file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cjged-;h4htm or #cjged-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cjged_/pg#cjged-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjge d_/cjged-;h4zip7 ,libr>y3 ,volume ,,ii--see https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/etext_/#cjgee ,volume ,,iii--see https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/etext_/#cjgef ,volume ,,iii conta9s ! index = all ?ree volumes4 ,! index 9 ! html v]sion ( ,volume ,,iii has l9ks to ! ! o!r two volumes4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,!y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,a numb] foll[+ a lett]1 su* z d#c1 0 pr9t$ z a subscript 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ,complete ,works ( ,john ,rusk9 ,volume ,,vii ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice ,,volume ,i ,illu/ration3 ,,v5ice4 ,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,turn]4 ,libr>y ,edition ,! ,complete ,works ( ,john ,rusk9 ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice ,,volumes ,i-,,ii ,national ,libr>y ,association ,new ,york ,*icago ,,! ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice ,,volume ,i4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,preface4 ,9 ! c\rse ( arrang+ ! foll[+ essay1 ,i put _m ?+s aside 9 my ?\ghts to be said 9 ! ,preface1 ?+s :i* ,i %all n[ put aside altoge!r1 & pass by2 = :5 a book has be5 adv]tis$ a ye> & a half1 x seems be/ to pres5t x ) z little preface z possible4 ,?us mu*1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y = ! read] to "k1 t1 :5 ,i plann$ ! "w1 ,i _h mat]ials by me1 collect$ at diff]5t times ( soj\rn 9 ,v5ice dur+ ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s1 :i* x seem$ to me might be arrang$ ) little difficulty1 & :i* ,i believe to be ( value z illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( ,s\!rn ,go?ic4 ,requir+1 h[ev]1 "s cle>] assurance respect+ c]ta9 po9ts ( *ronology1 ,i w5t to ,v5ice f9ally 9 ! autumn ( #ahdi1 n d\bt+ b t ! dates ( ! pr9cipal edifices ( ! anci5t city 7 ei!r asc]ta9$1 or asc]ta9able )\t extraord9>y rese>*4 ,to my con/]nation1 ,i f\nd t ! ,v5etian antiqu>ies 7 n agre$ )9 a c5tury z to ! date ( ! build+ ( ! faades ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 & t no?+ 0 kn[n ( any o!r civil edifice ( ! e>ly city1 except t at "s "t or o!r x _h be5 fitt$ up = somebody's reception1 & be5 !reupon fre% pa9t$4 ,e date 9 "q 0 det]m9able only by int]nal evid5ce1 & x became necess>y = me to exam9e n only e "o ( ! old] palaces1 /one by /one1 b e fragm5t ?r\gh\t ! city :i* af=d$ any clue to ! =mation ( its /yles4 ,?is ,i did z well z ,i c\ld1 & ,i believe !re w be f\nd1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ! only exi/+ acc\nt ( ! details ( e>ly ,v5etian ar*itecture on :i* dep5d5ce c be plac$1 z f> z x goes4 ,i d n c>e to po9t out ! defici5cies ( o!r works on ?is subject2 ! read] w f9d1 if he exam9es !m1 ei!r t ! build+s to :i* ,i %all specially direct 8 att5tion h be5 hi!rto undescrib$1 or else t !re are great discrepancies betwe5 previ\s descriptions & m9e3 = :i* discrepancies ,i may be p]mitt$ to give ?is s+le & suffici5t reason1 t my acc\nt ( e build+ is bas$ on p]sonal exam9ation & measurem5t ( x1 & t my tak+ ! pa9s s to exam9e :at ,i _h to describe1 0 a subject ( grave surprise to my ,italian fri5ds4 ,! "w ( ! ,m>*ese ,selvatico is1 h[ev]1 to be di/+ui%$ ) respect2 x is cle> 9 arrangem5t1 & full ( useful1 ?\gh vague1 in=mation2 & ,i h f\nd cause to adopt1 9 great measure1 its views ( ! *ronological succession ( ! edifices ( ,v5ice4 ,i %all h cause h]eaft] to qu>rel ) x on o!r gr\nds1 b n )\t expression ( gratitude = ! assi/ance x has giv5 me4 ,fontana's ,fabbri*e di ,v5ezia is also hi/orically valuable1 b does n attempt to give ar*itectural detail4 ,cicogn>a1 z is n[ g5]ally kn[n1 is s inaccurate z h>dly to des]ve m5tion4 ,inde$1 x is n easy to be accurate 9 an acc\nt ( any?+1 h[ev] simple4 ,zoologi/s (t5 disagree 9 _! descriptions ( ! curve ( a %ell1 or ! plumage ( a bird1 ?\gh !y may lay _! specim5 on ! table1 & exam9e x at _! leisure2 h[ mu* great] becomes ! likelihood ( error 9 ! description ( ?+s :i* mu/ be 9 _m p>ts obs]v$ f a di/ance1 or "u unfavorable circum/ances ( light & %ade2 & ( :i* _m ( ! di/9ctive features h be5 worn away by "t4 ,i believe few p h any idea ( ! co/ ( tru? 9 ^! ?+s2 ( ! exp5diture ( "t necess>y to make sure ( ! simple/ facts1 & ( ! /range way 9 :i* sep>ate obs]vations w sometimes falsify ea* o!r1 incapable ( reconcilem5t1 ow+ to "s imp]ceptible inadv]t5cy4 ,i am a%am$ ( ! numb] ( times 9 :i* ,i h _h to say1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i am n sure1 & ,i claim = !m no au?ority1 z if !y 7 ?or\ghly sift$ f error1 ev5 9 :at !y m confid5tly /ate4 ,only1 z f> z my "t1 & /r5g?1 & m9d s]v$ me1 ,i h endeavor$ d[n to ! smalle/ matt]s1 to asc]ta9 & speak ! tru?4 ,nor 0 ! subject )\t _m & mo/ disc\rag+ difficulties1 peculi> to itself4 ,z f> z my inquiries h ext5d$1 !re is n a build+ 9 ,v5ice1 rais$ prior to ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* has n su/a9$ ess5tial *ange 9 "o or m ( its mo/ important features4 ,by f> ! great] numb] pres5t examples ( ?ree or f\r diff]5t /yles1 x may be successive1 x may be accid5tally associat$2 &1 9 _m in/ances1 ! re/orations or additions h gradually replac$ ! entire /ructure ( ! anci5t fabric1 ( :i* no?+ b ! "n rema9s1 toge!r ) a k9d ( id5tity1 exhibit$ 9 ! anomal\s association ( ! mod]niz$ portions3 ! ,w ( ! old build+ ass]t$ ?r\gh !m all1 /ubbornly1 ?\gh va9ly1 expressive2 sup]s$$ by codicils1 & falsifi$ by mis9t]pretation2 yet animat+ :at w\ld o!rwise be a m]e gr\p ( fanta/ic masque1 z emb>rass+ to ! antiqu>y1 z to ! m9]alogi/1 ! epig5e cry/al1 =m$ by mat]ials ( "o sub/ance modell$ on ! p]i%$ cry/als ( ano!r4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k's itself1 h>moni\s z its /ructure may at fir/ sight appe>1 is an epitome ( ! *anges ( ,v5etian ar*itecture f ! t5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its crypt1 & ! l9e ( l[ ar*es :i* support ! scre51 are app>5tly ! e>lie/ portions2 ! l[] /ories ( ! ma9 fabric are ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ) lat] ,go?ic int]polations2 ! p9nacles are ( ! e>lie/ fully develop$ ,v5etian ,go?ic 7f\rte5? c5tury72 b "o ( !m1 t on ! projection at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,piazzetta de ,leoni1 is ( f> f9]1 & probably e>li] workman%ip ?an all ! re/4 ,! s\!rn range ( p9nacles is aga9 inf]ior to ! nor!rn & we/]n1 & visibly ( lat] date4 ,!n ! scre51 :i* mo/ writ]s h describ$ z "p ( ! orig9al fabric1 be>s its date inscrib$ on its ar*itrave1 #acid1 & ) x are associat$ a multitude ( small scre5s1 balu/rades1 decorations ( ! int]ior build+1 & probably ! rose w9d[ ( ! s\? transept4 ,!n come ! int]polat$ trac]ies ( ! front & sides2 !n ! crocket+s ( ! upp] ar*es1 extravagances ( ! incipi5t ,r5aissance3 &1 f9ally1 ! figures :i* c>ry ! wat]sp\ts on ! nor? side--utt]ly b>b>\s sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury "w--connect ! :ole ) ! pla/]$ re/orations ( ! ye> #ahdd & #ahde4 ,mo/ ( ! palaces 9 ,v5ice h su/a9$ int]polations h>dly less num]\s2 & ^? ( ! ,ducal ,palace are s intricate1 t a ye>'s labor w\ld probably be insuffici5t altoge!r to dis5tangle & def9e !m4 ,i !re=e gave up all ?\ghts ( obta9+ a p]fectly cle> *ronological view ( ! e>ly ar*itecture2 b ! dates necess>y to ! ma9 purposes ( ! book ! read] w f9d well e/abli%$2 & ( ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d = ^? ( less importance1 he is himself to judge4 ,d\btful e/imates are nev] made gr\nds ( argum5t2 & ! accuracy ( ! acc\nt ( ! build+s !mselves1 = :i* alone ,i pl$ge myself1 is ( c\rse entirely indep5d5t ( !m4 ,9 l mann]1 z ! /atem5ts briefly made 9 ! *apt]s on con/ruction involve que/ions s difficult & s g5]al1 t ,i _c hope t e expression ref]r+ to !m w be f\nd free f error3 & z ! conclusions to :i* ,i h endeavor$ to lead ! read] are ?r[n into a =m ! validity ( :i* dep5ds on t ( ea* successive /ep1 x might be argu$1 if fallacy or weakness c\ld be detect$ 9 "o ( !m1 t all ! subsequ5t reason+s 7 valueless4 ,! read] may be assur$1 h[ev]1 t x is n s2 ! me?od ( pro( us$ 9 ! foll[+ essay be+ only "o out ( _m :i* 7 9 my *oice1 adopt$ because x seem$ to me ! %orte/ & simple/1 n z be+ ! /ronge/4 ,9 _m cases1 ! conclusions are ^? :i* m5 ( quick feel+ w\ld arrive at in/9ctively2 & ,i !n s\ght to discov] ! reasons ( :at s /rongly recomm5d$ itself z tru?4 ,?\gh ^! reasons c\ld e "o ( !m1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! book1 be prov$ insuffici5t1 ! tru? ( its conclusions w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,i %\ld only regret t ,i _h di%onor$ !m by an ill-gr\nd$ def5ce2 & endeavor to repair my error by a bett] "o4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 writt5 c>elessly2 nor %\ld ,i 9 any wise h express$ d\bt ( ! security ( ! foll[+ argum5t1 b t x is physically impossible = me1 be+ engag$ q z mu* ) m\nta9s1 & cl\ds1 & trees1 & criticism ( pa9t+1 z ) ar*itecture1 to v]ify1 z ,i %\ld desire1 ! expression ( e s5t5ce be>+ ^u empirical & te*nical matt]s4 ,life is n long en\gh2 nor does a day pass by )\t caus+ me to feel m bitt]ly ! impossibility ( c>ry+ out to ! ext5t :i* ,i %\ld desire1 ! sep>ate /udies :i* g5]al criticism cont9ually =ces me to und]take4 ,i c only assure ! read]1 t he w f9d ! c]ta9ty ( e /atem5t ,i p]mit myself to make1 increase ) its importance2 & t1 = ! security ( ! f9al conclusions ( ! foll[+ essay1 z well z = ! resolute v]acity ( its acc\nt ( :atev] facts h come "u my own imm$iate cognizance1 ,i w pl$ge myself to ! utt]mo/4 ,x 0 necess>y1 to ! accompli%m5t ( ! purpose ( ! "w 7( :i* acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]71 t ,i %\ld e/abli% "s canons ( judgm5t1 :i* ! g5]al read] %\ld ?or\ghly und]/&1 &1 if x pleas$ him1 accept1 be=e we took cognizance1 toge!r1 ( any ar*itecture :atsoev]4 ,x has tak5 me m "t & tr\ble to d ?is ?an ,i expect$2 b1 if ,i h succe$$1 ! ?+ done w be ( use = _m o!r purposes ?an t to :i* x is n[ put4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ^! canons1 :i* ,i h call$ ! ,f\ndations1 & "s acc\nt ( ! connection ( ,v5etian ar*itecture ) t ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 h fill$ ! pres5t volume4 ,! second w1 ,i hope1 conta9 all ,i h to say ab\t ,v5ice itself4 ,x 0 ( c\rse inexp$i5t to r$uce draw+s ( cr[d$ details to ! size ( an octavo volume1--,i d n say impossible1 b inexp$i5t2 requir+ inf9ite pa9s on ! "p ( ! engrav]1 ) no result except f>!r pa9s to ! behold]4 ,& z1 on ! o!r h&1 folio books are n easy read+1 ,i det]m9$ to sep>ate ! text & ! unr$ucible plates4 ,i h giv51 ) ! pr9cipal text1 all ! illu/rations absolutely necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( x1 &1 9 ! deta*$ "w1 su* additional text z has special ref]5ce to ! l>g] illu/rations4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! l>g] plates 7 at fir/ int5d$ to be execut$ 9 t9t$ li?ography2 b1 f9d+ ! result unsatisfactory1 ,i h det]m9$ to prep>e ! pr9cipal subjects = mezzot9t+1--a *ange ( me?od requir+ two new draw+s to be made ( e subject2 "o a c>efully p5n$ outl9e = ! et*]1 & !n a f9i%$ draw+ ^u ! et*+4 ,?is "w does n proce$ fa/1 :ile ,i am also occupi$ ) ! completion ( ! text2 b ! numb]s ( x w appe> z fa/ z ,i c prep>e !m4 ,= ! illu/rations ( ! body ( ! "w itself1 ,i h us$ any k9d ( engrav+ :i* seem$ suit$ to ! subjects--l9e & mezzot9t1 on /eel1 ) mix$ li?ographs & woodcuts1 at consid]able loss ( uni=mity 9 ! appe>ance ( ! volume1 b1 ,i hope1 ) advantage1 9 r5d]+ ! "* ( ! ar*itecture x describes4 ,& bo? 9 ! plates & ! text ,i h aim$ *iefly at cle> intelligibility2 t any "o1 h[ev] little v]s$ 9 ! subject1 might be able to take up ! book1 & und]/& :at x meant =?)4 ,i h utt]ly fail$ ( my purpose1 if ,i h n made all ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! essay intelligible to ! lea/ le>n$1 & easy to ! mo/ desultory read]s1 :o are likely to take int]e/ 9 ! matt] at all4 ,!re are few passages :i* ev5 require s mu* z an acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( ,euclid1 & ^! may be miss$1 )\t h>m to ! s5se ( ! re/1 by e read] to :om !y may appe> my/]i\s2 & ! ar*itectural t]ms necess>ily employ$ 7:i* are v few7 are expla9$ z !y occur1 or 9 a note2 s t1 ?\gh ,i may (t5 be f\nd trite or t$i\s1 ,i tru/ t ,i %all n be obscure4 ,i am especially anxi\s to rid ?is essay ( ambiguity1 because ,i want to ga9 ! e> ( all k9ds ( p]sons4 ,e man has1 at "s "t ( 8 life1 p]sonal int]e/ 9 ar*itecture4 ,he has influ5ce on ! design ( "s public build+2 or he has to buy1 or build1 or alt] 8 own h\se4 ,x signifies less :e!r ! k ( o!r arts be g5]al or n2 m5 may live )\t buy+ pictures or /atues3 b1 9 ar*itecture1 all mu/ 9 "s way commit !mselves2 !y mu/ d mis*ief1 & wa/e _! money1 if !y d n "k h[ to turn x to acc\nt4 ,*ur*es1 & %ops1 & w>eh\ses1 & cottages1 & small r[1 & place1 & t]race h\ses1 mu/ be built1 & liv$ 91 h[ev] joyless or inconv5i5t4 ,& x is assur$ly int5d$ t all ( u %\ld h k1 & act ^u our k1 9 matt]s ) :i* we are daily conc]n$1 & n to be left to ! caprice ( ar*itects or m]cy ( contractors4 ,!re is n1 inde$1 any?+ 9 ! foll[+ essay be>+ on ! special =ms & ne$s ( mod]n build+s2 b ! pr9ciples x inculcates are univ]sal2 & !y are illu/rat$ f ! rema9s ( a city :i* %\ld surely be int]e/+ to ! m5 ( ,london1 z af=d+ ! ri*e/ exi/+ examples ( ar*itecture rais$ by a m]cantile community1 = civil uses1 & dome/ic magnific5ce4 ,,d5m>k ,,hill1 ,febru>y1 #ahea4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface1 iii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,qu>ry1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,virtues ( ,ar*itecture1 #cf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,six ,divisions ( ,ar*itecture1 #dg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,wall ,base1 #eb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,wall ,veil1 #eh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,wall ,cornice1 #fc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,pi] ,base1 #ga ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,%aft1 #hd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,capital1 #aje ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,ar* ,l9e1 #abb ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,ar* ,masonry1 #acb ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,ar* ,load1 #add ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,ro(1 #adh ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,ro( ,cornice1 #aee ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,! ,buttress1 #aff ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,=m ( ,ap]ture1 #agd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,fill+ ( ,ap]ture1 #ahc ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,protection ( ,ap]ture1 #aie ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,sup]imposition1 #bjj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,mat]ial ( ,ornam5t1 #baa ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,treatm5t ( ,ornam5t1 #bcf ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,! ,angle1 #bei ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,edge & ,fillet1 #bfg ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,roll & ,recess1 #bgf ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,! ,base1 #bha ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! ,wall ,veil & ,%aft1 #bid ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,! ,cornice & ,capital1 #cje ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,! ,ar*ivolt & ,ap]ture1 #ccc ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,! ,ro(1 #cdc ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,! ,ve/ibule1 #cdi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix4 #a4 ,f\ndation ( ,v5ice1 #cei #b4 ,p[] ( ! ,doges1 #cfj #c4 ,s]r> del ,consiglio1 #cfj #d4 ,s4 ,pietro di ,ca/ello1 #cfa #e4 ,papal ,p[] 9 ,v5ice1 #cfb #f4 ,r5aissance ,ornam5t1 #cfi #g4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,ord]s1 #cgj #h4 ,! ,nor!rn ,en]gy1 #cga #i4 ,wood5 ,*ur*es ( ! ,nor?1 #cha #aj4 ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria1 #cha #aa4 ,r5aissance ,l&scape1 #cha #ab4 ,romani/ ,mod]n ,art1 #chd #ac4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson's ,sy/em1 #chh #ad4 ,divisions ( ,humanity1 #cid #ae4 ,in/9ctive ,judgm5ts1 #cii #af4 ,/r5g? ( ,%afts1 #djb #ag4 ,answ] to ,mr4 ,g>bett1 #djc #ah4 ,e>ly ,engli% ,capitals1 #daa #ai4 ,tombs ne> ,/4 ,ana/asia1 #dab #bj4 ,%afts ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 #dac #ba4 ,anci5t ,repres5tations ( ,wat]1 #dag #bb4 ,arabian ,ornam5tation1 #dbi #bc4 ,v>ieties ( ,*amf]1 #dbi #bd4 ,r5aissance ,bases1 #dca #be4 ,romani/ ,decoration ( ,bases1 #dcb ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,fac+ ,page ,plate #a4 ,wall ,veil ,decoration1 ,ca' ,trevisan & ,ca' ,d>io1 #ac #b4 ,plans ( ,pi]s1 #ajj #c4 ,ar* ,masonry1 #acd #d4 ,ar* ,masonry1 #acg #e4 ,ar* ,masonry1 ,bruletto ( ,como1 #ada #f4 ,types ( ,t[]s1 #bjg #g4 ,ab/racts ,l9es1 #bbb #h4 ,decorations by ,disks1 ,ca' ,bado>i1 #bda #i4 ,edge ,decoration1 #bfh #aj4 ,pr(iles ( ,bases1 #bhc #aa4 ,plans ( ,bases1 #bhh #ab4 ,decorations ( ,bases1 #bhi #ac4 ,wall ,veil ,decorations1 #bie #ad4 ,sp&ril ,decorations1 ,ducal ,palace1 #bih #ae4 ,cornice ,pr(iles1 #cjf #af4 ,cornice ,decorations1 #caa #ag4 ,capitals--,concave1 #cbc #ah4 ,capitals--,convex1 #cbg #ai4 ,ar*ivolt ,decoration1 ,v]ona1 #ccc #bj4 ,wall ,veil ,decoration1 ,ca' ,trevisan1 #cfi #ba4 ,wall ,veil ,decoration1 ,san ,mi*ele1 ,lucca1 #cgh ,,! ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,qu>ry4 ,i4 ,s9ce ! fir/ dom9ion ( m5 0 ass]t$ ov] ! ocean1 ?ree ?rones1 ( m>k beyond all o!rs1 h be5 set ^u its s&s3 ! ?rones ( ,tyre1 ,v5ice1 & ,engl&4 ,( ! ,fir/ ( ^! great p[]s only ! memory rema9s2 ( ! ,second1 ! ru92 ! ,?ird1 :i* inh]its _! greatness1 if x =get _! example1 may be l$ ?r\gh pr\d] em95ce to less piti$ de/ruction4 ,! exaltation1 ! s91 & ! puni%m5t ( ,tyre h be5 record$ = u1 9 p]haps ! mo/ t\*+ words ev] utt]$ by ! ,prophets ( ,israel aga9/ ! cities ( ! /rang]4 ,b we read !m z a lovely song2 & close our e>s to ! /]nness ( _! w>n+3 = ! v dep? ( ! ,fall ( ,tyre has bl9d$ u to its reality1 & we =get1 z we wat* ! blea*+ ( ! rocks betwe5 ! sun%9e & ! sea1 t !y 7 once z 9 ,ed51 ! g>d5 ( ,god4 ,h] successor1 l h] 9 p]fection ( beauty1 ?\gh less 9 endurance ( dom9ion1 is /ill left = our behold+ 9 ! f9al p]iod ( h] decl9e3 a gho/ ^u ! s&s ( ! sea1 s weak--s quiet1--s b]eft ( all b h] lovel9ess1 t we might well d\bt1 z we wat*$ h] fa9t reflection 9 ! mirage ( ! lagoon1 :i* 0 ! ,city1 & :i* ! ,%ad[4 ,i w\ld endeavor to trace ! l9es ( ?is image be=e x be = ev] lo/1 & to record1 z f> z ,i may1 ! w>n+ :i* seems to me to be utt]$ by e "o ( ! fa/-ga9+ waves1 t beat1 l pass+ bells1 aga9/ ! ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,,ii4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate ! value ( ! lessons :i* might be d]iv$ f a fai?ful /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ?is /range & mighty city3 a hi/ory :i*1 9 spite ( ! labor ( c\ntless *ronicl]s1 rema9s 9 vague & disputable outl9e1--b>r$ ) brightness & %ade1 l ! f> away edge ( h] own ocean1 :]e ! surf & ! s&-bank are m+l$ ) ! sky4 ,! inquiries 9 :i* we h to engage w h>dly r5d] ?is outl9e cle>]1 b _! results w1 9 "s degree1 alt] its aspect2 &1 s f> z !y be> ^u x at all1 !y possess an int]e/ ( a f> high] k9d ?an t usually belong+ to ar*itectural inve/igations4 ,i may1 p]haps1 9 ! outset1 & 9 few words1 enable ! g5]al read] to =m a cle>] idea ( ! importance ( e exi/+ expression ( ,v5etian "* ?r\gh ,v5etian art1 & ( ! bread? ( int]e/ :i* ! true hi/ory ( ,v5ice embraces1 ?an he is likely to h glean$ f ! curr5t fables ( h] my/]y or magnific5ce4 ,,iii4 ,v5ice is usually conceiv$ z an olig>*y3 ,%e 0 s dur+ a p]iod less ?an ! half ( h] exi/5ce1 & t includ+ ! days ( h] decl9e2 & x is "o ( ! fir/ que/ions ne$+ sev]e exam9ation1 :e!r t decl9e 0 ow+ 9 any wise to ! *ange 9 ! =m ( h] gov]nm5t1 or altoge!r1 z assur$ly 9 great "p1 to *anges1 9 ! "* ( ! p]sons ( :om x 0 compos$4 ,! /ate ( ,v5ice exi/$ ,?irte5 ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty-six ye>s1 f ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( a consul> gov]nm5t on ! isl& ( ! ,rialto1#a to ! mom5t :5 ! ,g5]al-9-*ief ( ! ,fr5* army ( ,italy pron\nc$ ! ,v5etian republic a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,( ?is p]iod1 ,two ,hundr$ & ,sev5ty-six#b ye>s 7 pass$ 9 a nom9al subjection to ! cities ( old ,v5etia1 especially to ,padua1 & 9 an agitat$ =m ( democracy1 ( :i* ! executive appe>s to h be5 entru/$ to tribunes1#c *os51 "o by ! inhabitants ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal isl&s4 ,= six hundr$ ye>s1#d dur+ :i* ! p[] ( ,v5ice 0 cont9ually on ! increase1 h] gov]nm5t 0 an elective mon>*y1 h] ,k+ or doge possess+1 9 e>ly times at lea/1 z mu* indep5d5t au?ority z any o!r ,european sov]eign1 b an au?ority gradually subject$ to limitation1 & %ort5$ almo/ daily ( its pr]ogatives1 :ile x increas$ 9 a spectral & incapable magnific5ce4 ,! f9al gov]nm5t ( ! nobles1 "u ! image ( a k+1 la/$ = five hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,v5ice reap$ ! fruits ( h] =m] en]gies1 consum$ !m1--& expir$4 ,,iv4 ,let ! read] !re=e conceive ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v5etian /ate z broadly divid$ into two p]iods3 ! fir/ ( n9e hundr$1 ! second ( five hundr$ ye>s1 ! sep>ation be+ m>k$ by :at 0 call$ ! ,s]r> del ,consiglio2 t is to say1 ! f9al & absolute di/9ction ( ! nobles f ! commonalty1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gov]nm5t 9 _! h&s to ! exclusion alike ( ! influ5ce ( ! p on ! "o side1 & ! au?ority ( ! doge on ! o!r4 ,!n ! fir/ p]iod1 ( n9e hundr$ ye>s1 pres5ts u ) ! mo/ int]e/+ spectacle ( a p /ruggl+ out ( an>*y into ord] & p[]2 & !n gov]n$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ! wor?ie/ & noble/ man :om !y c\ld f9d among !m1#e call$ _! ,doge or ,lead]1 ) an ari/ocracy gradually & resolutely =m+ itself ar\nd him1 out ( :i*1 & at la/ by :i*1 he 0 *os52 an ari/ocracy ow+ its orig9 to ! accid5tal numb]s1 influ5ce1 & weal? ( "s among ! families ( ! fugitives f ! old] ,v5etia1 & gradually organiz+ itself1 by its unity & h]oism1 into a sep>ate body4 ,?is fir/ p]iod includes ! rise ( ,v5ice1 h] noble/ a*ievem5ts1 & ! circum/ances :i* det]m9$ h] "* & position among ,european p[]s2 & )9 its range1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 we f9d ! names ( all h] h]o pr9ces1--( ,pietro ,urseolo1 ,ordalafo ,fali]1 ,dom5ico ,mi*ieli1 ,seba/iano ,ziani1 & ,enrico ,d&olo4 ,v4 ,! second p]iod op5s ) a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 ! mo/ ev5tful 9 ! c>e] ( ,v5ice--! c5tral /ruggle ( h] life--/a9$ ) h] d>ke/ crime1 ! murd] ( ,c>r>a--di/urb$ by h] mo/ dang]\s int]nal s$ition1 ! conspiracy ( ,fali]--oppress$ by h] mo/ fatal w>1 ! w> ( ,*iozza--& di/+ui%$ by ! glory ( h] two noble/ citiz5s 7= 9 ?is p]iod ! h]oism ( h] citiz5s replaces t ( h] mon>*s71 ,vittor ,pisani & ,c>lo ,z5o4 ,i date ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fall ( ,v5ice f ! dea? ( ,c>lo ,z5o1 #h? ,may1 #adah2f ! visible comm5cem5t f t ( ano!r ( h] noble/ & wise/ *ildr51 ! ,doge ,tomaso ,moc5igo1 :o expir$ five ye>s lat]4 ,! reign ( ,fosc>i foll[$1 gloomy ) pe/il5ce & w>2 a w> 9 :i* l>ge acquisitions ( t]ritory 7 made by subtle or =tunate policy 9 ,lomb>dy1 & disgrace1 significant z irrep>able1 su/a9$ 9 ! battles on ! ,po at ,cremona1 & 9 ! m>%es ( ,c>avaggio4 ,9 #aded1 ,v5ice1 ! fir/ ( ! /ates ( ,*ri/5dom1 humiliat$ h]self to ! ,turk3 9 ! same ye> 0 e/abli%$ ! ,inquisition ( ,/ate1#g & f ?is p]iod h] gov]nm5t takes ! p]fidi\s & my/]i\s =m "u :i* x is usually conceiv$4 ,9 #adgg1 ! great ,turki% invasion spread t]ror to ! %ores ( ! lagoons2 & 9 #aejh ! league ( ,cambrai m>ks ! p]iod usually assign$ z ! comm5cem5t ( ! decl9e ( ! ,v5etian p[]2#h ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ,v5ice 9 ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury bl9d+ h] hi/orians to ! previ\s evid5ce ( ! dim9ution ( h] int]nal /r5g?4 ,,vi4 ,n[ !re is app>5tly a significative co9cid5ce betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ari/ocratic & olig>*ical p[]s1 & ! dim9ution ( ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate4 ,b ?is is ! v "q at issue2 & x appe>s to me q undet]m9$ by any hi/orian1 or det]m9$ by ea* 9 accordance ) 8 own prejudices4 ,x is a triple "q3 fir/1 :e!r ! olig>*y e/abli%$ by ! ef=ts ( individual ambition 0 ! cause1 9 its subsequ5t op]ation1 ( ! ,fall ( ,v5ice2 or 7secondly7 :e!r ! e/abli%m5t ( ! olig>*y itself be n ! sign & evid5ce1 r ?an ! cause1 ( national en]vation2 or 7la/ly7 :e!r1 z ,i r ?9k1 ! hi/ory ( ,v5ice might n be writt5 almo/ )\t ref]5ce to ! con/ruction ( h] s5ate or ! pr]ogatives ( h] ,doge4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( a p em95tly at unity 9 itself1 desc5dants ( ,roman race1 long discipl9$ by adv]sity1 & compell$ by its position ei!r to live nobly or to p]i%3--= a ?\s& ye>s !y f\ght = life2 = ?ree hundr$ !y invit$ dea?3 _! battle 0 rew>d$1 & _! call 0 he>d4 ,,vii4 ,?r\gh\t h] c>e]1 ! victories ( ,v5ice1 &1 at _m p]iods ( x1 h] safety1 7 pur*as$ by individual h]oism2 & ! man :o exalt$ or sav$ h] 0 sometimes 7(t5e/7 h] k+1 sometimes a noble1 sometimes a citiz54 ,to him no matt]1 nor to h]3 ! real "q is1 n s mu* :at names !y bore1 or ) :at p[]s !y 7 entru/$1 z h[ !y 7 tra9$2 h[ !y 7 made ma/]s ( !mselves1 s]vants ( _! c\ntry1 pati5t ( di/ress1 impati5t ( di%onor2 & :at 0 ! true reason ( ! *ange f ! "t :5 %e c\ld f9d savi\rs among ^? :om %e _h ca/ into prison1 to t :5 ! voices ( h] own *ildr5 comm&$ h] to sign cov5ant ) ,dea?4#i ,,viii4 ,on ?is collat]al "q ,i wi% ! read]'s m9d to be fix$ ?r\gh\t all our subsequ5t inquiries4 ,x w give d\ble int]e/ to e detail3 nor w ! int]e/ be pr(itless2 = ! evid5ce :i* ,i %all be able to d$uce f ! arts ( ,v5ice w be bo? frequ5t & irrefragable1 t ! decl9e ( h] political prosp]ity 0 exactly co9cid5t ) t ( dome/ic & individual religion4 ,i say dome/ic & individual2 =--& ?is is ! second po9t :i* ,i wi% ! read] to keep 9 m9d--! mo/ curi\s ph5om5on 9 all ,v5etian hi/ory is ! vitality ( religion 9 private life1 & its deadness 9 public policy4 ,amid/ ! en?usiasm1 *ivalry1 or fanaticism ( ! o!r /ates ( ,europe1 ,v5ice /&s1 f fir/ to la/1 l a mask$ /atue2 h] coldness imp5etrable1 h] ex]tion only ar\s$ by ! t\* ( a secret spr+4 ,t spr+ 0 h] comm]cial int]e/1--?is ! "o motive ( all h] important political acts1 or endur+ national animosities4 ,%e c\ld =give insults to h] honor1 b nev] rival%ip 9 h] comm]ce2 %e calculat$ ! glory ( h] conque/s by _! value1 & e/imat$ _! ju/ice by _! facility4 ,! fame ( success rema9s1 :5 ! motives ( attempt are =gott52 & ! casual read] ( h] hi/ory may p]haps be surpris$ to be rem9d$1 t ! exp$ition :i* 0 comm&$ by ! noble/ ( h] pr9ces1 & ^: results add$ mo/ to h] milit>y glory1 0 "o 9 :i* :ile all ,europe ar\nd h] 0 wa/$ by ! fire ( its devotion1 %e fir/ calculat$ ! highe/ price %e c\ld exact f its piety = ! armam5t %e furni%$1 & !n1 = ! advancem5t ( h] own private int]e/s1 at once broke h] fai?#aj & betray$ h] religion4 ,,ix4 ,& yet1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is national crim9ality1 we %all be /ruck aga9 & aga9 by ! evid5ces ( ! mo/ noble individual feel+4 ,! te>s ( ,d&olo 7 n %$ 9 hypocrisy1 ?\gh !y c\ld n bl9d him to ! importance ( ! conque/ ( ,z>a4 ,! habit ( assign+ to religion a direct influ5ce ov] all 8 own actions1 & all ! affairs ( 8 own daily life1 is rem>kable 9 e great ,v5etian dur+ ! times ( ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate2 nor are in/ances want+ 9 :i* ! private feel+ ( ! citiz5s rea*es ! sph]e ( _! policy1 & ev5 becomes ! guide ( its c\rse :]e ! scales ( exp$i5cy are d\btfully balanc$4 ,i s9c]ely tru/ t ! inquir] w\ld be disappo9t$ :o %\ld endeavor to trace any m imm$iate reasons = _! adoption ( ! cause ( ,alex&] ,,iii4 aga9/ ,b>b>ossa1 ?an ! piety :i* 0 excit$ by ! "* ( _! suppliant1 & ! noble pride :i* 0 provok$ by ! insol5ce ( ! emp]or4 ,b ! he>t ( ,v5ice is %[n only 9 h] ha/ie/ c\ncils2 h] worldly _s recov]s ! asc5d5cy :5ev] %e has "t to calculate ! probabilities ( advantage1 or :5 !y are suffici5tly di/9ct to ne$ no calculation2 & ! entire subjection ( private piety to national policy is n only rem>kable ?r\gh\t ! almo/ endless s]ies ( trea*]ies & tyrannies by :i* h] empire 0 enl>g$ & ma9ta9$1 b symbolis$ by a v s+ul> circum/ance 9 ! build+ ( ! city itself4 ,i am aw>e ( no o!r city ( ,europe 9 :i* its ca!dral 0 n ! pr9cipal feature4 ,b ! pr9cipal *ur* 9 ,v5ice 0 ! *apel atta*$ to ! palace ( h] pr9ce1 & call$ ! ,*iesa ,ducale4 ,! patri>*al *ur*1#aa inconsid]able 9 size & mean 9 decoration1 /&s on ! out]mo/ islet ( ! ,v5etian gr\p1 & its "n1 z well z its site1 is probably unkn[n to ! great] numb] ( travell]s pass+ ha/ily ?r\gh ! city4 ,nor is x less wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! two mo/ important temples ( ,v5ice1 next to ! ducal *apel1 owe _! size & magnific5ce1 n to national ef=t1 b to ! en]gy ( ! ,franciscan & ,dom9ican monks1 support$ by ! va/ organization ( ^? great societies on ! ma9l& ( ,italy1 & c\nt5anc$ by ! mo/ pi\s1 & p]haps also1 9 8 g5]ation1 ! mo/ wise1 ( all ! pr9ces ( ,v5ice1#ab :o n[ re/s b5ea? ! ro( ( "o ( ^? v temples1 & ^: life is n satiriz$ by ! images ( ! ,virtues :i* a ,tuscan sculptor has plac$ ar\nd 8 tomb4 ,x4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two /range & solemn lights 9 :i* we h to reg>d almo/ e sc5e 9 ! fitful hi/ory ( ! ,rivo ,alto4 ,we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 a deep & con/ant tone ( individual religion *>act]is+ ! lives ( ! citiz5s ( ,v5ice 9 h] greatness2 we f9d ?is _s influ5c+ !m 9 all ! famili> & imm$iate conc]ns ( life1 giv+ a peculi> dignity to ! conduct ev5 ( _! comm]cial transactions1 & confess$ by !m ) a simplicity ( fai? t may well put to %ame ! hesitation ) :i* a man ( ! _w at pres5t admits 7ev5 if x be s 9 reality7 t religi\s feel+ has any influ5ce ov] ! m9or bran*es ( 8 conduct4 ,& we f9d z ! natural consequ5ce ( all ?is1 a heal?y s]5ity ( m9d & en]gy ( w express$ 9 all _! actions1 & a habit ( h]oism :i* nev] fails !m1 ev5 :5 ! imm$iate motive ( action ceases to be praisewor?y4 ,) ! fulness ( ?is _s ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate is exactly correspond5t1 & ) its failure h] decl9e1 & t ) a clos5ess & precision :i* x w be "o ( ! collat]al objects ( ! foll[+ essay to demon/rate f su* accid5tal evid5ce z ! field ( its inquiry pres5ts4 ,&1 ?us f>1 all is natural & simple4 ,b ! /opp+ %ort ( ?is religi\s fai? :5 x appe>s likely to influ5ce national action1 correspond5t z x is1 & t mo/ /rik+ly1 ) sev]al *>act]i/ics ( ! temp] ( our pres5t ,engli% legislature1 is a subject1 morally & politically1 ( ! mo/ curi\s int]e/ & complicat$ difficulty2 "o1 h[ev]1 :i* ! range ( my pres5t inquiry w n p]mit me to approa*1 & = ! treatm5t ( :i* ,i mu/ be cont5t to furni% mat]ials 9 ! light ,i may be able to ?r[ ^u ! private t5d5cies ( ! ,v5etian "*4 ,,xi4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mo/ int]e/+ feature 9 ! policy ( ,v5ice :i* w be (t5 br\ght be=e u2 & :i* a ,romani/ w\ld gladly assign z ! reason ( its irreligion2 namely1 ! magnific5t & successful /ruggle :i* %e ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! temporal au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,x is true t1 9 a rapid survey ( h] c>e]1 ! eye is at fir/ arre/$ by ! /range drama to :i* ,i h already allud$1 clos$ by t ev] memorable sc5e 9 ! portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's1#ac ! c5tral expression 9 mo/ m5's ?\ghts ( ! un5durable elevation ( ! pontifical p[]2 x is true t ! pr\de/ ?\ghts ( ,v5ice1 z well z ! insignia ( h] pr9ce1 & ! =m ( h] *ief fe/ival1 record$ ! s]vice ?us r5d]$ to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,b ! endur+ s5tim5t ( ye>s m ?an balanc$ ! en?usiasm ( a mom5t2 & ! bull ( ,clem5t ,v41 :i* excommunicat$ ! ,v5etians & _! doge1 lik5+ !m to ,da?an1 ,abiram1 ,absalom1 & ,lucif]1 is a /rong] evid5ce ( ! great t5d5cies ( ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t ?an ! umbrella ( ! doge or ! r+ ( ! ,adriatic4 ,! humiliation ( ,francesco ,d&olo blott$ out ! %ame ( ,b>b>ossa1 & ! total exclusion ( ecclesia/ics f all %>e 9 ! c\ncils ( ,v5ice became an endur+ m>k ( h] k ( ! _s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ( h] defiance ( x4 ,to ?is exclusion ( ,papal influ5ce f h] c\ncils1 ! ,romani/ w attribute _! irreligion1 & ! ,prote/ant _! success4#ad ,! fir/ may be sil5c$ by a ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! policy ( ! ,vatican itself2 & ! second by 8 own %ame1 :5 he reflects t ! ,engli% legislature sacrific$ _! pr9ciples to expose !mselves to ! v dang] :i* ! ,v5etian s5ate sacrific$ !irs to avoid4 ,,xii4 ,"o m circum/ance rema9s to be not$ respect+ ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t1 ! s+ul> unity ( ! families compos+ x1--unity f> f s9c]e or p]fect1 b /ill admirable :5 contra/$ ) ! fi]y feuds1 ! almo/ daily revolutions1 ! re/less successions ( families & p>ties 9 p[]1 :i* fill ! annals ( ! o!r /ates ( ,italy4 ,t rival%ip %\ld sometimes be end$ by ! dagg]1 or enmity conduct$ to its ends "u ! mask ( law1 c\ld n b be anticipat$ :]e ! fi]ce ,italian _s 0 subject$ to s sev]e a re/ra9t3 x is mu* t jeal\sy appe>s usually unm+l$ ) illegitimate ambition1 & t1 = e in/ance 9 :i* private passion s\ght its gratification ?r\gh public dang]1 !re are a ?\s& 9 :i* x 0 sacrific$ to ! public advantage4 ,v5ice may well call ^u u to note ) rev]5ce1 t ( all ! t[]s :i* are /ill se5 ris+ l a bran*less =e/ f h] isl&s1 !re is b "o ^: (fice 0 o!r ?an t ( summon+ to pray]1 & t "o 0 a wat*-t[] only3 f fir/ to la/1 :ile ! palaces ( ! o!r cities ( ,italy 7 lift$ into sull5 =titudes ( ramp>t1 & fr+$ ) =k$ battlem5ts = ! javel9 & ! b[1 ! s&s ( ,v5ice nev] sank "u ! weight ( a w> t[]1 & h] ro( t]races 7 wrea!d ) ,arabian imag]y1 ( gold5 globes susp5d$ on ! leaves ( lilies4#ae ,,xiii4 ,^!1 !n1 appe> to me to be ! po9ts ( *ief g5]al int]e/ 9 ! "* & fate ( ! ,v5etian p4 ,i w\ld next endeavor to give ! read] "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! te/imony ( ,art be>s ^u ^! que/ions1 & ( ! aspect :i* ! arts !mselves assume :5 !y are reg>d$ 9 _! true connexion ) ! hi/ory ( ! /ate4 #a/4 ,receive ! witness ( ,pa9t+4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,i put ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fall ( ,v5ice z f> back z #adah4 ,n[1 ,john ,bell9i 0 born 9 #adbc1 & ,titian 9 #adhj4 ,john ,bell9i1 & 8 bro!r ,g5tile1 two ye>s old] ?an he1 close ! l9e ( ! sacr$ pa9t]s ( ,v5ice4 ,b ! mo/ solemn _s ( religi\s fai? animates _! works to ! la/4 ,!re is no religion 9 any "w ( ,titian's3 !re is n ev5 ! smalle/ evid5ce ( religi\s temp] or sympa?ies ei!r 9 himself1 or 9 ^? = :om he pa9t$4 ,8 l>g] sacr$ subjects are m]ely !mes = ! exhibition ( pictorial rhetoric1--composition & color4 ,8 m9or works are g5]ally made subord9ate to purposes ( portraiture4 ,! ,madonna 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,fr>i is a m]e lay figure1 introduc$ to =m a l9k ( connexion betwe5 ! portraits ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,pes>o family :o surr\nd h]4 ,n[ ?is is n m]ely because ,john ,bell9i 0 a religi\s man & ,titian 0 n4 ,titian & ,bell9i are ea* true repres5tatives ( ! s*ool ( pa9t]s contempor>y ) !m2 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! arti/ic feel+ is a consequ5ce n s mu* ( diff]5ce 9 _! own natural *>act]s z 9 _! e>ly education3 ,bell9i 0 br\ght up 9 fai?2 ,titian 9 =malism4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s ( _! bir?s ! vital religion ( ,v5ice _h expir$4 ,,xiv4 ,! vital religion1 obs]ve1 n ! =mal4 ,outw>d obs]vance 0 z /rict z ev]2 & doge & s5ator /ill 7 pa9t$1 9 almo/ e important in/ance1 kneel+ be=e ! ,madonna or ,/4 ,m>k2 a confession ( fai? made univ]sal by ! pure gold ( ! ,v5etian sequ94 ,b obs]ve ! great picture ( ,titian's 9 ! ducal palace1 ( ! ,doge ,antonio ,grimani kneel+ be=e ,fai?3 !re is a curi\s lesson 9 x4 ,! figure ( ,fai? is a co>se portrait ( "o ( ,titian's lea/ graceful female models3 ,fai? _h become c>nal4 ,! eye is fir/ caught by ! fla% ( ! ,doge's armor4 ,! he>t ( ,v5ice 0 9 h] w>s1 n 9 h] wor%ip4 ,! m9d ( ,t9toret1 incomp>ably m deep & s]i\s ?an t ( ,titian1 ca/s ! solemnity ( its own tone ov] ! sacr$ subjects :i* x approa*es1 & sometimes =gets itself into devotion2 b ! pr9ciple ( treatm5t is altoge!r ! same z ,titian's3 absolute subord9ation ( ! religi\s subject to purposes ( decoration or portraiture4 ,! evid5ce might be accumulat$ a ?\s&fold f ! works ( ,v]onese1 & ( e succe$+ pa9t]1--t ! fifte5? c5tury _h tak5 away ! religi\s he>t ( ,v5ice4 ,,xv4 ,su* is ! evid5ce ( ,pa9t+4 ,to collect t ( ,ar*itecture w be our task ?r\gh _m a page to come2 b ,i mu/ "h give a g5]al idea ( its heads4 ,philippe de ,commynes1 writ+ ( 8 entry into ,v5ice 9 #adie1 says1-- ,*ascun me feit seoir au meillieu de ces deux ambassadeurs qui e/ l'honneur d',italie que d'e/re au meillieu2 et me m5]5t au long de la grant rue1 qu'ilz appell5t le ,canal ,grant1 et e/ bi5 l>ge4 ,les gallees y pass5t trav]s et y ay v5 navire de quatre c5s tonneaux ou plus pres des maisons3 et e/ la plus belle rue que je croy qui soit en t\t le monde1 et la mieulx maisonnee1 et va le long de la ville4 ,les maisons sont =t gr&es et haultes1 et de bonne pi]re1 et les anci5nes t\tes pa9ctes2 les aultres faictes depuis c5t ans3 t\tes ont le devant de m>bre blanc1 qui leur vi5t d',i/rie1 c5t mils de l1 et encores ma9cte grant piece de porphire et de s>p5t9e sur le devant4444 ,c'e/ la plus triumphante cit que j'aye jamais v5e et qui plus faict d'honneur ambassadeurs et e/rangi]s1 et qui plus saigem5t se g\v]ne1 et o le s]vice de ,dieu e/ le plus sollempnellem5t faict3 et encores qu'il y peu/ bi5 avoir d'aultres faultes1 si je croy que ,dieu les a en ayde p\r la rev]5ce qu'ilz port5t au s]vice de l',eglise4#af ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,wall-,veil-,decoration4 ,,ca',,trevisan ,,ca',,d>io4 ,,xvi4 ,?is passage is ( peculi> int]e/1 = two reasons4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! impression ( ,commynes respect+ ! religion ( ,v5ice3 ( :i*1 z ,i h above said1 ! =ms /ill rema9$ ) "s glimm]+ ( life 9 !m1 & 7 ! evid5ce ( :at ! real life _h be5 9 =m] times4 ,b obs]ve1 secondly1 ! impression in/antly made on ,commynes' m9d by ! di/9ction betwe5 ! eld] palaces & ^? built )9 ?is la/ hundr$ ye>s2 :i* all h _! fronts ( :ite m>ble br\ght f ,i/ria1 a hundr$ miles away1 & besides1 _m a l>ge piece ( porphyry & s]p5t9e ^u _! fronts4 ,on ! opposite page ,i h giv5 two ( ! ornam5ts ( ! palaces :i* s /ruck ! ,fr5* ambassador4#ag ,he 0 "r 9 8 notice ( ! di/9ction4 ,!re _h inde$ come a *ange ov] ,v5etian ar*itecture 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 & a *ange ( "s importance to u mod]ns3 we ,engli% owe to x our ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & ,europe 9 g5]al owes to x ! utt] degradation or de/ruction ( h] s*ools ( ar*itecture1 nev] s9ce reviv$4 ,b t ! read] may und]/& ?is1 x is necess>y t he %\ld h "s g5]al idea ( ! connexion ( ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice ) t ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 f its orig9 =w>ds4 ,,xvii4 ,all ,european ar*itecture1 bad & good1 old & new1 is d]iv$ f ,greece ?r\gh ,rome1 & color$ & p]fect$ f ! ,ea/4 ,! hi/ory ( ar*itecture is no?+ b ! trac+ ( ! v>i\s modes & directions ( ?is d]ivation4 ,und]/& ?is1 once = all3 if y hold fa/ ?is great connect+ clue1 y may /r+ all ! types ( successive ar*itectural inv5tion ^u x l s _m beads4 ,! ,doric & ! ,cor9?ian ord]s are ! roots1 ! "o ( all ,romanesque1 massy-capital$ build+s--,norman1 ,lomb>d1 ,byzant9e1 & :at else y c "n ( ! k9d2 & ! ,cor9?ian ( all ,go?ic1 ,e>ly ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,tuscan4 ,n[ obs]ve3 ^? old ,greeks gave ! %aft2 ,rome gave ! ar*2 ! ,arabs po9t$ & foliat$ ! ar*4 ,! %aft & ar*1 ! frame-"w & /r5g? ( ar*itecture1 are f ! race ( ,japhe?3 ! spirituality & sanctity ( x f ,ismael1 ,abraham1 & ,%em4 ,,xviii4 ,!re is high probability t ! ,greek receiv$ 8 %aft sy/em f ,egypt2 b ,i d n c>e to keep ?is e>li] d]ivation 9 ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,x is only necess>y t he %\ld be able to ref] to a fix$ po9t ( orig91 :5 ! =m ( ! %aft 0 fir/ p]fect$4 ,b x may be incid5tally obs]v$1 t if ! ,greeks did inde$ receive _! ,doric f ,egypt1 !n ! ?ree families ( ! e>? h ea* contribut$ _! "p to its noble/ ar*itecture3 & ,ham1 ! s]vant ( ! o!rs1 furni%es ! su/a9+ or be>+ memb]1 ! %aft2 ,japhe? ! ar*2 ,%em ! spiritualisation ( bo?4 ,,xix4 ,i h said t ! two ord]s1 ,doric & ,cor9?ian1 are ! roots ( all ,european ar*itecture4 ,y h1 p]haps1 he>d ( five ord]s2 b !re are only two real ord]s1 & !re nev] c be any m until doomsday4 ,on "o ( ^! ord]s ! ornam5t is convex3 ^? are ,doric1 ,norman1 & :at else y recollect ( ! k9d4 ,on ! o!r ! ornam5t is concave3 ^? are ,cor9?ian1 ,e>ly ,engli%1 ,decorat$1 & :at else y recollect ( t k9d4 ,! transitional =m1 9 :i* ! ornam5tal l9e is /raight1 is ! c5tre or root ( bo?4 ,all o!r ord]s are v>ieties ( ^?1 or phantasms & grotesques altoge!r indef9ite 9 numb] & species4#ah ,,xx4 ,?is ,greek ar*itecture1 !n1 ) its two ord]s1 0 clumsily copi$ & v>i$ by ! ,romans ) no p>ticul> result1 until !y begun to br+ ! ar* into ext5sive practical s]vice2 except only t ! ,doric capital 0 spoil$ 9 endeavors to m5d x1 & ! ,cor9?ian mu* v>i$ & enri*$ ) fanciful1 & (t5 v beautiful imag]y4 ,& 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s came ,*ri/ianity3 seiz$ ^u ! ar* z h] own2 decorat$ x1 & delight$ 9 x2 inv5t$ a new ,doric capital to replace ! spoil$ ,roman "o3 & all ov] ! ,roman empire set to "w1 ) su* mat]ials z 7 ne>e/ at h&1 to express & adorn h]self z be/ %e c\ld4 ,?is ,roman ,*ri/ian ar*itecture is ! exact expression ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! "t1 v f]vid & beautiful--b v imp]fect2 9 _m respects ignorant1 & yet radiant ) a /rong1 *ildlike light ( imag9ation1 :i* flames up "u ,con/ant9e1 illum9es all ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus & ! gean & ! ,adriatic ,sea1 & !n gradually1 z ! p give !mselves up to idolatry1 becomes ,corpse-light4 ,! ar*itecture s9ks into a settl$ =m--a /range1 gild$1 & embalm$ repose3 x1 ) ! religion x express$2 & s w\ld h rema9$ = ev]1--s does rema91 :]e its languor has be5 undi/urb$4#ai ,b r\gh wak5+ 0 orda9$ = x4 ,,xxi4 ,?is ,*ri/ian art ( ! decl9+ empire is divid$ into two great bran*es1 we/]n & ea/]n2 "o c5tr$ at ,rome1 ! o!r at ,byzantium1 ( :i* ! "o is ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,romanesque1 prop]ly s call$1 & ! o!r1 c>ri$ to high] imag9ative p]fection by ,greek workm51 is di/+ui%$ f x z ,byzant9e4 ,b ,i wi% ! read]1 = ! pres5t1 to class ^! two bran*es ( art toge!r 9 8 m9d1 !y be+1 9 po9ts ( ma9 importance1 ! same2 t is to say1 bo? ( !m a true cont9uance & sequ5ce ( ! art ( old ,rome itself1 fl[+ un9t]rupt$ly d[n f ! f\nta9-head1 & entru/$ always to ! be/ workm5 :o c\ld be f\nd--,lat9s 9 ,italy & ,greeks 9 ,greece2 & ?us bo? bran*es may be rang$ "u ! g5]al t]m ( ,*ri/ian ,romanesque1 an ar*itecture :i* _h lo/ ! ref9em5t ( ,pagan art 9 ! degradation ( ! empire1 b :i* 0 elevat$ by ,*ri/ianity to high] aims1 & by ! fancy ( ! ,greek workm5 end[$ ) bright] =ms4 ,& ?is art ! read] may conceive z ext5d+ 9 its v>i\s bran*es ov] all ! c5tral prov9ces ( ! empire1 tak+ aspects m or less ref9$1 accord+ to its proximity to ! seats ( gov]nm5t2 dep5d5t = all its p[] on ! vigor & fre%ness ( ! religion :i* animat$ x2 & z t vigor & purity dep>t$1 los+ its own vitality1 & s9k+ into n]veless re/1 n depriv$ ( its beauty1 b b5umb$ & incapable ( advance or *ange4 ,,xxii4 ,meantime !re _h be5 prep>ation = its r5ewal4 ,:ile 9 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople1 & 9 ! di/ricts "u _! imm$iate influ5ce1 ?is ,roman art ( pure desc5t 0 practis$ 9 all its ref9em5t1 an impure =m ( x--a patois ( ,romanesque--0 c>ri$ by inf]ior workm5 into di/ant prov9ces2 & /ill rud] imitations ( ?is patois 7 execut$ by ! b>b>\s nations on ! skirts ( ! empire4 ,b ^! b>b>\s nations 7 9 ! /r5g? ( _! y\?2 & :ile1 9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 a ref9$ & purely desc5d$ art 0 s9k+ into graceful =malism1 on its conf9es a b>b>\s & borr[$ art 0 organis+ itself into /r5g? & consi/5cy4 ,! read] mu/ !re=e consid] ! hi/ory ( ! "w ( ! p]iod z broadly divid$ into two great heads3 ! "o embrac+ ! elaborately languid succession ( ! ,*ri/ian art ( ,rome2 & ! o!r1 ! imitations ( x execut$ by nations 9 e conceivable phase ( e>ly organisation1 on ! edges ( ! empire1 or includ$ 9 its n[ m]ely nom9al ext5t4 ,,xxiii4 ,"s ( ! b>b>ic nations 71 ( c\rse1 n susceptible ( ?is influ5ce2 & :5 !y bur/ ov] ! ,alps1 appe>1 l ! ,huns1 z sc\rges only1 or mix1 z ! ,o/rogo?s1 ) ! en]vat$ ,italians1 & give physical /r5g? to ! mass ) :i* !y m+le1 )\t mat]ially affect+ its intellectual "*4 ,b o!rs1 bo? s\? & nor? ( ! empire1 _h felt its influ5ce1 back to ! bea* ( ! ,indian ,ocean on ! "o h&1 & to ! ice creeks ( ! ,nor? ,sea on ! o!r4 ,on ! nor? & we/ ! influ5ce 0 ( ! ,lat9s2 on ! s\? & ea/1 ( ! ,greeks4 ,two nations1 pre-em95t above all ! re/1 repres5t to u ! =ce ( d]iv$ m9d on ei!r side4 ,z ! c5tral p[] is eclips$1 ! orbs ( reflect$ light ga!r into _! fulness2 & :5 s5suality & idolatry _h done _! "w1 & ! religion ( ! empire 0 laid asleep 9 a glitt]+ sepul*re1 ! liv+ light rose ^u bo? horizons1 & ! fi]ce swords ( ! ,lomb>d & ,arab 7 %ak5 ov] its gold5 p>alysis4 ,,xxiv4 ,! "w ( ! ,lomb>d 0 to give h>dihood & sy/em to ! en]vat$ body & enfeebl$ m9d ( ,*ri/5dom2 t ( ! ,arab 0 to puni% idolatry1 & to proclaim ! spirituality ( wor%ip4 ,! ,lomb>d cov]$ e *ur* :i* he built ) ! sculptur$ repres5tations ( bodily ex]cises--hunt+ & w>4#bj ,! ,arab bani%$ all imag9ation ( creature =m f 8 temples1 & proclaim$ f _! m9>ets1 ,!re is no god b ,god4 ,opposite 9 _! "* & mission1 alike 9 _! magnific5ce ( en]gy1 !y came f ! ,nor? & f ! ,s\?1 ! glaci] torr5t & ! lava /ream3 !y met & cont5d$ ov] ! wreck ( ! ,roman empire2 & ! v c5tre ( ! /ruggle1 ! po9t ( pause ( bo?1 ! dead wat] ( ! opposite eddies1 *>g$ ) embay$ fragm5ts ( ! ,roman wreck1 is ,,v5ice4 ,! ,ducal palace ( ,v5ice conta9s ! ?ree elem5ts 9 exactly equal proportions--! ,roman1 ,lomb>d1 & ,arab4 ,x is ! c5tral build+ ( ! _w4 ,,xxv4 ,! read] w n[ beg9 to und]/& some?+ ( ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! edifices ( a city :i* includes1 )9 ! circuit ( "s sev5 or eight miles1 ! field ( conte/ betwe5 ! ?ree pre-em95t ar*itectures ( ! _w3--ea* ar*itecture express+ a condition ( religion2 ea* an errone\s condition1 yet necess>y to ! correction ( ! o!rs1 & correct$ by !m4 ,,xxvi4 ,x w be "p ( my endeavor1 9 ! foll[+ "w1 to m>k ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! nor!rn & s\!rn ar*itectures 7 develop$ f ! ,roman3 "h ,i mu/ pause only to "n ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! great families4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,roman & ,byzant9e "w is r\nd-ar*$1 ) s+le & well-proportion$ %afts2 capitals imitat$ f classical ,roman2 m\ld+s m or less s2 & l>ge surfaces ( walls entirely cov]$ ) imag]y1 mosaic1 & pa9t+s1 :e!r ( scripture hi/ory or ( sacr$ symbols4 ,! ,arab s*ool is at fir/ ! same 9 its pr9cipal features1 ! ,byzant9e workm5 be+ employ$ by ! caliphs2 b ! ,arab rapidly introduces *>act]s half ,p]sepolitan1 half ,egyptian1 into ! %afts & capitals3 9 8 int5se love ( excitem5t he po9ts ! ar* & wri!s x into extravagant foliations2 he bani%es ! animal imag]y1 & inv5ts an ornam5tation ( 8 own 7call$ ,arabesque7 to replace x3 ?is n be+ adapt$ = cov]+ l>ge surfaces1 he conc5trates x on features ( int]e/1 & b>s 8 surfaces ) horizontal l9es ( color1 ! expression ( ! level ( ! ,des]t4 ,he reta9s ! dome1 & adds ! m9>et4 ,all is done ) exquisite ref9em5t4 ,,xxvii4 ,! *anges effect$ by ! ,lomb>d are m curi\s /ill1 = !y are 9 ! anatomy ( ! build+1 m ?an its decoration4 ,! ,lomb>d ar*itecture repres5ts1 z ,i said1 ! :ole ( t ( ! nor!rn b>b>ic nations4 ,& ?is ,i believe 01 at fir/1 an imitation 9 wood ( ! ,*ri/ian ,roman *ur*es or basilicas4 ,)\t /ay+ to exam9e ! :ole /ructure ( a basilica1 ! read] w easily und]/& ?us mu* ( x3 t x _h a nave & two aisles1 ! nave mu* high] ?an ! aisles2 t ! nave 0 sep>at$ f ! aisles by r[s ( %afts1 :i* support$1 above1 l>ge spaces ( flat or dead wall1 ris+ above ! aisles1 & =m+ ! upp] "p ( ! nave1 n[ call$ ! cl]e/ory1 :i* _h a gabl$ wood5 ro(4 ,^! high dead walls 71 9 ,roman "w1 built ( /one2 b 9 ! wood5 "w ( ! ,nor?1 !y mu/ necess>ily h be5 made ( horizontal bo>ds or timb]s atta*$ to uprights on ! top ( ! nave pill>s1 :i* 7 !mselves also ( wood4#ba ,n[1 ^! uprights 7 necess>ily ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! timb]s1 & =m$ v]tical squ>e pila/]s above ! nave pi]s4 ,z ,*ri/ianity ext5d$ & civilisation increas$1 ^! wood5 /ructures 7 *ang$ into /one2 b !y 7 lit]ally petrifi$1 reta9+ ! =m :i* _h be5 made necess>y by _! be+ ( wood4 ,! upright pila/] above ! nave pi] rema9s 9 ! /one edifice1 & is ! fir/ =m ( ! great di/9ctive feature ( ,nor!rn ar*itecture--! vault+ %aft4 ,9 t =m ! ,lomb>ds br\ght x into ,italy1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & x rema9s to ?is day 9 ,/4 ,ambrogio ( ,milan1 & ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia4 ,,xxviii4 ,:5 ! vault+ %aft 0 introduc$ 9 ! cl]e/ory walls1 additional memb]s 7 add$ = its support to ! nave pi]s4 ,p]haps two or ?ree p9e trunks1 us$ = a s+le pill>1 gave ! fir/ idea ( ! gr\p$ %aft4 ,be t z x may1 ! arrangem5t ( ! nave pi] 9 ! =m ( a cross accompanies ! sup]imposition ( ! vault+ %aft2 toge!r ) correspond+ gr\p+ ( m9or %afts 9 doorways & ap]tures ( w9d[s4 ,?us1 ! :ole body ( ! ,nor!rn ar*itecture1 repres5t$ by t ( ! ,lomb>ds1 may be describ$ z r\gh b maje/ic "w1 r\nd-ar*$1 ) gr\p$ %afts1 add$ vault+ %afts1 & endless imag]y ( active life & fanta/ic sup]/itions4 ,,xxix4 ,! glaci] /ream ( ! ,lomb>ds1 & ! foll[+ "o ( ! ,normans1 left _! erratic blocks1 :]ev] !y _h fl[$2 b )\t influ5c+1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,s\!rn nations beyond ! sph]e ( _! own pres5ce4 ,b ! lava /ream ( ! ,arab1 ev5 aft] x ceas$ to fl[1 w>m$ ! :ole ( ! ,nor!rn air2 & ! hi/ory ( ,go?ic ar*itecture is ! hi/ory ( ! ref9em5t & spiritualisation ( ,nor!rn "w "u its influ5ce4 ,! noble/ build+s ( ! _w1 ! ,pisan-,romanesque1 ,tuscan 7,giottesque7 ,go?ic1 & ,v]onese ,go?ic1 are ^? ( ! ,lomb>d s*ools !mselves1 "u its close & direct influ5ce2 ! v>i\s ,go?ics ( ! ,nor? are ! orig9al =ms ( ! ar*itecture :i* ! ,lomb>ds br\ght into ,italy1 *ang+ "u ! less direct influ5ce ( ! ,arab4 ,,xxx4 ,und]/&+ ?us mu* ( ! =mation ( ! great ,european /yles1 we %all h no difficulty 9 trac+ ! succession ( ar*itectures 9 ,v5ice h]self4 ,f :at ,i said ( ! c5tral "* ( ,v5etian art1 ! read] is n1 ( c\rse1 to conclude t ! ,roman1 ,nor!rn1 & ,arabian elem5ts met toge!r & cont5d$ = ! ma/]y at ! same p]iod4 ,! e>lie/ elem5t 0 ! pure ,*ri/ian ,roman2 b few1 if any1 rema9s ( ?is art exi/ at ,v5ice2 = ! pres5t city 0 9 ! e>lie/ times only "o ( _m settlem5ts =m$ on ! *a9 ( m>%y isl&s :i* ext5d f ! m\?s ( ! ,isonzo to ^? ( ! ,adige1 & x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury t x became ! seat ( gov]nm5t2 :ile ! ca!dral ( ,torcello1 ?\gh ,*ri/ian ,roman 9 g5]al =m1 0 rebuilt 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & %[s evid5ce ( ,byzant9e workman%ip 9 _m ( its details4 ,?is ca!dral1 h[ev]1 ) ! *ur* ( ,santa ,fosca at ,torcello1 ,san ,giacomo di ,rialto at ,v5ice1 & ! crypt ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 =ms a di/9ct gr\p ( build+s1 9 :i* ! ,byzant9e influ5ce is exce$+ly slight2 & :i* is probably v suffici5tly repres5tative ( ! e>lie/ ar*itecture on ! isl&s4 ,,xxxi4 ,! ,ducal resid5ce 0 remov$ to ,v5ice 9 #hji1 & ! body ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 br\ght f ,alex&ria tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,! fir/ *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k's 01 d\btless1 built 9 imitation ( t de/roy$ at ,alex&ria1 & f :i* ! relics ( ! sa9t _h be5 obta9$4 ,dur+ ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies1 ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice seems to h be5 =m$ on ! same model1 & is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,cairo "u ! caliphs1#bb x be+ q immat]ial :e!r ! read] *ooses to call bo? ,byzant9e or bo? ,arabic2 ! workm5 be+ c]ta9ly ,byzant9e1 b =c$ to ! inv5tion ( new =ms by _! ,arabian ma/]s1 & br++ ^! =ms into use 9 :atev] o!r p>ts ( ! _w !y 7 employ$4 ,to ?is fir/ mann] ( ,v5etian ar*itecture1 toge!r ) ve/iges z rema9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,roman1 ,i %all devote ! fir/ division ( ! foll[+ inquiry4 ,! examples rema9+ ( x consi/ ( ?ree noble *ur*es 7^? ( ,torcello1 ,murano1 & ! great] "p ( ,/4 ,m>k's71 & ab\t t5 or twelve fragm5ts ( palaces4 ,,xxxii4 ,to ?is /yle succe$s a transitional "o1 ( a "* mu* m di/9ctly ,arabian3 ! %afts become m sl5d]1 & ! ar*es consi/5tly po9t$1 in/ead ( r\nd2 c]ta9 o!r *anges1 n to be enum]at$ 9 a s5t5ce1 tak+ place 9 ! capitals & m\ld+s4 ,?is /yle is almo/ exclusively secul>4 ,x 0 natural = ! ,v5etians to imitate ! beautiful details ( ! ,arabian dwell+-h\se1 :ile !y w\ld ) reluctance adopt ^? ( ! mosque = ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 fix+ limit+ dates = ?is /yle4 ,x appe>s 9 "p contempor>y ) ! ,byzant9e mann]1 b outlives x4 ,its position is1 h[ev]1 fix$ by ! c5tral date1 #aahj1 t ( ! elevation ( ! granite %afts ( ! ,piazetta1 ^: capitals are ! two mo/ important pieces ( detail 9 ?is transitional /yle 9 ,v5ice4 ,examples ( its application to dome/ic build+s exi/ 9 almo/ e /reet ( ! city1 & w =m ! subject ( ! second division ( ! foll[+ essay4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,v5etians 7 always ready to receive lessons 9 art f _! enemies 7else _h !re be5 no ,arab "w 9 ,v5ice74 ,b _! especial dread & hatr$ ( ! ,lomb>ds appe>s to h long prev5t$ !m f receiv+ ! influ5ce ( ! art :i* t p _h introduc$ on ! ma9l& ( ,italy4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ ! practice ( ! two /yles above di/+ui%$1 a peculi> & v primitive condition ( po9t$ ,go?ic _h aris5 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4 ,x appe>s to be a feeble reflection ( ! ,lomb>d-,arab =ms1 :i* 7 atta9+ p]fection ^u ! cont95t1 & w\ld probably1 if left to itself1 h be5 soon m]g$ 9 ! ,v5etian-,arab s*ool1 ) :i* x _h f ! fir/ s close a fell[%ip1 t x w be f\nd difficult to di/+ui% ! ,arabian ogives f ^? :i* seem to h be5 built "u ?is e>ly ,go?ic influ5ce4 ,! *ur*es ( ,san ,giacopo dell',orio1 ,san ,giovanni 9 ,bragora1 ! ,c>m9e1 & "o or two m1 furni% ! only important examples ( x4 ,b1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans introduc$ f ! cont95t _! morality & _! ar*itecture1 already a di/9ct ,go?ic1 curi\sly develop$ f ,lomb>dic & ,nor!rn 7,g]man87 =ms2 & ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciples exhibit$ 9 ! va/ *ur*es ( ,/4 ,paul & ! ,fr>i began rapidly to affect ! ,v5etian-,arab s*ool4 ,/ill ! two sy/ems nev] became unit$2 ! ,v5etian policy repress$ ! p[] ( ! *ur*1 & ! ,v5etian arti/s resi/$ its example2 & !nce=w>d ! ar*itecture ( ! city becomes divid$ into ecclesia/ical & civil3 ! "o an ungraceful yet p[]ful =m ( ! ,we/]n ,go?ic1 common to ! :ole p59sula1 & only %[+ ,v5etian sympa?ies 9 ! adoption ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m\ld+s2 ! o!r a ri*1 luxuriant1 & entirely orig9al ,go?ic1 =m$ f ! ,v5etian-,arab by ! influ5ce ( ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan ar*itecture1 & especially by ! engraft+ ^u ! ,arab =ms ( ! mo/ novel feature ( ! ,franciscan "w1 its trac]ies4 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( ,go?ic1 ! di/9ctive ar*itecture ( ,v5ice1 *iefly repres5t$ by ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,john & ,paul1 ! ,fr>i1 & ,san ,/efano1 on ! ecclesia/ical side1 & by ! ,ducal palace1 & ! o!r pr9cipal ,go?ic palaces1 on ! secul> side1 w be ! subject ( ! ?ird division ( ! essay4 ,,xxxiv4 ,n[ obs]ve4 ,! transitional 7or especially ,arabic7 /yle ( ! ,v5etian "w is c5tralis$ by ! date #aahj1 & is trans=m$ gradually into ! ,go?ic1 :i* ext5ds 9 its purity f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? to ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 t is to say1 ov] ! precise p]iod :i* ,i h describ$ z ! c5tral epo* ( ! life ( ,v5ice4 ,i dat$ h] decl9e f ! ye> #adah2 ,fosc>i became doge five ye>s lat]1 & 9 8 reign ! fir/ m>k$ signs appe> 9 ar*itecture ( t mighty *ange :i* ,philippe de ,commynes notices z above1 ! *ange to :i* ,london owes ,/4 ,paul's1 ,rome ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,v5ice & ,vic5za ! edifices commonly suppos$ to be _! noble/1 & ,europe 9 g5]al ! degradation ( e art %e has s9ce practis$4 ,,xxxv4 ,?is *ange appe>s fir/ 9 a loss ( tru? & vitality 9 exi/+ ar*itecture all ov] ! _w4 7,comp>e ,sev5 ,lamps1 *ap4 ii47 ,all ! ,go?ics 9 exi/5ce1 s\!rn or nor!rn1 7 corrupt$ at once3 ! ,g]man & ,fr5* lo/ !mselves 9 e species ( extravagance2 ! ,engli% ,go?ic 0 conf9$1 9 its insanity1 by a /rait-wai/coat ( p]p5dicul> l9es2 ! ,italian effloresc$ on ! ma9l& into ! mean+less ornam5tation ( ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia & ! ,ca!dral ( ,como 7a /yle sometimes ignorantly call$ ,italian ,go?ic71 & at ,v5ice into ! insipid confusion ( ! ,porta della ,c>ta & wild crockets ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,?is corruption ( all ar*itecture1 especially ecclesia/ical1 correspond$ )1 & m>k$ ! /ate ( religion ov] all ,europe1--! peculi> degradation ( ! ,romani/ sup]/ition1 & ( public morality 9 consequ5ce1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! ,re=mation4 ,,xxxvi4 ,aga9/ ! corrupt$ papacy arose two great divisions ( adv]s>ies1 ,prote/ants 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 ,rationali/s 9 ,france & ,italy2 ! "o requir+ ! purification ( religion1 ! o!r its de/ruction4 ,! ,prote/ant kept ! religion1 b ca/ aside ! h]esies ( ,rome1 & ) !m h] arts1 by :i* la/ rejection he injur$ 8 own "*1 cramp$ 8 intellect 9 refus+ to x "o ( its noble/ ex]cises1 & mat]ially dim9i%$ 8 influ5ce4 ,x may be a s]i\s "q h[ f> ! ,paus+ ( ! ,re=mation has be5 a consequ5ce ( ?is error4 ,! ,rationali/ kept ! arts & ca/ aside ! religion4 ,?is rationali/ic art is ! art commonly call$ ,r5aissance1 m>k$ by a return to pagan sy/ems1 n to adopt !m & hall[ !m = ,*ri/ianity1 b to rank itself "u !m z an imitator & pupil4 ,9 ,pa9t+ x is head$ by ,giulio ,romano & ,nicolo ,p\ss92 9 ,ar*itecture by ,sansov9o & ,palladio4 ,,xxxvii4 ,in/ant degradation foll[$ 9 e direction1--a flood ( folly & hypocrisy4 ,my?ologies ill und]/ood at fir/1 !n p]v]t$ into feeble s5sualities1 take ! place ( ! repres5tations ( ,*ri/ian subjects1 :i* _h become blasphem\s "u ! treatm5t ( m5 l ! ,c>acci4 ,gods )\t p[]1 satyrs )\t ru/icity1 nymphs )\t innoc5ce1 m5 )\t humanity1 ga!r into idiot gr\ps ^u ! pollut$ canvas1 & sc5ic affectations encumb] ! /reets ) prepo/]\s m>ble4 ,l[] & l[] decl9es ! level ( abus$ intellect2 ! base s*ool ( l&scape#bc gradually usurps ! place ( ! hi/orical pa9t+1 :i* _h sunk into pruri5t p$antry1--! ,alsatian sublimities ( ,salvator1 ! confection]y idealities ( ,claude1 ! dull manufacture ( ,gasp> & ,canaletto1 s\? ( ! ,alps1 & on ! nor? ! pati5t devotion ( besott$ lives to del9eation ( bricks & fogs1 fat cattle & dit*wat]4 ,& ?us ,*ri/ianity & morality1 c\rage1 & intellect1 & art all crumbl+ toge!r into "o wreck1 we are hurri$ on to ! fall ( ,italy1 ! revolution 9 ,france1 & ! condition ( art 9 ,engl& 7sav$ by h] ,prote/antism f sev]] p5alty7 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,ii4 ,,xxxviii4 ,i h n writt5 9 va9 if ,i h h]et(ore done any?+ t[>ds dim9i%+ ! reputation ( ! ,r5aissance l&scape pa9t+4 ,b ! h>m :i* has be5 done by ,claude & ! ,p\ss9s is z no?+ :5 comp>$ to ! mis*ief effect$ by ,palladio1 ,scamozzi1 & ,sansov9o4 ,claude & ! ,p\ss9s 7 weak m51 & h _h no s]i\s influ5ce on ! g5]al m9d4 ,!re is little h>m 9 _! works be+ pur*as$ at high prices3 _! real influ5ce is v slight1 & !y may be left )\t grave indignation to _! poor mission ( furni%+ draw+-rooms & assi/+ /r&$ conv]sation4 ,n s ! ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,rais$ at once into all ! magnific5ce ( :i* x 0 capable by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 !n tak5 up by m5 ( real intellect & imag9ation1 su* z ,scamozzi1 ,sansov9o1 ,inigo ,jones1 & ,wr51 x is impossible to e/imate ! ext5t ( its influ5ce on ! ,european m9d2 & t ! m1 because few p]sons are conc]n$ ) pa9t+1 &1 ( ^? few1 ! l>g] numb] reg>d x ) slight att5tion2 b all m5 are conc]n$ ) ar*itecture1 & h at "s "t ( _! lives s]i\s bus9ess ) x4 ,x does n mu* matt] t an individual loses two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds 9 buy+ a bad picture1 b x is to be regrett$ t a nation %\ld lose two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& 9 rais+ a ridicul\s build+4 ,nor is x m]ely wa/$ weal? or di/emp]$ conception :i* we h to regret 9 ?is ,r5aissance ar*itecture3 b we %all f9d 9 x p>tly ! root1 p>tly ! expression1 ( c]ta9 dom9ant evils ( mod]n times--ov]-sophi/ication & ignorant classicalism2 ! "o de/roy+ ! heal?fulness ( g5]al society1 ! o!r r5d]+ our s*ools & univ]sities useless to a l>ge numb] ( ! m5 :o pass ?r\gh !m4 ,n[ ,v5ice1 z %e 0 once ! mo/ religi\s1 0 9 h] fall ! mo/ corrupt1 ( ,european /ates2 & z %e 0 9 h] /r5g? ! c5tre ( ! pure curr5ts ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 s %e is 9 h] decl9e ! s\rce ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 ! orig9ality & spl5dor ( ! palaces ( ,vic5za & ,v5ice :i* gave ?is s*ool its em95ce 9 ! eyes ( ,europe2 & ! dy+ city1 magnific5t 9 h] dissipation1 & graceful 9 h] follies1 obta9$ wid] wor%ip 9 h] decrepitude ?an 9 h] y\?1 & sank f ! mid/ ( h] admir]s into ! grave4 ,,xxxix4 ,x is 9 ,v5ice1 !re=e1 & 9 ,v5ice only t effectual bl[s c be /ruck at ?is pe/il5t art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,de/roy its claims to admiration !re1 & x c ass]t !m n[h]e else4 ,?is1 !re=e1 w be ! f9al purpose ( ! foll[+ essay4 ,i %all n devote a f\r? section to ,palladio1 nor we>y ! read] ) successive *apt]s ( vitup]ation2 b ,i %all1 9 my acc\nt ( ! e>li] ar*itecture1 comp>e ! =ms ( all its lead+ features ) ^? into :i* !y 7 corrupt$ by ! ,classicali/s2 & pause1 9 ! close1 on ! edge ( ! precipice ( decl9e1 s soon z ,i h made its dep?s disc]nible4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i %all dep5d ^u two di/9ct k9ds ( evid5ce3--! fir/1 ! te/imony borne by p>ticul> incid5ts & facts to a want ( ?