,transcrib]'s ,note  ,music notation 9  
?is ebook is r5d]$ us+ sci5tific pit*   
notation1 9 :i*1 = example1 middle ,c is
 r5d]$ z ,c#d1 ,c bel[ middle ,c is     
r5d]$ z ,c#c1 & ,c above middle ,c is   
r5d]$ z ,c#e1 etc4 ,= m in=mation on ?is
 notation me?od1 see                    
http3_/_/en4wikip$ia4org_/wiki_/,sci5tif
icpit*notation       ,,! ,,voice    ,its
 ,production1 ,c>e &   ,pres]vation     
,by   ,,frank ,e4 ,,mill]1 ,m4 ,d4      
,) a ,note by   ,,gu/av ,,kobb    ,,six?
 ,,edition     ,,new ,,york3 ,g4        
,,s*irm]   ,,bo/on3 ,,bo/on ,,music     
,,co4       ,,copyright1 #aiaj   ,,by   
,g4 ,,s*irm]     ,,note   ,dr4 ,frank   
,e4 ,mill]1 ! au?or ( ?is book1 is "o ( 
! lead+ ,new ,york speciali/s on ?roat1 
nose & e>4 ,he numb]s _m s+]s among 8   
pati5ts & is physician to ! ,manhattan  
,op]a ,h\se1 ,mr4 ,osc> ,hamm]/e9's     
company4  ,to exp]t k ( ! physiology ( !
 vocal organs he adds practical exp]i5ce
 z a vocali/4 ,be=e & dur+ 8 /ud5t ye>s 
he 0 a s+] & held1 among o!r positions1 

t ( t5or 9 "o ( ! l>ge ,new ,york       
*ur*es4 ,?is exp]i5ce has be5 ( great   
value to him 9 8 practice among s+]s4   
,he und]/&s !m temp]am5tally z well z   
physically4 ,moreov]1 x has l$ him1 9   
writ+ ?is book1 to consid] que/ions (   
temp]am5t z well z pr9ciples (          
physiology4 ,great z is ! importance t  
he atta*es to a correct physiological   
me?od ( voice-production1 he makes full 
all[ance = :at may be call$ !           
psy*ological factors involv$            
!re9--m5tality1 arti/ic temp]am5t1      
correct concept on ! "p ( ! s+] ( ! pit*
 & quality ( ! tone to be produc$1 etc4 
,above all1 ,dr4 ,mill]1 :ile conv9c$ t 
! tones ( ! vocal scale require1 = _!   
correct emission1 subtly correspond+    
*anges ( adju/m5t 9 ! vocal organs1     
utt]ly rejects any?+ l a delib]ate or   
consci\s attempt on ! s+]'s "p to br+   
ab\t ^! adju/m5ts4 ,he holds t !y %\ld  
occur automatically 7or subconsci\sly7 z
 ! result1 9 v r>e in/ances1 ( supreme  
natural gifts1 9 o!rs z a spontane\s    

sequ5ce to prop]ly develop$ arti/ry4  ,9
 fact1 :ile bas$ on accurate sci5tific  
k1 ,dr4 ,mill]'s book also is ! outcome 
( long obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 s t x     
might well be entitl$ ,! ,common ,s5se (
 ,s++4  ,,gu/av ,,kobb4     ,,cont5ts   
,,page      ,,note                      
v      ,,*apt]     ,i4   ,a ,,rational  
,,vocal ,,me?od               #a        
,,*apt]    ,,ii4   ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a   
,,tea*]              #ae      ,,*apt]   
,,iii4   ,,on ,,brea?+3 ,,inspiration   
#bg      ,,*apt]    ,,iv4   ,,on        
,,brea?+3 ,,expiration             #di  
,,*apt]     ,v4   ,,! ,,physiology ,,&  
,,psy*ology                      ,,(    
,,voice-,,production                    
#fg      ,,*apt]    ,,vi4   ,,pit* ,,&  
,,sympa!tic ,,vibration      #hi        
,,*apt]   ,,vii4   ,,regi/]s ,,( ,,!    
,,voice              #ajc      ,,*apt]  
,,viii4   ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,! ,,voice
           #aag      ,,*apt]    ,,ix4   
,,! ,,/roke ,,( ,,! ,,glottis           
#acb      ,,*apt]     ,x4   ,,hygi5e ,,(

 ,,! ,,voice                #adg        
,,*apt]    ,,xi4   ,,m ,,vocal ,,hygi5e 
#afi      ,,*apt]   ,,xii4   ,,nodes ,,&
 ,,_! ,,cure                #ahb        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,,?roat ,,&
 ,,adjo9+ ,,/ructures  #a1 ,l>ynx4 #b1  
,epiglottis4 #c1 ,l[] ,ph>ynx4 #d1      
,lips4 #e1 ,tee?4 #f1 ,tongue4 #g1 ,m\? 
7,oral ,cavity74 #h1 ,uvula & ,s(t      
,palate4 #i1 ,h>d ,palate4 #aj1 ,upp]   
,ph>ynx4 #aa1 ,nasal ,cavities4 #ab1    
,nose4  ,a1 ,aryt5oid ,c>tilage4 ,c1    
,cricoid ,c>tilage4 ,t1 ,?yroid         
,c>tilage4 ,w1 ,w9dpipe4 ,x1 ,adam's    
,apple4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,a ,,rational   
,,vocal ,,me?od   ,song1 s f> z         
voice-production is conc]n$1 is ! result
 ( physiological action1 & z            
voice-production is ! basis ( all song1 
x foll[s t a s++ me?od1 to be correct1  
mu/ be bas$ on ! correct physiological  
use ( ! vocal organs4 ,! physiology (   
voice-production lies1 !re=e1 at ! v    
f\ndation ( arti/ic s++4  ,! prop]      
physiological basis = a s++ me?od hav+  

be5 laid1 some?+ else1 some?+ highly    
important1 rema9s to be sup]impos$4     
,voice is physical4 ,b ev]y?+ t colors  
voice1 *>g+ x ) emotion1 giv+ x its     
peculi> quality & mak+ x diff]5t f o!r  
voices1 is l>gely1 al?\gh n :olly1 !    
result ( a psy*ical control--a control n
 ex]cis$ my/]i\sly f )\t1 l ,sv5gali's  
ov] ,trilby1 b by ! s+] himself f )94 ,e
 s+] is 8 own mesm]i/1 or he has mi/ak5 
8 vocation4 ,= :ile voice is a physical 
manife/ation1 its atmosph]e1 its        
emotional ?rill & *>m1 is a psy*ical    
"o--! result ( ! individual's ?\ght &   
feel+1 act+ unconsci\sly or1 bett] /ill1
 subconsci\sly1 on t physical ?+1 !     
voice4  ,betwe5 ! two1 h[ev]1 betwe5 m9d
 & body1 !re lies1 l a bord]l& ( fancy1 
yet mo/ real1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 cross$ &   
recross$ by ! mo/ delicate1 ! mo/       
s5sitive filam5ts ev] spun1 filam5ts t  
t\*1 c>ess1 or p]meate ea* & e muscle   
conc]n$ 9 voice-production1 call+ !m    
into play ) ! rapidity ( m5tal          
telegraphy4 ,ov] ?is network ( n]ves !  

m9d1 or--if y pref] to call x s--!      
arti/ic s5se1 s5ds its messages1 & x is 
! n]ves & muscles work+ 9 h>mony t      
results 9 a correct production ( !      
voice4 ,s important1 inde$1 is !        
cop]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 t x is a "q  
:e!r ! :ole psy*ology ( song may n be   
ref]r$ to x--:e!r ! degree ( emotional  
?rill1 9 diff]5t voices1 may n be !     
result ( great] or less s5sitiv5ess 9 ! 
n]v\s sy/em ( diff]5t s+]s4 ,?is might  
expla9 :y "s v beautiful voices lack    
emotional quality4 ,9 su* s+]s !        
physical action ( ! vocal organs & ( all
 ! resonance cavities ( ! head may be   
p]fect1 b ! n]ves are n suffici5tly     
s5sitive to ! emotion :i* ! song is     
int5d$ to express1 & s fail to c>ry x to
 ! voice4  ,imm5se progress has be5 made
 9 anatomical rese>*1 & 9 no o!r bran* m
 ?an 9 ! /udy ( ! ?roat & ( ! l>ynx1 :i*
 is ! voice-box ( ! human body4 ,!re    
also has be5 a great advance 9 ! /udy ( 
metaphysics4 ,x w\ld seem high "t1      
!re=e1 t bo? ! results ( mod]n          

anatomical /udy & ! d$uctions ( advanc$ 
psy*ological rese>*1 %\ld be recogniz$ 9
 ! use ( t subtle & beautiful ?+1 !     
human voice1 :i* 9 its ultimate quality 
is a comb9ation ( physiological &       
psy*ological ph5om5a--! physical1       
voice-produc+ organs act+ )9 & =        
!mselves1 b also be+ act$ ^u by a s]ies 
( sugge/ive impulses f ! m9d & s\l1     
c\ntless 9 numb] & v>iety4 ,inde$1 "o   
might say t :ile 9 s++ ! vocal organs   
are ! fir/ ess5tial1 !y mu/1 9 ord] to  
a*ieve _! full effect1 be 9 tune ) !    
inf9ite4 ,arti/ic s++ involves complete 
physiological control ( ! voice-produc+ 
function1 comb9$ ) complete comm& ( !   
metaphysical res\rces ( art4 ,?us only c
 voice be produc$ ) t app>5t spontaneity
 :i* we call arti/ic1 & at ! same "t be 
*>g$ ) ! emotional quality :i* gives x  
individual significance4  ,^! two       
factors ( voice-production1 ! physical &
 ! psy*ical1 %\ld be recogniz$ bo? by ! 
tea*] & by ! /ud5t 9 /riv+ to develop ! 
voice1 & by ! physician :o seeks to     

re/ore an impair$ voice to its pri/9e   
quality4 ,! sub/itution by tea*]s (     
v>i\s me?ods1 orig9at$ by !mselves1 = ! 
natural physiological me?od to :i* !    
vocal organs become self-adju/$ & = !   
correct processes ( auto-sugge/ion      
orig9at+ )9 ! well-taught s+] himself1  
is ! cause ( mo/ ru9$ voices4 ,!        
physician :o realizes ?is w1 9 treat+ an
 impair$ voice1 "k h[ to ma9ta9 ! prop] 
balance betwe5 ! two factors--betwe5    
m$ic9e & surg]y on ! "o h& &            
consid]ations ( temp]am5t & m5tality on 
! o!r4  ,!re h be5 writt5 books on      
voice-me?od ( :i* be natural is !       
slogan2 books on ! physiology (         
voice-production1 9 :i*1 z f> z ! s+] is
 conc]n$1 too mu* importance is atta*$  
to ! results ( l>yngoscopic exam9ation2 
& books on ! psy*ology (                
voice-production 9 :i* ! o!r factors are
 :olly neglect$4 ,none ( ^! ?ree        
v>ieties ( book1 h[ev]1 cov]s ! gr\nd1 b
 ea* only a "p ( x4 ,! ?ree--nature1    
physiology & psy*ology--mu/ be comb9$ 9 

any book t pr(esses to (f] a syn!tic    
me?od ( voice-production4  ,x is        
possible t k ( ! /ructure ( ! vocal     
organs is ( m importance to ! physician 
& to ! tea*] ?an to ! s+] himself1 & t  
too con/ant ?\ght ( !m might di/ract !  
latt]'s att5tion f ! product to ! ma*9e1
 f ! quality ( voice to be produc$ to ! 
vocal app>atus produc+ x4 ,nev]!less1 "s
 k ( ! organs :i* he br+s into play 9   
s++ _c fail to be helpful to ! vocali/  
himself1 & surely _! importance to !    
tea*] ( s++ & to ! physician :o has an  
impair$ voice to re/ore _c be           
ov]e/imat$4 ,correct tea*+1 9 fact1     
directs ! m9d to ! end1 & by tak+ into  
acc\nt ! physical p>ts conc]n$ 9 s++1   
imp>ts to !m ! habit ( unconsci\sly     
obey+ natural laws4 ,s++ may n be a "q (
 h[ a di/ort$ ?roat looks 9 an oblique  
mirror1 yet ! k t1 because a note is    
faultily produc$1 ! ?roat mu/ be        
di/ort$1 & h[1 w be ( great s]vice to ! 
tea*] :o wi%es to correct ! fault1 &    
indisp5sable to ! physician :o wi%es to 

eradicate ! results ( a bad me?od4 ,! v 
fir/ pr9ciple ( a vocal me?od %\ld be1  
to e/abli% s correct a use ( ! vocal    
organs t nature 9 ?is respect becomes   
second nature4 ,= correct action ( !    
voice-organs c develop into a habit s   
p]fectly acquir$ t ! s+] acts ^u x      
automatically2 & ! mo/ disa/r\s result (
 poor tea*+ is t a bad habit also       
becomes second nature & is almo/        
impossible to eradicate4  ,!re seems to 
be no "q b t ! old ,italian ma/]s ( s++1
 :e!r kn[+ly or unkn[+ly1 taught accord+
 to correct physiological pr9ciples1 &  
t1 because ( a neglect ( ^! pr9ciples   
s9ce !n1 :ile !re has be5 a g5]al       
advance 9 ev]y?+ else1 ! art (          
voice-production actually has           
retrograd$4 ,= n only did ! old ,italian
 ma/]s und]/& ! voice 9 its physical    
aspects2 !y also insi/$1 because !y     
und]/ood x s well1 on a c\rse (         
voice-tra9+ :i* la/$ long en\gh to give 
! pupil complete ease & entire control (
 te*nic4 ,! /ory ( ! fam\s ma/]1        

,porpora1 & 8 equally fam\s pupil1      
,caff>elli1 is wor? recall+4 ,on a s+le 
%eet ( music pap] ,porpora wrote all !  
feats ( :i* ! voice is capable1 & f t "o
 %eet ,caff>elli /udi$ ) him five1 "s   
say six ye>s4 ,!n ! great ma/] dismiss$ 
him ) ^! words3 ,g1 my son1 ,i h no?+ m 
to tea* y2 y are ! greate/ s+] 9 ,italy 
& 9 ! _w4 ,9 our own hurri$ days ! tea*]
 is only too apt1 aft] a few mon?s1 or  
ev5 aft] only a few weeks1 to say3 ,g1  
my de>4 ,y "k en\gh4 ,y are pretty to   
look at1 & y'll make a hit6 ,=1 curi\sly
 en\gh1 :ile ! /ud5t ( ! pian(orte or ! 
viol9 /ill w devote ye>s to acquir+     
p]fection ^u x1 a p]son :o ?9ks himself 
gift$ ) a voice expects to become a s+] 
) a ye> or two ( in/ruction1 possibly   
ev5 aft] /udy+ only a few mon?s4 ,yet ! 
app>atus conc]n$ 9 voice-production is a
 mo/ delicate "o1 &1 be+ easily ru9$ :5 
incorrectly us$1 ha/e 9 le>n+ h[ to use 
x n only is absurd b                    
crim9al--voice-murd]1 9 fact4  ,x has   
be5 said t "o error ( ! old ,italian    

me?od 0 t x conc]n$ itself only )       
beautiful tone-production1 :]eas real   
s++ is ! vitalization ( words by        
emotion4 ,b ! vitalization ( words by   
emotion may well foll[ ^u beautiful     
tone-production &1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! old
 ,italians ?is und\bt$ly 0 aid$ by !    
smoo?ly fl[+ quality ( ! ,italian       
language1 a s+]1 prop]ly taught1 %\ld be
 able to s+ beautifully 9 any tongue4   
,besides ha/e1 "o great dang] to-day to 
! art ( s++1 & especially to ! art (    
beautiful tone-production1 :i* lies at !
 root ( all beautiful s++1 is ! mod]n   
wor%ip ( individualism1 ( ! ability ( a 
p]son simply to d ?+s diff]5tly f "s "o 
else1 in/ead ( m arti/ically1 s t we are
 beg9n+ to atta* m importance to :ims & 
p]sonality ?an to obs]vance ( ! canons (
 true art4 ,x is only :5 ! individual   
has supreme intellig5ce1 t any su*      
disreg>d ( :at con/itutes true art %\ld 
be tol]at$4 ,h5ry ,irv+1 = example1 0   
extraord9>ily effective 9 c]ta9 rles1   
:ile 9 o!rs 8 act+ 0 atroci\s4 ,b ev5 9 

^! latt] !re 0 intellect beh9d :at he   
did1 & ! spectator became s int]e/$ 9   
obs]v+ 8 mann] ( /riv+ = an effect1 t he
 =gave him = fall+ %ort ( :at he /rove  
=4 ,b ?is is a v exceptional & a v      
dang]\s k9d ( prec$5t4 ,art ev] is m    
honor$ 9 ! obs]vance ?an 9 ! brea*4 ,yet
 its brea* (t5 is honor$ by mod]n       
audi5ces1 & especially op]atic audi5ces1
 because !y t5d to rate temp]am5t too   
high & art too l[1 & to tol]ate s+]s ^: 
voice-production is atroci\s1 simply    
because _! temp]am5t or p]sonality      
int]e/s !m4 ,take a case 9 po9t3 ,!     
,croatian prima donna1 ,milka ,t]n9a1 ^:
 art ranges f ,tosca to ,isolde1 s+s 79 
,tosca7 ! invocation to ! ,virg9 :i*    
prec$es ! kill+ ( ,sc>pia1 ) a weal? (  
voice comb9$ ) a p[] ( dramatic         
expression t simply is ov]:elm+2 & %e   
acts ! sc5e ( ! kill+ ) suffici5t       
realism to raise h] entire p]=mance to !
 highe/ level ( vocal dramatic art4 ,an 
,italian prima donna :o has be5 he>d 9 !
 same rle at ! same op]a h\se s+s !     

invocation wret*$ly1 b acts ! foll[+    
sc5e1 ! kill+ ( ,sc>pia1 ) />tl+        
realism4 ,%e w9s applause = h] p]=mance1
 z mu* applause z ! o!r1 :i* %[s t an   
op]atic audi5ce w n only tol]ate1 b ev5 
applaud a s+] :o sub/itutes physical    
attractions1 temp]am5t & a peculi>      
wriggle ( ! sp9al column = beautiful    
voice & correct me?od4  ,we all possess 
voice-me*anism1 & possibly !re is no o!r
 physical app>atus t is misus$ s mu*4   
,am]icans misuse x ev5 9 spee*2 yet :at 
a valuable possession is an agreeable & 
pleasant speak+-voice4 ,?is abuse ( !   
vocal organs by ! great majority (      
,am]icans makes ! e/abli%m5t ( a correct
 me?od ( voice-production 9 ?is c\ntry  
all ! m desirable4 ,yet1 :at d we f9d   
"h8 ,almo/ any *>latan c set up z a     
s++-tea*]1 & ?is despite ! fact t !     
voice-me*anism is a mo/ delicate &      
subtle /ructure1 & t a slight physical  
di/urbance or wrong use ( x s]i\sly     
affects ! quality ( ! voice produc$4    
,_h ,i n be5 a s+] be=e ,i became a     

physician1 ,i might n realize ! "p t    
nature1 prop]ly guid$1 plays 9 ! use ( !
 voice4 ,_h ,i rema9$ a s+] & n become a
 physician1 ,i might n realize h[       
important an aid 9 prop]ly guid+ nature 
9 ! use ( ! voice is a sci5tific k ( !  
action ( ! voice-produc+ organs4 ,_h ,i 
n be5 a s+] & 7 n n[ a physician1 ,i    
might n realize ! influ5ce ^u ! arti/'s 
physical well-be+1 & especially ^u t    
delicate app>atus1 ! voice-me*anism1 (  
temp]am5t1 m5tal condition & o!r purely 
metaphysical factors4 ,?is book1 !n1    
:ile x believes 9 consult+ nature1 does 
n believe 9 t natural me?od :i* simply  
tells y to /& up & s+2 nor does x       
believe 9 t physiological me?od :i*     
in/ructs y to plant y\rself 9 front ( a 
mirror & exam9e y\r ?roat ) a           
l>yngoscope2 nor 9 advis+ y to foll[    
m9utely ! publications ( ! ,society =   
,psy*ological ,rese>*4 ,x believes 9 a  
syn!tic cord9ation ( ! ?ree4 ,9 my      
practice ,i h become conv9c$ t e        
impairm5t ( ! voice is due to outrag$   

nature1 result+ 9 a physiological       
condition ( ! vocal organs t %\ld n     
exi/1 &1 9 turn1 induc+ a psy*ological  
condition1 su* z worry & despond5cy1 :i*
 also %\ld n exi/4 ,by discov]+ ) ! aid 
( ! l>yngoscope ! physiological defect &
 remov+ x1 body1 &1 ) x1 m9d & voice are
 re/or$ to _! prop] condition4 ,b if !  
s+] goes back to a tea*] ^: me?od is    
wrong1 ! same impairm5t1 or ev5 worse1 w
 result4  ,jean de ,reszke is a p]fect  
example ( h[ a s+] c develop 8 voice :5 
he turns f a wrong me?od to a "r "o4    
,?is celebrat$ t5or actually ?\ght he 0 
a b>itone1 & s did 8 tea*]4 ,he 0 tra9$ 
z a b>itone1 made 8 db 9 a b>itone rle &
 sang z a b>itone = sev]al ye>s4 ,b he  
exp]i5c$ great fatigue 9 s++1 mu* great]
 fatigue ?an seem$ prop] or necess>y4   
,?is l$ him ev5tually to h 8 voice te/$ 
by ano!r tea*]1 :o discov]$ t he 0 a    
t5or4 ,s++ ) ! wrong voice1 :i* also    
means ) a wrong me?od1 _h exhau/$ him4  
,z a t5or 8 beautiful voice-production1 
bas$ on a correct physiological me?od1  

made him equally at home & equally at   
ease 9 rles mak+ ! mo/ opposite dem&s ^u
 8 p[]s4 ,he sang equally well 9 ,g\nod 
& ,wagn]2 & 9 ,wagn]1 :e!r he 0 s++ ! "y
 ,siegfri$1 ,siegfri$ ( ,gtt]dmm]ung1 or
 ,tri/an4  ,! prop] cord9ation ( all !  
p>ts ( ! physical vocal app>atus ) !    
p[]s ( m9d & emotion1 is :at 9 ! end    
con/itutes ! p]fect s+]1 & t prop]      
cord9ation has1 z its fir/ basis1 a due 
reg>d = ! physiology ( voice-production 
z well1 ( c\rse1 z = ! g5]al rules (    
heal?4 ,9 ,gilb]t & ,sullivan's ,mikado1
 ,nanki ,poo1 he>+ a tomtit by ! riv]   
reit]at+ a colorless tit will[1 asks !  
bird if its fooli% song is due to a     
feeble m9d or a c>eless diet4      ,is x
 weakness ( intellect1       ,birdie1 ,i
 cri$1     ,or a r t\gh worm       ,9   
y\r little inside8   ,b all t ! de>     
little birdie repli$1   ,01 ,will[1 ,tit
 ,will[1 ,tit ,will[4  ,colloquially    
express$1 :at ,mr4 ,nanki ,poo ask$ !   
bird 0 z foll[s3 ,be+ gift$ by nature ) 
a p]fect l>ynx1 :i* %\ld enable y to s+ 

beautifully1 d y conf9e y\rself to s++ a
 colorless ',tit ,will[' because y don't
 "k any bett]1 or because y are attempt+
 to s+ on top ( an improp]ly select$    
meal8 ,9 o!r words1 he put violation ( !
 laws ( hygi5e by a s+] on a p> )       
idiocy4 ,?us1 ev5 f comic op]a1 9 !     
p]=mance ( :i* mo/ ( ! rules ( vocal art
 are violat$1 "o yet may ga!r c]ta9     
tru?s--by li/5+ to ! words--provid$ !   
s+]s "k en\gh to enunciate !m di/9ctly4 
,! physiology ( voice-production n only 
(f]s a rational me?od1 x also enables ! 
/ud5t to guide 8 own developm5t1 to     
advance 8 physical welf>e1 &1 because he
 kn[s ! :y & :]e=e ( ?+s vocal1 to      
p]ceive :at is be/ 9 ! p]=mance ( o!rs &
 to pr(it by x4 ,moreov]1 correct me?od 
( voice-production is 9 itself a heal?  
develop]1 & a s+] :o is taught by x (t5 
is able to ov]come ! disadvantages ( a  
poor physique2 :ile a s+]1 orig9ally (  
/rong physique1 may f9d himself         
physically weak5$ by ! use ( a faulty   
me?od4  ,z betwe5 a p]son :o employs a  

beautiful voice arti/ically & a p]son :o
 s+s less beautifully1 rely+ *iefly on  
int]e/+ p]sonality & temp]am5t1 in/ead (
 on correct me?od1 ! =m] s+] usually    
long outla/s ! latt]4 ,9 o!r words1     
g5u9e vocal art is ! cr[n+ glory ( a    
naturally beautiful voice4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii  ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a ,,tea*]        
,fur!r obs]vations ( a g5]al "* may be  
all[$ to prec$e a m detail$ consid]ation
 ( me?od4  ,"s p wond] :y a p]son :o is 
gift$ ) voice simply c't get up & s+ )\t
 any in/ruction4 ,! reason is t voice is
 an in/rum5t2 a natural1 human in/rum5t1
 x is true1 yet "o 9 ! use ( :i* !      
=tunate possessor requires practice &   
tra9+4 ,! purpose ( a s++-me?od is to   
produce a p]fect cord9ation ( all p>ts (
 ! human voice-produc+ me*anism1 an     
app>atus :i* is by no means simple b1 9 
fact1 r intricate & complicat$4 ,x w be 
f\nd1 = example1 t su* a natural        
function ( life z brea?+ has to be      
especially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( !  
s++ voice2 t brea?+ su* z suffices = !  

av]age p]son w n suffice = correct      
voice-production4 ,aga91 9 e voice c]ta9
 notes are bett] ?an o!rs1 & a correct  
me?od ( voice-production1 :ile x may n  
be able to make e note 9 ! range ( voice
 ( equal quality1 br+s ! :ole voice up  
to a m ev5 /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,x leaves !
 be/ notes z good z ev] & br+s ! notes  
:i* naturally are n s satisfactory1 ne>]
 ! /&>d ( ! be/4 ,! great s+]s1 9       
addition to natural aptitude1 rema9     
/ud5ts ?r\gh\t _! c>e]s4  ,!re are c]ta9
 fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 a correct me?od 
( voice-production1 = x is bas$ ^u /udy 
& k ( ! organs conc]n$ !re94 ,b if !    
me?od 7 a h>d-&-fa/ "o1 x w\ld n be     
correct4 ,= !re are s _m individual     
diff]5ces1 physical & temp]am5tal1      
betwe5 pupils1 t !re mu/ be ela/icity & 
adaptability 9 a me?od t claims to      
produce ! be/ results4  ,k & exp]i5ce   
%\ld be comb9$ 9 a tea*]4 ,g>cia wrote a
 voice-manual2 & ,tosi publi%$ a me?od z
 f> back z #agbc4 ,b a tea*] :o has     
b\ght a translation ( ! ,trait complet  

de l',art de ,*ant by no means is a     
second ,g>cia1 nor has a tea*] :o *ances
 to h read ,tosi's book a "r to set     
himself up z an in/ructor ( s++ aft] !  
old ,italian me?od4 ,! old ,italians1 l 
,tosi & ,porpora1 7 m5 ( great practical
 exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 & !y und]/ood h[ to  
adapt me?od to individual ne$s4         
,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 _! me?od 0 
physiological--! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
! physiology ( voice-production 7 !re2 b
 ^! great tea*]s knew t individual      
diff]5ces _h to be all[$ = & t a        
s++-me?od is n a %oemak]'s la/4         
,sometimes1 inde$1 x is ! pupil :o makes
 ! ma/]4 ,"o ( ^? born s+]s1 man or     
woman1 :om ,nature has end[$ )          
sup]lative gifts & :om "s unkn[n yet    
m]itori\s tea*]1 p]haps 9 ,am]ica1 has  
/>t$ aright1 goes abroad &1 aft] a :ile1
 comes =?1 n made1 b =tunately n m>r$1 f
 a =eign vocal /udio & ent]s ^u a great 
c>e]--& ! =eign tea*]'s fame becomes    
int]national4 ,! real f\ndation = t c>e]
 may h be5 laid 9 an ,am]ican city4 ,b  

ambiti\s "y ,am]icans1 in/ead ( seek+   
out t tea*]1 w flock to ! =eign "o4  ,9 
su* matt]s we are ! mo/ gullible p on ! 
face ( ! e>?4 ,an ,italian1 n[ dead1 b 9
 8 day ! mo/ high-pric$ s++-tea*] 9     
,london1 us$ to devote ! great] "p ( 8  
lesson p]iods to tell+ 8 pupils h[ fond 
c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,engli% ,royal family 7
 ( him & to po9t+ out ! s\v5irs ( _!    
favor :i* he _h display$ 9 8 /udio4     
,yet1 d\btless1 8 pupils ?\ght t1 all ! 
:ile !y 7 li/5+ to 8 *att]1 !y 7 tak+   
lessons 9 voice-production6 ,am]icans   
de>ly love a =eign "n1 & especially an  
,italian "o1 :5 x comes to select+ a    
s++-tea*]4 ,b all is n gold t glitt]s1 &
 ! fact t a tea*] writes ,signor be=e 8 
"n does n necess>ily signify t he is    
,italian1 b (t5 only t he w\ld l p to   
believe he is1 because !re is a fooli%  
belief t e ,italian tea*es ! old        
,italian me?od4 ,! fam\s ,mme4 ,m>*esi1 
9 spite ( h] "n1 is n ,italian4 ,%e     
acquir$ x by m>riage to ,salvatore      
,m>*esi1 an ,italian b>itone4 ,be=e t %e

 0 ,frule9 ,ma?ilde ,graumann1 a conc]t 
s+] ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma92 & sometimes ,i
 wond] :e!r1 if %e _h rema9$ ,frule9    
,ma?ilde ,graumann1 %e ev] w\ld h become
 ! fam\s tea*] %e is4 ,b ,m>*esi %e is1 
& fam\s2 & ,i d n d\bt ju/ly s4 ,yet ev5
 ! pupils ( s fam\s a tea*] diff] reg>d+
 ! value ( h] me?od4 ,?us ,melba nev]   
fails to s+ h] praises4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
,emma ,eames1 kn[+ t %e 0 speak+ =      
publication & t a /5ograph] 0 tak+ d[n  
h] words1 said3 ,mme4 ,m>*esi is a      
?or\ghly good musician4 ,any "o :o goes 
to h] ) an e/abli%$ voice c le>n a great
 deal f h] 9 ! int]pretation ( _m rles4 
,%e is an admirable tea*] ( expression &
 ( ! g5]al conception ( a "*4 ,z a      
drillma/] %e is altoge!r admirable4 ,%e 
tea*es y ! value ( utiliz+ y\r "t1 & %e 
makes y take a s]i\s view ( y\r "w1 :i* 
is important1 = h>dly an ,am]ican girl  
:o goes to h] has an idea ( /udy+       
s]i\sly4 ,%e also is capital at         
languages4 ,b :5 x comes to             
voice-developm5t1 ,i consid] t %e fails4

 ,my voice naturally 0 broad & heavy4   
,aft] ! end ( ! fir/ two ye>s' /udy ) h]
 ,i c\ld n s+ ,a )\t difficulty4 ,%e did
 n seem to "k h[ to make my voice light4
 ,x 0 gett+ heavi] & less flexible all !
 "t4  ,"s ye>s ago ,mme4 ,m>*esi's      
daught]1 ,mme4 ,blan*e ,m>*esi1 appe>$  
on ! conc]t /age 9 ,new ,york4 ,z !     
daught] & pupil f *ildhood ( h] fam\s   
"m1 %e 0 suppos$ to be an ideal expon5t 
( ! ,m>*esi me?od4 ,pr(essional s+]s &  
in/ructors flock$ to h] fir/ conc]t4 ,x 
0 to be an exp]i5ce1 an object-lesson4  
,well--x 04 ,!y saw a f9e-look+ woman ) 
a m$iocre voice & a worse me?od1 a me?od
 s hopelessly bad t ev5 h] und\bt$      
musician%ip c\ld n atone = x4  ,all ?is 
goes to prove t a me?od1 to be ela/ic & 
adaptable1 %\ld be bas$ on a k ( !      
physiology ( ! voice-produc+ organs1 =  
su* a me?od naturally adapts itself to  
physical diff]5ces 9 diff]5t            
individuals4 ,)\t d\bt ,mme4 ,m>*esi's  
me?od 0 admirably adapt$ to ,melba1 b n 
to ,eames or to h] own daught]4  ,be> ^!

 circum/ances 9 m9d 9 select+ a tea*]4  
,! great s+]s are n always safe guides 9
 ! *oice ( a tea*]1 because _! own      
sup]lative gifts & will+ness to slave = 
! object ( _! ambition may h be5 z      
important factors 9 _! success z !      
in/ruction !y receiv$4 ,probably a s+] (
 only fair natural gifts :o yet has made
 a success--:i* %[s t he mu/ h be5 well 
taught--c give bett] advice z to ! *oice
 ( an in/ructor ?an ! great arti/ :o    
owes s mu* to himself4 ,moreov]1 great  
arti/s :o h /udi$ ) ! same tea*] w1 l   
,melba & ,eames1 diff] 9 _! e/imate ( t 
tea*]4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o great s+]1   
,lillian ,nordica1 :o kn[s to :om to    
give cr$it = t skill 9 voice-production 
:i* enables h] to s+ ,val5t9e1 ,aida &  
,isolde ) equal success4 ,! f\ndation = 
h] c>e] 0 laid 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,aft]w>d %e
 /udi$ ) ,mme4 ,m>etzek & 9 ,milan )    
,san ,giovanni1 b only int]pretation4   
,h] voice-production %e acquir$ n f     
,madame ?is or ,signor t1 b f pla9 ,john
 ,o',neill1 ( ,bo/on1 a s*ol>ly man :o  

_h made a pr(\nd /udy ( ! physiology ( !
 voice1 & %e took good c>e n to all[ any
 o!r tea*]1 h[ev] fam\s1 to undo ! "w ( 
! man :o _h taught h] voice-production  
bas$ on correct k ( ! physiology ( !    
voice-produc+ organs4  ,?is matt] (     
*oos+ a tea*] is1 ( c\rse1 ( ! greate/  
importance1 b x b>ely c be t\*$ on 9 ?is
 book4 ,! selection %\ld be made mo/    
cauti\sly1 b1 once made1 ! pupil's p>5ts
 %\ld n g to ! tea*] a few weeks lat] & 
ask1 ,:y don't y give ,cl>a "s 'pieces'8
 ,!y %\ld recall ! /ory ( ,porpora &    
,caff>elli :i* ,i relat$ 9 ! previ\s    
*apt]4 ,pieces are n 9 ord] until !     
voice is prep>$ = !m1 & ! tea*] is ! be/
 judge ( t4 ,a voice tra9$ on pieces    
soon goes to pieces4  ,ano!r mi/ak5 idea
 is t any tea*] is good en\gh = a       
beg9n]1 :]eas ! beg9n+ is ! v "t t !    
f\ndation ( "r me?od or wrong me?od is  
laid4 ,classify+ ! voice is1 ( itself1 (
 great importance4 ,rememb] t ,jean de  
,reszke's fir/ tea*] ?\ght he 0 a       
b>itone & t he sang z a b>itone 9 op]a =

 five ye>s be=e a m compet5t tea*]      
discov]$ t he 0 really a t5or4 ,"s      
voices are s ne> ! divid+ l9e t x       
requires wide exp]i5ce & a f9e e> =     
quality on ! "p ( a tea*] to det]m9e 9  
:at direction !y %\ld be develop$ to    
greate/ advantage4 ,a f9e e> may det]m9e
 t ! seem+ mezzo is a true soprano1 t ! 
notes ( ! pupil :o comes z a b>itone h !
 t5or quality & t 8 scale safely c be   
add$ to1 :ile ! w\ld-be t5or has !      
b>itone timbre :i* w prev5t 8 notes f   
ev] r++ out ) ! true t5or quality4 ,yes1
 ?is initial task ( voice classification
 is f> too important to be entru/$ to   
any tea*]4  ,!re are piano-?ump+ tea*]s 
( voice1 :o n hav+ voices !mselves are  
oblig$ to give _! pupils ! pit* ( ea*   
note by p\nd+ x out on ! pian(orte4     
,voice quality has no?+ 9 common )      
pian(orte quality ( tone1 yet con/ant   
?ump+ ( ! pian(orte by a s++-tea*] 9    
ord] to give ! pupil ! pit*1 is apt to  
mix pian(orte color into a pupil's voice
 & m> its transluc5t vocal quality4 ,a  

tea*] ne$ n be a f9e s+]--few vocal     
tea*]s are--b1 at lea/1 he %\ld be able 
to give pit* vocally & to sugge/ )      
suffici5t def9ition ! quality ( tone !  
pupil is to produce4  ,at :at age %\ld  
s++-lessons beg98 ,"s say ! e>li] !     
bett]4 ,o!rs hold t1 "u no circum/ances1
 %\ld a boy or girl be taught to s+ be=e
 ! age ( pub]ty1 be=e ! voice has       
mutat$4 ,^? :o believe t s++ c be taught
 9 *ildhood & safely cont9u$ ev5 dur+ ! 
critical p]iod ( mutation1 po9t out t ! 
muscles ( ! voice-produc+ organs are mo/
 flexible & adapt !mselves mo/ easily to
 ! task 9 h& dur+ *ildhood & t ! process
 ( tra9+ !m _h be/ beg9 !n1 & t1 ) prop]
 c>e1 ! lessons c be cont9u$ dur+ !     
p]iod ( mutation4  ,my own op9ion is t  
?is p]iod is s critical & prop] c>e is s
 apt n to be tak51 t ! safe/ rule is n  
to beg9 s++-lessons until ! adult voice 
undisputably has arriv$4 ,s _m voices h 
be5 ru9$ by lack ( c>e dur+ mutation t x
 is bett] no risk %\ld be tak54 ,b :y n1
 x may be ask$1 h ! *ild taught &1 :5 ! 

