,the ,government of the ,philippine ,islands ,department of ,public ,instruction ,bureau of ,education ,philippine ,craftsman ,reprint ,series ,no4 #a ,philippine ,mats ,manila ,bureau of ,printing #aiac ,,foreword4 ,the present bulletin is a reprint from ,the ,philippine ,craftsman1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 and #e1 and is issued in this form for the purpose of placing in the hands of teachers a convenient manual for use in giving instruction in this important branch of industrial work4 ,in it are contained directions for the preparation of materials for mat making1 with suggestive color schemes for these materials and details for weaving a number of approved ,philippine designs4 ,the use of mats for sleeping and other household purposes is universal through the extreme ,orient4 ,suitable mat materials abound in these ,islands1 and when proper attention shall have been given to the artistic and decorative side of their manufacture1 the mat industry may well become a source of considerable revenue in thousands of ,filipino homes4 ,the ,bureau of ,education has for some years past been endeavoring to improve the designs used as well as the workmanship of ,philippine mats1 in order that the article produced shall be typical of the country1 artistic in design1 and of real commercial value4 ,it is expected that this end will be definitely furthered through the study and use of the material contained in this reprint4 ,a considerable part of the subject matter of this publication is the original work of ,mr4 ,hugo ,h4 ,miller1 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,minier1 ,mr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,andes1 ,mr4 ,theodore ,muller1 and ,mrs4 ,alice ,brezina4 ,credit is also due to numerous ,american and ,filipino teachers for the submission of reports and materials used in its preparation4 ,frank ,l4 ,crone1 ,acting ,director4 ,manila1 ,february #a1 #aiac4 ,,philippine ,,mats4 ,the production of mats in the ,philippines is large because of the extensive domestic demand for them4 ,the sleeping mat #a is used throughout the ,christian provinces1 and is also found among the ,moros4 ,such mats are of the finer class and are usually more or less highly decorated with colored straws in various designs4 ,for this purpose the buri petates are more widely produced than those made from any other material4 ,pandan mats are considered stronger and cooler but their use is not so extensive1 probably because they are more expensive than the buri mats4 ,in the ,visayas1 tikug mats are important4 ,another use of mats is in the baling of two of the staple products of the ,philippines1 tobacco and abaca4 ,in the ,cagayan valley mats of dried banana petioles are employed4 ,a great many of these are made in ,batac1 ,ilocos ,norte1 from which place they are shipped to ,cagayan4 ,in most cases the tobacco of the ,visayas is packed in such mats also4 ,at ,argao1 ,cebu1 banana petiole mats are woven as a by-product of the sab cloth industry4 ,in obtaining the fiber1 the outer skin of the petiole is pulled off for stripping1 and the remaining portion1 which is called upag1 is dried and woven into very coarse mats by children4 ,these are called bastos #b or liplip1 and are disposed of to the tobacco balers in the town1 or are shipped to ,cebu and other towns for baling purposes4 ,while sab sinamay is produced in several of the districts in the ,visayas1 notably in ,bohol1 it is not known that the upag is used for mat weaving there4 ,coarse buri mats are almost exclusively used in wrapping abaca for the export trade4 ,since baling is carried on only in large seaports1 particularly in ,manila and ,cebu1 the weaving of these mats in certain localities where the buri palm is abundant and their transportation to the hemp-producing towns are important industries4 ,while they are not1 strictly speaking1 mats1 plaited sacks #c are woven in the same weave and bear the same relation to sugar and rice as do mats to tobacco and abaca4 ,most of the domestic rice crop entering into commerce is packed in buri sacks and practically all the export sugar is sent away in them4 ,a few bayones are made of pandan4 ,the production of bayones is an important industry in certain districts4 ,mats are also employed throughout the provinces for drying paddy and copra in the sun1 in the same manner in which trays are used for sun-curing fruit in temperate regions4 ,the use of the finer grades of petates for floor mats and for wall decoration is confined to the foreign population in the ,philippines4 ,nevertheless1 a considerable number is so utilized4 ,for this trade only mats of the better grades are demanded1 and the number sold for the purpose is probably considerably restricted by the fact that few mats are of suitable color combination and of proper design to satisfy foreign taste4 ,as yet there is no known commercial export of ,philippine mats4 ,there is a considerable demand for floor mats and mats for wall decoration in ,europe and in the ,united ,states1 but it is improbable that the ,philippines can hope to supply any part of it unless designs and color combinations are vastly improved4 ,floor mats are used as rugs in the same manner as are the strips of ,japanese matting which are so popular all over the world4 ,round floor mats1 somewhat larger in diameter than the round table tops1 are also in demand4 ,small mats can be used as doilies on the table or under the stands of flower pots and the like4 ,sleeping mats and mats intended for floors1 walls1 stands1 and mat doilies are the ones which are suitable for domestic and foreign commerce1 and industrial education must interest itself in them4 ,the ,philippine materials available for weaving these mats are varied and well distributed4 ,with improvement in color combination and design1 there should be a large increase in the industry4 ,,bleaching ,,agents4 ,sunshine is used to bleach all mat straws1 but more often they are also treated with boiling water to which certain bleaching agents have been added4 ,only the most important of these are explained4 ,tamarind4--,this tree 7,tamarindus indica7 is known in ,tagalog1 ,bicol and ,pampanga as sampalok1 in ,visayan as sambag1 in ,ilocano as salamagui1 and in ,palawan as kalampisao4 ,it is a large tree with dense foliage4 ,the leaves are employed as a bleaching agent in boiling water4 ,it is said that the young green fruit can be used for this purpose4 ,pandakaki4--,the leaves of the plant 7,tabernaemontana pandacaqui7 are used as a bleaching agent4 ,this is the name under which it is known1 particularly in ,pampanga and ,cavite4 ,in ,palawan it is called alibetbet4 ,it is also known as kampopot in ,tagalog and as alibubut and toar in parts of the ,visayas4 ,in ,ilocano the name is kurribuetbuet4 ,lemons4--,the juice of the various species and varieties of ,citrus is employed to some extent for bleaching4 ,it is usually added to boiling water in which the straw is immersed4 ,vinegar4--,of ,philippine vinegars1 those made from palm juices are considered about half as strong as lemon juice4 ,vinegar from sugar cane juice has probably the same strength4 ,that made from cooked rice is considered about one-fourth as strong as lemon juice4 ,alum4--,in some towns alum is added to the boiling water in which straw is treated4 ,it is usually employed in combination with other bleaching agents4 ,,dyes ,,used ,,on ,,mat ,,straws4 ,mordants4 ,a mordant is a substance employed to fix the dye to the material4 ,in general1 different ones are needed for different dyes and various materials4 ,in some cases the mordant is added to the dye liquid2 in others the material is previously treated with it before being colored4 ,the most important are the mineral mordants1 such as the alumina1 the iron1 the tin1 and the chrome4 ,these are not used in the ,philippines with local vegetable dyes4 ,tannin is also important and is employed to some extent in the ,philippines1 being generally obtained from the mangrove tan barks4 ,wood ashes are little used but vinegar and lemon juice are important4 ,kolis4--,the leaves of this plant 7,memecylon edule7 are commonly used in mordanting buri straw before dyeing it with sappan wood4 ,in ,tanay1 ,rizal1 it is employed on sabutan straw with all of the vegetable dyes4 ,it is known as guisian 7,laguna71 duigim 7,ilocos1 ,pangasinan71 kulis 7,rizal1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,bataan71 tagobachi 7,leyte71 kasigay 7,ilocos ,norte71 agam 7,negrito1 ,cagayan71 guisoc-guisoc 7,sorsogon71 macaasin 7,tayabas71 baian 7,zambales71 diyatdiyatan 7,tayabas71 candong 7,pangasinan71 dioc 7,pangasinan74 ,natural ,vegetable ,dyes4 ,numerous natural vegetable dyes are employed in the ,philippines4 ,those used on the mat straws are limited in number4 ,the important ones only are here noted4 ,the whole question of dyes is a most difficult one and hardly warrants the time which has been spent upon investigating the various dye materials1 nor the effort which would be necessary to determine definitely the methods by which they can be used on mat straws4 ,the artificial dyes have driven the natural vegetable dyes out of use because they are cheaper and are more easily applied1 and because in most cases they produce more pleasing and lasting colors4 ,sappan4--,this plant 7,caesalpinia sappan7 is known as sapang in ,tagalog and ,ilocano and as sibucao in ,visayan and ,bicol4 ,a beautiful dye varying from red to red-orange 7see ,plate ,,iii7 is obtained from chips of the wood4 ,this is employed on most ,philippine fibers4 ,lime is sometimes used as a mordant but the straws are usually first treated with kolis leaves4 ,turmeric4--,this plant 7,curcuma longa7 is known as dilao throughout the ,islands4 ,in ,ilocano it is called kunig4 ,kalaoag is its name in ,negros and ,sorsogon1 ange in ,pampanga and duao in parts of the ,visayas4 ,the yellow dye obtained from the roots is fugitive in the sunlight4 ,annatto4--,this plant 7,bixa orellana7 is generally known here as achuete4 ,it is sometimes called achiote4 ,the plant bears burs containing many small reddish seeds1 from the pulp of which the dye is obtained4 ,it is often employed in combination with turmeric4 ,the result is a yellow orange4 ,the dye fades easily4 ,deora4--,the use of this plant 7,peristrophe tinctoria7 is confined to the ,visayas and ,mindanao1 where it is known by this name and also as dauda and daura4 ,in ,samar the name is dala-uda4 ,it is a small bush and is usually grown in the gardens for its leaves and tender stems4 ,a mordant is not used4 ,the color ranges from yellow orange to a deep red orange4 ,the methods of using these dye materials are explained for each straw4 ,materials ,used with ,mud to ,obtain ,dark ,grays4 ,red or green straws are turned dark gray by burying them in mud to which certain substances 7usually containing tannin7 are added4 ,talisay4--,this large tree 7,terminalia catappa7 is common in the ,philippines4 ,the leaves are added to the mud in dyeing straw black4 ,from the bark a brown dye may be obtained4 ,it is1 however1 seldom used4 ,it is universally known as talisay4 ,spanish speaking people call it almendras4 ,indigo4--,two species of ,indigoferae are grown in the ,philippines and are known as tagum4 ,except with mud they are not used to dye straws4 ,tiagkot4--,the leaves of this plant 7,pithecolobium subacutum7 are employed on ,romblon ,island in dyeing buri gray4 ,other names are tagayong1 narandauel1 saplit 7,cagayan72 carisquis1 ayamguitan 7,zambales72 tugurare 7,pangasinan72 inep 7,bulacan72 malasaga1 malaganip1 tekin 7,laguna72 bahay 7,sorsogon72 tagomtagom 7,samar72 tique 7,rizal74 ,kabling4--,this plant 7,pogostemon cablin7 is generally cultivated1 though it grows where its cultivation has been abandoned4 ,a volatile oil1 used to keep away insects from textiles1 is obtained from the leaves4 ,the leaves are used in ,tanay1 ,rizal1 in obtaining gray sabutan straw4 ,mabolo4--,the heart wood of this tree 7,diospyros discolor7 is known as kamagon4 ,the leaves are employed in ,tanay1 ,rizal4 ,castor4--,this plant 7,ricinus communis7 is seldom cultivated in the ,philippines but is found wild in all localities4 ,the beans yield the oil4 ,the leaves are added to mud in obtaining gray sabutan straw4 ,artificial ,dyes4 ,it is commonly believed that artificial dyes are less permanent than natural ones4 ,this is seldom the case2 as a matter of fact1 some of the fastest and most valuable dyes are now made artificially and many are not procurable from vegetable coloring matters4 ,most of the cheaper dyes made from coal tar are fugitive2 that is1 they fade in sunlight or water or in both4 ,they are often still further cheapened by being adulterated with salt1 dextrine and the like4 ,such are the colors which are usually sold by the ,chinese tienda keepers and which have caused artificial dyes in general to come into such ill-repute in the ,philippines4 ,many of these ,chino dyes contain #ie per cent salt4 ,it is the belief1 however1 that artificial dyes of a good class1 so packed and marketed that they will come cheaply to the hands of the dyers and weavers1 will drive out of use practically all of the vegetable dyes now employed in the ,philippines4 ,the disuse of the natural dyes would not be regretted here1 for1 with the possible exception of those obtained from sabutan straw in ,tanay1 much finer colors can be produced with artificial dyes1 as to both beauty and fastness4 ,if the time of the workers is considered1 the vegetable dyes now employed in the ,philippines are more expensive than the artificial dyes1 even though the latter are now sold in wastefully small packages and bear the burden of several large profits before they come to the hands of the persons using them4 #d ,,dyeing4 ,the process of dyeing is simple4 ,the fluid is prepared in water 7usually boiling71 and the material is immersed in it4 ,the shade of color obtained depends on the length of time the material is allowed to remain in the fluid or the number of times it is treated1 and the strength of the dye4 ,the combination of two different dyes to obtain a third is understood to some extent4 ,in particular1 red and yellow are mixed to obtain orange4 ,,suggestions ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,colors ,,in ,,mats4 ,standard ,colors4 ,the three primary colors are red1 blue1 and yellow4 ,the three secondary colors are obtained by combination of the three primary colors1 and are orange1 green1 and violet4 ,orange is made by a combination of yellow and red1 green is a combination of blue and yellow1 and violet is the combination of red and blue4 ,most of the dye materials explained in the preceding pages do not produce standard colors and so1 when combined1 do not result in the expected secondary color4 ,often those called red are1 in point of fact1 red-violet 7see ,plate ,,iii74 ,sometimes1 also1 dyes called yellow are yellow-orange4 ,a mixture of yellow-orange and red-violet would produce a muddy color4 ,dye called green may be really blue-green or yellow-green1 and combined with red1 will make a muddy color4 ,the above remarks on standard complementary colors are only valid for pure colors and it is only by much experimentation that pleasing tones can be obtained by a combination of the dyes used on straws in the ,philippines4 ,how to ,tone ,down ,brilliant ,colors4 ,many of the colors used in ,philippine mats are very brilliant4 ,a little brilliantly colored straw1 properly combined with subdued colors such as gray or one of the natural colors of ,philippine straws1 is pleasing1 but the abundant use of brilliant straws1 such as are sometimes seen in mats of solid color1 is to be discouraged4 ,all brilliant colors may be subdued by adding to them their complementary color4 ,thus a brilliant red may be subdued by adding to it a small amount of green and in the same way brilliant green may be toned down by mixing with it a small portion of red4 ,if too much of the complementary color is added the result will be gray4 ,as will be seen1 all complementary colors will subdue one another4 ,in ,plate ,,iii the principal colors have been so arranged that the complementary colors are directly opposite each other and are connected by lines4 ,any two colors connected by lines on this chart will tone down each other and1 if mixed in proper proportions1 will result in gray4 ,it is probable that any straw which has been dyed too brilliant1 can be closely matched to one of the colors given on ,plate ,,iii4 ,consequently its complement can be determined and1 by experimentation1 the brilliant color toned down4 ,usually only an exceedingly small amount of its complement is needed to tone down a given color4 ,color ,combination4 ,in general1 too many different colors appear in the ,philippine mats1 and most of these are brilliant4 ,it is often true that a large amount of a given brilliant color is offensive to the eye1 and yet the addition of a little of it greatly enhances the beauty of the mat4 ,often color combinations are not harmonious4 ,particularly bad effects are obtained with red-violet and yellow or yellow-orange4 ,red-violet with blue-green is another unfortunate combination4 ,certain rules have been set down for combination of colors3 7#a7 ,a given color with its tints and shades #e may always be safely combined2 7#b7 complementary colors may always be safely combined2 7#c7 the tints and shades of complementary colors may always be safely combined2 7#d7 any three colors occurring in sequence on the color chart may be combined in that sequence4 ,the following notes on the use and combination of the colored straws from ,tanay1 ,rizal1 and from ,romblon1 and those shown on the charts accompanying the dyes of ,leopold ,cassela ,co41 are given4 ,the figures refer to the numbers given the colored straws on these charts4 ,these dyes were evolved for the ,bureau of ,education especially for ,philippine mat straws and will soon be available in the market4 ,the notes have been prepared in accordance with the rules above outlined1 and1 if they are followed closely1 no unfortunate color combination can result4 ,colors ,obtained from the ,new ,dyes4 ,the sample straws on these charts are made with the following dyestuffs3 ,colors4 ,numbers ,dyestuffs4 on chart4 ,yellow ,yellow-,orange ,no4 #a ,paraphosphine ,g4 ,violet ,no4 #b ,methylviolett ,,bb #gb ,no4 #a4 ,brown ,no4 #c ,rush ,brown ,b4 ,orange ,red-,red ,no4 #d ,rush ,red ,s ,a4 ,yellow-,green ,no4 #e ,rush ,green ,t ,b4 ,blue-,violet ,no4 #f ,new ,methylene ,blue ,r4 ,red-,violet ,no4 #g ,magenta ,prima4 ,black ,no4 #h ,rush ,black ,m4 ,chocolate ,no4 #i ,rush ,brown ,x4 ,red ,no4 #aj ,rush ,red ,j ,s4 ,yellow ,orange-,yellow ,no4 #aa ,auramine ,,ii4 ,blue-,green ,no4 #ab ,japan ,green4 ,red ,violet-,violet ,no4 #ac ,methylviolett ,r ,no4 #a4 ,red-,orange ,no4 #ad ,chrysoidine ,a ,g4 ,blue ,blue-,green ,no4 #ae ,new ,methylene ,blue ,n4 ,violet ,red-,red ,no4 #af ,safranine ,s #aej4 ,complementary or opposite colors on the color chart are said to be harmonious4 ,their relation is made more pleasing1 however1 if one color1 usually the more brilliant1 is used in very small amount4 ,in many cases in the above combinations colors not exactly opposite have been united4 ,they usually contain a mixture of a primary color common to both4 ,brown1 ,black1 ,chocolate1 and ,dark ,red are complicated mixtures and may be analyzed with a chart which will appear later4 ,many of these dark colors would harmonize with one another1 but would be so dark that they would not be pleasing4 ,in every one of these combinations1 the natural straw background figures as another color1 and that is why the especially good combinations1 as will be noticed1 contain browns1 yellows and reds1 colors which blend particularly well with the background4 ,red-,violet ,no4 #g can be used with only a very few colors1 and never with ,yellow ,yellow-,orange ,no4 #a4 ,yellow ,yellow-,orange should be used cautiously4 ,in sabutan straw1 ,no4 #a1 ,yellow1 must be used sparingly4 ,when used in combinations in place of ,no4 #a1 ,yellow ,yellow-,orange1 the design should be an open one1 rather than solid4 ,violet ,red-,red1 ,no4 #af1 when being used in place of ,red1 ,no4 #aj1 must be used in the same way1 and only in places where very1 very little is called for4 ,no4 #aa is a color that clashes with even a natural straw1 so is not advisable in any combination or alone4 ,no4 #ac is not a necessary color when ,no4 #b and ,no4 #f are available4 ,in placing the color upon the space to be decorated1 the heavier colors should usually appear on the outside and near the edge of the space1 although a border may sometimes be outlined with darker color on both inside and outside edges4 ,the following combinations of these colored straws will prove harmonious4 ,the numbers correspond to those used on the chart and the different kinds of type indicate the proportions of the color to be used--little1 ,medium ,amount1 ,,much4 ,the relative positions of the colors must also be observed and the given order followed when more than two colors are combined4 ,brown 7#c7 ,yellow-,yellow ,orange 7#a74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,yellow-,yellow ,orange 7#a74 ,chocolate 7#i7 ,yellow-yellow ,orange 7#a74 ,,red-,,orange 7#ad7 ,,chocolate 7#i7 ,yellow-,yellow ,orange7#a74 ,in this case1 the heavy color1 #i1 comes in the center of the design1 but is necessary to separate ,nos4 #ad and #a4 ,,violet 7#b7 ,,blue-,,green 7#ab7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,violet 7#b7 ,red-,orange 7#ad7 ,blue-,blue ,green 7#ae74 ,brown 7#c7 alone on natural background4 ,brown 7#c7 ,yellow-,green 7#e74 ,especially good4 ,brown 7#c7 ,,blue-,,green 7#ab74 ,,brown 7#c7 ,,red-,,orange 7#ad7 ,red 7#af74 ,brown 7#c7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,brown 7#c7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,brown 7#c7 ,,red 7#af74 ,in sabutan straw1 use ,no4 #d or #aj in place of ,no4 #af4 ,black 7#h7 ,brown 7#c7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,,orange-,,red ,,red 7#d7 ,blue-,green 7#ab74 ,use ,no4 #ae instead of #ab with sabutan4 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,,blue-,,green 7#ab7 ,orange-,red ,red 7#d74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,,orange-,,red ,,red 7#d74 ,especially good4 ,,yellow-,,green 7#e7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,,red-,,violet 7#g7 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,yellow-,green 7#e74 ,especially good4 ,black 7#h7 ,yellow-,green 7#e74 ,use this combination with an open design 7not solid71 and do not use much of each4 ,,blue-,,green 7#ab7 ,yellow-,green 7#e74 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,yellow ,green 7#e74 ,blue-,violet 7#f74 ,on a natural ground4 ,blue-,violet 7#f7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,chocolate 7#i7 ,blue-,green 7#ab7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,chocolate 7#i7 ,,blue-,,green 7#ab7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,blue-,blue ,green 7#ae7 ,red-,orange 7#ad74 ,especially good4 ,,blue-,,blue ,,green 7#ae7 ,red 7#af74 ,romblon ,buri ,vegetable ,colors4 #a--;,black4 #b--;,gray-green4 #c--,natural4 #d--,orange4 #e--;,dark red4 ,in ,romblon buri straw the following combinations will be harmonious3 ,nos4 #a1 #b and #c in accordance with ,rule #d4 ,nos4 #b1 #c and #d in accordance with ,rule #d4 ,exception to ,rule #b3 ,no4 #e is inharmonious with ,no4 #d4 ,it will be noticed that these colors depend for their harmony on their order or sequence and their quantity 7in this case equal parts of all three74 ,no4 #c being a neutral color1 great quantities of it may be used with any other colors4 ,there is danger1 however1 in getting too much of one of the other two colors4 ,no4 #d is a very strong color and a little will be pleasing while much will be offensive4 ,it is not well to use it alone on a ground of ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #e may be used alone with a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #a with a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b with a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #c with a ground of ,no4 #b2 ,nos4 #a and #c on a ground of ,no4 #b1 with a very small quantity of ,no4 #a2 equal proportions of ,nos4 #a and #d may be combined on a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,nos4 #b and #d on a ground of ,no4 #c1 a very small quantity of ,no4 #d being used4 ,tanay ,sabutan ,colors 7,mostly ,vegetable74 #a--;,black4 #b--;,blue-green4 #c--,natural4 #d--,yellow4 #e--,red-orange4 #f--,red-orange red4 ,it will be necessary to use ,no4 #c on a ground work4 ,mats made entirely of any of the other colors would hardly be harmonious on a floor or wall1 if there were any other furnishings4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #e and #f may be used separately upon a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b in large quantity2 ,no4 #a in small ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #b in equal quantity with ,no4 #e upon a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #e in equal quantity with ,no4 #f upon a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #f in large quantity1 with ,no4 #b in small quantity1 upon a ground of ,no4 #c2 ,no4 #e in large quantity1 with ,no4 #a small1 on a ground of ,no4 #c4 ,,stripping ,,mat ,,straws4 ,philippine mat straws can be divided into three classes--palm straws1 pandan straws1 and straws obtained from sedges4 ,the first two are obtained by stripping the leaves of the plants into narrow lengths4 ,for this purpose there is used in most localities a small gauge held between the thumb and index fingers4 ,a knife blade fitting in the notches serves as the cutting edge4 ,the leaf is held in one hand and the gauge and knife in the other1 the edge of the leaf being drawn through the gauge4 ,this is generally made out of the stiff part of the leaf1 though1 occasionally1 of a piece of rattan1 bamboo or leather4 ,at best it serves for only a few hours of use1 when it is thrown away and another made4 ,when the notch becomes worn1 the blade moves about in the gauge1 causing the width of the straws to vary1 and when a new gauge is made there is always more or less variance in the position of the new notches4 ,this method is very slow1 as but one strip can be cut at a time2 and1 until the operator becomes expert in the use of the gauge1 many of the strips are worthless4 ,when used in the school room1 each pupil has to prepare his own material4 ,this causes waste of materials and a constant littering of the floor4 ,for stripping sabutan leaves1 the mat weavers of ,tanay1 ,rizal1 use a kind of comb which is discussed under the heading ,sabutan4 ,the leaves are pulled over this comb before being dried4 ,as sabutan is parallel veined it is very easy to strip it thus1 the teeth of the comb following the leaf fibers4 ,the comb produces several uniform straws with one stroke4 ,the object of contriving the stripping machine illustrated and described here was to furnish a quick means of preparing palm and pandan straws with uniform widths and clean cut edges4 ,forms of it have been in use for some time and the model noted here has been tried out for a year4 ,by its use one pupil can prepare materials for the whole class1 or else the teacher can have all the materials prepared beforehand if it is so desired4 ,this is half the problem of teaching the weaving of hats or mats4 ,this stripper is made wide enough for inserting teeth three widths apart1 so that without adjusting these teeth three widths of straw may be cut4 ,by changing the teeth in the adjustable gums1 any width desired may be obtained4 ,it is best to make this apparatus of hard wood1 especially the piece represented by ,fig4 ,a4 ,a is a block of wood #bc cm4 by #d cm4 by #d cm41 containing the groove ,,xy4 ,this groove is the size and shape of ,c1 being #b4e cm4 wide at the top1 #a4e cm4 at the bottom1 and #c cm4 high4 ,c is one of the blocks which slides in the groove ,,xy4 ,these blocks are made of different thicknesses1 about #b1 #c1 and #d mm41 and are of hard wood or metal4 ,the rod ,b passes through these blocks and tightens on the block ,d or ,x by means of a thumb screw4 ,z is a wooden roller #ai cm4 long and #a4e cm4 in diameter4 ,this should extend #b mm4 below the level of the main surface4 ,it is placed in a groove made in a separate piece of wood from the principal block and is fastened into the principal block by means of screws4 ,the teeth 7see ,c7 are made of clock springs or other thin sharp metal4 ,they are #c cm4 long and #a cm4 to #a #a_/b cm4 wide4 ,the two upright pieces at both ends contain grooves on the inside in which the block-head slides up and down4 ,to operate this device1 the block-head containing the teeth is raised by the handle2 the leaf is placed under the teeth1 and the block-head is dropped4 ,the teeth pass through the leaf into a groove underneath4 ,the leaf is now pulled through by the hand as illustrated in ,plate ,,vi4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,weaves4 ,with respect to their weaving1 ,philippine mats divide themselves into six groups and are here arranged according to their difficulty4 ,they are 7#a7 the over and under weave found in most simple mats1 such as those made of buri straws1 pandan straws1 and sedges2 7#b7 the sawali weaves1 which employ the floating straws for making woven in designs and panels for figured sabutan and tikug mats2 7#c7 the open work weaves of the ,romblon buri mats2 7#d7 the circular mats which employ the hat weaves1 either with or without woven in designs2 7#e7 the hexagonal weave2 and 7#f7 the embroidered mats in which the designs are later added4 ,in difficulty1 and in place in a course of instruction1 embroidered mats follow the simple over and under weave4 ,over-and-,under ,weave4 ,this weave is the simplest and is the one which beginners should first take up4 ,it is made by weaving over one and under one continuously4 ,until this is thoroughly mastered children should not be allowed to begin the more difficult weaves4 ,the steps have been diagrammed in figures sufficiently large and clear in ,plates ,,vii1 ,,viii1 and ,,ix that a detailed explanation is not necessary4 ,step #a shows the position of the first four straws as they are placed upon the table or desk2 steps #b1 #c1 #d1 and #e1 continued additions and weaving2 steps #f1 #g1 and #h1 turning the edge a on the end of the mat2 step #i1 turning the opposite edge c2 step #aj1 the double turn of the corner straw2 step #aa1 the corner turn woven in the mat at corner ,no4 #a1 lapping over the straw already woven2 step #ab1 the continuation of the second edge b2 step #ac1 the turning of the second and third corners2 and steps #ad and #ae1 finishing the mat4 ,in weaving large mats1 it is customary to begin at one end of the mat1 preferably near the left-hand corner as the mat lies before the weaver4 ,the weaving continues along the end until half of the desired width of the mat is reached1 when the first corner is turned4 ,now the weaving continues down the side and in1 as far as the middle of the mat4 ,when the desired length is woven1 the second corner is turned and the first half of the mat completed4 ,as the straws are not generally long enough without splicing1 new straws are now added by lapping them from two to three inches upon the projecting ends of the straws already woven4 ,this makes a narrow strip of double thickness down the center running the length of the mat4 ,the weaving now continues as before until the desired width of the mat is attained1 when the third corner is turned4 ,the remainder is woven and finished at the fourth corner as shown by steps #ad and #ae4 ,some weavers begin at the sides1 and some few1 even at the corners2 but this should not be encouraged since it results in making two or more seams1 where the straws lap4 ,care must be taken to weave all parts of the mat equally close and keep the edges perfectly straight2 otherwise the mat when finished will be lop-sided1 and consequently of no value4 ,in weaving tapering grasses like tikug1 which have ends of slightly different sizes1 the opposite ends of the straws should be alternated4 ,this prevents one edge of a mat from building faster than the other4 ,sawali ,weaves4 ,simple ,sawali4 ,by sawali weave is meant all woven in designs that are not woven by ones as in the over and under weave4 ,they may be woven regularly by twos1 threes1 etc42 or they may switch the floating straws so as to form a variety of artistic figure designs4 ,in fact1 there is no limit to the number of designs that may be thus made4 ,steps #a and #b illustrate the beginning of a sawali weave by twos4 ,first #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e are laid down2 then c is put under #a-b1 over #c-d1 and under #e2 d over #a1 under #b-c1 and over #d-e2 e over #a-b1 under #c-d1 and over #e4 ,this process is continued1 advancing one straw each time until the desired amount is woven4 ,if the weaving is by threes or fours1 the same principle is followed2 that is1 the straw goes over three and under three1 advancing one straw each time4 ,panels4 ,most woven in mat designs are arranged in panels1 with a ground between1 as this gives a more pleasing effect than a continuous figure weaving4 ,panels may be woven either length-wise 7step #h71 crosswise 7step #h71 diagonally across the mat 7step #d71 or in zigzags 7step #c74 ,they are most easily woven when arranged diagonally1 for then the colors may be carried from border to border without mixing with the ground outside of the panel4 ,checks are made by weaving cross panels at regular intervals4 ,in making parallel panels 7panels parallel either to the sides or ends71 more than two colors can rarely be used to advantage4 ,step #c illustrates the weaving of a zigzag sawali panel4 ,the straws1 a1 b1 k1 and l are woven by ones4 ,it takes twelve straws one way and nine the other to make this panel4 ,if a wider panel is desired1 the same weaving is repeated as often as necessary4 ,the straws a1 b1 k1 and l are woven by ones4 ,put l over b and c1 under de1 over fg1 under hi and over j4 ,put #b under b1 over cd1 under ef1 over gh1 under ij and over k4 ,put #c over b1 under c1 over de1 under fg1 over hi and under jk4 ,put #d under bcd1 over ef1 under gh and over ijk4 ,put #e over bc1 under de1 over fg1 under hi and over j4 ,put #f under b1 over cd1 under ef1 over gh1 under ij and over k4 ,put #g over b1 under c1 over de1 under fg1 over hi1 under jk4 ,put #h under b1 over cd1 under ef1 over gh1 under ij and over k4 ,put #i over bc1 under de1 over fg1 under hi and over j4 ,put #aj under bcd1 over ef1 under gh and over ijk4 ,put #aa over b1 under c1 over de1 under fg1 over hi and under jk4 ,put #ab under b1 over cd1 under ef1 over gh1 under ij and over k4 ,then the whole operation is again repeated4 ,it will be seen that the manner of weaving #b and #ab1 #c and #aa1 #d and #aj1 and #e and #i is the same4 ,step #d illustrates the diamond figure design1 woven by threes1 with #aa straws in width4 ,put #a under cd1 over efg1 under h1 over ijk and under lm4 ,put #b under c1 over def1 under ghi1 over jkl and under m4 ,put #c over cde1 under fghij and over klm4 ,put #d over cd1 under efg1 over h1 under ijk and over lm4 ,put #e over c1 under def1 over ghi1 under jkl and over m4 ,put #f under cde1 over fghij and under klm4 ,now the order reverses1 #g being the same as #e1 #h as #d1 etc41 until the other half of the figure is completed at #aa4 ,now put #ab under cde1 over fghij and under klm4 ,put #ac over c1 under def1 over ghi1 under jkl and over m4 ,put #ad under cde1 over fghij and under klm4 ,now #a repeats itself1 and the second figure is woven as the first4 ,it is believed that with the aid of the large illustrations here presented the teacher or pupil can now follow for himself the other designs given1 without a detailed explanation of each step4 ,woven-in ,borders4 ,woven-in border designs may be made in three different ways2 viz41 ,first1 by weaving the design around the mat1 using the same straws that run through the body4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a47 ,in this case the color effect is one of confusion1 since the dyed straws used in the designs of the body of the mat have no relation to the design of the border when they enter it4 ,second1 by weaving the border and the body of the mat of different straws1 uniting them at the inner edge of the border by a loop as described in the ,romblon mat4 7,see ,plate ,,xvi47 ,third1 by lapping the colored straws desired in the border1 upon the projecting ends of the straws of the body of the mat4 7,see step #h1 ,plate ,,xii47 ,these latter two methods are much more artistic1 as a uniform color effect appears throughout the border4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #b47 ,the ,romblon ,mat4 ,making ,open ,work4 ,simple open work is illustrated in ,plate ,,xiv4 ,weave corner ,z1 using straws a1 b1 c1 d1 e and f1 letting f float at both ends4 ,weave g1 turning upward and over f1 then making a double corner at y1 passing under f1 to the left and over f1 and let float4 ,weave h1 i1 j1 k1 l and m in solid weave4 ,turn h under i and over j4 ,turn j upward and over i1 to the left under f1 upward over g1 double corner at ,w1 passing down under g1 over g1 and floating4 ,turn m upward over l to the left1 under i1 upward over f1 to the left under g1 upward over j making a double corner at ,x1 passing under j4 ,the straws j and m alternately cross each other to corner ,v4 ,the other half of this open design is an exact duplicate of this weaving1 and the remaining designs have the same turns as the one explained1 except that in opposite designs the straws are turned in opposite directions4 ,by following this plate it is easy to finish the weaves4 ,if one straw is woven over another1 it folds down before passing over1 and1 vice versa1 if it passes under1 it folds upward in turning4 ,as is seen1 the holes are made simply by turning the straws in the weave4 ,the different shaped holes in other designs 7see plates7 are made by turning a different number of straws according to the shape desired4 ,varied border edges may be made by switching the straws in any direction desired4 ,introducing ,color ,panel4 ,step #a of ,plate ,,xvi shows the first colored panel1 straw ab placed between cd1 the space between x and y having been already woven1 as shown in step #aa4 ,step #b4 ,folding a to the right4 ,step #c4 ,folding a under and down4 ,step #d4 ,folding c over a and to left4 ,step #e4 ,folding a over c and upward4 ,step #f4 ,folding b under d to left4 ,step #g4 ,folding b upward1 with right twist downward4 ,step #h4 ,folding d downward1 with right twist to right4 ,step #i4 ,folding b under d upward4 ,step #aj4 ,shows addition of second straw ef woven to the right1 where the same process of turning is gone through as illustrated in steps #f to #i inclusive4 ,if weaving is to the left1 steps #a to #e inclusive are repeated4 ,step #aa4 ,shows continued additions and weaving both to the right and left4 ,step #ab4 ,shows both edges of panel woven1 the inside turnings being the same as those of the outer edge4 ,circular ,mats4 ,the circular mat is woven like the crown of a hat1 with either the radiating center or a square center radiating at the four corners4 ,in either case1 the weaver must be careful to add the proper number of straws so that the mat will be flat1 and not cupped or fluted4 ,the cupping is caused by not adding a sufficient number and the fluting by adding too many4 ,in tightening the weaving1 do not pull the added straws 7,plate ,,xix1 step #f1 straw x-x7 or holes will be made at the elbow4 ,instead1 pull the longer straws that run through the center1 thus making the entire weaving tight4 ,radiating ,center4 ,step #a4 ,begin by laying down1 in pairs1 ab and cd perpendicular to the body4 ,put kl under ab and over cd4 ,put ij over ab and under cd4 ,step #b4 ,now put ef under cd and ij1 and over ab and kl2 then put gh over cd and ij1 and under kl and ab4 ,see that the two ends of all the straws are equidistant from the center crossing4 ,in step #c the straws are changed from pairs to singles as follows3 ,bring a over i2 e over d2 i over h2 d over l2 h over a2 and l over e4 ,step #d4 ,the most convenient way to perform the next process is to take all the bottom straws in the left hand and allow the top straws to float over the closed fist4 ,then the weaving is done with the right hand4 ,however1 for beginners the weaving may also be done on the table4 ,in weaving1 place c under b1 over a and under k2 d over b and under a2 g under f1 over e and under b2 h over f and under e2 k under j1 over i and under f2 l over j and under i2 b under c1 over d and under a2 a over c and under d2 f under g1 over h and under c2 e over g and under h2 j under k1 over l and under g2 i over k and under l2 the round is then finished4 ,step #e4 ,this illustrates the manner of adding straws4 ,straw x is placed under c1 over h1 under g and then bent back4 ,the bend should be in the middle of the straw4 ,step #f4 ,in this the right end of the added straw x is brought down over j and under i4 ,step #g shows how to continue the additions by weaving one straw and then adding one4 ,step #h shows the mat after the first round of additions has been completed4 ,the weaving is now easy4 ,weave entirely around again without any additions1 turning five straws each time4 ,then go around again weaving two and adding one1 in the same manner as before1 turning seven straws each time4 ,as the diameter of the mat increases1 the less often is it necessary to add4 ,but be sure to add enough to keep the weaving close and the mat perfectly flat4 ,step #i shows how to close the edge of the mat by turning back the straws on each other4 ,it also gives a very pretty woven in design for a border1 which can easily be followed from the plate4 ,square ,center4 ,steps for commencing a circular mat with a square beginning are illustrated in ,plate ,,xxi4 ,the additions at the corner are made in the same manner as explained in the radiating center1 except that each is for a fourth of a circle instead of a complete circle4 ,decorations for ,round ,mats4 ,decorations are often employed in round mats4 7,see ,plates ,,xxii and ,,xxiii47 ,the most usual are concentric or radiating colored bands of either simple or sawali weaves4 ,hexagonal ,weave4 ,step #a4 ,in ,plate ,,xxiv1 place straws #a and #b parallel2 then put #c under #b and over #a2 put #d under #a and over #b4 ,step #b4 ,put #e over #a and #d and under #b and #c2 put #f under #a and #d and over #b and #c4 ,step #c4 ,put a over #e and #f and under #a and #b4 ,put b over #a1 #b and a1 and under #c and #d4 ,put c under a1 over #d1 #c1 b1 and under #f1 #e4 ,step #d4 ,put d under b1 over #f1 #e1 c1 and under #b1 #a1 e4 ,put e under c1 over #b1 #a1 d1 under #c1 #d1 and over a4 ,put f under d1 over #c1 #d1 e1 under #e1 #f1 a1 and over b4 ,step #e is made open so as to show the triple over and under weave4 ,further weaving is merely a repetition of this process1 as shown in step #f4 ,step #g shows the turning of the straws on finishing the edge of the mat4 ,step #h4 ,many designs can be made by inserting colored straws into the natural weave4 ,step #h illustrates three of these embroidered designs--the star1 the bar1 and the diamond4 ,embroidered ,mats4 ,the embroidering of mats is easily done and the method is shown in ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,mats in over and under weave1 of solid color 7either natural or dyed71 are used1 and the embroidery is done with colored straws4 ,plate ,,xxvii illustrates an embroidered color panel4 ,floral1 geometrical1 and conventionalized designs are discussed under the headings ,samar mats and ,special designs4 ,,mat ,,materials4 ,many ,philippine mat materials have been described in a former publication on hats4 #f ,only additional and new information is written here and such data from ,bulletin #cc as are necessary to make a connected article4 #g ,buri ,straw4 ,the ,buri ,palm4 ,there are about six species of the genus ,corypha in tropical ,asia1 but only one of these is found in the ,philippines2 this is ,corypha elata1 the buri palm4 #h ,it is widely distributed throughout the ,philippines but is most abundant in the central part of the ,pampanga valley and in southern ,tayabas4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,franks1 formerly ,division ,superintendent of ,schools for ,mindoro ,province1 had a careful estimate made by his teaching force of the stands of buri palms on the ,island of ,mindoro4 ,it was found that #e1jjj hectares of land on this island are covered by #b1jjj1jjj buri palms1 of which #bbe1jjj1 or about #ab per cent1 are mature trees4 ,the ,island of ,burias1 the ,isla ,verde1 and other small islands are fairly covered with the palm4 ,the ,province of ,sorsogon1 including the ,island of ,masbate1 is also well supplied4 ,in the ,visayas there are districts in ,panay1 ,negros1 ,cebu1 and ,bohol1 where many buri trees are found4 ,the buri is the largest palm that grows in the ,philippines1 attaining a height of #bj meters4 ,its trunk is very erect1 spirally ridged and up to #j4g meter in diameter4 ,its wood is of no commercial value4 ,the full-grown leaves may be three meters long4 ,they are spherical in outline and the lower one-third or one-half is entire1 like the palm of the hand4 ,the upper part is divided into from #hj to #ajj segments each from #a4e to #f cm4 wide and appearing like fingers spread apart4 ,the petioles supporting the leaves are about #c meters long and #bj cm4 thick1 and are provided with long1 stout1 curved spines4 ,both margins and spines are black in color4 ,at flowering time all the leaves are shed4 ,the young leaf grows out from the top of the palm with the segments pressed together in the form of a lance4 ,the buri flowers and fruits but once and then dies4 ,this is said to occur when the plant is from #be to #dj years old4 ,the individual flowers are greenish-white in color and only from #e to #f mm4 in diameter4 ,they are nevertheless perfect flowers1 with calyx1 corolla1 and ovary showing plainly a division into threes1 and stamens six in number4 ,thousands of these flowers occur on the large1 terminal1 much branched1 pyramidal inflorescence which may grow to be #g meters in height4 ,the lower branches of this inflorescence may be as much as #c4e meters long1 the upper shorter1 the highest about one meter in length4 ,from #aj to #ab months after flowering the fruits are mature4 ,they are from #b to #b4e cm4 in diameter and each contains an extremely hard seed #a4e cm4 in diameter4 ,preparation4 ,buri straw is prepared from the young1 unopened leaf of the buri palm4 ,the coarsest straw is made by separating the leaflets from the midribs and drying them in the sun4 ,a higher grade straw results from boiling them in water4 ,such straws are suitable only for bayon manufacture and for weaving into coarse mats for baling purposes4 ,several methods of bleaching buri straw obtain in various localities4 ,any exact description of the processes is somewhat difficult1 since the persons who produce the straw have no very definite idea of the proportions and quantities of various materials which they use1 and often do not care to divulge what they consider trade secrets4 ,in several cases1 nevertheless1 supervising teachers have succeeded in obtaining fairly exact data on the preparation of buri straw4 ,however1 the same method carried out in different towns seems to result in different qualities of straw4 ,these differences probably result from slight variations in the method of preparation4 ,it has also been found that the age of the leaf1 as determined by the length of the stem 7petiole71 influences the color of the straw produced4 ,in some districts the unopened leaf is not taken if the stem is over two inches in length4 ,in other places1 leaves with stems about one foot high are considered ready to cut4 ,it is probable1 too1 that the composition of the water in which