,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cf ,,compound ,,words ,a ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,compounding1 ,,the ,,components ,,of ,,compounds1 ,,and ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,hyphen ,,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,educational ,,director ,,united ,,typothet ,,of ,,america4 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,,preface ,the subject of compounds is one of the most difficult of the matters relating to correct literary composition4 ,the difficulty arises from the fact that usage1 especially in the matter of the presence or absence of the hyphen1 is not clearly settled4 ,progressive tendencies are at work and there is great difference of usage1 even among authorities of the first rank1 with regard to many compounds in common use4 ,an attempt is made to show first the general character of the problems involved4 ,then follows a discussion of the general principles of compounding4 ,the general rules for the formation of compounds are stated and briefly discussed4 ,the various components of compounds are fully analyzed and tabulated4 ,the best modern usage in the matter of the employment of the hyphen is set forth in a series of rules4 ,the whole is concluded by practical advice to the compositor as to the use of the rules in the actual work of the office4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,general ,,principles #d ,,accent ,,in ,,compounding #e ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,compounds #f ,,components ,,of ,,compounds #g ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,hyphen #i ,,supplementary ,,reading #af ,,review ,,questions #ag ,,compound ,,words ,,introduction ,the ,english language contains a great many words and phrases which are made up of two or more words combined or related in such a way as to form a new verbal phrase having a distinct meaning of its own and differing in meaning from the sum of the component words taken singly4 ,income and outgo1 for example1 have quite definite meanings related1 it is true1 to come and go and to in and out1 but sharply differentiated from those words in their ordinary and general signification4 ,we use these compound words and phrases so commonly that we never stop to think how numerous they are1 or how frequently new ones are coined4 ,any living language is constantly growing and developing new forms4 ,new objects have to be named1 new sensations expressed1 new experiences described4 ,sometimes these words are mere aggregations like automobile1 monotype1 sidewalk1 policeman and the like4 ,sometimes1 indeed very often1 they are short cuts4 ,a hatbox is a box for carrying a hat1 a red-haired man is a man with red hair4 ,a bookcase is a case to contain books1 etc4 ,sometimes the phrase consists of two or more separate words1 such as well known or nicely kept4 ,sometimes it consists of words joined by a hyphen1 such as boarding-house1 sleeping-car4 ,sometimes it consists of a single word formed by amalgamating or running together the components1 such as penholder1 nevertheless4 ,in which of these forms shall we write the phrase we speak so easily8 ,how shall we shape the new word we have just coined8 ,which of these three forms shall we use1 and why8 ,ordinarily we look for the answer to such questions from three sources1 historical development1 the past of the language2 some logical principle of general application2 or some recognized standard of authority4 ,unfortunately we get little help from either of these sources in this special difficulty4 ,the history of the language is a history of constant change4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon tongue was full of compounds1 but the hyphen was an unknown device to those who spoke it4 ,the ,english of ,chaucer1 the period when our new-born ,english tongue was differentiated from those which contributed to its composition1 is full of compounds1 and the compounds were generally written with a hyphen4 ,shakespeare used many compound words and phrases some of which sound strange1 if not uncouth1 to modern ears1 but used the hyphen much less than ,chaucer4 ,in modern times the tendency has been and is to drop the hyphen4 ,the more general progression seems to be 7#a7 two words1 7#b7 two words hyphenated1 7#c7 two words run together into one4 ,sometimes1 however1 the hyphen drops1 leaving two words separated4 ,that there is constant change1 and that the change is progressing consistently in the direction of eliminating the hyphen is fairly clear4 ,this1 however1 does not help us much4 ,at what stage of the process are we with regard to any given word8 ,which form of the process is operating in any given case8 ,there are no laws or principles of universal application on which we may build a consistent system of practice4 ,certain general principles have been laid down and will be here set forth4 ,while they are helpful to the understanding of the subject they are not sufficiently universal to serve as practical guides in all cases4 ,in any event they need to be supplemented by careful study of the rules for the use of the hyphen1 by careful study of the best usage in particular cases1 and by thorough knowledge of the style of each particular office1 as will be pointed out later4 ,authorities and usage differ widely1 and it is often difficult to say that a particular form is right or wrong4 ,there is no recognized standard authority4 ,the dictionaries do not agree with each other and are not always consistent with themselves4 ,they may always write a certain word in a certain way but they may write another word to all appearance exactly analogous to the first in another way4 ,for example ,worcester has brickwork and brasswork1 but wood-work and iron-work4 ,webster1 on the other hand1 has woodwork and brick-work4 ,the best that the printer can do is to adopt a set of rules or style of his own and stick to it consistently4 ,here and there a generally accepted change1 like the dropping of the hyphen from tomorrow and today will force itself upon him1 but for the most part he may stick to his style4 ,of course1 the author1 if he has a marked preference1 must be permitted to use his own methods of compounding except in magazine publications and the like4 ,in such cases1 when the author's work is to appear in the same volume with that of other writers1 the style of the printing office must rule and the individual contributors must bow to it4 ,,general ,,principles ,three general principles are laid down by ,mr4 ,f4 ,horace ,teall which will be found useful1 though they must be supplemented in practice by more specific rules which will be given later4 ,they are as follows3 ,i ,all words should be separate when used in regular grammatical relations and construction unless they are jointly applied in some arbitrary way4 ,an iron fence means a fence made of iron4 ,the meaning and construction are normal and the words are not compounded4 ,an iron-saw means a saw for cutting iron4 ,the meaning is not the same as iron saw which would mean a saw made of iron4 ,the hyphenated compound indicates the special meaning of the words used in this combination4 ,ironwood is a specific name applied to a certain kind of very hard wood4 ,hence1 it becomes a single word compounded but without a hyphen4 ,either of the other forms would be ambiguous or impossible in meaning4 ,,ii ,abnormal associations of words generally indicate unification in sense and hence compounding in form4 ,a sleeping man is a phrase in which the words are associated normally4 ,the man sleeps4 ,a sleeping-car is a phrase in which the words are associated abnormally4 ,the car does not sleep4 ,it is a specially constructed car in which the passengers may sleep comfortably4 ,a king fisher might be a very skilful fisherman4 ,a kingfisher is a kind of bird4 ,here again we have an abnormal association of words and as the compound word is the name of a specific sort of bird there is no hyphen4 ,a king-fisher1 if it meant anything1 would probably mean one who fished for kings1 as a pearl-diver is one who dives for pearls4 ,,iii ,conversely1 no expression in the language should ever be changed from two or more words into one 7either hyphenated or solid7 without change of sense4 ,saw trimmer is not compounded because there is no change in the commonly accepted sense of either word4 ,color work is not compounded because the word color1 by usage common in ,english1 has the force of an adjective1 and the words are used in their accepted sense4 ,in other languages it would be differently expressed1 for example1 in ,french it would be oeuvre1 or imprimerie en couleur1 work1 or1 printing in color4 ,presswork is compounded because it has a special and specific meaning4 ,good or bad presswork is a good or bad result of work done on a press4 ,here as everywhere in printing the great purpose is to secure plainness and intelligibility4 ,print is made to read4 ,anything which obscures the sense1 or makes the passage hard to read is wrong4 ,anything which clears up the sense and makes the passage easy to read and capable of only one interpretation is right4 ,,influence ,,of ,,accent ,,in ,,compounding ,some writers lay much stress on the influence of accent in the formation of compounds while others ignore it entirely4 ,accent