\ght or ( feel+ 9 ! build]s2 f :i* we may conclude t _! ar*itecture mu/ be bad3--! second1 ! s5se1 :i* ,i d\bt n ,i %all be able to excite 9 ! read]1 ( a sy/ematic ugl9ess 9 ! ar*itecture itself4 ,( ! fir/ k9d ( te/imony ,i %all "h give two in/ances1 :i* may be imm$iately useful 9 fix+ 9 ! read]s m9d ! epo* above indicat$ = ! comm5cem5t ( decl9e4 ,,xl4 ,i mu/ aga9 ref] to ! importance :i* ,i h above atta*$ to ! dea? ( ,c>lo ,z5o & ! doge ,tomaso ,moc5igo4 ,! tomb ( t doge is1 z ,i said1 wr\ght by a ,flor5t9e2 b x is ( ! same g5]al type & feel+ z all ! ,v5etian tombs ( ! p]iod1 & x is "o ( ! la/ :i* reta9s x4 ,! classical elem5t ent]s l>gely into its details1 b ! feel+ ( ! :ole is z yet unaffect$4 ,l all ! lovely tombs ( ,v5ice & ,v]ona1 x is a s>cophagus ) a recumb5t figure above1 & ?is figure is a fai?ful b t5d] portrait1 wr\ght z f> z x c be )\t pa9fulness1 ( ! doge z he lay 9 dea?4 ,he we>s 8 ducal robe & bonnet--8 head is laid slightly aside ^u 8 pill[--8 h&s are simply cross$ z !y fall4 ,! face is emaciat$1 ! features l>ge1 b s pure & lordly 9 _! natural *isell+1 t !y mu/ h look$ l m>ble ev5 9 _! animation4 ,!y are deeply worn away by ?\ght & dea?2 ! ve9s on ! temples bran*$ & />t+2 ! sk9 ga!r$ 9 %>p folds2 ! br[ high-ar*$ & %aggy2 ! eye-ball magnific5tly l>ge2 ! curve ( ! lips j veil$ by ! light mu/a*e at ! side2 ! be>d %ort1 d\ble1 & %>p-po9t$3 all noble & quiet2 ! :ite sepul*ral du/ m>k+ l light ! /]n angles ( ! *eek & br[4 ,?is tomb 0 sculptur$ 9 #adbd1 & is ?us describ$ by "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! rec5t writ]s :o repres5t ! popul> feel+ respect+ ,v5etian art4 ,( ! ,italian s*ool is also ! ri* b ugly 7ricco ma non bel7 s>cophagus 9 :i* repose ! a%es ( ,tomaso ,moc5igo4 ,x may be call$ "o ( ! la/ l9ks :i* connect ! decl9+ art ( ! ,middle ,ages ) t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* 0 9 its rise4 ,we w n /ay to p>ticul>ise ! defects ( ea* ( ! sev5 figures ( ! front & sides1 :i* repres5t ! c>d9al & !ological virtues2 nor w we make any rem>ks ^u ^? :i* /& 9 ! ni*es above ! pavilion1 because we consid] !m unwor?y bo? ( ! age & reputation ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 :i* 0 !n ) reason consid]$ ! mo/ notable 9 ,italy4#bd ,x is well1 inde$1 n to pause ov] ^! defects2 b x might h be5 bett] to h paus$ a mom5t beside t noble image ( a k+'s mortality4 ,,xli4 ,9 ! *oir ( ! same *ur*1 ,/4 ,giov4 & ,paolo1 is ano!r tomb1 t ( ! ,doge ,&rea ,v5dram94 ,?is doge di$ 9 #adgh1 aft] a %ort reign ( two ye>s1 ! mo/ disa/r\s 9 ! annals ( ,v5ice4 ,he di$ ( a pe/il5ce :i* foll[$ ! ravage ( ! ,turks1 c>ri$ to ! %ores ( ! lagoons4 ,he di$1 leav+ ,v5ice disgrac$ by sea & l&1 ) ! smoke ( ho/ile deva/ation ris+ 9 ! blue di/ances ( ,friuli2 & !re 0 rais$ to him ! mo/ co/ly tomb ev] be/[$ on h] mon>*s4 ,,xlii4 ,if ! writ] above quot$ 0 cold beside ! /atue ( "o ( ! fa!rs ( 8 c\ntry1 he atones = x by 8 eloqu5ce beside ! tomb ( ! ,v5dram94 ,i mu/ n spoil ! =ce ( ,italian sup]lative by translation4 ,qu&o si gu>da a quella corretta eleganza di pr(ili e di proporzioni1 a quella squisitezza d'ornam5ti1 a quel c]to sapore antico *e s5za ombra d'imitazione trasp>e da tutta l'op]a--c4 ,sopra ornatissimo zoccolo =nito di squisiti intagli s'alza uno /ylobate--c4 ,sotto le colonne1 il pr$etto /ilobate si muta leggiadram5te 9 pi$i/allo1 poi con bella novit di p5si]o e di effetto va coronato da un fregio il pi g5tile *e v$] si possa--c4 ,non puossi lasci> s5za un c5no l'arca dove /a *iuso il doge2 capo lavoro di p5si]o e di esecuzione1 c4 ,!re are two pages & a half ( closely pr9t$ praise1 ( :i* ! above specim5s may suffice2 b !re is n a ^w ( ! /atue ( ! dead f beg9n+ to end4 ,i am myself 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ?is r an important "p ( a tomb1 & ,i 0 especially int]e/$ 9 x "h1 because ,selvatico only e*oes ! praise ( ?\s&s4 ,x is unanim\sly decl>$ ! *ef d'oeuvre ( ,r5aissance sepul*ral "w1 & pron\nc$ by ,cicogn>a 7also quot$ by ,selvatico7 ,il v]tice a cui l'arti ,v5eziane si sp9s]o col m9i/]o del scalpello1--,! v culm9at+ po9t to :i* ! ,v5etian arts atta9$ by m9i/ry ( ! *isel4 ,to ?is culm9at+ po9t1 !re=e1 cov]$ ) du/ & cobwebs1 ,i atta9$1 z ,i did to e tomb ( importance 9 ,v5ice1 by ! m9i/ry ( su* anci5t ladd]s z 7 to be f\nd 9 ! sacri/an's keep+4 ,i 0 /ruck at fir/ by ! excessive awkw>dness & want ( feel+ 9 ! fall ( ! h& t[>ds ! spectator1 = x is ?r[n (f ! middle ( ! body 9 ord] to %[ its f9e cutt+4 ,n[ ! ,moc5igo h&1 sev]e & ev5 /iff 9 its articulations1 has its ve9s f9ely drawn1 its sculptor hav+ ju/ly felt t ! delicacy ( ! ve9+ expresses alike dignity & age & bir?4 ,! ,v5dram9 h& is f> m labori\sly cut1 b its blunt & clumsy cont\r at once makes u feel t all ! c>e has be5 ?r[n away1 & well x may be1 = x has be5 entirely be/[$ 9 cutt+ g\ty wr9kles ab\t ! jo9ts4 ,su* z ! h& is1 ,i look$ = its fell[4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght x _h be5 brok5 (f1 b1 on cle>+ away ! du/1 ,i saw ! wret*$ effigy _h only "o h&1 & 0 a m]e block on ! inn] side4 ,! face1 heavy & disagreeable 9 its features1 is made mon/r\s by its semi-sculpture4 ,"o side ( ! =ehead is wr9kl$ elaborately1 ! o!r left smoo?2 "o side only ( ! doge's cap is *as$2 "o *eek only is f9i%$1 & ! o!r block$ out & di/ort$ besides2 f9ally1 ! erm9e robe1 :i* is elaborately imitat$ to its utmo/ lock ( hair & ( gr\nd hair on ! "o side1 is block$ out only on ! o!r3 x hav+ be5 suppos$ ?r\gh\t ! "w t ! effigy 0 only to be se5 f bel[1 & f "o side4 ,,xliii4 ,x 0 inde$ to be s se5 by ne>ly e "o2 & ,i d n blame--,i %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 h prais$--! sculptor = regulat+ 8 treatm5t ( x by its position2 if t treatm5t _h n involv$1 fir/1 di%one/y1 9 giv+ only half a face1 a mon/r\s mask1 :5 we dem&$ true portraiture ( ! dead2 &1 secondly1 su* utt] coldness ( feel+1 z c\ld only consi/ ) an extreme ( intellectual & moral degradation3 ,:o1 ) a he>t 9 8 brea/1 c\ld h /ay$ 8 h& z he drew ! dim l9es ( ! old man's c\nt5ance--unmaje/ic once1 inde$1 b at lea/ sanctifi$ by ! solemnities ( dea?--c\ld h /ay$ 8 h&1 z he rea*$ ! b5d ( ! grey =ehead1 & measur$ out ! la/ ve9s ( x at s mu* ! zec*98 ,i d n ?9k ! read]1 if he has feel+1 w expect t mu* tal5t %\ld be %[n 9 ! re/ ( 8 "w1 by ! sculptor ( ?is base & s5seless lie4 ,! :ole monum5t is "o we>isome aggregation ( t species ( ornam5tal fl\ri%1 :i*1 :5 x is done ) a p51 is call$ p5man%ip1 & :5 done ) a *isel1 %\ld be call$ *iselman%ip2 ! subject ( x be+ *iefly fat-limb$ boys sprawl+ on dolph9s1 dolph9s incapable ( swimm+1 & dragg$ along ! sea by exp&$ pocket-h&k]*iefs4 ,b n[1 read]1 comes ! v gi/ & po9t ( ! :ole matt]4 ,?is ly+ monum5t to a di%onor$ doge1 ?is culm9at+ pride ( ! ,r5aissance art ( ,v5ice1 is at lea/ v]aci\s1 if 9 no?+ else1 9 its te/imony to ! "* ( its sculptor4 ,he 0 bani%$ f ,v5ice = =g]y 9 #adhg4be ,,xliv4 ,i h m to say ab\t ?is convict's "w h]eaft]2 b ,i pass at pres5t1 to ! second1 slight]1 b yet m int]e/+ piece ( evid5ce1 :i* ,i promis$4 ,! ducal palace has two pr9cipal faades2 "o t[>ds ! sea1 ! o!r t[>ds ! ,piazzetta4 ,! seaw>d side1 &1 z f> z ! sev5? ma9 ar* inclusive1 ! ,piazzetta side1 is "w ( ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 "s ( x p]haps ev5 e>li]2 :ile ! re/ ( ! ,piazzetta side is ( ! fifte5?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 age has be5 gravely disput$ by ! ,v5etian antiqu>ies1 :o h exam9$ _m docum5ts on ! subject1 & quot$ "s :i* !y nev] exam9$4 ,i h myself collat$ mo/ ( ! writt5 docum5ts1 & "o docum5t m1 to :i* ! ,v5etian antiqu>ies nev] ?\ght ( ref]r+1--! masonry ( ! palace itself4 ,,xlv4 ,t masonry *anges at ! c5tre ( ! eigh? ar* f ! sea angle on ! ,piazzetta side4 ,x has be5 ( comp>atively small /ones up to t po9t2 ! fifte5? c5tury "w in/antly beg9s ) l>g] /ones1 br\ght f ,i/ria1 a hundr$ miles away4#bf ,! n9? %aft f ! sea 9 ! l[] arcade1 & ! sev5te5?1 :i* is above x1 9 ! upp] arcade1 comm5ce ! s]ies ( fifte5? c5tury %afts4 ,^! two are some:at ?ick] ?an ! o!rs1 & c>ry ! p>ty-wall ( ! ,sala del ,scrut9io4 ,n[ obs]ve1 read]4 ,! face ( ! palace1 f ?is po9t to ! ,porta della ,c>ta1 0 built at ! in/ance ( t noble ,doge ,moc5igo beside ^: tomb y h be5 /&+2 at 8 in/ance1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( 8 successor1 ,fosc>i2 t is to say1 circa #adbd4 ,?is is n disput$2 x is only disput$ t ! sea faade is e>li]2 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! pro(s are z simple z !y are incontrov]tible3 = n only ! masonry1 b ! sculpture1 *anges at ! n9? l[] %aft1 & t 9 ! capitals ( ! %afts bo? ( ! upp] & l[] arcade3 ! co/umes ( ! figures introduc$ 9 ! sea faade be+ purely ,giottesque1 correspond5t ) ,giotto's "w 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 :ile ! co/ume on ! o!r capitals is ,r5aissance-,classic3 & ! lions' heads betwe5 ! ar*es *ange at ! same po9t4 ,& !re are a multitude ( o!r evid5ces 9 ! /atues ( ! angels1 ) :i* ,i %all n at pres5t tr\ble ! read]4 ,,xlvi4 ,n[1 ! ar*itect :o built "u ,fosc>i1 9 #adbd 7rememb] my date = ! decl9e ( ,v5ice1 #adah71 0 oblig$ to foll[ ! pr9cipal =ms ( ! old] palace4 ,b he _h n ! wit to inv5t new capitals 9 ! same /yle2 he !re=e clumsily copi$ ! old ones4 ,! palace has sev5te5 ma9 ar*es on ! sea faade1 eighte5 on ! ,piazzetta side1 :i* 9 all are ( c\rse c>ri$ by ?irty-six pill>s2 & ^! pill>s ,i %all always numb] f "r to left1 f ! angle ( ! palace at ! ,ponte della ,paglia to t next ! ,porta della ,c>ta4 ,i numb] !m 9 ?is succession1 because ,i ?us h ! e>lie/ %afts fir/ numb]$4 ,s c\nt$1 ! #a/1 ! #ah?1 & ! #cf?1 are ! great supports ( ! angles ( ! palace2 & ! fir/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury s]ies1 be+1 z above /at$1 ! #i? f ! sea on ! ,piazzetta side1 is ! #bf? ( ! entire s]ies1 & w always 9 future be s numb]$1 s t all numb]s above tw5ty-six indicate fifte5? c5tury "w1 & all bel[ x1 f\rte5? c5tury1 ) "s exceptional cases ( re/oration4 ,!n ! copi$ capitals are3 ! #bh?1 copi$ f ! #g?2 ! #bi?1 f ! #i?2 ! #cj?1 f ! #aj?2 ! #ca/1 f ! #h?2 ! #ccrd1 f ! #ab?2 & ! #cd?1 f ! #aa?2 ! o!rs be+ dull inv5tions ( ! #ae? c5tury1 except ! #cf?1 :i* is v nobly design$4 ,,xlvii4 ,! capitals ?us select$ f ! e>li] portion ( ! palace = imitation1 toge!r ) ! re/1 w be accurately describ$ h]eaft]2 ! po9t ,i h "h to notice is 9 ! copy ( ! n9? capital1 :i* 0 decorat$ 7be+1 l ! re/1 octagonal7 ) figures ( ! eight ,virtues3--,fai?1 ,hope1 ,*>ity1 ,ju/ice1 ,temp]ance1 ,prud5ce1 ,humility 7! ,v5etian antiqu>ies call x ,humanity671 & ,=titude4 ,! ,virtues ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are some:at h>d-featur$2 ) vivid & liv+ expression1 & pla9 e-day clo!s ( ! "t4 ,*>ity has h] lap full ( apples 7p]haps loaves71 & is giv+ "o to a little *ild1 :o /ret*es 8 arm = x across a gap 9 ! leafage ( ! capital4 ,=titude te>s op5 a lion's jaws2 ,fai? lays h] h& on h] brea/1 z %e beholds ! ,cross2 & ,hope is pray+1 :ile above h] a h& is se5 em]g+ f sunbeams--! h& ( ,god 7accord+ to t ( ,revelations1 ,! ,"l ,god give? !m light72 & ! inscription above is1 ,spes optima 9 ,deo4 ,,xlviii4 ,?is design1 !n1 is1 rudely & ) imp]fect *isell+1 imitat$ by ! fifte5? c5tury workm53 ! ,virtues h lo/ _! h>d features & liv+ expression2 !y h n[ all got ,roman noses1 & h _h _! hair curl$4 ,_! actions & emblems are1 h[ev]1 pres]v$ until we come to ,hope3 %e is /ill pray+1 b %e is pray+ to ! sun only3 ,! h& ( ,god is gone4 ,is n ?is a curi\s & /rik+ type ( ! _s :i* _h !n become dom9ant 9 ! _w1 =gett+ to see ,god's h& 9 ! light ,he gave2 s t 9 ! issue1 :5 t light op5$ into ! ,re=mation1 on ! "o side1 & into full k ( anci5t lit]ature on ! o!r1 ! "o 0 arre/$ & ! o!r p]v]t$8 ,,xlix4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! accid5tal evid5ce on :i* ,i %all dep5d = ! pro( ( ! inf]iority ( "* 9 ! ,r5aissance workm54 ,b ! pro( ( ! inf]iority ( ! "w itself is n s easy1 = 9 ?is ,i h to appeal to judgm5ts :i* ! ,r5aissance "w has itself di/ort$4 ,i felt ?is difficulty v =cibly z ,i read a slight review ( my =m] "w1 ,! ,sev5 ,lamps1 9 ,! ,ar*itect3 ! writ] notic$ my con/ant praise ( ,/4 ,m>k's3 ,mr4 ,rusk9 ?9ks x a v beautiful build+6 ,we1 said ! ,ar*itect1 ?9k x a v ugly build+4 ,i 0 n surpris$ at ! diff]5ce ( op9ion1 b at ! ?+ be+ consid]$ s completely a subject ( op9ion4 ,my oppon5ts 9 matt]s ( pa9t+ always assume t !re is su* a ?+ z a law ( "r1 & t ,i d n und]/& x3 b my ar*itectural adv]s>ies appeal to no law1 !y simply set _! op9ion aga9/ m9e2 & inde$ !re is no law at pres5t to :i* ei!r !y or ,i c appeal4 ,no man c speak ) rational decision ( ! m]its or dem]its ( build+s3 he may ) ob/9acy2 he may ) resolv$ adh]5ce to previ\s prejudices2 b nev] z if ! matt] c\ld be o!rwise decid$ ?an by a majority ( votes1 or p]t9acity ( p>tizan%ip4 ,i _h always1 h[ev]1 a cle> conviction t !re 0 a law 9 ?is matt]3 t good ar*itecture might be indisputably disc]n$ & divid$ f ! bad2 t ! opposition 9 _! v nature & ess5ce 0 cle>ly visible2 & t we 7 all ( u j z unwise 9 disput+ ab\t ! matt] )\t ref]5ce to pr9ciple1 z we %\ld be = debat+ ab\t ! g5u95ess ( a co91 )\t r++ x4 ,i felt also assur$ t ?is law mu/ be univ]sal if x 7 conclusive2 t x mu/ enable u to reject all fooli% & base "w1 & to accept all noble & wise "w1 )\t ref]5ce to /yle or national feel+2 t x mu/ sanction ! design ( all truly great nations & times1 ,go?ic or ,greek or ,arab2 t x mu/ ca/ (f & reprobate ! design ( all fooli% nations & times1 ,*9ese or ,mexican1 or mod]n ,european3 & t x mu/ be easily applicable to all possible ar*itectural inv5tions ( human m9d4 ,i set myself1 !re=e1 to e/abli% su* a law1 9 full belief t m5 are int5d$1 )\t excessive difficulty1 & by use ( _! g5]al common s5se1 to "k good ?+s f bad2 & t x is only because !y w n be at ! pa9s requir$ = ! disc]nm5t1 t ! _w is s widely encumb]$ ) =g]ies & bas5esses4 ,i f\nd ! "w simpl] ?an ,i _h hop$2 ! reasonable ?+s rang$ !mselves 9 ! ord] ,i requir$1 & ! fooli% ?+s fell aside1 & took !mselves away s soon z !y 7 look$ 9 ! face4 ,i _h !n1 ) respect to ,v5etian ar*itecture1 ! *oice1 ei!r to e/abli% ea* division ( law 9 a sep>ate =m1 z ,i came to ! features ) :i* x 0 conc]n$1 or else to ask ! read]'s pati5ce1 :ile ,i foll[$ out ! g5]al inquiry fir/1 & det]m9$ ) him a code ( "r & wrong1 to :i* we might toge!r make retrospective appeal4 ,i ?\ght ?is ! be/1 ?\gh p]haps ! dulle/ way2 & 9 ^! fir/ foll[+ pages ,i h !re=e endeavor$ to arrange ^? f\ndations ( criticism1 on :i* ,i %all re/ 9 my acc\nt ( ,v5etian ar*itecture1 9 a =m cle> & simple en\gh to be intelligible ev5 to ^? :o nev] ?\ght ( ar*itecture be=e4 ,to ^? :o h1 mu* ( :at is /at$ 9 !m w be well kn[n or self-evid5t2 b !y mu/ n be indignant at a simplicity on :i* ! :ole argum5t dep5ds = its usefulness4 ,f t :i* appe>s a m]e truism :5 fir/ /at$1 !y w f9d v s+ul> consequ5ces sometimes foll[+1--consequ5ces altoge!r unexpect$1 & ( consid]able importance2 ,i w n pause "h to dwell on _! importance1 nor on t ( ! ?+ itself to be done2 = ,i believe mo/ read]s w at once admit ! value ( a crit]ion ( "r & wrong 9 s practical & co/ly an art z ar*itecture1 & w be apt r to d\bt ! possibility ( its atta9m5t ?an dispute its usefulness if atta9$4 ,i invite !m1 !re=e1 to a fair trial1 be+ c]ta9 t ev5 if ,i %\ld fail 9 my ma9 purpose1 & be unable to induce 9 my read] ! confid5ce ( judgm5t ,i desire1 ,i %all at lea/ receive 8 ?anks = ! sugge/ion ( consi/5t reasons1 :i* may det]m9e hesitat+ *oice1 or ju/ify involunt>y pref]5ce4 ,& if ,i %\ld succe$1 z ,i hope1 9 mak+ ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice t\*/ones1 & detect+1 by ! m\ld]+ ( h] m>ble1 poison m subtle ?an ev] 0 betray$ by ! r5d+ ( h] cry/al2 & if ?us ,i am enabl$ to %[ ! bas5ess ( ! s*ools ( ar*itecture & ne>ly e o!r art1 :i* h = ?ree c5turies be5 pr$om9ant 9 ,europe1 ,i believe ! result ( ! inquiry may be s]viceable = pro( ( a m vital tru? ?an any at :i* ,i h hi!rto h9t$4 ,= obs]ve3 ,i said ! ,prote/ant _h despis$ ! arts1 & ! ,rationali/ corrupt$ !m4 ,b :at has ! ,romani/ done mean:ile8 ,he boa/s t x 0 ! papacy :i* rais$ ! arts2 :y c\ld x n support !m :5 x 0 left to its own /r5g?8 ,h[ came x to yield to ,classicalism :i* 0 bas$ on infidelity1 & to oppose no b>ri] to innovations1 :i* h r$uc$ ! once fai?fully conceiv$ imag]y ( its wor%ip to /age decoration8 ,%all we n r f9d t ,romanism1 in/ead ( be+ a promot] ( ! arts1 has nev] %[n itself capable ( a s+le great conception s9ce ! sep>ation ( ,prote/antism f its side8#bg ,s long z1 corrupt ?\gh x might be1 no cle> witness _h be5 borne aga9/ x1 s t x /ill includ$ 9 its ranks a va/ numb] ( fai?ful ,*ri/ians1 s long its arts 7 noble4 ,b ! witness 0 borne--! error made app>5t2 & ,rome1 refus+ to he> ! te/imony or =sake ! falsehood1 has be5 /ruck f t in/ant ) an intellectual palsy1 :i* has n only incapacitat$ h] f any fur!r use ( ! arts :i* once 7 h] m9i/]s1 b has made h] wor%ip ! %ame ( its own %r9es1 & h] wor%ipp]s _! de/roy]s4 ,come1 !n1 if tru?s su* z ^! are wor? our ?\ghts2 come1 & let u "k1 be=e we ent] ! /reets ( ! ,sea city1 :e!r we are inde$ to submit ourselves to _! undi/+ui%$ en*antm5t1 & to look ^u ! la/ *anges :i* 7 wr\ght on ! lift$ =ms ( h] palaces1 z we %\ld on ! caprici\s t[]+ ( summ] cl\ds 9 ! sunset1 ere !y sank into ! deep ( night2 or :e!r1 r1 we %all n behold 9 ! brightness ( _! accumulat$ m>ble1 pages on :i* ! s5t5ce ( h] luxury 0 to be writt5 until ! waves %\ld efface x1 z !y fulfill$--,god has numb]$ ?y k+dom1 & f9i%$ x4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,app5dix #a1 ,f\ndation ( ,v5ice4 #b ,app5dix #b1 ,p[] ( ! ,doges4 #c ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 des ,rp4 ,ital41 vol4 i4 *4 v4 #d ,app5dix #c1 ,s]r> del ,consiglio4 #e ,ha saputo trov> modo *e non uno1 non po*i1 non molti1 signoreggiano1 ma molti buoni1 po*i migliori1 e insiemem5te1 un ottimo solo4 7,sansov9o47 ,ah1 well done1 ,v5ice6 ,wisdom ?is1 inde$4 #f ,d>u1 liv4 xii4 *4 xii4 #g ,d>u1 liv4 xvi4 cap4 xx4 ,we owe to ?is hi/orian ! discov]y ( ! /atutes ( ! tribunal & date ( its e/abli%m5t4 #h ,om9\sly signifi$ by _! humiliation to ! ,papal p[] 7z be=e to ! ,turki%7 9 #aeji1 & _! ab&onm5t ( _! "r ( appo9t+ ! cl]gy ( _! t]ritories4 #i ,! s5ate vot$ ! abdication ( _! au?ority by a majority ( #eab to #ad4 7,alison1 *4 xxiii47 #aj ,by direct+ ! arms ( ! ,crusad]s aga9/ a ,*ri/ian pr9ce4 7,d>u1 liv4 iv4 *4 iv4 viii47 #aa ,app5dix #d1 ,san ,pietro di ,ca/ello4 #ab ,tomaso ,moc5igo1 above nam$1 ,v4 #ac ,9 t temple por*1 7,! brass is gone1 ! porphyry rema9s17 ,did ,,b>b>ossa fl+ 8 mantle (f1 ,& kneel+1 on 8 neck receive ! foot ,( ! pr\d ,pontiff--?us at la/ consol$ ,= flight1 disguise1 & _m an agui% %ake ,on 8 /one pill[4 ,i ne$ h>dly say :5ce ! l9es are tak53 ,rog]s' ,italy has1 ,i believe1 n[ a place 9 ! be/ belov$ comp>tm5t ( all libr>ies1 & w nev] be remov$ f x4 ,!re is m true expression ( ! _s ( ,v5ice 9 ! passages devot$ to h] 9 t poem1 ?an 9 all else t has be5 writt5 ( h]4 #ad ,at lea/1 su* success z !y _h4 ,vide ,app5dix #e1 ,! ,papal ,p[] 9 ,v5ice4 #ae ,! inconsid]able =tifications ( ! ars5al are no exception to ?is /atem5t1 z f> z x reg>ds ! city itself4 ,!y are little m ?an a semblance ( precaution aga9/ ! attack ( a =eign enemy4 #af ,mmoires de ,commynes1 liv4 vii4 *4 xviii4 #ag ,app5dix #f1 ,r5aissance ,ornam5ts4 #ah ,app5dix #g1 ,v>ieties ( ! ,ord]s4 #ai ,! read] w f9d ! weak po9ts ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture %rewdly seiz$1 & exquisitely sket*$1 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ! mo/ delightful book ( travels ,i ev] op5$1--,curzon's ,mona/]ies ( ! ,levant4 #bj ,app5dix #h1 ,! ,nor!rn ,en]gy4 #ba ,app5dix #i1 ,wood5 ,*ur*es ( ! ,nor?4 #bb ,app5dix #aj1 ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria4 #bc ,app5dix #aa1 ,r5aissance ,l&scape4 #bd ,selvatico1 ,ar*itettura di ,v5ezia1 p4 #adg4 #be ,selvatico1 p4 #bba4 #bf ,! old] "w is ( ,i/rian /one also1 b ( diff]5t quality4 #bg ,app5dix #ab1 ,romani/ ,mod]n ,art4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,virtues ,,( ,,ar*itecture4 ,i4 ,we address ourselves1 !n1 fir/ to ! task ( det]m9+ "s law ( "r :i* we may apply to ! ar*itecture ( all ! _w & ( all "t2 & by help ( :i*1 & judgm5t accord+ to :i*1 we may easily pron\nce :e!r a build+ is good or noble1 z1 by apply+ a plumb-l9e1 :e!r x be p]p5dicul>4 ,! fir/ "q w ( c\rse be3 ,:at are ! possible ,virtues ( ar*itecture8 ,9 ! ma91 we require f build+s1 z f m51 two k9ds ( goodness3 fir/1 ! do+ _! practical duty well3 !n t !y be graceful & pleas+ 9 do+ x2 :i* la/ is itself ano!r =m ( duty4 ,!n ! practical duty divides itself into two bran*es1--act+ & talk+3--act+1 z to def5d u f wea!r or viol5ce2 talk+1 z ! duty ( monum5ts or tombs1 to record facts & express feel+s2 or ( *ur*es1 temples1 public edifices1 treat$ z books ( hi/ory1 to tell su* hi/ory cle>ly & =cibly4 ,we h ?us1 altoge!r1 ?ree great bran*es ( ar*itectural virtue1 & we require ( any build+1-- #a4 ,t x act well1 & d ! ?+s x 0 int5d$ to d 9 ! be/ way4 #b4 ,t x speak well1 & say ! ?+s x 0 int5d$ to say 9 ! be/ words4 #c4 ,t x look well1 & please u by its pres5ce1 :atev] x has to d or say4#bh ,,ii4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! second ( ^! virtues1 x is evid5t t we c e/abli% no g5]al laws4 ,fir/1 because x is n a virtue requir$ 9 all build+s2 !re are "s :i* are only = cov]t or def5ce1 & f :i* we ask no conv]sation4 ,secondly1 because !re are c\ntless me?ods ( expression1 "s conv5tional1 "s natural3 ea* conv5tional mode has its own alphabet1 :i* evid5tly c be no subject ( g5]al laws4 ,e natural mode is in/9ctively employ$ & in/9ctively und]/ood1 :]ev] !re is true feel+2 & ?is in/9ct is above law4 ,! *oice ( conv5tional me?ods dep5ds on circum/ances out ( calculation1 & t ( natural me?ods on s5sations out ( control2 s t we c only say t ! *oice is "r1 :5 we feel t ! means are effective2 & we _c always say t x is wrong :5 !y are n s4 ,a build+ :i* record$ ! ,bible hi/ory by means ( a s]ies ( sculptural pictures1 w\ld be p]fectly useless to a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! ,bible be=eh&2 on ! o!r h&1 ! text ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts might be writt5 on its walls1 & yet ! build+ be a v inconv5i5t k9d ( book1 n s useful z if x _h be5 adorn$ ) intelligible & vivid sculpture4 ,s1 aga91 ! p[] ( excit+ emotion mu/ v>y or vani%1 z ! spectator becomes ?\ghtless or cold2 & ! build+ may be (t5 blam$ = :at is ! fault ( its critic1 or end[$ ) a *>m :i* is ( its spectator's creation4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 possible to make expressional "* any fair crit]ion ( excell5ce 9 build+s1 until we c fully place ourselves 9 ! position ( ^? to :om _! expression 0 orig9ally address$1 & until we are c]ta9 t we und]/& e symbol1 & are capable ( be+ t\*$ by e association :i* its build]s employ$ z lett]s ( _! language4 ,i %all cont9ually endeavor to put ! read] into su* sympa!tic temp]1 :5 ,i ask = 8 judgm5t ( a build+2 & 9 e "w ,i may br+ be=e him ,i %all po9t out1 z f> z ,i am able1 :atev] is peculi> 9 its expression2 nay1 ,i mu/ ev5 dep5d on su* peculi>ities = mu* ( my be/ evid5ce respect+ ! "* ( ! build]s4 ,b ,i _c legalize ! judgm5t = :i* ,i plead1 nor insi/ ^u x if x be refus$4 ,i c nei!r =ce ! read] to feel ?is ar*itectural rhetoric1 nor compel him to confess t ! rhetoric is p[]ful1 if x h produc$ no impression on 8 own m9d4 ,,iii4 ,i leave1 !re=e1 ! expression ( build+s = incid5tal notice only4 ,b _! o!r two virtues are prop] subjects ( law1--_! p]=mance ( _! common & necess>y "w1 & _! con=mity ) univ]sal & div9e canons ( lovel9ess3 respect+ ^! !re c be no d\bt1 no ambiguity4 ,i w\ld h ! read] disc]n !m s quickly t1 z he passes along a /reet1 he may1 by a glance ( ! eye1 di/+ui% ! noble f ! ignoble "w4 ,he c d ?is1 if he p]mit free play to 8 natural in/9cts2 & all t ,i h to d = him is to remove f ^? in/9cts ! artificial re/ra9ts :i* prev5t _! action1 & to enc\rage !m to an unaffect$ & unbiass$ *oice betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,,iv4 ,we h1 !n1 two qualities ( build+s = subjects ( sep>ate inquiry3 _! action1 & aspect1 & ! s\rces ( virtue 9 bo?2 t is to say1 ,/r5g? & ,beauty1 bo? ( ^! be+ less admir$ 9 !mselves1 ?an z te/ify+ ! intellig5ce or imag9ation ( ! build]4 ,= we h a wor?i] way ( look+ at human ?an at div9e ar*itecture3 mu* ( ! value bo? ( con/ruction & decoration1 9 ! edifices ( m51 dep5ds ^u our be+ l$ by ! ?+ produc$ or adorn$1 to "s contemplation ( ! p[]s ( m9d conc]n$ 9 its creation or adornm5t4 ,we are n s l$ by div9e "w1 b are cont5t to re/ 9 ! contemplation ( ! ?+ creat$4 ,i wi% ! read] to note ?is especially3 we take pleasure1 or %\ld take pleasure1 9 ar*itectural con/ruction altoge!r z ! manife/ation ( an admirable human intellig5ce2 x is n ! /r5g?1 n ! size1 n ! f9i% ( ! "w :i* we are to v5]ate3 rocks are always /rong]1 m\nta9s always l>g]1 all natural objects m f9i%$2 b x is ! intellig5ce & resolution ( man 9 ov]com+ physical difficulty :i* are to be ! s\rce ( our pleasure & subject ( our praise4 ,& aga91 9 decoration or beauty1 x is less ! actual lovel9ess ( ! ?+ produc$1 ?an ! *oice & inv5tion conc]n$ 9 ! production1 :i* are to delight u2 ! love & ! ?\ghts ( ! workman m ?an 8 "w3 8 "w mu/ always be imp]fect1 b 8 ?\ghts & affections may be true & deep4 ,v4 ,?is orig9 ( our pleasure 9 ar*itecture ,i mu/ insi/ ^u at some:at great] l5g?1 = ,i w\ld fa9 d away ) "s ( ! ungrateful coldness :i* we %[ t[>ds ! good build]s ( old "t4 ,9 no art is !re clos] connection betwe5 our delight 9 ! "w1 & our admiration ( ! workman's m9d1 ?an 9 ar*itecture1 & yet we r>ely ask = a build]'s "n4 ,! patron at ^: co/1 ! monk ?r\gh ^: dream+1 ! f\ndation 0 laid1 we rememb] occasionally2 nev] ! man :o v]ily did ! "w4 ,did ! read] ev] he> ( ,william ( ,s5s z hav+ _h any?+ to d ) ,cant]bury ,ca!dral8 or ( ,pietro ,basegio z 9 anywise connect$ ) ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice8 ,!re is mu* +ratitude & inju/ice 9 ?is2 & !re=e ,i desire my read] to obs]ve c>efully h[ mu* ( 8 pleasure 9 build+ is d]iv$1 or %\ld be d]iv$1 f admiration ( ! intellect ( m5 ^: names he kn[s n4 ,,vi4 ,! two virtues ( ar*itecture :i* we c ju/ly weigh1 are1 we said1 its /r5g? or good con/ruction1 & its beauty or good decoration4 ,consid] fir/1 !re=e1 :at y mean :5 y say a build+ is well con/ruct$ or well built2 y d n m]ely mean t x answ]s its purpose1--?is is mu*1 & _m mod]n build+s fail ( ?is mu*2 b if x be v]ily well built1 x mu/ answ] ?is purpose 9 ! simple/ way1 & ) no ov]-exp5diture ( means4 ,we require ( a light-h\se1 = in/ance1 t x %all /& firm & c>ry a light2 if x d n ?is1 assur$ly x has be5 ill built2 b x may d x to ! end ( "t1 & yet n be well built4 ,x may h hundr$s ( tons ( /one 9 x m ?an 7 ne$$1 & h co/ ?\s&s ( p\nds m ?an x ought4 ,to pron\nce x well or ill built1 we mu/ "k ! utmo/ =ces x c h to resi/1 & ! be/ arrangem5ts ( /one = enc\nt]+ !m1 & ! quicke/ ways ( effect+ su* arrangem5ts3 !n only1 s f> z su* arrangem5ts h be5 *os51 & su* me?ods us$1 is x well built4 ,!n ! k ( all difficulties to be met1 & ( all means ( meet+ !m1 & ! quick & true fancy or inv5tion ( ! modes ( apply+ ! means to ! end1 are :at we h to admire 9 ! build]1 ev5 z he is se5 ?r\gh ?is fir/ or inf]ior "p ( 8 "w4 ,m5tal p[]1 obs]ve3 n muscul> nor me*anical1 nor te*nical1 nor empirical1--pure1 preci\s1 maje/ic1 massy intellect2 n to be _h at vulg> price1 nor receiv$ )\t ?anks1 & )\t ask+ f :om4 ,,vii4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 we are pres5t at ! build+ ( a bridge3 ! bricklay]s or masons h _h _! c5tr+ erect$ = !m1 & t c5tr+ 0 put toge!r by a c>p5t]1 :o _h ! l9e ( its curve trac$ = him by ! ar*itect3 ! masons are dext]\sly h&l+ & fitt+ _! bricks1 or1 by ! help ( ma*9]y1 c>efully adju/+ /ones :i* are numb]$ = _! places4 ,!re is probably 9 _! quickness ( eye & read9ess ( h& some?+ admirable2 b ?is is n :at ,i ask ! read] to admire3 n ! c>p5t]+1 nor ! bricklay+1 nor any?+ t he c pres5tly see & und]/&1 b ! *oice ( ! curve1 & ! %ap+ ( ! numb]$ /ones1 & ! appo9tm5t ( t numb]2 !re 7 _m ?+s to be kn[n & ?\ght ^u be=e ^! 7 decid$4 ,! man :o *ose ! curve & numb]$ ! /ones1 _h to "k ! times & tides ( ! riv]1 & ! /r5g? ( its floods1 & ! height & fl[ ( !m1 & ! soil ( ! banks1 & ! endurance ( x1 & ! weight ( ! /ones he _h to build )1 & ! k9d ( traffic t day by day w\ld be c>ri$ on ov] 8 bridge1--all ?is specially1 & all ! great g5]al laws ( =ce & weight1 & _! work+2 & 9 ! *oice ( ! curve & numb]+ ( /ones are express$ n only 8 k ( ^!1 b su* +5uity & firmness z he _h1 9 apply+ special means to ov]come ! special difficulties ab\t 8 bridge4 ,!re is no say+ h[ mu* wit1 h[ mu* dep? ( ?\ght1 h[ mu* fancy1 pres5ce ( m9d1 c\rage1 & fix$ resolution !re may h gone to ! plac+ ( a s+le /one ( x4 ,?is is :at we h to admire1--?is gr& p[] & he>t ( man 9 ! ?+2 n 8 te*nical or empirical way ( hold+ ! tr[el & lay+ mort>4 ,,viii4 ,n[ !re is 9 ev]y?+ prop]ly call$ art ?is conc]nm5t ( ! intellect1 ev5 9 ! prov9ce ( ! art :i* seems m]ely practical4 ,= obs]ve3 9 ?is bridge-build+ ,i suppose no ref]5ce to ar*itectural pr9ciples2 all t ,i suppose we want is to get safely ov] ! riv]2 ! man :o has tak5 u ov] is /ill a m]e bridge-build]1--a build]1 n an ar*itect3 he may be a r\gh1 artless1 feel+less man1 incapable ( do+ any "o truly f9e ?+ all 8 days4 ,i %all call ^u y to despise him pres5tly 9 a sort1 b n z if he 7 a m]e smoo!r ( mort>2 p]haps a great man1 inf9ite 9 memory1 indefatigable 9 labor1 exhau/less 9 exp$i5t1 unsurpassable 9 quickness ( ?\ght4 ,take good he$ y und]/& him be=e y despise him4 ,,ix4 ,b :y is he to be 9 anywise despis$8 ,by no means despise him1 unless he happ5 to be )\t a s\l1#bi or at lea/ to %[ no signs ( x2 :i* possibly he may n 9 m]ely c>ry+ y across ! riv]4 ,he may be m]ely :at ,mr4 ,c>lyle rightly calls a human beav] aft] all2 & !re may be no?+ 9 all t +5uity ( 8 great] ?an a complication ( animal faculties1 an intricate be/iality1--ne/ or hive build+ 9 its highe/ developm5t4 ,y ne$ some?+ m ?an ?is1 or ! man is despicable2 y ne$ t virtue ( build+ ?r\gh :i* he may %[ 8 affections & delights2 y ne$ its beauty or decoration4 ,x4 ,n t1 9 reality1 "o division ( ! man is m human ?an ano!r4 ,!ologi/s fall into ?is error v fatally & cont9ually2 & a man f :om ,i h le>n$ mu*1 ,"l ,l9dsay1 has hurt 8 noble book by x1 speak+ z if ! _s ( ! man only 7 immortal1 & 7 oppos$ to 8 intellect1 & ! latt] to ! s5ses2 :]eas all ! divisions ( humanity are noble or brutal1 immortal or mortal1 accord+ to ! degree ( _! sanctification2 & !re is no "p ( ! man :i* is n immortal & div9e :5 x is once giv5 to ,god1 & no "p ( him :i* is n mortal by ! second dea?1 & brutal be=e ! fir/1 :5 x is )drawn f ,god4 ,= to :at %all we tru/ = our di/9ction f ! bea/s t p]i%8 ,to our high] intellect8--yet are we n bidd5 to be wise z ! s]p5t1 & to consid] ! ways ( ! ant8--or to our affections8 nay2 ^! are m %>$ by ! l[] animals ?an our intellig5ce4 ,hamlet leaps into ! grave ( 8 belov$1 & leaves x1--a dog _h /ay$4 ,humanity & immortality consi/ nei!r 9 reason1 nor 9 love2 n 9 ! body1 nor 9 ! animation ( ! he>t ( x1 nor 9 ! ?\ghts & /irr+s ( ! bra9 ( x1--b 9 ! d$ication ( !m all to ,him :o w raise !m up at ! la/ day4 ,,xi4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 t ! signs ( 8 affections1 :i* man leaves ^u 8 "w1 are inde$ m ennobl+ ?an ! signs ( 8 intellig5ce2 b x is ! balance ( bo? ^: expression we ne$1 & ! signs ( ! gov]nm5t ( !m all by ,consci5ce2 & ,discretion1 ! daught] ( ,consci5ce4 ,s1 !n1 ! intellig5t "p ( man be+ em95tly1 if n *iefly1 display$ 9 ! /ructure ( 8 "w1 8 affectionate "p is to be %[n 9 its decoration2 &1 t decoration may be inde$ lovely1 two ?+s are ne$$3 fir/1 t ! affections be vivid1 & hone/ly %[n2 secondly1 t !y be fix$ on ! "r ?+s4 ,,xii4 ,y ?9k1 p]haps1 ,i h put ! requirem5ts 9 wrong ord]4 ,logically ,i h2 practically ,i h n3 = x is necess>y fir/ to tea* m5 to speak out1 & say :at !y l1 truly2 &1 9 ! second place1 to tea* !m :i* ( _! lik+s are ill set1 & :i* ju/ly4 ,if a man is cold 9 8 lik+s & dislik+s1 or if he w n tell y :at he likes1 y c make no?+ ( him4 ,only get him to feel quickly & to speak pla9ly1 & y may set him "r4 ,& ! fact is1 t ! great evil ( all rec5t ar*itectural ef=t has n be5 t m5 lik$ wrong ?+s3 b t !y ei!r c>$ no?+ ab\t any1 or pret5d$ to l :at !y did n4 ,d y suppose t any mod]n ar*itect likes :at he builds1 or enjoys x8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,he builds x because he has be5 told t su* & su* ?+s are f9e1 & t he %\ld l !m4 ,he pret5ds to l !m1 & gives !m a false reli% ( vanity4 ,d y s]i\sly imag9e1 read]1 t any liv+ s\l 9 ,london likes triglyphs8#cj--or gets any he>ty enjoym5t out ( p$im5ts8#ca ,y are mu* mi/ak54 ,greeks did3 ,engli% p nev] did1--nev] w4 ,d y fancy t ! ar*itect ( old ,burl+ton ,mews1 9 ,reg5t ,/reet1 _h any p>ticul> satisfaction 9 putt+ ! blank triangle ov] ! ar*way1 in/ead ( a useful g>ret w9d[8 ,by no mann] ( means4 ,he _h be5 told x 0 "r to d s1 & ?\ght he %\ld be admir$ = do+ x4 ,v few faults ( ar*itecture are mi/akes ( hone/ *oice3 !y are almo/ always hypocrisies4 ,,xiii4 ,s1 !n1 ! fir/ ?+ we h to ask ( ! decoration is t x %\ld indicate /rong lik+1 & t hone/ly4 ,x matt]s n s mu* :at ! ?+ is1 z t ! build] %\ld really love x & enjoy x1 & say s pla9ly4 ,! ar*itect ( ,b\rges ,ca!dral lik$ haw?orns2 s he has cov]$ 8 por* ) haw?orn1--x is a p]fect ,niobe ( ,may4 ,nev] 0 su* haw?orn2 y w\ld try to ga!r x =?)1 b = fe> ( be+ prick$4 ,! old ,lomb>d ar*itects lik$ hunt+2 s !y cov]$ _! "w ) horses & h\nds1 & m5 bl[+ trumpets two y>ds long4 ,! base ,r5aissance ar*itects ( ,v5ice lik$ masqu+ & fiddl+2 s !y cov]$ _! "w ) comic masks & musical in/rum5ts4 ,ev5 t 0 bett] ?an our ,engli% way ( lik+ no?+1 & pr(ess+ to l triglyphs4 ,,xiv4 ,b ! second requirem5t 9 decoration1 is a sign ( our lik+ ! "r ?+4 ,& ! "r ?+ to be lik$ is ,god's "w1 :i* ,he made = our delight & cont5tm5t 9 ?is _w4 ,& all noble ornam5tation is ! expression ( man's delight 9 ,god's "w4 ,,xv4 ,s1 !n1 ^! are ! two virtues ( build+3 fir/1 ! signs ( man's own good "w2 secondly1 ! expression ( man's delight 9 bett] "w ?an 8 own4 ,& ^! are ! two virtues ( :i* ,i desire my read] to be able quickly to judge1 at lea/ 9 "s measure2 to h a def9ite op9ion up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t he _c =m "o4 ,:5 ! sci5ce ( ! build+ is great1 great sci5ce is ( c\rse requir$ to compreh5d x2 &1 !re=e1 ( difficult bridges1 & light-h\ses1 & h>bor walls1 & riv] dykes1 & railway tunnels1 no judgm5t may be rapidly =m$4 ,b ( common build+s1 built 9 common circum/ances1 x is v possible = e man1 or woman1 or *ild1 to =m judgm5t bo? rational & rapid4 ,_! necess>y1 or ev5 possible1 features are b few2 ! laws ( _! con/ruction are z simple z !y are int]e/+4 ,! labor ( a few h\rs is en\gh to r5d] ! read] ma/] ( _! ma9 po9ts2 & f t mom5t he w f9d 9 himself a p[] ( judgm5t :i* c nei!r be escap$ nor deceiv$1 & discov] subjects ( int]e/ :]e ev]y?+ be=e _h appe>$ b>r54 ,= ?\gh ! laws are few & simple1 ! modes ( ob$i5ce to !m are n s4 ,e build+ pres5ts its own requirem5ts & difficulties2 & e good build+ has peculi> appliances or contrivances to meet !m4 ,und]/& ! laws ( /ructure1 & y w feel ! special difficulty 9 e new build+ :i* y approa*2 & y w "k also1 or feel in/9ctively1#cb :e!r x has be5 wisely met or o!rwise4 ,& an enorm\s numb] ( build+s1 & ( /yles ( build+s1 y w be able to ca/ aside at once1 z at v>iance ) ^! con/ant laws ( /ructure1 & !re=e unnatural & mon/r\s4 ,,xvi4 ,!n1 z reg>ds decoration1 ,i want y only to consult y\r own natural *oice & lik+4 ,!re is a "r & wrong 9 x2 b y w assur$ly l ! "r if y suff] y\r natural in/9ct to lead y4 ,half ! evil 9 ?is _w comes f p n kn[+ :at !y d l1 n delib]ately sett+ !mselves to f9d out :at !y really enjoy4 ,all p enjoy giv+ away money1 = in/ance3 !y don't "k t1--!y r ?9k !y l keep+ x2 & !y d keep x "u ?is false impression1 (t5 to _! great discom=t4 ,e body likes to d good2 b n "o 9 a hundr$ f9ds ?is out4 ,multitudes ?9k !y l to d evil2 yet no man ev] really enjoy$ do+ evil s9ce ,god made ! _w4 ,s 9 ?is less] matt] ( ornam5t4 ,x ne$s "s little c>e to try exp]im5ts ^u y\rself3 x ne$s delib]ate "q & upright answ]4 ,b !re is no difficulty to be ov]come1 no ab/ruse reason+ to be gone into2 only a little wat*fulness ne$$1 & ?\ghtfulness1 & s mu* hone/y z w enable y to confess to y\rself & to all m51 t y enjoy ?+s1 ?\gh great au?orities say y %\ld n4 ,,xvii4 ,?is looks some:at l pride2 b x is true humility1 a tru/ t y h be5 s creat$ z to enjoy :at is fitt+ = y1 & a will+ness to be pleas$1 z x 0 int5d$ y %\ld be4 ,x is ! *ild's _s1 :i* we are !n mo/ happy :5 we mo/ recov]2 only wis] ?an *ildr5 9 t we are ready to ?9k x subject ( ?ankfulness t we c /ill be pleas$ ) a fair color or a danc+ light4 ,&1 above all1 d n try to make all ^! pleasures reasonable1 nor to connect ! delight :i* y take 9 ornam5t ) t :i* y take 9 con/ruction or usefulness4 ,!y h no connection2 & e ef=t t y make to reason f "o to ! o!r w blunt y\r s5se ( beauty1 or confuse x ) s5sations altoge!r inf]ior to x4 ,y 7 made = enjoym5t1 & ! _w 0 fill$ ) ?+s :i* y w enjoy1 unless y are too pr\d to be pleas$ by !m1 or too grasp+ to c>e = :at y _c turn to o!r acc\nt ?an m]e delight4 ,rememb] t ! mo/ beautiful ?+s 9 ! _w are ! mo/ useless2 peacocks & lilies = in/ance2 at lea/ ,i suppose ?is quill ,i hold 9 my h& writes bett] ?an a peacock's w\ld1 & ! peasants ( ,vevay1 ^: fields 9 spr+ "t are z :ite ) lilies z ! ,d5t du ,midi is ) its sn[1 told me ! hay 0 none ! bett] = !m4 ,,xviii4 ,our task !re=e divides itself into two bran*es1 & ^! ,i %all foll[ 9 succession4 ,i %all fir/ consid] ! con/ruction ( build+s1 divid+ !m into _! really necess>y memb]s or features2 & ,i %all endeavor s to lead ! read] =w>d f ! f\ndation upw>ds1 z t he may f9d out = himself ! be/ way ( do+ ev]y?+1 & hav+ s discov]$ x1 nev] =get x4 ,i %all give him /ones1 & bricks1 & /raw1 *isels1 & tr[els1 & ! gr\nd1 & !n ask him to build2 only help+ him1 z ,i c1 if ,i f9d him puzzl$4 ,& :5 he has built 8 h\se or *ur*1 ,i %all ask him to ornam5t x1 & leave x to him to *oose ! ornam5ts z ,i did to f9d out ! con/ruction3 ,i %all use no influ5ce ) him :atev]1 except to c\nt]act previ\s prejudices1 & leave him1 z f> z may be1 free4 ,& :5 he has ?us f\nd out h[ to build1 & *os5 8 =ms ( decoration1 ,i %all d :at ,i c to confirm 8 confid5ce 9 :at he has done4 ,i %all assure him t no "o 9 ! _w c\ld1 s f>1 h done bett]1 & require him to condemn1 z futile or fallaci\s1 :atev] has no resemblance to 8 own p]=mances4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,app5dix #ac1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson's ,sy/em4 #bi ,app5dix #ad1 ,divisions ( ,humanity4 #cj ,triglyph4 ,lit]ally1 ,?ree ,cut4 ,! awkw>d upright ornam5t ) two not*es 9 x1 & a cut at ea* side1 to be se5 ev]y:]e at ! tops ( ,doric colonnades1 anci5t & mod]n4 #ca ,p$im5t4 ,! triangul> space above ,greek porticoes1 z on ! ,mansion ,h\se or ,royal ,ex*ange4 #cb ,app5dix #ae3 ,in/9ctive ,judgm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,six ,,divisions ,,( ,,ar*itecture4 ,i4 ,! practical duties ( build+s are tw(old4 ,!y h ei!r 7#a71 to hold & protect some?+2 or 7#b71 to place or c>ry some?+4 #a4 ,ar*itecture ( ,protection4 ,?is is ar*itecture int5d$ to protect m5 or _! possessions f viol5ce ( any k9d1 :e!r ( m5 or ( ! elem5ts4 ,x w include all *ur*es1 h\ses1 & treasuries2 =tresses1 f5ces1 & ramp>ts2 ! ar*itecture ( ! hut & %eepfold2 ( ! palace & ! citadel3 ( ! dyke1 breakwat]1 & sea-wall4 ,& ! protection1 :5 ( liv+ creatures1 is to be und]/ood z includ+ commodi\sness & com=t ( habitation1 :]ev] ^! are possible "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 #b4 ,ar*itecture ( ,position4 ,?is is ar*itecture int5d$ to c>ry m5 or ?+s to "s c]ta9 places1 or to hold !m !re4 ,?is w include all bridges1 aqu$ucts1 & road ar*itecture2 light-h\ses1 :i* h to hold light 9 appo9t$ places2 *imneys to c>ry smoke or direct curr5ts ( air2 /aircases2 t[]s1 :i* are to be wat*$ f or cri$ f1 z 9 mosques1 or to hold bells1 or to place m5 9 positions ( (f5ce1 z anci5t moveable attack+ t[]s1 & mo/ =tress t[]s4 ,,ii4 ,protective ar*itecture has to d "o or all ( ?ree ?+s3 to wall a space1 to ro( x1 & to give access to x1 ( p]sons1 light1 & air2 & x is !re=e to be consid]$ "u ! ?ree divisions ( walls1 ro(s1 & ap]tures4 ,we w take1 fir/1 a %ort1 g5]al view ( ! connection ( ^! memb]s1 & !n exam9e !m 9 detail3 endeavor+ always to keep ! simplicity ( our fir/ arrangem5t 9 view2 = protective ar*itecture has inde$ no o!r memb]s ?an ^!1 unless floor+ & pav+ be consid]$ ar*itecture1 :i* x is only :5 ! floor+ is also a ro(2 ! lay+ ( ! /ones or timb]s = foot+ be+ pavior's or c>p5t]'s "w1 r ?an ar*itect's2 &1 at all ev5ts1 "w respect+ ! well or ill do+ ( :i* we %all h>dly f9d mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion1 except 9 po9ts ( /hetics4 ,we %all !re=e conc]n ourselves only ) ! con/ruction ( walls1 ro(s1 & ap]tures4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,walls4--,a wall is an ev5 & unit$ f5ce1 :e!r ( wood1 e>?1 /one1 or metal4 ,:5 meant = purposes ( m]e p>tition or enclosure1 x rema9s a wall prop]3 b x has g5]ally also to su/a9 a c]ta9 v]tical or lat]al pressure1 = :i* its /r5g? is at fir/ increas$ by "s g5]al addition to its ?ickness2 b if ! pressure becomes v great1 x is ga!r$ up into pi]s to resi/ v]tical pressure1 & support$ by buttresses to resi/ lat]al pressure4 ,if its functions ( p>tition or enclosure are cont9u$1 toge!r ) t ( resi/+ v]tical pressure1 x rema9s z a wall veil betwe5 ! pi]s into :i* x has be5 p>tly ga!r$2 b if x is requir$ only to resi/ ! v]tical or ro( pressure1 x is ga!r$ up into pi]s altoge!r1 loses its wall "*1 & becomes a gr\p or l9e ( pi]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! lat]al pressure be slight1 x may reta9 its "* ( a wall1 be+ support$ aga9/ ! pressure by buttresses at int]vals2 b if ! lat]al pressure be v great1 x is support$ aga9/ su* pressure by a cont9u\s buttress1 loses its wall "*1 & becomes a dyke or ramp>t4 ,,iv4 ,we %all h !re=e 7,a7 fir/ to get a g5]al idea ( a wall1 & ( "r con/ruction ( walls2 !n 7,b7 to see h[ ?is wall is ga!r$ into pi]s2 & to get a g5]al idea ( pi]s & ! "r con/ruction ( pi]s2 !n 7,c7 to see h[ a wall is support$ by buttresses1 & to get a g5]al idea ( buttresses & ! "r con/ruction ( buttresses4 ,?is is surely v simple1 & x is all we %all h to d ) walls & _! divisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4 ,v4 #b4 ,ro(s4--,a ro( is ! cov]+ ( a space1 n>r[ or wide4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5tly /udi$ by fir/ consid]+ ! =ms 9 :i* x may be c>ri$ ov] a n>r[ space1 & !n exp&+ ^! on a wide plan2 only !re is "s difficulty "h 9 ! nom5clature1 = an ar*$ ro( ov] a n>r[ space has 7,i believe7 no "n1 except t :i* belongs prop]ly to ! piece ( /one or wood compos+ su* a ro(1 namely1 l9tel4 ,b ! read] w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t he is fir/ to consid] ro(s on ! section only1 ?9k+ h[ be/ to con/ruct a n>r[ b> or slice ( !m1 ( :atev] =m2 z1 = in/ance1 x1 y1 or z1 ov] ! plan or area a1 ,fig4 ,i4 ,hav+ done ?is1 let him imag9e ^! sev]al divisions1 fir/ mov$ along 7or set side by side7 ov] a rectangle1 b1 ,fig4 ,i41 & !n revolv$ r\nd a po9t 7or cross$ at x7 ov] a polygon1 c1 or circle1 d1 & he w h e =m ( simple ro(3 ! ar*$ section giv+ successively ! vault$ ro( & dome1 & ! gabl$ section giv+ ! gabl$ ro( & spire4 ,z we g f>!r into ! subject1 we %all only h to add "o or two =ms to ! sections "h giv51 9 ord] to embrace all ! uncomb9$ ro(s 9 exi/5ce2 & we %all n tr\ble ! read] ) _m que/ions respect+ cross-vault+1 & o!r modes ( _! comb9ation4 ,,vi4 ,n[1 x also happ5s1 f its place 9 build+s1 t ! sectional ro( ov] a n>r[ space w ne$ to be consid]$ be=e we come to ! exp&$ ro( ov] a broad "o4 ,= :5 a wall has be5 ga!r$1 z above expla9$1 into pi]s1 t x may bett] be> v]tical pressure1 x is g5]ally necess>y t x %\ld be exp&$ aga9 at ! top into a cont9u\s wall be=e x c>ries ! true ro(4 ,ar*es or l9tels are1 !re=e1 ?r[n f pi] to pi]1 & a level prep>ation = c>ry+ ! real ro( is made above !m4 ,aft] we h exam9$ ! /ructure ( pi]s1 !re=e1 we %all h to see h[ l9tels or ar*es are ?r[n f pi] to pi]1 & ! :ole prep>$ = ! sup]9cumb5t ro(2 ?is arrangem5t be+ univ]sal 9 all good ar*itecture prep>$ = v]tical pressures3 & we %all !n exam9e ! condition ( ! great ro( itself4 ,& because ! /ructure ( ! ro( v (t5 introduces c]ta9 lat]al pressures :i* h mu* to d ) ! plac+ ( buttresses1 x w be well to d all ?is be=e we exam9e ! nature ( buttresses1 &1 !re=e1 betwe5 p>ts 7,b7 & 7,c7 ( ! above plan1 ,,iv4 ,s n[ we %all h to /udy3 7,a7 ! con/ruction ( walls2 7,b7 t ( pi]s2 7,c7 t ( l9tels or ar*es prep>$ = ro(+2 7,d7 t ( ro(s prop]2 & 7,e7 t ( buttresses4 ,,vii4 #c4 ,ap]tures4--,!re mu/ ei!r be int]vals betwe5 ! pi]s1 ( :i* int]vals ! "* w be det]m9$ by t ( ! pi]s !mselves1 or else doors or w9d[s 9 ! walls prop]4 ,&1 respect+ doors or w9d[s1 we h to det]m9e ?ree ?+s3 fir/1 ! prop] %ape ( ! entire ap]ture2 secondly1 ! way 9 :i* x is to be fill$ ) valves or glass2 & ?irdly1 ! modes ( protect+ x on ! outside1 & fitt+ appliances ( conv5i5ce to x1 z por*es or balconies4 ,& ?is w be our division ,f2 & if ! read] w h ! pati5ce to g ?r\gh ^! six heads1 :i* include e possible feature ( protective ar*itecture1 & to consid] ! simple necessities & fitnesses ( ea*1 ,i w answ] = x1 he %all nev] conf\nd good ar*itecture ) bad any m4 ,=1 z to ar*itecture ( position1 a great "p ( x involves necessities ( con/ruction ) :i* ! spectator _c become g5]ally acqua9t$1 & ( ! compliance ) :i* he is !re=e nev] expect$ to judge1--z 9 *imneys1 light-h\ses1 c43 & ! o!r =ms ( x are s closely connect$ ) ^? ( protective ar*itecture1 t a few words 9 ,*ap4 ,,xix4 respect+ /aircases & t[]s1 w conta9 all ) :i* ! read] ne$ be tr\bl$ on ! subject4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,wall ,,base4 ,i4 ,our fir/ bus9ess1 !n1 is ) ,wall1 & to f9d out :]e9 lies ! true excell5ce ( ! ,wittie/ ,p>tition4 ,= x is r /range t1 (t5 z we speak ( a dead wall1 & t ) consid]able disgu/1 we h n (t51 s9ce ,sn\t's "t1 he>d ( a liv+ "o4 ,b ! common epi!t ( opprobrium is ju/ly be/[$1 & m>ks a "r feel+4 ,a wall has no bus9ess to be dead4 ,x ought to h memb]s 9 its make1 & purposes 9 its exi/5ce1 l an organiz$ creature1 & to answ] its ends 9 a liv+ & en]getic way2 & x is only :5 we d n *oose to put any /r5g? nor organization into x1 t x (f5ds u by its deadness4 ,e wall ought to be a sweet & lovely wall4 ,i d n c>e ab\t its hav+ e>s2 b1 = in/ruction & exhortation1 ,i w\ld (t5 h x to hold up its f+]s4 ,:at its necess>y memb]s & excell5ces are1 x is our pres5t bus9ess to discov]4 ,,ii4 ,a wall has be5 def9$ to be an ev5 & unit$ f5ce ( wood1 e>?1 /one1 or metal4 ,metal f5ces1 h[ev]1 seldom1 if ev]1 take ! =m ( walls1 b ( rail+s2 &1 l all o!r metal con/ructions1 mu/ be left out ( our pres5t inve/igation2 z may be also walls compos$ m]ely ( light planks or la?s = purposes ( p>tition or inclosure4 ,sub/antial walls1 :e!r ( wood or e>? 7,i use ! ^w e>? z includ+ clay1 bak$ or unbak$1 & /one71 h1 9 _! p]fect =m1 ?ree di/9ct memb]s2--! ,f\ndation1 ,body or ,veil1 & ,cornice4 ,,iii4 ,! f\ndation is to ! wall :at ! paw is to an animal4 ,x is a long foot1 wid] ?an ! wall1 on :i* ! wall is to /&1 & :i* keeps x f settl+ into ! gr\nd4 ,x is mo/ necess>y t ?is great elem5t ( security %\ld be visible to ! eye1 & !re=e made a "p ( ! /ructure above gr\nd4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 x becomes incorporat$ ) ! entire f\ndation ( ! build+1 a va/ table on :i* walls or pi]s are alike set3 b ev5 !n1 ! eye1 taught by ! reason1 requires "s additional prep>ation or foot = ! wall1 & ! build+ is felt to be imp]fect )\t x4 ,?is f\ndation we %all call ! ,base ( ! wall4 ,,iv4 ,! body ( ! wall is ( c\rse ! pr9cipal mass ( x1 =m$ ( mud or clay1 ( bricks or /ones1 ( logs or hewn timb]2 ! condition ( /ructure be+1 t x is ( equal ?ickness ev]y:]e1 bel[ & above4 ,x may be half a foot ?ick1 or six feet ?ick1 or fifty feet ?ick2 b if ( equal ?ickness ev]y:]e1 x is /ill a wall prop]3 if to its fifty feet ( prop] ?ickness !re be add$ s mu* z an in* ( ?ickness 9 p>ticul> p>ts1 t add$ ?ickness is to be consid]$ z "s =m ( buttress or pi]1 or o!r appliance4#cc ,9 p]fect ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 ! walls are g5]ally kept ( mod]ate ?ickness1 & /r5g!n$ by pi]s or buttresses2 & ! "p ( ! wall betwe5 ^!1 be+ g5]ally int5d$ only to secure privacy1 or keep out ! slight] =ces ( wea!r1 may be prop]ly call$ a ,wall ,veil4 ,i %all always use ?is ^w ,veil to signify ! ev5 portion ( a wall1 x be+ m expressive ?an ! t]m ,body4 ,v4 ,:5 ! mat]ials ) :i* ?is veil is built are v loose1 or ( %apes :i* d n fit well toge!r1 x sometimes becomes necess>y1 or at lea/ adds to security1 to introduce c\rses ( m solid mat]ial4 ,?us1 bricks alt]nate ) roll$ pebbles 9 ! old walls ( ,v]ona1 & hewn /ones ) brick 9 its ,lomb>d *ur*es4 ,a b&$ /ructure1 almo/ a /ratification ( ! wall1 is ?us produc$2 & ! c\rses ( m solid mat]ial are sometimes decorat$ ) c>v+4 ,ev5 :5 ! wall is n ?us b&$ ?r\gh its :ole height1 x frequ5tly becomes exp$i5t to lay a c\rse ( /one1 or at lea/ ( m c>efully *os5 mat]ials1 at regul> heights2 & su* belts or b&s we may call ,/r+ c\rses4 ,^! are a k9d ( epo*s 9 ! wall's exi/5ce2 some?+ l p]iods ( re/ & reflection 9 human life1 be=e ent]+ on a new c>e]4 ,or else1 9 ! build+1 !y correspond to ! divisions ( its /ories )91 express its int]nal /ructure1 & m>k (f "s portion ( ! ends ( its exi/5ce already atta9$4 ,,vi4 ,f9ally1 on ! top ( ! wall "s protection f ! wea!r is necess>y1 or "s prep>ation = ! reception ( sup]9cumb5t weight1 call$ a cop+1 or ,cornice4 ,i %all use ! ^w ,cornice = bo?2 =1 9 fact1 a cop+ is a ro( to ! wall itself1 & is c>ri$ by a small cornice z ! ro( ( ! build+ by a l>ge "o4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! cornice1 small or l>ge1 is ! t]m9ation ( ! wall's exi/5ce1 ! accompli%m5t ( its "w4 ,:5 x is meant to c>ry "s sup]9cumb5t weight1 ! cornice may be consid]$ z its h&1 op5$ to c>ry some?+ above its head2 z ! base 0 consid]$ its foot3 & ! ?ree p>ts %\ld gr[ out ( ea* o!r & =m "o :ole1 l ! root1 /alk1 & bell ( a fl[]4 ,^! ?ree p>ts we %all exam9e 9 succession2 &1 fir/1 ! ,base4 ,,vii4 ,x may be sometimes 9 our p[]1 & x is always exp$i5t1 to prep>e = ! :ole build+ "s settl$ f\ndation1 level & firm1 out ( sight4 ,b ?is has n be5 done 9 "s ( ! noble/ build+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,x _c always be done p]fectly1 except at enorm\s exp5se2 &1 9 reason+ ^u ! sup]/ructure1 we %all nev] suppose x to be done4 ,! m9d ( ! spectator does n conceive x2 & he e/imates ! m]its ( ! edifice on ! supposition ( its be+ built ^u ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 if !re be a va/ table l& ( f\ndation elevat$ = ! :ole ( x1 accessible by /eps all r\nd1 z at ,pisa1 ! surface ( ?is table is always conceiv$ z capable ( yield+ some:at to sup]9cumb5t weight1 & g5]ally is s2 & we %all base all our argum5ts on ! wide/ possible supposition1 t is to say1 t ! build+ /&s on a surface ei!r ( e>?1 or1 at all ev5ts1 capable ( yield+ 9 "s degree to its weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,,viii4 ,n[1 let ! read] simply ask himself h[1 on su* a surface1 he w\ld set ab\t build+ a sub/antial wall1 t %\ld be able to be> weight & to /& = ages4 ,he w\ld assur$ly look ab\t = ! l>ge/ /ones he _h at 8 disposal1 &1 rudely levell+ ! gr\nd1 he w\ld lay ^! well toge!r ov] a consid]ably l>g] wid? ?an he requir$ ! wall to be 7suppose z at a1 ,fig4 ,,ii471 9 ord] to equalise ! pressure ( ! wall ov] a l>ge surface1 & =m its foot4 ,on ! top ( ^! he w\ld p]haps lay a second ti] ( l>ge /ones1 b1 or ev5 ! ?ird1 c1 mak+ ! bread? some:at less ea* "t1 s z to prep>e = ! pressure ( ! wall on ! c5tre1 &1 naturally or necess>ily1 us+ some:at small] /ones above ?an bel[ 7s9ce we suppos$ him to look ab\t = ! l>ge/ fir/71 & cutt+ !m m neatly4 ,8 ?ird ti]1 if n 8 second1 w probably appe> a suffici5tly secure f\ndation = f9] "w2 = if ! e>? yield at all1 x w probably yield pretty equally "u ! great mass ( masonry n[ knit toge!r ov] x4 ,s he w prep>e = ! wall itself at once by slop+ (f ! next ti] ( /ones to ! "r diamet]1 z at d4 ,if !re be any jo9ts 9 ?is ti] )9 ! wall1 he may p]haps1 = fur!r security1 lay a b9d+ /one across !m1 e1 & !n beg9 ! "w ( ! wall veil itself1 :e!r 9 bricks or /ones4 ,,ix4 ,i h suppos$ ! prep>ation "h to be = a l>ge wall1 because su* a prep>ation w give u ! be/ g5]al type4 ,b x is evid5t t ! ess5tial features ( ! arrangem5t are only two1 t is to say1 "o ti] ( massy "w = f\ndation1 suppose c1 miss+ ! fir/ two2 & ! rec$+ ti] or real foot ( ! wall1 d4 ,! read] w f9d ^! memb]s1 ?\gh only ( brick1 9 mo/ ( ! consid]able & indep5d5t walls 9 ! suburbs ( ,london4 ,x4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! g5]al type1 ,fig4 ,,ii41 w be subject to _m diff]5t modifications 9 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,sometimes ! l$ges ( ! ti]s a & b may be ( great] wid?2 & :5 ! build+ is 9 a secure place1 & ( f9i%$ masonry1 ^! may be slop$ (f also l ! ma9 foot d4 ,9 ,v5etian build+s ^! l[] l$ges are expos$ to ! sea1 & !re=e left r\gh hewn2 b 9 f9e "w & 9 important positions ! l[] l$ges may be bevell$ & decorat$ l ! upp]1 or ano!r add$ above d2 & all ^! p>ts may be 9 diff]5t proportions1 accord+ to ! disposition ( ! build+ above !m4 ,b we h no?+ to d ) any ( ^! v>iations at pres5t1 !y be+ all m or less dep5d5t ^u decorative consid]ations1 except only "o ( v great importance1 t is to say1 ! wid5+ ( ! l[] l$ge into a /one seat1 :i* may be (t5 done 9 build+s ( great size ) mo/ beautiful effect3 x looks k9d & hospitable1 & pres]ves ! "w above f viol5ce4 ,9 ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 :i* is a small & l[ *ur*1 & ne$+ no great f\ndation = ! wall veils ( x1 we f9d only ! ?ree memb]s1 b1 c1 & d4 ,( ^! ! fir/ rises ab\t a foot above ! pavem5t ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,place1 & =ms an elevat$ dais 9 "s ( ! recesses ( ! por*es1 *equ]$ r$ & :ite2 c =ms a seat :i* foll[s ! l9e ( ! walls1 :ile its basic "* is m>k$ by its also c>ry+ c]ta9 %afts ) :i* we h "h no conc]n2 d is ( :ite m>ble2 & all are enri*$ & decorat$ 9 ! simple/ & mo/ p]fect mann] possible1 z we %all see 9 ,*ap4 ,,xxv4 ,& ?us mu* may s]ve to fix ! type ( wall bases1 a type (t5] foll[$ 9 real practice ?an any o!r we %all h]eaft] be enabl$ to det]m9e3 = wall bases ( necessity mu/ be solidly built1 & ! ar*itect is !re=e driv5 into ! adoption ( ! "r =m2 or if he deviate f x1 x is g5]ally 9 meet+ "s necessity ( peculi> circum/ances1 z 9 obta9+ cell>s & und]gr\nd room1 or 9 prep>+ = "s gr& features or p>ticul> p>ts ( ! wall1 or 9 "s mi/ak5 idea ( decoration1--into :i* errors we _h bett] n pursue him until we und]/& some?+ m ( ! re/ ( ! build+3 let u !re=e proce$ to consid] ! wall veil4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,_m walls are slightly slop$ or curv$ t[>ds _! tops1 & h buttresses add$ to !m 7t ( ! ,que5's ,b5* ,prison is a curi\s in/ance ( ! v]tical buttress & incl9$ wall72 b 9 all su* in/ances ! slope ( ! wall is prop]ly to be consid]$ a condition ( incorporat$ buttress4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,wall ,,veil4 ,i4 ,! summ] ( ! ye> #ahdi 0 sp5t by ! writ] 9 rese>*es little be>+ ^u 8 pres5t subject1 & connect$ *iefly ) propos$ illu/rations ( ! m\nta9 =ms 9 ! works ( ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ,b !re are sometimes m valuable lessons to be le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( nature ?an 9 t ( ,vitruvius1 & a fragm5t ( build+ among ! ,alps is s+ul>ly illu/rative ( ! *ief feature :i* ,i h at pres5t to develope z necess>y to ! p]fection ( ! wall veil4 ,x is a fragm5t ( "s size2 a gr\p ( brok5 walls1 "o ( !m ov]hang+2 cr[n$ ) a cornice1 nodd+ "s hundr$ & fifty feet ov] its massy flank1 ?ree ?\s& above its glaci] base1 & f\rte5 ?\s& above ! sea1--a wall truly ( "s maje/y1 at once ! mo/ precipit\s & ! /ronge/ mass 9 ! :ole *a9 ( ! ,alps1 ! ,mont ,c]v94 ,,ii4 ,x has be5 falsely repres5t$ z a peak or t[]4 ,x is a va/ ridg$ promontory1 connect$ at its we/]n root ) ! ,d5t d',er91 & lift+ itself l a re>+ horse ) its face to ! ea/4 ,all ! way along ! flank ( x1 = half a day's j\rney on ! ,zmutt glaci]1 ! grim black t]races ( its f\ndations range almo/ )\t a break2 & ! cl\ds1 :5 _! day's "w is done1 & !y are we>y1 lay !mselves d[n on ^? f\ndation /eps1 & re/ till dawn1 ea* ) 8 leagues ( grey mantle /ret*$ along ! grisly l$ge1 & ! cornice ( ! mighty wall gleam+ 9 ! moonlight1 ?ree ?\s& feet above4 ,,iii4 ,! ea/]n face ( ! promontory is hewn d[n1 z if by ! s+le sweep ( a sword1 f ! cre/ ( x to ! base2 hewn concave & smoo?1 l ! holl[ ( a wave3 on ea* flank ( x !re is set a buttress1 bo? ( ab\t equal height1 _! heads slop$ out f ! ma9 wall ab\t sev5 hundr$ feet bel[ its summit4 ,t on ! nor? is ! mo/ important2 x is z %>p z ! frontal angle ( a ba/ion1 & slop$ %e] away to ! nor?-ea/1 ?r[+ out spur beyond spur1 until x t]m9ates 9 a long l[ curve ( russet precipice1 at ^: foot a great bay ( ! glaci] ( ! ,col de ,c]v9 lies z level z a lake4 ,?is spur is "o ( ! few po9ts f :i* ! mass ( ! ,mont ,c]v9 is 9 anywise approa*able4 ,x is a cont9uation ( ! masonry ( ! m\nta9 itself1 & af=ds u ! means ( exam9+ ! "* ( its mat]ials4 ,,iv4 ,few ar*itects w\ld l to build ) !m4 ,! slope ( ! rocks to ! nor?-we/ is cov]$ two feet deep ) _! ru9s1 a mass ( loose & slaty %ale1 ( a dull brick-r$ color1 :i* yields b5ea? ! foot l a%es1 s t1 9 runn+ d[n1 y /ep "o y>d1 & slide ?ree4 ,! rock is inde$ h>d b5ea?1 b /ill dispos$ 9 ?9 c\rses ( ^! clov5 %ales1 s f9ely laid t !y look 9 places m l a heap ( cru%$ autumn leaves ?an a rock2 & ! fir/ s5sation is "o ( unmitigat$ surprise1 z if ! m\nta9 7 upheld by miracle2 b surprise becomes m intellig5t rev]5ce = ! great build]1 :5 we f9d1 9 ! middle ( ! mass ( ^! dead leaves1 a c\rse ( liv+ rock1 ( qu>tz z :ite z ! sn[ t encircles x1 & h>d] ?an a b$ ( /eel4 ,v4 ,x is "o only ( a ?\s& iron b&s t knit ! /r5g? ( ! mighty m\nta94 ,?r\gh ! buttress & ! wall alike1 ! c\rses ( its v>i$ masonry are se5 9 _! successive ord]1 smoo? & true z if laid by l9e & plummet1#cd b ( ?ickness & /r5g? cont9ually v>y+1 & ) silv] cornices glitt]+ along ! edge ( ea*1 laid by ! sn[y w9ds & c>v$ by ! sun%9e1--/a9less ornam5ts ( ! et]nal temple1 by :i* nei!r ! hamm] nor ! axe1 nor any tool1 0 he>d :ile x 0 9 build+4 ,,vi4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 br+ ?is =w>d z an in/ance ( any univ]sal law ( natural build+2 !re are solid z well z c\rs$ masses ( precipice1 b x is some:at curi\s t ! mo/ noble cliff 9 ,europe1 :i* ?is ea/]n front ( ! ,c]v9 is1 ,i believe1 )\t dispute1 %\ld be to u an example ( ! utmo/ possible /ability ( precipit\sness atta9$ ) mat]ials ( imp]fect & v>iable "*2 &1 :at is m1 !re are v few cliffs :i* d n display alt]nations betwe5 compact & friable conditions ( _! mat]ial1 m>k$ 9 _! cont\rs by bevell$ slopes :5 ! bricks are s(t1 & v]tical /eps :5 !y are h>d]4 ,&1 al?\gh we are n h5ce to conclude t x is well to introduce c\rses ( bad mat]ials :5 we c get p]fect mat]ial1 ,i believe we may conclude ) great c]ta9ty t x is bett] & easi] to /r5g!n a wall necess>ily ( imp]fect sub/ance1 z ( brick1 by introduc+ c>efully laid c\rses ( /one1 ?an by add+ to its ?ickness2 & ! fir/ impression we receive f ! unbrok5 aspect ( a wall veil1 unless x be ( hewn /one ?r\gh\t1 is t x mu/ be bo? ?ick] & weak] ?an x w\ld h be51 _h x be5 prop]ly c\rs$4 ,! decorative reasons = adopt+ ! c\rs$ arrangem5t1 :i* we %all notice h]eaft]1 are s weighty1 t !y w\ld alone be almo/ suffici5t to en=ce x2 & ! con/ructive ones w apply univ]sally1 except 9 ! r>e cases 9 :i* ! *oice ( p]fect or imp]fect mat]ial is entirely op5 to u1 or :]e ! g5]al sy/em ( ! decoration ( ! build+ requires absolute unity 9 its surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,iii4 ,,vii4 ,z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( ! int]m$iate p>ts !mselves1 x is regulat$ by c]ta9 conditions ( bond+ & fitt+ ! /ones or bricks1 :i* ! read] ne$ h>dly be tr\bl$ to consid]1 & :i* ,i wi% t bricklay]s !mselves 7 always hone/ en\gh to obs]ve4 ,b ,i h>dly "k :e!r to note "u ! head ( /hetic or con/ructive law1 ?is important pr9ciple1 t masonry is always bad :i* appe>s to h arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! ar*itect m ?an absolute conditions ( /r5g? require4 ,no?