,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=    
,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,vii4 ,,no4 #dc     
,,appli$ ,,design   ,,= ,,pr9t]s    ,a  
,,h&book ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(        
,,arrangem5t1 ,,) ,,brief ,,comm5t      
,,on ,,! ,,p]iods ,,( ,,design ,,:i*    
,,h ,,mo/ ,,/rongly ,,influ5c$   ,,pr9t+
    ,,by   ,,h>ry ,,lawr5ce ,,gage      
,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on     
,,education   ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(    
,,am]ica   #aibj      ,copyright1 #aibj 
,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica   ,*icago1   
,ill4    ,composition & electrotypes    
contribut$ by   ,,/ate ,,j\rnal         
,,company   ,l9coln1 ,neb4     ,,=eword 
,?is prim] ( design is an e>ne/ ef=t to 
make intelligible to ! appr5tice /ud5t  
c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( arrangem5t 
& ( ornam5tation ^: use is in/9ctive to 
! accompli%$ typograph]4  ,x has be5 (t5
 writt5 t !re are no rules 9 ,art1 &    
equally (t5 t ! ma/] arti/ 7or          
craftsman7 is he :o c skillfully break  
all rules4 ,x mu/ be inevitable t !     
appr5tice %all adh]e too closely to ea* 

newly obs]v$ pr9ciple be=e 8 "w c be a  
well-r\nd$ embodim5t ( !m all4 ,to him  
is comm5d$ ?is exact proc$ure1          
recogniz+1 z 8 p]ception gr[s1 t !re are
 good reasons :y traditions are         
emphasiz$ "h & all-embrac+ rules &      
=mulae are n to be f\nd4  ,due cr$it mu/
 be paid to ,mr4 ,erne/ ,all5 ,bat*eld]1
 :o fir/ devot$ 8 p5 & bru% directly to 
! pr9t]'s problem 9 design1 & :o 9 turn 
gives honor to ! influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,d5man 
,ross4 ,nei!r has express$ a me?od b has
 graphically analyz$ ! attitude ( mank9d
 dur+ successive epo*s t[>d ^? matt]s   
:i* deal ) beauty4  ,x is to be hop$ t  
?is little book may s]ve z a simple     
guide & z a /imulant t[>d an ext5d$ /udy
 ( ! l>g] attributes ( pr9t+ :i* are n  
conc]n$ ) utility alone4 ,h4 ,l4 ,g4    
,,cont5ts                               
,,page  ,,introductory                  
#g  ,,! ,,surface                       
#h  ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,design         
#aj  ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,design       
#ab  ,,proportion                       

#ai  ,,balance                          
#bd  ,,symmetry                         
#bh  ,,v>iety                           
#ca  ,,motion                           
#ca  ,,ornam5t                          
#cd  ,,! ,,p]iods ,,( ,,design ,,:i* ,,h
 ,,mo/ ,,affect$ ,,pr9t+   #dc          
,,supplem5t>y ,,read+                   
#fd  ,,review ,,que/ions                
#fe  ,,gloss>y                          
#fh     ,,appli$ ,,design ,,= ,,pr9t]s  
,introductory   ,raw mat]ial may be made
 into a f9i%$ product :i* w h ! quality 
( usefulness alone4 ,utility is ! fir/  
purpose ( mo/ ( ! works ( man4 ,b :5 !  
mak] is mov$ by pride 9 8 "w & a desire 
= beauty to make 8 h&iwork pleas+ 9     
appe>ance z well z useful a second      
purpose is fulfill$4 ,all civilization &
 mo/ =ms ( savag]y dem& t ! equipm5t (  
r\t9e life %all be pleas+ to ! eye aft] 
its prime purpose ( usefulness has be5  
develop$4  ,if an article be pleas+ 9   
appe>ance its mak+ w h involv$ "s ( !   
elem5ts ( design4 ,! relation%ip ( its  

p>ts1 ! l9es ( its con/ruction1 its     
color+1 ! mann] 9 :i* x is ornam5t$ w   
dep5d fir/ ^u its purpose1 b w be guid$ 
by a gr\p ( recogniz$ traditions :i* we 
call ! pr9ciples ( design4  ,design     
gov]ns ! arrangem5t ( masses1 l9es1 &   
dots to secure ! qualities ( beauty &   
fitness4  ,any piece ( "w :i* is        
def9itely arrang$ ) consid]ation = its  
v>i\s p>ts & _! relation%ip is call$1 9 
! ab/ract1 a design4 ,?us we speak ( a  
po/]1 a decorat$ wall1 a build+1 or a   
pr9t$ page z a design4  ,any successful 
design w h ! qualities ( fitness &      
beauty4 ,fitness to purpose is l>gely a 
me*anical factor4 ,an ugly build+ may   
protect its occupants f ! wea!r1 & an   
ugly pr9t$ page may be entirely legible4
 ,beauty dep5ds ^u e/hetic qualities2 t 
is1 ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! design :i* w   
appeal to ! eye & m9d ?r\gh !           
consid]ation (--       ,h>mony 7( %ape1 
tone1 color1 & conception74             
,balance & proportion 7( mass1 %ape1 &  
color74       ,rhy?m 7( %ape1 l9e1 tone1

 & color74  ,?is conception ( ! elem5ts 
( design cov]s all ( ! _m ?+s t mank9d  
makes--build+s1 or railroad tra9s1 or   
sculpture1 or pa9t+s1 or pott]y1 or     
furniture1 or ! pr9t$ page alike4 ,9    
ea*1 diff]5t ?\gh !y be1 ! purpose (    
design is to relate ! v>i\s surfaces1   
masses1 & /ructural l9es & to decorate  
or ornam5t ! f9i%$ :ole4 ,c\ntless      
mat]ials may be us$ & all ! v>i$        
purposes ( ! equipm5t ( mank9d mu/ be   
satisfi$1 b ! application ( ! pr9ciples 
( design w be simil> ?r\gh\t4 ,?is po9t 
is emphasiz$ s t ! /ud5t ( pr9t+ may f9d
 a common gr\nd ) ! work]s 9 all ! f9e &
 useful arts4   ,! ,surface  ,9 ! pr9t$ 
page1 design is conc]n$ ) ! arrangem5t (
 masses & l9es on a flat surface--! face
 ( ! %eet ( pap]4 ,h5ce design 9 pr9t+  
consid]s two dim5sions only1 wid? &     
l5g?4 ,! ?ird dim5sion1 dep?1 :i* mu/ be
 treat$ 9 all b flat surfaces1 c only be
 repres5t$ on ! pr9t$ page & ! means (  
%[+ dep? is really an illusion by :i* ! 
eye sees v>i\s colors & tones :i* convey

 a pictorial impression4  ,x is         
important to note t design & pictorial  
repres5tation s]ve ea* a diff]5t purpose
 9 pr9t+4 ,yet !y are simil> me*anically
 9 t ea* requires a pr9t+ surface 7type1
 bord]s1 ornam5ts1 & engrav+s7 :i* may  
be prep>$ by ! same me*anical proc$ures4
 ,! picture exi/s = its own int]e/ or z 
an illu/ration = ! text4 ,z su* x is    
m]ely an elem5t 9 ! design ( ! page4    
,decoration or ornam5t may be us$ to    
embelli% ! page1 z a patt]n on its flat 
surface1 & may be relat$ to ! text1 b   
ne$ n s]ve z an illu/ration to x4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a design ( flat
 surfaces & a reali/ic p5 sket* ( ! same
 subject4   ,z an example3 ,mu* ( !     
mat]ial devis$ = ! decoration ( ! pr9t$ 
page 7ornam5ts & bord]s7 is d]iv$ f     
natural =ms2 i4 e41 leaves1 fl[]s1 etc4 
,! leaves1 /ems1 & fl[]s :i* are adapt$ 
to =m ! ornam5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a are a    
flat patt]n ( black & :ite4 ,! same     
mat]ial is r5d]$ pictorially 9 ! p5     
sket* accompany+ ! ornam5t4 ,x w be     

obs]v$ t ! flat treatm5t ( ! ornam5t    
dep5ds ^u arrangem5t ( int]e/+ flat     
masses = its significance4 ,! p5 sket* n
 only conveys an impression ( ! =m ( !  
natural objects1 b x also sugge/s dep?4 
,a photograph ( ! natural objects1      
reproduc$ by a pr9t+ plate1 w\ld be /ill
 m reali/ic4  ,! prec$+ po9ts h be5 giv5
 emphasis z a w>n+ aga9/ a t5d5cy to use
 pictures1 h[ev] pleas+1 z decorative   
mat]ial2 or to all[ design 9 pr9t+ to be
 conc]n$ ) a repres5tation ( dep?4 ,!   
same masses ( %ad[ & light :i* express  
r\ndness or dep? 9 a picture may be =m$ 
into decorative flat masses & ?us       
embodi$ 9 ! design ( ! page4 ,9 ,fig4   
#b1 ,a is a picture :i* might be us$ z  
an illu/ration or = its own int]e/4 ,b  
is a flat r5d]+ ^: arrangem5t ( masses  
sugge/s ! pictorial int]e/ ( ,a )\t d5y+
 ! flat surface ^u :i* x is pr9t$4   ,! 
,mat]ials ( ,design  ,s9ce design is a  
matt] ( arrangem5t1 its mat]ials are !  
masses1 l9es1 & dots :i* make up ! :ole 
=m4  ,a dot !oretically has no          

dim5sions4 ,& a l9e 7be+ ! pa? ( a dot 9
 motion7 !oretically has l5g? b no wid?4
 ,:ile if a l9e be mov$ sideways x      
produces a mass :i* has area & %ape4    
,practically1 a dot may be l>g] ?an a p9
 po9t & may h def9ite %ape--a squ>e dot 
or a r\nd dot4 ,also 9 ! common t]ms (  
design a l9e may h wid? 7(t5 call$      
weight74 ,?us we speak ( a n>r[ or light
 l9e z contra/$ ) a wide or heavy l9e4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b1 ,a4 ,halftone   
engrav+ f a photograph1 reta9+ full     
pictorial effect ( dep?1 express$ 9     
v>i\s gray tones & s(t edges4 ,?is is an
 illu/ration4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b1  
,b4 ,decorative p5 draw+ f ! same       
subject1 tell+ ! /ory ( ! photograph 9  
flat surfaces ( black & :ite4 ,suitable 
to decorate a type page4   ,a mass w h  
%ape1 :i* is ! impression convey$ to !  
eye by its g5]al cont\r4 ,x w h size or 
measure1 :i* w be its actual or relative
 area4 ,x w fur!r h tone or color1 its  
g5]al relation 9 appe>ance to black &   
:ite or to ! colors ( ! spectrum4       

