produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,illu/ration3 ,au?or ,,soil ,,culture2 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,view ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,horticulture1 ,,pomology1 ,,dome/ic ,,animals1 ,,rural ,,economy1 ,,& ,,agricultural ,,lit]ature4 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,wald51 ,a4 ,m4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s ,,new ,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,se>s1 #aha ,,william ,,/reet4 #aheh4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheg1 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,wald51 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 & = ! ,nor!rn ,di/rict ( ,ill9ois4 ,,savage ,mc,c,r,e,a1 ,,/]eotyp]s1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,alvord1 ,,pr9t]1 #ac ,*amb]s ,/reet1 ,n4,y4 ,no4 #ae ,v&ewat] ,/reet1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,! ,,practical ,,cultivators ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,! ,true ,lords ( ! ,manor1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,_! ,,s9c]e ,,fri5d1 ,,! ,,au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prefatory ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,if he :o causes two blades ( grass to gr[ :]e b "o grew be=e1 is a b5efactor ( 8 race1 he is n less s :o imp>ts to millions a k ( ! me?ods by :i* x is done4 ,! la/ half c5tury has be5 ! era ( exp]im5ts & writ+ on ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,! result has be5 ! acquisition ( m k on ! subjects embrac$1 ?an ! _w _h atta9$ 9 all its previ\s hi/ory4 ,t k is scatt]$ ?r\gh _m volumes ( num]\s p]iodicals & books1 & int]sp]s$ ) _m !ories1 & mu* speculation1 t c nev] be valuable 9 practice4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$1 x confuses1 r ?an aids1 ! great mass ( cultivators4 ,h5ce ! prejudice aga9/ book-f>m+4 ,provid$ e/abli%$ facts only are pres5t$1 !y are none ! worse = be+ pr9t$4 ,! object ( ?is volume is to cond5se1 & pres5t 9 an intelligible =m1 all important e/abli%$ facts 9 ! sci5ce ( soil-culture4 ,! au?or claims orig9ality1 z to ! discov]y ( facts & pr9ciples1 9 b few cases4 ,dur+ t5 ye>s ( prep>atory /udy = ?is "w1 he has s\ght ! rew>ds ( indu/ry1 9 sift+ out ! c]ta9 & ! useful f ! hypo!tical & ! fanciful1 & ! results ( judici\s discrim9ation betwe5 fallacy & j reason+1 9 support ( !ories4 ,?is volume is design$ to be a complete manual = all b amateur cultivators4 ,:ile x is believ$ t he :o foll[s its directions w be c]ta9 ( success1 x is n int5d$ to disp>age ! m]its ( o!r works1 b to enc\rage & ext5d _! p]usal4 ,we c n too /rongly recomm5d to "y culturi/s to keep !mselves well po/$ 9 ?is k9d ( lit]ature1 & give to e discov]y & inv5tion 9 ?is sci5ce a fair trial2 n on a l>ge scale1 s z to s9k money 9 fruitless exp]im5ts1 b suffici5t to af=d a sure te/ ( _! real value4 ,to no class ( m5 is /udy m important ?an to soil-culturi/s4 ,x is believ$ t ! directions "h giv51 if foll[$1 w save millions ( doll>s annually to t class ( cultivators :o c lea/ af=d to wa/e "t & money 9 exp]im5t+4 ,) beg9n]s x is important to be successful at fir/2 :i* is impossible )\t avail+ !mselves ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,:ile we ?us aim to give our volume ?is exclusively practical =m1 & utilit>ian "*1 we d n und]value ! labors ( amateur cultivators4 ,a me$ ( praise is due to ^? :o are will+ to sp5d "t & money 9 exp]im5ts1 by :i* great tru?s are evolv$ = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,p]fection is n claim$ = ?is volume4 ,b ! au?or hopes no?+ w be f\nd "h t is untrue4 ,a fe> ( ins]t+ errors may h induc$ u to omit "s ?+s t may yet prove valuable4 ,if any?+ seems to be at v>iance ) a cultivator's obs]vation1 9 a giv5 locality1 he w discov] 9 our g5]al pr9ciples on climate1 soil1 & location1 t x is a natural result4 ,accurate z f> z we g has be5 our motto4 ,x is hop$ ! =m is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,all is arrang$ "u "o alphabet1 ) a complete index4 ,! au?or has consult$ _m intellig5t cultivators & writ]s1 :o1 )\t exception1 approve 8 plan4 ,all agree 9 say+ t x is design$ to fill a place n occupi$ by any o!r s+le volume 9 ! language4 ,x is impossible1 )\t cumb]+ ! volume1 to give suitable cr$it to ! au?ors & p]sons consult$4 ,suffice x to say1 ! au?or has c>efully /udi$ all ! works m5tion$ 9 ?is volume1 & avail$ himself ( a great v>iety ( v]bal sugge/ions1 by sci5tific & practical m54 ,if ?is "w %all1 9 any good degree1 s]ve ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$1 x w amply rew>d ! au?or = an am\nt ( labor1 exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 & /udy1 appreciable only by few4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,wald54 ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #a1 #aheh4 ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,apple-,worms #bb ,apple-,tree ,bor] #bd ,cat]pill> ,eggs #be ,cank]-,worm ,mo?s #be ,baldw9 ,apple #cd ,bellfl[] ,apple #ce ,e>ly ,h>ve/ ,apple #cf ,spitzb]g5 ,apple #cg ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ #ch ,fall ,pipp9 #ci ,newt[n ,pipp9 #dj ,rambo ,apple #da ,rome ,beauty #db ,we/field ,seek-no-fur!r #dc ,nor!rn ,spy #dd ,roxbury ,russet #de ,swa> ,apple #df ,maid5's ,blu% #dg ,b>b]ries #ef ,work+ ,bee1 ,que5 & ,drone #fi ,high-,bu% ,blackb]ry #hc ,budd+ 7,six ,illu/rations7 #ia ,*]ries 7,six ,illu/rations7 #abb ,milk+ ,qualities ( ,c[s ,illu/rat$ ,! ,fl&]s ,c[ #ade ,! ,selvage ,c[ #adg ,! ,curvel9e ,c[ #adh ,! ,bicorn ,c[ #adi ,! ,demijohn ,c[ #aej ,! ,squ>e ,escut*eon ,c[ #aea ,! ,lem\s9e ,c[ #aea ,! ,horizontal ,cut ,c[ #aeb ,ba/>ds #aeb ,cranb]ries #aef ,fig #aha ,cleft & ,tongue ,graft+ #baj ,isabella ,grapes #bbc ,catawba ,grapes #bbc ,rebecca ,grapes #bbd ,delaw>e ,grapes #bbe ,h$ge-,prun+ 7#d engrav+s7 #bch ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,f>m ,build+s #beb ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,pigg]y #bec ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,c\ntry ,resid5ce1 ,f>m ,build+s1 ,fruit ,g>d51 & ,gr\nds #bed ,lay+ out ,curves ,illu/rat$ #bee ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,f>m-,h\se #bee ,summ]-,h\se #bef ,labor]'s ,cottage #beg ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,labor]'s ,cottage #beg ,italian ,f>m-,h\se #beh ,gr\nd ,plan ( ,italian ,f>m-,h\se #beh ,neglect$ ,pea*-,tree #cbd ,prop]ly-,trimm$ ,pea*-,tree #cbd ,plan ( a ,pe>-,or*>d #cch ,b>tlett ,pe> #cdj ,beurr ,diel ,pe> #cda ,:ite ,doy5ne ,pe> #cdb ,flemi% ,beauty #cdc ,seckel #cde ,gray ,doy5ne ,pe> #cdf ,! ,curculio #cee ,lawr5ce's ,favorite ,plum #cef ,imp]ial ,gage #ceg ,egg-,plum #ceg ,gre5 ,gage #ceh ,jeff]son ,plum #ceh ,wa%+ton ,plum #cei ,fr5* ,m]9o ,ram #chf ,%eph]dia1 or ,buffalo ,b]ry #cij ,/rawb]ry ,blossoms #cig ,fan ,tra9+ 7,f\r ,illu/rations7 #dag1 #dah ,horizontal ,tra9+ 7,two ,illu/rations7 #dai ,conical ,tra9+ 7,f\r ,illu/rations7 #dbj ,,soil ,,culture4 ,,acclimation4 ,?is is ! art ( successfully *ang+ fruits or plants f "o climate to ano!r4 ,removal to a cold] climate %\ld be effect$ 9 ! spr+1 & to a w>m] "o 9 ! fall4 ,?is may be done by scions or se$s4 ,by se$s is bett]1 9 all cases 9 :i* !y w produce ! same v>ieties4 ,v few import$ apple or pe> trees are valuable 9 ?is c\ntry2 :ile our f9e/ v>ieties1 p]fectly adapt$ to our climate1 7 rais$ f se$s ( =eign fruits & _! desc5dants4 ,! same is true ( ! extremes ( ?is c\ntry4 ,baldw9 apple-trees1 =ty or fifty ye>s old1 are p]fectly h>dy 9 ! cold] p>ts ( ,new ,engl&2 :ile ! same import$ f w>m] sections ( ! ,union fail 9 sev]e w9t]s4 ,?is fact has giv5 _m new localities ! reputation ( be+ poor fruit-regions4 ,:5 we remove fruit-trees to a simil> climate 9 a new c\ntry1 !y fl\ri% well1 & we call x a good fruit-c\ntry4 ,remove trees f ! same nurs]y to a diff]5t climate & soil1 & !y are n h>dy & vigor\s1 & we call x a poor fruit-c\ntry4 ,^! two localities may be equally good = fruit1 ) suitable c>e 9 acclimat+ ! tree & prep>+ ! soil4 ,?us ! ri* prairies ( c5tral ,ill9ois are (t5 said n to be adapt$ to fruit4 ,give "t to raise fruits f ! se$1 & to apply ! pr9ciples ( acclimation1 & ^? ri* prairies w be among ! great fruit-gr[+ regions ( ! _w4 ,two ?+s are ess5tial to successful fruit-culture1 on all ! alluvial soils ( ! ,nor?we/3 raise f se$1 & prune closely & head-9 %ort1 & ?us put back & /r5g!n ! trees = ! fir/ t5 ye>s1 & no m compla9ts w be he>d4 ,! pea* has be5 gradually acclimat$1 until1 transplant$ f p]petual summ]1 x successfully endures a temp]ature ( ?irty-five degrees bel[ z]o4 ,?is pr9ce ( fruits w yet be successfully gr[n ev5 beyond ! nor!rn limits ( ,m9nesota4 ,_m vegetables may also be gr[n 9 v diff]5t climates1 by annually import+ ! se$ f localities :]e !y naturally fl\ri%4 ,sweet potatoes are ?us gr[n abundantly 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,we wond] ?is subject has receiv$ s little att5tion4 ,we comm5d ^! brief h9ts to ! e>ne/ consid]ation ( all practical cultivators1 hop+ !y may be ( great value 9 ! results to :i* !y may lead4 ,,almonds4 ,almonds are natives ( sev]al p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,!y p]fectly resemble ! pea* 9 all b ! fruit4 ,! pea* & almond gr[ well1 budd$ into ea* o!r4 ,9 ,france1 almond-/ocks are pref]r$ = ! pea*4 ,_! cultivation & propagation are 9 all respects ! same z ! pea*4 ,v>ieties4--#a4 ,long1 h>d %ell4 ,?is is ! be/ = cultivation 9 we/]n & middle /ates1 & 9 all cold regions4 ,v ornam5tal4 #b4 ,common sweet4 ,productive 9 middle /ates1 b n s good z ! fir/4 #c4 ,ladies' ?9 %ell4 ,fruit l>ge1 long1 & sweet2 ! v be/ v>iety1 b n s h>dy z ! fir/ two4 ,gr[s well 9 w>m locations1 ) slight protection 9 w9t]4 #d4 ,! bitt]4 ,l>ge1 ) v ornam5tal leaves & blossoms4 ,fruit bitt]1 & yield+ t deadly poison1 prussic acid4 #e4 ,pea* almond4 ,s call$ f hav+ a pulp equal to a poor pea*4 ,n h>dy 9 nor!rn climates4 ,o!r v>ieties are nam$1 b are ( no consequ5ce to ! practical cultivator4 #f4 ,two v>ieties ( ornam5tal almonds are v beautiful 9 spr+--! l>ge1 d\ble fl[]+1 & ! well-kn[n dw>f fl[]+4 ,b we reg>d pea*-blossoms q z ornam5tal1 & ! ripe pea*es mu* m s1 & s pref] to cultivate !m4 ,almonds are ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 especially 9 ,portugal1 z an article ( comm]ce4 ,!y w gr[ equally well 9 ?is c\ntry2 b labor is s *eap 9 ,europe1 t ,am]ican cultivators c n compete ) x 9 ! almond m>ket4 ,b e "o own+ l& %\ld cultivate a few z a family luxury4 ,,apples4 ,! orig9al ( all our apples 0 ! wild ,european crab4 ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry sev]al native crabs l>g] & bett] ?an ! ,european2 b !y h n yet1 z we are aw>e1 be5 develop$ into f9e apples4 ,apple-trees are h>dy & long-liv$1 do+ well = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,highly-cultivat$ trees1 h[ev]1 are ?\ght to la/ only ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,an apple-tree1 import$ f ,engl&1 produc$ fruit 9 ,connecticut at ! age ( two hundr$ & eight ye>s4 ,! apple is ! mo/ valuable ( all fruits4 ,! pea*1 ! be/ pe>s1 ! /rawb]ries1 & o!rs1 are all delici\s 9 _! day2 b apples are adapt$ to a great] v>iety ( uses1 & are 9 p]fection all ! ye>2 ! e>lie/ may be us$ 9 ,june1 & ! late/ may be kept until t "t next ye>4 ,z an article ( food1 !y are v valuable on acc\nt ( bo? _! nutritive & m$ic9al qualities4 ,z a g5tle laxative1 !y are invaluable = *ildr51 :o %\ld always be all[$ to eat ripe apples z !y please1 :5 !y c be af=d$4 ,*ildr5 w n long be incl9$ to eat ripe fruit to _! injury4 ,an almo/ exclusive diet ( bak$ sweet apples & milk is record$ z hav+ cur$ *ronic cases ( consumption1 & o!r diseases caus$ by too ri* food4 ,let dyspeptics v>y ! mode ( prep>+ & us+ an apple diet1 until x agrees ) !m1 & _m aggravat$ cases may be cur$ )\t m$ic9e4 ,x is /range h[ ! idea has ga9$ s mu* curr5cy t apples1 al?\gh a pleasant luxury1 are n suffici5tly nutriti\s = a valuable article ( diet4 ,!re is no o!r fruit or vegetable 9 g5]al use t conta9s su* a proportion ( nutrim5t4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 ,g]many1 by a long c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 t m5 w p]=m m labor1 endure m fatigue1 & be m heal?y1 on an apple diet1 ?an on t univ]sal indisp5sable = ! poor1 ! potato4 ,apples are m valuable ?an potatoes = food4 ,!y are equally valuable z food = f[ls1 sw9e1 %eep1 cattle1 & horses4 ,hogs h be5 well fatt5$ on apples alone4 ,cook$ ) o!r vegetables1 & mix$ ) a little gr\nd gra9 or bran1 !y are an economical food = fatt5+ pork or beef4 ,sweet or slightly-acid apples1 f$ to neat /ock or horses1 w prev5t disease1 & keep ! animals 9 f9e condition4 ,= human food !y may be cook$ 9 a great] v>iety ( ways ?an almo/ any o!r article4 ,apple-cid] is valuable = "s uses4 ,x makes ! be/ v9eg> 9 g5]al use1 &1 :5 well made & bottl$1 is bett] ?an mo/ ( our w9es = invalids4 ,apple-molasses1 or boil$ cid]1 :i* is sweet-apple cid] boil$ d[n until x w n f]m5t1 is excell5t 9 cook]y4 ,apple-butt] is highly e/eem$ 9 _m families4 ,dri$ apples are an important article ( comm]ce4 ,gre5 apples are also export$ to mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,not)/&+ ! increas$ att5tion to _! cultivation dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 _! m>ket value is /eadily increas+1 & d\btless w be1 = ! be/ v>ieties1 = ! next five hundr$ ye>s4 ,x does n co/ m ?an five or six c5ts p] bu%el to raise apples2 h5ce !y are "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable crops a f>m] c raise4 ,no f>m1 !re=e1 is complete )\t a good or*>d4 ,! man :o owns b five acres ( l& %\ld h at lea/ two acres 9 fruit-trees4 ,soil4--,apples w succe$ well on any soil t w produce good cabbages1 potatoes1 or ,indian corn4 ,l& ne$s z mu* manure & c>e = apple-trees z = potatoes4 ,r\gh hillsides & brok5 l&s1 unsuitable = g5]al cultivation1 may be made v valuable 9 or*>ds4 ,x mu/ be enri*$1 if n orig9ally s1 & kept clean ab\t ! trees4 ,on no crop does good culture pay bett]4 ,_m suppose t an apple-tree1 be+ a great gr[]1 w take c>e ( itself aft] hav+ atta9$ a mod]ate size4 ,:oev] obs]ves ! great & rapid gr[? ( apple-trees mu/ see1 t1 :5 ! gr\nd is ne>ly cov]$ ) !m1 !y mu/ make a great draft on ! soil4 ,to secure heal? & increas$ value1 ! defici5cy mu/ be suppli$ 9 manure & cultivation4 ,! quantity & quality ( ! fruit dep5d ma9ly on ! condition ( ! l&4 ,! k9ds & proportions ( manures be/ = an apple-or*>d are important practical que/ions4 ,we give a *emical analysis ( ! a%es ( ! apple-tree1 :i* w indicate1 ev5 to ! unle>n$1 ! manure t w probably be ne$$3-- ,analysis ( ! a% ( ! apple-tree4 ,sap-wood4 ,he>t-wood4 ,b>k ( trunk4 ,pota% #af4ai #f4fbj #d4icj ,soda #c4aa #g4ice #c4bhe ,*loride ( sodium #j4db #j4baj #j4edj ,sulphate ( lime #j4je #j4ebf #j4fcg ,phosphate ( p]oxyde #j4hj #j4ejj #j4cge ( iron ,phosphate ( lime #ag4ej #e4baj #b4dbe ,phosphate ( magnesia #j4bj #j4aij ,c>bonic acid #bi4aj #cf4bge #dd4hcj ,lime #ah4fc #cg4jai #ea4egh ,magnesia #h4dj #f4ijj #j4aej ,silicia #j4he #j4djj #j4bjj ,soluble silicia #j4hj #j4cjj #j4djj ,organic matt] #d4fj #b4dej #b4ajj #ajj4fe #ajd4ece #aaa4dej ,?is table w indicate ! application ( pl5ty ( wood-a%es & *>coal2 lime 9 hair1 bones1 horn-%av+s1 old pla/]1 common lime1 & a little common salt4 ,lime & a%es1 or dissolv$ pota%1 are indisp5sable on an old or*>d2 !y w improve ! fruit "o half1 bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,propagation4--,?is is done ma9ly by se$s1 budd+ & graft+4 ,! be/ me?od is by common cleft-graft+ on all /ocks l>ge en\gh1 & by :ip or tongue graft+ on all o!rs4 7,see "u article1 ,graft+47 ,graft+ into ! sycamore is recomm5d$ by "s4 ,! scions are said to gr[ pr(usely1 & to be> e>ly & abundantly2 b !y are apt to be kill$ by cold w9t]s4 ,we d n recomm5d x4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ does be/ budd$ or graft$ into vigor\s /ocks ( its own nature4 ,root-graft+1 z x is t]m$1--t is1 cutt+ up roots into pieces ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & putt+ a scion into ea*--has be5 a matt] ( mu* discussion & div]sity ( op9ion4 ,x is c]ta9ly a means ( mo/ rapidly multiply+ a giv5 v>iety1 & is !re=e pr(itable to ! nurs]yman4 ,= ourselves1 we %\ld pref] trees graft$ j above1 or at ! gr\nd1 us+ ! :ole /ock = "o tree4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 und]take to settle ?is controv]t$ po9t4 ,our m9ds are fix$ aga9/ x4 ,o!rs mu/ d z !y please4 ,propagation by se$ is ?\ght to be entirely unc]ta91 because1 z is suppos$1 ! se$s w n reproduce _! own v>ieties4 ,we consid] ?is f> f be+ an e/abli%$ fact4 ,:5 grafts are put into l>ge trees1 high up f ! gr\nd1 _! fruit may be some:at modifi$ by ! /ock4 ,!re is also a slight t5d5cy 9 ! se$s ( all grafts to return to ! v>ieties f :i* !y desc5d$4 ,b we believe ! g5]al rule to be1 t ! se$s ( grafts1 put 9 at ! gr\nd & /&+ alone1 w g5]ally produce ! same v>ieties ( fruit4 ,! mo/ prom95t ob/acle 9 ! way ( ?is reproduction is ! pres5ce ( o!r v>ieties1 :i* mix 9 ! blossom4 ,! plant+ ( se$s f any mix$ or*>d c nev] settle ?is "q1 because !y are nev] pure4 ,propagation by se$s1 !n1 is an inconv5i5t me?od1 only to be resort$ to = purposes ( acclimation4 ,b x is s seldom we h a good be>+ apple-tree s f> remov$ f o!rs z n to be affect$ by ! blossoms1 t we g5]ally get f se$s a modification ( v>ieties4 ,rais+ suitable /ocks = graft+ is done by plant+ se$s 9 drills ?irty in*es ap>t1 & keep+ cle> ( we$s until !y are l>ge en\gh to graft4 ,! soil %\ld be made v ri*1 to save "t 9 _! gr[?4 ,l& :]e root-crops grew ! previ\s ye> is ! be/4 ,if kept cle> ( we$s1 on ri*1 deep soil1 f "o to two ?irds ( !m w be l>ge en\gh = :ip-graft+ aft] ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,! pomice f ! cid]-mill is (t5 plant$4 ,x is bett] to sep>ate ! se$s1 & plant !m ) a se$-drill4 ,!y w !n be 9 /raight1 n>r[ r[s1 all[+ ! cultivator & hoe to pass close by !m1 & ?us save two ?irds ( ! co/ ( cultivation4 ,! "q ( keep+ se$s dry or moi/ until plant+ is "o ( "s importance4 ,mo/ se$s are bett] = be+ kept slightly moi/ until plant$2 b ) ! apple x makes no diff]5ce4 ,keep apple-se$s dry & spread1 z !y are apt to heat4 ,freez+ !m is n ( ! slighte/ importance4 ,if y plant pomice1 put 9 a little lime or a%es to c\nt]act ! acid4 ,= w9t]-graft+1 pull ! se$l+s t are ( suitable size1 cut (f ! tops eight in*es f ! root1 & pack 9 moi/ s& 9 a cell> t w n freeze4 ,aft] graft+1 tie !m up 9 bun*es1 & pack 9 tight boxes ( moi/ s& or sawdu/4 ,transplant+4--,?is is fully treat$ else:]e 9 ?is "w4 ,we give "u ea* fruit only :at is peculi> to t species4 ,9 mild climates transplant 9 ! fall1 & 9 cold 9 ! spr+4 ,spr+-plant+ mu/ nev] be done until ! soil has become dry en\gh to be made f9e4 ,a ?or\ghly-pulv]iz$ soil is ! great ess5tial ( successful transplant+4 ,trees = spr+-plant+ %\ld always be tak5 up be=e ! comm5cem5t ( vegetation4 ,b 9 v wet spr+s1 ?is occurs be=e ! gr\nd becomes suffici5tly dry2 x is !n be/ to take up ! trees & heel !m 91 & keep !m until ! soil is suitable4 ,! place = an apple-tree %\ld be made l>g] ?an = any o!r tree1 because its roots are wide-spread+1 l its bran*es4 ,! e>? %\ld be ?r[n out to ! dep? ( tw5ty in*es1 & f\r or five feet squ>e1 = an ord9>y-siz$ tree4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n d on a heavy clay subsoil1 = x w\ld =m a bas9 to hold wat] & injure ! tree4 ,a dit*1 z l[ z ! bottom ( ! holes1 %\ld ext5d f tree to tree1 & runn+ out ( ! or*>d1 con/ruct$ 9 ! usual me?od ( dra9s1 &1 :atev] be ! subsoil1 ! trees w fl\ri%4 ,! usual compo/ to manure ! trees 9 transplant+ w be f\nd else:]e4 ,9 ! bottom ( ^! places = apple-trees %\ld be ?r[n a pl5ty ( cobble/ones1 ) a few sods1 & a little decay+ wood & co>se manure4 ,we "k ( no?+ s good "u an apple-tree z small /ones2 ! tree w always be ! l>g] & ?rifti] = x4 ,?is is1 9 a degree1 b5eficial to o!r fruits1 b peculi>ly s to ! apple4 ,size = transplant+4--,small trees usually d be/4 ,l>ge trees are (t5 transplant$ ) ! hope ( hav+ an abundance ( fruit e>li]4 ,?is usually defeats ! object4 ,! l>ge trees w be> a little fruit e>li] ?an ! small ones2 b ! injury by removal is s mu* great]1 t ! small /ocky trees come into full1 regul> be>+ mu* ! soone/4 ,f five to eight feet high is (t5 mo/ conv5i5t = field-or*>d culture4 ,b1 :]ev] we c take c>e ( !m1 x is bett] to set out small] trees2 !y w d bett] = ye>s4 ,a suitable dra91 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! or*>d1 "u ea* r[ ( trees1 w make a good or*>d on l[1 wet l&4 ,trimm+ at ! "t ( transplant+4--,injur$ roots %\ld be remov$ z 9 ! g5]al directions "u ,transplant+4 ,b ! idea ( cutt+ (f mo/ ( ! top is a v s]i\s error4 ,:5 l>ge trees are transplant$1 :i* mu/ necess>ily lose _m ( _! roots 9 removal1 a correspond+ portion ( ! top mu/ be sep>at$2 b 9 no o!r case4 ,! leaves are ! lungs ( ! tree4 ,h[ %all x h vitality if mo/ ( !m are remov$8 ,x is l de/roy+ "o lung & half ( ! o!r1 & !n expect a man to be 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,we h (t5 se5 ! mo/ ( two ye>s' gr[? ( trees lo/ by su* reckless prun+4 ,if ! roots are tol]ably :ole & s\nd1 leave ! top s4 ,a pea*-tree ne$s to be trimm$ mu* clos] :5 transplant$1 because x has s _m m buds to ?r[ out leaves4 ,mul*+4--,?is is q z b5eficial to apple-trees z to all transplant$ trees4 ,well done1 x pres]ves a regul>ity ( moi/ure t almo/ insures ! life ( ! tree4 ,prun+4--,! tops %\ld be kept op5 & expos$ to ! sun1 ! cross limbs cut out1 & ev]y?+ remov$ t %[s decid$ symptoms ( decay4 ,! productiv5ess ( apple-trees dep5ds v mu* ^u prun+ v sp>+ly & judici\sly4 ,!re are two ways to keep an op5 top3 "o is1 to all[ _m l>ge limbs to gr[1 & cut out mo/ ( ! small ones1 ?us leav+ a l>ge collection ( b>e poles )\t any?+ on :i* ! fruit c gr[2--! o!r me?od is to all[ few limbs to gr[ l>ge1 & keep !m well cov]$ ) small twigs1 :i* always be> ! fruit4 ,! latt] me?od w produce two or ?ree times z mu* fruit z ! =m]4 ,! head ( an apple-tree %\ld be =m$ at a height t w all[ a team to pass ar\nd "u its bran*es4 ,di/ance ap>t4--,9 a full-gr[n or*>d1 t is design$ to cov] ! gr\nd1 ! trees %\ld be two rods 7?irty-?ree feet7 ap>t4 ,:5 x is design$ always to cultivate ! gr\nd1 & l& is pl5ty1 set !m fifty or sixty feet ap>t4 ,y w be likely always to h f9e fruit1 & a crop on ! l& beside4 ,our recomm5dation to e "o is to set out all or*>ds1 ( :atev] fruit1 s z to h !m cov] ! :ole gr\nd :5 9 maturity4 ,among apple-trees1 dw>f pe>s1 pea*es1 or qu9ces1 may be set1 :i* w be pr(itable be=e ! apples ne$ all ! gr\nd4 ,be>+ ye>s4--,a cultivator may h a "p ( 8 or*>d be> "o ye>1 & ! rema9d] ! next1 or he may h !m all be> e ye>4 ,!re are two reasons :y a tree be>s full ?is ye> & w n be> ! next4 ,"o is1 x is all[$ to h su* a sup]abundance ( fruit to mature ?is ye>1 t x has no /r5g? to mature fruit-buds = ! next1 & h5ce a b>r5 ye>2 ! o!r reason is1 a want ( prop] culture & ! specific manures = ! apple4 ,manure highly1 keep (f ! insects1 cultivate well1 & d n all[ too mu* to rema9 on ! trees "o season1 & y w h a good crop e ye>4 ,b if "o w\ld let 8 trees take ! natural c\rse1 b wi%es to *ange ! be>+ ye> ( half ( 8 or*>d1 he c accompli% x by remov+ ! blossoms or "y fruit f a "p ( 8 trees on ! be>+ ye>1 & ^? trees hav+ no fruit to mature w put =? an abundance ( buds = fruit ! foll[+ season2 ?us ! fruit-season w be *ang$ )\t less5+ ! productiv5ess4 ,g ?r\gh a fruit-region 9 :at is call$ ! non-be>+ seasons1 & y w f9d "s or*>ds & "s trees v full ( fruit4 ,trees ( ! same v>iety 9 ano!r or*>d ne> by w h v little fruit4 ,?is %[s t ! be>+ season is a matt] ( m]e habit1 9 all except :at is det]m9$ by late fro/s4 ,?is fact may be turn$ to great pecuni>y value1 by produc+ an abundance ( apples e ye>4 ,pl[+ & pa/ur+4--,an apple-or*>d %\ld be (t5 pl[$1 b n too deep among ! roots4 ,:5 n actually "u ! pl[1 x %\ld be pa/ur$1 ) f[ls1 calves1 or %eep4 ,sw9e are recomm5d$1 z !y w eat all ! apples t fall prematurely1 & ) !m ! worms t made !m fall4 ,b we h (t5 se5 hogs1 by _! root+ & rubb+1 kill ! trees4 ,bett] to pick up ! apples t fall too e>ly1 & give !m to ! sw9e4 ,turkeys & h5s 9 an or*>d w d mu* to de/roy ! v>i\s insects4 ,!y may be remov$ = a %ort "t :5 !y beg9 to peck ! rip5+ fruit4 ,or*>ds pa/ur$ by %eep are said n to be infe/$ ) cat]pill>s4 ,%eep pa/ur$ & salt$ "u apple-trees greatly enri* ! soil1 & 9 ^? elem5ts peculi>ly b5eficial4 ,enemies4--,!re are sev]al ( ^! t are q de/ructive1 :5 n prop]ly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,two ?+s are necess>y1 &1 unit$ & ?or\ghly p]=m$1 !y af=d a rem$y or a prev5tive = mo/ ( ! depr$ations ( all insects3 #a4 ,keep ! trees well cle>$ ( all r\gh1 loose b>k1 :i* af=ds s _m hid+-places = insects4 #b4 ,wa% ! trunks & l>ge limbs ( ! trees1 twice betwe5 ! #be? ( ,may & ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 ) a ley ( wood-a%es or dissolv$ pota%4 ,apple-trees w be> x /rong en\gh to kill "s ( ! f9e/ *]ries4 ,we add ano!r v effectual wa%4 ,let cultivators *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,into two gallons ( wat] put two qu>ts ( s(t-soap & "o f\r? p\nd ( sulphur4 ,if y add tobacco-juice1 or any o!r v (f5sive article1 x w be /ill bett]4 ,apple-worm4--,! insect t produces ?is worm lays its egg 9 ! blossom-end ( ! "y apple4 ,t egg makes a worm t passes d[n ab\t ! core & ru9s ! fruit4 ,apples s affect$ w fall prematurely1 & %\ld be pick$ up & f$ to sw9e4 ,?is done e day dur+ _! fall+1 :i* does n la/ a great :ile1 w rem$y ! evil 9 two seasons4 ,! worm t crawls f ! fall5 apple gets into crevices 9 r\gh b>k1 & sp9s 8 cocoon1 9 :i* he rema9s till ! foll[+ spr+4 ,bonfires1 = a few ev5+s 9 ! =e "p ( ,june1 9 an or*>d infe/$ ) mo?s1 w de/roy va/ numb]s ( !m1 be=e !y h deposit$ _! eggs4 ,?is c n be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,apple-,worms4 a ,! "y worm4 b ,! full-gr[n worm4 c ,! same magnifi$4 d ,cocoon4 e ,*rysalis4 f ,p]fect insect4 g ,! same magnifi$4 h i ,passage ( ! worm 9 ! fruit4 j ,worm 9 ! fruit4 k ,place ( egress4 ,b>k-l\se4--,dull :ite1 oval scales1 "o t5? ( an in* long1 :i* sometimes appe> on ! /ems ( trees 9 va/ numb]s1 may be de/roy$ by ! wa% recomm5d$ above4 ,woolly aphis--call$ 9 ,europe by ! misnom]1 ,am]ican blight--is v de/ructive across ! wat]1 b does n exi/ ext5sively on ?is side4 ,x is suppos$ to exi/1 9 ?is c\ntry1 only :]e x has be5 introduc$ ) import$ trees4 ,x appe>s z a :ite d[ny sub/ance 9 ! small =ks ( trees4 ,?is is compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( v m9ute woolly lice1 :i* increase ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,!y are easily de/roy$ by wa%+ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid--?ree f\r?s ( an ounce1 by measure1 f ! druggi/'s--& sev5 & a half ounces ( wat]1 appli$ by a rag ti$ to ! end ( a /ick4 ,! op]ator mu/ keep x f 8 clo!s4 ,aft] ! fir/ ra9 ?is is p]fectly effectual4 ,apple-tree bor]4--,?is is a fle%y-:ite grub1 f\nd 9 ! trunks ( ! trees4 ,x ent]s at ! surface ( ! gr\nd :]e ! b>k is t5d]1 & ei!r girdles or ?or\ghly p]=ates ! tree1 caus+ its dea?4 ,?is is produc$ by a br[n & :ite /rip$ beetle ab\t half an in* long4 ,x does n g ?r\gh its diff]5t /ages annually1 b rema9s a grub two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x f9ally comes out 9 its w+$ /ate1 e>ly 9 ,june1 fly+ 9 ! night & lay+ its eggs4 ,if ! bor]s are already 9 ! tree1 !y may be kill$ by cutt+ out1 or by a /eel wire ?ru/ into _! holes4 ,b bett] prev5t !m4 ,?is c be done effectually by plac+ a small m\nd ( a%es or lime ar\nd ea* tree e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,on nurs]y-trees _! attacks may be prev5t$ by wa%+ ) a solution ( pota%--two p\nds 9 eight qu>ts ( wat]4 ,z ?is is a good manure1 z well z a great rem$y = insects1 x _h bett] be us$ e season4 ,illu/ration3 ,bor]4 ,eggs4 ,beetle4 ,cat]pill>s are ! product ( a mill] ( a r$di%-br[n color1 measur+ ab\t an in* & a half :5 fly+4 ,!y deposit _m eggs ab\t ! =ks & ne> ! extremities ( "y bran*es4 ,^! hat* 9 spr+1 9 season = ! "y foliage1 on :i* !y fe$ voraci\sly4 ,:5 neglect$ = two or ?ree ye>s1 !y (t5 defoliate l>ge trees4 ,! habits ( ! cat]pill> are favorable to _! de/ruction4 ,!y weave _! webs 9 =ks ( trees1 & are always at home 9 ra9y wea!r1 & 9 ! morn+ till n9e o'clock4 ,! rem$y is to kill !m4 ,?is is mo/ effectually done by a sponge on ! end ( a pole1 dipp$ 9 /rong spirits ( ammonia4 ,ea* "o t\*$ by x is in/antly kill$1 & x is n difficult to rea* !m all4 ,!y may also be rubb$ (f ) a bru% or swab on ! end ( a pole1 & burn$4 ,! pr9ciple is to get !m (f1 web & all1 & de/roy !m4 ,?is c always be effectually done1 if att5d$ to e>ly 9 ! season1 & e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,if any h be5 miss$1 & come out 9 insects to deposite m eggs1 bonfires are mo/ effectual4 ,^! %\ld be made ( %av+s1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! or*>d1 & ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 e>li] or lat]1 accord+ to latitude & season4 ,! ends ( twigs on :i* ! eggs are laid 9 bun*es ( hundr$s 7see figure71 may be cut (f 9 ! fall & de/roy$4 ,z ?is c be done ) prun+-%e>s1 x may be an economical me?od ( de/roy+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,cat]pill> ,eggs4 ,cank]-worm ,mo?s1 ,male & ,female4 ,cank]-worm4--,! male mo? has pale-a% color$ w+s1 ) a black dot1 & is ab\t an in* across4 ,! female has no w+s1 is oval 9 =m1 d>k-a% color$ above1 & gray und]nea?4 ,^! rise f ! gr\nd z e>ly 9 spr+ z ! fro/ is out4 ,"s few rise 9 ! fall4 ,! females travel sl[ly up ! body ( ! tree1 :ile ! w+$ males fly ab\t to pair ) !m4 ,soon y may discov] ! eggs laid1 always 9 r[s1 9 =ks ( bran*es & among ! "y twigs4 ,e female lays ne>ly a hundr$1 & cov]s !m ov] c>efully ) a transp>5t1 wat]pro( glue4 ,! eggs hat* f ,may #a/ to ,june #a/1 accord+ to ! latitude & season1 & come out an a%-color$ worm ) a yell[ /ripe4 ,!y are v voraci\s1 sometimes entirely /ripp+ an or*>d ( its foliage4 ,at ! end ( ab\t f\r weeks !y desc5d to ! gr\nd1 to rema9 9 a *rysalis /ate1 ab\t f\r in*es bel[ ! surface1 until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,^! worms are v de/ructive 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 & h be5 already v annoy+1 z f> we/ z ,i[a4 ,!y w be likely to be transport$ all ov] ! c\ntry on "y trees4 ,_m rem$ies are propos$1 b to pres5t !m all is only to confuse4 ,! be/ ( any?+ is suffici5t4 ,we pres5t two1 = ! b5efit ( two classes ( p]sons4 ,= all :o h c>e en\gh to att5d to x1 ! be/ rem$y is to b9d a h&ful ( /raw ar\nd ! tree1 two feet f ! gr\nd1 ti$ on ) "o b&1 & ! ends all[$ to /& out f ! tree4 ,! females1 :o c n fly1 b only asc5d ! trunk by crawl+1 w get up "u ! /raw1 & may easily be kill$1 by /rik+ a cov]$ mallet on ! /raw1 & aga9/ ! tree bel[ ! b&4 ,?is %\ld be att5d$ to e day dur+ ! %ort season ( _! asc5t1 & all w be de/roy$4 ,burn ! /raw ab\t ! la/ ( ,may4 ,b ^? :o are too indol5t or busy to d ?is (t5 till _! season is pa/1 may melt ,india-rubb] ov] a hot fire1 & sme> b&ages ( clo? or lea!r previ\sly put tight ar\nd ! tree4 ,?is w prev5t ! female mo? f cross+ & rea*+ ! limbs4 ,t> is us$1 b ,india-rubb] is bett]1 z wea!r w n injure x z x w t>1 s z to all[ ! mo? to pass ov]4 ,put ?is on e>ly & well1 & let x rema9 till ! la/ ( ,may4 ,b ! fir/1 ! process ( kill+ !m1 is f> ! be/4 ,ga!r+-& pres]v+4--,all fruit1 design$ to be kept ev5 = a few weeks1 %\ld be pick$1 & n %ak5 (f1 & laid1 n dropp$ into a basket1 & ) equal c>e put into ! b>rels 9 :i* x is to be kept or transport$4 ,! b>rel %\ld be slightly %ak5 & fill$ entirely full4 ,let x /& op5 two days1 to all[ ! fruit to sweat & ?r[ (f ! excessive moi/ure4 ,!n head up tight1 & keep 9 a cool op5 %$ until freez+ wea!r2 !n keep :]e !y c occasionally h good air1 & 9 z cool a place z possible1 )\t dang] ( freez+4 ,( all ! me?ods ( keep+ apples on %elves1 buri$ z potatoes1 9 v>i\s o!r articles1 z *aff1 sawdu/1 c41 ?is is1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ & *eape/4 ,wrapp+ ! apples 9 pap] be=e putt+ !m into ! b>rels1 may be an improvem5t4 ,apples ga!r$ j be=e h>d fro/s1 or z !y are beg9n+ to rip51 b be=e _m h fall5 f ! trees1 & pack$ z above1 & ! b>rels laid on _! sides 9 a good dry1 d>k cell>1 :]e air c occasionally be admitt$1 c be kept 9 p]fection f six to eight weeks1 aft] ! ord9>y "t = _! decay4 ,apples = cid]1 or o!r imm$iate use1 may be %ak5 (f ^u mats or blankets spread "u ! tree = t purpose4 ,!y are n q s valuable1 b x saves times 9 ga!r+4 ,v>ieties are exce$+ly num]\s & unc]ta94 ,cole e/imates t two millions ( v>ieties h be5 produc$ 9 ! s+le /ate ( ,ma9e1 & t ?\s&s ( k9ds may !re be f\nd sup]ior to ^? g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 ! fruit-books4 ,! m9ute description ( fruits is n ( ! lea/ use to "o out ( t5 ?\s& cultivators4 ,! be/ pomologi/s diff] 9 ! names & descriptions ( ! v>i\s fruits4 ,"s v>ieties h z _m z tw5ty-five synonyms4 ,( :at use1 !n1 is ! m9ute description ( ! hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 v>ieties ( ,cole's ,am]ican fruit-book1 or ( ! va/ numb]s describ$ by ,d[n+1 ,elliott1 ,b>ry1 & ,hoop]8 ,! be/ pe> we saw 9 ,ill9ois c\ld n be id5tifi$ 9 ,elliott's fruit-book by a practical fruit-gr[]4 ,we _h 9 our or*>d 9 ,ohio a s+le apple-tree1 produc+ a l>ge yield ( "o ( ! v be/ apples we ev] saw2 x 0 call$ ,natural ,beauty4 ,we c\ld n le>n f ! fruit-books :at x 04 ,we took x to an amateur cultivator ( ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & he c\ld n id5tify x4 ,?is is a fair view ( ! condition ( ! nom5clature ( fruits4 ,! ,london exp]im5tal g>d5s are do+ mu* to sy/emize x1 & ! mo/ sci5tific gr[]s are congratulat+ !m on _! success4 ,b x nev] c be any bett] ?an x is n[4 ,v>ieties w increase m & m rapidly1 & synonyms w be multipli$ annually1 & ! modification ( v>ieties by /ocks1 manures1 climates1 & location1 w r5d] x m & m confus$4 ,we c dep5d only ^u our nurs]ym5 to collect all improv$ v>ieties1 & :]e we d n see ! be>+-trees = ourselves1 tru/ ! nurs]yman's description ( ! g5]al qualities ( fruit4 ,seldom1 inde$1 w a cultivator buy fruit-trees1 & set out 8 or*>d1 & ma/] ! descriptions 9 ! fruit-books1 & aft] 8 trees come into be>+1 m9utely try !m by all ! m>ks to see :e!r he has be5 *eat$1 &1 if s1 take up ! trees & put out o!rs1 to g ! same r\nd aga91 p]haps ) no bett] success4 ,h5ce1 if possible1 let plant]s get trees f a nurs]y s ne> at h& t !y may "k ! quality ( ! fruit ( ! trees f :i* ! grafts are tak51 get ! mo/ popul> 9 _! vic9ity1 & always secure a few scions f any extraord9>y apple !y may *ance to ta/e4 ,x is well1 also1 to deal only ) ! mo/ honorable nurs]ym54 ,rememb] t v>ieties w n d alike well 9 all localities4 ,_m ne$ acclimation4 ,e ext5sive cultivator %\ld keep se$l+s gr[+1 ) a view to new v>ieties1 or modifications ( old ones1 adapt$ to 8 locality4 ,we did ?9k ( describ+ m9utely a few ( ! be/ v>ieties1 adapt$ to ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,b we c see no advantage x w\ld be to ! great mass ( cultivators1 = :om ?is book is design$4 ,^? :o wi% to acqua9t !mselves ) ^? descriptions w pur*ase "s ( ! be/ fruit-books4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) giv+ ! li/s1 recomm5d$ by ! be/ au?ority1 = diff]5t sections1 foll[$ by a g5]al description ( ! qualities ( a few ( ! be/4 ,d[n+'s li/s are ! foll[+3-- ,,apples ,,= ,,middle ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,portions ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,/ates1 ,,rip5+ ,,9 ,,succession4 ,e>ly ,h>ve/4 ,v&ev]e ( ,new ,york4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an4 ,jona?an4 ,e>ly ,/rawb]ry4 ,melon4 ,summ] ,rose4 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]4 ,william's ,favorite4 ,dom9e4 ,primate4 ,am]ican ,gold5 ,russet4 ,am]ican ,summ] ,pe>ma94 ,cogswell4 ,g>d5 ,royal4 ,peck's ,pleasant4 ,jeff]is4 ,wag5]4 ,port]4 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+4 ,j]sey ,sweet4 ,k+ ( ,tompk9s ,c\nty4 ,l>ge ,yell[ ,b\gh4 ,swa>4 ,baldw94 ,grav5/e94 ,lady ,apple4 ,maid5's ,blu%4 ,ladies' ,sweet4 ,autumn ,sweet ,b\gh4 ,r$ ,canada4 ,fall ,pipp94 ,newt[n ,pipp94 ,"m4 ,bo/on ,russet4 ,smokeh\se4 ,nor!rn ,spy4 ,rambo4 ,w9e ,sap4 ,esopus ,spitz5burg4 ,,apples ,,= ,,! ,,nor?4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an4 ,fameuse4 ,e>ly ,sweet ,b\gh4 ,pomme ,gris4 ,saps ( ,w9e or ,bell's ,canada ,re9ette4 ,e>ly4 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]4 ,gold5 ,sweet4 ,gold5 ,ball4 ,william's ,favorite4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,port]4 ,jewett's ,f9e ,r$4 ,dut*ess ( ,old5burgh4 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+4 ,keswick ,codl94 ,baldw94 ,haw?ornd54 ,w9?rop ,gre5+4 ,grav5/e94 ,danv]s ,w9t]-,sweet4 ,"m4 ,rib/on ,pipp94 ,tolman ,sweet4 ,roxb]ry ,russet4 ,,apples ,,= ,,! ,,we/]n ,,/ates1 ,made up f ! contributions ( tw5ty diff]5t cultivators1 f five ,we/]n /ates4 ,e>ly ,h>ve/4 ,dom9e4 ,c>ol9a ,r$ ,june4 ,swa>4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an4 ,we/field ,seek-no-fur!r4 ,am]ican ,summ] ,pe>ma94 ,broadwell4 ,sweet ,june4 ,v&ev]e ( ,new ,york1 or ,newt[n ,spitz5burg4 ,l>ge ,sweet ,b\gh4 ,ortly1 or ,:ite ,bellfl[]4 ,summ] ,que54 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]4 ,maid5's ,blu%4 ,:ite ,pipp94 ,keswick ,codl94 ,am]ican ,gold5 ,russet4 ,fall ,w9e4 ,h]=d%ire ,pe>ma94 ,rambo4 ,:ite ,pe>ma94 ,belmont4 ,w9e ,sap4 ,fall ,pipp94 ,rawle's ,janet4 ,fameuse4 ,r$ ,canada4 ,jona?an4 ,will[ ,twig4 ,tolman ,sweet4 ,,apples ,,= ,,! ,,s\? ,,& ,,s\?we/4 ,e>ly ,h>ve/4 ,nickajack4 ,c>ol9a ,juice4 ,mav]ack's ,sweet4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an4 ,bat*elor or ,k+4 ,grav5/e94 ,buff4 ,am]ican ,summ] ,pe>ma94 ,%ockley4 ,julian4 ,b5 ,davis4 ,mangum4 ,hall4 ,fall ,pipp94 ,mallec>le4 ,maid5's ,blu%4 ,horse4 ,summ] ,rose4 ,bonum4 ,port]4 ,l>ge ,/rip$ ,pe>ma94 ,rambo4 ,rawle's ,janet4 ,l>ge ,e>ly ,b\gh4 ,di%>oon4 ,fall ,que51 or ,ladies' ,meigs4 ,favorite4 ,cullasaga4 ,oconee ,gre5+4 ,camack's ,sweet4 ,"s v>ieties are includ$ 9 all ^! li/s1 %[+ t ! be/ cultivators reg>d "s ( our f9e/ apples z adapt$ to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ,hoop]'s li/s1 z recomm5d$ by ! be/ ,we/]n cultivators1 ^: names are !re m5tion$1 w %[ t !y "n ! same be/ v>ieties1 ) a few additions4 ,we h c>efully exam9$ ! v>ieties recomm5d$ by ,ern/1 by ,kirtl& & ,elliott1 by ,b>ry1 & by ! national conv5tion ( fruit-gr[]s1 & f9d a g5]al agreem5t on ! ma9 v>ieties4 ,!re are "s diff]5ces ( op9ion1 b !y are m9or4 ,!y h left out "s ( ,d[n+'s li/1 & add$ "s1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,all ?is only goes to %[ ! e/abli%$ "* ( our ma9 v>ieties4 ,out ( all ^!1 select a doz5 ( ^? nam$1 9 mo/ ( ! li/s1 & y w h all t ev] ne$ be cultivat$ = pr(it4 ,! be/ six might be /ill bett]4 ,yet1 9 y\r localities1 y w f9d good ones n nam$ 9 ! books1 & new ones w be con/antly ris+4 ,d[n+ adds t ,newt[n ,pipp9 does n succe$ g5]ally at ! ,we/1 yet 9 "s locations !y are v f9e4 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+ & ,baldw9 g5]ally fail 9 _m sections1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are excell5t4 ,n[1 x is contr>y to all laws ( vegetation & climate1 t a giv5 fruit %\ld be good 9 "o c\nty & useless 9 ! next1 if !y h an equal *ance 9 ea* place4 ,a suitable prep>ation ( ! soil1 9 supply+1 9 ! specific manures1 :at x may lack1 gett+ scions f equally heal?y trees1 & graft+ ^u heal?y apple-se$l+ /ocks--obs]v+ our pr9ciples ( acclimation--& n "o ( our be/ apples w fail1 9 any "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,on a giv5 p>allel ( latitude1 a man may happ5 to plant a tree ^u a f9e calc>e\s soil1 & x does well4 ,ano!r *ances to plant "o ^u a soil ( a diff]5t "*1 & x does n succe$4 ,x is !n proclaim$ t fruit succe$s well 9 "o locality1 & is useless 9 ano!r ne> by & 9 ! same latitude4 ,! tru? is1 _h ! latt] suppli$ calc>e\s sub/ances to 8 defici5t soil1 z he might easily h done1 9 bones1 pla/]1 lime1 c41 ! fruit w\ld h done equally well 9 bo? cases4 ,we %\ld l to see ?is subject discuss$1 z x nev] has be5 9 any "w t has come "u our obs]vation4 ,x w\ld r$eem _m a section f a bad reputation = fruit-gr[+1 & add mu* to ! luxuries ( ?\s&s ( our citiz5s4 ,apples c be successfully & pr(itably gr[n on e f>m ( arable l& 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,we pres5t1 9 ! foll[+ cuts1 a few ( our be/ apples1 9 _! usual size & =m4 ,"s are contract$ = ! want ( room on ! page4 ,we %all describe a few v>ieties1 9 our op9ion ! be/ ( any gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! are all t ne$ be cultivat$1 & may be adapt$ to all localities4 ,we lay aside all te*nical t]ms 9 our description1 :i* we give1 n = purposes ( id5tification1 b to %[ _! true value = pr(itable culture4 ,! quality ( fruit1 habits ( ! tree1 & "t ( maturity1 are all t are necess>y1 = any practical purpose4 ,,nickajack4--,synonyms--,wond]1 ,summ]\r4 ,orig91 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,tree vigor\s1 & a con/ant prolific be>]4 ,fruit l>ge1 sk9 yell[i%1 %ad$ l& /rip$ ) crimson1 & spr9kl$ ) lighti% dots4 ,yell[i% fle%1 f9e subacid flavor4 ,t5d]1 crisp1 & juicy4 ,season1 ,novemb] to ,april4 ,,baldw94--,synonyms--,late ,baldw91 ,woodpeck]1 ,peck]1 ,/eele's ,r$ ,w9t]4 ,illu/ration ,/&s at ! head ( all apples1 9 ! ,bo/on m>ket4 ,fruit l>ge & h&some4 ,tree h>dy1 & an abundant be>]4 ,x is ( ! family ( ,esopus ,spitz5burg4 ,yell[i% :ite fle%1 crisp & beautiful flavor1 f a m+l+ ( ! acid & sac*>9e4 ,season1 f ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,on "s ri* we/]n soils1 x is dispos$ to bitt] rot1 :i* may be easily prev5t$1 by application to ! soil ( lime & pota%4 ,,canada ,,r$4--,synonyms--,old ,nonsu*1 ,ri*field ,nonsu*1 ,/eele's ,r$ ,w9t]4 ,an old fruit 9 ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut4 ,tree n a great gr[]1 b a pr(use be>]4 ,good 9 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & o!r ,we/]n /ates4 ,reta9s its f9e flavor to ! la/4 ,janu>y to ,may4 ,,bellfl[]4--,synonyms--,yell[ ,bellfl[]1 ,lady ,wa%+ton1 ,yell[ ,belle-fleur4 ,illu/ration ,fruit v l>ge1 pale lemon yell[1 ) a blu% 9 ! sun4 ,subacid1 juicy1 crisp fle%4 ,tree vigor\s1 regul> & excell5t be>]4 ,season1 ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,highly valuable4 ,,e>ly ,,h>ve/4--,synonyms--,e>ly ,fr5* ,re9ette1 ,pr9ce's ,h>ve/1 ,july ,pipp91 ,yell[ ,h>ve/1 ,l>ge ,:ite ,juneat+1 ,t>t ,b\gh4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ e>ly apple4 ,bright /raw color4 ,subacid1 :ite1 t5d]1 juicy1 & crisp4 ,equally good = cook+ & ! dess]t4 ,season1 ! :ole mon? ( ,july 9 c5tral ,new ,york2 e>li] s\?1 & lat] nor?1 z ( all o!r v>ieties4 ,,r$ ,,a/ra*an4--,br\ght to ,engl& f ,sw$5 9 #ahaf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful apples 9 ! :ole li/4 ,fruit v l>ge1 & v smoo? & fair4 ,color deep crimson1 ) a little gre5i% yell[ 9 ! %ade & occasionally a little russet ne> ! /alk4 ,fle% :ite & crisp1 ri* acid flavor4 ,ga!r z soon z ne>ly ripe1 or x w become mealy4 ,abundant be>]4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,,esopus ,,spitz5burg4--,synonym--,true ,spitz5burg4 ,illu/ration ,l>ge1 f9e flavor$1 lively r$ fruit4 ,x is ev]y:]e well kn[n1 z "o ( ! v be/ apples ev] cultivat$1 bo? = cook+ & ! des]t4 ,decemb] to ,febru>y1 & (t5 good ev5 into ,april4 ,a v great be>]4 ,,k+ ,,( ,,tompk9s ,,c\nty4--,synonym--,k+ ,apple4 ,?is is an abundant annual be>]4 ,sk9 r yell[i%1 %ad$ ) r$ & /rip$ ) crimson4 ,fle% r co>se1 b juicy & t5d]1 ) a v agreeable v9\s aromatic flavor4 ,"o ( ! be/4 ,decemb] & ,m>*4 ,,rhode ,,isl& ,,gre5+4--,synonyms--,burl+ton ,gre5+1 ,j]sey ,gre5+1 ,hamp%ire ,gre5+4 ,illu/ration ,a univ]sal favorite1 ev]y:]e kn[n4 ,acid1 lively1 aromatic1 excell5t alike = ! dess]t & kit*54 ,great be>]4 ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,x is said to fail on "s ri* alluvial soils at ! ,we/4 ,avoid root graft+1 & apply ! specific manures1 & we w w>rant x ev]y:]e4 ,,bonum4--,synonym--,magnum ,bonum4 ,f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,fruit l>ge1 f light to d>k r$4 ,fle% yell[1 subacid1 ri*1 & delici\s4 ,tree h>dy1 vigor\s1 & an e>ly & abundant be>]4 ,,am]ican ,,gold5 ,,russet4--,synonyms--,%eep ,nose1 ,gold5 ,russet1 ,bullock's ,pipp91 ,little ,pe>ma94 ,! ,engli% ,gold5 ,russet is a v>iety cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b mu* inf]ior to ! above4 ,! fruit is small1 b melt+ juicy1 ) a v pleasant flavor4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ regul> & abundant be>]s kn[n4 ,tree h>dy & ?rifty4 ,octob] to ,janu>y4 ,we "k f rais+ & us+ x at ! ,we/1 t x is "o ( ! v be/4 ,,pipp91 ,,fall4--,conf\nd$ ) ,holl& ,pipp9 & sev]al o!r v>ieties4 ,illu/ration ,a noble fruit1 unsurpass$ by any o!r autumn apple4 ,v l>ge1 equally adapt$ to table & kit*54 ,f9e yell[1 :5 fully ripe1 ) a few dots4 ,fle% is :ite1 mell[1 & ri*ly aromatic4 ,octob] & ,decemb]4 ,a fair be>]1 ?\gh n s great z _m o!rs4 ,,newt[n ,,pipp94--,synonyms--,gre5 ,newt[n ,pipp91 ,gre5 ,w9t] ,pipp91 ,am]ican ,newt[n ,pipp91 ,pet]sburg ,pipp94 ,illu/ration ,?is is put d[n z ! fir/ ( all apples4 ,x comm&s ! highe/ price1 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,x keeps long )\t ! lea/ %rivel+ or loss ( flavor4 ,fruit m$ium size1 olive gre51 ) small gray specks4 ,fle% gre5i% :ite1 juicy1 crisp1 & ( an exce$+ly delici\s flavor4 ,! be/ keep+ apple1 good = eat+ f ,decemb] to ,may4 ,! yell[ pipp91 is ano!r v>iety ne>ly z good4 ,,port]4--,a ,massa*usetts fruit1 v fair2 a v great be>]4 ,is a favorite 9 ,bo/on4 ,des]ves g5]al cultivation4 ,septemb] & into ,octob]4 ,,smokeh\se4--,synonyms--,mill ,creek ,v&ev]e1 ,engli% ,v&ev]e4 ,an old v>iety f ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! orig9al tree grew by a g5tleman's smoke-h\se2 h5ce its "n4 ,sk9 yell[1 %ad$ ) crimson1 spr9kl$ ) l>ge gray or br[n dots4 ,septemb] to ,febru>y4 ,"o ( ! v be/ = cook+4 ,,rambo4--,synonyms--,romanite1 ,bread & *eese apple1 ,seek-no-fur!r4 ,illu/ration ,?is is a great fall apple4 ,m$ium size1 flat1 yell[i% :ite 9 ! %ade1 & m>bl$ ) pale yell[ & r$ 9 ! sun1 & speckl$ ) l>ge r\gh dots4 ,fle% gre5i% :ite1 ri*1 subacid4 ,octob] to ,decemb]4 ,,canada ,,re9ette4--,?is has t5 synonyms 9 ,europe1 :i* indicates its popul>ity4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is kn[n only "u ! above "n4 ,fruit ( ! v l>ge/ size4 ,a good be>]4 ,! quality is 9 all respects good4 ,lively1 subacid flavor4 ,decemb] to ,april1 unless all[$ to hang on ! tree too long4 ,pick e>ly 9 ! fall4 ,,rome ,,beauty4--,synonyms--,roman ,beauty1 ,gillett's ,se$l+4 ,illu/ration ,fruit l>ge1 yell[1 gr\nd %ad$1 & /rip$ ) r$1 & spr9kl$ ) little dots4 ,fle% yell[i%1 juicy1 t5d]1 subacid4 ,be>s e ye> a great crop ( v l>ge %[y apples4 ,x is n sup]ior 9 fle% or flavor1 b keeps & sells v well4 ,always mu/ be v pr(itable1 & h5ce v popul>4 ,,autumn ,,sweet ,,b\gh4--,synonyms--,late ,b\gh1 ,fall ,b\gh1 ,summ] ,bell ,fl[]1 ,philadelphia ,sweet4 ,tree v vigor\s & productive4 ,fruit m$ium4 ,sk9 smoo?1 pale yell[ ) a few br[n dots4 ,fle% :ite1 t5d]1 sweet v9\s flavor4 ,"o ( ! be/ dess]t sweet apples4 ,augu/ & ,octob]4 ,,we/field ,,seek-,,no-,,fur!r4--,synonyms--,seek-n o-fur!r1 ,r$ ,w9t] ,pe>ma91 ,connecticut ,seek-no-fur!r4 ,illu/ration ,fruit l>ge1 pale dull r$1 spr9kl$ ) obscure russety yell[ dots4 ,fle% :ite1 t5d] & f9e-gra9$4 ,on all acc\nts good4 ,octob] to ,febru>y accord+ to ,d[n+4 ,elliott says f ,decemb] to ,febru>y4 ,b ! doctors (t5 disagree4 ,s y _h bett] eat y\r apples :5 !y are good1 :e!r x be ,octob] or ,decemb]1 or accord+ to ,d[n+1 ,elliott1 or ,hoop]4 ,,rib/on ,,pipp94--,synonyms--,glory ( ,york1 ,trav]s'1 ,=mosa ,pipp91 ,rock hill's ,russet4 ,?is occupies z high a place 9 ,engl&1 z any o!r apple4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 two or ?ree o!rs1 z ,baldw9 & ,newt[n ,pipp91 are m highly e/eem$4 ,?is is mo/ successfully gr[n 9 ! cold] p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,fruit m$ium1 deep yell[1 firm1 crisp2 flavor %>p aromatic4 ,novemb] to ,april4 ,,nor!rn ,,spy4--,?is is a new ,am]ican v>iety1 ) no synonyms4 ,x orig9at$ ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration ,!re is n a bett] dess]t apple kn[n4 ,x reta9s its exce$+ly pleasant juic9ess1 & excell5t flavor f ,janu>y to ,june4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york1 !y h be5 c>ri$ to ! h>ve/ field1 9 ,july 9 excell5t condition4 ,a fair be>] ( beautiful fruit4 ,subacid ) a peculi> fre%ness ( flavor4 ,d>k /ripes ( purpli% r$ 9 ! sun1 b a gre5i% pale yell[ 9 ! %ade4 ,high culture & an op5 top = admission ( ! sun1 affects ! fruit m favorably ?an any o!r4 ,,roxbury ,,russet4--,synonyms--,bo/on ,russet1 ,putnam ,russet4 ,illu/ration ,an excell5t fruit1 & prodigi\s be>]4 ,m$ium size1 fle% gre5i% :ite1 r juicy1 & subacid4 ,good 9 ,janu>y1 & "o ( ! be/ 9 m>ket 9 ,june4 ,!re are o!r russets ( l>g] size1 b mu* inf]ior4 ,?is %\ld be 9 e collection4 ,x is n fir/ 9 ri*ness & flavor1 b x is sup]ior to mo/ 9 productiv5ess1 & is "o ( ! be/ keep]s4 ,,l>ge ,,yell[ ,,b\gh4--,synonyms--,e>ly ,sweet ,b\gh1 ,sweet ,h>ve/1 ,b\gh4 ,no h>ve/-apple equals ?is1 except ! ,,e>ly ,,h>ve/4 ,excell5t = ! dess]t1 b r sweet = pies & sauce4 ,fruit above m$ium4 ,tree a mod]ate gr[]1 b a pr(use be>]4 ,fle% :ite & v t5d]4 ,v sweet & sprightly4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,%\ld h a place1 ev5 9 a small collection4 ,,swa>4--,"o ( ! be/ ,am]ican fruits4 ,its "n 9 ,dut*1 :]e x orig9at$ on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 means heavy4 ,illu/ration ,fruit is l>ge1 & :5 fully ripe1 ( a dead gold color1 dott$ ) _m br[n specks4 ,fle% yell[i%1 f9e gra9$1 & t5d]4 ,flavor aromatic & exce$+ly ri*4 ,be>s good crops4 ,decemb] to ,m>*4 ,,w9esap4--,?is is "o ( ! be/ apples = cid]1 & good also = ! table & kit*54 ,fruit hangs long on ! tree )\t injury4 ,x is v productive1 & does well on a v>iety ( soils4 ,v f9e 9 ! ,we/4 ,yell[ fle%1 v firm1 & high flavor$4 ,novemb] to ,may4 ,des]v$ly1 a v popul> or*>d v>iety4 ,,maid5',s ,,blu%4--,a comp>atively new v>iety f ,new ,j]sey4 ,rem>kably beautiful4 ,admir$ z a dess]t fruit1 & equally good = ! kit*5 & = dry+4 ,cle> lemon yell[1 ) a blu% *eek1 sometimes a brilliant r$ *eek4 ,rapid gr[+ tree1 ) a f9e spread+ head1 be>+ mo/ abundantly4 ,augu/ & ,octob]4 ,illu/ration ,,ladies' ,,sweet+4--,! f9e/ sweet apple1 = dess]t 9 w9t]1 t has yet be5 produc$4 ,sk9 smoo? & ne>ly cov]$ ) r$1 9 ! sun4 ,fle% is gre5i% :ite1 v t5d]1 juicy1 & crisp4 ,)\t any %rivel+ or loss ( flavor1 x keeps till ,may4 ,s good a w9t] & spr+ sweet apple is a desid]atum 9 any or*>d or g>d54 ,! =ego+ are all t any practical cultivator w ne$4 ,mo/ w select f our li/1 p]haps half a doz51 :i* w be all !y wi% to cultivate4 ,f our descriptions1 :i* are n design$ to enable plant]s to id5tify ! v>ieties1 b to asc]ta9 _! qualities1 any "o c select su* z he pref]s4 ,& !y are s g5]ally kn[n1 t !re w be b little dang] ( gett+ v>ieties1 diff]5t f ^? ord]$4 ,we subjo91 f ,hook]'s excell5t ,we/]n ,fruit-,book1 ! foll[+-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,apples ,,= ,,! ,,we/]n ,,/ates4 ,! foll[+ li/1 says ,hook]1 conta9s a catalogue ( ! mo/ popul> v>ieties ( apples1 recomm5d$ by v>i\s pomological societies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,we/]n /ates4 ,^! v>ieties c be obta9$ ( all respectable nurs]ym54 ,! li/ may be ( use to "s cultivators 9 ! diff]5t /ates m5tion$4 ,! g5]al qualities ( ! be/ ( ^! w be f\nd 9 our descriptions "u ! cuts3-- ,baldw94--,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,roxbury ,russet4--,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois4 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+4--,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,swa>4--,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan4 ,esopus ,spitz5burg4--,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio4 ,e>ly ,h>ve/4--,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a4 ,sweet ,b\gh4--,ill9ois1 ,virg9ia1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ohio4 ,summ] ,rose4--,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,fall ,pipp94--,mi*igan1 ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,belmont4--,mi*igan1 ,ohio4 ,gold5 ,sweet4--,miss\ri4 ,r$ ,a/ra*an4--,i[a1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,jona?an4--,ohio1 ,miss\ri4 ,e>ly ,/rawb]ry4--,ohio4 ,danv]s ,w9t] ,sweet4--,ohio4 ,am]ican ,summ] ,pe>ma94--,ill9ois4 ,maid5 ,blu%4--,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois4 ,port]4--,ohio1 ,miss\ri4 ,grav5/e94--,ohio4 ,v&ev]e4--,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois4 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]4--,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,fameuse4--,ill9ois4 ,newt[n ,pipp94--,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois4 ,rambo4--,mi*igan1 ,i[a1 ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois4 ,smokeh\se4--,virg9ia1 ,indiana4 ,fallawald54--,ohio4 ,gold5 ,russet4--,ohio1 ,ill9ois4 ,w9e ,sap4--,ohio1 ,ill9ois4 ,:ite ,bellfl[]4--,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois4 ,holl& ,pipp94--,mi*igan1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana4 ,raule's ,janet4--,i[a1 ,virg9ia1 ,ill9ois4 ,lady ,apple4--,ohio1 ,miss\ri4 ,= ! value ( ^! v>ieties1 9 ! /ates m5tion$1 y h ! au?ority ( ! be/ pomological societies4 ,! sev]al /ates are m5tion$ s frequ5tly1 t x w be se5 t mo/ ( !m are adapt$ to all ! /ates4 ,att5d to acclimation & manure1 & gu>d aga9/ insects1 & !y w all fl\ri%1 9 all p>ts ( ! ,we/ & ( ! ,union4 ,,apricot4 ,?is is a fruit ab\t half-way betwe5 a pea* & a plum4 ,! /one is l ! plum1 & ! fle% r m l ! pea*4 ,x is e/eem$1 pr9cipally1 because x comes e>li] 9 ! season ?an any?+ else ( ! k9d4 ,x is us$ z a dess]t-fruit1 = pres]v+1 dry+1 & v>i\s purposes 9 cook]y4 ,x does well on plum-/ock1 & be/ 9 good deep1 moi/ loam1 manur$ z ! pea* & plum4 ,! be/ v>ieties produce _! l f ! se$4 ,se$l+s are m h>dy ?an any graft$ trees4 ,grafts on plums are mu* bett] ?an on ! pea*4 ,! latt] seldom produce good h>dy1 ?rifty trees1 al?\gh _m p]si/ 9 try+ !m4 ,! apricot is a favorite tree = espali] tra9+ aga9/ walls & f5ces1 9 small y>ds1 :]e x be>s luxuriantly4 ,x also makes a good h&some /&>d tree = op5 cultivation4 ,x is z mu* expos$ to depr$ations f curculio z ! plum1 & mu/ be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,cultivation same z pea*4 ,x produces its fruit1 l ! pea*1 only on wood ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?2 h5ce x mu/ be prun$ l ! pea*4 ,especially mu/ x be head$ 9 well1 to secure ! be/ crop4 ,v>ieties are q num]\s1 a few ( :i* only des]ve cultivation4 ,any ( ! n9e foll[+ v>ieties are good3-- ,,br[n',s ,,e>ly4--,yell[1 ) r$ *eek4 ,a v productive1 great gr[]4 ,,ne:all',s ,,e>ly4--,bright-orange color1 ) deep-r$ *eek4 ,a good cl+-/one v>iety1 e way wor?y ( cultivation4 ,,moorp>k4--,yell[1 ) ruddy *eek4 ,an enorm\s be>]1 ?\gh ( sl[ gr[?4 ,x is a free/one v>iety ( ,engli% orig91 & ne$+ a little protection 9 our cold] latitudes4 ,,dubois' ,,e>ly ,,gold54--,color1 pale-orange4 ,v h>dy & productive4 ,9 #ahdf1 ! orig9al tree at ,fi%kill1 ,n4 ,y41 bore n9ety doll>s' wor? ( fruit4 ,,l>ge ,,e>ly4--,orange1 b r$ 9 ! sun4 ,an excell5t1 e>ly1 productive v>iety4 ,,hemskirke4--,bright-orange1 ) r$ *eek4 ,an ,engli% v>iety1 vigor\s tree1 & good be>]4 ,,pea*4--,yell[1 ) deep-br[n on ! sun-side4 ,an excell5t ,fr5* v>iety4 ,,br$a4--,deep-orange1 ) blu% spots 9 ! sun4 ,a vigor\s1 productive1 ,african v>iety4 ,,roman4--,pale-yell[1 ) occasionally r$ dots4 ,good = nor!rn latitudes4 ,f ^!1 plant]s may select ^? t be/ suit _! localities & fancy4 ,!y are a little liable to be fro/-bitt5 9 ! blossoms1 z !y bloom v e>ly4 ,o!rwise !y are always v productive4 ,!y are ornam5tal1 bo? 9 ! leaf & 9 ! blossom4 ,eat5 pla91 be=e ?or\ghly ripe1 !y are n heal?y2 o!rwise1 h>mless & delici\s4 ,e g>d5 %\ld h half a doz54 ,,arti*oke4 ,!re are two plants kn[n by ?is "n4 ,! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 s call$1 n f ,j]usalem 9 ,pale/9e1 b a corruption ( ! ,italian "n :i* signifies ! tub]-root$ sunfl[]4 ,! tub]s are only us$ = pickl+4 ,!y make a v indige/ible pickle1 & ! plant is injuri\s to ! g>d51 s !y _h bett] n be rais$4 ,! arti*oke prop] gr[s some?+ l a ?i/le1 be>+ c]ta9 heads1 t1 at a p>ticul> /age ( _! gr[?1 are f9e = food4 ,! soil %\ld be prep>$ z = asp>agus1 only fifte5 in*es deep w d well4 ,! plot ( gr\nd %\ld be :]e ! wat] w n /& on x at any "t 9 ! w9t]1 z x w on mo/ level g>d5s4 ,?is w kill ! roots4 ,:5 a new b$ is made ) slips f old plants1 c>efully sep>ate vigor\s %oots1 remove sup]flu\s leaves1 plant five in*es deep 9 r[s five feet ap>t1 & two feet ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,keep v clean ( we$s4 ,! fir/ ye>1 "s pretty good1 ?\gh n full-siz$ heads w be produc$4 ,plant fre% b$s ea* ye>1 & y w h good heads f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,small heads w gr[ out along ! /alk l ! sunfl[]4 ,remove mo/ ( ^! small ones :5 !y are ab\t ! size ( h5s' eggs1 & ! o!rs w gr[ l>ge4 ,:5 ! scales beg9 to div]ge1 b be=e ! blossoms come out1 is ! "t to cut !m = use4 ,lay bru% ov] !m to prev5t suffocation1 & cov] ) /raw 9 w9t]1 to protect f sev]e/ cold4 ,too mu* w>m?1 h[ev]1 is m injuri\s ?an fro/4 ,spr+-dress mu* l asp>agus4 ,remove f ea* plant all ! /ocks b two or ?ree ( ! be/4 ,^? remov$ are good = a new b$4 ,a b$1 prop]ly made1 w la/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,to save se$1 b5d d[n a few good heads1 s z to prev5t wat] f /&+ 9 !m2 tie !m to a /ake1 until ! se$ is matur$4 ,b1 l ,e>ly ,york cabbage1 import$ se$ is bett]4 ,! usual way ( s]v+ !m is1 ! full heads boil$4 ,9 ,italy ! small heads are cut up1 ) oil1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,?is vegetable w\ld be a valuable accession to ,am]ican kit*5 g>d5s4 ,,a%es4 ,are "o ( ! be/ applications to ! soil1 = almo/ all plants4 ,lee*$ a%es are a valuable manure1 b n equal to unlea*$4 ,few articles ab\t a h\se or f>m %\ld be sav$ ) great] c>e4 ,be z *oice ( !m z ( y\r small *ange4 ,!y are wor? ?ree times z mu* on ! l& z !y c be sold = o!r purposes4 ,on corn1 at fir/ hoe+1 !y are ne>ly equal to pla/]4 ,on onions & v9es1 !y promote ! gr[? & keep (f ! insects4 ,spr9kle on dry1 :5 plants are damp1 b n too wet4 ,d n put wet a%es on plants1 or wat] :ile ! a%es are on4 ,x w kill !m4 ,mix a%es & pla/] ) o!r manures1 & _! p[] w be greatly increas$4 ,mix$ 9 manure ( hot-b$s1 !y accel]ate ! heat4 ,on s\r l& !y are equal to lime = correct+ ! acidity4 ,,asp>agus4 ,?is is a univ]sal favorite 9 ! vegetable g>d54 ,by ! application ( s& & compo/1 ! soil %\ld be kept loose1 to all[ ! spr\ts to spr+ easily f ! cr[ns4 ,propagation is be/ effect$ by se$1 transplant+ aft] "o ye>'s gr[?4 ,old] roots divid$ & transplant$ are ( "s value1 b n equal to "y roots1 nor w !y la/ z long4 ,prep>ation ( ! soil = an asp>agus-b$ is mo/ important to success4 ,dig a tr5* on "o edge ( ! plat design$ = ! b$1 & ! l5g? ( x1 eighte5 in*es wide & two feet deep4 ,put 9 ! bottom "o foot ( good b>n-y>d manure1 & tread d[n4 ,!n spade eighte5 in*es m1 by ! side ( & z deep z ! o!r1 ?r[+ ! soil ^u ! manure 9 ! tr5*4 ,fill ) manure & proce$ z be=e1 & s until ! :ole plat has be5 tr5*$2 !n :eel ! e>? f ! fir/ dit* to ! o!r side & fill into ! la/ tr5*1 ?us mak+ all level4 ,if !re is dang] t wat] w /& 9 ! bottom1 dra9 by a bl9d dit*4 ,if ?is is object$ to z too exp5sive1 let x be rememb]$ t su* a b$1 ) a little annual top-dress+1 w be good = tw5ty ye>s1 :i* is ! age at :i* asp>agus-plants beg9 to det]iorate2 !n a new b$ %\ld be ready to take its place4 ,plant+4--,m>k ! plat into b$s five feet wide1 leav+ pa?s two feet wide betwe5 !m4 ,9 ea* b$ put f\r r[s l5g?wise1 :i* w be j fifte5 in*es ap>t1 & set plants fifte5 in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,dig a tr5* six in*es wide & six in*es deep = ea* r[2 put an in* ( ri* m\ld 9 ! bottom2 set ! plants on ! m\ld1 ) ! roots spread naturally1 ) ! ends po9t+ a little d[nw>d4 ,be v p>ticul> ab\t ! position ( ! roots4 ,fill ! tr5*1 & r\nd x up a little ) well-mix$ soil & f9e manure4 ,! b$ is !n p]fect1 & w improve = _m ye>s4 ,aft]-,culture4--,9 ! fall1 aft] ! fro/ has kill$ ! /alks1 cut !m d[n & burn !m on ! b$4 ,cov] ! b$ ) f9e rott$ manure1 to ! dep? ( two in*es1 & "o half-bu%el salt to ea* squ>e rod4 ,z soon z fro/ is out 9 spr+1 ) a =k "w ! top-dress+ into ! soil to ! dep? ( f\r in*es1 & /ir ! soil to ! dep? ( eight in*es betwe5 ! r[s1 us+ c>e n to t\* ! cr[ns ( ! roots ) ! =k4 ,cutt+ %\ld nev] be p]=m$ until ! ?ird ye>4 ,set out ! plants :5 "o ye> old1 let !m gr[ "o ye> 9 ! b$1 & ! next ye> !y w be fit to cut4 ,cut all ! %oots at a suitable age1 up to ! la/ days ( ,june4 ,! %oots %\ld be regul>ly cut j bel[ ! surface1 :5 !y are f\r or six in*es high4 ,if y are tempt$ to cut aft] ! #be? ( ,june1 leave two or ?ree ?rifty %oots to ea* root1 to gr[ up = se$1 or y w weak5 ! plants1 & !y w die 9 w9t]4 ,?is is ! reason :y s _m vacancies are se5 9 _m asp>agus b$s4 ,?is plant may be =c$ 9 hotb$s1 s z to yield an abundance ( good %oots long be=e !y w />t 9 ! op5 air1 af=d+ an e>ly luxury to ^? :o c af=d x4 ,?is vegetable is equal or sup]ior to gre5 peas1 & by tak+ all ! pa9s recomm5d$ above1 9 ! beg9n+1 an abundance c be rais$ = tw5ty ye>s1 on ! same b$1 at a v trifl+ co/4 ,e>ly radi%es & o!r vegetables c be rais$1 betwe5 ! r[s1 )\t any h>m to ! asp>agus4 ,,balm4 ,?is is a m$ic9al plant1 v useful1 & easily rais$4 ,a /rong infusion ( ! leaves1 drank freely = "s "t by a n]v\s1 hypo*ondriacal p]son1 is1 p]haps1 bett] ?an any o!r m$ic9e4 ,x is also good 9 flatul5cy & fev]s4 ,its propagation is by slips or roots4 ,x is p]5nial1 af=d+ a supply = _m ye>s4 ,ga!r j z ! blossoms are appe>+1 & dry quickly 9 a sl[ ov51 or 9 ! %ade4 ,press & d up 9 :ite pap]s1 & keep 9 a tight1 dry draw]1 until ne$$ = use4 ,,b>b]ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>b]ries4 ,a prickly %rub1 f five to t5 feet high1 gr[+ wild 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 on poor1 h>d soils1 or 9 moi/ situations1 by walls1 /ones1 or f5ces4 ,its propagation is by se$s1 suck]s1 or (f%oots4 ,?is %rub is us$ = jellies1 t>ts1 pickles1 c4 ,pres]ves made ( equal p>ts ( b>b]ry & sweet apples1 or out]-"p ( f9e wat]-melons1 are v sup]ior4 ,x is also "o ( ! be/ %rubs = h$ge4 ,! b>k has mu* ( ! tann9 pr9ciple1 & ) ! wood1 is us$ = color+ yell[4 ,%rub1 blossoms1 & fruit1 are q ornam5tal1 =m+ a beautiful h$ge1 b r incl9$ to spread4 ,w d well on any l& & 9 any situation4 ,! discussion 9 ,new ,engl& ab\t its bla/+ contigu\s fields ( gra91 is ab\t z s5sible z ! old wit*craft mania4 ,e g>d5 %\ld h two or ?ree4 ,,b>ley4 ,does be/ on l& :i* 0 ho$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,if prop]ly till$1 su* l& is ri*1 free f we$s1 & easily pulv]iz$4 ,sod1 pl[$ deep 9 ! fall1 roll$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 well h>r[$1 ! se$ s[n & h>r[$ 91 & all roll$ level1 w produce a good crop4 ,two bu%els ( se$ %\ld be s[$ on an acre1 unless ! l& be v ri*2 9 t case1 "o half-bu%el less4 ,ess5tial to a good crop is ra9 ab\t ! "t ( head+ & fill+4 ,h5ce e>ly s[+ is always sure/4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry x is ( little use to s[ b>ley1 unless x be gott5 9 ,,v ,,e>ly4 ,9 n m ?an "o season 9 twelve c y get a good crop ( b>ley f late s[+ 9 all ! middle & we/]n /ates4 ,b>ley is m favorably affect$ ?an any o!r gra91 by soak+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e s[+1 & mix+ ) dry a%es4 ,a weak solution ( nitre is be/ = soak+ ! se$4 ,v>ieties are two1 f\r1 & six r[$4 ,! two-r[$ gr[s ! talle/1 & is mo/ conv5i5tly h>ve/$4 ,x is controv]t$ :e!r ! six-r[$ v>iety yields ! l>ge/ crop to ! acre4 ,if ! wea!r be dry1 & ! worms attack ! "y plants1 roll+ :5 two or ?ree in*es high1 ) a heavy roll]1 w save & increase ! crop4 ,roll+ is a great help to ! h>ve/+1 z x levels ! surface4 ,h>ve/+ %\ld always be att5d$ to j z x turns1 b by all means be=e ! /raw becomes dry4 ,if x /&s up1 cut ) cradle or reap]1 & b9d4 ,if lodg$1 cut ) a scy!1 & cure 9 small cocks l clov]4 ,/&+ until v ripe1 or ly+ scatt]$ until q dry1 is v wa/eful4 ,products are all ! way f fifte5 to sev5ty bu%els to ! acre1 accord+ to season & cultivation4 ,reasonable c>e w secure an av]age annual crop ( =ty-five or fifty bu%els p] acre1 :i* makes x a pr(itable crop :ile ! dem& cont9ues4 ,x is a good crop = gr\nd fe$ = all animals1 ! be>ds be+ a little tr\blesome :5 f$ :ole4 ,! /raw is "o ( ! v be/ = animals4 ,b>ley requires ! use ( ! l& only n9ety days1 leav+ x 9 good condition = fall-gra94 ,us$ = malt+1 & = food = m5 & bea/s4 ,x makes h&some fl\r & good bread4 ,hull$1 x is a bett] article ( food ?an rice4 ,x succe$s well on l& n /iff & t5aci\s en\gh = :eat1 or moi/ & cool en\gh = oats4 ,if f>m]s %\ld raise only = malt1 ! nation w\ld become drunk & poor on be]1 & ! m>ket w\ld be ru9$4 ,b rais$ z food1 x is "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable agricultural products4 ,,b>ns4 ,a b>n %\ld always front ! nor?4 ,! y>d = /ock %\ld be on ! s\? side1 ) tight f5ces = protection on ! ea/ & we/4 ,z ?is is design$ = w9t] use1 x is a great sav+ ( com=t to ! creatures4 ,! b>n-y>d %\ld be holl[$ out by excavation1 until f\r or five feet l[] 9 ! c5tre ?an on ! edges4 ,! bord] %\ld be ne>ly level1 incl9+ slightly t[>d ! c5tre1 to all[ ! liquid 9 ! y>d to run into x = purposes ( manure4 ,! front ( a b>n %\ld be on ! summit ( a small rise ( gr\nd1 to all[ wat] to run away f ! door1 to prev5t mud4 ,9 hilly c\ntries x is v conv5i5t to build b>ns by hills1 s z to all[ hay & gra9 to be drawn 9 ne> ! top1 & be ?r[n d[n1 in/ead ( be+ pit*$ up4 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples are suffici5t = all ord9>y b>ns4 ,^? :o are able to build exp5sive b>ns _h bett] build !m circul>1 eight or sixte5 squ>e1 & "o hundr$ feet 9 diamet]--! l[] "p1 to top ( /able1 ( /one4 ,let ! /able ext5d all ar\nd next to ! wall1 & a floor ov] ! /able1 t teams may be driv5 all ar\nd to pit* into ! bays1 & ^u ! m[s & scaffolds1 at e po9t4 ,?us teams may g r\nd & out ! door at :i* !y ent]$4 ,su* a floor w accommodate sev]al teams at ! same "t4 ,! cell> %\ld be 9 ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ by ! /able4 ,su* a cell> w\ld nev] freeze1 & w\ld hold roots en\gh = "o hundr$ head ( cattle1 :i* ! /able w\ld easily accommodate4 ,let ! mang]s be ar\nd next ! cell>1 = conv5i5ce ( fe$+4 ,su* a b>n w\ld be m conv5i5t = a dairy ( "o hundr$ c[s1 or = w9t]-fatt5+ ( cattle1 ?an any o!r =m4 ,x w\ld co/ no m ?an _m b>ns 9 we/]n ,new ,york t are n half z conv5i5t4 ,,beans4 ,^! are divid$ into two classes--pole & bu% beans4 ,!y are subdivid$ into _m v>ieties4 ,we omit ! ,engli%1 or horse-bean1 z be+ less valuable1 = any purpose1 ?an our well-kn[n beans or peas4 ,pole beans are tr\blesome to raise1 & are only gr[n on acc\nt ( excell5ce ( quality1 & to h successive ga!r+s f ! same v9es4 ,pole beans are only us$ = horticultural purposes4 ,field-,beans4--,= g5]al culture !re are ?ree v>ieties ( :ite--small1 m$ium1 & l>ge4 ,( all kn[n beans1 we pref] ! m$ium :ite4 ,! ,*9a bean1 :ite ) a r$ face1 is an e>ly v>iety4 ,all rip5 ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,x cooks almo/ z soon z a potato1 & is good = ! table2 b x is less productive1 & less saleable because n :olly :ite4 ,= plant+ among corn1 z = a v late crop1 ?is bean is valuable1 because x matures 9 s %ort a "t4 ,good beans may be rais$ among corn1 )\t injury to ! corn-crop4 ,?is c only be done :5 x is design$ to cultivate ! corn b "o way4 ,_m fail 9 attempts to gr[ beans among corn1 by plant+ !m at fir/ hoe+4 ,! corn1 hav+ s mu* ! />t1 w %ade ! beans & ne>ly de/roy !m4 ,b plant at ! same "t ( ! corn1 & !y w mature be=e ! corn w %ade !m mu*1 & n be 9 ! way ev5 ( ! ord9>y crop ( pumpk9s4 ,b d\ble-cropp+ l& 9 ?is way1 at any "t1 is ( v d\btful utility4 ,a sep>ate plat ( gr\nd = ea* crop1 9 ne>ly all cases1 is ! mo/ economical4 ,to raise a good crop ( beans1 prep>e ! soil z ?or\ghly z = any o!r crop4 ,beans w mature on l& s poor & h>d z to be almo/ wor?less = o!r crops4 ,b a ri*1 mell[ soil is z good = beans z any?+ else1 ?\gh n s indisp5sable4 ,drill 9 ) a plant] z ne> toge!r z possible1 & all[ a cultivator to pass betwe5 !m4 ,"o bu%el to ! acre on ord9>y l&1 & ?ree f\r?s ( a bu%el on v ri* l&1 is ab\t ! quantity ( se$ requisite4 ,hoe & cultivate !m :ile "y4 ,late cultivation is useless--m s ?an on mo/ o!r crops4 ,beans %\ld n be mu* hill$ 9 hoe+1 & %\ld nev] be work$ :5 wet4 ,all plants ) a r\gh /alk1 l ! bean1 potato1 & v9e1 are greatly injur$1 sometimes ru9$1 by hav+ ! e>? /irr$ ar\nd !m :5 !y are wet1 or ev5 damp4 ,beans are usually pull$2 ?is %\ld be done :5 ! late/ pods are full-gr[n1 b n dry4 ,place !m 9 small bun*es on ! gr\nd ) ! roots up4 ,if ! wea!r be dry1 !y ne$ n be mov$ until "t to draw !m 94 ,if ! wea!r be damp1 !y %\ld be /ack$ loosely 9 small /acks ar\nd poles1 & cov]$ ) /raw on ! top1 to %$ ra94 ,always haul 9 :5 v dry4 ,avoid /ack+ if possible1 = !y are always wa/$ rapidly by mov+4 ,9 draw+ 91 keep ! rack "u !m cov]$ ) blankets to save ^? t %ell4 ,9 pull+ beans1 be sure & take hold bel[ ! pods1 o!rwise ! pods w crack2 & al?\gh no h>m appe>s !n to be done1 yet1 :5 !y dry1 e pod t has be5 squeez$ by pull+1 w turn wrong side out1 & ! cont5ts be wa/$4 ,if y\r beans are "p ripe & ! rema9d] gre51 & x is necess>y to pull !m to save ! e>ly ones1 or gu>d aga9/ fro/1 :5 ! ripe ones are dry1 ?ra% !m lightly4 ,?is w %ell all ! ripe ones1 & none ( ! gre5 ones4 ,put ! /raw ^u a scaffold & ?ra% aga9 9 w9t]4 ,?us y w save all1 & h beautiful beans4 ,bean-/raw %\ld always be kept dry = %eep 9 w9t]2 x is equal to hay4 ,g>d5-,beans4--,!re are _m v>ieties1 a few ( :i* only %\ld be cultivat$4 ,hav+ ! be/1 !re is no object 9 rais+ an inf]ior quality4 ,! be/ e>ly /r+-bean is ! ,e>ly ,mohawk2 x w /& a pretty sm>t spr+-fro/ )\t injury2 comes e>ly1 & is good4 ,e>ly ,yell[1 ,e>ly ,black1 & ,quak]1 or dun-color$1 are also e>ly & good4 ,refugee1 or ,?\s&-to-"o1 are ! be/ /r+-beans kn[n2 h a r\nd1 crisp1 full1 succul5t pod2 come z soon z ! ,mohawks are out ( ! way2 & are v productive4 ,plant$ 9 ,augu/1 !y are excell5t until fro/2 ! v be/ = pickl+4 ,= an e>ly %ell-bean we recomm5d ! ,*9a r$-face2 ! :ite kidney & num]\s o!r v>ieties are less c]ta9 & productive4 ,runn+ ,beans are num]\s4 ,! true ,lima1 v l>ge1 gre5i%1 :5 ripe & dry1 is ! ri*e/ bean kn[n2 is ne>ly z good 9 w9t]1 cook$ 9 ! same way1 z :5 %ell$ gre54 ,!y are v productive1 cont9u+ 9 blossom till kill$ by fro/4 ,9 w>m c\ntries !y gr[ = ye>s1 mak+ a tree1 or gr[+ l a l>ge grapev9e4 ,! ,london ,horticultural--call$ also ,speckl$ ,cranb]ry1 & ,wild ,goose--is a v ri* v>iety4 ,! only objection is ! difficulty ( %ell+2 "o only c be remov$ at once1 because ( ! t5d]ness ( ! pod4 ,! ,c>ol9a or butt] bean (t5 passes = ! ,lima4 ,x has simil> pods1 ! bean is ( simil> %ape1 b always :ite1 in/ead ( gre5i% l ! ,lima1 & small]1 e>li]1 & ( inf]ior quality4 ,! ,sc>let ,runn]1 =m]ly only gr[n z an ornam5t on acc\nt ( its great pr(usion ( sc>let blossoms cont9u+ until fro/1 is a v productive v>iety2 pods v l>ge & v succul5t1 mak+ an excell5t /r+-bean2 a ri* v>iety :5 dry1 b objectionable on acc\nt ( _! d>k color4 ,! ,r$ & ! ,:ite ,cranb]ries1 ,dut* ,caseknife1 & _m o!r v>ieties1 h good qualities1 b are inf]ior to ^? m5tion$ above4 ,beans may be =w>d$ 9 hotb$s1 by plant+ on sods six in*es squ>e1 put bottom-up on ! hotb$1 & cov]$ ) f9e m\ld2 plant f\r beans on ea* sod2 :5 fro/ is gone1 remove ! sod 9 ! hill beside ! pole1 previ\sly set1 leave only two pole-beans to gr[ 9 a hill2 !y w always produce m ?an a great] numb]4 ,a %rub six feet high1 ) ! bran*es on1 is bett] ?an a pole = any runn+ bean2 ne>ly twice z _m w gr[ on a bu% z on a pole4 ,use a cr[b> = sett+ poles1 or drive a /ake d[n fir/1 & set poles v deep1 or !y w bl[ d[n & de/roy ! beans4 ,,bees ,,& ,,beehives4 ,! /udy ( ! honey-bee has be5 pursu$ ) int]e/ f remote ages4 ,a "w on bees1 by ,de ,mont=t1 publi%$ at ,antw]p 9 #afdi1 e/imates ! numb] ( treatises on ?is subject1 be=e 8 "t1 at betwe5 five & six hundr$4 ,z t 0 two hundr$ & eight ye>s ago1 ! numb] has probably increas$ to two ?\s& or m4 ,we h "s k ( ! "* ( ^! e>ly works1 z f> back z ,democritus1 f\r hundr$ & sixty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! great m5 ( antiquity gave p>ticul> att5tion to /udy & writ+ on ! honey-bee4--,among !m we notice ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 ,columella1 ,pl9y1 & ,virgil4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 we h ,hub]1 ,swamm]dam1 ,w>d]1 ,wildman1 c4 ,9 our own day1 we h ,hui%1 ,m9]1 ,qu9by1 ,weeks1 ,ri*>dson1 ,lang/ro?1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,= ! fir/ two ?\s& ye>s f ! date ( ^! works1 ! bee 0 treat$ ma9ly z a curi\s insect1 r ?an z a s\rce ( pr(it & luxury to man4 ,& al?