the straw is boiled influences its color4 ,mauban1 in ,tayabas province1 has the reputation of producing the whitest buri straw4 ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,finnigan1 supervising teacher1 attempted to introduce buri straw into the schools of ,gumaca1 ,tayabas1 where the buri palm is very plentiful4 ,the work was in charge of expert weavers from ,mauban1 but only a poor quality of straw was produced4 ,it was claimed that the water in which the segments were boiled1 according to the process which is explained later1 did not whiten them4 ,it is a fact that in ,mauban the water of the town fountain is used to produce the fine white straw4 ,in the several years of his experience1 ,mr4 ,finnigan found no place outside of ,mauban which produces straw equal in color to the ,mauban straw1 but he has noted that the second best straw comes from ,san ,fernando1 ,gumaca1 where there is an especially clear stream of water4 ,in fact1 all reports would seem to indicate that clear1 pure water is essential to the production of the finest white buri straw1 and only such should be used in all processes of the various methods outlined here4 ,the ,arayat ,process4--,mr4 ,robert ,clauson1 supervising teacher1 has determined the process of whitening buri straw in ,arayat1 ,pampanga1 as follows3 ,the segments are separated from the midrib and rolled rather loosely1 so that the water may pass between them1 in bundles as large around as a plate4 ,these are placed in a large can or vat containing tamarind leaves and alum 7see bleaching agents7 in water1 and the whole is boiled until about one-half of the water has evaporated4 ,during the boiling the buri must be tightly covered with tamarind leaves and not be allowed to project from the water4 ,after this process the rolls are placed in a jar full of clear water and left to soak for three days4 ,the strips are then washed several times in the river during a period of three days1 and they are then laid on the grass or along fences to dry after each washing4 ,the oftener they are alternately washed and dried the whiter and tougher will the material be4 ,after the final drying1 which should be thorough1 the strips are rolled very tightly into bundles4 ,the ,san ,luis ,method4--,the method of whitening buri straw followed in ,san ,luis1 ,pampanga1 is described by ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,bass1 supervising teacher4 ,the unopened leaves are brought down the ,chico ,river in rafts4 ,the segments are torn from the midrib and boiled for four hours in five gallons of water to which one liter of nipa vinegar1 a lump of alum the size of an egg1 a handful of tamarind leaves1 and a handful of pandakaki leaves 7see bleaching agents7 have been added4 ,other steps follow as in the previous process4 ,the ,mauban ,process4--,the following description is taken from ,circular ,no4 #bg1 series #aiaa1 of the ,division of ,tayabas4 ,let the unopened leaves1 cut from the stalk1 stand in a cool shady place several days1 until the sap has well run4 ,open the leaves and separate the segments from the midrib with a sharp knife4 ,put these carefully into a petroleum can or other suitable receptacle filled with a boiling solution of two-thirds water and one-third white nipa or coconut tub vinegar 7see bleaching agents74 ,keep the solution boiling until the segments are cooked so soft that folding them leaves no crease4 ,spread the cooked leaves on clean grass in the sun to dry4 ,the drying process may require one or two days4 ,when the segments are quite dry1 prepare a jar with clear soft water1 and put them in this to soak over night4 ,in the morning remove them from the jar1 wash them thoroughly in clear running soft water and place them in the sun4 ,at noon repeat the washing process until the segments open1 then dry thoroughly in the sun4 ,it is customary to roll the buri into coils in order to make it more convenient to store4 ,the dry leaflets may be made flexible for this purpose by laying them on the grass in the night air4 ,after a few minutes they will be flexible enough to roll4 ,care must be taken to have the segments smoothly rolled4 ,when used1 they should be smoothed carefully and then split into the widths required4 ,the process can also be followed with rice vinegar 7see bleaching agents7 substituted for the tuba vinegar4 ,wash two chupas of rice and cook it in water until it becomes very soft and starchy4 ,put this in a clean petroleum can and add cold water until the can is two-thirds full1 then cover the can and let it stand five or six days4 ,this mixture will become very sour4 ,strain it through a piece of sinamay or other cloth4 ,cook the segments in this mixture instead of in the solution described in the first process1 and then carry out all the other steps4 ,the ,romblon ,process4--,in ,romblon1 great care is exercised as to the age of the unopened leaf taken for the production of straw4 ,if it is intended to produce bleached straw1 stalks having stems about two inches long are selected4 ,in the following description1 which was submitted by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,barron1 head teacher1 one unopened leaf is taken as a unit4 ,the midribs are removed and the segments are rolled into round bundles1 say by fives4 ,these are boiled in clear water for about three hours4 ,the leaves are then placed in a mixture of half a liter of tuba vinegar 7or three liters of vinegar made from cooked rice1 or one-fourth liter of lemon juice7 to which enough water has been added to cover the rolls of buri1 and boiled for about five hours4 ,the material is then spread in the sun for three days to dry1 care being taken that it is not exposed to rain or dew4 ,the segments are then placed in cool clear water for twelve hours and again placed out in the sun for two days to dry4 ,the ,dyeing of ,buri ,straw4 ,buri straw intended for mats is usually colored with the cheap imported coal tar dyes previously noted4 ,it is expected that the new dyes for which the ,bureau of ,education has arranged will take the place of these4 ,romblon buri mats1 which are the finest in point of workmanship and design made in the ,philippines1 are colored entirely by local vegetable dyes4 ,the methods used in the island of ,romblon in dyeing buri straw have been carefully investigated by ,mr4 ,barron1 and are presented herewith4 ,in each case the unit of material is one stalk of buri for each color4 ,the process of whitening ,romblon buri straw has already been described4 ,for red1 unopened leaves having stems three feet long should be selected4 ,the midribs are removed while green1 and the leaves are rolled into bundles of convenient size1 say by fives4 ,these are boiled in clear water for about three hours1 after which the segments are spread in the sun for three days to dry4 ,care should be taken that they are not exposed to rain or dew4 ,they are then placed in a fluid made by boiling two gantas of kolis leaves 7see mordants7 in plain water for one hour4 ,the buri leaves remain in the water and soak thus for three days and three nights4 ,the buri leaflets are then placed in a vessel containing two gantas of sappan wood 7see dyes71 one-half liter of lime water1 and one chupa of tobacco leaves4 ,to this a sufficient quantity of plain water is added to thoroughly submerge the buri1 and the whole is boiled for eight hours1 being stirred at short intervals to obtain a uniform shade of red4 ,the segments are then removed and hung in the wind for about six hours to dry1 after which they are smoothed and rolled4 ,for yellow-orange1 unopened leaves having stems about two inches long are selected and the segments are removed from the midribs and rolled into bundles4 ,these are boiled in clear water for about three hours and spread in the sun for three days to dry1 care being taken that the buri is not exposed to rain or dew4 ,the material is then placed in a vessel containing one ganta of powdered turmeric 7see dyes71 one chupa of powdered annatto seeds 7see dyes71 one liter of lime water1 and sufficient clear water to cover the buri1 and is boiled in this mixture for five hours1 with frequent stirring4 ,it is then removed and hung in the wind for one-half day to dry1 and is smoothed and rolled4 ,for green1 an unopened leaf having a stem about two inches in length is selected4 ,the segments are removed from the midribs1 rolled into bundles and boiled in clear water for about three hours4 ,after this1 they are boiled in lye 7consisting of ashes7 for about two hours1 the mixture of ashes and water covering the buri during the process4 ,the bundles are then removed from the vessel1 wrapped in a bayon1 and put in a dark place for #dh hours4 ,the segments are then taken out and hung in the wind for about three hours to dry1 and are smoothed and rolled4 ,the preliminary steps in the production of black straw 7a cold dark gray7 are the same in the making of the green material4 ,the segments taken from the bayon1 as described above1 are buried three days in black mud1 in a rice paddy1 for instance4 ,the material is then washed in plain water until clean1 and is then boiled for two hours in a mixture of one-half ganta each of the leaves of talisay1 indigo1 and tiagkot 7see dyes71 with a sufficient quantity of water to cover the mixture4 ,the whole should be stirred at frequent intervals4 ,after two hours the strips are removed and hung in the wind for five hours to dry4 ,then they are smoothed and rolled4 ,types of ,buri ,mats4 ,the ,bontoc ,peninsula of ,tayabas produces great quantities of baling mats and bayons4 ,bayons are also produced in large quantities in ,capiz province4 ,other localities are of less importance4 ,buri sleeping mats are made from the northernmost part of ,luzon1 in the ,bangui ,peninsula1 to the ,sulu ,archipelago4 ,for the most part they are woven in small numbers here and there1 in the different towns1 sometimes for use in the household in which they are made1 often for local trade in the barrios or municipalities4 ,in nearly every province there is at least one town in which the production of buri mats reaches provincial commercial importance4 ,a number of municipalities produce them for a fairly extensive trade with neighboring provinces4 ,in most cases these are ordinary products1 usually decorated with a few colors in lines or checks of dyed straws1 either woven in or embroidered on the mat4 ,in one region1 however1 buri mats have reached such a degree of perfection in their weaving and decoration as to have become a distinctive product known throughout the ,islands4 ,these are the ,romblon buri mats1 and they are produced throughout the islands of ,romblon4 ,their central market is the town of the same name4 ,they are distinctive because of the fine white and colored materials used1 and of the designs which are woven in them4 ,in the designing1 not only checks and line borders but also plaids appear1 and many of the effects produced by floating straws are employed4 ,the ,romblon mat1 moreover1 is most noticeable because of the fancy weave1 making a sort of open work along the border1 for which these mats are unique4 ,romblon exports great quantities of mats varying in price from ,p#j4be1 to over ,p#aj1 and in size from small mats for stands to large decorative mats which cover the sides of rooms4 #i ,pandan ,straws4 ,description of ,pandans4 ,pandans or screw-pines1 as they are sometimes called1 are readily recognized by their characteristic appearance4 #aj ,the common forms occasionally planted in pots as house plants and in gardens1 or more often found growing wild1 have long and rather narrow leaves always supplied with more or less sharp spines which run along both their margins to the very tip4 ,another row of spines is present on the under surface along the midrib4 ,bearing in mind this middle row of spines it is impossible to mistake the leaf of the pandan for that of the pineapple or maguey1 which it resembles more or less in form and shape4 ,another very prominent feature of pandans is the presence of air or prop roots which grow from the stem above the ground and are helpful to the plant in various ways4 ,the veins of the leaves always run parallel and in a longitudinal direction4 ,the leaves are never borne on a petiole1 but are attached directly1 in winding corkscrew fashion1 in ranks of three1 to the stem4 ,pandans are true tropical shrubs or trees4 ,although also found in the subtropics of ,australia1 they never occur in other temperate regions except when raised as ornamental plants in greenhouses4 ,even their distribution in the tropics is limited1 as they are found growing wild only in the tropical regions of the ,old ,world1 especially on the islands lying between the mainland of ,australia and southeastern ,asia4 ,they are hardly ever cultivated1 for where they do occur they are found in more than sufficient quantity for the purposes to which they are put4 ,they are essentially seacoast or open swamp forms1 generally found at low altitudes and appearing to find a moist1 warm climate most congenial to their growth4 ,in the ,philippines they occur in all provinces1 though not always in sufficient quantity to make them of commercial importance4 ,the structure of the pandans presents many exceedingly interesting characteristics well worth noticing4 ,some plants are very low with leaves not wider than a blade of grass1 while others form large trees with leaves many meters long and several decimeters wide4 ,spines generally occur along the whole margin of the leaf1 though in a few forms1 especially in cultivated varieties1 they may be present only at the tip or may be wanting entirely4 ,the marginal spines usually curve forward and vary in size from small1 hardly perceptible forms1 to large sharp conical structures4 ,at times they are set very close together2 again they may be several centimeters apart4 ,those on the midrib most often curve backwards and may vary the same as the marginal spines4 ,generally the spines are green in color1 though in some species they are pale-green1 red1 black or white4 ,some forms seem to creep along the ground1 while others1 low and bushy and standing close together1 form1 with their numerous supporting prop roots1 an almost impenetrable jungle4 ,the high tree forms are very striking because of their peculiarly shaped crowns4 ,the first roots which the pandans develop soon disappear and their place is taken by others4 ,starting high above the ground1 these grow at an angle from the stem and generally reach the soil4 ,they serve the twofold purpose of supporting the stem and of supplying it with sufficient air4 ,if1 by accident1 the underground roots die off1 the plant relies entirely on these air and prop roots for support and food4 ,the strong prop roots are generally of the same diameter throughout1 though sometimes they thicken at the ends4 ,normally they never branch above the ground1 but after reaching the soil very often divide4 ,the tip of the roots is protected by a cap1 while a layer of cork tissue prevents the drying out of the root body4 ,the pandan has two kinds of flowers1 male and female4 ,the male flowers are arranged in the form of a spike protected by a modified leaf called the bract4 ,they are white in color1 crowded together on the spike and consist of stamens which hold the pollen4 ,the flowers do not have the showy colored bracts which forms so prominent a feature in those of many other plants4 ,the female flowers consist only of the necessary parts4 ,as the pollen occurs in enormous quantities and as the plants generally grow in groups1 it is very probable that some flowers are pollinated by the wind4 ,the fact that many pandans have very fragrant blossoms makes it almost certain that in the majority of cases insect pollination takes place4 ,in a few forms that have a very disagreeable odor1 pollination is effected by night flying insects4 ,the fruit commonly has the general shape of the female inflorescence1 but as it matures it increases greatly in size4 ,pandans have a composite fruit made up of smaller fruits called drupes4 ,the most common forms resemble the pineapple with its leafy fruit apex cut off4 ,as is natural1 variations from this type occur4 ,cylindrical1 eggshaped1 jackfruit-like forms are quite common4 ,the largest may be #fj cm4 long and weigh #be kilos1 the smallest only #g cm4 in length and #fj grams in weight4 ,the fruit may occur solitary at the end of a branch1 or in groups4 ,the color is green1 though some species change to a bright red before maturity is reached4 ,the fruit may have drupes ranging from #ab mm4 to #ad mm4 in length and these may contain one seed or a number of seeds4 ,at maturity the drupes separate and the fruit falls apart4 ,if the plant occurs along the water1 the seeds1 when liberated1 float about until they rest in a suitable place for germination4 ,uses of ,pandans4 ,pandans are valued chiefly for their strong fibrous leaves1 which are woven into mats1 bags1 and hats4 ,unless specially prepared1 the soft plant tissue between the harder leaf fibers becomes dry and dirty and breaks in time2 hence the ordinary pandan bag or mat can not be considered a durable article4 ,however1 when treated to a boiling process or when rolled1 as explained for sabutan and the pandan of ,majayjay1 the leaves yield straw which is stronger and more durable than most palm or sedge straw used for the same purposes4 ,pandan mats are important articles of domestic commerce in ,malaysia1 as it is estimated that four-fifths of the total population use them for sleeping purposes4 ,in all places except where palms1 like the buri or sedges occur1 they yield the most suitable and most easily prepared mat material4 ,generally the whole leaf is utilized after removing the marginal and midrib spines4 ,the coarsest mats are used in drying out copra1 cacao beans1 paddy1 and such products4 ,pandan mats are made and used widely in the ,philippines4 ,formerly1 before gunny sacks came into general use1 coffee was packed in pandan bags and where pandans did not grow they were introduced and cultivated for that purpose4 ,even to-day bags from pandan play an important part in transporting sugar1 coffee1 and other tropical products in and around southern ,asia4 ,few pandan bags are made in the ,philippines in comparison with the enormous quantity of bayons woven of buri straw and used to contain domestic rice and export sugar4 ,pandans are used extensively for making hats in the ,philippines as well as in other parts of the world4 ,in several islands of the ,pacific very fine ones are woven from straw consisting of the whole leaf cut into strips4 ,in the ,loochoo ,islands imitation ,panama hats of great strength are woven from the skin of a pandan1 bleached and rolled into a straw4 ,in the ,philippines numerous varieties of pandan hats are produced1 varying in grade from the fine and expensive sabutan to the coarse pandan4 #aa ,in some other places1 as ,burma1 pandan leaves are woven or sewed into sails4 ,in southern ,india they are utilized as umbrella covering4 ,if no stronger material is obtainable1 the leaves are placed on roofs as thatching1 but they do not seem to lend themselves well to that purpose4 ,in countries where they grow1 they are often used instead of twine or made into ropes or hunting nets1 or into drag ropes for fishing nets4 ,they are said to be excellent paper-making material4 ,in some islands the fibers are separated from the leaf and used by the inhabitants in the manufacture of belts and aprons4 ,the wood of the tree pandans is too spongy and soft to make a good material for the construction of houses4 ,still1 on small islands1 such as the ,coral and ,marshall ,islands1 the natives construct their huts from pandan wood4 ,generally1 it is used only for rough1 temporary work4 ,in some localities the soft interior part is removed to make water pipes4 ,again1 because of its lightness1 the wood is used by the people on the many islands of the ,pacific to buoy their fishing nets4 ,pandan roots are employed for various purposes4 ,if sufficiently thin they are used1 after being cleaned1 for making baskets4 ,the roots may also be pounded out1 cleaned and made into brushes for painting or whitewashing houses4 ,they are sometimes so employed in the ,philippines4 ,they are also used for cordage4 ,a medicinal oil is sometimes obtained from them4 ,the flowers of some pandans1 especially those of ,pandanus tectorius1 are extremely fragrant4 ,this plant is the most widely distributed of the pandans and is the most frequent pandan found along the seacoast and in low altitudes4 ,some botanists claim that the male flowers of this species have the sweetest odor known among plants4 ,so powerful is their fragrance that by it sailors can often tell the presence of land before they actually see it4 ,the natives in some places use the flowers in making an aromatic water1 or1 by distillation1 a volatile oil1 known as keura oil1 which is used medicinally for rheumatism4 ,certain pandan fruit is extremely oily and serves at times as a substitute for butter4 ,the sap has the taste of sweet apples and is relished by the inhabitants in many islands4 ,in some places it is even made into fruit jam4 ,the very young leaves1 especially those surrounding the flowers1 are eaten raw or cooked1 and constitute an important article of diet when a famine sweeps ,india4 ,kinds of ,pandans4 ,the ,common ,seashore ,pandan4 ,in a walk of half a mile or1 at most1 a mile along the beach of any of the seacoast provinces in the ,philippines1 one is almost sure to come across ,pandanus tectorius4 ,a map showing the distribution of this pandan would therefore be practically an outline map of the ,islands4 ,the species does not grow in nipa swamps1 though immediately back of them it will be found well established4 ,neither could one expect to find it in localities where the cliffs come down abruptly to the sea1 permitting only the existence of vegetable life of the lowest form4 ,pandan is its usual name in the ,philippines4 ,in ,zambales it is called panglan or panglan babai4 ,another name is pangdan4 ,the stem is not very strong1 and reaches a height of from #c to #f meters4 ,it is generally supported by aerial roots4 ,the leaves are of medium thickness1 on the average #a4ce m4 long and #f cm4 wide4 ,they are provided with strong sharp spines about #e mm4 in length4 ,these are curved forward and are as much as one centimeter1 or a little more1 apart4 ,the spines on the under surface of the midrib are shorter and farther apart1 but bend in the same direction4 ,the male flowers form a spike and these are surrounded by very fragrant leaves called spathes4 ,the fruit is #bj cm4 long1 #ah cm4 wide1 and contains from #ej to #hj drupes1 each about #e4e cm4 long and #b4e to #c cm4 wide4 ,the upper half of the drupes are free but close together4 ,there are small furrows on the tops of the drupes1 rather deep but not very distinct4 ,when ripe the fruit has a fine red color and the drupes fall from the head4 ,pandanus tectorius is of considerable importance in nearly all parts of the world where it grows1 and it is devoted to most of the uses already noted for pandans in general4 ,in certain places1 large industries are founded on it4 ,in ,india1 the leaves are cut every second year and made into large bags4 ,hats are produced from it in the ,pacific ,islands1 those from the ,hawaiian group being especially well known4 ,it is probable that the imitation ,panama hats of the ,loochoo ,islands are also woven from a material 7raffia7 prepared from the common pandan4 ,in the ,marshall ,islands it is recorded that forty varieties of this species have been evolved in the course of planting and cultivation for industrial purposes4 ,from the information submitted with the specimens received in the ,bureau of ,education1 it is to be judged that the economic importance of the common pandan in the ,philippines is of but little consequence4 ,though widely used1 no large or even local industries are based upon it4 ,a scattering production of hats1 mats1 and bags is