,embody+ ^! t]ms 9 an example3 ,we may  
specify a mass squ>e 9 %ape1 hav+ an    
area ( f\r squ>e in*es1 & be+ gray 9    
tone4 ,^! ?ree *>act]i/ics1 !n1 w       
id5tify & describe any mass4  ,9 pr9t+1 
! successive l9es ( type :i* =m a       
p>agraph1 block1 or connect$ s]ies (    
p>agraphs or blocks1 are consid]$ z a   
mass4 ,an initial lett] may be ano!r    
mass2 a head-b& /ill ano!r2 & ornam5ts  
or illu/rations may =m o!r masses4 ,all 
mu/ be consid]$ z mass elem5ts 9 !      
design ( ! page1 ) rule bord]s z        
surr\nd+ l9es1 or heavi] design$ bord]s 
z surr\nd+ masses4  ,?us all ! compon5t 
p>ts ( ! pr9t$ page are r$uc$ to elem5ts
 or mat]ials ( design1 & ) ^! mat]ials  
an arrangem5t is to be made1 = ! sake ( 
beauty1 :i* w h ! qualities ( h>mony1   
balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m4   ,!      
,qualities ( ,design  ,! diction>y      
def9es h>mony1 9 art1 z a normal /ate ( 
complet5ess 9 ! relation ( ?+s to ea*   
o!r4 ,?is /ate ( complet5ess 9 a        
h>moni\s s*eme is su* t we h no desire  

to *ange or modify any detail or        
*>act]i/ic4  ,balance is def9$ z ! /ate 
( be+ 9 equilibrium4 ,9 design ?is ref]s
 to ! equilibrium or balance (          
attraction to ! eye betwe5 ! v>i\s      
masses4  ,proportion is ! comp>ative    
relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r ) respect to  
size4  ,rhy?m1 9 design1 is a movem5t   
*>act]iz$ by regul> recurr5ce ( acc5t4  
,let u discov] ! embodim5t ( ^!         
qualities ( design ) a simple exp]im5t4 
,cut f black1 d>k gray1 & light gray    
cov] pap] a miscellane\s assortm5t (    
small pieces z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is gr\p
 ( squ>es1 oblongs1 triangles1 diamonds1
 circles1 & :atnot has none ( !         
qualities ( design z x appe>s 9 ,fig4   
#c4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a gr\p ( 
miscellane\s masses hav+ v>i\s measures1
 %apes1 & tones4 ,arrang$ )\t ?\ght (   
design4   ,*oose f ,fig4 #c c]ta9 pieces
 :i* seem to h a def9ite simil>ity (    
%ape4 ,comb9e !m ) ano!r rectangle1 z 9 
,fig4 #d1 & ! result is c]ta9ly m ord]ly
 & pleas+ ?an ! unrelat$ tangle 9 ,fig4 

#c4 ,9 ,fig4 #d we h develop$ ! quality 
( %ape h>mony4  ,b we note t 9 spite ( !
 h>mony ( %apes 9 ,fig4 #d "s ( ! pieces
 ( pap] seem unduly prom95t because ( _!
 blackness4 ,!y d n seem h>moni\s ) !   
gray tone ( ! o!rs4 ,if we replace !m ) 
o!r pieces gray 9 color1 z 9 ,fig4 #e1 !
 result w be a m pleas+ relation%ip (   
tone ?r\gh\t ! design4 ,?us we h made a 
simple demon/ration ( tone h>mony4  ,if 
our pieces ( pap] 7 ( v>i\s colors we   
c\ld make ano!r arrangem5t to express a 
color h>mony4 ,! problem ( color1 h[ev]1
 has s _m phases t x is consid]$        
sep>ately 9 ?is s]ies4  ,if rhy?m is to 
give u a regul> recurr5ce ( v>i\s       
features ( a design1 x w be possible to 
*oose a comb9ation ( pieces ( pap] :i* w
 %[ a rhy?mic arrangem5t1 ,fig4 #f4 ,x w
 be noticeable "h t ! %apes occur 9     
successive gr\ps :i* repeat an idea4    
,we may also arrange a s]ies ( pieces 9 
:i* ! tones are rhy?mic1 progress+ f    
light to d>k 9 repeat$ gr\ps4 ,?is w be 
a simple example ( tone rhy?m1 ,fig4 #g4

  ,summ+ up ! exp]im5t ?us f> ! foll[+  
def9itions may be not$3  ,%ape h>mony w 
exi/ :5 masses simil> 9 cont\r or %ape  
are us$ to =m a design4  ,tone h>mony   
results f ! use ( tones 9 a design :i*  
c>ry a feel+ ( relation%ip4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,units select$ f
 ,fig4 #c1 hav+ a common simil>ity (    
%ape4 ,b !y are n h>moni\sly relat$ 9   
tone4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! same  
%apes us$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 sub/itut+ equal   
tones ( gray z ne$$ to produce h>mony   
?r\gh\t4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4       
,simple developm5t ( %ape & measure     
rhy?m su* z might occur on a pr9t$ page4
 ,masses %\ld be relat$ 9 measure z well
 z 9 %ape4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4     
,simple illu/ration ( tone rhy?m z x may
 occur on a type page4 ,! tones progress
 f ! :ite ( ! m>g9s ?r\gh ! light gray  
masses ( type1 to ! d>k] grays (        
decorations4   ,%ape rhy?m is ! regul>  
recurr5ce ( simil> %apes 9 a design or a
 rhy?mic increase or decrease 9 ! size (
 %apes us$ 9 a design4  ,tone rhy?m is a

 recurr5ce ( simil> tones or a regul>   
progression ( relat$ tones f light to   
d>k or ! rev]se ?r\gh a design4  ,! f\r 
qualities above are s closely relat$ t  
!re is (t5 no def9ite divid+ l9e betwe5 
!m2 inde$1 a successful design w embody 
!m all4   ,proportion  ,our def9ition ( 
proportion z a comp>ative relation%ip ( 
size is s broad t any sizes may be 9    
proportion4 ,! quality ( proportion 9   
design is always assum$ to be a pleas+  
relation%ip ( sizes4 ,x ?us becomes     
necess>y to det]m9e :at relation%ip (   
sizes w be mo/ pleas+4  ,! use ( equal  
masses 9 a design is monoton\s4 ,! eye  
f9ds v>iety ( size m int]e/+4 ,b to     
det]m9e :at =m ( v>iety is mo/ int]e/+  
we mu/ f9d1 if possible1 ! ideal area   
relation%ip betwe5 masses 9 a design4   
,?is problem has ( necessity be5 solv$  
by ! design]s ( all nations & all       
p]iods1 & x is int]e/+ to note t !      
result has ev]y:]e be5 practically !    
same4  ,let u arrive at ! expression (  
good proportion by ! simple means (     

divid+ a rectangle into two p>ts :i* w h
 ! mo/ int]e/+ relation%ip4 ,?is        
rectangle is ,a 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,b %[s a    
division into equal p>ts1 ! result be+  
un9t]e/+ & monoton\s4 ,9 ,c ! division  
gives a feel+ t ! l[] "p is too l>ge2 x 
is cr[d+ ! upp] & ! result is n pleas+4 
,! relation%ip 9 ,d is s ne>ly equal t !
 division seems to h be5 an inaccurate  
ef=t to locate ! c5t]4 ,some:]e betwe5 !
 division po9t 9 ,c & t 9 ,d w probably 
be ! be/ po9t4 ,repeat$ trials w locate 
! po9t ab\t z 9 ,e1 :i* w be f\nd to lie
 ab\t two-fif?s ( ! di/ance d[n f ! top4
 ,?is w give ! upp] area 9 ,e an area ( 
#b & ! l[] an area ( #c4 ,h5ce !        
relation%ip or proportion is said to be 
z #b is to #c4 ,by ! t]m good           
proportion1 or m]ely ! ^w proportion1 9 
speak+ ( design ?is ratio ( #b to #c is 
assum$4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,!    
division ( a rectangle1 ,a1 to secure   
spaces ( int]e/+ relation%ip4 ,equal    
division 9 ,b4 ,ov]balanc$ effect 9 ,c4 
,too ne>ly equal 9 ,d4 ,m int]e/+ 9 ,e1 

:]e ! relation%ip ( spaces is z #b is to
 #c4   ,x is int]e/+ to note t :5 a     
space has be5 divid$ into ! ratio ( #b  
to #c1 ! relation%ip ( ! small] to !    
l>g] is practically ! same z !          
relation%ip ( ! l>g] to ! orig9al :ole4 
,or1 ma!matically1 if ! orig9al1 hav+ an
 area ( #e1 is divid$ into p>ts ( #b &  
#c1 !n #b is to #c z #c is to #e1--;a   
ratio :i* is approximately true4  ,!    
/ud5t ( ar*itecture f9ds ! mo/ c>eful   
consid]ation ( proportion 9 !           
relation%ip ( spaces ?r\gh\t all !      
ar*itectural ord]s4 ,9 pr9t+1 ! design] 
mu/ be guid$ by ! same traditions4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,spott+ a s+le  
l9e on a page s t x makes an int]e/+    
division ( space4 ,!re are #b p>ts (    
:ite space above & #c p>ts bel[4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,plac+ a s+le  
l9e s t x w appe> to be c5t]$4 ,! dott$ 
l9es %[ ! ma!matical c5t] ( ! v]tical   
side4 ,! /raight l9es %[ ! c5t] ( ! type
 l9e4   ,! mo/ simple application (     
proportion to ! division ( a pr9t$ page 