\gh ,pale/9e 0 eulogiz$ z a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey1 be=e ! ,hebrews took possession ( x1 yet ! sci5ce ( bee-culture 0 :olly unkn[n4 ,9 ! e>lie/ att5tion to bees1 !y 7 suppos$ to orig9ate 9 ! conc5trat$ aroma ( ! sweete/ & mo/ beautiful fl[]s4 ,virgil1 & o!rs ( 8 "t1 suppos$ !m to come f ! c>casses ( dead animals4 ,b ! rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,hub]1 sixty ye>s ago1 develop$ _m facts respect+ _! orig9 & economy4 ,subsequ5t obs]v]s h add$ /ill m to ! /ock ( our k respect+ ^! wond]ful creatures4 ,! diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 f ! m9ute egg ( ! que5 to a full gr[n bee1 & ! precise "t occupi$ by ea*1 are well e/abli%$4 ,! ?ree classes ( bees1 9 e p]fect colony1 & ! (fices ( ea*2 _! me*anical skill 9 con/ruct+ ! diff]5t siz$ & %ap$ cells1 = honey1 = rais+ drones1 work]s1 & que5s1 all diff]+ accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$2 ! w>s ( ! que5s1 & _! sov]eignty ov] _! respective colonies2 ! me?ods by :i* work+-bees w raise a "y que51 :5 ! old "o is de/roy$1 out ( ! l>vae ( common bees2 ! peculi> con/ruction & situation ( ! que5 cells2 &1 above all1 ! royal jelly 7diff]+ f ev]y?+ else 9 ! hive7 :i* !y manufacture = ! food ( "y que5s2 ! mann] 9 :i* !y v5tilate _! hives by a swift motion ( _! w+s1 caus+ ! buzz+ noise !y make 9 a summ] ev5+2 _! me?od ( repair+ brok5 comb1 & build+ =tifications1 be=e _! entrances1 at c]ta9 times1 to keep out ! sph9x--all ^! curi\s matt]s are treat$ fully 9 _m ( our works on bees4 ,b we mu/ =ego ! pleasure ( pres5t+ ^! at l5g?1 x be+ our sole object to enable all :o foll[ our directions1 s to manage bees z to r5d] !m pr(itable4 ,9 prep>+ ! brief directions t foll[1 we h mo/ c>efully /udi$ all ! works1 ,am]ican & =eign1 to :i* we c\ld get access4 ,betwe5 ?is article & ! be/ ( ^? works !re w be f\nd a g5]al agreem5t1 except z x respects beehives4 ,we pres5t views ( hives1 t we are n aw>e h ev] be5 writt54 ,! orig9al idea1 or new pr9ciple 7:i* consi/s 9 con/ruct+ ! hive ) ! entrance ne> ! top71 0 sugge/$ to u by ,samuel ,pi]ce1 ,esq41 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 :o is ! great ,am]ican inv5tor ( cook+-ranges & /oves4 ,we h c>efully consid]$ ! pr9ciple 9 its v>i\s relations to ! habits ( ! bee1 & believe x correct4 ,to mo/ ( our late works on honey-bees we h "o s]i\s objection3 x is1 t !y be> on _! face ! evid5ce ( hav+ be5 writt5 to make money1 by promot+ ! sale ( "s pat5t hive4 ,^! works all h a little 9 common t is int]e/+2 ! rema9d] seems design$ to oppose "s =m] pat5t & comm5d a new "o4 ,!y ?us swell _! volumes to a tr\blesome & exp5sive size1 ) t :i* is ( no use to practical m54 ,a "w made to fight a pat5t1 or to sell "o1 c n be reliable4 ,! requisites to successful bee-managem5t are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,always h l>ge1 /rong sw>ms4 ,su* only are able successfully to cont5d ) _! enemies4 ,?is is done by unit+ weak sw>ms1 or s5d+ back a "y1 feeble sw>m :5 x comes out 7z h]e9 aft] direct$74 #b4 ,use m$ium-siz$ hives4 ,9 too l>ge hives1 bees f9d x difficult to gu>d _! t]ritories4 ,!y also /ore up m honey ?an !y ne$1 & yield less to ! cultivator4 ,! ma9 box %\ld be "o foot squ>e by fifte5 in*es high4 ,make hives ( new bo>ds2 plane smoo? & pa9t :ite on ! outside4 ,! usual direction is to leave ! inside r\gh1 to aid 9 hold+ up ! honey1 b to plane ! inside edges s z to make close jo9ts4 ,we c\nsel to plane ! inside ( ! hive smoo?1 & draw a f9e saw lightly l5g? wise ( ! bo>ds1 to make ! comb adh]e4 ,?is w be a great sav+ ( ! "t ( bees1 :5 x is wor? ! mo/ 9 ga!r+ honey4 ,!y always c>ry out all ! sawdu/ f ! inside ( _! hives4 ,bett] save _! "t by plan+ x (f4 #c4 ,to prev5t robb]ies among bees1 :5 a weak colony is attack$1 close _! entrances s t b "o bee c pass at once1 & !y w !n take c>e ( !mselves4 ,to prev5t a disposition to pillage1 place all y\r hives 9 actual contact1 on ! sides1 & make a communication betwe5 !m1 b n l>ge en\gh to all[ bees to pass4 ,?is w give ! same sc5t to ! :ole1 & make !m feel l "o family4 ,bees di/+ui% /rang]s only by ! smell3 h5ce1 s connect$1 !y w n qu>rel or pillage4 #d4 ,comb is usually reg>d$ bett] = n be+ m ?an two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,! usual !ory is1 t cells fill up by repeat$ use1 &1 becom+ small]1 r5d] ! bees rais$ 9 !m dim9utive4 ,?is is n probable1 z a kn[n habit ( ! bee is to clean out ! cells be=e reus+ !m4 ,hub] demon/rat$ t bees rais$ 9 drone-cells 7:i* are always l>g] ?an = work]s7 grew no l>g] ?an 9 _! own natural cells4 ,& z bees build _! cells ! "r size at fir/1 x is probable !y keep !m s4 ,qu9by assures u t bees h be5 gr[n tw5ty ye>s 9 ! same comb1 & t ! la/ 7 z l>ge z ! fir/4 ,b = o!r reasons1 x is bett] to *ange ! comb4 ,9 all ord9>y cases1 x is bett] to transf] ! sw>m to a new hive e ?ird ye>4 ,_m ?9k x be/ to use hives compos$ ( ?ree sections1 sev5 & a half in*es deep ea*1 screw$ toge!r ) /rips ( wood on ! sides1 & ! top screw$ on t x may easily be remov$2 ?ick pap] or musl9 %\ld be pa/$ ar\nd1 on ! places ( int]section1 to gu>d aga9/ enemies2 ! two l[] sections only all[$ to conta9 bees--! upp] "o be+ design$ = ! honey-boxes1 to be remov$4 ,ea* spr+1 aft] two ye>s old1 ! l[] section is tak5 out & a new "o put on ! top1 ! cov] ( ! old "o hav+ be5 fir/ remov$4 ,?is is ! old pyramidal beehive1 :i* is ! title ( a treatise on bees1 by ,p4 ,duc\$ic1 translat$ f ! ,fr5* & abridg$ by ,silas ,d9smore 9 #ahbi4 ,?is has rec5tly be5 reviv$ & pat5t$ z a new ?+4 ,we ?9k ) ,qu9by1 t ^! hives are too exp5sive & too complicat$1 & t ! great mass ( cultivators w succe$ be/ ) hives ( simple con/ruction4 #e4 ,all[+ bees to sw>m 9 _! own "t & way is bett] ?an all artificial multiplication ( colonies4 ,if !re are no small trees ne> ! api>y1 place bu%es1 ^u :i* ! bees w usually light1 :5 !y come out4 ,if !y seem det]m9$ to g away )\t light+1 ?r[ s& or du/ among !m2 ?is produces confusion1 & causes !m to settle ne>4 ,! practice ( r++ bells & drumm+ on t91 c41 is usually ridicul$2 b we believe x to be useful1 & t on philosophic pr9ciples4 ,! object to be secur$ is to confuse ! sw>m & dr[n ! voice ( ! que54 ,! bees move only ) _! que52 h5ce1 if any?+ prev5ts !m f he>+ h]1 confusion foll[s1 & ! sw>m lights3 !re=e1 any noise among !m may answ] ! purpose1 & save ! sw>m4 ,to hive bees1 place !m on a clean :ite clo?1 & set ! hive ov] !m1 rais$ an in* or two by blocks "u ! corn]s4 ,x is said t a little sweet5$ wat] or honey1 appli$ to ! inside ( ! hive1 w incl9e ! bees to rema94 ,! be/ prep>ation is to fa/5 a piece ( new :ite comb on ! top ( ! inside ( ! hive4 ,?is is done by dipp+ ! end ( a piece ( comb 9 melt$ beeswax1 & /ick+ x to ! top4 ,bees %\ld nev] be all[$ to s5d (f m ?an two colonies 9 "o season4 ,to re/rict !m to "o is /ill bett]4 ,excessive sw>m+ is a precursor ( de/ruction1 r ?an an evid5ce 7z usually reg>d$7 ( prosp]ity4 ,a giv5 numb] ( bees w make f> less honey 9 two hives ?an 9 "o1 unless !y are s num]\s z greatly to cr[d ! hive4 ,:5 a late sw>m comes out1 take away ! que51 & !y w imm$iately return4 ,any "o may easily f9d ! que53 %e is always 9 ! c5tre ( ! bun* into :i* ! sw>m collects on light+4 ,if !y =m two or ?ree clu/]s1 x is because !y h t numb] ( que5s4 ,!n all ! que5s %\ld be de/roy$4 ,! foll[+ cuts ( ! ?ree classes ( bees w enable "o to di/+ui% ! que54 ,illu/ration3 ,work+ ,bee4 ,que54 ,drone4 ,! que5 is sometimes1 b n always1 l>g] ?an ! common bee2 b h] body is always long]1 & blacki% above & yell[i% und]nea?4 ,to unite any two sw>ms toge!r1 turn ! hive y wi% to empty bottom-up1 & place ! "o into :i* y w\ld h !m g on ! top ( ! o!r1 ) _! m\?s toge!r2 !n tie a clo? ar\nd1 at ! place ( int]section1 to prev5t ! egress ( ! bees4 ,g5tly rap ! l[] hive on all sides1 ne> ! bottom1 gradually ris+ until y rea* ! top ( ! l[] hive1 & all ! bees w g into ! upp] "o4 ,9 ! same way1 x is easy to remove a colony into a new hive1 :5ev] y ?9k !y ne$ *ang+4 ,?is %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+1 & ne$ occupy no m ?an half an h\r4 ,! hive %\ld !n be put 9 its place4 ,unit+ weak new sw>ms1 may be done :5ev] !y come out2 b *ang+ a sw>m f an old hive to a new "o %\ld be p]=m$ z e>ly z ! middle ( ,june4 ,if mo?s get 91 *ange hives at any "t :5 x is w>m en\gh = bees to "w1 & give !m all ! honey 9 _! old hive4 ,if y discov] mo?s too late = ! bees to build comb 9 a new hive1 take ! que5 f ! hive infe/$ ) mo?s1 & place x :]e ! bees w unite ) ano!r colony1 & fe$ !m all ! honey f ! des]t$ hive4 ,?is1 or ! de/ruction ( ! bees & sav+ ! honey1 is always necess>y1 :5 mo?-worms are 9 possession1 unless !y are s ne> ! bottom1 t all ! comb ar\nd !m may be cut out4 ,bees are fond ( salt4 ,always keep "s on a bo>d ne> !m4 ,!y also ne$ wat]4 ,if a rivulet runs ne> ! api>y1 x is well4 ,if n1 place wat] 9 %all[ pans1 ) pebbles 9 !m1 on :i* ! bees c /& to dr9k4 ,*ange ! wat] daily4 ,x is too late to speak ( ! improvid5ce ( kill+ bees1 to get _! honey4 ,use boxes ( any size or con/ruction y *oose4 ,9 common hives1 boxes %\ld be atta*$ to ! sides1 & n plac$ on ! top4 ,x is a wa/eful tax ^u ! "t & /r5g? ( load$ bees1 to make !m travel ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! hive1 into boxes on ! top4 ,place boxes z ne> z possible to _! entrance or bel[ t entrance4 ,bees %\ld be kept out ( ! boxes until !y h pretty well fill$ ! hive1 or !y may beg9 to raise "y bees 9 ! boxes4 ,w9t]+ bees successfully1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult matt]s 9 bee-culture4 ,two evils are to be gu>d$ aga9/1 dampness & suffocation4 ,excessive dampness1 sometimes causes fro/ ab\t ! entrance t fills x up & suffocation ensues4 ,sometimes sn[ falls1 or is bl[n ov] ! entrance1 & ! bees die 9 a few h\rs = ! want ( air4 ,_m l>ge colonies1 ) pl5ty ( honey1 are ?us de/roy$4 ,dampness is v injuri\s to bees on o!r acc\nts4 ,9 a good bee-h\se !re is no dang] f sn[1 & little f dampness4 ,bees1 n hav+ honey en\gh = w9t]1 %\ld be f$ 9 pleasant fall wea!r1 aft] !y h ne>ly complet$ ! labors ( ! season4 ,weigh+ hives is unnecess>y4 ,a mod]ate degree ( judgm5t w det]m9e :e!r a sw>m has a suffici5t /ore = w9t]4 ,if n1 fe$ !m4 ,nev] give bees dry sug>4 ,!y take up _! food1 z an elephant does wat] 9 8 trunk2 x1 !re=e1 %\ld be 9 a liquid =m4 ,boil good sug> = t5 m9utes 9 ale or be]1 leav+ x ab\t z ?ick z honey4 ,put x 9 a fe$ tr\gh2 :i* %\ld be flat-bottom$4 ,fa/5 toge!r ?9 slats1 "o f\r? ( an in* ap>t1 s z to fit ! inside ( ! fe$ tr\gh & lie on ! surface ( ! liquid1 s z to rise & fall ) x4 ,put ?is 9 a box & atta* x to ! hive1 z = tak+ box-honey1 & ! bees w "w x all up4 ,put out-door1 x tempts o!r bees1 & may lead to qu>rels1 & robb]y4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n1 t a good sw>m ( bees may be de/roy$1 by fe$+ !m pl5ty ( honey1 e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,!y c>ry x 9 & fill up _! empty cells & leave no room = rais+ "y bees2 h5ce ! :ole is ru9$ = want ( inhabitants1 to take ! places ( ^? t get de/roy$1 or die ( age4 ,to w9t] bees well1 utt]ly exclude ! light dur+ all ! cold wea!r1 until x becomes s w>m1 t !y w n get s *ill$ :5 out t !y c n return4 ,int5se cold is n injuri\s to bees1 provid$ !y are kept 9 ! hive & are dry4 ,a l>ge sw>m1 w n eat two p\nds ( honey dur+ ! :ole cold w9t]1 if kept f ! light4 ,:5 tempt$ out1 e w>m day !y come into ! sun%9e & empty !mselves1 & return to consume l>ge quantities ( honey4 ,kept 9 ! d>k1 !y are ne>ly torpid1 eat b a m]e trifle1 & w9t] well4 ,:atev] y\r hive or h\se1 !n1 keep y\r bees entirely f ! light1 9 cold wea!r4 ,?is is ! only reason :y bees keep s well 9 a d>k dry cell>1 or buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ) some?+ ar\nd !m1 to pres]ve !m f moi/ure1 & a conductor ?r\gh ! surface1 to admit fre% air4 ,x is n because x keeps out ! cold1 b because x excludes ! light1 & r5d]s ! bees inactive4 ,gilmore's pat5t bee-h\se1 is a great improvem5t on ?is acc\nt4 ,( ! diseases ( bees1 su* z dys5t]y1 c41 we %all n treat4 ,all t c pr(itably be done1 to rem$y ^! evils1 is secur$ by salt1 wat]1 & prop]ly-prep>$ food1 z giv5 above4 ,b ! great "q 9 bee-culture is1 ,h[ to prev5t ! depr$ation ( ! wax-mo?8 ,to ?is subject1 mu* /udy has be5 giv51 & respect+ x _m !ories h be5 advanc$4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions are1 to u1 ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! mill]1 t deposites ! egg1 :i* soon *anges to ! worm1 s de/ructive 9 ! beehive1 comm5ces to fly ab\t1 at d>k4 ,9 almo/ e c\ntry-h\se1 !y are se5 ab\t ! lights 9 ! ev5+4 ,!y are /ill dur+ all ! day4 ,!y are rem>kably attract$ by lights 9 ! ev5+4 ,h5ce our fir/ rule3-- #a4 ,place a teasauc] ( melt$ l>d or oil1 ) a piece ( cotton flannel = a wick1 9 or ne> ! api>y at dusk2 light x & all[ x to burn till ne> morn+1 expir+ be=e daylight4 ,?is done e night dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 w be v effectual4 #b4 ,keep grass & we$s away f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( y\r api>y4 ,let ! gr\nd be kept clean & smoo?4 ,?is de/roys _m ( ! hid+-places ( ! mill]1 & =ces him away to sp5d ! day4 ,?is precaution has _m o!r advantages4 #c4 ,keep l>ge /rong colonies4 ,!y w be able to gu>d _! t]ritories1 & cont5d ) ?is & all o!r enemies4 #d4 ,nev] h any op5+ 9 a beehive ne> ! bottom1 dur+ ! season ( mill]s 7see ,beehive74 ,let ! op5+s be s small1 t only "o or two bees c pass at once4 ,to accommodate ! bees1 increase ! numb] ( op5+s4 ,mill]s w seldom ent] among a /rong sw>m1 ) su* op5+s4 ,all ar\nd ! bottom1 x %\ld be s tight1 t no crevice c be f\nd1 9 :i* a mill] c deposite an egg4 ,bett] pla/] ar\nd1 closely1 ) "s sub/ance1 ! place ( contact betwe5 ! hive & ! bo>d on :i* x /&s1 & keep x entirely tight dur+ ! "t 9 :i* ! mill]s are active4 #e4 ,if1 ?r\gh neglig5ce1 worms h got into a hive1 exam9e x at once2 & if !y are ne> ! bottom only1 )9 sight & rea*1 cut out ! comb ar\nd !m1 & remove !m f ! hive4 ,if ?is is n practicable1 transf] ! sw>m to a new hive1 or unite x ) ano!r1 )\t delay4 #f4 ,! great rem$y = ! mo? is 9 ! "r con/ruction ( a ,,beehive4 ,:atev] ! =m ( ! hive y use1 h ! entrance )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! top4 ,mill]s are afraid ( bees2 !y w n g among !m1 unless !y are 9 a weak1 dispirit$ condition4 ,!y /eal into ! hive :5 ! bees are quiet1 up among ! comb1 or :5 !y hang out 9 w>m wea!r1 b are /ill & quiet4 ,if ! hive be op5 on all sides 7z is s (t5 recomm5d$71 ! mill] ent]s on "s side :]e ! bees are n4 ,n[ bees are apt to g to ! upp] "p ( ! hive & comb1 & leave ! l[] "p & entrance expos$4 ,if ! entrance be at ! upp] "p1 ! bees w fill x & be all ab\t x4 ,a bee c easily pass ?r\gh a clu/] ( bees1 & ent] or leave a hive2 b a mill] w nev] und]take x3 ?is1 !n1 w be a p]fect safegu>d aga9/ ! depr$ations ( ! mo?4 ,?is hive is bett] on e acc\nt4 ,moi/ure rises3 9 a hive op5 only at ! bottom1 x is likely to rise to ! top ( ! hive & injure ! bees2 ) ! op5+ ne> ! top x easily escapes4 ,! objection t w\ld be soone/ rais$ to ?is sugge/ion is1 t bees ne$ a good circulation ( fre% air1 & su* a hive w\ld n favor x4 ,to ?is we reply1 a hive op5 ne> ! top secures ! be/ possible air to ! sw>m2 any f\l air has opportunity freely to escape4 ,t peculi> humm+ he>d 9 a hive 9 hot wea!r is produc$ by a c]ta9 motion ( ! w+s ( ! bees1 design$ to expel vitiat$ air1 & admit ! pure1 by keep+ up a curr5t4 ,9 ! daytime1 :5 ! wea!r is hot1 y w see a few bees ne> ! entrance on ! outside1 & he> o!rs )91 p]=m+ ?is s]vice1 &1 :5 fatigu$1 o!rs take _! place4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s 9 all ! habits & in/9cts ( bees4 ,!y ?us keep a pure atmosph]e 9 a cr[d$ hive 9 hot wea!r4 ,n[1 x w\ld require mu* less fann+ to expel bad air f a hive op5 at ! top1 ?an f "o :]e all t air _h to be =c$ d[n1 ?r\gh an op5+ at ! bottom4 ,?is !ory is su/a9$ by ! natural habits ( bees 9 _! wild /ate4 ,wild bees1 t select _! own abodes1 are f\nd 9 trees & crevices ( rocks4 ,!y usually build _! combs d[nw>d f _! entrance1 & _! abode is air-tight at ! bottom2 !y h no air only :at is admitt$ at _! entrance1 ne> ! top ( _! dwell+1 & ) no curr5t ( air only :at !y *oose to produce by fann+4 ,! pure/ atmosph]e 9 any room is :]e x ent]s & passes out at ! top2 9 su* a room only does ! ext]nal atmosph]e circulate naturally4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t bees keep bett] buri$ ?an 9 any o!r way1 provid$ only !y are kept dry4 ,yet !y are 9 a place air-tight1 except ! small conductor to ! atmosph]e above !m4 ,! old pyramidal beehive ( ,duc\$ic1 ) ?ree sections1 "o above ! o!r1 all[+ ! removal ( ! l[] "o ea* spr+1 & ! plac+ ( a new "o on ! top--?us *ang+ ! comb1 s t none %all ev] be m ?an two ye>s old1 ) ! op5+ always )9 ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! top1 is ! be/ ( ! pat5t hives4 ,we pref] pla91 simple hives4 ,! g5]al adoption ( ?is pr9ciple1 :atev] hives are us$1 w\ld be a new era 9 ! sci5ce ( bee-culture4 ,no beehive %\ld ev] be expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun 9 a beeh\se4 ,a hive /&+ alone1 ) a free circulation ( air on e side1 w n be s]i\sly injur$ by ! sun4 ,b :5 ! rays are int]cept$ by walls or bo>ds1 9 ! re> & on ! sides1 !y are v disa/r\s4 ,o!r h9ts1 su* z cle>+ (f occasionally1 9 all seasons except 9 ! cold ( w9t]1 ! bottom bo>d1 c41 are matt]s ^u :i* we ne$ n dwell4 ,no cultivator w\ld ?9k ( neglect+ !m4 ,let no "o be al>m$ at f9d+ dead bees on ! bottom :5 cle>+ out a hive2 bees live only f five to sev5 mon?s1 & _! places are !n suppli$ ) "y ones4 ,! above sugge/ions foll[$1 & a little c>e tak5 9 cultivat+ ! fruits1 gra9s1 & grasses1 t yield ! be/ fl[]s = bees1 w\ld secure uni=m success 9 rais+ honey4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ luxuries2 &1 :at is a great desid]atum1 x is )9 ! easy rea* ( e poor family1 ev51 9 all ! rural di/ricts ( ! l&4 ,good honey1 good vegetables1 & good fruit1 l ra9 & sun%9e1 may be ! prop]ty ( all4 ,! design ( ?is volume is to enable ! poor & ! unle>n$ to enjoy ^! ?+s 9 abundance1 ) only t am\nt ( c>e & labor necess>y to give !m a ze/4 ,,beets4 ,( ?is excell5t root !re are q a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,mangel-,wurtzel yields mo/ = field-culture1 & is ! great beet = fe$+ to dome/ic animals2 n g5]ally us$ = ! table4 ,fr5* ,sug> or ,amb] ,beet is good = field-culture1 bo? 9 quality & yield2 b x is n equal to ! ,wurtzel4 ,yell[-,turnip-root$1 ,e>ly ,blood-,turnip-root$1 ,e>ly ,dw>f ,blood1 ,e>ly ,:ite ,sc>city1 & ,long ,blood1 are among ! lead+ g>d5 v>ieties4 ,( all ! beets1 ?ree only ne$ be cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry--! ,wurtzel = fe$+1 & ! ,e>ly ,blood ,turnip-root$ & ,long ,blood = ! table4 ,! ,e>ly ,blood is ! be/ ?r\gh ! :ole season1 comes e>ly1 & c be easily kept s z to be good = ! table 9 ! spr+4 ,! ,long ,blood is lat]1 & v mu* e/eem$4 ,beets may be easily =w>d$ 9 hotb$s4 ,s[ se$ e>ly1 & transplant 9 g>d5 z soon z ! soil is w>m en\gh to promote _! gr[?4 ,:5 well done1 ! removal ret>ds _! gr[? b little4 ,"y beets are univ]sally e/eem$4 ,to h !m ( excell5t quality dur+ all ! w9t]1 x is only necess>y to plant on ! la/ days ( ,july4 ,if ! wea!r be dry1 wat] well1 s z to get !m up1 & !y w atta9 ! size & age at :i* !y are mo/ valu$4 ,keep !m 9 ! cell> = use1 z o!r beets4 ,!y w keep z well z old ones4 ,field-,culture4--,make ! soil v mell[1 fifte5 to eighte5 in*es deep4 ,soil hav+ a little s& 9 its composition is always be/4 ,ev5 v s&y l& is good if x be suffici5tly enri*$4 ,*oose l& on :i* wat] w n /& 9 a wet season4 ,beets endure dr\ght bett] ?an extreme wet4 ,hav+ made ! surface p]fectly mell[1 & free f clods1 we$s1 & /ones1 s[ 9 drills1 ) a ma*9e = ! purpose1 two feet ap>t4 ,?is is wide en\gh = a small cultivator to pass betwe5 !m4 ,aft] plant+1 roll ! surface smoo? & level2 ?is w greatly facilitate e>ly cultivation4 ,on a r\gh surface y c n cultivate small plants )\t de/roy+ _m ( !m2 h5ce ! necessity ( /raight r[s & ?or\gh roll+4 ,! ,engli% books recomm5d plant+ ?is & o!r roots on ridges3 = _! climate x is good1 b = ours x is bad4 ,!y h to gu>d aga9/ too mu* moi/ure1 & we aga9/ dr\ght2 h5ce1 !y %\ld plant on ridges1 & we on an ev5 surface4 ,to get ! l>ge/ crop1 pl[ a deep furr[ = ea* r[1 put 9 pl5ty ( good manure1 cov] x ) ! pl[ & level ! surface1 & plant ov] ! manure4 ,:5 well gr[+1 !y %\ld be ?9n$ to six or eight in*es 9 ! r[4 ,(t5 /irr+ ! e>? :ile !y are "y is ( great b5efit4 ,! quality & quantity ( a root-crop dep5d mu* ^u ! rapidity ( its gr[?4 ,sl[ gr[? gives h>d] roots ( worse flavor1 z well z a /9t$ crop4 ,h>ve/+ %\ld be done j be=e sev]e fro/s4 ,!y w gr[ until fro/ comes1 h[ev] e>ly !y 7 plant$1 or :atev] size !y may h atta9$4 ,!y gr[ z rapidly aft] light fro/s z at any "t 9 ! season2 b v sev]e fro/s expose !m to rot dur+ w9t]4 ,pres]v+ = table use is usually done by putt+ 9 boxes ) moi/ s&1 or ! m\ld 9 :i* !y grew4 ,?is excludes air1 &1 if kept a little moi/1 w pres]ve !m p]fectly4 ,roots are always bett] buri$ bel[ fro/ out-door on a dry knoll1 :]e wat] w n /& 9 ! pits4 ,b 9 cold climates x is necess>y to h "s 9 ! cell> = w9t] use4 ,! common me?od ( bury+ beets1 & turnips1 & all o!r roots out-door1 is well und]/ood4 ,! only requisites are1 a dry location secur$ f fro/1 /raw next ! roots1 a cov]+ ( e>?1 n too deep :ile ! wea!r is yet mild2 z x gr[s cold1 put on ano!r cov]+ ( /raw1 & ov] x a foot ( e>?2 z x becomes v cold1 put on a load or two ( b>ny>d manure3 ?is w save !m beyond ! p[] ( ! colde/ w9t]4 ,va/ quantities ( roots buri$ outdoor are de/roy$ annually by fro/1 & !re is no ne$ ( ev] los+ a bu%el4 ,y ?\ght !y w\ld n freeze1 is n half z good z sp5d+ two h\rs' "t 9 cov]+1 s t y "k !y c n freeze4 ,!re is h>dly a m provok+ piece ( c>elessness1 9 ! :ole range ( dome/ic economy1 ?an ! ne$less loss ( s _m edible roots by fro/4 ,! table use ( beets is ev]y:]e kn[n2 _! value = fe$+ animals is n duly appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no "o :o keeps dome/ic animals or f[ls %\ld fail to raise a beet-crop2 x is "o ( ! sure/ crops gr[n2 x is nev] de/roy$ by insects1 & dr\ght affects x b v little4 ,on good soil1 beets produce an enorm\s weight to ! acre4 ,! l[] leaves may be /ripp$ (f twice dur+ ! season1 to fe$ to c[s or o!r /ock1 )\t injury to ! crop4 ,c[s w give m milk = fifte5 days1 f$ on ?is root alone1 ?an on any o!r fe$2 !y !n beg9 to get too fat1 & decl9e 9 milk3 h5ce1 !y %\ld be f$ beets & hay or o!r food 9 ab\t equal p>ts1 on :i* !y w d bett] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,horses d bett] on equal p>ts ( beet & hay ?an on ord9>y hay & gra94 ,horses f$ ?us w fatt51 ne$+ only ! addition ( a little gr\nd gra91 :5 work+ h>d4 ,pl5ty ( beets1 ) a little o!r food1 makes c[s give milk z well z 9 summ]4 ,raw beets cut f9e1 ) a little milk1 w fatt5 hogs z fa/ z boil$ potatoes4 ,all f[ls are fond ( !m1 *opp$ f9e & mix$ ) o!r food4 ,%eep1 also1 are fond ( !m4 ,!y are v valuable to ewes 9 ! spr+ :5 lambs come1 :5 !y especially ne$ succul5t food4 ,! free use ( ?is root by ,engli% f>m]s is an important reason ( _! great success 9 rais+ f9e %eep & lambs4 ,!y promote ! heal? ( animals1 & none ev] tire ( !m4 ,z x ne$s no cook+1 x is ! *eape/ food ( ! root k9d4 ,beets w keep long]1 & 9 bett] condition1 ?an any o!r root4 ,!y nev] give any disagreeable flavor to milk4 ,x is consid]$ e/abli%$1 n[1 t f\r p\nds ( beet equal 9 n\ri%m5t five p\nds ( c>rot4 ,e l>ge fe$] %\ld h a cell> beyond ! rea* ( fro/s1 & ( l>ge dim5sions1 accessible at all times1 9 :i* to keep 8 roots4 ,^! beets %\ld be pil$ up !re z cord-wood1 to give a free circulation ( ! air4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! beet-crop takes ! place ( mu* ( _! mead[s1 at a great sav+ ( exp5se1 produc+ rem>kably f9e horses1 & fatt5+ imm5se h]ds ( cattle1 :i* !y export to ,france4 ,we insi/ ^u ! importance ( a beet-crop to e man :o owns an acre ( l& & a few dome/ic animals1 or only a c[ & a few f[ls4 ,,b5e ,,plant4 ,introduc$ into ! ,s\!rn /ates by negroes f ,africa4 ,!y boil a h&ful ( ! se$ ) _! all[ance ( ,indian corn4 ,x yields a l>g] proportion ?an any o!r plant ( an excell5t oil4 ,x is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,egypt z food = horses1 & = cul9>y purposes4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is native ( a s\!rn clime %\ld fl\ri% well1 z x does1 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates4 ,x %\ld be cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,nor? z a m$ic9al h]b4 ,a ,virg9ia g5tleman gave ,?orburn ,son1 se$-deal]s ( ,new ,york1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( its virtues3 a few gre5 leaves ( ! plant1 plung$ a few times 9 a tumbl] ( cold wat]1 made x l a ?9 jelly1 )\t ta/e or color4 ,*ildr5 afflict$ ) summ]-compla9t dr9k x freely1 & x is ?\ght to be ! be/ rem$y = t disease ev] discov]$2 x is believ$ t ?ree ?\s& *ildr5 7 sav$ by x 9 ,baltimore ! fir/ summ] aft] its introduction4 ,plant 9 ,april1 9 ! middle /ates1 ab\t two feet ap>t4 ,:5 half gr[n1 break (f ! plants1 to increase ! quantity ( leaves4 ,we recomm5d to all families to raise x1 & try its virtues1 "u ! advice ( _! family physicians4 ,,birds4 ,^! are exce$+ly useful 9 de/roy+ insects4 ,s ( toads & bats4 ,no "o %\ld ev] be wantonly kill$4 ,boys1 old or "y1 %\ld nev] be all[$ to %oot birds1 or di/urb _! ne/s1 only z !y w\ld dome/ic f[ls1 = actual use4 ,a wanton recklessness is exhibit$ ab\t our cities & villages1 9 kill+ (f small birds1 t are ( no use aft] !y are dead4 ,liv+1 !y are valuable to e g>d5 & fruit-or*>d4 ,9 e /ate1 /r+5t laws %\ld be made & en=c$ aga9/ _! de/ruction4 ,ev5 ! cr[1 )\t fri5ds z he is1 is a real bless+ to ! f>m]3 keep him f ! "y corn = a few days1 z x is easy to d1 &1 all ! re/ ( ! ye>1 8 de/ruction ( worms & insects is a great bless+4 ,birds1 !re=e1 %\ld be bait$1 f$1 & tam$1 z mu* z possible1 to enc\rage !m to feel at home on our premises4 ,hav+ protect$ our small fruits1 !y claim a %>e1 & !y h n always a j view ( ! rights ( prop]ty1 nor d !y always exhibit good judgm5t 9 divid+ x4 ,x is be/ to buy !m (f by fe$+ !m ) some?+ else4 ,if !y /ill pref] ! fruit1 hang little bells 9 ! trees1 :]e !y w make a noise2 or hang pieces ( t91 old look+-glass1 or ev5 %+les1 by /r+s1 s t !y w keep 9 motion1 & ! birds w keep away4 ,images /&+ /ill are useless1 z ! birds (t5 build ne/s 9 ! pockets4 ,,blackb]ry4 ,?is b]ry gr[s wild1 9 great abundance1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has be5 s pl5tiful1 especially 9 ! new] p>ts1 t its cultivation has n be5 mu* att5d$ to until rec5tly4 ,l all o!r b]ries1 ! cultivat$ be> ! l>ge/ & be/ fruit4 ,uses4--,x is "o ( ! f9e/ des]t b]ries2 excell5t 9 milk1 & = t>ts1 pies1 c4 ,blackb]ries make ! be/ v9eg> = table use1 & a w9e t reta9s ! peculi> flavor1 & ( a beautiful color4 ,?is b]ry comes 9 aft] ! raspb]ries1 & rip5s long 9 succession on ! same bu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,high-bu% ,blackb]ry4 ,v>ieties ( wild ones1 usually f\nd gr[+ 9 ! bord]s ( fields & woods1 are ! l[-bu% & ! high-bu%4 ,d[n+ gives ! fir/ place to ! l[4 ,our exp]i5ce is1 t ! high is ! be/ be>] ( ! be/ fruit4 ,we h (t5 ga!r$ !m "o & "o f\r? in*es 9 l5g?1 v black1 & ( delici\s sweetness4 ,! l[ ones t h come "u our obs]vation h be5 small] & ne>] r\nd1 & n ne>ly s sweet4 ,! be/ cultivat$ v>ieties are-- ,,! ,,dor*e/]--,introduc$ f ,massa*usetts1 & a vigor\s1 l>ge1 regul> be>]4 ,,lawton1 ,,or ,,new ,,ro*elle4--,?is is ! great blackb]ry ( ?is c\ntry1 by ! side ( :i*1 no o!r1 yet kn[n1 ne$ be cultivat$4 ,x is a v h>dy1 great gr[]4 ,x is an enorm\s be>] ( su* fruit t x comm&s ?irty c5ts p] qu>t1 :5 o!r blackb]ries sell = t54 ,on a r moi/1 heavy loam1 & especially 9 ! %ade1 its productions are truly wond]ful4 ,cont9ues to rip5 daily = six weeks4 ,propagation is by (f%oots f ! old roots1 or by se$s4 ,:5 by se$s1 !y %\ld be plant$ 9 mell[ soil1 & :]e ! sun w n %9e on !m betwe5 eight & five o'clock 9 hot wea!r4 ,9 transplant+1 mu* c>e is requisite4 ,! b>k ( ! roots is l ev]gre5s1 v t5d] & easily brok51 or injur$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e2 h5ce1 take up c>efully1 & keep cov]$ f sun & air until transplant$4 ,?is is de/9$ to become "o ( ! univ]sally-cultivat$ small fruits--z mu* s z ! /rawb]ry4 ,! be/ manures are1 wood-a%es1 leaves1 decay$ wood1 & all k9ds ( co>se litt]1 ) /able manure well incorporat$ ) ! soil1 be=e transplant+4 ,animal manure %\ld n be v pl5tifully appli$4 ,we h se5 9 ,ill9ois a vigor\s bu%1 & app>5tly good be>]1 ( p]fect fruit--a v>iety call$ :ite blackb]ry4 ,! fruit 0 gre5i% & pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,,black ,,raspb]ry4 ,! common wild1 f\nd by f5ces1 especially 9 ! m>g9 ( =e/s1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,sates1 is v valuable = cultivation 9 g>d5s4 ,com+ 9 aft] ! r$ raspb]ry1 & rip5+ 9 succession until ! blackb]ry comm5ces1 x is highly e/eem$4 ,cultivat$ ) little animal manure1 b pl5ty ( sawdu/1 tan-b>k1 old leaves1 wood1 *ips1 & co>se litt]1 x improves v mu* f its wild /ate4 ,fruit is all borne on bu%es ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?2 h5ce1 aft] !y h done be>+1 cut away ! old bu%es4 ,to secure ! greate/ yield on ri* l&1 cut (f ! tops ( ! %oots ris+ = next ye>'s fruit1 :5 !y are f\r or five feet high4 ,! result w be1 /rong %oots f beh9d all ! leaves on ! upp] "p ( ! /alk1 ea* ( :i* w be> ne>ly z mu* fruit z w\ld ! :ole h done )\t clipp+4 ,a doz5 ( ^! w\ld occupy b a small place 9 a bord]1 or by a wall4 ,n an ,am]ican g>d5 %\ld be f\nd )\t !m4 ,,bones4 ,bones are "o ( ! mo/ valuable manures4 ,!y yield ! phosphates 9 l>ge measure4 ,on all l& ne$+ lime1 !y are v valuable4 ,! heads1 c41 ab\t but*]s' %ops w be> a transportation ( tw5ty miles to put ^u mead[s4 ,break !m ) ! head ( an axe1 & p\nd !m into ! sod1 ev5 ) ! surface4 ,!y add greatly to ! products ( a mead[4 ,gr\nd1 !y make "o ( ! be/ manures ( comm]ce4 ,a *eap me?od = ! f>m] is to deposite a load ( horse-manure1 & on t a load ( bones1 & alt]nate ea*1 till he has us$ up all 8 bones4 ,cov] ! la/ load ( bones deep ) manure4 ,x w make a spl5did hotb$1 & ! f]m5tation ( ! manure w dissolve or pulv]ize ! bones1 & ! heap w become "o mass ( ! mo/ valuable manure1 especially = roots & v9es1 & all vegetables requir+ a ri*1 f9e manure4 ,,borecole1 ,,or ,,kale4 ,!re are "s fifte5 or tw5ty k9ds cultivat$ 9 ,europe4 ,two only1 ! gre5 & ! br[n1 are desirable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,cultivate z cabbage4 ,9 portions ( ! middle /ates !y w /& ! fro/s ( w9t] well1 )\t mu* protection2 fur!r nor?1 !y ne$ protection ) a little bru% & /raw dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,^? gr[n on r h>d l& are bett] = w9t]2 be+ less succul5t1 !y endure cold bett]4 ,cut !m (f = use :5ev] y *oose4 ,!y d n head l cabbage2 !y h full bun*es ( curl$ leaves4 ,cut (f s z to include all1 n ov] eight in*es long4 ,9 w9t]1 aft] hav+ be5 pretty well expos$ to ! fro/1 !y are v f9e4 ,set out ! /umps e>ly 9 spr+1 & !y w yield a pr(usion ( delici\s spr\ts4 ,?is w\ld be a valuable addition to _m ( our kit*5 g>d5s4 ,,broccoli4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z a late fl[]+ species ( caulifl[]4 ,x %\ld be plant$ & treat$ z cabbage1 & f9e heads w be =m$1 9 ! middle /ates1 9 ,octob]3 at ! ,s\? mu* e>li]1 accord+ to latitude4 ,take up 9 ,novemb]1 & pres]ve z cabbage1 & good ones may be _h 9 w9t]4 ,to prev5t ravages ( insects1 mix a%es 9 ! soil :5 transplant+1 or fre% loam or e>? f a new field2 or tr5* deep1 s z to ?r[ up sev]al in*es ( subsoil1 :i* _h n be=e be5 di/urb$4 ,to save se$1 transplant "s ( ! be/ 9 spr+2 break (f all ! l[] spr\ts1 all[+ only a few ( ! be/ c5tre ones to gr[4 ,tie !m to /akes1 to prev5t de/ruction by /orms4 ,be sure to h no?+ else ( ! cabbage k9d ne> y\r se$ broccoli4 ,,broom ,,corn4 ,cultivat$ l o!r corn1 only t ?is is m g5]ally plant$ 9 drills4 ,?ree feet ap>t1 & six in*es 9 ! drill1 x yields m weight ( bett] corn to ! acre ?an to h x ne>]4 ,! great fault 9 rais+ ?is crop is gett+ x too ?ick4 ,! f9e/-look+ bru% is ( corn cut :ile yet s gre5 t ! se$ is useless4 ,b ! bru% is /rong]1 & w make bett] brooms = we>1 :5 ! corn is all[$ to /& until ! se$ is h>d1 ?\gh n till ! bru% is dry4 ,! l& %\ld be ri*4 ,?is is a h>d1 exhau/+ crop = ! soil4 ,to h>ve/1 b5d d[n1 two feet f ! gr\nd1 two r[s1 all[+ !m s to fall across ea* o!r z to expose all ! heads4 ,cut (f ! heads1 ) six or eight in*es ( ! /alk1 & place !m on top ( ! b5t r[s to dry4 ,9 a week1 9 dry wea!r1 !y w be well cur$1 & %\ld be !n spread ?91 "u cov]1 9 pl5ty ( air4 ,!re is no worse article to heat & m\ld4 ,9 l>ge crops1 !y usually take (f ! se$ be=e cur+2 x is mu* light] to h&le1 & less bulky4 ,x may be done !n1 or 9 w9t]1 z y pref]4 ,! se$ is remov$ on a cyl9d] eighte5 in*es long1 & two & a half feet 9 diamet]1 hav+ two hundr$ wr\ght nails ) _! po9ts project+4 ,x is turn$ by a crank1 l a fann+ mill4 ,! corn is held 9 a conv5i5t h&ful1 l flax on a hat*el4 ,:]e l>ge quantities are to be clean$ ( ! se$1 p[] is us$ to turn ! ma*9e4 ,gr\nd or boil$1 ! se$ makes good fe$ = mo/ animals4 ,dry1 x has too h>d a %ell4 ,f[ls1 ) access to pl5ty ( gravel1 d well on x4 ,broom-corn is n a v pr(itable crop1 except to ^? :o manufacture _! own corn into brooms4 ,!re is mu* labor ab\t x1 & consid]able haz>d ( injur+ ! crop1 by ! inexp]i5c$2 h5ce1 "y f>m]s _h1 g5]ally1 bett] let x alone4 ,!re are two v>ieties--!y may be =ms ( gr[?1 f peculi> habits ( culture--"o1 %ort1 ) a l>ge1 /iff bru% runn+ up ?r\gh ! middle1 ) %ort bran*es to ! top1 call$ p9e-top3 x is ( no value2--! o!r is a long1 f9e bru%1 ! middle be+ no co>s] ?an ! outside4 ,x %\ld be plant$ ) a se$-drill1 to make ! r[s /raight & n>r[ = ! conv5i5ce ( cultivation4 ,h>r[+ ) a span ( horses1 ) a ,v drag1 "o front too? out1 z soon z ! corn is up1 is b5eficial to ! crop4 ,,brussels ,,spr\ts4 ,?is is a species ( cabbage4 ,a long /em runs up1 on :i* gr[ num]\s cabbage-heads 9 m9iature4 ,! c5tre head is small & ( little use1 & ! l>ge leaves drop (f e>ly4 ,x w gr[ among almo/ any?+ else1 )\t injury to ei!r4 ,x is rais$ f se$ l cabbage1 & cultivat$ 9 all respects ! same4 ,eighte5 in*es ap>t ea* way is a prop] di/ance1 z ! plant spreads b little4 ,good1 ei!r z a cabbage1 or :5 v small1 z gre5s4 ,!y are good ev5 aft] v h>d fro/s4 ,by =w>d+ 9 hotb$ 9 ! spr+1 & by plant+ late ones = w9t]1 !y may be _h mo/ ( ! ye>4 ,if !y are dispos$ to run to se$ too e>ly1 x may be prev5t$ by pull+ up1 & sett+ out aga9 9 ! %ade4 ,save se$ z f cabbage1 b use great caution t !y are n ne> en\gh to receive ! f>9a f any ( ! re/ ( ! cabbage-tribe4 ,,buck?orn4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable ( ! ?orn tribe1 = h$ge1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x nev] suff]s f ^? enemies t de/roy s mu* ( ! haw?orn4 ,?is is also us$ = dye+ & = m$ic9e4 ,,buck:eat4 ,?is w gr[ well on almo/ any soil2 ev5 t too poor = mo/ o!r crops w yield v good buck:eat--?\gh ri* l& is bett] = ?is1 z = all o!r crops4 ,! heat ( summ] is apt to bla/ x :5 fill+2 h5ce1 9 ! middle /ates1 x is n be/ to s[ x until into ,july4 ,x fills well 9 cool1 moi/ wea!r1 & is q a sure crop if s[$ at ! "r "t4 ,on poor l&1 "o bu%el ( se$ is requir$ = an acre1 :ile half a bu%el is suffici5t on ri* l&1 :]e /alks gr[ l>ge4 ,! blossoms yield to ! honey-bee v l>ge quantities ( honey1 mu* inf]ior to t made ( :ite clov]2 x may be readily di/+ui%$ 9 ! comb by its d>k color & peculi> flavor4 ,gr\nd1 x is good = mo/ animals1 & = f[ls ungr\nd1 mix$ ) o!r gra94 ,x rema9s long 9 l&2 b x is a we$ easily kill$ ) ! hoe2 or a f>m] may set ap>t a small field = an annual crop1 keep+ up ! l& by ! application ( ?ree pecks ( pla/] p] acre ea* ye>4 ,x is v popul> z human food1 & always made into pancakes4 ,! free use ( x is said to promote eruptive diseases4 ,! ,india buck:eat is m productive1 b ( poor] quality4 ,! bran is ! be/ article kn[n to mix ) horse-manure & spade into radi% b$s1 to promote gr[? & kill worms4 ,,budd+4 ,?is is usually giv5 "u ! article on pea*es4 ,b1 z x is a g5]al subject1 x %\ld be 9 a sep>ate article1 res]v+ :at is peculi> to ! diff]5t fruits to be notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,budd+4 ,budd+ small trees %\ld usually be p]=m$ v ne> ! gr\nd1 & on a smoo? place4 ,any %>p pocket-knife w d2 b a regul> budd+ knife1 n[ = sale 9 mo/ h>dw>e-/ores1 is pref]able4 ,cut ?r\gh ! b>k 9 ! =m ( a horizontal cresc5t 7a 9 ! cut74 ,split ! b>k d[n f ! cut ?ree f\r?s ( an in*1 &1 ) ! ivory-end ( ! knife1 raise ! corn]s & edges ( ! b>k4 ,select a vigor\s %oot ( ?is ye>'s gr[?1 b hav+ buds well matur$--select a bud t bids faire/ to be a leaf-bud1 z blossom-buds w fail--ins]t ! knife half an in* bel[ ! bud1 & cut upw>d 9 a /raight l9e1 sev]+ ! b>k & a ?9 piece ( ! wood to "o half in* above ! bud1 & let ! knife run out3 y !n h a bud ready = ins]tion 7c 9 cut74 ,! ,engli% me?od is to remove ! wood f ! bud be=e ins]t+ x2 ?is is att5d$ ) dang] to ! vitality ( ! bud1 & is1 !re=e1 less c]ta9 ( success1 & x is no bett] :5 x does succe$4 ,h5ce1 ,am]ican au?orities favor ins]t+ ! bud ) ! wood rema9+4 ,ins]t ! l[] end ( ?is slip betwe5 ! two edges ( ! b>k1 pass+ ! bud d[n betwe5 ^? edges1 until ! top ( ! slip comes bel[ ! horizontal cut1 & rema9+ contigu\s to x4 ,if ! bud slip be too long1 aft] x is suffici5tly press$ d[n1 cut (f ! top s z to make a good fit ) ! b>k above ! cut 7b 9 cut74 ,! l[] end ( ! bud w h rais$ ! split b>k a little m to make room = itself1 & ?us w set v close to ! /alk4 ,tie ! bud 9 ) a s(t ligature2 comm5ce at ! bottom ( ! split1 & w9d closely until ! :ole w\nd is cov]$1 leav+ only ! bud expos$ 7d 9 cut74 ,x is m conv5i5t to comm5ce at ! top1 b x is less c]ta9 to conf9e ! slip opposite ! bud 9 close contact ) ! /alk3 ?is is indisp5sable to success4 ,we h (t5 se5 buds adh]e well at ! bottom1 b /& out f ! /alk1 & ?us be ru9$4 ,prep>ation ( ,buds4--,take ?rifty1 vigor\s %oots ( ?is ye>'s gr[?1 ) well-matur$ buds2 cut (f ! leaves "o half in* f ! /alks 7e 9 cut72 wrap !m 9 moi/ moss or grass1 or put !m 9 sawdu/1 or bury !m "o foot 9 ! gr\nd4 ,b&s4--,! be/ yet kn[n is ! inside b>k ( ! l9d5 or ,am]ican basswood4 ,9 ,june1 :5 ! b>k slips easily1 /rip x f ! tree1 remove ! co>se outside1 imm]se ! inside b>k 9 wat] = tw5ty days2 ! fibres w !n easily sep>ate1 & become s(t & pliable z sat9 ribbon4 ,cut x into conv5i5t l5g?s1 say "o foot1 & lay !m away 9 a dry /ate1 9 :i* !y w keep = ye>s4 ,?is w af=d good ties = _m uses1 su* z b&ages ( vegetables = m>ket1 c4 ,matt+ t comes ar\nd ,russia iron & furniture does v well = b&s2 wooll5 y>n & c&le-wick+ are also us$2 b ! bass-b>k is be/4 ,aft] t5 days ! b&s %\ld be loos5$ & reti$2 !n1 if ! bud is dri$1 x is spoil$1 & ! tree %\ld be rebudd$ 9 ano!r place2 at ! end ( ?ree weeks1 if ! bud adh]es firmly1 remove ! b& entirely4 ,bett] n bud on ! s\? side2 x is liable to injury 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+1 aft] ! swell+ ( buds1 b be=e ! appe>ance ( leaves1 cut (f ! top f\r in*es above ! bud2 :5 ! bud gr[s1 tie ! t5d] %oot to ! /alk 7gr[+ bud 9 cut1 f74 ,9 ,july1 cut ! wood (f ev5 ) ! base ( ! bud & slant+ up smoo?ly4 ,causes ( ,failure4--,if y ins]t a blossom-bud y w get no %oot1 al?\gh ! bud may adh]e well4 ,if scions cut = buds rema9 two h\rs 9 ! sun ) ! leaves on1 9 a hot day1 !y w all be spoil$4 ,! leaves draw ! moi/ure f ! bud1 & soon ru9 x4 ,cut ! leaves (f at once4 ,if y use buds f a scion n fully gr[n1 v few ( !m w live2 !y mu/ be matur$4 ,if ! top ( ! bran* select$ be gr[+ & v t5d]1 use no buds ne> ! top ( x4 ,if 9 rais+ ! b>k to make room = ! bud1 y injure ! s(t sub/ance betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood1 ! bud w n adh]e4 ,if ! bud be n br\ght 9 close contact ) ! /alk & firmly conf9$ !re1 x w n gr[4 ,) reasonable caution on ^! po9ts1 n m ?an "o 9 fifty ne$ fail4 ,"t = ,budd+4--,?is v>ies ) ! season4 ,9 ! latitude ( c5tral ,new ,york1 9 a dry season1 :5 ev]y?+ matures e>ly1 bud pea*es f ! #ae? to ! #be? ( ,augu/--plums1 c41 e>li]4 ,9 wet & great gr[+ seasons1 ! fir/ t5 days 9 ,septemb] are be/4 ,mu* budd+ is lo/ on acc\nt ( hav+ be5 done s late z to all[ no "t = ! buds to adh]e be=e ! tree /ops gr[+ = ! season4 ,if budd+ is p]=m$ too e>ly1 ! /alk gr[s too mu* ov] ! bud1 & x gums & dies4 ,x is utt]ly useless to bud :5 ! b>k is ) difficulty loos5$2 x is always a failure4 ,,bu%es4 ,! gr[? ( bu%es ov] pa/ures1 along f5ces1 & 9 ! /reets1 %[s a great want ( ?rift1 & an unp>donable c>elessness 9 a f>m]4 ,9 pa/ures1 s f> f be+ h>mless1 !y take s mu* f ! soil z to mat]ially injure ! quality & quantity ( ! grass4 ,! only truly effectual me?od ( de/roy+ noxi\s %rubs1 is by grubb+ !m up ) a mattock4 ,frequ5t cutt+ ( bu%es incl9+ to spread only increases ! difficulty1 by giv+ /r5g? & ext5sion to ! roots4 ,cutt+ bu%es ?or\ghly 9 ,augu/1 9 a wet season1 & apply+ manure & pla/] to promote ! gr[? ( grass1 w sometimes q effectually de/roy !m4 ,l>g] trees1 z ! sweet locu/1 t are tr\blesome on acc\nt ( spr\t+ out f ! roots1 :5 cut d[n1 are effectually kill$ by girdl+ two feet f ! gr\nd1 & all[+ to /& "o ye>4 ,! tree1 roots1 & all1 are sure to die4 ,,butt]4 ,rais+ ! cream1 *urn+1 work+1 & pres]v+1 are ! po9ts 9 successful butt]-mak+4 ,to raise cream1 milk may be set 9 t91 wood1 or ca/-iron di%es4 ,! be/ are iron1 t9n$ ov] on ! inside4 ,t9 is bett] ?an wood1 only on acc\nt ( its be+ m easily kept clean4 ,no "o c ev] make good butt] )\t keep+ ev]y?+ ab\t ! dairy p]fectly clean & sweet4 ,milk %\ld nev] /& m ?an ?ree in*es deep 9 ! pans1 to raise ! be/ & mo/ cream4 ,x %\ld be set 9 an airy room1 conta9+ no?+ else4 ,butt] & milk w collect & reta9 ! flavor ( any o!r sub/ance ne> !m1 m readily ?an any?+ else2 h5ce1 milk set 9 a cell> conta9+ onions1 or 9 a room ) new *eese1 makes butt] highly flavor$ ) ^? articles4 ,temp]ature is an important matt]4 ,x %\ld be regul>1 at f fifty to fifty-five degrees ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,x is sometimes difficult to be exact 9 ?is matt]1 b come z ne> x z possible4 ,?is c be well regulat$ 9 a good cool cell>1 into :i* air c be pl5tifully admitt$ at pleasure4 ,^? :o are s situat$ t _! milk-h\se c /& ov] a spr+1 ) pure wat] runn+ ov] its /one floor1 are favor$4 ,^? :o w take pa9s to lay ice 9 _! milk-rooms1 9 v w>m wea!r1 w f9d x pay l>gely 9 ! quality & quantity ( _! butt]4 ,^? :o w n foll[ ei!r ( ! above directions1 mu/ be cont5t to make less butt]1 & ( r inf]ior quality1 out ( ! same quantity ( milk4 ,skimm+ %\ld be att5d$ to :5 ! milk has s\r$ j en\gh to h a little ( x curdle on ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,if x %\ld ne>ly all curdle1 x w\ld n be a s]i\s injury1 unless x %\ld become old4 ,if y h n conv5i5ces = keep+ milk suffici5tly w>m 9 cold wea!r1 place x ov] ! /ove at once1 :5 drawn1 & give x a scald+ heat1 & ! cream w rise 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t1 & m pl5tifully4 ,milk %\ld be /ra9$ & set z soon z possible aft] be+ drawn f ! c[1 & ) ! lea/ possible agitation4 ,! unpleasant flavor imp>t$ to milk f ! food ( ! c[s1 su* z turnips or leeks1 may be at once remov$ by add+ to ! milk1 be=e /ra9+1 "o eigh? ( its quantity ( boil+ wat]2 or two ounces ( nitre boil$ 9 "o qu>t ( wat] & bottl$1 & a small teacupful put 9 twelve qu>ts ( milk1 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,milk+ %\ld be p]=m$ ) great c>e4 ,exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t ! la/ drawn f a c[ yields f six to sixte5 times z l>ge a quantity ( bett] cream ?an t fir/ drawn4 ,c>eless milk+ w make ! quantity ( butt] less1 & ! quality inf]ior1 :ile x dries up ! c[s4 ,!re are probably millions ( c[s n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t are indiff]5t milk]s f ?is v cause4 ,quick & clean milk+1 f ! "t !y fir/ came 91 w\ld h made !m wor? twice z mu*1 = butt] & milk1 z !y are n[4 ,always milk z quickly z possible1 & )\t /opp+1 aft] y comm5ce1 & z ne>ly z possible at ! same h\r ( ! day4 ,leav+ a teacupful1 or ev5 half t quantity1 9 milk+ ea* c[1 w v mat]ially less5 ! products ( ! dairy1 & s]i\sly injure ! c[s = future use4 ,great milk]s w yield consid]able m by hav+ x drawn ?ree times p] day4 ,! quantity ( milk giv5 by a c[ w nev] injure h]1 provid$ %e be well f$4 ,z x takes food to make meat1 s x does also to make milk2 y c nev] get some?+ = no?+4 ,! be/ bre$s ( sw9e1 cattle1 or f[ls1 c n be fatt5$ )\t be+ well f$3 s ! be/ c[s w nev] give l>ge messes ( milk unless !y are l>gely f$4 ,*urn+4--,?is is entirely a me*anical process4 ,! agitation ( ! cream da%es ! oily globules 9 ! cream aga9/ ea* o!r1 & !y rema9 toge!r & gr[ l>g]1 until ! butt] is1 :at ! dairy woman calls1 ga!r$4 ,! butt] 9 ! milk1 :5 drawn f ! c[1 is ! same z :5 on ! table1 only x is 9 ! milk 9 ! =m ( v small globes3 *urn+ br+s !m toge!r4 ,! object !n to be secur$1 by any =m ( a *urn1 is agitation1 or da%+ & beat+ toge!r4 ,temp]ature ( ! ,cream %\ld be f sixty to sixty-five degrees--p]haps sixty-two is be/4 ,?is _h bett] always be det]m9$ by a !rmomet] imm]s$ 9 x4 ,_m *urns h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$2 & e new "o is1 ( c\rse1 ! be/4 ,a cyl9d] is usually pref]r$ z ! be/ =m = a *urn1 & ! *urn+ is p]=m$ by turn+ a crank4 ,an oblong squ>e box is f> bett] ?an a cyl9d]4 ,9 *urn+ 9 a cyl9d]1 x may (t5 occur t ! cream moves r\nd 9 a body ) ! da%]1 & s is b slightly agitat$4 ,b *ange t cyl9d] into an oblong squ>e1 & ! cream is s da%$ aga9/ ! corn]s ( ! box t a mo/ rapid agitation is ! result1 & ! *urn+ is f9i%$ 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,any p]son ( a little me*anical g5ius c con/ruct a *urn1 equal to any 9 use1 & at a trifl+ exp5se4 ,x is well to make a *urn d\ble1 leav+ an in* betwe5 ! two1 into :i* cold or w>m wat] c be p\r$1 to regulate ! temp]ature ( ! cream4 ,?is w\ld be a great sav+ ( "t & pati5ce 9 *urn+4 ,^? :o use ! old-fa%ion$ *urns ) da%es c mo/ conv5i5tly w>m or cool _! cream1 by plac+ ! *urn conta9+ x 9 a tub ( cold or boil+ wat]1 z ! case may require1 until x comes to ! temp]ature ( sixty or sev5ty degrees4 ,to make butt] ( extra quality = ! fair1 or = a luxury on y\r own table1 set only "o ?ird ( ! milk1 & t ! la/ drawn f ! c[4 ,! ,scot*1 s celebrat$ = mak+ butt] ( m m>r[y ri*ness ?an any o!r1 fir/ let ! calves draw half or two ?irds ( ! milk1 & !n take ! rema9d]4 ,?is makes ! f9e/ butt] 9 ! _w4 ,pres]v+ ,butt] dep5ds ^u ! treatm5t imm$iately aft] *urn+4 ,success dep5ds ^u gett+ ! butt]milk all out1 & putt+ 9 all ! salt y put 9 at all1 imm$iately--say )9 t5 m9utes aft] *urn+4 ,"s accompli% ?is by wa%+1 & o!rs by work+ x1 be+ mu* oppos$ to putt+ 9 a drop ( wat]4 ,^? :o use wat] 9 _! butt]1 & ^? :o d n1 are equally confid5t ( ! sup]iority ( _! own me?od4 ,b all good butt]-mak]s agree1 t ! less y "w butt]1 & /ill remove all ! milk1 ! bett] x w be2 & ! m y are oblig$ to "w x1 ! m gluey1 & !re=e ! poor] ! quality4 ,v good butt] is made by imm$iately work+ all ! milk out & salt+ ?or\ghly--work+ ! salt into e "p1 )\t ! use ( wat]4 ,work+ ov] butt]1 ! next day aft] *urn+1 %\ld be no?+ m ?an nicely =m+ x into rolls1 )\t any fur!r work+ or any m salt4 ,an error1 t spoils m butt] ?an any o!r1 is t ( do+ v little ) butt] :5 x fir/ comes out ( ! *urn1 because x mu/ be gone ?r\gh ) ! next day4 ,_m d n "k :y _! butt] has diff]5t colors 9 ! same mass--"s :ite1 & "s q yell[1 & all %ades betwe54 ,! reason always is1 putt+ 9 ! salt imm$iately on *urn+1 b neglect+ to incorporate t salt into e "p ( ! mass equally3 ?us1 :]e !re is mo/ salt !re w be "o color1 & :]e less1 ano!r4 ,ano!r evil is1 :5 ! salt is ?us put 9 c>elessly1 :ile mu* butt]milk rema9s1 t salt dissolves2 & :5 ! butt] is work$ ov] ! next day1 ! salt is mo/ly work$ out1 ) ! milk or wat] left 91 ! previ\s day4 ,! addition ( m salt !n w n save x4 ,x has receiv$ an injury1 by reta9+ ! milk or wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 f :i* no future treatm5t w enable x to recov]4 ,we recomm5d wa%+ z pref]able2 x has ! foll[+ advantages3 x cools butt] quickly 9 w>m wea!r1 br++ x at once into a situation to be prop]ly work$ & salt$4 ,! butt]milk is also remov$ m spe$ily ?an 9 any o!r way2 ?is is a great object4 ,x removes ! milk ) less work+1 & consequ5tly ) less injury1 ?an ! o!r me?od4 ,^! ?ree advantages1 cool+ 9 hot wea!r1 expell+ ! milk 9 ! %orte/ "t1 & work+ ! butt] ! lea/1 lead u to pref] us+ wat]1 by "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,we h = ye>s us$ butt] t has be5 made 9 ?is way1 & nev] ta/$ bett]4 ,butt] made 9 ?is way 9 summ] w keep well till next summ]1 to our c]ta9 k4 ,imm$iately aft] *urn+1 p\r (f all ! milk & put 9 half a pailful ( wat]1 m or less accord+ to quantity2 agitate ! :ole ) ! da%]1 & p\r (f ! wat]4 ,repeat ?is once or twice until ! wat] runs (f cle>1 )\t any color+ f ! milk1 & ne>ly all ! butt]milk is out2 ?is c all be done 9 five m9utes aft] *urn+4 ,press out ! v little wat] t w rema91 & put 9 all ! salt ! butt] w require1 & "w x ?or\ghly into e "p4 ,all ?is ne$ occupy no m ?an t5 m9utes1 & ! butt] is set away = putt+ up 9 rolls1 or pack+ d[n 9 j>s ! next day4 ,su* butt] w\ld keep ti$ up 9 a bag1 & hung 9 a good airy place4 ,be/ to put x d[n 9 a j>1 pack$ close2 put a clo? ov] top1 & cov] ) half an in* ( f9e salt4 ,! only difficulty 9 keep+ butt] gr[s out ( failure to get out all ! milk1 & ?or\ghly salt e p>ticle1 )9 fifte5 m9utes aft] *urn+4 ,spe$y removal ( butt]milk & wat]1 & spe$y salt+1 w make any butt] keep4 ,?is subject is s important1 z good butt] is su* a luxury on e table1 t we recapitulate ! ess5tials ( good butt] mak+3-- #a4 ,keep ev]y?+ sweet & clean1 & well dri$ 9 ! sun4 #b4 ,milk ! c[s1 z ne>ly z possible1 at ! same h\r1 & draw ! milk v quickly & v clean4 #c4 ,set ! milk1 9 pans ?ree in*es deep1 9 good air1 remov$ f any?+ t might give x an unpleasant flavor1 & :]e x w be at a temp]ature ( fifty to sixty degrees4 #d4 ,*urn ! cream at a temp]ature ( sixty-two degrees4 #e4 ,get out ! butt]milk1 & salt ?or\ghly )9 fifte5 m9utes aft] *urn+1 ei!r ) wat] or )\t1 z y pref]4 ,mix ! salt ?or\ghly 9 e p>ticle4 ,put up 9 balls1 or pack closely 9 j>s ! next day4 #f4 ,rememb] to "w ! butt] z little z possible 9 remov+ ! milk2 ! m x is work$1 ! m w x be l salve or oil1 & ! poor] ! quality3 h5ce1 x is bett] to wa% x ) cold wat]1 because y c wa% out ! butt]milk ) mu* less work+ ( ! butt]4 #g4 ,to make ! be/ possible quality ( butt]1 use only "o ?ird ( ! milk ( ! c[s at ea* milk+1 & t ! la/ drawn4 #h4 ,9 ! w9t]1 :5 cream does n get suffici5tly s\r1 put 9 a little lemon-juice or calves' r5net4 ,if too :ite1 put 9 a little ( ! juice ( c>rot to give x a yell[ hue4 ,,butt]nut4 ,?is is a ri*1 pleasant nut1 b conta9s r too mu* oil = heal?4 ,! oil1 obta9$ by compression1 is f9e = clocks1 c4 ,! root1 l ! bran*es1 are wide-spread+1 & h5ce injuri\s to ! l& ab\t !m4 ,two or ?ree trees on "s corn] n desir$ = cultivation1 or 9 ! /reet1 w be suffici5t4 ,a r\gh piece ( gr\nd1 n suitable = cultivation1 might be occupi$ by an or*>d ( butt]nut-trees1 & be pr(itable = m>ket & z a family luxury4 ,! b>k is (t5 us$ z a color+ sub/ance4 ,,cabbage4 ,! be/ catalogues ( se$s enum]ate ov] tw5ty v>ieties1 beside ! caulifl[]s1 borecoles1 c4 ,a few are sup]ior1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be cultivat$ to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs4 ,,e>ly ,,york is be/ = e>ly use4 ,x is e>li] ?an any o!r1 & ) prop] treatm5t ne>ly e plant w =m a small1 compact1 solid head1 t5d]1 & ( delici\s flavor4 ,no g>d5 is complete )\t x4 ,,e>ly ,,dut*1 ,,& ,,e>ly ,,sug>loaf1 come next 9 season to ! ,e>ly ,york1 produc+ mu* l>g] heads4 ,,l>ge ,,york is a good v>iety1 matur+ lat] ?an ! prec$+1 & be=e ! late drumheads4 ,l>ge ,drumhead1 ,late ,drumhead1 or ,l>ge ,flat ,dut*1 are ! be/ = w9t] & spr+ use4 ,!re are _m v>ieties "u ^! names1 s t cultivators (t5 get disappo9t$ 9 pur*as+ se$s4 ,x is n[ difficult to describe cabbages intelligibly4 ,e wor?less hybrid goes "u "s excell5t "n4 ,a ,dut* cabbage1 ) a %ort /em & v small at ! gr\nd1 is ! be/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,( ?is v>iety 7! se$ ( :i* 0 br\ght f ,g]many71 we h rais$ solid heads1 l>g] ?an a half bu%el1 :ile o!rs call$ good1 /&+ by _! side1 did n gr[ to m ?an half t size4 ,?is v>iety may be di/+ui%$ by ! purple on ! top ( ! gr[n head1 & by ! decid$ purple ( ! "y plants1 resembl+ ! ,r$ ,dut*1 ?\gh n ( q s deep a color4 ,,r$ ,,dut*1 hav+ a v h>d1 small head1 deep purple ?r\gh\t1 is ! v be/ = pickl+2 e g>d5 %\ld h a few4 ,!y are also good = ord9>y purposes4 ,,gre5 ,,curl$ ,,savoy1 :5 well gr[n1 is a good v>iety4 ,! ,imp]ial1 ! ,russian1 ,l>ge ,scot* = fe$+1 & o!rs1 are enum]at$ & describ$1 b are inf]ior to ! above4 ,x is useless to endeavor to gr[ cabbages on any b ! be/ ( soil4 ,plant corn on poor l&1 & x w mature & yield a small crop4 ,plant cabbages on simil> soil1 & y w get no?+ b a few leaves = cattle4 ,!re=e1 if y\r l& design$ = cabbages be n already v ri*1 put a load ( /able-manure on ea* squ>e rod4 ,cabbages are a v exhau/+ crop4 ,! soil %\ld be work$ fully eighte5 in*es deep1 & h manure well mix$ ) ! :ole4 ,! be/ prep>ation we ev] made 0 by d\ble-pl[+--n subsoil+1 b pl[+ twice ) simil> pl[s3 put on a good coat ( manure1 & pl[ ) two teams 9 ! same furr[1 "o pl[ gaug$ s z to turn a light furr[1 & ! o!r a v deep "o1 ?r[+ x out ( ! bottom ( ! fir/2 :5 ! fir/ pl[ comes r\nd1 x w ?r[ ! light furr[ into ! bottom ( ! deep "o4 ,?is repeat$ ov] ! :ole plot w /ir ! soil sixte5 or eighte5 in*es deep1 & put f f\r to six in*es ( ! top1 manure & all1 9 ! bottom1 "u ! o!r4 ,we h done ?is admirably ) "o pl[1 *ang+ ! gauge ( ! clevis e "t r\nd1 & go+ twice 9 a furr[3 ?is is ! be/ way = ^? :o use b "o team 9 pl[+2 x is wor? mu* m ?an ! additional "t requir$ 9 pl[+4 ,enri* ! surface a little ) f9e manure1 & y h l& 9 ! be/ possible condition = cabbages4 ,?is is a f9e prep>ation = onions & o!r g>d5 vegetables1 & = all k9ds ( b]ries4 ,subsoil+ is good1 b d\ble-pl[+ is bett] 9 all cases1 :]e y c af=d to enri* ! surface1 aft] ?is deep pl[+4 ,! alluvial soils ( ! ,we/ ne$ no enri*+ aft] d\ble-pl[+4 ,l& s level1 or hav+ s h>d a subsoil z to all[ wat] to /& on x 9 a wet season1 is n good = cabbages4 ,!y also suff] m ?an mo/ crops f dr\ght4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important (fices ( pl5ty ( manure is its control ( ! moi/ure4 ,l& well manur$ does n s soon feel ! effects ( dr\ght4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( pres]v+ moi/ure ab\t ! roots ( cabbages1 is to put a little manure 9 ! bottom ( ! holes :5 transplant+2 put x six in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,manure f a sp5t hotb$ is excell5t = ?is purpose2 x is 9 ! be/ condition ab\t ! "t = transplant+ cabbages4 ,x is !n v wet1 & has a wond]ful p[] ( reta9+ ! moi/ure4 ,manure f ! blacksmi?-%op1 conta9+ ho(-p>+s1 c41 is v good4 ,if ! manure be too dry1 p\r 9 wat] & cov] imm$iately4 ,set ! plant 9 ! soil1 ov] ! manure1 ! roots ext5d+ d[n into x1 ) a little f9e m\ld mix$ 9 x1 & x w reta9 moi/ure ?r\gh a sev]e dr\ght2 no fur!r wat]+ w be necess>y1 & n "o out ( tw5ty-five ( all y\r plants w fail to make a good head4 ,9 climates subject to dr\ght 9 summ]1 cabbages %\ld be set out e>li]2 !y require m "t 9 dry wea!r ?an 9 wet4 ,%\ld !y incl9e to crack op5 f too rapid gr[?1 raise !m a little1 & pu% !m d[n aga92 ?is w break "s roots1 & s loos5 ! rema9d] t ! gr[? w be *eck$ & ! heads sav$4 ,w9t] cabbages %\ld be all[$ to /& 9 ! gr\nd z long z possible1 )\t dang] ( freez+ 94 ,! "q ( transplant+1 & ( s[+ ! se$ 9 ! places :]e !y are design$ to head1 has be5 mu* controv]t$4 ,we h succe$$ well 9 bo? ways1 b pref] transplant+2 x gives opportunity to /ir ! gr\nd deep1 & keep d[n we$s1 & ?us pres]ve moi/ure until summ]1 :5 x is "t to transplant2 x also makes %ort]1 small]1 & /raight] /ems1 :i* is favorable to a l>g] gr[? ( heads4 ,s[ se$ on poor l&2 ! plants w be /raight]1 m h>dy1 & less affect$ by insects4 ,se$ = e>ly spr+ cabbages %\ld be s[n on poor soil 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]2 if incl9$ to get too =w>d1 transplant1 once or twice2 late 9 fall1 set !m close toge!r1 lay poles 9 =ks ( limbs put d[n = ! purpose1 & cov] ) /raw1 z a protection f sev]e fro/2 ! poles are to prev5t ! cov]+ f ly+ on ! plants4 ,pres]v+1 = w9t] or spr+ use1 is be/ done by pl[+ a furr[ on l& :]e wat] w n /&1 & plac+ ! heads 9 ! furr[ ) ! roots up4 ,cov] ) e>? f ?ree to six in*es deep1 lett+ ! roots protrude4 ,! l>ge leaves w convey all ! wat] (f f ! heads1 & !y w come out z fre% & good z 9 ! fall4 ,if y wi% "s1 m easily accessible1 = w9t] use1 set !m 9 ! cell> 9 a small tr5*1 9 :i* a little wat] %\ld be kept1 & !y w n only be pres]v$ fre%1 b w gr[ all w9t]1 if ! cell> be free f fro/4 ,!y are also well pres]v$ put 9 tr5*es eighte5 in*es deep1 out door1 ) a little good soil 9 ! bottom1 & protect$ ) poles & /raw z direct$ = w9t] plants4 ,cabbages t h sc>cely any heads 9 ! fall1 s treat$1 w gr[ all w9t]1 & come out good1 t5d]1 fre% heads 9 spr+4 ,transplant+4--,?is is usually done 9 wet wea!r3 if x be s wet z to r5d] ! soil muddy by /irr+1 x injures ! plants4 ,?is may be successfully done 9 dry wea!r1 n excessively hot4 ,h a bas9 ( wat]1 9 :i* dip ! root & %ake x1 s z to wa% (f all ! e>? f ! se$-b$ t adh]es to x4 ,put ! plant 9 its place at once1 & ! soil 9 :i* x is to gr[ takes hold ( ! roots readily1 & ne>ly e "o w live4 ,transplant ) y\r h&1 a transplant+ tr[el1 a /ick1 or a dibble made ( a spade-h&le1 "o foot long1 %>p5$ (f abruptly1 & ! eye left on = a h&le4 ,put ! plant 9 its place1 ?ru/ ! dibble d[n at a %>p angle ) ! plant1 & bel[ x1 & move x up to x4 ,! soil w ?us be press$ close ar\nd ! roots1 leav+ no op5 space1 & ! plant w gr[4 ,d n leave ! roots s long t !y w be d\bl$ up 9 transplant+--bett] cut (f ! ends4 ,l>ge cabbages %\ld be ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 & 9 p]fectly /raight r[s2 ?is saves exp5se 9 cultivat+1 z x c be done ) a horse4 ,! usual objections ( f>m]s to g>d5+1 on acc\nt ( ! "t requir$ to hoe & we$1 w\ld be rem$i$ by plant+ 9 long1 /raight r[s1 at suitable di/ances ap>t1 to all[ ! free use ( horse1 cultivator1 & pl[1 9 cultivat+2 ?us1 beets1 c>rots1 cabbages1 onions1 c41 are almo/ z easily rais$ z corn4 ,an easy me?od ( rais+ good cabbages is on gre5sw>d4 ,put on a good dress+ ( manure1 pl[ once & turn ov] h&somely1 roll level1 & h>r[ v mell[ on ! top1 )\t di/urb+ ! turf bel[2 make places = plant+ se$s at ! bottom ( ! turf2 a little /irr+ ( ! surface1 & de/ruction ( ! few we$s t w gr[1 w be all ! fur!r c>e necess>y4 ,! roots w ext5d "u ! sod 9 ! manure bel[ x1 & w !re f9d pl5ty ( moi/ure1 ev5 :5 ! surface is q dry1 & w gr[ pr(usely4 ,se$4--,no?+ is m difficult 9 cabbage culture ?an rais+ pure se$2 no?+ hybridizes worse1 & 9 no?+ else is ! effect worse4 ,x mu/ n be rais$ 9 ! same g>d5 ) any?+ else ( ! cabbage or turnip k9d2 !y w mix 9 ! blossoms1 & ! worse w prevail4 ,raise se$s only f ! be/ heads1 & only "o v>iety2 break (f all ! l[] %oots1 all[+ only a few ( ! be/ to mature4 ,se$s rais$ f /umps1 f :i* ! head has be5 remov$ = use1 w incl9e ! leaves to gr[ d[n1 z we (t5 see1 in/ead ( clos+ up into heads4 ,,calves4 ,! be/ me?od ( rais+ calves is ( mu* importance4 ,x controls ! value & beauty ( gr[n cattle4 ,/9t ! gr[? ( a calf1 & :5 he is old he w n recov] f x4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 paid to ! bre$ ( cattle1 & "s are v highly recomm5d$4 ,x is true t ! bre$ ( /ock has mu* to d ) its excell5ce4 ,x is equally true t ! c>e tak5 ) calves & "y cattle1 has q z mu* to d ) x4 ,we c take any common bre$1 & by great c>e 9 rais+1 h q z good cattle1 = m>ket or use1 z c ano!r1 :o has ! be/ bre$ 9 ! _w1 b keeps !m indiff]5tly4 ,b good bre$s & good keep+ make spl5did animals1 & w con/antly improve !m4 ,! old adage1 ,any?+ wor? do+ at all1 is wor? do+ well is n[h]e m true1 ?an 9 ! c>e ( calves4 ,we %all n pause to pres5t ! v>i\s & contradictory me?ods ( rais+ calves1 t are pres5t$ 9 ! num]\s books1 on ! subject1 t h come "u our obs]vation4 ,hay-tea1 v>i\s prep>ations ( l9se$-meal1 oilcake-meal1 oatmeal1 & e v>iety ( gr\nd fe$1 sometimes mix$ up ) g91 or "s k9d ( *eap spirits 7= ! purpose ( keep+ calves quiet71 are recomm5d$4 ,! discussion ( ! m]its ( ^!1 w\ld be ( no practical b5efit to our read]s4 ,! foll[+ brief directions are suffici5t3-- #a4 ,seldom raise late calves4 ,_! place is 9 ! but*]'s %op1 aft] !y are five weeks old4 #b4 ,raise only ^? calves t are well =m$4 ,/raight back1 small neck1 n v tall1 & a good expression ( c\nt5ance1 are ! be/ m>ks4 #c4 ,let e calf suck its dam two days4 ,x is = ! heal? ( ! calf & ! good ( ! c[4 #d4 ,to fatt5 a calf1 let x suck "o half ! milk = two weeks1 ?ree f\r?s ! ?ird1 & ! :ole ! f\r?4 ,cont9ue x ano!r week1 & ! veal w be bett]4 ,b we ?9k x pref]able to take calves (f f ! c[ aft] two days4 ,fe$ !m ! milk w>m f ! c[1 & give !m "s w>m food at noon4 ,fe$ ?ree times a day1 !y w fatt5 fa/]4 ,x also gives opportunity to put oatmeal 9 _! food aft] ! second week1 :i* w improve ! veal1 & give y a little milk1 if y desire x4 ,our fir/ me?od is easi]1 & our la/ bett]1 = fatt5+ calves4 #e4 ,to raise calves = /ock1 take !m f ! c[s aft] ! second day4 ,fe$ !m half ! milk 7if ! c[ gives a reasonable quantity7 = ! fir/ two weeks4 ,beg9 !n to put 9 a little oatmeal4 ,aft] two weeks m1 give "o f\r? ( ! milk1 & increase ! quantity ( meal4 ,:5 ! calf is eight or t5 weeks old1 fe$ x only on meal & su* skimm$ milk1 s\r milk1 or butt]milk1 z y may h to sp>e4 ,?is is ! c\rse :5 ! object is to save milk4 ,if n1 let ! calf h ! :ole1 ) su* addition ( meal z y ?9k desirable4 ,! easie/ way to raise calves1 :5 y d n desire ! milk = ! family or dairy1 is to let !m run ) ! c[s & h all ! milk :5 !y please4 ,o!rs let !m suck a "p ( ! milk1 & fe$ !m ) meal1 c41 besides4 ,?is is difficult4 ,if y milk y\r own %>e fir/1 y w leave mu* less = ! calf ?an y suppose4 ,if he gets 8 portion fir/1 he w be sure to get a "p ( y\rs also4 ,?is c only be well done by all[+ ! calf to suck all ! udd]s1 b n clean4 ,! rema9d]1 be+ ! la/ ( ! milk w make ! be/ ( butt]4 ,b x is difficult to regulate x z y please1 & m difficult to fe$ a calf prop]ly1 t sucks1 ?an "o t dep5ds :olly ^u :at y fe$ him4 ,h5ce x is pref]able to fe$ all y\r calves1 :e!r = veal or /ock4 ,a little oilcake pulv]iz$ is a valuable addition4 ,indian-meal & ! co>se fl\r ( :eat are good = calves1 b n equal to oatmeal4 ,good calves h be5 rais$ on gruels made ( ^! meals1 )\t any milk aft] ! fir/ two weeks4 #f4 ,9 w9t]1 fe$ *opp$ roots & meal1 mix$ ) pl5ty ( hay & pure wat]1 & always f a mon? old give salt twice a week4 #g4 ,if calves are incl9$ to purge or sc\r1 z ! f>m]s call x1 put a little r5net 9 _! food4 ,if !y are co/ive1 put 9 a little melt$ l>d1 or "s k9d ( in(f5sive oil4 ,^! w prove effectual rem$ies4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v little dang] ( disease1 to calves1 well1 regul>ly1 & prop]ly f$1 z above4 ,fat calves are n apt to h lice4 ,b %\ld su* a ?+ occur1 wa%+ 9 tobacco-wat] is a spe$y & p]fect rem$y4 #h4 ,dur+ cold nights 9 fall1 & all ( ! fir/ w9t]1 calves %\ld be %ut up 9 a w>m dry place4 ,keep !m curri$ clean4 ,! cold & wet ( ! fir/ w9t] are v injuri\s4 ,aft] !y are a ye> old !y w give v little tr\ble4 ,! great difficulty ) calves is a want ( en\gh to eat4 ,!y %\ld n only be kept gr[+1 b fat1 all ! fir/ ye>4 ,!y w !n make f9e1 heal?y1 & pr(itable animals4 ,*alk or dry yell[ loam1 plac$ )9 _! rea* is v useful4 ,!y w eat ( x1 en\gh to correct ! excessive acidity ( _! /oma*s4 ,! op]ation ( *ang+ calves into ox51 %\ld be p]=m$ be=e !y are tw5ty days old4 ,x w !n be only slightly injuri\s4 ,,cans4 ,^! are mu* us$ = pres]v+ fruits & vegetables4 ,!re are a numb] ( pat5t articles said to "w well4 ,!y are1 9 our op9ion1 m exp5sive1 & m likely to fail 9 inexp]i5c$ h&s1 ?an ^? t an ord9>y t9man c readily make4 ,! be/ inv5tion = g5]al use is t t is mo/ simple4 ,cans %\ld be made 9 cyl9drical =m1 ) an orifice 9 ! top l>ge en\gh to admit :atev] y wi% to pres]ve1 & %\ld conta9 ab\t two qu>ts4 ,fill ! cans & sold] on ! top1 leav+ an op5+ z l>ge z a p9-head1 f :i* /eam may escape4 ,set ! cans 9 wat] ne>ly to _! tops1 & gradually increase ! heat "u !m until ! wat] beg9s to boil4 ,take out ! cans1 drop sold] on ! op5+1 & all w be air-tight4 ,?is op]ation requires at lea/ ?ree h\rs1 z ! heat+ mu/ be mod]ate4 ,y may pres]ve 9 glass bottles1 fill+ & putt+ 9 a cork v tight1 & well ti$1 & gradually heat+ z above2 ?is w require f\r h\rs1 z glass w be 9 dang] ( bur/+ by too rapid heat+4 ,b = tomatoes1 or any?+ t y h no objection to boil+ & season+ be=e pres]v+1 ! be/ way is to prep>e & cook z = ! table1 putt+ 9 only pepp] & salt1 & fill cans :ile ! mass is boil+1 &1 ) a seal+-wax t y c get at any druggi/'s laid ar\nd ! orifice1 place ! cov] ^u x2 ! heat w melt ! wax1 & :5 x cools1 ! cov] w be fa/5$1 & all w be air-tight4 ,?is w require no process ( sl[ boil+4 ,set ! cans or bottles 9 a cool cell>1 & :atev] !y conta9 may be tak5 out1 at ! end ( a ye>1 z good z :5 put 94 ,! la/ me?od is ! be/ & mo/ simple ( all4 ,! :ole pr9ciple ( pres]v+ is to make ! cans air-tight4 ,,c>rots4 ,^! are cultivat$ = ! table1 & = food = animals4 ,boil$ & pickl$1 or eat5 ) an ord9>y boil$ di%1 !y are e/eem$4 ,!y are really excell5t 9 s\ps4 ,z a root = animals1 !y are v valuable4 ,!y are (t5 pref]r$ to beets2--?is is a mi/ake--f\r p\nds ( beet are equal to five p\nds ( c>rot = fe$+ to dome/ic animals4 ,"w ! soil = c>rots v deep1 make x v ri* ) /able manure1 ) a mixture ( lime2 h>r[ f9e & mell[1 & roll entirely smoo?4 ,plant ) a se$-s[]1 t ! r[s may be /raight2 r[s two feet ap>t w all[ a horse & small cultivator to pass betwe5 !m4 ,plant$ "o foot ap>t1 & cultivat$ ) a horse1 & a cultivator t w take ?ree r[s at once1 !y w yield mu* m to ! acre1 & may be cultivat$ at a mod]ate exp5se1 exce$+ b a little t ( ord9>y field-crops4 ,s[ z e>ly z conv5i5t1 z ! long] "t !y h1 ! l>g] w be ! product4 ,!y gr[ until h>d fro/s1 :5ev] y may s[ !m4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 b ! ,long ,orange is ! only "o t x is ev] be/ to gr[2 x is ri*] ?an ! :ite1 & yields z well3 ! e>li] sorts are no bett]1 z ! c>rot may be us$ at any /age ( its gr[?4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 ! gr\nd z long z x is safe4 ,!y w /& h>d fro/s1 b1 if too mu* froz51 !y are incl9$ to rot 9 w9t]4 ,dig 9 fair wea!r1 dry 9 ! sun1 & keep dry4 ,x is ! be/ ( all root crops1 except ! beet4 ,all animals w eat x freely1 :ile !y h to acquire a ta/e = ! beet4 ,,caulifl[]4 ,! two v>ieties kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry are ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*--di/+ui%$1 also1 z e>ly & late4 ,! ,fr5* only is suitable = cultivation "h2 especially 9 ! cold] regions1 z x is e>li]4 ,?is is cultivat$ 9 e way l cabbage4 ,9 sev]al respects x is pref]able to cabbage2 x has a m pleasant flavor1 & is m easy ( dige/ion4 ,x is excell5t = pickl+4 ,se$s may be rais$ 9 ! same way1 & ) ! same precautions1 z cabbage2 b x is g5]ally import$4 ,,cel]y4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ ( our table vegetables1 eat5 raw ) salt1 or 9 s\ps4 ,s[ se$1 e>ly 9 spr+1 9 op5 gr\nd2 or s[ 9 hotb$s1 if y wi% x v e>ly4 ,:5 ! plants are six in*es high1 !y %\ld be transplant$ 9 tr5*es eighte5 in*es deep1 conta9+ six in*es ( well-rott$ manure or compo/4 ,?is %\ld be well wat]$1 & f9e m\ld mix$ ) x1 & ! plants plac$ 9 x eight in*es ap>t4 ,! tr5*es %\ld be f f\r to six feet ap>t4 ,if ! wea!r be w>m & sun bright at ! "t ( transplant+1 a bo>d laid l5g?wise ov] ! top ( ! tr5* w af=d p]fect protection4 ,z ! plants gr[1 draw ! e>? up to !m1 n all[+ x to sep>ate ! leaves2 d ?is two or ?ree times dur+ ! season1 & ! /alks w be beautifully blea*$4 ,heavy loam is mu* bett] ?an s&4 ,pres]v+ = w9t] is be/ done by tak+ up late 9 ! fall1 cutt+ ! small roots (f1 & r\nd+ d[n to a po9t ! l>ge root1 remov+ ! co>se1 useless leaves1 & plac+ 9 a tr5* at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 s t six in*es ( ! upp] end ( ! leaves w be above ! surface4 ,cov] ) soil & place poles ov]1 & cov] ) /raw1 & 9 a v cold climate cov] ) e>?4 ,keep out ! wat]4 ,! end c be op5$ to take x out :5ev] y please1 & x w be z fre% z 9 ! fall4 ,?is is bett] ?an ! me?ods ( keep+ 9 ! cell>2 x is m c]ta91 & keeps ! cel]y 9 p]fect condition4 ,,*eese4 ,! me?ods ( *eese-mak+ diff] mat]ially 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\ntry4 ,x is also s mu* a matt] ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 t we recomm5d to beg9n]s to visit *eese-dairies1 & get in/ructions f practical mak]s4 ,b we give ! foll[+ m g5]al outl9es1 leav+ our read]s to le>n all fur!r details z recomm5d$ above4 ,r5net1 or ! calf's /oma*1 is us$1 z nature's ag5t to turn ! milk1 or to curdle x )\t hav+ x s\r4 ,!re are _m fanciful ways ( prep>+ ! r5net1 putt+ 9 sweet h]bs1 c4 ,b ! ord9>y pla9 me?od is q suffici5t--:i* is1 to /eep x 9 cold salt wat]4 ,! milk %\ld be set at once on com+ f ! c[4 ,sett+ x too hot1 or cool+ x ) cold wat]1 incl9es ! *eese to heave4 ,too mu* r5net gives x a /rong1 unpleasant smell & ta/e4 ,break ! curd z f9e z possible ) ! h& or di%1 or bett] ) a regul> *eese-knife ) ?ree blades4 ,?is is especially important 9 mak+ l>ge *eeses2 small ones ne$ less c>e 9 ?is respect4 ,if ! curd be too s(t1 scald x ) v hot :ey or wat]2 if x be h>d1 use a little m ?an blood-w>m :ey3 x %\ld /& a few m9utes 9 ?is :ey & !n be sep>at$1 & ! curd put into ! *eese-hoop1 mak+ x heap$ full1 & press$ h>d ) ! h&4 ,spread a clo? ov] x1 & turn x out4 ,wa% ! hoop & put back ! *eese1 ) ! clo? betwe5 ! curd & ! hoop1 & put x 9 ! press4 ,aft] a few h\rs take x out1 wa% ! clo? & put x aga9 ar\nd ! *eese1 & return x to ! press4 ,aft] sev5 or eight h\rs m take x out aga91 p>e (f ! edges if !y ne$ x1 & rub salt all ov] x--z mu* z x w take 93 ?is is ! be/ way ( salt+ *eese2 ! moi/ure 9 x at ?is /age w cause x to absorb j ab\t z mu* salt z w be agreeable4 ,return x to ! press 9 ! hoop )\t ! clo?2 let x /& 9 ! press ov] night2 9 ! morn+ turn x 9 ! hoop1 & cont9ue x 9 ! press until ! next morn+4 ,place x ^u ! %elf 9 ! *eese-room1 & turn x e day1 or at lea/ e o!r day4 ,if ! wea!r be hot1 ! doors & w9d[s ( ! *eese-room %\ld be %ut2 if cool1 !y %\ld be op5 to admit air4 ,color4--,! ri*e/ is suppos$ to be ab\t t ( beeswax4 ,?is is produc$ by annotta1 or ott]1 rubb$ into ! milk at ! "t ( sett+1 :5 w>m f ! c[--or1 if ! milk has /ood till cold1 aft] x has be5 w>m$4 ,cold milk mu/1 be=e sett+1 be w>m$ to ab\t blood or milk heat4 ,?is color+ process has no virtue b 9 its influ5ce on ! looks ( ! *eese4 ,sage *eese is color$ by ! juice ( p\nd$ sage-leaves put into ! f9e curd be=e x is put 9 ! hoop2 ?is is ! reason ( its appe>+ 9 /reaks1 z x w\ld n d if put into ! milk1 l ! annotta4 ,:5 ! *eese is t5 days old1 x %\ld be soak$ 9 cold :ey until ! r9d becomes s(t1 & !n scrap$ smoo? ) a case-knife2 !n r9se1 & wipe & dry x1 & return x to ! *eese-room1 & turn x (t5 until dry en\gh = m>ket4 ,ri* *eeses are apt to spread 9 w>m wea!r2 ?is is prev5t$ by sew+ !m 9 common *eap cotton1 exactly fitt+4 ,skipp]s4--,"s p]sons are v fond ( skipp]y *eese4 ,b few1 h[ev]1 l meat & milk toge!r1 especially if ! meat be alive3 h5ce1 to remove skipp]s f *eese into :i* !y h intrud$ is q desirable4 ,! foll[+ me?od is effectual3--wrap up ! *eese 9 ?9 pap]1 ?r\gh :i* moi/ure w readily /rike2 dig a hole two feet deep 9 pure e>?1 & bury ! *eese2--9 ?irty-six h\rs e skipp] w be on ! outside2 bru% !m (f & keep ! *eese f ! flies1 & y w h no fur!r tr\ble4 ,a mixture ( ,spani% br[n & butt]1 rubb$ on ! outside ( a *eese1 frequ5tly gives t yell[ coat+ s (t5 witness$1 & ex]ts "s influ5ce 9 pres]v+ x4 ,! rank & putrid ta/e sometimes obs]v$ 9 *eese may be prev5t$ by putt+ a spoonful ( salt 9 ! bottom ( ea* pan1 be=e /ra9+ ! milk2 x w also pres]ve ! milk 9 hot wea!r1 & give m curd4 ,an ,engli% *eese call$ ,/ilton *eese1 f ! "n ( ! place mo/ celebrat$ = mak+ x1 is a sup]ior article1 made 9 ! foll[+ way3 put ! cream ( ! night's milk ) ! morn+'s milk2 remove ! curd ) ! lea/ possible di/urbance1 & )\t break+2 dra9 & gradually dry x 9 a sieve2 compress x gradually until x becomes firm2 put x 9 a wood5 hop on a bo>d1 to dry gradually2 x %\ld be (t5 turn$ betwe5 b9d]s1 top & bottom1 to be tight5$ z ! *eese gr[s small]4 ,?is makes ! f9e/ *eese kn[n4 ,z ! size makes no diff]5ce1 x c be made by a p]son hav+ b "o c[4 ,to pres]ve *eese1 keep x f flies1 & 9 a place n s damp z to cause m\ld4 ,( *eese-press]s !re is a great v>iety3 ea* mak] w select ! "o :i* he consid]s be/ or mo/ conv5i5t1 )9 8 rea*4 ,9 "s places1 z on ! ,we/]n ,res]ve1 9 ,ohio1 "o e/abli%m5t makes all ! *eese = ! neighborhood1 buy+ ! curd f all ! families ar\nd4 ,9 su* places !y h _! own me?ods1 :i* !y h und]/ood by all _! cu/om]s4 ,,*]ry4 ,*]ries are among our fir/ luxuries 9 ! l9e ( fruits4 ,we h cultivat$ v>ieties1 rip5+ 9 succession ?r\gh\t ! *]ry season4 ,!re is no necessity = cultivat+ ! common r$ & v acid *]ry1 except 9 climates too vigor\s = ! m t5d] cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,! *]ry is an ornam5tal tree1 mak+ a beautiful %ade1 besides ! luxury ( its fruit4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ suitable trees we h = ! roadside2--x ought to be ext5sively plant$ by ! highways ?r\gh\t all our rural di/ricts1 z x is 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 nor!rn ,g]many ! highways are av5ues1 %ad$ ) *]ry-trees = di/ances ( fifty or sixty miles toge!r3 ^! trees h be5 plant$ by direction ( ! pr9ces1 & af=d %ade & refre%m5t to ! we>y p$e/rian1 :o is always at lib]ty to eat z mu* ( ! fruit z he pleases2 ?is is em95tly wor?y ( imitation 9 our own c\ntry4 ,extremes ( cold & heat are n favorable to ! *]ry3 h5ce1 cool places mu/ be select$ 9 hot c\ntries1 & w>m locations 9 cold regions4 ,v mu*1 h[ev]1 c be done by acclimation2 x w1 probably1 yet naturalize ! *]ry ?r\gh\t ! cont95t4 ,a deep & mod]ately ri* loam is ! be/ soil = ! *]ry2 v ri* soil causes too rapid gr[?1 :i* makes ! tree t5d]4 ,x w be> m moi/ure ?an ! grape or pea*1 & requires less ?an ! apple or pe>4 ,x w endure v dry situations tol]ably well1 :ile 9 v wet ones x w soon p]i%4 ,propagation is g5]ally by budd+ small trees ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! be/ /ocks are ^? rais$ f ! se$s ( ! common black ,mazz>d4 ,x makes a m ?rifty tree ?an any o!r4 ,! tree gr[s v l>ge1 & be>s an abundance ( m$ium black fruit1 smalle/ at ! blossom end1 & hav+ se$s v l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! fruit4 ,9 ,:ite's ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\?1 x is /at$ t ! common ,morello ( t region does bett]1 by f>1 = se$l+ /ocks = budd+1 ?an ! ,mazz>d4 ,use1 !n1 ! ,mazz>d = ! ,nor?1 & ! ,mahaleb or common ,morello = ! ,s\?4 ,pick !m :5 ripe2 let !m /& two or ?ree days1 till ! pulp decays en\gh to sep>ate easily f ! se$ by wa%+4 ,imm$iately plant ! se$s 9 r[s :]e y wi% !m to gr[2 ?is is bett] ?an keep+ !m ov] w9t] 9 s&1 z a little neglect 9 spr+ w spoil !m1 !y are s t5d]1 :5 !y beg9 to g]m9ate4 ,keep !m clean ( we$s4 ,! next spr+1 set !m 9 r[s t5 in*es or a foot ap>t1 plac+ ! diff]5t sizes by !mselves1 t l>ge ones ne$ n ov]%ad[ small ones & prev5t _! gr[?4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,augu/1 or on ! la/ ( ,july1 bud !m ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! /ocks are to be head$ back ! foll[+ spr+1 & ! bud w make five or six feet ( gr[? ! same season4 ,! *]ry-tree seldom ne$s prun+1 fur!r ?an to p9* (f any little %oots t may come out 9 a wrong place 7& !y w be v few71 & cut away dead bran*es4 ,any removal ( l>ge limbs w produce gum1 :i* is apt to end 9 decay1 & f9ally 9 ! dea? ( ! tree4 ,:atev] prun+ y mu/ d1 d x 9 ! hotte/ summ] wea!r1 & ! w\nds w dry & prev5t ! exudation ( gum4 ,trees are g5]ally tra9$ horizontally4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 are tra9$ z espali]s aga9/ walls1 & 9 fan %ape4 ,:5 once ! =m is p]fect$ 7z giv5 "u ,tra9+71 no?