,the ,american ,church ,dictionary and  
,cyclopedia    ,,by ,,the ,,rev4        
,,william ,,james ,,miller1 ,m4,a41     
,b4,d4    ,of the things pertaining to  
the ,kingdom of ,god4--,acts #a3c4      
,,new ,,york ,,thomas ,,whittaker  #b   
,,and #c ,,bible ,,house    ,,copyright1
 #aija1  ,by ,,thomas ,,whittaker       
,preface   ,the writer of the following 
pages has long been convinced1 from an  
experience of many years in the         
,ministry1 that a great desideratum     
among ,church people is a ,church       
,dictionary1 especially one not so      
expensive as the more costly works1 and 
at the same time something more complete
 and satisfactory than a mere glossary  
of terms4 ,what seems to be needed is an
 inexpensive1 handy volume1 short enough
 for busy people1 plain enough for      
common people1 cheap enough for poor    
people1 yet complete enough to give the 
information needed4 ,the present work   
was undertaken with this object in view4
 ,it was thought worth while2 for if    

words are things1 then greater          
familiarity with the phraseology of the 
,church will lead to greater knowledge  
of the things pertaining to the ,kingdom
 of ,god4 ,what is here set forth is    
really a ,,handy ,,book ,,of ,,ready    
,,reference arranged in alphabetical    
order2 and while some of the articles   
may seem to be too brief1 yet the system
 of cross references adopted1 it is     
believed1 will throw considerable light 
on subjects where it is employed and    
thus enables the book to be kept within 
the limits already specified4  ,the     
title1 ,,the ,,american ,,church        
,,dictionary1 indicates the purpose as  
well as those for whom it is written4   
,in preparing it1 the writer worked     
under the #c conviction that not only is
 it necessary to set forth the historic 
facts1 doctrines1 terminology1 customs  
and usages of the ,church1 but also to  
indicate the spirit of the ,church as   
well1--the spirit that pervades all her 
life1 her teachings and her customs1 and

 which when once possessed makes us     
deeply conscious of her continuous life 
from the beginning1 as having a history 
and glorious traditions4  ,many sources 
of information have been drawn from1 the
 thoughts of many writers have been laid
 under contribution1 but not always was 
it possible to make acknowledgment1 as  
what is here presented is the result of 
the writer's general reading and study4 
,as such the work is sent forth with the
 hope that all who refer to its pages   
may find it adequate to the purpose     
described and realize the full meaning  
of ,st4 ,cyprian's word's1 ,he cannot   
have ,god for his ,father1 who has not  
the ,church for his ,mother4  ,w4 ,j4   
,m4    ,dictionary and ,cyclopaedia     
,a   ,ablutions4--,a term used to       
designate the ceremonial washing of the 
sacred vessels after ,holy ,communion1  
with wine and water which are reverently
 consumed by the ,priest4 ,these        
ablutions are in conformity with the    
,rubric which directs1 ,and if any of   

the consecrated ,bread and ,wine remain 
after the ,communion1 it shall not be   
carried out of the ,church2 but the     
,minister and other communicants shall1 
immediately after the ,blessing1        
reverently eat and drink the same4      
,absolution4--,the forgiveness of sins  
on earth by the ,son of ,man through    
,his agents1 the ,bishops and ,priests  
of the ,church4 ,their commission is    
embodied in the words of the ,ordination
 ,office1 ,receive the ,holy ,ghost for 
the ,office and ,work of a ,priest in   
the ,church of ,god1 now committed unto 
thee by the ,imposition of our hands4   
,whose sins thou dost forgive1 they are 
forgiven2 and whose sins thou dost      
retain1 they are retained4 ,this        
commission contains our #f ,lord's own  
words to be found in ,st4 ,john #bj3bb  
and #bc1 and they are ,his commission to
 ,his ,ministers4 ,attempts have been   
made to explain away these words2 but it
 is unquestionably the office of the    
,holy ,ghost to invest those ordained   

with the power of dispensing ,god's     
,word and ,sacraments1 and of performing
 what is necessary for the perfecting of
 the ,saints1 for the work of the       
ministry1 and for the edifying of the   
,body of ,christ4 7,see ,,keys1 ,,power 
,,of74  ,absolution1 ,the4--,the name   
given to the form of words by which a   
penitent person is absolved4 ,there are 
two forms in the ,prayer ,book2 the     
longer form being used at ,morning and  
,evening ,prayer1 the shorter one being 
usually confined to use in the          
,communion ,office4  ,absolve4--,to     
loose1 to set free from the bondage of  
sin4 7,see ,,absolution1 also ,,keys1   
,,power ,,of74  ,abstinence4--,the      
,church makes a distinction between     
abstinence and fasting4 ,abstinence is  
the reduction of food for the sake of   
self-discipline1 while fasting is going 
without food of any kind as a more      
severe act of discipline4 ,abstinence is
 to be exercised on ,other ,days of     
,fasting i4e41 other than ,ash          

,wednesday and ,good ,friday which are  
absolute ,fasts4 7,see ,,fasts1 ,,table 
,,of2 also ,,fasting74  ,acolyte4--,a   
word derived from the ,greek1 and used  
to designate one who serves the ,priest 
in the celebration of the ,holy         
,eucharist4 ,his chief duties are to    
arrange the elements on the ,credence1  
to light the candles1 receive the       
offerings and present them1 and also the
 ,bread1 ,wine and water1 to the ,priest
 at the proper time in the ,celebration4
 #g  ,adult ,baptism4--,the rule of the 
,church is ,infant ,baptism4 ,she brings
 children even in their tenderest years 
within her ,fold and there trains them  
up in the nurture and admonition of the 
,lord4 ,but when in ,england the        
,puritans and ,anabaptists arose and    
prevailed1 then there grew up a         
generation that reached maturity without
 having been baptized1 and then it was  
that there arose the necessity for ,the 
,ministration of ,baptism to such as are
 of ,riper ,years and able to answer for

 themselves4 ,to meet such cases the    
present service in the ,prayer ,book for
 the ,baptism of ,adults was prepared   
and set forth in ,a4,d4 #affa4 ,that the
 ,church of ,england had no form for the
 ,baptism of ,adults previous to the    
year #affa is not only an interesting   
fact1 but it is also one of those       
historic side-lights which brings into  
bold relief what was the custom of the  
,church from time immemorial4           
,advent4--,derived from the ,latin1 and 
means coming4 ,the word is used of the  
first coming of ,christ at ,his ,birth1 
and of ,his ,second ,coming to judge the
 world4 ,these are commemorated in the  
first ,season of the ,church ,year1 the 
,season of ,advent1 which begins on the 
,sunday nearest to ,st4 ,andrew's ,day  
7,nov4 #cj7 whether before or after1 and
 continues until ,christmas ,day4 ,the  
,advent ,season is intended to be a     
preparation for the due observance of   
,christmas1 is penitential in character 
and a time of increased devotions both  

public and private4 ,the ,benedicite is 
sung instead of the ,te ,deum2 the      
,benedictus is recited in full1 and the 
,collect for the ,first ,sunday in      
,advent is used daily throughout the    
,season4 ,the color for ,altar hangings1
 etc41 is purple or violet4  ,advent    
,sunday4--,a name to be found in the    
,prayer ,book for the ,first ,sunday in 
,advent4 ,it is commonly regarded as the
 first day of the ,church ,year1 and as 
such the ,christian's ,new ,year's ,day4
 ,from the fact that the ,church ,year  
anticipates the ,civil ,new ,year by a  
whole month it is thought that the      
,church thereby teaches that the        
,kingdom of ,god should be first in our 
thoughts1 7,see ,,advent1 also          
,,christian ,,year74  ,affusion4--,the  
pouring 7which the word means7 of water 
on the recipient of ,baptism1 when the  
,baptism is not by immersion4 ,questions
 have arisen from the very earliest ages
 as to the matter and form with which   
this ,sacrament is to be administered4  

,the original mode was undoubtedly by   
the descent of the person to be baptized
 into a stream or pool of water4 ,the   
practice of immersion was not1 however1 
regarded as an essential feature of     
,baptism4 ,there can be little doubt    
that affusion was practiced instead of  
immersion1 at the discretion of the     
,priest1 in ancient as well as in modern
 times4 ,the ,prayer ,book provides for 
either mode4 ,the method is a matter of 
indifference1 the essential point being 
that the candidate for ,baptism come    
into actual contact with water while the
 words1 ,i baptize thee in the ,name of 
the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the
 ,holy ,ghost1 are spoken4  ,agape4--,a 
,greek word meaning love4 ,the name     
given to the ,love ,feast or social meal
 which the ancient ,christians were     
accustomed to have when they came       
together and which was partaken of      
before the celebration of the ,holy     
,eucharist4 ,but owing to abuses1 which 
,st4 ,paul rebuked in writing to the #i 

,corinthians1 it was finally abolished4 
,there seems to be some confusion of    
ideas in regard to this ancient custom  
as is seen in the wrong use that is made
 of the term ,,lord',s ,,supper 7which  
see74  ,agnus ,dei4--,meaning ,the ,lamb
 of ,god4 ,this is the name given to the
 prayer ,o ,lamb of ,god1 who takest    
away the sins of the world1 have mercy  
upon us1 to be found in the ,litany and 
,gloria in ,excelsis4 ,the ,agnus ,dei  
is often sung as an anthem after the    
,prayer of ,consecration in the ,holy   
,communion4 ,it is also the name given  
to a representation of a lamb with      
banner as an emblem of ,christ4 7,see   
,,emblems74  ,aisle4--,this term is     
often wrongly applied to the alleys or  
passageways between the pews of a       
church4 ,aisle1 properly speaking1 is an
 architectural term given to the side or
 wing of a church or cathedral separated
 from the nave by rows of pillars and   
arches4 ,the word is derived from the   
,latin ala1 meaning a wing4  ,alb4--,a  

long white linen garment worn as one of 
the ,eucharistic ,vestments4 7,see      
,,vestments74  ,alleluia4--,a ,hebrew   
word meaning ,praise ye the ,lord4      
,sometimes written ,hallelujah4 ,it is  
used on joyous occasions such as        
,christmas and ,easter4  ,all ,saints'  
,day4--,a ,feast held on ,november #a1  
in commemoration of all saints of the   
,church who are not commemorated on     
other days4 ,this ,festival is very dear
 to the hearts of ,christians4 ,it is a 
day full of touching memories1 when in  
the ,holy ,eucharist we memorialize     
before ,god the lives not only of       
,martyrs and ,confessors and the great  
army of valiant #aj and faithful souls  
in every age and clime1 but also of     
those dear to us by ties of kindred and 
affection1--fathers1 mothers1 brothers1 
sisters1 little children and noble      
youth--who having finished their course 
in faith do now rest from their labors4 
,it is thus we have brought home to us1 
as in no other way1 the meaning and     

reality of ,the ,communion of ,saints4  
,amid the solemnities of worship and    
memorial we thus learn that the living  
and the dead are bound together by ties 
that are eternal1 ties that no change of
 time can break1 because before ,god    
they are one in the ,mystical ,body of  
,christ4 7,see ,,diptychs74  ,almanac1  
,church4--,an annual publication setting
 forth the dates and times of the ,holy 
,days and ,seasons of the ,church's     
year1 with the table of ,lessons1       
directions concerning the ,church colors
 and other information about the        
,church1 such as the organization of the
 ,dioceses1 number of communicants2     
clergy list1 the ,general ,convention   
and other organizations2 also1 the list 
of the ,american ,bishops1 both living  
and departed4 ,in fact a well-edited    
,church ,almanac is so full of          
information no intelligent communicant  
can afford to be without one1 as a guide
 and help to his devotions throughout   
the year4 7,see ,,calendar74  ,alms     

,bason4--,a shallow dish or plate1      
usually made of some precious metal1 in 
which the offerings of the people are   
received and placed on the ,altar4      
,alpha and ,omega4--,the first and last 
letters of the ,greek alphabet4 ,they   
are used of our ,lord to set forth ,his 
eternal and divine ,nature1 as in       
,revelation ,i3,,ii1 ,i am ,alpha and   
,omega1 the ,first and the ,last4 ,in   
their ,greek form these letters are used
 #aa in the symbolism and decoration of 
the ,church1 either separately or as a  
monogram4  ,altar4--,the ,holy ,table1  
of wood or stone1 on which the          
,sacrament of the ,lord's ,body and     
,blood is offered to ,god as a          
,sacrifice of ,praise and ,thanksgiving4
 ,altar and ,table are used             
interchangeably in ,holy ,scripture1 and
 both words are used in the ,prayer     
,book for the same thing4 ,from the very
 earliest times the ,altar has always   
been the most prominent object in the   
,church1 being placed at the end of the 

chancel and elevated1 being approached  
by three or more steps4 ,architecturally
 as well as devotionally the ,altar is  
the distinctive feature1 the objective  
point of the building to which all else 
conforms4 ,properly speaking1 the       
building is erected for the ,altar1 and 
not the ,altar for the building4 7,see  
,,lord',s ,,table74  ,altar             
,cross4--,the cross surmounting the     
,altar1 made usually of polished brass  
or of some precious metal4 ,the ,altar  
,cross is handed down to us from the    
,primitive ,church1 so that to-day      
wheresoever the ,english or the         
,american flag waves there the ,altar   
and the ,cross are set up4 ,the ,cross  
is placed over the middle of the ,altar1
 in the most sacred and prominent part  
of the ,church1 in order that the holy  
symbol of our ,faith may be constantly  
before the eyes of all who worship      
therein1 to shine through the gloom of  
this world and point them to the skies4 
,altar ,lights4--,two candles in        

candlesticks placed on the retable of   
the ,altar and lighted at the           
celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist2    
frequently called ,eucharistic ,lights4 
,they are used to symbolize our ,lord as
 #ab the ,light of the world in ,his two
 ,natures1 ,human and ,divine4 ,the     
symbolical use of lighted tapers in     
,divine ,service is of primitive        
antiquity and their use is being        
generally restored in both the ,english 
and ,american branches of the ,church4  
,this is evidenced by the table in the  
,tourist's ,church ,guide for #ahih1 in 
which it appears that in #ahhb there    
were #eha churches in which the ,altar  
,lights were used1 while in #ahih the   
number had increased to #d1ccd4 7,see   
,,lights ,,on ,,the ,,altar74  ,altar   
,linen4--,the linen pieces used in      
decorating the ,altar for the           
celebration of the ,holy ,communion are 
so called4 ,there is first the fair     
white linen cloth1 the width of the top 
of the ,altar1 and falling over the ends

 fifteen or twenty inches ending with a 
fringe4 ,it is usually embroidered with 
five crosses to represent the five      
wounds of our ,lord4 ,other pieces are  
the ,corporal to cover the middle part  
of the ,altar and on which are placed   
the ,paten and ,chalice during the      
,celebration2 the fair linen cloth1 or  
thin lawn veil required by the rubric to
 cover the elements after consecration2 
the ,purificators1 and also the         
,pall1--each of which is described under
 its proper title 7which see74  ,altar  
,rail4--,the railing enclosing the      
,sanctuary in which the ,altar stands1  
and at which the communicants kneel in  
receiving the ,holy ,communion1 is      
called1 in the ,institution ,office the 
,altar ,rail4 ,supposed to have been    
first introduced by ,archbishop ,laud as
 a protection of the ,altar against the 
lawlessness and irreverence of the      
,puritans4  ,altar ,vessels4--7,see     
,,vessels1 ,,sacred74 #ac               
,ambulatory4--,the name given to the    

passageway running around and back of   
the ,altar1 being a continuation of the 
aisles of the church4 ,generally used   
for processionals to and from the choir4
  ,amen4--,a ,hebrew word meaning so be 
it1 or so it is1 as it is used at the   
end of prayers1 hymns or ,creed4 ,it    
signifies approval of1 or assent to1    
what has gone before4 ,the use of the   
,amen in ,public ,worship emphasizes the
 ,priesthood of the ,laity1 as for      
example1 in the consecration of the     
elements in the ,holy ,communion1 while 
the celebrating ,priest stands before   
,god offering to ,him this holy         
,oblation1 he does it in company with   
all the faithful1 and to signify their  
cooperation with him in this great act  
they say ,amen1 adopting his words and  
acts as their own4 ,in the early ,church
 the ,amen was said with such           
heartiness1 an ancient writer describes 
it as sounding like a clap of thunder4  
7,see ,,responsive ,,service74          
,american ,church1 ,the4--,the name1 and

 one that is growing in popularity1 that
 is generally given to the body legally 
known as ,the ,protestant ,episcopal    
,church in the ,united ,states of       
,america4  ,the term ,american ,church  
is descriptive of ,the ,holy ,catholic  
,church having this land and people as  
the field of its operations4 ,when our  
,lord commanded ,his ,apostles to go    
forth and make disciples of all nations1
 and they went forth to carry out this  
command1 they gave to every nation to   
which they came the ,church in its      
completeness with powers of perpetuity4 
,to every nation were given the         
,christian ,faith1 the ,apostolic       
,ministry1 the ,sacraments and the      
,christian ,worship or ,liturgy4 ,hence 
there #ad sprung up national ,churches1 
all equal and having union with one     
another in these four essentials of     
,christian ,truth and ,order4 ,the      
,episcopal ,church in the ,united       
,states by reason of its origin1 history
 and character is to be regarded as one 

of these national churches and the name 
which is to embody this idea will no    
doubt be found and set forth by the     
proper ecclesiastical authority in due  
time4 ,it is difficult to say just how  
the name ,protestant ,episcopal came    
into use1 but it has always been a      
hindrance to our growth because it      
requires so much to be said in          
explanation1 which is always a          
disadvantage4 ,meantime the name        
,american ,church is coming more and    
more into general use1 as it is clear1  
definite and historic1 following the    
analogy of the naming of the ancient    
national churches4  ,the ,episcopal     
,church in the ,united ,states is the   
daughter of the ancient1 historic4      
,catholic and ,apostolic ,church of     
,england1 is partaker of the same life  
and the inheritor with the mother       
,church of the same worship1 rites1     
customs1 doctrines and traditions1 and1 
therefore1 its position1 likewise1 is   
ancient and historic1 ,catholic and     

,apostolic4 7,see ,,anglican ,,church1  
also ,,anglican ,,communion74  ,the     
history of the ,church in ,america      
covers a period of more than three      
hundred years1 and its first beginnings 
on these shores are full of interest4   
,we refer to a few of them4 ,from an old
 chronicle it is learned that in the    
year #aegh1 on the shores of            
,frobisher's ,straits1 ,master ,walfall 
celebrated a ,communion upon land1 at   
the partaking whereof were the ,captain 
and many others with him4 ,the          
celebration #ae of the ,divine ,mystery 
was the first signs1 seals and          
confirmation of ,christ's ,passion and  
,death ever known in these quarters4    
,it is a remarkable and interesting fact
 that the ,book of ,common ,prayer was  
first used in the territory now covered 
by the ,united ,states1 not on the      
,atlantic coast as one would naturally  
suppose1 but on the ,pacific coast1 on  
the shores of ,drake's ,bay1            
,california4 ,this took place on ,st4   

,john ,baptist's ,day1 ,june #bdth1     
#aegi1 the officiating minister having  
been the ,rev4 ,francis ,fletcher1      
chaplain to ,francis ,drake4 ,the place 
where this service was held has been    
marked by a handsome cross1 known as the
 ,prayer ,book ,cross1 erected by       
,bishop ,nichols through the munificence
 of the late ,geo4 ,w4 ,childs1 of      
,philadelphia4  ,in the course of time1 
settlements were made along the         
,atlantic coast and evidence is given of
 the ,church's services being held at   
very early dates4 ,in ,a4,d4 #afjg1 the 
first permanent settlement was effected 
in ,virginia4 ,in ,may of that year1    
under the ,rev4 ,robert ,hunt1 a ,priest
 of the ,church of ,england1 services   
began to be held regularly and a church 
building was erected at ,jamestown4     
,this was thirteen years before the     
,pilgrim ,fathers landed on ,plymouth   
,rock4 ,the ,church was planted in all  
the colonies and included a greater     
portion of the population4 ,but in time 

other religious bodies were also        
established and as these organizations  
had everything necessary for their      
growth and development they grew and    
prospered4 ,with the #af ,church it was 
far different4 ,for more than one       
hundred and fifty years it existed on   
these shores an ,episcopal ,church      
without an ,episcopate4 ,there could be 
no confirmations and no ordinations to  
the ministry unless candidates were     
willing to take the long and perilous   
voyage to ,england4 ,the result was the 
supply of clergy fell off1 and children1
 although baptized1 yet because they    
could not be confirmed1 finally wandered
 away to other folds4  ,repeated efforts
 were made to secure the consecration of
 a ,bishop for the ,church in ,america1 
but owing to political and              
ecclesiastical complications this was   
not possible until after the            
,revolutionary ,war4 ,in ,a4,d4 #aghd1  
on ,november #adth1 the ,rev4 ,samuel   
,seabury1 ,d4,d41 was consecrated in    

,aberdeen1 ,scotland1 by the ,scottish  
,bishops1 for the ,church in            
,connecticut and as the first ,bishop in
 ,america4 ,on ,february #dth1 #aghg1   
the ,rev4 ,william ,white1 ,d4,d41 of   
,pennsylvania1 and the ,rev4 ,samuel    
,provoost1 ,d4,d41 of ,new ,york1 were  
consecrated ,bishops by the two         
,archbishops of the ,church of ,england 
and the ,bishop of ,bath and ,wells1 and
 ,peterborough1 in ,lambeth ,palace1    
,london4 ,a few years later1 viz41 on   
,september #aith1 #agij1 the ,rev4      
,james ,madison1 ,d4,d41 of ,virginia1  
was consecrated in ,england by the      
,archbishop of ,canterbury1 the ,bishop 
of ,london and the ,bishop of           
,rochester4 ,by the consecration of     
these four ,bishops abroad the ,american
 ,church secured the ,episcopate from   
the ancient and ,apostolic sources1 and 
thus gained the power of perpetuating   
itself4 ,the significance of this may be
 seen when we reflect that the ancient  
canons of the ,church require that not  

less than three ,bishops shall unite in 
the consecration of a ,bishop4 ,this    
enactment is designed to provide against
 any possible defect in the succession  
of any one of the #ag consecrating      
,bishops4 ,we thus see how careful the  
,church has always been in conferring   
this great office1 and how particular   
the ,american ,church was to meet every 
ecclesiastical requirement according to 
the ancient order and traditions4  ,it  
may be interesting to note that the     
first ,bishop consecrated on ,american  
soil was the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,thomas ,john   
,claggett1 the first ,bishop of         
,maryland1 in whose consecration all    
four of the ,american ,bishops united4  
,this took place in ,trinity ,church1   
,new ,york1 ,september #agth1 #agib4    
,from that time to the present1 the     
,american ,episcopate has increased     
greatly by reason of the growing needs  
of the ,church in this rapidly          
developing country4 ,more than two      
hundred ,bishops have been consecrated  

for the work of the ,church in the      
,united ,states and for its missions in 
the foreign field4  ,the growth of the  
,church itself1 likewise1 has been      
remarkable when we consider the         
disadvantages under which it labored in 
those early days and the bitter         
prejudice against it which even yet is  
not wholly done away4 ,to-day there is  
not a ,state or a ,territory which is   
not under the pastoral care of a        
,bishop1 many of the states having      
several ,dioceses each with its ,bishop 
at its head4 ,the quiet1 persistent     
loyalty to the ,truth as this ,church   
hath received the same1 the reasonable  
terms of admission to her fold1 the     
missionary zeal and enterprise1 the     
practical work enlisting so largely the 
labors and cooperation of the laity1 the
 far-reaching influence on the religious
 thought of the day1 the proposal of the
 terms for ,christian ,unity1 the       
multiplying of services and the more #ah
 frequent communions1 all manifest her  

inner and outward growth and demonstrate
 the reality and high purpose of her    
,mission to this land and nation4 7,see 
,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,church47          
,amice4--,one of the ,eucharistic       
,vestments4 7,see ,,vestments74         
,anaphora4--,the ,greek name for the    
,offering or1 ,oblation in the ,holy    
,eucharist and is usually applied to    
that portion of the ,office beginning   
with ,lift up your hearts and including 
the ,prayer of ,consecration4 ,all that 
precedes this is called the             
,,proanaphora 7which see74  ,andrew1    
,feast of ,saint4--,a ,holy ,day of the 
,church observed on ,november #cj1 and  
is of very ancient date4 ,it is known to
 have been observed since ,a4,d4 #cfj4  
,st4 ,andrew was of ,bethsaida in       
,galilee and the brother of ,st4 ,peter4
 ,he was the first who found the        
,messiah and brought others to ,him4 ,it
 was this fact in his life that         
suggested to the young men of the       
,american ,church the organization of   

,,the ,,brotherhood ,,of ,,st4 ,,andrew 
7which see74 ,st4 ,andrew was the first 
called to be a disciple and ,apostle1   
with ,st4 ,peter4 ,after the dispersion 
of the ,apostles1 ,st4 ,andrew is said  
to have carried the ,gospel to what is  
now called ,turkey in ,asia and also to 
,russia and was the first founder of the
 ,russian ,church1 as ,st4 ,paul was of 
the ,english ,church4 ,after laboring in
 ,turkey in ,europe1 he suffered        
martyrdom at ,patras1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 being 
crucified on a cross the shape of the   
letter ,x1 to which his name has been   
given4 ,as ,st4 ,andrew is greatly      
reverenced in ,scotland1 the ,st4       
,andrew's cross was made a part of the  
national banner #ai of ,great ,britain  
on the union of ,scotland with ,england 
in #agjg4 ,the ,st4 ,andrew's cross     
7,scotland7 with the cross of ,st4      
,patrick 7,ireland7 and the cross of    
,st4 ,george 7,england7 were made in    
#ahja to form the present ,union ,jack  
so dear to the ,english nation4 ,in     

ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,andrew is      
represented holding in his hand a cross 
saltire1 or else leaning upon it4       
,angels4--7,see ,,holy ,,angels47 ,it is
 also to be noted that the term ,angels 
is used in the ,new ,testament for the  
,bishops of the ,church1 as in the      
,epistles to the seven ,churches of     
,asia 7,rev4 #b and #c7 which are       
addressed1 unto the angel of the ,church
 of------1 i4e41 the ,bishop4  ,anglican
 ,church1 ,the4--,the name given to the 
,church of ,england as being the ,church
 of the ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,the ,church
 was introduced into ,britain as early  
as ,a4,d4 #fa1 probably by ,st4 ,paul   
and it has continued there the same     
organization ever since1 and the ,church
 of the whole ,english nation until     
within the last #cjj years1 when divers 
and sundry religious bodies have sprung 
up4 ,thus the ,english nation from that 
early period of the ,church's first     
introduction into ,britain down to the  
present time1 has never been without the

 ,orthodox ,faith2 the ,apostolic       
,ministry in three orders--,bishops1    
,priests and ,deacons2 the ,sacraments  
and the ancient ,liturgy4 ,moreover1 the
 ,church of ,england has always affirmed
 her own national integrity and         
independence and although overcome and  
brought into subjection to a foreign    
power1 and finally regained her former  
independence--yet throughout all she has
 ever retained the four essentials of   
,christian ,truth and ,order mentioned1 
and thus #bj demonstrates that she is a 
true branch of the ,church founded by   
,christ1 and as such ,catholic and      
,apostolic4 ,for one to say that the    
,church of ,england was founded by      
,henry ,,viii1 or to say that it is a   
schism from the ,roman ,church shows    
great ignorance of even the plainest    
facts of history4 ,the following        
statement1 from a secular paper1 the    
,providence 7,r4 ,i47 ,journal is worth 
reprinting3 ,it is still quite usual    
even for intelligent persons to         

misunderstand the purposes of the       
,english ,reformers1 and the result of  
the ,english ,reformation4 4 4 4 ,the   
supremacy of ,rome has never been borne 
patiently by the ,english people1 whose 
church organization was established long
 before ,rome took the trouble to       
interfere with it2 and several ,english 
kings had quarreled before ,henry the   
,eighth's time with the ,holy ,see4     
,what the ,english ,reformers wanted1   
and what they accomplished under        
,elizabeth1 was ,reform within the      
,church4 ,it was on the continent that  
,protestantism without the ,church1     
built up a new ecclesiastical           
organization4 ,all this1 it may be1 is a
 matter only of historical value to the 
busy nineteenth century4 ,but even if   
facts in a historical aspect are of     
small importance to an intensely        
practical generation1 it is as well to  
have these facts right as wrong4 7,see  
,,undivided ,,church74  ,anglican       
,communion1 ,the4--,the term used to    

designate the churches that are in      
communion with the ,church of ,england  
and hold the same ,faith1 ,order and    
,worship4 ,under this term are included 
the ,church of ,england1 the ,church of 
,ireland1 the ,church of ,scotland1 the 
,churches in ,british ,north ,america1  
the ,west ,indies1 ,australia1 ,south   
,africa and in all the ,english colonies
 #ba throughout the world wherever      
established4 ,the ,episcopal ,church in 
the ,united ,states is also included in 
the ,anglican ,communion1 being         
identical with the ,church of ,england  
as is set forth in the ,preface to the  
,prayer ,book1 in which it is declared1 
,this ,church is far from intending to  
depart from the ,church of ,england in  
any essential point of doctrine1        
discipline and worship2 or further than 
local circumstances require4 ,the       
,anglican ,communion is one of the most 
powerful forces in our modern religious 
world4 ,from statistics we learn that it
 has a larger membership than any other 

religious body among ,english-speaking  
people4 ,the following ,table taken from
 the ,new ,york ,world ,almanac for     
#aija gives some idea of    ,,the       
,,religion ,,of ,,english-,,speaking    
,,people4      ,episcopalians           
#bi1bjj1jjj     ,methodists of all      
descriptions       #ah1fej1jjj          
,roman ,catholics                       
#ae1ejj1jjj     ,presbyterians of all   
descriptions    #ab1bej1jjj             
,baptists of all descriptions           
#i1bcj1jjj     ,congregationalists      
#f1aej1jjj     ,free ,thinkers          
#e1bej1jjj     ,lutherans1 etc          
#b1hjj1jjj     ,unitarians              
#b1fjj1jjj     ,minor religious sects   
#e1ejj1jjj     ,of no particular        
religion            #ag1jjj1jjj         
-----------     ,english-speaking       
population         #abd1acj1jjj  ,anglo 
,catholic--,the ,historic or ,catholic  
,church exists to-day in three main     
branches or ,communions1 viz43 ,the     
,eastern or ,greek ,church1 the ,roman  

,church1 and the ,anglican4 ,the term   
,anglo ,catholic is used to describe the
 ,historic ,church of the #bb           
,english-speaking people as being       
,catholic and ,apostolic1 and as having 
an unquestioned descent from the ,church
 founded by ,christ and ,his ,apostles4 
7,see ,,anglican ,,church2 ,,anglican   
,,communion1 and also ,,american        
,,church74  ,anointing the ,sick4--,the 
anointing of the sick with oil as       
recommended in ,st4 ,james #e3ad and    
#ae1 has generally prevailed in the     
,universal ,church and came to be called
 ,extreme ,unction4 ,there was an office
 for its use in the ,prayer ,book of    
#aedi1 but it was omitted in subsequent 
revisions because its use in most parts 
of the ,church had become mechanical and
 confined to dying persons4 ,the rite   
has been restored in some places on the 
authority of individual ,bishops as a   
,scriptural practice4 ,a ,scottish      
,bishop calls it the lost pleiad of the 
,anglican firmament1 and says1 one must 

at once confess and deplore that a      
distinctly ,scriptural practice has     
ceased to be commanded in the ,church of
 ,england1 for no one can doubt that a  
sacramental use of anointing the sick   
has been from the beginning4            
,annunciation1 ,the4--,a ,feast of the  
,church held on ,march #beth1 to        
commemorate the visit of the ,angel     
,gabriel to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 
to announce to her the ,incarnation of  
the ,son of ,god1 his message to her    
being1 ,fear not1 ,mary1 for thou hast  
found favor with ,god4 ,and behold1 thou
 shalt conceive in thy womb1 and bring  
forth a ,son1 and shall call ,his ,name 
,jesus4 ,the ,feast of the ,annunciation
 has been observed from the very        
earliest times1 sermons being still     
extant which were preached on this day  
as early as ,a4,d4 #ddf4 ,it is still   
observed with great #bc solemnity2      
,proper ,psalms are appointed1 being the
 #hith1 #acast1 #acb;d1 and #achth1 also
 ,proper ,lessons1 as well as ,collect1 

,epistle and ,gospel4 ,the ,church color
 for ,altar and other hangings is white4
 ,it is to be noted that the ,feast of  
the ,annunciation is placed among the   
,,days ,,of ,,obligation 7which see74   
,antependium4--,the name given to the   
covering hanging in front of the        
lectern1 pulpit or ,altar1 and being the
 color of the ,church ,season4 ,the     
,altar hanging is usually called the    
,frontal4  ,anthem4--,originally the    
same as ,antiphon2 anthem being simply  
the ,anglicized form of the word4       
,later1 the terms anthem and antiphon   
came to stand for two different ideas4  
,anthem is any musical setting of words 
bearing upon the services of the day1   
other than a hymn or canticle1 although 
the canticles are sometimes called      
anthems1 as in the rubric before the    
,venite in the ,morning ,prayer4 ,the   
rubric in the ,evening ,prayer provides 
for an anthem after the ,collect        
beginning1 ,lighten our darkness4       
,antiphon has come to mean a verse of   

,scripture which is sung wholly or in   
part before and after the ,psalms or    
,canticles1 and designed to strike the  
key-note of the teaching of the day4    
,antiphon4--7,see ,,anthem74            
,antiphonal4--,the alternate singing or 
chanting by two sides of the choir and  
congregation1 each taking a verse in    
turn4 ,this mode of rendering the music 
of the ,church is of very ancient       
origin2 it prevailed in the ancient     
,jewish worship as the antiphonal       
structure of the ,psalms indicates4 ,it 
is a reproduction of the heavenly       
worship as described by ,isaiah1 ,and   
one #bd cried unto another and said4 ,it
 seems to be also a practical following 
out of the admonition1 teaching and     
admonishing one another in psalms and   
hymns and spiritual songs4 7,col4       
#c3af47  ,apocalypse4--,the name given  
to the last book of the ,bible2 a ,greek
 word meaning ,revelation4 ,the book of 
the ,revelation was written by ,st4     
,john ,evangelist about ,a4,d4 #if or   

#ig4 ,its purpose is set forth by       
,bishop ,wordsworth as follows3 ,the    
,apocalypse is a manual of consolation  
to the ,church in her pilgrimage through
 this world to the heavenly ,canaan of  
her rest4  ,apocrypha4--,this is the    
name given to certain books generally   
bound with the ,old and ,new ,testament 
,scriptures which the ,sixth ,article of
 ,religion describes as ,the other books
 7as ,hierome saith7 the ,church doth   
read for example of life and instruction
 of manners2 but yet doth it not apply  
them to establish any doctrine4 ,they   
are called ,apocryphal for the reason   
that while they are usually bound up    
with the ,bible1 yet they are not       
regarded as canonical4 ,apocrypha is a  
,greek word meaning hidden1 secret or   
unknown4 ,several of the ,lessons are   
taken from the ,apocryphal ,books1 and  
the ,benedicite1 which is sung as an    
alternate to the ,te ,deum1 is taken    
from one of them1 namely1 ,the ,song of 
the ,three ,children4  ,apostle4--,one  

who is sent2 messenger2 ambassador4 ,the
 name given to our ,lord's twelve       
commissioned disciples who were thus    
made the original fountain of           
ministerial authority and capacity      
pouring forth twelve streams1 and from  
whom were to flow all the branches of   
that river whose streams should make #be
 glad the city of ,god by carrying to it
 the blessings of ,his grace4 7,see     
,,bishop74  ,apostles' ,creed4--,the    
shorter form of the ,creed as set forth 
in the ,prayer ,book is called the      
,apostles' ,creed because it was        
generally believed to have been composed
 by the ,apostles themselves before they
 separated and left ,jerusalem4 ,however
 true or untrue this old tradition may  
be1 it is quite certain that this ,form 
of sound words embodies the ,apostles'  
,doctrine1 or teaching1 and each article
 finds its corresponding statement in   
the ,bible4 ,it is the oldest form of   
the ,creed that has come down to us and 
contains a brief summary of the         

fundamental ,truths of the ,christian   
,religion4 7,see ,,orthodox47 ,there are
 twelve articles grouped into three     
paragraphs each setting forth what is to
 be believed concerning each ,person of 
the ,blessed ,trinity4 ,in other words  
the ,apostles' ,creed is what we believe
 concerning the ,name into which we are 
baptized4 ,it is1 therefore1 the ,creed 
of the ,baptismal ,office and is recited
 in the ,daily ,services1 while the     
longer ,creed1 commonly called the      
,nicene1 is reserved for the            
,eucharistic ,office4                   
,apostolate4--,the office and dignity of
 an ,apostle2 the whole body of ,bishops
 throughout the world4  ,apostolic      
,fathers4--7,see ,,fathers1 ,,the74     
,apostolic ,succession--,the fundamental
 principle of the ,christian ,ministry  
is1 that it is derived from our ,blessed
 ,lord ,himself1 from whom it is        
perpetuated by ,episcopal ,ordination1  
and just this is what is meant by       
,apostolic ,succession4 ,the ,apostolic 

,succession is simply the evidence of   
the fact that the ,christian ,ministry  
has never failed to exist since #bf the 
time when our ,lord commissioned it and 
sent it forth4 ,it is often called the  
doctrine of the ,apostolic ,succession1 
but it is more of a fact than a         
doctrine2 a fact substantiated by the   
history of the ,church1 as much so as   
the succession of the ,kings and ,queens
 of ,england is a fact known of all men 
acquainted with the history of the      
,english nation4 ,for this reason we    
have the statement in the ,preface to   
the ,ordinal3 ,it is evident unto all   
men diligently reading ,holy ,scripture 
and ancient ,authors1 that from the     
,apostles' time there have been these   
,orders of ,ministers in ,christ's      
,church1--,bishops1 ,priests and        
,deacons4 ,the ,christian ,church has   
not been left without its records2 its  
history is as well marked on the pages  
of history as that of any other kingdom 
or organization4 7,see ,,episcopacy2    

,,episcopate2 ,,bishop1 also            
,,ministry71  ,apse4--,an architectural 
term descriptive of the semicircular or 
polygonal shape in which the ,chancel is
 frequently built4 ,from a ,greek word  
meaning a joining2 also a bow1 an arch1 
a vault4  ,apsidal4--,pertaining or     
relating to an apse2 like an apse1 as   
apsidal chancel4  ,archbishop--,a       
,bishop who presides over a province of 
,dioceses2 an official title1 but not an
 ,order4  ,archdeacon4--,a term         
introduced from the ,church of ,england 
and applied to a ,priest who presides   
over an ,archdeaconry or ,convocation2  
or to one who is the ,general           
,missionary of a ,diocese1 or of a      
prescribed district in a ,diocese of the
 ,american ,church4  ,articles of       
,religion1 ,,xxxix--,certain statements 
of doctrine set forth by the ,english   
,church in a time of great controversy  
to define her position as differing #bg 
from ,rome on the one hand and from     
,protestantism on the other4 ,they are  

called ,articles of ,religion as        
distinguished from the ,articles of the 
,faith1 which are contained in the      
,creed and recited in the services of   
the ,church4 ,the ,thirty-nine ,articles
 were set forth in the year #aefb1 then 
revised as they now stand in #aega and  
were adopted with the exception of the  
,twenty-first ,article1 by the ,american
 ,church in #ahja4 ,they are published  
as an appendix to the ,prayer ,book4    
,ascension ,day4--,a ,feast observed    
with great solemnity forty days after   
,easter in commemoration of our ,lord's 
,ascension into ,heaven4 ,it is also    
called ,holy ,thursday4 ,st4 ,augustine1
 ,a4,d4 #cie1 calls this one of the     
,festivals which are supposed to have   
been instituted by the ,apostles        
themselves1 so that it must have been   
generally observed in his time4 ,in the 
system of the ,church1 ,ascension ,day  
is regarded as one of the very highest  
,festivals set apart in honor of our    
,lord4 ,proper ,psalms1 ,proper ,lessons

 and ,proper ,preface in the ,communion 
service place it on the same footing as 
,christmas ,day1 ,easter and ,whitsun   
,day4 ,the services are usually         
brightened with special music2 the      
,altar is decked with flowers and white 
hangings as symbolical of the joy which 
characterizes the ,celebration4         
,ascension ,day is preceded by the      
,,rogation ,,days 7which see71 as days  
of preparation for its due observance2  
it is also one of the ,days ,,of        
,,obligation 7which see74               
,ascription--,the words used at the end 
of a sermon1 beginning1 ,and now to ,god
 the ,father1 etc4 ,during the          
,ascription the people stand and at the 
end respond1 ,amen4 #bh  ,ash           
,wednesday--,the first day of ,lent2 one
 of the two absolute ,fast ,days of the 
,church1 the other being ,good ,friday4 
,in ancient times the first day of ,lent
 was called ,caput ,jejunii1 i4e41 ,head
 of the ,fast1 because ,lent began on   
that day4 ,it was also called ,dies     

,cinerum1 i4e41 ,day of ,ashes1 from the
 custom of placing ashes on the head of 
penitents who presented themselves      
before the ,bishop on this day4 ,ash    
,wednesday is a day of deep devotion1 of
 prayer1 fasting1 self-examination and  
confession of sin4 ,the public services 
are most solemn2 the ,proper ,lessons1  
and ,proper ,psalms1 the ,collect1      
,epistle and ,gospel1 together with the 
,penitential ,office to be especially   
used on this day1 all mark it as a day  
of weeping1 fasting and praying4 ,the   
,psalms appointed are the seven         
,penitential ,psalms1 viz41 the #fth1   
#cb;d1 and #chth1 used at ,morning      
,prayer2 the #east used in the          
,penitential ,office1 and #ajb;d1 #acjth
 and #adc;d read at ,evening ,prayer4   
7,see ,,penitential ,,psalms47 ,the     
,church color for ,ash ,wednesday is    
purple or violet4  ,assistant           
,minister4--,a ,priest or ,deacon       
appointed to assist or help the ,rector 
of a ,parish in his work is thus called4

 ,lately the term ,curate has been      
employed to designate the ,assistant    
,minister of a ,parish4    ,b           
,banners4--,on festal occasions banners 
are often carried in choir processionals
 to signify yet more clearly the        
progress and future triumph of the      
,church1 #bi according to that          
description of her in the ,song of      
,solomon3 ',who is she that looketh     
forth as the morning1 fair as the moon1 
clear as the sun1 and terrible as an    
army with banners8'  ,banns of          
,marriage4--,the word ,bann is derived  
from the ,saxon word bannen1 meaning1 to
 proclaim4 ,the term ,banns of          
,marriage1 means1 therefore1 the        
publication of intended marriages1 and  
are published for three ,sundays before 
the event1 in the ,church where the     
ceremony is to take place4 ,the         
publishing of the ,banns in the ,church 
of ,england is required by law4 ,in the 
,american ,prayer ,book1 provision is   
made for the publishing of the ,banns of

 ,marriage1 but as it is not required by
 law the custom has fallen into disuse4 
,baptism1 ,adult4--7,see ,,adult        
,,baptism74  ,baptism1 ,holy4--,one of  
the two great ,sacraments ordained by   
,christ as generally 7universally7      
necessary to salvation4 ,holy ,baptism  
is the initiatory rite by which we are  
admitted into the fellowship of         
,christ's ,religion1 admitted into ,his 
,church4 ,baptism is a covenant made    
between ,god and man2 of this covenant  
the ,christian name1 which was then     
given us1 is the reminder2 reminding us 
of our new relationship with ,god4 ,the 
grace conferred in ,holy ,baptism is    
threefold1 7#a7 ,regeneration1 or the   
,new ,birth 7,see ,,regeneration72 7#b7 
,admission into the ,spiritual ,kingdom1
 or the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 and    
7#c7 ,the forgiveness of all our sins1  
for in the ,nicene ,creed we confess1 ,i
 acknowledge one ,baptism for the       
,remissions of sins4 ,the vows of ,holy 
,baptism are three in number1 7#a7 ,to  

,renounce1 7#b7 to ,believe and 7#c7 to 
,obey4 ,these cover the ,whole ,duty of 
,man1 #cj and it is by the use of the   
,means of ,grace with diligent ,prayer  
that he is enabled to keep them and to  
grow into the likeness of ,christ1 whose
 member he is because incorporated into 
,him by ,holy ,baptism4 ,the outward1   
visible sign or form in ,baptism is     
water1 with the unfailing use of the    
words1 ,in the ,name of the ,father1 and
 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4  
,this effects a valid ,baptism4         
,baptism1 ,conditional4--,as ,holy      
,baptism can take place only once in any
 individual life1 the ,church has always
 been most careful that it should not be
 repeated4 ,but it sometimes happens    
that grave doubts arise as to the       
validity of one's ,baptism1 or the fact 
of ,baptism is only a matter of         
conjecture4 ,in such cases the ,church  
has provided for conditional1 or        
hypothetical ,baptism4 ,the form is1 ,if
 thou art not already baptized1 7name7  

,i baptize thee in the ,name of the     
,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the    
,holy ,ghost1 ,amen4 ,in such a case if 
the ,baptism has already taken place and
 was valid1 the hypothetical ,baptism   
passes for naught1 but if it were not   
valid or had not taken place1 the       
hypothetical ,baptism is effective4     
,baptism1 ,infant4--7,see ,,infant      
,,baptism74  ,baptism1 ,private4--,the  
proper place for the administration of  
,holy ,baptism is in the church1 and the
 ,church warns her people that without  
great and reasonable cause and          
necessity1 they procure not their       
children to be baptized at home in their
 houses4 ,but when need shall compel    
them so to do1 she provides for the     
emergency by the service entitled1 ,the 
,ministration of ,private ,baptism of   
,children in ,houses1 as set forth in   
the ,prayer ,book4 ,in this office no   
#ca provision is made for ,sponsors4    
,the child is to be brought afterwards  
into the ,church to the intent that the 

congregation may be certified of the    
true ,form of ,baptism privately before 
used4 ,then it is publicly received and 
the ,sponsors answer for the child and  
become responsible for its ,christian   
training1 publicly before the           
congregation4  ,baptismal               
,regeneration4--7,see ,,regeneration1   
also ,,new ,,birth74  ,baptismal        
,shell4--,a scallop shell1 either real  
or made of precious metal1 used by the  
,priest for pouring the water on the    
head of the candidate in ,holy ,baptism4
  ,baptistry4--,a portion of a church   
set apart for the administration of     
,holy ,baptism4 ,sometimes the          
,baptistry was erected as a separate    
building or attached to a church or     
cathedral1 specially adapted for        
,baptism by immersion4  ,barnabas1      
,feast of ,saint4--,a ,holy ,day of the 
,church observed on ,june #aath4 ,st4   
,barnabas was born at ,cyprus1 but was a
 ,jew of the tribe of ,levi4 ,his       
original name was ,joses1 but after our 

,lord's ,ascension he was called        
,barnabas1 meaning the ,son of          
,consolation4 7,acts #d3cf47 ,he stands 
out in the ,new ,testament ,scriptures  
as one who is ever helpful1 which may   
have suggested his new name2 thus he    
sold his land1 giving the money to the  
,apostles in order that the necessities 
of the infant ,church might be met4 ,so 
also he stood sponsor1 so to speak1 for 
,st4 ,paul1 vouching for the sincerity  
of his conversion4 ,having thus brought 
him to the ,apostles and securing his   
recognition as an ,apostle we find that 
he was #cb associated with ,st4 ,paul   
for about fourteen years in his         
missionary journeys4 ,after the         
separation of the ,apostles nothing is  
recorded of ,st4 ,barnabas1 but         
tradition tells us that he returned to  
,cyprus1 spending the remainder of his  
life among his countrymen1 and that he  
suffered martyrdom1 being stoned to     
death by the unbelieving ,jews at       
,salamis4 ,st4 ,barnabas is said to have

 left an ,epistle which bears his name  
and which is still extant4 ,it is       
regarded by many scholars as genuine1   
but by many others its authenticity is  
regarded as very doubtful4 ,in          
ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,barnabas is    
represented as holding ,st4 ,matthew's  
,gospel2 as being stoned2 as pressing a 
stone to his breast2 as being burned to 
death2 with an open book and staff2 with
 three stones2 with a fire near him4    
,bartholomew1 ,feast of ,st4--,observed 
on ,august #bdth1 in commemoration of   
the life and virtues of the ,apostle    
,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,in ,holy ,scripture 
there is the mere mention of the name of
 this ,apostle1 but it is thought that  
,bartholomew and ,nathanael are one and 
the same person4 ,the reason for this   
supposition lies in the fact that ,st4  
,john in his ,gospel never mentions     
,bartholomew1 while he often speaks of  
,nathanael1 and the other ,evangelists1 
though they mention ,bartholomew1 never 
take notice of ,nathanael4 ,from this   

fact1 it is supposed that the same      
person is designated by these two names4
 ,if ,st4 ,bartholomew is the same      
person as ,nathanael1 then it is he whom
 our ,lord described as an ,israelite   
indeed1 in whom is no guile4 ,st4       
,bartholomew is thought to have preached
 the ,gospel in ,northern ,india1 where 
he is said to have left a ,hebrew copy  
of ,st4 ,matthew's #cc ,gospel4 ,he     
afterwards went to ,armenia4 ,he        
suffered martyrdom in ,albanopolis1 by  
being crucified with his head downwards4
 ,in ecclesiastical art1 ,st4           
,bartholomew is variously represented   
with a knife and book2 with a knife in  
his hand and the devil under his feet2  
also as healing a ,princess of ,armenia4
  ,bason4--7,see ,,alms ,,bason74       
,belfry4--,that part of the steeple in  
which a bell is hung4 ,sometimes a      
separate tower is built1 in a room of   
which the bell is placed4 ,the old name 
was campanile1 from campana1 a bell4    
,the most remarkable of the campaniles  

is that at ,pisa1 commonly called the   
,leaning ,tower4  ,benedic1 anima       
mea4--,the canticle beginning1 ,praise  
the ,lord1 ,o my soul1 which the ,latin 
words mean4 ,it consists of the first   
four and the last three verses of the   
#ajc;d ,psalm and is used as an         
alternate to the ,nunc ,dimittis4 ,it is
 not set forth in the ,english ,prayer  
,book as a canticle4  ,benedicite4--,the
 ,benedicite is taken from the          
,apocryphal ,book of ,the ,song of the  
,three ,children and has been used from 
very ancient times as a hymn in         
,christian ,worship4 ,st4 ,chrysostom1  
,a4,d4 #dbe1 spoke of it as that        
wonderful and marvelous song which from 
that day to this has been sung          
everywhere throughout the world1 and    
shall yet be sung by future generations4
 ,an analysis of this hymn shows it to  
be not simply a haphazard enumeration of
 the works of the ,lord1 but a fine     
grouping of them in classes to which    
they belong4 ,the ,prelude1 contained in

 the first verse1 is a call to all the  
works of the ,lord to praise ,him and   
magnify ,him forever4 #cd ,then         
beginning with the angels as ,god's     
ministers we find four great divisions  
or classifications as follows3  ,i4 ,the
 ,heavens1 verses #b to #h4  ,,ii4 ,mid 
,air1 verses #h to #ah4  ,,iii4 ,the    
,earth1 verses #ah to #bf4  ,,iv4 ,all  
,mankind1 from verse #bf to the end2    
this last division being a call to      
mankind in general--the people of       
,israel1 ,priests and servants of the   
,lord1 ,spirits and ,souls of the       
,righteous1 and all holy and humble men 
of heart1 to praise the ,lord and       
magnify ,him forever1--followed in      
,christian ,worship by the ,gloria      
,patri1 as an act of high praise of the 
holy1 blessed and adorable ,trinity1    
made known to us by the ,revelation of  
our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4  
,the ,benedicite was first placed in the
 ,english ,prayer ,book in the year     
#aedi1 to be sung as an alternate to the

 ,te ,deum4 ,it is usually sung during  
,advent and ,lent4  ,benediction4--,a   
,blessing1 such as that given at the end
 of the ,communion ,office and in the   
,marriage ,service4  ,it is also the act
 of setting apart for sacred use that   
which is to be used in the services of  
the ,church4 ,reverential instinct      
teaches that it is unbecoming to        
transfer from the shop to the ,altar or 
,church articles designed for holy use  
without first being set apart for such  
purpose4 ,hence it is usual to bless by 
some appropriate service ,altar         
furniture1 linen and other objects for  
holy use1 that they may be set apart    
from all unhallowed and common uses4    
,such is the meaning of the consecration
 of our churches1 and when new articles 
are added it seems but fitting #ce that 
they also should be set apart for sacred
 use1 and this is done by an office of  
,benediction4 ,the ,benediction can only
 be pronounced by a ,bishop or ,priest4 
,benedictus4--,the canticle beginning   

,blessed be the ,lord ,god of ,israel1  
used after the ,second ,lesson at       
,morning ,prayer4 ,it is the song       
uttered by ,zacharias on the naming of  
,st4 ,john ,baptist and is found in ,st4
 ,luke ,i3#fh-hj4 ,the ,benedictus has  
been used as a responsory canticle to   
the ,gospel ,lessons from very ancient  
times as the daily memorial of the      
,incarnation4 ,as such it is the proper 
respond to the ,second ,lesson1 the     
,jubilate being simply an alternate1 to 
be used when the ,benedictus occurs in  
the ,lesson for the day4 ,during ,advent
 it is to be sung entire2 at other times
 only four verses may be used4          
,betrothal4--,that portion of the       
,marriage ,service in which the man and 
the woman join hands and give their     
troth 7i4e41 truth or promise of        
fidelity7 each to the other4 ,this is   
the ,marriage ,vow and is usually said  
at the foot of the chancel steps1 the   
marriage proper 7with the ring7 taking  
place at the ,altar ,rail4  ,bible1 ,the

 ,english4--,the ,english ,version of   
the ,bible as we now have it1 commonly  
called the ,authorized ,version was set 
forth ,a4 ,d4 #afaa4 ,it was the work of
 many hands and of several generations4 
,the translation made by ,william       
,tyndale1 ,a4,d4 #aebe1 is regarded as  
the foundation or primary version1 as   
the versions that followed were         
substantially reproductions of it4      
,three successive stages may be         
recognized in the work of translation2  
7#a7 ,the publication of the ,great     
,bible in #aedj2 7#b7 ,the ,bishop's    
,bible of #aefh and #aegb in the reign  
of ,elizabeth1 and 7#c7 ,the publication
 #cf of the ,king's ,bible in #afaa in  
the reign of ,james ,i4 ,thus the form  
in which the ,english ,bible has now    
been read for more than #cjj years was  
the result of various revisions made    
between #aebe and #afaa4 ,this old and  
familiar version of the ,bible was      
revised ,a4,d4 #ahha by a large body of 
,english and ,american scholars1 but    

their revision has never become very    
popular4 7,see ,,lectionary1 also       
,,scriptures ,,in ,,prayer ,,book74     
,bidding ,prayer4--,the #eeth canon of  
the ,english ,church in #afjc enjoined a
 ,bidding ,prayer in the form of an     
,exhortation to be used before all      
sermons1 each petition or exhortation   
beginning1 ,let us pray for1 or ,ye     
shall pray for1 to which the people     
responded4 ,the term ,bidding is from   
the old ,saxon word ,bede1 meaning      
prayer4 ,the ,litany and1 also1 the     
,prayer for the ,church ,militant in the
 ,communion ,office bear some           
resemblance to the ,bidding ,prayer1    
especially in the enumeration of the    
objects prayed for4 ,the ,bidding       
,prayer is now very rarely used1        
although attempts have been made to     
revive its use1 especially in purely    
preaching services4  ,biretta4--,a black
 cap of peculiar shape worn by the      
clergy in outdoor processions and       
services and sometimes in ,church4 ,when

 worn by a ,bishop the color is purple4 
,bishop4--,the highest of the three     
,orders of the ,sacred ,ministry        
7,bishops1 ,priests and ,deacons74 ,it  
is derived from the ,greek word         
,episcopos1 the transition being1       
,episcopus1 ,biscop1 ,bishop2 the p     
melting into b4 ,the word means         
overseer4 ,the functions of a ,bishop   
are to rule his ,diocese1 ordain to the 
,ministry1 administer ,confirmation1    
consecrate ,church #cg buildings1 etc4  
,the ,bishops are the successors of the 
,apostles and bear the same office4     
,that they are not now called ,apostles 
will appear from the following          
statement3 ,when the ,apostles1 in      
anticipation of their approaching death1
 appointed their successors in the      
superintendence of the several churches 
which they had founded1 as ,timothy at  
,ephesus and ,titus at ,crete1 the title
 of ,apostolos was reserved by way of   
reverence to those who had been         
personally sent by ,christ ,himself2    

,episcopos was assigned to those who    
succeeded them in the highest office of 
the ,church1 as overseers of ,pastors as
 well as of flocks2 and ,presbuteros    
became the distinctive appellation of   
the second order1 so that after the     
first century1 no writer has designated 
the office of one of this second order  
by the term ,episcope4 ,this assertion  
cannot be controverted1 and its great   
significance is self-evident4 7,see     
,,holy ,,orders1 ,,episcopacy1 also     
,,ministry74  ,bishop's ,charge--,title 
,i1 ,canon #ai1 ,sec4 ,,ix of the       
,canons of the ,general ,convention     
makes the following provision3 ,it is   
deemed proper that every ,bishop of this
 ,church shall deliver1 at least once in
 three years1 a charge to the ,clergy of
 his ,diocese1 unless prevented by      
reasonable cause4 ,and it is also deemed
 proper that1 from time to time1 he     
shall address to the people of his      
,diocese ,pastoral ,letters on some     
points of ,christian doctrine1 worship  

or manners4 ,in his charge the ,bishop  
has opportunity to speak on great       
questions of the day and to emphasize   
that which he deems to be for the best  
interests of the ,church4 ,in addition  
to his charge1 the ,bishop is required  
to make an ,annual ,address to his      
,diocese in council #ch assembled1 in   
which he reviews the ,state of the      
,diocese1 and sets forth his official   
acts for the year4  ,bishop             
,coadjutor--,when a ,bishop of a        
,diocese1 by reason of old age or other 
permanent cause of infirmity1 or by     
reason of extent of territory1 is unable
 to discharge his ,episcopal duties1 one
 ,bishop may be elected by and for the  
,diocese to assist him in his work4 ,the
 title of such assistant is ,bishop     
,coadjutor4 ,in case of the death of the
 ,bishop1 the ,bishop ,coadjutor        
succeeds him in his office and becomes  
,bishop of the ,diocese4  ,bishop1      
,election of4--,the provisions made by  
the general canons of the ,american     

,church for the election of a ,bishop   
are as follows3 ,the ,bishop of a       
,diocese is elected by the ,clergy and  
,laity of the ,diocese in council       
assembled4 7,the method of election is  
different in different ,dioceses47 ,on a
 ,bishop being chosen1 certificates of  
his election and also testimonials of   
his being worthy must be signed by a    
constitutional majority of the          
convention by whom he is elected4       
,these1 together with the approbation of
 his testimonials by the ,house of      
,deputies in ,general ,convention and   
its consent to his consecration are then
 presented to the ,house of ,bishops4   
,if the ,house of ,bishops consent to   
his consecration1 the ,presiding ,bishop
 notifies the ,bishop-elect of such     
consent4 ,if the ,bishop-elect accepts1 
the ,presiding ,bishop then takes order 
for his consecration1 either by himself 
and two other ,bishops1 or by three     
,bishops whom he may appoint for that   
purpose4 ,in case the election takes    

place during a recess of the ,general   
,convention and more than three months  
before the meeting of the #ci next      
,general ,convention1 then the above    
certificates of election and            
testimonials must be submitted to the   
,standing ,committees of the different  
,dioceses4 ,if a majority of the        
,standing ,committees consent to the    
proposed consecration1 the ,presiding   
,bishop is notified of the fact1 and the
 same is communicated to all the        
,bishops of this church in the ,united  
,states 7except those whose resignations
 have been accepted71 and if a majority 
of the ,bishops consent to the          
consecration1 the ,presiding ,bishop    
takes order for the consecration of the 
,bishop-elect4 ,it is further ordered   
that no man shall be consecrated a      
,bishop of this ,church until he shall  
be thirty years old4  ,bishop1          
,missionary--,a ,bishop elected by the  
,house of ,deputies of the ,general     
,convention1 on nomination by the ,house

 of ,bishops1 and consecrated to        
exercise ,episcopal functions in ,states
 or ,territories1 or parts thereof1 not 
organized into ,dioceses4 ,missionary   
,bishops are in the same manner         
nominated1 elected and consecrated for  
the work of the ,church in foreign      
fields4  ,bishop1 ,the                  
,presiding4--7,see ,,presiding          
,,bishop74  ,bishop1 ,resignation       
of4--7,see ,,jurisdiction1 ,,resignation
 ,,of74  ,bishop's ,visitation4--,title 
,i1 ,canon #ai1 ,sec4 ,x of the general 
canons of the ,american ,church provides
 that1 ,every ,bishop in this ,church   
shall visit the ,churches within his    
,diocese at least once in three years1  
for the purpose of examining the state  
of his ,church1 inspecting the behavior 
of his ,clergy1 administering the       
,apostolic rite of ,confirmation1       
ministering the word1 and1 if he think  
fit1 administering #dj the ,sacrament of
 the ,lord's ,supper to the people      
committed to his charge4 ,it is usual1  

however1 for the ,american ,bishops to  
visit the ,parishes of their ,dioceses  
at least once a year4  ,bishopric4--,the
 office or jurisdiction of a ,bishop4   
,black4--,one of the ,church colors2 to 
be used only on ,good ,friday and at    
funerals4 ,this usage applies to the    
,stole as well as to the ,altar         
hangings4 7,see ,,church ,,colors74     
,blessed ,virgin ,mary4--,the title     
which the ,church has always given to   
the ,mother of our ,lord1 and by which  
all devout churchmen speak of her of    
whom the angel declared1 ,blessed art   
thou among women4 ,not even the         
glorified ,saints who have attained to  
the purity and bliss of ,heaven are     
raised to higher blessedness and purity 
than that saintly maiden was whom       
,elizabeth was inspired to call 'the    
,mother of my ,lord4' ,this sanctity of 
the ,blessed ,virgin through her        
association with her ,divine ,son has   
always been kept vividly in view by the 
,church4  ,the perpetual ,virginity of  

the lowly ,mother of our ,lord has      
always been a very strong tradition     
among all devout ,christians2 a belief  
which is prompted by reverence for the  
great mystery of the ,incarnation1 and  
confirmed by the universal consent of   
the ,church4 ,the term brethren of our  
,lord1 which occurs in the ,new         
,testament means simply kindred1        
according to the ,jewish use of the     
word4  ,two days are set apart to the   
honor of the ,blessed ,virgin1 viz41    
,the ,feast of the ,annunciation1 ,march
 #beth1 and the ,feast of the           
,purification1 ,february #b;d4 7,see    
articles on these ,festivals47 #da      
,blessing of ,peace1 ,the4--,the        
,benediction at the end of the          
,communion ,service1 beginning1 ,the    
,peace of ,god1 etc4 ,this beautiful    
,benediction is peculiar to the         
,anglican ,liturgy1 both as to form and 
place4 ,reverence and a devout mind will
 not permit any one to leave the ,church
 before this ,blessing is pronounced4   

