,illu/ration3 ,novemb] ,bee*wood4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,oil ,a ,,complete ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,te*nique ,,necess>y ,,to ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,pictures ,,9 ,,oil ,,colors ,,by ,,daniel ,,burleigh ,,p>khur/ ,,pupil ,,( ,,william ,,s>ta91 ,,( ,,b\gu]eau ,,& ,,tony-,,fleury1 ,,& ,,( ,,aim,e ,,morot2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,wat] ,,color ,,club2 ,,=m]ly ,,lectur] ,,on ,,art ,,9 ,,dick9son ,,college2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature1 ,,etc4 ,la pe9ture l'huile e/ bi5 difficile2 ,mais beauc\p plus beau que la pe9ture l'eau4 ,,bo/on3 ,,lo?rop1 ,,lee ,,%ep>d ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,,lee ,,& ,,%ep>d ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,oil ,,typography ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s ,,son ,,presswork ,,by ,,b]wick ,,smi?1 ,,norwood ,,press ,,norwood ,,mass4 ,,to ,a4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 ,septemb] #d?1 #ahig4 ,,preface ,books ( in/ruction 9 ! practice ( pa9t+ h r>ely be5 successful4 ,*iefly because !y h be5 too n>r[ 9 _! po9t ( view1 & h dealt m ) recipes ?an ) pr9ciples4 ,x is n possible to give any "o mann] ( pa9t+ t %all be "r = all m5 & all subjects4 ,to say d ?us & s w n tea* any "o to pa9t4 ,b !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* und]lie all pa9t+1 & all s*ools ( pa9t+2 & to /ate cle>ly ! mo/ important ( ^! w surely be helpful1 & may accompli% some?+4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is book to deal practically ) ! problems :i* are ! /udy ( ! pa9t]1 & to make cle>1 z f> z may be1 ! pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 !m4 ,i believe t ?is is ! only way 9 :i* writt5 in/ruction on pa9t+ c be ( any use4 ,x is impossible to und]/& pr9ciples )\t "s /atem5t ( !ory2 & a book 9 ord] to be practical mu/ !re=e be to "s ext5t !oretical4 ,i h be5 z concise & brief 9 ! !oretical p>ts z cle>ness w\ld p]mit (1 & ,i tru/ !y are n out ( proportion to ! practical p>ts4 ,ei!r to pa9t well1 or to judge well ( a pa9t+1 requires an und]/&+ ( ! same ?+s3 namely1 ! !oretical /&po9t ( ! pa9t]2 ! te*nical problems ( color1 composition1 etc42 & ! practical means1 processes1 & mat]ials ?r\gh :i* & ) :i* ^! are work$ out4 ,x is obvi\s t "o _c become a good pa9t] )\t ! ability to "k :at is good pa9t+1 & to pref] x to bad pa9t+4 ,!re=e1 ,i h tak5 space to cov]1 9 "s sort1 ! :ole gr\nd1 z ! be/ way to help ! /ud5t t[>ds becom+ a good pa9t]4 ,if1 also1 ! /ud5t ( pictures %\ld f9d 9 ?is book :at w help him to appreciate m truly & m critically1 ,i %all be gratifi$4 ,d4 ,b4 ,p4 ,decemb] #d1 #ahig ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4--,,mat]ials ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,obs]vations #c ,,ii4 ,canvases & ,panels #f ,,iii4 ,easels #ae ,,iv4 ,bru%es #bj ,v4 ,pa9ts #cc ,,vi4 ,vehicles & ,v>ni%es #fa ,,vii4 ,palettes #fe ,,viii4 ,o!r ,tools #fi ,,ix4 ,/udios #gf ,,"p ,,ii4--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,x4 ,m5tal ,attitude #he ,,xi4 ,tradition & ,individuality #ie ,,xii4 ,orig9ality #ajc ,,xiii4 ,! ,arti/ & ! ,/ud5t #ajg ,,xiv4 ,h[ to ,/udy #aaj ,,"p ,,iii4--,,te*nical ,,pr9ciples ,,xv4 ,te*nical ,prelim9>ies #abc ,,xvi4 ,draw+ #abf ,,xvii4 ,values #ach ,,xviii4 ,p]spective #adf ,,xix4 ,light & ,%ade #aea ,,xx4 ,composition #aff ,,xxi4 ,color #ahd ,,"p ,,iv4--,,practical ,,application ,,xxii4 ,repres5tation #bji ,,xxiii4 ,manipulation #bbd ,,xxiv4 ,copy+ #bcf ,,xxv4 ,k9ds ( ,pa9t+ #bdb ,,xxvi4 ,! ,sket* #bde ,,xxvii4 ,! ,/udy #bed ,,xxviii4 ,/ill ,life #bfj ,,xxix4 ,fl[]s #bhj ,,xxx4 ,portraits #bhf ,,xxxi4 ,l&scape #cji ,,xxxii4 ,m>9es #cce ,,xxxiii4 ,figures #cdg ,,xxxiv4 ,proc$ure 9 a ,picture #cga ,,xxxv4 ,difficulties ( ,beg9n]s #chi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,novemb] ,,bee*wood ,p>khur/ ,frontispiece ,,/ret*]s #aa ,,canvas ,,pli]s #ac ,,d\ble-,,po9t$ ,,tack #ac ,,easel #af ,,easel #ag ,,sket*+ ,,easel #ah ,,sket*+ ,,easel #ai ,,bru%es4--,r$ ,sable1 ,r\nd #bb ,r$ ,sable #bc ,r$ ,sable1 ,flat #bd ,r\nd ,bri/le #bf ,flat ,bri/le #bh ,flat po9t$ #bi ,fan #cj ,,bru% ,,clean] #ca ,,oil ,,colors #ed ,,oval ,,palette #fe ,,arm ,,palette #fg ,,! ,,color ,,box #gj ,,palette ,,knife #ga ,,! ,,scrap] #gb ,,! ,,oil-,,cup #gc ,,mahl-,,/icks #gc ,,?ree-,,legg$ ,,/ool #gd ,,sket*+ ,,*air #gd ,,sket*+ ,,umbrella #ge ,,draw+ ,,( ,,h&s ,dr] #acd ,,eggs4 ,,:ite ,,aga9/ ,,:ite #aed ,,! ,,canal ,p>khur/ #aef ,,bohemian ,,woman ,franz ,hals #aei ,,sew+ ,,by ,,lamplight ,millet #afa ,,desc5t ,,f ,,! ,,cross #afc ,,! ,,gold5 ,,/airs #agd ,,! ,,s[] ,millet #age ,,return ,,to ,,! ,,f>m ,millet #agh ,,! ,,fi%] ,,boy ,franz ,hals #bag ,,bo>-,,hunt ,snyd]s #bba ,,good ,,bock ,manet #bbg ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,hillside #bdf ,,! ,,riv] ,,bank ,p>khur/ #bej ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,bloom+-,,mill ,p>khur/ #beg ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #a #bfe ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #b #bff ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #c #bfg ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #d #bfi ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #e #bgj ,,/ill ,,life1 ,,no4 #f #bga ,,sweet ,,peas #bhb ,d,,r] by ,himself #bhi ,,portrait ,,( ,,8 ,,"m ,:i/l] #bia ,,portrait ,,( ,,himself ,valasquez #bic ,,portrait ,p>khur/ #big ,,hay/acks ,,9 ,,sun%9e ,monet #cjg ,,on ,,! ,,race ,,track ,degas #cad ,,will[ ,,road ,p>khur/ #cag ,,entrance ,,to ,,zuyd] ,,zee ,cl>kson ,/anfield #ccg ,,girl ,,sp9n+ ,millet #cde ,,sket* ,,( ,a ,,flute ,,play] ,p>khur/ #cee ,,milton ,,dictat+ ,,p>adise ,,lo/ ,munkacsy #cfc ,,buck:eat ,,h>ve/ ,millet #cfh ,,/udy ,,( ,,=tune ,angelo #cgc ,,b\* ,,( ,,portrait ,?4 ,rob9son #cgi ,,l&scape ,,photo4 ,,no4 #a #cid ,,l&scape ,,photo4 ,,no4 #b #cie ,,"p ,i ,,mat]ials ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,oil ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,!re is a false implication 9 ! say+ t a poor workman blames 8 tools4 ,x is n true t a good workman c d good "w ) bad tools4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! good workman sees to x t he has good tools1 & makes x a "p ( 8 good workman%ip t !y are 9 good condition4 ,9 pa9t+ !re is no?+ t w cause y m tr\ble ?an bad mat]ials4 ,y c get along ) few mat]ials1 b y _c get along ) bad ones4 ,t is n ! place to economize4 ,to d good "w is difficult at be/4 ,economize :]e x w n be a h9drance to y4 ,y\r tools c make y\r "w h>d] or easi] accord+ to y\r selection ( !m4 ,! relative co/ ( good & bad mat]ials is ( slight importance comp>$ ) ! relative effect on y\r "w4 ,! way to economize is n to get any?+ :i* y d n ne$4 ,save on ! non-ess5tials1 & get z good a quality z y c ( ! ess5tials4 ,save on ! numb] ( ?+s y get1 n on ! quantity y use4 ,y mu/ feel free 9 y\r use ( mat]ial4 ,!re is no?+ :i* hamp]s y m ?an p>simony 9 ! use ( ?+s ne$ful to y\r pa9t+4 ,if x is wor? y\r :ile to pa9t at all1 x is wor? y\r :ile to be g5]\s en\gh ) y\rself to insure ord9>y fre$om ( use ( mat]ial4 ,! ess5tials ( pa9t+ are few1 b ^! _c be disp5s$ )4 ,put x out ( y\r m9d t any "o ( ^! five ?+s c be got along )\t3-- ,y mu/ h some?+ to pa9t on1 canvas or panel4 ,h pl5ty ( ^!4 ,y mu/ h some?+ to set ?is canvas on--some?+ to hold x up & 9 position4 ,y\r knees won't d1 & y c't hold x 9 "o h&4 ,! lack ( a practical easel w co/ y f> m 9 tr\ble & disc\ragem5t ?an ! sav+ w make up =4 ,y mu/ h some?+ to pa9t )4 ,! bru%es are mo/ important2 9 k9d1 v>iety1 & numb]4 ,y _c economize safely "h4 ,y mu/ h pa9ts4 ,& y mu/ h good ones4 ,! be/ are none too good4 ,get ! be/4 ,pay a good price = !m1 use !m freely1 b don't wa/e !m4 ,& y mu/ h some?+ to hold !m1 & to mix !m on2 b "h ! quality & k9d has less effect on y\r "w ?an any o!r ( y\r tools4 ,b z ! co/ ( ! be/ ( palettes is slight1 y may z well get a good "o4 ,n[1 if y w be economical1 ! way to d x is to take prop] c>e ( y\r tools aft] y h got !m4 ,=m ! habit ( us+ good tools z !y %\ld be us$1 & t w save y a great deal ( money4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,canvases ,,& ,,panels ,y %\ld h pl5ty ( canvas on h&1 & x w\ld be well if y _h x all /ret*$ ready = use4 ,_m a good day's "w is lo/ because ( ! "t wa/$ 9 gett+ a canvas ready4 ,x is n necess>y to h _m k9ds or sizes4 ,x is bett] 9 fact to settle on "o k9d ( surface :i* suits y1 & to h a few practical sizes ( /ret*]s :i* w pack toge!r well1 & "w always on ^!4 ,y w f9d t by gett+ accu/om$ to ^! sizes y "w m freely on !m4 ,y c pack !m bett]1 & y c frame !m m conv5i5tly1 because "o frame w always d = _m pictures4 ,p]haps !re is no "o piece ( advice :i* ,i c give y :i* w be ( m practical use outside ( ! pr9ciples ( pa9t+1 ?an ?is ( keep+ to a few well-*os5 sizes ( canvas1 & ! keep+ ( a numb] ( ea* always on h&4 ,x is all well en\gh to talk ab\t n %[+ "o's "w too soon4 ,b we all d1 & always w l to see our "w "u z favorable conditions z possible4 ,& a good frame is "o ( ! favorable conditions4 ,b good frames are exp5sive1 & x is a great advantage to be able to h a frame always at h& :i* y c see y\r "w 9 f "t to "t2 & if y only "w on f\r sizes ( canvas1 say1 !n f\r frames1 "o = ea* size1 w suit all y\r pictures & sket*es4 ,use ! same sizes = all k9ds ( "w too1 & ! fre$om w come1 z ,i say1 9 ! work+ on ^? sizes4 ,don't h odd sizes ab\t4 ,y c j z well z n use ! regul> sizes & proportions :i* colorm5 keep 9 /ock1 & !re is an advantage 9 be+ able to get a canvas at %ort notice1 & x w be "o ( y\r own sizes1 & w fit y\r frame4 ,all arti/s h gone ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( elim9at+ odd sizes f _! /ock1 & x is "o ( ! practical ?+s t we all h to come d[n to soon] or lat]1 & ! soon] ! bett]1--to h ! sizes :i* we f9d we l be/1 n too _m1 & /ick to !m4 ,i w\ld h y take advantage ( ?is1 & decide e>ly 9 y\r "w1 & s get rid ( "o s\rce ( bo!r4 ,r\gh & ,smoo?4--,! be/ canvas is ( l954 ,cotton is us$ = sket*+ canvas4 ,b y w\ld d well always to use good gr\nds to "w on4 ,y c nev] tell be=eh& h[ y\r "w w turn out2 & if y %\ld want to keep y\r "w1 or f9d x wor? :ile to g on ) x1 y w\ld be glad t y _h begun x on a good l95 canvas4 ,! l95 is /rong] & firm]1 & :5 x has a gra91 ! gra9 is bett]4 ,gra94--,! "q ( gra9 is n easy to speak ab\t )\t ! canvas1 yet x is (t5 a matt] ( importance4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( surface1 f ! mo/ smoo? to ! mo/ rugg$4 ,"s gra9 x is well ! canvas %\ld h2 too great smoo?ness w t5d to make ! pa9t+ slick1 :i* is n a pleasant quality4 ,a gra9 gives ! canvas a too?1 & takes ! pa9t bett]4 ,j :at gra9 is be/ dep5ds on ! "w4 ,if y are go+ to h v f9e detail 9 ! picture use a smoo?i% canvas2 b :5ev] y are go+ to pa9t heavily1 r\ghly1 or loosely1 ! r\gh canvas takes ! pa9t bett]4 ,! gra9 ( ! canvas takes up ! pa9t1 helps to hold x1 & to disguise1 9 a way1 ! body ( x4 ,= l>ge pictures1 too1 ! canvas mu/ necess>ily be /rong1 & ! m]e weight ( ! fabric w give x a r\gh surface4 ,knots4--,= ord9>y "w d n be afraid ( a canvas :i* has "s irregul>ities & knots on x4 ,if !y are n too m>k$ !y w n be unpleasantly noticeable 9 ! picture1 & may ev5 give a relief to too great ev5ness4 ,twill$ ,canvas4--,! diagonal twill :i* "s canvases h has always be5 a favorite surface ) pa9t]s1 p>ticul>ly ! portrait pa9t]s4 ,?is gra9 is a sympa!tic "o to "w on1 takes pa9t well1 & is n 9 any way objectionable 9 ! f9i%$ picture4 ,! be/4--,! be/ way is to try sev]al k9ds1 & :5 y f9d "o :i* has a sympa!tic work+ quality1 & :i* has a good effect 9 ! f9i%$ picture1 note ! quality & use x4 ,y w f9d su* a canvas among bo? ! r\gh & smoo? k9ds1 & s y c use ei!r1 z ! "* ( y\r "w sugge/s4 ,x is well to h bo? r\gh & smoo? ready at h&4 ,absorb5t4--,"s canvases are prim$ s z to absorb ! oil dur+ ! process ( pa9t+4 ,!y are v useful = "s k9ds ( "w1 & _m pa9t]s *oose !m2 b unless y h "s exp]i5ce ) ! work+ ( !m1 !y are apt to add ano!r s\rce ( p]plexity to ! difficulties ( pa9t+1 s y _h bett] n exp]im5t ) !m1 b use ! regul> non-absorb5t k9ds4 ,old & ,new4--,! canvas y "w on %\ld n be too fre%ly prim$4 ,! pa9t+ is likely to crack if ! prim+ is n well dri$4 ,y _c always be sure t ! canvas y get at /ores is old1 s y h an additional reason = gett+ a good /ock & keep+ x on h&4 ,!n1 if y h _h x 9 y\r own possession a long :ile1 y "k x is n fre%4 ,canvas is all ! bett] if x is a ye> old4 ,gr\nds4--,! color ( ! gr\nds %\ld be ( int]e/ to y4 ,canvases are prep>$ = ! m>ket usually 9 ?ree colors1--a sort ( cool gray1 a w>m light o*ri% yell[1 & a cool p9ki% gray4 ,:i* is be/ is a matt] ( p]sonal lik+4 ,x w\ld be well to consid] :at ! effect ( ! gr\nd w be on ! future condition ( ! picture :5 ! colors beg9 to effect ea* o!r1 z !y inevitably w soon] or lat]4 ,vib]t 9 8 ,la ,sci5ce de la ,pe9ture advocates a :ite gr\nd4 ,he says t z ! color w be sure to d>k5 some:at ) "t1 x is well t ! gr\nd %\ld h z little to d ) x z possible4 ,if ! gr\nd is :ite !re is s mu* ! less d>k pigm5t to influ5ce y\r pa9t+4 ,he is "r 9 ?is2 b :ite is a mo/ unsympa!tic color to "w ov]1 & if y d n want to lay 9 y\r "w ) frottes1 a t9t is pleasant]4 ,= mo/ "w ! light o*ri% gr\nd w be f\nd be/2 b y may be help$ 9 decid+ by ! g5]al tone ( y\r picture4 ,if ! picture is to be bright & lively1 use a light canvas1 & if x is to be sombre1 use a d>k "o4 ,rememb]1 too1 t ! color ( y\r gr\nd w influ5ce ! appe>ance ( e t\* ( pa9t y put on x by contra/1 until ! prim+ is cov]$ & out ( sight4 ,/ret*]s4--,! key$ /ret*]1 ) w$ges to =ce ! corn]s op5 & s tight5 ! canvas :5 necess>y1 is ! only prop] "o to use4 ,= conv5i5ce ( use _m k9ds h be5 inv5t$1 b y w f9d ! "o "h illu/rat$ ! be/ = g5]al purposes4 ,! sides may be us$ = ends1 & vice v]sa4 ,if y arrange y\r sizes well1 y w h ! sides ( "o size ! "r l5g? = ! ends ( ano!r4 ,!n y ne$ few] sizes1 & !y are sur] to pack ev5ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ret*]s4 ,/ret*+4--,y w (t5 h to /ret* y\r own canvases1 s y %\ld "k h[ to d x4 ,!re is only "o way to make ! canvas lay smoo?ly )\t wr9kles3 ,cut ! canvas ab\t two in*es long] & wid] ?an ! /ret*]1 s t x w easily turn d[n ov] ! edges4 ,beg9 by putt+ 9 "o tack to hold ! middle ( "o end4 ,!n turn ! :ole ?+ r\nd1 & /ret* tightly l5g?wise1 & put a tack to hold x into ! middle ( ! o!r end4 ,d ! same way ) ! two sides4 ,only f\r tacks s f>1 :i* h /ret*$ ! canvas 9 ! middle two ways4 ,z y d ?is1 y mu/ see t ! canvas is on squ>e4 ,don't drive ! tacks all ! way 9 at fir/ till y "k t ?is is s4 ,!n give ea* ano!r bl[1 s t ! head b9ds ! canvas m ?an ! body ( ! tack does2 = ! pull ( ! canvas aga9/ ! side ( ! tack w te>1 :ile ! head w hold m /r&s4 ,?is fir/ two ways /ret*+ mu/ be z tight z any aft] /ret*+ w be or y w h wr9kles 9 ! middle1 :ile ! purpose is to pull out ! wr9kles t[>ds ! corn]s4 ,n[ g back to ! ends3 /ret*1 & place "o tack ea* side ( ! fir/ "o4 ,9 a l>ge canvas y may put two ea* side1 b n m1 & y mu/ be sure t ! /ra9 is ev5 on bo? sides4 ,don't pull too mu*2 = next y mu/ d ! same ) ! o!r end :i* %\ld be> half ( ! :ole /ret*4 ,d j ! same n[ ) ! two sides4 ,n[ cont9ue /ret*+ & tack+1--ea* side ( ! middle tacks on ea* end1 !n on ea* side1 !n to ! ends aga91 & s gradually work+ t[>ds ! corn]s1 :5 z y put 9 ! la/ tacks ! wr9kles w disappe>1 if y h done y\r "w well4 ,don't hurry & try to drive too _m tacks into a side at a "t1 = to h to d x all ov] aga9 w\ld take m "t ?an to h work$ sl[ly & done x prop]ly4 ,y may ( c\rse /ret* a small canvas ) y\r h&s1 b x w make y\r f+]s sore1 & y _c get l>ge canvases tight )\t help4 ,y w d well to h a pair ( canvas pli]s :i* are specially %ap$ to pull ! canvas & hold x /rongly )\t te>+ x1 z o!r pli]s are sure to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,canvas ,pli]s4 ,:5 y take canvases out-doors to "w1 y w f9d x useful to /rap two toge!r1 face inw>ds1 ) a d\ble-po9t$ tack l ?is 9 ea* corn] to keep !m ap>t4 ,y w n h any tr\ble ) ! fre% pa9t1 z ea* canvas w !n protect ! o!r4 ,y c pack fre%ly pa9t$ canvases = %ipp+ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble-po9t$ ,tack4 ,panels4--,= small pictures panels are v useful1 & :5 great detail is desirable1 & f9e1 smoo? "w w\ld make an accid5tal te> impossible to m5d well1 !y are mo/ valuable4 ,!y are made ( mahogany & oak g5]ally4 ,panels are useful1 too1 = sket*+1 z y c easily pack !m4 ,!y are light1 & ! sun does n %9e ?r\gh ! backs4 ,y c get !m = ab\t ! same co/ z canvas = small sizes1 :i* are :at y w\ld be likely to use1 & !y are (t5 m conv5i5t1 p>ticul>ly = use 9 ! sket*-box4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,easels ,! important ?+ 9 an easel is t x %\ld be /eady & firm2 t x %\ld hold ! canvas )\t trembl+1 & s t x w n fall z y pa9t out t[>ds ! edges4 ,y (t5 pa9t ) a heavy h&1 & y mu/ n h to hold on to y\r picture ) "o h& & pa9t ) ! o!r4 ,no?+ is m annoy+ ?an a poor easel1 & no?+ w give y m solid satisfaction1 ?an ! result ( a little g5]osity 9 pay+ = a good "o4 ,! ideal ?+ = ! /udio is1 ( c\rse1 ! great screw easel1 :i* is heavy1 safe1 conv5i5t1 & exp5sive4 ,we w\ld l to h "o1 b we c't af=d x1 s we won't speak ( x4 ,! next be/ ?+ is an ord9>y easel :i* doesn't co/ a great deal1 b :i* is firm & solid & practical4 ,don't get "o ( ! v>i\s ?ree-legg$ fold+ easels :i* co/ ab\t sev5ty-five c5ts or a doll>4 ,!y tumble d[n too (t5 & too easily4 ,! we> & te> on ! temp] !y cause is m ?an !y are wor?4 ,x is true t !y fold up out ( ! way4 ,b !y fold up :5 y don't expect !m to2 & y ought to be able to af=d room en\gh = an easel anyway1 if y pa9t at all4 ,illu/ration ,! illu/ration %[s "o ( ! firme/ ( ! inexp5sive easels1 & "o :i* w fold up into z small a compass z any practical easel w4 ,x w hold p]fectly well a good-siz$ canvas1 ev5 ) its frame1 & w n tumble ov] on slight provocation4 ,ano!r good easel is %[n on p4 #ag4 ,x is m lightly made1 n s well brac$1 b is m conv5i5t = rais+ & l[]+ ! picture1 z ! cat* all[s ! :ole ?+ to be rais$ & l[]$ at once4 ,if y are to save money on y\r easel1 don't save on ! con/ruction & /r5g? ( x1 b on ! f9i%4 ,let ! poli% & v>ni% g1 b get a well-made easel ) solid wood4 ,! heavi] x is1 ! less easily x packs away1 to be sure1 b ! m /eadily x w hold y\r picture4 ,illu/ration ,sket*+ ,easels4--,! same ?+s are ( importance 9 an easel = out-(-door "w t are ne$$ 9 a /udio easel1 except t x mu/ also be portable4 ,s if y mu/ h a fold+ easel1 get a good sket*+ easel2 or if y c't h "o = 9-doors & "o = out-doors1 !n pay a good price = a sket*+ easel1 & use x 9 doors & out also4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* are absolutely ess5tial 9 a sket*+ easel4 ,x mu/ h legs :i* may be made long] & %ort]1 & x mu/ hold ! canvas firmly4 ,x is n en\gh to lean ! canvas on x4 ,! w9d bl[s x ov] j :5 y are putt+ on an int]e/+ t\*1 or ! t\* itself upsets x1 ei!r ( :i* is mo/ aggravat+1 & does n t5d to satisfactory "w4 ,y mu/ n be oblig$ to sit d[n to "w j :]e y don't want to1 a little ?is side or a little t side ( ! *os5 spot1 because ! gr\nd isn't ev5 !re & ! easel w n /& /raight4 ,y mu/ be able to make a leg long] or %ort] z ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd necessitates4 ,x is impossible to "w among rocks or on hillsides if y _c make y\r easel /& z y want x4 ,^! ?+s are n to be got r\nd4 ,y might z well n "w z to sket* ) a poor sket*+ easel4 ,& y mu/ pay a good price = x4 ,! sket*+ easel t is good = any?+ has nev] be5 made to sell = a doll> & a half4 ,pay ?ree or f\r doll>s = x1 at any rate1 & use x ! re/ ( y\r life4 ,i use an easel e day t ,i h work$ on e summ] = twelve ye>s4 ,mo/ arti/s are do+ mu* ! same4 ,! easel is n exp5sive p] ye> at t rate6 ,x is su* an easel z t %[n on ! opposite page1 & is satisfactory = all sorts ( "w4 ,illu/ration ,if y are work+ 9 a /rong w9d1 or if y h a l>ge canvas1 su* an easel z ?is illu/ration %[s is ! be/ & safe/ yet inv5t$1 & x is z good = o!r "w1 & p>ticul>ly :5 y want to /& up4 ,& ei!r ( ^! easels w be p]fectly satisfactory to use 9 ! h\se4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,bru%es ,an old bru% t has be5 prop]ly c>$ = is g5]ally bett] ?an a new "o4 ,x seems to h accommodat$ itself to y\r way ( pa9t+1 & falls 9 ) y\r peculi>ities4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ atta*$ y get to y\r favorite bru%es1 & h[ loa? y are to f9ally give !m up4 ,:at if y h no o!rs to take _! places8 ,don't look ^u y\r bru%es z some?+ to get z few ( z possible1 & :i* y w\ld n get at all if y c\ld help x4 ,!re is no?+ :i* comes ne>] to y\rself ?an ! bru% :i* c>ries out y\r idea 9 pa9t4 ,y %\ld be always on ! look\t = a good bru%2 & :5ev] y run across "o1 buy x1 no matt] h[ _m y h already4 ,don't look twice at a bad bru%1 & don't begrudge an extra t5 c5ts 9 ! buy+ ( a good "o4 ,if y are sorry to h to pay s mu* = y\r bru%es1 !n take ! m c>e ( !m4 ,use !m well & !y w la/ a long :ile2 !n don't always use ! same h&ful4 ,break 9 new ones n[ & aga94 ,keep a doz5 or two 9 use1 & lay "s aside be=e !y are worn out1 & use new] ones4 ,s :5 at la/ y _c use "o any m1 y h o!rs ( ! same k9d :i* w fill its place4 ,h all k9ds & sizes ( bru%es4 ,h a c\ple ( doz5 9 use1 & a c\ple ( doz5 :i* y are n us+1 & a c\ple ( doz5 m t h nev] be5 us$4 ,:at6 six doz58 ,well1 :y n8 ,e "t y pa9t y look ov] y\r bru%es & pick out ^? :i* look fri5dly to :at y are go+ to d4 ,y want all sorts ( bru%es4 ,y c't pa9t all sorts ( pictures ) ! same k9d ( bru%4 ,y\r bru% repres5ts y\r h&4 ,y mu/ give e k9d ( t\* ) x4 ,y want to *ange sometimes1 & y want a clean bru% f "t to "t4 ,y don't want to feel t y are limit$2 t :e!r y want to or n ^! f\r bru%es y mu/ use because !y are all y h6 ,y c't pa9t t way4 ,t six doz5 y w n buy all at once4 ,:5 y get y\r fir/ outfit1 get at lea/ a doz5 bru%es4 ,z y look ov] ! /ock & pick out two or ?ree ( ?is k9d1 & two or ?ree ( t1 y w be a/oni%$ to see h[ _m y h--yet y don't "k :i* to disc>d4 ,don't disc>d any4 ,buy !m all4 ,!n1 if y don't pa9t1 x w n be ! fault ( y\r bru%es4 ,& f "t to "t get a half a doz5 :i* h j /ruck y z especially good ones1 & q unconsci\sly y acquire y\r six doz5--& ev5 m1 ,i hope6 ,bri/le & ,sable4--,! bru%es suitable = oil pa9t+ are ( two k9ds1--bri/le & sable hair4 ,( ! latt]1 r$ sable are ! only ones y %\ld get4 ,!y are exp5sive1 b !y h a spr+ & firmness t ! black sable does n h4 ,camel's hair is out ( ! "q4 ,don't get any1 if y c only h camel's hair4 ,x is s(t & flabby :5 us$ 9 oil & y c't "w well ) su* bru%es4 ,! same is true ( ! black sable4 ,b ?\gh ! r$ sables are exp5sive1 y d n ne$ _m ( !m1 nor l>ge ones1 s ! co/ ( ^? y w ne$ is slight4 ,illu/ration ,! only sables :i* are 9 any degree indisp5sable to y are ! small] sizes ( rigg]s4 ,^! are ?91 long bru%es :i* are useful = outl9+1 & all sorts ( f9e1 %>p t\*es4 ,y use !m to g ov] a draw+ ) pa9t 9 lay+ 9 a picture1 & = bran*es1 twigs1 etc4 ,z _! "n implies1 y mu/ h !m = ! rigg+ ( vessels 9 m>9e pa9t+ also4 ,! ?ree sizes %[n 9 ! cut on ! opposite page are ^? y %\ld h1 & if y get two ( ea*1 y w f9d !m useful 9 all sorts ( places4 ,:5 y buy !m1 see t !y are ela/ic & firm1 t !y come naturally & easily to a good po9t1 )\t any scraggy hairs4 ,te/ !m by moi/5+ !m1 & !n press+ ! po9t on ! ?umb-nail4 ,!y %\ld b5d ev5ly ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! hair4 ,reject any :i* seem weak 9 ! back4 ,if x lays flat t[>d ! po9t & b5ds all 9 "o place ne> ! f]rule1 x is a poor bru%4 ,illu/ration ,^! ?ree l>g] & ?ick] sizes come 9 v useful (t5 & x w\ld be well if y 7 to h ^! too4 ,sometimes a ?ick1 long sable bru% w s]ve bett] ?an ano!r = heavy l9es1 etc4 ,all ^! bru%es are r\nd4 ,"o l>gi% flat sable l ?is x w\ld be well to h2 b ^! are all ! sables necess>y4 ,illu/ration ,bri/le ,bru%es4--,! sable bru% or p5cil is (t5 necess>y2 b oil pa9t+ is practically always done ) ! bri/le1 or hog hair1 bru%4 ,^! are ! ones :i* w make up ! v>iety ( k9ds 9 y\r six doz54 ,a good bri/le bru% is n to be b\ght m]ely by tak+ ! fir/ :i* comes to h&4 ,good bru%es h v def9ite qualities1 & y %\ld h no tr\ble 9 pick+ !m out4 ,nev]!less1 y w take ! tr\ble to select !m1 if y c>e to h any satisfaction 9 us+ !m4 ,! ,bri/le4--,y want y\r bru% to be made ( ! hair j z x grew on ! hog4 ,all hair1 9 its natural /ate1 has :at is call$ ! flag4 ,t is ! f9e1 smoo? tap] t[>ds ! natural end ( x1 & g5]ally ! division into two p>ts4 ,?is gives ! bri/le1 no matt] h[ ?ick x may be1 a silky f95ess t[>ds ! end2 & :5 ?is "p only ( ! bri/le is us$ 9 ! bru%1 y w h all ! firmness & ela/icity ( ! bri/le1 & also a delicacy & smoo?ness & s(tness q equal to a sable4 ,b ?is1 9 ! %ort hair ( an arti/'s bru%1 wa/es all ! re/ ( ! l5g? ( ! hair2 = x is only by cutt+ (f ! flag1 & us+ t1 :i* is only an in* or s long1 t y c make ! bru%4 ,yet ! bri/le may be sev]al in*es long1 & all ?is is sacrific$ = t little in* ( flag4 ,naturally ! flag is exp5sive1 & naturally also ! manufactur] uses ! re/ ( ! hair = inf]ior bru%es4 ,^! latt] y %\ld avoid4 ,^! inf]ior bru%es are made f ! "p ( ! bri/le rema9+1 by s&pap]+1 or o!rwise mak+ ! ends f9e aga9 aft] !y are cut (f4 ,b x is impossible to make a bru% :i* has ! "r quality 9 ?is way4 ,selection4--,nev] buy a bru% )\t te/+ its ev5ness1 z has be5 advis$ 9 ! c>e ( sables4 ,feel c>efully ! end ( ! bri/les also1 & see t ! flag is !re4 ,all bru%es are kept toge!r = pack+ by pa/e 9 ! bri/les4 ,see t ?is is soak$ (f be=e y te/ y\r bru%4 ,r\nd or ,flat4--,x w make little diff]5ce :e!r y use r\nd or flat bru%es4 ,! flat bru% is mo/ commonly pref]r$ n[1 & mo/ bru%es are made t way4 ,s y _h bett] get t k9d1 unless y h "s special reason = pref]r+ ! r\nd ones4 ,h&les4--,:e!r ! h&les are nicely poli%$1 also1 is ( no importance4 ,:at y are to look to is ! quality ( ! bri/les & ( ! mak+2 ! be/ bru%es are likely to be nicely f9i%$ all ov]4 ,b if y d f9d a really good bru% :i* is *eap] because ( ! pla9 h&le1 & y wi% to save money1 d x by buy+ ! pla9-h&l$ "o4 ,sizes & ,%apes4--,y w ne$ "s q l>ge bru%es & "s small] ones1 "s squ>e ones & "s po9t$4 ,illu/ration ,"h are ?ree r\nd bru%es :i*1 = all sorts ( pa9t+1 w be ( v g5]al utility4 ,= mo/ ( y\r bru%es select ! long & ?91 r ?an ! %ort & ?ick ones4 ,! /ubby bru% is a useless sort ( ?+ = mo/ "w4 ,!re are m5 :o use !m & l !m1 b mo/ pa9t]s pref] ! m flexible & spr+y bru%1 if x is n weak4 ,s1 too1 ! bru% %\ld n be too ?ick4 ,a ?ick bru% takes up too mu* pa9t into itself1 & does n *ange its t9t s readily4 ,= rubb+ ov] l>ge surfaces :]e a good deal ( ! same color is ?ickly spread on ! canvas1 ! ?ick1 /rong bru% is a v prop] tool4 ,b :]e !re is to be any delicacy ( tone1 x is too clumsy2 y want a m delicate in/rum5t4 ,! same proportions hold ) l>ge & small bru%es1 s ^! rem>ks apply to all4 ,flat ,bru%es4--,?is is p>ticul>ly applicable to ! flat bru%es1 & ! m t mo/ ( y\r bru%es w be flat4 ,y %\ld h bo? broad-end$ & po9t$ bru%es among y\r flat ones4 ,= broad surfaces1 su* z backgr\nds & skies1 ! broad ends come 9 well2 & = ! small ones !re are _m squ>e t\*es :]e !y are useful4 ,! mo/ practical sizes are ^? %[n on page #bh4 ,b y w (t5 ne$ mu* l>g] bru%es ?an ! l>ge/ ( ^!4 ,= ! small] bru%es y w h to be v c>eful 9 y\r selections4 ,= only ! silkie/ ( bri/le w d good "w 9 a v small bru%1 & !n ! temptation is to use a sable1 :i* %\ld be resi/$4 ,:y y %\ld avoid us+ ! sable z a rule is t x w make ! pa9t+ too slick & edgy4 ,!re is a loos5ess t is a quality to prize4 ,all ! h>dness1 flatness1 & rigidity t are desirable y c get ) ! bri/le bru%4 ,:5 y "w too mu* ) sables1 ! ov]work+ br+s a waxy & wood5y surface1 :i* is aga9/ all ! qualities ( atmosph]e & lum9osity1 & ( fre%ness & fre$om ( t\*4 ,illu/ration ,"s ( ! mo/ useful sizes ( ! m po9t$ bru%es are %[n on opposite page4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 sizes betwe5 ^!1 & _m l>g]2 b ^! are :at y w f9d ! be/4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h m ( ea* size ?an to h m sizes4 ,y %\ld try to "w ) few] r ?an m sizes1 &1 z a rule1 "w m ) ! l>g] ?an ) ! small] bru%1 ev5 = f9e "w4 ,y w "w ) m =ce & t5d less to pett9ess1 if y le>n to put 9 small t\*es ) ! l>ge/ bru% t w d x4 ,bread? is n pa9t+ ) a l>ge bru%2 b ! man :o works always ) a small bru% in/9ctively looks = ! ?+s a small bru% is adapt$ to1 & w unconsci\sly drift into a little way ( work+4 ,illu/ration ,! fan bru%1 su* z "h illu/rat$1 is a useful bru%1 n to pa9t )1 b to flick or drag across an outl9e or o!r "p ( a pa9t+ :5 x is gett+ too h>d & l9ey4 ,y may n want x once a mon?1 b x is v useful :5 y d want x4 ,illu/ration ,c>e ( ,bru%es4--,! be/ ( economy 9 bru%es lies 9 y\r c>e ( !m4 ,y %\ld nev] let ! pa9t dry on !m nor g too long )\t c>eful wa%+4 ,x is n necess>y to wa% !m e day ) soap & wat]1 b !y w\ld be ! bett] = su* treatm5t4 ,q (t51 once a week1 say1 y %\ld wa% y\r bru%es c>efully ) soap & wat]4 ,y may use w>m wat]1 b don't h x hot1 z t may melt ! glue :i* holds ! bri/les toge!r 9 ! f]rule4 ,use /rong soap ) pl5ty ( lye 9 x--common b> soap1 or bett]1 ! old-fa%ion$ s(t soap4 ,hold sev]al bru%es toge!r 9 "o h& s t ! tips are all ( a l5g?1 dip !m toge!r into or rub !m onto ! soap1 & !n rub !m briskly 9 ! palm ( ! o!r h&4 ,:5 ! pa9t is well work$ into ! la!r1 d ! same ) ! o!r bru%es1 lett+ ! fir/ ones soak 9 ! soap1 b n 9 ! wat]4 ,!n r9se !m1 & c>efully "w !m clean "o by "o1 ) ! f+]s4 ,:5 y lay !m aside to dry1 see t ! bri/les are all /raight & smoo?1 & !y w be 9 p]fect condition = next pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,clean+4--,b f day to day y ne$ n take q s mu* tr\ble z ?is4 ,true1 ! bru%es w keep 9 bett] condition if wa%$ 9 soap & wat] e day1 b x is n always conv5i5t to d ?is4 ,y may !n use ! bru%-clean]4 ,?is is a t9 box ) a false bottom ( p]=at$ t9 or ( wire nett+ ab\t half-way d[n1 :i* all[s ! liquid to /& a half-in* or s above x2 s t :5 y put y\r bru% 9 & rub x ar\nd1 ! pa9t is r9s$ f x1 & settles ?r\gh ! p]=ations to ! bottom1 leav+ ! liquid cle> aga9 above x4 ,if y use ?is c>efully1 clean+ "o bru% at a "t1 n rubb+ x too h>d1 & pull+ ! hairs /raight by wip+ !m on a clean rag1 y may keep y\r bru%es 9 good condition q easily4 ,b !y w ne$ a c>eful soap-&-wat] wa%+ e little :ile1 besides4 ,! liquid be/ = use 9 ?is clean] is ! common k]os5e or coal oil4 ,nev] use turp5t9e to r9se y\r bru%es4 ,x w make !m brittle & h>%2 b ! k]os5e w remove all ! pa9t1 & w n affect ! bru%4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,pa9ts ,( all y\r mat]ials1 x is on y\r pa9ts t quality has ! mo/ vital effect4 ,) bad pa9t y\r "w is hopeless4 ,y may get an effect t looks all "r1 b h[ long w x /&1 & h[ mu* bett] may x n h be5 if y\r colors _h be5 good8 ,y c tell no?+ ab\t x4 ,y may h luck1 & y\r "w hold2 or y may n h luck1 & 9 a mon? y\r picture is ru9$4 ,don't tru/ to luck4 ,keep t elem5t out z mu* z y c1 always4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( pa9ts1 if y c\nt on luck at all1 rememb] t ! *ances are altoge!r aga9/ y4 ,don't let y\rself be p]suad$ to indulge 9 exp]im5ts ) colors :i* y h reason to ?9k are ( d\btful quality4 ,keep on ! safe side1 & use colors y are sure (1 ev5 if !y d co/ a little m--at fir/2 = !y are *eap] 9 ! long-run4 ,& ev5 9 ! "t ( us+ ( "o tube1 g5]ally ! good pa9t does en\gh m "w to cov] ! diff]5ce ( co/4 ,bad ,pa9ts4--,suspect colors :i* are too *eap4 ,good "w is exp5sive4 ,ability & skill & exp]i5ce c\nt 9 mak+ arti/s' colors1 & mu/ be paid =4 ,if y w\ld get ar\nd ! co/ ( fir/-class mat]ial y mu/ mix x ) inf]ior mat]ial4 ,! fir/ effect y w notice 9 us+ poor colors is a c]ta9 h9drance to y\r facility1 due to ! fact t ! color is weak--does n h ! snap & /r5g? 9 x t y expect4 ,! pa9t has n a full color quality1 b mixes dead & flat4 ,?is y w f9d p>ticul>ly 9 ! f9] & light] yell[s4 ,y ne$ n fe> mu* adult]ation 9 ^? pa9ts :i* are naturally *eap1 ( c\rse4 ,x is 9 ^? high]-pric$ colors1 on :i* y mu/ l>gely dep5d = ! m sp>kl+ qualities1 t y w h mo/ tr\ble4 ,unev5ness ( work+1 & lack ( cov]+ or mix+ p[]1 y w f9d 9 poor pa9ts also4 ,!y h no /r5g?1 & y mu/ keep add+ !m m & m to o!r colors to get !m to d _! "w4 ,all ^! ?+s are bo!rsome4 ,!y make y give m att5tion to ! pigm5ts :ile work+ ?an y ought to1 & :5 all is done1 y\r picture is weak & negative 9 color4 ,ano!r effect to be fe>$ f bad colors is t y\r "w w n /&2 ! colors fade or *ange1 & ! pa9t cracks4 ,! =m] effect is f bad mat]ial1 or bad comb9ations ( !m 9 ! work+1 & ! latt] ma9ly f bad vehicles us$ 9 gr9d+ !m4 ,i h se5 pictures g to pieces )9 a mon? ( _! pa9t+--bad pa9t & bad comb9ations4 ,( c\rse y c use good colors s t ! picture w n /&4 ,b t w be y\r own fault1 & x is no excuse = ! use ( colors :i* y c by no possibility d good "w )4 ,good ,pa9ts4--,! ?ree ?+s on :i* ! quality ( good pa9t dep5ds are good pigm5t1 good vehicles1 & good prep>ation4 ,! pigm5ts us$ are ( m9]al1 *emical1 & vegetable orig94 ,! t]m pigm5t te*nically means ! p[d]$ sub/ance :i*1 :5 mix$ ) a vehicle1 z oil1 becomes pa9t4 ,! mo/ important pigm5ts n[ us$ are artificial products1 *iefly *emical comp\nds1 includ+ *emical prep>ations ( natural m9]al e>?s4 ,z a rule1 ! colors made f e>?s may be class$ z all p]man5t2 ^? f *emicals1 p]man5t or n1 z ! case may be2 & ^? ( vegetable orig9 fugitive1 ) few exceptions4 ,"s colors are good :5 us$ z wat] colors1 & bad :5 us$ 9 oil4 ,fur!r on ,i w speak ( ! fugitiv5ess & p]man5cy ( colors 9 detail4 ,i wi% "h to emphasize ! fact t ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! pigm5t is made has mu* to d ) ! sort ( "w t t pigm5t w d1 & ) ! p]man5cy ( ! effect :i* is produc$2 & !re=e t :ile a pa9t may look l ano!r1 its work+ or its la/+ qualities may be q diff]5t4 ,! ,vehicles4--,! vehicles by :i* ! pigm5t is made flu5t & pla/ic are q z important 9 _! effects4 ,!y n only h to d ) ! bus9ess ( dry+1 ow+ to ! sub/ances us$ z dry]s1 b !y may h to d ) ! *emical action ( "o pigm5t on ano!r4 ,! ,prep>ation4--,f9ally1 ! prep>ation ( ! pigm5t dem&s ! utmo/ skill & k1 if ! colors are to be good4 ,! pa9ts us$ by ! old ma/]s 7 few & simple1 & ! fact t !y prep>$ !m !mselves _h mu* to d ) ! mann] 9 :i* !y kept _! color4 ,! pa9ts us$ n[ are less simple4 ,we d n prep>e & gr9d !m ourselves1 & we c\ld h>dly d s if we wi%$ to1 s we are ! m dep5d5t on ! integrity ( ! colorman :o does x = u4 ,! prep>ation ( ! pa9t beg9s ) ! *emical or physical prep>ation ( ea* pigm5t1 & !n comes ! mix+ ( sev]al to produce any p>ticul> color2 & f9ally ! me*anical process ( gr9d+ ) ! prop] vehicle to br+ x to ! prop] f95ess & smoo?ness4 ,gr9d+4--,! color :i* ! arti/ uses mu/ be mo/ ev5ly & p]fectly gr\nd4 ,! gr9d+ :i* w d = ord9>y h\se pa9ts w n d = ! arti/'s colors4 ,nei!r w ! *emical processes suitable = ! "o s]ve = ! o!r4 ,n only mu/ ! ma*9]y1 b ! exp]i5ce1 skill & c>e1 be mu* great] = arti/'s colors4 ,!re=e x is t ! specialization ( color-mak+ is mo/ important to good colors = ! use ( ! arti/4 ,reliable ,mak]s4--,if y w\ld "w to ! be/ advantage z f> z y\r colors are conc]n$1 bo? z to gett+ ! be/ effects :i* pure pigm5ts skilfully & hone/ly prep>$ w give y1 & z to ! p]man5cy ( ^? effects :5 y h gott5 !m1 see to x t y get pa9t made by a ?or\ghly reliable colorman4 ,x is n my prov9ce to say ^: colors y %\ld use2 d\btless !re are _m colorm5 :o make arti/s' mat]ials hone/ly & well4 ,nev]!less1 ,i may m5tion t !re are no colors :i* h be5 m ?or\ghly te/$1 bo? by ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 9 ! possession ( pa9t]s1 & by ! numb] ( pa9t]s :o h us$ !m1 ?an ^? ( ,w9sor & ,newton ( ,london4 ,no colors h be5 s g5]ally sold & = s long a "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?is c\ntry1 z ^!1 & none are s well kn[n = _! ev5ness & excell5ce ( quality4 ,i d n say t ^! manufactur]s d n make any colors :i* %\ld n g on ! palette ( ! cauti\s arti/--,i believe t !y d n make t claim !mselves2 b su* colors z !y d ass]t to be good1 pure1 & p]man5t1 y may feel p]fectly safe 9 us+1 & be sure t !y are z well made z colors c be4 ,?is is z mu* z c be said ( any pa9ts1 & m ?an c be said ( mo/4 ,i h us$ ^! colors = _m ye>s1 & my own exp]i5ce is t !y h always be5 all t a pa9t] ne$ ask4 ,! fact t ,w9sor & ,newton's colors c be f\nd 9 any t[n :]e colors c be _h at all1 makes me ! m free to recomm5d !m1 z y c always comm& !m4 ,?is fact also speaks = ! g5]al approval ( !m4 ,inasmu* z c]ta9 colors are n claim$ to be p]man5t & o!rs are1 x is = y to compose y\r palette ( ^? :i* w comb9e safely4 ,?is y c d ) a little c>e4 ,"s colors are p]man5t by !mselves or ) "s colors1 b n 9 comb9ation ) c]ta9 o!rs4 ,y %\ld !n take ! tr\ble to consid] ^! *emical relation%ips4 ,x is n necess>y = y to /udy ! *emi/ry ( pa9ts1 b y may read :at has be5 asc]ta9$ z to ! effects ( comb9ations1 & act accord+ly4 ,!re are practically duplications ( color-quality 9 pigm5ts :i* are bad1 & 9 pigm5ts :i* are good2 s t y c use ! good color in/ead ( ! bad "o to d ! same "w4 ,! good color w co/ m1 b !re is no way ( mak+ ! bad color good1 s y mu/ pay ! diff]5ce due to ! co/ ( ! bett] mat]ial1 or put up ) ! result ( us+ bad colors4 ,*emical ,*anges4--,! causes ( *ange ( color 9 pigm5ts are ( f\r k9ds1 all ( !m *emical effects4 #a1 ! action ( light2 #b1 ! action ( ! atmosph]e2 #c1 ! action ( ! m$ium2 & #d1 ! action ( ! pigm5ts !mselves on ea* o!r4 ,! action ( light is to br+ ab\t or to assi/ 9 ! decomposition ( ! pigm5t4 ,x is less m>k$ 9 oil ?an 9 wat] color1 because ! oil =ms a sort ( %ea? = ! color p>ticles4 ,! mann] 9 :i* light does its det]iorat+ "w is some:at simil> to t ( heat4 ,! action ( light is v sl[1 b x seems to d ! same ?+ 9 a long "t t heat w\ld d 9 a %ort "t4 ,"s colors are unaffect$ or little affect$ by light1 & ( c\rse y w use !m 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4 ,! atmosph]e affects ! pa9t because ( c]ta9 *emical elem5ts conta9$ 9 x1 :i* t5d to cause new comb9ations ) ! mat]ials :i* are already 9 comb9ation 9 ! pigm5t4 ,! action ( ! oxyg5 9 ! air is ! *ief ag5t 9 affect+ ! pigm5t1 & x is "h p>ticul>ly t light1 & especially sunlight1 assi/s 9 decomposition4 ,! air ( t[ns & cities g5]ally conta9s sulphuric & sulphur\s acids & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is latt] gas is mo/ effective 9 *ang+ oil pa9t+s1 because ( its action 9 turn+ :ite lead d>k2 & z :ite lead is ! basis ( _m qualities 9 pa9t+1 ?is gas may h a v g5]al action4 ,moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e is also a cause ( *ange1 b !re is little to be dread$ f ?is1 z ! oil protects ! colors4 ,oil absorbs oxyg5 9 dry+1 & s is apt to h an effect on colors liable to *ange f t elem5t1 & _m vehicles conta9 mat]ials to ha/5 ! dry+ :i* fur!r aid 9 ! det]ioration ( ! pigm5t4 ,bad oil w t5d to crack ! picture also4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be us$ 9 ?is direction1 z ! mo/ p]man5t colors may be ru9$ by bad vehicles4 ,pigm5ts w n h a det]iorat+ effect on ea* o!r z long z !y are solid4 ,b if "o ( !m is soluble 9 ! m$ium1 !n *emical action comm5ces2 b z mo/ pigm5ts are some:at soluble1 !re is always "s dang] 9 mix+ !m4 ,! be/ we c d is1 z ,i said be=e1 to try to h on ! palette1 z f> z possible1 only colors :i* are fri5dly to ea* o!r4 ,z a /ud5t y %\ld n be mu* occupi$1 h[ev]1 ) all ?is4 ,y mu/ expect t all color w *ange some:at4 ,b y ne$ n use ^? :i* *ange imm$iately or m>k$ly1 & y may use !m 9 a way :i* w t5d to make !m *ange z little z may be4 ,colors h /ood = ye>s1 & :at is practical p]man5ce1 n p]fect p]man5ce1 is all y ne$ look =4 ,if y ?9k too mu* ( ! p]man5ce ( y\r colors1 x w int]f]e ) ! directness ( y\r /udy4 ,!re=e1 decide on a palette :i* is z complete & safe z y c make x1 exclud+ ! notably bad pigm5ts1 & ?9k no m ab\t x4 ,:5 y ne$ to add a new color to y\r palette1 *oose x ) ref]5ce to ^? already on x1 & g ahead4 ,?is is :at ! :ole subject resolves itself to1 practically1 = y z a /ud5t4 ,opaque & ,transp>5t ,colors4--,"s colors1 l ! madd]s1 h a jelly-l consi/5cy :5 mix$ ) oil1 o!rs1 ! e>?s among !m1 are d5se & opaque4 ,we speak ( !m respectively z transp>5t & solid colors4 ,^! qualities1 :i* divide ! pa9ts into two classes1 h no relation to _! p]man5cy4 ,z f> z t is conc]n$ y use !m 9 ! same way1 z "s transp>5t colors are safe & "s fugitive2 & ! same ) ! opaque colors4 ,! only diff]5ce is 9 ! fact t1 z a rule1 ! solid colors are bett] dry]s4 ,b y w notice t :ile y may mix ^! colors toge!r z ?\gh ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m did n exi/1 9 c]ta9 processes y use !m diff]5tly4 ,s y w see1 f>!r on1 t = a glaze y c use only ! transp>5t or semi-opaque colors1 = a scumble y naturally use ! solid ones4 ,y %\ld "k1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 j :at is meant :5 solid or body or opaque color is spok5 (1 & :at is meant by transp>5t color4 ,safe & ,unsafe ,colors4--,beyond :at has be5 said ( ! causes ( *ange 9 colors x is n necess>y t y %\ld "k ! *emical con/itu5ts ( !m4 ,if y want to look into ! matt] fur!r !re are books1 su* z ,field's ,*romatography1 :i* treat fully ( ! subject1 & :i* y may /udy4 ,b practically y %\ld "k :i* colors are to be dep5d$ on & :i* n4 ,let u consid] ! pr9cipal colors 9 detail !n1 m]ely z to _! actual /ability4 ,i w speak ( !m 9 connection ) ! plates ( colors at ! end ( ?is book4 ,i w\ld l y to comp>e :at is said ( ea* color ) ! correspond+ color 9 ! plates4 ,^? colors 9 ! plates :i* are n spok5 ( "h1 y may consid] z useful 9 %[+ y ! "* ( diff]5t colors :i* are made1 b :i* may or may n be us$1 accord+ z y may ne$ !m4 ,i %all n attempt to m5tion all ! pigm5ts t are 9 ! m>ket4 ,y ne$ nev] use m ?an fifte5 or tw5ty all told4 ,_m pa9t]s use m1 x is true2 b if y "k h[ to make ! be/ use ( t numb]1 y may safely wait till y gr[ to !m be=e y bo!r ) m4 ,& ,i %all speak only ( ^? :i* y w f9d ess5tial or mo/ g5]ally useful1 & ^? :i* %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,p]man5cy4--,x %\ld be /at$ :at is meant by a p]man5t color4 ,!re is no color :i* is n to be influ5c$ 9 "s way4 ,! mo/ s\nd ( pigm5ts w *ange if ! conditions favor ! *ange4 ,:5 we speak ( a p]man5t color1 we mean only "o :i* "u ! usual conditions w /& = an indef9ite "t4 ,by :i* is meant ord9>y diffus$ daylight1 n direct sunlight1 & ! ord9>y air "u normal conditions4 ,if !re be direct sunlight1 y may expect y\r picture to *ange soon] or lat]4 ,b "o does n hang 8 pictures :]e ! sun's rays w fall on !m4 ,if !re is any exceptional condition ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! picture may suff]4 ,or if f any cause unusual gases are 9 ! atmosph]e1 or if ! picture be too long 9 a d>k1 close place1 ! picture may smo!r = lack ( fre% air1 j z any o!r ?+1 plant or animal1 :i* dep5ds on normal conditions ( atmosph]e w\ld d4 ,let u say1 !n1 t :at we mean by a p]man5t color is "o :i* w /& un*ang$ = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t 9 a room :i* is ( ! usual condition ( temp]ature & fre$om f moi/ure1 & :]e ! light is diffus$1 & su* t ! direct rays ( ! sun are n on ! picture (t51 or to any great ext5t4 ,cold w n hurt a picture if ! canvas is n di/urb$ 9 t condition1 b to b5d or roll x :ile x is v cold w ( c\rse crack x1 & sudd5 & extreme *anges ( temp]ature may h ! same effect4 ,9 o!r words1 "s c>e mu/ be us$ ) all pictures z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,,color ,,li/ ,:ites4--,z9c :ite is ! only p]man5t :ite1 b x lacks body & is little us$4 ,! lead :ites1 flake1 silv]1 cremnitz1 w d>k5 9 "t1 & w turn yell[ ) oil1 & may *ange ) or affect *ange 9 o!r pigm5ts4 ,! z9c :ite is liable to crack4 ,we h no p]fect :ite1 s practically y may consid] ! lead :ites z p]man5t en\gh1 z o!r pa9t]s d4 ,yell[s4--,cadmium is p]man5t 9 all ?ree ( its =ms4 ,x is a color ! p]man5ce ( :i* is ( great importance2 = its brilliancy is q ess5tial to mod]n pa9t+1 & if x 7 n p]man5t1 ! picture w\ld soon lose ! v quality = :i* ! color 0 us$4 ,! *romes1 :i* are ( simil> color-quality1 are less p]man5t1 & are almo/ sure to turn to a horny sort ( yell[2 & a gre51 :i* by _! use 0 bright & sp>kl+1 w1 9 a few mon?s1 lose its fre%ness--?is cadmium w n d4 ,cadmium is also to be pref]r$ to *rome1 because x is ( a mu* f9] tonality4 ,gre5s & yell[s made by ! admixture ( *rome are apt to be crude z comp>$ ) ^? 9 :i* cadmium 0 us$4 ,/rontian yell[ is a p]man5t & mo/ useful light yell[1 mu* to be pref]r$ to all o!r citron yell[s except ! pale cadmium1 & c be us$ 9 place ( t if necess>y4 ,!y are bo? exp5sive colors ( ab\t ! same co/4 ,naples yell[ 0 a v prom95t pigm5t ) ! old] pa9t]s4 ,x is /ill v mu* us$1 b 9 ! simplification ( y\r palette y may z well leave x out1 z y c get ! same qualities ) cadmium & :ite4 ,x is durable & safe1 b adds ano!r tube to y\r palette :i* y c well disp5se )4 ,! o*res are among ! olde/ & safe/ ( pigm5ts4 ,y c use !m ) any colors :i* are !mselves p]man5t4 ,!re are sev]al ( !m1--yell[ o*re1 ,roman o*re1 transp>5t gold o*re1 & o!rs4 ,!y are all native e>?s1 & ?\gh !y conta9 iron1 !y are suffici5tly in]t to be ?or\ghly s\nd colors4 ,! si5nas1 burnt & raw1 are l ! o*res1 native e>?s1 v old & p]man5t colors1 & may be us$ any:]e4 ,! umb]s are 9 ! same class ) ! si5nas & o*res4 ,!y %\ld all rank among ! yell[s4 ,! br[ns ( umb] & si5na w make gre5s ) blues4 ,indian yell[ & yell[ lake %\ld bo? be avoid$ z fugitive4 ,aureol9 is a ri*1 w>m gold5 yell[ ( ! greate/ p]man5ce1 & %\ld be us$ :5 ,indian yell[ & yell[ lake w\ld be us$ if !y 7 p]man5t4 ,r$s4--,! v]milions are p]man5t :5 well made4 ,!y are ( great body & p[]1 z well z delicacy4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1--,*9ese1 :i* is blui% 9 tone1 & sc>let & orange v]milion1 :i* h ! yell[ quality4 ,bo? k9ds are useful to ! palette because ( ! practical necessities ( mix+4 ,light r$ is a deep1 w>m r$ e>?1 made by calc9+ o*re1 & has ! same p]man5ce z ! o!r o*res4 ,x is a f9e color1 ( especial value 9 pa9t+ fle%1 & mixes ) ev]y?+ safely4 ,! madd]s--rose1 p9k1 purple1 & madd] c>m9e--are ! only transp>5t r$s :i* are p]man5t4 ,:atev] ! "n giv5 !m1 !y %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! lakes1 :i* are absolutely untru/wor?y4 ,by ref]5ce to ! plates y w see t ! madd]s are practically ! same z ! lakes 9 color :5 fir/ us$4 ,b ! lakes fade & ! madd]s d n4 ,! madd]s co/ ab\t twice z mu* z ! lakes2 b y mu/ pay ! diff]5ce1 = ! lakes _c be made to /&1 & y mu/ h ! color4 ,!re is no?