+ is necess>y b to cut (f--twice 9 ea* season1 ab\t six weeks ap>t1 9 ! mo/ gr[+ "t--all o!r %oots t come out )9 f\r in*es ( _! base4 ,new %oots w be con/antly spr++1 & ! tree w keep its %ape & be> excell5t fruit4 ,trees s tra9$ are usually 9 w>m locations1 & :]e !y c be easily protect$ 9 w9t]2 h5ce1 ?is is adapt$ to ! f9] & m t5d] v>ieties4 ,! v>ieties ( *]ries are num]\s1 & rapidly increas+4 ,!y are less di/+ui%able ?an mo/ o!r fruits4 ,we %all only pres5t a few ( ! be/1 & give only _! g5]al qualities1 )\t any ef=t to enable our read]s to id5tify v>ieties4 7,see our rem>ks on ! nom5clature ( apples47 ,d[n+1 9 #ahdf1 recomm5d$ ! foll[+1 z *oice & h>dy1 adapt$ to ! middle /ates3-- #a4 ,black ,t>t>ean4 #b4 ,black ,eagle4 #c4 ,e>ly ,:ite ,he>t4 #d4 ,d[nton4 #e4 ,d[n]'s ,late4 #f4 ,mann+'s ,mottl$4 #g4 ,fle%-color'd ,big>reau #h4 ,elton4 #i4 ,belle de ,*oisy4 #aj4 ,may ,duke4 #aa4 ,k5ti%4 #ab4 ,knight's ,e>ly ,black4 ,! ,national ,conv5tion ( ,fruit-gr[]s recomm5d ! foll[+ z ! be/ = ! :ole c\ntry3-- #a4 ,may ,duke4 #b4 ,black ,t>t>ean4 #c4 ,black ,eagle4 #d4 ,big>reau4 #e4 ,knight's ,e>ly ,black4 #f4 ,d[n]4 #g4 ,elton4 #h4 ,d[nton4 ,we recomm5d ! foll[+ z all t ne$ be cultivat$ = pr(it4 ,!y are adapt$ alike to ! field & ! g>d54 ,we omit ! synonyms1 & give only ! pr$om9ant color4 ,! figures 9 ! cuts ref] to our numb]s 9 ! li/3-- ,"n4 ,color4 ,"t4 #a4 ,rockport ,big>reau1 r$4 ,june #a/4 #b4 ,knight's ,e>ly ,black1 black4 ,june #e?4 #c4 ,black ,t>t>ean1 purpli%4 ,june #ae?4 #d4 ,kirtl&'s ,m>y1 m>bl$1 light-r$4 ,june1 ,july4 #e4 ,delicate1 amb]-yell[4 ,june #be?4 #f4 ,late ,big>reau1 deep-yell[4 ,june #cj?4 #g4 ,late ,duke1 d>k-r$4 ,aug4 #aj?4 #h4 ,clevel& ,big>reau1 r$4 ,june #aj?4 #i4 ,am]ican ,he>t1 pale4 ,june #a/4 #aj4 ,napoleon1 purpli%-black4 ,july #e?4 ,! "t is t ( _! greate/ p]fection1 b v>ies ) latitude & location4 ,we "k none bett] ?an ! =ego+4 ,9 ! long li/s ( ! fruit-books1 !re are o!rs ( great excell5ce1 "s ( :i* are h>dly di/+ui%able f our li/4 ,we recomm5d to all cultivators to procure ! be/ 9 _! localities1 "u ! advice ( ! be/ pomologi/s 9 _! vic9ity4 ,su* m5 z ,b>ry w be consult$ = ! latitude ( ,we/]n ,new ,york2 ,elliott & ,kirtl& = ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 ,cole & o!rs = ,new ,engl& & ,canada2 ,hook] & o!r great fruit-gr[]s ( ,s\!rn ,ohio1 c41 c4 ,^! g5tlem51 l all sci5tific m51 are happy to communicate _! k = ! b5efit ( o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,*]ries--,natural ,size & ,%ape4 7,see page #aba47 ,we see no reason = cultivat+ m ?an t5 or twelve v>ieties2 &1 z ! above are productive & excell5t1 includ+ all desirable colors & qualities1 & rip5+ ?r\gh ! :ole *]ry season1 we "k n :at m w\ld be pr(itable to ! cultivator4 ,if y wi% m = ! sake ( v>iety1 y\r nurs]yman w "n !m1 & %[ ! quality ( ea*1 t r5d]s x ! be/ t ev] 01 until y w become tir$ ( he>+1 & m we>y ( pay+ = !m4 ,decay$ wood1 sp5t tanb>k1 & =e/-leaves1 are good = ! *]ry4 ,9 remov+ & transplant+1 be c>eful n to injure ! roots1 or expose !m to sun & air1 z !y are s t5d]1 t a degree ( exposure t w\ld be little felt by ! apple or pea* tree w de/roy ! *]ry4 ,if y are go+ to keep a *]ry-tree out ( ! gr\nd half an h\r1 ?r[ a damp mat1 or damp /raw1 ov] ! roots1 & y w save disappo9tm5t4 ,! ri* alluvial soils ( ! ,we/ are reg>d$ unfavorable to ! *]ry4 ,we "k f obs]vation & exp]i5ce t ! common r$ *]ry does exce$+ly well !re1 :ile ! be/ cultivat$ are apt to suff] mu* f ! w9t]s4 ,"o reason is1 ! common *]ry is a sl[-go+1 h>dy tree1 :ile ! cultivat$ is m ?rifty1 & !re=e m t5d]4 ,we give ! foll[+ z a sure me?od ( rais+ ! cultivat$ *]ries 9 great p]fection on all ! ri* prairies ( ! ,we/4 ,x is all includ$ 9 dry locations1 root-prun+1 & slight head+-93-- #a4 ,dry locations4 ,x is kn[n t ! ri* alluvial soils ( ! ,we/ are rem>kable = reta9+ wat] 9 w9t]4 ,on level1 & ev5 high prairie l&1 wat] w /& 9 w9t]1 & ?or\ghly saturate ! soil & freeze up4 ,?is is v de/ructive to ! t5d]1 por\s root ( ! *]ry-tree4 ,h[ %all su* locations be made dry1 & ^! evils prev5t$8 ,by c>t+ on gravel & s&4 ,put two or ?ree loads ( s& or gravel1 or bo?1 9 ! %ape ( a slight m\nd1 = ea* *]ry-tree4 ,!re %\ld fir/ be a slight excavation1 t ! s& & gravel may be ab\t half bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ soil1 & half above x3 ?is w s elevate ! tree t no wat] c /& ar\nd x1 & none c /& 9 ! gravel & s& bel[ x4 ,! freez+ ( su* soil w n be injuri\s to ! roots ( ! tree4 #b4 ,root-prun+ is to prev5t too rapid gr[?4 ,su* gr[? is always m t5d] & susceptible ( injury f sudd5 & sev]e freez+4 7,see ,root-prun+47 #c4 ,head+-9 puts back ! gr[? & ?r[s ! sap into ! lat]al twigs1 ?us matur+ ! wood already gr[n1 in/ead ( produc+ new wood1 s "y & t5d] t x w die 9 w9t] & spread decay ?r\gh ! :ole tree4 ,head+-91 ) ! *]ry1 mu/ only be done ) small twigs4 ,cultivators w see at a glance t ?is me?od w c]ta9ly succe$ 9 all ! ,we/ & ,s\?we/4 ,x is consid]$ difficult to raise *]ries at ! ,s\?2 ! hot sun de/roys ! trees4 ,plant 9 ! coole/ situations1 :]e !re is a little %ade f o!r trees1 ?\gh n too ne>1 or f build+s2 cut !m back1 s z to cause %oots ne> ! gr\nd1 & !n head-9 z ! pea*1 s z to keep ! :ole cov]$ ) leaves1 to %ade ! trunk & l>ge limbs1 & p]fect success w cr[n y\r ef=ts4 ,b 9 all cutt+-back & head+-9 ( *]ry-trees1 remove ! limbs :5 v small4 ,,*>coal4 ,!re are b few :o realize ! value ( *>coal appli$ to ! soil4 ,:oev] w obs]ve fields :]e coal has be5 burn$1 w see t grass or gra9 ab\t ! b$ ( ! =m] pits1 w be e>li] & mu* m luxuriant ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ! field4 ,?is diff]5ce is disc]nible = tw5ty ye>s4 ,x is ! be/ kn[n ag5t = absorb+ any noxi\s matt] 9 ! soil or 9 ! moi/ure ab\t ! roots ( ! trees4 ,no pea*-tree %\ld be plant$ )\t a few qu>ts ( pulv]iz$ *>coal 9 ! soil4 ,?is w\ld also prove highly b5eficial to *]ry-trees on l& :]e !y might be expos$ to too mu* moi/ure4 ,its color also r5d]s x an excell5t application to ! surface ( hills ( v9es4 ,x is q effectual aga9/ ! ravages ( insects1 & s absorbs ! rays ( ! sun z to promote a rapid gr[? ( ! plants4 ,,*e/nuts ,are among our be/ nuts1 if n all[$ to get too dry4 ,:5 dri$ h>d !y are r indige/ible4 ,! tree gr[s well 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 provid$ ! soil be light s& or dry gravel4 ,if ! soil be n suitable1 e man may h a half-doz5 *e/nut-trees1 at a trifl+ exp5se4 ,haul t5 or fifte5 loads ( s& ^u a squ>e rod1 & plant a tree 9 x1 & x w fl\ri% well4 ,five or six trees w\ld af=d ! *ildr5 9 a family a great luxury1 annually4 ,! blossoms appe> s v late1 t !y are seldom cut (f by ! fro/4 ,! second gr[? *e/nut-tree is also decid$ly ornam5tal4 ,,cid]4 ,! usual c>eless way ( mak+ cid]1 9 :i* is us$ all k9ds ( apples1 ev5 froz5 & decay$ ones1 & )\t any ref]5ce to _! rip5ess2 )\t /ra9+1 & neglect+ all means ( regulat+ ! f]m5tation1 is too well kn[n4 ,?is is ! m g5]al practice ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 b x makes cid] only fit = v9eg>1 al?\gh x is us$ = g5]al purposes4 ,we give ! mo/ approv$ me?od ( mak+ & keep+ cid]1 t is bett] = invalids ?an any ( our adult]at$ w9es 7& ?is is ! "* ( ne>ly all our import$ w9es74 ,our dome/ic w9es1 & bottl$ cid]1 %\ld take ! place ( all o!rs4 ,select apples be/ suit$ = cid]1 & ga!r !m at ! comm5cem5t ( h>d fro/s4 ,let !m lie a few days1 until !y become ripe & s(t4 ,!n ?r[ out all decay$ & immature fruit4 ,gr9d f9e & uni=m4 ,let ! pulp rema9 9 ! vat two days4 ,x w increase ! sac*>9e pr9ciple & improve ! color4 ,put into ! press 9 dry /raw1 & /ra9 ! juice into clean casks4 ,place ! casks 9 an op5 %$ or cell>1 if x be cold wea!r1 give pl5ty ( air & leave ! bung out4 ,z ! fro? works out ( ! bung1 fill up e day or two1 ) "s ( ! same press+ kept = ! purpose4 ,9 ?ree weeks or less ?is ris+ w cease1 & ! bung %\ld be put 9 loose1 & aft] ?ree days driv5 9 tight4 ,leave a small v5t-hole ne> ! bung4 ,9 a cool cell> ! f]m5tation w cease 9 two days4 ,?is is kn[n by ! cle>ness ( ! liquor1 ! ?ick scum t rises1 & ! cessation ( ! escape ( air4 ,draw (f ! cle> cid] into a clean cask4 ,if x rema9s quiet x may /& till spr+4 ,a gill ( f9e *>coal add$ to a b>rel w secure ?is end1 & prev5t f]m5tation f go+ too f>4 ,b if a scum collects on ! surface1 & ! f]m5tation cont9ues1 rack x (f aga9 at once4 ,!n drive ! v5t-spile tight4 ,rack x (f aga9 9 e>ly spr+4 ,if n p]fectly cle>1 dissolve ?ree qu>t]s ( an ounce ( is+lass 9 cid]1 & put x 9 ! b>rel1 & x w soon be p]fectly f9e4 ,bottle betwe5 ?is & ! la/ ( ,may4 ,fill ! bottles )9 an in* ( ! bottom ( ! cork1 & all[ !m to /& an h\r1 !n drive ! cork4 ,lay !m 9 dry s&1 9 boxes 9 a cool cell>1 & ! cid] w improve by age1 & is bett] = ! sick ?an import$ w9es4 ,,citrons ,are only us$ = pres]v+4 ,_! appe>ance & gr[? resemble 9 all respects ! wat]melon4 ,plant$ ne> ! latt]1 !y utt]ly ru9 !m1 mak+ !m m citron ?an melon4 ,!y are injuri\s to mo/ o!r contigu\s v9es4 ,!y are to be plant$ & cultivat$ l ! wat]melon4 ,are v f9e pres]v$2 b we ?9k ! outside 7remov+ ! r9d7 ( a wat]melon bett]1 & %\ld n regret to "k1 t n ano!r citron 0 ev] to be rais$4 ,,clov]4 ,! only v>ieties successfully cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ! r$ & ! :ite4 ,r$ clov]s are divid$ into l>ge1 m$ium1 & small4 ,! :ite is all alike4 ,! long-root$ clov] ( ,hung>y is an excell5t productive v>iety1 endur+ successfully almo/ any degree ( dr\ght4 ,b 9 all ! cold] p>ts ( ?is c\ntry x w9t]-kills s badly z to r5d] x unpr(itable4 ,clov] makes good pa/ures1 be+ nutriti\s1 & e>ly & rapid gr[+4 ,r$-clov] makes fair hay1 ?\gh inf]ior to timo?y or r$-top4 ,:ite clov] is unsuitable = hay2 x %r9ks s mu* 9 dry+1 t x is v unproductive4 ,x is ! be/ ( all grasses = %eep pa/ure1 & its blossoms af=d 9 abundance ! be/ ( honey4 ,r$ clov] pl[$ 91 ev5 :5 full-gr[n1 is an excell5t f]tiliz]4 ,x beg9s to be reg>d$1 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 z productive ( ! weevil1 s de/ructive to :eat4 ,fur!r obs]vation is necess>y to settle ?is "q4 ,r$-clov] hay is too du/y = horses1 & too wa/eful = cattle4 ,! /alks are s l>ge a proportion1 & s slightly nutriti\s1 t x is unpr(itable ev5 z cut-fe$4 ,x is be/ to cultivate clov] ma9ly = pa/ures & z a f]tiliz]4 ,s[+ clov] & timo?y toge!r = hay is mu* practis$4 ,! fir/ ye> x w be ne>ly all clov]1 & ! second ye> mo/ly timo?y4 ,b s[n toge!r1 !y are n good = hay1 because !y d n mature )9 t5 or fifte5 days ( ! same "t4 ,b1 = ^? :o are det]m9$ to make hay out ( r$ clov]1 ! foll[+ directions = cur+ may be valuable3 m[ :5 dry1 spread at once1 & let x wilt ?or\ghly2 !n put up into small cocks1 n roll$1 b "o =k full laid ^u ano!r until high en\gh2--x w !n %$ wat]2 b :5 roll$ up1 wat] w run d[n ?r\gh4 ,let x /& till ?or\ghly dri$1 & !n draw into ! b>n2 x w be bright & sweet4 ,ano!r me?od is to cut :5 free f dew or ra91 spread ev51 & all[ x to wilt1 & ! leaves & small] p>ts to dry2 !n draw into ! b>n1 putt+ alt]nate loads ( clov] & dry /raw into ! m[1 salt+ ! clov] v lightly4 ,! clov] is sometimes put 9 :5 q gre51 & salt$ suffici5tly to pres]ve x4 ,x is injuri\s to cattle1 by compell+ !m to eat m salt ?an !y ne$4 ,cattle w eat b little salt 9 w9t]1 :5 x /&s )9 _! rea*2 too mu* salt 9 hay compels !m to eat m1 :i* eng5d]s disease4 ,clov] cur$ z above makes ! be/ possible clov]-hay1 if great c>e be us$ to prev5t excessive salt+4 ,sav+ clov]-se$ is a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,! l>ge r$ clov] is too late a v>iety to produce se$ on a second crop ! same season1 z d ! m$ium & small4 ,! fir/ gr[? mu/ be all[$ to rip54 ,cut :5 ! heads are g5]ally dead1 b be=e x has begun to %ell4 ,! m$ium & small r$ clov]s w produce a good crop ( se$ f second gr[?1 if x be n too dry1 imm$iately aft] m[+4 ,cut :5 ! heads g5]ally are dry1 rake into small w9r[s at once1 & soon put x 9 small bun*es & let x /& until v dry1 & !n draw 94 ,rak+ & /irr+ aft] x becomes dry w wa/e "o half ( x4 ,,c(fee ,,bean4 ,?is gr[s 9 a pod some:at resembl+ ! pea2 easily rais$1 z o!r beans2 & is v productive4 ,br[n$ & gr\nd1 x is us$ z a sub/itute = c(fee4 ,by _m p]sons x is mu* e/eem$4 ,if ?is & ! orange c>rot 7 adopt$ ext5sively1 in/ead ( c(fee1 x w\ld af=d a great relief to ! heal?1 z well z ! pockets1 ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,,corn4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable ( all ,am]ican products ( ! soil1 n except+ :eat or cotton4 ,x is us$ = human food all ov] ! _w4 ,& !re is no dome/ic animal or f[l1 ^: habits require gra91 :e!r :ole or gr\nd1 t is n fond ( x4 ,x is easily rais$1 & is a sure & abundant crop1 9 all latitudes s\? ( =ty-six degrees nor?4 ,! v>ieties are few1 & pr9cipally local4 ,! soil c n be made too ri* = corn4 ,x %\ld be plant$ 9 r[s ea* way1 to all[ cultivat+ bo? ways ) a horse4 ,! di/ance ( r[s ap>t has be5 a subject ( "s diff]5ces ( op9ion2 !re is a disposition to cr[d x too ne> toge!r4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york1 :]e mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to x1 ! usual di/ance is ?ree & "o half feet ea* way2 o!rs plant f\r feet ap>t4 ,on all l& we h ev] se51 we believe f\r feet ap>t ea* way1 ) f\r or five /alks 9 a hill1 w produce ! l>ge/ yield4 ,x lets 9 ! sun suffici5tly ar\nd e hill1 & ! proportion ( e>s to ! /alks w be l>g] ?an 9 any o!r di/ance4 ,plant+ ) a span ( horses1 & a plant] on :i* a man c ride & plant two r[s at once1 is ! easie/ & mo/ exp$iti\s4 ,we c n too /rongly recomm5d h>r[+ corn z soon z x comes out ( ! gr\nd4 ,x increases ! crop1 & saves mu* exp5se 9 cultivat+4 ,all plant]s %\ld "k t ,indian corn is "o ( ^? plants :i* w come to maturity at a c]ta9 age1 :e!r x be l>ge or small2 h5ce1 any?+ t w increase ! gr[? :ile "y w add to ! product4 ,corn neglect$ :5 small receives1 !reby1 an injury f :i* x w nev] recov]2 aft]-hoe+ may help x1 b nev] c fully re/ore x4 ,if !re are small we$s1 ! h>r[+ w de/roy !m1 & give all ! /r5g? ( ! soil to ! "y corn2 if !re are no we$s1 ! effect ( ! h>r[+ w be to give ! "y plants twice z l>ge a gr[? 9 ! fir/ two weeks z !y w\ld make )\t x4 ,h>r[ ) a ,v drag1 ) ! front too? out1 t ! rema9+ tee? may g ea* side ( ! r[4 ,use two horses1 all[+ ! r[ to /& betwe5 !m2 let ! h>r[-tee? run z ne> ! corn z possible4 ,nev] plant corn until ! soil has become w>m en\gh to make x come up quickly & gr[ rapidly4 ,if y fe$ corn to cattle :ole1 fe$ x ) ! husks on1 z x w compel !m to *ew x bett]1 & w ?us be a great sav+4 ,crib corn only :5 v dry1 & avoid ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn me?od ( leav+ cribs uncov]$2 ! corn ?us becomes less valuable = any use4 ,a little pla/] or wood-a%es appli$ to corn on fir/ com+ up1 & aga9 :5 six in*es high1 w abundantly repay co/ & labor2--x w pay ev5 on ! prairie-l&s ( ! ,we/1 & is q ess5tial on ! poor] soils ( ! ,ea/ & ,nor?4 ,x _h bett] nev] be neglect$4 ,! crop w weigh m to ! acre1 by all[+ x to /& z x grew1 until ?or\ghly dry4 ,! next l>g] crop is :5 ! /alks are cut (f above ! e> 7call$ topp+7 aft] x has become glaz$4 ,/ill a little less w be ! product :5 x is cut up at ! gr\nd1 :ile ! leaves are yet q gre54 ,! two latt] me?ods are adapt$ = ! purpose ( sav+ fodd] 9 good condition = cattle4 ,intellig5t f>m]s reg>d ! fodd] ( mu* m value ?an ! decrease 9 ! weight ( ! gra94 ,corn ?us cut up1 & f$ )\t husk+1 is ! be/ possible way = w9t]-fatt5+ cattle on a l>ge scale1 & :]e corn is abundant4 ,to save ! :ole1 sw9e %\ld foll[ ! cattle1 *ang+ y>ds once a week4 ,se$-corn %\ld be ga!r$ f ! fir/ ripe l>ge e>s be=e fro/1 & :ile ! g5]al crop is yet gre54 ,select e>s above ! av]age size1 t are well fill$ out to ! end1 & y\r corn w improve f ye> to ye>4 ,take y\r se$ indiscrim9ately f ! crib at plant+-"t1 & y\r corn w det]iorate4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ e>s rip5 nei!r fir/ nor la/2 h5ce1 select ! l>ge/ e>s be=e all is ripe1 & reject ! small e>lie/ e>s4 ,soak+ se$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n roll+ 9 pla/] be=e plant+1 is recomm5d$2 x is conv5i5tly practis$ only :]e y plant by h&4 ,soak+ )\t roll+ 9 pla/] is good1 if y plant 9 a wet "t2 b if 9 a dry "t1 x is absolutely injuri\s4 ,once 9 a :ile !re occurs q a g5]al failure ( se$-corn to come up4 ,f>m]s say t _! corn looks z fair z ev]1 b does n vegetate well4 ,:5 ?is is g5]al1 !re is a rem$y t e f>m] c successfully apply4 ,! difficulty is n 7z we h (t5 he>d ass]t$7 f ! int5se cold ( ! w9t]3 x is sometimes ! result ( cold1 wet wea!r aft] plant+4 ,b we d n believe t su* w\ld be ! effect1 ) good se$1 on prop]ly-prep>$ l&4 ,! difficulty is1 ! fall 0 v wet1 & ! se$ 0 all[$ to /& out & get ?or\ghly soak$2 :5 x 0 ga!r$ x 0 damp1 & ! int5se cold ( w9t] de/roy$ its vitality1 )\t injur+ its appe>ance4 ,!re is no degree ( cold1 9 a latitude :]e corn w gr[1 t w injure ! se$1 if x be ga!r$ dry & kept s4 ,our rules = sav+ se$1 giv5 above1 w always rem$y ?is evil4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ pr(itable ( all gre5 crops = soil+ cattle4 ,s[n on clean1 mell[ l&1 x w produce an enorm\s weight ( good gre5 fodd]1 suitable = summ] & e>ly fall fe$+ ( c[s1 j at a "t :5 dry wea!r has ne>ly de/roy$ _! pa/ures4 ,corn-fodd]1 well cur$1 is bett] = mil*-c[s ?an ! be/ ( hay4 ,cut f9e & mix$ ) gr\nd fe$1 x is excell5t = cattle & horses4 ,x is be/ pres]v$ 9 small /acks or l>ge %ocks1 t w p]fectly dry ?r\gh4 ,! tops & leaves1 remov$ :ile gre51 are v f9e4 ,,cotton4 ,no product ( ! soil is m useful ?an ?is4 ,to ?is c\ntry alone we give ! highe/ value to ,indian corn4 ,b1 9 usefulness to ! :ole _w1 corn mu/ yield ! palm to cotton4 ,x employs m h&s & capital 9 manufactur+1 & ent]s m l>gely into ! clo?+ ( mank9d1 ?an any o!r article4 ,! hi/ory ( cotton & ! cotton-g91 & ( ! manufacture ( cotton goods1 is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,! em95ce ( ,great ,brita9 z ! fir/ comm]cial nation ( ! _w is due1 9 no small degree1 to h] cotton manufactures4 ,& ! influ5ce ( ?is great /aple ,am]ican product ^u all ! int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry1 social & political1 civil & religi\s1 is univ]sally felt & ackn[l$g$4 ,! cotton-fields ( ! ,s\?1 at c]ta9 /ages ( gr[?1 & especially :5 9 bloom1 pres5t sc5es ( beauty unsurpass$ by any o!r gr[+ crop4 ,x does n come )9 our design 9 ?is "w to give a v ext5d$ view ( cotton culture4 ,?is bus9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is conf9$ pr9cipally to a p>ticul> class ( m51 kn[n z plant]s4 ,!y cultivate x on a l>ge scale1 hav+ ! control ( l>ge means4 ,su* m5 seek k ( ^? ( _! own class1 & w\ld h>dly condesc5d to li/5 to an essay on _! peculi> bus9ess1 writt5 by a ,nor!rn man1 n exp]i5c$ 9 plant+4 ,& yet an article1 n cov]+ m ?an t5 pages ( ?is volume1 might be writt51 cond5s+ 9 a cle> mann] all t is e/abli%$ 9 ?is bran* ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 z f\nd 9 ! publications ( ! ,s\?4 ,su* an article1 well writt51 by a man :o w\ld be reg>d$ good au?ority1 w\ld be ( va/ pecuni>y value to ! ,s\?4 ,:oev] c>efully reads ,s\!rn agricultural pap]s1 & ,,turn]',s ,,cotton-,,plant]',s ,,manual1 w see a great conflict ( op9ions on ! subject1 & yet a pres5tation ( _m facts1 t "o ?or\ghly conv]sant ) soil culture 9 g5]al w\ld see to be true & important4 ,! embodim5t ( ^! facts & pr9ciples 9 a brief1 pla9 article t w\ld be receiv$ & practis$1 w\ld add value to ! annual cotton crop1 t w\ld be c\nt$ by millions4 ,:at bett] s]vice c "s ,s\!rn g5tleman d = 8 own *os5 & favorite region ?an to write su* an article8 ,we give ! foll[+ brief view ( ! :ole subject1 n presum+ to tea* cotton-plant]s :at !y are suppos$ to und]/& mu* bett] ?an we d1 b to ?r[ out "s ?\ghts t may be sugge/ive ( improvem5ts t o!rs may mature & c>ry out1 & to lead "y m51 j comm5c+ ! bus9ess ( plant+1 to look ab\t & see if !y may n make "s improvem5ts ^u :at !y behold ar\nd !m4 ,?is w n fail ( be+ int]e/+ to ,nor!rn m51 mo/ ( :om "k no?+ ( ! cotton-plant1 or ! modes ( its cultivation4 ,x is int]e/+1 too1 t "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts are 9 p]fect accordance ) ! great pr9ciples ( soil culture ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!re are ?ree species ( cotton3 tree-cotton1 %rub-cotton1 & h]bace\s cotton4 ,! tree-cotton is cultivat$ to consid]able ext5t 9 nor!rn ,africa1 & produces a fair /aple ( cotton = comm]ce2 be+ produc$ on trees f t5 to tw5ty-five feet high1 x is n s easily ga!r$4 ,! %rub-cotton is cultivat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,asia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,gr[+ 9 ! =m ( small bu%es1 x is conv5i5t1 & ! /aple is fair4 ,b ^! are bo? inf]ior to ! h]bace\s cotton4 ,?is is an h]b gr[+ annually1 l corn1 a numb] ( feet 9 height1 m or less accord+ to soil & season1 & produc+ ! be/ kn[n cotton4 ,"u ^! species !re are _m v>ieties3 we ne$ speak only ( ! v>ieties ( h]bace\s cotton4 ,writ]s v>y 9 _! e/imates ( v>ieties2 "s say !re are eight1 & o!rs put !m z high z "o hundr$4 ,?is is a "q ( no practical mom5t4 ,! sea-isl& cotton1 call$ also long /aple on acc\nt ( its v long silky fibres1 is ! f9e/ cotton kn[n4 ,its "n arose f ! fact ( its production 9 greate/ p]fection on ! l[1 s&y isl&s ne> ! coa/s ( "s ( ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,x does well on l[ l& ne> ! sea%ore4 ,! saltness & humidity ( su* locations seem peculi>ly favorable to its greate/ p]fection4 ,x yields ab\t half z mu* z ! %ort /aple call$ ,mexican & ,petit gulf cotton1 & kn[n 9 comm]ce z upl& cotton4 ,b ! sea-isl&1 or long /aple1 sells = ?ree or f\r times z mu* p] p\nd1 &1 h5ce1 is mo/ pr(itable to ! plant]1 9 all regions :]e x w fl\ri% well4 ,! ,mexican is v productive on mo/ soils1 & is easily ga!r$ & prep>$ = m>ket4 ,!re are q a numb] ( o!r v>ieties2 z1 banana1 ,vick's hundr$-se$1 ,pitt's prolific1 multibolus1 mammo?1 sug>-loaf1 c41 c4 ,! sug>-loaf is highly comm5d$1 z are "s ( ! o!rs nam$4 ,!y h _h q a run among se$-sell]s4 ,mo/ ( ^! v>ieties are ! improv$ ,mexican4 ,x is well to get se$ frequ5tly f a di/ance2 b any extravagant prices are unwise4 ,improvem5t ( cotton-se$ is an important "p ( its mo/ pr(itable culture4 ,:ile mu* said ab\t x by int]e/$ p>ties is d\btless m]e humbug1 yet !re is great importance to be atta*$ to improvem5t ( se$4 ,?is is true ( all agricultural products1 & no less s ( cotton ?an ( o!rs4 ,two ?+s only are ess5tial to con/ant improvem5t 9 cotton-se$--selection & c>e4 ,select f ! be/ quality1 produc+ ! l>ge/ yield1 & matur+ e>ly2 pick x be=e mu* ra9 has fall5 on x aft] rip5+2 dry x ?or\ghly be=e g9n+1 & dry x v ?or\ghly aft] x is cle> ( ! fibre1 be=e putt+ x 9 bulk4 ,cotton-se$1 )\t extra c>e 9 dry+1 has moi/ure en\gh to make x heat 9 bulk1 by :i* its g]m9at+ p[] is greatly impair$4 ,x is ?is1 & ! effects ( fall ra9s1 t causes se$ to tr\ble plant]s s s]i\sly by n com+ up3 ?is makes x difficult to obta9 good ev5 /&s1 & causes mu* loss by dim9i%$ crops4 ,c>e 9 ^! respects w\ld add _m p\nds to ! acre 9 mo/ cotton-fields ( ! l&4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil = ,plant+4--,on all l& n hav+ a por\s subsoil1 pl[ v deep2 x gives opportunity = ! long tap-root ( ! plant to p5etrate deep1 & gu>d aga9/ excessive dr\ght4 ,! usual cu/om is to lay ! gr\nd into b$s1 elevat$ a little 9 ! middle1 & a depression betwe5 !m1 9 :i* excessive moi/ure may run (f2 also to increase ! action ( ! sun & air4 ,! surface ( ! soil to be plant$ %\ld be made v f9e & smoo?4 ,?is is true ( ev]y?+ plant$--x %\ld be 9 f9ely-pulv]iz$ soil2 x comes up m readily & ev5ly4 ,soil left 9 co>se lumps or p>ticles gives ! air too mu* action on ! g]m9at+ se$s & "y plants1 & ret>ds & /9ts _! gr[?4 ,deep pl[+ gu>ds alike aga9/ too mu* or too little moi/ure4 ,too mu* wat] has room to s9k away f ! surface & all[ x to dry spe$ily4 ,x also =ms a sort ( res]voir to hold wat] = use 9 a dr\ght4 ,! se$ %\ld be plant$ 9 z /raight a l9e z possible1 f ?ree & a half to five & a half feet ap>t "o way1 & f f\rte5 to tw5ty-five in*es ! o!r1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! l&1 & ! gr[? ( ! v>iety plant$4 ,ri* l&s w n be> ! plants s close z ! poor4 ,_m are great los]s by n secur+ plants en\gh on ! gr\nd4 ,/raight l9es greatly facilitate culture1 z x c mo/ly be done ) ! pl[ or cultivator4 ,turn+ l& ov] deep1 j be=e plant+1 is ! be/ kn[n rem$y = ! cut-worm2 x is said to put !m back until ! plants gr[ beyond _! rea*4 ,! be/ plant]s g5]ally cov] ) a piece ( plank drawn ov] ! furr[ 9 :i* ! se$ is dropp$4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] to roll x1 z "s few plant]s d2 ! effect on ! e>ly vegetation ( ! se$ & rapid gr[? ( ! "y plant w\ld be v great1 on ! g5]al pr9ciples giv5 on ,roll+4 ,! object ( cultivation is to keep d[n ! grass1 :i* is ! great enemy ( ! cotton4 ,pl[+ ! la/ ?+ be=e plant+ aids ?is1 by giv+ ! cotton q z e>ly a />t z ! we$s or grass4 ,cultivate e>ly1 & ! grass w be easily cov]$ & kill$4 ,always plant :5 x w come up spe$ily & gr[ rapidly2 ?is is bett] ?an v e>ly plant+1 & c]ta9ly mu* bett] ?an v late4 ,?9 out to "o 9 a place1 z e>ly z ! plants are out ( dang] ( dy+4 ,ga!r+ %\ld comm5ce z soon z bolls en\gh are 9 "r condition to all[ a h& to ga!r =ty p\nds p] day4 ,x is bett] & *eap] ?an to risk ! injury f ra9s aft] ! crop is ripe4 ,,manures4--,p]haps ?is is1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! greate/ "q = cotton-plant]s4 ,! application ( all ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciples & ag5ts ( f]tilization w\ld d m = ! int]e/s ( ! cotton crop ?an any?+ else4 ,cotton-plantations are sometimes said to run d[n s z to r5d] x necess>y to ab&on portions ( ! l&1 & select new4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 l& may n only be kept up ) prop] manur+1 b made to yield l>g] crops f ye> to ye>4 ,! foll[+ analysis ( ! a% ( ! cotton-plant w indicate ! wants ( ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s3-- #a4 ,pota% #bi4eh #b4 ,lime #bd4cd #c4 ,magnesia #c4gc #d4 ,*loride #j4fe #e4 ,phosphoric acid #cd4ib #f4 ,sulphuric acid #c4ed #g4 ,silica #c4bd ---- #ajj4jj ,?is analysis %[s t ! soil = cotton ne$s mu* lime1 bones or bone-du/1 & wood-a%es1 besides ! ord9>y b>n-y>d & compo/ manures4 ,all ! prep>ations & applications ( manures specifi$ 9 ?is "w1 "u ! head ( ,manures1 are applicable to cotton4 ,! usual recomm5dations ( rotation 9 crops is1 p]haps1 m important 9 cotton culture ?an any:]e else4 ,judici\s fall[+1 on pr9ciples adapt$ to a ,s\!rn climate1 is ano!r great means ( keep+ up & improv+ ! l&4 ,?is is also ! only effectual means ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! num]\s enemies & diseases ( ! cotton-plant4 ,! heal? ( ! plants is secur$1 & !y are made to out/rip _! enemies only by ! f]tility & f9e til? ( ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,?is is confirm$ on e h& by ! correspond5ce ( ! mo/ intellig5t plant]s ( ! ,s\?4 ,let cotton-gr[]s g into a ?or\gh sy/em ( f]tilization ( _! soils1 & att5d p]sonally to ! improvem5t ( _! cotton-se$1 by selection1 z recomm5d$ above1 & ! result w be an addition ( "o eigh?1 or "o f\r?1 to ! products ( cotton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )\t add+ ano!r acre to ! area "u cultivation4 ,:5 ?is comes to be und]/ood1 m5 ( small means w cultivate a little cotton by _! own individual labor1 z ! poor] m5 d corn & o!r agricultural products1 & ?us improve _! condition4 ,! above sugge/ions are ! conclusions to :i* we come1 f a ?or\gh exam9ation ( :at has be5 publi%$ to ! _w on ?is subject4 ,we recomm5d ! c>eful p]usal ( ,! ,cotton-,plant]'s ,manual1 by ,turn] 7publi%$ by ,saxton & ,co41 ,new ,york71 & increas$ att5tion to ! subject1 by ! intellig5t1 educat$1 & practical m5 ) :om ! cotton-gr[+ regions ab\nd4 ,,c[s4 ,! c[ occupies ! fir/ place among dome/ic animals1 9 value to ! ,am]ican p1 n except+ ev5 ! horse4 ,f ! orig9al /ock1 /ill kept z a curiosity on ! gr\nds ( "s ,engli% noblem51 cattle h be5 greatly improv$ by c>e 9 bre$+ & fe$+4 ,^? wild animals are /ill beautiful1 b only ab\t "o ?ird ( ! weight ( ! ord9>y improv$ cattle1 & n m ?an "o f\r? t ( ! mo/ improv$4 ,improv+ ! bre$ ( cattle is a subject by itself1 dem&+ a sep>ate treatise4 ,x is n to be expect$ t we %\ld g into x at l5g? 9 a "w l ?is4 ,b s mu* dep5ds ^u ! c[1 t we c h>dly write an article on h] )\t giv+ ^? g5]al pr9ciples t lie at ! f\ndation ( all improvem5t 9 cattle4 ,! few sugge/ions t foll[1 if he$$1 w\ld be wor? _m times ! value ( ?is book to any f>m] n already famili> ) ! facts4 ,! c[ affects all o!r /ock 9 two ways2 fir/1 ! =m ( calves1 & consequ5tly ( gr[n cattle1 is affect$ z mu* by ! c[ z by ! bull4 ,! quality & quantity ( h] milk1 also1 has a great influ5ce ^u ! e>ly gr[? ( all neat /ock4 ,cattle are usually nam$ f _! horns1 z %ort horns1 c4 ,x is a means ( di/9ction1 l a "n1 b n expressive ( quality4 ,! lead+ m>ks ( a good c[ are1 m$ium height = h] weight1 small neck1 /raight & wide back1 wide brea/--giv+ room = heal?y action ( ! lungs--heavy h9d-qu>t]s1 & s(t sk9 ) f9e hair1 sk9 yell[i%1 ) mu* d&ruff above ! bag beh9d4 ,a sm>t c\nt5ance is also expressive ( good qualities2 !re is z mu* diff]5ce 9 ! eyes & expression ( cattle z ( m54 ,select only su* c[s to raise /ock f1 & all[ !m to g to no bull t has n good m>ks1 & is n ( a sup]ior =m4 ,ano!r important matt] is to avoid bre$+ 9 & 94 ,?is is injuri\s 9 all dome/ic animals & f[ls4 ,always h ! c[ & ! bull f diff]5t regions3 att5tion to ?is w\ld con/antly improve any bre$ we h1 & by improv+ ! size ( cattle1 & milk+ qualities ( c[s1 w\ld add va/ am\nts to ! weal? ( f>m]s1 )\t ! necessity ( pur*as+1 at a great price1 any ( ! high-br$ cattle4 ,we h obs]v$1 9 our article on calves1 t abundant fe$+ dur+ ! fir/ ye> has mu* to d ) ! excell5ce ( /ock4 ,unite ) ^! regul>ity 9 fe$+1 wat]+1 & salt+1 keep+ dry & w>m 9 /ormy1 cold wea!r1 & well curri$ & clean1 & a f>m]'s /ock w be mu* m pr(itable to him4 ,b ?is brief m5tion ( ! g5]al pr9ciples mu/ suffice1 :ile we give all ! fur!r space we c occupy ) ?is article to-- ,,! ,,infallible ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,milk+ ,,qualities ,,( ,,c[s4--,m4 ,francis ,gu5on1 ( ,france1 has publi%$ a treatise1 9 :i* he %[s1 by ext]nal m>ks alone1 ! quality & quantity ( milk ( any c[1 & ! l5g? ( "t %e w cont9ue to give milk4 ,^! m>ks are s pla91 t !y are applicable to calves b a few weeks old1 z well z to c[s4 ,:oev] w take a little pa9s to und]/& ?is1 c "k1 :5 he proposes to buy a c[1 h[ mu* milk %e w give1 ) prop] fe$ & treatm5t1 ! quality ( h] milk1 & ! l5g? ( "t %e w give milk aft] hav+ be5 gott5 ) calf4 ,if ! f>m] has heif]-calves1 "s ( :i* he proposes to s5d to ! but*] & o!rs to raise1 he may "k :i* w make poor milk]s1 & :i* good ones1 & raise ! good & kill ! poor4 ,?us1 he may see a calf t 8 neighbor is go+ to slaught]1 &1 f ^! ext]nal m>ks1 he may discov] t x w\ld make "o ( ! be/ milk+ c[s ( ! neighborhood2 x w\ld !n pay to buy & raise x1 ?\gh he might h to kill & ?r[ away 8 own1 :i* he c\ld see w\ld make a poor c[ if rais$4 ,?us1 all extraord9>y milk]s w\ld be rais$1 & all poor ones be slaught]$3 ?is alone w\ld improve ! :ole /ock ( ! c\ntry tw5ty-five p] c5t4 9 z _m ye>s4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ?is1 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]1 by ,! ,new ,york ,tribune--a pap] t always takes a deep int]e/ 9 :atev] w advance ! great indu/rial int]e/s ( ! :ole p--& yet1 ?is ann\ncem5t w be new to a va/ numb] ( f>m]s into ^: h&s ?is volume w fall4 ,to _m x w be utt]ly incr$ible1 especially :5 we in=m !m t ! indications are1 ma9ly1 ! gr[? ( ! hair1 on ! c[ beh9d1 f ! roots ( ! teats upw>d4 ,impossible6 _m a practical1 common-s5se man w say4 ,b t same man w ackn[l$ge t a bull has a diff]5t color1 diff]5t neck1 & diff]5t horns1 left 9 8 natural /ate1 f ^? he w\ld exhibit if alt]$ to an ox4 ,:y is x n equally cr$ible t ! gr[? ( ! hair1 c41 %\ld be affect$ by ! secretion & fl[ ( ! milk on t "p ( ! sy/em :]e ^? op]ations are pr9cipally c>ri$ on8 ,b1 aside f all reason+s on ! subject1 ! fact is c]ta91 & :oev] may read ?is article may te/ its correctness1 z appli$ to 8 own c[s or ^? ( 8 neighbor4 ,! great agriculturi/s ( ,france 7& x is no mean agricultural c\ntry7 h te/$ x1 "u ! direction ( ! agricultural societies1 & pron\nc$ x entirely c]ta94 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an aw>d1 by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 ( a p5sion ( ?ree ?\s& francs p] annum to ,gu5on1 z a b5efactor ( ! p by ! discov]y he _h made4 ,! same has be5 amply te/$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) ! same c]ta9 results4 ,x n[ only rema9s = e f>m] to te/ x = himself1 & avail himself ( ! pr(its t w arise f x4 ,gu5on divides c[s into eight classes1 & has eight ord]s "u ea* class1 mak+ sixty-f\r c[s1 ( :i* he has cuts 9 8 "w4 ,he also adds :at he calls a ba/>d-c[ 9 ea* class1 mak+ sev5ty-two 9 all4 ,n[1 to ma/] all ^! nice di/9ctions 9 8 classes & ord]s w\ld be t$i\s1 & ne>ly useless4 ,ef=ts at ?is w\ld t5d to confusion4 ,we desire to give ! indications 9 a brief mann]1 ) a v few cuts2 & yet1 we w\ld hope to be mu* bett] und]/ood by ! masses ?an we believe ,gu5on to be4 ,we claim no cr$it2 ,gu5on is ! discov]]1 & we only promulgate 8 discov]y 9 ! pla9e/ language we c comm&2 & if we c rea* ! e> ( ! ,am]ican f>m]s1 & call _! att5tion to ?is1 we %all n h labor$ 9 va94 ,! appe>ance ( ! h9d-"p ( ! c[1 f a po9t ne> ! gambrel-jo9t up to ! tail1 ,gu5on calls ! escut*eon4 ,! foll[+ cuts %[ ! m>ks ( all ( ,gu5on's eight classes1 ! fir/ & ! la/ 9 ea* class4 ,! int]m$iate ones are 9 regul> gradation f ! fir/ to ! eigh? ord]4 ,ea* class is divid$ into high1 m$ium1 & l[1 yield+ milk some:at 9 proportion to _! size4 ,we give ! quantity ( milk :i* ! l>ge c[s w yield4 ,?is also supposes c[s to be well f$ on suitable food4 ,small] c[s ( ! same class & ord]1 or ^? t are poorly c>$ = & f$1 w1 ( c\rse1 give less4 ,! names ( all ^! eight classes are entirely arbitr>y--!y mean no?+4 ,m4 ,gu5on adopt$ !m on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! escut*eon1 or f ! "n ( ! place f :i* ! c[s came4 ,b c[s ) ^! peculi> m>ks are f\nd among all bre$s1 9 all c\ntries1 & ( all colors1 sizes1 & ages4 ,^! m>ks are c]ta91 except ! v>iations t are caus$ by extra c>e or neglect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fir/ ,,class4 ,fig4 #b4 ,ord] #a4 ,,fl&]s ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,?is class ( c[s has a delicate bag1 cov]$ ) f9e d[ny hair1 gr[+ upw>d f betwe5 ! teats1 &1 above ! bag beh9d1 x bl5ds itself ) a gr[? ( hair po9t+ upw>d1 & cov]+ ! region m>k$ 9 figure #a4 ,?is upw>d gr[? ( hair beg9s on ! legs j above ! gambrel-jo9t1 cov]s ! inside ( ! ?ighs1 & ext5ds up to ! tail1 z 9 figure fir/4 ,above ! h9d teats !y g5]ally h two oval spots1 two in*es wide by ?ree long1 =m$ by hair gr[+ d[nw>d1 & ( pal] color ?an ! hair t surr\nds !m 7,e1 ,e1 9 fig4 #a74 ,! sk9 cov]$ by ! :ole ( ?is escut*eon is yell[i%1 ) a few black spots1 & a k9d ( bran1 or d&ruff1 deta*es f x4 ,c[s ( ?is class & ord]1 :5 well kept1 give ab\t tw5ty-two qu>ts ( milk p] day1 :5 9 full fl[1 & be=e gett+ ) calf aga92 aft] ?is a little less1 b /ill a l>ge quantity4 ,!y w cont9ue to give milk till eight mon?s gone ) calf1 or till !y calve aga91 if y cont9ue to milk !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be done2 x exposes ! heal? ( c[s at ! "t ( calv+1 & injures ! "y4 ,f ?is !re is a gradual dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( milk ?r\gh ! ord]s1 d[n to ! eigh?4 ,c[s ( ?is ord] 7fig4 #b71 or ) ! m>ks y see 9 ! draw+1 w nev] yield m ?an ab\t five qu>ts p] day 9 _! be/ /ate1 & !y w only cont9ue to give milk until two mon?s ) calf3 h5ce1 ^! are only fit = ! but*]4 ,! int]v5+ six 9 ,gru5on's classification are gradually poor] ?an ! fir/1 & bett] ?an ! la/1 9 our cuts4 ,! m>ks are b v slightly diff]5t f ! above1 except 9 size2 ! diff]5ce is s trifl+1 t any "o c at once see t !y belong to ?is class2--& ! comp>ative size ( ?is m>k w %[1 infallibly1 _! value comp>$ ) ! above4 ,9 ! int]m$iate grades1 ! spots 7,e1 ,e1 fig4 #a7 are small]1 & z ! ord]s desc5d1 ^! spots are want+1 & "s slight *anges 9 ! =m ( ! :ole m>k are obs]v$1 yet ! g5]al outl9e rema9s ! same4 ,n[1 z ! decrease 9 ! eight ord]s 9 ea* class is ab\t f two & a half to ?ree or ?ree & a half qu>ts1 no man ) eyes ne$ be deceiv$ 9 buy+ a c[1 or rais+ a calf1 9 ! quantity ( milk %e may be made to give4 ,any man c tell1 )9 "o or two qu>ts1 ! yield ( any c[ or heif]4 ,! only *ance = mi/ake is 9 ! case ( ba/>d-c[s1 :i* rapidly dry up on gett+ ) calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,second ,,class4 ,fig4 #d4 ,ord] #a4 ,,selvage ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,9 ?is class1 ! %ape ( ! escut*eon is entirely di/9ct1 s t no "o w conf\nd x ) ! fir/4 ,! gradations are ! same z 9 ! prec$+1 only ?is class1 all ?r\gh1 is inf]ior to ! o!r4 ,! fir/ 7fig4 #c7 w give only tw5ty or tw5ty-"o qu>ts1 & ! poore/ only f\r qu>ts4 ,?is escut*eon is =m$ by asc5d+ hair1 b ) a v diff]5t outl9e f ! fir/ class2 x has ! same spots above ! h9d teats z ! fir/1 =m$ by desc5d+ hair4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ^! disappe>--fir/ "o1 !n "o small "o1 & !n none at all--& z !y desc5d1 simil> spots appe>1 =m$ 9 ! same way1 on "o or bo? sides ( ! vulva 7,f1 fig4 #c74 ,! sk9 ( ! inside surface ( ! ?igh is yell[i%4 ,! "t ( giv+ milk--viz41 eight mon?s gone ) calf1 or z long z y cont9ue to milk !m--is ! same z 9 ! fir/ class4 ,! la/ ord] 7fig4 #d7 ( ?is class give v little milk aft] gett+ ) calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,?ird ,,class4 ,fig4 #f4 ,ord] #a4 ,,curvel9e ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,?is escut*eon is easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs1 by its outl9e figure4 ,! spots on ! bag above ! h9d teats are =m$ z 9 ! prec$+1 & z gradually disappe> 9 ! l[] ord]s4 ,9 ^? ord]s !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! outl9e1 b its g5]al =m is ! same4 ,! fir/ ( ?is class 7fig4 #e7 yields tw5ty or tw5ty-"o qu>ts a day1 & gives milk till )9 a mon? ( calv+4 ,! la/ ord] ( ! class 7fig4 #f7 gives only ?ree & a half qu>ts1 & goes dry on gett+ ) calf4 ,! int]m$iate gradations betwe5 ! fir/ & eigh? ord]s are ! same z 9 ! prec$+ classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,f\r? ,,class4 ,fig4 #h4 ,ord] #a4 ,,bicorn ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,^! escut*eons are unmi/akably div]se f ei!r ( ! o!rs2 gradations1 f fir/ to eigh? ord]s1 ! same4 ,! fir/ ord] 9 ?is class 7fig4 #g7 w give eighte5 qu>ts a day1 & give milk until eight mon?s ) calf4 ,! d&ruff :i* deta*es f ! sk9 )9 ! escut*eon ( ! fir/ ord] is yell[i% or copp]i% color4 ,! two m>ks on ! sides ( ! vulva are n>r[ /reaks ( asc5d+ hair1 n 9 ! g5]al m>k4 ,! la/ ord] ( ! class 7fig4 #h7 gives ?ree & a half qu>ts only a day1 & goes dry :5 ) calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,fif? ,,class4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,ord] #a4 ,,demijohn ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,"h is ano!r g5]al m>k1 easily di/+ui%able f all ! o!rs by its outl9e4 ,! fir/ ord] 7fig4 #i7 w give eighte5 qu>ts a day1 & give milk eight mon?s1 or )9 a mon? ( calv+4 ,yell[i% sk92 delicate bag1 cov]$ ) f9e d[ny hair1 z 9 ! high] ord]s ( all ! prec$+ classes4 ,! eigh? ord] ( ?is class 7fig4 #aj7 w give only two & a half qu>ts p] day1 & none aft] conceiv+ anew4 ,! gradation f fir/ to eigh? ord] is regul>1 z 9 ! o!rs4 ,,six? ,,class4 ,yield ( fir/ ord] 7fig4 #aa7 eighte5 qu>ts p] day2 "t1 eight mon?s4 ,sk9 )9 ! escut*eon same color1 bag equally delicate1 & hair f9e1 z 9 all ! fir/ ord]s4 ,eigh? ord] 7fig4 #ab7 yields ab\t two qu>ts p] day1 & dries up on gett+ ) calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,ord] #a4 ,,squ>e ,,escut*eon ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,sev5? ,,class4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,ord] #a4 ,,lim\s9e ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,fir/ ord] 9 ?is class 7fig4 #ac7 gives fifte5 qu>ts2 "t1 eight mon?s4 ,! sk91 bag1 & hair1 same z 9 ! high] ord]s 9 all ! classes4 ,! eigh? ord] 7fig4 #ad7 w yield two & a half qu>ts p] day1 & dry up :5 ) calf4 ,,eigh? ,,class4 ,fir/ ord] 7fig4 #ae7 w give fifte5 qu>ts p] day2 "t1 eight mon?s4 ,sk9 9 escut*eon r$di%-yell[ & silky1 hair f9e1 teats f> ap>t4 ,! eigh? ord] 7fig4 #af7 yields two & a half qu>ts a day1 & dries up on gett+ ) calf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #af4 ,ord] #a4 ,,horizontal ,,cut ,,c[4 ,ord] #h4 ,ea* class ( c[s has a k9d call$ ba/>ds1 among ^? ^: escut*eons w\ld o!rwise indicate ! fir/ ord] ( _! class3 ^! (t5 deceive ! mo/ practis$ eye4 ,! only rem$y is to become famili> ) ! infallible m>ks giv5 by ,gu5on by :i* ba/>ds may be kn[n4 ,?is defect w acc\nt = ! irregul>ity ( _m c[s1 & _! sudd5ly go+ dry on becom+ ) calf1 & (t5 = ! bad quality ( _! milk4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! l9es ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ hair 9 _! escut*eon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,9 ! ,,fl&]s ,,c[ 7fig4 #ag7 !re are two ba/>ds2 "o di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! hair =m+ ! l9e ( ! escut*eon bri/les up1 l be>ds on a head ( gra91 in/ead ( ly+ smoo?1 z 9 ! g5u9e c[2 !y project ov] ! int]section ( ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ hair 9 a v bri/l+ mann]4 ,! o!r ba/>d ( ! ,,fl&]s ,,c[ is kn[n by hav+ an oval pat* ( d[nw>d gr[+ hair1 ab\t eight in*es bel[ ! vulva1 & 9 a l9e ) x2 9 ! l>ge c[s x is f\r in*es long1 & two & a half wide1 & ! hair )9 x always ( a light] color ?an t surr\nd+ x4 ,c[s ( ?is m>k are always imp]fect4 ,9 ! ba/>ds1 ! sk9 on ! escut*eon is usually r$di%2 x is smoo? to ! t\*1 & yields no d&ruff4 ,ba/>ds ( ! ,,selvage ,,c[ are kn[n by two oval pat*es ( asc5d+ hair1 "o on ea* side ( ! vulva1 f\r or five in*es long1 by an in* & a half wide 7fig4 #ah74 ,! l>g] ! spot1 & ! co>s] ! hair1 ! m defective !y prove1 & vice v]sa4 ,ba/>ds ( ! ,,curvel9e ,,c[ are kn[n by ! size ( spots ( hair on ea* side ( ! vulva 7fig4 #ah74 ,:5 !y are ( f\r or five in*es by "o & a half1 & po9t$ or r\nd$ at ! ends1 !y indicate ba/>ds4 ,if !y be small1 ! c[ w n lose h] milk v rapidly on gett+ ) calf4 ,ba/>ds ( ! ,,bicorn ,,c[ are indicat$ precisely z 9 ! prec$+--by ! size ( ! spots ( asc5d+ hair1 above ! escut*eon & by ! sides ( ! vulva 7,f1 ,f1 fig4 #ah74 ,ba/>ds ( ! ,,demijohn ,,c[ are di/+ui%$ precisely z ! two prec$+--size ( ! /reaks 7fig4 #ah74 ,! ,,squ>e ,,escut*eon ,,c[ indicates ba/>ds1 by a /reak ( hair at ! "r ( ! vulva 7fig4 #ai74 ,:5 t asc5d+ hair is co>se & bri/ly1 x is a sure evid5ce t ! animal is a ba/>d4 ,,lim\s9e ,,c[s %[ _! ba/>ds precisely z d ! ,,curvel9e & ,,bicorn1 by ! size ( ! asc5d+ /reaks ( hair1 on ! "r & left ( ! vulva4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,ba/>ds ( ! ,,horizontal ,,cut ,,c[s h no escut*eon :atev]4 ,by ?is !y are always kn[n4 ,"s ba/>ds are good milk]s until !y get ) calf1 & !n v soon dry up4 ,o!rs are poor milk]s4 ,^? ) co>se hair & b little ( x1 9 ! escut*eon1 give poor1 wat]y milk4 ,^? ( f9e1 ?ick hair w give good milk4 ,,bulls h escut*eons ( ! same %ape z ! c[s1 b on a small] scale4 ,:5ev] !re are /reaks ( desc5d+ hair bri/l+ up among ! asc5d+ hair ( ! escut*eon1 r5d]+ x q irregul> & r\gh 9 its appe>ance1 ! animal is reg>d$ z a ba/>d4 ,nev] put a c[ to any bull t has n a regul>1 well-def9$1 & smoo? escut*eon4 ,?is is z fully z we h room to g into ,m4 ,gu5on's details4 ,we fe> ?is w fall into ! h&s ( _m :o w n take ! pa9s to ma/] ev5 ^! di/9ctions4 ,to ^? :o w1 we tru/ !y w be f\nd pla91 & c]ta9 9 _! results4 ,f all ?is1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is ( imm5se value to ! f>m]3 x is1 t on g5]al pr9ciples1 )\t rememb]+ ! exact figure ( "o ( ! indications above giv51 or "o ( ! arbitr>y t]ms x has be5 necess>y to use1 any man c tell ! quality & quantity ( milk a c[ w give1 & ! "t %e w give milk1 ) suffici5t accuracy to buy no c[ & raise no heif] t w n be a pr(itable dairy c[1 if t is :at he desires4 ,! rules by :i* ^! ?+s may be kn[n are ! foll[+3 ,no c[1 ( any class1 is ev] a good milk]1 t has n a l>ge surface ( hair gr[+ upw>d f ! teats & cov]+ ! inn] surface ( ! ?ighs1 & ext5d+ up t[>d or to ! tail4 ,no c[ t is de/itute ( ?is m>k1 or only has a v small "o1 is ev] a good milk]4 ,e c[ hav+ a scanty gr[? ( co>se hair 9 ! above m>k w only give poor1 wat]y milk2 & e c[ hav+ a ?ick gr[? ( f9e hair on ! escut*eon1 or surface :]e x asc5ds1 & consid]able d&ruff1 w always give good ri* milk1 & be good = butt] & *eese4 ,e c[ on :i* ?is m>k is small w give b little milk1 & dry up soon aft] gett+ ) calf1 & is n fit to be kept4 ,obs]ve ^! brief rules1 & milk y\r c[s at c]ta9 h\rs e day--milk v quickly1 )\t /opp+1 & v clean1 n leav+ a drop--& y nev] w h a poor c[ on y\r f>m1 & at lea/ tw5ty-five p] c5t4 w be add$ to ! value ( ! ord9>y dairy1 t is made up ( c[s pur*as$ or rais$ 9 ! usual1 hap-haz>d way4 ,if y\r c[s' udd]s swell aft] calv+1 wa% !m 9 aconite made weak ) wat]2 x is v good = tak+ out inflammation4 ,o!r common rem$ies are kn[n4 ,if y\r c[ or o!r creature gets *ok$1 p\r into ! ?roat half a p9t1 at lea/1 ( oil2 & by rubb+ ! neck1 ! ob/ruction w probably move up or d[n4 ,curry y\r c[s z ?or\ghly z y d y\r horses2 & if !y ev] *ance to get l\sy1 wa% !m 9 a decoction ( tobacco4 ,,cranb]ry4 ,illu/ration ,?is is native 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,9 ,engl& & on ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,asia1 native cranb]ries are inf]ior1 9 size & quality1 to ! ,am]ican4 ,our own h also be5 greatly improv$ by cultivation4 ,!y h become an important article ( comm]ce1 & f9d a ready sale1 at high prices1 9 all ! lead+ m>kets ( ! c\ntry4 ,_! successful cultivation1 !re=e1 des]ves att5tion1 z really z t ( o!r fruits4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,ea/wood has writt5 a volume on ! subject1 :i* probably conta9s all ! facts already e/abli%$1 toge!r ) _m op9ions ( sci5tific & practical cultivators4 ,! "w is valuable1 b mu* less s ?an x w\ld h be51 _h ! au?or put into a few pages ! important facts1 & left out all speculations & div]sities ( op9ion4 ,! objection to mo/ ( ?is k9d ( lit]ature is ! int]mixture ( facts & valuable sugge/ions ) s mu* t is n only useless1 b absolutely p]nici\s1 by ! confusion x creates4 ,we ?9k ! foll[+ directions = ! cultivation ( ! cranb]ry are complete1 accord+ to our pres5t k3-- ,soil4--,x is univ]sally agre$ t bea* s& is ! be/4 ,n f ! bea* ( ! ocean b>ely1 b ( lakes1 ponds1 or riv]s4 ,!re is no evid5ce t any sal9e quality t may be 9 s& f ! bea* ( ! sea1 is p>ticul>ly useful4 ,x is ! cleanness ( ! s&1 on :i* acc\nt x is less calculat$ to promote a gr[? ( we$s1 & all[s a free passage ( moi/ure t[>d ! surface4 ,h5ce :ite s& is pref]able1 & ! clean] ! bett]4 ,:oev] has a moi/ mead[ 9 ! soil ( :i* !re is consid]able s& has a good place = a cranb]ry b$4 ,if y h n a s& mead[1 select a plat ( gr\nd z moi/ z any y h1 ^u :i* wat] w n /& unless y conf9e x !re1 & draw on s& to ! dep? ( f\r or six in*es1 hav+ fir/ remov$ any grass or break-turf1 t may be 9 dang] ( com+ up z we$s to *oke ! v9es4 ,if y make ! gr\nd mell[ bel[ & !n put on ! s&1 y w h a b$ t w give y b little fur!r tr\ble4 ,peat soils w d1 if y take (f ! top & expose to ! wea!r1 fro/s & ra9s1 "o ye> be=e plant+4 ,! fir/ ye>1 peat w dry & crack1 s z to de/roy "y cranb]ry v9es4 ,b aft] "o w9t]'s fro/1 x becomes pulv]iz$ & w n aga9 bake4 ,h5ce x is next to s& = a cranb]ry b$4 ,situation4--,! %ore ( a body ( wat]1 or ( a small pond is be/1 if x be n too mu* expos$ to viol5t action ( w9d & waves4 ,l& t reta9s mu* moi/ure )9 a foot ( ! surface1 b :i* does n become /agnant1 is v valuable4 ,! bottoms ( small ponds t c be dra9$ (f are v good4 ,any l& t c be fl[$ ) wat] at pleasure is good4 ,by flood+1 ! blossoms are kept back till late spr+ fro/s are gone4 ,any upl& c be prep>$ z above4 ,b if x be a v dry soil x mu/ h a lib]al supply ( wat] dur+ dry wea!r1 or success may n be expect$4 ,plant+4--,!re are sev]al me?ods4 ,sod plant+ consi/s 9 prep>+ ! l& & !n cutt+ out squ>e sods conta9+ v9es1 & sett+ !m at ! di/ances ap>t1 y desire4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al me?od2 b x is objectionable1 on acc\nt ( ! we$s t w gr[ out ( ! sod & *oke ! v9es4 ,?is me?od is improv$ by te>+ away ! sod1 leav+ ! roots nak$1 & !n plant+4 ,ano!r me?od is to cut (f a vigor\s %oot1 & plant ! middle ( x1 ) ea* end protrud+ f ! soil two or ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,roots w come out by all ! leaves t are buri$1 & promote ! spr++ ( _m new v9es1 & ?us ! e>ly matt+ ( ! b$ :i* is v desirable4 ,o!rs take %ort slips & ?ru/ f\r or five ( !m toge!r d[n into ! soil z !y d slips ( currant bu%es1 ?us mak+ a hill ( z _m plants4 ,& yet ano!r me?od is1 to cut up ! v9es into pieces ( two or ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & broad ca/ !m on mell[ soil1 & h>r[ !m 9 z :eat--,o!rs bury ! %ort pieces 9 drills4 ,9 ei!r case !y w soon mat ! :ole gr\nd1 if ! l& be n we$y4 ,! be/ plan = small b$s is probably ! middle plant+4 ,di/ances ap>t dep5d ^u y\r design 9 cultivat+4 ,if y\r soil is su* t s _m we$s w gr[ z to require cultivat+ ) a horse1 or mu* hoe+1 f\r feet "o way & two ! o!r is ! be/4 ,bett] h l& s well cov]$ ) clean s&1 t v few we$s w gr[ & no cultivation be ne$$4 ,!n set v9es "o foot ap>t & v soon ! :ole gr\nd w be p]fectly matt$ & w ne$ v little c>e = ye>s4 ,= two or ?ree ye>s pull out ! we$s by h&1 & ! gr\nd w be cov]$ & ne$ no?+ m4 ,v>ieties4--,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ones ( ! l[l& species4 ,! bell1 ! bugle1 & ! *]ry cranb]ries4 ,^! are nam$ f _! %ape4 ,probably ! *]ry is ! be/1 be+ ! size1 %ape1 & color ( ! cultivat$ r$ *]ries4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 discov]$ an upl& v>iety1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 t bids fair to be z h>dy & productive z ! common currant4 ,on all poor1 h>d1 & ev5 v dry upl&s1 x does rem>kably well4 ,x gr[s ext5sively 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,briti% prov9ces4 ,! fruit is small] ?an ! o!r v>ieties b is delici\s1 beautiful 9 color1 & v abundant4 ,x w probably be "o ( our great & univ]sal luxuries4 ,heal?y & ,unheal?y ,plants4--,by ?is cultivators d5ote ^? t be> well & ^? t d n4 ,& yet ! unheal?y1 or ^? t be> ! lea/1 are ! l>g]1 gre5]-leav$1 & rapid-gr[+ v>ieties4 ,x is difficult to describe !m s t an unpractis$ eye w\ld "k !m f ea* o!r4 ,! be/ way to be sure ( gett+ ! "r k9d is to pur*ase ( a man y c tru/1 or visit ! b$s :5 ! fruit is 9 p]fection & witness :]e ! crop is abundant1 m>k x1 & let x rema9 until y are ready to plant4 ,?is is always be/ done 9 ! spr+1 or f ,may #ae? to ,june #ae?4 ,ga!r+--is p]=m$ by h&1 or ) a cranb]ry-rake4 ,h&-pick+ is be/ = ! v9es1 b is m exp5sive4 ,if a rake be us$1 x w draw out "s small runn]s & ret>d ! gr[? ( "y v9es4 ,b x is su* a sav+ ( exp5se1 x _h bett] be us$1 & always drawn ! same way4 ,! fruit %\ld be cle>$ ( leaves & decay$ b]ries2 & if int5d$ = a ne> m>ket1 be pack$ dry 9 b>rels4 ,if to be transport$ f>1 put !m 9 small casks1 say half-b>rels1 ) good wat]4 ,!y may ?us be c>ri$ ar\nd ! globe 9 good condition4 ,to keep well !y %\ld n be expos$ to fall fro/s1 & %\ld n be pick$ be=e ripe4 ,a little practice1 & at fir/ on a small scale1 may enable ,am]ican cultivators ( ! soil1 g5]ally1 to h good cranb]ry b$s4 ,mu* ( ! practical "p ( ?is c only be le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! above sugge/ions w save mu* loss & disc\ragem5t4 ,enemies--are worms t attack ! leaves1 & ano!r species t attack ! b]ries4 ,!re are only two rem$ies propos$1 viz41 fire & wat]4 ,if y c flood y\r b$s y w de/roy !m4 ,if n1 take a "t n v dry s z to endang] burn+ ! roots1 & burn ov] y\r cranb]ry-b$s1 s z to consume all ! v9es4 ,next season new v9es w gr[ up free f worms4 ,,cucumb]s4 ,!re are q a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,b a few only des]ve att5tion4 ,! be/1 = all uses1 is ! ,e>ly ,clu/]1 a great be>] ( firm1 t5d]1 brittle fruit4 ,e>ly ,frame1 ,long ,:ite1 ,turkey1 & ,long ,gre5 ,turkey1 are r beautiful1 b n prolific v>ieties4 ,long ,prickly1 is v good = pickles1 & fills a cask rapidly1 b is by no means s pleasant z ! ,e>ly ,clu/]4 ,! ,%ort ,prickly & ,:ite ,sp9$ are consid]ably us$4 ,! ,we/ ,india or small ,gh]k9 is us$ only = pickl+1 & is consid]$ f9e4 ,b we reg>d all ^! inf]ior to ! ,e>ly ,clu/]4 ,soil %\ld be made v ri* ) compo/ & vegetable m\ld1 ) a lib]al application ( s&4 ,all v9es d bett] 9 a s&y soil4 ,plant 9 ! op5 air only aft] ! wea!r has become q w>m4 ,an ef=t to get e>ly cucumb]s by e>ly out-door plant+ is usually a failure2 se$s decay1 or hav+ come up1 aft] a long :ile1 !y gr[ sl[ly1 & v9es & fruit are apt to be imp]fect4 ,six feet ap>t1 ea* way1 is ! be/ di/ance2 & aft] ! plants get out ( ! way ( insects1 & become well e/abli%$1 two v9es 9 ea* hill is bett] ?an m3 ! fruit w be bett] & m abundant1 & !y w be> mu* long] ?an :5 v9es are left to gr[ v ?ick4 ,!y ne$ wat] 9 dry wea!r 7see ,wat]+74 ,! fir/ week 9 ,july is ! be/ "t to plant = pickl+4 ,9 a w>m1 dry climate1 cucumb]s d bett] a little %ad$1 b n too mu*4 ,plant$ among "y fruit-trees1 or 9 alt]nate r[s ) corn1 !y d well4 ,if all[$ to run up bu%es l peas1 !y produce m & bett] fruit4 ,=c+ = an e>ly crop is (t5 done1 by digg+ a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 two feet deep & two feet squ>e1 & fill+ ) hot manure1 /amp$ d[n well1 & cov]$ ) six in*es ( f9e m\ld4 ,put ar\nd a frame & cov] ) glass1 at an angle ( ?irty-five degrees to ! sun4 ,plant "o hundr$ se$s on ! two feet squ>e2 :5 !y come up1 put two plants 9 a pot1 set 9 a regul> hotb$1 & keep well wat]$ & air$ until ! wea!r be w>m en\gh to transplant 9 ! op5 air2 !n remove f ! pots )\t break+ ! ball ( e>?1 & plant six feet ap>t4 ,f\r plants left 9 ! orig9al hill w be> e>li] ?an ^? t h be5 remov$4 ,to get a l>ge quantity ( v e>ly ones1 plant a correspond+ numb] ( hills1 ) ! two feet ( manure1 z above2 :5ev] ! wea!r becomes hot1 !y w ne$ to be well wat]$1 or !y w dry up4 ,all cucumb]-plants =c$ %\ld h ! ma9 runn] cut (f1 aft] ! second r\gh leaf appe>s2 ?is br+s fruit e>li] & twice z abundant4 ,on transplant+ cucumb]s1 or any o!r v9es1 cov] !m :olly f ! sun = ?ree days1 or1 if ! wea!r be dry1 = a :ole week4 ,we once ?\ght melons & cucumb]s v difficult to transplant successfully2 b we asc]ta9$ ! only difficulty to be1 ! want ( suffici5t wat] & %ade4 ,:5 roots & soil 7 s dry t ! dirt all fell (f1 we h transplant$ ) p]fect success2 b = a week ! plants appe>$ to be ru9$4 ,we kept !m cov]$ & well wat]$1 & !y reviv$ & made a great crop1 mu* e>li] ?an se$s plant$ at ! same "t4 ,protection ( plants f insects has be5 a subject ( mu* /udy & _m exp]im5ts4 ,a%es & lime1 & v>i\s decoctions & (f5sive mixtures1 h be5 recomm5d$4 ,we disc>d !m all1 z bo? tr\blesome & ineffectual4 ,our exp]i5ce is1 mo/ decid$ly1 9 favor ( f5c+ ea* hill1 ( all v9es1 to keep (f insects4 ,a box a foot squ>e & fifte5 in*es high1 ! l[] edge set 9 ! soil1 w usually prove effectual4 ,put ov] a pane ( glass1 & x w be m sure1 & increase ! w>m? & consequ5tly ! gr[? ( ! plants4 ,put mill9et ov] ! boxes1 in/ead ( glass1 & n a hill w be lo/4 ,if a cutworm *ances to be f5c$ 91 he w %[ himself by cutt+ (f a plant4 ,se>* him out & kill him1 & all w be safe4 ,su* boxes1 well tak5 c>e (1 w la/ = t5 ye>s4 ,?is1 !n1 is a *eap z well z effectual me?od4 ,cucumb]s are a cool+1 heal?y article ( diet1 us$ 9 reasonable quantities4 ,!y %\ld be slic$ into cold wat]1 tak5 out1 & put 9 %>p v9eg> ) pepp] & salt4 ,ripe cucumb]s make "o ( ! be/ ( pickles3 = directions 9 mak+1 we ref] to ! cook-books4 ,if y h room ne> y\r back door = "o l>ge hill ( cucumb]s1 y may obta9 a rem>kable gr[?4 ,dig d[n deep en\gh to set 9 an old b>rel1 ) head & bottom out1 leav+ ! top ev5 ) ! surface4 ,fill ) manure f ! /able1 well trod d[n4 ,9 f9e ri* m\ld1 ar\nd on ! outside ( ! b>rel1 plant tw5ty or ?irty cucumb]-se$s4 ,put a pail ( wat] 9 ! b>rel e day4 ,! wat] comes up ?r\gh ! soil to ! roots ( ! plants1 br++ ) x ! /imulus ( ! manure1 & ! effect is wond]ful4 ,a l>ge b>rel has be5 fill$ ) pickles f "o su* hill4 ,if bu%es be put up to support ! v9es1 x is /ill bett]4 ,neglect to p\r 9 wat]1 & !y w dry up2 b cont9ue to wat] !m1 & !y w be> till fro/ 9 autumn4 ,,currants4 ,^! are among ! v be/ ( all ! small fruits2 imm5sely productive 9 all locations1 & adapt$ to a great v>iety ( uses1 & hang long on ! bu%es aft] rip5+4 ,!re is q a numb] ( v>ieties1 "s ( :i* are probably ! m]e result ( cultivation ( o!rs well kn[n4 ,! common r$ is too well kn[n to ne$ description--v acid1 & always rem>kably productive1 9 all soils & situations4 ,! size & quality ( ! fruit are affect$ by location & culture4 ,! native currants1 z f\nd 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 are small & inf]ior2 b all excell5t mod]n v>ieties h sprung f !m by cultivation4 ,9 work+ ^! important *anges1 ! ,dut* & ,fr5* g>d5]s h be5 ! *ief ag5ts3 h5ce our names1 ,r$ & ,:ite ,dut* currants4 ,! common r$ & ! common :ite are /ill cultivat$ 9 ! great majority ( ,am]ican g>d5s2 & yet1 !y are n wor?y to be nam$ ) ! ,:ite ,dut* & ! ,r$ ,dut*1 :i* may easily be obta9$ by e cultivator4 ,^! two v>ieties are all t ev] ne$ be cultivat$4 ,long li/s ( currants are describ$ 9 _m ( ! fruit-books2 ! result1 z 9 all su* cases1 is confusion & loss to ! mass ( gr[]s4 ,we w n ev5 give ! li/4 ,! common r$ & ! :ite currants are greatly improv$ by cultivation4 ,b ! ,dut* h long] bun*es1 ( l>g] fruit1 ! l[] ones 9 ! /em hold+ _! size mu* bett] ?an common currants2 ! /ems are usually full & p]fect1 & ! fruit less acid & m pleasant4 ,a new1 /rong-gr[+ v>iety1 call$ ! *]ry currant on acc\nt ( its l>ge size1 is n[ consid]ably gr[n4 ,a few bu%es = v>iety1 & = _! beautiful appe>ance1 may be well en\gh2 b x is n a v good be>]1 & !re=e is n s pr(itable z ! ,dut*4 ,! ,attractor is a new ,fr5* v>iety1 said to be valuable4 ,knight's ,e>ly ,r$ has ! s+le virtue ( rip5+ a few days e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! ,victoria is p]haps ! late/ ( all currants1 hang+ on ! bu%es fully two weeks long] ?an o!rs4 ,! ,:ite ,grape1 ! ,r$ ,grape1 & ! ,transp>5t1 are all good & beautiful4 ,! utilit>ian w cultivate ! ,r$ ,dut* & ! ,:ite ,dut* z 8 ma9 crop1 ) two or ?ree ( ! o!rs = a v>iety4 ,! amateur w get all ! v>ieties1 & amuse himself by comp>+ _! qualities1 & try+ 8 skill at modify+ !m4 ,z ^! ef=ts h result$1 9 pa/ "t1 9 ! production ( our be/ v>ieties1 s !y may1 9 future1 9 some?+ f> bett] ?an we yet h4 ,!re is no probability t any ( our fruits h rea*$ ! acme ( p]fection4 ,! common black1 or ,engli% black currant has long be5 cultivat$4 ,a jam made ( x is valuable = sore ?roat4 ,! highe/ m$ical au?ority pron\nces black currant w9e ! be/1 9 _m cases ( sickness1 ( any w9e kn[n4 ,! ,black ,naples possesses ! same virtues1 & be+ a mu* l>g] fruit1 & m productive1 %\ld take ! place ( ! ,engli% black1 & exclude x f all g>d5s4 ,cultivation4--,currant-bu%es %\ld be set f\r feet ap>t ea* way1 & ! :ole gr\nd ?or\ghly mul*$2 x keeps d[n all we$s & grass1 sav+ all fur!r labor 9 cultivation1 & greatly increases ! size & quantity ( ! fruit4 ,on no?+ does mul*+ pay bett]4 7,see article ,mul*+47 ,any good g>d5-soil is suitable = currants4 ,on ! nor? side ( a wall or build+1 or 9 ! %ade ( trees1 !y w be consid]ably lat]4 ,! same effect may be produc$ by cov]+ bu%es a "p ( ! "t ) blankets or mats4 ,"s are ret>d$ by ?is means1 s z to be 9 p]fection aft] o!rs are gone3 ?us1 ! currant t naturally comes to p]fection ab\t midsumm] is pres]v$ on ! bu%es until ,octob]4 ,_m cultivate currants 9 ! tree =m2 all[+ no spr\ts f ! roots1 & no bran*es )9 a foot or two ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is object is secur$ by cutt+ f ! slip y are to plant1 f :i* to raise a bu%1 all ! l[] buds to )9 two or ?ree ( ! top1 & !n p9*+ (f at once all %oots t may />t out ( ! /em bel[2 ?is makes beautiful little %rubs1 b ! top is apt to be brok5 (f by ! w9d1 & !y mu/ be replac$ by new ones e f\r or five ye>s4 ,d[n+ /rongly recomm5ds x1 b we c n d s4 ,let bu%es gr[ 9 ! natural way1 remov+ all old1 decay+ bran*es1 & all suck]s t rise too f> f ! p>5t-bu%1 & keep ! clu/]s ( bu%es & leaves ?9 en\gh to all[ ! sun free access1 & prev5t cont9u$ moi/ure 9 wet wea!r1 :i* w rot ! fruit1 & y w f9d x ! *eape/ & be/4 ,we h se5 q z l>ge & z f9e fruit gr[ on su* bu%es1 t we knew to be m ?an tw5ty ye>s old1 z we ev] saw ( ! same v>iety :5 cultivat$ 9 ! tree =m4 ,,dairy4 ,= *eese1 ! dairy %\ld conta9 ?ree rooms3 "o = sett+ ! milk1 ) suitable boil]s1 c42 next1 a press-room1 9 :i* ! *eese %\ld be salt$1 z giv5 "u article ,*eese2 ! ?ird1 a /ore-room4 ,9 all climates a *eese-h\se %\ld be made z tight z possible2--?ick /one walls are be/2 w9d[s %\ld be on two sides1 nor? & we/1 b n on opposite sides1 s z to create a draught3 ?is is no bett] = *eese or butt]1 & is always dang]\s to ! op]ator4 ,let all p]sons :o w\ld enjoy good heal? avoid a draught ( air z !y w\ld an arr[4 ,if y\r *eese-h\se c be %ad$ on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/1 by trees1 & h only a nor!rn exposure1 x w aid y mu* 9 gu>d+ aga9/ extremes ( heat & cold4 ,w9d[s %\ld be fitt$ closely1 & cov]$ ) wire-clo? on ! outside1 s z to exclude all flies4 ,a dairy = butt] ne$s b two rooms1 & a cool1 dry cell>1 ) w9d[s 9 nor? & we/4 ,! fir/ room %\ld be = sett+ & skimm+ ! milk1 & ! o!r = *urn+ & work+ ! butt]1 & scald+ & clean+ ! ut5sils4 ,if y\r milk-room c be a spr+-h\se ) /one-floor1 & a little wat] pass+ ov] x1 y w f9d x a great b5efit4 ,! %ade1 situation ( w9d[s1 avoid+ a curr5t1 c41 %\ld be ! same z 9 ! *eese-dairy4 ,to prev5t ! ta/e ( turnips or o!r food ( c[s 9 milk & butt]1 put "o qu>t ( hot wat] into eight qu>ts ( ! milk j drawn f ! c[1 & /ra9 x at once4 ,x has be5 rec5tly decl>$1 by intellig5t f>m]s1 t if y fe$ ! turnips to c[s imm$iately aft] milk+1 ! next milk+1 twelve h\rs aft] fe$+ ! roots1 w be free f _! ta/e or odor4 ,! easie/ rem$y is ! boil+ wat]4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,fruits4 ,t !re are in/ances ( decid$ decl9e 9 ! quality ( fruits is c]ta94 ,b on ! causes ( ^? *anges pomologi/s d n agree4 ,"o !ory is1 t fruits1 l animals & vegetables ( =m] ages1 may decl9e & f9ally become ext9ct4 ,%\ld ?is !ory be e/abli%$1 ! decl5sion w\ld be s gradual t a c5tury w\ld make no p]ceptible *ange4 ,b we d n cr$it ! !ory1 ev5 z appli$ to =m] geological p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( our globe4 ,! *anges ( pa/ ages1 z reveal$ 9 geology1 h be5 br\ght ab\t1 n gradually1 b by great convulsions ( nature1 su* z volcanoes1 or ! deluge1 t result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! old ord] ( ?+s1 & 9 a new creation4 ,! true !ory ( ?is decl5sion ( v>ieties ( fruits1 is1 t x is ! result ( repeat$ budd+ ^u unheal?y /ocks1 & ( neglect & improp] cultivation4 ,apply ! specific manures--t is1 ^? p>ticul>ly dem&$ by a giv5 fruit--prune prop]ly1 mul* well1 & bud or graft only on heal?y se$l+ /ocks ( ! same k9d1 &1 in/ead ( decl5sion1 we may expect our be/ fruits to improve con/antly1 9 quality & quantity4 ,,dill4 ,an h]b1 native 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & on ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x is gr[n1 p>ticul>ly at ! ,s\?1 z a m$ic9al h]b4 ,! leaves are sometimes us$ = cul9>y purposes2 b x is pr9cipally cultivat$ = its %>p aromatic se$1 us$ = flatul5ce & colic 9 infants1 & put into pickl$ cucumb]s to height5 ! flavor4 ,! se$s may be s[n e>ly 9 ! spr+1 or at ! "t ( rip5+4 ,a light soil is be/4 ,cle> ( we$s1 & ?9 9 ! r[s1 are ! conditions ( success4 ,,dra9s4 ,dra9s are ( two k9ds--"u-dra9s & surface-dra9s4 ,! latt] are simply op5 dit*es to c>ry (f surface-wat]1 t might o!rwise /& long en\gh to de/roy ! prospective crop4 ,^! are frequ5tly useful along at ! foot ( hills1 :5 !y %\ld be proportion$ to ! ext5t ( ! surface above !m4 ,!y are also v useful on l[1 level mead[-l&s4 ,prop]ly con/ruct$1 !y w reclaim l[ swamps1 & make !m excell5t l&4 ,millions ( acres ( l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z good z any we h1 are ly+ useless1 & spread+ pe/il5ce ar\nd1 t by ?is simple me?od ( dit*+ might be turn$ to mo/ pr(itable acc\nt4 ,! direction ( ^! dra9s %\ld be det]m9$ by ! %ape ( ! l& to be dra9$ by !m--/raight :5ev] !y w answ] ! purpose1 b crook$ :5 !y w d bett]4 ,on l[ & v level l&1 !y %\ld be n m ?an five rods ap>t2 !y %\ld be ?ree times z wide at ! top z !y are at ! bottom1 & z deep z ! wid? at ! top2 made s slant+1 ! sides w n fall 92--!y %\ld be s %ap$ z to all[ only a v g5tle fl[ ( ! wat]3 if x fl[s too rapidly1 x w wa% d[n ! sides1 & ob/ruct ! dit*1 & wa/e ! l&4 ,excavations = "u-dra9+ are made 9 ! same way1 only ! top ne$ n be s mu* wid] ?an ! bottom2 x w\ld be a wa/e ( labor 9 excavat+ a useless quantity ( e>?4 ,!re are f\r me?ods ( fill+ up ! dit*1 viz41 ) bru%2 ) small /ones ?r[n 9 promiscu\sly2 ) a ?roat laid 9 ! bottom & fill$ ) small /ones2 & ) a ?roat made ( tile f ! pott]y4 ,9 all cases1 t ) :i* ! dit* is fill$ mu/ n come s ne> ! surface z to be rea*$ by ! pl[4 ,bru%1 put 9 gre5 & cov]$ ) /raw or leaves1 w answ] a good purpose = sev]al ye>s1 & may be us$ :]e small /ones c n easily be obta9$4 ,! tile is m exp5sive ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & n s good z ! /ones2 x is s tight t ! wat] does n ent] x s readily2 & if by any *ance dirt gets into ! ?roat1 x ob/ructs x1 & !re is no o!r *annel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c pass (f4 ,small /ones ?r[n 9 promiscu\sly s]ve a good purpose = a long "t1 if !y be cov]$ ) /raw or corn/alks be=e ! e>? is put 94 ,b ! be/ me?od is to make a ?roat1 six in*es squ>e1 9 ! bottom ( ! dra91 lay+ ! l>ge /ones ov] ! top ( x1 & fill+ 9 ! small /ones above1 & cov]+ ) /raw2--! wat] w f9d its way into ! ?roat ?r\gh ! num]\s op5+s2 & if ! ?roat %\ld ev] be fill$1 ! wat] c\ld /ill pass (f betwe5 ! small /ones above4 ,su* dra9s w la/ _m ye>s1 & add "o half to ! products ( all wet spr+y l&4 ,! e>? ov] ! new dra9 %\ld be six in*es high] ?an ! surface ( ! field1 t1 :5 well settl$1 x may be level4 ,leave no places op5 = surface-wat] to run 92 t w\ld soon fill up & ru9 a dra94 ,dra9s made to c>ry (f spr+-wat] are (t5 useless by be+ 9 a wrong location4 ,spr+s come out ne> ! foot ( ris+ gr\nd4 ,j :]e !y come out %\ld be ! location ( ! dra91 :i* w\ld !n c>ry (f ! wat] & prev5t x f saturat+ & *ill+ ! soil 9 ! field bel[4 ,_m p]sons locate _! dit* d[n 9 ! c5tre ( ! wet level bel[ ! rise ( gr\nd2 ?is is ( no use to ! surface above1 to ! po9t :]e ! wat] spr+s4 ,locate ! dra9 j at ! po9t :]e ! l& beg9s to be unduly wet4 ,on v wet1 level l&1 a small dra9 may also be ne$$ bel[ ! fir/ & ma9 "o4 ,! co/ ( a cov]$ dra9 z describ$ above w be f fifty to sev5ty-five c5ts p] rod1 & an uncov]$ "o w co/ f tw5ty to ?irty c5ts4 ,:5 y h l[ swamps to dra91 y c realize m ?an ! co/ ( dra9+1 by c>t+ ! excavations ^u o!r l&1 or into ! b>ny>d z mat]ial = compo/4 ,p]haps no exp5diture1 on l& ne$+ x1 pays s well z ?or\gh dra9+4 ,x is important1 = all fruit-or*>ds on l[ l&1 to put a dra9 ?r\gh "u ea* r[ ( trees3 x is indisp5sable to *]ries1 & highly favorable to all o!r fruits4 ,,ducks4 ,!re are a numb] ( v>ieties1 ! wild ,black ,spani%1 ! ,canvass-,back1 & ! ord9>y little duck ( ! f>my>d1 are all good4 ,! common duck is ! only "o we recomm5d = ! ,am]ican p\ltry-y>d4 ,a close pa/ure1 includ+ a rivulet1 or a small /ream ( wat]1 af=ds facilities = rais+ ducks at a *eap rate4 ,f "o hundr$ to "o ?\s& ducks may be rais$ 9 su* an enclosure ( an acre or two1 q pr(itably4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( grass1 !y w /ill ne$ a little gra94 ,9 ! w9t] ! *eape/ fe$ is beets or potatoes cut f9e1 ) a v little gra94 ,ea* duck1 well kept1 w lay f fifty to "o hundr$ eggs1 l>g] ?an h5's eggs1 & ab\t z good = cook+ purposes4 ,!y may be pick$ z geese1 = live fea!rs1 ?\gh n q s frequ5tly4 ,! fea!rs w ne>ly pay = keep+1 leav+ ! eggs & increase z pr(it4 ,,dw>f+4 ,?is has "s advantages 9 its application to fruit-trees4 ,x w enable ! cultivator to raise m fruit on a small plat ( gr\nd1 to get fruit mu* e>li] ?an f /&>d trees1 & sometimes1 ) high cultivation1 ! fruit w be l>g]4 ,dw>f+ is done by graft+ into small sl[-gr[+ /ocks4 ,almo/ all fruits h su* k9ds4 ,graft+ into o!r /ocks1 z ! pe> into ! =eign qu9ce1 is a v effectual me?od4 ,! ,p>adise /ock = ! apple1 ! ,canada & o!r sl[-gr[+ /ocks = ! plum1 ! dw>f wild *]ry ( ,europe & ! ,mahaleb = *]ries4 ,dw>fs produc$ by graft+ ^u o!r /ocks are %ort-liv$1 comp>$ ) /&>ds ( ! same v>ieties4 ,!y %\ld only be us$ to economize room1 to te/ v>ieties1 & produce fruit :ile /&>ds are com+ into be>+4 ,bett] & mu* long]-liv$ dw>fs may be produc$ by frequ5t transplant+1 ?or\gh trimm+ ( ! roots1 & repeat$ head+-94 ,! fruit on su* dw>fs mu/ be well ?9n$ out :5 "y1 or x w be small] ?an is natural4 ,! effect ( head+ 9 is to cause ! sap to mature an abundance ( fruit-buds4 ,?is w tax ! tree too mu*1 unless !y be well ?9n$ out4 ,root-prun+ is an effectual me?od ( dw>f+ 7see ,prun+74 ,dw>f+ by root-prun+1 repeat$ transplant+1 & ?or\gh head+-91 w n r5d] ! trees v %ort-liv$1 & 9 _m situations x is pr(itable4 ,! same is true ( ! dw>f pe> on ! qu9ce4 ,all o!r dw>f+ is m = ! amateur ?an ! utilit>ian4 ,,e>ly ,,fruits ,,& ,,vegetables ,are (t5 consid]$ a great luxury1 & always comm& a high price4 ,e>ly vegetables are secur$ by hotb$s & ! v>i\s me?ods ( =c+1 z giv5 "u ! diff]5t species4 ,e>ly fruits are obta9$ by dw>f+1 z giv5 on t subject4 ,location1 soil1 & mode ( cultivation1 also1 h mu* to d ) x4 ,w>m location1 f9ely-pulv]iz$ soil1 (t5 /irr$ & kept moi/1 w mat]ially %ort5 ! "t ( ! maturity ( fruits & vegetables4 ,se$s import$ f ! ,nor?1 :]e seasons are %ort]1 w mature e>li]4 ,ano!r means ( ha/5+ maturity is to plant successively1 f ye> to ye>1 ! v fir/ t rip5s2 ?is t5ds to dw>f 9 proportion z ! "t ( maturity is ha/5$4 ,9 ?is way su* dw>fs z ! little ,canada corn1 t w mature at ! ,s\? 9 six weeks1 h be5 produc$4 ,v>i\s e>ly plants1 z tomatoes1 cabbages1 pepp]s1 & egg-plants1 may be />t$ 9 boxes or fl[]-pots 9 ! h\se4 ,plant$ 9 ,febru>y "h1 or 9 ,janu>y 9 ! ,s\?1 !y w gr[ z well z h\se-plants1 & acquire consid]able size be=e x is "t to place !m 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,?is is conv5i5t = ^? :o h no hotb$s4 ,!y mu/ be kept f fro/1 & occasionally set out 9 a w>m day to h>d51 & !y w d well4 ,,egg ,,plant4 ,! :ite is m]ely ornam5tal4 ,! l>ge purple is "o ( ! greate/ luxuries ( ! vegetable g>d54 ,plant se$s 9 hotb$ at ! "t ( plant+ tomatoes or pepp]s4 ,set out 9 l& made v ri* ) /able-manure & decay$ =e/-leaves1 two feet & a half ap>t ea* way4 ,kept clean1 & e>!d up a little1 & ! bugs kept (f :ile ! plants are small1 !y w produce an abundance ( fruit4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( ! purple--l>ge prickly-/em purple1 gr[+ sometimes eight in*es 9 diamet]2 & ! long purple1 be>+ small]1 long fruit1 b a l>ge quantity1 & consid]ably e>li] ?an ! l>ge4 ,_m d n l !m at fir/2 b aft] ta/+ a few times1 almo/ all p]sons become v fond ( !m4 ,if n prop]ly cook$1 !y are n at all palatable4 ,al?