reported in ,abra1 ,union1 ,zambales1 ,mindoro1 ,bulacan1 ,rizal1 ,batangas1 ,sorsogon1 ,iloilo1 ,antique1 ,oriental ,negros1 ,cebu1 ,leyte1 and ,sorsogon provinces4 ,near ,badoc1 ,ilocos ,norte1 and along the ,abra border the ,tinguian people make mats from an upland variety for local trade4 ,in ,balayan1 ,batangas1 the leaves are used for thatching4 ,in ,surigao they are also made into baskets4 ,in most processes the preparation of the straw consists of cutting the leaves into strips and drying them4 ,in ,zambales1 however1 it is reported that the leaves are flattened1 pressed1 split1 and rolled4 ,in ,mindoro1 they are soaked in water and dried in the sun before being cut into straw4 ,it is probable that much better material could be prepared from this pandan if such processes as are used in the making of sabutan straw and straw from the ,majayjay pandan were followed4 ,judging from the results obtained in other countries1 it would seem that if suckers of the common pandan were taken1 in the districts in which it grows1 planted1 and cultivated1 varieties would result which would be much better adapted for industrial purposes than the parent stock4 ,indeed1 it is probable that sabutan1 the ,philippine pandan of greatest economic importance1 is a variety which is the result of generations of planting1 still closely resembling ,p4 tectorius but differing from it in its leaves1 which are thinner1 longer1 of finer texture and of greater strength4 ,it is possible also that sarakat1 the economic pandan of the ,bangui ,peninsula1 ,ilocos ,norte1 is a variety of ,p4 tectorius4 ,varieties of the ,common ,pandan4 ,sabutan4 ,botanical4--,it is a question among botanists whether the pandan known as sabutan is a variety of the common sea-shore pandan 7,p4 tectorius7 or whether it has sufficient distinctive characteristics to entitle it to be considered as a separate species 7,p4 sabotan74 ,botanists have not as yet succeeded in securing a fruit of this pandan1 which could settle the question1 and it is very doubtful whether the fruit will ever be found4 #ab ,prof4 ,ugolino ,martelli of ,florence1 ,italy1 an authority on pandans1 considers sabutan to be ,pandanus tectorius var4 sinensis4 ,this classification is for the present accepted1 as most evidence is in favor of such determination and in this paper sabutan is therefore considered to be a variety of the common pandan1 the chief change in which1 through generations of planting1 has been in the production of a leaf stronger1 thinner1 and of finer texture than that of the parent stock4 ,the sabutan plant is never found growing wild1 though after it has once been started and rooted it will endure neglect and even abandonment4 ,it produces better and finer leaves1 however1 if it receives some care and attention4 ,in the towns of ,tanay and ,pililla1 ,rizal ,province1 and in ,mabitac1 ,laguna ,province1 and in all the towns along the lake shore as far as ,paete1 the suckers of the plant are set out in small plots of ground surrounding the houses of the people4 ,these form patches which in several years 7depending mostly on soil conditions7 yield pandan leaves large and fine enough to be used in the manufacture of hats and mats4 ,the ideal location for sabutan is along the banks of streams where it can get the benefit of the light shade of bamboo or plants that happen to grow in the vicinity4 ,ordinarily1 good results are obtained by planting the suckers of sabutan in a loose and moist1 but well drained1 soil4 ,plants are set out one meter apart in each direction1 as they spread considerably4 ,they need some shade1 especially when young1 but not the heavy shade of an abac or banana grove4 ,the plant grows to be from #b to #d meters high4 ,the leaves are fine in texture1 about #b meters long and as wide as #f centimeters4 ,spines occur on the margins and on the under surface of the midrib4 ,the male inflorescence procured from ,tanay by the ,bureau of ,education is similar in appearance to that of ,pandanus tectorius and is about #bg centimeters long4 ,at varying distances on the flower stalk are leaves 7bracts71 thin and fine1 from #aj to #bd centimeters long and with fine spines on margins and midrib4 ,the flowers have a pleasant1 though not very strong1 odor4 ,status of the sabutan mat industry4--,as an industry1 the weaving of sabutan mats is confined to the towns of ,tanay and ,pililla1 in the ,province of ,rizal4 ,the beginnings of this industry go back beyond the memory of the oldest inhabitants or even of their parents4 ,it is probable that1 as the people state1 mat weaving has been carried on ever since the towns were founded4 ,tanay is the older of the two and it would seem 7though reliable historical data of this kind are difficult to obtain7 that the town was the first to engage in sabutan mat weaving and is probably the mother of all the sabutan industries carried on around ,laguna de ,bay4 ,the present condition of the mat-weaving industry of these two towns1 however1 is precarious2 it appears to be gradually dying out4 ,the fabrication of sabutan hats has been introduced from ,mabitac1 ,laguna ,province1 into ,pililla1 with the result that the younger generation is entirely engaged in making hats1 and the relatively small number of mats produced is being woven by the older women who have not cared to learn the new art4 ,as yet no hats are made in ,tanay1 but the work is being taught in the schools and from conversation with people of the town it is judged that they are becoming interested also4 ,the disappearance of the sabutan mat industry would be very unfortunate1 for the products are the finest samples of the mat weaver's art produced in the ,philippines4 ,the mats are of fine straw2 the natural gray of sabutan is pleasing2 the designs used are good2 and the colors are usually well combined4 ,the favorite patterns consist of heavy plaids with some of the stripes containing sub-patterns produced by floating straws2 the simplest ones have narrow border designs in straight lines4 ,the most expensive mats are decorated with embroidered designs4 ,the combination of colors in these is sometimes not pleasing and the designs themselves are not of special merit4 ,however1 if better ones are substituted1 these mats should be excellent for a foreign trade demanding expensive articles of this nature4 ,unlike most ,philippine mat industries1 this one has not as yet been affected by coal tar dyes1 and only vegetable dyes1 found locally in the town or in the forests1 are employed4 ,the straw dyes very well and as a consequence the colors produced are even throughout the mat2 nor have any of the shades that brilliant effect or off color which is so distasteful in certain fibers4 ,the colors obtained are only fairly fast in the light1 however1 and it is probable that the new coal tar dyes will be faster and cheaper4 ,in point of durability1 sabutan mats would be superior to all others produced in the ,islands if woven of double straws4 ,in price they now vary from forty centavos to thirty pesos1 the ordinary ones bringing from ,p#a4ej to ,p#b4ej4 ,if the industry is to be preserved intact1 however1 something must be done to give it vitality1 for the weavers know from experience of neighboring towns that more money can be made from weaving hats than in the fabrication of mats1 and they will naturally change to the more remunerative article4 ,unlike most other weaving industries1 the craft has not as yet been organized in ,tanay4 ,the production of mats has been more or less haphazard1 with but little supervision by any person resembling the broker usually connected with household industries4 ,the weaver on completing a mat sells it in the market or to some storekeeper4 ,up to the present time1 the chief trade in these mats has been at ,antipolo in ,may during the romeria or annual pilgrimage to the shrine of the ,virgin of ,antipolo4 ,certain persons in ,tanay have made it a practice to gather up a store of mats and take them to ,antipolo for sale there during the fiesta4 ,a few of them are on sale in ,manila and in neighboring provinces4 ,of late1 however1 persons have appeared who are taking up the industry more thoroughly as brokers and it is to be hoped that the workers will be organized into some better system for production than now exists4 ,there is a large opportunity not only for supervision but also for division of labor4 ,at present the men of the house cut the leaves1 and each weaver 7all the weavers are women7 carries out the rest of the process4 ,there would be a considerable saving of time if certain persons devoted themselves to the preparation of the gray straw1 and the dyeing were left entirely to certain other workers4 ,in this way the weavers of the mats would be engaged only in the actual fabrication of the article and much time would be saved to them4 #ac ,planting1 maturing1 and yield of sabutan4--,the plants from which the straw mats at ,tanay are made are set out in plots near the houses of the workers4 ,the suckers are planted in ,april at the beginning of the rainy season1 and1 while it is always stated that straw prepared from the leaves grown in the shade is best for weaving1 yet the plants are never intentionally set out in the shade but are planted wherever an unoccupied plot of ground is obtainable4 ,as a matter of fact1 the patches to be seen in the sabutan towns grow in a semi-shade such as one would expect to find in yards where the usual ornamental and fruit trees and banana plants grow4 ,much of the sabutan is in the sun from morning to night2 some is shaded during all or part of the day4 ,the suckers mature leaves in the third year #ad but these are cut off and thrown away as useless and it is not until the fourth year that the lower leaves can be stripped into straw4 ,harvest takes place every four months1 five or six leaves being obtained from a plant at each cutting4 ,the plants are never irrigated but it is to be noted that the soil around ,laguna de ,bay is very moist and that the water table is close to the surface with a good seepage from the hills which are near the shore4 ,it is probable that the plants differ in their production of leaves because some have many more branches than others and the climatic and soil conditions affect the yield4 ,preparation of the straw4--,the best straw is prepared during the dry season1 because at this time there is sufficient sunshine to produce a good colored material4 ,as a consequence the workers prepare a large quantity at that season and store it in or under their houses1 wrapped in mats4 ,the leaves used are about #b meters in length and #f cm4 in width4 ,the central thorns on the back of the leaves are removed by cutting away the midrib4 ,two lengths about an inch in width are thus produced from which the outer rows of thorns may or may not be removed1 according to custom4 ,the lengths thus obtained are left in the sunshine and wind for about half a day to render them more flexible1 after which they are cut into straws4 ,for this purpose there is used an instrument consisting of a narrow wooden handle about #b #a_/b cm4 wide at the base1 into which narrow sharp teeth1 usually of steel1 are set4 ,brass and even hard woods can be used for teeth4 ,the point of the segment being cut off1 the base is grasped in one hand1 the inside of the segment being turned toward the operator4 ,the comb-like instrument is forced into it about #d cm4 from the end of the base and the teeth are held against the first finger by pressure of the thumb4 ,the leaf length is then drawn up by the other hand and is cut into straws depending in width upon the fineness of the comb used4 ,if the leaves are too young they will break in this process4 ,the stripped segments are then usually tied up into bundles as large around as the fist1 and hung in some shaded place exposed to the wind4 ,the length of time occupied by this process varies4 ,in some places it is omitted1 though it seems to be always carried out in ,tanay4 ,the bundles are then undone and the worker1 holding the uncut base of each length in one hand1 runs the straw between his fingers and the sharp edged ruler-like piece of bamboo held in the other4 ,this is done several times and results in the removal of considerable moisture1 the prevention of wrinkling1 and greater pliability of the straw4 ,there are several variations in the processes followed for boiling sabutan4 ,in the ,province of ,laguna a fistful of the stripped lengths with bases still attached are rolled up into a bundle and placed in fresh water in order to remove the coloring matter--in some places in clear1 running river water1 in other places in a can of clean1 fresh water--for about twenty-four hours2 the water is changed several times4 ,in the last method the process is discontinued when the water remains clear4 ,bundles are then placed in cold vinegar1 water or lemon water to which green tamarind fruit has been added to make the color of the straw lighter and to toughen it2 the water is brought to a boil4 ,bamboo is used as fuel1 as that fire is not so hot as a wood fire4 ,the length of time required for cooking differs4 ,one good authority states that it should be stopped when the odor of sabutan can no longer be detected in the vapor1 which occurs after about fifteen minutes boiling4 ,this authority also states that the straw should be removed when it takes on a reddish hue4 ,many women put the straw into clear boiling water to which nothing has been added4 ,after this process the straw is allowed to cool1 is washed several times in clean1 fresh water and is spread in the sun to dry1 whereupon it assumes a gray color4 ,if there is no sun the cool straw must be kept in fresh water which is changed every twelve hours until the sun appears4 ,if a greenish shade is obtained the process has not been correctly carried out4 ,straw from dark green1 thick1 old leaves1 or from those grown in the sun1 is often reddish brown in color4 ,the boiling processes noted are those used in the preparation of straw for mats4 ,the process followed in ,tanay has been described by ,mr4 ,amado ,simpoco1 principal of the ,tanay ,central ,school4 ,the stripped lengths1 after being wilted and drawn over the sharp edged piece of bamboo1 are made up into fist bundles1 tied at the middle and placed in a large copper pot #fa cm4 in diameter and #hd cm4 in depth and containing about #be bundles4 ,the pot is filled with water and the sabutan is boiled for #bd hours1 care being taken that the straw is always covered4 ,after boiling1 the bundles are removed and untied and the strips are hung in the shade or in the house to cool2 afterwards they are placed in the river for a day and are then washed carefully and dried thoroughly in the sun4 ,the gray straw thus obtained is stored in bundles1 still attached to the uncut bases1 and is left in the air for three or four nights before it is woven into mats4 ,dyeing sabutan4--,mr4 ,simpoco has also made a careful study of the methods used in ,tanay in dyeing sabutan straw1 and the results of his efforts are presented here4 ,red orange3 ,for the production of red orange straw the gray material1 prepared as outlined above1 is first treated by steeping in water containing kolis leaves and twigs4 ,the leaves and chopped twigs are pounded in a mortar and are placed together with the sabutan in a large receptacle capable of containing from #be to #cj bundles1 filled with water4 ,the material is allowed to remain in the receptacle for four days4 ,early in the morning of the fifth day the straw is removed and hung in a shaded place until dry and is made up into bundles tied tightly at the larger end4 ,the dye fluid is carefully prepared4 ,chips of sappan are boiled in a large copper pot for one day4 ,a quantity of turmeric roots and annatto seeds are pounded separately in mortars until they are reduced to a very fine state4 ,these are then separately treated with water and pressed1 the result being a turmeric water and an annatto water4 ,these two are mixed and poured into the boiling sappan4 ,after about #be minutes the bundles of sabutan are placed in the pot and the whole is allowed to boil until every part of the fiber is uniformly colored4 ,after having been boiled sufficiently1 the bundles are removed and placed in a large basket1 later to be dried in the shade4 ,they are left in the night air for three or four nights and are then rolled up in coarse mats4 ,the shades procured vary with the proportions of the dye materials used4 ,some are a decided orange1 others are light yellow4 ,yellow3 ,yellow straw is produced in the same manner1 using turmeric and annatto only4 ,red3 ,in the production of red straw the bundles are treated with kolis leaves in the same manner as in the preliminary process for red-orange straw4 ,in a pot capable of holding #be fist bundles of sabutan1 four gantas #ae of finely chopped sappan are placed4 ,over this are placed #ae bundles of the straw1 which in turn is covered with one ganta of chopped sappan4 ,the remaining #aj bundles are then added and covered with still another ganta of sappan4 ,the pot is filled with water and set over a fire for from twelve to fifteen hours4 ,care is taken that the bundles are always kept under the water and that all parts of the material are uniformly colored4 ,the loss by evaporation is counterbalanced by adding water from time to time4 ,when well colored1 the straw is removed from the pot and placed in a large basket for a day and is then hung in the sunshine to be dried4 ,it should be allowed to remain in the night air2 when thoroughly dried it is rolled in coarse mats4 ,black3 ,black straw1 a warm dark gray1 is prepared from the red material4 ,buds of bananas1 leaves of kabling1 talisay1 camagon1 and the castor plant are pounded in a mortar and are mixed with fine particles of black clay such as can be obtained from rice paddies4 ,sappan water1 made by boiling sappan chips1 is then added to the mixture and the entire mass is placed in a large receptacle for a day4 ,red straw is put into this mixture and allowed to remain for two days4 ,it is removed on the third day and again returned to the mixture on the fourth day4 ,on the fifth day the straw is finally removed and placed in the sun1 being kept in the air at night4 ,coal tar dyes are used in the production of green and purple straws4 ,these are purchased from the ,chinese stores4 ,the prepared gray fiber is also employed with these dyes4 ,the usual method of boiling in a tin can until the desired shade is obtained1 is followed4 ,the straw is dried in the sun and kept in the night air4 ,colors produced are not so uniform or so satisfactory as the others described and are seldom used4 ,weaving the mats4--,before weaving the mat the worker runs the straw over the ruler-like piece of bamboo as already explained1 and removes the uncut base to which it has been attached during the various processes of preparation1 bleaching1 and dyeing4 ,one side of the mat is first woven the entire length1 and is finished by having the edges turned in4 ,this edge is then placed in a slit made in a narrow stick of wood and is tied in place with strips of sabutan straw running around the stick and through the mat4 ,the mat is allowed to remain attached to this stick until it has been completely woven4 ,as weaving proceeds1 the finished part is rolled up on the stick1 thus being out of the way of the weaver4 ,this arrangement also serves to keep the mat in position during weaving and prevents it from getting out of shape4 ,single straws are used and consequently the mat has a right and a wrong side4 #af ,the most expensive mats1 which are seldom made1 are double and of very fine material4 ,the extension and cultivation of sabutan4--,for a number of years there has been an increasing interest throughout the ,philippines in the propagation of sabutan4 ,teachers in various places have procured suckers from the towns along the east coast of ,laguna de ,bay1 and have planted them out with the idea of having their own industrial material close at hand4 ,many of these attempts have been failures1 since not enough information had been obtained concerning the soil and moisture conditions necessary for the cultivation of the plant4 ,the ,bureau of ,education has therefore gathered as much information as possible on the cultivation of sabutan1 based upon the experience of various persons who have attempted planting it4 ,it has been found that1 in those regions having a dry season1 the suckers should be planted early in the rainy season so that they may become well rooted before the rains stop1 or else water should be provided through irrigation ditches4 ,in nearly all cases it has been reported that the loss of plants resulted from lack of water at the planting period4 ,it is reported that difficulty is found in making the suckers live if planted in the sun1 but that1 when well established1 those so planted grow and produce suckers better4 ,as has been previously noted1 no special attempt is made to set the plants out in either the sun or shade in the towns around ,laguna de ,bay1 but all weavers state that leaves grown in the shade are the best for industrial purposes4 ,sabutan plants need a moist but well drained soil4 ,they should be set out about a meter apart each way 7that is1 the rows one meter apart and plants one meter apart in the row71 since they spread out considerably when they become older4 ,where sufficient moisture does not exist1 irrigation should be provided4 ,if it is decided to shade the suckers1 plants such as the papaya1 having long roots rather than surface roots1 are best4 ,no sabutan plants should be planted within #f feet of the papaya4 ,it is probable that with cultivation the plants will yield leaves suitable for straw in from one and one-half to two years1 the time to mature depending upon the conditions noted in the preceding paragraphs4 #ag ,sabutan types4--,in several places in the ,philippines there are pandans which yield leaves similar to those of sabutan4 ,it is probable that none of these are the true sabutan4 ,the most important one is that growing along the northeastern shore of ,tayabas ,province4 ,mats are made at both ,casiguran and ,baler1 and enter to a small extent1 the interprovincial trade with neighboring provinces4 ,it is stated1 however1 that these regions abound in the species of pandan from which the mats are made4 ,sabutan type mats are also reported made at ,palanan in ,isabela ,province1 and a trade is carried on in them with neighboring towns4 ,other pandans reported under the name of sabutan and resembling it more or less have no commercial importance4 ,sarakat4 ,sarakat is a distinctive pandan of the ,bangui ,peninsula of ,ilocos ,norte4 ,the climate of this region differs from the rest of ,ilocos ,norte in that it has rainfall practically throughout the year1 receiving as it does the benefit of the northeast monsoon which is cut off from the country to the south4 ,it has not as yet been determined whether sarakat is to be described as a new variety of ,p4 tectorius or is to be designated as an entirely new species4 ,from mats submitted to this office1 it is to be judged that sarakat straw is as fine as sabutan4 ,in fact1 the material is so thin that even though the mats are woven of double straws they are no thicker1 and are a good deal more pliable than all other commercial pandan mats1 sabutan excepted1 produced in the ,philippines4 ,the upper surface of pandan straw is glossy1 and the under surface is rough4 ,in making the double straw1 the two rough surfaces are placed together so as to expose both glossy ones4 ,hence1 unlike the sabutan1 both sides of sarakat mats are similar in appearance4 ,the material1 however1 is not so strong as sabutan4 #ah ,the mats are not decorated either by weaving in colored straws or by embroidered or border designs4 ,in price they vary from about ,p#a to ,p#b4 ,mr4 ,petronilo ,castro1 formerly ,supervising ,teacher of ,bangui1 has stated that that town supplies most of the mats used by the people of ,ilocos ,norte4 ,some buri mats and a few pandan mats 