,board of ,managers4--,the executive    
committee which has charge of the       
general ,missions of the ,american      
,church1 and which1 when the ,board of  
,missions is not in session1 exercises  
all the corporate powers of ,,the       
,,domestic ,,and ,,foreign ,,missionary 
,,society 7which see74  ,board of       
,missions4--,the legislative branch of  
,,the ,,domestic ,,and ,,foreign        
,,missionary ,,society 7which see7 and  
which holds its sessions during the     
,general ,convention4  ,bounden         
,duty4--,it is thus the ,prayer ,book   
expresses the obligation of all the     
,confirmed to attend and participate in 
the ,holy ,communion whenever it is     
celebrated4 ,the words occur in the     
,prayer of ,consecration4               
,bowing4--,the late ,canon ,liddon1 in  
one of his sermons1 said1 ,the reverence
 of the soul is best secured when the   
body1 its companion and instrument1 is  
reverent also4 ,this truth pervades all 
the ,church's worship4 ,besides kneeling

 and standing1 bowing1 also1 was always 
and is still customary in the devotions 
of the true disciple4 ,thus in regard to
 bowing towards the ,altar1 the #gth    
canon of the ,english ,church of #afdj1 
which enjoins the custom1 declares1     
doing reverence and obeisance both at   
their coming in and going out of        
churches1 chancels1 or chapels was a    
most #db ancient custom of the          
,primitive ,church in the purest times4 
,bowing at the ,name of ,jesus is a very
 old and ,scriptural custom according to
 the spirit of ,st4 ,paul's words in    
,phil4 #b3aj4 ,at the ,name of ,jesus   
every knee should bow1 and is enjoined  
by the #ahth canon of #afjd in these    
words1 ,when in the time of divine      
service the ,lord ,jesus shall be       
mentioned1 due and lowly reverence shall
 be done by all persons present4 ,bowing
 at the ,glorias was first introduced   
about #cbe ,a4,d4 as a protest against  
,arianism1 a heresy which denied the    
,divinity and coequality of ,god the    

,son4  ,breaking of the ,bread--,one of 
the ,new ,testament ,names for the      
,,holy ,,communion 7which see7 and one  
of the four marks of the ,church's      
unbroken continuity4 7,acts #b3db47     
,brotherhood of ,st4 ,andrew4--,the name
 of an organization of men in the       
,church1 the object of which is the     
spread of ,christ's ,kingdom among men4 
,the members have two rules for their   
guidance 7#a7 ,the ,rule of ,prayer2 to 
pray daily that the object of the       
,society may be accomplished1 and 7#b7  
,the ,rule of ,service2 to make an      
earnest effort each week to bring at    
least one man within the hearing of the 
,gospel of ,jesus ,christ4 ,this        
organization has proved to be very      
popular and has grown rapidly in power  
and influence4 ,it began as a ,parish   
organization in ,st4 ,james' ,church1   
,chicago1 in #ahhc1 and proved to be so 
effective in winning men to the service 
of the ,church1 that other parishes     
heard of it2 took up the same line of   

work2 so that there are now #a1agc      
active chapters with a membership of    
#ab1jjj men4 ,the ,brotherhood has also 
been organized in #dc ,canada1 in       
,england1 ,scotland1 and even in        
,australia1 and in every place it is    
proving to be a great help and blessing 
to the ,church4 ,this work was prompted 
by the example of the ,apostle ,st4     
,andrew4 7,see ,,andrew1 ,,feast ,,of   
,,st47  ,burial4--,the ,burial ,office  
set forth in the ,prayer ,book is       
intended for the ,church's own people1  
and therefore it cannot be used over an 
unbaptized adult1 because not being     
baptized he is not a member of the      
,church4 ,it cannot be used over an     
excommunicated person because he has    
been cut off from the ,church's         
privileges4 ,it cannot be used over one 
who has committed suicide1 even if a    
member of the ,church1 for by this act  
he has voluntarily removed himself from 
the sphere of its sanctions1 and to whom
 all branches of the ,church as well as 

our own have ever denied the use of this
 ,office4 ,the reason for these         
prohibitions may be learned when we     
consider that the ,burial ,office is    
founded on the fact of our incorporation
 into ,christ's ,mystical ,body1 on     
which is founded our hope of the        
,general ,resurrection4 ,the whole      
service is colored by this belief and is
 illustrated and confirmed by the       
,lesson read from ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle 
to the ,corinthians1 setting forth the  
doctrine that our ,lord's ,incarnation  
is the source of all spiritual life and1
 therefore1 the source of eternal life  
in the world to come4  ,the proper place
 for the use of the ,burial ,office is  
the ,church and it ought not to be used 
in houses except for great cause4       
,burse4--,a square pocket or case1 in   
which the corporal and pall are kept    
when not in use4 #dd    ,c              
,calendar4--,the word calendar is       
derived from the ,latin word calo1      
meaning1 to reckon4 ,from this the first

 day of every ,roman month was called   
,calends1 hence ,calendar4 ,calendars   
are known to have been in use at a very 
early date4 ,one is still extant that   
was formed as early as ,a4,d4 #ccf1 and 
another drawn up for the ,church in     
,carthage dates from ,a4,d4 #dhc4 ,the  
origin of ,christian ,calendars is      
clearly coeval with the commemoration of
 martyrs1 which began at least as early 
as the martyrdom of ,polycarp1 ,a4,d4   
#afh4 ,the ,church ,calendar is set     
forth in the introductory portion of the
 ,prayer ,book1 consisting of several   
,tables giving the ,holy ,days of the   
,church with their ,proper ,lessons1 and
 also the ordinary days of the year with
 the ,daily ,lessons4 ,it is well to    
note that the ,calendar as thus set     
forth is the detailed law of the ,church
 for the daily ,worship of ,god4 ,there 
is so much stated and implied in this   
law it is well worth our careful study1 
and the reader is referred to this      
introductory portion of the ,prayer     

,book4 7,see ,,christian ,,year74       
,candidate4--,the name commonly given to
 one who is preparing for ,holy ,baptism
 or ,confirmation4 ,the name is also    
applied to one who seeks admission to   
the ,sacred ,ministry1 and is therefore 
enrolled as a ,candidate for ,holy      
,orders4  ,candlemas4--,a popular name  
for the ,feast of the ,purification1    
observed on ,february #b;d1 from the    
custom of lighting up churches with     
tapers and lamps in remembrance of our  
,lord having been declared #de on this  
day by ,simeon to be a light to lighten 
the ,gentiles4 7,st4 ,luke #b3be-cb47   
,canon4--,a ,greek word meaning rule1   
and in the usage of the ,church has     
various applications1 as follows3  #a4  
,,the ,,canon ,,of ,,scripture means    
those books of ,scripture which the     
,church has received or accepted as     
inspired1 and therefore declares them to
 be canonical1 to distinguish them from 
profane1 apocryphal or disputed books4  
#b4 ,,canon ,,law means the body of     

ecclesiastical laws enacted by the      
,church for the rule and discipline of  
its clergy and people4 ,there are       
ecumenical canons1 including the        
,apostolic canons of unknown date1 and  
the canons of the undisputed ,general   
,councils2 the canons of the ,english   
,church which are regarded as binding in
 this country where they do not conflict
 with enactments of the ,american       
,church2 the ,general canons of the     
,american ,church1 and the ,diocesan    
canons enacted by the various ,dioceses4
  #c4 ,,the ,,canon ,,of ,,the          
,,liturgy1 by which is meant the rule   
for the celebration of the ,holy        
,communion by which it is always to be  
offered4 ,this includes the ,prayer of  
,consecration1 which was formerly called
 the ,canon of the ,mass4  #d4 ,,canon1 
the name given to a clergyman connected 
with a cathedral2 an officer of the     
cathedral staff2 a member of the        
cathedral chapter4                      
,canonical--,pertaining1 or according to

 the ,canons4  ,canonical               
,hours4--,seven stated hours appointed  
for devotional exercises1 viz41         
,nocturns1 ,matins with ,lauds1 ,prime1 
,tierce1 ,sext1 ,nones1 and ,vespers    
with #df ,compline4 ,each of the ,seven 
,hours is said to commemorate some point
 in the ,passion of our ,lord1 as set   
forth in the old rhyme1    ,at mattins  
bound1 at prime reviled1     ,condemned 
to death at tierce1    ,nailed to the   
,cross at sexts1 at nones     ,his      
blessed side they pierced4    ,they take
 ,him down at vesper-tide     ,in grave 
at compline lay3    ,who thenceforth    
bids ,his ,church observe     ,the      
sevenfold hours alway4  ,canonical      
,residence4--,by this is meant that     
every clergyman of the ,american ,church
 is connected with some one or other of 
the various ,dioceses1 and is always    
under some ,bishop4 ,his canonical      
residence begins with his ordination1 or
 from the ,bishop's acceptance of his   
letter of transfer from one ,diocese to 

another4 7,see ,,dimissory ,,letter74   
,canticle4--,a word derived from the    
,latin canticulus1 meaning a little     
song1 from cantus a song4 ,the term is  
applied to the detached ,psalms and     
,hymns used in the services of the      
,church1 such as the ,venite1           
,benedictus1 ,magnificat1 etc4          
,cantoris4--,derived from cantor1       
meaning a singer1 and is used to        
designate the north side of the choir1  
where the precentor sits4               
,architecturally and ecclesiastically1  
the ,altar is always regarded as the    
east whether it is so in reality or not4
 ,north side1 therefore1 is the left of 
the ,altar as we face it4  ,cardinal    
,virtues4--7,see ,,virtues1 ,,the       
,,cardinal74  ,cassock4--,a long black  
coat1 fastened in front and #dg reaching
 to the feet1 worn by the clergy with or
 without robes and signifying separation
 from the world4 ,the cassock is also   
worn by choristers and choirmen under   
their surplices4  ,catechism4--,a short 

instruction set forth in the ,prayer    
,book1 to be learned by every person    
before he be brought to be confirmed by 
the ,bishop4 ,the word catechism is     
derived from a ,greek word1 and means   
literally an instruction by word of     
mouth of such a kind as to draw out a   
reply4 ,as it now stands1 the catechism 
is really an ,unfinished ,fragment4 ,it 
was begun in #aedi1 under ,edward ,,vi4 
,it was afterwards gradually enlarged1  
the commandments being given in full in 
#aeeb2 the section on the ,two          
,sacraments was added in #afjd1 and the 
,duty towards my neighbor was revised in
 #affb4 ,the ,catechism1 as set forth in
 the ,prayer ,book1 shows five general  
divisions1 7#a7 ,the ,christian         
,covenant2 7#b7 ,the ,christian ,faith2 
7#c7 ,the ,christian ,duty2 7#d7 ,the   
,christian ,prayer or ,worship1 and 7#e7
 ,the ,christian ,sacraments or ,means  
of ,grace4 ,the rubric at the end of the
 catechism provides that ,the minister  
of every ,parish shall diligently1 upon 

,sundays and ,holy ,days1 or on some    
other convenient occasions1 openly in   
the ,church1 instruct or examine so many
 children of his ,parish sent unto him1 
as he shall think convenient1 in some   
part of this ,catechism4 ,the object of 
this rubric is that the minister may    
have opportunity to prepare the younger 
members of his flock for ,confirmation4 
,the ,catechism from its comprehensive  
exposition of duty and doctrine and its 
simple1 familiar style of question and  
answer is well adapted for the purpose4 
,and on #dh all the five points         
enumerated the children of the ,parish  
may be duly instructed in their         
preparation for ,holy ,confirmation1 if 
parents and guardians will be guided by 
the next rubric which directs them to   
send their children to the ,minister for
 instruction4  ,catechumen4--,the name  
given to a convert of the early ,church 
who was being instructed in ,christian  
doctrine preparatory to ,holy ,baptism4 
,cathedral4--,the word cathedral1       

derived from the ,greek word cathedra1  
meaning a seat1 is the name given to the
 ,church where the ,bishop's seat or    
throne is4 ,as such1 it is the chief    
church in the ,diocese and the centre of
 the ,bishop's work4 ,around it are     
gathered the educational and charitable 
institutions of the ,diocese4 ,it is the
 centre of ,diocesan activities and of  
the mission work carried on by the      
,cathedral clergy under the direction of
 the ,bishop4 ,of the ,cathedral as an  
institution a recent writer has said3   
,it must be granted that a ,cathedral in
 its origin was nothing more than a     
missionary creation1 where the ,bishop  
of a partly unevangelized country placed
 his seat with his council of clergy    
grouped around him1 whose duty was to go
 forth into the surrounding districts   
with the message of the ,gospel1 to     
plant smaller churches which should be  
subordinate or parochial centres1 and to
 return again periodically to the       
,diocesan church as headquarters1 for   

the counsel1 direction and inspiration  
of their chief4 7,see ,,diocese74       
,catholic4--,the word ,catholic was very
 early adopted as descriptive of the    
,church founded by our ,lord and ,his   
,apostles4 ,it means universal1 or      
embracing all4 ,in this sense the       
,church is catholic in #di these three  
things1 7#a7 ,it is for all people2 7#b7
 ,it teaches all the ,gospel1 and 7#c7  
,it endures throughout all ages4 ,this  
distinguishes the ,christian ,church    
from the old ,jewish ,church which was  
but temporal1 local1 national4  ,again1 
the word ,catholic is used as being     
descriptive of the orthodoxy of any     
particular ,church or individual as     
being in agreement with the one1        
undivided ,church which has expressed   
itself in the ,ecumenical or ,general   
,councils4  ,the word is1 also1 used to 
describe that which is believed on the  
,authority of the ,church1 as for       
example1 the doctrine of the ,blessed   
,trinity is a catholic doctrine because 

it is the universally accepted teaching 
of the ,church and having the sure      
warrant of ,holy ,scripture4  ,thus we  
learn that the word catholic is a very  
significant term and sets forth the real
 nature of the ,church and her          
teachings4 ,it enables us to test our   
own orthodoxy1 to know whether we are   
loyal and true1 in accord with the      
,faith once delivered to the ,saints1   
and1 without doubt1 will save us from   
being carried away with every blast of  
vain doctrine4  ,this word1 then1 so    
greatly misunderstood1 so wrongly used1 
yet meaning what it does1 ought to be   
used with thoughtful care4 ,for         
intelligent ,churchmen the term         
,catholic ,church should not mean1 nor  
be used to mean1 simply the ,roman      
,church1 but rather that glorious body  
in which we declare our belief when we  
say in the ,creed1 ,i believe in the    
,holy ,catholic ,church4                
,celebrant4--,he who celebrates the     
,holy ,eucharist #ej whether ,bishop or 

,priest1 is so called4 ,a deacon cannot 
celebrate or administer the ,holy       
,communion4  ,ceremonies4--7,see ,,rites
 ,,and ,,ceremonies74  ,chalice4--,the  
cup1 made of precious metal1 in which   
the wine is consecrated at the ,holy    
,communion and from which it is received
 by the communicants4 ,derived from the 
,latin word calix1 genitive1 calicis1   
meaning1 a cup4 7,see ,,vessels1        
,,sacred74  ,chalice ,veil4--,a square  
of silk embroidered and fringed1 varying
 in color according to the ,church      
,season4 ,it is used for covering the   
chalice when empty4  ,chancel4--,that   
part of the ,church building set apart  
as the place of the ,clergy and others  
who minister in the ,church service4 ,it
 includes the ,sanctuary where the ,holy
 ,communion is celebrated and the choir 
where the other offices are said4 ,the  
,chancel was formerly1 and is even now  
in many places1 divided from the ,nave  
by a screen or lattice work 7cancelli7  
and is raised by steps above the level  

of the body of the ,church4             
,chancellor4--,an officer of the        
,diocese1 learned in the law1 whose duty
 it is to act as the legal counselor of 
the ,bishop and of the ,standing        
,committee in matters affecting the     
interests of the ,church1 as his        
professional counsel may be asked or    
required4 ,chancellor is also the title 
of a ,cathedral officer2 the name is    
also given to the head of a ,university4
  ,chantry4--,a small chapel attached to
 a ,parish ,church where the daily      
offices are said1 e4 g41 the chantry of 
,grace ,church1 ,new ,york4 ,anciently  
the chantry was an endowed chapel4 #ea  
,chasuble4--,the vestment worn by the   
celebrant at the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,for 
full description see ,,vestments4       
,childermas4--,the old ,english popular 
name for ,,holy ,,innocents ,,day 7which
 see74  ,chimere4--,the garment worn by 
a ,bishop1 now usually of black satin1  
but formerly of scarlet4 ,it has lawn   
sleeves attached to it which properly   

belong to the rochet1 the white vestment
 worn underneath4 ,the derivation of the
 name is unknown4  ,choir4--,properly   
speaking the word choir is an           
architectural term used only of         
,cathedrals and is that part of the     
building which in parish churches is    
called the chancel4 ,it is usually      
separated from the cathedral nave by a  
screen4 ,the term is also used to       
designate the body of singers appointed 
to render the music of the ,church      
services4  ,choir1 ,the ,vested4--7,see 
,,surpliced ,,choir74  ,choral          
,service4--7,see ,,even ,,song1 also    
,,intone and ,,plain ,,song47           
,christian4--,in the #aath chapter of   
the ,acts of the ,apostles1 the #bfth   
verse1 we read1 ,and the disciples were 
called ,christians first in ,antioch4   
,as the result of the persecutions which
 arose about ,st4 ,stephen1 some of the 
disciples who had to flee for their     
lives came to ,antioch4 ,in time there  
grew up a church there1 a mixed society 

of ,jews and ,gentiles1 and the citizens
 of ,antioch naturally asked1 ,what are 
they8 ,what name do they bear8 ,what is 
their object8 ,while they were          
acquainted with the ,jews and their     
peculiarities1 they saw that this was   
not a ,jewish organization1 for it      
embraced ,gentiles as well4 ,when #eb   
they learned that the one bond which    
held this society together was their    
belief in a ,messiah1 a ,christ1 the    
people of ,antioch1 who were celebrated 
for their fertility in nicknames1 called
 the members of this society1           
,christians4 ,without doubt the name was
 given in ridicule4 ,it did not spread  
widely at first2 it is only twice used  
in the ,bible and each time as a word of
 reproach4 ,but as often happens with   
names thus conferred1 this was a name to
 remain forever2 a name that was to be  
powerful and far-reaching2 a name that  
was to stand for all that is lovely1    
noble and beautiful in human life4 ,such
 is the origin of the name we bear4 ,we 

are ,christians because we know no other
 name but that of ,christ and no other  
bond but that of union with ,christ4 ,we
 are made ,christians in our ,baptism1  
for we are then brought into union with 
,christ and made members of ,his ,body4 
,the old word ,christen1 meaning to     
baptize1 really means to ,christian1    
that is1 to make ,christian by          
incorporating us into ,christ4          
,christian ,name4--7,see ,,name1        
,,christian47  ,christian ,unity4--7,see
 ,,unity1 ,,church74  ,christian ,year1 
,the4--,the ,church's ,year of          
,festivals and ,fasts is called the     
,christian ,year because as ,bishop     
,cosin says1 the ,church does not number
 her days1 or measure her seasons1 so   
much by the motion of the sun1 as by the
 course of our ,saviour2 beginning and  
counting her year with ,him who1 being  
the true ,sun of ,righteousness1 began  
now to rise upon the world4  ,the       
,christian ,year is one of our richest  
possessions and has been handed down to 

us from the most ancient #ec times4 ,by 
it the ,church regulates her ,public    
,worship1 makes generous provision for  
the reading of the ,bible and for us1   
her people1 it is the measure of our    
coming up to the ,house of ,god4 ,by    
means of it we connect the passage of   
time with the great facts of ,redemption
 and thus are enabled to so number our  
days that we may apply our hearts unto  
wisdom4 ,an examination of its structure
 reveals the fact that it insures the   
,scriptural setting forth of the        
,gospel1 not in part1 but in all its    
fulness4 ,its principal divisions are as
 follows3  ,i4 ,,advent1 the ,coming of 
,christ2 the ,season includes four      
,sundays4  ,,ii4 ,,christmas1           
,incarnation and ,birth of ,christ4     
,,iii4 ,,epiphany1 the ,manifestation of
 ,christ to the ,gentiles3 ,season      
variable and may include six ,sundays4  
,,iv4 ,,septuagesima or the             
,,pre-,,lenten ,,season2 three ,sundays3
 why ,god the ,son came to earth2       

consciousness of sin4  ,v4 ,,lent1      
including ,,holy ,,week1 ,,good         
,,friday1 and ,,easter ,,even2          
,penitence and ,amendment of life2      
,redemption by the ,blood of ,christ4   
,,vi4 ,,easter1 the ,risen ,life2       
teaching of the ,great ,forty ,days4    
,,vii4 ,,ascension1 the ,hope of ,glory4
  ,,viii4 ,,whitsun ,,tide1 the ,gift of
 the ,holy ,ghost4  ,,ix4 ,the ,,trinity
 ,,season1 the completed ,revelation2   
the moralities of the ,gospel4  ,in     
addition to these great divisions or    
seasons1 there are the ,holy ,days      
dotting the ,calendar--,,saints' ,,days 
commemorating the grace given unto      
,god's #ed faithful servants1 and other 
,holy ,days each having its special     
,scriptural teaching4 7,see ,,fasts1    
,,table ,,of1 also ,,feasts47  ,the     
value of the ,christian ,year cannot be 
too highly estimated1 for after all has 
been said1 the fact remains1 that no    
better instructor in the truths of the  
,bible can be found than what is        

commonly called ,,the ,,christian       
,,year4  ,christmas ,day4--,christmas is
 preeminently a ,church ,festival1 and  
observed on ,december #beth4 ,on this   
day the ,church celebrates with joy1    
gladness and exultation the ,nativity of
 her ,lord1 who became ,incarnate 7i4e41
 took our nature upon ,him7 and was born
 of a pure ,virgin4 ,as the angels at   
,his ,birth1 so mankind ever since has  
hailed the ,day of ,his ,nativity with  
exceeding great joy4 ,the ,puritans     
strove with all their ardor to destroy  
it1 but happily did not succeed4 ,the   
argument used against it1 that the      
,birthday of the ,child ,jesus is not   
known1 and1 therefore1 cannot be        
preserved1 does not prevail against the 
universal longing to celebrate in some  
way this great event4 ,we are not       
surprised1 therefore1 to find that from 
the very earliest period ,christmas was 
observed4 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 in the      
fourth century1 speaks of it as being   
even then of great antiquity4 ,in one of

 his ,epistles he mentions that ,julius 
,i1 about ,a4,d4 #cej1 had caused strict
 inquiry to be made and had confirmed   
the observance of ,christmas on         
,december #beth4  ,christmas has always 
been observed with several celebrations 
of the ,holy ,eucharist1 three at least 
taking place2 one at midnight1 another  
at early dawn and the third at midday4  
,the growing devotion of the #ee        
,american ,church has demanded this     
celebration of ,christmas and1          
therefore1 at the last revision of the  
,prayer ,book a second ,collect1        
,epistle and ,gospel for this day was   
inserted4 ,it is customary to decorate  
our churches on ,christmas with         
evergreen as symbolical of the eternal  
nature of our ,lord2 to deck the ,altar 
with white symbol of joy and purity1 and
 in some places with lighted candles to 
typify our ,lord as the ,light of the   
world4  ,church4--,the word used in     
,holy ,scripture for ,church is         
ecclesia1 from the ,greek word ek-kaleo1

 meaning to call out4 ,an ecclesia1     
therefore1 is a body called out4 ,the   
,rev4 ,francis ,j4 ,hall has given the  
following explanation1 ,the ,church is  
called the ecclesia because her         
membership consists of those who are    
called of ,god1 and adopted as ,his     
children and heirs of everlasting life4 
,the name teaches that the origin of the
 church was due1 not to any human act of
 organization1 but to ,divine operations
 and a ,divine ingathering of the elect4
 ,the mark by which the elect are       
distinguished in ,holy ,scripture is    
membership of the ,church by ,baptism1  
although ultimate salvation requires    
further conditions4 ,the use of the term
 ecclesia came originally from the      
calling out of ,israel from ,egypt2 out 
of ,egypt have ,i called my ,son2 this  
is the first use of the word4 ,the true 
conception of the ,church is a body     
called out from the world1 and set apart
 to the service of ,god1 as such it is  
called the ,kingdom of ,god1 over which 

,god reigns and in which they who are   
called serve ,him4 7,see ,,unity1       
,,church2 ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god2 ,,church
 ,,catholic2 also ,,anglican ,,church74 
#ef  ,church ,building ,fund4--,a very  
important and helpful organization      
exists in the ,american ,church known as
 ,the ,american ,church ,building ,fund 
,commission4 ,it was established        
,october #beth1 #ahhj1 by the ,general  
,convention and consists of all the     
,bishops1 and one clergyman and one     
layman from each ,diocese and           
,missionary ,jurisdiction appointed by  
the ,bishop thereof1 and of twenty      
members-at-large appointed by the       
,presiding ,bishop4 ,its object is to   
create by an annual offering from every 
congregation1 as recommended by the     
,general ,convention1 and by individual 
gifts1 a ,fund of ,one ,million         
,dollars1 portions of the principal to  
be loaned1 and of the interest given1 to
 aid the building of churches wherever  
needed4 ,in order to hold property and  

carry on the work of loaning money on   
mortgage in a safe and legal manner1 it 
was necessary to organize a corporation 
and this was done under the laws of the 
,state of ,new ,york1 the title of the  
organization being that given above4    
,this commission is one of the most     
efficient agencies in ,church extension2
 many a mission through its aid being   
enabled to erect a ,house of ,worship1  
which otherwise would have had to give  
up in despair and abandon all hopes of  
having the ,church's worship and        
administration of the ,sacraments4      
,church ,catholic1 ,the4--,the kingdom  
of ,christ1 partly visible here on      
earth1 partly invisible behind the veil4
 ,the ,church ,catholic embraces three  
great divisions3  ,i4 ,,the ,,church    
,,militant1 here on earth1 struggling1  
fighting 7which militant means7 against 
sin to overcome it4 #eg  ,,ii4 ,,the    
,,church ,,expectant where the soul     
abides after death in a state of        
expectancy of the final ,resurrection2  

called1 also1 the ,,intermediate ,,state
 7which see74  ,,iii4 ,,the ,,church    
,,triumphant in ,heaven where the soul  
reunited to the body has its perfect    
consummation and bliss in ,god's eternal
 and everlasting glory4  ,church        
,chronology4--,under this head may be   
given certain dates and events which may
 be regarded as ,turning ,points in the 
history of the ,christian ,church3      
,,event4                                
,,date4  ,day of ,pentecost1 ,birthday  
of the ,church             ,a4,d4 #cc   
,death of ,st4 ,john at ,ephesus        
#ig  ,the ,ten great ,persecutions of   
,christians               #fd-cac  ,i4  
,general ,council1 at ,nicea            
#cbe  ,,ii4 ,general ,council1 at       
,constantinople                    #cha 
,,iii4 ,general ,council1 at ,ephesus   
#dca  ,,iv4 ,general ,council1 at       
,chalcedon                         #dea 
,leo the ,great revised the ,roman      
,liturgy                   #dib  ,v4    
,general ,council1 at ,constantinople   

#eec  ,gregory the ,great revised the   
,roman ,liturgy               #eij  ,st4
 ,augustine came to ,england            
#eie  ,,vi4 ,general ,council1 at       
,constantinople                    #fha 
,venerable ,bede died at ,yarrow1       
,england                    #gce        
,alfred the ,great founded ,oxford      
,university                #hhg  ,final 
,separation of ,church in ,east and     
,west              #ajed  ,osmund1      
,bishop of ,salisbury1 revised ,english 
,liturgy     #ajha  ,crusades began     
#ajie  ,bible divided into chapters     
#abeb  ,wickliffe and his work          
#acgg-achd  ,first book printed1 a      
,latin ,bible1 at ,mentz                
#adej  ,martin ,luther and his work     
#aeag-aedf  ,john ,calvin               
#aecj-aefd #eh  ,english ,reformation   
#aecd-aeei  ,first ,english ,prayer     
,book set forth                         
#aedi  ,present authorized version of   
the ,bible                  #afaa       
,present ,english ,prayer ,book set     

forth                    #affb  ,church 
introduced into ,america                
#aegh-afjg  ,bishop ,seabury consecrated
 in ,scotland first   ,american ,bishop 
#aghd  ,three additional ,bishops       
consecrated in ,england for   ,american 
,church                                 
#aghg-agij  ,name changed to ,protestant
 ,episcopal                     #aghi   
,american ,prayer ,book set forth       
,oct4 #af1 #aghi  ,american ,prayer     
,book revised                           
#ahhc-ahib  ,church ,club4--,throughout 
the ,american ,church there are a number
 of ,church ,clubs composed of laymen1  
associated together for the purpose of  
discussing problems of ,church work and 
belief and studying out more thoroughly 
what this ,church teaches and what its  
history is4 ,in some of these clubs     
eminent ,bishops and other clergy and   
laymen are invited to deliver lectures  
which are afterwards printed in book    
form4 ,the ,church ,club has done much  
to raise up a class of intelligent and  

well-informed ,churchmen who are proving
 to be a great help and blessing to the 
,church4  ,church ,colors4--,also called
 ,liturgical colors4 ,from the most     
ancient times it has been customary to  
deck the ,church's ,altar with hangings 
of rich material which vary in color    
with the ,church ,season4 ,as commonly  
used at the present time the ,church    
colors are five in number1 viz41 white1 
red1 violet1 green and black4 ,their use
 may be briefly set forth as follows3   
,white is used on all the great         
,festivals of our ,lord1 of the ,blessed
 ,virgin1 and of those ,saints who did  
not suffer martyrdom2 it is also the    
color for ,all ,saints' ,day1 and the   
,feast of ,st4 ,michael and ,all #ei    
,angels2 white is the symbol of joy and 
purity4 ,red is used on the ,feasts of  
,martyrs1 typifying that they shed their
 blood for the testimony of ,jesus2 it  
is also used at ,whitsun ,tide1         
symbolizing the cloven tongues of fire  
in the likeness of which the ,holy      

,ghost descended on the ,apostles4      
,violet is the penitential color and is 
used in ,advent1 ,lent1 the ,ember and  
,rogation ,days1 on the ,feasts of the  
,holy ,innocents1 etc4 ,green is the    
ordinary color for days that are neither
 feasts nor ,fasts as being the         
pervading color of nature2 it is chiefly
 used during the ,epiphany ,tide and the
 long period of the ,trinity ,season4   
,black is made use of at funerals and on
 ,good ,friday4 ,this use of the colors 
applies to the stole as well as to the  
,altar hangings4 ,the black stole is    
always out of place1 incongruous1 except
 at funerals and on ,good ,friday4      
,where they are used1 the cope1         
chasuble1 maniple1 dalmatic and tunic   
also vary with the ,season in the same  
manner4 ,the use of the ,church colors1 
besides decking the place of ,his       
,sanctuary is also most helpful to the  
devotions of the people1 in that it     
teaches them by the eye the various     
,seasons of the ,church's joy or        

mourning4  ,church ,congress4--,an      
organization of the ,clergy and ,laity  
in the ,american ,church having for its 
object the general discussion of living 
questions of the day and the application
 of ,revealed ,truth to the needs of our
 modern life4 ,it was organized in #ahgd
 on the model of the ,english ,church   
,congress which1 no doubt1 suggested    
such an organization for the ,church in 
the ,united ,states4 ,it is not a       
legislative body1 but rather an ,open   
,court for the free #fj exchange of     
views4 ,meetings are held annually and  
an elaborate programme of subjects is   
prepared for each meeting1 with         
appointed essayists and speakers1 and   
volunteer speakers are permitted4 ,the  
proceedings of each ,congress are       
published in book form1 of which the    
,rev4 ,dr4 ,wildes for so many years the
 ,general ,secretary says1 ,the         
proceedings1 addresses and speeches of  
the several sessions embodied in annual 
reports form a thesaurus of ripe        

learning1 vigorous thought and eloquent 
utterance upon great questions of the   
times1 of which the ,episcopal ,church  
may well be proud4 ,to the student in   
,theology and its cognate topics1 no    
less than to clergymen and thoughtful   
laymen1 these volumes will be found most
 valuable4  ,church ,militant4--7,see   
,,church ,,catholic1 ,,the74  ,church   
,missions ,house4--,this is a name that 
ought to be familiar to every ,american 
,churchman4 ,it is the name given to the
 handsome building which is the         
headquarters of ,the ,domestic and      
,foreign ,missionary ,society of the    
,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the   
,united ,states of ,america4 ,for many  
years the headquarters of the ,society  
were in rented rooms in the ,bible      
,house1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,by special   
offerings given for the purpose by many 
generous ,churchmen1 the ,society was   
provided with the means to erect this   
beautiful and spacious building4 ,the   
corner-stone was laid on the southeast  

corner of ,fourth ,avenue and           
,twenty-,second ,street in ,new ,york   
,city on ,october #c1 #ahib4 ,the       
building was occupied by the ,society on
 ,new ,year's ,day1 #ahid1 and on the   
#beth of the same month1 ,st4 ,paul's   
,day1 the building was formally         
dedicated4 ,thus after more than #fa    
seventy years1 during which the ,society
 had been a tenant1 the ,society1       
representing our whole ,church1 was     
established in its own beautiful home4  
,the ,church ,mission ,house is a       
perfect beehive of ,church work4 ,here  
all the leading interests of the ,church
 are centred4 ,in its spacious1         
well-lighted rooms are the offices of   
the ,missionary ,society4 ,here1 too1   
are the headquarters of the ,woman's    
,auxiliary1 the ,american ,building     
,fund ,commission1 the officers of the  
,general ,convention1 of the ,general   
,clergy ,relief ,fund1 the ,brotherhood 
of ,st4 ,andrew1 the ,girls' ,friendly  
,society and other ,church agencies4    

,here1 too1 in its beautiful ,chapel the
 noontide prayers are daily offered for 
the spread of the ,gospel of ,christ    
throughout the world4 ,the ,church      
,missions ,house is well worth a visit  
by those who are visiting ,new ,york    
even for only a few days4 7,see         
,,domestic ,,and ,,foreign ,,missionary 
,,society74  ,church ,temperance        
,society4--,this ,society was organized 
in #ahha1 and has for its object the    
promotion of temperance in its strict   
meaning4 ,its adult membership combines 
those who temperately use and those who 
totally abstain from intoxicating       
liquors as beverages4 ,it works on the  
lines of moral as well as legal suasion1
 and its practical objects are3 #a4     
,training the young in habits of        
temperance4 #b4 ,rescue of the drunkard4
 #c4 ,restriction of the saloon by      
legislation1 and #d4 ,counteractive     
agencies1 such as coffee-houses1        
working-men's clubs1 reading-rooms and  
other attractive wholesome resorts4 ,the

 ,church ,temperance ,legion deals with 
boys1 seeking to induce them to keep    
sober1 pure1 and reverent from the #fb  
earliest years of manhood and it        
endeavors to perpetuate those habits in 
men4  ,church ,wardens4--,the name given
 to two officers of a parish usually    
distinguished by the titles1 ,senior and
 ,junior4 ,in some ,dioceses they are   
elected directly by the people of the   
parish at the same time the ,vestrymen  
are elected4 ,in other ,dioceses they   
are appointed by the newly elected      
,vestry4 ,the ,senior ,warden is usually
 appointed by the ,rector and the       
,junior ,warden is elected by the       
,vestry4 ,it is the special duties of   
the ,wardens to see that the ,church    
edifice is kept from unhallowed use2    
that it be kept clean and in good       
repair1 duly lighted and warmed2 to     
provide a sufficient supply of books and
 ecclesiastical vestments to be used in 
the public ministrations by the         
,minister1 and to provide proper        

elements for the celebration of the     
,holy ,communion and preserve due order 
during service4 ,in the absence of the  
,rector one of the ,wardens presides at 
,parish and ,vestry meetings4  ,church  
,year4--7,see ,,christian ,,year74      
,churching4--,equivalent to the         
,purification among the ,jews1 and which
 in the life of the ,blessed ,virgin    
,mary is commemorated as a ,feast of the
 ,church on ,february #b4 ,the reader is
 directed to the service set forth in   
the ,prayer ,book under the title1 ,the 
,thanksgiving of ,women after           
,childbirth2 commonly called1 ,the      
,churching of ,women4 ,although every   
deliverance from peril or sorrow demands
 a tribute of thanksgiving to ,god1 yet 
,god ,himself has placed a mark on the  
pains of childbirth 7,gen4 #c3af72 and  
therefore1 as bearing special reference 
to the cause of #fc all other misery1   
the ,church has appointed a special     
office of praise in acknowledgment of   
the primeval curse converted into a     

blessing4  ,circumcision1 ,the4--,a     
,feast of the ,church observed on       
,january #ast1 in commemoration of our  
,lord's obedience to the ,law of        
,circumcision and ,his receiving the    
,name ,,jesus 7which see1 also ,,holy   
,,name74 ,originally this date was      
observed as the ,octave of ,christmas4  
,its first mention as the ,feast of the 
,circumcision was about ,a4,d4 #ajij4   
,in the ,annotated ,prayer ,book there  
is the following note3 ,january #ast was
 never in any way connected with the    
opening of the ,christian ,year2 and the
 religious observance of this day 7,new 
,year's ,day7 has never received any    
sanction from the ,church1 except as the
 ,octave of ,christmas and the ,feast of
 the ,circumcision4 ,the spiritual point
 of the season all gathers about        
,christmas4 ,as the modern ,new ,year's 
,day is merely conventionally so 7,new  
,year's ,day being on ,march #beth until
 about #aej years ago71 there is no     
reason why it should be allowed at all  

to dim the lustre of a day so important 
to all persons and all ages as          
,christmas ,day4 ,the ,feast of the     
,circumcision is designed to be observed
 with great solemnity4 ,there are       
,proper ,psalms1 being the #djth and    
#ijth for ,morning ,prayer1 and the     
#feth and #ajc;d for ,evening ,prayer1  
also ,proper ,lessons and ,collect1     
,epistle and ,gospel1 these last to be  
used every day until the ,epiphany4 ,the
 ,church color is1 white1 and the ,feast
 is placed among the ,,days ,,of        
,,obligation 7which see74  ,clergy4--,a 
collective name for the ,bishops1       
,priests and ,deacons of the ,church4   
,the ,priesthood and the #fd ,people are
 generally distinguished from each other
 by the titles ,clergy and ,laity4 ,the 
term ,clergy is derived from the ,greek 
word ,cleros1 meaning a lot or portion1 
either because the                      
,clergy--clerikoi--are the ,lord's      
portion1 as being allotted to ,his      
service2 or because ,god is their       

portion and inheritance4 ,the ,laity are
 so called from the ,greek word ,laos1  
meaning people1 as being the chosen and 
peculiar people of ,god4                
,clerical4--,pertaining to the work and 
office of the ,clergy4  ,cloister4--,a  
covered walk about a ,cathedral or      
,church or ,collegiate building1        
oftentimes forming a portion of the     
quadrangle4  ,coadjutor4--7,see ,,bishop
 ,,coadjutor74  ,collect4--,the name    
given to the prayers set forth in the   
,prayer ,book and especially to the     
short prayers used in connection with   
,epistles and ,gospels4 ,the origin of  
the name is uncertain and various       
meanings have been given to it4 ,some   
have connected it with the collected    
assembly of the people2 others have     
interpreted the name as indicating that 
the prayer so-called1 collects together 
the topics of previous prayers or else  
those of the ,epistle and ,gospel for   
the day4 ,another interpretation is that
 which distinguishes the ,collect as the

 prayer offered by the ,priest alone on 
behalf of the people1 while in the      
,litanies and ,versicles the ,priest and
 people pray alternately4 ,as of ,common
 ,prayer in general1 so it may be       
concluded especially of the ,collect in 
particular1 that it is the supplications
 of many gathered into one by the voice 
of the ,priest and offered up by him to 
the ,father through our ,lord and       
,mediator ,jesus ,christ4 #fe           
,comfortable ,words4--,the name given to
 the short passages of ,scripture read  
after the ,absolution in the ,communion 
service4 ,it has been pointed out that  
these are peculiar to our ,liturgy and  
that perhaps the object of their        
introduction was the obvious one        
suggested in the title of ,comfortable  
,words1 of confirming the words of      
,absolution with those of ,christ and   
,his ,apostles2 and of holding forth our
 ,lord and ,saviour before the          
communicants1 in the words of ,holy     
,scripture to prepare them for          

'discerning' ,his ,body in the          
,sacrament4  ,commendatory ,prayer4--,a 
beautiful and impressive prayer added to
 the ,prayer ,book in #affa1 and which  
is to be said over a dying person4 ,this
 prayer ought to be memorized by every  
,churchman so as to use it in any       
emergency for1 as ,bishop ,coxe suggests
 in ,thoughts on the ,services1 whether 
a ,clergyman be present or not1 no      
,christian should be willing to die1 or 
be permitted to die1 without the        
,commendatory ,prayer said by some one  
present at or near the moment of        
departure4 ,church people are not       
heathen1 that they should neglect this  
bounden duty to one who is passing away4
 ',father into ,thy hands ,i commend ,my
 spirit1' said the ,saviour with ,his   
dying breath4 ,so should the sick person
 in his own behalf2 or those who love   
him in his behalf1 if because of the    
pain or unconsciousness of death1 he    
cannot frame the petition for himself4  
,commandments1 ,the ,ten4--7,see        

,,decalogue47  ,common ,prayer4--,bishop
 ,whitehead has given the following     
explanation of this term3 ,common       
,prayer is so called in distinction from
 private or #ff special prayer4 ,it     
comprehends those needs and expresses   
those religious feelings which are      
common to all ,god's children who come  
together to worship4 ,so we make our    
common supplications1 confess our common
 sins1 and offer our common sacrifice of
 praise and thanksgiving1 of alms and   
devotion4 7,see ,,worship1 also ,,prayer
 ,,book47  ,communion1 ,holy4--7,see    
,,holy ,,communion47  ,communion of     
,saints4--,an article of the ,creed by  
which is meant the fellowship with1 or  
union in ,christ of all who are one with
 ,him whether they are among the living 
in the ,church on earth or the departed 
in ,paradise4 ,the ,communion of ,saints
 is specially realized in the ,holy     
,eucharist4 ,this spiritual food is our 
,lord's own divine substance and life1  
by participation in which the faithful  

,christian enters into a communion with 
his ,lord which death cannot end or even
 interrupt4 ,all who enter1 whether in  
the present or in the past1 into this   
communion with their risen ,lord are    
thereby bound together in holy          
fellowship one with another also4 ,it is
 this holy fellowship of those whom the 
,spirit has sanctified1 one with another
 and with their ,lord1 that we call the 
,communion of ,saints4 7,see ,,all      
,,saints' ,,day47  ,compline4--,one of  
the seven ,,canonical ,,hours 7which    
see74  ,confirmation4--,an ordinance of 
the ,church1 sacramental in character   
and grace conferring4 ,it is            
administered to those who have been     
baptized and is effected by prayer and  
the ,laying on of ,hands by the ,bishop4
 ,hence the ,scriptural name for it is  
,the ,laying on of ,hands4 ,its chief   
grace is the seven-fold #fg gift of the 
,holy ,ghost by means of which we are   
sealed1 made firm or strong1 and        
equipped manfully to fight under        

,christ's banner against sin1 the world 
and the devil4 ,confirmation is a       
further advance in the ,christian ,life 
and entitles the recipient to be        
admitted to the ,holy ,communion4  ,the 
,scriptural authority for ,confirmation 
is very manifest4 ,thus in ,acts        
#h3e-ag1 we have the first recorded     
,confirmation1 and in the #aith chapter 
we find another account of the same     
administration4 ,in ,hebrews #f3a1 #b1  
we find ,confirmation or the ,laying on 
of ,hands mentioned as a first or       
foundation principle of the ,doctrine of
 ,christ1 as necessary to the health of 
the soul as ,repentance1 ,faith1        
,baptism1 ,resurrection and eternal     
judgment4 ,in ,ephesians #a3ac and #ad1 
it is spoken of as a sealing1 and made a
 plea for righteousness of life3 and in 
the fourth chapter1 verse #cj1 it is    
spoken of in the same way1 as well as   
other passages which might be cited4    
,confirmation having such ,scriptural   
authority1 it is to be noted that it has

 always and in all places been practiced
 by the ,historic ,church and that even 
at this present time nine-tenths of all 
,christian people still hold to         
,confirmation as essential and necessary
 to the religious life4 ,while the above
 ,scriptural authority and universal    
practice are sufficient evidence that   
the use of ,confirmation is according to
 the mind of ,christ1 yet it will be    
interesting to know the estimate of this
 holy ordinance by those who have       
departed from the practice of the       
,universal ,church1 which is given as   
follows3  ,methodist ,testimony4--,i was
 determined #fh not to be without it1   
and therefore went and received         
,confirmation1 even since ,i became a   
,methodist preacher4--,dr4 ,adam        
,clarke4  ,baptist ,testimony4--,we     
believe that ,laying on of ,hands1 with 
prayer1 upon baptized believers as such1
 is an ordinance of ,christ1 and ought  
to be submitted unto by all persons to  
partake of the ,lord's                  

,supper4--,baptist ,association1        
,september #ag1 #agdb4  ,congregational 
,testimony4--,the confession of the     
,name of ,christ is1 after all1 very    
lame1 and will be so till the discipline
 which ,christ ordained be restored1 and
 the ,rite of ,confirmation be recovered
 in its full use and solemnity4--,dr4   
,coleman1 ,boston4  ,presbyterian       
,testimony4--,the ,rite of ,confirmation
 thus administered to baptized children1
 when arrived at competent years1 shows 
clearly that the ,primitive ,church in  
her purest days1 exercised the authority
 of a ,mother over her baptized         
children4--,committee of the ,general   
,assembly4  ,consecrate4--,to make      
sacred2 to set apart for sacred use1 as 
the elements in the ,holy ,communion1   
,church buildings1 etc4 ,a ,bishop is   
said to be consecrated to his office by 
the act of ,laying on of ,hands by other
 ,bishops4  ,consecration1 ,prayer      
of4--,that portion of the ,communion    
office beginning with the words1 ,all   

glory be to ,thee1 ,almighty ,god1 etc41
 and by which the ,bread and the ,wine  
become the ,body and the ,blood of      
,christ4 ,this is the most solemn act of
 the whole service and comprises 7#a7   
the words of ,institution1 7#b7 the     
,oblation and 7#c7 the ,invocation1     
followed by the ,intercessions4 #fi     
,consecration of ,church                
,buildings4--,the service provided in   
the ,prayer ,book whereby a church      
building erected and paid for is        
separated1 by the administration of the 
,bishop from all unhallowed1 ordinary   
and common uses and dedicated to ,god's 
service1 for reading ,his ,holy ,word1  
for celebrating ,his ,holy ,sacraments1 
for offering to ,his glorious ,majesty  
the sacrifices of prayer and            
thanksgiving1 for blessing ,his people  
in ,his ,name1 and for all other holy   
offices4 ,the building thus set apart   
becomes ,god's ,house and not man's1 and
 as such calls for acts of reverence on 
man's part as he enters it to meet ,god 

where ,he has thus caused ,his ,name to 
dwell there4  ,convention4--,a name     
quite generally used in the ,united     
,states for a ,council of the ,church4  
7,see ,,general ,,convention1 ,,diocesan
 ,,convention1 also ,,council47         
,convocation4--,the term ,convocation as
 used in the ,american ,church has      
reference to certain territorial        
divisions in a ,diocese1 or the grouping
 together of the ,clergy and ,laity of  
certain districts of a ,diocese1 for the
 more efficient and systematic work of  
missions4 ,usually each ,diocese is     
divided into two or more ,convocational 
,districts1 each one presided over by a 
,priest1 either elected by the ,clergy  
of the ,convocation or appointed by the 
,bishop1 and usually called the ,dean of
 ,convocation4 ,this arrangement has    
been found to be very helpful in        
creating a greater interest in the work 
of ,diocesan ,missions and in promoting 
,church extension within the            
,convocational limits4  ,the term is    

also applied to the annual meetings of  
#gj the ,bishop1 ,clergy and ,laity of a
 ,missionary ,jurisdiction1 which being 
a mission1 is not entitled to hold a    
,diocesan ,council or ,convention4      
,cope4--,a long cloak of silk or other  
rich material1 semicircular in shape1   
fastened in front at the neck by a clasp
 or morse and having on the back a flat 
hood embroidered4 ,it is worn over the  
alb or surplice and varies in color     
according to the ,church season4        
,usually worn in processions by ,priest 
or ,bishop and is symbolical of rule4   
,corporal4--,one of the pieces of ,altar
 linen4 ,a napkin of fine linen to be   
spread on the ,altar1 and upon which the
 sacred vessels are placed at the ,holy 
,communion4 ,when the ,altar breads are 
on the ,altar1 the lower right hand     
corner of the corporal is turned back   
over them1 except during the oblation   
and consecration4  ,cotta4--,a shorter  
form of the surplice1 not so full and   
having short sleeves4 ,the short        

surplice worn by choir-boys and choirmen
 is usually called a cotta4             
,council4--,an assemblage of the ,church
 met together for the purpose of        
considering matters of faith and        
discipline and legislating upon them4   
,the ,council may be ecumenical1 i4e41  
general1 or else of local interest and  
as such may be ,national1 provincial or 
,diocesan4 ,the ,general ,councils are  
those held by the ,,undivided ,,church  
7which see7 and which have been         
universally received4 ,they are         
generally regarded as being six in      
number1 as follows3  ,i4 ,council of    
,nicea1 held ,a4,d4 #cbe1 met to        
consider the heresy of ,arius and which 
gave us the ,nicene ,creed4 #ga  ,,ii4  
,council of ,constantinople1 held ,a4,d4
 #cha1 to consider the heresy of        
,macedonius and which reaffirmed the    
,nicene ,creed and completed it as it   
now stands except the ,filioque4  ,,iii4
 ,council of ,ephesus1 held ,a4,d4 #dca1
 to consider the ,nestorian ,heresy4    

,,iv4 ,council of ,chalcedon1 held      
,a4,d4 #dea1 to consider the ,heresy of 
the ,eutychians4  ,v4 ,second ,council  
of ,constantinople1 held ,a4,d4 #eec1 to
 confirm the decisions of the first four
 ,general ,councils4  ,,vi4 ,third      
,council of ,constantinople1 held ,a4,d4
 #fhj1 against a development of         
,eutychianism4 7,see ,,ecumenical47     
,credence4--,a table or shelf made of   
wood or stone placed at the side of the 
,sanctuary to hold the elements and     
vessels preparatory to consecration in  
the ,holy ,communion4 ,the derivation is
 not certainly known4 ,some suppose it  
is derived from an ,anglo-,saxon word   
meaning to make ready2 while others     
think it is derived from the ,italian   
word for buffet--credenzare1 meaning to 
taste food or drink before handed to    
another1--an old court custom4 ,the     
presence of the ,credence in the        
,sanctuary is made necessary by the     
rubric which directs that the bread and 
wine shall not be placed on the ,altar  

until the time of the ,offertory4       
,creed4--,a name derived from the ,latin
 word1 credo1 meaning ,i believe1 and   
signifying the ,belief4 ,the ,creed     
begins with the words ,i believe1       
because each and every statement in it  
contains a truth superior to reason1    
revealed by ,almighty ,god and proposed 
#gb to our faith faculty4 ,in the       
,american ,church two forms of the      
,creed are used1 namely the ,,apostles' 
and the ,,nicene1 to each of which the  
reader is referred4 7,see also          
,,orthodox47 ,two customs in saying the 
,creed have come down to us from the    
most ancient times1 7#a7 that of turning
 to the ,east or towards the ,altar in  
saying it1 and 7#b7 that of bowing the  
head at the holy ,name of ,jesus4       
,cross1 ,the4--,among the ancients death
 by crucifixion was a very common mode  
of execution4 ,among the ,romans1 death 
on the cross was regarded as the most   
degraded death possible1 and was used in
 the punishment of slaves and the lowest

 class of criminals4 ,it was thus our   
,blessed ,lord was humiliated2 nay1 it  
was thus that ,he humbled ,himself1 and 
became obedient unto death1 even the    
death of the ,cross4 7,phil4 #b3h47     
,this humiliating death of our ,lord by 
crucifixion1 led ,his followers to      
regard the ,cross with feelings of the  
greatest reverence4 ,henceforth1 the    
,cross1 the instrument of a shameful    
death1 became the symbol of glory4 ,it  
became the emblem of the ,christian     
,religion4 ,it was placed on all church 
buildings and over the ,altar as the    
everlasting sign of the eternal hope of 
the ,christian's belief4 ,it became also
 a manual act4 ,the custom of crossing  
oneself1 as an act of devotion may be   
traced back to the very beginnings of   
,christianity4 ,the ,prayer ,book makes 
provision for the newly baptized to be  
signed with the sign of the ,cross in   
token that hereafter he shall not be    
ashamed to confess the ,faith of ,christ
 crucified1 and it is thought that if it

 be neither wrong #gc nor superstitious 
on this occasion1 it cannot be at other 
times4 7,see ,,emblems47                
,crucifer4--,from a ,latin word meaning 
cross-bearer1 a name used to designate  
one who carries the cross in choir      
processionals4  ,cruets4--,for the      
greater convenience of the ,priest in   
celebrating the ,holy ,communion1       
vessels of glass or precious metal1     
called cruets1 are placed on the        
credence to hold the wine and water1 and
 from which at the proper time in the   
service1 the chalice is supplied4       
,crypt4--,a vault beneath a church1 more
 especially under the ,chancel and      
sometimes used for burial4 ,the word is 
sometimes given to the basement of a    
church where services are held4         
,curate4--,derived from the ,latin      
curatus1 meaning one who is charged with
 the cura1 i4e41 the cure or care of    
souls4 ,originally curate meant any one 
under the rank of ,bishop1 having the   
cure of souls1 but now the name is      

usually given to the ,assistant         
,minister in a ,parish4 7,see           
,,assistant ,,minister47    ,d    ,daily
 ,prayer1 ,the4--,by the appointment of 
,daily ,morning and ,evening ,prayer set
 forth in the ,prayer ,book the ,church 
designs that services should be held    
every day in the church throughout the  
year4 ,this is usually regarded as being
 impracticable and therefore the ,daily 
,prayer does not prevail in our         
churches4 ,it has been pointed out1     
however1 that ,churches #gd without such
 an offering of ,morning and ,evening   
,prayer are clearly alien to the system 
and principles of the ,book of ,common  
,prayer1 and to make the offering in the
 total absence of worshippers seems     
scarcely less so4 ,but as every church  
receives blessings from ,god in         
proportion as it renders to ,him the    
honor due unto ,his ,name1 so it is much
 to be wished that increased knowledge  
of devotional principles may lead on to 
such increase of devotional practice as 

may make the omission of the ,daily     
,offices rare in the ,churches of our   
land4  ,dalmatic4--,a robe of silk or   
other rich material with wide but short 
sleeves1 and richly embroidered1 worn by
 the ,deacon or ,gospeller at the ,holy 
,eucharist4 ,not usually worn1 although 
its use is being restored4  ,daughters  
of the ,king4--,an organization of the  
young women of the ,church1 organized in
 #ahhe4 ,a careful distinction should be
 made between the ,daughters of the     
,king and ,the ,king's ,daughters4 ,this
 organization came into existence some  
time before ,the ,king's ,daughters was 
organized1 and it is to be noted that   
the ,daughters of the ,king is more of  
an order than a ,society and is         
distinctively a ,church organization4   
,the purpose of the ,order is for the   
,spread of ,christ's ,kingdom among     
young women1 and the active support of  
the plans of the ,rector in whose parish
 the particular chapter may be located4 
,its badge is a cross of silver1 a      

,greek cross fleury and its mottoes are1
 ,magnanimeter ,crucem ,sustine and ,for
 ,his ,sake4 ,its colors are white and  
blue4 ,the ,order of the ,daughters of  
the ,king is very similar to #ge the    
,brotherhood of ,st4 ,andrew1 and is    
designed to do for young women what the 
,brotherhood does for young men4  ,days 
of ,obligation4--,these are days on     
which ,communicants are bound by the    
,faith they profess to be present at the
 celebration of the ,holy ,communion and
 to rest as much as possible from       
servile work4 ,such ,days of ,obligation
 are the following3    ,all ,sundays in 
the year1 not #ab but #eb4   ,christmas 
,day                             #beth  
,december4   ,feast of the ,circumcision
                   #ast ,january4       
,feast of the ,epiphany                 
#fth ,january4   ,annunciation ,day     
#beth ,march4   ,easter ,day            
,movable4   ,ascension ,day             
,movable4   ,whitsun ,day               
,movable4   ,all ,saints' day           

#ast ,november4  ,deacon4--,one who has 
been ordained to the lowest order of the
 ,ministry4 ,the account of the         
institution of the order of ,deacons is 
found in the ,acts of the ,apostles     
#f3a-g4 ,we here learn that the first   
,deacons were ordained to attend        
especially to the benevolent work of the
 ,church in caring for the poor1 but    
they were also preachers of the ,word4  
,the ,office of ,deacon is still        
retained in the ,church as an order of  
the ,ministry1 for it is evident unto   
all men reading ,holy ,scripture and    
ancient ,authors1 that from the         
,apostles' time there have been these   
,orders of ,ministers in ,christ's      
,church1--,bishops1 ,priests and        
,deacons4 ,a ,deacon may assist the     
,priest at the ,altar and administer the
 cup4 ,he may baptize1 say all choir    
offices1 and if he is learned and #gf is
 licensed thereto by the ,bishop1 he may
 preach1 but he cannot administer the   
,holy ,communion1 or pronounce the      