+ is m contemptible 9 any "w ?an an appe>ance ( ! slighte/ desire on ! "p ( ! build] to direct att5tion to ! way its /ones are put toge!r1 or ( any tr\ble tak5 ei!r to %[ or to conceal x m ?an 0 rigidly necess>y3 x may sometimes1 on ! "o h&1 be necess>y to conceal x z f> z may be1 by delicate & close fitt+1 :5 ! jo9ts w\ld int]f]e ) l9es ( sculpture or ( m\ld+s2 & x may (t51 on ! o!r h&1 be delightful to %[ x1 z x is delightful 9 places to %[ ! anatomy ev5 ( ! mo/ delicate human frame3 b /udi\sly to conceal x is ! error ( vulg> pa9t]s1 :o are afraid to %[ t _! figures h bones2 & /udi\sly to display x is ! error ( ! base pupils ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o turn$ h]oes' limbs into surgeons' diagrams1--b ) less excuse ?an !irs1 = !re is less int]e/ 9 ! anatomy display$4 ,exhibit$ masonry is 9 mo/ cases ! exp$i5t ( ar*itects :o d n "k h[ to fill up blank spaces1 & _m a build+1 :i* w\ld h be5 dec5t en\gh if let alone1 has be5 scrawl$ ov] ) /raight l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,iii41 on exactly ! same pr9ciples1 & ) j ! same am\nt ( intellig5ce z a boy's 9 scrawl+ 8 copy-book :5 he _c write4 ,! device 0 ?\ght +5i\s at "o p]iod ( ar*itectural hi/ory2 ,/4 ,paul's & ,:itehall are cov]$ ) x1 & x is 9 ?is ,i imag9e t "s ( our mod]n ar*itects suppose ! great m]it ( ^? build+s to consi/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no excuse = errors 9 disposition ( masonry1 = !re is b "o law ^u ! subject1 & t easily compli$ )1 to avoid all affectation & all unnecess>y exp5se1 ei!r 9 %[+ or conceal+4 ,e "o kn[s a build+ is built ( sep>ate /ones2 nobody w ev] object to see+ t x is s1 b nobody wants to c\nt !m4 ,! divisions ( a *ur* are mu* l ! divisions ( a s]mon2 !y are always "r s long z !y are necess>y to edification1 & always wrong :5 !y are ?ru/ ^u ! att5tion z divisions only4 ,!re may be neatness 9 c>v+ :5 !re is ri*ness 9 fea/+2 b ,i h he>d _m a disc\rse1 & se5 _m a *ur* wall1 9 :i* x 0 all c>v+ & no meat4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,on ! ea/]n side3 viol5tly contort$ on ! nor!rn & we/]n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wall ,,cornice4 ,i4 ,we h la/ly to consid] ! close ( ! wall's exi/5ce1 or its cornice4 ,x 0 above /at$1 t a cornice has "o ( two (fices3 if ! wall h no?+ to c>ry1 ! cornice is its ro(1 & def5ds x f ! wea!r2 if !re is weight to be c>ri$ above ! wall1 ! cornice is its h&1 & is exp&$ to c>ry ! said weight4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( ro(+ or protect+ indep5d5t walls1 accord+ to ! means ne>e/ at h&3 sometimes ! wall has a true ro( all to itself2 sometimes x t]m9ates 9 a small gabl$ ridge1 made ( bricks set slant+1 z con/antly 9 ! suburbs ( ,london2 or ( hewn /one1 9 /rong] "w2 or 9 a s+le slop+ face1 incl9$ to ! outside4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves at pres5t ab\t ^! small ro(+s1 :i* are m]ely ! dim9utions ( l>ge ones2 b we mu/ exam9e ! important & con/ant memb] ( ! wall /ructure1 :i* prep>es x ei!r = ^! small ro(s or = weights above1 & is its true cornice4 ,,ii4 ,! read] w1 p]haps1 z h]et(ore1 be k9d en\gh to ?9k = himself1 h[1 hav+ c>ri$ up 8 wall veil z high z x may be ne$$1 he w set ab\t protect+ x f wea!r1 or prep>+ x = weight4 ,let him imag9e ! top ( ! unf9i%$ wall1 z x w\ld be se5 f above ) all ! jo9ts1 p]haps uncem5t$1 or imp]fectly fill$ up ) cem5t1 op5 to ! sky2 & small brok5 mat]ials fill+ gaps betwe5 l>ge ones1 & leav+ cavities ready = ! ra9 to soak into1 & loos5 & dissolve ! cem5t1 & split1 z x froze1 ! :ole to pieces4 ,i am mu* mi/ak5 if 8 fir/ impulse w\ld n be to take a great flat /one & lay x on ! top2 or r a s]ies ( su*1 side by side1 project+ well ov] ! edge ( ! wall veil4 ,if1 also1 he propos$ to lay a weight 7z1 = in/ance1 ! end ( a beam7 on ! wall1 he w\ld feel at once t ! pressure ( ?is beam on1 or r among1 ! small /ones ( ! wall veil1 might v possibly dislodge or dis>range "s ( !m2 & ! fir/ impulse w\ld be1 9 ?is case1 also to lay a l>ge flat /one on ! top ( all to receive ! beam1 or any o!r weight1 & di/ribute x equally among ! small /ones bel[1 z at a1 ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,,iii4 ,we mu/ !re=e h our flat /one 9 ei!r case2 & let b1 ,fig4 ,,iv41 be ! section or side ( x1 z x is set across ! wall4 ,n[1 evid5tly1 if by any *ance ?is weight happ5 to be ?r[n m on ! edges ( ?is /one ?an ! c5tre1 !re w be a *ance ( ^! edges break+ (f4 ,_h we n bett]1 !re=e1 put ano!r /one1 slop$ (f to ! wall1 b5ea? ! project+ "o1 z at c4 ,b n[ our cornice looks some:at too heavy = ! wall2 & z ! upp] /one is evid5tly ( ne$less ?ickness1 we w ?9 x some:at1 & we h ! =m d4 ,n[ obs]ve3 ! l[] or bevell$ /one "h at d corresponds to d 9 ! base 7,fig4 ,,ii41 page #ei74 ,t 0 ! foot ( ! wall2 ?is is its h&4 ,& ! top /one "h1 :i* is a con/ant memb] ( cornices1 corresponds to ! "u /one c1 9 ,fig4 ,,ii41 :i* is a con/ant memb] ( bases4 ,! read] has no idea at pres5t ( ! enorm\s importance ( ^! memb]s2 b z we %all h to ref] to !m p]petually1 ,i mu/ ask him to comp>e !m1 & fix _! relations well 9 8 m9d3 &1 = conv5i5ce1 ,i %all call ! bevell$ or slop+ /one1 ,x1 & ! upright edg$ /one1 ,y4 ,! read] may rememb] easily :i* is :i*2 = ,x is an int]section ( two slopes1 & may !re=e prop]ly mean ei!r ( ! two slop+ /ones2 & ,y is a figure ) a p]p5dicul> l9e & two slopes1 & may !re=e fitly /& = ! upright /one 9 relation to ea* ( ! slop+ ones2 & z we %all h to say mu* m ab\t cornices ?an ab\t bases1 let ,x & ,y /& = ! /ones ( ! cornice1 & ,xb & ,yb = ^? ( ! base1 :5 di/9ction is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,v4 ,,iv4 ,n[ ! =m at d1 ,fig4 ,,iv41 is ! great root & primal type ( all cornices :atsoev]4 ,9 ord] to see :at =ms may be develop$ f x1 let u take its pr(ile a little l>g]--a1 ,fig4 ,v41 ) ,x & ,y duly m>k$4 ,n[ ?is =m1 be+ ! root ( all cornices1 may ei!r h to f9i% ! wall & s keep (f ra92 or1 z s (t5 /at$1 to c>ry weight4 ,if ! =m]1 x is evid5t t1 9 its pres5t pr(ile1 ! ra9 w run back d[n ! slope ( ,x2 & if ! latt]1 t ! %>p angle or edge ( ,x1 at k1 may be a little too weak = its "w1 & run a *ance ( giv+ way4 ,to avoid ! evil 9 ! fir/ case1 suppose we holl[ ! slope ( ,x inw>ds1 z at b2 & to avoid x 9 ! second case1 suppose we /r5g!n ,x by lett+ x bulge outw>ds1 z at c4 ,v4 ,^! 7b & c7 are ! pr(iles ( two va/ families ( cornices1 spr++ f ! same root1 :i*1 ) a ?ird aris+ f _! comb9ation 7ow+ its orig9 to /hetic consid]ations1 & incl9+ sometimes to ! "o1 sometimes to ! o!r71 h be5 employ$1 ea* on its ?ird "p ( ! ar*itecture ( ! :ole _w ?r\gh\t all ages1 & mu/ cont9ue to be s employ$ ?r\gh su* "t z is yet to come4 ,we d n at pres5t speak ( ! ?ird or comb9$ gr\p2 b ! relation ( ! two ma9 bran*es to ea* o!r1 & to ! l9e ( orig91 is giv5 at e1 ,fig4 ,v42 :]e ! dott$ l9es are ! repres5tatives ( ! two families1 & ! /raight l9e ( ! root4 ,! slope ( ?is "r l9e1 z well z ! nature ( ! curves1 "h drawn z segm5ts ( circles1 we leave undet]m9$3 ! slope1 z well z ! proportion ( ! dep?s ( ,x & ,y to ea* o!r1 v>y accord+ to ! weight to be c>ri$1 ! /r5g? ( ! /one1 ! size ( ! cornice1 & a ?\s& o!r accid5ts2 & ! nature ( ! curves accord+ to /hetic laws4 ,x is 9 ^! inf9ite fields t ! inv5tion ( ! ar*itect is p]mitt$ to expatiate1 b n 9 ! alt]ation ( primitive =ms4 ,,vi4 ,b to proce$4 ,x w d\btless appe> to ! read]1 t1 ev5 all[+ = "s ( ^! p]missible v>iations 9 ! curve or slope ( ,x1 nei!r ! =m at b1 nor any approximation to t =m1 w\ld be suffici5tly und]cut to keep ! ra9 f runn+ back ^u x4 ,?is is true2 b we h to consid] t ! cornice1 z ! close ( ! wall's life1 is ( all its features t :i* is be/ fitt$ = honor & ornam5t4 ,x has be5 e/eem$ s by almo/ all build]s1 & has be5 lavi%ly decorat$ 9 modes h]eaft] to be consid]$4 ,b x is evid5t t1 z x is high above ! eye1 ! fitte/ place to receive ! decoration is ! slope ( ,x1 :i* is incl9$ t[>ds ! spectator2 & if we cut away or holl[ out ?is slope m ?an we h done at b1 all decoration w be hid 9 ! %ad[4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! climate be f9e1 & ra9 ( long cont9uance n to be dread$1 we %all n holl[ ! /one ,x fur!r1 adopt+ ! curve at b m]ely z ! mo/ protective 9 our p[]4 ,b if ! climate be "o 9 :i* ra9 is frequ5t & dang]\s1 z 9 alt]nations ) fro/1 we may be compell$ to consid] ! cornice 9 a "* di/9ctly protective1 & to holl[ out ,x f>!r1 s z to enable x ?or\ghly to accompli% its purpose4 ,a cornice ?us treat$ loses its "* z ! cr[n or honor ( ! wall1 takes ! (fice ( its protector1 & is call$ a ,,drip/one4 ,! drip/one is naturally ! attribute ( ,nor!rn build+s1 & !re=e especially ( ,go?ic ar*itecture2 ! true cornice is ! attribute ( ,s\!rn build+s1 & !re=e ( ,greek & ,italian ar*itecture2 & x is "o ( _! peculi> beauties1 & em95t features ( sup]iority4 ,,vii4 ,be=e pass+ to ! drip/one1 h[ev]1 let u exam9e a little f>!r into ! nature ( ! true cornice4 ,we _c1 inde$1 r5d] ei!r ( ! =ms b or c1 ,fig4 ,v41 p]fectly protective f ra91 b we c help !m a little 9 _! duty by a slight advance ( _! upp] l$ge4 ,?is1 ) ! =m b1 we c be/ manage by cutt+ (f ! %>p upp] po9t ( its curve1 :i* is evid5tly weak & useless2 & we %all h ! =m f4 ,by a slight advance ( ! upp] /one c1 we %all h ! p>allel =m g4 ,^! two cornices1 f & g1 are *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,byzant9e "w1 & are f\nd on all ! mo/ lovely examples ( x 9 ,v5ice4 ,! type a is r>]1 b occurs pure 9 ! mo/ exquisite piece ( composition 9 ,v5ice--! nor!rn portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's2 & w be giv5 9 due "t4 ,,viii4 ,n[ ! read] has d\btless notic$ t ^! =ms ( cornice result1 f consid]ations ( fitness & necessity1 f> m neatly & decisively ?an ! =ms ( ! base1 :i* we left only v g5]ally det]m9$4 ,! reason is1 t !re are _m ways ( build+ f\ndations1 & _m good ways1 dep5d5t ^u ! peculi> accid5ts ( ! gr\nd & nature ( accessible mat]ials4 ,!re is also room to sp>e 9 wid?1 & a *ance ( a "p ( ! arrangem5t be+ conceal$ by ! gr\nd1 s z to modify height4 ,b we h no room to sp>e 9 wid? on ! top ( a wall1 & all t we d mu/ be ?or\ghly visible2 & we c b h to deal ) bricks1 or /ones ( a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess1 & n ) m]e gravel1 or s&1 or clay1--s t z ! conditions are limit$1 ! =ms become det]m9$2 & our /eps w be m cle> & c]ta9 ! f>!r we advance4 ,! s\rces ( a riv] are usually half lo/ among moss & pebbles1 & its fir/ movem5ts d\btful 9 direction2 b1 z ! curr5t ga!rs =ce1 its banks are det]m9$1 & its bran*es are numb]$4 ,,ix4 ,s f> ( ! true cornice3 we h /ill to det]m9e ! =m ( ! drip/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,vi4 ,we g back to our primal type or root ( cornice1 a ( ,fig4 ,v4 ,we take ?is at a 9 ,fig4 ,,vi41 & we are to consid] x entirely z a protection aga9/ ra94 ,n[ ! only way 9 :i* ! ra9 c be kept f runn+ back on ! slope ( ,x is by a bold holl[+ out ( x upw>ds1 b4 ,b cle>ly1 by ?us do+1 we %all s weak5 ! project+ "p ( x t ! lea/ %ock w\ld break x at ! neck1 c2 we mu/ !re=e cut ! :ole out ( "o /one1 :i* w give u ! =m d4 ,t ! wat] may n lodge on ! upp] l$ge ( ?is1 we _h bett] r\nd x (f2 & x w bett] protect ! jo9t at ! bottom ( ! slope if we let ! /one project ov] x 9 a roll1 cutt+ ! recess deep] above4 ,^! two *anges are made 9 e3 e is ! type ( drip/ones2 ! project+ "p be+1 h[ev]1 m or less r\nd$ into an approximation to ! %ape ( a falcon's beak1 & (t5 rea*+ x completely4 ,b ! ess5tial "p ( ! arrangem5t is ! up & "u cutt+ ( ! curve4 ,:]ev] we f9d ?is1 we are sure t ! climate is wet1 or t ! build]s h be5 br$ 9 a wet c\ntry1 & t ! re/ ( ! build+ w be prep>$ = r\gh wea!r4 ,! up cutt+ ( ! curve is sometimes all ! di/9ction betwe5 ! m\ld+s ( f>-di/ant c\ntries & utt]ly /range nations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,vii4 ,fig4 ,,vii4 repres5t+ a m\ld+ ) an out] & inn] curve1 ! latt] und]cut4 ,take ! out] l9e1 & ?is m\ld+ is "o con/ant 9 ,v5ice1 9 ar*itecture traceable to ,arabian types1 & *iefly to ! e>ly mosques ( ,cairo4 ,b take ! inn] l9e2 x is a drip/one at ,salisbury4 ,9 t n>r[ int]val betwe5 ! curves !re is1 :5 we read x rightly1 an expression ( ano!r & mighti] curve1--! orb$ sweep ( ! e>? & sea1 betwe5 ! des]t ( ! ,pyramids1 & ! gre5 & level fields ?r\gh :i* ! cle> /reams ( ,s>um w9d s sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,viii4 ,& s delicate is ! te/1 t ?\gh pure cornices are (t5 f\nd 9 ! nor?1--borr[$ f classical models1--s surely z we f9d a true drip/one m\ld+ 9 ! ,s\?1 ! influ5ce ( ,nor!rn build]s has be5 at "w2 & ?is w be "o ( ! pr9cipal evid5ces :i* ,i %all use 9 detect+ ,lomb>d influ5ce on ,arab "w2 = ! true ,byzant9e & ,arab m\ld+s are all op5 to ! sky & light1 b ! ,lomb>ds br\ght ) !m f ! ,nor? ! fe> ( ra91 & 9 all ! ,lomb>dic ,go?ic we in/antly recognize ! %ad[y drip/one3 a1 ,fig4 ,,viii41 is f a noble fragm5t at ,milan1 9 ! ,piazza dei ,m]canti2 b1 f ! ,broletto ( ,como4 ,comp>e !m ) c & d2 bo? f ,salisbury2 e & f f ,lisieux1 ,norm&y2 g & h f ,w5lock ,abbey1 ,%rop%ire4 ,x4 ,! read] is n[ ma/] ( all t he ne$ "k ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! g5]al wall cornice1 fitt$ ei!r to become a cr[n ( ! wall1 or to c>ry weight above4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! weight above become consid]able1 x may be necess>y to support ! cornice at int]vals ) brackets2 especially if x be requir$ to project f>1 z well z to c>ry weight2 z1 = in/ance1 if !re be a gall]y on top ( ! wall4 ,?is k9d ( bracket-cornice1 deep or %all[1 =ms a sep>ate family1 ess5tially connect$ ) ro(s & gall]ies2 = if !re be no sup]9cumb5t weight1 x is evid5tly absurd to put brackets to a pla9 cornice or drip/one 7?\gh ?is is sometimes done 9 c>ry+ out a /yle72 s t1 z soon z we see a bracket put to a cornice1 x implies1 or %\ld imply1 t !re is a ro( or gall]y above x4 ,h5ce ?is family ( cornices ,i %all consid] 9 connection ) ro(+1 call+ !m ro( cornices1 :ile :at we h hi!rto exam9$ are prop] wall cornices4 ,! ro( cornice & wall cornice are !re=e treat$ 9 division ,d4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 z yet ne>ly ready = our ro(4 ,we h only obta9$ t :i* 0 to be ! object ( our fir/ division 7,a72 we h got1 t is to say1 a g5]al idea ( a wall & ( ! ?ree ess5tial p>ts ( a wall2 & we h next1 x w be rememb]$1 to get an idea ( a pi] & ! ess5tial p>ts ( a pi]1 :i* 7 to be ! subjects ( our second division 7,b74 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pi] ,,base4 ,i4 ,9 ,,iii4 ( ,*ap4 ,,iii41 x 0 /at$ t :5 a wall _h to su/a9 an addition ( v]tical pressure1 x 0 fir/ fitt$ to su/a9 x by "s addition to its own ?ickness2 b if ! pressure became v great1 by be+ ga!r$ up into ,,pi]s4 ,i mu/ fir/ make ! read] und]/& :at ,i mean by a wall's be+ ga!r$ up4 ,take a piece ( tol]ably ?ick draw+-pap]1 or ?9 ,bri/ol bo>d1 five or six in*es squ>e4 ,set x on its edge on ! table1 & put a small octavo book on ! edge or top ( x1 & x w b5d in/antly4 ,te> x into f\r /rips all across1 & roll up ea* /rip tightly4 ,set ^! rolls on end on ! table1 & !y w c>ry ! small octavo p]fectly well4 ,n[ ! ?ickness or sub/ance ( ! pap] employ$ to c>ry ! weight is exactly ! same z x 0 be=e1 only x is diff]5tly arrang$1 t is to say1 ga!r$ up4#ce ,if !re=e a wall be ga!r$ up l ! ,bri/ol bo>d1 x w be> great] weight ?an x w\ld if x rema9$ a wall veil4 ,! /icks into :i* y ga!r x are call$ ,pi]s4 ,a pi] is a coagulat$ wall4 ,,ii4 ,n[ y _c q treat ! wall z y did ! ,bri/ol bo>d1 & twi/ x up at once2 b let u see h[ y c treat x4 ,let ,a1 ,fig4 ,,ix41 be ! plan ( a wall :i* y h made inconv5i5tly & exp5sively ?ick1 & :i* /ill appe>s to be slightly too weak = :at x mu/ c>ry3 divide x1 z at ,b1 into equal spaces1 a1 b1 a1 b1 c4 ,cut out a ?9 slice ( x at e a on ea* side1 & put ! slices y cut out on at e b on ea* side1 & y w h ! plan at ,b1 ) exactly ! same quantity ( bricks4 ,b y\r wall is n[ s mu* conc5trat$1 t1 if x 0 only slightly too weak be=e1 x w be /rong] n[ ?an x ne$ be2 s y may sp>e "s ( y\r space z well z y\r bricks by cutt+ (f ! corn]s ( ! ?ick] p>ts1 z suppose c1 c1 c1 c1 at ,c3 & y h n[ a s]ies ( squ>e pi]s connect$ by a wall veil1 :i*1 on less space & ) less mat]ials1 w d ! "w ( ! wall at ,a p]fectly well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,ix4 ,,iii4 ,i d n say h[ mu* may be cut away 9 ! corn]s c1 c1--t is a ma!matical "q ) :i* we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves3 all t we ne$ "k is1 t out ( e slice we take f ! b's & put on at ! a's1 we may keep a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( room & bricks1 until1 suppos+ t we d n want ! wall veil = its own sake1 ?is latt] is ?9n$ entirely away1 l ! girdle ( ! ,lady ( ,av5el1 & f9ally breaks1 & we h no?+ b a r[ ( squ>e pi]s1 ,d4 ,,iv4 ,b h we yet arriv$ at ! =m :i* w sp>e mo/ room1 & use fewe/ mat]ials4 ,no2 & to get f>!r we mu/ apply ! g5]al pr9ciple to our wall1 :i* is equally true 9 morals & ma!matics1 t ! /r5g? ( mat]ials1 or ( m51 or ( m9ds1 is always mo/ available :5 x is appli$ z closely z possible to a s+le po9t4 ,let ! po9t to :i* we wi% ! /r5g? ( our squ>e pi]s to be appli$1 be *os54 ,!n we %all ( c\rse put !m directly "u x1 & ! po9t w be 9 _! c5tre4 ,b n[ "s ( _! mat]ials are n s ne> or close to ?is po9t z o!rs4 ,^? at ! corn]s are f>!r (f ?an ! re/4 ,n[1 if e p>ticle ( ! pi] be br\ght z ne> z possible to ! c5tre ( x1 ! =m x assumes is ! circle4 ,! circle mu/ be1 !re=e1 ! be/ possible =m ( plan = a pi]1 f ! beg9n+ ( "t to ! end ( x4 ,a circul> pi] is call$ a pill> or column1 & all good ar*itecture adapt$ to v]tical support is made up ( pill>s1 has always be5 s1 & mu/ ev] be s1 z long z ! laws ( ! univ]se hold4 ,! f9al condition is repres5t$ at ,e1 9 its relation to t at ,d4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?\gh ea* circle projects a little beyond ! side ( ! squ>e out ( :i* x is =m$1 ! space cut (f at ! angles is great] ?an t add$ at ! sides2 =1 hav+ our mat]ials 9 a m conc5trat$ arrangem5t1 we c af=d to "p ) "s ( !m 9 ?is la/ trans=mation1 z 9 all ! re/4 ,v4 ,& n[1 :at h ! base & ! cornice ( ! wall be5 do+ :ile we h be5 cutt+ ! veil to pieces & ga!r+ x toge!r8 ,! base is also cut to pieces1 ga!r$ toge!r1 & becomes ! base ( ! column4 ,! cornice is cut to pieces1 ga!r$ toge!r1 & becomes ! capital ( ! column4 ,d n be al>m$ at ! new ^w1 x does n mean a new ?+2 a capital is only ! cornice ( a column1 & y may1 if y l1 call a cornice ! capital ( a wall4 ,we h n[1 !re=e1 to exam9e ^! ?ree conc5trat$ =ms ( ! base1 veil1 & cornice3 fir/1 ! conc5trat$ base1 /ill call$ ! ,,base ( ! column2 !n ! conc5trat$ veil1 call$ ! ,,%aft ( ! column2 !n ! conc5trat$ cornice1 call$ ! ,,capital ( ! column4 ,& fir/ ! ,base3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,x4 ,,vi4 ,look back to ! ma9 type1 ,fig4 ,,ii41 page #ee1 & apply its pr(iles 9 due proportion to ! feet ( ! pill>s at ,e 9 ,fig4 ,,ix4 p4 #gb3 ,if ea* /ep 9 ,fig4 ,,ii4 7 ga!r$ accurately1 ! projection ( ! entire circul> base w\ld be less 9 proportion to its height ?an x is 9 ,fig4 ,,ii42 b ! approximation to ! result 9 ,fig4 ,x4 is q accurate en\gh = our purposes4 7,i pray ! read] to obs]ve t ,i h n made ! smalle/ *ange1 except ?is necess>y expression ( a r$uction 9 diamet]1 9 ,fig4 ,,ii4 z x is appli$ 9 ,fig4 ,x41 only ,i h n drawn ! jo9ts ( ! /ones because ^! w\ld confuse ! outl9es ( ! bases2 & ,i h n repres5t$ ! r\nd+ ( ! %afts1 because x does n be> at pres5t on ! argum5t47 ,n[ x w\ld h>dly be conv5i5t1 if we _h to pass betwe5 ! pill>s1 to h to squeeze ourselves ?r\gh "o ( ^? angul> gaps or br*es de ,rol& 9 ,fig4 ,x4 ,our fir/ impulse w\ld be to cut !m op52 b we _c d ?is1 or our pi]s are unsafe4 ,we h b "o o!r res\rce1 to fill !m up until we h a floor wide en\gh to let u pass easily3 ?is we may p]haps obta9 at ! fir/ l$ge1 we are ne>ly sure to get x at ! second1 & we may !n obta9 access to ! rais$ int]val1 ei!r by rais+ ! e>? ov] ! l[] c\rses ( f\ndation1 or by /eps r\nd ! entire build+4 ,fig4 ,,xi4 is ! arrangem5t ( ,fig4 ,x4 s treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xi4 ,,vii4 ,b suppose ! pill>s are s va/ t ! l[e/ *9k 9 ,fig4 ,x4 w\ld be q wide en\gh to let u pass ?r\gh x4 ,is !re !n any reason = fill+ x up8 ,yes4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,,viii4 ! *ief reason = ! wide f\ndation ( ! wall 0 /at$ to be t x might equalise its pressure ov] a l>ge surface2 b :5 ! f\ndation is cut to pieces z 9 ,fig4 ,x41 ! pressure is ?r[n on a succession ( n>r[$ & deta*$ spaces ( t surface4 ,if ! gr\nd is 9 "s places m dispos$ to yield ?an 9 o!rs1 ! pi]s 9 ^? places w s9k m ?an ! re/1 & ?is di/ortion ( ! sy/em w be probably ( m importance 9 pill>s ?an 9 a wall1 because ! adju/m5t ( ! weight above is m delicate2 we ?us actually want ! weight ( ! /ones betwe5 ! pill>s1 9 ord] t ! :ole f\ndation may be bond$ into "o1 & s9k toge!r if x s9k at all3 & ! m massy ! pill>s1 ! m we %all ne$ to fill ! int]vals ( _! f\ndations4 ,9 ! be/ =m ( ,greek ar*itecture1 ! int]vals are fill$ up to ! root ( ! %aft1 & ! columns h no indep5d5t base2 !y /& on ! ev5 floor ( _! f\ndation4 ,,viii4 ,su* a /ructure is n only admissible1 b1 :5 ! column is ( great ?ickness 9 proportion to its height1 & ! suffici5t firmness1 ei!r ( ! gr\nd or prep>$ floor1 is evid5t1 x is ! be/ ( all1 hav+ a /range dignity 9 its excessive simplicity4 ,x is1 or ought to be1 connect$ 9 our m9ds ) ! deep mean+ ( primeval memorial4 ,& ,jacob took ! /one t he _h put = 8 pill[1 & set x up = a pill>4 ,i d n fancy t he put a base = x fir/4 ,if y try to put a base to ! rock-pi]s ( ,/oneh5ge1 y w h>dly f9d !m improv$2 & two ( ! mo/ p]fect build+s 9 ! _w1 ! ,p>!non & ,ducal palace ( ,v5ice1 h no bases to _! pill>s3 ! latt] has !m1 inde$1 to its upp] arcade %afts2 & _h once1 x is said1 a cont9u\s rais$ base = its l[] ones3 b successive elevations ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,place h cov]$ ?is base1 & p>ts ( ! %afts !mselves1 ) an inundation ( pav+ /ones2 & yet ! build+ is1 ,i d\bt n1 z gr& z ev]4 ,f9ally1 ! two mo/ noble pill>s 9 ,v5ice1 ^? br\ght f ,acre1 /& on ! smoo? m>ble surface ( ! ,piazzetta1 ) no indep5d5t bases :atev]4 ,!y are r brok5 away b5ea?1 s t y may look "u p>ts ( !m1 & /& 7n q erect1 b lean+ some:at7 safe by _! own massy weight4 ,nor c\ld any bases possibly be devis$ t w\ld n spoil !m4 ,,ix4 ,b x is o!rwise if ! pill> be s sl5d] z to look d\btfully balanc$4 ,x w\ld inde$ /& q z safely )\t an indep5d5t base z x w\ld ) "o 7at lea/1 unless ! base be 9 ! =m ( a socket74 ,b x w n appe> s safe to ! eye4 ,& "h = ! fir/ "t1 ,i h to express & apply a pr9ciple1 :i* ,i believe ! read] w at once grant1--t features necess>y to express security to ! imag9ation1 are (t5 z ess5tial p>ts ( good ar*itecture z ^? requir$ = security itself4 ,x 0 said t ! wall base 0 ! foot or paw ( ! wall4 ,exactly 9 ! same way1 & ) cle>] analogy1 ! pi] base is ! foot or paw ( ! pi]4 ,let u1 !n1 take a h9t f nature4 ,a foot has two (fices1 to be> up1 & to hold firm4 ,z f> z x has to be> up1 x is unclov51 ) slight projection1--look at an elephant's 7! ,doric base ( animality72#cf b z f> z x has to hold firm1 x is divid$ & claw$1 ) wide projections1--look at an eagle's4 ,x4 ,n[ obs]ve4 ,9 proportion to ! mass9ess ( ! column1 we require its foot to express m]ely ! p[] ( be>+ up2 9 fact1 x c d )\t a foot1 l ! ,squire 9 ,*evy ,*ase1 if ! gr\nd only be h>d en\gh4 ,b if ! column be sl5d]1 & look z if x might lose its balance1 we require x to look z if x _h hold ( ! gr\nd1 or ! gr\nd hold ( x1 x does n matt] :i*1--"s expression ( claw1 prop1 or socket4 ,n[ let u g back to ,fig4 ,,xi41 & take up "o ( ! bases !re1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we left x4 ,we may leave out ! two l[] /eps 7) :i* we h no?+ m to d1 z !y h become ! unit$ floor or f\ndation ( ! :ole71 &1 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 ,i %all n draw ! bricks 9 ! %aft1 nor ! flat /one :i* c>ries !m1 ?\gh ! read] is to suppose !m rema9+ z drawn 9 ,fig4 ,,xi42 b ,i %all only draw ! %aft & its two ess5tial memb]s ( base1 ,xb & ,yb1 z expla9$ at p4 #fe1 above3 & n[1 express+ ! r\nd+ ( ^! numb]s on a some:at l>g] scale1 we h ! pr(ile a1 ,fig4 ,,xii42 b1 ! p]spective appe>ance ( su* a base se5 f above2 & c1 ! plan ( x4 ,,xi4 ,n[ ,i am q sure ! read] is n satisfi$ ( ! /ability ( ?is =m z x is se5 at b2 nor w\ld he ev] be s ) ! ma9 cont\r ( a circul> base4 ,obs]ve1 we h tak5 "s tr\ble to r$uce ! memb] ,yb into ?is r\nd =m1 & all t we h ga9$ by s do+1 is ?is unsatisfactory & un/able look ( ! base2 ( :i* ! *ief reason is1 t a circle1 unless enclos$ by "r l9es1 has nev] an appe>ance ( fixture1 or def9ite place1#cg--we suspect x ( motion1 l an orb ( heav52 & ! second is1 t ! :ole base1 consid]$ z ! foot ( ! %aft1 has no grasp nor hold3 x is a club-foot1 & looks too blunt = ! limb1--x wants at lea/ expansion1 if n division4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xii4 ,,xii4 ,suppose1 !n1 in/ead ( tak+ s mu* tr\ble ) ! memb] ,yb1 we save "t & labor1 & leave x a squ>e block4 ,xb mu/1 h[ev]1 evid5tly foll[ ! pill>1 z its condition is t x slope to ! v base ( ! wall veil1 & ( :atev] ! wall veil becomes4 ,s ! corn]s ( ,yb w project beyond ! circle ( ,xb1 & we %all h 7,fig4 ,,xii47 ! pr(ile d1 ! p]spective appe>ance e1 & ! plan f4 ,i am q sure ! read] likes e mu* bett] ?an he did b4 ,! circle is n[ plac$1 & we are n afraid ( its roll+ away4 ,! foot has great] expansion1 & we h sav$ labor besides1 ) little loss ( space1 = ! int]val betwe5 ! bases is j z great z x 0 be=e1--we h only fill$ up ! corn]s ( ! squ>es4 ,b is x n possible to m5d ! =m /ill fur!r8 ,!re is surely /ill an appe>ance ( sep>ation betwe5 ,xb & ,yb1 z if ! "o might slip (f ! o!r4 ,! foot is exp&$ en\gh2 b x ne$s "s expression ( grasp z well4 ,x has no toes4 ,suppose we 7 to put a spur or prop to ,xb at ea* corn]1 s z to hold x fa/ 9 ! c5tre ( ,yb4 ,we w d ?is 9 ! simple/ possible =m4 ,we w h ! spur1 or small buttress1 slop+ /raight f ! corn] ( ,yb up to ! top ( ,xb1 & z se5 f above1 ( ! %ape ( a triangle4 ,apply+ su* spurs 9 ,fig4 ,,xii41 we h ! diagonal pr(ile at g1 ! p]spective h1 & ! plan i4 ,,xiii4 ,i am q sure ! read] likes ?is la/ base ! be/1 & feels z if x 7 ! firme/4 ,b he mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ?is feel+ or imag9ation ( ! eye1 & ! real /ability ( ! /ructure4 ,t ?is real /ability has be5 slightly increas$ by ! *anges betwe5 b & h1 9 ,fig4 ,,xii41 is true4 ,!re is 9 ! base h some:at less *ance ( accid5tal dislocation1 & some:at great] solidity & weight4 ,b ?is v slight ga9 ( security is ( no importance :atev] :5 comp>$ ) ! g5]al requirem5ts ( ! /ructure4 ,! pill> mu/ be p]fectly secure1 & m ?an secure1 ) ! base b1 or ! build+ w be unsafe1 :atev] o!r base y put to ! pill>4 ,! *anges are made1 n = ! sake ( ! almo/ inappreciable increase ( security !y involve1 b 9 ord] to conv9ce ! eye ( ! real security :i* ! base b appe>s to compromise4 ,?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to ! props or spurs1 :i* are absolutely useless 9 reality1 b are ( ! highe/ importance z an expression ( safety4 ,& ?is w f>!r appe> :5 we obs]ve t !y h be5 above q arbitr>ily suppos$ to be ( a triangul> =m4 ,:y triangul>8 ,:y %\ld n ! spur be made wid] & /rong]1 s z to occupy ! :ole wid? ( ! angle ( ! squ>e1 & to become a complete expansion ( ,xb to ! edge ( ! squ>e8 ,simply because1 :atev] its wid?1 x has1 9 reality1 no support+ p[] :atev]2 & ! expression ( support is greate/ :]e x assumes a =m approximat+ to t ( ! spur or claw ( an animal4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d h]eaft]1 t x ought inde$ to be mu* wid] ?an x is 9 ,fig4 ,,xii41 :]e x is n>r[$ 9 ord] to make its /ructure cle>ly intelligible4 ,,xiv4 ,if ! read] *ooses to consid] ?is spur z an /hetic feature altoge!r1 he is at lib]ty to d s1 & to transf] :at we h "h said ( x to ! beg9n+ ( ,*ap4 ,,xxv4 ,i ?9k t its true place is "h1 z an expression ( safety1 & n a means ( beauty2 b ,i w assume only1 z e/abli%$1 ! =m e ( ,fig4 ,,xii41 :i* is absolutely1 z a con/ruction1 easi]1 /rong]1 & m p]fect ?an b4 ,a ^w or two n[ ( its mat]ials4 ,! wall base1 x w be rememb]$1 0 built ( /ones m neatly cut z !y 7 high] 9 place2 & ! memb]s1 ,y & ,x1 ( ! pi] base1 7 ! highe/ memb]s ( ! wall base ga!r$4 ,b1 exactly 9 proportion to ?is ga!r+ or conc5tration 9 =m1 %\ld1 if possible1 be ! ga!r+ or conc5tration ( sub/ance4 ,= z ! :ole weight ( ! build+ is n[ to re/ ^u few & limit$ spaces1 x is ( ! great] importance t x %\ld be !re receiv$ by solid masonry4 ,xb & ,yb are !re=e1 if possible1 to be ea* ( a s+le /one2 or1 :5 ! %aft is small1 bo? cut out ( "o block1 & especially if spurs are to be add$ to ,xb4 ,! read] mu/ n be angry ) me = /at+ ?+s s self-evid5t1 = ^! are all necess>y /eps 9 ! *a9 ( argum5t :i* ,i mu/ n break4 ,ev5 ?is *ange f deta*$ /ones to a s+le block is n )\t significance2 = x is "p ( ! real s]vice & value ( ! memb] ,yb to provide = ! reception ( ! %aft a surface free f jo9ts2 & ! eye always conceives x z a firm cov]+ ov] all inequalities or fissures 9 ! small] masonry ( ! floor4 ,,xv4 ,i h said no?+ yet ( ! proportion ( ! height ( ,yb to its wid?1 nor ( t ( ,yb & ,xb to ea* o!r4 ,bo? dep5d mu* on ! height ( %aft1 & are besides v>iable )9 c]ta9 limits1 at ! ar*itect's discretion4 ,b ! limits ( ! height ( ,yb may be ?us g5]ally /at$4 ,if x looks s ?9 z t ! weight ( ! column above might break x1 x is too l[2 & if x is high] ?an its own wid?1 x is too high4 ,! utmo/ admissible height is t ( a cubic block2 = if x ev] become high] ?an x is wide1 x becomes itself a "p ( a pi]1 & n ! base ( "o4 ,,xvi4 ,i h also suppos$ ,yb1 :5 exp&$ f b5ea? ,xb1 z always exp&$ into a squ>e1 & f\r spurs only to be add$ at ! angles4 ,b ,yb may be exp&$ into a p5tagon1 hexagon1 or polygon2 & ,xb !n may h five1 six1 or _m spurs4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z ! sides increase 9 numb]1 ! spurs become %ort] & less en]getic 9 _! effect1 & ! squ>e is 9 mo/ cases ! be/ =m4 ,,xvii4 ,we h hi!rto conduct$ ! argum5t entirely on ! supposition ( ! pill>s be+ num]\s1 & 9 a range4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we require only a s+le pill>3 z we h free space r\nd x1 !re is no ne$ to fill up ! fir/ ranges ( its f\ndations2 nor ne$ we d s 9 ord] to equalise pressure1 s9ce ! pressure to be met is its own alone4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 x is well to exhibit ! l[] ti]s ( ! f\ndation z well z ,yb & ,xb4 ,! noble bases ( ! two granite pill>s ( ! ,piazzetta at ,v5ice are =m$ by ! entire s]ies ( memb]s giv5 9 ,fig4 ,x41 ! l[] c\rses exp&+ into /eps1 ) a sup]b bread? ( proportion to ! %aft4 ,! memb] ,xb is ( c\rse circul>1 hav+ its prop] decorative m\ld+s1 n "h consid]$2 ,yb is octagonal1 b fill$ up into a squ>e by c]ta9 curi\s gr\ps ( figures repres5t+ ! trades ( ,v5ice4 ,! ?ree c\rses bel[ are octagonal1 ) _! sides set across ! angles ( ! inn]mo/ octagon1 ,yb4 ,! %afts are #ae feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! l[e/ octagons ( ! base #ef 7#g feet ea* side74 ,,xviii4 ,deta*$ build+s1 l our own ,monum5t1 are n pill>s1 b t[]s built 9 imitation ( ,pill>s4 ,z t[]s !y are b>b>\s1 be+ d>k1 inconv5i5t1 & unsafe1 besides ly+1 & pret5d+ to be :at !y are n4 ,z %afts !y are b>b>\s1 because !y 7 design$ at a "t :5 ! ,r5aissance ar*itects _h introduc$ & =c$ into acceptance1 z de rigueur1 a k9d ( column> high-heel$ %oe1--a ?+ :i* !y call$ a p$e/al1 & :i* is to a true base exactly :at a ,greek actor's co?urnus 0 to a ,greek g5tleman's s&al4 ,b ! ,greek actor knew bett]1 ,i believe1 ?an to exhibit or to decorate 8 cork sole2 &1 ) %afts z ) h]oes1 x is r bett] to put ! s&al (f ?an ! co?urnus on4 ,!re are1 inde$1 occasions on :i* a p$e/al may be necess>y2 x may be bett] to raise a %aft f a sudd5 depression ( pl9? to a level ) o!rs1 its companions1 by means ( a p$e/al1 ?an to introduce a high] %aft2 or x may be bett] to place a %aft ( alaba/]1 if o!rwise too %ort = our purpose1 on a p$e/al1 ?an to use a l>g] %aft ( co>s] mat]ial2 b ! p$e/al is 9 ea* case a make-%ift1 n an additional p]fection4 ,x may1 9 ! l mann]1 be sometimes conv5i5t = m5 to walk on /ilts1 b n to keep _! /ilts on z ornam5tal p>ts ( dress4 ,! bases ( ! ,nelson ,column1 ! ,monum5t1 & ! column ( ! ,place ,v5dme1 are to ! %afts1 exactly :at highly ornam5t$ wood5 legs w\ld be to human be+s4 ,,xix4 ,s f> ( bases ( deta*$ %afts4 ,z we d n yet "k 9 :at mann] %afts are likely to be gr\p$1 we c say no?+ ( ^? ( gr\p$ %afts until we "k m ( :at !y are to support4 ,la/ly2 we h ?r\gh\t our reason+ ^u ! base suppos$ ! pi] to be circul>4 ,b circum/ances may occur to prev5t its be+ r$uc$ to ?is =m1 & x may rema9 squ>e or rectangul>2 its base w !n be simply ! wall base foll[+ its cont\r1 & we h no spurs at ! angles4 ,?us mu* may s]ve respect+ pi] bases2 we h next to exam9e ! conc5tration ( ! ,wall ,veil1 or ! ,%aft4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,! exp]im5t is n q fair 9 ?is rude fa%ion2 = ! small rolls owe _! increase ( /r5g? mu* m to _! tubul> =m ?an _! aggregation ( mat]ial2 b if ! pap] be cut up into small /rips1 & ti$ toge!r firmly 9 ?ree or f\r compact bundles1 x w exhibit increase ( /r5g? en\gh to %[ ! pr9ciple4 ,vide1 h[ev]1 ,app5dix #af1 ,/r5g? ( ,%afts4 #cf ,app5dix #ag1 ,answ] to ,mr4 ,g>bett4 #cg ,yet m s ?an any o!r figure enclos$ by a curv$ l9e3 = ! circle1 9 its relations to its own c5tre1 is ! curve ( greate/ /ability4 ,comp>e ,,xx4 ( ,*ap4 ,,xx4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,%aft4 ,i4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ ,*apt] h[1 9 conv]t+ ! wall into ! squ>e or cyl9drical %aft1 we p>t$ at e *ange ( =m ) "s quantity ( mat]ial4 ,9 proportion to ! quantity ?us surr5d]$1 is ! necessity t :at we reta9 %\ld be good ( its k9d1 & well set toge!r1 s9ce ev]y?+ n[ dep5ds on x4 ,x is cle> also t ! be/ mat]ial1 & ! close/ conc5tration1 is t ( ! natural cry/all9e rocks2 & t1 by hav+ r$uc$ our wall into ! %ape ( %afts1 we may be enabl$ to avail ourselves ( ?is bett] mat]ial1 & to ex*ange cem5t$ bricks = cry/allis$ blocks ( /one4 ,!re=e1 ! g5]al idea ( a p]fect %aft is t ( a s+le /one hewn into a =m m or less elongat$ & cyl9drical4 ,"u ?is =m1 or at lea/ "u ! rud] "o ( a long /one set upright1 ! conception ( true %afts appe>s fir/ to h occurr$ to ! human m9d2 = ! read] mu/ note ?is c>efully1 once = all1 x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t ! ord] ( ar*itectural features :i* is mo/ reasonable 9 _! arrangem5t1 is mo/ probable 9 _! inv5tion4 ,i h !oretically d$uc$ %afts f walls1 b %afts 7 nev] s reason$ out 9 ar*itectural practice4 ,! man :o fir/ propp$ a ?at*$ ro( ) poles 0 ! discov]] ( _! pr9ciple2 & he :o fir/ hew$ a long /one into a cyl9d]1 ! p]fect] ( _! practice4 ,,ii4 ,x is cle>ly necess>y t %afts ( ?is k9d 7we w call !m1 = conv5i5ce1 block %afts7 %\ld be compos$ ( /one n liable to flaws or fissures2 & !re=e t we mu/ no long] cont9ue our argum5t z if x 7 always possible to d :at is to be done 9 ! be/ way2 = ! /yle ( a national ar*itecture may evid5tly dep5d1 9 great measure1 ^u ! nature ( ! rocks ( ! c\ntry4 ,our own ,engli% rocks1 :i* supply excell5t build+ /one f _! ?9 & easily divisible b$s1 are = ! mo/ "p entirely incapable ( be+ work$ into %afts ( any size1 except only ! granites & :9/ones1 ^: h>dness r5d]s !m intractable = ord9>y purposes2--& ,engli% ar*itecture !re=e supplies no in/ances ( ! block %aft appli$ on an ext5sive scale2 :ile ! facility ( obta9+ l>ge masses ( m>ble has 9 ,greece & ,italy be5 p>tly ! cause ( ! adoption ( c]ta9 noble types ( ar*itectural =m peculi> to ^? c\ntries1 or1 :5 occurr+ else:]e1 d]iv$ f !m4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 9 r$uc+ our walls to %afts1 calculat$ on ! probabilities ( our obta9+ bett] mat]ials ?an ^? ( :i* ! walls 7 built2 & we %all !re=e fir/ consid] ! =m ( %aft :i* w be be/ :5 we h ! be/ mat]ials2 & !n consid] h[ f> we c imitate1 or h[ f> x w be wise to imitate1 ?is =m ) any mat]ials we c obta94 ,,iii4 ,n[ z ,i gave ! read] ! gr\nd1 & ! /ones1 t he might = himself f9d out h[ to build 8 wall1 ,i %all give him ! block ( m>ble1 & ! *isel1 t he may himself f9d out h[ to %ape 8 column4 ,let him suppose ! elongat$ mass1 s giv5 him1 rudely hewn to ! ?ickness :i* he has calculat$ w be proportion$ to ! weight x has to c>ry4 ,! conditions ( /ability w require t "s all[ance be made 9 f9i%+ x = any *ance ( slight di/urbance or subsid5ce ( ! gr\nd bel[1 & t1 z ev]y?+ mu/ dep5d on ! uprightness ( ! %aft1 z little *ance %\ld be left z possible ( its be+ ?r[n (f its balance4 ,x w !re=e be prud5t to leave x slightly ?ick] at ! base ?an at ! top4 ,?is excess ( diamet] at ! base be+ det]m9$1 ! read] is to ask himself h[ mo/ easily & simply to smoo? ! column f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,to cut x into a true /raight-sid$ cone w\ld be a matt] ( mu* tr\ble & nicety1 & w\ld incur ! cont9ual risk ( *ipp+ into x too deep4 ,:y n leave "s room = a *ance /roke1 "w x slightly1 v slightly convex1 & smoo? ! curve by ! eye betwe5 ! two extremities8 y w save mu* tr\ble & "t1 & ! %aft w be all ! /rong]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xiii4 ,?is is accord+ly ! natural =m ( a deta*$ block %aft4 ,x is ! be/4 ,no o!r w ev] be s agreeable to ! m9d or eye4 ,i d n mean t x is n capable ( m ref9$ execution1 or ( ! application ( "s ( ! laws ( /hetic beauty1 b t x is ! be/ recipi5t ( execution & subject ( law2 bett] 9 ei!r case ?an if y _h tak5 m pa9s1 & cut x /raight4 ,,iv4 ,y w obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! convexity is to be v slight1 & t ! %aft is n to bulge 9 ! c5tre1 b to tap] f ! root 9 a curv$ l9e2 ! peculi> "* ( ! curve y w disc]n bett] by exagg]at+1 9 a diagram1 ! conditions ( its sculpture4 ,let a1 a1 b1 b1 at ,a1 ,fig4 ,,xiii41 be ! r\gh block ( ! %aft1 laid on ! gr\nd2 & z ?ick z y c by any *ance require x to be2 y w leave x ( ?is full ?ickness at its base at ,a1 b at ! o!r end y w m>k (f ^u x ! diamet] c1 d1 :i* y int5d x to h at ! summit2 y w !n take y\r mallet & *isel1 & work+ f c & d y w r\ghly knock (f ! corn]s1 %ad$ 9 ! figure1 s z to r$uce ! %aft to ! figure describ$ by ! inside l9es 9 ,a & ! outside l9es 9 ,b2 y !n proce$ to smoo? x1 y *isel away ! %ad$ p>ts 9 ,b1 & leave y\r f9i%$ %aft ( ! =m ( ! inside l9es e1 g1 f1 h4 ,! result ( ?is op]ation w be ( c\rse t ! %aft tap]s fa/] t[>ds ! top ?an x does ne> ! gr\nd4 ,obs]ve ?is c>efully2 x is a po9t ( great future importance4 ,v4 ,s f> ( ! %ape ( deta*$ or block %afts4 ,we c c>ry ! type no f>!r on m]ely /ructural consid]ations3 let u pass to ! %aft ( inf]ior mat]ials4 ,un=tunately1 9 practice1 ?is /ep mu/ be soon made4 ,x is alike difficult to obta91 transport1 & raise1 block %afts m ?an t5 or twelve feet long1 except 9 rem>kable positions1 & z pieces ( s+ul> magnific5ce4 ,l>ge pill>s are !re=e always compos$ ( m ?an "o block ( /one4 ,su* pill>s are ei!r jo9t$ l basalt columns1 & compos$ ( solid pieces ( /one set "o above ano!r2 or !y are fill$ up t[]s1 built ( small /ones cem5t$ into a mass1 ) m or less ( regul>ity3 ,keep ?is di/9ction c>efully 9 m9d1 x is ( great importance2 = ! jo9t$ column1 e /one compos+ :i*1 h[ev] ?91 is 7s to speak7 a complete slice ( ! %aft1 is j z /rong z ! block pill> ( "o /one1 s long z no =ces are br\ght into action ^u x :i* w\ld h a t5d5cy to cause horizontal dislocation4 ,b ! pill> :i* is built z a fill$-up t[] is ( c\rse liable to fissure 9 any direction1 if its cem5t give way4 ,b1 9 ei!r case1 x is evid5t t all con/ructive reason ( ! curv$ cont\r is at once de/roy$4 ,f> f be+ an easy or natural proc$ure1 ! fitt+ ( ea* portion ( ! curve to its fell[1 9 ! sep>ate /ones1 w\ld require pa9ful c>e & consid]able masonic skill2 :ile1 9 ! case ( ! fill$-up t[]1 ! curve outw>ds w\ld be ev5 unsafe2 = its greate/ /r5g? 7& t ! m 9 proportion to its c>eless build+7 lies 9 its b>k1 or %ell ( outside /one2 & ?is1 if curv$ outw>ds1 w\ld at once bur/ outw>ds1 if heavily load$ above4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! curv$ outl9e be ev] reta9$ 9 su* %afts1 x mu/ be 9 ob$i5ce to /hetic laws only4 ,,vi4 ,b f>!r4 ,n only ! curvature1 b ev5 ! tap]+ by /raight l9es1 w\ld be some:at difficult ( execution 9 ! piec$ column4 ,:]e1 inde$1 ! entire %aft is compos$ ( f\r or five blocks set "o ^u ano!r1 ! diamet]s may be easily det]m9$ at ! successive jo9ts1 & ! /ones *isell$ to ! same slope4 ,b ?is becomes suffici5tly tr\blesome :5 ! jo9ts are num]\s1 s t ! pill> is l a pile ( *eeses2 or :5 x is to be built ( small & irregul> /ones4 ,we %\ld be naturally l$1 9 ! "o case1 to cut all ! *eeses to ! same diamet]2 9 ! o!r to build by ! plumb-l9e2 & 9 bo? to give up ! tap]+ altoge!r4 ,,vii4 ,f>!r4 ,s9ce ! *ance1 9 ! "o case1 ( horizontal dislocation1 9 ! o!r1 ( irregul> fissure1 is mu* increas$ by ! composition ( ! %aft out ( jo9ts or small /ones1 a l>g] bulk ( %aft is requir$ to c>ry ! giv5 weight2 &1 ct]is p>ibus1 jo9t$ & cem5t$ %afts mu/ be ?ick] 9 proportion to ! weight !y c>ry ?an ^? :i* are ( "o block4 ,we h "h evid5tly natural causes ( a v m>k$ division 9 s*ools ( ar*itecture3 "o gr\p compos$ ( build+s ^: %afts are ei!r ( a s+le /one or ( few jo9ts2 ! %afts1 !re=e1 be+ gracefully tap]$1 & r$uc$ by successive exp]im5ts to ! n>r[e/ possible diamet] proportion$ to ! weight !y c>ry3 & ! o!r gr\p embrac+ ^? build+s ^: %afts are ( _m jo9ts or ( small /ones2 %afts :i* are !re=e n tap]$1 & r ?ick & pond]\s 9 proportion to ! weight !y c>ry2 ! latt] s*ool be+ evid5tly some:at imp]fect & inelegant z comp>$ ) ! =m]4 ,x may p]haps appe>1 also1 t ?is arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials 9 cyl9drical %afts at all w\ld h>dly h sugge/$ itself to a p :o possess$ no l>ge blocks out ( :i* to hew !m2 & t ! %aft built ( _m pieces is probably d]iv$ f1 & imitative ( ! %aft hewn f few or f "o4 ,,viii4 ,if1 !re=e1 y take a good geological map ( ,europe1 & lay y\r f+] ^u ! spots :]e volcanic influ5ces supply ei!r trav]t9 or m>ble 9 accessible & available masses1 y w probably m>k ! po9ts :]e ! types ( ! fir/ s*ool h be5 orig9at$ & develop$4 ,if1 9 ! next place1 y w m>k ! di/ricts :]e brok5 & rugg$ basalt or :9/one1 or slaty s&/one1 supply mat]ials on easi] t]ms inde$1 b fragm5t>y & unmanageable1 y w probably di/+ui% "s ( ! bir?places ( ! d]ivative & less graceful s*ool4 ,y w1 9 ! fir/ case1 lay y\r f+] on ,p/um1 ,agrig5tum1 & ,a!ns2 9 ! second1 on ,durham & ,l9disf>ne4 ,! %afts ( ! great primal s*ool are1 inde$1 9 _! fir/ =m1 z massy z ^? ( ! o!r1 & ! t5d5cy ( bo? is to cont9ual dim9ution ( _! diamet]s3 b 9 ! fir/ s*ool x is a true dim9ution 9 ! ?ickness ( ! indep5d5t pi]2 9 ! la/1 x is an app>5t dim9ution1 obta9$ by giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a gr\p ( m9or pi]s4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 ) :i* we are conc]n$ is n t ( sl5d]ness1 b ( v]tical or curv$ cont\r2 & we may note g5]ally t :ile ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ,nor!rn "w1 ! p]p5dicul> %aft appe>s 9 cont9ually cle>] developm5t1 ?r\gh\t e gr\p :i* has inh]it$ ! _s ( ! ,greek1 ! %aft reta9s its curv$ or tap]$ =m2 & ! occurr5ce ( ! v]tical deta*$ %aft may at all times1 9 ,european ar*itecture1 be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important collat]al evid5ces ( ,nor!rn influ5ce4 ,,ix4 ,x is necess>y to limit ?is obs]vation to ,european ar*itecture1 because ! ,egyptian %aft is (t5 untap]$1 l ! ,nor!rn4 ,x appe>s t ! ,c5tral ,s\!rn1 or ,greek %aft1 0 tap]$ or curv$ on /hetic r ?an con/ructive pr9ciples2 & ! ,egyptian :i* prec$es1 & ! ,nor!rn :i* foll[s x1 are bo? v]tical1 ! "o because ! be/ =m _h n be5 discov]$1 ! o!r because x c\ld n be atta9$4 ,bo? are 9 a c]ta9 degree b>b>ic2 & bo? possess 9 comb9ation & 9 _! ornam5ts a p[] altoge!r diff]5t f t ( ! ,greek %aft1 & at lea/ z impressive if n z admirable4 ,x4 ,we h hi!rto spok5 ( %afts z if _! numb] 7 fix$1 & only _! diamet] v>iable accord+ to ! weight to be borne4 ,b ?is supposition is evid5tly gratuit\s2 = ! same weight may be c>ri$ ei!r by _m & sl5d]1 or by few & massy %afts4 ,if ! read] w look back to ,fig4 ,,ix41 he w f9d ! numb] ( %afts into :i* ! wall 0 r$uc$ to be dep5d5t altoge!r ^u ! l5g? ( ! spaces a1 b1 a1 b1 c41 a l5g? :i* 0 arbitr>ily fix$4 ,we are at lib]ty to make ^! spaces ( :at l5g? we *oose1 &1 9 s do+1 to increase ! numb] & dim9i% ! diamet] ( ! %afts1 or vice v]s4 ,,xi4 ,suppos+ ! mat]ials are 9 ea* case to be ( ! same k9d1 ! *oice is 9 great "p at ! ar*itect's discretion1 only !re is a limit on ! "o h& to ! multiplication ( ! sl5d] %aft1 9 ! inconv5i5ce ( ! n>r[$ int]val1 & on ! o!r1 to ! enl>gem5t ( ! massy %aft1 9 ! loss ( bread? to ! build+4#ch ,t w be commonly ! be/ proportion :i* is a natural mean betwe5 ! two limits2 lean+ to ! side ( grace or ( gr&eur accord+ to ! expressional int5tion ( ! "w4 ,i say1 commonly ! be/1 because1 9 "s cases1 ?is expressional inv5tion may prevail ov] all o!r consid]ations1 & a column ( unnecess>y bulk or fanta/ic slightness be adopt$ 9 ord] to /rike ! spectator ) awe or ) surprise4#ci ,! ar*itect is1 h[ev]1 r>ely 9 practice compell$ to use "o k9d ( mat]ial only2 & 8 *oice lies frequ5tly betwe5 ! employm5t ( a l>g] numb] ( solid & p]fect small %afts1 or a less numb] ( piec$ & cem5t$ l>ge ones4 ,x is (t5 possible to obta9 f qu>ries ne> at h&1 blocks :i* might be cut into %afts eight or twelve feet long & f\r or five feet r\nd1 :5 l>g] %afts c only be obta9$ 9 di/ant localities2 & ! "q !n is betwe5 ! p]fection ( small] features & ! imp]fection ( l>g]4 ,we %all f9d numb]less in/ances 9 ,italy 9 :i* ! fir/ *oice has be5 boldly1 & ,i ?9k mo/ wisely made2 & magnific5t build+s h be5 compos$ ( sy/ems ( small b p]fect %afts1 multipli$ & sup]impos$4 ,s long z ! idea ( ! symmetry ( a p]fect %aft rema9$ 9 ! build]'s m9d1 8 *oice c\ld h>dly be direct$ o!rwise1 & ! adoption ( ! built & t[]-l %aft appe>s to h be5 ! result ( a loss ( ?is s5se ( symmetry consequ5t on ! employm5t ( intractable mat]ials4 ,,xii4 ,b f>!r3 we h up to ?is po9t spok5 ( %afts z always set 9 ranges1 & at equal int]vals f ea* o!r4 ,b !re is no necessity = ?is2 & mat]ial diff]5ces may be made 9 _! diamet]s if two or m be gr\p$ s z to d toge!r ! "w ( "o l>ge "o1 & t )91 or ne>ly )91 ! space :i* ! l>g] "o w\ld h occupi$4 ,,xiii4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,fig4 ,,xiv41 be ?ree surfaces1 ( :i* ,b & ,c conta9 equal areas1 & ea* ( !m d\ble t ( ,a3 !n suppos+ !m all load$ to ! same height1 ,b or ,c w\ld receive twice z mu* weight z ,a2 !re=e1 to c>ry ,b or ,c load$1 we %\ld ne$ a %aft ( twice ! /r5g? ne$$ to c>ry ,a4 ,let ,s be ! %aft requir$ to c>ry ,a1 & ,s#b ! %aft requir$ to c>ry ,b or ,c2 !n ,s#c may be divid$ into two %afts1 or ,s#b into f\r %afts1 z at ,s#c1 all equal 9 area or solid cont5ts2#dj & ! mass ,a might be c>ri$ safely by two ( !m1 & ! masses ,b & ,c1 ea* by f\r ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xiv4 ,n[ if we put ! s+le %afts ea* "u ! c5tre ( ! mass !y h to be>1 z repres5t$ by ! %ad$ circles at a1 a#b1 a#c1 ! masses ,a & ,c are bo? ( !m v ill support$1 & ev5 ,b insuffici5tly2 b apply ! f\r & ! two %afts z at b1 b#b1 b#c1 & !y are support$ satisfactorily4 ,let ! weight on ea* ( ! masses be d\bl$1 & ! %afts d\bl$ 9 area1 !n we %all h su* arrangem5ts z ^? at c1 c#b1 c#c2 & if aga9 ! %afts & weight be d\bl$1 we %all h d1 d#b1 d#c4 ,,xiv4 ,n[ x w at once be obs]v$ t ! arrangem5t ( ! %afts 9 ! s]ies ( ,b & ,c is always exactly ! same 9 _! relations to ea* o!r2 only ! gr\p ( ,b is set ev5ly1 & ! gr\p ( ,c is set obliquely1--! "o c>ry+ a squ>e1 ! o!r a cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xv4 ,y h 9 ^! two s]ies ! primal repres5tations ( %aft arrangem5t 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn s*ools2 :ile ! gr\p b1 ( :i* b#b is ! d\ble1 set ev5ly1 & c#b ! d\ble1 set obliquely1 is common to bo?4 ,! read] w be surpris$ to f9d h[ all ! complex & v>i$ =ms ( %aft arrangem5t w range !mselves into "o or o!r ( ^! gr\ps2 & /ill m surpris$ to f9d ! oblique or cross set sy/em on ! "o h&1 & ! squ>e set sy/em on ! o!r1 sev]ally di/9ctive ( ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn "w4 ,! dome ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 & ! cross+ ( ! nave & transepts ( ,beauvais1 are bo? c>ri$ by squ>e pi]s2 b ! pi]s ( ,/4 ,m>k's are set squ>e to ! walls ( ! *ur*1 & ^? ( ,beauvais obliquely to !m3 & ?is diff]5ce is ev5 a m ess5tial "o ?an t betwe5 ! smoo? surface ( ! "o & ! re$y complication ( ! o!r4 ,! two squ>es "h 9 ! m>g9 7,fig4 ,,xv47 are exactly ( ! same size1 b _! expression is altoge!r diff]5t1 & 9 t diff]5ce lies "o ( ! mo/ subtle di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,go?ic & ,greek _s1--f ! %aft1 :i* be>s ! build+1 to ! smalle/ decoration4 ,! ,greek squ>e is by pref]5ce set ev5ly1 ! ,go?ic squ>e obliquely2 & t s con/antly1 t :]ev] we f9d ! level or ev5 squ>e occurr+ z a prevail+ =m1 ei!r 9 plan or decoration1 9 e>ly nor!rn "w1 !re we may at lea/ suspect ! pres5ce ( a s\!rn or ,greek influ5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] ! oblique squ>e is prom95t 9 ! s\?1 we may confid5tly look = f>!r evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic ar*itects4 ,! rule mu/ n ( c\rse be press$ f> :51 9 ei!r s*ool1 !re has be5 det]m9$ se>* = e possible v>iety ( decorative figures2 & accid5tal circum/ances may rev]se ! usual sy/em 9 special cases2 b ! evid5ce drawn f ?is "* is collat]ally ( ! highe/ value1 & ! trac+ x out is a pursuit ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,?us1 ! ,pisan ,romanesque might 9 an in/ant be pron\nc$ to h be5 =m$ "u "s measure ( ,lomb>dic influ5ce1 f ! oblique squ>es set "u its ar*es2 & 9 x we h ! _s ( nor!rn ,go?ic affect+ details ( ! s\!rn2--obliquity ( squ>e1 9 magnific5tly %aft$ ,romanesque4 ,at ,monza1 on ! o!r h&1 ! levell$ squ>e is ! *>act]i/ic figure ( ! entire decoration ( ! faade ( ! ,duomo1 em95tly giv+ x s\!rn "*2 b ! details are d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! nor!rn ,go?ic4 ,"h !n we h s\!rn _s & nor!rn detail4 ,( ! cruci=m outl9e ( ! load ( ! %aft1 a /ill m positive te/ ( nor!rn "w1 we %all h m to say 9 ! #bh? ,*apt]2 we mu/ at pres5t note c]ta9 f>!r *anges 9 ! =m ( ! gr\p$ %aft1 :i* op5 ! way to e bran* ( its endless comb9ations1 s\!rn or nor!rn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xvi4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,if ! gr\p at d#c1 ,fig4 ,,xiv41 be tak5 f "u its load+1 & h its c5tre fill$ up1 x w become a quatrefoil2 & x w repres5t1 9 _! =m ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce1 a family ( %afts1 ^: plans are foil$ figures1 trefoils1 quatrefoils1 c9quefoils1 c42 ( :i* a trefoil$ example1 f ! ,fr>i at ,v5ice1 is ! ?ird 9 ,plate ,,ii41 & a quatrefoil f ,salisbury ! eigh?4 ,x is r>e1 h[ev]1 to f9d 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture %afts ( ?is family compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( foils1 because multifoil$ %afts are seldom true gr\p$ %afts1 b are r canaliculat$ conditions ( massy pi]s4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is family may be consid]$ z ! quatrefoil on ! ,go?ic side ( ! ,alps2 & ! ,egyptian multifoil$ %aft on ! s\?1 approximat+ to ! g5]al type1 b1 ,fig4 ,,xvi4 ,,xvi4 ,exactly oppos$ to ?is great family is t ( %afts :i* h concave curves in/ead ( convex on ea* ( _! sides2 b ^! are n1 prop]ly speak+1 gr\p$ %afts at all1 & _! prop] place is among decorat$ pi]s2 only !y mu/ be nam$ "h 9 ord] to m>k _! exact opposition to ! foil$ sy/em4 ,9 _! simple/ =m1 repres5t$ by c1 ,fig4 ,,xvi41 !y h no repres5tatives 9 good ar*itecture1 be+ evid5tly weak & meagre2 b approximations to !m exi/ 9 late ,go?ic1 z 9 ! vile ca!dral ( ,orleans1 & 9 mod]n ca/-iron %afts4 ,9 _! fully develop$ =m !y are ! ,greek ,doric1 a1 ,fig4 ,,xvi41 & occur 9 caprices ( ! ,romanesque & ,italian ,go?ic3 d1 ,fig4 ,,xvi41 is f ! ,duomo ( ,monza4 ,,xvii4 #b4 ,betwe5 c#c & d#c ( ,fig4 ,,xiv4 !re may be evid5tly ano!r condition1 repres5t$ at #f1 ,plate ,,ii41 & =m$ by ! ins]tion ( a c5tral %aft )9 ! f\r ext]nal ones4 ,?is c5tral %aft we may suppose to exp& 9 proportion to ! weight x has to c>ry4 ,if ! ext]nal %afts exp& 9 ! same proportion1 ! entire =m rema9s un*ang$2 b if !y d n exp&1 !y may 7#a7 be pu%$ out by ! exp&+ %aft1 or 7#b7 be gradually swall[$ up 9 its expansion1 z at #d1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,if !y are pu%$ out1 !y are remov$ f>!r f ea* o!r by e increase ( ! c5tral %aft2 & o!rs may !n be introduc$ 9 ! vacant spaces2 giv+1 on ! plan1 a c5tral orb ) an ev] increas+ ho/ ( satellites1 #aj1 ,plate ,,ii42 ! satellites !mselves (t5 v>y+ 9 size1 & p]haps quitt+ contact ) ! c5tral %aft4 ,suppose !m 9 any ( _! conditions fix$1 :ile ! inn] %aft exp&s1 & !y w be gradually buri$ 9 x1 =m+ m complicat$ conditions ( #d1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,! comb9ations are ?us altoge!r inf9ite1 ev5 suppos+ ! c5tral %aft to be circul> only2 b _! inf9ity is multipli$ by _m o!r inf9ities :5 ! c5tral %aft itself becomes squ>e or crosslet on ! section1 or itself multifoil$ 7#h1 ,plate ,,ii47 ) satellite %afts eddy+ ab\t its recesses & angles1 9 e possible relation ( attraction4 ,among ^! endless conditions ( *ange1 ! *oice ( ! ar*itect is free1 ?is only be+ g5]ally not$3 t1 z ! :ole value ( su* pi]s dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u _! be+ wisely fitt$ to ! weight above !m1 &1 secondly1 ^u _! all work+ toge!r3 & "o n fail+ ! re/1 p]haps to ! ru9 ( all1 he mu/ nev] multiply %afts )\t visible cause 9 ! disposition ( memb]s sup]impos$3#da & 9 8 multipli$ gr\p he %\ld1 if possible1 avoid a m>k$ sep>ation betwe5 ! l>ge c5tral %aft & its satellites2 = if ?is exi/1 ! satellites w ei!r appe> useless altoge!r1 or else1 :i* is worse1 !y w look z if !y 7 meant to keep ! c5tral %aft toge!r by wir+ or cag+ x 92 l iron rods set r\nd a supple cyl9d]1--a fatal fault 9 ! pi]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 &1 9 a less degree1 9 ! noble nave ( ! ca!dral ( ,b\rges4 ,,xviii4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 we h be5 ?us subdivid+ or assembl+ our %afts1 h[ f> has x be5 possible to reta9 _! curv$ or tap]$ outl9e8 ,s long z !y rema9 di/9ct & equal1 h[ev] close to ea* o!r1 ! indep5d5t curvature may evid5tly be reta9$4 ,b :5 once !y come 9 contact1 x is equally evid5t t a column1 =m$ ( %afts t\*+ at ! base & sep>ate at ! top1 w\ld appe> z if 9 ! v act ( splitt+ asund]4 ,h5ce1 9 all ! closely arrang$ gr\ps1 & especially ^? ) a c5tral %aft1 ! tap]+ is sacrific$2 & ) less cause = regret1 because x 0 a provision aga9/ subsid5ce or di/ortion1 :i* _c n[ take place ) ! sep>ate memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,evid5tly1 ! "w1 if safe at all1 mu/ be execut$ ) f> great] accuracy & /ability :5 its supports are s delicately arrang$1 ?an w\ld be impli$ by su* precaution4 ,9 gr\p+ %afts1 !re=e1 a true p]p5dicul> l9e is1 9 ne>ly all cases1 giv5 to ! pi]2 & ! read] w anticipate t ! two s*ools1 :i* we h already f\nd to be di/+ui%$1 ! "o by its p]p5dicul> & piec$ %afts1 & ! o!r by its curv$ & block %afts1 w be f\nd divid$ also 9 _! employm5t ( gr\p$ %afts2--x is likely t ! idea ( gr\p+1 h[ev] sugge/$1 w be fully ent]ta9$ & act$ ^u by ! "o1 b hesitat+ly by ! o!r2 & t we %all f9d1 on ! "o h&1 build+s display+ sometimes massy pi]s ( small /ones1 sometimes clu/]$ pi]s ( ri* complexity1 & on ! o!r1 m or less regul> succession ( block %afts1 ea* treat$ z entirely indep5d5t ( ^? ar\nd x4 ,,xix4 ,f>!r1 ! gr\p+ ( %afts once admitt$1 x is probable t ! complexity & ri*ness ( su* arrangem5ts w\ld recomm5d !m to ! eye1 & induce _! frequ5t1 ev5 _! unnecess>y introduction2 s t weight :i* might h be5 borne by a s+le pill>1 w\ld be 9 pref]5ce support$ by f\r or five4 ,& if ! /one ( ! c\ntry1 ^: fragm5t>y "* fir/ occasion$ ! build+ & piec+ ( ! l>ge pi]1 7 yet 9 b$s consi/5t en\gh to supply %afts ( v small diamet]1 ! /r5g? & simplicity ( su* a con/ruction might ju/ify x1 z well z its grace4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t ! *>m :i* ! multiplication ( l9e possesses = ! eye has always be5 "o ( ! *ief ends ( ! "w 9 ! gr\p$ s*ools2 & t1 s f> f employ+ ! gr\p$ pi]s 9 ord] to ! introduction ( v sl5d] block %afts1 ! mo/ common =m 9 :i* su* pi]s occur is t ( a solid jo9t$ %aft1 ea* jo9t be+ sep>ately cut into ! cont\r ( ! gr\p requir$4 ,,xx4 ,we h hi!rto suppos$ t all gr\p$ or clu/]$ %afts h be5 ! result or ! expression ( an actual ga!r+ & b9d+ toge!r ( deta*$ %afts4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 always s3 = "s clu/]$ %afts are little m ?an solid pi]s *annell$ on ! surface1 & _! =m appe>s to be m]ely ! developm5t ( "s longitud9al furr[+ or /riation on ! orig9al s+le %aft4 ,t clu/]+ or /riation1 :i*ev] we *oose to call x1 is 9 ?is case a decorative feature1 & to be consid]$ "u ! head ( decoration4 ,,xxi4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to ! read] at a glance1 t ! real s]viceabl5ess ( any ( ^! gr\p$ arrangem5ts mu/ dep5d ^u ! relative %ortness ( ! %afts1 & t1 :5 ! :ole pi] is s l(ty t its m9or memb]s become m]e re$s or rods ( /one1 ^? m9or memb]s c no long] be *>g$ ) any consid]able weight4 ,& ! fact is1 t 9 ! mo/ complicat$ ,go?ic arrangem5ts1 :5 ! pi] is tall & its satellites /& cle> ( x1 no real "w is giv5 !m to d1 & !y might all be remov$ )\t endang]+ ! build+4 ,!y are m]ely ! expression ( a great consi/5t sy/em1 & are 9 ar*itecture :at is (t5 f\nd 9 animal anatomy1--a bone1 or process ( a bone1 useless1 "u ! orda9$ circum/ances ( its life1 to ! p>ticul> animal 9 :i* x is f\nd1 & slightly develop$1 b yet di/9ctly exi/5t1 & repres5t+1 = ! sake ( absolute consi/5cy1 ! same bone 9 its appo9t$1 & g5]ally useful1 place1 ei!r 9 skeletons ( all animals1 or 9 ! g5us to :i* ! animal itself belongs4 ,,xxii4 ,f>!r3 z x is n easy to obta9 pieces ( /one long en\gh = ^! supplem5t>y %afts 7especially z x is always unsafe to lay a /ratifi$ /one ) its b$s upright7 !y h be5 frequ5tly compos$ ( two or m %ort %afts set ^u ea* o!r1 & to conceal ! unsightly junction1 a flat /one has be5 int]pos$1 c>v$ into c]ta9 m\ld+s1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( a r+ on ! %aft4 ,n[ obs]ve3 ! :ole pi] 0 ! ga!r+ ( ! :ole wall1 ! base ga!rs into base1 ! veil into ! %aft1 & ! /r+ c\rses ( ! veil ga!r into ^! r+s2 & :5 ?is is cle>ly express$1 & ! r+s d inde$ correspond ) ! /r+ c\rses ( ! wall veil1 !y are p]fectly admissible & ev5 beautiful2 b o!rwise1 & occurr+1 z !y d 9 ! %afts ( ,we/m9/]1 9 ! middle ( cont9u\s l9es1 !y are b sorry make-%ifts1 & ( late s9ce gas has be5 inv5t$1 h become especially (f5sive f _! unlucky resemblance to ! jo9ts ( gas-pipes1 or common wat]-pipes4 ,!re are two lead5 ones1 = in/ance1 on ! left h& z "o ent]s ! abbey at ,poet's ,corn]1 ) _! sold]+s & funnels look+ exactly l r+s & capitals1 & mo/ disrespectfully mimick+ ! %afts ( ! abbey1 inside4 ,?us f> we h trac$ ! probable conditions ( %aft /ructure 9 pure !ory2 ,i %all n[ lay be=e ! read] a brief /atem5t ( ! facts ( ! ?+ 9 "t pa/ & pres5t4 ,,xxiii4 ,9 ! e>lie/ & gr&e/ %aft ar*itecture :i* we "k1 t ( ,egypt1 we h no gr\p$ arrangem5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 b ei!r s+le & smoo? %afts1 or ri*ly re$$ & furr[$ %afts1 :i* repres5t ! extreme conditions ( a complicat$ gr\p b\nd toge!r to su/a9 a s+le mass2 & are inde$1 )\t d\bt1 no?+ else ?an imitations ( bundles ( re$s1 or ( clu/]s ( lotus3#db b 9 ^! %afts !re is m]ely ! idea ( a gr\p1 n ! actual function or /ructure ( a gr\p2 !y are j z mu* solid & simple %afts z ^? :i* are smoo?1 & m]ely by ! me?od ( _! decoration pres5t to ! eye ! image ( a ri*ly complex arrangem5t4 ,,xxiv4 ,aft] ^! we h ! ,greek %aft1 less 9 scale1 & los+ all sugge/ion or purpose ( sugge/ion ( complexity1 its s-call$ flut+s be+1 visibly z actually1 an ext]nal decoration4 ,,xxv4 ,! idea ( ! %aft rema9s absolutely s+le 9 ! ,roman & ,byzant9e m9d2 b true gr\p+ beg9s 9 ,*ri/ian ar*itecture by ! plac+ ( two or m sep>ate %afts side by side1 ea* hav+ its own "w to d2 !n ?ree or f\r1 /ill ) sep>ate "w2 !n1 by su* /eps z ^? above !oretically pursu$1 ! numb] ( ! memb]s increases1 :ile !y coagulate into a s+le mass2 & we h f9ally a %aft app>5tly compos$ ( ?irty1 =ty1 fifty1 or m di/9ct memb]s2 a %aft :i*1 9 ! reality ( its s]vice1 is z mu* a s+le %aft z ! old ,egyptian "o2 b :i* diff]s f ! ,egyptian 9 t all its memb]s1 h[ _m soev]1 h ea* individual "w to d1 & a sep>ate rib ( ar* or ro( to c>ry3 & ?us ! great ,*ri/ian tru? ( di/9ct s]vices ( ! individual s\l is typifi$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian %aft2 & ! old ,egyptian s]vitude ( ! multitudes1 ! s]vitude insep>able f ! *ildr5 ( ,ham1 is typifi$ also 9 t anci5t %aft ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* 9 its ga!r$ /r5g? ( ! riv] re$s1 seems1 z ! s&s ( ! des]t drift ov] its ru91 to be int5d$ to rem9d u = ev] ( ! end ( ! association ( ! wick$4 ,c ! ru% gr[ up )\t mire1 or ! flag gr[ )\t wat]8--,s are ! pa?s ( all t =get ,god2 & ! hypocrite's hope %all p]i%4 ,,xxvi4 ,let ! read] !n keep ?is di/9ction ( ! ?ree sy/ems cle>ly 9 8 m9d3 ,egyptian sy/em1 an app>5t clu/] support+ a simple capital & s+le weight2 ,greek & ,roman sy/em1 s+le %aft1 s+le weight2 ,go?ic sy/em1 divid$ %afts1 divid$ weight3 at fir/ actually & simply divid$1 at la/ app>5tly & inf9itely divid$2 s t ! fully =m$ ,go?ic %aft is a return to ! ,egyptian1 b ! weight is divid$ 9 ! "o & undivid$ 9 ! o!r4 ,,xxvii4 ,! transition f ! actual to ! app>5t clu/]1 9 ! ,go?ic1 is a "q ( ! mo/ curi\s int]e/2 ,i h ?r[n toge!r ! %aft sections 9 ,plate ,,ii4 to illu/rate x1 & exemplify :at has be5 g5]ally /at$ above4#dc ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,plans ,,( ,,pi]s4 #a4 ,! e>lie/1 ! mo/ frequ5t1 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! gr\ps1 is also ! simple/2 ! two %afts arrang$ z at b or c1 7,fig4 ,,xiv47 above1 be>+ an oblong mass1 & sub/itut$ = ! /ill e>li] /ructure a1 ,fig4 ,,xiv4 ,9 ,plate ,,xvii4 7,*ap4 ,,xxvii47 are ?ree examples ( ! transition3 ! "o on ! left1 at ! top1 is ! e>lie/ s+le-%aft$ arrangem5t1 con/ant 9 ! r\gh ,romanesque w9d[s2 a huge hamm]-%ap$ capital be+ employ$ to su/a9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,x 0 rapidly sup]s$$ by ! d\ble %aft1 z on ! "r ( x2 a v e>ly example f ! cloi/]s ( ! ,duomo1 ,v]ona4 ,b5ea?1 is a mo/ elaborate & p]fect "o f ,/4 ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 :]e ! gr\p is twice complicat$1 two %afts be+ us$1 bo? ) quatrefoil sections4 ,! pla9 d\ble %aft1 h[ev]1 is by f> ! mo/ frequ5t1 bo? 