\gh x belongs to ! cook-book1 yet1 to save ?is excell5t plant f condemnation1 we give a recipe = cook+ x4 ,x is fit = use f "o ?ird gr[n1 until ! se$s beg9 to turn4 ,)\t p>+1 cut ! fruit into slices "o ?ird ( an in* ?ick2 put x 9 a little wat] ) pl5ty ( salt1 & let x /& ov] night1 or six h\rs at lea/2 take x out1 & fry v s(t & br[n 9 butt] or fre% l>d--if n fri$ s(t & br[n1 x is disagreeable4 ,salt1 a%es1 & bon$u/1 or sup]phosphate ( lime1 are ! be/ manures1 z m ?an two ?irds ( ! fruit is made up ( pota%1 soda1 & phosphates1 z %[n by *emical analysis4 ,,eggs4 ,( ! quality ( eggs y c always judge correctly by look+ at !m t[>d ! light3 if !y are transluc5t !y are good2 if !y look d>k !y are old--or y may get a *ick51 :5 y only paid = an egg4 ,_m me?ods = pres]v+ eggs are recomm5d$4 ,pack$ away 9 f9e salt !y w keep1 b1 l salt meat1 h n ! same flavor z fre%4 ,set !m on _! small ends 9 a tight cask1 & fill x ) pure lime-wat]1 & !y w keep1 b x *anges _! flavor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v common me?od4 ,! be/ way kn[n to u1 is to pack fre% eggs d[n 9 ,indian meal1 all[+ no two to t\* ea* o!r4 ,keep v dry 9 a cool cell>1 & !y w rema9 = mon?s un*ang$4 ,,eld]b]ry4 ,?is is a heal?y b]ry1 dri$ & us$ = mak+ pies1 especially mix$ ) "s o!r fruit4 ,! blossoms are mu* us$ z m$ic9e = small *ildr54 ,! common sweet eld] is ! only k9d cultivat$4 ,! e>li] r$ are (f5sive & poison\s4 ,!y are easily gr[n on r\gh wa/e l&1 or 9 any situation y pref]4 ,( ?is b]ry is made a w9e1 sup]ior 9 flavor & effect to any port w9e n[ to be obta9$ 9 m>ket2 x has _h ! pref]5ce among ! be/ judges 9 ! c\ntry2--x is fa/ com+ into notice & cultivation4 ,! w9e is s entirely sup]ior to ! poison\s sub/ances ( t "n 9 comm]ce1 t x w\ld be well = e neighborhood to make en\gh = _! sick4 ,! process is sure & easily intelligible to all4 7,see article ,w9e47 ,,endive4 ,?is is a well-kn[n w9t]-lettuce4 ,s[ f ,july to ,septemb]1 accord+ to latitude4 ,x %\ld come into maturity at ! "t ( ! fir/ sm>t fro/s4 ,to get beautiful1 :ite1 t5d] bun*es1 !y %\ld be ti$ up :5 ! leaves are ab\t six in*es long4 ,:5 fro/ comes1 protect by cov]+4 ,9 v cold climates1 place x 9 ! cell>1 ) ! roots 9 moi/ e>?1 & x w keep = a long "t4 ,x w n be ext5sively us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = s\ps & /ews1 z x is 9 ,europe2 & b few ( ! ,am]ican p c>e mu* ab\t w9t]-lettuce4 ,?is is ! be/ v>iety ( lettuce1 except = ^? :o h hot-h\ses & att5d to w9t]-g>d5+4 ,!y w pref] ! o!r f9] v>ieties4 ,!re are two v>ieties ( endive cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry3 gre5 curl$1 :i* is ! mo/ common1 & us$ pr9cipally z a salad2 ! broad-leav$1 or ,batavian1 has ?ick] leaves & l>ge heads1 & is pr9cipally us$ 9 /ews & s\ps4 ,/ill ano!r v>iety1 call$ succory1 :i* is us$ to "s ext5t 9 ,europe z a w9t]-salad1 b is cultivat$ ma9ly = ! root4 ,x is dri$ & gr\nd to mix ) c(fee3 "s consid] x q z good4 ,?is is m cultivat$ at ! ,s\? ?an at ! ,nor?--_! w9t]s are mu* bett] adapt$ to x4 ,! m$ic9al virtues ( ?is plant are ne>ly equal to ^? ( ! d&elion4 ,:5 x is blea*$1 by ty+ or e>?+ up1 ! bitt]ness is remov$1 & ! ta/e is pleasant2 ?is mu/ be done :5 ! plants are dry1 or !y w rot4 ,plant !m 9 a sunny place & 9 a light soil4 ,,fe$+ ,,animals4 ,fe$ z ne>ly z possible at ! same h\rs4 ,all creatures d mu* bett] = be+ s f$4 ,d n fe$ dome/ic animals too mu*3 animals w be m heal?y1 gr[ fa/]1 & fatt5 bett]1 by be+ f$ almo/1 b n q z mu* z !y w eat4 ,giv+ food to lie by !m is poor economy2 always let !m eat x all up1 & desire a little m2--at ! same "t1 let x be rememb]$ t creatures kept v poorly = a consid]able "t1 especially :ile "y1 w nev] fully recov] f x4 ,?is is (t5 done "u ! idea ( keep+ !m *eap1 b x is de> keep+4 ,!y nev] c make z f9e animals aft]w>d4 ,all gra9s & vegetables1 except beets & turnips1 are bett] = be+ boil$ or /eam$4 ,! increas$ value is mu* m ?an ! co/ ( cook+1 provid$ p]sons are n s c>eless z to all[ food to be injur$ by /&+ aft] cook+4 ,cook+ is suppos$ to add "o f\r? to ! value ( food4 ,gr9d+ dry gra9s adds ne>ly z mu* to _! value1 z fe$ = animals1 z cook+4 ,if y nei!r gr9d nor boil h>d gra9 = fe$1 x w pay well to soak x some:at s(t be=e fe$+4 ,v>iety ( food is z pleasant & heal?y = animals z = m54 ,,f5ces4 ,^! are matt]s ( great importance to ! f>m]s ( ! :ole c\ntry1 b especially to ^? on ! prairies ( ! we/4 ,9 all localities :]e /one c be obta9$ f ! fields or qu>ry1 ! be/ & *eape/ f5ce is a /one wall4 ,if ! /ones are flat1 make ! wall two feet ?ick at bottom1 & "o at top1 five feet high4 ,if ! /ones are v irregul> ! wall %\ld be ?ick]4 ,/one walls %\ld h transv]se r[s ( %+les1 bo>ds1 or split /icks1 ab\t half an in* ?ick1 laid 9 ! wall at suitable di/ances4 ,if /ones are q flat ?ree r[s are desirable1 "o two1 ! next ?ree1 & ! o!r f\r feet f ! gr\nd4 ,if ! wall is made ( r\gh /ones x w require "o m c\rse ( /icks1 leav+ !m only a foot ap>t4 ,! /icks %\ld be ( su* l5g?s z to come out j ev5 ) ! wall1 on ea* side4 ,! l[] c\rses w be long] ?an ! upp] ones4 ,^! /icks are to keep ! wall f fall+ d[n4 ,dig a dit* "o foot deep1 two feet f ! wall1 & ?r[ ! e>? excavat$ up aga9/ ! wall1 & ! wat] w run (f & prev5t heav+ by fro/1 & su* a wall w ne$ ! m]e/ trifle ( att5tion dur+ a g5]ation1 & w la/ = c5turies4 ,a cord ( /ones w make "o rod4 ,we c n too /rongly recomm5d ?is k9d ( f5ce1 9 all places :]e /ones c be obta9$ reasonably4 ,! pieces ( wood laid 9 a wall1 w keep well = ?irty ye>s1 :5 !y w ne$ replac+4 ,next to /one is a good bo>d f5ce4 ,well made & ( good mat]ials1 x is durable & always 9 its place4 ,h5ce x is a *eap f5ce4 ,( ! v>i\s /yles ( picket1 & o!r fancy f5ces = front y>ds1 c41 x is m ! prov9ce ( ! ar*itect or ! me*anic to treat4 ,/yles v>y & are con/antly increas+ 9 numb]4 ,! great po9t to be secur$ 9 all su*1 to r5d] !m mo/ durable1 is to h ! smalle/ possible po9ts ( contact4 ,a picket f5ce ) horizontal base %\ld nev] h ! pickets /&+ on ! base bo>d4 ,!y %\ld be sep>at$1 f "o qu>t] to "o half an in*4 ,a good /yle = villages1 is a cap1 wat] tight1 & wide en\gh to cov] ! ends ( ! po/s & pickets ) a neat little cornice4 ,x looks well & is v durable4 ,9 all localities :]e timb] is n too valuable1 a *eap & sub/antial f5ce is made ( split rails4 ,! crook$ rail-f5ce1 ) /akes & rid]s1 is well kn[n4 ,also t ) upright /akes & caps1 :i* is decid$ly pref]able4 ,x w /& mu* long]1 & ! /akes are out ( ! way4 ,no f>m] %\ld ev] risk 8 crop ) a rail-f5ce )\t /akes4 ,b ! be/ ( all rail-f5ces1 is t made ( po/s & rails4 ,! rails are put 9 z b>s1 b s firmly t ! f5ce c n be tak5 d[n1 )\t comm5c+ at ! end4 ,:]e c$> or locu/ po/s1 & oak or c$> rails c be obta9$1 a f5ce may be made t w n get out ( repair = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,no creature c te> x d[n1 = human h&s c n take x d[n )\t tools1 or )\t comm5c+ at ! end4 ,?is is consid]$ exp5sive4 ,b z ! f>m] may prep>e 8 po/s & rails 9 w9t]1 & x w require no att5tion to keep x up1 & is v durable & p]fectly effectual aga9/ cattle1 x is an economical f5ce4 ,= h$ges1 see t article4 ,,f5nel4 ,?is is a h>dy p]5nial plant ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 & belongs to bo? ! cul9>y & ! m$ic9al dep>tm5ts4 ,x gr[s well on almo/ any soil1 & is propagat$ by se$s1 (f%oots1 or by p>t+ ! roots4 ,x is mu* incl9$ to spread4 ,a few roots1 kept )9 reasonable b\nds1 are en\gh = a family4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 ,europe = s\ps1 salads1 & g>ni%es4 ,! ,italians treat x z cel]y4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is mo/ly us$ m$ic9ally4 ,x is /imulant & c>m9ative4 ,v b5eficial to *ildr5 9 cases ( flatul5cy & colic4 ,,figs4 ,illu/ration ,?is fruit is native 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,asia3 h5ce1 ! cold w9t]s ( ! ,middle1 ,nor!rn1 & ,we/]n /ates1 & ( ,canada1 w\ld de/roy ! trees 9 ! op5 air )\t protection4 ,b z ! trees are l[-gr[+ %rubs1 !y may easily be protect$ ei!r 9 cell>s1 gre5h\ses1 or ! op5 air1 & uncov]$ or plant$ out 9 ! beg9n+ ( w>m wea!r4 ,frequ5t removals & transplant+s injure ! fig less ?an any o!r fruit1 & our summ]s are long en\gh to produce l>ge crops ( excell5t figs4 ,9 ,new ,engl& !y are rais$ 9 tubs1 set out ( ! cell> 9 spr+1 & produce l>gely4 ,s\? ( ,virg9ia1 ! fig is h>dy1 & may be cultivat$ ) pr(it 9 ! op5 air4 ,! be/ me?od ( rais+ all k9ds ( fruit1 9 climates :]e ! w9t]s are too cold = !m1 is to build a wall twelve feet high on "o side1 & six feet on ! o!r1 ) ! ends clos$1 & cov] x ) glass fac+ ! s\?4 ,?is %\ld only be kept w>m en\gh to prev5t freez+1 :i* w\ld require only a small outlay4 ,m5 ( mod]ate means might ?us h oranges1 lemons1 figs1 c41 ( _! own rais+4 ,9 all except our colde/ latitudes1 su* fruits might be rais$ at a pr(it4 ,soil4--,! be/ is a deep1 ri* loam1 ) a dry subsoil4 ,propagation is by lay]s & cutt+s4 ,! latt] %\ld be tak5 (f 9 ! spr+1 be ( la/ ye>'s gr[?1 ) half an in* ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?3 !y take root bett]4 ,v>ieties are num]\s1 & names unc]ta94 ,:ite1 9 8 ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\?1 says1 "s ( ! be/ v>ieties are n 9 ! books1 or s imp]fectly describ$ t !y c n be recognis$4 ,?is is true ( all ! fruits1 & h5ce our decision1 9 ?is "w1 n to attempt to describe fruits ) a view to _! id5tification4 ,z ?is fruit is m = ! ,s\? ?an ! ,nor?1 we give ! :ole ( ,:ite's li/1 z be+ adapt$ to ^? regions3-- #a1 ,brunswick2 #b1 ,br[n ,turkey2 #c1 ,br[n ,is*ia2 #d1 ,small ,br[n ,is*ia2 #e1 ,black ,g5oa2 #f1 ,cele/ial2 #g1 ,common ,blue2 #h1 ,r\nd ,:ite1 ,common ,:ite1 ,lemon ,fig2 #i1 ,:ite ,g5oa1 ,:ite ,italian2 #aj1 ,n]ii2 #aa1 ,pregussatta2 #ab1 ,allicant2 #ac1 ,black ,is*ia2 #ad1 ,:ite ,is*ia4 ,^!1 ) a few o!rs1 are ^? describ$ 9 mo/ ( our fruit-books4 ,! catalogue ( ! ,london ,horticultural ,society enum]ates =ty-two v>ieties4 ,only a few ( !m h be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,any ( ^! v>ieties are good at ! ,s\?4 ,! five foll[+ are ! mo/ h>dy1 &1 be+ 9 all respects good1 are all we ne$ 9 our m nor!rn latitudes3-- #a4 ,brunswick4--,v h>dy1 productive1 & excell5t4 #b4 ,br[n ,turkey4--,! v h>die/1 & "o ( ! mo/ regul> & abundant be>]s4 #c4 ,black ,is*ia4--,be>s an abundance ( m$ium-siz$1 excell5t fruit1 v d>k-color$4 #d4 ,n]ii4--,said to be ! ri*e/ fig 9 ,brita93 f an acid mixture 9 its flavor1 x is exce$+ly delici\s4 #e4 ,cele/ial4--,?is may be ! ,malta ( ,d[n+4 ,"u :atev] "n1 ?\gh small1 x is "o ( ! v be/ figs gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= =c+ "u glass1 ! be/ are ! ,allicant & ,m>seilles4 ,) c>e1 ! fir/ ?ree ( ! above li/ may be rais$ 9 ! ,middle /ates1 )\t removal 9 w9t]4 ,any v>iety may be protect$ by b5d+ & ty+ d[n ! bran*es1 & cov]+ ) f\r in*es ( soil4 ,bel[ ,philadelphia1 a little /raw w be a suffici5t protection4 ,dri$ figs are an important article ( import into ?is c\ntry2 yet !y might be rais$ z pl5tifully & pr(itably 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,prune only to keep ! tree l[ & regul>4 ,! fig-tree is a great & regul> be>]1 only :5 ! wood makes too /rong a gr[?1 z x is some:at apt to d4 ,! rem$y is root-prun+4 ,cut (f1 on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 ! roots to half ! l5g? ( ! bran*es f ! tree1 & occasionally %ort5 ! bran*es a little1 & ! fruit w be abundant1 & n fall (f4 ,! rip5+ ( ! fruit may be ha/5$ & p]fect$ by putt+ a drop ( oil 9 ! blossom-end ( ea* fig4 ,?is is done by dipp+ ! end ( a /raw 9 oil1 & !n putt+ x into ! end ( ! fruit4 ,?is is ext5sively practis$ 9 ,france4 ,compo/1 conta9+ a pretty lib]al proportion ( lime1 is ! be/ manure = ! fig4 ,,fi%4 ,! cultivation ( fi% is attract+ mu* att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,! /udy & exp]im5ts ( sci5tific & practical m5 h e/abli%$ important facts ^u ?is subject4 ,fi% may be successfully cultivat$ :]ev] wat] c be conv5i5tly obta9$4 ,! creeks1 ponds1 & small riv]s ( our l& may be well /ock$ ) fi%4 ,fi% may be rais$ z a s\rce ( pr(it & luxury1 ) z mu* ease & c]ta9ty1 & at a mu* less exp5se ?an f[ls4 ,?is is s important to ! :ole p1 t x dem&s ! e>ne/ att5tion ( our /ate au?orities1 z x has engag$ t ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,france4 ,! species ( fi% be/ adapt$ to artificial culture1 9 p>ticul> climates & 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wat]1 h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,a man may "k :at fi% to put 9 8 wat]s1 z well z :at crops to put on 8 l&1 or :at /ocks on 8 f>m4 ,! foll[+ brief synopsis ( ! be/ me?ods ( cultivation w be suffici5t to insure success4 ,! fir/ requisite is suitable wat] = hat*+ eggs t h be5 artificially fecundat$1 & = ! occupancy ( fi% ( diff]5t ages1 & = diff]5t species ( fi%4 ,fi% ( diff]5t ages are mu* incl9$ to de/roy ea* o!r = food2 & h5ce1 9 ord] to multiply !m mo/ rapidly1 !y %\ld be kept 9 sep>ate ponds until consid]ably gr[n1 :5 !y w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,a spr+ s5d+ =? a rivulet ( cle> wat]1 & n subject to ov]fl[ 9 fre%ets1 is ! be/ location4 ,cle>1 cool wat] is ess5tial to ! tr\t1 :ile "s o!r fi% w d well 9 w>m & ev5 roily wat]4 ,! rivulet runn+ f ! spr+ %\ld be made to =m a succession ( ponds1 ?ree or f\r 9 numb]4 ,^! ponds %\ld be connect$ ) flumes made ( plank4 ,if ! space !y mu/ occupy be small1 make ! flumes zigzag1 to increase _! l5g?4 ,put across ^? flumes1 once 9 f\r or five feet1 a piece ( plank half z high z ! sides ( ! flume1 ) a not* cut 9 ! c5tre ( ! top1 t ! fi% may easily pass ov]3 ?is w af=d a succession ( little falls1 9 :i* ! tr\t v mu* delights4 ,^! diff]5t ponds are = ! occupancy ( fi% ( diff]5t ages1 "o age only inhabit+ "o pond4 ,! flumes %\ld h f\r in*es ( f9e & co>se gravel 9 ! bottom1 mak+ ! mo/ p]fect spawn+-gr\nd4 ,al?\gh y w\ld n wi% ! female-tr\t to deposite h] eggs 9 ! natural way1 b w extrude !m by ! h& 7z h]e9aft] direct$71 yet !y mu/ h ^! natural conv5i5ces1 or !y w n incl9e to spawn at all4 ,at ! upp] end ( ea* ( ^! flumes sep>at+ ! ponds1 !re %\ld be a gate ( wire-clo?1 to prev5t ! passage ( ! fi% f "o pond to ! o!r2 also "o at ! outlet ( ! l[] pond1 to prev5t egress ( ! fi%4 ,^! mu/ all be s arrang$ t fre%ets w n connect !m all toge!r4 ,:5 tr\t are ab\t to spawn 9 _! natural wat]s1 !y select a gravelly m>g91 & remove1 f a circle ( ab\t "o foot or two feet 9 diamet]1 all ! s$im5t1 leav+ only clean gravel1 among :i* !y deposite _! eggs1 :]e !y are hat*$4 ,!y want runn+ wat] ( ?ree or f\r in*es 9 dep? = ?is purpose4 ,a male & female occupy ea* ne/4 ,if left to !mselves1 !y w gradually increase2 b s _m ( _! eggs fail ( be+ fecundat$1 & s _m are de/roy$ be=e !y hat*1 by enemies1 & by ! collection ( s$im5t 9 ! ne/1 t ! numb] ( "y fi% is small comp>$ ) ! :ole numb] ( eggs deposit$4 ,artificial spawn+1 fecundation1 & hat*+1 are f> m productive4 ,! process is simple & easy3 :5 ! female-fi% fir/ beg9s to deposite h] eggs1 cat* h] ) a small net4 ,x c n be done ) bait1 = fi% w bite no?+ at ! "t ( spawn+4 ,we recollect1 (t5 :5 a boy1 ( try+ to cat* tr\t out ( ! brooks 9 ,octob]1 :]e we c\ld see l>ge1 beautiful fi%1 ly+ lazily 9 ! places f :i* we _h caught _m 9 ! summ]1 & put our bait c>efully on e side ( !m1 & !y w\ld n bite4 ,!n we knew n ! cause3 s9ce /udy+ ! habits ( fi%1 we h le>n$ t !y nev] w bite :ile spawn+2 ) tr\t1 ?is is done f ! #a/ to ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 "s few spawn+ till ! la/ ( ,novemb]4 ,hav+ caught two fi%1 male & female1 take ! female 9 "o h&1 & press h] abdom5 g5tly ) ! o!r h&1 gradually mov+ x d[nw>d1 & ! eggs w be easily extrud$1 & %\ld fall into an e>!n vessel ( pure wat]4 ,!n take ! male-fi%1 & g ?r\gh ! same process1 :i* w press out ! sp]matic fluid1 :i* %\ld be all[$ to fall into ! same vessel ) ! eggs2 /ir up ! :ole toge!r1 &1 aft] x has /ood fifte5 m9utes1 p\r (f ! wat]1 put 9 m & /ir x up1 & let x /& z be=e4 ,?is hav+ be5 done ?ree times1 ! eggs w be ?or\ghly fecundat$1 & are ready to be deposit$ 9 ! ne/s = hat*+4 ,if ! fi% are caught be=e ! "t ( beg9n+ to spawn1 ! eggs & ! sp]matic fluid w n be mature1 & w be only extrud$ by h>d press+1 & fail+ to be fecundat$1 ! eggs w p]i%4 ,! fluid f "o male w fecundate ! eggs ( half a doz5 females4 ,^! eggs may be hat*$ 9 ! flumes describ$ above1 ?\gh hat*+-boxes are pref]able4 ,! old fi% c be return$ to ! wat]1 & may live _m ye>s & produce ?\s&s ( fi%4 ,^! fi%1 c>efully treat$ & f$1 w become s tame z to eat out ( y\r h&1 l ! ,naiad ,que5 ( ,pr(essors ,ackley & ,g>lick1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,among all ! hat*+ app>atus we h se5 describ$1 we reg>d t ( ! above pr(essors at ,clevel& ! be/4 ,to ^! g5tlem5 ! c\ntry is mu* indebt$ = ! k d]iv$ f _! zeal & success 9 fi% culture4 ,at ! head ( a spr+ !y built a h\se eight by twelve feet2 9 ! end ( ! h\se t[>d ! spr+ !y made a tank f\r feet wide1 eight feet long1 & two feet deep2 ?is 0 made ( plank4 ,wat] ent]s ! tank ?r\gh a hole ne> ! top1 & escapes ?r\gh a simil> "o at ! o!r end1 & is receiv$ into a s]ies ( t5 successive boxes1 ea* "o a little l[] ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,^! boxes 7 eighte5 in*es long1 eight in*es wide1 & six in*es deep4 ,^! 7 fill$ to ! dep? ( two in*es ) clean s& & gravel4 ,! impregnat$ eggs 7 scatt]$ among ! gravel1 c>e be+ ex]cis$ n to h !m 9 piles or masses4 ,clean wat] is necess>y1 z ! s$im5t deposit$ by impure wat] is v de/ructive to ! eggs4 ,if x be se5 to be collect+1 x %\ld be remov$ by agitat+ ! wat] ) a goose-quill or s(t bru%1 & all[+ x to run (f2 cont9ue ?is till x runs cle>4 ,b !re is a me?od ( prev5t+ impurities 9 spr+-wat]1 t w be always effectual3 j ar\nd on ! upp] side ( ! spr+ make a tight f5ce two feet high1 & x w turn aside1 & cause to run ar\nd ! spr+1 all ! wat] t may fl[ d[n ! rise above 9 "t ( ra9s4 ,! h\se be+ ne> ! head1 !re w n wat] en\gh get into ! spr+1 9 any /orm1 to roil ! wat]4 ,on ! side ( ! boxes :]e ! wat] escapes %\ld be wire-clo?1 s f9e z n to all[ ! eggs to pass ?r\gh4 ,su* an app>atus w be p]fect4 ,?is great c>e is only necess>y = tr\t4 ,all o!r fi% wor?y ( cultivation1 w only ne$ spawn+-b$s on ! m>g9 ( _! pond4 ,a conv5i5t hat*+ app>atus is a numb] ( wick]-baskets1 f9e en\gh n to all[ ! eggs to pass ?r\gh1 set 9 a flume ( cle> runn+ wat]4 ,! me?od ( ,geh5 & ,remy1 ! great fi%-cultivators ( ,france1 ^: ef=ts & discov]ies h contribut$ m to ?is sci5ce ?an ^? ( any1 if n ( all o!r m51 0 to place ! eggs 9 z9c-boxes ( ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 hav+ a lid ov] !m--! top & sides ( ! boxes pi]c$ ) small holes1 smoo? on ! inside2 ^! boxes 7 p>tly fill$ ) clean s& & gravel1 & set 9 cle> runn+ wat]4 ,m4 ,co/a's me?od1 at ! college ( ,france1 is to arrange boxes 9 ! =m ( /eps1 ! top "o be+ suppli$ ) wat] by a f\nta91 & t pass+ f "o to ! o!r ?r\gh all ! s]ies1 & ! eggs plac$ on will[-hurdles in/ead ( gravel4 ,ano!r v simple me?od may be arrang$ 9 ! h\se4 ,x is a res]voir--a b>rel or cask--set p]haps two & a half feet f ! floor1 & a little hat*+ tr\gh a few in*es l[]1 into :i* wat] gradually runs ?r\gh a faucet1 f ! res]voir4 ,?is wat] runn+ ?r\gh ! hat*+-box1 escapes into a tub a little bel[4 ,:atev] plan be adopt$1 great c>e is necess>y 9 prev5t+ s$im5t f deposit+4 ,cleanl9ess is a pr9cipal condition ( success4 ,! eggs ( ! tr\t ?us fecundat$ & deposit$ 9 ,octob] or ,novemb] w hat* 9 ! spr+4 ,"y tr\t ne$ no fe$+ = a mon? aft] leav+ ! egg4 ,!re is a small bladd] or vesicle "u ! =e "p ( ! body1 :5 !y fir/ come out1 f :i* !y d]ive _! su/5ance4 ,aft] ?is disappe>s1 or at ! end ( ab\t a mon?1 !y %\ld be f$1 9 v small quantities4 ,too mu* w leave a portion to decay on ! bottom & injure ! wat]4 ,! be/ possible food 7except ! angle-worm7 is lean fle% ( animals1 boil$ & ha%$ f9e = ! "y fi%4 ,! fle% ( o!r k9ds ( fi%1 :5 !y are pl5ty & n v valuable1 w\ld be v good4 ,^! "y fi% %\ld be kept 9 ! fir/ pond until a ye> old4 ,!n let !m into ! second pond1 clos+ ! gate aft] !m1 to make room = ano!r brood 9 ! fir/ pond4 ,! next ye> let !m into ! ?ird1 & ^? into ! second t are n[ 9 ! fir/1 & s on till ! f\r?4 ,9 ! la/ pond1 ^? ( diff]5t ages w all be l>ge en\gh to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,b sometimes a tr\t two ye>s old is said to swall[ "o a ye> old4 ,b :5 !y get to be ?ree or f\r ye>s old1 ?is sort ( cannibalism ceases4 ,^! pr9ciples c be c>ri$ out 9 small /reams1 by con/ruct+ gates to keep sections sep>ate1 & by =m+ banks & wa/e ways = wat]1 ) wire gates s high1 t ! wat] w n ov]fl[ 9 fre%ets1 & c>ry ! fi% away4 ,9 tak+ tr\t use angle-worms or ! fly4 ,a f9e light-color$ small l9e is be/4 ,!y are v %y4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( o!r fi%1 beside ! tr\t1 t are well wor?y ( cultivation3-- ,black ,bass4--,:5 full gr[n1 ?is fi% is f twelve to eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"o ( ! bett] fi% = ! table1 & pr(itable to raise 9 a pond cov]+ n less ?an half an acre4 ,*ub1 be+ a v prolific little fi%1 may be kept 9 ! same pond z food = ! black bass & o!r l>ge fi%4 ,!y are v fond ( !m4 ,m9n[s are ! be/ bait = ^! fi%1 ?\gh !y w bite a troll+ hook ( any ord9>y k9d4 ,y may raise !m z giv5 = ! tr\t above1 or all[ !m to deposite _! eggs 9 spawn b$s ( _! own selection 9 _! pond4 ,!y w d well 9 wat] less pure ?an is dem&$ = ! tr\t4 ,:ite ,bass4--,n s l>ge z ! black bass4 ,seldom weighs m ?an two p\nds4 ,"o ( ! be/ = food4 ,?rives well 9 small ponds4 ,requires ! same treatm5t z ! prec$+4 ,spawns 9 ,may & hat*es soon4 ,easily caught1 z he is a great bit]1 at almo/ any bait4 ,grass ,bass or ,roa*4--,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! bass k9d1 & z a panfi% highly e/eem$4 ,x pref]s sluggi% wat]1 & h5ce is well adapt$ to small artificial ponds4 ,spawns 9 ,may4 ,may be treat$ z ! prec$+4 ,bites ! angle-worm well1 & sev]al o!r k9ds ( bait4 ,rock ,bass4--,a small fi% seldom rea*+ a p\nd 9 weight1 b is f9e & v easily rais$ 9 small ponds ( any k9d ( wat]4 ,spawns 9 ,may & may be treat$ 9 all respects z ! re/ ( ! bass family1 only x w fl\ri% well 9 q small ponds4 ,pick]el4--,is "o ( ! be/ ( fi%1 weighs f ?ree to fifte5 p\nds4 ,suitable only = l>ge ponds4 ,spawns e>ly 9 ! spr+ 9 ! m>%y edges ( sluggi% wat]4 ,! eggs may be procur$ & treat$ z ! tr\t1 only cold runn+ wat] is n necess>y4 ,be/ caught by troll+4 ,x is n a good fi% to raise ) o!rs1 z x is apt to eat !m up4 ,yell[ ,p]*4--,is ev]y:]e well kn[n z a beautiful little fre%-wat] fi%1 & good = ! table1 at all seasons :5 ! wat] is cool4 ,p]fectly h>dy & adapt$ to sluggi% wat]s1 x is "o ( ! be/ = artificial ponds4 ,treat l all ! prec$+2 or all[$ to take its own c\rse 9 ! pond1 x w increase rapidly4 ,sun-,fi%4--,r>ely weighs m ?an half a p\nd1 b is a good pan-fi%4 ,?is & ! grass bass & yell[ p]* may be put toge!r 9 ! same pond4 ,eels4--,may be cultivat$ ) great success 9 almo/ any wat]4 ,b we are s prejudic$ aga9/ !m1 nev] cons5t+ to ta/e "o1 t we c n speak 9 _! favor4 ,( ! me?ods ( introduc+ fi% into our riv]s & creeks1 f :i* !y h ne>ly all be5 tak5 by ! fi%]m51 x is n our design to treat4 ,t subject may be f\nd fully pres5t$ 9 treatises on fi% culture1 & %\ld comm& ! imm$iate att5tion ( ! au?orities 9 all ! /ates4 ,we h "h giv5 all t is necess>y to success among ! masses all ov] ! l&4 ,!re is h>dly a t[n%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,briti% prov9ces1 :]e good fi%-ponds might n be con/ruct$ s z to be a s\rce ( pr(it & luxury to ! inhabitants4 ,fi% are s c]ta9ly & easily rais$1 t ! practice ( cultivat+ !m %\ld be univ]sally adopt$4 ,transport+ fi% alive is some:at haz>d\s1 especially if !y be ( consid]able size4 ,! difficulty is greatly less5$ by keep+ ice 9 ! wat] ) ! fi%4 ,*ange wat] twice a day & keep ice 9 x1 & y may safely transport fi% ar\nd ! globe4 ,eggs ( fi% are be/ transport$ 9 boxes six in*es squ>e1 fill$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( s& & eggs scatt]$ ov]4 ,:5 full1 make q wet1 & fa/5 on ! cov]4 ,o!r me?ods are adopt$ :i* w be easily le>n$ ( ^? engag$ 9 ! trade4 ,,flax4 ,*ange ! se$ e season4 ,?is w greatly increase ! quantity1 & improve ! quality4 ,9 no?+ else is x m important4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! great flax-gr[+ c\ntry ( ! _w1 !y always s[ =eign se$ :5 x c be procur$4 ,am]ican se$ is pref]r$1 & br+s ! highe/ price4 ,exp]im5ts ) diff]5t se$s1 on v>ieties ( soils1 are mu* ne$$4 ,*ang+ f all ! soils & latitudes ( our c\ntry w\ld be useful4 ,! g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 z ) all se$s1 is to *ange f cold] to w>m] regions4 ,soils4--,! be/ are /rong alluvial soils4 ,any soil good = a g>d5 is good = flax4 ,z mu* clay z w all[ soil soon to become dry & easily to be made mell[1 is desirable2 black loam1 ) h>d1 poor clay-subsoil1 is also good4 ,mell[1 friable soils are n m important to any o!r crop ?an to flax4 ,l& mu/ n be work$ :5 too wet4 ,! l& %\ld be ri* f a previ\s ye>'s manur+4 ,salt1 lime1 a%es1 & pla/]1 are good applications to flax aft] x has come up4 ,on light soil ) bad tillage1 :5 ! flax 0 s poor t ! cultivator 0 ab\t to pl[ x up1 ! application ( ?ree bu%els ( pla/]1 9 ! morn+ :5 ! dew 0 on1 produc$ a l>g] yield ( bett] flax f an acre ?an adjo9+ gr[]s got f two acres ( _! be/ l&4 ,,fl[]s4 ,floriculture is an employm5t appropriate to all classes1 ages1 & conditions4 ,no y>d connect$ ) a dwell+ is complete )\t a fl[]-b$4 ,! cultivation ( fl[]s is em95tly promotive ( heal?1 ref9em5t ( mann]s1 & good ta/e4 ,con/ant famili>ity ) ! mo/ exquisite beauties ( nature mu/ ref9e ! feel+s & produce g5tl5ess ( _s4 ,association ) fl[]s %\ld be a "p ( e *ild's education4 ,_! cultivation is suitable = *ildr5 & "y ladies 9 all ! walks ( life4 ,h\se-plants1 & b\quets 9 sick-rooms1 are injuri\s2 _! influ5ce on ! atmosph]e ( ! rooms is unheal?y4 ,b ! cultivation ( fl[]s 9 ! g>d5 or y>d is 9 e way b5eficial4 ,we e>ne/ly recomm5d increas$ att5tion to fl[]s by ! :ole ,am]ican p4 ,! necess>y limits ( our article w all[ u to d b little m ?an to call att5tion to ! subject4 ,^? :o become int]e/$ w seek in=mation f "s ( ! num]\s works devot$ exclusively to ornam5tal fl[]s4 ,fl[]s %\ld be plant$ on r level l&1 t ! ra9s may n wa% (f ! se$s & f9e m\ld4 ,*oose a s\!rn or ea/]n exposure :5ev] practicable4 ,avoid1 z mu* z possible1 plant+ 9 ! %ade4 ,soil--,%\ld be a deep1 ri* m\ld1 nei!r too wet nor too dry1 & %\ld be enri*$ ) a little compo/1 e ye>4 ,s[+ ! ,se$s is a mo/ important matt] 9 cultivat+ fl[]s4 ,_m fail to come up1 solely on acc\nt ( improp] plant+4 ,! se$s ( mo/ fl[]s are v f9e & delicate4 ,plant$ 9 co>se e>?1 !y w n vegetate2 plant$ ne> ! surface 9 a dry "t1 !y usually p]i%4 ,x is be/ to cov] all small fl[]-se$s1 by sift+ f9e m\ld ^u !m2 & if ! wea!r does n d x1 use artificial means to keep ! soil suitably moi/ until ! se$s are fairly up4 ,/ir ! soil g5tly (t51 & keep out all we$s4 ,x is always be/ to plant ! se$s 9 r[s or hills1 ) small /akes to indicate _! location2 y c !n /ir ! gr\nd freely )\t de/roy+ !m4 ,fl[]s usually ne$ m wat]+ ?an mo/ o!r plants4 ,! usual application ( wat] to ! leaves by us+ a spr9kl] is injuri\s2 x may be bett] ?an no wat]+ at all1 b is ! wor/ way to apply wat]4 ,make a bas9 9 ! soil ne> ! plants1 & fill x ) wat]4 ,! selection ( suitable v>ieties = a small fl[]-g>d5 is q important4 ,we %all only m5tion a brief li/4 ,^? :o w\ld make ?is m ( a /udy1 are recomm5d$ to /udy ,breck's ,book ( ,fl[]s1 :i* is q z complete = ,am]ican cultivators z any?+ we h4 ,! pr9cipal divisions are1 bulb\s fl[]+ roots1 fl[]+ %rubs1 & fl[]+ h]bs--annual1 bi5nial1 & p]5nial--! fir/ blossom+ & dy+ ! ye> !y are s[n2 ! second blossom+ & dy+ ! second ye>1 )\t hav+ blossom$ ! fir/2 ! la/ blossom+1 & ! top dy+ d[n & com+ up ! next spr+1 = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,bulb\s ,fl[]+ ,roots4--,^! ne$ consid]able s& 9 _! soil4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 up aft] ! foliage is all dead1 & if !y are h>dy1 put ! soil 9 good condition1 & dry ! bulbs & reset !m1 & let !m rema9 ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,!y may ne$ slight protection1 by spread+ co>se /raw1 manure1 or =e/-leaves ov] !m late 9 ! fall2 b all ! m t5d] bulbs d bett] kept 9 s& until e>ly spr+4 ,! be/ li/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 = a small g>d51 is ! foll[+3 ! well-kn[n lilies1 ! tulips1 gladiolas1 hyac9?s1 ,f]>ia tigrida1 crocus1 n>cissus1 & jonquils4 ,fl[]+ ,%rubs4--,! foll[+ is a select small li/3 ,roses1 z l>ge a v>iety z y please1 out ( ! hundr$s kn[n2 fl[]+ almond1 ,indigo %rub1 wahoo or fire-%rub1 ! m\nta9-a%1 al!a1 sn[ball1 lilac1 fr+e-tree1 sn[-drop1 d\ble-fl[]+ pea*1 ,sib]ian crab1 ! smoke-tree1 or ,fr5* tree1 or ,v5itian suma*1 honeysuckle1 d\ble-fl[]+ *]ry4 ,! li/ ( beautiful h]bace\s fl[]s is v l5g?y4 ,we give only a few ( ^? mo/ easily rais$1 & mo/ %[y2 ! li/ is design$ only to aid ! inquiries ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) !m3 sup]b am>an?1 tri-color$ am>an?1 ,*9a & ,g]man a/ors--! latt] are v beautiful--,cant]bury bell1 c>nation p9ks 7great v>iety71 *rysan!mum 7_m v>ieties & spl5did until v late 9 autumn71 morn+ glory or convolvulus1 japonicas1 ,cupid's c>1 dahlias1 dw>f bu%1 morn+ bride or fad+ beauty1 fox-glove1 gold5 coreopsis 7we h rais$ a v>iety t prov$ bi5nial1 :i* 0 sup]b all ! season71 ice-plant1 l>kspur1 passion-fl[]1 peony1 sweet pea1 p9ks1 sweet-williams1 annual ,*9a p9k1 polyan?us 7a great beauty71 hyac9? bean1 sc>let-runn] bean1 poppy1 portalucca1 na/urtium1 m>igolds 7especially ! l>ge d\ble ,fr5*1 & ! velvet v>iegat$71 m>t9eau1 cypress v9e4 ,,f[ls4 ,we are glad to believe t ! h5 mania1 t has prevail$ s ext5sively dur+ ! la/ fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 has consid]ably abat$4 ,aft] all ! extravagant notions ab\t ! pr(its ( h5s %all h pass$ away1 ! tru? w be se5 to be ab\t ! foll[+3 ,e f>m] :o has consid]able wa/e gra9 ab\t1 & pl5ty m to supply ! defici5cy :5 ! f[ls %all h ga!r$ up all ! scatt]+s1 _h bett] keep a hundr$ h5s4 ,if he has s& & gravel1 & :eat-bran & lime = %ells1 )9 _! rea*1 & pl5ty ( fre% wat]1 !y w d well1 )\t mu* fur!r c>e1 9 mild wea!r4 ,9 cold wea!r 9 w9t]1 keep n m ?an =ty h5s toge!r1 9 a tight1 w>m place1 well v5tilat$2 give !m _! usual food1 ) burnt bones p\nd$ f9e & mix$ ) mu%1 giv5 w>m1 ) occasionally a little animal food & boil$ vegetables1 & !y w lay m ?an 9 summ]4 ,!y w lay all w9t] )\t be+ incl9$ to set4 ,e family1 :o w treat !m z above1 may pr(itably keep "o or two doz5 ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,mo/ p]sons :o und]take1 ) a few acres ( l&1 to keep f[ls z a bus9ess1 w lose by x4 ,a few only ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & c>eful c make money by x4 ,x may be *eape/ = "s p]sons to raise a few *ick5s = _! own use1 al?\gh !y co/ !m m ?an ! m>ket-price1 ?\gh x w\ld n be be/ to raise *ick5s 9 t way to sell4 ,b "s "o rais$ ! *ick5s 9 m>ket = ! m>ket-price1 & :y n ,i8 ,because1 !y rais$ a few t got fat on wa/e gra91 & y mu/ buy gra9 = y\rs1 & give m = x ?an y c get = y\r *ick5s4 ,:oev] w\ld make money by rais+ f[ls on a l>ge scale1 mu/ fir/ s]ve "s k9d ( an appr5tice%ip at x1 z 9 all o!r bus9ess4 ,get ?is exp]i5ce1 & le>n by exp]im5t ! *eape/ & mo/ pr(itable food1 & keep f five hundr$ to a ?\s& f[ls1 & a reasonable ?\gh n l>ge pr(it may be realiz$4 ,= /ore-f[ls1 boil$ vegetables & beets cut v f9e1 ) a little meal mix$ 91 are a good & *eap fe$4 ,:5 keep+ f[ls out-door 9 w>m wea!r1 keep no m ?an fifty toge!r1 & !m on n less ?an "o f\r? ( an acre ( l&4 ,! exp5sive h5-h\ses & artificial ne/s are mo/ly humbugs4 ,h _m places ( concealm5t ab\t1 :]e !y c make _! ne/s z !y please4 ,:5 a h5 beg9s to set1 remove h]1 ne/ & all1 to a y>d to :i* lay]s h no access1 & y ne$ h no difficulty ) h]4 ,set a h5 ne> ! gr\nd1 9 a dry place1 on fifte5 fre% eggs1 all put "u h] at once1 & !y w hat* ab\t ! same "t at ! end ( tw5ty days4 ,old h5s1 ( ! common k9d1 are be/ to set4 ,let !m h _! own way 9 ev]y?+ b runn+ 9 ! wet ) _! "y *ick5s--& t !y w n be mu* incl9$ to d if !y are well f$4 ,mu* is said ab\t ! diseases ( f[ls & _! rem$ies4 ,we h v little confid5ce 9 any ( x4 ,sick *ick5s w die unless !y get well4 ,"t sp5t 9 doctor+ !m does n g5]ally pay4 ,wormwood & tansy1 gr[+1 or ga!r$ & scatt]$1 or /eep$ & spr9kl$ ab\t ! premises occupi$ by h5s1 w protect !m f small v]m94 ,nev] give !m any?+ salt or s\r1 unless x be s\r milk4 ,! eggs ( ducks1 turkeys1 or geese1 may be hat*$ "u h5s4 ,"t1 ?irty days4 ,h5ce1 if put "u ) h5s' eggs1 !y mu/ be set t5 days e>li]1 t !y may all hat* at once4 ,fatt5+ *ick5s may be well done 9 six days1 by fe$+ rice1 boil$ r s(t 9 sweet skimm$ milk1 f$ pl5tifully ?ree times a day4 ,fe$ ^! 9 pans1 well clean$ be=e ea* meal1 & give only :at !y w eat up at once1 & desire a v little m4 ,put a little p\nd$ *>coal )9 _! rea*1 & a little rice-wat]1 milk1 or cle> wat]4 ,?is makes ! mo/ beautiful meal at a l[ price4 ,nev] fe$ a *ick5 = sixte5 or tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e kill+ x4 ,v>ieties or ,bre$s4--,?is has be5 matt] ( mu* speculation4 ,! result has be5 7:at 0 probably a ma9 object7 ! sale ( _m f[ls & eggs at exorbitant prices4 ,:5 *ick5s h sold at fifty doll>s p] pair1 & eggs at six doll>s a doz51 "s p]sons mu/ h made money1 :ile o!rs lo/ x4 ,yet1 !re is "s *oice 9 ! bre$ ( h5s4 ,! k9d makes less diff]5ce1 z f> z fle% is conc]n$1 ?an is usually imag9$4 ,x requires ab\t a giv5 quantity ( gra9 to make a c]ta9 am\nt ( fle%4 ,l>ge f[ls give u mu* l>g] weight ( fle% ?an small ones1 b !y also eat a mu* l>g] quantity ( gra94 ,l>ge f[ls are c]ta9ly l>ge eat]s4 ,! ?ree be/ lay]s are ! black ,pol&s1 ! ,malayas1 & ! ,%anghaes4 ,half-bloods1 by cross+ ) ! common f[l1 are bett] = ?is c\ntry ?an ei!r ( ! above1 pure4 ,f[ls are g5]ally improv$ by frequ5t cross+4 ,! be/ we h ev] _h1 = _! fle%1 we produc$ by putt+ a black ,pol& roo/] ) common h5s2 !y grew l>g] ?an ei!r1 & _! fle% 0 v f9e4 ,%anghaes & half-blood ,%anghaes h prov$ p]man5tly ! be/ lay]s we h ev] _h4 ,e>ly pullets make great fall & w9t] lay]s1 & late *ick5s are great lay]s 9 ! spr+1 :5 old] ones wi% to set4 ,ducks we h consid]$ 9 a sep>ate article4 ,we %all d ! same ) turkeys4 ,kill+1 dress+1 & prep>+ all f[ls = m>ket1 w be treat$ "u ! head ( ,p\ltry4 ,geese w also be consid]$ 9 ano!r place4 ,we %\ld give draw+s ( avi>ies1 b we consid] ^! g5]ally worse ?an useless1 z !y are usually con/ruct$4 ,an airy place = summ]1 & a w>m room = w9t]1 poles ) r\gh b>k on = roo/s1 & pl5ty ( fe$ & wat]1 s&1 gravel1 & lime1 w give abundant success4 ,,fruit4 ,! value ( fruit is n fully appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,z an article ( diet no?+ is m natural & heal?y4 ,! ,creator gave ?is to man = food1 :5 human nature1 physically1 0 9 its normal condition4 ,& :y meats h s9ce be5 all[$1 ,i "k n1 unless x be ! reason :y ,moses all[$ divorce 9 c]ta9 cases1 al?\gh x 0 n s 9 ! beg9n+1 viz41 ! h>dness ( _! he>ts4 ,:y ! /oma*1 ^u ! heal?y condition ( :i* all physical1 m5tal1 & moral functions s mat]ially dep5d1 %\ld be made ! receptacle ( dead animals1 & especially ^? s long dead1 z mu* ( ! meat (f]$ 9 m>ket1 x w\ld puzzle a philosoph] to tell4 ,b we w n write an elaborate article on ! heal?fulness ( a diet compos$ ma9ly ( milk1 fruits1 & vegetables4 ,suffice x to say t exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 z well z analysis & physiology1 unite 9 demon/rat+ t ripe fruits conta9 virtues1 t g f> t[>d prev5t+ ! ord9>y diseases ( m54 ,!y are good1 pla9 or cook$1 & = sick or well p]sons1 except 9 extreme cases4 ,!y regulate ! b[els & control ! secretions1 bett] ?an any o!r article ( food4 ,!y are s highly nutriti\s1 t !y su/a9 nature "u ardu\s toil1 bett] ?an ei!r meat1 f9e bread1 or ! ,iri% potato4 ,) prop] c>e ! fruits are *eap] ?an any o!r article ( food4 ,!y c be rais$ *eap] ?an corn or potatoes4 ,!y may be enjoy$ all ! ye>1 are pr(itable = m>ket1 & = food = animals4 ,,fruitfulness4 ,induc+ x 9 ,fruit-,trees4--,fruit-trees (t5 gr[ luxuriantly1 b be> no fruit1 or v little4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! evil may be rem$i$4 ,"o rem$y is %ort5+ 94 ,?is is done by cutt+ (f half ! pres5t ye>'s gr[? 9 ,july4 ,?is *ecks ! t5d5cy ( ! sap to promote s l>ge a gr[?1 & =ces x to mature blossom-buds = ! next season4 ,ano!r effectual means is to b5d d[n all ! pr9cipal bran*es & tie !m d[n4 ,?is has a great influ5ce 9 *eck+ excessive gr[? & =m+ fruit-buds4 ,frequ5t transplant+ has a t5d5cy also to induce fruitfulness4 ,root prun+ is "o ( ! be/ means ( secur+ ?is object4 ,lay b>e ! upp] roots & cut (f all ! l>g] ones two feet f ! tree4 ,?is w *eck excessive =mation ( wood & foliage1 r5d] ! wood firm1 & ! organic matt] ( ! sap w =m abundance ( fruit-buds4 ,^! me?ods w produce fruit 9 abundance on n9ete5 tw5tie?s ( b>r5 or poor-be>+ fruit-trees4 ,,g>d54 ,! g>d5 has be5 ! mo/ delightful abode ( man ev] s9ce 8 creation1 be=e & s9ce ! fall4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pleasant pa/imes1 = ladies & *ildr51 is g>d5+4 ,! fl[]1 vegetable1 & fruit dep>tm5ts are all pleasant & heal?ful4 ,situation ( a g>d5 is important4 ,?is v>ies ) climates4 ,9 a cold c\ntry ! w>me/ exposures are be/1 & 9 a hot climate select ! coole/4 ,a g>d5 comb9+ bo? is ! be/ possible4 ,! w>me/ exposure is good = e>ly vegetables1 & ! cool] & m %ady = ! ma9 crop4 ,mu* c be done to regulate ?is by f5ces & build+s4 ,!y w be w>m & e>ly on "o side1 & cool & late on ! o!r4 ,soil4--,a ri* loam is always be/4 ,to conv]t /iff clay1 or light s& & gravel1 into a good loam1 is an easy matt] on s small a plat z is usually devot$ to a g>d54 ,draw an abundance ( s& on clay-gr\nd1 pl[ deep & mix well1 & "o w9t]'s fro/ w s pulv]ize ! :ole t x w be 9 excell5t condition4 ,9 w>m climates1 ! incorporation ( ! s& ) ! clay is effect$ by frequ5t pl[+ & ra9s4 ,on s& & gravel draw pl5ty ( clay & loam1 if x c be easily procur$2 ?us x is easy to =m a good friable1 ret5tive loam1 adapt$ to e v>iety ( soil-culture4 ,decay$ wood & =e/-leaves are excell5t = g>d5-soils4 ,manure well2 b rememb] t x is possible to ov]fe$ ! soil ( a g>d51 s z to r5d] x unproductive4 ,deep pl[+ or spad+ is v important2 x is ! be/ possible rem$y = excessive dr\ght or unusual ra9s4 ,! wat] w n /& on ! surface :5 x fir/ falls1 & w be reta9$ long 9 ! soil = ! use ( ! plants4 ,! soil %\ld be v mell[4 ,pl[+ or spad+ too e>ly1 9 hope ( gett+ e>li] vegetables1 is (t5 a failure4 ,! e>li] ! bett]1 if y c pulv]ize ! soil2 o!rwise n4 ,pl[+ :5 cov]$ ) a heavy dew1 or :5 x ra9s g5tly1 is equal to a good coat ( manure4 ,a g>d5 %\ld be on level l& well dra9$2 if mu* incl9$1 ra9s w wa% (f ! be/ ( ! soil1 & de/roy _m se$s & plants4 ,no we$s %\ld be all[$ to gr[ to any consid]able size 9 a g>d54 ,e>ly & frequ5t hoe+s are important to success4 ,directions = ! cultivation ( ea* g>d5 vegetable & fruit are giv5 "u ea* ( ^? articles respectively4 ,me?ods ( g>d5+ at ! ,s\? & ! ,nor? v>y b little 9 ! ma9 articles4 ,at ! ,nor? we h to gu>d aga9/ too mu* cool wea!r1 & at ! ,s\? aga9/ too mu* heat4 ,"s vegetables t ne$ plant+ on ridges 9 ! ,nor?1 to obta9 m sun & heat1 %\ld be plant$ on level l& at ! ,s\?1 to gu>d aga9/ too mu* heat & dr\ght4 ,besides ?is1 ! ma9 diff]5ce is 9 ! "t ( plant+1 :i* v>ies m or less ) e degree ( latitude1 or e five hundr$ feet ( elevation4 ,h no fruit-trees 9 y\r vegetable or fruit g>d51 unless x may be a few dw>f-pe>s on ! qu9ce-/ock1 & ^! _h bett] be by !mselves4 ,! plan ( a g>d5 is a matt] ( ta/e1 & dep5ds mu* ^u its size & necess>y situation4 ,we pref] ornam5tal %rubs 9 front ( ! h\se1 ! fl[]s adjo9+ x & pass+ ! w9d[s ( ^? rooms t are con/antly occupi$1 & ! fruit-dep>tm5t 9 ! re> ( ! fl[]s1 :ile ! vegetable-g>d5 %\ld be at ! "r or left ( ! fruit1 & 9 ! re> ( ! kit*54 ,on ! o!r side ( ! h\se %\ld be ! l>g] fruit-trees1 ext5d+ back z f> z ! fruit & vegetable g>d51 & 9 ! re> ( x1 ! c>riage-h\se & o!r out-build+s4 ,! be/ f5ce is ( good wr\ght iron1 %>p & /rong en\gh to exclude all intrud]s4 ,:5 ?is c n be af=d$1 a good h$ge1 made ( ! plants be/ adapt$ to h$ges 9 y\r latitude1 is pref]r$2 next to ?is a good tight bo>d-f5ce4 ,all fruit-g>d5s %\ld h alleys1 eight or t5 feet wide1 )9 f\r rods ( ea* o!r1 to af=d space = c>t+ on manures1 c4 ,a vegetable-g>d5 ( "o acre %\ld h su* an alley ?r\gh ! c5tre ea* way1 ) a place 9 ! end1 opposite ! entrance1 to turn ar\nd a summ]-h\se1 arbor1 or tool-h\se4 ,"o rod f ! f5ce1 on all sides1 %\ld be an alley f\r or five feet wide2 o!r small alleys z conv5i5ce or ta/e may require4 ,! usual way is to s9k ! alleys ?ree or f\r in*es bel[ ! level ( ! b$s1 & cov] ) gravel1 tanb>k1 %ells1 c4 ,we /rongly recomm5d rais+ ! alleys 9 _! middle1 at lea/ f\r in*es above ! surface ( ! b$s4 ,! pa?s are always neat]1 & ! moi/ure is reta9$ = ! use ( ! plants4 ,excessive ra9s c be all[$ to pass (f4 ,?is mak+ alleys l[ sluice-ways = wat] is a great mi/ake 9 y>ds & g>d5s4 ,,g>lic4 ,?is is a h>dy p]5nial plant1 f ! s\? ( ,europe1 & has be5 9 cultivation1 z a g>d5 vegetable1 = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x is cultivat$ z ! onion1 & ne$s mu* a%es1 bon$u/1 & lime1 9 ! soil4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ 9 "s c\ntries1 9 s\ps4 ,x is b little us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 x is us$ at ! ,s\? z a m$ic9al h]b4 ,we "k ( no important use ( g>lic = :i* onions w n answ] z well1 & !re=e d n recomm5d g>lic z an ,am]ican g>d5 vegetable4 ,^? :o wi% to cultivate x w pursue ! same c\rse z 9 rais+ onions f sets4 ,?is w always be successful4 ,,ga!r+ ,,fruits4 ,?is is almo/ z important z prop] cultivation4 ,?is is especially true ( ! pe>4 ,_m cultivators raise inf]ior pe>s f trees ( ! v be/ v>ieties1 = want ( a correct k ( ! be/ me?ods ( ga!r+1 pres]v+1 & rip5+ ! fruit4 ,complete directions w be f\nd "u ea* fruit4 ,,geese4 ,f>m]s usually are oppos$ to keep+ geese1 believ+ !m to de/roy m ?an !y are wor?4 ,if y h a suitable place to keep !m1 !y may be pr(itable4 ,!y %\ld h a pa/ure ) a f5ce !y c n pass1 enclos+ a spr+1 pond1 or /ream4 ,!y d bett] to h a little gra9 ! ye> r\nd4 ,?is1 ) pl5ty ( grass 9 summ] & cut roots 9 w9t]1 w keep !m 9 f9e condition4 ,! fea!rs w pay ! co/ ( keep+1 leav+ ! increase & fea!rs ( ! "y z pr(it4 ,on an acre or two1 "o hundr$ geese may be kept1 & if ! proportion ( males & females be "r1 !y w yield a pr(it ( two doll>s ea*4 ,,gooseb]ry4 ,?is is a native ( ! nor? ( ,europe & ,asia1 f :i* all our f9e v>ieties h be5 produc$ by cultivation4 ,our own native v>ieties are n kn[n to h produc$ any v desirable ones4 ,probably ! zeal ( ! ,lanca%ire weav]s1 9 ,engl&1 w surpass all t ,am]icans w d = ! next c5tury 9 gooseb]ry culture4 ,!y publi% a small book annually1 giv+ an acc\nt ( new v>ieties4 ,! la/ catalogue ( ! ,london ,horticultural ,society m5tions "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e v>ieties1 z wor?y ( cultivation4 ,a few only %\ld receive att5tion among u4 ,gooseb]ries delight 9 cool & r moi/ situations4 ,!y d n fl\ri% s naturally s\? ( ,philadelphia2 ?\gh !y gr[ well 9 all ! m\nta9\s regions1 & may produce fair fruit 9 _m cool1 moi/ situations4 ,deep mul*+ is v b5eficial2 x pres]ves ! moi/ure1 & protects f excessive heat4 ,! l& mu/ be tr5*$ & manur$ deep4 ,9 ,novemb]1 cut out "o half ( ! top1 bo? old & new wood1 & a good crop ( f9e fruit may be expect$ ea* ye>1 = five or six ye>s1 :5 new bu%es %\ld take ! place ( old ones4 ,propagate by cutt+s ( ! la/ gr[?4 ,cut out all ! eyes1 bel[ ! surface1 :5 plant$4 ,plant six in*es deep 9 loam1 9 ! %ade4 ,press ! soil close ar\nd !m4 ,to prev5t mildew1 x is recomm5d$ to spr9kle lime or fl\r ( sulphur ov] ! foliage & fl[]s1 or "y fruit4 ,! fruit-books recomm5d ! be/ v>ieties1 & v op5 tops1 z n expos$ to mildew4 ,we recomm5d spread+ dry /raw1 or f9e *>coal1 on ! surface "u ! bu%es1 z a p]fect rem$y1 if ! top be n left too ?ick4 ,!re is no necessity = mildew on gooseb]ries4 ,! fall is mu* ! be/ season = trimm+1 ?\gh e>ly spr+ w d4 ,v>ieties are divid$ into r$1 gre51 :ite1 & yell[4 ,^! are subdivid$ into hundr$s ( o!rs1 ) names entirely arbitr>y4 ,! foll[+ are ! be/ v>ieties1 g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry3-- #a4 ,h\ghton's ,se$l+4--,flavor1 sup]ior2 sk91 ?9 & t5d]2 color1 r$di%-br[n4 ,prodigi\s gr[] & be>]--none bett] kn[n4 ,free f mildew4 ,native ( ,massa*usetts4 #b4 ,r$ ,w>r+ton4--,lat] & l>g] ?an ! prec$+2 hangs long on ! bu% )\t crack+1 & improves 9 flavor4 #c4 ,woodw>d's ,:itesmi?--is "o ( ! be/ ( ! :ite v>ieties4 #d4 ,clewor?'s ,:ite ,lion4--,l>ge & late2 excell5t4 #e4 ,colli]'s ,jolly ,angl]--is a good gre5 gooseb]ry2 fruit l>ge1 excell5t1 & late4 #f4 ,e>ly ,gre5 ,hairy4--,v e>ly2 r small2 prolific4 #g4 ,bu]dsill's ,duckw+--is a good1 late1 yell[ gooseb]ry2 l>ge fruit1 & a f9e-gr[+ bu%4 #h4 ,prophets ,rockwood4--,v l>ge fruit ( excell5t quality1 rip5+ q e>ly4 ,! =ego+ li/1 giv+ two ( ea* ( ! f\r colors1 & e>ly & late1 are all1 we ?9k1 t ne$ be cultivat$4 ,_m m v>ieties1 ne>ly equall+ ! above1 may be select$2 b we are n aw>e t any improvem5t w\ld be made4 ,d[n+ gives ! foll[+ li/ = a g>d53-- ,r$4--,r$ ,w>r+ton1 ,companion1 ,cr[n ,bob1 ,london1 ,h\ghton's ,se$l+4 ,yell[4--,lead]1 ,yell[ ,ball1 ,ca?>9e1 ,gunn]4 ,:ite4--,woodw>d's ,:itesmi?1 ,fre$om1 ,taylor's ,bright ,v5us1 ,tally ,ho1 ,%eba ,que54 ,gre54--,pitma/on ,gre5 ,gage1 ,?ump]1 ,jolly ,angl]1 ,massey's ,he>t ( oak1 ,p>k9son's ,laurel4 ,?us y h ,d[n+'s au?ority2 8 li/ includes mo/ ( ^? we h recomm5d$ above4 ,! v>ieties are less important ?an 9 mo/ fruits1 provid$ only y get ! l>ge v>ieties ( ,engli% gooseb]ry4 ,prop] cultivation w insure success4 ,:oev] cultivates1 only tol]ably well1 ! ,h\ghton ,se$l+1 w be sure to raise good b]ries1 free f mildew4 ,,graft+4 ,?is is "o ( ! lead+ me?ods ( obta9+ su* fruits z we wi%1 on /ocks ( su* habits ( gr[? & degrees ( h>d9ess1 z we may desire4 ,! /ock w control1 9 "s degree1 ! gr[? ( ! scion1 b leave ! fruit ma9ly to its habits on its orig9al tree4 ,! advantages ( graft+ are pr9cipally ! foll[+3-- ,good v>ieties may be propagat$ v rapidly4 ,a s+le tree may produce a ?\s& annually1 = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,l>ge trees ( wor?less fruit may be *ang$ into any v>iety we please1 & 9 a v %ort "t be> abundantly4 ,fruits n easily multipli$ 9 any o!r way1 c be rapidly increas$ by graft+4 ,e>ly be>+ ( se$l+s c be secur$ by graft+ on be>+ trees4 ,t5d] & exotic v>ieties may be acclimat$ by graft+ into indig5\s /ocks4 ,fruit c be rais$ on an uncong5ial soil1 by graft+ into /ocks adapt$ to t soil4 ,sev]al v>ieties may be produc$ on ! same tree1 = ornam5t or economy ( room4 ,dw>fs ( any v>iety may be produc$ by graft+ on dw>f /ocks1 & we may ?us gr[ _m trees on a small space4 ,a sl[-gr[+ v>iety may be made to =m a l>ge top1 by graft+ into l>ge vigor\s-gr[+ /ocks4 ,we are enabl$ to c>ry v>ieties to any "p ( ! _w1 at a *eap rate1 z ! scions1 prop]ly done up1 may safely be c>ri$ ar\nd ! globe4 ,"t ( ,graft+4--,grafts may be made to live1 put 9 9 any mon? ( ! ye>1 b ! beg9n+ ( ! op5+ ( ! buds 9 spr+1 is ! pref]able season4 ,/one fruits %\ld be budd$2 & all fruits may be made to d well budd$4 ,budd+ is usually only practis$ on small trees1 :ile graft+ may be p]=m$ on trees ( any size4 ,cutt+ & pres]v+ ,scions4--,mature %oots ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[? are be/4 ,^? ( ! ye> be=e w also d4 ,!y may be cut at any "t f ,novemb] to "t ( sett+4 ,p]haps ! mon? ( ,febru>y is be/4 ,!y may be well pres]v$ 9 moi/ sawdu/ 9 tight boxes4 ,! m !re are toge!r ! bett] !y w keep4 ,!y keep bett] by be+ cut a little bel[ ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ ye>'s gr[?1 b x is m injuri\s to ! tree4 ,!y may be kept well 9 f9e s&1 moi/ & cool4 ,too mu* moi/ure is always injuri\s4 ,put ! l[] ends 9 %all[ wat]1 & !y w look v f9e1 b n "o ( !m w live4 ,scions cut 9 ! fall & buri$ six in*es deep 9 yell[ loam or f9e s&1 w keep well till next spr+4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( graft+ only two ( :i* des]ve p>ticul> att5tion4 ,^! are cleft-graft+ & tongue or splice graft+1 see figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,cleft-,graft+4 ,illu/ration3 ,tongue-,graft+4 ,cleft-,graft+ is p]=m$ 9 mo/ cases1 :5 scions are graft$ ^u /ocks mu* l>g] ?an !mselves4 ,x is too well kn[n to ne$ p>ticul> description4 ,tools %\ld be %>p1 & x %\ld be p]=m$ be=e ! b>k slips s easily z to be />t$ by splitt+ ! /ock4 ,x endang]s ! gr[? ( ! scions4 ,! requisite to success 9 all graft+1 is to h "s po9t ( actual contact1 betwe5 ! inside b>ks ( bo? ! scion & ! /ock4 ,?is is m c]ta9ly secur$ by caus+ ! scion to /& at a slight angle ) ! /ock4 ,tongue-,graft+ is g5]ally us$ 9 graft+ on small /ocks--se$l+s or roots4 ,) a %>p knife1 cut (f ! scion slant+ d[n1 & ! /ock slant+ up1 split ea* 9 ! c5tre1 & pu% "o 9 to ! o!r until ! b>ks meet1 & w9d ) ?ick pap] or ?9 musl91 ) graft+ wax on "o side4 ,?is is g5]ally us$ 9 root-graft+4 ,! "q ( root-graft+ has excit$ consid]able discussion rec5tly4 ,_m suppose x to produce unheal?y trees1 & t reta9+ ! v>iety is less c]ta9 ?an by o!r modes4 ,root-graft+ is a *eap & rapid means ( multiply+ trees1 & h5ce is greatly priz$ by nurs]y m54 ,practical cultivators ( ,ill9ois h assur$ u1 t x is impossible to produce good ,rhode ,isl& gre5+s 9 t /ate1 by root-graft+--t !y w n produce ! same v>iety4 ,we see no pr9ciple ^u :i* !y %\ld fail1 b w n und]take to settle ?is important "q4 ,= ourselves we pref] to use "o :ole /ock = ea* tree1 cutt+ x (f at ! gr\nd & graft+ !re4 ,graft+ ,composition or ,wax4--,"o "p beef's tall[1 two p>ts beeswax1 & f\r p>ts ros91 make ! be/4 ,h>d] or s(t]1 x is liable to be injur$ by ! wea!r4 ,w>m wea!r w melt x1 & cold w crack x4 ,melt ^! toge!r & p\r !m into cold wat]1 & pull & "w z %oemak]'s wax4 ,:5 us+1 x is to be kept 9 cool or w>m wat]1 z ! wea!r may dem&4 ,9 its application1 x is to be press$ closely ov] all ! w\nd made by saw+ & splitt+ ! limb1 & close ar\nd ! scions1 s z to exclude air & wat]4 ,clay is (t5 us$ = graft+1 b is n equal to wax4 ,y c use graft+ tools1 inv5t$ especially = ! purpose1 or a common saw1 mallet1 knife1 & w$ge4 ,,grapes4 ,^? cultivat$ s ext5sively 9 ,europe 7 natives ( ,p]sia--%[+ t !y may be acclimat$ f> f _! native home4 ,=eign grapes are n suitable = out-door culture 9 ?is c\ntry1 except a v few v>ieties1 :i* d well 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,! native grapes ( ?is c\ntry h produc$ "s excell5t v>ieties1 :i* are n[ 9 g5]al cultivation4 ,o!rs are beg9n+ to attract notice1 & se$l+s w probably multiply rapidly1 & great improvem5ts 9 our native grapes may be expect$4 ,! subject ( grape-culture des]ves greatly-increas$ att5tion4 ,to all palates ! grape is delici\s2 x is n only "o ( ! mo/ palatable articles ( diet1 b is m highly m$ic9al ?an any o!r fruit4 ,x is ! natural s\rce ( pure w9e4 ,pure w9e made ( grapes is only to be procur$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 by dome/ic manufacture4 ,probably n "o out ( a ?\s& gallons ( import$ w9es1 sold z pure1 conta9s a drop ( ! juice ( ! grape2--!y are manufactur$ ( poison\s drugs & ard5t spirits--g5]ally common :iskey4 ,a ,fr5* *emi/ discov]$ a me?od ( imitat+ f]m5t$ liquor )\t f]m5tation1 & di/ill$ spirits )\t di/illation4 ,8 process has be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 book =m1 & by subscription2 & :ile ^? books are unkn[n 9 ! book/ores1 !y are g5]ally possess$ by prom95t liquor deal]s2--& ! practice ( ^? secret arts is t]ribly dang]\s to ! community4 ,antec$5t to ?is *emical manufacture ( poison\s liquors1 su* a disease z delirium trem5s 0 unkn[n4 ,?us ! ,fr5*man's discov]y fill$ ! liquor-sell]s' pockets ) ca%1 & ! l& ) m\rn+1 ov] frequ5t dea?s by a disease1 ! horror ( :i* is equall$ only by hydrophobia4 ,9 self-def5ce1 all %\ld give up ! use ( ev]y?+ purport+ to be import$ w9es or liquors4 ,w9e %\ld n be us$ z a common bev]age by ! heal?y4 ,! be/ m$ical au?ority 9 ! _w has pron\nc$ x absolutely injuri\s4 ,b 9 _m cases ( sickness1 especially 9 convalesc5ce f fev]s1 x is "o ( ! v be/ articles t c be us$2 h5ce1 a pure article1 ( dome/ic manufacture1 %\ld be accessible to all ! sick4 7,see our article on ,w9e47 ,! luxury ( good grapes c be enjoy$ by e family 9 ! l& :o h a y>d tw5ty feet squ>e4 ,9 ! cities1 almo/ e h\se may h a grapev9e or two :]e no?+ else w\ld gr[4 ,all[ a v9e to run up trellis-"w 9 ! re> ( ! h\se1 & ov] ! ro( ( a w+1 or re>-"p1 rais$ two feet above ! ro(1 support$ by a rack4 ,9 su* situations !y w be> bett] ?an else:]e1 w be out ( ! way1 & decid$ly ornam5tal4 ,9 su* small y>ds1 f five to tw5ty-five bu%els h (t5 gr[n 9 a season4 ,"s climates & soils are mu* bett] suit$ to grape-culture ?an o!rs4 ,b we h v>ieties t w fl\ri% :]ev] ,indian corn w mature4 ,location4--,= v9ey>ds1 ! sides ( hills are usually *os51 sometimes = ! purpose ( a w>m exposure1 b g5]ally to secure ! mo/ p]fect dra9age4 ,a nor!rn exposure is pref]able = all v>ieties adapt$ to ! climate4 ,to mature late v>ieties1 *oose a s\!rn or ea/]n exposure4 ,soil4--,gravelly1 ) a little s&1 on a dry subsoil1 is pref]able1 ?\gh good grapes may be gr[n ^u any l& ^u :i* wat] w n /&4 ,grapes always ne$ mu* lime4 ,if ! v9ey>d is n locat$ on calc>e\s soil1 lime mu/ be lib]ally suppli$1 especially = w9e-mak+4 ,a dry subsoil1 or ?or\gh dra9+1 is indisp5sable to successful grape-culture4 ,we pref] level l&1 :]ev] ?or\gh dra9+ is practicable4 ,propagation4--,*oice grapes are propagat$ by grafts1 lay]s1 or cutt+s4 ,new ones are produc$ f se$s4 ,! m k9ds t are cultivat$ toge!r1 ! great] w be ! v>ieties rais$ f _! se$s1 by cross-f]tilization 9 ! blossoms4 ,a small grape cross$ ) a l>ge "o1 or an e>ly ) a late "o1 or two ( diff]5t flavors1 w produce m$iums betwe5 !m4 ,se$s %\ld be clean$1 & plant$ 9 ! fall1 or kept 9 s& till spr+4 ,9 ! fall1 cov] up ! "y v9es4 ,! second or ?ird ye>1 ! "y v9es %\ld be set 9 ! places :]e !y are design$ to rema94 ,by ef=ts to get new v>ieties1 we may adapt !m to e latitude1 f ! gulf ( ,mexico to ,pemb9a4 ,lay]s4--,^! produce l>ge v9es & abundance ( fruit e>li] ?an any o!r me?od ( propagation4 ,put d[n old wood 9 ,may or e>ly ,june1 & new wood a mon? lat]2 fa/5 d[n ) pegs hav+ a hook to hold ! v9e1 & cov] up ) e>?2 !y w take root freely at ! jo9ts1 & may be remov$ 9 autumn or spr+4 ,if y put d[n wood too late1 or d n keep x cov]$ ) moi/ e>?1 x w fail2 o!rwise x is always sure4 ,cutt+s--may be f any wood y h to sp>e1 & %\ld be ab\t a foot long1 hav+ two buds4 ,plant at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 "o bud & two ?irds ( ! cutt+ "u ! soil4 ,a little %ade & moi/ure w cause ne>ly all to gr[4 ,a little graft+-wax on ! top w aid ! gr[?1 by prev5t+ evaporation4 ,! cutt+1 s buri$ z to h ! top bud half an in* "u f9e m\ld1 is said to be sur]4 ,cutt+s %\ld be made late 9 fall1 or e>ly 9 w9t]1 & pres]v$ z scions = graft+4 ,cutt+s made 9 ! spr+ are less sure to gr[1 & _! removal is mu* m injuri\s to ! v9e4 ,v9es rais$ f cutt+s may be transplant$ :5 "o or two ye>s old4 ,graft+--%\ld be p]=m$ aft] ! leaves are well develop$ 9 ! spr+4 ,! sap becomes ?ick1 :i* aids ! process4 ,remove ! e>?1 & saw (f ! v9e two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,graft ) scions ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?1 b well matur$1 & apply cem5t1 to keep ! sap f com+ out4 ,cov] all b ! top bud4 ,9 /ocks an in* 9 diamet] put two scions4 ,v few ne$ fail4 ,budd+--maybe done z 9 o!r cases1 b always aft] ! leaves are well develop$1 to avoid ble$+4 ,^! modes ( propagation /& 9 ! foll[+ ord] 9 po9t ( pref]5ce1 ! be/ be+ nam$ fir/3 lay]s1 cutt+s1 graft+1 budd+4 ,culture & ,manure4--,l& prep>$ by deep subsoil pl[+1 highly manur$ & cultivat$ ! previ\s season 9 a root-crop1 is ! be/ = a v9ey>d4 ,! tr5*es = ! r[s %\ld be spad$ tw5ty in*es deep1 & a "p ( ! surface-soil put 9 ! bottom4 ,aft] plant+ ! v9es1 /ir ! gr\nd (t5 & keep cle> ( we$s4 ,at fir/1 /ir ! soil deep2 b1 z ! roots ext5d1 avoid work+ among !m1 & nev] di/urb ! roots ) a pl[4 ,mul*+ pres]ves ! soil 9 a moi/1 loose condition1 & is a good prev5tive ( mildew4 ,9 _m in/ances x is said to h d\bl$ ! crop4 ,common animal-manures are good = "y v9es1 & 9 prep>+ ! soil1 b are r too /imulat+ = be>+ v9es1 (t5 injur+ ! fruit4 ,a%es & c9d]s f ! smi?'s =ge1 wood-a%es1 *>coal1 soapsuds1 bones & bon$u/1 lime1 & =e/ & grape leaves & trimm+s1 c>efully dug into ! soil ar\nd ! v9es1 are all v good4 ,a lib]al supply ( suitable manures w keep ! v9es 9 a heal?y condition1 & pres]ve ! fruit f disease & decay4 ,?is1 ) judici\s prun+1 w r5d] ! grape-crop regul> & sure4 ,v9ey>ds--%\ld be 9 r[s five feet ap>t1 ) v9es f\r feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,lay]s ( "o1 & cutt+s ( two ye>s' gr[?1 w be> ! second ye>1 & v pl5tifully ! ?ird ye>4 ,a good v9ey>d 9 ! latitude ( ,c9c9nati yields ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty bu%els ( grapes p] acre1 mak+ f\r hundr$ gallons ( w9e4 ,! av]age yield ( w9e p] acre1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 is e/imat$ at two hundr$ gallons4 ,tra9+ "u ,glass4--,by ?is means ! f9e =eign v>ieties may be br\ght to p]fection 9 our high latitudes4 ,) mo/ ( ! be/ k9ds1 ?is c be done by sol> heat alone4 ,a h\se cov]$ ) glass at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 fac+ ! s\?1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,) a slight artificial heat1 ! f9e/ v>ieties may be p]fect$1 & o!rs =w>d$1 s z to h f9e grapes at mo/ seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! v9es are plant$ on ! outside ( ! grapeh\se1 & all[$ to pass 9 ?r\gh an ap]ture two feet f ! gr\nd1 & are tra9$ up ne> ! glass on ! inside4 ,protect ! roots 9 w9t] by a cov]+ ( co>se /raw manure4 ,w9d ! v9es on ! inside ) /raw1 lay !m d[n on ! gr\nd 9 ! grape-h\se1 & keep x clos$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,a h\se "o hundr$ feet long & tw5ty-five feet wide1 fill$ ma9ly ) ,black ,hamburg1 ) a few o!r *oice v>ieties1 w\ld af=d a great luxury1 & prove a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,f "o su* h\se1 ne> a l>ge city1 a c>eful cultivator may realize a ?\s& doll>s p] annum4 ,native & ev5 h>dy v>ieties are (t5 greatly improv$ by cultivation "u glass1 or by a little protection 9 w9t]4 ,! ,isabella grape is h>dy & productive 9 we/]n ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahef1 we notic$ a v9e t _h be5 laid d[n 9 a dry place & cov]$ slightly ) e>?1 9 autumn2 ! fruit 0 m abundant1 & "o f\r? l>g]1 ?an t on a simil> v9e by its side t _h rema9$ on ! trellis dur+ w9t]3 ?is %[s ! value ( protection ev5 to h>dy v9es4 ,tra9+4--,!re are _m me?ods1 & ! "q ( pref]5ce dep5ds ^u ! location ( ! v9es1 ! space !y may occupy1 & ! ta/e ( ! cultivator4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal sy/ems--! cane or r5ewal sy/em1 spur sy/em1 fan-tra9+1 & spiral or hoop tra9+4 ,! r5ewal sy/em we pref] = trellises4 ,put po/s firmly 9 ! gr\nd eight feet ap>t1 all[+ !m to be sev5 feet above gr\nd aft] !y are set2 put slats ( wood or wire across ^!1 a foot ap>t1 comm5c+ a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,set v9es eight feet ap>t2 let ! v9es be compos$ ( two bran*es1 com+ out ne> ! gr\nd3 ^! c be =m$ by cutt+ (f a "y v9e ne> ! gr\nd1 & tra9+ two ( ! %oots t w spr+ f ! bottom4 ,^! two v9es %\ld be b5t d[n 9 opposite directions1 & ti$ horizontally to ! l[] slat ( ! trellis2 cut ^! (f1 s z to h !m meet simil> v9es f ! next root2 upright %oots f ^! w ext5d to ! top ( ! trellis1 & x is !n cov]$1 & ! "w is complete4 ,aft] ^! upright canes h borne1 cut (f e alt]nate "o1 two or ?ree in*es f its base1 & tra9 up ! /ronge/ %oot = a be>] next ye>3 ?us cut (f & tra9 new alt]nate ones e ye>1 & ! v9e w be con/antly r5ew+1 & be 9 ! mo/ productive /ate2 keep ! v9es clipp$ at ! top ( ! trellis1 & ! sap w mature /rong buds = next ye>'s fruit4 ,we reg>d ?is ! mo/ effectual ( all tra9+4 ,! pr9ciple ( r5ewal c be appli$ to any =m ( v9e1 & em95tly promotes fruitfulness4 ,_m compla9 t _! v9es1 ?\gh lib]ally prun$1 d n be> well4 ,! difficulty may be t ! new wood is pr9cipally remov$1 :ile ! old is left to ?r[ out /rong-gr[+ %oots1 be>+ abundance ( foliage & little fruit4 ,m ( ! old wood remov$1 & m ( ! "y sav$1 w\ld h produc$ less v9es & mu* m fruit4 ,prun+--is ! mo/ important "p ( successful grape-culture4 ,mi/akes on ?is subject are v injuri\s4 ,let v9es gr[ 9 _! own way1 & y w h mu* wood & foliage1 & v little1 poor fruit4 ,"s cut (f ! %oots 9 summ] j above ! fruit1 & remove mo/ ( ! leaves ar\nd x to expose ! fruit to ! sun4 ,?is (t5 proves to be a ru9\s mi/ake2 ! sap asc5ds to ! leaves1 & !re amalgamates ) :at !y absorb f ! atmosph]e1 & ?us =ms food = ! v9e & fruit4 ,x is ! leaves1 & n ! fruit1 :i* ne$ ! sun3 ! leaves are ! lungs1 ^u ! action ( :i* ! life & heal? ( ! fruit dep5d4 ,blight ( ! leaves de/roys ! fruit1 & a frequ5t repetition ( x de/roys ! v9e4 ,grape-v9es %\ld n be prun$ at all until ?ree ye>s old1 z x ret>ds ! gr[? ( ! roots1 & ?us weak5s ! v9es4 ,old] v9es %\ld be freely prun$ 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]2 prun$ 9 w9t] !y may ble$ 9 ! spr+1 & prun$ 9 ! spr+ !y c]ta9ly w ble$4 ,t5d] v9es1 n protect$1 may h an excess ( wood left 9 ! fall to all[ = :at may p]i% 9 w9t]2 9 ?is case1 cut away ! dead & surplus wood 9 spr+1 b nev] until ! leaves are well develop$1 s z to prev5t ble$+4 ,necess>y summ]-prun+ is ( mu* importance4 ,remove no leaves1 except ! ends ( bran*es1 t h already made z mu* wood z !y c mature4 ,9 ! ,middle /ates ?is %\ld be done ab\t ! la/ ( ,july1 & at ! ,s\? a mon? e>li]4 ,weak lat]al bran*es1 t be> no fruit1 may be remov$1 b n all ( !m1 = x is on ! wood ( ?is ye>'s gr[? t ! fruit w be f\nd ! foll[+ season4 ,old wood does n s5d out wood 9 spr+ t w be> fruit ! same season2 t wood w be> fruit next season if all[$ to rema94 ,:oev] obs]ves w notice t grapes gr[ on "y %oots ( ! same season2 b !y are %oots f wood ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?1 & n f old wood4 ,_m suppose if !y trim _! v9es v closely1 z ! old v9es s5d =? abundance ( new wood1 & x is new wood on :i* ! fruit gr[s1 ( c\rse !y w h abundance ( grapes2 & !y are disappo9t$ by a failure4 ,! explanation ( ! :ole is1 fruit gr[s on new wood1 f wood ( previ\s ye>'s gr[?1 & n f old v9es2 h5ce1 9 less5+ a v9e1 remove old wood4 ,?is is ! r5ewal sy/em1 :atev] ! =m ( ! v9e1 & is ! :ole secret ( successful prun+4 ,?is acc\nts = ! great success ( ! ,g]mans 9 produc+ su* quantities ( grapes on l[ v9es4 ,9 _! be/ v9ey>ds1 !y d n all[ _! v9es to gr[ m ?an six or sev5 feet high1 & yet !y produce abundantly = _m ye>s4 ,!y s prune z to h pl5ty ( la/ ye>'s wood = ! production ( fruit ! curr5t season2 aft] ?is has borne fruit1 !y remove x to make room = ! "y wood t w produce ! next season4 ,?is pr9ciple is applicable to v9es ( any %ape or size y may *oose to =m4 ,! removal1 9 summ]1 ( excessive gr[?1 & %ort5+ ! ends ( ^? y design to reta91 ?r[s ! /r5g? ( ! v9e into ! fruit1 & to p]fect ! wood already =m$4 ,lib]al fall-prun+ is necess>y to induce ! =mation ( new wood ! next season1 = be>+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,p>ts t gr[ late d n mature suffici5tly to be> fruit ! next season2 h5ce1 cut (f ! ends 9 summ]1 & let :at rema9s h ! b5efit ( all ! sap4 ,r$uction ( ,fruit4--,! grape is dispos$ to excessive be>+1 :i* weak5s ! v9e1 & injures ! quality ( ! fruit4 ,lib]al prun+ 9 autumn does mu* to rem$y ?is evil1 by n leav+ room = an excessive am\nt ( fruit3 h5ce1 :5 y h a pl5ty ( fruit-be>+ wood1 cut (f ! ends1 s z to leave spurs ) two buds1 or at ! mo/ only f\r2 :5 too mu* fruit sets1 remove x v e>ly1 be=e ! juices ( ! v9e h be5 wa/$ ^u x4 ,a v9e cut or w\nd$ 9 spr+ w ble$ pr(usely4 ,%eet ,india-rubb]1 or two or ?ree ?icknesses ( a bladd]1 wet & b\nd closely ar\nd1 may prev5t ! ble$+4 ,mildew--is v de/ructive 9 conf9$ locations1 )\t a good circulation ( air4 ,sulphur & quicklime1 sep>ate or comb9$1 dug into ! soil ar\nd ! v9es1 is a prev5tive4 ,/raw or litt] ( any k9d1 spread ?ick "u ! v9es1 is1 p]haps1 ! be/ rem$y--! action ( x is 9 e way b5eficial4 ,insects4--,! rosebug1 spanworm1 great gre5worm1 & _m o!r insects1 infe/ grapev9es1 & d mu* injury4 ,! l>ge worms are mo/ easily de/roy$ by h&2 ! small insects by fl\r-(-sulphur1 or by snuff1 spr9kl$ ov] pr(usely :5 ! v9es are wet4 ,! v>i\s applications recomm5d$ 9 ?is "w = ! de/ruction ( insects1 are useful on ! grapev9e4 ,! pr9ciple is to apply some?+ (f5sive to ! insects1 )\t be+ injuri\s to ! v9es4 ,pres]v+ ,grapes4--,pack$ 9 sawdu/ or :eat-bran1 always ?or\ghly dri$ by heat1 !y w keep well until spr+4 ,ano!r me?od is pack+ !m 9 cotton-batt+ or wadd+ 7! latt] is be/72 or put !m 9 baskets hold+ no m ?an f\r or five qu>ts1 cov] tight ) cotton1 & hang up 9 a cool1 airy place1 & !y w long rema9 9 good condition4 ,9 %all[ boxes1 six in*es deep1 put a %eet ( wadd+1 & on x a lay] ( bun*es ( grapes1 n all[$ to t\* ea* o!r2 on ! top ( ! grapes put ano!r %eet ( cotton1 & !n ano!r lay] ( grapes1 & s ! ?ird1 cov]+ ! la/ ) cotton1 & put ! cov] on tight1 & keep 9 a cool place4 ,?is is ! mo/ successful me?od4 ,a new me?od is to susp5d hoops by ?ree cords1 l a baby-jump]1 & hang ! bun*es ( grapes all ar\nd x1 z ne> z possible )\t t\*+1 on little wire hooks1 pass+ ?r\gh ! l[] ends ( ! clu/]s1 all[+ ! /em end to be susp5d$1 & ! grapes hang away f ea* o!r1 & if ! place be n damp en\gh to m\ld !m1 & n dry en\gh to cause !m to %rivel1 !y keep exce$+ly well4 ,x requires m c>e & judgm5t1 ?an ! o!r me?ods4 ,a v cool situation1 )\t freez+1 is ess5tial 9 all cases4 ,x is also necess>y to remove all brok5 or immature grapes1 f ! clu/]s y w\ld pres]ve4 ,v>ieties are v num]\s1 & _! nom5clature is confus$1 z t ( o!r fruits4 ,x is utt]ly useless to cultivate =eign grapes 9 ! op5 air 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y succe$ v imp]fectly1 ev5 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates4 ,b = cultivation "u glass1 !y are pref]able to any ( our own4 ,! foll[+ =eign grapes are pref]r$ 9 ?is c\ntry3-- ,black ,pr9ce1 ,:ite ,muscat1 ,:ite ,con/antia1 ,:ite ,muscad9e1 ,:ite ,sweet-wat]1 ,e>ly ,:ite ,muscat1 ,black ,clu/]1 ,black ,hamburg4 ,! latt] is ! be/ ( all =eign grapes = cultivation "u glass4 ,x is v delici\s1 a great be>]1 ( v l>ge clu/]s4 ,x requires only sol> heat to br+ x to p]fection4 ,native ,grapes4--,( ^! we n[ h a l>ge numb]1 _m ( :i* are valuable4 ,we call att5tion only to a v few ( ! be/4 ,! ,isabella z a table luxury is h>dly surpass$4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n /ates1 x is g5]ally h>dy & prolific4 ,9 nor!rn ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,v]mont1 x does n rip5 well4 ,! seasons are too %ort4 ,x also feels some:at ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r1 on ! we/]n prairies4 ,x is also apt to decay at ! ,s\?4 ,= all o!r p>ts x is "o ( ! v be/4 ,x is an enorm\s be>]1 "o v9e hav+ be5 kn[n to produce m ?an t5 bu%els1 9 a s+le ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,isabella ,grape4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,catawba ,grape4 ,next is ! ,catawba1 bett] = w9e1 m v9\s b n s sweet z ! ,isabella1 rip5s two or ?ree weeks lat]1 & h5ce n s good 9 high latitudes4 ,! ,rebecca ,grape4--,?is is a comp>atively new v>iety1 ( great promise4 ,:ite l ! ,sweet-wat]1 flavor v f9e1 v9e h>dy & productive4 ,! ,diana is a small delici\s grape1 excell5t flavor = ! dess]t1 & rip5s two weeks e>li] ?an ! ,isabella4 ,h5ce good = nor!rn latitudes4 ,! ,concord4--,l>ge1 %[y1 ( good b n ! be/ flavor1 & rip5s ) ! ,diana4 ,%\ld be cultivat$ at ! ,nor?4 ,! ,york ,madeira is simil> to ! ,isabella1 small] & a few days e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,rebecca ,grape4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,delaw>e ,grape4 ,! ,delaw>e is a small br[n grape1 excell5t & h>dy4 ,rip5s q z e>ly z ! ,isabella4 ,be/ outdoor grape1 9 _m localities4 ,! ,canadian ,*ief4--,"o ( ! v be/ grapes = ,canada4 ,canby's ,augu/4--,v f9e2 consid]$ bett] = ! table ?an ! ,isabella1 rip5s t5 days e>li]1 & z x is a good be>]1 x %\ld be g5]ally cultivat$4 ,! ,ohio ,grape is a good v>iety1 beg9n+ to attract mu* notice4 ,! ,scupp]nong is ! be/ ( all grapes1 = g5]al cultivation at ! ,s\?4 ,x is nev] affect$ by ! rot4 ,n easily rais$ f cutt+s4 ,lay]s are bett]4 ,x does be/ tra9$ on an arbor4 ,! soil & climate ( ! ,s\? are well adapt$ to ! grape1 ev5 ! f9] v>ieties t d n fl\ri% well at ! ,nor?4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 s]i\sly affect$ by ! rot1 an evil incid5t to ! heat & humidity ( ! climate4 ,x be+ v w>m1 ! dews & ra9s incl9e ! fruit to decay4 ,we ?9k ! evil may be prev5t$ by two v simple means3 ,keep ! v9es v op51 t !y may dry v soon aft] ra92 & tra9 !m to trellises1 f six to t5 feet high1 & ov] ! top put a cop+ ( bo>ds1 9 ! %ape ( a ro(1 ext5d+ eighte5 in*es on ea* side ( ! trellis4 ,x w prev5t ! ra9 & heavy dews f fall+ on ! grapes1 & is said to pres]ve !m p]fectly4 ,?is arrangem5t is ab\t equal1 9 a w>m climate1 to cold grap]ies at ! nor?4 ,we recomm5d increas$ att5tion to ?is great luxury1 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,se$l+s w arise1 adapt$ to e locality on ! cont95t4 ,,grasses4 ,!re is a great numb] ( v>ieties1 adapt$ to cultivation 9 "s c\ntries & climates1 b n suitable = ,am]ican culture4 ,on ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t grasses !re is a div]sity ( op9ions4 ,! be/ c\rse = ! practical f>m] is1 hav+ ! be/ & sure/1 !re) to be cont5t4 ,sir ,john ,s9clair says !re are two hundr$ & fifte5 grasses cultivat$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,we %all notice a v few ( !m1 ) a view to _! comp>ative value3-- #a4 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal ,grass4--,small gr[?2 yield ( hay light4 ,= pa/ures x is v e>ly1 & gr[s quickly aft] be+ cropp$1 & is excell5t = mil*-c[s2 gr[s well on almo/ any soil1 b mo/ naturally on high1 well-dra9$ mead[s4 ,x gr[s 9 great abundance 9 ,massa*usetts4 #b4 ,mead[ ,foxtail4--,e>ly l ! prec$+1 b m productive & m nutriti\s4 ,x is "o ( ! five or six k9ds usually s[n toge!r 9 ,engli% pa/ures2 be/ = %eep & horses4 #c4 ,r\gh ,cocksfoot4--,or*>d-grass ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c[s are fond ( x4 ,9 ,engl& x is tak+ ! place ( clov]s & rye-grass4 ,ab\t ,philadelphia x is supplant+ timo?y4 ,x is e>li]1 & !re=e bett] to mix ) clov] = hay1 z !y mature at ! same "t2 gr[s well 9 ! %ade1 & on bo? loams & s&s2 spr+s rapidly aft] be+ cropp$4 ,colonel ,p[ell1 "o ( ! be/ ,am]ican f>m]s1 says x produces m pa/ure ?an any o!r grass he has se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,two bu%els ( se$ are s[n on an acre4 #d4 ,tall ,oat-,grass4--,a valuable grass1 des]v+ increas$ att5tion4 ,x w produce ?ree crops 9 a season2 gr[s f\r or five feet high1 & %\ld be cut = hay :5 9 blossom4 ,( all grasses1 x is ! e>lie/ & be/ = gre5 fodd]4 #e4 ,tall ,fescue4--,cut 9 blossom1 x conta9s m nutrim5t ?an any o!r kn[n grass4 ,gr[s well by ! sides ( dit*es1 & is well adapt$ to wet bogs1 z1 by its rapid gr[?1 x keeps d[n co>se1 noxi\s grass & we$s4 #f4 ,rye ,grass4--,?is is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,scotl& & 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,x is mix$ ) clov]4 ,respect+ its comp>ative value !re is a div]sity ( op9ion4 ,"s d n speak well ( x4 #g4 ,r$ ,clov] & ,:ite ,clov]4--,see article ,clov]4 #h4 ,luc]n4--,?is yields mu* m gre5 fe$ at a s+le crop ?an any o!r grass4 ,= soil+ cattle x is "o ( ! be/1 & may be cut twice z (t5 z r$ clov]4 ,?is makes a good crop1 soon aft] "t = plant+ corn4 ,common corn or pop-corn1 & lat]1 ,/[ell's ev]gre5 sweet corn1 are ! be/ = soil+ cattle2 b = e>ly soil+1 use luc]n1 or "s o!r quick-gr[+1 l>ge grass4 ,luc]n ne$s clean l&1 or cultivation at fir/1 z "y plants are t5d]4 ,! tap-root runs d[n v deep2 h5ce1 h>d clay or wet soils are n favorable4 ,x /&s ! cold1 9 latitudes =ty to =ty-five degrees 9 ?is c\ntry1 bett] ?an r$ clov]4 #i4 ,long-root$ ,clov]4--,?is is a ,hung>ian v>iety--bi5nial1 b res[s itself sev]al ye>s 9 succession1 on good1 clean l&4 ,its yield ( hay & se$ is abundant4 ,ne$s a deep1 dry soil1 & /&s a dr\ght bett] ?an any o!r grass4 ,to pl[ 9 z a f]tiliz]1 or = soil+ cattle1 x is valuable1 :]ev] x w fl\ri%4 #aj4 ,sa9-,fo94--,adapt$ to calc>e\s or *alky soils2 consid]$ "o ( ! be/ plants ev] introduc$ into ,engl&2 b 9 ,new ,engl& x proves almo/ a failure--x requires m cool moi/ure & less fro/4 #aa4 ,timo?y4--,9 ,engl&1 ,mead[ ,cats'-tail1 & 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,h]d's-grass4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable ( all ! grasses1 & :]ev] x w ?rive well1 %\ld nev] be sup]s$$ by any?