,absolution and the ,benediction4 ,he   
wears his stole over the left shoulder  
and fastened under his right arm4 ,if a 
,candidate for ,priest's ,orders and can
 pass the required examination1 he may  
after a year's service as a ,deacon be  
advanced to the ,priesthood4            
,deaconess4--,in the ,apostles' time    
there were holy women set apart for the 
work of the ,church1 for example        
,phoebe1 the servant or deaconess1 who  
was commended by ,st4 ,paul4 ,this order
 of ,deaconesses continued until about  
the seventh century1 when the changed   
conditions of the ,church interfered    
with its usefulness4 ,in many places the
 order has of late years been revived   
and is demonstrating its original       
usefulness4 ,the ,american ,church has  
recognized the need of such an order of 
women in its work1 and in the general   
canons provision is made for            
establishing the order and for its      
continuance and regulation4 ,according  
to these1 a woman to be admitted to the 

office of ,deaconess must be at least   
twenty-five years of age1 a communicant 
of the ,church1 and fit and capable to  
discharge the duties of the office4     
,before she can act as a ,deaconess she 
must be set apart for that office by an 
appropriate religious service4 ,when    
thus set apart she shall be under the   
direct oversight of the ,bishop of the  
,diocese1 to whom she may resign her    
office at any time1 but having once     
resigned her office she is not          
privileged to be reappointed thereto    
unless the ,bishop shall see weighty    
cause for such reappointment4 #gg       
,training ,schools for ,deaconesses have
 been established in various parts of   
the country where candidates for this   
office receive special instruction and  
are trained for their work4  ,dean4--,an
 ,ecclesiastical title2 the presiding   
officer of a ,cathedral4 ,the word is   
derived from the ,latin decanus1 meaning
 one presiding over ten4 ,in ,england   
the ,dean is a ,church dignitary and    

ranks next to the ,bishop4 ,the word is 
used in the ,american ,church1 but with 
a considerable modification of its      
original meaning4 ,the ,cathedral in the
 ,american ,church not having become    
fully developed1 the duties and rights  
of the ,dean as the presiding officer of
 the ,cathedral have not been fully     
determined1 or at all events not made a 
reality4 ,so that for the most part the 
title as used in this country is simply 
honorary4  ,decalogue4--,the name given 
to the ,ten ,commandments and derived   
from the ,greek word1 dekalogos1 meaning
 the ,ten ,words or discourses4 ,they   
are divided into two tables2 the first  
four commandments set forth our duty    
towards ,god1 and the last six our duty 
towards man4 ,the reading of the ,ten   
,commandments in the ,communion ,office 
is peculiar to our ,liturgy and were    
added in the year #aeeb1 together with  
the response after each commandment1    
,lord1 have mercy upon us and incline   
our hearts to keep this law4 ,while the 

commandments were originally introduced 
to our ,liturgy as a warning and        
safeguard against the lawlessness of    
extreme ,puritans1 they are1            
nevertheless1 helpful to all as a       
preparation for the right reception of  
the ,holy ,communion2 leading the       
congregation to an examination of their 
lives and #gh conversation by the rule  
of ,god's commandments4 ,the translation
 of the ,decalogue used in the          
,communion ,office is not that of the   
present ,authorized version1 but that of
 the ,great ,bible of #aeci-dj1 which   
was retained because the people had     
grown familiar with it4 ,to the         
,commandments is added our ,lord's      
,summary of the ,law1 which may be read 
at the discretion of the ,minister4     
,decani4--,a term used to designate the 
south side of the choir1 7the right side
 as we face the ,altar7 that being the  
side where the ,dean sits4  ,dedication1
 ,feast of4--,the annual commemoration  
of the consecration of a ,church        

building is so called4 ,from ancient    
authors we learn that when ,christianity
 became prosperous and flourishing1     
churches were everywhere erected and    
were solemnly consecrated1 the          
dedications being celebrated with great 
festivities and rejoicing4 ,the rites   
and ceremonies used upon these occasions
 were a great gathering of ,bishops and 
others from all parts1 the celebration  
of divine offices1 singing of hymns and 
psalms1 reading the ,holy ,scriptures1  
sermons and orations1 receiving the     
,blessed ,sacrament1 prayers and        
thanksgivings1 liberal alms bestowed on 
the poor1 gifts to the ,church2 and1 in 
short1 mighty expressions of mutual love
 and kindness and universal rejoicing   
with one another4 ,these dedications    
from that time forward were always      
commemorated once a year and were       
solemnized with great pomp and much     
gathering of the people1 the solemnity  
usually lasting eight days4  ,the ,feast
 of the ,dedication is frequently kept  

in many parishes now and its observance 
has been found #gi to be most helpful to
 both ,priest and ,people1 recalling to 
mind the joy and gladness of the day of 
the ,consecration of their ,church and  
being the time for the revival of old   
faiths and pledges1 and consequently of 
renewed interest in the ,church1 its    
work and its worship4                   
,deposition4--,the name used in the     
general ,canons for degradation from the
 office of the ,ministry1 as the penalty
 for offenses therein enumerated4       
,deposition can only be performed by a  
,bishop after sufficient evidence4 ,when
 a ,bishop thus deposes any one1 he is  
required to send notice of such         
deposition from the ,ministry to the    
,ecclesiastical ,authority of every     
,diocese and ,missionary ,jurisdiction  
of this ,church1 in the form in which   
the same is recorded4 ,the object of    
this is to prevent any one thus deposed 
from officiating anywhere in the        
,church4 ,he has been cut off from all  

office in the ,church and from all      
rights of exercising that office4       
,deprecations4--,the name given to      
certain petitions in the ,,litany 7which
 see74  ,descent into ,hell4--,an       
article of the ,creed in which we       
confess our belief that our ,lord while 
,his ,body lay in the grave1 descended  
into the place of departed spirits4 ,the
 word ,hell as here used is the ,english
 translation of the ,greek word ,hades1 
which means not the place of torment1   
7for which another ,greek word is used1 
viz41 ,gehenna7 but that covered1 hidden
 place where the soul awaits the        
,general ,resurrection4 ,the ,rubric    
before the ,creed gives this            
interpretation of the word1 and         
permission is given to churches to use  
instead of it1 the words place of       
departed spirits1 which are considered  
as words of #hj the same meaning in the 
,creed4 7,see ,,intermediate ,,state47  
,diaconate4--,the office of a ,deacon1  
or the order of ,deacons collectively4  

,dies ,irae4--,the first two words of a 
,latin hymn1 meaning ,day of ,wrath1    
being the #cfth of the ,hymnal4 ,it is  
supposed to have been written in the    
,twelfth ,century by ,thomas of ,celano4
 ,the translation of this hymn used in  
the ,hymnal was made by the ,rev4 ,w4   
,j4 ,irons1 in #ahfi4 ,it seems to be a 
poetic and devotional embodiment of the 
words to be found in ,hebrews #aj3bg1 a 
certain fearful looking for of judgment 
and fiery indignation1 and is much used 
during ,advent4 ,the music to which it  
is usually sung was written by the ,rev4
 ,john ,b4 ,dykes in #ahfa1 and is a    
most beautiful rendering of this ancient
 and sublime hymn4  ,digest of the      
,canons4--,the name given to the        
collection of the laws or canons of the 
,american ,church enacted and set forth 
by the ,general ,convention4 ,the word  
,digest is derived from the ,latin word 
digestus1 meaning carried apart1        
resolved1 digested1 and is applied to a 
body of laws arranged under their proper

 heads or titles4 ,the ,canons set forth
 by the ,general ,convention as thus    
arranged come under four titles1 viz43  
,,title ,i4--,of the ,orders of the     
,ministry and of the ,doctrine and      
,worship of this ,church4 ,under this   
head there are ,twenty-six ,canons4     
,,title ,,ii4--,of ,discipline1         
,thirteen ,canons4  ,,title ,,iii4--,of 
the ,organized ,bodies and ,officers of 
the ,church1 ,nine ,canons4 #ha  ,,title
 ,,iv4--,miscellaneous ,provisions1     
,four ,canons4  ,there is also an       
appendix of ,standing ,resolutions4     
,dimissory ,letter4--,a letter given to 
a clergyman removing from one ,diocese  
to another4 ,the ,general ,canons       
provide that before a clergyman shall be
 permitted to settle in any ,church or  
,parish1 or be received into union with 
any ,diocese of this ,church as a       
,minister thereof1 he shall produce to  
the ,bishop1 or if there be no ,bishop1 
to the ,standing ,committee thereof1 a  
letter of dismission from under the hand

 and seal of the ,bishop with whose     
,diocese he has been last connected 4 4 
4 which shall be delivered within six   
months from the date thereof2 and when  
such clergyman shall have been so       
received he shall be considered as      
having passed entirely from the         
jurisdiction of the ,bishop from whom   
the letter of dismission was brought1 to
 the full jurisdiction of the ,bishop or
 other ,ecclesiastical ,authority by    
whom it shall be accepted and become    
thereby subject to all the canonical    
provisions of this ,church4 ,the effect 
of this law is that in the ,episcopal   
,church there can be no strolling1      
irresponsible evangelists or preachers1 
and thus the people are protected from  
imposture1 and may know1 when the proper
 steps are taken1 that their ministers  
come to them fully accredited and duly  
authorized to minister to them in       
,christ's ,name4  ,diocese4--,the       
territorial limits of a ,bishop's       
,jurisdiction4 ,properly speaking the   

,diocese is the real unit of ,church    
life4 ,originally the ,bishop went first
 in the establishing of the ,church in  
any nation or country2 out of this      
,jurisdiction grew the parishes or local
 congregation1 being ministered to by   
the ,priests #hb under the ,bishop4 ,in 
the ,american ,church1 through force of 
circumstances1 the reverse of this has  
been the case4 ,but notwithstanding1 the
 fact remains here as elsewhere that the
 ,diocese with the ,bishop at its head  
is the real unit of ,church life and    
organization1 and the ,parish a         
dependency of it and from which it gets 
its corporate existence as a ,parish4   
,in the phraseology of the ,canons1 a   
missionary ,bishop presides over a      
,missionary ,jurisdiction which it is   
expected will develop into a ,diocese1  
but according to the true theory of the 
,church his ,missionary ,jurisdiction is
 really a ,diocese4 7,see ,,cathedral47 
,diocesan4--,the name given to a ,bishop
 who presides over a ,diocese4 ,the word

 also means relating or pertaining to a 
,diocese4  ,diocesan ,convention4--,the 
annual gathering of the ,bishop1 ,clergy
 and people of a ,diocese4 ,the ,bishop 
and ,clergy represent their own ,order  
and the people are represented by       
delegates elected by the ,vestries of   
the various parishes4 ,the purpose of   
the ,convention is to review the work of
 the past year2 make provision for the  
work of the year following1 and by      
legislative acts provide such laws as   
may further the purpose for which the   
,diocese exists4 ,for cause special     
conventions may be called1 a month's    
notice at least being given to the      
clergy1 and to the parishes within the  
,diocese4 7,see ,,convention47          
,diocesan ,missions4--,church work done 
in a ,diocese outside of its ,parishes  
and having for its object the extension 
of the ,church within the territorial   
limits of the ,diocese1 is called       
,diocesan ,missions4 ,this work is      
prompted by those words of our ,lord #hc

 when ,he said1 ,let us go into the next
 towns that ,i may preach there also2   
for therefore came ,i forth4 ,the       
,diocese embraces all the people within 
its limits and for them all it has a    
message and a blessing4 ,for the        
deliverance of this message and the     
bestowal of this blessing all1 both     
,clergy and ,laity1 have                
responsibilities and therefore the      
,church turns to them for the means     
whereby this work can be carried on4    
,the support of ,diocesan ,missions is  
as obligatory on all members of the     
,church as the support of the ,bishop or
 their own ,parish1 and to this all will
 contribute annually if they love the   
,lord ,jesus in sincerity and truth4    
7,see ,,convocation47  ,diptychs4--,in  
the early ages of the ,church it was    
customary to recite in holy             
commemoration the names of eminent      
,bishops1 of ,saints and ,martyrs2 the  
names of those who had lived righteously
 and had attained the perfection of a   

virtuous life4 ,for this purpose the    
,church possessed certain books1 called 
diptychs1 from their being folded       
together1 and in which the names of such
 persons departed in the true faith1    
were written that the ,deacon might     
rehearse them at the time when the      
memorial of the departed was made at the
 celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist4   
,this was done to excite and lead the   
living to the same happy state by       
following their good example2 and also  
to celebrate the memory of them as still
 living1 according to the principles of 
our ,religion1 and not properly dead1   
but only translated by death to a more  
,divine ,life4 ,to this custom is to be 
traced the origin of the ,christian     
,,calendar 7which see74 ,in many        
parishes at the present time a similar  
#hd custom obtains1 of reciting at the  
,holy ,communion on ,all ,saints' ,day  
the names of parishioners who1 during   
the year1 have departed in the true     
faith of ,god's ,holy ,name4            

,discretion1 ,years of4--,in the ,prayer
 ,book the ,rite of ,confirmation is    
described as ,the ,laying on of ,hands  
on those who are ,baptized and come to  
years of ,discretion4 ,the phrase years 
of discretion is defined in the ,rubric 
at the end of ,the ,catechism1 as       
follows1 ,so soon as children are come  
to a competent age and can say the      
,creed1 the ,lord's ,prayer and the ,ten
 ,commandments1 and can answer the other
 questions of this ,short ,catechism1   
they shall be brought to the ,bishop4   
,according to the modern capacity of    
children1 they are able to learn what is
 required by the time they are from     
twelve to fourteen years old2 but if    
they are quick and intelligent children1
 they will probably be ready to be      
brought to the ,bishop to be confirmed  
by him at an even earlier age4 ,from    
immemorial usage this is evidently the  
intention of the ,church4               
,dispensation4--,a formal license1      
granted by ecclesiastical authority1 to 

do something which is not ordinarily    
permitted by the canons1 or to leave    
undone something that may be prescribed4
 ,in the ,american ,canons1 dispensation
 has special reference to an official   
act by the ,bishop whereby he may excuse
 candidates for ,holy ,orders from      
pursuing certain studies required by    
canon4  ,divine ,liturgy4--7,see ,,holy 
,,communion1 also ,,liturgy47  ,divine  
,service4--,in the old rubrical usage of
 the #he ,church1 ,divine ,service      
always meant the ,holy ,communion1 which
 was also called the ,divine ,liturgy4  
,the central point of all ,divine       
,worship1 towards which all other       
services gravitate1 and around which    
they revolve1 like planets around the   
sun1 is the great sacrificial act of the
 ,church1 the offering of the ,blessed  
,sacrament of the ,lord's ,body and     
,blood4  ,domestic and ,foreign         
,missionary ,society4--,this society is 
the largest and most influential working
 organization in the ,american ,church4 

,by means of it the ,church shows how   
aggressive she is1 for it has enabled   
her to place ,bishops and ,missionaries 
in many of the ,states and in all the   
,territories in the ,union and also in  
foreign lands4 ,this society is the     
,church's established agency1 under the 
authority and direction of the ,general 
,convention1 for the prosecution of     
missions among the negroes of the       
,south1 the ,indians in the ,north1 the 
people in the ,new ,states and          
,territories in the ,west and in some of
 the older ,dioceses2 in all the        
,society maintains work in forty-three  
,dioceses and seventeen ,missionary     
,jurisdictions in this country4 ,it also
 conducts missions among the nations in 
,africa1 ,china1 ,japan1 ,haiti1        
,mexico1 ,porto ,rico and the           
,philippines4 ,it pays the salary and   
expenses of twenty-three ,missionary    
,bishops and the ,bishop of ,haiti1 and 
provides entire or partial support for  
sixteen hundred and thirty 7#a1fcj7     

other missionaries1 besides maintaining 
many schools1 orphanages and hospitals4 
,for the prosecution of this work the   
,society expends about #gjj1jjj a year1 
which amount it expects to receive from 
the devotions of the faithful4 ,the     
,society should be #hf remembered in    
making wills1 and its constant needs    
should never be forgotten since it must 
regularly each and every year provide   
for so great a work4  ,the legal title  
of this important society is1 ,the      
,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary      
,society of the ,protestant ,episcopal  
,church in the ,united ,states of       
,america4 ,the ,society was organized by
 the ,general ,convention in #ahba and  
incorporated by the ,state of ,new      
,york1 ,may #acth1 #ahdf1 and is        
organized as follows3  ,,members4--,the 
,society is considered as comprehending 
all persons who are members of this     
,church4  ,,board ,,of                  
,,missions4--,composed of all the       
,bishops of the ,church in the ,united  

,states and the members for the time    
being of the ,house of ,deputies of the 
,general ,convention 7including the     
,delegates from the ,missionary         
,jurisdictions71 the members of the     
,board of ,managers and the ,secretary  
and ,treasurer of the ,board4  ,,the    
,,missionary ,,council4--,comprises all 
,bishops of the ,church1 all members of 
the ,board of ,managers1 and such other 
clergymen and laymen as may be elected  
by the ,general ,convention1 and in     
addition thereto1 one ,presbyter and one
 layman from each ,diocese and          
,missionary ,jurisdiction to be chosen  
by the ,convention1 ,council or         
,convocation of such ,diocese or        
,jurisdiction4 ,the ,missionary ,council
 meets annually except in the ,general  
,convention years1 and is competent to  
take all necessary action in regard to  
the missionary work of the ,church      
consistent with the general policy of   
the ,board of ,missions4  ,,board ,,of  
,,managers4--,comprises the ,presiding  

,bishop1 fifteen other ,bishops1 fifteen
 ,presbyters and #hg fifteen ,laymen    
selected from the ,missionary ,council4 
,the ,board of ,managers1 thus composed1
 has the management of the general      
missions of the ,church1 and when the   
,board of ,missions is not in session1  
exercises all the corporate powers of   
the ,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary  
,society4  ,,the ,,headquarters of the  
,society are in the ,,church ,,missions 
,,house 7which see7 at #bha ,fourth     
,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4  ,,the       
,,publications of the ,society by which 
its work is made known are ,the ,spirit 
of ,missions1 published monthly2 ,the   
,quarterly ,message1 and ,the ,young    
,christian ,soldier1 published weekly   
and monthly4  ,domestic                 
,missions4--7,see ,,domestic ,,and      
,,foreign ,,missionary ,,society47      
,dominical ,letter4--,meaning ,sunday   
,letter is one of the first seven       
letters of the alphabet used in the     
,calendar to mark the ,sundays          

throughout the year4 ,the first seven   
days of the year being marked by ,a4 ,b4
 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g41 the following     
seven days are similarly marked1 and so 
throughout the year4 ,the letter which  
stands against the ,sundays in any given
 year is called the ,dominical or       
,sunday letter4 ,for example1 the year  
#aija began on ,tuesday and the first   
week of that year with the first seven  
letters of the alphabet would give us   
the following table3    ,jan4 #a4       
,tuesday     ,a4       #b4 ,wednesday   
,b4       #c4 ,thursday    ,c4       #d4
 ,friday      ,d4       #e4 ,saturday   
,e4       #f4 ,sunday      ,f4       #g4
 ,monday      ,g4 #hh  ,from this table 
we learn that the ,dominical letter for 
#aija is ,f41 for that letter falls     
opposite the first ,sunday in that year4
 ,the ,dominical letters were first     
introduced into the ,calendar by the    
early ,christians4 ,they are of use in  
finding on what day of the week any day 
of the month falls in a given year1 and 

especially in finding the day on which  
,easter falls4 7,see ,,tables ,,in ,,the
 ,,prayer ,,book47  ,dossal4 ,hangings  
of silk or other material placed at the 
back of the ,altar as a decoration and  
to hide the bare wall4 ,the dossal is   
used where there is no reredos and      
usually is of the ,church color for the 
,festival or ,season4 ,derived from the 
,latin word dorsum1 meaning back4       
,doxology4--,any form or verse in which 
glory is ascribed to ,god or the        
,blessed ,trinity1 for example1 the     
,gloria in ,excelsis1 which is called   
the greater ,doxology1 and the ,gloria  
,patri1 the lesser ,doxology4 ,the      
concluding words of the ,lord's ,prayer 
beginning1 ,for ,thine is the kingdom1  
etc41 is also called the ,doxology4     
,derived from the ,greek word           
,doxologia1 from doxa1 praise and logos1
 meaning word4  ,duly4--,in the prayer  
of ,thanksgiving in the ,holy           
,communion1 the acknowledgment is made1 
,we heartily thank ,thee1 for that ,thou

 dost vouchsafe to feed us who have duly
 received4 ,the word duly as here used  
is the ,english word for the ,latin     
rite1 which means according to proper   
form and ordinance1 i4e41 as prescribed 
by and universally used in the ,church  
,catholic2 without which there can be no
 proper ,sacrament4 ,the word also      
occurs in the definition of the ,church 
in the #hi ,,xix ,article of ,religion  
and has there the same interpretation4  
,e    ,eagle4--,the figure of an eagle  
is often used in the ,church as an      
emblem to symbolize the flight of the   
,gospel message over the world4 ,to this
 end the lectern from which the ,holy   
,scriptures are read is generally       
constructed in the form of an eagle with
 outstretched wings on which the ,bible 
rests4 ,it is usually made of polished  
brass1 but sometimes carved in wood4    
,the eagle is also used as an emblem of 
the ,evangelist ,st4 ,john1 who more    
than any other of the ,apostles1 was    
granted a clearer insight into things   

heavenly1 as may be seen from the       
,gospel1 ,epistles and the ,revelation  
which he was inspired to write4  ,early 
,communion4--,from the very earliest    
ages of the ,church it has been the     
custom to begin the devotions of the    
,lord's ,day with the ,holy ,communion  
celebrated at an early hour4 ,through   
the influence of the ,puritans in       
,england this beautiful and helpful     
custom fell into abeyance for a while1  
but through the growing devotion of the 
revived ,church both in ,england and    
,america it has been restored4 ,to-day  
there are very few parishes where the   
early ,communion is not to be had1 and  
the practice is growing and spreading as
 the result of increased knowledge of   
the ,church's devotional system4 ,the   
motive of the early ,communion1         
especially on the ,lord's ,day1 may be  
said to be twofold3 ,first1 the         
recognition of the ,holy #ij ,communion 
as the distinctive act of worship for   
each ,lord's ,day1 without taking part  

in which no primitive ,christian would  
have been considered to have properly   
kept ,sunday1 and secondly1 the reverent
 desire to receive fasting1 or as       
,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor has said1 to do 
this honor to the ,blessed ,sacrament1  
that ,it be the first food we eat and   
the first beverage we drink on that day4
 7,see ,,holy ,,communion1 also         
,,frequent ,,communion47  ,east1        
,turning to the4--,by this expression is
 meant turning to the ,altar in saying  
the ,creed and ,glorias and in          
celebrating the ,holy ,communion1 this  
last being called the ,eastward         
position4 ,this practice arose from a   
custom in the early ,church4 ,when      
converts to ,christianity were baptized1
 which was usually in the early morning1
 they first turning to the west where   
the night was fast receding1 renounced  
the world and the powers of darkness1   
then turning to the east where the sun  
was rising as the source of all light1  
they confessed their belief in ,christ  

who1 in ,holy ,scripture is ,himself    
called the ,,east1 the ,dayspring from  
on high4 ,for this reason they prayed   
facing the east1 and when they came to  
build their churches they built them    
running east and west2 the ,chancel1 in 
which the ,altar is placed1 being in the
 east and towards it they made their    
prayers and confessed their belief4     
,thus it came about that the ,altar in  
our churches is always regarded         
architecturally and ecclesiastically as 
the east whether it is so in reality or 
not4  ,easter ,day4--,a festival in     
honor of our ,lord's ,resurrection has  
been observed from the very #ia         
foundation of ,christianity4 ,this is   
evident from the early disputes had     
concerning it1 not as to whether such a 
day should be kept1 but as to the       
particular time when the ,festival      
should be observed4 ,the eastern        
,christians wished to celebrate the     
,feast on the third day after the       
,jewish ,passover1 on whatever day of   

the week this fell4 ,the western        
,christians contended that the ,feast of
 the ,resurrection ought always to be   
observed on a ,sunday4 ,this controversy
 was finally settled by the ,council of 
,nicea1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 which decreed that 
everywhere the great ,feast of ,easter  
should be observed upon one and the same
 day and that a ,sunday4 ,in accordance 
with this decision ,easter ,day is      
always the first ,sunday after the full 
moon1 which happens upon or next after1 
the #bast of ,march2 and if the full    
moon happens upon a ,sunday1 ,easter    
,day is the ,sunday after4 ,by this rule
 ,easter will always fall between the   
#bb;d of ,march1 the earliest date1 and 
the #beth of ,april1 the latest day on  
which it can possibly fall4  ,the       
original name of the ,festival was      
,pascha1 derived from the ,hebrew word  
for ,passover4 ,the more familiar name  
of ,easter is traceable as far back as  
the time of the ,venerable ,bede1 ,a4,d4
 #gjj4 ,the derivation of the word is   

uncertain4 ,some think that it is       
derived from a ,saxon term meaning      
rising2 others think the word ,eost or  
,east refers to the tempestuous         
character of the weather at that season 
of the year and find its root in the    
,anglo-,saxon ,,yst1 meaning a storm4   
,again others derive the word from the  
old ,teutonic urstan1 to rise4 ,it is   
worthy of note that the idea of sunrise 
is self-evident in the ,english #ib name
 of the ,festival on which the ,sun of  
,righteousness arose from the darkness  
of the grave4  ,easter was always       
accounted the ,queen of ,festivals the  
highest of all ,holy ,days1 and         
celebrated with the greatest solemnity1 
and the ,prayer ,book provisions are in 
keeping with this fact4 ,churches are   
decorated with flowers and plants as    
symbolical of the ,resurrection4 ,white 
hangings for the ,altar and ,white      
vestments have always been used at      
,easter in reference to the angel who   
brought the tidings of the              

,resurrection1 who appeared in garments 
white as snow and his countenance was as
 lightning4 ,in the early ,church       
,christians were wont to greet one      
another on this day with the joyous     
salutation1 ,christ is ,risen1 to which 
the response was made1 ,christ is risen 
indeed4 ,this custom is still retained  
in the ,greek ,church4 ,this joyous     
salutation seems to be retained in our  
services1 for instead of the ,venite we 
have as the ,invitatory1 the ,easter    
anthem1 in which we call upon one       
another to keep the ,feast1 for that    
,christ our ,passover is sacrificed for 
us1 and is also ,risen from the dead2   
and become the first-fruits of them that
 slept4  ,easter ,even4--,the day       
between ,good ,friday and ,easter ,day  
is so called and commemorates the       
,descent of our ,blessed ,lord's soul   
into ,hell 7the place of departed       
spirits71 while ,his ,body rested in the
 grave4 ,there has ever been something  
of festive gladness in the celebration  

of ,easter ,even which sets it apart    
from ,lent1 notwithstanding the ,fast   
still continues4 ,to the disciples it   
was a day of mourning after an absent   
,master1 but the ,church of #ic the     
,resurrection sees already the triumph  
of the ,lord over ,satan and ,death4    
,baptism is wont to be administered on  
,easter ,even1 because this was one of  
the two great times for baptizing       
converts in the ,primitive ,church1 the 
other being ,pentecost or ,whitsun ,day4
  ,easter ,monday and ,tuesday4--,it was
 a very ancient custom of the ,church to
 prolong the observance of ,easter1 as  
the ,queen of ,festivals4 ,at first the 
,festival was observed through seven    
days1 and the ,code of ,theodosius      
directed a cessation of labor during the
 whole week4 ,afterwards the special    
services became limited to three days1  
the ,council of ,constance1 ,a4,d4      
#ajid1 having enjoined that ,pentecost  
and ,easter should both be celebrated   
with three festival days4 ,this is now  

the custom of the ,anglican ,communion1 
which provides ,collect1 ,epistle and   
,gospel not only for ,easter ,day1 but  
also for ,easter ,monday and ,easter    
,tuesday4  ,easter ,tide4--,the weeks   
following ,easter ,day and reaching to  
,ascension ,day are so called4 ,they    
commemorate the forty days our ,lord    
spent on earth after ,his ,resurrection1
 commonly called ,,the ,,great ,,forty  
,,days 7which see74  ,eastern           
,church4--,the collective term by which 
is designated the ,churches which       
formerly made part of the ,eastern      
,empire of ,rome4 ,the ,greek1 ,russian1
 ,coptic1 ,armenian1 ,syrian and other  
eastern churches are those usually      
included in this ,communion4 ,but in    
strictness1 the term ,eastern or        
,oriental ,church is applied only to the
 ,graeco-,russian ,church in communion  
with the ,patriarch of #id              
,constantinople4 ,the great ,schism     
whereby the communion between the ,east 
and the ,west was broken took place1    

,a4,d4 #ajed4  ,eastward                
,position4--7,see ,,east1 ,,turning     
,,to47  ,ecclesiastical ,year4--7,see   
,,christian ,,year47                    
,ecumenical4--,from a ,greek word       
meaning general or universal4 ,the name 
is given to certain councils composed of
 ,bishops and other ecclesiastics from  
the whole ,church4 ,a ,council to be    
ecumenical must meet three requirements3
 7#a7 ,it must be called of the whole   
,catholic ,church2 7#b7 it must be left 
perfectly free1 and 7#c7 it must be one 
whose decrees and definitions were      
subsequently accepted by the whole      
,church4 ,it is commonly believed that  
there have been only six great ,councils
 of the ,church that satisfy these      
conditions4 ,for a list of them see     
,,council4  ,elder4--,this is the       
,english translation of the ,greek word 
,presbuteros1 meaning ,presbyter or     
,priest1 the title of one admitted to   
the second ,order of the ,ministry4 ,it 
has been pointed out that in ,scriptural

 usage and in ,church ,history such a   
person as a lay ,elder is an impossible 
person2 the words contradict each other4
 ,the first hint of such an office was  
given by ,calvin4 7,see ,,priest47      
,elements4--,the bread and the wine in  
the ,holy ,communion1 and the water in  
,holy ,baptism are so-called4  ,ember   
,days4--,the ,ember ,days are the       
,wednesday1 ,friday and ,saturday after 
the ,first ,sunday in ,lent2 ,whitsun   
,day2 the #adth of ,september and the   
#acth day of ,december1 and are regarded
 as the ,fasts #ie of the four seasons4 
,the time of their observance was       
definitely fixed by the ,council of     
,placentia1 ,a4,d4 #ajie4 ,their origin 
is ascribed to ,apostolic tradition4    
,the derivation of the name ,ember is   
uncertain4 ,some trace it to the ,saxon 
word ymbren1 meaning a circuit1 because 
they are periodically observed4 ,others 
derive it from the ,anglo-,saxon word   
aemyrian1 meaning ashes1 because these  
days are appointed to be kept as fasts1 

and ashes1 as a sign of humiliation and 
mourning1 were constantly associated    
with fasting4 ,the ,ember ,days are     
appointed to be observed at the four    
seasons named because the ,sundays      
following are the set times for         
,ordination to the ,sacred ,ministry4   
,for this reason one of the two prayers1
 entitled1 ,for those who are to be     
admitted into ,holy ,orders1 is to be   
read daily throughout the week4         
,emblems4--,symbols and emblems of      
various kinds take a foremost place in  
sacred ,art4 ,some of these are here    
given3  ,,the ,,cross is the special    
symbol of ,christianity4 ,it appears in 
a variety of shapes1 the most familiar  
being the ,latin ,cross1 the ,passion   
,cross1 the ,greek ,cross1 ,st4         
,andrew's ,cross and the ,maltese       
,cross4  ,,the ,,triangle is the emblem 
of the ,holy ,trinity1 as is also the   
,,trefoil 7which see74  ,,the ,,circle  
is the ancient emblem of ,eternity1     
being without beginning or end2         

enclosing a triangle it means ,three in 
,one or the ,blessed ,trinity2 enclosing
 a cross it symbolizes ,eternal ,life4  
,,the ,,crown is used as the symbol of  
,victory and sovereignty4  ,,the        
,,lamb--,agnus ,dei--is the chief emblem
 of #if our ,blessed ,lord4 ,bearing a  
banner it signifies ,victory and is an  
emblem of the ,resurrection4  ,,the     
,,star is a ,christmas emblem1          
commemorating the ,star of ,bethlehem4  
,it has generally five points1 but      
sometimes seven1 the number of          
perfection4  ,,the ,,fish was a very    
early symbol of our ,lord4 ,the letters 
which form the ,greek word for fish1    
viz43 ,,ichthus are the initials in     
,greek of the words ,jesus1 ,christ1    
,god1 ,son1 and ,saviour4  ,,the        
,,anchor is the emblem of the           
,christian's hope4  ,,the ,,ship is a   
symbol of the ,church as the ,ark of    
,salvation1 in which we are saved1 as   
,noah was saved by the ,ark4  ,,the     
,,lion is the symbol of our ,lord who is

 called in ,revelation #e3e1 the ,lion  
of the ,tribe of ,judah4  ,,the ,,dove  
is used as the emblem of the ,holy      
,ghost4  ,the emblems of the four       
,evangelists are as follows3 ,,st4      
,,matthew1 a winged ,man2 ,,st4 ,,mark1 
a winged ,lion2 ,,st4 ,,luke1 a winged  
,ox1 and ,,st4 ,,john1 an ,eagle4       
,emmanuel4--,a ,hebrew word used as a   
name of our ,lord1 and means1 ,god with 
us4 ,the ,rev4 ,morgan ,dix1 ,d4,d41 in 
his book ,the ,gospel and ,philosophy1  
speaking of the word ,emmanuel1 says1   
',god with us' is the sum of the        
,christian ,religion4 ,that is a proper 
description of the ,religion from the   
beginning to the end4 ,emmanuel3 the    
meaning of the word was not exhausted in
 those blessed years1 three and thirty  
in all1 during which ,christ was seen in
 ,judea and known as the ,prophet of    
,nazareth4 ,it is as accurate1 as       
necessary to-day2 it shall be true #ig  
till all be fulfilled1 till the earth   
and the heavens shall pass away and the 

new earth shall appear4 4 4 4 ,this     
,presence of the ,personal ,god1 a      
presence not made by our faith1 but     
disclosed to our faith that we may      
believe and adore1 is secured to the    
faithful in their generations by        
ordinances1 instruments and institutions
 adapted to that end4 4 4 4 ,that system
 is known as the ,holy ,catholic        
,church4  ,epact1 ,the4--,the ,epact is 
the moon's age at the beginning of any  
given year4 ,the term is derived from   
the ,greek word1 ,epacte1 meaning       
carried on4 ,the ,epact is used in the  
calculations for finding on what day    
,easter will fall4 7,see ,,tables ,,in  
,,the ,,prayer ,,book47  ,epiphany1     
,the4--,a ,feast of the ,church observed
 on ,january #fth to commemorate the    
,manifestation of ,christ by the leading
 of a star4 ,occurring twelve days after
 ,christmas1 it is frequently called    
,twelfth ,day4 ,the word ,epiphany is   
derived from the ,greek and means       
,manifestation or showing forth4 ,it was

 originally used both for ,christmas    
,day when ,christ was manifested in the 
,flesh and for this day when ,he was    
manifested by a ,star to the ,gentiles4 
,later on1 about the ,fourth ,century   
and in the ,western ,church the         
,epiphany seems to have acquired a more 
independent position and to be observed 
with special reference to the           
manifestation to the ,magi of the ,east4
 ,it thus became the occasion of the    
giving of praise and thanksgiving to    
,god for thus proclaiming the ,gospel to
 the ,gentile world as well as to the   
,jews1 ,his chosen people4 ,an          
examination of the services for the     
,feast of the ,epiphany shows that the  
#ih commemoration is really threefold3  
7#a7 ,our ,lord's ,manifestation by a   
star to the ,magi2 7#b7 ,the            
,manifestation of the glorious ,trinity 
at ,his ,baptism1 and 7#c7 ,the         
,manifestation of the glory and         
,divinity of ,christ by ,his miraculous 
turning water into wine at the marriage 

in ,cana of ,galilee2 all of which are  
said to have happened on the same day1  
though not in the same year4 ,the       
,epiphany is a ,festival which has      
always been observed with great ceremony
 throughout the whole ,church2 its      
threefold meaning and its close         
association with the ,nativity as the   
end of the ,christmas ,tide1 making it a
 kind of accumulative ,festival4        
,epiphany1 ,sundays after4--,the        
,epiphany is continued in the ,sundays  
following1 the number of which is       
variable being dependent on the time    
,easter is kept4 ,there may be one      
,sunday after ,epiphany or there may be 
six4 ,the ,scriptural teachings of these
 ,sundays are all illustrative of the   
fact that the ,eternal ,word was        
manifested in the ,flesh4               
,episcopacy4--,the name given to that   
form of ,church government in which     
,bishops are the ,chief ,pastors with   
,priests and ,deacons under them4 ,the  
word is derived from the ,greek         

,episcopos1 meaning overseer2 ,bishop   
being the ,anglicized form of the ,greek
 word4 ,much controversy has been held  
in regard to ,church government1 as if  
the form was a matter of uncertainty1 or
 not clearly revealed4 ,the question can
 only be decided by first regarding     
,christianity as an institution1 as the 
,kingdom of ,god1 and then inquiring    
whether this ,institution1 founded by   
our ,lord1 has been characterized always
 by the same #ii thing4 ,in regard to   
,church government we find that the     
,church as an institution was always    
governed by ,bishops1 and that for #aejj
 years after ,christ no ,christian      
people recognized any other ,ministry   
but that of ,bishops1 ,priests and      
,deacons4 ,since the ,reformation the   
controversy has come up and various     
theories1 especially ,presbyterian and  
,congregationalist1 have been advanced4 
,but even now the question of ,church   
government may be considered as a matter
 of fact rather than of theory4 ,if we  

take the whole ,christian world of      
to-day1 we find that the number of      
,christians is in round numbers five    
hundred millions4 ,of this number only  
one hundred million are non-,episcopal1 
so that we may conclude from the        
universal acceptance of ,episcopacy     
before the ,reformation and from the    
large preponderance of adherents to this
 form of ,church government at this     
present time1--from these facts we may  
safely conclude that ,episcopacy is in  
accordance with the mind of the ,master4
 ,this1 at least1 is the conclusion of  
the best scholarship of the day1 both   
,episcopal and non-,episcopal4 ,for     
example1 a non-,episcopal divine has set
 forth his conclusions in the following 
statement3 ,the ,apostles embodied the  
,episcopal element into the constitution
 of the ,church1 and from their days to 
the time of the ,reformation1 or for    
fifteen hundred years1 there was no     
other form of ,church government        
anywhere to be found4 ,wheresoever there

 were ,christians there were also       
,bishops2 and often where ,christians   
differed in other points of doctrine or 
custom1 and made schisms and divisions  
in the ,church1 yet did they all remain 
unanimous in this1 in retaining         
,bishops4 ,so #ajj also1 the historian  
,gibbon gives his conclusion as follows3
 ',no ,church without a ,bishop' has    
been a fact well as a maxim since the   
time of ,tertullian and ,irenaeus2 after
 we have passed over the difficulties of
 the first century1 we find the         
,episcopal government established1 till 
it was interrupted by the republican    
genius of the ,swiss and ,german        
reformers4 7,see ,,ministry1 ,,the47    
,episcopate4--,the office of a ,bishop4 
,the term is variously used4 ,it means  
not only the office or dignity of a     
,bishop1 but it may also mean the period
 of time during which any particular    
,bishop exercises his office in         
presiding over a ,diocese4 ,again1      
,episcopate is the collective name for  

the whole body of ,bishops of the       
,christian ,church1 lists of which have 
been carefully preserved from the       
beginning4 ,the ,episcopate of the      
,american ,church includes all the      
,bishops from ,bishop ,seabury1 our     
first ,bishop1 down to the ,bishop who  
was last consecrated4  ,epistle1        
,the4--,the portion of ,holy ,scripture 
read before the ,gospel in the          
,communion ,office1 generally taken from
 one of the ,n4 ,t4 ,epistles1 though   
sometimes from the ,acts of the         
,apostles or from one of the books of   
the ,prophets of the ,old ,testament4   
,it is well to note that the ,collect1  
,epistle and ,gospel embody the special 
teaching of the day for which they are  
appointed4  ,epistle ,side4--,the south 
or right side of the ,altar from which  
the ,epistle is read4 ,when the ,priest 
celebrates alone1 he first reads the    
,epistle at the south side and then     
passes to the north side where he reads 
the ,gospel4 #aja  ,epistoler4--,the    

minister who reads the ,epistle for the 
day and acts as sub-deacon at the       
,celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist4   
,eschatology4--,that department of      
,theology devoted to inquiry concerning 
the last things1--the ,advent of        
,christ1 ,death and the ,state of the   
,departed1 the judgment to come and the 
final award4  ,espousal4--,that portion 
of the ,marriage ,service in which the  
contracting parties answer ,i will to   
the questions1 ,n4 wilt thou have this  
woman to thy wedded wife and ,n4 wilt   
thou have this man to thy wedded        
husband4 ,this seems to be the remains  
of the old form of espousals1 which was 
different and distinct from the ,office 
of ,marriage1 and which was often       
performed some weeks or months or       
perhaps years before4 ,something similar
 to what is now called engagement1 only 
that it had the blessing of ,mother     
,church upon it4 ,in the ,greek ,church 
at the present time there are still two 
different offices1 viz43 the one of     

espousals and the other of marriage1    
which are now performed on the same day1
 although formerly on different days4   
,eucharist4--,derived from a ,greek word
 meaning giving of thanks4 ,it is the   
name universally applied to the ,,holy  
,,communion 7which see74  ,eucharistic  
,lights4--7,see ,,altar ,,lights47      
,eucharistic ,vestments4--,the special  
vestments worn in celebrating the ,holy 
,eucharist to mark the dignity of the   
service and as symbolical of the        
,passion of our ,lord which is therein  
commemorated4 ,they are as follows3 the 
,amice1 ,alb1 ,girdle1 ,stole1 ,maniple 
and ,chasuble worn by the celebrant1 and
 the ,dalmatic #ajb and ,tunicle1 worn  
by the ,deacon and sub-,deacon2 each of 
which is described under the heading1   
,,vestments 7which see74 ,from ancient  
sources we learn that it was the        
universal custom of the ,church to wear 
distinctive vestments at the celebration
 of the ,holy ,communion to mark it as  
the only service ordained by ,christ    

,himself1 and also as the highest act of
 ,christian ,worship4 ,this is evidenced
 by the fact that the seven historical  
churches which have possessed a         
continuous life since the ,nicene era1  
viz43 the ,latin1 ,greek1 ,syrian1      
,coptic1 ,armenian1 ,nestorian and the  
,georgian--all use the ,eucharistic     
,vestments4 ,when we consider that these
 historic churches have not been in     
communion with one another for over a   
thousand years1 we cannot but conclude  
that any point on which they are agreed 
must go back to the middle of the ,fifth
 ,century and must be part of their     
united traditions from a still earlier  
date4 ,from the fact that these historic
 churches1 having no communion with one 
another1 do agree in the use of         
distinctive vestments for the ,holy     
,eucharist1 we learn that their use is  
not1 as is sometimes supposed1 an       
imitation of ,rome but is a ,catholic   
and ,primitive custom4 ,the ,eucharistic
 ,vestments are now used in more than   

two thousand churches in ,england and   
,america1 thus showing how they         
recognize and are reasserting their     
,catholic heritage4                     
,evangelical4--,belonging to1 or        
consistent with1 the ,holy ,gospels1    
derived from the ,greek word for        
,gospel4  ,evangelical ,canticles4--,the
 name given to the canticles sung in the
 ,church service which are taken #ajc   
from the ,gospels1 viz43 ,benedictus1   
,magnificat and ,nunc ,dimittis4        
,evangelists4--,the name given to the   
writers of the four ,gospels4  ,eve1 or 
,even4--,the day before a ,festival1 as 
,christmas ,eve1 ,easter ,even1 and     
designed to be a preparation for the due
 observance of the ,festival it         
precedes4 ,by rubric it is provided that
 the ,collect appointed for any ,sunday 
or other ,feast may be used at the      
,evening ,service of the day before4    
,even ,song4--,the name given in the    
,calendar of the ,english ,prayer ,book 
to the ,order for ,daily ,evening       

,prayer and is frequently used in the   
,american ,church4 ,it is a very old    
term and a very significant one1        
indicating that the ,evening ,oblation  
chorally rendered is evidently the mind 
of the ,church and its ancient usage4   
,our beautiful ,evening ,prayer thus    
rendered is certainly much more in      
keeping with ,scripture and much more   
elevating than the ,song ,services1 or  
,vesper ,services of the various        
denominations4 ,these latter are not    
regarded as ,romish and are very        
popular4 ,yet in some places if a choral
 ,even ,song is attempted1 at once the  
cry of ,romanism is raised1 and yet from
 ,holy ,scripture we learn that music is
 a divinely ordained element in the     
public worship of ,god and the service  
thus rendered is an approach to the     
worship of ,heaven4 7,see ,,intone2     
,,plain ,,song also ,,psalter47         
,examination for ,holy ,orders4--,title 
,i1 canon #f of the ,digest provides    
that ,there shall be assigned to every  

,candidate for ,priest's ,orders three  
separate examinations4 ,these           
examinations are made by the #ajd       
,bishop in the presence of two or more  
,priests4 ,the three examinations are on
 the following subjects3  ,i4 ,the      
,books of ,holy ,scripture1 in ,english1
 ,greek and ,hebrew4  ,,ii4 ,the        
,evidences of ,christianity1 ,christian 
,ethics and ,dogmatic ,theology4  ,,iii4
 ,church ,history1 ,ecclesiastical      
,polity1 the ,book of ,common ,prayer1  
the ,constitution and ,canons of the    
,church and those of the ,diocese to    
which the candidate belongs4  ,the      
,examination for ,deacon's ,orders is on
 the ,books of ,holy ,scripture1 and on 
the ,book of ,common ,prayer4           
,excommunication4--,an ancient          
discipline of the ,church whereby a     
person for cause was cut off from all   
the privileges of the ,church4 ,this    
discipline has practically fallen into  
abeyance1 people for the most part      
excommunicate themselves4 ,in the       

,english ,prayer ,book is an ,office    
called ,a ,commination1 or ,denouncing  
of ,god's ,anger and ,judgments against 
,sinners1 with certain ,prayers1 to be  
used on the ,first ,day of ,lent1 which 
was set forth until the ancient         
,discipline may be restored4            
,exhortation4--,the name given to the   
short addresses in the ,prayer ,book1   
beginning1 ,dearly ,beloved ,brethren4  
,the ,exhortation was introduced into   
the ,daily ,offices in #aeeb and #affa4 
,formerly ,morning and ,evening ,prayer 
began with the ,lord's ,prayer1 but the 
,revisers thinking this too abrupt a    
beginning they introduced the           
,sentences1 ,exhortation1 ,confession   
and ,absolution as a more fitting       
preparation for the worship that        
follows4 ,it has been pointed out that  
#aje this ,exhortation was probably     
inserted under the impression that the  
people at large were extremely ignorant 
of the true nature of worship at the    
time4 ,five principal parts of worship  

are mentioned in it3 7#a7 ,confession of
 ,sin1 7#b7 ,absolution1 7#c7           
,thanksgiving and ,praise1 7#d7 ,hearing
 ,god's ,word1 and 7#e7 ,prayer for     
spiritual and bodily benefits4 ,the     
,exhortations in the ,communion ,office 
were originally set forth in #aedh1     
revised in #aeeb and #affa4 ,they were  
introduced at a time when the laity of  
the ,church of ,england were in danger  
of two extremes3 ,first1 a total neglect
 of the ,holy ,communion which had      
sprung up during the ,middle ,ages1 and 
secondly1 that fearful irreverence      
towards the ,holy ,communion which arose
 from the dreadful principles held      
respecting it by the ,puritans4 ,in the 
face of these dangers1 these            
,exhortations were placed where they    
are1 for the instruction of the people  
as well as for hortatory purposes4      
,expectation ,sunday4--,the ,sunday     
following ,ascension ,day is so called4 
,being the only ,lord's ,day which      
intervenes between the ,ascension of our

 ,lord and the ,descent of the ,holy    
,ghost1 it represents that period during
 which the ,apostles were obeying the   
command of their ,master when ,he       
commanded them that they should not     
depart from ,jerusalem1 but wait for the
 promise of the ,father4 ,they remained 
therefore1 in the city expecting the    
,gift of the ,comforter which was       
bestowed on the ,feast of ,pentecost4   
,expectation ,week4--,the week preceding
 ,whitsun ,day is so called4 7,see      
,,expectation ,,sunday47 #ajf   ,f      
,fair ,linen ,cloth1 ,fair ,white ,linen
 ,cloth4--,in the ,communion ,office    
there are two rubrics1 the first of     
which reads as follows3 ,the ,table1 at 
the ,communion time having a fair white 
linen cloth upon it1 etc4 ,by this is   
meant the long linen cloth the breadth  
of the top of the ,altar and falling    
over the ends eighteen or twenty inches4
 ,the other rubric reads1 ,when all have
 communicated1 the ,minister shall      
return to the ,lord's ,table1 and       

reverently place upon it what remaineth 
of the consecrated ,elements1 covering  
the same with a fair linen cloth4 ,by   
this is meant the lawn chalice veil4 ,it
 is to be noted that when this rubric   
was made1 the word fair meant beautiful4
 ,the white linen cloth can be made     
fair1 i4e41 beautiful by means of       
embroidery1 and this is done by         
embroidering upon it five crosses to    
symbolize the five wounds of our        
,blessed ,lord on the ,cross1 and by    
having the ends finished with a heavy   
linen fringe4 ,also1 the lawn chalice   
veil is made fair by being similarly    
beautified with embroidery1 a cross     
being worked near the edge4             
,faith4--,divine1 or as it is called1   
,catholic ,faith is a gift of ,god and a
 light of the soul2 illuminated by      
which1 a man assents fully and          
unreservedly to all which ,almighty ,god
 has revealed and which ,he proposes to 
us by ,his ,church to be believed1      
whether written or unwritten4 ,it is    

also a belief in the whole ,gospel1 as  
distinguished from a reception of some  
portion of it only2 and it is a faith so
 full of the love of ,god as that it    
leads us to act differently from what we
 #ajg should if we did not believe and  
marks us out as a peculiar people among 
men4--,from ,manual of ,instruction4    
,from the above definition we learn that
 ,faith has a twofold meaning1 7#a7 the 
act of believing1 and 7#b7 the thing    
believed1 or the deposit of ,faith or   
,doctrine which all members of ,christ  
are bound to receive4 ,this ,deposit of 
,faith is embodied in the ,holy         
,scriptures but is summarized for us in 
the ,articles of the ,creed which are   
grouped around the ,name into which we  
are baptized1--the ,father1 and the ,son
 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,in the ,american
 ,church two forms of the ,creed are    
used1 viz4 the ,,apostles' and the      
,,nicene 7which see74 ,these embody the 
,faith once delivered to the ,saints4   
,faithful1 ,the4--,the ,new ,testament  

and ,prayer ,book name for all the      
,baptized1 who1 being admitted into the 
,household of ,faith1 are the people of 
the ,faith--fideles1 that is1 believers4
  ,faldstool4--,literally1 a portable   
folding seat1 similar to a camp stool1  
and formerly used by a ,bishop when     
officiating in any church other than his
 ,cathedral4 ,the name now is generally 
applied to the ,,litany ,,desk 7which   
see74  ,fasting4--,going without food of
 any kind as a religious discipline and 
as a help to the spiritual life1        
especially on the great ,fasts of the   
,church4 ,the ,homily on ,fasting says3 
,fasting is found to be of two sorts2   
the one outward1 pertaining to the body2
 the other inward1 in the heart and     
mind4 ,the outward fast is an abstinence
 from meat1 drink and all natural food1 
for the determined time of fasting2 yea1
 from all #ajh delicacies1 pleasures and
 delectations worldly4 ,the inward fast 
consists in that godly sorrow which     
leads us to bewail and detest our sins  

and to abstain from committing them4    
,fasting ,communion4--7,see ,,early     
,,communion47  ,fasts1 ,table of4--,the 
,reformers of the ,english ,church      
retained and enjoined one hundred and   
twenty-three days in each year1 to be   
sanctified wholly or in part as ,fasts  
and days of abstinence4 ,these1 with the
 exception of the ,table of ,vigils1    
have been retained in the ,american     
,prayer ,book and are the following3    
,,absolute ,,fasts1  ,ash ,wednesday and
 ,good ,friday4  ,,other ,,days ,,of    
,,fasting1  on which the ,church        
requires such a measure of abstinence as
 is more especially suited to           
extraordinary acts and exercises of     
devotion1 namely3  ,i4 ,the ,forty ,days
 of ,lent4  ,,ii4 ,the ,ember ,days at  
the four seasons4  ,,iii4 ,the ,three   
,rogation ,days4  ,,iv4 ,all ,fridays in
 the year1 except ,christmas ,day4      
,these ,fasting ,days must always be    
announced to the congregation in        
,church1 the rubric in the ,communion   

,office requiring that ,then the        
,minister shall declare unto the ,people
 what ,holy ,days or ,fasting ,days are 
in the week following to be observed4   
,fathers1 ,the4--,the name used to      
designate the ancient writers of the    
,church4 ,their writings are of the     
greatest value as bearing witness to the
 ,n4 ,t4 ,scriptures and their          
interpretation1 and also as #aji showing
 forth the belief and usage of the      
,church in the earliest years of its    
history4 7,see ,,traditions1 also       
,,undivided ,,church47 ,the term        
,fathers is generally confined to the   
writers of the first five or six hundred
 years of the ,christian ,era4 ,they are
 usually grouped together according to  
the period in which they lived1 e4g41   
,the ,apostolic ,fathers are those who  
lived nearest to the time1 and to some  
extent contemporary with the ,apostles1 
viz4 ,st4 ,barnabas1 ,st4 ,clement1 ,st4
 ,ignatius1 ,hermas and ,st4 ,polycarp4 
,another class is called the ,ante      

,nicene ,fathers1 or those who lived    
between the date of ,st4 ,polycarp1     
,a4,d4 #afg1 and the date of the ,nicene
 ,council1 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 such as ,justin 
,martyr1 ,st4 ,irenseus1 ,clemens       
,alexandrinus1 ,tertullian1 ,origen1    
,st4 ,cyprian4 ,a third class dates from
 the ,nicene ,council1 such as ,st4     
,athanasius2 ,eusebius1 the ,church     
,historian2 ,st4 ,cyril of ,jerusalem2  
,st4 ,hilary of ,poicters2 ,st4 ,basil1 
the ,great2 ,st4 ,gregory of ,nyssa2    
,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen2 ,st4          
,chrysostom1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4         
,ambrose1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,leo1   
who is commonly regarded as the last of 
the ,fathers1 although ,st4 ,gregory of 
,rome is placed in the ,list as well as 
a few later writers4 ,the above is not a
 complete list1 only a few of the       
principal ,fathers having been          
mentioned4 ,it is pointed out in        
,milman's ,latin ,christianity that ,the
 ,eastern and the ,western ,church have 
each four authors of note1 whom they    

recognize as ,fathers par excellence4   
,those of the ,eastern ,church are ,st4 
,athanasius1 ,st4 ,basil1 ,st4          
,chrysostom and ,st4 ,gregory #aaj      
,nazianzen4 ,those of the ,western      
,church are ,st4 ,jerome1 ,st4 ,ambrose1
 ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4 ,gregory of   
,rome1--the ,fathers respectively of her
 monastic system1 of her sacerdotal     
authority1 of her scientific ,theology  
and of her popular religion4  ,feasts or
 ,festivals4--,days set apart for the   
celebration of some great event         
connected with our ,blessed ,lord or    
,his ,saints1 also called ,holy ,days4  
,the rubric in the ,communion ,office   
requires that each ,feast shall be      
announced to the congregation on the    
,sunday preceding the day on which it   
occurs4 ,they are set forth in a ,table 
to be found in the introductory portion 
of the ,prayer ,book as follows3  ,a    
,,table ,,of ,,feasts4  ,to be observed 
in this ,church throughout the ,year4   
,all ,sundays in the year4              

,st4 ,bartholomew the ,apostle4   ,the  
,circumcision of our ,lord4      ,st4   
,matthew the ,apostle4   ,the ,epiphany4
                      ,st4 ,michael and 
,all ,angels4   ,the ,conversion of ,st4
 ,paul4        ,st4 ,luke the           
,evangelist4   ,the ,purification of the
 ,blessed    ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,jude 
the     ,virgin4                        
,apostles4   ,st4 ,matthias the         
,apostle4          ,all ,saints1   ,the 
,annunciation of the ,blessed    ,st4   
,andrew the ,apostle4     ,virgin ,mary4
                     ,st4 ,thomas the   
,apostle4   ,st4 ,mark the ,evangelist4 
,the ,nativity of our ,lord4   ,st4     
,philip and ,st4 ,james the       ,st4  
,stephen the ,martyr4     ,apostles4    
,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4   ,the      
,ascension of our ,lord4         ,the   
,holy ,innocents4   ,st4 ,barnabas the  
,apostle4          ,monday and ,tuesday 
in ,easter   ,the ,nativity of ,st4     
,john ,baptist4    ,week4   ,st4 ,peter 
the ,apostle4             ,monday and   

,tuesday in ,whitsun   ,st4 ,james the  
,apostle4               ,week4   ,the   
,transfiguration of our ,lord4          
,feria4--,a term derived from the ,latin
 and used to designate days which are   
neither ,feasts nor ,fasts4 #aaa        
,filioque4--,the ,latin for the words   
and the ,son which occur in our form of 
the ,nicene ,creed4 ,they are not found 
in the original ,creed as used in the   
,greek ,church1 but were added by the   
,third ,council of ,toledo1 ,a4,d4 #ehi4
 ,this addition to the ,creed by the    
,western ,church was the subject of a   
long controversy between the ,east and  
the ,west1 which with other             
complications finally led to their      
entire separation in ,a4,d4 #ajed4 7,see
 ,,procession ,,of ,,the ,,holy         
,,ghost47  ,fish4--,the figure of a fish
 has been used from the very earliest   
days as a symbol in the ,christian      
,church4 ,among the early ,christians it
 was used as a secret sign by which they
 knew one another in the days of        

persecution4 ,the significance of the   
fish as a ,christian symbol is set forth
 under ,,emblems 7which see74           
,flagon4--,one of the ,eucharistic      
vessels4 ,a large pitcher-shaped vessel 
made of precious metal and used to hold 
the wine before its consecration in the 
chalice4 ,it is sometimes used in the   
consecration4  ,font4--,the vessel which
 contains the water for the purpose of  
,baptism1 usually of stone and          
vase-shaped1 i4e41 a large bowl on a    
pedestal1 being sometimes circular and  
sometimes octagonal4 ,the position of   
the ,font in primitive times was at or  
near the ,church door to signify that   
,baptism is the entrance into the       
,church ,mystical4 ,this position is    
still retained in some churches at the  
present time1 but in most churches it is
 placed near the chancel for            
convenience1 or because no place at the 
door was provided by the architect4     
,fonts were formerly required to be     
covered and locked2 originally their    

covers were simple flat #aab movable    
lids1 but they were subsequently very   
highly ornamented1 assuming the form of 
spires and enriched with various        
decorations in carved wood or polished  
brass4 ,the ,font is so called from the 
,latin word ,fons1 genitive ,fontis1    
meaning a fountain or spring1 referring 
to ,baptism as a ,laver of              
,regeneration1 the source of new and    
spiritual life4  ,foreign               
,missions4--7,see ,,domestic ,,and      
,,foreign ,,missionary ,,society47      
,forms4--,one great objection brought   
against the ,episcopal ,church by many  
persons not members of it is what they  
call forms and ceremonies4 ,they say    
what they want is spiritual religion1   
and this objection seems to be so final 
with them there is evidently nothing    
more to be said4 ,it is not the purpose 
of this article to go into a vindication
 of forms1 but rather to point out how  
unreasonable this objection is4 ,if it  
were real1 it would do away with all    

social forms and all forms in business  
as well as in religion4 ,but they who   
make this objection do not adhere to it 
in their own religion4 ,they cannot come
 together1 even in a ,prayer ,meeting   
without some method or form which must  
be gone through with4 ,even the ,quakers
 who1 above all others1 lay the greatest
 stress on spiritual religion1 must have
 their form--of silence1 speech1 dress  
and of even the architecture of their   
meeting-place1 and which form is        
peculiar to them4 ,this being the case  
the question1 therefore1 is not ,shall  
we have forms8 but1 ,what form shall we 
have in our ,public ,worship8 for we    
have learned that we must have some kind
 of ,,form4 ,the ,episcopal ,church     
simply clings to that which was from the
 #aac beginning1 because the experience 
of centuries demonstrates that this is  
best1 more consonant to reason and more 
expressive of the religious wants of    
man4 ,hence she values her ,book of     
,common ,prayer which is the outgrowth  

of the devotions of the ages and she    
cherishes the usages and traditions that
 have grown up around it4 ,the          
,episcopal ,church does not insist on   
forms merely for the sake of forms1 but 
she values them for their helpfulness1  
for what they convey to the soul        
faithfully using them1 and also1 because
 they enable us to worship ,god as did  
,his faithful people in all the ages    
past4  ,forty ,days1 ,the               
,great4--,easter ,tide which            
commemorates the period of ,forty ,days 
our ,lord spent on earth after ,his     
,resurrection with ,his ,apostles and   
speaking of the things pertaining to the
 kingdom of ,god 7,acts #a3b and #c74   
,from many of our ,lord's ,parables as  
well as from other utterances by ,him in
 ,his ,teaching we learn that the words 
,kingdom of ,god mean ,his ,church4 ,so1
 then1 during this mysterious time of   
,his ,resurrection ,life our ,lord was  
giving ,his final instructions          
concerning ,his ,church1 and to this    

instruction is to be traced many of the 
,church's usages and practices set forth
 in the ,acts of the ,apostles which    
otherwise are inexplicable--for         
example--the choice of ,st4 ,matthias in
 the place of the traitor ,judas--thus  
indicating the perpetuity of the        
,apostolate2 the observance of the first
 day of the week instead of the seventh2
 the ordaining of ,deacons thus         
indicating divers orders in ,his        
,church2 the ,rite of ,confirmation2    
,frequent ,communion1 ,infant ,baptism  
and many other things to be noted in the
 #aad ,acts of the ,apostles1 which have
 become inherent features of the        
,church2 how else are they to be        
accounted for and explained but as being
 among the things pertaining to the     
,kingdom of ,god of which the ,master   
spake during these ,great ,forty ,days8 
,if not1 then how came about their      
universal acceptance and continuance    
even unto this present day8  ,fourth    
,sunday in ,lent4--,the ,sundays in     