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,go?ic1 b = ! mo/ "p e>ly2 x is v frequ5t 9 cloi/]s1 & 9 ! s+ul> "o ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,norm&y1 a small pseudo-arcade runs along betwe5 ! pairs ( %afts1 a m9iature aisle4 ,! gr\p is employ$ on a magnific5t scale1 b ill proportion$1 = ! ma9 pi]s ( ! apse ( ! ca!dral ( ,c\tances1 its purpose be+ to conceal "o %aft beh9d ! o!r1 & make x appe> to ! spectator f ! nave z if ! apse 7 su/a9$ by s+le %afts1 ( inord9ate sl5d]ness4 ,! attempt is ill-judg$1 & ! result unsatisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xvii4 ,,xxviii4 #b4 ,:5 ^! pairs ( %afts come ne> ea* o!r1 z frequ5tly at ! turn+s ( angles 7,fig4 ,,xvii471 ! quadruple gr\p results1 b #b1 ,fig4 ,,xiv41 ( :i* ! ,lomb>dic sculptors 7 excessively fond1 usually ty+ ! %afts toge!r 9 _! c5tre1 9 a lov]'s knot4 ,!y ?us occur 9 ,plate ,v41 f ! ,broletto ( ,como2 at ! angle ( ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,lucca1 ,plate ,,xxi42 & 9 ! balu/rade ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,?is is a gr\p1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 us$ on a l>ge scale4#dd ,,xxix4 #c4 ,su* gr\ps1 consolidat$ by a small squ>e 9 _! c5tre1 =m ! %afts ( ,/4 ,z5o1 j spok5 (1 & figur$ 9 ,plate ,,xvii41 :i* are among ! mo/ int]e/+ pieces ( "w ,i "k 9 ,italy4 ,i give _! entire arrangem5t 9 ,fig4 ,,xviii43 bo? %afts h ! same section1 b "o receives a half turn z x asc5ds1 giv+ x an exquisite spiral cont\r3 ! plan ( _! bases1 ) _! pl9?1 is giv5 at #b1 ,plate ,,ii42 & note x c>efully1 = x is an epitome ( all t we obs]v$ above1 respect+ ! oblique & ev5 squ>e4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! oblique belong$ to ! nor?1 ! ev5 to ! s\?3 we h "h ! nor!rn ,lomb>dic nation naturalis$ 9 ,italy1 &1 behold1 ! oblique & ev5 quatrefoil l9k$ toge!r2 n confus$1 b actually l9k$ by a b> ( /one1 z se5 9 ,plate ,,xvii41 "u ! capitals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xviii4 #d4 ,next to ^!1 obs]ve ! two gr\ps ( five %afts ea*1 #e & #f1 ,plate ,,ii41 "o oblique1 ! o!r ev54 ,bo? are f upp] /ories2 ! oblique "o f ! tri=ium ( ,salisbury2 ! ev5 "o f ! upp] range ( %afts 9 ! faade ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice4#de ,,xxx4 ,ar\nd ^! c5tral types are gr\p$1 9 ,plate ,,ii41 f\r simple examples ( ! satellitic clu/]1 all ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic3 #d1 f ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s2 #g1 f t ( ,lyons 7nave pi]72 #h1 ! same f ,salisbury2 #aj1 f ! por* ( ,notre ,dame1 ,dijon1 hav+ satellites ( ?ree magnitudes3 #i is "o ( ! pi]s betwe5 ! doors ( ! same *ur*1 ) %afts ( f\r magnitudes1 & is an in/ance ( ! confusion ( m9d ( ! ,nor!rn ar*itects betwe5 pi]s prop] & jamb m\ld+s 7notic$ f>!r 9 ! next *apt]1 ,,xxxi473 = ?is fig4 #i1 :i* is an angle at ! meet+ ( two jambs1 is treat$ l a ri* indep5d5t %aft1 & ! figure bel[1 #ab1 :i* is half ( a true %aft1 is treat$ l a meet+ ( jambs4 ,all ^! f\r examples belong+ to ! oblique or ,nor!rn sy/em1 ! curi\s trefoil plan1 #c1 lies betwe5 ! two1 z ! d\ble quatrefoil next x unites ! two4 ,! trefoil is f ! ,fr>i1 ,v5ice1 & has a ri*ly work$ capital 9 ! ,byzant9e mann]1--an imitation1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! ,byzant9e "w by ! ,go?ic build]s3 #a is to be comp>$ ) x1 be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ conditions ( ! cross %aft1 f ! atrium ( ,/4 ,ambrogio at ,milan4 #ac is ! nave pi] ( ,/4 ,mi*ele at ,pavia1 %[+ ! same condition m fully develop$3 & #aa ano!r nave pi] f ,vi5ne1 on ! ,rhone1 ( f> m di/9ct ,roman d]ivation1 = ! flat pila/] is set to ! nave1 & is flut$ l an antique "o4 #ab is ! gr&e/ developm5t ,i h ev] se5 ( ! cross %aft1 ) satellite %afts 9 ! nooks ( x3 x is half ( "o ( ! great we/]n pi]s ( ! ca!dral ( ,b\rges1 measur+ eight feet ea* side1 ?irty-two r\nd4#df ,!n ! "o bel[ 7#ae7 is half ( a nave pi] ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 %[+ ! mode 9 :i* su* conditions z t ( ,dijon 7#i7 & t ( ,b\rges 7#ab7 7 fus$ toge!r into =ms ( inextricable complexity 7inextricable ,i mean 9 ! irregul>ity ( proportion & projection1 = all ( !m are easily resolvable into simple sy/ems 9 connexion ) ! ro( ribs74 ,?is pi] ( ,r\5 is a type ( ! la/ condition ( ! good ,go?ic2 f ?is po9t ! small %afts beg9 to lose %ape1 & run into n>r[ fillets & ridges1 project+ at ! same "t f>!r & f>!r 9 weak tongue-l sections1 z describ$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,i h only "h giv5 "o example ( ?is family1 an unimportant b suffici5tly *>act]i/ic "o 7#af7 f ,/4 ,g]vais ( ,falaise4 ,"o side ( ! nave ( t *ur* is ,norman1 ! o!r ,flamboyant1 & ! two pi]s #ad & #af /& opposite ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be useless to endeavor to trace f>!r ! fanta/icism ( ! lat] ,go?ic %afts2 !y become m]e aggregations ( m\ld+s v %>ply & f9ely cut1 _! bases at ! same "t runn+ toge!r 9 /range complexity & _! capitals dim9i%+ & disappe>+4 ,"s ( _! conditions1 :i*1 9 _! ri* /riation1 resemble cry/als ( b]yl1 are v massy & gr&2 o!rs1 meagre1 h>%1 or effem9ate 9 !mselves1 are r$eem$ by ri*ness & boldness ( decoration2 & ,i h long _h x 9 my m9d to reason out ! entire h>mony ( ?is ,fr5* ,flamboyant sy/em1 & fix its types & possible p[]4 ,b ?is inquiry is =eign altoge!r to our pres5t purpose1 & we %all !re=e turn back f ! ,flamboyant to ! ,norman side ( ! ,falaise aisle1 resolute = ! future t all %afts ( :i* we may h ! ord]+1 %all be p]mitt$1 z ) wisdom we may also p]mit m5 or cities1 to ga!r !mselves into companies1 or con/ellate !mselves into clu/]s1 b n to fuse !mselves into m]e masses ( nebul\s aggregation4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,9 say+ ?is1 x is assum$ t ! int]val is "o :i* is to be trav]s$ by m52 & t a c]ta9 relation ( ! %afts & int]vals to ! size ( ! human figure is !re=e necess>y4 ,:5 %afts are us$ 9 ! upp] /ories ( build+s1 or on a scale :i* ignores all relation to ! human figure1 no su* relative limits exi/ ei!r to sl5d]ness or solidity4 #ci ,vide ! int]e/+ discussion ( ?is po9t 9 ,mr4 ,f]gusson's acc\nt ( ! ,temple ( ,k>nak1 ,pr9ciples ( ,beauty 9 ,art1 p4 #bai4 #dj ,i h assum$ t ! /r5g? ( simil> %afts ( equal height is z ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s2 :i*1 ?\gh n actually a correct expression1 is suffici5tly s = all our pres5t purposes4 #da ,h[ f> ?is condition limits ! sy/em ( %aft gr\p+ we %all see pres5tly4 ,! read] mu/ rememb]1 t we at pres5t reason respect+ %afts 9 ! ab/ract only4 #db ,! capitals be+ =m$ by ! fl[]s1 or by a repres5tation ( ! bulg+ out ( ! re$s at ! top1 "u ! weight ( ! ar*itrave4 #dc ,i h n be5 at ! pa9s to draw ! complicat$ pi]s 9 ?is plate ) absolute exactitude to ! scale ( ea*3 !y are accurate en\gh = _! purpose3 ^? ( !m respect+ :i* we %all h f>!r "q w be giv5 on a mu* l>g] scale4 #dd ,! l>ge/ ,i rememb] support a monum5t 9 ,/4 ,z5o ( ,v]ona2 !y are ( r$ m>ble1 "s t5 or twelve feet high4 #de ,! effect ( ?is la/ is giv5 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ( ! folio s]ies4 #df ,! entire developm5t ( ?is cross sy/em 9 connexion ) ! vault+ ribs1 has be5 mo/ cle>ly expla9$ by ,pr(essor ,willis 7,ar*itecture ( ,mid4 ,ages1 ,*ap4 ,,iv472 & ,i /rongly recomm5d e read] :o is incl9$ to take pa9s 9 ! matt]1 to read t *apt]4 ,i h be5 cont5t$1 9 my own text1 to pursue ! ab/ract idea ( %aft =m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,capital4 ,i4 ,! read] w rememb] t 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,v4 x 0 said t ! cornice ( ! wall1 be+ cut to pieces & ga!r$ toge!r1 =m$ ! capital ( ! column4 ,we h n[ to foll[ x 9 its trans=mation4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 take our simple/ =m or root ( cornices 7a1 9 ,fig4 ,v41 above74 ,we w take ,x & ,y !re1 & we mu/ necess>ily ga!r !m toge!r z we did ,xb & ,yb 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,look back to ! t5? p>agraph ( ,*ap4 ,,vii41 read or glance x ov] aga91 sub/itute ,x & ,y = ,xb & ,yb1 read capital = base1 &1 z we said t ! capital 0 ! h& ( ! pill>1 :ile ! base 0 its foot1 read also f+]s = toes2 & z y look to ! plate1 ,fig4 ,,xii41 turn x upside d[n4 ,!n h1 9 ,fig4 ,,xii41 becomes n[ y\r be/ g5]al =m ( block capital1 z be=e ( block base4 ,,ii4 ,y w ?us h a p]fect idea ( ! analogies betwe5 base & capital2 our f>!r inquiry is into _! diff]5ces4 ,y _c b h notic$ t :5 ,fig4 ,,xii4 is turn$ upside d[n1 ! squ>e /one 7,y7 looks too heavy = ! support+ /one 7,x72 & t 9 ! pr(ile ( cornice 7a ( ,fig4 ,v47 ! proportions are altoge!r diff]5t4 ,y w feel ! fitness ( ?is 9 an in/ant :5 y consid] t ! pr9cipal function ( ! slop+ "p 9 ,fig4 ,,xii4 is z a prop to ! pill> to keep x f slipp+ aside2 b ! function ( ! slop+ /one 9 ! cornice & capital is to c>ry weight above4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! slope 9 ! "o case %\ld !re=e be lat]al1 9 ! o!r upw>ds4 ,,iii4 ,we w1 !re=e1 take ! two figures1 e & h ( ,fig4 ,,xii41 & make ?is *ange 9 !m z we rev]se !m1 us+ n[ ! exact pr(ile ( ! cornice a1--! fa!r ( cornices2 & we %all ?us h a & b1 ,fig4 ,,xix4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xix4 ,bo? ( ^! are suffici5tly ugly1 ! read] ?9ks2 s d ,i2 b we w m5d !m be=e we h done ) !m3 t at a is assur$ly ! uglie/1--l a tile on a fl[]-pot4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 ! fa!r ( capitals2 be+ ! simple/ condition ( ! ga!r$ fa!r ( cornices4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ! diamet] ( ! %aft "h is arbitr>ily assum$ to be small1 9 ord] m cle>ly to %[ ! g5]al relations ( ! slop+ /one to ! %aft & upp] /one2 & ?is smallness ( ! %aft diamet] is inconsi/5t ) ! s]viceabl5ess & beauty ( ! arrangem5t at a1 if x 7 to be realis$ 7z we %all see pres5tly72 b x is n inconsi/5t ) its c5tral "*1 z ! repres5tative ( e species ( possible capital2 nor is its tile & fl[]-pot look to be regrett$1 z x may rem9d ! read] ( ! report$ orig9 ( ! ,cor9?ian capital4 ,! /ones ( ! cornice1 hi!rto call$ ,x & ,y1 receive1 n[ t !y =m ! capital1 ea* a sep>ate "n2 ! slop+ /one is call$ ! ,bell ( ! capital1 & t laid above x1 ! ,abacus4 ,abacus means a bo>d or tile3 ,i wi% !re 7 an ,engli% ^w = x1 b ,i fe> !re is no sub/itution possible1 ! t]m hav+ be5 long fix$1 & ! read] w f9d x conv5i5t to famili>ise himself ) ! ,lat9 "o4 ,,iv4 ,! =m ( base1 e ( ,fig4 ,,xii41 :i* corresponds to ?is fir/ =m ( capital1 a1 0 said to be objectionable only because x look$ insecure2 & ! spurs 7 add$ z a k9d ( pl$ge ( /ability to ! eye4 ,b evid5tly ! project+ corn]s ( ! abacus at a1 ,fig4 ,,xix41 are actually insecure2 !y may break (f1 if great weight be laid ^u !m4 ,?is is ! *ief reason ( ! ugl9ess ( ! =m2 & ! spurs 9 b are n[ no m]e pl$ges ( app>5t /ability1 b h v s]i\s practical use 9 support+ ! angle ( ! abacus4 ,if1 ev5 ) ! add$ spur1 ! support seems insuffici5t1 we may fill up ! crannies betwe5 ! spurs & ! bell1 & we h ! =m c4 ,?us a1 ?\gh ! g]m & type ( capitals1 is itself 7except "u "s peculi> conditions7 bo? ugly & insecure2 b is ! fir/ type ( capitals :i* c>ry light weight2 c1 ( capitals :i* c>ry excessive weight4 ,v4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 ! read] may ?9k he is go+ slightly too fa/1 & may n l hav+ ! capital =c$ ^u him out ( ! cornice2 b w\ld pref] inv5t+ a capital = ! %aft itself1 )\t ref]5ce to ! cornice at all4 ,we w d s !n2 ?\gh we %all come to ! same result4 ,! %aft1 x w be rememb]$1 has to su/a9 ! same weight z ! long piece ( wall :i* 0 conc5trat$ into ! %aft2 x is enabl$ to d ?is bo? by its bett] =m & bett] knit mat]ials2 & x c c>ry a great] weight ?an ! space at ! top ( x is adapt$ to receive4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !re=e1 is to exp& ?is space z f> z possible1 & t 9 a =m m conv5i5t ?an ! circle = ! adju/m5t ( ! /ones above4 ,9 g5]al ! squ>e is a m conv5i5t =m ?an any o!r2 b ! hexagon or octagon is sometimes bett] fitt$ = masses ( "w :i* divide 9 six or eight directions4 ,!n our fir/ impulse w\ld be to put a squ>e or hexagonal /one on ! top ( ! %aft1 project+ z f> beyond x z might be safely v5tur$2 z at a1 ,fig4 ,,xx4 ,?is is ! abacus4 ,our next idea w\ld be to put a conical %ap$ /one b5ea? ?is abacus1 to support its out] edge1 z at b4 ,?is is ! bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xx4 ,,vi4 ,n[ ! entire treatm5t ( ! capital dep5ds simply on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is bell-/one is prep>$ = fitt+ ! %aft bel[ & ! abacus above4 ,plac$ z at a1 9 ,fig4 ,,xix41 x gives u ! simple/ ( possible =ms2 ) ! spurs add$1 z at b1 x gives ! g]m ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ elaborate =ms3 b !re are two modes ( treatm5t m dext]\s ?an ! "o1 & less elaborate ?an ! o!r1 :i* are ( ! highe/ possible importance1--modes 9 :i* ! bell is br\ght to its prop] =m by truncation4 ,,vii4 ,let d & f1 ,fig4 ,,xix41 be two bell-/ones2 d is "p ( a cone 7a sug>-loaf upside d[n1 ) its po9t cut (f72 f "p ( a f\r-sid$ pyramid4 ,!n1 assum+ ! abacus to be squ>e1 d w already fit ! %aft1 b has to be *isell$ to fit ! abacus2 f w already fit ! abacus1 b has to be *isell$ to fit ! %aft4 ,f ! broad end ( d *op or *isel (f1 9 f\r v]tical planes1 z mu* z w leave its head an exact squ>e4 ,! v]tical cutt+s w =m curves on ! sides ( ! cone 7curves ( a curi\s k9d1 :i* ! read] ne$ n be tr\bl$ to exam9e71 & we %all h ! =m at e1 :i* is ! root ( ! great] numb] ( ,norman capitals4 ,f f cut (f ! angles1 beg9n+ at ! corn]s ( ! squ>e & wid5+ ! truncation d[nw>ds1 s z to give ! =m at g1 :]e ! base ( ! bell is an octagon1 & its top rema9s a squ>e4 ,a v slight r\nd+ away ( ! angles ( ! octagon at ! base ( g w enable x to fit ! circul> %aft closely en\gh = all practical purposes1 & ?is =m1 at g1 is ! root ( ne>ly all ,lomb>dic capitals4 ,if1 in/ead ( a squ>e1 ! head ( ! bell 7 hexagonal or octagonal1 ! op]ation ( cutt+ w\ld be ! same on ea* angle2 b !re w\ld be produc$1 ( c\rse1 six or eight curves on ! sides ( e1 & twelve or sixte5 sides to ! base ( g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxi4 ,,viii4 ,! truncations 9 e & g may ( c\rse be execut$ on concave or convex =ms ( d & f2 b e is usually work$ on a /raight-sid$ bell1 & ! truncation ( g (t5 becomes concave :ile ! bell rema9s /raight2 = ?is simple reason1--t ! %>p po9ts at ! angles ( g1 be+ some:at difficult to cut1 & easily brok5 (f1 are usually avoid$ by beg9n+ ! truncation a little way d[n ! side ( ! bell1 & !n recov]+ ! lo/ gr\nd by a deep] cut inw>ds1 z "h1 ,fig4 ,,xxi4 ,?is is ! actual =m ( ! capitals ( ! balu/rades ( ,/4 ,m>k's3 x is ! root ( all ! ,byzant9e ,arab capitals1 & ( all ! mo/ beautiful capitals 9 ! _w1 ^: function is to express lightness4 ,,ix4 ,we h hi!rto proce$$ entirely on ! assumption t ! =m ( cornice :i* 0 ga!r$ toge!r to produce ! capital 0 ! root ( cornices1 a ( ,fig4 ,v4 ,b ?is1 x w be rememb]$1 0 said 9 ,,vi4 ( ,*ap4 ,,vi4 to be especially *>act]i/ic ( s\!rn "w1 & t 9 nor!rn & wet climates x took ! =m ( a drip/one4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! nor!rn climates1 ! drip/one ga!r$ toge!r =ms a peculi> nor!rn capital1 commonly call$ ! ,e>ly ,engli%1#dg ow+ to its especial use 9 t /yle4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no absurdity 9 ?is if %afts 7 always to be expos$ to ! wea!r2 b 9 ,go?ic con/ructions ! mo/ important %afts are 9 ! inside ( ! build+4 ,! drip/one sections ( _! capitals are !re=e unnecess>y & ridicul\s4 ,x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 mu* worse ?an unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxii4 ,! edge ( ! drip/one1 be+ und]cut1 has no be>+ p[]1 & ! capital fails1 !re=e1 9 its own pr9cipal function2 & besides ?is1 ! und]cut cont\r admits ( no di/9ctly visible decoration2 x is1 !re=e1 left utt]ly b>r51 & ! capital looks z if x _h be5 turn$ 9 a la!4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% capital has1 !re=e1 ! ?ree greate/ faults t any design c h3 7#a7 x fails 9 its own prop] purpose1 t ( support2 7#b7 x is adapt$ to a purpose to :i* x c nev] be put1 t ( keep+ (f ra92 7#c7 x _c be decorat$4 ,! ,e>ly ,engli% capital is1 !re=e1 a b>b>ism ( triple grossness1 & degrades ! /yle 9 :i* x is f\nd1 o!rwise v noble1 to "o ( second-rate ord]4 ,,xi4 ,dismiss+1 !re=e1 ! ,e>ly ,engli% capital1 z des]v+ no place 9 our sy/em1 let u reassemble 9 "o view ! =ms :i* h be5 legitimately develop$1 & :i* are to become h]eaft] subjects ( decoration4 ,to ! =ms a1 b1 & c1 ,fig4 ,,xix41 we mu/ add ! two simple/ truncat$ =ms e & g1 ,fig4 ,,xix41 putt+ _! abaci on !m 7z we consid]$ _! cont\rs 9 ! bells only71 & we %all h ! five =ms n[ giv5 9 p>allel p]spective 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41 :i* are ! roots ( all good capitals exi/+1 or capable ( exi/5ce1 & ^: v>iations1 inf9ite & a ?\s& times inf9ite1 are all produc$ by introduction ( v>i\s curvatures into _! cont\rs1 & ! endless me?ods ( decoration sup]9duc$ on su* curvatures4 ,,xii4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( v>iation1 also inf9ite1 :i* takes place 9 ^! radical =ms1 be=e !y receive ei!r curvature or decoration4 ,?is is ! v>iety ( proportion borne by ! diff]5t l9es ( ! capital to ea* o!r1 & to ! %afts4 ,?is is a /ructural "q1 at pres5t to be consid]$ z f> z is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxiii4 ,,xiii4 ,all ! five capitals 7:i* are inde$ five ord]s ) legitimate di/9ction2 v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! five ord]s z commonly und]/ood7 may be repres5t$ by ! same pr(ile1 a section ?r\gh ! sides ( a1 b1 d1 & e1 or ?r\gh ! angles ( c1 ,fig4 ,,xxii4 ,?is pr(ile we w put on ! top ( a %aft1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 ,,xxiii41 :i* %aft we w suppose ( equal diamet] above & bel[ = ! sake ( great] simplicity3 9 ?is simple/ condition1 h[ev]1 relations ( proportion exi/ betwe5 five quantities1 any "o or any two1 or any ?ree1 or any f\r ( :i* may *ange1 irrespective ( ! o!rs4 ,^! five quantities are3 #a4 ,! height ( ! %aft1 a b2 #b4 ,its diamet]1 b c2 #c4 ,! l5g? ( slope ( bell1 b d2 #d4 ,! incl9ation ( ?is slope1 or angle c b d2 #e4 ,! dep? ( abacus1 d e4 ,= e *ange 9 any "o ( ^! quantities we h a new proportion ( capital3 five inf9ities1 suppos+ *ange only 9 "o quantity at a "t3 inf9ity ( inf9ities 9 ! sum ( possible *anges4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only possible to note ! g5]al laws ( *ange2 e scale ( pill>1 & e weight laid ^u x admitt+1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a v>iety out ( :i* ! ar*itect has 8 *oice2 b yet fix+ limits :i* ! proportion becomes ugly :5 x approa*es1 & dang]\s :5 x exce$s4 ,b ! inquiry into ?is subject is too difficult = ! g5]al read]1 & ,i %all cont5t myself ) prov+ f\r laws1 easily und]/ood & g5]ally applicable2 = pro( ( :i* if ! said read] c>e n1 he may miss ! next f\r p>agraphs )\t h>m4 ,,xiv4 #a4 ,! m sl5d] ! %aft1 ! great]1 proportionally1 may be ! projection ( ! abacus4 ,=1 look+ back to ,fig4 ,,xxiii41 let ! height a b be fix$1 ! l5g? d b1 ! angle d b c1 & ! dep? d e4 ,let ! s+le quantity b c be v>iable1 let ,b be a capital & %aft :i* are f\nd to be p]fectly safe 9 proportion to ! weight !y be>1 & let ! weight be equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( ! abacus4 ,!n ?is weight may be repres5t$ by any numb] ( equal divisions1 suppose f\r1 z l1 m1 n1 r1 ( brickwork above1 ( :i* ea* division is "o f\r? ( ! :ole weight2 & let ?is weight be plac$ 9 ! mo/ try+ way on ! abacus1 t is to say1 let ! masses l & r be deta*$ f m & n1 & be> ) _! full weight on ! outside ( ! capital4 ,we assume1 9 ,b1 t ! wid? ( abacus e f is twice z great z t ( ! %aft1 b c1 & on ^! conditions we assume ! capital to be safe4 ,b b c is all[$ to be v>iable4 ,let x become b#b c#b at ,c1 :i* is a l5g? repres5t+ ab\t ! diamet] ( a %aft conta9+ half ! sub/ance ( ! %aft ,b1 &1 !re=e1 able to su/a9 n m ?an half ! weight su/a9$ by ,b4 ,b ! slope b d & dep? d e rema9+ un*ang$1 we h ! capital ( ,c1 :i* we are to load ) only half ! weight ( l1 m1 n1 r1 i4e41 ) l & r alone4 ,!re=e ! weight ( l & r1 n[ repres5t$ by ! masses l#b1 r#b1 is di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ( ! capital4 ,b ! weight r 0 adequately support$ by ! project+ piece ( ! fir/ capital h f c3 mu* m is x n[ adequately support$ by i h1 f#b c#b4 ,!re=e1 if ! capital ( ,b 0 safe1 t ( ,c is m ?an safe4 ,n[ 9 ,b ! l5g? e f 0 only twice b c2 b 9 ,c1 e#b f#b w be f\nd m ?an twice t ( b#b c#b4 ,!re=e1 ! m sl5d] ! %aft1 ! great] may be ! proportional excess ( ! abacus ov] its diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxiv4 ,,xv4 #b4 ,! small] ! scale ( ! build+1 ! great] may be ! excess ( ! abacus ov] ! diamet] ( ! %aft4 ,?is pr9ciple requires1 ,i ?9k1 no v l5g?y pro(3 ! read] c und]/& at once t ! cohesion & /r5g? ( /one :i* c su/a9 a small project+ mass1 w n su/a9 a va/ "o ov]hang+ 9 ! same proportion4 ,a bank ev5 ( loose e>?1 six feet high1 w sometimes ov]hang its base a foot or two1 z y may see any day 9 ! gravelly banks ( ! lanes ( ,hamp/ead3 b make ! bank ( gravel1 equally loose1 six hundr$ feet high1 & see if y c get x to ov]hang a hundr$ or two6 mu* m if !re be weight above x increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,h5ce1 let any capital be giv51 ^: projection is j safe1 & no m1 on its exi/+ scale2 increase its proportions e way equally1 ?\gh ev] s little1 & x is unsafe2 dim9i% !m equally1 & x becomes safe 9 ! exact degree ( ! dim9ution4 ,let1 !n1 ! quantity e d1 & angle d b c1 at ,a ( ,fig4 ,,xxiii41 be inv>iable1 & let ! l5g? d b v>y3 !n we %all h su* a s]ies ( =ms z may be repres5t$ by a1 b1 c1 ,fig4 ,,xxiv41 ( :i* a is a proportion = a colossal build+1 b = a mod]ately siz$ build+1 :ile c c\ld only be admitt$ on a v small scale inde$4 ,,xvi4 #c4 ,! great] ! excess ( abacus1 ! /eep] mu/ be ! slope ( ! bell1 ! %aft diamet] be+ con/ant4 ,?is w evid5tly foll[ f ! consid]ations 9 ! la/ p>agraph2 suppos+ only t1 in/ead ( ! scale ( %aft & capital v>y+ toge!r1 ! scale ( ! capital v>ies alone4 ,= x w !n /ill be true1 t1 if ! projection ( ! capital be j safe on a giv5 scale1 z its excess ov] ! %aft diamet] increases1 ! projection w be unsafe1 if ! slope ( ! bell rema9 con/ant4 ,b x may be r5d]$ safe by mak+ ?is slope /eep]1 & s increas+ its support+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxv4 ,?us let ! capital a1 ,fig4 ,,xxv41 be j safe4 ,!n ! capital b1 9 :i* ! slope is ! same b ! excess great]1 is unsafe4 ,b ! capital c1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! excess equals t ( b1 ! /eepness ( ! support+ slope is increas$1 w be z safe z b1 & probably z /rong z a4#dh ,,xvii4 #d4 ,! /eep] ! slope ( ! bell1 ! ?9n] may be ! abacus4 ,! use ( ! abacus is em95tly to equalise ! pressure ov] ! surface ( ! bell1 s t ! weight may n by any accid5t be direct$ exclusively ^u its edges4 ,9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ^! edges1 ?is function ( ! abacus is sup]s$$1 & ^! edges are /rong 9 proportion to ! /eepness ( ! slope4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 ,,xxvi41 ! bell at a w\ld c>ry weight safely en\gh )\t any abacus1 b t at c w\ld n3 x w\ld probably h its edges brok5 (f4 ,! abacus sup]impos$ might be on a v ?91 little m ?an =mal1 z at b2 b on c mu/ be ?ick1 z at d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxvi4 ,,xviii4 ,^! f\r rules are all t are necess>y = g5]al criticism2 & obs]ve t ^! are only semi-imp]ative1--rules ( p]mission1 n ( compulsion4 ,?us ,law #a ass]ts t ! sl5d] %aft may h great] excess ( capital ?an ! ?ick %aft2 b x ne$ n1 unless ! ar*itect *ooses2 8 ?ick %afts mu/ h small excess1 b 8 sl5d] ones ne$ n h l>ge4 ,s ,law #b says1 t z ! build+ is small]1 ! excess may be great]2 b x ne$ n1 = ! excess :i* is safe 9 ! l>ge is /ill saf] 9 ! small4 ,s ,law #c says t capitals ( great excess mu/ h /eep slopes2 b x does n say t capitals ( small excess may n h /eep slopes also1 if we *oose4 ,& la/ly1 ,law #d ass]ts ! necessity ( ! ?ick abacus = ! %all[ bell2 b ! /eep bell may h a ?ick abacus also4 ,,xix4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 practice "s confession ( ^! laws w always be useful1 & especially ( ! two fir/4 ,! eye always requires1 on a sl5d] %aft1 a m spread+ capital ?an x does on a massy "o1 & a bold] mass ( capital on a small scale ?an on a l>ge4 ,&1 9 ! application ( ! fir/ rule1 x is to be not$ t a %aft becomes sl5d] ei!r by dim9ution ( diamet] or increase ( height2 t ei!r mode ( *ange presupposes ! weight above x dim9i%$1 & requires an expansion ( abacus4 ,i "k no mode ( spoil+ a noble build+ m frequ5t 9 actual practice ?an ! imposition ( flat & slightly exp&$ capitals on tall %afts4 ,,xx4 ,! read] mu/ obs]ve1 also1 t1 9 ! demon/ration ( ! f\r laws1 ,i always assum$ ! weight above to be giv54 ,by ! alt]ation ( ?is weight1 !re=e1 ! ar*itect has x 9 8 p[] to relieve1 & !re=e alt]1 ! =ms ( 8 capitals4 ,by its v>i\s di/ribution on _! c5tres or edges1 ! slope ( _! bells & ?ickness ( abaci w be affect$ also2 s t he has c\ntless exp$i5ts at 8 comm& = ! v>i\s treatm5t ( 8 design4 ,he c divide 8 weights among m %afts2 he c ?r[ !m 9 diff]5t places & diff]5t directions on ! abaci2 he c alt] slope ( bells or diamet] ( %afts2 he c use spurr$ or pla9 bells1 ?9 or ?ick abaci2 & all ^! *anges admitt+ ( inf9ity 9 _! degrees1 & inf9ity a ?\s& times told 9 _! relations3 & all ?is )\t ref]5ce to decoration1 m]ely ) ! five =ms ( block capital6 ,,xxi4 ,9 ! h>mony ( ^! arrangem5ts1 9 _! fitness1 unity1 & accuracy1 lies ! true proportion ( e build+1--proportion utt]ly endless 9 its inf9ities ( *ange1 ) un*ang$ beauty4 ,& yet ?is connexion ( ! frame ( _! build+ into "o h>mony has1 ,i believe1 nev] be5 s mu* z dream$ ( by ar*itects4 ,x has be5 in/9ctively done 9 "s degree by _m1 empirically 9 "s degree by _m m2 ?\ghtfully & ?or\ghly1 ,i believe1 by none4 ,,xxii4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! abacus z necess>ily a sep>ate /one f ! bell3 evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ! /r5g? ( ! capital w be undim9i%$ if bo? are cut out ( "o block4 ,?is is actually ! case 9 _m capitals1 especially ^? on a small scale2 & 9 o!rs ! deta*$ upp] /one is a m]e repres5tative ( ! abacus1 & is mu* ?9n] ?an ! =m ( ! capital requires1 :ile ! true abacus is unit$ ) ! bell1 & conceal$ by its decoration1 or made "p ( x4 ,,xxiii4 ,f>!r4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ bell & abacus z bo? d]iv$ f ! conc5tration ( ! cornice4 ,b x mu/ at once occur to ! read]1 t ! projection ( ! "u /one & ! ?ickness ( ! upp]1 :i* are q en\gh = ! "w ( ! cont9u\s cornice1 may n be en\gh always1 or r are seldom likely to be s1 = ! h>d] "w ( ! capital4 ,bo? may h to be deep5$ & exp&$3 b z ?is w\ld cause a want ( h>mony 9 ! p>ts1 :5 !y occur on ! same level1 x is bett] 9 su* case to let ! entire cornice =m ! abacus ( ! capital1 & put a deep capital bell b5ea? x4 ,,xxiv4 ,! read] w und]/& bo? arrangem5ts in/antly by two examples4 ,fig4 ,,xxvii4 repres5ts two w9d[s1 m ?an usually beautiful examples ( a v frequ5t ,v5etian =m4 ,"h ! deep cornice or /r+ c\rse :i* runs along ! wall ( ! h\se is q /rong en\gh = ! "w ( ! capitals ( ! sl5d] %afts3 its own upp] /one is !re=e also !irs2 its own l[] /one1 by its revolution or conc5tration1 =ms _! bells3 b to m>k ! increas$ importance ( its function 9 s do+1 x receives decoration1 z ! bell ( ! capital1 :i* x did n receive z ! "u /one ( ! cornice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxvii4 ,9 ,fig4 ,,xxviii41 a little bit ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,fosca at ,torcello1 ! cornice or /r+ c\rse1 :i* goes r\nd e "p ( ! *ur*1 is n /rong en\gh to =m ! capitals ( ! %afts4 ,x !re=e =ms _! abaci only2 & 9 ord] to m>k ! dim9i%$ importance ( its function1 x ceases to receive1 z ! abacus ( ! capital1 ! decoration :i* x receiv$ z ! /r+ c\rse ( ! wall4 ,?is la/ arrangem5t is ( great frequ5cy 9 ,v5ice1 occurr+ mo/ *>act]i/ically 9 ,/4 ,m>k's3 & 9 ! ,go?ic ( ,/4 ,john & ,paul we f9d ! two arrangem5ts beautifully unit$1 ?\gh 9 great simplicity2 ! /r+ c\rses ( ! walls =m ! capitals ( ! %afts ( ! trac]ies2 & ! abaci ( ! vault+ %afts ( ! apse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxviii4 ,,xxv4 ,we h hi!rto spok5 ( capitals ( circul> %afts only3 ^? ( squ>e pi]s are m frequ5tly =m$ by ! cornice only2 o!rwise !y are l ^? ( circul> pi]s1 )\t ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! base ( ! bell ) its head4 ,,xxvi4 ,:5 two or m %afts are gr\p$ toge!r1 _! capitals are usually treat$ z sep>ate1 until !y come into actual contact4 ,if !re be any awkw>dness 9 ! junction1 x is conceal$ by ! decoration1 & "o abacus s]ves1 9 mo/ cases1 = all4 ,! d\ble gr\p1 ,fig4 ,,xxvii41 is ! simple/ possible type ( ! arrangem5t4 ,9 ! ri*] ,nor!rn ,go?ic gr\ps ( eighte5 or tw5ty %afts clu/] toge!r1 & sometimes ! small] %afts cr\* "u ! capitals ( ! l>g]1 & hide _! heads 9 ! crannies1 ) small nom9al abaci ( _! own1 :ile ! l>g] %afts c>ry ! s]viceable abacus ( ! :ole pi]1 z 9 ! nave ( ,r\54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 evid5t sacrifice ( s\nd pr9ciple 9 ?is sy/em1 ! small] abaci be+ ( no use4 ,!y are ! exact contr>y ( ! rude e>ly abacus at ,milan1 giv5 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,!re "o poor abacus /ret*$ itself out to d all ! "w3 "h !re are idle abaci gett+ up into corn]s & do+ none4 ,,xxvii4 ,f9ally1 we h consid]$ ! capital hi!rto entirely z an expansion ( ! be>+ p[] ( ! %aft1 suppos+ ! %aft compos$ ( a s+le /one4 ,b1 evid5tly1 ! capital has a function1 if possible1 yet m important1 :5 ! %aft is compos$ ( small masonry4 ,x enables all t masonry to act toge!r1 & to receive ! pressure f above collectively & ) a s+le /r5g?4 ,& ?us1 consid]$ m]ely z a l>ge /one set on ! top ( ! %aft1 x is a feature ( ! highe/ ar*itectural importance1 irrespective ( its expansion1 :i* inde$ is1 9 "s v noble capitals1 exce$+ly small4 ,& ?us e l>ge /one set at any important po9t to reassemble ! =ce ( small] masonry & prep>e x = ! su/a9+ ( weight1 is a capital or head /one 7! true mean+ ( ! ^w7 :e!r x project or n4 ,?us at #f1 9 ,plate ,,iv41 ! /ones :i* support ! ?ru/ ( ! brickwork are capitals1 :i* h no projection at all2 & ! l>ge /ones 9 ! w9d[ above are capitals project+ 9 "o direction only4 ,,xxviii4 ,! read] is n[ ma/] ( all he ne$ "k respect+ con/ruction ( capitals2 & f :at has be5 laid be=e him1 mu/ assur$ly feel t !re c nev] be any new sy/em ( ar*itectural =ms inv5t$2 b t all v]tical support mu/ be1 to ! end ( "t1 be/ obta9$ by %afts & capitals4 ,x has be5 s obta9$ by ne>ly e nation ( build]s1 ) m or less ref9em5t 9 ! managem5t ( ! details2 & ! lat] ,go?ic build]s ( ! ,nor? /& almo/ alone 9 _! ef=t to disp5se ) ! natural developm5t ( ! %aft1 & bani% ! capital f _! compositions4 ,!y 7 gradually l$ into ?is error ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps :i* x is n "h our bus9ess to trace4 ,b !y may be g5]alis$ 9 a few words4 ,,xxix4 ,all classical ar*itecture1 & ! ,romanesque :i* is legitimately desc5d$ f x1 is compos$ ( bold indep5d5t %afts1 pla9 or flut$1 ) bold deta*$ capitals1 =m+ arcades or colonnades :]e !y are ne$$2 & ( walls ^: ap]tures are surr\nd$ by c\rses ( p>allel l9es call$ m\ld+s1 :i* are cont9u\s r\nd ! ap]tures1 & h nei!r %afts nor capitals4 ,! %aft sy/em & m\ld+ sy/em are entirely sep>ate4 ,! ,go?ic ar*itects conf\nd$ ! two4 ,!y clu/]$ ! %afts till !y look$ l a gr\p ( m\ld+s4 ,!y %od & capital$ ! m\ld+s till !y look$ l a gr\p ( %afts4 ,s t a pi] became m]ely ! side ( a door or w9d[ roll$ up1 & ! side ( ! w9d[ a pi] unroll$ 7vide la/ ,*apt]1 ,,xxx471 bo? be+ compos$ ( a s]ies ( small %afts1 ea* ) base & capital4 ,! ar*itect seem$ to h :ole mats ( %afts at 8 disposal1 l ! ru% mats :i* "o puts "u cream *eese4 ,if he want$ a great pi] he roll$ up ! mat2 if he want$ ! side ( a door he spread out ! mat3 & n[ ! read] has to add to ! o!r di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,egyptian & ! ,go?ic %aft1 already not$ 9 ,,xxvi4 ( ,*ap4 ,,viii41 ?is "o m--! mo/ important ( all--t :ile ! ,egyptian ru% clu/] has only "o massive capital altoge!r1 ! ,go?ic ru% mat has a sep>ate t9y capital to e sev]al ru%4 ,,xxx4 ,! mats 7 gradually made ( f9] ru%es1 until x became tr\blesome to give ea* ru% its capital4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! gr\ps ( %afts became excessively complicat$1 ! expansion ( _! small abaci 0 ( no use3 x 0 disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 & ! m\ld+s ( pi] & jamb ran up cont9u\sly into ! ar*es4 ,?is condition1 ?\gh 9 _m respects faulty & false1 is yet ! em95tly *>act]i/ic /ate ( ,go?ic3 x is ! def9ite =mation ( x z a di/9ct /yle1 ow+ no f>!r aid to classical models2 & its lightness & complexity r5d] x1 :5 well treat$1 & enri*$ ) ,flamboyant decoration1 a v glori\s means ( picturesque effect4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?is =m ( ,go?ic :i* comm5ds itself mo/ easily to ! g5]al m9d1 & :i* has sugge/$ ! innum]able fooli% !ories ab\t ! d]ivation ( ,go?ic f tree trunks & av5ues1 :i* h f "t to "t be5 br\ght =w>d by p]sons ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,,xxxi4 ,:5 ! s5se ( picturesqu5ess1 z well z t ( ju/ness & dignity1 _h be5 lo/1 ! spr+ ( ! cont9u\s m\ld+s 0 replac$ by :at ,pr(essor ,willis calls ! ,discont9u\s impo/2 :i*1 be+ a b>b>ism ( ! base/ & mo/ pa9ful k9d1 & be+ to ar*itecture :at ! sett+ ( a saw is to music1 ,i %all n tr\ble ! read] to exam9e4 ,= x is n 9 my plan to note = him all ! v>i\s conditions ( error1 b only to guide him to ! appreciation ( ! "r2 & ,i only note ev5 ! true ,cont9u\s or ,flamboyant ,go?ic because ?is is r$eem$ by its beautiful decoration1 aft]w>ds to be consid]$4 ,=1 z f> z /ructure is conc]n$1 ! mom5t ! capital vani%es f ! %aft1 t mom5t we are 9 error3 all good ,go?ic has true capitals to ! %afts ( its jambs & trac]ies1 & all ,go?ic is debas$ ! in/ant ! %aft vani%es4 ,x matt]s n h[ sl5d]1 or h[ small1 or h[ l[1 ! %aft may be3 :]ev] !re is indication ( conc5trat$ v]tical support1 !n ! capital is a necess>y t]m9ation4 ,i "k h[ mu* ,go?ic1 o!rwise beautiful1 ?is sweep+ pr9ciple condemns2 b x condemns n altoge!r4 ,we may /ill take delight 9 its lovely proportions1 its ri* decoration1 or its ela/ic & re$y m\ld+2 b be assur$1 :]ev] %afts1 or any approximations to ! =ms ( %afts1 are employ$1 = :atev] (fice1 or on :atev] scale1 be x 9 jambs or pi]s1 or balu/rades1 or trac]ies1 )\t capitals1 !re is a defiance ( ! natural laws ( con/ruction2 & t1 :]ev] su* examples are f\nd 9 anci5t build+s1 !y are ei!r ! exp]im5ts ( b>b>ism1 or ! comm5cem5ts ( decl9e4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,app5dix #ai1 ,e>ly ,engli% ,capitals4 #dh ,9 ?is case ! weight borne is suppos$ to increase z ! abacus wid5s2 ! illu/ration w\ld h be5 cle>] if ,i _h assum$ ! bread? ( abacus to be con/ant1 & t ( ! %aft to v>y4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,ar* ,,l9e4 ,i4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ section h[ our means ( v]tical support may1 = ! sake ( economy bo? ( space & mat]ial1 be ga!r$ into pi]s or %afts1 & direct$ to ! su/a9+ ( p>ticul> po9ts4 ,! next "q is h[ to connect ^! po9ts or tops ( %afts ) ea* o!r1 s z to be able to lay on !m a cont9u\s ro(4 ,?is ! read]1 z be=e1 is to favor me by f9d+ out = himself1 "u ^! foll[+ conditions4 ,let s1 s1 ,fig4 ,,xxix4 opposite1 be two %afts1 ) _! capitals ready prep>$ = _! "w2 & a1 b1 b1 & c1 c1 c1 be six /ones ( diff]5t sizes1 "o v long & l>ge1 & two small]1 & ?ree small] /ill1 ( :i* ! read] is to *oose :i* he likes be/1 9 ord] to connect ! tops ( ! %afts4 ,i suppose he w fir/ try if he c lift ! great /one a1 & if he c1 he w put x v simply on ! tops ( ! two pill>s1 z at ,a4 ,v well inde$3 he has done already :at a numb] ( ,greek ar*itects h be5 ?\ght v clev] = hav+ done4 ,b suppose he _c lift ! great /one a1 or suppose ,i w n give x to him1 b only ! two small] /ones at b1 b2 he w d\btless try to put !m up1 tilt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 z at d4 ,v awkw>d ?is2 worse ?an c>d-h\se build+4 ,b if he cuts (f ! corn]s ( ! /ones1 s z to make ea* ( !m ( ! =m e1 !y w /& up v securely1 z at ,b4 ,b suppose he _c lift ev5 ^! less /ones1 b c raise ^? at c1 c1 c4 ,!n1 cutt+ ea* ( !m into ! =m at e1 he w d\btless set !m up z at f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxix4 ,,ii4 ,?is la/ arrangem5t looks a little dang]\s4 ,is !re n a *ance ( ! /one 9 ! middle pu%+ ! o!rs out1 or tilt+ !m up & aside1 & slipp+ d[n itself betwe5 !m8 ,!re is su* a *ance3 & if by some:at alt]+ ! =m ( ! /ones1 we c dim9i% ?is *ance1 all ! bett]4 ,i mu/ say we n[1 = p]haps ,i may h to help ! read] a little4 ,! dang] is1 obs]ve1 t ! midmo/ /one at f pu%es out ! side ones3 !n if we c give ! side ones su* a %ape z t1 left to !mselves1 !y w\ld fall heavily =w>d1 !y w resi/ ?is pu% out by _! weight1 exactly 9 proportion to _! own p>ticul> incl9ation or desire to tumble 94 ,take "o ( !m sep>ately1 /&+ up z at g2 x is j possible x may /& up z x is1 l ! ,t[] ( ,pisa3 b we want x to fall =w>d4 ,suppose we cut away ! p>ts t are %ad$ at h & leave x z at i1 x is v c]ta9 x _c /& alone n[1 b w fall =w>d to our entire satisfaction4 ,f>!r3 ! midmo/ /one at f is likely to be tr\blesome *iefly by its weight1 pu%+ d[n betwe5 ! o!rs2 ! m we light5 x ! bett]3 s we w cut x into exactly ! same %ape z ! side ones1 *isell+ away ! %ad$ p>ts1 z at h4 ,we %all !n h all ! ?ree /ones k1 l1 m1 ( ! same %ape2 & n[ putt+ !m toge!r1 we h1 at ,c1 :at ! read]1 ,i d\bt n1 w p]ceive at once to be a mu* m satisfactory arrangem5t ?an t at f4 ,,iii4 ,we h n[ got ?ree arrangem5ts2 9 "o us+ only "o piece ( /one1 9 ! second two1 & 9 ! ?ird ?ree4 ,! fir/ arrangem5t has no p>ticul> "n1 except ! horizontal3 b ! s+le /one 7or beam1 x may be17 is call$ a l9tel2 ! second arrangem5t is call$ a ,gable2 ! ?ird an ,ar*4 ,we might h us$ pieces ( wood in/ead ( /one 9 all ^! arrangem5ts1 ) no diff]5ce 9 plan1 s long z ! beams 7 kept loose1 l ! /ones2 b z beams c be securely nail$ toge!r at ! ends1 we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves s mu* ab\t _! %ape or balance1 & !re=e ! plan at f is a peculi>ly wood5 con/ruction 7! read] w d\btless recognise 9 x ! pr(ile ( _m a f>m-h\se ro(73 & aga91 because beams are t\gh1 & light1 & long1 z comp>$ ) /ones1 !y are admirably adapt$ = ! con/ructions at ,a & ,b1 ! pla9 l9tel & gable1 :ile t at ,c is1 = ! mo/ "p1 left to brick & /one4 ,,iv4 ,b f>!r4 ,! con/ructions1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 ?\gh v conv5i5tly to be fir/ consid]$ z compos$ ( "o1 two1 & ?ree pieces1 are by no means necess>ily s4 ,:5 we h once cut ! /ones ( ! ar* into a %ape l t ( k1 l1 & m1 !y w hold toge!r1 :atev] _! numb]1 place1 or size1 z at n2 & ! great value ( ! ar* is1 t x p]mits small /ones to be us$ ) safety in/ead ( l>ge ones1 :i* are n always to be _h4 ,/ones cut into ! %ape ( k1 l1 & m1 :e!r !y be %ort or long 7,i h drawn !m all sizes at n on purpose71 are call$ ,v\ssoirs2 ?is is a h>d1 ugly ,fr5* "n2 b ! read] w p]haps be k9d en\gh to recollect x2 x w save u bo? "s tr\ble3 & to make am5ds = ?is infliction1 ,i w relieve him ( ! t]m key/one4 ,"o v\ssoir is z mu* a key/one z ano!r2 only p usually call ! /one :i* is la/ put 9 ! key/one2 & t "o happ5s g5]ally to be at ! top or middle ( ! ar*4 ,v4 ,n only ! ar*1 b ev5 ! l9tel1 may be built ( _m /ones or bricks4 ,! read] may see l9tels built 9 ?is way ov] mo/ ( ! w9d[s ( our brick ,london h\ses1 & s also ! gable3 !re are1 !re=e1 two di/9ct que/ions respect+ ea* arrangem5t2--,fir/1 :at is ! l9e or direction ( x1 :i* gives x its /r5g?8 &1 secondly1 :at is ! mann] ( masonry ( x1 :i* gives x its consi/5ce8 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,i %all consid] 9 ?is ,*apt] "u ! head ( ! ,ar* ,l9e1 us+ ! t]m ar* z includ+ all mann] ( con/ruction 7?\gh we %all h no tr\ble except ab\t curves72 & 9 ! next ,*apt] ,i %all consid] ! second1 "u ! head1 ,ar* ,masonry4 ,,vi4 ,n[ ! ar* l9e is ! gho/ or skeleton ( ! ar*2 or r x is ! sp9al m>r[ ( ! ar*1 & ! v\ssoirs are ! v]tebr1 :i* keep x safe & s\nd1 & clo! x4 ,?is ar* l9e ! ar*itect has fir/ to conceive & %ape 9 8 m9d1 z oppos$ to1 or hav+ to be>1 c]ta9 =ces :i* w try to di/ort x ?is way & t2 & aga9/ :i* he is fir/ to direct & b5d ! l9e itself into z /rong resi/ance z he may1 & !n1 ) 8 v\ssoirs & :at else he c1 to gu>d x1 & help x1 & keep x to its duty & 9 its %ape4 ,s ! ar* l9e is ! moral "* ( ! ar*1 & ! adv]se =ces are its temptations2 & ! v\ssoirs1 & :at else we may help x )1 are its armor & its motives to good conduct4 ,,vii4 ,?is moral "* ( ! ar* is call$ by ar*itects its ,l9e ( ,resi/ance4 ,!re is a great deal ( nicety 9 calculat+ x ) precision1 j z !re is sometimes 9 f9d+ out v precisely :at is a man's true l9e ( moral conduct2 b ?is1 9 ar* morality & 9 man morality1 is a v simple & easily to be und]/ood pr9ciple1--t if ei!r ar* or man expose !mselves to _! special temptations or adv]se =ces1 outside ( ! v\ssoirs or prop] & appo9t$ armor1 bo? w fall4 ,an ar* ^: l9e ( resi/ance is 9 ! middle ( its v\ssoirs is p]fectly safe3 9 proportion z ! said l9e runs ne> ! edge ( its v\ssoirs1 ! ar* is 9 dang]1 z ! man is :o ne>s temptation2 & ! mom5t ! l9e ( resi/ance em]ges out ( ! v\ssoirs ! ar* falls4 ,,viii4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 prop]ly speak+1 two ar* l9es4 ,"o is ! visible direction or curve ( ! ar*1 :i* may g5]ally be consid]$ z ! "u edge ( its v\ssoirs1 & :i* has (t5 no m to d ) ! real /ability ( ! ar*1 ?an a man's app>5t conduct has ) 8 he>t4 ,! o!r l9e1 :i* is ! l9e ( resi/ance1 or l9e ( good behavior1 may or may n be consi/5t ) ! outw>d & app>5t curves ( ! ar*2 b if n1 !n ! security ( ! ar* dep5ds simply ^u ?is1 :e!r ! v\ssoirs :i* assume or pret5d to ! "o l9e are wide en\gh to include ! o!r4 ,,ix4 ,n[ :5 ! read] is told t ! l9e ( resi/ance v>ies ) e *ange ei!r 9 place or quantity ( ! weight above ! ar*1 he w see at once t we h no *ance ( arrang+ ar*es by _! moral *>act]s3 we c only take ! app>5t ar* l9e1 or visible direction1 z a gr\nd ( arrangem5t4 ,we %all consid] ! possible or probable =ms or cont\rs ( ar*es 9 ! pres5t ,*apt]1 & 9 ! succe$+ "o ! =ms ( v\ssoir & o!r help :i* may be/ =tify ^! visible l9es aga9/ e temptation to lose _! consi/5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxx4 ,x4 ,look back to ,fig4 ,,xxix4 ,evid5tly ! ab/ract or gho/ l9e ( ! arrangem5t at ,a is a pla9 horizontal l9e1 z "h at a1 ,fig4 ,,xxx4 ,! ab/ract l9e ( ! arrangem5t at ,b1 ,fig4 ,,xxix41 is compos$ ( two /raight l9es1 set aga9/ ea* o!r1 z "h at b4 ,! ab/ract l9e ( ,c1 ,fig4 ,,xxix41 is a curve ( "s k9d1 n at pres5t det]m9$1 suppose c1 ,fig4 ,,xxx4 ,!n1 z b is two ( ! /raight l9es at a1 set up aga9/ ea* o!r1 we may conceive an arrangem5t1 d1 made up ( two ( ! curv$ l9es at c1 set aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is is call$ a po9t$ ar*1 :i* is a contradiction 9 t]ms3 x ought to be call$ a curv$ gable2 b x mu/ keep ! "n x has got4 ,n[ a1 b1 c1 d1 ,fig4 ,,xxx41 are ! gho/s ( ! l9tel1 ! gable1 ! ar*1 & ! po9t$ ar*4 ,) ! poor l9tel gho/ we ne$ tr\ble ourselves no f>!r2 !re are no *anges 9 him3 b !re is mu* v>iety 9 ! o!r ?ree1 & ! me?od ( _! v>iety w be be/ disc]n$ by /udy+ b & d1 z subord9ate to & connect$ ) ! simple ar* at c4 ,,xi4 ,_m ar*itects1 especially ! wor/1 h be5 v curi\s 9 design+ out ( ! way ar*es1--elliptical ar*es1 & f\r-c5tr$ ar*es1 s call$1 & o!r s+ul>ities4 ,! good ar*itects h g5]ally be5 cont5t1 & we = ! pres5t w be s1 ) ,god's ar*1 ! ar* ( ! ra9b[ & ( ! app>5t heav51 & :i* ! sun %apes = u z x sets & rises4 ,let u wat* ! sun = a mom5t z x climbs3 :5 x is a qu>t] up1 x w give u ! ar* a1 ,fig4 ,,xxxi42 :5 x is half up1 b1 & :5 ?ree qu>t]s up1 c4 ,!re w be an inf9ite numb] ( ar*es betwe5 ^!1 b we w take ^! z suffici5t repres5tatives ( all4 ,!n a is ! l[ ar*1 b ! c5tral or pure ar*1 c ! high ar*1 & ! rays ( ! sun w\ld h drawn = u _! v\ssoirs4 ,,xii4 ,we w take ^! sev]al ar*es successively1 & fix+ ! top ( ea* accurately1 draw two "r l9es !nce to its base1 d1 e1 f1 ,fig4 ,,xxxi4 ,!n ^! l9es give u ! relative gables ( ea* ( ! ar*es2 d is ! ,italian or s\!rn gable1 e ! c5tral gable1 f ! ,go?ic gable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxi4 ,,xiii4 ,we w aga9 take ! ?ree ar*es ) _! gables 9 succession1 & on ea* ( ! sides ( ! gable1 betwe5 x & ! ar*1 we w describe ano!r ar*1 z at g1 h1 i4 ,!n ! curves s describ$ give ! po9t$ ar*es belong+ to ea* ( ! r\nd ar*es2 g1 ! flat po9t$ ar*1 h1 ! c5tral po9t$ ar*1 & i1 ! lancet po9t$ ar*4 ,,xiv4 ,if ! radius ) :i* ^! int]m$iate curves are drawn be ! base ( f1 ! la/ is ! equilat]al po9t$ ar*1 "o ( great importance 9 ,go?ic "w4 ,b betwe5 ! gable & circle1 9 all ! ?ree figures1 !re are an inf9ite numb] ( po9t$ ar*es1 describable ) diff]5t radii2 & ! ?ree r\nd ar*es1 be x rememb]$1 are !mselves repres5tatives ( an inf9ite numb]1 pass+ f ! flatte/ conceivable curve1 ?r\gh ! semicircle & horse%oe1 up to ! full circle4 ,! c5tral & ! la/ gr\p are ! mo/ important4 ,! c5tral r\nd1 or semicircle1 is ! ,roman1 ! ,byzant9e1 & ,norman ar*2 & its relative po9t$ includes "o wide bran* ( ,go?ic4 ,! horse%oe r\nd is ! ,arabic & ,moori% ar*1 & its relative po9t$ includes ! :ole range ( ,arabic & lancet1 or ,e>ly ,engli% & ,fr5* ,go?ics4 ,i mean ( c\rse by ! relative po9t$1 ! entire gr\p ( :i* ! equilat]al ar* is ! repres5tative4 ,betwe5 x & ! out] horse%oe1 z ?is latt] rises high]1 ! read] w f9d1 on exp]im5t1 ! great families ( :at may be call$ ! horse%oe po9t$1--curves ( ! highe/ importance1 b :i* are all includ$1 ) ,engli% lancet1 "u ! t]m1 relative po9t$ ( ! horse%oe ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxii4 ,,xv4 ,! gr\ps above describ$ are all =m$ ( circul> arcs1 & include all truly useful & beautiful ar*es = ord9>y "w4 ,i believe t s+ul> & complicat$ curves are made use ( 9 mod]n eng9e]+1 b ) ^! ! g5]al read] c h no conc]n3 ! ,ponte della ,tr9ita at ,flor5ce is ! mo/ graceful in/ance ,i "k ( su* /ructure2 ! ar* made use ( be+ v subtle1 & approximat+ to ! l[ ellipse2 = :i*1 9 common "w1 a b>b>\s po9t$ ar*1 call$ f\r-c5tr$1 & compos$ ( bits ( circles1 is sub/itut$ by ! ,engli% build]s4 ,! high ellipse1 ,i believe1 exi/s 9 ea/]n ar*itecture4 ,i h nev] myself met ) x on a l>ge scale2 b x occurs 9 ! ni*es ( ! lat] portions ( ! ,ducal palace at ,v5ice1 toge!r ) a s+ul> hyp]bolic ar*1 a 9 ,fig4 ,,xxxiii41 to be describ$ h]eaft]3 ) su* caprices we are n "h conc]n$4 ,,xvi4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 conc]n$ to notice ! absurdity ( ano!r =m ( ar*1 :i*1 ) ! f\r-c5tr$1 belongs to ! ,engli% p]p5dicul> ,go?ic4 ,tak+ ! gable ( any ( ! gr\ps 9 ,fig4 ,,xxxi4 7suppose ! equilat]al71 "h at b1 9 ,fig4 ,,xxxiii41 ! dott$ l9e repres5t+ ! relative po9t$ ar*1 we may evid5tly conceive an ar* =m$ by rev]s$ curves on ! inside ( ! gable1 z "h %[n by ! inn] curv$ l9es4 ,i imag9e ! read] by ?is "t kn[s en\gh ( ! nature ( ar*es to und]/& t1 :atev] /r5g? or /ability 0 ga9$ by ! curve on ! outside ( ! gable1 exactly s mu* is lo/ by curves on ! inside4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( su* an ar* to dissolution by its own m]e weight r5d]s x a feature ( dete/able ugl9ess1 :]ev] x occurs on a l>ge scale4 ,x is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,tudor "w1 & x is ! pr(ile ( ! ,*9ese ro( 7,i say on a l>ge scale1 because ?is z well z all o!r caprici\s ar*es1 may be made secure by _! masonry :5 small1 b n o!rwise74 ,"s all[able modifications ( x w be notic$ 9 ! *apt] on ,ro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,xvii4 ,!re is only "o m =m ( ar* :i* we h to notice4 ,:5 ! la/ describ$ ar* is us$1 n z ! pr9cipal arrangem5t1 b z a m]e head+ to a common po9t$ ar*1 we h ! =m c1 ,fig4 ,,xxxiii4 ,n[ ?is is bett] ?an ! entirely rev]s$ ar* = two reasons2 fir/1 less ( ! l9e is weak5$ by rev]s+2 secondly1 ! d\ble curve has a v high /hetic value1 n exi/+ 9 ! m]e segm5ts ( circles4 ,= ^! reasons ar*es ( ?is k9d are n only admissible1 b ev5 ( great desirabl5ess1 :5 _! scale & masonry r5d] !m secure1 b above a c]ta9 scale !y are altoge!r b>b>\s2 &1 ) ! rev]s$ ,tudor ar*1 wantonly employ$1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! wor/ & meane/ s*ools ( ar*itecture1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,?is d\ble curve is call$ ! ,ogee2 x is ! pr(ile ( _m ,g]man lead5 ro(s1 ( _m ,turki% domes 7!re m excusable1 because associat$ & 9 sympa?y ) exquisitely manag$ ar*es ( ! same l9e 9 ! walls bel[71 ( ,tudor turrets1 z 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 & x is at ! bottom or top ( sundry o!r blund]s all ov] ! _w4 ,,xviii4 ,! v>ieties ( ! ogee curve are inf9ite1 z ! rev]s$ portion ( x may be engraft$ on e o!r =m ( ar*1 horse%oe1 r\nd1 or po9t$4 ,:atev] is g5]ally wor?y ( note 9 ^! v>ieties1 & 9 o!r ar*es ( caprice1 we %all be/ discov] by exam9+ _! masonry2 = x is by _! good masonry only t !y are r5d]$ ei!r /able or beautiful4 ,to ?is "q1 !n1 let u address ourselves4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,ar* ,,masonry4 ,i4 ,on ! subject ( ! /ability ( ar*es1 volumes h be5 writt5 & volumes m are requir$4 ,! read] w n1 !re=e1 expect f me any v complete explanation ( its conditions )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt]4 ,b t :i* is necess>y = him to "k is v simple & v easy2 & yet1 ,i believe1 "s "p ( x is v little kn[n1 or notic$4 ,we mu/ fir/ h a cle> idea ( :at is meant by an ar*4 ,x is a curv$ %ell ( firm mat]ials1 on ^: back a burd5 is to be laid ( loose mat]ials4 ,s f> z ! mat]ials above x are n loose1 b !mselves hold toge!r1 ! op5+ bel[ is n an ar*1 b an excavation4 ,note ?is diff]5ce v c>efully4 ,if ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia tunnels ?r\gh ! ,mont ,c5is1 z he proposes1 he w n require to build a brick ar* "u 8 tunnel to c>ry ! weight ( ! ,mont ,c5is3 t w\ld ne$ sci5tific masonry inde$4 ,! ,mont ,c5is w c>ry itself1 by its own cohesion1 & a succession ( invisible granite ar*es1 r l>g] ?an ! tunnel4 ,b :5 ,mr4 ,brunel tunnell$ ! ,?ames bottom1 he ne$$ to build a brick ar* to c>ry ! six or sev5 feet ( mud & ! weight ( wat] above4 ,t is a type ( all ar*es prop]4 ,,ii4 ,n[ ar*es1 9 practice1 p>take ( ! nature ( ! two4 ,s f> z _! masonry above is ,mont-,c5isian1 t is to say1 colossal 9 comp>ison ( !m1 & granitic1 s t ! ar* is a m]e hole 9 ! rock sub/ance ( x1 ! =m ( ! ar* is ( no consequ5ce :atev]3 x may be r\nd$1 or loz5g$1 or ogee'd1 or any?+ else2 & 9 ! noble/ ar*itecture !re is always "s "* ( ?is k9d giv5 to ! masonry4 ,x is indep5d5t en\gh n to c>e ab\t ! holes cut 9 x1 & does n subside into !m l s&4 ,b ! !ory ( ar*es does n presume on any su* condition ( ?+s2 x all[s itself only ! %ell ( ! ar* prop]2 ! v]tebr1 c>ry+ _! m>r[ ( resi/ance2 &1 above ?is %ell1 x assumes ! wall to be 9 a /ate ( flux1 be>+ d[n on ! ar*1 l wat] or s&1 ) its :ole weight4 ,& f>!r1 ! problem :i* is to be solv$ by ! ar* build] is n m]ely to c>ry ?is weight1 b to c>ry x ) ! lea/ ?ickness ( %ell4 ,x is easy to c>ry x by cont9ually ?ick5+ y\r v\ssoirs3 if y h six feet dep? ( s& or gravel to c>ry1 & y *oose to employ granite v\ssoirs six feet ?ick1 no "q b y\r ar* is safe en\gh4 ,b x is p]haps some:at too co/ly3 ! ?+ to be done is to c>ry ! s& or gravel ) brick v\ssoirs1 six in*es ?ick1 or1 at any rate1 ) ! lea/ ?ickness ( v\ssoir :i* w be safe2 & to d ?is requires peculi> arrangem5t ( ! l9es ( ! ar*4 ,!re are _m arrangem5ts1 useful all 9 _! way1 b we h only to d1 9 ! be/ ar*itecture1 ) ! simple/ & mo/ easily und]/ood4 ,we h fir/ to note ^? :i* reg>d ! actual %ell ( ! ar*1 & !n we %all give a few examples ( ! sup]s$+ ( su* exp$i5ts by ,mont-,c5isian masonry4 ,,iii4 ,:at we h to say w apply to all ar*es1 b ! c5tral po9t$ ar* is ! be/ = g5]al illu/ration4 ,let a1 ,plate ,,iii41 be ! %ell ( a po9t$ ar* ) loose load+ above2 & suppose y f9d t %ell n q ?ick en\gh2 & t ! weight be>s too heavily on ! top ( ! ar*1 & is likely to break x 93 y proce$ to ?ick5 y\r %ell1 b ne$ y ?ick5 x all equally8 ,n s2 y w\ld only wa/e y\r good v\ssoirs4 ,if y h any common s5se y w ?ick5 x at ! top1 :]e a ,mylodon's skull is ?ick5$ = ! same purpose 7& "s human skulls1 ,i fancy71 z at b4 ,! pebbles & gravel above w n[ %oot (f x "r & left1 z ! bullets d (f a cuirassi]'s brea/plate1 & w h no *ance ( beat+ x 94 ,if /ill x be n /rong en\gh1 a f>!r addition may be made1 z at c1 n[ ?ick5+ ! v\ssoirs a little at ! base also4 ,b z ?is may p]haps ?r[ ! ar* inconv5i5tly high1 or occasion a wa/e ( v\ssoirs at ! top1 we may employ ano!r exp$i5t4 ,,iv4 ,i imag9e ! read]'s common s5se1 if n 8 previ\s k1 w enable him to und]/& t if ! ar* at a1 ,plate ,,iii41 bur/ 9 at ! top1 x mu/ bur/ out at ! sides4 ,set up two pieces ( pa/ebo>d1 edge to edge1 & press !m d[n ) y\r h&1 & y w see !m b5d out at ! sides4 ,!re=e1 if y c keep ! ar* f />t+ out at ! po9ts p1 p1 x _c curve 9 at ! top1 put :at weight on x y w1 unless by %e] cru%+ ( ! /ones to fragm5ts4 ,v4 ,n[ y may keep ! ar* f />t+ out at p by load+ x at p1 putt+ m weight ^u x & aga9/ x at t po9t2 & ?is1 9 practice1 is ! way x is usually done4 ,b we assume at pres5t t ! weight above is s& or wat]1 q unmanageable1 n to be direct$ to ! po9ts we *oose2 & 9 practice1 x may sometimes happ5 t we _c put weight ^u ! ar* at p4 ,we may p]haps want an op5+ above x1 or x may be at ! side ( ! build+1 & _m o!r circum/ances may occur to h9d] u4 ,,vi4 ,b if we are n sure t we c put weight above x1 we are p]fectly sure t we c hang weight "u x4 ,y may always ?ick5 y\r %ell inside1 & put ! weight ^u x z at x x1 9 d1 ,plate ,,iii4 ,n mu* *ance ( its bur/+ out at p1 n[1 is !re8 ,,vii4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 an ar* has to be> v]tical pressure1 x w be> x bett] :5 its %ell is %ap$ z at b or d1 ?an z at a3 b & d are1 !re=e1 ! types ( ar*es built to resi/ v]tical pressure1 all ov] ! _w1 & f ! beg9n+ ( ar*itecture to its end4 ,none o!rs c be comp>$ ) !m3 all are imp]fect except ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,ar* ,,masonry4 ,! add$ projections at x x1 9 d1 are call$ ,,cusps1 & !y are ! v s\l & life ( ! be/ nor!rn ,go?ic2 yet nev] ?or\ghly und]/ood nor f\nd 9 p]fection1 except 9 ,italy1 ! nor!rn build]s work+ (t51 ev5 9 ! be/ times1 ) ! vulg> =m at a4 ,! =m at b is r>ely f\nd 9 ! nor?3 its p]fection is 9 ! ,lomb>dic ,go?ic2 & bran*es ( x1 good & bad accord+ to _! use1 occur 9 ,s>ac5ic "w4 ,,viii4 ,! true & p]fect cusp is s+le only4 ,b x 0 probably inv5t$ 7by ! ,arabs87 n z a con/ructive1 b a decorative feature1 9 pure fantasy2 & 9 e>ly nor!rn "w x is only ! application to ! ar* ( ! foliation1 s call$1 ( p5etrat$ spaces 9 /one surfaces1 already en\gh expla9$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 p4 #he et seq4 ,x is degrad$ 9 dignity1 & loses its usefulness1 exactly 9 proportion to its multiplication on ! ar*4 ,9 lat] ar*itecture1 especially ,engli% ,tudor1 x is sunk into dotage1 & becomes a simple excresc5ce1 a bit ( /one p9*$ up out ( ! ar*1 z a cook p9*es ! pa/e at ! edge ( a pie4 ,,ix4 ,! dep? & place ( ! cusp1 t is to say1 its exact application to ! %\ld] ( ! curve ( ! ar*1 v>ies ) ! direction ( ! weight to be su/a9$4 ,i h sp5t m ?an a mon?1 & t 9 h>d "w too1 9 m]ely try+ to get ! =ms ( cusps into p]fect ord]3 :]eby ! read] may guess t ,i h n space to g into ! subject n[2 b ,i %all h]eaft] give a few ( ! lead+ & mo/ p]fect examples1 ) _! measures & masonry4 ,x4 ,! read] n[ und]/&s all t he ne$ ab\t ! %ell ( ! ar*1 consid]$ z an unit$ piece ( /one4 ,he has next to consid] ! %ape ( ! v\ssoirs4 ,?is1 z mu* z is requir$1 he w be able be/ to compreh5d by a few examples2 by :i* ,i %all be able also to illu/rate1 or r :i* w =ce me to illu/rate1 "s ( ! me?ods ( ,mont-,c5isian masonry1 :i* 7 to be ! second "p ( our subject4 ,,xi4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,iv41 are two cornices2 #a f ,/4 ,antonio1 ,padua2 #b1 f ! ,ca!dral ( ,s5s4 ,i want !m = cornices2 b ,i h put !m 9 ?is plate because1 ?\gh _! ar*es are fill$ up beh9d1 & are 9 fact m]e blocks ( /one ) ar*es cut into _! faces1 !y illu/rate ! con/ant masonry ( small ar*es1 bo? 9 ,italian & ,nor!rn ,romanesque1 b especially ,italian1 ea* ar* be+ cut out ( its own prop] block ( /one3 ?is is ,mont-,c5isian en\gh1 on a small scale4 #c is a w9d[ f ,c>n>von ,ca/le1 & v primitive & int]e/+ 9 mann]1--"o ( its ar*es be+ ( "o /one1 ! o!r ( two4 ,& "h we h an in/ance ( a =m ( ar* :i* w\ld be b>b>\s en\gh on a l>ge scale1 & ( _m pieces2 b qua9t & agreeable ?us massively built4 #d is f a little belfry 9 a ,swiss village above ,vevay2 "o fancies ! w9d[ ( an absurd =m1 se5 9 ! di/ance1 b "o is pleas$ ) x on see+ its masonry4 ,x c\ld h>dly be /rong]4 ,,xii4 ,^! !n are ar*es cut ( "o block4 ,! next /ep is to =m !m ( two pieces1 set toge!r at ! head ( ! ar*4 #f1 f ! ,eremitani1 ,padua1 is v qua9t & primitive 9 mann]3 x is a curi\s *ur* altoge!r1 & has "s /range trac]ies cut out ( s+le blocks4 ,"o is giv5 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,plate ,,vii41 9 ! left-h& corn] at ! bottom4 #g1 f ! ,fr>i1 ,v5ice1 v firm & f9e1 & admirably decorat$1 z we %all see h]eaft]4 #e1 ! simple two-piec$ con/ruction1 wr\ght ) ! mo/ exquisite proportion & precision ( workman%ip1 z is ev]y?+ else 9 ! glori\s *ur* to :i* x belongs1 ,san ,f]mo ( ,v]ona4 ,! addition ( ! top piece1 :i* completes ! circle1 does n affect ! plan ( ! beautiful ar*es1 ) _! simple & p]fect cusps2 b x is highly curi\s1 & s]ves to %[ h[ ! idea ( ! cusp rose out ( m]e foliation4 ,! :ole ( ! ar*itecture ( ?is *ur* may be *>act]is$ z exhibit+ ! maxima ( simplicity 9 con/ruction1 & p]fection 9 workman%ip1--a r>e unison3 =1 9 g5]al1 simple designs are rudely work$1 & z ! build] p]fects 8 execution1 he complicates 8 plan4 ,ne>ly all ! ar*es ( ,san ,f]mo are two-piec$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,ar* ,,masonry4 ,,xiii4 ,we h se5 ! con/ruction ) "o & two pieces3 a & b1 ,fig4 #h1 ,plate ,,iv41 are ! g5]al types ( ! con/ruction ) ?ree pieces1 uncusp$ & cusp$2 c & d ) five pieces1 uncusp$ & cusp$4 ,( ^! ! ?ree-piec$ con/ruction is ( enorm\s importance1 & mu/ deta9 u "s "t4 ,! five-piec$ is ! ?ree-piec$ ) a jo9t add$ on ea* side1 & is also ( great importance4 ,! f\r-piec$1 :i* is ! two-piec$ ) add$ jo9ts1 r>ely occurs1 & ne$ n deta9 u4 ,,xiv4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 fir/ work+ out ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 we compos$ ! ar* ( ?ree pieces4 ,?ree is ! smalle/ numb] :i* c exhibit ! real pr9ciple ( ar* masonry1 & x may be consid]$ z repres5tative ( all ar*es built on t pr9ciple2 ! "o & two-piec$ ar*es be+ microscopic ,mont-,c5isian1 m]e caves 9 blocks ( /one1 or gaps betwe5 two rocks lean+ toge!r4 ,b ! ?ree-piec$ ar* is prop]ly repres5tative ( all2 & ! l>g] & m complicat$ con/ructions are m]ely produc$ by keep+ ! c5tral piece = :at is call$ a key/one1 & putt+ additional jo9ts at ! sides4 ,n[ s long z an ar* is pure circul> or po9t$1 x does n matt] h[ _m jo9ts or v\ssoirs y h1 nor :]e ! jo9ts are2 nay1 y may jo9t y\r key/one itself1 & make x two-piec$4 ,b if ! ar* be ( any biz>re =m1 especially ogee1 ! jo9ts mu/ be 9 p>ticul> places1 & ! masonry simple1 or x w n be ?or\ghly good & secure2 & ! f9e s*ools ( ! ogee ar* h only aris5 9 c\ntries :]e x 0 ! cu/om to build ar*es ( few pieces4 ,,xv4 ,! typical pure po9t$ ar* ( ,v5ice is a five-piec$ ar*1 ) its /ones 9 ?ree ord]s ( magnitude1 ! longe/ be+ ! l[e/1 z at b#b1 ,plate ,,iii4 ,if ! ar* be v l>ge1 a f\r? ord] ( magnitude is add$1 z at a#b4 ,! portals ( ! palaces ( ,v5ice h "o or o!r ( ^! masonries1 almo/ )\t exception4 ,n[1 z "o piece is add$ to make a l>g] door1 "o piece is tak5 away to make a small] "o1 or a w9d[1 & ! masonry type ( ! ,v5etian ,go?ic w9d[ is consequ5tly ?ree-piec$1 c#b4 ,,xvi4 ,! read] kn[s already :]e a cusp is useful4 ,x is want$1 he w rememb]1 to give weight to ^? side /ones1 & draw !m inw>ds aga9/ ! ?ru/ ( ! top /one4 ,take "o ( ! side /ones ( c#b out = a mom5t1 z at d4 ,n[ ! prop] place ( ! cusp ^u x v>ies ) ! weight :i* x be>s or requires2 b 9 practice ?is nicety is r>ely obs]v$2 ! place ( ! cusp is almo/ always det]m9$ by /hetic consid]ations1 & x is evid5t t ! v>iations 9 its place may be inf9ite4 ,consid] ! cusp z a wave pass+ up ! side /one f its bottom to its top2 !n y w h ! succession ( =ms f e to g 7,plate ,,iii471 ) inf9ite degrees ( transition f ea* to ea*2 b ( :i* y may take e1 f1 & g1 z repres5t+ ?ree great families ( cusp$ ar*es4 ,use e = y\r side /ones1 & y h an ar* z t at h bel[1 :i* may be call$ a d[n-cusp$ ar*4 ,use f = ! side /one1 & y h i1 :i* may be call$ a mid-cusp$ ar*4 ,use g1 & y h k1 an up-cusp$ ar*4 ,,xvii4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ,i call ! ar* mid-cusp$1 n :5 ! cusp$ po9t is 9 ! middle ( ! curve ( ! ar*1 b :5 x is 9 ! middle ( ! side piece1 & also t :]e ! side pieces jo9 ! key/one !re w be a *ange1 p]haps some:at abrupt1 9 ! curvature4 ,i h pref]r$ to call ! ar* mid-cusp$ ) respect to its side piece ?an ) respect to its own curve1 because ! mo/ beautiful ,go?ic ar*es 9 ! _w1 ^? ( ! ,lomb>d ,go?ic1 h1 9 all ! in/ances ,i h exam9$1 a =m m or less approximat+ to ?is mid-cusp$ "o at i 7,plate ,,iii471 b hav+ ! curvature ( ! cusp c>ri$ up into ! key/one1 z we %all see pres5tly3 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! ar* is built ( _m v\ssoirs1 a mid-cusp$ ar* w mean "o :i* has ! po9t ( ! cusp midway betwe5 its own base & apex4 ,! ,go?ic ar* ( ,v5ice is almo/ inv>iably up-cusp$1 z at k4 ,! read] may note t1 9 bo? d[n-cusp$ & up-cusp$ ar*es1 ! piece ( /one1 add$ to =m ! cusp1 is ( ! %ape ( a scymit>1 held d[n 9 ! "o case & up 9 ! o!r4 ,,xviii4 ,n[1 9 ! ar*es h1 i1 k1 a slight modification has be5 made 9 ! =m ( ! c5tral piece1 9 ord] t x may cont9ue ! curve ( ! cusp4 ,?is modification is n to be giv5 to x 9 practice )\t consid]able nicety ( workman%ip2 & "s curi\s results took place 9 ,v5ice f ?is difficulty4 ,at l 7,plate ,,iii47 is ! %ape ( ! ,v5etian side /one1 ) its cusp deta*$ f ! ar*4 ,no?