p]iod ( mutation arrives1 h ! lessons   
susp5d$8 ,!re w\ld be no h>m 9 ?is1     
except+ t "h aga9 is run ! risk t prop] 
c>e w n be tak5 to /op soon en\gh & t ! 
c>e] ( a possibly f9e s+] may be ru9$4  
,x has happ5$ aga9 & aga9 t voices h be5
 lo/ irretrievably or impair$ p]man5tly 
by c>eless use ( !m dur+ ! *ange f y\?  
to manhood4 ,!re=e1 & also because !    
muscles rema9 limb] & flexible 9 "y p = 
"s ye>s aft] !y h arriv$ at pub]ty1 ,i  
advise t s++-lessons %\ld n beg9 until !
 p]iod ( mutation is well ov]4 ,sir     
,morell ,mack5zie1 aft] /at+ t ! doctr9e
 long has be5 held univ]sally t n only  
%\ld sy/ematic tra9+ be int]rupt$1 b s++
 altoge!r =bidd5 dur+ t critical p]iod1 
nev]!less ma9ta9$ t if due c>e is       
ex]cis$ !re is no reason :y ! voice %\ld
 n be us$ 9 s++ dur+ ! transition p]iod3
 b ! tra9+ mu/ be c>ri$ out )9 c]ta9    
limits & "u /rict sup]vision by a       
compet5t p]son4 ,b !re is s mu* risk t  
due c>e w n be ex]cis$1 t ^? c]ta9      
limits w be ov]/epp$1 t ! /rict         

sup]vision w be relax$ or n ex]cis$ by a
 compet5t p]son1 t ,i /rongly advise n  
to beg9 lessons until ! p]iod ( *ange is
 ov]4  ,9 ?is view ,i am support$ by    
,g>cia1 :o took %>p issue ) ,mack5zie4  
,my fa!r1 wrote ,g>cia1 w5t ?r\gh !     
transition "t )\t ceas+ to s+1 & )\t    
hav+ done himself ! lea/ h>m4 ,b bo? my 
si/]s1 ,mesdames ,malibran & ,vi>dot1 7 
oblig$ to wait a ye>4 ,i cont9u$ to s+1 
& my voice 0 ru9$6 ,cont9u+1 ,g>cia says
 t ! old rule :i* has pres]v$ s _m      
voices--t s++ %\ld cease altoge!r dur+  
mutation--%\ld n be ?ru/ aside on acc\nt
 ( "s r>e exceptions1 & "y s+]s be h&$  
ov] to ! d\btful caprice ( ignorant or  
c>eless tea*]s4 ,a p]son might ) due c>e
 & /rict sup]vision live 9 a            
plague-/rick5 city )\t contract+ !      
disease1 b "o w\ld n recomm5d 8 go+ !re 
= 8 heal?4 ,:y delib]ately expose !     
voice to dang] ( loss or p]man5t        
impairm5t by advis+ t x c be us$ )      
safety dur+ ! p]iod ( transition8 ,f>   
bett] to be on ! safe side1 wait until  

manhood or womanhood is def9itely       
e/abli%$1 & !n beg9 lessons z soon z    
possible4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,on       
,,brea?+3 ,,inspiration   ,we speak ( ! 
brea? ( life2 & brea? is ! life ( song4 
,beautiful s++ is pr$icat$ ^u correct   
me?ods ( brea?+1 )\t :i*1 ?\gh !re be a 
p]fect l>ynx & p]fectly =m$ resonance   
*amb]s above1 ! result w be             
unsatisfactory4 ,brea?+1 9 fact1 is !   
f\ndation ( ! art ( s++4  ,brea?+       
consi/s ( tak+ air into ! lungs &       
expell+ x aga91 or z ! physiologi/ w\ld 
say1 respiration consi/s ( inspiration &
 expiration4 ,al?\gh !y are ess5tially  
diff]5t actions1 ! laws gov]n+ ea*      
frequ5tly h be5 confus$ by tea*]s (     
voice-culture4  ,!re are books 9 :i* !  
s+] is told to brea! naturally1 & ?is   
direction is h>p$ on & extoll$ = its    
simplicity4 ,surely no rule c\ld be m   
simple2 &1 s f> z simplicity goes1 x is 
admirable4 ,s f> also z x ca/s d\bt ^u  
v>i\s brea?+-me?ods :i* tea*]s ( s++ put
 =? z _! own individual & pet devices1  

)\t :i*1 !y claim1 aspirants = ! conc]t 
& op]atic /age w\ld be hopelessly lo/1  
?is direction s]ves a useful purpose4 ,!
 tr\ble ) x is1 h[ev]1 t x is too       
simple4 ,x does n g f> en\gh4 ,x leaves 
too mu* to ! individual4 ,= obvi\sly !re
 w be1 if n z _m1 c]ta9ly ne>ly z _m    
op9ions among z _m diff]5t p z to :at   
con/itutes natural brea?+2 & a p]son may
 h become s habituat$ to a faulty me?od 
( brea?+ t he believes x natural1 al?\gh
 x is n4  ,correct brea?+1 al?\gh a     
function ( ! body1 also is an art4 ,!   
me?od ( a s+] to be correct %\ld be bas$
 on arti/ic1 n m]ely on natural1 brea?+4
 ,= :ile all arti/ic brea?+ is natural1 
x does n foll[ t all natural brea?+ is  
arti/ic4 ,!re=e1 ! fir/ direction to a  
s+] %\ld be1 brea! arti/ically1 ) "s    
def9ition ( :at con/itutes arti/ic      
brea?+4  ,c\ld ! s+] be reli$ on to     
brea! z naturally & unconsci\sly z 9    
normal slumb]1 :5 ! body is 9 a /ate (  
calm1 ne>ly ev]y?+ t has be5 writt5 on !
 art ( s++ c\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,t1       

practically1 is :at ! direction to brea!
 naturally am\nts to4 ,= su* brea?+ is  
bo? natural & arti/ic4 ,un=tunately1    
h[ev]1 a s+] is n a somnambuli/1 & :5 he
 faces 8 tea*]1 or a l>ge audi5ce1 he n 
only is n 9 t delici\sly unconsci\s /ate
 induc$ by normal slumb]1 b he is v mu* 
awake1 ) ! add$ t5sion caus$ by         
n]v\sness & excitem5t4 ,he is consci\s1 
self-consci\s 9 ! arti/ic s5se1 unless  
he has be5 tra9$ to appe> o!rwise4 ,=1 9
 ! f9al analysis1 t lack (              
self-consci\sness1 t ease & spontaneity 
:i* we associate ) ! highe/ art1 is1    
save 9 ! case ( a few sup]latively gift$
 individuals1 ! result ( me?od & tra9+4 
,!re=e1 ! direction to brea! naturally  
is begg+ ! "q4 ,x /ates a result1 )\t   
expla9+ h[ x is to be acquir$4 ,once    
acquir$1 me?od is m]g$ into habit &     
habit into seem+ in/9ct--t is to say1 x 
becomes me?od1 respond+ s spontane\sly  
to ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( ! w1 t only ! 
p]fect$ result ( x is app>5t to ! li/5]4
 ,"u su* favorable conditions creat$ by 

a correct me?od ( in/ruction1 !         
n]v\sness insep>able f a db1 & 9 _m s+]s
 nev] :olly ov]come ev5 aft] frequ5t    
public appe>ances1 is disguis$ by an    
assumption ( calm1 into :i* ! poise &   
aspect ( a tra9$ s+] naturally fall4    
,all ?is is mu* facilitat$ by !         
fundam5tal acquisition ( correct brea?+4
  ,?is correct brea?+1 :i* is ! arti/ic 
respiration ( ! accompli%$ s+]1 is bas$ 
^u physiological laws :i* c be describ$1
 prescrib$ & practis$4 ,:5 ,salvatore   
,m>*esi1 ! husb& ( ,ma?ilde ,m>*esi1 &  
himself a fam\s s+]1 said t prep>$ or   
in/ruct$ me*anical ef=t to get m brea?  
results 9 less1 he said :at is true only
 if ! in/ruction is wrong4 ,8 dictum1 if
 accept$ unres]v$ly1 w\ld leave ! door  
op5 to all k9ds ( natural1 haphaz>d &   
g-z-y-please me?ods ( brea?+1 !         
simplicity ( :i* consi/s 9 simply be+   
incorrect4 ,! physiology ( brea?+ is an 
exact sci5ce1 & ! s+] :o is taught its  
laws & obeys !m1 w acquire 9 due "t !   
habit ( arti/ic respiration4 ,x is t    

brea?+ t is z natural & unconsci\s z 9  
normal slumb]1 s natural 9 fact t x has 
to be acquir$ ?r\gh correct in/ruction1 
because mo/ m5 & wom5 are unnatural or h
 tak5 on habits t are unnatural4  ,tak+ 
9 ! brea?1 ! function ( inspiration1    
results 9 a readju/m5t ( c]ta9 organs   
:i* become disadju/$ by ! act (         
expiration or outbrea?+4 ,9 g5]al x may 
be said t ! s+] %\ld brea! ) ! lea/     
possible disadju/m5t1 s t only ! lea/   
possible readju/m5t w be ne$$ & ! ef=t (
 brea?+ be m9imiz$4 ,nature h]self is   
economical1 & ! s+] %\ld economize !    
res\rces ( brea?4 ,to brea! easily & )\t
 a wa/e ( en]gy is ess5tial to ! be/    
art1 & gives a feel+ to ! li/5] t ! s+]1
 ^: "w he has enjoy$1 has ev5 m 9 res]ve
 ?an he has giv5 out4 ,t s5se ( res]ve  
=ce is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( art4 ,x
 is l>gely ! result ( ef=tless brea?+1 9
 :i* x is n necess>y or ev5 desirable t 
! s+] always %\ld /rive to fill ! lungs 
to ! utmo/1 s9ce t induces an obvi\s    
ef=t :i* dim9i%es ! li/5]'s enjoym5t4   

,moreov]1 ef=t goes aga9/ ! economy (   
nature4 ,by keep+ ?is 9 m9d & by ! use (
 correct me?ods1 ! s+] w be able1 9 "t1 
to gauge ! am\nt ( brea? he requires = !
 tone he is ab\t to produce or ! phrase 
he is ab\t to deliv]1 & ! natural dem& (
 ! lungs w become 8 guide4  ,x is       
ess5tial to correct brea?+ t ! organs ( 
! tract ?r\gh :i* ! brea? passes 9 & out
 %\ld at lea/ be kn[n4 ,!y include !    
m\?1 nose1 l>ynx1 tra*ea 7or w9dpipe71 !
 bron*ial tubes & ! lungs4 ,a n>r[ slit 
9 ! l>ynx1 call$ ! glottis1 & :]e !     
vocal cords are locat$1 leads into !    
w9dpipe1 a pliable tube compos$ ( a     
s]ies ( r+s ( gri/ly or c>tilag9\s      
sub/ance4 ,! bron*ial tubes are tree-l  
bran*es ( ! w9dpipe1 & ext5d to ! lungs1
 :i* are extremely ela/ic &1 ^u be+     
fill$ ) air1 become inflat$ & exp&      
some:at l a balloon4 ,x is necess>y t 9 
tak+ 9 brea? & expell+ x1 ?is natural   
app>atus %\ld be "u ! s+]'s control & t 
no undue =ce %\ld be ex]t$ ^u ! :ole or 
^u any "p ( x1 s9ce ?is w\ld result 9   

its physical impairm5t & a correspond+  
impairm5t 9 production & quality (      
voice4 ,x _c be emphasiz$ too (t5 t !   
sci5tific me?od ( voice-production bas$ 
on ! /udy ( ! physiology ( ! vocal tract
 is n a fad2 z is prov$ by ! fact t e   
violation ( physical law affect+ ! vocal
 tract results 9 injury to x & 9 ! same 
proportion affects ! effici5cy ( !      
voice4  ,be=e consid]+ v>i\s me?ods (   
brea?+ x %\ld be said t1 irrespective ( 
^!1 air %\ld1 :5ev] x is possible to d  
s1 be tak5 into ! lungs ?r\gh ! no/rils 
& n ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,true1 !re are times 9 
s++ :5 brea? has to be tak5 s rapidly t 
m\?-brea?+ is a necessity1 z o!rwise !  
inspiration w\ld n be rapid en\gh4 ,b to
 inspire ?r\gh ! no/rils1 :5ev]         
feasible1 is a law n alone = ! s+]1 b a 
fundam5tal law ( heal?4 ,9 ! passage f !
 m\? to ! lungs !re is no provision =   
sift+ ! air1 = free+ x f =eign matt]1 or
 = w>m+ x if x is too cold2 :]eas !     
no/rils appe> to h be5 design$ = ?is v  
purpose4 ,_! n>r[ & w9d+ *annels are    

cov]$ ) bri/ly hairs :i* filt] or sift &
 arre/ ! du/ & o!r impurities 9 ! air2 &
 9 ! *annels ( ! no/rils & back ( !m !  
air is w>m$ or suffici5tly temp]$ be=e x
 rea*es ! lungs4 ,moreov] x c be felt t 
! lungs fill m readily :5 air is tak5 9 
?r\gh ! no/rils ?an :5 inspiration takes
 place ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,t brea? %\ld be    
tak5 9 ?r\gh ! no/rils is1 l all rules 9
 ! correct physiology (                 
voice-production1 d$uc$ f               
incontrov]tible physical facts4 ,x is1  
moreov]1 prev5tive ( _m affections ( !  
lungs1 bron*ial tubes & ?roat4  ,?ree   
me?ods ( brea?+ usually are recogniz$ 9 
books on s++--b !re %\ld be only "o4 ,= 
only "o me?od is correct & t really is a
 comb9ation ( ! ?ree4 ,^! ?ree are      
call$1 respectively1 clavicul>1 abdom9al
 or diaphragmatic1 & co/al2 clavicul>1  
because x employs a =c$ movem5t ( !     
clavicle or coll>-bone accompani$ by a  
p]ceptible rais+ ( ! %\ld]-blades2      
abdom9al or diaphragmatic1 because      
brea?+ by ?is me?od involves an ef=t ( !

 diaphragm & ( ! abdom9al muscles2 &    
co/al1 :i* consi/s ( an ela/ic expansion
 & g5tle contraction ( ! ribs1 ! t]m    
co/al signify+ p]ta9+ to ! ribs4  ,let  
me say "r "h1 subject to fur!r          
explanation1 t nei!r ( ^! me?ods by     
itself is complete = voice-production & 
t ! correct me?od ( brea?+ consi/s ( a  
comb9ation ( ! ?ree1 ) ! co/al1 or      
rib-expansion me?od1 pr$om9at+4 ,= ( !  
?ree me?ods m5tion$ ! expansion ( ! ribs
 creates ! l>ge/ *e/-cavity1 )9 :i* !   
lungs w h room to become inflat$1 s t m 
air c be drawn into !m by ?is me?od ?an 
by ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,b a /ill l>g] cavity 
c be creat$ & a /ill great] intake ( air
 into ! lungs be provid$ =1 if1         
simultane\sly z ! ribs are exp&$1 !     
diaphragm1 ! l>ge muscle sep>at+ !      
cavity ( ! *e/ f t ( ! abdom51 is all[$ 
to desc5d & ! clavicle is slightly      
rais$1 ! f9al act 9 ?is correct me?od ( 
brea?+ be+ a slight draw+ 9 ( ! l[] wall
 ( ! abdom54 ,ignor+ ! slight rais+ ( ! 
clavicle1 ?is me?od may be call$ ! mix$ 

co/al & diaphragmatic1 = x consi/s ma9ly
 9 exp&+ ! ribs & 9 all[+ ! dome-%ap$   
top ( ! diaphragm to desc5d t[>d !      
abdom54 ,x calls into play all ! muscles
 t control respiration & _! cop]ative   
n]ves1 provides ! l>ge/ possible space =
 ! expansion ( ! lungs1 & is complete 9 
its results1 :]eas ea* ( ! ?ree me?ods (
 :i* x is a comb9ation is only p>tial & 
!re=e incomplete 9 result4  ,9 ! me?od (
 brea?+ call$ clavicul>1 ! hoi/+ ( !    
%\ld]-blades is an upw>d p]p5dicul> ef=t
 :i* is bo? ugly to look at &           
disagreeable 9 its results4 ,= 9 art no 
ef=t1 z su*1 %\ld be p]ceptible4        
,moreov]1 z 9 all errors ( me?od 9      
voice-tea*+1 !re is a precise           
physiological reason :y clavicul> brea?+
 is incorrect4 ,correct brea?+ results1 
) ea* intake ( brea?1 9 z great an      
enl>gem5t ( ! *e/-cavity z is necess>y  
to make room = ! expansion ( ! lungs :5 
inflat$4 ,b z clavicul> brea?+ acts only
 on ! upp] ribs1 x causes only ! upp] "p
 ( ! *e/ to exp&1 & s actually          

circumscribes ! space )9 :i* & ! ext5t  
to :i* ! lungs c be inflat$4 ,x is an   
ef=t to exp& ! *e/ t is only p>tially   
successful1 !re=e only p>tially         
effective4  ,9 fact1 clavicul>1 or high 
brea?+1 requires a great ef=t to supply 
only a small am\nt ( air2 & ?is n only  
necessitates a frequ5t repetition ( an  
unsightly ef=t1 b1 9 consequ5ce1 weak5s 
! s+]'s control ov] 8 voice-me*anism1   
makes inspiration ?r\gh ! no/rils awkw>d
 &1 :5 ! air has to be r5ew$ quickly1   
ev5 impossible1 oblig+ ! s+] to brea! 9 
viol5tly1 pant+ly1 & ) o!r disagreeable 
& di/ress+ symptoms ( ef=t1 ?r\gh ! m\?4
 ,! correct me?od ( brea?+ involves only
 :at may be call$ ! brea?+-muscles1 b x 
utilizes all ( ^!1 ?us insur+ complete &
 effectual action2 :]eas clavicul>      
brea?+ secures only a p>tial cop]ation (
 ^! muscles1 & 9 ! ef=t involv$ 9 rais+ 
! clavicle & %\ld]-blades actually is   
oblig$ to call on muscles t simply are  
employ$ to lift ! weight ( ! body1 h    
no?+ :atev] to d ) brea?+ &1 f _!       

position1 are a h9drance r ?an an aid to
 *e/-expansion4  ,a bett] "n = ! me?od (
 brea?+ t is call$ abdom9al w\ld be     
abom9able4 ,x is pr$icat$ ^u an         
exagg]at$ idea ( ! =ce ( ! action       
requir$ ( ! diaphragm1 or midriff1 !    
l>ge dome-%ap$ muscle :i* sep>ates !    
?oracic f ! abdom9al cavity1 9 o!r      
words1 ! cavity ( ! *e/ f ! cavity ( !  
/oma*4 ,x is true t "s animals c get all
 ! brea? !y require to ma9ta9 life by ! 
action ( ! diaphragm alone1 yet x is a  
mi/ake to pr$icate brea?+1 & especially 
inspiration1 ^u a m or less viol5t      
action ( ! diaphragm & ! abdom9al       
muscles4 ,bo? diaphragm & ! abdom9al    
muscles are1 inde$1 us$ 9 brea?+1 b n to
 ! =cible ext5t t w\ld ju/ify apply+ !  
t]m diaphragmatic or abdom9al to !      
correct me?od ( respiration4  ,!        
abdom9al /yle ( brea?+ 0 advocat$ by !  
physiologi/ ,m&l1 & x is said t soon    
aft]w>d 9 ! s*ools ( s++ :i* foll[$ 8   
!ory mo/ unusual devices 7 practis$ = ! 
purpose ( keep+ ! ribs 9 a fix$ position

 & compell+ ! pupil to brea! by ! action
 ( ! diaphragm & abdom9al muscles only4 
,?us1 ! pupil 0 compell$ to s+ :ile ly+ 
d[n on a mattress1 sometimes ) weights  
plac$ on 8 *e/4 ,9 fact1 ma/]s are said 
ev5 to h made a practice ( seat+        
!mselves ^u ! *e/s ( _! pupils4 ,gall[s1
 ) ?ongs & r+s = b9d+ ! upp] half ( !   
body & keep+ x rigid1 corsets & a       
pillory1 :i* enclos$ ! frame & held !   
ribs 9 a fix$ position1 7 "s ( !        
app>atus us$ 9 tea*+ ! art ( s++ bas$ ^u
 abdom9al brea?+4  ,i h *>act]iz$       
clavicul> brea?+ z an upw>d p]p5dicul>  
=ce1 ugly & only p>tially effective4    
,abdom9al or diaphragmatic brea?+ is a  
d[nw>d p]p5dicul> =ce j z ugly & z      
ineffective1 besides be+ positively     
h>mful1 ! pressure ( ! diaphragm1 if    
viol5tly ex]t$1 (t5 be+ injuri\s to !   
organs ( ! body conta9$ 9 ! abdom9al    
cavity & especially to ! female organs (
 sex4 ,yet un=tunately & only too (t51  
?is /yle ( brea?+ is taught to wom51    
because wom51 ow+ to corsets & tight    

lac+1 incl9e to brea! too mu* ) ! upp]  
*e/ 7to employ clavicul> or high        
brea?+71 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n ju/ify      
tea*]s 9 go+ to ! o!r extreme &1 9 ord] 
to ov]come "o faulty me?od1 in/ruct+ _! 
pupils 9 ano!r t is faulti] /ill & ev5  
physically h>mful4  ,a m ne>ly correct  
me?od ( brea?+ is ! co/al--t is by      
expansion & contraction ( ! ribs4 ,x    
enl>ges ! *e/ cavity m ?an does ei!r !  
clavicul> or ! diaphragmatic me?od2 b   
does n enl>ge x to its full capacity4   
,ea* me?od by itself alone1 !re=e1 falls
 %ort ( ! complete result desir$4 ,)    
none ( !m are ! lungs :olly fill$ ) air1
 b only p>tly--! upp] "p & a portion ( !
 c5tral lungs 9 clavicul> brea?+1 ! l[] 
"p & a portion ( ! c5tral lungs 9       
diaphragmatic brea?+1 & ! c5tral & upp] 
p>ts 9 co/al brea?+4 ,! correct me?od   
comb9es ! ?ree--adds to ! inflation ( ! 
c5tral & upp] p>ts ( ! lungs accompli%$ 
by co/al brea?+1 ! inflation ( ! l[] "p 
accompli%$ 9 diaphragmatic brea?+ & ( ! 
extreme upp] "p accompli%$ 9 clavicul>  

brea?+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! correct me?od   
inflates ! :ole ( ! lungs & creates a   
cavity l>ge en\gh to accommodate !m4  ,x
 is mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic          
accompani$ by a slight rais+ ( !        
clavicle4 ,z ! air is tak5 into ! lungs 
& ! framework ( ! ribs exp&s1 ! dome ( !
 diaphragm1 naturally1 & z if           
volunt>ily1 desc5ds &1 at fir/1 ! walls 
( ! abdom5 ext5d or are pu%$ outw>d4 ,! 
clavicle is slightly1 "o might say      
passively1 rais$ &1 f9ally1 ! l[] "p ( !
 ant]ior abdom9al wall is slightly drawn
 91 ?us =m+ a support or f\ndation = !  
lungs & at ! same "t putt+ ! abdom9al   
muscles 9 position = p>ticipation 9 ! "w
 ( expell+ brea?4  ,?is is ! mo/ natural
 &1 f ! /&po9t ( physiology1 ! mo/      
effective me?od ( inspiration4 ,= x     
creates ! l>ge/ possible cavity 9 :i* ! 
lungs c exp&4 ,! description ( x may    
s\nd complicat$1 b ! act ( inspiration  
itself is n4 ,if att5tion is conc5trat$ 
^u exp&+ ! entire framework ( ! ribs !  
re/ seems to foll[ 9 natural sequ5ce4 ,z

 ! framework ( ! *e/ exp&s1 ! movem5t ( 
! ribs is outw>d & at ! same "t sidewise
 & upw>ds4 ,?is expansion ( ! *e/       
naturally enl>ges ! cavity beh9d x1 & ! 
lungs !mselves f9d m space 9 :i* to     
exp&4 ,?is triple movem5t ( ! ribs1     
especially 9 ! comb9$ outw>d & upw>d    
direction1 ! latt] at "r angles to !    
sp9e1 causes a great enl>gem5t ( !      
*e/-cavity & gives ! lungs a great am\nt
 ( space 9 :i* to exp&4 ,comb9$ ) ! s9k+
 ( ! diaphragm1 :i* /ill fur!r adds to !
 space1 & a slight rais+ ( ! clavicle   
:i* assi/s ! expansion ( ! upp] portion 
( ! lungs1 x con/itutes ! correct me?od 
( brea?+4 ,x is mix$ co/al &            
diaphragmatic--effect$ by ! ribs1 ) !   
assi/ance ( ! diaphragm & ! abdom9al    
muscles1 b v diff]5t f ! me?od ( brea?+ 
pr$icat$ ^u s viol5t an ef=t ( diaphragm
 & abdom5 t x is call$ diaphragmatic or 
abdom9al brea?+1 & v diff]5t also f pure
 co/al brea?+4  ,patrons ( op]a & conc]t
 w h notic$ t _m great s+]s1 :5 emitt+ !
 voice1 incl9e ! body slightly =w>d t[>d

 ! audi5ce1 z if feel+ m assur$ t _!    
voices w\ld c>ry to ! li/5]s1 or z if   
/riv+ to get ^u a m intimate foot+ ) !m4
 ,?is =w>d poise ( ! body1 h[ev]1 is a  
natural & physiological aid to a correct
 me?od ( s++4 ,i h /at$ t ! upw>d &     
outw>d movem5t ( ! ribs greatly enl>ges 
! *e/-cavity1 & ) ?is slight =w>d poise 
( ! body x is n necess>y = ! ribs to    
move all ! way upw>d to ! natural       
horizontal position 9 ord] to /& at "r  
angles to ! sp9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! =w>d  
poise ( ! body elim9ates a portion ( !  
movem5t involv$ 9 inspiration1 ! sp9e n[
 tak+ "p & do+ its %>e4 ,?is c readily  
be te/$ by hold+ ! back /raight or      
rigidly upright & tak+ a full brea? by  
lift+ ! *e/4 ,! physical ef=t w be f\nd 
mu* great] ?an :5 ! body is slightly    
pois$ =w>d1 & if ! s+] w gradually      
assume t poise & aga9 fill 8 lungs )    
air1 he w f9d t to d s requires less "t 
& less /ra94 ,! =w>d poise ( ! body also
 favors _m ( ! muscles employ$ 9        
inspiration1 because _m ( ^! ext5d upw>d

 & =w>d s t ! =w>d incl9ation aids !m 9 
assi/+ ! horizontal lift+ ( ! ribs & !  
resultant enl>gem5t ( ! *e/-cavity4 ,?is
 assi/ance is greatly ne$$1 = ! s+]     
sometimes is requir$ )9 ! brief space ( 
a qu>t] ( a second to exp& ! framework (
 ! ribs suffici5tly to take into ! lungs
 f #ajj to #aej cubic in*es m ( air ?an 
!y previ\sly held4  ,?is =w>d poise ( ! 
body is ano!r illu/ration ( ! s\nd logic
 t lies 9 ! application ( physical laws 
to voice-production4 ,= ! =w>d poise :i*
 s+]s f9d s advantage\s & :i* aids 9 !  
horizontal lift+ ( ! ribs1 also induces 
t g5tle s9k+ 9 ( ! l[] abdom9al wall :i*
 is ! f9al detail 9 ! correct me?od (   
draw+ 9 ! brea? & on :i* ! old ,italian 
ma/]s ( bel canto insi/$ z an important 
factor 9 _! me?ods4  ,9 consid]+ !      
diaphragm & its "p 9 co/al or           
rib-brea?+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to make    
cle> :y x is t1 :ile ?is muscle is a    
valuable aid to inspiration1 its value  
w\ld be impair$ 7 x :ipp$ into action l 
a conscript in/ead ( be+ draft$1 s to   

speak1 z a volunte]4  ,9 brea?+ a s+] is
 requir$ to take 91 on an av]age1 f #ajj
 to #aej cubic in*es ( air1 & "o ( !    
purposes ( arti/ic brea?+ is to provide 
room 9 ! *e/-cavity = ! expansion ( !   
lungs due to ?is intake4 ,! natural1    
volunt>y1 &1 ,i am tempt$ to say1       
logical desc5t ( ! dome ( ! diaphragm 9 
arti/ic brea?+ all[s = #be cubic in*es (
 ! numb] requir$1 & by no ef=t c x be   
=c$ d[n fur!r to all[ = m2 or1 to put ! 
matt] m correctly1 ! ga9 w be too       
insignificant to make ! ef=t wor? :ile4 
,! ga9 ( #be cubic in*es1 al?\gh1 (     
c\rse1 highly important1 seems slight :5
 ! size & %ape ( ! diaphragm are        
consid]$4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! desc5t ( 
! dome w\ld all[ = a mu* great]         
displacem5t4 ,b ! discrepancy is acc\nt$
 = by ! fact t ab\t two in*es above its 
l[] bord] ! diaphragm is atta*$ to !    
ribs s t only a p>tial displacem5t is   
possible1 :i* %[s ! futility ( ! m or   
less viol5t ef=t involv$ 9 pure         
diaphragmatic or abdom9al brea?+4       

,moreov]1 ! holl[ ve9 7v5a cava7 :i*    
leads ! blood back to ! he>t1 passes    
?r\gh ! diaphragm1 or1 to be m exact1   
?r\gh its c5tral t5don1 & any viol5t    
action ( ! diaphragm 9 tak+ 9 brea? t5ds
 to /ret* ?is ve9 &1 aft] a :ile1 to    
create dizz9ess4  ,i %\ld be sorry if   
:at ,i h said reg>d+ ! diaphragm 7 to be
 con/ru$ z belittl+ its importance z an 
aid to arti/ic brea?+4 ,my comm5ts are  
direct$ aga9/ ! exagg]at$ importance    
atta*$ to x by advocates ( :olly        
diaphragmatic or abdom9al brea?+1 :5 x  
is capable ( physiological demon/ration 
t viol5t ef=t w accompli% no m ) !      
diaphragm ?an t accommodat+ muscle      
accompli%es ( its own accord :5 ! s+]1 9
 tak+ 9 brea?1 correctly applies !      
pr9ciples ( mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic  
respiration4 ,9 wom5 only "o-fif? & 9 m5
 only "o-six? ( ! cavity ne$$ = !       
inflation ( ! lungs c be made by s9k+ ! 
diaphragm1 ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s &         
five-six?s be+ creat$ by ! expansion ( !
 ribs4 ,!re=e1 ! diaphragm w\ld be      

oblig$ to move five or six times z f>   
d[nw>d z ! ribs move upw>d1 9 ord] to   
make room = ! same am\nt ( air4 ,9 o!r  
words1 ! ribs ne$ only make ab\t "o-fif?
 or "o-six? z mu* ef=t z ! diaphragm1 & 
ef=t--consci\s1 noticeable ef=t--is "o (
 ! fir/ ?+s to be avoid$ 9 any art &    
especially 9 ! art ( s++4 ,if a full1   
pan-co/al inspiration be tak5 aft] a    
complete expiration1 writes ,dr4 ,h>ry  
,campbell 9 8 ,respiratory ,ex]cises 9 !
 ,treatm5t ( ,disease1 no m air1 or at  
all ev5ts only a small quantity1 c be   
inhal$ by means ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is1    
h[ev]1 %\ld be con/ru$ z mean+ t1 aft] !
 diaphragm has p]=m$ its correct        
function 9 inspiration1 any fur!r viol5t
 ef=t on its "p is practically futile4  
,= ! t]m full1 pan-co/al inspiration1   
sub/itute mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic1   
:i* w imply t ! diaphragm has done its  
duty by ! s+]--& x is t app>5tly        
ef=tless p]=mance ( its duty t gives x  
its real importance4 ,! diaphragm really
 is a mo/ c\rte\s & accommodat+ muscle  

:5 its assi/ance is politely invit$1 b  
mo/ ob/rep]\s :5 "o tries to =ce x into 
action4  ,9 prop] brea?+ ! feel+ is z if
 ! intake comm5c$ ) ! upp] ribs &       
t]m9at$ ov] ! abdom54 ,we ev5 feel1 9   
tak+ 9 a deep brea?1 z if all our p[] 7 
direct$ t[>d ! f\r or five upp] ribs & z
 if we 7 giv+ ! greate/ expansion to ! v
 apex ( ! lungs2 b ! simple fact is t ! 
six upp] ribs encompass m space ?an !   
six l[] ones1 consequ5tly 9 prop] brea?+
 ! mo/ movem5t is exp]i5c$ :]e ! cavity 
=m$ admits ( ! greate/ expansion ( !    
lungs4  ,to say t no o!r /yle ( brea?+  
except+ t :i* has be5 describ$ z        
correct1 ! mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic1  
ev] %\ld be employ$1 w\ld be a mi/ake1 b
 any o!r %\ld be employ$1 :5 at all1    
only = r>e & specific effects4 ,=       
example1 a t5or 9 rea*+ = a high note   
may f9d t ! viol5t rais+ ( ! coll>bone &
 %\ld]-blades1 :i* is involv$ 9         
clavicul> brea?+1 assi/s him at !       
critical mom5t1 & he may1 rightfully1   
p]haps1 employ t me?od 9 t "o great ef=t

 ( an ev5+--rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t ,rub9i   
actually broke 8 coll>bone 9 deliv]+ a v
 high note4 ,t5ors sometimes rea* = _!  
high notes ) _! arms & legs1 & if ! high
 note comes out all "r1 we =get ! ef=t 9
 ! ?rill ov] ! result1 provid$ ef=t does
 n deg5]ate into contortion4 ,simil>ly 9
 an unusually p[]ful1 explosive         
=tissimo1 a mom5t>y use ( pure abdom9al 
brea?+ may be excusable4 ,b ^! are      
exceptions t prove ! rule1 & v r>e      
exceptions !y %\ld rema94  ,9 brea?+1 ! 
correct me?od ( inspiration is to       
provide ! room requir$ = ! inflation ( !
 lungs by enl>g+ ! *e/-cavity to its    
greate/ possible ext5t1 :i* is          
accompli%$ by exp&+ ! :ole framework ( !
 ribs & all[+ ! diaphragm to desc5d1 !  
clavicle ris+ passively :ile ! wall ( ! 
abdom5 at fir/ ext5ds & !n1 z to its l[]
 ant]ior portion1 slightly s9ks 94  ,sir
 ,morell ,mack5zie recogniz$ t arti/ic  
inspiration is a comb9ation ( me?ods4   
,:5 co/al or diaphragmatic brea?+ is    
spok5 (1 he writes 9 ,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal 

,organs1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t 9 ! 
normal human body bo? me?ods are always 
us$ toge!r1 ! "o assi/+ & complet+ !    
o!r4 ,! t]ms are 9 reality relative1 &  
are1 or %\ld be1 appli$ only z "o or !  
o!r type pr$om9ates 9 an individual at a
 giv5 "t4 ,! only tr\ble ab\t apply+ ^! 
t]ms s+ly to g5u9ely arti/ic brea?+ is  
t1 9 ! nom5clature ( respiration1 !y    
signify me?ods t are only p>tial1 :]eas 
correct inspiration is mix$ co/al &     
diaphragmatic1 ) a t\* ( ! clavicul>    
add$4 ,su*1 !n1 is t natural me?od :i*  
also is arti/ic4 ,x is bas$ on s\nd     
physiological laws2 & because ^! laws   
are1 9 turn1 f\nd$ on fact1 x is z      
effici5t 9 practice z x is correct 9    
!ory4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,on ,,brea?+3  
,,expiration   ,air hav+ be5 tak5 into !
 lungs1 ! act ( exhal+ x--! act (       
expiration--is1 = ord9>y purposes1 a v  
simple matt]4 ,! ela/icity ( ! p>ts ( ! 
body1 ! expansion ( :i* made room = !   
inflation ( ! lungs1 z ^! became fill$ )
 ! air t 0 be+ drawn into !m1 p]mits !  

