,,adequate ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,!         
,,tea*] ,,( ,,biological ,,sci5ces      
,,9 ,,second>y ,,s*ools4                
,j4 ,daley ,mc,donald       ,submitt$ to
 ! ,s*ool ( ,education ( ! ,univ]sity ( 
,cali=nia 9 p>tial fulfillm5t ( ! m9or  
requirem5ts     = ! degree ( ,doctor (  
,philosophy4                            
,novemb] #ae?                           
#aiba                                   
,,cont5ts     ,introduction             
#c     ,ret>d+ factors 9 improvem5t     
#d   ,qualifications 9 subject matt]    
#e     ,scope ( ,biology                
#f     ,values & relations ( ,biology   
#g     ,adaptation ( c\rse to community 
conditions                  #aj         
,fre$om f textbook slav]y               
#aa     ,mat]ials & laboratory equipm5t 
#ab     ,hi/orical sett+                
#ac     ,_s ( rese>*                    
#ad   ,qualifications 9 me?od           
#af     ,factors det]m9+ correct me?od  
#af     ,hi/ory ( sci5tific me?od       
#ag     ,problem me?od                  

#ag     ,accuracy & logical con/ructive 
?9k+                    #ah     ,tea*]'s
 f9al me?od necess>ily unique           
#ai   ,summ>y ( necess>y qualifications 
#ai   ,opportunity = adequate prep>ation
                            #bj         
,lack ( pr(essional c\rse               
#bj     ,requirem5ts ( ,tea*]s          
,recomm5dation 9 ,zoology            #ba
     ,c\rses n adapt$ = tea*]-prep>ation
                   #bb     ,pr(essional 
c\rse ! goal                            
#bc     ,sugge/$ modifications ( pres5t 
c\rses                    #bd     ,c\rse
 9 special me?ods                       
#be     ,practice tea*+                 
#bg   ,bibliography                     
#bi     ,! use ( ! t]m prep>ation h]e9  
is int5d$ to indicate p>tially !        
limitation ( ! problem attempt$4 ,!     
foll[+ discussion w be conc]n$ only )   
su* attributes ( ! successful tea*] z   
are ! direct result1 or at lea/ greatly 
enhanc$ by ?or\gh prep>ation4 ,a        
suffici5tly compreh5sive & difficult    

problem rema9s aft] /ill fur!r          
re/riction ( ! field s z to include only
 subject matt] & ! me?od ( biological   
sci5ce4  ,x is sc>cely necess>y to make 
! /atem5t t ! /&>ds ( prep>ation & !    
facilities = meet+ ^! /&>ds h be5       
enorm\sly improv$ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4    
,evid5ce ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! *anges       
rec5tly made 9 ! curricula ( & !        
requirem5ts = graduation f ! ,cali=nia  
,/ate ,tea*]s ,colleges4 ,nei!r is x    
necess>y to say t improvem5t mu/        
cont9ue4 ,su* problems are evolution>y4 
,not)/&+ t requirem5ts = tea*]s         
c]tificates h be5 rais$ ! c\ntry ov]1 ! 
univ]sities are n g5]ally mak+ v rapid  
/rides 9 af=d+ opportunities = bett]    
prep>ation 9 subject-matt] & special    
me?ods4 ,9 corroboration1 witness !     
rec5t criticisms ( ! dep>tm5tal c\rses 9
 special me?ods n[ giv5 9 univ]sities   
g5]ally 7,swift1 #aiah2 ,taylor1 #aiah74
 ,! l5g? ( "t or ! numb] ( units ( "w   
requir$ = c]tification may be increas$ b
 t does n insure a f9] quality (        

prep>ation4  ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ! sl[
 pace ( improvem5t 9 ! quality (        
prep>ation = ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 "o       
becomes involv$ 9 a cycle4 ,sci5ce _h   
its developm5t 9 ! college & univ]sity  
:5ce x diffus$ sl[ly into ! second>y    
s*ools1 & f9ally slightly into !        
elem5t>y grades4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !  
aims ( college sci5ce & second>y s*ool  
sci5ce 7 & /ill are n tak5 suffici5tly  
into acc\nt4 ,z an inevitable result !re
 are to be f\nd 9 ! curricula ( high    
s*ools too _m sci5ce c\rses t are m]e   
dilutions ( ! college type1 ) no        
modification ( purpose1 & j en\gh *ange 
9 me?od & subject matt] to br+ !m       
p>tially )9 ! p[] ( und]/&+ ( ! less    
mature m9d4 ,?is situation 9 turn       
reflect$ ^u ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ 
9 su* a way t x seem$ t !y 7 giv+       
adequate tra9+ ( ! correct type4 ,& su* 
w\ld h be5 ! case _h ! college c\rse 9 !
 p>ticul> sci5ce be5 plann$ = ! express 
purpose ( be+ dilut$ to suit second>y   
s*ool ne$s4 ,b x w be g5]ally conc$$ t  

su* c\rses nev] h exi/$4  ,ano!r ret>d+ 
factor 9 ! evolution ( ! problem has be5
 ! subord9ation ( special tra9+ 9       
subject matt] to o!r really less        
important qualifications1 9 ! selection 
( tea*]s4 ,! table giv5 bel[1 compil$ f 
/ati/ics ga!r$ 9 "o ( ! ,/ates dur+     
#aiaf1 %[s suffici5t ju/ification = !   
above /atem5t4 ,& n only has !          
prep>ation 9 subject matt] be5 too      
little consid]$ 9 *oos+ tea*]s1 b also 9
 ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools specially      
int5d$ = tea*]-tra9+4 ,an educator (    
high /&+ 9 ,cali=nia is cr$it$ ) mak+ ! 
criticism ( ! ,normal ,s*ools ( ! ,/ate2
 t !y attempt to tea* a p]son h[ to tea*
 intellig5tly some?+ ab\t :i* he kn[s   
no?+4 ,:5 tea*]s h adequate prep>ation 9
 subject matt] z well z 9 me?ods1 & :5  
!y are employ$ to tea* only ^? subjects 
= :i* !y are fitt$1 !n ! problem (      
ma9ta9+ a high /&>d ( tea*+ w be well   
nigh solv$4        ,subject   ,prep>$   
,n prep>$  ,prep>$ &  ,total            
tea*+     tea*+   n tea*+               

----------------------------------------
------------------     ,physiology      
#ai            #h            #eg        
#hd                                     
----------------------------------------
------------------     ,botany          
#ga           #ci            #gd        
#ahd                                    
----------------------------------------
------------------     ,zoology         
#i           #bj             #e         
#cd                                     
----------------------------------------
------------------     ,agriculture     
#fc           #ad            #hd        
#afa                                    
----------------------------------------
------------------                      
,prep>ation 9 ,subject ,matt]   ,be=e   
fac+ ! problem ( prep>ation = ! tea*+ ( 
biological sci5ces 9 ! second>y s*ools1 
!re mu/ be a cle> conception ( ! aims & 
legitimate purposes ( ^! sci5ces 9 !    
high s*ool4 ,we are =tunate 9 hav+ !    
aims ( biology cle>ly & concisely /at$  