+ else = hay4 ,x %\ld be cut :5 ! se$ has begun to h>d51 b be=e x beg9s to %ell1 & nev] 9 ! blossom4 ,let e f>m] rememb] t timo?y1 cut 9 ! se$1 conta9s twice z mu* nutrim5t z :5 cut 9 ! blossom2 h5ce1 x is n wor? m ?an half z mu* = hay1 s[n among clov]1 z :5 s[n by itself1 z x mu/ be cut too e>ly1 to avoid los+ ! clov]4 #ab4 ,r$ ,top4--,we c n f9d ?is describ$ 9 agricultural books2 b we h be5 famili> ) x = ?irty-five ye>s1 & c n f9d a ,new ,york or ,new ,engl& f>m] :o does n "k x well & prize x highly4 ,= l[1 moi/1 ri* mead[s1 ! r$ top is ! be/ = hay ( any kn[n grass4 ,x yields abundantly1 & may be cut at any "t1 f ,july to la/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! hay is bett] = cattle ?an timo?y4 ,_m intellig5t g5tlem5 insi/ t x is ! mo/ heal?y hay = horses4 ,aft] all t has be5 writt5 on ! v>i\s grasses1 we reg>d x be/ = f>m]s ?r\gh\t ! cont95t to cultivate only ! foll[+3-- ,= e>ly pa/ures1 v]nal grass & mead[ foxtail2 pa/ures ?r\gh ! season1 :ite clov]1 cocks-foot1 mead[ foxtail1 r$ clov]1 & timo?y2 = l[l& pa/ures1 r$ top & tall fescue2 = hay1 timo?y1 r$ top1 or*>d grass1 & tall fescue2 = ! %ade ( fruit-trees1 or*>d grass2 to be pl[$ 9 z f]tiliz]s1 r$ clov] & :ite clov]1 = soil+ cattle1 tall oat-grass & luc]n4 ,"t ( s[+ grass-se$ is important4 ,"s pref] ! fall1 & o!rs ! spr+4 ,fall s[+ %\ld be v e>ly or v late4 ,e>ly s[+ w give ! "y plants /r5g? to endure ! fro/s ( w9t]1 :i* w\ld kill late s[n2 b s[ s late t x w n vegetate until spr+1 & x w come up e>ly & get out ( ! way ( ! dr\ghts ( summ]4 ,grass-se$ s[n late 9 ! spr+ w always fail1 except :5 foll[$ by a v wet season4 ,s[ timo?y ) fall gra91 or late 9 ! fall1 or on a light sn[ t[>d ! close ( w9t]4 ,d n s[ clov] 9 ! fall1 z ! "y plants w g5]ally fail 9 ! cold w9t]2--s[ x on ! la/ light sn[ ( w9t]1 & x w always succe$4 ,roll ! l& 9 spr+ on :i* y h s[n grass-se$ 9 ! la/ ( w9t]2 x w b5efit ! gra91 & cause ! grass-se$ to cat* well1 & get an e>li] & m rapid gr[?4 ,let all :o w\ld n lose _! se$ & labor1 rememb] t grass-se$ n s[n s z to =m good roots1 be=e ! fro/s ( w9t] or ! dr\ght ( summ]1 w be lo/2 ! plants w be kill$4 ,timo?y-se$ s[n 9 ! fall1 "o peck to ! acre1 w produce a good crop ! next season4 ,,gre5h\se4 ,gre5h\ses v>y z mu* 9 /yle & co/ z dwell+s4 ,! simple/ is any tight enclosure1 cov]$ ) a glass ro( at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 fac+ ! s\?1 & kept w>m by artificial heat4 ,! temp]ature is n all[$ to be l[] ?an =ty nor high] ?an sev5ty degrees ( ,fahr5heit2 ?is w keep plants gr[+ & make !m blossom1 & af=ds a good place = />t+ plants to be transplant$ to out-door hotb$s1 & f9ally to ! vegetable g>d51 aft] fro/s are ov]4 ,!re is b "o ma9 dang] 9 gre5h\se culture1 & t is obviat$ by a little c>e3 x is1 all[+ ! air to become too mu* heat$ = ! heal? ( ! plants2 !y require b little heat1 b ne$ x regul>ly4 ,"s gre5h\ses are w>m$ by /oves1 & s]ve a good purpose2 o!rs h a /ove set 9 a flue :i* is built 9 ! wall1 gradually ris+ until x has pass$ ar\nd two or ?ree sides ( ! build+4 ,place ?ree or f\r %eet-iron pans ov] ?is flue1 at diff]5t po9ts1 & keep !m fill$ ) wat]2 ! fire 9 ! flue w heat ! wat]1 & imp>t bo? w>m? & humidity to ! atmosph]e1 :i* is v favorable to ! heal? & gr[? ( plants4 ,su* a h\se is favorable to ! gr[? ( t5d] exotic fruits & plants4 ,a simil> h\se )\t any artificial heat af=ds an excell5t place = ! cultivation ( ! f9e/ v>ieties ( =eign grapes4 ,,gypsum1 ,,or ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! f]tiliz+ prop]ties ( ?is article 7 discov]$ by a ,g]man labor] 9 a qu>ry1 :o obs]v$ ! increas$ luxuriance ( ! grass by 8 pa?1 :5 ! du/ fell f 8 %oes & clo!s4 ,?is l$ to exp]im5ts :i* demon/rat$ its f]tiliz+ p[]4 ,) ! protract$ controv]sies on gypsum we h no?+ to d2 c]ta9 important facts are e/abli%$ :i* are valuable to agriculturi/s4 ,gypsum is valuable z an application to ! soil1 at f ?ree f\r?s to "o & a qu>t] bu%els to ! acre4 ,on poor l&1 = a flax crop ?ree bu%els p] acre1 appli$ aft] ! plants 7 up1 & :5 wet1 produc$ a great crop4 ,x %\ld be appli$ only once 9 two ye>s1 or 9 v small quantities e ye>4 ,appli$ z a top-dress+1 x w d no good until a consid]able quantity ( ra9 has fall5 ^u x4 ,if x be appli$ 9 ! spr+1 & ! summ] prove a dry "o1 its greate/ effect w be felt ! next season4 ,its mo/ m>k$ effects are on poor soils2 on l& already ri* x seems to produce b little effect2 on dry1 s&y or gravelly soils1 x w increase a clov] crop f "o f\r? to two ?irds2 s[$ among clov] & imm$iately pl[$ 91 x acts p[]fully4 ,plants ( l>ge leaves feel its influ5ce mu* m ?an ^? ) small ones1 h5ce its excell5ce on clov]1 potatoes1 & v9es4 ,"s soils conta9 en\gh pla/] already3 ! f>m] mu/ det]m9e by analysis or exp]im5t4 ,on ! compo/ heap x is valuable 9 small quantities2 x is also useful on all long1 co>se1 or fre% manures ( ! previ\s w9t]4 ,se$s roll$ 9 x be=e plant+ vegetate soon] & /rong]4 ,mix$ ) an equal quantity ( a%es & a little lime1 & appli$ to any crop imm$iately aft] hoe+1 or :5 j com+ up1 x adds mat]ially to its gr[?4 ,x is bett] to apply x twice--on fir/ com+ up1 & imm$iately aft] fir/ hoe+2 small quantities are be/2--x w t5 times repay ! co/ & labor4 ,upl& pa/ures & mead[s1 except clay soils1 are greatly b5efit$ by x4 ,a "t-sav+ me?od ( s[+ pla/] on fields ( grass or gra91 is to s[ out ( a wagon driv5 sl[ly ?r\gh ! field1 ! driv] be+ guid$ by 8 =m] tracks1 :ile two m5 s[ out ( ! wagon4 ,x is cu/om>y to put pla/] & a%es1 mix$1 ar\nd ! hills ( corn1 or ?r[ x ^u ! plants4 ,s[n on ! field ( ho$ or hill crops1 its effects are mu* great] ?an :5 only put on ! hill4 ,x %\ld be s[n equally ov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,,h>r[+4 ,! v lib]al use ( ! h>r[ is "o ( ! pr9cipal requisites ( successful f>m+4 ,no o!r s+le tool does s mu* to pulv]ize ! soil1 z ! h>r[4 ,a full crop c only be rais$ on a f9e mell[ soil4 ,se$s plant$ 9 soil left co>se & unev51 w vegetate unev5ly1 gr[ unequally1 rip5 at diff]5t times1 & produce unequal quantities4 ,_m f>m]s insi/ t x is a m]e notion1 )\t reason1 to h>r[ l& f\r or five times1 & roll x once or twice4 ,n "o 9 five hundr$ believes 9 ! full utility ( su* a ?or\gh work+ ( ! soil4 ,co>se lumpy soils expose ! se$s & roots ( "y plants to dr\ght1 & to too /rong action ( ! atmosph]e4 7,see article on ,roll+47 ,h>r[ s&y & sod l& :5ev] y please4 ,if y "w any o!r soil :5 v wet1 x w n recov] f ! effects ( x dur+ ! :ole season4 ,h>r[ l& ! fir/ "t ! same way x 0 pl[$4 ,! =m ( a h>r[ is ( no importance1 except avoid+ ! butt]fly drag1 t seldom works well4 ,! squ>e h>r[ ) ?irty tee? is usually pref]r$4 ,e f>m] %\ld h a ,v drag also4 ,corn1 potatoes1 peas1 & o!r crops t are plant$ 9 /raight r[s1 %\ld be h>r[$ j aft] com+ up1 ) a ,v drag1 drawn by two horses4 ,! front tee? %\ld be tak5 out t ! r[ may pass betwe5 ! tee?1 z well z betwe5 ! horses4 ,su* a cultivation w d m good ?an any o!r s+le subsequ5t "o4 ,x /irs ! :ole surface1 pulv]iz+ ! soil1 keeps x mell[ & moi/1 & de/roys ! we$s1 & all at ! be/ possible "t1 = ! b5efit ( ! crop4 ,no o!r =m ( cultivation is s good = a "y crop4 ,try two acres1 "o 9 ! usual way1 & ! o!r by h>r[+1 z we recomm5d1 :5 x fir/ comes up1 & y w nev] aft] neglect h>r[+ all y\r ho$ crops4 ,,hay4 ,f>m]s diff] 9 _! modes ( mak+ & pres]v+ hay4 ,! foll[+ directions = timo?y & clov]1 are applicable to all grasses suitable = hay1 z !y are all divid$ into two classes1 broad-leav$1 & ! f9e-leav$1 or grasses prop]4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ^! directions may be consid]$ comp>atively well settl$1 & !y are suffici5t = all purposes4 ,cut clov] :5 half ! blossoms are dri$1 & ! o!r half 9 full bloom4 ,cut lat]1 ! /alks are s dri$1 t !y are ( mu* less value4 ,cut e>li]1 x is s immature1 z to be ( small value = hay4 ,9 case ( great gr[? & lodg+ d[n1 clov] may be cut e>li]1 z x is bett] to save hay ( less value1 ?an to lose ! :ole4 ,to cure clov] = hay1 spread x ev5ly1 imm$iately aft] ! scy!1 let x ?or\ghly wilt1 b n dry4 ,rake x up1 be=e any ( ! leaves are dry s z to break1 & put x 9 small cocks1 su* z a man c pit* ^u a c>t at once or twice ) a =k4 ,?is %\ld be laid on & n roll$ up f a w9r[4 ,9 ! =m] case x w %$ ne>ly all ! wat]1 & ! latt] me?od suff]s ! ra9 to run d[n ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,unless ! wea!r be v wet1 clov] w cure 9 ?is way1 )\t op5+ until "t to haul x 91 & w reta9 its beautiful gre5 color1 almo/ equal to t ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 cur$ 9 ! %ade1 :i*1 at two or ?ree ye>s old1 appe>s almo/ z bright z ?\gh n cur$ at all4 ,if ! wea!r be q wet1 cut clov] :5 free f dew or ra91 wilt x at once1 & draw x 91 put z mu* z possible 9 ?9 lay]s on scaffolds1 & "u cov]1 to cure 9 ! %ade4 ,put ! rema9d] 9 alt]nate lay]s ) equal quantities ( dry /raw1 ) "o peck ( salt to a ton4 ,a ton may be> half a bu%el ( salt1 less is bett]1 & m is injuri\s to /ock1 by compell+ !m to eat too mu* salt4 ,! mo/ beautiful & palatable clov] hay is t cur$ 9 ! %ade1 on scaffolds & aft]w>d m[$ away4 ,timo?y %\ld nev] be cut1 until ! se$ is f> en\gh advanc$ to gr[4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t cut 9 ! blossom1 ! hay w conta9 only ab\t "o half z mu* nutrim5t1 z :5 cut 9 ! full-gr[n se$1 b be=e x comm5ces %ell+4 ,cure z clov]1 b 9 twice z l>ge cocks1 & nev] salt1 unless compell$ to draw 9 :5 damp or too gre54 ,,h$ge4 ,! "q ( f5c+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 s mu* ( :i* is prairie1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( :i* !re is su* a wanton wa/e ( timb]1 gives great importance to successful h$g+4 ,! same plants are n equally good = h$ge 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are b few plants suitable = h$ges 9 our climate4 ,! ,osage ,orange--is ! be/1 9 all latitudes :]e x w fl\ri%4 ,x has no diseases or enemies by :i* x w be de/roy$1 except too cold w9t]s4 ,( ,s\!rn orig91 yet x fl\ri%es 9 _m places at ! ,nor?4 ,9 cold localities1 :]e !re is b little sn[1 x suff]s mu* until ?ree or f\r ye>s old4 ,x is be+ ext5sively introduc$ into c5tral & nor!rn ,ill9ois1 :]e unusually cold w9t]s de/roy va/ quantities ( "y plants1 & kill ! tops ( mu* old h$ge4 ,x is /ill insi/$ t x w succe$2 b we consid] x too unc]ta91 & consequ5tly too exp5sive1 = g5]al f5c+ 9 su* climates4 ,! roots & l[] p>ts ( ! plants may be pres]v$1 h[ev]1 by sett+ !m out = a h$ge on level gr\nd1 in/ead ( ridges z usual1 & pl[+ a furr[ ?ree feet f ea* side ( ! r[1 to dra9 (f surplus wat]4 ,mul* ?or\ghly 9 ! fall1 & ?us protect f fro/ until !y h be5 set 9 ! h$ge = ?ree ye>s1 & !y may succe$ & make a good live f5ce4 ,to raise ! plants1 soak ! se$s ?or\ghly1 &1 at ! usual "t ( corn-plant+1 plant 9 /raight r[s1 & keep clean ( we$s4 ,set out 9 h$ge ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! soil ( ! h$ge-r[ %\ld be deep1 mell[1 & mod]ately1 n excessively ri*4 ,too ri* soil makes a l>g] gr[?1 ( spongy & m t5d] wood4 ,plants %\ld h a portion ( ! tap-root cut (f1 & be plant$ a foot ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,! ,haw?orn--w nev] be ext5sively cultivat$ = live f5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ subject to bor]s1 z de/ructive z 9 fruit-trees4 ,! ,virg9ia ,?orn--is equally unc]ta94 ,! ,buck ,?orn--aft] fifte5 ye>s' trial1 9 ,new ,engl&1 bids fair to answ] e purpose = ,am]ican live f5ce3 x is easily propagat$1 ( rapid gr[?1 v h>dy1 ?ick5s up well at ! bottom1 & is exempt f ! depr$ations ( insects4 ,x may yet prove ! great ,am]ican h$ge-%rub4 ,! ,newca/le ,?orn--cultivat$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 is mu* m beautiful1 & promises to rival ! buck ?orn1 b has n be5 suffici5tly te/$ to settle its claims4 ,mu* is anticipat$ f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e>+ d[n "y h$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,prop]ly-trimm$ h$ge 7end view74 ,illu/ration3 ,badly-trimm$ h$ge 7end view74 ,illu/ration3 ,neglect$ h$ge 7side view74 ,!re are plants well adapt$ to h$ge at ! ,s\?1 :i* are too t5d] = ! ,nor?4 ,9 ,:ite's ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\?1 we h ! foll[+ giv5 z h$ge-%rubs1 adapt$ to t region3 ,osage ,orange1 ,pyracan?1 ,*]okee1 & s+le ,:ite ,mac>tney roses4 ,! ,mac>tney1 be+ an ev]gre5 ?orn1 & said to make z close a h$ge z ! ,osage ,orange & mu* m beautiful1 is q a favorite at ! ,s\?4 ,!y usually tra9 ! rose-%rubs = h$ge on "s k9d ( pal+ or wire f5ce4 ,!y r5d] "s ( !m imp5etrable ev5 by rabbits or sp>r[s2 ?is is done by lay]s1 & trimm+ twice a ye>1 comm5c+ aft] ! fir/ ?ree mon?s' gr[?4 ,prun+ is ! mo/ important matt] 9 ! :ole bus9ess ( h$g+4 ,a h$ge set out ev] s well1 & compos$ ( ! be/ v>iety ( plants1 if left 9 ! we$s1 )\t prop] c>e 9 trimm+1 w be ne>ly useless4 ,a well-trimm$ h$ge ar\nd a fruit-or*>d w keep out all fruit-?ieves4 ,! great difficulty is ! unwill+ness ( cultivators to cut (f1 s %ort & s frequ5tly1 ! f9e gr[?4 ,%e> (f ! fir/ ye>'s gr[? 7a7 )9 ?ree in*es ( ! gr\nd 7b74 ,cut ! vigor\s %oots t w rise f ?is %e>+1 f\r in*es high]1 ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 & simil> & successive cutt+s1 ea* a little long]1 9 ! two foll[+ ye>s2 ^! w br+ ! h$ge to a prop] height4 ,! =m ( trimm+ %[n 9 end view ( prop]ly-trimm$ h$ge1 protects ! bottom f %ade by too mu* foliage on ! top3 ! effects ( t %ade are se5 9 neglect$ h$ge 9 ! cut4 ,,hemp4 ,?is is "o ( ! /aple articles ( ,am]ican agriculture4 ,x is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,k5tucky & o!r contigu\s /ates4 ,its m>ket value is s fluctuat+ t _m f>m]s are giv+ up its cultivation4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! directions is tak5 f an elaborate article f ! p5 ( ! honorable ,h5ry ,clay4 ,_h n ! l5g? ( t article r5d]$ x inconsi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is volume1 we %\ld h giv5 x to ! ,am]ican p z x came f ! h& ( _! greate/ /atesman1 :o 0 s em95tly ,am]ican 9 all 8 s5tim5ts & labors4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,soil--%\ld be z ?or\gh z = flax2--?is c n be too /rongly insi/$ on4 ,mu* is lo/ by neglect1 "u ! mi/ak5 notion t hemp w d ab\t z well on co>se1 h>d l&4 ,plants = se$s %\ld be s[n 9 drills f\r feet ap>t1 & sep>ate f t design$ only = ! l9t4 ,! /alks %\ld be all[$ to /& ab\t eight in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,plants are male & female1 di/+ui%$ 9 ! blossoms4 ,:5 ! f>9a f ! blossoms on ! male plants 7! female plants d n blossom7 has g5]ally fall51 pull up ! male plants1 leav+ only ! females to mature4 ,cut ! se$-plants aft] ! fir/ h>d fro/1 & c>ry 9 wet1 s z to avoid loss by %ell+4 ,se$ is easily sep>at$ by a common flail4 ,aft] ! se$s are ?ra%$ out1 !y %\ld be spread ?91 & ?or\ghly dri$1 or _! vegetative p[] w be de/roy$ by heat or decay4 ,!y %\ld be spread to be kept = ! next spr+'s plant+1 & n be kept 9 l>ge bulk4 ,_! vegetation is v unc]ta9 aft] !y are a ye> old4 ,s[ hemp = l9t broadca/1 :5 ! wea!r has become w>m en\gh = corn-plant+4 ,op9ions v>y z to ! quantity ( se$1 f "o bu%el to two & a half bu%els p] acre4 ,probably a bu%el & a peck is be/4 ,pl[+ 9 ! se$ is good on old l&2 roll+ is also useful4 ,if x gets up six in*es high1 s t ! leaves cov] ! gr\nd well1 few crops are less effect$ by ! vicissitudes ( ! wea!r4 ,"s s[ a "p ( _! hemp at diff]5t times1 t x may n all rip5 at once & cr[d !m 9 _! labor4 ,cutt+ x t5 days be=e x is ripe1 or all[+ x to /& two weeks aft]1 w n mat]ially injure x4 ,hemp is pull$ or cut4 ,cutt+1 z ne> ! gr\nd z possible1 is ! bett] me?od4 ,! plants are spread ev5 on ! gr\nd & cur$2 b\nd up 9 conv5i5t h&fuls & %ock$ up1 & b\nd ar\nd ! top z corn4 ,x is an improvem5t to %ake (f ! leaves well be=e %ock+ up4 ,if /ack$ aft] a :ile1 & all[$ to rema9 = a ye>1 ! improvem5t 9 ! l9t is wor? m ?an ! loss ( "t4 ,!re are two me?ods ( rott+--dew-rott+1 & wat]-rott+--"o by spread+ out on grass-l&1 & ! o!r by imm]s+ 9 wat]2 ! latt] is mu* ! pref]able mode4 ,! "q ( suffici5t rott+ is det]m9$ by trial4 ,hemp is brok5 & clean$ l flax4 ,! /alks ne$ to be well air$ & dri$ 9 ! sun to facilitate ! op]ation4 ,extremes 9 price h be5 f ?ree to eight doll>s p] hundr$ p\nds3 five doll>s r5d]s x a v pr(itable crop4 ,?or\gh rott+1 good clean+1 & neat ord]1 are ! conditions ( obta9+ ! fir/ m>ket price4 ,an acre produces f six hundr$ to "o ?\s& p\nds ( l9t--an av]age ( ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds to ea* foot ( height ( ! /alks4 ,hemp exhau/s ! soil b a m]e trifle1 if at all2 ! sev5te5? successive crop on ! same l& hav+ prov$ ! be/4 ,no?+ leaves ! l& 9 bett] condition = o!r crops2 x kills all ! we$s1 & leaves ! surface smoo? & ev54 ,,hoe+4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! prop] & timely use ( ! hoe4 ,nev] let we$s press y2 hoe at prop] times1 & y nev] w h any l>ge we$s4 ,z soon z vegetables are up1 s t y c d x safely1 hoe !m4 ,! m frequ5t ! hoe+ :ile plants are "y1 ! l>g] w be ! crop4 ,premium crops are always ho$ v frequ5tly4 ,hoe+ cabbages1 corn1 & simil> smoo? plants1 :5 x ra9s slightly1 is ne>ly equal to a coat ( manure4 ,b beans1 potatoes1 & v9es1 & :atev] has a r\gh /alk1 are mu* injur$ by /irr+ ! gr\nd ab\t !m :ile !y are wet1 or ev5 mu* damp4 ,we h kn[n promis+ crops ( v9es ne>ly de/roy$ by hoe+ :5 wet4 ,hoe+ ne> ! roots ( v9es aft] !y h =m$ runn]s "o or two feet long1 w also ne>ly ru9 !m2--! same is true ( onions3 hoe ne> !m1 cutt+ (f ! lat]al roots1 & y w less5 ! crop "o half4 ,9 hoe+1 make no high hills except = sweet potatoes4 ,high hill+ up orig9at$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e _! cool1 humid1 cl\dy atmosph]e dem&s x1 to secure m w>m?4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h to gu>d m aga9/ dr\ght & heat4 ,,hops4 ,^! are native 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ f\nd1 gr[+ spontane\sly1 by _m ( our riv]s4 ,!re are f\r or five v>ieties1 b no pref]5ce has be5 giv5 to any p>ticul> "o4 ,moi/1 s&y loam is ! be/ soil1 ?\gh good hops may be gr[n 9 abundance on any l& suitable = corn or potatoes4 ,pl[ ! l& q deep 9 autumn2 9 ! spr+1 h>r[ ! same way x 0 pl[$4 ,spread ev5ly ov] ! surface sixte5 cords ( manure to ! acre1 if y\r soil be ( ord9>y ri*ness2 cross-pl[ z deep z ! fir/ pl[+2 furr[ out z = potatoes1 f\r feet ap>t ea* way4 ,plant hops 9 e o!r hill ( e o!r r[1 mak+ !m eight feet ap>t ea* way4 ,plant all ! rema9+ hills ) potatoes4 ,f\r cutt+s ( runn+ roots ( hops %\ld be plant$ 9 ea* hill4 ,_m hop-y>ds are unproductive on acc\nt ( be+ too ?ick2--less ?an eight feet ea* way deprives ! v9es ( suitable air & sun1 & prev5ts pl[+ !m ) ease4 ,! fir/ ye>1 !y only ne$ to be kept clean ( we$s by hoe+ !m ) ! potatoes4 ,9 ! fall ( ! fir/ ye>1 to prev5t injury f h>d fro/s1 put a l>ge %ovelful ( good manure on ! top ( ea* hill4 ,ea* spr+1 be=e ! hops are op5$1 spread on ea* acre eight cords ( manure2 co>se /raw manure is pref]able4 ,pl[ bo? ways at fir/ hoe+4 ,!y require ?ree hoe+s1 ! la/ :5 9 full bloom 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,op5 ! hops e spr+ by ! middle ( ,may2 at ! ,s\?1 by ! la/ ( ,april4 ,?is is done by mak+ f\r furr[s betwe5 ! r[s1 turn+ !m f ! hills2 ! e>? is !n remov$ f ! roots ) a hoe1 & all ! runn+ roots cut 9 ) a %>p knife )9 two in*es ( ! ma9 roots4 ,! tops ( ! ma9 roots mu/ also be cut 91 & cov]$ ) e>? two in*es deep4 ,set ! poles on ! fir/ spr++ ( ! v9es2 nev] h m ?an two poles 9 a hill1 or m ?an two v9es on a pole1 & no pole m ?an sixte5 feet high4 ,neglect ?is root-prun+1 & multiply poles & cr[d !m ) v9es1 & y w get v few hops4 ,select ! mo/ ?rifty v9es = ! poles1 & de/roy all ! o!rs4 ,wat* !m dur+ ! summ]1 t !y d n bl[ d[n f ! poles4 ,!y mu/ be pick$ z soon z !y are ripe1 & be=e fro/s4 ,! be/ pick+-box is a wood5 b9 made ( light bo>ds1 n9e feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 & two & a half feet deep2 ! poles are laid across ?is1 & ! hops pick$ into x by h&4 ,9 ga!r+ hops1 cut ! v9es two feet f ! gr\nd1 t ble$+ may n injure ! roots4 ,cur+ is ! mo/ important matt] 9 hop-gr[+4 ,hops w\ld all be ( "o quality1 & br+ ! fir/ price1 if equally well cur$4 ,! foll[+ description 7) slight abbreviation7 ( ! process ( cur+1 by ,william ,blan*>d1 ,esq41 is1 p]haps1 z complete z any?+ t c be obta9$4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u hav+ a well-con/ruct$ kiln4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( putt+ ! hops on ! kiln1 a side hill is g5]ally *os5 = its situation2 x %\ld be a dry situation4 ,x %\ld be dug out ! same bigness at ! bottom z at ! top2 ! side walls laid up p]p5dicul>ly1 & fill$ 9 solid ) /one to give x a tunnel =m3 twelve feet squ>e at ! top1 two feet squ>e at ! bottom1 & at lea/ eight feet deep1 is deem$ a conv5i5t size4 ,on ! top ( ! walls sills are laid1 hav+ joi/s let into !m1 z = lay+ a floor1 on :i* la?s1 ab\t "o & a half in*es wide1 are nail$1 leav+ op5 spaces betwe5 !m ?ree f\r?s ( an in*1 ov] :i* a ?9 l95 clo? is spread & nail$ at ! edges to ! sills4 ,a bo>d ab\t twelve in*es wide is set up on ea* side ( ! kiln1 on ! inn] edge ( ! sill1 to =m a b9 to receive ! hops4 ,fifty p\nds1 aft] !y are dry1 is all su* a kiln w hold at once4 ,! l>g] ! /ones made use ( 9 ! con/ruction ( ! kiln ! bett]1 z x w give a m /eady & d5se heat4 ,! inside ( ! kiln %\ld be well pla/]$ ) mort> to make x air-tight4 ,*>coal is ! be/ fuel4 ,heat ! kiln well be=e putt+ on ! hops2 keep a /eady & regul> heat :ile dry+4 ,hops mu/ n rema9 9 bulk long aft] be+ pick$1 z !y w heat & spoil4 ,d n /ir !m :ile dry+4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly dry1 remove !m into a dry room1 & lay 9 heaps1 & n /ir unless !y are ga!r+ dampness t w *ange _! color2 !n spread !m4 ,?is w only occur :5 !y h n be5 prop]ly dri$4 ,!y are bagg$ by lay+ clo? into a box1 s made t x c be remov$1 & give opportunity to sew up ! bag :ile 9 ! press4 ,! hops are press$ 9 by a screw4 ,9 bulk !y w sweat a little1 :i* w beg9 to subside 9 ab\t eight days1 at :i* "t !y %\ld be bagg$4 ,if !y sweat mu* & beg9 to *ange _! color1 !y mu/ be dri$ be=e bagg+4 ,! be/ size = bags is ab\t two hundr$ & fifty p\nds' weight1 9 a bag ab\t five feet long4 ,common t[-clo? or ,russia-hemp bags are be/4 ,ext5sive hop-gr[]s build h\ses ov] ! kiln1 t !y may be able to use !m 9 wet wea!r4 ,9 ?is case1 keep ! doors op5 z mu* z possible )\t lett+ 9 ! ra94 ,dri$ )\t suffici5t air1 _! color is *ang$1 & _! quality & m>ket-value injur$4 ,^! h\ses are made mu* l>g] ?an ! kiln1 9 _m in/ances1 = ! conv5i5ce ( /or+ & bagg+ ! hops :5 dry2 9 ?is case1 tight p>titions %\ld sep>ate ! /or]ooms f ! kiln1 to avoid dampness f ! dry+ hops4 ,! =m ( manur+ recomm5d$ is contr>y to ! old practice ( putt+ a little manure only 9 ! hill3 t practice expos$ v9es to decay & de/ruction by worms1 & ?is does n2 our sy/em also produces hops equal to new l&4 ,,horse4 ,?is noble animal is 9 g5]al use1 & ev]y:]e highly priz$4 ,by ! la/ c5sus1 we see t !re are two ?irds z _m horses z c[s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--#d1cce1ceh horses1 & ov] six millions ( c[s4 ,b1 valuable z is ! horse1 he suff]s mu* ill treatm5t & neglect f 8 ma/]4 ,to give a hi/ory ( ! horse1 ! v>i\s bre$s ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! ef=ts to improve !m1 w\ld be int]e/+1 did x fall )9 ! limits ( our design4 ,! patronage ( ! k+s & nobility ( ,engl& has done mu* to elevate ! horse to 8 pres5t /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,x has n[ become ! cu/om = intellig5t g5tlem5 9 rural di/ricts1 9 all enlight5$ c\ntries1 to give mu* att5tion to ! improvem5t ( horses4 ,un=tunately1 "s ( t en?usiasm is p]v]t$ to ! *annel ( horse-rac+1 a practice alike injuri\s to horses & ! morals ( m54 ,a few brief h9ts are all we h space =1 :]e a volume w\ld be int]e/+ & useful4 ,! f>m] %\ld ex]cise con/ant c>e to improve ! bre$ ( 8 horses3 x pays be/ to raise good horses4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! qualities ( ! dam & sire1 & ^u prop] fe$ & c>e4 ,?is is a subject t f>m]s %\ld c>efully /udy f books & f _! own obs]vation4 ,! mo/ important matt] 9 rais+ horses1 is c>e 9 work+ & fe$+4 ,n9ete5 out ( tw5ty ( all sick horses are made s by bad treatm5t4 ,! prev5tion ( disease is bett] ?an cure4 ,/eady1 & ev5 h>d "w1 w n injure a horse t is well & regul>ly f$4 ,b a few mom5ts ( cr[d+ a horse's spe$1 or ( an unnatural /ra9 on 8 /r5g?1 may ru9 him4 ,let x always be rememb]$ t x is spe$1 & n heavy loads1 t mo/ injures a horse4 ,a mile an h\r too fa/ w soon run d[n y\r horse4 ,a horse f$ ) gra91 or wat]$1 :5 w>m1 is liable to be f\nd]$2 & if n s f$ z actually to be f\nd]$1 he w gradually gr[ /iff4 ,horses are liable to take cold by any unreasonable exposure to ! wea!r1 9 ! same circum/ances z m51 & ! effects on heal? & com=t are v simil>4 ,a horse hav+ become w>m by driv+1 %\ld nev] /& a m9ute )\t a blanket4 ,:5 a man goes f a heat$ room1 or 9 a p]spiration1 into inclem5t wea!r1 he takes cold ! mom5t ! cold or /orm /rikes him3 9 a few mom5ts ! effects on ! pores ( ! body are su* t !re is no p>ticul> exposure4 ,x is s ) a horse4 ,he takes cold :5 y are only go+ to all[ him to /& b a m9ute1 & dur+ t "t y leave him uncov]$4 ,if y are "u ! necessity ( do+ an unusual day's "w ) a horse1 d n fe$ him heavily on t day4 ,unusual fe$ ! day be=e & ! day aft] w d him good2 b on ! day ( excessive "w x injures him4 ,nev] fe$ horses too mu*2 !y w (t5 eat "o ?ird m ?an is good = _! heal?4 ,keep ! bottom ( ! tr\gh 9 :i* y fe$ y\r horses gra91 pla/]$ ov] ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( salt & a%es1 t !y may eat a little ( x :5 !y please4 ,:5 ! wat] ( y\r horse becomes ?ick & yell[i%1 or :iti%1 give him a piece ( ros9 z l>ge z a walnut1 pulv]iz$ & put 9 8 gra94 ,if a horse has ! heaves1 give him no hay or oats2 corn1 gr\nd or soak$1 %\ld be 8 only gra91 & gre5 corn-fodd] 9 summ]1 & corn/alks1 cut f9e1 ) a little w>m wat] on !m1 mix$ ) meal1 %\ld con/itute 8 only food4 ,all except a few ( ! mo/ confirm$ & long-/&+ cases ( heaves are entirely reliev$ by ?is c\rse ( fe$+1 & t relief is p]man5t z long z ! fe$ is cont9u$1 & x frequ5tly effects a cure s radical t ! disease w n return on a *ange ( food4 ,to br+ up horses t h _h h>d usage & poor fe$1 & to secure gr[? 9 colts1 fe$ !m milk4 ,! milk ( a butt]-dairy is n m pr(itably us$ 9 any o!r way1 ?an f$ to horses & colts4 ,give !m no wat] = two or ?ree days1 & !y w readily le>n to dr9k all ! s\r1 ?ick milk y w give !m4 ,colts w gr[ fa/] on milk ?an on any o!r food4 ,horses %\ld be (t5 rubb$ d[n & kept clean1 & :5 put 9 ! /able wet1 !y %\ld be rubb$ dry4 ,x is v ess5tial to ! heal? ( a horse t he h pure air4 ,/ables 9 ?is c\ntry are usually airy en\gh4 ,b if ! /able be tight1 x %\ld be well v5tilat$4 ,! gases f a wet /able floor are injuri\s4 ,dis9fect+ ag5ts are good rem$ies2 a little pla/]-(-,p>is spread ov] a /able-floor is v useful4 ,^! brief directions1 foll[$1 w prev5t mo/ ( ! diseases to :i* horses are subject2 or 9 case a horse be attack$1 he w h ! disease lightly1 z temp]ate m5 d epidemics4 ,,hors]adi%4 ,?is is reg>d$ a heal?y condim5t1 especially 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,grat$1 ) a little v9eg>1 x may be eat5 ) any food y *oose4 ,small %av+s ( ! root are e/eem$ 9 mangoes4 ,:5 /eep$ 9 v9eg> = two weeks1 x is said effectually to remove freckles f ! face4 ,any pieces ( ! roots w gr[ 9 any good g>d5-soil4 ,l>g] & bett] roots may be produc$1 by tr5*+ ! b$ two feet deep1 & putt+ 9 ! bottom1 t5 in*es ( good manure1 & plant+ select$ roots1 ab\t six in*es deep4 ,,hotb$s4 ,^! are design$ to =ce an e>ly gr[? ( plants4 ,x is done by ! use ( sol> heat1 & t aris+ f f]m5t+ manures1 comb9$4 ,! foll[+ directions = con/ruct+ & manag+ hotb$s w enable e "o to be successful4 ,nail bo>ds on pieces ( scantl+ plac$ 9 ! inside corn]s1 9 ! =m ( a box1 sixte5 feet long & six feet wide2 make x ?ree & a half feet high on ! back-side1 & two feet high 9 front1 fac+ ! sun2 nail a piece ( bo>d across ! middle1 let 9 at ! top1 to prev5t ! box f spread+ :5 fill$4 ,fill t ) good1 fre% horse-manure1 ) b little /raw2 tread x d[n firmly4 ,put ov] ! :ole1 sa%es made ) cross-pieces b "o way1 & fill$ ) glass1 lapp$ half an in*1 l %+les on a ro(1 to c>ry (f ! ra92 putty 9 ! glass lightly1 or x may adh]e to fre%-pa9t$ frames2 let ! frames be halv$ on _! edges1 s z to lap & be tight2 put ^! ov] ! fill$ hotb$1 p]fectly fitt$ all ar\nd1 & en\gh ( !m to cov] ! :ole b$2 9 two or ?ree days ! manure w become pretty w>m1 :5 x %\ld be cov]$1 f\r in*es deep1 ) ri* m\ld1 %elt]$ = ! purpose ! previ\s fall1 & ! se$s plant$4 ,:5 ! plants come up1 see t !y are kept suffici5tly moi/1 & n h ! hot sun p\r ^u !m int5sely1 & !y w gr[ rapidly2 :5 too w>m1 !y %\ld be p>tly cov]$ ) mats1 & ! frames rais$ to let 9 air4 ,put small w$ges betwe5 ! sa% & ! bo>ds1 :i* w let 9 suffici5t air4 ,keep x clos$ :5 ! air is cold1 & cov]$ ) mats :5 ! sun is too hot4 ,plants are (t5 de/roy$ by ov]-heat+4 ,:5 9 dang] ( freez+1 cov] closely ) mats or /raw1 or bo?4 ,we h _h plants gr[+ 9 su* a b$ :5 ! !rmomet] /ood eight degrees bel[ z]o4 ,if ! heat ( ! manure subsides too e>ly1 pack fre% horse-manure all ar\nd ! outside ( ! box1 & z x heats x w communicate w>m? to ! inside ( ! b$4 ,z plants gr[ up1 transplant a "p to a fre% b$1 s z to give all a *ance to gr[ /ocky & /rong4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ t gr[s 9 ! g>d5 may be =w>d$ greatly 9 ! hotb$4 ,v9es1 beets1 tomatoes1 cabbages1 pepp]s1 egg-plants1 cel]y1 beans1 corn1 & potatoes1 may be obta9$ mu* e>li] by ?is means4 ,^? t are injur$ mo/ by transplant+ %\ld be plant$ 9 ! hotb$1 on inv]t$ sods1 or grass turfs1 six in*es squ>e1 :i* c be remov$ ) ! gr[+ plants on !m1 )\t s]i\sly di/urb+ ! roots4 ,pl5ty ( %ade & moi/ure on transplant+ w save ! mo/ t5d] plants1 & !y w spe$ily recov]4 ,make a hotb$ ( any size y may desire on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! bo>ds & frames w la/ _m ye>s1 ) prop] c>e1 & occasional supply ( a brok5 light ( glass4 ,into su* sa%1 brok5 glass ( any size c be put1 by cutt+ x to a prop] wid? 9 "o direction1 no matt] h[ f> ! po9ts lap4 ,,h\ses4 ,x is n our design to give an ext5d$ view ( rural ar*itecture4 ,b ?is "w c n be complete )\t a brief notice ( f>m-build+s1 & a few plans = su* build+s1 adapt$ to ! wants ( ^? possess+ limit$ means4 ,we hope ^! directions & plans w prove important aids 9 gett+ up *eap1 yet conv5i5t & beautiful1 c\ntry resid5ces1 especially 9 all ! new] p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,our read+ on rural ar*itecture1 & an ext5sive obs]vation 9 _m /ates ( ! ,union1 h made u acqua9t$ ) no?+1 comb9+ beauty1 *eapness1 & utility1 bett] ?an ! foll[+4 ,! scale at ! bottom w enable any me*anic to det]m9e ! size ( ea* ( ^! build+s1 & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,!y c1 on ! same g5]al plan1 be made ( any dim5sions1 to suit ! wi%es ( ! proprietor4 ,! wagon-h\se 9 ! range is =ty feet long1 af=d+ ample %elt] = all k9ds ( vehicles1 connect$ by a cov]$ way ) ! horse-/ables & b>n-floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,range ( ,f>m-,build+s4 ,a lean-to is built on ! nor? side ( ! wagon-h\se1 9 :i* is a tool-h\se op5+ into x1 & a /able = eight mil*-c[s1 t w ?us be conv5i5t = w9t]-milk+2 ^! c[s are f$ f ! l(t ov] ! wagon-h\se4 ,! b>n is ?irty by =ty feet1 ) floor 9 ! middle & bay on ea* side3 ?is c be driv5 into on "o side & out on ! o!r4 ,f ! floor is a cov]$ way to cattle & horse /ables1 & into ! wagon & tool h\se1 )\t go+ outdoor4 ,! ,pigg]y4--,l>ge & small sw9e d n d s well toge!r2 h5ce1 ! l>g] ones are to occupy ! fe$+-p5 & b$ on ! "r 79 ! cut71 ^? ( m$ium size on ! left1 & ! small] ones 9 ! re>4 ,! dim5sions & relative size ( ap>tm5ts c be det]m9$ f ! plan4 ,! o!r build+s suffici5tly expla9 !mselves 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\nd-plan ( ,pigg]y4 ,) ?is range ( build+s1 let a f>m] d 8 own ?ra%+1 ) a small horse-p[]1 & ?ra% a "p at a "t dur+ ! w9t]1 keep+ ! /raw 9 an ap>tm5t 9 ! bay1 dry = litt]1 & = cut fe$ = cattle & horses1 & x w be ! be/ & mo/ economical me?od ( ?ra%+ & keep+ /ock4 ,e f>m] %\ld d at lea/ a "p ( 8 ?ra%+ 9 ?is way1 dur+ ! w9t]1 = ! b5efit ( fre% /raw1 c4 ,c\ntry ,resid5ce4--,?is includes ! range ( build+s giv5 opposite1 _! di/ance f ! h\se1 & all ! p>ts ( a complete resid5ce1 ) all ! com=ts & conv5i5ces t c be cr[d$ into su* a space1 & at a v reasonable exp5se4 ,?ree f\r?s ( an acre are devot$ to ! ornam5tal gr\nds2 except ! walks & small fl[]-b$s1 x is all gre5 turf4 ,pl[$ v deep & ?or\ghly enri*$1 ! trees are set out1 & all !n made v level1 & "o & a half bu%els grass-se$ s[n on x & bru%$ 9 v smoo?4 ,?is soon makes a v ?ick gre5 turf1 to be cut e t5 days dur+ ! mo/ gr[+ season1 & less frequ5tly z ! season advances4 ,! trees1 = a few ye>s1 ne$ c>eful work+ ar\nd & mul*+4 ,! gravel c>riage-road is twelve feet wide1 & w9d+ ar\nd %rubb]y1 x leads to ! c>riage-h\se 9 ! range ( build+s4 ,! foot-walks are five feet wide4 ,! curves 9 ! walks may be accurately laid out 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,det]m9e ! g5]al position by a few po9ts measur$ (f4 ,lay a pole ^u ! gr\nd1 9 ! direction ( ! walk2 /ick a peg 9 ! gr\nd at ! fir/ end & at its middle2 move ! pole r\nd a little1 leav+ ! middle ! same1--!n /ick a peg at its end1 & move x =w>d--mov+ x =w>d & r\nd equally1 ea* "t1 by measurem5t4 ,a long] or %ort] curve is made by a great] or less side-movem5t ( ! pole4 ,9 a regul> curve1 ! movem5ts are ! same2 b 9 go+ f a %ort] to a long]1 or f a long] to a %ort] curve1 ! side-measurem5t mu/ increase or dim9i% regul>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\ntry ,resid5ce1 ,f>m ,build+s1 ,gr\nds1 & ,fruit-,g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,lay+ out ,curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,*amb]s4 ,! foll[+ cuts %[ ! plan ( ! h\se3 ?ree pr9cipal rooms & a b$-room bel[1 & f\r rooms above4 ,! hall ext5ds ?r\gh ! h\se1 af=d+ good v5tilation 9 summ]1 & entrance to ea* room1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ano!r4 ,! *imney 9 ! c5tre economizes heat4 ,?is small & *eap h\se af=ds m conv5i5ces ?an mo/ l>ge ones4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ?+s ab\t su* a h\se is a good cell>4 ,= a f>m-h\se1 ! cell> %\ld be "u ! :ole2 make x eight feet deep1 gravel & wat] lime made smoo? on ! bottom1 flagg+ "u ! bottom ( ! wall ext5d+ out a foot1 ! wall above gr\nd built d\ble1 ! inside f\r in*es ?ick1 ) brick1 ) a space ( two in*es1 & outside /one wall a foot ?ick4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be d\ble & well fitt$1 ! inside "o hung on h+es2 ! outside "o to be remov$ 9 spr+1 & its place suppli$ ) a well-fitt$ frame1 cov]$ ) wire-clo? to admit air & exclude intrud]s dur+ summ]4 ,?is w n freeze1 & nev] ne$ bank+4 ,no rat c ent]1 = !y always "w close to ! wall1 & com+ to ! project+ flat /one at ! bottom1 !y give x up4 ,on "o side ( ! cell>1 "u ! kit*51 make a l>ge ra9-wat] ci/]n1 ) a pump 9 ! kit*5 & a faucet 9 ! cell>1 & ! :ole arrangem5t is p]fect4 ,if ! f>m be l>ge1 y w ne$ "s ( ! good1 b *eap h\ses describ$ 9 ! foll[+ "p ( ?is article1 :]e y\r m5 w live & bo>d !mselves1 :i* is always ! be/ & *eape/ way4 ,an op5 view f ! h\se 9 ! c\ntry resid5ce ext5ds to ! summ]-h\se 7b7 on ! "r4 ,?is is "o ( ! neate/ *eap summ]-h\ses t c be made4 ,! foll[+ directions = mak+ x may be useful4 ,set eight c$> po/s1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 9 ! gr\nd1 9 a circle2 saw !m (f ev5 at ! top1 & connect !m by plank nail$ on _! tops4 ,make an eight-sid$ ro( ( bo>ds2 nail la? f po/ to po/1 =m+ lattice-"w1 leav+ a space betwe5 two po/s = a door4 ,put a seat ar\nd on ! inside4 ,leave all ! mat]ials except ! seat unplan$1 & cov] ) a :ite or br[n wa%1 & x ne$ n co/ m ?an five or six doll>s1 &1 cov]$ ) v9es ( "s k9d1 x w be ornam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,summ]-h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,labor]'s ,cottage4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,labor]'s ,cottage4 ,?is =m ( a *eap h\se is conv5i5t & pleasant4 ,built ( f\r-in* scantl+1 ! plates & sills be+ connect$ only by ! upright plank1 & ! w+s ?or\ghly brac+ ! upright po/s2 :5 lumb] is *eap1 x may be built = "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ doll>s1 ) cell>1 well1 & ci/]n4 ,occasional :itewa% is z good z pa9t4 ,) cell> "u ! :ole1 fill$ 9 ) brick1 & hav+ bl9ds1 x may co/ ?ree hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,! plan ( ! h\se suffici5tly expla9s itself4 ,! next cut illu/rates a neat c\ntry-h\se1 = a family :o ?9k m ( neatness1 com=t1 & intellectual pursuits1 ?an ( m]e ornam5t1 & may s]ve ! purpose ( a f>mh\se1 or ! resid5ce ( a retir$ or pr(essional g5tleman4 ,x has ! uncon/ra9$ air ( ! ,italian /yle1 )\t a rigid adh]5ce to any rules1 & may !re=e be alt]$ or add$ to )\t de/roy+ its effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,italian ,f>mh\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,italian ,f>m ,h\se4 ,! plan is intelligible )\t explanation4 ,built 9 a pla9 way1 ! f\r l>ge rooms n l>g] ?an fifte5 by sev5te51 & t5 feet high1 pla9 9 its f9i%1 x w\ld co/ ab\t sixte5 hundr$ doll>s complete4 ,x may g up f t1 accord+ to size & height ( rooms1 & /yle ( f9i%1 to ?ree ?\s& doll>s4 ,x !n makes z good a h\se z any p]son ev] ne$ to occupy1 out ( great cities4 ,,hybrids4 ,al?\gh ?is subject has receiv$ f> too little att5tion1 yet our limits w only all[ u to m5tion a few facts1 ( ! mo/ practical mom5t4 ,plants hybridize only ?r\gh _! blossoms4 ,?is c only occur 9 plants ( simil>ity1 9 nature & habits4 ,squa%es & pumpk9s plant$ ne> ea* o!r mix badly1 & ! poor] w prevail4 ,v>ieties ( corn mix at consid]able di/ances1 by ! fall+ ( poll5 f ! tassel ^u ! silk ( ano!r v>iety4 ,wat]melons are always ru9$ by be+ plant$ ne> citrons4 ,! se$s f melons s gr[n w n produce "o good melon4 ,h[ f> wat]melons & muskmelons1 or squa%es ) melons1 w hybridize1 is unc]ta94 ,by plant+ nutmeg muskmelons ) ! common r\ghsk9n$ v>iety1 we h produc$ a k9d ab\t half way betwe5 !m1 t 0 ( great excell5ce4 ,two k9ds ( cabbage or turnip se$ %\ld nev] be rais$ 9 ! same g>d54 ,cabbage & turnip se$ rais$ ne> toge!r is valueless4 ,9 /rawb]ries1 diff]5t plants are ess5tial to ea* o!r1 ! quality ( ! fruit be+ det]m9$ by ! plant f]tiliz$1 & n by ! f]tiliz]4 ,?is subject is fur!r treat$ "u articles on diff]5t plants4 ,,in>*+4 ,?is is a me?od ( effect+ a union ( trees or bran*es1 :ile bo? reta9 _! hold 9 ! gr\nd4 ,%ave (f a little wood f ea*1 & put !m toge!r1 fitt+ closely1 s t ! b>ks w meet1 z 9 graft+2 tie firmly1 & cov] ) wax4 ,:5 !y h got well to gr[+1 cut (f ! top ( ! old "o1 & aft] a :ile cut ! new "o f ! gr\nd4 ,:5 y h a tree t x is difficult to propagate 9 ! usual way1 y may transplant x to a ?rifty /ock4 ,vigor\s bran*es may by ?is means be transf]r$ to old1 poor-be>+1 or sl[-gr[+ trees4 ,s also may a tree be prolong$ beyond its ord9>y age1 z ! pe> on ! qu9ce1 by in>*+ "y %oots4 ,we c only recomm5d ?is to ! curi\s exp]im5t]1 :o has little else to d4 ,,insects4 ,^! are ! natural enemies ( fruits & plants2 & to prev5t _! depr$ations requires mu* c>e4 ,!re is no univ]sal rem$y4 ,birds & "y f[ls--especially ducks & *ick5s--are useful 9 a g>d54 ,! ducks mu/ n be kept !re too long4 ,!y w appropriate a little to _! own use1 b w save mu* m = ! proprietor4 ,insects h _! peculi> ta/es = p>ticul> fruits & plants1 ( :i* we h treat$1 "u ^? heads1 respectively4 ,success 9 _m bran*es ( horticulture & pomology1 dep5ds ^u att5tion to ! habits ( insects4 ,! mo/ g5]al rem$y is to wa% trees or plants ) a /rong decoction ( "s (f5sive h]b1 or ) :ale-oil soapsuds4 ,tobacco is v useful = ?is purpose4 ,,iron ,,fil+s4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by analysis1 t iron ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( ! pe>4 ,iron fil+s spread "u !m1 or work$ into ! soil1 increases ! gr[? ( pe>-trees1 & improves ! quality ( ! fruit4 ,,irrigation4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s1 t c engage ! att5tion ( agriculturi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,a /ream ( wat] t may be caus$ to fl[ g5tly ov] a field1 or diff]5t p>ts ( a f>m1 at pleasure1 is a m9e ( weal?4 ,plants receive _! food f ! air & wat]4 ,we %all discuss ?is m fully :5 treat+ ( manures4 ,a poor1 por\s1 s&y1 or gravelly soil usually produces a f9e crop1 9 a wet season4 ,t is an addition to ! soil ( no?+ b wat]4 ,h5ce all spr+s & /reams c be turn$ to great acc\nt1 on a f>m or g>d54 ,wat]+ g>d5s by h& or ) a g>d5-pump1 w (t5 pay bett] ?an any o!r exp5diture on ! l&4 ,employ+ a man1 9 a dry season1 to sp5d 8 :ole "t 9 wat]+ five acres ( g>d51 ( b]ries & vegetables1 z cabbages1 v9es1 onions1 & potatoes1 w pay a v l>ge pr(it4 ,/rawb]ries w be> twice z mu* & twice z long1 = daily wat]+1 aft] !y beg9 to bud = blossoms1 until ! fruit is gone4 ,x is a necess>y caution n to wat] irregul>ly1 & only occasionally1 9 a dry season4 ,bett] n comm5ce ?an to leave (f1 or neglect x 9 a dry "t1 be=e a ra94 ,read fur!r 9 our article on ,wat]+4 ,,labels4 ,x is important1 on _m acc\nts1 to h fruit-trees & %rubs well labell$4 ,_m labels h be5 inv5t$4 ,we pref] ,cole's1 z giv5 9 8 ,fruit ,book1 to any o!r4 ,take a piece ( s\nd p9e or o!r s(t wood1 :ittle two sides smoo?1 leav+ "o wid] ?an ! o!r1 ) a %>p corn] betwe5 !m4 ,= "o1 cut "o not* 9 ! edge1 & s up to f\r1 f\r not*es = f\r4 ,= five1 cut across ! n>r[ side4 ,= t5 cut across ! wide side1 & a not* = e t5 up to =ty4 ,= fifty1 cut obliquely across ! n>r[ side1 & = "o hundr$ cut obliquely across ! wide side4 ,keep ! names 9 a book1 ) numb]s correspond+ ) ! not*es or numb]s on ! labels4 ,fa/5 ^! to trees1 loosely1 by a small copp] or brass wire4 ,transport$ to any di/ance1 expos$ to any wea!r1 or buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 !y w n be oblit]at$4 ,pieces ( %eet lead1 t91 or z9c1 cut wide at "o end1 & writt5 on ) a %>p awl1 & n>r[ at ! o!r end1 to be b5t ar\nd a limb1 w answ] a pretty good purpose4 ,any s(t wood1 made smoo?1 & a little :ite pa9t appli$1 & writt5 on ) a good p5cil1 w pres]ve ! m>k = a long "t4 ,fa/5 ) small wire4 ,!re are _m labels1 b we "k none pref]able to ! above4 ,by all means make labels accurate & p]man5t4 ,o!rwise great losses may occur by budd+ or graft+ f wrong v>ieties4 ,,l&scape ,,g>d5s4 ,^! des]ve mu* m att5tion ?an !y receive 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,on mo/ f>ms l& en\gh is ly+ wa/e1 to make a picturesque l&scape1 at a small exp5se4 ,trees plant$1 we$s de/roy$1 grass cultivat$1 & pa?s made1 accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ rules ( c>elessness1 w\ld secure ?is object4 ,) a weal?y man1 ! omission ( su* a p>k ab\t 8 dwell+ is h>dly p>donable4 ,l&scape g>d5+ is an ext5sive subject4 ,we c only give a few ( ! mo/ g5]al simple rules1 t may be practis$1 )\t ! possession ( v l>ge means4 #a4 ,place ! h\se "s di/ance f ! ma9 /reet4 #b4 ,make ! c>riage-way lead+ to ! h\se1 at lea/ twelve feet wide1 & d n all[ x to ext5d 9 a /raight l9e1 b 9 g5tle curves1 ar\nd clu/]s ( trees & plats ( grass1 app>5tly r5d]+ ! curves necess>y4 #c4 ,h no l>ge trees directly 9 front ( ! h\se4 #d4 ,plant trees ( ! ?icke/ & gre5e/ foliage ne> ! h\se1 & ^? ( m op5 tops at a great] di/ance4 ,/&>d pe>1 & h&some *]ry trees1 d well plant$ among ! =e/ trees4 ,clu/]s ( !m1 at suitable di/ances1 are n only beautiful1 b !y be> exce$+ly well4 ,!y are well protect$ by ! =e/ trees1 & /&+ alone are injur$ less by insects4 #e4 ,nev] set trees 9 a l&scape g>d51 9 /raight r[s1 nor trees ( simil> size & =m toge!r4 ,nature nev] does s4 #f4 ,let none ( ! walks be /raight l9es1 b curves1 me&]+ among trees & grass4 ,if !re be any wat] 9 ! vic9ity1 let !re be an op5 space1 giv+ a fair view ( x f ! h\se4 ,if y h a /ream1 make ru/ic bridges ov] x1 ! pla9] ! bett]4 ,"h & !re h ru/ic arbors4 ,atta*$ to all ?is %\ld be ?ree o!r g>d5s1 "o ( fl[]s1 ano!r ( vegetables1 & ! ?ird ( fruits4 ,^! ?ree %\ld nev] gr[ toge!r4 ,fruit-trees ru9 vegetables & injure fl[]s4 ,& fl[]s 9 a vegetable g>d5 are m]e we$s4 ,a sep>ate plat = ea* is ! correct rule1 bo? = beauty & pr(it4 ,all ?is ne$ require b little "t & exp5se4 ,all l&hold]s c1 at a mod]ate co/1 live amid sc5es ( p]petual beauty1 :ile ! ri* may sp5d z mu* money 9 ?is way z !y *oose4 ,,lay]+4 ,?is is a me?od ( propagation1 by b5d+ d[n a bran*1 & fa/5+ x "u ! soil1 leav+ ! upp] end project+1 until x takes root4 ,cut half way ?r\gh ! bran* s z to raise ! top1 & fa/5 x at ! po9t :]e x is cut1 9 a tr5*1 ) a /ick ?ru/ into ! gr\nd ov] x ne>ly horizontally1 or ) a /ick hav+ a hook made by cutt+ (f a limb4 ,cov] well ) soil1 & mul* x1 & wat] :5 dry4 ,?is done 9 ! spr+1 9 ,augu/ ! bran* w be well root$1 & may be cut away f ! p>5t /alk4 ,?is is important 9 any tree or %rub 7l ! sn[ball71 difficult to propagate by slips or graft+4 ,,lay+ ,,9 ,,trees4 ,dig a tr5* :]e wat] w n /&1 & lay ! trees 9 at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 & cov] ! roots & l[] "p1 v closely1 ) e>?4 ,9 ?is way !y may be well pres]v$ ?r\gh ! w9t]1 if buri$ s deep t ! tap-root w n freeze1 :i* is always injuri\s to trees t h be5 remov$ f _! orig9al soil4 ,su* freez+ is always de/ructive to trees out ( ! gr\nd4 ,small trees & se$l+s may be cov]$ entirely1 to be kept ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,put co>se /raw manure on ! e>?1 ov] trees l>ge en\gh = sett+1 t are to be pres]v$ heel$ 9 dur+ w9t]2 & /raw or corn-fodd] ov] ! tops1 dur+ ! colde/ wea!r1 & !y w come out p]fect 9 ! spr+4 ,if n ready to set out y\r trees at once1 y may pres]ve !m 9 p]fect condition to v late 9 spr+1 9 ?is way1 by rais+ !m once1 to *eck vegetation1 & putt+ !m back1 & %ad+ _! /ems & mul*+ ! roots1 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( w>m wea!r4 ,trees may ?us be pres]v$ 9 bett] condition = transplant+ ?an ^? left 9 ! nurs]y1 & !y w make a l>g] gr[? ! fir/ season4 ,,leeks4 ,^! are said to be natives ( ,switz]l&4 ,we ?9k ?is d\btful1 z !y are an article ( daily food 9 ,egypt1 & 7 s highly e/eem$ !re1 c5turies ago1 z to become an object ( wor%ip4 ,!y are us$ z a pot-h]b1 to give a flavor to s\ps & /ews4 ,!y are n bulb\s1 l onions1 b h a long /em1 :i* is pr9cipally us$4 ,!y are transplant$ v deep1 s z to obta9 a long :ite neck4 ,! ends ( ! roots are to be cut (f :5 transplant$1 & !y %\ld be set 9 r[s a foot ap>t1 & f f\r to six in*es 9 ! r[4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 di/+ui%$ ma9ly by ! wid? ( ! leaves1--! ,fl&]s 7or n>r[-leaf$71 ! ,scot*1 & ! ,broad ,london4 ,we "k no use ( leeks = :i* onions w\ld n be equally good1 &1 h5ce1 d n recomm5d _! cultivation4 ,,lemon4 ,?is is ! f9e/ acid fruit gr[n1 & belongs to w>m climates2 b by gett+ good budd$ trees f ! ,s\?1 & sett+ 9 glass-h\ses1 protect$ f sev]e fro/s1 we may gr[ lemons 9 abundance at ! ,nor?4 ,by a sy/em ( acclimation & protection1 we anticipate see+ oranges & o!r ,s\!rn fruits gr[n at ! ,nor? z a dome/ic luxury1 & p]haps at a pr(it = m>ket4 ,! h\ses necess>y = protection may be wor? m = o!r purposes ?an _! co/ & c>e1 )\t int]f]+ ) _! use = orange & lemon culture4 ,,lettuce4 ,! v>ieties are num]\s1 & mo/ ( !m d well on v ri* l&1 well ho$4 ,only two k9ds ( summ]-lettuce ne$ be cultivat$--! ice-head lettuce1 & ! br[n4 ,! ice-head has a v ?ick & t5d] leaf1 cont9u+ to be excell5t up to midsumm]1 f "o s[+2 & if n all[$ to /& ne>] toge!r ?an six in*es1 x w produce f9e heads4 ,! br[n lettuce is v l>ge & v good4 ,!re are o!r1 e>li] k9ds1 & _m o!rs t =m l>ge heads4 ,b we c get ! above k9ds e>ly1 by s[+ 9 a hotb$ & transplant+2 or by s[+ s z to h plants get ( consid]able size 9 ! fall1 & protect by cov]+ 9 w9t]4 ,^! w be suitable = ! table e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,lettuce does bett] = transplant+2 x =ms l>g] heads ?an 9 ! orig9al b$1 & is a little lat]4 ,make ! soil v ri* ) /able-manure4 ,lettuce is m affect$ by ! quality ( ! soil ?an mo/ o!r vegetables4 ,?is is a pleasant & heal?y article ( food1 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,,licorice4 ,?is is a h>dy plant f ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! root 9 sub/ance1 or ! extract$ dri$ juice1 is mu* us$4 ,ne$s a deep1 ri* soil4 ,x is propagat$ by cutt+s ( roots set out 9 deeply-tr5*$ l&1 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 & "o foot 9 ! r[4 ,small vegetables may be gr[n among ! plants ! fir/ ye>2 aft]w>d keep cle> ( we$s1 & manure e autumn4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 aft] ! leaves are dead1 take up ! roots & dry !m ?or\ghly4 ,?is does well at ! ,s\?4 ,a few roots are suffici5t = a family1 & ! dem& w n be suffici5t to require its culture v ext5sively z an article ( comm]ce4 ,! l[ price ( labor 9 ,s\!rn ,europe enables !m to supply ! dem& *eap] ?an c be af=d$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,lime4 ,?is is a valuable application to ! soil4 ,= :eat x is v important1 except on soil conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,usually air-slak$1 & appli$ z a top-dress+1 or pl[$ or h>r[$ 91 its effects are important4 ,on moi/1 s\r l&1 produc+ wild grass1 x corrects ! acidity1 introduces o!r grass1 & prep>es ! soil = cultivation4 ,on h>d1 /iff l&s1 x has a t5d5cy to make !m friable1 & keep !m 9 a mell[ condition1 ?us sav+ m ?an its co/1 9 ! labor ( cultivation4 ,v valuable 9 a compo/ heap4 ,s mu* may be appli$ z to burn ! soil & prove injuri\s4 ,x w n d z a sub/itute = ev]y?+ else4 ,see fur!r on ,manures4 ,,lime4 ,a fruit resembl+ ! lemon1 gr[+ 9 ! same climate1 b ( small] size4 ,x is us$ = ! same purposes z ! lemon1 b is n s valuable4 ,pres]v$ gre51 x is highly e/eem$4 ,x is cultivat$ z ! orange & lemon1 ne$+ ! same protection 9 cold climates4 ,to pres]ve all ^! f de/ruction by insects1 wa% !m 9 a /rong decoction ( bitt] or (f5sive h]bs1 or ) :ale-oil soap-suds2 tobacco is v effectual4 ,^! rem$ies are useful on all fruit-trees4 ,,location4 ,?is is important to ev]y?+ we cultivate4 ,b1 z ev]y?+ c n h ! be/ location1 we %\ld /udy x ) ref]5ce to ^? ?+s mo/ affect$ by x1 especially fruits4 ,fruits escape late fro/s :5 gr[+ ne> rills or small brooks4 ,or*>ds ne> ! %ores ( bodies ( wat]--z on ,lake ,erie ab\t ,clevel&1 ,ohio--be> luxuriantly :5 all fruit a few miles back is cut (f by late fro/s4 ,on ! summits ( hills1 fruits escape late fro/s1 :5 !y are all cut (f 9 ! valleys bel[4 ,on ! ,ohio riv] above ,c9c9nati1 pea*es are v liable to de/ruction by late fro/s4 ,we h se5 !m all froz5 ?r\gh 9 "o night1 & turn$ black ! next day1 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 aft] !y _h gr[n to ! size ( m>r[fat-peas4 ,"o season1 :5 !re 7 no pea*es 9 any o!r locality )9 a hundr$ miles1 we knew an or*>d1 on a ,k5tucky hill1 s high & /eep1 t x took miles ( w9d+ ar\nd ! hill1 to asc5d x ) a team4 ,^? trees 7 p]fectly load$ ) pea*es1 t sold on ! tree at f\r doll>s p] bu%el1 & 9 ,c9c9nati m>ket at sev5 to eight doll>s4 ,9 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 & ,virg9ia1 !re are su* hills1 t may be turn$ to m valuable acc\nt ?an any ( ! re/ ( _! l&1 t are n n[ consid]$ good = any?+--ev5 = %eep-pa/ures4 ,! same is true 9 ! hilly p>ts ( all ! /ates4 ,good fruit ( "s k9d w gr[ on !m all1 e ye>4 ,,locu/-,,trees4 ,x w soon be a great object ) ,am]ican f>m]s to cultivate locu/-trees1 9 all locations to :i* !y are adapt$4 ,ev5 9 ?is new _w1 we %all soon be dep5d5t on cultivat$ timb] = f5ce-po/s1 railroad-ties1 & build+ purposes4 ,our native =e/s are rapidly disappe>+1 :ile dem& = timb] is z rapidly increas+4 ,probably no o!r tree is s pr(itable = cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry z ! locu/4 ,x is ( rapid gr[?1 & h>d & durable1 & adapt$ to _m uses4 ,! second-gr[? locu/ is n s durable z ! native =e/-tree1 z f\nd 9 p>ts ( ,ohio2 b1 cut at a suitable age & at ! "r season ( ! ye>1 x is z durable z :ite c$>1 & mu* m valuable4 ,! pr(its ( ! culture w\ld be great4 ,an acre ( locu/-trees fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s old w\ld be wor? fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& doll>s4 ,! exp5se ( gr[+ x1 aside f ! use ( ! l&1 w\ld be trifl+4 ,! grove w\ld af=d a good place = f[ls1 :ile ! blossoms w\ld be ne>ly equal to :ite clov] = honey4 ,! limbs w\ld make excell5t wood1 & ! gr\nd w\ld ne$ no plant+ = a second gr[?4 ,=tunate w be ! m5 on ! prairies ( ! ,we/1 & along ! railroads & riv]s ( ! l&1 :o %all e>ly plant fields ( locu/4 ,! pr(its ( x w greatly exce$ ! increase 9 ! value ( ! l&4 ,,manures4 ,soils1 manures1 & prep>+ ! soil--pl[+1 h>r[+1 c4--are ! ?ree great subjects 9 any good agricultural "w4 ,we %all treat ?is subject "u ! foll[+ divisions3-- #a4 ,! sub/ances ( :i* manures are compos$4 #b4 ,prep>ation & sav+ ( manures4 #c4 ,"t & modes ( application4 #d4 ,! pr9ciples ( _! action ^u plants4 ,manures are ( two classes--call$ putresc5t & fossil4 ,! putresc5t are compos$ ( decay$1 or decay+1 vegetable & animal sub/ances4 ,! fossil are ^? dug f ! e>?1 z lime1 m>l1 & gypsum4 ,all vegetable sub/ances n useful = o!r purposes are valuable = manure4 ,rott5 wood1 leaves1 /raw1 & all ! vegetable p>ts ( /able manure1 & any spoil$ vegetables or gra91 are all valuable4 ,at ! ,s\?1 _! imm5se quantities ( cotton-se$ are a m9e ( weal?1 if prop]ly prep>$ & appli$ z manure4 ,animal manures consi/ ( ! animal p>ts ( /able manure1 dry & liquid1 p>ts ( bones1 br9e1 spoil$ meat1 kit*5 slops1 soapsuds1 & all dead animals4 ,9 decay+1 ^! sub/ances all pass ?r\gh a process ( f]m5tation4 ,left expos$ )\t suitable c>e1 !y become unheal?y & (f5sive4 ,x is probable t a l>ge %>e ( ! diseases suff]$ 9 ! rural di/ricts are caus$ by ^! impurities2 & ! impossibility ( keep+ l>ge cities free f ^! sub/ances is ! cause ( _! increas$ mortality4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 a little timely caution & labor1 9 remov+ ^! sub/ances & regulat+ _! f]m5tation1 w\ld save mu* sickness2 :ile ! labor w\ld pay a l>g] p]-c5t4 pr(it ?an any o!r p]=m$ on ! soil4 ,no manures %\ld be all[$ to f]m5t1 or decay1 )\t be+ mix$ or cov]$ ) en\gh common e>?1 s&1 peat1 or muck1 to reta9 all ! gases & exhalations ( su* putresc5ce4 ,! smalle/ quantity t w answ] is "o load ( e>? to two ( ! decay+ sub/ances4 ,! proportions rev]s$ w\ld be bett]3 put "o bu%el ( lime to two loads1 two qu>ts ( gr\nd pla/]1 & half a bu%el ( a%es1 & y h ! v be/ compo/ heap4 ,! foll[+ are brief g5]al rules = ! prep>ation ( manures4 ,x is always mo/ economical to fe$ cattle 9 ! /able or "u cov]1 & nev] h manure expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,b if cattle mu/ be f$ outdoor1 let !m be f$ 9 a y>d1 l[e/ 9 ! c5tre1 t ! liquids & wa%+s may run into ! c5tre1 & be absorb$ by /raw & litt]4 ,put manure on ! l&1 or into heaps = compo/1 be=e v w>m wea!r4 ,always fe$ %eep "u cov]1 & keep _! manure f ra92 heap x toge!r ) e>? 9 ! spr+1 or apply x to ! soil at once4 ,manure ?r[n out ( a /able %\ld be kept "u cov]1 out ( ! ra91 & n all[$ to heat 9 w9t]2 its be/ qualities are evaporat$ by f]m5tation 9 ! y>d4 ,manures (t5 ra9$ on 9 w9t]1 or left 9 l>ge piles )\t int]mixture ( e>?1 lime1 pla/]1 & a%es1 w f]m5t & wa/e4 ,con/ruct y\r /ables s t ! liquid manure w run into a vat fill$ ) e>?2 muck is be/4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ! liquid manures are at lea/ "o six? bett] ?an ! solid4 ,a g5tleman dug a pit1 ?irty-six feet squ>e & f\r feet deep1 & wall$ x 9 on all sides4 ,he fill$ 8 vat f a cultivat$ field1 & s con/ruct$ 8 sew]s f ! /ables adjo9+ t ! ur9e saturat$ ! :ole4 ,he kept f\rte5 head ( cattle !re = five mon?s1 all[+ none b ! liquid "p ( ! manure to pass into ! vat4 ,he spread =ty loads ( ?is on an acre4 ,= t5 ye>s he tri$ equal quantities ( ?is & well rott$ & prep>$ /able-manure1 side by side1 9 ! same field1 & obta9$ great crops2 b 9 no /age ( _! gr[? c\ld he see t crops on ! l& manur$ f ! /able 7 any bett] ?an ^? t _h receiv$ only ! soil f ! vat4 ,! latt] 7 q z good z ! =m]4 ,! cont5ts ( 8 vat manur$ sev5 acres1 or half an acre to ea* creature /abl$4 ,! result is pro( t "o c[ dis*>ges ur9e suffici5t 9 five mon?s to manure abundantly half an acre ( l&4 ,save ! solid manure equally well1 & a c[ w make manure en\gh1 9 five or six mon?s1 to increase a crop suffici5tly to pay = h]self4 ,x is c]ta9ly safe to say1 t a c>eful man c make ! manure ( a c[ pay = h] body e ye>4 ,is n ?is an important bran* ( f>m+ op]ations8 ,few pay suffici5t att5tion to x4 ,f[ls %\ld roo/ :]e _! dropp+s may be mix$ ) common g>d5 soil or loam4 ,! manure f ea* f[l1 c>efully sav$ & judici\sly appli$1 w pay = its body twice a ye>4 ,! hog/ye may be v productive ( manure1 "o f\r? bett] ?an t f ! /able4 ,connect$ ) y\r hogp51 h a y>d fifte5 feet squ>e = e five hogs2 let t y>d h no floor4 ,?r[ ! /raw out ( _! sleep+-room frequ5tly to make room = new2 ?r[ into ! y>d1 also1 all sorts ( we$s1 refuse vegetables1 corn-husks1 peapods1 c42 also ! dirt t w naturally accumulate 9 ! backy>d ( a dwell+1 includ+ sawdu/1 f9e *ips1 clean+s ( cell>s1 scrap+s ( dit*es1 & occasionally a load ( loam1 muck1 or clay--& six loads ( manure to ea* hog may be made1 t w prove f> bett] ?an any /able manure2 x has be5 kn[n to produce fifty bu%els ( corn to ! acre1 :5 /able-manure produc$ b =ty bu%els4 ,old wood1 bru%1 & *ips1 %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 on uncultivat$1 useless l&4 ,wood ?r[s out ! same am\nt ( heat 9 decay+ z x does :5 consum$ z fuel4 ,! action ( t heat on ! soil is highly b5eficial1 reta9+ x long 9 a mell[ /ate3 h5ce1 all wood1 too old to be ( value = any o!r purpose1 %\ld be put 9 heaps1 cov]$ up till decompos$1 & !n appli$ to ! soil1 z o!r manures4 ,= potatoes or v9es1 b especially melons1 x is pref]able to any o!r manure4 ,no?+ is s good = muskmelons z old *ips f ! woody>d4 ,leaves ( fruit & =e/ trees are also v good2 blood & (fal ( animals1 hair1 ho(s1 bones1 horns1 refuse fea!rs1 wooll5 rags1 mud f sew]s1 riv]s1 roads1 swamps1 or ponds1 turf1 a%es1 old br9e1 soapsuds1 all k9ds ( fi%1 oy/] & clam %ells--all are valuable1 & no "p ( !m %\ld ev] be ?r[n away or wa/$2 !y are all good 9 compo/ heaps1 or appli$ directly to ! soil4 ,bones are be/ gr\nd1 b may be us$ :ole1 p\nd$1 or *emically dissolv$1 or mix$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( fre% horse-manure1 !y w be decompos$ by ! f]m5tation ( ! manure 7see ,bones74 ,p]haps !re is z mu* imprud5ce 9 wa/+ manures z 9 any "p ( ,am]ican dome/ic economy4 ,"o :o leaves 8 /ock )\t c>e1 & s expos$ to ! wea!r z to lose half ( !m & injure ! o!rs1 is n fit to be a f>m]2 yet1 _m wa/e manure t w\ld produce plants = man & bea/1 ( f> m value ?an ! loss ( /ock compla9$ (1 & yet no "o notices x--x is a matt] ( c\rse1 excit+ no surprise4 ,wa/efulness 9 a family1 if x be ( bread1 fl\r1 or meat1 is consid]$ wick$ & impov]i%+2 :ile t5 times t am\nt may be wa/$ 9 manures1 t w\ld enri* ! soil1 & excite little or no disapprobation4 ,we hope ! agricultural p]iodicals w keep ?is subject be=e ! p1 until ^! m9es ( weal? w no long] be neglect$ or wa/$4 ,application ( ,manures is a subject t has be5 mu* discuss$1 & respect+ :i*1 intellig5t agriculturi/s diff] mat]ially4 ,"s apply !m ext5sively z a top-dress+ = grass l&s4 ,?is does mu* good1 b probably "o half ( _! virtues is lo/ by wa%+ ra9s1 & by evaporation4 ,a bett] way is n to keep l& d[n 9 grass long at a "t1 &1 :5 "u ! pl[1 manure ?or\ghly4 ,we knew a piece ( light l& t annually produc$ half a ton ( hay p] acre4 ,! own] pl[$ x up1 rais$ a crop1 put a mod]ate quantity ( /able-manure1 & t5 loads ( lea*$ a%es to ! acre4 ,we saw x 9 hay+ "t1 ! ?ird season aft] x _h be5 manur$ & subsoil$ & se$$ d[n1 & !y 7 !n tak+ fully ?ree tons ( timo?y hay f an acre1 :i* 0 ! quantity x _h yield$ ?ree ye>s 9 succession1 )\t any top-dress+4 ,if a top-dress+ ( manure is to be appli$1 h>r[ ! l& q ?or\ghly1 & always apply ! manure 9 ! fall--x is wor? twice z mu* z :5 appli$ 9 ! spr+4 ,! ra9s & sn[s ( w9t] cause x to s9k into ! soil1 :ile ! heat ( spr+ & summ] evaporate x4 ,a mixture ( pla/]1 lime1 a%es1 & a v little salt1 s[$ on mead[s1 imm$iately aft] hay+1 secures a good gr[? ( fe$1 mu* soon] ?an x w come on o!r mead[s4 ,x also increases1 q consid]ably1 ! hay crop ( ! foll[+ season4 ,x is a univ]sal rule n to all[ manure to lie long on ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 be=e pl[+ 94 ,place manure 9 heaps1 z l>ge z w be conv5i5t = spread+1 & spread x j be=e ! pl[4 ,nev] spread manure "o day to be pl[$ 9 ! next4 ,:5 manur+ 9 ! hill1 h ! plant]s foll[ ! manure-c>t4 ,9 manur+ potatoes 9 ! hill1 drop ! potatoes1 & put ! manure on !m & cov] at once4 ,9 a dry season1 ! yield w be d\ble t ( ^? plant$ 9 ! usual way4 ,= fall gra9s1 pl[ 9 ! manure1 j be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,?is is bett] ?an pl[+ x 9 "u ! sod4 ,if ! l& be n sod l&1 & y c pl[ ! manure 9 only deep en\gh to cov] x1 & !n1 j be=e s[+ ! se$1 pl[ aga9 v deep1 ! effect is excell5t4 ,apply manure to l& 9 ! fall1 or j aft] h>ve/1 & pl[ x 91 let ! l& rema9 till spr+1 & !n pl[ deep1 & y get ! be/ possible effect4 ,on an onion crop1 manure does ! mo/ good on ! surface4 ,on ^? rais$ f sets1 or on any onions1 aft] !y get l>ge en\gh to give room1 put f9e manure en\gh to keep d[n all we$s1 & x w d\ble ! crop4 ,gypsum is bett] s[$ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,mix$ ) a little lime & salt1 or wood-a%es & salt1 ! effect on corn is bett] ?an f ei!r alone4 ,to ho$ crops apply ^! articles twice1 & always by s[+1 & n by putt+ x ar\nd or ^u ! hills2 ! effect is mu* great] s[$1 besides ! labor t is sav$4 ,9 apply+ guano1 d n all[ x to come 9 contact ) ! plants1 z x is apt to de/roy !m4 ,x only rema9s to consid] ! pr9ciples on :i* manure acts ^u soils1 & produces gr[? 9 plants4 ,! action ( manure on ! soil1 by :i* x is enabl$ to reta9 & appropriate moi/ure1 con/itutes its ma91 if n its :ole b5efit4 ,x may af=d a /imulus to ! roots ( plants4 ,ev5 ! specific manures1 t are suppos$ to supply organic matt] to p>ticul> plants1 may imp>t _! b5efits by _! action ^u ! air & wat]4 ,facts are c]ta9ly at h& to %[ t ! great & lead+ b5efits ( manures are 9 _! control ( moi/ure1 & :]e t control is n ne$$1 plants get a great gr[? on :at we call poor soil4 ,no manures1 ei!r fossil or putresc5t1 af=d any consid]able food = plants4 ,vegetation receives its gr[? ma9ly f wat] & f ! atmosph]e4 ,facts 9 support ( ?is !ory are abundant4 ,a trial 0 made to asc]ta9 :5ce comes ! matt] ( :i* a tree is compos$4 ,a quantity ( kiln-dri$ e>? 0 weigh$ & !n put into a tight vessel4 ,a will[ %rub 0 also weigh$ & plant$ 9 t e>?1 & ! vessel cov]$ ) p]=at$ t9 to keep out ! du/2 = a ye> & a half x 0 suppli$ only ) pure wat]4 ,! tree 0 !n tak5 out1 & f\nd1 by weight1 to h ga9$ "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds4 ,! e>? 0 !n kiln-dri$1 z be=e1 & weigh$1 & its weight 0 f\nd to be only two ounces less ?an x 0 a ye> & a half be=e1 :5 x 0 deposit$ !re4 ,! tree1 !n1 mu/ h receiv$ its gr[?1 n f ! soil1 b f ! wat] or ! atmosph]e1 or bo?4 ,ano!r fact3 take a load ( manure1 dry x ?or\ghly1 & weigh x4 ,!n moi/5 x & apply x to ! soil1 & x w increase ! weight ( vegetation f t5 to ?irty or =ty times its own weight :5 dry1 & yet mo/ ( t manure may /ill be f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,h5ce x c only fe$ plants 9 a v limit$ degree4 ,its action mu/ be on air & wat]1 or ! control x gives ! soil ov] ^? elem5ts4 ,x is also matt] ( common obs]vation t soil well manur$1 w cont9ue moi/ = a long "t aft] simil> l& by its side1 b :i* has n be5 manur$1 is dri$ up4 ,h>d co>se soils dry up v quickly1 :ile s(t1 mell[1 & friable ones w endure a long dr\ght4 ,! gases & moi/ure g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( manures produce ?is mell[ /ate4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( hav+ t decomposition take place "u ! soil1 or ( pl[+ 9 ! manure4 ,ano!r important fact be>+ on ?is "q is1 t :at are reg>d$ v poor soils1 su* z light s&y or gravelly l&1 w produce good crops 9 a season rem>kable = ! frequ5cy ( %[]s4 ,on su* soils crops are f twice to f\r times z l>ge1 9 a wet season z 9 a dry1 & yet !re is an addition ( no?+ b moi/ure1 & 9 su* a mann]1 z n to h x /& & become /agnant among ! roots ( ! plants4 ,yet ano!r evid5ce is 9 ! /r5g? ( clay soils4 ,a h>d clay is v unproductive4 ,b s dis9tegrat$ t plants c gr[ 9 x1 x produces a great crop4 ,?is is because clay is ( s close a texture1 t :5 mix$ ) manure1 turf1 s&1 or muck1 al?\gh friable1 x reta9s m moi/ure1 ?an s& or ord9>y loam4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! sup]ior f]tility ( l& annually ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 z ,egypt 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,nile4 ,x is n t ! ,nile br+s d[n deposites f ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 s ri* above all t is 9 ! valleys bel[4 ,! entire weight ( all t a riv] deposites on t5 acres w\ld n equal 9 weight ! increas$ vegetation ( a s+le acre4 ,! cause ( ! increas$ f]tility is ! fact t ! deposite is s f9e t x prev5ts rapid evaporation1 & ?us causes ! soil to reta9 moi/ure = ! l>ge gr[?1 & maturity ( ! plants4 ,"o m evid5ce is f\nd on our s&y p9e pla9s4 ,our common =e/-trees1 z bee*1 maple1 elm1 or l9d51 w n fl\ri% !re4 ,su* l& w produce comp>atively no corn1 oats1 or :eat4 ,b rye t /&s dr\ght bett] ?an any o!r gra91 gr[s tol]ably well4 ,b su* pla9s always produce an enorm\s gr[? ( p9e timb]1 h>dly equall$ 9 ! numb] ( cords to ! acre1 by ! heavie/-timb]$ l& ( ! riv] bottoms4 ,:y is ?is8 ,does a maple ne$ s mu* m food ?an a p9e1 or is x 9 ! habits ( ! trees8 ,x is n 9 ! ri*ness or pov]ty ( ! soil1 b 9 ! adaptation ( ! trees to rea* & appropriate moi/ure4 ,! roots ( ! maple & bee*1 spread out ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,& x be+ a light1 por\s1 s&y soil1 x does n reta9 moi/ure en\gh to promote _! gr[?4 ,b :oev] notices a p9e-tree t has be5 turn$ up f ! roots by ! w9d1 w see t ! roots run d[n almo/ p]p5dicul>ly t5 or fifte5 feet into ! s&4 ,!re !y f9d pl5ty ( moi/ure & h5ce _! great gr[?4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s ! comp>ative productiv5ess ( all soils4 ,a soil compos$ ( light muck1 or a k9d ( peet-soil1 w dry up soon4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t rapid evaporation2 h5ce x is always unproductive1 = want ( suitable moi/ure4 ,mix ) x clay1 to r5d] its texture m firm1 & x w reta9 ! moi/ure1 & be v productive4 ,clay alone is too solid to reta9 moi/ure2 x runs (f1 z f a brick4 ,mix s& ) x1 & x becomes mell[1 & reta9s moi/ure1 & produces great gr[?4 ,s& all[s s free & rapid an evaporation t x is unproductive4 ,we say x lea*es & is hungry1 & s x is1 because x has little p[] to reta9 wat]4 ,our manures d x good1 only z !y are calculat$ to aid x 9 controll+ moi/ure4 ,if we apply a light manure z we w\ld to clay1 x is comp>atively useless2 x adds no firmness to ! texture ( ! soil1 & h5ce does n increase its capacity = controll+ wat]4 ,on su* l&1 ! only good t manure does1 is :ile decomposition is tak+ place 9 ! soil1 x r5d]s x m moi/1 & h5ce m productive4 ,apply clay to su* a soil1 & x w increase its firmness & consequ5t capacity ( reta9+ & appropriat+ moi/ure1 & ?us r5d] x highly valuable4 ,dry /raw manure is sometimes said to dry up l&1 & ru9 crops4 ,s ( turf 9 a dry season4 ,9 a wet season !y greatly increase ! gr[? ( crops4 ,n[ !y conta9 j z mu* food = plants 9 "o season z ano!r4 ,h5ce a soil too easily imp]vi\s to ! atmosph]e1 w be a poor soil1 t is1 w produce poorly1 simply because x has no p[] to reta9 ! necess>y moi/ure4 ,we suppose ^! facts & reasons to e/abli% our !ory1 t ! pr9cipal b5efit ( manures1 & ( mix+ diff]5t soils1 is 9 ! control !y give ov] ! moi/ure & ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! greatly increas$ crop ( clov] f ! application ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a bu%el ( pla/] to an acre4 ,! increas$ weight ( clov] on five squ>e rods1 w\ld outweigh ! pla/] appli$1 & /ill t pla/] rema9s1 9 almo/ its full weight1 on ! soil4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s ! b5efit ( mul*+ trees1 plants1 or vegetables4 ,?is is ! be/ means ( pres]v+ trees1 ! fir/ ye> aft] transplant+1 & ( secur+ a great gr[?1 ( any k9d ( %rubs or plants4 ,?is may be done ) common /raw or leaves4 ,n[ :]e9 is _! utility8 ,n 9 ! n\ri%m5t !y af=d ! plants1 b 9 ! fact t mul*+ s cov]s ! surface z to prev5t rapid evaporation4 ,9 su* cases1 x is ! m abundant moi/ure t secures ! great] gr[?4 ,h5ce ! fir/ /udy ( a soil culturi/ %\ld be to asc]ta9 h[ he %all s mix & manage ! mat]ials at 8 comm&1 z to cause !m to reta9 moi/ure = ! longe/ "t1 )\t leav+ wat] to /& ab\t ! roots ( 8 plants4 ,on ?is dep5ds ! :ole importance ( deep pl[+ & dit*+4 ,on ?is !ory we may also acc\nt = ! fact t c]ta9 plants pref] a c]ta9 k9d ( manure to all o!rs4 ,x is t ^? plants act 9 a c]ta9 mann] on ! soil requir+ a specific action ( manure to enable x to appropriate moi/ure & tax ! atmosph]e = _! gr[?4 ,?is !ory expla9s :y too mu* manure is bad4 ,n because we give too mu* food to plants1 b because excess ( manure dries up ! l&4 ,b :atev] !ory we adopt1 we all agree 9 ! utility ( f]tiliz]s4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ( practical f>m]s is ( m value 9 aid+ u to rea* "r conclusions1 ?an all *emical essays on ! subject t h ev] be5 writt54 ,,m>l4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ di/ribut$ & mo/ univ]sal f]tiliz]s4 ,m>l prop] conta9s ne>ly equal proportions ( clay & lime4 ,s&-m>l is spok5 (1 9 :i* s& & lime are ! ma9 +r$i5ts4 ,clay-m>ls are to be appli$ to s&y & gravelly soils1 & s&-m>ls to clayey soils4 ,%ell-m>ls are v valuable1 & seldom conta9 clay4 ,m>ls may easily be kn[n1 ev5 by ^? n at all acqua9t$ ) *emi/ry4 ,apply any m9]al acid1 or ev5 v /rong v9eg>1 & if x be a m>l1 an eff]vesc5ce w at once be obs]v$3 ?is effect is produc$ by acid ^u lime4 ,,m>jorum4 ,!re are two v>ieties 9 cultivation--! sweet1 an annual h]b2 & ! w9t]1 a h>dy p]5nial4 ,!y are gr[n & us$ z summ] savory--us$ gre51 or dri$ = w9t]4 ,!y give a sweet1 aromatic flavor to s\ps1 /ews1 & dress+s4 ,! cultivation is1 9 all respects1 l o!r g>d5-h]bs ( ! k9d1 :e!r = m$ic9al or cul9>y purposes4 ,,melons4 ,!re are two species--musk & wat] melons--:i* are subdivid$ into _m v>ieties ( ea*4 ,^! are among ! mo/ delici\s ( all ! products ( ! g>d54 ,a little use makes all p]sons v fond ( !m4 ,! climate ( ! ,middle & ,s\!rn /ates is well adapt$ to rais+ melons2 mu* bett] ?an ! same latitudes 9 ,europe4 ,! foll[+ brief directions w insure success 9 _! cultivation4 ,a light1 ri* soil is always desirable4 ,!re %\ld always be a little s& 9 ! composition ( soil = melons4 ,if n !re naturally1 supply x2 x w always pay4 ,! w>m s&s ( ,long ,isl& & ,new ,j]sey are ! be/ possible = melons1 especially = wat]-melons4 ,x may be well to tr5* deep = ! hills1 & mix 9 a little well-rott$ manure1 & cov] x ) f9e m\ld4 ,a quantity ( manure1 left 9 bulk "u ! hills1 w dry !m up at ! wor/ possible "t4 ,:5 y plant only a few 9 a g>d51 mul* y\r musk-melons ) *ips or sawdu/ f ! wood-y>d1 or leaves & decay$ wood f ! =e/1 & y w get a great gr[?4 ,!y w gr[ luxuriantly 9 a pile ( *ips1 ) a little soil1 9 a door-y>d1 :]e h>dly any o!r plant w\ld fl\ri%4 ,! wat]-melon does be/ 9 almo/ pure s&1 if x be enri*$ ) liquid or "s o!r ( ! f9] manures4 ,plant musk-melons six feet ap>t1 & wat]-melons n9e feet ea* way4 ,:5 ! plants become e/abli%$1 nev] leave m ?an two or ?ree 9 a hill4 ,! product w be greatly increas$ 9 numb] & size1 by pick+ (f ! end bud ( ! fir/ runn]s :5 !y %[ _! blossom-buds2 ?is causes !m to ?r[ out _m /rong lat]al v9es1 :i* w produce abundantly4 ,! attacks ( /rip$ bugs1 s well kn[n z ! enemies ( v9es1 & also ( ! black fleas1 or hopp]s 7v m9ute1 b q de/ructive to t5d] v9es :5 fir/ up71 may be prev5t$ 7says ,d[n+7 by spr9kl+ ne> ! plants a little guano4 ,z b a small portion ( cultivators w h x1 or c obta9 x1 we recomm5d to put _m se$s 9 a hill1 to provide = ! depr$ations ( ! bugs1 & spr9kle (f5sive articles ar\nd !m4 ,^! w n always be effectual4 ,we h recomm5d$ else:]e to f5ce ea* hill1 z ! mo/ effectual me?od4 ,a box1 ) gauze or a pane ( glass ov] ! top1 is a c]ta9 rem$y 9 e case2 x also greatly promotes ! gr[? ( ! "y v9es4 ,?is is equally effectual aga9/ ! cutworm & all o!r insects2 &1 z ! boxes w la/ a doz5 ye>s or s1 we %\ld use !m if we _h t5 acres ( melons4 ,b by e>ly & late plant+1 & wat*fulness1 & replant+1 y w succe$ )\t protection4 ,an excessive quantity ( /able-manure does n increase ! gr[?1 especially ( wat]-melons4 ,pla/]1 bon$u/1 & a%es1 are good applications2 hog-manure is ! be/ ( all4 ,! se$s %\ld be soak$ two days1 & plant$ an in* deep on broad hills1 rais$ 9 ! c5tre f\r in*es above ! level ( ! b$1 t wat] may n /& ar\nd !m2 plant$ l[1 !y sometimes p]i% 9 a few h\rs 9 a hot sun1 aft] a ra94 ,hoe !m (t51 b nev] :5 !y are wet1 & nev] hoe ne> !m aft] !y h comm5c$ runn+2 ! roots spread1 ab\t z mu* z ! v9es1 & hoe+ deep ne> !m cuts (f ! roots1 & mat]ially injures !m4 ,_m a promis+ plat ( melons has be5 ru9$ by /irr+ ! soil :5 !y 7 wet1 & hoe+ ar\nd !m aft] !y _h begun to run4 ,9 walk+ among melons1 great h>m is done by /epp+ on ! ends ( v9es4 ,no "o %\ld be all[$ among melons b ! "o :o hoes or picks !m4 ,_m are lo/ by dr\ght1 aft] great c>e4 ,we h (t5 us$ an effectual rem$y2 x consi/s 9 turn+ up ! v9es1 if !y h begun to run be=e ! dr\ght1 & putt+ ar\nd ea* hill f a peck to half a bu%el ( wet1 well rott$ manure2 t f a sp5t hotb$ is excell5t = ?is purpose2 & hoe f a di/ance betwe5 ! hills1 & cov] ! manure an in* or two deep ) f9e m\ld1 lay d[n ! v9es1 & saturate ! hill ) wat]1 & !y w h>dly get dry aga9 dur+ ! season4 ,a little judici\s wat]+ w give y a great crop 9 ! mo/ sev]e dr\ght4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,musk-melon4--,^! are num]\s1 & ! nom5clature unc]ta94 ,! ,london ,horticultural ,society's catalogue enum]ates sev5ty4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( no use to any "o4 ,two or ?ree ( ! be/ are suffici5t4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al classes ( musk-melons--! gre5-fle%$1 z ! citron & nutmeg2 yell[-fle%$1 z ! cantelope1 or long yell[2 & ,p]sian melon4 ,! la/ is ! f9e/ ( all1 b is too t5d] = g5]al cultivation ) u1 requir+ mu* c>e & v w>m seasons4 ,! yell[-fle%$ are v l>ge1 b mu* inf]ior 9 quality to ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,! gre5-fle%$ are ! musk-melons = ?is :ole c\ntry4 ,! nutmeg has long be5 celebrat$2 b1 x be+ mu* small] ?an ! citron1 & 9 no way sup]ior 9 quality1 we ?9k ! latt] ! be/ = all ,am]ican g>d5s4 ,! foll[+ are enum]at$ 9 ,:ite's ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\?1 z adapt$ to ! latitude ( ! ,s\!rn /ates3 ,*ri/iana1 ,bee*wood1 ,hoosa9ee1 ,sweet ,ispahan1 ,p9eapple1 ,cassab>1 ,nett$ ,citron1 & ,rock4 ,^! are d\btless all f9e1 & w\ld d well at ! ,nor?1 ) suitable c>e & protection4 ,d[n+'s catalogue is ne>ly ! same1 ) a v few additions4 ,v>ieties ( ,wat]-melons--are also num]\s1 & names unc]ta94 ,! be/ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are well kn[n4 ,! mo/ *oice are ! foll[+3 ,imp]ial1 ,c>ol9a1 ,black ,spani%1 ,m\nta9-,spr\t1 ,m\nta9-,sweet1 ,apple-se$$1 & ,ice-cream4 ,! foll[+ excell5t wat]-melons all orig9at$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 ,s\t]2 ,cl>5don1 or d>k-speckl$2 ,brad=d1 v d>k-gre51 ) /ripes mottl$ & /reak$ ) gre52 ,rav5scr(t1 & ,odell's l>ge :ite4 ,!re is a f9e little melon1 call$ ! orange-melon1 because ! fle% & sk9 sep>ate l an orange4 ,^! v>ieties w all d well ) c>e4 ,to pres]ve any "o ( !m1 x mu/ be gr[n at "s di/ance f o!r v>ieties4 ,all wat]-melons %\ld be f> remov$ f citrons1 :i* resemble !m1 rais$ only = pres]v+4 ,!y always ru9 ! next g5]ation ( wat]-melons4 ,diff]5t v>ieties ( musk-melons plant$ toge!r produce hybrids1 p>tak+ ( ! qualities ( bo?1 & are (t5 v f9e4 ,we rais$ a cross betwe5 ! yell[-fle%$ cantelope & ! nutmeg1 :i* 0 excell5t4 ,se$s ( mo/ v9es are bett] = be+ two or ?ree ye>s old1 z !y produce less v9es1 b m fruit4 ,melons are a luxury t %\ld gr[ 9 e g>d51 & ! /ate %\ld enact sev]e laws aga9/ /eal+ !m1 mak+ ! puni%m5t no less ?an f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,,millet4 ,?is is a species ( gra91 p>tak+ mu* ( ! nature ( a l>ge grass4 ,s[$ ?91 x produces a good yield4 ,! se$ is excell5t = f[ls4 ,gr\nd1 x is good = keep+ or fatt5+ all dome/ic animals4 ,x is ab\t equal to ,indian corn = bread4 ,cut :ile gre51 b :5 ne>ly ripe1 x is a good sub/itute = hay1 produc+ a mu* l>g] quantity p] acre4 ,all animals pref] millet1 cut 9 ! milk1 to hay4 ,x is a less pr(itable crop = gra91 on acc\nt ( ! irregul>ity ( its rip5+1 & its extreme liability to %ell1 :5 dry4 ,x mu/ be cut z soon z ! se$ beg9s to h>d54 ,x also attracts sw>ms ( birds1 :i* are exce$+ly fond ( ! se$4 ,ab\t ?ree tons p] acre is an av]age crop on tol]ably good l&4 ,f "o to ?ree pecks ( se$ to ! acre are s[n broadca/4 ,:5 s[n 9 drills & cultivat$1 x gr[s v l>ge1 & requires only f\r qu>ts ( se$ p] acre4 ,x w make good fodd] s[n at any "t f ,april to ,july4 ,its m ext5sive cultivation = fodd] is recomm5d$4 ,,m9t4 ,?is g5us ( plants comprises tw5ty-f\r species4 ,^? usually cultivat$ 9 g>d5s are ?ree1 ,pepp]m9t1 ,spe>m9t1 & ,p5nyroyal m9t4 ,all m9ts are propagat$ by ! same me?ods4 ,p>t+ ! roots1 (fset "y plants1 & cutt+s f ! /alks4 ,spe>m9t & pepp]m9t l a moi/ & ev5 wet soil4 ,p5nyroyal does bett] 9 a ri* loam4 ,plants come into use ! same season !y are set4 ,set ! plants eight in*es ap>t1 & on b$s f\r feet wide1 leav+ a pa? two feet betwe5 !m4 ,9 field culture1 = ! oils & ess5ces1 place !m two feet ap>t1 = ! conv5i5ce ( go+ betwe5 ! r[s ) a horse4 ,?us cultivation becomes easy4 ,!y %\ld be cut 9 full blossom1 & dri$ 9 small bun*es 9 ! %ade1 b bett] by artificial heat1 l hops4 ,!y %\ld be cut :5 dry4 ,= dome/ic uses1 dry quickly1 & pulv]ize1 & put away 9 tight glass bottles4 ,!y w reta9 all _! /r5g?1 keep free f du/1 & always be ready = use4 ,! same is true ( all ! h]bs = dome/ic use4 ,z a field crop1 m9ts are pr(itable4 ,,mulb]ry4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we place !m 9 ! ord] ( _! qualities3-- #a4 ,! ,johnson4--,a new v>iety1 ?us describ$ by ,kirtl&3 ,fruit v l>ge2 oblong cyl9dric2 blacki%1 subacid1 & ( mild & agreeable flavor4 ,gr[? ( wood /rong4 #b4 ,! ,black ,mulb]ry4--,an ,asiatic v>iety1 r t5d] = ! ,nor?1 ?