,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction ,bureau ( ,education ,philipp9e ,craftsman ,repr9t ,s]ies ,no4 #a ,philipp9e ,mats ,manila ,bureau ( ,pr9t+ #aiac ,,=eword4 ,! pres5t bullet9 is a repr9t f ,! ,philipp9e ,craftsman1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 & #e1 & is issu$ 9 ?is =m = ! purpose ( plac+ 9 ! h&s ( tea*]s a conv5i5t manual = use 9 giv+ in/ruction 9 ?is important bran* ( indu/rial "w4 ,9 x are conta9$ directions = ! prep>ation ( mat]ials = mat mak+1 ) sugge/ive color s*emes = ^! mat]ials & details = weav+ a numb] ( approv$ ,philipp9e designs4 ,! use ( mats = sleep+ & o!r h\sehold purposes is univ]sal ?r\gh ! extreme ,ori5t4 ,suitable mat mat]ials ab\nd 9 ^! ,isl&s1 & :5 prop] att5tion %all h be5 giv5 to ! arti/ic & decorative side ( _! manufacture1 ! mat indu/ry may well become a s\rce ( consid]able rev5ue 9 ?\s&s ( ,filip9o homes4 ,! ,bureau ( ,education has = "s ye>s pa/ be5 endeavor+ to improve ! designs us$ z well z ! workman%ip ( ,philipp9e mats1 9 ord] t ! article produc$ %all be typical ( ! c\ntry1 arti/ic 9 design1 & ( real comm]cial value4 ,x is expect$ t ?is end w be def9itely fur!r$ ?r\gh ! /udy & use ( ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is repr9t4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! subject matt] ( ?is publication is ! orig9al "w ( ,mr4 ,hugo ,h4 ,mill]1 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,m9i]1 ,mr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,&es1 ,mr4 ,!odore ,mull]1 & ,mrs4 ,alice ,brez9a4 ,cr$it is also due to num]\s ,am]ican & ,filip9o tea*]s = ! submission ( reports & mat]ials us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,frank ,l4 ,crone1 ,act+ ,director4 ,manila1 ,febru>y #a1 #aiac4 ,,philipp9e ,,mats4 ,! production ( mats 9 ! ,philipp9es is l>ge because ( ! ext5sive dome/ic dem& = !m4 ,! sleep+ mat #a is us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian prov9ces1 & is also f\nd among ! ,moros4 ,su* mats are ( ! f9] class & are usually m or less highly decorat$ ) color$ /raws 9 v>i\s designs4 ,= ?is purpose ! buri petates are m widely produc$ ?an ^? made f any o!r mat]ial4 ,p&an mats are consid]$ /rong] & cool] b _! use is n s ext5sive1 probably because !y are m exp5sive ?an ! buri mats4 ,9 ! ,visayas1 tikug mats are important4 ,ano!r use ( mats is 9 ! bal+ ( two ( ! /aple products ( ! ,philipp9es1 tobacco & abaca4 ,9 ! ,cagayan valley mats ( dri$ banana petioles are employ$4 ,a great _m ( ^! are made 9 ,batac1 ,ilocos ,norte1 f :i* place !y are %ipp$ to ,cagayan4 ,9 mo/ cases ! tobacco ( ! ,visayas is pack$ 9 su* mats also4 ,at ,argao1 ,cebu1 banana petiole mats are wov5 z a by-product ( ! sab clo? indu/ry4 ,9 obta9+ ! fib]1 ! out] sk9 ( ! petiole is pull$ (f = /ripp+1 & ! rema9+ portion1 :i* is call$ upag1 is dri$ & wov5 into v co>se mats by *ildr54 ,^! are call$ ba/os #b or liplip1 & are dispos$ ( to ! tobacco bal]s 9 ! t[n1 or are %ipp$ to ,cebu & o!r t[ns = bal+ purposes4 ,:ile sab s9amay is produc$ 9 sev]al ( ! di/ricts 9 ! ,visayas1 notably 9 ,bohol1 x is n kn[n t ! upag is us$ = mat weav+ !re4 ,co>se buri mats are almo/ exclusively us$ 9 wrapp+ abaca = ! export trade4 ,s9ce bal+ is c>ri$ on only 9 l>ge seaports1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,manila & ,cebu1 ! weav+ ( ^! mats 9 c]ta9 localities :]e ! buri palm is abundant & _! transportation to ! hemp-produc+ t[ns are important indu/ries4 ,:ile !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 mats1 plait$ sacks #c are wov5 9 ! same weave & be> ! same relation to sug> & rice z d mats to tobacco & abaca4 ,mo/ ( ! dome/ic rice crop ent]+ into comm]ce is pack$ 9 buri sacks & practically all ! export sug> is s5t away 9 !m4 ,a few bayones are made ( p&an4 ,! production ( bayones is an important indu/ry 9 c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,mats are also employ$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces = dry+ paddy & copra 9 ! sun1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* trays are us$ = sun-cur+ fruit 9 temp]ate regions4 ,! use ( ! f9] grades ( petates = floor mats & = wall decoration is conf9$ to ! =eign population 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,nev]!less1 a consid]able numb] is s utiliz$4 ,= ?is trade only mats ( ! bett] grades are dem&$1 & ! numb] sold = ! purpose is probably consid]ably re/rict$ by ! fact t few mats are ( suitable color comb9ation & ( prop] design to satisfy =eign ta/e4 ,z yet !re is no kn[n comm]cial export ( ,philipp9e mats4 ,!re is a consid]able dem& = floor mats & mats = wall decoration 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x is improbable t ! ,philipp9es c hope to supply any "p ( x unless designs & color comb9ations are va/ly improv$4 ,floor mats are us$ z rugs 9 ! same mann] z are ! /rips ( ,japanese matt+ :i* are s popul> all ov] ! _w4 ,r\nd floor mats1 some:at l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! r\nd table tops1 are also 9 dem&4 ,small mats c be us$ z doilies on ! table or "u ! /&s ( fl[] pots & ! l4 ,sleep+ mats & mats int5d$ = floors1 walls1 /&s1 & mat doilies are ! ones :i* are suitable = dome/ic & =eign comm]ce1 & indu/rial education mu/ int]e/ itself 9 !m4 ,! ,philipp9e mat]ials available = weav+ ^! mats are v>i$ & well di/ribut$4 ,) improvem5t 9 color comb9ation & design1 !re %\ld be a l>ge increase 9 ! indu/ry4 ,,blea*+ ,,ag5ts4 ,sun%9e is us$ to blea* all mat /raws1 b m (t5 !y are also treat$ ) boil+ wat] to :i* c]ta9 blea*+ ag5ts h be5 add$4 ,only ! mo/ important ( ^! are expla9$4 ,tam>9d4--,?is tree 7,tam>9dus indica7 is kn[n 9 ,tagalog1 ,bicol & ,pampanga z sampalok1 9 ,visayan z sambag1 9 ,ilocano z salamagui1 & 9 ,palawan z kalampisao4 ,x is a l>ge tree ) d5se foliage4 ,! leaves are employ$ z a blea*+ ag5t 9 boil+ wat]4 ,x is said t ! "y gre5 fruit c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,p&akaki4--,! leaves ( ! plant 7,tab]naemontana p&acaqui7 are us$ z a blea*+ ag5t4 ,?is is ! "n "u :i* x is kn[n1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,pampanga & ,cavite4 ,9 ,palawan x is call$ alibetbet4 ,x is also kn[n z kampopot 9 ,tagalog & z alibubut & to> 9 p>ts ( ! ,visayas4 ,9 ,ilocano ! "n is kurribuetbuet4 ,lemons4--,! juice ( ! v>i\s species & v>ieties ( ,citrus is employ$ to "s ext5t = blea*+4 ,x is usually add$ to boil+ wat] 9 :i* ! /raw is imm]s$4 ,v9eg>4--,( ,philipp9e v9eg>s1 ^? made f palm juices are consid]$ ab\t half z /rong z lemon juice4 ,v9eg> f sug> cane juice has probably ! same /r5g?4 ,t made f cook$ rice is consid]$ ab\t "o-f\r? z /rong z lemon juice4 ,alum4--,9 "s t[ns alum is add$ to ! boil+ wat] 9 :i* /raw is treat$4 ,x is usually employ$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r blea*+ ag5ts4 ,,dyes ,,us$ ,,on ,,mat ,,/raws4 ,mordants4 ,a mordant is a sub/ance employ$ to fix ! dye to ! mat]ial4 ,9 g5]al1 diff]5t ones are ne$$ = diff]5t dyes & v>i\s mat]ials4 ,9 "s cases ! mordant is add$ to ! dye liquid2 9 o!rs ! mat]ial is previ\sly treat$ ) x be=e be+ color$4 ,! mo/ important are ! m9]al mordants1 su* z ! alum9a1 ! iron1 ! t91 & ! *rome4 ,^! are n us$ 9 ! ,philipp9es ) local vegetable dyes4 ,tann9 is also important & is employ$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,philipp9es1 be+ g5]ally obta9$ f ! mangrove tan b>ks4 ,wood a%es are little us$ b v9eg> & lemon juice are important4 ,kolis4--,! leaves ( ?is plant 7,memecylon edule7 are commonly us$ 9 mordant+ buri /raw be=e dye+ x ) sappan wood4 ,9 ,tanay1 ,rizal1 x is employ$ on sabutan /raw ) all ( ! vegetable dyes4 ,x is kn[n z guisian 7,laguna71 duigim 7,ilocos1 ,pangas9an71 kulis 7,rizal1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,bataan71 tagoba*i 7,leyte71 kasigay 7,ilocos ,norte71 agam 7,negrito1 ,cagayan71 guisoc-guisoc 7,sorsogon71 macaas9 7,tayabas71 baian 7,zambales71 diyatdiyatan 7,tayabas71 c&ong 7,pangas9an71 dioc 7,pangas9an74 ,natural ,vegetable ,dyes4 ,num]\s natural vegetable dyes are employ$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,^? us$ on ! mat /raws are limit$ 9 numb]4 ,! important ones only are "h not$4 ,! :ole "q ( dyes is a mo/ difficult "o & h>dly w>rants ! "t :i* has be5 sp5t ^u inve/igat+ ! v>i\s dye mat]ials1 nor ! ef=t :i* w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e def9itely ! me?ods by :i* !y c be us$ on mat /raws4 ,! artificial dyes h driv5 ! natural vegetable dyes out ( use because !y are *eap] & are m easily appli$1 & because 9 mo/ cases !y produce m pleas+ & la/+ colors4 ,sappan4--,?is plant 7,caesalp9ia sappan7 is kn[n z sapang 9 ,tagalog & ,ilocano & z sibucao 9 ,visayan & ,bicol4 ,a beautiful dye v>y+ f r$ to r$-orange 7see ,plate ,,iii7 is obta9$ f *ips ( ! wood4 ,?is is employ$ on mo/ ,philipp9e fib]s4 ,lime is sometimes us$ z a mordant b ! /raws are usually fir/ treat$ ) kolis leaves4 ,turm]ic4--,?is plant 7,curcuma longa7 is kn[n z dilao ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&s4 ,9 ,ilocano x is call$ kunig4 ,kalaoag is its "n 9 ,negros & ,sorsogon1 ange 9 ,pampanga & duao 9 p>ts ( ! ,visayas4 ,! yell[ dye obta9$ f ! roots is fugitive 9 ! sunlight4 ,annatto4--,?is plant 7,bixa orellana7 is g5]ally kn[n "h z a*uete4 ,x is sometimes call$ a*iote4 ,! plant be>s burs conta9+ _m small r$di% se$s1 f ! pulp ( :i* ! dye is obta9$4 ,x is (t5 employ$ 9 comb9ation ) turm]ic4 ,! result is a yell[ orange4 ,! dye fades easily4 ,deora4--,! use ( ?is plant 7,p]i/rophe t9ctoria7 is conf9$ to ! ,visayas & ,m9danao1 :]e x is kn[n by ?is "n & also z dauda & daura4 ,9 ,sam> ! "n is dala-uda4 ,x is a small bu% & is usually gr[n 9 ! g>d5s = its leaves & t5d] /ems4 ,a mordant is n us$4 ,! color ranges f yell[ orange to a deep r$ orange4 ,! me?ods ( us+ ^! dye mat]ials are expla9$ = ea* /raw4 ,mat]ials ,us$ ) ,mud to ,obta9 ,d>k ,grays4 ,r$ or gre5 /raws are turn$ d>k gray by bury+ !m 9 mud to :i* c]ta9 sub/ances 7usually conta9+ tann97 are add$4 ,talisay4--,?is l>ge tree 7,t]m9alia catappa7 is common 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! leaves are add$ to ! mud 9 dye+ /raw black4 ,f ! b>k a br[n dye may be obta9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 seldom us$4 ,x is univ]sally kn[n z talisay4 ,spani% speak+ p call x alm5dras4 ,indigo4--,two species ( ,indig(]ae are gr[n 9 ! ,philipp9es & are kn[n z tagum4 ,except ) mud !y are n us$ to dye /raws4 ,tiagkot4--,! leaves ( ?is plant 7,pi!colobium subacutum7 are employ$ on ,romblon ,isl& 9 dye+ buri gray4 ,o!r names are tagayong1 n>&auel1 saplit 7,cagayan72 c>isquis1 ayamguitan 7,zambales72 tugur>e 7,pangas9an72 inep 7,bulacan72 malasaga1 malaganip1 tek9 7,laguna72 bahay 7,sorsogon72 tagomtagom 7,sam>72 tique 7,rizal74 ,kabl+4--,?is plant 7,pogo/emon cabl97 is g5]ally cultivat$1 ?\gh x gr[s :]e its cultivation has be5 ab&on$4 ,a volatile oil1 us$ to keep away insects f textiles1 is obta9$ f ! leaves4 ,! leaves are us$ 9 ,tanay1 ,rizal1 9 obta9+ gray sabutan /raw4 ,mabolo4--,! he>t wood ( ?is tree 7,diospyros discolor7 is kn[n z kamagon4 ,! leaves are employ$ 9 ,tanay1 ,rizal4 ,ca/or4--,?is plant 7,ric9us communis7 is seldom cultivat$ 9 ! ,philipp9es b is f\nd wild 9 all localities4 ,! beans yield ! oil4 ,! leaves are add$ to mud 9 obta9+ gray sabutan /raw4 ,artificial ,dyes4 ,x is commonly believ$ t artificial dyes are less p]man5t ?an natural ones4 ,?is is seldom ! case2 z a matt] ( fact1 "s ( ! fa/e/ & mo/ valuable dyes are n[ made artificially & _m are n procurable f vegetable color+ matt]s4 ,mo/ ( ! *eap] dyes made f coal t> are fugitive2 t is1 !y fade 9 sunlight or wat] or 9 bo?4 ,!y are (t5 /ill fur!r *eap5$ by be+ adult]at$ ) salt1 dextr9e & ! l4 ,su* are ! colors :i* are usually sold by ! ,*9ese ti5da keep]s & :i* h caus$ artificial dyes 9 g5]al to come into su* ill-repute 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,_m ( ^! ,*9o dyes conta9 #ie p] c5t salt4 ,x is ! belief1 h[ev]1 t artificial dyes ( a good class1 s pack$ & m>ket$ t !y w come *eaply to ! h&s ( ! dy]s & weav]s1 w drive out ( use practically all ( ! vegetable dyes n[ employ$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! disuse ( ! natural dyes w\ld n be regrett$ "h1 =1 ) ! possible exception ( ^? obta9$ f sabutan /raw 9 ,tanay1 mu* f9] colors c be produc$ ) artificial dyes1 z to bo? beauty & fa/ness4 ,if ! "t ( ! work]s is consid]$1 ! vegetable dyes n[ employ$ 9 ! ,philipp9es are m exp5sive ?an ! artificial dyes1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] are n[ sold 9 wa/efully small packages & be> ! burd5 ( sev]al l>ge pr(its be=e !y come to ! h&s ( ! p]sons us+ !m4 #d ,,dye+4 ,! process ( dye+ is simple4 ,! fluid is prep>$ 9 wat] 7usually boil+71 & ! mat]ial is imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! %ade ( color obta9$ dep5ds on ! l5g? ( "t ! mat]ial is all[$ to rema9 9 ! fluid or ! numb] ( times x is treat$1 & ! /r5g? ( ! dye4 ,! comb9ation ( two diff]5t dyes to obta9 a ?ird is und]/ood to "s ext5t4 ,9 p>ticul>1 r$ & yell[ are mix$ to obta9 orange4 ,,sugge/ions ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,colors ,,9 ,,mats4 ,/&>d ,colors4 ,! ?ree prim>y colors are r$1 blue1 & yell[4 ,! ?ree second>y colors are obta9$ by comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y colors1 & are orange1 gre51 & violet4 ,orange is made by a comb9ation ( yell[ & r$1 gre5 is a comb9ation ( blue & yell[1 & violet is ! comb9ation ( r$ & blue4 ,mo/ ( ! dye mat]ials expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages d n produce /&>d colors & s1 :5 comb9$1 d n result 9 ! expect$ second>y color4 ,(t5 ^? call$ r$ are1 9 po9t ( fact1 r$-violet 7see ,plate ,,iii74 ,sometimes1 also1 dyes call$ yell[ are yell[-orange4 ,a mixture ( yell[-orange & r$-violet w\ld produce a muddy color4 ,dye call$ gre5 may be really blue-gre5 or yell[-gre51 & comb9$ ) r$1 w make a muddy color4 ,! above rem>ks on /&>d complem5t>y colors are only valid = pure colors & x is only by mu* exp]im5tation t pleas+ tones c be obta9$ by a comb9ation ( ! dyes us$ on /raws 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,h[ to ,tone ,d[n ,brilliant ,colors4 ,_m ( ! colors us$ 9 ,philipp9e mats are v brilliant4 ,a little brilliantly color$ /raw1 prop]ly comb9$ ) subdu$ colors su* z gray or "o ( ! natural colors ( ,philipp9e /raws1 is pleas+1 b ! abundant use ( brilliant /raws1 su* z are sometimes se5 9 mats ( solid color1 is to be disc\rag$4 ,all brilliant colors may be subdu$ by add+ to !m _! complem5t>y color4 ,?us a brilliant r$ may be subdu$ by add+ to x a small am\nt ( gre5 & 9 ! same way brilliant gre5 may be ton$ d[n by mix+ ) x a small portion ( r$4 ,if too mu* ( ! complem5t>y color is add$ ! result w be gray4 ,z w be se51 all complem5t>y colors w subdue "o ano!r4 ,9 ,plate ,,iii ! pr9cipal colors h be5 s arrang$ t ! complem5t>y colors are directly opposite ea* o!r & are connect$ by l9es4 ,any two colors connect$ by l9es on ?is *>t w tone d[n ea* o!r &1 if mix$ 9 prop] proportions1 w result 9 gray4 ,x is probable t any /raw :i* has be5 dy$ too brilliant1 c be closely mat*$ to "o ( ! colors giv5 on ,plate ,,iii4 ,consequ5tly its complem5t c be det]m9$ &1 by exp]im5tation1 ! brilliant color ton$ d[n4 ,usually only an exce$+ly small am\nt ( its complem5t is ne$$ to tone d[n a giv5 color4 ,color ,comb9ation4 ,9 g5]al1 too _m diff]5t colors appe> 9 ! ,philipp9e mats1 & mo/ ( ^! are brilliant4 ,x is (t5 true t a l>ge am\nt ( a giv5 brilliant color is (f5sive to ! eye1 & yet ! addition ( a little ( x greatly enhances ! beauty ( ! mat4 ,(t5 color comb9ations are n h>moni\s4 ,p>ticul>ly bad effects are obta9$ ) r$-violet & yell[ or yell[-orange4 ,r$-violet ) blue-gre5 is ano!r un=tunate comb9ation4 ,c]ta9 rules h be5 set d[n = comb9ation ( colors3 7#a7 ,a giv5 color ) its t9ts & %ades #e may always be safely comb9$2 7#b7 complem5t>y colors may always be safely comb9$2 7#c7 ! t9ts & %ades ( complem5t>y colors may always be safely comb9$2 7#d7 any ?ree colors occurr+ 9 sequ5ce on ! color *>t may be comb9$ 9 t sequ5ce4 ,! foll[+ notes on ! use & comb9ation ( ! color$ /raws f ,tanay1 ,rizal1 & f ,romblon1 & ^? %[n on ! *>ts accompany+ ! dyes ( ,leopold ,cassela ,co41 are giv54 ,! figures ref] to ! numb]s giv5 ! color$ /raws on ^! *>ts4 ,^! dyes 7 evolv$ = ! ,bureau ( ,education especially = ,philipp9e mat /raws & w soon be available 9 ! m>ket4 ,! notes h be5 prep>$ 9 accordance ) ! rules above outl9$1 &1 if !y are foll[$ closely1 no un=tunate color comb9ation c result4 ,colors ,obta9$ f ! ,new ,dyes4 ,! sample /raws on ^! *>ts are made ) ! foll[+ dye/uffs3 ,colors4 ,numb]s ,dye/uffs4 on *>t4 ,yell[ ,yell[-,orange ,no4 #a ,p>aphosph9e ,g4 ,violet ,no4 #b ,me?ylviolett ,,bb #gb ,no4 #a4 ,br[n ,no4 #c ,ru% ,br[n ,b4 ,orange ,r$-,r$ ,no4 #d ,ru% ,r$ ,s ,a4 ,yell[-,gre5 ,no4 #e ,ru% ,gre5 ,t ,b4 ,blue-,violet ,no4 #f ,new ,me?yl5e ,blue ,r4 ,r$-,violet ,no4 #g ,mag5ta ,prima4 ,black ,no4 #h ,ru% ,black ,m4 ,*ocolate ,no4 #i ,ru% ,br[n ,x4 ,r$ ,no4 #aj ,ru% ,r$ ,j ,s4 ,yell[ ,orange-,yell[ ,no4 #aa ,auram9e ,,ii4 ,blue-,gre5 ,no4 #ab ,japan ,gre54 ,r$ ,violet-,violet ,no4 #ac ,me?ylviolett ,r ,no4 #a4 ,r$-,orange ,no4 #ad ,*rysoid9e ,a ,g4 ,blue ,blue-,gre5 ,no4 #ae ,new ,me?yl5e ,blue ,n4 ,violet ,r$-,r$ ,no4 #af ,safran9e ,s #aej4 ,complem5t>y or opposite colors on ! color *>t are said to be h>moni\s4 ,_! relation is made m pleas+1 h[ev]1 if "o color1 usually ! m brilliant1 is us$ 9 v small am\nt4 ,9 _m cases 9 ! above comb9ations colors n exactly opposite h be5 unit$4 ,!y usually conta9 a mixture ( a prim>y color common to bo?4 ,br[n1 ,black1 ,*ocolate1 & ,d>k ,r$ are complicat$ mixtures & may be analyz$ ) a *>t :i* w appe> lat]4 ,_m ( ^! d>k colors w\ld h>monize ) "o ano!r1 b w\ld be s d>k t !y w\ld n be pleas+4 ,9 e "o ( ^! comb9ations1 ! natural /raw backgr\nd figures z ano!r color1 & t is :y ! especially good comb9ations1 z w be notic$1 conta9 br[ns1 yell[s & r$s1 colors :i* bl5d p>ticul>ly well ) ! backgr\nd4 ,r$-,violet ,no4 #g c be us$ ) only a v few colors1 & nev] ) ,yell[ ,yell[-,orange ,no4 #a4 ,yell[ ,yell[-,orange %\ld be us$ cauti\sly4 ,9 sabutan /raw1 ,no4 #a1 ,yell[1 mu/ be us$ sp>+ly4 ,:5 us$ 9 comb9ations 9 place ( ,no4 #a1 ,yell[ ,yell[-,orange1 ! design %\ld be an op5 "o1 r ?an solid4 ,violet ,r$-,r$1 ,no4 #af1 :5 be+ us$ 9 place ( ,r$1 ,no4 #aj1 mu/ be us$ 9 ! same way1 & only 9 places :]e v1 v little is call$ =4 ,no4 #aa is a color t cla%es ) ev5 a natural /raw1 s is n advisable 9 any comb9ation or alone4 ,no4 #ac is n a necess>y color :5 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #f are available4 ,9 plac+ ! color ^u ! space to be decorat$1 ! heavi] colors %\ld usually appe> on ! outside & ne> ! edge ( ! space1 al?\gh a bord] may sometimes be outl9$ ) d>k] color on bo? inside & outside edges4 ,! foll[+ comb9ations ( ^! color$ /raws w prove h>moni\s4 ,! numb]s correspond to ^? us$ on ! *>t & ! diff]5t k9ds ( type indicate ! proportions ( ! color to be us$--little1 ,m$ium ,am\nt1 ,,mu*4 ,! relative positions ( ! colors mu/ also be obs]v$ & ! giv5 ord] foll[$ :5 m ?an two colors are comb9$4 ,br[n 7#c7 ,yell[-,yell[ ,orange 7#a74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,yell[-,yell[ ,orange 7#a74 ,*ocolate 7#i7 ,yell[-yell[ ,orange 7#a74 ,,r$-,,orange 7#ad7 ,,*ocolate 7#i7 ,yell[-,yell[ ,orange7#a74 ,9 ?is case1 ! heavy color1 #i1 comes 9 ! c5t] ( ! design1 b is necess>y to sep>ate ,nos4 #ad & #a4 ,,violet 7#b7 ,,blue-,,gre5 7#ab7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,violet 7#b7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad7 ,blue-,blue ,gre5 7#ae74 ,br[n 7#c7 alone on natural backgr\nd4 ,br[n 7#c7 ,yell[-,gre5 7#e74 ,especially good4 ,br[n 7#c7 ,,blue-,,gre5 7#ab74 ,,br[n 7#c7 ,,r$-,,orange 7#ad7 ,r$ 7#af74 ,br[n 7#c7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,br[n 7#c7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,br[n 7#c7 ,,r$ 7#af74 ,9 sabutan /raw1 use ,no4 #d or #aj 9 place ( ,no4 #af4 ,black 7#h7 ,br[n 7#c7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,,orange-,,r$ ,,r$ 7#d7 ,blue-,gre5 7#ab74 ,use ,no4 #ae in/ead ( #ab ) sabutan4 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,,blue-,,gre5 7#ab7 ,orange-,r$ ,r$ 7#d74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,,orange-,,r$ ,,r$ 7#d74 ,especially good4 ,,yell[-,,gre5 7#e7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,,r$-,,violet 7#g7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,yell[-,gre5 7#e74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,yell[-,gre5 7#e74 ,use ?is comb9ation ) an op5 design 7n solid71 & d n use mu* ( ea*4 ,,blue-,,gre5 7#ab7 ,yell[-,gre5 7#e74 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,yell[ ,gre5 7#e74 ,blue-,violet 7#f74 ,on a natural gr\nd4 ,blue-,violet 7#f7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,*ocolate 7#i7 ,blue-,gre5 7#ab7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,*ocolate 7#i7 ,,blue-,,gre5 7#ab7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,blue-,blue ,gre5 7#ae7 ,r$-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,,blue-,,blue ,,gre5 7#ae7 ,r$ 7#af74 ,romblon ,buri ,vegetable ,colors4 #a--;,black4 #b--;,gray-gre54 #c--,natural4 #d--,orange4 #e--;,d>k r$4 ,9 ,romblon buri /raw ! foll[+ comb9ations w be h>moni\s3 ,nos4 #a1 #b & #c 9 accordance ) ,rule #d4 ,nos4 #b1 #c & #d 9 accordance ) ,rule #d4 ,exception to ,rule #b3 ,no4 #e is inh>moni\s ) ,no4 #d4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! colors dep5d = _! h>mony on _! ord] or sequ5ce & _! quantity 79 ?is case equal p>ts ( all ?ree74 ,no4 #c be+ a neutral color1 great quantities ( x may be us$ ) any o!r colors4 ,!re is dang]1 h[ev]1 9 gett+ too mu* ( "o ( ! o!r two colors4 ,no4 #d is a v /rong color & a little w be pleas+ :ile mu* w be (f5sive4 ,x is n well to use x alone on a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #e may be us$ alone ) a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #a ) a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b ) a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #c ) a gr\nd ( ,no4 #b2 ,nos4 #a & #c on a gr\nd ( ,no4 #b1 ) a v small quantity ( ,no4 #a2 equal proportions ( ,nos4 #a & #d may be comb9$ on a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,nos4 #b & #d on a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c1 a v small quantity ( ,no4 #d be+ us$4 ,tanay ,sabutan ,colors 7,mo/ly ,vegetable74 #a--;,black4 #b--;,blue-gre54 #c--,natural4 #d--,yell[4 #e--,r$-orange4 #f--,r$-orange r$4 ,x w be necess>y to use ,no4 #c on a gr\nd "w4 ,mats made entirely ( any ( ! o!r colors w\ld h>dly be h>moni\s on a floor or wall1 if !re 7 any o!r furni%+s4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e & #f may be us$ sep>ately ^u a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b 9 l>ge quantity2 ,no4 #a 9 small gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b 9 equal quantity ) ,no4 #e ^u a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #e 9 equal quantity ) ,no4 #f ^u a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #f 9 l>ge quantity1 ) ,no4 #b 9 small quantity1 ^u a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #e 9 l>ge quantity1 ) ,no4 #a small1 on a gr\nd ( ,no4 #c4 ,,/ripp+ ,,mat ,,/raws4 ,philipp9e mat /raws c be divid$ into ?ree classes--palm /raws1 p&an /raws1 & /raws obta9$ f s$ges4 ,! fir/ two are obta9$ by /ripp+ ! leaves ( ! plants into n>r[ l5g?s4 ,= ?is purpose !re is us$ 9 mo/ localities a small gauge held betwe5 ! ?umb & index f+]s4 ,a knife blade fitt+ 9 ! not*es s]ves z ! cutt+ edge4 ,! leaf is held 9 "o h& & ! gauge & knife 9 ! o!r1 ! edge ( ! leaf be+ drawn ?r\gh ! gauge4 ,?is is g5]ally made out ( ! /iff "p ( ! leaf1 ?