7probably from the common seashore variety7 are made4 ,the sarakat mats exceed those of pandan in numbers and in commercial importance and are more beautiful and stronger4 ,the demand for the mats is great and many people are engaged exclusively in their fabrication4 ,the ,pandan of ,majayjay4 #ai ,this pandan 7,p4 utilissimus7 is known in most places where it grows as pandan or pandan totoo1 the true or tame pandan4 ,it is extensively used in ,laguna and ,tayabas and is remarkable for its very large leaves and its heavy fruit4 ,the tree occurs in groups in dry ground but thrives best in half shade near streams4 ,it attains a height of from #d to #h meters4 ,the trunk branches toward the top and is supported by a few short and thick prop roots4 ,the leaves are often #e meters long and #b decimeters wide4 ,the lower part of the older leaves stands up straight1 while the upper half droops4 ,the younger leaves are erect with only their tips bent down4 ,the leaf spines are short1 blunt1 and conical4 ,the fruits look like the jackfruit and are very large and heavy1 being often #f decimeters long and #b decimeters in diameter and weighing at times #be or more kilograms4 ,the drupes ripen slowly and gradually2 they are red in color when fully mature and possess a peculiar faint odor4 ,it takes some time before all the drupes are shed1 and in a grove of fruiting trees they can be found in all stages of maturity during the month of ,may4 ,p4 utilissimus is found growing wild throughout the plateau region of ,majayjay1 ,luisiana1 and ,cavinti in ,laguna ,province1 and extending into ,tayabas ,province4 ,it is only the leaves from those plants which have been set out in plots1 however1 that are utilized in the making of mats1 hats and telescope baskets4 ,like sabutan1 this pandan grows best in the half-shade near streams1 and leaves grown in the sun are considered inferior4 ,nevertheless1 no attempt seems to be made to select a locality for their propagation1 and plots are planted wherever land is available4 ,this pandan will not live in stagnant water and is particularly adapted to hill-sides where there is a constant flow4 ,the most satisfactory statistics on the propagation of ,p4 utilissimus are obtained from ,cavinti1 where the plant has been introduced within recent years and suckers are still being brought in from other towns4 ,it is stated that suckers one-half meter in height mature in about three years1 while suckers one meter in height or over will produce suitable leaves in one year or less4 ,the most satisfactory results are obtained by transplanting the mature plants1 since leaves are obtainable in a few months and in half a year suckers large enough for transplanting are produced4 ,it is stated that in setting the plants out1 the undergrowth is cleared away and the suckers are placed in the ground about #a #a_/b meters apart4 ,some attention is given to the young plants such as loosening the earth around them2 but as soon as they obtain a good foothold no cultivation is attempted4 ,usually weavers own their patch of pandan from which the leaves are obtained for making the straw4 ,several workers sometimes have a patch in common and the few weavers who do not own pandans themselves must purchase4 ,the leaves are sold on the tree1 the purchaser cutting them off with a bolo4 ,the price is from #bj to #cj centavos per hundred1 depending upon their size1 softness1 thickness1 and imperfections4 ,the longest1 thinnest1 darkest green leaves1 with the fewest imperfections1 are considered the best and cost the most4 ,in ,cavinti1 where the leaves are imported from ,luisiana and ,majayjay1 the price of the best leaves is #ej centavos per hundred4 ,the estimates of the number of leaves yielded by a plant in a year differ considerably4 ,by some it is stated that on the average one leaf is produced per month2 others report that from three to five leaves are gathered in from three to six weeks4 ,the thorns are removed from the edges1 and the midrib is cut away1 thus reducing the leaf into two halves1 each of which is again divided4 ,these strips are placed in the sun for half a day4 ,the unique process in the preparation of this pandan straw is the rolling which occurs at this point4 ,while it is probable that any roller with sufficient weight could be used1 that employed in the pandan districts of ,laguna is the primitive iluhan by which sugar-cane and copra are also crushed4 ,it consists essentially of three heavy wooden horses1 in the grooves of which a log1 heavily weighted with stones1 rotates4 ,the pandan lengths are placed in one of the grooves underneath the log and so rolled4 ,the object of the process is to make the material thinner and more pliable4 ,straw is stripped from the lengths thus prepared by the use of the gauge4 #bj ,the straw is then further dried in the sunshine and is ready to be woven4 ,sometimes the lengths are stripped before being rolled1 hence the straw is left in the sunshine for another half day and then placed under the log in the iluhan4 ,mats are woven in ,majayjay and ,luisiana only1 the weavers of ,cavinti devoting their entire time to the fabrication of hats4 ,the mats are woven of single straw1 but they are fairly thick and not at all limber4 ,the number produced per week runs probably into the thousands1 of which about #ge per cent are made of coarse straw and are intended for use in drying palay1 copra1 etc4 ,these mats are known as bangkoan1 a word having about the same significance as bastos2 that is1 coarsely or poorly made4 ,the finer and better made mats are intended for use as sleeping mats and for the floor4 ,they are decorated with colored buri straw1 usually in some shade of red produced by mordanting with kolis leaves and boiling with sappan wood as explained for buri straw4 ,occasionally1 other colors are used1 produced from the imported coal-tar 7,chino7 dyes1 but in all cases the shades produced are not very pleasing4 ,the decorations are embroidered in1 and consist of simple borders in straight lines with an open center design of somewhat the same pattern4 ,when first woven1 the mats are usually of a dark green color4 ,before being sold1 they are placed in the sun1 which changes them to a grayish color somewhat resembling sabutan4 ,after long use1 however1 the final shade is yellowish green4 ,there seems to be but little division of labor in the production of these mats4 ,usually the whole family goes out into the patch and cuts the leaves1 removing the thorns before bringing them home4 ,only women weave the mats4 ,in ,majayjay a few workers color their own buri straw used in decorating the mats1 but for the most part this material is obtained from dyers1 one a ,chinese1 the other a ,filipino1 who prepare it for sale4 ,the weavers are independent of advances by brokers and sell their product to ,filipinos or to the representatives of ,chinese merchants in ,pagsanjan and ,manila4 ,a few weavers take their mats to ,lukban1 whence they are distributed over ,tayabas ,province1 but many more are gathered up by these brokers and sold in the market at ,pagsanjan4 ,the mat market there usually occupies one whole sidewalk running the length of the market building4 ,the pandan mats of ,majayjay and ,luisiana are notable for their strength and durability1 and are excellent for the floor or bath4 ,in price they range from ,p#j4ej to ,p#e4jj4 ,the usual price of the decorated mats is ,p#a4ej4 ,the demand continues brisk and prices have recently risen4 ,the weakest point in the mat at the present time is in the colored buri straw used to decorate it1 for this tears long before the pandan shows signs of wear4 ,if colored sabutan straw is substituted for the buri1 a much stronger and probably more pleasing article will result4 #ba ,karagumoy4 #bb ,the pandan ,p4 simplex1 known as karagumoy or carogumoy1 is the economic pandan of the ,bicol peninsula in southern ,luzon4 ,it is usually found growing in well drained soil under the shade of banana and abaca plants and areca palms4 ,it needs this protection because the leaves are easily broken or ruined by hard winds4 ,the leaves are generally longer than those of sabutan 7they are #b meters to #c #a_/b meters in length7 and are but from #f cm4 to #aj cm4 wide4 ,they are very thick1 being practically as coarse as the leaves of ,p4 utilissimus4 ,they bear stout spines on the midrib and along the margins1 from two centimeters to three centimeters apart4 ,a fungus disease often attacks them1 causing dry hard patches1 and not only spoiling the color but also making the material so brittle that it breaks in the preparation of the straw4 ,the plant is propagated by means of suckers in patches seldom over a half hectare in extent and often consisting of a few plants back of the house4 ,the suckers are set out in rows and are probably one year old when the first leaves are taken1 though the workers disagree on this point4 ,at a specified time1 from eight to fifteen leaves are cut from the plant each year2 at other periods1 two or three may be taken from the same plants4 ,most of the leaves are harvested during the rainy season4 ,karagumoy leaves have a commercial value in many of the places in which the plant occurs4 ,in ,tabaco1 ,albay1 women cut the leaves and carry them in large bundles to the market1 where they are sold at prices usually varying from #h to #ab centavos per hundred4 ,throughout the ,province of ,albay mats are made from karagumoy1 and in some towns the industry is of considerable importance4 ,for instance1 in the barrio of ,san ,lorenzo in ,tabaco1 mats may be found in the making in nearly every house4 ,in ,sorsogon1 too1 the industry is widespread though not so important commercially4 ,in ,balusa the production is large enough to supply the local demand and leave a surplus for export to neighboring towns4 ,in the ,bicol provinces karagumoy is considered the best of all straws for the production of mats4 ,in price the mats vary from thirty to ninety centavos1 according to fineness4 ,in preparing the material1 the spines and midrib are first removed and the leaves are divided into four strips of about equal width4 ,the straw is prepared from these with the knife and gauge2 it is dried in the shade for a few hours and drawn several times over a piece of bamboo as explained for sabutan in order to make it more supple and smooth4 ,the mats are woven in the early morning and at night1 the straw being more pliable then4 ,attempts have been made in the schools to dye karagumoy but no success has yet been attained4 ,the mats are plain4 ,bariu4 ,the stem of this plant1 ,p4 copelandii1 grows from #d to #i meters high4 ,the leaves have an average length of #b4a meter and a width of #h cm4 #bc ,spines occur along the entire margin4 ,near the base they are comparatively coarse and from #c to #d mm4 long4 ,towards the apex of the margins and midveins1 the spines are short and close together like the teeth of a fine saw4 ,from #c to #e heads generally form on the fruit stalk1 each of them from #g to #ab cm4 long and #e to #g cm4 across1 at first pale yellowish in appearance but soon turning red4 ,their drupes are #ad mm4 long and #c to #d mm4 in diameter4 ,this pandan is found in ,cagayan1 ,benguet1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,samar1 ,bohol1 ,occidental ,negros1 ,capiz1 ,surigao1 ,davao1 and other provinces4 #bd ,this pandan is not of economic importance in central and southern ,luzon4 ,in the ,bicol provinces it is used to some extent but it is considered inferior to other materials4 ,in parts of the ,visayas1 such as ,bohol1 ,capiz and ,samar1 it is utilized to a considerable extent1 but cannot be considered of commercial importance4 ,it is the economic pandan of ,surigao1 but even there its commercial importance is local only4 ,table showing comparative measurements of certain ,philippine pandans4 ,p4 ,sabutan4 ,p4 ,p4 ,p4 tectorius4 utilissimus4 simplex4 copelandii4 ,height of trunk #c to #f m #b to #d m #d to #h m #f m #d m4 ,leaves3 ,length #a4ce m #b m #e m #b to #c4e m #b4a m4 ,width #f cm #f cm #bj cm #f to #aj cm #h cm4 ,thickness ,medium ,fine ,thick ,thick ,medium4 ,fruit3 ,length #bj cm #fj cm #i cm #g to #ab cm4 ,thickness #ah cm #bj cm #i cm #e to #g cm4 ,drupes-- ,length #e4e cm #g to #h cm #c cm #ad mm4 ,thickness #b4e to #c cm #b cm #a cm #c to #d mm4 ,number in head #ej to #hj ,many ,many ,many4 ,pandans of ,minor ,utility4 ,the species ,p4 radicans is reported as olango from ,leyte1 wago in ,bohol1 owago in ,surigao and uyago in ,sorsogon4 ,it is usually found growing along rivers and in marshes4 ,the trunk reaches a height of #h m4 and its largest leaves may be #f m4 long and #ab cm4 wide4 ,there are from #f to #aj dark brick red fruits in a cluster4 ,the fruit is #ad cm4 long and #h cm4 wide and contains #ajj or more drupes4 ,each drupe is #b4e cm4 in length and #ab mm4 in diameter4 ,the leaves are made into straw from which coarse mats are woven4 ,taboan is the name given to ,pandanus dubius in ,surigao while in ,bohol it is known as bacong4 ,it is a rare species4 ,it is said to be a heavy1 clumsy appearing tree with stem about #h m4 high1 wide spreading branches near the top1 and soft1 pulpy and stringy wood4 ,the flowers are grouped into an inflorescence4 ,the male inflorescence1 about #fj cm4 long and partly covered by creamy yellow bracts1 is erect and occurs at the end of the branches4 ,the leaves are deep green in color on both sides1 with an average length of #b4be cm4 and a width of #bj cm4 ,the drupes of this pandan are from #h cm4 to #ac cm4 long and from #e cm4 to #h cm4 wide4 ,the plant is utilized to a small extent in making mats4 ,in the ,tagalog speaking provinces of ,bulacan1 ,bataan1 and in and around ,manila1 ,pandanus luzonensis is called alasas4 ,it is also called pandan but this name should be reserved for ,pandanus tectorius4 ,the former is restricted in its habitat to the provinces around ,manila ,bay1 while the latter is found in most of the seacoast provinces of the ,philippines as well as in other tropical parts of the world4 ,pandanus luzonensis attains a greater height than ,pandanus tectorius1 but has narrower leaves than the latter4 ,the male flowers are borne in a fleshy1 much-branched inflorescence from #bj to #cj cm4 long4 ,each branch is partly surrounded by a broad thin bract1 #h cm4 wide4 ,each individual flower has from #d to #i stamens4 ,the whole fruit is about #bj centimeters long and contains from #cj to #fj drupes1 yellowish red in color when ripe4 ,each drupe is from #c to #d cm4 long1 #b to #b4e cm4 thick1 and contains from #f to #aj seeds4 ,the straw from this pandan is of inferior quality1 though it is said to be used in ,bulacan for mats4 ,unidentified ,pandans4 ,besides the pandans1 the identity of which has been explained above1 there are several unidentified specimens or varieties from which mats are made4 ,it may be that some of these will be found identical with those already discussed when sufficient botanical material has been gathered to determine them4 ,in ,isabela ,province1 a pandan known as langu having long1 strong1 thin leaves1 is made into mats in ,santa ,maria1 ,delena and ,bolasi4 ,mats are made along the coast of ,cagayan ,province1 in the ,ilocano barrios of the towns of ,claveria and ,sanchez ,mira1 from a pandan known as pataga4 ,these are very coarse and thick and have an unusually shiny surface4 ,according to ,mr4 ,otto ,harwood1 the leaves vary in length from #aj cm4 to #ce4e cm4 and in width from #g4e cm4 to #ae cm4 ,the straw is made by cutting the leaf into strips and drying them in the sun4 ,although the industry is yet small1 it is developing4 ,a species of pandan is employed in the towns of ,camalaniugan1 ,aparri1 ,gataran1 and ,lal-loc in ,cagayan ,province for making mats4 ,locally they are valued at from #dj to #ej centavos1 but in ,isabela ,province to which they are exported they sell for as high as a peso and a half4 ,the only municipality in ,pangasinan province in which the making of mats has reached provincial and interprovincial importance is ,bolinao4 ,the species of pandan employed is not known4 ,the mats are shipped to towns along the seacoast of ,ilocos and ,zambales ,province by sailing vessels1 and are sold in the local markets or to local merchants4 ,in ,mindoro the town of ,subang makes pandan mats which are shipped to ,batangas1 ,cavite1 and ,manila4 ,two pandans1 called lingo and baring were sent to the ,general ,office of the ,bureau of ,education from ,guindalman1 ,bohol4 ,it was impossible to identify them as no fruit was included4 ,they probably represent two new species4 ,lingo has a leaf #b4i m4 in length and of an almost uniform width of #e4e cm4 ,at #hj cm4 from the tip1 it is #d4e cm4 wide1 then gradually becomes acuminate4 ,the marginal spines are #b mm4 long1 curved forward1 from #f to #h mm4 apart near the stem1 but closer together at the distal one-third of the leaf4 ,spines of #a mm4 or less in length and #d mm4 or less apart1 curved forward and extending throughout the length of the leaf1 occur on the lower surface of the midrib only4 ,the surface of the leaf is smooth and shiny4 ,the leaf of baring is #gb cm4 long1 #b4h cm4 wide1 apparently spineless1 smooth and fine in texture4 ,both of these pandans would probably yield good industrial materials4 ,in ,iloilo1 the town of ,banate has a pandan mat industry of interprovincial importance1 whose product is an article of commerce as far as ,negros4 ,the mats sell at about #ej centavos each4 ,there is a large export of pandan mats from ,dao1 ,antique1 to the province of ,iloilo4 ,pandan mats are exported from ,cuyo ,island in ,palawan4 ,some are sent to the mainland of ,palawan and others to ,antique4 ,the ,moro pandan mats are the most richly colored of all those produced in the ,philippines4 ,at this writing1 information is not at hand to determine the method of preparing the straw or the species of pandan from which they are made4 ,mats which have been exhibited at successive ,philippine expositions have undoubtedly been dyed with imported coloring matter4 ,the designs are of the general effect of the mat reproduced on page #hd4 ,the colors are often well combined and the effect is very striking4 ,the ,cottabato mats are double2 the under portion is woven of thick1 heavy1 uncolored straw1 and the upper portion is of finer material2 the two parts are spliced together4 ,sedge ,straws4 ,kinds of ,sedges4 ,botanical4 ,the sedges which form the family of ,cyperaceae are grass-like or rush-like herbs1 with solid1 jointless1 usually triangular stems1 while the grasses 7,gramineae7 are mostly herbs1 usually with hollow stems closed and enlarged at the nodes4 ,the former play an important part in the manufacture of mats because of their length and freedom from nodes4 ,the family includes several genera of importance2 viz41 ,scirpus1 ,cyperus1 and ,fimbristylis4 ,of these the ,fimbristylis is the most important1 for two species of ,fimbristylis have a fairly large commercial use2 they are therefore taken up separately4 ,of the genus ,scirpus1 the species ,s4 grossus1 known as balangot in ,ambos ,camarines and ,capiz1 bagaas in ,occidental ,negros1 tiquio in ,rizal1 and bagui-bagui in ,capiz1 and ,s4 erectus1 are used for mats4 ,s4 grossus is not a very suitable material for industrial purposes1 its distinctly three-cornered stalk being too coarse in texture and too large to permit of weaving even a fair grade article4 ,s4 erectus is much better4 ,the stalk is about as fine as tikug and grows to a height of #fj cm4 ,the flowers sometimes occur in a solitary cluster1 but more often from #b to #e clusters of spikelets are found on the side of the stalk near its top4 ,the plant is widely distributed in the ,philippines and inhabits open grass lands4 ,it bears some flowers throughout the year4 ,as yet only coarse mats are made from it1 but its general appearance would warrant experiments along the lines of the processes by which tikug is treated4 ,the only native names noted are tayoc-tayoc and tikug by which names the plant is known in ,occidental ,negros4 ,these names1 however1 are more properly applied to other plants4 ,scirpus mucronatus is somewhat like ,s4 erectus in general appearance4 ,the stem of ,s4 mucronatus is more robust and coarser in texture and attains a height of #hj cm4 ,its dried stem has an average width of #d to #e mm41 while that of ,s4 erectus measures from #b to #c mm4 ,the flowers of ,s4 mucronatus appear in a very dense head on the side of the plant from #b to #i cm4 from the top4 ,each head is made up of from #e to #bj spikelets4 ,these spikelets are from #f to #ae mm4 long1 while those of ,s4 erectus are never more than #a cm4 in length4 ,the coarser stalk of ,s4 mucronatus makes it a less desirable mat material than ,s4 erectus4 ,in the ,ilocos provinces a very coarse round sedge called tiker 7,scirpus lacustris7 occurs4 ,it may be of value if split and dried in the sun so that it curls up into a round straw4 ,the genus ,cyperus includes a number of economic plants1 among them the ,chinese matting sedge4 ,the species most used in the ,philippines is ,c4 malaccensis4 ,this plant has an underground stem which1 as it continues its growth1 sends out new stalks4 ,the plant lives for a number of years and when fully grown is from #j4e to #a4e meters high4 ,the stem is stout and three-sided in shape4 ,it has few or no leaves1 and when present the leaves are not more than #c cm4 long4 ,from #b to #e leaf-like stems 7bracts7 not more than #bj cm4 long occur under the inflorescence4 ,the spikelets which make up the inflorescence are somewhat crowded together2 they are very narrow1 from #a to #b cm4 long4 ,the plant occurs in the ,philippines in brackish swamps and along tidal streams4 ,it is also found in tropical ,africa1 ,asia1 the islands of ,polynesia1 and ,australia4 ,it is usually in flower from ,july to ,december4 ,it was formerly made into mats and hats and is even now utilized in rare instances in weaving them1 but it is most important as a material for slippers1 and possibly for matting4 ,of the #abe species of ,fimbristylis found only in warm regions1 two are of economic importance in the ,philippines1 while one more might perhaps be tried out as a mat material4 ,all the species of ,fimbristylis have tufted1 fibrous or woody stems4 ,the leaves occur near the base4 ,the inflorescence consists of a great number of flowers grouped closely together to form one or more spikelets4 ,the spikelets themselves may be either solitary or clustered4 ,the individual flowers are covered by glumes and are arranged spirally on the axis4 ,as the fruit matures1 the glumes of the flowers become the chaff of the grain4 ,tikug4 ,this sedge 7,fimbristylis utilis7 grows usually more than a meter long and has tufted stems which are shiny and smooth in appearance and average about #d mm4 in diameter4 ,the stems may have long leaves at the base or may be entirely leafless1 and are usually four- or five-sided immediately under the inflorescence4 ,the general appearance of the stalk is round4 ,the plant has few or no underground root-like stems4 ,the flowers are densely clustered together to form spikelets1 dusky brown in color1 measuring #f mm4 by #c mm4 ,in the ,visayas it is generally known as tikug4 ,in ,agusan and ,surigao it is called anahiwan and in ,bukidnon sudsud4 ,sometimes it is called tayoc-tayoc in confusion with the smaller sedge more properly known by that name1 which much resembles tikug4 ,a specimen from ,pampanga was labeled muta4 ,tikug grows in greatest profusion and reaches its highest economic importance in parts of ,mindanao1 ,bohol1 ,leyte1 and ,samar4 ,to a less degree1 it is found and utilized on ,negros and ,panay4 ,while it is found in ,cebu1 it is not used there4 ,as a recognized industrial plant1 therefore1 its distribution is confined to the ,visayas and ,mindanao4 ,its appearance in ,pampanga would indicate that it may be found in other regions in which its value in hand-weaving and in the making of matting is not understood4 #be ,tikug is utilized in making