\gh x succe$s tol]ably well 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&4 ,fruit l>ge & delici\s2 tree l[ & spread+4 ,easily cultivat$ on almo/ any soil4 ,propagat$ by se$s1 lay]s1 cutt+s1 or roots4 #c4 ,! ,r$ ,mulb]ry4--,a native ( ?is c\ntry4 ,fruit small & pleasant1 b inf]ior to ! two prec$+4 ,,mul*+4 ,?is is plac+ ar\nd plants or trees1 co>se manure or litt] ( any k9d1 to keep d[n we$s1 & prev5t too rapid evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,all /raw1 corn /alks1 old we$s or /ubble1 =e/ leaves1 seawe$s1 old wood1 sawdu/1 old tanb>k1 *ips1 c41 are good = mul*+4 ,any tree tak5 up & plant$ ) reasonable c>e1 & well mul*$ & wat]$1 w live4 ,"o ( fifty ne$ n die4 ,cov] ! loose e>? deep en\gh to prev5t ! spr++ ( we$s4 ,put a little e>? on ! out] edge ( ! manure1 leav+ x di%+ ab\t ! tree4 ,fill t occasionally ) wat]1 & y w get a good gr[?1 ev5 9 a dry season4 ,plant gooseb]ries or currants1 & mul* ! :ole gr\nd betwe5 ! bu%es1 & give !m no o!r cultivation1 & ! b]ries w gr[ ne>ly twice z l>ge z ! same v>ieties /&+ neglect$1 to gr[ up to we$s1 9 ! usual way4 ,mul*+ ) clean1 dry /raw1 or ) *>coal1 is a prev5tive ( mildew4 ,x is ! easie/ me?od ( tak+ c>e ( /rawb]ries aft] !y are 9 blossom2 ! v9es w be> mu* m & f9] fruit1 & x w be clean & neat4 ,mul*+ v9es is a great means ( insur+ a crop4 ,e crop t c be mul*$ w be greatly b5efit$ by x2 h5ce1 all ! /raw & litt] t c be sav$ is money 9 ! pocket2 = mul*+ alone1 x is wor? five times z mu* z x c be sold =4 ,burn+ or 9 any way de/roy+ cobs1 corn/alks1 /ubble1 old /raw1 or decay+ wood1 is extravagant wa/efulness4 ,,mu%rooms ,are vegetables gr[+ up 9 old pa/ures1 or on l& mul*$ & ! /raw p>tly cov]$ ) soil4 ,!y are also cultivat$ 9 b$s = ! purpose4 ,pick$ at ! "r /age1 !y are a f9e article ( diet1 almo/ equall+ oy/]s4 ,! use ( ! wild ones1 h[ev]1 is att5d$ ) "s dang]1 = ! want ( k ( ! v>ieties1 or ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5u9e mu%room1 & ! toad/ools t s mu* resemble !m4 ,p]sons h be5 poison$ unto dea? by eat+ toad/ools in/ead ( mu%rooms4 ,:5 ( middle size1 mu%rooms are di/+ui%$ by ! f9e p9k or fle% color ( _! gills1 & by _! pleasant smell4 ,9 a m advanc$ /age1 ! gills become ( a *ocolate color2 !y are !n apt to be conf\nd$ ) injuri\s k9ds4 ,! toad/ool t mo/ resembles ! true mu%room is slimy to ! t\*1 & r disagreeable to ! smell4 ,! noxi\s k9d gr[s 9 ! bord]s ( woods1 :ile ! mu%room only gr[s 9 ! op5 field4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 n to eat !m unless ga!r$ by a practis$ h&1 s z to be sure ( no mi/ake4 ,) ! help ( "o accu/om$ to ga!r+ !m1 y w le>n 9 a few mom5ts1 s z to be accurate & safe4 ,mu%room ,b$s4--,prep>e a b$ 9 ! corn] ( ! ho?\se1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( t1 9 a w>m1 dry cell>4 ,! fir/ ( ,octob] is ! be/ "t4 ,make ! b$ f\r feet wide1 & z long z y require4 ,x %\ld be "o foot high p]p5dicul>ly at ! edges1 & slop+ t[>d ! middle2 x %\ld be ( horse-manure1 well =k$1 & put 9 compact & ev51 s z to settle all alike4 ,cov] x ) long /raw1 to pres]ve heat & ! exhalations t w\ld rise4 ,at ! end ( t5 days1 ! heat w be su* z to all[ y to remove ! /raw1 & put an in* ( good m\ld ov] ! top ( ! b$4 ,on ?is put ! spawn or se$ ( ! mu%room1 9 r[s ( six in*es ap>t4 ,! spawn are :ite fibres1 f\nd 9 old pa/ures1 :]e mu%rooms gr[1 or 9 old sp5t hotb$s1 & sometimes "u old /able floors4 ,! w>m? ( ! b$ w produce mu%rooms pl5tifully = a consid]able "t4 ,if ! production dim9i%es & ne>ly ceases1 x may be r5ew$ by remov+ ! m\ld1 & putt+ on good horse-manure to ! dep? ( twelve in*es1 & cov]+ & plant+ z be=e1 & ! production w be pl5tiful = a numb] ( weeks4 ,,mu/>d4 ,!re are two k9ds cultivat$1 ! black & ! :ite1 annuals1 & natives ( ,great ,brita94 ,! :ite mu/>d is cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry pr9cipally = gre5s1 & sometimes = a small salad l ! cress4 ,x may be s[n at any "t f op5+ ( spr+ to ! beg9n+ ( autumn4 ,b s[n 9 hot wea!r1 ! b$ mu/ be %ad$4 ,! ,spani>ds pref] ! :ite mu/>d = gr9d+ = table use1 because ( its mildness & its :it] fl\r4 ,:ite mu/>d-se$1 be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! black1 is pref]r$ = mangoes1 & all pickl+ purposes4 ,black mu/>d is cultivat$ pr9cipally 9 ! field1 = ! mills4 ,x is !re gr\nd1 & makes ! well kn[n condim5t f\nd on mo/ tables4 ,s[ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 broadca/ on l& tol]ably free f we$s1 & if y get x too ?ick1 hoe up a "p4 ,9 ,july or ,augu/1 y may get a good crop4 ,cradle x z :eat1 be=e ripe en\gh to %ell4 ,mu/>d us$ 9 v>i\s ways is m$ic9al4 ,x is "o ( ! safe/ & mo/ spe$y emetics4 ,/ir up a table-spoonful ( ! fl\r & dr9k x4 ,foll[ x ) repeat$ draughts ( w>m wat]1 & 9 half an h\r1 y w h gone ?r\gh all ! /ages ( a ?or\gh emetic1 )\t hav+ be5 weak5$ by x4 ,,na/urtium4 ,?is annual plant1 f\nd 9 mo/ g>d5s1 is too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,7 x n s common1 its fl[]s1 t appe> 9 great pr(usion1 f e>ly summ] till de/roy$ by fro/1 w\ld be reg>d$ v beautiful4 ,its ma9 use is = pickles4 ,its gre5 b]ries are ne>ly equal to cap]s = t purpose4 ,x gr[s well on any good g>d5 soil2 be>s m b]ries on less v9es1 plant$ on l& n too ri*4 ,s+le v9es f\r feet ap>t1 on ri* l&1 d be/4 ,,nect>9e4 ,?is is only a f9e v>iety ( ! pea*1 hav+ a smoo? sk94 ,d[n+ gives in/ances ( its return to ! pea*1 & o!rs ( ! production ( nect>9es & pea*es on ! same limb4 ,! appe>ance ( ! tree is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! pea*4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( dess]t fruits3 x has no d[n on ! sk91 be+ entirely smoo? & beautiful1 l waxwork4 ,its smoo? sk9 exposes x to ! ravages ( ! curculio4 ,x is long]-liv$ on plum-/ocks1 b is m g5]ally budd$ on ! pea*4 ,x is usually productive :]ev] pea*es fl\ri%1 if n de/roy$ by ! curculio4 ,x is ev5 m important ?an 9 ! pea* to head-9 ! trees (t51 to produce good l>ge fruit4 ,v>ieties--are divid$ into free/one & cl+/one1 ) q a numb] 9 ea* class4 ,we give only a few ( ^? mo/ e/eem$4 ,bo/on4--,free/one1 ,am]ican se$l+2 h>dy & productive2 color deep-yell[1 ) a bright-r$ *eek4 ,"t1 ,septemb] #a/4 ,due du ,telli]s4--,free/one1 pale-gre51 ) a m>bl$ r$di% *eek2 fle% :iti%1 incl9+ to gre52 v f9e2 a great be>] ( r l>ge fruit4 ,"t1 la/ ( ,augu/4 ,hunt's ,tawny4--,v f9e & e>ly2 a great be>]2 tree h>dy2 color1 pale-orange1 ) a d>k-r$ *eek1 ) _m russety specks4 ,"t1 =ep>t ( ,augu/4 ,pitma/on ,orange4--,a f9e yell[ nect>9e1 matur+ ! la/ ( ,augu/4 ,! ,e>ly ,violet--is an old ,fr5* v>iety1 ev]y:]e e/eem$2 x has sixte5 synonyms2 fruit high-flavor$4 ,"t1 la/ ( ,augu/4 ,new+ton4--,a good cl+/one2 an ,engli% v>iety t has long be5 cultivat$2 x has _m synonyms2 ! color d>k-r$ :5 expos$4 ,"t1 #aj? ( ,septemb]4 ,new+ton ,e>ly--,is "o ( ! be/1 e>li]1 l>g]1 & bett]1 ?an ! prec$+2 rip5s fir/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! same v>ieties are excell5t = ! ,s\?1 :]e !y rip5 consid]ably e>li]4 ,! foll[+ selection ( *oice1 h>dy nect>9es = a small g>d51 is f ,d[n+3-- ,e>ly ,violet1 ,elruge1 ,h>dwicke ,se$l+1 ,hunt's ,tawny1 ,bo/on1 ,roman1 & ,new ,:ite4 ,,new ,,fruits4 ,t ^! are con/antly appe>+1 is a matt] ( common obs]vation2 b ! mann] ( _! production has giv5 rise to mu* div]sity ( op9ion4 ,! !ory t !y are ! results ( replant+1 f ! se$s ( successive g5]ations ( ! same tree1 is call$ ! ,van ,mons' !ory1 aft] ,dr4 ,van ,mons1 ( ,belgium1 :o devot$ _m ye>s ( close /udy & application to ! improvem5t ( fruit1 especially ( pe>s1 by ?is me?od4 ,8 directions may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s4 ,plant se$s f any good v>iety ( fruit2 let ^? se$l+s /& )\t graft+1 until !y be>4 ,take ! fir/ fruit f ! be/ ( ^? se$l+s1 & plant x & produce o!r se$l+s1 & s on4 ,! pea* & plum are said to rea* a high /ate ( excell5ce 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 :ile ! pe> requires ! fif?4 ,se$s f old trees are said to h a great t5d5cy to return to _! wild orig91 :ile ^? ( "y1 improv+ trees w m g5]ally produce a bett] fruit4 ,! se$s f a graft f a "y tree does n produce a bett] ?an itself4 ,! succession mu/ be ( se$l+s4 ,?is !ory requires long practice1 & is expos$ to int]ruptions by ! crosses t w necess>ily occur betwe5 diff]5t trees 9 blossom4 ,& we h 9 s _m cases _h a fruit ( great p]fection arise f a s+le plant+ ( se$ f "s kn[n v>iety1 t we mu/ conclude ! improvem5t to be produc$ by "s o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( ! ,van ,mons' !ory4 ,! evid5ce is 9 favor ( ! op9ion t new v>ieties ( fruit arise f cross-f]tilization 9 ! blossoms ( diff]5t k9ds1 & t ! improvem5t ( ! qualities ( any giv5 v>iety is ! result ( cultivation4 ,"s ( ! be/ plums we h are kn[n to h be5 ! product ( f]tiliz+ ! blossoms ( "o tree f ! poll5 ( ano!r2 ?is is con/antly tak+ place ) our fruits1 & is consequ5t ^u our mix$ or*>ds4 ,let ?is be att5d$ to artificially1 by cov]+ bran*es ) gauze1 to prev5t ! f]tilization by bees & w9ds1 & make ! cross betwe5 any two v>ieties y *oose1 & ! results may prove highly b5eficial4 ,! amateur cultivator may r5d] ess5tial s]vice to pomology by ?is practice4 ,we "k t all our *oice fruits h come f ^? n fit = use4 ,x is n improv$ cultivation ( ! old1 b>ely1 b ! production ( new v>ieties4 ,! subject ( fur!r improvem5t1 !re=e1 dem&s c>eful /udy & practice4 ,! se$s ( e/abli%$ v>ieties1 plant$ at once )\t dry+1 w (t5 reproduce ! same4 ,we are n c]ta9 b !y g5]ally w\ld1 if n affect$ by blossoms ( contigu\s trees4 ,,nurs]y4 ,( ?is subject we c only give ! g5]al outl9es4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( soil-culture is s di/9ct1 t ! few :o engage 9 x z a bus9ess are expect$ to make x an especial /udy4 ,9 a "w l ?is1 x is only desirable to give ^? g5]al pr9ciples t w enable ! cultivator ( ! soil to raise su* trees z he may desire on 8 own premises4 ,^! directions may be consid]$ reliable1 &1 z f> z !y g1 are applicable to all nurs]ies4 ,location4--,?is is ! fir/ po9t dem&+ att5tion4 ,if a piece ( l& conta9+ a v>iety ( soils c be select$1 x w prove b5eficial1 z diff]5t trees require diff]5t soils = _! greate/ p]fection4 ,a situation ?r\gh :i* a rivulet may run1 or 9 :i* a pond may be con/ruct$1 f$ by a spr+ or hydrant1 is ( great value = wat]+4 ,! situation ( ! nurs]y1 z x respects %ade or exposure1 is also important4 ,trees %\ld g5]ally be z mu* expos$ to ! elem5ts1 9 ! nurs]y1 z !y w be :5 transplant$ 9 ! or*>d4 ,trees remov$ f %ad$ situations to ! op5 field w be /9t$ 9 gr[? = "s "t1 & may be p]man5tly injur$4 ,nev] all[ y\r nurs]y to be %ad$ by l>ge trees4 ,be>+ trees1 design$ to %[ ! quality ( y\r fruit1 %\ld occupy a place by !mselves4 ,soil4--,a !ory t has _h _m adh]5ts is t trees rais$ on poor] & h>d] l& ?an t !y w occupy 9 ! or*>d1 w gr[ m vigor\sly1 & d bett]1 ?an ^? transplant$ f bett] to worse soil4 ,?us1 trees h (t5 be5 pref]r$ f high1 h>d hills1 to transplant 9 good loam or alluvium4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 a calf or colt %\ld be m heal?y1 & make a bett] creature1 = hav+ be5 ne>ly />v$ = ! fir/ ye> or two4 ,nei!r ( ^! is true4 ,give fruit-trees z great a gr[? z possible :ile "y1 )\t produc+ too t5d] & spongy wood = cold w9t]s4 ,x is only desirable to *eck ! e>ly gr[? ( fruit-trees on ! ri* prairies ( ! ,we/1 & t %\ld be done1 n by ! pov]ty ( ! soil1 b by root-prun+ or head+-92 ?is prev5ts a spongy1 t5d] gr[?1 t is apt to be injur$ by _! try+ w9ds4 ,trees t are br\ght f a cold] to a w>m] region1 always d bett]4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,soil4--,x %\ld be made q ri* ) /able-manure1 lime1 & wood-a%es1 & cultivat$ 9 a root-crop ! previ\s ye>--any roots except potatoes4 ,^? left 9 ! gr\nd w come up s e>ly & vigor\s 9 ! spr+1 t y c n eradicate !m )\t de/roy+ _m ( y\r "y se$l+s4 ,! l& %\ld be work$ v deep by subsoil+1 or bett] ) d\ble-pl[+1 by :i* ! manure & top-soil are put 9 ! bottom4 ,z manure always works up1 ! effect w be excell5t4 ,buck:eat is good to prec$e a nurs]y2 x %ades ! gr\nd s d5sely z to protect x f ! scor*+ sun1 & effectually de/roy all we$s4 ,trees plant$ on l& prep>$ by d\ble-pl[+ 7see our article on ,pl[+7 w make "o ?ird great] gr[?1 9 a giv5 "t1 ?an ^? on l& prep>$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,9 d\ble-pl[+1 if ! subsoil be v poor1 x w be necess>y to give a top-dress+ ( well-rott$ manure1 work$ 9 ) a cultivator4 ,?or\gh dra9+ is also v ess5tial to a nurs]y4 ,"t ( ,plant+4--,! g5]al practice is to plant 9 ! fall1 at any "t be=e ! gr\nd freezes4 ,! bett] way is to keep se$s 9 moi/ s&1 or dry & spread ?91 until spr+1 & plant z e>ly z ! gr\nd w all[4 ,freez+ apple-se$s is ( no use4 ,h>d-%ell$ se$s _h bett] be froz51 to op5 ! /ones & give !m an opportunity to g]m9ate4 ,! advantage ( spr+-plant+ is1 ! gr\nd c be put 9 mu* bett] condition1 & ! se$s w />t q z e>ly z ! we$s1 & mu* labor may be sav$ 9 t5d+4 ,me?od ( ,plant+4--,plant ) a drill t w run ab\t an in* deep1 putt+ ! se$s 9 /raight r[s1 n m ?an an in* wide1 & two & a half feet ap>t2 ?is w all[ ! use ( a small horse & cultivator1 :i* w de/roy ne>ly all ! we$s4 ,use a potato-=k or hoe1 across ! r[s1 among ! se$l+s1 & v little we$+ w be necess>y4 ,x is n m ?an "o f\r? ( ! ord9>y "w to keep a nurs]y clean 9 ?is way4 ,two ?irds ( ^? ?us plant$ & cultivat$ w be l>ge en\gh = root-graft+ ! fir/ season1 & = cleft-graft+ ! second4 ,:5 y\r se$l+s are six in*es high1 if y ?or\ghly mul* !m ) f9e /raw or manure1 y w be tr\bl$ ) no m we$s1 & y\r trees w get a /rong gr[?4 ,= root-graft+1 pull up ^? ( suitable size v late 9 ! fall1 cut (f ! tops eight in*es f ! root1 & pack 9 boxes1 9 moi/ s&1 & keep 9 a cell> t does n freeze2 graft 9 w9t]1 & repack !m 9 ! boxes ) moi/ s&1 sawdu/1 or moss1 & keep !m until "t to transplant 9 spr+4 ,!y %\ld n be wet1 b only slightly moi/4 ,9 ! spr+1 plant !m 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 & t5 in*es 9 ! r[4 ,! second ye>1 if !y are n want$ 9 m>ket1 !y %\ld be tak5 up & reset1 9 r[s f\r feet ap>t1 & two feet 9 ! r[4 ,cut (f ! ends ( l>ge roots1 to enc\rage ! gr[? ( num]\s fibr\s roots4 ,l>ge nurs]y-trees1 t h n be5 transplant$1 are ( little value = ! or*>d1 be+ ne>ly de/itute ( fibr\s roots4 ,b l>ge trees1 ev5 ( be>+ size1 :5 transplant$ 9 ! or*>d1 d q z well z small ones1 provid$ !y h be5 sev]al times transplant$ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,?is produces _m fibr\s roots1 ^u :i* ! heal? & life ( ! tree dep5d4 ,9 _m regions1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t de/ruction ( "y trees by sn[-drifts4 ,?is is done by select+ locations1 & by con/ruct+ or remov+ f5ces1 to all[ ! sn[ to bl[ (f2 tread+ x d[n z x falls is also v useful1 bo? 9 protect+ ! trees f break+ d[n by ! settl+ ( drifts 9 a ?aw1 & f ! depr$ations ( mice "u ! sn[4 ,trees %\ld be tak5 up f ! nurs]y ) ! lea/ possible injury to ! roots4 ,d n leave !m expos$ to ! air = an h\r1 n ev5 9 a cl\dy day4 ,x is an easy matt] to cov] ! roots ) mats1 /raw1 or e>?4 ,protect also f fro/s2 _m trees are ru9$ by exposure to air & fro/1 ( :i* ! nurs]yman is v c>eful 9 all o!r respects4 ,= transportation1 !y %\ld be closely pack$ 9 moi/ /raw1 & w\nd 9 /raw or mats1 firmly ti$ & kept moi/4 ,trees1 c>$ = & pack$ 9 ?is way1 may be transport$ ?\s&s ( miles1 & kept = two mon?s1 )\t injury4 ,,nuts4 ,m att5tion to ! cultivation ( nuts1 w\ld add mat]ially to our dome/ic luxuries4 ,!re are s _m nuts 9 m>ket1 t are ! spontane\s productions ( o!r c\ntries1 or rais$ :]e labor is *eap1 t we c n af=d to raise !m z an article ( comm]ce4 ,b a few trees ( ! v>i\s k9ds1 w\ld be a great addition to e c\ntry resid5ce4 ,we c\ld always be c]ta9 t our nuts 7 fre% & good4 ,a small piece ( gr\nd devot$ to nuts1 & occupi$ by f[ls1 w\ld be pleasant & pr(itable4 ,engli% walnuts d well "h4 ,we h v>ieties ( hickory nuts1 native 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i*1 to our ta/e1 are n surpass$ by any o!r4 ,*e/nuts are easily gr[n "h 7see our directions else:]e 9 ?is volume74 ,butt]nuts1 filb]ts1 peanuts 7gr[+ 9 ! gr\nd l potatoes71 & ev5 our little =e/ bee*nuts1 are easily rais$4 ,! dw>f *e/nut ( ! ,middle & ,s\!rn /ates is decid$ly ornam5tal 9 a fruit g>d54 ,its qualities are 9 all respects l ! common *e/nut1 only ! fruit is b half ! size1 & ! tree gr[s f five to t5 feet high4 ,9 all our l&scape g>d5s1 & 9 all places :]e we reta9 =e/ trees = ornam5tal purposes1 x is bett] to cultivate trees t w be> good nuts4 ,! v>ieties ( nut-be>+ trees1 int]sp]s$ ) ev]gre5s1 make a beautiful appe>ance4 ,,oaks4 ,rais+ oak-timb]1 on a l>ge scale1 w soon be dem&$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 "s sections we h imm5se quantities ( native oaks2 b !y are fa/ disappe>+1 & ! pres5t exp5se ( transport+ ! timb]1 to places :]e x is ne$$1 is mu* great] ?an w\ld be ! co/ ( rais+ x4 ,a million ( acres ( oaks ought to be plant$ )9 ! next five ye>s4 ,a crop ( :ite oak1 ( only tw5ty-five ye>s' gr[?1 w\ld be v valuable2 & tw5ty-five or fifty acres1 ( =ty ye>s' gr[?1 w\ld be wor? a h&some =tune1 especially 9 ! ,we/4 ,on all ! bluffs 9 ! ,we/ !y gr[ well1 & on ! prairies !y w d ev5 bett]1 aft] !y h be5 cultivat$ a few ye>s4 ,! application ( a little common salt on ri* alluvial soils1 is a great advantage 9 gr[+ timb]4 ,pres]ve acorns 9 moi/ s& dur+ w9t]1 & plant 9 ! spr+1 9 r[s six feet ap>t1 to give opportunity = o!r crops among !m = a ye> or two1 to enc\rage good cultivation4 ,plant a foot ap>t 9 ! r[1 t1 9 ?9n+ out1 good /raight trees may be left2 at ?ree or f\r ye>s old1 ?9 to f\r feet 9 ! r[s2 aft]w>d1 only remove z appe>s absolutely necess>y4 ,trim /raight & smoo?4 ,! "q ( transplant+ is important4 ,%all we plant ?ick1 z 9 a nurs]y1 & !n transplant1 or %all we plant :]e !y are to gr[8 ,9 fruit-trees1 ! object is to get a l[1 full1 & spread+ top1 ( horizontal bran*es1 t w be> mu* fruit4 ,?is is em95tly promot$ by transplant+1 root-prun+1 & head+-94 ,b 9 rais+ timb]1 ! object is to get trees ( long1 /raight bodies1 ) ! fewe/ possible l[ bran*es4 ,su* are ! native trees ( ! =e/4 ,?is is be/ promot$ by plant+ ?ick1 nev] transplant+1 & keep+ all ! l[] limbs well trimm$ (f4 ,^! directions are = rais+ timb] on good tillable l&4 ,su* groves may be good = pa/ures1 & = p\ltry-y>ds1 = a long "t4 ,beside ?is1 we h l>ge areas ( r\gh l&1 t w n soon be br\ght into cultivation = o!r purposes4 ,f9e timb] may be gr[n on su* l&1 ) no c>e b trimm+4 ,,oats4 ,?is is "o ( ! great /aple agricultural products ( all regions1 suffici5tly moi/ & cool = _! successful gr[?4 ,oatmeal makes ! mo/ :olesome bread ev] eat5 by man4 ,= all horses1 except ^? hav+ ! heaves1 oats are ! be/ gra92 to su* horses !y %\ld nev] be f$--corn1 soak$ or gr\nd1 is be/4 ,!y are valuable = all dome/ic animals & f[ls4 ,v>ieties4--,^! are num]\s4 ,^? call$ side-oats yield ! l>ge/ crops3 b ( ^! !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,! g5u9e ,sib]ian oats are tall1 heavy1 d>k-color$ side-oats1 ! mo/ productive ( any kn[n4 ,sw$i% oats1 & o!r new v>ieties1 are com+ into notice2 mo/ ( ^! are ! ,sib]ian1 "u o!r names1 & p]haps slightly modifi$ by location & culture4 ,! b>ley-oats1 ,scot* oats1 & ^? usually cultivat$1 w yield only ab\t two ?irds z mu* p] acre z ! true ,sib]ian2 ! same diff]5ce is app>5t 9 ! gr[? ( /raw4 ,oats w produce some?+ on poor l&1 ) bad tillage1 b repay ?or\gh f]tilization & tillage z well z mo/ o!r crops4 ,enri* ! l&1 "w x deep & ?or\ghly1 & roll aft] h>r[+4 ,moi/1 cool situations are mu* pref]able = oats3 h5ce1 success 9 w>m climates dep5ds ^u v e>ly s[+4 ,oats s[$ z late z ! fir/ ( ,july1 9 latitude =ty-two & fur!r nor?1 w mature2 yet1 all late oats1 ev5 ) l>ge /raw & h&some heads1 w be f\nd to be only f "o half to two ?irds fill$ 9 proportion to ! lat5ess ( s[+4 ,! entire pr(its ( an oat-crop dep5d ^u e>ly s[+4 ,h>ve/ z soon z ! gra9 beg9s to h>d51 & ! /raw to turn yell[4 ,all[$ to get q ripe1 !y %ell badly1 & ! /raw becomes useless1 except = manure4 ,cut ) reap] or cradle1 & b9d3 all gra9 s cut is m easily h&l$1 ?ra%$1 & f$4 ,m[ no gra9 t is n s lodg$ d[n t a cradle or reap] c n be us$4 ,! /raw ( oats cut q gre5 is ne>ly z good z hay4 ,,okra4 ,a valuable g>d5 plant1 easily propagat$ by se$s4 ,x is excell5t 9 cook]y1 z a sauce4 ,its ripe se$s1 us$ z c(fee1 v mu* resemble ! g5u9e article4 ,! gre5 pods are mu* us$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 s\ps & pickles4 ,plant at ! usual "t ( corn-plant+1 9 r[s f\r feet ap>t1 two or ?ree se$s 9 a place1 eight in*es ap>t 9 ! r[2 leave b "o 9 a place aft] !y get a few in*es high1 & hoe z peas1 & ! crop w be abundant4 ,,olives4 ,^! are natives ( ,asia1 b h1 beyond date1 be5 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,olive-oil is an important article ( comm]ce 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,its use 9 all k9ds ( cook]y1 9 c\ntries :]e x fl\ri%es1 r5d]s olives z important1 to ! mass ( ! p1 z c[s are 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,x %\ld be a /aple product ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 to :i* x is em95tly adapt$4 ,x is h>dy fur!r nor? ?an ! orange4 ,) protection1 x may be cultivat$1 ) ! orange & lemon1 all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,olive-trees atta9 a great] age ?an any o!r fruit-tree4 ,an ,italian olive-plantation1 ne> ,t]ni1 is believ$ to h /ood s9ce ! days ( ,pl9y4 ,once set out1 ! trees require v little att5tion1 & !y fl\ri% well on ! mo/ rocky l&s1 t are utt]ly useless = any o!r purpose4 ,calc>e\s soils are mo/ favorable to _! gr[?4 ,!y are propagat$ by suck]s1 se$s1 or by little eggs t gr[ on ! ma9 /alk1 & are easily deta*$ by a knife1 & plant$ z potatoes or corn4 ,olives w be> at f\r or five ye>s f ! se$2 !y be> ) great regul>ity1 & yield fifte5 or tw5ty p\nds ( oil p] annum to ea* tree4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,plantations n[ gr[+ at ! ,s\? are v promis+4 ,,onions4 ,( ?is well-kn[n g>d5 vegetable !re are q a numb] ( v>ieties4 #a4 ,! ,l>ge ,r$4--,"o ( ! mo/ valuable4 #b4 ,! ,yell[4--,l>ge & pr(itable1 keep+ bett] ?an any o!r4 #c4 ,! ,silv]-sk94--,! h&some/ v>iety1 excell5t = pickl+1 br+s ! highe/ price ( all1 b is n q s good a keep] z ! r$ or yell[1 & does n yield z well4 #d4 ,! ,:ite ,portugal4--,a l>g] :ite onion1 (t5 tak5 = ! true silv]-sk94 ,x is a good v>iety4 ,! prec$+ are all rais$ f ! black se$1 gr[+ on ! top4 #e4 ,! ,egg ,onion4--,s call$ f its size & %ape4 ,on good ri* soil1 ! av]age size may be t ( a goose-egg1 :i* x resembles 9 =m4 ,x is ( a pale-r$ color1 & m mild 9 flavor ?an any o!r4 ,!y are usually rais$ by s[+ ! black se$1 v ?ick1 to =m sets = next ye>4 ,^? sets1 put out e>ly1 w =m l>ge onions = e>ly m>ket1 t w sell m readily ?an any o!r (f]$4 #f4 ,! ,top ,onion4--,s call$ because ! se$ consi/s ( small onions1 gr[+ on ! top ( ! /alks1 9 place ( ! black se$ ( o!r onions4 ,^! are good = e>ly use1 gr[ l>ge1 b are poor keep]s4 #g4 ,! ,hill or ,potato ,onion4--,( ^! !re are sev]al k9ds1 mo/ ( :i* are unwor?y ( cultivation4 ,! ,l>ge ,engli% is ! only valuable v>iety4 ,! small onions1 = sets1 gr[ 9 ! gr\nd f ! same roots1 by ! side ( ! ma9 onion4 ,"s ( ^! gr[ l>ge en\gh = cook+4 ,! ma9 onion is ! e>lie/ kn[n1 gr[s l>ge1 & has a mild1 pleasant flavor2--!y w mature at a c]ta9 season1 :atev] "t y plant !m2 h5ce1 !y mu/ be plant$ v e>ly to produce a good crop4 ,we h plant$ !m on good gr\nd s late z to get little m ?an ! se$4 ,!y are f9e = summ] & fall use1 b keep poorly4 ,! =ego+ are all t are necess>y4 ,!y c all be br\ght =w>d by e>ly plant+ ( sets rais$ ! previ\s season1 by s[+ ! black se$ s ?ick t !y c n gr[ l>g] ?an peas1 or small *]ries4 ,good s&y loam & black muck are ! be/ soils = onions4 ,any good g>d5 soil may be made to produce l>ge crops2 good1 well rott$ /able-manure & lea*$ a%es are ! be/4 ,! !ory ( %all[ pl[+1 & tread+ d[n onion-b$s is incorrect4 ,! roots ( onions are num]\s & long4 ,! l& %\ld be well-manur$1 d\ble-pl[$1 & ?or\ghly pulv]iz$4 ,! only objection to a v mell[ onion-b$ is ! difficulty ( gett+ ! se$ up3 ?is is obviat$ by roll+ aft] s[+1 :i* packs ! m\ld ar\nd ! se$1 s z to reta9 moi/ure & insure vegetation4 ,f9e manure1 mix$ 9 ! surface ( ! soil = onions1 is highly b5eficial2 on no o!r crop does manure on ! surface d s mu* good4 ,mul*+ ! :ole b$1 z soon z ! plants are l>ge en\gh1 is 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial1 bo? 9 promot+ gr[?1 & keep+ d[n we$s4 ,an onion-b$ mu/ be made v smoo? & level1 to favor v e>ly hoe+1 )\t de/roy+ ! small plants4 ,all root-crops t come up small1 are t5d$ ) less ?an half ! exp5se1 if ! surface be made v smoo? & level4 ,nev] divide y\r onion-gr\nd into small b$s1 b s[ ! longe/ way1 9 /raight n>r[ r[s1 eighte5 in*es ap>t1 = conv5i5ce ( we$+ & hoe+4 ,cultivate :ile v "y1 & "w ! soil t[>d ! r[s1 s z to hill up ! plants2 ?is %\ld be remov$ aft] !y beg9 to =m l>ge bulbs4 ,break+ d[n ! tops to induce !m to bottom1 is a fallacy3 x w less5 ! crop4 ,ri* soil1 deep pl[+1 ?or\gh pulv]iz+1 e>ly s[+1 & frequ5t hoe+s1 w insure success4 ,our sy/em ( d\ble-pl[+ is ! be/ = ?is crop4 ,!y w d equally well1 "s say improve1 = tw5ty ye>s on ! same b$4 ,"w ! tops into ! soil :]e ! plants gr[4 ,let ! r[s be v n>r[ & v /raight1 & y w save half ! ord9>y exp5se ( cultivation4 ,to ga!r & pres]ve well1 y %\ld h\se !m :5 v dry4 ,a day's exposure to a w>m autumn sun is v b5eficial4 ,keep !m 9 an op5 b>n or %$ until !re is dang] ( fro/4 ,a w>m1 damp cell> always ru9s !m2 keep !m ?r\gh w9t] 9 ! coole/ dry place possible1 )\t sev]e freez+4 ,once freez+ is n injuri\s1 b frequ5t freez+ & ?aw+ ru9s !m4 ,!y are v f9ely pres]v$ braid$ into /r+s & hung 9 a cool1 dry room4 ,,oranges4 ,?is "n cov]s a v>iety ( species ( ! same g5]al habits4 ,x fl\ri%es well on ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & all along ! gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x w /& consid]able freez+1 if protect$ f sudd5 ?aw+4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe1 !y are gr[n abundantly by be+ protect$ by a %$ ( bo>ds4 ,!y may become p]fectly h>dy1 z f> nor? z ,philadelphia4 ,& by a ?or\gh sy/em ( acclimation1 & a little w9t] protection1 !y may be gr[n abundantly1 9 e /ate ( ! ,union4 ,! great enemy ( ! orange-tree is ! scal$ insect4 ,x has be5 v de/ructive 9 ,florida4 ,a c]ta9 rem$y is said to h be5 discov]$ 9 ! camomile4 ,cultivate ! plant "u orange-trees1 & x w prev5t _! attacks4 ,! h]b hung up 9 ! trees1 or ! tree & foliage syr+$ ) a decoction ( x1 w effectually de/roy ^! insects4 ,! orange is long-liv$4 ,a tree call$ ,! ,gr& ,b\rbon at ,v]sailles 0 plant$ 9 #adba1 & n[1 be+ #dcg ye>s old1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ trees 9 ,france4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties m5tion$ 9 ! fruit books4 ,! common ,sweet ,orange1 ! ,maltese1 ! ,blood ,r$--v f9e ) r$ fle%4 ,! ,m&>9 ,orange1 an excell5t little fruit f ,*9a4 ,! ,/4 ,mi*ael's is describ$ z ! f9e/ ( all oranges1 & ! tree ! be/ be>]4 ,oranges are propagat$ by budd+1 & cultivat$ mu* 9 ! same way z ! pea*4 ,,or*>ds4 ,an or*>d is a plat ( gr\nd1 l>ge or small1 occupi$ by trees = ! purpose ( be>+ fruit4 ,! ma9 directions = or*>d culture1 are giv5 "u ! respective fruits4 ,any soil good = vegetables or gra9s1 is suitable = or*>ds4 ,any l& :]e excessive moi/ure w n /&1 to ! injury ( ! trees1 may be adapt$ to any ( ! fruits4 ,set pe>s on ! heavie/ l&1 pea*es on ! lighte/1 & ! o!r fruits on ! int]m$iate qualities4 ,al?\gh pea*es w d q well on light soil1 yet !y d bett] on a ri* deep loam1 or alluvium4 ,:5 x is desirable to set out an or*>d on l& orig9ally too wet1 a bl9d dit* mu/ pass "u ea* r[1 ext5d+ out ( ! or*>d1 & ! place :]e ea* tree is to /&1 %\ld be rais$ a foot above ! level ar\nd x4 ,! aspect is also important4 ,a s\!rn or ea/]n exposure is pref]able1 9 all latitudes :]e ! transitions f summ] to w9t]1 & f w9t] to summ] are s sudd5 z to all[ b little alt]nate ?aw+ & freez+4 ,?is w\ld !re=e be ! rule 9 high latitudes4 ,9 climates ( long *angeable spr+s1 a nor!rn or we/]n exposure is bett]4 ,trees may be made to />t & blossom lat] 9 ! spr+ by sn[ & ice ab\t !m1 well press$ d[n 9 w9t]1 & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,?is w prev5t ! fir/ w>m wea!r f />t+ ! leaves & blossoms1 & cause !m to be a little lat]1 b sur] & bett]4 ,subsoil+ gr\nd = an or*>d1 is ( great importance4 ,plant two or*>ds1 "o on l& t has be5 subsoil$ v deep1 & ! o!r ^u t pl[$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & = t5 ye>s ! diff]5ce w be disc]nable1 z f> z y c di/+ui% ! trees 9 ! two or*>ds4 ,manures ( all k9ds1 are good = or*>ds1 except co>se /able manure1 :i* %\ld be compo/$4 ,a bu%el ( f9e *>coal1 ?or\ghly mix$ 9 ! soil 9 :i* y set a fruit-tree1 w ex]t a v b5eficial influ5ce1 = a doz5 ye>s4 ,or*>ds %\ld be cultivat$ e alt]nate ?ree successive ye>s1 & ! re/ ( ! "t be kept 9 grass4 ,j ab\t ! trees1 ! gr\nd %\ld be kept loose1 & free f we$s & grass4 ,?is may be done by spad+ & hoe+1 b bett] by ?or\gh mul*+4 ,di/ances ap>t4--,apples ?irty-?ree feet4 ,pe>s tw5ty feet4 ,pea*es & plums1 sixte5 feet4 ,prun+1 de/roy+ insects1 & all o!r matt]s be>+ on successful fruit gr[+1 are treat$ "u ! sev]al fruits4 ,,ox54 ,e f>m] :o c af=d to keep two teams1 %\ld h a pair ( ox54 ,= _m uses on a f>m1 !y are pref]able to horses2 especially = cle>+ up new l&4 ,ox5 to be mo/ valuable1 %\ld be l>ge1 well mat*$1 ruly1 & n v fat4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 good he>t1 by ! quality ( _! food4 ,fa/ walk+ is "o ( ! be/ qualities 9 bo? horses & ox51 = all work+ purposes1 provid$ !y are judici\sly us$ & n ov]load$4 ,well built1 /rong animals are be/ = "w4 ,work+ ox5 %\ld be turn$ out = beef1 at eight or n9e ye>s old4 ,to break ox5 well1 comm5ce :5 !y are v "y4 ,put calves into yokes frequ5tly1 until !y w readily yield to y\r wi%es4 ,yoke !m (t51 & tie _! tails toge!r to prev5t !m f turn+ ! yoke & injur+ !mselves4 ,if left )\t tra9+1 until !y are ?ree or f\r ye>s old1 !y w improve e opportunity to run away1 to ! dang] & damage ( proprietor & driv]4 ,x is q an art to le>n ox5 to back a load4 ,place !m be=e a vehicle1 9 a locality desc5d+ 9 ! re>4 ,z x rolls d[n hill1 !y w easily le>n to foll[1 backw>d4 ,!n try !m on level gr\nd4 ,!n accu/om !m to back up hill1 & f9ally to back a load1 almo/ z heavy z !y c draw4 ,break+ vici\s animals is always be/ done by g5tl5ess4 ,we h kn[n vici\s horses :ipp$ sev]ely1 & 9 e way treat$ h>%ly1 & f9ally giv5 up z useless4 ,we h se5 ^? same horses1 9 o!r h&s1 br\ght to be regul>1 g5tle1 & safe1 z c\ld be desir$1 by mild means1 )\t a bl[ or h>% ^w4 ,ox5 %\ld be driv5 9 a l[ tone ( voice1 & )\t mu* use ( ! goad4 ,! usual mann] ( driv+1 by :ipp+ & bawl+1 to ! annoyance ( ! :ole neighborhood1 & until ! driv] becomes ho>se ) 8 p]petual screams1 is "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s habits on a f>m4 ,ox5 w gr[ lazy & ins5sible "u ?reat1 or scream1 or goad4 ,driv5 9 a l[ tone ( voice1 )\t confusion by rapid comm&s1 & no :oa put 91 unless y wi% !m to /& /ill1 ox5 may be made m useful on a f>m ?an horses4 ,_! ge>s are *eap & nev] 9 ! way4 ,!y c draw m & 9 worse places ?an horses1 & x co/s less to keep !m4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( draw+ ) head or horns1 9 vogue 9 o!r c\ntries1 ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 z ! ,am]ican p w n probably *ange _! yoke & b[s = any o!r me?od4 ,fe$ ox51 z o!r animals1 regul>ly1 bo? 9 "t & quantity4 ,curry !m (t5 & ?or\ghly4 ,x improves _! looks1 heal?1 & temp]1 & atta*es !m to _! own]4 ,,p>sley4 ,?is is a h>dy bi5nial1 highly priz$ z a g>ni%1 & z a pot-h]b = flavor+ s\ps & boil$ di%es4 ,! l>ge-root$ v>iety is us$ = ! table1 z c>rots or p>snips4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties are--! d\ble-curl$1 ! dw>f-curl$1 ! ,sib]ian 7s+le1 v h>dy1 & f9e-flavor$71 ! ,hamburgh 7l>ge-root$1 us$ z an edible root74 ,! d\ble-curl$ is well kn[n1 easily obta9$1 & suitable = all purposes4 ,^? :o desire ! roots in/ead ( p>snips1 c41 %\ld cultivate ! ,hamburgh or l>ge-root$4 ,x ne$s ! same treatm5t z beets4 ,se$ %\ld always be ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?1 or x may n vegetate4 ,x is f\r or five weeks 9 com+ up1 unless x be soak$ twelve h\rs 9 a little sulphur-wat]1 :5 x w vegetate 9 two weeks4 ,by cutt+ ! leaves close1 ev51 & regul>1 a succession ( f9e leaves may be _h = a :ole ye> f ! same plants1 :5 !y w g to se$1 & new ones %\ld take _! place4 ,9 cold climates !y %\ld be cov]$ 9 w9t] ) /raw or litt]4 ,! ,sib]ian is cultivat$ 9 ! field1 s[n ) grass or ! small gra9s4 ,x is said to prev5t ! disease call$ ! rot 9 %eep1 & is good = surfeit$ horses4 ,! l>ge-root$ %\ld n be s[$ 9 an excessively ri* soil1 z x produces an undue proportion ( tops4 ,,p>snips4 ,engli% au?ors speak ( b "o v>iety ( ?is root 9 cultivation 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,fr5* h ?ree--! ,coqua9e1 ! ,lisbonaise1 & ! ,siam4 ,! fir/ runs d[n1 9 ri* mell[ soil1 to ! dep? ( f\r feet1 & gr[s f six to sixte5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce2 ! ,lisbonaise is %ort] & l>g] r\nd2 ! ,siam is small] ?an ! o!rs1 ( a yell[i% color1 & ( excell5t quality4 ,we are n aw>e t our little holl[-cr[n c>rot1 s e>ly & good1 is includ$ 9 ! ,fr5* v>ieties4 ,we cultivate only ! holl[-cr[n1 & a common l>ge v>iety2 bo? are good = ! table1 & z food = animals4 ,!y ne$ a light1 deep1 ri* soil4 ,a s&y loam is be/1 z = all roots4 ,se$ kept ov] "o season seldom vegetates4 ,%\ld be soak$ a day or two1 & s[n 9 /raight r[s1 cov]$ an in* deep1 & ! r[s slightly roll$4 ,x is mu* bett]1 ) ?is & ! c>rot1 to s[ radi%-se$ 9 ! same r[s4 ,!y come up s soon t !y protect ! p>snips & c>rots f too hot a sun :ile t5d]1 & also s]ve to m>k ! r[s1 s t !y may be ho$ e>ly1 )\t dang] ( de/roy+ ! "y plants4 ,p>snips may be gr[n _m ye>s on ! same b$ )\t det]ioration1 provid$ a little decompos$ manure or compo/ be annually add$4 ,fre% manure is good if x be buri$ a foot deep4 ,! yield w be great] if ?9n$ to eight in*es ap>t4 ,r[s two feet ap>t1 & ! plants six in*es 9 ! r[1 are mo/ suitable 9 field-culture4 ,!y w gr[ till fro/ comes1 & are bett] = ! table1 :5 all[$ to /& 9 ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,!y may be dug & pres]v$ z o!r roots4 ,p>snips conta9 m sug> ?an any o!r edible root1 & are !re=e wor? m p] bu%el = food4 ,all dome/ic animals & f[ls fatt5 on !m v rapidly1 & _! fle% is peculi>ly pleasant4 ,f$ to c[s1 !y increase ! quantity ( milk1 & imp>t a beautiful color & agreeable flavor to ! butt]4 ,x is sup]ior to ! beet1 t we h s highly recomm5d$ else:]e1 9 all respects except "o--x is less easily t5d$ & h>ve/$4 ,/ill1 !y %\ld be cultivat$ on e f>m :]e cattle1 hogs1 or f[ls1 are kept4 ,,pa/ures4 ,^! are v important to all :o keep dome/ic animals4 ,! foll[+ brief directions = successful pa/ur+ are ess5tial4 ,x is v poor economy to h all y\r pa/ure-l&s 9 "o field1 or to put all y\r animals toge!r4 ,pa/ure fields 9 rotation1 two weeks ea*1 all[+ re/ & gr[? = six weeks3 fir/ horn$ cattle1 next horses1 !n %eep4 ,horses fe$ clos] ?an cattle1 & %eep clos] ?an horses2 ea* also eats some?+ t ! o!rs d n reli%4 ,pa/ur+ l& ) %eep ?ick5s ! grass on ! gr\nd4 ,= ! k9ds ( grass pref]able = pa/ures1 see our article on ,grasses4 ,pla/] s[n on pa/ures conta9+ clov]1 mat]ially increases _! gr[?4 ,a little lime1 pla/]1 & common salt1 s[n on any pa/ure1 w prove v b5eficial4 ,/reams or spr+s 9 pa/ures d\ble _! value4 ,! idea t creatures ne$ no wat] :5 fe$+ on gre5 grass is a mi/ake4 ,e pa/ure )\t a spr+ or /ream %\ld h a well4 ,cattle 9 a pa/ure 9 w>m wea!r ne$ %ade4 ,x is usual to advise ! gr[? ( trees 9 ! bord]s1 or scatt]$ ov] ! :ole field4 ,%$s are mu* bett]4 ,trees absorb ! moi/ure1 /9t ! gr[? ( ! grass1 & injure its quality4 ,a pa/ure conta9+ _m trees is n wor? m ?an half price2 x w keep ab\t half z mu* /ock1 & keep !m poorly4 ,bu%es1 :i* s (t5 occupy pa/ures1 %\ld be grubb$ up1 & by all means de/roy$2 s %\ld all ?i/les1 bri]s1 & l>ge we$s4 ,hogs & geese %\ld be kept 9 no pa/ures b _! own4 ,nev] turn into pa/ures :5 ! gr\nd is v s(t & wet1 9 ! spr+2 ! tread ( ! creatures w de/roy mu* ( ! turf4 ,creatures 9 pa/ure %\ld be salt$ twice a week4 ,! age ( grass1 to make ! be/ fe$ = animals1 is (t5 mi/ak53 mo/ suppose t "y & t5d] grass is pref]able2 ?is is f> f correct4 ,grass t is head$ out1 & 9 :i* ! se$ has begun to mature1 is f> m nutriti\s1 z e f>m] c asc]ta9 by easy exp]im5ts4 ,tall grass1 approa*+ maturity1 w fatt5 cattle mu* fa/] ?an ! mo/ t5d] "y gr[?4 ,pa/ur+ l& enri*es x4 ,x is well to m[ pa/ures & pa/ure mead[s occasionally1 ?\gh few mead[s & pa/ures %\ld lie long )\t pl[+4 ,top-dress+s ( manure1 on all grass-l&s1 are valuable2 bett] appli$ 9 ! fall ?an 9 ! spr+2 evaporation is less1 & x has opportunity to soak into ! soil4 ,,peas4 ,^! are s[n 9 ! field & g>d54 ,z a field-crop1 peas & oats are s[n toge!r1 & make good gr\nd or soak$ fe$ = horses1 or = fatt5+ animals4 ,e>ly peas & l>ge m>r[fats are frequ5tly s[n broadca/ on ri*1 clean l&1 ne> l>ge cities1 to produce gre5 peas = m>ket4 ,x does n pay z well z to s[ 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 & cultivate ) a horse4 ,all peas1 = pick+ :ile gre51 are m conv5i5t :5 bu%$4 ,!y may produce ne>ly z well :5 all[$ to gr[ 9 ! natural way1 b c n be pick$ z easily1 & ! second crop is less1 & inf]ior1 f ! injury to ! v9es by ! fir/ pick+4 ,e>ly ,k5t peas 7! be/ e>ly v>iety7 mature s ne>ly at ! same "t t ! v9es may be pull$ up at once4 ,all o!r peas _h bett] be bu%$1 t !y may be easily pick$1 & t ! lat] ones may mature4 ,bu%es ne$ n be set s close z usual4 ,a good bu%1 put firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 to enable x to resi/ ! w9d1 once 9 two & a half feet1 is q suffici5t4 ,^? cl++ to ! bu%es w hold up ! o!rs4 ,to bu% peas 9 ?is way is b little "w1 & pays well4 ,x is (t5 said t /able-manure does no good on pea-gr\nd---t peas are nei!r bett] nor m abundant = its use4 ,we ?9k ?is utt]ly a mi/ake4 ,we h (t5 rais$ twice ! quantity on a r[ well manur$1 t grew on ano!r r[ by its side1 :]e no manure _h be5 appli$4 ,if peas be s[$ ?ick on ?or\ghly-manur$ l&1 ! crop w be small3 x is f ?is fact t ! idea has ga9$ curr5cy4 ,!y are g5]ally plant$ too ?ick on ri* l&4 ,peas plant$ six in*es deep w produce ne>ly twice z mu* z ^? cov]$ b an in*4 ,pl[+ 9 peas & level+ ! surface is "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( plant+4 ,to get an e>ly crop 9 a cold climate1 !y may be =c$ 9 hotb$s1 or plant$ 9 a w>m exposure1 v e>ly1 & protect$ by cov]+1 :5 ! wea!r is cold4 ,at ! ,s\?1 x is be/ to plant s z to secure a consid]able gr[? 9 ! fall1 & protect by cov]+ ) /raw dur+ cold wea!r4 ,! only kn[n rem$y = ! bugs t are s common 9 peas1 is late s[+4 ,9 latitude =ty-two1 peas s[n z late z ! #aj? ( ,june w h no bugs4 ,bugs 9 se$-peas may be kill$ by putt+ ! peas into hot wat] = a qu>t] ( a m9ute2 plant imm$iately1 & !y w come up soon] & d well4 ,se$ import$ f ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,canada h no bugs2 x is probably ow+ to ! lat5ess ( ! season ( _! gr[?4 ,b late peas are (t5 mu* injur$ by mildew2 ?is is suppos$ to be caus$ by too little moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 & too mu* & too cool 9 ! atmosph]e1 9 dew or ra94 ,lib]al wat]+ !n w\ld prev5t x4 ,v>ieties--are num]\s4 ,two are q suffici5t4 ,e>ly ,k5t ! e>lie/ we h ev] be5 able to obta91 rip5 ne>ly all at once2 mod]ate be>]s1 b ( ! v be/ quality4 ,?is v>iety ( pea is ! only g>d5 vegetable ) :i* we are acqua9t$ t produces m & bett] fruit = be+ s[$ q ?ick4 ,! o!r v>iety t we recomm5d is ! l>ge ,m>r[fat4 ,^! %\ld n /& ne>] toge!r1 on ri* l&1 ?an ?ree or f\r in*es1 & always be bu%$4 ,!re are _m o!r v>ieties ( bo? late & e>ly peas1 b we reg>d !m inf]ior to ^!4 ,:ite's ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\? m5tions ,l&re?'s ,extra ,e>ly1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,c$o-,nulli1 ,fairbank's ,*ampion1 ,knight's tall ,m>r[1 & ,new ,mammo?4 ,:oev] wi%es a great] v>iety c get any ( ^! "u new names4 ,! l>ge blue ,imp]ial is a ri* pea1 l _m ( ! dw>fs1 bo? ( ! l>ge & small1 b is v unproductive4 ,we advise all to select ! be/ !y c f9d1 & plant b two k9ds1 late & e>ly4 ,plant at int]vals to get a succession ( crops4 ,b v late peas1 9 our dry climate1 am\nt to b little1 )\t almo/ daily wat]+4 ,,pea*4 ,?is native ( ,p]sia is "o ( ! mo/ heal?y & univ]sally-favorite fruits4 ,9 its native /ate1 x 0 h>dly suitable = eat+1 resembl+ an almond m ?an our pres5t f9e pea*es4 ,p]haps no o!r fruit exhibits s wide a diff]5ce 9 ! products ( se$s f ! same tree4 ,all ! f9e v>ieties are :at we call *ance products ( se$s1 n "o out ( a ?\s& ( :i* des]v$ fur!r cultivation4 ,! prevail+ op9ion is1 t plant+ ! se$s is n a c]ta9 me?od ( propagat+ a giv5 v>iety2 h5ce ! g5]al practice ( budd+ 7:i* see74 ,o!rs ass]t t !re are p]man5t v>ieties1 t usually produce ! same f ! se$1 :5 n all[$ to mix 9 ! blossoms4 ,"s pref] to raise ! trees = _! pea*-or*>ds f se$1 ?9k+ !m long]-liv$ & m heal?y4 ,:ole pea*es plant$ :5 tak5 f ! tree1 or ! pits plant$ be=e hav+ become dry1 are said to be mu* m c]ta9 to produce ! same fruit4 ,we "k an in/ance 9 :i* ! fruit ( an e>ly ,craw=d pea*1 ?us plant$1 c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ^? t grew on a budd$ tree 9 ! same or*>d4 ,"o ( ! difficulties 9 reproduc+ ! same f se$1 is ! great difficulty 9 gett+ ! se$ ( any v>iety pure4 ,we ev]y:]e h s _m v>ieties ( fruit-trees 9 ! same or*>d1 t ! se$s ( no "o c be pure2 !y mix 9 ! blossoms4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! sure/ me?od ( p]petuat+ a v>iety is by budd+4 ,?is tree is ( rapid gr[?1 (t5 be>+ ! ?ird ye> f ! se$1 & produc+ abundantly ! fif?4 ,! pea*-tree is (t5 call$ ?rifty :5 its gr[? is v luxuriant1 b t5d] & unheal?y1 p]i%+ 9 ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,a mod]ate1 /eady1 h>dy gr[? is mo/ pr(itable4 ,! foll[+ directions1 ?\gh brief1 are complete3-- ,rais+ ,se$l+s4--,dry ! pits 9 ! %ade2 put !m away till ! la/ ( w9t]2 !n soak !m two days 9 wat]1 & spread !m on "s place 9 ! g>d5 :]e wat] w n /&1 & cov] !m an in* deep ) wet s&1 & leave !m to freeze4 ,:5 ab\t "t to plant !m 7:i* is e>ly corn-plant+ "t71 take !m up & select all ^? t are op5$ by ! fro/1 & t are beg9n+ to g]m9ate1 & plant 9 r[s f\r feet ap>t & "o foot 9 ! r[4 ,^! w gr[ & be ready = budd+ consid]ably e>li] ?an ^? n op5$ by fro/4 ,crack ! o!rs on a wood5 block1 by /rik+ _! side-edge ) a hamm]2 y ?us avoid injury to ! g]m t is endang]$ by /rik+ ! end4 ,plant ^! 9 r[s l ! o!rs1 b only six in*es ap>t 9 ! r[1 z !y w n all g]m9ate4 ,plant !m on ri* soil cov]+ an in* or two deep4 ,keep !m cle> ( we$s1 & !y w be ready = budd+ f ,augu/ #ae? to ,septemb] #aj?1 accord+ to latitude or season4 ,9 a dry season1 :5 ev]y?+ matures e>ly1 budd+ mu/ n be def]r$ z long z 9 a wet season4 ,= full directions = budd+1 see our article on t subject4 ,transplant+4--,p]haps no o!r fruit-tree suff]s s mu* f transplant+ :5 too l>ge4 ,?is %\ld always be done1 aft] "o ye>'s gr[?1 f ! bud4 ,! be/ "t = transplant+ is ! spr+ 9 nor!rn latitudes subject to h>d fro/s1 & 9 autumn 9 w>m] climates4 ,soil & ,location4--,all intellig5t fruit-gr[]s are aw>e t ^! ex]t a great influ5ce ^u ! size1 quality1 & quantity1 ( all v>ieties ( fruits4 ,an accurate description ( a v>iety 9 "o climate w n always id5tify x 9 ano!r4 ,"s few v>ieties are ne>ly p]man5t & univ]sal1 b mo/ are adapt$ to p>ticul> localities1 & ne$ a process ( acclimation to adapt !m to o!r soils & situations4 ,light s&y soils are usually reg>d$ be/ = ! pea*3 x is only s because n9ete5 out ( tw5ty cultivators w n take pa9s to suitably prep>e o!r soils4 ,"s ( ! be/ pea*es we h ev] se5 grew on ! ri*e/ ,ill9ois prairie1 & o!rs on ! lime/one bluffs ( ! ,ohio riv]4 ,?or\gh dra9age is indisp5sable = ! pea*1 on all b v light1 por\s soils3 ) su* dra9age1 pea*es w d be/ on soil be/ adapt$ to gr[+ corn & potatoes4 ,bones1 bon$u/1 lime1 a%es1 /able-manure1 & *>coal1 are ! be/ applications to ! soil ( a pea*-or*>d4 ,:oev] gr[s pea*es %\ld put at lea/ half a bu%el ( f9e *>coal 9 ! e>? 9 :i* he sets ea* tree4 ,mix x well ) ! soil1 & ! tree w gr[ bett]1 & ! fruit be l>g] & f9]1 = a doz5 ye>s4 ,any good soil1 well dra9$ & manur$ ) ^! articles1 w produce great crops ( pea*es4 ,= ! location ( pea*-or*>ds1 see our g5]al rem>ks on ,location ( ,fruit-trees4 ,b we w\ld repeat "h ! direction to *oose a nor!rn exposure1 9 climates subject to late fro/s4 ,elevations are always favorable1 z are also ! %ores ( all bodies ( wat]4 ,9 our rem>ks on location1 we h %[n by facts ! great value ( hills1 s high z to be useless = any o!r purpose4 ,betwe5 ,pittsburgh & ! m\? ( ! ,ohio riv]1 !re are en\gh high elevations1 n[ useless1 to supply all ! cities )9 fifty miles ( ! riv]s1 d[n to ,new ,orleans1 ) ! be/ ( pea*es e ye>4 ,9 no ye> w !y ev] be cut (f by fro/ on ^? hills4 ,w>m exposures1 ) a little w9t] protection1 w secure good pea*es 9 climates n adapt$ to !m4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 !y gr[ l>ge quantities = m>ket by tra9+ !m aga9/ walls1 :]e !y d n fl\ri% 9 ! op5 field4 ,by ?is practice1 & by enclosures & acclimation1 ! gr[? ( ?is excell5t fruit may be ext5d$ to ! colde/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,transplant+--%\ld be p]=m$ ) c>e1 z 9 ! case ( all o!r fruit-trees4 ,e injur$ root %\ld be cut (f smoo? f ! "u side1 slant+ out f ! tree4 ,leave ! roots1 z ne>ly z possible1 9 ! position 9 :i* !y 7 be=e4 ,set ! tree an in* l[] ?an x /ood 9 ! nurs]y2 x saves ! dang] ( ! roots gett+ uncov]$1 & ( too /rong action ( ! atmosph]e on ! roots1 9 a soil s loose4 ,! opposite is (t5 recomm5d$1 viz41 to all[ ! tree 9 its new location to /& an in* or two high] ?an be=e2 b we are sure1 f repeat$ trials1 t x is wrong4 ,%ake ! f9e e>? z closely ar\nd ! roots z possible1 mul* well1 & p\r on a pailful ( tepid wat]1 if x be r a dry "t1 & ! tree w be sure to live & make a good gr[? ! fir/ ye>4 ,:5 a pea*-tree is transplant$1 aft] "o ye>'s gr[? f ! bud1 x %\ld h ! top cut (f )9 eighte5 in*es or two feet ( ! gr\nd1 & all ! limbs cut (f at half _! l5g?4 ,?is w induce ! =mation ( a full1 l>ge head4 ,a l[1 full-bran*+ head is always be/ on a pea*-tree4 ,prun+ is p]haps ! mo/ important matt] 9 successful pea* culture4 ,! fruit is borne :olly on wood ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?4 ,h5ce a tree t has ! mo/ ( t gr[?1 9 a mature /ate1 & prop]ly situat$1 w be> ! mo/ & ! f9e/ fruit4 ,a tree left to its natural /ate1 ) no prun+ b ( a few ( ! l[] limbs f ! ma9 trunk1 w soon exhibit a collection ( long nak$ limbs1 )\t foliage1 except ne> _! extremities 7see ! cut ov]leaf74 ,9 ?is case fruit w be too ?ick on :at little be>+ wood !re is1 & x %\ld be ?9n$4 ,b v few cultivators ev5 att5d to t4 ,! fruit is consequ5tly small1 & x weak5s ! gr[? ( ! "y wood above1 = next ye>'s fruit+1 & ?us tree & fruit are p]petually det]iorat+4 ,obs]ve a %oot ( "y pea*wood1 y w see ne> its base1 leaf-buds4 ,on ! middle !re are _m blossom-buds1 & on ! top1 leaf-buds aga94 ,! t5d5cy ( sap is to ! extremity4 ,h5ce ! upp] leaf-buds w put out at once4 ,& = _! gr[?1 & ! maturity ( ! excessive fruit on ! middle1 ! p[] ( ! sap is s f> exhau/$1 t ! leaf-buds at ! base d n gr[4 ,h5ce :5 ! fruit is remov$1 no?+ is left bel[ ! t]m9al %oots1 b a b>e pole4 ,?is is ! condition 9 :i* we f9d mo/ pea*-trees4 ,= ?is !re is a c]ta9 prev5tive4 ,x consi/s 9 %ort5+ 91 by cutt+ (f 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 f a ?ird to a half ( ! curr5t season's gr[?4 ,if ! top be l>ge1 cut (f "o half ! l5g? ( ! new wood4 ,if x be less vigor\s & rank1 & y fe> y w n h room = a fair crop ( pea*es1 cut (f b "o ?ird4 ,?is head+-9 is sometimes recomm5d$ to be done 9 ! spr+4 ,= =m+ a head 9 a "y tree ! spr+ is bett]4 ,b to mature ! wood1 & increase ! quantity1 & improve ! quality ( ! fruit1 ,septemb] is mu* ! be/4 ,su* %ort5+ 9 e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 directs ! sap to matur+ ! wood1 already =m$ & develop+ fruit-buds1 in/ead ( promot+ ! gr[? ( an undue quantity ( "y & t5d] wood1 to be de/roy$ by ! w9t]1 or to h9d] ! gr[? ( ! fruit ( ! next season4 ,?is head+-9 process1 ) ^! "y %oots1 is mo/ easily p]=m$ ) prun+ %e>s1 ) wood5 h&les1 ( a l5g? suit$ to ! height ( ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,neglect$ ,pea*-,tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,prop]ly-trimm$ ,pea*-,tree4 ,b a "w to prec$e ?is annual %ort5+-91 is ! orig9al =mation ( a head to a pea*-tree4 ,take a tree a ye> old f ! bud1 & cut x d[n to )9 two & a half feet f ! gr\nd4 ,bel[ t num]\s /rong %oots w come out4 ,select ?ree vigor\s ones & let !m gr[ z !y please1 c>efully p9*+ (f all ! re/4 ,9 ! fall y w h a tree ( ?ree good /rong bran*es4 ,9 ! next spr+ cut (f ^! ?ree bran*es1 "o half4 ,bel[ ^! cuts1 bran*es w />t freely4 ,select "o vigor\s %oot to cont9ue ! limb1 & ano!r to =m a new bran*4 ,*eck ! gr[? ( ! %oots bel[1 by cutt+ (f _! ends1 b d n rub !m (f1 z !y w =m fruit bran*es4 ,at ! close ( ! season y w h a tree ) six ma9 bran*es1 & "s small ones = fruit1 on ! old] wood4 ,repeat ?is process ! ?ird ye>1 & y h a tree ) twelve ma9 bran*es1 & pl5ty small] ones = fruit4 ,all ^! small bran*es on ! old wood1 %\ld be %ort5$ 9 half _! l5g?1 to cause ! leaf-buds ne> _! base to />t1 s z to produce l>ge numb]s ( "y %oots4 ,cont9ue ?is z long z y please1 & make j z l>ge a head & j su* a =m z y may wi%1 be+ c>eful only to control ! %ape ( ! top s z to let ! sun & air freely into e "p4 ,trees ?us tra9$ may be plant$ ?ick en\gh to all[ f\r hundr$ to /& on an acre1 & w be> an abundance ( ! f9e/ fruit1 & all l[ en\gh to be easily pick$4 ,?is me?od ( tra9+ is mu* bett] ?an all[+ ! tree to %oot out on all sides f ! gr\nd3 9 t case1 ! bran*es are apt to split d[n & p]i%4 ,?is sy/em ( head+-9 freely e ye>1 pres]ves ! life & heal? ( ! tree rem>kably4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ pea*-trees 9 ,france are f ?irty to sixty ye>s old1 & "s a hundr$4 ,we may1 9 ?is c\ntry1 h pea*-trees live fifty ye>s1 9 ! mo/ heal?y be>+ condition4 ,by trimm+ 9 ?is way1 & c>ry+ out fully ?is sy/em1 "s h ?rifty-look+ pea*-trees1 m ?an a foot 9 diamet]1 be>+ ! v be/ ( fruit4 ,x is %e] neglect t causes our pea*-or*>ds to p]i% aft] hav+ borne f ?ree to six ye>s4 ,let e man :o plants a pea*-tree rememb]1 t ?is sy/em ( tra9+ w make 8 tree live long1 be heal?y1 gr[ vigor\sly1 & be> abundantly4 ,diseases ( pea*-trees h be5 a matt] ( mu* speculation4 ,! result is1 t ! hope ( ! pea*-gr[] is ma9ly 9 prev5tives4 ,! ,yell[s is usually reg>d$ z a disease4 ,imag9ation has inv5t$ _m causes ( ?is evil4 ,"s suppose x to be produc$ by small insects2 o!rs t x is 9 ! se$4 ,aga91 x is ascrib$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 suppos$ to be propagat$ 9 _m ways--by trimm+ a heal?y tree ) a knife t _h be5 us$ on a diseas$ "o2 by contagion 9 ! atmo/ph]e1 z ! measles or small-pox2 by impregnation f ! poll51 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( w9ds or bees2 by ! migration ( small insects2 or by plant+ diseas$ se$s1 or budd+ f diseas$ trees4 ,?is great div]sity ( op9ion leaves room to d\bt :e!r ! yell[s 9 pea*-trees be a disease at all1 or only a symptom ( g5]al decay4 ,! symptoms1 z giv5 9 all ! fruit-books1 are only su* z w\ld be natural f decay & dea? ( ! tree1 f any cause :atev]4 ,?is may result f neglect to supply ! soil ) suitable manures1 & to trim trees prop]ly1 & especially f ov]-be>+4 ,?is view ( ! case is m probable1 f ! fact t none pret5d to h f\nd a rem$y4 ,all advise to remove ! tree ?us affect$ at once1 root & bran*4 ,we h se5 ! foll[+ treatm5t ( su* trees tri$ ) m>k$ success4 ,cut (f a l>ge %>e ( ! top1 z :5 y w\ld r5ew an old1 neglect$ tree2 lay ! l>ge roots b>e1 mak+ a sort ( bas9 ar\nd ! body ( ! tree1 & p\r 9 ?ree pailfuls ( boil+ wat]3 ! tree w />t anew & d well4 ,?is is an excell5t application to an old1 fail+ pea*-tree4 ,! sure prev5tive ( ! yell[s is1 plant+ se$s ( heal?y trees1 budd+ f ! mo/ vigor\s1 head+-9 well1 supply+ appropriate manures1 & g5]al good cultivation4 ,curl$ ,leaves is ano!r evil among pea*-trees1 occurr+ be=e ! leaves are fully gr[n1 & caus+ !m to fall (f aft] two or ?ree weeks4 ,o!r leaves w put out1 b ! fruit is de/roy$1 & ! g5]al heal? ( ! tree injur$4 ,elliott says ! curl ( ! leaf is produc$ by ! punctures ( small insects4 ,"o k9d ( curl$ leaf is1 b n ?is4 ,b we h no d\bt t ,b>ry's !ory is ! correct "o1 viz41 t x is ! effect ( sudd5 *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,we h notic$ ! curl$ leaf 9 or*>ds :]e ! trees 7 s close toge!r z to gu>d ea* o!r4 ,on ! side :]e ! cold w9d /ruck !m1 we notic$ !y 7 badly affect$2 :ile on ! w>m side1 & 9 ! c5tre :]e !y 7 protect$ by ! o!rs1 !y exhibit$ v few signs ( ! curl4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york1 unusual cold ea/ w9ds always produce ! curl$ leaves1 on trees mu* expos$3 h5ce1 ! only rem$y is ! be/ protection y c give1 by location1 c4 ,mildew is a m9ute fungus gr[+ on ! ends ( t5d] %oots ( c]ta9 v>ieties1 *eck+ _! gr[?1 & produc+ o!r bad effects4 ,syr+e ! trees ) a weak solution ( nitre1 "o ounce 9 a gallon ( wat]1 :i* w de/roy ! fungus & invigorate ! tree4 ,! ,bor] has be5 ! great enemy ( ! pea*-tree1 s9ce ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! female insect1 t produces ! worms1 deposites h] eggs "u r\gh b>k1 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is is done mo/ly 9 ,july1 b occasionally f ,june to ,octob]4 ,! eggs are laid 9 small punctures1 & cov]$ ) a gre5i% glue2 9 a few days !y come out1 a small :ite worm1 & eat ?r\gh ! b>k :]e x is t5d]1 j at1 or a little bel[1 ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 !y eat "u ! b>k1 betwe5 t & ! wood1 &1 consum+ a little ( ea*1 !y frequ5tly girdle ! tree2 z !y gr[ l>g]1 !y p]=ate ! solid wood2 :5 ab\t a ye> old1 !y make a cocoon j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 *ange into a *rysalis /ate1 & %ortly come out a w+$ insect1 to deposite fre% eggs4 ,b ! practical "p ( all ?is is ! rem$y3 keep ! gr\nd clean ar\nd ! trees1 & rub (f frequ5tly all ! r\gh b>k2 place ar\nd ea* tree half a peck ( air-slak$ lime1 & ! bor] w n attack x4 ,?is %\ld be plac$ !re on ! fir/ ( ,may1 & be spread ov] ! gr\nd on ! fir/ ( ,octob]2 refuse tobacco-/ems1 f ! cig>-mak]s1 or any o!r (f5sive sub/ance1 z h5-manure1 salt & a%es1 c41 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,we %\ld recomm5d ! annual cultivation ( a small piece ( gr\nd 9 tobacco1 = use ar\nd pea*-trees4 ,we h f\nd x v successful aga9/ ! bor]1 & x is an excell5t manure2 appli$ two or ?ree times dur+ ! season1 x proves a p]fect rem$y1 & is 9 no way injuri\s1 z an excessive quantity ( lime might be4 ,leaf ,insects4--,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 :i* cause ! leaves to curl & prematurely fall4 ,?is k9d ( curl$ leaf diff]s f ! "o describ$ z ! result ( sudd5 *anges & cold w9d2 t appe>s g5]al :]ev] ! cold w9d /rikes ! tree1 :ile ?is only affects a few leaves occasionally1 & ^? surr\nd$ by heal?y leaves4 ,! rem$y is to syr+e !m ) (f5sive mixtures1 z tobacco-juice1 or spr9kle !m :5 wet ) f9e1 air-slak$ lime4 ,v>ieties4--,_! "n is legion1 & !y are rapidly increas+1 & _! synonyms multiply+4 ,a s+ul> fact1 9 mo/ ( our fruit-books1 is a m9ute description ( useless k9ds1 & su* descriptions ( ^? t !y call good1 z n "o 9 t5 ?\s& cultivators w ev] try to ma/]--!y are worse ?an useless1 except to an occasional amateur cultivator4 ,elliott1 9 8 fruit-book1 divides pea*es into ?ree classes3 ! fir/ is = g5]al cultivation2 "u ?is class he describes ?irty-"o v>ieties1 ) n9ety-eight synonyms4 ,8 second class is = amateur cultivators1 & includes sixty-n9e v>ieties1 ) eighty-f\r synonyms4 ,8 ?ird class1 :i* he says are unwor?y ( fur!r cultivation1 describes fifty-f\r v>ieties1 ) sev5ty-sev5 synonyms4 ,cole gives sixty-five v>ieties1 m9utely describ$1 & _m ( !m pron\nc$ wor?less4 ,9 ,hook]'s ,we/]n ,fruit-,book1 we h "s eighty v>ieties1 only a few ( :i* are reg>d$ wor?y ( cultivation4 ,d[n+ gives u "o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree v>ieties1 ) ab\t f\r hundr$ synonyms4 ,9 all ^! works ! descriptions are m9ute4 ,! v>ieties ( s]rat$ leaves1 ! gl&less1 & "s hav+ globose gl&s on ! leaves1 & o!rs ) r5i=m gl&s4 ,!n we h ! color ( ! fruit 9 ! %ade & 9 ! sun1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) e degree ( sun or %ade4 ,we submit ! op9ion t ^? books w\ld h possess$ mu* m value1 _h !y only describ$ ! be/ mode ( cultivat+ pea*es1 )\t hav+ m5tion$ a s+le v>iety1 ?us leav+ ea* cultivator to select ! be/ he c\ld f9d4 ,_h !y giv5 a pla9 description ( t51 or c]ta9ly ( n m ?an fifte5 v>ieties1 ^? books w\ld h be5 f> m valuable = ! p4 ,we give a small li/1 includ+ all we ?9k x be/ to cultivate4 ,p]haps conf9+ our selection to half a doz5 v>ieties w\ld be a fur!r improvem5t3-- #a4 ,! fir/ ( all pea*es is ,craw=d's ,e>ly4 ,?is is an e>ly1 sure1 & great be>]1 ( ! mo/ beautiful1 l>ge fruit2--a good-flavor$1 juicy pea*1 ?\gh n ! v ri*e/4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 ! v be/ pea* 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,"t1 f ,july #ae? to ,septemb] #a/4 ,free/one4 #b4 ,craw=d's ,late is v l>ge & h&some2 uni=mly productive1 ?\gh n ne>ly s good a be>] z ,craw=d's ,e>ly4 ,rip5s la/ ( ,septemb] & 9 ,octob]4 ,fair quality1 & always h&some2 free/one2 excell5t = m>ket4 #c4 ,columbia4--,orig91 ,new ,j]sey4 ,x is a ?or\ghly-te/$ v>iety1 rais$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,cox1 :o wrote "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ ,am]ican fruit-books4 ,f9e specim5s 7 exhibit$ 9 #ahef1 gr[n 9 ,cov+ton1 ,ky4 ,excell5t 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,free/one4 #d4 ,george ! ,f\r?4--,a l>ge1 delici\s1 free/one pea*1 an ,am]ican se$l+ f ,mr4 ,gill1 ,broad /reet1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,national ,pomological ,society h decid$ ! tree to be s heal?y & productive z to adapt x to all localities 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has tw5ty-five synonyms4 #e4 ,e>ly ,york4--,free/one2 ! be/1 & fir/ really good1 e>ly pea*4 ,"t ,july at ,c9c9nati1 & ,augu/ at ,clevel&4 ,"t ( rip5+ ( all v>ieties v>ies ) latitude1 location1 & season4 #f4 ,grass ,mignonne4--,a =eign v>iety1 a great favorite 9 ,france1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,v ri* free/one1 fl\ri%+ 9 all climates f ,bo/on s\?4 ,! high repute 9 :i* x has long be5 held is se5 9 its ?irty synonyms4 ,"o ( ! be/1 :5 y c obta9 ! g5u9e4 ,"t1 ,augu/4 #g4 ,hone/ ,john4--,a l>ge1 beautiful1 delici\s1 free/one v>iety4 ,highly priz$ z a late pea*1 matur+ f ! middle to ! la/ ( ,octob]4 ,indisp5sable 9 ev5 a small selection4 #h4 ,malacatune4--,a v popul> ,am]ican free/one pea*1 d]iv$ f a ,spani%1 & is ! p>5t ( ! ,craw=d pea*es1 bo? e>ly & late4 #i4 ,morris ,:ite4--,ev]y:]e well kn[n2 a good be>]2 be/ = pres]v+ at ! ,nor?2 a good dess]t pea* ,s\?4 #aj4 ,morris ,r$ ,r>e-ripe4--,a favorite1 free/one1 ,july pea*4 ,! tree is heal?y & a great be>]4 #aa4 ,old ,mixon4--,%\ld be f\nd 9 all g>d5s & or*>ds2 x is ( excell5t quality & rip5s at a "t :5 few good pea*es are to be _h2 x endures spr+-fro/s bett] ?an any o!r v>iety2 pr(itable4 #ab4 ,old ,mixon ,cl+4--,"o ( ! mo/ delici\s e>ly cl+/ones4 ,des]ves a place 9 all g>d5s4 #ac4 ,mon/r\s ,cl+4--,n ! be/ quality1 b pr(itable = m>ket on acc\nt ( its great size4 #ad4 ,hea? ,cl+4--,v good ,s\? & ,we/4 ,wrapp$ 9 pap] & laid 9 a cool room1 x w keep long] ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,tree h>dy & (t5 produces :5 o!rs fail4 ,excell5t = pres]v+1 & :5 q ripe1 is sup]ior z a dess]t fruit4 #ae4 ,blood ,cl+4--,a well-kn[n pea*1 excell5t = pickl+ & pres]v+4 ,x sometimes measures twelve in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! old ,fr5* ,blood ,cl+ is small]4 ,_m ( ^! v>ieties w be f\nd "u o!r names4 ,y w h to dep5d ^u y\r nurs]y-man to give y ! be/ he has1 & be c>eful to bud f any *oice v>iety y may happ5 to ta/e4 ,difficulties & disappo9tm5ts w always att5d ef=ts to get desir$ v>ieties4 ,,pe>4 ,! pe> is a native ( ,europe & ,asia1 &1 9 its natural /ate1 is q z unfit = ! table z ! crab-apple4 ,cultivation has giv5 x a degree ( excell5ce t places x 9 ! fir/ rank among dess]t-fruits4 ,no o!r ,am]ican fruit comm&s s high a price4 ,new v>ieties are obta9$ by se$l+s1 & are propagat$ by graft+ & budd+3 ! latt] is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,root-graft+ ( pe>s is to be avoid$2 ! trees w be less vigor\s & heal?y4 ,! difficulty ( rais+ pe>-se$l+s has induc$ an ext5sive use ( suck]s1 to ! great injury ( pe>-culture4 ,fruit-gr[]s are ne>ly unanim\s 9 disc>d+ suck]s z /ocks = graft+4 ,! difficulty 9 rais+ se$l+ pe>-trees is ! failure ( ! se$s to vegetate4 ,a rem$y = ?is is1 nev] to all[ ! se$s to become dry1 aft] be+ tak5 f ! fruit1 until !y are plant$4 ,keep !m 9 moi/ s& until "t to plant !m 9 ! spr+1 or plant z soon z tak5 f ! fruit4 ,! spr+ is ! be/ "t = plant+1 z ! gr\nd c be put 9 bett] condition1 r5d]+ aft]-culture mu* m easy4 ,! pe> w succe$ well on any good soil1 well suppli$ ) suitable f]tiliz]s4 ,! be/ manures = ! pe> are1 lime 9 small quantities1 wood-a%es1 bones1 pota% dissolv$1 & appli$ 9 rott5 wood1 leaves1 & muck1 ) a little /able-manure & iron-fil+s--iron is v ess5tial 9 ! soil = ! pe>-tree4 ,9 all soils mod]ately suppli$ ) ^! articles1 all pe>-trees graft$ on se$l+-/ocks1 & ^? t fl\ri% on ! =eign qu9ce1 w d well4 ,a good yell[ loam is mo/ natural2 light s&y or gravelly l& is unfavorable4 ,x is bett] to c>t two or ?ree loads ( suitable soil = ea* tree on su* l&4 ,! practice ( budd+ or graft+ on apple-/ocks1 on crab-apples1 & on ! m\nta9-a%1 %\ld be utt]ly disc>d$4 ,= produc+ e>ly fruit1 qu9ce-/ocks & root-prun+ are recomm5d$4 ,sett+ out pe>-trees prop]ly is ( v great importance4 ,! requisites are1 to h ! gr\nd 9 good condition1 f manure on ! crop ( ! la/ season1 & ?or\ghly subsoil$ & dra9$4 ,pe>-trees delight 9 r heavy l&1 if x be well dra9$2 b wat]1 /&+ 9 ! soil ab\t !m1 is utt]ly ru9\s4 ,pe>-trees1 well transplant$ on mod]ately ri* l&1 well subsoil$ & well dra9$1 w almo/ always succe$4 ,by obs]v+ ! foll[+ brief directions1 any cultivator may h j su* %ap$ tops on 8 pe>-trees z he desires4 ,cut %ort any %oots t are too vigor\s1 t ^? ar\nd !m may get _! %>e ( ! sap1 & ?us be enabl$ to make a proportionate gr[?4 ,aft] trees h come into be>+1 symmetry 9 ! =m ( _! heads may be promot$ by p9*+ (f all ! fruit on ! weak bran*es1 & all[+ all on ! /rong ones to mature4 ,^? two simple me?ods1 remov+ ! fruit f too vigor\s %oots1 & cutt+ 9 o!rs1 half or two-?irds _! l5g?1 w enable "o to =m j su* heads z he pleases1 & w prove ! be/ prev5tives ( diseases4 ,diseases4--,!re are _m insects t infe/ pe>-or*>ds1 9 ! same mann] z !y d apples1 & are to be de/roy$ 9 ! same way4 ,! slugs on ! leaves are (t5 q annoy+4 ,^! are worms1 ne>ly half an in* long1 olive-color$1 & tap]+ f head to tail1 l a tadpole4 ,a%es or quicklime1 spr9kl$ ov] ! leaves :5 !y are wet ) dew or ra91 is an effectual rem$y4 ,insect-,blight4--,?is has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! froz5-sap blight1 ?\gh !y are v diff]5t4 ,9 e>ly summ]1 :5 ! %oots are 9 mo/ vigor\s gr[?1 y w notice t ! leaves on ! ends ( bran*es turn br[n1 & v soon die & become black4 ,?is is caus$ by a worm f an egg1 deposit$ j beh9d or bel[ a bud1 by an insect4 ,! egg hat*es1 & ! worm p]=ates ! b>k into ! wood1 & commits 8 depr$ations !re1 prev5t+ ! heal?y fl[ ( ! sap1 :i* kills ! twig above4 ,soon aft] ! %oot dies1 ! worm comes out 9 ! =m ( a w+$ insect1 & seeks a location to deposite its eggs1 prep>atory to new depr$ations4 ,! rem$y is to cut (f ! %oots affect$ at once1 & burn !m4 ,! insect-blight does n affect ! tree f> bel[ ! location ( ! worm4 ,wat* y\r trees closely1 & cut (f all affect$ p>ts z soon z !y appe>1 & burn !m imm$iately1 & y w soon de/roy all ! insects4 ,b v soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ! blight !y leave ! limb2 h5ce a little delay w r5d] y\r ef=ts useless4 ,^! insects (t5 commit ! same depr$ations on apple & qu9ce-trees4 ,we _h an or*>d 9 ,ohio s]i\sly affect$ by !m4 ,we "k no rem$y b de/ruction z above4 ,! ,froz5-,sap ,blight is a mu* m s]i\s difficulty4 ,its nature & orig9 are n[ pretty well settl$4 ,9 e tree !re are two curr5ts ( sap3 "o passes up ?r\gh ! out] wood1 to be dige/$ by ! leaves2 ! o!r pass+ d[n 9 ! inn] b>k1 deposites new wood1 to increase ! size ( ! tree4 ,n[1 9 a late gr[? ( ?is k9d ( wood1 ! process is rapidly go+ on1 at ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 & ! desc5d+ sap is sudd5ly froz51 9 ?is t5d] b>k & gr[+ wood4 ,?is sudd5 freez+ poisons ! sap1 & r5d]s ! tree diseas$4 ,! blight w %[ itself1 9 its wor/ =m1 9 ! mo/ rapid gr[+ season ( e>ly summ]1 ?\gh ! disease comm5c$ ) ! sev]e fro/s ( ! previ\s autumn4 ,its pres5ce may be kn[n by a ?ick1 clammy sap1 t w exude 9 w9t] or spr+ prun+1 & 9 ! discoloration ( ! inn] b>k & pe? ( ! bran*es4 ,on limbs badly affect$ on "o side1 ! b>k w turn black & %rivel up4 ,b its effects 9 ! dea? ( ! bran*es only occur :5 ! gr[? ( ! tree dem&s ! rapid desc5t ( ! sap3 !n ! poison$ sap :i* 0 arre/$ ! previ\s fall1 9 its d[nw>d passage1 is dilut$ & s5t ?r\gh ! tree2 & :5 x is abundant1 ! :ole tree is poison$ & de/roy$ 9 a few days2 9 o!rs m slightly affect$1 x only de/roys a limb or a small portion ( ! top4 ,ano!r effect ( ?is fall-freez+ ( sap & gr[+ wood1 is to rupture ! sap-vessels1 & ?us prev5t ! inn] b>k f p]=m+ its functions4 ,?is !ory is s well e/abli%$1 t an intellig5t obs]v] c pr$ict1 9 ! fall1 a blight-season ! foll[+ summ]4 ,if ! summ] be cool1 & ! fall w>m & damp1 clos$ by sudd5 cold1 ! blight w be tr\blesome ! next season1 because ! pl5tiful d[nw>d fl[ ( sap1 & rapid gr[? ( wood1 7 arre/$ by sudd5 freez+4 ,if ! summ] is favorable1 & ! wood matures well be=e cold wea!r1 ! blight w n appe>4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ practical mom5t to ! pe>-culturi/4 ,any?+ 9 soil1 situation1 or prun+1 t favors e>ly maturity ( wood1 w s]ve z a prev5tive ( blight2 h5ce1 cool1 moi/ situations are n favorable 9 climates subject to sudd5 & sev]e cold wea!r 9 autumn4 ,root-prun+ & head+-91 :i* always induce e>ly maturity ( wood1 are ( va/ importance2 !y w1 almo/ always1 prev5t froz5-sap blight4 ,if1 9 spite ( y1 y\r pe>-trees w make a late luxuriant gr[?1 cut (f "o half ( ! mo/ vigor\s %oots be=e h>d freez+1 & y w *eck ! fl[ ( sap1 by remov+ ! leaves & %oots t control x1 & save y\r trees4 ,if blight makes its appe>ance1 cut (f at once all ! p>ts affect$4 ,! effects w be visible 9 ! wood & inn] b>k1 f> bel[ ! ext]nal app>5t injury4 ,remove ! :ole injur$ "p1 or x w poison ! re/ ( ! tree4 ,:5 ?is froz5 sap is ext5sive1 x poisons & de/roys ! :ole tree2 :5 slight1 ! tree (t5 :olly recov]s4 ,if a spot ( black1 %rivell$ b>k appe>s1 %ave x (f1 deep en\gh to remove ! affect$ p>ts1 & cov] ! w\nd ) graft+-wax4 ,remove all affect$ limbs4 ,^! are ! only rem$ies4 ,b ! practice ( prun+ bo? roots & bran*es w prove a c]ta9 prev5tive4 ,a tree gr[+ 9 grass1 :]e x gr[s m sl[ly1 & matures e>li] 9 ! season1 w escape ?is blight2 :ile "o gr[+ 9 v ri* g>d5 soil1 & cont9u+ to gr[ until cold wea!r1 w suff] sev]ely4 ,! effects on or*>ds1 9 diff]5t soils & localities ev]y:]e1 confirm ?is !ory4 ,a little c>e !n w prev5t ?is evil1 :i* has sometimes be5 s great z to disc\rage attempts at rais+ pe>s4 ,9 "s localities1 "s ( ! f9] v>ieties ( pe>s1 z ! virgalieu1 are ru9$ by crack+ on ! trees be=e rip5+4 ,applications ( a%es1 salt1 *>coal1 iron-fil+s1 & clay on light l&s1 w rem$y ?is evil4 ,di/ances ap>t4--,all fruit-trees _h bett] occupy z little gr\nd z is consi/5t ) a heal?y vigor\s gr[?4 ,!y are manur$ & well cultivat$1 at a mu* less exp5se4 ,! trees protect ea* o!r aga9/ inclem5t wea!r4 ,! fruit is m easily h>ve/$4 ,& x is a great sav+ ( l&1 z no?+ else c be pr(itably gr[n 9 an or*>d ( l>ge fruit-trees4 ,! two k9ds ( pe>-trees1 dw>f & /&>d1 may be plant$ toge!r closely & be pr(itable = e>ly & abundant be>+4 ,! plan giv5 on ! next page ( a pe>-or*>d1 recomm5d$ 9 ,cole's ,fruit ,book1 is ! be/ we h se54 ,9 ! plan ! trees on pe>-/ocks1 design$ = /&>ds1 occupy ! l>ge black spots :]e ! l9es int]sect4 ,!y are ?irty-?ree feet ap>t4 ,! small spots indicate ! position ( dw>f-trees on qu9ce /ocks4 ,( ^! !re are ?ree on ea* squ>e rod4 ,an acre !n w\ld h =ty /&>d trees1 & f\r hundr$ & eighty dw>fs4 ,! latt] w come into e>ly be>+1 & be pr(itable1 long be=e ! =m] w produce any fruit4 ,?is w induce & repay ?or\gh cultivation4 ,!y %\ld be head$ 91 & f9ally remov$1 z ! /&>ds ne$ m room4 ,"o acre c>efully cultivat$ 9 ?is way1 w af=d an income suffici5t = ! support ( a small family4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( a ,pe>-,or*>d4 ,ga!r+ & ,pres]v+4--,mo/ fruits are bett] :5 all[$ fully to rip5 on ! tree4 ,b ) pe>s1 ! rev]se is true2 mo/ ( !m ne$ to be rip5$ 9 ! h\se1 & "s ( !m1 z mu* z possible1 exclud$ f ! light4 ,ga!r :5 matur$1 & :5 a few ( ! wormy full-gr[n ones beg9 to fall1 b :ile !y adh]e some:at firmly to ! tree4 ,b>rel or box !m tight1 or put !m 9 draw]s 9 a cool dry place4 ,ab\t ! "t = !m to become s(t1 put !m 9 a room1 ) a temp]ature com=table = a sitt+-room1 & y w soon h !m 9 _! greate/ p]fection4 ,!y d bett] 9 a w>m room1 wrapp$ 9 pap] or cotton4 ,a few only rip5 well on ! trees4 ,^? rip5$ 9 ! h\se keep mu* long] & bett]4 ,v>ieties4--,! ,london ,horticultural ,society h prov$ sev5 hundr$ v>ieties1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 9 _! exp]im5tal g>d54 ,cole speaks ( eight hundr$ & ,elliott ( twelve hundr$ v>ieties4 ,!re are n[ probably m ?an ?ree ?