+ = x b to pay twice z mu* & buy ! madd]s4 ,! lakes--sc>let1 g]anium1 crimson1 & purple--are all bad4 ,! madd]s & lakes are all sl[ dry]s2 b unless c>elessly us$ ) o!r colors :i* are n yet dry !y ne$ n h a bad effect on ! picture f crack+4 ,di/+ui% ! s-call$ madd] lakes & ! lakes2 & betwe5 c>m9e1 :i* is a lake1 & madd] c>m9e1 :i* is a madd]4 ,blues4--,! ultram>9e ( ! old ma/]s is practically unus$ to-day because ( its co/4 ,b ! artificial ultram>9es1 :ile n q ( ! same purity ( color1 are equally p]man5t1 & are 9 e respect wor?y to be us$4 ,( ^! ! brilliant ultram>9e is ! ne>e/ 9 color to ! real lapis lazuli4 ,! ,fr5* ultram>9e is less cle> & vivid1 b is a spl5did deep blue1 & mo/ useful4 ,! s-call$ p]man5t blue is n q s p]man5t z its "n implies1 b p]man5t en\gh = practical purposes4 ,cobalt blue & c]ulean blue are two pigm5ts1 "o v light & cle>1 ! o!r d>k]1 :i* are made ( ! oxide ( ! metal cobalt4 ,9 oil !y are p]man5t1 & d n *ange :5 mix$ ) o!r colors4 ,= delicate t9ts1 :5 ! tones are to be subtly gray yet full ( ! prim>y colors1 ! cobalts are indisp5sable4 ,y %\ld always h !m on h&1 & g5]ally on y\r palette4 ,c]ulean blue is ( less importance ?an ! o!r1 b 9 v cle>1 delicate blue skies x is (t5 ! only color :i* w get ! effect4 ,prussian blue possesses a dep? & p[] & a quality ( color :i* make x unique4 ,! gre5i% tone gives x great value 9 c]ta9 comb9ations z f> z its t9t+ effect is conc]n$4 ,b x is n reliable z a pigm5t4 ,x *anges "u v>i\s conditions1 & fades ) ! light4 ,x is n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,antw]p blue1 a weak] k9d ( ,prussian blue1 is ev5 m fugitive4 ,x is a pity t ^! colors w n /&1 b z !y w n1 we mu/ get along )\t !m4 ,indigo has a c]ta9 grayi% quality :i* is useful sometimes1 b x _c be plac$ among ! ev5 mod]ately p]man5t colors4 ,! blacks may be class$ z blues1 because !y w make gre5 if mix$ ) yell[4 ,consid]$ z blues1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 d5se & negative1 & %\ld n be too freely us$4 ,b !y are all p]man5t4 ,! only ones we ne$ speak ( are ivory black1 :i* has a r$di% ca/1 & blue black1 :i* is weak]1 b lacks ! purpli% note1 :i* is (t5 an advantage4 ,gre5s4--,we ne$ m5tion only a few gre5s4 ,!re are num]\s gre5s1 ( v>i\s degrees ( p]man5ce1 b x is n necess>y to speak ( all ! colors on ! m>ket4 ,y c\ld n use !m all if y _h !m1 & we may z well conf9e ourselves to ^? we really ne$4 ,v]idian1 or em]aude gre51 is ! deepe/ & colde/ ( our gre5s1 & is p]man5t4 ,x is too cold1 & looks ev5 m s at night4 ,9 use x ne$s ! addition ( "s yell[ :i* holds its own at night1 su* z yell[ o*re1 or ! pa9t+ w be impossible 9 gaslight1 & ev5 worse "u electric light4 ,em]ald gre5 is ! same z ! ,fr5* ,v]onese gre51 & is g5]ally p]man5t4 ,x is said to turn d>k1 & does lose "s ( its brilliancy ) "t & ! effect ( impure air4 ,b !re are places :]e "o ne$s x1 especially 9 sket*+1 & x is well to use x sometimes4 ,b be> 9 m9d t x is n absolutely p]man5t1 & z ! quality t x gives1 brilliant light gre51 is ! v "o x w lose %\ld x *ange1 don't expect too mu* ( x4 ,t]re v]te is a v weak color4 ,b x is mo/ t5d] 9 its quality1 & is p]man5t to all int5ts & purposes4 ,x may get slightly d>k] 9 "t1 b w n lose ! qualities = :i* x w be us$4 ,x is v useful to use ) ivory black or else:]e1 to slightly modify a r$di% t5d5cy1 & is a f9e glaz+ color4 ,! *rome gre5s1 by :atev] "n1 ,brunswick gre51 or ! bett]-kn[n ,c9nab> or ,z9nob] gre5s1 are all bad4 ,!y are useful colors z color1 b !y w n /&1 & y w ev5 get bett] color by mix+ c]ta9 yell[s & blues ?an ^! w give y1 s y _h bett] lay !m aside1 tempt+ z !y are4 ,o!r ,colors4--,y w notice t ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! v>i\s br[ns & olives & purples4 ,x is simply because x is bett] = y to make all ^! colors ?an to get !m 9 ! tubes4 ,! e>?s & ! br[ns ( madd] are all good1 & ! mix+ ( madd]s & good blues w make all ! %ades ( violet & purple y c possibly want 9 _! purity4 ,palettes4--,we h1 !n1 a numb] ( pigm5ts :i* are solid & safe1 ( ea* ( ! prim>y colors1 & ( su* v>iety ( qualities t ! :ole range ( possible color is practicable ) !m 9 comb9ation4 ,to recapitulate1 let u make a li/ ( !m4 ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,colors4 ,,z9c ,,:ite4 7,,lead ,,:ite ,,en\gh ,,s47 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4 ,,cadmium ,,orange4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[1 ,,pale4 ,,/rontian ,,yell[4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,roman ,,o*re4 ,,transp>5t ,,gold ,,o*re4 ,,raw ,,si5na4 ,,burnt ,,si5na4 ,,raw ,,umb]4 ,,aureol94 ,,*9ese ,,v]milion4 ,,sc>let ,,v]milion4 ,,orange ,,v]milion4 ,,light ,,r$4 ,,rose ,,madd]4 ,,p9k ,,madd]4 ,,purple ,,madd]4 ,,madd] ,,c>m9e4 ,,rub5s ,,madd]4 ,,ultram>9e ,,blue ,,brilliant4 ,,ultram>9e ,,blue ,,fr5*4 ,,p]man5t ,,blue4 ,,cobalt4 ,,c]ulean ,,blue4 ,,ivory ,,black4 ,,blue ,,black4 ,,v]idian4 ,,em]ald ,,gre54 ,,t]re ,,v]te4 ,"h is a li/ ( colors :i* w "w well toge!r1 & ) :i* y c d z mu* z is possible ) colors z f> z our pres5t mat]ials g4 ,mo/ ( ^! colors1 ,i am aw>e1 are among ! m exp5sive ones4 ,?is ,i am sorry =1 b _c help4 ,! good colors are at times ! exp5sive ones1 b z !re are no *eap] ones :i* are p]man5t to take _! places1 x w\ld be ! false/ ( economy to use o!rs4 ,palette ,pr9ciples4--,9 mak+ up y\r palette1 y mu/ s arrange x t y c get pure color :5 y want x4 ,!re is nev] any tr\ble to get ! color negative2 to get ri*ness & balance is ano!r matt]4 ,if y w ref] to ! color plates1 y w see t 9 ea* ( ! ?ree prim>y colors !re are pigm5ts :i* lean t[>ds "o or ! o!r ( ! o!r two4 ,! sc>let r$ is a yell[ r$4 ,! ,*9ese v]milion & ! rose madd] are blue r$s4 ,! same holds ) yell[s & blues1 z orange cadmium is a r$ yell[1 & /rontian yell[ is a gre5i% yell[4 ,?is is1 9 practice1 ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ideal color1 = :5 we deal ) ! practical side ( pigm5t1 we deal ) v imp]fect mat]ials :i* w n foll[ 9 ! l9es ( ! sci5tific !ory ( color4 ,if we w\ld h ! pure/ & ri*e/ second>y color1 we mu/ take two prim>ies1 ea* ( :i* p>takes ( ! quality ( ! o!r4 ,to make a pure orange1 = in/ance1 we mu/ use a yell[ r$ & a r$ yell[4 ,if we us$ a blui% r$ & a blui% 7gre5i%7 yell[1 ! blue 9 bo? w\ld give u a sort ( t]ti>y 9 ! =m ( a negative second>y in/ead ( ! pure ri* orange we want$4 ,?is latt] fact is q z useful 9 keep+ colors gray )\t too mu* mix+ :5 we want !m s1 b nev]!less we mu/ "k h[ to get pure color also4 ,^! *>act]i/ics h a be>+ on ! sett+ ( our palette1 = we mu/ h at lea/ two ( ea* ( ! ?ree prim>y colors--r$1 yell[1 & blue--& :ite4 ,!re may be z _m m z y want1 b !re mu/ be at lea/ t numb]4 ,b ! "* ( ! "w y are do+ w also h an influ5ce on ! colors y use4 ,y may n ne$ ! same palette = "o sort ( picture t is ess5tial to ano!r4 ,y c h a palette :i* w d all sorts ( "w1 b a *ange 9 ! comb9ations may (t5 be call$ = 9 accordance ) ! diff]5t color *>act]i/ics ( y\r picture4 ,i w sugge/ sev]al palettes ( diff]5t comb9ations :i* w give y an idea ( h[ y may compose a palette to suit an occasion4 ,i d n say t y %\ld conf9e y\rself to any or all ( ^! palettes1 nor t !y are ! be/ possible4 ,b !y are safe & practical1 & y may use !m until y c f9d or compose "o bett] suit$ to y\r purposes4 ,!y w all be made up f ! colors we h 9 our li/1 & w all h ! arrangem5t ,i call$ y\r att5tion to z to ! use ( two ( ea* prim>y4 ,x w\ld be well if y 7 to comp>e ea* ( ! colors ) ! correspond+ "o 9 ! plates at ! end ( ! book1 & get acqua9t$ ) its *>act]i/ic look4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,exp5se4--,i h sev]al times ref]r$ to ! relative exp5se ( colors1 & /at$ t :5 ! good color 0 ( great] co/ ?an o!rs1 !re 0 no?+ = x b to get ! be/4 ,i _c modify t /atem5t1 b x is well to say t z a rule ! exp5sive colors are n ^? t y use ! mo/ (1 al?\gh "s are us$ con/antly4 ,v]milion is s /rong a color t ! co/ h>dly matt]s4 ,( ! deep blues ! same is true4 ,b ! light yell[s1 & ! madd]s & cobalt1 w (t5 make y groan at ! rapidity ( _! disappe>ance4 ,b y c get m tubes ( !m1 & _! "w rema9s1 :ile 7 y to use ! *eap] pa9ts1 ! flight ( ! color f ! canvas w\ld make y groan m1 & t disappe>ance c\ld nev] be made good except by do+ ! "w all ov]4 ,sizes4--,! *eape/ colors come 9 ! l>ge/ tubes4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,no4 #c repres5ts ! full size ( ! ord9>y tube ( ! av]age co/4 ,"s ( ! mo/ commonly us$ colors come 9 l>g] tubes at correspond+ price4 ,only pr(essionals get ^! l>ge sizes except 9 ! case ( :ite4 ,y use s mu* ( ?is color t x h>dly pays to bo!r at all ) ! ord9>y tube ( x4 ,get ! quadruple tube1 :i* is nom9ally f\r times z l>ge1 b conta9s ne>ly five times z mu*4 ,no4 #b repres5ts ! actual size ( ! second size ( tubes 9 :i* a few regul>-pric$ colors come2 :ile ! smalle/ tube is ! size ( ,no4 #a4 ,9 ?is siz$ tube all ! high-pric$ colors are put up2 ! cadmiums1 ! madd]s1 v]milions1 & ultram>9es & cobalts4 ,! *eap colors are ! ord9>y e>?s1 su* z ! o*res1 umb]s1 si5nas1 ! blacks & :ites1 & all sorts ( gre5s & blues & lakes1 :i* y _h bett] h no?+ to d )4 ,arrangem5t4--,9 ! foll[+ palettes ,i %all give ! names ( ! colors1 z y w\ld look d[n ^u !m on y\r palette4 ,! arrangem5t is t ( a good _m pa9t]s1 & is a conv5i5t "o4 ,x is z well to arrange !m ) :ite at ! "r1 !n ! yell[s1 !n ! r$s1 ! br[ns1 blues1 blacks1 & gre5s4 ,b ,i h f\nd ?is z ,i give x1 to be ! be/ = use1 simply because x keeps ! prop] colors toge!r1 & ! :ite1 :i* y use mo/1 :]e x is mo/ easily got at1 & ,i ?9k y w f9d x a good arrangem5t4 ,a ,*eap ,palette4--,?is palette ,i give s t y may see ! range possible ) absolutely s\nd colors :i* are all ( ! lea/ price4 ,y c get no high key ) x4 ,all ! colors are l[ 9 tone4 ,y c\ld n pa9t ! bright pit* ( l&scape ) x1 yet x is practically :at !y tri$ to pa9t l&scape ) a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & x acc\nts l>gely = ! lack ( bright gre5s 9 ! l&scapes ( t date4 ,b = all sorts ( indoor "w & = portraits y w f9d x possible to get mo/ beautiful results4 ,y w notice !re is no bright yell[4 ,t is because cadmium is exp5sive & *rome is n p]man5t4 ,v]milion is left out = ! same reason4 ,add orange v]milion & cadmium yell[ & orange cadmium1 & y h a p[]ful palette ( great range & absolute p]man5cy4 ,,:ite4 ,,naples ,,yell[4 ,,v5etian ,,r$4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,light ,,r$4 ,,roman ,,o*re4 ,,indian ,,r$4 ,,transp>5t ,,gold ,,o*re4 ,,burnt ,,si5na4 ,,raw ,,umb]4 ,,p]man5t ,,blue4 ,,ivory ,,black4 ,,t]re ,,v]te4 ,an ,all-,r\nd ,palette3-- ,,:ite4 ,,/rontian ,,yell[4 ,,orange ,,v]milion4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4 ,,rose ,,madd]4 ,,orange ,,cadmium4 ,,burnt ,,si5na4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,raw ,,umb]4 ,,cobalt4 ,,ultram>9e4 ,,ivory ,,black4 ,,t]re ,,v]te4 ,?is palette is a pretty l>ge "o1 & y c d almo/ any?+ ) x4 ,b = _m ?+s x is bett] to h m ( c]ta9 k9ds ( colors & less ( o!rs4 ,?is is a good palette = all sorts ( 9-!-h\se "w1 & if y call x a /ill-life palette1 x w "n x v well4 ,= a /ud5t x w d any?+ he is apt to be capable ( = a good :ile4 ,a ,ri* ,l[-,key$ ,portrait & ,figure ,palette3-- ,,:ite4 ,,cadmium4 ,,*9ese ,,v]milion4 ,,orange ,,cadmium4 ,,light ,,r$4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,rose ,,madd]4 ,,transp>5t ,,gold ,,o*re4 ,,raw ,,umb]4 ,,cobalt4 ,,blue ,,black4 ,,t]re ,,v]te4 ,a ,l&scape ,palette4--,l&scape calls = pit* & vibration4 ,y mu/ h pure color & great lum9osity1 yet a range ( color :i* w p]mit ( all sorts ( effects4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve = ev]y?+ out-(-doors1 & ,i h se5 x ) practically no *ange 9 ! h&s ( v p[]ful & exquisite pa9t]s4 ,!re are no br[ns & blacks 9 x because ! colors :i* !y w\ld give are to be made by mix+ ! pur] pigm5ts1 s z to give m life & vibration to ! color4 ,! blacke/ note may be gott5 ) ultram>9e & rose madd] ) a little v]idian if too purple2 ! result w be black] ?an black1 & h daylight 9 x4 ,! o*re is ne$$ m p>ticul>ly to w>m ! v]idian4 ,,:ite4 ,,/rontian ,,yell[4 ,,orange ,,v]milion4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4 ,,p9k ,,madd]4 ,,orange ,,cadmium4 ,,rose ,,madd]4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,cobalt4 ,,ultram>9e4 ,,v]idian4 ,,em]ald ,,gre54 ,if y pa9t figures out-(-doors y w ne$ ?is same palette4 ,madd] c>m9e or purple madd]1 & c]ulean blue may also usefully add$ to ?is li/4 ,a ,fl[] ,palette4--,= pa9t+ fl[]s ! colors %\ld be capable ( ! mo/ exquisite & delicate ( t9ts4 ,!re %\ld be no color on ! palette :i* _c be us$ 9 any "p ( ! picture4 ,! range ne$ n be s great 9 "s respects z 9 o!rs1 b ! ri*ness %\ld be unlimit$4 ,9 ! matt] ( gre5s1 x is true ?\gh h>d to conv9ce ! amateur (1 t if !re 7 no gre5 tube 9 y\r box1 & y mix$ all y\r gre5s f ! yell[s & blues1 ! picture w\ld be ! bett]4 ,z to ! br[ns1 !y w put y\r :ole picture out ( key4 ,9 ?is palette ,i am sure y w f9d e color :i* is ne$$4 ,!re are few gre5s1 b ^? giv5 c be us$ to gray a petal z well z to pa9t a leaf2 !re=e !re is no likelihood ( y\r us+ a color 9 a leaf :i* is n 9 tone ) ! fl[]4 ,i am calculat+ on y\r us+ all y\r ability 9 /udy+ ! influ5ce ( color on color1 & 9 mix+ pure colors to make gray4 ,"h z else:]e 9 ^! palettes ,i h 9 m9d _! use accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( color & light & effect z laid d[n 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! book1 :i* deal specially ) ^? pr9ciples4 ,if y d n und]/& j :y ,i arrange ^! palettes z ,i d1 turn to ! *apt]s on color1 & on ! diff]5t k9ds ( pa9t+1 & ,i ?9k y w see :at ,i mean1 & und]/& bett] :at ,i say1 ab\t ^! comb9ations4 ,( c\rse y d n ne$ all ( ^! colors on y\r palette at ! same "t4 ,"s are necess>y to c]ta9 fl[]s ^: ri*ness & dep? y c\ld h>dly get )\t !m4 ,! colors y %\ld h z a rule on y\r palette are ^!3-- ,,:ite4 ,,/rontian ,,yell[4 ,,orange ,,v]milion4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4 ,,p9k ,,madd]4 ,,yell[ ,,o*re4 ,,rose ,,madd]4 ,,cobalt4 ,,ultram>9e4 ,,v]idian4 ,,em]ald ,,gre54 ,to add to ^! :5 ne$$1 y %\ld h 9 y\r box1 pale & deep cadmium1 ,*9ese v]milion1 madd] c>m9e1 & purple madd]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,vehicles ,,& ,,v>ni%es ,a vehicle is any liquid :i* is mix$ ) ! color to make x flu5t4 ,! vehicle may be gr\nd ) ! pigm5t or mix$ ) x on ! palette1 or bo?4 ,oil colors are ( c\rse gr\nd 9 oil z a vehicle2 b x is (t5 necess>y or conv5i5t to add to !m1 9 work+1 su* a vehicle z w ?9 !m1 or make !m dry bett]4 ,^? :i* ?9 or r5d] m flu5t ! pa9t are oils & spirits2 ^? :i* make !m dry m quickly are dry]s or siccatives4 ,all vehicles mu/ ( necessity h an effect on ! p]man5cy ( ! pigm5ts4 ,bad vehicles t5d to det]iorate !m2 good ones pres]ve !m4 ,oils4--,! mo/ commonly us$ oils are l9se$ & poppy oil4 ,!y are nei!r ( !m quick dry]s1 & are usually mix$ ) sug> ( lead1 manganese1 etc41 to ha/5 ! dry+4 ,^! h a t5d5cy to affect ! colors2 b if "o w h rec\rse to none b ! pure oils1 he mu/ be pati5t ) ! dry+ ( 8 picture4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be well to use vehicles ) ! colors on ! palette z little z possible--& t is aga9/ ?9 & smoo? pa9t+4 ,oil has ! t5d5cy to turn d>k ) "t1 ?us turn+ ! color d>k also4 ,! only way to r$uce ?is t5d5cy is to cl>ify ! oil by long exposure to ! sunlight4 ,! e>ly ,g]man pa9t]s us$ oil s cl>ifi$1 & _! pictures are ! be/ pres]v$ z to color ( any t we h4 ,b ! dry+ is ev5 sl[] ) purifi$ oil ?an ) ! ord9>y oil4 ,x w\ld be be/1 !n1 to use oil z little z may be 9 pa9t+1 & if y ne$ a dry]1 use x only z y actually ne$ x 9 bad dry+ colors1 & !n v little ( x4 ,! ess5ces ( turp5t9e & ( petroleum may be us$ to ?9 ! pa9t1 & are pref]able to oil1 because !y h less d>k5+ t5d5cy4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 b9d ! color s well1 & ! pa9t %\ld n be put on too ?9ly ) !m4 ,usually !re is en\gh oil gr\nd ) ! pigm5t z x comes 9 ! tubes to ov]come any probability ( ! pa9t scal+ or rubb+ :5 ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 b 9 ! sl[-dry+1 transp>5t colors !re w be a liability to crack4 ,mod]ation 9 ! use ( any & all vehicles is ! be/ means ( avoid+ difficulty4 ,use vehicles only :5 y ne$ !m1 n habitually1 & !n only z mu* z !re is real ne$ (4 ,if y use oil1 use ! light] oils1 & expect "s d>k5+ 9 "t4 ,pref] turp5t9e to oil1 & expect y\r color to dry r dead1 or )\t gloss1 by its use4 ,if y int5d to v>ni%1 ?is is all "r4 ,if y d n int5d to v>ni% ! picture1 keep ! color z ne> ! pure tones z y c4 ,! gray] ! color1 ! m ! dead or flat dry+ w make x look colorless4 ,v>ni%es4--,:5 ! picture is done1 aft] x is dry1 v>ni%es are us$ to br+ out ! fre%ness ( color1 & to pres]ve ! surface f outside influ5ces ( all sorts4 ,a picture mu/ be well dri$ be=e x is v>ni%$1 or x is likely to crack2 six mon?s is n too long to be safe4 ,if y are 9 a hurry to v>ni%1 use a tempor>y or ret\*+ v>ni%4 ,! be/ v>ni% is necess>y = use on pictures4 ,nev] use any except a v>ni% especially made = ! purpose by a reliable colorman4 ,^? made by ,w9sor & ,newton may all be dep5d$ ^u4 ,pay a good price = x1 & don't use too mu*4 ,ma/ic v>ni% is t :i* is mo/ favorably kn[n4 ,be sure y get a good & pure quality4 ,v>ni%es are made f v>i\s gums or res9s dissolv$ 9 a solv5t su* z alcohol1 turp5t9e1 or oil1 z ! case may be4 ,! light] gums are ! be/ = pictures1 because !y d n affect ! color ( ! picture4 ,mu* c>e %\ld be us$ 9 putt+ on ! v>ni%--t x is ev5 & z ?9ly di/ribut$ z w s]ve ! purpose4 ,x %\ld n be fl[$ on1 b c>efully work$ out ) a clean bru%1 & !n kept f dirt & du/ until dry4 ,! f9] v>ni%es 9 oil or turp5t9e are be/ = ord9>y use4 ,^? 9 alcohol d n hold _! fre%ness s well4 ,v>ni%es are sometimes us$ z siccatives1 & to mix ) colors :i* are liable to affect o!r colors1 or to lack consi/5cy4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 !y are n ne$$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,palettes ,! mo/ important qualities 9 a palette are t x %\ld be l>ge en\gh1 & t x %\ld balance well on ! ?umb4 ,:e!r x is r\nd or squ>e is a slight matt]4 ,! oval palette is usually be/ = ! /udio because ! corn]s are seldom ( use1 & add weight4 ,b = sket*+1 ! squ>e palette fits ! box be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,oval ,palette4 ,get a palette mu* l>g] ?an y ?9k y want4 ,:5 y get x on y\r ?umb ! mix+-surface is mu* less ?an !re seem$ to be be=e x 0 set1 = all ! actual surface is betwe5 ! r[ ( colors & ! ?umb4 ,if ! palette is poli%$ x is n ess5tially bett]2 x is easi] to keep clean1 z f> z looks g1 b ( no great] real s]vice4 ,if ! *oice is betwe5 a l>g] unpoli%$ & a small] poli%$ "o1 ! price be+ ! consid]ation1 get ! l>g] "o4 ,get a light wood 9 pref]5ce to a d>k wood = a *oice ( color1 b n if !re is bett] gra9 or light] weight 9 ! d>k] palette4 ,x is an assi/ance 9 pa9t+ n to h to comp>e ! t9t y are mix+ ) too d>k a surface1 = ! color looks light] ?an x is2 s ! light wood w help y to judge ju/ly ( ! color :ile ! palette is new4 ,:5 x has be5 work$ on a :ile x w come to h a sympa!tic color anyway4 ,?is be>s on ! cleanl9ess ( y\r palette4 ,x is a mi/ake to consid] t cleanl9ess dem&s t ! palette %\ld be clean$ to ! wood & poli%$ aft] e pa9t+4 ,on ! contr>y1 if a little ( ! pa9t is rubb$ out ov] ! palette e "t x is clean$1 aft] a few weeks !re w come a f9e smoo? poli% ( pa9t1 :i* w h a delicate light gray color1 :i* is a mo/ fri5dly mix+ surface4 ,adapt+4--,:5 y get a new palette1 be=e y use x take a little tr\ble to c>ve out ! ?umb-hole to fit y\r ?umb4 ,make x l>ge en\gh to g ov] ! ball ( ! ?umb1 & set easily on ! top ( ! h&4 ,:5 ! hole is too small ! ?umb gets numb aft] work+ a little :ile1 :i* ?is w obviate4 ,cleanl9ess4--,! cleanl9ess ( a palette consi/s 9 its be+ always 9 su* a condition t y c h&le x )\t gett+ dirty2 t ! mix+-surface w n f\l ! fre%ly mix$ pa9t2 & t ! pa9t ar\nd ! edge is always s t y c pick up a fre%1 clean bru%ful4 ,if y try to clean (f all y\r color e day & poli% y\r palette nicely1 y w n only take up m "t ) y\r palette ?an y d ) y\r pa9t+1 b ! fact t "s left-ov] pa9t may be wa/$ w make y a little /+y 9 putt+ on fre% pa9t1 :i* is "o ( ! wor/ habits a beg9n] c fall into4 ,y _c pa9t well unless y h pa9t en\gh on y\r palette to use freely :5 y ne$ x4 ,x is all well en\gh to put on m1 b no?+ is m vex+ ?an to h to squeeze out new pa9t at almo/ e bru%ful4 ,y mu/ h pa9t en\gh :5 y beg91 to "w )1 or y wa/e too mu* "t ) ^! details4 ,illu/ration3 ,arm ,palette4 ,if y are pa9t+ e day1 leave ! good pa9t :]e x is at ! end ( y\r "w1 & scrape (f all ! muddy or half-us$ piles1 & clean c>efully all ! palette except ^? places :]e ! pa9t is /ill fre% & pure4 ,!n1 :5 y h to add m to t1 clean t place ) ! palette-knife be=e squeez+ out ! new color4 ,9 ?is way ! palette w n look l a c5tre-table1 b x w be practically clean1 h a good cle> mix+-surface1 & y w nei!r wa/e pa9t nor be /+y ) x4 ,! ,arm ,palette4--,= pa9t+ l>ge canvases1 :]e ! l>ge/-siz$ bru%es are us$ & pa9t mu/ be mix$ 9 great] quantities1 ! arm palette is a mo/ conv5i5t ?+ if x is well balanc$4 ,x is 9 ! way r ?an o!rwise = small pictures1 & is useful only z x is p>ticul>ly call$ =4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,o!r ,,tools ,x rema9s to speak ( ^? tools :i* are n ess5tials1 b conv5i5ces1 to pa9t+4 ,ev5 z conv5i5ces1 h[ev]1 !y are ( importance en\gh to h an influ5ce on y\r "w4 ,y c pa9t )\t !m1 b y w "w m easily = ! hav+ ( !m2 & some?+ ( ! sort1 al?\gh n necess>ily ( ! same k9d1 y mu/ h4 ,y may improvise some?+1 9 o!r words1 to take ! place ( ^!1 b y w\ld be wis] to get ^? :i* are made = ! purpose4 ,! ,box4--,fir/1 ! box4 ,y mu/ keep y\r ?+s toge!r someh[1 & x w\ld be z well t y keep !m 9 a box :i* is portable & suit$ to ! purpose4 ,:5 y sket* y mu/ h a prop] box1 & :y n h "o :i* is equally s]viceable 9 ! h\se8 ,^? mo/ commonly sold to amateurs are ( t91 & !y are v>i\s 9 size & con/ruction1 & n too exp5sive4 ,! only ?+ aga9/ !m is ! difficulty ( adapt+ !m to s]vice diff]5t f t !y 7 design$ =2 t is1 if y want to put 9 a diff]5t sort ( panel1 or if y want to fix x 9 ! cov] = conv5i5ce1 or any?+ l t1 y _c readily d x1 because y _c use tacks 9 !m4 ,?is c\nts = m ?an w\ld seem on a sket*+ trip4 ,b ! t9 box is light1 & is n easily brok51 & :ile x is 9 %ape is practical4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,color ,box4 ,! box to be mo/ recomm5d$ is ! wood5 "o4 ,x co/s m ?an ! t9 "o1--ab\t twice z mu*2 b y c always arrange x = an em]g5cy v readily1 & if x gets brok5 y c fix x y\rself1 or get any c>p5t] to d x = y1 :ile y may be a good _m miles f a t9n]1 :o w\ld be necess>y to m5d y\r t9 box4 ,y _h bett] n get too l>ge a box4 ,get "o long en\gh = ! bru%es2 b if y are go+ to use x out-(-doors mu*1 get a n>r[ "o ) a fold+ palette1 s z to save weight4 ,9 ?is way y w get a l>g] palette ?an y c\ld get 9 a small] & wid] box1 :i* is an important consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,palette ,knife4 ,! ,palette-,knife4--,( m imm$iate necessity to y\r pa9t+ is ! palette-knife4 ,y _c keep ! palette clean )\t x4 ,n[ & aga9 y may want to mix colors1 or ev5 pa9t ) x4 ,b y con/antly get rid ( ! too mu* mix$ color on y\r palette ) x1 & ?is is ess5tial to good pa9t+4 ,take "s c>e to select a good knife2 h ! blade long en\gh to be spr+y & flexible1 b n too long4 ,ab\t five in*es f ! wood ( ! h&le to ! end ( ! blade is a good l5g?4 ,& see t x b5ds 9 a true curve f "o end to ! o!r1 & is n /iff at ! end & weak 9 ! middle4 ,x %\ld h ! same ev5 ela/icity t a bru% %\ld h4 ,= pa9t+ y ne$ a tr[el palette-knife1 :i* has a b5t %ank1 mak+ ! blade & ! h&le on diff]5t levels1 s t z y press ! blade to ! canvas1 ! f+]s are kept away f ! pa9t$ surface4 ,! %ank %\ld be r\nd1 & ! blade v f9e & flexible4 ,! knife %\ld balance nicely 9 ! h&1 & turn freely 9 ! f+]s1 s t y c pa9t ) ei!r face ( ! blade ) equal balance4 ,x takes "s c>e to pick out a good tr[el-knife1 z a poor "o is worse ?an none4 ,! ,scrap]4--,y frequ5tly ne$ to scrape r\gh pa9t f a canvas or a picture1 & y ne$ to scrape /rongly to get a dirty palette clean4 ,y c use an old razor = ! fir/ purpose1 or a piece ( brok5 glass1 if y use x c>efully1 & any old knife c be us$ to clean y\r palette4 ,b a regul> tool is bett] ?an ei!r4 ,! scrap] "h %[n is ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,scrap]4 ,! ,oil-,cup4--,d n use oils & vehicles v mu*4 ,b :5 y ne$ !m y mu/ h some?+ to keep !m 91 conv5i5t to ! bru% :5 work+4 ,x %\ld h a spr+ to hold x on to ! palette1 & ( su* =m t ! cont5ts are n easily spill$ by ! movem5t ( ! h& or ! body :5 pa9t+4 ,! =m "h illu/rat$ is ! be/ t has be5 br\ght out s f>4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,oil-,cup4 ,! ,mahl-,/ick4--,sometimes y want to re/ ! h& :5 pa9t+1 = /ead9ess4 ,! mahl- or re/-/ick has a ball on ! end1 :i* "o usually cov]s ) a wad ( rag1 s t x c be plac$ aga9/ ! canvas )\t injury1 & ! h& re/$ on x4 ,x is s light t x c be held ) ! bru%es 9 ! palette h&1 & /iff en\gh to support ! bru%-h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,mahl-,/icks4 ,sket*+ ,adjuncts4--,out-(-doors y mu/ h a seat1 & y %\ld h an umbrella4 ,! be/ seat = a man1 because x c be fold$ into s small a space1 is ! ?ree-legg$ /ool4 ,?is is n usually satisfactory = a woman1 ^: skirts tip x ov]4 ,! bett] seat = h] is %[n bel[4 ,! back is n v firm1 b x does give support1 & ! :ole is light & /rong4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! umbrella %\ld be l>ge & light1 & "o su* z ! illu/ration1 ) a valve 9 ! top to let ! w9d & hot air ?r\gh1 w be f\nd cool] & less easily bl[n ov]4 ,y %\ld h "s /rong r+s sew$ on to x1 s t y c fa/5 x f f\r sides by /r+s1 to keep x /eady if ! w9d bl[s h>d4 ,! umbrella %\ld be ( light-color$ mat]ial1 pref]ably :ite2 b if x is l9$ ) black1 ! %ade w be bett]1 & give no false gl[ to ! color4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/udios ,a pa9t+-room is always a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation1 & to ! beg9n] "o ( difficulty4 ,! arrangem5t ( light is n easy1 & a special w9d[ is almo/ always out ( ! "q2 yet 9 "s way ! light mu/ be s manag$ t ! canvas is n cov]$ ) reflect$ lights :i* prev5t "o f see+ :at ! pa9t is really l4 ,! ,nor? ,light4--,! fir/ ?+ to be look$ = is a /eady light :i* w be always ab\t ! same1 & n be sunny "p ( ! "t & 9 ! %ade ! re/4 ,a w9d[ look+ to ! nor? = ?is reason is g5]ally select$4 ,! sun does n come into x1 & ! light is diffus$ & regul>4 ,! effect ( ! light 9 ! /udio is cool1 b colors are ju/ly se5 9 x1 & ! light t falls on any object or model 9 x w be always ! same4 ,if !re is to be a skylight1 ?is %\ld be arrang$ 9 ! same way4 ,! sa% mu/ n be flat1 b mu/ be ne>ly en\gh to ! v]tical to prev5t ! sun's direct rays f ent]+1 & x mu/ = t purpose face to ! nor?4 ,?is makes ! skylight practically a high nor? light 9 ! ro( or ceil+1 & t is :at x %\ld be4 ,:e!r ! sa% is above ! ceil+ or j bel[ x1 9 ! ro( or 9 ! wall1 is ( no p>ticul> importance4 ,! ?+ to be se5 to is t x is high en\gh = ! light to ent] above ! head ( ! pa9t]1 & t x be s direct$ t only nor? light c come 94 ,! size ( ! w9d[ is also to be c>efully consid]$4 ,x %\ld n be too l>ge4 ,too mu* light w be sure to int]f]e ) ! prop] control ( light & %ade on y\r model1 & too little w make y\r pa9t+ too d>k4 ,! position ( ! w9d[ ) ref]5ce to ! %ape ( ! room has to d ) ?is4 ,! mo/ probable =m ( a room is long & n>r[4 ,= pa9t+ x is bett] t ! w9d[ be 9 ! middle ( ! end wall1 high up1 r ?an 9 ! middle ( ! side wall4 ,y w f9d t y c m easily get di/ance f y\r model1 & at ! same "t get ! light bo? on him & on y\r canvas4 ,b a pa9t+-room %\ld n be too n>r[4 ,ab\t "o-?ird long] ?an x is wide1 ) ! w9d[ 9 "o end1 w give y a good light1 & ! fur!r end ( ! room w n be too d>k1 z x w\ld be apt to be if ! room 7 long]4 ,pref]ably1 too1 ! w9d[ %\ld be to ! left ( ! c5tre ( ! wall r ?an to ! "r1 z y face x2 s t :5 y are z ne> ! side wall z y c get1 ) ! light ov] y\r left %\ld] 7z x %\ld be71 ! light w /rike on ! canvas well1 & n too directly on ! front ( ! model4 ,x w give y a bett] lat]al position to ! w9d[1 9 o!r words4 ,if y h to accept a w9d[ 9 a side wall1 ?is is ev5 m to be look$ =4 ,if ! w9d[ is to ! "r ( ! c5tre1 y w h a /rong side-light on y\r model2 b y w ei!r h no light on y\r canvas1 or y w h to turn s t ! light falls on y\r canvas f ! "r1 :i* is awkw>d1 z ! pa9t is 9 ! %ad[ ( ! h& & bru% :i* puts x on4 ,! height ( ! l[] "p ( ! w9d[ %\ld be at lea/ six feet f ! floor1 & = ord9>y purposes ! proportion ( w9d[ space to floor space %\ld be ab\t "o-t5?4 ,x is impossible to give a rule2 b if ! floor is ab\t twelve feet by sixte51 say1 a w9d[ ab\t five feet by f\r w be en\gh1 or six & a half by ?ree if x is plac$ horizontally4 ,if y want int5se light ) /rong contra/ ( light & %ade on y\r model1 h ! w9d[ small] & squ>]1 & place y\r easel j "u x1 :]e ! light is good4 ,! re/ ( ! room w be d>k4 ,bett] h ! w9d[ l>ge en\gh1 & h x s curta9$ t y c cut (f z mu* light z y ne$ to4 ,all ?is is if y are go+ to make y\rself a w9d[2 9 :i* case y w ?9k well be=e y commit y\rself4 ,m probably y w h to get along z be/ y c ) ! ord9>y room & ! ord9>y w9d[4 ,9 :i* case get a high room ) ! w9d[ runn+ up z close to ! ceil+ z possible1 & fac+ nor?1 !n y c curta9 x s z to control ! light4 ,arrangem5t ( ,ord9>y ,w9d[s4--,= a good work+ light y %\ld h only "o w9d[ 9 y\r room2 = ! light com+ 9 f two op5+s w make a cross+ ( rays :i* w n only int]f]e ) ! simplicity ( ! effect ( light & %ade on y\r model1 b w make a gl>e on y\r canvas4 ,y c ei!r close ! light out ( ! "r-h& w9d[1 or1 bett]1 arrange a curta9 s ! light f "o w9d[ w n fall on ! same place z t f ! o!r4 ,:5 y are work+ f /ill life or f a model ?is is (t5 an advantage1 = y c h a /rong side-light on ! model1 & a second light on ! canvas4 ,to arrange ?is1 h a sort ( crane made ( iron1 %ap$ l a c>p5t]'s squ>e1 :i* w sw+ at "r angles ) ! wall1 ! arm rea*+1 say1 six feet into ! room4 ,sw+ ?is by means ( /aples well up to ! ceil+1 s t ! light _c get ov] x1 & ne> to ! "r-h& w9d[4 ,f ?is arm y c hang a ?ick1 d>k curta91 :i* w cov] & %ut out ! light f ! "r-h& w9d[ :5 swung back ov] x4 ,if y want to pose y\r model 9 ! light ( t w9d[1 :ile y pa9t 9 t ( ! o!r1 sw+ ! curta9 out into ! room at "r angles to ! wall1 & x w prev5t a cross light f ! two w9d[s2 s t :5 ! model is pos$ back ( ! curta9 ! light f t w9d[ w n fall on ! canvas1 nor ! light f ! o!r fall on ! model4 ,! light w be be/ on y\r picture com+ f well above y z y "w4 ,!re w !n be no reflections on ! pa9t4 ,y may f9d x necess>y to cov] entirely ! l[] half ( ! w9d[ :i* gives y\r pa9t+-light4 ,y w f9d x useful to h a %ade ( good solid holl&1 arrang$ ) ! roll] at ! bottom1 & a /r+ runn+ up ?r\gh a pulley at ! top2 s t y may pull ! %ade up f ! bottom in/ead ( d[n f ! top1 & s cut (f z mu* ( ! l[] "p ( ! w9d[ z is necess>y4 ,if y ne$ ! light f ! l[] "p ( ! w9d[1 y may make a ?9 curta9 ( musl9 to cov] ! l[] sa%1 :i* w let ! light ?r\gh1 b diffuse ! rays & prev5t reflection4 ,! ,size ( ! ,/udio4--,( c\rse a l>ge /udio is a good ?+1 b x is n always at "o's comm&4 ,b y %\ld try to h ! room l>ge en\gh to let y "w freely1 & h di/ance en\gh f ! model4 ,! size t ,i h m5tion$1 twelve feet by sixte51 is z small z "o %\ld h1 & "o t y c almo/ always get4 ,if ! room is small] ?an t1 y _c d mu* 9 x1 & fifte5 by tw5ty w give ample space4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,x ,,m5tal ,,attitude ,!re is a !oretical & a practical side to art4 ,! bus9ess ( ! /ud5t is ) ! practical4 ,!ories are n a "p ( 8 "w4 ,be=e any !oretical "w is done !re is ! bald "w ( le>n+ to see facts ju/ly1 9 _! prop] degree ( relative importance2 & h[ to convey ^! facts visibly1 s t !y %all be recognizable to ano!r p]son4 ,! ideals ( art are = ! arti/2 n = ! /ud5t4 ,! /ud5t's ideal %\ld be only to see quickly & ju/ly1 & to r5d] directly & frankly4 ,te*nique is a ^w :i* includes all ! mat]ial & educational res\rces ( repres5tation4 ,! beg9n] ne$ bo!r himself little ) :at is good & :at is bad te*nique4 ,let him /udy facts & _! repres5tation only4 ,*oice ( means & mat]ials implies a k by :i* he c *oose4 ,! beg9n] c h no su* k4 ,*oice1 !n1 is n = him2 b to "w q simply ) :atev] comes to h&1 int5t only on tra9+ ! eye to see1 ! bra9 to judge1 & ! h& to execute4 ,lat]1 ) ! ga9+ ( exp]i5ce & ( k1 = bo? w surely come1 ! det]m9ation ( :at is be/ suit$ = ! individual temp]am5t or purpose w "w itself out naturally4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n all[ ! !oretical basis ( art to int]f]e ) ! directness ( 8 /udy ( ! mat]ial & ! actual4 ,nev]!less1 he %\ld "k ! fact t !re is some?+ back ( ! mat]ial & ! actual1 z well z 9 a g5]al way :at t some?+ is4 ,because ! /ud5t's bus9ess is ) ! practical is no reason :y he %\ld rema9 ignorant ( ev]y?+ else4 ,x is important t he %\ld ?9k z a pa9t] z well z "w z a pa9t]4 ,if he has no ?\ght ( :at all ?is practical is =1 he w get a false idea ( 8 craft4 ,he w see1 & ?9k (1 & believe 91 no?+ b ! craftsman%ip3 t :i* e good workman respects z good & necess>y1 b :i* ! wise workman kn[s is b ! p]fect means = ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,"s consid]ation1 !n1 ( ! !oretical side ( art is necess>y 9 a book ( ?is k9d4 ,a numb] ( consid]ations arise at ! outset1 ab\t :i* y mu/ make up y\r m9d3-- ,is judgm5t ( a picture bas$ on individual lik+8 ,c y hope to pa9t well by foll[+ y\r own lik+ only8 ,is x wor? y\r :ile to try to d good "w8 ,c y hope to d good "w at all8 ,y mu/ decide ^! que/ions = y\rself1 b y mu/ rememb] t x dep5ds ^u h[ y decide !m :e!r y\r "w w be good or bad4 ,to take ! la/ consid]ation fir/1 y may be sure t x is wor? :ile to try to d good "w1 & ma9ly because y may hope to d z good "w z y want to d4 ,t is1 precisely z good "w z y are will+ to take ! tr\ble to le>n to d4 ,tal5t is only ano!r "n = love ( a ?+4 ,if y love a ?+ en\gh to try to f9d out :at is good1 to tra9 y\r judgm5t2 & to tra9 y\r abilities up to :at t judgm5t tells y is good1 ! good "w is only a matt] ( "t4 ,y w notice t y mu/ tra9 y\r judgm5t z well z y\r ability2 n all at once1 ( c\rse4 ,b h[ c y hope to d good "w if y d n "k :at good "w is :5 y see x8 ,if y h no po9t ( view1 h[ c y tell :at y are work+ =1 :at y are aim+ at8 ,& if y d n "k :at y are aim+ at1 are y likely to hit any?+8 ,tra9 ,y\r ,judgm5t4--,let u say1 !n1 t y mu/ tra9 y\r critical judgm5t4 ,h[ are y to set ab\t x8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 don't set up y\r own lik+ z a crit]ion4 ,make up y\r m9d t :5 x comes to a *oice betwe5 y\r p]sonal ta/e & t ( "s "o :o may be suppos$ to "k1 betwe5 :at y ?9k & :at has be5 cons5t$ to by all ! m5 :o h ev] _h an op9ion wor?y ( respect1 y may re/ assur$ t y are wrong4 ,& :5 y h made up y\r m9d to t1 :5 y h rea*$ t m5tal attitude1 y h tak5 a long /ep t[>ds tra9+ y\r judgm5t2 = y h admitt$ a /&>d outside ( m]e op9ion4 ,ano!r attitude t y %\ld place y\r m9d 9 is "o ( ca?olicity--"o ( op5ness to ! possibility ( !re be+ _m ways ( be+ "r4 ,don't all[ y\rself to take x = grant$ t any "o s*ool or way ( pa9t+ or look+ at ?+s is ! only "r "o1 & t all ! o!r ways are wrong4 ,t po9t ( view may d = a man :o has /udi$ & ?\ght1 & f9ally arriv$ at t conclusion :i* suits 8 m9d & 8 nature1--b x w n d = a /ud5t4 ,su* an attitude is a sure b> to progress4 ,x results 9 n>r[ness ( idea1 n>r[ness ( p]ception1 & n>r[ness ( appreciation4 ,y %\ld try all ?+s1 & hold fa/ to t :i* is good4 ,& hav+ f\nd :at is good1 & ev5 :ile hold+ fa/ to x1 y %\ld rememb] t :at is good & true = y is n necess>ily ! only good & true = "s "o else4 ,y mu/ n only hold to y\r own lib]ty ( *oice1 b recognize ! same "r = o!rs4 ,if ?is is n recogniz$1 :at room has orig9ality to "w 98 ,! range ( subject1 ( /yle1 & ( te*nical me?ods among ackn[l$g$ ma/]s1 %\ld alone be pro( ( ! fact t !re is no "o way :i* is ! only good way2 & if y w\ld "k h[ to judge & l a good picture1 ! /udy ( really great pictures1 )\t reg>d to s*ool1 is ! way to le>n4 ,h[ to ,look at ,pictures4--,! /udy ( pictures means some?+ m ?an m]ely look+ at !m & c\nt+ ! figures 9 !m4 ,x implies ! /udy ( ! treatm5t ( ! subject 9 e way4 ,! managem5t ( light & %ade2 ! color2 ! composition & draw+2 & f9ally ^? te*nical processes ( bru%-"w by means ( :i* ! canvas gets cov]$1 & ! idea ( ! arti/ becomes visible4 ,all ^! ?+s are important 9 "s degree2 !y all g to ! mak+ ( ! complete "w ( art3 & y d n und]/& ! picture1 y d n really & fully judge x1 unless y "k h[ to appreciate ! be>+ on ! result1 ( all ! means :i* 7 us$ to br+ x ab\t4 ,all ?is adds to y\r own te*nical k z well z to y\r critical judgm5t1 bo? ( :i* ends are important to y\r becom+ a good pa9t]4 ,:y ,pa9t ,well4--,y see ,i am assum+ t y wi% to be a good pa9t]4 ,!re is no reason :y y %\ld be a bad pa9t] because y are n a pr(essional "o4 ,! bett] y pa9t ! bett] y\r appreciation w be ( all good "w1 ! ke5] y\r appreciation ( :at is beautiful 9 nature1 & ! great] y\r satisfaction & pleasure 9 y\r own "w4 ,!re are bett] reasons = pa9t+ ?an ! desire to make a picture4 ,pa9t+ implies mak+ a picture1 x is true2 b x means also see+ & repres5t+ *>m+ ?+s1 & work+ out problems ( beauty 9 ! expression ( color & =m3 & ?is is some?+ m ?an :at is commonly meant by a picture4 ,! picture comes1 & is ! result2 b ! mak+ ( x c>ries ) x a pleasure & joy :i* are 9 exact proportion to ! p[] ( appreciation1 p]ception1 & expression ( ! pa9t]4 ,?is is ! real reason = pa9t+1 & x makes ! desire & ! attempt to pa9t well a matt] ( c\rse4 ,craftsman%ip4--,! me*anical side ( pa9t+ naturally is an important "p ( y\r problem4 ,y _c be too ca?olic 9 y\r op9ion ) reg>d to x4 ,x is vital t y be n n>r[$ by any prejudices z to ! surface effect ( pa9t4 ,:e!r ! canvas be smoo? or r\gh1 ! pa9t ?ick or ?91 ! details few or _m1--! goodness or badness ( ! picture does n dep5d on any ( ^!4 ,!y are or %\ld be ! result1 ! natural outcome because ! natural means ( expression1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! picture is conceiv$4 ,"o picture may dem& "o way ( pa9t+ & ano!r dem& a q diff]5t way2 & ea* way be ! be/ possible = ! ?+ express$4 ,x all dep5ds on ! man2 ! make-up ( 8 m9d2 ! way he sees ?+s2 ! results he aims to atta91--all ( !m controll$ m or less by temp]am5t & idiosyncrasy4 ,:at w\ld produce a p]fect "w = "o man w\ld n d at all = ano!r4 ,! works ( ! great ma/]s (f] ! mo/ m>k$ contra/s ( ideal & ( treatm5t1 & pa9t]s h v>i$ greatly 9 _! mann] ( "s pa9t+ at diff]5t p]iods ( _! lives4 ,rembr&t1 = in/ance1 pa9t$ v ?9ly 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 ) transp>5t %ad[s & c>efully modell$1 solidly load$ lights4 ,lat] 9 life he pa9t$ mo/ r\ghly2 & ,! ,syndics 0 s heavily & r\ghly load$ t ev5 n[1 aft] two hundr$ ye>s1 ! pa9t /&s out 9 lumps--& ?is is "o ( 8 ma/]pieces4 ,s aga91 if y w comp>e ! manipulation 9 ! "w ( ,raphael ) t ( ,t9toretto1 t ( ,rub5s ) t ( ,velasquez1 or mo/ m>k$ly1 ! "w ( ,frans ,hals ) t ( ,g]>d ,d\1 y w see t ! greate/ extremes ( h&l+ are consi/5t ) equal greatness ( result4 ,f9i%4--,f ?is y may conclude t :at is g5]ally und]/ood by ! ^w f9i% is n necess>ily a ?+ to be s\ght =4 ,! t5d5cy ( great pa9t]s is r away f excessive smoo?ness & detail ?an t[>ds x4 ,:ile a picture may be a good "o & be v m9ute & smoo?1 x by no means foll[s t a picture is bad because x is r\gh4 ,! tru? is t ! te/ ( a picture does n lie 9 ! "* ( ! pigm5t surface 9 itself at all1 nor 9 :e!r x be full ( detail or ! rev]se1 b 9 ! conception & 9 ! h>moni\s relation ( ! te*nique to ! mann] 9 :i* ! :ole is conceiv$4 ,! true f9i% is :atev] surface ! picture happ5s to h :5 ! idea :i* is ! purpose ( ! picture is fully express$1 ) no?+ lack+ to make t expression m complete1 nor ) any?+ pres5t :i* is n ne$$ to t complet5ess4 ,?is too is ! tru? ab\t bread?1 t mu* misund]/ood ^w4 ,bread? is n m]ely bread? ( bru% /roke4 ,x is bread? ( idea1 bread? ( p]ception2 ! p[] ( conceiv+ ! picture z a :ole1 & ! p[] ( n putt+ 9 any details :i* w int]f]e ) ! unity ( effect4 ,int5t4--,9 ?is connection x w\ld be well to be> 9 m9d ! purpose ( ! "w on :i* ! pa9t] may be engag$4 ,a man w\ld1 & %\ld1 "w v diff]5tly on canvases int5d$ = a /udy1 a sket*1 & a picture4 ,! /udy w\ld conta9 _m ?+s :i* ! o!r two w\ld n ne$4 ,x is ! "w 9 :i* & by :i* ! pa9t] in=ms himself4 ,x is 8 way ( acquir+ facts1 or ( assur+ himself ( :at he wants & h[ he wants x4 ,& he may put into x all sorts ( ?+s = _! value z facts :i* he may nev] c>e to use1 b :i* he wi%es to h at comm& 9 case he %\ld want !m4 ,! sket*1 on ! o!r h&1 is a note ( an effect m]ely1 or ( a g5]al idea1 & calls = only ^? qualities :i* mo/ successfully %[ ! c5tral idea1 :i* might sometime become a picture1 or :i* sugge/s a s*eme4 ,a c>efully work$-up sket* is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 j z a c>eless /udy w\ld be4 ,a picture might h m or less ( ! "* ( ei!r ( ^! two types1 & yet belong to nei!r4 ,x might h ! sket* z its motive1 & w\ld use z mu* or z little ( ! mat]ial ( ! /udy z %\ld be ne$$ to make ! result express exactly ! idea ! pa9t] wi%$ to imp>t1 & no m & no less4 ,all ^! ?+s %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 z y /udy ! *>act]i/ics ( pa9t+s to le>n :at !y c mean to y beyond ! surface :i* is obvi\s to any "o2 or z y "w on y\r own canvas to atta9 su* p[] or pr(ici5cy1 su* clev]ness or facility1 z y may conclude x is wor? y\r :ile to try =4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tradition ,,& ,,individuality ,a picture is made up ( _m elem5ts4 ,c]ta9 ( !m are ess5tially ab/ract4 ,!y mu/ be ?\ght out by a sort ( m5tal vision )\t words4 ,?is is ! mo/ subtle & intimate "p ( ! picture4 ,^! are ! means by :i* ! ideal is br\ght into ! picture4 ,l9e1 ,mass1 & ,color4--,su* are ! qualities ( l9e1 dissociat$ f repres5tation2 ( mass1 n z repres5t+ ext]nal =ms2 & color1 consid]$ z a quality1 n z yet express$ visibly 9 pigm5t1 nor repres5t+ ! color ( any ?+4 ,:5 ^! elem5ts are comb9$ !y may make up su* conceptions z proportion1 rhy?m1 repetition1 & balance1 ) all ! modifications t may come f /ill fur!r comb9ation4 ,x is because ^! elem5ts are qualities 9 !mselves beautiful t actual objects n beautiful may be made s 9 a pa9t+1 by be+ treat$ z color or l9e or mass1 & s giv5 place on ! canvas1 r ?an z be+ ( !mselves int]e/+4 ,a face1 = in/ance1 may be ugly z a face1 yet be beautiful z color or light & %ade 9 ! picture4 ,^! qualities1 ,i say1 d n repres5t--!y d n necess>ily ev5 exi/1 except 9 ! m9d to :i* !y are ! t]ms ( its ?\ght4 ,nev]!less1 !y are ! s\l ( ! picture4 ,= :atev] ! subject1 or ! objects *os5 = repres5tation1 x is by work+ out comb9ations ( ^! elem5ts1 ?r\gh & by means ( ^? objects1 t ! picture really is made4 ,! picture1 z a "w ( art1 is n ! repres5tation ( objects mak+ up a subject1 b a fabric wov5 ( color1 l9e1 & mass2 ( =m1 proportion1 balance1 rhy?m1 & movem5t1 express$ ?r\gh ^? actual objects 9 ! picture :i* give x visible =m4 ,i d n purpose to g deeply into ^! matt]s "h4 ,else:]e1 z !y be> practically on ! subject 9 h&1 z 9 ! *apt]s on ,composition & on ,color1 ,i %all speak ( !m m fully4 ,b ,i wi% "h to call att5tion to ?is ab/ract side ( pa9t+ 9 ord] to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! two classes ( ?+s1 ! "o ab/ract & ! o!r concrete1 :i* toge!r are ne$$ to make up a picture4 ,! concrete1 or mat]ial1 "p ( a picture includes all ^? ?+s :i* y c look at or feel on ! canvas2 & by see+ :i* y c also see ! ab/ract qualities1 :i* d n visibly exi/ until made visible ?r\gh ! disposition ( ^! tangible ?+s1 on ! canvas4 ,beyond ?is is includ$ all ! te*nical qualities ( expression2 =m1 z draw+2 all repres5tations ( objects2 ! pigm5t by means ( :i* color is se52 & all ^? te*nical processes :i* produce ! v>i\s k9ds ( surface 9 ! putt+ on ( pa9t1 & br+ ab\t ! diff]5t effects ( light & %ade & color1 =m or acc5t4 ,9 le>n+ to pa9t1 x is ) ^! concrete ?+s t y %\ld conc]n y\rself ma9ly4 ,! sci5ce ( pa9t+ consi/s 9 ! k ( h[ to be ! ma/] ( all ! practical means ( ! craft4 ,= x is ) ^! t y mu/ "w1 ) ^! y mu/ express y\rself4 ,^! are ! tools ( y\r trade4 ,!y are ! words ( y\r art language--! language itself be+ ! ab/ract elem5ts--& ! ?\ghts1 ! comb9ations :i* y may conceive 9 y\r bra9 by means ( ^! ab/ract elem5ts4 ,y mu/ h absolute comm& ( ^! mat]ials ( pa9t+4 ,no matt] h[ ideal y\r ?\ght may be1 no matt] h[ f9e y\r feel+ = l9e & color & composition1 if y d n "k h[ to h&le ! gross mat]ial :i* is ! only m$ium by :i* ?is c all be made visible & recognizable to ano!r p]son1 y w fail ( ei!r express+ y\rself1 or ( repres5t+ any?+ else4 ,n[ y w see :at ,i h be5 driv+ at all ?is "t2 :y ,i h be5 talk+ 9 t]ms :i* may well be call$ n practical4 ,i want to fix y\r att5tion on ! fact t !re are two qualities 9 a picture3 t "o w be always )9 y1 ma9ly1 & w control ! "* ( y\r picture1 because x w be ! expression ( y\r m5tal self2 & ! o!r ! practical "p1 :i* any "o may1 & all pa9t]s mu/ le>n1 because x is ! only means ( gett+ ! fir/ into exi/5ce4 ,! "o1 ! ab/ract "p1 no "o c tell y h[ to cultivate nor h[ to use4 ,if ,i tri$ to d s1 x w\ld be my idea & n y\rs :i* w\ld result4 ,i c only tell y t x is ! ?\ght ( art1 & y mu/ ?9k y\r own ?\ghts4 ,b ! o!r1 ! mat]ial1 ! concrete1 ! practical1 x is ! purpose ( ?is :ole book to help y to und]/& & to acquire ! ma/]y (1 s f> z may be done by words4 ,tea*+ by words is difficult1 & nev] completely satisfactory4 ,b mu* may be done4 ,if y w use y\r own bra9s1 s t :at does n seem cle> at fir/ may come to h a mean+ because ( y\r ?9k+ ab\t x1 we may accompli% a great deal4 ,i _c make y pa9t4 ,i _c make y und]/&4 ,i c give y ! pr9ciples1 b y mu/ apply !m & ?9k !m out4 ,ev]y?