disadju/m5t to be readju/$ almo/        
automatically4 ,ela/icity implies t a   
body :i* has be5 exp&$ returns          
spontane\sly to its normal size &       
position4 ,?us ) expiration ! lungs     
return to _! position ( re/ & !         
diaphragm & ! walls ( ! abdom5 foll[ !m4
 ,?is volunt>y readju/m5t suffices =    
ord9>y expiration4 ,b ! expiration ( a  
s+] %\ld n be ord9>y4 ,x %\ld be        
arti/ic4 ,to beg9 )1 :ile1 :5ev]        
possible1 air %\ld be tak5 into ! lungs 
?r\gh ! no/rils1 9 s++ x %\ld always be 
expell$ ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,if "p ( !         
air-column is all[$ to g out ?r\gh !    
nose1 !re is dang] ( a nasal quality (  
tone-production4  ,9 ord9>y brea?+ !    
emission ( air imm$iately foll[s !      
intake2 expiration beg9s ! mom5t        
inspiration ceases1 & ! respiration is  
complet$4 ,! ela/icity ( ! lungs causes 
! diaphragm to rise & ! walls ( ! *e/ to
 return to _! natural position4 ,?us1 9 
ord9>y brea?+1 relaxation imm$iately    
foll[s ! expansion1 & almo/ z soon z !  

air is inhal$1 x is expell$ aga94  ,b z 
brea? is ! f\ndation ( song1 x is some?+
 n to be wa/$1 b to be husb&$ to !      
utmo/4 ,= ( :at value to ! s+] is a     
correct me?od ( tak+ 9 brea? if all or  
"p ( ! air passes out be=e ! tone is    
produc$8 ,x is an income dissipat$1 a   
=tune squ&]$4  ,! fir/ /ep t[>d t       
brea?-economy s ess5tial 9 s++ is to    
reta9 ! brea? a little :ile1 to pause   
betwe5 inspiration & expiration4 ,pause 
& reflect1 "o might say4 ,= t pause1    
physiologically s helpful1 z w be %[n1  
appe>s psy*ologically to w>n ! s+] aga9/
 wa/+ brea? & s to manage x t brea? &   
tone issue =? simultane\sly1 ! tone     
borne along on a full curr5t ( air t    
c>ries x to ! remote/ "p ( hall or      
!atre4  ,! pause be=e exhal+ w be f\nd  
by ! s+] a great aid 9 enabl+ him to    
ma9ta9 control ( ! outgo+ column ( air &
 to utilize x z he sees fit )\t wa/+ any
 portion ( x4 ,wilful wa/e makes woeful 
want 9 s++ z 9 life4  ,h[ long %\ld !   
brea? be reta9$ be=e emission8 ,!re c be

 no h>d & fa/ rule4 ,x is a matt] (     
circum/ance entirely1 & x c]ta9ly is    
detrim5tal to po/pone ! next inspiration
 to ! la/ mom5t be=e ! next note has to 
be inton$ or ! next phrase />t$4 ,e     
opportune re/ %\ld be utiliz$ =         
inspiration1 &1 if possible1 ! brea?    
%\ld be inhal$ a second or two be=e !   
note or phrase to be sung1 & ! brea?    
reta9$ until ! crucial mom5t4 ,!n brea? 
& song toge!r %\ld float out 9 a /eady  
/ream4 ,! result w be pure1 full1       
resonant tone4 ,a pianissimo ^u a full  
brea? is l ! pianissimo ( a hundr$      
viol9s1 :i* is a hundr$ times f9] ?an t 
( a s+le in/rum5t1 & s ri* 9 quality t x
 c>ries mu* fur!r4 ,x is ! /age-:isp] ( 
music4  ,?is pause & ! /ead9ess produc$ 
by x probably con/itute :at ! old       
,italian ma/]s ( s++ _h 9 m9d :5 !y laid
 d[n = _! pupils ! rule fil> il tuono or
 sp9 ! tone1 9 o!r words1 ! practice (  
emitt+ ! brea? j suffici5tly to produce 
a :isp] & !n conv]t x into a delicate & 
exquisite tone--a m]e filam5t ( music4  

,ev5 9 rapid passages :i* succe$ ea* o!r
 at v brief int]vals & su* z frequ5tly  
occur 9 ! ,italian arias1 x is possible 
to repl5i% ! brea? 9 su* a way t "s     
pause1 h[ev] brief1 c be made betwe5    
inspiration & expiration4 ,wat* ,melba  
s++ ! ,mad ,sc5e f ,lucia1 ,tetrazz9i1 !
 ,%ad[ ,song f ,d9orah1 or ,sembri*1 !  
music ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,night 9 ! ,magic   
,flute1 & y w obs]ve t !y repl5i% !     
orig9al intake ( brea? ) half-brea?s1 a 
practice :i* enables !m at e opportunity
 to make ! requir$ pause be=e           
brea?-emission4 ,moreov]1 x always all[s
 ( a res]ve quantity ( air be+ reta9$ 9 
! lungs4 ,t s5se ( unwa/$ res\rce1 !    
feel+ s important to convey to ! audi5ce
 t1 mu* z ! s+] has accompli%$1 ! limit 
( 8 capacity has by no means be5 rea*$1 
& t1 l a great comm&]1 he has 8 =ces    
well 9 h&1 is hold+ back 8 res]ves &    
does n expect to laun* !m into action at
 all1 c be creat$ only by p]fect control
 ( ! air-column2 & t control ( brea? is 
ga9$ be/ by a pause1 if only = a        

fraction ( a second1 betwe5 inspiration 
& expiration4  ,moreov]1 hold+ ! brea? =
 a little :ile be=e expiration is       
conducive to good heal?1 a condition1   
ne$less to say1 :i* creates confid5ce & 
buoyancy 9 ! s+] & adds greatly to !    
effici5cy ( 8 voice & ! effectiv5ess ( 8
 p]=mance4 ,prop] brea?+ is a clean+    
process = ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,x        
cleanses ! residual air1 ! air t rema9s 
9 ! lungs aft] ea* respiration2 & x does
 mu* m4 ,air ent]s ! lungs z oxyg52 x   
comes out z c>bonic acid1 an impure gas 
creat$ by ! impurities ( ! body4 ,!     
process ( brea?+ dispat*es ! blood on a 
cleans+ process ?r\gh ! :ole body1 &1   
:ile travel+ ?r\gh ?is1 x collects all !
 poison\s gases & c>ries !m back to !   
lungs to be emitt$ ) expiration4 ,by    
hold+ ! brea? we prolong ?is process1   
make x m ?or\gh1 & correspond+ly free ! 
body ( m impurities4 ,f ! classic ages  
d[n physicians h advocat$ reta9+ ! brea?
 = a little :ile aft] inspiration z an  
aid to g5]al heal?1 & ! tak+ & hold+ ( a

 full brea? has be5 comp>$ ) op5+ doors 
& w9d[s ( a h\se = v5tilation4  ,sir    
,morell ,mack5zie emphasizes ?is purify+
 function ( respiration 9 8 book on !   
,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal ,organs4 ,x consi/s1 
z he says1 ess5tially 9 an ex*ange (    
gases betwe5 ! blood & ! air1 :]e9 ! =m]
 yields up "s ( ! wa/e matt]s ( ! sy/em 
9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 receiv+ 9 return 
a fre% supply ( oxyg54 ,x is evid5t f   
?is h[ important x is to h a suffici5t  
supply ( pure air1 air :i* conta9s its  
due proportion ( oxyg5 to r5ovate !     
blood4 ,a room 9 :i* a numb] ( p are    
sitt+ soon becomes close if ! w9d[s &   
doors are kept %ut4 ,?is indicates t !  
oxyg5 9 ! air is exhau/$1 its place be+ 
tak5 by c>bonic acid exhal$ f ! lungs ( 
! assembly1 s t ! purification ( ! blood
 mu/ necess>ily become m & m imp]fect4  
,besides _! pr9cipal function ( purify+ 
! blood1 writes ,sir ,morell ,mack5zie1 
! lungs are ! bell[s ( ! vocal in/rum5t4
 ,!y propel a curr5t ( air up ! w9dpipe 
to ! n>r[ *9k ( ! l>ynx1 :i* ?r[s !     

membran\s edges or lips 7vocal cords7 ( 
t organ into vibration1 & !reby produces
 s\nd4 ,?r\gh ?is small *9k1 ! air      
escap+ f ! lungs is =c$ out gradually 9 
a ?9 /ream1 :i* is compress$1 s to      
speak1 betwe5 ! edges ( ! cords t =m !  
op5+1 te*nically call$ ! glottis1 ?r\gh 
:i* x passes4 ,! arrangem5t is typical (
 ! economical workman%ip ( nature4 ,!   
wide/ possible entrance is prep>$ = !   
air :i* is tak5 into ! lungs1 z ! free/ 
v5tilation ( _! :ole muc\s surface is   
necess>y4 ,:5 ! air has be5 fully       
utiliz$ = t purpose x is1 if ne$ be1 put
 to a new use on its way out = !        
production ( voice1 & 9 t case x is     
c>efully husb&$ & all[$ to escape 9     
sev]ely regulat$ measure1 e p>ticle ( x 
be+ made to r5d] its exact equival5t 9  
=ce to "w ! vocal mill-:eel4 ,?us aga9  
is illu/rat$ ! close analogy betwe5     
vocal art & physical law1 & fur!r       
evid5ce giv5 ( ! value ( a physiological
 me?od ( voice-production z oppos$ to ^?
 me?ods t are purely empirical4 ,9 fact 

:5 x is consid]$ t spee* is ,nature's   
me?od ( communication & t song is spee* 
vitaliz$ by musical tone1 x w\ld seem z 
if song 7 ,nature's art &1 !re=e1 m ?an 
any o!r bas$ on ,nature's laws4  ,no    
ef=t is involv$ 9 hold+ ! brea?4 ,!     
pause be=e emission is accompli%$ )\t   
any int]nal muscul> /ruggle1 & )\t any  
con/riction ( ! l>ynx4 ,"s writ]s lay   
d[n ! rule t aft] inhal+1 ! s+] %\ld    
reta9 ! brea? by clos+ ! vocal cords4 ,!
 only objection to lay+ d[n ?is rule is 
t x is apt to make ! pupil p]=m         
consci\sly an act t is s ne>ly volunt>y 
z to be unconsci\s4 ,x incl9es ! pupil  
to make an ef=t :5 ef=t is unnecess>y4  
,reta9 ! brea? & y c feel ! vocal cords 
close 9 consequ5ce1 & z if ( _! own     
accord1 & op5 aga9 ) ! act ( emission4  
,x is all volunt>y1 or ne>ly s4 ,9 fact1
 arti/ic brea?+ becomes aft] a :ile a   
fix$ habit & is p]=m$ unconsci\sly4 ,9 !
 e>ly days ( practice ! pupil may be apt
 consci\sly to p]=m ea* ( ! successive  
acts compris$ 9 arti/ic brea?+4         

,gradually1 h[ev]1 messages beg9 to     
travel s swiftly ov] ! n]ves :i* connect
 ! w1 m9d1 or arti/ic s5se ) !          
brea?+-muscles t ^! seem to h become    
s5sitive by anticipation to :at is      
requir$ ( !m & volunt>ily to br+        
!mselves into play4 ,! mo/ subtle       
filam5t ev] spun /ill is less f9e ?an ! 
l9e :i* divides ! physiology (          
voice-production f ! psy*ology ( song &1
 by cross+ :i*1 song1 ! art ( ,nature1  
becomes second nature4  ,! s+] hav+ aft]
 inspiration reta9$ ! air 9 8 lungs = a 
brief space ( "t1 also mu/ ma9ta9       
control ( ! /ream ( air :5 he beg9s to  
emit x4 ,x %\ld rise f ! lungs ?r\gh !  
bron*ial tubes1 ! w9dpipe & ! l>ynx into
 ! m\? & fl[ out f betwe5 ! lips l a    
riv] betwe5 smoo? & ev5 banks & be>+    
voice ^u its curr5t--a /ream ( melody4  
,! m sl[ly1 )9 reason1 ! s+] all[s 8    
brea? to fl[ out1 ! bett]2 & ?is is z   
true ( rapid phrases z ( broad          
cantabile4 ,brea? %\ld be emitt$ z sl[ly
 9 a long1 rapid phrase z 9 a sl[ phrase

 ( ! same l5g?4 ,x is only :5 rapid     
phrases succe$ ea* o!r s quickly t !re  
is no "t betwe5 !m = a delib]ate1 full  
inspiration1 t half-brea?s h to be tak5 
to repl5i% ! air-supply4 ,b a s+] :o    
?9ks t rapid s++ also involves rapid    
brea?+ %\ld rid himself ( t mi/ak5      
notion z quickly z possible4 ,a *oirma/]
 once told me t he _h tra9$ 8 boys s    
p]fectly 9 brea?-control t !y c\ld su/a9
 a note = ?irty seconds on "o brea?4 ,= 
!m to s+ on "o brea? a rapid phrase la/+
 j z long1 w\ld be equally feasible4 ,x 
is ! sl[ emission ( brea? t gives to    
long1 rapid phrases a smoo? & limpid    
quality2 & x is ! tak+ ( brea? at       
inopportune mom5ts1 z badly taught s+]s 
are oblig$ to d1 t makes su* phrases    
*oppy & ineffectual4 ,?is fault is nev] 
obs]vable 9 arti/s tra9$ 9 ! real       
traditional ,italian s*ool ( s++--n     
necess>ily by ,italians1 b 9 !          
traditional s*ool ( ! old ,italian      
ma/]s4  ,! *oppy me?od ( s++ is         
noticeable1 n 9 all1 b 9 _m ,g]man s+]s4

 ,x is due to incomplete brea?-control1 
= :i* 9 turn c>elessness 9 matt]s (     
hygi5e l>gely is responsible4 ,! av]age 
,g]man is ( a naturally /rong physique1 
& = ?is v reason he is less apt to take 
c>e ( himself4 ,! s+]1 9 ord] to keep ! 
ke51 arti/ic edge on 8 voice1 has to    
sacrifice _m ?+s t contribute to ! com=t
 ( ! av]age man2 & ?is is especially    
true ( diet4 ,a /rict rgime is a        
necessity4 ,y w f9d t e great s+] has to
 d5y himself _m ?+s4 ,b ! ,g]man is apt 
to sne] at su* precaution & to glory 9  
:at he calls liv+ naturally1 :i* means t
 he ?9ks x is all "r to eat & dr9k :at  
he wants to & z mu* z he wants to4 ,9   
po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! great s+] does n  
live at all4 ,he exi/s = 8 voice1       
sacrific+ ev]y?+ to x4 ,8 diet1 8 h\rs1 
are c>efully regulat$4 ,he is always 9  
tra9+4 ,! ,g]man is apt to neglect su*  
matt]s4 ,! inevitable result is %ortness
 ( brea? & lack ( control (             
brea?-emission4 ,voice is brea?2 lack ( 
brea? is lack ( voice4  ,i once att5d$ a

 ,g]man p]=mance ( ,die ,walkre ) an    
,italian ma/] ( bel canto4 ,y call t a  
love-sc5e6 he exclaim$ dur+ ! latt] "p (
 ! fir/ act1 betwe5 ,siegmund &         
,siegl9de4 ,!y are b>k+ at ea* o!r l two
 dogs6 ,& s !y 74  ,! natural process ( 
expiration is "o ( complete relaxation4 
,j z ! intake ( air into ! lungs        
inflates & exp&s !m1 s1 :5 ! intake     
ceases1 ! ela/icity ( ! lungs ex]ts a   
natural pressure on ! air !y h tak5 9 & 
causes its almo/ ef=tless exit4 ,?is    
exit1 h[ev]1 is s g5tle z to be useless 
= ! production ( voice4 ,= ?is reason ! 
s+] mu/ control ! brea? & ret>d its     
exit1 & ! sl[] 8 expiration1 ! m control
 he w ga9 ov] ! tone or phrase4 ,^?     
famili> ) ! p]=mances ( "s ( ! great    
op]a s+]s :o h be5 he>d "h w h obs]v$ t1
 :5 s++1 !y d n all[ ! *e/ to collapse1 
b hold x z full & z firm z if ! lungs   
/ill 7 inflat$4 ,?is physical index to a
 correct me?od ( expiration is m easily 
notic$ 9 m5 ?an 9 wom54 ,! ,de ,reszkes1
 ,c>uso1 ,planon--^! h be5 "s ( ! mo/   

notable expon5ts ( correct              
voice-production :o h appe>$ on !       
,am]ican op]atic /age4 ,let ! read]1 :5 
next he he>s ,c>uso or ,planon1 note t  
!y nev] /ra9 aft] an effect1 nev] labor1
 nev] gr[ r$ 9 ! face1 nev] employ      
excessive ge/ure to help =ce out a note4
 ,) !m respiration consi/s ( inspiration
 & expiration--nev] ( p]spiration4 ,!re 
is little dang] t ,c>uso ev] w break 8  
coll> bone 9 produc+ high ,c1 & 8       
deliv]y ( ! romance1 ,una furtiva       
lagrima1 9 ,l',elisir d',amore1 is a mo/
 exquisite example ( brea?-control & (  
voice-managem5t 9 cantabile2 :ile       
,planon's s++ f a *e/ absolutely        
immobile1 ev5 9 long & difficult        
phrases1 is s ef=tless t 8 p]=mances are
 a delight to e lov] ( ! art ( song1 8  
voice fl[+ out 9 a broad1 smoo? /ream ( 
music4 ,physically1 ! reason :y an exp&$
 *e/ ret>ds ! empty+ ( ! lungs is       
app>5t4 ,! pressure ( a relax+ *e/ w\ld 
accel]ate _! return to a condition (    
repose & ! brea? w\ld be exp5d$ too     

soon1 ) ! result t "s or mu* ( x w\ld be
 wa/$4 ,moreov]1 an exp&$ *e/ is a      
spl5did resonance-*amb]1 af=ds a firm   
support to ! w9dpipe & adds to ! sure & 
vibrant quality ( ! tone produc$4 ,!    
wobble1 :i* at times causes disappo9tm5t
 ) voices t _h seem$ unusually f9e1 is !
 result ( lack ( att5tion to ?is detail 
( vocal me?od4 ,! w9dpipe1 requir+ !    
support ( a firm *e/-wall1 becomes      
un/eady1 ! s+] loses 8 control ( !      
air-column1 & ! vibrations ( ! vocal    
ligam5ts are unc]ta91 in/ead ( t5se &   
sure4  ,to ma9ta9 ! exp&$ *e/ dur+      
expiration1 :i* also means dur+ s++1 is 
n difficult4 ,!re is no?+ =c$ ab\t x4 ,=
 if !re is ! correct pause aft]         
inspiration1 if ! brea? is held = a     
brief space ( "t1 ! pressure naturally  
ex]t$ outw>d ^u ! upp] *e/ is readily   
felt4 ,accompany+ x is a gradual draw+ 9
 ( ! l[] abdom9al wall1 n =ceful en\gh  
to be call$ /r+5t b simply foll[+ !     
return ( ! diaphragm to its natural     
position z ! lungs return to !irs4      

,!re=e1 :5 x is /at$ t if a cresc5do is 
to be produc$ on a s+le tone or phrase1 
?is is accompli%$ by increas+ ! outw>d  
pressure on ! *e/ & ! inw>d & upw>d     
pressure ( ! abdom9al muscles2 !re is no
 ?\ght ( prescrib+ a sudd5 & undue /ra91
 b simply ( employ+ m pot5tly & m       
effectively c]ta9 =ces ( pressure :i*   
,nature h]self already has br\ght into  
play4 ,:at is p]haps ! mo/ important    
di/9ction ( ?is me?od ( brea?-control & 
voice-managem5t is ! fact t x relieves !
 ?roat ( all pressure1 ! correct t5sion 
& vibration ( ! vocal cords be+ br\ght  
ab\t by ! reflex action ( muscles &     
n]ves4 ,?is lack ( /ra9 on ! ?roat does 
away ) all dang] ( a ?roaty quality (   
voice-production1 :i* n only is highly  
in>ti/ic b also leads to v>i\s ?roat    
tr\bles4  ,brea?-control implies t no   
brea? is wa/$1 t e p>ticle ( brea?1 z x 
comes out1 is conv]t$ into voice4       
,dissipation ( brea? results 9 unc]ta9ty
 ( voice-production1 a bran* ( ! subject
 :i* w be tak5 up 9 ! *apt] on attack4  

,an excell5t te/ = economy ( brea? is to
 hold a light$ c&le be=e ! m\? :ile s++4
 ,if ! flame flick]s1 brea? is be+ wa/$1
 is com+ out z empty air in/ead ( z     
voice4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5   
voice produc$ on brea? t is "u ! s+]'s  
control & t produc$ on brea? :i* is n   
prop]ly /eadi$1 z !re is betwe5 a l9e   
drawn /raight & sure by a firm h& & a   
wav]+ l9e drawn by a h& t is n]v\s &    
trembl+4 ,9 fact1 9 s++ ! wav] ( ! voice
 t results f poor control ( brea? is a  
tremble1 a tremolo1 & is "o ( ! wor/    
faults 9 a s+]4  ,x also %\ld be po9t$  
out t ! s+] is n to cont9ue an          
expiration beyond ! po9t :5 x ceases to 
be easy = him to d s4 ,z soon z !       
air-column becomes ?9 ! s+]'s control   
ov] x becomes insecure1 &1 f t po9t on1 
! air t rema9s %\ld be reg>d$ simply z a
 res]ve supply & aid to ! next          
inspiration4  ,to sum up3 ,brea?+       
consi/s ( two sep>ate actions1          
inspiration & expiration1 ! intake ( air
 & its emission4 ,( ! ?ree k9ds (       

inspiration m5tion$ 9 mo/ books on s++ &
 t]m$ clavicul>1 abdom9al or            
diaphragmatic1 & co/al1 nei!r completely
 fills ! bill4 ,! correct me?od (       
inspiration is a comb9ation ( all ?ree4 
,x is co/al--t is indicat$ by an        
expansion ( ! :ole framework ( !        
ribs--assi/$ by an almo/ automatic s9k+ 
( ! diaphragm & a v slight1 almo/       
passive1 ris+ ( ! clavicle1 ! f9al      
detail be+ a slight s9k+ 9 ( ! l[] front
 wall ( ! abdom54 ,9 ?is me?od1 al?\gh x
 is a comb9ation ( ! ?ree--! clavicul>1 
! diaphragmatic & ! co/al--! clavicle   
plays s small a "p1 t ! me?od may be    
t]m$ mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic4  ,!    
brea? hav+ be5 tak5 91 x %\ld be held = 
a brief space ( "t4  ,9 expiration1 all[
 ! brea? to escape v sl[ly4 ,ma9ta9 !   
*e/ firm & exp&$1 & add1 z occasion     
requires1 to ! natural inw>d & upw>d    
pressure ( ! abdom9al muscles4 ,avoid   
all ?roat effect4 ,aft] expiration ! *e/
 & abdom9al pressure is relax$ & ! next 
inspiration prep>$ =4  ,take 9 brea?    

?r\gh ! no/rils1 emit x ?r\gh ! m\?4    
,?is latt] in/ruction may seem          
sup]flu\s1 b x is n4 ,9 ! s-call$       
backw>d production ( voice1 consid]able 
air escapes ?r\gh ! nasal passages & !  
tone-quality is nasal & disagreeable4   
,x is ( ! highe/ importance to acquire a
 correct me?od ( brea?+1 & to acquire x 
s ?or\ghly t x becomes second nature4 ,9
 ! beg9n+ x may be necess>y to be> ea*  
successive /ep 9 m9d & make sure t x is 
n omitt$4 ,b v soon arti/ic brea?+ to   
su/a9 song becomes z mu* a habit z is   
brea?+ to su/a9 life4 ,we brea!1 or we  
_c live2 we brea! arti/ically1 or we _c 
s+4 ,b to brea! arti/ically really is no
 great problem4 ,x is a simple matt]1   
yet fraught ) great & invaluable results
 to ! s+]2 & x is a simple matt] because
 x becomes s easily a matt] ( habit4 ,! 
n]ves ( ! brea?+-muscles s5d & receive  
messages to & f ! n]ve-c5tre1 b aft]    
incr$ibly little practice ?is int]*ange 
( messages ov] ! n]v\s sy/em becomes s  
swift t x may be said to take place by  

anticipation1 & ! p]son :o b5efits by x 
is unaw>e t x takes place at all4       
,correct brea?+ has !n become a habit4  
,?is habit1 ?is smoo? work+1 automatic  
cop]ation ( n]ves ) brea?+-muscles1 may 
be ?r[n out ( ge> by some?+ unusual1 su*
 z ! excitem5t att5d+ a db4  ,! s+]     
faces an audi5ce or a /range audi5ce = !
 fir/ "t1 & ! fir/ unfavorable &        
disconc]tive effect travels ov] ! n]ves 
to ! respiratory organs4 ,regul> brea?+ 
is at su* times "o ( ! be/ ways to allay
 ! undue excitem5t caus$ by ! unusual   
surr\nd+s4 ,be=e beg9n+ to s+ ! arti/   
%\ld1 & on su* occasions ) consci\s     
arti/ry1 imm$iately re/abli% control (  
respiration by tak+ a few deep brea?s4  
,i h said be=e t ! bord]l9e betwe5 !    
physiology ( voice-production & !       
psy*ology ( song is a n>r[ "o--:]e( !   
above cure = /age-fright is b ano!r case
 9 po9t4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,!            
,,physiology ,,& ,,psy*ology ,,(        
,,voice-,,production   ,above ?is *apt] 
,i might well h plac$ ! foll[+ l9es :i* 

,george ,eliot wrote above ,*apt]       
,,xxxi4 ( ,middlem>*4    ,h[ w y "k !   
pit* ( t great bell1   ,too l>ge = y to 
/ir8 ,let b a flute   ,play 'nea? !     
f9e-mix$ metal6 ,li/5 close   ,till ! "r
 note fl[s =?1 a silv]y rill3   ,!n %all
 ! huge bell tremble--!n ! mass   ,)    
myriad waves concurr5t %all respond   ,9
 l[1 s(t unison4  ,! l9es tell+ ( !     
great bell /irr$ by ! note ( a flute    
play$ at ! prop] pit* sugge/ ! mov+ p[] 
t lies 9 sympa!tic vibration4 ,! fir/ "t
 a milit>y body cross$ ! ,brooklyn      
,bridge1 ! spectators 7 surpris$ to he> 
! ord] giv5 = ! soldi]s to m>* out (    
/ep4 ,!y _h expect$ to be ?rill$ by !   
sight ( a ?\s& m5 cross+ ! great        
/ructure 9 measur$ tread1 ) b& play+ &  
colors fly+4 ,!y did n "k t ! /ructure1 
be+ a susp5sion bridge1 might h be5     
weak5$ & possibly de/roy$ by ! =ce (    
rhy?mic oscillation4 ,yet ! accumulat$  
=ce 9 ! tramp ( a ?\s& m5 is no great]  
?an t :i* lies 9 ! sympa!tic vibrations 
( a musical note4 ,e metal /ructure has 

its note1 & x is an old eng9e]+ saw t a 
huge /ructure l ! ,brooklyn ,bridge     
ev5tually c\ld be de/roy$ by !          
cumulative =ce ( sympa!tic vibration    
evok$ by a musical in/rum5t con/antly   
reit]at+ ! note ( ! bridge4  ,s\nd has  
?ree dim5sions3 pit*1 l\dness & timbre4 
,pit* dep5ds ^u ! frequ5cy ( vibrations4
 ,! m rapid ! vibrations1 ! high] !     
pit*4  ,l\dness is det]m9$ by !         
amplitude ( ! vibrations4 ,z _! l5g? or 
excursion increases1 s does ! s\nd ga9 9
 l\dness4 ,conv]sely1 ! dim9ution 9 !   
size ( vibrations causes correspond+    
decrease ( l\dness4  ,diff]5ces 9 !     
%apes ( vibrations cause diff]5ces 9    
quality or timbre4  ,aft] voice has     
orig9at$ )9 ! re/rict$ limits ( ! l>ynx1
 its p[]1 its c>ry+ quality is mu*      
augm5t$ by ! sympa!tic vibrations )9 !  
resonance cavities above ! l>ynx4 ,^!   
include ! ph>ynx1 nasal passages1 m\?1  
bone cavities ( ! face--9 fact pretty   
mu* e holl[ space 9 ! head1 e space t w 
res\nd 9 response to vibration & assi/ 9

 multiply+ x4 ,moreov]1 ! cavities (    
resonance by _! diff]5ces 9 %ape 9      
diff]5t individuals det]m9e ! timbre or 
quality ( individual voices4 ,! *e/1    
al?\gh situat$ bel[ ! l>ynx1 is a       
resonance cavity ( voice4 ,9 fact1 9 a  
c]ta9 regi/] its vibration is felt s    
di/9ctly t we speak ( ^! notes z be+    
sung 9 ! *e/ regi/]1 :i*1 s f> z x      
implies t ! tones are produc$ 9 ! *e/1  
is a misnom]4 ,! same is true ( head    
regi/]1 9 :i* vibration is felt 9 ! head
 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is ne$less to say1 ! head
 tones d n orig9ate4                    
,expiration--brea?-emission--is ! motor 
function ( ! vocal organs2 & !re are two
 o!r physical functions ( !             
organs--vibratory & resonant4  ,add$ to 
^! is ! s5sory function1 to :i* ,i atta*
 great importance2 & ,i call x a        
psy*ological function because x acts    
?r\gh ! n]ves ^u ! physical organs (    
voice4 ,)\t x ! ?ree physical           
functions--motor1 vibratory & resonant  
comb9$--w\ld rema9 ineffectual4 ,!y c\ld

 g5]ate voice1 b x w\ld be voice lack+  
^? high] qualities t are summ$ up 9 ! ^w
 arti/ic4 ,x w\ld be a physical1 n an   
art product1 a product g5]at$ by ! body 
)\t ! cop]ation ( ! m9d or s\l4 ,:5 x is
 consid]$ t ! l>ynx1 9 :i* ! vocal cords
 are situat$1 is p]meat$ by a network ( 
muscles ?r\gh :i* x is capable ( "s     
#af1jjj adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts ( %ape1 
all ( !m p]t95t to voice-production1 & t
 ! same ?+ also is true ( ! pliable     
portions ( ! resonance cavities2 t ^!   
muscles act 9 response to an ev5 f9]    
network ( n]v\s filam5t2 & t ! con/ant  
%ap+ & re%ap+ ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! vocal    
tract dur+ voice-emission is direct$ by 
messages f ! m9d1 s\l1 or art-s5se ( !  
s+]1 messages :i* travel via n]ve to    
muscle--! only r\te by :i* !y c         
travel--x becomes possible to appreciate
 ! importance ( ! s5sory or psy*ological
 function :i*1 ,i hold1 %\ld be add$ to 
! purely physical ones ( motor1         
vibration & resonance4 ,= by x ^!       
functions are enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( art & 

made imm$iately & exquisitely responsive
 to ! emotional exaltation ( music &    
song4 ,nor are ^! vague t]ms4 ,psy*ology
 ( song & psy*ological action 9 g5]al   
may seem indef9ite & un9telligible4 ,!y 
become1 h[ev]1 absolutely def9ite &     
intelligible :5 ! "p play$ by ! n]ves z 
int]m$i>ies betwe5 m9d & muscul> action 
( a subtle & highly ref9$ ord] is       
appreciat$4 ,! m9d presses ! button1 !  
n]ves c>ry ! messages1 & muscle acts    
in/antane\sly & responsively4  ,! /ud5t 
ne$ n despair because s _m sep>ate acts 
seem necess>y to ! production ( ev5 a   
s+le tone4 ,x is true t air has to be   
tak5 into ! lungs & emitt$ f !m2 t x mu/
 be controll$ by ! s+] z x passes up !  
w9dpipe2 t ! vocal cords & o!r p>ts ( ! 
l>ynx mu/ be giv5 _! specific adju/m5t =
 ea* note2 & ! cavities ( resonance %ap$
 9 sympa!tic cord9ation ) ^? num]\s     
adju/m5ts1 :ile ! lips also h _!        
function to p]=m4 ,b x is equally true t
 correct in/ruction supplem5t$ by       
assidu\s practice m]ges all ^! sep>ate  

acts into "o4 ,! s+] ?9ks ! note1 =ms   
:at may be call$ a s\nd+ vision ( x 9 8 
m9d1 & /raightway ! vocal tract adapts &
 cord9ates all its p>ts to ! arti/ic    
emission ( t note4 ,x is auto-sugge/ion 
become habit ?r\gh practice4  ,because !
 l>ynx is s important a factor 9 g5]at+ 
voice1 writ]s on voice-production h     
describ$ x ) mu* m9ut5ess1 & because (  
^! m9ute descriptions read]s may h      
obta9$ an exagg]at$ idea ( ! size ( ?is 
organ4 ,b "o ( ! m>vels (               
voice-production is ! smallness ( !     
organ 9 :i* voice is g5]at$1 ! size ( ! 
av]age l>ynx be+ ab\t two in*es 9 height
 by an in* & a half 9 wid?4 ,yet s      
num]\s are ! adju/m5ts 9 %ape ( :i* ?is 
small organ is capable t ! ph5om5al     
soprano1 ,m>a1 c\ld make #ajj *anges 9  
pit* betwe5 any two notes 9 h] voice1 & 
z ?is _h a compass ( tw5ty-"o notes1 x  
foll[s t %e c\ld produce no less ?an    
#ba1jjj *anges 9 pit* )9 a range (      
tw5ty-"o notes4 ,:ile 9 ,m>a's day ?is  
no d\bt 0 attribut$ to a natural gift ( 

voice1 mod]n /udy ( voice-physiology & (
 ! metaphysics ( voice-production       
readily acc\nts = x4 ,x ne$s an e>      
naturally or by tra9+ s delicately      
attun$ to pit* t n only all ! fundam5tal
 notes ( a voice1 b all ! num]\s        
ov]tones at inf9itesimal int]vals are   
he>d 9 :at may be call$ ! s+]'s m5tal   
e>2 t ! n]ves convey ea* ( ^! s\nd+     
m5tal conceptions to ! intricate sy/em (
 muscles 9 ! l>ynx & resonant cavities &
 t ! "r muscles imm$iately adju/ ! l>ynx
 & cavities ( resonance to ! %ape !y h  
to assume to s\nd ! correspond+ note4 ,e
 vocal tone is1 9 fact1 a m5tal concept 
reproduc$ z voice by ! physical organs (
 voice-production1 s t e vocal tone is1 
9 its orig91 a m5tal ph5om5on4 ,t is :y 
an inaccurate e> = pit* results 9 a     
vocali/ s++ (f pit*4 ,8 m5tal conception
 ( ! note is wrong1 ! message convey$ f 
! m9d ov] ! n]ves to ! muscles ( ! vocal
 organs is wrong1 consequ5tly !y %ape   
!mselves = a note t is wrong1 &1 :5 !   
note issues f betwe5 ! s+]'s lips1 x is 

wrong--wrong f />t to f9i%1 f m9d to    
lips4 ,?us aga9 is illu/rat$ ! intimate 
connection betwe5 psy*ology & physiology
 9 voice-production1 & ! necessity (    
hav+ e function conc]n$ !re9 s ?or\ghly 
tra9$ t e act f m5tal concept to s\nd+  
voice is correctly p]=m$ ?r\gh a habit s
 ?or\ghly acquir$ t x has become second 
nature4 ,9 common p>lance "o might say  
to ! /ud5t ( song1 ,get ! correct       
voice-habit & keep x up1 = t really is  
:at x am\nts to1 only x is necess>y t   
great /ress %\ld be laid on ! ^w        
correct4  ,x n[ becomes necess>y to     
describe ! l>ynx1 & ?is ,i w endeavor to
 accompli% )\t puzzl+ ! read] ) too _m  
te*nical t]ms4 ,! /udy ( ! l>ynx 0 made 
possible by ! inv5tion ( ! l>yngoscope 9
 #ahee by ,manuel ,g>cia1 a celebrat$   
s++-ma/]4 ,x is a simple app>atus--:i*1 
h[ev]1 does n detract f b r adds to its 
value z an inv5tion--& has be5 a boon to
 ! physician 9 locat+ & cur+ affections 
( ! ?roat4 ,its ess5tials are a small   
mirror fix$ at an obtuse angle to a     

sl5d] h&le4 ,introduc$ into ! m\? x c be
 plac$ 9 su* position t ! l>ynx is      
reflect$ 9 ! mirror & ?us c be obs]v$ by
 ! op]ator4 ,^? :o h _h _! ?roats exam9$
 ) ! l>yngoscope w recall t ! op]ator   
we>s a reflector ov] 8 "r eye4 ,?r\gh a 
c5tral p]=ation 9 ! reflector he views !
 image1 :i* is se5 ! m cle>ly = ! light 
?r[n ^u ! l>yngoscopal mirror by !      
reflector4 ,x w\ld be possible aft]     
comp>atively little practice ) !        
app>atus = a s+] to exam9e 8 own l>ynx4 
,b x w\ld be mo/ inadvisable = him to d 
s4 ,ei!r he soon w\ld become hipp$ on ! 
subject ( innum]able imag9>y ?roat      
tr\bles1 or 8 voice-production w\ld     
become me*anical1 :i* is v diff]5t f !  
spontane\s adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract     
describ$ above4   ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#b4 ,,! ,,glottis ,,& ,,vocal ,,cords   
,,view$ ,,f ,,bel[ ,n4 ,b4--,vocal cords
 approximat$   ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 
,,! ,,glottis ,,& ,,vocal ,,cords       
,,view$ ,,f ,,above #a1 ,glottis4 #b1   
,true ,cords4 #c1 ,false ,cords4 #d1    