\s& gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m se$l+s1 n kn[n beyond ! neighborhood :]e !y orig9at$1 may be among our v be/4 ,f six to t5 v>ieties are all t ne$ be cultivat$4 ,we pres5t ! foll[+ li/1 advis+ cultivators to select five or six to suit _! own ta/es & circum/ances1 & cultivate no m4 ,we d n give ! usual descriptions ( ! v>ieties select$4 ,! mass ( cultivators1 = :om ?is "w is specially int5d$1 w nev] le>n & te/ ! descriptions4 ,!y w dep5d ^u _! nurs]y-man1 & bud & graft f ^? !y h ta/$4 ,we give _! names & "s ( _! synonyms1 _! adaptation to qu9ce or pe> /ocks1 _! mann] ( gr[?1 & "t ( maturity4 ,^! w enable ! culturi/ to select :atev] be/ suits 8 ta/e2 adapt$ to qu9ce or pe> /ocks2 = ! table or kit*52 = summ]1 fall1 or w9t] use1 & = home or ! m>ket4 ,,belle ,,lucrative4--,fondante d' ,automne1 ,seigneur d' ,esp]94 ,tree ( mod]ate gr[?1 b a great be>]4 ,a f9e v>iety1 on qu9ce or pe>1 bett] p]haps on ! pe> /ock4 ,season1 la/ ( ,septemb]4 ,,beurr ,,ea/] ) fifte5 synonyms t few w\ld ev] read4 ,be/ on qu9ce4 ,requires a w>m soil & consid]able c>e 9 rip5+1 :5 x proves "o ( ! be/4 ,its season--f ,janu>y to ,may--makes x v desirable4 ,l>ge1 yell[i%-gre51 ) russet spots4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>tlett4 ,,b>tlett4--,william's1 ,william's ,bon ,*reti51 ,poire ,guilliaume4 ,tree1 a vigor\s gr[]1 & a regul>1 e>ly1 good be>]1 ( long1 h&some1 p]fectly-=m$ fruit2 on ! qu9ce or pe> /ock4 ,"t1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,beurr ,diel4 ,,beurr ,,diel4--,diel1 ,diel's ,butt]birne1 ,doro!e ,royale1 ,grosse ,doro!e1 ,beurr ,royale1 ,des ,trois ,t\rs1 ,de ,melon1 ,melon de ,kops1 ,beurr ,magnifique1 ,beurr ,incomp>able4 ,gr[s well on qu9ce or pe>1 b p]haps does be/ on qu9ce4 ,l>ge1 beautiful1 lusci\s fruit4 ,season1 ,octob] to la/ ( ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,doy5ne4 ,,:ite ,,doy5ne4--,virgalieu4 ,tree vigor\s & h>dy on pe> or qu9ce4 ,ev]y:]e e/eem$ z "o ( ! v be/4 ,ne$s c>e 9 supply+ prop] manure & clay on light soils1 to prev5t ! fruit f crack+4 ,septemb] to ,novemb]4 ,if we c\ld h b "o we %\ld *oose ?is4 ,,columbia4--,columbian ,virgalieu4 ,native ( ,new ,york1 be>+ abundantly1 a uni=mly smoo?1 fair1 l>ge fruit4 ,color1 f9e gold5 yell[1 dott$ ) gray4 ,season1 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,flemi% ,beauty4 ,,flemi% ,,beauty4--,belle de ,fl&]s1 c4 ,?is is a l>ge1 beautiful1 & delici\s pe>4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ 9 its season1 b does n la/ long4 ,rip5s la/ ( ,septemb]4 ,v f9e on ! qu9ce1 & is excell5t on ! ri* prairie-l&s ( ! ,we/4 ,des]ves increas$ att5tion4 ,,beurr ,d',,aremb]g4--,duc d',aremb]g1 & eight o!r synonyms4 ,tree v h>dy1 does well on ! pe> /ock1 & be>s e>ly1 annually1 & abundantly4 ,a v f9e =eign v>iety4 ,! fruit hangs on ! tree well1 & may be rip5$ at w f ,decemb] to ,febru>y1 by plac+ 9 a w>m room1 :5 y w\ld rip5 !m4 ,,buffum4--,a native ( ,rhode ,isl&1 & v successful :]ev] gr[n4 ,a great be>] ( h&some fruit1 ?\gh n ( ! be/ quality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an excell5t or*>d pe>4 ,fruit1 m$ium size1 rip5+ 9 ,septemb]4 ,,l\ise ,,bonne ,,( ,,j]sey4--,william ! ,f\r?1 & ?ree o!r useless =eign synonyms4 ,n surpass$1 on ! qu9ce4 ,tree v vigor\s1 produc+ a great abundance ( l>ge fruit4 ,season1 ,octob]4 ,,madele9e4--,magdal51 ,citron des ,c>mes4 ,?is be>s an abundance ( small b delici\s fruit4 ,is valuable also on acc\nt ( its season--! la/ half ( ,july4 ,good on pe> or qu9ce4 ,mu/ be *eck$ 9 its gr[?1 on v ri* l&1 or x w be subject to ! froz5 sap-blight4 ,,onondaga4--,am]ican orig94 ,equally good on pe> or qu9ce4 ,l>ge1 h>dy1 & v productive tree4 ,! fruit is v l>ge1 f9e gold5 yell[ :5 ripe4 ,excell5t = m>ket4 ,season1 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,,p\nd ,,pe>4--,w9t] ,belle1 & twelve o!r synonyms1 :i* are unimportant4 ,?is is ! great w9t]-pe> = cook+4 ,! tree is a v vigor\s gr[] & great be>]4 ,a v pr(itable or*>d v>iety4 ,decemb] to ,m>*4 ,,pr9ce',s ,,/4 ,,g]ma94--,new ,/4 ,g]ma91 ,br[n's ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,h>dy & productive4 ,good keep]1 rip5+ z easily & z well z an apple4 ,decemb] to ,m>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,seckel4 ,,seckel4--,!re are a numb] ( synonyms1 b x is always kn[n by ?is "n4 ,tree is small1 b a good & regul> be>] ( small excell5t fruit4 ,"t 9 w>m climates1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,,/ev5',s ,,g5esee4--,/eph5's ,g5esee1 ,gu]nsey4 ,desirable = all or*>ds & g>d5s1 on qu9ce or pe>4 ,f9e gr[] & v productive4 ,fruit l>ge & excell5t4 ,elliott says ev5 ! w9d-falls are v f9e4 ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4--,eight synonyms1 b x w h>dly be mi/ak5 by nurs]y-m54 ,does well on qu9ce4 ,x is ?rifty & v productive ( fruit ( second quality4 ,yet x is g5]ally pr(itable4 ,novemb] to ,janu>y4 ,,w9t] ,,nellis4--,its six =eign synonyms are ( no consequ5ce4 ,?is is ! be/ ( all w9t]-pe>s1 gr[n on qu9ce or pe>4 ,exce$+ly well adapt$ to ! ri* we/]n prairies4 ,an e>ly & great be>]4 ,novemb] to ,janu>y #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,gray ,doy5ne4 ,,gray ,,doy5ne4--,a sup]ior ,octob] pe>4 ,tree h>dy & productive on bo? pe> or qu9ce4 ,p>takes mu* ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,:ite ,doy5ne4 ,f ^! y c select five or six j adapt$ to y\r wi%es4 ,! div]sity ( views1 ( ! m]its ( diff]5t v>ieties ( pe>s1 arises ma9ly f ! influ5ce ( location1 soil1 & culture4 ,! e/abli%$ kn[n v>ieties1 may be gr[n 9 great p]fection any:]e1 ) suitable c>e4 ,at ! ,we/ !y mu/ be root-prun$ & head$-9 until !y are t5 ye>s old1 aft] :i* !y w be h>dy & productive4 ,if all[$ to gr[ z fa/ z !y w incl9e to1 on alluvial soils1 :5 !y are expos$ to sev]e w9t]s1 !y w disappo9t gr[]s4 ,) c>e !y w be sure & pr(itable4 ,,pepp]s4 ,! r$ pepp]s1 cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are us$ = pickl+1 = pepp]-sauce1 z a condim5t = food1 & z a dome/ic m$ic9e4 ,v>ieties--are nam$ pr9cipally f _! %ape4 ,! l>ge squa%-pepp] is be/ = gre5 pickles1 on acc\nt ( its size & t5d]ness4 ,! ,cay5ne1 a small1 long v>iety1 mu* resembl+ ! orig9al f :i* x is nam$1 is v pung5t1 us$ mo/ly = pepp]-sauce4 ,gr9d1 n v f9e1 any ( ! v>ieties1 & !y are useful on any food ( a cold nature & n easily dige/ible4 ,!y are all good = m$ic9al purposes4 ,! capsicum ne$s a dry1 w>m soil1 ) exposure to ! sun4 ,plants %\ld /& two feet ap>t ea* way2 z !y are sl[ gr[]s1 !y %\ld be />t$ 9 an e>ly hotb$4 ,_m w rip5 dur+ summ]1 & may be ga!r$4 ,9 ! fall1 :5 fro/ comes1 ! v9es w be cov]$ ) blossoms & ) pepp]s ( all sizes4 ,fall-gr[n gre5 ones1 /rung on a ?read1 & hung 9 a w>m1 dry room1 w rip5 f9ely4 ,!y are v h>dy1 & may be transplant$ )\t injury4 ,h5-manure is be/ = !m4 ,,pepp]grass4 ,?is is a v>iety ( cress1 ( quick gr[?1 us$ z lettuce4 ,on a ri*1 f9ely-pulv]iz$ soil1 s[ ! se$s 9 drills1 fifte5 in*es ap>t1 & cov] v lightly4 ,s[ ?ick & wat] 9 dry wea!r4 ,= use1 cut ! tops :ile !y are v t5d]4 ,a second crop w gr[1 b inf]ior to ! fir/4 ,! wat]-cress1 gr[+ spontane\sly by rills & spr+s1 is a k9d ( wild pepp]grass1 & is by "s p]sons m e/eem$ ?an ! g>d5 v>iety4 ,we pref] e>ly lettuce to cresses or pepp]grass1 & see no reason = _! cultivation1 b _! rapid gr[?4 ,,pl[+4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s 9 soil-culture4 ,:51 h[1 & h[ mu*1 %all we pl[8 are ! ?ree que/ions involv+ ! :ole4 ,:5 %\ld pl[+ be done8 ,z x respects wet or dry1 pl[ s&y or gravelly l& :5ev] y are ready4 ,x w nei!r be h>d :5 dry1 nor injur$ by be+ pl[$ :5 v wet4 ,good loams may be pl[$ at all times except :5 excessively wet4 ,clays c only be work$ pr(itably :5 nei!r excessively wet or dry4 ,pl[+ l& 9 a w>m ra9 is almo/ equal to a coat ( manure4 ,pl[+ 9 a light sn[ 9 ! spr+ w injure x ! :ole season4 ,we h notic$ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 corn gr[+ b a rod ap>t1 on l& :]e sn[ 0 pl[$ 91 & ! o!r pl[$ two or ?ree days lat]1 aft] ! sn[ 0 gone2 ?is diff]5ce 0 noticeable 9 ! r[s ?r\gh\t ! entire field4 ,spr+ or fall pl[+ is a "q t has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,sod-l& is bett] pl[$ 9 ! fall4 ,! action ( w9t] ra9s & fro/s on ! turf is b5eficial4 ,! same is true ( l& tr5*$ deep1 :]e mu* ( ! h>d1 poor subsoil is br\ght to ! surface3 x is b5efit$ by w9t] exposure4 ,o!r cultivat$ fields are injur$ by fall-pl[+1 unless x be v e>ly4 ,all /ubble-l& is mu* b5efit$ by be+ pl[$ z soon z ! gra9 is tak5 (f4 ,! we$s & /ubble1 pl[$ "u1 w be decompos$ by ! w>m wea!r & ra9s1 & b5efit ! soil almo/ z mu* z an ord9>y coat ( manure4 ,pl[$ late1 su* action does n take place1 & ! surface is injur$ by w9t]-exposure3 h5ce1 d all ! e>ly fall-pl[+ possible1 b pl[ no?+ late 9 ! fall b sod-l&4 ,h[ %all we pl[8 ,all l& %\ld be subsoil$1 except t hav+ a light1 por\s subsoil2 "o deep pl[+ on su* l& is suffici5t4 ,subsoil+ is done by us+ two teams at once--"o ) a common pl[1 runn+ deep1 & ! o!r ) a subsoil-pl[ ) no m\ld-bo>d1 & :i* w1 consequ5tly1 /ir & dis9tegrate ! e>? to ! dep? at :i* x runs1 )\t ?r[+ x to ! surface4 ,! next surface-furr[ w cov] up ?is loos5$ subsoil4 ,9 ?is way1 l& may be pl[$ eighte5 in*es deep1 to ! great b5efit ( any crop gr[n on x4 ,if ! surface be well manur$1 ?is me?od ( pl[+ w place ! manure betwe5 ! fir/ furr[ & ! subsoil1 & increase its value4 ,su* pl[+ is v valuable on l& = "y fruit-trees4 ,!re is ano!r me?od1 :i* we d5om9ate d\ble-pl[+1 :i* is m b5eficial ?an ord9>y subsoil+3 x is p]=m$ by two common pl[s1 "o foll[+ 9 ! furr[ ( ! o!r2 ! fir/ furr[ ne$ n be v deep--let ! furr[ 9 ! bottom ( ! fir/ be z deep z possible1 & ?r[n out ^u ! surface2 ! next furr[ w ?r[ ! surface & manure into ! bottom ( ! deep furr[2 ! next furr[ w cov] ?is surface-soil & manure v deep1 &1 z manure always works up1 x w impregnate ! :ole4 ,?is1 = g>d5-vegetables1 b]ries1 nurs]ies1 or "y or*>ds1 is ! be/ =m ( pl[+ t we h ev] tri$4 ,x may be done ) "o team1 by simply *ang+ ! gauge ( ! clevis e "t r\nd1 gaug+ x light = ! fir/ furr[1 & deep = ! second4 ,we once prep>$ a plat 9 ?is way ) "o team1 on :i* cabbages made a rem>kable gr[?1 ev5 9 a dry season4 ,/ill a f>!r improvem5t w\ld be a light coat ( f9e manure on ! surface4 ,all furr[s1 9 e description ( pl[+1 %\ld be ne> en\gh toge!r to move ! :ole1 leav+ no h>d places betwe5 !m4 ,! usual cut & cov] sy/em1 to get ov] a l>ge area 9 a day1 is mis]able economy4 ,! m ev5ly & flatly l& c be turn$ ov] 9 pl[+1 ! bett] x w be2 x ret>ds ! gr[? ( we$s1 & secures a bett] action ^u sub/ances pl[$ "u4 ,an exception to deep pl[+ is 9 break+ up ! orig9al prairies ( ! ,we/3 !y h to be brok5 ) pl[s kept %>p z a knife1 & n m ?an two in*es deep4 ,! grass !n dies & ! sod rots4 ,b pl[$ deep1 ! grass comes up ?r\gh ! turf1 & w prove tr\blesome = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x mu/ also be brok5 at a c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 to insure success4 ,x may be pr(itably done = two mon?s aft] ! grass gets a good />t 9 ! spr+4 ,h[ mu* is x be/ to pl[ l&8 ,once d\ble-pl[$1 or ?or\ghly subsoil$1 & well turn$ ov]1 is bett] ?an m4 ,l& once pl[$ s z to dis9tegrate ! :ole to ! dep? ( ! furr[1 w produce m1 & require less c>e1 ?an ! same w\ld d if cross-pl[$ once or twice4 ,excessive pl[+ is a positive injury4 ,all l& %\ld be brok5 up once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & n kept long] ?an t "u ! pl[ at "o "t4 ,"s f>m]s keep l& p]petually 9 grass1 refus+ to h a pl[ t\* x on any condition4 ,!y see wrong tillage produce b>r5ness4 ,b by ?is practice !y are great los]s2 !y nev] get ov] "o half ! hay or pa/urage t c\ld be obta9$ by frequ5t tillage & manur+1 & a rotation ( crops4 ,,plum4 ,?is is "o ( our be/ fruits1 b suff]s m f enemies ?an any o!r4 ,propagation is by se$s or lay]s1 budd+ or graft+4 ,se$s f trees n expos$ to mixture ) o!r v>ieties 9 ! blossom1 w produce ! same2 h5ce1 ?is is ! be/ me?od ( propagat+ a giv5 v>iety1 /&+ alone4 ,b1 = mo/ situations1 budd+ is pref]able to any o!r me?od4 ,?is %\ld be p]=m$ e>li] ?an on ! pea*4 ,! plum matures e>li]1 & h5ce %\ld be budd$ ab\t ! la/ ( ,july1 or fir/ ( ,augu/4 ,bud on ! nor? side ( ! tree to avoid ! hot sun2 & tie m tightly ?an 9 budd+ o!r trees4 ,bud plum-trees ! second ye> f ! se$4 ,graft+ %\ld be resort$ to only :5 buds h fail$1 & !re is a prospect t ! trees w be too l>ge = budd+ ano!r season4 ,! common wild plums make good /ocks1 if graft$ at ! gr\nd4 ,?or\ghly mul* all newly-graft$ plum-trees4 ,root-graft+ w succe$1 b %\ld nev] be practis$4 ,9 all graft+ ( plums1 put ! graft 9 at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & cov] ) sawdu/ or m\ld1 leav+ b "o bud on ! graft expos$4 ,soil4--,all soils are good = ! plum1 provid$ !y be ?or\ghly dra9$1 & prop]ly f]tiliz$4 ,h>d soils are recomm5d$ z be+ almo/ pro( aga9/ ! curculio4 ,t a soil af=d+ a r h>d1 smoo? surface1 w af=d less burr[s = curculio1 & consequ5tly less5 _! ravages1 is no d\bt true4 ,b x is n a p]fect rem$y1 &1 on o!r acc\nts1 su* a soil is no bett]4 ,a good firm loam is be/4 ,plums w d well also on light l&1 b are m expos$ to injury f ! curculio4 ,transplant+4--,! plum be+ p]fectly h>dy1 we recomm5d transplant+ 9 autumn4 ,%ort5 9 ! top1 cut (f consid]able ( ! tap-root1 & ! ends ( ! long roots1 transplant well1 & mul* s ?or\ghly z to prev5t too /rong action ( ! fro/ on ! roots1 & !y w />t e>ly & d well4 ,twelve feet ap>t = small v>ieties1 & tw5ty feet = l>g] gr[]s1 are ! di/ances usually recomm5d$4 ,we ?9k a rod ap>t ea* way w d well = all v>ieties4 ,prun+4--,once />t$ 9 a regul> gr[?1 9 su* a %ape z y desire1 no fur!r prun+ w be necess>y b occasionally head+-9 a too luxuriant %oot1 & remov+ diseas$ & cross limbs4 ,on ri* ,we/]n l&s1 & 9 w>m ,s\!rn climes1 "y plum-trees mu/ be root-prun$ & head$-91 or !y w be unfruitful & unheal?y4 ,root-prun+ %\ld be done 9 ,augu/1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 case ( a tree t5 feet high1 take a %>p spade1 & 9 a circle ar\nd ! tree1 two feet f ! trunk 7mak+ ! circle f\r feet 9 diamet]71 cut (f all ! roots )9 rea*4 ,9 small] trees1 make ! circle small]1 & 9 l>g] ones1 l>g]4 ,at ! same "t1 %ort5 9 ! curr5t ye>'s gr[?1 by cutt+ (f "o half ! l5g? ( all ! pr9cipal %oots2 ?is w give vigor1 symmetry1 & fruitfulness1 & prove a valuable prev5tive ( disease4 ,plum-trees %\ld always h good1 clean cultivation4 ,manures f ! /able & slaught]-h\se1 ) wood-a%es1 lime1 & pl5ty ( salt1 are ! be/ = ! plum4 ,! foll[+ analysis1 by ,ri*>dson1 ( ! fruit ( ! plum1 w aid ! culturi/ 9 8 selection ( manures3-- ,pota% #ei4ba ,soda 4#ed ,lime #aj4jd ,magnesia #e4df ,sulphuric acid #c4hc ,silicic acid #b4cf ,phosphoric acid #ab4bf ,phosphate ( iron #f4jd ,h5ce1 z wood-a%es conta9s mu* pota%1 & z ?is is ! l>ge/ +r$i5t 9 ! plum1 x mu/ be ! be/ application to ! soil = ?is fruit4 ,bones1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 w\ld also be v valuable4 ,bones1 bon$u/1 salt1 wood-a%es1 & b>ny>d manure1 ) a little lime1 w be all t w be necess>y4 ,diseases4--,9 mo/ nor!rn latitudes1 ! black w>t1 or knot1 is fatal to _m plum-trees4 ,x is less preval5t at ! ,s\?3 its orig9 is n kn[n4 ,_m !ories respect+ x are put =? by diff]5t cultivators2 !y are unsatisfactory1 & _! enum]ation "h w\ld be useless4 ,x may be ei!r ! result ( g5]al ill heal? 9 ! tree1 f budd+ on suck]s & unheal?y /ocks1 & a want ( prop] elem5ts 9 ! soil1 or ( improp] circulation ( sap1 caus$ by ! roots absorb+ m ?an ! leaves c dige/4 ,9 ! latt] case1 root-prun+ & head+-9 w\ld be an effectual prev5tive4 ,9 ! =m]1 supply suitable manures1 & give good cultivation4 ,9 e case1 remove at once all affect$ p>ts1 & wa% ! w\nds & :ole tree1 & dr5* ! soil "u x1 ) copp]as-wat]--"o ounce ( copp]as to two gallons ( wat]4 ,?is is /at$ to be a complete rem$y4 ,defoliation ( se$l+s & be>+ trees (t5 occurs 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,l& well suppli$ ) ! manures recomm5d$1 especially wood-a%es1 salt1 & ! copp]as-wat]1 has n be5 kn[n to produce trees t drop _! leaves4 ,decay ( ! ,fruit is ano!r s]i\s evil4 ,pr(essor ,kirtl& & o!rs suppose x to be a species ( fungus4 ,pov]ty ( soil1 & wet wea!r1 may be ! cause4 ,if ! season be unusually wet1 ?9 ! fruit1 s t no two plums %all t\* ea* o!r4 ,keep ! soil prop]ly manur$1 & spread *>coal or /raw "u ! tree1 & y w g5]ally be able to pres]ve y\r fruit4 ,! ,curculio is ! great enemy ( ! plum1 & frequ5tly ( all smoo?-sk9n$ fruits1 z ! grape1 nect>9e1 c4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,curculio1 9 ! beetle-=m1 life-size4 7#b7 ,its assum$ =m :5 di/urb$ or %ak5 f ! tree4 7#c7 ,l>va1 or worm1 z f\nd 9 ! fall5 fruit4 7#d7 ,pupa1 or *rysalis /ate1 9 :i* x lives 9 ! gr\nd4 ,_m rem$ies are propos$3 mak+ pavem5ts1 or keep+ ! gr\nd h>d & smoo?1 "u ! trees2 pa/ur+ sw9e & keep+ f[ls 9 ! plum-or*>d2 syr++ ! :ole tops ( ! trees f\r or five times ) lime & salt wat]1 or lime & sulphur-wat]--! proportions are n mat]ial1 provid$ x be n excessively /rong4 ,x is recomm5d$ to apply ) a g>d5-syr+e4 ,b1 z few cultivators w h t in/rum5t1 !y may spr9kle ! mixture on ! trees 9 any way mo/ conv5i5t4 ,salt1 work$ into ! soil "u plum-trees1 is said to de/roy ?is insect 9 its pupa /ate4 ,at any rate1 ! salt is a good manure = ! plum-tree4 ,we "k a rem$y = ! ravages ( ! curculio1 unfail+ 9 all seasons & localities--t is1 to kill !m3 spread a clo? "u ! tree1 & ) a mallet hav+ a head1 cov]$ ) ,india-rubb] or clo? t x may n injure ! b>k1 /rike ! body & l>ge limbs sudd5 bl[s1 :i* w s j> !m z to cause ! insects to fall ^u ! clo?1 & y c !n burn !m4 ,d ?is five or six times 9 ! season1 comm5c+ :5 ! fruit beg9s to set1 & cont9u+ till x becomes ne>ly full-gr[n4 ,?is is be/ done 9 ! cool ( ! morn+1 :ile ! insects are /ill2 _! habits ( fe> & quiet1 :5 !re is a noise ab\t1 are greatly 9 favor ( _! de/ruction by ?is me?od4 ,?is is some:at labori\s1 b is a sure rem$y1 & w pay well 9 all plum-or*>ds1 l>ge or small4 ,aft] two or ?ree ye>s ( ?is treatm5t1 !re w be few or none ( ^? insects left4 ,uses ( ! plum are v>i\s4 ,! f9e v>ieties1 well rip5$1 are a good dess]t-fruit2 = sweetmeats & t>ts !y are mu* e/eem$2 !y are "o ( ! bett] & m :olesome dri$ fruits4 ,! =eign ones are call$ prunes1 & are an article ( comm]ce4 ,) a little c>e1 we c raise mu* bett] prunes ?an ! import$4 ,l all fruits1 !y are bett] = quick dry+ by artificial heat4 ,! ,fr5* prunes1 ! process ( dry+ :i* is m9utely describ$ by ,d[n+ 9 8 fruit-book1 are no bett] ?an our be/ v>ieties1 quickly dri$ by artificial heat 9 a dry h\se1 or mod]ately-heat$ ov54 ,all dri$ fruit is mu* bett] = hav+ become p]fectly ripe be=e pick+4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose unripe fruit w be good dri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lawr5ce's ,favorite4 ,v>ieties are num]\s1 & _m ( !m ought to be =gott51 z is ! case ) all o!r fruits4 ,we give a small li/1 conta9+ all ! good qualities ( ! :ole3-- ,bleeck]'s ,gage4--,a h>dy tree & sure be>]4 ,"t1 ,augu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,imp]ial ,gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,egg4 ,imp]ial ,gage4--,?is is an ,am]ican v>iety4 ,x is ( a lighti%-gre5 color1 & excell5t flavor4 ,season1 ,july at ! ,s\?1 & ,septemb] at ! ,nor?4 ,egg4--,! above cut repres5ts "o ( ! egg-plums1 ( excell5t quality 9 all respects4 ,!re are _m ( ?is "n4 ,lawr5ce's ,favorite4--,?is is a f9e plum1 ( ! gage family4 ,x 0 rais$ f ! se$ ( ! gre5 gage2 its qualities are seldom surpass$4 ,wa%+ton4--,?is is a v good plum = high latitudes4 ,at ! ,s\? x is too dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,gre5 ,gage4 ,illu/ration3 ,jeff]son4 ,gre5 ,gage4--,) fifte5 synonyms4 ,excell5t4 ,jeff]son4--,"o ( ! v be/4 ,"t1 la/ ( ,augu/4 ,d5ni/on's ,purple1 or ,r$4--,vigor\s gr[] & v productive4 ,"t1 ,augu/ #bj4 ,madison4--,a h>dy1 productive1 & excell5t ,octob] plum4 ,! =ego+ v>ieties1 ) ! little black damson-plum1 s h>dy & productive1 & s mu* e/eem$ = pres]v+1 w answ] all ne$ful purposes4 ,y w f9d long li/s 9 ! fruit-books4 ,"s ( !m are ! above v>ieties1 "u diff]5t names4 ,procure f\r or five ( ! be/ y c f9d 9 y\r vic9ity1 & cultivate !m1 & y w ne$ no o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,wa%+ton4 ,,pomegranate4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ delici\s & beautiful ( all ! dess]t-fruits4 ,native 9 ,*9a1 & mu* cultivat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,x w d q well z f> nor? z ! ,ohio riv]4 ,tra9$ z an espali]1 ) protection ( /raw or mats1 x w d tol]ably well ?r\gh\t ! ,middle /ates4 ,! fruit is ab\t z l>ge z an ord9>y apple1 & has a t\gh1 orange-color$ sk91 ) a beautiful r$ *eek4 ,! tree is ( l[ gr[?4 ,blossoms are highly ornam5tal1 z is also ! fruit1 dur+ all ! season4 ,x is cultivat$ z ! orange4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties3 ! sweet-fruit$1 ! sub-acid1 & ! wild or acid-fruit$4 ,! fir/ is ! be/1 & ! second ! "o mo/ cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! latt] yields a v pleasant acid1 mak+ an excell5t sirup4 ,pomegranates %\ld be ext5sively cultivat$ at ! ,s\?1 & =m an important article ( comm]ce = ,nor!rn cities4 ,,potato4 ,?is is f> ! mo/ valuable ( all escul5t roots2 suppos$ to be a native ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is call$ ! ,iri% potato1 because x 0 gr[n ext5sively fir/ 9 ,irel&4 ,x 0 fir/ plant$ on ! e/ate ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 9 #afjb4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #afid4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ z hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,engl& f ,virg9ia z e>ly z #aehf1 b attract$ no att5tion1 & = two c5turies =m$ no consid]able "p ( ,briti% agriculture4 ,x has become naturaliz$ 9 all temp]ate regions1 & 9 _m locations 9 high latitudes4 ,9 tropical climates1 x fl\ri%es on ! m\nta9s1 at an elevation suffici5t to secure a cool atmosph]e4 ,cool moi/ regions1 z ,irel& & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are mo/ favorable = potatoes4 ,9 w>m climates ! potato gr[s less luxuriantly1 yields mu* less1 & is liable to be ru9$ by a second gr[?4 ,9 ! latitude ( s\!rn ,ohio1 a sev]e dr\ght1 :ile ! tub]s are small1 foll[$ by consid]able ra91 causes ! "y potatoes to spr\t1 & s5d up fre% %oots1 & (t5 make a v luxuriant gr[? ( tops1 to ! complete ru9 ( ! tub]s4 ,?is is call$ second gr[?4 ,9 cool] climates ?is second gr[? simply makes prongs on ! tub]s1 ?us injur+ ! appe>ance & quality1 b increas+ ! crop4 ,! only prev5tive is wat]+ regul>ly 9 a dry "t4 ,?is c be done advantage\sly 9 a g>d51 & on a small scale4 ,9 field culture1 :5 second gr[? occurs1 dig y\r potatoes at once1 if !y are l>ge en\gh to be ( mu* use4 ,if n !y w all be lo/4 ,propagation is by annually plant+ ! tub]s4 ,no mixture ( sorts ev] takes place f plant+ diff]5t v>ieties toge!r4 ,?is c only be done 9 ! blossoms1 & w consequ5tly appe> 9 "y se$l+s4 ,to raise good potatoes1 always plant ripe se$1 & ! l>ge/ & be/1 & leave !m :ole4 ,select+ small potatoes = se$1 & cutt+ !m up1 & plant+ m]e eyes & pe>+s z "s d1 has done mu* to injure ! heal?1 quality1 & quantity ( yield ( ! potato4 ,select+ ! poore/ = se$1 w run out any?+ we gr[ 9 ! soil4 ,new v>ieties h be5 multiply+ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s f se$4 ,"s g5tlem5 are rais+ v>ieties by ?\s&s4 ,n m ?an "o out ( a ?\s& prove truly valuable4 ,! quality ( a new v>iety c n be e/abli%$ e>li] ?an ! fif? ye>4 ,_m t promis$ well at fir/ prov$ wor?less4 ,to raise f se$1 ga!r ! balls aft] !y h matur$1 hang !m 9 a dry place till !y become q s(t1 :5 sep>ate ! se$s & dry !m z o!rs1 & plant z e>ly z ! temp]ature ( ! soil favors vegetation4 ,*ance v>ieties f se$ ( balls left to decay 9 ! fall1 z tomatoes1 are record$4 ,probably our pres5t be/ v>ieties _h su* an orig94 ,rais+ new v>ieties requires mu* c>e & pati5ce4 ,keep ea* "o sep>ate1 plant only ! be/1 & !n y mu/ wait f\r or five ye>s to det]m9e :e!r1 out ( a ?\s&1 y h "o good v>iety4 ,v>ieties4--,^! are num]\s4 ,^? be/ adapt$ to "o locality1 are (t5 inf]ior 9 ano!r4 ,t excell5t potato1 ! ,c>t]1 s firm 9 ,new ,engl& & we/]n ,new ,york1 is ill-%ap5 & inf]ior 9 _m localities 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! ,ne%annock or common ,m]c] produces a l>g] yield 9 ,ill9ois ?an 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates1 b ( a slightly inf]ior quality4 ,mo/ se$s d bett] transport$ f a cold] to a w>m] climate1 b ) ! potato ! rev]se is true4 ,! be/ potatoes ( ,irel& are usually inf]ior 9 ! w>m] latitudes ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ord]+ potatoes = se$ x is bett] to describe ! quality ?an to ord] by ! "n4 ,we omit any li/1 ( ev5 ! be/ v>ieties4 ,!y are kn[n by diff]5t names1 & are n equally good 9 all localities4 ,& all v>ieties are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 v soon1 by deal]s1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( agricultural societies & p]iodicals4 ,diff]5t v>ieties %\ld be kept sep>ate1 z !y look bett] = m>ket1 & no two w cook 9 precisely ! same "t4 ,plant ! l>ge potatoes & plant !m :ole4 ,f a small eye or a small potato to ! l>ge/ !y w vegetate equally well4 ,& 9 a wet1 cool season1 ! small se$ w produce ne>ly z good a crop z ! l>ge4 ,b ! l>ge se$ matures e>li]1 & 9 a dry season produces a mu* l>g] crop4 ,! moi/ure 9 a l>ge potato decay+ 9 ! hill1 is ( great use to ! gr[+ plants1 9 a dry season4 ,x is also g5]ally conc$$ t potatoes gr[+ f cut se$ are m liable to be affect$ by ! rot4 ,quantity ( se$ p] acre4--,! practices ( f>m]s v>y f five to tw5ty bu%els4 ,x takes a less numb] ( bu%els p] acre :5 ! se$ is cut4 ,! quantity is also affect$ by ! size ( ! se$1 ! l>g] ! potatoes ! m w x take to se$ an acre4 ,pl5tiful1 b n excessive1 se$+ is be/4 ,x is a univ]sal fact t y c nev] get some?+ = no?+4 ,h5ce light se$+ w br+ a light yield4 ,we ?9k x be/ to put "o good-siz$ potato 9 a place & make ! r[s ?ree feet ap>t ea* way4 ,we ?9k !y yield bett] ?an at any o!r di/ances or 9 any o!r way4 ,we h (t5 tri$ drills1 & f\nd !m m tr\ble1 ) no great] yield4 ,! soil %\ld be dis9tegrat$ to ! dep? ( sixte5 in*es & ! potatoes plant$ f\r in*es deep1 & cultivat$ ) subsoil pl[1 & o!r suitable tools1 9 a mann] to leave ! surface ne>ly flat4 ,hill+ up potatoes nev] does any good4 ,we advise always to h>r[ ! crop1 z soon z !y beg9 to appe> ?r\gh ! soil4 ,soil4--,any good ri* g>d5 soil is good = ?is crop1 provid$ x be well dra9$4 ,potatoes l moi/ure1 b are ru9$ by hav+ wat] /& 9 ! soil4 ,new l& & newly brok5-up old pa/ures are be/4 ,manures4--,all ! usual f]tiliz]s are good = potatoes1 b especially a%es & pla/]4 ,! application above all o!rs1 = potatoes1 is pota%4 ,dissolve x 9 wat]1 mak+ x q weak1 & saturate y\r o!r manures ) x1 & ! effect w always be m>k$4 ,! tops conta9 a great deal ( pota%1 & %\ld always be pl[$ 9 & decay 9 ! soil :]e !y gr[1 o!rwise !y w rapidly exhau/ ! l&4 ,x is suppos$ t no?+ w d m to re/ore ! =m] vigor & heal? ( ! potato ?an a lib]al application ( pota% 9 ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! crop w be mu* increas$ 9 a dry season by manur+ 9 ! hill1 dropp+ ! potato fir/ & putt+ ! manure on ! top ( x4 ,ga!r+ & ,pres]v+4--,! usual h&-digg+ ) hoe or potato-=k are well kn[n1 & d well :5 ! crop is n l>ge4 ,b = ^? :o gr[ potatoes = m>ket1 x is bett] to employ ! pl[ 9 digg+4 ,mod]n inv5tions = ?is purpose c ev]y:]e be f\nd 9 ! agricultural w>eh\ses4 ,potatoes are well pres]v$ 9 a good cool cell>1 9 boxes or b>rels2 & are bett] = be+ cov]$ ) moi/ s&4 ,! usual me?od ( bury+ !m outdoor is effectual & safe1 if !y be cov]$ beyond ! rea* ( fro/1 & h a small airhole at ! apex1 fill$ ) /raw4 ,! ,potato ,disease4--,?is is altoge!r atmosph]ical4 ,a new piece ( l& 0 cle>$ = potatoes4 ,9 ! middle 0 a close muck1 on a co>se1 gravelly subsoil4 ,9 ! l[e/ place a dit* 0 dug1 to c>ry (f ! sup]abundance ( wat]2 f t dit* ! co>se gravel 0 ?r[n out on "o side1 & suff]$ to rema9 at consid]able dep?4 ,only two or ?ree rods di/ant1 on "o side ! plat ext5d$ ov] a knoll ( loose s&4 ,potatoes 7 plant$1 f ! same se$1 at ! same "t1 & 9 ! same mann]1 on ^! ?ree k9ds ( l&1 side by side4 ,!y 7 all t5d$ alike1 ne$+ little hoe+ or c>e1 ! l& be+ new4 ,! rot prevail$ badly t season4 ,on digg+ ! potatoes1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ! co>se gravel1 :]e ! air c\ld circulate almo/ z freely z 9 a pile ( /ove-wood1 all ! potatoes 7 rott53 on ! muck1 :i* 0 unlike a peat-bog1 v f9e & tight1 almo/ imp]vi\s to ! atmosph]e1 !y 7 ne>ly all s\nd2 on ! s&1 :i* 0 q op51 b tight] ?an ! gravel1 "p 7 decay$ & ! re/ s\nd4 ,_! condition 0 graduat$ entirely by ! condition ( ! soil4 ,x is an app>5t objection to ?is !ory1 t :5 ! rot prevails1 ! be/ potatoes are rais$ on light1 s&y soils4 ,x is said t !y are op5 to ! action ( air4 ,to ?is x is repli$1 t :e!r !y rot or n1 9 s&y soils1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( s&4 ,on "s s& !y rot v badly1 on o!rs h>dly at all4 ,s&y soils diff] v mat]ially3 "s are almo/ pure silex2 :ile o!rs are fill$ ) a f9e du/1 &1 al?\gh app>5tly loose1 are mu* m ne>ly imp]vi\s to ! air ?an heavi] soils2 on ! =m]1 ne>ly all w decay1 & on ! latt]1 mo/ w be pres]v$4 ,look at ! imm5se potato crops ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 on s&y l&4 ,we h p]sonally exam9$ x1 & f9d x to be fill$ ) du/1 t excludes ! air1 & saves ! potato f rot4 ,:y1 !n1 is a heavy clay useless = potatoes8 ,is n clay a v tight soil8 ,unbrok5 x is2 b1 :5 pl[$1 x is always left 9 l>g] p>ticles ?an o!r l&--x is b seldom pulv]iz$4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles are all op5 to ! free action ( ! air2 h5ce1 in/ead ( be+ close1 x is "o ( ! mo/ op5 ( all our soils4 ,?is confirms ! !ory4 ,! influ5ce ( manur+ l& is /ill ano!r confirmation4 ,we are direct$ n to manure our l& = potatoes :5 ! disease prevails4 ,x is said we c raise no s\nd potatoes on ri* l& :5 ! rot is abroad4 ,?is is an error4 ,! ri*ness ( ! soil does n promote ! disease2 b if any k9d ( manure be appli$ t1 f its bulk & co>s5ess1 keeps ! soil op5 to ! air1 ! potatoes w rot4 ,b f]tilize to ! highe/ ext5t1 9 any way t does n make ! soil too op51 & let 9 ! air1 & ! crop w be greatly increas$ ) p]fect safety4 ,?us1 ?is !ory1 l e tru?1 p]fectly fits 9 all its be>+s4 ,!re is1 !n1 no p]fect rem$y = ! disease b 9 ! p[] ( ,him :o c purify ! atmosph]e4 ,num]\s rem$ies & prev5tives h be5 recomm5d$1 by ^? :o suppose !y h tri$ !m ) success4 ,b 9 o!r localities & soils1 all _! rem$ies h fail$1 z w all o!rs t w yet be discov]$4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! texture ( ! soils1 ^u ! pr9ciples "h indicat$1 & a repetition ( _! exp]im5ts1 w %[ ! discov]]s t _! success dep5d$ ^u _! soils1 :ile o!rs fail$ 9 us+ ! same rem$ies on o!r soils4 ,! practical uses ( ?is !ory are obvi\s4 ,:5 ! disease is abroad1 we %\ld select soil t excludes1 z mu* z possible1 ! atmosph]e1 & plant deep2 on all l& n liable to h wat] /& on ! subsoil4 ,d n be deceiv$ into ! belief t all s&y l& w be> good potatoes1 9 ! seasons :5 ! disease prevails4 ,! wor/ rot we ev] _h 0 9 #ahee1 on v s&y l&4 ,?is ye> 7#aheg7 we h witness$ ! wor/ rot 9 op5 s& & gravel4 ,add to ?is1 great c>e 9 pres]v+ ! heal? ( ! tub]s4 ,plant v e>ly1 only :ole potatoes1 & ( mature gr[?1 ?or\ghly ripe2 apply a little salt & lime1 pla/] r pl5tifully1 & pota%1 or pl5ty ( wood-a%es--& y w succe$ 9 ! wor/ ( seasons4 ,,pres]v+ ,,fruits1 c4 ,! ess5tials 9 pres]v+ fruits1 b]ries1 & vegetables1 dur+ ! :ole ye>1 are1 a total exclusion f atmosph]ic action1 &1 9 "s vegetables1 a /rong action ( heat4 ,we h a v>iety ( pat5t cans1 & sev]al processes are recomm5d$4 ,! pat5t cans s]ve a good purpose1 b1 = g5]al use1 are inf]ior to ^? ord9>ily made by ! t9man4 ,! pat5t articles are only good = "o ye>1 & are us$ ) great] difficulty by ! unskilful4 ,! ord9>y t9 cans1 made 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 ) an orifice 9 ! top l>ge en\gh to admit :atev] y w\ld pres]ve1 w la/ t5 ye>s1 ) c>eful usage1 & !y are s simple t no mi/akes ne$ be made4 ,x is usually recomm5d$ to sold] on ! cov]1 :i* is simply a squ>e piece ( t9 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! orifice4 ,sold]+ may be be/ = ^? cans t are to be transport$ a long di/ance1 b x is tr\blesome1 & is entirely unnecess>y = dome/ic use4 ,a little seal+-wax1 :i* any apo!c>y c make at a *eap rate1 laid on ! top ( ! c :5 hot1 w melt1 & ! cov] plac$ ^u x w adh]e & cause x to be air-tight4 ,all articles t d n "p ) _! aroma by be+ cook$1 may be p]fectly pres]v$ 9 su* cans1 by putt+ !m 9 :5 boil+1 season$ to y\r ta/e1 & putt+ on ! cov]s at once4 ,! cans %\ld be full1 & set 9 a cool place1 & ! articles w rema9 9 a p]fect /ate = a ye>4 ,! f9e/ articles ( fruit1 z pea*es & /rawb]ries1 may be pres]v$ s z to reta9 all _! peculi> aroma1 by putt+ !m into su* cans1 fill$ ) a sirup ( pure sug>1 & plac+ ! cans s fill$ 9 a kettle ( wat]1 & rais+ x to a boil+ heat1 & !n putt+ on ! cov] z above2 ! heat expels ! air1 & ! cov] & wax keep x out4 ,/one jugs are us$ = ! same purposes1 b are n suffici5tly tight to keep out ! air1 unless well pa9t$ aft] hav+ become cold4 ,wide-m\!d glass bottles are excell5t4 ,b1 9 us+ glass or /one w>e1 ! corks mu/ be put 9 & ti$ at ! comm5cem5t1 leav+ a small ap]ture = ! escape ( /eam1 & ! process ( rais+ ! wat] to a boil+ heat mu/ be gradual1 requir+ ?ree or f\r h\rs1 or ! bottles w be brok5 by sudd5 expansion4 ,make ! corks air-tight by cov]+ ) seal+-wax on tak+ f ! boil+ wat]4 ,"s vegetables1 z peas1 beans1 caulifl[]s1 c41 ne$ consid]able boil+1 9 ord] to p]fect pres]vation4 ,t9 cans may /& 9 ! wat] & boil an h\r or two1 if y *oose1 & !n be seal$4 ,! bottles %\ld be cork$ tight1 h ! cork ti$ 91 & !n be imm]s$ & boil = an h\r3 take !m out1 & dip ! cork & m\? ( ! bottles 9 seal+-wax1 & all w be safe4 ,by "o ( ^! processes1 exclusion ( ! atmosph]e & ?or\gh boil+1 we may pres]ve any fruit or vegetable1 s z to h an abundance1 ne>ly z good z ! fre% 9 its season1 ! :ole ye>1 & t at a trifl+ exp5se4 ,all fruits & vegetables may also be pres]v$ by dry+4 ,by be+ prop]ly dri$1 ! orig9al aroma c be mo/ly reta9$4 ,! ess5tials 9 prop]ly dry+ are artificial heat & free circulation ( ! air ab\t ! dry+ articles4 ,fruit dri$ 9 ! sun is n ne>ly s f9e z t dri$ by artificial heat4 ,an ov5 f :i* bread has j be5 tak5 is suitable = ?is purpose2 b a dry-h\se is bett]4 ,a tight room1 ) a /ove 9 ! bottom1 & ! fruit 9 %all[ draw]s1 put 9 f ! outside1 s]ves a good purpose4 ,con/ruct ! room s z to give a draft1 ! heat$ air pass+ out at ! top1 & ! process ( dry+ w be greatly facilitat$1 & ! m rapid ! process1 )\t cook+ ! fruit1 ! bett] w be its quality4 ,?is process is applicable to all k9ds ( vegetables4 ,roots1 z beets1 c>rots1 p>snips1 or potatoes1 %\ld be slic$ be=e dry+4 ,! object 9 dry+ ! latt] articles w\ld be to af=d ! luxury ( good vegetables = armies & %ips' crews1 9 di/ant regions1 & 9 climates :]e !y are n gr[n4 ,milk c be cond5s$ & pres]v$ = a long "t1 &1 be+ greatly r$uc$ 9 quantity1 x is easily transport$4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n 9 ! c\ntry t ,mr4 ,gail ,bord51 ( ,new ,york1 has inv5t$ a me?od ( cond5s+ milk1 fre% f ! c[1 s t x w p]fectly reta9 all its excell5ces1 includ+ ! cream1 & by be+ seal$ up 9 t9 cans1 z above1 may be kept = _m mon?s4 ,! milk & ! process ( cond5sation h be5 sci5tifically exam9$ by ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 & pron\nc$ p]fect1 & ( great value to ! _w4 ,we h us$ ! cond5s$ milk1 :i* 0 m ?an a mon? old2 x _h be5 kept 9 a t9 c )\t seal+ & )\t ice1 b 9 a cool place4 ,x 0 sweet & good1 diff]+ 9 no respect f fre% milk f ! c[1 except t ! heat employ$ 9 cond5s+ x gave x ! ta/e ( boil$ milk4 ,if kept 9 a w>m place1 & expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x may s\r ne>ly z soon z o!r milk3 b x may be seal$ up & kept cool s z to be good = a long "t4 ,! cond5sation is accompli%$ by simple evaporation ( ! wat]y "p1 9 pans 9 vacuo4 ,no sub/ance :atev] is put into ! milk4 ,f\r gallons ( fre% milk are cond5s$ into "o4 ,:5 want$ = use1 ! quantity desir$ is put into twice ! quantity ( wat]1 :i* makes good cream = c(fee2 or "o "p to f\r ( wat] makes good new milk2 & "o "p to five or six makes a bett] milk ?an t usually sold 9 cities4 ,/eam]s n[ lay 9 a supply = a voyage to ,liv]pool & return1 & on arrival 9 ,new ,york1 ! milk is z good z :5 tak5 on bo>d4 ,! advantages w be num]\s4 ,su* milk w be among regul> supplies = armies & navies1 & = all %ipp+ to di/ant c\ntries4 ,all cities & villages may h pure1 *eap milk1 z ! cond5sation w r5d] transportation s *eap t milk c be s5t f any "p ( ! c\ntry :]e x is mo/ pl5ty & *eape/4 ,! process is pat5t$1 b w be grant$ to o!rs at reasonable rates1 by ,bord5 ,co42 & ev5tually x w become g5]al1 :5 f>m]s c cond5se & lay by1 9 ! season :5 x is abundant1 milk = use 9 ! w9t]1 :5 c[s are dry4 ,?is w make milk abundant at all seasons ( ! ye>1 & pl5ty :]ev] we *oose to c>ry x4 ,x w also save ! lives ( ?\s&s ( *ildr51 9 cities1 t are f$ on un:olesome milk or poison\s mixtures4 ,!re is no temptation to adult]ate su* milk1 = ! process ( cond5sation is *eap] ?an any mixture t c\ld be pass$4 ,pres]v+ hams is effectually done by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods4 ,aft] well cur+ & smok+1 sew !m up 9 a bag ( cotton clo?1 fitt+ closely1 & dip !m into a tub ( lime-:itewa%1 ne>ly z ?ick z cream1 & hang up 9 a cool room4 ,?is is a good me?od1 ?\gh !y w sometimes m\ld4 ,! o!r process1 & ! "o we mo/ recomm5d1 is to put well cur$ & smok$ hams 9 a cask1 or box1 ) v f9e *>coal2 put 9 a lay] ( *>coal1 & !n "o ( hams2 cov] ) ano!r lay] ( coal & !n ( hams1 & s on1 until ! cask is full1 or all y\r hams are deposit$4 ,no m\ld w appe>1 & no insect w t\* !m4 ,?is me?od is p]fect4 ,ano!r process1 involv+ ! same pr9ciples z ! prec$+1 is to wrap ! hams 9 musl91 & bury !m 9 salt4 ,! musl9 keeps ! salt f /rik+ 91 & ! salt prev5ts m\ld & insects4 ,,pumpk94 ,!re are "s five or six v>ieties 9 cultivation4 ,l\don says six1 & ,russell's catalogue has five4 ,! numb] is increas+1 & names becom+ unc]ta94 ,c]ta9 v>ieties are call$ pumpk9s by "s1 & squa%es by o!rs4 ,! l>ge yell[ ,connecticut1 or ,yankee pumpk91 is be/ = all uses4 ,! l>ge *eese pumpk9 is good at ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,! mammo? t has weigh$ z high z two hundr$ & ?irty p\nds1 is a squa%1 m ornam5tal ?an useful4 ,! sev5 ye>s' pumpk9 is a great keep]4 ,x has d\btless be5 kept ?r\gh sev]al ye>s )\t decay4 ,pumpk9s w gr[ on any good ri* soil1 b be/ on new l&1 & 9 a wet season4 ,d be/ alone1 b w gr[ well among corn & bett] ) potatoes4 ,a good crop ( pumpk9s c seldom be rais$1 two ye>s 9 succession1 on ! same l&4 ,c>e 9 sav+ se$ is v important4 ,! spot on ! end t 0 orig9ally cov]$ by ! blossom1 v>ies mu* 9 dim5sions1 on pumpk9s ( ! same size4 ,se$s f ^? hav+ small blossom-m>ks1 be> v few1 & f ^? hav+ l>ge ones1 produce abundantly4 ,!y are good fall & w9t] fe$ = mo/ animals4 ,!y w cause hogs to gr[ rapidly1 if boil$ ) roots1 & mix$ ) a little gra94 ,f$ raw to mil* c[s & fatt5+ cattle1 !y are valuable4 ,le>n a horse to eat !m raw1 & if 8 "w be n too h>d1 he w fatt5 on !m4 ,!y may be pres]v$ 9 a dry cell>1 9 a w>m room z sweet potatoes1 or 9 a m[ ( hay or /raw1 t w n freeze ?r\gh4 ,b = family use !y are bett] /ew$ gre51 & dri$4 ,,qu9ce4 ,?is fruit1 ) its uses1 = dry+1 cook+1 m>malades1 flavors to t>ts & pies made ( o!r fruits1 & = pres]v+ z a sweetmeat1 is well kn[n & highly e/eem$4 ,! qu9ce is r a %rub ?an a tree4 ,x %\ld be set t5 feet ap>t ea* way1 9 deep1 ri* soil4 ,x ne$s little prun+1 except remov+ dead or cross bran*es1 & cutt+ (f & burn+ at once1 twigs affect$ ) ! insect-blight1 z m5tion$ "u pe>s4 ,! soil %\ld be manur$ e ye>1 by work+-9 a top-dress+ ( f9e manure1 includ+ a little salt4 ,propagation--is by se$s1 buds1 or cutt+s4 ,budd+ does v well4 ,se$l+s are n always true to ! v>ieties4 ,cutt+s1 put out e>ly & a little 9 ! %ade1 ne>ly all take4 ,?is is ! be/ & easie/ me?od ( propagation4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties2 ! apple-%ap$1 pe>-%ap$1 & ! ,portugal1 are ! pr9cipal4 ,! apple-%ap$1 or orange qu9ce 7& p]haps ! l>ge-fruit$ may be ! same7 is1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ ( all4 ,e>ly1 a great be>]1 & excell5t = all uses4 ,! pe>-%ap$ is small]1 h>d]1 & lat]4 ,x may be kept long] 9 a gre5 /ate1 & !re=e be c>ri$ mu* f>!r4 ,! only reason = cultivat+ x w\ld be its lat5ess & its keep+ qualities4 ,! ,portugal qu9ce is ! f9e/ fruit ( all1 b is su* a %y be>] z to be unpr(itable4 ,! ,rea qu9ce is a se$l+ rais$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,rea1 ( ,gre5e c\nty1 ,new ,york1 & is pron\nc$ by ,d[n+ an acquisition4 ,! fruit is v h&some1 & "o ?ird l>g] ?an ! common apple or orange qu9ce4 ,! tree is ?rifty1 h>dy1 & productive4 ,x is a valuable modification ( ! apple-%ap$ or orange qu9ce1 sup]ior to ! orig9al4 ,su* v>ieties may be multipli$ & improv$1 by new se$l+s & high cultivation4 ,,rabbits4 ,to prev5t rabbits & mice f girdl+ fruit-trees 9 w9t]1 is v important to fruit-gr[]s4 ,! mead[-m\se is v de/ructive to "y trees1 "u cov] ( sn[4 ,rabbits w girdle trees aft] ! gre5 foliage on :i* !y delight to fe$ is gone4 ,take f\r qu>ts ( fre%-slak$ lime1 ! same quantity ( fre% c[s' dung1 two qu>ts ( salt1 & a h&ful ( fl\r ( sulphur2 mix all toge!r1 ) j en\gh wat] to br+ x to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa9t4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( cold wea!r1 pa9t ! trunks ( ! trees two feet high ) ?is mixture1 & n a tree w suff] f rabbits or mice4 ,tread+ own ! sn[ does good1 b x is v tr\blesome1 & n a p]fect rem$y4 ,exp]i5ce has nev] kn[n ! =ego+ wa% to fail4 ,,radi%4 ,?is is a well-kn[n root1 eat5 only raw1 & :5 "y & t5d]4 ,a ri* s&y soil is be/4 ,l mo/ turnips1 ! roots are m t5d] & p]fect :5 gr[n 9 r cool wea!r2 h5ce1 ^? gr[n 9 e>ly spr+ are bett] ?an a summ] gr[?4 ,!y d well 9 an e>ly hotb$4 ,! ,sc>let & ,:ite ,turnip-root$ are f9e = e>ly use4 ,!y are always small1 b fair1 & v e>ly4 ,! ,sc>let ,%ort-top comes next1 & is a v f9e v>iety4 ,^! may be _h ?r\gh ! :ole season1 by s[+ at prop] int]vals2 h5ce1 o!rs are unnecess>y4 ,o!r good v>ieties are ! ,summ]1 or ,long ,:ite ,naples2 ,long ,salmon1 a l>ge1 gray radi%1 n g5]ally describ$ 9 ! books 7a spl5did v>iety 9 s\!rn ,ohio72 & ! ,black ,spani% = fall & w9t] use4 ,?is gr[s l>ge l a turnip1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! same way4 ,! be/ me?od ( gu>d+ aga9/ worms is to take equal quantities ( fre% horse-manure & buck:eat-bran1 & mix & spade !m into ! b$4 ,active f]m5tation foll[s1 & toad/ools w gr[ up )9 =ty-eight h\rs1 :5 y %\ld spade up ! b$ aga9 & s[ ! se$2 !y w gr[ v quickly1 be v t5d]1 & entirely free f worms4 ,radi%-se$ is s[n ) sl[-vegetat+ se$s1 z c>rots1 beets1 p>snips1 c4 ,! radi%es m>k ! r[s1 s t !y may be cle>$ ( we$s1 & ! gr\nd /irr$ be=e ! plants w\ld o!rwise be disc]nible1 & also %ade ! g]m9at+ se$s & ! "y plants f de/ruction f a hot sun4 ,! radi%es may be pull$ out :5 ! ma9 crop ne$s ! gr\nd & sun4 ,= ?is purpose ! sc>let %ort-top v>iety is us$1 because ! long root loos5s ! soil 9 pull+2 & z ! cr[n /&s s mu* above ! surface1 !y may be cru%$ d[n ) a small roll]1 & ?us de/roy$ )\t ! labor ( pull+4 ,s[+ radi%-se$ among root-crops1 & cultivat+ e>ly ) a root-clean]1 an acre ( roots c be rais$ ) ab\t ! same labor z an acre ( corn4 ,,raspb]ry4 ,! common black raspb]ry we h notic$ else:]e z "o ( ! mo/ pr(itable 9 cultivation4 ,! o!r v>ieties1 wor?y ( g5]al cultivation1 are ! ,franconia1 ! ,fa/ollf1 ! r$1 & ! :ite or yell[ ,antw]p4 ,any good g>d5-soil is suitable = raspb]ries4 ,x %\ld be work$ deep1 & h decay$ wood & leaves mix$ ) b>ny>d manure & wood-a%es4 ,9 all b v cold latitudes1 raspb]ries %\ld be plant$ :]e !y may be a little %ad$4 ,none ( ! f9] old v>ieties produce a good crop ( fruit )\t w9t]-protection4 ,! canes may live )\t x1 b w be> b little fruit4 ,! be/ me?od ( protection is to b5d d[n ! canes at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 be=e ! gr\nd freezes1 & cov] !m lightly1 ) ! soil ar\nd !m4 ,!y %\ld fir/ h "s well-rott$ manure put ar\nd ! canes4 ,/ools %\ld be f\r feet ap>t1 & h ab\t five or six canes 9 a /ool4 ,cut away ! re/4 ,! be/ ( all manures = raspb]ries is said to be sp5t tan-b>k4 ,put x ar\nd 9 ! fall to ! dep? ( two in*es2 "w x into ! soil 9 ! spr+1 & put ar\nd fre% tan-b>k1 to ! same dep?4 ,! v>ieties = g5]al cultivation are few4 ,! common black is "o ( ! be/4 ,! common wild ,am]ican r$1 native 9 all ! ,middle & ,ea/]n /ates1 is greatly improv$ by cultivation4 ,z x is p]fectly h>dy1 & a great & e>ly be>]1 x %\ld h a place 9 e collection4 ,! ,franconia is a f9e fruit1 &1 among ^? g5]ally cultivat$1 occupies ! fir/ place4 ,! yell[ ,antw]p is f9e-flavor$ & good-siz$1 b too s(t = a g5]al m>ket-b]ry4 ,! same is true ( ! ,fa/ollf4 ,! r$ ,antw]p is good1 b q inf]ior to ! new r$ ,antw]p1 or ,hudson ,riv] ,antw]p4 ,! ,ohio ,ev]gre5 is a new v>iety1 h>dy1 prolific1 & a long be>]1 f9e fruit 9 consid]able quantities hav+ be5 pick$ on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x %\ld be 9 e g>d54 ,!re are two k9ds ( r$ raspb]ries br\ght to notice by ,mr4 ,lewis ,p4 ,all51 ( ,black ,rock1 ,n4 ,y41 t des]ve ext5sive cultivation1 if !y w>rant 8 recomm5dation4 ,mr4 ,all5 says he has cultivat$ !m = a numb] ( ye>s1 &1 ) no w9t] protection1 !y h borne a l>ge crop ( excell5t fruit e ye>1 pron\nc$ by deal]s 9 ,buffalo m>ket sup]ior to any o!r v>iety4 ,%\ld ^! v>ieties prove equally good else:]e1 !y des]ve a place 9 e g>d5 9 ! l&4 ,,rhub>b4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( rhub>b n[ 9 cultivation4 ,! ,victoria1 ,mammo?1 & ,scot* ,hybrid1 all ( :i* 7if !y be really di/9ct7 are f9e & l>ge1 "u prop] culture4 ,!re is mu* ( ! old inf]ior k9d1 :i* g5]ally af=ds only small %ort leaves1 & :i* is ( no value1 comp>$ ) ! l>ge v>ieties4 ,! me?od ( gr[+ is v simple1 & yet ! value ( ! plant dep5ds ma9ly on "r cultivation4 ,propagation is by se$s1 or by divid+ ! roots4 ,by se$ is pref]able4 ,! idea t ! l>ge/ k9ds w n produce se$ is incorrect4 ,we rais$ f\r or five qu>ts ( se$ f a s+le plant ( ! l>ge/ v>iety1 9 "o season4 ,"y plants are suitable = transplant+ aft] ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,!y %\ld be set ?ree feet ap>t ea* way4 ,! soil %\ld be ?or\ghly enri*$ & tr5*$ two feet deep1 ) pl5ty ( well-rott$ manure 9 ! bottom1 & mix$ 9 all ! soil4 ,plant ! cr[ns two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! surface to all[ /irr+ ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+1 )\t injury4 ,aft] ?is !y w only want enri*+ ) well-rott$ manure 9 r lib]al quantities1 work$ 9 ) a =k 9 ! fall or spr+4 ,cov]+ up ) manure 9 ! fall is good4 ,^? :o raise ! l>ge/ leaves1 lay b>e ! cr[ns 9 spr+1 & ) a %>p knife1 remove all ! small] cr[n-buds4 ,! leaves w be greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]1 b increas$ 9 size4 ,we h (t5 se5 a s+le /em ( a leaf t weigh$ a full p\nd4 ,! roots live _m ye>s4 ,we "k a s+le root1 9 ,/4 ,lawr5ce c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 f :i* we ate pies & t>ts tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 & :i* is n[ s vigor\s z to yield m ?an a supply = two families ?r\gh ! season4 ,! only c>e x has ev] _h1 has be5 lib]al supplies ( well-rott$ manure4 ,! se$ /ocks h g5]ally be5 brok5 (f4 ,!y %\ld always be1 unless y wi% to raise se$1 !n save "o or two ( ! /ronge/4 ,new cr[ns come out on ! sides1 f ye> to ye>1 until ea* plant w cov] a consid]able space4 ,! "o m5tion$1 z be+ tw5ty-two ye>s old1 has nev] be5 mov$ dur+ ! :ole "t4 ,x is n ! giant k9d1 b ! leaves are l>ge & long4 ,rhub>b has a bett] flavor & requires mu* less sug>1 by blan*+4 ,?is is be/ done by plac+ an old b>rel1 )\t a bottom1 ov] ! hill z x beg9s to gr[4 ,! leaves w gr[ long1 ) :ite t5d] /ems4 ,use x :5 ! leaves are half or full gr[n1 z y please4 ,,rice4 ,?is1 9 its value to ! _w z an article ( food1 is next to ,indian corn4 ,x is ! ma9 article ( diet = "o ?ird ( ! human race4 ,x is produc$ only 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w1 & its cultivation is s simple & easy1 & s mu* a dep>tm5t ( agriculture by itself1 t we omit directions = gr[+ x4 ,! ravages ( ! rice-weevil1 s de/ructive to rice ly+ 9 bulk1 are prev5t$ by ! application ( common salt1 at ! rate ( half a p\nd to ! bu%el4 ,,rocks4 ,we frequ5tly f9d1 on "s ( our be/ l&1 l>ge b\ld]s1 v h>d1 & too l>ge to be remov$1 ) any team we c comm&1 & :i* w\ld be 9 ! way1 9 any place to :i* we might remove !m4 ,! be/ way to get rid ( !m1 :5 x c be af=d$1 is to burn or bla/ !m into pieces small en\gh to be easily h&l$4 ,:5 ?is c n be af=d$1 ! be/ me?od is to make an excavation by ! side ( !m1 deep en\gh to let !m s9k bel[ ! rea* ( ! pl[1 & all[ !m to fall 91 be+ c>eful n to get caught by !m4 ,,roll]4 ,?is is q z indisp5sable to good f>m+ & g>d5+ z any o!r tool4 ,x s]ves a great v>iety ( useful purposes4 ,! fir/ is to pulv]ize soils4 ,no man c get a full crop on a soil n made f9e on ! surface1 h[ev] ri* t soil may be4 ,x is (t5 ! case t l& ne$s roll+ two or ?ree times be=e ! la/ h>r[+ & s[+ ! se$4 ,ano!r purpose is1 on all light soils1 to place ! soil close ar\nd ! se$s aft] !y h be5 cov]$4 ,:5 ?is is n done1 se$s w vegetate v unev5ly1 &1 9 dry wea!r1 "s ( !m n at all4 ,ano!r advantage ( roll+ a field-crop is ! great] facility & economy ) :i* x c be h>ve/$4 ,x makes a level1 smoo? surface1 s9k+ small /ones out ( ! way ( ! scy! or reap]4 ,roll+ makes grass-se$ cat*1 :5 s[n ) a spr+-crop4 ,all b$s ( small se$s--z onions1 beets1 c>rots1 p>snips1 c4--%\ld be roll$ aft] plant+4 ,x w s smoo? ! surface1 t hoe+ & cultivat+ c be done )\t injury to ! plants4 ,! r[s are also mu* m easily se5 :ile ! plants are "y4 ,any crop w gr[ bett] & l>g] by n be+ too mu* expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e on its roots4 ,:5 ! soil is co>se1 "p ( ! se$s & roots are greatly expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 & ?is exposure is v irregul>4 ,! roll] s cru%es ! lumps & fills up ! op5+s 9 ! soil z to cause ! atmosph]e to act regul>ly on ! :ole crop4 ,few f>m]s /op to ?9k t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on _! soils is fifte5 p\nds' weight on e squ>e in*1 & t1 h5ce1 ! air mu/ p5etrate to a consid]able dep? into ! soil2 & :]e ! soil is co>se1 ! air ent]s too freely1 & acts too p[]fully = ! good ( ! plants4 ,roll]s are made ( wood1 iron1 or free/one4 ,= mo/ purposes1 wood is be/4 ,a log made true & ev51 or1 bett]1 n>r[ plank nail$ on cyl9drical ends1 are ! usual =ms4 ,f eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet 9 diamet] is ! bett] size4 ,iron or /one roll]s1 9 sections1 are be/ = pulv]iz+ soil dispos$ to cake f be+ annually ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 or f o!r causes4 ,,root ,,crops4 ,x is important t ,am]ican f>m]s le>n to atta* mu* great] importance to ! culture ( roots4 ,! potato is ! be/ ( all roots = fe$+2 b1 z ! yield has become s light 9 mo/ localities1 & ! dem& = x = human food has s greatly increas$1 x w no long] be gr[n ext5sively z food = animals4 ,f>m]s mu/1 !re=e1 turn _! att5tion to beets1 c>rots1 & p>snips4 ,reasonable tillage w produce "o ?\s& bu%els to ! acre ( beets & c>rots1 & two hundr$ m ( p>snips4 ,^! roots1 raw or cook$1 are valuable = all dome/ic animals4 ,a horse w d bett] on "p oats & "p c>rots1 or beets1 ?an ^u cle> oats4 ,= mil* c[s1 "y /ock1 & fatt5+ cattle1 & = %eep & f[ls1 !y are highly valuable4 ,) ! facilities n[ enjoy$1 !y may be rais$ at a *eap rate4 ,plant sc>let %ort-top radi%-se$ 9 ! r[s1 to %ade ! vegetat+ se$ & "y plants1 & to m>k ! r[s1 to facilitate cle>+ & /irr+ ! gr\nd1 :ile ! plants are v "y1 & us+ ! mo/ approv$ root-clean]s1 & ! same am\nt ( food c n be gr[n at ! same price 9 any o!r crops4 ,,saffron4 ,?is is a well-kn[n m$ic9al h]b1 z easily gr[n z a bean or sunfl[]4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ 9 eruptive diseases1 to induce moi/ure ( ! sk9 & keep ! eruption out4 ,s[ 9 any good soil1 9 r[s eighte5 in*es ap>t1 & keep clean ( we$s4 ,:5 9 full bloom1 ! fl[]s are ga!r$ & dri$4 ,,sage4 ,?is is a h>dy g>d5-h]b1 easily gr[n4 ,its value = m$ic9al & cul9>y purposes is well kn[n4 ,x is propagat$ by se$s1 or by divid+ ! roots4 ,) suitable protection 9 w9t]1 roots w live = a numb] ( ye>s1 be>+ se$ aft] ! fir/4 ,v>ieties are1 ! r$1 ! broad-leav$1 ! gre51 & ! small-leav$ gre54 ,! r$ is mo/ us$ = cul9>y purposes1 & ! broad-leav$ is mo/ m$ic9al4 ,all ! v>ieties may be us$ = ! same purposes4 ,any g>d5-soil1 n decid$ly wet1 is suitable = sage4 ,raise new plants once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,plants may be r5ovat$1 by c]ta9 culture & c>e1 b x is bett] to gr[ new ones4 ,cut ! leaves two or ?ree times 9 ! season1 & dry quickly1 & put away 9 pap] bags2 or1 bett]1 pulv]ize & cork up 9 glass bottles4 ,?is is ! be/ me?od ( pres]v+ all h]bs = dome/ic use4 ,,salsify1 ,,or ,,vegetable ,,oy/]4 ,?is is a h>dy bi5nial vegetable1 resembl+ a small p>snip1 & z easily gr[n4 ,:5 prop]ly cook$1 its flavor resembles ! oy/]1 :5ce its "n4 ,s[ & cultivate z p>snips or c>rots4 ,x is suitable = use f ,novemb] to ,may4 ,x is bett] = be+ all[$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd until want$ = use1 ?\gh x may be well kept1 9 moi/ s& 9 ! cell>4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 sav+ se$ z x %ells & bl[s away l ?i/le se$1 z soon z ripe4 ,x mu/ be s[n q ?ick1 on acc\nt ( its pron5ess n to vegetate4 ,x %\ld be m ext5sively cultivat$4 ,,scrap+ ,,l&4 ,?is is a process ne$$ only on l& t has n be5 "u cultivation long en\gh to become level4 ,all new l& has _m knolls ( great] or less size4 ,z soon z ! roots are out suffici5tly to all[ x1 ! knolls %\ld be pl[$ & level$ ) a common scrap]4 ,mo/ f>m]s neglect x z injuri\s to ! soil1 & too exp5sive4 ,b :5 we consid] t r\gh l& nev] gets well pl[$1 & t ! gradual we>+ away ( ! knolls w cont9ue _! unproductiv5ess = a numb] ( ye>s1 x w be se5 t ! *eape/ way is to pl[ & scrape ! l& level at once1 & ?or\ghly manure ! places f :i* ! soil has be5 scrap$4 ,,se$s4 ,! be/ ( ev]y?+ %\ld be sav$ = se$4 ,peas1 beans1 corn1 tomatoes1 c41 %\ld n be ga!r$ promiscu\sly1 f9ally pres]v+ ! la/ t matures1 = se$4 ,leave "s ( ! f9e/ & e>lie/ /ocks1 & f !m save se$1 n f ! fir/ or ! la/ t matures1 b f ! e>lie/ t gr[s l>ge & fair4 ,save tomato-se$ f ^? t gr[ l>ge/1 b ne> ! root4 ,ga!r all se$s z soon z mature1 z rema9+ expos$ to ! wea!r is unfavorable to vegetation4 ,dry 9 a w>m place 9 ! %ade1 b n too ne> a /ove or fire4 ,keep 9 pap] bags1 hung 9 a dry airy place1 beyond ! rea* ( mice4 ,try+ ! quality ( se$s is important1 z x may save loss & disappo9tm5t1 f s[+ se$s t w n vegetate4 ,a little cotton wool or moss 9 a tumbl] conta9+ a little wat]1 & plac$ 9 a w>m room1 w af=d a good means ( te/+ se$s4 ,se$s plac$ on t wool1 w vegetate soon] ?an !y w\ld d 9 ! soil4 ,b a m spe$y1 & g5]ally sure me?od1 is by putt+ a few se$s on ! top ( a hot /ove4 ,if !y are good !y w crack l corn 9 p>*+2 o!rwise !y w burn )\t noise1 & ) v little motion4 ,! improvem5t or decl5sion ( fruits1 gra9s1 & vegetables1 dep5d v mat]ially ^u ! mann] ( ga!r+ & pres]v+ se$s4 ,ga!r promiscu\sly & late1 & keep )\t c>e1 & rapid decl5sion w be ! result4 ,ga!r ! e>lie/ & be/1 & plant only ! v be/ ( t sav$1 & con/ant improvem5t w be secur$4 ,,%eep4 ,^! are ! mo/ pr(itable ( all dome/ic animals4 ,! orig9al co/ is trifl+1 & ! exp5se ( rais+ & keep+ is s light1 & ! sale ( meat1 tall[1 hide1 & wool1 is s ready1 t %eep-gr[+ is always pr(itable4 ,s important has ?is always be5 consid]$1 t 9 all ages ( ! _w1 !re h be5 %eph]ds1 ^: sole bus9ess x has be5 to t5d _! flocks4 ,7 ! fle% ( %eep & lambs m ext5sively sub/itut$ = t ( sw9e1 9 ?is c\ntry1 x w\ld be equally heal?y & economical4 ,am]ican f>m]s d n atta* to %eep-gr[+ half ! importance x des]ves4 ,we recomm5d a ?or\gh /udy ( ! subject1 9 ! use ( ! facilities af=d$ by ! writ+s ( practical m54 ,we c only give ! outl9es ( ! subject 9 a "w l ?is4 ,a !ory has be5 sci5tifically e/abli%$ by ,pet] ,a4 ,br[n ,,ll4 ,d4 ( ,philadelphia1 9 :i* x is %[n t all %eep are divid$ into two species1 ,hair-be>+ & ,wool-be>+4 ,^! species cross$1 produce %eep t be> bo? wool & hair1 z ! two nev] *ange4 ,! hair makes blankets t w n %r9k4 ,! wool is good = mak+ full$ clo?4 ,blankets made f ! fleeces ( %eep t are ! product ( ! cross ( ^! two species1 w %r9k 9 "s places & n 9 o!rs1 j z ! hair or wool prevails4 ,x is also true t ! hair-be>+ %eep delight 9 l[1 moi/ situations & sea-breezes1 :ile ! wool-be>+ %eep does be/ on high1 airy1 & dry l&4 ,^! fleeces all pass z wool1 b ! microscope %[s a m>k$ & p]man5t diff]5ce1 & "o c easily le>n to di/+ui% x at once1 by ! t\* & ) ! nak$ eye4 ,?is is ?r[n out "h to induce a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! :ole subject4 ,!re are ?ree /aples ( wool1 %ort1 ?ree in*es long1 middl+1 five in*es1 & long1 eight in*es4 ,v>ieties ( %eep are num]\s4 ,we %all only m5tion a few4 ,! "q ( ! be/ bre$s has be5 w>mly controv]t$4 ,we h no disposition to try to settle x4 ,! "q ( ! be/ v>iety mu/ dep5d ^u locality & design4 ,if ! wool is ! object1 !n ! ,v]mont ,m]9o = ! ,nor?1 & ! pure ,saxony = ! ,s\?1 are evid5tly ! be/4 ,if locat$ ne> l>ge cities1 :]e ! fle% is ! ma9 object1 !n ! l>ge-bodi$1 long-wool$ bre$s are mu* pref]able4 ,among ^? mu* e/eem$ we note ! foll[+3-- ,! ,cotswold mature "y1 & ! fle% w v>y 9 weight f fifte5 to ?irty p\nds p] qu>t]4 ,! ,new ,leice/] is less h>dy ?an ! ,cotswold1 b heavi]1 weigh+ f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six p\nds p] qu>t]4 ,! ,teeswat] %eep1 improv$ by a cross ) ! ,leice/]1 is consid]$ valuable4 ,! ,bampton is "o ( ! v be/ gr[n 9 ,engl&4 ,fat ewes av]age tw5ty p\nds p] qu>t]1 & we!rs f ?irty to ?irty-five p\nds4 ,! ,sussex1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,%rop%ire v>ieties ( ! ,d[n %eep1 are all highly e/eem$4 ,! ,leice/] are v valuable4 ,an ord9>y fleece weighs f ?ree to five p\nds4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,be]s ( ,new ,j]sey _h "o t %e>$ ?irte5 p\nds at "o "t1 & ! live weight ( ! %eep 0 #cgh p\nds4 ,!re are ,fr5*1 ,silesian1 & ,spani% ,m]9oes1 mu* e/eem$ 9 ,v]mont & else:]e4 ,! av]age weight ( a flock ( ewes ( ,fr5* m]9oes aft] %e>+ 0 #ajc p\nds4 ,_! fleeces av]ag$ twelve p\nds & eight ounces4 ,! fleece ( "o buck ( ! same flock weigh$ tw5ty p\nds & twelve ounces4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fr5* ,m]9o ,ram4 ,! ,silesian ,m]9oes are small]1 b produce beautiful fleeces4 ,9 a flock ( n9ete5 ewes1 ! av]age weight ( fleece 0 sev5 p\nds & t5 ounces1 & t ( ! buck weigh$ t5 & a half p\nds4 ,a l>ge flock ( ,spani% ,m]9oes yield$ an av]age ( a little ov] five p\nds ( well-wa%$ wool4 ,all ^! v>ieties are valuable = wool4 ,! wool ( ! pure ,saxony %eep1 h[ev]1 is be/4 ,! ,t>t> %eep1 call$ also ,%anghae & ,broadtail1 is a rec5tly-import$ bre$1 ( great promise = mutton4 ,_! fleece is a f9e silky hair1 mak+ f9e blankets t w n %r9k1 b n good = full$ clo?s4 ,! ewes are rem>kably prolific1 produc+ sometimes five lambs at a "t1 & (t5 twice a ye>4 ,"o ewe bore sev5 lambs 9 "o ye>1 all liv+ & be+ heal?y4 ,! fle% is ( ! highe/ quality4 ,?is may /& at ! head ( all our %eep z a m>ket animal4 ,! cross ( ?is ) our common %eep has prov$ f9e4 ,!y ne$ to be fur!r te/$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a new k9d ( %eep has also be5 import$ f ,africa1 )9 a few ye>s2 a v>iety unkn[n to naturali/s1 b hav+ "s po9ts 9 common ) ! ,t>t> %eep4 ,diseases ( ,%eep4--,!re are sev]al t h be5 v tr\blesome1 b :i* exp]i5ce has enabl$ u to cure4 ,sc\rs is (t5 v injuri\s4 ,a little common soot f ! *imney1 or pulv]iz$ *>coal1 is a sure rem$y4 ,mix x ) wat]1 n s ?ick z to make x difficult to swall[1 & give a teaspoonful e two h\rs1 & relief w soon be exp]i5c$4 ,wat] 9 ! head is a disease caus$ by long exposure to wet & cold4 ,?is is prev5t$ by a small blanket on ! back ( ! %eep4 ,! wool on ! backs ( %eep w be se5 to be (t5 p>t$1 expos+ ! sk94 ,wat] fall+ on ! back w p5etrate ! wool & run d[n1 & wet & *ill ! :ole body4 ,a small cotton blanket1 fifte5 in*es wide1 & long en\gh to rea* f ! neck to ! tail1 fa/5$ to its place by ty+ to ! wool1 & pa9t$ on ! outside1 w cause all ! wat] to run (f1 sav+ ! heal? ( ! %eep1 & caus+ him to require less food4 ,9 ! cold1 wet season1 e %eep %\ld h su* a blanket2 !y w\ld co/ ?ree or f\r c5ts ea*1 & be wor? _m times _! co/ 9 ! sav+ ( fe$ = ! animals4 ,! m com=table an animal is1 ! less food w he require4 ,apply+ t> above ! noses ( %eep at %e>+1 t !y may be compell$ to smell x & eat a little = a long "t1 is consid]$ favorable to _! g5]al heal?1 & a prev5tive ( rot4 ,! foot-rot1 9 cattle1 %eep1 & hogs1 is a preval5t disease4 ,boys walk+ ! pa?1 b>efoot1 :]e su* diseas$ animals frequ5tly pass1 may contract ! disease4 ,?is is always cur$ by wa%+ 9 blue vitriol4 ,mo/ cases are cur$ by "o application1 & ! mo/ confirm$ by two or ?ree4 ,make a n>r[ passage1 :]e only "o animal c pass at once4 ,put 9 a tr\gh twelve feet long1 twelve in*es wide1 & z _m deep4 ,put 9 t fifty p\nds ( blue vitriol & fill ) wat]1 ?r[+ a little /raw ov] ! top4 ,cause ! diseas$ animals to pass ?r\gh t1 & !y w be cur$4 ,?is is ?\ght to be an inv>iable rem$y4 ,if %eep d n appe> heal?y on l[l& pa/ure1 give !m small quantities ( f9e *>coal & salt1 & !y w be z heal?y z on ! hills4 ,a little salt = %eep is useful dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! heal? ( %eep is injur$ m 9 fall ?an at any o!r season2 !y are v apt to be neglect$ at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]4 ,!y gr[ poor rapidly :5 _! gre5 fe$ fir/ fails2 a little hay & gra9 & a few roots !n w keep !m up1 prev5t disease1 & make x less exp5sive to keep !m ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,fe$ 9 racks or tr\ghs1 :5 !y c n get _! food "u foot1 & z f> z practicable1 "u %elt]1 & 9 a w>m place4 ,x is mu* *eap]1 & keeps ! %eep mu* m heal?y4 ,!y %\ld h fre% wat]1 :]e !y c dr9k1 two or ?ree times a day4 ,salt1 mix$ ) wood-a%es & pulv]iz$ *>coal1 %\ld also be con/antly )9 _! rea*4 ,a few beets1 c>rots1 or p>snips1 are always valuable4 ,"s gre5 fe$ is v ess5tial = ewes1 = "s "t be=e ! yean+ season4 ,corn is good = fatt5+ %eep2 b1 = increas+ ! wool1 x is n half z valuable z beans4 ,good bean-/raw is bett] ?an hay4 ,corn-fodd] is excell5t4 ,! product ( "o & a half acres ( l&1 s[$ ) corn1 w w9t]1 9 f9e condition1 "o hundr$ %eep--! corn s[$ ! #bj? ( ,june1 & cut up aft] x has begun to lose its weight slightly1 & %ock$ up closely1 b\nd r\nd ! top ) /raw1 & !n all[$ to /& till want$ = fe$+4 ,to h heal?y %eep1 d n use a ram "u two1 or ov] six or sev5 ye>s old1 & raise no lambs f unheal?y ewes or rams4 ,! exp5se ( keep+ %eep1 z all o!r animals1 is mu* less :5 !y are kept w>m4 ,mu* fe$ is wa/$ 9 keep+ up animal heat1 :i* w\ld be sav$ by w>m qu>t]s4 ,%eep-manure is bett] ?an any o!r1 except t ( f[ls4 ,no o!r p>ts ) its qualities by exposure s sl[ly4 ,"s f>m]s save all labor ( c>t+ & spread+ %eep-manure1 by hav+ movable wire f5ces1 & putt+ _! %eep on "o acre = a few days1 & !n remov+ to ano!r4 ,"o hundr$ %eep may ?us be made to manure an acre ( l& 9 t5 days1 bett] ?an any ord9>y dress+ ( o!r manure4 ,we %\ld pref] c>efully collect+ & sav+ x "u cov]1 mix$ ) muck or loam1 & apply :]e & :5 we *oose4 ,keep+ a suitable numb] ( %eep on a f>m is v important 9 keep+ up ! f>m4 ,a f>m devot$ to gra9 or vegetables1 )\t a suitable numb] ( animals1 usually runs d[n4 ,! "t :5 lambs %\ld be all[$ to come is important4 ,we mu* pref] lett+ !m come :5 !y please1 if we h w>m qu>t]s1 & c take a little extra c>e ( !m4 ,?is w give a l>g] gr[?1 & furni% l>ge lambs = m>ket1 at a season ( ! ye> :5 !y are mo/ desir$1 & br+ ! greate/ price4 ,= ^? :o w n take ! necess>y pa9s1 let !m come :5 ! wea!r has become w>m & grass pl5ty4 ,sometimes a ewe loses h] lamb1 & y wi% h] to raise "o ( ano!r ewe's1 t has two4 ,to make a ewe own ano!r's lamb1 take (f ! sk9 ( h] dead lamb1 & b9d x on to ! o!r lamb1 & %e w smell x & own ! lamb2 aft] :i* ! sk9 may be remov$4 ,%eep-culture is a subject to :i* f>m]s %\ld give increas$ att5tion1 until ! av]age weight ( %eep 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all become "o ?ird great] ?an at pres5t1 & until !re %all be t5 %eep to "o ( all we h at pres5t4 ,,%eph]dia ,,or ,,buffalo ,,b]ry4 ,illu/ration ,?is is an ornam5tal %rub1 gr[+ f six to fifte5 feet high1 be>+ a r\ndi% r$ fruit1 mu* e/eem$ = pres]ves4 ,trees are ( two k9ds1 male & female1 "o be>+ /am9ate & ! o!r pi/illate fl[]s4 ,h5ce no fruit c be gr[n )\t sett+ out ! trees 9 pairs f six to fifte5 feet ap>t4 ,if y set out only two1 & !y *ance to be ( ! same k9d1 y w get no fruit4 ,,soils4 ,! nature & managem5t ( soils mu/ be measurably und]/ood by any "o :o w\ld be a ?or\gh cultivator4 ,! productive p[] ( a soil dep5ds mu* ^u ! "* ( ! subsoil4 ,a gravelly subsoil is1 on ! :ole1 ! be/4 ,a ?9 soil ly+ on a cold clay subsoil--! h>dpan ( ! ,ea/1 & ! cr[fi% clay ( ! ,we/--h[ev] ri* x may be1 w be unproductive2 :ile ! same soil1 on a gravelly subsoil1 w\ld produce abundantly4 ,! be/ soils1 = all purposes1 are ! br[n or hazel-color$4 ,pl[$ 9 wet wea!r1 !y d n make mort>1 & 9 dry wea!r !y w n break 9 clods4 ,d>k-mix$ & russet m\lds are consid]$ ! next be/4 ,! wor/ are ! d>k-gray or a%-color$4 ,! deep-black alluvial soils ( ! ,we/]n prairies are an exception to all o!r soils1 possess+1 "u prop] treatm5t1 great p[]s ( production4 ,soils d n1 to any consid]able ext5t1 af=d food = plants4 ,a will[-tree has be5 kn[n to ga9 "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds' weight1 )\t exhau/+ m ?an two or ?ree ounces ( ! soil1 & ev5 t might h be5 wa/$ 9 dry+ & weigh+4 ,9 our article on manures1 we h %[n t x is ! texture ( soils1 & _! p[] to control moi/ure & heat1 t r5d]s !m productive3 h5ce1 no soil c be poor t is /irr$ deep & kept 9 a friable condition1 )\t be+ too op5 & por\s2 & no soil c be good t is h>d & n ret5tive ( moi/ure1 )\t hav+ wat] /& ^u x4 ,h5ce1 ! great secret ( successful f>m+1 is1 su* a mixture ( ! soils1 & ( f]tiliz]s ) ! soil1 z %all keep x friable & moi/1 & su* ?or\gh dra9age z w prev5t wat] f /&+ s z to become /agnant1 & to unduly *ill ! roots ( gr[+ plants4 ,nature has provid$1 ne> at h&1 all t is ess5tial to productiv5ess2 all t is necess>y is to prop]ly mix !m4 ,we d n believe t !re is an acre ( l& n[ "u cultivation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a latitude :]e corn w gr[1 on :i* we c n raise a hundr$ bu%els ( %ell$ ,indian corn1 )\t apply+ any?+ b :at may be rais$ out ( t soil1 & procur$ 9 ! %ape ( manure by animals 9 consum+ t product4 ,! poore/ f>m 9 ,am]ica may be br\ght up to a /ate ( great f]tility1 )\t apply+ "o doll>'s wor? ( any =eign sub/ance4 ,pl[ deep1 turn "u all ! gre5 sub/ances possible1 & fe$ out ! products on ! f>m & apply ! manure1 & mix opposite soils1 t may be f\nd 9 diff]5t localities4 ,?ree ye>s w secure great productiv5ess1 & ! same c\rse w increase its value1 f ye> to ye>1 )\t co/4 ,?ree ?+s only are ess5tial to conv]t poor l& into ! be/2 deep & ?or\gh /irr+ & pulv]ization1 suitable dra9+1 & ?or\gh mixture ( soils ( diff]5t qualities1 & ! incorporation ( su* animal & vegetable sub/ances z c be produc$ on ! l& itself4 ,we w\ld n decl>e aga9/ =eign manures1 b insi/ t ! necess>y +r$i5ts are f\nd1 or may be manufactur$ ne> at h&4 ,! philosophy ( deep pl[+ & ?or\gh pulv]ization is obvi\s4 ,a f9e soil w reta9 & appropriate moi/ure 9 an em95t degree1 on ! pr9ciple ( capill>y attraction1 or z a sponge or a piece ( loaf sug> w take up wat]4 ,!re is also room = excess ( wat] to s9k away f ! surface1 & return aga9 :5 ne$$4 ,x also af=ds room = ! roots ( plants4 ,su* a soil also receives moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,! atmosph]e also conta9s mu* wat]1 & m 9 ! heat ( summ] ?an at any o!r "t4 ,! air also1 ) a con/ant pressure ( fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 ent]s to a consid]able dep? into ! soil1 & ! deep] x is /irr$1 & ! m ?or\ghly x is pulv]iz$1 ! m x w ent]4 ,9 com+ 9 contact ) ! cool moi/ure bel[1 x is cond5s$ & wat]s ! soil1 on ! pr9ciple t a pit*] ( cold wat] 9 a w>m room has l>ge drops ( wat] on ! outside2 t wat] is a m]e cond5sation ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! cool subsoil acts 9 ! same way ^u ! atmosph]e at night4 ,a deeply dis9tegrat$ soil1 also1 seldom wa%es by ra94 ,%all[-pl[$ & co>se l& s5ds (f ! wat] aft] a slight ra91 :ile deep-pl[$ & ?or\ghly pulv]iz$ l& reta9s x4 ,! philosophy ( manures involves ! same pr9ciples4 ,all ! f]tiliz]s act ^u soils 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] !m f9e1 & op5 an imm5se surface to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 & =m l>ge res]voirs = moi/ure ?r\gh _! innum]able f9e pores4 ,dra9+ is to c>ry (f an excess ( wat] t w\ld /& on an unfavorable subsoil4 ,t wat]1 on undra9$ l&1 causes two evils2 x /agnates & r5d]s plants unheal?y1 & x is too cool1 r5d]+ l& :at we call cold4 ,?us1 ! deep] y pl[ l&1 & ! f9] y make x1 ! w>m] x w be1 & ! m p]fectly x w control moi/ure4 ,mix+ soils by subsoil+1 tr5*+1 & deep pl[+1 & by c>t+ on =eign sub/ances1 is :olly on ?is pr9ciple4 ,s& t drifts ab\t ) ! w9d is too light to reta9 moi/ure1 & ne$s clay c>t$ on4 ,by ?is means ! poore/ :ite s& has (t5 be5 conv]t$ into ! mo/ productive soil4 ,def9ite rules = ?is mixture ( soils c n be safely giv54 ,! rules mu/ diff] 9 diff]5t localities & circum/ances2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,analyz+ soils is sometimes ( use1 b usually has too mu* importance atta*$4 ,we d n advise f>m]s to /udy x4 ,let !m try applications & mixtures1 at fir/ on a small scale3 !y w soon le>n :at is be/ on _! f>ms1 & may !n proce$ )\t loss4 ,"s l&s are ( su* a "* t ! c>t+ on1 & suitably mix+1 ! sub/ances 9 :i* !y are defici5t1 may co/ z mu* z x did to cle> ! l& ( its orig9al =e/2 b x w pay well = a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,s well are we p]suad$ ( ! utility & correctness ( ^! brief h9ts1 t1 9 select+ a f>m1 we %\ld reg>d ! location m ?an ! quality ( ! soil4 ,! latt] we c\ld m5d easily2 :ile we %\ld f9d x difficult to move our f>m to a m favorable location4 ,poor l& ne> a city or l>ge t[n1 or on "s great ?or\ghf>e1 we %\ld mu* pref] to good l& f> remov$ f m>ket1 or 9 an unpleasant location4 ,,sp9age1 ,,or ,,sp9a*4 ,bo? ^! names are correct2 ! =m] is ! g5]al "o among ,am]icans4 ,?is plant is us$ 9 s\ps1 b m g5]ally boil$ alone & s]v$ z gre5s4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ :olesome vegetables4 ,by s[+ at diff]5t times1 we may h x at any season ( ! ye>1 b x is m t5d] & succul5t 9 ! spr+4 ,! male & female fl[]s are produc$ on sep>ate plants4 ,! male blossoms are 9 long1 t]m9al spikes1 & ! female 9 clu/]s1 close at ! /alk1 on ea* jo9t4 ,v>ieties--,! two be/ are ! broad1 or summ]1 & ! prickly1 or fall4 ,!re are ?ree o!rs--! ,engli% ,pati5ce ,dock1 ! ,holl&1 or ,lamb's ,qu>t]1 & ! ,new ,zeal&4 ,! fir/ two are suffici5t4 ,s[ 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] = w9t] & spr+ use1 & 9 spr+ = summ]4 ,s[ 9 ri* soil1 9 drills eighte5 in*es ap>t4 ,?9 to ?ree in*es 9 ! r[1 & :5 l>ge en\gh = use1 remove e o!r "o1 leav+ !m six in*es ap>t4 ,to raise se$1 h male plants at conv5i5t di/ances1 say "o 9 two or ?ree feet4 ,:5 !y h done blossom+1 remove ! male plants1 giv+ all ! room to ! o!rs1 = p]fect+ ! se$4 ,success dep5ds ^u v ri* soil & pl5ty ( moi/ure4 ,,squa%4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( bo? summ] & w9t] squa%es4 ,all ! summ] v>ieties h a h>d %ell1 :5 matur$4 ,!y are usually eat5 entire1 outside1 se$s & all1 :ile "y & t5d]1 f "o qu>t] to almo/ full gr[n4 ,!y are also us$ z a fall & w9t] squa%1 reject+ ! %ell & t portion ( ! inside :i* conta9s ! se$s4 ,! ,summ] ,crookneck1 & ,summ] ,scollop$1 bo? :ite & yell[1 are ! pr9cipal summ] squa%es4 ,! f9e/ is ! ,:ite ,scollop$4 ,! be/ w9t] v>ieties are ! ,acorn1 ,valp>aiso1 ,w9t] ,crookneck1 & ,vegetable ,m>r[ or ,sweet ,potato squa%4 ,! latt] is ! be/ kn[n4 ,cultivate z melons1 b leave only two plants 9 a hill4 ,!y d be/ on new l&4 ,v>ieties %\ld be gr[n f> ap>t1 & f> remov$ f pumpk9s1 z !y mix v easily1 & at a great di/ance4 ,bugs eat !m worse ?an any o!r g>d5 vegetable4 ,! only sure rem$y is ! box cov]$ ) gauze or glass4 ,z !y are great runn]s1 !y d bett] ) _! ends clipp$ (f4 ,us$ z a vegetable = ! table1 & 9 ! same mann] z pumpk9s1 = pies4 ,,/rawb]ry4 ,none ( our small fruits are m e/eem$1 or m easily rais$1 & yet none m frequ5tly fails4 ,failures always result f c>elessness1 or ! want ( a little k ( ! be/ me?ods ( cultivation4 ,we omit mu* t might be said ( ! hi/ory & uses ( ! /rawb]ry1 & conf9e ourselves to a few brief directions1 :i*1 if /rictly foll[$1 w r5d] e cultivator uni=mly successful4 ,no "o ne$ ev] fail ( gr[+ a good crop ( /rawb]ries4 ,9 #aheg1 we saw plats ( /rawb]ries 9 ,ill9ois1 9 ! cultivation ( :i* mu* money _h be5 exp5d$1 & :i* 7 rem>kably promis+ :5 9 blossom1 b :i* did n yield ! cultivators five doll>s' wor? ( fruit4 ,9 ! language ( ! proprietors1 !y bla/$4 ,/rawb]ries nev] bla/2 b1 = ! want ( f]tiliz]s at suitable di/ances1 !y may n fill4 ,!re are b ?ree causes ( failure--want ( f]tiliz]s1 excessive dr\ght1 & all[+ ! v9es to become too ?ick4 ,( mo/ ( our be/ v>ieties1 ! blossoms are ( two k9ds--pi/illate & /am9ate1 or male & female--& !y are ess5tial to ea* o!r4 ,! pi/illate plants be> ! fruit1 & ! /am9ates are ! f]tiliz]s1 )\t :i* ! pi/illates w be fruitless4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( blossom--pi/illate1 /am9ate1 & p]fect1 z se5 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,p]fect blossom4 #b4 ,/am9ate blossom4 #c4 ,pi/illate blossom4 ,! fir/ 7#a7 is p]fect2 t is1 has bo? ! /am5s & pi/ils well develop$3 ?is w produce a fair crop ( fruit1 )\t ! pres5ce ( any o!r v>iety4 ,! second 7#b7 has ! /am5s l>ge1 :ile ! pi/ils 7! app>5tly small gre5 /rawb]ry 9 ! c5tre7 are n suffici5tly develop$ to produce fruit3 su* plants seldom be> m ?an a few imp]fectly-=m$ b]ries4 ,! ?ird 7#c7 has pi/ils 9 abundance1 b is de/itute ( /am5s1 & h5ce1 w n be> alone4 ,! two latt] are to be plac$ ne> ea* o!r1 to r5d] !m productive2 !y may be readily di/+ui%$ :5 9 blossom4 ,x is always safe to cultivate ! h]maphrodite plants2 t is1 ^? produc+ p]fect blossoms2 b ! pi/illates & /am9ates1 9 due proportions1 produce ! l>ge/ crops1 & f9] fruit4 ,soil4--,mu* has be5 said aga9/ high f]tilization ) animal manures1 & 9 favor ( vegetable m\ld only4 ,we feel entirely satisfi$ t ! l>ge/ crops ( /rawb]ries are gr[n on l& highly manur$ ) common b>ny>d manure4 ,to plant & manure a /rawb]ry-b$1 beg9 on "o side1 & dig a tr5* eighte5 in*es deep 7f two to ?ree feet is mu* bett]7 & z wide2 put six in*es ( common manure 9 ! bottom2 dig ano!r tr5* z deep1 & place ! soil ^u ! manure 9 ! fir/ tr5*2 fill ! la/ ) manure z ! fir/1 & s on ov] ! :ole plat4 ,manure ! surface lightly ) v f9e manure & wood-a%es4 ,transplant+ is usually bett] 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,if done at t season1 & x be n too dry1 ! plants w get su* a gr[? ! same season z to produce q a good crop ( fruit ! next season4 ,plant$ z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z x w d to /ir ! soil1 !y are m sure to gr[ & yield a v few b]ries ! fir/ season1 & v abundantly ! next4 ,if y w\ld cultivate 9 hills1 put !m two feet ap>t ea* way2 if o!rwise1 two feet "o way1 & "o foot ! o!r4 ,cut (f ! roots to two or ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & remove all ! dead leaves2 dip !m 9 mud1 :i* is a great means ( caus+ !m to gr[2 & set !m 9 f9e m\ld1 ! cr[n "o in* bel[ ! level ( ! soil ar\nd1 & leave x 9 a slight bas91 & wat] x1 unless ! wea!r be damp4 ,_m plants are lo/ f n be+ set l[ en\gh to escape dr\ght4 ,! bas9 w hold wat]1 & ne>ly e plant w gr[2 excessive wat] w de/roy !m4 ,set out ?ree or f\r r[s ( pi/illate plants1 & !n "o ( ! /am9ates1 or f]tiliz]s4 ,"s set !m out 9 b$s & all[ !m to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 & cultivate by spad+ up ! b$ 9 alt]nate sections ( eighte5 in*es or two feet ea* ye>1 turn+ "u1 9 ! spr+1 t portion t bore fruit ! previ\s season--:i* has long be5 recomm5d$ by good au?ority4 ,?is 0 ! lam5t$ ,d[n+'s me?od4 ,we ?9k r[s pref]able = ?is reason4 ,! "y plants =m$ by ! runn]s are less vigor\s aft] ! fir/2 h5ce1 ! t5d5cy is to det]ioration by ?is mode ( culture4 ,& ?is me?od does n af=d s good an opportunity = /irr+ ! soil ar\nd ! plants z plant+ 9 r[s2 ?is /irr+ ! soil is a great means ( protect+ f dr\ght1 & secur+ ! mo/ vigor\s gr[?4 ,deep subsoil+ betwe5 ! r[s e>ly 9 ! spr+1 or aft] fruit+1 is valuable2 h5ce1 we always advise to cultivate 9 hills two feet ap>t ea* way1 & r5ew !m aft] !y h borne two1 or at mo/ ?ree crops4 ,h]maphrodites are be/ = cultivation 9 b$s4 ,_m /rawb]ry-b$s d well ! fir/ ye> ( _! be>+1 b are almo/ useless aft]w>d4 ,! cultivator says !y all run to v9es4 ,9 su* cases1 !y ov]look ! fact t ! /am9ate plants gr[ altoge!r ! fa/e/1 because _! /r5g? goes to support foliage 9 ! abs5ce ( fruit1 :ile be>+ v9es require mu* ( _! /r5g? to mature ! fruit2 h5ce1 if !y are all[$ to run toge!r ! second1 or at mo/ ! ?ird ye>1 ! f]tiliz]s w monopolize ! gr\nd & prev5t fruit+4 ,?is is ! greate/ cause ( failure ( a crop1 next to a want ( bo? k9ds ( plants4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( fe>s ( hav+ l& too ri*4 ,x is said x all runs to v9es )\t fruit2 ?is is because ! wrong v9es h intrud$--! /am9ates h ov]come ! pi/illates4 ,we reject ! :ole !ory ( ! luxuriance ( ! v9es prev5t+ ! production ( fruit4 ,! l>g] ! v9es ! m fruit1 provid$ only ! v9es are be>]s1 & n too ?ick3 h5ce ?is inv>iable rule--always h f]tiliz]s )9 five feet1 & nev] all[ ! two k9ds to run toge!r4 ,manures %\ld be appli$ 9 ,augu/1 well spad$ 94 ,apply+ 9 ! spr+ to increase ! crop = t season1 is l fe$+ *ick5s 9 ! morn+ to fatt5 !m = d9n]--x is too late4 ,f]tiliz+ 9 ,augu/ is a good prep>ation = a l>ge crop = ! next season4 ,/rawb]ry-v9es1 9 all freez+ climates1 %\ld be cov]$1 late 9 ! fall1 ) =e/-leaves or /raw1 to protect f ! sev]ity ( w9t]1 & enri* ! l& by :at c be dug into ! soil 9 spr+4 ,rott5 wood1 f9e *ips1 sawdu/1 c41 are all good = a fall top-dress+4 ,aft] well hoe+ & we$+ 9 spr+1 until blossom-buds appe>1 j be=e ! blossoms op51 cov] ! b$ ?or\ghly ) sp5t tanb>k1 sawdu/1 or f9e /raw4 ,?is w keep d[n we$s1 pres]ve moi/ure 9 ! soil1 enri* ! gr\nd1 & protect ! fruit f injury by ra9s1 & 9 "p f worms & insects4 ,?is %\ld nev] be omitt$4 ,v>ieties are num]\s1 &1 f ! ease ) :i* !y are rais$ f se$1 w rapidly increase2 x is s frequ5t to h blossoms f]tiliz$ by poll5 f sev]al diff]5t v>ieties4 ,"s ( ! mo/ m>k$ v>ieties are kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry by v diff]5t names2 h5ce1 we advise cultivators to select ! be/ 9 _! locality4 ,e valuable v>iety is soon scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ are good3-- ,burr's ,new ,p9e4--,orig9at$ at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 9 #ahef4 ,h>dy1 vigor\s1 & q productive2 v e>ly2 t5d] = m>ket1 b sup]ior = a private g>d54 ,we/]n ,que54--,orig9at$ at ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,kirtl&1 #ahdi4 ,v h>dy & productive2 l>g] ?an ! ,hudson or ! ,willey2 good = m>ket2 be>s c>riage well4 ,longwor?'s ,prolific4--,orig91 ,c9c9nati1 #ahdh4 ,regul>1 sure1 full be>] ( l>ge1 delici\s fruit2 good = m>ket2 an indep5d5t be>]4 ,m',avoy's ,sup]ior4--,c9c9nati1 #ahdh4 ,receiv$ "o-hundr$-doll> prize f ! ,c9c9nati ,horticultural ,society 9 #ahea4 ,exce$+ly l>ge2 h>dy2 female or pi/illate fl[]s2 ne$s f]tiliz]s1 & !n is "o ( ! be/ ev] gr[n2 r t5d] = c>riage1 ?