,lent are numbered4 ,first1 ,second1    
,third1 etc41 through the six ,sundays4 
,but the last three ,sundays are so     
striking in their teaching that         
additional names are given to them in   
order to emphasize that special         
teaching4 ,thus the #fth ,sunday is     
called ,palm ,sunday2 the #eth1 ,passion
 ,sunday4 ,so1 also1 the ,fourth ,sunday
 in ,lent has its special name or names4
 ,thus it is called ,mid ,lent ,sunday  
because the middle of ,lent has been    
reached4 ,it is also called ,refreshment
 ,sunday from the ,gospel for the ,day  
which gives the account of our ,lord    
feeding the multitude in the wilderness1
 and thereby indicating a more joyous   
note in the service for this day than   
belongs to the other ,sundays in ,lent4 
,an old ,english name for this ,sunday  
is ,mothering ,sunday4 ,mid ,lent was   
considered somewhat of a holiday on     
which servants and children absent from 
home were permitted by their employers  
to visit their mothers4 ,the name1      

doubtless1 had its origin from the      
ancient custom of making pilgrimages to 
the ,mother ,church or ,cathedral of the
 ,diocese4 7,see ,,lent1 ,,sundays      
,,in47  ,fraction4--,the name given to  
the manual act of breaking the ,bread by
 the ,priest during the ,consecration in
 the ,holy ,communion1 according to the 
#aae rubric which directs1 ,and here to 
break the ,bread4 7,see ,,manual        
,,acts47  ,free and ,open               
,churches4--,these words express the    
idea embodied in a movement in the      
,american ,church that has been making  
for many years to make the ,house of    
,prayer what it was originally1 viz4    
free for all people1 no reserved or     
rented pews1 but every seat free and    
unreserved1 so that high and low1 rich  
and poor alike shall be equal in the    
,father's ,house2 and open not simply   
when there is a service1 but open all   
the time for private prayer as well as  
public4 ,this movement is growing       
rapidly so that to-day more than half of

 our churches are thus free1 and a great
 many of them are kept open all day long
 every day in the week4 ,it is found    
that many earnest and devout souls1     
homeless perhaps1 or dwellers in hotels 
or boarding-houses where there is little
 or no privacy1 as well as others1      
gladly avail themselves of this         
privilege of the ,open ,church and find 
comfort in it4 ,a society for the       
promotion of ,free and ,open ,churches  
has been organized for many years with  
headquarters in ,philadelphia4          
,frequent ,communion4--,the influence of
 the ,puritans on the religious life of 
the ,church was in many instances       
tremendous and far-reaching4 ,while the 
,prayer ,book provides for frequent     
,communion1 that is1 every ,lord's ,day 
and ,holy ,day at the least1 yet under  
the ,puritan influence infrequent       
,communion became prevalent1 and four   
times a year at the most came to be     
considered sufficient4 ,when the ,church
 began to pass out from under this      

influence we find that a monthly        
celebration became the universal rule   
#aaf in the ,church1 and even with this 
many seem now to be satisfied4 ,but as  
the ,church grew1 as the study of the   
,prayer ,book and of ,church ,history   
became more general and the ,church     
began to assert herself1 to claim her   
heritage1 we find a return to the       
ancient order and ,scriptural rule4 ,the
 ,sunday and ,holy ,day ,eucharist was  
more and more restored1 so that to-day  
there are very few parishes where       
,frequent ,communion is not the rule4   
,on this subject the ,bishop of         
,maryland1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,william      
,paret1 ,d4,d41 has remarked1 ,god's    
,word and all history show that         
receiving the ,holy ,communion every    
,lord's ,day was the old way and        
receiving once a month entirely a modern
 custom4 ,in often receiving we are     
copying the whole ,church of the first  
three hundred years4  ,friday4--,in the 
,prayer ,book we find that ,friday of   

each week is placed in the ,table of    
,fasts to be observed in this ,church   
throughout the year1 and the rubric     
directs that it be announced to the     
congregation on the ,sunday before4     
,friday as a ,fast is intended to be the
 weekly memorial of the ,crucifixion of 
our ,lord just as ,sunday is the weekly 
memorial of the ,resurrection4 ,both are
 alike obligatory as both are enjoined  
by the same authority4 ,it is           
encouraging to note a growing           
recognition of this ,fast and a more    
general desire to honor weekly the day  
of our ,lord's ,crucifixion with a      
public service in ,church and by        
personal acts of self-denial and        
devotion on the part of the faithful4   
7,see ,,good ,,friday1 also ,,fasts1    
,,table ,,of47  ,frontal4--,the name    
given to a hanging in front of the      
,altar4 ,the same as ,,antependium      
7which see74 #aag  ,fruits of the       
,spirit4--7,see ,,spirit1 ,,fruits      
,,of47  ,funerals4--,the solemn ,,burial

 ,,of ,,the ,,dead 7which see74 ,in the 
,church there is no such thing as       
,preaching a ,funeral1 as it is called1 
but the reverent and devout committal of
 the body to the ground1 looking for the
 ,general ,resurrection in the last day 
and the life of the world to come1      
through our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4       
,plainness and simplicity should mark so
 holy a function4    ,g                 
,gehenna4--,in the original ,greek of   
the ,new ,testament ,scriptures there   
are two words unfortunately translated  
by our one ,english word ,hell4 ,the    
first of these is ,gehenna1 meaning the 
place of torment4 ,the second is ,hades1
 which also occurs in the original      
,greek of the ,creed1 and means the     
hidden1 covered1 intermediate world     
where the soul rests between death and  
the general ,resurrection4 ,when1       
therefore1 we confess in the ,creed that
 our ,lord descended into ,hell1 we do  
not mean that ,he entered the place of  
torment1 but the place of departed      

spirits or ,hades4 ,this difference of  
meaning of the word ,hell as used in our
 ,english translation of the ,bible and 
the ,creed should be borne in mind4     
,general ,clergy ,relief ,fund4--,this  
is the abbreviated title of a ,society  
organized by the ,general ,convention   
under the corporate name1 ,the ,trustees
 of the ,fund for the ,relief of the    
,widows and ,orphans #aah of ,deceased  
,clergymen1 and of ,aged1 ,infirm and   
,disabled ,clergymen of the ,protestant 
,episcopal ,church in the ,united       
,states of ,america1 a corporation      
created in the year #ahee by chapter    
#dei of the laws of the ,state of ,new  
,york4 ,this is one of the most         
important ,funds in the ,church and     
commands the generous support of all    
earnest and devoted ,church people4 ,as 
its name implies1 it is a ,fund         
established for the purpose of taking   
care of ,aged and ,infirm clergy who    
through age or sickness have become     
disabled and can no longer fulfil their 

ministry4 ,the conscience of the ,church
 makes her feel obligated1 like the     
national government1 to take care of her
 faithful servants in their old age and 
disability1 and also to provide for the 
care of the widows and orphans of       
deceased clergymen4 ,the ,church1       
however1 cannot do this blessed work of 
,relief1 unless all her people          
contribute largely to this ,fund4       
,general ,confession1 ,the4--,the form  
of words used by both ,minister and     
,people in humbly acknowledging their   
sins before ,god in preparation for the 
true worship of ,his ,name about to     
follow4 ,the ,general ,confession was   
placed in the ,morning ,prayer in #aeeb 
and in the ,evening ,prayer in #affa4   
,such beginning of our ,public ,worship 
is in accordance with the practice of   
the ,primitive ,christians1 who1 as ,st4
 ,basil1 writing in the ,fourth         
,century1 tells us1 in all churches1    
immediately upon their entering into the
 ,house of ,prayer1 made confession of  

their sins unto ,god1 with much sorrow1 
concern and tears1 every man pronouncing
 his own confession with his own mouth4 
,a similar ,general ,confession1 but    
more heart searching1 #aai is also to be
 found in the ,communion ,office1 to be 
said in preparation for the due         
reception of the ,sacrament4 ,a third   
,confession is also set forth in the    
,penitential ,office and commonly called
 the ,ash ,wednesday ,confession4       
,general ,convention1 ,the4--,the       
legislative body of the ,american       
,church which meets triennially and is  
composed of the ,bishops and            
,representatives from all the ,dioceses 
and ,missionary ,jurisdictions4 ,the    
,convention is composed of two houses1  
7#a7 the ,house of ,bishops and 7#b7 the
 ,house of ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies 
consisting of four ,clerical and four   
,lay representatives from each ,diocese1
 and one delegate of each ,order from   
every ,missionary ,jurisdiction4 ,both  
,houses together constitute the ,general

 ,convention4 ,all the laws of the      
,church in the ,united ,states are made 
by this ,convention1 but it can make no 
alteration in the ,constitution or in   
the ,liturgy and ,offices unless the    
same has been adopted in one            
,convention1 and submitted to all the   
,dioceses1 and afterwards adopted in    
another ,convention4 ,for any measure to
 become a law it must be adopted by the 
concurrent action of both ,houses4 ,the 
,general ,convention provides also for  
the admission of ,new ,dioceses2 for    
,church extension1 and for the erection 
of ,missionary ,jurisdictions both in   
the ,united ,states and in foreign      
lands1 electing the ,bishops for them4  
,the ,presiding ,officer is the ,senior 
,bishop by consecration1 who presides in
 the ,house of ,bishops and when both   
,houses meet as one body4 ,when the     
,convention is not in session he acts as
 the ,primate of the ,american ,church4 
7,see ,,presiding ,,bishop47 ,the ,house
 of #abj ,clerical and ,lay ,deputies   

also has its ,president or ,presiding   
,officer who is chosen from among the   
,clerical ,deputies at each meeting of  
the ,convention4  ,general              
,council4--7,see ,,council1 also        
,,ecumenical47  ,general ,thanksgiving1 
,the4--,the title of one of the prayers 
in ,morning and ,evening ,prayer4 ,it is
 called ,general as being suitable to   
all men1 and in contradistinction to the
 special ,thanksgivings to be used by   
request of members of the congregation  
for special mercies vouchsafed4         
,general ,theological ,seminary4--,an   
institution of learning for the         
education of men for the ,sacred        
,ministry1 established by the ,general  
,convention of the ,american ,church1   
,may #bgth1 #ahag1 and incorporated     
,april #eth1 #ahbb4 ,the ,institution is
 situated in ,chelsea ,square1 ,new     
,york ,city1 and has a very valuable    
property worth2 #a1jha1bbe4db4 ,the     
endowments amount to over2 #gjj1jjj4    
,the number of students average about   

#aej each year4 ,number of ,alumni      
#a1hjj4 ,whole number matriculated since
 #ahbb about #b1cjj4 ,volumes in the    
,library #cj1jjj4  ,generally           
,necessary4--,in the definition given in
 the ,church ,catechism of ,holy        
,baptism and the ,lord's ,supper1 these 
,sacraments are declared to be generally
 necessary to salvation4 ,from the way  
many persons postpone their own         
,baptism1 neglect the ,baptism of their 
children and ignore the ,holy           
,communion1 it would seem that they     
think the word generally in the above   
clause1 means usually1 but not essential
 to religious life4 ,this is a mistake4 
,the word generally as used when the    
,catechism was set forth is simply the  
,anglicized form of the ,latin word #aba
 generaliter1 meaning universally1      
always1 absolutely necessary for every  
one who would be saved1 and therefore1  
imperative where the ,sacraments may be 
had4  ,genuflexion4--,a temporary       
bending of the knee as distinguished    

from actual kneeling2 usually made      
towards the ,altar as the symbol of     
,christ's ,presence4  ,ghost4           
,ghostly4--,ghost is the old ,saxon word
 for spirit and is still used in the    
,name of the ,third ,person of the ,holy
 ,trinity4 ,ghostly1 the adjective form 
of the word1 has been retained in the   
,prayer ,book and means spiritual1 e4   
g41 in the ,confirmation service one of 
the sevenfold gifts of the ,holy ,ghost 
is called ghostly strength1 that is1    
spiritual strength4  ,ghost1 ,the       
,holy4--7,see ,,holy ,,ghost47  ,gifts  
of the ,holy ,ghost1 ,sevenfold4--,the  
gifts bestowed on the ,baptized by the  
,laying on of ,hands in ,confirmation1  
viz43 the spirit of wisdom and          
understanding1 the spirit of counsel and
 ghostly strength1 the spirit of        
knowledge and true godliness and the    
spirit of holy fear1 as enumerated in   
,isaiah #aa3b4 ,these gifts may be      
briefly interpreted as follows3         
,,wisdom1 to choose the one thing       

needful4   ,,understanding1 to know how 
to attain it4   ,,counsel1 the habit of 
asking guidance of ,god4   ,,strength1  
to follow where ,he shall lead4         
,,knowledge1 that we may learn to know  
,god4   ,,godliness1 that knowing ,him  
we may grow like ,him4   ,,holy ,,fear1 
meaning reverence and adoration4        
,girdle4--,a white cord to confine the  
alb at the #abb waist3 used at the      
celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist4    
7,see ,,vestments47  ,girls' ,friendly  
,society4--,a ,society of young women   
organized in the ,american ,church in   
#ahgg1 and is a branch of a similar     
,society in the ,church of ,england4    
,the society has for its object the     
spiritual welfare of girls and young    
women through association and friendship
 with one another4 ,the ,society has 7in
 #aija7 #af1caf members in the ,united  
,states and #d1jbb associate members4 ,a
 monthly magazine1 the ,g4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4  
,record1 is published as the official   
organ of the ,society4 ,headquarters1   

the ,church ,missions ,house1 ,new ,york
 ,city4  ,gloria in ,excelsis4--,meaning
 ,glory in the ,highest1 the title of   
the final hymn in the ,communion        
,office4 ,it is called the ,greater     
,doxology1 and also1 the ,angelic ,hymn 
as it is based on the song of the angels
 at ,christ's ,birth1 which forms its   
opening words4 ,the ,gloria in ,excelsis
 is the oldest and most inspiring of all
 ,christian hymns4 ,its author and the  
time of its composition are unknown1 but
 it was in use in the very earliest ages
 of the ,church as a daily morning hymn4
 ,its introduction into the ,liturgy    
appears to have been gradual4 ,the first
 words of it are found in the ,liturgy  
of ,st4 ,james1 from which fact we learn
 that the germ of it was evidently used 
in ,apostolic times4 ,it is interesting 
to note that in ancient ,liturgies the  
,gloria in ,excelsis was placed at the  
beginning and not at the end of the     
,communion ,office4 ,it occupied such a 
position in our own ,liturgy until      

,a4,d4 #aeeb1 when it was placed after  
the ,thanksgiving4 ,by the rubric       
permission is #abc given to use a hymn  
instead of it1 and this is often done   
during ,advent and ,lent1 thus reserving
 the ,gloria in ,excelsis for use in    
more joyous seasons such as ,christmas1 
,easter1 etc4  ,gloria ,patri4--,meaning
 ,glory to the ,father1 the first words 
of the short anthem used after each     
,psalm and elsewhere in the services1   
viz4 ,glory be to the ,father1 and to   
the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost1 ,as  
it was in the beginning1 is now1 and    
ever shall be1 world without end4 ,amen4
 ,it is often called the ,lesser        
,doxology4 ,the ,gloria ,patri has been 
used in ,christian worship from the     
beginning and is traceable to the       
,baptismal formula4 ,its frequent use in
 our services is not a vain repetition1 
as some suppose1 but is very devotional 
and helpful to increased earnestness in 
worship1 drawing our thoughts from man1 
his wants and experiences1 and directing

 them to the ,triune ,god1 the ,author  
and ,giver of every good and perfect    
gift4 ,sung after the ,psalms it gives  
to them a ,christian meaning and        
interpretation4 ,in accordance with the 
ancient usage the ,gloria is said with  
bowed head as an act of worship and of  
faith1 and is also said facing the      
,altar or ,east4 7,see ,,east1 ,,turning
 ,,to47  ,gloria ,tibi4--,the ,latin    
title of the words of praise sung when  
the ,holy ,gospel is announced in the   
,holy ,communion1 viz4 ,glory be to     
,thee1 ,o ,lord4 ,this ,gloria also     
comes down to us from the ancient usage 
of the ,church4 ,it is said with the    
bowed head as an act of worship4        
,godfathers1 ,godmothers4--7,see        
,,sponsors47  ,golden ,number4--,the    
,golden ,number is that #abd which marks
 the position of any given year in the  
,lunar ,cycle1 which is a period of     
nineteen years4 ,meton1 an ,athenian    
philosopher1 discovered that1 at the end
 of every such period1 the new moons    

take place on the same days of the      
months whereon they occurred before its 
commencement4 ,this discovery was       
considered to be so important1 it became
 the custom to inscribe the rule for    
finding the moon's age on a tablet in   
golden letters and placed in the        
market-place at ,athens2 hence arose the
 term ,golden ,number4 ,the ,golden     
,number may be found by adding one to   
the year of our ,lord1 and dividing the 
sum by #ai1 when the remainder1 if any1 
is the ,golden ,number4 ,if there be no 
remainder1 the ,golden ,number is #ai4  
,one is added to the year of our ,lord  
because the first year of the ,christian
 era was the second of the ,cycle4 ,the 
time of ,easter may be found by means of
 the ,golden ,number4 7,see ,tables in  
,prayer ,book47  ,good ,friday4--,the   
,last ,friday in ,lent on which we      
commemorate the ,death of our ,lord4 ,it
 is called ,good ,friday from the       
blessed results of our ,saviour's       
sufferings1 for by the shedding of ,his 

own most precious ,blood ,he obtained   
eternal ,redemption for us4 ,it is the  
most solemn and binding of all ,fridays 
and should be observed as an absolute   
,fast in token of our sorrow for sin1   
and in preparation for the ,easter      
,communion4 ,all unnecessary work1 all  
social engagements and pleasures are    
especially to be avoided by all those   
who reverence their ,lord1 and remember 
of what ,good ,friday is the solemn     
memorial4 ,it is a day of ,church-going1
 and it will be found that the ,good    
,friday services are very #abe          
impressive1 solemn and soul-stirring4   
,the ,proper ,psalms are the #bb;d1     
#djth and #edth in ,morning ,prayer1 and
 the #fith and #hhth for ,evening       
,prayer4 ,proper ,lessons and three     
special ,collects1 together with the    
,epistle and ,gospel all set forth1 amid
 the solemnities of worship1 the        
momentous story of the ,saviour's       
,passion and ,death4 ,in many places1 it
 is usual to have in addition to the    

appointed services1 the ,,three ,,hours 
,,service 7which see71 held from #ab ,m4
 to #c ,p4 ,m41 in commemoration of our 
,lord's ,agony on the ,cross1 and       
consisting of special prayers and hymns 
with addresses or meditations4 ,the     
,holy ,communion is not celebrated on   
,good ,friday1 in accordance with the   
immemorial usage of the ,church2 only   
the introductory portion of the service 
is used4 ,the ,altar is entirely        
stripped of its hangings and ornaments1 
except the cross1 and is sometimes      
covered with black hangings4 ,the       
observance of ,good ,friday is inwoven  
into the very texture of the ,christian 
,religion1 having been kept from the    
very first age of ,christianity with    
strictest fasting and humiliation4 ,the 
mind of the ,church seems always to have
 been1 this day is not one of man's     
institution1 but was consecrated by our 
,lord ,jesus ,christ when ,he made it   
the day of ,his most ,holy ,passion4    
,good ,shepherd1 ,sunday of4--,the name 

given in the ,western ,church to the    
,second ,sunday after ,easter4 ,the     
,french know it as the ,sunday of the   
,bon ,pasteur4 ,the name is suggested by
 the ,gospel for the day which sets     
forth our ,lord as the ,good ,shepherd1 
and who in the ,epistle is called the   
,shepherd and ,bishop of our ,souls4    
#abf  ,gospel4--,the word ,gospel is    
derived from the ,anglo-,saxon          
,godspell1 signifying good news2 founded
 originally on certain words used by the
 angel in announcing the ,saviour's     
,birth1 viz43 ,behold1 ,i bring you good
 tidings of great joy 7,st4 ,luke       
#b3aj74 ,the word is greatly            
misunderstood and frequently misapplied1
 the idea seems to be that ,gospel      
religion1 ,gospel sermons and preaching 
the ,gospel1 mean certain doctrines such
 as individual election1 calling1       
justification1 sanctification and the   
like4 ,these are regarded as being very 
,scriptural1 and in accordance with the 
,scriptural method4 ,when1 however1 we  

turn to the ,scriptures we find that    
such doctrines are not the ,gospel at   
all1 but simply deductions from it4 ,in 
the ,new ,testament the word ,gospel is 
applied exclusively to the announcement 
of certain events1 certain outward facts
 connected with the ,second ,person in  
the ,blessed ,trinity1 namely1 the      
,incarnation1 ,birth1 ,life1 ,death1    
,burial1 ,resurrection and ,ascension of
 the ,son of ,god4 ,such was the good   
tidings announced by the angelic choir1 
such is the purpose of the ,new         
,testament ,scriptures1 and that ,gospel
 religion or ,gospel preaching which    
brings these sublime facts to bear on   
the hearts and lives of men1 as living  
realities and guiding motives1 alone can
 be ,scriptural and truly ,gospel4 ,this
 being the case1 we can understand how  
the ,church's ,year with its changing   
seasons of joy and penitence1 setting   
forth so clearly all these facts in our 
,lord's ,life1 preaches the very ,gospel
 of ,christ and in accordance with the  

,scriptural method4 7,see ,,christian   
,,year47  ,gospels1 ,the4--,the four    
canonical records of the #abg ,life of  
our ,lord written by ,st4 ,matthew1 ,st4
 ,mark1 ,st4 ,luke and ,st4 ,john4 ,the 
first three are called the ,synoptic    
,gospels1 because they all look at the  
events they describe from the same point
 of view2 while the standpoint of ,st4  
,john is quite different4 ,his purpose  
was not to give the history of our ,lord
 as did the other ,evangelists1 but to  
teach the mysteries arising out of that 
history4 ,for example1 ,st4 ,john says  
nothing about the circumstances of our  
,lord's ,birth1 but he sets forth the   
mystery which those circumstances       
embraced1--the ,incarnation of the      
,word1 or eternal ,son of ,god4 ,for    
this reason1 the ,fourth ,gospel is     
called by ancient writers a ,spiritual  
,gospel1 because it contains less of    
historical narrative than the others and
 more of ,doctrine4  ,gospel1 ,the      
,holy4--,the title given to the passage 

from the ,gospels read at ,holy         
,communion1 commonly called the ,gospel 
for the ,day4 ,during the reading of the
 ,holy ,gospel the people are to stand  
as required by the rubric4 ,this custom 
is intended to show a reverent regard to
 the ,son of ,god above all other       
messengers4  ,gospel ,side4--,the north 
side of the ,altar 7the left side as we 
face the ,altar7 at which the ,holy     
,gospel is read4 7,see ,,epistle        
,,side47  ,gospeller4--,the ,priest or  
,deacon appointed to read the ,holy     
,gospel at a celebration of the ,holy   
,eucharist1 is so1 called4  ,government1
 ,church4--7,see ,,episcopacy47  ,gown1 
,the ,black4--,an ,academical gown2 an  
official or distinctive dress worn by   
students and officers of a ,college or  
,university1 and also by officials of a 
#abh ,court of ,justice4 ,it is not an  
ecclesiastical garment1 although it was 
customary during a time of great        
spiritual decadence in the ,church for  
the gown with bands to be worn during   

the preaching of the sermon in the      
service4 ,this1 however1 has long since 
been given up2 the surplice is more     
properly worn4  ,grace4--,the word grace
 means a special favor1 and is applied  
to the whole obedience1 merit1 ,passion 
and ,death of our ,lord and the benefits
 that flow from them1--justification1   
wisdom1 sanctification1 ,redemption4    
,the ,church1 which is the ,body of     
,christ1 is called the ,kingdom of      
,grace1 for in it we become members of  
,christ and partakers of ,his grace and 
heavenly benediction4 ,the ,sacraments1 
as well as other ordinances1 are called 
means of grace1 because they are the    
appointed instrumentalities whereby ,god
 gives grace to ,his faithful people1 to
 help them in living faithfully and in  
obtaining ,salvation4  ,gradine4--,a    
name sometimes given to the shelf at the
 back of the ,altar and attached to the 
wall or reredos1 upon which are placed  
the candlesticks1 flowers and other     
ornaments4 ,there may be two or more    

such shelves4  ,gradual4--,a portion of 
,scripture formerly sung after the      
,epistle for the ,day1 from the steps of
 the ,pulpit or ,altar1 and hence called
 ,gradual1 from the ,latin gradus1      
meaning a step4  ,greek ,church4--,a    
name often used for the ,,eastern       
,,church 7which see74  ,green4--,one of 
the ,church colors1 and used during the 
,epiphany and ,trinity ,seasons4 7,see  
,,church ,,colors47 #abi  ,gregorian    
,music4--,the ,gregorian tones are      
certain chants of peculiar beauty and   
solemnity handed down to us from remote 
antiquity4 ,they are said to have been  
set forth in their present form by      
,gregory the ,great in the ,sixth       
,century1 from whom they are named4     
,they are numbered from one to eight1   
with a few added supplementary tones of 
great dignity and beauty4 ,each tone has
 various endings4 ,where the ,psalter is
 sung1 the ,gregorian chants are usually
 employed1 being sung antiphonally1 but 
the ,glorias in full1 that is by both   

sides of the choir together4  ,growth of
 the ,church4--,the course of the       
,episcopal ,church in the ,united       
,states has been characterized by a very
 remarkable growth--a growth that has   
attracted the attention of the ,public  
,press1 both religious and secular4     
,thus the ,roman ,catholic ,news said   
recently1 ,the gains of the             
,episcopalians in this country1 steady1 
onward1 undeniable1 and that at the     
expense of the denominations called     
evangelical1 is one of the remarkable   
characteristics of our times4 ,the      
following statement appeared in ,public 
,opinion3 ,a good showing is made by the
 so-called ,protestant ,episcopal       
,church in the ,united ,states4 ,the    
general growth of the ,church far       
exceeds1 proportionately1 that of the   
population at large1 or of any other    
religious section of it in particular4  
,it looks like the ',church of the      
future4' ,this statement may be         
illustrated by the returns of the last  

census4 ,in the decade ending #aijj the 
population increased #ba per cent41     
while the increase of the ,episcopal    
,church was #da per cent4 ,during the   
preceding decade 7#ahhj-ahij7 the       
increase of population was #bd per      
cent41 but that of #acj the ,church was 
#df per cent4 ,before the ,civil ,war1  
7in #ahej7 this ,church had one         
communicant for about every #cjj of the 
population2 in #ahhj it had one for     
every #adh2 in #ahij1 one for every     
#abe1 and in #aijj it had one           
communicant for every #ajg of the       
population4 ,the comparison of growth of
 this ,church with other religious      
bodies was set forth in a statement by  
the ,new ,york ,independent1 from which 
it appears that the rate of increase    
during the period examined was for the  
,episcopal ,church #dd per cent42 for   
the ,lutherans1 #ad2 ,baptists1 #ab2    
,methodists1 #aa2 and ,presbyterians1 #h
 per cent4 ,in the census returns in    
#ahej the population of the ,united     

,states was #bc1hdg1hhd and the         
,episcopal ,church had then only #gi1ihg
 communicants4 ,to-day 7#aija7 the      
,state of ,new ,york alone with a       
population of only #g1bfh1jab has       
#afc1cgi communicants1 being about      
one-fourth of the population in that    
,state4 ,the ,missionary ,monthly1 a    
,presbyterian publication1 speaking of  
the ,church in ,new ,york ,city1 said3  
,the ,episcopalians far outnumber any   
other denomination in their membership4 
,their relative growth also surpasses   
all others4 ,in #ahgh the ,presbyterian 
membership in this city was #ah1gjd1    
while the ,episcopalians numbered       
#bj1ihd4 ,now the ,episcopalians almost 
double the ,presbyterians in the matter 
of ,church membership4 ,these last two  
items refer only to ,new ,york1 but it  
is a well established fact that the     
,church is growing rapidly in all parts 
of our land4 ,to-day there is not a     
,state or ,territory where the          
,episcopal ,church has not its ,bishop  

or ,bishops and body of ,clergy and     
faithful people2 even in far away       
,alaska the ,altar and the ,cross have  
been set up1 and the rate #aca of       
increase throughout the ,united ,states 
is larger than that of any other        
religious body in this land4 ,moreover1 
it is a striking fact that the          
,episcopal ,church is the only religious
 body in the ,united ,states 7except the
 ,roman ,catholic7 which covers the     
entire country4  ,guardian              
,angels4--7,see ,,holy ,,angels47       
,guild4--,an organization or society4 ,a
 name given to a society in the ,church1
 having for its object the welfare of   
the ,parish to which it belongs1 or the 
promotion of some special church work4  
,usually the purpose of a ,church ,guild
 is to bring the members together in    
devotion of spirit and in cooperative   
work under the direction of the ,rector2
 and in every way to bring the full     
,church system to bear on the hearts and
 lives of all4    ,h    ,habit4--,the   

name given to the garb worn by the      
clergy1 e4 g41 the robes worn by a      
,bishop are frequently called the       
,episcopal habit2 also1 the garb worn by
 members of a religious order1 such as  
the ,sisters of ,charity1 etc4          
,hades4--,the ,greek word for the place 
of departed spirits1 translated in the  
,english ,bible and1 also1 in the ,creed
 by the word ,hell1 not1 however1 the   
place of torment4 7,see ,,descent ,,into
 ,,hell1 also ,,intermediate ,,state47  
,hallelujah4--,a ,hebrew word1 meaning  
,praise the ,lord2 same as ,,alleluia   
7which see74 #acb  ,heaven4--,the final 
abode of the righteous1 where after the 
general ,resurrection they find their   
perfect consummation and bliss1 both in 
body and soul1 in ,god's eternal and    
everlasting glory4  ,hell4--,the final  
abode of the wicked and impenitent4     
,justin ,martyr1 an ancient ,father of  
the ,church1 who lived ,a4,d4 #aej1     
describes ,hell as a place where those  
are to be punished who have lived       

wickedly1 and who do not believe that   
those things which ,god hath taught us  
by ,christ will come to pass4 ,the      
original ,greek word for ,hell1 as the  
place of torment1 is ,,gehenna 7which   
see74  ,heresy4 ,heretic4--,the word    
heresy is derived from a ,greek word1   
meaning a choice1 and is applied to     
doctrines or beliefs that are contrary  
to ,divine ,revelation as witnessed to  
by the ,holy ,catholic ,church4 ,a      
,heretic is one who prefers such false  
teaching to the ,faith once delivered to
 the ,saints4 ,concerning such ,st4     
,paul says1 ,a man that is an heretic1  
after the first and second admonition1  
reject 7,st4 ,titus #c3aj74 ,the ,church
 regards the true ,faith as of such     
vital importance to her life and to the 
life of each individual soul1 she bids  
us to pray in the ,litany1 ,from all    
false doctrine1 heresy1 and schism1     
,good ,lord1 deliver us4  ,high         
,celebration4--,a term commonly employed
 to describe the solemn midday service  

of the ,holy ,eucharist with the full   
adjuncts of ritual and music4 ,there is 
always a ,gospeller and ,epistoler in   
addition to the ,celebrant4 ,the music  
is often of an elaborate character and  
the ceremonial more imposing4 ,it is    
generally reserved for the greater      
,festivals4 #acc  ,historic             
,episcopate4--,this is a term that came 
into prominence when at the ,general    
,convention of #ahhf1 which met in      
,chicago1 the ,house of ,bishops set    
forth the terms which it deemed a       
sufficient basis for the ,reunion of    
,christendom4 ,by it is meant the       
,ministry preserved and perpetuated by  
,,apostolic ,,succession 7which see1    
also ,,episcopacy74                     
,historiographer4--,an official         
custodian and compiler of historical    
records pertaining to the ,church1      
appointed by the ,general ,convention4  
,several of the ,dioceses have also     
their appointed ,historiographers4      
,holy ,angels4--,the service and        

,ministry of the ,holy ,angels and their
 guardianship over the sons of men is a 
doctrine set forth by the ,church in her
 beautiful service for ,,st4 ,,michael  
,,and ,,all ,,angels ,,day1 7which see74
 ,elsewhere in the ,liturgy she brings  
out the same great truth4 ,when we      
gather around the ,altar of ,god in the 
,holy ,eucharist we do so with angels   
and archangels and with all the company 
of ,heaven4 ,it has always been a       
tradition of ,christianity that angels  
attend at the ministration of ,holy     
,baptism and at the celebration of the  
,holy ,communion2 and that as ,lazarus  
was the object of their tender care1 so 
in sickness and death they are about the
 bed of the faithful and carry their    
souls to the ,presence of ,christ in    
,paradise4  ,holy ,communion4--,one of  
the two great ,sacraments ordained by   
,christ and generally 7i4e41 always7    
necessary to salvation2 this being the  
,sacrament of the ,lord's ,body and     
,blood4 ,the following explanation has  

been given by the ,rev4 ,morgan ,dix1   
,d4,d43 ,three names are given to this  
,sacrament according #acd to the way in 
which it is regarded4 ,it is called the 
,holy ,communion1 because it is the     
means of keeping that union with        
,almighty ,god through the ,incarnation 
which was commenced in our ,baptism1 and
 because thereby all the faithful are   
spiritually one with each other4 ,it is 
called the ,lord's ,supper with         
historical reference to the time and    
circumstance of its institution4 ,it is 
called the ,holy ,eucharist1 as being   
the great act of praise and thanksgiving
 rendered by the ,church in             
acknowledgment of the blessings of      
,redemption4 ,it is also called         
preeminently the ,divine ,liturgy1 as   
including and comprehending all acts of 
worship and religion1 and as being the  
first and chief of all rites and        
functions2 and it is both a ,sacrifice  
and a ,sacrament4 ,it is the great      
,commemorative ,sacrifice of the        

,church1 unbloody1 mystical and         
spiritual2 accompanying the ,perpetual  
,oblation of ,himself which our great   
,high ,priest1 ,jesus ,christ1 makes in 
,heaven1 where ,he ever liveth and      
intercedes for us4 ,in it the ,passion  
of ,christ is perpetually shown forth to
 the ,almighty ,father1 and ,his        
,priests on earth unite in the ,oblation
 which ,he makes at the ,mercy ,seat4   
,it is the ,sacrament in which the      
faithful feed upon ,his most ,blessed   
,body and ,blood1 in a divine mystery   
and after a spiritual manner1 which is  
to be believed though it cannot be      
explained4 ,our ,lord is really present 
throughout the whole of this solemn and 
august action1 though in no carnal1     
corporal or material manner4 7,see      
,,real ,,presence47  ,the ,prayer ,book 
provides that this ,blessed ,sacrament  
shall be celebrated at least every      
,sunday and ,holy ,day for which        
,collect1 ,epistle and ,gospel are #ace 
provided2 the only exception to this    

rule being ,good ,friday4 7,see ,,early 
,,communion2 ,,frequent ,,communion1    
also ,,worship47  ,holy ,days and       
,seasons4--7,see ,,christian ,,year1    
also articles on ,,feasts1 ,,fasts and  
,,gospel47  ,holy ,ghost1 ,the4--,the   
,third ,person of the ,blessed ,trinity4
 ,it is of faith to believe that ,god   
the ,holy ,ghost is a ,person1 not      
simply an influence as the vagueness of 
modern religionism seems to imply1 but a
 ,person so real that sin can be        
committed against ,him1 as in the case  
of ,ananias who was accused of lying to 
the ,holy ,ghost 7,acts #e3c72 a ,person
 so real that ,he is represented as     
engaged in such personal acts as        
teaching1 testifying1 guiding into all  
,truth1 and as interceding4 ,the ,holy  
,ghost is to be believed in as very and 
eternal ,god1 of one substance1 majesty 
and glory with the ,father and the ,son4
 ,he1 the ,comforter1 having been given 
we are now living under the             
,dispensation of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the 

third paragraph of the ,creed 7each     
article of which is to be attributed to 
or affirmed of1 the ,holy ,ghost7 brings
 out this truth and sets forth ,his     
,presence and work in the ,church4 ,this
 is illustrated by the following        
statement3 ,by being born again of water
 and the ,holy ,ghost we are made       
members of 'the ,holy ,catholic         
,church'2 by keeping the unity of the   
,spirit in the bond of peace1 we enjoy  
the ',communion of ,saints'2 through the
 ,holy ,ghost we receive the ',remission
 of ,sins1' first in our ,baptism and   
afterwards in the ,holy ,communion and  
other ordinances2 it is through the     
,holy ,ghost that the ,lord shall       
quicken our mortal bodies in the        
',resurrection1' and by ,his grace we   
#acf shall be enabled to give a good    
answer at the ,judgment ,seat of ,christ
 and so attain to the ',life            
,everlasting4' 7,see ,,procession ,,of  
,,the ,,holy ,,ghost47  ,holy           
,innocents' ,day4--,a ,festival of the  

,church observed on the third day after 
,christmas1 ,december #bhth1 in memory  
of the children of ,bethlehem1 whose    
death ,herod caused1 and who have always
 been regarded as the ,infant ,martyrs  
of the ,christian ,church1 for that not 
in speaking1 but in dying1 have they    
confessed ,christ4 ,this ,feast is one  
of the very oldest of ,holy ,days1      
having always been associated with the  
observance of ,christmas4  ,holy ,name1 
,the4--,the name of ,,jesus 7which see74
 ,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor says1 ,this is 
the ,name which we should engrave in our
 hearts1 and write upon our foreheads1  
and pronounce with our most harmonious  
accents1 and rest our faith upon1 and   
place our hopes in1 and love with the   
overflowings of charity and joy and     
adoration4 ,an old custom that has come 
down to us from the most ancient times  
is that of bowing at the ,holy ,name of 
,jesus1 especially in reciting the      
,creed4 ,the #ahth ,canon of the        
,english ,church 7#afjd7 gives the      

meaning of this custom as follows3 ,when
 in time of ,divine ,service the ,lord  
,jesus shall be mentioned1 due and lowly
 reverence shall be done by all persons 
present1 as it hath been accustomed1    
testifying by these outward ceremonies  
and gestures their inward humility1     
,christian resolution1 and due          
acknowledgment that the ,lord ,,jesus   
,,christ1 the true and ,eternal ,son of 
,god1 is the only ,saviour of the world1
 in whom alone all mercies1 graces and  
promises #acg of ,god to mankind1 for   
this life and the life to come1 are     
fully and wholly comprised4  ,holy      
,orders4--,a term used to designate the 
,sacred ,ministry1 and is expressive of 
the position and authority of the       
,ministry of the ,church4 ,holy         
,scripture as well as ancient authors   
and the universal practice of the       
,church bear witness to the fact that   
,almighty ,god of ,his ,divine          
,providence hath appointed divers orders
 in ,his ,church and that these orders  

have always and in all places been three
 in number1 viz41 ,bishops1 ,priests and
 ,deacons4 7,see ,,bishop1 ,,episcopacy1
 ,,deacon1 ,,minister1 ,,priest47  ,holy
 ,table4--7,see ,,altar47  ,holy        
,thursday4--,a name commonly given to   
,,ascension ,,day 7which see72 not to be
 confounded with ,thursday in ,holy     
,week1 which is more properly known as  
,maundy ,thursday4  ,holy ,week4--,the  
last week in ,lent is so called and     
among the ancients was known also as    
,the ,great ,week1 because of the       
important events in the last week in our
 ,lord's ,life which it commemorates4   
,it is a week of solemn and awful       
memories1 a holy time of deepest        
devotion and searchings of heart4 ,the  
,church has always kept it as such4     
,from day to day1 amid the solemnities  
of worship1 we follow our ,lord in ,his 
,passion1 live it over again1 as in     
,psalm and ,hymn1 in ,proper ,lessons1  
in ,epistles and ,gospels and pleading1 
prayers the whole record of the ,royal  

,reception1 the final ,teachings1       
,betrayal1 the cruel mockery1 the       
desertion1 and the awful ,agony on the  
,cross1 the ,death and the ,burial of   
the ,lord of ,life is solemnly recited  
as a memorial before ,god4 ,each #ach   
day is significant1 thus3 ,the first day
 of the week1 the ,sixth ,sunday in     
,lent1 is called ,palm ,sunday1 in      
reference to the palms strewn in our    
,lord's way on ,his entrance into       
,jerusalem2 ,monday and ,tuesday        
witnessed the final disputations with   
the ,jews2 ,wednesday stands out as the 
day of the ,lord's ,betrayal and the    
beginning of the events which reached   
their climax on ,good ,friday2 ,thursday
 is ever to be remembered as the day of 
the ,commands1 first1 concerning love1  
and secondly1 the institution of the    
,blessed ,sacrament with its ,do this in
 remembrance of ,me2 ,good ,friday1 the 
day of the ,crucifixion and ,death1 and 
,saturday1 ,easter ,even1 which         
commemorates the ,descent of our ,lord's

 soul into ,hell while ,his ,body rested
 in the grave4  ,homilies4--,the two    
books of ,homilies or ,sermons referred 
to in the ,x,x,x,vth ,article of        
,religion4 ,the first volume was written
 during the reign of ,edward ,,vi1 in   
#aedb1 and the second in #aefc4 ,they   
treat of such topics as ,good ,works1   
,repentance1 ,prayer1 ,the number of the
 ,sacraments1 ,the ,right ,use of the   
,church1 etc4 ,the ,books of ,homilies  
are received in the ,american ,church so
 far as they are an explication of      
,christian ,doctrine and instructive in 
piety and morals4 ,the list of subjects 
treated of in the ,second ,book is given
 in the ,x,x,x,vth ,article of          
,religion4  ,hood4--,an ornamental fold 
hanging down the back1 denoting the     
academical degree which the person      
officiating has taken in ,college or    
,university4 ,it is made of silk1 the   
color indicating the degree according to
 the ,university usage4 ,the ,church of 
,england #aci by canon enjoins that     

every minister1 who is a graduate1 shall
 wear his proper hood during the time of
 divine service4 ,the hood is quite     
commonly worn in the ,united ,states by 
both ,bishops and ,clergy4              
,hosanna4--,a ,hebrew word1 meaning1    
,save1 we beseech ,thee4  ,hours of     
,prayer4--7,see ,,canonical ,,hours47   
,house of ,bishops4--,the upper ,house  
of the ,general ,convention in which all
 ,diocesan1 ,coadjutor and ,missionary  
,bishops have seats1 representing their 
own ,order4 ,the term is often used as a
 collective name for all the ,bishops of
 the ,american ,church4 7,see ,,general 
,,convention47  ,house of ,god4--,the   
,church building is so called because it
 is set apart for the worship of ,god4  
,that it is something more than a mere  
lecture hall1 or concert room or        
auditorium1 as it is commonly regarded  
by modern religionism will appear from  
the following taken from the ,annotated 
,prayer ,book3 ,the ,church is the      
,house of ,god1 not man's house2 a place

 wherein to meet with ,him with the     
closest approach which can be made in   
this life4 ,hence1 if ,jacob consecrated
 with the ceremony of unction the place 
where ,god made ,his covenant with him1 
and said of it1 ',this is none other but
 the ,house of ,god1 and this is the    
,gate of ,heaven'2 so should our        
churches be set apart and consecrated   
with sacred ceremonies making them holy 
to the ,lord4 ,so also1 because they are
 to be in reality1 and not by a mere    
stretch of the imagination1 the         
,presence chambers of our ,lord1 we must
 regard them as the nearest to #adj     
,heaven in holiness of all places on    
earth by the virtue of that ,presence4  
,and lavishing all costly material1 and 
all earnest skill upon their first      
erection and decoration1 we shall ever  
after frequent them with a consciousness
 that 'the ,lord is in ,his holy        
,temple1' and that all which is done    
there should be done under a sense of   
the greatest reverence towards ,him4    

,housel4--,an old ,english word for the 
,holy ,eucharist4 ,thus an old ,english 
canon of ,a4,d4 #ifj orders every       
,priest to give housel 7i4e4 ,holy      
,communion7 to the sick when they need  
it4 ,the word also appears in ,chaucer's
 ,canterbury ,tales1 in ,piers ,plowman1
 ,beaumont and ,fletcher and also in    
,shakespeare4 ,so1 also1 we find the    
term houselling cloth1 meaning a large  
cloth spread before the people while    
receiving4 ,the word evidently meant a  
,sacrifice4  ,humble ,access1 ,prayer   
of4--,the name given to the beautiful   
prayer offered in great humility just   
before the ,consecration in the ,holy   
,communion1 beginning1 ,we do not       
presume1 etc4 ,the words are taken from 
the most ancient ,liturgies4  ,hymn     
,board4--,a tablet to which the numbers 
of the hymns to be sung at any service  
are affixed1 and which is placed in a   
conspicuous place for the greater       
convenience and guidance of the         
congregation4 ,the purpose of the ,hymn 

,board is to do away with the custom of 
announcing the day of the month and the 
hymns1 but this is not generally carried
 out in practice4  ,hymnal1 ,the4--,as  
the ,church has a book for her ,common  
,prayer1 so also she has a book for her 
,common ,praise1 and this is known as   
,,the ,,hymnal4 ,the #ada ,hymnal as it 
now stands was set forth by the action  
of the ,general ,convention of #ahib1   
and is the outgrowth of much study1 many
 changes and a great deal of legislation
 since the time when there was bound up 
with the ,prayer ,book a few hymns for  
congregational use4 ,the present        
imposing volume has #fgi hymns drawn    
from almost every source and age1 and1  
no doubt1 meets every need and          
requirement4  ,hymns4--,the first hymn  
mentioned in the annals of ,christianity
 was that sung by the angels at the     
,birth of our ,lord1 from which we have 
the ,gloria in ,excelsis1 and the second
 was that sung by our ,lord and ,his    
,apostles immediately after the ,last   

,supper in the upper room1 known as the 
,hallel4 ,in early times anything sung  
to the praise of ,god was called a hymn4
 ,afterwards the use of the term became 
more restricted4 ,pliny shows that in   
the year #fb the ,christians instituted 
a custom of meeting together before     
sunrise to sing hymns of praise4 ,melody
 only was used1 not harmony1 and the    
tunes employed were1 doubtless1 of      
,jewish character4 ,originally all music
 of the ,christian ,church was almost   
entirely vocal4 ,in the ,third and      
,fourth ,centuries the ,christian       
,religion began to grow largely in the  
number of its followers1 in wealth and  
position2 magnificent churches were     
built under ,constantine the ,emperor1  
and then it came to pass that choirs    
were instituted definitely by the       
,council of ,laodicea1 ,a4,d4 #cfg4 ,for
 two centuries the music of the ,church 
deteriorated4 ,in the ,sixth ,century   
,gregory the ,great instituted many     
reforms1 so that the credit of reviving 

real congregational singing belonged to 
him4 7,see ,,gregorian ,,music47 ,the   
#adb connection of religion with music  
is shown by the fact that nearly every  
great revival of religion has been      
accompanied by a great outburst of song4
 ,beginning with the ,reformation1 the  
form of hymn1 called chorale1 originated
 in the reformed ,church of ,germany and
 largely with ,martin ,luther4 ,the most
 popular part in congregational singing 
was the singing of hymns and there have 
been three successive styles in         
hymn-tunes4 ,the first was the diatonic2
 the second the florid 7from #agcj to   
#ahdj71 and the third the modern style  
7from #ahdj to the present time74 ,this 
modern style is in some respects a      
return to the old style of the          
,sixteenth and ,seventeenth ,centuries1 
with this distinction1 that the         
harmonies instead of being pure diatonic
 are more chromatic and less plain4     
7,see ,,music1 also ,,organs47          
,hypothetical ,form4--7,see ,,baptism1  

,,conditional47     ,i   ,ichthus4--,the
 ,greek word for ,,fish 7which see74    
,i4 ,h4 ,s4--,the first three letters of
 the ,greek word for ,,jesus1 and       
equivalent to the ,english letters ,j4  
,e4 ,s4 ,they are largely used in       
,church decorations as symbols of the   
,holy ,name4  ,immersion4--,the dipping 
into the water of recipients of ,holy   
,baptism4 ,for the relative importance  
of ,immersion and ,affusion1 see article
 on ,,affusion4  ,immovable             
,feasts4--,those ,feasts of the ,church 
which always occur on the same date such
 as #adc ,christmas ,day1 ,feast of the 
,epiphany1 etc4 ,as some of the ,feasts1
 such as ,ascension ,day1 ,whitsun ,day1
 etc41 are movable depending on the time
 ,easter is kept4 ,tables and ,rules for
 the ,movable and ,immovable ,feasts are
 set forth in the ,prayer ,book for     
convenience and to avoid confusion4     
7,see ,,christian ,,year1 also ,,feasts 
,,and ,,gospel47  ,imposition of        
,hands4--,a technical term for the      

,laying on of ,hands by the ,bishop in  
,confirmation4 ,wheatley on the ,prayer 
,book remarks3 ,this is one of the most 
ancient ceremonies in the world4 ,it has
 always been used to determine the      
blessing pronounced to those particular 
persons on whom the hands are laid1 and 
to signify that the persons1 who thus   
lay on their hands1 act and bless by    
divine authority4 ,thus ,jacob blessed  
,ephraim and ,manasses1 not as a parent 
only1 but as a prophet4 ,moses laid his 
hands on ,joshua1 by express command    
from ,god1 and as supreme ,minister over
 his people2 and thus our ,blessed ,lord
 laid ,his ,hands upon little children  
and blessed them1 and upon those that   
were sick and healed them4 4 4 4 ,and   
the ,apostles1 from so ancient a custom 
and universal a practice1 continued the 
rite of ,imposition of ,hands for       
communicating the ,holy ,spirit in      
,confirmation1 which was so constantly  
and regularly observed by them1 that    
,st4 ,paul calls the whole office1      

,laying on of ,hands1 and it may be     
added one of the first principles of the
 ,doctrine of ,christ 7,hebrews #f3a and
 #b74  ,this term also refers to the    
,laying on of ,hands by the ,bishop in  
,ordination to the ,sacred ,ministry1 by
 which is conferred the grace of ,holy  
,order1 and one #add is admitted to the 
,office and work of a ,deacon1 of       
,priest or ,bishop1 which ,offices were 
evermore had in such reverend           
estimation1 that no man might presume to
 execute any of them except he were     
first called1 tried1 examined and known 
to have such qualities as are requisite 
for the same2 and also by public        
,prayer1 with ,imposition of ,hands1    
were approved and admitted thereunto by 
lawful ,authority4 7,preface to ,ordinal
 in ,prayer ,book47  ,incarnation1      
,the4--,a ,latinized name for the act by
 which the ,second ,person of the       
,blessed ,trinity1 ,god's ,only ,son1   
the ,eternal ,word was made ,flesh1     
i4e41 took our nature upon ,him2 and    

also for the ,doctrine that the ,godhead
 and ,manhood were joined together in   
one ,person never to be divided 7,,ii   
,article of ,religion74 ,this truth is  
embodied for us in the ,creed1 in the   
words1 ,jesus ,christ1 ,his ,only ,son  
our ,lord2 ,who was conceived by the    
,holy ,ghost1 ,born of the ,virgin      
,mary4 ,this great outward fact is the  
foundation of all that follows3 upon it 
,christianity depends and all ,christian
 ,doctrine has reference to it4 ,by     
reason of the ,incarnation the ,church  
as a living ,body becomes ,christ's     
,body on earth1 and in the ,church and  
by means of it man is brought into union
 with ,him who is the beginning of a new
 race1 the ,head of a new and spiritual 
creation4 ,thus it is that the          
,sacraments1 which are often called the 
,extension of the ,incarnation1 become  
more than they seem4 ,they are the means
 of our participation in ,christ's ,holy
 ,humanity1 and of our growing into ,his
 likeness1 as we use them with faith and

 true repentance4 #ade                  
,incense4--,incense is one of the ,six  
,points of ,ritual which it is claimed  
have always characterized the worship of
 the ,christian ,church4 ,it was the    
practice of the ,church of ,england up  
to the ,reformation1 and even after that
 was frequently used4 ,it is used in    
many ,churches at the present time4 ,it 
is more of a ,scriptural usage than a   
,roman use1 and while there is no canon 
or enactment forbidding its use1 yet in 
the present state of our ,church life it
 is not likely to become a very popular 
restoration for some time to come4      
,incumbent4--,a term peculiar to the    
,english ,church but frequently used in 
this country to designate the ,rector of
 a ,parish4 ,the word means one who     
holds or is in possession of any office2
 it occurs in the ,institution ,office4 
,infant ,baptism4--,if the ,church were 
simply a voluntary society founded on   
the ,bible1 as is commonly supposed1    
there would be no special reason why    

,infants should be baptized1 except as a
 matter of sentiment4 ,if1 on the other 
hand1 the ,church is a ,divine          
,institution1 founded on ,christ and    
,his ,apostles1 and is declared in ,holy
 ,scripture to be the ,mystical ,body of
 ,christ1 in which we are united to     
,him1 admitted into covenant with ,god  
and so brought into a new relationship  
with ,god1 then ,infant ,baptism is not 
only one of the most reasonable1 but one
 of the most urgent doctrines of the    
,christian ,religion1 because it is in  
,holy ,baptism that all these blessings 
are vouchsafed to us4 7,see ,,baptism1  
,,holy47 ,by this ,sacrament the        
youngest infant is lifted up1 so to     
speak1 out of the world of nature and   
transplanted into #adf ,christ's        
spiritual kingdom4 ,it becomes thus a   
child of grace4 ,its little life is made
 right with ,god4 ,the old evil of our  
race has been rectified4 ,it is         
henceforth not only a child of ,adam1   
but also a child1 or member of the      

second ,adam1 ,jesus our ,lord4 ,by its 
new ,birth in ,holy ,baptism1 the child 
becomes as fully incorporated into the  
new and spiritual race of which ,christ 
is the ,head1 as ever it was            
incorporated into the race of mankind by
 its natural birth4 ,it may not be      
conscious of this1 any more than it was 
conscious of its natural birth1 but it  
has1 nevertheless1 made a right         
beginning through the thoughtful care of
 others4 ,it has1 by this ministration1 
been grafted into the ,body of ,christ4 
,it has been put in the way of true     
spiritual growth and training4          
,henceforth it may be brought up as the 
child of ,god and not as an alien4 ,to  
this end the church gives it spiritual  
caretakers1 whose duty it is to see that
 this child is virtuously brought up to 
lead a ,godly and a ,christian life     
according to this beginning4 ,this is   
the meaning of ,infant ,baptism2 and the
 ,church has always regarded such       
,baptism as a reasonable and benevolent 

work1 as is exemplified by her universal
 practice from the beginning4 ,the      
,mercy to ,babes in the ,old            
,dispensation has not been lost out of  
the ,new1 the ,dispensation of the      
,spirit of love1 which brings to all1   
even to the infant1 as well as to its   
parents1 ,god's mercy which ,he promised
 to our forefathers1 ,abraham and his   
seed forever4 7,see ,,name1 ,,the       
,,christian47  ,inhibit4--,meaning to   
restrain or prohibit the exercise of the
 ,sacred ,ministry2 a discipline        
exercised by a ,bishop for cause4 #adg  
,innocents1 ,the4--7,see ,,holy         
,,innocents' ,,day47  ,i4 ,n4 ,r4       
,i4--,the initials of the ,latin version
 of the accusation placed over our      
,lord's ,head on the ,cross1 viz43      
,jesus ,nazarenus ,rex ,judaeorum1 and  
meaning ,jesus of ,nazareth 7the7 ,king 
of 7the7 ,jews4 ,these letters are often
 used in ,church decoration4            
,institution1 ,letter of4--7,see        
,,institution1 ,,office ,,of47          

,institution1 ,office of4--,the service 
in the ,prayer ,book entitled1 ,an      
,office of ,institution of ,ministers   
into ,parishes or ,churches4 ,canon #ah1
 ,title ,i of the ,digest requires that 
on the election of a ,minister into any 
,church or ,parish1 the ,vestry shall   
notify the ,bishop of such election1 in 
writing2 and if the ,minister be a      
,priest1 the ,bishop may1 if requested  
by the ,vestry to do so1 institute him  
according to the ,office established by 
this ,church4 ,if the institution is to 
take place1 the ,bishop issues an       
official letter1 called1 ,the ,letter of
 ,institution1 in which he gives and    
grants unto the duly elected ,rector his
 license and authority to perform the   
,office of a ,priest in the parish1     
stating name and place4 ,the ,rector is 
then duly instituted according to the   
service set forth1 either by the ,bishop
 himself1 or by a ,priest appointed by  
him1 in which the ,letter of            
,institution is read2 ,god's blessing   

invoked on the newly appointed ,rector  
and his work2 the keys of the ,church   
are given him by the ,wardens2 a sermon 
is preached on the duties of ,pastor and
 ,people by some one appointed by the   
,bishop1 and the ,holy ,eucharist is    
celebrated by the newly instituted      
,minister4 ,after the ,benediction1 it  
is directed that1 the ,wardens1 ,vestry 
and others shall #adh salute and welcome
 him1 bidding him ,godspeed4 ,by the    
wording of the ,canon this service is   
not obligatory and adds nothing to the  
contract or agreement already made      
between the ,minister and ,vestry4 ,the 
service1 therefore1 is not often used1  
although it would be desirable that     
every ,pastorate should be thus         
inaugurated4  ,institution1 ,words      
of4--,the words used by our ,blessed    
,lord when ,he instituted the ,sacrament
 of ,his ,body and ,blood1 and which are
 incorporated in the ,prayer of         
,consecration as set forth in the       
,communion ,service4 ,these words form  

the essential part of the ,consecration 
and the rubric directs that they be     
accompanied by certain manual acts which
 are prescribed4 7,see ,,manual ,,acts47
 ,to effect a valid ,sacrament there    
must be the unfailing use of our ,lord's
 own words in instituting the ,blessed  
,sacrament1 the elements of bread and   
wine1 and a duly appointed ,priesthood4 
,instruction4--,the name given to a     
short1 practical address1 generally on  
some usage1 feature or doctrine of the  
,church1 as distinguished from the more 
formal sermon4  ,intercessions of the   
,litany4--,those petitions in the       
,litany which have for their response   
the words1 ,we beseech ,thee to hear us1
 ,good ,lord1 are so called4 7,see      
,,litany47  ,intermediate               
,state4--,death is a separation of the  
soul and body2 the body becoming        
lifeless and eventually decomposing into
 dust1 the soul continuing to live as   
truly as ever4 ,what becomes of the     
living soul when thus separated from the

 body by death8 #adi  ,our ,lord1 says  
the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,blunt1 has answered  
this question to a certain extent by the
 ,parable of ,lazarus and the ,rich ,man
 7,st4 ,luke #af3ai-ca74 ,by that       
,parable ,he has taught us that the     
living souls of the departed live in a  
condition of happiness or misery        
suitable to the judgment which the      
all-seeing eye of ,god has passed upon  
their lives2 the good ,lazarus at rest  
in ',abraham's ,bosom1' the wicked      
,dives 'in torments4' ,at the same time 
our ,lord has clearly revealed by ,his  
own words and those of ,his ,apostles   
that there will be a general judgment at
 the last day1 when all1 good and bad1  
will have to stand before the ,throne of
 ,god1 not as bodiless souls1 but with  
soul and body4 ,and further1 the ,book  
of ,revelation follows up the words of  
,christ and ,his ,apostles with some    
very distinct disclosures as to the     
increased happiness of the good and the 
increased misery of the wicked after the

 final and open award of the ,judge has 
been given in the general ,judgment4    
,the separate existence of the soul     
between death and the ,judgment ,day is1
 therefore1 called the ,intermediate    
,state6 7,see ,,hades1 also ,,descent   
,,into ,,hell47  ,intonation4--,the     
first two or three notes of a ,gregorian
 chant introducing the recitative note2 
usually sung without the organ1 by one  
of the ,clergy or choir who is called   
the ,cantor or ,precentor4              
,intone4--,to recite or chant on one    
note with inflections of the voice at   
stated places1 according to certain     
rules4 ,the ,minister intones the       
prayers1 ,epistle1 ,gospel1 etc4        
,anciently the entire service was       
musically rendered1 the ,scriptures     
having their own peculiar intonation and
 inflections1 the ordinary reading #aej 
tone being altogether excluded4 ,this   
practice has been strictly adhered to in
 many of the ,english ,cathedrals from  
the most ancient times to the present4  

,in many parishes the services are also 
musically rendered1 the ,clergy intoning
 the prayers1 the responses being sung  
by the congregation4 ,the custom is     
growing in favor as an inspiring and    
,scriptural method of rendering the     
services4 7,see ,,evensong47            
,introit4--,the ,psalm which is sung    
while the ,clergy are entering the      
,sanctuary for the celebration of the   
,holy ,communion4 ,its literal meaning  
is ,the ,entrance4 ,formerly the        
,introit was appointed for every        
celebration of the ,holy ,communion as  
well as ,collect1 ,epistle and ,gospel4 
,in the first ,prayer ,book of ,edward  
,,vi1 the ,introits were all printed    
before the ,collect4 ,some of these are 
selected with a striking appropriateness
 to the days for which they are         
appointed and show a deep appreciation  
of the prophetic sense of ,holy         
,scripture4 ,they are not often used at 
the present time as ,hymns have been    
generally substituted1 since the        

omission of the ,introits from the      
,prayer ,book4  ,invitatory4--,the name 
given to the ,venite 7,o come let us    
sing1 etc47 as being an invitation to   
the use of the ,psalms in worship4 ,this
 ,psalm1 the #ieth1 has been so named   
and used since the time of the ,temple  
,worship at ,jerusalem4  ,invocation1   
,the4--,the words1 ,in the ,name of the 
,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the    
,holy ,ghost1 used before sermons1 is so
 called2 to which the people respond    
,amen4 ,this is a very ancient usage1   
and founded on the belief that so       
important a work as #aea preaching the  
,word should be done in the ,name of the
 ,lord4 ,the ,invocation is the name    
given also to the third paragraph of the
 ,prayer of ,consecration in the        
,communion ,office1 in which the        
,merciful ,father is invoked that ,he   
may vouchsafe to bless and sanctify with
 ,thy ,word and ,holy ,spirit1 these    
,thy gifts and creatures of bread and   
wine1 that we1 receiving them according 

to ,thy ,son our ,saviour ,jesus        
,christ's holy institution1 in          
remembrance of ,his ,death and ,passion1
 may be partakers of ,his most blessed  
,body and ,blood4    ,j    ,james 7,st47
 ,the ,great4--,one of the ,apostles of 
our ,lord1 whose ,festival is observed  
on ,july #beth1 ,st4 ,james was the     
brother of ,st4 ,john and the son of    
,zebedee and ,salome4 ,with ,st4 ,john  
he received the appellation of          
,boanerges from our ,lord4 ,he has also 
been surnamed the ,great or the ,greater
 by the ,church1 but neither of these   
designations can be satisfactorily      
accounted for4 ,st4 ,james was the first
 of the ,apostles who suffered martyrdom
 and the only one whose death is        
recorded in the ,new ,testament 7,acts  
#ab3a74 ,in ecclesiastical art ,st4     
,james is variously represented as a    
pilgrim with staff2 with staff and      
shell2 as a child with staff and wallet 
with shell upon it2 on a white charger  
conquering the ,saracens2 this last with

 reference to his being regarded as the 
,patron ,saint of ,spain1 ,santiago1    
,st4 ,iago of ,compostella4 #aeb  ,james
 7,st47 ,the ,less4--,the son of        
,cleophas1 or ,alphaeus and ,mary1 and  
brother of ,thaddaeus or ,st4 ,jude4 ,he
 was one of the ,twelve ,apostles and   
the writer of the ,epistle which bears  
his name4 ,st4 ,james was the first     
,bishop of ,jerusalem and was put to    
death there1 at the ,passover ,a4,d4    
#fb1 in a popular commotion1 probably   
caused by the publication of his        
,epistle4 ,he is commemorated on the    
double ,festival of ,st4 ,philip and    
,st4 ,james1 observed on ,may #a2 these 
two ,apostles having been associated    
together in the most ancient calendars1 
although in other calendars they were   
commemorated on different days4 ,in     
ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,james the ,less
 is represented with a fuller's club in 
his hand2 as a child with palm branch2 a
 saw in his hand1 etc4  ,jesus4--,the   
human ,name of our ,lord1 given to ,him 

at ,his circumcision and meaning        
,saviour4 ,the name ,jesus was by no    
means an uncommon name among the ,jews4 
,it is in the ,greek what ,joshua is in 
,hebrew1 who is twice called in the ,new
 ,testament ,jesus1 as in ,acts #g3de   
and ,heb4 #d3h4 ,in both these passages 
the word ,jesus means ,joshua1 having   
reference to his work as a leader and   
deliverer of ,israel4 ,so also we meet  
with ,jesus the ,son of ,sirach1 who    
wrote the book ,ecclesiasticus4 ,st4    
,paul speaks of one ,jesus who was      
called ,justus 7,col4 #d3aa71 and in    
,acts #ac3f1 we read of a certain       
sorcerer1 a false prophet1 a ,jew1 whose
 name was ,bar-,jesus1 i4e41 son of     
,jesus4 ,josephus mentions many of the  
same name4 ,thus our ,lord took a common
 name1 but a ,name which henceforth was 
to be above every name4  ,as the ,name  
,jesus is the same as ,joshua1 its #aec 
significance may be learned from its    
derivation4 ,joshua the son of ,nun was 
first called ,oshea1 but ,moses changed 

it to ,jehoshea1 7contracted to ,joshua7
 from ,jah1 7,jehovah7 and ,oshea1      
,saviour1 and meaning1 ,he by whom ,god 
will save ,his people from their        
enemies4 ,thus ,joshua was a type of the
 spiritual ,saviour of the world4 ,the  
name as borne by our ,lord means ,god   
our ,saviour1 as the angel declared1 for
 ,he shall save ,his people from their  
sins4 ,the ancient prophecy that ,he    
should be called ,emmanuel1 ,god with   
us1 was fulfilled when our ,lord was    
called ,,jesus4 ,when then we profess   
our belief in ,,jessu as we do in the   
,creed1 it is as if we said1 ,i believe 
that ,,jesus1 in the highest and utmost 
importance of that ,name1 to be the     
,saviour of the world4 ,i acknowledge   
there is no other way to ,heaven beside 
that which ,he has shown us2 there is no
 other means which can procure it for us
 but ,his ,blood2 there is no other     
person who shall confer it on us but    
,himself4 ,and with this full           
acknowledgment ,i believe in ,,jesus4   