,epiglottis4 #e1 ,base ( ,tongue4 ,n4   
,b4--,glottis op5 = inspiration         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,! ,,glottis  
,,& ,,vocal ,,cords ,,view$ ,,f ,,above 
#a1 ,glottis4 #b1 ,true ,cords4 #c1     
,false ,cords4 #d1 ,epiglottis4 #e1     
,base ( ,tongue4 ,n4 ,b4--,vocal cords  
approximat$   ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4  
,,v]tical ,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,! 
,,l>ynx  #a1 ,! ,glottis 7i4 e41 ! op5+ 
betwe5 ! oppos$ edges ( ! ,vocal        
,cords74 #b1 ,true ,vocal ,cords4 #c1   
,false ,vocal ,cords4 #d1 ,epiglottis4  
7,n4 ,b4--,9 s++1 ! true cords are      
closely approximat$47  ,v1 ,v5tricles4  
,t1 ,?yroid ,c>tilage4 ,c1 ,cricoid     
,c>tilage4 ,w1 ,w9dpipe or ,tra*ea4     
7,n4 ,b4--,9 ,,/ra9+1 ! false cords are 
closely approximat$47   ,! l>yngoscope  
%\ld n1 9 fact1 leave ! h&s ( !         
physician4 ,invaluable = ! detection (  
diseases ( ! ?roat :i* impair ! voice & 
:i* h to be cur$ ei!r by treatm5t or    
op]ation be=e ! voice c be re/or$ to its
 orig9al pot5cy or *>m1 its value 9     

/udy+ ! physiology ( voice-production & 
! functions ( ! vocal organs is d\btful4
 ,9 fact1 x is its use by amateur       
l>yngoscopi/s t has result$ 9 !         
promulgation ( all k9ds ( absurd !ories 
( voice-/udy & 9 ^? innum]able pet      
me?ods ( vocal in/ruction1 ea* "o ( :i* 
may safely be gu>ante$ to de/roy        
exp$iti\sly :atev] ( voice orig9ally    
exi/$4 ,fasc9at+ z x may seem to ! s+]  
to exam9e 8 own l>ynx :ile he is produc+
 a vocal tone--dur+ phonation1 !        
physiologi/ w\ld say--! value ( !       
d$uctions =m$ f su* obs]vation may be   
d\bt$1 if = no o!r reason ?an t !       
introduction ( ! mirror into ! back ( ! 
m\? makes ! :ole act ( phonation /ra9$ &
 ! effects obs]v$ unnatural4 ,9 fact1 z 
,mack5zie already has po9t$ out1 al?\gh 
! l>yngoscope is invaluable 9 !         
recognition & treatm5t ( diseases :i*   
be=e only c\ld be guess$ at1 ) !        
exception ( c]ta9 po9ts relat+ to !     
'falsetto' regi/]1 x c sc>cely be said  
to h ?r[n any new light on ! me*anism ( 

! voice4 ,9 o!r words1 ! in/rum5t       
belongs 9 ! h&s ( ! physician1 n 9 ^? ( 
! s+]4  ,! l>ynx1 z ,i already h /at$1  
is a small organ1 on an av]age two in*es
 long & "o & a half in* wide4 ,! read] c
 =m a good idea ( its location by !     
,adam's apple1 :i* is its mo/ =w>d      
projection at ! top4  ,f ! s+]'s po9t ( 
view ! l>ynx exi/s = ! sake ( ! vocal   
cords--9 ord] t !y may be act$ ^u by    
c]ta9 muscles & ?us relax$ or tight5$1  
l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 or by a comb9ation (  
^! /ates prop]ly adju/$ to ! note t is  
to be produc$4 ,! vocal cords lie       
p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! space betwe5 !m  
7! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! air f ! w9dpipe     
passes up into ! l>ynx7 is call$ !      
glottis4 ,) e loos5+1 tight5+1 l5g!n+ or
 %ort5+ ( ! vocal cords or o!r effect ( 
muscul> action ^u !m1 ! space betwe5    
!m--! glottis--alt]s 9 size & %ape4 ,^! 
subtle *anges 9 ! size & %ape ( !       
glottis are1 z ,i %all expect to %[1 (  
great importance 9 voice-production4 ,!y
 =m ! fir/ /ep 9 ! actual creation (    

voice4  ,! num]\s & subtle adju/m5ts &  
readju/m5ts 9 %ape ( :i* ! l>ynx is     
capable c\ld n be effect$ if its %ell   
consi/$ ( s h>d & unyield+ a sub/ance z 
bone4 ,consequ5tly1 x has to consi/ ( a 
sub/ance :i*1 :ile suffici5tly solid to 
=m a backgr\nd = ! atta*m5t ( its num]\s
 muscles1 yet is suffici5tly pliable to 
yield ) a c]ta9 degree ( ela/icity to ! 
action ( ^!4 ,nature !re=e has built up 
! l>ynx ) c>tilage1 or gri/le1 provid+ a
 framework made up ( a s]ies (          
c>tilages1 suffici5tly jo9$ to =m a firm
 %ell surr\nd+ ! muscul> tissue1 yet1   
be+ h+$ z well z jo9$1 capable (        
indep5d5t z well z ( comb9$ movem5t1 &1 
)al1 possess+ ! requisite degree (      
pliability to respond 9 :ole or "p to ! 
extremely v>i$ & (t5 delicate action ( !
 l>yngeal muscles--muscles :i* inde$ are
 requir$ to be z practis$ & z s5sitive  
to sugge/ion z if !y 7 n]ves4  ,!       
pr9cipal c>tilage ( ! l>ynx is ! ?yroid 
or %ield c>tilage1 nam$ f ! ,greek      
?ureos 7%ield74 ,x really consi/s ( two 

%ields jo9$ along ! edges 9 front 7its  
mo/ =w>d upp] projection be+ ! ,adam's  
apple7 & op5+ out at ! back4 ,! ?yroid  
is ! upp]mo/ c>tilage ( ! l>ynx & !     
,adam's apple is ! upp]mo/ portion ( !  
front ( ! l>ynx4 ,b z ! %ields op5 out  
back ( ! ,adam's apple1 !y slope upw>d &
 at ! extreme back ea* %ield has a m>k$ 
upw>d prolongation l a horn4 ,by ^!     
horns1 en=c$ by membrane1 ! ?yroid      
c>tilage & ?r\gh x ! :ole l>ynx is      
atta*$ to & is susp5d$ f ! hyoid bone1  
or tongue-bone4 ,?is gives mobility to !
 l>ynx & fre$om ( movem5t to ! neck2 & !
 l>ynx1 :ile mobile z a :ole1 fur!rmore 
is capable ( an inf9ite numb] ( muscul> 
adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts )9 itself4  ,at 
! back ! l[] edges ( ! ?yroid re/ ^u !  
cricoid c>tilage1 :i* d]ives its "n f ! 
,greek krikos1 a signet-r+4 ,?is is next
 9 size to ! ?yroid4 ,! broad] portion1 
! "p :i* corresponds to ! seal 9 a      
signet-r+1 is at ! back4 ,atta*$ at !   
back1 ! two c>tilages d n1 h[ev]1 meet 9
 front4 ,place a f+] on ! ,adam's apple1

 slide x d[n a little way1 & ! slight   
depression !re met ) locates ! front    
op5+1 cov]$ ) yield+ membrane1 betwe5 ! 
?yroid & cricoid c>tilages4  ,on !      
broad] "p ( ! cricoid--t is1 on ! "p 9 !
 back ( ! l>ynx--& ris+ inside ! ?yroid 
are two small] c>tilages1 ! aryt5oid or 
ladle c>tilages1 nam$ f ! ,greek        
aruta9a1 a ladle4 ,?\gh small] ?an ei!r 
?yroid or cricoid1 !y are highly        
important1 because !y =m po9ts (        
atta*m5t = ! vocal cords4 ,^! 7! vocal  
cords7 are atta*$ 9 front to ! inn] "p (
 ! angle =m$ by ! two w+s ( ! ?yroid j  
back ( ! ,adam's apple1 & beh9d to a    
=w>d project+ spur at ! base ( ea* ( !  
aryt5oid c>tilages1 :i* = ?is reason (t5
 are spok5 ( z ! vocal process4  ,!     
vocal cords1 z has be5 /at$1 lie p>allel
 to ea* o!r1 & ! space betwe5 !m is kn[n
 z ! glottis or *9k ( ! glottis4 ,above 
! glottis & on opposite sides are two   
pockets or v5tricles1 & above ^! are !  
s-call$ false cords or v5tricul> b&s4 ,!
 pockets are1 9 fact1 bord]$ bel[ by !  

vocal cords & above by ! false cords4 ,!
 false cords or v5tricul> b&s 7a "n giv5
 to !m by ,mack5zie7 are ! l[] edges (  
membran\s folds t =m ! upp] entrance to 
! l>ynx4 ,"h are two pairs ( small      
c>tilages1 ! c>tilages ( ,santor9i & !  
c>tilages ( ,wrisb]g4 ,usually !y are   
dismiss$ z ( little or no importance4   
,yet !y h1 9 connection ) muscles locat$
 9 t "p ( ! l>ynx1 _! rles to play 9 ^? 
num]\s adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts :i*1 z ,i
 %all %[ a little lat] on1 are ( !      
greate/ importance 9 voice-g5]ation4 ,= 
,i consid]1 z ,i also w %[1 t ! num]\s1 
inde$ innum]able1 & extremely subtle &  
exquisite *anges ( %ape ( :i* ! l>ynx is
 capable )9 itself1 h mu* to d ) !      
actual creation ( ! tone :i* ev5tually  
issues f ! lips2 al?\gh ,i believe ?is  
/atem5t to be contr>y to all accept$    
au?ority4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/    
cont5t myself ) ?is m]e /atem5t4  ,!    
l>ynx is protect$ above by a lid1 a     
flexible1 leaf-%ap$ c>tilage1 !         
epiglottis4 ,! gullet1 or food-passage  

to ! /oma*1 is situat$ beh9d ! l>ynx &  
w9dpipe1 & ! function ( ! epiglottis is 
to close ! l>ynx & to act z a bridge ov]
 :i* food passes f ! m\? into ! gullet4 
,b = ! epiglottis1 food might get into !
 l>ynx & !nce into ! w9dpipe e "t we    
swall[$1 ) :at di/ress+ & ev5 disa/r\s  
effect any "o :o has ev] swall[$ ! wrong
 way well kn[s4 ,:5 op51 on ! o!r h&1 ! 
epiglottis =ms a beautifully smoo?      
c>tilag9\s curve1 ov] :i* ! s\nd+ air1 !
 tone1 z x issues f ! l>ynx1 is guid$ to
 ! resonance cavities above ! l>ynx1 :i*
 are ! cavities ( ! m\? & ( ! nose4     
,:ile p>ts ( ^! cavities are solid1 l ! 
ro( ( ! m\?1 o!r p>ts1 l ! s(t palate1  
are pliable2 :ile ! tongue is s a/\nd+ly
 mobile t x con/antly c alt] ! resonance
 cavity ( ! m\? z to dim5sion & %ape4   
,! l>ynx is swa!d & l9$ ) membrane &    
muscle4 ,^! membranes & muscles are nam$
 aft] ! c>tilages to :i* !y are atta*$1 
betwe5 :i* !y lie1 or :i* !y op]ate4    
,!re is no reason :y !y %\ld be enum]at$
 n[4 ,! function ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx  

is /at$ by all au?orities ) :i* ,i am   
famili> to be tw(old--to op5 & close !  
glottis 7! space betwe5 ! vocal cords71 
& to regulate ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords1 
because ! vibrations ( ^! are consid]$ !
 det]m9+ factor ( vocal pit*4 ,sir      
,morell ,mack5zie1 h[ev]1 9 describ+ !  
muscles ( ! l>ynx 9 a passage c\*$ 9    
unte*nical language1 unconsci\sly gives 
a h9t ( ano!r purpose = :i* ! complexity
 ( muscles 9 ! l>ynx may exi/4 ,aft]    
speak+ ( ! innum]able little f+]s ( !   
muscles :i* move ! vocal cords1 he      
cont9ues3 ,^! f+]s 7:i* prosaic         
anatomi/s call fibres71 besides be+     
almo/ c\ntless 9 numb]1 are arrang$ 9 s 
intricate a mann] t e "o :o dissects !m 
f9ds out some?+ new1 :i*1 x is ne$less  
to say1 is =?) giv5 to ! _w z an        
important discov]y4 ,x is probable t no 
am\nt ( mac]at+ or teas+ ev] w br+ u to 
'f9ality' 9 ?is matt]2 nor d ,i ?9k x   
w\ld pr(it u mu* z reg>ds our k ( !     
physiology ( ! voice if ! la/ fibrilla (
 t9y muscle 7 run to e>?4 ,! m9d c =m no

 cle>] notions ( ! inf9itely little ?an 
( ! inf9itely great1 & ! microscopic    
movem5ts ( ^! t9y /rips ( contractile   
tissue w\ld be no m real to u ?an !     
figures :i* express ! rapidity ( light &
 ! va/ /ret*es ( a/ronomical "t &       
di/ance4 ,moreov]1 no two p]sons h _!   
l>yngeal muscles arrang$ 9 precisely !  
same mann]--a circum/ance :i* ( itself  
goes a consid]able way t[>d expla9+ !   
almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( human voices4 ,! 
wond]ful div]sity ( expression 9 faces  
:i* /ructurally1 z we may say1 are almo/
 id5tical1 is due to m9ute diff]5ces 9 !
 arrangem5t ( ! little muscles :i* move 
! sk94 ,! same ?+ holds good ( ! l>ynx4 
,^! are significant words4 ,! di/+ui%$  
physician :o wrote !m might j z well h  
said t ! g5]ally prevail+ !ory t 9      
voice-production ! muscles ( ! l>ynx    
exi/ solely to op5 & close ! glottis &  
to regulate ! t5sion & h5ce ! vibration 
( ! vocal cords1 is incorrect4 ,= !y    
also exi/ 9 ord] to %ape & re%ape !     
entire l>ynx )9 itself accord+ to ! note

 to be produc$1 & ! op5+ or clos+ ( !   
glottis ) ! degree ( t5sion ( ! vocal   
cords result+ !refrom is b "o detail 9 !
 cord9ation ( adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts   
:i* prep>e ! vocal tract to produce !   
tone ! s+] he>s 9 8 m9d4 ,ne>ly e       
au?ority on ! physiology (              
voice-production believes t ! vocal tone
 is produc$ solely by ! vibration ( !   
vocal cords1 & t ! entire vocal tract   
situat$ above ! vocal cords is conc]n$  
m]ely ) augm5t+ ! tone & det]m9+ its    
timbre or quality4 ,let u exam9e ?is    
!ory & asc]ta9 h[ t5able x is4  ,to beg9
 )1 ! t]m cord z appli$ to ! vocal cords
 is mislead+4 ,x sugge/s a resemblance  
betwe5 ! vocal cords & ! /r+s ( a viol91
 :i* are capable ( great t5sion1 or at  
lea/ a resemblance betwe5 ! vocal cords 
& ! vibrat+ re$ ( a re$-in/rum5t4 ,9    
po9t ( fact1 ! vocal cords are nei!r    
/r+s nor re$s1 & are n ev5 freely       
susp5d$ f end to end or f "o end l re$s1
 b are atta*$ along _! entire l[]       
portion to ! inn] wall ( ! l>ynx4 ,!re=e

 !y are n cords1 nor /r+s1 nor re$s 9   
any s5se :atsoev]4 ,!y are %elves       
compos$ ( fle% & muscle1 _! sub/ance    
resembles nei!r ! catgut ( :i* ! /r+s ( 
/r+$ in/rum5ts are made nor ! cane1 wood
 or metal ( :i* ! re$s ( re$-in/rum5ts  
are =m$2 & ! entire l5g? ( ea* cord is a
 trifle m ?an half an in* 9 m5 & a      
little less ?an half an in* 9 wom54     
,almo/ e writ] on voice appe>s to       
consid] ! t]m cord z appli$ to !m a     
misnom]4 ,!y h be5 spok5 ( z membran\s  
lips4 ,! vocal 'cord' is n a /r+1 b !   
free edge ( a project+ fold ( membrane1 
says ,mack5zie4 ,yet x is n only claim$ 
b ann\nc$ ov] & ov] aga9 z a            
physiological fact t ! human voice1     
sometimes sweet & mell[1 sometimes t5se 
& vibrant & ) its great range1 is       
produc$ solely by ! vibration ( two     
project+ folds ( membrane1 free only at 
_! edges & at _! longe/ only a little   
ov] half an in* 9 l5g?4  ,at lea/ "o    
writ] on voice-production1 ,pr(4 ,wesley
 ,mills1 appe>s to h d\bt$ ! correctness

 ( ! old & (t-repeat$ !ory4 ,allusion   
mu/ be made1 he writes 9                
,voice-,production 9 ,s++ & ,speak+1 to 
! dang] ( ^? engag$ 9 ma!matical &      
physical inve/igation apply+ _!         
conclusions 9 too rigid a mann] to !    
animal body4 ,x 0 held until rec5tly t !
 pit* ( a vocal tone 0 det]m9$ solely by
 ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! vocal b&s1 z  
if !y act$ l ! /r+s ( a viol9 or ! re$ (
 a cl>9et1 :ile ! resonance *amb]s 7    
?\ght to simply take up ^! vibrations & 
det]m9e no?+ b ! quality ( tone4444 ,x  
seems probable t ! vocal b&s s beat !   
air )9 ! resonance *amb]s z to det]m9e !
 rate ( vibration ( ! air ( ^! cavities1
 & s ! pit* ( ! tone produc$4 ,?is at   
lea/ %[s dissatisfaction ) ! old !ory & 
atta*es "s %>e ( _! due importance to ! 
resonance cavities1 b x /ill is f> f    
describ+ ! correct ph5om5on (           
voice-production4  ,%[ a lat]al section 
( a l>ynx to a trumpet or horn play] &  
he w at once recognize its simil>ity to 
! cupp$ m\?piece & tube ( trumpet or    

horn1 ! cup 9 ! l>ynx be+ =m$ by !      
v5tricles or pockets above ! vocal      
cords4 ,ext5d ! picture s t x includes n
 only ! l>ynx b ! resonance cavities ( !
 head z well1 & ! cornet1 trumpet or    
horn play] w recognize ! simil>ity to ! 
tube ( 8 in/rum5t z x turns ^u itself4  
,! mann] 9 :i* ! lips %ape !mselves z ! 
play] bl[s into ! in/rum5t1 ! =m & size 
( ! cup1 ! gyration & friction ( ! air  
)9 x & )9 ! b5t portion ( ! tube1       
det]m9e ! pit* & ! quality ( ! tone t   
issues f ! bell ( ! in/rum5t4  ,! %ape  
assum$ by ! lips1 :i* are capable ( _m  
exquisite v>iations 9 %ape1 conditions !
 =m ( ! air-column z x ent]s ! cup ( !  
trumpet or horn4 ,?is ,i believe to be  
"o important function p]=m$ = ! l>ynx by
 ! vocal cords1 :i* ,mack5zie1 ) an     
aptness he c\ld n h appreciat$1 call$ ! 
lips ( ! glottis4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 !    
lips ( ! ess5tial organ ( voice1 !      
l>ynx4 ,if !y are look$ at f bel[ !y w  
be se5 to be bevell$1 & _! resemblance  
to lips ev5 m /rik+4  ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !   

importance ( ! vocal cords 9            
tone-production has be5 ov]e/imat$1 ,i  
%\ld be go+ to ! opposite extreme if ,i 
limit$ _! importance to _! function z ! 
lips ( ! glottis4 ,n only are !y lips1 b
 vibrat+ lips1 _! vibrations1 h[ev]1    
requir+ en=cem5t ?r\gh ! sympa!tic      
vibrations :i* !y g5]ate )9 ! cup ( !   
l>ynx & 9 ! cavities above4 ,z lips1 !  
vocal cords %ape ! air-column z x ent]s 
! l>ynx1 to ! requir$ note2 z vibrat+   
lips--set into vibration by ! v         
air-column to :i* !y h giv5 %ape--!y />t
 ! vibrations ess5tial to pit* & pass !m
 along into ! cup ( ! l>ynx1 :i* also   
has %ap$ itself to ! note & :]e gyration
 & friction beg9 to re9=ce ! vibrations 
/>t$ by ! cords4 ,:at is true ( ! cup   
also is true ( ! resonance-cavities4 ,9 
o!r words1 ! entire vocal tract1 f cords
 to lips1 %apes & re%apes itself )      
ref]5ce to ! tone t is to be produc$1 & 
:at ?us goes on above ! vibrat+ cords   
cop]ates to produce ! effect =m]ly      
attribut$ to ! cords alone4  ,! fact t !

 cup ( ! l>ynx subtly *anges its %ape = 
ea* tone produc$1 makes ! hi!rto obscure
 subject ( regi/]s ( ! voice1 :i* _m    
writ]s h writt5 ar\nd b none ab\t1      
p]fectly cle>4 ,! cup assumes :at may be
 call$ a g5]ic %ape = ea* regi/]1 & !n  
goes ?r\gh subtle adju/m5ts ( %ape = !  
diff]5t notes )9 ea* regi/]4 ,b ?is is a
 subject to be tak5 up 9 detail lat]4   
,! read] n[ w und]/& :y at diff]5t po9ts
 9 ?is *apt] ,i h emphasiz$ ! fact t !  
l>ynx z a :ole & ?r\gh\t all its p>ts is
 capable ( num]\s adju/m5ts 9 %ape1 & t 
! same is true ( ! resonance-cavities4  
,! vocal tract ( an accompli%$ s+] is   
capable ( z _m adju/m5ts z a s5sitive   
face is ( *anges 9 expression4 ,?is     
ph5om5on is ! vocal tract mak+ ready to 
g5]ate1 vitalize & emit ! tone sugge/$  
by ! m9d--m9d press+ ! button1 !        
physical organs ( voice-production do+ !
 re/4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,pit* ,,&      
,,sympa!tic ,,vibration   ,x is         
sympa!tic vibration1 manife/+ itself 9  
"s in/ances 9 ! *e/ & 9 ! head cavities1

 & 9 o!r in/ances almo/ entirely )9 !   
latt]1 t gives to voices _! peculi>     
timbre or tone-quality--_! physiognomy4 
,x is by timbre t we di/+ui% voices z we
 di/+ui% features4 ,) in/rum5ts1        
diff]5ces 9 quality ( tone--diff]5ces 9 
timbre--are due to diff]5ces ( %ape2 & 9
 case ( in/rum5ts ( ! same k9d1 =       
example1 viol9s1 to slight diff]5ces 9  
=m or to ! gra91 age & quality ( ! wood4
 ,9 ! same mann]1 !re are m9ute         
diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! vocal tract (
 diff]5t p2 & x is especially !         
/ructural diff]5ces betwe5 ! resonant   
cavities ( individual s+]s t det]m9e    
diff]5ces ( timbre or quality4 ,x is    
easy to di/+ui% betwe5 tones ev5 ( !    
same pit* t come f a h>p1 a viol91 a    
trumpet1 a flute or f ! human voice4    
,betwe5 two viol9s ( exactly ! same     
make1 play$ on by ! same p]son1 !re w\ld
 be great] difficulty 9 discov]+        
diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( tone1 al?\gh1   
ev5 if made aft] ! same patt]n & ab\t ! 
same date1 !re probably w\ld be m9ute   

/ructural diff]5ces t w\ld diff]5tiate  
_! timbre to a musical e>2 :ile if1 (   
two viol9s1 "o ( ! in/rum5ts 7 new1 & ! 
o!r old1 a musical e> probably w\ld     
imm$iately detect diff]5ces 9 _!        
tone-quality4  ,x is easi] to di/+ui%   
betwe5 voices ev5 ( ! same range1 ?an   
betwe5 in/rum5ts ( ! same k9d1 because  
!re is /rong individuality 9 voices4    
,?is is due to ! fact t /ructural       
diff]5ces betwe5 ! vocal tracts (       
individuals are f> m num]\s & f> m m9ute
 ?an possibly c be introduc$ into       
in/rum5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! vocal tract1 be+ 
"p ( ! human body1 is subtly responsive 
to innum]able impulses & adju/s &       
readju/s itself 9 innum]able ways4      
,in/rum5ts are made ( mat]ial1 *iefly   
wood & metal1 &1 unlike ! vocal tract1  
_c *ange /ructurally4 ,! cornet1 =      
example1 is made ( brass4 ,! lips ( !   
play] protrud+ into ! cup c effect c]ta9
 *anges 9 %ape1 & *anges also c be made 
9 ! tube betwe5 ! m\?piece & ! bell ( ! 
in/rum5t by pi/ons or valves4 ,b ^!     

*anges are absurdly small 9 numb] comp>$
 ) ! /ructural *anges ( :i* ! vocal     
tract is capable1 & commonplace 9 "*    
comp>$ ) ! ref9$ & subtle m9ut5ess ( !  
latt]4 ,= ?is reason1 :ile !re is a     
di/9ct timbre = ea* k9d ( in/rum5t1 !re 
are innum]able timbres ( ! human        
voice--z _m z !re are voices1 & all due 
to ! pliability ( ! vocal tract4  ,x is 
! mann] 9 :i* ! num]\s individual       
con=mations ( ! vocal tract affect !    
ov]tones 9 ! voice t makes voices       
diff]5t f ea* o!r2 = ! ov]tones are !   
*ief ag5cy 9 det]m9+ ! timbre1 quality1 
or physiognomy ( any tone4 ,e tone      
consi/s ( a fundam5tal or gr\nd tone )  
its ov]tones4 ,! fundam5tal tone        
det]m9es ! pit*2 ! ov]tones det]m9e !   
quality1 tone-color1 timbre1 or         
physiognomy ( ! tone4  ,! ov]tones1 or  
h>monics1 z !y also are call$1 vibrate 9
 c]ta9 simple h>monic relations ) !     
fundam5tal--f twice to five times z (t5 
p] second1 s\nd+ ! octave above1 ! fif? 
( t octave1 ! second octave1 ! major    

?ird ( t octave1 etc4 ,s important is x 
to ! individual musical quality ( tone1 
to secure ! cop]ation ( ov]tones1 t 9   
c]ta9 l>ge op5 organ pipes1 :i* are     
defici5t 9 ^!1 extra pipes ( high] pit* 
& correspond+ ) ! ov]tones ( !          
fundam5tal note1 are add$ & jo9$ to !   
regi/]4 ,ov]tones )\t ! fundam5tal c be 
obta9$ on /r+$ in/rum5ts by /opp+ "o ( !
 /r+s & !n t\*+ x lightly at o!r po9ts4 
,! s(t1 sweet1 e!real "* ( ! h>monics   
produc$ 9 ?is mann] on a viol9 conveys  
"s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! _m ov]tones ( 
a note give x its di/9ctive quality4  ,9
 a way ! ov]tones may be said to e*o !  
fundam5tal1 b ! e> receives fundam5tal &
 ov]tones bl5d$ z "o tone ( a c]ta9     
timbre4 ,:at t timbre is1 is det]m9$ by 
! %ape ( ! resonat+ cavity or cavities1 
! %ape ( :i* 9 turn is det]m9$ by ! %ape
 ( ! in/rum5t1 & 9 diff]5t voices by    
inf9itesimal diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( v>i\s 
p>ts ( ! vocal tract4 ,all in/rum5ts ( a
 k9d are made m or less on ! same patt]n
 & v>y b little 9 %ape4 ,= ?is reason we

 h ! di/9ct viol91 horn1 cl>9et or      
pian(orte timbre1 & s on d[n ! li/1 b ,i
 repeat "h t !re are n su* m9ute &      
individual diff]5ces betwe5 in/rum5ts ( 
! same k9d z !re are betwe5 voices ( !  
same range1 because !re are no su* m9ute
 & individual /ructural diff]5ces 9     
in/rum5ts z 9 ! vocal organs (          
individuals--diff]5ces t ea* individual 
c multiply ad inf9itum by ! subtle &    
delicate play ( muscles act+ 9 response 
to m5tal sugge/ion1 art s5se1           
inspiration1 temp]am5t1 psy*ic impulse1 
or by :atev] cognate t]m "o may *oose to
 call x4  ,!re is little or no?+ (      
psy*ology 9 ,mack5zie's book1 & yet1 l  
o!r writ]s on voice-production1 he      
appe>s n[ & !n to be grop+ = x4 ,?us1 :5
 he speaks ( ! fundam5tal tone be+      
re9=c$ by its ov]tones--by a numb] (    
second>y s\nds high] 9 pit* & fa9t] 9   
int5sity--he adds v beautifully t e     
resonance-cavity has :at may be call$   
its elective aff9ity1 or "o p>ticul>    
note1 to ! vibrations ( :i* x responds  

sympa!tically l a lov]'s he>t answ]+ t (
 8 belov$4 ,z ! crude tone issues f !   
l>ynx1 ! m\?1 tongue & s(t palate1 m\ld+
 !mselves by ! mo/ delicately adaptive  
movem5ts into e conceivable v>iety (    
%ape1 clo! ! raw bones ( s\nd ) body &  
liv+ ri*ness ( tone4 ,ea* ( ! v>i\s     
resonance-*amb]s re*oes its correspond+ 
tone1 s t a s+le well-deliv]$ note is1 9
 reality1 a full *oir ( h>moni\s s\nds4 
,voice be+1 l in/rum5tal tone1 a        
commixture ( fundam5tal & ov]tones1 & ! 
mann] 9 :i* ! composite con=mation (    
collective waves /rikes ! e> be+ l>gely 
det]m9$ by ! cavities ( resonance1 !    
control ( ^! is ( great importance to ! 
s+]4 ,?is control %\ld1 by ?or\gh tra9+1
 be br\ght to su* a degree ( effici5cy t
 x becomes subconsci\s & automatic1 s t 
! resonance-cavities %ape !mselves      
in/antly to ! note t is be+ produc$ )9 !
 l>ynx &1 vibrat+ 9 sympa?y ) x1 s\nd ! 
ov]tones4 ,! reciprocal pr9ciple (      
elective aff9ity betwe5 fundam5tal &    
ov]tone1 betwe5 ! %ape assum$ by ! l>ynx

 = pit* & ! %ape assum$ by !            
resonance-cavities = quality1 is        
illu/rat$ by ! excit+ influ5ce ( a s\nd+
 in/rum5t ^u a sil5t "o tun$ to ! same  
pit* :i*1 al?\gh n t\*$ by human h&1    
s\nds 9 sympa?y ) ! "o t is be+ play$   
on4 ,ev5 a j> /&+ ^u a mantel-%elf1 a   
globe on a lamp1 a glass on a table1 or 
"s o!r object 9 ! room1 may vibrate &   
rattle :5 a c]ta9 note is /ruck on !    
pian(orte4 ,?is is ! result ( sympa!tic 
vibration4 ,?us1 al?\gh vocal tone      
orig9ates )9 ! l>ynx1 x sets !          
resonance-cavities into sympa!tic       
vibration1 & ^! produce ! h>monics t    
give ! fundam5tal tone its timbre2 !    
resonance-cavities be+ to ! vocal cords 
or lips :at ! body or resonance-box ( ! 
viol9 & ! s\nd+-bo>d ( ! pian(orte are  
to _! /r+s1 ! tube ( a cornet or horn to
 ! lips1 ! body ( ! cl>9et to its re$--!
 resonat+ factor :i* det]m9es ! ov]tones
 & ?r\gh ^! ! timbre4  ,except+ ! *e/ & 
tra*ea ! resonance-cavities ( ! voice   
are locat$ above ! l>ynx4 ,to ! *e/ z a 

resonator ! l[ tones ( ! voice owe mu* (
 _! great volume4 ,inde$1 ! *e/ is su* a
 sup]b & p[]ful resonat+ box t1 if x    
resonat$ also = ! high tones1 ^!1 ) _!  
inh]5t capacity = p5etration1 probably  
w\ld become disagreeably acute4 ,!re=e1 
nature1 wise 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 has  
decreas$ *e/ vibration z ! voice asc5ds 
! scale4  ,above ! l>ynx is ! ph>ynx1 a 
space ext5d+ to ! base ( ! skull & op5+ 
into ! m\?1 & high] up connect+ ) ! base
 ( ! nose by means ( two passages1 !    
po/]ior n>es1 or back nasal passages4 ,!
 walls ( ! ph>ynx are p]meat$ by a      
network ( muscles1 s t ?is important    
space or resonance-cavity imm$iately    
above ! l>ynx is susceptible ( num]\s   
adju/m5ts & readju/m5ts 9 size & %ape2 &
 z x lies ) its back wall aga9/ ! sp9al 
column1 x also is susceptible &         
imm$iately responsive to sugge/ion f !  
m9d4  ,ano!r important resonance-cavity1
 inde$1 ! mo/ important1 is ! m\?1 ro($ 
by ! h>d palate :i* sep>ates ! m\? f !  
nasal *amb]1 to :i* latt] x also =ms !  

floor4 ,9 ! m\? is ! tongue1 extremely  
mobile1 & ?us capable ( mat]ially *ang+ 
! size & %ape ( ! m\?-cavity4 ,hang+ f !
 re> ( ! h>d palate1 l a veil ov] ! root
 ( ! tongue1 is ! s(t palate2 atta*$ to 
:i* is ! uvula4 ,?is hangs v]tically d[n
 f ! s(t palate &1 if ! re> end ( !     
tongue is all[$ to bulge upw>d slightly1
 c be made to =m ) x a k9d ( valve1 by  
:i* voice is convey$ directly into !    
m\?-cavity )\t any ( x escap+ up !      
po/]ior nasal passage2 :ile ! s(t palate
 by itself alone c be drawn up s z to   
t\* ! back wall ( ! ph>ynx1 completely  
clos+ ! passage to ! nose1 s t a        
cont9u\s curv$ resonance-cavity is af=d$
 f l>ynx to lips4  ,! s(t palate is     
cont9u$ on ei!r side by two folds kn[n z
 ! fauces2 & ea* ( ! fauces has two     
ridges1 ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 betwe5 :i* 
are ! tonsils4 ,! pill>s ( ! fauces     
enclose muscul> fibres :i* act          
respectively on ! tongue1 ! sides ( !   
ph>ynx1 & ! upp] "p ( ! l>ynx1 & ?us aid
 9 ! necess>y movem5ts ( ! vocal tract4 