hats1 mats1 matting1 slippers and various minor articles4 ,samar ,mats4 ,gathering the ,straw4 ,the best known tikug mats are produced on the ,island of ,samar1 where the sedge grows wild4 #bf ,it has never been cultivated there4 ,different grades are recognized in the height and width of the straw4 ,the finest is #a #a_/b mm4 in diameter while the largest straws are fully four times that width4 ,full grown stalks sometimes reach #c meters in height1 but the average is #a #a_/b meters4 ,in most places in ,samar only very coarse tikug is found and this is especially true in the northern half of the island4 ,the best material grows near the towns of ,basey and ,sulat1 a circumstance probably due to the fact that most of these sedges are pulled up for weaving before they become old and coarse1 for it is in these two towns that the mat industry of ,samar is centered4 ,all grades of tikug can be used in making mats2 but as the straw cannot be split into finer pieces1 it is only from the narrower material that the fine mats are made4 ,the map on the distribution of tikug shows the regions in ,samar in which this sedge occurs4 #bg ,bleaching4 ,in some parts of ,samar rough mats are made from tikug dried in the shade4 ,in ,basey and ,sulat bleached straw is used4 ,in the bleaching process only the sun is used1 the bundles being spread out where there is neither grass nor shade4 ,the straw must be kept perfectly dry at all times1 for if it becomes wet or damp it will mildew and turn an unsightly black or brown4 ,in the morning it must not be put out until the ground is dry and in the evening it should be taken in before dew is formed upon it4 ,the best results are obtained by drying the material in a place where there is no grass1 as the turf generally holds considerable moisture and retards the process4 ,with proper care clean white straw can be obtained in about one week under the most favorable conditions4 ,sometimes1 but not often1 the above process is preceded by boiling the straw for ten or twenty minutes in plain water4 ,several bleaching experiments have already been made with tikug1 but as yet none has been entirely successful4 ,in one experiment straw was boiled in alum1 but the resultant material was not so white as that obtained by simply drying it in the sun4 ,boiling green tikug in water containing acetic acid from the juice of limes and lemons was unsatisfactory4 ,the best straw obtained was that produced by simply boiling the green stalk for a few minutes in water and rinsing it well and then drying in the sunshine for several days4 ,the straws are of different lengths and diameters2 after bleaching they must be sorted4 ,the seed clusters are removed and the bunches are tied in a big bundle which is laid on the floor with root toward the worker4 ,the longer straws of small diameter are then pulled out and placed in small bundles1 the process continuing until the several different grades are thus separated and nothing remains but a few short thick straws which are kept for embroidering designs4 ,each bundle is then trimmed by cutting off the roots and ragged tops and the straw is ready for storing1 dyeing1 or flattening4 ,if tikug remains in a damp place it will mold and become worthless4 ,it is easily kept during the dry season1 if frequently exposed to the sun4 ,during the rainy season it should be wrapped in a blanket or cloth4 ,dyeing4 ,very few uncolored straws are used in ,samar mats4 ,the dyed material is more durable and does not mildew as readily as the uncolored straws4 ,tikug dyes easily and this is probably one of the reasons why the mats of ,samar have so much color4 ,the cost of the dye in a ,basey mat is no small part of the total expense of production4 ,consequently it is necessary to employ a cheap dye4 ,for instance1 one of the best commercial dyes known in ,manila was used with great success on ,samar mats1 but the value of the coloring material consumed in making them was greater than their selling price4 ,the dye used in making the cheapest of ,samar mats costs the weavers about #aj centavos while the more elaborate products need as much as #fe centavos worth of dye to color them4 ,a common mat containing #ae centavos worth of dyestuff sells for about a peso4 #bh ,the colors obtained by the ,basey mat weavers have a greater variety of shades and tints than those produced by any other workers in the ,philippines on tikug or any other mat material4 ,the shades and tints depend upon two considerations3 7#a7 ,the amount of dyestuffs used and 7#b7 the length of time the boiling process is continued4 ,four dyestuffs are used4 ,yellows are obtained from turmeric2 greens and reds are obtained from coal-tar dyes2 and a red-orange from deora4 ,the leaves of the latter plant are crushed and the pulpy mass thus obtained is boiled to yield the dye fluid4 ,by combining these four dye materials in different proportions1 by using varying amounts of the material1 and by boiling varying lengths of time1 different colors1 shades and tints are obtained4 ,the method of dyeing is as follows3 ,the bunches of tikug are coiled and placed in a can of hot dye1 where they are boiled from two to ten minutes1 or until the desired intensity has been secured4 ,the more the straw is boiled1 the more nearly permanent will be the color and the greater will be its intensity4 ,care must be taken to see that the dye fluid is not too strong2 otherwise the color will be too intense4 ,in order that the material may be evenly colored1 the tikug is submerged in the dye so that it is well covered and is turned over several times during the process4 ,after the coils are removed they should be laid upon the ground or floor1 allowed to cool1 and then hung in the shade to dry4 ,flattening4 ,the straws composing the bleached or dyed bundles of material are stiff and uneven2 some are bent and others are round4 ,the process of flattening them and making them more pliable is carried on during damp days1 in the morning or evening1 for if done in the open air on cloudless days1 or at any time when the atmosphere is dry1 the straw becomes brittle and breaks4 ,however1 climatic conditions may be overcome by wrapping the straw in banana leaves or damp cloth for an hour or more and then working it where no breeze can dry it out4 ,no water should be applied4 ,the workers employ the usual blunt-edged1 ruler-like piece of wood2 between this and the thumb the straw is drawn by the free hand4 ,this process flattens the straw and makes it pliable so that it does not split during weaving4 ,the ,weaving of ,samar ,mats4 ,up to three years ago tikug was but little used in ,samar except for weaving mats4 ,commercially1 mat weaving was confined to ,sulat and ,basey4 ,since the ,american occupation it has been widely done and the work has been introduced into most of the schools4 ,not only have methods been greatly improved but new uses have been found for the material4 ,to-day the sedge is woven into floor and wall mats1 hats1 table mats1 slippers1 book-bags1 hand-bags1 necktie cases1 pencil holders1 pencil cases1 and pillow and cushion covers4 ,recently the weaving of matting on looms has been undertaken in the schools and a fine product1 similar to the matting of ,japan1 has been produced on the ordinary loom adjusted to the straw4 ,the chief use of tikug in ,samar is in the weaving of mats in the towns of ,basey and ,sulat4 ,since time immemorial tikug mats have been woven in ,samar4 ,at ,palapag1 ,oras1 ,dolores1 ,taft1 ,balangiga1 ,santa ,rita1 ,gandara1 ,oquendo1 and ,catarman1 a few rough ones1 the product of unskilled workmen1 were made1 but they were of no commercial importance1 since the people did not weave enough to supply their own demand4 ,as far back as can now be traced1 the people of ,basey and ,sulat have been making mats for the provincial and interprovincial trade4 ,since #aijg the people of ,dolores1 ,oras1 ,santa ,rita1 and ,balangiga have improved in weaving and are now producing a few mats for the market4 ,their work is much inferior to that of ,basey and ,sulat4 ,in the year #aiaa ,basey produced about #i1jjj mats and ,sulat about #cjj4 ,the latter town could have increased its production greatly1 but its remoteness from the market and from the routes of commerce reduces the large demand which might otherwise exist for the mats4 ,basey is better situated in these respects2 moreover1 the people have been forced to fall back on mat weaving as their chief means of support1 for typhoons have destroyed their coconuts and abaca1 and their rice crop is scant4 ,almost every night mat weavers are found at work in many of the houses4 ,several years ago1 when ,american soldiers were stationed in the vicinity of the town1 there grew up a great demand for mats1 and the weavers1 taking advantage of their need and their little knowledge of values in the ,philippines1 demanded exorbitant prices and received them4 ,most of the ,basey people spent their time producing mats1 and to a great extent sacrificed quality for quantity4 ,the grade of mat that sold for ,p#ah several years ago can now be bought for about ,p#h2 that which sold for ,p#c two years ago can be bought to-day for ,p#b4 ,lately there has been a rise in price owing to increased commercial demand4 ,mats made to order1 particularly special mats1 cost more than those bought already woven1 the price depending upon the size of the article1 the character of the design1 and the fineness of the straw and the weave4 ,a mat two meters by one meter1 made of the finest grade of tikug1 would require several months for completion and would probably cost between ,p#cj and ,p#dj4 ,there is hardly a limit to the size of the mat which can be woven4 ,three years ago one having dimensions of #aj meters by #ab meters was made for a church1 as many as #cj women working on it at the same time4 ,basey mats are of two general kinds3 those with plaid designs woven in and those on which the designs are embroidered4 ,the former are the more difficult to weave2 but as there is no decoration to be added1 they are the cheapest mats obtainable1 the prices for the ordinary grades ranging from ,p#j4hj to ,p#c each4 ,some weavers turn out only blank mats of one color and do neither designing nor decorating4 ,straw used on these is usually dyed1 very few mats of natural colors being made4 ,they are worth from ,p#j4ej to ,p#b each and are generally sold to girls who are skillful in embroidering designs4 ,these girls decorate the mats and sell them for from ,p#b4ej to ,p#f each1 the price depending upon the original cost of the mat and the amount of decoration put upon it4 ,the ideas for the designs on ,basey mats are usually obtained from pictures or textiles4 ,the straws1 both bleached and dyed1 are split in two for embroidering purposes4 ,this makes them thinner and more pliable4 ,the time necessary for making a plaid mat sold for two pesos was found to be as follows1 an eight-hour day being used as the basis of a day's work3 ,days4 ,gathering tikug #a4jj ,dyeing tikug 4#be ,flattening tikug 4#be ,weaving mat #c4ej ---- ,total time #e4jj ,the selling price of the mat was one peso1 the cost of the dye #ae centavos1 which left the weaver a balance of #he centavos for five days' labor4 ,the plaids used in ,basey mats are simple1 but the embroidered designs are extremely intricate4 ,they consist for the most part of foliage1 flowers1 and animals4 ,weavers are often given a contract to make a stated number of mats in accordance with a design furnished them4 ,a few are capable of reproducing almost any pattern presented1 #bi but if they are not told exactly what colors to use they employ every shade1 color and tint they can secure4 ,the ,basey mats are distinguished by the multitude of colors used4 ,in general it may be stated that the chief criticism of this product is the gaudy effect produced by the colors used4 ,in some cases the colors are well toned and harmoniously combined1 but the majority of the mats produced contain vivid colors which are not all harmonious4 ,through the schools1 efforts have been made to reduce the number of colors and to modify the gaudy and complicated floral designs4 ,an improvement is seen each year4 ,the ordinary mat is usually about #b meters by #a #a_/b meters1 though smaller and larger ones are made4 ,during the past three years the weavers have been encouraged to make mats about the size of an ordinary cot and to use no more than two colors in weaving them4 ,a few mats suitable for placing under dining tables are also made4 ,sulat weavers produce fewer mats than those of ,basey but make them of fine1 closely woven straw4 ,most of the mats with a woven-on border come from ,sulat4 ,these people1 while able to produce a fine1 soft1 pliable mat1 can not embroider decorations on them nearly so well as do the people of ,basey4 ,samar mats wear well4 ,wall mats last indefinitely and sleeping mats are used from two to ten years or more4 #cj ,the ,marketing of ,basey ,mats4 ,the port of ,tacloban1 ,leyte1 due to its proximity to ,basey1 is the chief center for the distribution of ,samar mats4 ,as soon as the mats are completed the weavers take them across the straits to ,tacloban1 where they are sold to ,chinese brokers1 transients and residents1 both ,american and native4 ,few ships leave ,tacloban that do not carry away from #e to #bj mats2 often they take away as many as #ej1 the amount generally depending upon the number of passengers aboard the boat4 ,some of the ship's employees are regular customers of the weavers and buy mats at stated prices to sell them again at a reasonable profit at ,manila and other ports of call4 ,besides1 there is quite a sale of mats in the towns of ,samar1 ,leyte1 and ,cebu through vendors1 residents of ,basey1 who secure the mats in their home town at low prices and sell them at a profit4 ,these persons usually deal only in the mats1 and sell them for cash1 not trading for other articles4 ,plaid ,basey mats are on sale in nearly all the ,chinese general merchandise stores of ,manila4 ,as yet there is little supervision by brokers in ,basey4 ,the mat industry there needs but the introduction of some system of supervision by brokers to regulate the size1 quality1 design and color scheme of the mats1 and a foreign market to become a much more extended industry4 ,the schools have already done much toward improving workmanship and design2 it must remain for individual enterprise1 however1 to get in touch with foreign demand and supervise the weaving of mats to suit it4 #ca ,bohol ,mats4 #cb ,tikug mats are made in large numbers in ,bohol4 ,the straw for the most part is finer than that used in ,samar and the patterns are chiefly stripes and checks4 ,very little embroidering is attempted4 ,bohol mats are used principally for sleeping purposes4 ,in northern ,bohol there is scarcely a family that has not three or more large mats1 which are rolled up and laid away during the day time and are unrolled upon the floor at night for a bed4 ,they are durable and last for years4 ,large sleeping mats may be purchased in quantities as high as #dj to #ajj during the ,sunday market day in ,talibon or on the ,saturday market day in ,ypil1 a barrio of the same town4 ,in price they range from one to three pesos each4 ,the second use of ,bohol mats is for decorating walls1 tables1 and floors4 ,those so employed are smaller than the sleeping mats1 usually square1 but sometimes round4 ,more care is exercised in their weaving and only fine young straws are used4 ,the preparation of the straw and the dyeing are done with great care4 ,mats of the best quality are quite difficult to secure and the schools have recently been encouraging their production4 ,as in other regions1 the tikug from which ,bohol mats are made1 grows wild in the rice fields after the harvest4 ,it is found in abundance in northern ,bohol in the municipalities of ,getafe1 ,talibon and ,ubay1 and sparingly in other towns of the island 7see map74 ,the straws are gathered from the field by pulling them1 thus breaking them off at the roots1 and they are tied into bundles about #c decimeters in circumference and sold in the market4 ,the largest market for such bundles is found in the barrio of ,ypil in the municipality of ,talibon4 ,the price is usually about #aj centavos per bundle4 ,from two to four of these bundles are required to make a mat4 ,the tikug is not kept in the original bundles longer than one or two days1 for it will turn black4 ,the material is usually separated into two parts1 one to be dyed1 the other to be bleached4 ,that to be dyed is spread in the sun and thoroughly dried for one or two days1 care being taken that rain does not fall upon it and blacken it4 ,the other part is boiled in a solution of acetic acid for twenty minutes1 after which it is thoroughly dried in the sun and thus bleached4 ,the natural dyes used in ,bohol for coloring tikug are dauda and turmeric4 ,the former produces permanent colors1 the latter fugitive ones4 ,the artificial dyes bought at ,chinese stores are also used in producing shades and tints of green1 violet and ruby which are satisfactory4 ,in general1 those in crystal form have proven more satisfactory than the powder dyes4 ,before dyeing1 the sheath-like leaf is pulled from the bottom of each straw and the material is looped into small bundles4 ,often the straws are dampened with water4 ,dyeing is usually done in a #e-;gallon petroleum can two-thirds full of water1 heated to boiling4 ,if the artificial dyes are used the powder is stirred in and dissolved and the bundles of tikug are then pressed down into the liquid so that all the material is well covered4 ,a stone is often laid upon the straws so as to keep them down in the boiling dye4 ,it usually requires about twenty minutes to obtain the desired shade1 which is nearly always a deep one4 ,where fresh dauda leaves are employed1 about #b pounds are placed in the water and boiled a few minutes before the tikug is put in4 ,if dried leaves are used about one pound is soaked in cold water for a few minutes and the whole mass is then added to the boiling water4 ,turmeric roots are pounded in a mortar and then added to the boiling water1 after which the tikug is added4 ,all the dyes noted are combined to produce other colors and varying shades4 ,during the process of dyeing1 the straw should be turned and moved about in the boiling water to insure an even color4 ,the straw should never be boiled too long1 or it will be cooked and become tender and weak4 ,after the straw has taken on the shade desired1 it is removed from the can and thrown on the ground4 ,when the bundles are cool enough to be handled1 they are untied and the straws spread out to dry1 preferably in the shade4 ,after it is thoroughly dried the material is rebundled and thus kept for weaving4 ,before weaving1 the straws are flattened by drawing each one separately between the edge of the knife and the heel of the weaver's foot or the sole of the chinela4 ,damp days are best for this process4 ,weaving is done under the house or under trees4 ,evenings and nights are most suitable for this work on account of the dampness of the atmosphere4 ,the embroidered mats of ,bohol are decorated with split straws4 ,the mats of ,bohol are bought by traders who exchange cloth and other goods for them4 ,these men carry them to the towns of ,bohol which do not produce mats1 and to other islands1 where they sell or exchange them at a good profit4 ,when once the supply of mats on hand has been bought up in a mat producing town1 several months elapse before the market there is replenished by a new supply4 ,after completing a mat1 the weaver has no immediate desire to begin another4 ,it is quite probable that the output of mats could be increased considerably if the market and the price were better4 ,it is estimated that the weavers earn not more than #bj centavos per day at the industry4 ,other ,tikug ,mats4 ,tikug also grows in large quantities in ,leyte4 ,its chief use there is in the weaving of matting on a crude loom1 an adaptation of the common textile loom4 ,tikug is apparently generally used throughout ,surigao in making mats4 ,the best mats of this region come from the upper ,agusan and the island of ,dinagat4 ,they are usually made for local consumption1 though the people of ,dinagat exchange their mats with ,bohol traders4 ,the sedge grows in great abundance in the lake of ,talacogon near the town of the same name in ,agusan4 ,tikug is also found in many parts of the ,moro ,province4 ,it abounds in the swamp lands of the ,lanao region1 from which mats are exported via ,iligan4 ,if it is to be colored1 the straws are soaked in water for about two days1 after which they are cooked in the boiling dye4 ,bleached straw is prepared by exposing it to the sun1 after which the material is polished and flattened at the same time by rubbing the stalks with ashes1 between the fingers4 ,the ,cultivation of ,tikug4 ,the question of the cultivation of tikug is one of considerable importance4 ,it is a well known fact that the finest ,leghorn hat straw is produced in ,italy by sewing wheat closely and reaping the straw before the grain ripens4 ,the best mat straws of ,china and ,japan are produced from cultivated sedges4 ,the ,bureau of ,education is therefore encouraging experiments in the cultivation of tikug1 but as yet these have not been extensive enough to determine whether the sedge can be propagated for industrial purposes4 ,there are no data as to cost4 ,a quantity of seed was procured and forwarded to various parts of the ,islands in which tikug had not been reported as growing4 ,these were sent out to various persons with the idea of determining 7#a7 soils suitable to the plant1 7#b7 whether it could be cultivated in the rice paddies between harvest and planting1 7#c7 how closely the seeds should be planted1 7#d7 how old the plants should be at harvest4 #cc ,no results have as yet been obtained from the seeds so sent out4 ,fair results1 however1 have been realized in ,samar1 where approximately #e1jjj stalks were grown to the square foot in very rich soil fertilized with manure secured from the military stables4 ,the straws obtained were #c meters long4 ,it was found that the thicker the seeds are planted the finer and longer are the straws obtained4 ,reports differ as to whether tikug should be considered a pest or not4 ,in ,leyte it is stated that it grows in the rice fields along with the rice crop and appreciably diminishes the crop4 ,there it is a weed pest2 in ,samar it is not so considered4 ,in ,bohol one teacher states that the plant is not a pest as it will not grow in dry localities1 and hence does not interfere with crops4 ,where it is found in the rice paddies1 a covering of earth will easily destroy it4 ,it does not scatter quickly1 for1 while the roots will grow if transplanted1 the sedge is mostly propagated by seeds and these are distributed principally by water and not by wind4 ,no great chances are taken in planting tikug4 ,on the other hand1 some teachers state that the seeds are scattered by the wind and that the roots impede the plowing of the fields4 ,it is probable that where the tikug obtains a good foothold on irrigated rice land it proves a considerable annoyance to farmers2 but its growth as a pest can be regulated by plowing4 ,tayoc-,tayoc4 ,this plant1 ,f4 diphylla1 one of the most widely distributed of all sedges1 is found at all altitudes up to #b1jjj meters throughout the warm regions of the world4 ,the stems may be smooth or hairy and the leaves one-third to two-thirds as long as the stem4 ,f4 diphylla is generally smaller than ,f4 utilis4 ,its stem is only #b mm4 in diameter4 ,the flowers1 densely clustered into spikelets1 are generally of two colors--straw and brown4 ,they reach #a cm4 in length and #d mm4 in diameter4 ,below the spikelet the stem has from #c to #e sides4 ,the roots are fibrous2 underground stems may occur1 but they are never more than #b4e cm4 long4 ,this plant is known as tayoc-tayoc in ,iloilo1 ,capiz1 and ,occidental ,negros4 ,it is reported from ,pampanga and