occurs :5 a s+le type l9e or compact    
gr\p ( l9es is to be plac$ on ! page    
7,fig4 #i74  ,x is un=tunate t x is s   
easy to divide space me*anically 9 a    
type page by us+ id5tical measures (    
furniture or slugs above & bel[4 ,:51 9 
c]ta9 in/ances 7z 9 a bus9ess c>d71     
tradition dem&s t a l9e be c5t]$        
v]tically1 x w be f\nd t ! exact c5t]+ (
 ! l9e w make x appe> a bit l[4 ,an     
optical illusion dem&s t su* a l9e be   
rais$ slightly if x is to appe> 9 !     
v]tical c5t] 7,fig4 #aj74 ,?is app>5t   
c5t] is call$ ! optical c5t]4  ,! same  
condition makes x necess>y :5 an app>5t 
squ>e is to be us$ t ! wid? ( ! squ>e be
 slightly great] ?an ! height4 7,fig4   
#aa47   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a true
 squ>e above & an optically correct$    
squ>e bel[4 ,psy*ologi/s expla9 t ! eyes
 f9d x m difficult to judge ! l5g? (    
v]tical l9es1 h5ce are incl9$ to        
exagg]ate !m4   ,balance  ,! physical   
equilibrium :i* exi/s 9 ! balanc$ seesaw
 ( our *ildhood & ! optical balance :i* 

is ! result ( ! prop] adju/m5t ( masses 
)9 ! conf9+ edges ( a design are simil>1
 9 t ea* is an equaliz+ ( =ces (        
attraction4 ,9 ! =m] ! =ce is gravity2 9
 ! latt]1 ! attraction to ! eye1 :i*    
v>ies ) ! size & tone ( ! mass4 ,:ile ! 
=ce ( gravity usually br+s balanc+      
masses to a horizontal alignm5t1 optical
 balance may br+ ! masses 9 a design    
into equilibrium on any desir$ l9e1     
horizontal1 v]tical1 or diagonal4  ,!   
attraction :i* a mass possesses v>ies   
directly ) its size & tone4 ,?us a mass 
( f\r squ>e in*es1 solid black1 w be    
twice z /rong 9 attraction value z a    
mass ( two squ>e in*es1 solid black4 ,x 
w also be twice z /rong 9 attraction    
value z a mass ( f\r squ>e in*es1       
neutral gray 7! gray be+ half ! value ( 
black74 ,! attraction value ( gray tones
 p>ticul>ly affects ! consid]ation (    
blocks ( type :i* v>y 9 dep? ( tone     
accord+ to ! blackness ( ! type face1   
clos5ess ( spac+1 etc4  ,s9ce ! seesaw  
mu/ h its sa:orse & ! weigh+ scale its  

po9t ( support1 x foll[s t any condition
 ( equilibrium1 physical or optical1    
dem&s a po9t ( balance4 ,9 design1 ?is  
po9t w det]m9e ! location ( ! relat$    
masses4 ,x w be app>5t ^u fur!r ?\ght t 
! po9t ( balance %\ld h "s relation%ip  
to ! edge or conf9es ( ! design4  ,!    
conf9+ edge ( ! design is usually a     
rectangle1 on ! pr9t$ page4 ,! location 
( a po9t ( balance )9 ?is rectangle t5ds
 to divide x4 ,h[ %all x be divid$ 9 !  
mo/ int]e/+ way8 ,by apply+ ! ratio (   
good proportion4 ,s ! po9t ( balance may
 be locat$ usually on a l9e :i* divides 
! page into p>ts ( #b & #c4  ,:5 equal  
masses are to be balanc$ x is obvi\s t  
!y w be equidi/ant f ! po9t ( balance4  
7,fig4 #ab47   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 
,equal masses balanc$ at equal di/ance f
 ! c5t] po9t4   ,:5 ! masses are unequal
 ! po9t is at unequal di/ances f ! c5t]s
 ( ! masses4 ,^! unequal di/ances h !   
same ratio z ! masses !mselves1 b ! l>g]
 mass is always ! %ort] di/ance f !     
po9t4 ,if #a p\nd is to balance #d p\nds

 x is obvi\s t ! #a-p\nd mass mu/ be #d 
times z f> f ! po9t ( balance z !       
#d-p\nd mass4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4
 ,mass ( #d units balanc$ by #a unit4   
,h5ce1 to balance two masses 9 a        
rectangle1 ! po9t ( balance w be f\nd by
 proportion1 plac+ x on a l9e :i*       
divides ! rectangle into p>ts ( #b to   
#c4 ,! balanc+ ( ! masses across ?is    
po9t w !n be a matt] ( det]m9+ _!       
relative di/ances f x4 ,x is app>5t t ! 
l>g] ( two masses may be f> en\gh f !   
po9t ( balance s t x w =ce ! small]     
entirely out ( ! rectangle4 ,x is (     
c\rse easy to move ! l>g] clos] to !    
po9t :i* automatically br+s 9 ! small]4 
,:at con/itutes a prop] di/ance f ! edge
 ( ! rectangle w be discuss$ "u ,m>g9s1 
9 ! book on ,typographical ,design4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,mass ( #c     
units balanc$ by mass ( #a unit1 tak+ ! 
po9t ( balance ^u ! l9e :i* divides !   
space 9 good proportion4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ae4 ,measures ( #c & #a balanc$  
by a measure ( #b1 ! po9t ( balance     

divid+ ! space 9 good proportion4   ,!  
balance ( ?ree or m masses )9 a         
rectangle involves ! consid]ation ( two 
at a "t1 balanc+ ! pair or pairs ) !    
rema9+ mass or masses4  ,9 ,fig4 #ae1   
masses #a1 #b & #c are to be balanc$ )9 
! rectangle4 ,balanc+ #c ) #a gives !   
balanc+ po9t ,p4 ,tak+ #c plus #a f !   
po9t ,p1 we locate ! mass #b to balance 
!m across ! l9e ,,ab :i* divides !      
rectangle 9 good proportion4 ,! po9t p  
!n becomes ! balanc+ po9t = ! entire    
gr\p4 ,ma!matically1 #c plus #a equal   
#d2 #d is twice #b2 !re=e ! mass #b mu/ 
be twice z f> f ! po9t p z ! balanc$    
masses #c plus #a4  ,two o!r comb9ations
 might h be5 work$ out ) ! masses 9     
,fig4 #ae3 #c plus #b1 balanc$ by #a1 ! 
mass #a be+ plac$ five times z f> f !   
po9t p z w\ld ! po9t ,p4 ,or #b plus #a 
might h be5 balanc$ by #c1 9 :i* case ! 
di/ances w\ld h be5 equal4  ,!          
application ( ^! pr9ciples ( balance to 
! problems ( typography is l>gely a     
matt] ( influ5ce4 ,! typograph] %\ld be 

guid$ by !m b he ne$ n make ma!matical  
calculations if 8 eyes be tra9$ to judge
 relative attraction values s t he c    
arrange 8 v>i\s masses to secure        
balance4   ,symmetry  ,:5 two p>ts ( a  
design are equal 9 e respect s t if !   
design 7 fold$ ov] "o-half w\ld         
sup]impose 9 e detail ) ! o!r half1 !n a
 /ate ( symmetry exi/s & ! design is    
said to be symmetrical4 ,! l9e ^u :i*   
su* a design w\ld be fold$1 or1 9 o!r   
words1 ! l9e :i* bisects a symmetrical  
design1 is call$ its axis4  ,! pr9t$    
page is (t5 symmetrical ) respect to its
 v]tical axis 7,fig4 #af74  ,9 ,fig4 #af
 ! l9e ,,ab is ! v]tical axis ( ! page4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,type page1    
symmetrical ) respect to its v]tical    
axis4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,page   
arrang$ = v>iety4 ,n symmetrical on ei!r
 axis4 ,?is arrangem5t is frequ5tly us$ 
9 adv]tis+ display1 b is r>e 9 book "w4 
,x is r>ely possible t ! pr9t$ page c be
 symmetrical ) respect to its horizontal
 axis4 ,su* a /ate w\ld involve a       

division ( ! page bel[ its optical c5t] 
& w\ld also h an un9t]e/+ division ( its
 spaces1 ) equal masses above & bel[4 ,x
 %\ld be not$ t symmetry on ! v]tical   
axis p]mits full v>iety 9 ! size ( !    
masses us$4   ,v>iety  ,! abs5ce (      
symmetry 9 a design gives x ! "* (      
v>iety1 :i* may be def9$ z a /ate (     
inequality 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( a  
design4  ,9 ,fig4 #ag1 nei!r !          
horizontal axis nor ! v]tical axis      
divides ! page s t its units are        
symmetrically arrang$4   ,motion  ,9 any
 arrangem5t1 pictorial or decorative1 ! 
eye ( ! obs]v] is attract$ to v>i\s p>ts
 9 succession1 dep5d+ on _! "* &        
position ) respect to ea* o!r4 ,?is     
quality1 call$ motion1 w be m pron\nc$ z
 ! sev]al units t5d to lead m def9itely 
f "o to ano!r4 ,fig4 #ah %[s ! pa? :i* !
 eye foll[s z x looks at ! ornam5t4 ,9  
pictorial composition ! same quality is 
employ$ to emphasize ! /ory to be told  
or ! "* ( ! arrangem5t us$ by ! pa9t]4  
,!n x is call$ l9e4 ,?is quality (      

design is n to be confus$ ) action1 :i* 
is ! depiction ( a figure 9 motion1 z   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ah4 ,! diagram %[s ! motion ( ! eye z x
 p]ceives ! design above4 ,?is motion is
 due to l9e entirely1 n to acc5ts (     
tone4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,%[+    
action 9 ! figure depict$1 )\t motion 9 
design4   ,on ! pr9t$ page ! eye may be 
def9itely direct$ f "o unit to ano!r    
?r\gh ?is quality ( motion1 :i* =ms a v 
valuable res\rce = ! pr9t]4 ,fig4 #bj is
 a diagram ( a simple use ( motion1 !   
eye progress+ z indicat$ by ! arr[s     
?r\gh ! masses :i* make up ! page4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,diagram (     
motion z employ$ 9 adv]tis+ to lead !   
eye progressively ?r\gh a page4         
,ornam5t  ,:ile ! elem5ts ( design      
conc]n all ! p>ts ( a propos$ s*eme 7on 
! pr9t$ page1 its masses ( type1        
decorative bord]1 head-b&1 initial      
lett]s1 tail-piece1 etc47 c]ta9 p>ts w  
be us$ solely to beautify ! :ole design4
 ,!y ornam5t or decorate x4 ,ornam5t is 