\gh1 occasionally1 ( a piece ( rattan1 bamboo or lea!r4 ,at be/ x s]ves = only a few h\rs ( use1 :5 x is ?r[n away & ano!r made4 ,:5 ! not* becomes worn1 ! blade moves ab\t 9 ! gauge1 caus+ ! wid? ( ! /raws to v>y1 & :5 a new gauge is made !re is always m or less v>iance 9 ! position ( ! new not*es4 ,?is me?od is v sl[1 z b "o /rip c be cut at a "t2 &1 until ! op]ator becomes exp]t 9 ! use ( ! gauge1 _m ( ! /rips are wor?less4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! s*ool room1 ea* pupil has to prep>e 8 own mat]ial4 ,?is causes wa/e ( mat]ials & a con/ant litt]+ ( ! floor4 ,= /ripp+ sabutan leaves1 ! mat weav]s ( ,tanay1 ,rizal1 use a k9d ( comb :i* is discuss$ "u ! head+ ,sabutan4 ,! leaves are pull$ ov] ?is comb be=e be+ dri$4 ,z sabutan is p>allel ve9$ x is v easy to /rip x ?us1 ! tee? ( ! comb foll[+ ! leaf fib]s4 ,! comb produces sev]al uni=m /raws ) "o /roke4 ,! object ( contriv+ ! /ripp+ ma*9e illu/rat$ & describ$ "h 0 to furni% a quick means ( prep>+ palm & p&an /raws ) uni=m wid?s & clean cut edges4 ,=ms ( x h be5 9 use = "s "t & ! model not$ "h has be5 tri$ out = a ye>4 ,by its use "o pupil c prep>e mat]ials = ! :ole class1 or else ! tea*] c h all ! mat]ials prep>$ be=eh& if x is s desir$4 ,?is is half ! problem ( tea*+ ! weav+ ( hats or mats4 ,?is /ripp] is made wide en\gh = ins]t+ tee? ?ree wid?s ap>t1 s t )\t adju/+ ^! tee? ?ree wid?s ( /raw may be cut4 ,by *ang+ ! tee? 9 ! adju/able gums1 any wid? desir$ may be obta9$4 ,x is be/ to make ?is app>atus ( h>d wood1 especially ! piece repres5t$ by ,fig4 ,a4 ,a is a block ( wood #bc cm4 by #d cm4 by #d cm41 conta9+ ! groove ,,xy4 ,?is groove is ! size & %ape ( ,c1 be+ #b4e cm4 wide at ! top1 #a4e cm4 at ! bottom1 & #c cm4 high4 ,c is "o ( ! blocks :i* slides 9 ! groove ,,xy4 ,^! blocks are made ( diff]5t ?icknesses1 ab\t #b1 #c1 & #d mm41 & are ( h>d wood or metal4 ,! rod ,b passes ?r\gh ^! blocks & tight5s on ! block ,d or ,x by means ( a ?umb screw4 ,z is a wood5 roll] #ai cm4 long & #a4e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,?is %\ld ext5d #b mm4 bel[ ! level ( ! ma9 surface4 ,x is plac$ 9 a groove made 9 a sep>ate piece ( wood f ! pr9cipal block & is fa/5$ into ! pr9cipal block by means ( screws4 ,! tee? 7see ,c7 are made ( clock spr+s or o!r ?9 %>p metal4 ,!y are #c cm4 long & #a cm4 to #a #a_/b cm4 wide4 ,! two upright pieces at bo? ends conta9 grooves on ! inside 9 :i* ! block-head slides up & d[n4 ,to op]ate ?is device1 ! block-head conta9+ ! tee? is rais$ by ! h&le2 ! leaf is plac$ "u ! tee?1 & ! block-head is dropp$4 ,! tee? pass ?r\gh ! leaf into a groove und]nea?4 ,! leaf is n[ pull$ ?r\gh by ! h& z illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,weaves4 ,) respect to _! weav+1 ,philipp9e mats divide !mselves into six gr\ps & are "h arrang$ accord+ to _! difficulty4 ,!y are 7#a7 ! ov] & "u weave f\nd 9 mo/ simple mats1 su* z ^? made ( buri /raws1 p&an /raws1 & s$ges2 7#b7 ! sawali weaves1 :i* employ ! float+ /raws = mak+ wov5 9 designs & panels = figur$ sabutan & tikug mats2 7#c7 ! op5 "w weaves ( ! ,romblon buri mats2 7#d7 ! circul> mats :i* employ ! hat weaves1 ei!r ) or )\t wov5 9 designs2 7#e7 ! hexagonal weave2 & 7#f7 ! embroid]$ mats 9 :i* ! designs are lat] add$4 ,9 difficulty1 & 9 place 9 a c\rse ( in/ruction1 embroid]$ mats foll[ ! simple ov] & "u weave4 ,ov]-&-,"u ,weave4 ,?is weave is ! simple/ & is ! "o :i* beg9n]s %\ld fir/ take up4 ,x is made by weav+ ov] "o & "u "o cont9u\sly4 ,until ?is is ?or\ghly ma/]$ *ildr5 %\ld n be all[$ to beg9 ! m difficult weaves4 ,! /eps h be5 diagramm$ 9 figures suffici5tly l>ge & cle> 9 ,plates ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,ix t a detail$ explanation is n necess>y4 ,/ep #a %[s ! position ( ! fir/ f\r /raws z !y are plac$ ^u ! table or desk2 /eps #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 cont9u$ additions & weav+2 /eps #f1 #g1 & #h1 turn+ ! edge a on ! end ( ! mat2 /ep #i1 turn+ ! opposite edge c2 /ep #aj1 ! d\ble turn ( ! corn] /raw2 /ep #aa1 ! corn] turn wov5 9 ! mat at corn] ,no4 #a1 lapp+ ov] ! /raw already wov52 /ep #ab1 ! cont9uation ( ! second edge b2 /ep #ac1 ! turn+ ( ! second & ?ird corn]s2 & /eps #ad & #ae1 f9i%+ ! mat4 ,9 weav+ l>ge mats1 x is cu/om>y to beg9 at "o end ( ! mat1 pref]ably ne> ! left-h& corn] z ! mat lies be=e ! weav]4 ,! weav+ cont9ues along ! end until half ( ! desir$ wid? ( ! mat is rea*$1 :5 ! fir/ corn] is turn$4 ,n[ ! weav+ cont9ues d[n ! side & 91 z f> z ! middle ( ! mat4 ,:5 ! desir$ l5g? is wov51 ! second corn] is turn$ & ! fir/ half ( ! mat complet$4 ,z ! /raws are n g5]ally long en\gh )\t splic+1 new /raws are n[ add$ by lapp+ !m f two to ?ree in*es ^u ! project+ ends ( ! /raws already wov54 ,?is makes a n>r[ /rip ( d\ble ?ickness d[n ! c5t] runn+ ! l5g? ( ! mat4 ,! weav+ n[ cont9ues z be=e until ! desir$ wid? ( ! mat is atta9$1 :5 ! ?ird corn] is turn$4 ,! rema9d] is wov5 & f9i%$ at ! f\r? corn] z %[n by /eps #ad & #ae4 ,"s weav]s beg9 at ! sides1 & "s few1 ev5 at ! corn]s2 b ?is %\ld n be enc\rag$ s9ce x results 9 mak+ two or m seams1 :]e ! /raws lap4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to weave all p>ts ( ! mat equally close & keep ! edges p]fectly /raight2 o!rwise ! mat :5 f9i%$ w be lop-sid$1 & consequ5tly ( no value4 ,9 weav+ tap]+ grasses l tikug1 :i* h ends ( slightly diff]5t sizes1 ! opposite ends ( ! /raws %\ld be alt]nat$4 ,?is prev5ts "o edge ( a mat f build+ fa/] ?an ! o!r4 ,sawali ,weaves4 ,simple ,sawali4 ,by sawali weave is meant all wov5 9 designs t are n wov5 by ones z 9 ! ov] & "u weave4 ,!y may be wov5 regul>ly by twos1 ?rees1 etc42 or !y may swit* ! float+ /raws s z to =m a v>iety ( arti/ic figure designs4 ,9 fact1 !re is no limit to ! numb] ( designs t may be ?us made4 ,/eps #a & #b illu/rate ! beg9n+ ( a sawali weave by twos4 ,fir/ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e are laid d[n2 !n c is put "u #a-b1 ov] #c-d1 & "u #e2 d ov] #a1 "u #b-c1 & ov] #d-e2 e ov] #a-b1 "u #c-d1 & ov] #e4 ,?is process is cont9u$1 advanc+ "o /raw ea* "t until ! desir$ am\nt is wov54 ,if ! weav+ is by ?rees or f\rs1 ! same pr9ciple is foll[$2 t is1 ! /raw goes ov] ?ree & "u ?ree1 advanc+ "o /raw ea* "t4 ,panels4 ,mo/ wov5 9 mat designs are arrang$ 9 panels1 ) a gr\nd betwe51 z ?is gives a m pleas+ effect ?an a cont9u\s figure weav+4 ,panels may be wov5 ei!r l5g?-wise 7/ep #h71 crosswise 7/ep #h71 diagonally across ! mat 7/ep #d71 or 9 zigzags 7/ep #c74 ,!y are mo/ easily wov5 :5 arrang$ diagonally1 = !n ! colors may be c>ri$ f bord] to bord] )\t mix+ ) ! gr\nd outside ( ! panel4 ,*ecks are made by weav+ cross panels at regul> int]vals4 ,9 mak+ p>allel panels 7panels p>allel ei!r to ! sides or ends71 m ?an two colors c r>ely be us$ to advantage4 ,/ep #c illu/rates ! weav+ ( a zigzag sawali panel4 ,! /raws1 a1 b1 k1 & l are wov5 by ones4 ,x takes twelve /raws "o way & n9e ! o!r to make ?is panel4 ,if a wid] panel is desir$1 ! same weav+ is repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,! /raws a1 b1 k1 & l are wov5 by ones4 ,put l ov] b & c1 "u de1 ov] fg1 "u hi & ov] j4 ,put #b "u b1 ov] cd1 "u ef1 ov] gh1 "u ij & ov] k4 ,put #c ov] b1 "u c1 ov] de1 "u fg1 ov] hi & "u jk4 ,put #d "u bcd1 ov] ef1 "u gh & ov] ijk4 ,put #e ov] bc1 "u de1 ov] fg1 "u hi & ov] j4 ,put #f "u b1 ov] cd1 "u ef1 ov] gh1 "u ij & ov] k4 ,put #g ov] b1 "u c1 ov] de1 "u fg1 ov] hi1 "u jk4 ,put #h "u b1 ov] cd1 "u ef1 ov] gh1 "u ij & ov] k4 ,put #i ov] bc1 "u de1 ov] fg1 "u hi & ov] j4 ,put #aj "u bcd1 ov] ef1 "u gh & ov] ijk4 ,put #aa ov] b1 "u c1 ov] de1 "u fg1 ov] hi & "u jk4 ,put #ab "u b1 ov] cd1 "u ef1 ov] gh1 "u ij & ov] k4 ,!n ! :ole op]ation is aga9 repeat$4 ,x w be se5 t ! mann] ( weav+ #b & #ab1 #c & #aa1 #d & #aj1 & #e & #i is ! same4 ,/ep #d illu/rates ! diamond figure design1 wov5 by ?rees1 ) #aa /raws 9 wid?4 ,put #a "u cd1 ov] efg1 "u h1 ov] ijk & "u lm4 ,put #b "u c1 ov] def1 "u ghi1 ov] jkl & "u m4 ,put #c ov] cde1 "u fghij & ov] klm4 ,put #d ov] cd1 "u efg1 ov] h1 "u ijk & ov] lm4 ,put #e ov] c1 "u def1 ov] ghi1 "u jkl & ov] m4 ,put #f "u cde1 ov] fghij & "u klm4 ,n[ ! ord] rev]ses1 #g be+ ! same z #e1 #h z #d1 etc41 until ! o!r half ( ! figure is complet$ at #aa4 ,n[ put #ab "u cde1 ov] fghij & "u klm4 ,put #ac ov] c1 "u def1 ov] ghi1 "u jkl & ov] m4 ,put #ad "u cde1 ov] fghij & "u klm4 ,n[ #a repeats itself1 & ! second figure is wov5 z ! fir/4 ,x is believ$ t ) ! aid ( ! l>ge illu/rations "h pres5t$ ! tea*] or pupil c n[ foll[ = himself ! o!r designs giv51 )\t a detail$ explanation ( ea* /ep4 ,wov5-9 ,bord]s4 ,wov5-9 bord] designs may be made 9 ?ree diff]5t ways2 viz41 ,fir/1 by weav+ ! design ar\nd ! mat1 us+ ! same /raws t run ?r\gh ! body4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a47 ,9 ?is case ! color effect is "o ( confusion1 s9ce ! dy$ /raws us$ 9 ! designs ( ! body ( ! mat h no relation to ! design ( ! bord] :5 !y ent] x4 ,second1 by weav+ ! bord] & ! body ( ! mat ( diff]5t /raws1 unit+ !m at ! inn] edge ( ! bord] by a loop z describ$ 9 ! ,romblon mat4 7,see ,plate ,,xvi47 ,?ird1 by lapp+ ! color$ /raws desir$ 9 ! bord]1 ^u ! project+ ends ( ! /raws ( ! body ( ! mat4 7,see /ep #h1 ,plate ,,xii47 ,^! latt] two me?ods are mu* m arti/ic1 z a uni=m color effect appe>s ?r\gh\t ! bord]4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #b47 ,! ,romblon ,mat4 ,mak+ ,op5 ,"w4 ,simple op5 "w is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,weave corn] ,z1 us+ /raws a1 b1 c1 d1 e & f1 lett+ f float at bo? ends4 ,weave g1 turn+ upw>d & ov] f1 !n mak+ a d\ble corn] at y1 pass+ "u f1 to ! left & ov] f1 & let float4 ,weave h1 i1 j1 k1 l & m 9 solid weave4 ,turn h "u i & ov] j4 ,turn j upw>d & ov] i1 to ! left "u f1 upw>d ov] g1 d\ble corn] at ,w1 pass+ d[n "u g1 ov] g1 & float+4 ,turn m upw>d ov] l to ! left1 "u i1 upw>d ov] f1 to ! left "u g1 upw>d ov] j mak+ a d\ble corn] at ,x1 pass+ "u j4 ,! /raws j & m alt]nately cross ea* o!r to corn] ,v4 ,! o!r half ( ?is op5 design is an exact duplicate ( ?is weav+1 & ! rema9+ designs h ! same turns z ! "o expla9$1 except t 9 opposite designs ! /raws are turn$ 9 opposite directions4 ,by foll[+ ?is plate x is easy to f9i% ! weaves4 ,if "o /raw is wov5 ov] ano!r1 x folds d[n be=e pass+ ov]1 &1 vice v]sa1 if x passes "u1 x folds upw>d 9 turn+4 ,z is se51 ! holes are made simply by turn+ ! /raws 9 ! weave4 ,! diff]5t %ap$ holes 9 o!r designs 7see plates7 are made by turn+ a diff]5t numb] ( /raws accord+ to ! %ape desir$4 ,v>i$ bord] edges may be made by swit*+ ! /raws 9 any direction desir$4 ,introduc+ ,color ,panel4 ,/ep #a ( ,plate ,,xvi %[s ! fir/ color$ panel1 /raw ab plac$ betwe5 cd1 ! space betwe5 x & y hav+ be5 already wov51 z %[n 9 /ep #aa4 ,/ep #b4 ,fold+ a to ! "r4 ,/ep #c4 ,fold+ a "u & d[n4 ,/ep #d4 ,fold+ c ov] a & to left4 ,/ep #e4 ,fold+ a ov] c & upw>d4 ,/ep #f4 ,fold+ b "u d to left4 ,/ep #g4 ,fold+ b upw>d1 ) "r twi/ d[nw>d4 ,/ep #h4 ,fold+ d d[nw>d1 ) "r twi/ to "r4 ,/ep #i4 ,fold+ b "u d upw>d4 ,/ep #aj4 ,%[s addition ( second /raw ef wov5 to ! "r1 :]e ! same process ( turn+ is gone ?r\gh z illu/rat$ 9 /eps #f to #i inclusive4 ,if weav+ is to ! left1 /eps #a to #e inclusive are repeat$4 ,/ep #aa4 ,%[s cont9u$ additions & weav+ bo? to ! "r & left4 ,/ep #ab4 ,%[s bo? edges ( panel wov51 ! inside turn+s be+ ! same z ^? ( ! out] edge4 ,circul> ,mats4 ,! circul> mat is wov5 l ! cr[n ( a hat1 ) ei!r ! radiat+ c5t] or a squ>e c5t] radiat+ at ! f\r corn]s4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! weav] mu/ be c>eful to add ! prop] numb] ( /raws s t ! mat w be flat1 & n cupp$ or flut$4 ,! cupp+ is caus$ by n add+ a suffici5t numb] & ! flut+ by add+ too _m4 ,9 tight5+ ! weav+1 d n pull ! add$ /raws 7,plate ,,xix1 /ep #f1 /raw x-x7 or holes w be made at ! elb[4 ,in/ead1 pull ! long] /raws t run ?r\gh ! c5t]1 ?us mak+ ! entire weav+ tight4 ,radiat+ ,c5t]4 ,/ep #a4 ,beg9 by lay+ d[n1 9 pairs1 ab & cd p]p5dicul> to ! body4 ,put kl "u ab & ov] cd4 ,put ij ov] ab & "u cd4 ,/ep #b4 ,n[ put ef "u cd & ij1 & ov] ab & kl2 !n put gh ov] cd & ij1 & "u kl & ab4 ,see t ! two ends ( all ! /raws are equidi/ant f ! c5t] cross+4 ,9 /ep #c ! /raws are *ang$ f pairs to s+les z foll[s3 ,br+ a ov] i2 e ov] d2 i ov] h2 d ov] l2 h ov] a2 & l ov] e4 ,/ep #d4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way to p]=m ! next process is to take all ! bottom /raws 9 ! left h& & all[ ! top /raws to float ov] ! clos$ fi/4 ,!n ! weav+ is done ) ! "r h&4 ,h[ev]1 = beg9n]s ! weav+ may also be done on ! table4 ,9 weav+1 place c "u b1 ov] a & "u k2 d ov] b & "u a2 g "u f1 ov] e & "u b2 h ov] f & "u e2 k "u j1 ov] i & "u f2 l ov] j & "u i2 b "u c1 ov] d & "u a2 a ov] c & "u d2 f "u g1 ov] h & "u c2 e ov] g & "u h2 j "u k1 ov] l & "u g2 i ov] k & "u l2 ! r\nd is !n f9i%$4 ,/ep #e4 ,?is illu/rates ! mann] ( add+ /raws4 ,/raw x is plac$ "u c1 ov] h1 "u g & !n b5t back4 ,! b5d %\ld be 9 ! middle ( ! /raw4 ,/ep #f4 ,9 ?is ! "r end ( ! add$ /raw x is br\ght d[n ov] j & "u i4 ,/ep #g %[s h[ to cont9ue ! additions by weav+ "o /raw & !n add+ "o4 ,/ep #h %[s ! mat aft] ! fir/ r\nd ( additions has be5 complet$4 ,! weav+ is n[ easy4 ,weave entirely ar\nd aga9 )\t any additions1 turn+ five /raws ea* "t4 ,!n g ar\nd aga9 weav+ two & add+ "o1 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 turn+ sev5 /raws ea* "t4 ,z ! diamet] ( ! mat increases1 ! less (t5 is x necess>y to add4 ,b be sure to add en\gh to keep ! weav+ close & ! mat p]fectly flat4 ,/ep #i %[s h[ to close ! edge ( ! mat by turn+ back ! /raws on ea* o!r4 ,x also gives a v pretty wov5 9 design = a bord]1 :i* c easily be foll[$ f ! plate4 ,squ>e ,c5t]4 ,/eps = comm5c+ a circul> mat ) a squ>e beg9n+ are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,! additions at ! corn] are made 9 ! same mann] z expla9$ 9 ! radiat+ c5t]1 except t ea* is = a f\r? ( a circle in/ead ( a complete circle4 ,decorations = ,r\nd ,mats4 ,decorations are (t5 employ$ 9 r\nd mats4 7,see ,plates ,,xxii & ,,xxiii47 ,! mo/ usual are conc5tric or radiat+ color$ b&s ( ei!r simple or sawali weaves4 ,hexagonal ,weave4 ,/ep #a4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxiv1 place /raws #a & #b p>allel2 !n put #c "u #b & ov] #a2 put #d "u #a & ov] #b4 ,/ep #b4 ,put #e ov] #a & #d & "u #b & #c2 put #f "u #a & #d & ov] #b & #c4 ,/ep #c4 ,put a ov] #e & #f & "u #a & #b4 ,put b ov] #a1 #b & a1 & "u #c & #d4 ,put c "u a1 ov] #d1 #c1 b1 & "u #f1 #e4 ,/ep #d4 ,put d "u b1 ov] #f1 #e1 c1 & "u #b1 #a1 e4 ,put e "u c1 ov] #b1 #a1 d1 "u #c1 #d1 & ov] a4 ,put f "u d1 ov] #c1 #d1 e1 "u #e1 #f1 a1 & ov] b4 ,/ep #e is made op5 s z to %[ ! triple ov] & "u weave4 ,fur!r weav+ is m]ely a repetition ( ?is process1 z %[n 9 /ep #f4 ,/ep #g %[s ! turn+ ( ! /raws on f9i%+ ! edge ( ! mat4 ,/ep #h4 ,_m designs c be made by ins]t+ color$ /raws into ! natural weave4 ,/ep #h illu/rates ?ree ( ^! embroid]$ designs--! />1 ! b>1 & ! diamond4 ,embroid]$ ,mats4 ,! embroid]+ ( mats is easily done & ! me?od is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,mats 9 ov] & "u weave1 ( solid color 7ei!r natural or dy$71 are us$1 & ! embroid]y is done ) color$ /raws4 ,plate ,,xxvii illu/rates an embroid]$ color panel4 ,floral1 geometrical1 & conv5tionaliz$ designs are discuss$ "u ! head+s ,sam> mats & ,special designs4 ,,mat ,,mat]ials4 ,_m ,philipp9e mat mat]ials h be5 describ$ 9 a =m] publication on hats4 #f ,only additional & new in=mation is writt5 "h & su* data f ,bullet9 #cc z are necess>y to make a connect$ article4 #g ,buri ,/raw4 ,! ,buri ,palm4 ,!re are ab\t six species ( ! g5us ,corypha 9 tropical ,asia1 b only "o ( ^! is f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9es2 ?is is ,corypha elata1 ! buri palm4 #h ,x is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,philipp9es b is mo/ abundant 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,pampanga valley & 9 s\!rn ,tayabas4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,franks1 =m]ly ,division ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools = ,m9doro ,prov9ce1 _h a c>eful e/imate made by 8 tea*+ =ce ( ! /&s ( buri palms on ! ,isl& ( ,m9doro4 ,x 0 f\nd t #e1jjj hect>es ( l& on ?is isl& are cov]$ by #b1jjj1jjj buri palms1 ( :i* #bbe1jjj1 or ab\t #ab p] c5t1 are mature trees4 ,! ,isl& ( ,burias1 ! ,isla ,v]de1 & o!r small isl&s are fairly cov]$ ) ! palm4 ,! ,prov9ce ( ,sorsogon1 includ+ ! ,isl& ( ,masbate1 is also well suppli$4 ,9 ! ,visayas !re are di/ricts 9 ,panay1 ,negros1 ,cebu1 & ,bohol1 :]e _m buri trees are f\nd4 ,! buri is ! l>ge/ palm t gr[s 9 ! ,philipp9es1 atta9+ a height ( #bj met]s4 ,its trunk is v erect1 spirally ridg$ & up to #j4g met] 9 diamet]4 ,its wood is ( no comm]cial value4 ,! full-gr[n leaves may be ?ree met]s long4 ,!y are sph]ical 9 outl9e & ! l[] "o-?ird or "o-half is entire1 l ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! upp] "p is divid$ into f #hj to #ajj segm5ts ea* f #a4e to #f cm4 wide & appe>+ l f+]s spread ap>t4 ,! petioles support+ ! leaves are ab\t #c met]s long & #bj cm4 ?ick1 & are provid$ ) long1 /\t1 curv$ sp9es4 ,bo? m>g9s & sp9es are black 9 color4 ,at fl[]+ "t all ! leaves are %$4 ,! "y leaf gr[s out f ! top ( ! palm ) ! segm5ts press$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a lance4 ,! buri fl[]s & fruits b once & !n dies4 ,?is is said to occur :5 ! plant is f #be to #dj ye>s old4 ,! individual fl[]s are gre5i%-:ite 9 color & only f #e to #f mm4 9 diamet]4 ,!y are nev]!less p]fect fl[]s1 ) calyx1 corolla1 & ov>y %[+ pla9ly a division into ?rees1 & /am5s six 9 numb]4 ,?