,! nasal passage1 divid$ into two ducts 
by a v]tical p>tition1 ! vom] septum1 0 
ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on inspiration4 ,!  
s-call$ s9uses are holl[ spaces 9 small 
bones on ei!r side & above ! nasal      
passage & communicat+ directly or       
indirectly ) x4 ,a "q reg>d+ ! nasal    
cavity1 includ+ ! s9uses1 sugge/s       
itself4 ,( :at use is ! nasal passage z 
a cavity ( resonance if1 9 ord] to      
prev5t a nasal quality ( tone1 ! passage
 dur+ voice-emission is %ut (f by !     
action ( ! s(t palate1 or by ! comb9$   
action ( ! s(t palate1 uvula & tongue8  
,! answ] is1 fir/1 t x is n always to be
 clos$ (f1 because !re are times :5 a   
slightly nasal timbre 9 voice is        
desirable2 secondly1 t ev5 :5 ! nasal   
cavity is %ut (f1 ! h>d palate be+ n    
only ! ro( ( ! m\? b also ! floor ( !   
nose1 its vibrations are communicat$ to 
! nasal cavity1 b n directly en\gh to   
give a disagreeable nasal quality to !  
voice4  ,f ?is survey x w be se5 t !    
cavities ( resonance along ! vocal tract

 may be divid$ into su* p>ts z are      
solid1 pliable & movable4 ,! solid p>ts 
are %>ply resonant2 !y are1 p>          
excell5ce1 ! resonators 9               
voice-production2 :ile a pliable "p1 l !
 ph>ynx1 al?\gh resonant 9 a less       
degree1 is valuable 9 adju/+ /ructural  
%ape to e condition t arises2 & ! mo/   
movable p>ts ( all1 ! tongue & ! lips1  
probably :olly devoid ( resonance1 h _! 
great rles to play 9 effect+ :at may be 
call$ :olesale *anges 9 ! size & %ape ( 
! m\?-cavity1 :i* c\ld n be br\ght ab\t 
by any o!r ag5cies less mobile4 ,! ro( (
 ! m\?1 ! tee?1 ! h>d gums1 ! cones ( ! 
nasal passage1 & ! s9uses are ! solid   
portions ( ! cavities ( resonance4 ,:5  
,sv5gali gaz$ into ,trilby's m\? &      
exclaim$1 ,himmel1 :at a ro(6 he spoke f
 ! dep?s ( vocal k4 ,= a highly ar*$ m\?
 ro(1 especially if ! tone ent]s ! m\?  
cavity f a wide1 well-r\nd$ ph>ynx1 is (
 great value to ! s+]4 ,s is a f9e1     
%apely1 regul> set ( tee?1 especially z 
reg>ds ! upp] front tee?1 beh9d :i* !   

vibrations appe> to c5tre 9 s call$ =w>d
 production4 ,cauti\sly br\ght into     
play1 ! po/]ior nasal passage assi/s1 ) 
its resonance1 ! head tones ( ! female  
voice & ! upp] range ( male voices2 b   
c>e mu/ be tak5 n to c>ry ! tone up into
 ! nose & ?us give x a nasal quality4   
,"s writ]s class ! walls ( ! ph>ynx ) ! 
solid p>ts ( ! vocal tract4 ,b ! walls (
 ! ph>ynx are pliable1 z already has be5
 po9t$ out1 toge!r ) ! admirable results
 to be d]iv$ f _! flexibility :5 "u !   
s+]'s control4 ,! movable p>ts ( or     
p]ta9+ to ! resonance-cavities are ! s(t
 palate ) ! uvula1 ! fauces1 ! *eeks1 ! 
lips1 ! l[] jaw &1 mo/ mobile ( all1 !  
tongue4  ,! uvula (t5 is too long1 ei!r 
by nature or ?r\gh a disease call$      
prolongation ( ! uvula4 ,x c be treat$  
by a/r+5ts or ! elongation c be cut (f1 
:i* usually is ! mo/ prompt & efficaci\s
 way4 ,! op]ator1 h[ev]1 9 case ! pati5t
 is a s+]1 mu/ calculate to a nicety j  
h[ mu* to remove1 o!rwise ! voice w     
suff]4 ,!re are isolat$ cases ( de=m$   

s(t palate ) uvula s enorm\s t x _c be  
rais$4 ,9 su* cases1 "o ( :i* is in/anc$
 by ,k(l]1 a surgical op]ation be+ out (
 ! "q1 ! pati5t simply has to give up   
s++4  ,enl>g$ tonsils1 :e!r f           
inflammation or o!r causes1 also h to be
 op]at$ on1 z _! enl>gem5t obvi\sly     
h9d]s free voice-emission4 ,ev5 at its  
be/ ! m\?-passage "h is n>r[e/--& call$ 
! i/hmus--& no?+ mu/ be all[$ to make x 
n>r[] ?an x is by nature4 ,! lips nev]  
%\ld lie flat aga9/ ! tee?1 s9ce ?is    
w\ld muffle resonance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !  
tee? %\ld n be b>$1 z ?is results 9 a   
fooli% gr94 ,! *eeks naturally con=m to 
! action ( ! lips4 ,! l[] jaw %\ld be   
relax$1 :i* gives ! s-call$ float+ *94  
,:5 ! l[] jaw1 & ) x ! *91 is rais$1 !  
?roat is tight5$1 & voice-action becomes
 con/rict$4 ,! float+ *9 does n1 (      
c\rse1 mean t ! *9 is to be ?ru/ d[nw>d 
into ! *e/4 ,9 s++1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 !re
 is a gold5 rule to be obs]v$4  ,x is   
obvi\s t ! tongue also is a highly      
responsible memb] ( ! vocal tract4      

,raise x too high1 & y br+ x s close to 
! h>d palate t ! m\? becomes too small =
 free1 resonant voice-emission4 ,! tone 
becomes :eezy4 ,let ! tongue lie too    
flat1 & ! m\?-cavity becomes too l>ge & 
cav]n\s = t5se1 vibrant voice-emission4 
,! tone becomes too op54 ,let ! base ( !
 tongue move back too f>1 & x w t5d to  
close ! ph>ynx & to *eck free egress f !
 ph>ynx into ! m\?1 mak+ ! tone muffl$4 
,raise ! back ( ! tongue until x t\*es !
 s(t palate1 & ! two comb9$ close !     
m\?-cavity f beh9d1 ) ! result t voice  
is c>ri$ up ! nasal passage & is *>g$ ) 
a disagreeable nasal quality4  ,= e tone
 produc$ !re is a special adju/m5t      
?r\gh\t ! entire vocal tract4 ,^!       
adju/m5ts %\ld1 by practice1 become     
automatic1 simple acts ( swift &        
unconsci\s ob$i5ce to ! w4 ,!n ! "q (   
=w>d1 backw>d1 or middle production1    
accord+ to ! "p ( ! ro( ( ! m\? :]e !   
tone-vibrations appe> to c5tre1 w become
 a matt] :olly ( ! quality ( voice :i* x
 is desir$ to produce = any giv5        

emotional /ate4 ,=w>d                   
production--vibration appe>+ to c5tre a 
little back ( ! upp] front tee?--is1 z a
 g5]al ?+1 ! be/4 ,yet a voice brilliant
 to ! po9t ( h>dness c be mell[$ by     
middle or backw>d production4 ,^! are   
matt]s ( judgm5t4 ,b :5 ,i am told1 z ,i
 0 by a "y girl1 t %e 0 be+ taught to   
c5tre ! tone-vibrations back ( h] eyes1 
all ,i c d is to ?r[ up my h&s &        
exclaim1 ,o voice-production1 :at crimes
 are committ$ 9 ?y "n6 ,yes--!re %\ld be
 a ,rescue ,league1 or a ,society = !   
,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,s+]s4         
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,regi/]s ,,( ,,! ,,voice
   ,! subject ( vocal regi/]s is a      
difficult "o--difficult to und]/& &1 :5 
und]/ood1 difficult to make intelligible
 to o!rs4 ,9 fact1 x is s difficult t "s
 p get rid ( x by calmly ass]t+ t !re   
are no regi/]s4 ,?is is un=tunate1      
because ! bl5d+ ( ! regi/]s1 ! smoo?+   
out ( ! voice :]e "o regi/] passes ov]  
into ano!r1 ! elim9ation ( ! break      
betwe5 !m1 is "o ( ! greate/ problems   

:i* ! tea*] ( voice-production is oblig$
 to solve4 ,l s _m o!r bran*es 9 ! art (
 voice-production1 ! subject is         
complicat$ by initial misund]/&+s4      
,num]\s p suppose1 = example1 t ! vocal 
regi/]s are synonym\s ) ! diff]5t k9ds (
 voices1 & speak ( ! alto1 soprano1 bass
 or t5or regi/] z if regi/] /ood =      
quality1 :i* x does n4 ,ano!r           
complication results f ! fact t c]ta9   
ph5om5al voices1 *iefly t5or1 lit]ally  
rise sup]ior to ! law ( vocal regi/]s4  
,?us1 a ph5om5al t5or l ,duprez sang )  
ease ! :ole t5or range1 includ+ ! high  
,c1 9 ! p[]ful1 vibrant *e/ regi/]1     
:]eas ! av]age t5or1 :ile produc+ a     
great portion ( 8 voice 9 ! *e/ regi/]1 
is oblig$ at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! asc5d+    
scale to pass into ! middle & beyond t  
into ! head regi/]4  ,! breaks t occur 9
 av]age voices at c]ta9 po9ts ( ! scale 
h e/abli%$ ! divisions ( ! voice into   
regi/]s4 ,^! breaks c be acc\nt$ = on   
sci5tific gr\nds2 & if ! physiology (   
voice-production _h done no m ?an expla9

 ! :y & :]e=e ( vocal regi/]s1 x w\ld h 
ju/ifi$ itself ?r\gh ?is alone4         
,suppose !re 7 a man able to produce !  
entire male vocal compass1 f deepe/ bass
 to highe/ t5or4 ,:ile = e note ?r\gh\t 
! entire compass !re w\ld be subtle     
*anges 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract1 !  
foll[+ also w\ld be true3--,t1 beg9n+ ) 
! l[e/ note & ?r\gh\t ! fir/ octave ( 8 
voice1 ! *anges 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal  
tract w\ld n alt] ! g5]al "* ( !        
adju/m5t = t octave2 t1 on ent]+ !      
second octave1 !re w\ld be a t5d5cy t[>d
 *ange 9 ! g5]al adju/m5t ( ! vocal     
tract2 :ile1 = ! production ( ! rema9+  
notes above1 an almo/ />tl+ *ange 9 !   
adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract w\ld take      
place4 ,! same w\ld be true if a woman1 
capable ( produc+ ! entire female vocal 
compass1 7 to beg9 ) ! l[e/ contralto & 
s+ up to ! highe/ soprano tone4 ,x is ! 
g5]al "* ( ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract = 
a c]ta9 range ( notes 9 ! vocal scale t 
det]m9es ea* regi/]1 ! two pr9cipal     
*anges 9 adju/m5t caus+ two breaks 9 !  

smoo? progression ( ! voice4  ,all[+ = !
 fact t ! male voice is an octave bel[ !
 female voice1 b 9 all o!r respects     
corresponds ) x 9 range1 ! adju/m5t ( ! 
vocal tract ?r\gh\t ea* regi/] is ! same
 = bo? m5 & wom5 s+]s4 ,!re is1 ,i fe>1 
a preval5t notion on ! "p ( ! musical   
public t ea* voice has its own sep>ate  
regi/]s2 t1 = example1 ! regi/]s ( !    
soprano voice are at diff]5t po9ts ( !  
scale f ^? ( ! alto1 & ^? ( ! t5or at   
diff]5t po9ts f bo? ( ^!4 ,b ?is is n ! 
case4 ,always all[+ = ! octave diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! male & female voice1 ! regi/]s 
= all voices are at fix$ po9ts ( ! scale
 & are1 or %\ld be1 sung by all voices )
 ! same adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract4 ,a few
 examples w make ?is cle>4  ,! l[e/     
regi/] = female voice is3    ,music3    
,f#c-;,f#d  t = male voice3    ,music3  
,f#b-;,f#c  i4e41 an octave l[]4 ,^! are
 ! fir/ eight notes ( ! alto ( ! female 
voice & ( ! bass ( ! male voice4 ,alto &
 bass s+ ^! notes ) precisely ! same    
adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract4 ,! vocal cords

 9 ?is regi/] vibrate along _! entire   
l5g?1 ! space betwe5 !m1 also ! cup & ! 
g5]al adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract1 are op54
 ,a good soprano c come d[n into ?is    
regi/] z f> z ,music3 ,c#d & a good t5or
 z f> z ,music3 ,c#c1 & :5 ^! voices    
come d[n into ?is regi/] !y too s+ ) !  
same adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract z is us$ =
 ! same tones by alto & bass4 ,?is1     
!re=e1 con/itutes ! l[e/ regi/] = all   
voices--n because x consi/s ( c]ta9     
notes1 b because ^! notes require ! same
 g5]al adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract = _!    
production by all voices4  ,:5 x comes  
to ! next or middle regi/]3--,music3    
,f#d-;,f#e = female voices 7& an octave 
bel[ = male voices71 soprano & t5or s+  
?r\gh ?is entire regi/] ) ease1 us+ a   
slightly diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal     
tract f t :i* !y employ$ :5 !y w5t d[n  
into ! l[e/ regi/]4 ,! ord9>y alto /ops 
at ,c 9 ?is regi/]1 z does also ! bass  
at an octave l[]4 ,:5 !y ent] x _! vocal
 tract adju/s itself to x & corresponds 
) ! adju/m5t employ$ 9 x by soprano &   

t5or4 ,9 ?is regi/] ! vocal cords /ill  
vibrate along _! entire l5g?1 b z !     
voice progresses upw>d1 !y %[ a t5d5cy  
to %ort5 ! glottic *9k1 & ! cup1 z well 
z ! adju/m5t ( ! entire vocal tract1    
t5ds to become less op54 ,x is ! regi/] 
( transition1 plac$ betwe5 ! l[e/ &     
highe/1 z if to bridge ov] ! int]val4   
,! highe/ regi/]3 ,music3 ,f#e-;,c#f 7an
 octave l[] = male voice7 calls = an    
extraord9>y *ange 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal
 tract4 ,! vocal cords are press$       
tightly toge!r at ! re> & sometimes bo? 
at ! re> & front4 ,^! portions ?us cease
 to vibrate4 ,only ! small free p>ts    
vibrate & ^! only at ! edges4 ,z ! voice
 progresses up ! scale ! /op action     
ceases1 ! elliptical op5+ & ! cup become
 small]1 & ! entire vocal tract is1     
comp>atively speak+1 contract$4 ,?is    
regi/] practically belongs only to      
sopranos & t5ors4 ,= example1 al?\gh "s 
b>itones are capable ( adju/+ _! vocal  
tracts to ?is regi/]1 _! voices lose !  
b>itone timbre1 take on a fem99e        

quality1 & become male altos4  ,9 o!r   
words1 !re are ?ree regi/]s1 & !y       
correspond = all voices1 b c]ta9 voices 
s+ m 9 "o regi/] ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,?us1 !  
l[e/ regi/] is ! special prov9ce ( !    
alto & ! bass2 soprano & t5or c come d[n
 only a few notes into x4 ,! middle & ! 
highe/ regi/]s are ! special prov9ce (  
soprano & t5or4 ,! ord9>y alto & bass c 
come up only "p way into ! middle regi/]
 & _c foll[ soprano & t5or at all into !
 highe/4  ,! division ( ! regi/]s :i* ,i
 h made is subject to _m practical      
exceptions1 :i* s f> ,i h avoid$        
m5tion+1 because ,i want$ to fix 9 !    
read]'s m9d ! fact t ! regi/]s are !    
same = all voices & are det]m9$ by !    
special adju/m5t ( ! vocal app>atus     
requir$ = _! production1 & n by         
voice-quality4 ,n[ & !n 9 a g5]ation !re
 may appe> ^u ! sc5e a s+]1 usually     
t5or1 :o = 8 high notes is n oblig$ to  
adopt ! some:at artificial adju/m5t     
requir$ by ! highe/ regi/]1 b c s+ all 8
 tones 9 ! easi] adju/m5ts ( ! l[e/ or  

middle regi/]4 ,b he is a ph5om5on1 !   
exception t proves ! rule4 ,ano!r       
practical exception to my rigid division
 ( ! regi/]s is furni%$ by ! ov]lapp+ ( 
regi/]s1 ! capacity ( a s+] to produce !
 l[] notes ( "o regi/] ) ! vocal        
adju/m5t employ$ = ! high] notes ( !    
regi/] bel[1 & vice v]sa2 s t :]e !     
regi/]s meet !re are possibly "s half a 
doz5 optional notes4 ,mo/ basses &      
b>itones1 = example1 s+ only 9 "o       
regi/]1 t is1 !y c>ry ! vocal adju/m5t =
 ! l[e/ regi/] into ! notes !y are able 
to s+ 9 ! regi/] above4 ,^! exceptions w
 be consid]$ lat]4 ,at pres5t1 9 ord] to
 treat ?is difficult subject 9 some?+ t 
at lea/ approa*es an elem5t>y mann]1 x  
is necess>y to make ! division ( ! vocal
 scale into regi/]s a some:at rigid "o4 
,x is1 !n1 ! ?ree diff]5t adju/m5ts ( ! 
vocal tract :i* det]m9e ! ?ree divisions
 ( ! vocal scale & likewise ! positions 
or regi/]s = ea* division4 ,! basis1    
!re=e1 = ! division ( voice-production  
into regi/]s is n haphaz>d1 b re/s on ! 

sci5ce ( physiology4 ,t !re are n       
sep>ate regi/]s = m5 & wom5 is due to ! 
fact t m5's voices run p>allel to ^? (  
wom5 at an int]val ( an octave bel[1 &  
t1 note = note1 ! adju/m5t ( ! male     
vocal tract is ! same z t ( ! female    
vocal tract an octave above4 ,= ?is     
reason basses & b>itones1 al?\gh s++ an 
octave bel[ contraltos & altos1 s+ 9 !  
same regi/]s2 = ?is reason also1 t5ors1 
al?\gh s++ an octave bel[ sopranos1     
employ ! same regi/]s4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1  
speak+ ( av]age voices1 n ( ph5om5al    
ones4  ,mack5zie has def9$ a regi/] z a 
s]ies ( tones ( l quality producible by 
a p>ticul> adju/m5t ( ! vocal cords4    
,mills def9es regi/] z a s]ies ( tones (
 a *>act]i/ic clang1 timbre1 color or   
quality due to ! employm5t ( a special  
me*anism ( ! l>ynx 9 a p>ticul> mann]4  
,bo? def9itions practically mean ! same 
?+4 ,:at ,i object to 9 !m is _! use ( !
 ^w quality1 & ,mack5zie's limitation ( 
! adju/m5t to ! vocal cords & ,mills' to
 ! l>ynx4 ,! adju/m5t takes place       

?r\gh\t ! entire vocal tract4 ,inde$1 "o
 ( ! claims ,i make = ?is book is1 t x  
does n limit ! voice-produc+ factor to !
 vibrations ( ! vocal cords1 b :ile     
recogniz+ ! importance ( ^!1 also       
consid]s ! importance ( ! re/ ( ! vocal 
tract 9 relation to !m4 ,o!r writ]s hold
 t voice is produc$ solely by !         
vibrations ( ! vocal cords1 & t ! re/ ( 
! vocal tract is conc]n$ m]ely ) det]m9+
 ! timbre ( ! voice4 ,b ,i d n limit !  
function ( ! vocal tract bel[ & above ! 
cords simply to voice quality4 ,to      
produce a giv5 tone requires n only     
vibration ( ! cords b an adju/m5t along 
! entire tract & especially a *ange 9 ! 
size & %ape ( ! cup space4 ,if "o wi%$  
to be exasp]at+ly accurate "o might say 
t ea* adju/m5t con/itut$ a regi/]1 & t 9
 e voice !re 7 z _m regi/]s z !re are   
tones4 ,b survey+ ! progress ( ! voice  
up ! vocal scale1 & z a :ole1 x is f\nd 
t up to a c]ta9 po9t ! g5]al "* (       
adju/m5t )9 ! vocal tract is ! same1 t  
beyond t po9t !re is a *ange to ano!r   

adju/m5t ( a g5]al "*1 & fur!r beyond   
/ill ano!r--9 o!r words1 t !re are ?ree 
regi/]s4  ,"s writ]s recognize only two 
physical *anges 9 ! me*anism ( ! vocal  
tract & consequ5tly only two regi/]s    
in/ead ( ?ree4 ,!y disp5se entirely ) ! 
middle regi/] because ! g5]al *ange !re 
9 ! adju/m5t )9 ! vocal tract is n1 9 _!
 op9ion1 suffici5t to det]m9e a new     
regi/]4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 :ile !   
l[] vocal range calls ! vocal cords into
 vibration along _! entire l5g?1 & :ile 
= ! highe/ range only a portion ( !     
edges ( ! vocal cords vibrate1 !        
adju/m5t = ! m$ium tones %[s a gradual  
*ange f ! fir/ condition to ! ?ird4 ,x  
is a bridge by :i* ! voice crosses 9    
safety f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ regi/]--a   
regi/] ( transition1 b a regi/] )al4    
,moreov]1 z ! voice progresses upw>d    
?r\gh ! scale1 ?ree di/9ct physical     
s5sations are exp]i5c$ by ! s+] accord+ 
z to :e!r he is s++ l[1 middle or high4 
,!re is "o physical s5sation = ! l[]1   
ano!r = ! middle & a ?ird = ! high]     

notes4 ,?is w\ld indicate t !re is1 aft]
 all1 m ( a *ange 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal
 tract = ! middle notes ?an is app>5t   
sup]ficially1 & confirms ! position ( ^?
 :o hold t !re are ?ree vocal regi/]s   
in/ead ( two4  ,9 voice-production ( !  
l[] notes !re is a physical s5sation (  
vibration 9 ! upp] *e/2 on ! m$ium      
notes1 9 ! ph>ynx2 on ! high] notes1 9 !
 head4 ,^! physical s5sations h det]m9$ 
! names ( *e/ regi/] = ! l[] & head     
regi/] = ! high] range ( tones4 ,/rictly
 speak+1 ! middle range %\ld be d5om9at$
 ph>yngeal or ?roat regi/]1 b usually x 
is call$ ! m$ium or middle regi/]4 ,9 ! 
*e/ regi/] ! vibrations ( ! vocal cords 
are sl[ & heavy2 ! vocal tract be+ 9 its
 relax$1 op5 adju/m5t1 ! l>ynx s9ks     
slightly &1 ! vibrations tak+ place 9 _!
 ne>e/ proximity to ! *e/1 !y are       
communicat$ to x4 ,9 ! middle regi/] !  
adju/m5t ( ! vocal tract is m clos$ ?an 
9 ! *e/ regi/]1 ! l>ynx rises a little1 
! %ape ( ! vocal tract is det]m9$ l>gely
 by ! relative positions assum$ by !    

epiglottis & ! s(t palate1 & !          
vibrations no long] c communicate       
!mselves to ! *e/1 b are felt 9 !       
ph>ynx4 ,9 ! head regi/] ! vocal cords  
come toge!r at "o end1 sometimes at bo? 
ends1 & only ! upturn$ edges ( ! result+
 small ap]ture vibrate1 ?r[+ ! s5sation 
( vibration up into ! head4 ,9 e way    
,nature seems to indicate t !re are ?ree
 vocal regi/]s4  ,! mo/ extreme limits (
 human voice s f> kn[n 7 f\nd 9 ! voices
 ( ,ludwig ,fis*]1 a bass s+]1 & (      
,lucrezia ,aguj>i 7,la ,ba/>della71 a   
florid soprano4 ,fis*] creat$ ! rle (   
,osm9 9 ,moz>t's ,entfhr+ aus dem       
,s]ail4 ,8 voice w5t d[n to contra ,f   
,music3 ,f#a an entire octave l[] ?an ! 
ord9>y bass s+]4 ,la ,ba/>della sang z  
high z ,music3 ,c#g or an octave high]  
?an :at usually is spok5 ( z soprano    
high ,c4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 m>vell\s voices1 
s extraord9>y t !y =m "p ( ! hi/ory (   
s++4 ,inde$1 ,bak]1 9 8 ,biographical   
,diction>y ( ,musicians1 cr$its ,fis*] )
 ,d--a#a ,music3 ,d#b-;,a#d4  ,a        

reasonable /atem5t ( ! vocal compass    
w\ld be #b-a_/b octaves1 or ,music3 ,f#c
 to ,c#f = female voice & ! same1 an    
octave l[]1 = male voice4 ,all[+ =      
unusual voices1 ! /atem5t w\ld be z     
foll[s3    ,music3    ,treble /aff3     
,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4 ,d#c-;,f#d         
,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#d-;,f#e   ,high or  
,head ,regi/]4 ,g#e-;,f#f    ,bass /aff3
   ,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4 ,c#b-;,f#c      
,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#c-;,f#d   ,high or  
,head ,regi/]4 ,g#d-;,c#e  ,?is musical 
example %[s t save = ! l[e/ note ( !    
bass voice & ! ?ree highe/ ( ! soprano1 
! male & female compass p>allel ea* o!r 
at an int]val ( an octave ap>t1 & t !   
division ( ! regi/]s is ! same = bo?4   
,/ill utiliz+ ! same musical example1 b 
not+ n[ ! two *ief divisions ( male &   
female voices 7bass & t5or 9 ! male &   
alto & soprano 9 ! female71 ! example   
w\ld be divid$ z foll[s3    ,music3     
,alto4   ,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4 ,d#c-;,f#d
   ,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#d-;,f#e          
,soprano4   ,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4        

,c#d-;,f#d   ,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#d-;,f#e
   ,high or ,head ,regi/]4 ,g#e-;,f#f   
,bass4   ,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4 ,c#b-;,f#c
   ,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#c-;,e#d    ,t5or4
   ,l[ or ,*e/ ,regi/]4 ,bflat#b-;,f#c  
,middle ,regi/]4 ,g#c-;,f#d   ,high or  
,head ,regi/]4 ,g#d-;,c#e  ,x mu/ be    
borne 9 m9d t regi/]s ov]lap1 t !y ext5d
 up & d[n "o into ano!r1 & t at po9ts   
:]e ?is occurs x is optional ) ! s+] 9  
:i* ( ! two ov]lapp+ regi/]s he w       
produce 8 tones4 ,!re are _m s+]s :o c  
s+ at w ! l[] half ( ! middle regi/]    
ei!r 9 *e/ or middle1 & ! upp] half ( ! 
middle ei!r 9 middle or head4 ,x is to  
be not$1 h[ev]1 t x is easi] to br+ d[n 
a tone f a high] into a l[] regi/] ?an  
to =ce up a regi/]1 ! latt] proce$+ (t5 
be+ ru9\s to ! voice4  ,duprez1 a       
ph5om5al t5or1 c\ld1 z ,i h /at$1 s+ !  
:ole t5or range 9 ! *e/ regi/]4 ,he c\ld
 emit ! ut de poitr9e1 :i* means t he   
c\ld s+ ev5 t5or high ,c 9 ! *e/ regi/]4
 ,! result 0 t half ! t5ors ( ,europe   
ru9$ _! voices try+ to imitate him4 ,=  

!y ignor$ ! natural ?ree-regi/]         
divisions ( ! voice1 & ?\ght !y c\ld    
accompli% ) _! av]age voices :at is     
res]v$ only = ph5om5al ones4  ,!re are  
?ree regi/]s2 & ! int]relations betwe5  
^! & ! diff]5t voices )9 ! male & female
 range mu/ n[ be consid]$4     ,,*apt]  
,,viii  ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,! ,,voice  
,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ! old days1 f   
:i* traditions ( ph5om5ally high voices 
h come d[n to u1 musical pit* 0 l[] ?an 
x is n[4 ,9 ^? days a t5or1 = example1  
c\ld c>ry up 8 voice 9 ! adju/m5t = !   
middle or 9 ph5om5al cases ev5 = ! *e/  
regi/]1 in/ead ( *ang+ to ! head regi/]1
 m easily ?an c be done n[4 ,9 fact1    
n[adays1 :5 a compos] calls = a v high  
note1 x usually is transpos$1 s t       
actually ! suppos$ly high ,c ( ,di      
quella pira ne>ly always is a ,b flat4  
,probably !re has be5 no g5]al          
det]ioration 9 voices1 popul> op9ion to 
! contr>y not)/&+4 ,ph5om5al voices     
always h be5 r>e1 & d\btless are no r>] 
n[ ?an at any o!r p]iod4 ,at any "t any 

op]a h\se w\ld h be5 pr\d ( two su*     
t5ors z ,c>uso & ,bonci1 or ( two su*   
sopranos z ,melba & ,tetrazz9i1 :ile !re
 is no p]iod 9 :i* a ,sembri* w\ld n h  
be5 a r>a avis4 ,! arti/ :o1 seem+ly    
taught by nature1 spontane\sly employs !
 correct regi/]s & s+s ! mo/ difficult  
music ) ease & accuracy1 always has be5 
an unusually gift$ p]son--a vocal       
ph5om5on1 9 fact4  ,! prec$+ *apt] gave 
only ! ma9 divisions = male & female    
voices--alto & soprano = female &       
b>itone & t5or = male4 ,!re are         
subdivisions ( ^!4 ,contralto is a      
subdivision ( alto1 mezzo-soprano (     
soprano2 & soprano itself may be        
dramatic or florid4 ,b>itone is a       
division ( bass2 & t5or is ei!r dramatic
 or lyric4 ,ev5 :5 "o ( ^! subdivisions 
( voice is able to ent] ! range ( ano!r1
 x _c d ! same ?+s ) ! same ease z ! "o 
:i* naturally belongs !re4 ,an alto (   
extraord9>y range1 l ,s*umann-,he9k1 may
 be able to a*ieve high soprano 9 ! head
 regi/]4 ,x is a valuable accompli%m5t1 

insur+ ease 9 s++ ( rles t lie 9 !      
balance betwe5 high alto &              
mezzo-soprano1 b x does n make ! s+] a  
soprano4 ,a dramatic soprano may be able
 to s+ florid rles1 b nev] ) ! success (
 ! soprano ^: natural gifts are ( !     
florid ord]4 ,a ,wagn] s+] r>ely succe$s
 9 ! traditional ,italian rles1 nor a   
s+] ( ^! 9 ,wagn] rles4 ,lilli ,lehmann 
always insi/$ t ,norma 0 "o ( h] great  
rles1 & crav$ ! opportunity to s+ x "h4 
,at la/ ! opportunity came1 b x is n on 
record t ! public clamor$ = its         
repetition or rank$ h] ,ca/a diva ) h]  
s++ ( ,isolde's ,liebe/od4 ,melba1 "o ( 
! mo/ exquisite ( florid sopranos1 once 
attempt$ ,brnnhilde 9 ,siegfri$4 ,"o    
p]=mance1 & h] good judgm5t came to h]  
rescue4 ,x is to ,sembri*'s cr$it t %e  
always has rema9$ )9 h] g5re & = ?is    
reason nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 has made a   
failure4 ,! sign-po/ t /&s at ! entrance
 to ! pa? lead+ to vocal success might  
read z foll[s3 ,f9d out :at y\r voice   
is1 & rema9 /rictly )9 x4  ,! voice :i*1

 because ( its great range1 be/         
illu/rates ! ?ree-regi/] division ( !   
vocal scale1 is ! soprano4 ,! av]age    
soprano ranges f ,music3 ,c#d-;,a#e2 b  
comb9+ ! ?ree types ( soprano voices1 ! 
soprano compass is z giv5 9 ! previ\s   
*apt]1 ! extremes be+1 ( c\rse1         
exceptional4  ,among types ( sopranos1 !
 dramatic av]ages ! greate/ compass4 ,! 
voice is heavi] ?an florid soprano &    
incapable ( be+ h&l$ ) ! same agility4  
,b x conta9s m l[ notes & almo/ z _m    
high ones1 unless 9 ! latt] respect "o  
comp>es x ) florid soprano voices ( !   
ph5om5al ord]4 ,o!rwise1 s f> z ! high  
notes are conc]n$1 ! diff]5ce lies 9    
quality r ?an 9 compass4 ,! ,inflammatus
 9 ,ross9i's ,/abat ,mat]1 :i* is writt5
 = dramatic soprano1 conta9s ! high ,c1 
& no "o :o has he>d ,nordica s+ x ne$ be
 told ( ! noble effect a great dramatic 
soprano c produce ) x4  ,x is possible  
to s+ ! ?ree highe/ notes ( ! *e/ regi/]
 ( dramatic soprano ) ! adju/m5t = !    
middle regi/]2 & ! high] notes ( !      

middle regi/] ) ! adju/m5t = ! head     
regi/]4 ,?is option is n m]ely a        
conv5i5ce4 ,its arti/ic value is great4 
,9 l\d phrases ^? optional notes :i*    
naturally lie 9 ! *e/ regi/] are deliv]$
 mo/ effectively 9 t regi/]2 b 9 piano  
phrases !y are m effective :5 sung ) !  
adju/m5t ( ! middle regi/]4 ,! same ?+  
applies to ^? optional tones :i*        
naturally lie 9 ! middle regi/]4 ,9 l\d 
phrases !y are sung be/ 9 _! natural    
regi/]--! middle2 9 piano phrases1 9 !  
head regi/]4 ,^! are two capital        
illu/rations ( ! value ( ! ov]lapp+ (   
regi/]s & ! necessity ( tra9+ a voice to
 be equally at home 9 bo? regi/]s on all
 notes t are optional4  ,!oretically1 ! 
florid soprano produces ! ?ree l[e/     
notes ( its range 9 ! *e/ regi/]2 !     
notes f ,music3 ,f#d-;,f#e 9 ! middle2 &
 ! notes above ^! 9 ! head regi/]4 ,9   
practice1 h[ev]1 ! small l>ynx & !      
limit$ cup space f\nd 9 florid sopranos 
make x difficult if n impossible = !m to
 adju/ _! vocal tracts to ! *e/ regi/]4 

,! problem is met by br++ ! head regi/] 
z f> d[n z possible into ! middle2 & by 
s++ :at !oretically %\ld be *e/ tones 9 
! middle regi/]4 ,x h>dly ne$ be po9t$  
out t ! l[] notes ( florid sopranos are 
weak4 ,?is acc\nts = x4 ,florid soprano1
 ! voice ( ! head regi/]1 is a voice (  
extraord9>y agility--! voice ( vocal    
pyrote*nics4 ,to a*ieve x ,nature appe>s
 to h f\nd x necess>y to sacrifice !    
heavi] middle & *e/ regi/]s :i* make =  
dramatic expression2 ) dramatic         
sopranos1 on ! o!r h&1 to sacrifice !   
muscul> flexibility :i* makes = agility4
 ,mezzo-soprano is a voice t lies )9 !  
compass ( dramatic soprano1 usually     
ext5d+ nei!r q s l[ nor q s high1 b     
gov]n$ by ! same laws4  ,= altos !      
ord9>y compass is ,music3 ,g#c-;,c#e4 ,a
 l[ alto or contralto is suppos$ to g   
d[n to ! ,e bel[2 :ile altos ( unusual  
range g high z ,music3 ,f#e4 ,i ev5 h   
se5 ! alto compass 9 notation run up to 
high ,c2 b to control ?is high range an 
alto w\ld h to be ano!r ,s*umann-,he9k  

:o has cultivat$ upp] notes 9 ! head    
regi/]4 ,! tone-quality ( "s alto voices
 approa*es s ne>ly t ( ! male voice1    
especially 9 ! l[e/ tones ( ! *e/       
regi/]1 t ^! altos are kn[n z female    
b>itones4 ,9 fact !re is no voice 9 :i* 
regi/] affects tone-quality z pla9ly z 9
 alto4 ,= 9 alto voices ! *e/ regi/] is 
apt to give tones t are heavy )\t       
correspond+ vibrance & sonority1 :ile   
tones produc$ 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! head     
regi/] are apt to be too ?94 ,! middle  
regi/]1 h[ev]1 produces 9 ! alto voice a
 tone t is ri* )\t be+ too heavy1 s t x 
avoids undue heav9ess on ! "o h& & on ! 
o!r a ?9ness t is 9 no way comp>able ) !
 light tones ( soprano1 b simply a ?9 & 
unsatisfactory alto4 ,alto tone 9 !     
middle regi/] !re=e gives ! /&>d        
tone-quality = alto voice2 & :5 s++ 9   
*e/ or head regi/]1 an alto %\ld        
endeavor to relieve ! *e/ notes ( _!    
heav9ess & ! head notes ( _! ?9ness by  
giv+ !m z mu* z %e c ! quality ( tones 9
 ! middle regi/]4 ,?is c be accompli%$  

by br++ head tones d[n to middle & by   
c>ry+ ! middle regi/] adju/m5t d[n into 
! *e/ regi/]4 ,b all ?is is z mu* a     
matt] ( correct e> & tra9$ w p[] to make
 ! voice reproduce ! m5tal audition z x 
is ( physical adju/m5t4  ,! great prizes
 ( ! op]atic /age & conc]t hall g to !  
high] voices--to sopranos1 = example1   
in/ead ( to altos4 ,yet ! prop] tra9+ ( 
an alto voice is a mo/ difficult matt]  
because1 :ile ! *e/ regi/] is ! natural 
s++ regi/] ( alto1 x produces too big a 
tone--a tone s big z to be heavy &      
unwieldy4 ,! middle regi/] 9 alto really
 is an assum$ position1 yet x is !      
regi/] 9 :i* ! /&>d alto tone is        
produc$4 ,tea*]s :o ei!r are ignorant ( 
^! facts or disreg>d !m are apt to c>ry 
up ! cumb]some *e/ regi/] until x meets 
! ?9 head regi/]1 produc+ a voice ^: l[ 
notes are too heavy & t5d t[>d ! uncanny
 & by no means agreeable female b>itone 
quality1 :ile ! high] notes are ?9 &    
undecid$ 9 "*4  ,! male voice-range is !
 same z ! female1 save t x lies an      

octave l[]2 its me*anism is ! same2 &   
its regi/]s are ! result ( id5tical     
physical functions4 ,?us1 all[+ = !     
octave diff]5ce1 ! t5or voice & ! laws t
 gov]n x correspond = all practical     
purposes ) soprano4  ,t5ors are lyric & 
dramatic1 a di/9ction t expla9s itself4 
,! lyric t5or is light & flexible4 ,!   
dramatic t5or is a r++1 vibrant voice1  
especially on ! high notes4 ,probably x 
is ! spl5dor ( ^! high notes t is       
responsible = ! !ory t !y are produc$ by
 c>ry+ ! *e/ regi/] upw>d4 ,9 po9t (    
fact1 a g5u9e *e/ regi/] r>ely is       
employ$ by t5ors4 ,_! easie/1 _! natural
 s++ range1 is 9 ! middle regi/]1 & !   
tones :i* 9 ! notation ( ! t5or compass 
are assign$ to ! *e/ regi/]1 really are 
sung 9 :at is m l a d[nw>d ext5sion ( ! 
middle regi/]4 ,j z ! l>ynx ( ! soprano 
is n z l>ge z t ( ! alto or contralto & 
is n capable ( ! op5 adju/m5t requir$ by
 ! *e/ regi/]1 s ! l>ynx ( ! t5or is    
small] ?an t ( bass or b>itone &1 l !   
soprano1 less capable ( ! op5 adju/m5t =