undoubtedly has some influence and the theory may be easily and intelligibly expressed4 ,it ought to be understood1 but it will not be found an entirely safe guide4 ,usage has modified the results of compounding in many cases in ways which do not lend themselves to logical explanation and classification4 ,the general principle as stated by ,mr4 ,teall is as follows3 ,when each part of the compound is accented1 use the hyphen2 laughter-loving4 ,when only one part is accented1 omit the hyphen2 many sided4 ,when the accent is changed1 print the compound solid2 broadsword4 ,this follows the general rule of accenting the first syllable in ,english words4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,compounds ,i ,two nouns used together as a name form a compound noun unless3 7a7 ,the first is used in a descriptive or attributive sense1 that is1 is really an adjective1 or 7b7 ,the two are in apposition4 ,various uses of the noun as an adjective1 that is1 in some qualifying or attributive sense are when the noun conveys the sense of3 #a4 ,made of2 leather belt1 steel furniture4 #b4 ,having the shape1 character1 or quality of2 diamond pane1 iron ration1 bull calf4 #c4 ,pertaining to1 suitable for1 representing2 office desk1 labor union4 #d4 ,characterized by2 motor drive4 #e4 ,situated in1 and the like2 ocean current1 city life4 #f4 ,supporting or advocating2 union man1 ,bryan voter4 #g4 ,existing in or coming from2 ,yellowstone geyser1 ,california lemon4 #h4 ,originated or made by1 named for2 ,gordon ,press1 ,harvard ,college4 ,placing the two nouns in apposition is much the same as using the first as an adjective4 ,such compounds are generally written as two words without the hyphen1 but see specific rules for use of hyphens4 ,,ii ,every name apparently composed of a plain noun and a noun of agent or verbal noun1 but really conveying the sense of a phrase with suffix er1 or1 or ing1 should be treated as a compound2 roller distribution4 ,,iii ,possessive phrases used as specific names 7generally plants7 are treated as compounds4 ,they are hyphenated unless very common1 in which case they are closed up2 crane's-bill1 ratsbane4 ,,iv ,any phrase used as a specific name in an arbitrary application not strictly figurative is written as a compound2 blueberry1 red-coat1 forget-me-not4 ,v ,any pair of words used as one name of which the second is a noun but the first not really an adjective should be written as a compound2 foster-brother1 down-town1 after-consideration4 ,as elsewhere the use of the hyphen depends largely in the familiarity of the phrase2 spoilsport1 pickpocket4 ,,vi ,any two words other than nouns should be treated as a compound1 generally solid1 when arbitrarily associated as a name2 standpoint1 outlook4 ,,vii ,a name or an adjective made by adding a suffix to a proper name compounded of two words should be treated as a compound with a hyphen2 ,east-,indian1 ,new-,yorker4 ,if the name is not inflected this rule does not apply2 ,east ,india ,company1 ,new ,york man4 ,,viii ,any pair or series of words arbitrarily associated in a joint sense different from their sense when used separately1 should be compounded2 workman-like1 warlike4 ,,components ,,of ,,compounds ,compounds having the force of nouns may be made up in several ways4 #a4 ,two nouns used in other than their natural signification2 claw-hammer4 #b4 ,a noun and an adjective used in other than their natural signification2 great-uncle1 dry-goods4 #c4 ,a noun and an adverb2 touch-down1 holder-forth4 #d4 ,a noun and an adverb2 down-draft1 flare-back4 #e4 ,a noun and a verb2 know-nothing1 draw-bar4 #f4 ,a noun and a preposition2 between-decks4 #g4 ,two adjectives2 high-low1 wide-awake4 #h4 ,two verbs2 make-believe4 #i4 ,a verb and an adverb2 cut-off1 break-up4 #aj4 ,a verb and a preposition2 to-do1 go-between4 ,compounds having the force of adjectives may be made up in several ways4 #a4 ,a group of words compacted into one idea2 never-to-be-forgotten4 #b4 ,two adjectives2 white-hot1 ashy-blue4 #c4 ,an adjective and a participle or noun and suffix simulating a participle2 odd-looking1 foreign-born1 bow-legged4 #d4 ,an adjective and a noun2 fire-new1 type-high4 #e4 ,a noun and a participle 7or noun and suffix simulating a participle72 hand-printed1 peace-making4 #f4 ,an adverb and an adjective used together before a noun2 well-bred1 long-extended4 #g4 ,two nouns used adjectively before another noun2 cotton-seed oil1 shoe-sewing machine1 ,sunday-school teacher4 #h4 ,an adjective and a noun used together before a noun2 civil-service examination1 free-trade literature1 fresh-water sailor4 #i4 ,a verb and a noun2 ,john ,lack-land4 ,four compounds