\s&s ( ^! fl[]s occur on ! l>ge1 t]m9al1 mu* bran*$1 pyramidal infloresc5ce :i* may gr[ to be #g met]s 9 height4 ,! l[] bran*es ( ?is infloresc5ce may be z mu* z #c4e met]s long1 ! upp] %ort]1 ! highe/ ab\t "o met] 9 l5g?4 ,f #aj to #ab mon?s aft] fl[]+ ! fruits are mature4 ,!y are f #b to #b4e cm4 9 diamet] & ea* conta9s an extremely h>d se$ #a4e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,prep>ation4 ,buri /raw is prep>$ f ! "y1 unop5$ leaf ( ! buri palm4 ,! co>se/ /raw is made by sep>at+ ! leaflets f ! midribs & dry+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,a high] grade /raw results f boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,su* /raws are suitable only = bayon manufacture & = weav+ into co>se mats = bal+ purposes4 ,sev]al me?ods ( blea*+ buri /raw obta9 9 v>i\s localities4 ,any exact description ( ! processes is some:at difficult1 s9ce ! p]sons :o produce ! /raw h no v def9ite idea ( ! proportions & quantities ( v>i\s mat]ials :i* !y use1 & (t5 d n c>e to divulge :at !y consid] trade secrets4 ,9 sev]al cases1 nev]!less1 sup]vis+ tea*]s h succe$$ 9 obta9+ fairly exact data on ! prep>ation ( buri /raw4 ,h[ev]1 ! same me?od c>ri$ out 9 diff]5t t[ns seems to result 9 diff]5t qualities ( /raw4 ,^! diff]5ces probably result f slight v>iations 9 ! me?od ( prep>ation4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t ! age ( ! leaf1 z det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! /em 7petiole71 influ5ces ! color ( ! /raw produc$4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! unop5$ leaf is n tak5 if ! /em is ov] two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 o!r places1 leaves ) /ems ab\t "o foot high are consid]$ ready to cut4 ,x is probable1 too1 t ! composition ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! /raw is boil$ influ5ces its color4 ,mauban1 9 ,tayabas prov9ce1 has ! reputation ( produc+ ! :ite/ buri /raw4 ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,f9nigan1 sup]vis+ tea*]1 attempt$ to introduce buri /raw into ! s*ools ( ,gumaca1 ,tayabas1 :]e ! buri palm is v pl5tiful4 ,! "w 0 9 *>ge ( exp]t weav]s f ,mauban1 b only a poor quality ( /raw 0 produc$4 ,x 0 claim$ t ! wat] 9 :i* ! segm5ts 7 boil$1 accord+ to ! process :i* is expla9$ lat]1 did n :it5 !m4 ,x is a fact t 9 ,mauban ! wat] ( ! t[n f\nta9 is us$ to produce ! f9e :ite /raw4 ,9 ! sev]al ye>s ( 8 exp]i5ce1 ,mr4 ,f9nigan f\nd no place outside ( ,mauban :i* produces /raw equal 9 color to ! ,mauban /raw1 b he has not$ t ! second be/ /raw comes f ,san ,f]n&o1 ,gumaca1 :]e !re is an especially cle> /ream ( wat]4 ,9 fact1 all reports w\ld seem to indicate t cle>1 pure wat] is ess5tial to ! production ( ! f9e/ :ite buri /raw1 & only su* %\ld be us$ 9 all processes ( ! v>i\s me?ods outl9$ "h4 ,! ,arayat ,process4--,mr4 ,rob]t ,clauson1 sup]vis+ tea*]1 has det]m9$ ! process ( :it5+ buri /raw 9 ,arayat1 ,pampanga1 z foll[s3 ,! segm5ts are sep>at$ f ! midrib & roll$ r loosely1 s t ! wat] may pass betwe5 !m1 9 bundles z l>ge ar\nd z a plate4 ,^! are plac$ 9 a l>ge c or vat conta9+ tam>9d leaves & alum 7see blea*+ ag5ts7 9 wat]1 & ! :ole is boil$ until ab\t "o-half ( ! wat] has evaporat$4 ,dur+ ! boil+ ! buri mu/ be tightly cov]$ ) tam>9d leaves & n be all[$ to project f ! wat]4 ,aft] ?is process ! rolls are plac$ 9 a j> full ( cle> wat] & left to soak = ?ree days4 ,! /rips are !n wa%$ sev]al times 9 ! riv] dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree days1 & !y are !n laid on ! grass or along f5ces to dry aft] ea* wa%+4 ,! (t5] !y are alt]nately wa%$ & dri$ ! :it] & t\gh] w ! mat]ial be4 ,aft] ! f9al dry+1 :i* %\ld be ?or\gh1 ! /rips are roll$ v tightly into bundles4 ,! ,san ,luis ,me?od4--,! me?od ( :it5+ buri /raw foll[$ 9 ,san ,luis1 ,pampanga1 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,bass1 sup]vis+ tea*]4 ,! unop5$ leaves are br\ght d[n ! ,*ico ,riv] 9 rafts4 ,! segm5ts are torn f ! midrib & boil$ = f\r h\rs 9 five gallons ( wat] to :i* "o lit] ( nipa v9eg>1 a lump ( alum ! size ( an egg1 a h&ful ( tam>9d leaves1 & a h&ful ( p&akaki leaves 7see blea*+ ag5ts7 h be5 add$4 ,o!r /eps foll[ z 9 ! previ\s process4 ,! ,mauban ,process4--,! foll[+ description is tak5 f ,circul> ,no4 #bg1 s]ies #aiaa1 ( ! ,division ( ,tayabas4 ,let ! unop5$ leaves1 cut f ! /alk1 /& 9 a cool %ady place sev]al days1 until ! sap has well run4 ,op5 ! leaves & sep>ate ! segm5ts f ! midrib ) a %>p knife4 ,put ^! c>efully into a petroleum c or o!r suitable receptacle fill$ ) a boil+ solution ( two-?irds wat] & "o-?ird :ite nipa or coconut tub v9eg> 7see blea*+ ag5ts74 ,keep ! solution boil+ until ! segm5ts are cook$ s s(t t fold+ !m leaves no crease4 ,spread ! cook$ leaves on clean grass 9 ! sun to dry4 ,! dry+ process may require "o or two days4 ,:5 ! segm5ts are q dry1 prep>e a j> ) cle> s(t wat]1 & put !m 9 ?is to soak ov] night4 ,9 ! morn+ remove !m f ! j>1 wa% !m ?or\ghly 9 cle> runn+ s(t wat] & place !m 9 ! sun4 ,at noon repeat ! wa%+ process until ! segm5ts op51 !n dry ?or\ghly 9 ! sun4 ,x is cu/om>y to roll ! buri into coils 9 ord] to make x m conv5i5t to /ore4 ,! dry leaflets may be made flexible = ?is purpose by lay+ !m on ! grass 9 ! night air4 ,aft] a few m9utes !y w be flexible en\gh to roll4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! segm5ts smoo?ly roll$4 ,:5 us$1 !y %\ld be smoo!d c>efully & !n split into ! wid?s requir$4 ,! process c also be foll[$ ) rice v9eg> 7see blea*+ ag5ts7 sub/itut$ = ! tuba v9eg>4 ,wa% two *upas ( rice & cook x 9 wat] until x becomes v s(t & />*y4 ,put ?is 9 a clean petroleum c & add cold wat] until ! c is two-?irds full1 !n cov] ! c & let x /& five or six days4 ,?is mixture w become v s\r4 ,/ra9 x ?r\gh a piece ( s9amay or o!r clo?4 ,cook ! segm5ts 9 ?is mixture in/ead ( 9 ! solution describ$ 9 ! fir/ process1 & !n c>ry out all ! o!r /eps4 ,! ,romblon ,process4--,9 ,romblon1 great c>e is ex]cis$ z to ! age ( ! unop5$ leaf tak5 = ! production ( /raw4 ,if x is int5d$ to produce blea*$ /raw1 /alks hav+ /ems ab\t two in*es long are select$4 ,9 ! foll[+ description1 :i* 0 submitt$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,b>ron1 head tea*]1 "o unop5$ leaf is tak5 z a unit4 ,! midribs are remov$ & ! segm5ts are roll$ into r\nd bundles1 say by fives4 ,^! are boil$ 9 cle> wat] = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! leaves are !n plac$ 9 a mixture ( half a lit] ( tuba v9eg> 7or ?ree lit]s ( v9eg> made f cook$ rice1 or "o-f\r? lit] ( lemon juice7 to :i* en\gh wat] has be5 add$ to cov] ! rolls ( buri1 & boil$ = ab\t five h\rs4 ,! mat]ial is !n spread 9 ! sun = ?ree days to dry1 c>e be+ tak5 t x is n expos$ to ra9 or dew4 ,! segm5ts are !n plac$ 9 cool cle> wat] = twelve h\rs & aga9 plac$ out 9 ! sun = two days to dry4 ,! ,dye+ ( ,buri ,/raw4 ,buri /raw int5d$ = mats is usually color$ ) ! *eap import$ coal t> dyes previ\sly not$4 ,x is expect$ t ! new dyes = :i* ! ,bureau ( ,education has arrang$ w take ! place ( ^!4 ,romblon buri mats1 :i* are ! f9e/ 9 po9t ( workman%ip & design made 9 ! ,philipp9es1 are color$ entirely by local vegetable dyes4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 ! isl& ( ,romblon 9 dye+ buri /raw h be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,b>ron1 & are pres5t$ h]e)4 ,9 ea* case ! unit ( mat]ial is "o /alk ( buri = ea* color4 ,! process ( :it5+ ,romblon buri /raw has already be5 describ$4 ,= r$1 unop5$ leaves hav+ /ems ?ree feet long %\ld be select$4 ,! midribs are remov$ :ile gre51 & ! leaves are roll$ into bundles ( conv5i5t size1 say by fives4 ,^! are boil$ 9 cle> wat] = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 aft] :i* ! segm5ts are spread 9 ! sun = ?ree days to dry4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are n expos$ to ra9 or dew4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a fluid made by boil+ two gantas ( kolis leaves 7see mordants7 9 pla9 wat] = "o h\r4 ,! buri leaves rema9 9 ! wat] & soak ?us = ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,! buri leaflets are !n plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ two gantas ( sappan wood 7see dyes71 "o-half lit] ( lime wat]1 & "o *upa ( tobacco leaves4 ,to ?is a suffici5t quantity ( pla9 wat] is add$ to ?or\ghly subm]ge ! buri1 & ! :ole is boil$ = eight h\rs1 be+ /irr$ at %ort int]vals to obta9 a uni=m %ade ( r$4 ,! segm5ts are !n remov$ & hung 9 ! w9d = ab\t six h\rs to dry1 aft] :i* !y are smoo!d & roll$4 ,= yell[-orange1 unop5$ leaves hav+ /ems ab\t two in*es long are select$ & ! segm5ts are remov$ f ! midribs & roll$ into bundles4 ,^! are boil$ 9 cle> wat] = ab\t ?ree h\rs & spread 9 ! sun = ?ree days to dry1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! buri is n expos$ to ra9 or dew4 ,! mat]ial is !n plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ "o ganta ( p[d]$ turm]ic 7see dyes71 "o *upa ( p[d]$ annatto se$s 7see dyes71 "o lit] ( lime wat]1 & suffici5t cle> wat] to cov] ! buri1 & is boil$ 9 ?is mixture = five h\rs1 ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,x is !n remov$ & hung 9 ! w9d = "o-half day to dry1 & is smoo!d & roll$4 ,= gre51 an unop5$ leaf hav+ a /em ab\t two in*es 9 l5g? is select$4 ,! segm5ts are remov$ f ! midribs1 roll$ into bundles & boil$ 9 cle> wat] = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] ?is1 !y are boil$ 9 lye 7consi/+ ( a%es7 = ab\t two h\rs1 ! mixture ( a%es & wat] cov]+ ! buri dur+ ! process4 ,! bundles are !n remov$ f ! vessel1 wrapp$ 9 a bayon1 & put 9 a d>k place = #dh h\rs4 ,! segm5ts are !n tak5 out & hung 9 ! w9d = ab\t ?ree h\rs to dry1 & are smoo!d & roll$4 ,! prelim9>y /eps 9 ! production ( black /raw 7a cold d>k gray7 are ! same 9 ! mak+ ( ! gre5 mat]ial4 ,! segm5ts tak5 f ! bayon1 z describ$ above1 are buri$ ?ree days 9 black mud1 9 a rice paddy1 = in/ance4 ,! mat]ial is !n wa%$ 9 pla9 wat] until clean1 & is !n boil$ = two h\rs 9 a mixture ( "o-half ganta ea* ( ! leaves ( talisay1 indigo1 & tiagkot 7see dyes71 ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to cov] ! mixture4 ,! :ole %\ld be /irr$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,aft] two h\rs ! /rips are remov$ & hung 9 ! w9d = five h\rs to dry4 ,!n !y are smoo!d & roll$4 ,types ( ,buri ,mats4 ,! ,bontoc ,p59sula ( ,tayabas produces great quantities ( bal+ mats & bayons4 ,bayons are also produc$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,capiz prov9ce4 ,o!r localities are ( less importance4 ,buri sleep+ mats are made f ! nor!rnmo/ "p ( ,luzon1 9 ! ,bangui ,p59sula1 to ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are wov5 9 small numb]s "h & !re1 9 ! diff]5t t[ns1 sometimes = use 9 ! h\sehold 9 :i* !y are made1 (t5 = local trade 9 ! b>rios or municipalities4 ,9 ne>ly e prov9ce !re is at lea/ "o t[n 9 :i* ! production ( buri mats rea*es prov9cial comm]cial importance4 ,a numb] ( municipalities produce !m = a fairly ext5sive trade ) neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! are ord9>y products1 usually decorat$ ) a few colors 9 l9es or *ecks ( dy$ /raws1 ei!r wov5 9 or embroid]$ on ! mat4 ,9 "o region1 h[ev]1 buri mats h rea*$ su* a degree ( p]fection 9 _! weav+ & decoration z to h become a di/9ctive product kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&s4 ,^! are ! ,romblon buri mats1 & !y are produc$ ?r\gh\t ! isl&s ( ,romblon4 ,_! c5tral m>ket is ! t[n ( ! same "n4 ,!y are di/9ctive because ( ! f9e :ite & color$ mat]ials us$1 & ( ! designs :i* are wov5 9 !m4 ,9 ! design+1 n only *ecks & l9e bord]s b also plaids appe>1 & _m ( ! effects produc$ by float+ /raws are employ$4 ,! ,romblon mat1 moreov]1 is mo/ noticeable because ( ! fancy weave1 mak+ a sort ( op5 "w along ! bord]1 = :i* ^! mats are unique4 ,romblon exports great quantities ( mats v>y+ 9 price f ,p#j4be1 to ov] ,p#aj1 & 9 size f small mats = /&s to l>ge decorative mats :i* cov] ! sides ( rooms4 #i ,p&an ,/raws4 ,description ( ,p&ans4 ,p&ans or screw-p9es1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are readily recogniz$ by _! *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 #aj ,! common =ms occasionally plant$ 9 pots z h\se plants & 9 g>d5s1 or m (t5 f\nd gr[+ wild1 h long & r n>r[ leaves always suppli$ ) m or less %>p sp9es :i* run along bo? _! m>g9s to ! v tip4 ,ano!r r[ ( sp9es is pres5t on ! "u surface along ! midrib4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is middle r[ ( sp9es x is impossible to mi/ake ! leaf ( ! p&an = t ( ! p9eapple or maguey1 :i* x resembles m or less 9 =m & %ape4 ,ano!r v prom95t feature ( p&ans is ! pres5ce ( air or prop roots :i* gr[ f ! /em above ! gr\nd & are helpful to ! plant 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ve9s ( ! leaves always run p>allel & 9 a longitud9al direction4 ,! leaves are nev] borne on a petiole1 b are atta*$ directly1 9 w9d+ corkscrew fa%ion1 9 ranks ( ?ree1 to ! /em4 ,p&ans are true tropical %rubs or trees4 ,al?\gh also f\nd 9 ! subtropics ( ,au/ralia1 !y nev] occur 9 o!r temp]ate regions except :5 rais$ z ornam5tal plants 9 gre5h\ses4 ,ev5 _! di/ribution 9 ! tropics is limit$1 z !y are f\nd gr[+ wild only 9 ! tropical regions ( ! ,old ,_w1 especially on ! isl&s ly+ betwe5 ! ma9l& ( ,au/ralia & s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,!y are h>dly ev] cultivat$1 = :]e !y d occur !y are f\nd 9 m ?an suffici5t quantity = ! purposes to :i* !y are put4 ,!y are ess5tially seacoa/ or op5 swamp =ms1 g5]ally f\nd at l[ altitudes & appe>+ to f9d a moi/1 w>m climate mo/ cong5ial to _! gr[?4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es !y occur 9 all prov9ces1 ?\gh n always 9 suffici5t quantity to make !m ( comm]cial importance4 ,! /ructure ( ! p&ans pres5ts _m exce$+ly int]e/+ *>act]i/ics well wor? notic+4 ,"s plants are v l[ ) leaves n wid] ?an a blade ( grass1 :ile o!rs =m l>ge trees ) leaves _m met]s long & sev]al decimet]s wide4 ,sp9es g5]ally occur along ! :ole m>g9 ( ! leaf1 ?\gh 9 a few =ms1 especially 9 cultivat$ v>ieties1 !y may be pres5t only at ! tip or may be want+ entirely4 ,! m>g9al sp9es usually curve =w>d & v>y 9 size f small1 h>dly p]ceptible =ms1 to l>ge %>p conical /ructures4 ,at times !y are set v close toge!r2 aga9 !y may be sev]al c5timet]s ap>t4 ,^? on ! midrib mo/ (t5 curve backw>ds & may v>y ! same z ! m>g9al sp9es4 ,g5]ally ! sp9es are gre5 9 color1 ?\gh 9 "s species !y are pale-gre51 r$1 black or :ite4 ,"s =ms seem to creep along ! gr\nd1 :ile o!rs1 l[ & bu%y & /&+ close toge!r1 =m1 ) _! num]\s support+ prop roots1 an almo/ imp5etrable jungle4 ,! high tree =ms are v /rik+ because ( _! peculi>ly %ap$ cr[ns4 ,! fir/ roots :i* ! p&ans develop soon disappe> & _! place is tak5 by o!rs4 ,/>t+ high above ! gr\nd1 ^! gr[ at an angle f ! /em & g5]ally rea* ! soil4 ,!y s]ve ! tw(old purpose ( support+ ! /em & ( supply+ x ) suffici5t air4 ,if1 by accid5t1 ! und]gr\nd roots die (f1 ! plant relies entirely on ^! air & prop roots = support & food4 ,! /rong prop roots are g5]ally ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh sometimes !y ?ick5 at ! ends4 ,normally !y nev] bran* above ! gr\nd1 b aft] rea*+ ! soil v (t5 divide4 ,! tip ( ! roots is protect$ by a cap1 :ile a lay] ( cork tissue prev5ts ! dry+ out ( ! root body4 ,! p&an has two k9ds ( fl[]s1 male & female4 ,! male fl[]s are arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a spike protect$ by a modifi$ leaf call$ ! bract4 ,!y are :ite 9 color1 cr[d$ toge!r on ! spike & consi/ ( /am5s :i* hold ! poll54 ,! fl[]s d n h ! %[y color$ bracts :i* =ms s prom95t a feature 9 ^? ( _m o!r plants4 ,! female fl[]s consi/ only ( ! necess>y p>ts4 ,z ! poll5 occurs 9 enorm\s quantities & z ! plants g5]ally gr[ 9 gr\ps1 x is v probable t "s fl[]s are poll9at$ by ! w9d4 ,! fact t _m p&ans h v fragrant blossoms makes x almo/ c]ta9 t 9 ! majority ( cases insect poll9ation takes place4 ,9 a few =ms t h a v disagreeable odor1 poll9ation is effect$ by night fly+ insects4 ,! fruit commonly has ! g5]al %ape ( ! female infloresc5ce1 b z x matures x increases greatly 9 size4 ,p&ans h a composite fruit made up ( small] fruits call$ drupes4 ,! mo/ common =ms resemble ! p9eapple ) its leafy fruit apex cut (f4 ,z is natural1 v>iations f ?is type occur4 ,cyl9drical1 egg%ap$1 jackfruit-l =ms are q common4 ,! l>ge/ may be #fj cm4 long & weigh #be kilos1 ! smalle/ only #g cm4 9 l5g? & #fj grams 9 weight4 ,! fruit may occur solit>y at ! end ( a bran*1 or 9 gr\ps4 ,! color is gre51 ?\gh "s species *ange to a bright r$ be=e maturity is rea*$4 ,! fruit may h drupes rang+ f #ab mm4 to #ad mm4 9 l5g? & ^! may conta9 "o se$ or a numb] ( se$s4 ,at maturity ! drupes sep>ate & ! fruit falls ap>t4 ,if ! plant occurs along ! wat]1 ! se$s1 :5 lib]at$1 float ab\t until !y re/ 9 a suitable place = g]m9ation4 ,uses ( ,p&ans4 ,p&ans are valu$ *iefly = _! /rong fibr\s leaves1 :i* are wov5 into mats1 bags1 & hats4 ,unless specially prep>$1 ! s(t plant tissue betwe5 ! h>d] leaf fib]s becomes dry & dirty & breaks 9 "t2 h5ce ! ord9>y p&an bag or mat c n be consid]$ a durable article4 ,h[ev]1 :5 treat$ to a boil+ process or :5 roll$1 z expla9$ = sabutan & ! p&an ( ,majayjay1 ! leaves yield /raw :i* is /rong] & m durable ?an mo/ palm or s$ge /raw us$ = ! same purposes4 ,p&an mats are important articles ( dome/ic comm]ce 9 ,malaysia1 z x is e/imat$ t f\r-fif?s ( ! total population use !m = sleep+ purposes4 ,9 all places except :]e palms1 l ! buri or s$ges occur1 !y yield ! mo/ suitable & mo/ easily prep>$ mat mat]ial4 ,g5]ally ! :ole leaf is utiliz$ aft] remov+ ! m>g9al & midrib sp9es4 ,! co>se/ mats are us$ 9 dry+ out copra1 cacao beans1 paddy1 & su* products4 ,p&an mats are made & us$ widely 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,=m]ly1 be=e gunny sacks came into g5]al use1 c(fee 0 pack$ 9 p&an bags & :]e p&ans did n gr[ !y 7 introduc$ & cultivat$ = t purpose4 ,ev5 to-day bags f p&an play an important "p 9 transport+ sug>1 c(fee1 & o!r tropical products 9 & ar\nd s\!rn ,asia4 ,few p&an bags are made 9 ! ,philipp9es 9 comp>ison ) ! enorm\s quantity ( bayons wov5 ( buri /raw & us$ to conta9 dome/ic rice & export sug>4 ,p&ans are us$ ext5sively = mak+ hats 9 ! ,philipp9es z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 sev]al isl&s ( ! ,pacific v f9e ones are wov5 f /raw consi/+ ( ! :ole leaf cut into /rips4 ,9 ! ,loo*oo ,isl&s imitation ,panama hats ( great /r5g? are wov5 f ! sk9 ( a p&an1 blea*$ & roll$ into a /raw4 ,9 ! ,philipp9es num]\s v>ieties ( p&an hats are produc$1 v>y+ 9 grade f ! f9e & exp5sive sabutan to ! co>se p&an4 #aa ,9 "s o!r places1 z ,burma1 p&an leaves are wov5 or sew$ into sails4 ,9 s\!rn ,india !y are utiliz$ z umbrella cov]+4 ,if no /rong] mat]ial is obta9able1 ! leaves are plac$ on ro(s z ?at*+1 b !y d n seem to l5d !mselves well to t purpose4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !y gr[1 !y are (t5 us$ in/ead ( tw9e or made into ropes or hunt+ nets1 or into drag ropes = fi%+ nets4 ,!y are said to be excell5t pap]-mak+ mat]ial4 ,9 "s isl&s ! fib]s are sep>at$ f ! leaf & us$ by ! inhabitants 9 ! manufacture ( belts & aprons4 ,! wood ( ! tree p&ans is too spongy & s(t to make a good mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( h\ses4 ,/ill1 on small isl&s1 su* z ! ,coral & ,m>%all ,isl&s1 ! natives con/ruct _! huts f p&an wood4 ,g5]ally1 x is us$ only = r\gh1 tempor>y "w4 ,9 "s localities ! s(t int]ior "p is remov$ to make wat] pipes4 ,aga91 because ( its lightness1 ! wood is us$ by ! p on ! _m isl&s ( ! ,pacific to buoy _! fi%+ nets4 ,p&an roots are employ$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,if suffici5tly ?9 !y are us$1 aft] be+ clean$1 = mak+ baskets4 ,! roots may also be p\nd$ out1 clean$ & made into bru%es = pa9t+ or :itewa%+ h\ses4 ,!y are sometimes s employ$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,!y are also us$ = cordage4 ,a m$ic9al oil is sometimes obta9$ f !m4 ,! fl[]s ( "s p&ans1 especially ^? ( ,p&anus tectorius1 are extremely fragrant4 ,?is plant is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ! p&ans & is ! mo/ frequ5t p&an f\nd along ! seacoa/ & 9 l[ altitudes4 ,"s botani/s claim t ! male fl[]s ( ?is species h ! sweete/ odor kn[n among plants4 ,s p[]ful is _! fragrance t by x sailors c (t5 tell ! pres5ce ( l& be=e !y actually see x4 ,! natives 9 "s places use ! fl[]s 9 mak+ an aromatic wat]1 or1 by di/illation1 a volatile oil1 kn[n z keura oil1 :i* is us$ m$ic9ally = rheumatism4 ,c]ta9 p&an fruit is extremely oily & s]ves at times z a sub/itute = butt]4 ,! sap has ! ta/e ( sweet apples & is reli%$ by ! inhabitants 9 _m isl&s4 ,9 "s places x is ev5 made into fruit jam4 ,! v "y leaves1 especially ^? surr\nd+ ! fl[]s1 are eat5 raw or cook$1 & con/itute an important article ( diet :5 a fam9e sweeps ,india4 ,k9ds ( ,p&ans4 ,! ,common ,sea%ore ,p&an4 ,9 a walk ( half a mile or1 at mo/1 a mile along ! bea* ( any ( ! seacoa/ prov9ces 9 ! ,philipp9es1 "o is almo/ sure to come across ,p&anus tectorius4 ,a map %[+ ! di/ribution ( ?is p&an w\ld !re=e be practically an outl9e map ( ! ,isl&s4 ,! species does n gr[ 9 nipa swamps1 ?\gh imm$iately back ( !m x w be f\nd well e/abli%$4 ,nei!r c\ld "o expect to f9d x 9 localities :]e ! cliffs come d[n abruptly to ! sea1 p]mitt+ only ! exi/5ce ( vegetable life ( ! l[e/ =m4 ,p&an is its usual "n 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,9 ,zambales x is call$ panglan or panglan babai4 ,ano!r "n is pangdan4 ,! /em is n v /rong1 & rea*es a height ( f #c to #f met]s4 ,x is g5]ally support$ by a]ial roots4 ,! leaves are ( m$ium ?ickness1 on ! av]age #a4ce m4 long & #f cm4 wide4 ,!y are provid$ ) /rong %>p sp9es ab\t #e mm4 9 l5g?4 ,^! are curv$ =w>d & are z mu* z "o c5timet]1 or a little m1 ap>t4 ,! sp9es on ! "u surface ( ! midrib are %ort] & f>!r ap>t1 b b5d 9 ! same direction4 ,! male fl[]s =m a spike & ^! are surr\nd$ by v fragrant leaves call$ spa!s4 ,! fruit is #bj cm4 long1 #ah cm4 wide1 & conta9s f #ej to #hj drupes1 ea* ab\t #e4e cm4 long & #b4e to #c cm4 wide4 ,! upp] half ( ! drupes are free b close toge!r4 ,!re are small furr[s on ! tops ( ! drupes1 r deep b n v di/9ct4 ,:5 ripe ! fruit has a f9e r$ color & ! drupes fall f ! head4 ,p&anus tectorius is ( consid]able importance 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w :]e x gr[s1 & x is devot$ to mo/ ( ! uses already not$ = p&ans 9 g5]al4 ,9 c]ta9 places1 l>ge indu/ries are f\nd$ on x4 ,9 ,india1 ! leaves are cut e second ye> & made into l>ge bags4 ,hats are produc$ f x 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 ^? f ! ,hawaiian gr\p be+ especially well kn[n4 ,x is probable t ! imitation ,panama hats ( ! ,loo*oo ,isl&s are also wov5 f a mat]ial 7raffia7 prep>$ f ! common p&an4 ,9 ! ,m>%all ,isl&s x is record$ t =ty v>ieties ( ?is species h be5 evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( plant+ & cultivation = indu/rial purposes4 ,f ! in=mation submitt$ ) ! specim5s receiv$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,education1 x is to be judg$ t ! economic importance ( ! common p&an 9 ! ,philipp9es is ( b little consequ5ce4 ,?