 *e/ regi/]4 ,! result is ! same--a     
p]ceptible weakness on ! l[] notes1 !   
great qualities ( ! voice ly+ 9 ! middle
 & head regi/]s1 especially 9 ! latt]4  
,! lyric t5or is a light] voice ?an !   
dramatic = ! same reason t florid       
soprano is light] ?an dramatic soprano4 
,! cup space )9 ! l>ynx is1 comp>atively
 speak+1 small4 ,?us1 :ile ! head tones 
( ! dramatic t5or are p[]ful & vibrant1 
! lyric t5or's head tones are light] & m
 graceful1 b are lack+ 9 brilliant1     
resonant dramatic quality4 ,a t5or l    
,jean de ,reszke1 :o sang b>itone =     
sev]al ye>s1 mu/ h a l>ynx some:at l>g] 
?an t ( a g5u9e dramatic t5or1 & 8      
production ( robu/ t5or notes 9 ! head  
regi/] mu/ h requir$ a mo/ arti/ic s]ies
 ( adju/m5ts ( 8 voice tract ?r\gh\t ?is
 entire regi/]4 ,b :ile x _c be d5i$ t  
,jean de ,reszke 0 an arti/ 9 ! true/   
s5se ( ! t]m1 x also _c be d5i$ t 8 high
 voice j lack$ ! true vibrant t5or      
quality & _h a suspicion ( b>itone 9 x4 
,"s t5ors :o _c s+ unusually high 9 head

 regi/] are able to acquire :at is kn[n 
z falsetto1 & ev5 t5ors :o are n oblig$ 
to resort to falsetto sometimes employ x
 = special effects4 ,falsetto is produc$
 by c>ry+ ! adju/m5t = head regi/] to   
its extreme limit4 ,practically x is !  
artificial reproduction )9 ! ?roat ( an 
adult ( ! small l>ynx be=e ! p]iod (    
mutation4 ,9 s++ falsetto ! false vocal 
cords drop d[n to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( 
! true cords & ev5 clos]1 r$uc+ ! cup   
space 9 ! l>ynx to its dim5sions be=e   
mutation4 ,to secure a good quality (   
tone 9 falsetto ! s+] mu/ h complete    
control ( ! cup space--be able to dim9i%
 x n only by all[+ ! false cords to drop
 d[n almo/ ^u ! vocal cords1 b also by  
contract+ x lat]ally4 ,if he c d ?is1 he
 c produce "s g5u9ely arti/ic effects 9 
falsetto4 ,:5 a t5or _c control !       
muscles t contract ! cup space1 8       
falsetto w be ( a poor quality--a m]e   
dodge to add "s high] notes to ^? ( 8   
legitimate vocal range4  ,!re are s+]s  
^: control ov] ! regi/]s is s exp]t t1  

:5 !y are call$ ^u to foll[ a l\d1 s++1 
vibrant head tone ) a pp effect on !    
same note1 !y c accompli% ?is by        
imp]ceptibly *ang+ to falsetto4 ,!y c   
glide f head into falsetto & back aga9  
)\t a break & add ! *>m ( v>i$          
tone-color to natural beauty ( voice4   
,?is is especially true ( dramatic      
t5ors4 ,if !y c v>y ! naturally full &  
sonor\s quality ( _! head tone ) an     
arti/ic falsetto1 !y are able to secure 
_m beautiful effects by an int]*ange (  
regi/]s4 ,:5ev] ! high tones ( a lyric  
t5or s\nd ?91 x is because high head    
tones d n lie naturally )9 ! s+]'s range
 & he is oblig$ to sub/itute falsetto = 
!m4 ,b>itone t5ors usually _c a*ieve _! 
high] notes 9 head regi/] & are oblig$  
to adopt falsetto1 b z _! voices are    
naturally full] ?an ^? ( ! lyric t5or _!
 falsetto is m agreeable4  ,falsetto is 
a remnant ( ! voice be=e mutation1 !    
male s+] :o c produce falsetto hav+ su* 
control ov] ! l>ynx t he c contract !   
cup space until x rev]ts to its orig9al 

boy size4 ,?is acc\nts = ! peculi>      
quality ( ! male falsetto--its alloy ( !
 fem99e4 ,boys s+ soprano or alto2 & a  
man's voice mu/ be naturally high &     
possess su* a g5u9e t5or quality t no?+ 
c rob x ( its true timbre1 to be        
effective 9 falsetto4 ,?is is :y !      
av]age b>itone t5ors--s+]s :o beg9 z    
b>itones b ^: voices l5d !mselves to be+
 tra9$ up--r>ely are able to p5etrate an
 ensemble ) a cle>1 r++ high note (     
g5u9e t5or quality4 ,a good t5or        
falsetto is 9 fact a rev]sion to        
boy-soprano )1 h[ev]1 ! quality ( adult 
high voice pr$om9at+ to su* a degree t x
 has ! t5or timbre2 & 9 proportion z !  
high notes ( ! male voice result f      
artificial tra9+ in/ead ( f natural     
capacity1 ! boy-soprano timbre w creep 9
 & weak5 ! t5or quality 9 falsetto4 ,"s 
basses & l[ b>itones c be tra9$ to rea* 
! high notes ( ! male vocal compass 9   
falsetto1 b z natural facility to       
produce ^! notes is lack+ 9 su* voices &
 _! production is due :olly to artifice1

 ! rev]sion to ! boy quality ( voice is 
s complete & x pr$om9ates to su* a      
degree t ^! voices are kn[n z male      
altos4  ,falsetto usually is associat$ )
 t5ors1 b falsetto also c be employ$ by 
wom51 ! results1 z ) m51 dep5d+ on :e!r 
! voice is naturally a high "o or n4 ,i 
repeat t ) voices :i* naturally are     
high1 falsetto is n a dodge1 b a        
legitimate arti/ic effect4 ,fur!rmore1  
s+]s :o 9 addition to control ( ! regul>
 regi/]s h control ( falsetto1 frequ5tly
 f9d physical relief 9 pass+ f head to  
falsetto & back aga94  ,basses are (    
?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,basso pr(undo is !  
l[e/ bass2 basso cantante is a flexible 
bass usually unable to s+ q z l[ z basso
 pr(undo2 b>itone is ! highe/ bass--a   
voice midway betwe5 bass & t5or & p>tak+
 some:at ( ! quality ( bo?4 ,! bass     
compass p>allels t = contralto & alto at
 an int]val ( an octave &1 9 _! use ( ! 
regi/]s1 basses & contraltos & b>itones 
& altos h mu* 9 common4 ,z ) contralto1 
! natural s++ regi/] ( basses is ! *e/  

regi/]4 ,! middle regi/] is awkw>d to   
e/abli% 9 bass voices1 z ! size ( !     
l>ynx gives a l>ge op5 cup space :i* is 
unsuit$ to ! *e/ regi/]4 ,!re=e1 )      
basses1 :5 ! capacity ( ! *e/ regi/] is 
exhau/$1 x is be/ = ! production ( !    
notes above to make a complete *ange (  
adju/m5t to head regi/]4 ,?us 9 bass !  
middle regi/] practically is elim9at$4  
,! high bass or b>itone compass is f    
,music3 ,g#b-;,f#d4 ,x 0 se5 t ! "q (   
regi/]s ) altos & contraltos 0 a        
complicat$ "o1 & simil> complications   
exi/ ) b>itones4 ,"s b>itones c employ !
 middle regi/] ) ease1 s t l c]ta9      
contraltos !y c s+ 9 ?ree regi/]s--a r  
weak *e/ regi/]1 middle & head 7or      
falsetto7 regi/]s4 ,! tra9+ ( b>itones  
is difficult1 & %\ld be det]m9$ by !    
t5d5cy ( ! individual b>itone           
voice--:e!r x incl9es t[>d bass or t[>d 
t5or4 ,= example1 ,jean de ,reszke 0 at 
! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] ! victim ( faulty     
voice diagnosis4 ,he 0 pron\nc$ a       
b>itone & tra9$ = b>itone rles1 ) !     

result t he suff]$ f an exagg]at$       
condition ( fatigue aft] e appe>ance4   
,lat] ! probable t5or quality ( 8 voice 
0 discov]$1 & :5 x _h be5 develop$ along
 physiological l9es be/ suit$ to its    
real quality1 undue fatigue aft] us+ x  
ceas$4  ,! division ( ! vocal scale into
 regi/]s is n an artifice4 ,x is        
,nature's me?od ( assi/+ vocalization1  
h] way ( reliev+ ! /ra9 ( ! voice4 ,a   
c]ta9 portion ( ! vocal scale lies      
naturally 9 ! *e/ regi/]4 ,b if ?is op5 
adju/m5t is c>ri$ up too f>1 ! tones are
 /ra9$ & ev5tually ru9$4 ,on ! o!r h&   
if1 at ! prop] po9t1 ! s+] passes into !
 middle regi/]1 ! /ra9 is reliev$2 & !  
relief exp]i5c$ is ev5 great] :5 pass+ f
 middle into head1 entirely releas+ "o  
set ( muscles & call+ an entirely new   
set into play4  ,! s-call$ breaks 9 !   
voice occur at po9ts :]e "o regi/]      
passes into ano!r2 & x %\ld be ! aim (  
prop] in/ruction 9 voice-culture to     
elim9ate ! breaks4 ,!y are due to !     
*ange 9 adju/m5t :i* ea* regi/] calls =4

 ,! be/ me?od ( bl5d+ ! regi/]s--(      
smoo?+ out ! breaks--is to br+ a high]  
regi/] sev]al tones d[n into ! "o bel[ &
 ?us bridge ov] ! passage f "o adju/m5t 
to ano!r4 ,to d ?is consci\sly w\ld     
defeat its aim4 ,x mu/ be done 9        
spontane\s response to ! m5tal          
conception ( ! tone or phrase to be     
emitt$4 ,x mu/ become second nature ) ! 
s+]1 a physiological adju/m5t 9 answ] to
 a psy*ical concept--a detail1 9 fact "o
 ( ! mo/ important details1 9 t true    
physiology ( voice-production :i* also  
takes psy*ical conditions into          
consid]ation4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,!     
,,/roke ,,( ,,! ,,glottis   ,! c\p de   
glotte1 translat$ z /roke ( ! glottis1  
ref]s to ! mann] 9 :i* a note %\ld be   
attack$4 ,?is matt] ( attack already has
 be5 cov]$ by inf]5ce _m times 9 ! c\rse
 ( ?is book4 ,=1 z ! effectiv5ess (     
vocal attack dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* !    
air-column /rikes ! vocal cords1 x      
foll[s t ! advice con/antly giv5 & 9    
accordance ) :i* ! entire vocal tract ( 

! s+] %\ld adju/ itself z if by second  
nature to ! tone t is to be produc$1 ea*
 "t places ! cords 9 ! correct position 
to receive ! /roke ( ! outgo+ air4 ,x   
does away ) all dang] ( ! audible /roke 
:i* occurs mo/ frequ5tly on ! v op5     
v[el-s\nds1 :5 ! air rea*es ! glottis   
too late & is oblig$ to =ce its way     
?r\gh1 ! result be+ a disagreeable      
click2 & x also obviates ! defect f !   
opposite cause1 :5 ! air passes ?r\gh ! 
glottis too soon & results 9 an aspirat$
 s\nd1 an ,h be=e v[els1 ! voice1 =     
example1 emitt+ ,hi = ,i4  ,mack5zie    
rem>ks on ^! po9ts t ! great object to  
be aim$ at is t no air %\ld be wa/$ or  
exp5d$ improvid5tly2 t j ! am\nt requir$
 = ! p>ticul> effect 9 view mu/ be us$4 
,too /rong a curr5t t5ds to raise !     
pit*1 a result :i* c be prev5t$ only by 
extra t5sion ( ! vocal cords1 :i*1 (    
c\rse1 entails unnecess>y /ra94 ,aga91 !
 air may be s5t up ) su* velocity t "s (
 x leaks ?r\gh be=e ! glottis has "t to 
int]cept x2 or ) su* viol5ce z to =ce ! 

lips ( ! *9k a little too f> ap>t4 ,9   
ei!r case s mu* motive p[] is ?r[n away 
& to t ext5t ! brilliancy & fullness ( !
 tone are lo/4 ,! c\p de glotte1 or     
exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! arrival ( !
 air at ! l>ynx & ! adju/m5t ( ! cords  
to receive x1 is a po9t t _c be too     
/rongly insi/$ on4  ,! regulation ( !   
=ce ( ! bla/ :i* /rikes aga9/ ! vocal   
cords1 says ,mack5zie1 ! plac+ ( ^! 9 ! 
mo/ favorable position = ! effect :i* x 
is desir$ to produce1 & ! direction ( ! 
vibrat+ column ( air1 are ! ?ree elem5ts
 ( arti/ic production4 ,^! elem5ts mu/  
be ?or\ghly cord9at$--t is to say1 made 
virtually "o act1 :i* ! pupil mu/ /rive 
by con/ant practice to make z f> z      
possible automatic4 ,ext5d ?is admirably
 express$ p>agraph to ! entire vocal    
tract in/ead ( limit+ x simply to !     
vocal cords z ,mack5zie does1 & x cov]s 
! problem ( attack4 ,x is n only ! vocal
 cords t %\ld set = ! tone at ! mom5t ! 
air-column /rikes !m1 ! entire vocal    
tract takes "p 9 ! adju/m5t t prep>es = 

! attack4 ,x is inde$1 z ,mills says1 a 
case ( complex & beautiful adaptation4  
,!re=e1 ! t]m c\p de glotte imp]fectly  
expresses :at ! mod]n physiologi/ (     
voice means by attack4 ,= c\p de glotte 
conveys ! idea ( %ock1 h5ce creates an  
errone\s impression ^u ! m9d ( ! s+]4 ,x
 is spontane\s adju/m5t1 & nei!r %ock   
nor ev5 attack1 t creates arti/ic tone4 
,voice & ,song1 by ,joseph ,smi?1       
expresses v well ! comb9$ psy*ical &    
physical conditions t %\ld prevail at   
?is important mom5t4 ,to be c]ta9 ( a   
good attack1 ! /ud5t %\ld fir/ ?9k !    
pit*1 !n1 ) all ! p>ts conc]n$ prop]ly  
adju/$1 />t brea? & tone simultane\sly1 
/rik+ ! tone cle>ly & sm>tly "r 9 !     
middle ( its pit*4 ,! book also         
describes ! ?ree faulty ways ( attack3  
7#a7 ! vocal cords approximate = !      
production ( ! tone aft] ! brea? has    
/>t$1 result+ 9 a disagreeable brea?y   
attack2 7#b7 ! glottis closes s firmly t
 ! attack is accompli%$ by an           
extraord9>y explosive effect or click2  

7#c7 ! vocal cords seek to adju/        
!mselves to ! pit* aft] ! tone has />t$1
 & produce a horrible scoop 9 ! attack4 
,"o ( ! wor/ faults 9 s++1 ! tremolo1 is
 due to t un/ead9ess ( attack :i*       
results :5 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! brea? 
& ! l>yngeal me*anism is n ma9ta9$--:5 !
 vocal tract has n be5 adju/$ 9 "t to ! 
note ! s+] is aim+ to produce4  ,ano!r  
writ] :o has a correct conception ( :at 
occurs at ! important mom5t ( attack is 
,l\is ,ar?ur ,russell1 :o says t !      
musical quality ( a tone is due1 #a/1 to
 its correct />t+ at ! vocal cords2     
#b;d1 its prop] placem5t or focus 9 !   
m\? aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! upp] ?roat1 etc42
 #c;d1 its prop] re9=cem5t ?r\gh        
resonance & %ape ( ! m\? cavities2 &    
#d?1 its support by ! brea?4 ,:ile ?is  
seems to describe f\r successive        
adju/m5ts1 !y are s ne>ly simultane\s z 
to be "o4 ,?is is cle>ly recogniz$ by   
,mr4 ,russell1 :o says fur!r1 t :at he  
has describ$ implies t ! body has be5   
put into condition & t ev]y?+ is 9 ord]1

 al]t1 responsive & ready = ! call ( !  
w2 t ! :ole body is 9 s++ condition2 t  
ev]y?+ is 9 tune1 & t ! "o tone want$ is
 all t c ensue4 ,! la/ is especially    
well put4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 made          
ready--psy*ically & physically--= !     
production ( arti/ic voice1 & no?+ b    
arti/ic voice c result--no click1 no    
aspiration1 no tremolo1 no wobble4  ,!  
vocal tone 9 its passage /rikes aga9/ ! 
walls ( ! vocal tract4 ,t "p ( ! tract  
^u :i* x la/ imp+es be=e issu+ f betwe5 
! lips det]m9es ! placem5t ( a tone4 ,! 
s+]s %\ld ?9k ( ! tone z focuss$ ^u !   
front ( ! h>d palate--beh9d ! upp] front
 tee? at ab\t ! po9t :]e ! ro( ( ! m\?  
beg9s to curve d[n t[>d !m4 ,if ! tone  
is plac$ fur!r =w>d ?an ?is1 its quality
 w be metallic2 if too f> back1 ?roaty4 
,to imp+e ! tone ne> ! nasal passage    
gives x a nasal quality1 a fault mo/    
common ) ! ,fr5*1 acquir$ probably ?r\gh
 ! necessity ( s++ c]ta9 ,fr5*          
words--bi51 = example--?r\gh ! nose4    
,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,fr5* speak ( s++ dans le 

masque1 !y %\ld n be und]/ood z imply+ t
 tone %\ld be nasal 9 quality1 b t x    
%\ld be project$ bo? ?r\gh m\? & nose & 
n unduly ?r\gh ei!r4 ,z a rule1 nasal   
placem5t %\ld be avoid$ by all b ! mo/  
exp]i5c$ s+]s1 & ev5 by !m employ$ only 
sp>+ly & only = pass+ effects 9         
tone-color4  ,! individual =mation ( !  
lips w\ld seem to h mu* to d ) _!       
position 9 s++4 ,"s s+]s advocate a lip 
=mation t gives an op5+ l an ,o2 o!rs   
lay ! ,o on its side ,illu/ration3 ,o   
turn$ sideways l an ellipse4 ,! =m]     
repres5ts ! lip position ( ,nordica1 !  
latt] ( ,sembri*--s t1 z ,i h said1 x is
 l>gely a matt] to be det]m9$ by !      
individual4 ,b ! s+] :o uses !          
elliptical position mu/ gu>d aga9/      
exagg]at+ x1 z x !n results 9 ! :ite    
voice1 ano!r frequ5t fault ( ,fr5* s+]s4
  ,aft] all1 ! f9al te/ (               
tone-production1 tone-plac+ & position (
 ! lips is ! quality ( ! tone produc$2 &
 ?is is det]m9$ at fir/ by ! s5sitive e>
 ( ! skilful tea*]1 & ev5tually by !    

tra9$ m5tal audition ( ! pupil4 ,! old  
,italian s++-tea*]s h be5 greatly prais$
 because !y are said to h reason$ f tone
 to me?od & n f me?od to tone4 ,^? :o   
praise !m ?us1 usually int5d _! praise  
to be1 incid5tly1 a condemnation ( any?+
 l a sci5tific me?od ( voice-production4
 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n         
physiologi/ ( voice-production is n an  
advocate ( too fix$ & rigid a me?od4    
,he1 too1 proce$s f tone to me?od1 & he 
goes ev5 fur!r = 8 tone ?an did ! old   
,italian ma/]s4 ,= :]eas !y began ) !   
tone z x issu$ f ! s+]'s lips1 ! mod]n  
physiologi/ ( voice-production beg9s ) !
 s+]'s m5tal audition--) ! tone z ! s+] 
conceives x & to :i* 8 vocal tract %\ld 
automatically set or adju/ itself ev5   
be=e ! brea? ( phonation leaves ! lungs4
  ,) ! beg9n]1 ! attack %\ld fir/ be    
p]=m$ on ! easy s++ notes ( 8 voice2 &  
al?\gh ?is book does n aim to be a      
s++-me?od1 b r a physiological basis =  
"o1 x may be said "h t a1 pron\nc$ z 9  
ah & prec$$ by l--t is to say1 l--makes 

an admirable v[el-s\nd & syllable on :i*
 to beg9 tra9+ ! voice4 ,! v[el-s\nd    
alone is too op54 ,an absolutely pure   
tone c be produc$ ^u x1 b x w lack      
color4 ,x w be a pure tone1 b o!rwise   
un9t]e/+4 ,) ! consonant add$1 x obta9s 
color & ga9s int]e/4 ,voice is indebt$ 9
 an amaz+ degree to ! consonants4 ,s+ ! 
phrase ,i love y1 & put ! emphasis on y1
 :i*1 = practical purposes1 is a pure   
v[el-s\nd4 ,! emotional vocal effect w n
 be ne>ly s great z :5 ! emphasis is put
 on love 9 :i* ! v[el o is color$ by !  
consonant l4  ,?is c be expla9$         
physiologically4 ,all v[els prim>ily are
 made 9 ! l>ynx by ! vocal cords4 ,! c\p
 de glotte really is ! process (        
v[el-mak+ )\t ! aid ( consonants4 ,?is  
process ( v[el-mak+ is s smoo? & op5 t a
 succession ( legato v[el-s\nds c be    
produc$ ) only "o /roke ( ! glottis1 !  
v[el s\nds fl[+ into ea* o!r1 or ea*1   
seem+ly1 issu+ f ! o!r4 ,consonants are 
=m$ )9 ! upp] cavity ( resonance1 ! m\?1
 "s by ! tongue alone1 "s by ! comb9$   

action ( tongue & lips4 ,voice-color be+
 l>gely det]m9$ by ! resonance-cavities1
 ! articulation ( consonants 9 !        
resonance-cavity ( ! m\? cov]s ! op5    
process ( v[el-=mation & gives color to 
! resultant ^w & tone4 ,?us1 :5 love is 
sung1 al?\gh l is n a /rong consonant b 
"o ( a small gr\p call$ subvocals1 x is 
suffici5t to cov] & color ! op5 o       
production4  ,! easy s++ range ( ea*    
individual voice usually is ab\t        
id5tical ) ! pit* ( its possessor's     
speak+ voice4 ,tra9+ %\ld beg9 ) !      
highe/ tone ( ! easy s++ range4 ,!      
reason = ?is is t ! high] tone requires 
a c]ta9 muscul> t5sion :i* places ! s+]1
 s to speak1 on ! qui vive to !         
importance ( ! task be=e him2 :]eas !   
great] relaxation on ! l[] notes might  
cause him to reg>d ! problem z too easy4
 ,at ! same "t ! high] note1 /ill ly+ )9
 ! easy s++ range1 does n call = a /ra9 
b simply acts z a spur4  ,k(l] gives six
 examples ( easy s++ ranges = z _m      
voice-divisions1 & adds to ea* !        

qualification m or less1 ?us all[+ =    
diff]5ces 9 individual voices4 ,8 easy  
s++ ranges are z foll[s3    ,music3     
,soprano3         ,g#d-;,e#e     ,m or  
less      ,mezzo-,soprano3   ,e#d-;,d#e 
,alto3            ,d#d-;,c#e            
,t5or3           ,e#c-;,e#d             
,b>itone3        ,c#c-;,c#d             
,bass3            ,a#b-;,a#c            
,ref]5ce hav+ be5 made to v[els &       
consonants1 x seems prop] to add at ?is 
po9t some?+ ab\t diction 9 s++4 ,!      
int]pretation ( a song is               
tone-production appli$ to ! emotional   
significance ( words4 ,!re seems little 
reason to d\bt t ! old ,italian ma/]s   
sacrific$ _m ?+s1 cl>ity ( diction      
includ$1 to beauty ( tone4 ,?is !y plac$
 above ev]y?+4 ,true1 beauty ( tone is !
 fir/ ess5tial ( arti/ic s++1 b x is n !
 only ess5tial4 ,if song is spee*       
vitaliz$ by music1 !n spee*1 ! words to 
:i* music is set1 has "s claim to       
consid]ation4 ,9 fact1 ! s+]'s diction  
%\ld convey ! import ( ! spok5 ^w ) !   

add$ emotional eloqu5ce ( music4        
,inde$1 ev5 "s ( ! e>lie/ ,italians     
recogniz$ ?is4 ,cacc9i1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury1 broke away f !         
contrapuntal music ( ! *ur* because x   
made ! words un9telligible4 ,tosi1 :o   
publi%$ a vocal me?od 9 #agbc1 a little 
less ?an a c5tury & a qu>t] aft]        
,cacc9i's decl>ation1 /ill insi/$ on !  
importance ( cle> diction4 ,s+]s %\ld n 
=get ! fact1 he wrote1 t x is ! words   
:i* elevate !m above in/rum5tali/s4 ,b )
 ! introduction into ,italian music (   
florid ornam5tation1 :i* ( itself made !
 words m or less un9telligible1 !y lo/  
_! due importance1 until1 z _m an old   
op]a-go] /ill c te/ify1 a t5or l        
,brignoli c\ld1 )\t prote/1 habitually  
all[ himself ! lib]ty ( sub/itut+ la = !
 words on all high notes & phrases1     
simply because he f\nd x easi] to s+ !m 
on t syllable4 ,at song recitals1 !     
words ( ! songs (t5 are pr9t$ on !      
programmes4 ,pr9t$ translations ( words 
sung 9 =eign languages s]ve an obvi\sly 

useful purpose4 ,b :5 an ,engli%-speak+ 
s+] pr9ts ! words ( ,engli% songs on 8  
programme1 x virtually is a confession t
 he does n expect 8 he>]s to und]/& :at 
he is s++ to !m 9 _! own language--s    
root$ 9 s+]s has become ! evil (        
indi/9ct pronunciation4 ,_! songs are   
songs )\t words4  ,h[ev]1 !re has be5 an
 improvem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,! old-"t    
op]a libretto 0 s /upid t ,voltaire 0   
ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,:at is too /upid to be 
spok5 is sung4 ,b ) ,wagn] ! importance 
( mak+ ! words cle> to ! he>] 0         
recogniz$1 & s9ce 8 works h e/abli%$    
!mselves 9 ! rep]tory ( ! op]atic /age1 
& mod]n op]a compos]s1 foll[+ 9 8       
foot/eps1 h /riv5 to write music t w\ld 
express ! dramatic significance ( !     
words to :i* x is compos$1 ! art (      
libretto con/ruction has greatly        
improv$1 & compos]s dem& t ! s+] %all   
convey to 8 audi5ce "s idea ( :at is be+
 sung4  ,simil> progress has be5 made 9 
song-compos+ & song-int]pretation4 ,j z 
! ,italians =m]ly /rove ma9ly =         

beautiful tone-production )\t mu* ?\ght 
( ! und]ly+ ^w or phrase1 s             
song-compos]s /rove = beautiful         
melody--= music t 0 satisfy+ 9 itself1  
:e!r x suit$ ! v]bal phrase or n4 ,n[1 z
 9 op]a s 9 song1 ! relation%ip betwe5  
words & music is recogniz$ & !          
importance ( comb9$ v]bal & musical     
phraseology is insi/$ ^u4 ,=m]ly1       
int]pretation 0 a matt] ( emotion only4 
,n[1 ! intellectual process1 !          
intellig5ce t discrim9ates1 ! ?\ght t   
ju/ifies ! s+]'s emotional expression z 
t fitt$ to ! words1 are weigh$ 9 !      
balance4 ,consequ5tly ! ^w mu/ be cle>ly
 pron\nc$ by ! s+]4 ,v[el enunciation & 
consonant articulation--pronunciation   
be+ a comb9ation ( ^! two processes--mu/
 be di/9ct1 or r %\ld be di/9ct1 s9ce   
!re /ill is mu* fault to be f\nd ) s+]s 
9 ?is respect4  ,mu* has be5 said1      
especially by ,am]ican s+]s1 ab\t       
,engli% be+ a poor language = song4 ,i  
?9k ?is is a survival ( ! "t :5 song    
in/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry l>gely 0 9 ! h&s

 ( =eign]s1 ma9ly ,italians4 ,naturally 
!y pref]r$ _! own language1 & naturally 
!y fail$ to appreciate ! g5ius (        
,engli%4 ,x is true1 z ,k(l] says1 t !  
,italian language pres5ts few           
difficulties to ! s+]4 ,9 x1 pure v[els 
pr$om9ate & consonants are 9 ! m9ority1 
& ev5 !n _m ( ^! consonants are vocal1  
:ile ! h>d aspirates ( o!r languages1   
especially ,g]man & ,engli%1 are unkn[n 
to ,italian lips4 ,b t :i* is easi]1 by 
no means is always ! mo/ arti/ic4 ,ease 
r>ely leads to dep?4 ,& ?is ease (      
pronunciation may acc\nt = a lack (     
dramatic gr&eur & vigor 9 ,italian & = !
 ,italian's me?od ( tonal emphasis &    
vehem5ce ( ge/ure4 ,! ,g]man or !       
,engli% arti/ has no ne$ = su*          
extravagances1 because ! imm5se ri*ness 
( ^! languages--! great v>iety ( v[els &
 ! vigor\s aspirat$ elem5ts--gives to 8 
utt]ance a dramatic fre%ness & =ce :i*  
are life & nature itself4  ,! ,engli%   
language is probably ! "o t has be5     
describ$ by =eign]s z ! mo/ unfit = s++4

 ,great] calumny has nev] be5 utt]$4 ,i 
cont5d = j ! opposite3 ,t ,engli% is ! v
 be/ language = an arti/ic s+] to use1 =
 x conta9s ! greate/ v>iety ( vocal &   
aspirate elem5ts1 :i* af=d an arti/ic   
s+] ! /ronge/1 mo/ natural & expressive 
means ( dramatic reality4 ,! ,engli%    
language has all ! pure v[els & vocal   
consonants ( ! ,italian2 &1 besides1 x  
is full ( ri* elem5ts1 mix$ v[els1      
diph?ongs & an army ( vigor\s aspirates4
 ,i admit t x is n z easy = s++ z       
,italian is2 b j "h its true m]it &     
advantage arise4 ,! difficulties ?us =c$
 ^u ! s+] compel him to /udy deeply &   
p]sev]+ly2 b ! treasures ?us une>!d &   
plac$ )9 8 rea* w amply repay = h>d "w4 
,my advice to ,am]ican /ud5ts is3 ,/udy 
y\r own language ?or\ghly1 & practise   
its difficult articulation ) ! utmo/    
fidelity4 ,if once y f9d ! application (
 its =ces to dramatic expression1 y w l 
x = s++ z well z ,i d4 ,b nev] =get t ! 
appreciation ( a sci5ce comes only f a  
?or\gh ma/]y ( x4  ,! tru? ( ! matt] is1

 t ea* language has its own peculi>     
g5ius = song1 & t a vocal compos]       
unconsci\sly is "u ! influ5ce ( 8 native
 language4 ,italian music is z smoo? z !
 ,italian tongue2 ,fr5* music has !     
elegance ( ! ,fr5* language2 ,g]man !   
rugg$ness ( ! ,g]man2 & ! music (       
,engli% compos]s also p>takes ( !       
*>act]i/ics ( ! language4 ,! highly     
tra9$ mod]n s+] %\ld be a l+ui/ z well z
 a vocali/4 ,z = ! amalgamation ( !     
spok5 ^w ) ! sung tone--t aga9 is a     
matt] ( unconsci\s adju/m5t ( ! vocal   
tract2 &1 n to ^w & tone sep>ately1 b a 
s+le adju/m5t to :at ,i may call !      
^w-tone4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,hygi5e ,,(   
,,! ,,voice   ,i %\ld say t no "o %\ld  
be m scrupul\s 9 8 habits ?an ! s+]4 ,x 
is m difficult to keep ! ke5 edge ( !   
voice 9 good repair ?an t ( ! %>pe/     
razor1 & no?+ %\ld be done to dull x4   
,no "o m ?an ! s+] requires to obs]ve ! 
moral & physical laws4 ,! s+] %\ld      
always be 9 tra9+1 always 9 ! p9k (     
condition4 ,by nature1 wom5 %\ld be m   

subject to impairm5t ( voice ?an m54 ,b 
!y are n4 ,!y are br\ght up to take     
bett] c>e ( !mselves &1 to put x        
bluntly1 to behave !mselves bett]4 ,z a 
result1 9 spite ( recurr+ disord]s1 !y  
/& up & d ! "w dem&$ ( !m :5 m5 d n or  
_c4  ,e pupil %\ld be in/ruct$ to fall  
naturally into an attitude ( att5tion :5
 com+ into ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]--z mu* s 
z 9 ! pres5ce ( a di/+ui%$ ho/ or       
ho/ess4 ,morale1 esprit de corps1 _c be 
in/ill$ too soon4 ,!y may well be       
consid]$ psy*ical elem5ts 9 g5]al vocal 
hygi5e4  ,p]sonal cleanl9ess is1 (      
c\rse1 "o ( ! fir/ requisites to heal?4 
,b1 :ile ba?+ %\ld be regul>1 x %\ld n  
be extreme4 ,a cold ba? /imulates at    
fir/1 b is foll[$ by a bad reaction 9 a 
few h\rs4 ,a hot ba?1 foll[$ by exposure
 to ! op5 air or a draught1 is apt to   
develop a cold by night4 ,i recomm5d =  
s+]s a lukew>m ba?4  ,:5 s+]s h _h _!   
hair cut1 !y %\ld wat* !mselves c>efully
 = ! next tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if possible1 
!y %\ld h x cut %ortly be=e go+ to b$ & 