occur with the force of verbs4 #a4 ,two verbs2 balance-reef4 #b4 ,a verb and a noun2 silver-plate1 house-break4 #c4 ,a verb and an adjective2 cold-press1 fine-still4 #d4 ,a verb and an adverb2 cross-examine4 ,several combinations are used with the force of adverbs4 #a4 ,two adverbs2 upright1 henceforth4 #b4 ,a noun and an adverb2 brain-sickly4 #c4 ,an adjective and an adverb 7or compound adjective with suffix1 simulating an adverb72 stout-heartedly1 ill-naturedly4 #d4 ,an adjective and a verb2 broadcast4 #e4 ,two nouns2 piecemeal1 half-mast4 #f4 ,a noun and an adjective2 cost-free1 pointblank4 #g4 ,a noun and a preposition2 down-stairs1 above-board1 offhand4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,hyphen #a4 ,hyphenate nouns formed by the combination of two nouns standing in objective relation to each other1 that is1 one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb3 well-wisher wood-turning mind-reader child-study office-holder clay-modeling ,when such compounds are in very common use1 and especially when they have a specific or technical meaning1 they are printed solid2 typewriter stockholder proofreader copyholder lawgiver dressmaker #b4 ,hyphenate a combination of a present participle with a noun when the meaning of the combination is different from that of the two words taken separately2 boarding-house1 sleeping-car1 walking-stick4 #c4 ,hyphenate a combination of a present participle with a preposition used absolutely 7not governing the following noun72 the putting-in or taking-out of a hyphen4 #d4 ,as a rule compounds of book1 house1 will1 room1 shop1 and work should be printed solid when the prefixed noun has one syllable2 should be hyphenated when it contains two2 should be printed in two separate words when it contains three or more2 handbook1 notebook1 story-book1 pocket-book1 reference book4 clubhouse1 storehouse1 engine-house1 power-house1 business-house4 handmill1 sawmill1 water-mill1 paper-mill1 chocolate mill4 classroom1 lecture-room1 recitation room4 tinshop1 tailor-shop1 carpenter shop4 woodwork1 metal-work1 filigree work4 ,unusual combinations such as source-book and wheat-mill are sometimes hyphenated1 and the hyphen is sometimes omitted for the sake of the appearance as in school work4 #e4 ,compounds of maker1 dealer1 and other words denoting occupation are generally hyphenated2 harness-maker1 job-printer4 ,the tendency is to print these words solid when they come into very common use2 dressmaker4 #f4 ,hyphenate nouns when combined in an adjectival sense before the name of the same person2 the martyr-president ,lincoln1 the poet-artist ,rosetti4 #g4 ,compounds of store are generally hyphenated when the prefix contains one syllable1 otherwise not2 drug-store1 fruit-store 7but bookstore71 provision store4 #h4 ,compounds of fellow are hyphenated2 fellow-being1 play-fellow1 but bedfellow4 #i4 ,compounds of father1 mother1 brother1 sister1 daughter1 parent1 and foster should be hyphenated when the word in question forms the first part of the compound2 father-love1 mother-country1 brother-officer1 sister-state1 daughter-cell1 parent-word1 foster-brother1 but 7by exception7 fatherland4 #aj4 ,hyphenate compounds of great in phrases indicating degrees of descent2 great-grandmother1 great-great-grandfather4 #aa4 ,hyphenate compounds of life and world2 life-history1 world-influence1 but 7by exception7 lifetime4 #ab4 ,compounds of skin with words of one syllable are printed solid1 otherwise as two separate words2 calfskin1 sheepskin1 alligator skin4 #ac4 ,hyphenate compounds of master2 master-builder1 master-stroke1 but 7by exception7 masterpiece4 #ad4 ,hyphenate compounds of god when this word forms the second element2 sun-god1 war-god1 godsend1 godson4 #ae4 ,hyphenate compounds of half and quarter2 half-truth1 quarter-circle1 half-title1 but on account of difference in meaning of quarter1 quartermaster1 headquarters4 #af4 ,these prefixes ante- infra- re- anti- inter- semi- bi- intra- sub- co- pre- super- demi- post- tri- are ordinarily joined to the word with which they are used without a hyphen1 except when followed by the same letter as that with which they terminate or by w or y2 antechamber post-temporal antiseptic post-graduate anti-imperialistic prearrange biennial pre-empt bipartisan recast co-equal re-enter co-ordinate semiannual demigod subconscious inframarginal subtitle international superfine intersperse tricolor intramural co-workers intra-atomic co-yield ,exceptions are 7a7 ,combinations with proper names or adjectives derived therefrom1 and long or unusual compounds2 ante-bellum sister-university anti-license post-revolutionary anti-security