\gh widely us$1 no l>ge or ev5 local indu/ries are bas$ ^u x4 ,a scatt]+ production ( hats1 mats1 & bags is report$ 9 ,abra1 ,union1 ,zambales1 ,m9doro1 ,bulacan1 ,rizal1 ,batangas1 ,sorsogon1 ,iloilo1 ,antique1 ,ori5tal ,negros1 ,cebu1 ,leyte1 & ,sorsogon prov9ces4 ,ne> ,badoc1 ,ilocos ,norte1 & along ! ,abra bord] ! ,t+uian p make mats f an upl& v>iety = local trade4 ,9 ,balayan1 ,batangas1 ! leaves are us$ = ?at*+4 ,9 ,surigao !y are also made into baskets4 ,9 mo/ processes ! prep>ation ( ! /raw consi/s ( cutt+ ! leaves into /rips & dry+ !m4 ,9 ,zambales1 h[ev]1 x is report$ t ! leaves are flatt5$1 press$1 split1 & roll$4 ,9 ,m9doro1 !y are soak$ 9 wat] & dri$ 9 ! sun be=e be+ cut into /raw4 ,x is probable t mu* bett] mat]ial c\ld be prep>$ f ?is p&an if su* processes z are us$ 9 ! mak+ ( sabutan /raw & /raw f ! ,majayjay p&an 7 foll[$4 ,judg+ f ! results obta9$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 x w\ld seem t if suck]s ( ! common p&an 7 tak51 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* x gr[s1 plant$1 & cultivat$1 v>ieties w\ld result :i* w\ld be mu* bett] adapt$ = indu/rial purposes ?an ! p>5t /ock4 ,inde$1 x is probable t sabutan1 ! ,philipp9e p&an ( greate/ economic importance1 is a v>iety :i* is ! result ( g5]ations ( plant+1 /ill closely resembl+ ,p4 tectorius b diff]+ f x 9 its leaves1 :i* are ?9n]1 long]1 ( f9] texture & ( great] /r5g?4 ,x is possible also t s>akat1 ! economic p&an ( ! ,bangui ,p59sula1 ,ilocos ,norte1 is a v>iety ( ,p4 tectorius4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,common ,p&an4 ,sabutan4 ,botanical4--,x is a "q among botani/s :e!r ! p&an kn[n z sabutan is a v>iety ( ! common sea-%ore p&an 7,p4 tectorius7 or :e!r x has suffici5t di/9ctive *>act]i/ics to entitle x to be consid]$ z a sep>ate species 7,p4 sabotan74 ,botani/s h n z yet succe$$ 9 secur+ a fruit ( ?is p&an1 :i* c\ld settle ! "q1 & x is v d\btful :e!r ! fruit w ev] be f\nd4 #ab ,pr(4 ,ugol9o ,m>telli ( ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 an au?ority on p&ans1 consid]s sabutan to be ,p&anus tectorius v>4 s95sis4 ,?is classification is = ! pres5t accept$1 z mo/ evid5ce is 9 favor ( su* det]m9ation & 9 ?is pap] sabutan is !re=e consid]$ to be a v>iety ( ! common p&an1 ! *ief *ange 9 :i*1 ?r\gh g5]ations ( plant+1 has be5 9 ! production ( a leaf /rong]1 ?9n]1 & ( f9] texture ?an t ( ! p>5t /ock4 ,! sabutan plant is nev] f\nd gr[+ wild1 ?\gh aft] x has once be5 />t$ & root$ x w endure neglect & ev5 ab&onm5t4 ,x produces bett] & f9] leaves1 h[ev]1 if x receives "s c>e & att5tion4 ,9 ! t[ns ( ,tanay & ,pililla1 ,rizal ,prov9ce1 & 9 ,mabitac1 ,laguna ,prov9ce1 & 9 all ! t[ns along ! lake %ore z f> z ,paete1 ! suck]s ( ! plant are set out 9 small plots ( gr\nd surr\nd+ ! h\ses ( ! p4 ,^! =m pat*es :i* 9 sev]al ye>s 7dep5d+ mo/ly on soil conditions7 yield p&an leaves l>ge & f9e en\gh to be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( hats & mats4 ,! ideal location = sabutan is along ! banks ( /reams :]e x c get ! b5efit ( ! light %ade ( bamboo or plants t happ5 to gr[ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,ord9>ily1 good results are obta9$ by plant+ ! suck]s ( sabutan 9 a loose & moi/1 b well dra9$1 soil4 ,plants are set out "o met] ap>t 9 ea* direction1 z !y spread consid]ably4 ,!y ne$ "s %ade1 especially :5 "y1 b n ! heavy %ade ( an abac or banana grove4 ,! plant gr[s to be f #b to #d met]s high4 ,! leaves are f9e 9 texture1 ab\t #b met]s long & z wide z #f c5timet]s4 ,sp9es occur on ! m>g9s & on ! "u surface ( ! midrib4 ,! male infloresc5ce procur$ f ,tanay by ! ,bureau ( ,education is simil> 9 appe>ance to t ( ,p&anus tectorius & is ab\t #bg c5timet]s long4 ,at v>y+ di/ances on ! fl[] /alk are leaves 7bracts71 ?9 & f9e1 f #aj to #bd c5timet]s long & ) f9e sp9es on m>g9s & midrib4 ,! fl[]s h a pleasant1 ?\gh n v /rong1 odor4 ,/atus ( ! sabutan mat indu/ry4--,z an indu/ry1 ! weav+ ( sabutan mats is conf9$ to ! t[ns ( ,tanay & ,pililla1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,rizal4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is indu/ry g back beyond ! memory ( ! olde/ inhabitants or ev5 ( _! p>5ts4 ,x is probable t1 z ! p /ate1 mat weav+ has be5 c>ri$ on ev] s9ce ! t[ns 7 f\nd$4 ,tanay is ! old] ( ! two & x w\ld seem 7?\gh reliable hi/orical data ( ?is k9d are difficult to obta97 t ! t[n 0 ! fir/ to engage 9 sabutan mat weav+ & is probably ! "m ( all ! sabutan indu/ries c>ri$ on ar\nd ,laguna de ,bay4 ,! pres5t condition ( ! mat-weav+ indu/ry ( ^! two t[ns1 h[ev]1 is prec>i\s2 x appe>s to be gradually dy+ out4 ,! fabrication ( sabutan hats has be5 introduc$ f ,mabitac1 ,laguna ,prov9ce1 into ,pililla1 ) ! result t ! y\ng] g5]ation is entirely engag$ 9 mak+ hats1 & ! relatively small numb] ( mats produc$ is be+ wov5 by ! old] wom5 :o h n c>$ to le>n ! new art4 ,z yet no hats are made 9 ,tanay1 b ! "w is be+ taught 9 ! s*ools & f conv]sation ) p ( ! t[n x is judg$ t !y are becom+ int]e/$ also4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! sabutan mat indu/ry w\ld be v un=tunate1 = ! products are ! f9e/ samples ( ! mat weav]'s art produc$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! mats are ( f9e /raw2 ! natural gray ( sabutan is pleas+2 ! designs us$ are good2 & ! colors are usually well comb9$4 ,! favorite patt]ns consi/ ( heavy plaids ) "s ( ! /ripes conta9+ sub-patt]ns produc$ by float+ /raws2 ! simple/ ones h n>r[ bord] designs 9 /raight l9es4 ,! mo/ exp5sive mats are decorat$ ) embroid]$ designs4 ,! comb9ation ( colors 9 ^! is sometimes n pleas+ & ! designs !mselves are n ( special m]it4 ,h[ev]1 if bett] ones are sub/itut$1 ^! mats %\ld be excell5t = a =eign trade dem&+ exp5sive articles ( ?is nature4 ,unlike mo/ ,philipp9e mat indu/ries1 ?is "o has n z yet be5 affect$ by coal t> dyes1 & only vegetable dyes1 f\nd locally 9 ! t[n or 9 ! =e/s1 are employ$4 ,! /raw dyes v well & z a consequ5ce ! colors produc$ are ev5 ?r\gh\t ! mat2 nor h any ( ! %ades t brilliant effect or (f color :i* is s di/a/eful 9 c]ta9 fib]s4 ,! colors obta9$ are only fairly fa/ 9 ! light1 h[ev]1 & x is probable t ! new coal t> dyes w be fa/] & *eap]4 ,9 po9t ( durability1 sabutan mats w\ld be sup]ior to all o!rs produc$ 9 ! ,isl&s if wov5 ( d\ble /raws4 ,9 price !y n[ v>y f =ty c5tavos to ?irty pesos1 ! ord9>y ones br++ f ,p#a4ej to ,p#b4ej4 ,if ! indu/ry is to be pres]v$ intact1 h[ev]1 some?+ mu/ be done to give x vitality1 = ! weav]s "k f exp]i5ce ( neighbor+ t[ns t m money c be made f weav+ hats ?an 9 ! fabrication ( mats1 & !y w naturally *ange to ! m remun]ative article4 ,unlike mo/ o!r weav+ indu/ries1 ! craft has n z yet be5 organiz$ 9 ,tanay4 ,! production ( mats has be5 m or less haphaz>d1 ) b little sup]vision by any p]son resembl+ ! brok] usually connect$ ) h\sehold indu/ries4 ,! weav] on complet+ a mat sells x 9 ! m>ket or to "s /orekeep]4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! *ief trade 9 ^! mats has be5 at ,antipolo 9 ,may dur+ ! rom]ia or annual pilgrimage to ! %r9e ( ! ,virg9 ( ,antipolo4 ,c]ta9 p]sons 9 ,tanay h made x a practice to ga!r up a /ore ( mats & take !m to ,antipolo = sale !re dur+ ! fie/a4 ,a few ( !m are on sale 9 ,manila & 9 neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 p]sons h appe>$ :o are tak+ up ! indu/ry m ?or\ghly z brok]s & x is to be hop$ t ! work]s w be organiz$ into "s bett] sy/em = production ?an n[ exi/s4 ,!re is a l>ge opportunity n only = sup]vision b also = division ( labor4 ,at pres5t ! m5 ( ! h\se cut ! leaves1 & ea* weav] 7all ! weav]s are wom57 c>ries out ! re/ ( ! process4 ,!re w\ld be a consid]able sav+ ( "t if c]ta9 p]sons devot$ !mselves to ! prep>ation ( ! gray /raw1 & ! dye+ 7 left entirely to c]ta9 o!r work]s4 ,9 ?is way ! weav]s ( ! mats w\ld be engag$ only 9 ! actual fabrication ( ! article & mu* "t w\ld be sav$ to !m4 #ac ,plant+1 matur+1 & yield ( sabutan4--,! plants f :i* ! /raw mats at ,tanay are made are set out 9 plots ne> ! h\ses ( ! work]s4 ,! suck]s are plant$ 9 ,april at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 &1 :ile x is always /at$ t /raw prep>$ f ! leaves gr[n 9 ! %ade is be/ = weav+1 yet ! plants are nev] int5tionally set out 9 ! %ade b are plant$ :]ev] an unoccupi$ plot ( gr\nd is obta9able4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pat*es to be se5 9 ! sabutan t[ns gr[ 9 a semi-%ade su* z "o w\ld expect to f9d 9 y>ds :]e ! usual ornam5tal & fruit trees & banana plants gr[4 ,mu* ( ! sabutan is 9 ! sun f morn+ to night2 "s is %ad$ dur+ all or "p ( ! day4 ,! suck]s mature leaves 9 ! ?ird ye> #ad b ^! are cut (f & ?r[n away z useless & x is n until ! f\r? ye> t ! l[] leaves c be /ripp$ into /raw4 ,h>ve/ takes place e f\r mon?s1 five or six leaves be+ obta9$ f a plant at ea* cutt+4 ,! plants are nev] irrigat$ b x is to be not$ t ! soil ar\nd ,laguna de ,bay is v moi/ & t ! wat] table is close to ! surface ) a good seepage f ! hills :i* are ne> ! %ore4 ,x is probable t ! plants diff] 9 _! production ( leaves because "s h _m m bran*es ?an o!rs & ! climatic & soil conditions affect ! yield4 ,prep>ation ( ! /raw4--,! be/ /raw is prep>$ dur+ ! dry season1 because at ?is "t !re is suffici5t sun%9e to produce a good color$ mat]ial4 ,z a consequ5ce ! work]s prep>e a l>ge quantity at t season & /ore x 9 or "u _! h\ses1 wrapp$ 9 mats4 ,! leaves us$ are ab\t #b met]s 9 l5g? & #f cm4 9 wid?4 ,! c5tral ?orns on ! back ( ! leaves are remov$ by cutt+ away ! midrib4 ,two l5g?s ab\t an in* 9 wid? are ?us produc$ f :i* ! out] r[s ( ?orns may or may n be remov$1 accord+ to cu/om4 ,! l5g?s ?us obta9$ are left 9 ! sun%9e & w9d = ab\t half a day to r5d] !m m flexible1 aft] :i* !y are cut into /raws4 ,= ?is purpose !re is us$ an in/rum5t consi/+ ( a n>r[ wood5 h&le ab\t #b #a_/b cm4 wide at ! base1 into :i* n>r[ %>p tee?1 usually ( /eel1 are set4 ,brass & ev5 h>d woods c be us$ = tee?4 ,! po9t ( ! segm5t be+ cut (f1 ! base is grasp$ 9 "o h&1 ! inside ( ! segm5t be+ turn$ t[>d ! op]ator4 ,! comb-l in/rum5t is =c$ into x ab\t #d cm4 f ! end ( ! base & ! tee? are held aga9/ ! fir/ f+] by pressure ( ! ?umb4 ,! leaf l5g? is !n drawn up by ! o!r h& & is cut into /raws dep5d+ 9 wid? ^u ! f95ess ( ! comb us$4 ,if ! leaves are too "y !y w break 9 ?is process4 ,! /ripp$ segm5ts are !n usually ti$ up into bundles z l>ge ar\nd z ! fi/1 & hung 9 "s %ad$ place expos$ to ! w9d4 ,! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ?is process v>ies4 ,9 "s places x is omitt$1 ?\gh x seems to be always c>ri$ out 9 ,tanay4 ,! bundles are !n undone & ! work]1 hold+ ! uncut base ( ea* l5g? 9 "o h&1 runs ! /raw betwe5 8 f+]s & ! %>p edg$ rul]-l piece ( bamboo held 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is done sev]al times & results 9 ! removal ( consid]able moi/ure1 ! prev5tion ( wr9kl+1 & great] pliability ( ! /raw4 ,!re are sev]al v>iations 9 ! processes foll[$ = boil+ sabutan4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,laguna a fi/ful ( ! /ripp$ l5g?s ) bases /ill atta*$ are roll$ up into a bundle & plac$ 9 fre% wat] 9 ord] to remove ! color+ matt]--9 "s places 9 cle>1 runn+ riv] wat]1 9 o!r places 9 a c ( clean1 fre% wat]--= ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! wat] is *ang$ sev]al times4 ,9 ! la/ me?od ! process is discont9u$ :5 ! wat] rema9s cle>4 ,bundles are !n plac$ 9 cold v9eg>1 wat] or lemon wat] to :i* gre5 tam>9d fruit has be5 add$ to make ! color ( ! /raw light] & to t\gh5 x2 ! wat] is br\ght to a boil4 ,bamboo is us$ z fuel1 z t fire is n s hot z a wood fire4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = cook+ diff]s4 ,"o good au?ority /ates t x %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! odor ( sabutan c no long] be detect$ 9 ! vapor1 :i* occurs aft] ab\t fifte5 m9utes boil+4 ,?is au?ority also /ates t ! /raw %\ld be remov$ :5 x takes on a r$di% hue4 ,_m wom5 put ! /raw into cle> boil+ wat] to :i* no?+ has be5 add$4 ,aft] ?is process ! /raw is all[$ to cool1 is wa%$ sev]al times 9 clean1 fre% wat] & is spread 9 ! sun to dry1 :]eupon x assumes a gray color4 ,if !re is no sun ! cool /raw mu/ be kept 9 fre% wat] :i* is *ang$ e twelve h\rs until ! sun appe>s4 ,if a gre5i% %ade is obta9$ ! process has n be5 correctly c>ri$ out4 ,/raw f d>k gre51 ?ick1 old leaves1 or f ^? gr[n 9 ! sun1 is (t5 r$di% br[n 9 color4 ,! boil+ processes not$ are ^? us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( /raw = mats4 ,! process foll[$ 9 ,tanay has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,amado ,simpoco1 pr9cipal ( ! ,tanay ,c5tral ,s*ool4 ,! /ripp$ l5g?s1 aft] be+ wilt$ & drawn ov] ! %>p edg$ piece ( bamboo1 are made up into fi/ bundles1 ti$ at ! middle & plac$ 9 a l>ge copp] pot #fa cm4 9 diamet] & #hd cm4 9 dep? & conta9+ ab\t #be bundles4 ,! pot is fill$ ) wat] & ! sabutan is boil$ = #bd h\rs1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! /raw is always cov]$4 ,aft] boil+1 ! bundles are remov$ & unti$ & ! /rips are hung 9 ! %ade or 9 ! h\se to cool2 aft]w>ds !y are plac$ 9 ! riv] = a day & are !n wa%$ c>efully & dri$ ?or\ghly 9 ! sun4 ,! gray /raw ?us obta9$ is /or$ 9 bundles1 /ill atta*$ to ! uncut bases1 & is left 9 ! air = ?ree or f\r nights be=e x is wov5 into mats4 ,dye+ sabutan4--,mr4 ,simpoco has also made a c>eful /udy ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ,tanay 9 dye+ sabutan /raw1 & ! results ( 8 ef=ts are pres5t$ "h4 ,r$ orange3 ,= ! production ( r$ orange /raw ! gray mat]ial1 prep>$ z outl9$ above1 is fir/ treat$ by /eep+ 9 wat] conta9+ kolis leaves & twigs4 ,! leaves & *opp$ twigs are p\nd$ 9 a mort> & are plac$ toge!r ) ! sabutan 9 a l>ge receptacle capable ( conta9+ f #be to #cj bundles1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,! mat]ial is all[$ to rema9 9 ! receptacle = f\r days4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! fif? day ! /raw is remov$ & hung 9 a %ad$ place until dry & is made up into bundles ti$ tightly at ! l>g] end4 ,! dye fluid is c>efully prep>$4 ,*ips ( sappan are boil$ 9 a l>ge copp] pot = "o day4 ,a quantity ( turm]ic roots & annatto se$s are p\nd$ sep>ately 9 mort>s until !y are r$uc$ to a v f9e /ate4 ,^! are !n sep>ately treat$ ) wat] & press$1 ! result be+ a turm]ic wat] & an annatto wat]4 ,^! two are mix$ & p\r$ into ! boil+ sappan4 ,aft] ab\t #be m9utes ! bundles ( sabutan are plac$ 9 ! pot & ! :ole is all[$ to boil until e "p ( ! fib] is uni=mly color$4 ,aft] hav+ be5 boil$ suffici5tly1 ! bundles are remov$ & plac$ 9 a l>ge basket1 lat] to be dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,!y are left 9 ! night air = ?ree or f\r nights & are !n roll$ up 9 co>se mats4 ,! %ades procur$ v>y ) ! proportions ( ! dye mat]ials us$4 ,"s are a decid$ orange1 o!rs are light yell[4 ,yell[3 ,yell[ /raw is produc$ 9 ! same mann]1 us+ turm]ic & annatto only4 ,r$3 ,9 ! production ( r$ /raw ! bundles are treat$ ) kolis leaves 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! prelim9>y process = r$-orange /raw4 ,9 a pot capable ( hold+ #be fi/ bundles ( sabutan1 f\r gantas #ae ( f9ely *opp$ sappan are plac$4 ,ov] ?is are plac$ #ae bundles ( ! /raw1 :i* 9 turn is cov]$ ) "o ganta ( *opp$ sappan4 ,! rema9+ #aj bundles are !n add$ & cov]$ ) /ill ano!r ganta ( sappan4 ,! pot is fill$ ) wat] & set ov] a fire = f twelve to fifte5 h\rs4 ,c>e is tak5 t ! bundles are always kept "u ! wat] & t all p>ts ( ! mat]ial are uni=mly color$4 ,! loss by evaporation is c\nt]balanc$ by add+ wat] f "t to "t4 ,:5 well color$1 ! /raw is remov$ f ! pot & plac$ 9 a l>ge basket = a day & is !n hung 9 ! sun%9e to be dri$4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! night air2 :5 ?or\ghly dri$ x is roll$ 9 co>se mats4 ,black3 ,black /raw1 a w>m d>k gray1 is prep>$ f ! r$ mat]ial4 ,buds ( bananas1 leaves ( kabl+1 talisay1 camagon1 & ! ca/or plant are p\nd$ 9 a mort> & are mix$ ) f9e p>ticles ( black clay su* z c be obta9$ f rice paddies4 ,sappan wat]1 made by boil+ sappan *ips1 is !n add$ to ! mixture & ! entire mass is plac$ 9 a l>ge receptacle = a day4 ,r$ /raw is put into ?is mixture & all[$ to rema9 = two days4 ,x is remov$ on ! ?ird day & aga9 return$ to ! mixture on ! f\r? day4 ,on ! fif? day ! /raw is f9ally remov$ & plac$ 9 ! sun1 be+ kept 9 ! air at night4 ,coal t> dyes are us$ 9 ! production ( gre5 & purple /raws4 ,^! are pur*as$ f ! ,*9ese /ores4 ,! prep>$ gray fib] is also employ$ ) ^! dyes4 ,! usual me?od ( boil+ 9 a t9 c until ! desir$ %ade is obta9$1 is foll[$4 ,! /raw is dri$ 9 ! sun & kept 9 ! night air4 ,colors produc$ are n s uni=m or s satisfactory z ! o!rs describ$ & are seldom us$4 ,weav+ ! mats4--,be=e weav+ ! mat ! work] runs ! /raw ov] ! rul]-l piece ( bamboo z already expla9$1 & removes ! uncut base to :i* x has be5 atta*$ dur+ ! v>i\s processes ( prep>ation1 blea*+1 & dye+4 ,"o side ( ! mat is fir/ wov5 ! entire l5g?1 & is f9i%$ by hav+ ! edges turn$ 94 ,?is edge is !n plac$ 9 a slit made 9 a n>r[ /ick ( wood & is ti$ 9 place ) /rips ( sabutan /raw runn+ ar\nd ! /ick & ?r\gh ! mat4 ,! mat is all[$ to rema9 atta*$ to ?is /ick until x has be5 completely wov54 ,z weav+ proce$s1 ! f9i%$ "p is roll$ up on ! /ick1 ?us be+ out ( ! way ( ! weav]4 ,?is arrangem5t also s]ves to keep ! mat 9 position dur+ weav+ & prev5ts x f gett+ out ( %ape4 ,s+le /raws are us$ & consequ5tly ! mat has a "r & a wrong side4 #af ,! mo/ exp5sive mats1 :i* are seldom made1 are d\ble & ( v f9e mat]ial4 ,! ext5sion & cultivation ( sabutan4--,= a numb] ( ye>s !re has be5 an increas+ int]e/ ?r\gh\t ! ,philipp9es 9 ! propagation ( sabutan4 ,tea*]s 9 v>i\s places h procur$ suck]s f ! t[ns along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,laguna de ,bay1 & h plant$ !m out ) ! idea ( hav+ _! own indu/rial mat]ial close at h&4 ,_m ( ^! attempts h be5 failures1 s9ce n en\gh in=mation _h be5 obta9$ conc]n+ ! soil & moi/ure conditions necess>y = ! cultivation ( ! plant4 ,! ,bureau ( ,education has !re=e ga!r$ z mu* in=mation z possible on ! cultivation ( sabutan1 bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( v>i\s p]sons :o h attempt$ plant+ x4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 9 ^? regions hav+ a dry season1 ! suck]s %\ld be plant$ e>ly 9 ! ra9y season s t !y may become well root$ be=e ! ra9s /op1 or else wat] %\ld be provid$ ?r\gh irrigation dit*es4 ,9 ne>ly all cases x has be5 report$ t ! loss ( plants result$ f lack ( wat] at ! plant+ p]iod4 ,x is report$ t difficulty is f\nd 9 mak+ ! suck]s live if plant$ 9 ! sun1 b t1 :5 well e/abli%$1 ^? s plant$ gr[ & produce suck]s bett]4 ,z has be5 previ\sly not$1 no special attempt is made to set ! plants out 9 ei!r ! sun or %ade 9 ! t[ns ar\nd ,laguna de ,bay1 b all weav]s /ate t leaves gr[n 9 ! %ade are ! be/ = indu/rial purposes4 ,sabutan plants ne$ a moi/ b well dra9$ soil4 ,!y %\ld be set out ab\t a met] ap>t ea* way 7t is1 ! r[s "o met] ap>t & plants "o met] ap>t 9 ! r[71 s9ce !y spread out consid]ably :5 !y become old]4 ,:]e suffici5t moi/ure does n exi/1 irrigation %\ld be provid$4 ,if x is decid$ to %ade ! suck]s1 plants su* z ! papaya1 hav+ long roots r ?an surface roots1 are be/4 ,no sabutan plants %\ld be plant$ )9 #f feet ( ! papaya4 ,x is probable t ) cultivation ! plants w yield leaves suitable = /raw 9 f "o & "o-half to two ye>s1 ! "t to mature dep5d+ ^u ! conditions not$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 #ag ,sabutan types4--,9 sev]al places 9 ! ,philipp9es !re are p&ans :i* yield leaves simil> to ^? ( sabutan4 ,x is probable t none ( ^! are ! true sabutan4 ,! mo/ important "o is t gr[+ along ! nor!a/]n %ore ( ,tayabas ,prov9ce4 ,mats are made at bo? ,casiguran & ,bal]1 & ent] to a small ext5t1 ! int]prov9cial trade ) neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,x is /at$1 h[ev]1 t ^! regions ab\nd 9 ! species ( p&an f :i* ! mats are made4 ,sabutan type mats are also report$ made at ,palanan 9 ,isabela ,prov9ce1 & a trade is c>ri$ on 9 !m ) neighbor+ t[ns4 ,o!r p&ans report$ "u ! "n ( sabutan & resembl+ x m or less h no comm]cial importance4 ,s>akat4 ,s>akat is a di/9ctive p&an ( ! ,bangui ,p59sula ( ,ilocos ,norte4 ,! climate ( ?is region diff]s f ! re/ ( ,ilocos ,norte 9 t x has ra9fall practically ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 receiv+ z x does ! b5efit ( ! nor!a/ monsoon :i* is cut (f f ! c\ntry to ! s\?4 ,x has n z yet be5 det]m9$ :e!r s>akat is to be describ$ z a new v>iety ( ,p4 tectorius or is to be designat$ z an entirely new species4 ,f mats submitt$ to ?is (fice1 x is to be judg$ t s>akat /raw is z f9e z sabutan4 ,9 fact1 ! mat]ial is s ?9 t ev5 ?