by ! ,commission on ! ,reorganization ( 
,second>y ,education ( ! ,n4,e4,a4      
7,reorganization ( ,sci5ce 9 ,second>y  
,s*ools1 ,u4,s4 ,dep't4 ,int]ior1       
,bureau ( ,education1 ,bullet9 #bf1     
#aibj74 ,^! aims w n be consid]$ 9 _!   
entirety b only 9 s f> z !y be> directly
 on ! problems t foll[4 ,be=e proce$+   
fur!r1 = simplification we w assume t ! 
tea*] is assign$ to tea* biological     
sci5ces only4 ,ev5 !n ! field is q      
compreh5sive1 = besides in/ruction 9    
g5]al biology1 !re w be c\rses ( a m    
advanc$ type1 9 ,zoology1 ,botany1      
,physiology1 & (t5 ,bact]iology1        
,sanitation1 or ,agriculture4 ,h[ev]1 ) 
prep>ation 9 ! fundam5tals necess>y =   
biology a tea*] %\ld be able to conduct 
su* c\rses )\t difficulty4 ,?us !       
problem is suffici5tly inclusive if x   
conc]ns prep>ation = biology alone4  ,! 
brief lit]al translation ( ! ^w biology1
 sci5ce ( life1 is full explanation (   
its scope4 ,a c\rse 9 ! subject is n    
,zoology1 nor ,botany1 nor ,bact]iology1

 nor ,physiology--b r all ( ^! 9 "o4    
,biology %\ld logically foll[ ! nature  
/udy ( ! elem5t>y grades4 ,! c\rse mu/  
be s plann$ t x w give ! pupils !       
maximum ( s]viceable fundam5tals & at ! 
same "t be a basis = fur!r /udy 9       
advanc$ c\rses1 if he desires to        
cont9ue2 b su* t he w miss none ( !     
ess5tials if he does n4 ,s9ce sci5ce is 
! product ( mature m9ds1 ! culm9ation ( 
k1 !n 9 ?is c\rse = adolesc5ts1 ! ology 
mu/ n be too greatly /ress$ le/ !       
ess5tial "p1 ! bios be obscur$4 ,! goal 
!n is a c\rse 9 :i* a /udy ( plant life1
 a /udy ( bact]ia 9 relation to human   
welf>e1 a /udy ( animal life1 & !       
biology ( ! human1 are all incorporat$ )
 well balanc$ emphasis4 ,?is is ! type (
 c\rse recomm5d$ by ! ,commission on    
,reorganization = ! n9? or t5? ye>      
pupils1 s is ! end t[>d :i* prep>ation  
%\ld be made4  ,! next "q conc]ns :at   
con/itutes adequate prep>ation = !      
direction ( /udies ( animate nature4    
,fir/ & =emo/ is a realization ( ! aims1

 or bett]1 ! values1 & relations (      
biology4 ,x is a socializ+ subject & mu/
 be s taught--man is social4 ,biology   
affects man vitally1 directly 8 behavior
 foll[s natural laws1 & indirectly by   
illu/ration & comp>ison br+s him to a   
bett] und]/&+ biologic laws und]ly+ !   
organization ( society4 ,by way (       
illu/ration we ne$ only to cite !       
/ruggle = exi/5ce & ! division ( labor )
 _! f> rea*+ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse 
( evolution4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 ,i  
believe1 to tea* biology s poorly t x   
did n h "s socializ+ value2 b x comes v 
ne> to be+ done 9 "s cases1 !re is      
little d\bt4  ,a p>am\nt aim is !       
improvem5t ( liv+ conditions1 bo? z x   
conc]ns measures = gr\p sanitation &    
factors 9 ! heal? ( ! individual4 ,?is  
%\ld be ! almo/ exclusive aim 9 ^? p>ts 
( ! c\rse deal+ ) bact]ia & disease1 & !
 biology ( man1 or physiology & eug5ics4
 ,biology has _m applications 9 our     
economic life4 ,x is ! v f\ndation (    
agriculture4 ,! lumb] indu/ry is beg9n+ 

to f9d t !re are biologic laws4 ,!      
,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s "t ago   
e/abli%$ a ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies = !       
purpose ( /udy+ ! biological problems   
involv$ 9 ! cont9uance & fur!rance ( our
 ext5sive fi%]ies indu/ry4  ,s f> z !   
individual is conc]n$1 biology %\ld tra9
 him to obs]ve life ph5om5a accurately &
 to =m logical conclusions1 ?r\gh ! use 
( problems4 ,?is ability is a valuable  
asset :atev] 8 life "w may be4 ,also1 if
 x is ! "r k9d ( a c\rse1 & well taught1
 x w enri* ! life ( ! boy or girl ?r\gh 
! ae/hetic appeal ( plants & animals1 & 
s make possible a s9c]e appreciation &  
enjoym5t ( nature4 ,9 addition1 ! /udy (
 biology %\ld make cle> to ! pupil !    
important "p t ! int5sive /udy ( ! v>i\s
 biological sci5ces has play$ 9 ! :ole  
m>vel\s sci5tific progress ( ! pa/      
c5turies4  ,along ) ^! values c]ta9     
relations ( biology mu/ be well und]/ood
 if x is to be well taught4 ,^!         
relations may be conv5i5tly segregat$   
into five gr\ps1 #a7 relations to _w    

problems1 #b7 to problems ( ! /ate1 #c7 
to ! community1 #d7 to ! s*ool          
curriculum1 & #e7 to individual pupils4 
,to _w problems biology be>s _m         
relations1 = example1 x is fundam5tal 9 
! analysis ( immigration problems1      
especially ^? phases conc]n+ heal?1     
ov]-population1 & ! probable h]$it>y    
effects ( assimilation ?r\gh            
hybridization4 ,/ate problems ( heal?   
protection1 cons]vation ( game & =e/s1  
control ( rod5ts & o!r crop pe/s1 & o!rs
 c only be solv$ aft] ga9+ a ?or\gh k ( 
! und]ly+ natural laws1 & act+ 9        
accordance ) !m4 ,h[ inadequate a game  
cons]vation law ( clos$ season1 )\t     
reg>d to ! bre$+ habits ( ! animal      
conc]n$6 ,aga91 ,/ate regulations reg>d+
 ! c>e ( m5tally defici5t1 especially 9 
! prev5tion ( int]m>riage1 mu/ be giv5  
consid]ation f ! biological z well z !  
e?ical po9t ( view4  ,z we consid] !    
small] gr\p unit s ! relations ( biology
 to t gr\p become m special4 ,a biology 
c\rse may be readily /&>diz$ = national 

problems1 b = any giv5 community ! c\rse
 mu/ be some:at unique4 ,a c\rse plann$ 
= a rural population w\ld n be fitt$ = a
 s*ool 9 an ov]cr[d$ section ( a city4  
,:]e !re are diff]5ces 9 social &       
biological problems !re also mu/ be     
fitt+ adaptive *anges 9 ! c\rse 9       
biology4 ,9 addition to ^! community    
relations1 ! tea*] mu/ keep 9 m9d !     
relations betwe5 ! biology c\rse & ! o!r
 c\rses 9 ! curriculum ( ! s*ool4 ,su* a
 "q z ?is %\ld arise 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*]2 
h[ may my "w be made to correlate ) t ( 
,dome/ic ,sci5ce8 ,! possibilities are  
_m1 !re is ! field ( dietetics1         
sci5tific det]m9ation ( ! be/ me?ods (  
sweep+ me?ods by bact]ial culture       
me?ods1 & ! role ( bact]ia1 yea/s &     
molds 9 ! cul9>y arts con/itute a few ( 
!m4 ,h[ ab\t coop]ation ) ! ,engli%     
,dep>tm5t8 ,c]ta9ly e bit ( writt5 "w1 e
 oral recitation1 %\ld measure up to    
/&>ds ( ability 9 expression z well z to
 /&>ds ( atta9m5t 9 ! ma/]y ( c]ta9     
sci5tific in=mation4 ,?is coop]ation has

 be5 c>ri$ out to great mutual b5efit 9 
"s s*ools4 ,^! illu/rations are         
suffici5t to illu/rate1 ?\gh ! tea*]    
%\ld n ov]look any dep>tm5t ( ! s*ool4  
,relations to class & to individual w be
 consid]$ 9 conjunction ) tea*+ me?ods4 
,! values & int]relations ( biology h   
be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? because !y mu/  
s]ve z crit]ia 9 decid+ :at con/itutes  
adequate prep>ation4  ,! compreh5siv5ess
 & vital nature ( ! subject1 biology1   
pres5t at once an inspiration & an      
elem5t ( fe> to ! consci5ti\s tea*]4 ,!y
 cause him to reg>d 9 utt] amazem5t1 !  
applicant = a position :o 9 answ] to "q 
replies ,no1 ,i h nev] tak5 any c\rses 9
 biological ,sci5ce1 b ,i c easily      
prep>e myself to tea* x1 if ne$ be4 ,!  
impossibility ( su* impromptu developm5t
 ( skill 9 ! tea*+ ( biology w become m 
app>5t z we proce$4  ,besides a full    
appreciation ( ! aims & relations ( !   
subject1 ! tea*] mu/ be able to con/ruct
 a c\rse especially adapt$ 9 cont5t to !
 peculi> ne$s ( ! p>ticul> community4   