pre-,raphaelite demi-relievo re-tammanize 7b7 ,words in which the omission of the hyphen would alter the sense2 re-formation reformation re-cover recover re-creation recreation #ag4 ,the negative prefixes un1 in1 il1 im1 and a do not take a hyphen except in very rare or artificial combinations2 unmanly1 invisible1 illimitable1 impenetrable1 asymmetrical4 ,the negative prefix non calls for a hyphen except in very common words2 non-existent non-combatant non-interference nonsense non-unionist nonessential #ah4 ,the prefixes quasi1 extra1 supra1 ultra1 and pan call for a hyphen2 quasi-historical supra-normal quasi-corporation ultra-conservative extra-mural ,pan-,germanism ,ultramontaine1 probably because a specific party designation1 is always printed solid4 #ai4 ,over and under do not ordinarily call for a hyphen2 overemphasize1 underfed1 but over-careful1 over-spiritualistic4 #bj4 ,combinations having self and by as the first element of the compound call for a hyphen2 self-evident1 self-respecting1 by-law1 by-product1 but selfhood1 selfish1 and selfsame4 #ba4 ,combinations of fold are printed as one word if the number contains only one syllable but as two if it contains more than one2 twofold fifteen fold tenfold a hundred fold #bb4 ,adjectives formed by a noun preceding like do not take a hyphen if the noun is a monosyllable1 except when ending in l or a proper noun2 if the noun contains more than one syllable a hyphen should be used2 childlike1 warlike1 catlike1 bell-like1 ,napoleon-like1 but 7by exception7 ,christlike4 #bc4 ,vice1 elect1 ex1 general1 and lieutenant as parts of titles are connected with the chief noun by a hyphen2 vice-consul1 ex-president1 governor-elect1 postmaster-general1 lieutenant-colonel4 #bd4 ,today1 tonight1 and tomorrow are printed without a hyphen4 #be4 ,in fractional numbers spelled out connect the numerator and denominator by a hyphen4 ,the day is three-quarters gone1 four and five-eighths1 thirty-hundredths1 ninety-two thousandths4 ,do not use the hyphen in an instance as ,one half the business is owned by ,mr4 ,jones1 one quarter by ,mr4 ,smith1 and one eighth each by ,mr4 ,browne and ,mr4 ,robinson4 #bf4 ,where two or more compound words occur together having one of their components in common1 this component is often omitted from all but the last word and the omission indicated by a hyphen2 ,french-and ,spanish-speaking countries1 wood-iron-and steel-work1 one-two-three-four and five-cent stamps4 ,this usage is objected to in some offices as being a ,germanized form4 ,it is however1 less ambiguous than where the hyphen is omitted and is therefore preferable4 #bg4 ,ordinal numbers compounded with nouns take the hyphen in such expressions as second-hand1 first-rate1 and the like4 #bh4 ,numerals of one syllable take a hyphen in compounds with self-explanatory words such as four-footed1 one-eyed1 and the like4 #bi4 ,numerals compounded with nouns to form an adjective take the hyphen2 twelve-inch rule1 three-horse team1 six-point lead4 #cj4 ,the hyphen is used in compounding a noun in the possessive case with another noun2 jew's-harp1 crow's-nest4 #ca4 ,the hyphen is used with most compounds of tree2 apple-tree1 quince-tree1 but not when a particular object1 not a tree 7vegetable71 is meant2 whippletree1 crosstree4 #cb4 ,use the hyphen in compounding two adjectives generally1 especially personal epithets2 asked-for opinion1 sea-island cotton1 dry-plate process1 hard-headed1 strong-armed1 broad-shouldered4 #cc4 ,the hyphen is not used in points of the compass unless doubly compounded2 northeast1 southwest1 north-northeast1 south-southwest by south4 #cd4 ,compounds ending with man or woman are run solid2 pressman1 forewoman4 #ce4 ,omit the hyphen in such phrases as by and by1 by the bye1 good morning 7except when used adjectively1 a good-morning greeting17 attorney at law1 coat of arms4 #cf4 ,compounds ending in holder and monger are run solid2 bondholder1 cheesemonger4 #cg4 ,compounds beginning with eye are run solid2 eyeglass1 eyewitness4 #ch4 ,compounds unless very unusual1 beginning with deutero1 electro1 pseudo1 sulpho1 thermo1 etc41 are run solid2 electrotype1 pseudonym1 thermostat4 #ci4 ,do not separate meanwhile anywhere somebody meantime anybody somehow moreover anyhow something forever anything sometime everywhere anyway somewhat somewhere ,in phrases like in the meantime and forever and ever the words are printed separately4 ,any one and some one are separate words4 #dj4 ,in compounds of color the hyphen is not used except when a noun is used with an adjective to specify color2 reddish-brown1 gray-white1 lemon-yellow1 olive-green1 silver-gray4 #da4 ,following is a list