+ ,i say mu/ be 9 a measure g5]al2 = ! ne$s ( e "o are individual1 & ! requirem5t ( ea* te*nical problem is individual4 ,i mu/ speak = all1 & n to any "o4 ,yet ,i %all /ate pr9ciples :i* c always be made to apply to ea* s+le ne$1 & ,i w try to %[ h[ ! application may be made4 ,te*nique4--,! sci5ce ( pa9t+ consi/s ( a v>iety ( processes by means ( :i* a canvas is cov]$ ) pigm5t1 & v>i\s objects are repres5t$ !reon4 ,! :ole body ( me?od & means is call$ te*nique2 ! sev]al p>ts ( te*nique are call$ by names ( _! own4 ,t "p :i* applies to ! putt+ on ( ! pa9t may be g5]ally call$ h&l+1 al?\gh ! ^w pa9t+ is sometimes re/rict$ to ?is s5se1 & bru%-"w is (t5 us$ = ! same ?+4 ,! o!r te*nical means w be spok5 ( 9 _! prop] place4 ,let me say n[ a few words z to h&l+ 9 g5]al4 ,:]e did all ?is te*nique come f8 ,f exp]im5t4 ,ev] s9ce art began1 m5 h be5 se>*+ = means ( fix+ ideas ^u surfaces4 ,b x is only )9 ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s t ! processes ( oil pa9t+ h be5 9 exi/5ce--simply because !y are peculi> to ! use ( pigm5ts gr\nd 9 oil z a vehicle1 & ! oil m$ium 0 n inv5t$ until ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ?is m$ium new possibilities came into ! _w1 & a cont9ual succession ( pa9t]s h be5 inv5t+ ways ( putt+ on pa9t1 ! result be+ ! /ock ( me?ods & processes ( h&l+ :i* are ! gr\ndwork ( ! art ( pa9t+ to-day4 ,f "t to "t !re h be5 gr\ps ( arti/s :o h us$ common me?ods1 & :o h develop$ expression ?r\gh ^? me?ods :i* became *>act]i/ic ( _! epo*2 & because ! result+ pictures 7 ( a high degree ( p]fection1 _! me?ods ( h&l+ acquir$ an au?ority :i* _h a v det]m9+ effect on diff]5t p]iods ( pa9t+4 ,9 ?is way h come ^? ideas z to :at k9d ( pa9t+ or :at ways ( putt+ pa9t on canvas %\ld be accept$ z legitimate4 ,& ! me?ods accept$ z legitimate or condemn$ z illegitimate h be5 v>i$ f "t to "t--^? condemn$ by "o p]iod be+ advocat$ by ano!r2 & ! processes !mselves h be5 almo/ z v>i$ z ! p]iods or gr\ps ( m5 us+ !m4 ,9 ! long run1 me?ods & processes h receiv$ su* au?oritative sanction f hav+ be5 ea* & all us$ by und\bt$ ma/]s1 t !y h become ! traditional prop]ty ( all art1 :i* any "o is free to use z he f9ds ne$ ( !m4 ,!y h become ! /ock 9 trade ( ! craft4 ,! arti/ may use !m z he w1 provid$ only he w take ! tr\ble to und]/& !m4 ,he mu/ und]/& !m1 because ! manipulations :i* make up ^! diff]5t processes accompli% diff]5t effects & diff]5t qualities2 & z ! pa9t] aims at results1 if he does n und]/& ! result ( a process :5 he uses x1 he w get a diff]5t "o f t :i* he int5d$4 ,! pa9t] %\ld n be hamp]$ by process2 he %\ld n be controll$ 9 ! expression ( himself by tradition4 ,he %\ld feel free to use any or all means to br+ ab\t ! result he aims at1 & he %\ld all[ no tradition or po9t ( view to prev5t him f select+ :i*ev] means w mo/ surely or satisfactorily br+ ab\t 8 true purpose4 ,( c\rse !re are _m ways ( us+ pa9t :i* are unsafe4 ,"s pigm5ts are unsafe to use because !y ei!r d n hold _! own color1 or t5d to de/roy ! color ( o!rs4 ,y %\ld always be> ?is 9 m9d2 & if y c>e = ! p]man5ce ( y\r "w1 y %\ld n use su* mat]ials or su* processes z "w aga9/ x4 ,b beyond ?is1 ! :ole range ( ! exp]i5ce & exp]im5t ( ! work]s :o h gone be=e y are at y\r comm&1 to help y to express y\rself mo/ p]fectly or completely2 to repres5t :atev] ( visible beauty y may conceive or p]ceive4 ,& ?is is ! :ole aim ( ! pa9t]2 to /& = ?is is ! :ole purpose ( ! picture4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,orig9ality ,orig9ality is n a ?+ to /rive =4 ,if x comes1 x is n ?r\gh /riv+4 ,! se>* = orig9ality seldom results 9 any?+ wor? hav+4 ,x is a quality inh]5t 9 ! man2 & ! be/ way ( be+ orig9al 9 y\r "w is to be natural4 ,p]haps ! mo/ useful advice :i* y c\ld receive is t y be always natural4 ,nev] be artificial nor ins9c]e2 nev] copy ano!r p]son's subject1 mann]1 or me?od1 ) ! int5tion ( do+ z he does4 ,! mo/ orig9al ?+s are (t5 ! mo/ simple1 because !y h come naturally f a s9c]e desire to express :at has be5 se5 or felt1 9 ! mo/ direct way4 ,if e "o 7 cont5t to be himself1 !re w\ld be no de>? ( orig9ality4 ,no two p are alike1 nei!r are any two pa9t]s alike2 !y c\ld n be4 ,!y d n look alike1 nor see alike1 nor feel alike1 nor ?9k alike4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld !y pa9t alike8 ,! attempt to d a ?+ because ano!r has made a success ( t sort ( ?+ is ! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( ! commonplace 9 pa9t+4 ,pa9t t :i* appeals to y mo/ fully4 ,don't try to pa9t :at appeals to "s "o else4 ,if y l x1 !n d x2 & d x 9 ! mo/ direct way y c f9d2 only d x s z to fully & completely convey j :at x is t y l1 unaffect$ by any?+ else4 ,& because y h se5 or felt = y\rself 9 y\r own way1 & express$ t2 & because y are n ano!r1 nor l any o!r t ev] 01 :at y h done w n be l any?+ else t ev] 0--& t is orig9ality4 ,b nev] imitate y\rself1 ei!r4 ,be op54 ,be ready to receive impressions & emotions4 ,& if y h done "o ?+ well1 accept t 9 itself z a reason = n do+ x aga94 ,!re are always pl5ty ( ?+s--ideas1 impressions1 conceptions1 appreciations--wait+ to be pa9t$2 & if y try to pa9t "o twice1 y fail once ( fre%ness1 & lose a *ance ( do+ a new ?+4 ,t is :at a pa9t] is =1 n to cov] a canvas ) pa9t1 hang x on a wall1 & call x by a "n4 ,! pa9t] is ! eye ( ! p4 ,he sees ?+s :i* !y h no "t to look =1 or look+1 h n le>n$ to see4 ,! pa9t] s]ves 8 purpose be/ :5 he recognizes ! beautiful :]e x 0 n p]ceiv$ be=e1 & s sets x =? t x is recogniz$ to be beautiful ?r\gh 8 hav+ se5 x4 ,!re is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ & ! photograph1 :i* sees only facts z facts2 :i* :ile (t5 di/ort+ !m does s m9dlessly1 & at be/1 :5 accurate1 gives ! bad ) ! good 9 unconsci\s imp>tiality4 ,b back ( ! pa9t]'s eye :i* sees & di/+ui%es is ! pa9t]'s bra9 :i* selects & arranges1 us+ facts z mat]ial = ! expression ( beauties m important ?an ! facts4 ,b :at is a picture8 ,i h met "s /range ?\gh positive notions z to :at is & :at is n a picture4 ,"s p]sons ?9k t a c]ta9 7or unc]ta97 proportion ( def9ite =ms & objects are necess>y to make canvas a picture2 t x mu/ conta9 "s def9ite & tangible facts ( ! m obvi\s k9d4 ,i rememb] "o man :o ass]t$ t a canvas 9 an exhibition 0 n a picture1 b only a sket*1 because x _h no?+ 9 x b an expanse ( sea & sky4 ,to make a picture ( x !re 0 ne$$ at lea/ a moon1 & "s birds1 or bett]1 a %ip & "s reflections4 ,all ?is sort ( ?+ is idle4 ,a picture is n a picture because x has m ( ?is or less ( t2 x is a picture because x is complete 9 ! expression ( ! idea :i* is ! cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,& t idea may be tangible or n4 ,x may include _m details or none4 ,x is an idea :i* is be/ or only express$ by be+ made visible1 & :i* is wor?y ( be+ express$ because ( its beauty2 & :5 t idea is :olly & fully visible on canvas or o!r surface1 t surface is a picture4 ,:at ! cont5ts ( a picture %all be is a matt] p]sonal to ! pa9t] ( x4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x is conceiv$ & produc$ is det]m9$ by 8 temp]am5t & idiosyncrasy4 ,a picture is a visible idea express$ 9 t]ms ( color1 =m1 & l9e4 ,x is ! product ( p]ception plus feel+1 plus int5t1 plus k1 plus temp]am5t1 plus pigm5t4 ,& z all ^! are diff]5tly proportion$ 9 all p]sons1 x is only a matt] ( be+ natural on ! "p ( ! pa9t] t 8 picture %\ld be orig9al4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,! ,,/ud5t ,x is a mi/ake to make pictures too soon4 ,! ne>e/ a /ud5t is likely to get to a picture is a c>eful /udy1 & he w be z successful ) ?is1 if he makes x = ! /udy ( x1 z if he made x = ! sake ( mak+ a picture--bett] probably4 ,! mak+ ( a picture = ! picture's sake is dang]\s to ! /ud5t4 ,8 is less likely to be s9c]e4 ,he is apt to idealize1 to make up some?+ accord+ to "s notion ( h[ a picture %\ld be1 r ?an f k ( h[ nature is4 ,real pictures gr[ f /udy ( nature4 ,!y are ! outcome ( maturity1 n ( ! /ud5t /age4 ,?is implies some?+ deep] ?an sup]ficial facts1 & a p[] ( selection1--( *oice & ( purpose :i* mu/ re/ on a v broad & deep k4 ,! arti/ is always a /ud5t1 ( c\rse2 b he is n a /ud5t only4 ,he is a /ud5t :o kn[s :at & :y he wants to /udy2 n "o :o is 9 process ( f9d+ out ^! ?+s4 ,aims4--,x %\ld be not$ t ! aim ( ! /ud5t & ! aim ( ! arti/ are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! /ud5t's fir/ aim is to le>n to see & repres5t nature's facts2 to di/+ui% ju/ly betwe5 relations4 ,x is ! tra9+ ( ! eye & ! judgm5t4 ,imitation is n ! highe/ art2 b ! highe/ art requires ! ability to imitate z a m]e p[] ( repres5tation4 ,! m9d mu/ n be hamp]$ 9 its expression by lack ( k & control ( mat]ials1 & ! pa9t] :o is con/antly occupi$ ) ! problems he %\ld h work$ out 9 8 /ud5t days1 is j s f> f be+ a ma/]4 ,he mu/ h all 8 means p]fectly at 8 comm& be=e he c freely express himself4 ,! acquirem5t ( ?is ma/]y ( means is ! /ud5t's bus9ess4 ,ev]y?+ he does :i* aids him 9 ?is makes him s mu* ne>] to be+ a pa9t]4 ,b he mu/ rememb] t he is /ill a /ud5t1 & z he hopes to be a pa9t]1 mu/ h pati5ce ) himself2 mu/ n hurry himself1 mu/ "w z a /ud5t = ! ends ( a /ud5t4 ,all ! facts ( nature art uses4 ,b %e uses !m z %e ne$s !m1 simplify+1 emphasiz+1 suppress+1 comb9+ z w be/ meet ! necessities ( ! case 9 h&4 ,all ?is requires ! utmo/ k1 = x mu/ be done 9 accordance n only ) laws ( art1 b ) ! laws ( nature4 ,!re are *anges :i* c be made1 & be "r--made z nature might make !m4 ,o!r *anges :i* w\ld be false to nature's ways1 & s false to art also4 ,= art works ?r\gh nature always1 & 9 accordance ) h]4 ,?is is ! aim ( ! pa9t]1 to express ideas ?r\gh nature1 n to express notions ab\t nature4 ,! facts ( nature are ! mat]ial ( art2 ! words ( ! language 9 :i* ! ideas ( art are to be convey$4 ,b !re are tru?s m important ?an ^! facts4 ,! und]ly+ s5tim5t ( :i* !y are ! ext]nal manife/ation1 & :i* is ! vivify+ _s ( !m4 ,?is is ! true fact ( ! picture4 ,x is m important to give ! s5tim5t ( ! ?+ ?an to give ! fact ( x2 n m]ely because x is m truly repres5t$ s1 b because ! beauty is %[n 9 %[+ ! "*4 ,= ! "* ( ! fact is ! beauty ( ! fact4 ,to br+ out ! beauty :i* may lie 9 ! fact is ! aim ( ! arti/2 to acquire ! ability to d ?is is ! aim ( ! /ud5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,!re is a "r & a wrong way to /udy1 & x all c5tres ar\nd ! fact t :at y aim to le>n is p]ception & expression4 ,:at y are to express y d n le>n2 y gr[ to t4 ,b y mu/ le>n h[ to use all possible means2 all ! facts ( visible nature1 & all ! *>act]i/ics ( pigm5ts4 ,all qualities1 color & =m & texture1 are b ! means ( y\r expression1 & y mu/ "k h[ !y may be us$4 ,y\r p]ception & appreciation mu/ be tra9$1 & y\r m9d /or$ ) facts & relativities4 ,!n y are ready to recognize & to convey ! true inw>dness y f9d 9 conditions commonplace to o!rs4 ,y are to see :]e o!rs see n2 = x is m>vell\s h[ little ! av]age eye sees ( ! really int]e/+ ?+s1 h[ little ( ! visual facts1 & h[ r>ely x sees ! picture be=e x is pa9t$4 ,all is mat]ial to ! pa9t]4 ,x is n t ev]y?+ t is1 is beautiful1 b t ev]y?+ t is has qualities & possibilities ( beauty2 & ^!1 :5 express$1 make ! picture1 9 spite ( ! sup]ficial or obvi\s ugl9ess4 ,9 "o s5se no?+ is commonplace1 = ev]y?+ exi/s visibly by means ( light & color1 & light & color are ( ! fundam5tal beauties4 ,s arrange or look ^u ! commonplace t light & color are ! mo/ obvi\s qualities1 & ! commonplace s9ks into ! backgr\nd--is lo/4 ,!re is no?+ l pa9t+ to make life fasc9at+2 = !re is no?+ :i* br+s s _m *>m+ comb9ations into y\r p]ception1 z ! habit ( look+ to f9d ! possibilities ( beauty 9 ev]y?+ t comes )9 y\r view4 ,y mu/ =m ! habit ( look+ always f ! pa9t]'s po9t ( view4 ,! pa9t] deals prim>ily ) pigm5t1 & :at c be repres5t$ ) pigm5t2 *iefly color & light 9 ! broade/ s5se1 includ+ =m & composition1 z ?+s :i* give bodily pres5ce & action to ! possibilities ( pigm5t4 ,%ade1 or %ad[1 ( c\rse1 is an actuality 9 pa9t+1 because x is ! foil ( light & color1 & furni%es ! elem5t ( relation4 ,me?ods4--,two g5]al me?ods are at ! comm& ( ! /ud5t f ! fir/1--to /udy at once f nature1 or to copy4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely claim to speak = ! great body ( tea*]s :o are also pr(essional arti/s1 9 say+ t copy+ is a means ( /udy r = ! advanc$ /ud5t ?an = ! beg9n]4 ,y _c beg9 too soon to /udy nature ) y\r own eyes1 & to accumulate y\r own facts & obs]vations & d$uctions4 ,! use ( copy+ is n to f9d out h[ to pa9t1 b to see h[ _m ways !re are ( pa9t+4 ,! great end ( all /udy 9 pa9t+ is to tra9 ! eyes to see relations1 to see !m 9 nature4 ,x is n to see t !re are relations1 b to see :]e !y are2 to recognize & to measure & to judge !m4 ,pa9t+ is ! art ( p]ception be=e ev]y?+1 & :5 y copy y only see1 accept1 :at "s "o else has already p]ceiv$4 ,copy+ does n help y to p]ceive1 x c only help to %[ y h[ some?+ c be express$ aft] x has be5 p]ceiv$1 & t is n ! vital ?+ 9 ! /udy ( pa9t+4 ,h&l+1 composition1 managem5t ( color1 te*nique ( ! bru% g5]ally1 may be /udi$ by copy+4 ,^! only--& = ^! ?+s x is useful & wise4 ,b ! beg9n] is n ready = ^!1 = !y are n ! alphabet1 b ! gramm> ( pa9t+4 ,dang]4--,! dang] ( too e>ly copy+ is t ! /ud5t le>ns to set too mu* value on surface qualities r ?an ^? to :i* ! surface is m]ely incid5tal4 ,) ?is is ! dang] 7a s]i\s "o1 & "o h>d to ov]come ! results (7 t ! /ud5t becomes clev] z a produc] ( pictures be=e he has tra9$ 8 p[] to see4 ,he becomes a /ud5t ( pictures r ?an a /ud5t ( nature1 & :5 9 d\bt w g to art r ?an to nature = help & sugge/ion4 ,c\ld any?+ be m fatal8 ,consid] ! ?+s t /ud5t w h to unle>n be=e he c ?9k a picture 9 t]ms ( nature--! only heal?y1 ! only prolific way ( ?9k+4 ,he sees always ?r\gh o!r p's eyes1 & ?9ks ) o!r p's bra9s1 & feels o!r p's emotions2 t is n creation2 t is ! attitude = ! spectator1 n = ! pa9t]4 ,^! ?+s are all useful & good1 b n = ! beg9n]4 ,lat]1 :5 y h f\nd out some?+ = y\rself1 :5 y h gr\nd ( y\r own to /& on1 !n y may n only )\t dang]1 b ) b5efit1 g to ! "w ( o!r m5 to see ! range ( possible po9t ( view & expression1 to see ! scope ( te*nical mat]ial & individual adaptation2 & s broad5 y\r own m5tal view & sympa?y1 possibly re=m or educate y\r ta/e1 & p]haps get "s h9ts :i* w help y 9 ! solv+ ( "s future problem4 ,b r ?an ! undue sophi/ication :i* c result f unwise copy+1--! ov]-k ( process & surface1 & "u-k ( nature1--is to be pref]r$ a frank crud5ess ( "w :i* is ! result ( an hone/ go+ to nature = /udy4 ,y %\ld n expect a p]fect eye = color & =m too soon4 ,bett] a heal?ily y\?ful crudity ( p]ception bas$ on nature1 & /&+ = :at y h y\rself /udi$ & work$ out1 :i* repres5ts y\r own atta9m5t1 ?an a great] %[ ( k :i* is ins9c]e & sup]ficial because x repres5ts a m]e acceptance ( ! facts set d[n by o!rs2 & n only t1 b ev5 ) x an acceptance also ( ! actual t]ms us$ by ^? o!rs4 ,(t5 copy+ is ! mo/ conv5i5t way 9 :i* y c get help4 ,!re is really mu* to be le>n$ f x1 & y c make a picture s]ve z a criticism on y\r own "w4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( color or tone1 z some?+ to recognize ! a*ievem5t ( = its own sake4 ,if y c recognize good color z su*1 aside f :at x repres5ts1 if y c appreciate tone 9 a picture :i* is ! "w ( "s "o else1 y are s mu* ! m likely to notice ! lack ( ^? qualities 9 y\r own "w4 ,s1 too1 !re are qualities ( bru%-"w :i* are always good1 & "s :i* are always bad4 ,y c /udy ! =m] positively1 & ! latt] negatively1 9 /udy+ & copy+ o!r pictures4 ,i h m5tion$ ! tra9+ ( y\r critical judgm5t z a necessity 9 y\r education4 ,y c d x sl[ly 9 le>n+ to pa9t1 b y c facilitate t tra9+ by copy+ & /udy+ really good pictures1 if y d x 9 ! "r way4 ,! ,"r ,way4--,s if y d copy1 d x 9 ! "r way1 s z to get all ! real help out ( x1 & n s z to h to unle>n ! great] "p ( x4 ,don't copy to get a picture4 ,don't make a copy :i* at a di/ance has a resemblance to ! orig9al1 b :i* on a m c>eful /udy %[s none ( ! qualities :i* make ! orig9al :at x is4 ,n only see to x t ! same subtleties ( p]ception & repres5tation are pres]v$ 9 y\r copy1 b t !y are atta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,use ! same bru%-"w or o!r execution4 ,use ! same pigm5ts 9 ! same places1 ) ! same vehicles2 /udy ! orig9al ) y\r bra9 z well z ) y\r eyes & h&s2 try to see n only h[ ! pa9t] did a c]ta9 ?+ b :y4 ,s t z y "w1 y foll[ him 9 ! work+ out ( 8 problem1 & make x y\r problem also4 ,9 ?is way y w get "s real good f 8 picture1 & n a m]e canvas :i* has be5 ( no use to y1 nor c be ( any satisfaction to any "o else :o kn[s a good picture 7copy or orig9al7 :5 he sees x4 ,:y ,copy4--,!re are only two good reasons = mak+ a copy1--to /udy ! orig9al z a problem1 & to h some?+ to s]ve z an example ( ! ma/] on a "w :i* y l4 ,& 9 ei!r case su* a s9c]e mann] ( copy+ z ,i urge is ! only possible way to get :at y want4 ,to get a picture1 reg>dless ( :e!r x really does ju/ice to ! orig9al1 is ! wrong way1 & ?is leads always ?r\gh bad copy+ to bad pa9t+1 & y are =tunate if y escape an entire p]v]sion ( y\r po9t ( view4 ,y may be able to make "s money n[ & aga9 by do+ ?is sort ( ?+1 b y w nev] le>n any?+ f x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! sure/ way y c\ld f9d ( clos+ y\r eyes to all t is wor? see+4 ,get to ,nature4--,if y w\ld really le>n to pa9t1 to see = y\rself1 to repres5t :at y see 9 y\r own way1 y _c get to nature too soon4 ,don't bo!r ab\t :at ! ?+ is1 s long z x is nature h]self4 ,by nature ,i mean any?+1 absolutely any?+ :i* exi/s ( itself1 n pa9t$4 ,:e!r x be ! liv+ figure1 or a ca/1 or a bit ( l&scape1 or a room int]ior--all ?+s :i* actually exi/ mu/ %[ !mselves by ! facts ( light fall+ ^u !m3 ! relation ( color1 & ! contra/s ( light & d>k4 ,:atev] y see is useful to y 9 ?is way1 = ^! br+ ab\t all ! qualities & conditions :i* y mo/ ne$ to /udy4 ,b models are n always at comm&1 int]iors d n easily /ay a long "t at y\r disposal1 & bits ( l&scape :i* int]e/ y are n always easy to get at2 = a /ud5t is apt to be ei!r f> advanc$ or unusually ard5t :o w f9d int]e/ 9 ! fir/ comb9ation :i* falls "u 8 eye4 ,!re=e ! mo/ practically useful mat]ial = /udy1 :i* is always nature1 is :at we call /ill life1--morte nature1 dead nature is ! bett] or m descriptive "n ! ,fr5* give to x4 ,by ?is is meant any & all comb9ations ( objects & backgr\nds gr\p$ arbitr>ily = repres5tation4 ,bottles & jugs & fruits1 books & bric-a-brac2 all sorts ( ?+s l5d !mselves readily & int]e/+ly to ?is use4 ,! great value ( /ill life = ! /ud5t lies 9 ! v>iety ( comb9ations ( color & =m1 ( light & %ade & texture1 t he c always comm&4 ,!re is practically no problem possible to 9-!-h\se light :i* may n be work$ out by means ( /ill life4 ,! tra9+ 9 p]ception & repres5tation1 9 composition & arrangem5t1 & 9 te*nique1 :i* x w give y is invaluable2 & mo/ important ( all1 :ile y c always make su* arrangem5ts z w int]e/ y1 because y ne$ place only su* ?+s or colors z y l1 y are really /udy+ nature h]self1 y are look+ at ! ?+s !mselves1 & ! result y get is ! product ( y\r own eyes & bra94 ,! problem is entirely y\r own1 bo? 9 ! /at+ & ! solv+1 & :at y le>n is well le>n$1 & repres5ts a def9ite progress along ! "r l9e4 ,y h work$ = ! sake ( ! work+1 & !re is no?+ :i* y h got f x t may n be applicable to any future "w y may d1 t does n directly lead to ! great object y h 9 view1--to le>n h[ to pa9t well4 ,be ,s9c]e4--,b1 above all1 be s9c]e ) y\rself2 don't d any?+ to be clev]1 nor because x pleases "s "o else4 ,pa9t+ is difficult en\gh at be/4 ,y ne$ all ! int]e/ & fasc9ation t ! mo/ *>m+ ?+ c h = y to help y to d x s t x is wor? ! tr\ble4 ,don't take away ! :ole life ( x by ins9c]ity4 ,a v ?\ghtful pa9t] said to me once t he believ$ t all really good pictures c\ld be %[n to be good by ! sole crit]ion ( conviction4 ,c y ?9k ( any pa9t+ be+ good )\t x8 ,c y ?9k ( any am\nt ( clev]ness & ability mak+ a picture good )\t t4 ,& x is q z important 9 /udy z else:]e4 ,nev] d any?+ except s]i\sly2 take y\rself & y\r "w s]i\sly2 only by s]i\s "w c s]i\s results come4 ,joy 9 ,y\r ,"w4--,d x because y l to4 ,b l good "w & hate bad "w2 &1 above all1 hate half-way "w4 ,und]/& y\rself3 :at y want to d & :y y want to d x1 & !n be hone/ en\gh ) y\rself to "w till y h hone/ly done :at y want$ to d1 & z y want$ to d x4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,te*nical ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,te*nical ,,prelim9>ies ,reasons4--,pa9t+ is some?+ m ?an lay+ on pa9t4 ,x implies a c]ta9 am\nt ( k ( necess>y prelim9>ies--te*nical matt]s :i* are n /rictly pa9t+1 b )\t :i* good pa9t+ is impossible4 ,x is all well en\gh to put pa9t on canvas1 b !re mu/ be a k on :i* to base ! :]e & ! :y ( lay+ x on1 z well z ! k ( h[ to lay x on4 ,if any?+1 ! :]e & :y are m important ?an ! h[4 ,!re are almo/ inf9ite me?ods & processes ( gett+ ! pa9t onto ! surface4 ,e pa9t] may select or inv5t 8 own way1 & provid$ x accompli%es ! ma9 purpose--! br++ ab\t ( comb9ations ( =m1 relative color & pit*1 ! expression ( an idea--x is all "r4 ,b !re are laws :i* gov]n ! positions ( ! diff]5t spots ( pa9t1 & ! reasons = plac+ !m 9 c]ta9 relations4 ,^! laws are back ( p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,!y are a "p ( ! laws :i* control all mat]ial ?+s4 ,! pa9t] may no m g contr>y to !m 9 pa9t+ ?an he may g contr>y to physical laws 9 any ( ! practical matt]s ( life4 ,if pigm5ts are n us$ 9 accordance ) ! laws gov]n+ _! *emical composition1 !y w n /&4 ,if ! laws ( proportion are n obs]v$ 9 composition1 ! picture w n balance4 ,! laws ( color h>mony are z ma!matically fix$ z ! law ( gravity4 ,s1 too1 ! relations ( size1 :i* give ! impression ( ne>ness or di/ance to objects1 re/ on ! laws ( optics4 ,y h inf9ite scope = individual expression inside ( ^? laws1 b y _c g outside ( !m4 ,sci5tific ,k n ,necess>y4--,x is n necess>y t y %\ld h any special k ( all ^! laws nor ev5 ( ! application ( !m2 b y mu/ recognize _! exi/5ce1 & h "s practical notions ab\t !m & _! effect on y\r "w4 ,y c ( c\rse c>ry ! /udy z f> z y are int]e/$ to g4 ,! f>!r ! bett]4 ,! m y /udy !m ! m y w f9d !m int]e/+1 & ! easi] w x be = y to "w freely )9 _! limitations4 ,b ?is is n ! place = special /udy4 ,!re are books :i* treat p>ticul>ly ( ^! ?+s1 & y mu/ g to !m4 ,b a sup]ficial consid]ation ( ^! subjects _c be left out ( any book :i* w\ld be really helpful to ! /ud5t ( pa9t+4 ,i c g into ! !ory ( ?+s only s f> z to give y t am\nt ( practical k :i* is absolutely necess>y to y z a pa9t]4 ,:at ,i %all give is giv5 only because x _c be wisely left out1 & ! =m ( x z well z ! sub/ance & quantity are det]m9$ by ! same reason4 ,z y hope to become a pa9t]1 !n1 d n neglect to /udy & ?9k ( ?is "p ( ! book1 n m]ely z a prelim9>y to ! process ( pa9t+1 b z conta9+ matt] :i* is cont9ually ess5tial to x--:i* is "p & p>cel ( x4 ,ano!r reason = ! c>eful read+ ( ^! *apt]s is t any discussion ( ! art ( pa9t+ necess>ily dem&s ! use ( words or phrases :i* mu/ be und]/ood4 ,to speak ( te*nical ?+s presupposes ! use ( te*nical phrases1 & )\t a k ( ! words !re c be no compreh5sion ( ! ?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,draw+ ,draw+ is basic to pa9t+4 ,good pa9t+ _c exi/ )\t x4 ,i d n mean t !re mu/ be always ! outl9e felt or se51 b t ! und]/&+ ( relative position1 size1 & =m mu/ be felt2 & t is draw+4 ,draw+ is n m]ely =m1 b implies ^! o!r ?+s1 & pa9t+ is n legible )\t !m4 ,!y g to ! complet5ess ( expression4 ,movem5t1 & action1 z well z composition & all t x implies or includes1 dep5d ^u draw+1 & !y are vital to a pa9t+4 ,importance ( ,draw+4--,mu* has be5 said & writt5 ( draw+ z be+ ! mo/ important ?+ 9 a picture2 s mu* s1 z to excuse all sorts ( %ortcom+s 9 o!r directions4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,draw+ is ess5tial because y _c lay on color to express any?+ )\t ! colors tak+ %ape1 & ?is is draw+4 ,b /ill ! color itself1 & o!r *>act]i/ics :i* are n /rictly a "p ( draw+1 are q z important to pa9t+1 simply because ! ?+ )\t !m c\ld n be a pa9t+ at all3 x w\ld be a draw+4 ,all pa9t]s fall into two classes1--^? :o are mo/ s5sitive to ! ref9em5ts ( =m1 & ^? mo/ s5sitive to ref9em5ts ( color & tone4 ,b ! great colori/s1 ! pa9t]s p> excell5ce1 ! work]s 9 pigm5t be=e ev]y?+ else1 ^? :o f9d _! s5tim5t ma9ly !re1 ^! are ! m5 :o h made pa9t+ :at x is1 & :o h br\ght out its possibilities4 ,& look+ at pa9t+ f _! po9t ( view1 draw+ _c be m important ?an o!r qualities4 ,neglect ( ,draw+4--,great arti/s h sometimes n be5 p]fect draughtsm54 ,!y h be5 c>eless ( exactness ( =m4 ,b !y h always be5 /rong 9 ! great ess5tials ( draw+1 & !y h made up = su* defici5cies z !y %[$1 by _! greatness 9 o!r directions4 ,delacroix1 = in/ance1 sometimes let 8 temp]am5t run him into c>elessness ( =m 9 8 hurry to express 8 temp]am5tal ri*ness ( color4 ,^! ?+s are sup]ficial to ! great] ends he _h 9 view1 b we h to di/9ctly =give x 9 accept+ ! picture4 ,& a great colori/ may be s =giv52 he makes up = 8 fault by o!r ?+s4 ,b !re is no =giv5ess = ! /ud5t or ! pa9t] :o is simply a poor draughtsman4 ,! effect ( neglect ( draw+ is to make a weak picture4 ,a pa9t]1 :o 0 also an exceptionally f9e draughtsman1 once spoke ( "w weak 9 draw+ z resembl+ bon$ turkey4 ,lack ( firmness1 indecision1 *>act]ize ! pa9t] :o _c draw4 ,^? firm1 simple1 b effective t\*es :i* are evid5t some:]e 9 ! "w ( all good pa9t]s1 are impossible )\t draughtsman%ip4 ,!y mean precision4 ,precision means position4 ,position means draw+4 ,proportions4--,all good "w is f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 f ! mass to ! detail4 ,keep t 9 m9d z a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 good "w1 :atev] ! k9d4 ,y %\ld nev] place a detail till y h plac$ y\r l>g] masses4 ,! relative importance ( ?+s dep5ds on ! consid]ation ( ^? mo/ important fir/4 ,let ?is be y\r fir/ rule 9 draw+4 ,proportions next4 ,l>ge/ proportions1 !n exactness ( relative proportions4 ,/udy fir/ 9 masses4 ,see no?+ at fir/ b ! l>ge planes4 ,z ,hunt said1 ,hang ! nose on to ! head1 n ! head on to ! nose4 ,9 gett+ proportions ( ! great masses1 let no small v>iations ( l9e or =m break into y\r /udy ( ! :ole4 ,!re=e1 see outl9es fir/ 9 /raight l9es & angles4 ,if y _c see !m at fir/1 /udy to f9d !m2 look at ! long l9es ( movem5t2 mass sev]al curves into "o l9e repres5t+ ! g5]al direction ( !m4 ,tra9 y\rself to look at ?+s 9 ?is way4 ,!re is no?+ :i* w n fall into position s4 ,?is w n be easy at fir/4 ,! tra9+ ( a quick p]ception ( ^! ?+s is a "p ( y\r tra9+ 9 draw+--! fir/ ess5tial4 ,x is n t ! /raight l9es are to be s\ght = !mselves1 b t !y simplify ! fir/ break+ up ( ! :ole into its p>ts1 & s makes m easy ! /udy ( proportion4 ,! accuracy ( ! g5]al masses makes possible a great] accuracy ( ! less] proportions :i* come )9 !m4 ,y see =m m truly also1 :5 ! p]ception ( x is f\nd$ on a mass or a l9e indicat+ ! l>g] "* ( x4 ,x saves "t = y1 too4 ,y d n h to rub out s mu*4 ,! great l9es & planes once e/abli%$1 ev]y?+ else falls naturally into place4 ,sp5d mu* "t ov] ?is "p ( a draw+4 ,cut ! "t y give to a draw+ into p>ts1 & let ! "p giv5 to ! lay+ 9 ( l>g] proportions be f a ?ird to a half ( ! :ole "t1 & /udy & correct ^! until !y are "r4 ,once ^! are "r a v slight acc5t tells = twice :at x w\ld o!rwise1 & s y ne$ mu* less detail to give ! effect4 ,modell+4--,9 ! same way t y h laid out ! proportions 9 mass1 lay out y\r proportions ( light & %ade4 ,model y\r draw+ by avoid+ ! small until ! l>ge v>iations ( %ade are 9 place4 ,avoid see+ curves 9 relief z y h avoid$ curves ( outl9e4 ,try to analyze ! modell+ into flat planes1 ea* "o l>ge en\gh to give a def9ite mass ( relief4 ,don't be afraid ( an edge 9 do+ ?is4 ,let y\r flat tone come frankly up to ! next tone & /op4 ,?is aga9 is n = any effect 9 itself1 b only = facility & exactness4 ,lat] y c loose x z mu* z y see fit 9 break+ up ! draw+ into ! m delicate planes1 & ^! aga9 into ! mo/ subtle4 ,/udy fir/ ! outl9e & !n ! planes4 ,con/antly comp>e !m z to relation2 y w f9d x sugge/ive4 ,rememb] t y\r aim is to produce a :ole1 n a lot ( p>ts1 & al?\gh a :ole includes ! p>ts1 ! p>ts are incid5tal4 ,measurem5ts4--,y w always h to use measurem5ts = ! sake ( accuracy4 ,probably y w nev] be able to disp5se ) !m4 ,! be/ way w\ld be to take !m z a matt] ( c\rse1 & get s t y make !m almo/ me*anically1 )\t ?9k+ ( x4 ,y w save y\rself an imm5se deal ( "t & tr\ble by accept+ ?is at once2 = accuracy is impossible )\t measurem5ts1 & ! habit ( accuracy is ! greate/ "t-sav]4 ,hold y\r *>coal 9 y\r h& freely1 s t y\r ?umb c slip along x & m>k (f p>ts ( ! object :5 y sight at !m across ! coal4 ,measure horizontal & v]tical proportions into !mselves & into ea* o!r4 ,height & bread? are *ecks to ea* o!r4 ,if ! height is a c]ta9 proportion ( ! bread?1 !n ! small] proportions ( height mu/ h equival5t proportions to ea* o!r z well z to bread?4 ,measure ^! & y are sure ( be+ "r4 ,/eps4--,divide y\r draw+ into /eps or /ages ( "w4 ,y w f9d x a helpful ?+ 9 /udy+4 ,y w d x q naturally lat]4 ,d x delib]ately at fir/1 z a matt] ( tra9+4 ,fir/ /ep4--,measure ! extreme height & bread? ( ! :ole gr\p or object ( y\r draw+1 ) accuracy1 & m>k ea* extreme4 ,second /ep4--,outl9e ! great mass ( x ) ! simple/ l9es possible4 ,give ! g5]al %ape ( ! :ole4 ,?is blocks x 94 ,?ird /ep4--,measure ea* ( ! objects 9 ! gr\p1 or ! p>ts mo/ prom95t1 if x be a s+le object4 ,measure its height & bread?1 bo? 9 its own proportion & 9 proportion to ! dim5sions ( ! o!r p>ts & ( ! :ole4 ,enclose x 9 /raight l9es z y did ) ! :ole mass4 ,f\r? /ep4--,f9d ! m important ( ! less] proportions 9 ea* object1 & block !m out also4 ,?is %\ld map out y\r draw+ exactly & ) "s complet5ess4 ,fif? /ep4--,lay 9 simple flat tones to fill 9 ^! outl9es1 & keep ! relations ( light & d>k v c>efully z y d s4 ,six? /ep4--,?is %\ld leave y\r pap] ) a few l>ge masses ( d>k & light1 :i* c n[ be cut into aga9 ) ! next small] masses1 giv+ m ref9em5t to ! :ole4 ,?is also %\ld s break up ! edges z to get rid ( any feel+ ( squ>5ess or edg9ess4 ,sev5? /ep4--,put 9 su* acc5ts ( d>k1 or take out su* ( light1 z w give necess>y "* & =ce to ! draw+4 ,i d n say t ?is me?od produces ! mo/ f9i%$ draw+2 b x is a mo/ excell5t way to /udy draw+1 &1 m or less modifi$1 is practically ! basis ( all me?ods4 ,9 practis$ h&s x all[s ( any am\nt ( exactness or fre$om ( execution4 ,i h se5 mo/ beautiful "w done 9 ?is way4 ,home ,/udy4--,x is n necess>y to h a tea*] 9 ord] to draw well2 b x is necess>y to f9d out :at are ! ess5tials ( good draw+1 & to "w def9itely & acquire !m4 ,good draw+ is a comb9ation ( exactness & fre$om2 & ! exactness mu/ come fir/4 ,! /ructure ( ! ?+ mu/ be %[n )\t unnecess>y detail4 ,y %\ld always look at any really good draw+ y c come at1 & try to see :at !re may be 9 x ( helpful sugge/ion to y4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+ ( ,h&s4 ,dr]4 ,/udy ! ,ma/]s4--,get photographs ( draw+s by ! ma/]s ( draw+1 & /udy !m4 ,see h[ !y se>*$ _! model = =m & "*4 ,d n make s mu* ( ! actual /roke z ! mann] 9 :i* x is made to express & l5d itself to ! mean+4 ,9 ?is draw+ by ,albre*t ,dr] y h a spl5did example ( exactness & feel+ = "*4 ,y c\ld h no bett] type ( :at to look = & h[ to express x4 ,al?\gh x is n important t y %\ld lay on ! l9es ( %ad+ j z ?is is done1 x is important to notice h[ naturally !y foll[1 & con=m to1 ! "* ( ! surface--:i* is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! po9t helps to se>* out ! modell+4 ,?is draw+ is made ) a black & a :ite *alk on a gray gr\nd2 a v good way to /udy4 ,a good h9t is also (f]$ 9 ?is draw+1 ( ! mode/y ( ! old ma/]s1 9 subject4 ,a h& or "p ( any object is en\gh to /udy f4 ,!re is no ne$ to always dem& a picture 9 ev]y?+ y d4 ,mat]ials4--,= all purposes :i* come 9 ! range ( ! pa9t] y %\ld use *>coal4 ,= purposes ( /udy x is ! mo/ satisfactory ( mat]ials2 x is s5sitive1 easily controll$1 & easily correct$4 ,= sket*+ or prelim9>y draw+ on ! canvas x is equally good4 ,y %\ld h also a plumb-l9e ) :i* to te/ v]tical positions ( p>ts 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & ?is1 ) ! p5cil held horizontally = o!r relative positions1 gives y all y ne$ 9 t direction4 ,9 draw+ on ! canvas x is n (t5 necess>y to d m ?an place ! v>i\s objects & draw _! outl9es c>efully & accurately4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z 9 faces1 or 9 pictures :i* include important figures1 y w ne$ a %ad$ draw+1 & ?is c be done p]fectly ) *>coal1 & fix$ ) fixative aft]w>ds4 ,imitation4--,p]fect draw+1 9 ! s5se ( exact draw+1 is n ! mo/ important ?+4 ,a draw+ may be exact1 & yet n be ! tru] = x4 ,x may be inexact1 & yet be true to ! great] "*4 ,s1 too1 ! draw+ may h to *ange an accid5tal fact :i* is n wor? ! tr\ble ( expression or :i* w injure ! :ole4 ,!re is some?+ m important ?an detail1 & ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics c be express$ sometimes only by a draw+ :i* is delib]ately false 9 c]ta9 ?+s 9 ord] to be ! m true to ! l>g] fact4 ,!n1 too1 !re is an individuality :i* ! arti/ has to express ?r\gh 8 repres5tation ( ! ext]nal2 & he is ju/ifi$ 9 alt]+ or slight+ facts 9 ord] to br+ ab\t t m important self-expression4 ,( c\rse ! self mu/ be wor? express+4 ,!re is no excuse = m]e falsification nor = m]e inability4 ,b a good workman w n be guilty ( t1 & ! complete picture 9 its unity w be 8 ju/ification = :atev] means he has tak54 ,feel+4--,draw+ mu/ be a matt] ( feel+4 ,a p]ception ( ess5tial tru? ( a ?+1 z mu* z ( tra9$ obs]vation ( ! facts4 ,! good draughtsman becomes s by tra9+ 8 obs]vation ( facts fir/1 always se>*+ = ^? mo/ important1 & emphasiz+ ^?2 & ) ! p[] :i* w come 9 "t to 8 eye & h& easily & quickly to grasp & express facts1 w come also ! p[] ( m9d to grasp ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,& ! tra9$ h& & eye w p]mit ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( expression4 ,?is is ! desid]atum ( ! /ud5t2 ?is is ! end to be aim$ at1--! p]fect union ( ! tra9$ eye & h& to see & d1 & ! tra9$ m9d to feel & select1 & ! fre$om ( expression :i* comes ( t p]fect union4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,values ,! ,t]m4--,! ^w values is seldom und]/ood by ! av]age individual1 yet x %\ld n be difficult to take 94 ,x means simply ! relation betwe5 degrees ( /r5g? ( light & d>k1 & ( color consid]$ z light & d>k4 ,translate ! ^w into importance1 & ?9k :at x means4 ,! relative importance1 /r5g?1 =ce1 p[]1 value1 ( a t\* ( color to make itself felt 9 ! :ole--t is its value4 ,a weak value is a note :i* does n make itself felt2 a /rong value is "o :i* does4 ,a false value is a t\* ( color :i* has n its prop] relation to ! o!r spots or masses ( color 9 ! picture1 consid]$ z light & d>k--n z color p] se4 ,importance4--,z soon z y grasp ?is idea y see at once h[ important values mu/ be to ! :ole picture4 ,x is n possible to d any good "w1 ei!r 9 black & :ite or color1 )\t x4 ,9 "o s5se x is incid5tal to draw+4 ,:5 y consid] draw+ z ! expression ( modell+1 ! relative r\ndness ( p>ts1 & ( relief1 z well z outl9e1 values come into play to give ! relations ( planes ( light & d>k 9 black & :ite4 ,9 ?is x becomes "p ( draw+4 ,values & ,color4--,z soon1 h[ev]1 z color becomes a "p ( ! picture1 values become ! basis ( mod]n pa9t+ z di/+ui%$ f ! pa9t+ ( previ\s c5turies4 ,values1 ( c\rse1 always exi/$ :]ev] good pa9t+ exi/$1 because y _c pa9t )\t recogniz+ ! relations1 ! relative pit* & relative /r5g? ( tones4 ,b ! ^w is nev] he>d 9 relation to old ma/]s4 ,x is app>5tly ( q mod]n co9age & use1 & x probably 0 co9$ because ( a new & great] importance ( ! fact :i* x repres5ts4 ,! old] pa9t]s 9 pa9t+ a picture kept p>ts ( a :ole object--a head or a figure1 say--9 relation to itself2 & t 0 values--b re/rict$ values4 ,! :ole picture 0 arrang$ on ! basis ( arbitr>y light+1 :i* ent]$ into ! s*eme ( composition ( t picture4 ,?is is n values1 b :at is g5]ally und]/ood by ! old] writ]s :5 !y speak ( *i>oscuro4 ,! mod]n pa9t] deals little ) *i>oscuro4 ,x is almo/ obsolete z a te*nical ^w4 ,arbitr>y arrangem5t ( light & %ade 9 a picture is n usual n[adays1 & consequ5tly ! ^w :i* express$ x has dropp$ some:at into disuse4 ,basis ( ,mod]n ,pa9t+4--,in/ead ( ! old composition 9 arbitr>y light & %ade1 ! mod]n pa9t] accepts ! actual arrangem5t ( light z ! basis ( 8 picture1 & spreads ! values ov] ! :ole canvas4 ,9 ?is way ! quality ( value becomes ! v f\ndation ( ! mod]n picture4 ,= y _c accept ! ord9>y or actual condition ( light1 z gov]n+ ! light & %ade ( y\r picture1 )\t ext5d+ ! same s*eme ( relations ov] ! :ole canvas4 ,e mo/ insignificant spot ( light & %ade & color1 z well z ! mo/ significant1 mu/ keep its place1 mu/ hold its true relation to e o!r spot & to all ! re/4 ,ea* value mu/ keep its place accord+ to ! laws ( fact1 or x is out ( t\* ) ! :ole4 ,! :ole picture mu/ be ei!r on a s*eme ( g5]al fact1 or a s*eme ( g5]al arbitr>y arrangem5t4 ,any "o piece ( arbitr>y arrangem5t 9 ?is connection mu/ be back$ up by o!r pieces ( arbitr>y arrangem5t1 or else !re mu/ be no arbitr>y arrangem5t at all4 ,! mod]n pa9t] accepts ! =m]2 & ! importance ( values is ! result4 ,absolute & ,relative ,values4--,we may speak ( values z absolute or relative4 ,?is relates to ! key or pit* ( a pa9t+4 ,x is ! contribution to ! art ( pa9t+ :i* 0 made by ! ,fr5* pa9t]1 ,manet4 ,y may pa9t a picture 9 ! same pit* z nature1 or y may transpose x to a high] or a l[] pit*4 ,! relations ( ! diff]5t values ( ! picture w hold ! same relation to ea* o!r z ! values ( nature d to ea* o!r4 ,b ! actual pit* ( ea*1 ! relation ( ea* to an absolute light or an absolute d>k1 w be high] or l[] ?an 9 nature4 ,?is w\ld be relative values4 ,or ! pit*1 relation to absolute light & d>k1 ( ea* value may be ! same1 value = value1 z 9 nature4 ,?is w\ld be absolute values4 ,! attempt at absolute values 0 n made at all be=e ,manet's "t4 ,a l&scape 0 frankly pa9t$ d[n1 or d>k]1 f ! pit* ( nature1 & an int]ior z frankly pa9t$ up1 or light]4 ,9 bo? cases ! values _h to be cond5s$1--telescop$1 s to speak1--because pigm5t w\ld n express ! highe/ light nor ! l[e/ d>k 9 nature2 & to h ! same numb] ( gradations betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ notes 9 ! picture1 ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ea* value _h to be dim9i%$--b relatively !y 7 ! same4 ,! degree ( v>iation f ! actual 0 ! same all ?r\gh4 ,) absolute values ! pa9t] aims at giv+ ! j note1--! exact equival5t 9 value t he f9ds 9 nature4 ,he tries to pa9t up to out-door light or pa9t d[n to 9-door light4 ,close ,values4--,?is naturally calls = a f9e di/9ction ( tones--! utmo/ subtlety ( p]ception ( values4 ,to pa9t a picture 9 :i* ! highe/ light may n be :ite nor ! l[e/ d>k black1 & yet give a great range & v>iety to ! values all ?r\gh ! picture1 ! values mu/ be close2 mu/ be /udi$ s closely z to take cognizance ( ! slighte/ possible di/9ction1 & to ju/ly express x4 ,?is sort ( ?+ 0 n ?\ght ( by ! old] pa9t]s4 ,x is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,x is a sub/itution ( ! /udy ( relation = ! /udy ( contra/4 ,/udy ( ,values4--,y see at once h[ important1 h[ vital1 ! /udy ( values is to pa9t+4 ,ev5 if y pa9t ) arbitr>y light+1 z is /ill done by _m pa9t]s1 especially 9 portraits1 y h to consid] & /udy !m z !y apply to p>ts ( y\r picture4 ,y w f9d no good pa9t] ( old "t :o did n /udy relations4 ,if y look at a ,velasquez1 y w f9d t he knew values1 ev5 ?\gh he did n use ! ^w4 ,b if y are 9 t\* ) y\r c5tury1 if y w\ld pa9t to express ! sugge/ion y receive f ! nature y /udy1 or if y w\ld convey ! idea ( tru? to ! _w ar\nd y1 z t _w exi/s1 frankly accept+ ! conditions ( x1 y w h to make ! /udy ( values fundam5tal to y\r "w4 ,! ,f\r? ,dim5sion4--,y /udy values ) y\r eyes only1 b y _c measure values4 ,l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness y c measure2 b values con/itute :at might be call$ a ,f\r? ,dim5sion1 & y mu/ measure x by y\r eye1 & )\t any me*anical aid4 ,y\r eye mu/ be tra9$ to di/+ui% & judge diff]5ces ( value4 ,helps4--,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al ?+s :i* y c use to help y 9 tra9+ y\r eye to di/+ui% values4 ,:5 y look = values y d n wi% to see details nor ?+s1 y wi% to see only masses & relations4 ,y mu/ unfocus y\r eye4 ,! focuss$ eye sees ! fact1 & n ! relation4 ,any?+ :i* w help y to see outl9es & details less di/9ctly w help y to see ! values m di/9ctly4 ,half-clos$ ,eyes4--,! mo/ common way is to half close ! eyes1 :i* %uts out details1 b p]mits y to see ! values4 ,"s pa9t]s ?9k ?is falsifies pit*1 & pref] to keep ! eyes wide op51 b to focus !m on "s po9t beyond ! values !y are /udy+4 ,?is is n s easy to d z to half close ! eyes1 b becomes less difficult ) practice4 ,! ,blur ,glass4--,an ord9>y magnify+-glass ( ab\t #ae-;in* focus1 :i* y c get at an optician's = fifte5 or tw5ty c5ts1 w blur ! details1 & help y to see ! values1 because x makes ev]y?+ vague except ! masses4 ,y c frame x = use by putt+ x betwe5 two pieces ( c>dbo>d ) a hole 9 !m1 or y c d ! same ) two pieces ( lea!r sew$ ar\nd ! edge4 ,( c\rse ! glass itself is all y ne$1 b x w be easily brok5 if unprotect$4 ,d n try to look ?r\gh ! glass at y\r subject1 b at ! glass & ! image on x4 ,! ,claude ,lora9e ,mirror4--,?is is a curv$ mirror ) a black reflect+ surface4 ,! object is reflect$ on x1 r$uc$ bo? 9 size & pit*4 ,x conc5trates ! masses & ! color1 & s helps to di/+ui% ! relative values4 ,y c make a mirror ( ?is sort = y\rself by pa9t+ ! back ( a piece ( plate glass black4 ,! real ,claude ,lora9e mirror is exp5sive4 ,! ,common ,mirror is also v helpful 9 di/+ui%+ values4 ,x r$uces ! size ( ?+s1 & rev]ses ! draw+ s t y see y\r subject "u diff]5t conditions1 & a fre% eye is ! result4 ,place ! gr\p & y\r pa9t+ side by side1 if y are pa9t+ /ill life1 & look at bo? at ! same "t 9 ! mirror4 ,d ! same ) a portrait & ! sitt]4 ,dim9i%+ ,glass4--,mu* ! same effect c be _h by us+ a d\ble concave l5s4 ,! picture is n rev]s$1 b x is r$uc$1 & ! details elim9at$4 ,9 us+ any ( ^! means y mu/ rememb] t x is always ! relations & n ! ?+s y are /udy+2 & ! mo/ useful ( ^! aids is ! blur glass1 because y _c possibly see any?+ 9 x b ! values & color masses1 ev]y?+ else be+ blurr$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,p]spective ,!re are two k9ds ( p]spective1 l9e> & arial4 ,! =m] has to d ) ! mann] 9 :i* horizontal l9es appe> to conv]ge z !y rec$e f ! =egr\nd1 & s produce ! effect ( di/ance4 ,! latt] has to d ) ! effect ( di/ance1 :i* is due to ! successive gradations ( gray 9 color noticeable 9 objects f>!r & f>!r away f ! obs]v]4 ,arial ,p]spective4--,to ! /ud5t1 arial is color p]spective1 because ( ! modifications :i* colors und]go :5 remov$ to a di/ance4 ,modifications ( tone are l>gely due to v>y+ di/ance1 & s arial p]spective is l>gely a matt] ( values4 ,t !y are due to ! great] or less ?ickness ( ! atmosph]e is only a matt] ( int]e/1 n ( importance1 to ! arti/2 ! important ?+ to him is t ! c>eful /udy ( values is necess>y to relief1 p]spective1 & p>ticul>ly1 atmosph]e & envelopm5t 9 a picture4 ,to ! /ud5t1 arial p]spective %\ld be only a matt] ( obs]vation & ( ! /udy ( relations ( color & value4 ,!re are no rules4 ,! effect dep5ds on great] or less d5sity ( atmosph]e4 ,ne> objects are se5 ?r\gh a ?9 /ratum ( air1 & f>!r objects ?r\gh a ?ick] "o4 ,all y h to d to express x is to recognize ! relative tones ( color4 ,pa9t ! colors z !y are1 z y see !m 9 nature1 & y ne$ h no tr\ble ) arial p]spective4 ,b ?\gh ,i say ?is is all y h to d1 don't imag9e t ,i mean t x is always easy1 or t x c be done )\t ?\ght & /udy4 ,y w h to use all y\r p[]s ( p]ception if y wi% to d good "w 9 ?is direction4 ,especially on cle> days1 or 9 ^? climates :]e ! air is s r>e t objects at great di/ances seem ne>1 y w f9d t atmosph]ic p]spective is simply ano!r "n = close values4 ,& close values1 y rememb]1 are ! mo/ subtle ( relations ( light & %ade & color4 ,! only rule = arial p]spective is to use y\r eyes1 & d no?+ )\t a previ\s c>eful /udy ( nature4 ,l9e> ,p]spective4--,= mo/ k9ds ( pa9t+1 a te*nical k ( l9e> p]spective is n necess>y1 al?\gh e pa9t] %\ld und]/& ! g5]al pr9ciples ( x4 ,9 mo/ cases all ! exactness ne$$ c be obta9$ by comp>+ all l9es c>efully ) ! p5cil or bru% h&le held horizontally or v]tically1 & /udy+ ! angle any l9e makes ) x4 ,apply to all objects 9 p]spective ! same obs]vation t y d 9 any o!r k9d ( draw+1 & y w h little tr\ble1 z long z y are draw+ f an object be=e y4 ,b if y g into p]spective at all1 g into x ?or\ghly4 ,a little p]spective is a dang]\s ?+1 & m likely to mix y up by sugge/+ all sorts ( half-und]/ood ?+s ?an to be ( any real help4 ,!re are "s k9ds ( subjects1 h[ev]1 :i* require a complete k ( all ! rules & processes ( p]spective4 ,:5ev] y h to con/ruct a picture f details /at$ b n se52 :5 y h a complicat$ ar*itectural int]ior or ext]ior2 :5 figures are to be plac$ at c]ta9 di/ances or 9 def9ite positions1 & !y are too num]\s or ! conditions are o!rwise su* t y _c pose y\r models = ?is purpose2 !n y may h to make mo/ elaborate p]spective plans1 & lay out y\r picture ) great exactness1 or ! draw+ :i* is fundam5tal to su* a picture w n be true4 ,su* m5 z ,grme & ,alma-,tadema plan _! pictures mo/ c>efully1 & s did ,paul ,v]onese1 & x requires a ?or\gh & practical k ( p]spective4 ,b ?is is n ! place to tea* y p]spective4 ,x is a subject :i* requires special /udy1 & :ole volumes are giv5 to ! elucidation ( x4 ,9 a "w ( ?is k9d any?+ m ?an a m5tion ( ! be>+s ( p]spective on pa9t+ w\ld be out ( place4 ,if y d n c>e to take up s]i\sly ! /udy ( p]spective1 avoid attempt+ to pa9t any subjects :i* call = x2 or1 if y d c>e to /udy x1 get a special "w on t subject1 give pl5ty ( "t to x1 & /udy x ?or\ghly4 ,=e%ort5+4--,9 ?is connection ,i may speak ( some?+ :i* is ak9 to p]spective1 yet ! v rev]se ( x4 ,z its "n implies1 =e%ort5+ means ! way 9 :i* any?+ seems %ort5$ or 9 modifi$ draw+ z x projects t[>ds y2 :ile p]spective is ! mann] 9 :i* l9es appe> z !y rec$e f y4 ,l arial p]spective1 ! be/ way to /udy =e%ort5+ is to /udy nature1 n rules4 ,p]spective c be work$ out by rule1 =e%ort5+ _c4 ,pose y\r model1 or if x be a bran* ( a tree1 or any?+ ( t sort1 place y\rself 9 ! prop] position ) ref]5ce to x1 & !n /udy ! draw+ z x appe>s1 ?9k+ no?