a means by :i* ,beauty or ,significance 
is imp>t$ to ,utility4  ,ornam5t may be 
ei!r ,symbolic or ,e/hetic4  ,symbolic  
ornam5t consi/s ( elem5ts or =ms *os5   
because !y are significant ( ! purpose (
 ! design4  ,9 ,fig4 #bb1 ! ornam5t is  
symbolic 9 its close connection ) !     
message convey$ by ! type4  ,e/hetic    
ornam5t consi/s ( =ms *os5 = _! beauty  
alone4 ,9 ,fig4 #bc1 ! head-b& & initial
 are pleas+ 9 design & !y beautify !    
page )\t hav+ ! slighte/ relation to !  
text ( ! page4  ,e/hetic ornam5t        
*>act]izes ! p]iods ( design :i* h _h ! 
mo/ important influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( 
pr9t+3 ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,r5aissance4 
,symbolic ornam5t is f\nd 9 ,egyptian1  
,assyrian1 ,byzant9e1 ,sc&9avian1       
,celtic1 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 ,go?ic1      
,*9ese1 & ,japanese design4 ,= intimate 
/udy ( ^! v>i\s /yles & p]iods ! read]  
is ref]r$ to ! v>i\s books li/$ 9 !     
bibliography4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4
 ,ornam5t design$ ) natural =ms4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,h\se-organ    

cov] design by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,g\dy1 9 :i*
 ! ornam5t is symbolic ( ! message ( !  
page4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,type   
page decorat$ ) e/hetic ornam5t4 ,mu* ( 
! decorative mat]ial available to pr9t]s
 is ( ?is "*4 ,s9ce ! pr9t] ne$ n /udy  
its symbolic significance he may *oose  
su* decoration = its qualities ( tone & 
good draw+4   ,ornam5t may be natural or
 inv5tive4 ,natural ornam5t conf9es     
itself to ! r5dition 9 decorative design
 ( =ms *os5 f nature1 ei!r animate (    
inanimate4 ,inv5tive ornam5t consi/s (  
elem5ts n d]iv$ f any natural s\rce4 ,x 
is usually geometric 9 "*2 t is1 x is   
r5d]$ 9 patt]ns & masses express$ 9     
geometric %apes4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bd4 ,type bord] us$ z geometric        
ornam5ts4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4     
,fur!r use ( type bord] to make a flat  
patt]n or all-ov] design4 ,comp>e !     
effect ) t %[n 9 ! fac+ illu/ration4    
,9 ! arti/ic developm5t ( ! v>i\s races1
 geometric design has (t5 be5 ! result (
 religi\s re/rictions ^u ! imitation (  

any animate =ms4 ,! ,mahometans h       
develop$ x to its highe/ type (         
expression4 ,arabian & ,moori%          
ar*itecture & h&icrafts are ! be/       
examples1 ) ! cry/al beauty ( !         
,alhambra1 ! wond]ful palace built by ! 
,moors 9 ,spa91 z ! supreme a*ievem5t ( 
geometric design4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#bf4 ,a ni*e 9 ! ,alhambra1 at ,granada1
 ,spa94 ,%[+ *>act]i/ic ,moori%         
ornam5tation4   ,geometrical design uses
 simple mat]ials1 be+ ! olde/ ( !       
elem5ts ( decoration4 ,! implem5ts (    
savages & ! tattoo+ ( ! ,indians prove  
?is4 ,f ! fir/ crude expressions ( !    
orig9al squ>es1 circles1 zigzag l9es1 & 
sundry simple comb9ations1 gradual      
developm5t l$ f9ally to ! delicate =ms (
 ,moori% design4 ,! elaboration ( ?is   
/yle involves deep ma!matical problems &
 c>eful draftsman%ip4  ,! majority (    
geometrical ornam5ts may be divid$ into 
?ree gr\ps4 ,z we f9d !m 9 typographical
 mat]ial ^! gr\ps are b&s or bord]s1    
made up visually ( repeat$ units or     

spots2 enclos$ spaces or panels2 &      
unlimit$ flat patt]ns or all-ov]        
designs4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,!  
developm5t ( a motif 7/ems1 leaves1 &   
b]ries7 into a decorative spot4 ,diagram
 9 ! upp] corn] %[s ! geometrical       
arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,! spot has be5 
repeat$ to =m a b&4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #bh4 ,developm5t ( ! motif us$ 9 ,fig4 
#bg into a natural ornam5t4 ,! =ms &    
gr[? are n di/ort$ b ! r5d]+ is 9 flat  
surfaces to hold ! decorative quality4  
,9 ne>ly e /yle & p]iod ( design !      
plant-_w has be5 ! bigge/ s\rce (       
mat]ial = adaptation4 ,! direct         
imitation ( natural =ms1 keep+ z mu* z  
possible ( _! %ape1 color1 =mation1     
etc41 is call$ naturali/ic design4 ,a   
dep>ture f ! exact details ( ! natural  
=m1 =m+ ! design accord+ to ! rules (   
rhy?m & symmetry1 ) /rict att5tion to   
regul>ity leads to a result m artificial
 9 "*4  ,:e!r ! ornam5t y consid] be    
naturali/ic or artificial1 ! orig9al    
s\rce1 :i* is ! plant-=m or o!r natural 

=m f :i* ! design 0 made1 is call$ !    
motif ( ! design4 ,x is int]e/+ to      
survey ! _w ab\t y & note "h & !re a    
recognizable motif 9 ! design (         
wallpap]1 hang+s1 furniture1 rugs1      
books1 & s on all ?r\gh ! works ( man4  
,! developm5t ( a motif into ornam5t or 
decoration calls = ! use ( all !        
pr9ciples ?us f> e/abli%$1 plus         
famili>ity ) ! m$ium to be us$ & !      
inv5tiv5ess t comes only ) "s exp]i5ce4 
,if ! read] lacks ?is exp]i5ce & is     
int]e/$ 9 und]tak+ to devise ornam5t or 
decoration ) p51 p5cil1 or bru%1 he is  
advis$ to consult "s "o or m ( ! books  
on ! subject :i* are li/$ 9 !           
bibliography4 ,if he has facility ) 8   
p5cil & en?usiasm = ! "w he w f9d x a   
mo/ fasc9at+ und]tak+4   ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #bi4 ,initial lett] decorat$ )    
natural ornam5t & a p5 sket* treat+ !   
motif 9 a m reali/ic way4 ,fur!r        
emphasis ( ! ess5tial flatness ( surface
 9 mat]ial t is to decorate a flat %eet 
( pap]4   ,p]iods ( ,design ,:i* ,h ,mo/

 ,affect$ ,pr9t+  ,! /ud5t ( design f9ds
 t hi/orical /udy ( 8 subject c>ries him
 ?r\gh ! entire hi/ory ( art1 f ! crude 
expressions ( prehi/oric man d[n ! long 
& v>i$ c5turies to ! /yles & fancies ( !
 pres5t day4 ,he w f9d 8 !me closely    
int]wov5 ) ! /ory ( ! developm5t (      
races1 ! rise & fall ( nations1 ! :ole  
?rill+ drama ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4   
,pr9t+1 z a means ( mak+ records & (    
embody+ & illu/rat+ ?\ght1 has giv5 u ! 
wide field ( lit]ature on design4 ,b 9 !
 mak+ ( books z an application ( design1
 & 9 ! mak+ ( all o!r =ms ( pr9t$ matt]1
 pr9t]s s9ce ,gut5b]g h be5 influ5c$ by 
relatively few ( ! _m di/9ct p]iods     
?r\gh :i* art has come4 ,& ^? few h     
usually be5 ! arti/ic feel+ :i* prevail$
 at ! "t ! pr9t]s liv$4  ,to trace !    
p]iods ( design t h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+  
is to tell 9 "p ! hi/ory ( ! craft4     
,s9ce t subject is develop$ else:]e 9   
?is s]ies1 suffice x to foll[ briefly ! 
/eps ?r\gh :i* ! mak+ ( books has pass$4
  ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( movable types came 

opportunely to meet ! desire =          
enlight5m5t by means ( books1 x 0       
natural t pr9t$ books %\ld be plann$    
closely to imitate ! h&-writt5 or lett]$
 books4 ,^! latt]1 hav+ be5 produc$ =   
c5turies by ! m5 ( ! *ur* to :om _h be5 
giv5 tra9+ 9 ! arts1 _h be5 br\ght to a 
high /ate ( p]fection 9 design4 ,x has  
(t5 be5 said t ,gut5b]g's =ty-two l9e   
,bible1 "o ( ! fir/ books pr9t$ f type1 
has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 pure beauty (   
design & 9 ! ri* quality ( its type     
masses4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a   
reproduction1 greatly r$uc$1 ( a page f 
a ,manuscript ,bible ( ! e>ly #ad?      
,c5tury4 ,entirely ! product ( ! quill &
 bru% ( ! writ] & illum9ator4 ,su* books
 7 usually done 9 black ink on p>*m5t or
 vellum & decorat$ 9 wat] colors & gold 
leaf4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a page 
f an illum9at$ ,flemi% manuscript ( !   
middle #ae? ,c5tury1 %[+ *>act]i/ic     
treatm5t ( illu/ration & decoration4    
,?is & ! prec$+ example are %[n =       
comp>ison ) ,figs4 #cb & #cc4 ,!y       

demon/rate ! effect ( ! writ+ ( books ^u
 ! developm5t ( pr9t+4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #cb4 ,type ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible      
7exact size74   ,b ! fir/ books pr9t$ f 
type 7 all ( religi\s "*1 & ! type      
itself 0 design$ to imitate ! black1    
cond5s$ text lett] =ms :i* _h be5       
develop$ by ! scribes4 ,! elaborate     
initial lett]s :i* m>k$ ! sundry        
divisions ( ?\ght 7 repeat$ by ! e>ly   
pr9t]s1 sometimes to be illum9$ by h& & 
lat] z engrav+s on wood or metal4 ,!re 0
 no di/9ct dep>ture f ! ecclesia/ical   
/yle ( ! monks save z 0 necessitat$ by !
 me*anical limitations ( ! new process (
 pr9t+4 ,h5ce came a /yle :i* m>k$ !    
fir/ ye>s ( pr9t+ ) ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*4
 ,& t /yle today c be embodi$ 9 mod]n "w
 by means ( typographic mat]ial1 black  
text types1 missal initials1 & lib]al   
use ( color4 ,b x w always be associat$ 
by ! p[] ( tradition ) *ur* lit]ature & 
ecclesia/ical pr9t+4   ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #cc4 ,reproduction ( a page f     
,gut5b]g's #db-l9e ,bible1 ( :i* x has  