\gh ! mats are wov5 ( d\ble /raws !y are no ?ick]1 & are a good deal m pliable ?an all o!r comm]cial p&an mats1 sabutan except$1 produc$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! upp] surface ( p&an /raw is glossy1 & ! "u surface is r\gh4 ,9 mak+ ! d\ble /raw1 ! two r\gh surfaces are plac$ toge!r s z to expose bo? glossy ones4 ,h5ce1 unlike ! sabutan1 bo? sides ( s>akat mats are simil> 9 appe>ance4 ,! mat]ial1 h[ev]1 is n s /rong z sabutan4 #ah ,! mats are n decorat$ ei!r by weav+ 9 color$ /raws or by embroid]$ or bord] designs4 ,9 price !y v>y f ab\t ,p#a to ,p#b4 ,mr4 ,petronilo ,ca/ro1 =m]ly ,sup]vis+ ,tea*] ( ,bangui1 has /at$ t t t[n supplies mo/ ( ! mats us$ by ! p ( ,ilocos ,norte4 ,"s buri mats & a few p&an mats 7probably f ! common sea%ore v>iety7 are made4 ,! s>akat mats exce$ ^? ( p&an 9 numb]s & 9 comm]cial importance & are m beautiful & /rong]4 ,! dem& = ! mats is great & _m p are engag$ exclusively 9 _! fabrication4 ,! ,p&an ( ,majayjay4 #ai ,?is p&an 7,p4 utilissimus7 is kn[n 9 mo/ places :]e x gr[s z p&an or p&an totoo1 ! true or tame p&an4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 ,laguna & ,tayabas & is rem>kable = its v l>ge leaves & its heavy fruit4 ,! tree occurs 9 gr\ps 9 dry gr\nd b ?rives be/ 9 half %ade ne> /reams4 ,x atta9s a height ( f #d to #h met]s4 ,! trunk bran*es t[>d ! top & is support$ by a few %ort & ?ick prop roots4 ,! leaves are (t5 #e met]s long & #b decimet]s wide4 ,! l[] "p ( ! old] leaves /&s up /raight1 :ile ! upp] half droops4 ,! y\ng] leaves are erect ) only _! tips b5t d[n4 ,! leaf sp9es are %ort1 blunt1 & conical4 ,! fruits look l ! jackfruit & are v l>ge & heavy1 be+ (t5 #f decimet]s long & #b decimet]s 9 diamet] & weigh+ at times #be or m kilograms4 ,! drupes rip5 sl[ly & gradually2 !y are r$ 9 color :5 fully mature & possess a peculi> fa9t odor4 ,x takes "s "t be=e all ! drupes are %$1 & 9 a grove ( fruit+ trees !y c be f\nd 9 all /ages ( maturity dur+ ! mon? ( ,may4 ,p4 utilissimus is f\nd gr[+ wild ?r\gh\t ! plateau region ( ,majayjay1 ,luisiana1 & ,cav9ti 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce1 & ext5d+ into ,tayabas ,prov9ce4 ,x is only ! leaves f ^? plants :i* h be5 set out 9 plots1 h[ev]1 t are utiliz$ 9 ! mak+ ( mats1 hats & telescope baskets4 ,l sabutan1 ?is p&an gr[s be/ 9 ! half-%ade ne> /reams1 & leaves gr[n 9 ! sun are consid]$ inf]ior4 ,nev]!less1 no attempt seems to be made to select a locality = _! propagation1 & plots are plant$ :]ev] l& is available4 ,?is p&an w n live 9 /agnant wat] & is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to hill-sides :]e !re is a con/ant fl[4 ,! mo/ satisfactory /ati/ics on ! propagation ( ,p4 utilissimus are obta9$ f ,cav9ti1 :]e ! plant has be5 introduc$ )9 rec5t ye>s & suck]s are /ill be+ br\ght 9 f o!r t[ns4 ,x is /at$ t suck]s "o-half met] 9 height mature 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s1 :ile suck]s "o met] 9 height or ov] w produce suitable leaves 9 "o ye> or less4 ,! mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$ by transplant+ ! mature plants1 s9ce leaves are obta9able 9 a few mon?s & 9 half a ye> suck]s l>ge en\gh = transplant+ are produc$4 ,x is /at$ t 9 sett+ ! plants out1 ! und]gr[? is cle>$ away & ! suck]s are plac$ 9 ! gr\nd ab\t #a #a_/b met]s ap>t4 ,"s att5tion is giv5 to ! "y plants su* z loos5+ ! e>? ar\nd !m2 b z soon z !y obta9 a good foo?old no cultivation is attempt$4 ,usually weav]s own _! pat* ( p&an f :i* ! leaves are obta9$ = mak+ ! /raw4 ,sev]al work]s sometimes h a pat* 9 common & ! few weav]s :o d n own p&ans !mselves mu/ pur*ase4 ,! leaves are sold on ! tree1 ! pur*as] cutt+ !m (f ) a bolo4 ,! price is f #bj to #cj c5tavos p] hundr$1 dep5d+ ^u _! size1 s(tness1 ?ickness1 & imp]fections4 ,! longe/1 ?9ne/1 d>ke/ gre5 leaves1 ) ! fewe/ imp]fections1 are consid]$ ! be/ & co/ ! mo/4 ,9 ,cav9ti1 :]e ! leaves are import$ f ,luisiana & ,majayjay1 ! price ( ! be/ leaves is #ej c5tavos p] hundr$4 ,! e/imates ( ! numb] ( leaves yield$ by a plant 9 a ye> diff] consid]ably4 ,by "s x is /at$ t on ! av]age "o leaf is produc$ p] mon?2 o!rs report t f ?ree to five leaves are ga!r$ 9 f ?ree to six weeks4 ,! ?orns are remov$ f ! edges1 & ! midrib is cut away1 ?us r$uc+ ! leaf into two halves1 ea* ( :i* is aga9 divid$4 ,^! /rips are plac$ 9 ! sun = half a day4 ,! unique process 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is p&an /raw is ! roll+ :i* occurs at ?is po9t4 ,:ile x is probable t any roll] ) suffici5t weight c\ld be us$1 t employ$ 9 ! p&an di/ricts ( ,laguna is ! primitive iluhan by :i* sug>-cane & copra are also cru%$4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( ?ree heavy wood5 horses1 9 ! grooves ( :i* a log1 heavily weight$ ) /ones1 rotates4 ,! p&an l5g?s are plac$ 9 "o ( ! grooves und]nea? ! log & s roll$4 ,! object ( ! process is to make ! mat]ial ?9n] & m pliable4 ,/raw is /ripp$ f ! l5g?s ?us prep>$ by ! use ( ! gauge4 #bj ,! /raw is !n fur!r dri$ 9 ! sun%9e & is ready to be wov54 ,sometimes ! l5g?s are /ripp$ be=e be+ roll$1 h5ce ! /raw is left 9 ! sun%9e = ano!r half day & !n plac$ "u ! log 9 ! iluhan4 ,mats are wov5 9 ,majayjay & ,luisiana only1 ! weav]s ( ,cav9ti devot+ _! entire "t to ! fabrication ( hats4 ,! mats are wov5 ( s+le /raw1 b !y are fairly ?ick & n at all limb]4 ,! numb] produc$ p] week runs probably into ! ?\s&s1 ( :i* ab\t #ge p] c5t are made ( co>se /raw & are int5d$ = use 9 dry+ palay1 copra1 etc4 ,^! mats are kn[n z bangkoan1 a ^w hav+ ab\t ! same significance z ba/os2 t is1 co>sely or poorly made4 ,! f9] & bett] made mats are int5d$ = use z sleep+ mats & = ! floor4 ,!y are decorat$ ) color$ buri /raw1 usually 9 "s %ade ( r$ produc$ by mordant+ ) kolis leaves & boil+ ) sappan wood z expla9$ = buri /raw4 ,occasionally1 o!r colors are us$1 produc$ f ! import$ coal-t> 7,*9o7 dyes1 b 9 all cases ! %ades produc$ are n v pleas+4 ,! decorations are embroid]$ 91 & consi/ ( simple bord]s 9 /raight l9es ) an op5 c5t] design ( some:at ! same patt]n4 ,:5 fir/ wov51 ! mats are usually ( a d>k gre5 color4 ,be=e be+ sold1 !y are plac$ 9 ! sun1 :i* *anges !m to a grayi% color some:at resembl+ sabutan4 ,aft] long use1 h[ev]1 ! f9al %ade is yell[i% gre54 ,!re seems to be b little division ( labor 9 ! production ( ^! mats4 ,usually ! :ole family goes out into ! pat* & cuts ! leaves1 remov+ ! ?orns be=e br++ !m home4 ,only wom5 weave ! mats4 ,9 ,majayjay a few work]s color _! own buri /raw us$ 9 decorat+ ! mats1 b = ! mo/ "p ?is mat]ial is obta9$ f dy]s1 "o a ,*9ese1 ! o!r a ,filip9o1 :o prep>e x = sale4 ,! weav]s are indep5d5t ( advances by brok]s & sell _! product to ,filip9os or to ! repres5tatives ( ,*9ese m]*ants 9 ,pagsanjan & ,manila4 ,a few weav]s take _! mats to ,lukban1 :5ce !y are di/ribut$ ov] ,tayabas ,prov9ce1 b _m m are ga!r$ up by ^! brok]s & sold 9 ! m>ket at ,pagsanjan4 ,! mat m>ket !re usually occupies "o :ole sidewalk runn+ ! l5g? ( ! m>ket build+4 ,! p&an mats ( ,majayjay & ,luisiana are notable = _! /r5g? & durability1 & are excell5t = ! floor or ba?4 ,9 price !y range f ,p#j4ej to ,p#e4jj4 ,! usual price ( ! decorat$ mats is ,p#a4ej4 ,! dem& cont9ues brisk & prices h rec5tly ris54 ,! weake/ po9t 9 ! mat at ! pres5t "t is 9 ! color$ buri /raw us$ to decorate x1 = ?is te>s long be=e ! p&an %[s signs ( we>4 ,if color$ sabutan /raw is sub/itut$ = ! buri1 a mu* /rong] & probably m pleas+ article w result4 #ba ,k>agumoy4 #bb ,! p&an ,p4 simplex1 kn[n z k>agumoy or c>ogumoy1 is ! economic p&an ( ! ,bicol p59sula 9 s\!rn ,luzon4 ,x is usually f\nd gr[+ 9 well dra9$ soil "u ! %ade ( banana & abaca plants & areca palms4 ,x ne$s ?is protection because ! leaves are easily brok5 or ru9$ by h>d w9ds4 ,! leaves are g5]ally long] ?an ^? ( sabutan 7!y are #b met]s to #c #a_/b met]s 9 l5g?7 & are b f #f cm4 to #aj cm4 wide4 ,!y are v ?ick1 be+ practically z co>se z ! leaves ( ,p4 utilissimus4 ,!y be> /\t sp9es on ! midrib & along ! m>g9s1 f two c5timet]s to ?ree c5timet]s ap>t4 ,a fungus disease (t5 attacks !m1 caus+ dry h>d pat*es1 & n only spoil+ ! color b also mak+ ! mat]ial s brittle t x breaks 9 ! prep>ation ( ! /raw4 ,! plant is propagat$ by means ( suck]s 9 pat*es seldom ov] a half hect>e 9 ext5t & (t5 consi/+ ( a few plants back ( ! h\se4 ,! suck]s are set out 9 r[s & are probably "o ye> old :5 ! fir/ leaves are tak51 ?\gh ! work]s disagree on ?is po9t4 ,at a specifi$ "t1 f eight to fifte5 leaves are cut f ! plant ea* ye>2 at o!r p]iods1 two or ?ree may be tak5 f ! same plants4 ,mo/ ( ! leaves are h>ve/$ dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,k>agumoy leaves h a comm]cial value 9 _m ( ! places 9 :i* ! plant occurs4 ,9 ,tabaco1 ,albay1 wom5 cut ! leaves & c>ry !m 9 l>ge bundles to ! m>ket1 :]e !y are sold at prices usually v>y+ f #h to #ab c5tavos p] hundr$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,prov9ce ( ,albay mats are made f k>agumoy1 & 9 "s t[ns ! indu/ry is ( consid]able importance4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! b>rio ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,tabaco1 mats may be f\nd 9 ! mak+ 9 ne>ly e h\se4 ,9 ,sorsogon1 too1 ! indu/ry is widespread ?\gh n s important comm]cially4 ,9 ,balusa ! production is l>ge en\gh to supply ! local dem& & leave a surplus = export to neighbor+ t[ns4 ,9 ! ,bicol prov9ces k>agumoy is consid]$ ! be/ ( all /raws = ! production ( mats4 ,9 price ! mats v>y f ?irty to n9ety c5tavos1 accord+ to f95ess4 ,9 prep>+ ! mat]ial1 ! sp9es & midrib are fir/ remov$ & ! leaves are divid$ into f\r /rips ( ab\t equal wid?4 ,! /raw is prep>$ f ^! ) ! knife & gauge2 x is dri$ 9 ! %ade = a few h\rs & drawn sev]al times ov] a piece ( bamboo z expla9$ = sabutan 9 ord] to make x m supple & smoo?4 ,! mats are wov5 9 ! e>ly morn+ & at night1 ! /raw be+ m pliable !n4 ,attempts h be5 made 9 ! s*ools to dye k>agumoy b no success has yet be5 atta9$4 ,! mats are pla94 ,b>iu4 ,! /em ( ?is plant1 ,p4 copel&ii1 gr[s f #d to #i met]s high4 ,! leaves h an av]age l5g? ( #b4a met] & a wid? ( #h cm4 #bc ,sp9es occur along ! entire m>g94 ,ne> ! base !y are comp>atively co>se & f #c to #d mm4 long4 ,t[>ds ! apex ( ! m>g9s & midve9s1 ! sp9es are %ort & close toge!r l ! tee? ( a f9e saw4 ,f #c to #e heads g5]ally =m on ! fruit /alk1 ea* ( !m f #g to #ab cm4 long & #e to #g cm4 across1 at fir/ pale yell[i% 9 appe>ance b soon turn+ r$4 ,_! drupes are #ad mm4 long & #c to #d mm4 9 diamet]4 ,?is p&an is f\nd 9 ,cagayan1 ,b5guet1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,sam>1 ,bohol1 ,occid5tal ,negros1 ,capiz1 ,surigao1 ,davao1 & o!r prov9ces4 #bd ,?is p&an is n ( economic importance 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,luzon4 ,9 ! ,bicol prov9ces x is us$ to "s ext5t b x is consid]$ inf]ior to o!r mat]ials4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,visayas1 su* z ,bohol1 ,capiz & ,sam>1 x is utiliz$ to a consid]able ext5t1 b _c be consid]$ ( comm]cial importance4 ,x is ! economic p&an ( ,surigao1 b ev5 !re its comm]cial importance is local only4 ,table %[+ comp>ative measurem5ts ( c]ta9 ,philipp9e p&ans4 ,p4 ,sabutan4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 tectorius4 utilissimus4 simplex4 copel&ii4 ,height ( trunk #c to #f m #b to #d m #d to #h m #f m #d m4 ,leaves3 ,l5g? #a4ce m #b m #e m #b to #c4e m #b4a m4 ,wid? #f cm #f cm #bj cm #f to #aj cm #h cm4 ,?ickness ,m$ium ,f9e ,?ick ,?ick ,m$ium4 ,fruit3 ,l5g? #bj cm #fj cm #i cm #g to #ab cm4 ,?ickness #ah cm #bj cm #i cm #e to #g cm4 ,drupes-- ,l5g? #e4e cm #g to #h cm #c cm #ad mm4 ,?ickness #b4e to #c cm #b cm #a cm #c to #d mm4 ,numb] 9 head #ej to #hj ,_m ,_m ,_m4 ,p&ans ( ,m9or ,utility4 ,! species ,p4 radicans is report$ z olango f ,leyte1 wag 9 ,bohol1 owag 9 ,surigao & uyago 9 ,sorsogon4 ,x is usually f\nd gr[+ along riv]s & 9 m>%es4 ,! trunk rea*es a height ( #h m4 & its l>ge/ leaves may be #f m4 long & #ab cm4 wide4 ,!re are f #f to #aj d>k brick r$ fruits 9 a clu/]4 ,! fruit is #ad cm4 long & #h cm4 wide & conta9s #ajj or m drupes4 ,ea* drupe is #b4e cm4 9 l5g? & #ab mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! leaves are made into /raw f :i* co>se mats are wov54 ,taboan is ! "n giv5 to ,p&anus dubius 9 ,surigao :ile 9 ,bohol x is kn[n z bacong4 ,x is a r>e species4 ,x is said to be a heavy1 clumsy appe>+ tree ) /em ab\t #h m4 high1 wide spread+ bran*es ne> ! top1 & s(t1 pulpy & /r+y wood4 ,! fl[]s are gr\p$ into an infloresc5ce4 ,! male infloresc5ce1 ab\t #fj cm4 long & p>tly cov]$ by creamy yell[ bracts1 is erect & occurs at ! end ( ! bran*es4 ,! leaves are deep gre5 9 color on bo? sides1 ) an av]age l5g? ( #b4be cm4 & a wid? ( #bj cm4 ,! drupes ( ?is p&an are f #h cm4 to #ac cm4 long & f #e cm4 to #h cm4 wide4 ,! plant is utiliz$ to a small ext5t 9 mak+ mats4 ,9 ! ,tagalog speak+ prov9ces ( ,bulacan1 ,bataan1 & 9 & ar\nd ,manila1 ,p&anus luzon5sis is call$ alasas4 ,x is also call$ p&an b ?is "n %\ld be res]v$ = ,p&anus tectorius4 ,! =m] is re/rict$ 9 its habitat to ! prov9ces ar\nd ,manila ,bay1 :ile ! latt] is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! seacoa/ prov9ces ( ! ,philipp9es z well z 9 o!r tropical p>ts ( ! _w4 ,p&anus luzon5sis atta9s a great] height ?an ,p&anus tectorius1 b has n>r[] leaves ?an ! latt]4 ,! male fl[]s are borne 9 a fle%y1 mu*-bran*$ infloresc5ce f #bj to #cj cm4 long4 ,ea* bran* is p>tly surr\nd$ by a broad ?9 bract1 #h cm4 wide4 ,ea* individual fl[] has f #d to #i /am5s4 ,! :ole fruit is ab\t #bj c5timet]s long & conta9s f #cj to #fj drupes1 yell[i% r$ 9 color :5 ripe4 ,ea* drupe is f #c to #d cm4 long1 #b to #b4e cm4 ?ick1 & conta9s f #f to #aj se$s4 ,! /raw f ?is p&an is ( inf]ior quality1 ?\gh x is said to be us$ 9 ,bulacan = mats4 ,unid5tifi$ ,p&ans4 ,besides ! p&ans1 ! id5tity ( :i* has be5 expla9$ above1 !re are sev]al unid5tifi$ specim5s or v>ieties f :i* mats are made4 ,x may be t "s ( ^! w be f\nd id5tical ) ^? already discuss$ :5 suffici5t botanical mat]ial has be5 ga!r$ to det]m9e !m4 ,9 ,isabela ,prov9ce1 a p&an kn[n z langu hav+ long1 /rong1 ?9 leaves1 is made into mats 9 ,santa ,m>ia1 ,del5a & ,bolasi4 ,mats are made along ! coa/ ( ,cagayan ,prov9ce1 9 ! ,ilocano b>rios ( ! t[ns ( ,clav]ia & ,san*ez ,mira1 f a p&an kn[n z pataga4 ,^! are v co>se & ?ick & h an unusually %9y surface4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,otto ,h>wood1 ! leaves v>y 9 l5g? f #aj cm4 to #ce4e cm4 & 9 wid? f #g4e cm4 to #ae cm4 ,! /raw is made by cutt+ ! leaf into /rips & dry+ !m 9 ! sun4 ,al?\gh ! indu/ry is yet small1 x is develop+4 ,a species ( p&an is employ$ 9 ! t[ns ( ,camalaniugan1 ,ap>ri1 ,gat>an1 & ,lal-loc 9 ,cagayan ,prov9ce = mak+ mats4 ,locally !y are valu$ at f #dj to #ej c5tavos1 b 9 ,isabela ,prov9ce to :i* !y are export$ !y sell = z high z a peso & a half4 ,! only municipality 9 ,pangas9an prov9ce 9 :i* ! mak+ ( mats has rea*$ prov9cial & int]prov9cial importance is ,bol9ao4 ,! species ( p&an employ$ is n kn[n4 ,! mats are %ipp$ to t[ns along ! seacoa/ ( ,ilocos & ,zambales ,prov9ce by sail+ vessels1 & are sold 9 ! local m>kets or to local m]*ants4 ,9 ,m9doro ! t[n ( ,subang makes p&an mats :i* are %ipp$ to ,batangas1 ,cavite1 & ,manila4 ,two p&ans1 call$ l+o & b>+ 7 s5t to ! ,g5]al ,(fice ( ! ,bureau ( ,education f ,gu9dalman1 ,bohol4 ,x 0 impossible to id5tify !m z no fruit 0 includ$4 ,!y probably repres5t two new species4 ,l+o has a leaf #b4i m4 9 l5g? & ( an almo/ uni=m wid? ( #e4e cm4 ,at #hj cm4 f ! tip1 x is #d4e cm4 wide1 !n gradually becomes acum9ate4 ,! m>g9al sp9es are #b mm4 long1 curv$ =w>d1 f #f to #h mm4 ap>t ne> ! /em1 b clos] toge!r at ! di/al "o-?ird ( ! leaf4 ,sp9es ( #a mm4 or less 9 l5g? & #d mm4 or less ap>t1 curv$ =w>d & ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! leaf1 occur on ! l[] surface ( ! midrib only4 ,! surface ( ! leaf is smoo? & %9y4 ,! leaf ( b>+ is #gb cm4 long1 #b4h cm4 wide1 app>5tly sp9eless1 smoo? & f9e 9 texture4 ,bo? ( ^! p&ans w\ld probably yield good indu/rial mat]ials4 ,9 ,iloilo1 ! t[n ( ,banate has a p&an mat indu/ry ( int]prov9cial importance1 ^: product is an article ( comm]ce z f> z ,negros4 ,! mats sell at ab\t #ej c5tavos ea*4 ,!re is a l>ge export ( p&an mats f ,dao1 ,antique1 to ! prov9ce ( ,iloilo4 ,p&an mats are export$ f ,cuyo ,isl& 9 ,palawan4 ,"s are s5t to ! ma9l& ( ,palawan & o!rs to ,antique4 ,! ,moro p&an mats are ! mo/ ri*ly color$ ( all ^? produc$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,at ?is writ+1 in=mation is n at h& to det]m9e ! me?od ( prep>+ ! /raw or ! species ( p&an f :i* !y are made4 ,mats :i* h be5 exhibit$ at successive ,philipp9e expositions h und\bt$ly be5 dy$ ) import$ color+ matt]4 ,! designs are ( ! g5]al effect ( ! mat reproduc$ on page #hd4 ,! colors are (t5 well comb9$ & ! effect is v /rik+4 ,! ,cottabato mats are d\ble2 ! "u portion is wov5 ( ?ick1 heavy1 uncolor$ /raw1 & ! upp] portion is ( f9] mat]ial2 ! two p>ts are splic$ toge!r4 ,s$ge ,/raws4 ,k9ds ( ,s$ges4 ,botanical4 ,! s$ges :i* =m ! family ( ,cyp]aceae are grass-l or ru%-l h]bs1 ) solid1 jo9tless1 usually triangul> /ems1 :ile ! grasses 7,gram9eae7 are mo/ly h]bs1 usually ) holl[ /ems clos$ & enl>g$ at ! nodes4 ,! =m] play an important "p 9 ! manufacture ( mats because ( _! l5g? & fre$om f nodes4 ,! family includes sev]al g5]a ( importance2 viz41 ,scirpus1 ,cyp]us1 & ,fimbri/ylis4 ,( ^! ! ,fimbri/ylis is ! mo/ important1 = two species ( ,fimbri/ylis h a fairly l>ge comm]cial use2 !y are !re=e tak5 up sep>ately4 ,( ! g5us ,scirpus1 ! species ,s4 grossus1 kn[n z balangot 9 ,ambos ,cam>9es & ,capiz1 bagaas 9 ,occid5tal ,negros1 tiquio 9 ,rizal1 & bagui-bagui 9 ,capiz1 & ,s4 erectus1 are us$ = mats4 ,s4 grossus is n a v suitable mat]ial = indu/rial purposes1 its di/9ctly ?ree-corn]$ /alk be+ too co>se 9 texture & too l>ge to p]mit ( weav+ ev5 a fair grade article4 ,s4 erectus is mu* bett]4 ,! /alk is ab\t z f9e z tikug & gr[s to a height ( #fj cm4 ,! fl[]s sometimes occur 9 a solit>y clu/]1 b m (t5 f #b to #e clu/]s ( spikelets are f\nd on ! side ( ! /alk ne> its top4 ,! plant is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! ,philipp9es & inhabits op5 grass l&s4 ,x be>s "s fl[]s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,z yet only co>se mats are made f x1 b its g5]al appe>ance w\ld w>rant exp]im5ts along ! l9es ( ! processes by :i* tikug is treat$4 ,! only native names not$ are tayoc-tayoc & tikug by :i* names ! plant is kn[n 9 ,occid5tal ,negros4 ,^! names1 h[ev]1 are m prop]ly appli$ to o!r plants4 ,scirpus mucronatus is some:at l ,s4 erectus 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,! /em ( ,s4 mucronatus is m robu/ & co>s] 9 texture & atta9s a height ( #hj cm4 ,its dri$ /em has an av]age wid? ( #d to #e mm41 :ile t ( ,s4 erectus measures f #b to #c mm4 ,! fl[]s ( ,s4 mucronatus appe> 9 a v d5se head on ! side ( ! plant f #b to #i cm4 f ! top4 ,ea* head is made up ( f #e to #bj spikelets4 ,^! spikelets are f #f to #ae mm4 long1 :ile ^? ( ,s4 erectus are nev] m ?an #a cm4 9 l5g?4 ,! co>s] /alk ( ,s4 mucronatus makes x a less desirable mat mat]ial ?an ,s4 erectus4 ,9 ! ,ilocos prov9ces a v co>se r\nd s$ge call$ tik] 7,scirpus lacu/ris7 occurs4 ,x may be ( value if split & dri$ 9 ! sun s t x curls up into a r\nd /raw4 ,! g5us ,cyp]us includes a numb] ( economic plants1 among !m ! ,*9ese matt+ s$ge4 ,! species mo/ us$ 9 ! ,philipp9es is ,c4 malacc5sis4 ,?is plant has an und]gr\nd /em :i*1 z x cont9ues its gr[?1 s5ds out new /alks4 ,! plant lives = a numb] ( ye>s & :5 fully gr[n is f #j4e to #a4e met]s high4 ,! /em is /\t & ?ree-sid$ 9 %ape4 ,x has few or no leaves1 & :5 pres5t ! leaves are n m ?an #c cm4 long4 ,f #b to #e leaf-l /ems 7bracts7 n m ?an #bj cm4 long occur "u ! infloresc5ce4 ,! spikelets :i* make up ! infloresc5ce are some:at cr[d$ toge!r2 !y are v n>r[1 f #a to #b cm4 long4 ,! plant occurs 9 ! ,philipp9es 9 bracki% swamps & along tidal /reams4 ,x is also f\nd 9 tropical ,africa1 ,asia1 ! isl&s ( ,polynesia1 & ,au/ralia4 ,x is usually 9 fl[] f ,july to ,decemb]4 ,x 0 =m]ly made into mats & hats & is ev5 n[ utiliz$ 9 r>e in/ances 9 weav+ !m1 b x is mo/ important z a mat]ial = slipp]s1 & possibly = matt+4 ,( ! #abe species ( ,fimbri/ylis f\nd only 9 w>m regions1 two are ( economic importance 9 ! ,philipp9es1 :ile "o m might p]haps be tri$ out z a mat mat]ial4 ,all ! species ( ,fimbri/ylis h tuft$1 fibr\s or woody /ems4 ,! leaves occur ne> ! base4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a great numb] ( fl[]s gr\p$ closely toge!r to =m "o or m spikelets4 ,! spikelets !mselves may be ei!r solit>y or clu/]$4 ,! individual fl[]s are cov]$ by glumes & are arrang$ spirally on ! axis4 ,z ! fruit matures1 ! glumes ( ! fl[]s become ! *aff ( ! gra94 ,tikug4 ,?is s$ge 7,fimbri/ylis utilis7 gr[s usually m ?an a met] long & has tuft$ /ems :i* are %9y & smoo? 9 appe>ance & av]age ab\t #d mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! /ems may h long leaves at ! base or may be entirely leafless1 & are usually f\r- or five-sid$ imm$iately "u ! infloresc5ce4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! /alk is r\nd4 ,! plant has few or no und]gr\nd root-l /ems4 ,! fl[]s are d5sely clu/]$ toge!r to =m spikelets1 dusky br[n 9 color1 measur+ #f mm4 by #c mm4 ,9 ! ,visayas x is g5]ally kn[n z tikug4 ,9 ,agusan & ,surigao x is call$ anahiwan & 9 ,bukidnon sudsud4 ,sometimes x is call$ tayoc-tayoc 9 confusion ) ! small] s$ge m prop]ly kn[n by t "n1 :i* mu* resembles tikug4 ,a specim5 f ,pampanga 0 label$ muta4 ,tikug gr[s 9 greate/ pr(usion & rea*es its highe/ economic importance 9 p>ts ( ,m9danao1 ,bohol1 ,leyte1 & ,sam>4 ,to a less degree1 x is f\nd & utiliz$ on ,negros & ,panay4 ,:ile x is f\nd 9 ,cebu1 x is n us$ !re4 ,z a recogniz$ indu/rial plant1 !re=e1 its di/ribution is conf9$ to ! ,visayas & ,m9danao4 ,its appe>ance 9 ,pampanga w\ld indicate t x may be f\nd 9 o!r regions 9 :i* its value 9 h&-weav+ & 9 ! mak+ ( matt+ is n und]/ood4 #be ,tikug is utiliz$ 9 mak+ hats1 mats1 matt+1 slipp]s & v>i\s m9or articles4 ,sam> ,mats4 ,ga!r+ ! ,/raw4 ,! be/ kn[n tikug mats are produc$ on ! ,isl& ( ,sam>1 :]e ! s$ge gr[s wild4 #bf ,x has nev] be5 cultivat$ !re4 ,diff]5t grades are recogniz$ 9 ! height & wid? ( ! /raw4 ,! f9e/ is #a #a_/b mm4 9 diamet] :ile ! l>ge/ /raws are fully f\r times t wid?4 ,full gr[n /alks sometimes rea* #c met]s 9 height1 b ! av]age is #a #a_/b met]s4 ,9 mo/ places 9 ,sam> only v co>se tikug is f\nd & ?is is especially true 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! isl&4 ,! be/ mat]ial gr[s ne> ! t[ns ( ,basey & ,sulat1 a circum/ance probably due to ! fact t mo/ ( ^! s$ges are pull$ up = weav+ be=e !y become old & co>se1 = x is 9 ^! two t[ns t ! mat indu/ry ( ,sam> is c5t]$4 ,all grades ( tikug c be us$ 9 mak+ mats2 b z ! /raw _c be split into f9] pieces1 x is only f ! n>r[] mat]ial t ! f9e mats are made4 ,! map on ! di/ribution ( tikug %[s ! regions 9 ,sam> 9 :i* ?is s$ge occurs4 #bg ,blea*+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sam> r\gh mats are made f tikug dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ,basey & ,sulat blea*$ /raw is us$4 ,9 ! blea*+ process only ! sun is us$1 ! bundles be+ spread out :]e !re is nei!r grass nor %ade4 ,! /raw mu/ be kept p]fectly dry at all times1 = if x becomes wet or damp x w mildew & turn an unsightly black or br[n4 ,9 ! morn+ x mu/ n be put out until ! gr\nd is dry & 9 ! ev5+ x %\ld be tak5 9 be=e dew is =m$ ^u x4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by dry+ ! mat]ial 9 a place :]e !re is no grass1 z ! turf g5]ally holds consid]able moi/ure & ret>ds ! process4 ,) prop] c>e clean :ite /raw c be obta9$ 9 ab\t "o week "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,sometimes1 b n (t51 ! above process is prec$$ by boil+ ! /raw = t5 or tw5ty m9utes 9 pla9 wat]4 ,sev]al blea*+ exp]im5ts h already be5 made ) tikug1 b z yet none has be5 entirely successful4 ,9 "o exp]im5t /raw 0 boil$ 9 alum1 b ! resultant mat]ial 0 n s :ite z t obta9$ by simply dry+ x 9 ! sun4 ,boil+ gre5 tikug 9 wat] conta9+ acetic acid f ! juice ( limes & lemons 0 unsatisfactory4 ,! be/ /raw obta9$ 0 t produc$ by simply boil+ ! gre5 /alk = a few m9utes 9 wat] & r9s+ x well & !n dry+ 9 ! sun%9e = sev]al days4 ,! /raws are ( diff]5t l5g?s & diamet]s2 aft] blea*+ !y mu/ be sort$4 ,! se$ clu/]s are remov$ & ! bun*es are ti$ 9 a big bundle :i* is laid on ! floor ) root t[>d ! work]4 ,! long] /raws ( small diamet] are !n pull$ out & plac$ 9 small bundles1 ! process cont9u+ until ! sev]al diff]5t grades are ?us sep>at$ & no?