+ ( h[ x is2 make y\r measurem5ts1 & place y\r l9es z if !re 7 no problem ( =e%ort5+ at all1 b /udy ! relations ( l9es1 ( size1 & ( values1 & ! =e%ort5+ w take c>e ( itself4 ,aft] all1 =e%ort5+ is only good draw+1 & a good draughtsman w =e%ort5 well1 :ile a bad draughtsman w n4 ,!re=e1 le>n to draw1 & don't worry ab\t ! =e%ort5+4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,*i>oscuro4--,a few words ab\t *i>oscuro w be useful4 ,?is is a t]m ( great importance & frequ5t use ) arti/s & writ]s up to )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,x has ( late become almo/ unus$4 ,! reason = ?is 0 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,values4 ,nev]!less1 x is well t ! /ud5t %\ld "k :at ! ^w meant1 & /ill means4 ,al?\gh he may he> & use x less frequ5tly ?an if he _h liv$ e>li] 9 ! c5tury1 ! pictures1 c]ta9 qualities ( :i* no o!r ^w expresses1 /ill exi/1 & are probably z immortal z any?+ 9 ?is _w c be4 ,he %\ld "k :at ^? qualities are1 & he %\ld und]/& _! relation to ! "w ( to-day4 ,*i>oscuro is describ$ by an old writ] z sugge/+ a !me :i* is ! mo/ int]e/+1 p]haps1 9 ! :ole range ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,( va/ importance1 great ext5t1 & extreme intricacy4 ,*i>oscuro is an ,italian comp\nd ^w ^: two p>ts1 *i> & oscuro1 signify simply bright & obscure1 or light & d>k4 ,h5ce ! art or bran* ( art t be>s ! "n reg>ds all ! relations ( light & %ade1 & ?is indep5d5tly ( color+1 not)/&+ t 9 pa9t+1 color+ & ! clair-obscure are ( _! v nature insep>able4 ,! art ( clair-obscure1 !re=e1 tea*es ! pa9t] ! disposition & arrangem5t 9 g5]al ( 8 lights & d>ks1 ) all _! degrees1 extreme & int]m$iate1 ( t9t & %ade1 bo? 9 s+le objects1 z ! p>ts ( a picture1 & 9 comb9ation z "o :ole1 s z to produce ! be/ repres5tation possible 9 ! be/ mann] possible2 t is1 s z to produce ! mo/ desirable effect ^u ! s5ses & _s ( ! obs]v]s4 ,9 a ^w1 its end & aim are fidelity & beauty ( imitation2 its means1 e effect ( light2 *romatic h>monies & contra/s2 *romatic values1 reflections2 ! degradations ( atmosph]ic p]spective1 etc4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,y see at once t ?is cov]s a pretty wide field4 ,b x is to be aga9 not$ t ! use ( *i>oscuro by ! old pa9t]s meant n only ! expression ( ! light & %ade ( nature1 b ! s arrang+ ( ! objects & ! way t ! light 0 p]mitt$ to fall on !m1 t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! picture became %ad[1 :ile ! light 0 conc5trat$ 9 "s o!r "p or p>ts4 ,9 ?is way ! arrangem5t ( ! light & %ade ( a picture became a di/9ct elem5t ( composition1 & a v important "o4 ,! quality ( light 0 some?+ to be emphasiz$ by contra/4 ,x is /at$ 7:e!r truly or n7 t ! proportion ( light to d>k 0 accord+ to a def9ite rule or pr9ciple ) c]ta9 pa9t]s1 "s p]mitt+ m1 & "s less1 space ( canvas to be proportion$ to light & to d>k4 ,! gradations ( light & d>k 7 /udi$ ( c\rse2 b ! quantity ( light spread ov] ! canvas 0 calculat$ ^u1 s t ! less space ( light & ! great] ! space ( d>k1 ! m brilliant w\ld be ! ma9 spot ( light 9 ! picture4 ,!y wr\ght ) ! quality ( light & %ade z an elem5t1 j z !y w\ld ) ! quality ( l9e or ( color1 consid]$ ap>t f objects or facts !y might repres5t4 ,arbitr>y ,light+4--,?is is ! arbitr>y light & %ade spok5 ( 9 ! *apt] on ,values2 & al?\gh ! old] pa9t]s includ$ :at we n[ call values 9 _! ^w *i>oscuro1 x is ?is fact ( arbitr>y light+ z oppos$ to accept+ ! light z x does fall1 or select+ ^? places or times :]e x does naturally fall z we w\ld l x to1 t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n pa9t+ g5]ally & ! old] me?od1 & has made *i>oscuro z a ^w & z a quality ( pa9t+ s mu* a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,light & ,%ade4--,b we may use ! old ^w ) a m re/rict$ mean+4 ,if we use x to mean lit]ally light & %ade1 ! way light falls on objects & ! relief due to ! light side & ! %ad[ side ( !m1 we get a use :i* implies a v important & practical matt] = pres5t /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,eggs4 ,:ite aga9/ ,:ite4 ,objects ,visible by ,light & ,%ad[4--,if y w put a :ite egg on a piece ( :ite pap]1 ) ano!r :ite pap] back ( x1 y w see t x is only because ! egg ob/ructs ! light1 ! side ( x t[>ds ! light prev5t+ ! light rays f t\*+ ! o!r side1 & s ca/+ a %ad[ on itself & on ! pap]1 t ! egg is visible4 ,y w also see1 if y manipulate ! egg1 t accord+ z ! light is conc5trat$ or diffus$1 or accord+ to ! %>pness ( ! %ad[ & light1 is ! egg m or less di/9ct4 ,contra/4--,apply ^! facts to o!r objects1 & y w see h[ important ! pr9ciple ( contra/ is to ! repres5tation ( nature4 ,n only contra/ ( light & %ade1 b contra/ ( color4 ,& y %\ld make a /udy1 bo? by sett+ up gr\ps ( objects 9 diff]5t lights1 & by /udy+ effects ( lights :]ev] y are1 ( ! possibilities & comb9ations ( light & %ad[4 ,con/ant ,obs]vation4--,! pa9t] is con/antly /udy+ ) 8 eyes4 ,x is n necess>y always to h ! bru% 9 y\r h& 9 ord] to be always /udy+4 ,keep y\r bra9 active 9 mak+ obs]vations & consid]+ ! relations 9 nature ar\nd y4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial y c /ore up 9 ?is way is imm5se1 to say no?+ ( ! tra9+ x gives y 9 ! use ( y\r eyes1 & 9 ! practice ( selection ( motives = "w4 ,s*emes ( color or composition are n usually delib]ately inv5t$ )9 ! pa9t]'s bra94 ,!y are 9 mo/ cases ! result ( "s sugge/ion f a *ance effect notic$ & rememb]$ or jott$ d[n1 & aft]w>ds work$ out4 ,nature is ! great sugge/]4 ,x is ! arti/'s bus9ess to cat* ! sugge/ion & make x 8 own4 ,= nature seldom works out h] own sugge/ions4 ,! effect z nature gives x is ei!r n complete1 or is s evanesc5t z to be uncopyable4 ,b ! habit ( con/ant receptivity on ! "p ( ! arti/ makes nature an inf9ite m9e ( possibilities to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,canal4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,effect ( diffus$ out-door light to be comp>$ ) effect ( /udio light 9 ,bohemian ,woman1 & artificial light 9 ,woman ,sew+ by ,lamplight4 ,p]ception4--,only by cont9ually obs]v+ & judg+ ( contra/s & relations c ! eye be tra9$ to p]ceive subtle di/9ctions2 yet x mu/ be s tra9$1 = all good "w is dep5d5t on ^! di/9ctions4 ,effects ( ,light4--,x is important to /udy ! diff]5t qualities ( light4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce ( "* on a sunny day & on a gray day4 ,on ! =m]1 f9e di/9ctions ( color are less pron\nc$2 !y are lo/ 9 ! contra/s ( sunlight & %ad[4 ,on a gray day ! light is diffus$2 contra/ is less1 b ! f9] di/9ctions are m m>k$4 ,= ! /udy ( ! subtleties ( color *oose a gray day4 ,s1 too1 is ! diff]5ce m>k$ betwe5 ! g5]al light ( out-doors & ! m conc5trat$ light ( ! h\se4 ,! pit* is diff]5t4 ,outside1 ev5 9 a d>k day1 ! g5]al "* ( light is cle>]1 m full1 ?an 9-doors4 ,!re is no?+ possible "u ! op5 sky l ! /rong contra/s y get f a s+le w9d[ 9 an o!rwise unlight$ room4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! "* ( ! light & %ade z %[n 9 ! illu/rations on pages #aef & #aei4 ,! "o is ! diffus$1 out-(-door light1 ! o!r t f a /udio w9d[4 ,! "* ( ! subject has no?+ to d ) ?is quality4 ,! head w\ld h less ( %>pness & contra/ 9 ! op5 air1 & m reflect$ light4 ,o!r diff]5ces to be /udi$ z to quality ( ! light 9 ! mann] ( its contra/1 & also = its color quality1 are to be se5 9 moonlight or nightlight z comp>$ ) daylight4 ,artificial light1 su* z lamp- & c&le-light1 gives m>k$ effects also1 :i* may be comp>$ ) daylight bo? z x is out-(-doors & 9 its m conc5trat$ effects 9 ! /udio4 ,comp>e ! picture ( ! ,woman ,sew+ by ,lamplight1 by ,millet1 ) ! ,canal & ! ,bohemian ,woman giv5 above4 ,! effects ( gas & electric light also %\ld be /udi$4 ,_! *>act]i/ics bo? ( contra/ &1 p>ticul>ly1 ( color are wor? y\r att5tion z a /ud5t1 inasmu* z ! ess5ce ( "s pictures lies 9 ^! qualities4 ,ano!r matt] ( great importance to ! /ud5t1 & "o :i* ! same ?ree illu/rations j ref]r$ to may s]ve to %[1 is ! effect on objects ( ! position ( ! po9t ( entrance ( ! light ) ref]5ce to !m & to ! obs]v]4 ,! simple/ light is ! side-light f a s+le w9d[4 ,?is gives broad1 %>p masses ( light & %ade1 & makes ! /udy ( draw+ & pa9t+ m simple4 ,) ! obs]v] 9 ! same relative position to ! subject1 z ! light sw+s r\nd t[>ds a po9t back ( him ! contra/s become less1 ! relations m subtle & difficult ( recognition1 & naturally ! /udy ( !m m difficult4 ,9 ?is position ( light ! values become close4 ,to make ! object se5 at all1 x is necess>y t ! f9e/ di/9ctions %all be obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,bohemian ,woman4 ,frans ,hals4 ,effect ( contra/ ( light & %ade 9 /udio to be comp>$ ) diffus$ light ( op5 air 9 ! ,canal1 & artificial light 9 ,woman ,sew+ by ,lamplight4 ,illu/ration3 ,sew+ by ,lamplight4 ,millet4 ,effect ( artificial light contra/ to be comp>$ ) natural light 9 illu/rations ( ,canal & ,bohemian ,woman4 ,illu/ration3 ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,portrait pa9t]s h always be5 fond ( a top light1 :i* gives a direct conc5trat$ light desc5d+ on ! sitt]1 v simil> 9 "* to ! side-light1 b m favorable to ! expression & draw+ ( ! face4 ,cross ,lights4--,! mo/ confus+ & difficult ( /udy & repres5tation are ! cross lights4 ,if !re are sev]al w9d[s or o!r po9ts = ! admission ( light1 & ! sitt] or object pa9t$ is betwe5 !m1 ! light comes f all sides1 s t ! rays cross ea* o!r & !re is no s+le s*eme ( light & %ade4 ,! rays f "o side modify ! %ad[s ca/ f ! o!r side1 & a p]plex+ & involv$ arrangem5t ( values is ! result4 ,?is is a favorite te*nical problem ) pa9t]s1 & its solution is spl5did tra9+2 b ! /ud5t :o c successfully solve x is n f> f ! end ( 8 /ud5t days4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,composition ,importance4--,composition is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x is impossible t a picture %\ld be good )\t x4 ,y may def9e x z t /udy by means ( :i* ! balance ( ! picture comes ab\t4 ,b y mu/ und]/& ! ^w balance 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! plann+ ( ! picture :i* has n to be consid]$ 9 mak+ ! picture balance4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! l9es1 ( ! =ms1 ( ! masses1 & ( ! colors mu/ all be "r if ! composition be "r4 ,composition is ! plann+ ( ! picture2 & x is m or less complicat$1 m or less to be c>efully /udi$ be=eh& 9 exact accordance ) ! simplicity or complication ( ! s*eme ( ! picture4 ,y may n ne$ m ?an ! consid]ation ( a few ma9 facts4 ,x may almo/ be done by a few mom5ts' delib]ation 9 "s simple /udies or ev5 pictures4 ,b ev5 !n !re is possible ! mo/ subtle discrim9ation ( selection1 & a p]fect gem ( composition may be f\nd 9 ! arrangem5t ( a picture hav+ ! simple/ & fewe/ elem5ts4 ,! m complicat$ ! mat]ials :i* are to be work$ into a picture1 ! m c>eful mu/ be ! previ\s plann+2 b1 = all t1 ! g5ius w f9d scope = 8 utmo/ p[]s 9 a simple figure1 j because ! few] ! means1 ! m ea* s+le ?+ c int]f]e ) ! balance ( ! :ole1 & ! m a f9e *oice w tell4 ,! /hetic4--,i h already m5tion$ briefly ! /hetic elem5ts ( a picture4 ,i h call$ to y\r att5tion t back ( ! obvi\s facts ( a subject & ! objects 9 ! picture1 & ! !me :i* ! pa9t] makes 8 picture repres5t2 back ( ! te*nical processes & managem5t ( concrete mat]ial :i* make pa9t+ possible1 is ! /hetic purpose ( ! "w ( art2 )\t ?is x c\ld n be a "w ( art at all3 x w\ld be m]ely a m or less exact repres5tation ( some?+1 a m]e prosaic description1 ! int]e/ 9 :i* w\ld lie :olly 9 ! fact1 & w\ld p]i% :5ev] int]e/ 9 ! fact %\ld cease4 ,x is n ! fact1 nor ev5 ! able expression ( ! fact1 :i* makes a "w ( art a ?+ ( int]e/ & delight c5turies aft] ! be>+ ( ! fact has be5 =gott54 ,! p]5nial int]e/ ( a "w ( art lies 9 ! way 9 :i* ! arti/ has us$ 8 o/5sible !me1 & all ! facts & objects app]ta9+ to x1 z a "p ( ! mat]ial ) :i* he expresses ^? ideas :i* are purely /hetic2 :i* d n re/ on mat]ial ?+s4 ,^! h to d ) mat]ial ?+s only by r5d]+ !m beautiful1 giv+ to !m an int]e/ :i* !y !mselves c\ld n o!rwise h4 ,!ory4--,does ?is s\nd unpractical8 ,well1 x is unpractical4 ,does x seem m]e !ory8 ,x is !ory4 ,i want to impress x on y t x is !ory4 ,= x is ! !ory :i* und]lies art1 & if y d n und]/& x1 y only und]/& art f ! outside4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly e arti/ works to express ^! purely /hetic qualities1 & to a great] or less ext5t he expresses himself ?r\gh !m4 ,art = ,art's ,sake4--,?is is ! real mean+ ( ! mu*-debat$ phrase1 ,art = art's sake4 ,! mi/ake :i* leads to ! misconception & mo/ ( ! discussion ab\t x1 is 9 conf\nd+ art = art's sake ) te*nique = te*nique's sake1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,c]ta9ly e pa9t] w "w to atta9 ! mo/ p]fect te*nique he is capable (4 ,b n = ! sake ( ! te*nique1 b = :at x w d4 ,! bett] ! te*nique ! bett] ! control ( all ! means to expression4 ,if y take te*nique to mean only ! und]/&+ & k ( all ! manipulations ( art1 te*nique is only a means1 & x is s t ,i mean x to be und]/ood "h4 ,if y broad5 its mean+ to include all ! m5tal conceptions & means1 t is ano!r ?+1 & "o likely to lead to confusion ( idea4 ,s ,i use ! ^w te*nique 9 its /ricte/ s5se4 ,! /hetic ,elem5ts4--,:at1 !n1 are ^! /hetic qualities ,i h spok5 (8 ,w y consid] ! quality ( l9e8 ,n a l9e1 b l9e z an elem5t1 exclud+ all ! possible ?+s :i* may be done ) l9es 9 diff]5t relations to !mselves & to o!r elem5ts4 ,n[ w y consid] also ! o!r elem5ts1 mass & color8 ,d y see t "h are ?ree t]ms :i* sugge/ possibilities ( comb9ation ( inf9ite scope8 & !y are purely intellectual4 ,:at may be done ) !m may be done1 prim>ily1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! repres5tation ( any mat]ial fact :atsoev]4 ,take z ! type1 conv5tional ornam5t4 ,y c make ! mo/ exquisite comb9ations1 9 :i* ! only int]e/ & *>m lies 9 ! fact ( ^? comb9ations 9 l9e & mass & color4 ,take ar*itecture4 ,q aside f ! use ( ! build+ is ! /hetic resultant f comb9ations ( l9e & mass & color4 ,& s 9 ! picture ! "q ( art1 ! "q ( /hetic entity1 lies 9 ! intellectual qualities ( comb9ations ( l9e & mass & color :i* p]meate ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! te*nical & mat]ial /ructure t y call ! picture1 & give x :atev] univ]sal & p]man5t value x has1 & :i* make x immortal1 if immortal x ev] c be4 ,composition4--,! be>+ ( all ?is on composition %\ld be obvi\s1 = composition is ! te*nique ( comb9ation4 ,9 ! composition ( a picture all ! elem5ts come into play4 ,x is 9 composition t ! managem5t ( ! ab/ract results 9 ! concrete4 ,let u look at x f a m practical side4 ,frankly1 !re are qualities1 :i* y always look = 9 a picture1--good draw+1 ( c\rse1 & good color4 ,b !re are su* ?+s z ^!3 ,h>mony1 ,balance1 ,rhy?m1 ,grace1 ,impressiv5ess1 ,=ce1 ,dignity4 ,:]e d !y come f8 ,mu/ n e good picture h !m1 or "s ( !m1 to "s ext5t8 ,h[ are y go+ to get !m8 ,if y h fifte5 or tw5ty squ>e feet or squ>e y>ds ( surface1 y w n get !m onto x by unaid$ inspiration4 ,inspiration is1 l any o!r intellectual quality1 q logical1 only x acts m quickly & takes long] /eps betwe5 conclusions p]haps4 ,y w get ^! qualities onto y\r canvas only by s arrang+ all ! objects :i* make up ! body ( y\r picture t ^! qualities %all be ! result4 ,x is arrangem5t !n4 ,arrangem5t4--,b arrangem5t ( :at8 h[8 ,! objects4 ,b on "s pr9ciple back ( !m4 ,consid] ano!r set ( qualities3 proportion1 i4e41 relative size2 arrangem5t1 relative position2 contra/2 acc5t1--^! are :at y manipulate y\r objects )1 & y\r objects !mselves are only l9e & mass & color 9 ! concrete4 ,objects1 figures1 bric-a-brac1 drap]ies1 h\ses & trees1 skies & m\nta9s1 & e & any o!r natural fact1 y may consid] z s _m bits ( =m & color ) :i* y may "w out a s*eme on canvas2 & h[ y d x is to consid] !m z pawns 9 y\r game ( /hetics4 ,) ^! z mat]ials1 :at y really d is to comb9e mass & l9e & color by means ( proportion1 arrangem5t1 contra/1 & acc5t1 t a beautiful entity ( h>mony1 balance1 rhy?m1 grace1 dignity1 & =ce may result4 ,& ?is is composition4 ,no ,rules4--,naturally 9 deal+ ) a ?+ l ?is1 :i* is ! v ess5ce ( art1 rules are ( v little use4 ,ability 9 composition may be acquir$ :5 x is n natural1 b x calls = a cont9u\s tra9+ ( ! s5se ( proportion & arrangem5t1 j z ! developm5t ( any o!r ability calls = tra9+4 ,! be/ ?+ t y c d is to /udy good examples & try to appreciate1 n only _! beauty1 b h[ & :y !y are beautiful4 ,cultivate y\r ta/e 9 t direction2 & ) ! ta/e to l good & dislike bad composition w come ! feel+ :i* tells y :5 x is good & :5 x is bad1 & ?is feel+ y c apply to y\r own "w1 & by exp]im5t y w ga9 k & skill4 ,rules are n possible simply because !y are limitations1 & ! true compos] w always ov]/ep a limitation ( t k9d1 & ) a successful result4 ,pr9ciples ( composition1 too1 mu/ be v>i\sly adapt$1 accord+ to ! k9d ( picture y h 9 h&4 ,! pr9ciples are ! same1 ( c\rse2 b z ! mat]ials diff] 9 a figure pa9t+ & a l&scape1 = in/ance1 y mu/ apply !m to meet t diff]5ce4 ,sugge/ions4--,! fir/ sugge/ion t might be made z a help to ! /udy ( composition is to consid] y\r picture z a :ole always4 ,no matt] h[ _m figures1 no matt] h[ _m gr\ps1 !y mu/ all be consid]$ z p>ts ( a :ole1 :i* mu/ h no effect ( be+ too mu* brok5 up4 ,if ! figures are scatt]$1 !y mu/ be scatt]$ 9 su* a way t !y sugge/ a logical connection betwe5 !m z individuals 9 ea* gr\p1 & gr\ps 9 a :ole4 ,!re %\ld usually be a ma9 mass1 & ! o!rs subsidi>y masses4 ,!re %\ld be a c5tre ( int]e/ ( "s sort1 :e!r x be a color1 a mass1 or a ?+2 & ?is c5tre %\ld be ! po9t to :i* all ! o!r p>ts balance4 ,simplicity is a good ^w to h 9 m9d4 ,h[ev] complicat$ ! composition may seem sup]ficially1 y may treat x simply4 ,y w control x by n consid]+ any "p z ( any importance 9 itself1 b only z x helps ! :ole2 & y may /r5g!n or weak5 t "p z y ne$ to4 ,don't cut ! ?+ up too mu*4 ,let a half a doz5 objects c\nt z "o 9 ! :ole4 ,mass ?+s1 simplify ! masses1 & make ! elem5ts ( ! masses hold z only p>ts ( ^? masses4 ,/udy plac+ ( ?+s 9 diff]5t sizes relative to ! size ( ! canvas4 ,make sket*es :i* take no note ( any?+ b ! l>ge/ masses or ! mo/ important l9es1 & *ange !m ab\t till !y seem "r2 !n break !m up 9 ! same way into _! details4 ,apply ! /eps sugge/$ = draw+ to ! /udy ( composition1 se>*+ = balance *iefly1 or = "s o!r quality :i* is prop] to composition4 ,l9e4--,ea* ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( composition c be us$ z a problem ( arrangem5t4 ,y c /udy composition 9 l9e1 9 mass1 or 9 color4 ,! ,gold5 ,/airs1 by ,burne-,jones1 is almo/ purely an arrangem5t 9 l9e1 & beautifully illu/rates ! use ( ?is elem5t z ! ma9 /hetic motive 9 a picture4 ,illu/ration ,comp>e ?is composition 9 l9e ) ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 9 :i* ! l9e is equally m>k$1 b m complicat$1 & us$ 9 connection ) mass to a mu* great] ext5t1 & involv$ ) int]relations ( *i>oscuro & color4 ,consid] ! effect :i* ea* picture d]ives z a :ole f ?is managem5t ( ^! elem5ts4 ,! "o emphasiz+ t ( l9e1 ) ! resultant ( rhy?m & grace2 ! o!r balanc+ ! elem5ts1 & s ga9+ p[] & impressiv5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,s[]4 ,millet4 ,to %[ arrangem5t 9 mass & l9e1 9 :i* ! mass gives weight & dignity )\t weak5+ ! emphasis ( rhy?m 9 ! l9e4 ,(t5 ! :ole composition %\ld be a balanc+ ( ! elem5ts1 z 9 ?is case4 ,b ! emphasiz+ ( "o elem5t w always emphasize ! *>act]i/ics to :i* ^? elem5ts t5d z ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! picture4 ,grace1 rhy?m1 movem5t1 come mo/ naturally f arrangem5t *iefly 9 l9e4 ,if mass comes into ! picture1 ! masses may be arrang$ to help ! l9e1 or to modify x4 ,9 ,! ,s[] ! managem5t ( mass is su* z to give great dignity1 & almo/ solemnity1 to ! picture1 yet n to take away f ! rhy?mic sw+ & action ( ! figure :i* comes f l9e1 b ev5 to emphasize x4 ,comp>e ?is 9 ^! respects ) ! light] grace ( ,! ,gold5 ,/airs & ! less unifi$ movem5t1 b great] activity1 ( ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross4 ,( c\rse masses w come into ! picture2 b ei!r ! masses !mselves c be arrang$ into l9e1 or !re c be emphasis giv5 to l9es :i* break up or modify ! masses1 s t ! "* ( ! picture is gov]n$ by !m4 ,mass4--,9 ! arrangem5t ( mass1 light & %ade & color are effective4 ,small] gr\ps may be made into a l>g] "o1 & individual objects also br\ght toge!r1 by gr\p+ !m 9 light or 9 %ade1 or by giv+ !m a common color4 ,illu/ration3 ,return to ! ,f>m4 ,millet4 ,to %[ ! effect ( mass 9 giv+ qualities ( scale & ! /atuesque4 ,weight1 dignity1 ! /atuesque1 scale1 are *>act]i/ics ( mass4 ,l9e 9 ?is connection only takes f ! brusqu5ess t mass alone w\ld h1 or helps to break up any t5d5cy to monotony4 ,! ,return to ! ,f>m1 by ,millet1 %[s ?is comb9ation1 ! rev]se ( ,! ,s[]4 ,9 ?is1 ! l9e is us$ to enri* ! repose & weight1 ! /atuesque ( ! mass4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! mass gives dignity & impressiv5ess to ! grace & rhy?m ( ! l9e4 ,! color s*eme ( c\rse w h an equal effect 9 ! emphasiz+ or modify+ ( ! motive ( l9e or mass4 ,color w n only h an effect on x1 b mu/ be 9 sympa?y ) x1 or ! balance w be lo/4 ,color4--,?is is ma9ly :]e composition 9 color w come 94 ,light & %ade or *i>oscuro1 z ,i expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 are necess>ily intimately connect$ ) composition "h4 ,& y nev] "w 9 color or mass )\t work+ 9 light & %ade also4 ,( color itself ,i %all speak 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x is only necess>y to po9t out ! fact ( connection "h4 ,( c\rse 9 pa9t+1 all ! elem5ts are mo/ closely relat$4 ,al?\gh x is necess>y to speak ( !m sep>ately 9 ! actual work+ out1 y keep !m all 9 m9d toge!r1 & s make !m cont9ually help & modify ea* o!r4 ,a ,pr9ciple4--,!re is a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple 9 ar*itecture1 t y mu/ nev] try to emphasize two proportions 9 "o /ructure4 ,a hall may be long & n>r[1 b n bo? long & wide2 9 :i* case ! proportions w\ld neutralize ea* o!r--y w\ld h a simple squ>e1 *>act]less4 ,y may emphasize height or bread?--n bo?1 or y get ! same negative "*4 ,s y may apply ?is pr9ciple m or less exactly to ! composition ( a picture4 ,don't try to express too _m ?+s 9 "o picture1 or if y d1 let "s "o be ! ma9 ?+1 & all ! re/ be subord9ate to x4 ,!re is p]haps no law m rigid ?an ! "o :i* d5ies success to any attempt to scatt] =ce1 effect1 & purpose4 ,"o ma9 idea 9 ea* picture1 & ev]y?+ subord9at$ to l5d itself to ! /r5g!n+ ( t4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is w apply to l9e & mass1 ?\gh n absolutely4 ,z a rule1 l9e or mass1 "o or ! o!r1 mu/ be ! ma9 elem5t4 ,lev]age4--,i h (t5 ?\ght t mu* insight into ! pr9ciples ( balance ( masses1 & ( mass & l9e1 c\ld be ga9$ by ?9k+ ( x analog\sly to equilibrium 9 lev]age4 ,a small mass1 or a simple l9e or acc5t1 may be made to balance a v mu* great] mass4 ,! great] "p ( a canvas may be "o mass1 & be balanc$ by q a small spot4 ,b lev]age mu/ come 9 to help4 ,some:]e 9 ! picture w be ! po9t ( support1 ! fulcrum4 ,& ! l>ge mass & ! small "o w h an obvi\s relation ) ref]5ce to t po9t4 ,or ! elem5t ( app>5t d5sity w come 94 ,! l>ge mass w be ! lea/ d5se1 ! small "o ! mo/ d5se1 & ! equilibrium is e/abli%$4 ,= composition is b ! equilibrium ( ! picture1 & equilibrium ! picture mu/ h4 ,!re are _m rules z to plac+ ( mass & arrangem5t ( l9e1 b !y are all m or less arbitr>y & limit+ 9 influ5ce4 ,individuality mu/ & w ignore su* rules1 j because composition deals *iefly ) ! ab/ract qualities rules w n help4 ,a f9e feel+ or p]ception ( :at is "r is ! only law1 & ! tra9$ eye is ! only measure4 ,z 9 values1 s 9 composition y mu/ /udy relations 9 nature1 & results 9 ! "w ( ! ma/]s1 to tra9 y\r eye to see2 & y mu/ sket* & block 9 all sorts ( comb9ations ) y\r own h&1 to give y practical exp]i5ce4 ,scale4--,"o po9t ( great importance %\ld be notic$4 ,t is ! effect on ! obs]v] ( ! size ( any ma9 mass or object ) ref]5ce to ! size ( ! canvas4 ,?is is analog\s to :at is call$ scale 9 ar*itecture4 ,if ! mass or object is ju/ly proportion$ to ! :ole surface ( ! canvas1 & is treat$ 9 accordance ) x1 x w impose its own scale on all o!r objects4 ,y c make a figure impress ! obs]v] z be+ life size1 al?\gh x may really be only a few in*es long4 ,a h\se or ca/le com+ into ! picture may be made to give its scale to ! surr\nd+s1 & make !m seem small in/ead ( itself seem+ m]ely an object 9 a picture4 ,?is w be due to ! plac+ ( x on ! canvas1 l>gely1 & m 9 ?is ?an 9 any?+ else4 ,! mann] ( pa9t+ w also l5d importantly to x2 = an object to appe> big mu/ n be drawn nor pa9t$ 9 a little mann]4 ,! plac+ ( objects ( a kn[n size ne>1 to give scale1 is a useless exp$i5t 9 su* a case4 ,at times x may be successful1 (t5 ( use2 b if ! scale ( ! ma9 object is false1 ! o!r object ( kn[n size1 in/ead ( giv+ size to ! ma9 "o1 z x is int5d$ to d1 w be itself dw>f$ by x4 ,plac+4--,?is matt] ( plac+ is "o :i* y %\ld con/antly practise4 ,make x a regul> /udy :5 y are sket*+ f nature4 ,try to conc5trate 9 y\r sket*es s z to help y\r /udy ( composition4 ,9 mak+ a sket*1 look = "o ma9 effect1 & (t5 h t effect ! importance ( "s object1 /udy+ to give x scale by ! plac+ & ! treatm5t ( x1 & its relation to ! ?+s surr\nd+ x 9 nature & on ! canvas4 ,9 ?is way y w be /udy+ composition 9 a mo/ practical way4 ,/ill ,life4--,= practical /udy ( composition1 ! mo/ useful mat]ials y c h are to be f\nd 9 /ill life4 ,n[h]e c y h s great fre$om ( arrangem5t 9 ! concrete4 ,y c take z _m actual objects z y please1 & place !m 9 all sorts ( relations to ea* o!r1 /udy+ _! effect z to gr\p+2 & s /udy mo/ tangibly ! pr9ciples z well z ! practice ( br++ toge!r l9e & mass & color z elem5ts1 ?r\gh ! means ( actual objects4 ,?is y %\ld con/antly d1 till composition is no m an ab/ract ?+1 b a practical /udy 9 :i* y may "w out freely & visibly intellectual /hetic ideas almo/ unconsci\sly1 & tra9 y\r eye to see in/9ctively ! possibilities ( all sorts ( compositions1 & to correct ! falsities ( accid5tal comb9ations4 ,don't ,attempt too mu*4--,don't be too ambiti\s4 ,beg9 ) simple arrangem5ts1 & add to !m1 /udy+ ! /ructure ( ea* new comb9ation & gr\p+4 ,:5 y are go+ to pa9t1 rememb] t too mu* ( an und]tak+ w n give y any m beauty 9 ! picture1 & may lead to disc\ragem5t4 ,9 ! ,*apt] on ,/ill ,life ,i w expla9 m practically ! means y may take1 & h[ y may take !m1 to ! end ( mak+ composition a practical /udy to y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,color ,! subject ( color naturally divides1 = ! pa9t]1 into two bran*es1--color z a quality1 & color z mat]ial4 ,consid]$ 9 ! =m] class1 x divides into an ab/ract a !oretical & a sci5tific subject2 consid]$ 9 ! latt]1 x is a mat]ial & te*nical "o4 ,! mat]ial & te*nical side has be5 treat$ ( 9 ! ,*apt] on ,pigm5ts4 ,9 ?is *apt] we w h to d ) color consid]$ z an /hetic elem5t4 ,! ,ab/ract4--,! quality ( color is ! ?ird ( ! great elem5ts or qualities1 ?r\gh ! managem5t ( :i* ! pa9t] works /hetically4 ,j z he uses all ! mat]ial elem5ts ( 8 picture z ! means ( mak+ concrete & visible ^? comb9ations ( l9e & mass :i* g to ! mak+ ( ! /hetic /ructure1 s he uses ^! 9 ! expression ( ! ideal 9 comb9ations ( color4 ,9 ?is relation no?+ /&s to him = :at x is1 b = :at x may be made to d = ! color-s*eme ( 8 picture4 ,if he wants a c]ta9 r$ 9 a c]ta9 place1 he wants x because x is r$1 & x makes little diff]5ce to him1 ?9k+ 9 color1 :e!r t r$ note is actually made by a file ( r$-coat$ soldi]s1 by a sc>let ribbon1 or by a lob/]4 ,! sc>let spot is :at he is ?9k+ (1 & :at object mo/ naturally & rightly gives x to him is a matt] to be decid$ by ! dem&s ( ! subject ( ! picture2 & its fitness z to t is ! only ?+ :i* has any influ5ce beyond ! ma9 fact t r$ color is ne$$ at t po9t4 ,if he 7 a design] ( conv5tional ornam5t1 ! color problem w\ld be ! same4 ,at t po9t a spot ( r$ w\ld be ne$$1 & a spot ( pa9t w\ld d x4 ,! pa9t] ?9ks 9 color ! same way1 b he expresses himself 9 diff]5t mat]ials4 ,! ,ideal4--,?is is ! reason t a /ill-life pa9t+ is z int]e/+ to a pa9t] z a subject :i* to ano!r f9ds its great int]e/ 9 ! tell+ ( a /ory4 ,to ! pa9t] ! /ory1 or ! objects :i* tell x1 are ( m9or importance4 ,t ! picture is beautiful 9 color is :at moves him4 ,z composition & color ! ?+ is an admirable piece ( /hetic ?9k+ & /hetic expression1 & s gives him a purely /hetic delight2 & ! te*nical process is second>y ) him1 int]e/+ only because he is a te*nician4 ,! repres5tation ( ! objects incid5tal to ! subject is z incid5tal to 8 int]e/1 z x is to ! picture consid]$ z an /hetic ?\ght4 ,?is is :at ! layman f9ds x s impossible to take into 8 m5tal consci\sness4 ,& x is probable t _m pa9t]s d n s di/+ui% _! arti/ic po9t ( view f _! human po9t ( view4 ,b consci\sly or unconsci\sly ! pa9t] does ?9k 9 ^! t]ms ( color1 l9e1 & mass :5 he is work+ out 8 picture2 & :e!r he admits x to himself or n1 ^! *>act]i/ics are ! great influ5c+ facts 9 8 judgm5t ( pictures1 z well z 9 ! gr[? & p]man5cy ( 8 own fame4 ,t is :y a great popul> reputation dies s rapidly 9 _m in/ances4 ,! /hetic qualities ( ! man's "w are ! only ones :i* c insure a p]man5t reputation = t "w2 = ! art ( pa9t+ is fundam5tally /hetic1 & no?+ ext]nal to t c give x an arti/ic value4 ,)\t t its popul>ity & fame are only matt]s ( accid5tal co9cid5ce ) popul> ta/e4 ,if a pa9t] is really great 9 ! p[] ( conception & ( expression ( any ( ! great /hetic elem5ts1 8 "w w be p]man5tly great4 ,x w be ackn[l$g$ to be s by ! cons5sus ( ! _w's op9ion 9 ! long run2 no?+ else c make x s1 & no?+ b oblit]ation c prev5t x4 ,i am explicit 9 /at+ ^! ideas1 n because ,i expect t y w le>n f ?is book to be a great ma/] ( ! /hetic1 b because ,i am assur$ t y c nev] be a pa9t] unless y und]/& a pa9t]'s true problems4 ,y mu/ be able to "k a good picture 9 ord] to make a good picture1 & h[ev] little y try =1 y\r "w w be ! bett] = hav+ a pa9t]'s way ( look+ at a pa9t]'s "w4 ,! te*nical problems are ! control ( ! mat]ials ( expression4 ,! pa9t] mu/ h t control4 ,! /ud5t's bus9ess is to atta9 t control1 & !n he has ! means to convey 8 ideas4 ,b ^? ideas1 if he be a true pa9t]1 are n ideas ( hi/ory or ( fiction1 b ideas ( l9e & mass & color1 & ( _! comb9ations4 ,! ,color ,s5se4--,!re=e color is a ?+ to be /riv5 = = its own sake4 ,good color is a value 9 itself4 ,y may n h ! g5ius to be a good colori/1 b y ne$ n be a bad "o2 = ! color s5se c be def9itely acquir$4 ,i w n say t color initiative c always be acquir$2 b ! p[] to p]ceive & to judge good color c be1 & x w g f> t[>ds ! mak+ ( a good pa9t]1 ev5 ( a great "o4 ,i knew "o pa9t] :o came ne> to greatness1 & ne> to greatness z a colori/1 :o 9 twelve ye>s tra9$ 8 eye & feel+ f a v inf]ior p]ception ( color to ! p[] :i*1 z ,i say1 came ne> to greatness4 ,he 0 an able pa9t] & a well-tra9$ "o be=e t2 b 9 ?is direction he 0 defici5t1 & he delib]ately set ab\t x to educate t side ( himself1 ) ! result ,i h /at$4 ,h[ did he d x8 ,simply by recogniz+ :]e he ne$$ tra9+1 & work+ con/antly f nature to p]ceive f9e di/9ctions ( tone2 & by c>eful & sev]e self-criticism4 ,summ] aft] summ] he w5t out-doors & work$ ) colors & canvas to /udy out c]ta9 problems4 ,e ye> he set himself ma9ly "o problem to solve4 ,?is ye> x might be lum9osity2 next x might be ! dom9ation ( a c]ta9 color2 ano!r ye> ! j discrim9ation ( tones--& he became a mo/ exquisite colori/4 ,s1 z ,i knew 8 "w be=e & aft] ?is self-tra9+1 & z ,i "k p]sonally ( ! means he took to atta9 8 purpose1 ,i ?9k ,i c speak positively ( ! fact t su* developm5t ( ! color s5se is possible4 ,ta/e4--,x is well to rememb] t ta/e 9 color is n dep5d5t on p]sonal judgm5t alone2 t :at is good & :at is bad 9 color does n re/ on m]e op9ion4 ,t a good colori/'s idea ( color does n agree ) y\r own is n a matt] ( m]e :im or lik+1 9 :i* y h q z good a "r to y\r op9ion z he has to 84 ,! colori/1 x is true1 does n produce or judge ( color by rule4 ,he works f 8 feel+ ( :at is "r4 ,b !re is a law back ( 8 ta/e & feel+4 ,! laws ( color h>mony are def9ite1 & h be5 def9itely /udi$ & def9itely calculat$4 ,color dep5ds = its exi/5ce on waves ( vibration ( rays ( light1 j z s\nd is dep5d5t on s\nd waves4 ,color ,waves4--,^! waves ( light give s5sations ( color :i* v>y ) ! rapidity or l5g? ( ! wave1 & c]ta9 comb9ations ( wave l5g?s w be h>moni\s 7beautiful71 & o!rs w n be4 ,?is is a matt] ( sci5tific fact2 x is n a notion4 ,! ma!matical relations ( color waves h be5 calculat$ z accurately z ! relations ( s\nd waves h be54 ,x is possible to make comb9ations ( ma!matical figures :i* %all repres5t a s]ies ( h>moni\s color waves4 ,& x is possible to measure ! waves radiat$ f a piece ( bad color+ & prove !m1 ma!matically1 to be bad color4 ,x is a satisfaction to ! arti/ to "k t ?is is s2 because al?\gh he w nev] compose color-s*emes by ! aid ( ma!matics1 x gives him solid gr\nd to /& on1 & x dim9i%es ! assurance ( ! man :o claims ! "r to ass]t 8 op9ion on color because "o man's ta/e is z good z ano!r's4 ,x is also enc\rag+ to ! /ud5t to "k x1 because he !n kn[s t !re is a def9ite k1 & n a p]sonal idiosyncrasy1 on :i* he c f\nd 8 attempts to cultivate ?is side ( 8 arti/ic life4 ,color ,composition4--,! arti/'s problem 9 color composition is analog\s to t ( l9e & mass1 b is ( c\rse gov]n$ by conditions peculi> to x4 ,! qualities :i* d]ive f l9e & mass are emphasiz$ or modifi$ by ! managem5t ( color 9 relation to !m4 ,! pa9t] 9 ?is direction uses ! ?ree elem5ts toge!r4 ,contra/ & acc5t are attributes ( color4 ,dignity & weight1 z well z c]ta9 emotional qualities1 su* z vivacity & sombr5ess1 may give ! key to ! picture 9 accordance ) ! arrangem5t ( its color-s*eme4 ,! mass may be simplifi$ & /r5g!n$1 or brok5 up & light5$1 by ! color ( ! =ms 9 x4 ,by mass+ gr\ps ( objects 9 ! same color1 or by introduc+ diff]5t colors 9 ! diff]5t =ms 9 ! same gr\p1 ! mass is emphasiz$ or weak5$4 ,s 9 l9e1 ! same color 9 repetition w c>ry ! l9e ?r\gh a s]ies ( o!rwise isolat$ =ms1 & effect ! emphasis ( l9e4 ,masses c be /rung into l9e1 l beads1 on a ?read ( color4 ,9 ! great compositions ( ! old ,v5etian pa9t]s ?is m>%all+ ( color gr\ps con/itut$ a pr9cipal elem5t4 ,! decorative unity ( ^! great canvases c\ld h be5 possible 9 no o!r way4 ,z ,i h said1 ! key ( ! color-s*eme has a direct emotional effect1 s add+ to ! p[] & dignity or ! grace & lightsom5ess ( ! composition4 ,! analogy betwe5 color & imag9ation is m>k$4 ,c]ta9 temp]am5ts in/9ctively express _! ideals ?r\gh color4 ,to ! pa9t] color may be an all-influ5c+ p[]2 x is ! glory ( pa9t+4 ,draw+ appeals to ! intellect1 b color speaks directly to ! emotions1 & conveys at a glance ! idea :i* is re-en=c$ ?r\gh ! sl[] intellectual p]ception ( ! mean+ ( =ms4 ,9 "s unexpla9$ way x expresses to ! obs]v] ! temp]am5tal mood2 ! joy\sness1 ! sev]ity or agitation :i* 0 ! cause ( its conception4 ,9 ?is /range b direct mann] ! color note aids ! expression by l9e & mass ( ! /hetic emotion :i* is ! mean+ ( ! pa9t]'s ?\ght4 ,key4--,! key1 !n1 is an important "p ( ! picture4 ,! v t]ms w>m & cold appli$ to colors sugge/ :at may be done by color arrangem5t4 ,! pit* ( ! picture places x1 9 ! emotional scale4 ,tone4--,tone is h>mony2 ! p]fect balance ( color 9 all p>ts ( ! picture4 ,f9e color always means ! pres5ce1 9 all ! color ( ! picture1 ( all ! ?ree prim>ies 9 great] or less proportion4 ,leave "o color out 9 "s proportion1 & y h j s mu* less ( a balance4 ,i d n mean t "s t\* may n be pure color4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! :ole picture may be built up ( t\*es ( pure color4 ,b ! balance ( color mu/ be made !n by t\*es ( ! diff]5t colors balanc+ ea* o!r1 n only all ov] ! picture1 b 9 ea* "p ( x1 to avoid crudity or ov]-proportion ( any color4 ,g5]ally ! color s*eme is dom9at$ by "s "o color3 :i* means t e t\* ( color on ! canvas is modifi$ to "s ext5t by ! pres5ce ( t color1 keep+ ! :ole 9 key4 ,ea* color reta9s its p]sonal quality1 b ! quality ( ! dom9ant color is felt 9 x4 ,false ,tone4--,?is is n to be atta9$ by pa9t+ ! picture reg>dless ( color relations1 & !n glaz+ or scumbl+ "s color all ov] ! :ole4 ,?is is ! false tone ( "s ( ! old] hi/orical pa9t]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( ! e>li] "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,!y pa9t$ ! picture1 & !n j be=e exhibit+ x ton$ x by glaz+ x all ov] ) a l>ge bru% & "s transp>5t pigm5t1 g5]ally bitum54 ,?is did1 9 fact1 br+ ! picture 9 tone aft] a fa%ion4 ,b x is n a colori/'s me?od4 ,x is ! rule ( ?umb me?od ( a false te*nique & a vici\s color s5se4 ,true tone is n some?+ put onto ! picture aft] x is pa9t$4 ,x is an inh]5t "p ( its color conception1 & is work$ into x :ile ! picture is be+ pa9t$1 & gr[s to p]fection ) ! gr[? ( ! picture4 ,x is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! picture4 ,x is ! dom9ant balance ( color qualities2 ! result ( a p]fect appreciation ( ! value ( e color spot :i* goes to ! expression ( ! arti/'s ?\ght4 ,9 "o s5se x is ! same z atmosph]e 9 t ! tonality ( ! picture is ! atmosph]e :i* p]vades x4 ,x may p]haps be be/ describ$ by say+ t x is t comb9ation ( color :i* gives to ! picture ! effect ( e object & "p 9 x hav+ be5 se5 "u ! same conditions ( atmosph]e2 hav+ be5 se5 at ! same "t1 ) ! same modification1 & ) ! same degree & quality ( light vibration4 ,tone is color value z di/+ui%$ f value z degree ( p[] z light & %ade2 & 9 ?is is ! p]fection ( subtlety ( color feel+4 ,tone ,pa9t]s & ,colori/s4--,"s pa9t]s h be5 call$ tone pa9t]s1 :ile o!rs h be5 call$ colori/s2 n t tone pa9t]s are n colori/s1 b t !re is a diff]5ce4 ,x is a diff]5ce ( aim1 a diff]5ce ( desire4 ,^? pa9t]s :o are usually call$ colori/s1 l ,titian & ,rub5s1 are 9 love ) ! ri*ness & p[] ( ! color gamut4 ,!y are full ( ! spl5dor ( color4 ,!y pa9t 9 full key1 h[ev] balanc$ ! canvas4 ,ea* note ( color tells = its full p[]4 ,_! /op is ! op5 diapason1 & _! h>mony is ! h>mony ( l>ge int]vals & full *ords4 ,! tone pa9t] deals ) close int]vals4 ,he is 9 love ) subtle h>monies4 ,:at he loves is ! ess5ce ( ! color quality1 & n its spl5dor4 ,) ! close/ range he c give all possible half-tones & %ades & modulations ( color1 yet nev] exce$ ! gray note p]haps2 nev] once g to ! full ext5t ( 8 palette-p[]4 ,! utmo/ delicacy ( p]ception & feel+1 & ! mo/ p]fect comm& ( mat]ials & ( values1 are necess>y to su* a pa9t]4 ,above all1 is he ! pa9t]'s pa9t]1 = ! inf9ite subtlety & ! exquisit5ess ( p[] are 84 ,& yet ?is is ! ?+ lea/ appreciat$ by ! lay m9d1 ! mo/ difficult to encompass1 & requir+ ! mo/ k to appreciate4 ,sci5tific ,color4--,to ! sci5ti/ color is simply ! irritation ( ! n]ves ( ! ret9a ( ! eye by ! waves ( light4 ,diff]5t wave l5g?s give diff]5t color s5sations4 ,x is ! g5]ally accept$ !ory n[ t !re are ?ree prim>y s5sations2 t is1 t ! eye is s5sitive to ?ree k9ds ( color1 & t all o!r %ades & v>ieties ( color are ! results ( m+l+ or ov]lapp+ ( ! waves :i* produce ^? ?ree colors1 & irritat+ m or less ! n]ves s5sitive to ea* color simultane\sly4 ,^! ?ree prim>y colors are n[ /at$ to be r$1 blue1 & gre54 ,! old] idea 0 t !y 7 r$1 blue1 & yell[2 & 0 bas$ on exp]im5ts ) pigm5ts4 ,pigm5ts d give ^! results2 = a mixture ( blue & yell[ pigm5t w give gre51 & a mixture ( r$ & gre5 pigm5t w n give yell[1 :ile ! rev]se is ! fact ) light4 ,:ite light is compos$ ( all ! colors4 ,& ! :ite light may be brok5 up 7sep>at$ by refraction or ! turn+ aside ( light rays f _! true c\rse7 into ! colors ( ! ra9b[1 :i* is itself only ?is same decomposition ( light by atmosph]ic refraction4 ,black is ! abs5ce ( light1 & consequ5tly ( color4 ,?is is n ! case ) pigm5t1 = pure pigm5t has nev] be5 produc$4 ,! pigm5t simply reflects light rays :i* fall on x2 t is1 pigm5ts h ! p[] ( absorb+1 & s r5d]+ invisible1 c]ta9 ( ! rays :i*1 comb9$1 make up ! :ite light :i* illum9es !m2 & ( transmitt+ o!rs to ! eye by reflection4 ,we see1 t is1 our n]ves ( sight are irritat$ by1 ^? rays :i* are n absorb$1 b :i* are reflect$4 ,all pigm5t is m or less absorb5t ( color rays1 & m or less reflective ( !m2 c]ta9 color rays be+ absorb$ by a pigm5t1 & c]ta9 o!r rays be+ reflect$ by x4 ,! pigm5t is nam$ accord+ to ^? rays :i* x reflects4 ,z a color-produc+ sub/ance1 !n1 ! pigm5t is practically a mirror reflect+ color rays4 ,b a true mirror w\ld reflect all rays unmodifi$4 ,if we c\ld pa9t ) mirrors1 ea* ( :i* w\ld reflect its own color unsulli$1 we c\ld d :at ! sci5ti/ does ) light2 b ! pa9t] deals ) an imp]fect mirror :i* gives no color rays back unsulli$ by rays ( ano!r class1 & s our results _c be ! same z ! sci5ti/'s4 ,s t j 9 accordance ) ! degree ( purity ( transmitt+ p[] ( a pigm5t w be ! purity ( ! color :i* we get by its use4 ,b absolute purity ( pigm5t we _c get1 s we _c deal ) x z we d ) light1 & we deal ) a practical fact r ?an a sci5tific fact1 z pa9t]s4 ,prim>ies & ,second>ies4--,z all ! o!r %ades ( color are produc$ by ! comb9ations 7ov]-lapp+s7 ( ! waves or vibrations 9 ! light rays f ! prim>y colors1 we h a s]ies ( colors call$ second>ies1 because !y are made up ( ! rays ( any two ( ! ?ree prim>ies3 z purple1 :i* is a comb9ation ( blue & r$4 ,:5 deal+ ) light ! second>ies are3 %ades ( violet & purple f r$ & blue2 %ades ( orange r$1 orange1 orange yell[1 yell[1 & yell[i% gre5 f r$ & gre52 & blui% gre5 & gre5i% blue f blue & gre5--! "* ( ! color be+ decid$ by ! proportions ( ! prim>ies 9 ! mixture4 ,^! conclusions h be5 rea*$ ma9ly ?r\gh exp]im5ts 9 :ite light4 ,! prim>ies s obta9$ d n hold good ) pigm5t1 z ,i h /at$1 b ! pr9ciples d4 ,x w avoid confusion if ,i speak h]eaft] ( ! comb9ations z !y occur ) pigm5t1 x be+ borne 9 m9d t x is a practical fact t we are deal+ ) r ?an a sci5tific "o4 ,9 deal+ ) pigm5t ! prim>ies are r$1 blue1 & yell[1 n gre54 ,( c\rse ! second>ies are also *ang$2 & we h purple & violet %ades f r$ & blue1 orange f r$ & yell[1 & gre5 f blue & yell[--all ( :i* v>y 9 %ade ) ! proportion ( ! mixture ( ! prim>ies1 z is ! case ) light4 ,t]ti>ies4--,ano!r class ( %ades or colors is call$ t]ti>y1 or ?ird2 = !y are mixtures ( all ! ?ree prim>ies1 or ( a prim>y ) a second>y :i* does n result f mixture ) t prim>y4 ,t]ti>ies are all grays1 & grays are practically always t]ti>ies4 ,if y keep ?is 9 m9d z a te*nical fact1 x w help y 9 managem5t ( color4 ,grays are1 to ! pa9t]1 always comb9ations ( color :i* include ! ?ree prim>ies4 ,! usual idea is t gray is m or less ( a negation ( color4 ,?is is n s4 ,gray is ! balanc+ ( all color1 s t any true h>mony ( color1 h[ev] ri* x may be1 is always quiet 9 effect z a :ole2 t is1 grayi%--good color is nev] g>i%4 ,x is v important t ! pa9t] %\ld und]/& ?is *>act]i/ic ( color4 ,y _c be too famili> ) ! managem5t ( grays4 ,if y try to make y\r grays ) negative colors1 y w n produce h>moni\s color1 b negative color1 & negative color is only a %irk+ ( ! true problem4 ,grays made ( mixtures ( pure colors1 balanc+s ( prim>ies & second>ies1 t is1 modifications ( ! t]ti>ies1 are q z quiet 9 effect & q z beautiful z any1 b !y are also m lum9\s2 !y are live color in/ead ( dead color4 ,grays made by mix+ black ) ev]y?+ are ! rev]se1 & %\ld n be us$ except :5 y use black z a color 7:i* x is 9 pigm5t71 giv+ a c]ta9 color quality to ! gray t results f x4 ,complem5t>y ,colors4--,two colors are said to be complem5t>y to ea* o!r :5 !y toge!r conta9 ! ?ree prim>ies 9 equal /r5g?4 ,gre51 = in/ance1 is ! complem5t>y ( r$1 = x conta9s yell[ & blue2 orange 7yell[ & r$7 is complem5t>y to blue2 & purple 7r$ & blue7 is complem5t>y to yell[4 ,! k ( complem5ts ( colors is v important to ! pa9t]1 = all ! effects ( color contra/ & color h>mony are due to ?is4 ,complem5t>y colors1 9 mass1 side by side1 contra/4 ,! greate/ possible contra/ is t ( ! complem5t>ies4 ,complem5t>y colors mix$1 or s plac$ t small portions ( !m are side by side1 z 9 hat*+ or /ippl+1 give ! t]ti>ies or grays by ! mix+ ( ! rays4 ,! ,law ( ,color ,contra/4--,:5 two dissimil> colors are plac$ 9 contiguity1 !y are always modifi$ 9 su* a mann] z to increase _! dissimil>ity4 ,w>m & ,cold ,colors4--,r$ & yell[ are call$ w>m colors1 & blue is call$ a cold color4 ,?is is n t ! color is really cold or w>m1 ( c\rse1 b t !y convey ! impression ( w>m? & coldness4 ,x is ma9ly due to association probably1 = ^? ?+s :i* are w>m conta9 a l>ge proportion ( yell[ or r$1 & ^? :i* are cold conta9 m blue4 ,!re is a pr$om9ance ( cold color 9 w9t] & ( ! w>m colors 9 summ]4 ,f ! prim>ies v>i\s degrees ( w>m? & coldness *>act]ize ! second>ies & t]ti>ies1 z !y conta9 m or less proportionately ( ! w>m or cold prim>ies4 ,9 contra/+ colors ^! qualities h great effect4 ,color ,juxtaposition4--,9 /udy+ ! facts ( color contra/ & color juxtaposition y w f9d t two pigm5ts1 if mix$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 w h "o effect2 & ! same pigm5ts 9 ! same proportions1 mix$ n by /irr+ !m into "o mass1 b by lay+ sep>ate spots or l9es ( ! pigm5t side by side1 produce q ano!r4 ,! ga9 9 brilliancy by ! latt] mode ( mix+ is great1 because y h mix$ ! color rays1 :i* are really light rays1 in/ead ( mix+ ! pigm5t z 9 ! usual way4 ,y h really mix$ ! color by mix+ light z f> z x is possible to d x ) pigm5t4 ,y h tak5 advantage ( all ! light reflect+ p[] ( ! pigm5t on :i* ! color effect dep5ds4 ,ea* pigm5t1 be+ ne>ly pure1 reflects ! rays ( color peculi> to x1 unaffect$ by ! neutraliz+ effect ( ano!r color mix$ ) x2 :ile ! neutraliz+ p[] ( ! o!r color be+ side by side ) x1 ! waves or vibrations ( ! color rays bl5d by ov]lapp+ z !y come side by side to ! eye2 & s ! color1 made up ( ! two waves z !y bl5d1 is s mu* m vibrant & full ( life4 ,yell[ & ,purple4--,x is ?is pr9ciple :i* is ! cause ( ! peculi>ity 9 ! te*nique ( c]ta9 ,impressioni/ pa9t]s4 ,! yell[ lights & purple %ad[s is only plac+ by ! side ( a color t color :i* w be mo/ effective 9 =c+ its note4 ,brilliancy is :at ^! m5 are aft]1 & !y get x by ! /udy ( ! law ( color contra/ & color juxtaposition4 ,! effect ( complem5t>ies 9 color contra/ is :at y mu/ /udy = ?is1 = ! !ory ( x4 ,= ! practice ( x1 /udy c>efully & fai?fully ! actual colors 9 nature1 & try to see :at are ! real notes1 :at ! really compon5t colors1 ( any color contra/ or light contra/ :i* y see4 ,purple %ad[s & yell[ light re-en=c+ ea* o!r y w f9d to exi/ con/antly 9 nature4 ,ref9e y\r color p]ception1 & y w be able to get ! result )\t ! obvi\sness ( ! means :i* has br\ght d[n ! condemnation on x4 ,clos] /udy ( ! relations is ! way to f9d ! art ( conceal+ art4 ,b yell[ & purple are n ! only complem5t>ies4 ,all ?r\gh ! range ( color1 ! second>ies & t]ti>ies z well z ! prim>ies1 ?is pr9ciple ( complem5t plays a "p4 ,!re is no color effect y c use 9 pa9t+ :i* does n h to d1 m or less1 ) ! plac+ ( ! complem5t>y color 9 mass1 to emphasize2 or mix$ ?r\gh to neutralize1 ! =ce ( x4 ,tra9 y\r eyes to see :at ! color is :i* makes ! effect4 ,analyze x1 see ! p>ts 9 ! ?