be5 said t no lat] book has be5 m       
beautifully design$4 ,9 complet+ ?is    
book & = "s ye>s aft]1 ! illum9at+ &    
decoration 7 done by h&1 only ! type be+
 set & pr9t$ on ! press4   ,p]haps x 0  
=tunate = ! future ( ! pr9t+ art t !    
upheaval 9 ,ma9z drove pr9t]s out ( !   
re/rict$ atmosph]e 9 :i* _! craft 0     
gr[+4 ,= ) ! spread ( pr9t+ into ,italy1
 :]e pr9t]s s\ght fre] fields1 !re      
/raightway came a m>k$ *ange 9 its use4 
,! fir/ ,roman type 0 cut & ! pr9t]s    
grew "u ! influ5ce ( ! mo/ spl5did p]iod
 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 ! ,italian           
,r5aissance1 ! revival & fur!r          
developm5t ( ! arts :i* _h well-nigh    
p]i%$ ?r\gh ! d>k c5turies4 ,! purity ( 
l9e & =m1 ! sev]e dignity1 & ! almo/ too
 p]fect proportion :i* _h be5 develop$  
by ! ,greeks ov] a ?\s& ye>s be=e 7     
reviv$ & int]pret$ ) m human feel+ by ! 
,italians ( ! fifte5? c5tury4  ,j z     
,gut5b]g1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] set a /&>d 9  
ecclesia/ical pr9t+ ) _! fir/ ef=ts1 s  
,ni*olas ,j5son 9 cutt+ 8 fir/ ,roman   

type e/abli%$ a prec$5t :i* has liv$ to 
! pres5t day4  ,design]s ( today f9d    
inspiration 9 ! classic expression ( !  
,greeks = pr9t$ "w :i* is to be simil>ly
 re/ra9$ & dignifi$4 ,type faces h be5  
develop$ :i* are di/9ctly classic 9     
feel+1 e*o+ ! lett]-=ms ( ! inscriptions
 :i* 7 cut 9 /one by ,greek & ,roman    
artisans4 7,figs4 #ce-f47  ,! design ( !
 ,r5aissance has be5 embodi$ 9 ! books (
 _m nations4 ,inde$1 x may be said t    
mod]n book design dates f ! />t ( pr9t+ 
9 ,italy4 ,b1 j z ! f9e arts h nev] s9ce
 fl\ri%$ z !y did 9 t respl5d5t p]iod1 s
 has ! progress ( design 9 pr9t+ be5 a  
matt] ( ! "w ( individuals or limit$    
gr\ps r ?an ! "* ( a p]iod or a national
 expression4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 
,ecclesia/ical /yle 9 mod]n typography4 
,! voluptu\s vag>ies ( ! successive     
,fr5* p]iods ( design gave little la/+  
di/9ction to contempor>y pr9t+4  ,type  
faces 7 cut at v>i\s times & by m5 (    
diff]5t nationalities :i* h m>k$        
*>act]i/ics1 b !y are n to be not$ z    

e/abli%+ p]iods or /yles 9 pr9t+4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,an inscription
 9 ,classic ,roman4 ,/udy opposite      
illu/ration4   ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? 
c5turies pr9t+ 9 ,engl& grew into =ms ( 
expression :i* h be5 recogniz$ "u ! t]m 
( ,georgian or colonial4 ,! fir/        
editions ( ,%akespe>e typify ! e>li]    
developm5t ( ?is /yle1 :i* 0 m>k$ by    
poor typographical mat]ials t 7         
nev]!less arrang$ 9 a direct & int]e/+  
mann]4 7,fig4 #cg47  ,a few ye>s lat] ! 
gr[? ( pr9t+ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies      
br\ght ?is =m ( typographic expression  
into mo/ ( ! pr9t$ matt] :i* has be5    
pres]v$4 ,! museums ( pr9t+ & !         
lit]ature deal+ ) ! times are ri* )     
examples4 ,see ,figs4 #ci to #da4       
,?r\gh ! ensu+ decades pr9t+ develop$   
me*anically1 b x laps$ into /yles :i* _h
 little or no relation%ip to design4 ,x 
is int]e/+ hi/orically to foll[ ! ef=ts 
( ! pr9t]s :o rode on ! fir/ /eamboats &
 railroad tra9s2 :o record$ ! rise &    
fall ( slav]y & secession2 :o b5t _!    

rules & jumbl$ _! type faces dur+ ! e>ly
 ,pullman days t m>k$ ! />t ( _m mod]n  
successful pr9t]s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! craft  
?r\gh all ^! times has be5 picturesque &
 closely id5tifi$ ) ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry4  
,b x has little or no significance = !  
design]4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4     
,=um1 a ,classic ,roman type1 design$ by
 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,g\dy4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #cg4 ,title page1 mu* r$uc$1 ( a  
,%akespe>e fir/ folio1 %[+ ! ,georgian  
/yle ( typography4 ,! types 7 poorly    
fitt$ & ( unc]ta9 alignm5t4 ,! /ock     
ornam5ts1 cut on wood1 7 (t5 bruis$ &   
worn4 ,yet !re is und5iable *>m 9 !     
result4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,an   
e>ly ,am]ican page1 dat$ #afhe1 %[+ !   
influ5ce ( ! ,georgian /yle ^u !        
,colonial pr9t]s4 ,an improvem5t 9      
me*anical quality may be not$4 ,l>ge    
capitals1 a pr(usion ( italics1 &       
frequ5t use ( cross rules m>k ?is p]iod 
( pr9t+4   ,design 9 pr9t+ has suff]$   
?r\gh ! m>vel\s me*anical developm5t (  
ma*9es & devices ^: sole purpose has be5

 to multiply gross output4 ,necess>y z  
%e] volume ( production has be51 x has  
rema9$ = v rec5t ye>s to witness a      
r5ewal ( int]e/ 9 ! beauty ( pr9t+1 z   
det]m9$ by ! pr9ciples ( design4        
,william ,morris1 9 ,engl&1 devot$ a v  
few ye>s1 t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 to a     
prote/ aga9/ ! commonplace & me*anical  
qualities :i* _h dom9at$ pr9t+          
previ\sly4 ,he reviv$ _m ( ! old        
traditions & m>k$ 8 books ) 8 /rong     
p]sonality4 ,we owe mu* ( our pres5t    
wide-spread rev]5ce = good design 9     
pr9t+ to 8 influ5ce1 ev5 z we are       
simil>ly indebt$ to him = ! well-design$
 & useful appurt5ances ( our daily life 
:i* h supplant$ twi/$ & di/ort$         
furniture1 /uff$ birds "u glass j>s1 &  
all ! atrocities ( a g5]ation or two    
ago4 ,see ,figs4  ,among ! pres5t-day   
design]s ( pr9t+ ^: "w %[s an intimate  
/udy ( ! pr9ciples & ! traditions ( !   
craft are su* m5 z ,rog]s1 ,updike1     
,g\dy1 ,clel&1 & ,curri]4 ,! product (  
_! "w may frequ5tly be se5 9            

reproductions 9 ! trade publications4 ,x
 %\ld be /udi$ by y\ng] design]s1 = x   
%[s ! results ( e>ne/ & und]/&+ ef=t to 
make mod]n pr9t+ rea* & ev5 pass !      
arti/ic /&>ds :i* 7 e/abli%$ ne>ly five 
hundr$ ye>s ago4   ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ci4 ,page f ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanack1  
"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,colonial           
publications4 ,its /yle is typical ( t  
p]iod4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4        
,illu/rat+ ! p]iod ( transition f ! true
 ,colonial /yle4 ,type & mat]ial are    
obvi\sly improv$ 9 me*anical qualities1 
b ! compositor mu/ h be5 seek+ = some?+ 
new 9 typography4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#da4 ,%[+ a typical title page compos$  
at ! beg9n+ ( ! decl9e ( typography 9   
,am]ica4 ,dur+ almo/ ! entire #ai?      
,c5tury !re 0 nei!r reason nor design 9 
mo/ ( ! pr9t+ produc$4  ,illu/ration3   
,figs4 #db & #dc4 ,fac+ pages f ,! ,tale
 ( ,be[ulf1 z design$ & pr9t$ by        
,william ,morris4 ,! small reproductions
 give b a sugge/ion ( ! ,morris         
conception ( book-mak+4  ,aft] a c5tury 

or m ( ! mo/ haphaz>d pr9t+1 ,morris    
reviv$ ! traditions ( ! fir/ book-mak]s1
 !reby /imulat+ a _w-wide r5ewal (      
int]e/ 9 typography & design4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,page design$  
by ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #de4 ,title page by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4  
,g\dy4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fold] 
cov] arrang$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,clele&4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,catalogue page
 by ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,updike4               
,,supplem5t>y ,,read+   ,! ,pr9ciples ( 
,design4 ,by ,erne/ ,all5 ,bat*eld]4    
,inl&      ,pr9t] ,company1 ,*icago4    
,design 9 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,by ,erne/ 
,all5 ,bat*eld]4      ,mac,millan       
,company1 ,new ,york4  ,a ,manual (     
,hi/oric ,ornam5t4 ,by ,ri*>d ,glazi]4  
,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1      #id ,high         
,holburn1 ,london4  ,l9e & ,=m4 ,by     
,walt] ,crane4 ,g4 ,bell & ,sons1       
,london4  ,! ,bases ( ,design4 ,by      
,walt] ,crane4 ,g4 ,bell & ,sons1       
,london4  ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ornam5t4 ,by ,a4
 ,d4 ,f4 ,haml94 ,c5tury ,company1 ,new 