,?is foll[s f :at 0 said ( relations 9 a
 previ\s p>agraph4 ,! developm5t ( su* a
 c\rse dem&s suffici5t k ( economics &  
sociology to make possible a correct    
analysis ( local conditions & s f9d :at 
is requir$4 ,! c\rse to fulfill !       
requirem5ts w necess>ily be to "s ext5t 
new1 & j to su* ext5t may ! tea*] feel  
some?+ ( ! inspiration ( ! pione]4      
,relative values mu/ be e/abli%$2       
emphasis mu/ be prop]ly plac$--life (   
di/ant regions %\ld n be taught except z
 local mat]ial may n be available to    
illu/rate "s v ess5tial po9t1 yet too   
(t5 a c>efully pickl$ gras%opp] is      
transport$ f ,florida to ,cali=nia1 !re 
to be dissect$ by "s un=tunate high     
s*ool lad4 ,n only mu/ ! l>g] divisions 
( ! c\rse be c>efully balanc$ & te/$ =  
value1 b ea* lesson mu/ ju/ify its      
induction into x4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! 
relation to ! individual is ! *ief      
crit]ion4  ,ea* lesson ( ! s]ies t makes
 up ! c\rse mu/ ju/ify its place by hav+
 "s r direct be>+ ^u ! life ( !         

individual pupil4 ,! core ( ! lesson mu/
 be ei!r ! pupils problem or "o 9 :i* 8 
int]e/ c be readily /imulat$4 ,h]e9 is !
 value ( ! project me?od ( sci5ce tea*+1
 ! problem is sure to be ( int]e/ to !  
pupil s9ce he himself *ooses x4 ,o!r    
que/ions to :i* ! lesson mu/ give       
satisfactory answ] are2 ,:y ?is p>ticul>
 lesson1 at all8 ,:at relation does x   
be> to ! prec$+ & foll[+ lessons8 ,is x 
( real value to ! pupil 9 8 liv+8 ,:at  
biological ph5om5on does x tea*8 ,is x !
 be/ problem to illu/rate t p>ticul>    
ph5om5on8 ,:at g5]alizations & practical
 applications c ! pupil make8  ,!       
organization ( a c\rse 9 biology :i* is 
fitt$ to ! ne$s ( a c]ta9 community1 !  
conditions ( a p>ticul> class ( pupils1 
& to ! ne$s ( ! individual pupils s f> z
 possible1 requires t ! tea*] h an      
ext5sive k ( ! subject matt] z a        
backgr\nd free+ him f ! necessity (     
dep5d5ce on a textbook4 ,anyway1 a      
biology tea*] conduct+ ! "r sort ( a    
c\rse1 w see t ! textbook is only an    

incid5tal1 if us$ at all4 ,a cont9uation
 ( set assignm5ts 9 mo/ textbooks w\ld  
damp5 ! ardor ( pupils g5]ally4         
,besides1 few localities h textbooks    
fitt$ to _! specific ne$s4 ,"o t does h 
is ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 fact x has two1 
,elem5t>y ,biology by ,peabody  ,hunt1 &
 ,civic ,biology by ,hunt]4 ,^! bo? h a 
l>ge sale ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,b1 (
 c\rse1 9 mo/ localities !y c be us$    
only to furni% supplem5t>y read+1 s9ce  
portions only w be adapt$ to !          
conditions ( ! re/rict$ locality4 ,!    
fundam5tal life processes are ! same !  
_w ov]1 b v>y+ environm5tal conditions  
necessitates a v>iation 9 emphasis1 9   
application1 & 9 ! *oice ( problems :i* 
make up ! c\rse4 ,if ! tea*] is well    
prep>$ 9 subject matt]1 !re is little   
use = a laboratory manual except z x may
 sugge/ new me?ods & new exp]im5tal     
mat]ials4 ,/ud5ts ( ! high s*ool age    
%\ld nev] be compell$ to foll[ a set    
laboratory outl9e ) detail$ in/ructions 
= proc$ure2 x w kill e :it ( initiative4

 ,! tea*] mu/ be s prep>$1 !n1 t he is  
able to /e] a free c\rse1 employ+ books 
= ref]5ce & supplem5t>y read+ almo/     
exclusively4 ,he w cause ! /ud5t to     
realize t ! books are ! result ( human  
ef=t & !re= n infallible1 & t !y mu/    
always take second place to fir/ h&     
obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,! /udy ( animate
 nature1 ) endless opportunity =        
obs]vation & exp]im5t on e h&1 p]mits   
little excuse = su* me?od z is illu/rat$
 by ,be prep>$ to recite on ! next ?ree 
pages 9 ! book1 tomorr[1 & read exp]im5t
 #cg s t y wont h to wa/e any "t 9 gett+
 />t$ ) ! laboratory "w4  ,some:]e 9 !  
c\rse ( prep>ation ! tea*] mu/ h obta9$ 
a ?or\gh k ( laboratory app>atus &      
supplies4 ,! selection ( types (        
app>atus be/ fitt$ to ! c\rse1 & ! k (  
:]e to buy are bo? necess>y4 ,also      
judgem5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 pur*ase = few 
are ! places :]e funds are adequate = ! 
ideal equipm5t ( a laboratory4 ,! money 
value ( e piece ( app>atus mu/ be       
balanc$ aga9/ its relative usefulness 9 

! successful culm9ation ( ! c\rse4      
,besides ?is !re mu/ be a k ( ! v>i\s   
uses to :i* ! available app>atus may be 
put4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! +5uity ( 
! tea*] 9 ! adaptation ( ev5            
comp>atively simple app>atus4 ,9        
connection ) ! laboratory "p 7& ?is %\ld
 be ! major "p7 ( ! c\rse1 !re arises ! 
"q ( field "w & excursions4 ,laboratory 
is at be/ m]ely a sub/itute = ! great   
out-(-doors1 s ! m "w t c be done 9 !   
field ! bett]4 ,aside f exploration to  
discov] :at p>ts ( ! p>ticul> locality w
 yield ! l>ge/ fund ( valuable          
biological in=mation1 ! problem "h is   
ma9ly "o ( me?od4  ,! tea*] to be at 8  
be/ mu/ be some:at ( a naturali/4 ,^u 8 
fund ( int]e/+ /ories ab\t ! animals &  
plants t ! *ildr5 all "k1 w dep5d v     
l>gely ! appeal ( ! "w to ! pupil4      
,some?+ ( ! _s t di/+ui%$ ,john ,muir z 
! great naturali/ is an ine/imable asset
 to ! tea*]4 ,if x is n among 8 natal   
bless+s1 he ne$ n be completely         
disc\rag$ = x c be acquir$ to "s degree 