+ c possibly be bett] or m graceful1 or h ! weight bett] dispos$ 9 ord] to cause x to nod =w>ds aga9/ ! key/one1 z above expla9$1 ,*4 ,x4 ,,ii41 :]e ,i develop$ ! :ole sy/em ( ! ar* f ?ree pieces1 9 ord] t ! read] might n[ cle>ly see ! use ( ! weight ( ! cusp4 ,n[ a ,v5etian ,go?ic palace has usually at lea/ ?ree /ories2 ) p]haps t5 or twelve w9d[s 9 ea* /ory1 & ?is on two or ?ree ( its sides1 requir+ altoge!r "s hundr$ to a hundr$ & fifty side pieces4 ,i h no d\bt1 f obs]vation ( ! way ! w9d[s are set toge!r1 t ! side pieces 7 c>v$ 9 pairs1 l hooks1 ( :i* ! key/ones 7 to be ! eyes2 t ^! side pieces 7 ord]$ by ! ar*itect 9 ! gross1 & 7 us$ by him sometimes = wid]1 sometimes = n>r[] w9d[s2 bevell+ ! two ends z requir$1 fitt+ 9 key/ones z he be/ c\ld1 & n[ & !n v>y+ ! arrangem5t by turn+ ! side pieces upside d[n4 ,!re 7 v>i\s conv5i5ces 9 ?is way ( work+1 "o ( ! pr9cipal be+ t ! side pieces ) _! cusps 7 always cut to _! complete =m1 & t no "p ( ! cusp 0 c>ri$ out into ! key/one1 :i* foll[$ ! curve ( ! out] ar* itself4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! cusp might ?us be work$ )\t any tr\blesome ref]5ce to ! re/ ( ! ar*4 ,,xix4 ,n[ let u take a pair ( side pieces1 made to ord]1 l t at l1 & see :at we c make ( !m4 ,we w try to fit !m fir/ ) a key/one :i* cont9ues ! curve ( ! out] ar*1 z at m4 ,?is ! read] assur$ly ?9ks an ugly ar*4 ,!re are a great _m ( !m 9 ,v5ice1 ! uglie/ ?+s !re1 & ! ,v5etian build]s quickly began to feel !m s4 ,:at c\ld !y d to bett] !m8 ,! ar* at m has a c5tral piece ( ! =m r4 ,sub/itute = x a piece ( ! =m s1 & we h ! ar* at n4 ,,xx4 ,?is ar* at n is n s /rong z t at m2 b1 built ( good m>ble1 & ) its pieces ( prop] ?ickness1 x is q /rong en\gh = all practical purposes on a small scale4 ,i h exam9$ at lea/ two ?\s& w9d[s ( ?is k9d & ( ! o!r ,v5etian ogees1 ( :i* t at y 79 :i* ! pla9 side-piece d is us$ in/ead ( ! cusp$ "o7 is ! simple/2 & ,i nev] f\nd "o1 ev5 9 ! mo/ ru9\s palaces 79 :i* !y _h _h to su/a9 ! di/ort$ weight ( fall+ walls7 9 :i* ! c5tral piece 0 fissur$2 & ?is is ! only dang] to :i* ! w9d[ is expos$2 9 o!r respects x is z /rong an ar* z c be built4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! *ange f ! r key/one to ! s key/one 0 in/antane\s4 ,x 0 a *ange wr\ght out by _m curi\s exp]im5ts1 :i* we %all h to trace h]eaft]1 & to ?r[ ! resultant v>ieties ( =m into _! prop] gr\ps4 ,,xxi4 ,"o /ep m3 ,i take a mid-cusp$ side piece 9 its block =m at t1 ) ! bricks :i* load ! back ( x4 ,n[1 z ^! bricks support x beh9d1 & s9ce1 z f> z ! use ( ! cusp is conc]n$1 x matt]s n :e!r its weight be 9 m>ble or bricks1 !re is no?+ to h9d] u f cutt+ out "s ( ! m>ble1 z at u1 & fill+ up ! space ) bricks4 7,:y we %\ld take a fancy to d ?is1 ,i d n pret5d to guess at pres5t2 all ,i h to ass]t is1 t1 if ! fancy %\ld /rike u1 !re w\ld be no h>m 9 x74 ,sub/itut+ ?is side piece = ! o!r 9 ! w9d[ n1 we h t at w1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be ( "s s]vice to u aft]w>ds2 "h we h no?+ m to d ) x ?an to note t1 ?us built1 & prop]ly back$ by brickwork1 x is j z /rong & safe a =m z t at n2 b t ?is1 z well z e v>iety ( ogee ar*1 dep5ds entirely = its safety1 fitness1 & beauty1 on ! masonry :i* we h j analys$2 & t1 built on a l>ge scale1 & ) _m v\ssoirs1 all su* ar*es w\ld be unsafe & absurd 9 g5]al ar*itecture4 ,yet !y may be us$ occasionally = ! sake ( ! exquisite beauty ( :i* _! ri* & fanta/ic v>ieties admit1 & sometimes = ! sake ( ano!r m]it1 exactly ! opposite ( ! con/ructional ones we are at pres5t exam9+1 t !y seem to /& by en*antm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,ar* ,masonry4 ,,bruletto ,,( ,,como4 ,,xxii4 ,9 ! above reason+s1 ! incl9ation ( ! jo9ts ( ! v\ssoirs to ! curves ( ! ar* has n be5 consid]$4 ,x is a "q ( mu* nicety1 & :i* ,i h n be5 able z yet fully to inve/igate3 b ! natural idea ( ! arrangem5t ( ^! l9es 7:i* 9 r\nd ar*es are ( c\rse p]p5dicul> to ! curve7 w\ld be t e v\ssoir %\ld h ! l5g?s ( its out] & inn] ar*$ surface 9 ! same proportion to ea* o!r4 ,ei!r ?is actual law1 or a close approximation to x1 is assur$ly en=c$ 9 ! be/ ,go?ic build+s4 ,,xxiii4 ,i may sum up all t x is necess>y = ! read] to keep 9 m9d ( ! g5]al laws connect$ ) ?is subject1 by giv+ him an example ( ea* ( ! two =ms ( ! p]fect ,go?ic ar*1 uncusp$ & cusp$1 treat$ ) ! mo/ simple & magnific5t masonry1 & p>tly1 9 bo? cases1 ,mont-,c5isian4 ,! fir/1 ,plate ,v41 is a w9d[ f ! ,broletto ( ,como4 ,x %[s1 9 its fill+1 fir/1 ! s+le-piec$ ar*1 c>ri$ on gr\ps ( f\r %afts1 & a s+le slab ( m>ble fill+ ! space above1 & pi]c$ ) a quatrefoil 7,mont-,c5isian1 ?is71 :ile ! m\ld+s above are ea* con/ruct$ ) a sep>ate sy/em ( v\ssoirs1 all ( !m %ap$1 ,i ?9k1 on ! pr9ciple above /at$1 ,,xxii41 9 alt]nate s]p5t9e & m>ble2 ! out] ar* be+ a noble example ( ! pure uncusp$ ,go?ic con/ruction1 b ( ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,xxiv4 ,fig4 ,,xxxiv4 is ! masonry ( ! side ar* (1 z f> z ,i "k or am able to judge1 ! mo/ p]fect ,go?ic sepul*ral monum5t 9 ! _w1 ! f\rsqu>e canopy ( ! 7nameless87#di tomb /&+ ov] ! small cemet]y gate ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ana/asia at ,v]ona4 ,i %all h frequ5t occasion to recur to ?is monum5t1 &1 ,i believe1 %all be able suffici5tly to ju/ify ! t]ms 9 :i* ,i speak ( x3 mean:ile1 ,i desire only t ! read] %\ld obs]ve ! sev]ity & simplicity ( ! ar* l9es1 ! exquisitely delicate sugge/ion ( ! ogee curve 9 ! apex1 & *iefly ! use ( ! cusp 9 giv+ inw>d weight to ! great pieces ( /one on ! flanks ( ! ar*1 & prev5t+ _! ?ru/ outw>ds f be+ sev]ely ?r[n on ! l[]mo/ /ones4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t ! :ole massy canopy is su/a9$ safely by f\r sl5d] pill>s 7z w be se5 h]eaft] 9 ! c>eful plate ,i hope to give ( x71 ^! pill>s be+ r /eadi$ ?an mat]ially assi/$ aga9/ ! ?ru/1 by iron b>s1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 connect+ !m at ! heads ( ! abaci2 a feature ( peculi> importance 9 ?is monum5t1 inasmu* z we "k x to be "p ( ! orig9al con/ruction1 by a beautiful little ,go?ic wrea!d patt]n1 l "o ( ! hems ( g>m5ts ( ,fra ,angelico1 runn+ along ! iron b> itself4 ,s c>efully1 & s f>1 is ! sy/em ( decoration c>ri$ out 9 ?is pure & lovely monum5t1 my mo/ belov$ ?r\gh\t all ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy2--*ief1 z ,i ?9k1 among all ! sepul*ral m>bles ( a l& ( m\rn+4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,at lea/ ,i _c f9d any acc\nt ( x 9 ,maffei's ,v]ona1 nor any:]e else1 to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,x is1 ,i d\bt n1 a "w ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,vide ,app5dix #ai1 ,tombs at ,/4 ,ana/asia4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,ar* ,,load4 ,i4 ,9 ! prec$+ enquiry we h always suppos$ ei!r t ! load ^u ! ar* 0 p]fectly loose1 z ( gravel or s&1 or t x 0 ,mont-,c5isian1 & =m$ "o mass ) ! ar* v\ssoirs1 ( m or less compactness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxv4 ,9 practice1 ! /ate is usually some?+ betwe5 ! two4 ,ov] bridges & tunnels x sometimes approa*es to ! condition ( m]e du/ or yield+ e>?2 b 9 ar*itecture x is mo/ly firm masonry1 n altoge!r act+ ) ! v\ssoirs1 yet by no means be>+ on !m ) p]fectly dead weight1 b lock+ itself toge!r above !m1 & capable ( be+ ?r[n into =ms :i* relieve !m1 9 "s degree1 f its pressure4 ,,ii4 ,x is evid5t t if we are to place a cont9u\s ro( above ! l9e ( ar*es1 we mu/ fill up ! int]vals betwe5 !m on ! tops ( ! columns4 ,we h at pres5t no?+ grant$ u b ! b>e masonry1 z "h at a1 ,fig4 ,,xxxv41 & we mu/ fill up ! int]vals betwe5 ! semicircle s z to obta9 a level l9e ( support4 ,we may fir/ d ?is simply z at b1 ) pla9 mass ( wall2 s lay+ ! ro( on ! top1 :i* is ! me?od ( ! pure ,byzant9e & ,italian ,romanesque4 ,b if we f9d too mu* /ress is ?us laid on ! ar*es1 we may introduce small second %afts on ! top ( ! great %aft1 a1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi41 :i* may assi/ 9 c>ry+ ! ro(1 convey+ great "p ( its weight at once to ! heads ( ! ma9 %afts1 & reliev+ f its pressure ! c5tres ( ! ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,iii4 ,! new %aft ?us introduc$ may ei!r rema9 lift$ on ! head ( ! great %aft1 or may be c>ri$ to ! gr\nd 9 front ( x1 or ?r\gh x1 b1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi42 9 :i* latt] case ! ma9 %aft divides into two or m m9or %afts1 & =ms a gr\p ) ! %aft br\ght d[n f above4 ,,iv4 ,:5 ?is %aft1 br\ght f ro( to gr\nd1 is subord9ate to ! ma9 pi]1 & ei!r is c>ri$ d[n ! face ( x1 or =ms no l>ge "p ( ! gr\p1 ! pr9ciple is ,romanesque or ,go?ic1 b1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi4 ,:5 x becomes a bold c5tral %aft1 & ! ma9 pi] splits into two m9or %afts on its sides1 ! pr9ciple is ,classical or ,palladian1 c1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi4 ,:i* latt] arrangem5t becomes absurd or unsatisfactory 9 proportion to ! suffici5cy ( ! ma9 %aft to c>ry ! ro( )\t ! help ( ! m9or %afts or ar*1 :i* 9 _m in/ances ( ,palladian "w look z if !y might be remov$ )\t dang] to ! build+4 ,v4 ,! =m a is a m pure ,nor!rn ,go?ic type ?an ev5 b1 :i* is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 x & ! classical type4 ,x is f\nd *iefly 9 ,engli% & o!r nor!rn ,go?ic1 & 9 e>ly ,lomb>dic1 & is1 ,i d\bt n1 d]iv$ z above expla9$1 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,,xxvii4 b is a g5]al ,fr5* ,go?ic & ,fr5* ,romanesque =m1 z 9 great purity at ,val5ce4 ,! small %afts ( ! =m a & b1 z be+ nor!rn1 are g5]ally connect$ ) /eep vault$ ro(s1 & receive = t reason ! "n ( vault+ %afts4 ,,vi4 ,( ^! =ms b1 ,fig4 ,,xxxv41 is ! pure/ & mo/ sublime1 express+ ! p[] ( ! ar* mo/ di/9ctly4 ,all ! o!rs h "s appe>ance ( dovetail+ & mortic+ ( timb] r ?an /onework2 nor h ,i ev] yet se5 a s+le in/ance1 q satisfactory1 ( ! managem5t ( ! capital ( ! ma9 %aft1 :5 x _h ei!r to su/a9 ! base ( ! vault+ %aft1 z 9 a1 or to suff] x to pass ?r\gh x1 z 9 b1 ,fig4 ,,xxxvi4 ,nor is ! bracket :i* frequ5tly c>ries ! vault+ %aft 9 ,engli% "w a fitt+ support = a portion ( ! fabric :i* is at all ev5ts presum$ to c>ry a consid]able "p ( ! weight ( ! ro(4 ,,vii4 ,! triangul> spaces on ! flanks ( ! ar* are call$ ,sp&rils1 & if ! masonry ( ^! %\ld be f\nd1 9 any ( its =ms1 too heavy = ! ar*1 _! weight may be dim9i%$1 :ile _! /r5g? rema9s ! same1 by pi]c+ !m ) circul> holes or lights4 ,?is is r>ely necess>y 9 ord9>y ar*itecture1 ?\gh sometimes ( great use 9 bridges & iron ro(s 7a succession ( su* circles may be se51 = in/ance1 9 ! sp&rils at ! ,eu/on ,squ>e /ation72 b1 f its con/ructional value1 x becomes ! be/ =m 9 :i* to arrange sp&ril decorations1 z we %all see h]eaft]4 ,,viii4 ,! height ( ! load above ! ar* is det]m9$ by ! ne$s ( ! build+ & possible l5g? ( ! %aft2 b ) ?is we h at pres5t no?+ to d1 = we h p]=m$ ! task :i* 0 set u4 ,we h asc]ta9$1 z x 0 requir$ t we %\ld 9 ,,vi4 ( ,*ap4 ,,iii4 7,a71 ! con/ruction ( walls2 7,b71 t ( pi]s2 7,c71 t ( pi]s ) l9tels or ar*es prep>$ = ro(+4 ,we h next1 !re=e1 to exam9e 7,d7 ! /ructure ( ! ro(4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,ro(4 ,i4 ,hi!rto our enquiry has be5 unemb>rass$ by any consid]ations relat+ exclusively ei!r to ! ext]ior or int]ior ( build+s4 ,b x c rema9 s no long]4 ,z f> z ! ar*itect is conc]n$1 "o side ( a wall is g5]ally ! same z ano!r2 b 9 ! ro( !re are usually two di/9ct divisions ( ! /ructure2 "o1 a %ell1 vault1 or flat ceil+1 int]nally visible1 ! o!r1 an upp] /ructure1 built ( timb]1 to protect ! l[]2 or ( "s diff]5t =m1 to support x4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! int]nally visible /ructure is ! real ro(1 & sometimes !re are m ?an two divisions1 z 9 ,/4 ,paul's1 :]e we h a c5tral %ell ) a mask bel[ & above4 ,/ill x w be conv5i5t to rememb] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! "p ( ! ro( :i* is usually visible f )91 & ^: only bus9ess is to /& /rongly1 & n fall 91 :i* ,i %all call ! ,ro( ,prop]2 &1 secondly1 ! upp] ro(1 :i*1 be+ (t5 p>tly support$ by ! l[]1 is n s mu* conc]n$ ) its own /ability z ) ! wea!r1 & is appo9t$ to ?r[ (f sn[1 & get rid ( ra91 z fa/ z possible1 :i* ,i %all call ! ,ro( ,mask4 ,,ii4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ne$less = me to engage ! read] 9 ! discussion ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( con/ruction ( ,ro(s ,prop]1 = ?is simple reason1 t no p]son )\t long exp]i5ce c tell :e!r a ro( be wisely con/ruct$ or n2 nor tell at all1 ev5 ) help ( any am\nt ( exp]i5ce1 )\t exam9ation ( ! sev]al p>ts & be>+s ( x1 v diff]5t f any obs]vation possible to ! g5]al critic3 & m ?an ?is1 ! enquiry w\ld be useless to u 9 our ,v5etian /udies1 :]e ! ro(s are ei!r n contempor>y ) ! build+s1 or flat1 or else vaults ( ! simple/ possible con/ructions1 :i* h be5 admirably expla9$ by ,willis 9 8 ,ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,*ap4 ,,vii41 to :i* ,i may ref] ! read] = all t x w\ld be well = him to "k respect+ ! connexion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! vault ) ! %afts4 ,he w\ld also d well to read ! passages on ,tudor vault+1 pp4 #ahe-aic1 9 ,mr4 ,g>bett's rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,design1 be=e allud$ to4#ej ,i %all cont5t myself !re=e ) not+ "o or two po9ts on :i* nei!r writ] has _h occasion to t\*1 respect+ ! ,ro( ,mask4 ,,iii4 ,x 0 said 9 ,v4 ( ,*apt] ,,iii4 t we %\ld n h occasion1 9 speak+ ( ro( con/ruction1 to add mat]ially to ! =ms !n sugge/$4 ,! =ms :i* we h to add are only ^? result+ f ! o!r curves ( ! ar* develop$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 t is to say1 ! v>i\s ea/]n domes & cupolas aris+ out ( ! revolution ( ! horse%oe & ogee curves1 toge!r ) ! well-kn[n ,*9ese concave ro(4 ,all ^! =ms are ( c\rse purely decorative1 ! bulg+ outl9e1 or concave surface1 be+ ( no m use1 or r ( less1 9 ?r[+ (f sn[ or ra91 ?an ! ord9>y spire & gable2 & x is r curi\s1 !re=e1 t all ( !m1 on a small scale1 %\ld h obta9$ s ext5sive use 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 _! native climate be+ t ( ! ea/1 :]e _! purpose seems r to conc5trate light ^u _! orb$ surfaces4 ,i mu* d\bt _! applicability1 on a l>ge scale1 to ar*itecture ( any admirable dignity2 _! *ief *>m is1 to ! ,european eye1 t ( /rang5ess2 & x seems to me possible t 9 ! ea/ ! bulg+ =m may be also delightful1 f ! idea ( its enclos+ a volume ( cool air4 ,i enjoy !m 9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 *iefly because !y increase ! fanta/ic & unreal "* ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,place2 & because !y appe> to sympa?ise ) an expression1 common1 ,i ?9k1 to all ! build+s ( t gr\p1 ( a natural buoyancy1 z if !y float$ 9 ! air or on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,b1 assur$ly1 !y are n features to be recomm5d$ = imitation4#ea ,,iv4 ,"o =m1 closely connect$ ) ! ,*9ese concave1 is1 h[ev]1 (t5 con/ructively "r1--! gable ) an inw>d angle1 occurr+ ) exquisitely picturesque effect ?r\gh\t ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! nor?1 especially ,g]many & ,switz]l&2 ! l[] slope be+ ei!r an atta*$ ext]nal p5?\se ro(1 = protection ( ! wall1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,xxxvii41 or else a k9d ( buttress set on ! angle ( ! t[]2 & 9 ei!r case ! ro( itself be+ a simple gable1 cont9u\s b5ea? x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxvii4 ,v4 ,! true gable1 z x is ! simple/ & mo/ natural1 s ,i e/eem x ! gr&e/ ( ro(s2 :e!r ris+ 9 ridgy d>kness1 l a grey slope ( slaty m\nta9s1 ov] ! precipit\s walls ( ! nor!rn ca!drals1 or /ret*$ 9 burn+ bread? above ! :ite & squ>e-set gr\ps ( ! s\!rn ar*itecture4 ,b ?is diff]5ce betwe5 its slope 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn /ructure is a matt] ( f> great] importance ?an is commonly suppos$1 & x is ?is to :i* ,i w\ld especially direct ! read]'s att5tion4 ,,vi4 ,"o ma9 cause ( x1 ! necessity ( ?r[+ (f sn[ 9 ! nor?1 has be5 a ?\s& times allud$ to3 ano!r ,i d n rememb] hav+ se5 notic$1 namely1 t rooms 9 a ro( are com=tably habitable 9 ! nor?1 :i* are pa9ful sotto piombi 9 ,italy2 & t !re is 9 wet climates a natural t5d5cy 9 all m5 to live z high z possible1 out ( ! damp & mi/4 ,^! two causes1 toge!r ) accessible quantities ( good timb]1 h induc$ 9 ! nor? a g5]al /eep pit* ( gable1 :i*1 :5 r\nd$ or squ>$ above a t[]1 becomes a spire or turret2 & ?is feature1 work$ out ) elaborate decoration1 is ! key-note ( ! :ole sy/em ( aspiration1 s call$1 :i* ! ,g]man critics h s +5i\sly & falsely ascrib$ to a devotional s5tim5t p]vad+ ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic3 ,i entirely & boldly d5y ! :ole !ory2 our ca!drals 7 = ! mo/ "p built by worldly p1 :o lov$ ! _w1 & w\ld h gladly /aid 9 x = ev]2 ^: be/ hope 0 ! escap+ hell1 :i* !y ?\ght to d by build+ ca!drals1 b :o _h v vague conceptions ( ,heav5 9 g5]al1 & v feeble desires respect+ _! entrance !re92 & ! =m ( ! spir$ ca!dral has no m int5tional ref]5ce to ,heav51 z di/+ui%$ f ! flatt5$ slope ( ! ,greek p$im5t1 ?an ! /eep gable ( a ,norman h\se has1 z di/+ui%$ f ! flat ro( ( a ,syrian "o4 ,we may n[1 ) +5i\s pleasure1 trace su* symbolic *>act]s 9 ! =m2 we may n[ use x ) su* def9ite mean+2 b we only prev5t ourselves f all "r und]/&+ ( hi/ory1 by attribut+ mu* influ5ce to ^! poetical symbolisms 9 ! =mation ( a national /yle4 ,! human race are1 = ! mo/ "p1 n to be mov$ by su* silk5 cords2 & ! *ances ( damp 9 ! cell>1 or ( loose tiles 9 ! ro(1 h1 unhappily1 mu* m to d ) ! fa%ions ( a man's h\se build+ ?an 8 ideas ( cele/ial happ9ess or angelic virtue4 ,associations ( affection h f> high] p[]1 & =ms :i* c be no o!rwise acc\nt$ = may (t5 be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! natural features ( ! c\ntry1 or to any?+ :i* habit mu/ h r5d]$ famili>1 & !re=e delightful2 b ! direct symbolisation ( a s5tim5t is a weak motive ) all m51 & f> m s 9 ! practical m9ds ( ! nor? ?an among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 assur$ly q z heav5ly-m9d$1 :5 !y built basilicas1 or cut con*as out ( ! catacombs1 z 7 ev] ! ,norman b>ons or monks4 ,,vii4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! nor? an animal activity :i* mat]ially aid$ ! sy/em ( build+ begun 9 m]e utility1--an animal life1 naturally express$ 9 erect "w1 z ! languor ( ! s\? 9 recl9+ or level "w4 ,imag9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( a man urg+ himself to 8 "w 9 a sn[ /orm1 & ! inaction ( "o laid at 8 l5g? on a sunny bank among cicadas & fall5 olives1 & y w h ! key to a :ole gr\p ( sympa?ies :i* 7 =cefully express$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( bo?2 rememb]+ always t sleep w\ld be to ! "o luxury1 to ! o!r dea?4 ,,viii4 ,& to ! =ce ( ?is vital in/9ct we h f>!r to add ! influ5ce ( natural sc5]y2 & *iefly ( ! gr\ps & wild]nesses ( ! tree :i* is to ! ,g]man m9d :at ! olive or palm is to ! s\!rn1 ! spruce fir4 ,! eye :i* has once be5 habituat$ to ! cont9ual s]ration ( ! p9e =e/1 & to ! multiplication ( its inf9ite p9nacles1 is n easily (f5d$ by ! repetition ( simil> =ms1 nor easily satisfi$ by ! simplicity ( flat or massive outl9es4 ,add to ! influ5ce ( ! p9e1 t ( ! popl>1 m especially 9 ! valleys ( ,france2 b ?9k ( ! spruce *iefly1 & m$itate on ! diff]5ce ( feel+ ) :i* ! ,nor?man w\ld be inspir$ by ! fro/work wrea!d ^u its glitt]+ po9t1 & ! ,italian by ! d>k gre5 dep? ( sun%9e on ! broad table ( ! /one-p9e#eb 7& consid] by ! way :e!r ! spruce fir be a m heav5ly-m9d$ tree ?an ^? d>k canopies ( ! ,m$it]ranean isles74 ,,ix4 ,circum/ance & s5tim5t1 !re=e1 aid+ ea* o!r1 ! /eep ro( becomes g5]ally adopt$1 & delight$ 91 ?r\gh\t ! nor?2 & !n1 ) ! gradual exagg]ation ) :i* e pleasant idea is pursu$ by ! human m9d1 x is rais$ into all mann] ( peaks1 & po9ts1 & ridges2 & p9nacle aft] p9nacle is add$ on its flanks1 & ! walls increas$ 9 height1 9 proportion1 until we get inde$ a v sublime mass1 b "o :i* has no m pr9ciple ( religi\s aspiration 9 x ?an a *ild's t[] ( c>ds4 ,:at is m1 ! desire to build high is complicat$ ) ! peculi> love ( ! grotesque#ec :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! nor?1 toge!r ) especial delight 9 multiplication ( small =ms1 z well z 9 exagg]at$ po9ts ( %ade & en]gy1 & a c]ta9 degree ( consequ5t ins5sibility to p]fect grace & quiet tru?fulness2 s t a nor!rn ar*itect c\ld n feel ! beauty ( ! ,elg9 m>bles1 & !re w always be 79 ^? :o h devot$ !mselves to ?is p>ticul> s*ool7 a c]ta9 incapacity to ta/e ! f9] *>act]s ( ,greek art1 or to und]/& ,titian1 ,t9toret1 or ,raphael3 :]eas among ! ,italian ,go?ic workm51 ?is capacity 0 nev] lo/1 & ,n9o ,pisano & ,orcagna c\ld h und]/ood ! ,!seus 9 an in/ant1 & w\ld h receiv$ f x new life4 ,!re c be no "q t !irs 0 ! greate/ s*ool1 & c>ri$ out by ! greate/ m52 & t :ile ^? :o began ) ?is s*ool c\ld p]fectly well feel ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ^? :o /udy ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic rema9 9 a n>r[$ field--"o ( small p9nacles1 & dots1 & crockets1 & twit*$ faces--& _c compreh5d ! mean+ ( a broad surface or a gr& l9e4 ,nev]!less ! nor!rn s*ool is an admirable & delightful ?+1 b a l[] ?+ ?an ! s\!rn4 ,! ,go?ic ( ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice is 9 h>mony ) all t is gr& 9 all ! _w3 t ( ! nor? is 9 h>mony ) ! grotesque nor!rn _s only4 ,x4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 beg9n+ to lose sight ( our ro( /ructure 9 its _s1 & mu/ return to our text4 ,z ! height ( ! walls increas$1 9 sympa?y ) ! rise ( ! ro(1 :ile _! ?ickness rema9$ ! same1 x became m & m necess>y to support !m by buttresses2 b--& ?is is ano!r po9t t ! read] mu/ specially note--x is n ! /eep ro( mask :i* requires ! buttress1 b ! vault+ b5ea? x2 ! ro( mask be+ a m]e wood5 frame ti$ toge!r by cross timb]s1 & 9 small build+s (t5 put toge!r on ! gr\nd1 rais$ aft]w>ds1 & set on ! walls l a hat1 be>+ v]tically ^u !m2 & f>!r1 ,i believe 9 mo/ cases ! nor!rn vault+ requires its great array ( ext]nal buttress1 n s mu* f any peculi> boldness 9 its own =ms1 z f ! great] comp>ative ?9ness & height ( ! walls1 & m det]m9$ ?r[+ ( ! :ole weight ( ! ro( on p>ticul> po9ts4 ,n[ ! connexion ( ! int]ior frame-"w 7or true ro(7 ) ! buttress1 at su* po9ts1 is n visible to ! spectators f )\t2 b ! relation ( ! ro( mask to ! top ( ! wall :i* x protects1 or f :i* x spr+s1 is p]fectly visible2 & x is a po9t ( s great importance 9 ! effect ( ! build+1 t x w be well to make x a subject ( di/9ct consid]ation 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,app5dix #ag #ea ,i d n speak ( ! true dome1 because ,i h n /udi$ its con/ruction en\gh to "k at :at l>g5ess ( scale x beg9s to be r a t\r de =ce ?an a conv5i5t or natural =m ( ro(1 & because ! ord9>y spectator's *oice among its v>i\s outl9es mu/ always be dep5d5t on /hetic consid]ations only1 & c 9 no wise be gr\nd$ on any conception ( its inf9itely complicat$ /ructural pr9ciples4 #eb ,i %all n be ?\ght to h ov]rat$ ! effect ( =e/ sc5]y on ! nor!rn m9d2 b ,i 0 glad to he> a ,spani% g5tleman1 ! o!r day1 describ+1 toge!r ) 8 own1 ! regret :i* ! peasants 9 8 neighborhood _h te/ifi$ = ! loss ( a noble /one-p9e1 "o ( ! gr&e/ 9 ,spa91 :i* its proprietor _h suff]$ to be cut d[n = small ga94 ,he said t ! m]e spot :]e x _h gr[n 0 /ill popul>ly kn[n z ,el ,p9o4 #ec ,app5dix #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,ro( ,,cornice4 ,i4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,six? ,*apt] we paus$ 7 ,x47 at ! po9t :]e ! addition ( brackets to ! ord9>y wall cornice w\ld h conv]t$ x into a /ructure prop] = su/a9+ a ro(4 ,n[ ! wall cornice 0 treat$ ?r\gh\t our enquiry 7comp>e ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,v47 z ! capital ( ! wall1 & z =m+1 by its conc5tration1 ! capital ( ! %aft4 ,b we mu/ n reason back f ! capital to ! cornice1 & suppose t an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciples ( ! capital to ! :ole l5g? ( ! wall1 w s]ve = ! ro( cornice2 = all our conclusions respect+ ! capital 7 bas$ on ! supposition ( its be+ adapt$ to c>ry consid]able weight cond5s$ on its abacus3 b ! ro( cornice is1 9 mo/ cases1 requir$ r to project boldly ?an to c>ry weight2 & arrangem5ts are !re=e to be adopt$ = x :i* w secure ! projection ( l>ge surfaces )\t be+ calculat$ to resi/ extraord9>y pressure4 ,?is object is obta9$ by ! use ( brackets at int]vals1 :i* are ! peculi> di/9ction ( ! ro( cornice4 ,,ii4 ,ro( cornices are g5]ally to be divid$ into two great families3 ! fir/ & simple/1 ^? :i* are compos$ m]ely by ! projection ( ! edge ( ! ro( mask ov] ! wall1 su/a9$ by su* brackets or spurs z may be necess>y2 ! second1 ^? :i* provide a walk r\nd ! edge ( ! ro(1 & :i* require1 !re=e1 "s /rong] support1 z well z a consid]able mass ( build+ above or beside ! ro( mask1 & a p>apet4 ,^! two families we %all consid] 9 succession4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,! ,eav$ ,cornice4 ,we may give x ?is "n1 z repres5t$ 9 ! simple/ =m by cottage eaves4 ,x is us$1 h[ev]1 9 bold projection1 bo? 9 nor?1 & s\?1 & ea/2 its use be+1 9 ! nor?1 to ?r[ ! ra9 well away f ! wall ( ! build+2 9 ! s\? to give x %ade2 & x is ord9>ily con/ruct$ ( ! ends ( ! timb]s ( ! ro( mask 7) _! tiles or %+les cont9u$ to ! edge ( ! cornice71 & su/a9$ by spurs ( timb]4 ,?is is its mo/ picturesque & natural =m2 n inconsi/5t ) great spl5dor ( ar*itecture 9 ! m$ival ,italian dome/ic build+s1 sup]b 9 its mass ( ca/ %ad[1 & giv+ ri* effect to ! /reets ( ,swiss t[ns1 ev5 :5 !y h no o!r claim to int]e/4 ,a f>!r value is giv5 to x by its wat]sp\ts1 = 9 ord] to avoid load+ x ) weight ( wat] 9 ! gutt] at ! edge1 :]e x w\ld be a /ra9 on ! fa/5+s ( ! pipe1 x has sp\ts ( dis*>ge at int]vals ( ?ree or f\r feet1--r[s ( magnific5t lead5 or iron dragons' heads1 full ( delightful "*1 except to any p]son pass+ along ! middle ( ! /reet 9 a heavy %[]4 ,i h _h my %>e ( _! k9dness 9 my "t1 b owe !m no grudge2 on ! contr>y1 mu* gratitude = ! delight ( _! fanta/ic outl9e on ! calm blue sky1 :5 !y _h no "w to d b to op5 _! iron m\?s & pant 9 ! sun%9e4 ,,iv4 ,:51 h[ev]1 light is m valuable ?an %ad[1 or :5 ! ar*itecture ( ! wall is too fair to be conceal$1 x becomes necess>y to draw ! cornice into n>r[] limits2 a *ange ( consid]able importance1 9 t x p]mits ! gutt]1 in/ead ( be+ ( lead & hung to ! edge ( ! cornice1 to be ( /one1 & support$ by brackets 9 ! wall1 ^! brackets becom+ prop] recipi5ts ( aft] decoration 7& sometimes associat$ ) ! /one *annels ( dis*>ge1 call$ g>goyles1 :i* belong1 h[ev]1 m prop]ly to ! o!r family ( cornices74 ,! mo/ p]fect & beautiful example ( ?is k9d ( cornice is ! ,v5etian1 9 :i* ! ra9 f ! tiles is receiv$ 9 a /one gutt] support$ by small brackets1 delicately m\ld$1 & hav+ its out] l[] edge decorat$ ) ! ,engli% dogtoo? m\ld+1 ^: %>p zigzag m+les ri*ly ) ! curv$ edges ( ! til+4 ,i "k no cornice m beautiful 9 its extreme simplicity & s]viceabl5ess4 ,v4 ,! cornice ( ! ,greek ,doric is a condition ( ! same k9d1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are no brackets1 b useless app5dages hung to ! bottom ( ! gutt] 7giv+1 h[ev]1 "s impression ( support z se5 f a di/ance71 & decorat$ ) /one symbolisms ( ra9drops4 ,! brackets are n all[$1 because !y w\ld int]f]e ) ! sculpture1 :i* 9 ?is ar*itecture is put b5ea? ! cornice2 & ! ov]hang+ =m ( ! gutt] is no?+ m ?an a va/ drip/one m\ld+1 to keep ! ra9 f su* sculpture3 its decoration ( gutt1 se5 9 silv] po9ts aga9/ ! %ad[1 is pretty 9 feel+1 ) a k9d ( cont9ual refre%m5t & remembrance ( ra9 9 x2 b ! :ole arrangem5t is awkw>d & meagre1 & is only endurable :5 ! eye is quickly drawn away f x to sculpture4 ,,vi4 ,9 lat] cornices1 inv5t$ = ! ,greek ord]s1 & f>!r develop$ by ! ,romans1 ! bracket appe>s 9 true importance1 ?\gh ( b>b>\s & effem9ate outl9e3 & gorge\s decorations are appli$ to x1 & to ! v>i\s horizontal m\ld+s :i* x c>ries1 "s ( !m ( great beauty1 & ( ! highe/ value to ! m$ival ar*itects :o imitat$ !m4 ,b a s+ul>ly gross mi/ake 0 made 9 ! di/ribution ( decoration on ^! ri* cornices 7,i d n "k :5 fir/1 nor does x matt] to me or to ! read]71 namely1 ! *>g+ ) ornam5t ! "u surface ( ! cornice betwe5 ! brackets1 t is to say1 ! exact piece ( ! :ole edifice1 f top to bottom1 :]e ornam5t is lea/ visible4 ,i ne$ h>dly say mu* respect+ ! wisdom ( ?is proc$ure1 excusable only if ! :ole build+ 7 cov]$ ) ornam5t2 b x is curi\s to see ! way 9 :i* mod]n ar*itects h copi$ x1 ev5 :5 !y _h little en\gh ornam5t to sp>e4 ,= in/ance1 ,i suppose few p]sons look at ! ,a!num ,club-h\se )\t feel+ vex$ at ! meagr5ess & meanness ( ! w9d[s ( ! gr\nd floor3 if1 h[ev]1 !y look up "u ! cornice1 & h good eyes1 !y w p]ceive t ! ar*itect has res]v$ 8 decorations to put betwe5 ! brackets2 & by go+ up to ! fir/ floor1 & out on ! gall]y1 !y may succe$ 9 obta9+ "s glimpses ( ! designs ( ! said decorations4 ,,vii4 ,su* z !y are1 or 71 ^! cornices 7 soon consid]$ ess5tial p>ts ( ! ord] to :i* !y belong$2 & ! same wisdom :i* endeavor$ to fix ! proportions ( ! ord]s1 appo9t$ also t no ord] %\ld g )\t its cornice4 ,! read] has probably he>d ( ! ar*itectural division ( sup]/ructure into ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice2 p>ts :i* h be5 appo9t$ by great ar*itects to all _! "w1 9 ! same _s 9 :i* great rhetoricians h orda9$ t e spee* %all h an exordium1 & n>ration1 & p]oration4 ,! read] w d well to consid] t x may be sometimes j z possible to c>ry a ro(1 & get rid ( ra91 )\t su* an arrangem5t1 z x is to tell a pla9 fact )\t an exordium or p]oration2 b he mu/ v absolutely consid] t ! ar*itectural p]oration or cornice is /rictly & /]nly limit$ to ! end ( ! wall's spee*1--t is1 to ! edge ( ! ro(2 & t x has no?+ :atev] to d ) %afts nor ! ord]s ( !m4 ,& he w !n be able fully to enjoy ! f>!r ord9ance ( ! late ,roman & ,r5aissance ar*itects1 :o1 atta*+ x to ! %aft z if x 7 "p ( its %ad[1 & hav+ to employ _! %afts (t5 9 places :]e !y came n ne> ! ro(1 =?) cut ! ro(-cornice to pieces & atta*$ a bit ( x to e column2 !nce=w>d to be c>ri$ by ! unhappy %aft :]ev] x w5t1 9 addition to any o!r "w on :i* x might happ5 to be employ$4 ,i d n recollect among any liv+ be+s1 except ,r5aissance ar*itects1 any in/ance ( a p>allel or comp>able /upidity3 b "o c imag9e a savage gett+ hold ( a piece ( "o ( our iron wire ropes1 ) its r+s ^u x at int]vals to b9d x toge!r1 & pull+ ! wires asund] to apply !m to sep>ate purposes2 b imag9+ !re 0 magic 9 ! r+ t b\nd !m1 & s cutt+ t to pieces also1 & fa/5+ a little bit ( x to e wire4 ,,viii4 ,?us mu* may s]ve u to "k respect+ ! fir/ family ( wall cornices4 ,! second is immeasurably m important1 & includes ! cornices ( all ! be/ build+s 9 ! _w4 ,x has d]iv$ its be/ =m f m$ival milit>y ar*itecture1 :i* imp]atively requir$ two ?+s2 fir/1 a p>apet :i* %\ld p]mit sight & (f5ce1 & af=d def5ce at ! same "t2 & secondly1 a projection bold en\gh to enable ! def5d]s to rake ! bottom ( ! wall ) fall+ bodies2 projection :i*1 if ! wall happ5$ to slope inw>ds1 requir$ n to be small4 ,! ?or\ghly magnific5t =ms ( cornice ?us develop$ by necessity 9 milit>y build+s1 7 adopt$1 ) m or less ( boldness or di/9ctness1 9 dome/ic ar*itecture1 accord+ to ! temp] ( ! times & ! circum/ances ( ! individual--decisively 9 ! b>on's h\se1 imp]fectly 9 ! burgh]'s3 gradually !y f\nd _! way into ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 "u wise modifications 9 ! e>ly ca!drals1 ) inf9ite absurdity 9 ! imitations ( !m2 dim9i%+ 9 size z _! orig9al purpose sank into a decorative "o1 until we f9d battlem5ts1 two-&-a-qu>t] in*es squ>e1 decorat+ ! gates ( ! ,philan?ropic ,society4 ,,ix4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two di/9ct features 9 all cornices ( ?is k9d2 fir/1 ! bracket1 n[ become ( enorm\s importance & ( mo/ s]i\s practical s]vice2 ! second1 ! p>apet3 & ^! two features we %all consid] 9 succession1 & 9 s do+1 %all le>n all t is ne$ful = u to "k1 n only respect+ cornices1 b respect+ brackets 9 g5]al1 & balconies4 ,x4 #a4 ,! ,bracket4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( milit>y cornice1 ! brackets are compos$ ( two or m long /ones1 support+ ea* o!r 9 gradually increas+ projection1 ) r\ghly r\nd$ ends1 ,fig4 ,,xxxviii41 & ! p>apet is simply a l[ wall c>ri$ on ! ends ( ^!1 leav+1 ( c\rse1 beh9d1 or )9 x1 a hole betwe5 ea* bracket = ! conv5i5t dejection ( hot s& & lead4 ,?is =m is be/ se51 ,i ?9k1 9 ! old ,scot* ca/les2 x is v gr&1 b has a giddy look1 & "o is afraid ( ! :ole ?+ toppl+ (f ! wall4 ,! next /ep 0 to deep5 ! brackets1 s z to get !m propp$ aga9/ a great dep? ( ! ma9 ramp>t1 & to h ! inn] ends ( ! /ones held by a great] weight ( t ma9 wall above2 :ile small ar*es 7 ?r[n f bracket to bracket to c>ry ! p>apet wall m securely4 ,?is is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( cornice1 completely satisfy+ ! eye ( its security1 giv+ full protection to ! wall1 & applicable to all ar*itecture1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! brackets be+ fill$ up1 :5 "o does n want to ?r[ boil+ lead on any body bel[1 & ! projection be+ always delightful1 z giv+ great] comm& & view ( ! build+1 f its angles1 to ^? walk+ on ! ramp>t4 ,& z1 9 milit>y build+s1 !re 7 usually t[]s at ! angles 7r\nd :i* ! battlem5ts swept7 9 ord] to flank ! walls1 s (t5 9 ! translation into civil or ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 a small turret rema9$ at ! angle1 or a m bold projection ( balcony1 to give l>g] prospect to ^? ^u ! ramp>t4 ,?is cornice1 p]fect 9 all its p>ts1 z arrang$ = ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 & exquisitely decorat$1 is ! "o employ$ 9 ! duomo ( ,flor5ce & campanile ( ,giotto1 ( :i* ,i h already spok5 z1 ,i suppose1 ! mo/ p]fect ar*itecture 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,xi4 ,9 less important positions & on small] edifices1 ?is cornice dim9i%es 9 size1 :ile x reta9s its arrangem5t1 & at la/ we f9d no?+ b ! _s & =m ( x left2 ! real practical purpose hav+ ceas$1 & ar*1 brackets & all1 be+ cut out ( a s+le /one4 ,?us we f9d x us$ 9 e>ly build+s ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! nor? & s\? ( ,europe1 9 =ms suffici5tly repres5t$ by ! two examples 9 ,plate ,,iv43 #a1 f ,/4 ,antonio1 ,padua2 #b1 f ,s5s 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xxxix4 ,,xii4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 at pres5t to fix ! read]'s att5tion on ! =m ( ! bracket itself2 a mo/ important feature 9 mod]n z well z anci5t ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ idea ( a bracket is t ( a long /one or piece ( timb] project+ f ! wall1 z a1 ,fig4 ,,xxxix41 ( :i* ! /r5g? dep5ds on ! t\ghness ( ! /one or wood1 & ! /ability on ! weight ( wall above x 7unless x be ! end ( a ma9 beam74 ,b let x be suppos$ t ! /ructure at a1 be+ ( ! requir$ projection1 is f\nd too weak3 !n we may /r5g!n x 9 "o ( ?ree ways2 7#a7 by putt+ a second or ?ird /one b5ea? x1 z at b2 7#b7 by giv+ x a spur1 z at c2 7#c7 by giv+ x a %aft & ano!r bracket bel[1 d2 ! great use ( ?is arrangem5t be+ t ! l[]mo/ bracket has ! help ( ! weight ( ! %aft-l5g? ( wall above its ins]tion1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 great] ?an ! weight ( ! small %aft3 & !n ! l[] bracket may be f>!r help$ by ! /ructure at b or c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xl4 ,,xiii4 ,( ^! /ructures1 a & c are evid5tly adapt$ especially = wood5 build+s2 b & d = /one ones2 ! la/1 ( c\rse1 susceptible ( ! ri*e/ decoration1 & sup]bly employ$ 9 ! cornice ( ! ca!dral ( ,monza3 b all are beautiful 9 _! way1 & are ! means (1 ,i ?9k1 ne>ly half ! picturesqu5ess & p[] ( m$ival build+2 ! =ms b & c be+1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ frequ5t2 a1 :5 x occurs1 be+ usually r\nd$ (f1 z at a1 ,fig4 ,,xl42 b1 also1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,xxxviii41 or else itself compos$ ( a s+le /one cut into ! =m ( ! gr\p b "h1 ,fig4 ,,xl41 or pla91 z at c1 :i* is also ! prop] =m ( ! brick bracket1 :5 /one is n to be _h4 ,! read] w at once p]ceive t ! =m d is a b>b>ism 7unless :5 ! scale is small & ! weight to be c>ri$ exce$+ly light73 x is ( c\rse1 !re=e1 a favorite =m ) ! ,r5aissance ar*itects2 & its introduction is "o ( ! fir/ corruptions ( ! ,v5etian ar*itecture4 ,,xiv4 ,!re is "o po9t necess>y to be notic$1 ?\gh be>+ on decoration m ?an con/ruction1 be=e we leave ! subject ( ! bracket4 ,! :ole p[] ( ! con/ruction dep5ds ^u ! /ones be+ well let into ! wall2 & ! fir/ function ( ! decoration %\ld be to give ! idea ( ?is ins]tion1 if possible2 at all ev5ts1 n to contradict ?is idea4 ,if ! read] w glance at any ( ! brackets us$ 9 ! ord9>y ar*itecture ( ,london1 he w f9d !m ( "s su* "* z ,fig4 ,,xli42 n a bad =m 9 itself1 b exquisitely absurd 9 its curl+ l9es1 :i* give ! idea ( "s wri?+ susp5d$ t5dril1 in/ead ( a /iff support1 & by _! c>eful avoidance ( ! wall make ! bracket look p9n$ on1 & 9 con/ant dang] ( slid+ d[n4 ,?is is1 also1 a ,classical & ,r5aissance decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xli4 ,,xv4 #b4 ,! ,p>apet4 ,its =ms are fix$ 9 milit>y ar*itecture by ! necessities ( ! art ( w> at ! "t ( build+1 & are always beautiful :]ev] !y h be5 really ?us fix$2 delightful 9 ! v>iety ( _! sett+1 & 9 ! qua9t d>kness ( _! %ot-holes1 & fanta/ic *anges ( elevation & outl9e4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! swiftly disc]n$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! mascul9e irregul>ity ( su* true battlem5ts1 & ! =mal pitifulness ( ^? :i* are set on mod]n build+s to give !m a milit>y air1--z on ! jail at ,ed9burgh4 ,,xvi4 ,respect+ ! ,p>apet = m]e safegu>d ^u build+s n milit>y1 !re are j two fix$ laws4 ,x %\ld be pi]c$1 o!rwise x is n recognis$ f bel[ = a p>apet at all1 & x %\ld n be 9 ! =m ( a battlem5t1 especially 9 *ur* ar*itecture4 ,! mo/ com=table head+ ( a true p>apet is a pla9 level on :i* ! arm c be re/$1 & along :i* x c glide4 ,any jags or elevations are disagreeable2 ! latt]1 z int]rupt+ ! view & di/urb+ ! eye1 if !y are high] ?an ! arm1 ! =m]1 z op5+ "s aspect ( dang] if !y are mu* l[]2 & ! inconv5i5ce1 !re=e1 ( ! battlem5t$ =m1 z well z ! worse ?an absurdity1 ! bad feel+1 ( ! appliance ( a milit>y feature to a *ur*1 ought long ago to h det]m9$ its rejection4 ,/ill 7= ! "q ( its picturesque value is "h s closely connect$ ) t ( its practical use1 t x is va9 to endeavor to discuss x sep>ately7 !re is a c]ta9 agreeabl5ess 9 ! way 9 :i* ! jagg$ outl9e dovetails ! %ad[ ( ! slat$ or lead$ ro( into ! top ( ! wall1 :i* may make ! use ( ! battlem5t excusable :]e !re is a difficulty 9 manag+ "s unv>i$ l9e1 & :]e ! exp5se ( a pi]c$ p>apet _c be enc\nt]$3 b rememb] always1 t ! value ( ! battlem5t consi/s 9 its lett+ %ad[ into ! light ( ! wall1 or vice v]s1 :5 x comes aga9/ light sky1 lett+ ! light ( ! sky into ! %ade ( ! wall2 b t ! actual outl9e ( ! p>apet itself1 if ! eye be arre/$ ^u ?is1 in/ead ( ^u ! alt]nation ( %ad[1 is z ugly a succession ( l9e z c by any possibility be inv5t$4 ,!re=e1 ! battlem5t$ p>apet may only be us$ :]e ?is alt]nation ( %ade is c]ta9 to be %[n1 "u ne>ly all conditions ( effect2 & :]e ! l9es to be dealt ) are on a scale :i* may admit battlem5ts ( bold & manly size4 ,! idea t a battlem5t is an ornam5t any:]e1 & t a mis]able & dim9utive imitation ( ca/ellat$ outl9e w always s]ve to fill up blanks & ,go?icise unmanageable spaces1 is "o ( ! great idiocies ( ! pres5t day4 ,a battlem5t is 9 its orig9 a piece ( wall l>ge en\gh to cov] a man's body1 & h[ev] x may be decorat$1 or pi]c$1 or f9ess$ away into trac]ies1 z long z s mu* ( its outl9e is reta9$ z to sugge/ its orig91 s long its size mu/ rema9 undim9i%$4 ,to cr[n a turret six feet high ) *opp$ battlem5ts ?ree in*es wide1 is *ildr5's ,go?ic3 x is "o ( ! paltry falsehoods = :i* !re is no excuse1 & "p ( ! sy/em ( us+ models ( ar*itecture to decorate ar*itecture1 :i* we %all h]eaft] note z "o ( ! *ief & mo/ de/ructive follies ( ! ,r5aissance2#ed & 9 ! pres5t day ! practice may be class$ z "o :i* di/+ui%es ! ar*itects ( :om !re is no hope1 :o h nei!r eye nor head = _! "w1 & :o mu/ pass _! lives 9 va9 /ruggles aga9/ ! refractory l9es ( _! own build+s4 ,,xvii4 ,z ! only excuse = ! battlem5t$ p>apet is its alt]nation ( %ad[1 s ! only fault ( ! natural or level p>apet is its monotony ( l9e4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 almo/ always brok5 by ! p9nacles ( ! buttresses1 & if n1 may be v>i$ by ! trac]y ( its p5etrations4 ,! =ms ( ^! evid5tly admit e k9d ( *ange2 = a /one p>apet1 h[ev] pi]c$1 is sure to be /rong en\gh = its purpose ( protection1 &1 z reg>ds ! /r5g? ( ! build+ 9 g5]al1 ! light] x is ! bett]4 ,m fanta/ic =ms may1 !re=e1 be admitt$ 9 a p>apet ?an 9 any o!r ar*itectural feature1 & = mo/ s]vices1 ! ,flamboyant p>apets seem to me pref]able to all o!rs2 especially :5 ! lead5 ro(s set (f by po9ts ( d>kness ! lace-l intricacy ( p5etration4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 z well z ! =ms usually giv5 to ,r5aissance balu/rades 7( :i*1 by ! bye1 ! be/ piece ( criticism ,i "k is ! sket* 9 ,david ,copp]field ( ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! man :o /ole ,jip71 & ! o!r & f9] =ms inv5t$ by ,paul ,v]onese 9 8 ar*itectural backgr\nds1 toge!r ) ! pure column> balu/rade ( ,v5ice1 mu/ be consid]$ z altoge!r decorative features4 ,,xviii4 ,s also are1 ( c\rse1 ! jagg$ or cr[n-l f9i%+s ( walls employ$ :]e no real p>apet ( protection is desir$2 orig9at+ 9 ! def5ces ( outworks & s+le walls3 ^! are us$ mu* 9 ! ea/ on walls surr\nd+ unro($ c\rts4 ,! ri*e/ examples ( su* decoration are ,arabian2 & f ,cairo !y seem to h be5 br\ght to ,v5ice4 ,x is probable t few ( my read]s1 h[ev] famili> ! g5]al =m ( ! ,ducal ,palace may h be5 r5d]$ to !m by innum]able draw+s1 h any di/9ct idea ( its ro(1 ow+ to ! /ay+ ( ! eye on its sup]b p>apet1 ( :i* we %all give acc\nt h]eaft]4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,v5etian cases ! p>apets :i* surr\nd ro(+ are v suffici5t = protection1 except t ! /ones ( :i* !y are compos$ appe> loose & infirm3 b _! purpose is entirely decorative2 e wall1 :e!r deta*$ or ro($1 be+ indiscrim9ately fr+$ ) ,arabic =ms ( p>apet1 m or less ,go?icis$1 accord+ to ! lat5ess ( _! date4 ,i ?9k !re is no o!r po9t ( importance requir+ illu/ration respect+ ! ro( itself1 or its cornice3 b ?is ,v5etian =m ( ornam5tal p>apet connects itself curi\sly1 at ! angles ( ne>ly all ! build+s on :i* x occurs1 ) ! p9nacl$ sy/em ( ! nor?1 f\nd$ on ! /ructure ( ! buttress4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 is to be ! subject ( ! fif? division ( our inquiry4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,n ( ,r5aissance alone3 ! practice ( modell+ build+s on a m9ute scale = ni*es & tab]nacle-"w has always be5 m or less admitt$1 & ,i suppose au?ority = dim9utive battlem5ts might be ga!r$ f ! ,go?ic ( almo/ e p]iod1 z well z = _m o!r faults & mi/akes3 no ,go?ic s*ool hav+ ev] be5 ?or\ghly sy/ematis$ or p]fect$1 ev5 9 its be/ times4 ,b t a mi/ak5 decoration sometimes occurs among a cr[d ( noble ones1 is no m an excuse = ! habitual--f> less1 ! exclusive--use ( su* a decoration1 ?an ! accid5tal or seem+ miscon/ructions ( a ,greek *orus are an excuse = a s*ool boy's ungrammatical ex]cise4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,buttress4 ,i4 ,we h hi!rto suppos$ ourselves conc]n$ ) ! support ( v]tical pressure only2 & ! ar* & ro( h be5 consid]$ z =ms ( ab/ract /r5g?1 )\t ref]5ce to ! means by :i* _! lat]al pressure 0 to be resi/$4 ,few read]s w ne$ n[ to be rem9d$1 t e ar* or gable n ti$ at its base by beams or b>s1 ex]cises a lat]al pressure ^u ! walls :i* su/a9 x1--pressure :i* may1 inde$1 be met & su/a9$ by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! wall or v]tical pi]s1 & :i* is 9 reality ?us met 9 mo/ ,italian build+s1 b may1 ) less exp5diture ( mat]ial1 & ) 7p]haps7 m graceful effect1 be met by "s p>ticul> application ( ! provisions aga9/ lat]al pressure call$ ,buttresses4 ,^!1 !re=e1 we are next to exam9e4 ,,ii4 ,buttresses are ( _m k9ds1 accord+ to ! "* & direction ( ! lat]al =ces !y are int5d$ to resi/4 ,b _! fir/ broad division is into buttresses :i* meet & break ! =ce be=e x arrives at ! wall1 & buttresses :i* /& on ! lee side ( ! wall1 & prop x aga9/ ! =ce4 ,! lat]al =ces :i* walls h to su/a9 are ( ?ree di/9ct k9ds3 dead weight1 z ( masonry or /ill wat]2 mov+ weight1 z ( w9d or runn+ wat]2 & sudd5 concussion1 z ( e>?quakes1 explosions1 c4 ,cle>ly1 dead weight c only be resi/$ by ! buttress act+ z a prop2 = a buttress on ! side (1 or t[>ds ! weight1 w\ld only add to its effect4 ,?is1 !n1 =ms ! fir/ great class ( buttress$ ar*itecture2 lat]al ?ru/s1 ( ro(+ or ar*es1 be+ met by props ( masonry outside--! ?ru/ f )91 ! prop )\t2 or ! cru%+ =ce ( wat] on a %ip's side met by its cross timb]s--! ?ru/ "h f )\t ! wall1 ! prop )94 ,mov+ weight may1 ( c\rse1 be resi/$ by ! prop on ! lee side ( ! wall1 b is (t5 m effectually met1 on ! side :i* is attack$1 by buttresses ( peculi> =ms1 cunn+ buttresses1 :i* d n attempt to su/a9 ! weight1 b p>ry x1 & ?r[ x (f 9 directions cle> ( ! wall4 ,?irdly3 concussions & vibratory motion1 ?\gh 9 reality only support$ by ! prop buttress1 mu/ be provid$ = by buttresses on bo? sides ( ! wall1 z _! direction _c be =ese51 & is cont9ually *ang+4 ,we %all briefly glance at ^! ?ree sy/ems ( buttress+2 b ! two latt] be+ ( small importance to our pres5t purpose1 may z well be dismiss$ fir/4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,buttresses = gu>d aga9/ mov+ weight & set t[>ds ! weight !y resi/4 ,! mo/ famili> in/ance ( ?is k9d ( buttress we h 9 ! %>p pi]s ( a bridge1 9 ! c5tre ( a p[]ful /ream1 :i* divide ! curr5t on _! edges1 & ?r[ x to ea* side "u ! ar*es4 ,a %ip's b[ is a buttress ( ! same k9d1 & s also ! ridge ( a brea/plate1 bo? add+ to ! /r5g? ( x 9 resi/+ a cross bl[1 & giv+ a bett] *ance ( a bullet glanc+ aside4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 project+ buttresses ( ?is k9d are (t5 built r\nd *ur*es1 head+ up hill1 to divide & ?r[ (f ! avalan*es4 ,! v>i\s =ms giv5 to pi]s & h>bor quays1 & to ! bases ( light-h\ses1 9 ord] to meet ! =ce ( ! waves1 are all conditions ( ?is k9d ( buttress4 ,b 9 works ( ornam5tal ar*itecture su* buttresses are ( r>e occurr5ce2 & ,i m]ely "n !m 9 ord] to m>k _! place 9 our ar*itectural sy/em1 s9ce 9 ! inve/igation ( our pres5t subject we %all n meet ) a s+le example ( !m1 unless sometimes ! angle ( ! f\ndation ( a palace set aga9/ ! sweep ( ! tide1 or ! wood5 pi]s ( "s canal bridge quiv]+ 9 its curr5t4 ,,iv4 #b4 ,buttresses = gu>d aga9/ vibratory motion4 ,! :ole =mation ( ?is k9d ( buttress resolves itself into m]e expansion ( ! base ( ! wall1 s z to make x /& /eadi]1 z a man /&s ) 8 feet ap>t :5 he is likely to lose 8 balance4 ,?is approa* to a pyramidal =m is also ( great use z a gu>d aga9/ ! action ( artill]y2 t if a /one or ti] ( /ones be batt]$ out ( ! l[] portions ( ! wall1 ! :ole upp] "p may n topple ov] or crumble d[n at once4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is buttress1 sometimes appli$ to p>ticul> po9ts ( ! wall1 sometimes =m+ a great slop+ ramp>t along its base1 are frequ5t 9 build+s ( c\ntries expos$ to e>?quake4 ,!y give a peculi>ly heavy outl9e to mu* ( ! ar*itecture ( ! k+dom ( ,naples1 & !y are ( ! =m 9 :i* /r5g? & solidity are fir/ naturally s\ght1 9 ! slope ( ! ,egyptian wall4 ,! base ( ,guy's ,t[] at ,w>wick is a s+ul>ly bold example ( _! milit>y use2 & s1 9 g5]al1 ba/ion & ramp>t pr(iles1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! object ( /ability aga9/ a %ock is complicat$ ) t ( su/a9+ weight ( e>? 9 ! ramp>t beh9d4 ,v4 #c4 ,prop buttresses aga9/ dead weight4 ,?is is ! gr\p ) :i* we h pr9cipally to d2 & a buttress ( ?is k9d acts 9 two ways1 p>tly by its weight & p>tly by its /r5g?4 ,x acts by its weight :5 its mass is s great t ! weight x su/a9s _c /ir x1 b is lo/ ^u x1 buri$ 9 x1 & annihilat$3 nei!r ! %ape ( su* a buttress nor ! cohesion ( its mat]ials are ( mu* consequ5ce2 a heap ( /ones or s&bags1 laid up aga9/ ! wall1 w answ] z well z a built & cem5t$ mass4 ,b a buttress act+ by its /r5g? is n ( mass suffici5t to resi/ ! weight by m]e in]tia2 b x conveys ! weight ?r\gh its body to some?+ else :i* is s capable2 z1 = in/ance1 a man lean+ aga9/ a door ) 8 h&s1 & propp+ himself aga9/ ! gr\nd1 conveys ! =ce :i* w\ld op5 or close ! door aga9/ him ?r\gh 8 body to ! gr\nd4 ,a buttress act+ 9 ?is way mu/ be ( p]fectly coh]5t mat]ials1 & s /rong t ?\gh ! weight to be borne c\ld easily move x1 x _c break x3 ?is k9d ( buttress may be call$ a conduct+ buttress4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ! two modes ( action are always 9 "s sort unit$4 ,aga91 ! weight to be borne may ei!r act g5]ally on ! :ole wall surface1 or ) excessive en]gy on p>ticul> po9ts3 :5 x acts on ! :ole wall surface1 ! :ole wall is g5]ally support$2 & ! arrangem5t becomes a cont9u\s ramp>t1 z a dyke1 or bank ( res]voir4 ,,vi4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v seldom t lat]al =ce 9 ar*itecture is equally di/ribut$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! weight ( ! ro(1 or ! =ce ( any lat]al ?ru/1 are m or less conf9$ to c]ta9 po9ts & directions4 ,9 an e>ly /ate ( ar*itectural sci5ce ?is def9it5ess ( direction is n yet cle>1 & x is met by unc]ta9 application ( mass or /r5g? 9 ! buttress1 sometimes by m]e ?ick5+ ( ! wall into squ>e pi]s1 :i* are p>tly pi]s1 p>tly buttresses1 z 9 ,norman keeps & t[]s4 ,b z sci5ce advances1 ! weight to be borne is design$ly & decisively ?r[n ^u c]ta9 po9ts2 ! direction & degree ( ! =ces :i* are !n receiv$ are exactly calculat$1 & met by conduct+ buttresses ( ! smalle/ possible dim5sions2 !mselves1 9 _! turn1 support$ by v]tical buttresses act+ by weight1 & ^! p]haps1 9 _! turn1 by ano!r set ( conduct+ buttresses3 s t1 9 ! be/ examples ( su* arrangem5ts1 ! weight to be borne may be consid]$ z ! %ock ( an electric fluid1 :i*1 by a hundr$ diff]5t rods & *annels1 is divid$ & c>ri$ away into ! gr\nd4 ,,vii4 ,9 ord] to give great] weight to ! v]tical buttress pi]s :i* su/a9 ! conduct+ buttresses1 !y are load$ ) p9nacles1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are1 ,i believe1 9 all ! build+s 9 :i* !y become v prom95t1 m]ely decorative3 !y are ( "s use1 inde$1 by _! weight2 b if ?is 7 all = :i* !y 7 put !re1 a few cubic feet ( lead w\ld mu* m securely answ] ! purpose1 )\t any dang] f exposure to w9d4 ,if ! read] likes to ask any ,go?ic ar*itect ) :om he may happ5 to be acqua9t$1 to sub/itute a lump ( lead = 8 p9nacles1 he w see by ! expression ( 8 face h[ f> he consid]s ! p9nacles decorative memb]s4 ,9 ! "w :i* seems to me ! great type ( simple & mascul9e buttress /ructure1 ! apse ( ,beauvais1 ! p9nacles are altoge!r insignificant1 & are evid5tly add$ j z exclusively to ent]ta9 ! eye & light5 ! aspect ( ! buttress1 z ! slight %afts :i* are set on its angles2 :ile 9 o!r v noble ,go?ic build+s ! p9nacles are introduc$ z ni*es = /atues1 )\t any ref]5ce to con/ruction at all3 & sometimes ev51 z 9 ! tomb ( ,c ,signoria at ,v]ona1 on small pi]s deta*$ f ! ma9 build+4 ,,viii4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ! developm5t ( ! p9nacle is m]ely a "p ( ! g5]al erectness & picturesqu5ess ( nor!rn "w above allud$ to3 & t1 if !re _h be5 no o!r place = ! p9nacles1 ! ,go?ic build]s w\ld h put !m on ! tops ( _! ar*es 7!y (t5 did on ! tops ( gables & p$im5ts71 r ?an n h _h !m2 b ! natural position ( ! p9nacle is1 ( c\rse1 :]e x adds to1 r ?an dim9i%es1 ! /ability ( ! build+2 t is to say1 on its ma9 wall pi]s & ! v]tical pi]s at ! buttresses4 ,& ?us ! edifice is surr\nd$ at la/ by a complete company ( deta*$ pi]s & p9nacles1 ea* su/a9+ an incl9$ prop aga9/ ! c5tral wall1 & look+ some?+ l a b& ( giants hold+ x up ) ! butts ( _! lances4 ,?is arrangem5t w\ld imply ! loss ( an enorm\s space ( gr\nd1 b ! int]vals ( ! buttresses are usually wall$ 9 bel[1 & =m m9or *apels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlii4 ,,ix4 ,! sci5ce ( ?is arrangem5t has made x ! subject ( mu* en?usia/ic declamation among ! ,go?ic ar*itects1 almo/ z unreasonable1 9 "s respects1 z ! declamation ( ! ,r5aissance ar*itects respect+ ,greek /ructure4 ,! fact is1 t ! :ole nor!rn buttress sy/em is bas$ on ! gr& requirem5t ( tall w9d[s & va/ masses ( light at ! end ( ! apse4 ,9 ord] to ga9 ?is quantity ( light1 ! pi]s betwe5 ! w9d[s are dim9i%$ 9 ?ickness until !y are f> too weak to be> ! ro(1 & !n su/a9$ by ext]nal buttresses4 ,9 ! ,italian me?od ! light is r dread$ ?an desir$1 & ! wall is made wide en\gh betwe5 ! w9d[s to be> ! ro(1 & s left4 ,9 fact1 ! simple/ expression ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! sy/ems is1 t a nor!rn apse is a s\!rn "o ) its int]-f5e/rial pi]s set edgeways4 ,?us1 a1 ,fig4 ,,xlii41 is ! g5]al idea ( ! s\!rn apse2 take x to pieces1 & set all its pi]s edgeways1 z at b1 & y h ! nor!rn "o4 ,y ga9 mu* light = ! int]ior1 b y cut ! ext]ior to pieces1 & in/ead ( a bold r\nd$ or polygonal surface1 ready = any k9d ( decoration1 y h a s]ies ( d>k & damp cells1 :i* no device t ,i h yet se5 has succe$$ 9 decorat+ 9 a p]fectly satisfactory mann]4 ,if ! sy/em be f>!r c>ri$1 & a second or ?ird ord] ( buttresses be add$1 ! real fact is t we h a build+ /&+ on two or ?ree r[s ( conc5tric pi]s1 ) ! ro( (f ! :ole ( x except ! c5tral circle1 & only ribs left1 to c>ry ! weight ( ! bit ( rema9+ ro( 9 ! middle2 & aft] ! eye has be5 accu/om$ to ! bold & simple r\nd+ ( ! ,italian apse1 ! skeleton "* ( ! disposition is pa9fully felt4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s mon?s 9 ,v5ice1 ,i ?\ght ,b\rges ,ca!dral look$ exactly l a half-built %ip on its %ores4 ,x is useless1 h[ev]1 to dispute respect+ ! m]its ( ! two sy/ems3 bo? are noble 9 _! place2 ! ,nor!rn decid$ly ! mo/ sci5tific1 or at lea/ involv+ ! greate/ display ( sci5ce1 ! ,italian ! calme/ & pure/1 ?is hav+ 9 x ! sublimity ( a calm heav5 or a w9dless noon1 ! o!r t ( a m\nta9 flank torm5t$ by ! nor? w9d1 & )]+ into grisly furr[s ( alt]nate *asm & crag4 ,x4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ ! read] und]/& ! v]itable action ( ! buttress1 he w h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ its fitte/ =m4 ,he has to deal ) two di/9ct k9ds2 "o1 a n>r[ v]tical pi]1 act+ pr9cipally by its weight1 & cr[n$ by a p9nacle2 ! o!r1 commonly call$ a ,fly+ buttress1 a cross b> set f su* a pi] 7:5 deta*$ f ! build+7 aga9/ ! ma9 wall4 ,?is latt]1 !n1 is to be consid]$ z a m]e prop or %ore1 & its use by ! ,go?ic ar*itects might be illu/rat$ by ! supposition t we 7 to build all our h\ses ) walls too ?9 to /& )\t wood5 props outside1 & !n to sub/itute /one props = wood5 ones4 ,i h "s d\bts ( ! real dignity ( su* a proce$+1 b at all ev5ts ! m]it ( ! =m ( ! fly+ buttress dep5ds on its fai?fully & visibly p]=m+ ?is some:at humble (fice2 x is1 !re=e1 9 its purity1 a m]e slop+ b> ( /one1 ) an ar* b5ea? x to c>ry its weight1 t is to say1 to prev5t ! action ( gravity f 9 any wise deflect+ x1 or caus+ x to break d[nw>ds "u ! lat]al ?ru/2 x is ?us =m$ q simple 9 ,notre ,dame ( ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,beauvais1 :ile at ,cologne ! slop+ b>s are pi]c$ ) quatrefoils1 & at ,ami5s ) trac]i$ ar*es4 ,bo? seem to me effem9ate & false 9 pr9ciple2 n1 ( c\rse1 t !re is any occasion to make ! fly+ buttress heavy1 if a light "o w answ] ! purpose2 b x seems z if "s security 7 sacrific$ to ornam5t4 ,at ,ami5s ! arrangem5t is n[ se5 to great disadvantage1 = ! e>ly trac]ies h be5 replac$ by base flamboyant ones1 utt]ly weak & despicable4 ,( ! degradations ( ! orig9al =m :i* took place 9 aft] times1 ,i h spok5 at p4 #ce ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,,xi4 ,! =m ( ! common buttress mu/ be famili> to ! eye ( e read]1 slop+ if l[1 & ?r[n into successive /eps if !y are to be c>ri$ to any consid]able height4 ,!re is mu* dignity 9 !m :5 !y are ( ess5tial s]vice2 b ev5 9 _! be/ examples1 _! awkw>d angles are among ! lea/ manageable features ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 & ! :ole organisation ( its sy/em 0 de/roy$ by _! unnecess>y & lavi% application on a dim9i%$ scale2 until ! buttress became actually confus$ ) ! %aft1 & we f9d /rangely cry/allis$ masses ( dim9utive buttress appli$1 = m]ely v]tical support1 9 ! nor!rn tab]nacle "w2 :ile 9 "s rec5t copies ( x ! pr9ciple has be5 s f> di/ort$ t ! t9y buttress+s look z if !y c>ri$ ! sup]/ructure on ! po9ts ( _! p9nacles1 z 9 ! ,cranm] memorial at ,ox=d4 ,inde$1 9 mo/ mod]n ,go?ic1 ! ar*itects evid5tly consid] buttresses z conv5i5t breaks ( blank surface1 & g5]al apologies = deadness ( wall4 ,!y /& 9 ! place ( ideas1 & ,i ?9k are suppos$ also to h some?+ ( ! odor ( sanctity ab\t !m2 o!rwise1 "o h>dly sees :y a w>eh\se sev5ty feet high %\ld h no?+ ( ! k9d1 & a *apel1 :i* "o c j get into ) "o's hat (f1 %\ld h a bun* ( !m at e corn]2 & worse ?an ?is1 !y are ev5 ?\ght ornam5tal :5 !y c be ( no possible use2 & ^! /upid p5?\se outl9es are =c$ ^u ! eye 9 e species ( decoration3 9 ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,*apel1 ,we/ ,/reet1 !re are actually a c\ple ( buttresses at ! end ( e pew4 ,,xii4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! unwise repetitions ( x1 to contemplate ! buttress )\t "s degree ( prejudice2 & ,i look ^u x z "o ( ! mo/ ju/ifiable causes ( ! un=tunate av]sion ) :i* _m ( our be/ ar*itects reg>d ! :ole ,go?ic s*ool4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 always be reg>d$ ) respect :5 its =m is simple & its s]vice cle>2 b no treason to ,go?ic c be great] ?an ! use ( x 9 indol5ce or vanity1 to enhance ! intricacies ( /ructure1 or occupy ! vacuities ( design4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,=m ,,( ,,ap]ture4 ,i4 ,we h n[1 9 ord]1 exam9$ ! means ( rais+ walls & su/a9+ ro(s1 & we h f9ally to consid] ! /ructure ( ! necess>y ap]tures 9 ! wall veil1 ! door & w9d[2 respect+ :i* !re are ?ree ma9 po9ts to be consid]$4 #a4 ,! =m ( ! ap]ture1 i4e41 its outl9e1 its size1 & ! =ms ( its sides4 #b4 ,! fill+ ( ! ap]ture1 i4e41 valves & glass1 & _! hold+s4 #c4 ,! protection ( ! ap]ture1 & its appliances1 i4e41 canopies1 por*es1 & balconies4 ,we %all exam9e ^! 9 succession4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! =m ( ! ap]ture3 & fir/ ( doors4 ,we w1 = ! pres5t1 leave out ( ! "q doors & gates 9 unro($ walls1 ! =ms ( ^! be+ v arbitr>y1 & conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( doors ( entrance into ro($ build+s4 ,su* doors w1 = ! mo/ "p1 be at1 or ne>1 ! base ( ! build+2 except :5 rais$ = purposes ( def5ce1 z 9 ! old ,scot* bord] t[]s1 & our own ,m>tello t[]s1 or1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 to p]mit access 9 deep sn[1 or :5 /airs are c>ri$ up outside ! h\se = conv5i5ce or magnific5ce4 ,b 9 mo/ cases1 :e!r high or l[1 a door may be assum$ to be consid]ably l[] ?an ! ap>tm5ts or build+s into :i* x gives admission1 & !re=e to h "s height ( wall above x1 ^: weight mu/ be c>ri$ by ! head+ ( ! door4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! be/ head+ mu/ be an ar*1 because ! /ronge/1 & t a squ>e-head$ door mu/ be wrong1 unless "u ,mont-,c5isian masonry2 or else1 unless ! top ( ! door be ! ro( ( ! build+1 z 9 l[ cottages4 ,& a squ>e-head$ door is j s mu* m wrong & ugly ?an a connexion ( ma9 %afts by l9tels1 z ! weight ( wall above ! door is likely to be great] ?an t above ! ma9 %afts4 ,?us1 :ile ,i admit ! ,greek g5]al =ms ( temple to be admirable 9 _! k9d1 ,i ?9k ! ,greek door always (f5sive & unmanageable4 ,,iii4 ,we h x also det]m9$ by necessity1 t ! ap]tures %all be at lea/ above a man's height1 ) p]p5dicul> sides 7= slop+ sides are evid5tly unnecess>y1 & ev5 inconv5i5t1 !re=e absurd7 & level ?re%old2 & ?is ap]ture we at pres5t suppose simply cut ?r\gh ! wall )\t any bevell+ ( ! jambs4 ,su* a door1 wide en\gh = two p]sons to pass ea* o!r easily1 & ) su* fill+s or valves z we may h]eaft] f9d exp$i5t1 may be fit en\gh = any build+ into :i* entrance is requir$ nei!r (t51 nor by _m p]sons at a "t4 ,b :5 entrance & egress are con/ant1 or requir$ by cr[ds1 c]ta9 fur!r modifications mu/ take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xliii4 ,,iv4 ,:5 entrance & egress are con/ant1 x may be suppos$ t ! valves w be abs5t or unfa/5$1--t p w be pass+ m quickly ?an :5 ! entrance & egress are unfrequ5t1 & t ! squ>e angles ( ! wall w be inconv5i5t to su* quick pass]s ?r\gh4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :at w\ld be done 9 "t1 = !mselves1 by ! pass+ multitude1 %\ld be done = !m at once by ! ar*itect2 & t ^! angles1 :i* w\ld be worn away by friction1 %\ld at once be bevell$ (f1 or1 z x is call$1 splay$1 & ! mo/ contract$ "p ( ! ap]ture made z %ort z possible1 s t ! plan ( ! entrance %\ld become z at a1 ,fig4 ,,xliii4 ,v4 ,f>!r4 ,z p]sons on ! outside may (t5 approa* ! door or dep>t f x1 beside ! build+1 s z to turn aside z !y ent] or leave ! door1 & !re=e t\* its jamb1 b1 on ! inside1 w 9 almo/ e case approa* ! door1 or dep>t f x 9 ! direct l9e ( ! entrance 7p g5]ally walk+ =w>d :5 !y ent] a hall1 c\rt1 or *amb] ( any k9d1 & be+ =c$ to d s :5 !y ent] a passage71 x is evid5t t ! bevell+ may be v slight on ! inside1 b %\ld be l>ge on ! outside1 s t ! plan ( ! ap]ture %\ld become z at b1 ,fig4 ,,xliii4 ,f>!r1 z ! bevell$ wall _c conv5i5tly c>ry an unbevell$ ar*1 ! door ar* mu/ be bevell$ also1 & ! ap]ture1 se5 f ! outside1 w h some:at ! aspect ( a small cav]n dim9i%+ t[>ds ! int]ior4 ,,vi4 ,if1 h[ev]1 beside frequ5t entrance1 entrance is requir$ = multitudes at ! same "t1 ! size ( ! ap]ture ei!r mu/ be increas$1 or o!r ap]tures mu/ be introduc$4 ,x may1 9 "s build+s1 be optional ) ! ar*itect :e!r he %all give _m small doors1 or few l>ge ones2 & 9 "s1 z !atres1 amphi!atres1 & o!r places :]e ! cr[d are apt to be impati5t1 _m doors are by f> ! be/ arrangem5t ( ! two4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! purposes ( ! build+1 z :5 x is to be ent]$ by processions1 or :]e ! cr[d mo/ usually ent] 9 "o direction1 require ! l>ge s+le entrance2 & 7= "h aga9 ! /hetic & /ructural laws _c be sep>at$7 ! expression & h>mony ( ! build+ require1 9 ne>ly e case1 an entrance ( l>g5ess proportion$ to ! multitude :i* is to meet )94 ,no?