7,see ,,holy ,,name47  ,john ,baptist1  
,saint4--,the forerunner of our ,lord   
who was sent to prepare the way for ,his
 coming4 ,he was miraculously born of   
,zacharias and ,elizabeth1 both being   
old and well-stricken in years4         
,although he suffered martyrdom1 he is  
commemorated on the day of his          
,nativity1 as his birth heralded the    
,incarnation4 ,the ,festival of the     
,nativity of ,st4 ,john ,baptist has    
been observed since the fourth or fifth 
century on ,june #bdth1 as this was     
undoubtedly the day of his birth1 since 
he was six months older than our ,lord4 
,this date1 also1 is supposed to be #aed
 connected with his words1 ,he must     
increase1 but ,i must decrease4 ,the    
days after ,june #bdth begin to decrease
 in length1 but after the ,christmas    
,tide they begin to increase4 ,st4 ,john
 was beheaded by ,herod ,antipas1 when  
he was about thirty years old4 ,he was a
 ,prophet1 the greatest of all--the last
 ,prophet of the ,old ,dispensation and 

the first of the ,new1 and our ,lord    
declared that among all previously born 
of women none was greater than ,john the
 ,baptist4 ,in ecclesiastical art ,st4  
,john ,baptist is variously represented1
 with a lamb on a book1 small cross1    
close crown or cap2 with tunic of       
camel's hair2 cope fastened with two    
leather thongs crossed2 with lamb and   
locust2 his head on a dish4  ,john      
,evangelist1 ,saint4--,commemorated on  
the second day after ,christmas1        
,december #bgth4 ,st4 ,john was the son 
of ,zebedee and ,salome and brother of  
,st4 ,james the ,great4 ,the sons of    
,zebedee were1 doubtless1 among the     
first called of our ,lord's disciples   
and ,st4 ,john was from the first among 
those nearest and dearest to our ,lord4 
,not only was he one of the ,twelve     
,apostles but he was one of the three   
chosen witnesses of our ,lord's greatest
 glory and humiliation on earth1 viz43  
in ,his ,transfiguration1 and the ,agony
 in ,gethsemane4 ,he delights to call   

himself the disciple whom ,jesus loved4 
,he lay on ,jesus' bosom at the ,paschal
 ,supper and to him the ,lord committed 
the care of ,his own mother when ,he    
died4 ,st4 ,john is known to the        
affection of the ,church as the ,apostle
 of love1 and to her intellect as the   
,theologos1 the ,divine4 ,besides his   
,gospel he wrote the three ,epistles    
bearing his name and the ,revelation4   
,st4 #aee ,john is said to have spent   
the later years of his life at ,ephesus1
 and is the only one of the ,apostles   
who died a natural death4 ,he died at   
the age of #ajj1 having been born the   
same year as our ,lord4 ,in the ,emblems
 of the four ,evangelists 7,see         
,,emblems7 the eagle is always allowed  
to represent ,st4 ,john1 and most fitly1
 for like the eagle he soars high above 
the earth basking in the pure sunlight  
of ,divine ,truth4  ,joining the        
,church4--,this is a phrase that has    
been brought over from the usage and    
phraseology of the various              

denominations4 ,its use among ,church   
people has been productive of the       
greatest harm4 ,in the first place1 it  
is hardly a correct phrase for a        
,churchman to use4 ,we may join an ,odd 
,fellows' lodge or a debating society1  
but we do not join a family or household
 which ,god's ,church is4 ,we are born  
or adopted into a family1 and so we are 
adopted into ,god's family2             
incorporated1 grafted into the ,body of 
,christ1 ,his ,church1 and not simply   
join it as we would a debating society  
or a political club4  ,in the next      
place1 harm has been done by the use of 
this phrase by ,church people1 because  
as popularly understood it is in direct 
contradiction to the belief and practice
 of the ,church4 ,according to this     
phraseology ,holy ,baptism counts for   
nothing1 and yet the ,bible teaches that
 it is in ,holy ,baptism that we are    
made members of the ,church1 and that   
all future blessings are dependent on   
this spiritual fact4 ,when then1 ,church

 people take up this mode of speech and 
use it in reference to ,confirmation as 
is so often done1 they practically      
ignore the significance of ,holy        
,baptism and the ,church's method and   
appointed order4 #aef  ,the effect of   
this becomes apparent in the lives of   
many of the ,church's baptized children4
 ,because1 in whatever religious        
teaching they receive1 their ,baptism is
 never referred to1 and they are never  
reminded that they are now ,god's       
children by adoption and grace because  
baptized1 it comes to pass that1 when   
these same children are asked to be     
confirmed1 they think and act as if they
 were invited to join the ,church4 ,and 
as they are more influenced by the      
speech and methods of the various       
religious bodies which prevail in their 
community than they are by the ,church's
 teaching1 they imagine that something  
extraordinary is required2 they feel as 
if they must somehow have got religion2 
or they do not feel prepared to         

experience religion2 or else they don't 
know whether they will or will not join 
the ,episcopal ,church4 ,in all this we 
see the result of the application and   
use of other systems rather than that of
 the ,church4 ,thus many an earnest and 
loving young heart has been lost to the 
,church1 notwithstanding it was given to
 ,god in its tenderest years to be      
trained up for ,him4 ,confirmation is   
not joining the ,church4 ,if we are     
baptized1 we have been received into    
,christ's ,holy ,church and made a      
living member of the same4 ,and because 
this is true1 the ,church has a further 
,blessing in store for her children4    
,this she would bestow by the           
ministrations of her chief ,pastors in  
the ,laying on of ,hands by the ,bishop2
 and to this our young people might go  
naturally and easily and at the same    
time soberly and reverently1 if they    
were properly instructed and lovingly   
led4 ,there is no reason why #aeg any   
young baptized person might not thus go 

to his or her ,confirmation1 claiming   
this ,blessing as their right and       
privilege as children of ,god and       
citizens of ,his ,kingdom4 7,see        
,,baptism2 ,,name1 ,,the ,,christian2   
,,regeneration2 also ,,confirmation47   
,jubilate ,deo4--,the ,latin title of   
the ,one ,hundredth ,psalm1 translated  
,o be joyful in the ,lord1 and which is 
sung as an alternate to the ,benedictus 
when the latter occurs in the ,lesson   
for the day4  ,jude1 ,saint4--,also     
called ,thaddaeus or ,labbaeus1 the     
brother of ,james1 and whose name       
sometimes appears as ,judas1 and in one 
instance it is added in parenthesis1 not
 ,iscariot4 ,st4 ,jude was an ,apostle  
of our ,lord and wrote the ,epistle     
which bears his name4 ,he is sometimes  
called the ,jeremiah of the ,new        
,testament1 as he wrote to the ,church  
in solemn and rugged language of present
 perils and coming storms4 ,the object  
of his ,epistle is to contend earnestly 
for pure ,christian doctrine1 and it is 

he who has given us that stirring text  
which is adopted as a motto by all true 
and loyal ,churchmen1 viz43 that ye     
should earnestly contend for the ,faith 
which was once delivered to the ,saints4
 ,he is said to have been married and to
 have left descendants who were summoned
 before the ,emperor ,domitian as       
confessors for ,christ's sake4 ,st4     
,jude is commemorated on the double     
,festival of ,st4 ,simon and ,st4 ,jude1
 observed on ,october #bhth4 ,it may be 
that the union of these two names is    
intended to be an illustration of that  
unity of the ,faith for which the       
,epistle of ,st4 ,jude so strongly      
contends1 as these two ,apostles        
ministered and suffered together1 7,see 
,,simon1 ,,st47 ,the ,collect #aeh for  
the ,day embodies this idea4 ,in        
ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,jude is        
variously represented1 as having a boat 
in his hand2 a boat hook2 a carpenter's 
square2 a ship with sails in his hand2  
carrying loaves or a fish2 with a club2 

with an inverted cross2 with a medallion
 of our ,saviour on his breast or in his
 hand2 with a halbert2 as a child with a
 boat in his hand4  ,jurisdiction1      
,episcopal4--,by this term is meant the 
sphere of a ,bishop's rule or           
ministration4 ,this is defined in       
,article #d of the ,constitution adopted
 by the ,general ,convention which      
provides1 and every ,bishop of this     
,church shall confine the exercise of   
his ,episcopal ,office to his proper    
,diocese1 unless requested to ordain1 or
 confirm1 or perform any other act of   
the ,episcopal ,office in another       
,diocese by the ,ecclesiastical         
,authority thereof4  ,jurisdiction1     
,missionary4--,a portion of a ,state or 
,territory set apart for the missionary 
work of the ,american ,church1 to the   
oversight of which a ,missionary ,bishop
 has been appointed1 is so called4 ,the 
term ,missionary ,jurisdiction is also  
applied to the foreign field where a    
,missionary ,bishop has been appointed  

to the exercise of ,episcopal functions 
in any missionary station which the     
,house of ,bishops with the concurrence 
of the ,house of ,deputies may have     
designated4  ,jurisdiction1 ,resignation
 of4--,sometimes it happens that a      
,bishop from old age1 or sickness1 or   
other cause desires to resign his       
,episcopal ,jurisdiction4 ,to do this1  
he must gain the consent of the ,house  
of ,bishops4 ,the canons on this subject
 are very stringent and make it         
difficult for a ,bishop to resign4 ,the 
#aei teaching of the ,church is that a  
,bishop is bound to his ,diocese for    
life1 and therefore1 she is very        
reluctant that the relationship should  
be broken or interfered with except for 
great and necessary cause2 on which     
ground alone the resignation is         
permitted4  ,justification4--,a         
theological word used to designate the  
forgiveness of the sinner and his       
restoration to a right relationship with
 ,god4 ,the cause of ,justification may 

be given as follows3    ,,the           
,,principal ,,cause4--,god's mercy4     
,,the ,,meritorious ,,cause4--,christ's 
death4   ,,the ,,efficient              
,,cause4--,the operation of the ,holy   
,ghost4   ,,the ,,instrumental ,,cause  
,,on ,,god',s ,,side4--,the ,ministry of
 the ,word1     ,baptism and the ,holy  
,communion4   ,,the ,,instrumental      
,,cause ,,on ,,man',s ,,side4--,faith   
which works by love4    ,k              
,kalendar4--,the same as ,,calendar     
7which see74  ,keys of the ,church4--,to
 the ,rector belongs the control of the 
keys of the ,church building1 and this  
because he alone can determine what     
services shall be held in it4 ,if he    
chooses he can hold services every day2 
he can celebrate the ,holy ,eucharist   
every day or as often as he thinks best1
 and no one can interfere with him4 ,he 
has charge of the spiritualities of the 
,parish and in this he is left          
absolutely free1 being amenable to his  
,bishop only4 ,the ,vestry have nothing 

to do in determining what use the       
,rector shall #afj make of the ,church  
building in carrying out the provisions 
of the ,prayer ,book4 ,the ,office of   
,institution recognizes this right in   
that one of its provisions is that then 
shall the ,senior ,warden 7or the member
 of the ,vestry supplying his place7    
present the keys of the ,church to the  
new ,incumbent1 saying1 ,in the name and
 behalf of------,parish or ,church ,i do
 receive and acknowledge you1 the       
,reverend1 7name7 as ,priest and ,rector
 of the same2 and in token thereof1 give
 into your hands the keys of the        
,church4  ,keys1 ,power of the4--,a     
phrase used in reference to the         
discipline of the ,church which our     
,lord has intrusted to the ,bishops and 
,pastors of the ,flock as ministers and 
stewards of ,his grace4 ,this phrase    
involves the doctrines of ,absolution   
and ,excommunication2 the idea of       
opening and shutting1 admission and     
rejection1 and the administration of the

 ,sacraments4 ,in ,holy ,scripture1 the 
,power of the ,keys is called a binding 
and loosing2 also a remitting and       
retaining of sin1 having reference to   
the authority to admit into communion   
with the ,church or to exclude          
therefrom4 7,see ,st4 ,matt4 #af3ai2    
#ah3ah2 and ,st4 ,john #bj3bc47         
,kindred1 ,table of4--,a table set forth
 in the ,prayer ,book of the ,church of 
,england1 with the title1 ,table of     
,kindred and ,affinity1 wherein         
whosoever are related are forbidden in  
,scripture and in our laws to marry     
together4 ,while this ,table is not     
published in the ,american ,prayer      
,book1 it is regarded by many ,american 
canonists as the law of the ,protestant 
,episcopal ,church in the ,united       
,states4 ,it is interesting to note that
 this ,table is 7or at least was until a
 few #afa years ago7 embodied in the    
,statutes of the ,state of ,maryland1   
and that in some other ,states there are
 laws forbidding the marriage of first  

cousins4  ,kingdom of ,god4--,the ,new  
,testament name for the ,church4 ,st4   
,matthew uses the phrase1 kingdom of    
heaven1 while the other ,evangelists    
employ the term1 kingdom of ,god1 both  
being equivalent terms meaning the same 
thing1 viz43 the kingdom of ,christ on  
earth1 the kingdom of the ,gospel1 the  
,church of ,christ4 ,this is1 indeed1 a 
heavenly and divine kingdom1 for though 
it is now set up on earth yet its       
nature1 its purpose1 its powers and its 
ends are of heaven4 ,that this phrase is
 used to signify the ,church on earth   
can be seen most plainly in the various 
parables in which our ,lord likens the  
kingdom of heaven to such things as of  
necessity belong to the present time4   
,see the parables in ,st4 ,matt4 #ac2   
also in ,st4 ,mark #d3bf-cb4 ,the       
,gospel which our ,lord delivered to man
 is not an abstract ,gospel1 but the    
,gospel of the kingdom 3--see ,st4      
,matt4 #d3bc2 #i3ce2 #bd3ad2 ,st4 ,mark 
#a3ad2 ,st4 ,luke #d3dc2 #i3b2 #aj3i2   

#af3af2 ,acts #a3ac2 #h3ab2 #ai3h2      
#bj3be2 #bh3bc and #ca4 ,from these and 
many other passages we learn that our   
,lord embodied ,his ,truth and          
,salvation in an ,institution which     
should be the means of its preservation1
 the instrument of its promulgation     
throughout the world1 and into which men
 are admitted by ,holy ,baptism to      
become partakers of ,his ,salvation4    
,this truth appears constantly in the   
,bible and is the basis of its appeals  
to live righteously and godly in this   
present world4 ,as an example of this   
see ,col4 #a3ab and #ac4 #afb  ,kissing 
the ,stole4--,the stole represents the  
yoke of ,christ1 and the ,priest in     
recognition of that yoke and of his     
vows1 kisses the stole each time he puts
 it on to show his willingness to submit
 to that yoke4  ,kneeling4--,the most   
fitting posture in which prayer is to be
 offered to ,god4 ,our blessed ,lord    
,himself by ,his own example has taught 
us this4 ,in regard to kneeling in      

,public ,worship1 the ,annotated ,prayer
 ,book has this note3 ,the gesture of   
kneeling is not only a mark of personal 
humility and reverence1 but also one of 
those acts required of every one as an  
individual component part of the body   
which forms the congregation4 ,to       
neglect it1 is to neglect a duty which  
is owing to ,god and man in this respect
 as well as the other4 ,we have no right
 to conspicuous private gestures in a   
public devotional assembly2 nor are the 
gestures which we use 7in conformity to 
the rules of the ,church7 to be         
necessarily interpreted as hypocritical 
because our personal habits or feelings 
may not be entirely consistent with     
them4 ,as the ,clergy have an official  
duty in ,church1 irrespective of their  
personal characters1 so also have the   
,laity4 ,it may be added that a         
respectful conformity to rules enjoining
 such official duties1 may often lead   
onward to true personal reverence and   
holiness4  ,kyrie4--,the ,greek title of

 the responses after the ,ten           
,commandments in the ,communion ,office4
 ,kyrie means ,lord1 and taken with the 
,greek word eleison1 they form the first
 words of the response ,lord1 have      
mercy4 #afc    ,l    ,lady ,day4--,the  
,english popular name for the ,,feast   
,,of ,,the ,,annunciation 7which see74  
,laity4--,derived from the ,latin       
,laicus1 ,greek ,laikos1 from ,laos1    
meaning people4 ,the word means of1 or  
pertaining to the ,people as            
distinguished from the ,clergy4 ,the    
term was first used in the second       
century4 ,it ought to be noticed that   
the term ,laity1 or ,layman does not    
mean the mere absence of rank1 but      
denotes a positive order in the ,church4
 ,the word is the equivalent of         
brethren1 as we read in the ,acts of the
 ,apostles1 of the first ,church        
,council which issued the first pastoral
 letter1 which begins ,the ,apostles and
 ,elders and brethren send greeting     
7,acts #ae3bc74 ,when in our            

,conventions or ,councils the vote by   
orders is called for1 the ,clergy vote  
by themselves and the ,laity by         
themselves2 in this we have an          
illustration of the ,laity as an order  
in the ,church4  ,lamb and ,flag4--,a   
symbolical representation of our        
,blessed ,lord1 used in ,church         
decorations4 ,the lamb is the chief     
emblem of our ,saviour who was called by
 ,st4 ,john ,baptist1 the ,lamb of ,god 
that taketh away the sins of the world4 
,the lamb is represented with a nimbus  
or glory of four rays1 one partly       
concealed by the head4 ,the rays are    
marks of divinity and belong only to our
 ,lord4 ,the lamb bearing a flag or     
banner signifies ,victory1 and is an    
emblem of the ,resurrection4 ,this      
symbolism is appropriately used at      
,easter4 #afd  ,lambeth                 
,conference4--,the name given to the    
assemblage of the ,bishops of the       
,anglican ,communion on the invitation  
of the ,bishop of ,canterbury1 and held 

in ,lambeth ,palace4 ,the first meeting 
was held in #ahfg2 the second in #ahgh2 
the third in #ahhh1 and the fourth in   
#ahig2 the ,bishops thus coming together
 every ten years for mutual counsel and 
advice concerning the great work of the 
,anglican ,communion throughout the     
world4 ,as many as two hundred ,bishops 
have thus come together in conference1  
at one time4  ,lammas ,day4--,the old   
name given to the first day of ,august  
because on that day in ,anglo-,saxon    
times it was the custom to bring into   
the ,church offerings in kind1 loaves1  
representing the first-fruits1 of the   
harvest4 ,the word ,lammas is derived   
from the ,anglo-,saxon word hlafmaesse1 
hlaf meaning a loaf1 and maesse meaning 
mass4 ,as the first of ,august in old   
,calendars was the ,feast of ,st4       
,peter-in-chains1 it is also supposed   
that ,lammas is an abbreviation of      
,vincula ,mass1 or the ,feast of ,st4   
,peter ad vincula in commemoration of   
his deliverance from chains4  ,last     

,things1 the ,four4--,these are ,death1 
,judgment1 ,heaven1 ,hell4 7,see        
,,eschatology47 ,these subjects being so
 very solemn in their import1 they are  
frequently taken as topics of           
instruction or of sermons during the    
,advent ,season1 when our thoughts are  
turned to the contemplation of our      
,lord's second coming in ,his glorious  
,majesty to judge both the quick and the
 dead4  ,lauds4--,one of the seven      
,,canonical ,,hours 7which see74 #afe   
,lay ,baptism4--,baptism administered by
 a layman4 ,the ,church has always held 
that ,baptism by any man in case of     
necessity is valid4 ,but only great     
necessity1 such as sudden danger or     
sickness and the inability to secure the
 services of a clergyman1 should be just
 cause for baptism by a layman1 and then
 great care should be taken that the    
proper form and words are used4 7,see   
,,baptism1 ,,holy47 ,it is well to note 
that when ,holy ,baptism is administered
 by one who is not a ,clergyman without 

such necessity as mentioned above1 the  
person baptizing is guilty of a great   
sin1 even though his act may bring a    
blessing to the person baptized4 ,his   
act cannot be undone1 but it ought not  
to have been done4  ,layman4--,one of   
the ,,laity 7which see74                
,lay-,reader4--,a layman who reads the  
,church service in the absence of the   
,priest4 ,usually he is licensed to do  
so by the ,bishop of the ,diocese4 ,the 
,american ,church has a canon on the    
subject1 setting forth the method of    
appointment and regulating his work1    
from which it is learned that the       
lay-reader is very much limited in the  
service he renders being permitted to   
use only those portions of the service  
which do not belong properly to the     
,ministry4 ,when the ,priest is present 
a laymen may read the ,lessons in the   
,daily ,morning and ,evening ,prayer1   
and also the ,litany as far as the      
,lord's ,prayer4  ,laying on of         
,hands4--,the ceremony by which one is  

ordained to the ,sacred ,ministry by the
 ,bishop1 and by which he administers   
the ,rite of ,confirmation1 7,see       
,,imposition ,,of ,,hands47 #aff        
,lectern4--,the desk or stand from which
 the ,scriptural ,lessons in ,church are
 read1 and is so called from this fact4 
,the term lectern is derived from the   
,latin word lecturni1 meaning a pulpit  
or from the ,greek lektron1 a couch or  
rest for a book4 ,lecterns as used in   
our churches are sometimes constructed  
of wood or stone1 but frequently of     
polished brass1 in the form of an eagle 
with outstretched wings1 7on which the  
,bible rests7 to symbolize the flight of
 the ,gospel message throughout the     
world4  ,lectionary4--,the ,tables to be
 found in the ,prayer ,book setting     
forth the portions of ,scripture to be  
read daily in ,public ,worship          
throughout the year1 also the ,proper   
,lessons for ,sundays and the ,holy     
,days of the ,church4 ,the word is      
derived from the ,latin lectus1 from    

lego1 to gather1 to read4 ,from this    
origin we have the word lection1 meaning
 a reading or lesson read2 he who reads 
was called lector1 a name given to one  
of the minor orders in the ancient      
,church4 ,the ,lectionary as found in   
the ,prayer ,book contains most ample   
provision for the reading of ,god's     
,holy ,word4 ,by this appointment the   
,old ,testament is read once during the 
year1 and some portions of it more      
frequently4 ,the ,new ,testament is read
 three times1 while the ,book of ,psalms
 is read twelve times or once a month4  
,no other religious body makes so large 
provision for the public reading of the 
,scriptures1 and the ,episcopal ,church 
has been appropriately called a ,bible  
,reading ,church4 ,the ,lectionary as it
 now stands was set forth by the        
,general ,convention of #ahhc1 being a  
revision of the old ,lectionary which   
had been in use since #aghi1 the time of
 the first #afg setting forth of the    
,american ,prayer ,book4 7,see          

,,lessons2 also ,,scriptures ,,in       
,,prayer ,,book47  ,lent1 ,the ,season  
of4--,the word ,lent has no special     
significance save only as it designates 
the time of the ,fast before ,easter4   
,the word is derived from the           
,anglo-,saxon lencten1 meaning the      
spring season4 ,from this we learn that 
the ,lenten ,fast means simply the ,fast
 that comes in the spring of the year4  
,it was appointed at this time for the  
reason that our ,lord's ,passion and    
,death occurred at this time of the year
 and these devotions of the faithful    
grouped themselves around that sad hour 
on ,calvary4 ,at first1 the ,fast may   
not have extended over the ,paschal     
,week1 but it was arranged at a very    
early period to cover the forty days    
preceding ,easter4 ,beginning with ,ash 
,wednesday the ,lenten ,season really   
covers a period of forty-six days1 but  
as ,sunday has always been regarded as a
 ,feast1 these six ,sundays are not     
counted as belonging to the ,fast4 7,see

 ,,lent1 ,,sundays in47 ,there can be no
 great difficulty in assigning a reason 
for this solemnity to be kept for forty 
days4 ,for many reasons ,forty is a     
,scriptural number4 ,forty years the    
children of ,israel were under          
discipline in their pilgrimage in the   
wilderness4 ,moses fasted forty days in 
the mount4 ,elijah was forty days in the
 wilderness4 ,forty days did the        
,ninevites fast and repent them of their
 sins to avert the judgments foretold by
 the prophet ,jonah4 ,and forty days did
 our ,lord fast in the wilderness when  
about to enter upon ,his public         
ministry4 ,from these references we     
learn that it is both ,scriptural and   
helpful that this ,season of ,penitence 
should be prolonged for us1 that bearing
 #afh in mind these incidents of forty  
years and forty days of devotion and    
discipline which characterized the      
history of ,god's people1 and also our  
,lord's example1 we may be like minded  
in prayer1 in discipline and in turning 

to ,god4 ,the devotions of the ,lenten  
,fast are intimately connected with     
,easter which it precedes and are       
intended to prepare the mind and heart  
for the devout celebration of the ,queen
 of ,festivals and for the ,easter      
,communion4 ,lent being a penitential   
season the ecclesiastical color is      
purple or violet4 ,the ,benedicite takes
 the place of the ,te ,deum and the ,ash
 ,wednesday ,collect is used every day  
throughout the ,season4  ,lent1 ,sundays
 in4--,as stated in the preceding       
article the ,lenten fast does not       
include all the days between ,ash       
,wednesday and ,easter1 for the ,sundays
 are so many days above the number      
forty4 ,they are excluded because the   
,lord's ,day is always kept as a        
,festival and never as a ,fast4 ,these  
six ,sundays1 therefore1 are called     
,sundays ,,in ,lent1 not of ,lent2 they 
are in the midst of it1 but do not form 
part of it2 on these ,sundays we        
continue without interruption to        

celebrate our ,saviour's ,resurrection4 
,the ,sundays in ,lent are named in the 
,prayer ,book ,first1 ,second1 ,third1  
,fourth1 ,fifth2 the last ,sunday being 
set forth as ,the ,sunday next before   
,easter4 ,popular usage1 however1 has   
assigned other names to the closing     
,sundays in ,lent1 for example1 the     
,fourth ,sunday is usually called ,mid  
,lent ,sunday1 for the reason that the  
,lenten ,fast is half over4 ,it is also 
called ,refreshment ,sunday1 from the   
,gospel for the ,day which gives the    
account of our ,lord #afi miraculously  
feeding the five thousand in the        
wilderness2 another name is ,mothering  
,sunday 7which see74 ,the ,fifth ,sunday
 is called ,passion ,sunday1 from the   
fact that on that day the ,church begins
 the solemn recital of our ,lord's      
sufferings4 ,the ,sixth ,sunday is known
 as ,palm ,sunday as it was on this day 
our ,lord made ,his ,triumphal ,entry   
into ,jerusalem1 when the people hailed 
,him as ,king and strewed palm branches 

in ,his way1 crying ,hosanna to the ,son
 of ,david4  ,lesser ,litany1           
,the4--,that portion of the ,litany     
beginning1 ,o ,christ1 hear us1 and     
ending with the prayer1 ,we humbly      
beseech ,thee1 ,o ,father1 is so called4
 ,it is often used as a penitential     
ending to week-day services during      
,lent4  ,lessons1 ,the4--,the word      
,lesson is derived from the ,latin      
lectio1 meaning a reading1 and signifies
 a portion of ,scripture appointed to be
 read during ,divine service2 applied   
especially to those ,scriptures read in 
the ,daily ,services4 ,two ,lessons are 
to be read at each service in accordance
 with the custom of the early           
,christians1 one from the ,old          
,testament and one from the ,new4 ,the  
principle upon which the ,lessons are   
thus selected is set forth by ,justin   
,martyr1 who lived ,a4,d4 #ajc-afd1 as  
follows3 ,the ,apostles have taught1 as 
they learned themselves1 first the ,law 
and then the ,gospel2 for what is the   

,law but the ,gospel foreshadowed2 or   
what is the ,gospel but the ,law        
fulfilled4 7,see ,,calendar1            
,,lectionary1 and also ,,scriptures ,,in
 ,,prayer ,,book47  ,letter             
,dimissory4--7,see ,,dimissory          
,,letter47  ,letter of ,orders4--,the   
name given to the certificate of        
,ordination to the ,sacred ,ministry1   
with the #agj ,bishop's seal1 and given 
by him to each ,priest or ,deacon whom  
he ordains4 ,the form of this           
certificate varies in the use of        
different ,bishops4  ,letter of         
,transfer4--,canon #ab1 ,section ,i1    
,title #b of the ,digest provides that1 
,a communicant removing from one parish 
to another shall procure from the       
,rector 7if any7 of the parish of his   
last residence1 or if there be no       
,rector1 from one of the ,wardens1 a    
certificate stating that he or she is a 
communicant in good standing2 and the   
,rector of the ,parish or ,congregation 
to which he or she removes shall not be 

required to receive him or her as a     
communicant until such letter be        
produced4  ,lights on the ,altar4--7,see
 ,,altar ,,lights47 ,in addition to what
 is set forth in the article to which   
the reader is referred1 we reproduce    
from ,wheatley on the ,prayer ,book the 
following3 ,among other ornaments of the
 ,church were two lights enjoined by the
 ,injunctions of ,king ,edward ,,vi to  
be set upon the ,altar as a significant 
ceremony to represent the ,light which  
,christ's ,gospel brought into the      
world4 ,and this1 too1 was ordered by   
the very same ,injunction which         
prohibited all other lights and tapers  
that used to be superstitiously set     
before images or shrines4 ,and these    
lights1 used time out of mind in the    
,church1 are still continued in most1 if
 not all1 ,cathedral and ,collegiate    
churches and chapels1 4 4 4 and ought   
also by this rubric1 to be used in all  
parish churches and chapels4  ,linen    
,cloth4--7,see ,,fair ,,linen ,,cloth47 

,litany1 ,the4--,the word ,litany is of 
,greek origin1 from litancia1 derived   
from lite1 meaning a #aga prayer4 ,in   
the early ,church ,litany included all  
supplications and prayers whether public
 or private4 ,afterwards it came to mean
 a special supplication1 offered with   
intense earnestness1 and this will      
explain the title of the ,litany in the 
,prayer ,book1 viz43 ,the ,litany1 or   
,general ,supplication4 ,the ,litany as 
now used is substantially the same as   
that compiled by ,gregory the ,great at 
the end of the sixth century4 ,it is a  
separate and distinct service1 but is   
commonly used as a matter of convenience
 after ,morning ,prayer1 and may be used
 after the ,evening ,prayer4 ,it is     
appointed to be read on ,wednesdays1    
,fridays and ,sundays1 and like all     
other prayers is said kneeling4 ,an     
examination of the ,litany shows it to  
be divided into six divisions as        
follows3 ,i4 ,the ,invocations being    
earnest appeals for mercy to each       

,person in the ,godhead1 first          
separately and then collectively4 ,,ii4 
,the ,deprecations1 being those         
petitions having as their response1     
,good ,lord1 deliver us4 ,,iii4 ,the    
,obsecrations1 being the last three     
petitions having as their response1     
,good ,lord1 deliver us1 beginning with 
the petition1 ,by the mystery1 etc4     
,,iv4 ,the ,intercessions1 including all
 the petitions to which the people      
respond1 ,we beseech ,thee to hear us1  
good ,lord4 ,v4 ,the ,supplications1    
beginning1 ,o ,christ hear us1 down to  
,,vi4 ,the ,prayers with which the      
,litany closes4 ,by reason of its       
responsive character the ,litany is a   
very soul stirring and heart searching  
supplication1 is designed to keep the   
attention constantly on the alert and to
 enliven devotion by calling upon the   
congregation to make their petitions for
 those deliverances and blessings       
recited by the minister4 #agb  ,litany  
,desk4--,a kneeling desk1 sometimes     

called a faldstool1 from which the      
,litany is read4 ,its customary place in
 the ,church is on the floor of the nave
 in front of the chancel in accordance  
with the ,injunction issued during the  
reigns of ,edward ,,vi and ,queen       
,elizabeth4 ,the significance of this   
position may be seen by reference to the
 words of the prophet ,joel read on ,ash
 ,wednesday as the ,epistle1 ,let the   
,priests1 the ,ministers of the ,lord1  
weep between the porch and the ,altar1  
and let them say1 ,spare ,thy people1 ,o
 ,lord4  ,liturgical ,colors4--7,see    
,,church ,,colors47  ,liturgy4--,the    
word ,liturgy is derived from the ,greek
 leitourgia1 meaning a public work or   
duty1 whether civil or religious4 ,it   
then became generally used with         
reference to sacred offices1 whence     
arose its ecclesiastical use to signify 
the solemnization of the rites of the   
,christian ,church4 ,afterwards1 it came
 to be especially applied to the office 
for the celebration of the ,holy        

,eucharist and as such the term is      
technically used in ,church ,history4   
,the ,liturgy being the ,office of the  
celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist1 it 
has for its nucleus our ,lord's words of
 ,institution4 ,these with their        
accompanying ,divine acts form the      
centre around which all subsequent      
prayers1 praises and ritual customs     
gathered1 and the history of these is   
the history of ,liturgies4 ,liturgies   
have been used in the ,christian ,church
 from the beginning as the ancient      
,liturgies demonstrate4 ,of these there 
are many still extant in ,,mss4 some of 
them fully as old as the oldest ,,mss4  
of the ,bible4 ,while they vary in      
arrangement and phraseology1 yet the    
leading and essential #agc              
,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,descent ,,of  
,,principal ,,liturgies                 
----------------------------------------
--------                                
,,our ,,lord',s ,,words ,,of            
,,institution                           

,,apostolic ,,nucleus ,,of ,a ,,liturgy 
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,liturgy of ,st4 ,james1   ,liturgy of  
,st4 ,mark1   ,liturgy of     ,liturgy  
of ,st4 ,john1   ,antioch1 or ,jerusalem
   or ,alexandria          ,st4 ,peter1 
,st4 ,paul1 or ,ephesus                 
or ,rome                                
-------------                           
,present ,liturgy                       
,liturgy of ,lyons   ,liturgy of        
,syriac      of ,egypt                  
,st4 ,basil    ,liturgy of              
---------------------               ,st4
 ,james                                 
,liturgy of                             
,mozarabic   ,liturgy     ,liturgy      
,st4 ,chrysostom  ,monophysite          
or ,spanish  of ,britain  of ,tours     
,liturgies                              
,liturgy                  ,present      
,liturgy                                
--------------                          
-------------   of ,oriental or         

,russian ,church                        
,ambrosian   ,sacramentary              
,augustine's ,revised                   
,liturgy     of ,st4 ,leo               
,liturgy of ,britain                    
,present     ,sacramentary              
,salisbury1 ,york and                   
,liturgy     of ,st4 ,gelasius    other 
,english ,liturgies                     
of ,milan                               
,sacramentary       ,present ,liturgy of
 the                                    
of ,st4 ,gregory     ,church of ,england
                                        
,present ,liturgy                       
--------------------                    
of ,rome                                
,liturgy of         ,liturgy of         
,scottish ,church    ,american          
,church           #agd parts are common 
to them all and are found without       
substantial variation1 thus pointing to 
one common source4 ,all ,liturgies      
existing at the present time trace their
 origin back to ,apostolic times through

 four main sources1 as follows3  ,i4    
,the ,liturgy of ,st4 ,james1 composed  
in the first instance for the ,churches 
of ,palestine4  ,,ii4 ,the ,liturgy of  
,st4 ,mark1 for the ,church in          
,alexandria4  ,,iii4 ,the ,liturgy of   
,st4 ,peter1 for the ,church in ,rome1  
from which the existing ,roman ,liturgy 
is derived4  ,,iv4 ,the ,liturgy of ,st4
 ,john1 for the ,church in ,ephesus4    
,it is from this last that our own      
,liturgy is derived4 ,this ,ephesine    
,liturgy was introduced into ,france at 
a very early age by missionaries who    
came to ,lyons4 ,from ,france           
missionaries went over to ,england and  
there preached ,christ and introduced   
the ,liturgy which they were accustomed 
to use1 so that when ,st4 ,augustine    
went from ,rome to ,england1 ,a4,d4     
#eif1 expecting to find it a heathen    
land1 he found ,christians already there
 and using a ,liturgy somewhat different
 from that of ,rome4 ,these differences 
in the ,english ,liturgy showed an      

eastern origin1 thus confirming its     
,apostolic origin and thus demonstrate  
that our ,liturgy did not come from the 
,church of ,rome4 ,rome's power and     
influence being introduced into ,england
 did1 indeed1 made its impress on the   
national religious life1 but the        
,english ,liturgy never lost its        
distinctive ,eastern characteristics    
which remain to this day4 ,at the time  
of the ,reformation the #age ,liturgy   
after many revisions was first set forth
 in the ,english language on ,whitsun   
,day1 #aedi4 ,it was again revised in   
#aeeb1 and again other changes were made
 in #afjd and finally in #affb4 ,since  
which time very slight changes have been
 made in it4 ,the ,american ,liturgy was
 formally set forth on ,september #bi1  
#aghi1 being adopted from the ,english  
,prayer ,book1 modified according to the
 agreement made with the ,scottish      
,bishops who consecrated our first      
,bishop1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,samuel         
,seabury1 ,d4,d41 for the ,diocese of   

,connecticut4 7,see article entitled    
,,prayer ,,book47  ,lord's ,day4--,the  
first day of the week is not the        
,sabbath1 but the ,lord's ,day1 and as  
such has been observed since the        
,resurrection of our ,lord1 of which it 
is the weekly commemoration4 ,from the  
,new ,testament itself we learn that the
 first day of the week1 commonly called 
,sunday1 has always been the day which  
,christians have consecrated to ,god's  
service4 ,the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4        
,taylor1 ,d4,d41 has given us the       
following clear statement concerning the
 first day of the week observed as the  
,lord's ,day3 ,our ,saviour ,jesus      
,christ1 in the exercise of this ,his   
,lordship over the day1 has first of all
 abolished the ordinance of the ,seventh
 ,day1 and substituted1 by the ,holy    
,spirit guiding ,his ,church into all   
,truth1 the ordinance of the ,first     
,day1 as that one day in seven which the
 ,fourth ,commandment enjoins to be kept
 sacred to ,god as a moral obligation4  

,then our ,lord has made this day one of
 the highest spiritual privilege1 by    
uniting it to ,his own ,person and work 
as the ,day of ,his ,resurrection1 the  
weekly recurrence of the #agf ,christian
 ,passover1 a perpetual ,easter2 and    
also as the weekly memorial of ,his     
supreme ,gift of the ,holy ,ghost upon  
the ,feast of ,pentecost1 to abide with 
,his ,church forever4 ,it is            
preeminently a day of joy and gladness  
before the ,lord1 and should first of   
all be observed to the ,lord1 in the    
assembling of the ,church together for  
worship and communion with ,god and for 
spiritual instruction and profit4 ,hence
 the ,prayer ,book prescribes a         
,collect1 ,epistle and ,gospel for every
 ,sunday in the year1 and its rubrics   
plainly teach us that according to the  
mind of the ,church the principal       
service of every ,lord's ,day should be 
the celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist4
 ,our ,lord has also taught us by ,his  
example as well as by precept1 that     

works of mercy1 both spiritual and      
corporal1 are lawful to be done on this 
day1 and are peculiarly appropriate to  
it4  ,lord's ,prayer1 ,the4--,the prayer
 which our ,blessed ,lord taught ,his   
disciples when ,he said1 ,after this    
manner1 therefore1 pray ye1 or as given 
in another place1 ,when ye pray1 say    
,our ,father1 etc4 ,the ,church has     
always taken these words literally1 so  
that in all her services--,daily        
,prayer1 ,litany1 ,baptism1             
,confirmation1 ,holy ,communion1        
,marriage1 ,visitation of the ,sick1    
etc41 the ,lord's ,prayer is always an  
integral part4 ,in the ,communion       
,office the ,lord's ,prayer occurs      
twice1 but it is to be noted that the   
rubric directs the first to be said by  
the ,priest alone1 as a part of his     
private preparation4 ,with regard to the
 second there is the following rubric3  
,then shall the ,minister say the       
,lord's ,prayer1 the people repeating   
after him every petition4 #agg ,these   

last words 7in italics7 are omitted in  
the first rubric1 thus indicating a     
difference of use4  ,lord's ,supper1    
,the4--7,see ,,holy ,,communion47 ,in   
regard to the use of the words ,lord's  
,supper as a name for the ,holy         
,communion1 we reproduce the following  
from ,the ,annotated ,prayer ,book1     
which is worth considering3 ,the term   
7the ,lord's ,supper7 is borrowed from  
#a ,cor4 #aa3ba1 where ,st4 ,paul       
applies it to the ,agape or love-feasts 
which then accompanied the celebration  
of the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,how the       
singular and inexact use of it which is 
handed down in our ,prayer ,book arose1 
it is difficult to say2 and it is a     
transference of a ,scriptural term from 
one thing to another which cannot be    
wholly justified4 ,the name thus given  
to the ,holy ,sacrament has led many to 
confuse the ,lord's ,last ,supper with  
the institution of the ,sacrament       
itself1 which it is expressly said took 
place 'after supper' 7,st4 ,luke #bb3bj7

 and 'when ,he had supped' 7#a ,cor4    
#aa3be74  ,lord's ,table1 ,the4--,a     
,prayer ,book name for the ,,altar      
7which see74 ,in ,scriptural usage the  
words ,altar and ,table are synonymous1 
that is1 they are different names for   
the same thing in different aspects or  
as respects different uses of it4 ,the  
word ,altar is also used in the ,prayer 
,book1 in the ,office of ,institution   
for the inducting of a ,priest to the   
charge of a ,parish1 in which he is     
described as one who serves at the      
,altar2 is directed to be received      
within the rails of the ,altar1 and     
again1 to kneel at the ,altar to present
 his supplication for himself4  ,low    
,celebration4--,this is a term commonly 
used to describe a celebration of the   
,holy ,eucharist on #agh ordinary       
week-days and in the early morning on   
,sundays and ,feasts4 ,at these the     
celebrant is unassisted except by a     
server and there is no choir4 ,all parts
 of the ,office are consequently said1  

not sung4  ,low ,sunday4--,the first    
,sunday after ,easter is the ,octave of 
the ,queen of ,festivals and is commonly
 called ,low ,sunday4 ,it is so called  
from its contrast with the ,high        
,festival of ,easter ,day4 ,the same    
note of holy joy is struck1 but lower   
down on the scale4  ,luke1 ,festival of 
,saint4--,a ,holy ,day of the ,church   
observed on ,october #ah4 ,of the life  
of ,st4 ,luke the ,evangelist very      
little is known1 but uniting tradition  
and the references made to him in ,holy 
,scripture we learn the following       
particulars3 ,st4 ,luke was not one of  
the ,apostles and was probably not      
converted until after the ,ascension of 
our ,lord1 although one tradition has it
 that he was one of the two disciples   
with whom our ,lord conversed on the    
road to ,emmaus4 ,st4 ,luke himself     
testifies that he was not from the      
beginning an eye-witness and minister of
 the ,word4 ,he appears to have studied 
medicine at ,antioch1 and ,st4 ,paul1 in

 one of his ,epistles1 refers to him as 
,luke1 the beloved ,physician4 ,a late  
tradition represents him to have been a 
painter as well as a physician1 and he  
is said to have painted a picture of the
 ,blessed ,virgin4 ,he was undoubtedly a
 scholarly and accomplished man4 ,to him
 we are indebted for two of the         
canonical books--the ,gospel which bears
 his name and the ,acts of the          
,apostles4 ,st4 ,luke's ,gospel gives   
more incidents in our ,lord's ,life than
 any of the others1 and the beauty and  
#agi exceeding sweetness of his story of
 the ,great ,life are enriched with     
those ,gospel hymns which have          
characterized the ,church's worship ever
 since1 viz43 ,gloria in ,excelsis1     
,benedictus1 ,magnificat and ,nunc      
,dimittis4 ,our ,lord appears in this   
,gospel as the ,great ,high ,priest1    
winning by ,his ,sacrifice on the       
,cross1 mercy and pardon for sinners4   
,it is for this reason that in          
ecclesiastical art1 ,st4 ,luke is       

represented by the winged ,ox as setting
 forth ,christ's ,atonement through     
sacrifice4  ,lych ,gate4--,the word     
lych1 derived from the ,anglo-,saxon    
lie1 or the ,german leiche1 means a     
body1 especially a dead body1 a corpse4 
,the term lych gate is the old name     
given to a churchyard gate with a porch 
or covering1 under which a bier may be  
rested while the introductory portion of
 the ,burial ,service is being read4    
,such gates are quite frequently found  
in ,england1 and occasionally in this   
country4    ,m    ,magna ,charta4--,the 
great document exacted by ,barons from  
,king ,john of ,england at ,runnymede1  
,june #aeth1 #abae1 by which was        
declared ,english liberty and ,english  
freedom in ,church and ,state1 and the  
ancient rights and privileges of the    
people were clearly defined and         
guaranteed4 ,in this document is set    
forth the independence of ,england's    
,church1 and from it we learn how untrue
 is the popular belief that the ,church 

of ,england was founded by ,henry       
,,viii1 #ahj for among its opening words
 are these 7in ,latin73 ,the ,church of 
,england shall be free and her liberties
 unimpaired4 ,we here see ,the ,,church 
,,of ,,england referred to as a body    
already existing1 in a ,state document  
nearly two hundred years before ,henry  
,,viii was born1 which is truly a       
suggestive fact to all thoughtful       
people4  ,magnificat4--,the ,latin      
title1 meaning doth magnify1 of the hymn
 sung after the ,first ,lesson at ,daily
 ,evening ,prayer4 ,it is found in the  
,gospel of ,st4 ,luke ,i3#df-ef1 and is 
the song of praise which the ,blessed   
,virgin ,mary gave utterance to at the  
very season when the ,divine            
overshadowing brought about the         
,incarnation of the ,word4 ,this        
beautiful hymn is used at the evening   
service as the daily commemoration of   
the ,incarnation4 ,this use of the      
,magnificat can be traced as far back as
 the ,fifth ,century and it has been    

used in the ,english ,church at ,vespers
 for over #hjj years4 ,for some reason  
the ,magnificat was omitted from the    
first ,american ,prayer ,book set forth 
in #aghi1 but at the last revision in   
#ahib it was restored4  ,maniple4--,a   
scarf1 like a short stole1 worn on the  
left arm over the alb by the celebrating
 ,priest at the ,holy ,communion4 7,see 
,,vestments47  ,manual ,acts4--,the acts
 prescribed by the rubrics to be used by
 the ,priest in consecrating the        
elements in the ,holy ,communion4 ,the  
rubric reads1 7a7 ,here the ,priest is  
to take the ,paten into his hands1 7b7  
,and here to break the ,bread1 7c7 ,and 
here to lay his hand upon all the       
,bread1 7d7 ,here he is to take the ,cup
 into his hands1 7e7 ,and here he is to 
lay his #aha hand upon every vessel in  
which there is any ,wine to be          
consecrated4 ,this is the most solemn   
part of the whole ministration of the   
,liturgy4 ,there cannot be too great    
exactness and reverent formality on the 

part of the celebrant in consecrating   
the elements by means of which1 when    
consecrated1 an acceptable sacrifice is 
to be carried up to the ,father1 and the
 ,body and ,blood of our ,lord ,jesus   
,christ received by the communicants4   
,mark1 ,feast of ,saint4--,observed     
,april #be4 ,st4 ,mark is called the    
,evangelist because he is the writer of 
the ,gospel which bears his name4 ,he   
was the companion of ,st4 ,peter and    
accompanied him in his missionary       
travels4 ,it is supposed that he wrote  
his ,gospel at the dictation of ,st4    
,peter4 ,st4 ,mark is said to have      
founded the ,church in ,alexandria1 and 
one of the ancient ,liturgies is called 
by his name4 ,he suffered martyrdom on  
,easter ,day1 ,april #beth1 ,a4,d4 #fd1 
being cruelly bound with cords and      
dragged through the streets of the city 
until he was dead4 ,it is said that his 
body was removed1 ,a4,d4 #dfe1 to       
,venice1 where the famous ,church of    
,st4 ,mark was erected over his grave4  

,this ,festival has been observed since 
,a4,d4 #gej4 ,in ecclesiastical art1    
,st4 ,mark is represented with a lion at
 his side1 with reference to the royal  
character of the ,son of ,david1 which  
is emphasized in this ,gospel4          
,marriage4--,the sad prevalence of      
divorce in the ,united ,states might not
 have come to pass if people had clear  
ideas of what ,marriage really is4      
,marriage is a great deal more than     
simply a civil contract4 ,it is a divine
 institution1 an honorable estate1      
instituted #ahb by ,god in the time of  
man's innocency4 ,it is a religious     
ceremony and is sacramental in          
character4 ,it ought1 therefore1 to be  
clearly understood that marriage simply 
by a squire or other legal officer1     
detracts from the sacredness and dignity
 of this holy estate1 and belittles the 
binding character of the marriage tie4  
,even a secular paper could declare1 ,we
 do not believe there should be any     
civil marriages of any kind4 ,every     

ceremony should be solemnized by the    
,church and lifted above the level of a 
real estate transaction4 ,in this custom
 of civil or legal marriages may be     
found at least one cause1 perhaps the   
principal cause of divorce1 for it      
encourages such a low view of the       
sacredness of the ,marriage ,rite4      
,taught by our ,lord and ,his ,apostles1
 the ,church emphasizes the religious   
and sacramental character of ,holy      
,matrimony and has always enjoined its  
solemnization with ecclesiastical       
ceremonies and by ecclesiastical        
persons4 ,this is clearly set forth by  
the earliest ,christian writers4 ,thus  
,st4 ,ignatius in one of his ,epistles  
says3 ,it is fitting for those who      
purpose matrimony to accomplish their   
union with the sanction of the ,bishop1 
that their marriage may be in the ,lord4
 ,tertullian speaks of marriages being  
ratified before ,god1 and adds1 ,how can
 we find words to describe the happiness
 of that ,marriage in which the ,church 

joins together1 which the ,oblation     
confirms1 the ,benediction seals1 the   
,angels proclaim when sealed1 and the   
,father ratifies4 ,st4 ,ambrose calls   
,marriage a ,sacrament1 and says1       
,marriage must be sanctified by the     
,priest's sanction and blessing4 #ahc   
,these utterances unfold the mind of the
 ,church in the times nearest the days  
of our ,lord and ,his ,apostles1 and in 
all ages ever since the ,church has     
never abandoned this position in her    
practice and formularies4 ,a careful    
study of the ,marriage ,service in the  
,prayer ,book will show it to be a very 
clear setting forth of the nature of    
,marriage4 ,it will also be seen how    
fully this ,service has retained the    
belief concerning ,marriage which the   
,church has always held since the time  
of our ,lord and ,his ,apostles4 7,see  
,,betrothal1 also ,,espousal47  ,mary1  
,the ,blessed ,virgin4--7,see ,,blessed 
,,virgin ,,mary47  ,mass--,the old name 
for the ,sacrament of the ,holy         

,communion1 being a corruption of the   
,latin1 ,ite1 ,missa est1 meaning the   
people are now dismissed4 ,this name was
 retained in the ,prayer ,book of #aedi1
 the title of the ,office being ',the   
,supper of the ,lord1 and the ,holy     
,communion1 commonly called the ,mass4' 
,in the ,prayer ,book of #aeeb the word 
,mass was dropped and has not since     
appeared in the ,prayer ,book1 and in   
consequence has become generally        
disused4 ,the term1 however1 is still   
retained in popular usage as in the     
words ,christmas1 ,michaelmas1 etc4 ,the
 ,swedish and also the ,german          
,reformers retained the name ,mass for  
the principal service of the ,church1   
whether it did or did not include a     
,celebration of the ,holy ,communion4   
,matthew1 ,feast of ,saint4--,observed  
,september #ba4 ,a ,feast in honor of   
,st4 ,matthew has been observed since   
,a4,d4 #gjc1 and he is known in the     
,church as both ,apostle and            
,evangelist4 ,st4 ,matthew had #ahd been

 a ,publican or tax-gatherer1 and while 
in his office at ,capernaum1 receiving  
the customs from those who passed over  
the ,sea of ,galilee he was called by   
our ,lord and1 we read1 he at once arose
 and followed ,him4 ,he is called ,levi 
by ,st4 ,mark and ,st4 ,luke4 ,this was 
probably his former name and he was     
named ,matthew when he became a         
disciple4 ,being one of the ,twelve1 he 
himself saw and heard most of what he   
relates in the ,gospel which he wrote4  
,it was first written in ,hebrew1       
especially for the ,jews1 but was       
afterwards1 probably by ,st4 ,matthew   
himself1 written in ,greek4 ,this       
,gospel tells us more than the others of
 our ,lord's human life1 and it is for  
this reason that in ecclesiastical art  
the symbol assigned to ,st4 ,matthew is 
the likeness of a ,man with wings4      
,matthias1 ,feast of ,saint4--,observed 
,february #bd4 ,the only record we have 
of ,st4 ,matthias in the ,new ,testament
 is that to be found in ,acts ,i3#ae-bf 

where it is recorded that he was chosen 
to be an ,apostle in the place of the   
traitor ,judas4 ,this passage is read   
for the ,epistle for the ,day4 ,we have 
here the ,new ,testament witness to the 
fact that the number of the ,apostles   
was to be increased and the ,apostleship
 perpetuated to the end of time by its  
being committed to others1 as in the    
case of ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,barnabas   
apparently in the place of ,st4 ,james  
who had been put to death by ,herod1 and
 of some other ,apostle whose death is  
not recorded4 ,according to the         
tradition of the ,church1 ,st4 ,matthias
 ministered for some years among the    
,jews2 he then went to ,cappadocia where
 he preached the ,gospel and where he   
eventually suffered martyrdom1 being    
stoned #ahe and afterwards beheaded     
about ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,in ecclesiastical    
art1 ,st4 ,matthias is variously        
represented as bearing a halbert2       
leaning upon a sword2 holding a sword by
 the point2 with a lance1 hatchet or    

axe2 with a stone in his hand2 with a   
carpenter's square2 with a book and     
scimitar4  ,matins4--,the ,order for    
,morning ,prayer was called by the      
ancient popular name of ,matins         
7abbreviated from ,matutinae7 in the    
original ,english ,prayer ,book of      
#aedi4 ,this name is still retained in  
the ,tables of ,lessons set forth in the
 ,english ,prayer ,book4 ,it is often   
used now as a brief and convenient      
substitute for the longer title in the  
,prayer ,book1 ,the ,order for ,daily   
,morning ,prayer4 ,one of the           
,,canonical ,,hours 7which see74        
,matrimony1 ,holy4--7,see ,,marriage47  
,maundy ,thursday4--,the name given to  
,thursday in ,holy ,week1 ,maundy being 
a corruption of ,dies ,mandati1 meaning 
the ,day of the ,command2 mandati1      
derived from ,mandatum1 meaning a       
command4 ,the name is given from the    
command our ,lord gave on this day1 when
 ,he instituted the ,holy ,communion1   
viz43 ,do this in remembrance of ,me2   

and also ,his commandment concerning    
love4 ,that ye love one another as ,i   
have loved you4 ,thursday in ,holy ,week
 is sometimes incorrectly called ,holy  
,thursday1 a name which from time       
immemorial has been given to ,ascension 
,day4 ,maundy ,thursday is always       
observed with great solemnity4 ,the     
celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist on  
this day has great significance1 and is 
never omitted where it is possible to be
 had4 ,the ecclesiastical color for the 
celebration is white1 but for other     
services of the day1 violet4 #ahf       
,meditation4--,an act of the devout life
 by which the soul seeks closer         
intercourse with ,god4 ,it has been well
 said that ,meditation is the           
correlative of ,prayer4 ,in ,prayer we  
speak to ,god4 ,in ,meditation ,god     
speaks to us4 ,we bow our heads to      
listen2 therefore ,meditation should be 
on our knees4 ,it is the attitude of a  
humble and teachable frame of mind1 and 
our acknowledgment of the ,divine       

,presence4  ,membership1 ,church4--7,see
 ,,baptism1 ,,holy2 ,,joining ,,the     
,,church1 and also ,,name1 ,,the        
,,christian47  ,mensa4--,a slab of stone
 used as the surface of the ,altar is so
 called4 ,mensa is a ,latin word1       
meaning a table4  ,michael 7,st47 and   
,all ,angels4--,a ,holy ,day of the     
,church observed on ,september #bith4 ,a
 ,festival in honor of ,st4 ,michael and
 ,all ,angels1 to commemorate the       
community of service between angels and 
men1 has been observed since the ,fifth 
,century4 ,formerly two days were       
dedicated to ,st4 ,michael1 viz41 ,may  
#hth and ,september #bith1 and in       
medieval times a third1 on ,october     
#afth1 but the day most generally       
observed was that which we now keep4 ,in
 the ,eastern ,church1 ,st4 ,michael's  
,day is ,november #hth1 while ,march    
#bfth and ,july #acth are observed in   
honor of the ,archangel ,gabriel4 ,these
 two1 ,michael and ,gabriel1 are the    
only angels or archangels whose names   

are mentioned in the ,bible4 ,st4       
,michael and ,all ,angels' ,day is      
observed with great solemnity4 ,proper  
,psalms are appointed being the #iast   
and #ajc;d for ,morning ,prayer1 and the
 #cdth and #adhth for ,evening ,prayer4 
,there are also ,proper ,lessons1 and   
#ahg ,collect1 ,epistle and ,gospel4    
,the ,church color is white4 7,see      
,,holy ,,angels47  ,mid ,lent           
,sunday4--7,see ,,fourth ,,sunday ,,in  
,,lent47  ,militant1 ,church4--,a name  
used to describe the ,church on earth1  
fighting 7which the word ,militant      
means7 or contending against the powers 
of the world1 to distinguish it from the
 ,church ,expectant and the ,church     
,triumphant4 7,see ,,church ,,catholic47
 ,in the ,communion ,office the prayer  
said after the presentation of offerings
 is called ,the ,prayer for the ,church 
,militant1 which is a pleading for the  
,holy ,church throughout the world      
offered in union with the ,great        
,sacrifice4  ,ministry1 ,the4--,the     

,scriptural teaching in regard to the   
,sacred ,ministry is that certain       
persons are set apart to act as the     
agents of ,god towards men and the      
agents of men towards ,god4 ,the power  
of the ,ministry is inherent in1 and    
derived from ,christ1 as when ,he said1 
,as ,my ,father hath sent ,me1 even so  
send ,i you4 ,this was ,his commission  
to the ,apostles1 and to them ,he       
promised1 ,lo1 ,i am with you always    
even unto the end of the world4 ,this   
promise implies a transmission of this  
commission1 so that the ,ministry should
 never die out1 but be continued from   
generation to generation and from       
century to century1 even to the end of  
the world4 ,it also implies that ,he    
will work in them and through them1 so  
that whatsoever they shall do in ,his   
,name shall be ,his work4 ,as to the    
nature of this ,ministry it is declared 
in the ,preface to the ,ordinal that ,it
 is evident unto all men diligently     
reading ,holy ,scripture and ,ancient   

