/ly1' said he1 'to ! duties due to m51 &1 :ile respect+ spiritual be+s1 to keep alo( f !m1 may be call$ wisdom #b4' ,at any rate1 z by 8 frequ5t ref]5ces to ,heav51 in/ead ( foll[+ ! phraseology ( ! old] sages1 he gave occasion to _m ( 8 pr(ess$ foll[]s to id5tify ,god ) a pr9ciple ( reason & ! c\rse ( nature2 s1 9 ! po9t n[ 9 h&1 he has l$ !m to d5y1 l ! ,sadducees ( old1 ! exi/5ce ( any _s at all1 & to tell u t _! sacrifices to ! dead are b an outw>d =m1 ! mode ( expression :i* ! pr9ciple ( filial piety requires !m to adopt :5 its objects h dep>t$ ?is life4 ,x w n be suppos$ t ,i wi% to advocate or to def5d ! practice ( sacrific+ to ! dead4 ,my object has be5 to po9t out h[ ,confucius recognis$ x1 )\t ackn[l$g+ ! fai? f :i* x mu/ h orig9at$1 & h[ he en=c$ x z a matt] ( =m or c]emony4 ,x ?us connects itself ) ! mo/ s]i\s *>ge t c be br\ght aga9/ him1-- ! *>ge ( ins9c]ity4 ,among ! f\r ?+s :i* x is said he taught1 'tru?fulness' is specifi$ #c1 & _m say+s might be quot$ f him1 9 :i* 's9c]ity' is celebrat$ z highly & dem&$ z /r+5tly z ev] x has be5 by any ,*ri/ian morali/2 yet he 0 n altoge!r ! tru?ful & true man to :om we accord our highe/ approbation4 ,!re 0 ! case ( ,mang ,*ih-fan1 :o boldly br\ght up ! re> ( ! defeat$ troops ( ,lu1 & attribut$ 8 occupy+ ! place ( hon\r to ! backw>dness ( 8 horse4 ,! action 0 gallant1 b ! apology = x 0 weak & unnecess>y4 ,& yet ,confucius saw no?+ 9 ! :ole b matt] = praise #d4 ,he c\ld excuse himself f see+ an unwelcome visitor on ! gr\nd t he 0 sick1 :5 !re 0 no?+ ! matt] ) him #e4 ,^! 7 small matt]s1 b :at %all we say to ! incid5t :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! sket* ( 8 ,life1 p4 #gi1-- 8 delib]ately break+ ! oa? :i* he _h sworn1 simply on ! gr\nd t x _h be5 =c$ f him8 #a ,ana4 ,,vii4 xxiii4 #b ,ana4 ,,vi4 xx4 #c ,see above1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph4 #d ,ana4 ,,vi4 xiii4 #e ,am4 ,,xvii4 xx4 ,i %\ld be glad if ,i c\ld f9d evid5ce on :i* to d5y ! tru? ( t occurr5ce4 ,b x re/s on ! same au?ority z mo/ o!r /atem5ts ab\t him1 & x is accept$ z a fact by ! p & s*ol>s ( ,*9a4 ,x mu/ h _h1 & x mu/ /ill h1 a v injuri\s influ5ce ^u !m4 ,=eign]s *>ge a habit ( deceitfulness ^u ! nation & its gov]nm5t2-- on ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ?is *>ge ,i say no?+4 ,= e ^w ( falsehood & e act ( ins9c]ity1 ! guilty p>ty mu/ be> 8 own burd51 b we _c b regret ! example ( ,confucius 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,x is ) ! ,*9ese & _! sage1 z x 0 ) ! ,jews ( old & _! tea*]s4 ,he t leads !m has caus$ !m to err1 & de/roy$ ! way ( _! pa?s #a4 ,b 0 n ins9c]ity a natural result ( ! un-religion ( ,confucius8 ,!re are c]ta9 virtues :i* dem& a true piety 9 ord] to _! fl\ri%+ 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,natural affection1 ! feel+ ( loyalty1 & enlight5$ policy1 may d mu* to build up & pres]ve a family & a /ate1 b x requires m to ma9ta9 ! love ( tru?1 & make a lie1 spok5 or act$1 to be %runk f ) %ame4 ,x requires 9 fact ! liv+ recognition ( a ,god ( tru?1 & all ! sanctions ( reveal$ religion4 ,un=tunately ! ,*9ese h n _h ^!1 & ! example ( him to :om !y b[ d[n z ! be/ & wise/ ( m51 does n set !m aga9/ dissimulation4 #g4 ,i g on to a brief discussion ( ,confucius's views on gov]nm5t1 or :at we may call 8 pr9ciples ( political sci5ce4 ,x ,sideb> ,8 views on gov]nm5t4 c\ld n be 9 8 long int]c\rse ) 8 disciples b t he %\ld enunciate _m maxims be>+ on "* & morals g5]ally1 b he nev] re/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! individual4 ',! k+dom1 ! _w1 br\ght to a /ate ( happy tranquillity #b1' 0 ! gr& object :i* he delight$ to ?9k (2 t x might be br\ght ab\t z easily z '"o c look ^u ! palm ( 8 h&1' 0 ! dream :i* x pleas$ him to indulge #c4 ,he held t !re 0 9 m5 an adaptation & read9ess to be gov]n$1 :i* only ne$$ to be tak5 advantage ( 9 ! prop] way4 ,!re mu/ be ! "r adm9i/rators1 b giv5 ^?1 & '! gr[? ( gov]nm5t w\ld be rapid1 j z vegetation is rapid 9 ! e>?2 yea1 _! #a ,isaiah iii4 #ab4 #b 4 ,see ! 1 1 p>s4 #d1 #e2 c4 #c ,ana4 ,,iii4 xi2 et al4 gov]nm5t w\ld display itself l an easily-gr[+ ru% #a4' ,! same s5tim5t 0 common f ! lips ( ,m5cius4 ,en=c+ x "o day1 :5 conv]s+ ) "o ( ! petty rul]s ( 8 "t1 he said 9 8 peculi> /yle1 ',does y\r ,maje/y und]/& ! way ( ! gr[+ gra98 ,dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? mon?s1 :5 dr\ght prevails1 ! plants become dry4 ,!n ! cl\ds collect d5sely 9 ! heav5s2 !y s5d d[n torr5ts ( ra91 & ! gra9 erects itself z if by a %oot4 ,:5 x does s1 :o c keep x back #b8' ,su*1 he cont5d$1 w\ld be ! response ( ! mass ( ! p to any true '%eph]d ( m54' ,x may be deem$ unnecess>y t ,i %\ld specify ?is po9t1 = x is a tru? applicable to ! p ( all nations4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 gov]nm5t is by no device or cunn+ craft9ess2 human nature dem&s x4 ,b 9 no o!r family ( mank9d is ! *>act]i/ic s l>gely develop$ z 9 ! ,*9ese4 ,! love ( ord] & quiet1 & a will+ness to submit to '! p[]s t be1' em95tly di/+ui% !m4 ,=eign writ]s h (t5 tak5 notice ( ?is1 & h attribut$ x to ! influ5ce ( ,confucius's doctr9es z inculcat+ subord9ation2 b x exi/$ previ\s to 8 "t4 ,! "* ( ! p mold$ 8 sy/em1 m ?an x 0 mold$ by x4 ,?is read9ess to be gov]n$ arose1 accord+ to ,confucius1 f '! duties ( univ]sal obligation1 or ^? betwe5 sov]eign & m9i/]1 betwe5 fa!r & son1 betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 eld] bro!r & y\ng]1 & ^? belong+ to ! int]c\rse ( fri5ds #c4' ,m5 z !y are born into ! _w1 & gr[ up 9 x1 f9d !mselves exi/+ 9 ^? relations4 ,!y are ! appo9tm5t ( ,heav54 ,& ea* relation has its reciprocal obligations1 ! recognition ( :i* is prop] to ! ,heav5-conf]r$ nature4 ,x only ne$s t ! sacr$ness ( ! relations be ma9ta9$1 & ! duties belong+ to !m fai?fully dis*>g$1 & ! 'happy tranquillity' w prevail all "u heav54 ,z to ! in/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 ! laws & arrangem5ts by :i*1 z ?r\gh a ?\s& *annels1 x %\ld g =? to c>ry pl5ty & prosp]ity ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! c\ntry1 x did n belong to ,confucius1 '! ?roneless k+1' to set !m =? m9utely4 ,& inde$ !y 7 exi/+ 9 ! records ( '! anci5t sov]eigns4' ,no?+ new 0 ne$$4 ,x 0 only #a 1 xx4 #c4 #b ,m5cius1 ,i4 ,pt4 ,i4 vi4 #f4 #c 1 xx4 #h4 requisite to pursue ! old pa?s1 & raise up ! old /&>ds4 ',! gov]nm5t ( ,wan & ,wu1' he said1 'is display$ 9 ! records1-- ! tablets ( wood & bamboo4 ,let !re be ! m51 & ! gov]nm5t w fl\ri%2 b )\t ! m51 ! gov]nm5t decays & ceases #a4' ,to ! same effect 0 ! reply :i* he gave to ,y5 ,hui :5 ask$ by him h[ ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,x seems v wide ( ! m>k1 until we read x 9 ! light ( ! sage's v5]ation = anci5t ord9ances1 & 8 op9ion ( _! suffici5cy4 ',foll[1' he said1 '! seasons ( ,hsia4 ,ride 9 ! /ate c>riages ( ,y94 ,we> ! c]emonial cap ( ,*au4 ,let ! music be ! ,%ao ) its pantomimes4 ,bani% ! songs ( ,*ang1 & keep f> f speci\s talk]s #b4' ,confucius's idea !n ( a happy1 well-gov]n$ ,/ate did n g beyond ! fl\ri%+ ( ! five relations ( society :i* h be5 m5tion$2 & we h n any cond5s$ exhibition f him ( _! nature1 or ( ! duties belong+ to ! sev]al p>ties 9 !m4 ,( ! two fir/ he spoke frequ5tly1 b all t he has said on ! o!rs w\ld g into small compass4 ,m5cius has said t 'betwe5 fa!r & son !re %\ld be affection2 betwe5 sov]eign & m9i/] righte\sness2 betwe5 husb& & wife att5tion to _! sep>ate functions2 betwe5 old & "y1 a prop] ord]2 & betwe5 fri5ds1 fidelity #c4' ,confucius1 ,i appreh5d1 w\ld h>dly h accept$ ?is acc\nt4 ,x does n br+ out suffici5tly ! au?ority :i* he claim$ = ! fa!r & ! sov]eign1 & ! ob$i5ce :i* he exact$ f ! *ild & ! m9i/]4 ,) reg>d to ! relation ( husb& & wife1 he 0 9 no respect sup]ior to ! prec$+ sages :o _h enunciat$ _! views ( 'propriety' on ! subject4 ,we h a some:at detail$ exposition ( 8 op9ions 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4'-- ',man1' said he1 'is ! repres5tative ( ,heav51 & is supreme ov] all ?+s4 ,woman yields ob$i5ce to ! in/ructions ( man1 & helps to c>ry out 8 pr9ciples #d4 ,on ?is acc\nt %e c det]m9e no?+ ( h]self1 & is subject to ! rule ( ! ?ree ob$i5ces4 ,:5 "y1 %e mu/ obey h] fa!r & eld] bro!r2 :5 m>ri$1 %e mu/ obey h] husb&2 #a 1 xx4 #b4 #b ,ana4 ,,xv4 x4 #c ,m5cius1 ,,iii4 ,pt4 ,i4 iv4 #h4 #d 1 2 1 1 4 :5 h] husb& is dead1 %e mu/ obey h] son4 ,%e may n ?9k ( m>ry+ a second "t4 ,no in/ructions or ord]s mu/ issue f ! h>em4 ,woman's bus9ess is simply ! prep>ation & supply+ ( dr9k & food4 ,beyond ! ?re%old ( h] ap>tm5ts %e %\ld n be kn[n = evil or = good4 ,%e may n cross ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,/ate to att5d a fun]al4 ,%e may take no /ep on h] own motion1 & may come to no conclusion on h] own delib]ation4 ,!re are five wom5 :o are n to be tak5 9 m>riage3-- ! daught] ( a rebelli\s h\se2 ! daught] ( a disord]ly h\se2 ! daught] ( a h\se :i* has produc$ crim9als = m ?an "o g5]ation2 ! daught] ( a lepr\s h\se2 & ! daught] :o has lo/ h] fa!r & eld] bro!r4 ,a wife may be divorc$ = sev5 reasons1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be ov]rul$ by ?ree consid]ations4 ,! gr\nds = divorce are disob$i5ce to h] husb&'s p>5ts2 n giv+ bir? to a son2 dissolute conduct2 jeal\sy-- 7( h] husb&'s att5tions1 t is1 to ! o!r inmates ( 8 h>em72 talkativ5ess2 & ?iev+4 ,! ?ree consid]ations :i* may ov]rule ^! gr\nds are-- fir/1 if1 :ile %e 0 tak5 f a home1 %e has n[ no home to return to2 second1 if %e h pass$ ) h] husb& ?r\gh ! ?ree ye>s' m\rn+ = 8 p>5ts2 ?ird1 if ! husb& h become ri* f be+ poor4 ,all ^! regulations 7 adopt$ by ! sages 9 h>mony ) ! natures ( man & woman1 & to give importance to ! ord9ance ( m>riage #a4' ,) ^! ideas ( ! relations ( society1 ,confucius dwelt mu* on ! necessity ( p]sonal correctness ( "* on ! "p ( ^? 