%\ld protect ! head ) a light hood4 ,"s 
s+]s cat* cold e "t !y h _! hair cut1 & 
bald-head$ s+]s always are cat*+ cold4  
,& :ile on ?is subject1 x _c be /at$    
emphatically en\gh t any hair tonic t   
/imulates ! scalp too mu* is bad4 ,!    
gl&s 9 ! scalp absorb ! lead1 can?>ides1
 cay5ne pepp]1 or :atev] ! specific     
poison 9 ! tonic may be2 ?is is c>ri$ to
 ! respiratory tract1 & creates !       
symptoms ( a cold4  ,s+]s are n apt to  
take mu* ex]cise4 ,= ?is reason !y %\ld 
be c>eful 9 _! diet4 ,!y %\ld avoid     
beef1 lamb & mutton4 ,! :ite meat ( f[l 
is ! be/ meat diet = ! vocali/4 ,milk1  
eggs1 toa/$ bread1 /r+ beans1 sp9a*1    
lettuce1 rice & b>ley are excell5t4     
,potatoes %\ld be ma%$1 ) milk & butt]4 
,fruit is bett] tak5 /ew$ & ) little    
sug>4 ,ice cream cle>s ! voice = ab\t   
tw5ty m9utes1 b ! reaction is bad4      
,reg>d+ tea & c(fee1 inasmu* z a s+] is 
n a cat on a back f5ce1 b a human be+1  
!re is no reason :y he %\ld n be p]mitt$
 to foll[ ! social law 9 respect to ^!1 

provid$ he is n a suff]] f indige/ion4  
,9 fact1 !re are times :5 a cup ( c(fee 
tak5 at ! "r mom5t w c>ry a s+]1 tir$ f 
travel or o!r cause1 ov] a crisis4 ,!re 
c be no h>m 9 a cup ( c(fee 7,java &    
,mo*a mix$71 a cup ( ,phillip's         
,dige/ible cocoa1 or a cup ( tea        
7,oolong or ,tetley's ,ceylon7 = ! s+]  
:o is 9 good condition4  ,i always h    
held t a s+] c\ld dr9k a small quantity 
( alcohol--cl>et1 = example--if he takes
 ) x en\gh li?ia or o!r alkal9e wat] to 
c\nt]act ! acid 9 ! w9e4 ,smok+1 h[ev]1 
is v injuri\s4 ,a fam\s t5or ( to-day   
:isp]$ dur+ a p]=mance 9 ! ,metropolitan
 ,op]a ,h\se to ! prima donna 9 ! ca/1  
,i smok$ too _m cig>ettes ye/]day2 ,i   
feel x 9 my voice4 ,myron ,w4 ,:itney   
always left (f smok+ = two weeks be=e ! 
,worce/] ,fe/ival4  ,= travel ! s+] %\ld
 be prep>$ = atmosph]ic *anges z no "o  
else 9 ! _w4 ,he %\ld be especially     
cauti\s at night4 ,a s+] :o fill$ an    
engagem5t 9 ,savannah />t$ f !re = !    
,nor? at night4 ,he _h be5 9 p]fect     

voice4 ,z ! night 0 w>m he left "o ( !  
w9d[s ( 8 b]? op54 ,at ,wa%+ton he woke 
up ) cold4 ,x 0 sn[+1 & sn[ _h come 9   
?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ on to 8 b]?4 ,8 nose 0 
/uff$4 ,he _h no voice :5 he rea*$ ,new 
,york4 ,?is 0 due to ! sudd5            
int5sification ( all ! ?+s t belong to a
 cold4 ,if he _h worn a dress+-g[n ) a  
hood--n necess>ily a heavy "o--t w\ld h 
sav$ him4 ,a g>m5t ( t k9d %\ld be worn 
by s+]s at night :5 travel+4 ,!y c      
regulate ! b$-cov]+ accord+ly1 s z n to 
be too w>m4  ,clo?+ %\ld give correct   
a]ation = ! season4 ,silk und]clo?+ ,i  
reg>d z dang]\s1 because silk is a      
non-conductor4 ,good ,lisle ?read or    
flannel giv+ prop] a]ation is excell5t4 
,no "o %\ld be m c>eful ab\t _! clo?+   
?an ,new ,york]s1 because ( ! sudd5     
*anges 9 temp]ature !re4 ,/iff1 high    
coll>s are injuri\s1 because !y are     
irritants to blood-vessels & n]ves & are
 non-conductors4 ,coll>s %\ld be worn f 
a qu>t] to half an in* away f ! sk91 = !
 less ! ,adam's apple--! highe/ =w>d    

po9t ( ! l>ynx--is irritat$1 ! bett]4   
,!re are c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> & ev5 "o  
special day :5 s+]s %\ld especially look
 out = _! voices4 ,f ,janu>y #ae?-#bj?  
is ! p]iod ( ,janu>y ?aw & ( colds f    
melt+ sn[4 ,f ,m>* #ai?-#be? ! e>? is   
beg9n+ to f]m5t & ?is is a p]iod = spr+ 
fev] & inte/9al tr\bles1 :i* indirectly 
affect ! voice4 ,may #i? usually is cold
 & ra9y4 ,! latt] "p ( ,may & ne>ly all 
,june1 rose cold or ,june cold is       
preval5t4 ,ab\t ,augu/ #a/ come ! dog   
days & hay fev]4 ,9 fact1 f ,augu/ #a/  
until ! autumnal equ9ox is an anxi\s "t 
= ! s+]4 ,f ,novemb] #aa?-#be? !re is   
apt to be alt]nate cold & w>m wea!r     
conducive to a/hma4  ,) ! s+]1 m ev5 ?an
 ) any "o else1 ! ounce ( prev5tion is !
 p\nd ( cure4 ,! fir/ sneeze %\ld s5d ! 
s+] to 8 physician2 & he also %\ld      
realize--z only too few p d--t aft] a   
cold nature requires f a week to n9e    
days to repair ! damag$ processes1 & t  
he %\ld n "w too soon4 ,re/ is a great  
cure4  ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5*       

l>yngologi/s1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,poyet1 0        
int]view$ = ! ,european edition ( ! ,n4 
,y4 ,h]ald on ! subject ( hygi5e = !    
s+]4 ,al?\gh :at ,dr4 ,poyet says on "s 
po9ts is a repetition ( matt]s already  
gone ov] "h1 :ile o!r po9ts w be m      
?or\ghly gone into ?an 0 possible = him 
9 ! space at 8 comm&1 a summ>y ( :at ?is
 clev] man _h to say on a subject ( su* 
importance to ! s+] w s]ve capitally !  
purpose ( ?is *apt]4  ,dr4 ,poyet began 
by say+ t1 s9ce ! voice has intimate    
relation%ip ) ! entire organism1 x      
foll[s t a well-und]/ood hygi5e %\ld    
conc]n ! totality ( ! functions4 ,fir/ (
 all1 x is indisp5sable to avoid any    
cause ( di/urbance ( ! circulation1 &   
p>ticul>ly ( ! pulmon>y functions4  ,!  
s+]1 z mu* z possible1 %\ld inhabit     
suffici5tly l>ge ap>tm5ts4 ,he %\ld     
avoid rooms w>m$ by app>atus :i* may    
produce c>bonic acid or :i* remove f !  
air ! wat]y vapor x conta9s normally4 ,e
 day on ris+ he %\ld practise ex]cises 9
 deep brea?+ &1 if possible1 "s ( !     

gymna/ic ex]cises :i* x is possible to  
practise 9 a room4 ,walk+ is und\bt$ly !
 be/ ex]cise1 & e s+] :o is c>eful ( !  
s\ndness ( 8 lungs--:i* is equival5t to 
! s\ndness ( 8 voice--%\ld walk = an h\r
 e morn+ be=e 8 repa/4 7,?is advice (   
,dr4 ,poyet c h>dly be tak5 lit]ally1 & 
%\ld be det]m9$ l>gely by ! physique ( !
 individual47  ,9 ord] to avoid colds1  
bron*itis1 sore ?roat1 cat>rhal         
l>yngitis1 ! s+] %\ld regulate 9 a fitt+
 mann] ! ?ickness ( 8 clo?+ 9 accordance
 ) ! prevail+ temp]ature4 ,if by        
mis=tune he cat*es cold1 a little       
l>yngitis1 a coryza1 all ( :i* cause    
ho>s5ess1 he %\ld imm$iately ab/a9 f    
s++4 ,neglect ( ?is rule may br+ ab\t ! 
p]si/5ce ( vocal accid5ts (t5 v long 9  
cur+4 ,x is because pr(essional s+]s _c 
int]rupt _! "w 9 su* cases t !y m (t5   
?an any o!rs suff] f l>yngitis & above  
all 9 ! s dang]\s =m ( *ronic           
inflammation ( ! vocal cords1 :i*       
det]m9es ! deplorable s+]s' nodules4  ,!
 cutane\s secretions %\ld be wat*$ 9    

p]sons :o h ne$ ( a cle> voice4 ,almo/  
all cat>rhal affections ( ! respiratory 
organs are due to *ills4 ,advice is     
!re=e giv5 to e p]son :o has practis$   
viol5t s++-ex]cises1 :i* cause          
p]spiration1 imm$iately to *ange 8 clo?+
 aft] hav+ be5 rubb$ d[n ) a horsehair  
glove or ) flannel spr9kl$ ) alcohol4   
,l ! respiration1 ! alim5tation ought to
 be wat*$ by ! s+]4 ,z mu* z possible   
dur+ ! process ( dige/ion no viol5t or  
prolong$ s++-ex]cise %\ld be und]tak54  
,dige/ive tr\bles are (t5 ! cause (     
det]ioration ( ! voice1 ei!r because !  
swell+ & di/5sion ( ! /oma* by gas      
trammels ! play ( ! diaphragm1 &        
consequ5tly t ( ! lungs1 or because     
inte/9al tr\bles br+ on con/ipation or  
di>rhoea4  ,v nutritive & v dige/ible   
food %\ld be *os5 = a s+]1 & a mix$     
alim5tation %\ld be employ$4 ,among     
dr9ks pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to w9e &    
be]4 ,alcoholic liquors1 ,dr4 ,poyet    
?9ks1 %\ld be absolutely =bidd54 ,h[ev]1
 he advises a s+] 9 ! c\rse ( a fatigu+ 

p]=mance sometimes to moi/5 ! ?roat )1 &
 ev5 to take a few m\?fuls (1 cold wat]1
 to :i* has be5 add$ a little old cognac
 or v9 de coca2 b nev]1 on any acc\nt1  
to take an ic$ dr9k j aft] s++4         
,ev]ybody :o s+s ought fir/ to obs]ve 9 
! /ricte/ mann] ! rules ( g5]al hygi5e4 
,?anks to ?is hygi5e x is possible      
completely to develop all ! faculties ( 
! l>ynx & to regulate ! voice 9 su*     
mann] z to assure its regul> op]ation4  
,g5]al hygi5e1 moreov]1 w p]mit ! s+] to
 pres]ve himself f ! ext]nal influ5ces  
:i* may br+ ab\t aphony or dysphony1 t  
is1 loss ( voice or difficulty ( voice4 
,a p]son :o s+s %\ld always assume a    
natural attitude1 s9ce ?is aids ! play (
 ! respiratory organs4 ,?is play %\ld be
 mix$1 t is to say1 co/al &             
diaphragmatic4 ,! respiration %\ld be   
well regulat$4 ,! s+] ought nev] to take
 too sudd5 inspirations1 = he w\ld ?us  
run ! risk ( rapidly irritat+ ! vocal   
cords4 ,:5 x is a "q ( vocal ex]cises1  
"o always %\ld proce$ f ! simple to !   

complex1 tak+ c>e n to prolong !        
ex]cises at ! beg9n+4 ,t is1 ! fir/     
s++-ex]cises %\ld n be too prolong$4    
,moreov]1 9 ^! fir/ ex]cises ! s+] %\ld 
nev] attempt to atta9 ! extreme notes ( 
8 vocal range4 ,! ex]cises %\ld lie 9 ! 
middle regi/]4  ,ke5 impressions1 :e!r (
 joy or pa91 are1 9 ,dr4 ,poyet's       
op9ion1 bad = ! voice4 ,great fe> may   
cause a pass+ b in/antane\s loss (      
voice4 ,vox faucibus hsit4 ,! emotion ( 
s++ 9 public1 z ev]yone kn[s1 prev5ts _m
 arti/s f %[+ _! full capacity4 ,only   
cu/om1 & sometimes reason+1 c free !m f 
/age-fright4  ,p :o s+1 & :o desire to  
pres]ve ! integrity ( _! voice1 %\ld    
ab/a9 f smok+4 ,because "s s+]s--,faure1
 9 p>ticul>--h _h a brilliant c>e]      
despite ! invet]ate use ( tobacco1 !re  
is no reason t ?is example %\ld be      
foll[$4 ,tobacco irritates ! ph>ynx1    
r$d5s ! vocal cords1 & may cause he>t   
tr\bles h>mful to s++4  ,pung5t sc5ts   
%\ld be proscrib$ = s+]s4 ,! odors ( "s 
fl[]s are = c]ta9 arti/s ! cause (      

p]si/5t ho>s5ess4 ,mme4 ,c>valho c\ld n 
endure ! sc5t ( violets1 :i* in/antly   
caus$ h] to lose h] voice4 ,sc5ts (t5   
det]m9e a rapid conge/ion ( ! muc\s     
membrane ( ! nose to su* an ext5t t 9   
c]ta9 p]sons !y cause v]itable attacks (
 a/hma4 ,dr4 ,poyet also puts s+]s on _!
 gu>d aga9/ sc5t$ toilet p[d]4 ,i knew1 
he says1 a great s+] :o 0 oblig$ to     
r5\nce ! use ( ! toilet p[d] call$ ' la 
,m>*ale4'  ,9 end+ ! int]view1 he calls 
att5tion to ! fact t ! l>ynx1 :ile v    
delicate1 is an extremely resi/ant      
organ1 s9ce x c face fatigues t no o!r  
human organ c\ld support2 b because x   
%[s signs ( fatigue only by ho>s5ess1 is
 no reason to call on x = too prolong$  
ef=ts4 ,to "w two h\rs a day1 ei!r 9    
/udy or 9 s++1 seems to me a maximum t  
%\ld n be ov]/epp$ by a p]son c>eful ( 8
 vocal heal?4  ,ano!r di/+ui%$ =eign    
speciali/ is ,dr4 ,n4 ,j4 ,poock van    
,bagg51 ( ,! ,hague1 ,holl&1 :o has     
contribut$ to ! ,m$ical ,record a s]ies 
( articles on ?roat diseases caus$ by   

misuse ( ! voice1 & _! cure4,a          
,footnote ,a3 ,^! articles h be5 repr9t$
 9 f\r slim b int]e/+ pamphlets publi%$ 
by ,william ,wood  ,co41 ,new ,york4    
,cl]gyman's sore ?roat1 z ,dr4 ,van     
,bagg5 says1 is a disease kn[n to e     
?roat speciali/4 ,x is produc$ by misuse
 ( ! voice1 & ! same disease1 (t5 9 m   
aggravat$ =m1 is produc$ 9 ! s+] & by ! 
same cause4 ,! pati5t1 aft] s++1 w      
exp]i5ce a dry & hot feel+ 9 ! ph>ynx & 
l>ynx1 irritation1 & a frequ5t c\gh4    
,exam9ation ( ! pati5t discloses cat>rh 
( ! ph>ynx & ( ! l>ynx2 conge/$ & swoll5
 muc\s membrane2 pill>s ( ! fauces      
swoll5 & unduly develop$2 all ^!        
symptoms accompani$ by p>esis ( ! vocal 
cords1 :i* are r$ or yell[ & d n        
approximate well4 ,to ?is p>esis ( !    
cords is unit$ a p>esis ( c]ta9 muscles 
( ! l>ynx2 to :i* is add$1 9 s]i\s      
cases1 a swell+ ( ! aryepiglottic       
ligam5t4  ,t ?is disord] is n organic1 b
 functional--n caus$ by enl>g$ tonsils1 
ad5oids1 nasal polypus or mal=mation ( !

 tongue1 b by misuse ( ! voice--c be    
prov$ by ! b5eficial effect produc$ ^u !
 organs by complete re/ f s++2 !        
symptoms sometimes disappe>+ entirely1  
only to reappe>1 h[ev]1 :5 s++ is       
resum$--fur!r pro( t misuse ( ! voice is
 at ! root ( ! evil4  ,divid+ ! muscles 
into ^? us$ 9 brea?+1 9 articulation (  
consonants & 9 v[el enunciation1 !      
physician w f9d t 9 8 pati5t !re is no  
prop] cord9ation betwe5 ^! ?ree gr\ps ( 
muscles--t ?r\gh faulty respiration &   
articulation ! respiratory & articul>   
muscles fail to support suffici5tly !   
vocal muscles1 ) ! result t ! vibration 
( ! vocal cords is weak5$4 ,"o fault    
begets ano!r4 ,! faulty use ( !         
respiratory muscles directs ! vibrat+   
air-column to ! s(t palate1 :]e ! tone  
is s smo!r$ t ! s+] has to ov]-ex]t     
himself to be he>d1 in/ead ( direct+ x  
aga9/ ! h>d palate1 :]e x w\ld ga9      
vibrance & c>ry+ quality4  ,! faulty use
 ( ! muscles ( articulation is disclos$ 
:5 ! back ( ! tongue rises l a flabby   

p>tition betwe5 ! op5+ ( ! m\? & !      
ph>ynx1 ! consonants be+ =m$ !reby f>   
back 9 ! m\?1 in/ead ( =w>d ) ! tip or  
middle ( ! tongue lean+ aga9/ ! h>d     
palate4 ,! articulation is1 9           
consequ5ce1 ?ick & dull4 ,! vocal       
muscles are contract$ to an unnatural   
degree1 & e vocal tone is accompani$ by 
an audible %ock or spasm ( ! glottis4   
,all ?is adds to ! ex]tion requir$ ( !  
s+] to make himself he>d1 an ex]tion &  
/ra9 :i* ev5tually result 9 ! symptoms t
 h be5 describ$1 & :i* mo/ s+]s believe 
due to colds & o!r tr\bles1 :]eas !y are
 ! result ( ! s+]'s own misuse ( 8      
voice4  ,i h said t correct brea?+ is "o
 ( ! fundam5tals ( correct              
voice-production4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t   
incorrect brea?+ is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t    
factors 9 ! misuse ( ! voice t s5ds !   
s+] z a pati5t to ! physician4 ,i h /at$
 t !re are ?ree k9ds (                  
brea?+--clavicul>1 co/al &              
diaphragmatic2 & ^! h be5 describ$4 ,x  
has also be5 po9t$ out t ! tea*] :o     

in/ructs 9 "o k9d ( brea?+ to !         
exclusion ( ! o!r two makes a s]i\s     
mi/ake4 ,= 9 correct brea?+1 all ?ree   
are cord9at$4 ,usually x is spok5 ( z   
mix$ co/al & diaphragmatic4 ,9 tru?1    
h[ev]1 x is mix$ co/al1 diaphragmatic & 
clavicul>2 b1 aside f ! awkw>dness (    
comb9+ all ?ree t]ms 9 *>act]iz+ correct
 brea?+1 ! clavicles play a less        
important "p 9 x ?an ! diaphragm & !    
ribs4 ,9 _! relative importance to      
correct brea?+ ! diaphragm comes fir/1 !
 ribs next & !n ! clavicles4 ,i feel    
c]ta9 t ,dr4 ,poyet means ! cord9ation (
 ! ?ree :5 he speaks ( mix$ co/al &     
diaphragmatic brea?+1 & t ,dr4 ,van     
,bagg5 also means ?is :5 he speaks (    
diaphragmatic brea?+4 ,9 fact1 8        
description ( diaphragmatic brea?+      
involves ! ribs2 & if he omits m5tion ( 
! clavicles1 ?is may be expla9$ by !    
slight "p !y play 9 correct brea?+1     
m]ely topp+ (f1 z x 71 ! action (       
diaphragm & ribs4  ,dr4 ,van ,bagg51 9 !
 brea?+-ex]cises :i* he describes z     

b5eficial = re/or+ a voice impair$ by   
misuse1 lays emphasis on ! control (    
expiration & on ! brief ret5tion ( !    
brea? be=e exhal+ x4 ,9 8 fir/ ex]cise !
 abdom5 is pu%$ =w>d & contract$1 ! idea
 ( brea?+ be+ exclud$ 9 ord] to         
conc5trate att5tion ^u mak+ ! movem5ts  
correctly4  ,! second ex]cise consi/s ( 
^! same movem5ts1 b n[ comb9$ )         
inspiration & expiration ?r\gh !        
no/rils4 ,:5 fir/ />t$1 ! ex]cises are  
limit$ to a few m9utes f\r or five times
 a day4 ,:5 ?is me?od ( brea?+ has      
become natural to ! pati5t1 !re is add$ 
! brief ret5tion ( ! brea? & expiration 
"u control--t is1 gradual expiration4   
,?is con/itutes ! ?ird ex]cise4  ,9 ?is 
x is recomm5d$ to inhale sl[ly ?r\gh !  
m\?1 :i* %\ld be 9 position to pron\nce 
f1 t is1 n too op54 ,hold ! brea? :ile  
m5tally c\nt+ ?ree4 ,exhale1 pron\nc+ a 
prolong$ s & f9i%+ on t4 ,!             
pronunciation ( f dur+ inhalation & ( s 
& t dur+ exhalation is advis$ 9 ord] to 
provide evid5ce t inhalation &          

exhalation are c>ri$ out ev5ly & )\t    
%ak+ or breaks4  ,built ^u ?is is !     
ex]cise = tea*+ ! vocali/ to inhale     
quickly1 hold 8 brea? a brief space1 &  
exhale z sl[ly z possible1 z mu/ be done
 9 s++4 ,! inspiration n[ is ?r\gh !    
no/rils2 ! pause is n q s long1 b !     
expiration on s & t is long]--say z     
m5tally c\nt+ #dj w\ld comp>e ) c\nt+   
#aj4  ,:oev] has read c>efully ! *apt]s 
on brea?+ 9 ?is book w h discov]$ by ?is
 "t t ! brea?+-ex]cises j describ$ lead 
up to ! pr9ciples ( arti/ic brea?+ set  
=? 9 ^? *apt]s2 & t :oev] has read !m & 
w c>ry !m out nev] w require            
brea?+-ex]cises to correct misuse ( !   
voice f t s\rce1 because 8 brea?+ w be  
absolutely correct4 ,! same is true ( ! 
ex]cises giv5 by ,dr4 ,van ,bagg5 to    
make ! brea?+-muscles cop]ate ) !       
articulation & vocal muscles4           
,nev]!less1 s9ce !re are p :o d n read  
c>efully1 or :o g along 9 ! same old    
faulty way until br\ght up sudd5ly by ! 
dire effects ( misus+ ! voice1 ,i may   

add t ,dr4 ,van ,bagg5's ex]cises =     
articulation w be f\nd 9 detail 9 !     
pamphlets m5tion$4  ,:5 a s+] :o is     
suff]+ f misuse ( ! voice comes to a    
speciali/ = treatm5t1 ! speciali/ mu/ = 
! mom5t become a s++-tea*] & in/ruct !  
s+] 9 ! arti/ic cord9ation ( brea?+1    
articulation & vocal muscles4 ,! pati5t1
 hav+ ga9$ prop] brea?-control & hav+ _h
 impress$ ^u him ! importance ( =w>d    
placem5t & ( ! normal position ( !      
tongue to correct articulation (        
consonants1 is ready = correction ( !   
faulty action ( ! vocal cords4 ,?is     
faulty action is due *iefly to faulty   
attack--a faulty c\p de glotte--manife/ 
ma9ly on initial v[els 9 an audible     
/roke1 %ock or *eck & 9 ! emission (    
unvocaliz$ brea?4 ,?is latt] is !       
s-call$ spiritus asp]1 because !        
emission ( unvocaliz$ brea? :i* prec$es 
phonation gives an aspirat$ or h s\nd1 s
 t1 in/ead ( ah1 we he> haa4 ,! spiritus
 asp] is caus$ by a too sl[ contraction 
( ! vocal cords & _! too gradual approa*

 = phonation4  ,9 ! audible %ock ( !    
glottis 7sometimes call$ ! *eck glottid7
 ! vocal cords are press$ toge!r & !    
reta9$ brea? causes a %ock or explosion4
 ,dr4 ,van ,bagg5 says t ! v[el :i* is  
?us =m$ might be call$ an articulat$    
v[el1 :i* accurately describes ! effect1
 ! v[el be+ enunciat$ ) ! circum/ance ( 
! articulat$ consonant in/ead ( ) ! ease
 ( ! phonat$ v[el4  ,) a normal         
attack--! spiritus l5is 9               
contradi/9ction to ! spiritus asp]--!   
glottis is 9 position = phonation at !  
mom5t brea? passes ?r\gh x4 ,no         
unvocaliz$ brea? prec$es x & no         
explosion foll[s x4 ,! v[el-attack is   
cle>1 precise & di/9ct4 ,n only is !    
voice-emission pure1 b !re is no ne$less
 fatigue ( voice1 because all sup]flu\s 
movem5t ( ! glottis is avoid$4  ,! *eck 
glottid or glottic %ock1 on ! o!r h&1   
involves an undue ef=t ( ! vocal        
muscles1 & ! compression ( ! vocal cords
 causes irritation4 ,! audible %ock ( ! 
glottis _c be avoid$ :5 x is necess>y to

 acc5tuate a ^w beg9n+ ) an initial     
v[el4 ,con/antly us$1 h[ev]1 x is "p ( !
 misuse ( ! voice4 ,dr4 ,van ,bagg5     
recomm5ds1 z a me?od ( correct+ ! too   
frequ5t use ( ! audible %ock1 t :5 a ^w 
beg9n+ ) an initial v[el appe>s 9 !     
middle ( a phrase1 ?is ^w %\ld be unit$ 
to ! prec$+ "o1 some:at aft] ! mann] 7b 
m lightly7 ( ! ,fr5* v]bal liaison1 9   
:i* ! f9al consonant ( a ^w becomes !   
initial consonant ( ! foll[+ ^w beg9n+ )
 a v[el4 ,= example 9 v\s avez1 ! s (   
v\s is drawn ov] to & pron\nc$ ) ! a (  
avez1 ! effect be+ v\-z-avez4 ,if !     
phrase t is to be sung comm5ces ) a ^w  
beg9n+ ) an initial v[el1 c>e mu/ be    
tak5 to employ ! normal c\p de glotte1  
or spiritus l5is4  ,al?\gh ,i h devot$  
two *apt]s to ! regi/]s ( ! voice1 ,i   
%all also quote ,dr4 ,van ,bagg5 on !   
faulty use ( ^! & ! physical ills t     
result !refrom1 s9ce !re are b few s+]s 
:o d n "k ! difficulties :i* ! regi/]s (
 ! voice (f]2 & _m :o spoil _! voices   
=ev] by ! misuse ( ^? regi/]s4 ,g5]ally1

 ! misuse consi/s 9 ! exagg]ation ( a   
l[] regi/] at ! exp5se ( ! high]2 t is1 
9 ord] to produce big tone1 =c+ a regi/]
 up in/ead ( br++ ! high] "o d[n4       
,especially ) dramatic s+]s1 ?is fault  
is frequ5t4 ,!re is no voice1 h[ev]     
/rong x may be1 :i* c endure ?is        
ov]/ra9+ ( ! regi/]s1 & soon] or lat] ! 
s+] mu/ exp]i5ce ! disa/r\s results ( 8 
or h] fault--ho>s5ess1 fatigue1         
r\ghness1 & impur5ess 9 s++1 & la/1 b n 
lea/1 premature we>+ out ( ! vocal      
organs4  ,! exagg]ation ( ! regi/]s is  
g5]ally unit$ ) faulty brea?+1 :i* fir/ 
( all mu/ be correct$4 ,only aft] good  
results h be5 obta9$ ) reg>d to brea?   
practice1 c ex]cises = ! correction ( ! 
use ( ! regi/]s be made ) success4  ,:5 
! fault consi/s 9 ! exagg]ation ( ! l[  
regi/]1 ! s++ 9 ?is regi/] mu/ be avoid$
 = "s "t2 :5 bo? ! l[ & middle regi/]s h
 be5 us$ beyond _! limit1 ex]cises c at 
fir/ be sung only 9 ! high regi/]4  ,!  
pupil1 :ile practis+ 79 ! fir/ case 9 ! 
middle & high regi/]1 9 ! second only 9 

! high regi/]71 mu/ limit himself to a  
few tones1 s++ always d[nw>ds & v s(tly4
 ,! tones w be weak1 husky1 & (t5 impure
 9 ! beg9n+2 by & by1 h[ev]1 !y w       
improve4 ,:5 ^? few tones are pure &    
cle>1 ! pupil may ext5d ! ex]cises      
d[nw>ds1 always s++ pianissimo & avoid+ 
! l[] regi/]4 ,! high & middle regi/]s1 
or only ! high regi/]1 mu/ be ext5d$    
d[nw>ds z f> z possible4 ,only aft] all 
! tones1 sung z indicat$1 are cle> &    
pure & h ga9$ suffici5tly 9 /r5g?1 may !
 l[ or ! l[ & middle regi/]s be us$     
aga91 b ev5 !n n m ?an is /rictly       
necess>y4  ,! ext5d+ d[nw>ds ( a high]  
regi/] is also an excell5t help 9 smoo?+
 out ! break 9 ! voice at ! passage f "o
 regi/] to ! o!r4 ,?is ext5d+ d[nw>ds ( 
! high] regi/]s always c be done )\t any
 dang] to ! voice4 ,! timbre ( ! voice w
 ev5 ga9 consid]ably 9 brilliancy &     
fullness by ex]cis+ 9 ?is way4  ,closely
 unit$ to ! /ret*+ & relax+ ( ! vocal   
ligam5ts is ! mov+ up & d[n ( ! l>ynx4  
,_m believe t ! l>ynx mu/ be kept z     

motionless z possible & 9 a l[ position4
 ,! l>ge numb] ( voices :i* h be5 spoilt
 by ?is unnatural fix$ position ( !     
voice-box are a manife/ pro( ( ! evil ( 
?is way ( op]at+1 aga9/ :i* e s+] mu/ be
 w>n$4  ,! l>ynx mu/ be completely free 
9 its movem5t1 its positions v>y+       
accord+ to ea* tone & to ! pronunciation
 ( ea* v[el4 ,we c easily foll[ !       
movem5t ( ! l>ynx by lay+ ! f+] on !    
prom95ce 9 ! ?roat =m$ by ! junction ( !
 two w+s ( ! ?yroid c>tilage1 commonly  
call$ ,adam's apple4 ,:5 pron\nc+       
successively oo1 ow1 oh1 ah1 eh1 ay1 ee1
 we %all notice t ! voice-box rises &   
incl9es slightly backw>ds2 &1 :ile at oo
 its position is l[e/1 x is highe/ at   
ee4  ,also :5 s++ upw>ds we feel ! l>ynx
 go+ up1 :ile ! incl9ation backw>ds c be
 obs]v$ ev5 bett] ?an :5 pron\nc+ !     
v[els4 ,especially :5 s++ a high tone   
aft] a l[ "o we c feel h[ consid]ably ! 
position ( ! l>ynx *anges1 & x is cle> t
 e ob/ruction 9 its movem5t h9d]s normal
 voice-production4  ,:5 exam9+ ! pati5t 

! physician %\ld obs]ve ! action ( !    
l>ynx & feel if !re are no spasmodic    
movem5ts & if ! flexibility is          
satisfactory4 ,! action ( ! l>ynx c be  
ex]cis$ & improv$ by s++ seconds1 ?irds1
 etc4 ,! keynote always may be sung on  
oo2 ! second1 ?ird1 etc41 on ee4        
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,m ,,vocal ,,hygi5e      
,vocal hygi5e is a specific sy/em bas$  
^u well-regulat$ pr9ciples = a specific 
purpose & apply+ to a specific class 9 !
 family ( nations4 ,b !re is ! diff]5ce 
t1 :]eas ! laws gov]n+ ! g5]al heal? ( !
 community h legislative sanction & are 
/r5u\sly en=c$ by (ficial au?ority1 !   
laws ( vocal hygi5e be> no seal ( /ate  
or municipal p[]1 save 9 ! broadly g5]al
 s5se indicat$1 b rely = en=cem5t ^u !  
individual :o is mo/ ne>ly involv$1 & :o
 mu/ pay swift p5alty = any infr+em5t1  
h[ev] slight & h[ev] innoc5tly committ$4
  ,:ile ?is is a truism1 yet x _c be too
 /rongly emphasiz$ nor too (t5 reit]at$2
 = ) all _! notable precautions1 s+]s   
are (t5 tak5 unaw>es & fall :5 mo/ !y   

desire to /&4 ,:y8 ,!y are simply pay+ !
 p5alty ( a brok5 law1 & x does n help  
!m ) a disappo9t$ club committee1 or 9  
fram+ a telegram ( regret1 accompani$ by
 a physician's c]tificate1 to say t !y h
 err$ ?r\gh ignorance4 ,! aphorism t    
ignorance ( ! law is no excuse is j z   
valid 9 ! c\rt ( ! hygi5ic judge z 9 any
 common law c\rt betwe5 ! oceans4  ,x is
 ! preval5t practice to use ! physician 
z ! c\rt ( la/ resort4 ,b x w\ld be     
va/ly bett] & f> m s5sible if ! s+] c\ld
 be made to act ) swift au?ority z an   
ag5t ( prev5tion ov] ! weaknesses ( 8 or
 h] own nature4 ,! subject1 !reby1 w\ld 
be va/ly simplifi$4 ,x w\ld n be s      
pr(itable to ! speciali/2 b ,i c v\* = x
 t he w\ld n only =give1 b praise !     
discretion ( 8 pati5t1 & l5d all        
possible aid to educate him along a new 
sci5tific pa?--t ( prev5tion4 ,n a new  
pa?1 ei!r1 = 9 its la/ analysis :at is  
hygi5e b ! sci5ce ( prev5tion8          
,pres]vation ( heal? means ! prev5tion (
 disease4 ,?is answ]s ! cry ( e arti/'s 

he>t1 especially t ( ! vocal arti/1     
tea*] & /ud5t3 ,h[ c ,i prev5t disease &
 weakness ( ! vocal ma*9]y8 ,briefly &  
pla9ly3 ,h[ c ,i keep well8  ,9 ?is     
important matt] ( vocal hygi5e a prom95t
 "p is play$ by ! muc\s membrane4 ,:at  
is ! muc\s membrane8 ,x is ! membrane   
:i* 9 ?is special s5se cov]s or l9es !  
respiratory tract f ! v outlet ( ! nose 
to ! t]m9al bron*i2 9 fact1 to ! v      
air-cells ( ! lungs !mselves4 ,its      
function is t ( supply+ ! involv$       
passages ) moi/ure1 & x secretes a      
glairy or wat]y sub/ance call$ mucus4   
,n[1 m>k ?is well4 ,! entire area ( !   
respiratory tract1 f ! nose to !        
bifurcation ( ! bron*i1 x is said on    
good au?ority equals "o squ>e foot (    
expos$ surface1 & ! am\nt ( secretion p]
 day equals ab\t sixte5 fluid ounces1 or
 a p9t1 :i* mu/ be secret$ by a p]son 9 
! normal condition ( heal?4 ,x also has 
! p[] ( absorption ( c]ta9 div]se       
sub/ances1 su* z alkaloids1 fluids ( all
 k9ds1 h5ce ! dang] ( alcoholic         

indulg5ce to ! s+]4 ,alcohol coagulates4
 ,x causes ! epi!lium to contract & to  
become s dis9tegrat$ z to be utt]ly     
incapable ( p]=m+ its functions until   
su* "t z ! und]ly+ tissue %all h creat$ 
new cells to take ! place ( ^? :i* h be5
 de/roy$4 ,to illu/rate briefly ! v>i$  
functions ( ?is membrane3 ,:]eas        
alcoholic /imulant de/roys x1 ano!r     
p[]ful drug1 coca9e1 is absorb$1 (t5 to 
su* an ext5t t ! pati5t is pro/rat$ by !
 poison introduc$ into ! sy/em by ?is   
means1 & yet )\t impair+ ! membrane to  
any ext5t except ?r\gh p]si/5t          
indulg5ce4  ,! muc\s membrane is !      
telltale ( conditions4 ,if a man's      
tongue is coat$ ) detritus--:i*1        
angliciz$1 is no?+ m ?an ! products (   
decomposition1 a coat+ =m$ by           
ov]-/imulation ( ! gl&s ly+ at ! base ( 
! tongue--& ?is has be5 previ\sly       
sup]9duc$ by a disord]$ /oma*1 we "k t !
 cause is indige/ion4 ,if ! follicles 9 
! back "p ( ! ph>ynx or ?roat appe>     
di/5d$1 & ev5 ! tonsils !mselves are    

affect$--& ^! aga9 are "p & p>cel ( ?is 
same muc\s membrane--we c say ?is is due
 to "o ( sev]al causes3 ei!r to a reflex
 condition f ! /oma*1 due to ov]-eat+ or
 ov]-indulg5ce ( "s o!r equally         
delet]i\s sort1 or to inactivity ( !    
b[els1 or to suppress$ p]spiration1 or  
to improp] or undue use ( ! vocal       
organs4  ,aga91 let u glance = a mom5t  
at :at a good _m p deem a sup]flu\s     
app5dage1 ! uvula4 ,a pati5t comes into 
my (fice ) a badly swoll5 uvula4 ,! upp]
 tones ( ! voice are gone4 ,he has no   
complicat+ qu9sy1 & 9 t case ,i c say   
)\t hesitation t he has outrage\sly     
misus$ 8 voice4 ,i ask him :]e he 0 !   
previ\s aft]noon1 & f9d he 0 jubilantly 
root+ = ! ,new ,york ,giants 9 an excit+
 baseball conte/4 ,n[1 x 9 n[ise less5s 
! =ce ( my illu/ration t ?is pati5t 0 n 
a s+] & did n acquire1 if y please1 8   
swoll5 uvula 9 or?odox fa%ion4 ,x is    
only a %ort "t ago t a man came to me ) 
a pron\nc$ case ( o$emat\s uvula1 or    
swoll5 s(t palate4 ,he ann\nc$ to me t  