\gh x is ext5sively sold 9 ,we/]n m>kets4 ,j5ney's ,se$l+4--,valuable = rip5+ late2 fruit l>ge & regul>2 v productive1 #c1bjj qu>ts hav+ be5 ga!r$ f ?ree qu>t]s ( an acre4 ,hovey's ,se$l+4--,elliott puts x 9 8 second class2 b we c n avoid ! conviction t x is "o ( ! be/ t ev] has be5 rais$4 ,x is pi/illate1 b ) f]tiliz]s x yields imm5se crops1 ( v f9e l>ge fruit4 ,bo/on ,p9e is "o ( ! be/ f]tiliz]s = ! ,hovey ,se$l+4 ,hudson ,bay4--,a h>dy & late v>iety1 highly e/eem$4 ,pyramidal ,*ilian4--,h]maphrodite1 highly valu$4 ,crimson ,cone4--,an old v>iety1 q e>ly1 & some?+ ( a favorite 9 ,ea/]n m>kets4 ,peabody's ,new ,hautbois4--,orig9at$ 9 ,columbus1 ,georgia1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,peabody4 ,said to be> m degrees ( heat & cold ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,v vigor\s1 fruit ( ! l>ge/ size1 v _m ( ! b]ries measur+ sev5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,fle% firm1 sweet1 & ( a delici\s p9e-apple flavor4 ,ri*1 deep crimson4 ,x may be se5 9 full size 9 ! pat5t (fice report on agriculture = #ahef4 ,if ?is new fruit su/a9s its recomm5dations1 x w prove ! be/ ( all /rawb]ries4 ,d[n+ describes ov] "o hundr$ v>ieties4 ,we repeat our recomm5dation to select ! be/ y c f9d ne> home4 ,! foll[+ rules w insure success3 #a4 ,make ! gr\nd v ri*4 #b4 ,put f]tiliz]s )9 five feet ( ea* o!r1 & nev] all[ diff]5t k9ds to run toge!r4 #c4 ,cov] ! gr\nd two in*es deep ) tan-b>k1 sawdu/1 or f9e /raw1 j be=e ! blossoms op52 tan-b>k is be/4 #d4 ,nev] all[ ! v9es to become v ?ick1 b ?9 !m out4 #e4 ,wat] e day f ! appe>ance ( ! blossoms until done ga!r+ ! fruit2 ?is increases ! crop l>gely1 &1 at ! ,s\?1 has cont9u$ ! v9es 9 be>+ until ,novemb]4 ,daily wat]+ w prolong ! be>+ season greatly 9 all climates1 & greatly increase ! crop4 #f4 ,protect 9 w9t] by a slight cov]+ ( =e/-leaves1 co>se /raw1 or corn/alks4 #g4 ,to get a late crop1 keep ! v9es cov]$ deep ) /raw4 ,y c ret>d _! maturity two weeks1 & daily wat]+ w prolong x = weeks4 #h4 ,apply1 twice 9 ! fall & once 9 ! spr+1 a solution ( pota%1 "o p\nd 9 two pails ( wat]1 or two p\nds 9 a b>rel ( wat] 9 :i* /able-manure has be5 soak$4 #i4 ,! be/ g5]al applications to ! soil1 9 prep>+ ! b$1 are lime1 *>coal1 & wood-a%es--"o "p ( lime to two ( a%es & ?ree ( *>coal4 ,! application ( wood-a%es w r5d] less dissolv$ pota% necess>y4 ,^! n9e rules1 /rictly obs]v$1 w r5d] e cultivator successful 9 all climates & localities4 ,,sug>4 ,!re h1 until rec5tly1 be5 b two g5]al s\rces ( our supply ( sug>--! sug>-cane ( ! ,s\?1 & ! sug>-maple ( ! ,nor?4 ,beet-sug> w n be ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we n[ h add$ ! ,sorgho1 or ,*9ese sug>-cane1 & ! ,imphee1 or ,african sug>-cane1 adapt$ to ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 fl\ri%+ :]ev] ,indian corn w gr[1 & rais$ z easily & surely1 & mu* 9 ! same way4 ,( ! me?ods ( mak+ sug> f ! old sug>-cane ( ! ,s\?1 we ne$ give no acc\nt4 ,x is n an article ( g5]al dome/ic manufacture4 ,x is made on a l>ge scale on plantations1 & is 9 itself simple1 & easily le>n$ by ! few :o become sug>-plant]s4 ,! process ( manufactur+ sug> f ! maple-tree is v simple & ev]y:]e kn[n4 ,x is to be regrett$ t our sug>-maples are be+ s ext5sively de/roy$1 & t ^? we pret5d to keep = sug>-or*>ds are s unm]cifully hack$ up1 9 ! process ( extract+ ! sap4 ,to s tap ! trees z to d !m ! lea/ possible injury1 is a matt] ( mu* importance4 ,:e!r x %\ld be done by bor+ & plugg+ up ) gre5 maple-wood aft] ! season is ov]1 or be done by cutt+ a small ga% ) an axe & leav+ op51 has be5 a disput$ po9t4 ,_m pref] ! axe1 & ?9k ! tree w be less black5$ 9 ! wood1 & w la/ long]1 provid$ x be judici\sly p]=m$4 ,cut a small1 smoo? ga%2 "o ye> tap ! tree l[1 & ano!r high1 & on alt]nate sides2 scatt] ! w\nds1 made f ye> to ye>1 z mu* z possible4 ,ano!r process ( tapp+ is n[ mo/ popul> ) all :o h tri$ x4 ,bore into ! tree half an in*1 ) a bit n l>g] ?an an in*1 slant+ slightly up1 t /&+ sap or wat] may n black5 ! wood4 ,make ! sp\t out ( hoop-iron "o & a f\r? in*es wide2 cut ! iron1 ) a cold *isel1 into pieces f\r in*es long2 gr9d "o end %>p2 lay ! pieces ov] a semicircul> groove 9 a /ick ( h>d wood1 & place an iron rod on x l5g?wise ov] ! groove--slight bl[s ) a hamm] w b5d x4 ,^! c be driv5 into ! b>k1 bel[ ! hole made by ! bit4 ,!y ne$ n ext5d to ! wood1 & h5ce make no w\nd at all4 ,if ! w\nd dries be=e ! season is ov]1 deep5 x a little by bor+ aga91 or by tak+ out a small piece ) a g\ge4 ,?is process w injure ! trees less ?an any o!r4 ,! sp\ts w be *eap] ?an wood5 ones1 & may la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,always hang buckets on wr\ght nails1 t may be drawn out4 ,buckets made ( t91 to hold ?ree or f\r gallons1 ne$ co/ only ab\t tw5ty-five c5ts ea*1 &1 ) good c>e1 may la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,a crook 9 ! wire ( ! rim w make a good place to hang ^u ! nail4 ,a hole bor$ 9 ! e> ( o!r buckets w answ] ! same purpose4 ,9 all w9dy situations1 ! bucket mu/ be ne> ! end ( ! sp\t1 or mu* w be lo/ by be+ bl[n ov] by ! w9d4 ,great c>e to keep all vessels us$1 clean & sweet1 & n burn ! sug> 9 f9i%+ x1 w enable any "o to succe$ 9 mak+ good maple-sug>4 ,! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* x is put up1 & ! mann] ( dra9+1 are famili> to all mak]s4 ,x is only necess>y to add1 t !re are few small f>ms on :i* ! sug>-maple w gr[1 :]e !re might n be rais$ two or ?ree hundr$ maples1 )9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 t w\ld add greatly to ! beauty1 com=t1 & value ( ! f>m4 ,on ! highway z %ade-trees1 or on ! side ( lots1 !y w\ld be v ornam5tal & pr(itable1 )\t do+ injury4 ,we c n too /rongly recomm5d rais+ sug>-maples4 ,always cultivate trees t w be> fruit1 yield sug>1 or be good = timb]4 ,sorgho1 or ,*9ese sug>-cane1 is rais$ mu* z ,indian corn--only1 x w be> "s t5 or twelve /alks 9 a hill1 in/ead ( ?ree or f\r4 ,9 all p>ts ( our cont95t1 x produces enorm\s crops ( /alks4 ,! trials ?us f> indicate1 t ! quantity ( sac*>9e matt] x conta9s is n q equal to t ( ! common sug>-cane2 b1 ) ! necess>y facilities = manufactur+1 x makes q z good sug> & z f9e sirups z ! o!r cane4 ,suitable ma*9]y1 t ne$ n be exp5sive1 own$ by a neighborhood ( f>m]s1 may enable all ,nor!rn m51 :]e o!r cane w n gr[1 to make _! own sug> *eap] ?an to buy4 ,b x w be made probably by l>ge e/abli%m5ts z o!r sug>4 ,we give no me?od ( mak+ x4 ,! subject is s new1 t e me?od ( manufacture f9ds its way into all ! newspap]s1 & :at might appe> ! be/ to-day w\ld be q antiquat$ to-morr[4 ,we h se5 z f9e sug>s & sirups1 ( all ! diff]5t grades1 made f ?is new cane1 z any o!rs we h ev] ta/$4 ,! "q is settl$ t imphee & sorgho w make good sug> 9 abundance4 ,a few ye>s w place su* sug>s among ! great /aple products ( ! c\ntry4 ,,summ]-,,savory4 ,?is is a h>dy annual1 rais$ f se$ on any good soil1 ) no c>e b keep+ free f we$s4 ,! se$ is small1 & may n vegetate well 9 dry1 w>m wea!r1 )\t a little %ade or regul> wat]+4 ,its use = cul9>y & m$ic9al purposes is well kn[n4 ,ga!r & dry :5 ne>ly ripe4 ,keep 9 pap] bags1 or pulv]ize & put 9 glass bottles4 ,= ! b5efit ( p]sons :o keep ^? sprightly pets call$ fleas1 we m5tion ! fact t dry summ]-savory leaves1 put 9 ! /raw b$s1 w expel ^? insects4 ,,sunfl[]4 ,?is l>ge1 h>dy1 annual plant w\ld be consid]$ v beautiful1 7 x n s common4 ,?ree qu>ts ( cle>1 beautiful oil are express$ f a bu%el ( ! se$1 9 ! same way z l9se$-oil4 ,! se$1 9 small quantities1 is good = f[ls4 ,x may be gr[n ) less labor ?an corn4 ,,sweet ,,potato4 ,?is is a ,s\!rn plant1 b is n[ be+ acclimat$ 9 ,nor!rn latitudes4 ,good sweet potatoes are n[ gr[n 9 ! cold] p>ts ( ,v]mont1 ,wiscons91 & ,m9nesota4 ,!re are _m v>ieties1 & !y are increas+ by se$l+s4 ,n long s9ce1 !y 7 said to be> no se$2 b rec5tly1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 se$s h be5 f\nd1 & new v>ieties gr[n f !m4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties are be/ 9 diff]5t localities4 ,!y w always f9d _! way ?r\gh gr[]s ( plants4 ,! process ( gr[+ is simple1 b mu/ be c>efully foll[$ to insure success4 ,plant ! se$ potatoes 9 a mod]ate hotb$1 at ! "t :5 grass beg9s to />t freely4 ,keep well wat]$1 & d n all[ !m to get too w>m4 ,an h\r's ov]-heat+ w cause !m all to decay4 ,! heat1 :5 x beg9s to rise too high1 is at once *eck$ by a ?or\gh dr5*+ ) cold wat]3 if too l[1 ! heat is rais$ by a tight cov]1 9 a w>m sun1 & by wat]+ ) w>m wat]4 ,wat] !m e day aft] !y are up4 ,! spr\ts1 :5 six in*es high1 are pull$ (f f ! potato1 & set out z cabbage-plants2 ?is %\ld be done z soon z all dang] ( fro/ has ceas$4 ,! same potatoes w spr\t z _m times z !y are pull$ (f4 ,sweet potatoes ne$ mu* sun & w>m?2 !y are1 !re=e1 plant$ on r\nd hills1 or1 bett]1 on ridges1 :i* may be pr9cipally ?r[n up ) a pl[1 & made f a foot to eighte5 in*es high4 ,set ! plants 9 ! top1 ab\t fifte5 in*es or two feet ap>t2 keep cle> ( we$s1 mak+ ! hill or ridge a little l>g] by ea* hoe+4 ,! tops1 be+ long runn+ v9es1 w soon cov] ! gr\nd4 ,!y produce bett] tub]s = ?r[+ ! v9es1 9 a twi/1 up ov] ! top ( ! r[s4 ,!y w take root at ea* jo9t ( v9e1 :5 undi/urb$1 :i* roots w draw f ! ma9 tub]4 ,^! roots w\ld be z good & l>ge z any1 if !y _h "t3 h5ce1 at ! ,s\?1 "o half ( ! crop is gr[n f sets1 f cutt+s ( ! ends ( ! e>ly-plant$ v9es4 ,at ! ,nor?1 :]e seasons are %ort1 ^! jo9ts mu/ be prev5t$--by ?r[+ up1 z above1 or loos5+--f tak+ root4 ,! tub]s w ne$ all ! /r5g?2 ! plant & tub] are t5d]1 & a little fro/ w kill ! v9es & cause ! potatoes to decay4 ,!y may be kept = use until ,janu>y by pack+1 :5 dug 9 a w>m day1 9 ! soil 9 :i* !y grew2--kept ?r\gh w9t]1 pack$ 9 /raw or *aff1 9 boxes t w conta9 ab\t two or ?ree bu%els ea*1 & kept 9 a room ) a fire3 ! room %\ld be at a temp]ature ( f =ty to sixty degrees2 fifty-five is be/1 ?\gh sev5ty w n de/roy !m2 m or less w cause !m to decay4 ,! boxes may be plac$ "o ^u ano!r1 b %\ld be left op51 t _! moi/ure may evaporate4 ,dry s& 7kiln-dri$71 sift$ ov] & close among !m1 w pres]ve !m4 ,free circulation ( air is indisp5sable4 ,x is usually *eape/ to buy ! plants ( ^? :o make a bus9ess ( rais+ !m4 ,!y are v h>dy--may be transport$ "o ?\s& miles & d j z well4 ,to transplant ) p]fect safety 9 a dry "t1 aft] ! plant has be5 put 9 its place1 p\r 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & cov] x ) a little dry soil to prev5t bak+--& n "o out ( fifty w p]i%4 ,^! few brief directions w enable any "o to be successful :]ev] corn w gr[4 ,a new v>iety has j be5 br\ght into ,alabama f ,p]u1 t is pron\nc$ sup]ior to all o!rs2 a prodigi\s be>]1 ev5 on poor s&y l&1 & f> m h>dy ?an o!r v>ieties1 ! root reta9+ its excell5ce z x came out ( ! gr\nd till ! foll[+ ,may4 ,,sw9e4 ,hogs are evil 9 _! prop5sities1 mis*iev\s & fil?y 9 _! habits1 & yet pr(itable to ! f>m]4 ,e f>m] %\ld keep a few 9 proportion to ! refuse gra9 & v>i\s slops t 8 e/abli%m5t may af=d4 ,buy+ hogs & !n pur*as+ gra9 on :i* to fatt5 !m 9 ! usual way is ! poore/ economy4 ,su* pork is (t5 made to co/ f twelve to tw5ty c5ts p] p\nd4 ,!re are _m bre$s ( sw9e highly recomm5d$4 ,"s ( ! v>ieties ( ! ,*9ese are ! mo/ prolific & h ! greate/ t5d5cy to fatt5+ ( any kn[n4 ,!y h =m$ ! basis ( ! great improvem5ts 9 ! bre$s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,f>m]s w be able to select ! be/ bre$ f _! own k & obs]vation1 bett] ?an f any directions we c give !m4 ,e new v>iety w be introduc$ by deal]s1 & f>m]s mu/ be cauti\s h[ !y accept _! repres5tations4 ,age ( ,sw9e = ,pork4--,x is mo/ pr(itable & lea/ tr\blesome1 to keep ov] w9t]1 no sw9e b bre$+ s[s1 to h pigs e>ly 9 spr+1 to kill 9 autumn4 ,( any ( ! good bre$s1 !y c be made to weigh f #cjj to #cej p\nds1 by ! prop] "t = kill+4 ,! practice ( keep+ sw9e till eighte5 or tw5ty-f\r mon?s old1 & only fatt5+ !m late 9 ! fall & beg9n+ ( w9t]1 is v unpr(itable4 ,x is be/ to give pigs ab\t :at !y w eat1 f ! "t ( beg9n+ to fe$ !m until !y are slaught]$4 ,?is is 9 e way mo/ economical4 ,x secures fatt5+ 9 ! hot wea!r 9 summ]1 :5 pork c be made fa/] & *eap] ?an at any o!r "t4 ,_m f>m]s beg9 to fatt5 _! pork1 aft] ! season 9 :i* x c mo/ rapidly & *eaply be done4 ,hogs hav+ be5 kept poor1 on be+ f$ freely = fatt5+1 become cloy$1 & mu* "t is lo/1 :ile ^? t always h _h :at !y w\ld eat1 ( good :olesome food1 always h a good appetite = z mu* z !y ne$1 & n root ov] & injure m4 ,food = ,sw9e4--,!y d bett] %ut up 9 a p51 b :]e !y c get access to ! gr\nd4 ,all edible roots are good & all ! gra9s4 ,b gra9 %\ld be gr\nd or soak$4 ,x pays well to cook all food = sw9e4 ,boil$ potatoes1 c>rots1 beets1 & p>snips1 are all good4 ,gr\nd fe$ %\ld be mix$ ) cook$ vegetables4 ,! disposition t sw9e h to root deep 9 ! gr\nd1 indicates ! want ( some?+1 n f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities 9 _! ord9>y food4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts %[ t t defici5cy is abundantly suppli$ by hav+ *>coal )9 _! rea*4 ,! /ories ( fatt5+ pork :olly on *>coal1 :i* we f9d 9 ! books1 we d n cr$it4 ,b t small quantities ( x are uni=mly heal?y = sw9e1 is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,! "q ( s\r food has _m respectable advocates4 ,cultivators & writ]s take diff]5t sides ( ! "q1 bas$ z !y say ^u _! c>efully-tri$ & not$ exp]im5ts1 "o affirm+ t f]m5t$ food is sup]ior1 & o!rs t x has done 8 hogs positive injury4 ,?is discrepancy gr[s out ( n c>efully di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5tation1 ! sweet1 ! v9\s1 ! acid1 & ! putrid4 ,! fir/ makes excell5t food1 ! second w d q well1 ! ?ird is injuri\s1 & ! la/ absolutely poison\s4 ,z x requires mu* c>e & obs]vation to get ?is "r1 & mi/akes are easy1 x is be/ to take ! sure me?od1 give !m food 9 a natural /ate1 gr\nd1 & ei!r cook$ or f$ raw4 ,ei!r w make good pork at a reasonable co/1 b cook$ food is pref]able4 ,s[s are prev5t$ f de/roy+ _! "y by quiet1 pl5ty ( food1 & little animal food1 & b a v little /raw 9 a dry p51 or wa%+ ! pig's backs ) a /rong decoction ( aloes4 ,,tobacco4 ,?is is a plant abhorr$ by ev]y?+ b man & ! tobacco-worm4 ,its use = *ew+ & snuff+ is happily becom+ m & m (f5sive to ref9$ society1 & we hope x may1 aft] a long /ruggle1 g out ( use4 ,= ^? :o w cultivate x z an article ( comm]ce1 ! foll[+ brief directions are suffici5t4 ,burn ov] a small b$1 on :i* s[ ! se$ e>ly 9 ,m>*4 ,:5 ! leaves are z l>ge z a qu>t] ( a doll>1 transplant !m 9 deep1 ri* soil1 or on new l&1 9 r[s ?ree feet ap>t ea* way1 or f\r feet "o way & two ! o!r4 ,t5d z cabbage4 ,x is necess>y1 twice 9 ! season1 to de/roy1 by h&1 ! l>ge gre5 worms t fe$ on ?is plant4 ,:5 ! plants are f two & a half to ?ree & a half feet high1 accord+ to ! ri*ness ( ! soil on :i* !y gr[1 pick out ! head or blossom-buds1 except 9 ! few plants y w\ld h g to se$4 ,p9* (f also ! suck]s1 or %oots beh9d ! leaves1 z !y come out4 ,:5 ! leaves are full gr[n & beg9 to rip51 :i* is kn[n by ! small1 dusky spots appe>+ on ! leaves1 cut up ! /alks & lay !m d[n s+ly to wilt2 :5 !y are ?or\ghly wilt$1 lay !m toge!r1 t !y may sweat = =ty-eight h\rs1 !n hang !m up 9 a tol]ably tight room to dry--hang across poles1 "o on ea* side4 ,a %>p /ick put ?r\gh ! b ( ! /alks & laid ov] ! pole1 leav+ "o /alk on ea* side1 is a v good me?od4 ,:5 x becomes well dri$1 pick (f ! leaves1 & tie ! /ems toge!r 9 small bun*es1 & pack away 9 hog%eads or boxes1 9 a dry place4 ,we recomm5d to e agriculturi/ to cultivate a little tobacco--n = himself or o!rs to *ew1 snuff1 or smoke1 b to use 9 de/roy+ insects4 ,a /rong decoction1 us$ 9 wa%+ animals1 w de/roy lice on horses & cattle1 & ticks on %eep4 ,tobacco-wat] appli$ to plants1 or trees1 w effectually de/roy all insects ) :i* !y may be infe/$4 ,boil tobacco-/ems or /alks1 or ! refuse-tobacco ( ! cig>-mak]s1 until y make a /rong decoction1 & apply ) a syr+e1 or 9 any o!r way1 & x w prove m effectual ?an any?+ else kn[n4 ,tobacco-/ems1 /alks1 or leaves1 laid ar\nd pea*-trees 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 w protect !m f ! attacks ( ! bor]4 ,?is is also a good manure = pea*-trees4 ,,tomato4 ,?is vegetable is well kn[n1 & has rec5tly come to be g5]ally e/eem$4 ,x c always be gr[n )\t failure1 & m easily & at "o f\r? ( ! co/ ( potatoes4 ,its use = cook+1 eat+ raw1 & pickl+ 9 v>i\s =ms1 is kn[n to all4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,! be/ ( all is ! l>ge r$--n ! l>ge/1 b ! smoo? ones3 al?\gh small]1 !y conta9 m1 & are mu* m conv5i5tly us$1 ?an ! v l>ge r\gh or scollop$ v>iety4 ,! l>ge yell[ are less liable to decay on ! v9es1 & h less ( ! tomato ta/e4 ,! small plum-tomato1 bo? r$ & yell[1 & ! pe> or bell-%ap$1 are good = pres]v+ z a common sweetmeat1 & = pickl+ :ole4 ,!y %\ld be />t$ 9 e>ly hotb$--9 ,febru>y 9 ! ,middle ,/ates--& transplant$ aft] fro/s are ov]1 9 r[s eight feet ap>t ea* way4 ,t di/ance w leave none too mu* room = lett+ 9 ! sun & = ! conv5i5ce ( pick+4 ,!y w mature on ! poore/ l&2 b ! am\nt ( ! crop is graduat$ altoge!r by ! ri*ness ( ! soil1 & ! c>e giv5 !m4 ,!y w produce frequ5tly a bu%el to a v9e1 ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,b !y rip5 bett]1 & z ! v9es are n injur$ by pick+ ! e>ly ones1 !y w produce m1 by be+ tra9$ up4 ,a few /icks to hold !m up at fir/1 & let !m break d[n ov] !m lat]1 is ( no use4 ,tra9 !m1 & tie up all ! pr9cipal bun*es1 & !y w be greatly b5efit$ !reby4 ,ti$ to slats1 or any bo>d f5ce1 9 a k9d ( fan-tra9+ =m1 !y d v well4 ,9 all cities & villages1 en\gh = a l>ge family c be gr[n on tw5ty-five feet ( bo>d-f5ce1 expos$ to ! s\!rn or ea/]n sun1 & n occupy ! gr\nd a s+le foot f ! f5ce4 ,drive 9 nails1 & tie up ! bran*es z !y gr[4 ,remov+ "s ( ! bran*es & leaves1 & lett+ 9 ! sun1 or plac+ ! fruit on a %+le or /one1 ha/5s its rip5+4 ,,tools4 ,x is no "p ( our design to g into any g5]al description ( agricultural implem5ts4 ,!re are con/ant *anges & improvem5ts1 & !y are introduc$ at once to ! :ole c\ntry by ! inv5tors or deal]s4 ,we also wi% to avoid all p>ticipation 9 ! controv]sies respect+ ! m]its ( v>i\s new inv5tions4 ,we h sev]al =ms ( cultivators1 horse-hoes1 subsoil-pl[s1 drills1 se$-s[]s1 l&-digg]s1 & dra9]s1 v>i\s =m$ pl[s1 root-clean]s1 corn-plant]s1 c41 c4 ,^! possess diff]5t degrees ( m]it2 all h _! day1 & w be sup]s$$ by o!rs1 9 ! g5]al advancem5t t m>ks ! sci5ce ( soil-culture4 ,we /rongly recomm5d ! use ( ! be/ tools1 especially subsoil-pl[s1 se$-plant]s1 & root-clean]s4 ,always h a tool-h\se1 z mu* z y d a kit*54 ,use ! be/ tools2 nev] lay !m d[n b 9 _! prop] place2 & always clean !m be=e putt+ !m away4 ,keep all ! wood-"w ( tools well pa9t$1 & ! iron & /eel 9 a condition1 by ! application ( oil & o!rwise1 to prev5t ru/4 ,good tools facilitate & *eap5 cultivation1 & increase ! yield ( crops1 ,money paid out = su* tools is well exp5d$4 ,,tra9+4 ,?is is a matt] t has receiv$ mu* att5tion f all fruit-gr[]s4 ,! influ5ce ( diff]5t modes ( tra9+ & prun+ is v great on ! be>+ qualities ( trees4 ,! peculi>ities dem&$ by ! v>i\s fruit-trees1 v9es1 & bu%es1 are giv5 "u ^! articles respectively4 ,we give "h only "s g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! heal?1 beauty1 & pr(it1 ( mo/ fruit-trees dep5d ^u judici\s prun+ & tra9+4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al objects3-- #a4 ,to secure regul> gr[? & prev5t de=mities1 & ?us promote ! heal? ( trees4 #b4 ,to secure a suffici5t numb] ( fruit-be>+ %oots1 & 9 "r locations1 & to ?r[ suffici5t sap into ^? %oots to enable !m to mature ! fruit4 ,) a c]ta9 am\nt ( prun+1 y may d\ble ! quantity ( fruit1 or de/roy half t ! trees w\ld h produc$ if n tra9$ at all4 ,"o half ( ! fruit ( any or*>d dep5ds ^u correct prun+4 ,x also has a great influ5ce ^u ! quality ( fruit4 ,! *]ry is almo/ ! only fruit-tree t ?r[s out ne>ly ! "r numb] ( bran*es1 & 9 ! "r places4 ,x ne$s a v little direction :ile "y1 & aft]w>d only ! removal ( decay+ bran*es4 ,! qu9ce ne$s consid]able trimm+ at fir/2 b1 ! head once =m$1 x w ne$ v little aft]-prun+4 ,next comes ! plum1 ne$+1 p]haps1 a little m prun+ ?an ! *]ry or qu9ce1 b mu* less ?an ! o!r fruits4 ,! plum is apt to ?r[ out /rong bran*es1 9 "s directions1 q out ( proportion ) ! re/ ( ! top4 ,su* ne$ %ort5+ 91 to di/ribute ! sap equally ?r\gh ! tree1 & ?us produce a symmetrical =m4 ,?is is all ! trimm+ necess>y4 ,! roots ( a plum-tree are usually /rong] ?an ! top1 & absorb m ?an ! leaves c dige/2 h5ce "s ( its diseases4 ,! natural rem$y w\ld be root-prun+1 & leav+ ! top 9 its natural /ate1 except %ort5+-9 ! disproportion$ bran*es4 ,remov+ mu* ( ! top ( a plum-tree w\ld ord9>ily prove injuri\s4 ,! apple ne$s consid]able prun+1 b n ( ! spurs & side-twigs :i* be> ! fruit1 b ( limbs t gr[ too ?ick1 & ( disproportion$ luxuriance4 7,see "u ,apple47 ,s ! pe> mu/ be (t5 slightly prun$ to *eck ! too vigor\s gr[? & enc\rage ! too t>dy4 ,! pea* mu/ be s prun$ z to prev5t ! long b>e poles s (t5 se51 & to secure annually ! gr[? ( a l>ge numb] ( %oots = next ye>'s be>+1 & to *eck ! fl[ ( ! sap by cutt+ (f ! ends ( ! gr[+ "y %oots1 s z to cause ! =mation on ea*1 ( a few vigor\s fruit-buds4 ,pea*-trees1 s prun$1 w be heal?y & d well = fifty ye>s1 & produce a l>g] numb] ( bett] pea*es ?an w gr[ on trees left 9 ! usual way4 ,by a sy/em ( prun+ t w equalize ! gr[? & /r5g?1 ! be>+ w be g5]al on all ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,?is w make ! fruit m abundant & ( bett] quality4 ,! foll[+ six pr9ciples--fir/ /at$ by ,m4 ,dubreuil1 ( ,france1 & s9ce pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican p 9 ,b>ry's ,fruit-,g>d51 & /ill lat] 9 ,elliott's ,fruit-,book--w guide any att5tive cultivator into ! correct me?od ( prun+ & tra9+3-- #a4 ,! vigor ( a tree1 subject to prun+1 dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ^u ! equal di/ribution ( sap 9 all its bran*es4 #b4 ,! sap acts ) great] =ce1 & produces m vigor\s gr[? on a bran* prun$ %ort ?an on "o prun$ long4 #c4 ,! sap1 t5d+ always to ! extremities1 causes ! t]m9al %oots to pu% ) m vigor ?an ! lat]als4 #d4 ,! m ! sap is ob/ruct$ 9 its circulation1 ! m likely x w be to produce fruit-buds4 #e4 ,! leaves s]ve to prep>e ! sap = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! tree1 & to aid 9 ! =mation ( fruit-buds4 ,!re=e1 trees depriv$ ( _! foliage are liable to p]i%1 & !y are injur$ 9 proportion to _! defoliation4 #f4 ,:5 ! buds ( any %oot or bran* d n develop be=e ! age ( two ye>s1 !y c only be =c$ into activity by v close prun+2 & ?is w (t5 fail1 especially 9 ! pea*4 ,obs]ve ! =ego+1 & nev] cut l>ge limbs f any tree1 except 9 graft+ an old tree 7& !n only graft a "p ( ! top 9 "o ye>1 especially 9 ! pe>71 & ( old1 neglect$ pea*-trees1 to r5ew ! top1 & any c>eful cultivator c raise an or*>d ( heal?y1 beautiful1 & pr(itable trees4 ,!re are diff]5t =ms ( tra9+ t h gone ! r\nds ( ! fruit-books1 t are ne>ly all m fanciful ?an useful4 ,!re are f\r =ms ( fan-tra9+1 & sev]al ( horizontal & conical4 ,! foll[+ only are useful3-- ,fan-,tra9+4--,a tree b "o ye> f ! graft1 or bud1 is plant$ & head$ d[n to )9 f\r buds ( ! gr\nd1 ! buds s situat$ z to ?r[ out two %oots on ea* side 7see fan-tra9+1 fir/ /age74 ,illu/ration3 ,fan-tra9+1 #a/ /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fan-tra9+1 #b;d /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fan-tra9+1 #c;d /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fan-tra9+1 ,complete4 ,! foll[+ season1 ! two upp] %oots are to be cut back to ?ree buds1 s z ?r[ out "o lead+ %oot1 & "o %oot on ea* side4 ,! two l[] %oots are to be cut back to two buds1 s z to ?r[ out "o lead+ %oot1 & "o %oot on ! upp] side4 ,9 ?is second /age1 y w h a tree ) five lead+ %oots on ea* side 7see cut1 fan-tra9+1 #b;d /age74 ,^! %oots =m ! future tree1 & %\ld nei!r be %ort5$ 91 nor all[$ to be> fruit ?is ye>4 ,ea* %oot %\ld n[ be all[$ to produce ?ree %oots1 "o lead+ "o1 & two o!rs on ! upp] side1 "o ne> ! bottom1 & ! o!r half way up ! /em4 ,all o!rs %\ld be p9*$ (f :5 !y fir/ appe>4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird ye> y w h ! appe>ance 9 ! cut 7,fan-tra9+1 ?ird /age74 ,aft] ?is x may be> fruit1 b n too mu*1 z a "y tree s tra9$1 is dispos$ to ov]-be>+4 ,^! %oots1 except ! lead+ ones1 %\ld be %ort5$ back2 b to :at l5g? dep5ds ^u ! vigor ( ! tree4 ,?is is to be cont9u$ & ext5d$ z ! gr[] may *oose1 always prev5t+ ! top f becom+ too d5se1 & ! %oot too long = a prop] fl[ ( sap1 & maturity ( fruit-buds4 ,a good =m1 ?\gh slightly irregul>1 is se5 9 ! cut 7,fan-tra9+1 complete74 ,su* trees tra9$ aga9/ walls1 or bett]1 on trellis-"w1 are beautiful & v productive4 ,illu/ration3 ,horizontal ,tra9+1 fir/ /age4 ,horizontal ,tra9+ is ano!r =m contribut+ to fruitfulness1 by regulat+ ! fl[ ( ! sap4 ,?is is done by pres]v+ an upright lead] ) lat]al %oots at regul> di/ances4 ,to secure ?is1 su* %oots z y wi% to tra9 mu/ be ti$ 9 a horizontal position1 & all o!rs p9*$ (f on fir/ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,horizontal ,tra9+1 f\r? ye>4 ,! process is simple & easy1 cont9u$ z long z y please4 ,head 9 ! %oots ( ^! lat]al bran*es to two or ?ree buds & !y w be> abundantly4 ,z ! gr[? increases1 remove all t are n 9 ! "r places1 & tra9 all y sp>e1 z be=e4 ,9 ! f\r? ye>1 y w h trees ( ! appe>ance 9 ! cut 7,horizontal ,tra9+1 f\r? ye>74 ,conical ,tra9+4--,! ,qu5\ille 7pron\nc$ k5oole7 ( ! ,fr5*1 is ! be/ ( all =ms ( tra9+1 especially = ! pe>4 ,to produce conical /&>ds1 plant "y trees f\r or five feet high1 & aft] ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?1 head back ! top1 & cut 9 ! side bran*es1 z 9 ! cut 7,progressive /ages ( conical tra9+74 ,illu/ration3 ,progressive /ages ( ,conical ,tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,conical ,tra9+ complete4 ,! next season sev]al ti]s ( side bran*es w %oot out4 ,! l[e/ %\ld be left ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! gr\nd1 & by p9*+ (f a "p1 o!rs may be made to gr[1 at su* di/ances z y may desire4 ,at ! end ( ! second ye>1 ! lead] is head$ back to increase ! gr[? ( ! side %oots4 ,! lat]als w con/antly increase1 & y mu/ save only a suffici5t numb]4 ,! ?ird or f\r? ye>1 ! lat]al bran*es may be b5t d[n & ti$ to /akes4 ,! bran*es mu/ be ti$ d[n f ye> to ye>1 & ! top s %ort5$ 9 z to prev5t too vigor\s gr[?1 & ?r[ ! sap into ! lat]als4 ,?is may be cont9u$ until ! tree w exhibit ! appe>ance 9 ! cut 7conical tra9+ complete74 ,:5 ! tree has become ?or\ghly =m$ x w reta9 its %ape )\t keep+ ! bran*es ti$4 ,! fan & horizontal tra9+ are valuable = fruits t ne$ w9t] protection1 & !y are also v ornam5tal1 & enable u to cultivate mu* fruit on a small place4 ,all ^! =ms ( tra9+ increase l>gely ! productiv5ess ( fruit-trees4 ,x is recomm5d$ = all small g>d5s & y>ds1 & w pay 9 gr[+ fruit = m>ket4 ,,transplant+4 ,trees %\ld be transplant$ 9 spr+ 9 cold climates1 & 9 autumn 9 w>m regions4 ,! top %\ld be less5$ ab\t z mu* z ! roots h be5 by removal4 ,cutt+ (f s l>ge a "p ( ! top z we (t5 see is greatly injuri\s4 ,trees frequ5tly lose "o or two ye>s' gr[?1 by be+ excessively trimm$ :5 transplant$4 ,! leaves are ! lungs ( ! tree1 & h[ c x gr[ if !y are mo/ly remov$8 ,all injur$ roots %\ld be cut (f smoo?ly on ! l[] side1 slant out f ! tree1 & j above ! po9t ( injury4 ,places = ! trees %\ld be prep>$ z giv5 "u ! diff]5t fruits & ! trees set firmly 9 !m an in* l[] ?an !y /ood 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! great po9t is to get ! f9e m\ld v close ar\nd all ! roots1 leav+ !m 9 ! mo/ natural position4 ,trees dipp$ 9 a bucket ( soil or clay & wat]1 ?ick en\gh to =m a coat l pa9t1 j at ! "t ( transplant+1 are said to be less liable to die4 ,e transplant$ tree %\ld h a /ake1 & be ?or\ghly mul*$4 ,trees prop]ly transplant$ w gr[ mu* fa/]1 & be> a ye> or two e>li]1 ?an ^? t h be5 c>elessly set out4 ,= fur!r rem>ks on ?is important matt]1 see "u ! diff]5t fruits4 ,,turnip4 ,?is is "o ( ! great root crops ( ,engl&1 & to consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 = fe$+ purposes4 ,we ?9k x %\ld be displac$1 mo/ly1 by beets1 c>rots1 & p>snips4 ,!y are m nutriti\s1 z easily rais$1 & m conv5i5tly f$4 ,! ,rutabaga is a productive v>iety1 & possesses a good deal ( nutrim5t4 ,! ess5tials 9 rais+ good turnips ( mo/ v>ieties1 are v ri* soil1 work$ deep1 & f9ely pulv]iz$4 ,!y %\ld /& 9 r[s two feet ap>t1 & "o foot ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,!y may be ma9ly t5d$ ) a small cultivator or root-clean]4 ,engli% turnips are ext5sively gr[n z a second crop on :eat /ubble1 c4 ,! soil is highly enri*$ & ! se$ s[n 9 r[s to all[ cultivation4 ,! be/ me?od1 h[ev]1 is to turn ov] old gre5sw>d say ,june #a1 & y>d cattle or %eep on x till ,july #aj1 & !n h>r[ ?or\ghly1 & s[ ! se$ broadca/4 ,! yield w usually be l>ge1 & !y w ne$ v little we$+4 ,if x is n conv5i5t to y>d cattle on ! turnip-gr\nd1 apply fifte5 d\ble wagon loads ( f9e manure ) a few bu%els ( lime to ! acre1 & ! crop w be l>ge4 ,! usual "t ( s[+ turnips is f ! #aj? to ! #be? ( ,july4 ,we ?9k ! yield is l>g] :5 s[n by ! middle ( ,june4 ,! only way to get good e>ly turnips is to s[ !m v e>ly4 ,! flat1 or common field turnip1 is easily gr[n on new l&1 or on any ri* soil tol]ably free f we$s & n infe/$ ) worms4 ,,:eat4 ,?is is ! mo/ highly e/eem$ ( all gra9s1 & has m enemies1 & is m affect$ 9 its gr[? by ! wea!r1 ?an any o!r4 ,x has engag$ m att5tion 9 ! /udy & writ+s ( agriculturi/s ?an all o!r c]eals4 ,! outl9es only ( ! results ( ! va/ field ( inve/igation & exp]im5t on :eat-gr[+ c be pres5t$ "h4 ,!re are d\bts respect+ ! orig9 ( :eat4 ,! m g5]al & probable !ory is1 t x is ! product ( ! cultivation1 = a s]ies ( ye>s1 ( a species ( grass call$ gilops4 ,?is is indig5\s on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ^? c\ntries :i*1 f "t immemorial1 h be5 ! s\rces ( our :eat4 ,no "o has ev] f\nd wild :eat 9 any c\ntry2 x w\ld be z /range z a wild cabbage or turnip4 ,b ! practical "q is1 ,h[ c :eat be mo/ surely & pr(itably gr[n8 ,! fir/ requisite is a suitable soil4 ,a clay or lime/one soil is usually consid]$ be/1 z !re is mu* lime 9 :eat-bran4 ,su* soil is bett] ?an light s&1 or "s ( ! poor] loams4 ,b ! l>ge yields ( :eat on ! ,we/]n prairies1 & on ! ri* alluvial soils ( ,cali=nia riv]-bottoms1 %[s t ! be/ ( :eat may gr[ on o!r ?an clay l&s4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] respect+ soils = :eat1 is1 t any soil good = corn1 potatoes1 or a g>d51 may1 ) prop] tillage1 produce ! be/ ( :eat4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,engl&1 & 9 all ! old c\ntries on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 %[s u t old l& may be made to yield z l>ge crops ( :eat z ! virg9 soil ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! production ( :eat at suitable int]vals1 = a c5tury1 on ! same l&1 ne$ n less5 its p[] to produce good :eat 9 l>ge quantities4 ,:eat is a plant dem&+ a ri* soil1 work$ deep1 & n too wet3 ^! ?ree ?+s w produce a good crop on any l&4 ,we say to all f>m]s1 raise :eat on any l& t y c af=d to prep>e4 ,fir/1 if y\r l& has n a dry subsoil1 und]dra9 x ?or\ghly3 wat] /&+ 9 ! soil1 & becom+ cold or /agnant1 is v injuri\s to :eat4 ,dra9age is h>dly m ess5tial to any o!r crop ?an ?is4 ,next1 pl[ deep4 ,subsoil+1 on mo/ l&s1 is v important to :eat4 ,manure highly1 & put ! manure betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil3 ?is attracts ! roots deep into ! soil1 :i* is ! greate/ protection aga9/ w9t]-kill+1 & ! effects ( excessive dr\ght4 ,r5d] ! surface ( ! soil z f9e z possible4 ,a f9ely-pulv]iz$ soil is z ess5tial = :eat z = onions4 ,co>se lumpy soils are s op5 to ! action ( ! atmosph]e z to r5d] ! gr[? unequal1 & cause ! roots ( ! plant to gr[ too ne> ! surface1 = dry wea!r or ! cold ( w9t]4 ,always apply lime to :eat-l&s1 unless x be a lime/one soil--n too mu* at once1 b a few bu%els to ! acre annually4 ,on no o!r crop d wood-a%es & dissolv$ pota%1 appli$ 9 ! co>se manures1 pay s well z on :eat4 ,s[+ ! se$ is next 9 importance4 ,! ?ree que/ions 9 s[+ are ! mann]1 ! dep?1 & ! quantity4 ,%all x be drill$ or s[$ broadca/8 ,broadca/ s[+ requires m se$1 & is liable to be less ev5ly cov]$2 h5ce1 we %\ld pref] drill+4 ,! dep? ( ! se$ is to be det]m9$ by ! texture ( ! soil4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n1 t on clay l& !re is no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants1 at any ( ! /ages1 9 se$ s[n at any dep?1 f a slight cov]+ to ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,at a great] dep?1 x comes up less regul>ly1 & 9 e way is 9 a worse condition4 ,b on a light soil1 x is1 no d\bt1 be/ to plant x f f\r to six in*es deep4 ,on v loose soils1 z muck l& & alluvial soils1 ! roots ( ! plants gr[ too ne> ! surface1 & are expos$ to be+ ?r[n out by w9t] fro/s1 & de/roy$4 ,! rem$y is deep s[+ & ?or\gh roll+4 ,! quantity ( se$ n[ m g5]ally s[n is f five pecks to two bu%els p] acre4 ,ri* l& w n be> s mu* se$ z ! poor]4 ,x w gr[ s ?ick z to r5d] ! /raw t5d]1 & expose x to lodge & ru9 ! crop4 ,:eat till]s1 or ?ick5s up at ! bottom1 mak+ _m /alks f a s+le se$1 q z mu* z any o!r gra92 h5ce1 we believe t if x be s[n at a prop] "t on v ri* l&1 ?ree pecks to ! acre w\ld be bett] ?an m4 ,su* s[+ w\ld make m vigor\s plants1 ) mu* /rong] roots1 :i* w\ld )/& cold & unfavorable wea!r bett] ?an any o!r4 ,we %\ld /ill m /rongly recomm5d ano!r =m ( s[+1 practis$ by "s ,european cultivators ) great success3 x is1 to drill 9 :eat1 9 r[s two feet ap>t1 & give x a spr+ cultivation2 ?is gives great /r5g? to ! plants1 de/roys ! we$s1 promotes rapid gr[? by /irr+ ! soil1 & favors till]+1 s t ! r[s w meet1 & give a great gr[?4 ,we d\bt n ?is w yet be ext5sively adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,all :eat-l& _h bett] be roll$ aft] s[+1 & light l&s1 ) a v heavy roll]4 ,light s&y l&1 hav+ a little clay mix$ 9 z recomm5d$ "u soils1 well manur$1 ! se$ plant$ six in*es deep1 & ! :ole roll$ ) a heavy roll]1 w be> great crops ( :eat4 ,z x respects fall or spr+ :eat1 no positive directions c be giv51 adapt$ to all climates4 ,9 _m localities x is ( little use to s[ w9t] :eat1 z x is v unc]ta94 ,9 o!r localities w9t] :eat almo/ always succe$s be/4 ,?is "q !n mu/ be det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,! "t ( s[+ w9t] :eat v>ies 9 diff]5t climates1 accord+ z x may be expos$ to depr$ations ( worms & insects 9 ! fall4 ,f>m]s are n liable to mi/ake 9 ?is matt]4 ,spr+ :eat1 9 all climates1 %\ld be s[$ v e>ly4 ,x is h>dly possible 9 all ! ,middle & ,nor!rn /ates to prep>e ! gr\nd 9 spr+1 & get 9 :eat 9 suitable season4 ,! yield ( a crop ( spr+ :eat1 dep5ds mat]ially ^u ! gr[? 9 ! cool & moi/ wea!r ( spr+1 :5 x spreads & its roots get a /rong hold be=e ! hot wea!r1 t hurries up ! /alks & e>s to maturity4 ,h5ce pl[ 9 ! fall1 & h>r[ 9 ! :eat1 z e>ly z possible1 9 ! spr+4 ,! v>ieties ( :eat are num]\s & unc]ta94 ,9 ! /ate ( ,ma9e1 an intellig5t cultivator1 9 #ahef1 recomm5d$ ,java :eat z hav+ a v /iff /raw1 & produc+ a v heavy yield4 ,! ,m$it]ranean :eat is also a favorite v>iety4 ,club :eat has also _h a great run1 & is n[ v popul> at ! ,we/4 ,b ( v>ieties no "o c be confid5t4 ,we notice 9 ! discussions ( ! be/ agriculturi/s ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 t !y h d\bts ( ! prop] names ( "s ( ! be/ v>ieties4 ,9 a c]ta9 ri* "p ( ,ill9ois we "k an unusually popul> :eat1 sold at high prices = se$1 "u ! "n ( mud club1 z be+ mu* bett] ?an ! ord9>y club4 ,we happ5$ to le>n t x 0 no?+ b common club :eat1 s[n on r l[ gr\nd1 :]e x happ5$ to gr[ v fair t season4 ,x is only occasionally t su* tricks are successfully play$1 b x is true t _m v>ieties are ! result ( extra good or *ance cultivation4 ,! celebrat$ ,*idham :eat1 nam$ f a place :]e x 0 successfully gr[n1 0 also call$ ,h$ge :eat1 because a head f\nd gr[+ 9 a h$ge 0 suppos$ to be ! orig9 ( x4 ,n[ x is n probable t t head 0 ! only "o ( ! k9d 9 all ! c\ntry1 & x w\ld by no means be id5tifi$ 9 all localities4 ,& z all :eat is ! result ( ! cultivation ( ! gilops or "s o!r wild grass1 x %[s u t v>ieties may be produc$ by cultivation4 ,great importance is !re=e to be atta*$ to frequ5tly *ang+ se$2 especially br++ x f cold] into w>m] climates1 & *ang+ f "o soil to a v diff]5t "o4 ,?us se$ rais$ on h>d hills is highly valuable = alluvial soils4 ,?us ! ef=ts to introduce s _m new v>ieties f ! dom9ions ( ! sultan1 w prove ( va/ advantage to :eat culture 9 ,am]ica4 ,s let u be con/antly import+ ! be/ f ,great ,brita9 & ! ,briti% prov9ces & f ,cali=nia1 & all ! extremes ( our own c\ntry4 ,su* :eats are wor? m = se$s ?an o!rs1 b any extravagant prices = se$ :eat1 "u ! idea ( almo/ miracul\s p[]s ( production1 are unwise4 ,x w\ld be useless to g into a m ext5d$ notice ( v>ieties1 z "s d be/ 9 c]ta9 localities1 & all are rapidly spread ?r\gh ! deal]s1 & by ! influ5ce ( agricultural p]iodicals4 ,! be/ "t to h>ve/ :eat is :5 ! /raw bel[ ! head has turn$ yell[1 & ! gra9 is s f> out ( ! milk z n to be easily ma%$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 b be=e x has become h>d4 ,! gra9 is heavi] & ( bett] quality1 & wa/es f> less 9 h>ve/+1 ?an :5 all[$ to rip5 & dry /&+ 9 ! field4 ,dry+ 9 good %ocks is f> bett] ?an dry+ be=e cut4 ,"s h gone to extremes 9 e>ly cutt+1 & h>ve/$ _! :eat :ile 9 ! milk1 & suff]$ s]i\s loss 9 its weight4 ,we sometimes h ra9 9 h>ve/1 :i* causes all ! :eat 9 a l>ge region to gr[ be=e gett+ x dry en\gh to h\se4 ,a rem$y is1 to g "r on & cut y\r :eat1 ra9 or %9e1 & put x up1 )\t b9d+1 9 l>ge cocks ( f ?ree to five bu%els1 pack+ toge!r z close z possible1 h[ev] wet1 & cov] ! c5tre ) a bundle ( :eat to %$ ra94 ,x w dry out )\t gr[+2 &1 al?\gh ! /raw w be some:at m\ldy1 ! gra9 w be p]fectly good1 ev5 :5 x has be5 s wet z to make ! top ( ! %ocks p]fectly gre5 ) gr[n :eat4 ,?is process is ( great value 9 a wet season4 ,to prep>e se$-:eat = s[+1 soak x = a day or two 9 v /rong br9e2 skim (f all t rises2 remove ! gra9 f ! br9e1 & :ile wet1 sift on fre%-slak$ lime until x slightly coats ! :ole gra92 put on a little pla/] to r5d] ! s[+ m pleasant to ! h&4 ,:eat w lie 9 ?is condition = days )\t injury4 ,s prep>$1 x w exhibit a m>k$ sup]iority 9 ! gr[+ crop4 ,enemies ( :eat are num]\s1 & v>i\s rem$ies are propos$4 ,! wire-worm is sometimes v de/ructive4 ,:eat plant$ ) a drill1 ) a heavy ca/-iron roll] beh9d ea* too?1 w n suff] by !m2 !y w only "w 9 ! mell[ gr\nd betwe5 ! drills4 ,drive ov] a field ( :eat expos$ to injury f wire-worms ) a common ox-c>t1 & y w notice a m>k$ diff]5ce2 :]ev] ! c>t:eel pass$ ov]1 ! :eat rema9s unh>m$ by ! wire-worm1 :ile on ei!r side mu* ( x w be de/roy$4 ,b ! :eat-midge1 or weevil1 is ! great enemy1 r5d]+ ! cultivation ( :eat 9 "s localities useless4 ,"o precaution is1 to get ! :eat =w>d s e>ly & fa/ z to h x out ( ! way be=e !y de/roy x4 ,?is is (t5 done by e>ly s[+1 high f]tilization1 & w>m l&4 ,sometimes :eat is too late = !m1 & !n a good crop is secur$4 ,b ?is c only be reli$ on 9 cool1 moi/ climates4 ,our hot1 dry seasons are n suitable = :eat1 late en\gh to be out ( ! way ( ! weevil4 ,! great rem$y = ?is enemy is 8 de/ruction4 ,burn+ ! *aff at ?ra%+ is useless = ?is purpose4 ,! worm has ent]$ ! gr\nd to rema9 = ! w9t]1 be=e ! :eat is h>ve/$4 ,we "k ( b "o way to kill ! weevil1 & t is1 by insect lamps or tor*es 9 ! field 9 ! ev5+4 ,! flies are inactive until ev5+1 :51 f dusk till eight or n9e o'clock1 !y deposite _! eggs 9 ! blossoms & *aff ( ! :eat4 ,n[1 x is asc]ta9$ t ?is fly1 l _m o!r insects1 w fly sev]al rods to a light4 ,tw5ty-five tor*es at equal di/ances1 9 a t5-acre lot ( :eat1 w\ld be ne> en\gh4 ,ne>ly all ! flies 9 a field w\ld fly to !m 9 half an h\r4 ,^! ne$ be light$ only on pleasant ev5+s1 z weevils w n "w 9 w9d or ra91 & !y only commit _! depr$ations dur+ ! "t ! :eat is 9 blossom4 ,let tw5ty-five racks1 or hold]s ( "s k9d1 be put up on t5 acres ( :eat1 & h pit*-p9e put 9 !m & ignit$1 aft] ! mann] ( night fi%]m51 & let ?is be done a few nights1 dur+ ! blossom+ season ( :eat1 & ! fly w be de/roy$ & ! crop sav$1 9 ! wor/ weevil-season t ev] occurr$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pit*-p9e1 "s o!r light c be devis$--z1 balls ( rags dipp$ 9 turp5t9e & sulphur1 z 9 a tor*light procession4 ,some?+ c be devis$ t w burn brilliantly = an h\r3 ?is w n co/ fifty c5ts an acre1 dur+ ! weevil-season1 & w prove almo/ a p]fect rem$y4 ,ru/ 9 :eat is only avoid$ by gett+ y\r :eat to maturity be=e ! ru/ /rikes x4 ,if x is ne>ly mature1 & ! ru/ /rikes x1 cut x & %ock x up 9 ! %orte/ "t possible4 ,:eat is a great subject 9 agriculture1 on :i* _m volumes h be5 writt51 & on :i* x is cu/om>y to write long articles4 ,we tru/ ! recapitulation ( :at we h said1 9 ! foll[+ brief rules1 is m valuable to ! practical :eat-culturi/ ?an any l>ge volume c\ld be4 ,analyses ( :eat-bran & /raw1 ! philosophy ( ru/ 9 :eat1 ! l5g?1 size1 & color ( ! weevil1 & ! great div]sity ( op9ions on :eat-gr[+1 are n :at practical m5 reg>d4 ,! "o "q is1 ,h[ c ,i gr[ :eat surely & pr(itably8 ,! foll[+ rules answ] ?is important "q1 r5d]+ failure unnecess>y3-- #a4 ,make y\r soil v ri*1 putt+ ! manure z deep z conv5i5t4 ,apply lime1 wood-a%es1 & pota%1 ! latt] dissolv$ & appli$ to y\r co>se manure4 #b4 ,"u-dra9 ?or\ghly all :eat-l&1 except t on a dry subsoil4 #c4 ,pl[ deep & subsoil all :eat-l&s1 except ^? on a gravelly or s&y bottom4 #d4 ,plant :eat f two to six in*es deep1 accord+ to ! texture ( ! soil--deepe/ on ! lighte/ soil4 ,roll aft] s[+1 & roll light l&s ) a heavy roll]4 #e4 ,always get y\r :eat 9 e>ly1 & 9 a f9ely-pulv]iz$ soil1 & be c>eful n to se$ too heavy4 #f4 ,s[ se$ t has n long be5 gr[n 9 y\r vic9ity1 & /eep x two days1 be=e s[+1 9 a br9e1 ) z mu* salt z ! wat] w dissolve1 sift+ f9e1 fre% lime ov] ! wet gra91 aft] remov+ x f ! br9e2 put on1 also1 pla/]-(-,p>is or wood-a%es4 #g4 ,h>ve/ :eat be=e ! /raw becomes dry1 or ! gra9 h>d4 #h4 ,de/roy weevil by lights 9 ! field1 on ! pleasant ev5+s dur+ ! blossom+ season4 ,,:ortleb]ry4 ,( ?is excell5t b]ry !re are sev]al v>ieties1 di/+ui%$ by ! height ( ! bu%es1 or by ! color ( ! fruit4 ,! ma9 divisions are1 ! ,swamp & ! ,pla9 ,:ortleb]ries4 ,! swamp v>iety has be5 transf]r$ to g>d5s1 9 ,mi*igan1 & has prov$ valuable4 ,! %rub atta9s consid]able size1 produc+ fruit m surely & regul>ly ?an 9 its wild /ate1 & ( an improv$ quality & l>g] size4 ,x may be gr[n z well z currants all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! small pla9 v>iety is usually f\nd on s&y pla9s1 & is a great be>] ( fruit ev]y:]e highly priz$4 ,x may be transf]r$ to all our g>d5s1 by mak+ a b$ ( s& six in*es or a foot deep1 or x may be s acclimat$ z to gr[ well 9 any good g>d5 soil1 & become a univ]sal luxury4 ,we recomm5d x z a /&+ fruit = all g>d5s4 ,,will[4 ,! cultivation ( will[ = osi]-"w is pursu$ to "s ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & might be greatly increas$4 ,at "o f\r? ! pres5t prices1 x w\ld pay z well z any o!r bran* ( agriculture4 ,"s v>ieties w gr[ on l& ( little value = o!r purposes1 & all on any good l&4 ,will[s w take c>e ( !mselves aft] ! second or ?ird ye>4 ,! m usual me?od ( plant+ is ( slips1 t5 in*es long1 set 9 mell[ gr\nd ab\t eight in*es deep1 9 /raight r[s f\r or six feet ap>t1 & "o foot ap>t 9 ! r[s--except ! gre5 will[1 :i* is put two feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,!y %\ld be kept cle> ( we$s = ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,! osi]s are to be cut :5 ! b>k w peel some:at easily1 & may be put ?r\gh a ma*9e = ! purpose1 inv5t$ by ,j4 ,colby1 ( ,jonesville1 ,v]mont1 at ! rate ( two tons p] day1 remov+ all ! b>k1 )\t injur+ ! wood4 ,diff]5t op9ions prevail respect+ ! v>ieties mo/ pr(itable = cultivation2 !y v>y 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! manufacture ( will[-w>e w increase ) ! increas$ production ( osi]s1 & ! consequ5t r$uction ( _! co/4 ,,w9e4 ,we h else:]e /at$ t our only hope = pure w9e 9 ?is c\ntry is 9 dome/ic manufacture4 ,we %all "h give two recipes t w insure bett] articles ?an are n[ (f]$ "u ! "n ( import$ w9es4 ,currant ,w9e4--,?is1 z usually manufactur$1 is a m]e cordial1 r ?an a w9e4 ,! foll[+ recipe ga!r$ f ! ,work+ ,f>m]1 is all t ne$ be desir$1 on mak+ w9e f currants1 *]ries1 & mo/ b]ries1 t are n too sweet4 ,take clean ripe currants & pass !m betwe5 two roll]s1 or 9 "s o!r way1 cru% !m1 put !m 9 a /rong bag1 & "u a screw or weight1 & ! juice w be easily express$4 ,to ea* qu>t ( ?is juice1 add ?ree p\nds ( d\ble-ref9$ loaf sug> 7no o!r sug> w d7 & wat] en\gh to make a gallon4 ,or 9 a cask t w hold ?irty gallons1 put ?irty qu>ts ( ! juice1 n9ety p\nds ( ! sug>1 & fill to ! bung ) wat]4 ,put 9 ! bung & roll ! cask until y c n he> ! sug> mov+ on ! inside ( ! b>rel1 :5 x w all be dissolv$4 ,next day roll x aga91 & place x 9 a cell> ( v ev5 temp]ature1 & leave ! bung out to all[ f]m5tation4 ,?is w comm5ce 9 two or ?ree days & cont9ue = a few weeks4 ,its pres5ce may be kn[n by a slight noise l t ( soda wat]1 :i* may be he>d by plac+ ! e> at ! bung hole4 ,:5 ?is ceases drive ! bung tight & let x /& six mon?s1 :5 ! w9e may be drawn (f & bottl$1 & w be p]fectly cle> & n too sweet4 ,no alcohol %\ld be add$4 ,putt+ 9 br&ies or o!r spiritu\s liquors prev5ts ! f]m5tation ( w9e1 leav+ ! mixture a m]e cordial4 ,! use ( any b d\ble-ref9$ sug> is always injuri\s1 & yet _m w p]si/ 9 us+ x1 because x is *eap]4 ,! reason = disc>d+1 = w9e-mak+1 all b d\ble-ref9$ sug>1 may be easily und]/ood4 ,common sug> conta9s "o half ( "o p] c5t4 ( gum1 t becomes fetid on be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! quantity ( ?is gum 9 ! sug>1 = a b>rel ( w9e1 is consid]able--en\gh to give a bad flavor to ! w9e4 ,?is is avoid$ by us+ d\ble-ref9$ sug>1 :i* conta9s no gum4 ,?is recipe is equally good = *]ry w9e4 ,! foll[+ recipe = mak+ ,eld]b]ry ,w9e1 produces an article t ! be/ judges 9 ,new ,york & else:]e h pron\nc$ equal to any import$ w9e4 ,its excell5ce has made q a m>ket = eld]b]ries 9 ,new ,york4 ,^! b]ries are s easily gr[n1 & ! w9e s excell5t1 t _! gr[? w be enc\rag$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x is n only an exce$+ly palatable w9e1 b is bett] = ! sick1 ?an any o!r kn[n4 ,to e qu>t ( ! b]ries1 put a qu>t ( wat] & boil = half an h\r4 ,bruise !m f ! sk9 & /ra91 & to e gallon ( ! juice add ?ree p\nds ( d\ble-ref9$ sug> & "o qu>t] ( an ounce ( cream ( t>t> & boil = half an h\r4 ,take a clean cask & put 9 x "o p\nd ( rais9s to e ?ree gallons ( ! w9e1 & a slice ( toa/$ bread cov]$ ov] ) good yea/4 ,:5 ! w9e has become q cool1 put x into ! cask1 & place x 9 a room ( ev5 temp]ature to f]m5t4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation has fully ceas$1 put ! bung 9 tight4 ,no br&y or alcohol ( any k9d w be necess>y4 ,any "o foll[+ ?is recipe exactly1 w be surpris$ at ! excell5ce ( ! w9e t w be ! result4 ,( ,grape ,w9es1 !re are sev]al v>ieties1 ^: peculi>ities are det]m9$ ma9ly by ! process ( manufactur+4 ,a full treatm5t ( ! subject w\ld require a volume4 ,! foll[+ brief directions w insure success 9 mak+ ! mo/ desirable grape w9es3 #a4 ,let ! grapes become ?or\ghly ripe be=e ga!r+1 to increase _! sac*>9e qualities & make a /rong] w9e4 ,all fruits make mu* bett] w9e = be+ fully ripe4 ,cut ! bun*es ) a %>p knife & move c>efully to avoid bruis+4 ,spread !m 9 a dry %ade to evaporate excessive moi/ure4 #b4 ,assort ! grapes be=e us+1 remov+ all decay$1 gre51 or brok5 ones1 us+ only p]fect b]ries4 #c4 ,ma% ! grapes ) a beat] 9 a tub1 or by pass+ !m ?r\gh a cid]-mill4 ,tread+ ! w9e vat 0 ! anci5t me?od ( ma%+ ! grapes1 n n[ practis$ except 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe4 #d4 ,to make light w9es put !m at once into press1 z apple pomace 9 a cid]-press4 #e4 ,to make high]-color$ w9es let ! pomace /& f f\r to tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e press+4 ,!y w be d>k 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t ! pomace /&s4 #f4 ,to make w9es resembl+ ! ,au/]e w9es ( ,france & ,spa91 let ! pomace /& until ! fir/ f]m5tation is ov]1 call$ f]m5t+ 9 ! sk94 #g4 ,! mu/ or grape-juice is to be put into casks1 ! l>g] ! bett]1 b only "o press+ %\ld be put into "o cask4 ,put 9 a cell> ( ev5 temp]ature1 n l[] ?an fifty nor high] ?an sixty-five degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 & :]e !re is pl5ty ( air4 ,prep>e ! cask by burn+ 9 x a /rip ( pap] or musl91 dipp$ 9 melt$ sulphur1 & susp5d$ by a wire across ! bung-hole4 ,f]m5tation comm5ces v soon & w be complet$ )9 a few days or weeks accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,its completion is m>k$ by ! cessation ( ! escape ( gas4 ,no sug>1 br&y1 or any o!r sub/ance1 %\ld be add$ to ! grape-juice to make good w9e4 ,!y are all adult]ations4 ,! w9e hav+ settl$ aft] ?is f]m5tation1 may be rack$ (f into clean casks1 prep>$ z be=e4 ,a second f]m5tation w take place 9 ! spr+4 ,x %\ld n be bottl$ until aft] ?is second f]m5tation1 z its expansion w break ! glass4 ,:ile 9 ! casks !y %\ld always be kept full1 be+ occasionally fill$ f a small cask1 kept = ! purpose4 ,:5 ?is f]m5tation ceases1 bottle & cork tight1 & lay ! bottles on _! sides1 9 a cool cell>4 ,! w9e w improve ) age4 ,sometimes x rema9s on ! lees )\t rack+ & is drawn (f & bottl$4 ,frequ5tly ! w9e does n become :olly cle> & ne$s f9+4 ,v>i\s sub/ances are us$ = ?is purpose1 z fi%-glue1 *>coal1 />*1 rice1 milk1 c4 ,! be/ ( ^! sub/ances is *>coal1 or ! :ite ( eggs & milk4 ,add by degrees accord+ to ! f\lness ( ! w9e4 ,an ounce ( *>coal to a b>rel ( w9e is an ord9>y quantity2 or a p9t ( milk ) ! :ite ( f\r eggs--m or less accord+ to ! /ate ( ! w9e4 ,rh9e ,w9e ( ,g]many may be made z foll[s3-- ,take good ,catawba or ,isabella grapes1 & p\nd or gr9d !m s z to cru% e se$ & leave !m 9 t /ate = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,fumigate ! cask by burn+ /rips ( musl9 dipp$ 9 sulphur z 9 ! prec$+ recipe4 ,/ra9 or press out ! juice into ! cask fill+ x & keep+ x entirely full1 t impurities may run out ( ! bung1 dur+ f]m5tation4 ,9 ! spr+ prep>e ano!r cask 9 ! same way & rack x (f into t4 ,:5 a ye> old bottle x & x is fit = use4 ,sweet] w9es ?an any ( ! above are made by add+ sug> to ! mu/ be=e f]m5tation4 ,x %\ld be d\ble-ref9$ sug>1 & /ill x is an adult]ation4 ,,woodl&s4 ,"o ( ! greate/ errors ( ,am]ican f>m]s is _! neglect to cultivate groves ( trees = woodl&s1 9 all suitable places4 ,our primeval =e/s h be5 wantonly de/roy$1 & ! c\ntry is n yet old en\gh to feel ! full =ce ( neglect+ to repl5i% !m1 by new groves1 9 suitable localities4 ,on ! po9ts ( hills1 r\gh /ony places1 sides ( /eep hills1 rav9es t c n be cultivat$1 & by ! side ( all ! highways ( ! l&1 trees %\ld be cultivat$3 9 "s places fruit-trees1 b 9 mo/ places =e/-trees4 ,! advantages w\ld be manifold2 !y w\ld af=d %ade = cattle1 groves = birds1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! worms2 !y w\ld break (f ! cold w9ds f crops1 cattle1 fruit-or*>ds1 & dwell+s2 w\ld greatly enri* ! soil by _! annual foliage1 af=d abundance ( fuel at ! *eape/ rates1 give mu* good timb]1 provide = f9e maple-sug>1 & be ! greate/ ornam5ts ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,only ?9k ( ! com=t & beauty ( fifty miles squ>e1 9 :i* n a /reet c\ld be f\nd :i* _h n trees on ea* side1 n m ?an twelve feet ap>t4 ,:5 su* trees %\ld become tw5ty ye>s old1 ! p$e/rian or ! c>riage c\ld move all day 9 ! %ade1 li/5+ to ! music ( ! birds1 & inhal+ ! aroma ( ! foliage or fl[]s4 ,to e own] or occupant ( ! soil we say1 plant trees4 ,,p\ltry4 ,fatt5+ & prep>+ p\ltry = ! m>ket are important items 9 rural economy4 ,pl5ty ( sweet food & pure wat] giv5 at regul> times1 & ! f[ls n all[$ to w&]1 are ! requisites ( successful fatt5+4 ,! be/ fe$ = fatt5+ f[ls is oat-meal4 ,next to ?is is corn-meal4 ,?ree ?+s are ess5tial 9 food = fatt5+ animals1 fle%-=m+1 fat-=m+1 & heat-produc+ sub/ances4 ,( all ! gra9s ord9>ily f$1 oat-meal conta9s ^! 9 ! be/ proportions1 & next to ?is comes yell[ ,indian corn meal4 ,fat is good1 b mu/ be giv5 9 a h>d =m z 9 mutton or beef suet4 ,rice boil$ 9 sweet milk1 f$ = a day or two be=e kill+ f[ls is said to r5d] ! fle% ( a :ite delicate color4 ,at lea/ "o ?ird ( ! value ( p\ltry 9 ! m>ket dep5ds ^u prop]ly prep>+ & transport+ x4 #a4 ,d n fe$ f[ls at all = tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e kill+ !m4 #b4 ,kill by cutt+ ! jugul> ve9 ) a %>p p5-knife1 j "u ! sides ( ! head1 & hang !m up to ble$4 #c4 ,pick c>efully & v clean1 )\t te>+ ! sk91 & )\t scald+4 ,s+e slightly if ne$ be4 ,dip 9 hot wat] = ?ree or f\r seconds & 9 cold wat] half a m9ute4 #d4 ,d n op5 ! brea/ at all1 b remove ! entrails f ! h9d op5+1 leav+ ! gizz>d 9 its place4 ,put no wat] 9 b wipe out ! blood ) a dry clo?4 ,leav+ ! entrails 9 is injuri\s1 t5d+ to s\r ! meat & ta9t x ) _! flavor4 #e4 ,d n all[ y\r p\ltry to freeze by any means4 ,= transport+ to a di/ant m>ket1 pack 9 %all[ boxes nev] conta9+ ov] ?ree hundr$ p\nds ea* & 9 clean /raw )\t *aff or du/1 & 9 su* a mann] t no two f[ls w t\* ea* o!r4 #f4 ,geese & ducks look bett] ) ! heads cut (f4 ,b all f[ls hav+ _! heads remov$ mu/ h ! sk9 drawn d[n & tightly ti$ ov] ! end ( ! neck bone4 ,?is w pres]ve !m well & give a good appe>ance4 ,to pres]ve f[ls = a long "t 9 a p]fectly sweet condition = family use1 fill !m half full or m ) pulv]iz$ *>coal1 :i* w act z an absorb5t & prev5t e p>ticle ( ta9t4 ,,agricultural ,,p]iodicals4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ,agricultural ,p]iodicals embraces all t h come to our k4 ,9 a subsequ5t edition we %all endeavor to r5d] ! li/ m complete1 & give ! special design ( ea*1 ) ! frequ5cy ( publication1 =m1 price1 editor's & publi%]'s names1 etc4 ,,"n ,,( ,,pap]4 ,,place ,,( ,,publication4 ,am]ican ,f>m]s' ,magaz9e ,new ,york ,city4 ,am]ican ,f>m] ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,alabama ,plant] ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,am]ican ,agriculturi/ ,new ,york ,city4 ,canadian ,agriculturi/ ,toronto1 ,c4 ,w4 ,cultivator ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,cotton ,plant] ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 ,cultivator ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,cultivator ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,cali=nia ,f>m] ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,c\ntry ,g5tleman ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f>m] & ,plant] ,p5dleton1 ,s4 ,c4 ,granite ,f>m] ,man*e/]1 ,n4 ,h4 ,g5esee ,f>m] ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,horticulturi/ ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,home/ead ,h>t=d1 ,ct4 ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,ma9e ,f>m] ,augu/a1 ,me4 ,mi*igan ,f>m] ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,magaz9e ( ,horticulture ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,massa*usetts ,pl\ghman ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,new ,engl& ,f>m] ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,new ,j]sey ,f>m] ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,plant] ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,ohio ,valley ,f>m] ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,ohio ,f>m] ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,prairie ,f>m] ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,rural ,new ,york] ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rural ,s\!rn] ,ellicott's ,mills1 ,md4 ,rural ,am]ican ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s\!rn ,plant] ,ri*mond1 ,va4 ,s\!rn ,cultivator ,augu/a1 ,ga4 ,s\!rn ,home/ead ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,valley ,f>m] ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,v]mont ,/ock ,j\rnal ,middlebury1 ,vt4 ,wiscons9 ,f>m] ,madison1 ,wisc4 ,work+ ,f>m] ,new ,york ,city4 ,,index4 ,acclimation2 #i ,agricultural ,p]iodicals1 ,li/ (2 #ddj ,almonds2 #aj ,animals1 ,rules = fe$+2 #agh ,apples2 #ab ,apple-,tree ,wood1 ,analysis (2 #ad ,apple-,worm1 ,rem$y =2 #bb ,apricot2 #ej ,arti*oke2 #eb ,a%es2 #ec ,asp>agus2 #ed ,atmosph]e1 ,important ,auxili>y 9 ! ,gr[? ( ,plants2 #bgh ,balm2 #ef ,b>b]ry2 #ef ,b>ley2 #eg ,b>ns2 #ei ,bean1 ,c(fee2 #acj ,beans2 #fj ,bees & ,beehives2 #fd ,beets2 #gg ,b5e ,plant2 #ha ,b]ries1 ,pres]vation (2 #cfg ,birds useful 9 de/roy+ ,insects2 #hb ,blackb]ry2 #hc ,black ,currant2 #afe ,black ,raspb]ry2 #he ,bo>d ,f5ces2 #agi ,bones1 _! ,value z a ,f]tiliz]2 #he1 #bge ,bord5's ,milk ,cond5sation2 #cfi ,borecale2 #hf ,bor]1 ,prev5tive & ,rem$y =2 #bc ,breck's ,book ( ,fl[]s2 #aie ,bre$+ 91 ,det]iorat+ ,effects (2 #adb ,broccoli2 #hf ,broom-,corn2 #hg ,brussels ,spr\ts2 #hi ,buck?orn2 #hi ,buck:eat2 #ij ,budd+2 #ia ,buffalo ,b]ry2 #cij ,bulb\s ,fl[]+ ,roots2 #aie ,bu%es1 ,eradication ( ,noxi\s2 #id ,butt]2 #ie ,butt] ,dairy2 #afg ,butt]-,mak+1 ,ess5tial ,rules =2 #ajj ,butt]nuts2 #ajb ,cabbage2 #ajb ,calves2 #ajh ,cank]-,worm1 ,rem$y =2 #be ,cans2 #aaa1 #cfg ,c>rots2 #aab ,cat]pill>s1 h[ de/roy$2 #bd ,caulifl[]2 #aac ,cel]y2 #aad ,*>coal2 #abe ,*eese2 #aae ,*eese-,h\se2 #afg ,*]ries2 #aah ,*e/nuts2 #abe ,*ick5s2 #aig-aii ,*urn1 ,be/ ,=m (2 #ih ,*urn+1 ,brief ,rules =2 #ig ,cid]2 #abf ,citron2 #abg ,cleft-,graft+2 #baj ,clov]2 #abh1 #bce ,c(fee ,bean2 #acj ,colts1 ,milk f ! ,dairy ,excell5t food =2 #bdh ,conical ,tra9+2 #dbj ,corn2 #aca ,corn1 ,broom2 #hg ,cottage1 ,economical ,plan ( a ,labor]'s2 #beg ,cotton2 #acd ,cotton ,plant1 ,analysis (2 #aci ,c\ntry ,resid5ce1 ,plan (2 #bee ,c[s2 #adj ,cranb]ry2 #aef ,cucumb]2 #afa ,curculio on ,plum-,trees1 ,unfail+ ,rem$y =2 #cee ,currants2 #afd ,currants1 ,black2 #afe ,currant ,w9e1 ,recipe = mak+2 #dcc ,dairy2 #afg ,decl5sion ( ,fruits1 ,cause ( & ,rem$y =2 #afh ,dill2 #afi ,d[n+'s ,li/ ( ,gooseb]ries2 #bjh ,dra9s2 #agj ,ducks2 #agb ,dw>f+ ,fruit-,trees1 ,process (2 #agc ,e>ly ,fruits & ,vegetables1 h[ produc$2 #agd ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ,v>ieties ( ,apples adapt$ to2 #bj ,ea/wood's ,"w on ,cranb]ry ,culture2 #aef ,egg ,plant2 #age ,eggs1 h[ to te/ & pres]ve !m2 #agf ,eld]b]ry2 #agf ,eld]b]ry ,w9e1 a ,recipe = ,mak+2 #dcd ,endive2 #agg ,fan ,tra9+ ( ,trees2 #dag ,f>m-,build+s2 #bea ,fe$+ ,animals2 #agh ,f5ces2 #agi ,f5nel2 #aha ,figs2 #aha ,fi%2 #ahd ,flax2 #aib ,fl[]+ ,%rubs2 #aie ,fl[]s2 #aic ,foot-,pa?s1 ,circul>1 h[ laid out2 #bed ,foot-,rot 9 ,animals1 ,rem$y =2 #chh ,=e/ ,trees2 #dcg ,f[ls2 #aif ,fruit2 #bjj ,fruits1 ,decl5sion (2 #afh ,fruits1 ,e>ly1 h[ produc$2 #agd ,fruits1 ,pres]vation (2 #cfg ,fruits1 ,mann] ( ,ga!r+2 #bje ,fruit-,trees1 ,location (2 #bfi ,fruit-,trees1 h[ to induce ,productiv5ess 92 #bja ,g>d52 #bjb ,g>lic2 #bje ,ga!r+ ,fruits2 #bje ,geese2 #bje ,gooseb]ry2 #bjf ,graft+2 #bjh ,graft+-,wax1 h[ made2 #baa ,grapes2 #bab ,grape-,w9e1 ,me?od ( mak+2 #dce ,grasses2 #bbg ,gre5h\se2 #bca ,guano1 ,c>e requisite 9 ! ,application (2 #bgg ,gu5on's ,treatise on ! ,milk+ ,qualities ( ,c[s2 #adb ,gypsum2 #bcb1 #bdg ,hams1 ,pres]vation (2 #cgj ,h>r[+2 #bcc ,hay1 mak+ & pres]v+ (2 #bcd ,h$ge2 #bcf ,h$ge-,prun+2 #bch ,h$ges1 ,%rubs suitable = ! ,=mation (2 #eg1 #hi1 #bcf-bch ,hemp2 #bci ,h5s2 #aif ,h]bace\s ,fl[]s2 #aif ,hive1 ,prop] ,con/ruction (2 #gd ,hoe+2 #bda ,hogs2 #dji ,hog/ye1 ,plan (2 #beb ,hog/ye1 ,manure f !2 #bgd ,hops2 #bdb ,hops1 ,me?od ( cur+2 #bdd ,horizontal ,tra9+2 #dai ,horse2 #bdf ,hors]adi%2 #bdi ,hotb$s2 #bdi ,ho?\se2 #bca ,h\ses2 #bea ,hybrids2 #bei ,in>*+2 #bei ,insects2 #bfj ,iron-,fil+s1 ,b5eficial to ,pe>-,trees #bfa ,irrigation2 #bfa ,italian ,f>mh\se1 ,plan (2 #bbh ,kale2 #hf ,labels = ,fruit-,trees2 #bjb ,labor]'s ,cottage1 ,plan (2 #beg ,l&scape ,g>d5s2 #bfc ,lawton ,blackb]ry2 #hd ,lay]+2 #bfd ,lay+ 9 ,trees2 #bfe ,leeks2 #bff ,lemon2 #bff ,lettuce2 #bfg ,licorice2 #bfh ,lime1 ,value ( z a ,f]tiliz]2 #bfh ,limes2 #bfi ,liquid ,manures1 ,value (2 #bgc ,location2 #bfi ,locu/-,trees2 #bgj ,manures2 #bga ,maple-,trees1 ,be/ ,me?od ( tapp+2 #djd ,m>jorum2 #bhc ,m>l2 #bhb ,melons2 #bhc ,mice1 ,protection ( ,fruit-,trees f 9 ,w9t]2 #cgc ,milk1 ,cond5sation & ,pres]vation (2 #cfi ,milk+ ,qualities ( ,c[s1 ,infallible ,m>ks (2 #adb-aee ,milk+1 ,rules =2 #if1 #aee ,milk1 ,value ( = ,horses2 #bdh ,millet2 #bhg ,m9t2 #bhh ,moi/ure1 ,ret5tion (1 lead+ ,b5efit ( ,manure2 #bgg ,mulb]ry2 #bhi ,mul*+2 #bhi ,mu%rooms2 #bij ,muskmelons2 #bhc ,mu/>d2 #bib ,na/urtium2 #bic ,nect>9e2 #bic ,new ,fruits2 #bie ,new ,ro*elle 7,lawton7 ,blackb]ry #hd ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ,v>ieties ( ,apples suitable =2 #cj ,nurs]y2 #bif ,nuts2 #cjj ,oaks2 #cja ,oats2 #cjc ,okra2 #cjd ,olives2 #cjd ,onions2 #cje ,oranges2 #cjh ,or*>ds2 #cji ,or*>ds1 ,favorable ,locations =2 #bfi ,osage ,orange2 #bcf ,ox52 #caa ,p>sley2 #cab ,p>snips2 #cac ,pa/ures2 #cae ,peas2 #caf ,pea*22 #cai ,pe>22 #ccb ,pe>-,or*>d1 ,plan (2 #ccg ,p5nyroyal ,m9t2 #bhh ,pepp]s2 #cdg ,pepp]grass2 #cdh ,pepp]m9t2 #bhh ,picket ,f5ces2 #ahj ,pigg]y1 ,plan (2 #beb ,pla/] ( ,p>is2 #bcb ,pl[+2 #cdh ,plum2 #cea ,plum1 ,analysis (2 #cec ,pomegranate2 #cei ,potato2 #cfj ,potato-,rot1 ,cause ( & ,rem$y =2 #cfd ,potato1 ,sweet2 #djf ,p\ltry2 #dch ,pres]v+ ,fruits & ,vegetables #cfg ,protection ( ,trees = ,transplant+ #bfe1 #cjj ,prunes1 ,dome/ic2 #cef ,prun+ & ,tra9+2 #dad ,prun+ ,pea*-,trees2 #cbc ,pumpk92 #cga ,qu9ce2 #cgb ,rabbits1 a ,protection ( ,fruit-,trees f 9 ,w9t]2 #cgc ,radi%2 #cgd ,rail ,f5ces2 #ahj ,raspb]ry2 #cge ,raspb]ry1 ,black2 #he ,r5net1 h[ prep>$2 #aae ,rhub>b2 #cgg ,rice2 #cgh ,rocks1 ,me?ods ( remov+2 #cgi ,roll]s2 #cgi ,root ,crops2 #chj ,root-,prun+1 ,me?od (2 #cec ,saffron2 #cha ,sage2 #cha ,salsify or ,vegetable ,oy/]2 #chb ,scrap+ ,l&2 #chb ,se$s2 #chc ,%ade-,trees2 #dcg ,%eep2 #chd ,%eep-,manure1 ,value (2 #chi ,%eph]dia1 or ,buffalo ,b]ry2 #cij ,skipp]s 9 ,*eese2 #aag ,soils2 #cia ,sorgho1 or ,*9ese ,sug>cane2 #dje ,s\?1 ,apples adapt$ to ! ,climate ( !2 #ca ,spe>m9t2 #bhh ,sp9age or ,sp9a*2 #cid ,squa%2 #cie ,/able2 #ei ,/ilton ,*eese1 ,me?od ( ,mak+2 #aag ,/rawb]ry2 #cif ,subsoil ,pl[+2 #cdi ,succory2 #agg ,sug>2 #djc ,summ]-,h\se1 ,plan (2 #bef ,summ] ,savory2 #djf ,sunfl[]2 #djf ,sweet ,potato2 #djf ,sw9e2 #dji ,tobacco2 #daa ,tomato2 #dab ,tongue-,graft+2 #baa ,tools2 #dad ,tra9+ & ,prun+2 #dad ,transplant+2 #dba ,turnip2 #dbb ,van ,mon's ,!ory ( ! ,production ( ,new ,fruits2 #bie ,vegetables1 ,e>ly2 #agd ,vegetable ,oy/]2 #chb ,v9ey>ds2 #bac1 #baf ,wagon-,h\se2 #bea ,walls1 ,/one2 #agi ,wat]+ ,g>d5s 9 ,dry ,seasons1 ,b5efits (2 #bfa ,wat]melons2 #bhc ,wax-,mo?1 ,protection aga9/2 #gc ,weevil1 or ,:eat ,midge1 ,rem$y =2 #dcj ,we/]n ,/ates1 ,v>ieties ( ,apples suitable = !2 #cj1 #dh ,:eat2 #dbc ,:ite ,blackb]ry2 #hd ,:ortleb]ry2 #dcb ,will[2 #dcb ,w9e2 #dcc ,w9es1 ,adult]ation ( ,import$2 #bab ,w9t] ,lettuce2 #agg ,wood-,a%es1 ,value ( z a ,manure2 #ec ,woodl&s2 #dcg ,woolly ,aphis1 ,rem$y =2 #bc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,agricultural ,,books1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,a4 ,o4 ,,moore1 7,,late ,c4 ,m4 ,,saxton ,,co47 #adj ,,fulton ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york1 ,& s5t by mail to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on receipt ( ! price4 #a ,am]ican ,f>m]s' ,encyclop$ia4 ,a "w ( great value #d #jj #b ,dadd's ,mod]n ,horse ,doctor #a #jj #c ,dadd's ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,horse #b #jj #d ,d4 d4 d4 d4 color$ plates #d #jj #e ,dadd's ,am]ican ,cattle ,doctor #a #jj #f ,! ,/able ,book #a #jj #g ,! ,horse's ,foot1 & h[ to keep x s\nd2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #h ,bridgeman's ,g>d5]'s ,assi/ant #a #ej #i ,bridgeman's ,flori/'s ,guide1 half clo? #ej cts41 clo? #fj #aj ,bridgeman's ,g>d5]'s ,in/ructor1 half clo? #ej cts41 clo? #fj #aa ,bridgeman's ,fruit ,cultivator1 half clo? #ej cts41 clo? #fj #ab ,field's ,h&-,book ( ,pe> ,culture #fj #ac ,cole's ,am]ican ,fruit ,book #ej #ad ,cole's ,am]ican ,vet]9>ian #ej #ae ,bui/'s ,am]ican ,fl[] ,g>d5 ,directory #a #be #af ,bui/'s ,family ,kit*5 ,g>d5] #ge #ag ,br[ne's ,am]ican ,bird ,fanci]2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #ah ,dana's ,muck ,manual1 clo? #a #jj #ai ,dana's ,prize ,essay on ,manures #be #bj ,/ockh>dt's ,*emical ,field ,lectures #a #jj #ba ,norton's ,sci5tific & ,practical ,agriculture #fj #bb ,john/on's ,cate*ism ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry 7= ,s*ools7 #be #bc ,john/on's ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology #a #jj #bd ,john/on's ,lectures on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry & ,geology #a #be #be ,d[n+'s ,l&scape ,g>d5+ #c #ej #bf ,fess5d5's ,complete ,f>m] & ,g>d5] #a #be #bg ,fess5d5's ,am]ican ,kit*5 ,g>d5] #ej #bh ,na%'s ,progressive ,f>m] #fj #bi ,ri*>dson's ,dome/ic ,f[ls #be #cj ,ri*>dson on ! ,horse #be #ca ,ri*>dson on ! ,hog #be #cb ,ri*>dson on ! ,pe/s ( ! ,f>m #be #cc ,ri*>dson on ! ,hive & ,honey ,bee #be #cd ,milburn & ,/ev5s on ! ,c[ & ,dairy ,husb&ry #be #ce ,sk9n]'s ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture #be #cf ,topham's ,*emi/ry ,made ,easy #be #cg ,breck's ,book ( ,fl[]s #a #jj #ch ,leu*>'s ,hot ,h\ses & ,gre5 ,h\ses #a #be #ci ,*9ese ,sug> ,cane & ,sug> ,mak+ #be #dj ,turn]'s ,cotton ,plant]'s ,manual #a #jj #da ,all5 on ! ,culture ( ! ,grape #a #jj #db ,all5's ,diseases ( ,dome/ic ,animals #ge #dc ,all5's ,am]ican ,f>m ,book #a #jj #dd ,all5's ,rural ,ar*itecture #a #be #de ,p>dee on ! ,/rawb]ry #fj #df ,p$d>'s ,f>m]'s ,l& ,measur] #ej #dg ,phelp's ,bee-keep]'s ,*>t #be #dh ,gu5on's ,treatise on ,mil* ,c[s2 pap] #ch cts41 clo? #fj #di ,dome/ic & ,ornam5tal ,p\ltry1 pla9 #a4jj1 color$ plates #b #jj #ej ,r&all's ,%eep ,husb&ry #a #be #ea ,y\att1 ,r&all1 & ,sk9n]'s ,%eph]d's ,own ,book #b #jj #eb ,y\att on ! ,bre$ & ,managem5t ( ,%eep #ge #ec ,y\att on ! ,horse #a #be #ed ,y\att1 ,m>t91 & ,/ev5s1 on ,cattle #a #be #ee ,y\att & ,m>t9 on ! ,hog #ge #ef ,b>ry's ,fruit ,g>d5 #a #be #eg ,munn's ,practical ,l& ,dra9] #ej #eh ,/eph5s' ,book ( ! ,f>m1 complete1 #dej illu/rations #d #jj #ei ,! ,am]ican ,ar*itect1 or ,plans = ,c\ntry ,dwell+s #f #jj #fj ,?a]1 ,%aw1 & ,johnson's ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture #b #jj #fa ,smi?'s ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ,p>ks1 & ,pleasure ,gr\nds #a #be #fb ,weeks on ! ,bee3 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #fc ,wilson on ,cultivation ( ,flax #be #fd ,m9]'s ,am]ican ,bee-keep]'s ,manual #a #jj #fe ,qu9by's ,my/]ies ( ,bee-keep+ #a #jj #ff ,cottage & ,f>m ,bee-keep] #ej #fg ,elliott's ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]'s ,guide #a #be #fh ,! ,am]ican ,flori/'s ,guide #ge #fi ,hyde on ! ,*9ese ,sug> ,cane1 pap] #be #gj ,e ,lady h] own ,fl[] ,g>d5]2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #ga ,! ,rose ,culturi/2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #gb ,hi/ory ( ,morgan ,horses #a #jj #gc ,moore's ,rural ,h& ,books1 #d vols4 #e #jj #gd ,rabbit ,fanci]2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #ge ,reemel9's ,v9e-,dress]'s ,manual #ej #gf ,neill's ,fruit1 ,fl[]1 & ,vegetable ,g>d5]'s ,companion #a #jj #gg ,br[ne's ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,y>d #a #jj #gh ,br[ne's ,field ,book ( ,manures #a #be #gi ,hoop]'s ,dog & ,gun #ej #hj ,skilful ,h\sewife2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #ha ,*orlton's ,grape ,gr[]'s ,guide #fj #hb ,sorgho & ,imphee1 ,sug> ,plants #a #jj #hc ,:ite's ,g>d5+ = ! ,s\? #a #be #hd ,ea/wood on ! ,cranb]ry #ej #he ,p]soz on ! ,culture ( ! ,v9e #be #hf ,b\ss+ault's ,rural ,economy #a #be #hg ,?ompson's ,food ( ,animals2 pap] #ej cts41 clo? #ge #hh ,ri*>dson on ,dogs2 pap] #be cts41 clo? #ej #hi ,liebig's ,famili> ,lett]s to ,f>m]s #ej #ij ,cobbett's ,am]ican ,g>d5] #ej #ia ,w>+'s ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture #ge #ib ,blake's ,f>m] at ,home #a #be #ic ,rural ,essays #c #jj #id ,fi% ,culture #a #jj #ie ,fl9t on ,grasses #a #be #if ,w>d]'s ,h$ges & ,ev]gre5s #a #jj