+1 s t y may get ! ?+ 9 ! same way1 if y w\ld get x ( ! same =ce z 9 nature4 ,practical ,color4--,all ^! !oretical ideas z to color h _! relation to ! actual h&l+ ( pigm5t1 :i* is ! craft ( ! pa9t]4 ,! facts ( contra/+ & h>moniz+ color relation h a practical be>+ on ! pa9t]'s "w1 bo? 9 :at he is to express & h[ he is to d x2 z to 8 conception ( a picture & 8 repres5tation ( facts4 ,9 8 conception he mu/ deal ) ! possibilities ( effect ( color on color4 ,! p[] ( "o color to /r5g!n ! p]sonal hue ( ano!r1 or its p[] to modify t hue1 is a fact be>+ on :e!r ! color 9 ! picture is ! true image ( ! color he has se5 9 8 m9d4 ,9 ! same degree mu/ ?is possibility affect 8 repres5tation ( actual objects4 ,! greate/ possibilities ( lum9osity 9 sunlight or atmosph]ic effects come f ! p[] to produce vibration by cool contra/$ ) w>m color4 ,y w f9d t a r$ is n s ri* 9 any position z :5 y place its complem5t>y ne> x4 ,at times y w f9d x impossible to get ! snap & sp>kle to a sc>let--_c make x c>ry1 _c make x felt 9 y\r picture z y want x )\t plac+ a t\* ( purple1 p]haps1 j beside x2 to place ne> by a d>k] note w n h ! same effect4 ,x is ! contra/ ( color vibration1 n ! contra/ ( light & %ade1 :i* gives ! life4 ,& at ! same "t t y enhance ! brilliancy ( ! sev]al notes ( color 9 ! picture1 y h>monize ! :ole4 ,= ! mosaic ( color spots all ov] ! canvas br+s ab\t ! balance ( color 9 ! composition1 & h>mony is ! result4 ,/udy ,relations4--,y mu/ con/antly /udy ! actual relations ( color 9 nature4 ,y w f9d1 if y look = x1 t always1 j :]e 9 art y w\ld ne$ a t\* ( ! complem5t>y = /r5g? or = h>mony1 nature has put x !re4 ,%e does x s subtly t only a close obs]v] w\ld suspect x4 ,b ! ?+ is !re1 & x is y\r bus9ess to be ! close obs]v] :o sees x1 bo? = y\r tra9+ z a colori/1 & y\r use z an int]pret] ( nature's beauties4 ,x is y\r bus9ess to see subtly1 = nature uses colors subtly4 ,! note sp>kles 9 nature1 b y d n notice ! complem5t>y color ne> x4 ,c y n also place ! complem5t>y color s t x is n se51 b its influ5ce on ! important color is felt8 ,x is by se>*+ out ^! f9esses ( nature t y tra9 y\r eye4 ,y mu/ actually see ^! colors4 ,at fir/ y may only "k t !y mu/ be !re because ! effect is !re4 ,b y\r eye is capable ( actually recogniz+ !m !mselves1 & y are no pa9t] till x c4 ,! !oretical k is & %\ld be a help to y1 b ! actual p[] ( sight is mo/ important4 ,a pa9t] may use !oretical k to help 8 self-tra9+1 b p[] ( eye he mu/ h z ! result ( t tra9+4 ,! in/antane\s recognition ( facts & relations1 ! imm$iate & p]fect union ( eye & ?\ght1 are :at make t intuitive p]ception :i* is ! true feel+ ( ! arti/4 ,"w ?is out ) eye & palette4 ,/udy ! color & its relation 9 nature1 & /udy its analogy 9 ! pigm5t t\*es on ! canvas4 ,! ,palette4--,y try to atta9 nature's effects ( light ) pigm5t4 ,pigm5t is less pure ?an light4 ,y _c h ! same scale1 ! same range1 b y mu/ d ! be/ y c1 & ! arrangem5t ( y\r palette w help y4 ,z y h n a p]fect blue1 a p]fect r$1 & a p]fect yell[1 y mu/ h two colors = "o4 ,y\r pa9ts w always be m or less impurely prim>y4 ,no "o r$ w make a pure purple ) blue1 & an equally pure orange ) yell[4 ,yet pure purple & pure orange y mu/ be able to make4 ,h1 !n1 bo? a yell[i% or orange r$ & a blui% or purpli% r$ on y\r palette4 ,d ! same ) blue & yell[4 ,9 ?is way y c n only get approximately pure second>ies :5 y ne$ !m1 b ! prim>ies !mselves lean some:at t[>ds ! second>ies1 s t y c make v delicate comb9ations ) pure colors4 ,a blui% yell[ & a yell[i% blue1 = in/ance1 w make a r positive gre54 ,by us+ a r$di% yell[ & a blui% or purpli% r$1 y practically br+ 9 ! r$ note1 & make a gray] gre5 :ile /ill us+ only two pigm5ts4 ,s1 too1 y get simil> control ( effects by ! use ( opaque or transp>5t pigm5ts1 ! transp>5t ones t5d+ to ri*ness1 ! opaque to dulness ( color4 ,v>i\s processes 9 ! mann] ( lay+ on pa9t br+ ab\t ^! diff]5t qualities1 & w be spok5 ( 9 ! *apt] on ,processes4 ,classify y\r pigm5ts 9 y\r m9d 9 accordance ) ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,?9k ( ! o*res1 = in/ance1 z ma9ly opaque1 & z yell[s t5d+ to ! r$di%4 ,) any blue !y make gray gre5s because ( ! latt] quality1 & !y make gray oranges ) r$ because ( ! dulness ( _! opacity & body4 ,= ri*] gre5s ?9k ( ! light] *romes & cadmium yell[s or citrons2 & = ! ri*] oranges1 ! deep] cadmiums & *romes4 ,) r$s1 "w ! same way1 sc>let or orange v]milions = "o side ( ! scale1 & ! ,*9ese or blui% v]milion on ! o!r side4 ,! deep] & heavi] r$s fall 9 l9e ! same way4 ,indian r$ is blui%1 light r$ & ,v5etian r$ are yell[i%4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,practical ,,application ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,repres5tation ,al?\gh mu* has be5 said ab\t ! !oretical & ab/ract side ( pa9t+1 & ! importance ( ! /hetic elem5ts 9 art h be5 insi/$ ^u1 x is n to be suppos$ = a mom5t t pa9t+ does n deal ) actual ?+s4 ,all pa9t+ :i* is n purely conv5tional mu/ deal ) & repres5t nature & natural facts4 ,^! are ! body ( ! picture2 ! /hetic elem5ts are ! he>t ( x4 ,i believe t x is important t y %\ld "k t !re is t side to pa9t+1 & %\ld h "s insight into x2 t y %\ld see t !re is some?+ else to ?9k ( ?an ! imitation ( natural objects4 ,i w\ld h y ?9k m nobly ( pa9t+ ?an to believe t ! greate/ imitation is ! greate/ art4 ,b5ea? ! imitation ( ! obvi\s facts ( nature are ! deep] facts & tru?s1 & 9 & ?r\gh ^! may y express ^? qualities ( intellectual creation by means ( :i* only1 pa9t+ is n a craft1 b an art4 ,b = all t1 pa9t+ does1 & always mu/1 deal ) ^? obvi\s facts2 & h[ev] mu* y may give y\r m9d to ! problems ( composition & color1 y mu/ base x on a f\ndation ( ability to repres5t :at y see4 ,repres5t well ! ext]nal objects1 & y are 9 a position to int]pret ! _s ( !m4 ,= z nature only manife/s h] inn] _s ?r\gh h] outw>d =ms & facts1 y mu/ be able to pa9t ^! well be=e y c d any?+ else4 ,! intellectual action :i* p]ceives & con/ructs is ! art1 ! skill :i* repres5ts & reproduces is ! sci5ce1 ( pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ is ! art ( expression 9 color4 ,! fact ( color r ?an =m is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,! use ( pigm5t r ?an o!r mat]ials is impli$ 9 its "n4 ,!re=e ! sci5ce ( pa9t+ deals ) ! mat]ials ) :i* to produce on canvas all mann] ( visible color comb9ations2 & ^? processes ( manipulation :i* make possible ! repres5tation ( all ! facts ( color & light1 ( sub/ance & texture1 ?r\gh :i* nature manife/s h]self4 ,x is n en\gh to h ! pigm5t1 nor ev5 t x %\ld get itself onto ! canvas4 ,diff]5t *>act]i/ics call = diff]5t managem5t ( pa9t4 ,lum9osity ( light & sombr5ess ( %ad[ w n be express$ by ! same color1 put on 9 ! same way4 ,diff]5t =ms & surfaces & objects dem& diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! sci5ce ( pa9t+ mu/ deal ) all ^!4 ,x has be5 said t !re are z _m ways ( pa9t+ z !re are pa9t]s4 ,c]ta9ly !re are z _m ways z !re are m5 ( any orig9ality4 ,= h[ev] a pa9t] has be5 tra9$1 :atev] ! me?ods :i* he has be5 taught to use1 he w always *ange !m1 m or less1 9 adapt+ !m to 8 own purposes4 ,& z ! ma9 int5t ( ! art ( an epo* or p]iod diff]s f t ( a previ\s "o1 s ! mann] ( lay+ on pa9t w *ange to meet ! ne$s ( t diff]5ce4 ,! mann] ( pa9t+ to-day is v diff]5t f t ( o!r times4 ,"s ( ! old processes are look$ ^u by ! mod]n man z q b5ea? 8 recognition4 ,yet ^! same me?ods are necess>y to c]ta9 qualities1 & if ! mod]n man does n use or approve ( ^? me?ods1 x is because he is n especially int]e/$ 9 ! qualities :i* !y are necess>y to4 ,!re is probably no "o /atem5t :i* all fair-m9d$ pa9t]s w m will+ly acquiesce 91 ?an "o :i* affirms t ! me?od by :i* ! result is atta9$ is unimportant1 provid$ t ! result is atta9$1 & t x is "o wor? atta9+4 ,e man w1 :e!r x is "r or n1 use ^? me?ods :i* mo/ surely & completely br+ ab\t ! expression ( ! ?+ he wi%es to express4 ,9 ! face ( ?is fact1 & ( ! _m ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces1 e "o ( :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 defiance ( "s rule "s "t or o!r alleg$ to be ! only "r "o1 x is n possible to prescribe or proscribe any?+ 9 ! direction ( ! manipulation ( colors4 ,! result mu/ be "r1 & if x is1 x ju/ifies ! means4 ,if x be n "r1 ! ?+ is wor?less1 no matt] h[ p]fectly accord+ to rule ! process may be4 ,z ,hunt said1 ,:at d ,i c>e ab\t ! gramm> if y've got some?+ to say8 ,! important ?+ is to say some?+1 & if y d really say some?+1 & d really completely & precisely express x1 z f> z a pa9t] is conc]n$ x w be grammatical4 ,if n to-day1 ! gramm> w come r\nd to x to-morr[4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] is report$ to h answ]$ to a criticism on grammatical slips 9 ! heat ( eloqu5ce1 ,"y man1 if ! ,engli% language gets 9 ! way ( ! expression ( my ?\ght1 s mu* ! worse = ! ,engli% language6 ,9 pa9t+1 at any rate1 ! complete expression ( ?\ght is grammatical1 & if n1 s mu* ! worse = ! gramm>ians4 ,try ,ev]y?+4--,"k1 !n1 all y c ab\t all ! ways ( manipulat+ pa9t t h ev] be5 us$4 ,use any or all ( ^? ways z y f9d !m ne$ful or helpful4 ,!re is none :i* has n ! au?ority ( a ma/] beh9d x1 & ?\gh ano!r ma/] may decry x1 x is because1 be+ a ma/]1 he claims ! v "r he d5ies to y4 ,exp]im5t ) all2 b nev] use any me?od = ! sake ( ! me?od1 b only = :at x is capable ( do+ = y 9 help+ expression4 ,safety4--,! only real rule z to :at to use & :at n1 applies to ! effect on ! p]man5ce ( y\r canvas4 ,nev] use pigm5ts :i* w fade2 nor 9 su* a way t !y w cause o!rs to fade4 ,avoid all su* us+ ( mat]ials z y "k w make y\r picture crack1 or 9 any o!r way br+ ab\t its det]ioration4 ,good ,pa9t+4--,b = all ,i h j said1 !re is an ackn[l$g$ basis ( :at is good pa9t+4 ,if any man or s*ool lays on pa9t 9 a frank1 direct way1 gett+ ! effect by %e] =ce ( putt+ on ! "r color 9 j ! "r place1 ) no tricks nor affectations1 t is good pa9t+2 & ! m simple1 direct1 & frank ! mann] ( h&l+1 ! bett] ! pa9t+4 ,let u und]/& :at direct pa9t+ is fir/1 & !n consid] v>ieties ( h&l+4 ,= :atev] may be ! subsequ5t manipulations1 ! picture is g5]ally laid 9 ) ! mo/ direct possible mann] ( lay+ on pa9t1 & ! o!r processes are ma9ly to modify or to fur!r & /r5g!n ! effect sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ pa9t+4 ,& g5]ally1 also1 9 all sket*es & /udies :i* are prelim9>y prep>ations = ! picture1 ! mo/ direct pa9t+ is us$1 & ! v>i\s processes are res]v$ = work+ out m subtle effects on ! f9al canvas4 ,old ,dut* ,pa9t+4--,probably !re are no bett] examples ( frank pa9t+ ?an ! works ( ! old ,dut*m54 ,y %\ld /udy !m :5ev] y h a *ance4 ,waiv+ all discussion z to ! /hetic qualities ( _! "w1--z pa9t]s1 z ma/]s ( ! craft ( lay+ on pa9t1 !y are unexcell$4 ,& 9 mo/ cases1 too1 !y possess$ ! art ( conceal+ _! art4 ,y w h to use ! close/ obs]vation to discov] ! exact means !y us$ to get ! subtle tones & atmosph]ic effects4 ,! only obvi\s quality is ! p]fect und]/&+ & skill ( _! bru%-"w4 ,9 ! smoo!/ z well z 9 ! r\ghe/ ( _! "w1 y c note h[ p]fectly ! bru% se>*es ! modell+1 & ) ! mo/ exquisite expressiv5ess & p]fect frankness1 foll[s ! /ructural l9es4 ,no d\bt !re 7 (t5 pa9t+s1 glaz+s1 & scumbl+s2 b !y always fur!r$ ! mean+ ( ! fir/ pa9t+1 & nev] 9 ! lea/ int]f]$ ) or obscur$ ! effect ( navet1 ( c&or ( workman%ip4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ?is simple & s9c]e bru%-"w t y %\ld /rive to atta9 z ! basis ( y\r pa9t+4 ,le>n to express draw+ ) y\r bru%1 & to place at once & )\t indecision or timidity ! exact tone & value ( ! color y see 9 nature at t po9t4 ,until y are en\gh ( a ma/] ( y\r bru% to get an effect 9 ?is way1 d n m$dle ) ! m complex me?ods ( aft]-pa9t+4 ,y w nev] d good "w by subsequ5t manipulation1 if y h a gr\ndwork ( feebl5ess & indecision4 ,direct pa9t+ is ! fundam5tal process ( all good pa9t+4 ,let me take ! type ( old ,dut* pa9t+ to repres5t to y ?is quality ( direct pa9t+4 ,fir/ ( all notice a basis ( p]fect draw+1--a k1 exactness1 & precision :i* admits ( no fumbl+1 no vagu5ess1 b only ( a concise & direct recognition ( /ructure4 ,note t ?is draw+ is z *>act]i/ic ( ! bru%-"w z ( ! draw+ :i* is "u x4 ,obs]ve t ! h&l+ ( ! :ole s*ool1 f ! lea/ to ! greate/1 is f\nd$ on a simil> & p]fect craftsman%ip1--! same use ( mat]ials2 ! same delib]at5ess2 ! same simple yet ample palette2 ! same use ( solid color c&idly express+ ! planes ( modell+1 freely foll[+ ! l9es ( /ructure2 ! abs5ce ( affectation or inv5tion ( individual means4 ,:atev] ! individuality ( ! arti/1 x re/s on some?+ else ?an diff]5ce ( te*nique4 ,f ! free/ & mo/ direct ( pa9t]s1 ,frans ,hals1 to ! mo/ smoo? & detail$1 ,g]>d ,d\1 ! directness & +5u\sness ( means to ends is ! same1 & f\nd$ on ! same te*nical basis ( color manipulation4 ,! "o is m eag]1 t]se1 ! o!r m delib]ate & complete2 b bo? use ! same pigm5ts1 bo? use ! same solid color1 are simple1 lucid1 bo? occupi$ solely ) ! ?+ to be express$1 & ! lea/ degree 9 ! _w ) ! mann] ( x4 ,t mann] comes f ! same previ\s te*nical tra9+ :i* ea* uses 9 ! mo/ matt]-(-c\rse way1 ) only su* *ange f ! type1 z 8 temp]am5t unconsci\sly imposes on him4 ,!re is no?+ l x else:]e4 ,/udy x2 notice ! unaffect$ness ( bru%-/roke 9 ,rembr&t4 ,see h[ x is ! same z ,hals1 b less p]functory4 ,see h[ ! bru% piles up pa9t aga9 & aga9 along ! same ridge ( fle%1 tak+ no notice ( its revelation ( ! insi/5ce ( attempt at ! "r value1 nor ( its r\ghness ( surface4 ,to get t draw+ & t color 9 ! free/1 franke/1 mo/ direct way3 t is ! aim4 ,! absolute conviction ( x3 t is ! ess5ce ( ?is te*nique ( ! old ,dut* ma/]s4 ,& :atev] else x may h or may n h1 y w f9d 9 x all t y c f9d any:]e ( sugge/ion ( direct & frank & s9c]e pa9t+1 & no?+ ,i c say w give y any su* cle> idea ( :at y %\ld /rive = z ! basis ( all ! diff]5t sorts ( bru%-"w necess>y or useful 9 ! production ( an oil pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fi%] ,boy4 ,frans ,hals4 ,to %[ ! directness & sur5ess ( bru%-/roke1 & c&or & simplicity ( means1 always pres5t 9 ,dut* "w1 ?\gh nev] s free z ) ,hals4 ,detail4--,! "q ( detail may well come 9 "h4 ,h[ f> are y to c>ry detail 9 y\r pa9t+8 ,! ,dut* pa9t]s w5t to bo? extremes4 ,g]>d ,d\ work$ two weeks on a broom-h&le1 & hop$ to f9i% x 9 a few days m4 ,frans ,hals w\ld pa9t a head 9 an h\r4 ,! ,fr5* pa9t] ,meissoni] pa9ts ! high light on e button ( a troop]'s coat1 & ,de ,neuville b>ely pa9ts ! button at all4 ,:at way are y to turn8 ,:i* are y to *oose8 ,we h a great deal said n[adays aga9/ detail 9 pa9t+4 ,mu* is said ( bread? & broad pa9t+4 ,:i* is "r8 ,true ,bread?4--,! answ] lies 9 ! c5tral idea ( ! picture4 ,!re are times :5 detail may be v m9ute1 & times :5 ! greate/ fre$om is ess5tial4 ,true bread? is compatible ) mu* ev5 m9ute detail 9 ! same canvas4 ,= bread? does n mean m]ely a l>ge bru%4 ,x nev] means slap-da%4 ,x is ! j conception ( ! am\nt ( detail necess>y 7& ! am\nt necess>y to be left out7 9 ord] t ! idea ( ! picture may be be/ express$4 ,detail is out ( place 9 a l>ge canvas always1 & 9 proportion to its size x is all[able4 ,a decorative canvas1 a picture :i* is to be se5 f a di/ance1 or is to fill a wall space1 wants effect1 mu* ju/ness ( composition & color4 ,l>g5ess ( conception & execution1 & only s mu* detail z %all be necess>y to ! be/ expression compatible ) t l>g5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cab9et picture1 a small panel1 w admit ( microscopic detail if x be n s pa9t$ t ! detail is all y c see4 ,& j "h is ! he>t ( ! :ole matt]4 ,:e!r y use mu* or little detail1 x is n = ! sake ( ! detail1 n = any int]e/ :i* lies 9 ! detail itself1 b = :at p[] ( expression may lie 9 x4 ,if ! picture1 l>ge or small1 be l>gely conceiv$1 & its ma9 idea z to subject & ^? qualities ( /hetic mean+ ,i h spok5 ( are always kept 9 view1 & nev] all[$ to lose !mselves 9 ! se>* = m9ut5ess1 !n any am\nt ( detail w take its place 9 true relation to ! :ole picture4 ,if x does n d ?is x is bad4 ,! relations ( p>ts to ! :ole are ! key to ! situation always4 ,no?+ is "r :i* int]f]es ) ! true relations 9 ! picture4 ,?is is :]e ! work+ = detail is mo/ likely to lead y a/ray4 ,x takes great ability & p[] to keep detail :]e x belongs4 ,detail is always ! se>* = small ?+s1 & !y are almo/ sure to obtrude !mselves to ! neglect+ ( ! m important ?+s4 ,details :i* d n /ay 9 _! places _h bett] be left out ( ! picture4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z values 9 facts z well z o!r p>ts ( y\r "w4 ,& ?is applies to bread? z well z to detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,bo>-,hunt4 ,snyd]s4 ,to %[ relation ( detail to ! :ole picture4 ,! detail is c>ri$ f>1 yet does n int]f]e ) emphasis ( action & life4 ,! picture is broad 9 _s & effect if detail$ 9 execution4 ,g]>d ,d\ rema9s a great pa9t]1 & ev5 a broad pa9t]1 /range z x may s\nd1 9 spite ( 8 microscopic "w4 ,b only because ( 8 bread? ( eye4 ,! detail is n ! mo/ important ?+ ) him4 ,x is 9 ! picture1 & y c see x :5 y look = x4 ,b z y look at ! picture x is n pepp]$ all ov] ) p9-po9ts ( detail1 until ! picture itself _c be se54 ,e detail /ays back z x w\ld 9 nature2 loses itself 9 ! "p to :i* x belongs2 mode/ly waits to be s\ght out2 is n se5 until x is look$ =4 ,?is is broad pa9t+1 because ! ma9 ?+s are emphasiz$2 & if ! details are pa9t$ !y are se5 9 _! true relations1 & ! p[] ( ! :ole is n sacrific$ to !m4 ,) mu* or little detail1 ?is is :at is to be aim$ at4 ,:e!r ) big bru%es or little ones1 ! expression ( ! ma9 idea1 ( ! important1 ! vital ?+s1--?is is broad pa9t+1 & ?is only4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,manipulation ,premi] ,c\p4--,some?+ simil> to :at ,i h spok5 ( z direct pa9t+ has long be5 a mu*-advocat$ mann] ( pa9t+ 9 ,france1 "u ! "n ( ,premi] ,c\p2 :i* means1 translat$ lit]ally1 fir/ /roke4 ,x is taught t ! pa9t] %\ld use no aft] or ov]work+s at all2 b t he %\ld c>efully & delib]ately select ! color = 8 bru%-/roke1 & !n lay x on ! canvas at "o /roke1 ea* aft]-/roke be+ laid beside "s previ\s "o1 until ! canvas has be5 cov]$ by a mosaic ( color ea* %ade repres5t+ a s+le fir/-/roke1 ) no aft]-/roke laid ov] x to modify its effect4 ,su* a process t5ds to great delib]ation ( "w & exactness ( /udy4 ,probably no bett] ?+ 0 ev] devis$ = ! tra9+ ( ! eye & h&4 ,b x has its limits1 & is n (t5 rigidly adh]$ to 9 ! pa9t+ ( pictures2 al?\gh ! fre%1 direct effect ( ?is sort ( "w is pres]v$ z f> z possible 9 mu* mod]n ,fr5* "w1 & t quality is held 9 great e/eem4 ,?is mann] ( pa9t+ is especially useful 9 ! mak+ ( sket*es & /udies1 & leads to a /rong control ( ! bru% & ! res\rces ( ! palette4 ,9 all pa9t+ ( ?is "* ! color %\ld h body4 ,transp>5t color %\ld n be us$ alone1 b only to modify ! t9t ( ! m solid pigm5ts2 = ! transp>5t colors us$ indiscrim9ately are apt to crack1 :i* *>act]i/ic is avoid$ :5 ! heavi] color =ms ! body ( ! pa9t4 ,solid ,pa9t+4--,9 mo/ cases solid pa9t+ is ! safe/1--! lea/ likely to crack1 & ! mo/ safely clean$ f v>ni% & dirt )\t injury to ! pa9t itself4 ,x is firm] 9 "* too1 & gives m solidity ( effect to ! picture4 ,mix+4--,9 mix+ colors y %\ld be c>eful n to ov] mix4 ,don't /ir y\r pa9t4 ,too mu* mix+ takes ! life out ( ! color4 ,p>ticles ( ! pure color n too mu* brok5 up by mix+ are valuable to y\r "w1 giv+ vibration & brilliancy to x4 ,! rev]se is mudd9ess1 :i* is sure to come f too mu* fuss+ & ov]work+ ( wet pa9t4 ,don't use m ?an ?ree pigm5ts 9 "o t9t if y c help x1 & mix !m loosely4 ,if y mu/ use m colors1 mix /ill m loosely4 ,put all ! colors toge!r1 "o beside ! o!r1 drag !m toge!r ) ! bru%1 scoop !m up loosely on ! end ( x1 & lay ! t9t on freely & frankly4 ,nev] muddle ! color on ! canvas4 ,don't put "o color ov] ano!r m ?an y c help2 y w only get a ?ick mass ( pa9t ( "o k9d mix+ ) a mass ( ano!r1 & ! result w be dirty color1 :i* ( all ?+s 9 pa9t+ is mo/ useless4 ,keep ! color clean & fre%1 & h y\r bru%-/rokes firm & free4 ,nev] tap1 tap1 tap1 y\r pa9t2 make up y\r m9d :at ! color is1 & mix x z y want x4 ,decide j :]e ! t\* is to g1 & lay x on frankly & fairly1 & leave x4 ,if x isn't "r1 daub+ into x or pat-patt+ x won't help x4 ,ei!r leave x1 or mix a new color1 & lay x on aft] hav+ scrap$ ?is "o (f4 ,don't try to economize on y\r mix+4 ,a color mix$ = "o place w nev] d = ano!r1 s don't try to pa9t ano!r place ) x4 ,h ! pati5ce to proce$ sl[ly1 & mix ! color specially = ea* bru%-/roke4 ,on ! o!r h&1 don't be nigg>dly ) y\r pa9t4 ,don't use less pa9t ?an y ne$4 ,mix an ample bru%ful & put x on2 !n mix ano!r1 & use judgm5t z to h[ mu* y %\ld use ea* "t4 ,! v>iety ( tone & value :i* comes ( mix+ new color = e t\* ( ! bru% is 9 itself a *>m 9 a pa9t+1 aside f ! great] tru? y are likely to get by x4 ,illu/ration3 ,good ,bock4 ,manet4 ,to illu/rate direct & solid pa9t+4 ,corrections4--,z f> z y c1 make corrections by ov]-pa9t+ :5 ! pa9t is dry1 or ne>ly s4 ,:5 ,i say don't "w into wet color to correct1 ,i d n mean t y are nev] to d s1 b t to d x too mu* is likely to get y\r "w muddy & pa/y4 ,( c\rse x is almo/ impossible to avoid do+ s sometimes1 b :5 y d1 d x ) delib]ation4 ,don't lose y\r head & pile wet pa9t on wet pa9t 9 ! va9 hope ( gett+ ! color by =ce ( pil+ x on4 ,y w only get x worse & worse4 ,get x z ne>ly "r z y c4 ,if x is hopeless1 scrape x (f clean1 & mix a fre% t9t4 ,if x is z ne> "r z y c see to mix x n[1 g ahead2 & put a bett] color on t place to-morr[ :5 x is dry1 if y c4 ,keep at x4--,b above all don't be p]man5tly satisfi$ ) ! almo/4 ,don't be afraid to put pa9t ov] dry pa9t till x is "r4 ,"w at x day aft] day4 ,let ! pa9t get ?ick if x w1 if only y get ! ?+ "r4 ,! secret ( gett+ x "r is to keep at x1 & be satisfi$ ) no?+ less ?an ! be/ y c d4 ,:5 y c see no?+ wrong y c d no bett]4 ,b z long z y\r eye w recognize a diff]5ce betwe5 :at is on ! canvas & :at ought to be !re1 y h n done y\r be/1 & y are %irk+ if y /op4 ,nev] call a ?+ done z long z y c see some?+ wrong ab\t x4 ,no matt] :at any "o else says1 y\r "w mu/ come up at lea/ to ! /&>d ( :at y y\rself c see4 ,loose ,pa9t+4--,sometimes x is necess>y to lay on pa9t v loosely 9 ord] to get vibration ( w>m & cool color or ( pure pigm5t 9 ! same bru%-/roke1 or to let ! "u pa9t %[ some:at ?r\gh ! loose texture ( ! pa9t ov] x4 ,too mu* ( ?is sort ( ?+ is n to be desir$1 b its effect 9 ! "r place is n to be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! pa9t may be dragg$ ov] ! canvas ) a long bru% *>g$ ) color m or less ?or\ghly mix$1 z seems mo/ effectual1 or x may be flipp$ into its place1 or x may be hat*$ on ) p>allel /rokes4 ,all ^! ways w be spok5 ( z !y sugge/ !mselves 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,solid color1 g5]ally1 is us$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! effect ( body is r /r5g!n$ by x ?an ! rev]se4 ,scumbl+4--,ano!r means ( modify+ ! color & effect ( a pa9t+ has p]haps always be5 m or less commonly 9 use4 ,?is is call$ scumbl+1 & may be consid]$ "u ! head ( solid pa9t+1 z x is always done ) body1 & nev] ) transp>5t1 color4 ,! process consi/s ( rubb+ a mixture ( body color1 )\t ?9n+1 ov] a surface previ\sly pa9t$ & dri$4 ,g5]ally ?is scumble is ( a light] color ?an ! "u-pa9t+1 & is rubb$ on ) a /ubby bru% slightly *>g$ ) ! pa9t4 ,z mu* surface z is desir$ may be cov]$ 9 ?is way1 & ! result is to give a hazy effect to t "p1 & to r$uce any %>pness ( color or ( draw+4 ,(t5 ! effect is v successfully obta9$4 ,di/ant effects may be pa9t$ solidly & r frankly1 & !n br\ght into a g5]al indef9it5ess by scumbl+4 ,too mu* scumbl+ w make a picture vague & s(t1 & aft] a scumble x is be/ to pa9t into x ) firm color to avoid ?is4 ,! scumble may be us$ ) ! ri*] & d>k] colors1 too1 to modify t[>ds ri*ness ! tone ( p>ts ( ! picture1 or to d>k5 ! value4 ,mo/ (t51 h[ev]1 its value lies 9 its use to br+ h>%] & %>p] p>ts toge!r1 & to give ! hazy effect :5 x is ne$$4 ,scumbl+ w n h a good effect :5 x is n int5d$ to v>ni% ! picture aft]w>ds2 = ! oil 9 ! pa9t is absorb$ imm$iately1 & ! rubb+ ( color gives a dead look to ! canvas :i* is v unpleasant1 & decid$ly ! rev]se ( arti/ic4 ,glaz+4--,a v valuable process1 ! rev]se ( scumbl+1 is glaz+4 ,x has always be5 9 use s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! oil m$ium4 ,all ! ,italian pa9t]s us$ x2 x is an ess5tial "p ( _! sy/em ( color+4 ,! ri*1 deep color ( ,titian1 ! w>m fle% ( ,raphael1 & ! jewel-l quality ( ! e>ly ,g]man pa9t]s are impossible )\t "s =m ( glaze4 ,! ,g]mans p]haps made glazes ) :ite ( egg be=e oil 0 us$ z a vehicle4 ,b to glaze is ! only way to get ! fulle/ effect ( ! quality *>act]i/ic ( ! transp>5t pa9ts4 ,a glaze is a ?9 wa% ( transp>5t color fl[$ ov] an "u-pa9t+ to modify its tone or to add to its effect4 ,x is n always transp>5t color1 b usually x is4 ,sometimes opaque or semi-opaque color may be us$1 & x is a glaze by virtue ( ! fact t x is ?9n$ ) a vehicle ei!r oil or v>ni%1 & fl[$ on4 ,a scumble is rubb$ on1 & is nev] pure transp>5t color4 ,advantages ( ,glaz+4--,! advantages are ! ga9 9 h>mony1 9 =ce1 9 brilliancy2 y may correct a color :5 x is wrong1 or p]fect x :5 x is n possible to get ! =ce or ri*ness requir$ )\t x4 ,^! are ! qualities :i* h made x us$ by all s*ools m or less4 ,disadvantages4--,!re are1 h[ev]1 q z evid5t & m>k$ disadvantages4 ,! free use ( oil z a ?9n+ vehicle1 al?\gh x makes possible a great] degree ( ri*ness ( color1 is v likely to turn ! picture br[n 9 "t4 ,oil w always ev5tually h a br[n+ effect on all pa9ts1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) !m z little z is absolutely necess>y4 ,if y make a t9t$ v>ni% ( oil 7:i* is practically :at a glaze is71 y add s mu*1 to ! surely d>k5+ action ( ! oil on ! picture4 ,if1 aga91 y dep5d ^u a glaze = ! ri*ness ( color = y\r picture1 & y use a color :i* is n p]man5t1 y\r glaze fades1 & y\r color is n !re4 ,a glaze is p>ticul>ly liable to be injur$ by ! clean] if x ev] gets into 8 h&s4 ,he works d[n to fre% color1 & :at ) ! br[n+ ( ! glaze & ! fact t ! clean] is m anxi\s t ! picture %\ld be clean$ ?an t its color %\ld be f9e1 he w1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 clean (f ! glaze :i* may be ! f9al & mo/ exp5sive color ! pa9t] has put on x4 ,glaz+ is little us$ n[adays1 comp>$ ) :at x once 04 ,b !re are times :5 y _c get :at y want 9 any o!r way1 & :5 y are sure t glaz+ is ! only ?+ :i* w give y y\r result1 ! only law = ! pa9t] comes 91--get y\r result4 ,precautions4--,if y d glaze1 h[ev]1 !re is a "r & a wrong way4 ,y %\ld n use a glaze z a la/ resort4 ,x is bett] to calculate on x be=eh&2 = y always glaze ) a d>k] t9t ^u a light] "o1 s t if y h n all[$ = ?is1 y w get y\r picture too l[ 9 tone be=e y "k x4 ,if y want to make y\r picture1 or a "p ( x1 bright] & light]1 br+ x up 9 pit* ) body color fir/1 ) solid pa9t+1 & !n glaze x4 ,d n glaze on color :i* is n well dri$4 ,! dry+ ( ! "u color & ! dry+ ( ! glaze are apt to be diff]5t 9 po9t ( "t1 & ! picture w crack4 ,if ! vehicle is ! same z 0 us$ 9 ! "u-pa9t+1 & ! dry+ qualities ( bo? pa9t+s are ! same1 !re is no dang]4 ,b :5 color dries1 x %r9ks & flatt5s1 & two k9ds ( colors %r9k+ diff]5tly are sure to pull ap>t1 & t causes crack+4 ,if ! "u-pa9t+ is well dry1 b n h>d & glossy on ! surface1 & is capable ( /ill absorb+ en\gh ( ! new color's vehicle to b9d ! coats toge!r1 y\r glaze w /&4 ,b r ?an h x too s(t1 h ! "u-pa9t+ too h>d1 & !n be=e y glaze g ov] x ) a little ?91 quick-dry+ v>ni%1 & glaze into t4 ,! v>ni% w hold ! two coats ( pa9t toge!r4 ,glaz+1 z well z scumbl+1 implies ! obligation to v>ni% y\r picture4 ,:5ev] y use oil freely y w h to v>ni% y\r picture to keep x bright & fre% 9 color4 ,x w\ld be wise nev] to use a glaze z a f9al process4 ,glaze to get ! tone or to modify x1 b pa9t into ! glaze ) body color1 & y keep ! advantage ( ! glaze )\t _m ( ! disadvantages ( x1 & ! picture has a m solid effect ( pa9t+4 ,frotte4--,closely ak9 to ! glaze 9 mann]1 b v diff]5t 9 use1 is ! frotte1 or rubb+4 ,?is is g5]ally us$ on ! fre% surface ( ! canvas1 to rub 9 ! light & %ade or ! fir/ color+ ( ! picture aft] ! draw+ is done4 ,x is "o ( ! safe/ & wise/ ways ( beg9n+ y\r picture4 ,y c ei!r rub 9 ! picture ) a frotte ( "o color1 z si5na or umb]1 or y c use all ! colors 9 _! prop] places1 only us+ v little vehicle1 & mak+ some?+ v ?9 9 t9t1 some:at betwe5 a glaze & a scumble4 ,y c make a complete draw+ 9 mono*rome 9 ?is way1 or y c lay 9 all ! gr\nd colors ( ! picture till x has mu* ! effect ( a complete pa9t+4 ,!n1 z y pa9t & c>ry ! picture =w>d1 e color y put on w be surr\nd$ ) approximately ! true relations1 in/ead ( be+ contra/$ by a gl>e ( :ite canvas4 ,a frotte is a mo/ sympa!tic gr\nd to pa9t ov]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,copy+ ,copy+ may well be spok5 ( "h1 z x is 9 a s5se a k9d ( manipulation4 ,x is a means ( /udy to ! /ud5t1 & a useful1 sometimes necess>y process to ! pa9t]4 ,9 ! transf]r+ ( ! results ( 8 sket*es & /udies to ! f9al canvas1 ! pa9t] mu/ be able to copy1 & to "k all ! conv5i5ces ( x4 ,be=e ! pa9t+ beg9s on a picture1 ! ma9 figures 9 x mu/ be plac$ & drawn on ! canvas ) ref]5ce to ! plan ( x1 & _! relation to t plan4 ,?is calls = "s me?od ( exact reproduction ( ! facts /or$ 9 ! arti/'s /udies = t purpose4 ,! process ( copy+ is t me?od4 ,f ! side ( /udy1 ! copy gives ! /ud5t ! mo/ practical means ( und]/&+ ! int5t & ! expression ( ! pa9t] ^: "w he wi%es to "k4 ,!re is no way ( und]/&+ ! :y & ! h[ ( te*nical expression s sure & complete z to /udy ) ! bru% & pa9t1 foll[+ ! same me?od & processes z ! ma/] y copy1 & try+ to compreh5d ! mean+ & ! expression at ! same "t4 ,?is is n ! be/ means ( /udy = a beg9n]1 z ,i h said be=e4 ,x tra9s ! und]/&+ ( processes r ?an ! eye2 & ! tra9+ ( ! p[] ( p]ception r ?an ! und]/&+ ( me?ods is :at ! "y /ud5t ne$s4 ,! processes ) :i* he may put on canvas ! effect he sees 9 nature are second>y matt]s to him4 ,let him really see ! ?+ & f9d 8 own way ( express+ x1 clumsily1 rudely mo/ probably1 x is /ill ! be/ ?+ = him4 ,he may take su* help z he c f9d1 z he ne$s x2 get su* sugge/ions z ! "w ( good pa9t]s c give to him1 :5 he _c see 8 own way4 ,b ! se>*+ ( nature %\ld come fir/4 ,! see+ ( :at is mu/ prec$e ! /at+ ( x4 ,b :5 y d und]take to make a copy1 !re is some?+ m to be tri$ = ?an an approximation ( ! "r colors 9 ! "r places4 ,c]ta9ly to get out ( copy+ all !re is to get1 "o mu/ try = some?+ m ?an a recognizable picture4 ,:5 a s]i\s /ud5t makes a copy1 he n only tries to get x l 9 color & draw+1 b also 9 mann] ( treatm5t1 peculi>ities ( te*nique1 & :atev] !re may be t goes to make up ! mann] ( ! orig9al4 ,?is is n only = ! sake ( ! copy1 = ! sake ( really hav+ a picture :i* is m ?an sup]ficially l ! orig9al2 b 9 ?is way c be ga9$ mu* real k ( te*nique :i* _c be gott5 s easily o!rwise4 ,/udy y\r orig9al c>efully be=e & :ile work+ on y\r own canvas4 ,see h[ x 0 done if y c 7& y c71 & d x 9 ! same way1 t\* = t\*1 /roke = /roke1 color = color4 ,use a l>ge bru% :5 he us$ a l>ge bru%2 if ! orig9al 0 done ) a palette-knife1 use y\rs2 & p>ticul>ly nev] use a small] bru% ?an ! pa9t] us$ on ! picture y are copy+4 ,! same ?+ holds z to processes4 ,if y\r orig9al 0 pa9t$ solidly1 ) full body ( color1 d s on y\r copy4 ,nev] glaze nor scumble because y c't get ! colors )\t4 ,y\r bus9ess is to try to get ! same qualities 9 ! same way4 ,& any o!r manipulation is n only gett+ a diff]5t ?+1 b %irk+ ! problem4 ,because1 if y c't get ! effect 9 ! way he did1 y c]ta9ly won't get ! same "o any o!r way4 ,y are n orig9at+1 y are n pa9t+ a picture1 y are copy+ ano!r man's "w2 & common hone/y to him1 z well z :at y are try+ to le>n1 dem&s t y %all n belie him by /at+ on y\r canvas implicitly1 t he did ! ?+ "o way1 :5 z a matt] ( fact 8 canvas %[s t he did x ano!r way4 ,?is may seem commonplace1 because "o w\ld ?9k t z a matt] ( c\rse any "o w\ld naturally make a copy ?is way4 ,b ?is is precisely :at ! av]age p]son does n d :5 copy+1 & ,i h f\nd x con/antly necess>y to insi/ ^u ^! v po9ts ev5 to advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,s 9 ! pigm5ts1 ! vehicles1 ! tools1 & ev5 ! canvas if y c1 z well z 9 ! h&l+ ( ! pa9t & ! processes us$1 foll[ absolutely & humbly1 b intellig5tly1 ! workman%ip ( ! picture y copy1 if x is wor? y\r :ile to d x at all4 ,9 mak+ copies x is n usual to make ! prelim9>y draw+ freeh&4 ,x takes "t t may bett] be giv5 to some?+ else1 & (t5 x is n exact en\gh4 ,:5 a pa9t] has made c>eful /udies :i* he wi%es to transf] to 8 canvas1 !y may h qualities ( l9e or movem5t1 or ( emphasis or "* :i* ! model may n h _h4 ,^! /udies1 probably1 are mu* small] ?an !y w be 9 ! picture4 ,! same ?+s may be true ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sket*es4 ,^! are problems :i* h be5 work$ out1 & to copy !m freeh& makes ! "w to be done ov] aga9 on a l>g] scale on ! canvas ( ! picture4 ,?is w\ld n only take too mu* "t1 b ! same result might n foll[4 ,= ?is purpose a m me*anical process is commonly made use (1 :i* comb9es ! qualities ( exactness ) a c]ta9 fre$om ( h&1 )\t :i* ! "w w\ld be too rigid & h>d4 ,squ>+ up4--,?is process is call$ squ>+-up1 & consi/s ( mak+ a network ( squ>es :i* cut up ! /udy1 & map out its l9es & proportions1 & make x possible to be sure t any "p ( ! orig9al w come 9 ! same relative place 9 ! copy no matt] :at ! size may be1 & at ! same "t leaves ! actual lay+ out ( ! ?+ to freeh& draw+4 ,! process is a v simple "o4 ,y m>k (f a numb] ( po9ts horizontally & v]tically on ! /udy4 ,make z _m z y ?9k be/--if !re are too few1 y w h too mu* ( ! /udy 9 "o "p2 if too _m1 x makes y m tr\ble4 ,x is n necess>y t !re be z _m po9ts "o way z ! o!r2 make ! numb] to suit ! l9es ( ! /udy4 ,draw /raight l9es across ! /udy f ea* ( ! po9ts1 keep+ !m c>efully p>allel1 & see+ to x t ! horizontal l9es cross ! v]tical ones exactly at "r angles4 ,^! l9es cut ! /udy into "r-angl$ p>allelograms1 :i* may be squ>es or n accord+ z ! v]tical l9es are ! same di/ance f ea* o!r t ! horizontal ones are1 or n4 ,numb] ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es at ! top1 #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 & at "o side ! same4 ,n[ if y squ>e (f a "p ( y\r canvas ) ! same numb] ( spaces at ! top & ! same numb] at ! side z y h done ) ! /udy1 & keep ! relation ( ! spaces ! same1 y c make x z l>ge or z small z y please1 & y c draw ! outl9es )9 ^? squ>es z !y fall 9 ! /udy1 & !y w be ! same 9 proportion )\t y\r hav+ ! tr\ble ( work+ to scale4 ,! squ>es furni% ! scale = y1 & ! proportion is n ( ! /udy to ! picture1 b z ! v]tical spaces are to ! horizontal1 9 bo? ! /udy & ! picture4 ,by numb]+ ! squ>es on ! canvas to correspond ) ^? on ! /udy1 & notic+ 9 :i* squ>e1 & 9 :at "p ( x1 any l9e or "p ( a l9e comes1 y c1 by draw+ t l9e 9 ! same "p ( ! correspond+ squ>e on ! canvas1 repeat ! l9e 9 ! same relation & ) exactness1 :ile /ill leav+ ! h& free to modify x1 or correct x4 ,9 ?is way ! simple/ or ! mo/ complex1 ! l>ge/ or ! smalle/ /udy sket* or draw+ may be accurately transf]r$ to any surface y please4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,:y n recognize t conviction1 int5se p]sonal attraction to a c]ta9 sort ( ?+ is ! life ( all art4 ,h[ else c life get into art ?an ?r\gh ! love ( :at y pa9t8 ,a man may und]/& :at he does n love1 b he w nev] infuse ) life t :i* he does n love4 ,und]/& x he %\ld1 if he w\ld express x2 b love x he mu/1 if he w\ld h o!rs love x4 ,y see x is n ! ?+1 b ! mann]2 n ! fact1 b :at y c f9d 9 x2 n ! object1 b :at y c express by x4 ,un *ef d'oeuvre vaut un *ef d'oeuvre because p]fect delight 9 lovel9ess f\nd 9 a small ?+ is z p]fect z p]fect delight 9 lovel9ess f\nd 9 a great ?+4 ,& /ill life un9t]e/+ z a fact1 may be fasc9at+ if se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a temp]am5t4 ,don't let ! idea get into y\r head t "o ?+ is easi] to d ?an ano!r ?+4 ,p]haps x is1 b x is a bad m5tal attitude to ?9k s4 ,& ev5 !n1 y may f9d t :5 y h work$ out all t its eas9ess %[s y1 "s "o ) bett] k or insight may come along & po9t out undream$-( beauties & subtleties4 ,& are !y easy8 ,to see & express ! possibilities 9 easy ?+s is ! h>de/ ( all4 ,classification4--,divide pa9t+s into two classes1--^? repres5t+ objects se5 out-(-doors1 & ^? repres5t+ objects 9-doors4 ,?is is ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all classifications1 & x is "o :i* belongs practically to ?is c5tury4 ,be=e ?is c5tury x 0 h>dly ?\ght ( to di/+ui% out-door light f 9-door light4 ,"s ( ! ,dut*m5 did x4 ,b x is only 9 ?is c5tury t ! pr9ciple has made itself felt4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! diff]5ce ( pit* or key s m>k$ betwe5 ! mod]n & ! anci5t pictures4 ,x has *ang$ ! :ole color-s*eme4 ,an out-door picture may be /ill pa9t$ 9 ! /udio1 b x mu/ be pa9t$ f /udies made out-doors4 ,x is no long] possible to pose a model 9 a /udio-light & pa9t h] s into a l&scape4 ,x 0 "r to d x :5 x 0 done frankly1 :5 ! _w _h n wak$ up to ! fact t ?+s look diff]5t 9 diffus$ & 9 conc5trat$ lights4 ,x is n "r n[4 ,y _c g back ( y\r c5tury4 ,to be born too late is m fatal ?an to be born too soon4 ,:atev] k9d ( picture y take 9 h&1 rememb] t :at di/+ui%es ! treatm5t ( x f t ( o!r pictures dep5ds on ! inh]5t "* ( x4 ,t ! difficulties z well z ! facilities 9 ! work+ ( x are due to ! fact t x dem&s a diff]5t application ( ! univ]sal pr9ciples4 ,don't ?9k t l&scape draw+ is easi] ?an t ( ! figure because smudges ( gre5 & blue & br[n c be accept$ z a l&scape1 :ile a smudge ( p9k w n d duty = ! nude figure4 ,x is only t ! draw+ ( ! figure is m obvi\s1 & v>iations f ! m obvi\s "r are m easily se54 ,y mu/ /udy ! necessities1 ! dem&s ( treatm5t ( ! diff]5t sorts ( subjects--see :at is peculi> to ea*1 & :at common to all4 ,y mu/ f9d to :at /hetic qualities ea* mo/ readily l5ds itself1 :at are ! subtleties to be s\ght =1 & :at are ! problems !y (f]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,sket* ,! sket* is ! g]m ( ! picture4 ,x conta9s ! idea :i* may lat] become ! f9i%$ "w4 ,9 y\r sket*es y ga!r effects & sugge/ions ( possibilities1 ( all k9ds4 ,y d n "w long ov] a sket*1 nor d y "w p]functorily4 ,y d n make x because y ought to1 b because y see some?+ 9 nature :i* *>ms y2 or because y h f\nd an idea y wi% to make a note (4 ,und]/& ?or\ghly ! use & mean+ ( sket*es1 & y w get m good f ! mak+ ( !m4 ,= y\r sket*+ is an important matt] to y\r pa9t+4 ,y d n le>n h[ to pa9t by sket*+2 b y c le>n a great _m ?+s1 & "s ( !m y c le>n no o!r way4 ,a sket* is n a picture2 nei!r is x a /udy4 ,ea* ( ^! ?+s has its special purpose & function1 & its prop] "*4 ,a sket* is always a note ( an idea--an idea se5 or conceiv$4 ,ev]y?+ is sacrific$ 9 ! sket* to ! not+ ( t idea4 ,"o idea only1 9 "o sket*2 m ideas1 m sket*es4 ,!re are two k9ds ( sket*es3 ^? made f nature to seize an effect ( "s sort2 & ^? made to "w out or express t]sely "s composition or s*eme ( color :i* y h 9 y\r m9d4 ,bo? are ( great use to ! /ud5t z well z ess5tial to ! "w ( ! arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( a ,hillside block$ 9 f ,nature1 ,fir/ ,sugge/ion ( ,composition1 etc4 ,! fir/ conception ( a picture is always embodi$ 9 ! =m ( a sket*1 & ! arti/ w make z _m sket*es z he ?9ks ( *anges 9 8 orig9al idea4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t he works out 8 picture problem4 ,he is tr\bl$ "h by no?+ b ! "o ?+ he has 9 m9d at ?is "t4 ,x may be an arrangem5t ( l9e or ( mass4 ,he *anges & re>ranges x z he pleases1 n tr\bl+ himself 9 ! lea/ ) exactness ( draw+1 ( modell+1 ( color1 nor ( any?+ b t "o ( composition4 ,x may be a s*eme ( color1 & "h aga9 ! spots ( pigm5t only vaguely resemble ! ?+s !y w lat] repres5t2 n[ !y are only composition ( color to ! pa9t]1 & ev]y?+ b5ds to t4 ,:5 ?is has be5 decid$ on1 has be5 successfully work$ out1 !n x is "t en\gh to ?9k ( o!r ?+s4 ,& ?9k ( o!r ?+s he does1 be=e he makes 8 picture2 b n 9 ?is sket*2 9 ano!r sket* or o!r sket*es1 ea* ) its own problem1 or 9 /udies :i* w furni% m mat]ial to be us$ lat]2 or 9 ! picture itself1 :]e ! problem is ! unity ( ! v>i\s ideas )9 ! great :ole 9 ! complet$ pa9t+4 ,x is ! sket* on :i* ! picture re/s = its s+l5ess ( purpose4 ,no picture b beg9s 9 ?is way1 :e!r x is aft]w>ds built up on ! same canvas or n4 ,! sket* po9ts ! way4 ,b all ! prelim9>y sket*es ( a pa9t+ are n problems ( composition or color2 are n conceptions ( ! bra94 ,!re are sugge/ions receiv$ f nature :i* ! pa9t] p]ceives r ?an conceives4 ,possibilities %[ !mselves 9 ^!1 b x is 9 ! sket* t !y fir/ become tangible & /able4 ,?is is ! sket* f nature1 always ! record ( an impression1 ! note ( an idea h9t$ by "o fact or condition se5 m %>ply or cle>ly ?an any or all ( ! ?\s&s :i* surr\nd$ x at ! mom5t4 ,! pa9t] mu/ always sket* f nature4 ,only by s do+ c he be con/antly 9 t\* ) h]1 & receive h] sugge/ions unaffect$ by multitud9\s facts4 ,! sket* pres]ves = him ! evanesc5t effects ( nature1 :i* ! /udy w\ld n s entirely1 because n s simply1 grasp4 ,! sudd5 /orm approa*es2 ! fleet+ cl\d %ad[2 or ! la/ gleam ( aft]gl[2 ^!1 z well z ! m p]man5t1 b equally *>m+ effects ( mass aga9/ mass ( wood & sky1 or ( mead[ & hill1 he c only /ore up = future use or ref]5ce 9 8 sket*es4 ,ma9 ,idea ,only4--,9 ! mak+ ( ! sket*1 !n1 no problem %\ld come 9 b t ( ! expression ( ! ma9 idea1--no problem ( draw+ or ( manipulation ( color4 ,to get ! idea express$ 9 ! mo/ direct & imm$iate & conv5i5t way1 any?+ w d to sket* on or )2 t :i* pres5ts ! lea/ difficulty is ! be/4 ,! matt] ( temp]am5t1 ( c\rse1 comes 9 l>gely1 & te*nical facility4 ,t :i* y c use mo/ freely1 use 9 y\r sket*+1 & keep = o!r occasions ! new means or m$ium4 ,use freely1 if y c1 black & :ite = :atev] black & :ite w express1 & pigm5t = all color effects4 ,oil = greate/ c]ta9ty & facility ( correction4 ,quick ,"w4--,make y\r sket* at "o sitt+1 or y w h some?+ :i* is n a sket*4 ,"w long en\gh1 & x may be a /udy2 b m ?an "o sitt+ makes x nei!r "o ?+ nor ! o!r4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t ! conditions are unlikely to be exactly ! same aga91 y are almo/ sure on ! second work+ to h lo/ ! fir/ impression1--! fre%ness & directness ( purpose :i* ! fir/ impress gives2 & ?is is ! v he>t ( a sket*4 ,y mu/ nev] lose sight ( :at 0 ! orig9al purpose ( x2 nev] =get :at x 0 :i* fir/ made y want to pa9t x4 ,no matt] :at else y get or d n get1 if y lose ?is y lose all t c give x life or reality4 ,! v fact t y h limit$ y\rself to "o work+ makes y conc5trate on t :i* fir/ caught y\r att5tion1 & t is :at y want to seize4 ,ov]work+s & aft]-pa9t+s w only int]f]e ) ! directness & =ce ) :i* ?is is express$4 ,rememb] t nature is nev] at re/4 ,y mu/ cat* h] on ! w+1 & ! m quickly y d x ! m vivid w be ! effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,riv] ,bank4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,half-h\r sunset sket*4 ,nature is economical4 ,%e puts h] lights & d>ks only :]e %e ne$s !m4 ,d ! same1 & use no m ef=t ?an w suffice to express t :i* is mo/ important4 ,! re/ w come ano!r "t4 ,try to keep ?+s simple4 ,keep ! impression ( unity2 h ! sket* "o ?+ only4 ,express ?+s z !y look4 ,z !y look to y & at ?is "t4 ,h[ !y seem to "s "o else1 or seem$ at "s o!r "t1 is n to ! po9t4 ,:at y "k !y are or may be w n help y1 b only h9d] y 9 a sket*4 ,! m facts ! worse1 9 sket*+4 ,rememb] always :at a sket* is =4 ,don't be beguil$ into try+ to make a picture ( x1 nor a /udy ( x4 ,above all1 don't try to make a clev] ?+ ( x4 ,make some?+ s9c]e & purposeful ( x1 & h x z concise1 z t]se1 z direct1 & z expressive ( "o ?+ z y c4 ,keep ,look+4--,always keep y\r eyes op5 & y\r m9d receptive2 d n be always look+ = reasons4 ,accept ! *>m z x pres5ts itself2 note x1 if y h any?+ h&y to express x )2 if n1 /udy x1 & get some?+ into y\r m9d & memory f x4 ,! simple/ way ( express+ x1 & ! simple/ elem5ts :i* cause x1 y c /udy )\t ! mat]ials to pres]ve x1 & y s keep y\r receptivity & quick5 y\r p[] ( obs]vation4 ,y\r sket* w be m quickly done1 directly & m =cefully1 if y map out ! ?+ r delib]ately fir/ ) a few v exact l9es & masses 9 "s way3 !n y h a free m9d to conc5trate on ! effect4 ,a few values & masses well plac$ are ! ?+s y mo/ want2 y c almo/ always sp>e "t to ensure _! exactness by a few measurem5ts & two or ?ree rubs ( color fir/4 ,( c\rse if ! sket* is ( a pass+ gleam y c d no?+ b get a few smudges ( color4 ,b get !m true 9 value & 9 color relation2 get ! gl[ ( x1 or y w get no?+4 ,canvases ( a ,size4--,9 sket*+ f nature1 h ! habit ( us+ always ! same siz$ canvases or panels4 ,!y pack bett]1 & y le>n to "k y\r spaces1 & s y d quick] & bett] "w4 ,make !m big en\gh to d free "w on1 yet small en\gh to cov] easily1 s t y lose no "t 9 m]e cov]+ ( surface4 ,t5 in*es by f\rte5 is pl5ty small en\gh1 & fifte5 by tw5ty l>ge en\gh1 = mo/ p]sons4 ,suit y\rself z to ! size1 b settle on a size1 & /ick to x4 ,no?+ is m awkw>d & inconv5i5t ?an to h /acks ( canvases ( all sizes & %apes4 ,always h pl5ty ( sket*+ mat]ials on h&4 ,y w lose _m a good effect :i* w pass :ile y are gett+ y\r kit ready4 ,9 sket*+1 avoid details4 ,:5 y want !m1 make a /udy ( !m4 ,9 a sket* !y only int]f]e ) frankness ( expression4 ,"o or two details = ! sake ( acc5t only1 may be admitt$4 ,make a frame ) y\r h&1 or1 bett]1 cut a squ>e hole 9 a c>d1 & look ?r\gh x4 ,decide :at is ! ess5ce ( x1 :at is vital to ! effect1 & d t2 conc5trate on t4 ,put 9 :at y ne$ = ! convey+ ( t1 & leave out ev]y?