+ is m unseemly ?an t a great multitude %\ld f9d its way out & 91 z ants & wasps d1 ?r\gh holes2 & no?+ m undignifi$ ?an ! paltry doors ( _m ( our ,engli% ca!drals1 :i* look z if !y 7 made1 n = ! op5 egress1 b = ! surreptiti\s dra9age ( a /agnant congregation4 ,besides1 ! expression ( ! *ur* door %\ld lead u1 z f> z possible1 to desire at lea/ ! we/]n entrance to be s+le1 p>tly because no man ( "r feel+ w\ld will+ly lose ! idea ( unity & fell[%ip 9 go+ up to wor%ip1 :i* is sugge/$ by ! va/ s+le entrance2 p>tly because x is at ! entrance t ! mo/ s]i\s words ( ! build+ are always address$1 by its sculptures or inscriptions1 to ! wor%ipp]2 & x is well1 t ^! words %\ld be spok5 to all at once1 z by "o great voice1 n brok5 up into weak repetitions ov] m9or doors4 ,9 practice ! matt] has be51 ,i suppose1 regulat$ almo/ altoge!r by conv5i5ce1 ! we/]n doors be+ s+le 9 small *ur*es1 :ile 9 ! l>g] ! entrances become ?ree or five1 ! c5tral door rema9+ always pr9cipal1 9 consequ5ce ( ! f9e s5se ( composition :i* ! m$ival build]s nev] lo/4 ,^! arrangem5ts h =m$ ! noble/ build+s 9 ! _w4 ,yet x is wor? obs]v+#ee h[ p]fect 9 its simplicity ! s+le entrance may become1 :5 x is treat$ z 9 ! ,duomo & ,/4 ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 & o!r su* e>ly ,lomb>d *ur*es1 hav+ noble por*es1 & ri* sculptures gr\p$ ar\nd ! entrance4 ,,vii4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ! entrances be s+le1 triple1 or manifold1 x is a con/ant law t "o %all be pr9cipal1 & all %all be ( size 9 "s degree proportion$ to t ( ! build+4 ,& ?is size is1 ( c\rse1 *iefly to be express$ 9 wid?1 t be+ ! only useful dim5sion 9 a door 7except = pageantry1 *air+ ( bi%ops & wav+ ( bann]s1 & o!r su* vanities1 n1 ,i hope1 aft] ?is c5tury1 mu* to be reg>d$ 9 ! build+ ( ,*ri/ian temples72 b ?\gh ! wid? is ! only necess>y dim5sion1 x is well to increase ! height also 9 "s proportion to x1 9 ord] t !re may be less weight ( wall above1 re/+ on ! increas$ span ( ! ar*4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 s mu* ! necess>y result ( ! broad curve ( ! ar* itself1 t !re is no /ructural necessity ( elevat+ ! jamb2 & ,i believe t beautiful entrances might be made ( e span ( ar*1 reta9+ ! jamb at a little m ?an a man's height1 until ! sweep ( ! curves became s va/ t ! small v]tical l9e became a "p ( !m1 & "o ent]$ into ! temple z "u a great ra9b[4 ,,viii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! jamb may be elevat$ indef9itely1 s t ! increas+ entrance reta9s at lea/ ! proportion ( wid? x _h orig9ally2 say #d ft4 by #g ft4 #e 94 ,b a less proportion ( wid? ?an ?is has always a meagre1 inhospitable1 & unga9ly look except 9 milit>y ar*itecture1 :]e ! n>r[ness ( ! entrance is necess>y1 & its height adds to its gr&eur1 z betwe5 ! entrance t[]s ( our ,briti% ca/les4 ,?is law h[ev]1 obs]ve1 applies only to true doors1 n to ! ar*es ( por*es1 :i* may be ( any proportion1 z ( any numb]1 be+ 9 fact int]columniations1 n doors2 z 9 ! noble example ( ! we/ front ( ,pet]bor\gh1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! de/ructive absurdity ( its c5tral ar* be+ ! n>r[e/1 w\ld /ill1 if ! paltry port]'s lodge1 or gateh\se1 or turnpike1 or :atev] x is1 7 knock$ out ( ! middle ( x1 be ! noble/ we/ front 9 ,engl&4 ,,ix4 ,fur!r1 & f9ally4 ,9 proportion to ! height & size ( ! build+1 & !re=e to ! size ( its doors1 w be ! ?ickness ( its walls1 especially at ! f\ndation1 t is to say1 beside ! doors2 & also 9 proportion to ! numb]s ( a cr[d w be ! unrul9ess & pressure ( x4 ,h5ce1 p>tly 9 necessity & p>tly 9 prud5ce1 ! splay+ or *amf]+ ( ! jamb ( ! l>g] door w be deep5$1 &1 if possible1 made at a l>g] angle = ! l>ge door ?an = ! small "o2 s t ! l>ge door w always be encompass$ by a visible bread? ( jamb proportion$ to its own magnitude4 ,! decorative value ( ?is feature we %all see h]eaft]4 ,x4 ,! second k9d ( ap]tures we h to exam9e are ^? ( w9d[s4 ,w9d[ ap]tures are ma9ly ( two k9ds2 ^? = outlook1 & ^? = inlet ( light1 _m be+ = bo? purposes1 & ei!r purpose1 or bo?1 comb9$ 9 milit>y ar*itecture ) ^? ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,b all w9d[ ap]tures1 z comp>$ ) door ap]tures1 h almo/ inf9ite lic5ce ( =m & size3 !y may be ( any %ape1 f ! slit or cross slit to ! circle2#ef ( any size1 f ! loophole ( ! ca/le to ! pill>s ( light ( ! ca!dral apse4 ,yet1 accord+ to _! place & purpose1 "o or two laws ( fitness hold respect+ !m1 :i* let u exam9e 9 ! two classes ( w9d[s successively1 b )\t ref]5ce to milit>y ar*itecture1 :i* "h1 z be=e1 we may dismiss z a subject ( sep>ate sci5ce1 only notic+ t w9d[s1 l all o!r features1 are always delightful1 if n beautiful1 :5 _! position & %ape h inde$ be5 ?us necess>ily det]m9$1 & t _m ( _! mo/ picturesque =ms h result$ f ! requirem5ts ( w>4 ,we %\ld also f9d 9 milit>y ar*itecture ! typical =ms ( ! two classes ( outlet & inlet w9d[s 9 _! utmo/ developm5t2 ! greate/ sweep ( sight & range ( %ot on ! "o h&1 & ! fulle/ entry ( light & air on ! o!r1 be+ con/antly requir$ at ! smalle/ possible ap]tures4 ,our bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is to reason out ! laws = ourselves1 n to take ! examples z we f9d !m4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,outlook ap]tures4 ,= ^! no g5]al outl9e is det]m9able by ! necessities or inconv5i5ces ( outlook+1 except only t ! bottom or sill ( ! w9d[s1 at :atev] height1 %\ld be horizontal1 = ! conv5i5ce ( lean+ on x1 or /&+ on x if ! w9d[ be to ! gr\nd4 ,! =m ( ! upp] "p ( ! w9d[ is q immat]ial1 = all w9d[s all[ a great] range ( sight :5 !y are approa*$ ?an t ( ! eye itself3 x is ! approa*ability ( ! w9d[1 t is to say1 ! annihilation ( ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 :i* is ! real po9t to be att5d$ to4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ap]ture be inaccessible1 or s small t ! ?ickness ( ! wall _c be ent]$1 ! wall is to be bevell$#eg on ! outside1 s z to increase ! range ( sight z f> z possible2 if ! ap]ture c be ent]$1 !n bevell$ f ! po9t to :i* entrance is possible4 ,! bevell+ w1 if possible1 be 9 e direction1 t is to say1 upw>ds at ! top1 outw>ds at ! sides1 & d[nw>ds at ! bottom1 b ess5tially d[nw>ds2 ! e>? & ! do+s ^u x be+ ! *ief object 9 outlook w9d[s1 except ( obs]vatories2 & :]e ! object is a di/9ct & special view d[nw>ds1 x w be ( advantage to %elt] ! eye z f> z possible f ! rays ( light com+ f above1 & ! head ( ! w9d[ may be left horizontal1 or ev5 ! :ole ap]ture slop$ outw>ds1 z ! slit 9 a lett]-box is inw>ds4 ,! be/ w9d[s = outlook are1 ( c\rse1 oriels & b[ w9d[s1 b ^! are n to be consid]$ "u ! head ( ap]tures m]ely2 !y are ei!r balconies ro($ & glaz$1 & to be consid]$ "u ! head ( ext]nal appliances1 or !y are ea* a /ory ( an ext]nal semi-t[]1 hav+ true ap]ture w9d[s on ea* side ( x4 ,,xii4 #b4 ,inlet w9d[s4 ,^! w9d[s may1 ( c\rse1 be ( any %ape & size :atev]1 accord+ to ! o!r necessities ( ! build+1 & ! quantity & direction ( light desir$1 _! purpose be+ n[ to ?r[ x 9 /reams on p>ticul> l9es or spots2 n[ to diffuse x ev]y:]e2 sometimes to introduce x 9 broad masses1 temp]$ 9 /r5g?1 z 9 ! ca!dral color$ w9d[2 sometimes 9 />ry %[]s ( scatt]$ brilliancy1 l ! ap]tures 9 ! ro( ( an ,arabian ba?2 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all =ms be+ ! rose1 :i* has 9 x ! unity ( bo? *>act]s1 & sympa?y ) t ( ! s\rce ( light itself4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t :ile bo? ! circle & po9t$ oval are beautiful w9d[ =ms1 x w\ld be v pa9ful to cut ei!r ( !m 9 half & connect !m by v]tical l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,xliv4 ,! reason is1 ,i believe1 t s treat$1 ! upp] ar* is n consid]$ z connect$ ) ! l[]1 & =m+ an entire figure1 b z ! ord9>y ar* ro( ( ! ap]ture1 & ! l[] ar* z an ar* floor1 equally unnecess>y & unnatural4 ,also1 ! elliptical oval is g5]ally an unsatisfactory =m1 because x gives ! idea ( useless tr\ble 9 build+ x1 ?\gh x occurs qua9tly & pleasantly 9 ! =m] w9d[s ( ,france3 ,i believe x is also objectionable because x has an indet]m9ate1 slipp]y look1 l t ( a bubble ris+ ?r\gh a fluid4 ,x1 & all elongat$ =ms1 are /ill m objectionable plac$ horizontally1 because ?is is ! weake/ position !y c /ructurally h2 t is to say1 less light is admitt$1 ) great] loss ( /r5g? to ! build+1 ?an by any o!r =m4 ,if admissible any:]e1 x is = ! sake ( v>iety at ! top ( ! build+1 z ! flat p>allelogram sometimes n ungracefully 9 ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xliv4 ,,xiii4 ,! "q ( bevell+ becomes a little m complicat$ 9 ! inlet ?an ! outlook w9d[1 because ! mass or quantity ( light admitt$ is (t5 ( m consequ5ce ?an its direction1 & (t5 vice v]s2 & ! outlook w9d[ is suppos$ to be approa*able1 :i* is f> f be+ always ! case ) w9d[s = light1 s t ! bevell+ :i* 9 ! outlook w9d[ is *iefly to op5 range ( sight1 is 9 ! inlet a means n only ( admitt+ ! light 9 great] quantity1 b ( direct+ x to ! spot on :i* x is to fall4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ! bevell+ ( ! "o w9d[ w rev]se t ( ! o!r2 =1 fir/1 no natural light w /rike on ! inlet w9d[ f b5ea?1 unless reflect$ light1 :i* is 7,i believe7 injuri\s to ! heal? & ! sight2 & ?us1 :ile 9 ! outlook w9d[ ! outside bevel d[nw>ds is ess5tial1 9 ! inlet x w\ld be useless3 & ! sill is to be flat1 if ! w9d[ be on a level ) ! spot x is to light2 & slop$ d[nw>ds )91 if above x4 ,aga91 z ! brighte/ rays ( light are ! /eepe/1 ! outside bevel upw>ds is z ess5tial 9 ! ro( ( ! inlet z x 0 ( small importance 9 t ( ! outlook w9d[4 ,,xiv4 ,on ! horizontal section ! ap]ture w exp& int]nally1 a some:at l>g] numb] ( rays be+ ?us reflect$ f ! jambs2 & ! ap]ture be+ ?us ! smalle/ possible outside1 ?is is ! favorite milit>y =m ( inlet w9d[1 always f\nd 9 magnific5t developm5t 9 ! ?ick walls ( m$ival ca/les & conv5ts4 ,its effect is tranquil1 b *e]less & dungeon-l 9 its fulle/ developm5t1 ow+ to ! limitation ( ! range ( sight 9 ! outlook1 :i*1 if ! w9d[ be unapproa*able1 r$uces x to a m]e po9t ( light4 ,a modifi$ condition ( x1 ) "s comb9ation ( ! outlook =m1 is probably ! be/ = dome/ic build+s 9 g5]al 7:i*1 h[ev]1 9 mod]n ar*itecture1 are unhappily s ?9 wall$1 t ! outl9e ( ! jambs becomes a matt] almo/ ( indiff]5ce71 x be+ g5]ally noticeable t ! dep? ( recess :i* ,i h obs]v$ to be ess5tial to nobility ( ext]nal effect has also a c]ta9 dignity ( expression1 z appe>+ to be int5d$ r to admit light to p]sons quietly occupi$ 9 _! homes1 ?an to /imulate or favor ! curiosity ( idl5ess4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,& wor? que/ion+1 also1 :e!r ! triple por* has n be5 associat$ ) ,romani/ views ( m$iator%ip2 ! ,r$eem] be+ repres5t$ z presid+ ov] ! c5tral door only1 & ! lat]al entrances be+ "u ! protection ( sa9ts1 :ile ! ,madonna almo/ always has "o or bo? ( ! transepts4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to press ?is1 =1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! ar*itect has be5 m]ely influ5c$ 9 8 plac+ ( ! /atues by an arti/'s desire ( v>iety 9 _! =ms & dress2 & v naturally pref]s putt+ a canonisation ov] "o door1 a m>tyrdom ov] ano!r1 & an assumption ov] a ?ird1 to repeat+ a crucifixion or a judgm5t above all4 ,! ar*itect's doctr9e is only1 !re=e1 to be not$ ) indisputable reprobation :5 ! ,madonna gets possession ( ! ma9 door4 #ef ,! ar* head+ is inde$ ! be/ :]e !re is mu* incumb5t weight1 b a w9d[ frequ5tly has v little weight above x1 especially :5 plac$ high1 & ! ar*$ =m loses light 9 a l[ room3 !re=e ! squ>e-head$ w9d[ is admissible :]e ! squ>e-head$ door is n4 #eg ,i d n l ! s\nd ( ! ^w splay$2 ,i always %all use bevell$ in/ead4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,fill+ ,,( ,,ap]ture4 ,i4 ,?us f> we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! outl9e only ( ! ap]ture3 we 7 next1 x w be rememb]$1 to consid] ! necess>y modes ( fill+ x ) valves 9 ! case ( ! door1 or ) glass or trac]y 9 t ( ! w9d[4 #a4 ,fill+s ( doors4 ,we conclud$1 9 ! previ\s ,*apt]1 t doors 9 build+s ( any importance or size %\ld h head+s 9 ! =m ( an ar*4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ inconv5i5t =m we c\ld *oose1 z respects ! fitt+ ( ! valves ( ! doorway2 = ! ar*-%ap$ head ( ! valves n only requires consid]able nicety 9 fitt+ to ! ar*1 b adds l>gely to ! weight ( ! door1--a d\ble disadvantage1 /ra9+ ! h+es & mak+ x cumb]some 9 op5+4 ,& ?is inconv5i5ce is s mu* p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 t a door valve ) a po9t$ head is always a disagreeable object4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 a matt] ( true necessity s to arrange ! doorway z to admit ( its be+ fitt$ ) rectangul> valves4 ,,ii4 ,n[1 9 det]m9+ ! =m ( ! ap]ture1 we suppos$ ! jamb ( ! door to be ( ! utmo/ height requir$ = entrance4 ,! extra height ( ! ar* is unnecess>y z an op5+1 ! ar* be+ requir$ = its /r5g? only1 n = its elevation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason :y x %\ld n be b>r$ across by a horizontal l9tel1 into :i* ! valves may be fitt$1 & ! triangul> or semicircul> ar*$ space above ! l9tel may !n be p]man5tly clos$1 z we *oose1 ei!r ) b>s1 or glass1 or /one4 ,?is is ! =m ( all good doors1 )\t exception1 ov] ! :ole _w & 9 all ages1 & no o!r c ev] be inv5t$4 ,,iii4 ,9 ! simple/ doors ! cross l9tel is ( wood only1 & glass or b>s occupy ! space above1 a v frequ5t =m 9 ,v5ice4 ,9 m elaborate doors ! cross l9tel is ( /one1 & ! fill+ sometimes ( brick1 sometimes ( /one1 v (t5 a gr& s+le /one be+ us$ to close ! entire space3 ! space ?us fill$ is call$ ! ,tympanum4 ,9 l>ge doors ! cross l9tel is too long to be> ! great incumb5t weight ( ?is /one fill+ )\t support2 x is1 !re=e1 c>ri$ by a pi] 9 ! c5tre2 & two valves are us$1 fitt$ to ! rectangul> spaces on ea* side ( ! pi]4 ,9 ! mo/ elaborate examples ( ?is condition1 ea* ( ^! second>y doorways has an ar* head+1 a cross l9tel1 & a triangul> fill+ or tympanum ( its own1 all subord9at$ to ! ma9 ar* above4 ,,iv4 #b4 ,fill+s ( w9d[s4 ,:5 w9d[s are l>ge1 & to be fill$ ) glass1 ! %eet ( glass1 h[ev] con/ruct$1 :e!r ( l>ge panes or small fragm5ts1 requires ! support ( b>s ( "s k9d1 ei!r ( wood1 metal1 or /one4 ,wood is inapplicable on a l>ge scale1 ow+ to its de/ructibility2 v fit = door-valves1 :i* c be easily refitt$1 & 9 :i* weight w\ld be an inconv5i5ce1 b v unfit = w9d[-b>s1 :i*1 if !y decay$1 might let ! :ole w9d[ be bl[n 9 be=e _! decay 0 obs]v$1 & 9 :i* weight w\ld be an advantage1 z (f]+ m resi/ance to ! w9d4 ,iron is1 h[ev]1 fit = w9d[-b>s1 & !re seems no con/ructive reason :y we %\ld n h iron trac]ies1 z well z iron pill>s1 iron *ur*es1 & iron /eeples4 ,b ,i h1 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 giv5 reasons = n consid]+ su* /ructures z ar*itecture at all4 ,! w9d[-b>s mu/1 !re=e1 be ( /one1 & ( /one only4 ,v4 ,! purpose ( ! w9d[ be+ always to let 9 z mu* light1 & comm& z mu* view1 z possible1 ^! b>s ( /one are to be made z sl5d] & z few z !y c be1 consi/5tly ) _! due /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlv4 ,let x be requir$ to support ! bread? ( glass1 a1 b1 ,fig4 ,,xlv4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! glass su/a9+ any =ce1 z ( w9d f )\t1 is to b5d into an ar* inw>ds1 9 ! dott$ l9e1 & break 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is to be support$1 !re=e1 by ! b> put 9 its c5tre1 c4 ,b ?is c5tral b>1 c1 may n be en\gh1 & ! spaces a c1 c b1 may /ill ne$ support4 ,! next /ep w be to put two b>s in/ead ( "o1 & divide ! w9d[ into ?ree spaces z at d4 ,b ?is may /ill n be en\gh1 & ! w9d[ may ne$ ?ree b>s4 ,n[ ! greate/ /ress is always on ! c5tre ( ! w9d[4 ,if ! ?ree b>s are equal 9 /r5g?1 z at e1 ! c5tral b> is ei!r too slight = its "w1 or ! lat]al b>s too ?ick = !irs4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ slightly increase ! ?ickness ( ! c5tral b>1 & dim9i% t ( ! lat]al ones1 s z to obta9 ! arrangem5t at f h4 ,if ! w9d[ enl>ge f>!r1 ea* ( ! spaces f g1 g h1 is treat$ z ! orig9al space a b1 & we h ! gr\ps ( b>s k & l4 ,s t1 :atev] ! %ape ( ! w9d[1 :atev] ! direction & numb] ( ! b>s1 !re are to be c5tral or ma9 b>s2 second b>s subord9at$ to !m2 ?ird b>s subord9at$ to ! second1 & s on to ! numb] requir$4 ,?is is call$ ! subord9ation ( trac]y1 a sy/em delightful to ! eye & m9d1 ow+ to its anatomical fram+ & unity1 & to its expression ( ! laws ( good gov]nm5t 9 all fragile & un/able ?+s4 ,all trac]y1 !re=e1 :i* is n subord9at$1 is b>b>\s1 9 s f> z ?is "p ( its /ructure is conc]n$4 ,,vi4 ,! next "q w be ! direction ( ! b>s4 ,! read] w und]/& at once1 )\t any labori\s pro(1 t a giv5 area ( glass1 support$ by its edges1 is /rong] 9 its resi/ance to viol5ce :5 x is arrang$ 9 a long /rip or b& ?an 9 a squ>e2 & t1 !re=e1 glass is g5]ally to be arrang$1 especially 9 w9d[s on a l>ge scale1 9 oblong areas3 & if ! b>s s divid+ x be plac$ horizontally1 !y w h less p[] ( support+ !mselves1 & w ne$ to be ?ick] 9 consequ5ce1 ?an if plac$ v]tically4 ,z f>1 !re=e1 z ! =m ( ! w9d[ p]mits1 !y are to be v]tical4 ,,vii4 ,b ev5 :5 s plac$1 !y _c be tru/$ to support !mselves beyond a c]ta9 height1 b w ne$ cross b>s to /eady !m4 ,cross b>s ( /one are1 !re=e1 to be introduc$ at necess>y int]vals1 n to divide ! glass1 b to support ! upright /one b>s4 ,! glass is always to be divid$ longitud9ally z f> z possible1 & ! upright b>s :i* divide x support$ at prop] int]vals4 ,h[ev] high ! w9d[1 x is almo/ impossible t x %\ld require m ?an two cross b>s4 ,,viii4 ,x may sometimes happ5 t :5 tall w9d[s are plac$ v close to ea* o!r = ! sake ( m light1 ! masonry betwe5 !m may /& 9 ne$1 or at lea/ be ! bett] (1 "s additional support4 ,! cross b>s ( ! w9d[s may !n be ?ick5$1 9 ord] to bond ! int]m$iate pi]s m /rongly toge!r1 & if ?is ?ickness appe> unga9ly1 x may be modifi$ by decoration4 ,,ix4 ,we h ?us arriv$ at ! idea ( a v]tical frame "w ( subord9at$ b>s1 support$ by cross b>s at ! necess>y int]vals1 & ! only rema9+ "q is ! me?od ( ins]tion into ! ap]ture4 ,:atev] its =m1 if we m]ely let ! ends ( ! b>s into ! v\ssoirs ( its head+1 ! lea/ settlem5t ( ! masonry w\ld di/ort ! ar*1 or pu% up "s ( its v\ssoirs1 or break ! w9d[ b>s1 or pu% !m aside4 ,evid5tly our object %\ld be to connect ! w9d[ b>s among !mselves1 s fram+ !m toge!r t !y may give ! utmo/ possible degree ( support to ! :ole w9d[ head 9 case ( any settlem5t4 ,b we "k h[ to d ?is already3 our w9d[ b>s are no?+ b small %afts4 ,capital !m2 ?r[ small ar*es across betwe5 ! small] b>s1 l>ge ar*es ov] !m betwe5 ! l>g] b>s1 "o compreh5sive ar* ov] ! :ole1 or else a horizontal l9tel1 if ! w9d[ h a flat head2 & we h a complete sy/em ( mutual support1 indep5d5t ( ! ap]ture head1 & yet assi/+ to su/a9 x1 if ne$ be4 ,b we want ! sp&rils ( ?is ar* sy/em to be !mselves z light1 & to let z mu* light ?r\gh !m1 z possible3 & we "k already h[ to pi]ce !m 7,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,,vii474 ,we pi]ce !m ) circles2 & we h1 if ! circles are small & ! /onework /rong1 ! trac]ies ( ,giotto & ! ,pisan s*ool2 if ! circles are z l>ge z possible & ! b>s sl5d]1 ^? :i* ,i h already figur$ & describ$ z ! only p]fect trac]ies ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic4#eh ,! v>ieties ( _! design arise p>tly f ! diff]5t size ( w9d[ & consequ5t numb] ( b>s2 p>tly f ! diff]5t heights ( _! po9t$ ar*es1 z well z ! v>i\s positions ( ! w9d[ head 9 relation to ! ro(1 r5d]+ "o or ano!r arrangem5t bett] = divid+ ! light1 & p>tly f /hetic & expressional requirem5ts1 :i*1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 may be all[$ a v important influ5ce3 = ! /r5g? ( ! b>s is ord9>ily s mu* great] ?an is absolutely necess>y1 t "s portion ( x may be gracefully sacrific$ to ! atta9m5t ( v>iety 9 ! plans ( trac]y--a v>iety :i*1 ev5 )9 its sev]e/ limits1 is p]fectly endless2 m especially 9 ! po9t$ ar*1 ! proportion ( ! trac]y be+ 9 ! r\nd ar* necess>ily m fix$4 ,x4 ,! circul> w9d[ furni%es an exception to ! common law1 t ! b>s %all be v]tical ?r\gh ! great] "p ( _! l5g?3 = if !y 7 s1 !y c\ld nei!r h secure p]p5dicul> foot+1 nor secure head+1 _! ?ru/ be+ p]p5dicul> to ! curve ( ! v\ssoirs only 9 ! c5tre ( ! w9d[2 !re=e1 a small circle1 l ! axle ( a :eel1 is put into ! c5tre ( ! w9d[1 l>ge en\gh to give foot+ to ! necess>y numb] ( radiat+ b>s2 & ! b>s are arrang$ z spokes1 be+ all ( c\rse prop]ly capital$ & ar*-head$4 ,?is is ! be/ =m ( trac]y = circul> w9d[s1 naturally en\gh call$ :eel w9d[s :5 s fill$4 ,,xi4 ,n[1 ,i wi% ! read] especially to obs]ve t we h arriv$ at ^! =ms ( p]fect ,go?ic trac]y )\t ! smalle/ ref]5ce to any practice ( any s*ool1 or to any law ( au?ority :atev]4 ,!y are =ms hav+ ess5tially no?+ :atev] to d ei!r ) ,go?s or ,greeks4 ,!y are et]nal =ms1 bas$ on laws ( gravity & cohesion2 & no bett]1 nor any o!rs s good1 w ev] be inv5t$1 s long z ! pres5t laws ( gravity & cohesion subsi/4 ,,xii4 ,x does n at all foll[ t ?is gr\p ( =ms owes its orig9 to any su* c\rse ( reason+ z t :i* has n[ l$ u to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is n ! smalle/ d\bt t trac]y began1 p>tly1 9 ! gr\p+ ( w9d[s toge!r 7subsequ5tly enclos$ )9 a l>ge ar*#ei71 & p>tly 9 ! fanta/ic p5etrations ( a s+le slab ( /ones "u ! ar*1 z ! circle 9 ,plate ,v4 above4 ,! p]fect =m seems to h be5 accid5tally /ruck 9 pass+ f exp]im5t on ! "o side1 to affectation on ! o!r2 & x 0 s f> f ev] becom+ sy/ematis$1 t ,i am aw>e ( no type ( trac]y = :i* a less decid$ pref]5ce is %[n 9 ! build+s 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,! e>ly pi]c$ trac]ies are multitud9\s & p]fect 9 _! k9d1--! late ,flamboyant1 luxuriant 9 detail1 & lavi% 9 quantity1--b ! p]fect =ms exi/ 9 comp>atively few *ur*es1 g5]ally 9 portions ( ! *ur* only1 & are always connect$1 & t closely1 ei!r ) ! massy =ms out ( :i* !y h em]g$1 or ) ! en]vat$ types into :i* !y are in/antly to deg5]ate4 ,,xiii4 ,nor inde$ are we to look ^u !m z 9 all po9ts sup]ior to ! m anci5t examples4 ,we h above conduct$ our reason+ entirely on ! supposition t a s+le ap]ture is giv51 :i* x is ! object to fill ) glass1 dim9i%+ ! p[] ( ! light z little z possible4 ,b !re are _m cases1 z 9 tri=ium & cloi/] lights1 9 :i* glaz+ is n requir$2 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! b>s1 if !re be any1 mu/ h "s m important function ?an t ( m]ely hold+ glass1 & 9 :i* _! actual use is to give /ead9ess & tone1 z x 71 to ! ar*es & walls above & beside !m2 or to give ! idea ( protection to ^? :o pass along ! tri=ium1 & ( seclusion to ^? :o walk 9 ! cloi/]4 ,mu* ?ick] %afts1 & m massy ar*es1 may be prop]ly employ$ 9 "w ( ?is k9d2 & _m gr\ps ( su* trac]y w be f\nd resolvable into true colonnades1 ) ! ar*es 9 pairs1 or 9 triple or quadruple gr\ps1 & ) small rosettes pi]c$ above !m = light4 ,all ?is is j z "r 9 its place1 z ! glass trac]y is 9 its own function1 & (t5 mu* m gr&4 ,b ! same indulg5ce is n to be %[n to ! affectations :i* succe$$ ! develop$ =ms4 ,( ^! !re are ?ree pr9cipal conditions3 ! ,flamboyant ( ,france1 ! ,/ump trac]y ( ,g]many1 & ! ,p]p5dicul> ( ,engl&4 ,,xiv4 ,( ^! ! fir/ arose1 by ! mo/ delicate & natural transitions1 out ( ! p]fect s*ool4 ,x 0 an endeavor to introduce m grace into its l9es1 & m *ange into its comb9ations2 & ! /hetic results are s beautiful1 t = "s "t aft] ! "r road _h be5 left1 ! ab]ration 0 m to be admir$ ?an regrett$4 ,! f9al conditions became fanta/ic & effem9ate1 b1 9 ! c\ntry :]e !y _h be5 inv5t$1 nev] lo/ _! peculi> grace until !y 7 replac$ by ! ,r5aissance4 ,! copies ( ! s*ool 9 ,engl& & ,italy h all its faults & none ( its beauties2 9 ,france1 :atev] x lo/ 9 me?od or 9 maje/y1 x ga9$ 9 fantasy3 lit]ally ,flamboyant1 x brea!d away its /r5g? into ! air2 b !re is n m diff]5ce betwe5 ! commone/ doggrel t ev] broke prose into un9telligibility1 & ! burn+ my/]y ( ,col]idge1 or spirituality ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett1 ?an !re is betwe5 ! dissolute dulness ( ,engli% ,flamboyant1 & ! flam+ undulations ( ! wrea!d l9es ( delicate /one1 t confuse !mselves ) ! cl\ds ( e morn+ sky t bright5s above ! valley ( ! ,se9e4 ,,xv4 ,! second gr\p ( trac]ies1 ! int]sectional or ,g]man gr\p1 may be consid]$ z includ+ ! entire range ( ! absurd =ms :i* 7 inv5t$ 9 ord] to display dext]ity 9 /one-cutt+ & +5uity 9 con/ruction4 ,!y express ! peculi> "* ( ! ,g]man m9d1 :i* cuts ! frame ( e tru? jo9t f jo9t1 9 ord] to prove ! edge ( its in/rum5ts2 &1 9 all cases1 pref]s a new or a /range ?\ght to a good "o1 & a subtle ?\ght to a useful "o4 ,! po9t & value ( ! ,g]man trac]y consi/s pr9cipally 9 turn+ ! features ( good trac]ies upside d[n1 & cutt+ !m 9 two :]e !y are prop]ly cont9u\s4 ,to de/roy at once f\ndation & memb]%ip1 & susp5d ev]y?+ 9 ! air1 keep+ out ( sight1 z f> z possible1 ! evid5ces ( a beg9n+ & ! probabilities ( an end1 are ! ma9 objects ( ,g]man ar*itecture1 z ( mod]n ,g]man div9ity4 ,,xvi4 ,?is s*ool has1 h[ev]1 at lea/ ! m]it ( +5uity4 ,n s ! ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>1 ?\gh a v curi\s s*ool also 9 its way4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! reason+ :i* l$ u to ! det]m9ation ( ! p]fect ,go?ic trac]y1 we 7 induc$ successively to reject c]ta9 me?ods ( arrangem5t z weak1 dang]\s1 or disagreeable4 ,collect all ^! toge!r1 & practise !m at once1 & y h ! ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlvi4 ,z ?us4 ,y f9d1 9 ! fir/ place 7 ,v471 t y\r trac]y b>s are to be subord9at$1 less to great]2 s y take a gr\p (1 suppose1 eight1 :i* y make all exactly equal1 giv+ y n9e equal spaces 9 ! w9d[1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 ,,xlvi4 ,y f\nd1 9 ! second place 7 ,,vii471 t !re 0 no occasion = m ?an two cross b>s2 s y take at lea/ f\r or five 7also repres5t$ at ,a1 ,fig4 ,,xlvi471 also c>efully equalis$1 & set at equal spaces4 ,y f\nd1 9 ! ?ird place 7 ,,viii471 t ^! b>s 7 to be /r5g!n$1 9 ord] to support ! ma9 pi]s2 y w !re=e cut ! ends (f ! upp]mo/1 & ! f\r? into ?ree pieces 7z also at ,a74 ,9 ! f\r? place1 y f\nd 7 ,,ix47 t y 7 nev] to run a v]tical b> into ! ar* head2 s y run !m all into x 7z at ,b1 ,fig4 ,,xlvi472 & ?is la/ arrangem5t w be useful 9 two ways1 = x w n only expose bo? ! b>s & ! ar*ivolt to an app>5t probability ( e species ( dislocation at any mom5t1 b x w provide y ) two pleas+ int]/ices at ! flanks1 9 ! %ape ( c>v+-knives1 a1 b1 :i*1 by ?r[+ across ! curves c1 d1 y may easily multiply into f\r2 & ^!1 z y c put no?+ into _! %>p tops1 w af=d y a m ?an usually rational excuse = a little bit ( ,g]manism1 9 fill+ !m ) ar*es upside d[n1 e1 f4 ,y w n[ h left at y\r disposal two & =ty simil> int]/ices1 :i*1 = ! sake ( v>iety1 y w proce$ to fill ) two & =ty simil> ar*es3 &1 z y 7 told t ! mom5t a b> receiv$ an ar* head+1 x 0 to be treat$ z a %aft & capitall$1 y w take c>e to give y\r b>s no capitals nor bases1 b to run b>s1 foliations & all1 well into ea* o!r aft] ! fa%ion ( ca/-iron1 z at ,c4 ,y h /ill two triangul> spaces occurr+ 9 an important "p ( y\r w9d[1 g g1 :i*1 z !y are v conspicu\s1 & y _c make !m ugli] ?an !y are1 y w d wisely to let alone2--& y w n[ h ! we/ w9d[ ( ! ca!dral ( ,w9*e/]1 a v p]fect example ( ,engli% ,p]p5dicul>4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t y c1 on ! :ole1 bett] ! arrangem5t1 unless1 p]haps1 by add+ buttresses to "s ( ! b>s1 z is done 9 ! ca!dral at ,gl\ce/]2 ^! buttresses hav+ ! d\ble advantage ( d>k5+ ! w9d[ :5 se5 f )91 & sugge/+1 :5 x is se5 f )\t1 ! idea ( its be+ divid$ by two /\t p>ty walls1 ) a heavy ?ru/ aga9/ ! glass4 ,,xvii4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ ! plan ( ! trac]y only3 we h la/ly to note ! conditions "u :i* ! glass is to be atta*$ to ! b>s2 & ! sections ( ! b>s !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlvii4 ,^! b>s we h se51 9 ! p]fect =m1 are to become %afts2 b1 suppos+ ! object to be ! admission ( z mu* light z possible1 x is cle> t ! ?ickness ( ! b> ought to be *iefly 9 ! dep? ( ! w9d[1 & t by increas+ ! dep? ( ! b> we may dim9i% its bread?3 cle>ly1 !re=e1 we %\ld employ ! d\ble gr\p ( %afts1 b1 ( ,fig4 ,,xiv41 sett+ x edgeways 9 ! w9d[3 b z ! glass w\ld !n come betwe5 ! two %afts1 we mu/ add a memb] into :i* x is to be fitt$1 z at a1 ,fig4 ,,xlvii41 & unit+ ^! ?ree memb]s toge!r 9 ! simple/ way1 ) a curv$ in/ead ( a %>p recess beh9d ! %afts1 we h ! section b1 ! p]fect1 b simple/ type ( ! ma9 trac]y b>s 9 good ,go?ic4 ,9 tri=ium & cloi/] trac]y1 :i* has no glass to hold1 ! c5tral memb] is omitt$1 & we h ei!r ! pure d\ble %aft1 always ! mo/ graceful1 or a s+le & m massy %aft1 :i* is ! simpl] & m usual =m4 ,,xviii4 ,f9ally3 !re is an int]m$iate arrangem5t betwe5 ! glaz$ & ! op5 trac]y1 t ( ! dome/ic trac]ies ( ,v5ice4 ,peculi> conditions1 h]eaft] to be describ$1 require ! %afts ( ^! trac]ies to become ! ma9 v]tical supports ( ! floors & walls4 ,_! ?ickness is !re=e enorm\s2 & yet free egress is requir$ betwe5 !m 7into balconies7 :i* is obta9$ by doors 9 _! lattice glaz+4 ,to prev5t ! inconv5i5ce & ugl9ess ( driv+ ! h+es & fa/5+s ( !m into ! %afts1 & hav+ ! play ( ! doors 9 ! int]vals1 ! entire glaz+ is ?r[n beh9d ! pill>s1 & atta*$ to _! abaci & bases ) iron4 ,x is ?us securely su/a9$ by _! massy bulk1 & leaves _! symmetry & %ade undi/urb$4 ,,xix4 ,! dep? at :i* ! glass %\ld be plac$1 9 w9d[s )\t trac]ies1 w g5]ally be fix$ by ! =ms ( _! bevell+1 ! glass occupy+ ! n>r[e/ int]val2 b :5 its position is n ?us fix$1 z 9 _m ,london h\ses1 x is to be rememb]$ t ! deep] ! glass is set 7! wall be+ ( giv5 ?ickness71 ! m light w ent]1 & ! cle>] ! prospect w be to a p]son sitt+ quietly 9 ! c5tre ( ! room2 on ! contr>y1 ! f>!r out ! glass is set1 ! m conv5i5t ! w9d[ w be = a p]son ris+ & look+ out ( x4 ,! "o1 !re=e1 is an arrangem5t = ! idle & curi\s1 :o c>e only ab\t :at is go+ on ^u ! e>?3 ! o!r = ^? :o are will+ to rema9 at re/1 s t !y h free admission ( ! light ( ,heav54 ,?is might be not$ z a curi\s expressional reason = ! necessity 7( :i* no man ( ord9>y feel+ w\ld d\bt = a mom5t7 ( a deep recess 9 ! w9d[1 on ! outside1 to all good or ar*itectural effect3 /ill1 z !re is no reason :y p %\ld be made idle by hav+ x 9 _! p[] to look out ( w9d[1 & z ! slight increase ( light or cle>ness ( view 9 ! c5tre ( a room is m ?an balanc$ by ! loss ( space1 & ! great] *ill ( ! ne>] glass & outside air1 we c1 ,i fe>1 allege no o!r /ructural reason = ! picturesque ext]nal recess1 ?an ! exp$i5cy ( a c]ta9 degree ( protection1 = ! glass1 f ! brighte/ gl>e ( sun%9e1 & heavie/ ru% ( ra94 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,sev5 ,lamps1 p4 #ec4 #ei ,on ! nor? side ( ! nave ( ! ca!dral ( ,lyons1 !re is an e>ly ,fr5* w9d[1 pres5t+ "o ( ! usual gr\ps ( foliat$ ar*es & circles1 left1 z x 71 loose1 )\t any enclos+ curve4 ,! effect is v pa9ful4 ,?is rem>kable w9d[ is associat$ ) o!rs ( ! common =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,protection ,,( ,,ap]ture4 ,i4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! ap]ture z m]ely pi]c$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls2 & :5 its masonry is simple & ! fill+s ( ! ap]ture are unimportant1 x may well rema9 s4 ,b :5 ! fill+s are delicate & ( value1 z 9 ! case ( color$ glass1 f9ely wr\ght trac]y1 or sculpture1 su* z we %all (t5 f9d occupy+ ! tympanum ( doorways1 "s protection becomes necess>y aga9/ ! run ( ! ra9 d[n ! walls1 & back by ! bevel ( ! ap]ture to ! jo9ts or surface ( ! fill+s4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ & simple/ mode ( obta9+ ?is is by *annell+ ! jambs & ar* head2 & ?is is ! *ief practical s]vice ( ap]ture m\ld+s1 :i* are o!rwise entirely decorative4 ,b z ?is v decorative "* r5d]s !m unfit to be made *annels = ra9 wat]1 x is well to add "s ext]nal ro(+ to ! ap]ture1 :i* may protect x f ! run ( all ! ra91 except t :i* necess>ily beats into its own area4 ,?is protection1 9 its mo/ usual =m1 is a m]e drip/one m\ld+ c>ri$ ov] or r\nd ! head ( ! ap]ture4 ,b ?is is1 9 reality1 only a contract$ =m ( a true ro(1 project+ f ! wall ov] ! ap]ture2 & all protections ( ap]tures :atsoev] are to be conceiv$ z portions ( small ro(s1 atta*$ to ! wall beh9d2 & support$ by x1 s long z _! scale admits ( _! be+ s ) safety1 & aft]w>ds 9 su* mann] z may be mo/ exp$i5t4 ,! prop] =ms ( ^!1 & modes ( _! support1 are to be ! subject ( our f9al enquiry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlviii4 ,,iii4 ,respect+ _! prop] =m we ne$ n /ay long 9 d\bt4 ,a deep gable is evid5tly ! be/ = ?r[+ (f ra92 ev5 a l[ gable be+ bett] ?an a high ar*4 ,flat ro(s1 !re=e1 may only be us$ :5 ! nature ( ! build+ r5d]s ! gable unsightly2 z :5 !re is n room = x betwe5 ! /ories2 or :5 ! object is r %ade ?an protection f ra91 z (t5 9 v]&ahs & balconies4 ,b = g5]al s]vice ! gable is ! prop] & natural =m1 & may be tak5 z repres5tative ( ! re/4 ,!n ?is gable may ei!r project unsupport$ f ! wall1 a1 ,fig4 ,,xlviii41 or be c>ri$ by brackets or spurs1 b1 or by walls or %afts1 c1 :i* %afts or walls may !mselves be1 9 w9d[s1 c>ri$ on a sill2 & ?is1 9 its turn1 support$ by brackets or spurs4 ,we %all glance at ! applications ( ea* ( ^! =ms 9 ord]4 ,,iv4 ,!re is n mu* v>iety 9 ! case ( ! fir/1 a1 ,fig4 ,,xlviii4 ,9 ! ,cumb]l& & bord] cottages ! door is g5]ally protect$ by two pieces ( slate arrang$ 9 a gable1 giv+ ! pure/ possible type ( ! fir/ =m4 ,9 elaborate ar*itecture su* a projection h>dly ev] occurs1 & 9 l>ge ar*itecture _c ) safety occur1 )\t brackets2 b by cutt+ away ! great] "p ( ! projection1 we %all arrive at ! idea ( a pla9 gabl$ cornice1 ( :i* a p]fect example w be f\nd 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ( ! folio s]ies4 ,) ?is fir/ complete =m we may associate ! rude1 s+le1 project+1 p5?\se ro(2 imp]fect1 because ei!r x mu/ be level & ! wat] lodge lazily ^u x1 or ?r[ (f ! drip ^u ! p]sons ent]+4 ,v4 #b4 b1 ,fig4 ,,xlviii4 ,?is is a mo/ beautiful & natural type1 & is f\nd 9 all good ar*itecture1 f ! highe/ to ! mo/ humble3 x is a frequ5t =m ( cottage door1 m especially :5 c>ri$ on spurs1 be+ ( peculi>ly easy con/ruction 9 wood3 z appli$ to l>ge ar*itecture1 x c evid5tly be built1 9 its bolde/ & simple/ =m1 ei!r ( wood only1 or on a scale :i* w admit ( its sides be+ ea* a s+le slab ( /one4 ,if s l>ge z to require jo9t$ masonry1 ! gabl$ sides w evid5tly require support1 & an ar* mu/ be ?r[n across "u !m1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,xlix41 f ,fiesole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,xlix4 ,if we cut ! projection gradually d[n1 we arrive at ! common ,go?ic gable drip/one c>ri$ on small brackets1 c>v$ into bosses1 heads1 or "s o!r ornam5tal =m2 ! sub-ar* 9 su* case be+ useless1 is remov$ or co9cides ) ! ar* head ( ! ap]ture4 ,,vi4 #c4 c1 ,fig4 ,,xlviii4 ,sub/itut+ walls or pill>s = ! brackets1 we may c>ry ! projection z f> out z we *oose1 & =m ! p]fect por*1 ei!r ( ! cottage or village *ur*1 or ( ! ca!dral4 ,z we enl>ge ! /ructure1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 modifications ( =m become necess>y1 ow+ to ! increas$ boldness ( ! requir$ support+ ar*4 ,=1 z ! l[] end ( ! gabl$ ro( & ( ! ar* _c co9cide1 we h necess>ily above ! %afts "o ( ! two =ms a or b1 9 ,fig4 ,l41 ( :i* ! latt] is cle>ly ! be/1 requir+ less masonry & %ort] ro(+2 & :5 ! ar* becomes s l>ge z to cause a heavy lat]al ?ru/1 x may become necess>y to provide = its f>!r safety by p9nacles1 c4 ,?is la/ is ! p]fect type ( ap]ture protection4 ,none o!r c ev] be inv5t$ s good4 ,x is t once employ$ by ,giotto 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 & torn d[n by ! prov$itore1 ,b5$etto ,uguccione1 to erect a ,r5aissance front in/ead2 & ano!r su* has be5 de/roy$1 n long s9ce1 9 ,v5ice1 ! por* ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,apoll9>e1 also to put up "s ,r5aissance uphol/]y3 = ,r5aissance1 z if x 7 n nuisance en\gh 9 ! m]e fact ( its own exi/5ce1 appe>s inv>iably z a bea/ ( prey1 & f\nds itself on ! ru9 ( all t is be/ & noble/4 ,_m su* por*es1 h[ev]1 happily /ill exi/ 9 ,italy1 & are among its pr9cipal glories4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,l4 ,,vii4 ,:5 por*es ( ?is k9d1 c>ri$ by walls1 are plac$ close toge!r1 z 9 cases :]e !re are _m & l>ge entrances to a ca!dral front1 !y w\ld1 9 _! g5]al =m1 leave deep & uncom=table int]vals1 9 :i* damp w\ld lodge & grass gr[2 & !re w\ld be a pa9ful feel+ 9 approa*+ ! door 9 ! mid/ ( a cr[d1 z if "s ( !m might miss ! real doors1 & be driv5 into ! int]vals1 & embay$ !re4 ,cle>ly x w be a natural & "r exp$i5t1 9 su* cases1 to op5 ! walls ( ! por* wid]1 s t !y may correspond 9 slope1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! bevel ( ! doorway1 & ei!r meet ea* o!r 9 ! int]vals1 or h ! said int]vals clos$ up ) an int]m$iate wall1 s t nobody may get embay$ 9 !m4 ,! por*es w ?us be unit$1 & =m "o range ( great op5 gulphs or cav]ns1 ready to receive all com]s1 & direct ! curr5t ( ! cr[d into ! n>r[] entrances4 ,z ! lat]al ?ru/ ( ! ar*es is n[ met by ea* o!r1 ! p9nacles1 if !re 7 any1 mu/ be remov$1 & wat]sp\ts plac$ betwe5 ea* ar* to dis*>ge ! d\ble dra9age ( ! gables4 ,?is is ! =m ( all ! noble nor!rn por*es1 )\t exception1 be/ repres5t$ by t ( ,rheims4 ,,viii4 ,contract$ conditions ( ! p9nacle por* are beautifully us$ 9 ! doors ( ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce2 & ! entire arrangem5t1 9 its mo/ p]fect =m1 z adapt$ to w9d[ protection & decoration1 is appli$ by ,giotto ) inconceivable exquisit5ess 9 ! w9d[s ( ! campanile2 ^? ( ! ca!dral itself be+ all ( ! same type4 ,v>i\s s+ul> & delightful conditions ( x are appli$ 9 ,italian dome/ic ar*itecture 79 ! ,broletto ( ,monza v qua9tly71 be+ associat$ ) balconies = speak+ to ! p1 & pass+ into pulpits4 ,9 ! nor? we glaze ! sides ( su* projections1 & !y become b[-w9d[s1 ! %ape ( ro(+ be+ !n ne>ly immat]ial & v fanta/ic1 (t5 a conical cap4 ,all ^! conditions ( w9d[ protection1 be+ = real s]vice1 are endlessly delightful 7& ,i believe ! beauty ( ! balcony1 protect$ by an op5 canopy support$ by light %afts1 nev] yet to h be5 prop]ly work$ out74 ,b ! ,r5aissance ar*itects de/roy$ all ( !m1 & introduc$ ! magnific5t & witty ,roman inv5tion ( a model ( a ,greek p$im5t1 ) its cornices ( mon/r\s ?ickness1 bracket$ up above ! w9d[4 ,! horizontal cornice ( ! p$im5t is ?us useless1 & ( c\rse1 !re=e1 reta9$2 ! protection to ! head ( ! w9d[ be+ con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( a hat ) its cr[n sewn up4 ,b ! deep & d>k triangul> cavity ?us obta9$ af=ds f>!r opportunity = putt+ ornam5t out ( sight1 ( :i* ! ,r5aissance ar*itects are n sl[ to avail !mselves4 ,a m rational condition is ! complete p$im5t ) a c\ple ( %afts1 or pila/]s1 c>ri$ on a bracket$ sill2 & ! w9d[s ( ?is k9d1 :i* h be5 well design$1 are p]haps ! be/ ?+s :i* ! ,r5aissance s*ools h produc$3 ^? ( ,:itehall are1 9 _! way1 exce$+ly beautiful2 & ^? ( ! ,palazzo ,ric>di at ,flor5ce1 9 _! simplicity & sublimity1 are sc>cely unwor?y ( _! reput$ design]1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,sup]imposition4 ,i4 ,! read] has n[ "s k ( e feature ( all possible ar*itecture4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! build+ :i* may be submitt$ to 8 criticism1 if x be an edifice at all1 if x be any?+ else ?an a m]e heap ( /ones l a pyramid or breakwat]1 or ?an a l>ge /one hewn into %ape1 l an obelisk1 x w be in/antly & easily resolvable into "s ( ! p>ts :i* we h be5 hi!rto consid]+3 its p9nacles w sep>ate !mselves into _! small %afts & ro(s2 its support+ memb]s into %afts & ar*es1 or walls p5etrat$ by ap]tures ( v>i\s %ape1 & support$ by v>i\s k9ds ( buttresses4 ,respect+ ea* ( ^! sev]al features ,i am c]ta9 t ! read] feels himself prep>$1 by und]/&+ _! pla9 function1 to =m some?+ l a reasonable & def9ite judgm5t1 :e!r !y be good or bad2 & ?is "r judgm5t ( p>ts w1 9 mo/ cases1 lead him to j rev]5ce or condemnation ( ! :ole4 ,,ii4 ,! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ^! p>ts are capable ( comb9ation1 & ! m]its ( build+s ( diff]5t =m & expression1 are evid5tly n r$ucible into li/s1 nor to be e/imat$ by g5]al laws4 ,! nobility ( ea* build+ dep5ds on its special fitness = its own purposes2 & ^! purposes v>y ) e climate1 e soil1 & e national cu/om3 nay1 !re 7 nev]1 probably1 two edifices erect$ 9 :i* "s accid5tal diff]5ce ( condition did n require "s diff]5ce ( plan or ( /ructure2 s t1 respect+ plan & di/ribution ( p>ts1 ,i d n hope to collect any univ]sal law ( "r2 b !re are a few po9ts necess>y to be notic$ respect+ ! means by :i* height is atta9$ 9 build+s ( v>i\s plans1 & ! exp$i5cy & me?ods ( sup]imposition ( "o /ory or ti] ( ar*itecture above ano!r4 ,,iii4 ,=1 9 ! prec$+ inquiry1 ,i h always suppos$ ei!r t a s+le %aft w\ld rea* to ! top ( ! build+1 or t ! f>!r height requir$ might be add$ 9 pla9 wall above ! heads ( ! ar*es2 :]eas x may (t5 be r exp$i5t to complete ! entire l[] s]ies ( ar*es1 or f9i% ! l[] wall1 ) a bold /r+ c\rse or cornice1 & build ano!r s]ies ( %afts1 or ano!r wall1 on ! top ( x4 ,,iv4 ,?is sup]imposition is se5 9 its simple/ =m 9 ! int]ior %afts ( a ,greek temple2 & x has be5 l>gely us$ 9 ne>ly all c\ntries :]e build+s h be5 meant = real s]vice4 ,outcry has (t5 be5 rais$ aga9/ x1 b ! ?+ is s /]nly necess>y t x has always =c$ itself into acceptance2 & x w\ld1 !re=e1 be m]ely los+ "t to refute ! argum5ts ( ^? :o h attempt$ its disp>agem5t4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 !y h reason on _! side1 t if a build+ c be kept 9 "o gr& mass1 )\t sacrific+ ei!r its visible or real adaptation to its objects1 x is n well to divide x into /ories until x has rea*$ proportions too l>ge to be ju/ly measur$ by ! eye4 ,x ought !n to be divid$ 9 ord] to m>k its bulk2 & decorative divisions are (t5 possible1 :i* r increase ?an de/roy ! expression ( g5]al unity4 ,v4 ,sup]imposition1 wisely practis$1 is ( two k9ds1 directly contr>y to ea* o!r1 ( weight on lightness1 & ( lightness on weight2 :ile ! sup]imposition ( weight on weight1 or lightness on lightness1 is ne>ly always wrong4 #a4 ,weight on lightness3 ,i d n say weight on weakness4 ,! sup]imposition ( ! human body on its limbs ,i call weight on lightness3 ! sup]imposition ( ! bran*es on a tree trunk ,i call lightness on weight3 9 bo? cases ! support is fully adequate to ! "w1 ! =m ( support be+ regulat$ by ! diff]5ces ( requirem5t4 ,no?+ 9 ar*itecture is half s pa9ful z ! app>5t want ( suffici5t support :5 ! weight above is visibly passive3 = all build+s are n passive2 "s seem to rise by _! own /r5g?1 or float by _! own buoyancy2 a dome requires no visibility ( support1 "o fancies x support$ by ! air4 ,b passive ar*itecture )\t help = its passiv5ess is un5durable4 ,9 a lately built h\se1 ,no4 #hf1 9 ,ox=d ,/reet1 ?ree huge /one pill>s 9 ! second /ory are c>ri$ app>5tly by ! edges ( ?ree %eets ( plate glass 9 ! fir/4 ,i h>dly "k any?+ to mat* ! pa9fulness ( ?is & "s o!r ( our %op /ructures1 9 :i* ! iron-"w is conceal$2 nor1 ev5 :5 x is app>5t1 c ! eye ev] feel satisfi$ ( _! security1 :5 built1 z at pres5t1 ) fifty or sixty feet ( wall above a rod ( iron n ! wid? ( ?is page4 ,,vi4 ,! prop] =ms ( ?is sup]imposition ( weight on lightness h aris51 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! necessity or desirabl5ess1 9 _m situations1 ( elevat+ ! inhabit$ portions ( build+s consid]ably above ! gr\nd level1 especially ^? expos$ to damp or inundation1 & ! consequ5t ab&onm5t ( ! gr\nd /ory z uns]viceable1 or else ! surr5d] ( x to public purposes4 ,?us1 9 _m m>ket & t[n h\ses1 ! gr\nd /ory is left op5 z a g5]al place ( %elt]$ resort1 & ! enclos$ ap>tm5ts rais$ on pill>s4 ,9 almo/ all w>m c\ntries ! luxury1 almo/ ! necessity1 ( arcades to protect ! pass5g]s f ! sun1 & ! desirabl5ess ( l>ge space 9 ! rooms above1 lead to ! same con/ruction4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,v5etian islet gr\p1 ! h\ses seem to h be5 ?us1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 univ]sally built1 all ! old] palaces appe>+ to h _h ! rez de *ausse p]fectly op51 ! upp] p>ts ( ! palace be+ su/a9$ on magnific5t ar*es1 & ! small] h\ses su/a9$ 9 ! same mann] on wood5 pi]s1 /ill reta9$ 9 _m ( ! cortiles1 & exhibit$ *>act]i/ically ?r\gh\t ! ma9 /reet ( ,murano4 ,z gr\nd became m valuable & h\se-room m sc>ce1 ^! gr\nd-floors 7 enclos$ ) wall veils betwe5 ! orig9al %afts1 & s rema92 b ! type ( ! /ructure ( ! entire city is giv5 9 ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,,vii4 ,to ?is k9d ( sup]imposition we owe ! mo/ picturesque /reet effects ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & ! mo/ graceful1 z well z ! mo/ grotesque1 build+s1 f ! _m-%aft$ fantasy ( ! ,alhambra 7a build+ z beautiful 9 disposition z x is base 9 ornam5tation7 to ! f\r-legg$ /olidity ( ! ,swiss ,*alet3#fj nor ^! only1 b great "p ( ! effect ( our ca!drals1 9 :i*1 necess>ily1 ! close tri=ium & cl]e/ory walls are sup]impos$ on ! nave pi]s2 p]haps ) mo/ maje/y :]e ) greate/ simplicity1 z 9 ! old basilican types1 & ! noble ca!dral ( ,pisa4 ,,viii4 ,9 ord] to ! delightfulness & security ( all su* arrangem5ts1 ?is law mu/ be obs]v$3--t 9 proportion to ! height ( wall above !m1 ! %afts are to be %ort4 ,y may take y\r giv5 height ( wall1 & turn any quantity ( t wall into %aft t y l2 b y mu/ n turn x all into tall %afts1 & !n put m wall above4 ,?us1 hav+ a h\se five /ories high1 y may turn ! l[] /ory into %afts1 & leave ! f\r /ories 9 wall2 or ! two l[] /ories into %afts1 & leave ?ree 9 wall2 b1 :atev] y add to ! %aft1 y mu/ take f ! wall4 ,!n also1 ( c\rse1 ! %ort] ! %aft ! ?ick] w be its proportionate1 if n its actual1 diamet]4 ,9 ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice ! %orte/ %afts are always ! ?icke/4#fa ,,ix4 ,! second k9d ( sup]imposition1 lightness on weight1 is1 9 its mo/ necess>y use1 ( /ories ( h\ses "o ^u ano!r1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 wall veil is requir$ 9 ! l[] ones1 & has to support wall veil above1 aid$ by z mu* ( %aft /ructure z is atta9able )9 ! giv5 limits4 ,! greate/1 if n ! only1 m]it ( ! ,roman & ,r5aissance ,v5etian ar*itects is _! graceful managem5t ( ?is k9d ( sup]imposition2 sometimes ( complete c\rses ( ext]nal ar*es & %afts "o above ! o!r2 sometimes ( ap]tures ) int]m$iate cornices at ! levels ( ! floors1 & l>ge %afts f top to bottom ( ! build+2 always obs]v+ t ! upp] /ories %all be at once light] & ri*] ?an ! l[] ones4 ,! entire value ( su* build+s dep5ds ^u ! p]fect & easy expression ( ! relative /r5g? ( ! /ories1 & ! unity obta9$ by ! v>ieties ( _! proportions1 :ile yet ! fact ( sup]imposition & sep>ation by floors is frankly told4 ,x4 ,9 *ur*es & o!r build+s 9 :i* !re is no sep>ation by floors1 ano!r k9d ( pure %aft sup]imposition is (t5 us$1 9 ord] to enable ! build] to avail himself ( %ort & sl5d] %afts4 ,x has be5 not$ t ^! are (t5 easily atta9able1 & ( preci\s mat]ials1 :5 %afts l>ge en\gh & /rong en\gh to d ! "w at once1 c\ld n be obta9$ except at unju/ifiable exp5se1 & ( co>se /one4 ,! ar*itect has !n no *oice b to arrange 8 "w 9 successive /ories2 ei!r frankly complet+ ! ar* "w & cornice ( ea*1 & beg9n+ a new /ory above x1 :i* is ! hone/] & nobl] way1 or else ty+ ! /ories toge!r by supplem5t>y %afts f floor to ro(1--! g5]al practice ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 & "o :i*1 unless mo/ gracefully manag$1 gives ! look ( a scaffold+1 ) cross-poles ti$ to its uprights1 to ! :ole cl]e/ory wall4 ,! be/ me?od is t :i* avoids all *ance ( ! upright %afts be+ suppos$ cont9u\s1 by increas+ _! numb] & *ang+ _! places 9 ! upp] /ories1 s t ! :ole "w bran*es f ! gr\nd l a tree4 ,?is is ! sup]imposition ( ! ,byzant9e & ! ,pisan ,romanesque2 ! mo/ beautiful examples ( x be+1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,s\!rn portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,giovanni at ,pi/oja1 & ! apse ( ! ca!dral ( ,pisa4 ,9 ,r5aissance "w ! two pr9ciples are equally di/9ct1 ?\gh ! %afts are 7,i ?9k7 always "o above ! o!r4 ,! read] may see "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! sep>ately sup]impos$ /ory 9 ,:itehall 7& ano!r f> inf]ior 9 ,/4 ,paul's71 & by turn+ himself r\nd at ,:itehall may comp>e ) x ! sy/em ( connect+ %afts 9 ! ,treasury2 ?\gh ?is is a s+ul>ly bad example1 ! w9d[ cornices ( ! fir/ floor be+ l %elves 9 a cupbo>d1 & cutt+ ! mass ( ! build+ 9 two1 9 spite ( ! pill>s4 ,,xi4 ,b ?is sup]imposition ( lightness on weight is /ill m di/9ctly ! sy/em ( _m build+s ( ! k9d :i* ,i h above call$ ,ar*itecture ( ,position1 t is to say1 ar*itecture ( :i* ! great] "p is int5d$ m]ely to keep some?+ 9 a peculi> position2 z 9 light-h\ses1 & _m t[]s & belfries4 ,! subject ( spire & t[] ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 is s int]e/+ & ext5sive1 t ,i h ?\ghts ( writ+ a deta*$ essay ^u x1 &1 at all ev5ts1 _c ent] ^u x "h3 b ?is mu* is en\gh = ! read] to note = our pres5t purpose1 t1 al?\gh _m t[]s d 9 reality /& on pi]s or %afts1 z ! c5tral t[]s ( ca!drals1 yet ! expression ( all ( !m1 & ! real /ructure ( ! be/ & /ronge/1 are ! elevation ( gradually dim9i%+ weight on massy or ev5 solid f\ndation4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce ! t[] is 9 its orig9 a build+ = /r5g? ( def5ce1 & fai?fulness ( wat*1 r ?an spl5dor ( aspect1 its true expression is ( j s mu* dim9ution ( weight upw>ds z may be necess>y to its fully balanc$ /r5g?1 n a jot m4 ,!re mu/ be no light-head$ness 9 y\r noble t[]3 impregnable f\ndation1 wra?ful cre/1 ) ! vizor d[n1 & ! d>k vigilance se5 ?r\gh ! clefts ( x2 n ! filigree cr[n or embroid]$ cap4 ,no t[]s are s gr& z ! squ>e-br[$ ones1 ) massy cornices & r5t battlem5ts3 next to ^! come ! fanta/ic t[]s1 ) _! v>i\s =ms ( /eep ro(2 ! be/1 n ! cone1 b ! pla9 gable ?r[n v high2 la/ ( all 9 my m9d 7( good t[]s71 ^? ) spires or cr[ns1 ?\gh ^!1 ( c\rse1 are fitte/ = ecclesia/ical purposes1 & capable ( ! ri*e/ ornam5t4 ,! paltry f\r or eight p9nacl$ ?+s we call t[]s 9 ,engl& 7z 9 ,york ,m9/]71 are m]e confection]'s ,go?ic1 & n wor? class+4 ,,xii4 ,b1 9 all ( !m1 ?is ,i believe to be a po9t ( *ief necessity1--t !y %all seem to /&1 & %all v]ily /&1 9 _! own /r5g?2 n by help ( buttresses nor artful balanc+s on ?is side & on t4 ,y\r noble t[] mu/ ne$ no help1 mu/ be su/a9$ by no crut*es1 mu/ give place to no suspicion ( decrepitude4 ,its (fice may be to )/& w>1 look =? = tid+s1 or to po9t to heav53 b x mu/ h 9 its own walls ! /r5g? to d ?is2 x is to be itself a bulw>k1 n to be su/a9$ by o!r bulw>ks2 to rise & look =?1 ! t[] ( ,lebanon t looke? t[>d ,damascus1 l a /]n s5t9el1 n l a *ild held up 9 its nurse's arms4 ,a t[] may1 inde$1 h a k9d ( buttress1 a projection1 or subord9ate t[] at ea* ( its angles2 b ^! are to its ma9 body l ! satellites to a %aft1 jo9$ ) its /r5g?1 & associat$ 9 its uprightness1 "p ( ! t[] itself3 exactly 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y lose _! massive unity ) its body & assume ! =m ( true buttress walls set on its angles1 ! t[] loses its dignity4 ,,xiii4 ,^! two *>act]s1 !n1 are common to all noble t[]s1 h[ev] o!rwise diff]5t 9 purpose or feature1--! fir/1 t !y rise f massy f\ndation to light] summits1 fr[n+ ) battlem5ts p]haps1 b yet evid5tly m pi]c$ & ?9n] 9 wall ?an b5ea?1 &1 9 mo/ ecclesia/ical examples1 divid$ into ri* op5 "w3 ! second1 t :atev] ! =m ( ! t[]1 x %all n appe> to /& by help ( buttresses4 ,x foll[s f ! fir/ condition1 z inde$ x w\ld h foll[$ f ord9>y /hetic requirem5ts1 t we %all h cont9ual v>iation 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! /ories1 & ! l>g] numb] ( ap]tures t[>ds ! top1--a condition exquisitely c>ri$ out 9 ! old ,lomb>dic t[]s1 9 :i*1 h[ev] small !y may be1 ! numb] ( ap]tures is always regul>ly increas$ t[>ds ! summit2 g5]ally "o w9d[ 9 ! l[e/ /ories1 two 9 ! second1 !n ?ree1 five1 & six2 (t51 also1 "o1 two1 f\r1 & six1 ) beautiful symmetries ( plac+1 n at pres5t to our purpose4 ,we may suffici5tly exemplify ! g5]al laws ( t[] build+ by plac+ side by side1 drawn to ! same scale1 a m$ival t[]1 9 :i* mo/ ( !m are simply & unaffect$ly obs]v$1 & "o ( our own mod]n t[]s1 9 :i* e "o ( !m is violat$1 9 small space1 conv5i5t = comp>ison4 7,plate ,,vi47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,types ,,( ,,t[]s4 ,,briti% ,,v5etian4 ,,xiv4 ,! old t[] is t ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 n a v p]fect example1 = its top is ,r5aissance1 b z good ,r5aissance z !re is 9 ,v5ice2 & x is fit = our pres5t purpose1 because x owes none ( its effect to ornam5t4 ,x is built z simply z x well c be to answ] its purpose3 no buttresses2 no ext]nal features :atev]1 except "s huts at ! base1 & ! loggia1 aft]w>ds built1 :i*1 on purpose1 ,i h n drawn2 "o bold squ>e mass ( brickwork2 d\ble walls1 ) an asc5d+ incl9$ plane betwe5 !m1 ) ap]tures z small z possible1 & ^! only 9 necess>y places1 giv+ j ! light requir$ = asc5d+ ! /air or slope1 n a ray m2 & ! weight ( ! :ole reliev$ only by ! d\ble pila/]s on ! sides1 su/a9+ small ar*es at ! top ( ! mass1 ea* decorat$ ) ! scallop or cockle %ell1 pres5tly to be notic$ z frequ5t 9 ,r5aissance ornam5t1 & "h1 = once1 ?or\ghly well appli$4 ,!n1 :5 ! necess>y height is rea*$1 ! belfry is left op51 z 9 ! ord9>y ,romanesque campanile1 only ! %afts m sl5d]1 b sev]e & simple1 & ! :ole cr[n$ by z mu* spire z ! t[] w\ld c>ry1 to r5d] x m s]viceable z a l&m>k4 ,! arrangem5t is repeat$ 9 numb]less campaniles ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,,xv4 ,! "o beside x is "o ( ^? ( ! lately built college at ,ed9burgh4 ,i h n tak5 x z worse ?an _m o!rs 7j z ,i h n tak5 ! ,/4 ,m>k's t[] z bett] ?an _m o!rs72 b x happ5s to compress our ,briti% sy/em ( t[] build+ into small space4 ,! ,v5etian t[] rises #cej feet1#fb & has no buttresses1 ?\gh built ( brick2 ! ,briti% t[] rises #aba feet1 & is built ( /one1 b is suppos$ to be incapable ( /&+ )\t two huge buttresses on ea* angle4 ,! ,/4 ,m>k's t[] has a high slop+ ro(1 b c>ries x simply1 requir+ no p9nacles at its angles2 ! ,briti% t[] has no visible ro(1 b has f\r p9nacles = m]e ornam5t4 ,! ,v5etian t[] has its lighte/ "p at ! top1 & is massy at ! base2 ! ,briti% t[] has its lighte/ "p at ! base1 & %uts up its w9d[s into a m]e arr[slit at ! top4 ,:at ! t[] 0 built = at all mu/ !re=e1 x seems to me1 rema9 a my/]y to e behold]2 = surely no /udi\s inhabitant ( its upp] *amb]s w be conceiv$ to be pursu+ 8 employm5ts by ! light ( ! s+le *9k on ea* side2 &1 _h x be5 int5d$ = a belfry1 ! s\nd ( its bells w\ld h be5 z effectually prev5t$ f gett+ out z ! light f gett+ 94 ,,xvi4 ,9 connexion ) ! subject ( t[]s & ( sup]imposition1 "o o!r feature1 n conv5i5tly to be omitt$ f our h\se-build+1 requires a mom5t's notice1--! /aircase4 ,9 mod]n h\ses x c h>dly be consid]$ an ar*itectural feature1 & is ne>ly always an ugly "o1 f its be+ app>5tly )\t support4 ,& "h ,i may n unfitly note ! important di/9ction1 :i* p]haps ought to h be5 dwelt ^u 9 "s places be=e n[1 betwe5 ! m>vell\s & ! p]il\s 9 app>5t con/ruction4 ,!re are _m edifices :i* are awful or admirable 9 _! height1 & lightness1 & boldness ( =m1 respect+ :i*1 nev]!less1 we h no fe> t !y %\ld fall4 ,_m a mighty dome & arial aisle & ar* may seem to /&1 z ,i said1 by miracle1 b by /eadfa/ miracle not)/&+2 !re is no fe> t ! miracle %\ld cease4 ,we h a s5se ( inh]5t p[] 9 !m1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ( conceal$ & my/]i\s provision = _! safety4 ,b 9 lean+ t[]s1 z ( ,pisa or ,bologna1 & 9 mu* m9or ar*itecture1 passive ar*itecture1 ( mod]n times1 we feel t !re is b a *ance betwe5 ! build+ & de/ruction2 t !re is no miracul\s life 9 x1 :i* animates x into security1 b an ob/9ate1 p]haps va91 resi/ance to imm$iate dang]4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is is (t5 z /rong 9 small ?+s z 9 l>ge2 9 ! s\nd+-bo>ds ( pulpits1 = in/ance1 :5 su/a9$ by a s+le pill> beh9d !m1 s t "o is 9 dread1 dur+ ! :ole s]mon1 ( ! prea*] be+ cru%$ if a s+le nail %\ld give way2 & aga91 ! mod]n geometrical unsupport$ /aircase4 ,!re is great disadvantage1 also1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ?is latt]1 :5 room is ( value2 & excessive ungracefulness 9 its awkw>d divisions ( ! passage walls1 or w9d[s4 ,9 m$ival ar*itecture1 :]e !re 0 ne$ ( room1 ! /aircase 0 spiral1 & enclos$ g5]ally 9 an ext]ior t[]1 :i* add$ inf9itely to ! picturesque effect ( ! build+2 nor 0 ! /air itself /eep] nor less commodi\s ?an ! ord9>y compress$ /raight /aircase ( a mod]n dwell+-h\se4 ,_m ( ! ri*e/ t[]s ( dome/ic ar*itecture owe _! orig9 to ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ,italy ! /aircase is (t5 9 ! op5 air1 surr\nd+ ! int]ior c\rt ( ! h\se1 & giv+ access to its v>i\s gall]ies or loggias3 9 ?is case x is almo/ always support$ by bold %afts & ar*es1 & =ms a mo/ int]e/+ additional feature ( ! cortile1 b pres5ts no peculi>ity ( con/ruction requir+ our pres5t exam9ation4 ,we may "h1 !re=e1 close our inquiries into ! subject ( con/ruction2 nor mu/ ! read] be dissatisfi$ ) ! simplicity or app>5t b>r5ness ( _! pres5t results4 ,he w f9d1 :5 he beg9s to apply !m1 t !y are ( m value ?an !y n[ seem2 b ,i h /udi\sly avoid$ lett+ myself be drawn into any intricate "q1 because ,i wi%$ to ask f ! read] only s mu* att5tion z x seem$ t ev5 ! mo/ indiff]5t w\ld n be unwill+ to pay to a subject :i* is h\rly becom+ ( great] practical int]e/4 ,evid5tly x w\ld h be5 altoge!r beside ! purpose ( ?is essay to h ent]$ deeply into ! ab/ract sci5ce1 or closely into ! me*anical detail1 ( con/ruction3 bo? h be5 illu/rat$ by writ]s f> m capable ( do+ s ?an ,i1 & may be /udi$ at ! read]'s discretion2 all t has be5 "h endeavor$ 0 ! lead+ him to appeal to some?+ l def9ite pr9ciple1 & ref] to ! easily intelligible laws ( conv5i5ce & necessity1 :5ev] he f\nd 8 judgm5t likely to be ov]borne by au?ority on ! "o h&1 or dazzl$ by novelty on ! o!r4 ,if he has "t to d m1 & to foll[ out 9 all _! brilliancy ! me*anical inv5tions ( ! great eng9e]s & ar*itects ( ! day1 ,i1 9 "s sort1 envy him1 b mu/ "p company ) him3 = my way lies n along ! viaduct1 b d[n ! quiet valley :i* its ar*es cross1 nor ?r\gh ! tunnel1 b up ! hill-side :i* its cav]n d>k5s1 to see :at gifts ,nature w give u1 & ) :at imag]y %e w fill our ?\ghts1 t ! /ones we h rang$ 9 rude ord] may n[ be t\*$ ) life2 nor lose = ev]1 9 _! hewn nak$ness1 ! voices !y _h ( old1 :5 ! valley /reamlet eddi$ r\nd !m 9 palpitat+ light1 & ! w9ds ( ! hill-side %ook ov] !m ! %ad[s ( ! f]n4 ,,footnotes3 #fj ,i h sp5t mu* ( my life among ! ,alps2 b ,i nev] pass1 )\t "s feel+ ( new surprise1 ! ,*alet1 /&+ on its f\r pegs 7ea* topp$ ) a flat /one71 balanc$ 9 ! fury ( ,alp9e w9ds4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 g5]ally kn[n t ! *ief use ( ! arrangem5t is n s mu* to raise ! build+ above ! sn[1 z to get a draught ( w9d b5ea? x1 :i* may prev5t ! drift f ris+ aga9/ its sides4 #fa ,app5dix #bj1 ,%afts ( ! ,ducal ,palace4 #fb ,i h tak5 ,pr(essor ,willis's e/imate2 !re be+ discrepancy among v>i\s /atem5ts4 ,i did n take ! tr\ble to measure ! height myself1 ! build+ be+ "o :i* does n come )9 ! range ( our future inquiries2 & its exact dim5sions1 ev5 "h1 are ( no importance z respects ! "q at issue4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,ornam5t4 ,i4 ,we ent] n[ on ! second division ( our subject4 ,we h no m to d ) heavy /ones & h>d l9es2 we are go+ to be happy3 to look r\nd 9 ! _w & discov] 79 a s]i\s mann] always1 h[ev]1 & "u a s5se ( responsibility7 :at we l be/ 9 x1 & to enjoy ! same at our leisure3 to ga!r x1 exam9e x1 fa/5 all we c ( x into imp]i%able =ms1 & put x :]e we may see x = ev]4 ,?is is to decorate ar*itecture4 ,,ii4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree /eps 9 ! process3 fir/1 to f9d out 9 a grave mann] :at we l be/2 secondly1 to put z mu* ( ?is z we c 7:i* is little en\gh7 into =m2 ?irdly1 to put ?is =m$ ab/raction into a prop] place4 ,& we h n[1 !re=e1 to make ^! ?ree inquiries 9 succession3 fir/1 :at we l1 or :at is ! "r mat]ial ( ornam5t2 !n h[ we are to pres5t x1 or its "r treatm5t2 !n1 :]e we are to put x1 or its "r place4 ,i ?9k ,i c answ] t fir/ inquiry 9 ?is ,*apt]1 ! second inquiry 9 ! next ,*apt]1 & ! ?ird ,i %all answ] 9 a m diffusive mann]1 by tak+ up 9 succession ! sev]al p>ts ( ar*itecture above di/+ui%$1 & rapidly not+ ! k9d ( ornam5t fitte/ = ea*4 ,,iii4 ,i said 9 *apt] ,,ii4 ,,xiv41 t all noble ornam5tation 0 ! expression ( man's delight 9 ,god's "w4 ,?is impli$ t !re 0 an ignoble ornam5tation1 :i* 0 ! expression ( man's delight 9 8 own4 ,!re is su* a s*ool1 *iefly degrad$ classic & ,r5aissance1 9 :i* ! ornam5t is compos$ ( imitations ( til+s made by man4 ,i ?9k1 be=e inquir+ :at we l be/ ( ,god's "w1 we _h bett] get rid ( all ?is imitation ( man's1 & be q sure we d n l t4 ,,iv4 ,we %all rapidly glance1 !n1 at ! mat]ial ( decoration h5ce d]iv$4 ,& n[ ,i _c1 z ,i be=e h done respect+ con/ruction1 conv9ce ! read] ( "o ?+ be+ wrong1 & ano!r "r4 ,i h confess$ z mu* aga9 & aga92 ,i am n[ only to make appeal to him1 & cross-"q him1 :e!r he really does l ?+s or n4 ,if he likes ! ornam5t on ! base ( ! column ( ! ,place ,v5dme1 compos$ ( ,well+ton boots & lac$ frock coats1 ,i _c help x2 ,i c only say ,i diff] f him1 & don't l x4 ,& if1 !re=e1 ,i speak dictatorially1 & say ?is is base1 or degrad$1 or ugly1 ,i mean1 only t ,i believe m5 ( ! longe/ exp]i5ce 9 ! matt] w\ld ei!r ?9k x s1 or w\ld be prev5t$ f ?9k+ x s only by "s morbid condition ( _! m9ds2 & ,i believe t ! read]1 if he exam9e himself c&idly1 w usually agree 9 my /atem5ts4 ,v4 ,! subjects ( ornam5t f\nd 9 man's "w may prop]ly fall into f\r heads3 #a4 ,in/rum5ts ( art1 agriculture1 & w>2 armor1 & dress2 #b4 ,drap]y2 #c4 ,%ipp+2 #d4 ,ar*itecture itself4 #a4 ,in/rum5ts1 armor1 & dress4 ,! cu/om ( rais+ trophies on pill>s1 & ( d$icat+ arms 9 temples1 appe>s to h fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( employ+ !m z ! subjects ( sculptural ornam5t3 !nce=w>d1 ?is abuse has be5 *iefly *>act]i/ic ( classical ar*itecture1 :e!r true or ,r5aissance4 ,armor is a noble ?