of words of everyday occurrence which should be hyphenated1 and which do not fall under any of the above classifications4 after-years food-stuff sea-level bas-relief guinea-pig sense-perception birth-rate horse-power son-in-law blood-relations loan-word subject-matter common-sense man-of-war thought-process cross-examine object-lesson title-page cross-reference page-proof wave-length cross-section pay-roll well-being death-rate poor-law well-nigh folk-song post-office will-power fountain-head ,these rules are the consensus of opinion of a considerable number of good authorities from ,de,vinne 7#aija7 to ,manly and ,powell 7#aiac74 ,the great practical difficulty is that authorities differ as to their application4 ,de,vinne uses the dieresis instead of the hyphen in such cases as co-operate or pre-eminent1 writing coperate1 preminent4 ,many of the rules have exceptions and authorities differ as to the extent of the exceptions4 ,there are many differences in the great number of unclassified compounds4 ,for example1 ,manly and ,powell write coat-of-arms1 while ,orcutt writes coat of arms4 ,common usage omits the hyphen from post office except when used as an adjective1 e4 g41 post-office accounts4 ,a strict adherence to the rules given would probably result1 not in bad composition1 but in a much greater use of hyphens than would be found on the pages of many recent books from the presses of some of the best publishers4 ,this is due partly to the fact that usage has never been strictly uniform and partly to the constant progressive change noted at the beginning of this study4 ,we are gradually discontinuing the use of the hyphen just as we are diminishing our use of capital letters1 punctuation marks1 and italics4 ,the compositor should ground himself thoroughly in the principles and rules4 ,he should learn the best usage with regard to special words and phrases4 ,he should master the office style4 ,he should follow copy if the author has distinct and definite ideas which are not absolutely wrong and would not introduce inconsistencies in magazines and the like by violating the office style which is followed in other parts of the same publication4 ,if it is clear that the author knows what he wants1 the compositor should follow copy4 ,questions of correctness and conformity to style belong not to him but to the copy editor and proofreader4 ,,supplementary ,,reading ,english ,compound ,words and ,phrases4 ,by ,francis ,horace ,teall4 ,funk ,wagnalls1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,compounding of ,english ,words1 ,when and ,why ,joining or ,separation is ,preferable4 ,by ,francis ,horace ,teall4 ,j4 ,ireland1 ,new ,york4 ,correct ,composition4 ,by ,theodore ,l4 ,de ,vinne4 ,the ,oswald ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,a ,manual for ,writers4 ,by ,john ,matthews ,manly and ,john ,arthur ,powell4 ,the ,university of ,chicago ,press1 ,chicago4 ,the ,writer's ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,questions #a4 ,what is meant by a compound8 #b4 ,what is the purpose of a compound8 #c4 ,in what three forms do compounds appear8 #d4 ,where should we expect to find guidance in the choice of these forms8 #e4 ,do we so find it1 and why8 #f4 ,what tendency is observable in usage regarding compounds8 #g4 ,what can the printer do8 #h4 ,give ,teall's rules1 and show the application of each4 #i4 ,what is the influence of accent in compounding8 #aj4 ,what is the rule about two nouns used together to form a name8 #aa4 ,what is the rule about names composed of a plain noun and a verbal noun8 #ab4 ,how are possessive phrases used as specific names treated8 #ac4 ,what is the rule about phrases used as specific names8 #ad4 ,how do you write a pair of words used as a name when the second word is a noun and the first not really an adjective8 #ae4 ,how do you treat two words1 not nouns1 arbitrarily used as a name8 #af4 ,how do you treat a compound consisting of a suffix and a compound proper name8 #ag4 ,how do you treat words so associated that their joint sense is different from their separate sense8 #ah4 ,how may compounds having the force of nouns be made up8 #ai4 ,how may compounds having the force of adjectives be made up8 #bj4 ,how may compounds having the force of verbs be made up8 #ba4 ,how may compounds having the force of adverbs be made up8 #bb4 ,how are compound nouns written when one of the components is derived from a transitive verb8 #bc4 ,how is a compound of a present participle and a noun written8 #bd4 ,how is a compound of a present participle and a preposition treated8 #be4 ,what is the usage in compounds of book1 house1 will1 room1 shop1 and work8 #bf4 ,how are compounds of maker and dealer written8 #bg4 ,what is done when nouns are combined in a descriptive phrase before a name of a person8 #bh4 ,how are compounds of store treated8 #bi4 ,how are compounds of fellow treated8 #cj4 ,how are compounds of father1 mother1 brother1 sister1 daughter1 parent1 and foster treated8 #ca4 ,what compounds of great are hyphenated8 #cb4 ,how are compounds of life and world treated8 #cc4 ,what is the rule about compounds of skin8 #cd4 ,how are compounds of master treated8 #ce4 ,what is the rule about compounds of god8 #cf4 ,give fifteen common prefixes and tell how they are used1 stating exceptions4 #cg4 ,what are the negative prefixes and how are they used8 #ch4 ,what is the rule about the prefixes quasi1 extra1 supra1 ultra1 and pan8 #ci4 ,what is the rule about over and under8 #dj4 ,what is the rule about compounds of self and by8 #da4 ,how are compounds of fold treated8 #db4 ,what is the rule about compounds of a noun followed by like8 #dc4 ,how are titles treated when compounded with vice1 elect1 ex1 general1 and lieutenant8 #dd4 ,how do you write three familiar compounds denoting time8 #de4 ,how should you treat fractional numbers spelled out8 #df4 ,what is done when two or more compound words with a common component occur in succession8 #dg4 ,how do you write compounds of ordinal numbers and nouns8 #dh4 ,what rule is given about numerals of one syllable8 #di4 ,what rule is given about numerals compounded with nouns8 #ej4 ,how do you treat a compound of two nouns one in the possessive case8 #ea4 ,how are compounds of tree treated8 #eb4 ,what is the rule about compounds of two adjectives8 #ec4 ,what is the rule about points of the compass8 #ed4 ,what should you do with compounds ending in man or woman8 #ee4 ,give certain common typical phrases which omit the hyphen4 #ef4 ,how do you treat compounds ending in holder and monger8 #eg4 ,how do you treat compounds beginning with eye8 #eh4 ,what is said of compounds beginning with deutero1 electro1 pseudo1 sulpho1 thermo1 and the like8 #ei4 ,give some common compounds which are always run solid4 #fj4 ,how are compounds of color treated8 #fa4 ,are these rules universally followed8 #fb4 ,what is the duty of the compositor in these cases1 especially when doubtful8 ,in this volume1 as in so many in this section1 much depends upon practice drills4 ,the memorizing of rules is difficult and is of very little use unless accompanied by a great deal of practice so that the apprentice will become so thoroughly familiar with them that he will apply them at once without conscious thought4 ,he should no more think of the rule when he writes fellow-man1 than he thinks of the multiplication table when he says seven times eight are fifty-six4 ,this drill may be given in several ways1 by asking the student to explain the use or omission of hyphens in printed matter1 by giving written matter purposely incorrect in parts and asking him to set it correctly1 or by giving dictations and having the apprentice write out the matter and then set it up4 ,later1 when it will not be too wasteful of time1 the apprentice can be given the ordinary run of copy as customers send it in and told to set it in correct form4 ,he will probably find enough errors in it to test his knowledge of compounding and of many other things4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e x #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper4 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography3 paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions1 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,gage ,,printing ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,william ,,green1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,frank ,d4 ,,jacobs ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,wilson ,h4 ,,lee ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,maccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,remington ,,printing ,,co41 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,,state ,,journal ,,company1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,electrotypers ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,bryant ,,paper ,,co41 ,kalamazoo1 ,mich4 ,,the ,,miami ,,paper ,,co41 ,west ,carrollton1 ,ohio4 ,,oxford ,,paper ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for ,book ,cloth ,,interlaken ,,mills1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by underscore4 ,passages in bold are indicated by bold4 ,according to the text on page #ac1 one example for rule #be and one example for rule #bf appear to be incorrect4 ,these have been left as presented in the original text4