9 au?ority1 9 ord] to secure ! "r fulfillm5t ( ! duties impli$ 9 !m4 ,?is is "o gr& peculi>ity ( 8 tea*+4 ,i h adv]t$ to x 9 ! review ( ',! ,great ,le>n+1' b x des]ves "s fur!r exhibition1 & !re are ?ree conv]sations ) ! *ief ,*i ,k'ang 9 :i* x is v expressly set =?4 ',*i ,k'ang ask$ ab\t gov]nm5t1 & ,confucius repli$1 ,to gov]n means to rectify4 ,if y lead on ! p ) correctness1 :o w d>e n to be correct8' ',*i ,k'ang1 di/ress$ ab\t ! numb] ( ?ieves 9 ! ,/ate1 inquir$ ( ,confucius ab\t h[ to d away ) !m4 ,confucius said1 ,if y1 sir1 7 n covet\s1 ?\gh y %\ld rew>d !m to d x1 !y w\ld n /eal4' ',*i ,k'ang ask$ ab\t gov]nm5t1 #a 1 say+1 ,:at d y say to kill+ ! unpr9cipl$ = ! good ( ! pr9cipl$8 ,confucius repli$1 ,sir1 9 c>ry+ on y\r gov]nm5t1 :y %\ld y use kill+ at all8 ,let y\r ev9c$ desires be = :at is good1 & ! p w be good4 ,! relation betwe5 sup]iors & inf]iors is l t betwe5 ! w9d & ! grass4 ,! grass mu/ b5d1 :5 ! w9d bl[s across x #a4' ,example is n s p[]ful z ,confucius 9 ^! & _m o!r passages repres5t$ x1 b its influ5ce is v great4 ,its virtue is recognis$ 9 ! family1 & x is dem&$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/4 ',a bi%op'-- & ,i quote ! t]m ) ! simple mean+ ( ov]se]-- 'mu/ be blameless4' ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! progress ( society 9 ! ,we/ we h come to ?9k less ( ! p[] ( example 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( /ate ?an we ought to d4 ,x is ?\ght ( too little 9 ! army & ! navy4 ,we laugh at ! 'self-d5y+ ord9ance1' & ! 'new model' ( #afdd1 b !re lay b5ea? !m ! pr9ciple :i* ,confucius s broadly prop\nd$1-- ! importance ( p]sonal virtue 9 all :o are 9 au?ority4 ,n[ t ,great ,brita9 is ! gov]n+ p[] ov] ! masses ( ,india & t we are com+ m & m into contact ) t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! ,*9ese1 ?is maxim ( our sage is des]v+ ( s]i\s consid]ation f all :o be> rule1 & especially f ^? on :om devolves ! conduct ( affairs4 ,8 words on ! susceptibility ( ! p to be act$ on by ^? above !m ought n to prove z wat] spilt on ! gr\nd4 ,b to return to ,confucius4-- ,z he ?us lays x d[n t ! ma9spr+ ( ! well-be+ ( society is ! p]sonal "* ( ! rul]1 we look anxi\sly = :at directions he has giv5 = ! cultivation ( t4 ,b "h he is v defective4 ',self-adju/m5t & purification1' he said1 ') c>eful regulation ( 8 dress1 & ! n mak+ a movem5t contr>y to ! rules ( propriety2-- ?is is ! way = ! rul] to cultivate 8 p]son #b4' ,?is is lay+ too mu* /ress on :at is ext]nal2 b ev5 to atta9 to ?is is beyond unassi/$ human /r5g?4 ,confucius1 h[ev]1 nev] recognis$ a di/urbance ( ! moral elem5ts 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,! p w\ld move1 accord+ to him1 to ! virtue ( _! rul] z ! grass b5ds to ! w9d1 & t virtue #a ,ana4 ,,xii4 xvii2 xviii2 xix4 #b 1 xx4 #ad4 w\ld come to ! rul] at 8 call4 ,_m 7 ! lam5tations :i* he utt]$ ov] ! deg5]acy ( 8 times2 frequ5t 7 ! confessions :i* he made ( 8 own %ortcom+s4 ,x seems /range t x nev] came di/9ctly be=e him1 t !re is a p[] ( evil 9 ! pr9ce & ! peasant1 :i* no ef=ts ( _! own & no in/ructions ( sages are effectual to subdue4 ,! gov]nm5t :i* ,confucius taught 0 a despotism1 b ( a modifi$ "*4 ,he all[$ no 'jus div9um1' indep5d5t ( p]sonal virtue & a b5evol5t rule4 ,he has n explicitly /at$1 inde$1 :]e9 lies ! gr\nd ( ! great relation ( ! gov]nor & ! gov]n$1 b 8 views on ! subject 71 we may assume1 9 accordance ) ! language ( ! ,%u-*+3-- ',heav5 & ,e>? are ! p>5ts ( all ?+s1 & ( all ?+s m5 are ! mo/ intellig5t4 ,! man among !m mo/ di/+ui%$ = intellig5ce becomes *ief rul]1 & ought to prove himself ! p>5t ( ! p #a4' ,& aga91 ',heav51 protect+ ! inf]ior p1 has con/itut$ = !m rul]s & tea*]s1 :o %\ld be able to be assi/+ to ,god1 ext5d+ fav\r & produc+ tranquillity ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! k+dom #b4' ,! mom5t ! rul] ceases to be a m9i/] ( ,god = good1 & does n adm9i/] a gov]nm5t t is b5eficial to ! p1 he =feits ! title by :i* he holds ! ?rone1 & p]sev]ance 9 oppression w surely lead to 8 ov]?r[4 ,m5cius inculcat$ ?is pr9ciple ) a frequ5cy & boldness :i* are rem>kable4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* ,confucius did n l to talk4 ,/ill he held x4 ,x is conspicu\s 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ',! ,great ,le>n+4' ,its t5d5cy has be5 to *eck ! viol5ce ( oppression1 & ma9ta9 ! self-respect ( ! p1 all along ! c\rse ( ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,i mu/ br+ ^! obs]vations on ,confucius's views ( gov]nm5t to a close1 & ,i d s ) two rem>ks4 ,fir/1 !y are adapt$ to a primitive1 unsophi/icat$ /ate ( society4 ,he is a good c\nsellor = ! fa!r ( a family1 ! *ief ( a clan1 & ev5 ! head ( a small pr9cipality4 ,b 8 views want ! compreh5sion :i* w\ld make !m ( mu* s]vice 9 a great dom9ion4 ,)9 ?ree c5turies aft] 8 dea?1! gov]nm5t ( ,*9a pass$ into a new phase4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,*'9 dyna/y conceiv$ ! gr& idea ( aboli%+ all its feudal k+doms1 & c5traliz+ _! adm9i/ration 9 himself4 ,he effect$ ! revo- l #b ,see ! ,%u-*+1 ,v4 i4 ,sect4 ,i4 #b1 #g4 lution1 & succe$+ dyna/ies adopt$ 8 sy/em1 & gradually mold$ x into ! =ms & proportions :i* are n[ exi/+4 ,!re has be5 a t5d5cy to advance1 & ,confucius has all along be5 try+ to c>ry ! nation back4 ,pr9ciples h be5 ne$$1 & n 'proprieties4' ,! consequ5ce is t ,*9a has increas$ beyond its anci5t dim5sions1 :ile !re has be5 no correspond+ developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,its body politic has ! size ( a giant1 :ile x /ill reta9s ! m9d ( a *ild4 ,its ho>y age is 9 dang] ( becom+ b s5ility4 ,second1 ,confucius makes no provision = ! int]c\rse ( 8 c\ntry ) o!r & indep5d5t nations4 ,he knew inde$ ( none su*4 ,*9a 0 to him ',! ,middle ,k+dom #a1' ',! multitude ( ,great ,/ates #b1' ',all "u heav5 #c4' ,beyond x 7 only rude & b>b>\s tribes4 ,he does n speak ( !m bitt]ly1 z _m ,*9ese h done s9ce 8 "t4 ,9 "o place he contra/s _! condition fav\rably ) ! prevail+ an>*y ( ! k+dom1 say+ ',! rude tribes ( ! ea/ & nor? h _! pr9ces1 & are n l ! ,/ates ( our great l& :i* are )\t !m #d4' ,ano!r "t1 disgu/$ ) ! want ( appreciation :i* he exp]i5c$1 he 0 express+ 8 int5tion to g & live among ! n9e wild tribes ( ! ea/4 ,"s "o said1 ',!y are rude4 ,h[ c y d su* a ?+8' ,8 reply 01 ',if a sup]ior man dwelt among !m1 :at rud5ess w\ld !re be #e8' ,b _h he be5 a rul]-sage1 he w\ld n only h influ5c$ !m by 8 in/ructions1 b br\ght !m to ackn[l$ge & submit to 8 sway1 z ! great ,yu did #f4 ,! only passage ( ,confucius's tea*+s f :i* any rule c be ga!r$ = deal+ ) =eign]s is t 9 ! ',doctr9e ( ! ,mean1' :]e 'indulg5t treatm5t ( m5 f a di/ance' is laid d[n z "o ( ! n9e /&>d rules = ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry #g4 ,b '! m5 f a di/ance' are und]/ood to be p9 & lu #h simply1-- 'gue/s1' t is1 or (fic]s ( "o ,/ate seek+ employm5t 9 ano!r1 or at ! royal c\rt2 & 'visitors1' or travell+ m]*ants4 ,( indep5d5t nations ! anci5t classics h n any k1 nor has ,confucius4 ,s long z m]*ants f ,europe & o!r p>ts ( ! _w c\ld h be5 cont5t to appe> 9 ,*9a z suppliants1 seek+ ! privilege ( trade1 s #a 4 #b 2 ,ana4 ,,iii4 v4 #c 2 passim4 #d ,ana4 ,,iii4 v4 #e ,ana4 ,,ix4 xiii4 #f 1 ,,iii4 ii4 #aj2 et al4 #g 4 #h 4 long ! gov]nm5t w\ld h rank$ !m ) ! b>b>\s hordes ( antiquity1 & giv5 !m ! b5efit ( ! maxim ab\t 'indulg5t treatm5t1' accord+ to its own und]/&+ ( x4 ,b :5 _! gov]nm5ts int]f]$1 & claim$ to treat ) t ( ,*9a on t]ms ( equality1 & t _! subjects %\ld be spok5 to & ( z be+ ( ! same clay ) ! ,*9ese !mselves1 an outrage 0 committ$ on tradition & prejudice1 :i* x 0 necess>y to res5t ) vehem5ce4 ,i d n *>ge ! contemptu\s arrogance ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t & p ^u ,confucius2 :at ,i deplore1 is t he left no pr9ciples on record to *eck ! developm5t ( su* a _s4 ,8 simple views ( society & gov]nm5t 7 9 a measure suffici5t = ! p :ile !y dwelt ap>t f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,8 practical lessons 7 bett] ?an if !y _h be5 left1 :i* b = him !y probably w\ld h be51 to fall a prey to ! influ5ces ( ,taoism & ,buddhism1 b !y c\ld only subsi/ :ile !y 7 left alone4 ,( ! e>? e>?y1 ,*9a 0 sure to g to pieces :5 x came into collision ) a ,*ri/ianly-civiliz$ p[]4 ,its sage _h left x no pres]vative or re/orative elem5ts aga9/ su* a case4 ,x is a rude awak5+ f its complac5cy ( c5turies :i* ,*9a has n[ receiv$4 ,its anci5t l&m>ks are swept away4 ,op9ions w diff] z to ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( ! gr\nds on :i* x has be5 assail$1 & ,i d n feel call$ to judge or to pron\nce "h conc]n+ !m4 ,9 ! progress ( ev5ts1 x c\ld h>dly be b t ! collision %\ld come2 & :5 x did come x c\ld n be b t ,*9a %\ld be brok5 & scatt]$4 ,disorganization w g on to de/roy x m & m1 & yet !re is hope = ! p1 ) _! v5]ation = ! relations ( society1 ) _! devotion to le>n+1 & ) _! habits ( indu/ry & sobriety2 !re is hope = !m1 if !y w look away f all _! anci5t sages1 & turn to ,him1 :o s5ds !m1 along ) ! dissolution ( _! anci5t /ate1 ! k ( ,himself1 ! only liv+ & true ,god1 & ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ,he ha? s5t4 #h4 ,i h little m to add on ! op9ions ( ,confucius4 ,_m ( 8 say+s are pi?y1 & display mu* k ( "*2 b z !y are conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! ,"w1 ,i w n occupy ! space "h ) a selection ( ^? :i* h /ruck myself z mo/ wor?y ( notice4 ,! f\r? ,book ( ! ,analects1 :i* is on ! subject ( zan1 or p]fect virtue1 has sev]al utt]ances :i* are rem>kable4 ,?ornton obs]ves3-- ',x may excite surprise1 & probably incr$ulity1 to /ate t ! gold5 rule ( our ,savi\r1 ',d unto o!rs z y w\ld t !y %\ld d unto y1' :i* ,mr4 ,locke designates z '! mo/ un%ak5 rule ( morality1 & f\ndation ( all social virtue1' _h be5 inculcat$ by ,confucius1 almo/ 9 ! same words1 f\r c5turies be=e #a4' ,i h tak5 notice ( ?is fact 9 review+ bo? ',! ,great ,le>n+' & ',! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4' ,i w\ld be f> f grudg+ a tribute ( admiration to ,confucius = x4 ,! maxim occurs also twice 9 ! ,analects4 ,9 ,book ,,xv4 xxiii1 ,tsze-kung asks if !re be "o ^w :i* may s]ve z a rule ( practice = all "o's life1 & is answ]$1 ',is n reciprocity su* a ^w8 ,:at y d n want done to y\rself d n d to o!rs4' ,! same disciple appe>s 9 ,book ,v4 xi1 tell+ ,confucius t he 0 practis+ ! lesson4 ,he says1 ',:at ,i d n wi% m5 to d to me1 ,i also wi% n to d to m52' b ! ma/] tells him1 ',tsze1 y h n atta9$ to t4' ,x w\ld appe> f ?is reply1 t he 0 aw>e ( ! difficulty ( obey+ ! precept 2 & x is n f\nd1 9 its cond5s$ expression at lea/1 9 ! old] classics4 ,! m]it ( x is ,confucius's own4 ,:5 a comp>ison1 h[ev]1 is drawn betwe5 x & ! rule laid d[n by ,*ri/1 x is prop] to call att5tion to ! positive =m ( ! latt]1 ',all ?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 d ye ev5 s to !m4' ,! lesson ( ! gospel comm&s m5 to d :at !y feel to be "r & good4 ,x requires !m to comm5ce a c\rse ( su* conduct1 )\t reg>d to ! conduct ( o!rs to !mselves4 ,! lesson ( ,confucius only =bids m5 to d :at !y feel to be wrong & hurtful4 ,s f> z ! po9t ( priority is conc]n$1 moreov]1 ,*ri/ adds1 ',?is is ! law & ! prophets4' ,! maxim 0 to be f\nd sub/antially 9 ! e>li] revelations ( ,god4 ,/ill x mu/ be all[$ t ,confucius 0 well aw>e ( ! importance ( tak+ ! initiative 9 dis*>g+ all ! relations ( society4 ,see 8 words z quot$ f ',! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean' on pages #dh1 #di above4 ,b ! wor? ( ! two maxims dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! enunciators 9 reg>d to _! application4 ,confucius1 x seems to me1 did n ?9k ( ! reciprocity com+ into action beyond ! circle ( 8 five relations ( society4 ,possibly1 he might h #a ,hi/ory ( ,*9a1 vol4 i4 p4 #bji4 requir$ its obs]vance 9 deal+s ev5 ) ! rude tribes1 :i* 7 ! only specim5s ( mank9d besides 8 own c\ntrym5 ( :i* he knew any?+1 = on "o occasion1 :5 ask$ ab\t p]fect virtue1 he repli$1 ',x is1 9 retirem5t1 to be s$ately grave2 9 ! managem5t ( bus9ess1 to be rev]5tly att5tive2 9 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 to be /rictly s9c]e4 ,?\gh a man g among ! rude uncultivat$ tribes1 ^! qualities may n be neglect$ #a4' ,/ill ,confucius deliv]$ 8 rule to 8 c\ntrym5 only1 & only = _! guidance 9 _! relations ( :i* ,i h _h s mu* occasion to speak4 ,! rule ( ,*ri/ is = man z man1 hav+ to d ) o!r m51 all ) himself on ! same plat=m1 z ! *ildr5 & subjects ( ! "o ,god & ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,h[ f> %ort ,confucius came ( ! /&>d ( ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce1 may be se5 f 8 rem>ks :5 ask$ :at 0 to be ?\ght ( ! pr9ciple t injury %\ld be recomp5s$ ) k9dness4 ,he repli$1 ',) :at !n w y recomp5se k9dness8 ,recomp5se injury ) ju/ice1 & recomp5se k9dness ) k9dness #b4' ,! same deliv]ance is giv5 9 "o ( ! ,books ( ! ,li ,*i1 :]e he adds t 'he :o recomp5ses injury ) k9dness is a man :o is c>eful ( 8 p]son #c4' ,*ang ,hsuan1 ! comm5tator ( ! second c5tury1 says t su* a c\rse w\ld be 'incorrect 9 po9t ( propriety #d4' ,?is 'propriety' 0 a great /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ,confucius4 ,8 morality 0 ! result ( ! balanc+s ( 8 intellect1 fett]$ by ! decisions ( m5 ( old1 & n ! gu%+s ( a lov+ he>t1 responsive to ! prompt+s ( ,heav51 & 9 sympa?y ) err+ & feeble humanity4 ,?is subject leads me on to ! la/ ( ! op9ions ( ,confucius :i* ,i %all make ! subject ( rem>k 9 ?is place4 ,a comm5tator obs]ves1 ) ref]5ce to ! inquiry ab\t recomp5s+ injury ) k9dness1 t ! que/ion] 0 ask+ only ab\t trivial matt]s1 :i* might be dealt ) 9 ! way he m5tion$1 :ile great (f5ces1 su* z ^? aga9/ a sov]eign or a fa!r1 c\ld n be dealt ) by su* an inv]sion ( ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice #e4 ,9 ! second ,book ( ! ,li ,*i !re is ! foll[+ passage3-- ',) ! slay] ( 8 fa!r1 a man may n live "u ! same heav52 aga9/ ! slay] ( 8 bro!r1 a man mu/ nev] h to g home to fet* a weapon2 ) ! slay] ( #a ,ana4 ,,xiii4 xix4 #b ,ana4 ,,xiv4 xxxvi4 #c 1 1 p>4 #ab4 #d 4 #e ,see notes 9 loc41 p4 #bhh4 8 fri5d1 a man may n live 9 ! same ,/ate #a4' ,! lex talionis is "h laid d[n 9 its fulle/ ext5t4 ,! ,*au ,li tells u ( a provision made aga9/ ! evil consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple1 by ! appo9tm5t ( a m9i/] call$ ',! ,reconcil] #b4' ,! provision is v inf]ior to ! cities ( refuge :i* 7 set ap>t by ,moses = ! manslay] to flee to f ! fury ( ! av5g]4 ,su* z x 01 h[ev]1 x exi/$1 & x is rem>kable t ,confucius1 :5 consult$ on ! subject1 took no notice ( x1 b affirm$ ! duty ( blood-rev5ge 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ unre/rict$ t]ms4 ,8 disciple ,tsze-hsia ask$ him1 ',:at c\rse is to be pursu$ 9 ! case ( ! murd] ( a fa!r or "m8' ,he repli$1 ',! son mu/ sleep ^u a matt+ ( grass1 ) 8 %ield = 8 pill[2 he mu/ decl9e to take (fice2 he mu/ n live "u ! same heav5 ) ! slay]4 ,:5 he meets him 9 ! m>ketplace or ! c\rt1 he mu/ h 8 weapon ready to /rike him4' ',& :at is ! c\rse on ! murd] ( a bro!r8' ',! surviv+ bro!r mu/ n take (fice 9 ! same ,/ate ) ! slay]2 yet if he g on 8 pr9ce's s]vice to ! ,/ate :]e ! slay] is1 ?\gh he meet him1 he mu/ n fight ) him4' ',& :at is ! c\rse on ! murd] ( an uncle or a c\s98' ',9 ?is case ! nephew or c\s9 is n ! pr9cipal4 ,if ! pr9cipal on :om ! rev5ge devolves c take x1 he has only to /& beh9d ) 8 weapon 9 8 h&1 & support him #c4' ,sir ,john ,davis has rightly call$ att5tion to ?is z "o ( ! objectionable pr9ciples ( ,confucius #d4 ,! bad effects ( x are evid5t ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,rev5ge is sweet to ! ,*9ese4 ,i h spok5 ( _! read9ess to submit to gov]nm5t1 & wi% to live 9 peace1 yet !y d n l to resign ev5 to gov]nm5t ! 'inquisition = blood4' ,:]e ! rul+ au?ority is feeble1 z x is at pres5t1 individuals & clans take ! law into _! own h&s1 & :ole di/ricts are kept 9 a /ate ( con/ant feud & w>f>e4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ leave ! sage4 ,i hope ,i h n done him inju/ice2 ! m ,i h /udi$ 8 "* & op9ions1 ! m highly h ,i come to reg>d him4 ,he 0 a v great man1 & 8 influ5ce has be5 on ! :ole a great b5efit to ! ,*9ese1 :ile 8 tea*+s sugge/ important lessons to ourselves :o pr(ess to belong to ! s*ool ( ,*ri/4 #a 1 ,i4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,pt4 v4 #aj4 #b 1 1 pp4 #ad-ah4 #c 1 ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,pt4 ii4 #bd4 ,see also ! 1 1 4 #d ,! ,*9ese1 vol4 ii4 p4 #da4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,8 ,,imm$iate ,,disciples4 ,sze-ma ,*'i5 makes ,confucius say3 ',! disciples :o receiv$ my in/ructions1 & c\ld !mselves compreh5d !m1 7 sev5ty-sev5 individuals4 ,!y 7 all s*ol>s ( extraord9>y ability #a4' ,! common say+ is1 t ! disciples ( ! sage 7 ?ree ?\s&1 :ile among !m !re 7 sev5ty-two wor?ies4 ,i propose to give "h a li/ ( all ^? ^: names h come d[n to u1 z be+ 8 foll[]s4 ,( ! great] numb] x w be se5 t we "k no?+ m ?an _! names & surnames4 ,my pr9cipal au?orities w be ! ',hi/orical ,records1' ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' ',! ,sacrificial ,canon = ! ,sage's ,temple1 ) ,plates1' & ! *apt] on ',! ,disciples ( ,confucius' prefix$ to ! ',f\r ,books1 ,text & ,comm5t>y1 ) ,pro(s & ,illu/rations4' ,9 giv+ a few notices ( ! bett]-kn[n individuals1 ,i w endeav\r to avoid :at may be ga!r$ f ! ,analects4 #a4 ,y5 ,hui1 by designation ,tsze-yuan 71 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 ! fav\rite ( 8 ma/]1 ^: junior he 0 by ?irty ye>s1 & ^: disciple he became :5 he 0 q a y\?4 ',aft] ,i got ,hui1' ,confucius rem>k$1 '! disciples came clos] to me4' ,we are told t once1 :5 he f\nd himself on ! ,nang hill ) ,hui1 ,tsze-lu1 & ,tsze- kung1 ,confucius ask$ !m to tell him _! diff]5t aims1 & he w\ld *oose betwe5 !m4 ,tsze-lu began1 & :5 he _h done1 ! ma/] said1 ',x m>ks y\r brav]y4' ,tsze-kung foll[$1 on ^: words ! judgm5t 01 ',!y %[ y\r discrim9at+ eloqu5ce4' ,at la/ came ,y5 ,yuan1 :o said1 ',i %\ld l to f9d an intellig5t k+ & sage rul] :om ,i might assi/4 ,i w\ld diffuse among ! p in/ructions on ! five great po9ts1 & lead !m on by ! rules ( propriety & music1 s t !y %\ld n c>e to =tify _! cities by walls & moats1 b w\ld fuse _! swords & spe>s into implem5ts ( agriculture4 ,!y %\ld s5d =? _! flocks )\t fe> into ! pla9s & =e/s4 ,!re %\ld be no sund]+s ( families1 no wid[s or wid[]s4 ,= a ?