at lea/4 ,besides ! advantage j m5tion$1
 ! fauna & flora mu/ be suffici5tly well
 kn[n s t *oice is possible = laboratory
 exp]im5t & illu/rative purposes4  ,9   
ord] to pres5t any subject well1 its    
hi/orical aspect ent]s into             
consid]ation4 ,! influ5ce ( individuals1
 ( gov]nm5ts1 ( religion1 & ( ! social  
ideals h all _h _! %>e 9 det]m9+ !      
pres5t /atus ( ! subject4 ,sci5ce z x n[
 is1 is ! result ( gr[?1 x has und]gone 
evolution1 & is at pres5t evolv+4 ,?is w
 be ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! tea*] (      
sci5ce1 & ?is und]/&+ w det]m9e 9 "p !  
me?od ( pres5tation4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( !    
developm5t ( sci5ce !re are _m m5 well  
wor?y ( h]o wor%ip4 ,x is h>d to f9d m  
inspirational *>act]s ?an ^? ( ,pa/eur1 
& ,laze>2 m5 :o devot$ 79 latt] in/ance1
 sacrific$ life7 _! lives to s]vice =   
humanity4 ,9 ! life & "w ( ,*>les ,d>w9 
we f9d a spl5did example ( pa9/ak+ se>* 
= ! tru?4 ,! records ( ! rocks1         
7,paleontology1 ! nature-writt5 hi/ory (
 biology7 w (t5 come to ! rescue ( !    

tea*] 9 cle>+ up ! pres5tation ( !      
difficult problems ( evolution4 ,!      
hi/oric attitude mu/ be put ov] to !    
pupil too1 = he mu/ "k 8 _w z ! result (
 ! evolution>y process1 & z /ill 9 !    
process ( evolution4  ,ev5 at ! risk (  
adv]se criticism ,i desire to include   
among ! qualifications ( a good tea*] ! 
_s ( rese>*4 ,?is _s c be acquir$ by    
specialization 9 "o ( ! fields (        
biological sci5ce1 foll[$ by "s actual  
rese>* "w4  ,rese>* 9 sci5ce is         
fundam5tal4 ,x has ?ree aims or ends1   
#a7 discov]y ( facts ?us increas+ ! sum 
total ( k4 ,?is is sci5ce = sci5ce sake4
 #b7 ,individual developm5t4 ,&1 #c7    
,social s]vice4 ,^! la/ two aims are mo/
 important to ! tea*]4 ,s1 8 problem =  
inve/igation %\ld h "s practical be>+1 &
 %\ld be ( 8 own *oos+1 n po9t$ly       
sugge/$ by ! pr(essor 9 *>ge z is too   
(t5 ! case4 ,if ! rese>* /ud5t is giv5 a
 problem :i* is "s m9or "p ( a l>g]     
problem be+ inve/igat$ by 8 pr(essor x w
 preclude ! v ?+ ! prospective tea*]    

ne$s1 namely practice 9 recogniz+1      
analyz+1 & solv+ a problem 9 its        
entirety & solely on 8 own res\rces4    
,be+ a m]e help] is probably n ! be/ way
 to secure su* ability4 ,inve/igation   
may be broad5+ & develop+ to !          
individual or x may prove to be q !     
rev]se1 b t lies )9 ! control ( !       
individual4 ,rese>* = ! tea*] mu/       
emphasize equally actual additions to k 
& p]sonal attitude4 ,x mu/ n be an end 9
 itself b a means to an end4 ,! attitude
 ( ! inve/igator is ess5tial to !       
und]/&+ ( *ildr5 = ! *ild is fir/ ( all 
an inve/igator4 ,8 que/ions1 :at8 :y8   
h[8 :58 prove ?is beyond d\bt4 ,:at is  
?is b a se>* = tru?1 causal factors1 &  
int]relations8 ,education uses ?is      
:olesome curiosity z a f\ndation        
pr9ciple1 s ! tea*] mu/ exhibit a       
sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ?is univ]sal        
attribute ( *ildr54 ,no bett] summ>y ( a
 discussion ( ! values ( rese>* c be    
f\nd = our purposes ?an t by ,g4 ,w4 ,a4
 ,luckey4 ,x foll[s4      ,9 ord] t     

tea*+ may be intellig5t & 9 h>mony     )
 ! laws ( nature !re mu/ be a deep] &   
cle>]     k ( human gr[? & developm5t4  
,! tea*] mu/     "k ! nature ( !        
individual to be taught & ! ends     to 
be rea*$ 9 prop] nurture4 ,?is c n be   
ga9$     ?r\gh ! /udy ( books alone1 b  
may come ?r\gh     prop]ly direct$      
rese>* 9 ! work%op ( life4      ,"o ( ! 
aims ( pres5t day education is to       
develop a     man1 ! be/ man possible "u
 ! conditions2 to assi/     nature ?r\gh
 nurture2 to enable ! individual to f9d 
himself & to evolve naturally & rapidly 
to ! highe/     levels & ev5 to rise    
above !m4 ,accord+ to ?is     conception
 444 ! initiative mu/ come f )94 ,! aim 
( ! tea*] %\ld be to develop a          
self-su/a9+1     self-direct+1 altrui/ic
 individual ke5ly alive to !     int]e/s
 ( humanity4 ,su* an ideal is           
progressive1     sci5tific1 & fits "o   
?r\gh /udies ( ye/]day &     today to   
live ! be/ & true/ life tomorr[4 ,to see
 &     appreciate ?is ideal1 rese>* is  

necess>y4  ,! la/ requirem5t to be      
consid]$ 9 ?is discussion1 is a good    
f\ndation 9 ,physics & ,*emi/ry4        
,biological sci5ce is n entirely        
sep>able f physical sci5ce1 = a majority
 ( life ph5om5a1 9 f9al analysis c be   
expla9$ only 9 t]ms ( physical sci5ce4  
,physiology has = its v f\ndation       
,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,among ! newe/ ( ! 
sci5ces is ,bio*emi/ry1 ! *emi/ry (     
life2 & )9 its limits are "s ( ! mo/    
promis+ fields ( rese>*4 ,no argum5t is 
necess>y1 a k ( physical sci5ce is      
indisp5sable 9 ! int]pretation ( life   
ph5om5a1 & ! und]/&+ ( biological       
processes4                              
,,prep>ation 9 ,,me?ods   ,me?od is m   
closely associat$ ) p]sonality & )      
native ability ?an is subject matt]4 ,s 
mu* m mu/ prep>ation 9 ?is field be     
g5]al 9 nature4 ,x mu/ ma9ly conc]n !   
g5]al pr9ciples ( ! sci5tific me?od4    
,specific problems & m9or details w h to
 be work$ out 9 actual practice4 ,! f9al
 me?od f\nd mo/ satisfactory by any     

tea*]1 w be to "s ext5t unique1 b w be  
l>gely det]m9$ by ?ree factors2 !       
aptitudes ( ! tea*]1 himself1 ! gr\p t  
he is tea*+1 & la/ly1 ! consid]ation ( !
 individual pupil4 ,ability to adapt    
ones proc$ure s z to mo/ ne>ly meet ^!  
requirem5ts1 w come ab\t only ?r\gh     
exp]i5ce4 ,ability to pr(it by exp]i5ce1
 ! human attribute :i* makes possible ! 
progress ( civilization1 is a no less   
valuable asset to a tea*] ?an to any o!r
 memb] ( society4  ,balliet po9ts out t 
sci5ce tea*+ has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages 
9 ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,! fir/ /age is       
*>act]iz$ by ! textbook me?od1          
occasionally supplem5t$ by illu/rative  
exp]im5t1 p]=m$ by ! tea*]4 ,! second   
/age is *>act]iz$ by individual         
laboratory exp]im5t1 a manual = a guide1
 & by a lack ( application ( ! pr9ciples
 except = a few traditional cases4 ,!   
?ird /age improves ^u ! second by lead+ 
! pupil1 aft] =mulat+ 8 g5]alizations1  
to apply !m to ! facts & ph5om5a (      
nature4 ,b1 cont9ues ,balliet1 we mu/   