is called tab-tabin in ,zambales4 ,the straw produced by tayoc-tayoc is much finer but considerably stiffer than that from tikug1 and cannot be considered so good an industrial material4 ,nevertheless1 it is used to some extent in the production of hats and mats1 especially in the provinces of ,iloilo and ,capiz4 ,in ,dumalag1 ,capiz ,province1 hats are of considerable importance4 ,mats of tayoc-tayoc are reported as made in ,banate and ,janiuay1 ,iloilo ,province1 but this has not yet been verified4 ,as with tikug1 seeds of tayoc-tayoc were obtained and distributed among various provinces to determine whether the propagation of the straw was practicable and if the cultivation of the plant would result in a better material4 ,as yet no definite results have been obtained4 ,a ,rush ,straw4 ,but one rush straw has been brought to the attention of the ,bureau of ,education2 it is the ,japanese matting rush1 ,juncus effusus4 ,this species is distributed over a large part of the globe1 being the candle rush of ,europe and the common plant of wet ground in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,japan it is made into beautiful mattings1 the handsomest and most costly produced4 ,the pith is also employed for lamp wicks1 and probably the timsim imported from ,china and used in oil lamps in the ,philippines is obtained from this plant4 ,juncus effusus has no native name in the ,philippines4 ,it is found throughout the ,mountain ,province and in the ,apo region of ,mindanao4 ,it attains a height of almost #b meters where soil and moisture conditions are favorable4 ,the stalk is cylindrical and at the end tapers to a point4 ,it is from #b to #c mm4 in diameter4 ,the flowers grow in a bunch on the side of the stalk near the top and are light brown in color4 ,at the present time this rush is not utilized in the ,philippines1 though it is probable that it can be used in the weaving of many articles4 ,if split1 a flat straw is obtained by removing the pith4 ,,embroidered ,,mat ,,designs4 #cd ,it is better not to decorate a mat at all than to have the design ill fitting4 ,design is the pleasing arrangement of all spaces unfilled as well as filled4 ,decoration is for beauty wholly4 ,if all the spaces are not well arranged1 the design is not beautiful4 ,if the design is startling or gaudy in color1 it is not beautiful4 ,if the arrangement of colors is inharmonious1 the design is not beautiful4 ,all mats cannot be in the same proportion and suitable for all designs4 ,plate ,,lxv1 for instance1 shows a long design2 it requires a long mat1 and would not look well on a square one4 ,all mats here considered are about #a_/h inch to #a_/d inch in width of straw4 ,some of the designs are used exactly as they are1 counting a straw for a square which represents a straw in the design2 the others are double in size and contain four times as many squares in the weave as in the design4 ,in such cases twice the count of the design will always give the right number for the weave4 ,in circular mats the directions are given in inches4 ,the sizes of the mats should be taken into consideration1 but a variance of a few inches will not matter if that variance always makes the mat larger rather than smaller4 ,in these mats more is left to the judgment of the weaver than in rectangular mats4 ,designs should never be crowded on circular mats4 ,repeated groups should always be made exactly alike4 ,in the color notes1 a series of colors set off by commas indicates that each series may be used alone for the whole design4 ,often the deep colors1 especially ,no4 #a1 have been left out1 as the effect of a very dark color on a very light mat is often startling4 ,designs on mats or hangings should not be more conspicuous than the mat itself1 but should rather present a complete and harmonious appearance when both mat and design are considered as a whole4 ,circular ,mats4 ,design ,a4 ,the straws of a circular mat cannot be counted and then divided equally by numbers1 as straws are continually added at irregular intervals as the circumference is being reached4 ,hence1 the only way to place designs on a mat of this kind is by dividing the whole mat with a diameter through its center4 ,fold the mat and make a crease at the edges or mark a diameter through it with a pencil2 at right angles to this diameter draw another through the same center1 and the mat will now be divided into equal quadrants4 ,the quadrants may again be divided and subdivided1 and marked by pencil or with strings4 ,in ,design ,a the mat is about #eg inches in diameter4 ,in a mat of this size there would be #dh units in the circle with a margin of #a-a_/b inches from the outer edge of the outer border line to the circumference of the mat4 ,divide the mat into halves1 quarters1 eighths1 and sixteenths1 and measure with strings4 ,each sixteenth contains three units4 ,divide this space into three equal parts4 ,now embroider in each third one exact unit4 ,in weaving in the unit1 always commence on its outer edge2 then if any slight variation of space has occurred1 the irregularity will not be noticeable1 as it will be in the line work of the unit1 and not in its solid part4 ,each unit made in working as suggested from the outer edge inward will begin the other half of a solid figure already commenced4 ,notice the part of the design which has been marked off as one unit1 and adhere to that arrangement4 ,this design may be placed on a mat #eg inches in diameter1 or #aad inches in diameter making each figure with twice as many straws as in the first4 ,in ticug mats of natural straw1 this design may be done in the following colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#ab and #af should not be used on sabutan47 ,no4 #ad1 with a solid diamond and outer border line in ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #c1 #f1 #i1 or #aj1 with outer border line extending to edge of mat4 ,design ,b4 ,in ,design ,b1 the mat should be #ef inches in diameter4 ,in each sixteenth of the mat1 as in ,design ,a1 three units can be spaced4 ,note the unit marked off in the design and use only this unit2 weave its two outer solid parts first1 with the irregularities of space occurring in the open part of the unit4 #ce ,mats woven for this design should be #ef or #aab inches in diameter4 ,in mats of the latter size the numbers of straws are all doubled4 ,in mats of natural straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af should not be used on sabutan47 ,circular ,fish ,design4 ,this design calls for the division of a circular mat into sixths or twelfths1 according to the size of the mat4 ,the diameters of mats for this design may be1 #bdd 7about #d feet72 #cjd 7#e feet72 #cce 7#f feet72 and #cff straws 7#g feet74 ,to divide a circle into sixths1 mark off the circumference into distances equal to #a_/b of the diameter4 ,in a mat of #bdd straws diameter1 make the outside border line one inch from the edges of the mat4 ,about #i inches inside of the outer border line1 weave another border line one-half inch wide4 ,midway between these two border lines1 measure and mark the space for the center fish1 making it #cj counts long1 #bj on the left and #aj on the right of the dividing line4 ,measure spaces on the other five dividing lines to locate the central fish of each group4 ,after weaving these central fish1 go back to the first group1 estimate and mark the place for the upper fish and the lower fish1 and weave them1 making each of the same size and proportion as the central fish1 as shown in the design4 ,in mat #cjd1 as noted above1 the border lines and all the fish are the same size as in mat #bdd4 ,in mat #cce all measurements are the same as in the above mats1 except that the circle is divided into twelfths instead of sixths1 making twice as many groups of fish4 ,in mat #cff the outer border line is #b inches from the edge of the mat instead of #a inch and is #a #a_/b inches thick4 ,the other measurements are the same as in mat #cce4 ,in mats of natural straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ab1 or #ae4 7#ab should not be used on sabutan47 ,gecko ,design4 ,mats woven for this design should be of the following diameters3 #cjd 7#e feet72 #cce 7#f feet72 #cff straws 7#g feet74 ,divide the circle into sixths1 then into twelfths4 ,weave a border band on the edge of the mat #c_/d inch wide4 ,this band is not in the design but will come outside1 and reach to the circumference line in the design4 ,down one of the twelve dividing lines1 inside the border band1 measure off #c #a_/b inches and weave a gecko1 half on one side and half on the other side of the line1 extending the tail about #e #a_/b inches toward the center of the mat4 ,weave the two on each side of this gecko1 and the four above it4 ,now space and weave the other five groups4 ,each group contains seven figures4 ,the only difference in the larger mats will be in the spacing between the tails4 ,the groups should be spaced the same as before4 ,in ticug mats of natural straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #a with band of ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #a with band of ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #ab with band of ,no4 #ae4 7,no4 #c should not be used on sabutan47 ,no4 7singly7 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,geometric ,design ,f4 ,the distance from ,a 7the corner of the mat7 to ,b is #ab straws2 from ,b to ,c is #b2 from ,c to ,d is #ah2 from ,d to ,e is #bi2 from ,d to ,h is #af2 from ,h to ,i is #cb2 from ,e to ,f is #ai2 and from ,f to ,g is #e4 ,count from ,a to ,b4 ,weave from ,b to ,c and on around the entire mat4 ,count from ,c to ,d and weave corner ,d ,h ,j ,e ,l4 ,weave all of the four corner designs exactly like ,d ,h ,j ,e ,l4 ,count from ,e to ,f and weave the two inner border lines around the entire mat4 ,now count from ,h to ,i and mark similar points across one side4 ,weave from ,h to ,i4 ,weave from ,i to the next point 7#cb counts distant7 the exact design between ,h and ,i4 ,weave at each point marked4 ,complete all four sides in a similar manner4 ,mats woven for this design should be made in the following sizes3 #caj by #ecd--;from ,a to ,b is #cd straws2 #bff by #cid--;from ,a to ,b is #bb2 #eab by #gjd--;from ,a to ,b is #ab2 #cbj by #eab--;from ,a to ,b is #ab 7double count72 #cbj by #egf--;from ,a to ,b is #ab 7double count74 ,in the last two sizes make the design twice as large as the count2 that is1 ,a ,b should be #bd1 ,b ,c should be #d1 ,c ,d should be #cf1 etc4 ,in mats of natural color straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af1 each alone4 7#ab and #af should not be used on sabutan47 ,geometric ,design ,v4 ,the distance from the corner of the mat ,a to ,b is #bb straws2 from ,b to ,c is #ab2 from ,c to ,d is #d2 from ,d to ,f is #b2 from ,d to ,e is #ae2 from ,f to ,g is #ae2 from ,l to ,m is #ad2 from ,c to ,n is #ch2 from ,n to ,o is #ab2 from ,f to ,p is #bj2 and from ,p to ,q is #be4 ,count from ,a to ,b4 ,at ,b weave the corner double square and continue on at ,,fd to ,,ge4 ,now weave the double square ,g ,h ,j ,e4 ,next weave the double squares in all four corners of the mat4 ,now count from ,p to ,q and mark4 ,in the same way mark all the centers of the squares along the outer border line from corner to corner4 ,weave these squares1 then the lines joining them4 ,weave down from ,l to ,m and continue the design on the inner border line1 making double lines like ,l ,m as the weaving progresses4 ,mats woven for this design should be of the following sizes3 #bbh by #cgh--;from ,a to ,b is #bb straws2 #bec by #djc--;from ,a to ,b is #bb straws2 #caa by #ecf--;from ,a to ,b is #cj straws2 #ecf by #fhf--;from ,a to ,b is #cj straws4 ,in straw mats of natural color1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,geometric ,design ,x4 ,the distance from ,a 7corner of mat7 to ,b is #bb straws 7counting the fold at ,a72 from ,b to ,c is #h2 from ,c to ,d is #e2 from ,d to ,e is #d2 from ,e to ,f is #bj2 from ,f to ,g is #d2 from ,g to ,h is #c2 from ,h to ,i is #f2 and from ,j to ,l is #eb4 ,count from ,a to ,b and weave border line around the entire mat4 ,count from ,b to ,c and weave ,c ,d and over to ,j1 back to ,h1 over to ,k and back to ,c4 ,weave inner part of corner design4 ,weave inner border line at ,i entirely around the mat4 ,weave all four corner designs4 ,mark off ,j ,l1 and ,l ,m1 and ,m ,n1 etc41 until the corner is reached1 making ,l ,m1 ,m ,n1 etc41 each equal to ,j ,l4 ,weave all designs on side now spaced off4 ,space off and mark each side of the mat1 before weaving4 ,weave all sides1 completing the mat4 ,mats woven for this design should be in the following sizes3 #bfi by #dbe2 #cba by #ebi2 #dbe by #fhe2 #afe by #dbe4 ,in mats of uncolored straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#ab and #af should not be used on sabutan47 ,geometric ,design ,z4 ,the distance from the corner ,a to ,b is #ab straws2 from ,b to ,c is #c2 from ,c to ,d is #af2 from ,d to ,e is #h2 from ,e to ,f is #bf2 from ,f to ,g is #ag2 from ,g to ,h is #d2 from ,d to ,k is #ag2 from ,k to ,l is #ab2 from ,l to ,m is #ag2 and from ,i to ,j is #bi4 ,count down from ,a to ,b and weave the border lines ,b ,c around the entire mat4 ,count from ,c to ,d and weave the outer square of the corner figure4 ,complete the corner figure to ,i and ,n4 ,count from ,f to ,g and weave ,g ,h around the entire mat4 ,complete all four corner designs4 ,count from ,i to ,j and mark4 ,from ,j count a distance equal to ,i ,j and mark4 ,make similar marks until the corner is reached4 ,weave the design ,i ,l ,m ,j between all these marks4 ,space off each side of the mat in the same way and finish the design on all sides4 ,mats woven for this design should be of the following sizes3 #cji by #eda--;from ,a to ,b is #ab straws2 #cai by #eea--;from ,a to ,b is #bb straws2 #bhj by #ded--;from ,a to ,b is #ab straws2 #eea by #fif--;from ,a to ,b is #bb straws4 ,on mats of uncolored straw1 the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af should not be used on sabutan47 ,no4 #ad for border lines and the four large spots in the side of each square2 ,no4 #c for the remainder of the design4 ,no4 #ab with spots and border lines of ,no4 #c4 ,large ,banca ,design4 #cf ,distance from corner ,a to ,b is #da straws2 from ,b to ,c1 #b2 from ,b to ,g1 #ca2 from ,g to ,s1 #e2 from ,c to ,d1 #ce2 from ,d to ,e1 #b2 and from ,d to ,f1 #aj4 ,begin weaving at letter ,b and weave the outer border line around the entire mat4 ,next weave the inside border line beginning at ,d4 ,after finishing the border lines1 weave all four corner designs4 ,count from ,c to ,h1 #i straws2 from ,h to ,i1 #e2 from ,i to ,j1 #bg2 from ,j to ,k1 #e2 from ,l to ,m1 #f2 and from ,n to ,o1 #h4 ,now weave from ,o to ,p4 ,from ,p to ,q is #d straws1 and from ,p to ,r is #g straws4 ,mats woven for this design should be3 #bci by #dbe2 #cja by #dhg2 #cja by #edi2 #eee by #gda4 ,in the last mat1 #eee by #gda1 ,g to ,s is #h instead of #e4 ,on ticug mats of natural straw this design may be embroidered in the following colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae1 solid4 ,no4 #ad with border lines of ,no4 #ae 7except on sabutan74 ,no4 #ad with border lines of ,no4 #i4 ,chick ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #ej straws 7count first fold72 from ,b to ,c is #ba2 from ,c to ,d is #f2 from ,d to ,e is #ai2 from ,e to ,f is #g2 from ,f to ,g is #ah2 from ,h to ,i is #e2 and from ,g to ,j is #ed4 ,count down from corner ,a to ,b and weave the corner design4 ,now weave all four corner designs4 ,begin at ,f and weave the inner border line entirely around the mat4 ,count from ,f to ,g and weave the design above ,g4 ,count from ,h to ,i and weave the second design4 ,now count from ,g to ,j and weave the figure above ,j exactly like the figure above ,g4 ,mats woven for this design should be #bed by #daf1 #cjh by #ebd1 #daf by #ebd1 or #eij by #hjf straws4 ,the last mat has a change in margin1 and the distance from ,a to ,b is #eh straws4 ,this mat may be embroidered in the following colors3 ,no4 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,orchid ,design4 ,the distance from the corner ,a to ,b is #ac straws2 from ,b to ,c1 #b2 from ,c to ,d1 #ai2 from ,d to ,e1 #ce2 from ,e to ,f1 #ag2 from ,c to ,f1 #ga2 from ,f to ,g1 #b2 from ,g to ,h1 #ai2 from ,m to ,n1 #f2 from ,f to ,m1 #fg2 from ,m to ,k1 #ac2 and from ,k to ,j1 #ai4 ,begin weaving at ,b and weave the outside border line around the entire mat4 ,next count from ,c to ,f and weave the inside border line4 ,now weave all four corner designs4 ,count from ,f to ,m1 then up to ,k1 and weave from ,k to ,j4 #cg ,to find the position of the next design count #ha straws beyond ,l along the inner border line1 and then up the same distance as ,l ,k4 ,mats woven for this design should be #cja by #edd2 #bbj by #chb2 #cja by #dfc2 and #eej by #gab straws4 ,in mat #eej by #gab1 ,a ,b is #ag straws4 ,in mats of natural color straw1 the following colors may be used in the designs3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae solid4 ,no4 #c with flowers of ,no4 #a and border lines of ,no4 #i except on sabutan4 ,no4 #ab with flowers of ,no4 #g and border lines of ,no4 #ae4 ,woman ,carrying ,clothes ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #bi straws2 from ,b to ,c is #b2 from ,c to ,d is #cf2 from ,i to ,j is #c2 from ,b to ,e is #aa2 from ,e to ,k is #i2 from ,e to ,f is #ba2 from ,f to ,g is #c2 and from ,g to ,h is #aj4 ,count from ,a1 the corner of the mat1 to ,b4 ,at ,b begin to weave the border line4 ,weave first to ,e1 then entirely around the mat4 ,now count from ,c to ,d and weave the inner border line entirely around the mat4 ,next1 weave in the four corner designs4 ,count from ,e to ,f1 then down to ,g4 ,from ,g to ,h is #aj straws4 ,now weave the first two designs on the side and then the next two1 and so on4 ,mats woven for this design should be #cjj by #cib2 #cjd by #ecd2 #bed by #cdf2 or #efh by #gjf4 ,on all of these mats the design will look better if twice the size of the pattern4 ,therefore all the above distances will be double1 or as follows3 ,a to ,b1 #eh straws2 ,b to ,c1 #d2 ,b to ,e1 #bb2 ,e to ,f1 #db2 ,c to ,d1 #gb straws2 ,i to ,j1 #f2 ,e to ,k1 #ah2 ,f to ,g1 #f4 ,in mat #cjd by #ecd1 ,e to ,k is #bj and ,a to ,b is #ea 7already double74 ,in mat #efh by #gjf1 from ,a 7corner of mat7 to ,b is #ci1 making ,e to ,k #ad straws 7already doubled74 ,this design in ticug straw will work up well in ,no4 #e solid2 in ,no4 #d solid2 in ,no4 #c solid2 in ,no4 #e with ,no4 #b as inner and outer border line1 or with ,no4 #a as inner and outer border line4 ,this design on sabutan straw may be made in ,no4 #a solid2 in ,no4 #b solid2 in ,no4 #e solid2 in ,no4 #f solid2 in ,no4 #b with ,no4 #a for border lines2 in ,no4 #d with ,no4 #a for border lines2 or in ,no4 #e with ,no4 #a for border lines4 ,this design will work up well in the following colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 or #ae4 ,lavandera ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #ae straws2 from ,b to ,c is #d2 from ,c to ,d is #dj2 from ,d to ,e is #ba2 from ,e to ,f is #c2 from ,f to ,g is #d2 from ,g to ,h is #c2 from ,d to ,i is #ab2 from ,i to ,j is #ac2 from ,i to ,k is #ah2 from ,k to ,o is #e2 from ,o to ,l is #b2 from ,l to ,m is #bf2 and from ,m to ,n is #bh4 ,count down from ,a to ,b and mark ,b and ,c4 ,place similar marks at the three other corners of the mat4 ,weave the border line around the entire mat1 touching the marked points4 ,count from ,c to ,g1 mark1 and do the same in the other three corners4 ,weave ,g ,h around the mat1 touching the marked points at the corners4 ,count from ,c to ,d and over to ,i1 and weave ,i ,j4 ,weave the whole figure just started1 and the figure facing it1 including the ground line beneath4 ,weave the other corners in a similar manner4 ,at ,k count to ,o1 back to ,l1 over to ,m1 and weave the figure beneath ,m4 ,mark off ,l ,m and ,m ,n4 ,now continue marking alternately across the side spaces equal to ,l ,m and ,m ,n1 making the last space equal to ,l ,m4 ,weave the figure between these marks and continue marking and weaving in the same way on the other sides4 ,mats woven for this design should be made3 #bcg by #cii2 #cde by #ejg2 #fij by #ajad 7units double size72 #dec by #fae4 ,in ticug mats of natural straw the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af1 solid4 7#af should not be used on sabutan47 ,man with ,bow and ,arrow ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #bj straws2 from ,b to ,c is #b2 from ,c to ,d is #cj2 from ,d to ,e is #ag2 from ,e to ,f is #ff2 from ,f to ,g is #c2 from ,g to ,h is #aa #a_/b2 from ,h to ,i is #i2 from ,j to ,k is #ag2 from ,i to ,l is #cc2 and from ,l to ,m is #ad #a_/b4 ,count from ,a to ,b4 ,at ,b weave the border band around the entire mat4 ,count from ,c to ,f 7#aac7 and weave the inner border line around the entire mat4 ,now weave all four corner designs4 ,count from ,g to ,h and up to ,i1 and weave the two figures4 ,to place the next two figures1 which are exactly like the two just woven1 count out from ,j1 #ag straws1 and repeat from ,k which is the tip of the arrow of the first figure1 just made4 ,mats woven for this design should be3 #cde by #eja1 #i straws2 #eje by #gci1 #aa2 #gci by #ajea1 #aa4 ,in mats #eje by #gci1 and #gci by #ajea1 from ,a to ,b is #bd straws4 ,this design in tikug may be worked up in the following colors on natural color straw3 ,solid1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,casa ,design4 ,the distance from the corner ,a to ,b is #bb straws2 from ,b to ,c is #cc2 from ,c to ,d is #bd2 and from ,f to ,g is #ag4 ,count down from ,a to ,b and weave border line around the entire mat4 ,now count from ,b to ,d and from ,d to ,e1 #c #a_/b straws1 and commence weaving the inner border line4 ,when completed1 weave in all four corner designs4 ,count from ,f to ,g and weave in the next design1 and so on4 ,let ,h ,i1 the steps1 be on the left of every casa except the corner ones4 ,mats woven for this design should be #bed by #djg straws2 #bga by #dbd2 #cjd by #edb 7double72 #djf by #edb 7double72 or #egf by #gab4 ,in the last three of these1 #cjd by #edb1 #djf by #edb1 and #egf by #gab1 the counts should all be doubled1 the designs being twice the size of those in the first two mats2 that is1 from ,a to ,b will be #dd1 ,b to ,c1 #ff1 and so on4 ,tikug mats in natural straw may be embroidered in the following colors3 ,no4 #ad for casa1 ,no4 #ab for tree1 ,no4 #ae for border lines except on sabutan2 ,no4 #c for casa1 ,no4 #ae for tree1 ,no4 #h for border lines2 and ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af1 solid2 ,no4 #af should not be used on sabutan4 ,chicken ,vender ,design4 ,the distance from the corner ,a to ,b is #ae straws1 counting the corner fold as #a4 ,all counts in this design are woven double4 ,therefore from ,a to ,b is #cj2 from ,b to ,c is #ag by #b or #cd2 from ,c to ,d is #dd2 from ,e to ,g is #af2 from ,f to ,h is #ad2 from ,b to ,d is #gh2 from ,g to ,i is #bd2 and from ,j to ,k is #cj4 ,notice that the space on the right of the corner is one less than the space on the left2 this will occur on the right and left of each corner4 ,count down from corner ,a to ,b and weave a line entirely around the mat4 ,count from ,b to ,d and weave the inner border line4 ,now weave the basket in each corner4 ,then weave from ,g to ,i and ,j to ,k1 and so on4 ,mats woven for this design should be3 #ccb 7#g7 by #eab 7#ab7--;from ,a to ,b is #cj straws2 #bfj 7#e7 by #djd 7#i7--;from ,a to ,b is #cj2 #bfj 7#e7 by #dgf 7#aa7--;from ,a to ,b is #cj2 or #eab by #fib 7#ag7--;from ,a to ,b is #cj4 ,on tikug mats of natural color this design may be embroidered in the following colors3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af should not be used on sabutan74 ,no4 #ad with a single straw outline and solid border lines of ,no4 #i1 #h1 or #c4 ,no4 #ad with outlines of ,no4 #c and baskets and hats of ,no4 #a1 except on sabutan4 ,carabao1 ,cart1 