\s& #a 1 1 1 4 ye>s !re w\ld be no calamity ( w>4 ,yu w\ld h no opportunity to display 8 brav]y1 or ,ts'ze to display 8 oratory4' ,! ma/] pron\nc$1 ',h[ admirable is ?is virtue6' ,:5 ,hui 0 tw5ty-n9e1 8 hair 0 all :ite1 & 9 ?ree ye>s m he di$4 ,he 0 sacrific$ to1 along ) ,confucius1 by ! fir/ emp]or ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,! title :i* he n[ has 9 ! sacrificial ,canon1-- ',cont9uator ( ! ,sage1' 0 conf]r$ 9 ! n9? ye> ( ! emp]or1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ( ! p]iod1 ,*ia-*+1 ,a4 ,d4 #aecj4 ,almo/ all ! pres5t sacrificial titles ( ! wor?ies 9 ! temple 7 fix$ at t "t4 ,hui's place is ! fir/ ( ! f\r ,assessors1 on ! ea/ ( ! sage #a4 #b4 ,m9 ,sun1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'i5 774 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 fifte5 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius1 accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i51 b fifty ye>s y\ng]1 accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' :i* latt] au?ority is foll[$ 9 ',! ,annals ( ! ,empire4' ,:5 he fir/ came to ,confucius1 we are told1 he _h a />v$ look #b1 :i* 0 by-&-by ex*ang$ = "o ( fulness & satisfaction #c4 ,tsze-kung ask$ him h[ ! *ange _h come ab\t4 ,he repli$1 ',i came f ! mid/ ( my re$s & s$ges into ! s*ool ( ! ma/]4 ,he tra9$ my m9d to filial piety1 & set be=e me ! examples ( ! anci5t k+s4 ,i felt a pleasure 9 8 in/ructions2 b :5 ,i w5t abroad1 & saw ! p 9 au?ority1 ) _! umbrellas & bann]s1 & all ! pomp & circum/ance ( _! tra9s1 ,i also felt pleasure 9 t %[4 ,^! two ?+s assault$ ea* o!r 9 #a ,i h ref]r$ briefly1 at p4 #ia1 to ! temples ( ,confucius4 ,! pr9cipal hall1 call$ 1 or ',hall ( ! ,great & ,complete ,"o1' is t 9 :i* is 8 own /atue or ! tablet ( 8 _s1 hav+ on ea* side ( x1 )9 a scre51 ! /atues1 or tablets1 ( 8 'f\r ,assessors4' ,on ! ea/ & we/1 along ! walls ( ! same ap>tm5t1 are ! two 1 ! places ( ! 1 or 'twelve ,wise ,ones1' ^? ( 8 disciples1 :o1 next to ! ',assessors1' are c\nt$ wor?y ( hon\r4 ,outside ?is ap>tm5t1 & runn+ 9 a l9e ) ! two 1 b along ! ext]nal wall ( ! sacr$ inclosure1 are ! two 1 or side-gall]ies1 :i* ,i h sometimes call$ ! ranges ( ! out] c\rt4 ,9 ea* !re are sixty-f\r tablets ( ! disciples & o!r wor?ies1 hav+ ! same title z ! ,wise ,ones1 t ( 1 or ',anci5t ,wor?y1' or ! inf]ior title ( 1 ',anci5t ,s*ol>4' ,beh9d ! pr9cipal hall is ! 1 sacr$ to ,confucius's ance/ors1 ^: tablets are 9 ! c5tre1 front+ ! s\?1 l t ( ,confucius4 ,on ea* side are likewise ! tablets ( c]ta9 'anci5t ,wor?ies1' & 'anci5t ,s*ol>s4' #b 4 #c 4 my brea/4 ,i c\ld n det]m9e :i* to pref]1 & s ,i wore t look ( di/ress4 ,b n[ ! lessons ( our ma/] h p5etrat$ deeply into my m9d4 ,my progress also has be5 help$ by ! example ( y my fell[-disciples4 ,i n[ "k :at ,i %\ld foll[ & :at ,i %\ld avoid1 & all ! pomp ( p[] is no m to me ?an ! du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,i h t look ( fulness & satisfaction4' ,tsze- *'i5 0 high 9 ,confucius's e/eem4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 purity & filial affection4 ,8 place 9 ! temple is ! fir/1 ea/1 among ',! ,wise ,ones1' imm$iately aft] ! f\r assessors4 ,he 0 fir/ sacrific$ to along ) ,confucius1 z is to be und]/ood ( ! o!r ',wise ,ones1' except+ 9 ! case ( ,yu ,zo1 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ! /yle ,k'ai-yuan ( ! six? emp]or ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #gbj4 ,8 title1 ! same z t ( all b ! ,assessors1 is-- ',! anci5t ,wor?y1 ! philosoph] ,m94' #c 4 ,zan ,kang1 /yl$ ,po-niu 71 al4 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 & ,confucius's junior only by sev5 ye>s4 ,:5 ,confucius became m9i/] ( ,crime1 he appo9t$ ,po-niu to ! (fice1 :i* he _h himself =m]ly held1 ( comm&ant ( ,*ung-tu4 ,8 tablet is n[ f\r? among ',! ,wise ,ones1' on ! we/4 #d4 ,zan ,yung1 /yl$ ,*ung-kung 71 74 ,he 0 ( ! same clan z ,zan ,kang1 & tw5ty-n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,he _h a bad fa!r1 b ! ma/] decl>$ t 0 n to be c\nt$ to him1 to detract f 8 admitt$ excell5ce4 ,8 place is among ',! ,wise ,ones1' ! second1 ea/4 #e4 ,zan ,*'iu1 /yl$ ,tsze-yu 71 74 ,he 0 relat$ to ! two =m]1 & ( ! same age z ,*ung-kung4 ,he 0 not$ among ! disciples = 8 v]satile ability & _m acquirem5ts4 ,tsze-kung said ( him1 ',respectful to ! old1 & k9d to ! "y2 att5tive to gue/s & visitors2 fond ( le>n+ & skill$ 9 _m arts2 dilig5t 9 8 exam9ation ( ?+s3-- ^! are :at belong to ,zan ,*'iu4 ,x has be5 not$ 9 ! life ( ,confucius t x 0 by ! influ5ce ( ,tsze-yu t he 0 f9ally re/or$ to ,lu4 ,he occupies ! ?ird place1 we/1 among ',! ,wise ,ones4' #f4 ,*ung ,yu1 /yl$ ,tsze-lu & ,*i-lu 71 1 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,p'i5 77 9 ,lu & only n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,at _! fir/ int]view1 ! ma/] ask$ him :at he 0 fond (1 & he repli$1 ',my long sword4' ,confucius said1 ',if to y\r pres5t ability !re 7 add$ ! results ( le>n+1 y w\ld be a v sup]ior man4' ',( :at advantage w\ld le>n+ be to me8' ask$ ,tsze-lu4 ',!re is a bamboo on ! s\!rn hill1 :i* is /raight itself )\t be+ b5t4 ,if y cut x d[n & use x1 y c s5d x ?r\gh a rh9oc]os's hide2-- :at is ! use ( le>n+8' ',yes1' said ! ma/]2 'b if y fea!r x & po9t x ) /eel1 w x n p5etrate m deeply8' ,tsze-lu b[$ ' twice1 & said1 ',i w rev]5tly receive y\r in/ructions4' ,confucius 0 wont to say1 ',f ! "t t ,i got ,yu1 bad words no m came to my e>s4' ,= "s "t ,tsze-lu 0 *ief magi/rate ( ! di/rict ( ,p'u 771 :]e 8 adm9i/ration comm&$ ! w>m comm5dations ( ! ma/]4 ,he di$ f9ally 9 ,wei1 z has be5 relat$ above1 pp4 #hf1 #hg4 ,8 tablet is n[ ! f\r?1 ea/1 f ^? ( ! ,assessors4 #g4 ,tsai ,yu /yl$ ,tsze-wo 71 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 b no?+ is m5tion$ ( 8 age4 ,he _h 'a %>p m\?1' accord+ to ,sze- ma ,*'i54 ,once1 :5 he 0 at ! c\rt ( ,*'u on "s commission1 ! k+ ,*ao (f]$ him an easy c>riage adorn$ ) ivory = 8 ma/]4 ,yu repli$1 ',my ma/] is a man :o w\ld rejoice 9 a gov]nm5t :]e "r pr9ciples 7 c>ri$ out1 & c f9d 8 joy 9 himself :5 t is n ! case4 ,n[ "r pr9ciples & virtue are z x 7 9 a /ate ( slumb]4 ,8 wi% is to r\se & put !m 9 motion4 ,c\ld he f9d a pr9ce really anxi\s to rule accord+ to !m1 he w\ld walk on foot to 8 c\rt & be glad to d s4 ,:y ne$ he receive su* a valuable gift1 z ?is f s great a di/ance8' ,confucius comm5d$ ?is reply2 b :]e he is m5tion$ 9 ! ,analects1 ,tsze-wo does n appe> to great advantage4 ,he took s]vice 9 ! ,/ate ( ,*'i1 & 0 *ief magi/rate ( ,l9-tsze1 :]e he jo9$ ) ,t'i5 ,*'ang 9 "s disord]ly movem5t #a1 :i* l$ to ! de/ruction ( 8 k9dr$1 & made ,confucius a%am$ ( him4 ,8 tablet is n[ ! second1 we/1 among ',! ,wise ,ones4' #h4 ,twan-mu ,ts'ze1 /yl$ ,tsze-kung 71 al4 71 ^: place is n[ ?ird1 ea/1 f ! ,assessors4 ,he #a 4 ,see ,sze-ma ,*'i5's ,biographies1 *ap4 #g1 ?\gh come h d\bt$ ! g5u95ess ( ?is "p ( ! notice ( ,tsze-wo4 0 a native ( ,wei 771 & ?irty-"o ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,he _h great quickness ( natural ability1 & appe>s 9 ! ,analects z "o ( ! mo/ =w>d talk]s among ! disciples4 ,confucius us$ to say1 ',f ! "t t ,i got ,ts'ze1 s*ol>s f a di/ance came daily resort+ to me4' ,sev]al in/ances ( ! language :i* he us$ to express 8 admiration ( ! ma/] h be5 giv5 9 ! la/ section4 ,"h is ano!r3-- ,! duke ,*+ ( ,*'i ask$ ,tsze-kung h[ ,*ung-ni 0 to be rank$ z a sage4 ',i d n "k1' 0 ! reply4 ',i h all my life _h ! heav5 ov] my head1 b ,i d n "k its height1 & ! e>? "u my feet1 b ,i d n "k its ?ickness4 ,9 my s]v+ ( ,confucius1 ,i am l a ?ir/y man :o goes ) 8 pit*] to ! riv]1 & !re he dr9ks 8 fill1 )\t kn[+ ! riv]'s dep?4' ,he took leave ( ,confucius to become comm&ant ( ,hs9-yang 771 :5 ! ma/] said to him1 ',9 deal+ ) y\r subord9ates1 !re is no?+ l imp>tiality2 & :5 weal? comes 9 y\r way1 !re is no?+ l mod]ation4 ,hold fa/ ^! two ?