advance to a f\r? /age4 ,we mu/ n only  
apply ! g5]alizations1 b make !         
explanation ( ! facts & ph5om5a (       
nature--! int]pretation ( nature--! v   
goal ( sci5ce tea*+4 ,all problems %\ld 
be *os5 !n 9 ! light ( ?is la/ aim4 ,!  
problems mu/ be natural1 n 9 any way    
artificial1 & !y %\ld be ^? ( ! imm$iate
 environm5t ( ! pupil4 ,to meet ^!      
obligations may be 9 "s cases difficult1
 b x %\ld n be impossible4  ,9          
biological sci5ce !re is a ri* field    
p]mitt+ a consid]able *oice 9 me?od4    
,!re are obs]vations1 projects1         
exp]im5ts1 excursions1 individual       
reports1 book read+s1 quizzes1 &        
conf]5ces4 ,9 a s+le well *os5 problem  
or project ne>ly all ( ^! w be employ$4 
,biology l5ds itself ideally to !       
problem me?od ( tea*+4 ,by us+ "s e day 
problem ( ! pupil1 8 int]e/ is assur$4  
,ev5 a seem+ly simple problem if        
skilfully direct$1 w ramify into sev]al 
fields ( biology be=e its solution is   
complet$4 ,& ! numb] ( practicable      

problems is almo/ limitless1 b n all are
 equally good = ! purpose1 s ! tea*] mu/
 (t5 tactfully modify ! pupils *oice4   
,orig9al *oices are likely to be too    
complex = ! pupil to solve at 8 /age (  
progress1 s mu/ be simplifi$1 )\t 8     
feel+ t he has be5 int]f]$ )1 )\t caus+ 
a wane 9 8 int]e/4 ,x is cle> t ! real  
problem 9 ! problem-me?od is ! tea*]'s4 
,practically1 x is q impossible to h&le 
individual projects 9 l>ge classes4 ,9 !
 writ]'s exp]i5ce1 he has _h on ! av]age
 #hj diff]5t pupils p] day 9 f\r sep>ate
 classes4 ,x is cle>ly beyond ! p[] (   
any tea*] to direct simultane\sly eighty
 diff]5t projects1 & x w\ld be a        
physical impossibility to furni% !      
necess>y laboratory app>atus4 ,s1 = ?is 
reason ! tea*] may f9d x necess>y to    
divide1 z diplomatically z possible1 !  
classes into cong5ial gr\ps1 ea* ) its  
problem1 s t ! total numb] ( problems w 
be s limit$ t ea* "o may be giv5        
adequate att5tion4 ,x seems t su* mu/ be
 ! limitation ( ! problem-me?od "u !    

conditions prevail+ 9 ! public s*ools   
today4  ,! proc$ure 9 solv+ a problem w 
consi/ ( ^! /eps 9 ! ord] nam$1 #a7     
und]/&+ ( ! purpose1 #b7 ! proc$ure or  
me?od ( attack1 #c7 obs]vation (        
results1 #d7 & ! use ( ^! 9 mak+ "s     
g5]alizations or arriv+ at "s           
conclusions4 ,!n !re mu/ foll[ a te/+ ( 
^! g5]alizations or conclusions by fur!r
 exp]im5tation4 ,accuracy mu/ be !      
keynote ( all "w1 accuracy 9 record+    
exp]im5ts1 accuracy 9 obs]vation1       
accuracy 9 draw+1 :i* s]ves z a %ortcut 
me?od ( description4 ,neatness is v     
desireable b %\ld nev] sup]c$e ?9k+ &   
und]/&+4 ,if ! problem has /imulat$ "s  
accurate logical ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! pupil1
 !n "t sp5t on x has be5 well sp5t4 ,if1
 besides1 x has yield$ "s valuable      
useable in=mation1 ! solv+ ( ! problem  
has be5 a m>k$ success4 ,! laboratory   
me?od has be5 su* an emancipation f !   
textbook slav]y t !re is "s t5d5cy to   
elevate x to an end 9 itself1 :]eas x   
mu/ s]ve only z a v valuable means to an

 end4 ,! ideal laboratory is only a     
reasonably good sub/itute = !           
out-(-doors4  ,s f> z prep>ation 9 !    
me?ods ( sci5ce tea*+ is conc]n$1 mu*   
good may be accompli%$ 9 tea*]s c\rses &
 9 practice tea*+4 ,b x mu/ necess>ily  
be ( a g5]al nature1 = ! unique         
individual me?od1 det]m9$ by !          
int]action ( tea*] & pupil & ! reaction 
( bo? to subject matt] c evolve only h& 
9 h& ) tea*+ exp]i5ce4  ,be=e proce$+   
fur!r x might be well1 by way ( summ>y1 
to rem9d ourselves t ! m9imum           
qualifications = a tea*] ( biology mu/  
include ! foll[+2 a7 a l>ge fund ( ! mo/
 int]e/+ & mo/ valuable facts ( biology1
 b7 a full realization ( ! values &     
vital relations ( biology to humanity1  
c7 ability to develop a c\rse meet+ !   
unique ne$s ( ! community1 d7 famili>ity
 ) pur*ase & useability ( laboratory    
equipm5t1 e7 k ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 f7  
_s ( & sympa?y ) rese>*1 g7 a k (       
physical sci5ce z relat$ to biology1 h7 
& k ( ! laboratory me?od & its value 9 !

 promotion ( accurate logical           
con/ructive ?9k+4                       
,,opportunity ,,= ,,adequate            
,,prep>ation4   ,:at possibilities (    
mak+ adequate prep>ation1 are to be f\nd
 9 colleges & univ]sities8 ,& h[ mu*    
prep>ation is requir$ by ! ,tea*]'s     
,recomm5dation or o!r /&>ds ( fitness8  
,9 se>* ( ! answ]s to our que/ions1 we  
may /udy conditions at ! ,univ]sity (   
,cali=nia1 = !re is z good opportunity &
 /&>ds are z high 9 ?is s*ool z any:]e 9
 ! c\ntry4 ,! quantity ( prep>ation is  
fairly assur$ by ! five-ye> requirem5t =
 ! ,tea*]'s ,recomm5dation1 b ! quality 
( ! prep>ation is n s c]ta9ly assur$4 ,)
 ! possible exception ( ! ,education    
,dep>tm5t1 no dep>tm5t consid]s ! tra9+ 
( tea*]s ev5 ne>ly equal 9 importance to
 ! production ( speciali/s 9 ! subject  
:o %all devote _! lives to rese>*4 ,!   
subject is reg>d$ z an end 9 itself4    
,if a p]son 7 direct$ to make prep>ation
 = ! tea*+ ( biology1 he w\ld be at a   
loss 9 se>*+ = ! ,biology ,dep>tm5t1 or 