he 0 no long] a t5or s+]1 al?\gh he _h  
sung t5or = ?ree ye>s2 t lately he _h   
be5 p]suad$ t 8 voice 0 b>itone2 &1     
inde$1 he _h be5 s++1 up to ! "t ( com+ 
to me1 a b>itone "p 9 op]a4 ,x 0 ?is :i*
 br\ght him "u my h& z a pati5t4 ,he _h 
*ang$ 8 tea*]1 :o _h insi/$ t he 0 a    
t5or1 )9 two mon?s1 & s9ce t "t _h be5  
"u ! in/ruction ( ! ma/] :o _h decl>$ t 
he 0 a b>itone4 ,i _h kn[n him = "s "t1 
& ! only p]ceptible *ange to me 9 !     
voice 0 a decid$ t5d5cy to cov] & sombre
 ! upp] tones4 ,^u exam9ation1 ! only ?+
 abnormal 0 ! condition ( ! s(t palate &
 ! surr\nd+ tissue ext5d+ d[n bo?       
ph>yngeal pill>s4 ,! s(t palate 0 swoll5
 to ne>ly ?ree times its orig9al size & 
hung d[n ^u ! tongue4 ,! symptoms he    
compla9$ ( 7 inability to s+ above ,f1 &
 all high tones 7 husky4 ,! production (
 ! upp] tones 0 accompani$ ) consid]able
 pa94 ,an emolli5t g>gle 0 giv5 &1 soon 
aft]1 a/r+5t applications2 b 9 va94 ,x 0
 necess>y ?ree weeks aft]w>d to amputate
 ! uvula4 ,)9 ?ree weeks m ! op]ation 0 

demon/rat$ a success 9 t ! upp] tones 7 
fully re/or$2 b ,i leave ! "q ) ! tea*]s
 :e!r ?is op]ation w\ld h be5 necess>y  
_h n ?is "y t5or be5 drawn aside on !   
purely !oretical issue z to :e!r he 0 n 
a b>itone in/ead4  ,9 ! case ( "o ( ,new
 ,york's mo/ exp]i5c$ s+]s1 x requir$   
two ye>s ( p]si/5t ef=t on ! "p ( bo?   
pati5t & physician to ov]come ! habits (
 a lifetime4 ,! case is ( g5]al         
importance = ! reason t ! habits he _h  
=m$ are m or less common to all ( u1    
?\gh p]haps n to su* an aggravat$       
degree4 ,he 0 an invet]ate smok] & a    
confirm$ c(fee dr9k]4 ,^! habits        
reflect$ !mselves ^u ! poor1 def5celess 
muc\s membrane1 ^: function 0 p]v]t$ z  
%[n 9 ! con/antly conge/$ appe>ance ( ! 
respiratory tract4 ,i h se5 ?is arti/ ) 
conge/$ vocal cords rehe>se an oratorio 
9 ! aft]noon at a public rehe>sal & s+ !
 same "w 9 ! ev5+ at ! regul> conc]t    
p]=mance1 :51 to use 8 own words1 ,i    
feel z if e note w be my la/4 ,i h no   
grip on my voice4 ,x 0 a cle> case (    

indomitable w & %e] physical /r5g? c>ry+
 ! s+] ov] ob/acles t ev5 to my m9d     
seem$ well-nigh insurm\ntable4 ,a cure 0
 effect$ 9 ?is ob/9ate case simply by   
insi/+ ^u obs]vance ( hygi5ic law4 ,!re 
is no bett] in/ance ( efficacy ( vocal  
hygi5e ?an 9 ! case ( ?is man4 ,!       
gradual reass]tion ( nature1 z indicat$ 
by ! cle>+ up ( ! inflam$ muc\s membrane
 ( ! nose1 ! ?ick5$ condition ( ! ph>ynx
 & ! *ronically conge/$ cords1 0 an     
all-suffici5t rew>d = anxi\s ?\ght sp5t 
^u an important subject4 ,y may ask :at 
0 ! rem$y 9 ?is case4 ,x 0 simply advice
 giv5 & he$$1 toge!r ) ne$$ incid5tal   
treatm5t4 ,i cut (f 8 c(fee & cig>s1 n  
imm$iately b gradually4 ,he _h suffici5t
 =ce ( "* to aid me by he$+ ! c\nsel4 ,!
 result 0 a dim9ution ( secretion ( !   
muc\s membrane & a return to normal     
conditions4  ,"r "h !re is ano!r phase (
 ! situation to :i* ,i desire to call   
p>ticul> att5tion1 n alone because ( its
 vital importance to ! s+]1 b also      
because ( ! dang] to ! uns*ool$ /ud5t ( 

neglect ( :at we ord9>ily t]m a cold 9 !
 head 9 its fir/ /ages4 ,by ! fir/ /age 
( ! cold ,i mean t condition :i* obta9s 
be=e ! /age ( secretion is arriv$ at1   
:]e ! muc\s membrane is be+ conge/$1 :]e
 x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% :at is
 ! highe/ po9t ( normal /imulation "u   
:i* ! membrane may be expect$ to d its  
be/ "w4 ,?is po9t may be aptly illu/rat$
 by comp>ison ) a s+] "u p]fectly normal
 conditions4 ,!n1 z is well kn[n1 x is !
 m5tal impulse t /imulates n]ve1 muscle 
& membrane to d _! be/ "w4 ,b 9 ! o!r   
condition ?is result is atta9$ )\t !    
m5tal impulse1 z we h ! muc\s membrane &
 ! blood-vessels c>ri$ to a tempor>y    
climax ( effectiv5ess due to ! sy/emic  
di/urbance4 ,by ?is ,i wi% to make cle> 
my po9t1 t arti/s h (t5 notic$ an       
unusual brilliancy ( voice "u           
circum/ances :i* 7 all ! m my/]i\s      
because ( ! sudd5 collapse ( ! vocal    
organ "u /ress ( use1 & ! al>m+         
sudd5ness ( ! cata/rophe :i* ov]takes !m
 & leaves !m totally incapacitat$4 ,!n  

!y say1 ,i h a cold2 :]eas x requires f 
tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs = !         
fulfilm5t ( ^! conditions4 ,!y %\ld h   
rea*$ ?is s5sible conclusion j two days 
be=e4 ,i take issue ) ^? physicians :o  
urge t c]ta9 ex]cises %\ld be giv5 to ! 
arti/ :5 ! vocal cords are 9 a /ate (   
conge/ion1 = ! reason t x requires a    
p]iod ( f t5 to f\rte5 days = ! complete
 relief ( ?is inflammation4 ,dur+ t     
p]iod1 ! blood-vessels are fully employ$
 absorb+ ! products ( ! inflammation1 & 
any attempt to int]f]e ) ?is necess>y   
process ( nature c end only 9 disa/] or 
9 a prolongation ( ! difficulty4 ,?is is
 ! law ( pa?ology1 unalt]able & n to be 
evad$4 ,physicians at times resort to   
soo?+ & a/r+5t applications 9 an        
em]g5cy1 to c>ry ! arti/ ?r\gh a        
p]=mance2 b ! lack ( edge to ! voice =  
weeks foll[+ is an all-suffici5t        
indication ( ! rev5ge nature takes = ?is
 trespass ^u h] doma94  ,! cause ( !    
sudd5 disa/] to ! voice :i* ,i h        
describ$ is n f> to seek4 ,! cold has   

caus$ ov]-/imulation ( ! muc\s membrane 
( ! l>ynx1 & a consequ5t loss ( voice4  
,?is cold beg9s 9 ! head1 & on ! ?ird   
day1 p]haps be=e1 x has attack$ ! l>ynx4
 ,:y8 ,because ! muc\s membrane has     
become s swoll5 t ! nasal passages are  
ob/ruct$ & ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx   
has to p]=m a d\ble function1 t ( heat+ 
! air z x is br\ght to ! lungs 9 !      
process ( respiration1 z well z c>ry+   
out its own obligation to ! s*eme (     
nature4 ,by a /range co9cid5ce1 ?is     
membrane ( ! l>ynx is suppli$ ) s5sation
 by ! same n]ve t conveys motion to "o (
 its t5sor muscles4 ,?is is ! sup]ior   
l>yngeal n]ve4 ,by ! ?ick5+ ( ! muc\s   
membrane1 all ! intr9sic muscles ( !    
l>ynx are int]f]$ )1 &1 consequ5tly1    
total ext9ction ( ! voice foll[s swiftly
 ^u excessive inflammation4 ,!re y h x 9
 a nut%ell4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx 
& ! bron*ial tubes1 to enl>ge ^u its    
duty = a mom5t1 is end[$ ) v f9e1 hair-l
 processes call$ cilia1 ^: action is to 
waft secretions f ! int]ior ( ! lungs   

outw>d4 ,h5ce ! dang] ( promiscu\s      
spray+ ) all sorts ( ev]yday no/rums1 or
 ( any?+ :i* may int]f]e ) ! activity ( 
^! m9ute bodies or ! m$ia 9 :i* !y      
op]ate4  ,?is intimate relation ( n]ve &
 muscle & muc\s membrane is be/         
illu/rat$ by ! sneeze4 ,! explanation ( 
?is is an ov]-/imulation ( a "p ( !     
muc\s membrane ( ! nose call$ !         
,s*neid]ian membrane4 ,if we analyze !  
sneeze1 we f9d t x simply consi/s ( a   
spasm ( ! ph>ynx1 l>ynx & diaphragm     
?r\gh ! reflex action ( ?is membrane4 ,!
 ov]-/imulation ( ! membrane1 9 ! case (
 ! s+] especially1 may g5]ally be set   
d[n to an incipi5t cold2 b any          
inflammation ( ?is "p ( ! muc\s membrane
 ( ! nose alone may give rise 9 reflex  
action to vocal disability4  ,!re are "s
 peculi>ly int]e/+ isolat$ in/ances (   
di/urbance ( ! vocal me*anism1 :i* are  
unique 9 t1 :ile app>5tly h>mless &     
un9t]e/+ f ! /&po9t ( ev5 ! speciali/1  
!y h1 on occasions1 develop$ mo/ al>m+  
influ5ce ov] ! voice4 ,!y h no prec$5t2 

exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e _! influ5ce =  
evil4 ,!y are n a matt] ( record1 !y are
 simply tudes1 int]e/+ /udies 9 ! bypa?s
 ( vocal hygi5e1 & mu/ be dealt ) z !y  
appe>4 ,an exceptional example 0 "o :]e9
 ! voice ( ! s+] 0 p]fectly ev5 except z
 to ! ,g %>p 9 ! m$ium1 :i* 0 entirely  
want+--z ?\gh x _h nev] exi/$4  ,! s+] 9
 "q came to me aft] an ,ea/] rehe>sal4  
,i tri$ h] voice ) ! ,e-scale be=e us+ !
 l>yngeal mirror1 & to my utt] surprise 
f\nd ! m$ium ,g %>p miss+1 :ile all !   
re/ ( h] scale 0 p]fect ev5 to ! ,g %>p 
above4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 tri$ repeat$ly ) 
! v[els a1 e1 i1 o1 & u1 & ) consonants 
prefix$1 b inv>iably ) ! same result4   
,^u exam9ation1 no deviation f ! normal 
anatomy 0 f\nd1 save 9 ! left ant]ior   
no/ril4 ,"h a %>p spur ( bone project$ f
 ! septum into ! turb9at$ tissue4 ,?is  
condition _h rema9$ 9 ?is s+] = f\r     
ye>s1 accord+ to my previ\s obs]vation1 
)\t caus+ h] any inconv5i5ce4 ,a simil> 
condition 0 se5 by me 9 ! case ( ,mr4   
,santley1 ! fam\s ,engli% b>itone1 :5 ,i

 made an exam9ation1 & he decl>$ t he 0 
n aw>e ( its produc+ ev5 discom=t--su* a
 capital illu/ration ( ! necessity =    
non-int]f]5ce until ! laws ( reflexes   
are di/urb$1 t ,i _c refra9 f allud+ to 
x4  ,9 my pati5t1 h[ev]1 9 addition to  
h] nasal tr\ble1 ,i f\nd an enl>g$      
follicle ab\t ! size ( a pea back ( !   
po/]ior pill> ( ! ph>ynx1 at ! junction 
( po/]ior pill> & ph>ynx4 ,?is follicle 
0 remov$ by a simple process1 :51 z if  
by magic1 ! ,g %>p respond$ & has s9ce  
rema9$ unimpair$4 ,my explanation ( ?is 
case is simply "o ( reflex action2 t is1
 by a s+ul> complication ?is follicle   
fell 9 ! track ( ! glosso-ph>yngeal1 !  
ph>yngeal-plexus1 ! ext]nal-l>yngeal & !
 recurr5t l>yngeal n]ves1 :i*1 z x 71   
s\nd$ ! al>m = retreat ( ! phonat+      
muscles ^: h>moni\s action 0 necess>y to
 produce ! m$ium ,g %>p4  ,!re are      
num]\s in/ances ( affections ( ! vocal  
cords t might be cit$1 all sup]9duc$ by 
/ra9+ ! voice f v>i\s causes1 b         
especially by us+ ! voice "u improp]    

physical conditions or ( s++ 9 rooms    
fill$ ) f\l atmosph]e4     ,,*apt] ,,xii
  ,,nodes ,,& ,,_! ,,cure   ,i use !    
scale ( ,e z a means ( reveal+ to ! e>  
po9ts :]e9 ! voice %[s signs ( failure4 
,i use ?is scale because )9 x lie all ! 
pr9cipal resonances involv$ 9           
voice-production4 ,by ?is ,i mean t     
some:]e betwe5 ! int]val ,g to ,c an    
oral resonance is develop$ 9 ! majority 
( voices4 ,?is seems to be co9cid5t ) ! 
action ( ! lips1 ! tongue & ! s(t       
palate1 & ! o!r muscles t g to increase 
or to decrease ! size ( ! oral cavity4  
,f ,c to ,e above middle ,c ! pr9cipal  
*anges occur :i* contribute to !        
developm5t ( ! nasal resonance4 ,"s r>e 
voices1 h[ev]1 cont9ue _! oral resonance
 z high z ,f be=e *ang+4 ,x has occurr$ 
to me s (t5 9 ! c\rse ( my practice t a 
peculi>ly apt reason exi/s = mak+ ,e !  
f\ndation-note ( ! te/-scale employ$ 9 !
 op]at+ room1 t ,i lay p>ticul> /ress ^u
 x4 ,x has seem$ ! mo/ easeful note = ! 
pati5t to s\nd1 :atev] 8 vocal          

condition1 & ,i h be5 tempt$ to call x !
 nature tone1 because x may be said to  
s+ itself4 ,at lea/1 x c be s\nd$ )     
naturally op5 ?roat & )\t call+ into    
p]ceptible use ! multipli$ eng9]y (     
muscul> =ces :i* are requir$ = ! =mation
 ( ! high] tones ( ! scale4  ,consid] = 
a mom5t ?is eng9]y ( muscul> =ces at !  
comm& ( ! s+]1 & :i* 8 intellig5t & ripe
 k mu/ guide4 ,! muscles us$ 9          
voice-production may be divid$ z to     
action & location into t5 gr\ps4 ,9 ^!  
t5 gr\ps !re are "o hundr$ & sev5te5    
individual muscles4 ,?ree ( ^! act      
alone4 ,"o hundr$ & f\rte5 act 9 pairs1 
mak+ fifty-sev5 pairs4 ,aga91 ^! muscles
 are controll$ by n]ves1 "s ( :i* act   
alone & o!rs 9 comb9ation4 ,9 "o        
in/ance1 a s+le n]ve presides ov] two   
l>ge gr\ps ( muscles4 ,!n1 9 /ill ano!r 
in/ance1 two sep>ate n]ves are requir$  
to control ! action ( "o small gr\p--!  
palate gr\p4 ,! di/ribution is z foll[s3
 ,s+le muscles1 #c2 muscles 9 pairs1    
#aad2 gr\ps ( muscles1 #aj2 n]ves act+  

alone1 #ag2 n]ves act+ ) o!rs 7eight    
gr\ps71 #hh4  ,by tak+ ^! figures &     
increas+ !m 9 ari?metical progression1 x
 is possible to calculate :at a         
multiplicity ( n]ve & muscle ef=t is    
involv$ 9 a sneeze4 ,ev]y?+ t app]ta9s  
to ! vocal me*anism is spasmodically    
involv$ at once1 & ! enorm\s sum total (
 muscle & n]ve movem5t1 individualiz$1  
is #dfe1abj4 ,?is %[s h[ absurd is !    
!ory ( consci\s control ( ! ma*9]y (    
voice-production4 ,z ,i h frequ5tly     
po9t$ out1 ! adju/m5ts ( ! vocal tract  
to ! tone to be produc$ are responses to
 ! w1 physical reflexes ( ! tones :i* ! 
s+] he>s m5tally2 s t voice is m5tal    
audition conv]t$ by responsive physical 
adju/m5t into audible tone4  ,tea*]s &  
s+]s are aw>e t wrong me?ods (          
tone-production result 9 nodes on !     
vocal cords4 ,! node1 !re=e1 is "o ( !  
mo/ famili> =ms ( vocal cata/rophe4  ,9 
its simple/ =m ! node is a sup]ficial   
swell+ on ! edge ( a vocal cord1        
sometimes appe>+ on "o & !n on ! o!r &  

(ttimes on bo?1 dep5d5t entirely ^u     
causation4 ,= in/ance1 ! cause might be 
simply a sev]e spell ( c\gh+1 & ?is1 (  
c\rse1 might befall a p]son :o 0 n a s+]
 at all4 ,x has be5 kn[n to occur to    
animals4 ,! node is1 9 fact1 an o$ema or
 dropsy1 a swell+ f effusion ( wat]y    
fluid 9 ! cellul> tissue b5ea? ! sk9 or 
muc\s membrane4 ,?is o$ema appe>s on !  
edge ( ! vocal cord1 z a slight tumor or
 swell+ fill$ ) wat]4 ,if aggravat$ by  
cont9u$ use ( ! voice1 x may develop &  
become exce$+ly dang]\s1 by ext5d+ inw>d
 to ! real tissue ( ! cord itself4 ,!   
membrane is ?ick5$ by ! wat]y secretion1
 & mu* ! same ?+ happ5s z 9 ! case ( a  
p9*+ bruise or a bli/]+ burn4 ,nature's 
cure = ?is /ate ( ?+s is by absorption (
 ! fluid cont5ts & a consequ5t dim9ution
 9 ! size ( ! node until f9ally a normal
 condition ( ! cord is re/or$ & ! voice 
returns 9 all its fullness4 ,9 ! =mation
 ( ! node x is wor? rem>k+ t ! c\gh+    
node may appe> at any po9t on ! cords4  
,x %[s fir/ at "o po9t & !n at ano!r4 ,!

 node caus$ by vocal weakness or abuse (
 ! natural p[]s1 h[ev]1 displays an     
exasp]at+1 & sometimes puzzl+1 aff9ity =
 p>ticul> portions ( ! vocal cords4 ,x  
is g5]ally f\nd protrud+ f ! ant]ior &  
middle ?ird on "o or ! o!r side ( !     
glottic op5+1 or on bo?1 9 *ronic cases4
 ,! o!r nodes may be f\nd at any place  
on ! cord4 ,9 fact1 x frequ5tly happ5s t
 ! c\gh+ node1 & :at = conv5i5ce may be 
/yl$ ! vocal node1 are simultane\sly    
pres5t1 ea* to be di/+ui%$ by its       
well-def9$ location1 al?\gh produc$ by  
totally diff]5t causes4  ,!re are cog5t 
reasons = ! aff9ity ( ! vocal node =    
c]ta9 fix$ positions on ! cords4 ,!y c  
be expla9$ by ! trick ( ! vibrat+ /r+ & 
bit ( pap]4 ,if ! pap] is laid ^u ! /r+ 
at a c]ta9 po9t1 x w be flirt$ away2    
:ile at ano!r *os5 po9t x w slip        
unagitat$ to ! floor4 ,inasmu* z ! vocal
 cords are subject to ! same laws (     
vibration1 ! lesson drawn f ! /r+ & !   
bit ( pap] applies to !m1 ! node tak+ ! 
place ( ! pap]4 ,note1 h[ev]1 !         

diff]5ce4 ,! /r+ is s+le1 & !re is no   
attrition4 ,if !re 7 two /r+s1 ! bit (  
pap] might be caught & twi/$ 9 !        
m9iature :irlw9d ( oppos+ vibrations4 ,b
 ! vocal cords are w$d$ 9 phonation1 &  
by _! attrition ! node is =m$4 ,v (t5   
/r&s ( t\gh mucus appe> spann+ ! *9k or 
slit betwe5 ! cords :5 !y are drawn up 9
 tone-production4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! b&s ( 
mucus is an assur$ precursor ( ! node4  
,(t5 !y indicate ! exi/5ce ( a node :i* 
is h>dly p]ceptible ?r\gh ! l>yngeal    
mirror4 ,! mucus is nature's ef=t to    
relieve ! attrition1 & s to ease !      
inflammation at ! po9t ( difficulty4 ,! 
ob/9acy ) :i* ! nodes caus$ by vocal    
disa/] ?us =m 9 ! ant]ior & middle ?ird 
( ! cords may be expla9$ z ow+ to !     
pres5ce 9 ! vocal cords ( a po9t :i* may
 be call$ ! c5tre ( resi/ance = !       
intr9sic muscles1 & indicates t !y are  
caus$1 9 ! majority ( cases1 by undue & 
improp] muscul> ef=t 9 tone-production4 
,consequ5tly1 ! necessity = ! mo/       
pa9/ak+ c>e on ! s+]'s "p to avoid s++  

"u unfavorable conditions4 ,a trifl+    
ov]-ex]tion at an aft]noon rehe>sal 9 a 
cold hall1 too mu* talk+ on ! tra91 a   
bad night's re/ 9 a sleep] b]?1 all may 
conspire to weak5 ! voice = ! "t & lay x
 op5 to attack4 ,"u su* circum/ances1   
p>ticul>ly1 x is necess>y = ! vocali/ to
 ex]cise l>ge discretion & to aim = a   
cons]vative middle c\rse1 & especially s
 9 a prelim9>y rehe>sal4  ,ano!r cause (
 ! node is a lack ( cordal cord9ation4  
,7 ! human =m p]fect1 bo? cords w\ld be 
equally /rong4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 my  
own exp]i5ce1 ,i h f\nd t ! major       
portion ( nodal =mations appe> on ! left
 cord1 indicat+ t x is ! weak]4 ,! fact 
t "o cord is slightly lax :ile ! o!r    
vibrates at full t5sion along its face  
causes tr\ble4 ,ano!r s\rce ( difficulty
 is subglottic1 ow+ to inflammation ( ! 
muc\s membrane 9 ! tra*ea1 :i* ext5ds   
upw>d & involves ! cords4 ,!            
inflammation1 pass+ upw>d1 may easily   
affect ! voice4 ,su* inflammation is    
discov]$ by a tickl+ s5sation 9 !       

tra*ea1 caus+ a dry1 h>% c\gh ab\t !    
?ird day aft] a cold has f\nd lodgm5t 9 
! head1 z ! phrase goes4  ,! node has   
be5 ! cause ( vocal cata/rophe f op]a   
h\ses to conc]t halls1 yet a reasonable 
am\nt ( precaution w m9imize ! *ances ( 
attack4 ,s++ 9 a room :]e !re is smok+  
is a prolific s\rce ( node =mation4     
,brea?+ du/-lad5 air1 cont9u$ ef=t to   
c>ry on conv]sation on ! c>s or amid    
/reet noises1 are fruitful causes (     
vocal disord]4  ,! muc\s membrane ( !   
vocal cords obeys natural laws 9        
re/oration4 ,a node may disappe> 9 ?ree 
days1 if n teas$ ) ef=t4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 
x requires f sev5 to t5 days = x to     
disappe> )\t treatm5t4 ,if ! s+]        
fooli%ly p]si/s 9 us+ ! voice1 ! node w 
ext5d into ! cord tissues1 & result 9 a 
mo/ un=tunate condition4 ,! cord loses  
its ela/icity4 ,x refuses to respond4 ,x
 w nei!r act nor w x cons5t to be act$  
^u4 ,x is 9 a /ate ( collapse1 & ! voice
 = s++ purposes has gone1 nev] to       
return4  ,let me illu/rate :at re/ w d =

 a node4 ,a s+] came to me ) a node (   
?ree mon?s' /&+1 on ! left cord4 ,%e _h 
be5 s++ ) h] tea*] 9 ! regul> c\rse ( h]
 lessons at an un=tunate "t1 :51 too1 %e
 0 vocally weak4 ,9 s++ up ! scale1 & at
 ! ,c 7z ne>ly z %e c\ld rememb]71 %e   
became ho>se1 &1 z %e describ$ x to me1 
! voice _h a hole 9 x4 ,?r\gh\t !       
rema9d] ( ! lesson1 unless %e ex]cis$   
great c>e1 %e w\ld always break at !    
po9t nam$4 ,h] nose seem$ /uffy1 & %e   
comp>$ h] nose & ?roat to a cornet l9$ )
 velvet4 ,aft] ! break1 & = ! rema9d] ( 
! lesson1 h] voice 0 husky4 ,h] tea*]   
advis$ h] to seek exp]t advice4         
,previ\sly1 ! voice _h be5 cle>1 ?\gh %e
 0 a novice 9 s++4 ,aft] rema9+ away f  
h] lessons = two weeks or m & f9d+ t    
recov]y 0 n rapid1 %e came to me4 ,!    
node c\ld be pla9ly se5 on ! left cord4 
,be=e exam9+ h]1 ,i tri$ ! voice ) ! ,e 
scale1 wrote d[n ! diagnosis & h&$ x to 
h] to read4 ,my writt5 conclusions 7    
v]ifi$ ) ! l>yngeal mirror4 ,i f\nd no  
tr\ble except ) ! left vocal cord1 !    

node be+ 9 ! ant]ior middle ?ird4 ,on ! 
summit ( ! node ! muc\s membrane appe>$ 
v r$1 budd$1 & almo/ w>ty4 ,i coca9iz$ !
 cord1 & imm$iately appli$ pure alum 9  
solution to ! node itself1 b to no      
purpose4 ,?is treatm5t 0 cont9u$ = two  
weeks1 )\t any p]ceptible *ange = !     
bett]4 ,!n ,i ord]$ ! pati5t to rema9   
quietly 9 a clos$ room2 %e 0 to see no  
"o1 %e 0 n to talk at all1 %e 0 n to    
laugh4 ,z h>ass+ z 0 ! exp]i5ce1 %e     
fai?fully obs]v$ ! directions1 & on !   
f\r? day e ve/ige ( r$ness _h disappe>$4
 ,only a slight elevation rema9$ on !   
cord :]e ! node _h be54 ,! treatm5t 0   
cont9u$ ?ree days long]4 ,at !          
expiration ( t p]iod no trace ( ! node  
c\ld be se54 ,n[ no "o w\ld suspect t a 
node _h once affect$ h] voice4          
,exp]i5ces l ?is indicate :y ,i c\nsel  
aga9/ use ( ! voice "u diseas$          
conditions4  ,z a g5]al proposition1 all
 ?roat spray+ is dang]\s4 ,a ,new ,york 
s+]1 suff]+ :ile on a conc]t-t\r f a    
case ( sub-acute l>yngitis1 s\ght advice

 f a physician :o hone/ly tri$ to aid   
him1 b %ot wide ( ! m>k ?r\gh injudici\s
 use ( a spray1 9 :i* he us$ m5?ol &    
eucalyptus1 a comb9ation mu* affect$ by 
a c]ta9 well-mean+ class1 & :i* = a "t  
gives to ! ?roat a delightful s5se (    
coolness4 ,! s+] became afflict$ ) a    
viol5t1 explosive c\gh1 :i* caus$ !     
=mation ( a node4 ,he gave up s++1 los+ 
ne>ly #a1jjj 9 engagem5ts4 ,he w5t to 8 
own room & to b$4 ,he rema9$ 9 8 room = 
?ree weeks4 ,! temp]ature 0 c>efully    
wat*$4 ,he did n expose himself 9 !     
slighte/ degree1 nor did he use 8 voice4
 ,! result 0 a p]fect cure4  ,ano!r case
 is t ( a *ur* s+] ^: ?roat dur+ a      
religi\s fe/ival s]vice became fill$ ) !
 smoke ( inc5se4 ,! irritation caus$ a  
tr\blesome c\gh1 & %e lo/ h] voice      
entirely above ! top ,f4 ,x requir$     
f\rte5 days to effect a cure4 ,%e /opp$ 
s++ = six days & !n sang 9 *ur*1 ) !    
result t ! difficulty return$1 augm5t$4 
,%e s5sibly re/$ ! succe$+ week &       
p]fect$ a cure4 ,re/ did f> m ?an any   

am\nt ( m$ic9e1 h[ev] x might h be5     
adm9i/]$4  ,p>alysis ( ! vocal cords    
con/itutes a second =m ( vocal          
cata/rophe4 ,x %\ld ne$ no def9ition4 ,9
 reality1 h[ev]1 ! p>alysis does n lie 9
 ! cords !mselves1 b 9 ! lead+ muscles t
 control 9 phonation4 ,!re are _m =ms ( 
?is p>ticul> example ( vocal cata/rophe1
 ?\gh ,i am n[ deal+ only ) ^? :i* are  
liable to attack a s+]1 & :i* are mo/   
frequ5t 9 my own exp]i5ce4  ,) ! s+] "o 
=m is common1 viz43 p>alysis ( ! left   
adductor muscles1 or ^? :i* inspire !   
aryt5oid c>tilage 9 draw+ ! left vocal  
cord =w>d to meet its fell[ = !         
production ( tone4 ,no "o c ev] =get !  
sight pres5t$ by ! left cord 9 its      
helpless condition3 ! aryt5oid1 tipp$ ) 
its c>tilage ( ,santor9i1 ext5d+ f> ov] 
! m$ian l9e ( ! glottis & draw+ aft] x !
 "r vocal cord 9 a va9 endeavor to put x
 9 position :]e x c aid its injur$ mate4
  ,! p>alysis may1 ( c\rse1 occur on bo?
 sides1 & !n x is t1 on ! side :i* is   
mo/ ex]cis$1 !re is felt a s5se (       

di/ress1 ( pa9 & sudd5 fatigue4 ,?is    
condition g5]ally arises f prolong$ s++1
 & _m ( ! cases ,i h se5 h be5 ! result 
( ov]work dur+ ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas2 & all (
 ! cases :i* h come "u my obs]vation 7  
associat$ ) rheumatic con/itutions4     
,=tunately = ^! s+]s1 :5 ! conditions 7 
made kn[n to !m1 !y 7 9 a position1 or  
at lea/ 7 p]fectly will+1 to re/1       
because ( ! fe> t a k ( _! condition    
in/ill$4 ,inde$1 ! situation is always  
"o to cause s]i\s al>m4 ,! beautiful    
symmetry ( ! aryt5oids is impair$ & !   
agility ( ! voice is de/roy$4 ,if ! s+] 
p]si/s 9 8 vocation1 total disability   
results4 ,z a rule1 complete re/ is     
en=c$ by reason ( inability to s+ at    
all4 ,if ! voice is cont9u$ 9 use1 !    
affection becomes p]man5t & !re is "o m 
case ( irrem$iable vocal collapse4 ,!   
rem$y is re/1 & t1 too1 be=e ! disease  
has pass$ recov]able gr\nd4 ,if ! s+]   
exp]i5ces pa9 on ei!r side ( ! ?yroid   
c>tilage1 or on ei!r side ( ! ,adam's   
apple1 !n let him by all means h a c>e1 

= ^? are ! symptoms ( ?is peculi>ly     
m5ac+ =m ( p>alysis4 ,9 ! voice a       
palpable ho>s5ess is manife/4 ,! voice  
becomes fuzzy ?r\gh\t its entire        
compass4 ,a pron\nc$ disability to make 
a cresc5do arises1 & :5 ! ef=t is made  
7= 9 ! describ$ circum/ances use ( !    
voice is att5d$ ) undue ef=t71 ! tone   
becomes co>se & uncontrollable4 ,! range
 ( ! voice is less5$ & ! s+] f9ds       
difficulty 9 rea*+ ! upp] tones4 ,9 !   
g5]al debilitation ! s+] tries1 or r is 
compell$ ?r\gh weakness1 to poise !     
voice f ! cords !mselves & n f !        
diaphragm4  ,( ! o!r =ms ( vocal-cord   
p>alysis !re is "o ( great int]e/1 kn[n 
z hy/]ical p>alysis4 ,x is usually only 
tempor>y1 & is sometimes produc$ 9 s+]s 
^: n]v\s condition gr[s ^u itself until 
! sy/em passes into ! try+ di/urbance   
diagnos$ by ! rudely critical public z  
/age-fright4 ,arti/s ( m>k$ pret5sion h 
be5 compell$ to ab&on a public c>e]     
because ( ?is affliction4 ,!re are o!r  
examples ( x ev5 m difficult to und]/&4 

,i h 9 m9d a case ( a s++-tea*] 9 a     
conv5tual s*ool1 :o 0 "u a peculi> /ra9 
( prep>ation = ! comm5cem5t ex]cises ( !
 s*ool & ( h] own class & _! appe>ance 9
 public4 ,%e br\ght h] class up to !    
appe>+-po9t4 ,!n h] n]v\s sy/em gave    
way1 & :5 %e came to me %e 0 absolutely 
voiceless4 ,sometimes 9 c\gh+ h] vocal  
cords c\ld be se5 to move4 ,) re/ %e    
recov]$1 b %e has a recurr5t t5d5cy to !
 same tr\ble e ye>4 ,! case w\ld seem to
 illu/rate ! uselessness ( all ef=t on !
 "p ( ! p]son s affect$ p]man5tly to    
ov]come x4 ,! rem$y is at h&1 h[ev]1 9  
num]\s cases1 9 resort to a c>eful &    
un9t]rupt$ upbuild+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em4  ,i
 w m5tion "s o!r cases ( vocal disord] &
 cure4 ,an op]atic t5or came to me ) a  
t5d5cy to break 9 scale-s\nd+1 & ) a    
nasal or cat>rhal color to all 8 tones  
above ,e4 ,i f\nd atta*$ above & back ( 
! s(t palate a mass z l>ge z a hickory  
nut & completely block+ up ! dome ( !   
ph>ynx4 ,a little coca9e 0 appli$1 & ) a
 s+le sweep ( ! curette he 0 m9us an    

ad5oid on ! ?ird tonsil1 a tonsil (     
,lus*a4 ,)9 t5 days 8 voice 0 completely
 re/or$4  ,sometimes ! physician is     
oblig$ to seek f> = ! cause ( cata/rophe
 to ! voice4 ,a f9e & ?or\ghly          
well-tra9$ t5or s+] came to me ) a s+ul>
 tremor 9 8 voice4 ,! entire scale 0    
tremul\s4 ,i f\nd no?+ ! matt] ) any "p 
( 8 vocal tract save t1 on closely /udy+
 ! condition ( 8 m\?1 !re 0 a rapid     
muscul> contraction ( ! s(t palate &    
surr\nd+ tissues4 ,?is l$ me to exam9e  
him f head to foot = possible n]v\s     
disord]1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd no trace4
 ,!n1 satisfi$ t !re mu/ be a m remote  
physical cause1 ,i pu%$ ! exam9ation    
fur!r & discov]$ traces ( kidney        
affection4 ,he 0 successfully treat$ =  
?is &1 ) its cure1 8 voice also 0       
re/or$4 ,?is case %[s ! close           
relation%ip betwe5 p>ts ( ! physical    
con/itution & ! voice1 & illu/rates !   
importance to ! s+] ( a g5]ally heal?y  
physical condition4  ,ano!r case        
illu/rates a fur!r & some:at peculi>    

phase ( ! subject4 ,f ! po/]ior nasal   
passage ( a s+] ,i remov$ n9e l>ge      
ad5oid tumors4 ,he 0 a t5or1 & )9 a few 
days 8 upp] tones 7 p]ceptibly fre] &   
full]4 ,he _h rec5tly *ang$ 8 in/ructor2
 & subsequ5tly ,i f\nd t he 0 attribut+ 
to ?is tea*] ! m>k$ improvem5t 9 8      
voice4 ,! physician 0 receiv+ no cr$it z
 a voice-build] :atsoev] f ei!r (       
!m--:i* %[s t 9 addition to a ke5 knife1
 ! speciali/ %\ld also possess a ke5    
s5se ( humor4     ,transcrib]'s ,note   
,"s spell+ v>iation exi/s 9 ?is ebook   
7e4g41 coll>-bone &   coll>bone1        
*e/-cavity & *e/ cavity1 mucus & muc\s74
 ,^!   v>iations h be5 reta9$ to mat* ! 
orig9al text4    ,m9or corrections to   
punctuation h be5 made )\t note4    ,!  
foll[+ additional typographical         
corrections h be5 made3      ,table (   
,cont5ts3 ,*ang$ #agj to #afi to        
accurately reflect page     numb] 9 text
      ,page #ge3 ,*ang$ l>ynogoscopi/s  
to l>yngoscopi/s         7by amateur    
l>yngoscopi/s7