+s1 & d n sw]ve f !m4 ,to conceal m5's excell5ce is to obscure ! wor?y2 & to proclaim p's wick$ness is ! "p ( a mean man4 ,to speak evil ( ^? :om y h n s\ght ! opportunity to in/ruct is n ! way ( fri5d%ip & h>mony4' ,subsequ5tly ,tsze-kung 0 high 9 (fice bo? 9 ,lu & ,wei1 & f9ally di$ 9 ,*'i4 ,we saw h[ he 0 9 att5dance on ,confucius at ! "t ( ! sage's dea?4 ,_m ( ! disciples built huts ne> ! ma/]'s grave1 & m\rn$ = him ?ree ye>s1 b ,tsze-kung rema9$ sorr[+ alone = ?ree ye>s m4 #i4 ,y5 ,y51 /yl$ ,tsze-yu 71 71 n[ ! f\r? 9 ! we/]n range ( ',! ,wise ,ones4' ,he 0 a native ( ,wu 771 =ty-five ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius1 & di/+ui%$ = 8 lit]>y acquirem5ts4 ,be+ made comm&ant ( ,wu-*'ang1 he trans=m$ ! "* ( ! p by 'proprieties' & music1 & 0 prais$ by ! ma/]4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 ,*i ,k'ang ask$ ,y5 h[ t ev5t _h made no s5sation l t :i* 0 made by ! dea? ( ,tsze-*'an1 :5 ! m5 laid aside _! b[/r+ r+s & girdle ornam5ts1 & ! wom5 laid aside _! pe>ls & e>-r+s1 & ! voice ( weep+ 0 he>d 9 ! lanes = ?ree mon?s4 ,y5 repli$1 ',! influ5ces ( ,tsze- *'an & my ma/] might be comp>$ to ^? ( ov]fl[+ wat] & ! fatt5+ ra94 ,:]ev] ! wat] 9 its ov]fl[ rea*es1 m5 take k ( x1 :ile ! fatt5+ ra9 falls unobs]v$4' #aj4 ,pu ,%ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-hsia 71 74 ,x is n c]ta9 to :at ,/ate he belong$1 8 bir? be+ assign$ to ,wei 771 to ,wei 771 & to ,wan 774 ,he 0 =ty-five ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius1 & liv$ to a great age1 = we f9d him1 ,b4,c4 #djf1 at ! c\rt ( ! pr9ce ,wan ( ,wei 7 71 to :om he gave copies ( "s ( ! classical ,books4 ,he is repres5t$ z a s*ol> ext5sively read & exact1 b )\t great compreh5sion ( m9d4 ,:at is call$ ,mao's ,%ih-*+ 77 is said to conta9 ! views ( ,tsze-hsia4 ,kung-yang ,kao & ,ku-liang ,*'ih are also said to h /udi$ ! ,*'un ,*'iu ) him4 ,on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( 8 son he wept himself bl9d4 ,8 place is ! fif?1 ea/1 among ',! ,wise ,ones4' #aa4 ,*wan-sun ,%ih1 /yl$ ,tsze-*ang 71 71 has 8 tablet1 correspond+ to t ( ! prec$+1 on ! we/4 ,he 0 a native ( ,*'an 771 & =ty-eight ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,tsze-kung said1 ',n to boa/ ( 8 admirable m]it2 n to signify joy on acc\nt ( noble /ation2 nei!r insol5t nor indol5t2 %[+ no pride to ! dep5d5t3-- ^! are ! *>act]i/ics ( ,*wan-sun ,%ih4' ,:5 he 0 sick1 he call$ 78 son7 ,%an-hsiang to him1 & said1 ',we speak ( 8 end 9 ! case ( a sup]ior man1 & ( 8 dea? 9 ! case ( a mean man4 ,may ,i ?9k t x is go+ to be ! =m] ) me to-day8' #ab4 ,tsang ,%an or ,ts'an /yl$ ,tsze-yu 71 al4 74 ,he 0 a native ( s\? ,wu-*'ang1 & =ty-six ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,9 8 sixte5? ye> he 0 s5t by 8 fa!r into ,*'u1 :]e ,confucius !n 01 to le>n "u ! sage4 ,except+ p]haps ,y5 ,hui1 !re is n a "n ( great] note 9 ! ,confucian s*ool4 ,tsze-kung said ( him1 ',!re is no subject :i* he has n /udi$4 ,8 appe>ance is respectful4 ,8 virtue is solid4 ,8 words comm& cr$5ce4 ,be=e great m5 he draws himself up 9 ! pride ( self-respect4 ,8 eyebr[s are ^? ( longevity4' ,he 0 not$ = 8 filial piety1 & aft] ! dea? ( 8 p>5ts1 he c\ld n read ! rites ( m\rn+ )\t be+ l$ to ?9k ( !m1 & mov$ to te>s4 ,he 0 a volum9\s writ]4 ,t5 ,books ( 8 composition are said to be conta9$ 9 ! ',rites ( ! eld] ,tai' 774 ,! ,classic ( ,filial ,piety he is said to h made "u ! eye ( ,confucius4 ,on 8 connexion ) ',! ,great ,le>n+1' see above1 ,*4 ,,iii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,he 0 fir/ associat$ ) ! sacrifices to ,confucius 9 ,a4,d4 #ffh1 b 9 #abfg he 0 advanc$ to be "o ( ! sage's f\r ,assessors4 ,8 title-- ',exhibitor ( ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,sage1' dates f ! p]iod ( ,*ia-*+1 z m5tion$ 9 speak+ ( ,y5 ,hui4 #ac4 ,tan-t'ai ,mieh-m+1 /yl$ ,tsze-yu 71 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,wu-*'ang1 ?irty-n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius1 accord+ to ! ',hi/orical ,records1' b =ty-n9e1 accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ,he 0 excessively ugly1 & ,confucius ?\ght meanly ( 8 tal5ts 9 consequ5ce1 on 8 fir/ application to him4 ,aft] complet+ 8 /udies1 he travell$ to ! s\? z f> z ! ,yang-tsze4 ,traces ( 8 pres5ce 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry are /ill po9t$ out 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,su-*au4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ab\t ?ree hundr$ disciples1 to :om he laid d[n rules = _! guidance 9 _! int]c\rse ) ! pr9ces4 ,:5 ,confucius he>d ( 8 success1 he confess$ h[ he _h be5 l$ by 8 bad looks to misjudge him4 ,he1 ) ne>ly all ! disciples ^: names foll[1 fir/ _h a place assign$ to him 9 ! sacrifices to ,confucius 9 ,a4,d4 #gci4 ,! place ( 8 tablet is ! second1 ea/1 9 ! out] c\rt1 beyond t ( ! ',assessors' & ',wise ,ones4' #ad4 ,correspond+ to ! prec$+1 on ! we/1 is ! tablet ( ,fu ,pu-*'i /yl$ ,tsze-tsi5 7 al4 & 1 all 1 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 &1 accord+ to diff]5t acc\nts1 ?irty1 =ty1 & =ty-n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,he 0 comm&ant ( ,tan-fu 7 71 & h>dly ne$$ to put =? any p]sonal ef=t4 ,wu-ma ,*'i _h be5 9 ! same (fice1 & _h succe$$ by d9t ( ! greate/ indu/ry & toil4 ,he ask$ ,pu-*'i h[ he manag$ s easily = himself1 & 0 answ]$1 ',i employ m52 y employ m5's /r5g?4' ,p pron\nc$ ,fu to be a sup]ior man4 ,he 0 also a writ]1 & 8 works are m5tion$ 9 ,liu ,hs9's ,catalogue4 #ae4 ,next to t ( ,mieh-m+ is ! tablet ( ,yuan ,hsi51 /yl$ ,tsze- sze 71 7 a native ( ,sung or accord+ to ,*ang ,hsuan1 ( ,lu1 & y\ng] ?an ,confucius by ?irty-six ye>s4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 purity & mode/y1 & = 8 happ9ess 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ma/] amid deep pov]ty4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 he liv$ 9 obscurity 9 ,wei4 ,9 ! notes to ,ana4 ,,vi4 iii1 ,i h ref]r$ to an int]view :i* he _h ) ,tsze-kung4 #af4 ,kung-ye ,*'ang al4 ,*ih1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'ang al4 ,tsze- *ih1 7 al4 1 al4 71 has 8 tablet next to t ( ,pu-*'i4 ,he 0 son-9-law to ,confucius4 ,8 nativity is assign$ bo? to ,lu & to ,*'i4 #ag4 ,nan-kung ,kwo1 /yl$ ,tsze-yung 7 al4 &1 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' 7,t'ao71 71 has ! place at ! ea/ next to ,yuan ,hsi54 ,x is a "q mu* debat$ :e!r he 0 ! same ) ,nan-kung ,*ang-%u1 :o accompani$ ,confucius to ! c\rt ( ,*au1 or n4 ,on occasion ( a fire break+ out 9 ! palace ( duke ,ai1 :ile o!rs 7 int5t on secur+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,treasury1 ,nan-kung direct$ 8 ef=ts to save ! ,libr>y1 & to him 0 ow+ ! pres]vation ( ! copy ( ! ,*au ,li :i* 0 9 ,lu1 & o!r anci5t monum5ts4 #ah4 ,kung-hsi ,ai1 /yl$ ,*i-ts'ze al4 ,*i-*'an 71 al4 74 ,8 tablet foll[s t ( ,kung-ye4 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 or ( ,*'i4 ,confucius comm5d$ him = refus+ to take (fice ) any ( ! ,families :i* 7 encroa*+ on ! au?ority ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,/ates1 & = *oos+ to endure ! sev]e/ pov]ty r ?an sacrifice a tittle ( 8 pr9ciples4 #ai4 ,tsang ,ti51 /yl$ ,hsi 7al4 1 74 4,he 0 ! fa!r ( ,tsang ,%an4 ,8 place 9 ! temples is ! hall to ,confucius's ance/ors1 :]e 8 tablet is ! fir/1 we/4 #bj4 ,y5 ,wu-yao1 /yl$ ,lu 71 74 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( ,y5 ,hui1 y\ng] ?an ,confucius by six ye>s4 ,8 sacrificial place is ! fir/1 ea/1 9 ! same hall z ! la/4 #ba4 ,foll[+ ! tablet ( ,nan-kung ,kwo is t ( ,%ang ,*u1 /yl$ ,tsze-mu 71 74 ,to him1 x is said1 we are indebt$ = ! pres]vation ( ! ,yi-*+1 :i* he receiv$ f ,confucius4 ,its transmission /ep by /ep1 f ,*u d[n to ! ,han dyna/y1 is m9utely set =?4 #bb4 ,next to ,kung-hsi ,ai is ! place ( ,kao ,*'ai1 /yl$ ,tsze-kao & ,*i-kao 71 al4 2 = moreov]1 we f9d 1 & 71 a native ( ,*'i1 accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' b ( ,wei1 accord+ to ,sze-ma ,*'i5 & ,*ang ,hsuan4 ,he 0 ?irty 7"s say =ty7 ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius1 dw>fi% & ugly1 b ( great wor? & ability4 ,at "o "t he 0 crim9al judge ( ,wei1 & 9 ! execution ( 8 (fice condemn$ a prison] to lose 8 feet4 ,aft]w>ds t same man sav$ 8 life1 :5 he 0 fly+ f ! ,/ate4 ,confucius prais$ ,*'ai = be+ able to adm9i/] /]n ju/ice ) su* a _s ( b5evol5ce z to dis>m res5tm5t4 #bc4 ,%ang ,*u is foll[$ by ,*'i-tiao ,k'ai prop4 ,*'i1 /yl$ ,tsze-k'ai1 ,tsze-zo1 & ,tsze-hsiu 7 pr4 1 1 1 & 71 a native ( ,ts'ai 771 or accord+ to ,*ang ,hsuan1 ( ,lu4 ,we only "k him z a read] ( ! ,%u-*+1 & refus+ to g into (fice4 #bd4 ,kung-po ,liao1 /yl$ ,tsze-*au 71 74 ,he appe>s 9 ! ,analects1 ,,xiv4 xxxiii1 sl&]+ ,tsze-lu4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he %\ld h a place among ! disciples4 #be4 ,sze-ma ,kang1 /yl$ ,tsze-niu 71 71 foll[s ,*'i-tiao ,k'ai2 also /yl$ 4 ,he 0 a great talk]1 a native ( ,sung1 & a bro!r ( ,hwan ,t'ui1 to escape f :om seems to h be5 ! lab\r ( 8 life4 #bf4 ,! place next ,kao ,*'ai is occupi$ by ,fan ,hsu1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'ih 7 1 71 a native ( ,*'i1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 ( ,lu1 & ^: age is giv5 z ?irty-six & =ty-six ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,:5 "y1 he di/+ui%$ himself 9 a milit>y comm& "u ! ,*i family4 #bg4 ,yu ,zo1 /yl$ ,tsze-zo 71 74 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 & 8 age is /at$ v v>i\sly4 ,he 0 not$ among ! disciples = 8 great memory & fondness = antiquity4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,confucius1 ! re/ ( ! disciples1 because ( "s lik5ess 9 ,zo's spee* to ! ,ma/]1 wi%$ to r5d] ! same obs]vances to him :i* !y _h done to ,confucius1 b on ,tsang ,%an's demurr+ to ! ?