,york4  ,ornam5t & ,its ,application4   
,by ,lewis ,f4 ,day4 ,scribn]'s1 ,new   
,york4  ,nature 9 ,ornam5t4 ,by ,lewis  
,f4 ,day4 ,b4 ,t4 ,bats=d1 #id ,high    
,holburn1 ,london4     ,,review         
,,que/ions   ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts 
,,& ,,in/ructors  ,! foll[+ que/ions1   
bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ?is pamphlet1 are   
int5d$ to s]ve 7#a7 z a guide to ! /udy 
( ! text1 7#b7 z an aid to ! /ud5t 9    
putt+ ! in=mation conta9$ into def9ite  
/atem5ts )\t actually memoriz+ ! text1  
7#c7 z a means ( secur+ f ! /ud5t a     
reproduction ( ! in=mation 9 8 own      
words4  ,a c>eful foll[+ ( ! que/ions by
 ! read] w insure full acqua9tance ) e  
"p ( ! text1 avoid+ ! accid5tal omission
 ( :at might be ( value4 ,^! prim]s are 
s cond5s$ t no?+ %\ld be omitt$4  ,9    
tea*+ f ^! books x is v important t ^!  
que/ions & su* o!rs z may occur to !    
tea*] %\ld be made ! basis ( frequ5t    
writt5 "w1 & ( f9al exam9ations4  ,!    
importance ( writt5 "w _c be ov]/at$4 ,x
 n only assures k ( mat]ial b ! p[] to  

express t k correctly & 9 good =m4      
,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at purpose 9 ! works (
 mank9d is s]v$ by design8  #b4 ,9 :at  
mann] does design influ5ce man's        
h&iwork8  #c4 ,:at is design8  #d4 ,:at 
is a design8  #e4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 beauty & fitness to purpose8  #f4
 ,:at are ! elem5ts ( design8  #g4 ,:at 
relation%ip has a pr9t] to a sculptor1  
an ar*itect1 a pa9t]1 a decorative      
design]8  #h4 ,h[ does ! pr9t$ page     
limit its design8  #i4 ,:at is !        
diff]5ce betwe5 a pr9t$ picture & a     
pr9t$ design bas$ ^u t picture8  #aj4   
,:y are pictures unsuitable to decorate 
a pr9t$ page8  #aa4 ,:at are ! mat]ials 
( design8  #ab4 ,analyze a well-design$ 
typographical ornam5t into ! mat]ials   
:i* compose x4  #ac4 ,:5 ! mat]ials (   
design are put to use1 :at conditions   
mu/ be satisfi$ 9 _! arrangem5t8  #ad4  
,:at is h>mony8  #ae4 ,:at is balance8  
#af4 ,:at is proportion8  #ag4 ,:at is  
rhy?m8  #ah4 ,h[ may ! =ego+ qualities  
be demon/rat$8  #ai4 ,:at %apes %\ld be 

us$ 9 comb9ation8  #bj4 ,:at fur!r      
relation%ip %\ld !y h8  #ba4 ,on a type 
page #bj picas wide by #cj picas deep   
w\ld a panel #ah picas wide by #h picas 
deep be prop]8 ,:at1 if any?+1 w\ld be  
pref]able8  #bb4 ,w\ld a rule l9e #f    
po9ts wide be suitable to surr\nd a mass
 ( #ah po9t ,caslon old /yle caps8 ,:y8 
#bc4 ,if ! pr9t$ page is to be o!r ?an  
black & :ite1 :at fur!r consid]ation (  
h>mony is involv$8  #bd4 ,:at mu/ we    
consid] 9 relat$ areas ) respect to _!  
size or measure8  #be4 ,:at relation%ip 
( sizes is (t5 mo/ int]e/+8  #bf4 ,place
 a s+le l9e on a cov] page 9 a desirable
 position4  #bg4 ,is ! eye always to be 
tru/$ 9 ! judgm5t ( space relation%ips8 
#bh4 ,%\ld ma!matical measurem5ts or !  
effect ^u ! eye be ! guid+ factor 9     
arrangem5t8 ,:y8  #bi4 ,:at is ! effect 
( ! surr\nd+ edge or bord] ^u ! masses (
 a design8  #cj4 ,h[ %\ld ! masses 9 a  
design be arrang$ ) respect to !        
surr\nd+ edge8  #ca4 ,:at ma!matical    
pr9ciples influ5ce ?is arrangem5t8  #cb4

 ,h[ is equality 9 ! halves ( a pr9t$   
page sometimes desirable & sometimes n8 
#cc4 ,:5 !re is no equality 9 ! halves (
 a design1 :at condition exi/s & :at    
pr9ciples mu/ guide su* an arrangem5t8  
#cd4 ,:at is ornam5t8  #ce4 ,:at        
qualities may ornam5t possess8 ,def9e   
!m4  #cf4 ,9 :at p]iods ( design does   
ea* quality appe> mo/ pron\nc$ly8  #cg4 
,h[ is ornam5t relat$ to nature8 ,to    
inv5tiv5ess or +5uity8  #ch4 ,h[ is     
ornam5t relat$ to ma!matics8  #ci4 ,:at 
are ! important divisions ( ma!matical  
ornam5t8  #dj4 ,:at happ5s :5 an ornam5t
 is develop$ f a natural s\rce8  #da4   
,:at is ! s\rce call$8  #db4 ,:at p]iods
 ( design h mo/ affect$ pr9t+8 ,:y8     
#dc4 ,expla9 h[ ea* ( ! above p]iods    
influ5ces mod]n typography4  #dd4 ,:at  
%\ld be ! typograph]'s attitude t[>d !  
activities ( design]s ( e age & p]iod8  
#de4 ,:at has be5 ! effect ( me*anical  
developm5t 9 pr9t+ ^u typographic       
design8  #df4 ,"n "s ( ! mod]n m5 ^: "w 
is ( int]e/ to ! typograph]4            

,,gloss>y  ,,t]ms ,,( ,,design ,,z      
,,appli$ ,,to ,,pr9t+  ,,assyrian       
7,art7--,! ,assyrian ,empire lay 9      
,s\?we/]n ,asia betwe5 ! ,tigris & !    
,euphrates1 n[ "p ( ,turkey 9 ,asia4    
,its art 0 l>gely express$ 9 ! treatm5t 
( flat surfaces1 us+ enamel$ bricks1    
pa9t$ /uccoes1 figur$ bronzes1 etc4     
,bricks 7 ! only build+ mat]ial4 ,!     
p]iod dates f #djjj-cjjj ,b4,c4 to ab\t 
#ejj ,b4,c4  ,,attraction--,! =ce       
ex]cis$ ^u ! eye by a mass ?r\gh its    
tone1 color1 size1 or %ape4  ,,axis--,a 
l9e divid+ a surface = purpose (        
comp>ison or con/ruction4               
,,balance--,an app>5t /ate ( re/ betwe5 
! v>i\s attractions 9 a design4 ,to     
balance ! elem5ts ( a design is to      
arrange !m s t !y are set at re/ ) "o   
ano!r4  ,,byzant9e 7,art7--,! art (     
,ea/]n ,*ri/5dom1 f ! "t :5 ,byzantium  
7n[ ,con/ant9ople7 became ! capital 9   
#ccj ,a4,d4 until ! tak+ ( ! city by !  
,turks 9 #adec & ev5 lat]4 ,byzant9e art
 embodi$ ,asiatic luxury 9 spl5dor & 9  

pr(usion ( color & gild+4 ,its =ms (    
design 7 purely geometrical &           
conv5tional1 ) no use ( ! human figure4 
,,celtic 7,art7--,p>ticul>ly active 9 ! 
f\r? c5tury among ! p ( :at are n[ !    
,briti% ,isles4 ,x 0 influ5c$ by ,c5tral
 ,asia & ,p]sia1 & is ?us some:at       
ori5tal4  ,,*9ese 7,art7--,*>act]iz$ by 
! use ( fanta/ic =ms & brilliant color4 
,be/ exemplifi$ 9 porcela9s1 lacqu]s1 & 
c>v+s 9 wood & semi-preci\s /ones4 ,!   
s\rce ( inspiration ( ! ,japanese :o h  
comm]cializ$ & *eap5$ x 9 ev]y?+ save   
wood-block cutt+ & pr9t+4  ,,classic--,!
 p]iod ( e>ly ,greece & ,rome4          
,,colonial 7,art7--,f\nd 9 ! pr9t+ & o!r
 appli$ design ( ! e>ly ,am]ican        
colonies & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,am]ican
 ,republic4 ,d]iv$ f ,engl& & sometimes 
call$ ,georgian4  ,,color--,! k9d (     
light reflect$ by a surface4            
,,conception--,! process ( =m+ an idea  
or s*eme4  ,,decoration--,any ?+ or gr\p
 ( ?+s t embelli%es or adorns4  ,,design
 7,9 g5]al7--,an arrangem5t ( =ms or    

colors1 or bo?1 int5d$ to be execut$ 9  
h>d sub/ances or pliable mat]ial or to  
be appli$ to a fabric or o!r surface =  
ornam5t4  7,9 pr9t+7--,! arrangem5t (   
masses1 l9es1 & dots to secure !        
qualities ( beauty1 & fitness4          
7,specific7--,a design3 any piece ( "w  
into :i* ! elem5ts ( design h be5       
incorporat$4  ,,egyptian                
7,art7--,includes ! p]iod ( art activity
 9 ,egypt dat+ f ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ?r\gh
 successive /eps to #ejj ,b4,c4 ,x 0    
highly conv5tionaliz$1 ri*ly decorat$1  
mak+ use ( mat]ial =ms int]pret$ )      
vigor\s color4 ,9 ar*itecture its *ief  
*>act]i/ic 0 durability4                
,,e/hetic--,p]ta9+ to beauty z manife/$ 
9 ! f9e arts4 ,! e/hetic imag9ation     
diff]s f ! sci5tific4444 ,! diff]5ce is 
se5 9 ! fact t ! end is no long] k b    
beauty4  ,,ecclesia/ical 7,/yle7--,t :i*
 *>act]iz$ ! books & manuscripts ( !    
e>ly *ur*es1 usually 9 black text lett] 
=ms ) elaborate ornam5tation &          
illum9ation4  ,,geometrical             