+ rema9s b a few %ort ?ick /raws :i* are kept = embroid]+ designs4 ,ea* bundle is !n trimm$ by cutt+ (f ! roots & ragg$ tops & ! /raw is ready = /or+1 dye+1 or flatt5+4 ,if tikug rema9s 9 a damp place x w mold & become wor?less4 ,x is easily kept dur+ ! dry season1 if frequ5tly expos$ to ! sun4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season x %\ld be wrapp$ 9 a blanket or clo?4 ,dye+4 ,v few uncolor$ /raws are us$ 9 ,sam> mats4 ,! dy$ mat]ial is m durable & does n mildew z readily z ! uncolor$ /raws4 ,tikug dyes easily & ?is is probably "o ( ! reasons :y ! mats ( ,sam> h s mu* color4 ,! co/ ( ! dye 9 a ,basey mat is no small "p ( ! total exp5se ( production4 ,consequ5tly x is necess>y to employ a *eap dye4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ! be/ comm]cial dyes kn[n 9 ,manila 0 us$ ) great success on ,sam> mats1 b ! value ( ! color+ mat]ial consum$ 9 mak+ !m 0 great] ?an _! sell+ price4 ,! dye us$ 9 mak+ ! *eape/ ( ,sam> mats co/s ! weav]s ab\t #aj c5tavos :ile ! m elaborate products ne$ z mu* z #fe c5tavos wor? ( dye to color !m4 ,a common mat conta9+ #ae c5tavos wor? ( dye/uff sells = ab\t a peso4 #bh ,! colors obta9$ by ! ,basey mat weav]s h a great] v>iety ( %ades & t9ts ?an ^? produc$ by any o!r work]s 9 ! ,philipp9es on tikug or any o!r mat mat]ial4 ,! %ades & t9ts dep5d ^u two consid]ations3 7#a7 ,! am\nt ( dye/uffs us$ & 7#b7 ! l5g? ( "t ! boil+ process is cont9u$4 ,f\r dye/uffs are us$4 ,yell[s are obta9$ f turm]ic2 gre5s & r$s are obta9$ f coal-t> dyes2 & a r$-orange f deora4 ,! leaves ( ! latt] plant are cru%$ & ! pulpy mass ?us obta9$ is boil$ to yield ! dye fluid4 ,by comb9+ ^! f\r dye mat]ials 9 diff]5t proportions1 by us+ v>y+ am\nts ( ! mat]ial1 & by boil+ v>y+ l5g?s ( "t1 diff]5t colors1 %ades & t9ts are obta9$4 ,! me?od ( dye+ is z foll[s3 ,! bun*es ( tikug are coil$ & plac$ 9 a c ( hot dye1 :]e !y are boil$ f two to t5 m9utes1 or until ! desir$ int5sity has be5 secur$4 ,! m ! /raw is boil$1 ! m ne>ly p]man5t w be ! color & ! great] w be its int5sity4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! dye fluid is n too /rong2 o!rwise ! color w be too int5se4 ,9 ord] t ! mat]ial may be ev5ly color$1 ! tikug is subm]g$ 9 ! dye s t x is well cov]$ & is turn$ ov] sev]al times dur+ ! process4 ,aft] ! coils are remov$ !y %\ld be laid ^u ! gr\nd or floor1 all[$ to cool1 & !n hung 9 ! %ade to dry4 ,flatt5+4 ,! /raws compos+ ! blea*$ or dy$ bundles ( mat]ial are /iff & unev52 "s are b5t & o!rs are r\nd4 ,! process ( flatt5+ !m & mak+ !m m pliable is c>ri$ on dur+ damp days1 9 ! morn+ or ev5+1 = if done 9 ! op5 air on cl\dless days1 or at any "t :5 ! atmosph]e is dry1 ! /raw becomes brittle & breaks4 ,h[ev]1 climatic conditions may be ov]come by wrapp+ ! /raw 9 banana leaves or damp clo? = an h\r or m & !n work+ x :]e no breeze c dry x out4 ,no wat] %\ld be appli$4 ,! work]s employ ! usual blunt-edg$1 rul]-l piece ( wood2 betwe5 ?is & ! ?umb ! /raw is drawn by ! free h&4 ,?is process flatt5s ! /raw & makes x pliable s t x does n split dur+ weav+4 ,! ,weav+ ( ,sam> ,mats4 ,up to ?ree ye>s ago tikug 0 b little us$ 9 ,sam> except = weav+ mats4 ,comm]cially1 mat weav+ 0 conf9$ to ,sulat & ,basey4 ,s9ce ! ,am]ican occupation x has be5 widely done & ! "w has be5 introduc$ into mo/ ( ! s*ools4 ,n only h me?ods be5 greatly improv$ b new uses h be5 f\nd = ! mat]ial4 ,to-day ! s$ge is wov5 into floor & wall mats1 hats1 table mats1 slipp]s1 book-bags1 h&-bags1 necktie cases1 p5cil hold]s1 p5cil cases1 & pill[ & cu%ion cov]s4 ,rec5tly ! weav+ ( matt+ on looms has be5 und]tak5 9 ! s*ools & a f9e product1 simil> to ! matt+ ( ,japan1 has be5 produc$ on ! ord9>y loom adju/$ to ! /raw4 ,! *ief use ( tikug 9 ,sam> is 9 ! weav+ ( mats 9 ! t[ns ( ,basey & ,sulat4 ,s9ce "t immemorial tikug mats h be5 wov5 9 ,sam>4 ,at ,palapag1 ,oras1 ,dolores1 ,taft1 ,balangiga1 ,santa ,rita1 ,g&>a1 ,oqu5do1 & ,cat>man1 a few r\gh ones1 ! product ( unskill$ workm51 7 made1 b !y 7 ( no comm]cial importance1 s9ce ! p did n weave en\gh to supply _! own dem&4 ,z f> back z c n[ be trac$1 ! p ( ,basey & ,sulat h be5 mak+ mats = ! prov9cial & int]prov9cial trade4 ,s9ce #aijg ! p ( ,dolores1 ,oras1 ,santa ,rita1 & ,balangiga h improv$ 9 weav+ & are n[ produc+ a few mats = ! m>ket4 ,_! "w is mu* inf]ior to t ( ,basey & ,sulat4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaa ,basey produc$ ab\t #i1jjj mats & ,sulat ab\t #cjj4 ,! latt] t[n c\ld h increas$ its production greatly1 b its remot5ess f ! m>ket & f ! r\tes ( comm]ce r$uces ! l>ge dem& :i* might o!rwise exi/ = ! mats4 ,basey is bett] situat$ 9 ^! respects2 moreov]1 ! p h be5 =c$ to fall back on mat weav+ z _! *ief means ( support1 = typhoons h de/roy$ _! coconuts & abaca1 & _! rice crop is scant4 ,almo/ e night mat weav]s are f\nd at "w 9 _m ( ! h\ses4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 ,am]ican soldi]s 7 /ation$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 !re grew up a great dem& = mats1 & ! weav]s1 tak+ advantage ( _! ne$ & _! little k ( values 9 ! ,philipp9es1 dem&$ exorbitant prices & receiv$ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! ,basey p sp5t _! "t produc+ mats1 & to a great ext5t sacrific$ quality = quantity4 ,! grade ( mat t sold = ,p#ah sev]al ye>s ago c n[ be b\ght = ab\t ,p#h2 t :i* sold = ,p#c two ye>s ago c be b\ght to-day = ,p#b4 ,lately !re has be5 a rise 9 price ow+ to increas$ comm]cial dem&4 ,mats made to ord]1 p>ticul>ly special mats1 co/ m ?an ^? b\ght already wov51 ! price dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! article1 ! "* ( ! design1 & ! f95ess ( ! /raw & ! weave4 ,a mat two met]s by "o met]1 made ( ! f9e/ grade ( tikug1 w\ld require sev]al mon?s = completion & w\ld probably co/ betwe5 ,p#cj & ,p#dj4 ,!re is h>dly a limit to ! size ( ! mat :i* c be wov54 ,?ree ye>s ago "o hav+ dim5sions ( #aj met]s by #ab met]s 0 made = a *ur*1 z _m z #cj wom5 work+ on x at ! same "t4 ,basey mats are ( two g5]al k9ds3 ^? ) plaid designs wov5 9 & ^? on :i* ! designs are embroid]$4 ,! =m] are ! m difficult to weave2 b z !re is no decoration to be add$1 !y are ! *eape/ mats obta9able1 ! prices = ! ord9>y grades rang+ f ,p#j4hj to ,p#c ea*4 ,"s weav]s turn out only blank mats ( "o color & d nei!r design+ nor decorat+4 ,/raw us$ on ^! is usually dy$1 v few mats ( natural colors be+ made4 ,!y are wor? f ,p#j4ej to ,p#b ea* & are g5]ally sold to girls :o are skillful 9 embroid]+ designs4 ,^! girls decorate ! mats & sell !m = f ,p#b4ej to ,p#f ea*1 ! price dep5d+ ^u ! orig9al co/ ( ! mat & ! am\nt ( decoration put ^u x4 ,! ideas = ! designs on ,basey mats are usually obta9$ f pictures or textiles4 ,! /raws1 bo? blea*$ & dy$1 are split 9 two = embroid]+ purposes4 ,?is makes !m ?9n] & m pliable4 ,! "t necess>y = mak+ a plaid mat sold = two pesos 0 f\nd to be z foll[s1 an eight-h\r day be+ us$ z ! basis ( a day's "w3 ,days4 ,ga!r+ tikug #a4jj ,dye+ tikug 4#be ,flatt5+ tikug 4#be ,weav+ mat #c4ej ---- ,total "t #e4jj ,! sell+ price ( ! mat 0 "o peso1 ! co/ ( ! dye #ae c5tavos1 :i* left ! weav] a balance ( #he c5tavos = five days' labor4 ,! plaids us$ 9 ,basey mats are simple1 b ! embroid]$ designs are extremely intricate4 ,!y consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( foliage1 fl[]s1 & animals4 ,weav]s are (t5 giv5 a contract to make a /at$ numb] ( mats 9 accordance ) a design furni%$ !m4 ,a few are capable ( reproduc+ almo/ any patt]n pres5t$1 #bi b if !y are n told exactly :at colors to use !y employ e %ade1 color & t9t !y c secure4 ,! ,basey mats are di/+ui%$ by ! multitude ( colors us$4 ,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t ! *ief criticism ( ?is product is ! gaudy effect produc$ by ! colors us$4 ,9 "s cases ! colors are well ton$ & h>moni\sly comb9$1 b ! majority ( ! mats produc$ conta9 vivid colors :i* are n all h>moni\s4 ,?r\gh ! s*ools1 ef=ts h be5 made to r$uce ! numb] ( colors & to modify ! gaudy & complicat$ floral designs4 ,an improvem5t is se5 ea* ye>4 ,! ord9>y mat is usually ab\t #b met]s by #a #a_/b met]s1 ?\gh small] & l>g] ones are made4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s ! weav]s h be5 enc\rag$ to make mats ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y cot & to use no m ?an two colors 9 weav+ !m4 ,a few mats suitable = plac+ "u d9+ tables are also made4 ,sulat weav]s produce few] mats ?an ^? ( ,basey b make !m ( f9e1 closely wov5 /raw4 ,mo/ ( ! mats ) a wov5-on bord] come f ,sulat4 ,^! p1 :ile able to produce a f9e1 s(t1 pliable mat1 c n embroid] decorations on !m ne>ly s well z d ! p ( ,basey4 ,sam> mats we> well4 ,wall mats la/ indef9itely & sleep+ mats are us$ f two to t5 ye>s or m4 #cj ,! ,m>ket+ ( ,basey ,mats4 ,! port ( ,tacloban1 ,leyte1 due to its proximity to ,basey1 is ! *ief c5t] = ! di/ribution ( ,sam> mats4 ,z soon z ! mats are complet$ ! weav]s take !m across ! /raits to ,tacloban1 :]e !y are sold to ,*9ese brok]s1 transi5ts & resid5ts1 bo? ,am]ican & native4 ,few %ips leave ,tacloban t d n c>ry away f #e to #bj mats2 (t5 !y take away z _m z #ej1 ! am\nt g5]ally dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( pass5g]s abo>d ! boat4 ,"s ( ! %ip's employees are regul> cu/om]s ( ! weav]s & buy mats at /at$ prices to sell !m aga9 at a reasonable pr(it at ,manila & o!r ports ( call4 ,besides1 !re is q a sale ( mats 9 ! t[ns ( ,sam>1 ,leyte1 & ,cebu ?r\gh v5dors1 resid5ts ( ,basey1 :o secure ! mats 9 _! home t[n at l[ prices & sell !m at a pr(it4 ,^! p]sons usually deal only 9 ! mats1 & sell !m = ca%1 n trad+ = o!r articles4 ,plaid ,basey mats are on sale 9 ne>ly all ! ,*9ese g5]al m]*&ise /ores ( ,manila4 ,z yet !re is little sup]vision by brok]s 9 ,basey4 ,! mat indu/ry !re ne$s b ! introduction ( "s sy/em ( sup]vision by brok]s to regulate ! size1 quality1 design & color s*eme ( ! mats1 & a =eign m>ket to become a mu* m ext5d$ indu/ry4 ,! s*ools h already done mu* t[>d improv+ workman%ip & design2 x mu/ rema9 = individual ent]prise1 h[ev]1 to get 9 t\* ) =eign dem& & sup]vise ! weav+ ( mats to suit x4 #ca ,bohol ,mats4 #cb ,tikug mats are made 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,bohol4 ,! /raw = ! mo/ "p is f9] ?an t us$ 9 ,sam> & ! patt]ns are *iefly /ripes & *ecks4 ,v little embroid]+ is attempt$4 ,bohol mats are us$ pr9cipally = sleep+ purposes4 ,9 nor!rn ,bohol !re is sc>cely a family t has n ?ree or m l>ge mats1 :i* are roll$ up & laid away dur+ ! day "t & are unroll$ ^u ! floor at night = a b$4 ,!y are durable & la/ = ye>s4 ,l>ge sleep+ mats may be pur*as$ 9 quantities z high z #dj to #ajj dur+ ! ,sunday m>ket day 9 ,talibon or on ! ,saturday m>ket day 9 ,ypil1 a b>rio ( ! same t[n4 ,9 price !y range f "o to ?ree pesos ea*4 ,! second use ( ,bohol mats is = decorat+ walls1 tables1 & floors4 ,^? s employ$ are small] ?an ! sleep+ mats1 usually squ>e1 b sometimes r\nd4 ,m c>e is ex]cis$ 9 _! weav+ & only f9e "y /raws are us$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! /raw & ! dye+ are done ) great c>e4 ,mats ( ! be/ quality are q difficult to secure & ! s*ools h rec5tly be5 enc\rag+ _! production4 ,z 9 o!r regions1 ! tikug f :i* ,bohol mats are made1 gr[s wild 9 ! rice fields aft] ! h>ve/4 ,x is f\nd 9 abundance 9 nor!rn ,bohol 9 ! municipalities ( ,getafe1 ,talibon & ,ubay1 & sp>+ly 9 o!r t[ns ( ! isl& 7see map74 ,! /raws are ga!r$ f ! field by pull+ !m1 ?us break+ !m (f at ! roots1 & !y are ti$ into bundles ab\t #c decimet]s 9 circumf]5ce & sold 9 ! m>ket4 ,! l>ge/ m>ket = su* bundles is f\nd 9 ! b>rio ( ,ypil 9 ! municipality ( ,talibon4 ,! price is usually ab\t #aj c5tavos p] bundle4 ,f two to f\r ( ^! bundles are requir$ to make a mat4 ,! tikug is n kept 9 ! orig9al bundles long] ?an "o or two days1 = x w turn black4 ,! mat]ial is usually sep>at$ into two p>ts1 "o to be dy$1 ! o!r to be blea*$4 ,t to be dy$ is spread 9 ! sun & ?or\ghly dri$ = "o or two days1 c>e be+ tak5 t ra9 does n fall ^u x & black5 x4 ,! o!r "p is boil$ 9 a solution ( acetic acid = tw5ty m9utes1 aft] :i* x is ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun & ?us blea*$4 ,! natural dyes us$ 9 ,bohol = color+ tikug are dauda & turm]ic4 ,! =m] produces p]man5t colors1 ! latt] fugitive ones4 ,! artificial dyes b\ght at ,*9ese /ores are also us$ 9 produc+ %ades & t9ts ( gre51 violet & ruby :i* are satisfactory4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? 9 cry/al =m h prov5 m satisfactory ?an ! p[d] dyes4 ,be=e dye+1 ! %ea?-l leaf is pull$ f ! bottom ( ea* /raw & ! mat]ial is loop$ into small bundles4 ,(t5 ! /raws are damp5$ ) wat]4 ,dye+ is usually done 9 a #e-;gallon petroleum c two-?irds full ( wat]1 heat$ to boil+4 ,if ! artificial dyes are us$ ! p[d] is /irr$ 9 & dissolv$ & ! bundles ( tikug are !n press$ d[n into ! liquid s t all ! mat]ial is well cov]$4 ,a /one is (t5 laid ^u ! /raws s z to keep !m d[n 9 ! boil+ dye4 ,x usually requires ab\t tw5ty m9utes to obta9 ! desir$ %ade1 :i* is ne>ly always a deep "o4 ,:]e fre% dauda leaves are employ$1 ab\t #b p\nds are plac$ 9 ! wat] & boil$ a few m9utes be=e ! tikug is put 94 ,if dri$ leaves are us$ ab\t "o p\nd is soak$ 9 cold wat] = a few m9utes & ! :ole mass is !n add$ to ! boil+ wat]4 ,turm]ic roots are p\nd$ 9 a mort> & !n add$ to ! boil+ wat]1 aft] :i* ! tikug is add$4 ,all ! dyes not$ are comb9$ to produce o!r colors & v>y+ %ades4 ,dur+ ! process ( dye+1 ! /raw %\ld be turn$ & mov$ ab\t 9 ! boil+ wat] to insure an ev5 color4 ,! /raw %\ld nev] be boil$ too long1 or x w be cook$ & become t5d] & weak4 ,aft] ! /raw has tak5 on ! %ade desir$1 x is remov$ f ! c & ?r[n on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! bundles are cool en\gh to be h&l$1 !y are unti$ & ! /raws spread out to dry1 pref]ably 9 ! %ade4 ,aft] x is ?or\ghly dri$ ! mat]ial is rebundl$ & ?us kept = weav+4 ,be=e weav+1 ! /raws are flatt5$ by draw+ ea* "o sep>ately betwe5 ! edge ( ! knife & ! heel ( ! weav]'s foot or ! sole ( ! *9ela4 ,damp days are be/ = ?is process4 ,weav+ is done "u ! h\se or "u trees4 ,ev5+s & nights are mo/ suitable = ?is "w on acc\nt ( ! dampness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! embroid]$ mats ( ,bohol are decorat$ ) split /raws4 ,! mats ( ,bohol are b\ght by trad]s :o ex*ange clo? & o!r goods = !m4 ,^! m5 c>ry !m to ! t[ns ( ,bohol :i* d n produce mats1 & to o!r isl&s1 :]e !y sell or ex*ange !m at a good pr(it4 ,:5 once ! supply ( mats on h& has be5 b\ght up 9 a mat produc+ t[n1 sev]al mon?s elapse be=e ! m>ket !re is repl5i%$ by a new supply4 ,aft] complet+ a mat1 ! weav] has no imm$iate desire to beg9 ano!r4 ,x is q probable t ! output ( mats c\ld be increas$ consid]ably if ! m>ket & ! price 7 bett]4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! weav]s e>n n m ?an #bj c5tavos p] day at ! indu/ry4 ,o!r ,tikug ,mats4 ,tikug also gr[s 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,leyte4 ,its *ief use !re is 9 ! weav+ ( matt+ on a crude loom1 an adaptation ( ! common textile loom4 ,tikug is app>5tly g5]ally us$ ?r\gh\t ,surigao 9 mak+ mats4 ,! be/ mats ( ?is region come f ! upp] ,agusan & ! isl& ( ,d9agat4 ,!y are usually made = local consumption1 ?\gh ! p ( ,d9agat ex*ange _! mats ) ,bohol trad]s4 ,! s$ge gr[s 9 great abundance 9 ! lake ( ,talacogon ne> ! t[n ( ! same "n 9 ,agusan4 ,tikug is also f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,moro ,prov9ce4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! swamp l&s ( ! ,lanao region1 f :i* mats are export$ via ,iligan4 ,if x is to be color$1 ! /raws are soak$ 9 wat] = ab\t two days1 aft] :i* !y are cook$ 9 ! boil+ dye4 ,blea*$ /raw is prep>$ by expos+ x to ! sun1 aft] :i* ! mat]ial is poli%$ & flatt5$ at ! same "t by rubb+ ! /alks ) a%es1 betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! ,cultivation ( ,tikug4 ,! "q ( ! cultivation ( tikug is "o ( consid]able importance4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t ! f9e/ ,leghorn hat /raw is produc$ 9 ,italy by sew+ :eat closely & reap+ ! /raw be=e ! gra9 rip5s4 ,! be/ mat /raws ( ,*9a & ,japan are produc$ f cultivat$ s$ges4 ,! ,bureau ( ,education is !re=e enc\rag+ exp]im5ts 9 ! cultivation ( tikug1 b z yet ^! h n be5 ext5sive en\gh to det]m9e :e!r ! s$ge c be propagat$ = indu/rial purposes4 ,!re are no data z to co/4 ,a quantity ( se$ 0 procur$ & =w>d$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,isl&s 9 :i* tikug _h n be5 report$ z gr[+4 ,^! 7 s5t out to v>i\s p]sons ) ! idea ( det]m9+ 7#a7 soils suitable to ! plant1 7#b7 :e!r x c\ld be cultivat$ 9 ! rice paddies betwe5 h>ve/ & plant+1 7#c7 h[ closely ! se$s %\ld be plant$1 7#d7 h[ old ! plants %\ld be at h>ve/4 #cc ,no results h z yet be5 obta9$ f ! se$s s s5t out4 ,fair results1 h[ev]1 h be5 realiz$ 9 ,sam>1 :]e approximately #e1jjj /alks 7 gr[n to ! squ>e foot 9 v ri* soil f]tiliz$ ) manure secur$ f ! milit>y /ables4 ,! /raws obta9$ 7 #c met]s long4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ?ick] ! se$s are plant$ ! f9] & long] are ! /raws obta9$4 ,reports diff] z to :e!r tikug %\ld be consid]$ a pe/ or n4 ,9 ,leyte x is /at$ t x gr[s 9 ! rice fields along ) ! rice crop & appreciably dim9i%es ! crop4 ,!re x is a we$ pe/2 9 ,sam> x is n s consid]$4 ,9 ,bohol "o tea*] /ates t ! plant is n a pe/ z x w n gr[ 9 dry localities1 & h5ce does n int]f]e ) crops4 ,:]e x is f\nd 9 ! rice paddies1 a cov]+ ( e>? w easily de/roy x4 ,x does n scatt] quickly1 =1 :ile ! roots w gr[ if transplant$1 ! s$ge is mo/ly propagat$ by se$s & ^! are di/ribut$ pr9cipally by wat] & n by w9d4 ,no great *ances are tak5 9 plant+ tikug4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s tea*]s /ate t ! se$s are scatt]$ by ! w9d & t ! roots imp$e ! pl[+ ( ! fields4 ,x is probable t :]e ! tikug obta9s a good foo?old on irrigat$ rice l& x proves a consid]able annoyance to f>m]s2 b its gr[? z a pe/ c be regulat$ by pl[+4 ,tayoc-,tayoc4 ,?is plant1 ,f4 diphylla1 "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all s$ges1 is f\nd at all altitudes up to #b1jjj met]s ?r\gh\t ! w>m regions ( ! _w4 ,! /ems may be smoo? or hairy & ! leaves "o-?ird to two-?irds z long z ! /em4 ,f4 diphylla is g5]ally small] ?an ,f4 utilis4 ,its /em is only #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! fl[]s1 d5sely clu/]$ into spikelets1 are g5]ally ( two colors--/raw & br[n4 ,!y rea* #a cm4 9 l5g? & #d mm4 9 diamet]4 ,bel[ ! spikelet ! /em has f #c to #e sides4 ,! roots are fibr\s2 und]gr\nd /ems may occur1 b !y are nev] m ?an #b4e cm4 long4 ,?is plant is kn[n z tayoc-tayoc 9 ,iloilo1 ,capiz1 & ,occid5tal ,negros4 ,x is report$ f ,pampanga & is call$ tab-tab9 9 ,zambales4 ,! /raw produc$ by tayoc-tayoc is mu* f9] b consid]ably /iff] ?an t f tikug1 & _c be consid]$ s good an indu/rial mat]ial4 ,nev]!less1 x is us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! production ( hats & mats1 especially 9 ! prov9ces ( ,iloilo & ,capiz4 ,9 ,dumalag1 ,capiz ,prov9ce1 hats are ( consid]able importance4 ,mats ( tayoc-tayoc are report$ z made 9 ,banate & ,janiuay1 ,iloilo ,prov9ce1 b ?is has n yet be5 v]ifi$4 ,z ) tikug1 se$s ( tayoc-tayoc 7 obta9$ & di/ribut$ among v>i\s prov9ces to det]m9e :e!r ! propagation ( ! /raw 0 practicable & if ! cultivation ( ! plant w\ld result 9 a bett] mat]ial4 ,z yet no def9ite results h be5 obta9$4 ,a ,ru% ,/raw4 ,b "o ru% /raw has be5 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,bureau ( ,education2 x is ! ,japanese matt+ ru%1 ,juncus effusus4 ,?is species is di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! globe1 be+ ! c&le ru% ( ,europe & ! common plant ( wet gr\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,japan x is made into beautiful matt+s1 ! h&some/ & mo/ co/ly produc$4 ,! pi? is also employ$ = lamp wicks1 & probably ! timsim import$ f ,*9a & us$ 9 oil lamps 9 ! ,philipp9es is obta9$ f ?is plant4 ,juncus effusus has no native "n 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce & 9 ! ,apo region ( ,m9danao4 ,x atta9s a height ( almo/ #b met]s :]e soil & moi/ure conditions are favorable4 ,! /alk is cyl9drical & at ! end tap]s to a po9t4 ,x is f #b to #c mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! fl[]s gr[ 9 a bun* on ! side ( ! /alk ne> ! top & are light br[n 9 color4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is ru% is n utiliz$ 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ?\gh x is probable t x c be us$ 9 ! weav+ ( _m articles4 ,if split1 a flat /raw is obta9$ by remov+ ! pi?4 ,,embroid]$ ,,mat ,,designs4 #cd ,x is bett] n to decorate a mat at all ?an to h ! design ill fitt+4 ,design is ! pleas+ arrangem5t ( all spaces unfill$ z well z fill$4 ,decoration is = beauty :olly4 ,if all ! spaces are n well arrang$1 ! design is n beautiful4 ,if ! design is />tl+ or gaudy 9 color1 x is n beautiful4 ,if ! arrangem5t ( colors is inh>moni\s1 ! design is n beautiful4 ,all mats _c be 9 ! same proportion & suitable = all designs4 ,plate ,,lxv1 = in/ance1 %[s a long design2 x requires a long mat1 & w\ld n look well on a squ>e "o4 ,all mats "h consid]$ are ab\t #a_/h in* to #a_/d in* 9 wid? ( /raw4 ,"s ( ! designs are us$ exactly z !y are1 c\nt+ a /raw = a squ>e :i* repres5ts a /raw 9 ! design2 ! o!rs are d\ble 9 size & conta9 f\r times z _m squ>es 9 ! weave z 9 ! design4 ,9 su* cases twice ! c\nt ( ! design w always give ! "r numb] = ! weave4 ,9 circul> mats ! directions are giv5 9 in*es4 ,! sizes ( ! mats %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation1 b a v>iance ( a few in*es w n matt] if t v>iance always makes ! mat l>g] r ?an small]4 ,9 ^! mats m is left to ! judgm5t ( ! weav] ?an 9 rectangul> mats4 ,designs %\ld nev] be cr[d$ on circul> mats4 ,repeat$ gr\ps %\ld always be made exactly alike4 ,9 ! color notes1 a s]ies ( colors set (f by commas indicates t ea* s]ies may be us$ alone = ! :ole design4 ,(t5 ! deep colors1 especially ,no4 #a1 h be5 left out1 z ! effect ( a v d>k color on a v light mat is (t5 />tl+4 ,designs on mats or hang+s %\ld n be m conspicu\s ?an ! mat itself1 b %\ld r pres5t a complete & h>moni\s appe>ance :5 bo? mat & design are consid]$ z a :ole4 ,circul> ,mats4 ,design ,a4 ,! /raws ( a circul> mat _c be c\nt$ & !n divid$ equally by numb]s1 z /raws are cont9ually add$ at irregul> int]vals z ! circumf]5ce is be+ rea*$4 ,h5ce1 ! only way to place designs on a mat ( ?is k9d is by divid+ ! :ole mat ) a diamet] ?r\gh its c5t]4 ,fold ! mat & make a crease at ! edges or m>k a diamet] ?r\gh x ) a p5cil2 at "r angles to ?is diamet] draw ano!r ?r\gh ! same c5t]1 & ! mat w n[ be divid$ into equal quadrants4 ,! quadrants may aga9 be divid$ & subdivid$1 & m>k$ by p5cil or ) /r+s4 ,9 ,design ,a ! mat is ab\t #eg in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 a mat ( ?is size !re w\ld be #dh units 9 ! circle ) a m>g9 ( #a-a_/b in*es f ! out] edge ( ! out] bord] l9e to ! circumf]5ce ( ! mat4 ,divide ! mat into halves1 qu>t]s1 eigh?s1 & sixte5?s1 & measure ) /r+s4 ,ea* sixte5? conta9s ?ree units4 ,divide ?is space into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,n[ embroid] 9 ea* ?ird "o exact unit4 ,9 weav+ 9 ! unit1 always comm5ce on its out] edge2 !n if any slight v>iation ( space has occurr$1 ! irregul>ity w n be noticeable1 z x w be 9 ! l9e "w ( ! unit1 & n 9 its solid "p4 ,ea* unit made 9 work+ z sugge/$ f ! out] edge inw>d w beg9 ! o!r half ( a solid figure already comm5c$4 ,notice ! "p ( ! design :i* has be5 m>k$ (f z "o unit1 & adh]e to t arrangem5t4 ,?is design may be plac$ on a mat #eg in*es 9 diamet]1 or #aad in*es 9 diamet] mak+ ea* figure ) twice z _m /raws z 9 ! fir/4 ,9 ticug mats ( natural /raw1 ?is design may be done 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#ab & #af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,no4 #ad1 ) a solid diamond & out] bord] l9e 9 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #c1 #f1 #i1 or #aj1 ) out] bord] l9e ext5d+ to edge ( mat4 ,design ,b4 ,9 ,design ,b1 ! mat %\ld be #ef in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ea* sixte5? ( ! mat1 z 9 ,design ,a1 ?ree units c be spac$4 ,note ! unit m>k$ (f 9 ! design & use only ?is unit2 weave its two out] solid p>ts fir/1 ) ! irregul>ities ( space occurr+ 9 ! op5 "p ( ! unit4 #ce ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #ef or #aab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 mats ( ! latt] size ! numb]s ( /raws are all d\bl$4 ,9 mats ( natural /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,circul> ,fi% ,design4 ,?is design calls = ! division ( a circul> mat into six?s or twelf?s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! mat4 ,! diamet]s ( mats = ?is design may be1 #bdd 7ab\t #d feet72 #cjd 7#e feet72 #cce 7#f feet72 & #cff /raws 7#g feet74 ,to divide a circle into six?s1 m>k (f ! circumf]5ce into di/ances equal to #a_/b ( ! diamet]4 ,9 a mat ( #bdd /raws diamet]1 make ! outside bord] l9e "o in* f ! edges ( ! mat4 ,ab\t #i in*es inside ( ! out] bord] l9e1 weave ano!r bord] l9e "o-half in* wide4 ,midway betwe5 ^! two bord] l9es1 measure & m>k ! space = ! c5t] fi%1 mak+ x #cj c\nts long1 #bj on ! left & #aj on ! "r ( ! divid+ l9e4 ,measure spaces on ! o!r five divid+ l9es to locate ! c5tral fi% ( ea* gr\p4 ,aft] weav+ ^! c5tral fi%1 g back to ! fir/ gr\p1 e/imate & m>k ! place = ! upp] fi% & ! l[] fi%1 & weave !m1 mak+ ea* ( ! same size & proportion z ! c5tral fi%1 z %[n 9 ! design4 ,9 mat #cjd1 z not$ above1 ! bord] l9es & all ! fi% are ! same size z 9 mat #bdd4 ,9 mat #cce all measurem5ts are ! same z 9 ! above mats1 except t ! circle is divid$ into twelf?s in/ead ( six?s1 mak+ twice z _m gr\ps ( fi%4 ,9 mat #cff ! out] bord] l9e is #b in*es f ! edge ( ! mat in/ead ( #a in* & is #a #a_/b in*es ?ick4 ,! o!r measurem5ts are ! same z 9 mat #cce4 ,9 mats ( natural /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ab1 or #ae4 7#ab %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,gecko ,design4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be ( ! foll[+ diamet]s3 #cjd 7#e feet72 #cce 7#f feet72 #cff /raws 7#g feet74 ,divide ! circle into six?s1 !n into twelf?s4 ,weave a bord] b& on ! edge ( ! mat #c_/d in* wide4 ,?is b& is n 9 ! design b w come outside1 & rea* to ! circumf]5ce l9e 9 ! design4 ,d[n "o ( ! twelve divid+ l9es1 inside ! bord] b&1 measure (f #c #a_/b in*es & weave a gecko1 half on "o side & half on ! o!r side ( ! l9e1 ext5d+ ! tail ab\t #e #a_/b in*es t[>d ! c5t] ( ! mat4 ,weave ! two on ea* side ( ?is gecko1 & ! f\r above x4 ,n[ space & weave ! o!r five gr\ps4 ,ea* gr\p conta9s sev5 figures4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! l>g] mats w be 9 ! spac+ betwe5 ! tails4 ,! gr\ps %\ld be spac$ ! same z be=e4 ,9 ticug mats ( natural /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #a ) b& ( ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #a ) b& ( ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #ab ) b& ( ,no4 #ae4 7,no4 #c %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,no4 7s+ly7 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,geometric ,design ,f4 ,! di/ance f ,a 7! corn] ( ! mat7 to ,b is #ab /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #b2 f ,c to ,d is #ah2 f ,d to ,e is #bi2 f ,d to ,h is #af2 f ,h to ,i is #cb2 f ,e to ,f is #ai2 & f ,f to ,g is #e4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,b4 ,weave f ,b to ,c & on ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,d & weave corn] ,d ,h ,j ,e ,l4 ,weave all ( ! f\r corn] designs exactly l ,d ,h ,j ,e ,l4 ,c\nt f ,e to ,f & weave ! two inn] bord] l9es ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,n[ c\nt f ,h to ,i & m>k simil> po9ts across "o side4 ,weave f ,h to ,i4 ,weave f ,i to ! next po9t 7#cb c\nts di/ant7 ! exact design betwe5 ,h & ,i4 ,weave at ea* po9t m>k$4 ,complete all f\r sides 9 a simil> mann]4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be made 9 ! foll[+ sizes3 #caj by #ecd--;f ,a to ,b is #cd /raws2 #bff by #cid--;f ,a to ,b is #bb2 #eab by #gjd--;f ,a to ,b is #ab2 #cbj by #eab--;f ,a to ,b is #ab 7d\ble c\nt72 #cbj by #egf--;f ,a to ,b is #ab 7d\ble c\nt74 ,9 ! la/ two sizes make ! design twice z l>ge z ! c\nt2 t is1 ,a ,b %\ld be #bd1 ,b ,c %\ld be #d1 ,c ,d %\ld be #cf1 etc4 ,9 mats ( natural color /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af1 ea* alone4 7#ab & #af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,geometric ,design ,v4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ( ! mat ,a to ,b is #bb /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #ab2 f ,c to ,d is #d2 f ,d to ,f is #b2 f ,d to ,e is #ae2 f ,f to ,g is #ae2 f ,l to ,m is #ad2 f ,c to ,n is #ch2 f ,n to ,o is #ab2 f ,f to ,p is #bj2 & f ,p to ,q is #be4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,b4 ,at ,b weave ! corn] d\ble squ>e & cont9ue on at ,,fd to ,,ge4 ,n[ weave ! d\ble squ>e ,g ,h ,j ,e4 ,next weave ! d\ble squ>es 9 all f\r corn]s ( ! mat4 ,n[ c\nt f ,p to ,q & m>k4 ,9 ! same way m>k all ! c5t]s ( ! squ>es along ! out] bord] l9e f corn] to corn]4 ,weave ^! squ>es1 !n ! l9es jo9+ !m4 ,weave d[n f ,l to ,m & cont9ue ! design on ! inn] bord] l9e1 mak+ d\ble l9es l ,l ,m z ! weav+ progresses4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be ( ! foll[+ sizes3 #bbh by #cgh--;f ,a to ,b is #bb /raws2 #bec by #djc--;f ,a to ,b is #bb /raws2 #caa by #ecf--;f ,a to ,b is #cj /raws2 #ecf by #fhf--;f ,a to ,b is #cj /raws4 ,9 /raw mats ( natural color1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,geometric ,design ,x4 ,! di/ance f ,a 7corn] ( mat7 to ,b is #bb /raws 7c\nt+ ! fold at ,a72 f ,b to ,c is #h2 f ,c to ,d is #e2 f ,d to ,e is #d2 f ,e to ,f is #bj2 f ,f to ,g is #d2 f ,g to ,h is #c2 f ,h to ,i is #f2 & f ,j to ,l is #eb4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,b & weave bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,c\nt f ,b to ,c & weave ,c ,d & ov] to ,j1 back to ,h1 ov] to ,k & back to ,c4 ,weave inn] "p ( corn] design4 ,weave inn] bord] l9e at ,i entirely ar\nd ! mat4 ,weave all f\r corn] designs4 ,m>k (f ,j ,l1 & ,l ,m1 & ,m ,n1 etc41 until ! corn] is rea*$1 mak+ ,l ,m1 ,m ,n1 etc41 ea* equal to ,j ,l4 ,weave all designs on side n[ spac$ (f4 ,space (f & m>k ea* side ( ! mat1 be=e weav+4 ,weave all sides1 complet+ ! mat4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be 9 ! foll[+ sizes3 #bfi by #dbe2 #cba by #ebi2 #dbe by #fhe2 #afe by #dbe4 ,9 mats ( uncolor$ /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#ab & #af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,geometric ,design ,z4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ,a to ,b is #ab /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #c2 f ,c to ,d is #af2 f ,d to ,e is #h2 f ,e to ,f is #bf2 f ,f to ,g is #ag2 f ,g to ,h is #d2 f ,d to ,k is #ag2 f ,k to ,l is #ab2 f ,l to ,m is #ag2 & f ,i to ,j is #bi4 ,c\nt d[n f ,a to ,b & weave ! bord] l9es ,b ,c ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,d & weave ! out] squ>e ( ! corn] figure4 ,complete ! corn] figure to ,i & ,n4 ,c\nt f ,f to ,g & weave ,g ,h ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,complete all f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,i to ,j & m>k4 ,f ,j c\nt a di/ance equal to ,i ,j & m>k4 ,make simil> m>ks until ! corn] is rea*$4 ,weave ! design ,i ,l ,m ,j betwe5 all ^! m>ks4 ,space (f ea* side ( ! mat 9 ! same way & f9i% ! design on all sides4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be ( ! foll[+ sizes3 #cji by #eda--;f ,a to ,b is #ab /raws2 #cai by #eea--;f ,a to ,b is #bb /raws2 #bhj by #ded--;f ,a to ,b is #ab /raws2 #eea by #fif--;f ,a to ,b is #bb /raws4 ,on mats ( uncolor$ /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,no4 #ad = bord] l9es & ! f\r l>ge spots 9 ! side ( ea* squ>e2 ,no4 #c = ! rema9d] ( ! design4 ,no4 #ab ) spots & bord] l9es ( ,no4 #c4 ,l>ge ,banca ,design4 #cf ,di/ance f corn] ,a to ,b is #da /raws2 f ,b to ,c1 #b2 f ,b to ,g1 #ca2 f ,g to ,s1 #e2 f ,c to ,d1 #ce2 f ,d to ,e1 #b2 & f ,d to ,f1 #aj4 ,beg9 weav+ at lett] ,b & weave ! out] bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,next weave ! inside bord] l9e beg9n+ at ,d4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! bord] l9es1 weave all f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,h1 #i /raws2 f ,h to ,i1 #e2 f ,i to ,j1 #bg2 f ,j to ,k1 #e2 f ,l to ,m1 #f2 & f ,n to ,o1 #h4 ,n[ weave f ,o to ,p4 ,f ,p to ,q is #d /raws1 & f ,p to ,r is #g /raws4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be3 #bci by #dbe2 #cja by #dhg2 #cja by #edi2 #eee by #gda4 ,9 ! la/ mat1 #eee by #gda1 ,g to ,s is #h in/ead ( #e4 ,on ticug mats ( natural /raw ?is design may be embroid]$ 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae1 solid4 ,no4 #ad ) bord] l9es ( ,no4 #ae 7except on sabutan74 ,no4 #ad ) bord] l9es ( ,no4 #i4 ,*ick ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #ej /raws 7c\nt fir/ fold72 f ,b to ,c is #ba2 f ,c to ,d is #f2 f ,d to ,e is #ai2 f ,e to ,f is #g2 f ,f to ,g is #ah2 f ,h to ,i is #e2 & f ,g to ,j is #ed4 ,c\nt d[n f corn] ,a to ,b & weave ! corn] design4 ,n[ weave all f\r corn] designs4 ,beg9 at ,f & weave ! inn] bord] l9e entirely ar\nd ! mat4 ,c\nt f ,f to ,g & weave ! design above ,g4 ,c\nt f ,h to ,i & weave ! second design4 ,n[ c\nt f ,g to ,j & weave ! figure above ,j exactly l ! figure above ,g4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #bed by #daf1 #cjh by #ebd1 #daf by #ebd1 or #eij by #hjf /raws4 ,! la/ mat has a *ange 9 m>g91 & ! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #eh /raws4 ,?is mat may be embroid]$ 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,or*id ,design4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ,a to ,b is #ac /raws2 f ,b to ,c1 #b2 f ,c to ,d1 #ai2 f ,d to ,e1 #ce2 f ,e to ,f1 #ag2 f ,c to ,f1 #ga2 f ,f to ,g1 #b2 f ,g to ,h1 #ai2 f ,m to ,n1 #f2 f ,f to ,m1 #fg2 f ,m to ,k1 #ac2 & f ,k to ,j1 #ai4 ,beg9 weav+ at ,b & weave ! outside bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,next c\nt f ,c to ,f & weave ! inside bord] l9e4 ,n[ weave all f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,f to ,m1 !n up to ,k1 & weave f ,k to ,j4 #cg ,to f9d ! position ( ! next design c\nt #ha /raws beyond ,l along ! inn] bord] l9e1 & !n up ! same di/ance z ,l ,k4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #cja by #edd2 #bbj by #chb2 #cja by #dfc2 & #eej by #gab /raws4 ,9 mat #eej by #gab1 ,a ,b is #ag /raws4 ,9 mats ( natural color /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$ 9 ! designs3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae solid4 ,no4 #c ) fl[]s ( ,no4 #a & bord] l9es ( ,no4 #i except on sabutan4 ,no4 #ab ) fl[]s ( ,no4 #g & bord] l9es ( ,no4 #ae4 ,woman ,c>ry+ ,clo!s ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #bi /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #b2 f ,c to ,d is #cf2 f ,i to ,j is #c2 f ,b to ,e is #aa2 f ,e to ,k is #i2 f ,e to ,f is #ba2 f ,f to ,g is #c2 & f ,g to ,h is #aj4 ,c\nt f ,a1 ! corn] ( ! mat1 to ,b4 ,at ,b beg9 to weave ! bord] l9e4 ,weave fir/ to ,e1 !n entirely ar\nd ! mat4 ,n[ c\nt f ,c to ,d & weave ! inn] bord] l9e entirely ar\nd ! mat4 ,next1 weave 9 ! f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,e to ,f1 !n d[n to ,g4 ,f ,g to ,h is #aj /raws4 ,n[ weave ! fir/ two designs on ! side & !n ! next two1 & s on4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #cjj by #cib2 #cjd by #ecd2 #bed by #cdf2 or #efh by #gjf4 ,on all ( ^! mats ! design w look bett] if twice ! size ( ! patt]n4 ,!re=e all ! above di/ances w be d\ble1 or z foll[s3 ,a to ,b1 #eh /raws2 ,b to ,c1 #d2 ,b to ,e1 #bb2 ,e to ,f1 #db2 ,c to ,d1 #gb /raws2 ,i to ,j1 #f2 ,e to ,k1 #ah2 ,f to ,g1 #f4 ,9 mat #cjd by #ecd1 ,e to ,k is #bj & ,a to ,b is #ea 7already d\ble74 ,9 mat #efh by #gjf1 f ,a 7corn] ( mat7 to ,b is #ci1 mak+ ,e to ,k #ad /raws 7already d\bl$74 ,?is design 9 ticug /raw w "w up well 9 ,no4 #e solid2 9 ,no4 #d solid2 9 ,no4 #c solid2 9 ,no4 #e ) ,no4 #b z inn] & out] bord] l9e1 or ) ,no4 #a z inn] & out] bord] l9e4 ,?is design on sabutan /raw may be made 9 ,no4 #a solid2 9 ,no4 #b solid2 9 ,no4 #e solid2 9 ,no4 #f solid2 9 ,no4 #b ) ,no4 #a = bord] l9es2 9 ,no4 #d ) ,no4 #a = bord] l9es2 or 9 ,no4 #e ) ,no4 #a = bord] l9es4 ,?is design w "w up well 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae4 ,lav&]a ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #ae /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #d2 f ,c to ,d is #dj2 f ,d to ,e is #ba2 f ,e to ,f is #c2 f ,f to ,g is #d2 f ,g to ,h is #c2 f ,d to ,i is #ab2 f ,i to ,j is #ac2 f ,i to ,k is #ah2 f ,k to ,o is #e2 f ,o to ,l is #b2 f ,l to ,m is #bf2 & f ,m to ,n is #bh4 ,c\nt d[n f ,a to ,b & m>k ,b & ,c4 ,place simil> m>ks at ! ?ree o!r corn]s ( ! mat4 ,weave ! bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat1 t\*+ ! m>k$ po9ts4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,g1 m>k1 & d ! same 9 ! o!r ?ree corn]s4 ,weave ,g ,h ar\nd ! mat1 t\*+ ! m>k$ po9ts at ! corn]s4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,d & ov] to ,i1 & weave ,i ,j4 ,weave ! :ole figure j />t$1 & ! figure fac+ x1 includ+ ! gr\nd l9e b5ea?4 ,weave ! o!r corn]s 9 a simil> mann]4 ,at ,k c\nt to ,o1 back to ,l1 ov] to ,m1 & weave ! figure b5ea? ,m4 ,m>k (f ,l ,m & ,m ,n4 ,n[ cont9ue m>k+ alt]nately across ! side spaces equal to ,l ,m & ,m ,n1 mak+ ! la/ space equal to ,l ,m4 ,weave ! figure betwe5 ^! m>ks & cont9ue m>k+ & weav+ 9 ! same way on ! o!r sides4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be made3 #bcg by #cii2 #cde by #ejg2 #fij by #ajad 7units d\ble size72 #dec by #fae4 ,9 ticug mats ( natural /raw ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af1 solid4 7#af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,man ) ,b[ & ,arr[ ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #bj /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #b2 f ,c to ,d is #cj2 f ,d to ,e is #ag2 f ,e to ,f is #ff2 f ,f to ,g is #c2 f ,g to ,h is #aa #a_/b2 f ,h to ,i is #i2 f ,j to ,k is #ag2 f ,i to ,l is #cc2 & f ,l to ,m is #ad #a_/b4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,b4 ,at ,b weave ! bord] b& ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,f 7#aac7 & weave ! inn] bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,n[ weave all f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,g to ,h & up to ,i1 & weave ! two figures4 ,to place ! next two figures1 :i* are exactly l ! two j wov51 c\nt out f ,j1 #ag /raws1 & repeat f ,k :i* is ! tip ( ! arr[ ( ! fir/ figure1 j made4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be3 #cde by #eja1 #i /raws2 #eje by #gci1 #aa2 #gci by #ajea1 #aa4 ,9 mats #eje by #gci1 & #gci by #ajea1 f ,a to ,b is #bd /raws4 ,?is design 9 tikug may be work$ up 9 ! foll[+ colors on natural color /raw3 ,solid1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,casa ,design4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ,a to ,b is #bb /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #cc2 f ,c to ,d is #bd2 & f ,f to ,g is #ag4 ,c\nt d[n f ,a to ,b & weave bord] l9e ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,n[ c\nt f ,b to ,d & f ,d to ,e1 #c #a_/b /raws1 & comm5ce weav+ ! inn] bord] l9e4 ,:5 complet$1 weave 9 all f\r corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,f to ,g & weave 9 ! next design1 & s on4 ,let ,h ,i1 ! /eps1 be on ! left ( e casa except ! corn] ones4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #bed by #djg /raws2 #bga by #dbd2 #cjd by #edb 7d\ble72 #djf by #edb 7d\ble72 or #egf by #gab4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ( ^!1 #cjd by #edb1 #djf by #edb1 & #egf by #gab1 ! c\nts %\ld all be d\bl$1 ! designs be+ twice ! size ( ^? 