ev5 a dep>tm5t t gave a good            
compreh5sive c\rse 9 biology4 ,! subject
 z be/ taught 9 ! second>y s*ools is    
subdivid$ into v>i\s compon5ts1 ea* )   
its special aim4 ,! prospective tea*]   
has no c>efully prep>$ c\rse ( /udy = 8 
pursuit1 z has ! prospective doctor1    
eng9e]1 or f>m]4 ,! /ate provides a     
specially adapt$ c\rse ( tra9+ = its    
vet]9>ians1 ^? :o c>e = its live/ock4   
,:y n a special c\rse ( high /&>d = ^?  
:o plan to devote _! lives to !         
direction ( ! =mative ye>s ( its *ildr58
 ,x is probably expla9$ 9 l>ge "p by !  
failure to recognize tea*+ z a          
pr(ession4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,education      
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry h be5 insi/+ ^u real   
pr(essional tra9+ = tea*]s b o!r        
dep>tm5ts are deplorably sl[ 9 coop]at+4
  ,9 ord] to avoid becom+ entangl$ 9    
ab/ractions1 we may *oose a specific    
in/ance to %[ ! difficulties 9 ! way (  
secur+ ! correct k9d ( prep>ation1 ev5  
?\gh ! quantity is gu>ante$4 ,! ,zoology
 ,dep>tm5t 7,i *oose ?is dep>tm5t nei!r 

because x is worse nor bett] ?an any    
o!r1 b because ,i am bett] acqua9t$ ) ! 
cont5t ( its c\rses7 makes ! foll[+     
requirem5ts = ! ,tea*]'s ,recomm5dation3
    ,g5]al ,zoology   ,inv]tebrate      
,zoology -- an advanc$ c\rse :i* omits  
all                                     
consid]ation ( insects1 & all           
discussion ( p>asitic =ms4   ,v]tebrate 
,zoology -- ma9ly a c\rse 9 comp>ative  
morphology1                         :i* 
gives no field k ( ,cali=nia            
v]tebrates1 ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ =         
! high s*ool tea*]4    & "o subject f   
ea* ( ! foll[+ gr\ps1    ,gr\p ,i       
,comp>ative ,anatomy4     ,cytology --  
basic pr9ciples mu/ be und]/ood by !    
tea*]                 b he %\ld n h to  
sp5d "o :ole half ye>                 to
 acquire !m4     ,embryology -- ! above 
is also true = ?is c\rse4    ,gr\p ,,ii4
     ,biology ( ,wat] ,supplies -- ?is  
c\rse is prim>ily =                     
sanit>y eng9e]s4     ,protozoology --   
,all t is necess>y ( ?is c\ld be        

incorporat$ 9 a g5]al c\rse4            
,p>asitology -- ess5tial = heal?        
in/ruction & =                          
illu/ration ( c]ta9 biological          
pr9ciples4    ,gr\p ,,iii4              
,exp]im5tal ,zoology   comb9ation ( ^!  
valuable4     ,animal ,behavior         
,h]$ity1 ,evolution1 & ,eug5ics -- ?is  
c\rse is v ess5tial                     
= any tea*]4    7,requir$ 9 ! fif? ye>1 
! ,tea*]s' ,c\rse1 "s "w 9   rese>*1 &  
practice tea*+47  ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! *ief
 criticism to be made is t ! subject has
 be5 s subdivid$ to insure no ov]lapp+ (
 c\rses1 t x becomes necess>y to take e 
c\rse 9 ord] to obta9 a well r\nd$      
prep>ation 9 ! field4 ,?is requires m "t
 ?an any individual c devote to x1 = he 
mu/ also h prep>ation 9 ,botany1        
,physiology1 & ,bact]iology & ,hygi5e1 &
 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ! arrangem5t ( c\rses is
 ess5tially ! same4 ,! g5]al c\rse 9    
,zoology is inadequate1 = x is plann$ = 
an introduction to ! m advanc$ c\rses & 
is c>eful n to /eal too mu* f _! fund ( 

int]e/+ in=mation4 ,! aim is to lay a   
?or\gh f\ndation r ?an to discuss ! m   
int]e/+ facts & g5]al pr9ciples (       
biology1 ?\gh ,i am glad to believe t ! 
pres5t tr5d is decid$ly 9 ?is latt]     
direction4  ,"h we f9d adequate         
prep>ation = a tea*] ( ,zoology1 b 9 no 
second>y s*ool ( ! /ate w a tea*] be    
employ$ = ,zoology alone4 ,9 high s*ools
 ! biological sci5ce curriculum ! fir/  
c\rse mu/ be ,biology1 & x mu/ be       
all-inclusive1 = x is all ( ! biological
 sci5ce t ! majority ( ! pupils w take4 
,x w\ld be a great /ep 9 advance if e   
s*ool requir$ ev5 t mu* = graduation4   
,( ! c\rses 9 ,inv]tebrate ,zoology &   
,v]tebrate ,zoology1 x c be safely said 
t !y ov]look ! importance ( field "w4   
,boys & girls sometimes h a surpris+ly  
l>ge sup]ficial k ( ! plants & animals (
 _! vic9ity1 & ?is k is ( ! sort obta9$ 
?r\gh obs]vation ( _! ways 9 nature1 t  
is1 x is a field k4 ,! tea*] mu/ be     
prep>$ to use ?is to ! greate/ possible 
ext5t1 b h[ c ?is be expect$ if ! tea*] 

kn[s little if any m ?an ! *ildr5 ab\t !
 habits ( plants & animals4 ,su* tra9+  
w\ld h to be obta9$ ?r\gh "s ( ! field  
"w ( ! ,museum ( ,v]tebrate zoology4 ,b 
no "w 9 t dep>tm5t is requir$ = !       
,tea*]s ,recomm5dation4 ,a k1 ?\gh n an 
int5sive k1 ( ea* ( ! subjects t make up
 ! ?ree gr\ps includ$ 9 ! requirem5ts is
 q necess>y b x is out ( ! "q = a p]son 
to take !m all unless he specialize 9   
,zoology4 ,n all c be expect$ to major 9
 ,zoology1 & ^? t d w f9d x necess>y to 
omit mu* t is ess5tial 9 ! o!r dep>tm5ts
 ( biological sci5ce4 ,ea* dep>tm5t %\ld
 h a g5]al c\rse cov]+ fully its field (
 "w s t ^? major+ 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t may 
9 m9imum "t ga9 a fair k ( its field4 ,x
 is v d\btful if su* a c\rse is giv5 9  
any dep>tm5t at pres5t4  ,at pres5t only
 a meagre view is _h ( ! hi/ory (       
,biology1 until ! fif? ye> :5 x is giv5 
z sem9> "w4 ,& at no "t1 9 any c\rse1   
are ! aims & relations ( biology pres5t$
 9 su* a way z to be helpful to "o      
attempt+ to plan ! mo/ valuable type (  

high s*ool c\rse4 ,graduate rese>* has  
be5 suffici5tly consid]$ previ\sly1 & ! 
tea*]s' c\rse w be consid]$ la/4  ,x w  
be conc$$ g5]ally 9 ?9k+ ( ! solution ( 
! problem t ! ideal arrangem5t w\ld be a
 real tea*]s' c\rse1 at lea/ five ye>s 9
 l5g?4 ,?is c\ld be comp>atively easily 
accompli%$ by a slight modification ( ! 
dep>tm5ts conc]n$ & _! he>ty coop]ation 
) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,! disreg>d 
= me?od on ! "p ( ! =m] & ! failure to  
realize ! importance ( a ?or\gh k (     
subject matt] by ! latt]1 c are ob/acles
 t c be easily ov]come ,i am sure4 ,!   
/ud5t w\ld ent] ^u ?is c\rse ) !        
int5tion ( becom+ a tea*]1 j z does any 
/ud5t ent] ^u 8 pr(essional c\rse ) !   
int5tion ( becom+ ! pr(essional man =   
:i* 8 tra9+ is prep>+ him4 ,few fre%m5  
n[ come to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ) ! 
int5tion ( becom+ tea*]s 9 ! second>y   
s*ools1 t ,i admit1 b ! reasons & !     
rem$y = t are n = discussion "h4        
,suffice x to say t :5 rew>d is         
adequate1 !n ! pr(ession w gr[ & come to