,authors1 that from the ,apostles' time 
#ahh there have been these ,orders of   
,ministers in ,christ's                 
,church1--,bishops1 ,priests and        
,deacons4 ,and we find that these       
,offices were evermore had in such      
reverend estimation1 that for #a1ejj    
years after ,christ no ,christian people
 recognized any other ,ministry but that
 of ,bishops1 ,priests and ,deacons2 and
 we also find that even at this present 
time nine-tenths of all ,christian      
people are ministered to by a ,ministry 
in ,three ,orders4 7,see ,,episcopacy1  
,,pastors and also ,,holy ,,orders47    
,miserere4--,meaning ,have ,mercy4 ,the 
,latin title of the #east ,psalm which  
is used in the ,penitential ,office     
appointed to be read on ,ash ,wednesday4
  ,missal4--,in the early ages of the   
,church the ,office of the ,holy        
,communion was contained in several     
separate volumes1 one for the ,epistles1
 one for the ,gospels1 another for the  
anthems and a fourth for the service    

itself with the ,collects4 ,these four  
volumes were eventually united into one 
volume under the name ,missal1 i4e41    
pertaining to the ,mass1 and therefore1 
it is the old title of the book         
containing all that pertains to the     
,office of the ,holy ,communion4        
,mission4--,a sending forth to preach   
the ,gospel1 as when our ,lord sent     
forth ,his ,apostles4 ,the word involves
 also the idea of power and authority   
and also a definite sphere of           
operations4 ,thus when a ,bishop is     
consecrated1 it is for some particular  
,diocese where he has1 by reason of his 
consecration1 the power of ,mission4 ,so
 also1 a ,priest who is ,rector of a    
,parish has the power of ,mission in    
that ,parish4 ,and the ,bishop has no   
authority to minister in any other      
,diocese1 nor the ,priest in any other  
,parish1 save only #ahi as they may be  
invited to do so by the ecclesiastical  
authority thereof4 ,such power of       
,mission is bestowed by the ,church     

through her ,bishops and it is thus that
 she maintains order and prevents       
confusion in her work4  ,mission4       
,parochial4--,the word ,mission is also 
applied to a special effort made in a   
parish to arouse and quicken its people2
 to lead them to a deeper realization   
and appreciation of the privileges and  
blessings of ,christ's ,religion2 to set
 forth clearly by a series of addresses 
and instructions how they can bring the 
,church's system to bear on their hearts
 and lives and to lead them to ask1 ,can
 we not all do more than we are now     
doing and do all with a better spirit8  
,a ,mission is conducted by a ,priest   
specially invited for the purpose and is
 chosen for his aptness in carrying on  
such special work4 ,if well conducted   
and blessed of ,god a ,mission brings   
great spiritual blessings to the ,parish
 in which it is held and its happy      
results are to be seen in the awakened  
life and renewed energy of its people4  
,missionary4--,one who is sent1 whether 

,bishop1 ,priest1 ,deacon or ,layman1 to
 do the work of the ,church where it has
 not been established1 whether at home  
or abroad4 ,as an adjective1 the word   
means1 of or pertaining to ,missions4   
,missionary ,council1 ,the4--7,see      
,,domestic ,,and ,,foreign ,,missionary 
,,society47  ,missioner4--,the name     
given to the ,priest who conducts a     
,parochial ,mission4 7,see ,,mission1   
,,parochial47  ,missions4--,the         
,missionary work of the ,church4 ,this  
includes ,foreign ,missions1 as in      
,africa1 ,china1 #aij ,japan1 etc41 and 
,domestic ,missions1 i4e41 the ,church's
 work within the ,united ,states where  
there are no ,dioceses2 also work in    
towns and villages in ,dioceses where   
parishes have not been established4     
,this last is called ,,diocesan         
,,missions 7which see1 also1 ,,domestic 
,,and ,,foreign ,,missionary ,,society74
  ,mitre4--,the official covering for   
the head worn by the order of ,bishops4 
,it represents mystically the cloven    

tongues of fire which lighted on the    
heads of the ,apostles on the ,day of   
,pentecost4 ,the mitre is worn by many  
,bishops of the ,american ,church1 and  
the ,general ,convention1 by its        
,committee on ,vestments1 declared1 ,the
 first ,bishop of the ,american         
,succession 7,bishop ,seabury7 was      
accustomed to wear the mitre in certain 
offices2 and the first of our ,bishops  
ever consecrated in ,america 7,bishop   
,claggett of ,maryland7 continued its   
use4 ,it has not been generally         
followed1 but in the opinion of this    
,committee this historic fact justifies 
any ,bishop in resuming it4  ,mixed     
,chalice4--,the symbolical mixing of    
water with wine in the ,holy ,communion 
to represent the union of the human with
 the ,divine nature in the ,incarnation4
 ,it is also a lively memorial of ,him  
who for our ,redemption did shed out of 
,his most precious side both ,water and 
,blood4 ,this mixing of ,water with     
,wine for this purpose seems to have    

been an ,apostolical use and very       
probably was practiced by our ,lord     
,himself4 ,this ancient practice        
remained universal for the first #a1ejj 
years after ,christ in all ,churches1   
and is now quite common4  ,morning      
,prayer4--,the name given to the        
,church's ,daily ,office of prayer      
offered in the morning4 ,in the #aia    
first ,prayer ,book of #aedi both the   
,morning ,service and that for evening  
began with the ,lord's ,prayer and ended
 with the third ,collect4 ,in #aeeb1 the
 ,sentences1 ,exhortation1 ,confession  
and ,absolution were prefixed to        
,morning ,prayer1 but not to the ,order 
for ,evening ,prayer4 ,in #affa1 they   
were prefixed to ,evening ,prayer also2 
and both ,morning and ,evening ,prayer  
were then lengthened at the end by the  
addition of all that follows the third  
,collect4 7,see ,,daily ,,prayer2 also  
,,matins47  ,morse4--,the clasp used to 
fasten the cope in front is so called4  
,it is frequently made of precious metal

 and set with jewels4 ,from the ,latin  
morsus1 meaning a bite1 hence a clasp4  
,mothering ,sunday4--,a popular name    
used in ,england for the ,fourth ,sunday
 in ,lent4 ,it is supposed to have      
derived this name from the ,epistle for 
the ,day in which occur the words       
,jerusalem which is above is free1 which
 is the ,mother of us all4 ,this no     
doubt gave rise to the custom in        
,england of making pilgrimages to the   
,mother ,church of the ,diocese1 i4e41  
the ,cathedral4 ,this ,sunday also      
became a holiday on which young persons 
in service were permitted to visit their
 mothers in their homes4 7,see ,,fourth 
,,sunday ,,in ,,lent2 also ,,lent1      
,,sundays ,,in47  ,movable ,feasts and  
,fasts4--,those ,feasts and ,fasts which
 are not observed on a fixed date1 but  
are variable being dependent on the time
 ,easter is kept4 ,easter ,day is always
 the first ,sunday after the full moon  
which happens upon or next after the    
,twenty-first day of ,march2 and if the 

full moon happen upon a ,sunday1 ,easter
 ,day is the ,sunday after4 ,the #aib   
,movable ,feasts are the following3     
,advent ,sunday which is always the     
nearest ,sunday to the ,feast of ,st4   
,andrew 7,nov4 #cj7 whether before or   
after2 the three remaining ,sundays in  
,advent2 ,septuagesima1 ,sexagesima and 
,quinquagesima ,sundays2 the ,six       
,sundays in ,lent2 ,rogation ,sunday2   
,ascension ,day1 ,whitsun ,day and      
,trinity ,sunday2 ,monday and ,tuesday  
in ,easter ,week2 ,monday and ,tuesday  
in ,whitsun ,week2 also the number of   
,sundays during the ,epiphany and       
,trinity ,seasons is variable1 these    
,seasons being longer or shorter        
according to the time ,easter is kept4  
,the ,movable ,fasts are the ,forty     
,days of ,lent1 including ,ash          
,wednesday1 ,good ,friday1 ,easter ,even
 and the ,lenten ,ember ,days2 the      
,rogation ,days and the ,whitsun ,tide  
,ember ,days4  ,music1 ,church4--7,see  
,,hymns2 ,,gregorian ,,music1 ,,plain   

,,song1 and ,,even ,,song1 also         
,,intone47 ,recognizing the fact that   
music always characterized the worship  
of ,god's ,church both under the ,old   
,dispensation and under the ,new1 the   
essential thing is the character of the 
music in our churches to-day and the    
mode of rendering it4 ,the organist1    
upon whom so much depends1 should be a  
competent musician1 with a good         
knowledge of the music of the church1   
and the music that he uses should be    
strictly sacred music4 ,the choir should
 consist of the best voices and most    
cultivated singers available4 ,they     
should be trained with care1 not only in
 the music they are to sing1 but also in
 the ,church service4 ,the late ,bishop 
,thorold remarked on this subject1 ,we  
are all coming to feel that ,church     
,music is a great help to worship4 4 4  
4,but ,i also feel that if members of   
the choir accept #aic from ,god and the 
minister the privilege of taking part in
 the services1 the one thing they owe to

 ,almighty ,god1 to the congregation and
 to themselves1 is ,,reverence4 ,i know 
choirs where their singing is almost a  
means of grace2 it is done so           
beautifully1 so reverently and with so  
much care that it lifts up the whole    
service to a higher level4 ,the one     
secret of all good and acceptable       
rendering of the ,church's music is     
reverence4  ,mystery4--,a ,truth or fact
 of ,religion which has been revealed   
but not explained is called a mystery1  
because proposed to our faith faculty1  
such as the ,incarnation1 the           
,atonement1 the ,blessed ,trinity1 the  
,doctrine of the ,eucharist4 ,st4 ,paul 
speaks of the whole ,revelation of      
,christ as the ,mystery of ,godliness4  
,derived from the ,greek word musterion1
 which in the ,greek ,church is the     
equivalent of our word ,sacrament4      
,mystical ,body of ,christ4--,the       
,church is called the ,mystical ,body of
 ,christ because ,he is the ,head and we
 members of ,his ,body4 ,it is by means 

of its ,sacraments that we are made     
members of ,him and partakers of ,his   
,nature and ,life4 7,see ,,incarnation47
    ,n   ,n or ,m4--,the letters placed 
after the first question in the ,church 
,catechism1 ,what is your name8 to show 
that the ,christian name or names of the
 person questioned should be given4 ,n  
stands for #aid the ,latin word nomen1  
meaning name2 while the letter ,m is an 
abbreviation of double ,n4 ,n41 the ,n  
being doubled according to an old custom
 to indicate the plural1 viz41 nomina1  
meaning names4 ,the same thing is to be 
seen in the letters ,,ll4,d4 standing   
for the degree of ,doctor of ,laws1 the 
double ,,ll signifying the plural legum1
 meaning of laws4  ,name1 the           
,holy4--7,see ,,holy ,,name1 also       
,,jesus47  ,name1 the ,christian4--,the 
name received in ,holy ,baptism4 ,in    
former days people in general had only  
one name1 as ,john1 ,henry1 ,mary1 etc41
 and were further known by their        
occupation or some other distinctive    

word4 ,but the names of trades1 place1  
etc41 thus added on to the ,christian   
name1 7i4e41 supra or sur nomen7        
gradually became permanent surnames1 so 
that now every person after infancy and 
,baptism has two names1 viz41 a         
,christian name and a surname4 ,the     
,christian name we receive at our       
,christening1 that is1 ,christianing or 
,baptism or ,new ,birth4 ,it is given1  
not inherited4 ,it is a new name given  
to us in our ,baptism because we then   
become something new4 ,it is given in   
,baptism to indicate a new relationship 
to ,god by thus being brought into      
covenant with ,him4 ,we find many       
examples in the ,bible of new names     
given in connection with a change of    
spiritual conditions4 ,thus ,abram's    
name was changed to ,abraham when ,god  
made ,his covenant with him1 and        
,jacob's name was changed to ,israel    
when that covenant was renewed with him1
 which had been made with ,abraham4 ,in 
the same way and for the same reason    

,christian names have great             
significance4 ,they are the sign that   
those who bear them have been brought   
into covenant with ,god1 that they have 
been #aie made in their ,baptism1       
members of ,christ1 the children of     
,god1 and inheritors of the kingdom of  
heaven4 7,see ,,baptism1 ,,holy2 also   
,,christian47  ,nativity of our         
,lord4--,the ,prayer ,book title of the 
,festival of ,christmas is1 ,the        
,nativity of our ,lord1 or the ,birthday
 of ,christ1 commonly called ,,christmas
 ,,day 7which see74  ,nave4--,the body  
of the ,church building2 that portion of
 it before the choir or chancel1 and    
between the aisles in which the         
congregation sits4 ,derived from the    
,latin word navis meaning a ship1 and is
 intended to symbolize the ark of       
,christ's ,church4  ,neophyte4--,a term 
applied in the primitive ,church to the 
newly baptized--newly grafted 7which the
 word means7 into ,christianity4 ,it was
 customary for them to wear white       

garments at their ,baptism and for eight
 days after4 ,the word is still         
frequently used4  ,new ,birth4--,the    
name which the ,new ,testament          
,scriptures1 and the ,church for nearly 
two thousand years have given to ,holy  
,baptism1 which is the ,laver of        
,regeneration1 the new and spiritual    
,birth4 7,see ,,baptism1 ,,holy2 also   
,,regeneration47  ,nicea1 ,council      
of4--,the first of the great ecumenical 
,councils1 held in ,nice1 or ,nicea1    
,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,it was at this ,council   
that what we call the ,nicene ,creed was
 set forth although additional          
definitions touching the ,holy ,ghost   
were inserted at the ,second ,general   
,council 7the first held at             
,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #cha7 and       
therefore1 this form of the ,faith is   
frequently called the                   
,niceno-,constantinopolitan ,creed4 ,it 
is to #aif be noted that this ,council  
did not originate the ,creed or the     
,faith2 it simply bore witness to it2   

its members simply testified to what was
 always most surely believed among them 
in their several ,dioceses throughout   
the world4 ,thus the ,nicene ,council   
simply reaffirmed the consentient voice 
and witness of the ,church in general4  
,or as ,st4 ,athanasius1 who was a      
member of this council1 wrote concerning
 it1 ,about the ,faith they wrote not   
',it seemed good1' but ',thus believes  
the ,catholic ,church'2 and therefore   
they confessed how they believed1 in    
order to show that their sentiments were
 not novel1 but ,apostolical1 and what  
they wrote down was no discovery of     
theirs1 but is the same as was taught by
 the ,apostles4 7,see ,,council47       
,nicene ,creed4--,the name commonly     
given to the longer of the two ,creeds  
set forth in the ,prayer ,book1 from its
 being settled at the ,,council ,,of    
,,nicea 7which see74 ,it was introduced 
into the ,liturgy1 ,a4,d4 #dga4 ,the    
rubric directs that it be specially     
recited in the service on ,christmas    

,day1 ,easter ,day1 ,ascension ,day1    
,whitsun ,day and ,trinity ,sunday2 but 
it is always used at the ,holy          
,communion whenever celebrated4 ,the    
,nicene is the ,creed of worship2 the   
,apostles' the ,creed of ,instruction   
and of the ,daily ,offices4             
,nocturns4--,a name given to certain    
services which in ancient times were    
held during the night4 ,the ,psalter was
 usually recited during the three parts 
into which the night was divided4 ,one  
of the seven ,,canonical ,,hours 7which 
see74  ,nonconformists4--,a name given  
in ,england #aig to those who do not    
conform to the usages and doctrines of  
the ,national ,church4 ,the word as used
 now is practically synonymous with     
,dissenter4  ,nones4--,one of the seven 
,,canonical ,,hours 7which see74 ,the   
ninth hour1 or #c ,p4 ,m4  ,north       
,side4--,that part of the front of the  
,altar which is on the right hand of the
 ,cross1 and consequently on the left of
 the ,celebrant as he faces the ,altar2 

the side where the ,holy ,gospel is     
read4  ,nowell4--,the old ,english name 
for ,christmas2 the same as ,noel1      
derived from ,natale1 meaning a         
birthday4 ,it is also the old name for a
 carol sung in praise of the            
,incarnation4  ,nunc ,dimittis4--,the   
,latin title for the ,song of ,simeon1  
meaning ,now lettest ,thou 7,thy        
servant7 depart 7in peace71 which is    
sung after the ,second ,lesson at       
,evening ,prayer in praise of the       
manifestation of the ,incarnate ,word4  
,it is to be found in ,st4 ,luke        
#b3bi-cb4 ,the ,nunc ,dimittis has been 
so used throughout the ,church from the 
earliest ages1 being mentioned in the   
,apostolical ,constitutions 7written in 
the early part of the ,fifth ,century7  
as an ,evening ,canticle4 ,there are    
,english versions of it as early as the 
,fourteenth ,century4 ,when the         
,american ,prayer ,book was set forth in
 #aghi1 this beautiful hymn1 for some   
reason1 was omitted1 but always to the  

regret of intelligent and devout ,church
 people4 ,when1 however1 the ,prayer    
,book was revised in #ahib the ,nunc    
,dimittis was restored1 so that now this
 ancient song continues to gladden the  
hearts of the faithful and devout in the
 ,american ,church as it did the hearts 
of the faithful in the old time before  
them4 #aih    ,o   ,oblation4--,the act 
of offering the memorial of the ,body   
and ,blood of ,christ in the ,holy      
,eucharist1 as is done in the second    
paragraph of the ,prayer of             
,consecration1 entitled ,the ,oblation4 
,sometimes this name is given to the    
whole office4 ,the ,oblations are the   
,bread and ,wine placed on the ,altar at
 the ,offertory preparatory to their    
,consecration4  ,obligation1 ,days      
of4--7,see ,,days ,,of ,,obligation47   
,obsecrations4--,the three petitions of 
the ,litany beginning 7#a7 ,by the      
,mystery of ,thy ,holy ,incarnation1    
7#b7 ,by ,thine ,agony and ,bloody      
,sweat and 7#c7 ,in all time of our     

tribulation are called the              
,obsecrations1 or entreaties4 ,these    
petitions go on the principle that every
 several act of our ,lord's ,mediatorial
 ,life has its appropriate saving       
energy2 that virtue goes out of each1   
because each is the act of a ,divine    
,person and has a ,divine preciousness4 
7,see ,,litany47  ,occasional           
,offices4--,those services of the       
,prayer ,book which are not in constant 
use1 but used only as occasion may      
require1 such as the ,office for ,holy  
,matrimony1 the ,order for the ,burial  
of the ,dead1 the ,order for            
,confirmation1 the ,baptismal services1 
,visitation of the ,sick1 etc4          
,occasional ,prayers4--,the prayers set 
forth in the ,prayer ,book under the    
title1 ,prayers and ,thanksgivings upon 
several ,occasions1 such as the ,prayer 
for ,congress to be used during their   
session2 the prayer for a ,sick ,person2
 ,thanksgiving for ,recovery from       
,sickness1 etc41 which are read on      

request4 #aii  ,occurrence of ,holy     
,days4--,the coincidence of two or more 
,holy ,days falling on the same date4   
,when this happens1 the question arises 
which is to be observed1 which takes    
precedence4 ,the ancient rule may be    
illustrated by the following3 ,when the 
,first ,sunday in ,advent and ,st4      
,andrew's ,day fell on the same date the
 ,sunday took precedence and only the   
,collect for the ,saint's ,day was read2
 the ,fourth ,sunday in ,advent took    
precedence of ,st4 ,thomas ,day2 while  
the ,feasts of ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,john
 ,evangelist1 ,holy ,innocents1 and the 
,circumcision1 if any of these days     
occurred on the same date as the ,first 
,sunday after ,christmas1 the ,saint's  
,day and also the ,circumcision took    
precedence of the ,sunday4 ,a good      
,church ,almanac will give the needed   
information concerning the ,occurrence  
of ,holy ,days which takes place during 
the year4  ,octave4--,the eighth day    
after a ,festival4 ,the intervening days

 are said to be of or within its ,octave
 and partake of the character of the    
,festival4 ,the only ,feasts mentioned  
in the ,prayer ,book1 having an ,octave 
as of obligation are ,christmas1        
,easter1 ,ascension and ,whitsun ,day1  
each being honored with a ,proper       
,preface in the ,communion ,office which
 is to be used each day during the week4
 ,trinity ,sunday was formerly the      
,octave of ,whitsun ,day1 and probably  
for this reason its ,proper ,preface is 
not repeated during the week4           
,offertory1 ,the4--,that portion of the 
,communion service during which the alms
 of the people1 and the ,bread and the  
,wine are received and solemnly         
presented on the ,altar4 ,the word      
offertory is often #bjj wrongly applied 
to the offerings1 a mistake which should
 be carefully avoided4 ,it is to be     
noted that ,the ,offertory is an        
important part of worship4 ,it is not an
 impertinence1 but stands in the line of
 duties along side of prayer and        

singing4 ,to give money each time you go
 to church1 and in the appointed way    
will bring blessings from ,god4 ,pew    
rent is not giving in this sense1 any   
more than paying the butter bill or for 
a seat at the opera house4 ,we refer to 
the offering to ,god for religious or   
charitable purposes1 regularly through  
the ,offertory in church4 ,so your alms 
will go up with your prayers as a       
memorial before ,god4  ,offertory       
,sentences4--,in the old ,liturgies     
there was formerly a short anthem after 
the ,gospel1 called ,offertorium2 for   
this in our ,liturgy has been           
substituted the ,offertory ,sentences1  
being short selections from ,holy       
,scripture setting forth instructions1  
injunctions and exhortations to the     
great duty of giving2 setting before us 
the necessity of performing it and the  
manner of doing it4  ,office4--,the term
 office1 in ecclesiastical usage1 means 
a formulary of devotions2 a form of     
service appointed for a particular      

occasion2 a prescribed form or act of   
worship2 thus the ,daily ,morning and   
,evening ,prayer are called the ,daily  
,offices4 ,the word is commonly used of 
the various services set forth in the   
,prayer ,book1 as ,baptismal ,office1   
,communion ,office1 etc4  ,open         
,churches4--7,see ,,free ,,and ,,open   
,,churches47  ,ordain1                  
,ordination4--,the act of setting apart 
to the ,sacred ,ministry and whereby    
#bja the grace of ,orders is conferred4 
,the right or power to ordain belongs   
solely to the ,bishop and this he does  
with prayer and ,laying on of ,hands4   
7,see ,,imposition ,,of ,,hands47 ,the  
times of ,ordination prescribed by      
,canon ,law are the ,sundays after the  
,,ember ,,days 7which see74 ,these      
became the settled times of ,ordination 
as early as the ,fourth or ,fifth       
,century4 ,but the ,bishops are         
privileged to ordain at other times if  
necessity require4  ,order4--,the word  
,order as used in the ,prayer ,book     

means regulation or ordinance1 according
 to its derivation from the ,latin word 
ordo4 ,this is seen in the title of the 
,communion ,office which reads1 ,the    
,order for the ,administration of the   
,lord's ,supper1 or ,holy ,communion1   
i4e41 the prescribed way in which the   
,holy ,communion shall be celebrated4   
,so1 also1 of all other services2 the   
,prayer ,book sets forth the order or   
manner in which they shall be           
ministered1 and such they are called4   
,orders1 ,holy4--7,see ,,holy ,,orders47
  ,ordinal1 ,the4--,the name given to   
that portion of the ,prayer ,book       
containing the ,offices for the         
consecration of ,bishops and the        
ordination of ,priests and ,deacons4    
,the ,ordinal being what it is1 is very 
properly prefaced with a statement of   
the witness of history to the fact that 
from the ,apostles' time there have been
 these ,orders of ,ministers in         
,christ's ,church--,bishops1 ,priests   
and ,deacons4 ,it is interesting to note

 that our ,ordinal was not taken word   
for word from the ,roman ,pontifical1   
but was framed on the comprehensive and 
broad ground of all known forms and     
manners of ,ordination used in all      
branches of the #bjb ,catholic ,church4 
,the ,ordinal is also sometimes called  
,the ,pontifical4  ,ordinary4--,the name
 given to the ,bishop of the ,diocese1  
or other ecclesiastical authority who   
has ordinary jurisdiction4              
,organizations1 ,church4--,the ,american
 church is not simply a teaching and    
worshipping body1 but it is also a      
working organization4 ,its activities   
reach out in all directions and touch   
almost every conceivable need4 ,besides 
its well organized ,dioceses and        
,parishes which are working with such   
effectiveness in their several          
localities1 there are many other        
organizations enlisting the cooperation 
of ,churchmen everywhere4 ,there are the
 general ,institutions1 such as the     
,general ,theological ,seminary1 the    

,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary      
,society1 the ,woman's ,auxiliary1 the  
,american ,church ,building ,fund       
,commission1 ,free and ,open ,church    
,association1 the ,prayer-book          
,distribution ,society1 the ,brotherhood
 of ,st4 ,andrew1 the ,girls' ,friendly 
,society1 the ,fund for ,relief of      
,widows and ,orphans of ,deceased       
,clergymen and of the ,aged and ,infirm 
and ,disabled ,clergymen1 the ,daughters
 of the ,king2 all of which are treated 
of under their proper heads4 ,other     
organizations are ,the ,society for the 
,increase of the ,ministry1 the         
,evangelical ,education ,society1 the   
,american ,church ,missionary ,society1 
,society for ,promoting ,christianity   
among the ,jews1 the ,guild of ,st4     
,barnabas for ,nurses2 ,church          
,temperance ,society2 ,missions among   
,deaf ,mutes2 etc4 ,besides these1 there
 are religious ,orders1 ,church ,clubs1 
,sisterhoods1 many ,charity and         
,hospital organizations2 and while this 

enumeration does #bjc not include all   
the various organizations that are at   
work1 yet these are given that the      
reader may form some idea of what this  
,church is doing and how fully she      
enlists the cooperation of the laity in 
her general work4  ,organs4--,musical   
instruments have been used in the       
worship of ,god from the time when1     
after the passage of the ,red ,sea1     
,moses and ,miriam sang their song of   
praise accompanied by timbrels4 ,the    
worship of the ,temple was noted for the
 great number and variety of musical    
instruments employed in it4 ,as to when 
organs were first brought into use1 it  
is not clearly known1 but it is recorded
 that about the year #gff ,constantius  
,copronymus1 ,emperor of                
,constantinople1 sent an organ as a     
present to ,king ,pepin of ,france4     
,soon after ,charlemagne's time organs  
became common4 ,in the ,eleventh        
,century a monk named ,theophilus wrote 
a curious treatise on organ-building4   

,but it was not until the ,fifteenth    
,century that the organ began to be     
anything like the noble instrument which
 it now is1 the most comprehensive and  
important of all wind instruments4      
,orientation4--,the name given to the   
act of turning to the east or ,altar as 
an act of faith and worship in the      
,church service4 7,see ,,east1 ,,turning
 ,,to47 ,it is also an architectural    
term used in reference to church        
buildings running east and west4        
,ornaments4--,by ornaments is meant the 
necessary furniture of the church for   
the proper conduct of divine service1   
and the vestments to be worn by the     
clergy4 ,in this the ,church of the     
present day is largely guided by what is
 called the ,ornaments #bjd ,rubric of  
the ,english ,prayer-book4 ,according to
 this it would seem that among the      
necessary ornaments for the proper      
furnishing of the church are the        
following3 the ,altar1 with its cross1  
candlesticks and coverings2 ,paten and  

,chalice2 ,cruets1 ,font and ,pulpit2   
and that the necessary vestments of the 
,priest are the chasuble1 alb and       
girdle1 stole1 surplice1 cope2 for the  
,bishop the same with the addition of   
the rochette1 mitre and ,pastoral staff4
  ,orphrey4--,a band of embroidery used 
to ornament the vestments4              
,orthodox4--,in accordance with the     
doctrine of the ,church2 holding fast   
the ,faith once delivered to the        
,saints4 ,the ,faith has been defined by
 the ,ecumenical ,councils as set forth 
in the ,creeds which ought thoroughly to
 be received and believed1 for they may 
be proved by most certain warrants of   
,holy ,scripture 7,,viii ,article of    
,religion74    ,p    ,pall4--,a square  
card1 the upper side of which is covered
 with silk the color of the ,church     
,season and underneath with linen1      
loosely stitched so as to be readily    
removed in order to be washed4 ,it is   
used to cover the ,chalice when the     
,holy ,eucharist is celebrated4  ,palm  

,sunday4--,the ,sixth ,sunday in ,lent1 
the first day in ,holy ,week4 ,it       
commemorates the entry of our ,lord into
 ,jerusalem when the people strewed #bje
 the way with palm branches and cried1  
,hosanna to the ,son of ,david4 ,it was 
formerly customary for worshippers to   
appear on this day in procession        
carrying in their hands palms1 or yew or
 willow branches1 which were blessed    
before the beginning of the ,communion  
,service4 ,on ,palm ,sunday the ,church 
has always begun to set before ,god and 
man the ,gospel account of the ,passion 
of our ,lord1 that by ,st4 ,matthew     
being read on this day4 7,see ,,lent1   
,,sundays ,,in47  ,paraclete4--,another 
name for the ,holy ,ghost1 signifying   
one who is invoked to aid or comfort4   
,it was this word our ,lord used when   
,he said1 ,i will send you another      
,comforter1 i4e41 ,paraclete4           
,elsewhere1 the word is also translated 
,advocate4  ,paradise4--,the place where
 the souls of the righteous dwell during

 the ,,intermediate ,,state 7which see74
 ,the name is also applied to the happy 
abode of ,adam and ,eve before the      
,fall4  ,parish4--,the term ,parish as  
used in the ,american ,church signifies 
a local congregation having a church    
building1 and duly organized under the  
title of ,rector1 ,wardens and          
,vestrymen4 ,it is always given a name1 
such as ,st4 ,john's1 ,christ ,church1  
,trinity1 etc4 ,it is competent for any 
number of persons1 usually not less than
 ten1 to associate themselves together  
to form a ,parish4 ,in the articles of  
association1 the ,parish acknowledges   
and accedes to the ,constitution1       
,canons1 ,doctrines1 ,discipline and    
,worship of the ,protestant ,episcopal  
,church in the ,diocese in which it is  
located4 ,if on presentation of these   
articles1 the ,council or ,convention of
 the ,diocese gives its consent1 the    
,parish shall be accounted duly         
established4 #bjf  ,the word is derived 
from the ,greek ,paroikia1 and was      

originally used to designate the sphere 
of a ,bishop's jurisdiction as          
distinguished from that of an           
,archbishop1 but when the former was    
gradually parcelled out into smaller    
portions these began to be called       
,parishes4  ,parish ,house4--,by reason 
of the growing activities of the        
,american ,church1 it is found necessary
 to have some building other than the   
church where the active and sometimes   
secular work of the ,parish can be      
carried on1 a place where societies1    
guilds1 schools1 etc41 can have their   
own proper workshop4 ,such building is  
called the ,parish ,house1 and is       
absolutely necessary for any active and 
growing ,parish4  ,parish ,register4--,a
 book in which all births4 ,baptisms1   
,confirmations1 deaths1 and marriages   
that occur in the ,parish are recorded1 
together with the list of ,families and 
,communicants4 ,the importance of the   
,parish ,register and the care with     
which it should be kept will appear when

 it is considered that it is a legal    
document4  ,parishioner4--,one who      
belongs to a ,parish4 ,the ,parish      
partakes of the character of the people 
who compose it2 if they are earnest and 
devoted1 loyal and true to the ,church's
 appointments1 the ,parish is sure to be
 prosperous4 ,in other words1 the       
,church lives as they who are of it     
live4 ,it is vital with their vitality4 
,it is a live body as they are live     
,christians4 ,thus the success of a     
,parish is not wholly dependent on the  
,rector1 but on the people as well4     
,parochial ,mission4--7,see ,,mission1  
,,parochial47  ,parson4--,the old name  
used in ,england for the #bjg rector or 
incumbent of a parish4 ,parson and      
person are the same word1 being derived 
from the ,latin ,persona4 ,the ,parson  
is so called1 as ,blackstone tells us1  
because by his person the ,church which 
is an invisible body1 is represented4   
,paschal4--,pertaining to ,easter1 from 
the fact that the original name of the  

,festival was ,pascha1 i4e41 the        
,passover4  ,passion4--,meaning         
suffering1 and is used almost           
exclusively of our ,lord's sufferings1  
as expressed in the article of the      
,creed1 ,suffered under ,pontius        
,pilate1 was crucified1 dead1 and       
buried4  ,passion ,sunday4--,the ,fifth 
,sunday in ,lent is so called because on
 this day our ,lord began to make open  
prediction of ,his sufferings1 and in   
her round of worship the ,church begins 
the solemn commemoration of ,his        
,passion and ,death4 7,see ,,lent1      
,,sundays ,,in47  ,passion ,tide4--,the 
name given to the last two weeks of     
,lent beginning with the ,fifth ,sunday 
in ,lent1 during which our ,lord's      
,passion and ,death are commemorated4   
,passion ,week4--,the week before ,holy 
,week4 ,this name should not be applied 
to the last week of ,lent1 which is     
properly called ,holy ,week1 or as      
called by the primitive ,christians1 the
 ,great ,week4  ,pastor4--,a ,latin word

 meaning ,shepherd4 ,christ having      
called ,himself the ,good ,shepherd1 or 
,good ,pastor1 the name has been assumed
 for ,his ,ministers4 ,they bear the    
same relation to the ,flock over which  
they are placed4 ,a ,pastor is a        
,teacher1 ,guide1 ,exemplar1 ,friend1   
,administrator4 ,he deals with #bjh     
individuals4 ,his intercourse is        
personal4 ,his offices are for all and  
for each4 ,pastorship includes many and 
varied offices1--,minister1 ,rector1    
,preacher1 ,priest1 but all offices and 
all labors have reference to men's      
spiritual interests4 ,he who is a       
,pastor has the cure1 i4 e41 care1      
charge of men's souls4 ,pastorship1     
therefore1 is a very sacred as well as a
 very responsible office4 ,it is well to
 note that a minister is not a ,pastor  
simply because he is ordained2 besides  
the ,divine call and ,divine appointment
 in ordination1 there is also the call  
from the people to define that number of
 souls over which the charge is to be   

exercised4 ,this is brought out in the  
,office of ,institution of ,ministers   
into ,parishes or ,churches1 to be found
 in the ,prayer-book4  ,pastoral        
,letter4--,a letter issued by the       
,rector of a ,parish1 or by the ,bishop 
of the ,diocese on some subject         
affecting the welfare of the ,church in 
its devotions or work4 ,perhaps the most
 important of such ,pastoral ,letters is
 that which is issued by the ,house of  
,bishops at the close of each ,general  
,convention1 touching on grave questions
 of the day or on the prospects of the  
,church throughout the nation1 and which
 is required by canon to be read in all 
the churches4  ,pastoral ,staff4--,a    
staff used by a ,bishop1 as an ensign of
 his office1 at all public ,episcopal   
,ministrations4 ,it is generally borne  
by his chaplain4 ,the ,pastoral ,staff  
is made in the shape of a shepherd's    
crook and is frequently given to the    
,bishop at his consecration1 to denote  
that he is then constituted a shepherd  

over the ,flock of ,christ4 ,this use of
 the #bji ,pastoral ,staff comes down to
 us from the most ancient times4        
,paten4--,the plate1 made of precious   
metal1 on which the ,bread is           
consecrated at the ,holy ,communion and 
from which it is administered to the    
communicants4 ,when properly made1 the  
lower part of the ,paten will fit into  
or over the edge of the chalice4 ,the   
word is derived from the ,latin1 ,patena
 or the ,greek1 ,patane1 meaning a flat1
 open dish4 7,see ,,vessels1 ,,sacred47 
,paul1 ,conversion of ,saint4--,a feast 
of the ,church observed on ,january     
#beth1 in memory of the ,conversion of  
,st4 ,paul1 through whose preaching ,god
 caused the ,light of the ,gospel to    
shine throughout the world4 ,st4 ,paul  
is not commemorated as the other        
,apostles are1 by his death or          
martyrdom1 but as stated above1 by his  
,conversion because it was so wonderful 
in itself and was so important and      
beneficial to the ,church4 ,he labored  

more abundantly than they all4 ,while   
the other ,apostles had their particular
 fields of labor1 ,st4 ,paul had the    
care of all the churches and by his     
labors contributed very much to the     
propagation of the ,gospel throughout   
the world4 ,there are good reasons for  
believing that he extended his          
,apostolical labors even to the remote  
island of ,britain4 ,we find him        
described by two names1 ,saul and ,paul1
 the first being ,hebrew1 relating to   
his ,jewish origin and the other ,latin1
 assumed by him1 as some think1 at his  
conversion1 as an act of humility1      
styling himself less than the least of  
all saints4 ,st4 ,paul suffered         
martyrdom1 having been beheaded1 in the 
sixty-eighth year of his age1 at ,rome1 
under ,nero1 in the general #baj        
persecution of ,christians upon the     
pretense that they set fire to the city4
 ,it was from the instrument of his     
execution that the custom arose of      
representing him in ecclesiastical art  

with a sword in his hand4               
,penance4--,in the early ages of the    
,church the commission of grievous error
 in life or doctrine was1 punished by   
exclusion from the ,communion of the    
,church2 and in order to obtain         
readmission1 offenders were obliged to  
submit to a prescribed course of        
penitence4 ,the regulations as to the   
length and manner of this discipline    
varied in different times and in the    
several branches of the ,church2 the    
administration of it was chiefly in the 
hands of the ,bishops4 ,it is this godly
 discipline to which reference is had in
 the ,commination ,office in the        
,prayer-book of the ,church of ,england1
 and which is used until the said       
discipline may be restored again1 which 
is much to be wished4 ,penance is also  
regarded as one of the lesser           
,sacraments4  ,penitential ,office4--,an
 office of deep devotion and contrition 
to be used on ,ash ,wednesday1 which was
 added to the ,prayer-book at its last  

revision in #ahib4 ,its place in the    
service is during the latter part of the
 ,litany4 ,it may be used on other days 
at the discretion of the minister4 7,see
 ,,ash ,,wednesday47  ,penitential      
,psalms4--,being the #fth1 #cb;d1 #chth1
 #east1 #ajb;d1 #acjth and #adc;d       
,psalms of ,david1 all of which are read
 during the services on ,,ash           
,,wednesday 7which see74 ,there are no  
prayers more fitted for penitent sinners
 than the ,seven ,penitential ,psalms1  
if we enter into the feelings of        
compunction1 #baa love1 devotedness and 
confidence with which the ,royal        
,psalmist was penetrated4 ,the purport  
of each psalm may be briefly stated as  
follows3  ,psalm #f exhibits a sinner in
 earnest and hearty prayer after having 
sinned1 with assured hope and confidence
 in the mercy of ,god4  ,psalm #cb shows
 how a sinner is brought to understand  
his sins1 to confess and bewail them and
 obtain remission4  ,psalm #ch1 in which
 the penitent earnestly prays to ,god to

 pardon his sins and mitigate his       
punishment4  ,psalm #ea shows the great 
sorrow of a sinner for his sins4  ,psalm
 #ajb shows how a sinner in affliction  
of mind prays to ,god and derives       
comfort from ,his help and goodness4    
,psalm #acj shows how a sinner in       
tribulation cries to ,god for           
deliverance2 while  ,psalm #adc may be  
used in any spiritual or temporal       
tribulation4  ,pentecost4--,the ,greek  
name for the ,feast of ,weeks in the    
,jewish ,church4 ,the word means        
fiftieth1 the ,feast being fifty days   
after the ,feast of the ,passover4      
,whitsun ,day is so called1 being       
observed fifty days after ,easter1 the  
,christian ,passover1 and because it was
 on the ,day of ,pentecost that the     
,holy ,ghost was given4 7,see ,,whitsun 
,,day47  ,peter1 festival of ,saint4--,a
 ,holy ,day of the ,church observed on  
,june #bith in honor of the ,apostle    
,saint ,peter1 and is one of the oldest 
of ,christian ,festivals1 having been   

traced back to the ,second ,century4    
,st4 ,peter was one of the first two    
disciples #bab whom our ,lord called4   
,his original name was ,simon or        
,simeon1 which was changed into ,cephas1
 which in the ,syrian language1         
signifies a stone or rock2 from this it 
was derived into the ,greek ,petros1 and
 so termed by us ,peter4 ,this new name 
was to denote the firmness and constancy
 which ,st4 ,peter should manifest in   
preaching the ,gospel and in            
establishing the ,church4 ,he has left  
two ,epistles which appear in the ,new  
,testament as the ,first and ,second    
,epistles ,general of ,st4 ,peter4 ,it  
is said that his later years were spent 
at ,rome where he was crucified with his
 head downwards1 on the hill where the  
,vatican now stands1 on the same day1   
,june #bith 7as is generally believed7  
that ,st4 ,paul was beheaded ,a4,d4 #fc4
 ,in ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,peter is  
variously represented1 with a key in his
 hand2 with a key and church2 with keys 

and cross2 in chains and in prison1 etc4
  ,philip 7,st47 and ,st4 ,james'       
,day4--,a ,festival observed on ,may    
#ast in memory of two ,apostles of our  
,lord1 ,st4 ,philip and ,st4 ,james4    
,the reason for coupling together the   
names of these two ,apostles is not     
quite clear1 but it may be taken as an  
illustration of the manner in which our 
,lord sent forth ,his ,apostles1 two and
 two4 ,st4 ,philip was a native of      
,bethsaida1 a town bordering on the ,sea
 of ,tiberias and was one of the first  
of our ,lord's disciples and was ,his   
constant companion and follower4 ,he    
brought ,nathanael1 a person of great   
note and eminence1 to the knowledge of  
the ,messiah2 and it was to ,st4 ,philip
 that certain ,greeks went with the     
request1 ,sir1 we would see ,jesus4 ,st4
 ,philip is said to have carried the    
,gospel to ,northern ,asia1 where by his
 #bac preaching and miracles he made    
many converts2 his name has also been   
connected with the ,church in ,russia4  

,he suffered martyrdom at ,hieropolis1 a
 city of ,phrygia1 where he was         
crucified and stoned on the cross4 ,in  
ecclesiastical art ,st4 ,philip is      
variously represented2 with a basket in 
his hand2 with two loaves and a cross2  
with a tall cross and book1 etc4 ,for   
notice of ,st4 ,james see article on    
,james 7,st47 the ,less4  ,piscina4--,a 
stone basin with a drain pipe to carry  
off water used in the ablutions of the  
sacred vessels at the celebration of the
 ,holy ,eucharist4  ,plain ,song4--,the 
name given to the ancient music with    
which the ,church service was rendered4 
,thus ,blunt in the ,annotated          
,prayer-book1 speaking of ,church music 
says1 ,in the remodeling of our ,english
 services1 the great aim was not to     
discard1 but to utilize the ancient     
plain song1 to adapt it to the          
translated offices1 to restore it to    
something more of its primitive         
'plainness1' to rid it of its modern    
corruptions1 its wearisome ornaments and

 flourishes so that the ,priest's part1 
on the one hand1 might be intelligible  
and distinct1 not veiled in a dense     
cloud of unmeaning notes1 and the       
people's part made so easy and          
straightforward as to render their      
restored participation in the public    
worship of the ,sanctuary at once       
practicable and pleasurable4  ,post     
,communion4--,the name given to that    
portion of the ,communion ,office which 
is read after all have communicated1 and
 is the giving of thanks for the grace  
received4  ,postulant4--,the canonical  
name for one who #bad desires to become 
a ,candidate for ,holy ,orders and whose
 name is entered by the ,bishop upon the
 list of ,postulants1 as required by    
,canon #b1 ,title ,i of the ,digest4 ,a 
,postulant having been duly received may
 afterwards be recommended by the       
,standing ,committee of the ,diocese1 to
 the ,bishop for admission as a         
,candidate for ,holy ,orders4  ,postures
 in ,public ,worship4--,the principles  

involved in the postures to be taken in 
,public ,worship are set forth in the   
article on ,,kneeling 7which see74      
,while to the stranger in the ,church   
the various postures taken in the       
services seem complicated1 yet the rule 
for them is very simple1 which is this3 
,we stand in praise1 kneel in prayer and
 are seated during the hearing of the   
,word4  ,prayer4--,prayer has been      
defined as the soul's converse with     
,god1 or communion with ,god in         
devotional exercises1 and may be said to
 be a universally recognized necessity  
in the life of man4 ,but prayer involves
 much more than simply asking for       
certain things1 which seems to be the   
common conception of this duty4         
,properly speaking1 prayer consists of  
five parts1 as follows3    #a4          
,adoration       #b4 ,thanksgiving _/   
which concern ,gods glory4   #c4        
,confession    #d4 ,petition   _/ which 
concern our individual needs4   #e4     
,intercession1 which concerns the needs 

of others4  ,the efficacy of prayer     
rests on the ,mediation of ,christ1 and 
its warrant is to be found in the words1
 ,ask and it shall be given you2 seek   
and ye shall #bae find2 knock and it    
shall be opened unto you4 ,god our      
,father has promised to hear the        
petitions of those who ask in ,his      
,son's ,name1 and who faithfully call   
upon ,him and we know that ,his promise 
cannot fail4 ,there are many remarkable 
instances of the power of prayer to be  
found both in the ,old and the ,new     
,testaments1 as well1 also1 in the lives
 of many earnest and faithful men who1  
in this present time1 continue instant  
in prayer4  ,prayer ,book1 ,the4--,the  
title of our manual of devotions is ,the
 ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,it is called
 ,common ,prayer1 because it is to be   
used by the ,congregation in ,public    
,worship1 and is thus distinguished from
 prayer in private4 ,as such it         
comprehends the needs1 feelings and     
devotions common to all4 ,the efficacy  

of ,common ,prayer consists in its being
 a united service and to this end arises
 the necessity of a prescribed form4    
,such prescribed form had its origin in 
the ,christian ,church from the very    
earliest ages1 and so early were        
,liturgies introduced that four of them 
are mentioned under the names of ,st4   
,peter1 ,st4 ,mark1 ,st4 ,james and ,st4
 ,john4 7,see ,,liturgies47 ,liturgies  
thus became an inherent feature of the  
,christian ,church1 and wherever it was 
planted its worship was according to    
such prescribed form4 ,thus when        
,christianity was introduced into       
,britain we find a ,liturgy in use there
 from the beginning4 ,this ,liturgy     
continued in use1 although varying in   
many details in different dioceses1     
until it was superseded by the ,book of 
,offices set forth by ,osmund1 ,bishop  
of ,salisbury1 in ,a4,d4 #ajgh1 known as
 the ,sarum ,use4 ,this was adopted with
 little variation by #baf most of the   
,churches of the ,kingdom4 ,but         

gradually the ,public ,offices became   
defaced by the innovations and          
corruptions of ,rome2 these1 however1   
were expunged at the time of the        
,reformation and the ,book of ,common   
,prayer was set forth4 ,the ,prayer-book
 as we now have it is the result of a   
long period of study and legislation4   
,it is to be noticed that it was not the
 object of the ,english ,reformers to   
create something new1 to introduce      
innovations1 but simply to exclude      
errors and corruptions4 ,to this end1   
they retained those portions of the     
ancient ,formularies which were         
sanctioned by the ,holy ,scriptures and 
by primitive usage4 ,the first practical
 result of this movement is seen in the 
,first ,prayer-book of ,edward ,,vi set 
forth in ,english1 and which was        
publicly used on ,whitsun ,day1 ,june   
#ith1 #aedi4 ,afterwards many other     
revisions took place1 until the ,english
 ,prayer-book1 as it practically is now1
 was set forth in #affb2 since which    

time only a few and unimportant changes 
have been made4 ,the ,american          
,prayer-book1 adapted from the ,english 
,book was set forth and ratified        
,october #afth1 #aghi1 and afterwards   
revised in #ahhc-ahib1 as it now stands4
 7,see ,,responsive ,,service1 ,,forms1 
also ,,scriptures ,,in ,,prayerbook47   
,prayers for the ,dead4--,prayers for   
the departed are in accordance with the 
devout instinct and loving heart of man1
 and are sanctioned by all the          
,liturgies of the ,primitive ,church4   
,in these we find that the              
commemorations of the departed were not 
only general commemorations1 but that   
names of persons who were to be prayed  
for were read out from the ,,diptychs   
#bag 7which see74 ,the devout mind does 
not argue about ,prayers for the ,dead1 
he prays them4    ,how can ,i cease to  
pray for thee8 ,somewhere     ,in ,god's
 great universe thou art to-day4    ,can
 ,he not reach thee with ,his tender    
care8     ,can ,he not hear me when for 

thee ,i pray8  ,precentor4--,the name   
given to the choirmaster2 one who is    
director of the music in a choir4       
,pre-,lenten ,season4--,the name        
commonly given to the weeks preceding   
,lent covered by the three ,sundays     
entitled1 ,septuagesima1 ,sexagesima and
 ,quinquagesima4 ,the ,season is so     
called because the services on these    
,sundays are intended to prepare us for 
the due observance of ,lent4 7,see      
,,septuagesima47  ,presbyter4--,the     
original word for ,elder in the ,new    
,testament is ,presbuteros1 shortened in
 ,english to ,presbyter2 further        
shortened to ,prester1 and finally to   
,,priest 7which see1 also ,,elder74     
,presentation of ,christ4--,a ,festival 
of the ,church observed on ,february #b4
 ,it is a double ,festival as we learn  
from its title which reads1 ,the        
,presentation of ,christ in the ,temple1
 commonly called the ,purification of   
,saint ,mary the ,virgin4 ,this         
connection1 says ,blunt1 of the two     

events is1 doubtless1 to show the close 
relation which the acts of the ,blessed 
,virgin bore to the ,incarnation of our 
,lord2 and that she is most honored by  
associating her with her divine ,son4   
,the ,festival is popularly called      
,,candlemas 7which see74 ,it is the     
fortieth day after ,christmas1 that     
being the period at which the rites of  
,purification and ,presentation were    
enjoined by the ,law4 #bah  ,presiding  
,bishop4--,the name given to the ,senior
 ,bishop by consecration of the         
,american ,church1 who presides in the  
,house of ,bishops and in the ,general  
,convention when both ,houses meet as   
one body4 ,when the ,convention is not  
in session he acts as ,primate of the   
,american ,church4 ,following is the    
list of those ,bishops who have acted as
    ,presiding ,bishops3                
#a--;,bishop ,seabury from ,nov4 #ad1   
#aghd1 to ,feb4 #be1 #agif4             
#b--;,bishop ,white from ,feb4 #be1     
#agif to ,july #ag1 #ahcf4              

#c--;,bishop ,griswold from ,july #ag1  
#ahcf1 to ,feb4 #af1 #ahdb4             
#d--;,bishop ,chase from ,feb4 #af1     
#ahdb1 to ,sept4 #bj1 #aheb4            
#e--;,bishop ,brownell from ,sept4 #bj1 
#aheb1 to ,jan4 #ac1 #ahfe4             
#f--;,bishop ,hopkins from ,jan4 #ac1   
#ahfe1 to ,jan4 #i1 #ahfh4              
#g--;,bishop ,smith from ,jan4 #i1      
#ahfh1 to ,may #ca1 #ahhd4              
#h--;,bishop ,lee from ,may #ca1 #ahhd  
to ,april #ab1 #ahhg4    #i--;,bishop   
,williams from ,april #ab1 #ahhg to     
,feb4 #g1 #ahii4   #aj--;,bishop ,clark 
from ,feb4 #g1 #ahii4  ,priest4--,the   
shortened form for ,presbyter4 ,the     
title of the second ,order of the       
,ministry4 ,his chief duties are to     
offer the ,holy ,sacrifice in the       
,eucharist1 to administer ,baptism1 to  
give absolution1 to give the ,priestly  
,blessing at ,marriages1 ,churchings1   
and at other services of the ,church3 in
 fact1 to exercise every sacred function
 which is not properly or exclusively   

,episcopal1 that is1 belonging to the   
,bishop4 7,see ,,presbyter1 also        
,,elder47  ,primate4--,the name given to
 a ,metropolitan or ,archbishop who is  
the presiding ,bishop of a ,national    
,church4  ,prime4--,one of the seven    
,,canonical ,,hours 7which see74 #bai   
,prisoners4--7,see ,,visitation ,,of    
,,prisoners47  ,private ,baptism4--7,see
 ,,baptism1 ,,private47                 
,proanaphora4--,a more ,churchly name   
for the introductory parts of the       
,communion ,office1 commonly called     
,ante ,communion4 ,properly speaking1   
the ,proanaphoral service includes all  
that portion of the ,communion service  
which precedes the ,sursum ,corda1 ,lift
 up your hearts4  ,pro-,cathedral4--,a  
,parish ,church used for ,cathedral or  
,diocesan purposes1 but without the     
formation of a legal ,cathedral         
organization and without a ,cathedral   
chapter4  ,procession of the ,holy      
,ghost4--,the word ,procession is used  
to express the relation in the ,blessed 

,trinity between the ,father and the    
,holy ,ghost4 ,as we believe that the   
,son is eternally begotten of the       
,father1 so we believe that the ,holy   
,ghost is a ,person eternally proceeding
 from the ,father1 as set forth in the  
article of the ,creed1 ,who proceedeth  
from the ,father and the ,son4 ,the     
words and the ,son were added later1 and
 the article is generally interpreted as
 meaning that the ,holy ,ghost emanates 
from the ,father through the ,son1 and  
therefore proceeds from both2 or as an  
ancient writer expressed it1 ,always    
hath the ,spirit proceeded from the     
,father and received of the ,son4 7,see 
,,holy ,,ghost1 also ,,filioque47       
,processional ,cross4--,the standard    
,cross borne in front of a procession of
 ,choir and ,clergy as they enter or go 
out of the church4 ,this method of      
entering the church is a very old custom
 and still prevails where the choir is  
vested4 #bbj  ,proper ,lessons4--,the   
portions of ,scripture from the ,old and

 ,new ,testaments appointed to be read  
on a ,sunday or ,holy ,day at ,morning  
and ,evening ,prayer4 ,the word ,proper 
as thus used is intended to indicate    
that the ,lesson is appropriate to the  
,sunday or ,holy ,day and is to be read 
on that day instead of the ,lesson      
appointed for the ,daily ,office4 7,see 
,,lectionary1 also ,,lesson47  ,proper  
,preface4--,the ,preface is that portion
 of the ,communion ,office1 beginning   
with the words ,lift up your hearts1    
immediately preceding the ,,ter         
,,sanctus 7which see71 and the ,proper  
,preface contains the additional words  
set forth to emphasize the great ,truths
 commemorated on certain ,high          
,festivals1 namely1 ,christmas ,day1    
,easter ,day1 ,ascension ,day1 ,whitsun 
,day and ,trinity ,sunday4  ,proper     
,psalms4--,certain great days of the    
,church are so important in the truths  
they set forth1 the ,church hath thought
 good to order that all ,holy           
,scriptures that can possibly be used in

 illustration thereof shall be read on  
those days4 ,thus in addition to the    
,proper ,lessons there are also ,proper 
,psalms1 and the days for which they are
 appointed with the number of the       
,psalms to be read are to be found in   
the ,table prefixed to the ,psalter in  
the ,prayer-book4  ,protestant4--,a name
 given to certain persons who protested 
against a law made by the ,emperor      
,charles ,v and his ,diet in #aebi4 ,the
 name is commonly applied to what are   
known as ,evangelical ,denominations1 as
 opposed to ,romanism4 ,but as so many  
,heretics1 ,atheists1 ,free-thinkers and
 ,nothingarians are included under the  
name ,protestant1 the word is going #bba
 out of use among ,church-people1 having
 lost much of its proper meaning4       
,protestant ,episcopal4--7,see          
,,american ,,church47  ,provinces4--,the
 name given to certain grouping together
 of two or more ,dioceses for the more  
convenient management of the work and   
legislation of the ,church4 ,the chief  

or presiding ,bishop of the ,province is
 generally the ,bishop of the metropolis
 or chief city and therefore he is      
styled ,metropolitan1 and also          
,archbishop4 ,in ,england the ,church is
 divided into two ,provinces1           
,canterbury and ,york4 ,the ,church in  
the ,united ,states is practically only 
one ,province4 ,but the growth and      
increase of the ,church here have been  
so great1 it is being found more and    
more necessary to seek a proper division
 into ,provinces1 and steps have already
 been taken to this end4  ,psalter1     
,the4--,the name given to the ,book of  
,psalms as set forth in the ,prayer-book
 for use in ,public ,worship4 ,the      
,psalms were originally set forth to be 
sung1 not said1 and this is the only    
proper way of rendering them in the     
,church's service4 ,the colon to be     
found in each verse of the ,psalter is  
put there to facilitate chanting them4  
,the present method of reading the      
,psalter arose simply from lack of      

musical facilities in the early days of 
the ,church in this country2 and because
 this method still prevails in many     
places1 the average ,churchman thinks   
this is the proper way of rendering     
them4 ,this is a mistake1 and in many   
parishes this mistake has been          
corrected2 the ,psalter for the day     
being sung just as the detached ,psalms1
 such as the ,venite1 ,jubilate1 etc41  
are sung4 ,it is to be noted that the   
version of the ,psalter #bbb is not that
 of the ,authorized ,version of #afaa1  
but that of the ,great ,bible of #aedj4 
,this was retained in the ,prayer-book  
because the people had become familiar  
with it1 and because it is more         
rhythmical and suited to chanting4 ,the 
,psalter is divided into sixty portions 
to be used at ,daily ,morning and       
,evening ,prayer and is thus designed to
 be read through once a month4 7,see    
,,daily ,,prayer47  ,purification1      
,the4--7,see ,,presentation ,,of        
,,christ1 also ,,candlemas47            

,purificator4--,the name given to a     
small linen napkin used for wiping the  
sacred vessels after a ,celebration4    
,q   ,quadragesima4--,meaning fortieth2 
a name to be found in the ,prayer-book  
for the ,first ,sunday in ,lent1 because
 it occurs about forty days before      
,easter4  ,quadrilateral4--,the name    
commonly given to the summary of the    
declaration of the ,house of ,bishops   
made in the ,general ,convention held at
 ,chicago in #ahhf1 concerning the terms
 which they deemed to be a sufficient   
basis for the ,reunion of ,christendom1 
and which was reaffirmed by the         
,conference of ,bishops of the ,anglican
 ,communion1 held at ,lambeth ,palace1  
,england1 in ,july1 #ahhh4 ,this        
declaration is summarized under four    
heads as follows3  ,i4 ,the ,holy       
,scriptures of the ,old and ,new        
,testaments1 as containing all things   
necessary to #bbc salvation1 and as     
being the rule and ultimate standard of 
faith4  #b4 ,the ,apostles' ,creed1 as  

the ,baptismal ,symbol2 and the ,nicene 
,creed1 as the sufficient statement of  
the ,christian faith4  #c4 ,the two     
,sacraments ordained by ,christ         
,himself--,baptism and the ,supper of   
the ,lord--ministered with unfailing use
 of ,christ's words of ,institution1 and
 of the elements ordained by ,him4  #d4 
,the ,historic ,episcopate1 locally     
adapted in the methods of its           
administration to the varying needs of  
the nations and peoples called of ,god  
into the ,unity of ,his ,church4        
,qualifications for ,holy               
,orders4--,these are stated in the      
,preface to the ,ordinal set forth in   
the ,prayer-book as follows3 that the   
,candidate be of the age required by the
 ,canon in that case provided2 that he  
be a man of virtuous conversation and   
without crime2 and1 after examination   
and trial1 found to be sufficiently     
instructed in the ,holy ,scripture and  
otherwise learned as the ,canons        
require4 7,see ,,examination ,,for      