+ else4 ,"w ,solidly4--,"w 9 body color1 & lay on y\r pa9t fully & freely4 ,9 gett+ an effect ( light1 don't be afraid ( contra/ ei!r ( value or ( color4 ,pa9t loosely2 get ! vibration :i* results f half-mix$ color4 ,don't flatt5 out ! tone4 ,load ! color if y want to4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s y w wond] to see h[ smoo? x has become4 ,fre$om & bread? give life to a sket*4 ,don't "w close to y\r "w4 ,don't b5d ov] x4 ,use pl5ty ( color1 l>ge bru%es1 & /rike f ! %\ld]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,/udy ,! qualities :i* make a good /udy are ! rev]se ( ^? :i* make a good sket*4 ,9 ! sket* all is sacrific$ to ! effect1 or to ! "o ?+ :i* is its purpose4 ,! /udy is :at its "n implies1 & its purpose is n "o ?+1 b _m4 ,9 a /udy y put 9 ev]y?+ :i* may be valuable4 ,y /ore x ) facts4 ,y leave out no?+ :i* y wi% to put 94 ,x is all mat]ial4 ,y c take & leave 9 us+ x aft]w>ds1 z y c\ld f nature4 ,( c\rse e /udy has "s ma9 int5tion1 b y mu/ take ! tr\ble to give ev]y?+ t goes to ! mak+ ( t4 ,a /udy is less ( a picture ?an a sket* is4 ,= unity ( effect is vital to bo? a sket* & a picture4 ,b ?is quality is ( no ess5tial value 9 a /udy--unless x be a /udy ( unity4 ,= y c make a /udy ( any?+1 f a =egr\nd we$ to a detail$ int]ior1 f a bit ( pebble to a cavalry *>ge4 ,b 9 a /udy ( "o ?+ y conc5trate on t ?+1 y delib]ately & c>efully /udy ev]y?+ 9 x1 :ile 9 a sket* y "w only = g5]al effect4 ,! /udy is ! /oreh\se ( facts to ! pa9t]4 ,by x he assures himself ( ! lit]al tru?s he ne$s1 collect+ !m z mat]ial 9 color or black & :ite1 & z m5tal mat]ial by 8 m5tal und]/&+ ( !m1 only to be ga9$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 mak+ a /udy y may "w z long z y please1 tim+ y\rself by ! difficulty & size ( ! ?+ y are /udy+4 ,a /udy ( an int]ior or a l&scape may occupy a week or two2 "o ( a simple object = "s detail 9 a picture may be a matt] ( only a few h\rs4 ,b 9 any "w ( ?is k9d y %\ld be delib]ate1 & rememb] t :at y are do+ is nei!r a sket* nor a picture1 b ! ga!r+ ( mat]ial :i* is to be useful1 b :i* c be useful only s f> z x is accurate4 ,9 mak+ /udies1 don't try = surface f9i%2 get ! facts1 & leave all o!r qualities = ! picture4 ,don't glaze & scumble1 b "w z directly z y c4 ,/udy ! /ructure & texture ( :atev] y are do+4 ,und]/& x ?or\ghly z y g on1 & se>* out :atev] is n cle> to y4 ,?is is no place = effects2 nor = slight+ or %irk+4 ,if y d n d "w ( ?is k9d ?or\ghly1 y might z well n d x at all--bett]2 = y are at lea/ n tra9+ y\rself to be c>eless4 ,!re are places :]e y may be c>eless1 b ! mak+ ( a /udy is n t place4 ,take pl5ty ( tr\ble ) prelim9>ies4 ,get all y\r f\ndation "w true4 ,h a good draw+1 get ! gr\ndwork well laid 91 & !n build y\r sup]/ructure ( c>eful /udy4 ,don't be afraid ( ov]-exactness1 nor ( h>dness & edg9ess "h4 ,all t is only an excess ( precision1 & x is j z well to h x4 ,y c leave x out if y want to 9 y\r picture1 b a gr\ndwork ( exactness is n to be despis$4 ,be exact also ) y\r values4 ,if y\r /udy is n sure ( its values1 x w weak5 ! results y %\ld get f x lat]4 ,make y\r /udies 9 ! same light z t :i* ! picture w repres5t4 ,y c pa9t a picture "u any light y please if y\r /udies give y ! facts z to light & %ade t ! tru? to nature requires2 b /udies made 9 "o light = a picture repres5t+ ano!r are useless to t picture4 ,no good pa9t+ 0 ev] made )\t prelim9>y /udies4 ,:5 y are to make a picture1 !re=e1 take pl5ty ( "t to prep>e y\rself ) all ! mat]ial 9 ! =m ( facts t y may require4 ,don't tru/ to build+ up a picture f a sket* or two & y\r g5]al k4 ,t sort ( ?+ is some?+ :i* a pa9t] ( exp]i5ce may d aft] /or+ 8 m9d = ye>s ) all sorts ( k2 b x w n d = mo/ p--lea/ ( all = a /ud5t4 ,& x is a dang]\s way = any "o to "w4 ,ev5 ! exp]i5c$ pa9t] is apt to d ! worse "w = x1 & if he does s con/antly1 8 reputation may suff] = x4 ,take "t to be "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,/udy ( a ,bloom+-,mill4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,don't be afraid ( tak+ measurem5ts4 ,e "o :o did any?+ wor? look+ at took measurem5ts4 ,leon>do laid d[n a complete sy/em ( proportions4 ,y c't get y\r proportions "r )\t measurem5ts1 & if y\r proportions are n "r1 no?+ w be "r4 ,use a plumb-l9e3 use x frequ5tly1 & measure horizontals & v]ticals4 ,if y are 9 d\bt ab\t any?+1 /op a m9ute & measure4 ,x takes less "t ?an correct+4 ,:atev] y d1 get ! "* fir/1 !n ! details4 ,"* is n a conglom]ation ( details4 ,! detail is ! incid5t ( "*4 ,see :at ! vital ?+s are fir/1 !n se>* f>!r4 ,use y\r intellig5ce z well z y\r eye & h&4 ,?9k z y "w4 ,don't = a mom5t let y\r h& get ahead ( y\r bra94 ,don't "w abs5t-m9d$ly1 nor )\t purpose4 ,if y\r m9d is tir$1 if y\r eye won't see1 /op & re/ a :ile4 ,tir$ "w runs y\r picture d[n hill4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,/ill ,,life ,! "n ( /ill life is us$ 9 ,engli% = all sorts ( pictures :i* repres5t gr\p+s ( inanimate objects except fl[]s4 ,! ,fr5* ^w = x is bett] ?an ours4 ,!y call x nature morte or dead nature4 ,!re is no k9d ( pa9t+ :i* is m univ]sally useful--to ! /ud5t z well z to ! pa9t]4 ,x furni%es ! means = con/ant1 regul>1 & conv5i5t /udy & practice4 ,y ne$ nev] lack = some?+ int]e/+ to pa9t1 nor = a model :o w sit quietly & /eadily )\t pay1 if y h "s pieces ( drap]y1 & a few articles1 ( :atev] %ape or =m1 :i* y c gr\p 9 a conv5i5t light4 ,y c make ! gr\p z simple or z difficult z y wi%1 & make x include any phase ( /udy4 ,! advantage ( its possible v>iety1 scope1 & p>ticul>ly1 its conv5i5ce & *eapness & manageabl5ess1 make x ! fundam5tal "w = ! beg9n]4 ,mat]ials4--,practically any?+ & ev]y?+ is available = /ill life4 ,y %\ld be con/antly on ! look\t = int]e/+ objects ( all k9ds4 ,try to get a collection :i* has z mu* v>iety 9 =m1 size1 & surface z y c4 ,old ?+s are g5]ally good1 b x is a mi/ake to suppose old & brok5 ?+s ! be/4 ,an object is n intr9sically bett] because ( its be+ m or less damag$1 al?\gh x sometimes has int]e/+ qualities1 z ( color or hi/ory1 because ( its age4 ,:at y %\ld avoid is bad proportion1 l9e1 & color 9 ! ?+s y get4 ,! co/ is n ( any importance at all4 ,y c pick up ?+s = a few c5ts :i* w be mo/ useful4 ,h all sorts ( ?+s1 tall slim vases1 & %ort fat jugs4 ,h metals & glass1 & books & plaques4 ,!y all come 91 & !y add to ! v>iety & int]e/ ( y\r compositions4 ,drap]ies4--,! /udy ( drap]y p>ticul>ly is facilitat$ by /ill-life /udy4 ,y c arrange y\r drap]ies s t !y are an ess5tial "p ( y\r /udy1 & w /ay z long z y c>e to pa9t f !m1 & ne$ n be mov$ at all4 ,?is fact ( /ay+ p[] 9 /ill life is "o ( importance 9 its use1 z x r$uces to ! m9imum ! movem5t & *ange :i* add to ! difficulties 9 any o!r k9ds ( "w4 ,! value ( ! antique 9 draw+ lies 9 its unv>y+ sam5ess ( qualities f day to day4 ,9 /ill life y h ! same1 ) color add$4 ,y c give all y\r att5tion & "t unhurri$ly1 ) ! assurance t y c "w day aft] day if y want to1 & f9d x j ! same to-morr[ morn+ z y left x to-day4 ,?is z x applies to drap]y is only ! m useful4 ,y c h>dly h a lay figure ( full size1 because ( its co/4 ,to /udy drap]y on a model c>efully & long1 is out ( ! "q1 because x is dis>rang$ e "t ! model moves1 & _c be gott5 into exactly ! same l9es aga94 ,/ill life /eps 9 & gives y ! p[] to make ! drap]y into any =m ( /udy1 & to h x by itself or z a "p ( a picture4 ,9 drap]ies y %\ld try to h a consid]able v>iety j z y h ( ! m massive objects1--v>iety ( surface1 ( color1 & ( texture4 ,d n h all velvet & silk4 ,^! are v useful & beautiful1 b y w n always pa9t a model 9 velvet & silk4 ,sat9s & laces are also worn by wom51 & clo? ( all k9ds by m51 & s y %\ld /udy !m4 ,sometimes y want ! drap]y z a backgr\nd1 to give color or l9e2 & yet to h also m>k$ surface qualities 7texture71 w\ld take f ! effect ( ^? qualities 9 ! o!r objects ( ! gr\p4 ,z to color1 9 ! same way y %\ld h all sorts ( colors2 b see to x t ! colors are good1--9 !mselves good color1 n h>% nor crude4 ,x does y no good z a /ud5t to le>n h[ to express bad color4 ,nei!r is x good tra9+ = y1 9 /udy+ h[ to repres5t :at y see1 to h to *ange bad color 9 y\r gr\p into good color 9 y\r picture4 ,good useful drap]y does n mean ei!r l>ge pieces1 or pieces ) mu* v>iety ( color 9 "o piece2 on ! contr>y1 y %\ld avoid spotty or prom95t design 9 x4 ,/ill1 ! m k9ds y h1 ! m y c v>y y\r "w4 ,if y\r drap]y is a little /rong 9 color1 y c always make x m quiet by wa%+ or fad+ x to any ext5t4 ,!re is v little mat]ial :i* is absolutely fa/ color4 ,b :5 x is s1 & ! color is too /rong1 don't use x4 ,don't scorn old & fad$ clo?1 especially silk & velvet1 or plu%4 ,! fact t x w\ld look out ( place on furniture or z a dress does n imply t x may n be beautiful z a backgr\nd or z a =egr\nd color4 ,^! old & fad$ mat]ials furni% "s ( ! mo/ useful ?+s y c h2 a fact ! rev]se ( :at is true 9 g5]al ( o!r /ill-life ?+s4 ,! ,use ( ,/ill ,life4--,!re is no way 9 :i* y c bett] /udy ! pr9ciples ( composition ?an by ! use ( /ill life4 ,! fact t y c br+ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( objects ( any color & =m1 & c arrange & re>range !m1 /udy ! effect & result be=e pa9t+1 & be work+ ) actual objects & n by m]ely draw+ !m1 gives a positiv5ess & actuality to composition t is ( ! greate/ s]vice to y4 ,y c use 7& %\ld at times7 ! :ole side or corn] ( a room1 & s practise composition on ! l>ge scale1 or y c make a small gr\p on a table4 ,t y are us+ furniture & drap]y or vases1 fl[]s1 & books1 in/ead ( m5 & wom51 does n affect ! s]i\sness & usefulness ( ! problem2 = ! pr9ciples ( composition & color d n h to d ) ! mat]ials :i* y use to br+ ab\t ! effect1 b ! effect itself4 ,x is practically impossible = ! /ud5t & ! amateur to make v advanc$ /udy ( composition 9 l9e & mass ) m ?an "o or two liv+ models2 b ) /ill life he may & %\ld get all ! practical k possible4 ,practical ,composition4--,suppose y 7 go+ to "w ) /ill life1 h[ w\ld y beg98 ,9 ! fir/ place1 get a good composition4 ,nev] "w f a bad "o4 ,y mu/ le>n composition "s "t1 s y might z well /udy x e "t y h occasion to />t a /ill-life /udy4 ,take any numb] ( ?+s & put !m on a table1 get a simple backgr\nd to gr\p !m aga9/4 ,consid] y\r ?+s1 & elim9ate ^? :i* are n necess>y1 or w n tell 9 ! composition4 ,x is a law t :atev] does n help y\r picture 7or composition7 tells aga9/ x2 s get rid ( any?+ :i* w n help ! composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #a4 ,= in/ance1 "h are a lot ( ?+s indiscrim9ately gr\p$ on a table4 ,y might pa9t !m1 b !y are n arrang$4 ,!re is no composition4 ,!y w\ld lack "o comm&+ *>act]i/ic ( a good picture if y 7 to pa9t !m s4 ,:at d !y lack z !y are8 ,!y h no logical connection ) ea* o!r1 ei!r 9 arrangem5t or 9 ! plac+1 to beg9 )4 ,!y d n help ea* o!r ei!r 9 l9e or mass4 ,!y are cr[d$1 huddl$ toge!r4 ,y c\ld d ) less ( !m2 or1 if y want !m all1 y c place !m bett]4 ,b suppose we take "s ( !m away = simplicity1 & re>range ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #b4 ,"h are "s ( ! ?+s1 ) o!rs tak5 away4 ,! comb9ation is simpl]1 b /ill x is n satisfactory4 ,!re is "s logical connection among ! objects1 b none 9 ! gr\p+4 ,!y are /ill huddl$2 !re is no l9e2 x is too squ>e2 no attempt at balance2 !y are simply ?+s4 ,if y *ange !m ab\t a little1 hav+ reg>d to size1 proportion1 balance1 & l9e1 y c get some?+ bett] out ( ^! same objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #c4 ,"h ! c(fee-pot is mov$ t[>d ! c5tre1 to give height & mass1 & to break up ! r\nd ( ! plaque2 ! h&le turn$ ar\nd to give m loos5ess & fre$om2 ! pit*] is plac$ :]e x w break ! l9e ( ! plaque1 yet n too obvi\sly or awkw>dly2 ! h&le is plac$ at a good angle ) t ( ! c(fee-pot1 & ! relation ( di/ance ) ! c(fee-pot 9 balanc+ ! :ole is consid]$4 ,! drap]y is spread out s z to h "s probability4 ,x does n help mu* 9 l9e1 b x does 9 mass & 9 color 79 ! orig9al74 ,x c\ld be bett]$1 b x w d = ! pres5t4 ,! cup also has a reasonable position1 & helps to balance & to give weight to ! ma9 mass1 :i* is ! c(fee-pot4 ,!re is n mu* light & %ade 9 ?is composition1 nor mu* di/9ction4 ,b x does balance1 & w\ld make a good /udy1 & is a v respectable piece ( composition1--simple1 mode/1 & dignifi$4 ,n[ if y want$ to add "s ( ^? ?+s :i* 7 elim9at$1 & make a m complicat$ composition1 y w\ld look = ! same ?+s 9 x :5 complet$4 ,we h simply ! same gr\p1 ) ! bottle & glass add$4 ,! /\t jug 9 ! fir/ gr\p is left out because x is n ne$$1 & x w n mass ) ! re/ easily4 ,! tall glass vase is left out because x is too transp>5t to c\nt ei!r z l9e1 mass1 or color1 & does n 9 any way help1 & !re=e c\nts aga9/1 because x does n c\nt =1 our composition4 ,! ?+s we h "h are en\gh1 b !y are n "r z !y are n[4 ,!y injure r ?an help ! la/ arrangem5t4 ,! bottle & glass are 9 ! composition1 b n ( x2 a composition mu/ be "o ?+1 no matt] h[ _m objects g to ! mak+ ( x4 ,?is is two ?+s4 ,draw a l9e d[n betwe5 ! bottle & glass & ! o!r ?+s1 & y get two compositions1 bo? good1 in/ead ( "o1 :i* we mu/ h = good arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #d4 ,let's *ange !m aga94 ,?is is worse1 if any?+4 ,we h n[ got two gr\ps & a ?+4 ,! c(fee-pot & cup & sauc] alone1 ! bottle & glass alone1 & ! pit*]2 ! drap]y tries to pull !m toge!r1 b c't4 ,! plaque has no connection ) any?+4 ,!y are all pull$ ap>t4 ,9 ! la/ gr\p at lea/ !re 0 "s *ief mass1 ! fir/ complete composition4 ,n[ e "o is = himself2 ?ree up & d[n l9es & a circle--t's ab\t :at x am\nts to4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #e4 ,let's gr\p !m1--pu% !m toge!r4 ,place ! bottle ne> ! c(fee-pot4 ,because !y are ab\t ! same height1 "o _c dom9ate ! o!r 9 height2 !n make !m pull toge!r z a mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ill ,life1 ,no4 #f4 ,place ! cup ab\t z be=e1 & ! mass pretty well t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! plaque4 ,put ! pit*] :]e x w balance1 & ! glass :]e x w c\nt unobtrusively1 & help break ! l9e ( ! bottoms ( ! objects4 ,! drap]y n[ helps 9 l9e also1 & gives m unity1 z well z mass & weight & color1 to ! :ole4 ,?is gr\p is ab\t z well plac$ z ^! objects w come4 ,!re is balance1 mass1 proportion1 dignity1 unity4 ,( c\rse y may make a pa9table & int]e/+ composition ) only two ?+s4 ,b y mu/ give !m "s relation bo? z to fact & z to position4 ,! same elem5ts ( unity & balance & l9e come 91 no matt] h[ _m or h[ few are ! objects :i* ent] z elem5ts 9 y\r gr\p4 ,9 ?is way /udy composition ) /ill life4 ,move ?+s ab\t & see h[ !y look2 use y\r eye & judgm5t4 ,get to see ?+s toge!r1 & apply ! pr9ciples spok5 ( 9 ! *apt] on ,composition to all sorts ( ?+s 9 nature4 ,scope ( ,/udy4--,draw+ is always draw+1 :atev] ! objects to :i* x is appli$1 & y c /udy all ! problems ( draw+ & values ) /ill life4 ,! draw+ is n s sev]e z t ( ! antique1 nor s difficult z /udy f ! life1 b y c le>n to draw & !n apply x to o!r ?+s1 & advance z f> z y please2 & z ,i said at fir/1 y ne$ nev] lack an amiable model4 ,all sorts ( effects ( light+ y c /udy easily ) /ill life2 & ( color & texture also4 ,! /udy ( surface & texture is mo/ important to y4 ,if y 7 to und]take to pa9t a %eep or a c[ ! fir/ "t2 if y 7 to pa9t )\t previ\s exp]i5ce a backgr\nd :i* conta9$ metal & glass1 or a model ) a velvet or sat9 dress1 y w\ld n succe$4 ,^! all involve problems ( skill & facility ( repres5tation4 ,:5 y pa9t a portrait or figure picture1 or a l&scape ) animals1 y %\ld n h to deal )1 z new1 problems ( ?is sort4 ,y %\ld h arriv$ at "s und]/&+ ( ?is sort ( ?+ 9 /udies :i* are n complicat$ by o!r problems ( great] difficulty4 ,?is is :]e /ill life comes 9 aga9 to make ! /udy ( pa9t+ easi]4 ,int]e/4--,b ! use ( ?is sort ( pa9t+ is n only its practical use4 ,y ne$ n feel t x is all drudg]y--:i* is some?+ t mo/ /ud5ts d n love6 ,y may make pictures ) a mu* cle>] consci5ce along ?is l9e2 = ! bett] ! picture1 & ! m int]e/+ & *>m+ x is1 ! m successful is y\r "w z /udy4 ,y c be z int]e/$ 9 ! beauty & ! picture ( x z y please1 & x w only make y "w ! bett]4 ,to see ! picture 9 a gr\p ( bottles & books is to be ! m able to see ! picture 9 a tree & sky4 ,an arti/'s eye is s5sitive to beauty ( color & l9e & =m :]ev] he sees x4 ,! /ud5t's %\ld be also4 ,no arti/ b has f\nd delight 9 pa9t+ /ill life4 ,no /ud5t %\ld ?9k x b5ea? 8 s]i\s /udy4 ,proc$ure4--,/udy pa9t+ fir/ 9 /ill-life compositions4 ,:5 y set up y\r canvas fir/1 & set y\r palette1 let x be 9 front ( a few simple objects gr\p$ int]e/+ly2 or1 bett]1 set up a s+le j> or a book1 ) a simply arrang$ backgr\nd = color contra/4 ,all ! problems ( manipulation are !re = y to /udy4 ,no processes ( h&l+1 no mann] ( color effect1 :i* y _c use 9 ?is /udy4 ,le>n "h :at y w ne$ 9 o!r l9es ( "w4 ,beg9n+4--,! be/ way to make a /udy f /ill life is to beg9 ) a c>eful *>coal draw+ on ! canvas4 ,y may %ade x m or less z y please1 b be mo/ c>eful ab\t proportions & =ms4 ,! %ad+ means ! modell+ & ! values 9 black & :ite2 & y c d ?is ei!r 9 *>coal z y draw1 or x c be put 9 ) mono*rome :5 y beg9 ) pa9t4 ,b y mu/ h ! draw+ sure & true fir/2 = draw+ is position1 locality4 ,y mu/ "k :]e a value is to g be=e y c ju/ly place x4 ,! value is ! h[ mu*4 ,y mu/ h ! :]e be=e ! h[ mu* c mean any?+ 9 draw+4 ,x w\ld be well to lay 9 "s ( ! planes ( light & %ade1 because y feel proportion m naturally & truly s ?an ) m]e outl9e4 ,! outl9e encloses ! =m1 b ) no?+ b outl9e y are less apt to feel ! reality ( ! =m4 ,! planes ( values fill 9 ! outl9e & give sub/ance to x4 ,!y map x out s t x takes ?ickness & proportion2 x is m real4 ,& any fault ( outl9e is m quickly se51 because y _c get y\r masses ( %ade ( ! "r =m & proportion if ! outl9e enclos+ !m is n "r4 ,! ,frotte4--,make1 !n1 a c>eful light-&-%ade draw+ ) *>coal directly on ! canvas1 work+ 9 ! backgr\nd :]e x tells aga9/ ! gr\p1 b )\t c>ry+ x out to ! edges ( ! canvas4 ,be accurate ) y\r modell+ & values1 & keep ! planes simple & well def9$4 ,draw all *>act]i/ic details1 b only ! mo/ important1 ne>ly z if x 7 n to be pa9t$1 b 7 to rema9 a draw+4 ,fix ?is draw+ ) fixative & an atomiz]4 ,9 beg9n+ ) pa9t g ov] ! draw+ ) a ?9 frotte :i* %all re-en=ce ! draw+ ) color4 ,y may d ?is ) "o color1 mak+ a mono*rome pa9t+ v ?91 leav+ ! canvas b>e = ! lights4 ,_m ( ! be/ pa9t]s lay 9 all pictures ?is way4 ,:at color is to be us$ is a matt] = consid]ation4 ,x %\ld be "o s sympa!tic to ! color+ ( ! :ole picture t if x is left )\t any o!r pa9t ov] x 9 places x w /ill look all "r4 ,raw umb] is a good color1 or raw umb] modifi$ ) burnt si5na & black4 ,y c make a mixture t seems "r4 ,?is e/abli%es y\r l>g] values1 & gives y some?+ bett] ?an a b>e canvas1 & some?+ ) :i* y c h a m j idea ( ! effect ( ea* t\* ( color y put on4 ,if !re is mu* v>iety ( color 9 ! v>i\s objects ( y\r composition1 x is bett] to make y\r frotte sugge/ ! diff]5t colors4 ,in/ead ( mak+ a mono*rome frotte1 rub 9 ea* object ) a ?9 mixture1 approximat+ ! color & value1 b n solid1 nor z /rong z x w become :5 pa9t$1 ( c\rse4 ,nev]!less1 y c get 9 ?is fir/ rubb+ 91 a /rong effect1 :i* at a di/ance has a v solid look1 ?\gh ! relations are n s c>efully /udi$4 ,:5 y come to put on solid color ) ?is sort ( an "u-pa9t+1 x is easy to judge pretty closely ( color z well z light-&-%ade relations1 & y c "w m frankly into x4 ,into ?is pa9t+1 :5 x is dry1 y may beg9 to pa9t ) body color1 beg9n+ ) ! true color & value ( ! lights1 & work+ d[n ?r\gh ! half d>ks into ! d>ks4 ,pa9t ! backgr\nd pretty c>efully z to color & value1 b loosely z to h&l+4 ,pa9t sl[ly1 delib]ately1 & ?\ghtfully4 ,!re is no ne$ to pile up masses ( wrong color4 ,y %\ld try to be sure ( ! color be=e y lay x on4 ,/udy ! color 9 ! gr\p1 mix on ! palette1 & comp>e !m4 ,?9k at lea/ two m9utes = e "o m9ute ( actually lay+ on pa9t4 ,y save "t 9 ! end by be+ delib]ate & by work+ ?\ghtfully4 ,put on color firmly & ) a full bru%1 b !re is no ne$ to load color = ! sake ( ! body ( x4 ,load$ ,lights4--,x 0 a pr9ciple ) ! old] pa9t]s to pa9t ! %ad[s ?9ly & ) transp>5t color1 & to load ! lights4 ,x gave a ri*ness to ! %ad[s & a solidity to ! lights :i* 0 mu* valu$4 ,b don't ?9k ab\t ?is2 don't let x influ5ce ! frankness ( y\r pa9t+4 ,! !ory is 9 itself l>gely obsolete n[1 & 9 fact has be5 disreg>d$ by almo/ e able pa9t] :o ev] liv$1 9 practice1 no matt] :at he said ab\t x4 ,i only speak ( x because almo/ all books on pa9t+ h laid x d[n z a rule1 & y _h bett] "k its true relation to pa9t+4 ,l all o!r traditional me?ods ( pa9t+ x has be5 us$ by ! greate/ ( pa9t]s1 & has also be5 disreg>d$ by ! greate/ ( pa9t]s2 & z f> z y are conc]n$1 y may use x or n z suits y\r purpose4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to get ! "r color & value 9 ! "r place1 9 ! mo/ direct & natural1 9 ! lea/ affect$1 mann] possible4 ,y may "w into y\r frotte1 !n1 m or less solidly z y feel w give y ! be/ repres5tation ( ! color y see4 ,solid ,pa9t+4--,don't pa9t always 9 ! same way4 ,x is a mi/ake to get too accu/om$ to "o mann] ( proc$ure4 ,diff]5t ?+s require diff]5t h&l+4 ,let ! ?+ sugge/ h[ y %all pa9t x4 ,if y want to pa9t directly1 pa9t solidly f fir/ to la/ in/ead ( rubb+ 9 ?9ly fir/4 ,b always h an accurate draw+ und]nea?4 ,9 work+ solidly )\t previ\s lay+ 91 beg9 :]e ea* bru%-/roke w h ! greate/ effect t[>d e/abli%+ ! appe>ance ( reality4 ,if ! canvas is light1 beg9 by putt+ 9 ! ma9 d>ks1 & if ! canvas is d>k1 d ! rev]se4 ,y get ! mo/ imm$iate effect ( reality by ! relief2 ! relief y get mo/ directly by putt+ 9 fir/ ^? values :i* contra/ ) :at is already !re4 ,e/abli% y\r mo/ tell+ values fir/1 !n "w f !m t[>ds less imm$iately effective ?+s4 ,color & ,values4--,/udy ! color at ! same "t y d ! value4 ,put on no t\* ( pa9t z a value or a color alone4 ,if y d1 y w h to pa9t t spot twice1--once = ! value1 & aga9 = ! color4 ,y might z well pa9t = ! two qualities 9 "o /roke4 ,x takes m ?\ght1 b x gives y m comm& ( y\r "w4 ,x doesn't load y\r canvas ) useless pa9t1 & x saves "t 9 ! long run4 ,relations & ,directness4--,/udy to give ! true relations ( ?+s4 ,try to get ! j color quality4 ,give x at once4 ,don't get x half way & tru/ to luck & a subsequ5t pa9t+ to correct x4 ,y w nev] le>n to pa9t t way4 ,pa9t int5sely :ile y pa9t4 ,use all ! en]gy y h4 ,pa9t ) y\r :ole /r5g? = a half or a :ole h\r1 & !n re/4 ,y w accompli% m s ?an by pa9t+ all day 9 a languid1 half-he>t$ way4 ,directness4--,directness comes f mak+ up y\r m9d j :at t9t ( color & value is ne$$1 & j :]e x is to g1 fir/1 !n putt+ x !re ) no coax+4 ,get ! "r color on y\r bru% & pl5ty ( x2 !n put ! bru% delib]ately & firmly d[n 9 ! "r place1 & take x directly away1 & look at ! result )\t t\*+ x aga9 till y h made up y\r m9d t x ne$s some?+ else1 & :at x is t x ne$s4 ,!n d t & /op4 ,directness & ju/ness ( relation are ! mo/ important ?+s 9 pa9t+4 ,!y tell = mo/1 result 9 mo/1 bo? to ! picture & to ! /ud5t4 ,:atev] y d1 "w = t4 ,try to h no vagu5ess 9 y\r m9d z to :at y w d or :y y d x1 & ! effect ( x w %[ on y\r canvas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,fl[]s ,fl[] pa9t+ is ! ref9em5t ( /ill life4 ,y h ! same control ( comb9ation1 b y h n ! same control ( "t4 ,fl[]s w *ange1 & *ange m rapidly ?an any o!r models y c h2 & at ! same "t !y are s subtle t ! mo/ exquisite tru? & ju/ness are necess>y to pa9t !m well4 ,p seem to ?9k t any "o c pa9t fl[]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 almo/ no "o c pa9t !m well4 ,!re are n a doz5 pa9t]s 9 ! _w :o c really pa9t fl[]s z !y ought to be pa9t$4 ,:y8 ,because :ile !y are s exquisite 9 draw+ & color1 & s inf9itely delicate 9 value1 !y are also ev5 m inf9itely subtle 9 sub/ance & s5tim5t4 ,:5 y h got ! draw+ & ! color & ! value1 y h n got ! quality4 ,:at is ! petal ( a fl[]8 ,x is n pap]1 & x is n wax1 nei!r is x fle% & blood1 ( ! mo/ exquisite k9d4 ,all ^! are gross z sub/ance comp>$ to ! t5d] firmness ( ! fl[] petal2 & ! :ole bun* ( fl[]s is made up ( petals4 ,yet y _c pa9t ! petals ei!r1 else y lose ! fl[]4 ,y mu/ pa9t ! quality ( ! petal1 & ! "* ( ! fl[]4 ,all ^! ?+s make ! m]e p]ception ( facts mo/ difficult1 & x mu/ be done ) full k t 9 an h\r x w be some?+ else1 & y c nev] get x back to its orig9al =m aga94 ,yet y _c pa9t a bun* ( fl[]s 9 an h\r4 ,:at w y d8 ,mass & ,value4--,!re is some?+ besides ! fl[] & ! petal2 !re is ! mass4 ,! mass is "o ?+1 & x is surr\nd$ ) air1 & air goes ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( x4 ,y mu/ make ?is visible4 ,! diff]5ce 9 value 9 fl[]s is some?+ inf9itely little1 z a great fl[] pa9t] said to me once4 ,yet ! diff]5ce is !re4 ,! bun* has its ne>] & its f>!r sides1 & ! way ! light falls on x is ! mo/ obvi\s expression ( x4 ,:5 y beg9 a gr\p ( fl[]s1 get ! :ole fir/4 ,make up y\r m9d t y _c complete y\r "w f ! fl[] y h 9 front ( y1 & t y mu/ con/antly *ange y\r models4 ,d n pa9t ! little ?+s1 ! p]sonal ?+s fir/ !n4 ,pa9t :at is common to all ! fl[]s 9 ! gr\p fir/4 ,pa9t ! mass & ! rotundity ( x1 & express mo/ vaguely ! =ms ( ! acc5ts1 & ( ! d>ks :i* fall betwe5 ! fl[]s1 b get _! values4 ,= y w h to *ange ^!1 & y %\ld h no?+ !re :i* w influ5ce y to %irk4 ,9 ?is way only c y get ! l>g] ?+s )\t hamp]+ y\r future "w by :at may be wrong4 ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,peas4 ,get ! l>ge values1 & z little z possible ( ! expression ( ! individual fl[]s2 !n z ! fl[]s fade & *ange1 sub/itute "o or two fre% ones at a "t1 9 ?is or t "p ( ! p>tially wilt$ gr\p1 us+ ! same k9d ( fl[] z t :i* 0 9 t place be=e2 !n "w m closely f ^! new fl[]s1 lett+ ! :ole bun* pres]ve = y ! mass & g5]al relation4 ,z y "w1 ! bun* w be gradually *ang+ & con/antly r5ew$ f "p to "p1 & y c "w sl[ly f g5]al to p>ticul>4 ,f9ally1 f new fl[]s1 put 9 ^? m individual t\*es :i* give ! p]sonal fl[]s4 ,?is is ! only way y c "w a long "t1 & x is n easy4 ,b x %\ld n disc\rage y4 ,no?+ takes ! place ( ! fl[] picture1 & ! only way to le>n to pa9t fl[]s is to pa9t fl[]s4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ,hold ,always4--,/ill1 ! pr9ciples ( all pa9t+ hold "h z else:]e1 & :at is said ( pa9t+ 9 g5]al w h its application to fl[]s4 ,pa9t fl[]s because y love !m2 & if y love !m1 love !m en\gh to /udy pati5tly to express ! qualities mo/ wor? pa9t+1 ev5 if !re be difficulties4 ,details ,aga94--,don't make too mu* ( unimportant ?+s4 ,! :ole is m ?an ! "p2 ! fl[] ?an ! petal4 ,( c\rse y c't pa9t a fl[] )\t pa9t+ ! petals1 b y ne$ n pa9t ! petals s t y c't see any?+ else4 ,if ! "* ( ! fl[] z a :ole is to be se5 at a glance )\t ! emphasis ( any special petal1 sugge/ ! petals only4 ,if ! petal is important to ! expression ( "*1 !n pa9t x2 & if y d1 pa9t x well4 ,use y\r judgm5t2 make ! less expressive ( ! great]1 or d n pa9t x at all4 ,colors4--,colors & t9ts 9 fl[]s are always m r ?an less subtle ?an y ?9k !m4 ,if y h a d\bt1 make x m delicate--give delicacy ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,/ill1 fl[]s are nev] weak 9 color4 ,subtle z !y are1 x is ! v subtlety ( /r5g?4 ,black w be ! mo/ useless color ( y\r palette4 ,make y\r grays by mix+ y\r ri*] colors4 ,a gray 9 a fl[] is %ad[ on ri* color1 & x mu/ n be pa9t$ by negation ( color1 b by ref9em5t ( color4 ,sket*es4--,make sket*es ( fl[]s con/antly4 ,try to c>ry ! pa9t+ ( a s+le fl[] or ( a gr\p z f> z y c 9 an h\r4 ,practise gett+ z mu* ( ! effect ( detail z possible ) z little actual pa9t+ ( x1 & !n apply ?is to y\r picture4 ,get to "k y\r "w 9 /udies & sket*es1 & y w "w bett] 9 m difficult comb9ations4 ,:5 y h1 z y g5]ally w h1 /ill-life accessories to y\r fl[]s1 rub 9 quickly ! color & values ( ! vase or :at n fir/1 b leave ! pa9t+ ( x till ! fl[]s are done4 ,x w be a m pati5t sitt] ?an !y4 ,apply ! ways ( pa9t+ spok5 ( ) ref]5ce to /ill life to ! sket*+ ( fl[]s4 ,ei!r rub 9 quickly a frotte & !n pa9t solidly into t1 or "w frankly & solidly b delib]ately to r5d] ! *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,:5 y sket* fl[]s don't take too _m at a "t2 calculate to "w n m ?an an h\r & a half or two h\rs1 & h no m fl[]s 9 y\r sket* ?an y c complete 9 t "t4 ,:5 y sket*1 q z mu* z :5 y "w at m ambiti\s canvases1 get ! mass fir/1 especially if ! gr\p is l>ge4 ,!n put 9 ! acc5ts :i* d mo/ to give ! "* or type ( ! fl[]4 ,make /udies ( s+le fl[]s & sket*es ( gr\ps4 ,9 ! /udy se>* detail & modell+2 9 ! sket* se>* relations & relief1 effect & l>ge acc5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,portraits ,don't look ^u portraits z some?+ any "o c d4 ,a portrait is m ?an a lik5ess1 & ! pa9t+ ( x gives scope = all ( ! great qualities possible 9 art4 ,only a great pa9t] c pa9t a great portrait4 ,"s great pa9t]s re/ _! fame on "w 9 ?is field1 & o!rs h add$ by ?is to ! fame d]iv$ f o!r k9ds ( "w4 ,y mu/ n ?9k x easy to pa9t a portrait1 or re/ satisfi$ ) hav+ got a lik5ess4 ,lik5ess is a v commonplace ?+1 :i* almo/ any "o c get4 ,if !re 7 no o!r qualities to be tri$ =1 x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile to pa9t a portrait4 ,back ( ! lik5ess1 :i* a few sup]ficial l9es may give1 is ! "*1 :i* ne$s n only skill & p[] to express b great p]ception to see1 & judgm5t to make use ( to ! be/ advantage4 ,"*4--,! fir/ requisite 9 a good portrait is "*1--m ?an lik5ess1 m ?an color or grace1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 x ne$s ?is2 no?+ c take ! place ( x & make a portrait 9 any real s5se ( ! ^w4 ,ev]y?+ else may be add$ to ?is1 & ! picture be only s mu* ! great]2 b ?is is ! fundam5tal beauty ( ! portrait4 ,"s ( ! greate/ pa9t]s made pictures :i* 7 v beautiful1 yet ! greate/ beauty lay 9 ! p]ception & expression ( "*4 ,holbe9's wond]ful "w is ! apo!osis ( ! direct1 simple1 s9c]e expression ( "* 9 ! mo/ frank & unaffect$ rectitude ( draw+4 ,!re are ma/]pieces ( ,albre*t ,dr] :i* re/ on ! same qualities1 z y c see 9 ! ,portrait ( ,himself by ,dr]4 ,lik5ess is incid5tal to "*2 get t1 & ! lik5ess w be !re 9 spite ( y4 ,hub]t ,h]kom] said once t he did n try = lik5ess2 if only he got ! "r values 9 ! "r places1 ! lik5ess _h to be !re4 ,! same c h>dly be said ( "*1 = ?is dep5ds on ! selection f ! phases ( expression :i* are con/antly pass+ on ! face1 ^? :i* speak mo/ ( ! p]sonality ( ! man2 & ! emphasis ( ^! to ! sacrifice ( o!rs4 ,! pa9t+ ( "* is int]pretation ( individuality ?r\gh ! pa9t+ ( ! features1 &1 l all int]pretation1 dep5ds m on insight & selection ?an on repres5tation4 ,try = ?is always4 ,se>* = x 9 ! mann]1 9 ! pose & occupation1 ( y\r sitt]4 ,get lik5ess if y w1 ( c\rse2 b rememb] t !re is a petty lik5ess1 :i* may be accid5t or n1 :i* y c always get by a little c>e 9 draw+2 & t !re is a l>g] "* :i* includes ?is1 & does n dep5d on exagg]ation ( feature or emphasis ( accid5tal l9es1 b on ! l>ge expressiv5ess ( ! individual4 ,y may f9d x else:]e ?an 9 ! face4 ,! "* affects ! :ole movem5t ( ! man4 ,! set ( ! head & ! great l9es ( ! face1 ! head & %\ld]s alone w\ld give x to y ev5 if ! features 7 left out4 ,/udy to see ?is1 & to express x fir/1 & !n put 9 z mu* detail z y see fit1 only tak+ c>e nev] to lose ! ma9 ?+ 9 gett+ ^? details4 ,qualities4--,!re are o!r great qualities also :i* y c get 9 a portrait4 ,all ! qualities ( color & tone1 ( c\rse4 ,b ! simplicity ( a s+le figure does n preclude ! qualities ( l9e & mass4 ,! great ?+s to be done ) composition may z well be done 9 portrait z else:]e4 ,if y w\ld see :at may be done ) a s+le figure1 /udy ! ,portrait ( 8 ,"m1 by ,:i/l]4 ,y c\ld n h a bett] example4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ portraits ( ! _w4 ,notice ! "* :i* is %[n 9 e l9e & plane 9 ! figure4 ,! v pose speaks ( ! individuality4 ,notice ! grace & repose ( l9e1 & ! relations ( mass to mass & space--! proportion4 ,see h[ quiet x is & simple1 yet h[ j & true4 ,( ! color y _c judge 9 a black & :ite1 b y c see ! relations ( tones1 ! values & ! draw+4 ,x is ^! ?+s :i* make a picture2 n only a portrait1 b a great "w ( art z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr]1 by ,himself4 ,to be /udi$ z an example ( directness & navet ( pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( 8 ,"m4 ,:i/l]4 ,draw+4--,good "w 9 portraiture dep5ds on good draw+1 j z o!r "w does4 ,don't ?9k t because x is only a head y c make x m easily ?an any?+ else4 ,z 9 o!r k9ds ( "w1 ! draw+ y %\ld try = is ! draw+ ( ! proportions & *>act]i/ic l9es4 ,get ! masses & ! m important planes1 & don't try = details4 ,y c get ^! aft]w>ds1 or leave !m out altoge!r1 & !y w n be miss$ if y\r "w has be5 well done4 ,don't und]take too mu* 9 y\r "w4 ,make up y\r m9d h[ mu* y c d well1 & don't be too ambiti\s2 ! be/ pa9t]s :o ev] liv$ h be5 cont5t to "w on a head & %\ld]s1 & h made ma/]pieces ( su* pa9t+s4 ,y may be cont5t also4 ,see h[ little ,velasquez c\ld make a picture (6 & notice also ! plac+ ( ! head1 & ! simplicity ( mass1 & ( light & %ade4 ,pa9t+4--,( c\rse y c help y\r color ) glaz+ & scumbl+1 b "w = simplicity fir/4 ,x is n necess>y to use all sorts ( processes2 y c get f9e results & admirable tra9+ f portrait /udies1 & ! m directly y d x1 ! bett] ! tra9+ w be4 ,/udy ! ,portrait ( ,himself1 by ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,y w f9d no affectation "h2 ! mo/ simple & direct bru%-"w only4 ,y w n be able to d ?is sort ( ?+1 b t is no reason :y y %\ld n try = x4 ,x w dep5d on ! bru%-/roke4 ,x implies a precision ( eye z well z ( h&4 ,x means draw+ q z mu* z pa9t+1--draw+ 9 ! pa9t+4 ,y w n get ?is great precision2 nev]!less1 try = x1 & get z ne> x z y c4 ,don't try = too mu* clev]ness2 be cont5t ) good s9c]e /udy1 & ! mo/ direct expression ( planes t y c give4 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,himself4 ,velasquez4 ,let y\r bru% foll[ l9es ( /ructure4 ,don't lay on pa9t across a *eek1 = in/ance4 ,notice ! direction ( ! muscle fibre4 ,x is ! l9e ( contraction ( ! muscle :i* gives ! anatomical /ructure to a face4 ,if y\r bru% foll[s ^?1 y w f9d t x takes ! mo/ natural c\rse ( direction4 ,d ! same ) ! planes ( ! body & ( ! clo?+4 ,note ! l9es ( action1 & ! bru%-/roke w naturally foll[ !m4 ,see t ! :ole =m1 & p>ticul>ly ! head1 con/ructs4 ,! head is r\nd1 m or less2 x is n flat4 ,! planes ( x cross ! plane ( ! canvas1 rec$e f x1 cross beh9d1 & return4 ,?is 9 all directions4 ,y mu/ make y\r pa9t+ express ?is4 ,x is n en\gh t !re be features1 ! features mu/ be "p ( a :ole :i* is surr\nd$1 beh9d z well z 9 front1 by ! atmosph]e4 ,! hair is n j hair1 x is ! out] cov]+ ( ! skull1 & ( necessity foll[s ! curves ( ! skull2 & !re is a back "p to ! skull :i* y _c see1 b :i* y c feel--c "k ! pres5ce (1 because ( ! way x is connect$ ) ! front "p by ! sides4 ,all ?is y mu/ make evid5t 9 y\r pa9t+1 z well z ! facts :i* are on ! side ( ! skull turn$ t[>d y4 ,h[ make x evid5t8 ,by values & directness ( bru%-/roke4 ,backgr\nd4--,nev] treat ! backgr\nd z some?+ diff]5t f ! head4 ,! :ole ?+ mu/ g toge!r4 ,! slighte/ *ange 9 ! backgr\nd is equival5t to t mu* *ange ( ! head itself4 ,= ! *ange means necess>ily a diff]5t contra/1 ei!r ( color or light & %ade1 & x w h its effect on ! color or relief ( ! head4 ,pa9t ! two toge!r1 !n4 ,make ! head & all t goes ) x or ar\nd x z equally p>ts ( ! picture1 :i* all t5d to affect ea* o!r4 ,y\r backgr\nd is n some?+ :i* c be laid 9 aft] ! head is f9i%$4 ,true y c pa9t ! backgr\nd imm$iately ar\nd ! head fir/1 & !n1 aft] pa9t+ ! head1 ext5d ! backgr\nd to ! edge ( ! canvas2 b ! color1 tone1 & "* ( ! backgr\nd mu/ be decid$ ^u at ! "t ! head is pa9t$1 & c>ri$ on 9 ! same feel+4 ,x is nev] good "w to pa9t ! head & !n pa9t a backgr\nd beh9d x4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true :5 !re are w9d[s or any objects :atev] 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is mo/ important t ! :ole ?+ %all be se5 9 ! same k9d ( light1 & 9 ! same relation ( light4 ,?is is h>dly to be done :5 ! head is "o pa9t+ & ! backgr\nd ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,?is is n rigidly true1 h[ev]1 9 cases :5 ! :ole ?+ is plann$ be=eh&1 & /udies made = ea* "p1 z 9 elaborate portraits & compositions :i* include sev]al figures or special surr\nd+s4 ,b ! pr9ciple holds good "h also4 ,! relation mu/ be kept ( ! head to ! surr\nd+s1 & ! effect ( ! "o ^u ! o!r always kept 9 m9d4 ,complex ,portraits4--,x is (t5 possible to pose y\r model s z to br+ out "s *>act]i/ic occupation4 ,?is is (t5 done 9 portraits ( di/+ui%$ m54 ,su* a treatm5t gives opportunity = composition bo? ( ! figure & ( ! v>i\s objects :i* may make up ! backgr\nd4 ,9 su* pictures y %\ld /udy arrangem5t ( l9e & mass1 to make ! ?+ /hetically int]e/+ z well z int]e/+ z a portrait4 ,composition 9 mass1--! consid]ation ( ! head & %\ld]s 9 relation to ! space ( ! canvas1--is necess>y 9 ! simple/ head2 b z soon z ! canvas takes 9 a repres5tation ( action on ! "p ( ! figure1 l9e & movem5t mu/ be consid]$1 z 0 done s beautifully 9 ,:i/l]'s portrait4 ,9 ?is ! /udy ( composition is y\r problem4 ,y may /udy x all ! "t & 9 e picture y d1 b x %\ld be work$ out be=e y beg9 to pa9t4 ,plan y\r canvas c>efully always4 ,"k j :]e ev]y?+ is com+4 ,:5 y leave ?+s to *ance1 y are pretty sure to h tr\ble lat]4 ,portraits ,good ,tra9+4--,i w\ld n h y und]take to pa9t a portrait ra%ly4 ,y %\ld "k :at y are to expect4 ,if y are n pretty sure ( y\r draw+1 & ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( see+ color 9 nature1 & ( repres5t+ x on canvas1 y are likely to get disc\rag$4 ,p>ticul>ly if a fri5d poses = y1 y may expect disappo9tm5t on bo? sides4 ,draw+ a head f ! life is a v diff]5t ?+ f draw+ an inanimate object :i* w /ay 9 "o position z long z y c pay ! r5t4 ,s 9 ! pa9t+ ( x1 too1 ! color itself is alive4 ,fle% is some?+ v elusive to see ! color (4 ,& :5 y f9d t j z y beg9 to get ?+s well "u way1 or are 9 a p>ticul>ly tight place1 j at t mom5t y\r model mu/ re/1 y mu/ /op :ile ! position is *ang$ & gott5 back to aga92 !n y w beg9 to realize t la nature ne s'arrte pas4 ,i w\ld h y "k all ?is1 ,i say1 be=e y beg9 on y\r fir/ portrait2 b1 nev]!less1 if y c get a />t at x y w f9d x extremely good practice4 ,! v difficulties br+ m def9itely to y ! real problems ( pa9t+4 ,! fact t x is really ! repres5tation ( some?+ :i* has life has an int]e/ q ( its own4 ,! con/ant *ange ( position on ! "p ( ! model w make y m obs]vant1 & less reg>dful ( details2 or if y d reg>d ! details1 & =get ! o!r ?+s1 x w %[ y h[ inadequate ^? details are to real expression1 unless !re is some?+ l>g] to place !m on4 ,don't und]take ! pa9t+ ( a head )\t consid]+ well t y are likely to h tr\ble1 & t ! tr\ble y w h is mo/ likely to be ( a k9d t y don't expect4 ,b1 hav+ begun1 keep y\r head & y\r grit1 & d ! be/ y c4 ,rememb] t y le>n by mi/akes1 & failures are a "p ( e man's "w1 & ( e pa9t]'s exp]i5ce1 & n only ( y\r own4 ,y w save y\r self-e/eem f consid]able bruis+ if y make x a po9t nev] to let y\r sitt] see y\r "w till y are pretty well ov] ! wor/ ( x4 ,! k t x is to be se5 w make y "w less unconsci\sly1 & y w f9d y\rself try+ = lik5ess1 & all t sort ( ?+1 :5 t is n :at y %\ld be ?9k+ ab\t2 & if1 aft] all1 ! ?+ is a failure1 x is a great consolation to "k t no "o b y\rself has se5 x6 ,beg9n+ a ,portrait4--,! ways ( beg9n+ portraits are innum]able4 ,!re is no "o "r way4 ,"s are "r = "o pa9t] or subject1 & "s = o!rs2 b !re are "s me?ods :i* are m advisable = ! beg9n]4 ,y c beg9 & c>ry ?r\gh y\r pa9t+ entirely ) body color1 or y c beg9 x ) frottes1 & pa9t solidly into t4 ,take ^! two me?ods z types1 & "w 9 "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to :at are ! special qualities y want y\r "w to h4 ,if y h nev] pa9t$ a head1 & h "s k ( ! use ( pa9t & ( draw+1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t y make a few /udies ( ! head & %\ld]s1 life size1 9 solid color1 & on a n too l>ge canvas1 say sixte5 by tw5ty in*es4 ,?is w leave y no extra space1 & y c devote y\r :ole att5tion to ! /udy ( ! head1 ) only a few in*es ( backgr\nd ar\nd x4 ,y w probably make ! head too l>ge4 ,a head looks l>g] ?an x really is1 especially :5 y are putt+ x on canvas4 ,if y measure !m y w f9d t few heads w be long] ?an n9e in*es f ! top ( ! hair to ! bottom ( ! *94 ,take ?is z ! regul> size 9 draw+ x on y\r canvas1 & make ! o!r proportions accord+ to t4 ,make a draw+ ( ! outl9es 9 /raight l9es1 :i* %all give only ! ma9 proportions ( ! head1 neck1 & %\ld]s4 ,)9 ?is1 block out ! features l>gely4 ,don't draw ! eyes1 b only ! %ape ( ! orbit2 nor ! no/ril1 b only ! mass ( light & %ade ( ! nose4 ,con/ruction4--,9 ^! /udies avoid try+ to get any?+ m ?an :at w be sugge/$ by ?is simple draw+4 ,use body color4 ,don't ?9k ( any?+ b :at y h to repres5t4 ,nev] m9d h[ ! pa9t goes on1 nor :at colors y use1 except t x is "r 9 value1 & z ne> ! color z y c get4 ,put x on ) ! full bru%1 & try to get fir/ ! l>ge masses & planes4 ,get x light :]e x is light1 & d>k :]e x is d>k1 & h contra/ en\gh to give "s relief4 ,don't try = any problems4 ,set y\r model 9 a simple1 /rong light & g ahead4 ,no details1 no eyes1 only ! great /ructural masses4 ,try to feel ! skull "u ^! planes ( light & d>k4 ,h ! edges ( !m pron\nc$ & firm4 ,d a lot ( ^! /udies2 le>n /ructure fir/4 ,y w nev] be able to put an eye 9 its place 9 ! orbit till y c make ! plane ( d>k :i* expresses ! bony /ructure ( ! orbit4 ,y w feel ! edge ( ! br[1 ( ! *eekbone1 & :]e ! light falls on ! temple & on ! side ( ! nose4 ,inside ( ?is is ! d>k ( ! cavity1 brok5 = y\r purpose only by ! light on ! upp] lid4 ,lay ^! 94 ,d ! same ) ! o!r planes1 & put y\r bru% d[n firmly :]e y want ! color1 ) no consid]ation b ! simple/ & mo/ direct expression ( value & color4 ,n[1 :5 y c lay 9 a head 9 ?is way1 s t y c express ! lik5ess ) no?+ b ^! doz5 or s ( simple planes1 y h got "s idea ( :at are ! ma9 ?+s :i* give "* to a head4 ,y w beg9 to und]/& h[ x %\ld con/ruct4 ,into ?is y c put all ! detail y want1 & if ! detail is 9 value ) ?is beg9n+ x w keep its prop] relation to ! :ole4 ,always :5 pa9t+ a head solidly1 "w ?is way4 ,get ! action & "* ( ! head z a :ole4 ,block 9 ! planes ( ! face & ! features2 & !n g ahead to give ! details :i* express ! less] *>act]i/ics4 ,b always get ! "*1 ev5 ! fir/ look ( resemblance1 ) ?is block+ 94 ,details & features w n give y ! lik5ess1 to say no?+ ( ! "*1 if y h n gott5 ! "* fir/ by ! repres5tation ( ^? proportions :i* mean ! /ructure :i* und]lies all ! accid5tal positions ( ! detail ( feature4 ,! ,frotte4--,if y want to be m exact ) y\r draw+ be=e y beg9 to pa9t1 lay 9 y\r canvas ) a light-&-%ade draw+ 9 *>coal4 ,!n make a frotte 9 "o color1 & pa9t into & ov] t1 z 0 describ$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ,/ill ,life4 ,by c>eful & /udi\s use ( ^! two me?ods ( "w y c le>n ! ma9 pr9ciples ( pa9t+ portraits1 & modify ! h&l+ z y h ne$2 = all ! v>i\s me?ods ( manipulation are modifications ( "o or ! o!r1 or comb9ations ( bo? ( ^! fundam5tally diff]5t ways ( work+4 ,if y pa9t m ?an "o sitt+1 get z good a draw+ z y c ! fir/ day4 ,put 9 y\r frotte ! next1 or make y\r block+ 92 !n aft] t d y\r pa9t+ into ! frotte1 or ! work+ out ( su* details z y decide to put 94 ,titian pa9t$ solidly1 probably ) no details2 !n work$ ^! 9 & glaz$1 !n t\*$ ri* colors into ! glaze4 ,b y _h bett] n bo!r ) all ^! ways ( pa9t+4 ,:5 y c "w well 9 ! simple/ way1 y w f9d y\rself mak+ all sorts ( exp]im5ts )\t any sugge/ions f me4 ,"w fir/ = facts ( utmo/ importance1 & te*nical me?ods are n su* facts4 ,p]ception & repres5tation by any mo/ conv5i5t means are ! fir/ ?+s to be ?\ght (1 & no?+ else is ( importance until a c]ta9 am\nt ( advance is made along ?is l9e4 ,le>n to see & pa9t ! :ol5ess ( ! ?+ at once1 n ! details1 b ! fact ( x4 ,try to lay 9 ?+s s t y h a solid gr\nd to "w onto & into lat]4 ,look = ! vital ?+s4 ,don't try = f9i%4 ,f9i% is n work$ = nor pa9t$ into a picture2 f9i% occurs :5 y h repres5t$ all y h to express4 ,:5 y h got "* & values & true repres5tation ( color1 y w f9d t ! f9i% is !re )\t y\r hav+ bo!r$ ab\t x4 ,! masses y are to look = & emphasize are ! great spaces :]e ! light /rikes & ! %ad[s fall4 ,close y\r eyes4 ,! l9es disappe>4 ,y only see l>ge planes ( values2 express ^! at once & simply4 ,don't be afraid ( rud5ess1 ei!r ( h&l+ or ( color1 at fir/4 ,don't try = f9esse4 ,all ^! delicacies w come lat]4 ,b y mu/ get ! important ?+s fir/4 ,le>n to be /rong fir/1 or y nev] w be4 ,delicacy comes aft] /r5g?1 n be=e4 ,s1 too1 fre$om comes aft] k--is ! result ( k4 ,s pa9t to le>n4 ,if x is rigid at fir/ & h>d1 nev] m9d4 ,get ! und]/&+ & ! repres5tation z well z y c1 & try = o!r ?+s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,hay/acks 9 ,sun%9e4 ,monet4 ,to %[ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( h&l+ 9 ,impressioni/ "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,l&scape ,f ! usual rat+ ( figures z ! mo/ important bran* ( pa9t+1 x w\ld be natural to speak ( t k9d ( "w fir/4 ,b "w f ! head mu/ come be=e y attempt ! figure1 & !re are a good _m ?+s t y c le>n f l&scape :i* w help y 9 figure-"w4 ,! mann] ( pa9t+ figures has be5 mu* modifi$1 too1 ( late ye>s1 ow+ to c]ta9 qualities & po9ts ( view :i* are due to ! /udy ( l&scape & ! important position t x has come to occupy4 ,9 ! old days l&scape 0 only a second>y ?+1 n only z a bran* ( art 9 itself1 b p>ticul>ly z x 0 us$ by figure pa9t]s4 ,9 ?is c5tury x has s broad5$ 9 its scope t x is n[ recogniz$ to be z important a field ( "w z any4 ,b fur!r ?an ?is1 x has become ! mo/ influ5tial /udy 9 ! :ole range ( pa9t+4 ,f ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( outdoor nature1 & p>ticul>ly outdoor light1 x has come ab\t t c]ta9 facts ( nature h be5 recogniz$ :i* 7 be=e neglect$1 ignor$1 or unsuspect$1 & ^! facts be> q z mu* on ! pa9t+ ( ! figure z on ! pa9t+ ( l&scape4 ,s t x is no m possible to pa9t ! figure1 9 "s respects1 z x 0 pa9t$ z a matt] ( c\rse a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :ile o!r ways ( pa9t+ ! figure1 :i* 7 undream$ ( at t "t1 are ! matt]s ( c\rse n[4 ,! :ole problem ( light has tak5 a new phase1 & ! treatm5t ( color 9 t relation is modifi$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( figures z well z 9 ! o!r bran*es ( "w4 ,pit*4--,9 no direction is ?is m m>k$ ?an 9 ! matt] ( pit*1 or key4 ,) ! /udy ( l&scape1 ! range ( gradation f light to d>k has broad5$4 ,a picture may n[ be pa9t$ 9 a high key2 ! picture may be1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ note 9 x1 f> light] ?an w\ld h be5 ?