+1 !y ab&on$ ! purpose4 ,! tablet ( ,tsze-zo is n[ ! six?1 ea/ among ',! ,wise ,ones1' to :i* place x 0 promot$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,*'i5-lung ( ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,?is 0 done 9 compliance ) a memorial f ! presid5t ( "o ( ! ,bo>ds1 :o said he 0 mov$ by a dream to make ! reque/4 ,we may suppose t 8 real motives 7 a wi% to d ,ju/ice to ! m]its ( ,tsze-zo1 & to re/ore ! symmetry ( ! tablets 9 ! ',hall ( ! ,great & ,complete ,"o1' :i* _h be5 di/urb$ by ! introduction ( ! tablet ( ,*u ,hsi 9 ! prec$+ reign4 #bh4 ,kung-hsi ,*'ih1 /yl$ ,tsze-hwa 71 71 a native ( ,lu1 y\ng] ?an ,confucius by =ty-two ye>s1 ^: place is ! f\r?1 we/1 9 ! out] c\rt4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 k ( c]emonies1 & ! o!r disciples devolv$ on him all ! arrangem5ts ab\t ! fun]al ( ! ,ma/]4 #bi4 ,wu-ma ,%ih or ,*'i1 /yl$ ,tsze-,*'i 7 al4 1 al4 71 a native ( ,*'an1 or1 accord+ to ,*ang ,hsuan1 ( ,lu1 ?irty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,8 tablet is on ! ea/1 next to t ( ,sze-ma ,kang4 ,x is relat$ t on "o occasion1 :5 ,confucius 0 ab\t to set out ) a company ( ! disciples on a walk or j\rney1 he told !m to take umbrellas4 ,!y met ) a heavy %[]1 & ,wu-ma ask$ him1 say+1 ',!re 7 no cl\ds 9 ! morn+2 b aft] ! sun _h ris51 y told u to take umbrellas4 ,h[ did y "k t x w\ld ra98' ,confucius said1 ',! moon la/ ev5+ 0 9 ! con/ellation ,pi1 & is x n said 9 ! ,%ih-*+1 ,:5 ! moon is 9 ,pi1 !re w be heavy ra98 ,x 0 ?us ,i knew x4' #cj4 ,liang ,*an al4 ,li1 /yl$ ,%u-yu 7 al4 71 occupies ! eigh? place1 we/1 among ! tablets ( ! out] c\rt4 ,he 0 a man ( ,*'i1 & 8 age is /at$ z tw5ty-n9e & ?irty-n9e ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,! foll[+ /ory is told 9 connexion ) him4-- ,:5 he 0 ?irty1 be+ disappo9t$ t he _h no son1 he 0 m9d$ to put away 8 wife4 ',d n d s1' said ,%ang ,*u to him4 ',i 0 ?irty-eight be=e ,i _h a son1 & my "m 0 !n ab\t to take ano!r wife = me1 :5 ! ,ma/] propos$ s5d+ me to ,*'i4 ,my "m 0 unwill+ t ,i %\ld g1 b ,confucius said1 ',don't be anxi\s4 ,*u w h five sons aft] he is =ty4' ,x has turn$ out s1 & ,i appreh5d x is y\r fault1 & n y\r wife's1 t y h no son yet4' ,*an took ?is advice1 & 9 ! second ye> aft]1 he _h a son4 #ca4 ,y5 ,hs+ al4 ,hs91 ,liu1 & ,wei1 /yl$ ,tsze-liu 7 al4 1 1 & 1 71 occupies ! place1 ea/1 aft] ,wu-ma ,%ih4 ,he 0 a native ( ,lu1 & =ty-six ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 #cb4 ,liang ,*an is foll[$ on ! we/ by ,zan ,zu1 /yl$ ,tsze-lu al4 ,tsze-tsang & ,tsze-yu 7 al4 99 al4 99 ,digitiz]'s note3 ,?is is 9 ! s\rce text2 ,i h correct$ :at is an obvi\s mispr9t4 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 & fifty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 #cc4 ,y5 ,hs+ is foll[$ on ! ea/ by ,ts'ao ,hsu1 /yl$ ,tsze-hsun 7 1 71 a native ( ,ts'ai1 fifty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 #cd4 ,next on ! we/ is ,po ,*'i51 /yl$ ,tsze-hsi1 or1 9 ! curr5t copies ( ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' ,tsze-*'iai 71 al4 or 71 a native ( ,lu1 fifty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 #ce4 ,foll[+ ,tsze-hsun is ,kung-sun ,lung al4 ,*'ung /yl$ ,tsze- %ih 7 al4 1 71 ^: bir? is assign$ by diff]5t writ]s to ,wei1 ,*'u1 & ,*ao 774 ,he 0 fifty-?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,we h ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- ',tsze-kung ask$ ,tsze-%ih1 say+1 ,h y n le>n$ ! ,book (' ,poetry8 ,tsze-%ih repli$1 ,:at leisure h ,i to d s8 ,my p>5ts require me to be filial2 my bro!rs require me to be submissive2 & my fri5ds require me to be s9c]e4 ,:at leisure h ,i = any?+ else8 ,come to my ,ma/]1 said ,tsze-kung1 & le>n ( him4' ,sze-ma ,*'i5 "h obs]ves3 ',( ! ?irty-five disciples :i* prec$e1 we h "s details4 ,_! age & o!r p>ticul>s are f\nd 9 ! ,books & ,records4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! fifty-two :i* foll[4' #cf4 ,zan ,*i1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'an al4 ,*i-*'an & ,tsze-ta 71 al4 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 ^: place is ! #aa?1 we/1 next to ,po ,*'i54 #cg4 ,kung-tsu ,kau-tsze or simply ,tsze1 /yl$ ,tsze-*ih 7 or simply 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #bcrd1 ea/1 9 ! out] c\rt4 #ch4 ,*'9 ,tsu1 /yl$ ,tsze-nan 71 71 a native ( ,*'94 ,8 tablet prec$es t ( ! la/1 two places4 #ci4 ,*'i-tiao ,*'ih1 /yl$ ,tsze-li5 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #ac?1 we/4 #dj4 ,y5 ,kao1 /yl$ ,tsze-*iao 774 ,accord+ to ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' he 0 ! same z ,y5 ,k'o 71 or 71 :o drove ! c>riage :5 ,confucius rode 9 ,wei aft] ! duke & ,nan-tsze4 ,b ?is seems d\btful4 ,o!r au?orities make 8 "n ,*'an 771 & /yle him ,tsze-ts+ 774 ,8 tablet is ! #ac?1 ea/4 #da4 ,*'i-tiao ,tu-fu al4 4 ,ts'ung1 /yl$ ,tsze-yu1 ,tsze-*'i1 & ,tsze-wan 7 al4 1 or al4 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 ^: tablet prec$es t ( ,*'i-tiao ,*'ih4 #db4 ,zang ,sze-*'ih1 /yl$ ,tsze-t'u1 or ,tsze-ts'ung 7 al4 1 al4 71 a native ( ,*'94 ,"s consid] ,zang-sze 77 to be a d\ble surname4 ,8 tablet comes aft] t ( ,no4 #dj4 #dc4 ,%ang ,*ai1 /yl$ ,tsze-,*'i & ,tsze-hsiu 71 al4 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is imm$iately aft] t ( ,fan ,hsu1 ,no4 #bf4 #dd4 ,%ih ,tso al4 ,*ih & ,tsze-%u1 /yl$ ,tsze-m+ 7 al4 & 1 1 74 ,"s take ,%ih-tso 77 z a d\ble surname4 ,8 tablet foll[s t ( ,no4 #db4 #de4 ,zan ,pu-*'i1 /yl$ ,hsuan 71 71 a native ( ,*'u1 ^: tablet is next to t ( ,no4 #bh4 #df4 ,kung-liang ,zu1 /yl$ ,tsze-*ang 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,*'91 foll[s ! prec$+ 9 ! temples4 ,! ',sacrificial ,canon' says3-- ',tsze-*ang 0 a man ( wor? & brav]y4 ,:5 ,confucius 0 surr\nd$ & /opp$ 9 ,p'u1 ,tsze-*ang f\ght s desp]ately1 t ! p ( ,p'u 7 afraid1 & let ! ,ma/] g1 on 8 swe>+ t he w\ld n proce$ to ,wei4' #dg4 ,hau al4 ,%ih ,*'u al4 ,*'i51 /yl$ ,tsze-li al4 ,li-*'ih 7 al4 al4 1 al4 71 a native ( ,*'i1 hav+ 8 tablet ! #ag?1 ea/4 #dh4 ,*'9 ,zan1 /yl$ ,k'ai 71 71 a native ( ,ts'ai4 ,he is n giv5 9 ! li/ ( ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool1' & on ?is acc\nt 8 tablet 0 put out ( ! temples 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,*ia-ts+4 ,x 0 re/or$1 h[ev]1 9 ! second ye> ( ,yung-*ang1 ,a4,d4 #agbd1 & is ! #ccrd1 ea/1 9 ! out] c\rt4 #di4 ,kung-hsia ,%au1 /yl$ ,%ang & ,tsze-%ang 7 al4 1 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 ^: tablet is next to t ( ,no4 #dd4 #ej4 ,hsi ,yung-ti5 or simply ,ti51 /yl$ ,tsze-hsi al4 ,tsze- *ieh & ,tsze-*'ieh 7 or 1 al4 & 71 a native ( ,wei1 hav+ 8 tablet ! #ah?1 ea/4 #ea4 ,kung ,*i5-t+ al4 ,kung ,yu1 /yl$ ,tsze-*ung 7 al4 al4 1 al4 & 74 ,8 nativity is assign$ to ,lu1 to ,wei1 & to ,ts9 774 ,he foll[s ,no4 #df4 #eb4 ,y5 ,tsu al4 ,hsiang1 /yl$ ,hsiang & ,tsze-hsiang 7 al4 1 1 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 ) 8 tablet foll[+ t ( ,no4 #ej4 #ec4 ,*iao ,tan al4 ,wu1 /yl$ ,tsze-kea 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 place is next to t ( ,no4 #ea4 #ed4 ,*u al4 ,kau ,ts+-*'iang & simply ,ts+1 /yl$ ,tsze- *'iang al4 ,tsze-*ieh & ,tsze-mang 7 al4 & & simply 1 al4 & 71 a native ( ,wei1 foll[+ ,no4 #eb4 #ee4 ,han al4 ,tsai-fu ,hei1 /yl$ ,tsze-hei al4 ,tsze-s & ,tsze-su 7 al4 1 al4 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 ^: tablet is next to t ( ,no4 #ec4 #ef4 ,*'9 ,%ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-p'ei al4 ,p'ei-tsze & ,pu-tsze 71 al4 & 71 a native ( ,lu1 or1 accord+ to ,*ang ,hsuan1 ( ,*'u4 ,he 0 =ty ye>s y\ng] ?an ,confucius4 ,"o au?ority1 h[ev]1 says he 0 only f\r ye>s y\ng]1 & t 8 fa!r & ,confucius's fa!r 7 bo? celebrat$ = _! /r5g?4 ,8 tablet is ! #ab?1 ea/4 #eg4 ,%9 ,tang1 /yl$ ,*au 774 ,9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool' !re is a ,%9 ,*i1 /yl$ ,tsze-*au 71 74 ,! "n is giv5 by o!rs z ,t'ang 7 & 7 & ,tsu 771 ) ! designation ,tsze-tsu 7 74 ,^! are probably ! same p]son m5tion$ 9 ! ,analects z ,%9 ,*'ang 774 ,prior to ! ,m+ dyna/y !y 7 sacrific$ to z two1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #aecj1 ! "n ,tang 0 expung$ f ! sacrificial li/1 & only t ( ,*'ang left4 ,8 tablet is ! #ca/1 ea/4 #eh4 ,y5 ,*ih-p'o1 /yl$ ,tsze-%u or simply ,%u 71 or simply 71 a native ( ,lu1 :o occupies ! #bi? place1 ea/4 #ei4 ,yung ,*'i1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'i al4 ,tsze-y5 7 or 1 or al4 71 a native ( ,lu1 ^: tablet is ! #bj?1 we/4 99 ,digitiz]'s note3 ,! actual v>iant us$ by ,legge is 774 #fj4 ,hsi5 ,*'ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'i al4 ,tsze-hung 71 al4 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 place is ! #bbnd1 ea/4 #fa4 ,tso ,zan-y+ or simply ,y+1 /yl$ ,hs+ & ,tsze-hs+ 7 or simply 1 & 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet foll[s t ( ,no4 #ei4 #fb4 ,y5 ,*i1 /yl$ ,an al4 ,tsze-sze 7 or 1 al4 7 a native ( ,*'94 ,8 tablet is ! #bd? ea/4 #fc3 ,*ang ,kwo1 /yl$ ,tsze-t'u 71 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,?is is und]/ood to be ! same ) ! ,hsieh ,pang1 /yl$ ,tsze-ts'ung 71 71 ( ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ,8 tablet foll[s ,no4 #fa4 #fd4 ,*'9 ,fei1 /yl$ ,tsze-*ih 71 71 a native ( ,lu1 hav+ 8 tablet ! #ca/1 we/4 #fe4 ,%ih ,*ih-*'ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-hang al4 *'ang 71 al4 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #cj?1 ea/4 #ff4 ,y5 ,k'wai1 /yl$ ,tsze-%ang 71 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! next to t ( ,no4 #fd4 #fg4 ,pu ,%u-%ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'e 7 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool' we h an old =m ( 1 71 a native ( ,*'i4 ,sometimes = ,pu 77 we f9d ,%ao 774 ,8 tablet is ! #cj?1 we/4 #fh4 ,yuan ,k'ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-*i 71 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,sze-ma ,*'i5 calls him ,yuan ,k'ang-*i1 n m5tion+ any designation4 ,! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool' makes him ,yuan ,k'ang 771 /yl$ ,*i4 ,8 tablet is ! #bcrd1 we/4 #fi4 ,yo ,k'o al4 ,hs91 /yl$ ,tsze-%ang 71 al4 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #be?1 ea/4 #gj4 ,li5 ,*ieh1 /yl$ ,yung & ,tsze-yung al4 ,tsze-ts'ao 71 & al4 71 a native ( ,wei1 or ( ,*'i4 ,8 tablet is next to t ( ,no4 #fh4 #ga4 ,%u-*ung ,hui al4 ,k'wai1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'i 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,lu1 or1 accord+ to ,*ang ,hsuan1 ( ,ts94 ,he 0 y\ng] ?an ,confucius by fifty-f\r ye>s4 ,x is said t he & ano!r y\?1 call$ ,k'ung ,hsuan 771 att5d$ by turns ) _! p5cils1 & act$ z amanu5ses to ! sage1 & :5 ,mang ,wu-po express$ a d\bt ( _! compet5cy1 ,confucius decl>$ 8 satisfaction ) !m4 ,he foll[s ,li5 ,*ieh 9 ! temples4 #gb4 ,y5 ,ho1 /yl$ ,zan 71 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,! pres5t copies ( ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool' d n conta9 8 "n1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #aehh ,zan 0 displac$ f 8 place 9 ! temples4 ,8 tablet1 h[ev]1 has be5 re/or$ dur+ ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,x is ! #ccrd1 we/4 #gc4 ,ti ,hei1 /yl$ ,*e al4 ,tsze-*e & ,*e-*ih 71 al4 & 71 a native ( ,wei1 or ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #bf?1 ea/4 #gd4 ,kwei al4 ,pang ,sun1 /yl$ ,tsze-li5 al4 ,tsze-y9 7 7kui#a 7 al4 1 al4 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #bg?1 we/4 #ge4 ,k'ung ,*ung1 /yl$ ,tsze-mieh 71 74 ,?is 0 ! son1 x is said1 ( ,confucius's eld] bro!r1 ! cripple ,mang-p'i4 ,8 tablet is next to t ( ,no4 #gc4 ,8 sacrificial title is ',! anci5t ,wor?y1 ! philosoph] ,mieh4' #gf4 ,kung-hsi ,yu-zu al4 ,yu1 /yl$ ,tsze-%ang 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 place is ! #bf?1 we/4 #gg4 ,kung-hsi ,ti51 /yl$ ,tsze-%ang 7 or 1 al4 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,8 tablet is ! #bh?1 ea/4 #gh4 ,*'9 ,*ang al4 ,lao1 /yl$ ,tsze-k'ai 7 al4 1 71 a native ( ,wei4 ,8 tablet is ! #bi?1 we/4 #gi4 ,*'an ,k'ang1 /yl$ ,tsze-k'ang al4 ,tsze-*'9 71 al4 71 a native ( ,*'an4 ,see notes on ,ana4 ,i4 x4 #hj4 ,hsi5 ,tan al4 ,tan-fu & ,fang1 /yl$ ,tsze-hsiang 7 al4 & 1 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,"s suppose t ?is is ! same z ,no4 #ec4 ,! advis]s ( ! pres5t dyna/y 9 su* matt]s1 h[ev]1 h consid]$ !m to be diff]5t1 & 9 #agbd1 a tablet 0 assign$ to ,hsi5 ,tan1 ! #cd?1 we/4 ,! ?ree prec$+ names are giv5 9 ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' ,! rese>* ( s*ol>s has add$ ab\t tw5ty o!rs4 #ha4 ,l9 ,fang1 /yl$ ,tsze-*'iu 71 71 a native ( ,lu4 ,! only ?+ kn[n ( him is f ! ,ana4 ,,iii4 iv4 ,8 tablet 0 displac$ "u ! ,m+1 b has be5 re/or$ by ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,x is ! fir/1 we/4 #hb4 ,*u ,yuan1 /yl$ ,po-yu 71 71 an (fic] ( ,wei1 &1 z appe>s f ! ,analects & ,m5cius1 an intimate fri5d ( ,confucius4 ,/ill 8 tablet has %>$ ! same *anges z t ( ,l9 ,fang4 ,x is n[ ! fir/1 ea/4 #hc & #hd4 ,%an ,*'ang 77 & ,%an ,t'ang 774 ,see ,no4 #eg4 #he4 ,mu ,p'i 771 m5tion$ by ,m5cius1 ,,vii4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 xxxvii4 #d4 ,8 entrance into ! temple has be5 "u ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,8 tablet is ! #cd?1 ea/4 #hf4 ,tso ,*'iu-m+ or ,tso-*'iu ,m+ 77 has ! #cbnd place1 ea/4 ,8 title 0 fix$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aecj to be ',! ,anci5t ,s*ol>1' b 9 #afdb x 0 rais$ to t ( ',anci5t ,wor?y4' ,to him we owe ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! annotat$ editions ( ! ,*'un ,*'iu4 ,b :e!r he really 0 a disciple ( ,confucius1 & 9 p]sonal communication ) him1 is mu* debat$4 ,! above are ! only names & surnames ( ^? ( ! disciples :o n[ %>e 9 ! sacrifices to ! sage4 ,^? :o wi% to exhau/ ! subject1 m5tion 9 addition1 on ! au?ority ( ,tso ,*'iu-m+1 ,*ung-sun ,ho-*i 771 a son ( ,mang ,hsi 7see p4 #fc71 & ,*ung-sun ,%wo 7 71 also a son ( ,mang ,hsi1 suppos$ by _m to be ! same ) ,no4 #ag2 ,zu ,pei1 771 m5tion$ 9 ! ,analects1 ,,xvii4 xx1 & 9 ! ,li ,*i1 ,,xviii4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ii4 #bb2 ,kung-wang ,*ih-*'iu 77 & ,hsu ,ti5 771 m5tion$ 9 ! ,li ,*i1 ,,xliii4 #g2 ,p9-mau ,*ia 771 m5tion$ 9 ! ,li ,*i1 ,,xvii4 iii4 #af2 ,k'ung ,hsuan 77 & ,hai ,%u-lan 771 on ! au?ority ( ! ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool2' ,*'ang ,*i 771 m5tion$ by ,*wang-tsze2 ,*u ,yu 771 m5tion$ by ,y5-tsze 772 ,li5 ,yu 77 & ,lu ,*un 771 on ! au?ority ( 2 & f9ally ,tsze-fu ,ho 7 71 ! ,tsze-fu ,*+-po 77 ( ! ,analects1 ,,xiv4 xxxviii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,consult$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,?is ,,volume4 ,,section ,i4 ,,*9ese ,,works1 ,,) ,,brief ,,notices4 1 ',! ,?irte5 ,*+1 ) ,comm5t>y & ,explanations4' ,?is is ! great rep]tory ( anci5t lore ^u ! ,classics4 ,on ! ,analects1 x conta9s ! ',collection ( ,explanations ( ! ,lun ,yu1' by ,ho ,y5 & o!rs 7see p4 #ai71 & ',! ,correct ,mean+1' or ,p>aphrase ( ,hs+ ,p+ 7see p4 #bj74 ,on ! ,great ,le>n+ & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 x conta9s ! comm5ts & glosses ( ,*ang ,hsuan1 & ( ,k'ung ,y+-ta 77 ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y4 1 ',a new edition ( ! ,f\r ,books1 ,punctuat$ & ,annotat$1 = ,read+4' ,?is "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,tao-kwang 7#ahbg7 by a ,kao ,l9 774 ,x is ! f9e/ edition ( ! ,f\r ,books :i* ,i h se51 9 po9t ( typographical execution4 ,x is inde$ a volume = read+4 ,x conta9s ! ord9>y ',collect$ ,comm5ts' ( ,*u ,hsi on ! ,analects1 & 8 ',*apt]s & ,s5t5ces' ( ! ,great ,le>n+ & ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean4 ,! editor's own notes are at ! top & bottom ( ! page1 9 rubric4 1 ',! ,prop] ,mean+ ( ! ,f\r ,books z det]m9$ by ,*u ,hsi1 ,comp>$ )1 & ,illu/rat$ f1 o!r ,comm5tators4' ,?is is a mo/ volum9\s "w1 publi%$ 9 ! t5? ye> ( ,*'i5-lung1 ,a4,d4 #agde1 by ,wang ,pu-*'+ 771 a memb] ( ! ,han-l9 ,college4 ,on ! ,great ,le>n+ & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 ! ',qu]ies' 77 address$ to ,*u ,hsi & 8 replies are giv5 9 ! same text z ! /&>d comm5t>y4 1 ',! ,f\r ,books1 ,text & ,comm5t>y1 ) ,pro(s & ,illu/rations4' ,! copy ( ?is ,"w :i* ,i h 0 edit$ by a ,wang ,t'+-*i 771 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,*ia-*'+1 ,a4,d4 #agih4 ,x may be call$ a comm5t>y on ! comm5t>y4 ,! rese>* 9 all matt]s ( ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 c41 is imm5se4 1 ',a ,collection ( ! mo/ important ,comm5ts ( ,s*ol>s on ! ,f\r ,books4' ,by ,li ,p'ei-l9 772 publi%$ 9 ! fifty-sev5? ,k'ang-hsi ye>1 ,a4,d4 #agah4 ,?is ,"w is ab\t z volum9\s z ! 1 b on a diff]5t plan4 ,e *apt] is prec$$ by a critical discussion ( its g5]al mean+1 & ! logical connexion ( its sev]al p>agraphs4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! text1 & ,*u ,hsi's /&>d comm5t>y4 ,we h !n a p>aphrase1 full & g5]ally p]spicu\s4 ,next1 !re is a selection ( approv$ comm5ts1 f a great v>iety ( au?ors2 & f9ally1 ! read] f9ds a numb] ( critical rem>ks & +5i\s views1 diff]+ (t5 f ! common int]pretation1 :i* are submitt$ = 8 exam9ation4 1 ',a ,supplem5tal ,comm5t>y1 & ,lit]>y ,discussions1 on ! ,f\r ,books4' ,by ,*ang ,*an-t'ao al4 ,t'i-an 7 al4 71 a memb] ( ! ,han-l9 college1 9 ! e>ly "p1 app>5tly1 ( ! reign ( ,*'i5-lung4 ,! "w is on a peculi> plan4 ,! read] is suppos$ to be acqua9t$ ) ,*u ,hsi's comm5t>y1 :i* is n giv52 b ! au?or g5]ally supports 8 views1 & def5ds !m aga9/ ! criticisms ( "s ( ! e>ly s*ol>s ( ?is dyna/y4 ,8 own ex]citations are ( ! nature ( essays m ?an ( comm5t>y4 ,x is a book = ! /ud5t :o is some:at advanc$1 r ?an = ! le>n]4 ,i h (t5 p]us$ x ) int]e/ & advantage4 1 ',! ,f\r ,books1 accord+ to ! ,comm5t>y1 ) ,p>aphrase4' ,publi%$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ,yung ,*ang1 ,a4,d4 #agcj1 by ,wang ,fu al4 ,k'eh-fu 7 al4 74 ,e page is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,bel[1 we h ! text & ,*u ,hsi's comm5t>y4 ,above1 we h an analysis ( e *apt]1 foll[$ by a p>aphrase ( ! sev]al p>agraphs4 ,to ! p>aphrase ( ea* p>agraph are subjo9$ critical notes1 dige/$ f a great v>iety ( s*ol>s1 b )\t ! m5tion ( _! names4 ,a li/ ( #aaf is giv5 :o are ?us laid "u contribution4 ,9 addition1 !re are maps & illu/rative figures at ! comm5cem5t2 & to ea* ,book !re are prefix$ biographical notices1 explanations ( peculi> allusions1 c4 1 ',! ,f\r ,books1 ) a ,complete ,dige/ ( ,supplem5ts to ! ,comm5t>y1 & additional ,sugge/ions4 ,a new edition1 ) ,additions4' ,by ,tu ,t+-*i 774 ,publi%$ ,a4,d4 #aggi4 ,! orig9al ( ?is ,"w 0 by ,tang ,l9 771 a s*ol> ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,x is p]haps ! be/ ( all editions ( ! ,f\r ,books = a le>n]4 ,ea* page is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,bel[1 is ! text divid$ into s5t5ces & memb]s ( s5t5ces1 :i* are foll[$ by %ort glosses4 ,! text is foll[$ by ! usual comm5t>y1 & t by a p>aphrase1 to :i* are subjo9$ ! ,supplem5ts & ,sugge/ions4 ,! middle division conta9s a critical analysis ( ! *apt]s & p>agraphs2 & above1 !re are ! necess>y biographical & o!r notes4 1 ',! ,f\r ,books1 ) ! ,reli% ( ! ,radical ,mean+4' ,?is is a new ,"w1 publi%$ 9 #aheb4 ,x is ! production ( ,*9 ,*'ang1 /yl$ ,*i'u-t'an 71 71 an (fic] & s*ol>1 :o1 return+1 app>5tly to ,canton prov9ce1 f ! ,nor? 9 #ahcf1 occupi$ 8 retirem5t ) review+ 8 lit]>y /udies ( =m] ye>s1 & employ$ 8 sons to transcribe 8 notes4 ,! writ] is fully up 9 all ! comm5t>ies on ! ,classics1 & pays p>ticul> att5tion to ! lab\rs ( ! s*ol>s ( ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,to ! ,analects1 = in/ance1 !re is prefix$ ,*iang ,yung's ,hi/ory ( ,confucius1 ) criticisms on x by ! au?or himself4 ,ea* *apt] is prec$$ by a critical analysis4 ,!n foll[s ! text ) ! /&>d comm5t>y1 c>efully divid$ into s5t5ces1 (t5 ) glosses1 orig9al & select$1 betwe5 !m4 ,to ! comm5t>y !re succe$s a p>aphrase1 :i* is n copi$ by ! au?or f ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,aft] ! p>aphrase we h ,explanations 774 ,! book is beautifully pr9t$1 & 9 small type1 s t x is really a multum 9 p>vo1 ) consid]able fre%ness4 1 ',a ,p>aphrase = ,daily ,lessons1 ,expla9+ ! ,mean+ ( ! ,f\r ,books4' ,?is "w 0 produc$ 9 #afgg1 by a dep>tm5t ( ! memb]s ( ! ,han-l9 college1 9 ob$i5ce to an imp]ial rescript4 ,! p>aphrase is full1 p]spicu\s1 & elegant4 2 2 2 2 4 ,^! works =m toge!r a sup]b edition ( ! ,five ,*+1 publi%$ by imp]ial au?ority 9 ! ,k'ang-hsi & ,yung-*ang reigns4 ,!y conta9 ! /&>d views 772 v>i\s op9ions 772 critical decisions ( ! editors 77 2 prolegom5a2 plates or cuts2 & o!r app>atus = ! /ud5t4 1 ',! ,collect$ ,writ+s ( ,mao ,hsi-ho4' ,see prolegom5a1 p4 #bj4 ,! volum9\sness ( 8 ,writ+s is und]/at$ !re4 ,( 1 or ,writ+s on ! ,classics1 !re are #bcf sections1 :ile 8 1 or o!r lit]>y compositions1 am\nt to #beg sections4 ,8 treatises on ! ,great ,le>n+ & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean h be5 especially helpful to me4 ,he is a great oppon5t ( ,*u ,hsi1 & w\ld be a mu* m effective "o1 if he possess$ ! same graces ( /yle z t 'pr9ce ( lit]ature4' 1 ',a ,collection ( ,supplem5tal ,obs]vations on ! ,f\r ,books4' ,! preface ( ! au?or1 ,ts'ao ,*ih-%ang 771 is dat$ 9 #agie1 ! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,*'i5-lung4 ,! "w conta9s :at we may call prolegom5a on ea* ( ! ,f\r ,books1 & !n excursus on ! mo/ difficult & disput$ passages4 ,! tone is mod]ate1 & ! le>n+ display$ ext5sive & solid4 ,! views ( ,*u ,hsi are frequ5tly well def5d$ f ! assaults ( ,mao ,hsi-ho4 ,i h f\nd ! ,"w v in/ructive4 1 ',on ! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,analects1 ) ,plates4' ,?is ,"w 0 publi%$ by ! au?or1 ,*iang ,yung 771 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ ,*'i5-lung ye>1 ,a4,d4 #agfa1 :5 he 0 sev5ty-six ye>s old4 ,x is devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! above portion ( ! ,analects1 & is divid$ into t5 sections1 ! fir/ ( :i* consi/s ( woodcuts & tables4 ,! second conta9s ! ,life ( ,confucius1 ( :i* ,i h l>gely avail$ myself 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! :ole is a rem>kable specim5 ( ! m9ute c>e ) :i* ,*9ese s*ol>s h illu/rat$ ! ,classical ,books 2 2 2 4 ,we may call ^! volumes-- ',! ,topography ( ! ,f\r ,books2 ) ?ree ,supplem5ts4' ,! ,au?or's "n is ,y5 ,zo-*'u 774 ,! fir/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 #afih1 & ! second 9 #agjj4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d ! dates ( publication ( ! o!r two1 9 :i* !re is m biographical & g5]al matt] ?an topographical4 ,! au?or apologizes = ! inappropriat5ess ( _! titles by say+ t he c\ld n help call+ !m ,supplem5ts to ! ,topography1 :i* 0 8 'fir/ love4' 1 ',explanations ( ! ,classics1 "u ! ,imp]ial ,ts'+ ,dyna/y4' ,see above1 p4 #bj4 ,! ,"w1 h[ev]1 0 n publi%$1 z ,i h !re suppos$1 by imp]ial au?ority1 b "u ! sup]9t5d5ce1 & at ! exp5se 7aid$ by o!r (fic]s71 ( ,yuan ,yuan 771 ,gov]nor-g5]al ( ,kwang-tung & ,kwang-hsi1 9 ! n9? ye> ( ! la/ reign1 #ahbi4 ,! publication ( s ext5sive a ,"w %[s a public _s & zeal = lit]ature among ! high (fic]s ( ,*9a1 :i* %\ld keep =eign]s f ?9k+ meanly ( !m4 1 ',say+s ( ! ,confucian ,family4' ,family is to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( ,sect or ,s*ool4 ,9 ,liu ,hs9's ,catalogue1 9 ! subdivision devot$ to ! ,lun ,yu1 we f9d ! entry3-- ',say+s ( ! ,confucian ,family1 tw5ty-sev5 ,books1' ) a note by ,y5 ,sze-ku ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1-- ',n ! exi/+ ,"w call$ ! ,family ,say+s4' ,! orig9al ,"w 0 among ! treasures f\nd 9 ! wall ( ,confucius's old h\se1 & 0 deciph]$ & edit$ by ,k'ung ,an-kwo4 ,! pres5t ,"w is by ,wang ,su ( ! ,wei 77 dyna/y1 gr\nd$ pr(ess$ly on ! old] "o1 ! blocks ( :i* _h suff]$ great dilapidation dur+ ! int]v5+ c5turies4 ,x is all[$ also1 t1 s9ce ,su's "t1 ! ,"w has suff]$ m ?an any ( ! ackn[l$g$ ,classics4 ,yet x is a v valuable fragm5t ( antiquity1 & x w\ld be wor? :ile to incorporate x ) ! ,analects4 ,my copy is ! edition ( ,li ,yung 771 publi%$ 9 #aghj4 ,i h g5]ally call$ ! ,"w ',n>ratives ( ! ,s*ool4' 1 ',sacrificial ,canon ( ! ,sage's ,temples1 ) ,plates4' ,?is ,"w1 publi%$ 9 #ahbf1 by ,ku ,yuan1 /yl$ ,hsiang-*au 71 71 is a v pa9/ak+ acc\nt ( all ! ,names sacrific$ to 9 ! temples ( ,confucius1 ! dates ( _! atta9+ to t hon\r1 c4 ,!re are app5d$ to x ,memoirs ( ,confucius & ,m5cius1 :i* are n ( s mu* value4 1 ',! ,complete ,works ( ! ,t5 ,tsze4' ,see ,morrison's ,diction>y1 "u ! "* 4 ,i h only _h occasion1 9 connexion ) ?is ,"w1 to ref] to ! writ+s ( ,*wang-tsze 77 & ,lieh-tsze 774 ,my copy is an edition ( #ahjd4 1 ',a ,cyclopdia ( ,surnames1 or ,biographical ,diction>y1 ( ! ,fam\s ,m5 & ,virtu\s ,wom5 ( ! ,successive ,dyna/ies4' ,?is is a v notable "w ( its class2 publi%$ 9 #agic1 by 1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh #aeg *apt]s or ,books4 1 ',g5]al ,exam9ation ( ,records & ,s*ol>s4' ,?is a/oni%+ ,"w1 :i* co/ its au?or1 ,ma ,twan-l9 771 tw5ty ye>s' lab\r1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #acba4 ,rmusat says1-- ',?is excell5t ,"w is a libr>y 9 itself1 & if ,*9ese lit]ature possess$ no o!r1 ! language w\ld be wor? le>n+ = ! sake ( read+ ?is alone4' ,x does inde$ display all b incr$ible rese>* into e subject connect$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 ,religion1 c41 ( ! empire ( ,*9a4 ,! au?or's rese>*es are dige/$ 9 #cdh ,books4 ,i h _h occasion to consult pr9cipally ^? on ! ,lit]>y ,monum5ts1 embrac$ 9 sev5ty-six ,books1 f ! #agd? to ! #bdi?4 1 ',an ,exam9ation ( ! ,comm5t>ies on ! ,classics1' by ,*u ,i-tsun4 ,! au?or 0 a memb] ( ! ,han-l9 college1 & ! "w 0 fir/ publi%$ ) an imp]ial preface by ! ,*'i5-lung emp]or4 ,x is an exhau/ive "w on ! lit]ature ( ! ,classics1 9 #cjj *apt]s or ,books4' 1 ',a ,cont9uation ( ! ,g5]al ,exam9ation ( ,records & ,s*ol>s4' ,?is ,"w1 :i* is 9 #bed ,books1 & ne>ly z ext5sive z ! =m]1 0 ! production ( ,wang ,*'i 771 :o dates 8 preface 9 #aehf1 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ,wan-li1 ! /yle ( ! reign ( ! f\rte5? emp]or ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,wang ,*'i br+s d[n ! ,"w ( 8 pr$ecessor to 8 own times4 ,he also frequ5tly goes ov] ! same gr\nd1 & puts ?+s 9 a cle>] light4 ,i h f\nd ?is to be ! case 9 ! *apt]s on ! classical & o!r ,books4 1 ',! ,tw5ty-f\r ,hi/ories4' ,^! are ! imp]ially- au?oriz$ records ( ! empire1 comm5c+ ) ! ',hi/orical ,records1' ! "w ( ,sze-ma ,*'i51 & end+ ) ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agdb1 ! result ( ! jo9t lab\rs ( #ade (fic]s & s*ol>s ( ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,! ext5t ( ! collection may be und]/ood f ?is1 t my copy1 b\nd 9 ,engli% fa%ion1 makes sixty-?ree volumes1 ea* "o l>g] ?an ?is4 ,no nation has a hi/ory s ?or\ghly dige/$2 & on ! :ole x is tru/wor?y4 ,9 pre- p>+ ?is volume1 my necessities h be5 conf9$ mo/ly to ! ,works ( ,sze-ma ,*'i51 & 8 successor1 ,pan ,ku 771 ! ,hi/orian ( ! fir/ ,han dyna/y4 1 ',! ,annals ( ! ,nation4' ,publi%$ by imp]ial au?ority 9 #ahjc1 ! eigh? ye> ( ,*'ia-*'+4 ,?is ,"w is invaluable to a /ud5t1 be+1 inde$1 a collection ( *ronological tables1 :]e e ye>1 f ! rise ( ! ,*au dyna/y1 ,b4,c4 #aaba1 has a di/9ct column to itself1 9 :i*1 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts1 ! mo/ important ev5ts are not$4 ,beyond t date1 x asc5ds to ne>ly ! comm5cem5t ( ! cycles 9 ! sixty-fir/ ye> ( ,hwang-ti1 giv+ -- n e ye>1 b ! ye>s ( :i* any?+ has be5 m5tion$ 9 hi/ory4 ,f ,hwang-ti also1 x asc5ds ?r\gh ! dateless ages up to ,p'an-ku1 ! fir/ ( mortal sov]eigns4 1 ',! ,b\nd>ies ( ! ,nation 9 ! successive ,dyna/ies4' ,?is ,"w by ! same au?or1 & publi%$ 9 #ahag1 does = ! b\nd>ies ( ! empire ! same s]vice :i* ! prec$+ r5d]s to its *ronology4 1 ',! ,topography ( ! ,nation 9 ! successive ,dyna/ies4' ,ano!r ,"w by ! same au?or1 & ( ! same date z ! prec$+4 ,! ,diction>ies *iefly consult$ h be53-- ,! well-kn[n ,%wo ,wan 771 by ,hsu ,%an1 /yl$ ,%u-*ung 7 1 71 publi%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajj2 ) ! supplem5t 77 by ,hsu ,*'ieh 771 ( ! s\!rn ,tang dyna/y4 ,! *>act]s are arrang$ 9 ! ,%wo ,wan "u #edj keys or radicals1 z !y are un=tunately t]m$4 ,! ,liu ,%u ,ku 771 by ,tai ,t'ung1 /yl$ ,*ung-ta 71 71 ( our ?irte5? 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