,,holy ,,orders47  ,quick4--,a word used
 in the ,creed and elsewhere in the     
,prayer-book1 being the old ,english    
word for the living as distinguished    
from the dead4  ,quicunque ,vult4--,the 
name given to the ,athanasian ,creed1   
from the first ,latin words with which  
it begins1 and meaning ,whosoever will4 
,the ,athanasian ,creed is not used in  
the ,american ,church1 but is found in  
the ,english ,prayer-book and is        
required to be said on certain          
,festivals4  ,quiet ,day4--,the name    
given to a day set apart #bbd for       
special devotions1 meditation and       
instruction for the members of a parish1
 or school or society4 ,there is always 
a celebration of the ,holy ,eucharist1  
hours of prayer with a meditation or    
instruction given by the ,priest1 with  
times of silent prayer and intercession4
 ,such days have been found to be very  
helpful in deepening the spiritual life1
 and are usually conducted by a ,priest 
well experienced in such work1 and who  

is specially invited for the purpose4   
,quinquagesima4--,the name given to the 
,sunday next before ,lent1 because it is
 the fiftieth day before ,easter2       
,quinquagesima meaning fiftieth4 7,see  
,,septuagesima47    ,r    ,rail4--7,see 
,,altar ,,rail47  ,ratification1        
,the4--,the ,american ,prayer-book      
having been set forth1 it was duly      
ratified by the action of the ,general  
,convention on ,october #afth1 #aghi1   
and the certificate of such ratification
 appears in every copy of the           
,prayer-book1 declaring it to be the    
,liturgy of this ,church1 and requiring 
that it be received as such by all the  
members of the same4  ,real             
,presence4--,the name given to the      
,church's doctrine concerning ,christ's 
,presence in the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the 
term ,real ,presence is intended to     
signify that the ,presence of our ,lord 
in this ,sacrament is a reality2 that   
while ,his ,presence is spiritual1 it is
 none the less real1 and not simply     

figurative4 ,the sacrament is not a mere
 sign or token of an absent #bbe        
,christ4 ,it is a great deal more4 ,as  
it is ,christ who invites1 bids and     
calls us to this ,feast and provides the
 spiritual food for it1 it would be     
strange indeed if we were uncertain     
whether ,he is there to receive us and  
to feed us2 and if ,he is present1 ,his 
,presence must be very real4 ,under the 
outward form of ,bread and ,wine we have
 the ,scriptural warrant to believe that
 the ,body and the ,blood of ,christ are
 given1 taken and received verily and   
indeed by the faithful in the ,lord's   
,supper1 to the strengthening and       
refreshing of their souls1--as declared 
in the ,church ,catechism and the       
,twenty-eighth ,article of ,religion4   
,being assured of this fact1 it is      
useless and only fruitful in doubt and  
perplexity1 to speculate upon the manner
 of this ,presence1 which is a ,mystery 
of the ,gospel2 as such the ,church has 
received and taught it1 but has never   

explained or defined4 ,this being the   
attitude of the ,church1 it will be our 
wisdom to say of this ,mystery3         
,christ was the ,word that spake it2    
,he took the ,bread and brake it1       
,and what that ,word did make it1       
,that ,i believe and take it4           
,reception into the ,church4--7,see     
,,baptism1 ,,private47                  
,recessional4--,the name given to the   
retiring of choir and clergy in due     
order after a church service4 ,some     
objection has been raised to this use of
 the word1 but as nothing better has    
been substituted for it1 the word       
continues in use4 #bbf  ,rector4--,the  
official title of the ,priest who has   
charge of a ,parish and as such is its  
ruler1 guide and director4 ,the word    
means one who rules4 ,like other        
organizations1 the ,parish must have a  
head1 and by the canons of the ,church1 
the ,rector is head of the ,parish4 ,as 
such he is ex officio head of all its   
organizations4 ,he is the presiding     

officer at all ,vestry meetings1        
superintendent of the ,sunday-school1   
and ,president of all ,guilds1          
,brotherhoods and other parochial       
societies4 ,these offices he may        
delegate to others1 but ex officio the  
,rector is head of all1 and all that may
 be done in the parish is to be done    
with reference to his consent and       
approval4  ,rectory4--,the house owned  
by the parish1 intended for the use of  
the ,rector as his home4  ,red ,letter  
,days4--,those ,festivals of the ,church
 for which ,collect1 ,epistle and       
,gospel are provided in the             
,prayer-book4 ,they are so called from  
having been printed in the ,calendar in 
red letters4 ,the words have passed into
 popular use to denote any notably      
auspicious or favorable day2 a day to be
 remembered4  ,refreshment              
,sunday4--,the ,fourth ,sunday in ,lent 
is so called from the ,gospel for the   
day1 which relates the feeding of the   
five thousand by our ,lord in the       

wilderness4 ,as the late ,bishop ,coxe  
pointed out in his ,thoughts on the     
,services1 having thus far 7in the      
,lenten services7 considered the havoc  
of sin1 we come now to consider its     
repair2 and because the sufficiency of  
,christ to refresh and satisfy our      
hunger and thirst after righteousness is
 exhibited in the ,gospel for this day4 
,it has little of the austere character 
of the other ,sundays in ,lent2 and its 
design is the #bbg encouragement of     
catechumens and penitents4 7,see        
,,fourth ,,sunday ,,in ,,lent2 also     
,,lent1 ,,sundays ,,in47                
,regeneration4--,the inward and         
spiritual gift in ,holy ,baptism is     
regeneration1 that is being born anew4  
,it is well to note that ,regeneration1 
or the ,new ,birth is often confounded  
with ,conversion1 or they are regarded  
as synonymous terms4 ,this is a mistake 
and contrary to the teaching of ,holy   
,scripture4 ,regeneration is a ,new     
,birth unto ,god whereby we become      

partakers of the nature of ,christ4 ,as 
the natural birth1 so the new and       
spiritual ,birth can take place only    
once1 and that in ,holy ,baptism4 ,a    
baptized ,christian may repeatedly fall 
from ,grace1 and by repentance1 by      
amendment of life and by forgiveness he 
may be again restored1 7this is         
,conversion71 but he cannot be said to  
be again regenerate without a grievous  
misapprehension of the language of the  
,bible and a total departure from the   
,doctrine of the ,primitive ,church4 ,by
 ,regeneration1 therefore1 is meant that
 gracious act of ,god whereby for       
,christ's sake4 ,he brings us into a new
 relationship with ,himself1 adopts us  
as ,his own children1 translates us into
 the kingdom of ,his ,son1 incorporates 
us into ,his ,church1 and so brings us  
under the influence of the ,holy        
,spirit4 ,regeneration is the name      
originated for ,baptism by our ,lord    
,himself in ,his discourse with         
,nicodemus1 as recorded in the third    

chapter of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 and it 
is for this reason that this passage is 
appointed to be read in the service for 
the ,baptism of ,adults4 7,see          
,,baptism1 ,,holy2 also ,,infant        
,,baptism47  ,register4--7,see ,,parish 
,,register47  ,registrar4--,the title of
 an officer of the #bbh ,convention1    
whether of the ,general ,convention or  
of the ,convention or ,council of a     
,diocese4 ,his duty is to collect and   
preserve such papers1 reports1 journals 
and other documents relating to the     
history and property of the ,church as  
are now or may hereafter become the     
property of the ,convention1 and to keep
 the same in a safe and convenient      
place4  ,religious ,orders4--,in the    
,american ,church there are many        
religious orders composed of men or     
women who have separated themselves from
 the world that they may devote         
themselves by associated effort more    
unreservedly to the ,church's work4     
,some are bands of ,priests1 like the   

,society of the ,mission ,priests of    
,st4 ,john ,evangelist1 or the ,order of
 the ,holy ,cross1 this latter also     
including laymen2 others are bands of   
laymen alone1 such as the ,order of the 
,brothers of ,nazareth2 and others are  
,sisterhoods1 composed of women who have
 devoted themselves for life to the work
 of the ,church1 such as the ,sisters of
 ,st4 ,mary1 ,sisters of ,st4 ,monica1  
etc4 ,members of the ,sisterhoods do    
work in schools1 hospitals1 and among   
the wretched1 the poor and neglected4   
,these religious orders have proved to  
be very efficient aids in the ,church's 
work in many parts of our land and are  
highly commended for the sacrifice they 
display and for the admirable methods of
 their work4  ,reproaches1 ,the4--,in   
the ancient observance of ,good ,friday 
there was used a service called ,the    
,reproaches4 ,this consisted of certain 
striking passages read from ,micah #c3c 
and #d1 as well as other ,scriptures1   
with the respond1 ,holy ,god1 ,holy and 

,mighty1 ,holy and ,immortal1 have mercy
 upon us4 #bbi  ,they are called        
,reproaches from the character of the   
first passage read1 namely1 ,o my people
 what have ,i done unto thee1 and       
wherein have ,i wearied thee8 ,answer   
me2 this being read also as a respond to
 the other passages4 ,the ,reproaches   
are now frequently used in many churches
 on ,good ,friday as a separate service 
and are very solemn and impressive4     
,reredos4--,a carved or sculptured      
screen of wood or stone placed above and
 back of the ,altar1 ,the word is a     
compound of the old ,english rere1 the  
same as rear1 and the ,french word dos1 
derived from the ,latin dorsum1 meaning 
back4  ,responds4--,in the old system of
 reading ,holy ,scripture in ,divine    
,service1 short selections from         
different books of the ,bible were read 
successively1 with short ,anthems being 
sung after each1 which were called      
responds4 ,this responsory system of    
reading ,holy ,scripture is still       

retained in its old form in the case of 
the ,ten ,commandments when read in the 
,communion service4 ,one of the         
principal changes made in revising the  
,prayer-book in #aedi was the setting   
forth of longer ,lessons with responsory
 canticles sung at the end only4 ,thus  
the respond to the ,first ,morning      
,lesson is the ,te ,deum1 and the       
respond to the ,second ,lesson is the   
,benedictus1 etc4  ,responses4--,the    
name given to the answers made by the   
people in the ,church services as in the
 ,versicles1 the ,litany1 after the ,ten
 ,commandments1 etc4  ,responsive       
,service4--,the glory of the ,episcopal 
,church is its responsive service1 as   
provided by the ,book of ,common        
,prayer4 ,by means of this1 the people  
have their part in the service4 ,thus   
#bcj worship becomes general throughout 
the whole congregation and the people   
are not silent spectators1 nor yet      
simply an audience4 ,but however        
reasonable and desirable this may be1   

there is a deeper principle involved4   
,the responsive character of the        
services brings out and emphasizes the  
,priesthood of the ,people4 ,st4 ,peter1
 in his ,first ,general ,epistle1       
writing to the ,baptized1 says of them1 
,but ye are a chosen generation1 a royal
 ,priesthood1 an holy nation1 a peculiar
 people1 that ye should show forth the  
praise of ,him who hath called you out  
of darkness into ,his marvelous ,light4 
,thus the ,baptized are called in ,holy 
,scripture a royal priesthood1 and this 
doctrine pervades the ,prayer-book4 ,the
 whole system of responsive worship is  
founded upon the ,priesthood of the     
,laity1 and enables them to show forth  
the praise of ,him who hath called them 
out of darkness into ,his marvelous     
,light4 7,see ,,amen2 ,,forms2 also     
,,versicles47  ,retable4--,a shelf at   
the back of the ,altar1 usually fastened
 to the reredos1 on which are placed the
 ,altar cross1 the vases for flowers1   
and the candlesticks4 ,the necessity for

 the retable arises from the fact of the
 reverent usage of the ,church1 which   
requires that nothing shall be placed on
 the ,altar but the ,eucharistic        
vessels1 the book rest and the book4    
,retreat4--,this is a term used to      
designate a time of retirement as a     
means of deepening the ,spiritual life  
of the ,clergy1 for whose benefit it is 
held4 ,it involves a temporary          
submission to the monastic rule of      
silence1 meditation1 confession and     
conference4 ,in ,holy ,scripture we read
 of our ,lord and ,his disciples #bca   
constantly going into retreat in some   
shape or other4 ,christ on the hilltop1 
,st4 ,paul in the desert near ,damascus1
 ,st4 ,peter on the roof of his house1  
retired for prayer and meditation4 ,the 
,retreat as now conducted gives each one
 the opportunity to make special effort 
to see more clearly those great         
principles of ,religion which can only  
be seen by such effort and by such      
special spiritual exercises4 ,in some   

,dioceses an annual ,pre-,lenten        
,retreat is held for both ,bishop and   
clergy in preparation for the solemn and
 spiritual work of ,lent4 ,it is a      
cheering sign of spiritual revival which
 many will welcome1 to see ,bishop and  
,clergy thus meeting and withdrawing for
 a season from the world1 for prayer1   
for intercommunion and instruction4     
,ring4--,the custom of the ,wedding     
,ring was probably adopted by the early 
,church from the marriage customs of the
 ,jews and also of the heathen1 as its  
use has been almost universal4 ,from its
 shape1 having neither beginning nor    
ending1 it is regarded as an emblem of  
eternity1 constancy1 and integrity4 ,it 
is placed on the fourth finger of the   
woman's left hand1 and the ancient      
ceremony of doing so was to place it    
first on the thumb at the ,name of the  
first ,person of the ,trinity2 on the   
next finger1 at the ,name of the ,son2  
on the third at the ,name of the ,holy  
,ghost1 and then on the fourth finger1  

and leaving it there at the word ,amen4 
,the ring is1 also1 frequently given at 
the consecration of a ,bishop1 to       
symbolize his espousal with the ,church 
in his ,diocese4 ,thus bestowed1 it is  
the symbol of authority and is called   
the ,episcopal ,ring4 #bcb  ,rites and  
,ceremonies4--,the ,rites and           
,ceremonies of the ,church are based on 
the ,apostolic injunction1 ,let all     
things be done decently and in order4   
,by rites are meant certain prescribed  
ordinances1 and by ceremonies certain   
sacred observances1 as distinguished    
from ,sacraments4 ,these when prescribed
 by lawful authority are instrumental in
 promoting uniformity of worship and are
 conducive to regularity and            
edification4 ,we learn from the         
,twentieth ,article of ,religion that   
the power to decree ,rites and          
,ceremonies rests with the ,church1 and1
 as set forth in the ,twenty-fourth     
,article1 every particular and national 
,church hath authority to ordain1 change

 and abolish ceremonies1 ordained only  
by man's authority4 ,the ,rites and     
,ceremonies of the ,american ,church1   
are set forth and implied in the ,book  
of ,common ,prayer1 marked out in the   
rubrics and the ,tables prefixed to it4 
,ritual4 ,ritualism4--,by ritual is     
meant the ceremonial part of ,religion2 
the name is also applied to the book in 
which the ,rites and ,ceremonies are set
 forth4 ,by ritualism is meant the      
system of ritual or prescribed form of  
religious worship4 ,therefore1 these    
words meaning what they do are to be    
lifted up out of all party spirit and   
are to be regarded as expressive of the 
,church's real system of worship4       
,loyalty to the ,prayer-book demands    
obedience to the rubrics on the part of 
both minister and people4 ,then it is   
well to remember that when the          
,prayer-book was first set forth in     
#aedi1 the principal change was that the
 services should be said in ,english2   
the ritual remained the same4 ,this     

explains the origin of many practices   
which now prevail in the ,church as #bcc
 a matter of course1 such as kneeling1  
bowing at the ,name of ,jesus1 the use  
of vestments1 etc4 ,these are simply    
what had been in use in the early       
,church1 and the use of the ,prayer-book
 presupposes them all4 ,it is well1     
also1 to observe that ,ritualism        
properly considered1 emphasizes the     
continuity of the ,church before and    
after the ,reformation1 and is a        
standing protest against the false idea 
that the ,episcopal ,church was founded 
by ,henry the ,eighth1 or that it is a  
mere schism from the ,church of ,rome4  
7,see ,,ornaments2 also ,,undivided     
,,church1 ,,the47  ,rochet4--,a         
,bishop's vestment1 and may be described
 as a long narrow surplice or alb which 
he wears under the ,,chimere 7which     
see74  ,rogation ,days4--,the ,monday1  
,tuesday and ,wednesday before          
,ascension ,day4 ,they are days of      
abstinence preparatory to the great     

,feast of the ,ascension4 ,they are so  
called from the ,latin word rogare1     
meaning to ask1 and coming as they do in
 the early part of the year1 it was     
customary on these days to ask ,god's   
blessing on the fruits of the earth4 ,so
 that the ,rogation ,days bear the same 
relation to the plowing and sowing that 
,thanksgiving ,day bears to the harvest4
 ,two special prayers for this purpose1 
entitled ,for ,fruitful ,seasons1--,to  
be used on ,rogation ,sunday and the    
,rogation ,days1 were introduced into   
the ,american ,prayer-book at its last  
revision in #ahib4 ,the ,rogation ,days 
were originated about the middle of the 
,fifth ,century by ,mamercus1 ,bishop of
 ,vienne in ,gaul1 on the occasion of a 
great calamity that threatened his      
,diocese2 whence arose the custom of    
saying the ,litany and certain ,psalms  
such as #ajc;d #bcd and #ajdth1 during  
perambulations of parishes4 ,this method
 of celebrating the ,rogation ,days     
still prevails in many parishes in      

,england4  ,rogation ,sunday4--,the     
,fifth ,sunday after ,easter1 being the 
,sunday next before the ,rogation ,days 
and ,ascension ,day is so called1 and no
 doubt from the words with which the    
,gospel for the day begins1 ,verily1    
verily1 ,i say unto you1 ,whatsoever ye 
shall ask the ,father in ,my ,name1 ,he 
will give it you4 7,see ,,rogation      
,,days47  ,rood ,screen4--,the word rood
 is the old ,saxon word for cross or    
crucifix2 and the term rood screen is   
the name given to the screen or open    
partition to be seen in many churches1  
placed between the chancel and the nave1
 and which is always surmounted by the  
rood1 i4e41 the cross4  ,rubric4--,the  
rules or directions in the ,prayer-book1
 printed in ,italics1 concerning the    
method of conducting the services4      
,while they are now usually printed in  
black ink1 they are still called rubrics
 from the fact that they were formerly  
always printed in red2 rubric being     
derived from a ,latin word meaning red4 

,s  ,sabaoth4--,the ,hebrew word for    
,hosts4 ,the words ,lord ,god of        
,sabaoth1 to be found in the ,te ,deum1 
mean the same as ,lord ,god of ,hosts in
 the ,ter ,sanctus in the ,communion    
,service4 #bce  ,sabbath4--,the ,jewish 
weekly day of rest 7which the word      
means7 observed on the seventh day      
because ,god rested on that day from    
,his work of creation4 ,it is no longer 
binding on ,christians1 and the name is 
very improperly applied to the first day
 of the week which ,christians observe  
as a day of rest and worship4 7,see     
,,lord',s ,,day47  ,sacrament4--,the    
word ,sacrament is derived from the     
,latin ,sacramentum1 meaning the        
military oath required of the soldiers  
of ancient ,rome4 ,its outward sign was 
the uplifted hand whereby the soldier   
pledged himself to loyalty1 which may be
 regarded as the thing signified by that
 outward gesture4 ,the word came to be  
used for those ordinances of the        
,christian ,church possessing an outward

 sign and conveying an inward grace4    
,thus the ,church ,catechism treating of
 the two ,sacraments generally necessary
 to salvation1 that is to say1 ,baptism 
and the ,supper of the ,lord1 defines a 
sacrament as being an outward and       
visible sign ordained by ,christ1 of an 
inward and spiritual grace given by ,him
 as its accompaniment4 ,this definition 
has reference to the ,sacramental system
 of the ,church and means that ,christ  
appointed only two ,sacraments that are 
generally or universally necessary to   
salvation4 ,it does not imply that there
 are not other ,sacramental agencies in 
the ,church--but only that these two are
 absolutely necessary to salvation4 ,for
 example1 if a man would be saved he    
must receive ,holy ,baptism and ,holy   
,communion where these ,sacraments are  
to be had2 but for his salvation it is  
not necessary that he should be married1
 or ordained to the ,sacred ,ministry1  
and yet ,marriage and #bcf ,ordination  
are thoroughly sacramental in character 

in that they are grace conferring1 and  
therefore1 in her book of ,homilies the 
,church calls them ,sacraments1 ,the    
great ,english divines generally take   
this position in regard to the          
,sacraments and the ,sacramental ,system
 of the ,church4 ,thus ,archbishop      
,bramhall declares3 ,the proper and     
certain ,sacraments of the ,christian   
,church1 common to all1 or 7in the words
 of our ,church7 generally necessary to 
,salvation1 are but two1 ,baptism and   
the ,supper of the ,lord4 4 4 4 ,the    
rest we retain1 though not under the    
notion of such proper and general       
,sacraments1--as ,confirmation1         
,ordination1 ,matrimony1 ,penitence and 
lastly1 the ,visitation of the ,sick4   
,so also1 ,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor says1 
it is none of the doctrine of the       
,church of ,england1 that there are two 
,sacraments only1 but that 'two only are
 generally necessary to salvation4'     
,sacred ,vessels4--7,see ,,vessels1     
,,sacred47  ,sacrifice4--,a solemn      

offering made to ,god according to ,his 
ordinance1 for ,his honor and for the   
benefit of sinners1 as in the ,holy     
,communion which is called our sacrifice
 of praise and thanksgiving1 and in     
which the merits and death of ,christ   
are pleaded for the remission of our    
sins4  ,sacristan4--,an old word derived
 from the ,latin sacra1 meaning sacred  
things1 still retained to designate one 
who has charge of the ,sacristy with all
 its contents1 viz41 the vestments and  
sacred vessels4 ,the word has been      
corrupted into sexton which is now used 
for the man who takes care of the church
 building4  ,sacristy4--,the apartment  
in a church building #bcg where the     
vestments1 books and sacred vessels are 
kept2 sometimes called the vestry4      
,saint4--,the ,new ,testament name for  
all the ,baptized1 who are declared to  
be an holy nation1 by reason of their   
incorporation into ,christ's mystical   
,body4 ,like the ancient people of ,god 
they may not in their individual lives  

fully realize their high destiny1 yet   
are they partakers of an holy calling4  
,the word has since come to be used only
 of those of extraordinary virtue and   
who1 perchance1 suffered for the        
,truth's sake4  ,saints' ,days4--,it has
 always been characteristic of the      
devotional system of the ,christian     
,church to commemorate before ,god the  
grace given to ,his faithful servants   
whereby they were enabled to live       
righteously and to bear witness to ,his 
,truth1 and to pray that we may follow  
the good examples of these ,his servants
 and with them be made partakers of     
,everlasting ,life4 7,see ,,diptychs47  
,the day commemorated is generally that 
of the ,saint's death1 because like his 
,master1 he passed through death to the 
portals of ,everlasting ,life4          
,according to the ,prayer-book the      
,saints commemorated in this ,church are
 the ,twelve ,apostles2 ,st4 ,john      
,baptist and ,st4 ,barnabas2 the        
,evangelists ,st4 ,mark and ,st4 ,luke2 

the ,holy ,innocents1 ,st4 ,stephen2    
,conversion of ,st4 ,paul2 and in       
addition1 ,st4 ,michael and ,all        
,angels' ,day1 and ,all ,saints' ,day4  
,the ,saints commemorated in our        
,calendar are all treated of elsewhere  
under their proper titles1 to which the 
reader is referred4                     
,sanctuary4--,meaning the ,holy ,place2 
the name given to that portion of the   
,chancel within the rail #bch where the 
,altar stands2 from this fact the whole 
church building is frequently called the
 ,sanctuary of ,god4  ,schism4--,derived
 from a ,greek word1 meaning fissure1 or
 rent1 and may be defined as a rending  
of the ,body of ,christ1 ,his ,church on
 earth1 and making divisions in the one 
,body4 ,the divisions between the ,east 
and ,west1 and between ,rome and the    
,anglican ,communion may be described in
 ,st4 ,paul's words as schism in the    
,body1 rather than schism from it1      
inasmuch as none of these three bodies  
has lost any of the essentials of       

,church ,unity--the ,apostolic          
,ministry1 the ,sacraments1 the ,creeds 
and the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,but the word
 also means separation from the ,church 
and is applied to those religious bodies
 which have abandoned the ,historic     
,church4 ,such wilful separation1       
whether within the ,church or without1  
,st4 ,paul1 in #a ,corinthians1 calls a 
sin 7#a ,cor4 #a3aj2 #c3c2 #aa3ah71 and 
in ,romans #af3ah1 we are directed to   
avoid those who cause divisions4 ,the   
,church regards her unity as of such    
vital importance to her own life and to 
the life of each individual soul1 she   
bids us pray in the ,litany1 ,from all  
false doctrine1 heresy1 and ,schism1    
,good ,lord1 deliver us4 7,see ,,unity1 
,,church2 and also ,,undivided          
,,church47  ,scriptures in the          
,prayer-book4--,it has been pointed out1
 on the authority of a careful and      
detailed calculation that of the whole  
,prayer-book1 three-fifths of it are    
taken from the ,bible and that          

two-fifths of all the ,church's worship 
are carried on in the actual words of   
,holy ,scripture4 ,again1 that one-half 
of this ,divine ,service is ,praise2    
one-fourth1 ,prayer2 and #bci           
one-fourth1 ,reading of the ,bible4     
,from these facts1 the ,episcopal       
,church has been rightly called a ,bible
 ,reading ,church4 ,we thus learn the   
great value of the ,prayer-book in      
setting forth the things pertaining to  
the ,kingdom of ,god4 7,see             
,,lectionary47  ,seasons1 ,the          
,church4--7,see ,,christian ,,year47    
,sedilia4--,from the ,latin sedile1     
meaning a seat4 ,the name given to the  
seats near the ,altar1 usually placed   
against the south wall1 to be used by   
the ,clergy during the sermon at the    
,holy ,communion4  ,see4--,derived from 
the ,latin word sedes1 meaning a seat4  
,the word is used to designate the place
 of a ,bishop's ,jurisdiction1 and his  
place of residence1 the city where his  
cathedral is2 usually called the ,see   

,city4  ,sentences1 ,the                
,opening4--,short passages of ,holy     
,scripture read at the beginning of     
,daily ,morning and ,evening ,prayer1   
are so called1 and are intended to      
strike the keynote of the service to    
follow4 ,originally the ,daily ,services
 began with the ,lord's ,prayer1 but in 
#aeeb the ,sentences1 with the          
,exhortation1 ,confession and absolution
 were prefixed to ,morning ,prayer2 they
 were not placed in the ,evening ,prayer
 until #affa4 ,in the last revision of  
the ,american ,prayer-book additional   
,sentences were added and arranged to   
strike the keynote of the ,church's     
great ,festivals and ,fasts1 such as    
,christmas ,day1 ,good ,friday1 ,easter1
 etc4  ,septuagesima4--,the name given  
to the third ,sunday before ,lent4 ,the 
explanation of this name for this       
,sunday has been given as follows3      
,there being exactly fifty days between 
the ,sunday next #bdj before ,lent and  
,easter ,day inclusive1 that ,sunday is 

termed ,quinquagesima1 i4e41 the        
fiftieth2 and the two ,sundays          
immediately preceding are called from   
the next round numbers1 ,sexagesima1    
i4e41 sixtieth1 and ,septuagesima1 i4e41
 the seventieth4 ,the reason for thus   
numbering these ,sundays has been       
beautifully set forth in ,thoughts on   
the ,services as follows3 ,the ,church  
now 7,septuagesima ,sunday7 enters the  
penumbra of her ,lenten ,eclipse1 and   
all her services are shadowed with the  
sombre hue of her approaching ,season of
 humiliation4 4 4 4,we have turned our  
back upon dear old ,christmas and the   
group of holy days that hand in hand    
seemed fairly to dance around it2 and   
setting our faces towards the more      
sober1 but still more glorious1 light of
 ,easter we begin to number the days of 
preparation1 which if duly observed will
 fit us to keep the ,paschal as the     
,apostle commands1 'not with the old    
leaven4 4 4but with the unleavened bread
 of sincerity and truth4' 7,see         

,,pre-,,lenten ,,season47               
,server4--,one who attends the ,priest  
at a celebration of the ,holy           
,communion4 ,the server may be either a 
layman or one of the ,clergy4           
,sexagesima4--,the second ,sunday before
 ,lent is so called1 because it is about
 sixty days before ,easter2 ,sexagesima 
meaning sixtieth4 7,see ,,septuagesima47
  ,sexts4--,one of the seven ,,canonical
 ,,hours 7which see74  ,shell4--7,see   
,,baptismal ,,shell47  ,shrove          
,tuesday4--,the old name given to the   
,tuesday before ,ash ,wednesday1 because
 on that day every one was accustomed to
 go to the ,priest before #bda beginning
 the observance of ,lent1 to be shrived1
 shriven1 shrove1 i4e41 to confess and  
be absolved4 ,certain social customs    
have been popularly connected with this 
day1 making it a day of merriment and   
sports and dining on pancakes or        
fritters4 ,the practice of eating       
pancakes on this day still survives in  
many places1 and hence it is also called

 ,pancake ,tuesday or ,pancake ,day4    
,sick4--7,see ,,visitation ,,of ,,the   
,,sick47  ,sign of the ,cross4--7,see   
,,cross1 ,,the47  ,simon 7,st47 and     
,saint ,jude's ,day4--,a festival of the
 ,church observed on ,october #bhth4    
,the union of these two ,apostles on    
this day of commemoration is intended to
 teach1 as we learn from the ,collect1 a
 lesson of ,christian love and that     
oneness or unity of the ,church for     
which our ,lord prayed4 ,st4 ,simon was 
called to be an ,apostle and he is      
mentioned in ,holy ,scripture as the    
,canaanite and ,zelotes1 both words     
meaning a zealot4 ,he is supposed to    
have labored in ,egypt and parts of     
,africa adjacent4 ,one tradition has it 
that he suffered martyrdom by being sawn
 asunder in ,persia1 at the same time   
with ,st4 ,jude who ministered in that  
country and who was martyred by the     
,magi4 ,for this reason ,st4 ,simon is  
usually represented in ,ecclesiastical  
art with a saw in his hand4 ,for notice 

of ,st4 ,jude1 see ,jude1 ,saint4       
,sisterhoods4--7,see ,,religious        
,,orders47  ,six ,points of             
,ritual4--,certain ritual acts in the   
celebration of the ,holy ,communion     
which it is claimed have always         
characterized the worship of the        
,christian ,church4 ,they are enumerated
 as follows3 7#a7 ,two ,lights on the   
,altar4 7#b7 ,the ,eastward #bdb        
,position4 7#c7 ,the ,eucharistic       
,vestments1 7#d7 ,wafer ,bread4 7#e7    
,the ,mixed ,chalice1 and 7#f7 ,incense2
 each of which is described under its   
own proper title to which the reader is 
referred4  ,spirit4--7,see ,,holy       
,,ghost2 also ,,ghost1 ,,ghostly47      
,spirit1 ,gifts of the4--7,see ,,gifts  
,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost1 ,,sevenfold47
  ,spirit1 ,fruits of the4--,in the     
fifth chapter of the ,epistle to the    
,galatians ,st4 ,paul sets forth the    
,fruits of the ,spirit as nine in       
number1 viz3 7#a7 ,love1 7#b7 ,joy1 7#c7
 ,peace1 7#d7 ,longsuffering1 7#e7      

,gentleness1 7#f7 ,goodness1 7#g7       
,faith1 7#h7 ,meekness1 7#i7            
,temperance4 ,in this enumeration it    
will be found that the arrangement is   
threefold1 corresponding to the three   
great aspects of life4 ,for example1 the
 first three1 ,love1 ,joy1 and ,peace1  
have reference to the life of a         
,christian in his intercourse with ,god4
 ,the next four1 ,longsuffering1        
,gentleness1 ,goodness and ,faith1      
describe the qualities which should     
characterize the ,christian in his      
bearing towards his fellow-men--7,faith1
 it is to be understood1 in this        
enumeration means trust1 belief in man1 
and not the ,theological ,virtue1 which 
is regarded as a root rather than a     
fruit74 ,in the remaining ,fruits of the
 ,spirit we have a description of the   
,christian ,life in respect of self     
viz41 meekness and temperance--meekness1
 by which is meant a due estimate of the
 place which self ought to hold1 and    
,temperance1 the rigorous determination 

to see to it that self is kept in place4
 ,it is interesting to note that the    
,fruits of the ,spirit form the subject 
of one of the petitions in the ,litany4 
,spirit of ,missions1 ,the4--,the       
official organ of #bdc the ,american    
,church by which knowledge of her       
missionary work at home and abroad is   
made known4 ,it is published monthly1 is
 well edited and filled each month with 
very readable and valuable information  
which all should possess4 ,the          
publication office is in the ,church    
,missions ,house1 #bha ,fourth ,ave41   
,new ,york ,city4 7,see ,,domestic ,,and
 ,,foreign ,,missionary ,,society47     
,sponsors4--,it would be difficult to   
say with any degree of certainty at what
 period the office of ,sponsors was     
established1 but it appeared in the very
 earliest ages of the ,christian        
,church4 ,it is supposed that           
persecution and the presence of heresy  
led to its institution4 ,during the time
 of those early persecutions it stands  

to reason that the heads of the ,church 
must have been aware of the probability 
of some at least of those who had been  
baptized of receding from their vows and
 thus sinning away their ,baptismal     
grace4 ,it was but natural that they    
should adopt every precaution to        
ascertain the character of those whom1  
by ,baptism1 they admitted to the       
,christian covenant4 ,they required1    
therefore1 that some of their own body  
answer for the real conversion of the   
presumed neophyte1 and should also be   
,,sureties for the fulfilment of the    
promises then made4 ,then there were the
 probabilities during persecution that  
the parents might not outlive the       
violence of the times and be enabled to 
watch over the moral and religious      
education of their baptized children4   
,the ,church was anxious not to lose    
these lambs of the ,flock1 and so it was
 a wise and godly provision that there  
should be some one who1 in default of   
their parents1 surviving or #bdd in case

 of their apostasy1 might see to it that
 their godchildren were brought up to   
lead a godly and a ,christian life4 ,the
 advantages arising from this ancient   
institution of ,sponsors were so great  
that it has been continued throughout   
all ages of the ,church4 ,and even in   
this present time1 if all ,sponsors     
would fulfil their duties1 many a child 
now lost to the ,church1 might have been
 saved to it and brought up in the      
nurture and admonition of the ,lord4 ,in
 the case of ,baptism of ,infants1 the  
significance of ,sponsors is very great1
 in that ,baptism is a covenant1 in     
which ,god on the one hand is           
represented by ,his ,minister1 and the  
child is represented by his ,sponsors1  
who answer for him and agree to see to  
it that this child shall be virtuously  
brought up and so trained that it shall 
lead the rest of his life according to  
this beginning4 ,the ,sponsors are      
called ,godfathers and ,godmothers      
because of the spiritual affinity       

created in ,baptism1 their              
responsibility for the training of the  
child being almost parental4 7,see      
,,baptism1 ,,holy2 ,,infant ,,baptism2  
also ,,name1 ,,the ,,christian47        
,stalls4--,seats in the choir 7i4e41    
chancel7 for ,clergy and ,choristers1   
commonly called ,choir ,stalls4         
,standing ,committee4--,the general     
,canons of the ,american ,church provide
 that in every ,diocese there shall be a
 ,standing ,committee 7usually composed 
of not less than three ,clergymen and   
two laymen who shall be communicants7 to
 be appointed by the ,convention        
thereof1 whose duties1 except so far as 
provided for by the ,canons of the      
,general ,convention1 may be prescribed 
by the ,canons of the respective        
,dioceses4 ,in every ,diocese where     
there is a ,bishop the #bde ,standing   
,committee acts as his ,council of      
,advice4 ,it recommends to him persons  
to be admitted to ,holy ,orders or as   
,candidates for ,holy ,orders1 etc4 ,as 

the representative of the ,diocese1 it  
gives its consent to the consecration of
 a ,bishop elected by any other         
,diocese4 ,when there is no ,bishop1 the
 ,standing ,committee becomes the       
ecclesiastical ,authority of the        
,diocese for all purposes declared in   
the ,canons4  ,state of ,salvation4--,by
 ,holy ,baptism we are admitted into    
,christ's ,church1 ,his ,kingdom of     
grace1 which in the ,church ,catechism  
is declared to be a ,state of           
,salvation1 i4e41 a ,christian condition
 in which it is quite certain the       
salvation of ,god is within our reach   
and in which as we are responsive to all
 its overtures of grace we may grow into
 the likeness of ,god's dear ,son4 ,our 
final salvation is dependent on our     
continuance in this state of ,salvation 
by ,god's grace unto our life's end4    
,stephen1 ,festival of ,saint4--,a ,holy
 ,day of the ,church observed on        
,december #bf1 in memory of ,st4        
,stephen the ,proto-martyr1 i4e41 the   

first ,christian martyr4 ,the position  
of the three ,holy ,days after          
,christmas is remarkable4 ,we have here 
brought into immediate nearness to the  
,birth of ,christ the three kinds of    
members who are joined to ,him by       
martyrdom1 viz41 those who are martyrs  
both in will and deed1 as ,st4 ,stephen2
 those who are martyrs in will but not  
in deed1 i4e41 escaped with life as ,st4
 ,john2 and lastly1 those who are       
martyrs in deed1 but had no wills of    
their own to sacrifice to ,god1 as the  
,holy ,innocents4 ,the ,festival of ,st4
 ,stephen dates as far back as the      
,fourth ,century4 ,the reason for its   
institution is thus #bdf given by an    
ancient writer1 ,christ was born on     
earth that ,stephen might be born in    
heaven4 ,nothing is known of ,st4       
,stephen before his selection for       
ordination as a ,deacon1 but in the #fth
 and #gth chapters of the ,book of the  
,acts of the ,apostles is given a very  
full account of his being made a        

,deacon2 of his doing great wonders and 
miracles among the people1 because he   
was full of faith and power2 of his     
accusation and eloquent defense1 and    
finally of his martyrdom by stoning1 in 
the midst of which1 like his ,divine    
,master1 he prayed for his murderers4   
,in ecclesiastical art1 ,st4 ,stephen is
 represented as a ,deacon holding stones
 in a napkin or in his robe or in his   
hand4  ,stir ,up ,sunday4--,a popular   
name given to the ,sunday next before   
,advent1 from the first two words with  
which the ,collect for the ,day begins1 
viz43 ,stir up1 we beseech ,thee1 ,o    
,lord1 the wills of ,thy faithful       
people1 etc4 ,this ,sunday is the end of
 the ,christian ,year1 and consequently 
a time of review1 gathering up the      
fragments that remain1 that so with     
renewed strength and stronger           
purpose--stirred up wills1 we may enter 
on the new year which begins on the     
following ,sunday4  ,stole4--,a long    
band or scarf of silk worn by the       

,priest around the neck and hanging down
 in front to about the knees4 ,it is one
 of the ,altar vestments and should be  
worn when administering any ,sacrament4 
,the stole should be of the proper color
 of the ,church ,season and may be      
white1 green1 red1 violet or black4 ,it 
is intended to symbolize the ropes or   
bands with which our ,lord was bound to 
the pillar when ,he was #bdg scourged4  
,it also signifies the yoke of patience 
which the ,minister of ,christ must bear
 as the servant of ,god4 ,when worn by a
 ,deacon1 it is placed on the left      
shoulder and fastened under the right   
arm4 7,see ,,vestments2 also ,,kissing  
,,the ,,stole47  ,subdeacon4--,in former
 times the name given to him who        
assisted the ,celebrant at the ,holy    
,communion was ,deacon1 and the name    
,subdeacon to one who waited on the     
,deacon as the ,deacon waited on the    
,celebrant1 and he was permitted to read
 the ,epistle4 ,in time1 however1 these 
attending clergy came to be called by   

names characteristic of the most        
conspicuous parts of their duties1 viz43
 the ,gospeler and ,epistoler4          
,substance4--,a word derived from the   
,latin1 used in ,theology as the        
equivalent of the ,greek word ousia1    
meaning essence1 and used in the        
definition of the nature of the         
,godhead4 ,thus we say that ,god is one 
in substance 7i4e41 essence7 but in     
,persons1 ,three4 ,the word is found in 
the ,creed in the article which speaks  
of the ,son as ,being of one substance  
with the ,father4  ,suffrages4--,the    
intercessory versicles and responses    
after the ,creed in ,morning and        
,evening ,prayer and towards the end of 
the ,litany1 are so called4             
,sunday4--7,see ,,lord',s ,,day47       
,sunday ,letter4--7,see ,,dominical     
,,letter47                              
,sunday-schools4--,sunday-schools were  
originated in the ,church of ,england by
 one of its clergy1 the ,rev4 ,thomas   
,steck1 who afterwards1 in #aghj1 called

 in ,mr4 ,robert ,raikes1 a layman1 to  
assist him4 ,such schools gradually     
spread and increased1 until to-day it   
#bdh is said that the ,sunday-schools of
 the world number three millions of     
teachers and over thirty millions of    
scholars4 ,of late years especially the 
,sunday-school has become a most        
important factor in our ,church life1   
and yet notwithstanding its very        
manifest purpose it is ever presenting  
problems very difficult to solve4 ,these
 perplexing problems no doubt arise from
 two main causes1 7#a7 a practical1     
though oftentimes unconscious1 ignoring 
of the ,church's own order and method   
and 7#b7 from the mixed conditions of   
the religious world of to-day by reason 
of our unhappy divisions4 ,as far as can
 be seen1 all that has been written1    
published and preached on this subject  
seems to resolve itself into simply     
this--,try to do the best you can with  
the material you have1 the short time   
allotted to this work1 usually one hour 

a week1 and the absolute voluntaryism of
 the whole undertaking4 ,and yet in     
spite of this discouraging outlook1     
there can be no doubt that the          
,sunday-school offers one of the very   
best fields for genuine ,church work and
 is worth while1 as has been fully      
demonstrated in many places of earnest  
toil for ,god4 ,this work is            
far-reaching in its influence and no    
estimate can be given of the possible   
good it may do in moulding lives4 ,the  
,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,shinn1 ,d4,d41 speaking  
of the ,sunday-school sets forth its    
object as follows3 ,it offers to aid    
parents1 sponsors and pastors in        
developing the religious life of the    
young1 in filling their minds with the  
,truths of our most holy ,faith1 and in 
training them to serve ,god faithfully  
in their day and generation4 ,whatever  
its defects of administration1 this is  
its aim4  ,super-,altar4--,a small      
portable slab of stone used #bdi to     
consecrate upon and placed on an        

unconsecrated ,altar or a wooden ,altar4
  ,super-,frontal4--,a covering on the  
top of the ,altar which hangs down eight
 or ten inches in front1 varying in     
color according to the ,church ,season4 
,sureties4--7,see ,,sponsors47          
,surplice4--,the outer garment1 made of 
linen1 worn over the cassock by the     
officiating minister during the ,church 
service4 ,it is a loose flowing         
vestment1 generally reaching to the     
knees1 having broad1 full1 open sleeves4
 ,it is not specially a ,priestly       
garment1 as it is worn by ,deacons and  
also by ,lay-,readers1 and in a modified
 form by choristers4 ,the word is       
derived from the ,latin1 superpelliceum1
 meaning an over-garment4 7,see         
,,vestments47  ,surpliced ,choir4--,when
 the body of singers of the ,church     
service is composed of boys and men they
 are vested in cassocks and surplices or
 cottas and given a place in the        
,chancel4 ,this is a very ancient usage 
in the ,church of ,god1 reaching back to

 the ,temple service at ,jerusalem4 ,in 
the description of that service given in
 #b ,chronicles #e3ab and #ac we read3  
,also the ,levites which were the       
singers1 all of them of ,asaph1 of      
,heman1 of ,jeduthun1 with their sons   
and their brethren1 being arrayed in    
white linen 4 4 4 stood at the east end 
of the ,altar 4 4 4 praising and        
thanking ,god4 ,in this whole passage we
 see the original of those surpliced    
choirs by which the same ,psalms of     
,david have been sung in every age of   
the ,christian ,church4  ,the surpliced 
choir has always been a feature of the  
,anglican ,church1 peculiar to it as a  
national custom4 #bej ,and as the       
,american ,church is the daughter of the
 ,english ,church1 having derived from  
her all her great treasures of devotion 
and beauty in worship1 so she1 too1     
employs the vested choir and encourages 
its use4 ,in this connection1 it is     
interesting to note that the first      
mention of a surpliced choir in ,america

 is in connection with old ,st4         
,michael's ,church1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4
 ,in the history of this parish may be  
found the following interesting         
reference to the vested choir3 ,in #agih
 there was a bill for 'washing the      
surplaces 7sic7 of clergy and children4'
 ,a little earlier the ,vestry requested
 the ,rector to entertain1 at their     
expense1 six of the boys on ,sunday as  
'an incitement for their better         
performance of the service'2 and in     
#ahjg the organist was requested to have
 at least twelve choir boys4  ,thus as  
early as the end of the ,eighteenth     
,century the music of the ,church was   
rendered by a surpliced choir in a      
,southern parish4 ,for some reason      
vested choirs were given up in the      
,american ,church and for many years    
little or nothing was heard of them4    
,but after a while when the ,church here
 got more thoroughly established and    
began to put on strength we find that   
its growing devotion demanded the       

restoration of the vested choir4 ,this  
demand became so general that to-day    
there are very few parishes in which the
 music is not thus rendered4 ,this is   
not to be wondered at1 for it is found  
by actual experience that the surpliced 
choir of men and boys1 numbering from   
twenty to sixty voices according to the 
size of the parish1 is better suited to 
render the ,church's music1 more in     
keeping with the ,church's devotions and
 #bea more inspiring and helpful to the 
congregation4 ,many a parish has thus   
been lifted up1 strengthened1 the       
services made more attractive and the   
attendance at them increased1 because   
the music rendered in this manner       
becomes thoroughly congregational1 such 
as the people themselves can join in and
 make it their own4  ,sursum            
,corda4--,the ,latin title of that      
portion of the ,communion ,office which 
begins1 ,lift up your hearts1 which the 
,latin words mean4 ,this is found almost
 word for word in every known ,liturgy  

from the earliest times1 and without    
doubt has come down to us from the      
,apostolic ,age4 ,even at so early a    
date as ,a4,d4 #beb we find ,st4        
,cyprian giving an explanation of the   
meaning and purpose of the ,sursum      
,corda as follows3 ,it is for this cause
 that the ,priest before worship uses   
words of introduction and puts the minds
 of his brethren in preparation by      
saying1 ',lift up your hearts'2 that    
while the people answer1 ',we lift them 
up unto the ,lord1' they may be reminded
 that there is nothing for them to think
 of except the ,lord4  ,symbol4--,the   
ancient name for ,creed1 which in the   
,greek language was called ,symbolon1   
i4e41 watchword1 by which as the        
sentinel recognizes a friend1 so the    
,christian soldier is distinguished from
 the open enemies or false friends of   
the ,religion of ,christ4  ,synod4--,the
 word used in the ,eastern ,church for  
what is called in the ,western ,church a
 ,council4 ,it is from a ,greek word    

meaning coming together4 7,see          
,,council47 #beb   ,t   ,table4--7,see  
,lord's ,table47  ,te ,deum4--,the      
,latin title of the hymn beginning ,we  
praise ,thee1 ,o ,god1 sung after the   
,first ,lesson at ,morning ,prayer4 ,it 
is one of the oldest of ,christian      
hymns4 ,the old tradition that it was   
first sung impromptu and antiphonally by
 ,st4 ,ambrose and ,st4 ,augustine at   
the ,baptism of the latter in ,a4,d4    
#chf1 is not now accepted1 as there is  
evidence to show that the ,te ,deum is  
much older than the time of ,st4        
,ambrose4 ,so early as ,a4,d4 #beb1 we  
find ,st4 ,cyprian using almost the same
 words as occur in the ,te ,deum4 ,it is
 now generally believed that this noble 
canticle in its present form1 is a      
composition of the ,fourth or ,fifth    
,century and that it represents a still 
more ancient hymn4 ,the ,te ,deum is    
sung in the ,church service every day   
except during ,advent and ,lent when the
 ,benedicite is sung instead4  ,ten     

,commandments4--7,see ,,decalogue47     
,temperance4--7,see ,,church            
,,temperance ,,society47  ,ter          
,sanctus4--,meaning ,thrice ,holy4 ,the 
,latin title of the hymn in the         
,communion ,office beginning ,holy1     
,holy1 ,holy4 ,this hymn is of the most 
ancient origin and forms part of all the
 oldest ,liturgies4 ,in the ,liturgies  
of ,st4 ,basil and ,st4 ,chrysostom1 it 
is called the ,triumphal ,hymn4         
,testimonials4--,the general ,canons of 
the ,church prescribe that when the     
,standing ,committee of a ,diocese      
recommends to the ,bishop a candidate   
for ,holy ,orders for ordination to the 
,diaconate or #bec ,priesthood1 that it 
shall present to the ,bishop a          
certificate or testimonial to the effect
 that the candidate hath lived piously1 
soberly and honestly1 and hath not since
 his admission as a candidate for       
,orders1 written1 taught or held        
anything contrary to the doctrine and   
discipline of the ,protestant ,episcopal

 ,church4 ,the action of the ,committee 
in recommending such person to be       
admitted a candidate for ,holy ,orders  
was based on testimonials made by the   
,clergy and laymen who knew the         
candidate personally4 ,so1 also1 when a 
,bishop is elected1 testimonials of his 
election by the ,convention which       
elected him1 and from the ,house of     
,deputies of the ,general ,convention1  
or from the ,standing ,committees of the
 various ,dioceses1 of their approbation
 of his election and also of his fitness
 for the office of a ,bishop1 must be   
presented to the ,house of ,bishops     
before order can be taken for his       
consecration4  ,thanksgiving4--7,see    
,,general ,,thanksgiving1 ,,the47       
,thanksgiving ,day4--,the day appointed 
by the ,civil ,authority for the        
rendering of thanks to ,god for the     
blessings bestowed on this land and     
nation during the year4 ,it usually     
partakes of the nature of a ,harvest    
,home ,festival1 prompted no doubt by   

the character of the service set forth  
in the ,prayer-book to be used on this  
day1 entitled1 ,a ,form of ,prayer and  
,thanksgiving to ,almighty ,god for the 
,fruits of the earth and all other      
,blessings of ,his ,merciful            
,providence4 ,it is interesting to note 
that the first ,thanksgiving ,day in    
,america was appointed1 not by the      
,pilgrims1 as many persons mistakenly   
believe1 but by members of the ,church  
of ,england4 ,it was #bed celebrated at 
,monhegan1 off the ,maine coast1 near   
the mouth of the ,kennebec river1 as far
 back as #afjg--thirteen years prior to 
the arrival of the ,mayflower in        
,plymouth ,harbor--and ,chaplain        
,seymore preached a sermon gyving ,god  
thankes for our happy metynge and saffe 
aryvall into ye countrie4 ,the earliest 
,thanksgiving ,day of the ,plymouth     
colonists was in #afba4  ,theological   
,virtues4--,the three virtues1 ,faith1  
,hope and ,charity or ,love1 as         
enumerated by ,st4 ,paul in the #acth   

chapter of #a ,corinthians1 are called  
,theological ,virtues because they are  
the gift of ,god and have ,god for their
 object4 ,they may be explained as      
follows3  ,,faith is a gift of ,god1    
infused into our souls1 whereby we      
firmly believe all these things which   
,god has revealed4  ,,hope is a gift of 
,god1 which helps us to expect with     
confidence that ,god will give us all   
things necessary to salvation1 if we    
only do what ,he requires of us4        
,,charity is a gift of ,god1 whereby we 
love ,almighty ,god above all things for
 ,his sake and our neighbors as         
ourselves4  ,thirty-nine                
,articles4--7,see ,,articles ,,of       
,,religion47  ,thomas 7,st47 the        
,apostle4--,the ,twenty-first ,day of   
,december is observed in memory of ,st4 
,thomas1 who was called by our ,lord to 
be an ,apostle4 ,we find very little in 
,holy ,scripture concerning ,st4        
,thomas1 but there are four sayings of  
his recorded which are indicative of his

 character4 ,they are as follows3  #a4  
,lord we know not whither ,thou goest1  
and how can we know the way8--,st4 ,john
 #ad3e4 #bee  #b4 ,let us also go1 that 
we may die with ,him4--,st4 ,john       
#aa3af4  #c4 ,except ,i shall see in    
,his hands the print of the nails and   
put my fingers in the print of the nails
 and thrust my hand into ,his side1 ,i  
will not believe4--,st4 ,john #bj3be4   
#d4 ,my ,lord and my ,god4--,st4 ,john  
#bj3bh4  ,from these sayings we see in  
,st4 ,thomas1 7#a7 the spirit of        
inquiry1 7#b7 bravery in the face of    
danger1 7#c7 his doubt and unbelief1 and
 7#d7 strong conviction and the triumph 
of faith4 ,an ancient writer declared   
that by this doubting of ,st4 ,thomas we
 are more confirmed in our belief than  
by the faith of the other ,apostles4 ,it
 is upon this fact that the ,collect for
 the ,day is founded4 ,st4 ,thomas is   
said to have carried the ,gospel to the 
,parthians1 ,medes1 ,persians and       
,chaldeans1 among whom he founded the   

,church4 ,it is believed1 also1 that he 
preached the ,gospel in ,india4 ,he     
suffered martyrdom1 having been put to  
death by the ,brahmins at ,taprobane1   
now called ,sumatra4 ,in ecclesiastical 
art1 ,st4 ,thomas is represented as     
handling our ,lord's wounds2 or in      
reference to his martyrdom1 with a lance
 or spear2 also1 holding a carpenter's  
square4  ,three ,hours' ,service4--,a   
solemn service quite generally held in  
our ,churches on ,good ,friday1 from #ab
 ,m4 to #c ,p4 ,m4 in commemoration of  
our ,lord's ,agony on the ,cross4 ,it   
usually consists of meditations1 or     
short addresses1 on the ,seven ,words on
 the ,cross1 or on kindred topics1      
interspersed with hymns on the ,passion1
 special prayers1 and spaces of silence 
for private intercession4 ,if well      
conducted it is a #bef most impressive  
and helpful service and serves to bring 
out the awful events of that momentous  
day when the ,saviour of men was cruelly
 put to death by those whom ,he came to 

save4  ,thurifer4--,the name given to   
one who bears the censer in services    
where incense is used4  ,thursday1      
,holy4--7,see ,,ascension ,,day47       
,thursday in ,holy ,week4--7,see        
,,maundy ,,thursday47  ,tierce4--,the   
third hour or #i ,a4 ,m4 ,one of the    
,,seven ,,canonical ,,hours 7which see74
  ,tradition4--,a term used in the      
,thirty-fourth ,article of ,religion to 
denote customs1 rites1 forms and        
ceremonies of the ,church which have    
been transmitted by oral communications 
or long established usage1 and which    
though not commanded in so many words in
 ,holy ,scripture1 yet have always been 
used and kept in the ,holy ,catholic    
,church4 ,for this reason they are      
revered1 practiced and retained in its  
various branches at the present time4   
,such traditions are the following3  #a4
 ,the observance of the first day of the
 week instead of the seventh4  #b4 ,the 
observance of the ,christian ,year1 or  
the system of ,feasts and ,fasts and    

,holy ,seasons according to the events  
in our ,lord's ,life4  #c4 ,the ,baptism
 of ,infants4  #d4 ,the use of          
,liturgical worship4  #e4 ,the use of   
vestments by the ministers in divine    
service4  #f4 ,the arrangement of our   
churches after the model of the ,temple4
 #beg  #g4 ,the observance of the seven 
hours of prayer4  #h4 ,the sign of the  
,cross in ,baptism and at other times4  
#i4 ,the choral service4  ,all these    
traditions of the ,universal ,church are
 retained or permitted by the ,american 
branch of the ,church4  ,it is also to  
be noted that by tradition is meant the 
uniform teaching of the ,church from the
 beginning1 i4e41 the witness that the  
,church bears by the writings of the    
,fathers and the enactments of her      
,general ,councils to the ,truths of the
 ,christian ,religion and the           
interpretation of ,holy ,scripture4     
,this is in accord with ,st4 ,peter's   
words1 ,no prophecy of the ,scripture is
 of any private interpretation4         

,inasmuch as the ,church is the ,witness
 and keeper of ,holy ,writ1 and that it 
is upon her testimony that we know what 
is the ,bible1 it is but reasonable to  
defer to her interpretation1 her        
universal customs and traditions as to  
its meaning4 7,see ,,undivided ,,church2
 also ,,fathers1 ,,the47                
,transepts4--,when churches are built in
 the form of a cross they have two      
wings1 one on each side1 projecting at  
right angles with the nave and chancel4 
,these projected wings1 forming the arm 
of the cross1 are called the transepts1 
north and south4  ,transfiguration1     
,the4--,a ,feast of the ,church observed
 on ,august #f1 in commemoration of our 
,lord's ,transfiguration on the ,mount  
in the presence of ,his three disciples1
 ,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,james and ,st4      
,john4 ,it is a restored ,festival in   
our ,calendar4 ,the ,american ,church   
having thought good to order a revision 
of #beh the ,prayer-book after a hundred
 years use of it as set forth in the    

year #aghi1 completed this revision in  
#ahib after fifteen years of labor spent
 upon it4 ,the first action taken on the
 subject was by the ,general ,convention
 in #ahhc1 when among other changes and 
restorations the ,feast of the          
,transfiguration was restored to the    
,calendar and appointed to be observed  
,august #f4 ,this date it is thought is 
the actual time of the year at which the
 ,transfiguration took place4 ,as a day 
of commemoration1 this ,festival has    
been observed in the ,eastern ,church   
since ,a4,d4 #gjj1 and in the ,western  
,church since the year #dej4 ,it was    
ordered to be universally observed in   
,a4,d4 #adeg4 ,we cannot doubt that its 
restoration to our ,calendar is a       
decided gain to our spiritual treasury  
of devotions and instructions1 for it   
commemorates an event in our ,lord's    
,life which has deep significance in    
relation to our ,lord ,himself and also 
to our own spiritual life4 ,our ,lord1  
before ,his last journey to ,jerusalem1 

took the three chief ,apostles with ,him
 into a high mountain and then as ,he   
prayed1 ,he was transfigured before     
them4 ,his raiment became white as the  
light1 ,his face shone as the sun1 and  
,moses and ,elias appeared and talked   
with ,him4 ,and there came a voice out  
of the cloud1 saying1 ,this is ,my      
beloved ,son1 hear ,him4 ,it was thus   
that ,his ,divine nature was revealed   
and enabled the ,apostle ,st4 ,john to  
testify1 ,we beheld ,his glory1 the     
glory as of the ,only ,begotten of the  
,father4 ,proper ,lessons and ,proper   
,psalms for the services for this day as
 well as ,collect1 ,epistle and ,gospel 
emphasize the importance of the ,feast  
of the ,transfiguration and mark it as  
one of the #bei great days of the       
,church4 ,the ecclesiastical color is   
white4  ,trefoil4--,an ornament used in 
,gothic architecture1 formed by         
mouldings in the head of window lights1 
tracery1 panelings1 etc41 so arranged as
 to resemble the trefoil1 7i4e41 three  

leaved7 clover1 as an emblem of the     
,trinity4  ,trine ,immersion4--,the name
 given to the practice in the ,primitive
 ,church1 of dipping a person1 who was  
being baptized1 three times beneath the 
surface of the water1 i4e41 at each name
 of the three ,persons in the ,blessed  
,trinity4 ,when ,baptism was by affusion
 or pouring1 as is usual at the present 
time1 the affusion was also trine4 ,the 
,apostolic canons insisted so strongly  
on this mode of ,baptism that they      
enjoined that the ,bishop or ,priest who
 did not thus administer it should be   
deposed4 ,this threefold method of      
,baptism still prevails in the ,church  
and is the only proper method of        
administering this sacrament4  ,trinity1
 ,the ,holy4--,a name applied to the    
,godhead and signifying ,three in ,one  
and ,one in ,three--the ,father1 the    
,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost--a doctrine  
which is held by all branches of the    
,catholic ,church1 and by the greater   
number of the various ,christian        

denominations4 ,the word ,trinity is not
 found in the ,bible and is said to have
 been first used by ,theophilus1 ,bishop
 of ,antioch1 in the second century as a
 concise expression of the ,christian   
,faith concerning the ,godhead1 that    
there is but one living and true ,god1  
everlasting1 without body1 parts or     
passions2 of infinite power1 wisdom and 
goodness2 the ,maker and ,preserver of  
all things both visible and #bfj        
invisible4 ,and in the unity of this    
,godhead there be three ,persons1 of one
 substance1 power and eternity3 the     
,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4
 7,art4 ,i74 ,the doctrine of the       
,trinity deals with matter beyond reason
 but not contrary to reason2 is the     
subject of ,revelation and as such is   
proposed to our faith faculty4 ,for this
 reason it is called a ,mystery of the  
,gospel4  ,trinity ,season1 ,the4--,the 
long period between ,trinity ,sunday and
 the ,first ,sunday in ,advent is so    
called4 ,its length is dependent on the 

time ,easter is kept and may include as 
many as twenty-seven ,sundays4 ,the     
devotions and the ,scriptural ,lessons  
are intended to bring before us the     
moralities of the ,gospel and the       
practical duties of the ,christian life4
 ,or as ,bishop ,coxe has finely        
expressed it1 ,the first half of the    
year is devoted to ,doctrine primarily1 
and to ,duty as seen in direct relation 
to ,doctrine4 ,so1 the second half is   
devoted to ,duty primarily1 and to      
,doctrine only as reduced to practical  
,piety1 ,thus is the ,christian ,year   
divided between the ,creed and the      
,decalogue4 ,the ,last ,sunday of the   
,season is observed as the ,sunday next 
before ,advent1 but is popularly called 
,stir up ,sunday from the first two     
words of the ,collect for the ,day4 ,the
 ,church color for the ,trinity ,season 
is green4  ,trinity ,sunday4--,trinity  
,sunday is a ,festival of late          
institution1 as the day on which it is  
observed was originally kept as the     

,octave of ,whitsun ,day4 ,it was not   
until ,a4,d4 #abfj that it was first    
directed by the ,synod of ,aries to be  
observed by the whole ,church as        
,trinity ,sunday1 although ,thomas a    
,beckett is said to have instituted this
 ,festival in ,england in #bfa ,a4,d4   
#aafb1 and reference is made to it as   
early as ,a4,d4 #hcd4 ,the observance of
 this day is very significant and rounds
 out or completes the former            
commemorations of the year4 ,as set     
forth in ,thoughts on the ,services1    
,the ,church's services have culminated2
 to-day they mount up to the ,throne of 
the ,godhead2 for knowing the ,son and  
the ,holy ,ghost1 we know the ,father   
also1 and that these ,three are not     
three ,gods1 but one ,god4 ,the ,church 
to-day celebrates the glory and majesty 
of ,god in ,his essence and in ,his     
works4 ,in the word ,trinity1 she simply
 sums up what is revealed concerning    
,him1--that in ,substance ,he is ,one1  
but in ,persons1 ,three4 4 4 4 ,the     

,collect enables us to worship the      
,unity which exists in the power of the 
,divine ,majesty1 even while we         
acknowledge the glory of the ,eternal   
,trinity4 ,proper ,lessons1 ,proper     
,psalms and ,proper ,preface in the     
,communion ,office emphasize the        
importance of the ,festival and mark it 
as one of the great days of the ,church4
 ,the ecclesiastical color is white4    
,trisagion4--,a ,greek word meaning the 
same as ,ter ,sanctus1 i4e41 ,thrice    
,holy1 but it is not used in the ,greek 
,church for the same thing1 but is the  
title of the respond used in the        
,reproaches and other services1 namely1 
,holy ,god1 ,holy and ,mighty1 ,holy and
 ,immortal1 have mercy upon us4         
,triumphal ,hymn4--,the ancient name    
given to the ,ter ,sanctus1 the hymn in 
the ,communion office beginning1 ,holy1 
,holy1 ,holy4  ,triumphant1 ,the        
,church4--,the ,church in ,heaven4 7,see
 ,,church ,,catholic47 #bfb             
,tunicle4--,a vestment worn by the      