 be made up ( ! highe/ type ( m5 & wom54
  ,! "t ( ! ,tea*]s ,c\rse is n f>      
di/ant & x might be wor? :ile to see :at
 c\ld be done )\t radical modifications 
9 ! curricula ( ! dep>tm5ts z !y n[ are4
 ,= a work+ basis ,i w\ld l to pres5t ! 
foll[+ skeleton programme1 :i* seems    
practicable4 ,9 ?is s*$ule all          
prep>ation except t 9 subject matt] &   
me?od is und]/ood to be includ$ 9       
electives4 ,a major 9 ,zoology is       
assum$4 ,ea* biological sci5ce dep>tm5t 
w\ld h a c\rse ( simil> plan built ab\t 
its major z a core4    ,fir/ ye>1       
,geography or ,geology     ,aims (      
sci5ce & its human values4     ,*emi/ry 
,electives    ,second ye>1     ,zoology1
     ,physics1     ,electives    ,?ird  
ye>1     ,zoology--advanc$ c\rses       
,botany1     ,physiology     ,electives 
,f\r? ye>1     ,zoology--advanc$ c\rses 
,bact]iology1 & ,public ,heal?          
,electives    ,fif? ye>1                
,zoology--rese>*     ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce  
,tea*]s' ,c\rse1 correlat$ ) &          

supplem5t>y to           practice tea*+4
     ,electives  ,! reasons = selection 
& sequ5ce ( subjects 9 ?is s*$ule are   
fairly evid5t f :at has gone be=e1 b a  
few po9ts w be> additional explanation4 
,a c\rse 9 ! aims & values ( sci5ce %\ld
 be introductory1 = 9 ! abs5ce ( g5]al k
 conc]n+ values1 su* z has gr[n up ) o!r
 pr(essions1 ! /ud5t mu/ be giv5 e>ly 9 
8 "w an en?usiasm = x & a sort ( guide =
 future *oice ( subjects = /udy4 ,!     
diff]5ce 9 aim betwe5 univ]sity &       
second>y s*ool sci5ce mu/ be cle>ly     
und]/ood at ! />t4 ,too (t51 univ]sity  
c\rses accept sci5ce z an end 9 itself &
 x is taught f t po9t ( view1 :]eas !   
prospective tea*] mu/ hold to 8 po9t (  
view1 t to humanity g5]ally sci5ce is   
only a v effective means to an end2 x is
 j a fai?ful s]vant4  ,! s*$ule j       
submitt$ may seem to be ov]balanc$ )    
sci5ce c\rses1 b x mu/ be some:at s1    
especially if c\rses are n to be        
completely reorganiz$4 ,sci5ce w\ld n   
ne$ to consume q s l>ge a "p ( ! "t if  

special c\rses 7 giv5 = tea*]s--ano!r   
argum5t = a high grade1 /rictly         
pr(essional c\rse4  ,duplication (      
tea*]s' c\rses 9 special me?ods w\ld be 
elim9at$ = a s+le c\rse = all ( !       
dep>tm5ts ( biological sci5ce w\ld be   
suffici5t4 ,biology is ! hub1 & n !     
sep>ate biological sci5ces1 9 ! c\rses 9
 ?is field 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,!      
me?ods conc]n$ are biological me?ods1 & 
!re=e a s+le c\rse = all prospective    
tea*]s ( biological sci5ce reg>dless ( !
 nature ( _! major "w1 is a logical     
proc$ure4 ,:e!r su* a c\rse is a success
 or a failure is l>gely dep5d5t on !    
pr(essor 9 *>ge4 ,9 ! pa/ !re h be5 _m  
failures1 ma9ly because ! p]son conduct+
 x has nev] _h second>y s*ool exp]i5ce1 
kn[s little or no?+ ( ! problems1 & has 
no s9c]e en?usiasm = ! tea*+ ( sci5ce to
 boys & girls bel[ ! univ]sity age4  ,! 
c\rse sugge/$ w\ld cov] an entire ye>4  
,at lea/ t mu* "t is requir$ to give any
 direction or in/ruction t is wor? :ile4
 ,! fir/ half ( ! ye> might well be     

devot$ to a dige/ion & correlation ( all
 previ\s "w1 organiz+ x into a =m easily
 useable 9 ! "w to foll[4 ,que/ions (   
me?od1 recitation1 laboratory & field   
"w1 textbooks & ref]5ce books pur*ase & 
use ( equipm5t1 mu/ be giv5 consid]ation
 9 "s "p ( ! c\rse4 ,an outl9e c\rse1 ) 
! sep>ate lessons t make x up %\ld be   
work$ out 9 detail1 = "s p>ticul>       
locality1 pref]ably ! "o :]e practice   
tea*+ is to be done4 ,?is %\ld !n be    
c>efully te/$ by ! crit]ia ( a good     
biology c\rse1 z po9t$ out by ! be/     
au?orities1 & by common s5se4 ,b :y make
 ?is skeleton outl9e be=eh&8 ,:y be     
prep>$ 9 any?+8 ,x w be too late to     
prep>e at ! mom5t ! problem has to be   
met4 ,few new tea*]s w f9d a well plann$
 c\rse await+ _! arrival 9 a new field1 
& )\t previ\s exp]i5ce a new tea*] is   
likely to build up a c\rse )\t due      
respect to relative values :i* comes    
only ) a p]spective ( a c\rse 9 its     
entirety4 ,to illu/rate1 9 ! c\rse giv5 
by an inexp]i5c$ tea*] !re is too mu*   

*ance ( six weeks "t be+ sp5t on ! /udy 
( ! gras%opp]1 ) only f\r weeks left at 
! end ( ! s*ool ye> to be devot$ to !   
biology ( ! human4 ,! mapp+ ( a c\rse1  
by way ( practice1 gives ! prospective  
tea*] practice 9 ! ex]cise ( judgm5t1 ) 
helpful con/ructive criticism4          
,practice tea*+ n[ becomes only ! try+  
out ( ! c\rse & accompany+ me?ods4 ,z1  
"o practice tea*] rem>k$ :5 ?is plan 0  
sugge/$ ,b1 ,i might h to make my c\rse 
all ov]4 ,su* w\ld (t5 be ! case4 ,any  
wide-awake tea*] w *ange 8 c\rse m or   
less f ye> to ye>4 ,ev5 if ! fir/ plan 7
 entirely disc>d$ ! en]gy & ?\ght       
prompt$ by its mak+ w\ld n be lo/4 ,& n[
 let u *ange ! "n giv5 to ^? 9 *>ge (   
practice tea*]s4 ,advisor w\ld be m     
fitt+ ?an sup]visor1 = !y %\ld rema9 9 !
 backgr\nd except = r5d]+ helpful       
s]vice1 & mak+ con/ructive criticism 9  
excess ( de/ructive4  ,9 ord] = practice
 tea*+ to be effective !re mu/ be no?+ (
 an artificial sort ent] 94 ,conditions 
mu/ be ( ! regul> sort met e day 9 !    