+ 9 its prop] s]vice & subord9ation to ! body2 s is an animal's hide on its back2 b a heap ( ca/ sk9s1 or ( %$ armor1 is alike unwor?y ( all reg>d or imitation4 ,we owe mu* true sublimity1 & m ( delightful picturesqu5ess1 to ! introduction ( armor bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture3 9 poetry x is bett] /ill1--,hom]'s undress$ ,a*illes is less gr& ?an 8 cre/$ & %ield$ ,a*illes1 ?\gh ,phidias w\ld r h _h him nak$2 9 all m$ival pa9t+1 arms1 l all o!r p>ts ( co/ume1 are treat$ ) exquisite c>e & delight2 9 ! designs ( ,leon>do1 ,raffaelle1 & ,p]ug9o1 ! armor sometimes becomes almo/ too conspicu\s f ! ri* & endless inv5tion be/[$ ^u x2 :ile ,titian & ,rub5s seek 9 its fla% :at ! ,milanese & ,p]ugian s\ght 9 its =m1 sometimes subord9at+ h]oism to ! light ( ! /eel1 :ile ! great design]s we>i$ !mselves 9 its elaborate fancy4 ,b all ?is labor 0 giv5 to ! liv+1 n ! dead armor2 to ! %ell ) its animal 9 x1 n ! ca/ %ell ( ! bea*2 & ev5 s1 x 0 introduc$ m sp>+ly by ! good sculptors ?an ! good pa9t]s2 = ! =m] felt1 & ) ju/ice1 t ! pa9t] _h ! p[] ( conqu]+ ! ov] prom95ce ( co/ume by ! expression & color ( ! c\nt5ance1 & t by ! d>kness ( ! eye1 & gl[ ( ! *eek1 he c\ld always conqu] ! gloom & ! fla% ( ! mail2 b !y c\ld h>dly1 by any boldness or en]gy ( ! m>ble features1 conqu] ! =w>dness & conspicu\sness ( ! %>p armorial =ms4 ,_! arm$ figures 7 !re=e almo/ always subord9ate1 _! pr9cipal figures drap$ or nak$1 & _! *oice ( subject 0 mu* influ5c$ by ?is feel+ ( necessity4 ,b ! ,r5aissance sculptors display$ ! love ( a ,camilla = ! m]e cre/ & plume4 ,paltry & false alike 9 e feel+ ( _! n>r[$ m9ds1 !y atta*$ !mselves1 n only to co/ume )\t ! p]son1 b to ! pettie/ details ( ! co/ume itself4 ,!y c\ld n describe ,a*illes1 b !y c\ld describe 8 %ield2 a %ield l ^? ( d$icat$ spoil1 )\t a h&le1 nev] to be wav$ 9 ! face ( w>4 ,& !n we h helmets & lances1 bann]s & swords1 sometimes ) m5 to hold !m1 sometimes )\t2 b always *isell$ ) a tailor-l love ( ! *as+ or ! embroid]y1--%[ helmets ( ! /age1 no ,vulcan "w on !m1 no heavy hamm] /rokes1 no ,etna fire 9 ! metal ( !m1 no?+ b pa/ebo>d cre/s & high fea!rs4 ,& ^!1 ca/ toge!r 9 disord]ly heaps1 or gr9n+ vacantly ov] key/ones1 =m "o ( ! lead+ decorations ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 & t "o ( ! be/2 = helmets & lances1 h[ev] loosely laid1 are bett] ?an viol9s1 & pipes1 & books ( music1 :i* 7 ano!r ( ! ,palladian & ,sansov9ian s\rces ( ornam5t4 ,support$ by anci5t au?ority1 ! abuse soon became a matt] ( pride1 & s9ce x 0 easy to copy a heap ( ca/ clo!s1 b difficult to manage an arrang$ design ( human figures1 ! indol5ce ( ar*itects came to ! aid ( _! affectation1 until by ! mod]ns we f9d ! practice c>ri$ out to its mo/ int]e/+ results1 &1 z above not$1 a l>ge pair ( boots occupy+ ! pr9cipal place 9 ! bas-reliefs on ! base ( ! ,colonne ,v5dme4 ,,vi4 ,a less (f5sive1 because s+ul>ly grotesque1 example ( ! abuse at its height1 occurs 9 ! ,htel des ,invalides1 :]e ! dorm] w9d[s are suits ( armor d[n to ! bottom ( ! corselet1 cr[n$ by ! helmet1 & ) ! w9d[ 9 ! middle ( ! brea/4 ,in/rum5ts ( agriculture & ! arts are ( less frequ5t occurr5ce1 except 9 hi]oglyphics1 & o!r "w1 :]e !y are n employ$ z ornam5ts1 b repres5t$ = ! sake ( accurate k1 or z symbols4 ,:]ev] !y h purpose ( ?is k9d1 !y are ( c\rse p]fectly "r2 b !y are !n "p ( ! build+'s conv]sation1 n conducive to its beauty4 ,! ,fr5* h manag$1 ) great dext]ity1 ! repres5tation ( ! ma*9]y = ! elevation ( _! ,luxor obelisk1 n[ sculptur$ on its base4 ,,vii4 #b4 ,drap]y4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! error ( introduc+ drap]y1 z su*1 = ornam5t1 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,i may "h note a curi\s in/ance ( ! abuse 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,jesuiti at ,v5ice 7,r5aissance74 ,on fir/ ent]+ y suppose t ! *ur*1 be+ 9 a poor qu>t] ( ! city1 has be5 some:at meanly decorat$ by heavy gre5 & :ite curta9s ( an ord9>y uphol/]]'s patt]n3 on look+ clos]1 !y are discov]$ to be ( m>ble1 ) ! gre5 patt]n inlaid4 ,ano!r rem>kable in/ance is 9 a piece ( n altoge!r unwor?y ar*itecture at ,p>is 7,rue ,rivoli71 :]e ! columns are suppos$ to be decorat$ ) images ( h&k]*iefs ti$ 9 a /\t knot r\nd ! middle ( !m4 ,?is %rewd inv5tion bids fair to become a new ord]4 ,multitudes ( massy curta9s & v>i\s uphol/]y1 m or less 9 imitation ( t ( ! draw+-room1 are c>v$ & gilt1 9 wood or /one1 ab\t ! alt>s & o!r !atrical portions ( ,romani/ *ur*es2 b f ^! co>se & s5seless vulg>ities we may well turn1 9 all ha/e1 to note1 ) respect z well z regret1 "o ( ! errors ( ! great s*ool ( ,niccolo ,pisano1--an error s full ( feel+ z to be sometimes all b r$eem$1 & altoge!r =giv51--! sculpture1 namely1 ( curta9s ar\nd ! recumb5t /atues ^u tombs1 curta9s :i* angels are repres5t$ z )draw+1 to gaze ^u ! faces ( ^? :o are at re/4 ,= "s "t ! idea 0 simply & slightly express$1 & ?\gh !re 0 always a pa9fulness 9 f9d+ ! %afts ( /one1 :i* 7 felt to be ! real support]s ( ! canopy1 repres5t$ z ( yield+ drap]y1 yet ! beauty ( ! angelic figures1 & ! t5d]ness ( ! ?\ght1 dis>m$ all animadv]sion4 ,b ! s*ol>s ( ! ,pisani1 z usual1 c>icatur$ :5 !y 7 unable to inv5t2 & ! quiet curta9$ canopy became a huge m>ble t5t1 ) a pole 9 ! c5tre ( x4 ,?us vulg>is$1 ! idea itself soon disappe>$1 to make room = urns1 tor*es1 & weep]s1 & ! o!r mod]n p>aph]nalia ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,,viii4 #c4 ,%ipp+4 ,i h all[$ ?is k9d ( subject to =m a sep>ate head1 ow+ to ! importance ( ro/ra 9 ,roman decoration1 & to ! cont9ual occurr5ce ( naval subjects 9 mod]n monum5tal bas-relief4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson says1 some:at d\btfully1 t he p]ceives a k9d ( beauty 9 a %ip3 ,i say1 )\t any mann] ( d\bt1 t a %ip is "o ( ! lovelie/ ?+s man ev] made1 & "o ( ! noble/2 nor d ,i "k any l9es1 out ( div9e "w1 s lovely z ^? ( ! head ( a %ip1 or ev5 z ! sweep ( ! timb]s ( a small boat1 n a race boat1 a m]e float+ *isel1 b a broad1 /rong1 sea boat1 able to brea/ a wave & break x3 & yet1 ) all ?is beauty1 %ips _c be made subjects ( sculpture4 ,no "o pauses 9 p>ticul> delight b5ea? ! p$im5ts ( ! ,admiralty2 nor does sc5]y ( %ipp+ ev] become prom95t 9 bas-relief )\t de/roy+ x3 witness ! base ( ! ,nelson pill>4 ,x may be1 & mu/ be sometimes1 introduc$ 9 sev]e subord9ation to ! figure subject1 b j en\gh to indicate ! sc5e2 sket*$ 9 ! lighte/ l9es on ! backgr\nd2 nev] ) any attempt at realisation1 nev] ) any equality to ! =ce ( ! figures1 unless ! :ole purpose ( ! subject be picturesque4 ,i %all expla9 ?is exception pres5tly1 9 speak+ ( imitative ar*itecture4 ,,ix4 ,!re is "o piece ( a %ip's fitt+s1 h[ev]1 :i* may be ?\ght to h obta9$ acceptance z a con/ant elem5t ( ar*itectural ornam5t1--! cable3 x is n1 h[ev]1 ! cable itself1 b its ab/ract =m1 a gr\p ( twi/$ l9es 7:i* a cable only exhibits 9 common ) _m natural objects71 :i* is inde$ beautiful z an ornam5t4 ,make ! resemblance complete1 give to ! /one ! ?reads & "* ( ! cable1 & y may1 p]haps1 reg>d ! sculpture ) curiosity1 b nev] m ) admiration4 ,consid] ! effect ( ! base ( ! /atue ( ,k+ ,william ,,iv4 at ! end ( ,london ,bridge4 ,x4 #d4 ,ar*itecture itself4 ,! errone\s use ( armor1 or dress1 or in/rum5ts1 or %ipp+1 z decorative subject1 is almo/ exclusively conf9$ to bad ar*itecture--,roman or ,r5aissance4 ,b ! false use ( ar*itecture itself1 z an ornam5t ( ar*itecture1 is conspicu\s ev5 9 ! m$ival "w ( ! be/ times1 & is a griev\s fault 9 "s ( its noble/ examples4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( great importance to note exactly at :at po9t ?is abuse beg9s1 & 9 :at x consi/s4 ,,xi4 ,9 all bas-relief1 ar*itecture may be introduc$ z an explanation ( ! sc5e 9 :i* ! figures act2 b ) m or less prom95ce 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! importance ( ! figures4 ,! metaphysical reason ( ?is is1 t :]e ! figures are ( great value & beauty1 ! m9d is suppos$ to be engag$ :olly ) !m2 & x is an imp]t95ce to di/urb its contemplation ( !m by any m9or features :atev]4 ,z ! figures become ( less value1 & are reg>d$ ) less int5sity1 accessory subjects may be introduc$1 su* z ! ?\ghts may h leisure =4 ,?us1 if ! figures be z l>ge z life1 & complete /atues1 x is gross vulg>ity to c>ve a temple above !m1 or di/ribute !m ov] sculptur$ rocks1 or lead !m up /eps into pyramids3 ,i ne$ h>dly in/ance ,canova's works1#fc & ! ,dut* pulpit gr\ps1 ) fi%]m51 boats1 & nets1 9 ! mid/ ( *ur* naves4 ,if ! figures be 9 bas-relief1 ?\gh z l>ge z life1 ! sc5e may be expla9$ by lightly trac$ outl9es3 ?is is admirably done 9 ! ,n9evite m>bles4 ,if ! figures be 9 bas-relief1 or ev5 alto-relievo1 b less ?an life1 & if _! purpose is r to enri* a space & produce picturesque %ad[s1 ?an to draw ! ?\ghts entirely to !mselves1 ! sc5]y 9 :i* !y act may become prom95t4 ,! mo/ exquisite examples ( ?is treatm5t are ! gates ( ,ghib]ti4 ,:at w\ld t ,madonna ( ! ,annunciation be1 )\t ! little %r9e into :i* %e %r9ks back8 ,b all m$ival "w is full ( delightful examples ( ! same k9d ( treatm5t3 ! gates ( hell & ( p>adise are important pieces1 bo? ( explanation & effect1 9 all e>ly repres5tations ( ! la/ judgm5t1 or ( ! desc5t into ,hades4 ,! keys ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & ! cru%+ flat ( ! devil "u 8 own door1 :5 x is beat5 91 w\ld h>dly be und]/ood )\t ! respective gate-ways above4 ,! be/ ( all ! lat] capitals ( ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice dep5ds = great "p ( its value on ! ri*ness ( a small campanile1 :i* is po9t$ to pr\dly by a small emp]or 9 a turn$-up hat1 :o1 ! leg5d in=ms u1 is ,numa ,pompilio1 imp]ador1 edifi*ador di tempi e *iese4 ,,xii4 ,%ipp+ may be introduc$1 or ri* fancy ( ve/m5ts1 cr[ns1 & ornam5ts1 exactly on ! same conditions z ar*itecture2 & if ! read] w look back to my def9ition ( ! picturesque 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 he w see :y ,i said1 above1 t !y might only be prom95t :5 ! purpose ( ! subject 0 p>tly picturesque2 t is to say1 :5 ! m9d is int5d$ to d]ive "p ( its enjoym5t f ! p>asitical qualities & accid5ts ( ! ?+1 n f ! he>t ( ! ?+ itself4 ,& ?us1 :ile we mu/ regret ! flapp+ sails 9 ! dea? ( ,nelson 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 we may yet mo/ he>tily enjoy ! sculpture ( a /orm 9 "o ( ! bas-reliefs ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pietro ,m>tire 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eu/orgio at ,milan1 :]e ! gr\p+ ( ! figures is mo/ fancifully complicat$ by ! und]cut cordage ( ! vessel4 ,,xiii4 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ! p]mission to repres5t ! human "w z an ornam5t1 is conditional on its be+ necess>y to ! repres5tation ( a sc5e1 or explanation ( an action4 ,on no t]ms :atev] c\ld any su* subject be indep5d5tly admissible4 ,obs]ve1 !re=e1 ! use ( manufacture z ornam5t is-- #a4 ,) h]oic figure sculpture1 n admissible at all4 #b4 ,) picturesque figure sculpture1 admissible 9 ! degree ( its picturesqu5ess4 #c4 ,)\t figure sculpture1 n admissible at all4 ,s also 9 pa9t+3 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 w\ld n h will+ly pa9t$ a dress ( figur$ damask or ( wat]$ sat92 8 0 h]oic pa9t+1 n admitt+ accessories4 ,t9toret1 ,titian1 ,v]onese1 ,rub5s1 & ,v&yck1 w\ld be v sorry to "p ) _! figur$ /uffs & lu/r\s silks2 & sorry1 obs]ve1 exactly 9 ! degree ( _! picturesque feel+4 ,%\ld n we also be sorry to h ,bi%op ,ambrose )\t 8 ve/1 9 t picture ( ! ,national ,gall]y8 ,b ,i ?9k ,v&yck w\ld n h lik$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ve/ )\t ! bi%op4 ,i mu* d\bt if ,titian or ,v]onese w\ld h enjoy$ go+ into ,wat]loo ,h\se1 & mak+ /udies ( dresses ^u ! c\nt]4 ,,xiv4 ,s1 !re=e1 f9ally1 nei!r ar*itecture nor any o!r human "w is admissible z an ornam5t1 except 9 subord9ation to figure subject4 ,& ?is law is grossly & pa9fully violat$ by ^? curi\s examples ( ,go?ic1 bo? e>ly & late1 9 ! nor?1 7b late1 ,i ?9k1 exclusively1 9 ,italy17 9 :i* ! m9or features ( ! ar*itecture 7 compos$ ( small models ( ! l>g]3 examples :i* l$ ! way to a s]ies ( abuses mat]ially affect+ ! life1 /r5g?1 & nobl5ess ( ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic1--abuses :i* no ,n9evite1 nor ,egyptian1 nor ,greek1 nor ,byzant9e1 nor ,italian ( ! e>li] ages w\ld h endur$ = an in/ant1 & :i* /rike me ) r5ew$ surprise :5ev] ,i pass b5ea? a portal ( ?irte5? c5tury ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 associat$ z !y are ) manife/ations ( exquisite feel+ & p[] 9 o!r directions4 ,! por*es ( ,b\rges1 ,ami5s1 ,notre ,dame ( ,p>is1 & ,notre ,dame ( ,dijon1 may be not$ z conspicu\s 9 error3 small models ( feudal t[]s ) dim9utive w9d[s & battlem5ts1 ( ca!dral spires ) scaly p9nacles1 mix$ ) temple p$im5ts & nondescript edifices ( e k9d1 are cr[d$ toge!r ov] ! recess ( ! ni*e into a confus$ fool's cap = ! sa9t bel[4 ,italian ,go?ic is almo/ entirely free f ! ta9t ( ?is b>b>ism until ! ,r5aissance p]iod1 :5 x becomes rampant 9 ! ca!dral ( ,como & ,c]tosa ( ,pavia2 & at ,v5ice we f9d ! ,r5aissance *ur*es decorat$ ) models ( =tifications l ^? 9 ! ,repository at ,woolwi*1 or inlaid ) mock arcades 9 pseudo-p]spective1 copi$ f g>d5]s' pa9t+s at ! ends ( cons]vatories4 ,,xv4 ,i conclude1 !n1 ) ! read]'s leave1 t all ornam5t is base :i* takes = its subject human "w1 t x is utt]ly base1--pa9ful to e rightly-ton$ m9d1 )\t p]haps imm$iate s5se ( ! reason1 b = a reason palpable en\gh :5 we d ?9k ( x4 ,= to c>ve our own "w1 & set x up = admiration1 is a mis]able self-complac5cy1 a cont5tm5t 9 our own wret*$ do+s1 :5 we might h be5 look+ at ,god's do+s4 ,& all noble ornam5t is ! exact rev]se ( ?is4 ,x is ! expression ( man's delight 9 ,god's "w4 ,,xvi4 ,= obs]ve1 ! function ( ornam5t is to make y happy4 ,n[ 9 :at are y rightly happy8 ,n 9 ?9k+ ( :at y h done y\rself2 n 9 y\r own pride1 n y\r own bir?2 n 9 y\r own be+1 or y\r own w1 b 9 look+ at ,god2 wat*+ :at ,he does1 :at ,he is2 & obey+ ,8 law1 & yield+ y\rself to ,8 w4 ,y are to be made happy by ornam5ts2 !re=e !y mu/ be ! expression ( all ?is4 ,n copies ( y\r own h&iwork2 n boa/+s ( y\r own gr&eur2 n h]aldries2 n k+'s arms1 nor any creature's arms1 b ,god's arm1 se5 9 ,8 "w4 ,n manife/ation ( y\r delight 9 y\r own laws1 or y\r own lib]ties1 or y\r own inv5tions2 b 9 div9e laws1 con/ant1 daily1 common laws2--n ,composite laws1 nor ,doric laws1 nor laws ( ! five ord]s1 b ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,,xvii4 ,!n ! prop] mat]ial ( ornam5t w be :atev] ,god has creat$2 & its prop] treatm5t1 t :i* seems 9 accordance ) or symbolical ( ,8 laws4 ,&1 = mat]ial1 we %all !re=e h1 fir/1 ! ab/ract l9es :i* are mo/ frequ5t 9 nature2 & !n1 f l[] to high]1 ! :ole range ( sy/ematis$ inorganic & organic =ms4 ,we %all rapidly glance 9 ord] at _! k9ds2 &1 h[ev] absurd ! elem5tal division ( inorganic matt] by ! anci5ts may seem to ! mod]n *emi/1 x is "o s gr& & simple = arrangem5ts ( ext]nal appe>ances1 t ,i %all "h foll[ x2 notic+ fir/1 aft] ab/ract l9es1 ! imitable =ms ( ! f\r elem5ts1 ( ,e>?1 ,wat]1 ,fire1 & ,air1 & !n ^? ( animal organisms4 ,x may be conv5i5t to ! read] to h ! ord] /at$ 9 a cle> succession at fir/1 ?us3-- #a4 ,ab/ract l9es4 #b4 ,=ms ( ,e>? 7,cry/als74 #c4 ,=ms ( ,wat] 7,waves74 #d4 ,=ms ( ,fire 7,flames & ,rays74 #e4 ,=ms ( ,air 7,cl\ds74 #f4 7,organic =ms47 ,%ells4 #g4 ,fi%4 #h4 ,reptiles & insects4 #i4 ,vegetation 7,a47 ,/ems & ,trunks4 #aj4 ,vegetation 7,b47 ,foliage4 #aa4 ,birds4 #ab4 ,mammalian animals & ,man4 ,x may be object$ t cl\ds are a =m ( moi/ure1 n ( air4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a p]fect expression ( arial /ates & curr5ts1 & may suffici5tly well /& = ! elem5t !y move 94 ,& ,i h put vegetation app>5tly some:at out ( its place1 ow+ to its va/ importance z a means ( decoration1 & its con/ant association ) birds & m54 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,ab/ract l9es4 ,i h n ) l9es nam$ also %ades & colors1 = ?is evid5t reason1 t !re are no su* ?+s z ab/ract %ad[s1 irrespective ( ! =ms :i* exhibit !m1 & di/+ui%$ 9 _! own nature f ea* o!r2 & t ! arrangem5t ( %ad[s1 9 great] or less quantity1 or 9 c]ta9 h>monical successions1 is an affair ( treatm5t1 n ( selection4 ,& :5 we use ab/ract colors1 we are 9 fact us+ a "p ( nature h]self1--us+ a quality ( h] light1 correspond5t ) t ( ! air1 to c>ry s\nd2 & ! arrangem5t ( color 9 h>moni\s masses is aga9 a matt] ( treatm5t1 n selection4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is sep>ate art ( color+1 z ref]r$ to ar*itecture1 x is v notable t ! be/ t9ts are always ^? ( natural /ones4 ,^! c h>dly be wrong2 ,i ?9k ,i nev] yet saw an (f5sive introduction ( ! natural colors ( m>ble & preci\s /ones1 unless 9 small mosaics1 & 9 "o or two gl>+ in/ances ( ! resolute det]m9ation to produce some?+ ugly at any co/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h mo/ assur$ly nev] yet se5 a pa9t$ build+1 anci5t or mod]n1 :i* seem$ to me q "r4 ,,xix4 ,our fir/ con/itu5ts ( ornam5t w !re=e be ab/ract l9es1 t is to say1 ! mo/ frequ5t cont\rs ( natural objects1 transf]r$ to ar*itectural =ms :5 x is n "r or possible to r5d] su* =ms di/9ctly imitative4 ,= in/ance1 ! l9e or curve ( ! edge ( a leaf may be accurately giv5 to ! edge ( a /one1 )\t r5d]+ ! /one 9 ! lea/ l a leaf1 or sugge/ive ( a leaf2 & ?is ! m fully1 because ! l9es ( nature are alike 9 all h] works2 simpl] or ri*] 9 comb9ation1 b ! same 9 "*2 & :5 !y are tak5 out ( _! comb9ations x is impossible to say f :i* ( h] works !y h be5 borr[$1 _! univ]sal prop]ty be+ t ( ev]-v>y+ curvature 9 ! mo/ subtle & subdu$ transitions1 ) peculi> expressions ( motion1 ela/icity1 or dep5d5ce1 :i* ,i h already insi/$ ^u at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt]s on typical beauty 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,b1 t ! read] may "h be able to comp>e !m = himself z d$uc$ f diff]5t s\rces1 ,i h drawn1 z accurately z ,i c1 on ! opposite plate1 "s t5 or elev5 l9es f natural =ms ( v diff]5t sub/ances & scale3 ! fir/1 a b1 is 9 ! orig9al1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ beautiful simple curve ,i h ev] se5 9 my life2 x is a curve ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile long1 =m$ by ! surface ( a small glaci] ( ! second ord]1 on a spur ( ! ,aiguille de ,blaitire 7,*am\ni74 ,i h m]ely outl9$ ! crags on ! "r ( x1 to %[ _! sympa?y & unit$ action ) ! curve ( ! glaci]1 :i* is ( c\rse entirely dep5d5t on _! opposition to its desc5t2 s(t5$1 h[ev]1 into unity by ! sn[1 :i* r>ely melts on ?is high glaci] surface4 ,! l9e d c is "s mile & a half or two miles long2 x is "p ( ! flank ( ! *a9 ( ! ,d5t d',o*e above ! lake ( ,g5eva1 "o or two ( ! l9es ( ! high] & m di/ant ranges be+ giv5 9 comb9ation ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,ab/ract ,,l9es4 h is a l9e ab\t f\r feet long1 a bran* ( spruce fir4 ,i h tak5 ?is tree because x is commonly suppos$ to be /iff & ungraceful2 its out] sprays are1 h[ev]1 m noble 9 _! sweep ?an almo/ any t ,i "k3 b ?is fragm5t is se5 at great disadvantage1 because plac$ upside d[n1 9 ord] t ! read] may comp>e its curvatures ) c d1 e g1 & i k1 :i* are all m\nta9 l9es2 e g1 ab\t five hundr$ feet ( ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,matt]horn2 i k1 ! entire slope ( ! ,aiguille ,b\*>d1 f its summit into ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 a l9e "s ?ree miles long2 l m is ! l9e ( ! side ( a will[ leaf trac$ by lay+ ! leaf on ! pap]2 n o1 "o ( ! innum]able gr\ps ( curves at ! lip ( a pap] ,nautilus2 p1 a spiral1 trac$ on ! pap] r\nd a ,s]pula2 q r1 ! leaf ( ! ,alisma ,plantago ) its int]ior ribs1 real size2 s t1 ! side ( a bay-leaf2 u w1 ( a salvia leaf2 & x is to be c>efully not$ t ^! la/ curves1 be+ nev] int5d$ by nature to be se5 s+ly1 are m heavy & less agreeable ?an any ( ! o!rs :i* w\ld be se5 z indep5d5t l9es4 ,b all agree 9 _! "* ( *angeful curvature1 ! m\nta9 & glaci] l9es only excell+ ! re/ 9 delicacy & ri*ness ( transition4 ,,xx4 ,:y l9es ( ?is k9d are beautiful1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ 9 ! ,mod]n ,pa9t]s2 b "o po9t1 !re omitt$1 may be m5tion$ "h1--t almo/ all ^! l9es are expressive ( action ( =ce ( "s k9d1 :ile ! circle is a l9e ( limitation or support4 ,9 leafage !y m>k ! =ces ( its gr[? & expansion1 b "s among ! mo/ beautiful ( !m are describ$ by bodies v>i\sly 9 motion1 or subject$ to =ce2 z by projectiles 9 ! air1 by ! p>ticles ( wat] 9 a g5tle curr5t1 by planets 9 motion 9 an orbit1 by _! satellites1 if ! actual pa? ( ! satellite 9 space be consid]$ in/ead ( its relation to ! planet2 by boats1 or birds1 turn+ 9 ! wat] or air1 by cl\ds 9 v>i\s action ^u ! w9d1 by sails 9 ! curvatures !y assume "u its =ce1 & by ?\s&s ( o!r objects mov+ or be>+ =ce4 ,9 ! ,alisma leaf1 q r1 ! l9es ?r\gh its body1 :i* are ( peculi> beauty1 m>k ! diff]5t expansions ( its fibres1 & are1 ,i ?9k1 exactly ! same z ^? :i* w\ld be trac$ by ! curr5ts ( a riv] ent]+ a lake ( ! %ape ( ! leaf1 at ! end :]e ! /alk is1 & pass+ out at its po9t4 ,circul> curves1 on ! contr>y1 are always1 ,i ?9k1 curves ( limitation or support2 t is to say1 curves ( p]fect re/4 ,! cyl9drical curve r\nd ! /em ( a plant b9ds its fibres toge!r2 :ile ! asc5t ( ! /em is 9 l9es ( v>i\s curvature3 s ! curve ( ! horizon & ( ! app>5t heav51 ( ! ra9b[1 etc43 & ?\gh ! read] might imag9e t ! circul> orbit ( any mov+ body1 or ! curve describ$ by a sl+1 0 a curve ( motion1 he %\ld obs]ve t ! circul> "* is giv5 to ! curve n by ! motion1 b by ! conf9em5t3 ! circle is ! consequ5ce n ( ! en]gy ( ! body1 b ( its be+ =bidd5 to leave ! c5tre2 & :5ev] ! :irl+ or circul> motion c be fully impress$ on x we obta9 in/ant balance & re/ ) respect to ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,h5ce ! peculi> fitness ( ! circul> curve z a sign ( re/1 & security ( support1 9 ar*es2 :ile ! o!r curves1 belong+ especially to action1 are to be us$ 9 ! m active ar*itectural features--! h& & foot 7! capital & base71 & 9 all m9or ornam5ts2 m freely 9 proportion to _! indep5d5ce ( /ructural conditions4 ,,xxi4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 hope to be able to imitate1 9 g5]al "w1 any ( ! subtly comb9$ curvatures ( nature's highe/ design+3 on ! contr>y1 _! extreme ref9em5t r5d]s !m unfit = co>se s]vice or mat]ial4 ,l9es :i* are lovely 9 ! pe>ly film ( ! ,nautilus %ell1 are lo/ 9 ! grey r\ghness ( /one2 & ^? :i* are sublime 9 ! blue ( f> away hills1 are weak 9 ! sub/ance ( incumb5t m>ble4 ,( all ! graceful l9es assembl$ on ,plate ,,vii41 we %all d well to be cont5t ) two ( ! simple/4 ,we %all take "o m\nta9 l9e 7e g7 & "o leaf l9e 7u w71 or r fragm5ts ( !m1 = we %all p]haps n want !m all4 ,i w m>k (f f u w ! little bit x y1 & f e g ! piece e f2 bo? :i* appe> to me likely to be s]viceable3 & if h]eaft] we ne$ ! help ( any ab/ract l9es1 we w see :at we c d ) ^! only4 ,,xxii4 #b4 ,=ms ( ,e>? 7,cry/als74 ,x may be ask$ :y ,i d n say rocks or m\nta9s8 ,simply1 because ! nobility ( ^! dep5ds1 fir/1 on _! scale1 &1 secondly1 on accid5t4 ,_! scale _c be repres5t$1 nor _! accid5t sy/ematis$4 ,no sculptor c 9 ! lea/ imitate ! peculi> "* ( accid5tal fracture3 he c obey or exhibit ! laws ( nature1 b he _c copy ! felicity ( h] fancies1 nor foll[ ! /eps ( h] fury4 ,! v glory ( a m\nta9 is 9 ! revolutions :i* rais$ x into p[]1 & ! =ces :i* are /rik+ x into ru94 ,b we want no cold & c>eful imitation ( cata/rophe2 no calculat$ mock]y ( convulsion2 no delicate recomm5dation ( ru94 ,we are to foll[ ! labor ( ,nature1 b n h] di/urbance2 to imitate :at %e has delib]ately orda9$1#fd n :at %e has viol5tly suff]$1 or /rangely p]mitt$4 ,! only uses1 !re=e1 ( rock =m :i* are wise 9 ! ar*itect1 are its actual introduction 7by leav+ unt\*$ su* blocks z are meant = r\gh s]vice71 & t noble use ( ! g5]al examples ( m\nta9 /ructure ( :i* ,i h (t5 h]et(ore spok54 ,imitations ( rock =m h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 conf9$ to p]iods ( degrad$ feel+ & to ar*itectural toys or pieces ( dramatic effect1--! ,calv>ies & holy sepul*res ( ,romanism1 or ! grottoes & f\nta9s ( ,engli% g>d5s4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 n unfrequ5t 9 m$ival bas-reliefs2 v curi\sly & elaborately treat$ by ,ghib]ti on ! doors ( ,flor5ce1 & 9 religi\s sculpture necess>ily introduc$ :]ev] ! life ( ! an*orite 0 to be express$4 ,!y 7 r>ely introduc$ z ( ornam5tal "*1 b = p>ticul> s]vice & expression2 we %all see an int]e/+ example 9 ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,,xxiii4 ,b aga9/ cry/all9e =m1 :i* is ! completely sy/ematis$ natural /ructure ( ! e>?1 none ( ^! objections hold good1 &1 accord+ly1 x is an endless elem5t ( decoration1 :]e high] conditions ( /ructure _c be repres5t$4 ,! f\r-sid$ pyramid1 p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t ( all natural cry/als1 is call$ 9 ar*itecture a dogtoo?2 its use is q limitless1 & always beautiful3 ! cube & rhomb are almo/ equally frequ5t 9 *equ]s & d5tils3 & all m\ld+s ( ! middle ,go?ic are little m ?an repres5tations ( ! canaliculat$ cry/als ( ! b]yl1 & su* o!r m9]als3 ,,xxiv4 ,n kn[+ly4 ,i d n suppose a s+le h9t 0 ev] actually tak5 f m9]al =m2 n ev5 by ! ,arabs 9 _! /alactite p5dants & vaults3 all t ,i mean to allege is1 t beautiful ornam5t1 :]ev] f\nd1 or h[ev] inv5t$1 is always ei!r an int5tional or un9t5tional copy ( "s con/ant natural =m2 & t 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 ! pleasure we h 9 ^! geometrical figures ( our own inv5tion1 is dep5d5t = all its acut5ess on ! natural t5d5cy impress$ on u by our ,creator to love ! =ms into :i* ! e>? ,he gave u to tread1 & out ( :i* ,he =m$ our bodies1 knit itself z x 0 sep>at$ f ! deep4 ,,xxv4 #c4 ,=ms ( ,wat] 7,waves74 ,! reasons :i* prev5t rocks f be+ us$ = ornam5t repress /ill m =cibly ! portraiture ( ! sea4 ,yet ! con/ant necessity ( introduc+ "s repres5tation ( wat] 9 ord] to expla9 ! sc5e ( ev5ts1 or z a sacr$ symbol1 has =c$ ! sculptors ( all ages to ! inv5tion ( "s type or lett] = x1 if n an actual imitation4 ,we f9d e degree ( conv5tionalism or ( naturalism 9 ^! types1 ! e>li] be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?\ghtful symbols2 ! latt]1 awkw>d attempts at portraiture4#fe ,! mo/ conv5tional ( all types is ! ,egyptian zigzag1 pres]v$ 9 ! a/ronomical sign ( ,aqu>ius2 b e nation1 ) any capacities ( ?\ght1 has giv51 9 "s ( its "w1 ! same great def9ition ( op5 wat]1 z an undulatory ?+ ) fi% 9 x4 ,i say op5 wat]1 because inl& nations h a totally diff]5t conception ( ! elem5t4 ,imag9e = an in/ant ! diff]5t feel+s ( an husb&man ^: hut is built by ! ,rh9e or ! ,po1 & :o sees1 day by day1 ! same giddy succession ( sil5t p[]1 ! same opaque1 ?ick1 :irl+1 irresi/ible labyr9? ( ru%+ l9es & twi/$ eddies1 coil+ !mselves into s]p5t9e race by ! re$y banks1 9 omne volubilis vum1--& ! image ( ! sea 9 ! m9d ( ! fi%] ^u ! rocks ( ,i?aca1 or by ! ,/raits ( ,sicily1 :o sees h[1 day by day1 ! morn+ w9ds come c\rs+ to ! %ore1 e brea? ( !m ) a gre5 wave re>+ be=e x2 cle>1 crisp1 r++1 m]ry-m9d$ waves1 t fall ov] & ov] ea* o!r1 laugh+ l *ildr5 z !y ne> ! bea*1 & at la/ cla% !mselves all into du/ ( cry/al ov] ! dazzl+ sweeps ( s&4 ,fancy ! diff]5ce ( ! image ( wat] 9 ^? two m9ds1 & !n comp>e ! sculpture ( ! coil+ eddies ( ! ,tigris & its re$y bran*es 9 ^? slabs ( ,n9eveh1 ) ! cre/$ curls ( ! ,greek sea on ! co9s ( ,cam]9a or ,t>5tum4 ,b bo? agree 9 ! undulatory l9es1 ei!r ( ! curr5ts or ! surface1 & 9 ! introduction ( fi% z explanatory ( ! mean+ ( ^? l9es 7s also ! ,egyptians 9 _! frescoes1 ) mo/ elaborate realisation ( ! fi%74 ,!re is a v curi\s in/ance on a ,greek mirror 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5t+ ,orion on ! ,sea2 & multitudes ( examples ) dolph9s on ! ,greek vases3 ! type is pres]v$ )\t alt]ation 9 m$ival pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! sea 9 t ,greek mirror 7at lea/ #djj ,b4,c471 9 ! mosaics ( ,torcello & ,/4 ,m>k's1 on ! font ( ,/4 ,fr$iano at ,lucca1 on ! gate ( ! =tress ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt 9 ,norm&y1 on ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 & on ! capitals ( ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice 7"u ,arion on 8 ,dolph971 is repres5t$ 9 a mann] absolutely id5tical4 ,giotto1 9 ! frescoes ( ,avignon1 has1 ) 8 usual /rong feel+ = naturalism1 giv5 ! be/ example ,i rememb]1 9 pa9t+1 ( ! unity ( ! conv5tional sy/em ) direct imitation1 & t bo? 9 sea & riv]2 giv+ 9 pure blue color ! coil+ :irlpool ( ! /ream1 & ! curl$ cre/ ( ! break]4 ,b 9 all e>ly sculptural examples1 bo? imitation & decorative effect are subord9ate to easily und]/ood symbolical language2 ! undulatory l9es are (t5 valuable z an enri*m5t ( surface1 b are r>ely ( any /udi$ gracefulness4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ,i "k ( _! expressive arrangem5t is ar\nd "s figures 9 a sp&ril at ,b\rges1 repres5t+ figures s9k+ 9 deep sea 7! deluge73 ! wav$ l9es yield b5ea? ! bodies & wildly lave ! edge ( ! m\ld+1 two birds1 z if to m>k ! rev]se ( all ord] ( nature1 l[e/ ( all sunk 9 ! dep? ( !m4 ,9 lat] times ( debasem5t1 wat] began to be repres5t$ ) its waves1 foam1 etc41 z on ! ,v5dram9 tomb at ,v5ice1 above cit$2 b ev5 !re1 )\t any def9ite ornam5tal purpose1 ! sculptor meant p>tly to expla9 a /ory1 p>tly to display dext]ity ( *isell+1 b n to produce beautiful =ms pleasant to ! eye4 ,! imitation is vapid & joyless1 & x has (t5 be5 matt] ( surprise to me t sculptors1 s fond ( exhibit+ _! skill1 %\ld h suff]$ ?is imitation to fall s %ort1 & rema9 s cold1--%\ld n h tak5 m pa9s to curl ! waves cle>ly1 to edge !m %>ply1 & to express1 by drill-holes or o!r artifices1 ! "* ( foam4 ,i ?9k 9 "o ( ! ,antw]p *ur*es some?+ ( ?is k9d is done 9 wood1 b 9 g5]al x is r>e4 ,,xxvi4 #d4 ,=ms ( ,fire 7,flames & ,rays74 ,if nei!r ! sea nor ! rock c be imag9$1 /ill less ! dev\r+ fire4 ,x has be5 symbolis$ by radiation bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! latt] v unsuccessfully4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me1 n long ago1#ff t zigzag decorations ( ,norman ar*itects 7 typical ( light spr++ f ! half-set orb ( ! sun2 ! resemblance to ! ord9>y sun type is inde$ rem>kable1 b ,i believe accid5tal4 ,i %all give y1 9 my l>ge plates1 two curi\s in/ances ( radiation 9 brick ornam5t above ar*es1 b ,i ?9k ^! also )\t any v lum9\s int5tion4 ,! imitations ( fire 9 ! tor*es ( ,cupids & g5ii1 & burn+ 9 tops ( urns1 :i* atte/ & repres5t ! mephitic inspirations ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 mo/ ,london *ur*es1 & 9 monum5ts all ov] civilis$ ,europe1 toge!r ) ! gild$ rays ( ,romani/ alt>s1 may be left to su* m]cy z ! read] is incl9$ to %[ !m4 ,,xxvii4 #e4 ,=ms ( ,air 7,cl\ds74 ,h>dly m manageable ?an flames1 & ( no ornam5tal use1 _! maje/y be+ 9 scale & color1 & inimitable 9 m>ble4 ,!y are lightly trac$ 9 mu* ( ! c9que c5to sculpture2 v boldly & gr&ly 9 ! /range ,la/ ,judgm5t 9 ! por* ( ,/4 ,macl\ at ,r\51 describ$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,b ! mo/ elaborate imitations are altoge!r ( rec5t date1 arrang$ 9 concretions l flatt5$ sacks1 =ty or fifty feet above ! alt>s ( cont95tal *ur*es1 mix$ ) ! gild$ trun*eons int5d$ = sunbeams above allud$ to4 ,,xxviii4 #f4 ,%ells4 ,i place ^! l[e/ 9 ! scale 7aft] inorganic =ms7 z be+ m\lds or coats ( organism2 n !mselves organic4 ,! s5se ( ?is1 & ( _! be+ m]e empt9ess & des]t$ h\ses1 mu/ always prev5t !m1 h[ev] beautiful 9 _! l9es1 f be+ l>gely us$ 9 ornam5tation4 ,x is bett] to take ! l9e & leave ! %ell4 ,"o =m1 inde$1 t ( ! cockle1 has be5 9 all ages us$ z ! decoration ( half domes1 :i* 7 nam$ con*as f _! %ell =m3 & ,i believe ! wr9kl$ lip ( ! cockle1 s us$1 to h be5 ! orig91 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe at lea/1 ( ! exub]ant foliation ( ! r\nd ar*4 ,! scallop also is a pretty radiant =m1 & m+les well ) o!r symbols :5 x is ne$$4 ,! crab is always z delightful z a grotesque1 = "h we suppose ! bea/ inside ! %ell2 & he su/a9s 8 "p 9 a lively mann] among ! o!r signs ( ! zodiac1 ) ! scorpion2 or scatt]$ ^u sculptur$ %ores1 z beside ! ,bronze ,bo> ( ,flor5ce4 ,we %all f9d him 9 a basket at ,v5ice1 at ! base ( "o ( ! ,piazzetta %afts4 ,,xxix4 #g4 ,fi%4 ,^!1 z beautiful 9 _! =ms z !y are famili> to our sight1 :ile _! int]e/ is increas$ by _! symbolic mean+1 are ( great value z mat]ial ( ornam5t4 ,love ( ! picturesque has g5]ally induc$ a *oice ( "s supple =m ) scaly body & la%+ tail1 b ! simple/ fi% =m is l>gely employ$ 9 m$ival "w4 ,we %all f9d ! pla9 oval body & %>p head ( ! ,?unny con/antly at ,v5ice2 & ! fi% us$ 9 ! expression ( sea-wat]1 or wat] g5]ally1 are always pla9 bodi$ creatures 9 ! be/ m$ival sculpture4 ,! ,greek type ( ! dolph91 h[ev]1 sometimes b slightly exagg]at$ f ! real outl9e ( ! ,delph9us ,delphis1#fg is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque ( animal =ms2 & ! action ( its sl[ revolv+ plunge is admirably caught ^u ! surface sea repres5t$ 9 ,greek vases4 ,,xxx4 #h4 ,reptiles & ,insects4 ,! =ms ( ! s]p5t & liz>d exhibit almo/ e elem5t ( beauty & horror 9 /range comb9ation2 ! horror1 :i* 9 an imitation is felt only z a pleasurable excitem5t1 has r5d]$ !m favorite subjects 9 all p]iods ( art2 & ! unity ( bo? liz>d & s]p5t 9 ! ideal dragon1 ! mo/ picturesque & p[]ful ( all animal =ms1 & ( peculi> symbolical int]e/ to ! ,*ri/ian m9d1 is p]haps ! pr9cipal ( all ! mat]ials ( m$ival picturesque sculpture4 ,by ! be/ sculptors x is always us$ ) ?is symbolic mean+1 by ! c9que c5to sculptors z an ornam5t m]ely4 ,! be/ & mo/ natural repres5tations ( m]e vip] or snake are to be f\nd int]lac$ among _! confus$ gr\ps ( mean+less objects4 ,! real p[] & horror ( ! snake-head has1 h[ev]1 be5 r>ely rea*$4 ,i %all give "o example f ,v]ona ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,o!r less p[]ful reptile =ms are n unfrequ5t4 ,small frogs1 liz>ds1 & snails almo/ always enliv5 ! =egr\nds & leafage ( good sculpture4 ,! tortoise is less usually employ$ 9 gr\ps4 ,beetles are *iefly my/ic & colossal4 ,v>i\s insects1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w1 occur 9 c9que c5to "w2 gras%opp]s mo/ frequ5tly4 ,we %all see on ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice an int]e/+ use ( ! bee4 ,,xxxi4 #i4 ,bran*es & /ems ( ,trees4 ,i arrange ^! "u a sep>ate head2 because1 :ile ! =ms ( leafage belong to all ar*itecture1 & ought to be employ$ 9 x always1 ^? ( ! bran* & /em belong to a peculi> imitative & luxuriant ar*itecture1 & are only applicable at times4 ,pagan sculptors seem to h p]ceiv$ little beauty 9 ! /ems ( trees2 !y 7 little else ?an timb] to !m2 & !y pref]r$ ! rigid & mon/r\s triglyph1 or ! flut$ column1 to a brok5 b\gh or gn>l$ trunk4 ,b ) ,*ri/ian k came a peculi> reg>d = ! =ms ( vegetation1 f ! root upw>ds4 ,! actual repres5tation ( ! entire trees requir$ 9 _m scripture subjects1--z 9 ! mo/ frequ5t ( ,old ,te/am5t subjects1 ! ,fall2 & aga9 9 ! ,drunk5ness ( ,noah1 ! ,g>d5 ,agony1 & _m o!rs1 famili>is$ ! sculptors ( bas-relief to ! beauty ( =ms be=e unkn[n2 :ile ! symbolical "n giv5 to ,*ri/ by ! ,prophets1 ! ,bran*1 & ! frequ5t expressions ref]r+ to ?is image ?r\gh\t e scriptural description ( conv]sion1 gave an especial int]e/ to ! ,*ri/ian m9d to ?is portion ( vegetative /ructure4 ,= "s "t1 nev]!less1 ! sculpture ( trees 0 conf9$ to bas-relief2 b x at la/ affect$ ev5 ! treatm5t ( ! ma9 %afts 9 ,lomb>d ,go?ic build+s1--z 9 ! we/]n faade ( ,g5oa1 :]e two ( ! %afts are repres5t$ z gn>l$ trunks3 & z bas-relief itself became m boldly introduc$1 s did tree sculpture1 until we f9d ! wri!d & knott$ /ems ( ! v9e & fig us$ = angle %afts on ! ,doge's ,palace1 & entire oaks & appletrees =m+1 roots & all1 ! pr9cipal decorative sculptures ( ! ,scala tombs at ,v]ona4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ to be m easy to c>ve bran*es ?an leaves &1 mu* help$ by ! frequ5t employm5t 9 lat] ,go?ic ( ! ,tree ( ,jesse1 = trac]ies & o!r purposes1 ! sy/em rea*$ full developem5t 9 a p]fect ?icket ( twigs1 :i* =m ! ri*e/ portion ( ! decoration ( ! por*es ( ,beauvais4 ,x _h n[ be5 c>ri$ to its ri*e/ extreme3 m5 we>i$ ( x & ab&on$ x1 & l all o!r natural & beautiful ?+s1 x 0 o/racis$ by ! mob ( ,r5aissance ar*itects4 ,b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! human m9d1 9 its acceptance ( ?is feature ( ornam5t1 proce$$ f ! gr\nd1 & foll[$1 z x 71 ! natural gr[? ( ! tree4 ,x began ) ! rude & solid trunk1 z at ,g5oa2 !n ! bran*es %ot out1 & became load$ leaves2 autumn came1 ! leaves 7 %$1 & ! eye 0 direct$ to ! extremities ( ! delicate bran*es2--! ,r5aissance fro/s came1 & all p]i%$4 ,,xxxii4 #aj4 ,foliage1 ,fl[]s1 & ,fruit4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ^! z sep>at$ f ! /ems2 n only1 z above not$1 because _! sep>ate use m>ks ano!r s*ool ( ar*itecture1 b because !y are ! only organic /ructures :i* are capable ( be+ s treat$1 & int5d$ to be s1 )\t /rong ef=t ( imag9ation4 ,to pull animals to pieces1 & use _! paws = feet ( furniture1 or _! heads = t]m9ations ( rods & %afts1 is usually ! *>act]i/ic ( feel+less s*ools2 ! greate/ m5 l _! animals :ole4 ,! head may1 inde$1 be s manag$ z to look em]g5t f ! /one1 r ?an fa/5$ to x2 & :]ev] !re is ?r\gh\t ! ar*itecture any expression ( /]nness or sev]ity 7sev]ity 9 its lit]al s5se1 z 9 ,romans1 ,,xi4 #bb71 su* divisions ( ! liv+ =m may be p]mitt$2 /ill1 y _c cut an animal to pieces z y c ga!r a fl[] or a leaf4 ,^! 7 int5d$ = our ga!r+1 & = our con/ant delight3 :]ev] m5 exi/ 9 a p]fectly civilis$ & heal?y /ate1 !y h vegetation ar\nd !m2 :]ev] _! /ate approa*es t ( innoc5ce or p]fectness1 x approa*es t ( ,p>adise1--x is a dress+ ( g>d54 ,&1 !re=e1 :]e no?+ else c be us$ = ornam5t1 vegetation may2 vegetation 9 any =m1 h[ev] fragm5t>y1 h[ev] ab/ract$4 ,a s+le leaf laid ^u ! angle ( a /one1 or ! m]e =m or frame-"w ( ! leaf drawn ^u x1 or ! m]e %ad[ & gho/ ( ! leaf1--! holl[ foil cut out ( x1--possesses a *>m :i* no?+ else c replace2 a *>m n excit+1 nor dem&+ labori\s ?\ght or sympa?y1 b p]fectly simple1 peaceful1 & satisfy+4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! full recognition ( leaf =ms1 z ! g5]al s\rce ( subord9ate decoration1 is "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture2 b ! two roots ( leaf ornam5t are ! ,greek acan?us1 & ! ,egyptian lotus4#fh ,! dry l& & ! riv] ?us ea* contribut$ _! "p2 & all ! florid capitals ( ! ri*e/ ,nor!rn ,go?ic on ! "o h&1 & ! arr[y l9es ( ! sev]e ,lomb>dic capitals on ! o!r1 are f\nd$ on ^! two gifts ( ! du/ ( ,greece & ! waves ( ! ,nile4 ,! leaf :i* is1 ,i believe1 call$ ! ,p]sepolitan wat]-leaf1 is to be associat$ ) ! lotus fl[] & /em1 z ! orig9 ( our noble/ types ( simple capital2 & x is to be not$ t ! florid leaves ( ! dry l& are us$ mo/ by ! ,nor!rn ar*itects1 :ile ! wat] leaves are ga!r$ = _! ornam5ts by ! p>*$ build]s ( ! ,des]t4 ,,xxxiv4 ,fruit is1 = ! mo/ "p1 m valuable 9 color ?an =m2 no?+ is m beautiful z a subject ( sculpture on a tree2 b1 ga!r$ & put 9 baskets1 x is q possible to h too mu* ( x4 ,we %all f9d x s us$ v dextr\sly on ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice1 !re ) a mean+ :i* r5d]$ x "r necess>y2 b ! ,r5aissance ar*itects address !mselves to spectators :o c>e = no?+ b fea/+1 & suppose t clu/]s ( pe>s & p9eapples are visions ( :i* _! imag9ation c nev] we>y1 & above :i* x w nev] c>e to rise4 ,i am no advocate = image wor%ip1 z ,i believe ! read] w else:]e suffici5tly f9d2 b ,i am v sure t ! ,prote/antism ( ,london w\ld h f\nd itself q z secure 9 a ca!dral decorat$ ) /atues ( good m51 z 9 "o hung r\nd ) bun*es ( rib/on pipp9s4 ,,xxxv4 #aa4 ,birds4 ,! p]fect & simple grace ( bird =m1 9 g5]al1 has r5d]$ x a favorite subject ) e>ly sculptors1 & ) ^? s*ools :i* lov$ =m m ?an action2 b ! difficulty ( express+ action1 :]e ! muscul> m>k+s are conceal$1 has limit$ ! use ( x 9 lat] art4 ,half ! ornam5t1 at lea/1 9 ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 & a ?ird ( t ( ,lomb>dic1 is compos$ ( birds1 ei!r peck+ at fruit or fl[]s1 or /&+ on ei!r side ( a fl[] or vase1 or alone1 z g5]ally ! symbolical peacock4 ,b h[ mu* ( our g5]al s5se ( grace or p[] ( motion1 ( s]5ity1 peacefulness1 & spirituality1 we owe to ^! creatures1 x is impossible to conceive2 _! w+s supply+ u ) almo/ ! only means ( repres5tation ( spiritual motion :i* we possess1 & ) an ornam5tal =m ( :i* ! eye is nev] we>y1 h[ev] mean+lessly or endlessly repeat$2 :e!r 9 utt] isolation1 or associat$ ) ! bodies ( ! liz>d1 ! horse1 ! lion1 or ! man4 ,! heads ( ! birds ( prey are always beautiful1 & us$ z ! ri*e/ ornam5ts 9 all ages4 ,,xxxvi4 #ab4 ,quadrup$s & ,m54 ,( quadrup$s ! horse has receiv$ an elevation into ! primal rank ( sculptural subject1 ow+ to 8 association ) m54 ,! full value ( o!r quadrup$ =ms has h>dly be5 p]ceiv$1 or work$ =1 9 late sculpture2 & ! want ( sci5ce is m felt 9 ^! subjects ?an 9 any o!r bran*es ( e>ly "w4 ,! greate/ ri*ness ( quadrup$ ornam5t is f\nd 9 ! hunt+ sculpture ( ! ,lomb>ds2 b rudely treat$ 7! mo/ noble examples ( treatm5t be+ ! lions ( ,egypt1 ! ,n9evite bulls1 & ! m$ival griff9s74 ,quadrup$s ( c\rse =m ! noble/ subjects ( ornam5t next to ! human =m2 ?is latt]1 ! *ief subject ( sculpture1 be+ sometimes ! end ( ar*itecture r ?an its decoration4 ,we h ?us complet$ ! li/ ( ! mat]ials ( ar*itectural decoration1 & ! read] may be assur$ t no ef=t has ev] be5 successful to draw elem5ts ( beauty f any o!r s\rces ?an ^!4 ,su* an ef=t 0 once resolutely made4 ,x 0 contr>y to ! religion ( ! ,arab to introduce any animal =m into 8 ornam5t2 b al?\gh all ! radiance ( color1 all ! ref9em5ts ( proportion1 & all ! intricacies ( geometrical design 7 op5 to him1 he c\ld n produce any noble "w )\t an ab/raction ( ! =ms ( leafage1 to be us$ 9 8 capitals1 & made ! gr\nd plan ( 8 *as$ ornam5t4 ,b ,i h above not$ t color+ is an entirely di/9ct & indep5d5t art2 & 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps we saw t ?is art _h mo/ p[] :5 practis$ 9 arrangem5ts ( simple geometrical =m3 ! ,arab1 !re=e1 lay "u no disadvantage 9 color+1 & he _h all ! noble elem5ts ( con/ructive & proportional beauty at 8 comm&3 he might n imitate ! sea-%ell1 b he c\ld build ! dome4 ,! imitation ( radiance by ! v>iegat$ v\ssoir1 ! expression ( ! sweep ( ! des]t by ! b>r$ r$ l9es ^u ! wall1 ! />r$ in%$d+ ( light ?r\gh 8 vault$ ro(1 & all ! endless fantasy ( ab/ract l9e1#fi 7 /ill 9 ! p[] ( 8 ard5t & fanta/ic _s4 ,mu* he a*iev$2 & yet 9 ! ef=t ( 8 ov]tax$ inv5tion1 re/ra9$ f its prop] food1 he made 8 ar*itecture a glitt]+ vacillation ( undiscipl9$ en*antm5t1 & left ! lu/re ( its edifices to )] l a />tl+ dream1 ^: beauty we may inde$ feel1 & ^: in/ruction we may receive1 b mu/ smile at its inconsi/5cy1 & m\rn ov] its evanesc5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,! admiration ( ,canova ,i hold to be "o ( ! mo/ deadly symptoms 9 ! civilisation ( ! upp] classes 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 #fd ,?us above1 ,i adduc$ = ! ar*itect's imitation ! appo9t$ /ories & b$s ( ! ,matt]horn1 n its irregul> =ms ( crag or fissure4 #fe ,app5dix #ba1 ,anci5t ,repres5tations ( ,wat]4 #ff ,by ! fri5d to :om ,i owe ,app5dix #ba4 #fg ,"o is glad to he> f ,cuvi]1 t ?\gh dolph9s 9 g5]al are les plus c>nassi]s1 et proportion g>de avec leur taille1 les plus cruels de l'ordre2 yet t 9 ! ,delph9us ,delphis1 t\t l'organisation de son c]veau annonce qu'il ne doit pas tre dp\rvu de la docilit qu'ils 7les anci5s7 lui attribuai5t4 #fh ,vide ,wilk9son1 vol4 v41 woodcut ,no4 #dgh1 fig4 #h4 ,! tam>isk appe>s aft]w>ds to h giv5 ! idea ( a subdivision ( leaf m pure & qua9t ?an t ( ! acan?us4 ,( late our botani/s h discov]$1 9 ! ,victoria regia 7suppos+ its blossom rev]s$71 ano!r /rangely beautiful type ( :at we may p]haps h]eaft] f9d x conv5i5t to call ,lily capitals4 #fi ,app5dix #bb1 ,arabian ,ornam5tation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,ornam5t4 ,i4 ,we n[ "k :]e we are to look = subjects ( decoration4 ,! next "q is1 z ! read] mu/ rememb]1 h[ to treat or express ^! subjects4 ,!re are evid5tly two bran*es ( treatm5t3 ! fir/ be+ ! expression1 or r5d]+ to ! eye & m9d1 ( ! ?+ itself2 & ! second1 ! arrangem5t ( ! ?+ s express$3 bo? ( ^! be+ q di/9ct f ! plac+ ( ! ornam5t 9 prop] p>ts ( ! build+4 ,= in/ance1 suppose we take a v9e-leaf = our subject4 ,! fir/ "q is1 h[ to cut ! v9e-leaf8 ,%all we cut its ribs & not*es on ! edge1 or only its g5]al outl9e8 & s on4 ,!n1 h[ to arrange ! v9e-leaves :5 we h !m2 :e!r symmetrically1 or at r&om2 or unsymmetrically1 yet )9 c]ta9 limits8 ,all ^! ,i call que/ions ( treatm5t4 ,!n1 :e!r ! v9e-leaves s arrang$ are to be set on ! capital ( a pill> or on its %aft1 ,i call a "q ( place4 ,,ii4 ,s1 !n1 ! que/ions ( m]e treatm5t are tw(old1 h[ to express1 & h[ to arrange4 ,& expression is to ! m9d or ! sight4 ,!re=e1 ! inquiry becomes really ?reefold3-- #a4 ,h[ ornam5t is to be express$ ) ref]5ce to ! m9d4 #b4 ,h[ ornam5t is to be arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! sight4 #c4 ,h[ ornam5t is to be arrang$ ) ref]5ce to bo?4 ,,iii4 7#a47 ,h[ is ornam5t to be treat$ ) ref]5ce to ! m9d8 ,if1 to produce a good or beautiful ornam5t1 x 7 only necess>y to produce a p]fect piece ( sculpture1 & if a well cut gr\p ( fl[]s or animals 7 inde$ an ornam5t :]ev] x might be plac$1 ! "w ( ! ar*itect w\ld be comp>atively easy4 ,sculpture & ar*itecture w\ld become sep>ate arts2 & ! ar*itect w\ld ord] s _m pieces ( su* subject & size z he ne$$1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ) any que/ions b ^? ( disposition & proportion4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,no p]fect piece ei!r ( pa9t+ or sculpture is an ar*itectural ornam5t at all1 except 9 t vague s5se 9 :i* any beautiful ?+ is said to ornam5t ! place x is 94 ,?us we say t pictures ornam5t a room2 b we %\ld n ?ank an ar*itect :o told u t 8 design1 to be complete1 requir$ a ,titian to be put 9 "o corn] ( x1 & a ,velasquez 9 ! o!r2 & x is j z unreasonable to call p]fect sculpture1 ni*$ 91 or encru/$ on a build+1 a portion ( ! ornam5t ( t build+1 z x w\ld be to hang pictures by ! way ( ornam5t on ! outside ( x4 ,x is v possible t ! sculptur$ "w may be h>moni\sly associat$ ) ! build+1 or ! build+ execut$ ) ref]5ce to x2 b 9 ?is latt] case ! ar*itecture is subord9ate to ! sculpture1 z 9 ! ,m$icean *apel1 & ,i believe also 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,& s f> f ! p]fection ( ! "w conduc+ to its ornam5tal purpose1 we may say1 ) entire security1 t its p]fection1 9 "s degree1 unfits x = its purpose1 & t no absolutely complete sculpture c be decoratively "r4 ,we h a famili> in/ance 9 ! fl[]-"w ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :i* is probably1 9 ! ab/ract1 z p]fect fl[] sculpture z c\ld be produc$ at ! "t2 & :i* is j z rational an ornam5t ( ! build+ z s _m valuable ,van ,huysums1 fram$ & glaz$ & hung up ov] ea* w9d[4 ,,iv4 ,! especial condition ( true ornam5t is1 t x be beautiful 9 its place1 & n[h]e else1 & t x aid ! effect ( e portion ( ! build+ ov] :i* x has influ5ce2 t x does n1 by its ri*ness1 make o!r p>ts bald1 or1 by its delicacy1 make o!r p>ts co>se4 ,e "o ( its qualities has ref]5ce to its place & use3 & x is fitt$ = its s]vice by :at w\ld be faults & defici5cies if x _h no especial duty4 ,ornam5t1 ! s]vant1 is (t5 =mal1 :]e sculpture1 ! ma/]1 w\ld h be5 free2 ! s]vant is (t5 sil5t :]e ! ma/] w\ld h be5 eloqu5t2 or hurri$1 :]e ! ma/] w\ld h be5 s]5e4 ,v4 ,h[ f> ?is subord9ation is 9 diff]5t situations to be express$1 or h[ f> x may be surr5d]$1 & ornam5t1 ! s]vant1 be p]mitt$ to h indep5d5t w2 & by :at means ! subord9ation is be/ to be express$ :5 x is requir$1 are by f> ! mo/ difficult que/ions ,i h ev] tri$ to "w out respect+ any bran* ( art2 =1 9 _m ( ! examples to :i* ,i look z au?oritative 9 _! maje/y ( effect1 x is almo/ impossible to say :e!r ! ab/raction or imp]fection ( ! sculpture 0 ow+ to ! *oice1 or ! incapacity ( ! workman2 &1 if to ! latt]1 h[ f> ! result ( =tunate incapacity c be imitat$ by prud5t self-re/ra9t4 ,! read]1 ,i ?9k1 w und]/& ?is at once by consid]+ ! effect ( ! illum9ations ( an old missal4 ,9 _! bold rejection ( all pr9ciples ( p]spective1 light & %ade1 & draw+1 !y are inf9itely m ornam5tal to ! page1 ow+ to ! vivid opposition ( _! bright colors & qua9t l9es1 ?an if !y _h be5 drawn by ,da ,v9ci himself3 & s ! ,ar5a *apel is f> m brightly decorat$ by ! ar*aic frescoes ( ,giotti1 ?an ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican are by ^? ( ,raffaelle4 ,b h[ f> x is possible to recur to su* ar*aicism1 or to make up = x by any volunt>y ab&onm5t ( p[]1 ,i _c z yet v5ture 9 any wise to det]m9e4 ,,vi4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _m in/ances ( f9i%$ "w 9 :i* ,i f9d mo/ to regret or to reprobate1 ,i c h>dly di/+ui% :at is errone\s 9 pr9ciple f :at is vulg> 9 execution4 ,= in/ance1 9 mo/ ,romanesque *ur*es ( ,italy1 ! por*es are gu>d$ by gigantic animals1 lions or griff9s1 ( admirable sev]ity ( design2 yet1 9 _m cases1 ( s rude workman%ip1 t x c h>dly be det]m9$ h[ mu* ( ?is sev]ity 0 int5tional1--h[ mu* involunt>y3 9 ! ca!dral ( ,g5oa two mod]n lions h1 9 imitation ( ?is anci5t cu/om1 be5 plac$ on ! /eps ( its we/ front2 & ! ,italian sculptor1 ?9k+ himself a m>vell\s great man because he knew :at lions 7 really l1 has copi$ !m1 9 ! m5ag]ie1 ) great success1 & produc$ two hairy & well-:isk]$ bea/s1 z l to real lions z he c\ld possibly cut !m4 ,"o wi%es !m back 9 ! m5ag]ie = 8 pa9s2 b x is impossible to say h[ f> ! (f5ce ( _! pres5ce is ow+ to ! m]e /upidity & vulg>ity ( ! sculpture1 & h[ f> we might h be5 delight$ ) a realisation1 c>ri$ to ne>ly ! same l5g? by ,ghib]ti or ,mi*ael ,angelo4 7,i say ne>ly1 because nei!r ,ghib]ti nor ,mi*ael ,angelo w\ld ev] h attempt$1 or p]mitt$1 entire realisation1 ev5 9 indep5d5t sculpture47 ,,vii4 ,9 spite ( ^! emb>rassm5ts1 h[ev]1 "s few c]ta9ties may be m>k$ 9 ! treatm5t ( pa/ ar*itecture1 & secure conclusions d$uc$ = future practice4 ,!re is fir/1 = in/ance1 ! assur$ly int5d$ & resolute ab/raction ( ! ,n9evite & ,egyptian sculptors4 ,! m5 :o cut ^? granite lions 9 ! ,egyptian room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & :o c>v$ ! calm faces ( ^? ,n9evite k+s1 knew mu* m1 bo? ( lions & k+s1 ?an !y *ose to express4 ,!n !re is ! ,greek sy/em1 9 :i* ! human sculpture is p]fect1 ! ar*itecture & animal sculpture is subord9ate to x1 & ! ar*itectural ornam5t sev]ely subord9at$ to ?is aga91 s z to be compos$ ( little m ?an ab/ract l9es3 &1 f9ally1 !re is ! peculi>ly m$ival sy/em1 9 :i* ! inf]ior details are c>ri$ to z great or great] imitative p]fection z ! high] sculpture2 & ! subord9ation is *iefly effect$ by symmetries ( arrangem5t1 & qua9tnesses ( treatm5t1 respect+ :i* x is difficult to say h[ f> !y result$ f int5tion1 & h[ f> f incapacity4 ,,viii4 ,n[ ( ^! sy/ems1 ! ,n9evite & ,egyptian are altoge!r oppos$ to mod]n habits ( ?\ght & action2 !y are sculptures evid5tly execut$ "u absolute au?orities1 physical & m5tal1 su* z _c at pres5t exi/4 ,! ,greek sy/em presupposes ! possession ( a ,phidias2 x is ridicul\s to talk ( build+ 9 ! ,greek mann]2 y may build a ,greek %ell or box1 su* z ! ,greek int5d$ to conta9 sculpture1 b y h n ! sculpture to put 9 x4 ,f9d y\r ,phidias fir/1 & y\r new ,phidias w v soon settle all y\r ar*itectural difficulties 9 v unexpect$ ways inde$2 b until y f9d him1 d n ?9k y\rselves ar*itects :ile y g on copy+ ^? poor subord9ations1 & second>y & t]ti>y ord]s ( ornam5t1 :i* ! ,greek put on ! %ell ( 8 sculpture4 ,"s ( !m1 beads1 & d5tils1 & su* l1 are z good z !y c be = _! "w1 & y may use !m = subord9ate "w /ill2 b !y are no?+ to be pr\d (1 especially :5 y did n inv5t !m3 & o!rs ( !m are mi/akes & imp]t95ces 9 ! ,greek himself1 su* z 8 s-call$ honeysuckle ornam5ts & o!rs1 9 :i* !re is a />*$ & dull sugge/ion ( vegetable =m1 & yet no real resemblance nor life1 = ! conditions ( !m result f 8 own conceit ( himself1 & ignorance ( ! physical sci5ces1 & want ( reli% = common nature1 & va9 fancy t he c\ld improve ev]y?+ he t\*$1 & t he honor$ x by tak+ x into 8 s]vice3 by fre$om f :i* conceits ! true ,*ri/ian ar*itecture is di/+ui%$--n by po9ts to its ar*es4 ,,ix4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ! m$ival sy/em1 9 :i* ,i ?9k1 g5]ally1 m completion is p]mitt$ 7?\gh ?is (t5 because m 0 possible7 9 ! inf]ior ?an 9 ! high] portions ( ornam5tal subject4 ,leaves1 & birds1 & liz>ds are realis$1 or ne>ly s2 m5 & quadrup$s =malis$4 ,= obs]ve1 ! small] & inf]ior subject rema9s subord9ate1 h[ev] ri*ly f9i%$2 b ! human sculpture c only be subord9ate by be+ imp]fect4 ,! realisation is1 h[ev]1 9 all cases1 dang]\s except "u mo/ skilful managem5t1 & ! ab/raction1 if true & noble1 is almo/ always m delightful4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,,decoration ,,by ,,disks4 ,,palazzo ,,dei ,,bado>i ,,p>tecipazzi4 ,x4 ,:at1 !n1 is noble ab/raction8 ,x is tak+ fir/ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! ?+ to be repres5t$1 !n ! re/ 9 ! ord] ( importance 7s t :]ev] we pause we %all always h obta9$ m ?an we leave beh9d71 & us+ any exp$i5t to impress :at we want ^u ! m9d1 )\t c>+ ab\t ! m]e lit]al accuracy ( su* exp$i5t4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 we h to repres5t a peacock3 n[ a peacock has a graceful neck1 s has a swan2 x has a high cre/1 s has a cockatoo2 x has a long tail1 s has a bird ( ,p>adise4 ,b ! :ole _s & p[] ( peacock is 9 ^? eyes ( ! tail4 ,x is true1 ! argus pheasant1 & "o or two m birds1 h some?+ l !m1 b no?+ = a mom5t comp>able to !m 9 brilliancy3 express ! gleam+ ( ! blue eyes ?r\gh ! plumage1 & y h ne>ly all y want ( peacock1 b )\t ?is1 no?+2 & yet ^? eyes are n 9 relief2 a rigidly true sculpture ( a peacock's =m c\ld h no eyes1--no?+ b fea!rs4 ,"h1 !n1 ent]s ! /ratagem ( sculpture2 y mu/ cut ! eyes 9 relief1 someh[ or ano!r2 see h[ x is done 9 ! peacock on ! opposite page2 x is s done by ne>ly all ! ,byzant9e sculptors3 ?is p>ticul> peacock is meant to be se5 at "s di/ance 7h[ f> (f ,i "k n1 = x is an int]polation 9 ! build+ :]e x occurs1 ( :i* m h]eaft]71 b at all ev5ts at a di/ance ( ?irty or =ty feet2 ,i h put x close to y t y may see pla9ly ! rude r+s & rods :i* /& = ! eyes & quills1 b at ! j di/ance _! effect is p]fect4 ,,xi4 ,& ! simplicity ( ! means "h employ$ may help u1 bo? to "s cle> und]/&+ ( ! _s ( ,n9evite & ,egyptian "w1 & to "s p]ception ( ! k9d ( enfantillage or ar*aicism to :i* x may be possible1 ev5 9 days ( advanc$ sci5ce1 legitimately to return4 ,! ar*itect has no "r1 z we said be=e1 to require ( u a picture ( ,titian's 9 ord] to complete 8 design2 nei!r has he ! "r to calculate on ! co-op]ation ( p]fect sculptors1 9 subord9ate capacities4 ,f> f ?is2 8 bus9ess is to disp5se ) su* aid altoge!r1 & to devise su* a sy/em ( ornam5t z %all be capable ( execution by un9v5tive & ev5 un9tellig5t workm52 = suppos+ t he requir$ noble sculpture = 8 ornam5t1 h[ f> w\ld ?is at once limit ! numb] & ! scale ( possible build+s8 ,ar*itecture is ! "w ( nations2 b we _c h nations ( great sculptors4 ,e h\se 9 e /reet ( e city ought to be good ar*itecture1 b we _c h ,flaxman or ,?orwalds5 at "w ^u x3 nor1 ev5 if we *ose only to devote ourselves to our public build+s1 c\ld ! mass & maje/y ( !m be great1 if we requir$ all to be execut$ by great m52 greatness is n to be _h 9 ! requir$ quantity4 ,giotto may design a campanile1 b he _c c>ve x2 he c only c>ve "o or two ( ! bas-reliefs at ! base ( x4 ,& ) e increase ( y\r fa/idi\sness 9 ! execution ( y\r ornam5t1 y dim9i% ! possible numb] & gr&eur ( y\r build+s4 ,d n ?9k y c educate y\r workm51 or t ! dem& = p]fection w increase ! supply3 educat$ imbecility & f9ess$ fooli%ness are ! wor/ ( all imbecilities & fooli%nesses2 & !re is no free-trade measure1 :i* w ev] l[] ! price ( bra9s1--!re is no ,cali=nia ( common s5se4 ,exactly 9 ! degree 9 :i* y require y\r decoration to be wr\ght by ?\ghtful m51 y dim9i% ! ext5t & numb] ( ar*itectural works4 ,y\r bus9ess z an ar*itect1 is to calculate only on ! co-op]ation ( inf]ior m51 to ?9k = !m1 & to indicate = !m su* expressions ( y\r ?\ghts z ! weake/ capacity c compreh5d & ! feeble/ h& c execute4 ,?is is ! def9ition ( ! pure/ ar*itectural ab/ractions4 ,!y are ! deep & labori\s ?\ghts ( ! greate/ m51 put into su* easy lett]s t !y c be writt5 by ! simple/4 ,!y are expressions ( ! m9d ( manhood by ! h&s ( *ildhood4 ,,xii4 ,& n[ suppose "o ( ^? old ,n9evite or ,egyptian build]s1 ) a c\ple ( ?\s& m5--mud-br$1 onion-eat+ creatures--"u him1 to be set to "w1 l s _m ants1 on 8 temple sculptures4 ,:at is he to d ) !m8 ,he c put !m ?r\gh a granitic ex]cise ( curr5t h&2 he c tea* !m all h[ to curl hair ?or\ghly into cro*e-coeurs1 z y tea* a b5* ( s*ool-boys h[ to %ape po?ooks2 he c tea* !m all h[ to draw long eyes & /raight noses1 & h[ to copy accurately c]ta9 well-def9$ l9es4 ,!n he fits 8 own great design to _! capacities2 he takes out ( k+1 or lion1 or god1 z mu* z 0 expressible by cro*e-coeurs & granitic po?ooks2 he ?r[s ?is into noble =ms ( 8 own imag9+1 & hav+ mapp$ out _! l9es s t !re c be no possibility ( error1 sets 8 two ?\s& m5 to "w ^u !m1 ) a w1 & s _m onions a day4 ,,xiii4 ,i said ^? times _c n[ return4 ,we h1 ) ,*ri/ianity1 recognis$ ! individual value ( e s\l2 & !re is no intellig5ce s feeble b t its s+le ray may 9 "s sort contribute to ! g5]al light4 ,?is is ! glory ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 t e jot & tittle1 e po9t & ni*e ( x1 af=ds room1 fuel1 & focus = individual fire4 ,b y cease to ackn[l$ge ?is1 & y refuse to accept ! help ( ! less] m9d1 if y require ! "w to be all execut$ 9 a great mann]4 ,y\r bus9ess is to ?9k out all ( x nobly1 to dictate ! expression ( x z f> z y\r dictation c assi/ ! less elevat$ intellig5ce3 !n to leave ?is1 aid$ & taught z f> z may be1 to its own simple act & ef=t2 & to rejoice 9 its simplicity if n 9 its p[]1 & 9 its vitality if n 9 its sci5ce4 ,,xiv4 ,we h1 !n1 ?ree ord]s ( ornam5t1 class$ accord+ to ! degrees ( correspond5ce ( ! executive & conceptive m9ds4 ,we h ! s]vile ornam5t1 9 :i* ! executive is absolutely subject$ to ! inv5tive1--! ornam5t ( ! great ,ea/]n nations1 m especially ,hamite1 & all pre-,*ri/ian1 yet ?or\ghly noble 9 its submissiv5ess4 ,!n we h ! m$ival sy/em1 9 :i* ! m9d ( ! inf]ior workman is recognis$1 & has full room = action1 b is guid$ & ennobl$ by ! rul+ m9d4 ,?is is ! truly ,*ri/ian & only p]fect sy/em4 ,f9ally1 we h ornam5ts express+ ! endeavor to equalise ! executive & inv5tive1--endeavor :i* is ,r5aissance & revolution>y1 & de/ructive ( all noble ar*itecture4 ,,xv4 ,?us f>1 !n1 ( ! incomplet5ess or simplicity ( execution necess>y 9 ar*itectural ornam5t1 z ref]r$ to ! m9d4 ,next we h to consid] t :i* is requir$ :5 x is ref]r$ to ! sight1 & ! v>i\s modifications ( treatm5t :i* are r5d]$ necess>y by ! v>iation ( its di/ance f ! eye4 ,i say necess>y3 n m]ely exp$i5t or economical4 ,x is fooli% to c>ve :at is to be se5 =ty feet (f ) ! delicacy :i* ! eye dem&s )9 two y>ds2 n m]ely because su* delicacy is lo/ 9 ! di/ance1 b because x is a great deal worse ?an lo/3--! delicate "w has actually worse effect 9 ! di/ance ?an r\gh "w4 ,?is is a fact well kn[n to pa9t]s1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ackn[l$g$ by ! critics ( pa9t]s1 namely1 t !re is a c]ta9 di/ance = :i* a picture is pa9t$2 & t ! f9i%1 :i* is delightful if t di/ance be small1 is actually injuri\s if ! di/ance be great3 &1 moreov]1 t !re is a p>ticul> me?od ( h&l+ :i* none b consummate arti/s rea*1 :i* has its effects at ! int5d$ di/ance1 & is altoge!r hi]oglyphical & un9telligible at any o!r4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ackn[l$g$ 9 pa9t+1 b x is n practically ackn[l$g$ 9 ar*itecture2 nor until my att5tion 0 especially direct$ to x1 _h ,i myself any idea ( ! c>e ) :i* ?is great "q 0 /udi$ by ! m$ival ar*itects4 ,on my fir/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! capitals ( ! upp] arcade ( ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice1 ,i 0 induc$1 by _! s+ul> inf]iority ( workman%ip1 to suppose !m po/]ior to ^? ( ! l[] arcade4 ,x 0 n till ,i discov]$ t "s ( ^? :i* ,i ?\ght ! wor/ above1 7 ! be/ :5 se5 f bel[1 t ,i obta9$ ! key to ?is m>vell\s sy/em ( adaptation2 a sy/em :i* ,i aft]w>ds f\nd c>ri$ out 9 e build+ ( ! great times :i* ,i _h opportunity ( exam9+4 ,,xvi4 ,!re are two di/9ct modes 9 :i* ?is adaptation is effect$4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! same designs :i* are delicately work$ :5 ne> ! eye1 are rudely cut1 & h f> few] details :5 !y are remov$ f x4 ,9 ?is me?od x is n always easy to di/+ui% economy f skill1 or slov5l9ess f sci5ce4 ,b1 9 ! second me?od1 a diff]5t design is adopt$1 compos$ ( few] p>ts & ( simpl] l9es1 & ?is is cut ) exquisite precision4 ,?is is ( c\rse ! high] me?od1 & ! m satisfactory pro( ( purpose2 b an equal degree ( imp]fection is f\nd 9 bo? k9ds :5 !y are se5 close2 9 ! fir/1 a bald execution ( a p]fect design2 ! second1 a baldness ( design ) p]fect execution4 ,& 9 ^! v imp]fections lies ! admirabl5ess ( ! ornam5t4 ,,xvii4 ,x may be ask$ :e!r1 9 advocat+ ?is adaptation to ! di/ance ( ! eye1 ,i obey my adopt$ rule ( obs]vance ( natural law4 ,are n all natural ?