,subdeacon or ,epistoler at the         
celebration of the ,holy ,communion2    
somewhat similar to the ,dalmatic worn  
by the ,deacon or ,gospeler1 but        
shorter1 narrower and not so elaborately
 embroidered4  ,turning to the          
,east4--7,see ,,east1 ,,turning ,,to47  
,twelfth ,day4--,a popular name given to
 the ,feast of the ,epiphany which      
occurs twelve days after ,christmas4    
,many social rites and customs have long
 been connected with the evening of this
 ,festival1 which is commonly called    
,twelfth ,night4    ,u  ,unction4--7,see
 ,,anointing ,,the ,,sick47  ,undivided 
,church4--,in the great work of the     
,reformation in the ,sixteenth ,century1
 the ,church of ,england did not seek to
 introduce innovations1 to erect a new  
church in the place of the old1 or to   
change the old religion for a new       
religion4 ,what it aimed to do was to   
retain its ancient heritage1 but at the 
same time to free the old ,church from  
certain grave abuses1 to purify the old 

religion from many harmful superstitions
 which had sprung up during the ,middle 
,ages4 ,thus the continuity of the      
,english ,church was the first principle
 of the ,english ,reformation4 ,in all  
the work of ,reformation1 covering a    
long period of time1 the appeal was     
constantly made to the primitive        
standards of the ,undivided ,church2 to 
,holy ,scripture as interpreted by the  
teaching and customs of the ,primitive  
,church1 #bfc the writings of the       
,fathers and the decisions of the       
,general ,councils4 ,the reasonableness 
of this appeal will appear when we      
consider that it is this early age of   
,christianity1 the age nearest to the   
time of the ,apostles1 which best       
preserved the personal instructions of  
the ,twelve1 which was most likely to be
 in accord with the ,will of our ,lord  
and which maintained the ,church's unity
 unimpaired4 ,it was during this time1  
because the ,church was one and         
undivided1 that the ,canon of ,scripture

 was established1 that it was possible  
to hold the ,ecumenical ,councils which 
defined the ,faith once delivered to the
 ,saints1 and gave us the ,creeds as the
 ,rule of ,faith4 ,for this reason the  
,english ,church in her ,reformation    
appealed to the practice1 teaching and  
decisions of the ,undivided ,church4 ,it
 was thus she was enabled to preserve   
her historic continuity4 ,the original  
,unity of the ,church was finally broken
 by the great schism between the ,east  
and the ,west which took place ,a4,d4   
#ajed1 7,see ,,traditions2 also         
,,fathers1 ,,the47  ,unity1             
,church4--,the most apparent1 most      
manifest teaching of ,holy ,scripture is
 the unity or oneness of the ,church of 
,christ4 ,it was for this our ,lord     
prayed1 ,that they all may be one2 as   
,thou1 ,father1 art in ,me1 and ,i in   
,thee1 that they also may be one in us3 
that the world may believe that ,thou   
hast sent ,me 7,st4 ,john #ag3be74 ,we  
have in these words declared the purpose

 of such unity1 viz43 that the world may
 believe4 ,so1 also1 ,st4 ,paul wrote1  
,endeavoring to keep the unity of the   
,spirit in the bond of peace4 ,there is 
one ,body and one ,spirit1 even as ye   
are called in one hope of your calling2 
one ,lord1 one #bfd ,faith1 one         
,baptism1 one ,god and ,father of all   
7,ephesians #d3c-f74 ,again1 in the ,new
 ,testament the ,church is called the   
,body of ,christ1 the kingdom of heaven1
 the ,bride1 and its people are declared
 to be branches of the one ,vine ,jesus 
,christ ,himself4 ,the great thought    
running through all the ,new ,testament 
descriptions of the ,church is that of  
the ,church's unity in itself through   
its union with ,christ the ,head4 ,there
 is not the slightest warrant in the    
,bible for the present state of our     
divided ,christianity1 which is simply  
the result of sin and man's waywardness4
 ,this truth is becoming more and more  
realized among many earnest and         
thoughtful men in all religious bodies  

and they are longing and praying for the
 ,reunion of ,christendom4 ,this desire 
has also developed a study of ,church   
,history which heretofore has been a    
much neglected department of ,christian 
knowledge4 ,this more general study of  
the history of the ,church has already  
been productive of the greatest good4   
,it has given men broader views and a   
clearer conception of that kingdom of   
grace1 of which ,christ is the ,head and
 which is to be the one1 living witness 
whereby the world may be brought to     
believe that the ,divine ,father hath   
sent ,his ,son to be the world's        
,saviour4 ,for this blessed consummation
 many earnest and devout men in all     
places and in almost every communion are
 using daily the following beautiful    
,,prayer ,,for ,,unity4    ,o ,lord     
,jesus ,christ1 who saidst unto ,thine  
,apostles1 ,peace ,i leave   with you1  
,my ,peace ,i give unto you3 ,regard not
 our sins1 but the   faith of ,thy #bfe 
,church2 and grant her that ,peace and  

,unity1   which is agreeable to ,thy    
,will1 ,who livest and reignest with the
   ,father and the ,holy ,ghost1 one    
,god1 world without end4 ,amen4  7,see  
,,undivided ,,church47  ,unleavened     
,bread4--,from time immemorial the bread
 used in the ,holy ,communion has       
generally been unleavened1 or wafer     
bread as it is sometimes called1 from   
its shape1 being made round like a      
wafer4 ,unleavened bread is used from a 
sense of reverence1 using something     
specially made for so holy a purpose1   
and also because unleavened bread is not
 so likely to crumble as ordinary bread4
 ,it is also believed that this was     
undoubtedly the kind of bread our ,lord 
used when ,he instituted the ,blessed   
,sacrament4  ,use4--,this is an         
ecclesiastical term to designate the    
,liturgy or ,prayer-book peculiar to any
 ,diocese or national ,church and       
differing from other ,liturgies in minor
 details4 ,for example1 in the early    
ages of the ,english ,church there were 

different uses1 or customs1 such as the 
,salisbury or ,sarum ,use 2 meaning the 
,prayer-book set forth by ,osmond in    
,a4,d4 #ajhe1 and used in the ,diocese  
of ,salisbury4 ,so also1 there was the  
,use of ,bangor1 the ,use of ,york1 the 
,hereford ,use1 etc41 but all these     
differing uses were finally superseded  
by the one national use1 the present    
,prayer-book of the ,church of ,england4
 ,the ,american ,prayer-book is declared
 in the title page to be ,the ,book of  
,common ,prayer and ,administrations of 
the ,sacraments and other ,rites and    
,ceremonies of ,,the ,,church           
7,catholic7 ,according to ,,the ,,use of
 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in  
the ,united ,states of ,america4 #bff   
,v  ,veil4--7,see ,,chalice ,,veil47    
,veni ,creator ,spiritus4--,the ,latin  
title of a very ancient hymn to the     
,holy ,ghost1 sung in the ,ordination   
,offices1 appropriate to ,whitsun ,day1 
and formerly sung at the celebration of 
the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the authorship of

 this hymn is commonly ascribed to ,st4 
,ambrose1 ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,the first       
,english version 7added to the          
,prayer-book in #affb7 has been         
attributed to ,john ,dryden4  ,venite   
,exultemus4--,meaning1 ,o come1 let us  
sing1 the ,latin title of the #ieth     
,psalm1 sung as the first canticle at   
,morning ,prayer as an ,invitatory to   
the use of the ,psalter4 7,see          
,,invitatory47  ,verger4--,the name     
originally given to one who carried the 
verge1 or staff1 before a cathedral or  
collegiate dignitary4 ,the name is now  
commonly applied to a paid usher4       
,versicles4--,little verses or sentences
 uttered by the officiating minister    
with corresponding replies or responses 
by the congregation4 ,for example1      
,v4 ,o ,lord1 open ,thou our lips4   ,r4
 ,and our mouth shall show forth ,thy   
praise4  ,this feature of ,public       
,worship has prevailed in the ,christian
 ,church from the most ancient times1 as
 we find it mentioned as early as ,a4,d4

 #edc as being even then of ancient     
origin4 ,this is with special reference 
to the ,versicles after the ,lord's     
,prayer in the ,daily ,offices1 which   
have been called the ,,sursum ,,corda of
 the ,daily services4 7,see ,,responsive
 ,,services47 #bfg  ,vespers4--,one of  
the ,,seven ,,canonical ,,hours 7which  
see74 ,it was from the ancient offices  
of ,vespers and ,compline that the      
present service of ,evening ,prayer was 
compiled4 ,this service is sometimes now
 called ,vespers and also ,,even ,,song 
7which see74  ,vessels1 ,sacred4--,the  
vessels used in celebrating the ,holy   
,communion are so called1 from the      
sacred purpose for which they are       
intended4 ,these sacred vessels are the 
,chalice1 ,paten and ,flagon1 which     
should be made of silver or gold        
only--the best that we have for so      
sacred a purpose4  ,vestments4--,it has 
been pointed out that ,the clergy and   
all who act ministerially in divine     
service are clad in surplices and other 

vestments1 not that they may have a     
decent and uniform appearance in sight  
of the congregation1 but as wearing     
robes distinctive of their office in    
ministering before ,him whom they       
worship4 ,in this statement we have a   
rationale1 so to speak1 of the use of   
vestments1 and it is a very striking    
fact that such use has universally      
prevailed in the ,historic ,churches    
from the most ancient times4 7,see      
,,eucharistic ,,vestments47 ,of the     
vestments thus worn in the ,church's    
services there are first the            
,eucharistic ,vestments1 namely3  ,,the 
,,amice1 is a broad linen band richly   
embroidered1 first placed on the head   
and then dropped on the shoulders as a  
covering for the neck and is intended to
 symbolize the ,helmet of ,salvation4   
,it also symbolizes the linen cloth with
 which the ,jews blindfolded our ,lord4 
,,the ,,alb1 a long white linen garment 
with narrow sleeves tied at the waist by
 a white cord4 ,it is #bfh emblematic of

 purity and innocence and also of the   
ministerial office4 ,it also represents 
the white garment in which ,herod       
clothed our ,saviour4  ,,the ,,girdle1  
used to confine the ,alb at the waist1  
is emblematic of the work of the ,lord1 
to perform which the sacred ministers   
gird up1 as it were1 their loins4 ,the  
girdle1 and also the stole and maniple  
are intended to represent the cords and 
fetters with which the officers bound   
,jesus in ,his ,passion4  ,,the         
,,maniple is a scarf like a short stole1
 worn on the left arm over the sleeve of
 the ,alb by the ,celebrant4 ,it is made
 of silk1 with a fringe and embroidered 
with three crosses4  ,,the ,,stole      
7which see74 ,when used at the          
,celebration it is worn crossed on the  
breast and kept in place by the girdle4 
,like the girdle and maniple1 it        
symbolizes the ropes or bands with which
 our ,lord was bound to the pillar when 
,he was scourged4  ,,the ,,chasuble is a
 circular cloak worn over the ,alb and  

hanging from the shoulders4 ,it is      
universally called the ,vestment because
 it is the characteristic ,eucharistic  
robe of all ,christendom and has been so
 from the earliest age of the ,church4  
,the rationale is thus given3 ,the      
over-vesture or chasuble as touching the
 mystery signifieth the purple mantle   
that ,pilate's soldiers put upon ,christ
 after that they had scourged ,him4 ,and
 as touching the ,minister1 it          
signifieth charity1 a virtue excellent  
above all others4  ,other vestments worn
 by the clergy are the cassock1 the     
surplice1 biretta1 hood1 and when       
assisting at the ,holy ,communion1 the  
,dalmatic and ,tunicle2 and by ,bishops1
 the chimere1 rochet1 mitre and cope    
7this last #bfi may also be worn by a   
,priest72 each of which is described    
under its proper head1 to which the     
reader is referred4  ,vestry4--,the name
 given to the room attached to or within
 the church building1 used for vesting  
in1 or in which the vestments are kept4 

,from the old custom of parish meetings 
be held in it1 such meetings were called
 the ,vestry2 a name that has since been
 applied to the representatives of the  
parish elected annually to manage its   
financial and secular affairs4 ,it is to
 be noted that there is nothing to be   
found in the ,primitive ,church         
corresponding to the modern ,vestry4    
,this fact may explain why it is that   
the ,vestry ,system1 as such1 is ever   
presenting problems difficult to solve4 
,the ,vestry ,problem has commanded the 
attention of the ,general ,convention   
from time to time1 but so far nothing   
has been presented for its solution4    
,the purpose and duties of the ,vestry  
as commonly understood may be stated as 
follows3 ,it is the duty of the ,wardens
 and ,vestry 7it ought to be always with
 the advice of the ,bishop7 to consider 
and determine upon the election of a    
minister when the ,rectorship is vacant2
 to see that the minister is well and   
properly supported1 sufficiently and    

punctually paid2 to make and execute all
 contracts for the erection of church   
edifices1 rectories and other church    
buildings2 to provide for their         
furnishing and repair and due           
preservation2 to hold all ,church       
property as ,trustees of the ,parish1   
and as such generally to transact all   
temporal and financial business of the  
,parish4 7,for the duties of ,wardens1  
see ,church ,wardens47  ,via ,media4--,a
 ,latin term1 meaning middle course #bgj
 as between two extremes4 ,the term is  
used to describe the ,anglican or       
,episcopal ,church as avoiding ,romanism
 on the one hand1 and ,protestantism on 
the other4  ,viaticum4--,a term used to 
describe the ,holy ,communion           
administered to a dying person4 ,a      
,canon of the ,nicene ,council 7,a4,d4  
#cbe7 provided that no one should be    
deprived of his perfect and most        
necessary viaticum when he departs out  
of this life4 ,the word means a         
provision made for a journey4           

,vicar4--,a term introduced from the    
,english ,church and applied to one who 
has charge of a chapel connected with a 
,parish1 as his sole charge4 ,for       
example1 the term has been applied to   
certain clergy of ,trinity ,church1 ,new
 ,york1 who have charge of chapels which
 possess the dignity of parishes1 but   
the support of which is derived mainly  
from the ,parish ,corporation4 ,in the  
,english ,church1 the ,rector1 or       
chapter1 or religious house or even a   
layman1 has the whole right to the      
income of the ,parish but the ,vicar    
only to a certain portion of it as the  
,pastor of the ,flock4 ,the origin and  
meaning of this title as used in the    
,church of ,england are thus given in   
,blackstone's ,commentaries1 ,these     
appropriating corporations1 or religious
 houses1 were wont to depute one of     
their body to perform divine service in 
those parishes of which the society was 
the ,parson4 ,this officiating minister 
was in reality no more than a curate1   

deputy or vicegerent of the             
appropriator1 and therefore called      
vicarius or vicar4  ,vigils4--,vigils   
are the ,evens before certain ,feasts4  
,in the ancient use of the ,church1     
,festivals were #bga commonly ushered in
 by the attendance of preceding vigils1 
or watchings all the night as a         
preparation for the solemnities of the  
following day1 and were observed with   
fasting and prayer4  ,vincent1 ,rule of 
,saint4--,st4 ,vincent of ,lerins who   
died ,a4,d4 #cjd has always been revered
 in the ,church and is known as the     
author of the saying1 ,quod semper1 quod
 ubique1 quod ab omnibus1 creditum est1 
meaning what has been done or believed  
always1 everywhere and by all is to be  
accepted4 ,the principle involved in    
these words is the test of orthodoxy and
 the sanction for the ,church's usages4 
,st4 ,vincent's rule1 therefore1 still  
holds good1 for nothing can be of the   
,faith1 as necessary to be believed     
unless it can satisfy the tests of      

antiquity1 universality and general     
consent4 7,see ,,traditions2 also       
,,undivided ,,church47  ,virgin         
,mary4--7,see ,,blessed ,,virgin        
,,mary47  ,virtues1 ,the                
,cardinal4--,the four virtues1 namely1  
,prudence1 ,justice1 ,temperance and    
,fortitude1 which ,solomon sets forth in
 the ,book of ,wisdom1 ,,viii1 #g1 are  
called ,cardinal ,virtues because they  
are most important in the ,christian    
,life4 ,they may be briefly defined as  
follows3  ,,prudence1 choosing the right
 and knowing what means to employ for   
accomplishing it4  ,,justice1 rendering 
to all their dues4  ,,temperence1 the   
virtue of self-control in all things4   
,,fortitude1 bravery in doing ,god's    
,will4  ,virtues1 ,theological4--7,see  
,,theological ,,virtues47  ,visitation1 
,episcopal4--7,see ,,bishop',s          
,,visitation47  ,visitation of          
,prisoners4--,the title of an ,office   
#bgb in the ,prayer-book4 ,it is not    
contained in the ,english ,prayer-book  

but was taken from the ,irish ,book of  
,common ,prayer of #agga and inserted in
 the ,american ,prayer-book in #aghi4   
,this is a very comprehensive and       
appropriate ,office1 proving of great   
value to the ,clergy who are called to  
minister to the spiritual wants of      
prisoners4  ,visitation of the          
,sick4--,a requirement of the ,church is
 that ,when any person is sick1 notice  
shall be given thereof to the ,minister 
of the ,parish4 ,when the ,minister     
visits such sick person1 the            
,prayer-book provides a service which   
may be used1 entitled ,the ,order for   
the ,visitation of the ,sick4 ,this     
service was first set forth in #aedi but
 was added to in #affb1 since which date
 it has remained practically unchanged4 
,it is a very beautiful and affecting   
service1 bringing great peace and       
comfort to the sick and is another fine 
illustration of the tender care our     
,mother ,church shows for all her       
children in all conditions of their     

life4 ,as there is so much              
misapprehension as to the meaning and   
purpose of the ministrations of         
,christ's ,ministers at the bedside of  
the sick1 we give the following         
excellent comment on this ,office in    
,wheatley's ,treatise on the            
,prayer-book3 ,though private friends   
may pray for us and with us1 yet we can 
by no means place such confidence in    
their prayers1 as we may in those sent  
to ,heaven in our behalf by such as are 
peculiarly commissioned to offer them4  
,for this reason it is enjoined by ,st4 
,james in his ,epistle1 that if any be  
sick1 they shall call for the ,elders of
 the ,church4 ,from this it may be      
observed1 that the care of sending for  
the ,minister #bgc is left to the sick4 
,for the ,priest himself1 it is very    
probable1 may never have heard of his   
sickness2 or1 if he has1 may not be so  
good a judge when his visit will be     
seasonable4 ,for this reason it is      
ordered by the rubric that 'when any    

person is sick1 notice shall be given   
thereof to the ,minister of the         
,parish'2 ,not when the person is just  
expiring 7as is too often done71 but    
when the disease first discovers its    
approach4 ,to put it off to the last    
scene of life1 is to defer the ,office  
till it can do no good4 ,for when the   
sickness is grown past recovery1 to pray
 for his restoration is only to mock the
 ,almighty2 and what spiritual advantage
 can be expected from the ,minister's   
assistance to one who is unable to do   
anything for himself8  ,vow4--,a promise
 made to ,god4 ,being brought into      
covenant with ,god in ,holy ,baptism1   
the vows or promises made unto ,god in  
that ,sacrament are three in number3    
#a4 ,,renunciation1 by which we renounce
 the three great powers of evil1--world1
 flesh and devil4  #b4 ,,faith1 by which
 we confess our belief in the ,name into
 which we are baptized--,father1 ,son   
and ,holy ,ghost1 around which the      
articles of the ,christian ,faith as    

contained in the ,apostles' ,creed are  
grouped4  #c4 ,,obedience1 by which we  
promise to serve ,god truly all the days
 of our life4  ,these three vows of     
,baptism cover the whole period of      
life--past1 present and future1 and are 
the basis of all godly and righteous    
living4  ,over and above these vows of  
their ,baptism members of ,religious    
,orders make special vows to ,god1--vows
 #bgd of poverty1 obedience and chastity
 for the more efficient prosecution of  
the work they have undertaken for the   
glory of ,god and the benefit of souls4 
,w  ,wafer ,bread4--7,see ,,unleavened  
,,bread47  ,wardens4--7,see ,,church    
,,wardens47  ,warnings4--,the           
,exhortations in the ,communion ,office 
announcing a future celebration are     
called ,warnings1 and are intended to be
 a sufficient notification to the       
,communicants so that they may make     
their preparation for the receiving of  
the ,communion4 ,where there are        
frequent celebrations1 as on every      

,sunday and ,holy ,day1 the rubric does 
not seem to enjoin their constant use1  
but to require this form of exhortation 
to be used at those times when the      
,minister thinks it necessary to 'give  
warning1' that is1 to exhort his people1
 respecting the celebration of the ,holy
 ,communion4 ,the tone of the rubric and
 of the exhortations is plainly fitted  
to a time of infrequent ,communion4     
,water4--,in the ,church ,catechism it  
is declared that the outward visible    
sign or form in ,baptism is1 ,water2    
wherein the person is baptized4 ,in the 
,name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1  
and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,by the rubric 
in the ,office for ,holy ,baptism it is 
directed that the ,font is to be filled 
with pure water4 ,it is thus the ,church
 fulfils our ,lord's command1 following 
literally ,his words1 baptizing them    
with water4 ,water1 therefore1 is the   
essential element of ,holy ,baptism1    
just as the bread and wine are the #bge 
elements in the ,holy ,communion4 ,water

 as used in ,holy ,baptism signifies    
cleansing1 ,the amount of water to be   
used the ,church has always regarded as 
matter of indifference4  ,wedding       
,ring4--7,see ,,ring47  ,wednesday4--,in
 the earliest ages of the ,christian    
,church its devotions were always       
characterized by both weekly and annual 
fasts4 ,during the week the first       
,christians always kept two fasts2 one  
on ,wednesday1 the day on which our     
,lord was betrayed1 and the other on    
,friday1 the day on which ,he was       
crucified4 ,both the ,english and       
,american ,churches have perpetuated    
this custom by appointing ,wednesday and
 ,friday of each week as ,litany ,days4 
,western ,church4--,a term frequently   
met with in ,church history and denoting
 the ,churches which formerly made part 
of the western empire of ,rome1 i4e41   
the ,church in western ,europe1--,italy1
 ,spain1 ,france1 etc4 ,the ,church of  
,england is also included under this    
term as being a branch of the ,catholic 

and ,apostolic ,church4  ,whitsun       
,day4--,a high ,festival observed in the
 ,church on the fiftieth day after      
,easter1 in commemoration of the        
outpouring of the ,holy ,spirit upon the
 ,apostles on the day of ,pentecost as  
they were all with one accord in one    
place in ,jerusalem4 ,whitsun ,day is   
the ,birthday of the ,christian ,church1
 and as such it has been commemorated   
for nearly two thousand years by        
,christian people and observed by them  
with holy joy and deep thanksgiving for 
the fulfilment of our ,lord's promise to
 send the ,comforter to ,his comfortless
 people4 #bgf  ,by the devotions of     
,whitsun ,day we have brought to our    
remembrance1 in the most beautiful and  
striking manner1 the operations of ,god 
by the ,spirit's power4 ,by ,proper     
,psalms1 ,proper ,lessons and           
,eucharistic ,scriptures1 and by ,proper
 ,preface in the ,communion ,service1 we
 learn how that in the ,holy ,ghost and 
,his ,presence in the ,church we have   

the great power and renewing grace of   
,god made availing to us4 ,the          
ecclesiastical color is red as          
symbolical of the cloven tongues like as
 of fire1 in which form the ,holy ,ghost
 lighted on the head of each of the     
,apostles4 7,see ,,holy ,,ghost47  ,as  
to the derivation of the word ,whitsun  
there seems to be great uncertainty and 
difference of opinion4 ,some derive it  
from the word white1 shortened to whit1 
in reference to the diffusions of light 
and knowledge which on this day were    
shed upon the ,apostles1 in order to the
 enlightening of the world2 also in     
reference to this being the time of     
,baptism in the ancient ,church1 each   
candidate being clothed with white      
garments4 ,others derive it from the old
 ,saxon word wit1 meaning wisdom which  
is the special gift of the ,holy ,ghost4
 ,again others derive it from the word  
,pentecost1 the original name of the    
,festival1 through the ,german          
,pfingsten1 hence ,pingsten1 changed in 

the ,saxon to ,wingsten1 and this being 
corrupted into ,whitsun1 meaning1       
therefore the same as ,pentecost1 that  
is1 the fiftieth day4 7,this last seems 
to be the most probable derivation as is
 seen in the use of the terms ,whitsun  
,monday1 ,whitsun ,tide1 etc47  ,this   
,festival is of especial interest to    
,churchmen #bgg as it was on ,whitsun   
,day1 ,june #ith1 #aedi1 that the ,book 
of ,common ,prayer1 in ,english1 was    
first used4 ,that day was doubtless     
chosen1 says a beautiful writer1 as a   
devout acknowledgment that the ,holy    
,ghost was with the ,church of ,england 
in the important work then taken4 ,may  
,he ever preserve these devotional      
offices from the attacks of enmity or   
unwisdom1 and continue them in that line
 of ,catholic unity wherein ,he has     
guided the ,church hitherto to keep     
them4  ,whitsun ,monday2 ,whitsun       
,tuesday4--,two days observed with great
 solemnity as the continuation of the   
,high ,festival of ,whitsun ,day4 ,for  

the origin and appointment of these days
 see ,,easter ,,monday and ,,tuesday4   
,whitsun ,tide4--,the week beginning    
with ,whitsun ,day is so called4 ,during
 this week the ,whitsun ,ember ,days are
 observed1 7,wednesday1 ,friday1 and    
,saturday71 as a preparation for        
,trinity ,sunday1 one of the stated     
times of ,ordination4  ,wine4--,one of  
the elements used in the celebration of 
the ,holy ,communion as our ,lord       
commanded4 ,it is to be noticed that    
unfermented grape juice1 raisin water1  
and the like do not constitute the      
proper element in the ,holy ,communion1 
and if these are used the ,sacrament is 
not valid4 ,in the ,general ,convention 
which met in ,chicago in #ahhf1 the     
,house of ,bishops declared by          
resolution that the use of unfermented  
wine was unwarranted by the example of  
our ,lord1 and contrary to the custom of
 the ,catholic ,church4 ,this was still 
more strongly affirmed by the ,lambeth  
,conference which met in #ahhh1 in the  

#bgh following resolution3 ,that the    
,bishops assembled in this conference   
declare that the use of unfermented     
juice of the grape or any other liquid  
other than true ,wine diluted or        
undiluted1 as the element in the        
,administration of the ,cup in ,holy    
,communion1 is unwarranted by the       
example of our ,lord and is an          
unauthorized departure from the custom  
of the ,catholic ,church4 ,this         
declaration by both these bodies was    
called forth by the agitation of the    
,temperance people4  ,woman's           
,auxiliary1 ,the4--,this is a ,society1 
as its name indicates1 composed of the  
women of the ,church which acts as an   
auxiliary to the ,,domestic ,,and       
,,foreign ,,missionary ,,society 7which 
see71 and by the labors and generous    
gifts of its members supplements the    
work of the general ,society4 ,there is 
also a ,junior ,department including the
 younger women of the ,church who have  
become interested in missionary work4   

,besides systematic efforts to raise    
money for the work of missions1 the     
members prepare boxes of clothing and   
household necessities for the families  
of missionaries4 ,the ,auxiliary is very
 helpful and has enlisted the faithful  
labors of ,christian women in fifty-nine
 dioceses and twenty-one missionary     
districts4 ,an idea of the work         
accomplished by this organization may be
 gained by considering the report made  
for the year ending ,september #ast1    
#aijj1 from which it is learned that the
 ,woman's ,auxiliary contributed that   
year the noble sum of #baj1hda4ee1 and  
prepared and sent out #d1fhj boxes      
valued at #aia1dcd4if1 making a total   
for the year of #djb1bgf4ea4 ,it may be 
interesting to note that the ,,united   
,,offering placed #bgi on the ,altar by 
the ,woman's ,auxiliary at the          
,triennial meeting held in ,san         
,francisco during the ,general          
,convention of #aija1 amounted to the   
handsome sum of #ajd1bie4ec4 ,the       

,headquarters of the ,society are in the
 ,church ,missions ,house1 ,new ,york   
,city4  ,word1 ,the4--,the name given to
 our ,blessed ,lord by ,st4 ,john in the
 beginning of his ,gospel1 to set forth 
the preexistence and ,divinity of the   
,son of ,god and the creation of the    
world by ,him4 ,pearson on the ,creed   
makes the following comment3 ,the ,jews 
were constantly taught that the ,word of
 ,god was the same with ,god1 and that  
by that ,word all things were made4 ,and
 therefore1 ,st4 ,john delivered so     
great a mystery so briefly1 as speaking 
to those who at once understood him4    
,only what they knew not was that this  
,word was made ,flesh1 and that this    
,word made ,flesh was ,jesus ,christ4   
,the ,greek for ,the ,word is ,logos4   
,words on the ,cross1 ,the ,seven4--,our
 ,blessed ,lord was nailed to the ,cross
 at nine o'clock in the morning and     
hanged thereon until three o'clock1 when
 ,he died4 ,during these six hours of   
,his ,crucifixion ,he uttered seven     

sayings1 called the ,seven ,words from  
the ,cross2 they are as follows3  #a4   
,father1 forgive them2 for they know not
 what they do4  #b4 ,to-day thou shalt  
be with ,me in ,paradise4  #c4 ,woman1  
behold thy ,son4 ,behold thy ,mother4   
#d4 ,my ,god1 ,my ,god1 why hast ,thou  
forsaken ,me8  #e4 ,i thirst4 #bhj  #f4 
,it is finished4  #g4 ,father1 into ,thy
 hands ,i commend ,my ,spirit4 7,see    
,,three ,,hours' ,,service47            
,worship4--,our word worship is the     
modern form of the early ,english word  
worthship4 ,and while the word was      
originally used to denote honor or      
respect paid to any one worthy of it1 it
 came in time to be used exclusively of 
the giving of honor to ,god1 of which   
,he above all others is worthy4 ,thus we
 have the word applied almost           
exclusively to what we now call ,public 
,worship4 ,by this is meant the united  
homage of the members of the ,church    
rendered to ,god as their ,almighty     
,king4 ,and it is to be noted that      

whilst ,god accepts the worship of each 
individual or family1 yet ,he loves more
 the ,public ,worship of ,his ,church1  
for we read in the ,book of ,psalms1    
,the ,lord loveth the gates of ,zion    
more than all the dwellings of ,jacob4  
,while this is very manifest to any     
careful student of the ,bible1 yet in   
these our days there is nothing so      
misunderstood as the nature and         
obligation of ,public ,worship4 ,so much
 so is this the case it has been        
declared that ,worship is a ,lost ,art4 
,this has come to pass1 no doubt1 from  
the misapprehension of the purpose of   
this assembling of ourselves together4  
,the common idea is that we go to       
,church to hear preaching4 ,but         
preaching is not worship1 nor is it the 
chief purpose of our coming together in 
the ,house of ,god each ,lord's ,day4   
,we come together to worship1 and the   
true idea of worship is to give1 to     
render homage4 ,worship is an unselfish 
offering4 ,it is giving ,god the praise4

 ,it is the grateful homage of grateful 
creatures to ,him who #bha has blessed  
them and preserved them4 ,preaching is  
but an incident of such an assembly     
gathered for such a purpose1 and        
oftentimes is not really necessary4 ,it 
is also to be noticed that the ,church's
 true worship is the ,holy ,communion2  
all other services are but adjuncts to  
the one service appointed by our ,lord  
,himself4 ,in the ,primitive ,church an 
ordinary ,christian would not have      
considered that he had kept the ,lord's 
,day as a day of worship if he had not  
attended a celebration of the ,holy     
,communion4 ,when1 therefore1 our people
 grasp these ,scriptural ideas1 then no 
longer can it be said that worship is a 
,lost ,art among the ,american people4  
7,see ,,holy ,,communion2 also          
,,responsive ,,service47    ,x          
,x4--,the letter ,x resembles the shape 
of the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew1 which has
 come into quite prominent notice as    
being the badge of the ,,brotherhood    

,,of ,,st4 ,,andrew 7which see74  ,x    
,p4--,these letters belong under this   
head only in appearance as they are in  
reality the first two letters of the    
,greek word ,christos1 meaning ,christ4 
,the ,x is the ,greek letter ,chi and is
 equivalent to the ,english letters ch2 
the ,p is called ,rho and is the same as
 the letter r2 they thus represent the  
first three letters of the word ,christ4
 ,these two ,greek letters are used in  
,church decorations either separately or
 as a monogram1 as a symbol or emblem of
 our ,lord4 #bhb    ,y   ,y ,cross4--,by
 reason of its shape1 the ,cross        
embroidered on the ,,chasuble 7which    
see7 is called the ,y ,cross1 and is    
intended to represent the outstretched  
arms of our ,blessed ,lord on the       
,cross1 and symbolizes the ,sacrifice   
which ,he there offered for the sins of 
the whole world1 of which the ,holy     
,eucharist is the perpetual ,memorial4  
,year4--7,see ,,christian ,,year47      
,yule4--,the old ,english name for      

,,christmas 7which see74 ,a word of     
doubtful origin4  ,yule ,tide4--,the    
season or time of ,christmas4   ,z      
,zealot4--,one of a fanatical ,jewish   
sect1 which prevailed in the time of our
 ,lord4 ,in the ,new ,testament1 this   
name is given to one of our ,lord's     
,apostles1 namely1 ,,st4 ,,simon 7which 
see74  ,zuchetto4--,the name give to a  
skull cap worn by the clergy instead of 
the biretta2 when worn by a ,priest the 
color is black1 but that worn by a      
,bishop is purple4 #bhc    ,,index4     
,ablutions #e   ,absolution #e          
,absolution1 ,declaration of #f         
,absolve #f   ,abstinence #f   ,acolyte1
 his duties #f   ,adult ,baptism #g     
,advent1 ,season of #g   ,advent ,sunday
 #h   ,affusion #h   ,agape #h   ,age   
for ,confirmation #hd   ,agnus ,dei #i  
,aisle #i   ,alb #i   ,alleluia #i      
,all ,saints' ,day #i   ,almanac1       
,church #aj   ,alms ,bason #aj   ,alpha 
and ,omega #aj   ,altar #aa   ,altar    
,cross #aa   ,altar ,lights #aa   ,altar

 ,linen #ab   ,altar ,rail #ab   ,altar 
,vessels4 ,see ,vessels1 ,sacred #bfg   
,ambulatory #ac   ,american ,church #ac 
,american ,church1 meaning of the term  
#ac   ,amice  #ah   ,anaphora #ah       
,andrew1 ,saint #ah   ,angel1 one of ,n4
 ,t4 names for ,bishop #ai   ,angels4   
,see ,holy ,angels #acc   ,anglican     
,church #ai   ,anglican ,communion  #bj 
,anglo ,catholic #ba   ,annual ,address1
 ,the ,bishop's1 #cg   ,annunciation1   
,the #bb   ,anointing the ,sick #bb     
,antependium #bc   ,anthem #bc          
,antiphon4 ,see ,anthem  #bc            
,antiphonal #bc   ,apocalypse1 ,the #bd 
,apocrypha #bd   ,apostle #bd           
,apostles' ,creed #be    ,doctrine #be  
,apostolate #be   ,apostolic ,fathers4  
,see ,fathers1 #aji   ,apostolic        
,succession #be   ,apse #bf   ,apsidal  
#cf   ,archbishop #bf   ,archdeacon #bf 
#bhd   ,articles of ,religion1 ,,xxxix1 
#bf   ,articles of ,religion not a      
,creed1 #bg   ,ascension ,day #bg       
,ascription #bg   ,ash ,wednesday #bh   

,assistant ,minister #bh    ,banners #bh
   ,banns of ,marriage #bi   ,baptism1  
,adult4 ,see ,adult   ,baptism #g       
,baptism1 ,holy #bi   ,baptism1         
,conditional  #cj   ,baptism1 ,infant4  
,see ,infant ,baptism #ade   ,baptism1  
,private #cj   ,baptism ,should be      
administered in ,church #cj   ,baptismal
 ,regeneration4 ,see   ,regeneration    
#bbg   ,baptismal ,shell #ca            
,baptistry #ca   ,barnabas1 ,saint #ca  
,bartholomew1 ,saint #cb   ,bason4 ,see 
,alms ,bason #aj   ,belfry #cc          
,benedic1 ,anima mea  #cc   ,benedicite 
#cc   ,benediction #cd   ,benedictus #ce
   ,betrothal #ce   ,bible1 ,the        
,english #ce   ,bible ,reading ,church  
#aff1 #bch   ,bidding ,prayer #cf       
,biretta #cf   ,birthday of the ,church 
#bge   ,bishop #cf   ,bishop's ,charge  
#cg   ,bishop ,coadjutor #ch   ,bishop  
consecrated by not less than three      
,bishops #af   ,bishop1 ,derivation of  
the ,word #cf   ,bishop1 ,election of   
#ch   ,bishop1 ,missionary #ci          

,bishop1 ,the ,presiding4 ,see          
,presiding ,bishop #bah   ,bishop's     
,resignation4 ,see ,jurisdiction1       
,resignation of1 #aeh   ,bishop's       
,visitation #ci   ,bishopric #dj        
,black #dj   ,blessed ,virgin ,mary #dj 
,blessing ,church ,furniture #cd        
,blessing of ,peace #da   ,board of     
,managers #da   ,board of ,missions #da 
,bounden ,duty #da   ,bowing #da        
,bowing at the ,name of ,jesus #da1 #acf
   ,breaking of the ,bread #db          
,brotherhood of ,st ,andrew #db         
,burial #dc   ,burial ,office when not  
to be used #dc   ,burse #dc    ,calendar
 #dd    ,origin of #hc   ,candidate #dd 
,candlemas #dd   ,canon #de    ,law #de 
of ,scripture #de    of the ,liturgy #de
 #bhe   ,canonical #de   ,canonical     
,hours #de   ,canonical ,residence #df  
,canticle #df   ,cantoris #df           
,cardinal ,virtues4 ,see ,virtues1      
,cardinal #bga   ,cassock #df           
,catechism #dg    ,divisions of #dg     
an ,unfinished ,fragment #dg            

,catechumen #dh   ,cathedral #dh        
,catholic #dh   ,celebrant #di          
,ceremonies4 ,see ,rites and ,ceremonies
 #bcb   ,chalice #ej   ,chalice ,veil   
#ej   ,chancel #ej   ,chancellor #ej    
,change of ,church name #ad   ,chantry  
#ej   ,chasuble #ea   ,childermas #ea   
,chimere #ea   ,choir #ea   ,choir1 ,the
 ,vested4 ,see ,surpliced ,choir #bdi   
,choral ,service4 ,see ,even ,song #ajc 
,choral ,service not ,romish #ajc       
,christen1 ,to #eb   ,christian #ea     
,christian ,name4 ,see ,name1 ,christian
 #aid   ,christian ,unity4 ,see ,unity1 
,church #bfc   ,christian ,year1        
,divisions of1 #eb1 #ec   ,christian's  
,new ,year's ,day #h   ,christmas ,day  
#ed   ,church #ee    an ,institution    
4444 #afa    ,introduced into ,britain1 
#ai    ,building ,fund 444 #ef          
,catholic #ef    ,chronology #eg        
,club #eh    ,colors #eh    ,congress   
#ei    ,militant4 ,see ,church ,catholic
 #ef    ,missions ,house #fj    of      
,england not founded by ,henry the      

,eighth #bj1 #agi1 #bcc    ,temperance  
,society #fa    ,wardens #fb    ,year1  
,see ,christian ,year #ec    ,year      
preaches the ,gospel #ec   ,churching   
#fb   ,circumcision1 ,the #fc   ,clergy 
#fc   ,clerical #fd   ,cloister #fd     
,coadjutor4 ,see ,bishop ,coadjutor #ch 
,collect #fd   ,comfortable ,words #fe  
,commendatory ,prayer #fe               
,commandments4 ,see ,decalogue #gg      
,common ,prayer1 ,meaning of #fd        
,communion1 ,holy4 ,see ,holy ,communion
 #acc #bhf   ,communion of ,saints #ff  
,compline4 ,see ,canonical ,hours #de   
,confirmation #ff   ,confirmation not   
joining the ,church #aef   ,consecrate  
#fh   ,consecration1 ,prayer of #fh     
of ,church ,buildings #fi    of first   
,bishop    on ,american ,soil #ag       
,convention #fi   ,convocation #fi      
,cope #gj   ,corporal #gj   ,cotta #gj  
,council #gj   ,credence #ga   ,creed   
#ga   ,cross1 ,the #gb   ,crucifier #gc 
,cruets #gc   ,crypt #gc   ,curate #gc  
,daily ,prayer1 ,the #gc   ,dalmatic #gd

   ,daughters of the ,king #ge   ,days  
in ,holy ,week1 their significance #ach 
,days of ,obligation1 ,list of #ge      
,deacon #ge   ,deaconess #gf   ,dean #gg
   ,decalogue #gg    ,translation of #gh
   ,decalogue ,when added to ,communion 
,office #gg   ,decani #gh   ,dedication1
 ,feast of #gh   ,deposition #gi        
,deprecations #gi   ,descent into ,hell 
#gi   ,diaconate #hj   ,dies ,irae #hj  
,digest of ,canons #hj    ,list of      
,titles #hj   ,dimissory ,letter #ha    
,diocesan #hb   ,diocesan ,convention   
#hb   ,diocesan ,missions #hb   ,diocese
 #ha   ,diptychs #hc   ,discretion1     
,years of #hd   ,dispensation #hd       
,divine ,liturgy4 ,see ,holy ,communion 
#acc   ,divine ,service #hd   ,divisions
 among ,christians not ,sanctioned by   
the ,bible #bfd   ,domestic and ,foreign
 ,missionary ,society #he   ,domestic   
,missions4 ,see ,d4 and ,f4 ,society #he
   ,domenical ,letter #hg   ,dossal #hh 
,doxology #hh   ,duly1 its              
ecclesiastical meaning #hh    ,eagle #hi

   ,early ,communion #hj #bhg   ,east1  
,turning to1 ,origin of ,custom #ij     
,easter ,day #ij   ,easter ,even #ib    
,easter ,monday and ,tuesday #ic        
,easter ,tide #ic   ,eastern ,church #ic
   ,eastward ,position4 ,see ,east1     
,turning to #ij   ,ecclesiastical ,year4
 ,see ,christian ,year #eb   ,ecumenical
 #id   ,elder #id   ,elements #id       
,ember ,days #id   ,emblems #ie         
,emmanuel #if   ,epact1 ,the #ig        
,epiphany1 ,feast of #ig                
,commemoration ,threefold #ih           
,sundays after #ih   ,episcopacy #ih    
,episcopal ,ring #bca   ,episcopate #ajj
   ,epistle of ,st4 ,barnabas #cb       
,epistle1 ,the #ajj   ,epistle ,side    
#ajj   ,epistoler #aja   ,eschatology   
#aja   ,espousal #aja   ,essentials of  
,christian ,truth and ,order #ai        
,eucharist #aja   ,eucharistic ,lights4 
,see ,altar ,lights #aa   ,eucharistic  
,vestments #aja   ,evangelical #ajb     
,evangelical ,canticles #ajb            
,evangelists #ajc   ,eve or ,even #ajc  

,even ,song #ajc   ,examination for     
,holy ,orders1 ,list of #ajc            
,excommunication #ajd   ,exhortation    
#ajd   ,expectation ,sunday #aje        
,expectation ,week #aje   ,extension of 
the ,incarnation #add    ,fair ,linen   
,cloth #ajf   ,fair ,white ,linen ,cloth
 #ajf   ,faith #ajf   ,faithful1 ,the   
#ajg   ,faldstool #ajg   ,fasting #ajg  
,fasting ,communion #ajh   ,fasts1      
,table of #ajh   ,fathers1 ,the #ajh    
,feasts or ,festivals #aaj   ,feria #aaj
   ,filioque #aaa   ,first ,american    
,bishop #af   ,first ,principle of      
,english ,reformation #bfb   ,fish #aaa 
,flagon #aaa   ,font #aaa   ,foreign    
,missions4 ,see ,d4 and ,f4 ,society #he
   ,forms #aab   ,forty ,days1 ,the     
,great #aac   ,fourth ,sunday in ,lent  
#aad   ,fraction #aad   ,free and ,open 
,churches #aae   ,frequent ,communion   
#aae #bhh   ,friday #aaf    as          
,obligatory as ,sunday1 #aaf   ,frontal 
#aaf   ,fruits of the ,spirit4 ,see     
,spirit1 ,fruits of #bdb   ,funerals    

#aag    ,gehenna #aag   ,general ,clergy
 ,relief ,fund #aag   ,general          
,confession1 ,the #aah   ,general       
,convention #aai   ,general ,councils1  
,list of #gj1 #ga   ,general            
,thanksgiving #abj   ,general           
,theological ,seminary #abj   ,generally
 ,necessary #abj   ,genuflexion #aba    
,ghost #aba   ,ghostly #aba   ,ghost1   
,the ,holy4 ,see ,holy ,ghost #ace      
,gifts 7,sevenfold7 of the ,holy ,ghost 
#aba   ,girdle #aba   ,girls' ,friendly 
,society #abb   ,gloria in ,excelsis    
#abb   ,gloria ,patri #abc    not a vain
 repetition #abc   ,gloria ,tibi #abc   
,god ,fathers and ,mothers4 ,see        
,sponsors #bdc   ,golden ,number #abc   
,good ,friday #abd   ,good ,shepherd1   
,sunday of #abe   ,gospel--meaning of   
the word #abf   ,gospel ,hymns #agi     
,gospels1 ,the ,four #abf   ,gospel1    
,the ,holy #abg   ,gospel ,side #abg    
,gospeller #abg   ,government1 ,church4 
,see ,episcopacy #ih   ,gown1 ,the      
,black #abg   ,grace #abh   ,grace of   

,baptism ,threefold #bi   ,gradine #abh 
,gradual #abh   ,greek ,church4 ,see    
,eastern ,church #ic   ,green #abh      
,gregorian ,music #abi   ,growth of the 
,church #ag1 #abi   ,guardian ,angels4  
,see ,holy ,angels #acc   ,guild #aca   
,habit #aca   ,hades #aca   ,hallelujah4
 ,see ,alleluia #i   ,heaven #acb       
,hell #acb   ,heresy #acb   ,heretic    
#acb   ,high ,celebration #acb          
,historic ,episcopate #acc              
,historiographer #acc   ,holy ,angels   
#acc   ,holy ,communion #acc    every   
,lord's ,day #aae   ,holy ,days and     
,seasons4 ,see ,christian ,year #eb     
,holy ,ghost1 ,the #ace    ,procession  
of #bai   ,holy ,innocents' ,day #acf   
#bhi   ,holy ,name1 ,the #acf   ,holy   
,orders #acg   ,holy ,table4 ,see ,altar
 #aa   ,holy ,thursday #a #cg   ,holy   
,week #acg   ,homilies1 ,the #ach       
,hood #ach   ,hosanna #aci   ,hours of  
,prayer4 ,see ,canonical ,hours #de     
,house of ,bishops #aci   ,house of ,god
 #aci   ,housel #adj   ,humble ,access1 

,prayer of #adj   ,hymn ,board #adj     
,hymnal1 ,the #adj   ,hymns #ada        
,hypothetical ,form #adb    ,,ichthus   
#adb   ,i4 ,h4 ,s #adb   ,immersion #adb
   ,immovable ,feasts #adb   ,imposition
 of ,hands #adc   ,incarnation1 ,the    
#add   ,incense #ade   ,incumbent #ade  
,infant ,baptism #ade   ,inhibit #adf   
,innocents4 ,see ,holy ,innocents' ,day 
#acf   ,i4 ,n4 ,r4 ,i4 #adg             
,institution1 ,office1 of #adg          
,letter of #adg    ,words of #adh       
,instruction #adh   ,intercessions of   
the ,litany #adh   ,intermediate ,state 
#adh   ,intonation #adi   ,intone #adi  
,introit #aej   ,invitatory #aej        
,invocation1 ,the #aea    before the    
sermon #aej    ,james 7,st47 the ,great 
#aea   ,james 7,st47 the ,less #aeb     
,jesus1 ,the ,holy ,name of #aeb        
,derivation of the word #aec   ,john    
,baptist1 ,saint #aec   ,john           
,evangelist1 ,saint #aed   ,joining the 
,church #aee   ,jubilate ,deo #aeg      
,jude1 ,saint #aeg   ,jurisdiction1     

,episcopal #aeh    ,missionary #aeh     
,resignation of #aeh   ,justification1  
,cause of #aei    ,kalendar4 ,see       
,calendar #aei   ,keys of the ,church   
#aei   ,keys1 ,power of the #afj        
,kindred1 ,table of #afj   ,kingdom of  
,god #afa   ,kissing the ,stole #afb    
,kneeling #afb   ,kyrie #afb    ,lady   
,day #afc   ,laity #afc    ,why so      
called #fd   ,lamb and ,flag #afc #bij  
,lambeth ,conference #afd   ,lammas ,day
 #afd   ,last ,things1 ,the ,four #afd  
,lauds #afd   ,lay ,baptism #afe        
,layman #afe   ,lay ,reader #afe        
,laying on of ,hands #afe   ,lectern    
#aff   ,lectionary #aff   ,lent1 ,season
 of #afg    ,why observed forty days1   
#afg    ,sundays in #afh   ,lesser      
,litany #afi   ,lessons1 ,the #afi      
,letter ,dimissory4 ,see ,dimissory     
,letter #ha    of ,orders #afi    of    
,transfer #agj   ,lights on the ,altar  
#agj   ,linen ,cloth1 ,see ,fair ,linen 
,cloth #ajf   ,litany1 ,the #agj        
,divisions of #aga    ,desk #agb        

,liturgical ,colors4 ,see ,church       
,colors #eh   ,liturgy #agb             
,liturgies1 ,table of #agc   ,lord's    
,day1 ,the #age    not the ,sabbath #bce
   ,lord's ,prayer1 ,the #agf    ,when  
said by ,priest alone #agf   ,lord's    
,supper1 wrong use of the term #agg     
,lord's ,table1 ,the #agg   ,low        
,celebration #agg   ,low ,sunday #agh   
,luke1 ,festival of ,saint #agh   ,lych 
,gate #agi    ,magna ,charta #agi       
,magnificat #ahj    ,daily ,memorial of 
,incarnation #ahj   ,maniple #ahj       
,manual ,acts #ahj   ,mark1 ,feast of   
,saint #aha   ,marriage #aha            
,sacramental #ahb    ,vow #ce   ,mary4  
,see ,blessed ,virgin ,mary #dj   ,mass 
#ahc   ,matthew1 ,feast of ,saint #ahc  
,matthias1 ,feast of ,saint #ahd        
,matins #ahe   ,matrimony1 ,holy4 ,see  
,marriage #aha   ,maundy ,thursday #ahe 
,meditation #ahf   ,membership1 ,church 
#ahf   ,mensa #ahf   ,mercy to ,babes   
#adf   ,michael 7,st47 and ,all ,angels 
#ahf   ,mid ,lent ,sunday4 ,see ,fourth 

,sunday in ,lent #aad   ,militant1      
,church #ahg   ,ministry1 ,the #ahg     
,ministry of the ,holy ,angels #acc1    
#ahf   ,miserere #ahh   ,missal #ahh    
,mission #ahh    ,parochial #ahi        
,missionary #ahi #bia   ,missionary     
,bishop4 ,see ,bishop1 ,missionary #ci  
,council1 ,see ,d4 and ,f4 ,society #he 
,missioner #ahi   ,missions #ahi        
,mitre #aij   ,mixed ,chalice #aij      
,mode of ,baptism #h1 #bei   ,morning   
,prayer #aij   ,morse #aia   ,mothering 
,sunday #aia   ,movable ,feasts and     
,fasts #aia   ,music1 ,church #aib      
,mystery #aic   ,mystical ,body of      
,christ #aic    ,n4 or ,m4 #aic   ,name1
 ,the ,holy4 ,see ,holy ,name #acf      
,the ,christian #aid    why it is given 
#aid   ,nathanael #cb   ,nativity of our
 ,lord #aie   ,nave #aie   ,neophyte    
#aie   ,new ,birth #aie   ,nicea1       
,council of #aie    did not originate   
the ,creed #aif   ,nicene ,creed #aif   
when introduced into ,liturgy #aif   ,no
 strolling1 irresponsible preachers #ha 

,nocturns #aif   ,non-conformists #aif  
,nones #aig   ,north ,side #aig         
,nowell #aig   ,nunc ,dimittis #aig     
,oblation #aih   ,obligation4 ,see ,days
 of ,obligation #ge   ,obsecrations #aih
   ,occasional ,offices #aih    ,prayers
 #aih   ,occurrence of ,holy ,days #aii 
,octave #aii   ,octaves set forth in    
,prayer ,book #aii   ,offertory1 ,the   
#aii    ,sentences #bjj   ,office1      
ecclesiastical meaning #bjj   ,offices  
of a ,pastor #bjh   ,open ,churches4    
,see ,free and ,open ,churches #aae     
,ordain #bjj   ,ordination #bjj         
,order--its ecclesiastical meaning #bja 
,orders1 ,holy4 ,see ,holy ,orders #acg 
,ordinal1 ,the #bja   ,ordinary #bjb    
,organizations1 ,church #bjb            
,organizing a ,parish #bjc   ,organs    
#bjc   ,orientation #bjc   ,ornaments   
#bjc   ,orphrey #bjd   ,orthodox #bjd   
#bib    ,pall #bjd   ,palm ,sunday #bjd 
,paraclete #bje   ,paradise #bje        
,parish #bje    partakes of the         
character of its people #bjf    ,house  

#bjf    ,register #bjf   ,parishioner   
#bjf   ,parochial ,mission4 ,see        
,mission1 ,parochial #ahi   ,parson #bjf
   ,paschal #bjg   ,passion #bjg        
,sunday #bjg    ,tide #bjg    ,week #bjg
   ,pastor #bjg   ,pastoral ,letter #bjh
    ,staff #bjh   ,paten #bji   ,paul1  
,conversion of ,saint #bji   ,penance   
#baj   ,penitential ,office #baj        
,penitential ,psalms1 their meaning #baj
   ,penitential ,psalms used on ,ash    
,wednesday #bh   ,pentecost #baa        
,perpetual ,virginity of ,blessed       
,virgin ,mary #dj   ,peter1 ,festival of
 ,saint #baa   ,philip 7,st47 and ,st4  
,james' ,day1 #bab   ,piscina #bac      
,plain ,song #bac   ,pontifical4 ,see   
,ordinal #bja   ,post ,communion #bac   
,postulant #bac   ,postures in ,public  
,worship #bad   ,prayer #bad    ,five   
parts of #bad    for ,church ,militant 4
 4#ahg    for ,unity #bfd   ,prayer     
,book1 ,the #bae    ,cross #ae    first 
used in ,english #bgf   ,prayer ,book of
 ,eastern ,origin #agc1 #agd   ,prayers 

for the ,dead #baf   ,precentor #bag    
,pre ,lenten ,season #bag               
,presbyter--how shortened to ,priest    
#bag   ,presentation of ,christ #bag    
,presiding ,bishop #bah   ,presiding    
,bishops1 ,list of #bah   ,priest #bah  
,priesthood of the ,laity #bcj          
,primate #bah   ,prime #bah             
,prisoners4 ,see ,visitation of         
,prisoners #bga   ,private ,baptism4    
,see ,baptism1 ,private #cj             
,proanaphora #bai   ,pro-,cathedral #bai
   ,procession of the ,holy ,ghost #bai 
,processional ,cross #bai   ,proper     
,lessons #bbj   ,proper ,preface #bbj   
,proper ,psalms #bbj   ,protestant #bbj 
,protestant ,episcopal4 ,see ,american  
,church #ac   ,provinces #bba #bic      
,psalter1 ,the #bba    should be sung   
#bba    ,translation of #bbb            
,purification1 ,the #bbb   ,purificator 
#bbb   ,purpose of ,english ,reformation
 #bj    ,quadragesima #bbb              
,quadrilateral1 ,the #bbb               
,qualifications for ,holy ,orders1 #bbc 

,quick #bbc   ,quicunque ,vult #bbc     
,quiet ,day #bbc   ,quinquagesima #bbd  
,rail4 ,see ,altar ,rail #ab            
,ratification1 ,the #bbd   ,real        
,presence #bbd   ,reception into the    
,church4 ,see ,baptism1 ,private #cj    
,recessional #bbe   ,rector #bbf        
,head of the ,parish #bbf   ,rectory    
#bbf   ,red ,letter ,day #bbf           
,refreshment ,sunday #bbf               
,regeneration #bbg    and ,conversion   
not synonymous #bbg   ,register4 ,see   
,parish ,register1 #bjf   ,registrar    
#bbg   ,religion of ,english-speaking   
,people #ba   ,religious ,orders #bbh   
,reproaches1 ,the #bbh   ,reredos #bbi  
,responds #bbi   ,responses #bbi        
,responsive ,service #bci   ,retable    
#bcj   ,retreat #bcj   ,reunion of      
,christendom desired #ba   ,revised     
,bible #cf   ,ring #bca   ,rites and    
,ceremonies #bcb   ,ritual #bcb         
,ritualism #bcb   ,rochet #bcc          
,rogation ,days #bcc    ,special        
,prayers1 #bcc   ,rogation ,sunday #bcd 

,rood ,screen #bcd   ,rubric #bcd       
,sabbaoth #bcd   ,sabbath #bce          
,sacraments #bce    necessary to        
salvation #bce   ,sacred ,vessels4 ,see 
,vessels1   ,sacred #bfg   ,sacrifice   
#bcf   ,sacristan #bcf   ,sacristy #bcf 
,saint #bcg   ,saints' ,days #bcg       
,sanctuary #bcg   ,schism #bch          
between ,east and ,west #aaa1 #bch      
,scriptures in ,prayer ,book #bch       
,seasons1 ,church4 ,see ,christian ,year
 #eb #bid   ,sedilia #bci   ,see #bci   
,sentences1 ,the ,opening #bci          
,septuagesima #bci   ,server #bdj       
,sexagesima #bdj   ,sexts4 ,see         
,canonical hours #de   ,shell4 ,see     
,baptismal ,shell #ca   ,shrove ,tuesday
 #bdj   ,sick4 ,see ,visitation of ,sick
 #bgb   ,sign of the ,cross4 ,see ,cross
 #gb   ,simon 7,st47 and ,st4 ,jude's   
,day1 #bda   ,sisterhoods4 ,see         
,religious ,orders #bbh   ,six ,points  
of ,ritual #bda   ,spirit4 ,see ,ghost1 
#aba    and ,holy ,ghost #ace    ,gifts 
of4 ,see ,gifts of ,holy ,ghost #aba    

,fruits of the #bdb   ,spirit of        
,missions #bdb   ,sponsors #bdc         
,stalls #bdd   ,standing ,committee #bdd
   ,state of ,salvation #bde   ,stephen1
 ,festival of ,saint #bde   ,stir up    
,sunday #bdf   ,stole #bdf   ,subdeacon 
#bdg   ,substance #bdg   ,suffrages #bdg
   ,sunday4 ,see ,lord's ,day #age      
,sunday ,letter4 ,see ,dominical ,letter
 #hg   ,sunday schools #bdg   ,super    
,altar #bdh   ,sureties4 ,see ,sponsors 
#bdc   ,surname1 ,meaning of word #aic  
,surplice #bdi   ,surpliced ,choir #bdi 
,sursum ,corda #bea   ,symbol #bea      
,synod #bea    ,table1 ,see ,lord's     
,table #agg   ,te ,deum #beb    ,old    
tradition1 concerning #beb   ,ten       
,commandments4 ,see ,decalogue #gg      
,temperance4 ,see ,church ,temperance   
,society #fa   ,ter ,sanctus #beb       
,terms of ,christian ,unity #bbb        
,testimonials #beb   ,testimony to      
,scriptural ,character of ,confirmation 
#fg1 #fh   ,thanksgiving4 ,see ,general 
,thanksgiving #abj   ,thanksgiving ,day 

#bec    first held #bec   ,theological  
,virtues #bed   ,the ,baptized a ,holy  
,nation #bcg   ,thirty-,nine ,articles4 
,see ,articles of ,religion #bf         
,thomas 7,st47 the ,apostle #bed        
,three ,hours ,service #bee   ,thurifer 
#bef   ,thursday1 ,holy4 ,see ,ascension
 ,day #bg   ,thursday in ,holy ,week4   
,see ,maundy #ahe   ,tierce4 ,see       
,canonical ,hours #de   ,time of keeping
 ,easter1 when ,settled #ia   ,times of 
,baptism #ic    ,ordination #ie #bie    
,tradition #bei   ,transepts #beg       
,transfiguration1 ,the #beg             
,translations of the ,bible #ce         
,trefoil #bei   ,trine ,immersion #bei  
,trinity1 ,the ,holy #bei    ,season    
#bfj    ,sunday #bfj   ,trisagion #bfa  
,triumphal ,hymn #bfa   ,triumphant1    
,the ,church #bfa   ,tunicle #bfb       
,turning to the ,east4 ,see ,east1      
,turning to #ij   ,twelfth ,day #bfb    
,unction4 ,see ,anointing the ,sick #bb 
,undivided ,church #bfb   ,union        
,jack--its origin #ai   ,unity1 ,church1

 #bfc   ,unleavened ,bread #bfe   ,use1 
its ,ecclesiastical ,meaning1 #bfe      
,veil4 ,see ,chalice ,veil #ej   ,veni  
,creator ,spiritus #bff   ,venite       
,exultemus #bff   ,verger #bff          
,versicles #bff   ,vespers #bfg         
,vessels1 ,sacred #bfg   ,vestments1    
,list of #bfg   ,vestry1 ,the #bfi      
,vestries not found in ,primitive       
,church #bfi   ,via ,media #bfi         
,viaticum #bgj   ,vicar #bgj   ,vigils  
#bgj   ,vincent1 ,rule of ,saint #bga   
,virgin ,mary4 ,see ,blessed   ,virgin  
,mary #dj   ,virtues1 ,the ,cardinal    
#bga    ,theological4 ,see ,theological 
,virtues #bed   ,visitation1 ,episcopal4
 ,see  ,bishop's ,visitation #ci        
,visitation of ,prisoners #bga    ,sick 
#bgb   ,vow #bgc   ,vows of ,baptism    
#bi1 #bgc    ,religious ,orders #bgb    
,wafer ,bread4 ,see ,unleavened ,bread  
#bfe   ,wardens4 ,see ,church ,wardens  
#fb   ,warnings #bgd   ,water #bgd      
,wedding ,ring4 ,see ,ring #bca         
,wednesday #bge   ,western ,church #bge 

,what constitutes a valid ,sacrament    
#adh   ,what ,constitutes an ,ecumenical
 ,council #id   ,whitsun ,day #bge      
,derivation of the word #bgf #bif       
,whitsun ,monday and ,tuesday1 #bgg     
,tide #bgg   ,whole duty of ,man #bi    
,why ,bishops are not now called        
,apostles #cg   ,why we go to ,church   
#bhj   ,wine1 ,declaration concerning1  
#bgg   ,witness and ,keeper of ,holy    
,writ #beg   ,woman's ,auxiliary #bgh   
,word1 ,the #bgi   ,words on the ,cross 
#bgi   ,worship #bgi    ,x ,the ,cross  
of ,st4 ,andrew #ah   ,x ,p #bha    ,y  
,cross #bhb   ,year4 ,see ,christian    
,year #eb   ,yule #bhb    ,tide #bhb    
,zealot #bhb   ,zuccheto #bhb