7,design7--,bas$ ^u spots1 b&s1 or      
all-ov] patt]ns made up ( /raight &     
curv$ l9es develop$ geometrically4      
,,georgian 7,p]iod7--,includ$ ! ,engli% 
& ,colonial ,am]ican design ( ! #ag? &  
#ah? c5turies4 ,simil> to ,colonial4    
,,go?ic 7,art7--,develop$ 9 !           
ar*itecture & appli$ design 9 ,europe f 
#abjj ,a4,d4 to #aejj ,a4,d4 ,*>act]iz$ 
by v]tical l9es1 po9t$ ar*es1 &         
decorative mat]ial bas$ directly ^u     
nature4  ,,greek 7,design7--,t ( e>ly   
,greece1 dat$ f ab\t #fbj ,b4,c4 to ab\t
 #cej ,b4,c41 develop$ "u ! influ5ce (  
,egypt & ,assyria b ris+ f> above ei!r 9
 purity & expression4 ,! ,greek artisan 
_h ! un]r+ ta/e ( ! arti/ & s\ght 8     
inspiration f ! same s\rces4  ,,h>mony  
7,9 art7--,a /ate ( complet5ess 9 !     
relation%ip to ?+s to ea* o!r4          
,,headb&--,! horizontal /rip (          
decoration us$ to ornam5t or to set (f a
 type page4  ,,indian 7,art7--,t ( !    
,ea/ ,indies or ,india1 :i* h sev]al    
/yles1 all ori5tal 9 "*4 ,am]ican       

,indian art 0 manife/$ 9 geometric      
ornam5t1 raw colors1 & crude            
repres5tation ( animate =ms4  ,,initial 
,,lett]--,a l>ge lett]1 unornam5t$ or   
decoratively design$1 us$ to m>k !      
beg9n+ ( a *apt]1 an important *ange 9 !
 text1 or to decorate a s+le mass (     
type4  ,,japanese 7,design7--,d]iv$ f ! 
,*9ese & usually comm]cializ$ 9 its     
application4 ,( *ief int]e/ to pr9t]s 9 
! arrangem5t & r5d]+ ( wood-block pr9ts4
  ,,mahometans--,foll[]s ( ! ,prophet   
,mahomet1 includ+ ,arabian1 ,indian1    
,moori%1 ,p]sian1 & o!r nations4        
,,mass--,"o ( ! ma9 portions ( a design1
 readily di/+ui%$ & hav+ "s unity 9     
itself1 yet rema9+ 9 prop] relation%ip  
to ! :ole s*eme4  ,,mat]ials ,,(        
,,design--,masses1 dots1 & l9es :i*     
compose ! complet$ design4  ,,motif--,! 
orig9al s\rce = a decorative s*eme or   
elem5t4  ,,natural ,,=ms--,motifs (     
design *os5 f nature1 ei!r animate or   
inanimate4  ,,naturali/ic 7,design7--,! 
direct imitation ( =ms tak5 f nature1   

reta9+ z mu* z possible ( _! orig9al    
%ape1 color1 etc4  ,,optical            
,,illusion--,an error1 normal to !      
av]age eye1 9 ! p]ception ( c]ta9 l9es1 
angles1 & spaces4 ,recogniz$ by !       
design]s ( type & ( typography4         
,,ornam5t--,simil> to decoration4       
,,p]sian 7,art7--,cov]$ by ! p]iod f    
ab\t #eej ,b4,c4 to #ccj ,b4,c4 ,d]iv$ f
 ,assyrian art b /rongly influ5c$ by !  
,greek4  ,,po9t ,,( ,,balance--,! po9t1 
un9dicat$ 9 ! f9i%$ design1 ^u :i* !    
v>i\s attractions ( ! design are balanc$
 9 appe>ance4  ,,proportion--,!         
comp>ative relation%ip betwe5 ! v>i\s   
elem5ts 9 a design4  ,,r5aissance--,!   
p]iod ( art activity 9 ! #ad? & #ae?    
c5turies 9 ,italy4 ,a revival ( !       
classic arts b develop$ & enri*$ beyond 
=m] heights4  ,,rhy?m--,movem5t1        
*>act]iz$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( acc5t 
or motion4  ,,roman 7,design7--,a       
transplant$ developm5t ( ,greek design1 
influ5c$ by ,roman habits & "*4 ,m      
reali/ic 9 ! treatm5t ( natural =ms ?an 

! ,greek4  ,,%ape--,! cont\r or         
appe>ance ( an area4  ,,sc&9avian       
7,design7--,t ( ! nations ,d5m>k1       
,norway1 & ,sw$51 *>act]iz$ by ri*      
int]lacem5ts1 & _m symbolic devices4    
,,symbolic--,typify+ or repres5t+ ! idea
 or purpose ( a design4                 
,,symmetry--,regul> arrangem5t ( p>ts   
across a giv5 axis1 s t a division ?r\gh
 t axis w give simil> halves4           
,,tone--,! am\nt 7n k9d7 ( light        
reflect$ f a giv5 surface--a light tone 
or d>k 9 tone4  ,,v>iety--,an           
int]mixture ( elem5ts 9 a design diff]5t
 9 =m or color & n arrang$              
symmetrically4     ,,typographic        
,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices   ,!
 foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ !  
,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=    
,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u !       
sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education 
( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9  
trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+          
in/ruction1 & by individuals4  ,ea*     
publication has be5 compil$ by a        

compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 &      
c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide
 ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1  
j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive
 s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums (  
reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u !     
v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+   
craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion =    
progressive /udy4  ,! publications ( !  
s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #e x #h in*es4  
,_! g5]al make-up1 9 typography1        
illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z     
practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a  
brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts &   
o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd
 "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4  ,ea*     
topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim
 be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z      
completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y   
in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to  
an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5    
tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate &    
cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial       
in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 !    
diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev]           

practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s 
& illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+
 additional cle>ness to ! text4  ,9 ord]
 t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/       
possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool       
classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title  
is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review        
,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( !      
subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y (       
te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or   
dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( !  
books4  ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books (
 ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4  ,address
 all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee   
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 
,a4   ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 
& ,mat]ials  #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] (      
,in=mation                      ,by ,a4 
,a4 ,/ew>t       ,relat+ to ! me*anical 
features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1       
font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description
 ( _! manufacture4      #dd pp42        
illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials  

,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1  
leads1      brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+  
ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42      illu/rat$2   
#ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #c4 ,type
 ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture      
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1      
cab9ets1      case racks1 galley racks1 
/&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42              
illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up        
,appliances             ,by ,a4 ,a4     
,/ew>t       ,describ+ ! tools &        
mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = !         
press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities =     
special purposes4 #ei      pp42         
illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #e4 ,pro( ,presses                    
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es
      = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42    
illu/rat$2 #da review      que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses    
,by ,daniel ,bak]       ,a prim] (      

in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical   
con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f !  
orig9al h&      press to ! mod]n job    
press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on        
automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42
 illu/rat$2 #di review      que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses   
,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak]       ,be+ a /udy (
 ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal     
types      ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd   
pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review              
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #h4 ,me*anical      
,fe$]s & ,fold]s               ,by      
,william ,e4 ,spurri]       ,! hi/ory & 
op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2   
) h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4           
,illu/rat$2 review      que/ions2       
gloss>y4  #i4 ,p[] = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+   
,h\ses             ,by ,c>l ,f4 ,scott  
,a treatise on ! me?ods ( apply+ p[] to 
pr9t+ presses &      alli$ ma*9]y )     
p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric drive4 #ec 
pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es     
,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4       ,a prim] (  

in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1      
h&-lev]      cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r  
automatic ma*9es = cutt+      pap]4 #gj 
pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s         
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (     
in=mation ab\t ! composition1           
manufacture1 &      c>e ( ink+ roll]s4  
#df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2
      gloss>y4  #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks       
,by ,philip ,ruxton       ,_!           
composition1 prop]ties & manufacture    
7repr9t$ by      p]mission f ,circul>   
,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau (       
,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions 
ab\t !      ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by 
,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review   
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is   
,made                      ,by ,william 
,bond ,:eelwright       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( 
manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh   
pp42 illu/rat$2      #fb review         
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ad4 ,relief        
,engrav+s                               

,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan       ,brief   
hi/ory & non-te*nical description (     
mod]n me?ods (      engrav+2 woodcut1   
z9c plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy =       
reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+   
engrav+s4      ,illu/rat$2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & 
,/]eotyp+  ,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4   
,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] ( in=mation   
ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+ &        
/]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi      
review que/ions2      gloss>ies4   ,,"p 
,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition  #af4   
,typesett+                              
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book =    
beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1   
spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to 
typesett+4      ,illu/rat$2 review      
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s
                                  ,by   
,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,! me?ods by :i* !y
 are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 )          
obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2   
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ah4    
,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition         

,by ,camille ,de,vze       ,sugge/ions =
 ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/  
jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little
 ?+s :i* g to make      good display 9  
typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee      
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ai4    
,g5]al ,job ,composition       ,h[ ! job
 compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1     
programs &      miscellane\s "w4        
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4   
#bj4 ,book ,composition                 
,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well       ,*apt]s f    
,de,vinne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book      
,composition1      revis$ & arrang$ =   
?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4       
,bo?well ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new    
,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition (           
pages4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,imposition ( pages4   
#bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe      review   
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ba4 ,tabul>        
,composition                            
,by ,rob]t ,seav]       ,a /udy ( !     
elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 )     
examples      ( m difficult composition4
 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review          

que/ions4  #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic      
,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon       ,elem5t>y     
ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+  
trade1      calculation ( mat]ials1 pap]
 weights & sizes1 ) /&>d      tables &  
rules = computation1 ea* subject        
amplifi$ )      examples & ex]cises4    
#aei pp4  #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+     
,ma*9es            ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1      
,editor      ,section ,i--,! ,l9otype   
,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9     ,section       
,,ii--,! ,monotype                      
,by ,joseph ,hays     ,section ,,iii--,!
 ,int]type                      ,by     
,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s     ,section          
,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+       
,ma*9es                            ,by  
,frank ,h4 ,smi?       ,a brief hi/ory (
 typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _!  
me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4        
,illu/rat$2 review      que/ions2       
gloss>y4   ,,"p ,,iii--,imposition &    
,/onework  #bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job    
,press                  ,by ,frank ,s4  
,h5ry       ,?+s ! appr5tice %\ld "k    

ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 &      ab\t    
g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review  
que/ions2      gloss>y4  #be4 ,prep>+   
,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] ,press           ,by   
,frank ,s4 ,h5ry       ,pamphlet &      
catalog imposition2 m>g9s2 fold m>ks1   
etc4 ,me?ods      ( h&l+ type =ms &     
electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p               
,,iv--,presswork  #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on  
,plat5 ,presses                     ,by 
,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew       ,! ess5tial p>ts 
( a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive     
features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ 
! tympan1      regulat+ ! impression1   
und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+      gauges1 &
 o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review
 que/ions2      gloss>y4  #bg4 ,cyl9d]  
,presswork                              
,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew       ,prep>+ !    
press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m       
roll]s1      ink f\nta91 gripp]s &      
deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ &             
ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4           
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2            

gloss>y4  #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps
                     ,by ,*>les ,l4     
,dunton       ,describ+ "s practical    
me?ods ( pressroom "w1 )      directions
 & useful in=mation relat+ to a v>iety (
      pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42    
#agf review que/ions4  #bi4             
,reproductive ,processes ( ! ,graphic   
,arts          ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson       
,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive   
features ( !      relief1 ! intaglio1 & 
! planographic processes ( pr9t+4       
#hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review         
que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet 
& ,book ,b9d+  #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+     
,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9       ,a prim] 
( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations      
employ$ 9      b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9
 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2      review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ca4 ,book ,b9d+    
,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg]       ,practical   
in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ 
books2      fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1
 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case      mak+ & cas$-9 
books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job &        

blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p ,,vi--,correct
 ,lit]>y ,composition  #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & 
,engli% ,gramm>                   ,by   
,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _!
      uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review         
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cc4 ,punctuation   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _!
      use1 bo? grammatically &          
typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review    
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cd4 ,capitals      
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s     
practical      typographic h9ts z to !  
use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ce4 ,division (    
,words                                  
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,rules = !  
division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 )    
rem>ks      on spell+1 syllabication &  
pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review      
que/ions4  #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a /udy ( ! 

pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts (     
comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42   
#fb review que/ions4  #cg4              
,abbreviations & ,signs                 
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) 
classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4   
#eh pp42 #cb review      que/ions4  #ch4
 ,! ,uses ( ,italic                     
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic 
lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4   
#ci4 ,pro(read+                         
,by ,arnold ,levitas       ,! te*nical  
phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 
revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s &     
copy4 ,illu/rat$ by      examples4 #ei  
pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #dj4
 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy           
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,sugge/ions 
= au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9
      prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf 
pp42 #fg review que/ions4  #da4 ,pr9t]s'
 ,manual ( ,/yle       ,a ref]5ce       
compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 &  

sugge/ions      relat+ to uni=mity 9    
punctuation1 capitalization1            
abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features
 ( composition4  #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s       
,diction>y                          ,by 
,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book (        
def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t
      v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1          
alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical       
t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4   ,,"p        
,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+  #dc4 
,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s               
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,a h&book ( ! 
pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t  
on      ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/     
influ5c$ pr9t+4 ,treats (      h>mony1  
balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2   
symmetry &      v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic
 & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df      
review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 
#dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design    
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,applications 
( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4      
,build+      mat]ial ( typography3 pap]1
 types1 ink1 decorations &              

illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design (  
complete book1      treat+ ea* "p4      
,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4   
,illu/rations2 review que/ions1 gloss>y2
 bibliography4  #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 
9 ,pr9t+                    ,by ,h>ry   
,l4 ,gage       ,use ( color3 =         
decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] 
effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m 
pr9t+s )      process engrav+s4         
,sci5tific nature ( color1 physical &   
*emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be       
discuss$3 hue1 value1      int5sity4    
,diagrams 9 color1 scales & comb9ations4
 ,color !ory      ( process engrav+4    
,exp]im5ts ) color4 ,illu/rations 9 full
      color1 & on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review  
que/ions2 gloss>y2      bibliography4   
#df4 ,lett]+ 9 ,typography              
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,pr9t]'s use (
 lett]+3 adaptability & decorative      
effect4      ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+
 & lett]+ & its influ5ce on      type   
design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9   
lett]+4      ,application ( design to   

lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully   
illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2    
bibliography4  #dg4 ,typographic ,design
 9 ,adv]tis+                 ,by ,h>ry  
,l4 ,gage       ,! pr9t]'s function 9   
adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i*      adv]tis+
 is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4   
,emphasis1      legibility1 att5tion1   
color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+          
typography4 ,illu/rations2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y2      bibliography4   
#dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts           
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,a lay\t3 !   
ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation
 ( a      propos$ f9al effect4 ,use (   
dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4         
,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes =   
dummies4 ,dummy      envelopes4         
,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2
 bibliography4   ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( 
,pr9t+  #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet &
 !      hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to !       
inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42      

illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4  #ej4 ,!
 ,inv5tion ( ,typography                
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came  
ab\t4      #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4
  #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 !     
developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t (     
pr9t]s' mat]ials1      & ! "w ( ! great 
pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4  
#eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ 
indu/ry      f #adej to #aghi1 includ+  
gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1         
int]nal conditions & indu/rial          
relations4 #id pp42 #abh review         
que/ions4  #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl&         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a %ort     
hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to !  
pres5t      "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review     
que/ions4  #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica        
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief    
sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s 

notes      on publi%]s :o h especially  
contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42      #hd  
review que/ions4  #ee4 ,type & ,presses 
9 ,am]ica                      ,by ,f4  
,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief hi/orical  
sket* ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ &      
press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42
 #fa review que/ions4   ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ 
,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+  #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9
 ,pr9t+                    ,by ,h5ry ,p4
 ,port]       ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms &
 _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld      %[4 ,h[ to  
utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review    
que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eg4 ,use ( a 
,co/ ,sy/em                             
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! ,/&>d     
,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld 
%[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 
,review que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eh4  
,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant                   
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! selection 
& pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4
      ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial 
& ! sell+ price (      ! f9i%$ product4 
,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #ei4       

,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+       
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! e/imator &
 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules =        
e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4    
#fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+                  
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,an insight  
into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! 
relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4    
,gloss>y4  #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s      
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,a brief     
outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2     
necess>y      books & accessory records4
 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4   ,,"p     
,x--,miscellane\s  #fb4 ,heal?1         
,sanitation1 & ,safety                  
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,hygi5e 9 !  
pr9t+ trade2 a /udy ( conditions old &  
new2      practical sugge/ions =        
improvem5t2 protective appliances &     
rules = safety4  #fc4 ,topical ,index   
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a book (   
ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 !       
,typographic      ,te*nical ,s]ies1     
alphabetically arrang$4  #fd4 ,c\rses ( 
,/udy                                   

,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton       ,a guidebook
 = tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions =     
classroom & %op "w4     ,,ackn[l$gm5t   
,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is
 ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a   
l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 
9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4  ,!        
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices !   
books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges
 its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance    
r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs    
id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4  ,:ile due           
ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title &        
copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea*  
book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a   
gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be (    
int]e/4  ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z 
x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 !   
production ( a portion ( ! volumes1     
con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z !     
entire li/ ( books compris+ !           
,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5   
complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at

 an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 
ea* volume4  ,! ,committee also desires 
to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m    
subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly  
await$ its publication4    ,,committee  
,,on ,,education1   ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae  
,,( ,,am]ica4     ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1   
,*airman1     ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1     
,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1     ,j4 ,,clyde   
,,oswald1     ,,toby ,,rubovits4        
,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education    
,director4     ,,contributors   ,=      
,composition & ,electrotypes    ,,isaac 
,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4
 ,y4   ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank  ,,co41        
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+    
,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4   ,,! ,,dev9ne  
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   ,r4 ,r4  
,,donnelley  ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1     
,ill4   ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41       
,bo/on1 ,mass4   ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 
,detroit1 ,mi*4   ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+     
,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,gage 
,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,ltd41 ,battle ,creek1   
,mi*4   ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1     

,bo/on1 ,mass4   ,,/eph5 ,,gre5e  ,,co41
 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,william ,,gre51
 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall   
,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4   ,,frank 
,d4 ,,jacobs ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 
,,wilson ,h4 ,,lee ,,co41 ,new ,hav51   
,conn4   ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41     
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,maccalla  ,,co4 
,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,!       
,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york4   ,,!   
,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4    
,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4         
,,rem+ton ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,provid5ce1 ,r4
 ,i4   ,,edw>d ,,/]n  ,,co41            
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+
  ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4   ,,/ate 
,,j\rnal ,,company1 ,l9coln1 ,neb4   ,,!
 ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4
   ,= ,composition    ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae
 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4    
,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41             
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,! ,,kalkh(f     
,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4          
,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4   ,,toby  
,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4              

,electrotyp]s    ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs     
,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4   ,,fl[] ,,/eel   
,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4
   ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s  ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1
 ,mass4   ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb 
,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4   ,= ,engrav+s    
,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1
 ,mass4   ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell  ,,sons    
,,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4   ,,gold+       
,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4   
,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 
,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4    
,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4   ,,m]g5?al]        
,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4
   ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1
 ,mass4   ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new
 ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1    
,cambridge1 ,mass4   ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+     
,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1 ,mass4    
,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4   
,= ,book ,pap]    ,,am]ican ,,writ+     
,,pap] ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4          
,,bryant ,,pap] ,,co41 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*4

   ,,! ,,miami ,,pap] ,,co41 ,we/       
,c>rollton1 ,ohio4   ,,ox=d ,,pap]      
,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4   ,,we/  
,,virg9ia ,,pulp  ,,pap] ,,co41         
,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4   ,= ,book ,clo? 
,,int]lak5 ,,mills1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,passages 9      
italics are indicat$ by und]score4      
,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4  
,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3      
,gut5burg's correct$ to ,gut5b]g's 7page
 #dg7   real/ic correct$ to reali/ic    
7page #ga7  ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ 
above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & 
punctuation h be5 reta9$4