and ,driver ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #cb straws1 but it must be woven twice that size1 making ,a ,b equal #fd4 ,all the sizes given below are double the count on the drawings3 from ,a to ,b is #fd2 from ,b to ,c is #dj2 from ,c to ,d is #ah2 from ,d to ,e is #f2 from ,d to ,f is #h2 from ,a to ,d is #abb2 from ,b to ,i is #cj2 and from ,g to ,h is #af4 ,count from the corner ,a to ,b and weave ,b ,c4 ,count from ,a to ,d and mark off ,d4 ,count from ,c to ,d and test the count4 ,from each corner of the mat make a count similar to ,a ,d and mark4 ,weave the border line1 commencing at ,d1 around the entire mat1 touching the marks at the corners4 ,weave design ,b ,c1 and a similar design in each remaining corner4 ,count from ,b to ,i and weave design ,i ,j4 ,at ,j count #b and weave another design like ,i ,j facing ,i ,j4 ,the space between the backs of the carts1 not shown on this diagram1 is #f4 ,mats woven for this design should be in the following sizes3 #beh by #cif2 #beh by #ecd2 #cif by #ecd2 #ecd by #fgb2 or #fgb by #haj4 ,in tikug mats of natural color straw the following colors may be used3 ,singly1 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 or #ae2 and ,no4 #c with border line of ,no4 #i4 ,rooster ,design4 ,the distance from the corner ,a to ,b is #ac by #b or #bf 7counts in this design are all double72 from ,b to ,c is #bh by #b or #ef2 from ,c to ,d is #e by #b or #aj2 from ,d to ,e is #bf by #b or #eb2 from ,e to ,f is #c by #b or #f2 from ,e to ,o is #c2 from ,o to ,g is #aa2 from ,h to ,j is #aa2 from ,g to ,h is #ef by #b or #aab4 ,count from ,a to ,b in all four corners and mark ,b in each corner4 ,join all the ,b's by a double border line4 ,at the first ,b1 count down to ,c and over to ,d and weave ,d ,e4 ,count from ,e to ,o and up to ,g and mark4 ,mark ,h1 counting from ,g4 ,mark ,j1 counting from ,h4 ,mark all points similar to ,h and ,j on this side of the mat1 counting back from the corner a space equal to ,g ,b4 ,now weave all designs on this side of the mat4 ,mark off spaces on each side of the mat before weaving that side4 ,mats woven for this design should be #bjb by #ech2 #cad by #ech2 or #dbf by #fej4 ,in tikug mats of natural color straw the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 or #af4 7#af should not be used on sabutan47 ,no4 #c1 cock2 ,no4 #ad1 comb1 7three squares from ,i to ,c and two above ,m72 ,no4 #a1 legs and feet2 ,no4 #ae1 grass and other border line4 7,on sabutan use ,no4 #ad instead of ,no4 #a for legs and feet74 ,carabao ,head ,design4 ,the distance from ,a to ,b is #be straws2 from ,b to ,c is #c2 from ,c to ,d is #bc2 from ,d to ,e is #c2 from ,e to ,f is #d2 from ,f to ,g is #aa2 from ,g to ,h is #ca2 from ,f to ,i is #bb2 from ,h to ,j is #c2 from ,i to ,k is #cg2 from ,l to ,m is #aa2 from ,i to ,n is #ab2 from ,n to ,o is #ab #a_/b2 and from ,i to ,p is #g4 ,count from the corner ,a to ,b and mark4 ,count the same number in from every corner and mark4 ,at ,b weave the border line the thickness of ,b ,c around the entire mat1 intersecting the marks at the other three corners4 ,count ,c ,d and weave the corner design ,d ,g4 ,count from ,g to ,h and mark4 ,count from ,b to ,h and see if the mark is correct4 ,mark off ,b ,h in the other three corners and weave the border line ,h ,j around the entire mat4 ,now weave the other three corner designs4 ,count from ,f to ,i and mark4 ,count from ,i to ,k and mark4 ,from ,k on1 mark off distances like ,i ,k along this side of the mat until the last point is reached4 ,the remaining space to the point similar to ,f will equal ,i ,f4 ,now weave the intervening designs1 and complete the mat4 ,mats woven for this design should be of the following sizes3 #cai by #eda2 #beg by #dje2 #dij by #gab2 or #cic by #eda4 ,in tikug mats of natural color straw the following colors may be used3 ,no4 #c1 carabao and all border lines2 ,no4 #ae1 grasses4 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 or #ae4 ,fishtail ,palm ,design4 ,this is an all over design4 ,the unit counts are as follows3 from ,a to ,b is #cc straws2 from ,b to ,c is #aa2 from ,c to ,d is #bb2 from ,e to ,f is #ce2 from ,e to ,g is #e4 ,from the corner of the mat1 ,a1 on the long edge1 count down to ,b4 ,at ,b count in to ,c4 ,mark ,c ,o ,d ,e ,f and weave the design4 ,from ,d count #dd1 and a point similar to ,c will be reached4 ,weave the same pattern again4 ,from ,f count #ee1 and a point similar to ,e will be reached4 ,weave the same pattern again4 ,measuring as at the first corner ,a1 mark off spaces and weave all three other corner designs4 ,weave all intervening designs1 first between corners on the sides of the mat1 then on the interior4 ,mats woven for this design should be3 #cgd by #ebj2 #ejf by #gjj2 #egb by #gij2 #fch by #hhj4 ,in tikug mats of natural straw1 the following colors may be used separately1 not in combination3 ,no4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 or #ae4 ,,notes #a ,banig1 petate1 ikamen1 dase4 #b ,meaning coarse stuff4 #c ,bayones1 bayong1 canastro1 banyot4 #d ,the ,bureau of ,education has taken steps to procure a series of dyes suited to each one of the mat straws and other important fibers used in household industries and industrial instruction in the ,philippines4 #e ,a tint is a paler or less intense tone than the standard color4 ,a shade is a darker1 more intense tone of the standard color4 #f ,bulletin ,no4 #cc of the ,bureau of ,education1 entitled ,philippine ,hats4 #g ,this office is indebted to ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,merrill1 ,botanist1 ,bureau of ,science1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i41 for placing at its disposal an unpublished manuscript on the ,flora of ,manila4 ,information from the following sources is also acknowledged3 ,engler and ,prantl3 ,das ,pflanzenreich4 ,hooker's ,flora of ,british ,india1 #ahid4 ,blanco's ,flora de ,filipinas1 #ahgg4 ,the sugar and alcohol produced by the palms are discussed by ,dr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,gibbs in the ,journal of ,science1 ,manila1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,a1 ,no4 #c4 ,hats are also discussed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,robinson in the same ,journal1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,c1 ,no4 #b4 #h ,buri 7in most localities71 buli or ble1 silag1 ebus4 #i ,it is probable that some of the double ,moro mats which will be described under the heading ,pandan ,straws are woven from buri straw4 #aj ,due to the efforts of ,elmer ,d4 ,merrill and ,a4 ,d4 ,e4 ,elmer1 ,botanists of ,manila1 aided by ,prof4 ,martelli1 of ,florence1 ,italy1 our knowledge of ,philippine pandans has been greatly broadened4 ,it is hoped that interested persons into whose hands this paper may come will help to extend it by sending specimens of pandans for identification to the ,bureau of ,education1 ,manila4 ,such specimens should consist of the ripe fruit and of at least two full-grown leaves from which no spines or tips have been removed1 and which have been cut as close as possible to the stem4 #aa ,bulletin ,no4 #cc1 ,bureau of ,education4 ,journal of ,science1 ,manila1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,sec4 ,c1 ,no4 #b4 #ab ,to settle1 if possible1 the question of whether sabutan flowers and fruits1 inquiries and investigations on the ground were made in ,tanay and ,pililla by a representative of the ,general ,office of the ,bureau of ,education4 ,the people interviewed in these towns were positive in their statements that they had never seen the fruit of this pandan though they did remember seeing the flower4 ,every possible effort was made to get accurate1 reliable information4 ,an old man was engaged as guide and a male inflorescence of sabutan was found in a patch located on a hillside1 under the shade of trees and surrounded by considerable underbrush4 ,the patch1 according to the statement of the old man was older than he could remember2 the age of the guide was1 perhaps1 between sixty and seventy years4 ,the flowers were odorous and covered with small brown insects almost hiding the inflorescence4 #ac ,plain double pandan mats1 the material of which resembles sabutan1 are imported from ,singapore and sold by ,chinese storekeepers in ,manila in large quantities4 ,they are roughly made and the fact that they are double permits the unfinished edges to be turned under and sewed down with coarse red cotton twine4 ,they sell for a little less than the plain1 single1 ,tanay sabutan mats with finished edges4 #ad ,it is very difficult to obtain definite information with exact figures4 ,these statements were made by a woman expert in weaving mats1 and owing to the frank answers to the questions put1 her information seems more reliable than that of the usual weaver interviewed4 ,other persons state that from two to six leaves are taken from a plant every month4 #ae ,three liters equal #a ganta4 #af ,sabutan lends itself easily to the fabrication of pocketbooks useful as purses1 card-cases or cigarette-cases4 ,from it can also be made very pretty1 strong1 durable and useful handbags4 ,the weaving of both of these articles has been taken up in the schools of ,tanay1 but it is not as yet commercial in the town4 ,sets consisting of a handbag and a pocketbook in the same color and design are attractive4 #ag ,sabutan suckers may be purchased from several firms in ,manila at ,p#e per hundred1 freight prepaid4 ,in shipping1 the plants are packed in baskets so that they can be easily handled4 ,it is believed by persons who have received shipments from this source that the plants will remain in good condition out of the ground for a week or more during shipment4 ,hence it is not advisable for places more remote than one week from ,manila to order any of these plants4 ,for further information see ,circular ,no4 #hb1 s4 #aiaa1 ,bureau of ,education4 ,it is probable that suckers can be obtained from the cultivated plants in about a year after they are set out4 #ah ,at this writing no data are at hand as to the preparation of sarakat straw1 but it is probably made simply by drying4 ,it is possible that much stronger and more pliable straw could be obtained if a process such as is used in the preparation of sabutan were followed4 #ai ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a of the ,philippine ,agriculturist and ,forester4 ,a description of the plant occurs in ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,e4 ,elmer's leaflets4 #bj ,it is probable that the improved ,andes stripper can be utilized in the cutting of pandan straws4 #ba ,arrangements are now being made through the schools for the introduction of sabutan plants into the towns of ,majayjay and ,luisiana4 #bb ,most of the information on karagumoy is taken from the report submitted to the ,director of ,education by ,mr4 ,ralph ,e4 ,spencer4 #bc ,the average was obtained by measuring accurately a number of specimens of the species sent in to the ,bureau of ,education from various provinces #bd ,its most common name is bariu1 spelled also bario1 balio1 balewe1 baleau4 ,in ,occidental ,negros it is also called1 balean1 barog in ,surigao1 batin in ,capiz4 #be ,robinson1 in ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 ,section ,c of the ,journal of ,science1 states that this sedge also grows on the eastern side of ,luzon4 #bf ,f4 meliacea is also known as tikug in ,samar but it cannot be used in weaving4 #bg ,in pulling up tikug the whole stalk can generally be obtained by grasping it a short distance below the top4 ,it is made into small bundles and tied a short distance below the seed heads4 ,each bundle contains from forty to sixty straws4 ,in all towns except ,basey the weavers gather the stalks they use4 ,at ,basey1 however1 where weaving of mats is a recognized industry1 the straw is obtained from country people who make it a business to gather and sell it4 ,these tikug vendors carry the bundles of green straw to the town1 where they sell for from forty centavos to one peso per hundred bundles1 depending upon the length of the straws4 #bh ,the high cost of these dyes results from the adulteration practiced and the exorbitant profits1 usually about #dej per cent4 ,it is expected that the new dyes obtained from ,germany through the ,bureau of ,education will make a saving of about #hj per cent to the workers4 #bi ,the following story is reported as showing the cleverness of the weavers of ,basey in embroidering designs on mats4 ,an engineer in charge of road construction refused to buy certain mats from a vendor but stated1 jokingly1 and in order to be rid of the insistent merchant1 that if he were brought mats having designs which were of interest to him1 as showing scenes connected with his work1 he would buy them4 ,in a few weeks the broker returned1 bringing with him a large mat on which were displayed a road roller1 wheel barrows1 shovels1 spades and other implements connected with road building1 and part of a road itself4 #cj ,in general it may be stated that the sabutan and tikug mats are the strongest made in the ,philippines4 ,neither the wearing qualities of the straw nor the permanency of the dyes in buri mats are equal to those of tikug4 ,if tikug floor mats become dirty they may be cleaned without injury if the dyeing was well done4 ,they should be shaken to remove dust and dirt1 laid flat on the floor and lightly scrubbed with a cloth1 sponge or brush1 using lukewarm soapsuds1 after which cold water should be thrown on them4 ,they are dried by hanging in the sunshine or the breeze4 #ca ,a firm has recently entered the field and is doing a mail order business in these mats with the ,united ,states4 ,their plans include the furnishing of straw and dyes to the weavers and the weaving of standard designs4 #cb ,most of the information given under this heading was taken from reports by ,percy ,m4 ,jones and ,frank ,thomason1 formerly supervising teachers of ,bohol4 #cc ,circular ,no4 #hb1 s4 #aiaa1 ,bureau of ,education4 #cd ,based on original designs by ,mrs4 ,alice ,brezina4 #ce ,three units will take up about #c times #ag1 or #ea straws4 ,in starting1 a curved pattern #ea straws across will have to be made and slipped up or down in a sixteenth division of the mat in order that the margin space may be determined4 #cf ,this design1 in all cases except where ,g ,s is #h instead of #e1 would look well with the outer border line broadened to the edge of the mat4 ,this is a suggestion only2 it means a great deal of work4 #cg ,weave large solid parts of designs first1 when possible1 and slight mistakes of one or two straws1 which may happen1 will then occur in open parts where they will show very little4 ,mistakes of this kind are only allowable in cases of flaws in the mat which is used4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,education ,,publications4 ,annual ,reports3 ,first ,annual ,report of the ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 #aija4 7,edition exhausted47 ,second ,annual ,report of the ,general ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction1 #aijb4 7,edition exhausted47 ,third ,annual ,report of the ,general ,superintendent of ,education1 #aijc4 7,edition exhausted47 ,fourth ,annual ,report of the ,general ,superintendent of ,education1 #aijd4 7,edition exhausted47 ,fifth ,annual ,report of the ,general ,superintendent of ,education1 #aije4 7,not issued in printed form47 ,sixth ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aijf4 ,seventh ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aijg4 ,eighth ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aijh4 7,supply limited47 ,ninth ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aiji4 ,tenth ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 ,eleventh ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aiaa4 ,twelfth ,annual ,report of the ,director of ,education1 #aiab4 ,bulletins3 #a4 ,the ,philippine ,normal ,school4 ,catalogue for #aijc-d4 ,english and ,spanish4 ,april1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #b4 ,a ,course of ,study in ,vocal ,music for ,vacation ,normal ,institutes4 ,may1 #aijd4 7,edition exhausted47 #h4 ,the ,philippine ,school of ,arts and ,trades1 ,prospectus for #aijd-e4 ,english and ,spanish4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #d4 ,the ,philippine ,nautical ,school1 ,prospectus for #aijd-e4 ,english and ,spanish4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #e4 ,notes on the ,treatment of ,smallpox4 ,june1 #aijd4 #f4 ,reports of ,industrial ,exhibits of the ,philippine ,schools at the ,louisiana ,purchase ,exposition4 ,june1 #aijd4 #g4 ,courses of ,instruction for the ,public ,schools of the ,philippine ,islands4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #h4 ,cursos de ,enseanza para las ,escuelas ,pblicas de las ,islas ,filipinas4 7,spanish edition of ,bulletin ,no4 #g47 ,june1 #aijd4 7,edition exhausted47 #i4 ,a ,list of ,philippine ,baptismal ,names4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,edition exhausted47 #aj4 ,government in the ,united ,states4 7,prepared for use in the ,philippine ,public ,schools47 ,june1 #aijd4 #aa4 ,courses in ,mechanical ,drawing1 ,woodworking1 and ,ironworking for ,provincial ,secondary ,schools4 ,june1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #ab4 ,advanced and ,post-,graduate ,studies ,offered by the ,philippine ,normal ,school for ,preparation for ,entrance to ,american ,colleges and ,universities or to the ,university of the ,philippines4 ,english and ,spanish4 ,august1 #aijd4 7,obsolete47 #ac4 ,not issued in printed form4 #ad4 ,the ,school ,law of the ,philippine ,islands1 as ,amended by ,acts of the ,philippine ,commission to and including ,act #aecj1 with ,executive ,orders and ,attorney-,general's ,opinions ,affecting the ,bureau of ,education4 ,january1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #ae-bj4 ,not issued in printed form4 #ba4 ,philippine ,normal ,school4 ,catalogue for #aijd-e4 ,english and ,spanish4 ,may1 #aije4 7,obsolete47 #bb4 ,lessons on ,familiar ,philippine ,animals4 ,august1 #aije4 7,edition exhausted47 #bc4 ,standard ,course of ,study in ,vocal ,music for the ,public ,schools of the ,philippine ,islands4 #aijf4 ,revised and re-issued in #aiaj4 7,editions exhausted47 #bd4 ,outline of ,year's ,course in ,botany and ,key to the ,families of ,vascular ,plants in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,august1 #aijf4 ,revised and re-issued in #aijg4 ,third edition issued in #aijh4 ,fourth edition issued in #aiaa4 #be4 ,official ,roster of the ,bureau of ,education1 corrected to ,march #a1 #aijf4 ,may1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #bf4 ,high ,school and ,secondary ,courses of ,instruction4 ,june1 #aijf4 7,obsolete47 #bg4 ,philippine ,normal ,school4 ,catalogue for #aijf-g and ,prospectus for #aijg-h4 ,may1 #aijg4 7,obsolete47 #bg 7,a74 ,philippine ,normal ,school1 ,courses of ,study1 ,secondary ,course4 ,january1 #aijh4 7,obsolete47 #bh4 ,the ,milkfish or ,bangos4 ,may1 #aijh4 7,supply limited47 #bi4 ,constructive ,lessons in ,english1 ,designed for ,use in ,intermediate ,grades4 ,august1 #aiaj4 ,revised and re-issued1 #aiaa4 ,third ,edition1 #aiab4 #hj4 ,philippine ,normal ,school1 ,catalogue for #aiji-aj and ,announcement for #aiaj-aa4 ,june1 #aiaj4 7,obsolete47 #ca4 ,school and ,home ,gardening ,july #aiaj4 7,now being revised7 #cb4 ,courses in ,mechanical and ,free-hand ,drawing1 for ,use in ,trade and ,intermediate ,schools4 ,december1 #aiaj4 #cc4 ,philippine ,hats4 ,december1 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #cd4 ,lace ,making and ,embroidery4 ,december1 #aiaj4 #ce4 ,housekeeping and ,household ,arts--,a ,manual for ,work with the ,girls in the ,elementary ,schools of the ,philippine ,islands4 ,february1 #aiaa4 #cf4 ,catalogue and ,announcement of the ,philippine ,normal ,school4 ,may1 #aiaa4 7,edition exhausted47 #cg4 ,school ,buildings1 ,part ,i4 #aiab4 #ch4 ,school ,buildings1 ,part ,,ii4 #aiab4 #ci4 ,a ,manual of ,free-hand ,drawing for ,philippine ,primary ,schools4 7,in course of preparation47 #dj4 ,athletic ,handbook for the ,philippine ,public ,schools4 7,now being revised47 #da4 ,service ,manual of the ,bureau of ,education1 #aiaa4 #db4 ,intermediate ,english4 ,,ii--,notes1 ,directions1 and ,aids to the ,preparation of the ,correspondence ,study ,course1 #aiaa4 #dc4 ,catalogue of the ,philippine ,school of ,arts and ,trades1 #aiab4 #dd4 ,libraries for ,philippine ,public ,schools4 #de4 ,the ,school of ,household ,industries1 #aiab4 #df4 ,industrial ,museum1 ,library1 and ,exhibits of the ,bureau of ,education4 #dg4 ,good ,manners and ,right ,conduct1 for ,use in ,primary ,grades4 #dh4 ,a ,course in ,civics4 7,in course of preparation47 #di4 ,philippine ,industrial ,fibers4 7,in course of preparation47 #ej4 ,arbor ,day and ,school ,holidays4 7,in course of preparation47 #ea4 ,the ,philippine ,school of ,commerce4 #aiac4 #eb4 ,the ,philippine ,school of ,arts and ,trades1 ,nautical ,department4 #aiac4 ,civico-,educational ,lectures3 #a4 ,the ,rights and ,duties of ,citizens of the ,philippines4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #b4 ,the ,prevention of ,diseases4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #c4 ,rice4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #d4 ,diseases of ,animals4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #e4 ,coconut ,beetles4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #f4 ,the ,housing of the ,public ,schools4 #aiaj4 7,supply limited47 #g4 ,coconuts4 #aiaa4 #h4 ,corn4 #aiab4 ,the ,teachers' ,assembly ,herald3 ,volume ,i1 #aijh4 7,edition exhausted47 ,volume ,,ii1 #aiji4 7,edition exhausted47 ,volume ,,iii1 #aiaj4 7,edition exhausted47 ,volume ,,iv1 #aiaa4 7,supply limited47 ,volume ,v1 #aiab4 7,supply limited47 ,volume ,,vi1 #aiac4 7,now current47 ,the ,philippine ,craftsman3 ,a monthly school industrial magazine4 ,now current4 ,text-,books3 ,woodworking1 ,a ,manual of ,elementary ,carpentry for ,philippine ,public ,schools1 #aijh4 ,selected ,short ,poems by ,representative ,american ,authors4 #aiaa4 ,commercial ,geography3 the ,materials of ,commerce for the ,philippines4 #aiaa4 ,macaulay's ,samuel ,johnson2 ,emerson's ,self ,reliance2 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address4 #aiaa4 ,an ,introduction to the ,study of ,colonial ,history4 ,economic ,conditions in the ,philippines4 7,in course of preparation47 ,miscellaneous ,problems for ,trade ,schools and ,trades ,classes in the ,philippine ,public ,schools4 7,in course of preparation47 ,housekeeping--,a ,textbook for ,girls in the ,public ,schools of the ,philippine ,islands4 7,in course of preparation47 ,a ,primary ,sewing ,course4 7,in course of preparation47 ,miscellaneous3 ,suggestions for the ,third ,annual ,observance of ,arbor ,day in ,philippine ,schools1 #aijh4 ,domestic ,science1 a ,guide to ,practical ,instruction in ,housekeeping1 ,sewing1 ,cooking and ,laundering in ,grades ,three and ,four of the ,philippine ,public ,schools1 #aijh4 ,abraham ,lincoln--a ,collection of ,passages from ,his ,speeches and ,letters1 with ,brief ,comments1 #aiji4 7,supply exhausted47 ,some ,recipes for ,preparing ,jellies1 ,preserves1 ,pickles1 and ,candies from ,philippine ,fruits1 #aiaa4 7,supply exhausted47 ,syllabus of ,economic ,conditions in the ,philippines1 #aiaa4 7,supply exhausted47 ,second ,annual ,report on ,private ,schools and ,colleges of the ,philippine ,islands1 #aiaa4 ,third ,annual ,report on ,private ,schools and ,colleges of the ,philippine ,islands4 #aiab4 ,a ,statement of ,organization1 ,aims and ,conditions of ,service in the ,bureau of ,education1 ,published for ,general ,information4 ,several editions printed at ,manila and ,washington4 ,los ,fines y la ,organizacin de las ,escuelas ,pblicas de ,filipinas4 7,in course of preparation47 7,tagalog translation in course of preparation47 ,a ,talk on ,health ,conditions in the ,philippines4 ,dr4 ,victor ,g4 ,heiser1 ,director of ,health ,craftsman ,reprints3 ,i4 ,philippine ,mats4