\ght possible ev5 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,?is "q ( bright pictures is "o :i* dem&s consid]ation4 ,"o has only to g into any exhibition ( pictures to-day to be /ruck ) ! fact t ! key ( almo/ e picture 9 x1 ( :atev] k9d1 has *ang$ f :at x w\ld h be5 9 ! la/ g5]ation4 ,?is is n m]ely ! result ( ! spread ( ! ,impressioni/ idea4 ,t influ5ce has only be5 /rongly felt 9 ?is c\ntry )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,x is n t :i* ,i am speak+ ( n[4 ,i mean ! fact t ev5 ! gray] pictures--^? :i* d n 9 any ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w belong to ,impressioni/ "w--are light 9 color1 :]e !y w\ld once h be5 d>k1 or at lea/ d>k]4 ,! impressioni/s h _h a def9ite influ5ce1 x is true2 b ! "w ( ! e>li] ple9 air m5--! m5 :o pos$ _! models out-(-doors z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 :o /udi$ l&scape out-(-doors--0 ! fir/ & mo/ p[]ful influ5ce1 & t ( ! impressioni/s1 com+ along aft] x1 has simply emphasiz$ & c>ri$ x f>!r4 ,bright ,pictures4--,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! "w ( ^? pa9t]s :o are call$ impressioni/s1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t !y h taught u h[ "s ?+s may be possible4 ,& ! pres5t quality ( brightness w necess>ily be to a c]ta9 ext5t a p]man5t "o 9 art4 ,= l x or n z we may1 x is true--true to a c]ta9 great1 fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( nature4 ,= outdoor light is bright1 ev5 on a gray day4 ,! lum9osity ( color is too great to be repres5t$ ) d>k pa9t or lifeless color4 ,& once ?is fact is recogniz$1 x is a fact :i* w inevitably influ5ce all k9ds ( "w4 ,:at is possible & "r at a c]ta9 /age ( k or recognition may be impossible :5 o!r po9ts ( view h once be5 accept$4 ,we see only :at we look =1 & we look = only :at we expect to see or are int]e/$ to see4 ,y _c g out-(-doors n[ & pa9t z y w\ld h pa9t$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!n y w\ld h pa9t$ :at y saw !n2 b y w\ld n h se5 nor look$ = ?+s :i* y _c help see+ n[4 ,= our eyes h be5 op5$ to new qualities & new facts1 & once ! eyes h be5 op5$ to !m !y c nev] be clos$ to !m aga94 ,av]age ,obs]vation4--,i say we see only :at we look =1 :at we expect to f9d2 any?+ out ( ! ord9>y is h>d to believe at fir/4 ,9 look+ at nature ! av]age obs]v] does n ev5 see ! obvi\s4 ,c]ta9 g5]al facts he accepts 9 ! g5]al1 b z a rule !re is no real recognition ( :at is !re2 no p]ception ( ! relations ( ?+s2 no analysis2 no real see+1 only a conv5tional acceptance ( a ?+ z a ?+4 ,m5 look at nature ) "o idea1 & at a picture ( nature ) an entirely diff]5t idea4 ,nature 9 ! picture is to mo/ p j :at !y h be5 accu/om$ to see 9 o!r pictures4 ,!y get _! idea ( h[ nature looks f ^? pictures1 & if y %[ !m a picture diff]5tly conceiv$ !y h difficulty 9 tak+ x 94 ,= ?is reason ! bright picture does n look "r4 ,i rememb] be+ ask$ by a man 9 a mod]n exhibition :at ,i ?\ght ( ^! bright pictures4 ,:5 ,i ask$ :i* pictures he _h ref]5ce to1 ,i f\nd t he meant ! "w ( a man ^: :ole aim 9 pa9t+ l&scape 01 z he once said to me1 to get ! j note 9 color & value4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! fact t ! :ole =ce ( an extremely able & s9c]e m9d 0 direct$ to t purpose1 w\ld produce a picture ) at lea/ tru? ( obs]vation4 ,yet ?is 0 n :at my pass+ acqua9tance want$ to see4 ,! picture he lik$1 :i* _h "s nature 9 x1 z he po9t$ out to me1 0 an extremely commonplace l&scape ) a black tree aga9/ a g>i% sky1 reflect$ 9 a pool ( wat]4 ,! bright picture seem$ to me exquisitely gray & quiet1 ?\gh high 9 key1 & ! "o ) nature 9 x1 h>% & crude1 b conv5tional2 & t 0 j ! po9t4 ,! av]age obs]v] wants to see1 & does see1 9 nature :at he is accu/om$ to accept 9 a picture z nature4 ,b a pa9t] _c g on su* a basis4 ,he may pa9t a d>k picture1 b he mu/ f9d a subject :i* is d>k to d s4 ,he may n pa9t daylight ) false pit* & false relations1 & say he sees x s4 ,) e lib]ty = p]sonal see+1 !re are /ill c]ta9 facts s e/abli%$ & obvi\s t p]sonality mu/ take !m & deal ) !m1 mu/ use !m & n ignore !m1 9 its self-expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ! ,race ,track4 ,degas4 ,to %[ relations ( pit* & contra/ out-doors4 ,! pit* ( daylight is "o ( ^! facts4 ,light & lum9osity may n be qualities :i* appeal to y\r temp]am5t4 ,y may !re=e n make !m ! ma9 !me ( y\r pa9t+ ( l&scape2 b y _c pa9t a daylight picture )\t 9 "s way mak+ x obvi\s t lum9osity is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( day light4 ,!re is no o!r quality s univ]sally pres5t & p]vasive4 ,9 sunlight x is ! mo/ vital quality4 ,y might z well pa9t wat] )\t recogniz+ ! fact t wat] is wet1 z to pa9t daylight )\t recogniz+ ! fact t diffus$ sunlight is brilliant4 ,a ,help4--,y w f9d x v useful z a help 9 see+ pit* z well z color to h a c>d ) a squ>e hole cut 9 x to look ?r\gh at y\r l&scape4 ,h "o side cov]$ ) black velvet & ! o!r left :ite4 ,comp>e d>ks ) ! black1 & ! lights ) ! :ite1 & make ! picture compose 9 ! op5+ z 9 a frame4 ,key & ,h>mony4--,b y %\ld rememb] t ! high key = out-(-door "w does n mean crude nor unsympa!tic color1 nei!r does x mean t !re is no?+ b sun%9e & %ad[4 ,y\r picture may be z high z y please 9 pit*1 & yet be h>moni\s & pleas+4 ,i h se5 impressioni/ pictures ( mo/ pron\nc$ type hung 9 ! same room ) old pictures & 9 p]fect h>mony ) !m4 ,x means t good color is always good color1 & w always be h>moni\s ) o!r good color1 :atev] ! pit* ( ei!r4 ,"o picture is simply a diff]5t note f ! o!r1 t is all4 ,! color 9 nature is n crude 9 n be+ d>k4 ,! relations ( spots ( color are j2 y h only to be z j 9 obs]v+ !m1 & y\r picture w be h>moni\s4 ,make y\r notes j all ov] y\r canvas4 ,h "s ( !m j & ! re/ false1 & ( c\rse x w be wrong4 ,or if y try to make crudity take ! place ( brilliancy1 y w n get h>mony4 ,! h>mony :i* comes f ! pres5ce 9 j relation ( all ! colors is none ! less beautiful because m alive4 ,y ne$ n try = ! mo/ contra/+ & mo/ sp>kl+ qualities ( out-(-door color1 b y %\ld feel = ! out-(-doorness ( x4 ,! space1 ! bread?1 lack ( conf9es1 ! l>g5ess & movem5t1 vibration & life1--^! are ! ?+s :i* ! mod]n pa9t] has discov]$ 9 l&scape & has emphasiz$2 & ?is is :at has made mod]n l&scape a vital =ce 9 mod]n art4 ,:atev] y d or d n see1 feel1 & express 9 y\r pa9t+1 ^! y mu/ see1 feel1 & express2 = once ^! qualities are recogniz$ & accept$ !y are z univ]sal z ! law ( gravity1 & c be z little ignor$4 ,l&scape ,draw+4--,l&scape is m difficult to draw ?an is g5]ally ?\ght2 n only is ! "* affect$ by ! scale ( ! ma9 masses1 b !re is great probability ( ov]draw+4 ,! curves t m>k ! modell+ ( ! gr\nd are v difficult to give ju/ly4 ,! altitude & slope ( m\nta9s are almo/ inv>iably exagg]at$4 ,! twi/s & w9d+s ( roadways & f5ces are seldom c>efully drawn2 yet ! mo/ exquisite movem5t ( l9e is to be ga9$ by j repres5tation ( !m4 ,to give ! "* ( a tree1 too1 )\t mak+ out too mu* ( ! detail ( x1 ne$s m precise obs]vation ?an x g5]ally gets4 ,illu/ration3 ,will[ ,road4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,get ! "*2 get ! s5tim5t ( x4 ,se>* = ! important ?+s "h fir/1 & be m p>ticul> ab\t ! plac+ ( ea* l9e ?an ab\t ! numb] ( l9es4 ,don't draw too _m l9es 9 a l&scape2 don't draw too _m objects4 ,c>efully /udy ! sc5e be=e y till y h decid$ :at p>ts are mo/ ess5tial 9 giv+ ! "* t y want to express1 & !n draw mo/ c>efully ^? p>ts4 ,see :i* are ! mo/ expressive l9es 9 x4 ,get ! sw+ & movem5t ( ^? l9es 9 ! l>ge2 !n /udy ! m subtle movem5t ( !m4 ,get ^! ?+s on ! canvas fir/1 & put ev]y?+ else 9 z subsidi>y to !m4 ,h all ?is well plac$ be=e y beg9 to pa9t1 & all[ = little ?+s be+ pa9t$ on to ?is4 ,don't get too _m ?+s into "o l&scape4 ,! _s ( ! "t & place is :at w make ! beauty ( x1 n ! details nor ! m]e facts4 ,?is _s y w f9d 9 a few ?+s1 n 9 _m4 ,hav+ f\nd :i* l9es & =ms1 :i* masses & relations ( color & value1 express ?is1 ! m c>efully y avoid putt+ 9 o!r ?+s ! m entirely y emphasize ! quality :i* is ! real reason ( exi/5ce ( y\r picture4 ,9 /udy+ l&scape1 "w = "o ?+ at a "t4 ,:at has be5 said ( sket*+ & /udies applies "h4 ,l&scape is ! mo/ bewild]+ ( subjects 9 its multiplicity ( facts & objects & colors & contra/s4 ,if y _c f9d a way to simplify x y w nei!r "k :]e to beg9 nor :]e to leave (f4 ,i _c tell y j :at to d or n to d1 because no two l&scapes are alike4 ,recipes w d no?+ 9 help+ y to pa9t4 ,b !re is ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* y may foll[1 & ,i try to keep x be=e y ev5 at ! risk ( ov]-repetition4 ,9 no k9d ( picture c y drag 9 unimportant ?+s simply because !y exi/ 9 nature4 ,9 l&scape m ?an else:]e1 because y _c arrange x1 b mu/ select 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ev]y?+1 y mu/ le>n to conc5trate on ! ?+s :i* mean mo/1 & to refuse to recognize ^? :i* w n l5d !mselves to ! c5tral idea4 ,selection4--,:5 y select y\r subject1 or motif1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 select x = some?+ def9ite4 ,!re is always some?+ :i* makes y ?9k ?is p>ticul> view w make a good picture4 ,/ate to y\rself :at x is t y see 9 x1 n 9 detail1 b 9 ! g5]al4 ,is x ! g5]al color effect ( ! :ole1 or a contra/8 ,is x a s5se ( l>g5ess & space1 or a beautiful comb9ation ( l9e 9 ! track ( a road1 or r[ ( trees1 or a riv]8 ,p]haps x is ! mass & maje/y ( a m\nta9 or a gr\p ( trees4 ,some?+ def9ite or def9able cat*es y--else y _h bett] n d x at all2 & :at t some?+ is y mu/ "k q precisely1 or y w n h a well-und]/ood picture4 ,:5 y h di/9ctly 9 y\r m9d :at y want to pa9t x =1 !n see t ! composition is s plac$ on y\r canvas t t *>act]i/ic is ! ma9 ?+ 9 evid5ce4 ,) ?is done x is a v easy ?+ to conc5trate on t *>act]i/ic1 & to leave out :atev] t5ds to break x up or di/ract f x4 ,?is is ! only way y c simplify y\r subject4 ,fir/ by a di/9ct conception ( :at y pa9t x =1 !n by s mu* analysis ( ! :ole field ( vision z w %[ y :at does & :at does n help 9 ! expression ( x4 ,detail4--,mu* detail 9 l&scape is nev] good pa9t+4 ,:e!r big or little1 y\r canvas mu/ express some?+ l>g] & m important ?an detail4 ,give detail :5 x is ne$$ to express "* or to avoid slov5l9ess4 ,give z mu* detail :]e ! emphasis lies z w insure ! complet5ess ( repres5tation--n a t\* m4 ,/ructure4--,h y\r =egr\nd details well und]/ood 9 draw+ & value4 ,?is does n require ! draw+ ( leaf & twig1 b x does require /ructure4 ,ev]y?+ requires /ructure4 ,/ructure is fundam5tal to "*4 ,if y w n take ! tr\ble to /udy ! "* ( any lea/ ?+ y put 91 don't put x 9 at all4 ,no?+ is important en\gh to put 91 if x is n important en\gh to h its "* & its purpose 9 ! picture und]/ood4 ,i spoke ( /ructure 9 speak+ ( ! head4 ,if ,i said no?+ b /ructure1 /ructure1 /ructure to ! end ( ! section1 y w\ld get ! impression ( :at is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 draw+4 ,if y w look = & f9d ! l9e & proportion express+ ! anatomy :i* makes ! ?+ fulfil its p>ticul> function 9 ! _w1 y w und]/& its "*1 & t is :at is important1 ev]y:]e4 ,"w 9 ,season4--,make y\r picture 9 ! season :i* x repres5ts4 ,i don't say t a good summ] picture may n be made 9 w9t]2 b ,i d say t y are m likely to express ! summ] quality :ile ! summ] is ar\nd y4 ,!re is too mu* half pa9t+ ( pictures1 & !n leav+ !m to be f9i%$ up aft]w>ds4 ,( c\rse y c make all y\r /udies & sket*es1 & !n beg9 & f9i% ! picture f !m4 ,if y are c>eful to h pl5ty ( mat]ial1 to accumulate all y\r facts ) ! int5tion ( work+ f ^? facts1 all "r2 b x w\ld be bett] if y 7 to "w y\r picture 9 ! season ( x1 z long z y are a /ud5t at lea/4 ,= until y h _h a great deal ( exp]i5ce1 y w f9d :5 y come to pa9t y\r picture t "s v mu* ne$$ mat]ial y h neglect$ to collect1 & y _c safely supply x f memory4 ,if ?is occurs 9 ! "t ( ye> repres5t$ 9 ! picture1 y c j g out & /udy x4 ,out-(-door ,l&scapes4--,! mo/ important movem5t 9 mod]n art1 ! mo/ important 9 its effects on all k9ds ( "w1 is :at ,i h m5tion$ z ! ple9 air movem5t4 ,x 0 ?\ght by "s cle>-head$ m5 t ! be/ way to pa9t an out-door picture 0 to take _! canvases out-(-doors to pa9t x4 ,in/ead ( work+ f a few color sket*es & _m p5cil /udies1 !y pa9t$ ! :ole picture f fir/ to la/ 9 ! op5 air4 ,work+ 9 ?is way1 c]ta9 qualities got into ! pictures unavoidably4 ,necess>ily ! color 0 fre%] & tru]4 ,necess>ily !re 0 m bread? & frankness1 & less conv5tionality & m]e picture-mak+4 ,! _s ( ! op5 got onto ! canvas1 & ! :ole type ( picture 0 *ang$4 ,= ! fir/ "t out-(-door values 7 /udi$ z ?+s 9 !mselves int]e/+ & important4 ,! result on l&scape pictures 0 t pictures pa9t$ 9 ! /udio seem$ unreal & ins9c]e1 & t m5 look$ & /udi$ less = ! mak+ ( pictures1 & m = :at nature _h to reveal4 ,x w\ld be a good ?+ = y z a /ud5t if y w\ld d z ^! m5 did :5ev] y want to d any "w at l&scape1 :e!r = itself1 or = backgr\nd4 ,if y wi% to pose any k9d ( figure ) l&scape backgr\nd1 pose & pa9t y\r figure out-(-doors4 ,make sket*es z mu* z y please1 make /udies z mu* z y please2 b make !m = ! sugge/ions & k !y w give y1 & n = mat]ial to be us$ 9 pa9t+ a picture at home4 ,= y\r picture1 />t1 & g on )1 & f9i% x out-doors2 y w get a feel+ ( fre%ness & tru? 9 y\r "w :i* y _c get any o!r way4 ,y w also acquire a p[] ( conc5tration & ( selection & rejection 9 ! pres5ce ( nature :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to y4 ,impressionism4--,x is n possible to speak ( l&scape & ple9 air )\t m5tion ( ! ,impressioni/s4 ,y %\ld und]/& :at impressionism really is1 & :at x is n1 & :at ! impressioni/ /&s =4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 ?is "w is n to be ignor$4 ,x has tri$ = c]ta9 ?+s1 & has %[n t !y c be mu* m ju/ly repres5t$ ?an _h be=e be5 believ$ to be possible1 & fad or no fad1 t result /&s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 impressionism does n mean purple & yell[4 ,any "o :o says purple & yell[ & ?r[s ! :ole ?+ aside1 is a v sup]ficial critic4 ,! purple & yell[ are incid5tal to ! impressioni/1 n ess5tial4 ,x is only "o ( ! ways ( h&l+ color by means ( :i* x 0 f\nd possible to express c]ta9 qualities ( light4 ,be=e ev]y?+ else ! real impressioni/ /&s = ! repres5tation ( ! p]sonal conception & me?od z aga9/ ! traditional4 ,he believes t if a man has any?+ ( 8 own to say1 he mu/ say x 9 8 own way2 & t if he _c f9d t nature has any?+ to say to him p]sonally1 if nature _c give him a p]sonal message1 if he c only pa9t by giv+ ano!r man's ideas & ano!r man's me?od1 !n he _h bett] n pa9t at all2 s t :atev] he may see to pa9t1 & h[ev] he f9ds a way to express x1 ! value ( x & ! tru? ( x lie 9 ! fact t x is 81 8 way ( see+1 & 8 way ( express+1--t x is p]sonal4 ,lum9osity4--,! impressioni/ is imbu$ ) ! fact t all ! light by means ( :i* ?+s are at all visible is lum9\s--t x vibrates4 ,he does n ?9k t liv+ light c be repres5t$ by dead color4 ,he /rives to make 8 color live also4 ,?is is ! secret ( ! purple & yell[4 ,by ! contra/ ( ^! two colors1 by ! comb9ation & contra/ & juxtaposition ( ! complem5t>y colors & ! use ( pure pigm5ts1 he c make 8 colors m vibrant1 & s give m ( ! pit* ( real sunlight4 ,he actually applies on 8 canvas ! laws :i* are kn[n to hold ) light & color sci5tifically4 ,he applies practically 9 8 "w ^? laws :i* ! sci5ti/ furni%es him ) !oretically4 ,! result 9 "s h&s is g>i%1 crude4 ,b ! be/ m5 h %[n t x is possible to use ! means s z make a subtle h>mony & a lum9\s brilliancy t h nev] be=e be5 atta9$4 ,! crudity is ! result ( ! man1 n ( ! me?od4 ,! ,application4--,! application ( all ?is to y\r own "w is t :5 y want pit* & sunlight y c get x ?r\gh ! obs]vance ( ! laws ( color contra/1 & su* a lay+ on ( pigm5t z w br+ ?is ab\t4 ,try to /udy ! actual contra/s ( color1 n z !y seem1 b z !y are 9 nature4 ,/udy ! facts :i* h be5 obs]v$ z to colors 9 _! effects on ea* o!r1 & !n try to see ^! 9 nature & to pa9t ! results4 ,! ,lum9i/s4--,?is is ! pr9ciple ( all loose pa9t+ c>ri$ out sci5tifically4 ,x is ! cause ( ! peculi> te*nique ( ^? impressioni/s :o pa9t 9 /reaks & spots ( pigm5t4 ,! mann] ( putt+ on pa9t does int]f]e ) ! cont9uity ( outl9e 9 ! draw+ necess>ily1 b !re is a m>k$ ga9 9 ! quality ( light2 & z ^! m5 are lum9i/s1 & light is :at !y want prim>ily1 ! sacrifice is ju/ifiable1 or at any rate explicable4 ,n[ if y und]/& ! sci5tific pr9ciple1 & ! practical application & its result on canvas1 y h 9 y\r h&s "o ( ! ma9 in/rum5talities 9 ! r5d]+ ( "o great quality ( out-(-doors4 ,h[ f> y adopt x is a matt] = y to decide = y\rself4 ,if ! complete adoption ( x implies too mu* ( a sacrifice ( o!r ?+s ( equal or great] value to y1 !n modify x1 or take advantage ( x z mu* z w give y ! balance ( qualities y mo/ want4 ,!re is "o way to get light & brilliancy & life into y\r color3 adapt x to y\r purpose if y ne$ x4 ,?is is ! application ( color juxtaposition to mix+4 ,! plac+ ( complem5t>ies s z to increase contra/ is ano!r way ( add+ to ! brilliancy ( light4 ,y w f9d ?is mo/ useful :5 y want to give ! greate/ possible emphasis to ! effect ( sunlight & %ad[4 ,if y keep y\r %ad[s cool1 y\r lights w be ! ri*] & m sp>kl+ because ( t contra/4 ,if y want m /r5g? 9 a note ( color1 get its complem5t z ne> x z y c4 ,look = _! iridesc5ce ( edges ( %ad[1 & ( ! cont\rs ( objects4 ,y w get great] relief ( light & %ade by contra/ ( w>m & cool ?an contra/ ( light & d>k4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,i am n advis+ y to be an impressioni/4 ,i wi% only t y %all see :at !re is 9 ?is way ( look+ at nature & ( repres5tation ( c]ta9 effects ( nature1 :i* w be ( use to y 9 ! pa9t+ ( l&scape4 ,i w\ld h y "k :at means are at y\r comm&1 :at is possible to accompli% 9 c]ta9 directions1 & h[ x is possible to accompli% x2 !n ,i w\ld h y make use ( :atev] w mo/ directly & completely s]ve y\r purpose4 ,d n use any color or colors1 any me?od or po9t ( view1 because ( any advocacy :atsoev]4 ,"k fir/ :at y want to pa9t & :y4 ,let nature speak to y4 ,g out & look at l&scape4 ,/udy & obs]ve2 see ! effect :i* makes y want to pa9t x1 & !n use ! means & me?od :i* seem mo/ entirely adapt$ to x4 ,don't ask y\rself1 nor let any "o else ask y1 ,is ?is ,s-&-,s's me?od8 or1 ,does ?is belong to ?is or t s*ool8 ,don't bo!r ab\t s*ools or me?ods at all4 ,look frankly to see1 accept frankly1 & !n "w to r5d] & convey z frankly z y h se54 ,be s9c]e--s9c]e ) y\rself & ) y\r pa9t+3 !n y w surely "w at :atev] y d f conviction1 & n f fad2 & :e!r x makes y pa9t z an impressioni/ or n is a v m9or matt]1 because s9c]ity ( purpose is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 pa9t+1 & me?od ( repres5tation "o ( ! lea/4 ,atmosph]e4--,a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( nature w be a fundam5tal "o 9 l&scape4 ,a l&scape :i* y _c brea! 9 is n a p]fect "o4 ,we live & brea! 9 atmosph]e1 & ! expression ( atmosph]e w g f> to make y\r l&scape true4 ,b atmosph]e is n haz9ess4 ,nei!r is x vagu5ess nor negativ5ess ( color4 ,tru? ( color-quality1 & ju/ness ( relation w d mo/ 9 gett+ x4 ,y _h bett] n try = atmosph]e z a ?+1 b z a result4 ,any?+ s univ]sal & s indef9ite c be express$ by no "o ?+4 ,if y try to get x by any "o means y w miss x4 ,/udy1 !n1 ! subtlety ( color relation & ju/ness ( value4 ,try to be s5sitive to ! slighte/ v>iety ( tone1 & be satisfi$ ) no lea/ falsity ( r5d]+1 & y w f9d t y\r picture w n lack atmosph]e4 ,color ( ,cont\r4--,an important ?+ = y to look = & to /udy is ! color ( cont\rs4 ,y w n f9d x easy2 n easy ev5 to "k :at x is t y are look+ =4 ,b consid] x z a comb9ation ( contigu\s values & color vibrations1 & ?+s w reveal !mselves to y4 ,no =m is compos$ ( unv>y+ color4 ,no comb9ation ( color surr\nd+ x lacks v>iety4 ,all along ! edge ( =ms & objects1 ( :atev] k9d1 ! value & color relation con/antly *ange4 ,! outl9e is n con/ant4 ,"h & !re x becomes lo/ f id5tity ( value & color ) :at surr\nds x1 & aga9 def9es itself4 ,! edge is n %>p4 ,! color rays vibrate across ea* o!r4 ,! inevitable v>iety ( t9t & value1 ( def9it5ess & vagu5ess1 gives a nev]-end+ play ( contra/s & bl5d+s4 ,^! are qualities :i* g to ! h>moniz+ ( color1 to ! expression ( light1 & p>ticul>ly to ! feel+ ( atmosph]e4 ,?is con/ant v>iety ( contra/+ edges is ! con/ant movem5t & play ( ! visual rays1 & ! /udy ( x gives life & vibration to ! picture1 & all ! objects repres5t$ 9 x4 ,outdoors1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! play ( diffus$ light & ! movem5t ( all ! objects is cont9ually felt1 ei!r ?r\gh _! own ela/icity or because ( ! heat & light waves1 ?is /udy is mo/ necess>y1 if y w\ld get ! feel+ ( fre$om1 space1 & air4 ,skies4--,9 ! pa9t+ ( ! sky !re are sev]al po9ts to be kept 9 m9d4 ,! sky1 ev5 on ! quiete/ day1 is full ( movem5t4 ,cl\d masses *ange cont9ually4 ,if !re are no cl\ds !re is con/ant vibration 9 ! blue2 con/ant v>iety 9 ! plane ( color1--a ?rob ( color s5sation :i* is n to be express$ by a dead1 flat t9t4 ,pa9t ! sky loosely4 ,lay on ! color z y w1 ) a broad1 flat bru%1 or ) a loose1 smudgy h&l+2 put x on ) horizontal /rokes1 or ) criss-cross t\*es1 b nev] make x a lifeless tone4 ,h v>iety 9 x2 keep a pulsation betwe5 ! w>m & cool color4 ,y c "w 9 ! sep>ate t\*es ( half-mix$ color1 w>m & cool1 all ?r\gh ! sky1 s t ! :ole tone w be flat & ev51 b n d5se & dead4 ,s f> z ! sky is conc]n$1 ! atmosph]e is ess5tial1 & is to be repres5t$ n by d5se color1 b by free1 loose1 vibrat+ color4 ,cl\ds4--,if y h cl\ds to pa9t1 d n draw !m rigidly4 ,get ! effect ( ! mass & movem5t1 & ! lightness ( !m4 ,z !y con/antly *ange 9 =m1 any "o =m !y may assume _c be *>act]i/ic4 ,! type =m is :at y mu/ get1 & ! sugge/ion ( ! motion & lightness4 ,y c sugge/1 too1 ! direction ( ! w9d by ! way !y mass & sway & fl[4 ,! direction ( ! sun's rays1 too1 c\nts 9 ! color ( !m4 ,! outl9e ( a cl\d mass is nev] h>d1 nev] rigid4 ,! pit* & lum9osity & subtlety are :at give y mo/ ( ! effect ( x4 ,/udy ! type ( cl\d1 ( c\rse4 ,x is a cumulus1 cirrus1 /ratus1 or :at n4 ,?is "* is important2 b ! "* lies 9 ! :ole body ( ! cl\d =m1 n 9 ! accid5tal outl9es or ! special position ( x = ! mom5t4 ,sky ,composition4--,! mass+ ( cl\d =ms is a v useful factor 9 ! composition ( ! l&scape4 ,! cl\d bank or cl\d l9e is capable ( giv+ acc5t or balance to ! picture4 ,z x is n con/ant 9 position any m ?an 9 =m1 y c place x ) tru? to nature pretty ne>ly always :]e x w d ! mo/ good z an elem5t 9 ! composition4 ,make use ( !m1 !n1 & /udy ! =ms & ! possible phases ( !m s z to make ! be/ use ( !m4 ,diffus$ ,light4--,mu* ( ! *>act]i/ic quality ( out-door light is ! result ( ! diffusion ( light due to bo? ! refraction & ! reflection ( ! sky4 ,! light :i* ba!s ! l&scape comes 9 all directions f ! sky4 ,necess>ily1 !n1 ! sky w be 9 mo/ cases f> high] 9 value ?an any?+ "u x4 ,ev5 ! blue ( ! sky1 :i* looks d>k] ?an "s bit ( light 9 ! l&scape1 y w f9d1 if y c manage to get !m to tell aga9/ ea* o!r1 w be ! m lum9\s ( ! two1 & w look light]4 ,!re are times :5 ! sun gl>es on a :ite build+ or a piece ( :ite s&1 :5 ! :ite tells light aga9/ ! blue4 ,b ^! are exceptions1 & if we c\ld get a blue pa9t :i* w\ld give ! int5sity ( color1 & also ! brilliancy ( ! light1 ev5 ^! cases w\ld be mo/ truly repres5t$ ) ! sky z ! high] value4 ,x is a case ( :e!r to sacrifice value to color1 or ! rev]se1 z we _c h bo?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 a /orm1 ! d5se d>k ( ! /orm sky is really l[] 9 value ?an "s :ite object aga9/ x1 especially if !re be a bit ( sun break+ ?r\gh on x4 ,b 9 g5]al1 nev]!less1 y %\ld consid] ! sky z always light] & m lum9\s ?an any?+ "u x4 ,?ree ,planes4--,x w help y 9 und]/&+ ! way ! light falls on l&scape to consid] ev]y?+ z 9 "o ( ?ree planes1 & ^! planes tak+ great] or less proportions ( light accord+ to ! position ( ! sun ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,! position ( ! sun *anges f a po9t imm$iately ov]1 to a po9t practically at "r angles to all objects 9 nature4 ,ev]y?+ t c exi/ "u ! sun w come 9 "o ( ^! planes1 & at "s "t 9 ! day 9 ea*4 ,! v]tical1 ! horizontal1 or "s sort ( an oblique betwe5 ^! two4 ,if ! sun is ov]head exactly1 ! flat gr\nd1 ! tops ( trees & h\ses1 w get ! full am\nt ( sunlight4 ,! v]tical planes1 sides ( h\ses1 dep?s ( foliage1 etc41 w get ! lea/1 "s ( !m be+ light$ only by diffus$ & reflect$ light4 ,! planes ly+ betwe5 ^! two extremes w get m or less1 accord+ z !y are m or less at "r angles to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,& z ! sun decl9es f ! z5i?1 ! v]tical planes get m & m & ! horizontal planes less & less ( ! light1 till 9 ! late aft]noon ! banks ( trees & sides ( build+s & cl\d-masses are gild$ ) light1 & ! broad horizontal pla9s ( l& & wat] are 9 %ad[4 ,h[ev] obscur$ ! sun may be1 ?is pr9ciple holds m or less2 & x makes cle> & helps y to obs]ve & notice _m facts 9 l&scape light & %ade :i* x is necess>y to "k4 ,millet said t all ! beauty ( color & value1 & ! :ole art ( pa9t+1 re/$ on ! compreh5sion & obs]vance ( ^! facts4 ,he said t z ! planes ( any =m turn$ t[>ds or away f ! light & s got m or less ( x1 & z "o =m /ood m or less f> back ( ano!r & ! atmosph]e came betwe51 ! color & value *ang$2 & 9 ! obs]vance ( ?is1 & its repres5tation z appli$ to any & e object or gr\p ( objects1 lay ! :ole ( pa9t+4 ,all ! possible beauties ( ! art re/$ on x4 ,he %[$ a pa9t+ ( a s+le pe> 9 :i* ^! ?+s 7 mo/ subtly obs]v$1 & said t t pa9t+ 0 z complete & p]fect z any pa9t+ he c\ld d simply because 9 ! obs]vance ( ^! relations 0 impli$ ! obs]vance ( ev]y?+ :i* 0 vital to pa9t+4 ,%ort ,sitt+s4--,?is *>act]i/ic1 & ! /eady *ange ( position ( ! sun & its effects on all ! objects :i* are directly light$ by x1 make x necess>y1 :5ev] y are pa9t+ f nature out-(-doors1 t y %\ld n pa9t at "o ?+ v long at a "t4 ,! light *anges pretty rapidly2 at high noon x only takes a few mom5ts to exactly rev]se ! light4 ,x is seldom t y c d any j /udy = m ?an an h\r or an h\r & a half at a sitt+4 ,"s m5 d "w two or ?ree h\rs1 b !y are n /udy+ ju/ly all t "t2 = t :i* 0 light is d>k ?ree h\rs lat]1 & any true /udy ( value & color is impossible "u ^! conditions4 ,( c\rse on gray days ?is is less m>k$1 b y mu/ suit y\r sitt+s to ! "t & facts4 ,x w\ld be bett] if y _h m canvases1 & work$ a %ort "t on ea*1 & _m days on all4 ,y w\ld h ! true/ "w4 ,monet works nev] m ?an a half-h\r on "o canvas2 b :5 he />ts out he takes a half-doz5 or m diff]5t canvases1 & pa9ts on ea* till ! light has *ang$4 ,!odore ,rob9son seldom work$ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 or at mo/ an h\r1 on "o canvas2 b1 he work$ = tw5ty or ?irty days on ea* canvas1 & sometimes _h a s+le canvas "u way = successive seasons4 ,any man :o w\ld truly /udy = ! j value & note ( color mu/ "w m or less 9 ?is way :5 he works out-(-doors4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,m>9es ,all t has be5 said on l&scape pa9t+ applies to m>9es4 ,y h ! same op5-air feel+ & vibration ( light & color4 ,!re is no ne$ to say ! same ?+s ov] aga94 ,x is only necess>y to take all ^! ?+s = grant$1 & emphasize c]ta9 o!r ?+s :i* are peculi> to ! sea4 ,sea & ,sky4--,to beg9 )1 ! relation ( ! sky to :at is "u x is m>k$ly diff]5t 9 color f any o!r relations 9 pa9t+4 ,! sea is always m or less ( a p]fect reflect+ surface1 & always /rongly influ5c$ 9 color1 value1 & key by ! reflections ( ! sky on its surface4 ,! sky color is always modify+ ! wat]--:5 & h[ dep5ds on ! condition ( ! wea!r1 & ! degree ( quiet or movem5t ( ! wat]4 ,sometimes ! wat] is a p]fect mirror2 sometimes ! mirror quality is almo/ lo/1 b ! influ5ce is !re4 ,?is relation is ! mo/ important ?+1 because ! sea & ! sky is always ! ma9 "p ( y\r picture2 & no matt] :at else is !re1 or h[ well pa9t$ x may be1 if ^! ?+s are n recogniz$1 if !y are n ju/ly obs]v$1 y\r picture is bad4 ,i _c tell y all ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,! v>iety ( effects & relations is inf9ite4 ,y mu/ /udy !m1 pa9t !m 9 ! pres5ce ( nature1 & use y\r eyes2 only rememb] ! g5]al pr9ciples ( air & atmosph]e & light & color t ,i h spok5 ( else:]e--all h mo/ vital importance on m>9e pa9t+4 ,y mu/ /udy ^!1 & ?9k ( !m1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( sea or sky obs]ve _! be>+s1 & apply !m z well z y c4 ,movem5t4--,if la nature ne s'arrte pas ord9>ily1 ! fact is ev5 m m>k$ 9 m>9es2 = ! wat] is ! v type ( ceaseless motion4 ,someh[1 y mu/ n only /udy 9 spite ( ! cont9ual motion1 b y mu/ manage to make t motion itself felt4 ,?is y w f9d is 9 ! l>g] modell+ ( ! :ole surface--! heave ( x z di/+ui%$ f ! waves !mselves4 ,! waves are a "p ( t motion ( c\rse2 b give ! wave-draw+ only1 )\t _! relation to ! great sw+ ( ! :ole body ( wat]1 & y get rigidity r ?an movem5t4 ,! wave movem5t is 9 & because ( ?is l>g] motion4 ,see t fir/1 & make x mo/ evid5t1 !n let ! waves !mselves cut x up & help to express x4 ,illu/ration3 ,entrance to ,zuyd] ,zee4 ,cl>kson ,/anfield4 ,wave ,draw+4--,h[ %all y draw s *angeable a ?+ z a wave8 ,e wave has a type ( =m1 has a *>act]i/ic movem5t & %ape2 & z x *anges x comes into a new position & %ape 9 logical & practically id5tical sequ5ce ( movem5t4 ,y c only /udy ?is by con/ant wat*+4 ,y look at ! wave1 & !n turn y\r eyes away to fix x on y\r canvas2 z y look back1 ! wave is n !re4 ,well1 y c only n try to make a portrait ( ea* wave2 x isn't possible4 ,don't expect to4 ,/udy ! movem5t & type =ms2 ?9k ( x2 fix x 9 y\r m9d2 decide on ! mass & sugge/ive relation ( x to o!r masses1 & put t d[n4 ,!re is nev] a recurr5ce ( ! same ?+ ei!r 9 exact =m or color1 b fix y\r eyes on "o place1 & ov] & ov] aga9 y w see a succession ( waves ( simil> k9d4 ,or look at a wave & foll[ x z x drives on2 *anges come & g1 b ! wave =m 9 ! ma9 keeps itself = "s "t4 ,look ov] a l>ge field ( ! wat] )\t too %>ply focuss+ ! eyes1 y w see ! great l9es & planes ( modell$ surface ov] & ov] aga9 tak+ ! same or simil> %apes1 positions1 & relations4 ,& z y look y\r eye w foll[ ! movem5t 9 spite ( y\rself4 ,y\r gaze w gradually come ne>] & ne>]2 b mean:ile1 9 foll[+ ! wave1 x w h felt t ! wave 0 ! same 9 %ape1 b only v>i$ 9 position4 ,9 ?is way y w come to "k ! wave =ms4 ,jot !m d[n1 ei!r 9 color or ) *>coal2 b d n look = outl9e too mu*4 ,try to /udy ! =ms & relations1 ma9ly by ! broad t\*1 ) a *>act]i/ic direction & movem5t4 ,no am\nt ( explanation w tell y any?+4 ,y mu/ sit & look1 ?9k1 analyze1 & sugge/1 !n g5]alize z well z y c4 ,op5 ,sea & ,coa/4--,! op5 sea is all movem5t4 ,ev5 a %ip1 ! mo/ rigid ?+ on x1 moves ) x4 ,b y d n h to /udy ^! ?+s f ! /&po9t ( inv>iable movem5t4 ,y c />t f a /able base4 ,/udy coa/ ?+s fir/4 ,y h !n ! relation ( ! movem5t ( ! wat] to ! rock or l&1 & y c simplify ! ?+ some:at4 ,:at has be5 said ( motion holds good /ill2 b y c get some?+ def9ite 9 a rock mass1 & /udy ! *anges ne> x1 & !n ext5d y\r /udy z y feel /rong en\gh4 ,! /udy ( coa/ sc5]y is q z full ( *ang+ beauty z ! op5 sea1 & x has c]ta9 types t belong to x alone4 ,break]s & surf1 & ! contra/ ( l& & sea colors & =ms1 give great v>iety ( subject & problem4 ,9 ! draw+ ( rocks ! /udy ( "* is q z important1 b n s evasive1 z ! /udy ( wave =ms4 ,y mu/ try to give ! feel+ ( weight to !m4 ,! mass & immovability add to ! *>m & "* ( ! wat] ab\t !m4 ,subject4--,don't und]take too mu* expanse on "o canvas4 ,( c\rse !re are times :5 expanse is itself ! ma9 !me2 b aside f t1 too mu* expanse w make too little ( o!r ?+s :i* y %\ld /udy4 ,:e!r y\r canvas be big or little1 to get expanse ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( detail & =m mu/ be relatively small1 o!rwise !re is no room on ! canvas = ! expanse4 ,s if y w\ld pa9t "s surf1 or a rock & break]s1 or a %ip1 place ! ma9 ?+ 9 prop] proportion to ! canvas1 & let ! expanse take c>e ( itself1 mak+ ! ma9 ?+ l>ge en\gh to /udy x adequately4 ,if x is too small on ! canvas1 y _c d ?is4 ,%ips4--,! pa9t+ ( ! sea necess>ily involves m or less ! pa9t+ ( vessels ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,y may put ! %ip 9 s insignificant a relation to ! picture t a v vague repres5tation ( x w d1 b y mu/ h a ?or\gh k ( all ! details ( /ructure & type if y give any prom95ce to ! %ip 9 y\r picture4 ,detail4--,y d n ne$ to put 9 e rope 9 a vessel4 ,y d n ne$ to foll[ out e l9e 9 ! /&+ rigg+ ev51 9 ord] to pa9t a %ip prop]ly4 ,to d ?is w\ld miss ! _s ( x1 & make ! ?+ rigid & lifeless4 ,b ignorance w n take ! place ( p$antry = all t4 ,e k9d ( vessel has its own peculi> /ructure1 its own peculi> proportions1 & its own peculi> arrangem5t ( sp> & rigg+4 ,:e!r y are complete or n 9 ! detail+ ( ! ma/s & rigg+1 y mu/ "k & repres5t ! true "* ( ! craft y are pa9t+4 ,y mu/ take ! tr\ble to "k h[1 :y1 & :5 sails are set1 & :at are ! k9ds1 numb]1 & proportion ( !m1 & _! arrangem5t on any k9d ( vessel or boat y may pa9t4 ,!re is aga9 only "o way to "k ?is4 ,if y are n especially a pa9t] ( m>9es1 y may f9d t ! /udy ( "s p>ticul> vessel 9 its pres5t condition & relation to surr\nd+ ?+s w s]ve y\r turn2 b if y g 9 = ! pa9t+ ( m>9e pictures g5]ally1 y c only get to "k vessels by be+ on & ab\t !m at all seasons & places4 ,y\r regul> m>9e pa9t] fills doz5s & hundr$s ( sket*-books ) p5cill$ notes ( details & positions & accid5ts & incid5ts ( all sorts & conditions ( %ips4 ,%ips "u full sail & "u reef$ canvas2 %ips 9 a squall & %ips 9 dead calm--he c nev] h too _m ( ^! facts to ref] to4 ,! true m>9e pa9t] is n9e p>ts a sailor4 ,if he does n take1 or has n tak5 a voyage at sea1 at lea/ has pass$ & does pass a l>ge "p ( 8 "t among vessels & sailors4 ,he kn[s !m bo?2 8 details are facts t he und]/&s4 ,& :at he puts 9 or leaves out ( a pa9t+ is done ) ! full k ( its relative importance to 8 picture & to ! significance ( ! %ip4 ,all ?is s\nds l a good deal to und]take2 b to ! man :o loves ! wat] & :at sails ^u x1 x is only foll[+ 8 lik+1 & any "o :o does n love all ?is %\ld cont5t himself ) only ! mo/ incid5tal sea pa9t+2 = sea pictures are n to be pa9t$ f recipes any m ?an any o!r ?+1 & %ips p>ticul>ly _c be repres5t$ )\t an und]/&+ ( !m4 ,& aft] all1 y d n h to d all ?is /udy at once4 ,if y w only /udy well ea* ?+ t y d1 & nev] pa9t "o vessel or boat )\t und]/&+ t "o2 if y w /udy ! "o y are do+ n[1 & w d ! same e "t1--ev5tually y w h pil$ up a va/ deal ( k )\t hav+ realiz$ h[ mu* y 7 do+4 ,color ( ,wat]4--,y mu/ /udy ! color ( wat] 9 ! l>ge :5 y pa9t x4 ,rememb] t its color dep5ds on o!r ?+s ?an :at x is itself4 ,! "* ( ! bottom1 :e!r x be rocky or s&y1 & ! dep? ( ! wat]1 w affect its color2 & to "o accu/om$ to see ^! ?+s1 ! picture betrays its tru? or falsity at a glance1 especially z ! "* ( ! wave & ! great movem5t ( ! :ole surface are influ5c$ by ! same ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,girl ,sp9n+4 ,millet4 ,example ( contre j\r & out-(-door contra/ ( light & %ade4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,figures ,! broade/ classification ( figure pictures is to consid] !m z ( two k9ds1--^? pa9t$ 9 an out-door or diffus$ light1 & ^? pa9t$ 9 an 9-door or conc5trat$ light4 ,! pa9t+ ( figures out-(-doors y w f9d m difficult if y h _h no exp]i5ce 9 pa9t+ !m 9 ! /udio4 ,! problems ( light & %ade & color are m complex 9 ! diffus$ light1 & ! k ( /ructure & modell+1 z well z ( special values ga9$ by /udio /udy1 w be mo/ helpful to y :5 y pa9t out-(-doors4 ,i %\ld say1 !n1 don't attempt any s]i\s pa9t+ ( ! human figure 9 ! op5 air till y h _h "s exp]i5ce ) its special problems 9 ! h\se4 ,! ,nude4--,no good figure-"w has ev] be5 done :i* 0 n f\nd$ on a k ( ! nude4 ,:e!r ! figure is drap$ or n1 ! nude is ! basis ( =m4 ,! be/ pa9t]s h always made _! /udies ( pose & action 9 ! nude1 & !n drawn ! drap]ies ov] t4 ,?is insures ! tru? ( action & /ructure1 :i* is almo/ sure to be lo/ :5 ! draw+ ( ! =m is made ?r\gh drap]y or clo?+4 ,! und]ly+ /ructure is z ess5tial "h z 9 portrait4 ,x is ! m imp]ative t ! body be felt )9 ! clo!s f ! fact t x _c be se54 ,!re mu/ be no ambiguity2 no d\bt z to ! anatomy und]nea?2 = )\t ?is !re c be no s5se ( actuality4 ,i d n say pa9t ! nude4 ,on ! contr>y1 if y want to g s f> z t 9 ! /udy ( ! figure1 y mu/ n attempt to d x ) ! aid ( a book4 ,g to a good life class4 ,b ,i wi% to emphasize ! pr9ciple t :5 y und]take to pa9t any?+ involv+ ! figure1 y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! /ructure ( :at is m or less hidd51 & mu/ make all[ance = ! disguis+ ( =m :i* ! drap+ ( x w inevitably cause4 ,& :5 y draw y\r figure1 y %\ld lay 9 y\r ma9 l9es1 at any rate1 f ! nude figure if y c4 ,if y _c comm& a pr(essional model = ?is purpose1 y c only be m c>eful ab\t y\r /udy ( ! und]ly+ l9es & =ms z !y are sugge/$ by ! sali5cies ( ! drap]ies4 ,if ?is is ! case1 be mo/ accurate 9 ^? measurem5ts :i* place ! proportions ( ! p>ts :i* %[ ?r\gh ! cov]+1 & try to trace out by ! modell+ :]e ! l9es w\ld run4 ,by mapp+ out ^! proportions1 & draw+ ! l9es ov] ! drap]y masses :]ev] y c make !m out1 y c judge to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! tru? ( action 9 y\r draw+4 ,! use ( a lay figure w help y some:at if y c get "o :i* is true 9 proportion4 ,x w n help y mu* 9 ! f9] modell+1 b x w at lea/ insure y\r /ructural l9es be+ 9 ! "r place1 & t is z mu* z y c hope = )\t ! special /udy ( ! nude4 ,a lay figure is exp5sive1 co/+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ doll>s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,y w h>dly be apt to aspire to a full-siz$ "o1 z only pr(essional pa9t]s c af=d to pay s mu* = accessories4 ,b small wood5 ones are )9 ! means ( mo/ p1 & w be f\nd useful = ! purpose ,i h m5tion$1 & "o %\ld be obta9$4 ,:5 y h assur$ y\rself1 z f> z y c by its use ) & )\t special drap]ies1 ( ! "r action ( y\r draw+1 y mu/ d y\r pa9t+ f ! drap$ model4 ,! ,model4--,nev] pa9t )\t nature be=e y4 ,if y pa9t ! figure1 nev] pa9t )\t ! model4 ,= ! sake ( ! /udy ( x1 x goes )\t say+ t y c le>n to pa9t ! figure only by /udy+ f ! figure4 ,b beyond t1 = ! sake ( y\r picture1 y c h no hope ( do+ good "w )\t work+ f ! actual object repres5t$4 ,! greate/ ma/]s h nev] done pictures out ( _! heads4 ,! compositions & /hetic qualities came f _! heads x is true1 b !y nev] work$ ^! ?+s out on canvas )\t ! aid ( nature4 ,& ! great] ! ma/]1 ! m humble 0 he 9 8 dep5d5ce on nature = ! tru? ( 8 facts4 ,mu* m1 !n1 ! /ud5t ne$s to keep himself rigidly to ! guidance ( nature2 & ?is he c only d by ! con/ant use ( ! model4 ,"o ,figure or ,_m4--,:e!r y h "o or m figures1 ! problem may be kept ! same4 ,! canvas mu/ balance 9 mass & l9e & 9 color4 ,:5 y decide to make a picture ) sev]al figures1 /udy ! composition fir/ z if !y 7 n figures1 b gr\ps ( masses & l9e4 ,get ! :ole to balance & compose1 !n decide y\r color composition4 ,simplify r ?an make complex4 ,! m y h ( numb]1 ! m y %\ld consid] !m z p>ts ( a :ole4 ,keep ! idea ( gr\p+2 comb9e ! figures1 r ?an divide !m4 ,h e figure 9 "s logical relation to its gr\p1 & !n ! gr\p 9 relation to ! o!r p>ts4 ,don't /r+ !m out or spot !m ab\t4 ,/udy ! spaces betwe5 z well z ! spaces !y occupy4 ,& don't fill up ^! spaces ) backgr\nd objects4 ,t w n b9d ! gr\p toge!r1 b w sep>ate x4 ,fill ! spaces ) air & ) values--ev5 m important6 ,all ?is arrang$1 pa9t ea* gr\p & ea* figure z if x 7 "o ?+ in/ead ( _m4 ,z y treat ! head1 ! body1 ! dress1 & ! *air z all p>ts ( a :ole 9 a s+le sitt+ figure1 s treat ! v>i\s heads1 bodies1 dresses1 etc41 9 a gr\p z p>ts ( a :ole1 by /udy+ always ! relations ( ea* to ea*4 ,& !n /udy to keep ! diff]5t gr\ps z p>ts ( :ole canvas 9 ! same way4 ,simplicity ( ,subject4--,b d n be too ambiti\s 9 y\r attempts4 ,keep y\r subjects simple4 ,don't be 9 a hurry to pa9t _m figures4 ,pa9t "o figure well be=e y try sev]al4 ,y w f9d pl5ty ( scope = y\r k & skill 9 s+le figures4 ,practise ) sket*es & compositions1 if y w1 9 gr\p+ sev]al figures1 & try to manage !m s t ! :ole %all be simple 9 mass & effect2 b d n attempt1 z a /ud5t1 )\t exp]i5ce & skill 9 ! pa9t+ ( "o figure1 to pa9t pictures conta9+ sev]al4 ,by ! "t y c really pa9t a s+le figure well1 y c disp5se ) a manual ( pa9t+1 & bran* out z ambiti\sly z y please4 ,9 ! meantime1 ev]y?+ t y h k en\gh to express well1 y c express ) ! s+le figure4 ,) ! model1 ! backgr\nd1 ! pose & occupation1 ! clo?+ & drap]ies1 & :atev] accessories may be natural to ! ?+ z elem5ts1 x is possible to "w out all ! problems ( l9e & mass & color4 ,if a really f9e ?+ _c be made ) "o figure1 m figures w only make x worse4 ,look aga9 at ,:i/l]'s portrait ( 8 "m4 ,consid] x n[1 n z a portrait1 b z a s+le figure4 ,:at are ! qualities ( x :i* w\ld be help$ if !re 7 m 9 x8 ,! v simplicity ( x makes ! h&l+ ( x m ma/]ly4 ,look also at ! "o simple figure ( ,millet's ,s[]2 all ! great qualities ( pa9t+ t are likely to get !mselves onto "o canvas y w f9d 9 ?is4 ,see :at movem5t & dignity !re are 9 x4 ,h[ /atuesque x is6 ,x is monum5tal4 ,x has scale2 x imposes its own /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,!re are air & envelopm5t & light & bread?4 ,are ^! n qualities en\gh = "o canvas8 ,nature ! ,sugge/]4--,take y\r sugge/ions1 y\r ideas1 = pictures f nature4 ,keep y\r eyes op54 ,obs]ve all poses :i* may h9t ( possible s*emes ( light & %ade1 ( composition1 or ( color4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ con/antly gr\p+s & poses & effects ( all k9ds occur 9 e-day life4 ,humanity is kaleidoscopic 9 its succession ( *anges2 "o aft] ano!r giv+ a phase new & diff]5t1 b equally sugge/ive ( a picture if y w take ! h9t4 ,! picture :i* orig9ates 9 a natural occurr5ce is always true if x is s9c]ely & frankly pa9t$4 ,tru? is m v>i\s ?an fiction4 ,x is easi] to see ?an to inv5t4 ,& 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial :i* nature freely & con/antly furni%es to him !re is scope = all ! inv5tion ( man4 ,action & ,"*4--,! picture comes f ! action--resides 9 x4 ,! action comes f ! act1 & is natural to x1 expressive ( x4 ,any ge/ure or position :i* is ! natural & unaffect$ result ( an ess5tial action w be true & vital1 sugge/ive ( nature1 & beautiful because x w inevitably h "*--be *>act]i/ic4 ,! beauty ( ! picture is n some?+ ext]nal to ! co/umes1 occupations1 & life :i* surr\nd y1 b is to be f\nd1 conta9$ 9 x1 & br\ght out1 manife/$1 made visible1 by ! m]e logical work+ out ( ! ne$1 ! cu/om1 or ! occasion4 ,emphasis is only ! sali5ce ( ! mo/ natural movem5t4 ,daily life sw>ms ) pictures4 ,y d n ne$ to g to o!r places & o!r times = subjects4 ,if y are awake to :at is go+ on ar\nd y1 if y see ! ess5tial l9e ( ! occupation1 or ! mass & color :i* is incid5tal to e lea/ activity1 y w h m sugge/$ to y ?an y h "t to d ju/ice to4 ,& x is y\r bus9ess to see ! beautiful 9 ! commonplace4 ,ev]y?+ is commonplace till y see ! *>m 9 x4 ,! arti/ic possibility does n lie 9 ! unusual 9 any subject1 b 9 ! fact t ! ?+ _c get done )\t action & gr\p+ & color & contra/2 & ^! are ! arti/'s opportunities4 ,keep y\r eyes op5 = !m2 le>n to recognize !m :5 y see !m2 look = ^! r ?an = ! details ( ! accid5tal fact :i* br+s !m out4 ,see ! movem5t ( x1 & ! relation ( x to :at surr\nds x1 & y w h>dly avoid see+ ! picture 9 x4 ,"h is a composition :i* is an almo/ lit]al r5d]+ ( ! movem5t & light & %ade effect ( a position q accid5tally se54 ,! :ole effect ( light+ & ( l9e1 ! gr\p+ & ! pose1 result$ purely f ! musician's desire to get a good light on 8 music4 ,!re 0 no ne$ to add to x4 ,x 0 simply necess>y to recognize ! *>m ( x1 & to repres5t t *>m ?r\gh x z frankly z x c\ld be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* ( a ,flute ,play]4 ,d4 ,burleigh ,p>khur/4 ,pos+ ! ,model4--,let ! "* ( ! model sugge/ ! pose4 ,if y h a s*eme = a picture1 *oose a model ^: p]sonality w l5d itself naturally to ! occupation or action natural to t s*eme4 ,!n foll[ ! sugge/ion :i* y f9d 9 ! model4 ,"s re>rangem5t w always be necess>y if y d n use z a model ! same p]son :o orig9ally gave y ! idea = ! picture4 ,e human be+ has a diff]5t mann]4 ,y _c hope = exactly ! same expression 9 "o p]son t y f\nd 9 ano!r4 ,b put ! model z ne>ly z y c 9 ! same situation & pose1 & !n :5 ! model eases f ! unnatural muscul> balance into ! "o natural to him1 y w f9d ! idea tak5 f y\r fir/ obs]vation translat$ into ! *>act]i/ics ( y\r pres5t model4 ,nev] try to place a model 9 a pose :i* he c only hold by an unnatural /ra94 ,y w n get a satisfactory result f x4 ,/udy y\r model2 see :at poses he mo/ naturally falls into1 & !n take advantage ( "o ( ^!1 & arrange y\r picture ) ref]5ce to x4 ,nev] attempt to repres5t a "* 9 y\r picture by us+ a model ( a diff]5t class or type f x2 y w n be successful ei!r 9 pa9t+ a lady f a model :o is a peasant1 nor 9 pa9t+ a peasant f a model :o is a lady4 ,! life & occupation & ?\ght common to y\r model w get into y\r pa9t+ ( h]2 & if t is n 9 accordance to ! idea 9 ! picture1 y\r picture w be false4 ,! dress1 no less ?an ! pose & occupation1 mu/ be su* z is natural to y\r model4 ,! accessories ( y\r picture mu/ befit ! "* y wi% to pa9t2 o!rwise y\r model becomes no m ?an a lay figure4 ,take note ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* are peculi> to y\r model1 & use !m2 d n *ange !m nor idealize !m4 ,r pa9t !m z !y are1 & make !m a vital "p ( y\r /udy ( ! subject4 ,?is is ! be/ y c d ) ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,!y may be ! mo/ expressive ?+ 9 y\r picture4 ,if !y are ( su* a nature t y _c use !m 9 ?is way1 !n d n use ?is model at all2 y _c get rid ( ^! ?+s4 ,9 try+ to obscure or idealize !m1 y only lose "*1 or pa9t a "* into y\r model :i* is unnatural to him2 ! result w n be satisfactory4 ,quiet ,sitt]s4--,an inexp]i5c$ pa9t] %\ld n use a model ) too mu* vivacity ( body or ( expression4 ,! quiet1 reposeful1 ?\ghtful model1 :o w *ange little 9 position or mann]1 w simplify ! problem4 ,a model too wide awake or too sleepy w ei!r ( !m give y tr\ble4 ,avoid v "y *ildr5 z models1 & p>ticul>ly babies4 ,!y are nev] quiet1 & ! problems y w h ev5 ) ! be/ ( models w be made enorm\sly m difficult by _! re/lessness4 ,= y\r fir/ "w *oose models ) well-m>k$ faces1 & pose !m 9 a direct light :i* w give y ! simple/ & /ronge/ effect ( light & %ade4 ,see t y\r sitt] is 9 z com=table a position z y c get him into1 s t ! pose c be held easily4 ,don't attempt difficult & unusual attitudes4 ,su* ?