tea*+ game4 ,?is /atem5t seems          
sup]flu\s1 b a visit to "s ( ! classes  
:]e practice tea*+ is be+ done w ju/ify 
its ins]tion "h4 ,! practice tea*] %\ld 
n be h&$ ov] a laboratory prop]ly       
equipp$4 ,( c\rse1 ! equipm5t %\ld be   
available4 ,! c\rse %\ld n be ready-cut4
 ,! practice tea*] mu/ meet all ( !     
problems & ?is is *eat+ him out ( a "p (
 8 fun4 ,?r\gh 8 solution ( ^! problems 
!re w be a two-fold b5efit1 = ! advisor 
too may pr(it by ! +5uity ( ! newcom]4  
,resignation %\ld be reque/$ ( any      
advisor :o has outgr[n ! ability to     
le>n4 ,x is mo/ likely to be ! gre5     
p]son1 :o w develop really new me?ods1  
or evolve a m fitt+ exp]im5t1 or turn a 
bit ( app>atus to a new use4 ,above all1
 ! practice tea*] %\ld be requir$ to    
sc\t = liv+ mat]ial--!re w usually be an
 abundance all ab\t him1 & mu* t is (   
int]e/ %\ld f9d its way into !          
laboratory4 ,tra9+ 9 ! use ( liv+       
mat]ial c n be ov] emphasiz$4  ,! c\rse 
:i* ,i h outl9$ 9 ! previ\s pages1 is n 

satisfactory1 b ,i firmly believe t x   
w\ld be an improvem5t ov] ! pres5t      
situation4 ,:5 tri$ out x w\ld %[ _m    
%ortcom+s1 b by trial & improvem5t has  
our entire educational sy/em evolv$4    
,ev5 an ideal pr(essional c\rse 9 use   
today w\ld be obsolete tomorr[4 ,x w\ld 
be un=tunate 7 x n s1 = gr[? involves   
ecdysis1 & gr[? is ! law ( nature4      
,lit]ature f :i* helpful                
sugge/ions 7 receiv$ dur+ ! c\rse       
( ?is "w4     ,bagley1 ,w4 ,c4    ,!    
tra9+ ( tea*]s z a phase ( democracy's  
educational programme4 ,ed4 ,adm4       
,sup]vsn4 vol4#d                        
no4#a1 ,jan4'#ah4    ,balliet1 ,t4 ,m4 &
 ,rob9son1 ,c4 ,h4    ,tra9+ ( ,sci5ce  
,tea*]s4                   ,n4 ,e4 ,a4  
,report1 vol4#ed1 #aiaf1 pp4#gcd-g4     
,bessey1 ,c4 ,e4    ,prep>ation (       
botanical tea*]s4 ,sci5ce1 ,n4,s41      
vol4#cc1 pp4#fcc-i1 #aiaa4    ,boas1 ,f4
 ,s4    ,tea*]s & rese>*4 ,contemp41    
vol4#aaf1 pp4#dbf-dca4                  
#aiai4    ,boggs1 ,l4 ,p4    ,mak+      

,tea*]s4 ,s*ool  ,soc41 vol4#g1         
pp4#cfi-gd4    ,caldwell1 ,w4 ,o4       
,prep>ation ( ! tea*] ( biology4 ,s*ool 
,sci4  ,ma?41 vol4#af1 pp4#che-ib4      
,c\lt]1 ,j4 ,g4    ,! tra9+ ( elem5t>y  
sci5ce tea*]s4                   ,s*ool 
,rev41 vol4#bd1 pp4#bf-cj4    ,curtis1  
,c4,b4    ,second>y s*ool sci5ce4 ,ed4  
,adm4  ,sup]vsn41                       
vol4#c1 ,nov4#aiag4    ,dewey1 ,j4 ,d4  
,democracy & ,education4    ,k5t ,r4 ,a4
    ,univ]sity prep>ation ( tea*]s =    
high s*ools4                   ,s*ool   
,rev41 vol4#bg1 pp4#agb-he4    ,lange1  
,a4 ,f4    ,prep>ation ( high s*ool     
tea*]s f !                   /&po9t ( ! 
univ]sity4 ,u4 ,c4 ,a4 ,report1 #aijg1  
pp4#gah-bc4    ,lloyd1 ,f4 ,e4 &        
,bigel[1 ,m4 ,a4    ,! tea*+ ( biology4 
#aiji4                   ,longmans1     
,gre5  ,co4    ,luckey1 ,g4 ,w4 ,a4     
,ess5tials 9 ! tra9+ ( a tea*]4 ,s*ool  
& ,society1 vol4#a1 pp4#bfc-i4          
,mc,elroy1 ,r4 ,m4    ,tea*+ tea*]s4    
,ind41 vol4#ic1 pp4#ebe-4    ,pillsbury1

 ,w4 ,h4    ,buffalo plan ( tea*] tra9+4
 ,elem4 ,s*4 ,jr4                       
vol4#ba1 pp4#eie-fjf4    ,swift1 ,f4 ,h4
    ,college c\rses 9 me?ods ( tea*+    
high s*ool                   subjects4  
,s*4  ,soc41 vol4#f1 pp4#fia-i4         
,taylor1 ,w4 ,s4    ,project me?ods 9   
tea*]-tra9+ c\rses4 ,s*4                
,soc41 vol4#h1 pp4#dhg-ij4    ,wieman1  
,h4 ,l4    ,tea*+ ! sci5tific me?od vs4 
tea*+ !                   facts (       
sci5ce4 ,s*4  ,soc41 vol4#c1 pp4#bdc-e4 
,williams1 ,j4,t4    ,tea*] tra9+ 9     
colleges4  ,s*4  ,soc41 vol4#i1         
pp4#aje-i4    ,w9%ip1 ,a4 ,e4    ,prep>e
 r ?an tra9 = tea*+4 ,n4 ,e4 ,a4        
,report1 #aiah1 pp4#bbb-f4    ----      
,rese>* vs4 tea*+4  ,s*4  ,soc41        
vol4#aa1 pp4 #fhd-e4    ----    ,rese>* 
z a means ( tea*] tra9+4 ,s*4  ,soc41   
vol4#c1                   pp4#bdc-e4    
----    ,reorganization ( sci5ce 9      
second>y s*ools4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't4        
,int]ior1 ,bureau ,ed41 ,bull4#bf1      
#aibj4    ----    ,c>d9al pr9ciples (   

second>y education4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't4     
,int]ior1 ,bureau ,ed41 ,bull4#ce1      
#aiah4                ,twiss1           
,g4,r4--,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce ,tea*+4    
,macmillan4 #aiag4                      
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes   #a4 ,passages 
9 und]l9es are surr\nd$ by und]scores4  
#b4 ,tables h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a   
p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4    
#c4 ,! orig9al pages includ$ corrections
 made by h& :i* h be5 reta9$ 9 ?is      
e-text4  #d4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5   
correct$3     intelleg5tly correct$ to  
intellig5tly 7page #e7     ba/]ial      
correct$ to bact]ial 7page #i7     w\ld 
w\ld correct$ to w\ld 7page #aa7        
natu] correct$ to nature 7page #ae7     
,abilty correct$ to ,ability 7page #ag7 
,baillet correct$ to ,balliet 7page #ag7
     taht correct$ to t 7page #bb7      
modificacations correct$ to             
modifications 7page #bd7     succes     
correct$ to success 7page #bf7     9    
correct$ to ,9 at />t ( s5t5ce 7page    
#bf7     fialures correct$ to failures  

7page #bf7     t[orr[ correct$ to       
tomorr[ 7page #bh7     ,teahc+ correct$ 
to ,tea*+ 7page #cj7  #e4 ,"s ( !       
punctuation errors1 e4g41 comma in/ead (
 p]iod1 extra p]iod1 etc4 9 ! orig9al h 
be5 sil5tly correct$ :ile ^? requir+    
int]pretation h be5 left z su*4  #f4 ,! 
titles li/$ 9 ! table ( cont5ts d n mat*
 ) ! head+s 9 ! orig9al text4 ,h[ev]1 no
 *anges h be5 made 9 ?is e-text = ^!    
mismat*es4  #g4 ,o!r ?an ! corrections  
li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9     
spell+ & punctuation h be5 reta9$4