9 ! fir/ two mats2 t is1 f ,a to ,b w be #dd1 ,b to ,c1 #ff1 & s on4 ,tikug mats 9 natural /raw may be embroid]$ 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #ad = casa1 ,no4 #ab = tree1 ,no4 #ae = bord] l9es except on sabutan2 ,no4 #c = casa1 ,no4 #ae = tree1 ,no4 #h = bord] l9es2 & ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af1 solid2 ,no4 #af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan4 ,*ick5 ,v5d] ,design4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ,a to ,b is #ae /raws1 c\nt+ ! corn] fold z #a4 ,all c\nts 9 ?is design are wov5 d\ble4 ,!re=e f ,a to ,b is #cj2 f ,b to ,c is #ag by #b or #cd2 f ,c to ,d is #dd2 f ,e to ,g is #af2 f ,f to ,h is #ad2 f ,b to ,d is #gh2 f ,g to ,i is #bd2 & f ,j to ,k is #cj4 ,notice t ! space on ! "r ( ! corn] is "o less ?an ! space on ! left2 ?is w occur on ! "r & left ( ea* corn]4 ,c\nt d[n f corn] ,a to ,b & weave a l9e entirely ar\nd ! mat4 ,c\nt f ,b to ,d & weave ! inn] bord] l9e4 ,n[ weave ! basket 9 ea* corn]4 ,!n weave f ,g to ,i & ,j to ,k1 & s on4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be3 #ccb 7#g7 by #eab 7#ab7--;f ,a to ,b is #cj /raws2 #bfj 7#e7 by #djd 7#i7--;f ,a to ,b is #cj2 #bfj 7#e7 by #dgf 7#aa7--;f ,a to ,b is #cj2 or #eab by #fib 7#ag7--;f ,a to ,b is #cj4 ,on tikug mats ( natural color ?is design may be embroid]$ 9 ! foll[+ colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan74 ,no4 #ad ) a s+le /raw outl9e & solid bord] l9es ( ,no4 #i1 #h1 or #c4 ,no4 #ad ) outl9es ( ,no4 #c & baskets & hats ( ,no4 #a1 except on sabutan4 ,c>abao1 ,c>t1 & ,driv] ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #cb /raws1 b x mu/ be wov5 twice t size1 mak+ ,a ,b equal #fd4 ,all ! sizes giv5 bel[ are d\ble ! c\nt on ! draw+s3 f ,a to ,b is #fd2 f ,b to ,c is #dj2 f ,c to ,d is #ah2 f ,d to ,e is #f2 f ,d to ,f is #h2 f ,a to ,d is #abb2 f ,b to ,i is #cj2 & f ,g to ,h is #af4 ,c\nt f ! corn] ,a to ,b & weave ,b ,c4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,d & m>k (f ,d4 ,c\nt f ,c to ,d & te/ ! c\nt4 ,f ea* corn] ( ! mat make a c\nt simil> to ,a ,d & m>k4 ,weave ! bord] l9e1 comm5c+ at ,d1 ar\nd ! entire mat1 t\*+ ! m>ks at ! corn]s4 ,weave design ,b ,c1 & a simil> design 9 ea* rema9+ corn]4 ,c\nt f ,b to ,i & weave design ,i ,j4 ,at ,j c\nt #b & weave ano!r design l ,i ,j fac+ ,i ,j4 ,! space betwe5 ! backs ( ! c>ts1 n %[n on ?is diagram1 is #f4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be 9 ! foll[+ sizes3 #beh by #cif2 #beh by #ecd2 #cif by #ecd2 #ecd by #fgb2 or #fgb by #haj4 ,9 tikug mats ( natural color /raw ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,s+ly1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae2 & ,no4 #c ) bord] l9e ( ,no4 #i4 ,roo/] ,design4 ,! di/ance f ! corn] ,a to ,b is #ac by #b or #bf 7c\nts 9 ?is design are all d\ble72 f ,b to ,c is #bh by #b or #ef2 f ,c to ,d is #e by #b or #aj2 f ,d to ,e is #bf by #b or #eb2 f ,e to ,f is #c by #b or #f2 f ,e to ,o is #c2 f ,o to ,g is #aa2 f ,h to ,j is #aa2 f ,g to ,h is #ef by #b or #aab4 ,c\nt f ,a to ,b 9 all f\r corn]s & m>k ,b 9 ea* corn]4 ,jo9 all ! ,b's by a d\ble bord] l9e4 ,at ! fir/ ,b1 c\nt d[n to ,c & ov] to ,d & weave ,d ,e4 ,c\nt f ,e to ,o & up to ,g & m>k4 ,m>k ,h1 c\nt+ f ,g4 ,m>k ,j1 c\nt+ f ,h4 ,m>k all po9ts simil> to ,h & ,j on ?is side ( ! mat1 c\nt+ back f ! corn] a space equal to ,g ,b4 ,n[ weave all designs on ?is side ( ! mat4 ,m>k (f spaces on ea* side ( ! mat be=e weav+ t side4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be #bjb by #ech2 #cad by #ech2 or #dbf by #fej4 ,9 tikug mats ( natural color /raw ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af %\ld n be us$ on sabutan47 ,no4 #c1 cock2 ,no4 #ad1 comb1 7?ree squ>es f ,i to ,c & two above ,m72 ,no4 #a1 legs & feet2 ,no4 #ae1 grass & o!r bord] l9e4 7,on sabutan use ,no4 #ad in/ead ( ,no4 #a = legs & feet74 ,c>abao ,head ,design4 ,! di/ance f ,a to ,b is #be /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #c2 f ,c to ,d is #bc2 f ,d to ,e is #c2 f ,e to ,f is #d2 f ,f to ,g is #aa2 f ,g to ,h is #ca2 f ,f to ,i is #bb2 f ,h to ,j is #c2 f ,i to ,k is #cg2 f ,l to ,m is #aa2 f ,i to ,n is #ab2 f ,n to ,o is #ab #a_/b2 & f ,i to ,p is #g4 ,c\nt f ! corn] ,a to ,b & m>k4 ,c\nt ! same numb] 9 f e corn] & m>k4 ,at ,b weave ! bord] l9e ! ?ickness ( ,b ,c ar\nd ! entire mat1 int]sect+ ! m>ks at ! o!r ?ree corn]s4 ,c\nt ,c ,d & weave ! corn] design ,d ,g4 ,c\nt f ,g to ,h & m>k4 ,c\nt f ,b to ,h & see if ! m>k is correct4 ,m>k (f ,b ,h 9 ! o!r ?ree corn]s & weave ! bord] l9e ,h ,j ar\nd ! entire mat4 ,n[ weave ! o!r ?ree corn] designs4 ,c\nt f ,f to ,i & m>k4 ,c\nt f ,i to ,k & m>k4 ,f ,k on1 m>k (f di/ances l ,i ,k along ?is side ( ! mat until ! la/ po9t is rea*$4 ,! rema9+ space to ! po9t simil> to ,f w equal ,i ,f4 ,n[ weave ! int]v5+ designs1 & complete ! mat4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be ( ! foll[+ sizes3 #cai by #eda2 #beg by #dje2 #dij by #gab2 or #cic by #eda4 ,9 tikug mats ( natural color /raw ! foll[+ colors may be us$3 ,no4 #c1 c>abao & all bord] l9es2 ,no4 #ae1 grasses4 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 or #ae4 ,fi%tail ,palm ,design4 ,?is is an all ov] design4 ,! unit c\nts are z foll[s3 f ,a to ,b is #cc /raws2 f ,b to ,c is #aa2 f ,c to ,d is #bb2 f ,e to ,f is #ce2 f ,e to ,g is #e4 ,f ! corn] ( ! mat1 ,a1 on ! long edge1 c\nt d[n to ,b4 ,at ,b c\nt 9 to ,c4 ,m>k ,c ,o ,d ,e ,f & weave ! design4 ,f ,d c\nt #dd1 & a po9t simil> to ,c w be rea*$4 ,weave ! same patt]n aga94 ,f ,f c\nt #ee1 & a po9t simil> to ,e w be rea*$4 ,weave ! same patt]n aga94 ,measur+ z at ! fir/ corn] ,a1 m>k (f spaces & weave all ?ree o!r corn] designs4 ,weave all int]v5+ designs1 fir/ betwe5 corn]s on ! sides ( ! mat1 !n on ! int]ior4 ,mats wov5 = ?is design %\ld be3 #cgd by #ebj2 #ejf by #gjj2 #egb by #gij2 #fch by #hhj4 ,9 tikug mats ( natural /raw1 ! foll[+ colors may be us$ sep>ately1 n 9 comb9ation3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,,notes #a ,banig1 petate1 ikam51 dase4 #b ,mean+ co>se /uff4 #c ,bayones1 bayong1 cana/ro1 banyot4 #d ,! ,bureau ( ,education has tak5 /eps to procure a s]ies ( dyes suit$ to ea* "o ( ! mat /raws & o!r important fib]s us$ 9 h\sehold indu/ries & indu/rial in/ruction 9 ! ,philipp9es4 #e ,a t9t is a pal] or less int5se tone ?an ! /&>d color4 ,a %ade is a d>k]1 m int5se tone ( ! /&>d color4 #f ,bullet9 ,no4 #cc ( ! ,bureau ( ,education1 entitl$ ,philipp9e ,hats4 #g ,?is (fice is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,m]rill1 ,botani/1 ,bureau ( ,sci5ce1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 = plac+ at its disposal an unpubli%$ manuscript on ! ,flora ( ,manila4 ,in=mation f ! foll[+ s\rces is also ackn[l$g$3 ,engl] & ,prantl3 ,das ,pflanz5rei*4 ,hook]'s ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 #ahid4 ,blanco's ,flora de ,filip9as1 #ahgg4 ,! sug> & alcohol produc$ by ! palms are discuss$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,gibbs 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,manila1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,a1 ,no4 #c4 ,hats are also discuss$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,rob9son 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,c1 ,no4 #b4 #h ,buri 79 mo/ localities71 buli or ble1 silag1 ebus4 #i ,x is probable t "s ( ! d\ble ,moro mats :i* w be describ$ "u ! head+ ,p&an ,/raws are wov5 f buri /raw4 #aj ,due to ! ef=ts ( ,elm] ,d4 ,m]rill & ,a4 ,d4 ,e4 ,elm]1 ,botani/s ( ,manila1 aid$ by ,pr(4 ,m>telli1 ( ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 our k ( ,philipp9e p&ans has be5 greatly broad5$4 ,x is hop$ t int]e/$ p]sons into ^: h&s ?is pap] may come w help to ext5d x by s5d+ specim5s ( p&ans = id5tification to ! ,bureau ( ,education1 ,manila4 ,su* specim5s %\ld consi/ ( ! ripe fruit & ( at lea/ two full-gr[n leaves f :i* no sp9es or tips h be5 remov$1 & :i* h be5 cut z close z possible to ! /em4 #aa ,bullet9 ,no4 #cc1 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,manila1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,c1 ,no4 #b4 #ab ,to settle1 if possible1 ! "q ( :e!r sabutan fl[]s & fruits1 inquiries & inve/igations on ! gr\nd 7 made 9 ,tanay & ,pililla by a repres5tative ( ! ,g5]al ,(fice ( ! ,bureau ( ,education4 ,! p int]view$ 9 ^! t[ns 7 positive 9 _! /atem5ts t !y _h nev] se5 ! fruit ( ?is p&an ?\gh !y did rememb] see+ ! fl[]4 ,e possible ef=t 0 made to get accurate1 reliable in=mation4 ,an old man 0 engag$ z guide & a male infloresc5ce ( sabutan 0 f\nd 9 a pat* locat$ on a hillside1 "u ! %ade ( trees & surr\nd$ by consid]able und]bru%4 ,! pat*1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ! old man 0 old] ?an he c\ld rememb]2 ! age ( ! guide 01 p]haps1 betwe5 sixty & sev5ty ye>s4 ,! fl[]s 7 odor\s & cov]$ ) small br[n insects almo/ hid+ ! infloresc5ce4 #ac ,pla9 d\ble p&an mats1 ! mat]ial ( :i* resembles sabutan1 are import$ f ,s+apore & sold by ,*9ese /orekeep]s 9 ,manila 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!y are r\ghly made & ! fact t !y are d\ble p]mits ! unf9i%$ edges to be turn$ "u & sew$ d[n ) co>se r$ cotton tw9e4 ,!y sell = a little less ?an ! pla91 s+le1 ,tanay sabutan mats ) f9i%$ edges4 #ad ,x is v difficult to obta9 def9ite in=mation ) exact figures4 ,^! /atem5ts 7 made by a woman exp]t 9 weav+ mats1 & ow+ to ! frank answ]s to ! que/ions put1 h] in=mation seems m reliable ?an t ( ! usual weav] int]view$4 ,o!r p]sons /ate t f two to six leaves are tak5 f a plant e mon?4 #ae ,?ree lit]s equal #a ganta4 #af ,sabutan l5ds itself easily to ! fabrication ( pocketbooks useful z purses1 c>d-cases or cig>ette-cases4 ,f x c also be made v pretty1 /rong1 durable & useful h&bags4 ,! weav+ ( bo? ( ^! articles has be5 tak5 up 9 ! s*ools ( ,tanay1 b x is n z yet comm]cial 9 ! t[n4 ,sets consi/+ ( a h&bag & a pocketbook 9 ! same color & design are attractive4 #ag ,sabutan suck]s may be pur*as$ f sev]al firms 9 ,manila at ,p#e p] hundr$1 freight prepaid4 ,9 %ipp+1 ! plants are pack$ 9 baskets s t !y c be easily h&l$4 ,x is believ$ by p]sons :o h receiv$ %ipm5ts f ?is s\rce t ! plants w rema9 9 good condition out ( ! gr\nd = a week or m dur+ %ipm5t4 ,h5ce x is n advisable = places m remote ?an "o week f ,manila to ord] any ( ^! plants4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,circul> ,no4 #hb1 s4 #aiaa1 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,x is probable t suck]s c be obta9$ f ! cultivat$ plants 9 ab\t a ye> aft] !y are set out4 #ah ,at ?is writ+ no data are at h& z to ! prep>ation ( s>akat /raw1 b x is probably made simply by dry+4 ,x is possible t mu* /rong] & m pliable /raw c\ld be obta9$ if a process su* z is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sabutan 7 foll[$4 #ai ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a ( ! ,philipp9e ,agriculturi/ & ,=e/]4 ,a description ( ! plant occurs 9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,e4 ,elm]'s leaflets4 #bj ,x is probable t ! improv$ ,&es /ripp] c be utiliz$ 9 ! cutt+ ( p&an /raws4 #ba ,arrangem5ts are n[ be+ made ?r\gh ! s*ools = ! introduction ( sabutan plants into ! t[ns ( ,majayjay & ,luisiana4 #bb ,mo/ ( ! in=mation on k>agumoy is tak5 f ! report submitt$ to ! ,director ( ,education by ,mr4 ,ralph ,e4 ,sp5c]4 #bc ,! av]age 0 obta9$ by measur+ accurately a numb] ( specim5s ( ! species s5t 9 to ! ,bureau ( ,education f v>i\s prov9ces #bd ,its mo/ common "n is b>iu1 spell$ also b>io1 balio1 balewe1 baleau4 ,9 ,occid5tal ,negros x is also call$1 balean1 b>og 9 ,surigao1 bat9 9 ,capiz4 #be ,rob9son1 9 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 ,section ,c ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 /ates t ?is s$ge also gr[s on ! ea/]n side ( ,luzon4 #bf ,f4 meliacea is also kn[n z tikug 9 ,sam> b x _c be us$ 9 weav+4 #bg ,9 pull+ up tikug ! :ole /alk c g5]ally be obta9$ by grasp+ x a %ort di/ance bel[ ! top4 ,x is made into small bundles & ti$ a %ort di/ance bel[ ! se$ heads4 ,ea* bundle conta9s f =ty to sixty /raws4 ,9 all t[ns except ,basey ! weav]s ga!r ! /alks !y use4 ,at ,basey1 h[ev]1 :]e weav+ ( mats is a recogniz$ indu/ry1 ! /raw is obta9$ f c\ntry p :o make x a bus9ess to ga!r & sell x4 ,^! tikug v5dors c>ry ! bundles ( gre5 /raw to ! t[n1 :]e !y sell = f =ty c5tavos to "o peso p] hundr$ bundles1 dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! /raws4 #bh ,! high co/ ( ^! dyes results f ! adult]ation practic$ & ! exorbitant pr(its1 usually ab\t #dej p] c5t4 ,x is expect$ t ! new dyes obta9$ f ,g]many ?r\gh ! ,bureau ( ,education w make a sav+ ( ab\t #hj p] c5t to ! work]s4 #bi ,! foll[+ /ory is report$ z %[+ ! clev]ness ( ! weav]s ( ,basey 9 embroid]+ designs on mats4 ,an eng9e] 9 *>ge ( road con/ruction refus$ to buy c]ta9 mats f a v5dor b /at$1 jok+ly1 & 9 ord] to be rid ( ! insi/5t m]*ant1 t if he 7 br\ght mats hav+ designs :i* 7 ( int]e/ to him1 z %[+ sc5es connect$ ) 8 "w1 he w\ld buy !m4 ,9 a few weeks ! brok] return$1 br++ ) him a l>ge mat on :i* 7 display$ a road roll]1 :eel b>r[s1 %ovels1 spades & o!r implem5ts connect$ ) road build+1 & "p ( a road itself4 #cj ,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t ! sabutan & tikug mats are ! /ronge/ made 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,nei!r ! we>+ qualities ( ! /raw nor ! p]man5cy ( ! dyes 9 buri mats are equal to ^? ( tikug4 ,if tikug floor mats become dirty !y may be clean$ )\t injury if ! dye+ 0 well done4 ,!y %\ld be %ak5 to remove du/ & dirt1 laid flat on ! floor & lightly scrubb$ ) a clo?1 sponge or bru%1 us+ lukew>m soapsuds1 aft] :i* cold wat] %\ld be ?r[n on !m4 ,!y are dri$ by hang+ 9 ! sun%9e or ! breeze4 #ca ,a firm has rec5tly ent]$ ! field & is do+ a mail ord] bus9ess 9 ^! mats ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! plans include ! furni%+ ( /raw & dyes to ! weav]s & ! weav+ ( /&>d designs4 #cb ,mo/ ( ! in=mation giv5 "u ?is head+ 0 tak5 f reports by ,p]cy ,m4 ,jones & ,frank ,?omason1 =m]ly sup]vis+ tea*]s ( ,bohol4 #cc ,circul> ,no4 #hb1 s4 #aiaa1 ,bureau ( ,education4 #cd ,bas$ on orig9al designs by ,mrs4 ,alice ,brez9a4 #ce ,?ree units w take up ab\t #c times #ag1 or #ea /raws4 ,9 />t+1 a curv$ patt]n #ea /raws across w h to be made & slipp$ up or d[n 9 a sixte5? division ( ! mat 9 ord] t ! m>g9 space may be det]m9$4 #cf ,?is design1 9 all cases except :]e ,g ,s is #h in/ead ( #e1 w\ld look well ) ! out] bord] l9e broad5$ to ! edge ( ! mat4 ,?is is a sugge/ion only2 x means a great deal ( "w4 #cg ,weave l>ge solid p>ts ( designs fir/1 :5 possible1 & slight mi/akes ( "o or two /raws1 :i* may happ51 w !n occur 9 op5 p>ts :]e !y w %[ v little4 ,mi/akes ( ?is k9d are only all[able 9 cases ( flaws 9 ! mat :i* is us$4 ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,,publications4 ,annual ,reports3 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 #aija4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 #aijb4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education1 #aijc4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education1 #aijd4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,education1 #aije4 7,n issu$ 9 pr9t$ =m47 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aijf4 ,sev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aijg4 ,eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aijh4 7,supply limit$47 ,n9? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aiji4 ,t5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aiaa4 ,twelf? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ,education1 #aiab4 ,bullet9s3 #a4 ,! ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool4 ,catalogue = #aijc-d4 ,engli% & ,spani%4 ,april1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #b4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,vocal ,music = ,vacation ,normal ,in/itutes4 ,may1 #aijd4 7,edition exhau/$47 #h4 ,! ,philipp9e ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades1 ,prospectus = #aijd-e4 ,engli% & ,spani%4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #d4 ,! ,philipp9e ,nautical ,s*ool1 ,prospectus = #aijd-e4 ,engli% & ,spani%4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #e4 ,notes on ! ,treatm5t ( ,smallpox4 ,june1 #aijd4 #f4 ,reports ( ,indu/rial ,exhibits ( ! ,philipp9e ,s*ools at ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition4 ,june1 #aijd4 #g4 ,c\rses ( ,in/ruction = ! ,public ,s*ools ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #h4 ,cursos de ,enseanza p>a las ,escuelas ,pblicas de las ,islas ,filip9as4 7,spani% edition ( ,bullet9 ,no4 #g47 ,june1 #aijd4 7,edition exhau/$47 #i4 ,a ,li/ ( ,philipp9e ,baptismal ,names4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,edition exhau/$47 #aj4 ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,prep>$ = use 9 ! ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools47 ,june1 #aijd4 #aa4 ,c\rses 9 ,me*anical ,draw+1 ,woodwork+1 & ,ironwork+ = ,prov9cial ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #ab4 ,advanc$ & ,po/-,graduate ,/udies ,(f]$ by ! ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool = ,prep>ation = ,entrance to ,am]ican ,colleges & ,univ]sities or to ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,engli% & ,spani%4 ,augu/1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #ac4 ,n issu$ 9 pr9t$ =m4 #ad4 ,! ,s*ool ,law ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 z ,am5d$ by ,acts ( ! ,philipp9e ,commission to & includ+ ,act #aecj1 ) ,executive ,ord]s & ,attorney-,g5]al's ,op9ions ,affect+ ! ,bureau ( ,education4 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #ae-bj4 ,n issu$ 9 pr9t$ =m4 #ba4 ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool4 ,catalogue = #aijd-e4 ,engli% & ,spani%4 ,may1 #aije4 7,obsolete47 #bb4 ,lessons on ,famili> ,philipp9e ,animals4 ,augu/1 #aije4 7,edition exhau/$47 #bc4 ,/&>d ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,vocal ,music = ! ,public ,s*ools ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 #aijf4 ,revis$ & re-issu$ 9 #aiaj4 7,editions exhau/$47 #bd4 ,outl9e ( ,ye>'s ,c\rse 9 ,botany & ,key to ! ,families ( ,vascul> ,plants 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,augu/1 #aijf4 ,revis$ & re-issu$ 9 #aijg4 ,?ird edition issu$ 9 #aijh4 ,f\r? edition issu$ 9 #aiaa4 #be4 ,(ficial ,ro/] ( ! ,bureau ( ,education1 correct$ to ,m>* #a1 #aijf4 ,may1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #bf4 ,high ,s*ool & ,second>y ,c\rses ( ,in/ruction4 ,june1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #bg4 ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool4 ,catalogue = #aijf-g & ,prospectus = #aijg-h4 ,may1 #aijg4 7,obsolete47 #bg 7,a74 ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool1 ,c\rses ( ,/udy1 ,second>y ,c\rse4 ,janu>y1 #aijh4 7,obsolete47 #bh4 ,! ,milkfi% or ,bangos4 ,may1 #aijh4 7,supply limit$47 #bi4 ,con/ructive ,lessons 9 ,engli%1 ,design$ = ,use 9 ,int]m$iate ,grades4 ,augu/1 #aiaj4 ,revis$ & re-issu$1 #aiaa4 ,?ird ,edition1 #aiab4 #hj4 ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool1 ,catalogue = #aiji-aj & ,ann\ncem5t = #aiaj-aa4 ,june1 #aiaj4 7,obsolete47 #ca4 ,s*ool & ,home ,g>d5+ ,july #aiaj4 7,n[ be+ revis$7 #cb4 ,c\rses 9 ,me*anical & ,free-h& ,draw+1 = ,use 9 ,trade & ,int]m$iate ,s*ools4 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 #cc4 ,philipp9e ,hats4 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #cd4 ,lace ,mak+ & ,embroid]y4 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 #ce4 ,h\sekeep+ & ,h\sehold ,arts--,a ,manual = ,"w ) ! ,girls 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ools ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,febru>y1 #aiaa4 #cf4 ,catalogue & ,ann\ncem5t ( ! ,philipp9e ,normal ,s*ool4 ,may1 #aiaa4 7,edition exhau/$47 #cg4 ,s*ool ,build+s1 ,"p ,i4 #aiab4 #ch4 ,s*ool ,build+s1 ,"p ,,ii4 #aiab4 #ci4 ,a ,manual ( ,free-h& ,draw+ = ,philipp9e ,prim>y ,s*ools4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 #dj4 ,a?letic ,h&book = ! ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools4 7,n[ be+ revis$47 #da4 ,s]vice ,manual ( ! ,bureau ( ,education1 #aiaa4 #db4 ,int]m$iate ,engli%4 ,,ii--,notes1 ,directions1 & ,aids to ! ,prep>ation ( ! ,correspond5ce ,/udy ,c\rse1 #aiaa4 #dc4 ,catalogue ( ! ,philipp9e ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades1 #aiab4 #dd4 ,libr>ies = ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools4 #de4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,h\sehold ,indu/ries1 #aiab4 #df4 ,indu/rial ,museum1 ,libr>y1 & ,exhibits ( ! ,bureau ( ,education4 #dg4 ,good ,mann]s & ,"r ,conduct1 = ,use 9 ,prim>y ,grades4 #dh4 ,a ,c\rse 9 ,civics4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 #di4 ,philipp9e ,indu/rial ,fib]s4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 #ej4 ,arbor ,day & ,s*ool ,holidays4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 #ea4 ,! ,philipp9e ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce4 #aiac4 #eb4 ,! ,philipp9e ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,trades1 ,nautical ,dep>tm5t4 #aiac4 ,civico-,educational ,lectures3 #a4 ,! ,rights & ,duties ( ,citiz5s ( ! ,philipp9es4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #b4 ,! ,prev5tion ( ,diseases4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #c4 ,rice4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #d4 ,diseases ( ,animals4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #e4 ,coconut ,beetles4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #f4 ,! ,h\s+ ( ! ,public ,s*ools4 #aiaj4 7,supply limit$47 #g4 ,coconuts4 #aiaa4 #h4 ,corn4 #aiab4 ,! ,tea*]s' ,assembly ,h]ald3 ,volume ,i1 #aijh4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,volume ,,ii1 #aiji4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,volume ,,iii1 #aiaj4 7,edition exhau/$47 ,volume ,,iv1 #aiaa4 7,supply limit$47 ,volume ,v1 #aiab4 7,supply limit$47 ,volume ,,vi1 #aiac4 7,n[ curr5t47 ,! ,philipp9e ,craftsman3 ,a mon?ly s*ool indu/rial magaz9e4 ,n[ curr5t4 ,text-,books3 ,woodwork+1 ,a ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,c>p5try = ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools1 #aijh4 ,select$ ,%ort ,poems by ,repres5tative ,am]ican ,au?ors4 #aiaa4 ,comm]cial ,geography3 ! ,mat]ials ( ,comm]ce = ! ,philipp9es4 #aiaa4 ,macaulay's ,samuel ,johnson2 ,em]son's ,self ,reliance2 ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address4 #aiaa4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,colonial ,hi/ory4 ,economic ,conditions 9 ! ,philipp9es4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 ,miscellane\s ,problems = ,trade ,s*ools & ,trades ,classes 9 ! ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 ,h\sekeep+--,a ,textbook = ,girls 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 ,a ,prim>y ,sew+ ,c\rse4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 ,miscellane\s3 ,sugge/ions = ! ,?ird ,annual ,obs]vance ( ,arbor ,day 9 ,philipp9e ,s*ools1 #aijh4 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce1 a ,guide to ,practical ,in/ruction 9 ,h\sekeep+1 ,sew+1 ,cook+ & ,laund]+ 9 ,grades ,?ree & ,f\r ( ! ,philipp9e ,public ,s*ools1 #aijh4 ,abraham ,l9coln--a ,collection ( ,passages f ,8 ,spee*es & ,lett]s1 ) ,brief ,comm5ts1 #aiji4 7,supply exhau/$47 ,"s ,recipes = ,prep>+ ,jellies1 ,pres]ves1 ,pickles1 & ,c&ies f ,philipp9e ,fruits1 #aiaa4 7,supply exhau/$47 ,syllabus ( ,economic ,conditions 9 ! ,philipp9es1 #aiaa4 7,supply exhau/$47 ,second ,annual ,report on ,private ,s*ools & ,colleges ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #aiaa4 ,?ird ,annual ,report on ,private ,s*ools & ,colleges ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 #aiab4 ,a ,/atem5t ( ,organization1 ,aims & ,conditions ( ,s]vice 9 ! ,bureau ( ,education1 ,publi%$ = ,g5]al ,in=mation4 ,sev]al editions pr9t$ at ,manila & ,wa%+ton4 ,los ,f9es y la ,organizacin de las ,escuelas ,pblicas de ,filip9as4 7,9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 7,tagalog translation 9 c\rse ( prep>ation47 ,a ,talk on ,heal? ,conditions 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,dr4 ,victor ,g4 ,heis]1 ,director ( ,heal? ,craftsman ,repr9ts3 ,i4 ,philipp9e ,mats4