+s require mu* skill & k to take advantage (1 & to use successfully4 ,make y\r effect m 9 ! /udy ( composition & color ?an 9 fanciful poses4 ,lat]1 :5 y h ga9$ exp]i5ce1 y may d ?is sort ( ?+4 ,if y are pa9t+ a face1 see t ! eyes are 9 at a re/ful angle ) ! head1 & t !y are n fac+ a too /rong light1 nor are oblig$ to look at a blank space4 ,give !m room to h a re/ful focus1 & p]haps some?+ pleasant or int]e/+ to look at4 ,l5g? ( ,pose4--,no sitt] c hold a pose 9 p]fect motionlessness4 ,d n expect x4 ,y mu/ le>n to make all[ance = c]ta9 slight *anges :i* are always occurr+4 ,y mu/ give y\r model pl5ty ( re/1 too1 especially if he be n a pr(essional model4 ,a half-h\r pose to t5 m9utes' re/ is z mu* z a regul> model expects to d z a rule4 ,if y h a fri5d pos+ = y1 p>ticul>ly if x be a woman1 tw5ty m9utes' pose & t5 m9utes' re/1 = a c\ple ( h\rs1 is all y %\ld expect2 & if ! pose is a /&+ "o1 ?is w probably be m ?an %e c hold--make ! re/s long]4 ,an inexp]i5c$ model--& sometimes ev5 a tra9$ "o--is likely to fa9t :ile pos+1 p>ticul>ly if ! room be close4 ,look out = ?is2 wat* y\r sitt]1 & see t %e is n look+ tir$4 ,! m9ute t y see ! lea/ sign ( fatigue1 if %e %[s pallor--re/4 ,d n get s absorb$ 9 y\r canvas t y d n notice y\r model's condition4 ,if y are obs]v+ & /udy+ y\r model z closely z y %\ld1 y c h>dly fail to notice any *ange t may occur1 & y %\ld at once give h] relief4 ,di/ance4--,don't "w too ne> y\r model1 nor too ne> y\r canvas4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 be f> en\gh away to see ! :ole ( ! figure y are pa9t+1 or ( t "p :i* y are do+1 entirely at "o focus ( ! eye1 & yet ne> en\gh to see ! detail cle>ly4 ,if y are too ne>1 y see p>ts at a "t1 & d n see x z a :ole4 ,if y are too f>1 y see too g5]ally = good /udy4 ,y might make x a rule to be away f y\r subject a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree or f\r times ! extreme measurem5t ( x4 ,if x is a full l5g?1 say fifte5 to tw5ty feet1 if y c get s l>ge a room4 ,if x is a head & %\ld]s1 ab\t six or eight feet4 ,nev] get clos] ?an six feet4 ,z to y\r canvas1 "w at arm's l5g?4 ,don't b5d ov]--aga9 y see p>ts1 & y mu/ treat y\r canvas z a :ole4 ,nev] re/ y\r h& or arm on ! canvas4 ,tra9 y\r arm to be /eady4 ,sit up /raight1 hold y\r bru% well out at ! end ( ! h&le1 & y\r arm ext5d$2 n[ & !n1 if y ne$ clos] "w1 lean =w>d1 & if necess>y use a re/-/ick2 b z a rule y\r "w w be /rong] & hang toge!r bett] if y "w z ,i h sugge/$4 ,( c\rse y w (t5 get up1 & walk away f y\r "w4 ,set y\r easel alongside ! model1 & g away to a di/ance1 & comp>e !m4 ,too int5se application to ! canvas =gets t relations1 effect1 & :ol5ess ( impression are ( ! greate/ importance1 & are only to be judg$ ( :5 se5 at "s di/ance4 ,backgr\nd4--,"u ! g5]al title ( backgr\nd y may place ev]y?+ :i* w come 9 z accessory to ! figure1 & aga9/ or alongside ( :i* x /&s4 ,! picture mu/ hang toge!r2 mu/ h envelopm5t2 mu/ be a :ole1 n an aggregation ( p>ts4 ,ev]y?+ t goes to ! mak+ up ( ?is :ole mu/ h a natural & logical connection ) x4 ,f ! fir/ conception ( ! picture y mu/ consid] ! backgr\nd z an ess5tial "p ( x1 & z some?+ :i* w h a vital effect ^u ! figure4 ,! color ( ! backgr\nd mu/ be ?\ght ( z a "p (1 because affect+1 ! figure itself4 ,! simplicity or v>iety 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! numb] ( objects 9 x1 mu/ be consid]$ z to ! effect on ! figure also4 ,y _c make ! backgr\nd a pat*work ( objects & colors )\t int]f]+ ) ! effect ( ! ma9 ?+ 9 ! picture4 ,if y\r figure is simple & quiet1 keep ! backgr\nd ! same4 ,make x a pr9ciple to treat ! backgr\nd simply always4 ,if ! "* ( ! case dem&s "s detail1 & a v>iety ( objects1 !n treat !m s t _! effect is z simple z possible2 & ! figure mu/ be made /rong]1 9 ord] t ! v>iety 9 ! backgr\nd %all n ov]p[] x4 ,control x by ! way ! light or ! color masses1 or simplify ! pa9t+ ( !m4 ,keep ! backgr\nd 9 value z reg>ds prom95ce & relief ( objects z well z 9 ! matt] ( color4 ,composition ( ,backgr\nds4--,y c make ! backgr\nd help ! figure1 n m]ely by ! pa9t+ ( objects :i* help to expla91--t is ( c\rse1--b 9 ! plac+ & arrang+ ( !m y may emphasize ! composition4 ,:e!r ! backgr\nd be a curta9 ) its folds1 or an int]ior ) its furniture1 y c & mu/ make e object1 e fold ( ! drap]y1 e mass ( wall or object1 di/9ctly help out 9 ! composition z l9e & mass4 ,y\r composition mu/ balance2 ! l9e & movem5t ( ! figure mu/ h its true relation4 ,! way y use :atev] goes into ! picture1 ! objects :i* make up ! backgr\nd1 ! way !y gr\p1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m1 mu/ h a helpful ref]5ce to t movem5t1 & to ! balance ( ! :ole4 ,simplicity4--,lean always t[>ds simplicity 9 composition z aga9/ complexity4 ,9 backgr\nds p>ticul>ly1 avoid detail & ov]-v>iety4 ,don't h ! :ole surface ( ! canvas spott$ ) ?+s4 ,if x is necess>y1 put x 92 if x is n necess>y1 leave x out2 & if !re is ! slighte/ d\bt :i* x is1 leave x out4 ,! mo/ common & ! mo/ fatal mi/ake is to make ! picture too int]e/+4 ,! int]e/ 9 a picture does n lie 9 ! quantity ( ?+s express$1 b 9 ! "* ( !m1 & 9 ! quality ( _! repres5tation4 ,if y _c treat a simple composition well1 if y _c make a picture balance well1 & make x int]e/+ ) a quiet backgr\nd1 be sure a multitude ( objects w n help x4 ,! m y put into x ! worse x w be4 ,le>n to be ma/] ( ! less be=e y try to be ma/] ( ! m4 ,illu/ration3 ,milton ,dictat+ ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,munkacsy4 ,to %[ use ( backgr\nd4 ,notice also ! composition4 ,light+4--,i h spok5 ( light+ 9 g5]al 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,y mu/ apply ! pr9ciples to y\r use ( figures4 ,/udy ! diff]5t effects :i* y c get on ! model by ! diff]5t ways ( plac+ 9 ref]5ce to ! w9d[4 ,:atev] light+ w be difficult 9 "o k9d ( pa9t+ w be no less s 9 ano!r4 ,avoid cross-lights1 & d n be ambiti\s to try unusual & exceptional effects4 ,if "o %\ld occur to y z *>m+1 ( c\rse d x1 if x is n too difficult1 b don't g ar\nd hunt+ = ! /range & weird4 ,!re is beauty en\gh = all occasions 9 su* effects z are con/antly com+ "u y\r obs]vation4 ,:at 0 said ab\t simplicity ( subject w apply "h z well1 = ! light & color effect is naturally a "p ( ! subject4 ,! mo/ practical lights are ^? :i* fall f "o side1 s z to give simple masses ( light & d>k2 !y %\ld come f above ! level ( ! head1 s z to ?r[ ! %ad[ some:at d[nw>ds4 ,contre ,j\r4--,"o k9d ( pos+ ) ref]5ce to light+1 gives v beautiful effect1 b calls = close /udy ( values1 & is v difficult4 ,x is call$ 9 ,fr5*1 contre j\r2 t is1 lit]ally1 aga9/ ! day1 or1 aga9/ ! light4 ,x is a plac+ ( ! model s t ! light comes f beh9d1 & ! figure is d>k aga9/ ! light4 ,f its difficulty x %\ld n be tak5 z a /udy by a beg9n]1 = modell+ & color are difficult en\gh at be/4 ,:5 !y are to be gott5 9 ! l[ key t ! light beh9d necessitates1 & ) ! close values :i* ?is implies1 ! difficulty is enorm\sly increas$4 ,b be=e y attempt ! human figure 9 ! op5 air1 y w f9d x v good /udy to "w 9 ! h\se contre j\r4 ,! effect ( a figure out-doors has _m ( ! qualities ( contre j\r4 ,! diffusion ( light & ! _m reflections make ! problem m complex2 b ! contra/1 ! close values1 & ! subtle modell+ :i* y mu/ /udy 9 contre j\r w be good previ\s tra9+ be=e go+ out-doors ) a model4 ,look at ,millet's ,%eph]dess ,sp9n+1 at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 z an example ( contre j\r4 ,figures ,out-(-doors4--,9 pa9t+1 an object is always a "p ( its environm5t4 ,s a figure mu/ p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( its surr\nd+s4 ,out-(-doors x is "p ( ! l&scape1 *>act]iz$ by ! qualities :i* are peculi> to l&scape4 ,! diffusion ( light1 ! vibration & ! movem5t ( x1 ! brilliancy & pit*1 ! cross-reflections & ! envelopm5t1--all ^! give to ! figure a quality q diff]5t f t :i* x has 9 ! h\se4 ,!re is no su* def9it5ess ei!r ( draw+1 or ( light & %ade1 or ( color4 ,! problem is a diff]5t "o4 ,y mu/ treat y\r figure no m z some?+ :i* y c control ! effect (1 b z some?+ :i*1 place x 9 :at position1 9 :at surr\nd+s1 y w1 x w /ill be affect$ by conditions ov] :i* y h no control4 ,textures & surface qualities1 local or p]sonal colors1 lose _! significance to ! figure out-(-doors4 ,!y become lo/ 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! pose1 ! action1 ! mass1 ! note ( color or value1--^! are :at are ( importance4 ,! m y se>* = ! qualities :i* w\ld be a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! h\se1 ! m y w lose ! ess5tial quality1--! quality ( ! fact ( out-doors4 ,:5 9 ! h\se1 y c h ?+s z def9ite z y wi%2 out-doors y w f9d a cont9ual play ( v>y+ color & light4 ,! %ad[s d n fall :]e y expect !m to4 ,! values are less m>k$4 ,! /illness ( ! pose is int]f]$ ) by ! con/ant movem5t ( nature4 ,! color is influ5c$ by ! diffus$ color ( ! atmosph]e & ! reflect$ color ( ! grass1 ! trees1 & ! sky4 ,! light does n fall on ! face s mu* z x falls ar\nd x4 ,! modell+ is less1 ! planes are n precise4 ,! expression is z mu* due to ! influ5ce ( :at is ar\nd x z to ! face itself4 ,all ?is means t y mu/ /udy & pa9t ! figure f a new po9t ( view4 ,y d n make s mu* ( :at ! model is z h[ ! model looks 9 ^! surr\nd+s4 ,y mu/ n look = s mu* decision1 & y mu/ /udy values closely4 ,look m = ! modell+ ( ! mass ?an = ! modell+ ( surface4 ,look m = ! vibration ( light & air on ! fle% & drap]y colors ?an = ^! colors 9 !mselves4 ,look = color ( cont\rs 9 ! model4 ,/udy ! subtleties ( values ( cont\rs1 & make y\r figure relieve by ! contra/ ( value 9 mass r ?an by ! modell+ )9 ! outl9e4 ,see h[ ! figure tells z a :ole aga9/ :at is beh9d x fir/1 & keep all )9 t fir/ relation4 ,illu/ration3 ,buck:eat ,h>ve/4 ,millet4 ,x is possible to look = & to f9d _m ( ! qualities :i* di/+ui% ! figure 9 ! /udio light2 sometimes y may want to d s4 ,! tell+ ( a /ory1 ! lit]>y side ( ! picture1 if y want t side1 sometimes ne$s help t way4 ,b 9 ?is y lose l>g] *>act]i/ics1 & ! picture z a :ole w n h ! _s ( op5 air 9 x4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! pa9t+ ( l&scape applies to ! pa9t+ ( figures 9 l&scapes4 ,pose y\r figure out-(-doors if y w\ld repres5t x out-(-doors4 ,!n pa9t x z if x 7 any o!r out-door object4 ,if ! figure is m important to ! composition ?an any?+ else 9 ! l&scape1 z x (t5 w be1 !n /udy t ma9ly1 & treat ! re/ z backgr\nd1 b z backgr\nd :i* has an influ5ce :i* mu/ be con/antly recogniz$4 ,nev] f9i% a figure begun out-doors by pa9t+ aft]w>ds f a model pos$ 9 ! h\se4 ,leave ! figure z y br+ x 94 ,if x is n f9i%$1 at lea/ x w be 9 keep+ ) itself2 & ?is w surely be lo/ if y try to "w x f a model 9 diff]5t conditions4 ,animals4--,animals %\ld be consid]$ z figures out-(-doors4 ,!re is no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! h&l+ "o sort ( a figure or ano!r4 ,! anatomy is diff]5t1 & ! light falls on diff]5t textures1 b ! pr9ciple is n *ang$4 ,y mu/ consid] !m z =ms influ5c$ by diffus$ light & diffus$ color1 & pa9t !m s4 ,y w f9d t (t51 especially 9 full sunlight1 ! color peculi> to ! ?+ itself is n to be se5 at all4 ,! "* ( ! light :i* falls on x gives ! note1 & controls4 ,9 ! %ade ! effect is less m>k$1 b ! con/ant flick] makes ! same sort ( v>iation1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t4 ,!re is no secret ( pa9t+ animals ei!r 9 ! h\se or out-(-doors :i* is n ! same z ! secret ( pa9t+ ! human figure4 ,if y w\ld pa9t an animal1 get "o = a model & /udy x4 ,"w 9 "s sort ( a h\se-light fir/1 9 a b>n or %$1 or1 if x be a small animal1 9 y\r /udio4 ,/udy z y w\ld any o!r ?+1 f a *air to a man4 ,! pr9ciples ( draw+ d n *ange ) ! "* ( anatomy4 ,! animal may be less amiable a pos]1 b y mu/ make all[ance = t4 ,:5 y h got a k ( ! =m1 & ! "* ( color & surface1 take ! animal out-doors1 get "s "o to help hold him1 & apply ! same pr9ciples t w\ld gov]n y\r /udy ( a rock or a tree 9 ! op5 air4 ,z = fur1 & all t sort ( ?+1 treat x z y w\ld any o!r texture-problem 9 /ill life4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,proc$ure ,,9 ,a ,,picture ,"s pictures1 p>ticul>ly ^? begun & f9i%$ 9 ! op5 air1 may be frankly comm5c$ imm$iately on ! canvas f nature z %e is be=e ! pa9t]1 & )\t any special processes or me?ods ( proc$ure c>ri$ on to completion4 ,b _m pictures are ( a sort :i* r5d]s ?is mann] ( "w unwise or impossible4 ,!re may be too _m figures involv$4 ,! composition1 ! draw+1 or o!r arrangem5t may be too complicat$ = x1 & !n ! pa9t] has to h "s me?odical & sy/ematic way ( br++ 8 picture into exi/5ce4 ,he mu/ take prelim9>y measures to ensure 8 "w com+ out z he int5ds1 & mu/ proce$ 9 an ord]ly & regul> mann] 9 accordance ) ! plann+ ( ! "w4 ,x is 9 ?is sort ( ?+ t he f9ds sket*es & /udies ess5tial to ! pa9t+ ( ! picture z di/+ui%$ f _! m common use z tra9+ = him1 or accumulation ( g5]al facts4 ,prelim9>ies4--,!re mu/ be made numb]s ( sket*es1 fir/ ( ! slighte/ & m]ely sugge/ive1 & !n ( a m complete1 k9d1 to develop ! g5]al idea ( composition f ! fir/ & p]haps crude conception ( ! picture4 ,all ! great pa9t]s h left examples ( "w 9 ^! v>i\s /ages4 ,x is a "p ( ! tra9+ ( e /ud5t 9 art s*ools to make ^! composition sket*es1 & to develop !m m or less fully 9 l>g] "w4 ,9 ! ,fr5* s*ools !re are mon?ly conc\rs1 :5 m5 compete = prizes ) "w1 & _! success is influ5c$ by a previ\s conc\r ( ^! composition sket*es4 ,?is prelim9>y sket* 9 its complet$ /age gives ! numb] & position & movem5t ( ! figures & accessories1 ) ! arrangem5t ( light & %ade & color4 ,!re is no attempt to give any?+ m ?an ! mo/ g5]al k9d ( draw+1 su* details z ! features1 f+]s1 etc41 be+ neglect$4 ,! light & %ade on ! s+le figures also is n express$1 b ! light & %ade effect ( ! :ole picture is c>efully %[n1 & ! same ) ! color-s*eme4 ,x is ?is fir/ sket* t e/abli%es ! "* ( ! future picture 9 ev]y?+ b ! details4 ,sometimes ?is "w is done on a q l>ge canvas1 b usually is n m ?an a foot or two long1 & ( correspond+ wid?4 ,/udies4--,aft] ?is !re mu/ be /udies made = ! draw+ ( ! s+le figures1 & = m exactness ( l9e & action 9 ! br++ ( all toge!r into ! :ole4 ,?is "w is usually done 9 *>coal1 f ! life1 & sometimes on a piece ( draw+-pap] /ret*$ ov] ! same canvas t ! picture w be pa9t$ on1 or o!rwise arrang$1 b ( ! same size4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ?is "w1 too1 is done on a small] scale ?an t ( ! picture1 especially :5 ! picture is to be v l>ge4 ,?is is bas$ on ! prelim9>y sket* z composition1 & is int5d$ to c>ry t idea out m 9 full1 & p]fect ! draw+ ( ! diff]5t figures1 & to h>monize ! composition4 ,! composition & relation ( figures bo? z to size & position on ! f9al canvas dep5d on ?is /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,/udy ( ,=tune4 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,corrections4--,9 mak+ ^! /udies & 9 transf]r+ !m to ! canvas1 corrections are ( c\rse (t5 necess>y4 ,! correction may or may n be satisfactory4 ,to avoid too great confusion f ! numb] ( corrections 9 ! same place1 !y are n made always directly on ! /udy or canvas1 b on a curta9 ( tissue pap] dropp$ ov] x4 ,! figure may be completely drawn1 & is to be modifi$ 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,! tissue pap] receives ! new draw+1 & ! old draw+ %[s ?r\gh x1 & ! effect ( ! correction c be comp>$ ) t ( ! fir/ idea4 ,! /udy itself ne$ n !n be *ang$ until ! alt]ation :i* is satisfactory is f\nd1 z ! process may be repeat$ z _m times z necess>y on ! tissue pap]1 & ! alt]ations f9ally embodi$ 9 ! complet$ /udy4 ,figure ,/udies4--,! /udies = ! v>i\s s+le figures are n[ made 9 ! nude f ! model1 g5]ally a qu>t] or half life size--a c>eful1 accurate light & %ade draw+ ( e figure 9 ! picture1 ! model be+ pos$ 9 ! position det]m9$ on 9 ! /udy j spok5 (4 ,sometimes fur!r s+le /udies are made ) ! same models drap$1 & g5]ally special /udies ( drap]y are made z well2 ^! /udies are aft]w>ds us$ to place ! figures 9 position on ! canvas be=e ! pa9t+ beg9s4 ,transf]r+4--,! composition /udy mu/ n[ be transf]r$ to ! canvas1 to give ! g5]al arrangem5t & relative position1 size1 & action ( ! figures1 etc4 ,if ! draw+ is ! same size z ! canvas x is done by trac+1 if n1 !n x is squ>$ up4 ,9 ?is /age ( ! process me*anical exactness ( proportion is ! ?+ requir$1 z well z ! sav+ ( "t2 all ?+s hav+ be5 plann$ be=eh&1 & fre$om ( execution com+ 9 lat]4 ,?is e/abli%es ! proportions1 ! sizes1 & positions ( ! sev]al figures on ! f9al canvas4 ,! draw+ is n at ?is /age complete4 ,! m g5]al relations only are ! purpose ( ?is4 ,onto ?is prep>ation ! /udies drawn f ! nude model are squ>$ up1 & ! draw+ correct$ aga9 f ! nude model4 ,?is draw+ is n[ cov]$ ) its drap]y1 :i* is drawn f ! life 9 *>coal1 or a frotte ( "s sort4 ,at ?is /age ! canvas %\ld repres5t1 9 mono*rome1 v ju/ly1 :at ! f9i%$ picture w be 9 composition1 draw+1 & light & %ade4 ,if ! frotte ( v>i\s colors 7z sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ,/ill ,life7 has be5 us$1 ! g5]al color s*eme w %[ also4 ,?is completes ! prelim9>y process ( ! picture1 & :5 ! pa9t+ is begun ) a frotte1 ?is /age includes also ! fir/ pa9t+4 ,! b\*4--,an b\* is a pa9t+ :i*1 ma9ly ) body color1 blocks 9 broadly & simply ! ma9 masses ( a composition4 ,sometimes an b\* is us$ z "o ( ! prelim9>y color /udies = a picture1 especially if !re is "s problem ( drap]y mass+ to be det]m9$1 or o!r motive purely ( color & mass4 ,or if !re is "s piece ( l&scape detail su* z a build+ or :at n to come 91 b\*es = x w be made to be us$ 9 complet+ ! picture4 ,b m commonly ! b\* is ! fir/ block+-9 pa9t+ ( ! picture1 by means ( :i* ! great] masses ( color & value are laid onto ! canvas1 some:at rudely1 b /rongly1 s z to give a /rong1 firm impression ( ! picture1 & a solid "u-pa9t+ on :i* future "w may be done4 ,:e!r ?is b\* is r\gh or smoo?1 j h[ mu* ( x w be body or solid color & h[ mu* transp>5t1 j :at degree ( f9i% ?is pa9t+ w h1--^! dep5d on ! man :o does x4 ,no two m5 "w precisely ! same way4 ,"s m5 make :at is practically a l>ge & v complete sket*4 ,"s pa9t q smoo?ly or frankly1 ) m or less ( an effect ( be+ f9i%$ z !y g1 work+ f "o side ( ! picture gradually across ! :ole canvas4 ,o!rs "w a bit "h & a bit !re1 & fill 9 betwe5 z !y feel incl9$4 ,ano!r way is to pat* 9 little spots ( r pure color1 s t ! b\* looks l a sort ( mosaic ( pa9t4 ,9 ! matt] ( color1 too1 !re is great diff]5ce ( me?od4 ,"s m5 lay 9 ! picture ) /rong] color ?an !y int5d ! f9i%$ picture to h1 & gray x & br+ x toge!r ) aft]-pa9t+4 ,o!rs g to ! o!r extreme1 & pa9t gray] & light]1 dep5d+ on glaz+s & full t\*es ( color lat] on to ri*5 & deep5 ! color4 ,all ! way betwe5 ^! two are modifications ( me?od4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ^! extremes is t :5 /rong] color is us$ 9 ! fir/ pa9t+1 ! process is to pa9t ) solid color all ?r\gh2 :ile if glaz+s are to be mu* us$1 ! b\* mu/ be light] & quiet] 9 color1 to all[ = ! results ( aft]-pa9t+4 ,= y _c glaze up4 ,y always glaze d[n4 ,! glaze be+ a transp>5t color1 us$ )\t :ite1 w naturally make ! color "u x m brilliant 9 color1 b d>k] 9 value1 j z x w\ld if y laid a piece ( color$ glass ov] x4 ,& ?is result mu/ be calculat$ on be=eh&4 ,illu/ration3 b\* ( ,portrait4 ,?4 ,rob9son4 ,"o sitt+ ( "o h\r & a half4 ,:i* ( all ^! me?ods is be/ to use dep5ds altoge!r on :i* be/ suits ! man & 8 purpose 9 ! picture or 8 temp]am5t4 ,a r\gh b\* w n make a smoo? picture4 ,a mosaic gives a pure1 cle> basis ( color to gray d[n & "w ov]1 & may be scrap$ = a good surface4 ,x is a delib]ate me?od1 & w be successful only ) a ?\ghtful1 delib]ate pa9t]4 ,if a man is a timid colori/1 a /rong1 ev5 crude1 "u-pa9t+ w help to /r5g!n 8 color4 ,a good colori/ w get color any way4 ,= a /ud5t1 ! m directly he puts d[n :at he sees1 ! less he calculates on ! effect ( future aft]-pa9t+1 ! bett]4 ,b :i*ev] way a man works z to ^! v>i\s beg9n+s1 ! *ief ?+ is1 t he und]/& be=eh& :at are ! peculi> advantages & qualities ( ea*1 & t he consid] be=e he beg9s :at he expects to d1 & h[ he purposes to d x4 ,fur!r ,pa9t+4--,! fir/ pa9t+ may be put 9 f nature ) ! help ( ! sev]al models 9 succession4 ,m probably x w be put 9 f ! color sket* :i* furni%es ! g5]al s*eme1 & f a numb] ( /udies & b\*es :i* w give ! pr9cipal mat]ial = ea* "p ( ! canvas4 ,) ! next pa9t+ comes ! m exact /udy f models & accessories !mselves4 ,! "u-pa9t+ is 91 ! color relations & ! contra/s ( masses1 b all is m or less crude & undevelop$4 ,e "o ?+ 9 ! picture mu/ be gradually br\ght to a fur!r /age ( completion4 ,! backgr\nd is n z yet to be c>ri$ f>!r z a :ole4 ,if ! canvas is all cov]$1 s t ! backgr\nd effect is !re1 x is all t is ne$$ z yet4 ,! mo/ important figures are to be pa9t$1 beg9n+ ) ! heads & h&s1 & at ! same "t pa9t+ ! p>ts next to !m1 ! backgr\nd & drap]y close ar\nd !m1 s t ! imm$iate values %all all be true z f> z x has gone4 ,no small details are pa9t$ yet4 ,! :ole canvas is c>ri$ =w>d by pa9t+ all ov] x1 no "o ?+ be+ entirely f9i%$2 = ! same degree ( progress %\ld be kept up = ! :ole picture4 ,to f9i% any "o "p long be=e ! re/ is done1 w\ld be to run ! risk ( ov]-pa9t+ t "p4 ,aft] ! heads & o!r fle% p>ts1 ! drap]ies %\ld be br\ght up1 & ! backgr\nd & all objects 9 x pa9t$1 to br+ ! :ole picture to ! same degree ( completion4 ,?is f9i%es ! second pa9t+4 ,x is all done f nature direct1 & is pa9t$ solidly z a rule4 ,ev5 if ! fir/ pa9t+ has be5 a frotte ?is "o w h be5 solidly pa9t$ into t frotte1 al?\gh ! transp>5t rubb+ may h be5 left %[+1 :5ev] x 0 true 9 effect2 mo/ probably 9 ! %ad[s & broad] d>k masses ( ! backgr\nds4 ,9 ?is second pa9t+ no glaz+s or scumbl+s come 94 ,! canvas is br\ght =w>d z f> z possible ) direct frank bru%-"w ) body color be=e ^! o!r processes c be us$4 ,glazes & su* manipulations require a solid "u-pa9t+1 & a comp>ative completion ( ! picture = safe "w4 ,^! processes are = ! modify+ ( color ma9ly2 y d n draw nor repres5t ! m important & fundam5tal facts ( ! picture ) !m4 ,all ^! ?+s are pa9t$ fir/1 9 ! mo/ frank & direct way1 & !n y c d any?+ y want to on a sure basis ( well-und]/ood repres5tation4 ,!re w be /ructure und]nea? y\r future processes4 ,! ,?ird ,pa9t+4--,! ?ird pa9t+ simply goes ov] ! picture 9 ! same mann] z ! second1 b m>k+ out m c>efully ! important details & en=c+ ! accuracy ( features1 or /r5g!n+ ! acc5ts ( d>k & br++ up ^? ( ! lights4 ,! proc$ure w1 ( c\rse1 be diff]5t1 accord+ z ! picture 0 begun ) an b\* ( body color or a frotte ( transp>5t color4 ,! ?ird pa9t+ w1 9 ei!r case1 c>ry ! picture z a :ole fur!r t[>d be+ f9i%$4 ,r\gh & ,smoo?4--,if body color has be5 us$ pretty freely 9 ! two fir/ pa9t+s1 ! surface ( pa9t w be pretty r\gh 9 places by ! "t x is ready = ! ?ird pa9t+4 ,:e!r t r\ghness is a ?+ to be got rid ( or n is some?+ = ! pa9t] to decide = himself4 ,among ! greate/ ( pa9t]s !re h always be5 m5 :o pa9t$ smoo?ly & m5 :o pa9t$ r\ghly4 ,i h consid]$ else:]e ! subject ( detail1 b ! "q ( detail be>s on t ( ! r\ghness ( ! pa9t+2 = m9ute detail is n possible ) mu* r\ghness ( surface2 ! f95ess ( ! /roke :i* secures ! detail is lo/ 9 ! corrugations ( ! heavi] bru%-/rokes4 ,! effect ( color1 & especially lum9osity1 has mu* to d ) ! way ! pa9t is put on also1 & all ^! ?+s are to be consid]$4 ,z a rule1 x might be well to look ^u ei!r extreme z some?+ n ( importance 9 itself4 ,! m]e quality ( smoo?ness on ! canvas is ( no consequ5ce or value1 any m ?an ! m]e quality ( r\ghness is4 ,if ^! ?+s are necess>y to or consequ5t ^u ! gett+ ( c]ta9 o!r qualities :i* are ju/ly to be consid]$ wor? /riv+ =1 !n ^! qualities w be se5 on ! canvas1 & w be all "r4 ,! pa9t] w d well to look on !m z some?+ incid5tal m]ely to ! picture4 ,if he w simply "w q frankly1 int5t on ! expression ( :at is true & vital to 8 picture1 ! "q ( ! surface quality ( 8 canvas w n bo!r him beyond ! effect t x has ^u 8 atta9+ ( t expression4 ,scrap+4--,! second pa9t+ w be well dry be=e ! ?ird beg9s1 especially if ! pa9t be m r\gh & unev5 ?an is = any reason desirable4 ,almo/ e pa9t] scrapes 8 pictures m or less4 ,!re is pretty sure to be "s "p ( x 9 :i* !re is r\ghness j :]e he doesn't want x4 ,= ! ?ird pa9t+1 t is to say1 aft] ! ma9 ?+s 9 ! picture are practically entirely f9i%$1 !re rema9s to be done ! /r5g!n+ & ri*5+ & modify+ ( ! colors1 values1 & acc5ts1 & ! br++ ( ! :ole picture toge!r by a g5]al ov]work+4 ,be=e ?is beg9s1 ! picture may ne$ scrap+ m or less all ov]4 ,if x does ne$ x1 y may use a regul> tool made = t purpose2 or ! blade ( a razor may be us$1 x be+ held firmly 9 su* a position t !re is no dang] ( its cutt+ ! canvas4 ,x is n necess>y to scrape ! pa9t smoo?1 b only to take (f su* projections & unev5ness ( pa9t z w\ld int]f]e ) ! prop] ov]-pa9t+4 ,! ?ird pa9t+ repres5ts any & all processes t may be us$ to complete ! picture4 ,!re is no rule z to ! numb] ( processes or pa9t+s4 ,y may h a doz5 pa9t+s if y want !m1 & aft] ! fir/ two !y are all modifications & subdivisions ( ! ?ird pa9t+2 = !y all add to fur!r+ ! completion ( ! picture4 ,!y are all done m or less f nature1 z ! second pa9t+ 04 ,!re %\ld be v little done to any picture )\t con/ant ref]5ce to nature4 ,if y glaze y\r picture1 glaze "o "p at a "t4 ,don't tone x ) a g5]al wa% ( "s color4 ,t is n ! way pictures are br\ght into tone1 nor is t ! purpose ( ! glaze4 ,! glaze1 l any o!r application ( pa9t1 is put on j :]e x is ne$$ to modify ! color ( t place :]e ! color goes4 ,! use ( a scumble is ! same2 & bo? ! glaze & ! scumble w be pa9t$ into & ov] ) solid color1 & t aga9 modifi$ z mu* z is call$ =4 ,! ?+ :i* is to be c>efully avoid$ is n ! use ( any special process1 b ! ceas+ f ! use ( "s process or o!r be=e ! ?+ is z x %\ld be1--don't /op be=e ! picture repres5ts ! be/1 ! complete/ expression ( ! idea ( ! picture4 ,?is complet5ess ( expression may ev5 g to ! elim9ation ( :at is ord9>ily look$ ^u z f9i%4 ,f9i% is n surface1 b expression2 & complet5ess ( expression may dem& r\ghness & avoidance ( detail & surface at "o "t q z positively z x dem&s m detail & consequ5t smoo?ness at ano!r4 ,& ?is f9al complet5ess comes f ! la/ pa9t+s :i* ,i gr\p toge!r z ! ?ird4 ,scumble & glaze & pa9t into !m1 & glaze & scumble aga94 ,use any process :i* w help y\r picture to h ^? qualities :i* are always ess5tial to any picture be+ a good "o4 ,! qualities ( l9e & mass1 composition t is1 y get f ! fir/1 or y nev] c get x at all4 ,^? qualities ( "*1 & tru? ( repres5tation1 & exactness ( mean+1 y get 9 ! fir/ pa9t+s1 toge!r ) ! m g5]al qualities ( color & tone4 ,emphasis & =ce ( acc5t1 su* detail z y want1 & ! f9al & m delicate p]ceptions ( color & tone1 y get 9 ! ?ird or la/ pa9t+1 :i* may be divid$ into sev]al pa9t+s4 ,betwe5 ,pa9t+s4--,:5 a pa9t+ is dry & y beg9 to "w on x aga91 y w probably f9d p>ts ( its surface cov]$ ) a k9d ( blui% haze1 :i* q *anges its color or obscures ! "w altoge!r4 ,x is dri$ 94 ,9 dry+1 "s ( ! oil ( ! la/ pa9t+ is absorb$ by :at is b5ea? x1 & ! dead haze is ! result4 ,y _c pa9t on x )\t 9 "s way br++ x back to its orig9al color4 ,y _c v>ni% x out at ?is /age1 = ?is w n h a good effect on y\r picture4 ,oil+ ,out4--,y c oil x all ov]1 & !n rub all ! oil (f t y c4 ,?is w br+ x out4 ,b ! oil w t5d to d>k5 ! picture2 too mu* oil %\ld be avoid$4 ,turp5t9e ) a little oil 9 x w br+ x out also1 b x w n /ay out s long1 b p]haps long en\gh = y to "w on x4 ,if y put a little siccative de ,h>lem 9 x1 or use any picture v>ni% ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 x w s]ve well en\gh4 ,!re is a ret\*+ v>ni%1 v]nis ret\*]1 :i* is made = ?is purpose1 & is p]fectly safe & good4 ,! picture mu/ be well dri$ be=e x is f9ally v>ni%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,difficulties ,,( ,,beg9n]s ,all pa9t]s h difficulty ) _! pictures1 b ! tr\ble ) ! beg9n] is t he has n exp]i5ce en\gh to "k h[ to meet x4 ,! solv+ ( all difficulties is a matt] ( application ( fundam5tal pr9ciples to !m2 b x is necess>y to "k ^! pr9ciples1 & to h appli$ !m to simple problems1 be=e "o c "k h[ to apply !m to less simple ones4 ,i h tri$ to deal fully ) ^! pr9ciples r ?an to tell h[ to d any "o ?+1 & to po9t out ! application :5ev] x c\ld be done4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s ?+s t almo/ always bo!r ! beg9n]1 & x may be helpful to speak ( !m p>ticul>ly4 ,selection ( ,subject4--,"o ( ! *ief objections to copy+ z a me?od ( beg9n+ /udy is t :ile x tea*es a good deal ab\t surface-"w1 x gives no practical tra9+ j :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,! /ud5t :o has only copi$ has no idea h[ to look = a composition1 h[ to place x on 8 canvas1 or h[ to translate into l9e & color ! actual =ms :i* he sees 9 nature4 ,^! ?+s are all done = him 9 ! picture he is copy+1 yet ^! are ! v fir/ ?+s he %\ld h practis$ 94 ,! mak+ ( a picture beg9s be=e ! draw+ & pa9t+ beg9s4 ,y see some?+ out-doors1 or y see a gr\p ( p or a s+le p]son 9 an int]e/+ position4 ,x is "o ?+ to see x2 h[ are y practically to grasp x s z to get x on canvas8 ,t is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,h[ mu* %all y take 98 ,h[ mu* leave out8 ,:at proportion ( ! canvas %all ! ma9 object or figure take up8 ,all ^! are que/ions :i* ne$ "s exp]i5ce to answ]4 ,9 deal+ ) figures exp]i5ce comes some:at naturally1 because y w ( c\rse n und]take m ?an a head & %\ld]s1 ) a pla9 backgr\nd1 = y\r fir/ "w4 ,! select+ ( subject 9 ?is is *iefly ! *oice ( light+ & position ( head1 :i* h be5 spok5 ( else:]e2 & ! plac+ ( !m on ! canvas %\ld be r$uc$ to ! mak+ ( ! head z l>ge z x w come conv5i5tly4 ,! old rule 0 t ! po9t ( ! nose %\ld be ab\t ! middle ( ! canvas1 & 9 mo/ cases on ! ord9>y canvas ?is br+s ! head 9 ! "r place4 ,z y pa9t m y w put 9 m & m ( ! figure1 & s progress comes v naturally4 ,b 9 l&scape y are m ?an likely to be almo/ helpless at fir/4 ,!re is s mu* all ar\nd y1 & s little sali5cy1 t x is h>d to say :]e to beg9 & :]e to leave (f4 ,practice 9 /ill life w help y some:at1 b /ill ?+s 9 nature are seldom arrang$ ) t c5tralization :i* makes a subject easy to see4 ,ev5 ! simplicity :i* is sometimes obvi\s is1 :5 y come to pa9t x1 only ! m difficult to h&le because ( its simplicity4 ,! simplicity :i* y %\ld look = to make y\r selection ( a subject easy is n ! lack ( some?+ to draw1 b ! def9it5ess ( "s m>k$ object or effect4 ,:at is good z a view is apt to be ! rev]se ( suitable = a picture4 ,y want some?+ tangible1 & y d n want too mu* or too little ( x4 ,a long l9e ( hill ) a broad field b5ea? x1 = in/ance1 is simple en\gh1 b :at is !re = y to take hold (8 ,9 an ord9>y light x is only a few broad planes ( value & color )\t an acc5t object to emphasize or c5tre on4 ,x c be pa9t$1 ( c\rse1 & c be made a beautiful picture1 b x is a subject = a ma/]1 n = a /ud5t4 ,b suppose !re 7 a tree or a gr\p ( trees 9 ! field2 suppose a mass ( cl\d obscur$ ! sky1 & a ray ( sunlight fell on & ar\nd ! tree ?r\gh a rift 9 ! cl\ds4 ,or suppose ! opposite ( ?is4 ,suppose all 0 9 broad light1 & ! tree 0 /rongly light$ on "o side1 on ! o!r %ad[$1 & t x ?rew a mass ( %ad[ bel[ & to "o side ( x4 ,imm$iately !re is some?+ :i* y c take hold ( & make y\r picture ar\nd4 ,! field & hill alone w make a /udy ( di/ance & middle di/ance & =egr\nd1 b x w\ld n make an effective sket*4 ,! two effects ,i h suppos$ give ! possibility = a sket* at once1 & :at sugge/s a sket* sugge/s a picture4 ,?is c5tral object or effect :i* ,i h suppos$ also cle>s up ! matt] ( ! plac+ ( y\r subject on ! canvas4 ,) m]ely ! hill & pla9 y might cut x (f any:]e1 a mile or two "o side or ! o!r w\ld make little or no diff]5ce to y\r picture4 ,b ! tree & ! effect ( light decide ! ?+ = y4 ,! tree & ! light+ are ! c5tral idea ( ! picture4 ,v well1 !n1 make !m l>ge en\gh on y\r canvas to be ( t importance4 ,!n :at is ar\nd !m is only s mu* m z ! canvas w hold1 & y w place ! tree :]e1 hav+ ! prop] proportionate size1 x w also compose well & make ! canvas balance1 be+ nei!r 9 ! middle exactly nor too mu* to "o side4 ,"h are two photographs tak5 9 ! same field & ( ! same view1 ) ! cam]a po9t$ 9 ! same direction 9 bo?4 ,"o %[s ! lack ( sali5cy1 al?\gh ! tree is !re4 ,9 ! o!r ! cam]a 0 simply c>ri$ =w>d a hundr$ y>ds or s1 until ! tree became l>ge en\gh to be ( importance 9 ! composition4 ,! plac+ is simply a bett] position ) ref]5ce to ! tree 9 ?is case4 ,c5tralize4--,n[1 z y g ab\t look+ = ?+s to sket*1 look always = "s c5tral object or effect4 ,if y f9d t :at seems v beautiful w n give y any?+ def9ite & graspable1--"s contra/ ( =m1 or light & %ade1 or color1--don't attempt x4 ,! ?+ is beautiful1 & has d\btless a picture 9 x1 b n = y4 ,y are le>n+ h[ to look = & to f9d a subject1 & y mu/ beg9 ) :at is readily sket*$1 )\t too mu* subtlety ei!r ( =m or color or value4 ,plac+4--,hav+ f\nd y\r subject ) some?+ def9ite 9 x1 y mu/ place x on y\r canvas s t x tells4 ,x w n d to put x 9 haphaz>d1 lett+ any "p ( x come any:]e z x happ5s4 ,y w n be satisfi$ ) ! effect ( ?is4 ,! object ( a picture is to make visible some?+ :i* y wi% to call att5tion to2 to %[ some?+ t seems to y wor? look+ at4 ,!n y mu/ arrange x s t t p>ticul> some?+ is sure to be se5 :e!r any?+ else is se5 or n4 ,?is is ! fir/ ?+ to be ?\ght ( 9 plac+ y\r subject4 ,:]e is x to come on ! canvas8 ,h[ mu* room is x to take up8 ,if x is too l>ge1 !re is n en\gh surr\nd+ x to make an int]e/+ :ole4 ,if x is to be emphasiz$1 x mu/ h some?+ to be emphasiz$ ) ref]5ce to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is too small1 its v size makes x insignificant4 ,illu/ration3 ,l&scape ,photo4 ,no4 #a4 ,if x is a l&scape1 decide fir/ ! proportions ( l& & sky1--:]e y\r horizon l9e w come4 ,!n1 hav+ drawn t l9e1 make ?ree or f\r l9es :i* w give ! mass ( ! ma9 effect or object--a b>n1 a tree1 a slope ( hill1 or :atev] x be1 get m]ely its simple/ sugge/ion ( outl9e4 ,^! two ?+s w %[ y1 on consid]+ _! relation to ea* o!r & to ! re/ ( ! canvas1 ab\t :at its emphasis w be4 ,if x isn't "r1 rub x out & d x aga91 a little l>g] or small]1 a little m to "o side or ! o!r1 high] or l[]1 z y f9d ne$$4 ,:5 y h done ?is to y\r satisfaction1 y h done ! fir/ important ?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,l&scape ,photo4 ,no4 #b4 ,/ill ,life1 etc4--,if y\r subject be /ill life1 fl[]s1 or an animal or o!r figure1 g ab\t x 9 ! same way4 ,look at x well4 ,try to get an idea ( its g5]al %ape1 & block t out ) a few l9es4 ,y w almo/ always f9d a horizontal l9e :i* by cutt+ across ! mass w help y to decide :]e ! mass w be/ come4 ,fir/1 ! mass mu/ be ab\t ! "r size1 & !n x mu/ balance well on ! canvas4 ,any ( ! ?+s sugge/$ z help+ ab\t draw+ & values w ( c\rse help y "h4 ,! r$uc+-glass w help y to get ! size & position ( ?+s4 ,! c>d ) a squ>e hole 9 x w d ! same4 ,ev5 a sort ( little frame made ) ! f+]s & ?umbs ( y\r two h&s w cut (f ! surr\nd+ objects1 & help y see y\r gr\p z a :ole ) o!r ?+s out ( ! way4 ,walk ,ab\t4--,a *ange ( position ( a v few feet sometimes makes a great diff]5ce 9 ! looks ( a subject4 ,! fir/ view ( x is n always ! be/4 ,walk ar\nd a little2 look at x f "o po9t & f ano!r4 ,take y\r "t4 ,bett] beg9 a little lat] ?an /op because y don't l x & feel disc\rag$4 ,"t tak5 to consid] well be=eh& is nev] lo/4 ,well begun is half done4 ,relief4--,9 beg9n+ a ?+ y want to h ! fir/ few m9utes' "w to d ! mo/ possible t[>ds giv+ y some?+ to judge by4 ,y want f ! v fir/ to get some?+ recognizable4 ,!n e subsequ5t t\*1 hav+ ref]5ce to t1 w be s mu* ! m sure & effective4 ,look1 !n1 fir/ = :at w c\nt mo/4 ,:at to look =4--,:e!r y lay y\r "w out fir/ ) black-&-:ite or ) pa9t1 look to see :]e ! greate/ contra/ is4 ,:]e is !re a /rong light aga9/ d>k & a /rong d>k aga9/ light8 ,n ! little acc5ts1 b t :i* m>ks ! contact ( two great planes4 ,f9d ?is fir/1 & repres5t x z soon z y h got ! ma9 values1 9 ?is way ! :ole ?+ w tell z an actuality4 ,x w n yet c>ry mu* expression1 b x w look l a fact1 & x w h e/abli%$ c]ta9 relations f :i* y c "w =w>d4 ,colors4--,x ought to g )\t say+ t ! colors z !y come f ! tube are n "r = any color y see 9 nature h[ev] y ?9k !y look4 ,b beg9n]s are v apt to ?9k t if !y _c get ! color !y want1 !y c get x 9 ano!r k9d ( tube4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! tubes ( color t are actually necess>y = almo/ e possible t9t or comb9ation 9 nature are v few4 ,b !y mu/ be us$ to advantage4 ,n[ & !n "o f9ds 8 palette lack+1 & mu/ add to x2 b aft] "o has exp]im5t$ a :ile he settles d[n to "s eight or t5 colors :i* w d almo/ ev]y?+1 & two or ?ree m t w d :at rema9s4 ,:5 y "w out-(-doors y may f9d t m v>iety w help y & ga9 "t = y2 t sev]al blues & "s second>ies x is well to h 9 tubes besides ! regul> outfit4 ,/ill ev5 !n1 :5 y h got beyond ! fir/ frantic grop+s1 y w be surpris$ to see y\rself con/antly us+ c]ta9 colors & neglect+ o!rs4 ,^! o!rs1 !n1 y d n ne$1 & y may leave !m out ( y\r box4 ,too ,_m ,tubes4--,if y h too _m colors1 !y are a tr\ble r ?an a help to y4 ,y mu/ c>ry !m all 9 y\r m9d1 & y d n s soon get to ?9k+ ( ! color 9 nature & tak+ up ! pa9t f diff]5t p>ts ( y\r palette in/9ctively--:i* means t y are ga9+ comm& ( x4 ,nev] put a new color on y\r palette unless y feel ! actual ne$ ( x1 or h a special reason = x4 ,bett] get well acqua9t$ ) ! regul> colors y h1 & h only z _m z y c h&le well4 ,mix+4--,use "s sy/em 9 mix+ y\r pa9t4 ,h y\r palette set ! same way always1 s t y\r bru% c f9d ! color )\t hav+ to hunt = x4 ,h a reasonable way too ( tak+ up y\r color be=e y mix x4 ,don't always beg9 ) ! same "o4 ,is ! t9t light or d>k8 /rong or delicate8 ,:at is ! prevail+ color 9 x8 ,let ^! ?+s affect ! sequ5ce ( br++ ! colors toge!r = mix+4 ,let ^! ?+s h to d also ) ! proportionate quantity ( ea*4 ,suppose y h a heavy d>k gre5 to mix1 :at w y take fir/8 ,make a da% at ! :ite1 put x 9 ! middle ( ! palette1 & !n tone x d[n to ! gre58 ,h[ mu* pa9t w\ld y h to take be=e y got y\r color8 ,yet ,i've se5 ?is v ?+ done1 & o!rs equally s5seless4 ,:at is ! gre58 ,d>k4 ,blui% or w>m8 ,w r$di% or yell[i% blue d x be/8 ,h[ mu* space d y want t bru%ful to cov]8 ,take en\gh blue1 add to x a yell[ ( ! sort t w make approximately ! color4 ,don't /ir !m up2 drag "o into ! o!r a little--v little4 ,! color is crude8 ,ano!r color or two w br+ x into tone4 ,don't mix x mu*4 ,don't sme> x all ov] y\r palette4 ,make a smalli% dab ( x1 keep+ x well pil$ up4 ,if y get any "o color too great 9 quantity1 !n y w h to take m ( ! o!rs aga9 to keep x 9 balance4 ,be c>eful to take z ne>ly ! "r proportions ( ea* at ! fir/ pick+ up1 s z to mix b few times2 = e "t y add & mix y flatt5 out ! tone m1 & lose its vibration & life4 ,n[1 if ! color is too d>k1 :at w y light5 x )8 ,:ite8 ,wait a m9ute4 ,?9k4 ,w :ite take away ! ri*ness ( x8 ,:ite always grays & flatt5s ! color4 ,don't put x into a w>m1 ri* color unless x belongs !re4 ,!n only z mu* z is ne$$4 ,treat all y\r t9ts ?is way4 ,is x a high value on a =ehead 9 full light8 ,:ite fir/1 !n a little modify+ color1 yell[ fir/1 !n r$2 p]haps no r$3 ! k9d ( yell[ may d x4 ,:5 y h a ri* color to mix1 get x z /rong z y c fir/4 ,!n gray x z mu* z y ne$ to1 nev] ! rev]se4 ,b :5 y want a delicate color1 make x delicate fir/1 & !n /r5g!n x cauti\sly4 ,^! seem b common-s5se4 ,h>dly necess>y to take ! tr\ble to write x d[n8 ,b common-s5se is n always attribut$ to arti/s1 & ! beg9n] does n seem able always to apply 8 common-s5se to 8 pa9t+ at fir/4 ,to say x to him op5s 8 eyes4 ,be/ be on ! safe side4 ,crude ,color4--,! beg9n] is sure to get crude color1 ei!r f lack ( p]ception ( color qualities1 or inability to mix ! t9ts he kn[s he wants4 ,9 ! latt] case crude color ei!r comes f too few colors 9 ! mixture1 or f inh>moni\s colors br\ght toge!r1 :i* is only ano!r =m ( ! same1 = an add$ complem5t>y w\ld make x "r4 ,= in/ance1 ,prussian blue & *rome yell[ mix$ w make a p[]ful gre5 :i* y c\ld h>dly put any:]e--a /rong1 crude gre54 ,well1 :at is ! complem5t>y8 ,r$8 ,& :at does a complem5t>y d to a color8 ,neutralizes1 grays4 ,!n add a v little r$1 en\gh to gray ! gre51 n en\gh to kill its quality4 ,or if y don't want ! color t makes1 take a little r$di% yell[1 o*re say1 & possibly a little r$di% blue1 new blue or ultram>9e2 add ^!1 & see h[ x grays x & /ill keeps ! same k9d ( gre54 ,?is is ! pr9ciple 9 extreme4 ,/ill1 ! be/ way w\ld be n to try to make a gre5 ( ,prussian blue & *rome yell[4 ,x is bett] to "k ! qualities ( ea* tube color on y\r palette4 ,"k :i* two colors mix to make a crude color1 & :i* w be gray1 m or less1 )\t a ?ird4 ,muddy ,color4--,dirty or muddy color comes f lack ( ?is la/4 ,y d n "k h[ y\r colors are go+ to affect ea* o!r4 ,y mix1 & ! color looks "r on ! palette1 b on ! canvas x is n "r4 ,y mix aga9 & put x on ! canvas2 x mixes ) ! fir/ t9t & y get--mud4 ,:y8 ,bo? wrong4 ,scrape ! :ole ?+ (f4 ,) a clean spot ( canvas mix a fre% color4 ,put x on frankly & fre%ly & let x alone--don't dabble x4 ,! *ances are x w be at lea/ fre%1 clean color4 ,ov]-mix+ makes color muddy sometimes1 especially :5 m ?an ?ree colors are us$4 ,:5 y don't get ! "r t9t ) ?ree colors1 ! *ances are t y h got ! wrong ?ree4 ,if t is n s1 & y mu/ add a f\r?1 d s ) "s ?\ghtfulness1 or y w h to mix ! t9t aga94 ,dirty ,bru%es & ,palette4--,us+ dirty bru%es causes muddy color4 ,don't be too economical ab\t ! numb] ( bru%es y use4 ,keep a good big rag at y\r h&1 & wipe ! pa9t out ( y\r bru% (t54 ,if ! color is gett+ muddy1 clean y\r palette & take a clean bru%4 ,y\r palette is sure to get cov]$ ) pa9t ( all colors :5 y h pa9t$ a little :ile4 ,y c't mix colors ) any degree ( c]ta9ty if ! palette is sme>$ ) all sorts ( t9ts4 ,use y\r palette-knife--t's :at x's =4 ,scrape ! palette clean e once 9 a :ile z x gets cr[d$4 ,wipe x (f4 ,take "s fre% bru%es4 ,!n1 if y\r color is dirty1 x is y\r fault1 n ! fault ( y\r tools4 ,out-door & ,9-door ,colors4--,!re is "o s\rce ( disc\ragem5t & difficulty t e "o has to cont5d aga9/2 t is1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! app>5t key ( pa9t :51 hav+ be5 put on out-(-doors1 x is se5 9 ! h\se4 ,out-(-doors ! color look$ bright & light1 & :5 y get x 9-doors x looks d>k & gray1 & p]haps muddy & dead4 ,?is is some?+ y mu/ expect1 & mu/ le>n h[ to control4 ,z ev]y?+ t ! out-door light falls ^u looks ! bright] = x1 s w y\r pa9t look bright] ?an x really is because ( ! brilliancy ( ! light :i* y see x 94 ,y mu/ le>n to make all[ance = t4 ,y mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce h[ mu* ! color w g d[n :5 y take x into ! h\se4 ,( c\rse an umbrella is a mo/ useful & necess>y ?+ 9 work+ out-(-doors1 & if x is l9$ ) black s mu* ! bett] = y2 = !re is sure to be a good deal ( light com+ ?r\gh ! clo?1 & :ile x %ades y\r canvas1 x does to "s ext5t give a false gl[ to y\r canvas1 :i* a black l9+ c\nt]balances4 ,m]e exp]i5ce w give y t k m or less2 b !re are ways 9 :i* y c help y\rself4 ,:5 y fir/ beg9 to "w out-doors try to f9d a good solid %ade 9 :i* to place y\r easel1 & !n try to pa9t up to ! full key1 ev5 at ! risk ( a little crud5ess ( color4 ,use colors t seem r pure ?an o!rwise4 ,y may be sure t ! color w come d[n a little anyh[1 s keep ! pit* well up4 ,!n1 if ! %ade has be5 pretty ev51 & y\r canvas has _h a fair light1 y w get a fairly good color-key4 ,pr$et]m9$ ,pit*4--,ano!r way is to det]m9e ! pit* ( ! pa9t+ 9 "s way be=e y take ! canvas out-(-doors4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( do+ ?is4 ,! mo/ practical is1 p]haps1 to "k ! relative value1 9 ! h\se & out-doors1 ( ! prim+ ( y\r canvas4 ,h a def9ite k ( h[ ne> to ! highe/ light y w want t prim+ is4 ,!n1 :5 y put on ! light pa9t1 if y keep x light ) ref]5ce to ! kn[n pit* ( ! prim+1 y w keep ! :ole pa9t+ light4 ,disc\ragem5t4--,we all get disc\rag$ sometimes1 b x is some?+ to "k t ! case is n hopeless because we are4 ,t :at we are try+ to d does n get done easily is no reason t x may n get done ev5tually4 ,(t5 ! disc\ragem5t is n ev5 a sign t :at we are do+ is n go+ well4 ,! disc\ragem5t may be "o way t fatigue %[s itself1 & we may feel disc\rag$ aft] a p>ticul>ly successful day's "w--9 consequ5ce ( x v probably4 ,make x a rule n to judge ( a day's "w at ! end ( t day4 ,wait till next morn+1 :5 fre% & re/$1 & y w h a mu* m j notion ( :at y h done4 ,:5 y beg9 to get blue ab\t y\r "w is ! "t to /op & re/4 ,if ! blues are ! result ( tire1 work+ long] w only make y\r picture worse4 ,a tir$ bra9 & eye nev] improv$ a piece ( pa9t+4 ,& 9 ! same _s re/ (t5 :ile y are pa9t+4 ,if y\r model re/s1 x is z well t y re/ also4 ,turn away f y\r "w1 & :5 y get to "w aga9 y w look at x ) a fre% eye4 ,*ange ,y\r ,"w ,(t54--,too cont9u$ & conc5trat$ "w on ! same picture also w lead to disc\ragem5t4 ,*ange y\r "w1 keep sev]al ?+s go+ at ! same "t1 & :5 y are tir$ ( "o y may "w ) fre% p]ceptions & int]e/ on ano!r4 ,/op (t5 to walk away f y\r "w4 ,lay d[n y\r palette & bru%es1 & put ! canvas at ! o!r end ( ! room4 ,/raight5 y\r back & look at ! picture at a di/ance4 ,y get an impression ( ! ?+ z a :ole4 ,:at y h be5 do+ w be judg$ ( less by itself & m 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! picture1 & s m ju/ly4 ,:5 ?+s are go+ wrong1 /op "w = ! day4 ,take a re/4 ,!n1 be=e y beg9 aga9 on x to-morr[1 take pl5ty ( "t to look ! picture ov]--consid] x1 comp>e x ) nature1 & make up y\r m9d j :at x lacks1 j :at x ne$s1 j :at y w d fir/ to make x z x %\ld be4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ x drives (f ! blues to "k j :at y are go+ to d next4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,passages 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 #b4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 #c4 ,illu/ration captions are indicat$ by caption4 #d4 ,images h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 #e4 ,! ^w d'oeuvre uses an oe ligature 9 ! orig9al on page #bdb4 #f4 ,9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 page numb] = ,desc5t f ,cross is correct$ to #afc 7orig9al text is #afe74 #g4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 heavvi] correct$ to heavi] 7page #af7 int]or correct$ to int]ior 7page #ada7 arrangem5 correct$ to arrangem5t 7page #aga7 analag\s correct$ to analog\s 7page #aij7 freee/ correct$ to free/ 7page #baf7 nivet correct$ to navet 7page #bhi7 #h4 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4