+s1 x may be ask$1 z lovely ne> z f> away8 ,nay1 n s4 ,look at ! cl\ds1 & wat* ! delicate sculpture ( _! alaba/] sides1 & ! r\nd$ lu/re ( _! magnific5t roll+4 ,!y are meant to be beheld f> away2 !y 7 %ap$ = _! place1 high above y\r head2 approa* !m1 & !y fuse into vague mi/s1 or :irl away 9 fi]ce fragm5ts ( ?und]\s vapor4 ,look at ! cre/ ( ! ,alp1 f ! f>-away pla9s ov] :i* its light is ca/1 :5ce human s\ls h communion ) x by _! myriads4 ,! *ild looks up to x 9 ! dawn1 & ! husb&man 9 ! burd5 & heat ( ! day1 & ! old man 9 ! go+ d[n ( ! sun1 & x is to !m all z ! cele/ial city on ! _w's horizon2 dy$ ) ! dep? ( heav51 & clo!d ) ! calm ( et]nity4 ,!re 0 x set1 = holy dom9ion1 by ,him :o m>k$ = ! sun 8 j\rney1 & bade ! moon "k h] go+ d[n4 ,x 0 built = its place 9 ! f>-(f sky2 approa* x1 & z ! s\nd ( ! voice ( man dies away ab\t its f\ndations1 & ! tide ( human life1 %all[$ ^u ! va/ arial %ore1 is at la/ met by ! ,et]nal ,"h %all ?y waves be /ay$1 ! glory ( its aspect fades into blan*$ fe>fulness2 its purple walls are r5t into grisly rocks1 its silv] fretwork sadd5$ into wa/+ sn[1 ! /orm-br&s ( ages are on its brea/1 ! a%es ( its own ru9 lie solemnly on its :ite raim5t4 ,nor 9 su* in/ances z ^! alone1 ?\gh /rangely en\gh1 ! discrepancy betwe5 app>5t & actual beauty is great] 9 proportion to ! unapproa*abl5ess ( ! object1 is ! law obs]v$4 ,= e di/ance f ! eye !re is a peculi> k9d ( beauty1 or a diff]5t sy/em ( l9es ( =m2 ! sight ( t beauty is res]v$ = t di/ance1 & = t alone4 ,if y approa* ne>]1 t k9d ( beauty is lo/1 & ano!r succe$s1 to be disorganis$ & r$uc$ to /range & incompreh5sible means & appliances 9 its turn4 ,if y desire to p]ceive ! great h>monies ( ! =m ( a rocky m\nta91 y mu/ n asc5d ^u its sides4 ,all is !re disord] & accid5t1 or seems s2 sudd5 />ts ( its %att]$ b$s hi!r & ?i!r2 ugly /ruggles ( unexpect$ /r5g? f "u ! gr\nd2 fall5 fragm5ts1 toppl+ "o ov] ano!r into m helpless fall4 ,retire f x1 &1 z y\r eye comm&s x m & m1 z y see ! ru9$ m\nta9 _w ) a wid] glance1 behold6 dim sympa?ies beg9 to busy !mselves 9 ! disjo9t$ mass2 l9e b9ds itself into /eal?y fell[%ip ) l9e2 gr\p by gr\p1 ! helpless fragm5ts ga!r !mselves into ord]$ companies2 new capta9s ( ho/s & masses ( battalions become visible1 "o by "o1 & f> away answ]s ( foot to foot1 & ( bone to bone1 until ! p[]less *aos is se5 ris5 up ) gird$ lo9s1 & n "o piece ( all ! unreg>d$ heap c\ld n[ be sp>$ f ! my/ic :ole4 ,,xviii4 ,n[ x is inde$ true t :]e nature loses "o k9d ( beauty1 z y approa* x1 %e sub/itutes ano!r2 ?is is wor?y ( h] inf9ite p[]3 &1 z we %all see1 art c sometimes foll[ h] ev5 9 do+ ?is2 b all ,i insi/ ^u at pres5t is1 t ! sev]al effects ( nature are ea* work$ ) means ref]r$ to a p>ticul> di/ance1 & produc+ _! effect at t di/ance only4 ,take a s+ul> & m>k$ in/ance3 ,:5 ! sun rises beh9d a ridge ( p9es1 & ^? p9es are se5 f a di/ance ( a mile or two1 aga9/ 8 light1 ! :ole =m ( ! tree1 trunk1 bran*es1 & all1 becomes "o fro/work ( int5sely brilliant silv]1 :i* is reliev$ aga9/ ! cle> sky l a burn+ fr+e1 = "s di/ance on ei!r side ( ! sun4#ga ,n[ suppose t a p]son :o _h nev] se5 p9es 71 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 to see !m "u ?is /range aspect1 &1 reason+ z to ! means by :i* su* effect c\ld be produc$1 labori\sly to approa* ! ea/]n ridge1 h[ w\ld he be amaz$ to f9d t ! fi]y spectres _h be5 produc$ by trees ) sw>?y & grey trunks1 & d>k gre5 leaves6 ,we1 9 our simplicity1 if we _h be5 requir$ to produce su* an appe>ance1 %\ld h built up trees ( *as$ silv]1 ) trunks ( glass1 & !n be5 griev\sly amaz$ to f9d t1 at two miles (f1 nei!r silv] nor glass 7 any m visible2 b nature knew bett]1 & prep>$ = h] fairy "w ) ! /rong bran*es & d>k leaves1 9 h] own my/]i\s way4 ,,xix4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at y h to d ) y\r good ornam5t4 ,x may be t x is capable ( be+ approa*$1 z well z likely to be se5 f> away1 & !n x ought to h microscopic qualities1 z ! p9e leaves h1 :i* w be> approa*4 ,b y\r calculation ( its purpose is = a glory to be produc$ at a giv5 di/ance2 x may be "h1 or may be !re1 b x is a giv5 di/ance2 & ! excell5ce ( ! ornam5t dep5ds ^u its fitt+ t di/ance1 & be+ se5 bett] !re ?an any:]e else1 & hav+ a p>ticul> function & =m :i* x c only dis*>ge & assume !re4 ,y are nev] to say t ornam5t has great m]it because y _c see ! beauty ( x "h2 b1 x has great m]it because y c see its beauty "h only4 ,& to give x ?is m]it is j ab\t z difficult a task z ,i c\ld well set y4 ,i h above not$ ! two ways 9 :i* x is done3 ! "o1 be+ m]ely r\gh cutt+1 may be pass$ ov]2 ! o!r1 :i* is sci5tific alt]ation ( design1 falls1 itself1 into two great bran*es1 ,simplification & ,emphasis4 ,a ^w or two is necess>y on ea* ( ^! heads4 ,,xx4 ,:5 an ornam5tal "w is int5d$ to be se5 ne>1 if its composition be inde$ f9e1 ! subdu$ & delicate portions ( ! design lead to1 & unite1 ! en]getic p>ts1 & ^? en]getic p>ts =m ) ! re/ a :ole1 9 :i* _! own imm$iate relations to ea* o!r are n p]ceiv$4 ,remove ?is design to a di/ance1 & ! connect+ delicacies vani%1 ! en]gies alone rema91 n[ ei!r disconnect$ altoge!r1 or assum+ ) ea* o!r new relations1 :i*1 n hav+ be5 int5d$ by ! design]1 w probably be pa9ful4 ,!re is a l1 & a m palpable1 effect1 9 ! retirem5t ( a b& ( music 9 :i* ! in/rum5ts are ( v unequal p[]s2 ! flut+ & fife+ expire1 ! drumm+ rema9s1 & t 9 a pa9ful arrangem5t1 z dem&+ some?+ :i* is unhe>d4 ,9 l mann]1 z ! design] at arm's l5g? removes or elevates 8 "w1 f9e gradations1 & r\nd+s1 & incid5ts1 vani%1 & a totally unexpect$ arrangem5t is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! rema9d] ( ! m>k+s1 c]ta9ly confus$1 & 9 all probability pa9ful4 ,,xxi4 ,! art ( ar*itectural design is !re=e1 fir/1 ! prep>ation = ?is be=eh&1 ! rejection ( all ! delicate passages z worse ?an useless1 & ! fix+ ! ?\ght ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! features :i* w rema9 visible f> away4 ,nor does ?is always imply a dim9ution ( res\rce2 =1 :ile x may be assum$ z a law t f9e modulation ( surface 9 light becomes quickly invisible z ! object retires1 !re are a s(tness & my/]y giv5 to ! h>d] m>k+s1 :i* enable !m to be safely us$ z m$ia ( expression4 ,!re is an exquisite example ( ?is use1 9 ! head ( ! ,adam ( ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,x is only at ! height ( #ag or #ah feet above ! eye2 nev]!less1 ! sculptor felt x 0 no use to tr\ble himself ab\t draw+ ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 or ! l9es ( ! lips1 delicately1 at t di/ance2 8 object has be5 to m>k !m cle>ly1 & to prev5t accid5tal %ad[s f conceal+ !m1 or alt]+ _! expression4 ,! lips are cut ?9 & %>p1 s t _! l9e _c be mi/ak51 & a good deep drill-hole /ruck into ! angle ( ! m\?2 ! eye is anxi\s & que/ion+1 & "o is surpris$1 f bel[1 to p]ceive a k9d ( d>kness 9 ! iris ( x1 nei!r l color1 nor l a circul> furr[4 ,! exp$i5t c only be discov]$ by asc5d+ to ! level ( ! head2 x is "o :i* w\ld h be5 q inadmissible except 9 di/ant "w1 six drill-holes cut into ! iris1 r\nd a c5tral "o = ! pupil4 ,,xxii4 ,by j calculation1 l ?is1 ( ! means at our disposal1 by beautiful arrangem5t ( ! prom95t features1 & by *oice ( diff]5t subjects = diff]5t places1 *oos+ ! broade/ =ms = ! f>!/ di/ance1 x is possible to give ! impression1 n only ( p]fection1 b ( an exquisite delicacy1 to ! mo/ di/ant ornam5t4 ,& ?is is ! true sign ( ! "r hav+ be5 done1 & ! utmo/ possible p[] atta9$3--,! spectator %\ld be satisfi$ to /ay 9 8 place1 feel+ ! decoration1 :]ev] x may be1 equally ri*1 full1 & lovely3 n desir+ to climb ! /eeples 9 ord] to exam9e x1 b sure t he has x all1 :]e he is4 ,p]haps ! capitals ( ! ca!dral ( ,g5oa are ! be/ in/ances ( absolute p]fection 9 ?is k9d3 se5 f bel[1 !y appe> z ri* z ! fro/$ silv] ( ! ,/rada degli ,orefici2 & ! ne>] y approa* !m1 ! less delicate !y seem4 ,,xxiii4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! only mode1 ?\gh ! be/1 9 :i* ornam5t is adapt$ = di/ance4 ,! o!r is emphasis1--! unnatural insi/+ ^u explanatory l9es1 :]e ! subject w\ld o!rwise become un9telligible4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t1 by a deep & n>r[ incision1 an ar*itect has ! p[]1 at lea/ 9 sun%9e1 ( draw+ a black l9e on /one1 j z vigor\sly z x c be drawn ) *alk on grey pap]2 & t he may ?us1 :]ev] & 9 ! degree t he *ooses1 sub/itute *alk sket*+ = sculpture4 ,!y are curi\sly m+l$ by ! ,romans4 ,! bas-reliefs ( ! ,arc d',orange are small1 & w\ld be confus$1 ?\gh 9 bold relief1 if !y dep5d$ = intelligibility on ! relief only2 b ea* figure is outl9$ by a /rong incision at its edge into ! backgr\nd1 & all ! ornam5ts on ! armor are simply drawn ) incis$ l9es1 & n cut out at all4 ,a simil> use ( l9es is made by ! ,go?ic nations 9 all _! e>ly sculpture1 & ) delici\s effect4 ,n[1 to draw a m]e patt]n--z1 = in/ance1 ! be>+s ( a %ield--) ^! simple incisions1 w\ld1 ,i suppose1 occupy an able sculptor tw5ty m9utes or half an h\r2 & ! patt]n is !n cle>ly se51 "u all circum/ances ( light & %ade2 !re c be no mi/ake ab\t x1 & no miss+ x4 ,to c>ve out ! be>+s 9 due & f9i%$ relief w\ld occupy a long summ]'s day1 & ! results w\ld be feeble & indeciph]able 9 ! be/ lights1 & 9 "s lights totally & hopelessly invisible1 ignor$1 non-exi/ant4 ,n[ ! ,r5aissance ar*itects1 & our mod]n ones1 despise ! simple exp$i5t ( ! r\gh ,roman or b>b>ian4 ,!y d n c>e to be und]/ood4 ,!y c>e only to speak f9ely1 & be ?\ght great orators1 if "o c\ld only he> !m4 ,s ,i leave y to *oose betwe5 ! old m51 :o took m9utes to tell ?+s pla9ly1 & ! mod]n m51 :o take days to tell !m un9telligibly4 ,,xxiv4 ,all exp$i5ts ( ?is k9d1 bo? ( simplification & en]gy1 = ! expression ( details at a di/ance :]e _! actual =ms w\ld h be5 invisible1 b m especially ?is l9e> me?od1 ,i %all call ,pr\tism2 = ! greate/ ma/] ( ! art 9 mod]n times has be5 ,samuel ,pr\t4 ,he actually takes up build+s ( ! lat] times 9 :i* ! ornam5t has be5 too ref9$ = its place1 & translates x into ! en]gis$ l9e> ornam5t ( e>li] art3 & to ?is p[] ( tak+ ! life & ess5ce ( decoration1 & putt+ x into a p]fectly intelligible =m1 :5 its own fulness w\ld h be5 confus$1 is ow+ ! especial p[] ( 8 draw+s4 ,no?+ c be m closely analog\s ?an ! me?od ) :i* an old ,lomb>d uses 8 *isel1 & t ) :i* ,pr\t uses ! re$-p52 & we %all see pres5tly f>!r correspond5ce 9 _! feel+ ab\t ! enri*m5t ( lum9\s surfaces4 ,,xxv4 ,n[1 all t has be5 hi!rto said ref]s to ornam5t ^: di/ance is fix$1 or ne>ly s2 z :5 x is at any consid]able height f ! gr\nd1 suppos+ ! spectator to desire to see x1 & to get z ne> x z he c4 ,b ! di/ance ( ornam5t is nev] fix$ to ! g5]al spectator4 ,! t[] ( a ca!dral is b\nd to look well1 t5 miles (f1 or five miles1 or half a mile1 or )9 fifty y>ds4 ,! ornam5ts ( its top h fix$ di/ances1 comp>$ ) ^? ( its base2 b q unfix$ di/ances 9 _! relation to ! great _w3 & ! ornam5ts ( ! base h no fix$ di/ance at all4 ,!y are b\nd to look well f ! o!r side ( ! ca!dral close1 & to look equally well1 or bett]1 z we ent] ! ca!dral door4 ,h[ are we to manage ?is8 ,,xxvi4 ,z nature manages x4 ,i said above1 ,,xvii41 t = e di/ance f ! eye !re 0 a diff]5t sy/em ( =m 9 all natural objects3 ?is is to be s !n 9 ar*itecture4 ,! less] ornam5t is to be graft$ on ! great]1 & ?ird or f\r? ord]s ( ornam5ts ^u ?is aga91 z ne$ may be1 until we rea* ! limits ( possible sight2 ea* ord] ( ornam5t be+ adapt$ = a diff]5t di/ance3 fir/1 = example1 ! great masses1--! buttresses & /ories & black w9d[s & broad cornices ( ! t[]1 :i* give x make1 & organism1 z x rises ov] ! horizon1 half a score ( miles away3 !n ! trac]ies & %afts & p9nacles1 :i* give x ri*ness z we approa*3 !n ! ni*es & /atues & knobs & fl[]s1 :i* we c only see :5 we /& b5ea? x4 ,at ?is ?ird ord] ( ornam5t1 we may pause1 9 ! upp] portions2 b on ! ro(s ( ! ni*es1 & ! robes ( ! /atues1 & ! rolls ( ! m\ld+s1 comes a f\r? ord] ( ornam5t1 z delicate z ! eye c foll[1 :5 any ( ^! features may be approa*$4 ,,xxvii4 ,all good ornam5tation is ?us arboresc5t1 z x 71 "o class ( x bran*+ out ( ano!r & su/a9$ by x2 & its nobility consi/s 9 ?is1 t :atev] ord] or class ( x we may be contemplat+1 we %all f9d x subord9at$ to a great]1 simpl]1 & m p[]ful2 & if we !n contemplate ! great] ord]1 we %all f9d x aga9 subord9at$ to a great] /ill2 until ! greate/ c only be q grasp$ by retir+ to ! limits ( di/ance comm&+ x4 ,& if ?is subord9ation be n complete1 ! ornam5t is bad3 if ! figur+s & *as+s & bord]+s ( a dress be n subord9at$ to ! folds ( x1--if ! folds are n subord9ate to ! action & mass ( ! figure1--if ?is action & mass n to ! divisions ( ! recesses & %afts among :i* x /&s1--if ^! n to ! %ad[s ( ! great ar*es & buttresses ( ! :ole build+1 9 ea* case !re is error2 mu* m if all be cont5d+ ) ea* o!r & /riv+ = att5tion at ! same "t4 ,,xxviii4 ,x is nev]!less evid5t1 t1 h[ev] p]fect ?is di/ribution1 !re _c be ord]s adapt$ to e di/ance ( ! spectator4 ,betwe5 ! ranks ( ornam5t !re mu/ always be a bold sep>ation2 & !re mu/ be _m int]m$iate di/ances1 :]e we are too f> (f to see ! less] rank cle>ly1 & yet too ne> to grasp ! next high] rank :olly3 & at all ^! di/ances ! spectator w feel himself ill-plac$1 & w desire to g ne>] or f>!r away4 ,?is mu/ be ! case 9 all noble "w1 natural or artificial4 ,x is exactly ! same ) respect to ,r\5 ca!dral or ! ,mont ,blanc4 ,we l to see !m f ! o!r side ( ! ,se9e1 or ( ! lake ( ,g5eva2 f ! ,m>* aux ,fleurs1 or ! ,valley ( ,*am\ni2 f ! p>apets ( ! apse1 or ! crags ( ! ,montagne de la ,cte3 b !re are int]m$iate di/ances :i* dissatisfy u 9 ei!r case1 & f :i* "o is 9 ha/e ei!r to advance or to retire4 ,,xxix4 ,directly oppos$ to ?is ord]$1 discipl9$1 well (fic]$ & v>i\sly rank$ ornam5t1 ?is type ( div9e1 & !re=e ( all good human gov]nm5t1 is ! democratic ornam5t1 9 :i* all is equally influ5tial1 & has equal (fice & au?ority2 t is to say1 none ( x any (fice nor au?ority1 b a life ( cont9ual /ruggle = indep5d5ce & notoriety1 or ( gambl+ = *ance reg>ds4 ,! ,engli% p]p5dicul> "w is by f> ! wor/ ( ?is k9d t ,i "k2 its ma9 idea1 or decimal fraction ( an idea1 be+ to cov] its walls ) dull1 successive1 et]nity ( reticulation1 to fill ) equal foils ! equal int]/ices betwe5 ! equal b>s1 & *>ge ! int]m9able blanks ) /atues & rosettes1 invisible at a di/ance1 & un9t]e/+ ne>4 ,! e>ly ,lomb>dic1 ,v]onese1 & ,norman "w is ! exact rev]se ( ?is2 be+ divid$ fir/ into l>ge masses1 & ^! masses cov]$ ) m9ute *as+ & surface "w1 :i* fill !m ) int]e/1 & yet d n di/urb nor divide _! greatness4 ,! lights are kept broad & bright1 & yet are f\nd on ne> approa* to be *>g$ ) intricate design4 ,?is1 aga91 is a "p ( ! great sy/em ( treatm5t :i* ,i %all h]eaft] call ,pr\tism2 mu* ( :at is ?\ght mann]ism & imp]fection 9 ,pr\t's "w1 be+ ! result ( 8 det]m9$ resolution t m9or details %all nev] break up 8 l>ge masses ( light4 ,,xxx4 ,su* are ! ma9 pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 ! adaptation ( ornam5t to ! sight4 ,we h la/ly to inquire by :at me?od1 & 9 :at quantities1 ! ornam5t1 ?us adapt$ to m5tal contemplation1 & prep>$ = its physical position1 may mo/ wisely be arrang$4 ,i ?9k ! me?od ought fir/ to be consid]$1 & ! quantity la/2 = ! advisable quantity dep5ds ^u ! me?od4 ,,xxxi4 ,x 0 said above1 t ! prop] treatm5t or arrangem5t ( ornam5t 0 t :i* express$ ! laws & ways ( ,deity4 ,n[1 ! subord9ation ( visible ord]s to ea* o!r1 j not$1 is "o expression ( ^!4 ,b !re may also--mu/ also--be a subord9ation & ob$i5ce ( ! p>ts ( ea* ord] to "s visible law1 out ( itself1 b hav+ ref]5ce to itself only 7n to any upp] ord]73 "s law :i* %all n oppress1 b guide1 limit1 & su/a94 ,9 ! t5? *apt] ( ! second volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 ! read] w f9d t ,i trac$ "o "p ( ! beauty ( ,god's creation to ! expression ( a self-re/ra9$ lib]ty3 t is to say1 ! image ( t p]fection ( div9e action1 :i*1 ?\gh free to "w 9 arbitr>y me?ods1 works always 9 consi/5t me?ods1 call$ by u ,laws4 ,n[1 correspond+ly1 we f9d t :5 ^! natural objects are to become subjects ( ! art ( man1 _! p]fect treatm5t is an image ( ! p]fection ( human action3 a volunt>y submission to div9e law4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me b lately by ! fri5d to ^: orig9ality ( ?\ght ,i h be=e express$ my obligations1 ,mr4 ,newton1 t ! ,greek p$im5t1 ) its enclos$ sculptures1 repres5t$ to ! ,greek m9d ! law ( ,fate1 conf9+ human action )9 limits n to be ov]pass$4 ,i d n believe ! ,greeks ev] di/9ctly ?\ght ( ?is2 b ! in/9ct ( all ! human race1 s9ce ! _w began1 agrees 9 "s expression ( su* limitation z "o ( ! fir/ necessities ( good ornam5t4#gb ,& ?is expression is height5$1 r ?an dim9i%$1 :5 "s portion ( ! design slightly breaks ! law to :i* ! re/ is subject$2 x is l express+ ! use ( miracles 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t2 or1 p]haps1 9 slight] degrees1 ! relax+ ( a law1 g5]ally imp]ative1 9 compliance ) "s m imp]ative ne$--! hung]+ ( ,david4 ,h[ eag]ly ?is special infr+em5t ( a g5]al law 0 sometimes s\ght by ! m$ival workm51 ,i %all be frequ5tly able to po9t out to ! read]2 b ,i rememb] j n[ a mo/ curi\s in/ance1 9 an ar*ivolt ( a h\se 9 ! ,corte del ,rem] close to ! ,rialto at ,v5ice4 ,x is compos$ ( a wrea? ( fl[]-"w--a con/ant ,byzant9e design--) an animal 9 ea* coil2 ! :ole enclos$ betwe5 two fillets4 ,ea* animal1 leap+ or eat+1 scrat*+ or bit+1 is kept nev]!less /rictly )9 its coil1 & betwe5 ! fillets4 ,n ! %ake ( an e>1 n ! tip ( a tail1 ov]passes ?is appo9t$ l9e1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( "s five-&-tw5ty or ?irty animals2 until1 on a sudd51 & by mutual cons5t1 two little bea/s 7n look+1 = ! re/1 m rampant ?an ! o!rs71 "o on ea* side1 lay _! small paws across ! enclos+ fillet at exactly ! same po9t ( its c\rse1 & ?us break ! cont9uity ( its l9e4 ,two e>s ( corn1 or leaves1 d ! same ?+ 9 ! m\ld+s r\nd ! nor!rn door ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,,xxxii4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 & ?is is ( ! utmo/ possible importance1 t ! value ( ?is type does n consi/ 9 ! m]e %utt+ ( ! ornam5t into a c]ta9 space1 b 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t by ! ornam5t ( ! fitness ( ! limitation--( its own p]fect will+ness to submit to x2 nay1 ( a pr$isposition 9 itself to fall into ! orda9$ =m1 )\t any direct expression ( ! comm& to d s2 an anticipation ( ! au?ority1 & an in/ant & will+ submission to x1 9 e fibre & spray3 n m]ely will+1 b happy submission1 z be+ pleas$ r ?an vex$ to h s beautiful a law sugge/$ to x1 & "o :i* to foll[ is s ju/ly 9 accordance ) its own nature4 ,y mu/ n cut out a bran* ( haw?orn z x gr[s1 & rule a triangle r\nd x1 & suppose t x is !n submitt$ to law4 ,n a bit ( x4 ,x is only put 9 a cage1 & w look z if x mu/ get out1 = its life1 or )] 9 ! conf9em5t4 ,b ! _s ( triangle mu/ be put into ! haw?orn4 ,x mu/ suck 9 isoscelesism ) its sap4 ,?orn & blossom1 leaf & spray1 mu/ gr[ ) an awful s5se ( triangul> necessity ^u !m1 = ! guidance ( :i* !y are to be ?ankful1 & to gr[ all ! /rong] & m glori\sly4 ,& ?\gh !re may be a transgression "h & !re1 & an adaptation to "s o!r ne$1 or a rea*+ =? to "s o!r end great] ev5 ?an ! triangle1 yet ?is lib]ty is to be always accept$ "u a solemn s5se ( special p]mission2 & :5 ! full =m is rea*$ & ! entire submission express$1 & e blossom has a ?rill+ s5se ( its responsibility d[n into its t9ie/ /am51 y may take y\r t]m9al l9e away if y w4 ,no ne$ = x any m4 ,! comm&m5t is writt5 on ! he>t ( ! ?+4 ,,xxxiii4 ,!n1 besides ?is ob$i5ce to ext]nal law1 !re is ! ob$i5ce to int]nal head%ip1 :i* con/itutes ! unity ( ornam5t1 ( :i* ,i ?9k en\gh has be5 said = my pres5t purpose 9 ! *apt] on ,unity 9 ! second vol4 ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,b ,i h>dly "k :e!r to arrange z an expression ( a div9e law1 or a repres5tation ( a physical fact1 ! alt]nation ( %ade ) light :i*1 9 equal succession1 =ms "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( cont9u\s ornam5t1 & 9 "s peculi> ones1 su* z d5tils & billet m\ld+s1 is ! s\rce ( _! only *>m4 ,! opposition ( good & evil1 ! antagonism ( ! entire human sy/em 7s ably work$ out by ,"l ,l9dsay71 ! alt]nation ( labor ) re/1 ! m+l+ ( life ) dea?1 or ! actual physical fact ( ! division ( light f d>kness1 & ( ! fall+ & ris+ ( night & day1 are all typifi$ or repres5t$ by ^! *a9s ( %ade & light ( :i* ! eye nev] we>ies1 ?\gh _! true mean+ may nev] occur to ! ?\ghts4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! next "q respect+ ! arrangem5t ( ornam5t is "o closely connect$ also ) its quantity4 ,! sy/em ( creation is "o 9 :i* ,god's creatures leap n1 b express a fea/1 :]e all ! gue/s sit close1 & no?+ wants4 ,x is also a fea/1 :]e !re is no?+ r$undant4 ,s1 !n1 9 di/ribut+ our ornam5t1 !re mu/ nev] be any s5se ( gap or blank1 nei!r any s5se ( !re be+ a s+le memb]1 or fragm5t ( a memb]1 :i* c\ld be sp>$4 ,:atev] has no?+ to d1 :atev] c\ld g )\t be+ miss$1 is n ornam5t2 x is de=mity & encumbrance4 ,away ) x4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 c>e mu/ be tak5 ei!r to diffuse ! ornam5t :i* we p]mit1 9 due relation ov] ! :ole build+1 or s to conc5trate x1 z nev] to leave a s5se ( its hav+ got into knots1 & curdl$ ^u "s po9ts1 & left ! re/ ( ! build+ :ey4 ,x is v difficult to give ! rules1 or analyse ! feel+s1 :i* %\ld direct u 9 ?is matt]3 = "s %afts may be c>v$ & o!rs left unf9i%$1 & t ) advantage2 "s w9d[s may be jewell$ l ,aladd9's1 & "o left pla91 & /ill ) advantage2 ! door or doors1 or a s+le turret1 or ! :ole we/]n faade ( a *ur*1 or ! apse or transept1 may be made special subjects ( decoration1 & ! re/ left pla91 & /ill sometimes ) advantage4 ,b 9 all su* cases !re is ei!r sign ( t feel+ :i* ,i advocat$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ! desire ( r do+ "s portion ( ! build+ z we w\ld h x1 & leav+ ! re/ pla91 ?an do+ ! :ole imp]fectly2 or else !re is *oice made ( "s important feature1 to :i*1 z m honorable ?an ! re/1 ! decoration is conf9$4 ,! evil is :51 )\t sy/em1 & )\t pref]5ce ( ! nobl] memb]s1 ! ornam5t alt]nates betwe5 sickly luxuriance & sudd5 blankness4 ,9 _m ( our ,scot* & ,engli% abbeys1 especially ,melrose1 ?is is pa9fully felt2 b ! wor/ in/ance ,i h ev] se5 is ! w9d[ 9 ! side ( ! ar* "u ! ,well+ton /atue1 next ,/4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a w9d[ has no bus9ess !re at all2 9 ! second1 ! b>s ( ! w9d[ are n ! prop] place = decoration1 especially wavy decoration1 :i* "o in/antly fancies ( ca/ iron2 9 ! ?ird1 ! ri*ness ( ! ornam5t is a m]e pat* & eruption ^u ! wall1 & "o h>dly kn[s :e!r to be mo/ irritat$ at ! affectation ( sev]ity 9 ! re/1 or at ! va9 luxuriance ( ! dissolute p>allelogram4 ,,xxxv4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds quantity ( ornam5t ,i h already said1 aga9 & aga91 y _c h too mu* if x be good2 t is1 if x be ?or\ghly unit$ & h>monis$ by ! laws hi!rto insi/$ ^u4 ,b y may easily h too mu* if y h m ?an y h s5se to manage4 ,= ) e add$ ord] ( ornam5t increases ! difficulty ( discipl9e4 ,x is exactly ! same z 9 w>3 y _c1 z an ab/ract law1 h too _m soldi]s1 b y may easily h m ?an ! c\ntry is able to su/a91 or ?an y\r g5]al%ip is compet5t to comm&4 ,& e regim5t :i* y _c manage w1 on ! day ( battle1 be 9 y\r way1 & encumb] ! movem5ts x is n 9 disposition to su/a94 ,,xxxvi4 ,z an ar*itect1 !re=e1 y are mode/ly to measure y\r capacity ( gov]n+ ornam5t4 ,rememb]1 its ess5ce1--its be+ ornam5t at all1 consi/s 9 its be+ gov]n$4 ,lose y\r au?ority ov] x1 let x comm& y1 or lead y1 or dictate to y 9 any wise1 & x is an (f5ce1 an incumbrance1 & a di%onor4 ,& x is always ready to d ?is2 wild to get ! bit 9 its tee?1 & ru% =? on its own devices4 ,measure1 !re=e1 y\r /r5g?2 & z long z !re is no *ance ( mut9y1 add soldi] to soldi]1 battalion to battalion2 b be assur$ t all are he>tily 9 ! cause1 & t !re is n "o ( ^: position y are ignorant1 or ^: s]vice y c\ld sp>e4 ,,footnotes3 #gj ,vide ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #cd4 #ga ,%akspe>e & ,wordswor? 7,i ?9k !y only7 h notic$ ?is1 ,%akspe>e1 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii43-- ,b :51 f "u ?is t]re/rial ball1 ,he fires ! pr\d tops ( ! ea/]n p9es4 ,& ,wordswor?1 9 "o ( 8 m9or poems1 on leav+ ,italy3 ,my ?\ghts become bright l yon edg+ ( p9es ,on ! /eep's l(ty v]ge--h[ x black5$ ! air6 ,b1 t\*$ f beh9d by ! sun1 x n[ %9es ,) ?reads t seem "p ( 8 own silv] hair4 #gb ,"s valuable rem>ks on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 a notice ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly = ,augu/1 #ahdi4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ! writ] atta*es too great importance to "o out ( _m ornam5tal necessities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,angle4 ,i4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! treatm5t & specific k9ds ( ornam5t at our comm&4 ,we h la/ly to note ! fitte/ places = _! disposal4 ,n b t all k9ds ( ornam5t are us$ 9 all places2 b !re are "s p>ts ( ! build+1 :i*1 )\t ornam5t1 are m pa9ful ?an o!rs1 & "s :i* we> ornam5t m gracefully ?an o!rs2 s t1 al?\gh an able ar*itect w always be f9d+ out "s new & unexpect$ modes ( decoration1 & fitt+ 8 ornam5t into wond]ful places :]e x is lea/ expect$1 !re are1 nev]!less1 "o or two g5]al laws :i* may be not$ respect+ e "o ( ! p>ts ( a build+1 laws n 7except a few7 imp]ative l ^? ( con/ruction1 b yet g5]ally exp$i5t1 & good to be und]/ood1 if x 7 only t we might enjoy ! brilliant me?ods 9 :i* !y are sometimes brok54 ,i %all note1 h[ev]1 only a few ( ! simple/2 to trace !m into _! ramifications1 & class 9 due ord] ! kn[n or possible me?ods ( decoration = ea* "p ( a build+1 w\ld alone require a l>ge volume1 & be1 ,i ?9k1 a some:at useless "w2 = !re is (t5 a high pleasure 9 ! v unexpect$ness ( ! ornam5t1 :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by too elaborate an arrangem5t ( its k9ds4 ,,ii4 ,i ?9k t ! read] mu/1 by ?is "t1 s ?or\ghly und]/& ! connection ( ! p>ts ( a build+1 t ,i may class toge!r1 9 treat+ ( decoration1 sev]al p>ts :i* ,i kept sep>ate 9 speak+ ( con/ruction4 ,?us ,i %all put "u "o head 7,a7 ! base ( ! wall & ( ! %aft2 !n 7,b7 ! wall veil & %aft itself2 !n 7,c7 ! cornice & capital2 !n 7,d7 ! jamb & ar*ivolt1 includ+ ! ar*es bo? ov] %afts & ap]tures1 & ! jambs ( ap]tures1 :i* are closely connect$ ) _! ar*ivolts2 f9ally 7,e7 ! ro(1 includ+ ! real ro(1 & ! m9or ro(s or gables ( p9nacles & ar*es4 ,i ?9k1 "u ^! divisions1 all may be arrang$ :i* is necess>y to be g5]ally /at$2 = trac]y decorations or ap]ture fill+s are b small] =ms ( application ( ! ar*1 & ! cusps are m]ely small] sp&rils1 :ile buttresses h1 z f> z ,i "k1 no specific ornam5t4 ,! be/ are ^? :i* h lea/2 & ! little !y h resolves itself into p9nacles1 :i* are common to o!r portions ( ! build+1 or into small %afts1 ar*es1 & ni*es1 ( /ill m g5]al applicability4 ,we %all !re=e h only five divisions to exam9e 9 succession1 f f\ndation to ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,li4 ,,iii4 ,b 9 ! decoration ( ^! sev]al p>ts1 c]ta9 m9or conditions ( ornam5t occur :i* are ( p]fectly g5]al application4 ,= in/ance1 :e!r1 9 ar*ivolts1 jambs1 or buttresses1 or 9 squ>e pi]s1 or at ! extremity ( ! entire build+1 we necess>ily h ! awkw>d 7moral or ar*itectural7 feature1 ! corn]4 ,h[ to turn a corn] gracefully becomes1 !re=e1 a p]fectly g5]al "q2 to be exam9$ )\t ref]5ce to any p>ticul> "p ( ! edifice4 ,,iv4 ,aga91 ! furr[s & ridges by :i* b>s ( p>allel light & %ade are obta9$1 :e!r ^! are employ$ 9 ar*es1 or jambs1 or bases1 or cornices1 mu/ ( necessity pres5t "o or m ( six =ms3 squ>e projection1 a 7,fig4 ,,li471 or squ>e recess1 b1 %>p projection1 c1 or %>p recess1 d1 curv$ projection1 e1 or curv$ recess1 f4 ,:at odd curves ! projection or recess may assume1 or h[ ^! diff]5t conditions may be mix$ & run into "o ano!r1 is n our pres5t bus9ess4 ,we note only ! six di/9ct k9ds or types4 ,n[1 :5 ^! ridges or furr[s are on a small scale !y (t5 !mselves con/itute all ! ornam5t requir$ = l>g] features1 & are left smoo? cut2 b on a v l>ge scale !y are apt to become insipid1 & !y require a sub-ornam5t ( _! own1 ! consid]ation ( :i* is1 ( c\rse1 9 great "p1 g5]al1 & irrespective ( ! place held by ! m\ld+s 9 ! build+ itself3 :i* consid]ation ,i ?9k we _h bett] und]take fir/ ( all4 ,v4 ,b be=e we come to p>ticul> exam9ation ( ^! m9or =ms1 let u see h[ f> we c simplify x4 ,look back to ,fig4 ,,li41 above4 ,!re are di/+ui%$ 9 x six =ms ( m\ld+4 ,( ^!1 c is no?+ b a small corn]2 b1 = conv5i5ce sake1 x is bett] to call x an edge1 & to consid] its decoration toge!r ) t ( ! memb] a1 :i* is call$ a fillet2 :ile e1 :i* ,i %all call a roll 7because ,i d n *oose to assume t x %all be only ( ! semicircul> section "h giv571 is also be/ consid]$ toge!r ) its relative recess1 f2 & because ! %ape ( a recess is ( no great consequ5ce1 ,i %all class all ! ?ree recesses toge!r1 & we %all ?us h only ?ree subjects = sep>ate consid]ation3-- #a4 ,! ,angle4 #b4 ,! ,edge & ,fillet4 #c4 ,! ,roll & ,recess4 ,,vi4 ,!re are two o!r g5]al =ms :i* may probably occur to ! read]'s m9d1 namely1 ! ridge 7z ( a ro(71 :i* is a corn] laid on its back1 or slop+1--a sup9e corn]1 decorat$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] f a /iff upright corn]3 & ! po9t1 :i* is a conc5trat$ corn]1 & has wond]fully elaborate decorations all to its insignificant self1 f9ials1 & spikes1 & ,i "k n :at m4 ,b bo? ^! conditions are s closely connect$ ) ro(s 7ev5 ! cusp f9ial be+ a k9d ( p5dant to a small ro(71 t ,i ?9k x bett] to class !m & _! ornam5t "u ! head ( ro( decoration1 toge!r ) ! :ole tribe ( crockets & bosses2 s t we %all be "h conc]n$ only ) ! ?ree subjects above di/+ui%$3 &1 fir/1 ! corn] or ,angle4 ,,vii4 ,! ma!matician kn[s !re are _m k9ds ( angles2 b ! "o we h pr9cipally to deal ) n[1 is t :i* ! read] may v easily conceive z ! corn] ( a squ>e h\se1 or squ>e any?+4 ,x is ( c\rse ! "o ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce2 & its treatm5t1 once und]/ood1 may1 ) slight modification1 be ref]r$ to o!r corn]s1 %>p] or blunt]1 or ) curv$ sides4 ,,viii4 ,evid5tly ! fir/ & r\ghe/ idea :i* w\ld occur to any "o :o f\nd a corn] tr\blesome1 w\ld be to cut x (f4 ,?is is a v summ>y & tyrannical proce$+1 some:at b>b>\s1 yet advisable if no?+ else c be done3 an amputat$ corn] is said to be *amf]$4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 evid5tly be cut (f 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ) a concave cut1 a2 #b4 ) a /raight cut1 b2 #c4 ) a convex cut1 c1 ,fig4 ,,lii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lii4 ,! fir/ two me?ods1 ! mo/ viol5t & summ>y1 h ! app>5t disadvantage t we get by !m1--two corn]s in/ead ( "o2 mu* mild] corn]s1 h[ev]1 & ) a diff]5t light & %ade betwe5 !m2 s t bo? me?ods are (t5 v exp$i5t4 ,y may see ! /raight *amf] 7b7 on mo/ lamp po/s1 & pill>s at railway /ations1 x be+ ! easie/ to cut3 ! concave *amf] requires m c>e1 & occurs g5]ally 9 well-f9i%$ b simple ar*itecture--v beautifully 9 ! small ar*es ( ! ,broletto ( ,como1 ,plate ,v42 & ! /raight *amf] 9 ar*itecture ( e k9d1 v con/antly 9 ,norman cornices & ar*es1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,iv41 at ,s5s4 ,,ix4 ,! ?ird1 or convex *amf]1 z x is ! g5tle/ mode ( treatm5t1 s 7z 9 m$ic9e & morals7 x is v g5]ally ! be/4 ,= :ile ! two o!r me?ods produce two corn]s in/ead ( "o1 ?is g5tle *amf] does v]ily get rid ( ! corn] altoge!r1 & sub/itutes a s(t curve 9 its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,liii4 ,b x has1 9 ! =m above giv51 ?is grave disadvantage1 t x looks z if ! corn] _h be5 rubb$ or worn (f1 blunt$ by "t & wea!r1 & 9 want ( %>p5+ aga94 ,a great deal (t5 dep5ds1 & 9 su* a case z ?is1 ev]y?+ dep5ds1 on ! ,volunt>9ess ( ! ornam5t4 ,! "w ( "t is beautiful on surfaces1 b n on edges int5d$ to be %>p4 ,ev5 if we ne$$ !m blunt1 we %\ld n l !m blunt on compulsion2 s1 to %[ t ! bluntness is our own orda9+1 we w put a slight incis$ l9e to m>k (f ! r\nd+1 & %[ t x goes no f>!r ?an we *oose4 ,we %all ?us h ! section a1 ,fig4 ,,liii42 & ?is mode ( turn+ an angle is "o ( ! v be/ ev] inv5t$4 ,by enl>g+ & deep5+ ! incision1 we get 9 succession ! =ms b1 c1 d2 & by describ+ a small equal arc on ea* ( ! slop+ l9es ( ^! figures1 we get e1 f1 g1 h4 ,x4 ,i d n "k :e!r ^! m\ld+s are call$ by ar*itects *amf]s or beads2 b ,i ?9k bead a bad ^w = a cont9u\s m\ld+1 & ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w *amf] is fix$ by ,sp5s] z descriptive n m]ely ( truncation1 b ( tr5* or furr[3-- ,?o g9 y1 fond flies1 ! cold to scorn1 ,&1 cr[+ 9 pipes made ( gre5 corn1 ,y ?9k5 to be lords ( ! ye>2 ,b eft :5 ye c\nt y fre$ f fe>1 ,comes ! breme w9t] ) *amfr$ br[s1 ,full ( wr9kles & fro/y furr[s4 ,s ,i %all call ! above m\ld+s bead$ *amf]s1 :5 !re is any *ance ( confusion ) ! pla9 *amf]1 a1 or b1 ( ,fig4 ,,lii43 & :5 !re is no su* *ance1 ,i %all use ! ^w *amf] only4 ,,xi4 ,( ^? above giv51 b is ! con/ant *amf] ( ,v5ice1 & a ( ,v]ona3 a be+ ! gr&e/ & be/1 & hav+ a peculi> precision & qua9tness ( effect ab\t x4 ,i f\nd x twice 9 ,v5ice1 us$ on ! %>p angle1 z at a & b1 ,fig4 ,,liv41 a be+ f ! angle ( a h\se on ! ,rio ,san ,zulian1 & b f ! w9d[s ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,/efano4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,liv4 ,,xii4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 evid5tly ano!r v>iety ( ! *amf]s1 f & g1 ,fig4 ,,liii41 =m$ by an unbrok5 curve in/ead ( two curves1 z c1 ,fig4 ,,liv42 & :5 ?is1 or ! *amf] d1 ,fig4 ,,liii41 is l>ge1 x is impossible to say :e!r !y h be5 devis$ f ! incis$ angle1 or f small %afts set 9 a nook1 z at e1 ,fig4 ,,liv41 or 9 ! holl[ ( ! curv$ *amf]1 z d1 ,fig4 ,,liv4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! %all[ *amf]s1 a1 b1 e1 & f1 ,fig4 ,,liii41 are peculi> to s\!rn "w2 & may be assum$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! incis$ angle1 :ile ! deep *amf]s1 c1 d1 g1 h1 are *>act]i/ic ( nor!rn "w1 & may be p>tly d]iv$ or imitat$ f ! angle %aft2 :ile1 ) ! usual extravagance ( ! nor!rn ar*itects1 !y are cut deep] & deep] until we arrive at ! condition f1 ,fig4 ,,liv41 :i* is ! favorite *amf] at ,b\rges & ,bayeux1 & 9 o!r good ,fr5* "w4 ,i h plac$ 9 ! ,app5dix#gc a figure belong+ to ?is subject1 b :i* _c int]e/ ! g5]al read]1 %[+ ! numb] ( possible *amf]s ) a roll m\ld+ ( giv5 size4 ,,xiii4 ,if we take ! pla9 *amf]1 b1 ( ,fig4 ,,lii41 on a l>ge scale1 z at a1 ,fig4 ,,lv41 & bead bo? its edges1 cutt+ away ! p>ts !re %ad$1 we %all h a =m mu* us$ 9 ri*ly decorat$ ,go?ic1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,italy4 ,x might be m simply describ$ z ! *amf] a ( ,fig4 ,,lii41 ) an incision on ea* edge2 b ! "p "h %ad$ is (t5 work$ into ornam5tal =ms1 n be+ entirely cut away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lv4 ,,xiv4 ,_m o!r m\ld+s1 :i* at fir/ sight appe> v elaborate1 are no?+ m ?an a *amf]1 ) a s]ies ( small e*oes ( x on ea* side1 dy+ away ) a ripple on ! surface ( ! wall1 z 9 b1 ,fig4 ,,lv41 f ,c\tances 7obs]ve1 "h ! :ite "p is ! solid /one1 ! %ade is cut away74 ,*amf]s ( ?is k9d are us$ on a small scale & 9 delicate "w3 ! co>se *amf]s are f\nd on all scales3 f & g1 ,fig4 ,,liii41 9 ,v5ice1 =m ! great angles ( almo/ e ,go?ic palace2 ! roll be+ a foot or a foot & a half r\nd1 & treat$ z a %aft1 ) a capital & fre% base at e /ory1 :ile ! /ones ( :i* x is compos$ =m alt]nate quo9s 9 ! brickwork beyond ! *amf] curve4 ,i ne$ h>dly say h[ mu* nobl] ?is arrangem5t is ?an a common quo9$ angle2 x gives a f9i% to ! aspect ( ! :ole pile atta9able 9 no o!r way4 ,& ?us mu* may s]ve conc]n+ angle decoration by *amf]4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,app5dix #bc3 ,v>ieties ( ,*amf]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,edge ,,& ,,fillet4 ,i4 ,! decoration ( ! angle by v>i\s =ms ( *amf] & bead1 z above describ$1 is ! quiete/ me?od we c employ2 too quiet1 :5 great en]gy is to be giv5 to ! m\ld+1 & impossible1 :51 in/ead ( a bold angle1 we h to deal ) a small project+ edge1 l c 9 ,fig4 ,,li4 ,9 su* cases we may employ a decoration1 f> rud] & easi] 9 its simple/ conditions ?an ! bead1 f> m effective :5 n us$ 9 too great pr(usion2 & ( :i* ! complete developm5ts are ! s\rce ( m\ld+s at once ! mo/ picturesque & mo/ s]viceable :i* ! ,go?ic build]s inv5t$4 ,,ii4 ,! gunwales ( ! ,v5etian heavy b>ges be+ liable to some:at r\gh collision ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! walls ( ! /reets1 are g5]ally protect$ by a piece ( timb]1 :i* projects 9 ! =m ( ! fillet1 a1 ,fig4 ,,li42 b :i*1 l all o!r fillets1 may1 if we s *oose1 be consid]$ z compos$ ( two angles or edges1 :i* ! natural & mo/ :olesome love ( ! ,v5etian boatm5 = ornam5t1 o!rwise /rik+ly evid5c$ by _! pa9t$ sails & glitt]+ flag-vanes1 w n suff] to rema9 :olly undecorat$4 ,! r\gh s]vice ( ^! timb]s1 h[ev]1 w n admit ( ri* ornam5t1 & ! boatbuild] usually cont5ts himself ) cutt+ a s]ies ( not*es 9 ea* edge1 "o s]ies alt]nat+ ) ! o!r1 z repres5t$ at #a1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,,iii4 ,9 t simple ornam5t1 n z conf9$ to ,v5etian boats1 b z repres5tative ( a g5]al human in/9ct to hack at an edge1 demon/rat$ by all s*ool-boys & all idle possessors ( p5knives or o!r cutt+ in/rum5ts on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic2--9 t rude ,v5etian gunwale1 ,i say1 is ! g]m ( all ! ornam5t :i* has t\*$1 ) its ri* successions ( angul> %ad[1 ! portals & ar*ivolts ( ne>ly e e>ly build+ ( importance1 f ! ,nor? ,cape to ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a4 ,nor are ! modifications ( ! fir/ sugge/ion intricate4 ,all t is g5]ic 9 _! "* may be se5 on ,plate ,,ix4 at a glance4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,,edge ,,decoration4 ,,iv4 ,tak+ a piece ( /one in/ead ( timb]1 & enl>g+ ! not*es1 until !y meet ea* o!r1 we h ! condition #b1 :i* is a m\ld+ f ! tomb ( ! ,doge ,&rea ,d&olo1 9 ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,n[1 consid]+ ?is m\ld+ z compos$ ( two decorat$ edges1 ea* edge w be r$uc$1 by ! meet+ ( ! not*es1 to a s]ies ( f\r-sid$ pyramids 7z m>k$ (f by ! dott$ l9es71 :i*1 ! not*es "h be+ %all[1 w be %all[ pyramids2 b by deep5+ ! not*es1 we get !m z at #c1 ) a pr(ile a1 m or less /eep4 ,?is m\ld+ ,i %all always call ! pla9 dogtoo?2 x is us$ 9 pr(usion 9 ! ,v5etian & ,v]onese ,go?ic1 g5]ally set ) its front to ! spectator1 z "h at #c2 b its effect may be mu* v>i$ by plac+ x obliquely 7#d1 & pr(ile z at b72 or ) "o side horizontal 7#e1 & pr(ile c74 ,( ^! ?ree conditions1 #c & #e are exactly ! same 9 reality1 only diff]5tly plac$2 b 9 #d ! pyramid is obtuse1 & ! incl9ation ( its base v>iable1 ! upp] side ( x be+ always kept v]tical4 ,x is comp>atively r>e4 ,( ! ?ree1 ! la/1 #e1 is f> ! mo/ brilliant 9 effect1 giv+ 9 ! di/ance a zigzag =m to ! high light on x1 & a full %>p %ad[ bel[4 ,! use ( ?is %ad[ is suffici5tly se5 by fig4 #g 9 ?is plate 7! ar* on ! left1 ! numb] b5ea? x71 9 :i* ^! levell$ dogtee?1 ) a small int]val betwe5 ea*1 are employ$ to set (f by _! vigor ! delicacy ( floral ornam5t above4 ,?is ar* is ! side ( a ni*e f ! tomb ( ,c ,signorio della ,scala1 at ,v]ona2 & ! value1 z well z ! di/ant expression ( its dogtoo?1 may be se5 by ref]r+ to ,pr\t's beautiful draw+ ( ?is tomb 9 8 ,sket*es 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,i h be=e obs]v$ t ?is arti/ nev] fails ( seiz+ ! true & lead+ expression ( :atev] he t\*es3 he has made ?is ornam5t ! lead+ feature ( ! ni*e1 express+ x1 z 9 di/ance x is only expressible1 by a zigzag4 ,v4 ,! read] may p]haps be surpris$ at my speak+ s highly ( ?is draw+1 if he take ! pa9s to comp>e ,pr\t's symbolism ( ! "w on ! ni*e ) ! facts z !y /& "h 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,b ! tru? is t ,pr\t has r5d]$ ! effect ( ! monum5t on ! m9d ( ! pass]-by2--! effect x 0 int5d$ to h on e man :o turn$ ! corn] ( ! /reet b5ea? x3 & 9 ?is s5se !re is actually m tru? & lik5ess#gd 9 ,pr\t's translation ?an 9 my fac-simile1 made dilig5tly by pe]+ into ! details f a ladd]4 ,i d n say t all ! symbolism 9 ,pr\t's ,sket* is ! be/ possible2 b x is ! be/ :i* any ar*itectural draughtsman has yet inv5t$2 & 9 its application to special subjects x always %[s curi\s int]nal evid5ce t ! sket* has be5 made on ! spot1 & t ! arti/ tri$ to draw :at he saw1 n to inv5t an attractive subject4 ,i %all notice o!r in/ances ( ?is h]eaft]4 ,,vi4 ,! dogtoo?1 employ$ 9 ?is simple =m1 is1 h[ev]1 r a foil = o!r ornam5t1 ?an itself a satisfactory or g5]ally available decoration4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easy to enri* x z we *oose3 tak+ up its simple =m at #c1 & describ+ ! arcs m>k$ by ! dott$ l9es ^u its sides1 & cutt+ a small triangul> cavity betwe5 !m1 we %all leave its ridges some:at rudely repres5tative ( f\r leaves1 z at #h1 :i* is ! section & front view ( "o ( ! ,v5etian /one cornices describ$ above1 ,*ap4 ,,xiv41 ,,iv41 ! figure #h be+ "h put 9 ! holl[ ( ! gutt]4 ,! dogtoo? is put on ! out] l[] truncation1 & is actually 9 position z fig4 #e2 b be+ always look$ up to1 is to ! spectator z #c1 & always ri* & effective4 ,! dogtee? are p]haps mo/ frequ5tly exp&$ to ! wid? ( fig4 #i4 ,,vii4 ,z 9 ne>ly all o!r ornam5ts previ\sly describ$1 s 9 ?is1--we h only to deep5 ! ,italian cutt+1 & we %all get ! ,nor!rn type4 ,if we make ! orig9al pyramid some:at /eep]1 & in/ead ( lightly incis+1 cut x ?r\gh1 s z to h ! leaves held only by _! po9ts to ! base1 we %all h ! ,engli% dogtoo?2 some:at vulg> 9 its piquancy1 :5 comp>$ ) ,fr5* m\ld+s ( a simil> k9d4#ge ,x occurs1 ,i ?9k1 on "o h\se 9 ,v5ice1 9 ! ,campo ,/4 ,polo2 b ! ord9>y m\ld+1 ) light incisions1 is frequ5t 9 ar*ivolts & ar*itraves1 z well z 9 ! ro( cornices4 ,,viii4 ,?is be+ ! simple/ treatm5t ( ! pyramid1 fig4 #aj1 f ! refectory ( ,w5lock ,abbey1 is an example ( ! simple/ decoration ( ! recesses or inw>d angles betwe5 ! pyramids2 t is to say1 ( a simple hack$ edge l "o ( ^? 9 fig4 #b1 ! cuts be+ tak5 up & decorat$ in/ead ( ! po9ts4 ,ea* is work$ into a small trefoil$ ar*1 ) an incision r\nd x to m>k its outl9e1 & ano!r slight incision above1 express+ ! angle ( ! fir/ cutt+4 ,i said t ! tee? 9 fig4 #g _h 9 di/ance ! effect ( a zigzag3 9 fig4 #aj ?is zigzag effect is seiz$ ^u & develop$1 b ) ! easie/ & r\ghe/ "w2 ! angul> incision be+ a m]e limit+ l9e1 l t describ$ 9 ,,ix4 ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,b h5ce ! f>!r /eps to e condition ( ,norman ornam5t are self evid5t4 ,i d n say t all ( !m arose f developm5t ( ! dogtoo? 9 ?is mann]1 _m be+ q indep5d5t inv5tions & uses ( zigzag l9es2 /ill1 !y may all be ref]r$ to ?is simple type z _! root & repres5tative1 t is to say1 ! m]e hack ( ! ,v5etian gunwale1 ) a limit+ l9e foll[+ ! resultant zigzag4 ,,ix4 ,fig4 #aa is a s+ul> & mu* m artificial condition1 ca/ 9 brick1 f ! *ur* ( ! ,fr>i1 & giv5 "h only = future ref]5ce4 ,fig4 #ab1 result+ f a fillet ) ! cuts on ea* ( its edges int]rupt$ by a b>1 is a frequ5t ,v5etian m\ld+1 & ( great value2 b ! pla9 or leav$ dogtee? h be5 ! favorites1 & t to su* a degree1 t ev5 ! ,r5aissance ar*itects took !m up2 & ! be/ bit ( ,r5aissance design 9 ,v5ice1 ! side ( ! ,ducal ,palace next ! ,bridge ( ,sighs1 owes great "p ( its spl5dor to its f\ndation1 fac$ ) l>ge flat dogtee?1 ea* ab\t a foot wide 9 ! base1 ) _! po9ts truncat$1 & alt]nat+ ) cavities :i* are _! own negatives or ca/s4 ,x4 ,"o o!r =m ( ! dogtoo? is ( great importance 9 nor!rn ar*itecture1 t produc$ by oblique cuts slightly curv$1 z 9 ! m>g91 ,fig4 ,,lvi4 ,x is susceptible ( ! mo/ fanta/ic & endless decoration2 ea* ( ! result+ leaves be+1 9 ! e>ly por*es ( ,r\5 & ,lisieux1 holl[$ out & work$ into bran*+ trac]y3 & at ,b\rges1 = di/ant effect1 work$ into pla9 leaves1 or bold bony processes ) knobs at ! po9ts1 & ne> ! spectator1 into cr\*+ demons & broad w+$ owls1 & o!r fancies & intricacies1 innum]able & inexpressible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lvi4 ,,xi4 ,?us mu* is en\gh to be not$ respect+ edge decoration4 ,we 7 next to consid] ! fillet4 ,pr(essor ,willis has notic$ an ornam5t1 :i* he has call$ ! ,v5etian d5til1 z ! mo/ univ]sal ornam5t 9 its own di/rict t ev] ,i met )2 b has n notic$ ! reason = its frequ5cy4 ,x is nev]!less highly int]e/+4 ,! :ole e>ly ar*itecture ( ,v5ice is ar*itecture ( incru/ation3 ?is has n be5 en\gh notic$ 9 its peculi> relation to t ( ! re/ ( ,italy4 ,!re is1 inde$1 mu* incru/$ ar*itecture ?r\gh\t ,italy1 9 elaborate ecclesia/ical "w1 b !re is m :i* is frankly ( brick1 or ?or\ghly ( /one4 ,b ! ,v5etian habitually incru/$ 8 "w ) nacre2 he built 8 h\ses1 ev5 ! meane/1 z if he _h be5 a %ell-fi%1--r\ghly inside1 "m-(-pe>l on ! surface3 he 0 cont5t1 p]=ce1 to ga!r ! clay ( ! ,br5ta banks1 & bake x into brick = 8 sub/ance ( wall2 b he ov]laid x ) ! weal? ( ocean1 ) ! mo/ preci\s =eign m>bles4 ,y might fancy e>ly ,v5ice "o wild]ness ( brick1 :i* a petrify+ sea _h beat5 ^u till x coat$ x ) m>ble3 at fir/ a d>k city--wa%$ :ite by ! sea foam4 ,& ,i told y be=e t x 0 also a city ( %afts & ar*es1 & t its dwell+s 7 rais$ ^u cont9u\s arcades1 among :i* ! sea waves w&]$4 ,h5ce ! ?\ghts ( its build]s 7 e>ly & con/antly direct$ to ! incru/ation ( ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lvii4 ,,xii4 ,9 ,fig4 ,,lvii4 ,i h giv5 two ( ^! ,byzant9e /ilt$ ar*es3 ! "o on ! "r1 a1 z !y n[ too (t5 appe>1 9 its b>e brickwork2 t on ! left1 ) its alaba/] cov]+1 lit]ally m>ble def5sive armor1 rivet$ toge!r 9 pieces1 :i* foll[ ! cont\rs ( ! build+4 ,n[1 on ! wall1 ^! pieces are m]e flat slabs cut to ! ar* outl9e2 b "u ! s(fit ( ! ar* ! m>ble mail is curv$1 (t5 cut s+ul>ly ?91 l b5t tiles1 & fitt$ toge!r s t ! pieces w\ld su/a9 ea* o!r ev5 )\t rivets4 ,x is ( c\rse desirable t ?is ?9 sub-ar* ( m>ble %\ld project en\gh to su/a9 ! fac+ ( ! wall2 & ! read] w see1 9 ,fig4 ,,lvii41 t its edge =ms a k9d ( n>r[ b& r\nd ! ar* 7b71 a b& :i* ! lea/ enri*m5t w\ld r5d] a valuable decorative feature4 ,n[ ?is b& is1 ( c\rse1 if ! s(fit-pieces project a little beyond ! face ( ! wall-pieces1 a m]e fillet1 l ! wood5 gunwale 9 ,plate ,,ix42 & ! "q is1 h[ to enri* x mo/ wisely4 ,x might easily h be5 dogtoo!d1 b ! ,byzant9e ar*itects _h n inv5t$ ! dogtoo?1 & w\ld n h us$ x "h1 if !y _h2 = ! dogtoo? _c be employ$ alone1 especially on s pr9cipal an angle z ?is ( ! ma9 ar*es1 )\t giv+ to ! :ole build+ a peculi> look1 :i* ,i c n o!rwise describe ?an z be+ to ! eye1 exactly :at untemp]$ acid is to ! tongue4 ,! m]e dogtoo? is an acid m\ld+1 & c only be us$ 9 c]ta9 m+l+ ) o!rs1 to give !m piquancy2 nev] alone4 ,:at1 !n1 w be ! next easie/ me?od ( giv+ int]e/ to ! fillet8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lviii4 ,,xiii4 ,simply to make ! incisions squ>e in/ead ( %>p1 & to leave equal int]vals ( ! squ>e edge betwe5 !m4 ,fig4 ,,lviii4 is "o ( ! curv$ pieces ( ar* armor1 ) its edge ?us treat$2 "o side only be+ done at ! bottom1 to %[ ! simplicity & ease ( ! "w4 ,?is ornam5t gives =ce & int]e/ to ! edge ( ! ar*1 )\t 9 ! lea/ dim9i%+ its quietness4 ,no?+ 0 ev]1 nor c\ld be ev] inv5t$1 fitt] = its purpose1 or m easily cut4 ,f ! ar* x !re=e f\nd its way into e position :]e ! edge ( a piece ( /one project$1 & became1 f its con/ancy ( occurr5ce 9 ! late/ ,go?ic z well z ! e>lie/ ,byzant9e1 mo/ truly des]v+ ( ! "n ( ! ,v5etian ,d5til4 ,its complete int5tion is n[1 h[ev]1 only to be se5 9 ! pictures ( ,g5tile ,bell9i & ,vittor ,c>paccio2 =1 l mo/ ( ! re/ ( ! m\ld+s ( ,v5etian build+s1 x 0 always ei!r gild$ or pa9t$--(t5 bo?1 gold be+ laid on ! faces ( ! d5tils1 & _! recesses color$ alt]nately r$ & blue4 ,,xiv4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! reason above giv5 = ! univ]sality ( ?is ornam5t 0 by no means ! reason ( its inv5tion4 ,! ,v5etian d5til is a p>ticul> application 7consequ5t on ! incru/$ "* ( ,v5etian ar*itecture7 ( ! g5]al idea ( d5til1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally giv5 by ! ,greeks1 & realis$ bo? by !m & by ! ,byzant9es 9 _m labori\s =ms1 long be=e !re 0 ne$ ( !m = ar* armor2 & ! l[] half ( ,plate ,,ix4 w give "s idea ( ! conditions :i* occur 9 ! ,romanesque ( ,v5ice1 di/9ctly d]iv$ f ! classical d5til2 & ( ! gradual transition to ! m conv5i5t & simple type1 ! runn+-h& d5til1 :i* aft]w>ds became ! *>act]i/ic ( ,v5etian ,go?ic4 ,no4 #acgf is ! common d5til$ cornice1 :i* occurs repeat$ly 9 ,/4 ,m>k's2 &1 z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a r$uplication ( x1 =m+ ! abaci ( ! capitals ( ! ,piazzetta %afts4 ,fig4 #ae is p]haps an e>li] type2 p]haps only "o ( m c>eless workman%ip1 f a ,byzant9e ru9 9 ! ,rio di ,ca' ,fosc>i3 & x is int]e/+ to comp>e x ) fig4 #ad f ! ,ca!dral ( ,vi5ne1 9 ,s\? ,france4 ,fig4 #ag1 f ,/4 ,m>k's1 & #ah1 f ! apse ( ,murano1 are two v e>ly examples 9 :i* ! future true ,v5etian d5til is already develop$ 9 me?od ( execution1 ?\gh ! object is /ill only to imitate ! classical "o2 & a rude imitation ( ! bead is jo9$ ) x 9 fig4 #ag4 ,no4 #af indicates two examples ( exp]im5tal =ms3 ! upp]mo/ f ! tomb ( ,ma/9o della ,scala1 at ,v]ona2 ! l[] f a door 9 ,v5ice1 ,i believe1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury3 #ai is a m frequ5t arrangem5t1 *iefly f\nd 9 ca/ brick1 & connect+ ! d5tils ) ! dogtee?3 #bj is a =m introduc$ ri*ly 9 ! lat] ,go?ic1 b ( r>e occurr5ce until ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,i %all call x ! gabl$ d5til4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! greate/ pr(usion 9 sepul*ral ,go?ic1 associat$ ) sev]al slight v>iations f ! usual d5til type1 ( :i* ,no4 #ba1 f ! tomb ( ,pietro ,corn>o1 may s]ve z an example4 ,,xv4 ,all ! =ms giv5 9 ,plate ,,ix4 are ( n unfrequ5t occurr5ce3 v>y+ mu* 9 size & dep?1 accord+ to ! expression ( ! "w 9 :i* !y occur2 g5]ally increas+ 9 size 9 late "w 7! e>lie/ d5tils are seldom m ?an an in* or an in* & a half long3 ! fully develop$ d5til ( ! lat] ,go?ic is (t5 z mu* z f\r or five 9 l5g?1 by "o & a half 9 bread?72 b !y are all some:at r>e1 comp>$ to ! true or armor d5til1 above describ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "o or two unique conditions1 :i* w be not$ 9 ! build+s :]e !y occur4#gg ,! ,ducal ,palace furni%es ?ree anomalies 9 ! ar*1 dogtoo?1 & d5til3 x has a hyp]bolic ar*1 z not$ above1 ,*ap4 ,x41 ,,xv42 x has a d\ble-fang$ dogtoo? 9 ! r+s ( ! spiral %afts on its angles2 &1 f9ally1 x has a d5til ) concave sides1 ( :i* ! section & two ( ! blocks1 real size1 are giv5 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,! labor ( obta9+ ?is difficult pr(ile has1 h[ev]1 be5 ?r[n away2 = ! effect ( ! d5til at t5 feet di/ance is exactly ! same z t ( ! usual =m3 & ! read] may consid] ! dogtoo? & d5til 9 t plate z fairly repres5t+ ! common use ( !m 9 ! ,v5etian ,go?ic4 ,,xvi4 ,i am aw>e ( no o!r =m ( fillet decoration requir+ notice3 9 ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic1 ! fillet is employ$ *iefly to give sev]ity or flatness to m\ld+s suppos$ to be too mu* r\nd$1 & is !re=e g5]ally pla94 ,x is itself an ugly m\ld+1 &1 :5 ?us employ$1 is m]ely a foil = o!rs1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x at la/ usurp$ ! place1 & became "o ( ! mo/ pa9ful features 9 ! debas$ ,go?ic bo? ( ,italy & ! ,nor?4 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,i d n "h speak ( arti/ical m]its1 b ! play ( ! light among ! l[] %afts is also s+ul>ly beautiful 9 ?is sket* ( ,pr\t's1 & ! "* ( ! wild & brok5 leaves1 half dead1 on ! /one ( ! =egr\nd4 #ge ,vide ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 p4 #abb4 #gf ,! sections ( all ! m\ld+s are giv5 on ! "r ( ea*2 ! "p :i* is con/antly solid be+ %ad$1 & t :i* is cut into d5tils left4 #gg ,z1 h[ev]1 we %all n probably be l$ ei!r to ,b]gamo or ,bologna1 ,i may m5tion "h a curi\sly ri* use ( ! d5til1 entirely cov]+ ! foliation & trac]y ( a ni*e on ! outside ( ! duomo ( ,b]gamo2 & a roll1 entirely incru/$1 z ! h&le ( a mace (t5 is ) nails1 ) massy dogtee? or nail-heads1 on ! door ( ! ,pepoli palace ( ,bologna4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,roll ,,& ,,recess4 ,i4 ,i h class$ ^! two means ( ar*itectural effect toge!r1 because ! "o is 9 mo/ cases ! negative ( ! o!r1 & is us$ to relieve x exactly z %ad[ relieves light2 recess alt]nat+ ) roll1 n only 9 lat]al1 b 9 successive ord]2 n m]ely side by side ) ea* o!r1 b int]rupt$ ! "o by ! o!r 9 _! own l9es4 ,a recess itself has prop]ly no decoration2 b its dep? gives value to ! decoration :i* flanks1 encloses1 or int]rupts x1 & ! =m :i* int]rupts x be/ is ! roll4 ,,ii4 ,i use ! ^w roll g5]ally = any m\ld+s :i* pres5t to ! eye some:at ! appe>ance ( be+ cyl9drical1 & look l r\nd rods4 ,:5 upright1 !y are 9 appe>ance1 if n 9 fact1 small %afts2 & are a k9d ( b5t %aft1 ev5 :5 us$ 9 ar*ivolts & trac]ies2--:5 horizontal1 !y confuse !mselves ) cornices1 & are1 9 fact1 g5]ally to be consid]$ z ! be/ means ( draw+ an ar*itectural l9e 9 any direction1 ! s(t curve ( _! side obta9+ "s %ad[ at ne>ly all times ( ! day1 & t m t5d] & grateful to ! eye ?an c be obta9$ ei!r by an incision or by any o!r =m ( projection4 ,,iii4 ,_! decorative p[] is1 h[ev]1 too slight = ri* "w1 & !y frequ5tly require1 l ! angle & ! fillet1 to be r5d]$ int]e/+ by subdivision or m9or ornam5t ( _! own4 ,:5 ! roll is small1 ?is is effect$1 exactly z 9 ! case ( ! fillet1 by cutt+ pieces out ( x2 giv+ 9 ! simple/ results :at is call$ ! ,norman billet m\ld+3 & :5 ! cuts are giv5 9 c\ples1 & ! pieces r\nd$ into sph]es & almonds1 we h ! ord9>y ,greek bead1 bo? ( !m too well kn[n to require illu/ration4 ,! ,norman billet we %all n meet ) 9 ,v5ice2 ! bead con/antly occurs 9 ,byzant9e1 & ( c\rse 9 ,r5aissance "w4 ,9 ,plate ,,ix41 ,fig4 #ag1 !re is a rem>kable example ( its e>ly treatm5t1 :]e ! cuts 9 x are left %>p4 ,,iv4 ,b ! roll1 if x be ( any size1 des]ves bett] treatm5t4 ,its r\nd$ surface is too beautiful to be cut away 9 not*es2 & x is r to be cov]$ ) flat *as+ or inlaid patt]ns4 ,?us ornam5t$1 x gradually bl5ds itself ) ! true %aft1 bo? 9 ! ,romanesque "w ( ! ,nor?1 & 9 ! ,italian connect$ s*ools2 & ! patt]ns us$ = x are ^? us$ = %aft decoration 9 g5]al4 ,v4 ,b1 z alt]nat+ ) ! recess1 x has a decoration peculi> to itself4 ,we h (t51 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 not$ ! fondness ( ! ,nor!rn build]s = deep %ade & holl[ness 9 _! m\ld+s2 & 9 ! second *apt] ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ! *anges are describ$ :i* r$uc$ ! massive roll m\ld+s ( ! e>ly ,go?ic to a s]ies ( recesses1 sep>at$ by b>s ( light4 ,! %ape ( ^! recesses is at pres5t a matt] ( no importance to u3 x 01 inde$1 endlessly v>i$2 b ne$lessly1 = ! value ( a recess is 9 its d>kness1 & its d>kness disguises its =m4 ,b x 0 n 9 m]e wanton indulg5ce ( _! love ( %ade t ! ,flamboyant build]s deep5$ ! furr[s ( _! m\ld+s3 !y _h f\nd a means ( decorat+ ^? furr[s z ri* z x 0 expressive1 & ! entire frame-"w ( _! ar*itecture 0 design$ ) a view to ! effect ( ?is decoration2 :]e ! ornam5t ceases1 ! frame-"w is meagre & mean3 b ! ornam5t is1 9 ! be/ examples ( ! /yle1 unceas+4 ,,vi4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an ornam5t =m$ by ! gho/s or anatomies ( ! old %afts1 left 9 ! furr[s :i* _h tak5 _! place4 ,e "h & !re1 a fragm5t ( a roll or %aft is left 9 ! recess or furr[3 a billet-m\ld+ on a huge scale1 b a billet-m\ld+ r$uc$ to a skeleton2 = ! fragm5ts ( roll are cut holl[1 & work$ into m]e entanglem5t ( /ony fibres1 ) ! gloom ( ! recess %[n ?r\gh !m4 ,^! gho/ rolls1 =m+ sometimes p$e/als1 sometimes canopies1 sometimes cov]+ ! :ole recess ) an ar* ( trac]y1 b5ea? :i* x runs l a tunnel1 are ! peculi> decorations ( ! ,flamboyant ,go?ic4 ,,vii4 ,n[ obs]ve1 9 all k9ds ( decoration1 we mu/ keep c>efully "u sep>ate heads1 ! consid]ation ( ! *anges wr\ght 9 ! m]e physical =m1 & 9 ! intellectual purpose ( ornam5t4 ,! relations ( ! canopy to ! /atue x %elt]s1 are to be consid]$ altoge!r di/9ctly f ^? ( ! canopy to ! build+ :i* x decorates4 ,9 its e>lie/ conditions ! canopy is p>tly confus$ ) repres5tations ( m9iature ar*itecture3 x is sometimes a small temple or gateway1 sometimes a honor>y addition to ! pomp ( a sa9t1 a cov]+ to 8 ?rone1 or to 8 %r9e2 & ?is canopy is (t5 express$ 9 bas-relief 7z 9 pa9t+71 )\t mu* ref]5ce to ! great requirem5ts ( ! build+4 ,at o!r times x is a real protection to ! /atue1 & is enl>g$ into a complete p9nacle1 c>ri$ on prop] %afts1 & boldly ro($4 ,b 9 ! late nor!rn sy/em ! canopies are nei!r expressive nor protective4 ,!y are a k9d ( /one lace-"w1 requir$ = ! ornam5tation ( ! build+1 = :i* ! /atues are (t5 little m ?an an excuse1 & ( :i* ! physical "* is1 z above describ$1 t ( gho/s ( dep>t$ %afts4 ,,viii4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 mu* ri* tab]nacle "w :i* w n come lit]ally "u ?is head1 mu* :i* is /raggl+ or flat 9 its plan1 connect+ itself gradually ) ! ord9>y =ms ( indep5d5t %r9es & tombs2 b ! g5]al idea ( all tab]nacle "w is m>k$ 9 ! common phrase ( a ni*e1 t is to say a holl[ int5d$ = a /atue1 & cr[n$ by a canopy2 & ?is ni*e decoration only rea*es its full developm5t :5 ! ,flamboyant holl[s are cut deepe/1 & :5 ! mann] & _s ( sculpture _h s mu* lo/ _! purity & int5sity t x became desirable to draw ! eye away f ! /atue to its cov]+1 s t at la/ ! canopy became ! m important ( ! two1 & is itself s beautiful t we are (t5 cont5t$ ) ar*itecture f :i* pr(anity has /ruck ! /atues1 if only ! canopies are left2 & consequ5tly1 9 our mod]n +5uity1 ev5 set up canopies :]e we h no int5tion ( sett+ /atues4 ,,ix4 ,x is a pity t ?us we h no really noble example ( ! effect ( ! /atue 9 ! recesses ( ar*itecture3 = ! ,flamboyant recess 0 n s mu* a prep>ation = x z a gulf :i* swall[$ x up4 ,:5 /atues 7 mo/ e>ne/ly design$1 !y 7 ?ru/ =w>d 9 all k9ds ( places1 (t5 9 front ( ! pill>s1 z at ,ami5s1 awkw>dly en\gh1 b ) manly respect to ! purpose ( ! figures4 ,! ,flamboyant holl[s yawn$ at _! sides1 ! /atues fell back into !m1 & ne>ly disappe>$1 & a fla% ( flame 9 ! %ape ( a canopy rose z !y expir$4 ,x4 ,i d n feel myself capable at pres5t ( speak+ ) p]fect ju/ice ( ?is ni*e ornam5t ( ! nor?1 my late /udies 9 ,italy hav+ some:at de/roy$ my sympa?ies ) x4 ,b ,i once lov$ x int5sely1 & w n say any?+ to depreciate x n[1 save only ?is1 t :ile ,i h /udi$ long at ,abbeville1 )\t 9 ! lea/ f9d+ t x made me c>e less = ,v]ona1 ,i nev] rema9$ long 9 ,v]ona )\t feel+ "s d\bt ( ! nobility ( ,abbeville4 ,,xi4 ,recess decoration by leaf m\ld+s is con/antly & beautifully associat$ 9 ! nor? ) ni*e decoration1 b requires no special notice1 ! recess 9 su* cases be+ us$ m]ely to give value to ! leafage by its gloom1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* conditions & ^? ( ! s\? be+ m]ely t 9 ! "o ! leaves are laid across a holl[1 & 9 ! o!r ov] a solid surface2 b 9 nei!r ( ! s*ools exclusively s1 ea* 9 "s degree int]m+l+ ! me?od ( ! o!r4 ,,xii4 ,f9ally ! recess decoration by ! ball fl[] is v def9ite & *>act]i/ic1 f\nd1 ,i believe1 *iefly 9 ,engli% "w4 ,x consi/s m]ely 9 leav+ a small boss or sph]e1 fix$1 z x 71 at int]vals 9 ! holl[s2 su* bosses be+ aft]w>ds c>v$ into roses1 or o!r ornam5tal =ms1 & sometimes lift$ q up out ( ! holl[1 on project+ processes1 l v]tebr1 s z to make !m m conspicu\s1 z ?r\gh\t ! decoration ( ! ca!dral ( ,b\rges4 ,! value ( ?is ornam5t is *iefly 9 ! spott$ "* :i* x gives to ! l9es ( m\ld+s se5 f a di/ance4 ,x is v ri* & delightful :5 n us$ 9 excess2 b x w\ld satiate & we>y ! eye if x 7 ev] us$ 9 g5]al ar*itecture4 ,! spire ( ,salisbury1 & ( ,/4 ,m>y's at ,ox=d1 are agreeable z isolat$ masses2 b if an entire /reet 7 built ) ?is spotty decoration at e casem5t1 we c\ld n trav]se x to ! end )\t disgu/4 ,x is only ano!r example ( ! con/ant aim at piquancy ( effect :i* *>act]is$ ! nor!rn build]s2 an +5i\s b some:at vulg> ef=t to give int]e/ to _! grey masses ( co>se /one1 )\t ov]tak+ _! p[]s ei!r ( inv5tion or execution4 ,we w ?ank !m = x )\t blame or praise1 & pass on4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,base4 ,i4 ,we "k n[ z mu* z is ne$ful respect+ ! me?ods ( m9or & univ]sal decorations1 :i* 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxii41 ,,iii41 f ! ornam5t :i* has special relation to p>ticul> p>ts4 ,?is local ornam5t1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 we arrang$ 9 ,,ii4 ( ! same *apt] "u five heads1 we h next1 "u ^? heads1 to consid]4 ,&1 fir/1 ! ornam5t ( ! bases1 bo? ( walls & %afts4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 our acc\nt ( ! divisions ( a wall1 t !re are some?+ 9 ^? divisions l ! beg9n+1 ! sev]al c\rses1 & ! close ( a human life4 ,& z1 9 all well-conduct$ lives1 ! h>d "w1 & r\gh+1 & ga9+ ( /r5g? come fir/1 ! honor or decoration 9 c]ta9 int]vals dur+ _! c\rse1 b mo/ ( all 9 _! close1 s1 9 g5]al1 ! base ( ! wall1 :i* is its beg9n+ ( labor1 w be> lea/ decoration1 its body m1 especially ^? epo*s ( re/ call$ its /r+ c\rses2 b its cr[n or cornice mo/ ( all4 ,/ill1 9 "s build+s1 all ^! are decorat$ ri*ly1 ?\gh ! la/ mo/2 & 9 o!rs1 :5 ! base is well protect$ & yet conspicu\s1 x may probably receive ev5 m decoration ?an o!r p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,n[1 ! ma9 ?+s to be express$ 9 a base are its levelness & ev5ness4 ,we _c d bett] ?an con/ruct ! sev]al memb]s ( ! base1 z develop$ 9 ,fig4 ,,ii41 p4 #ee1 ea* ( a diff]5t color$ m>ble1 s z to produce m>k$ level b>s ( color all along ! f\ndation4 ,?is is exquisitely done 9 all ! ,italian elaborate wall bases2 t ( ,/4 ,ana/asia at ,v]ona is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect exi/+1 = play ( color2 t ( ,giotto's campanile is on ! :ole ! mo/ beautifully f9i%$4 ,!n1 on ! v]tical portions1 a1 b1 c1 we may put :at patt]ns 9 mosaic we please1 s t !y be n too ri*2 b if we *oose r to h sculpture 7or mu/ h x = want ( /ones to inlay71 !n obs]ve t all sculpture on bases mu/ be 9 panels1 or x w soon be worn away1 & t a pla9 panell+ is (t5 good )\t any o!r ornam5t4 ,! memb] b1 :i* 9 ,/4 ,m>k's is subord9ate1 & c1 :i* is exp&$ into a seat1 are bo? ( !m decorat$ ) simple b exquisitely-f9i%$ panell+1 9 r$ & :ite or gre5 & :ite m>ble2 & ! memb] e is 9 bases ( ?is k9d v valuable1 z an expression ( a firm beg9n+ ( ! sub/ance ( ! wall itself4 ,?is memb] has be5 ( no s]vice to u hi!rto1 & 0 unnotic$ 9 ! *apt]s on con/ruction2 b x 0 express$ 9 ! figure ( ! wall base1 on acc\nt ( its great value :5 ! f\ndation is ( /one & ! wall ( brick 7coat$ or n74 ,9 su* cases x is always bett] to add ! c\rse e1 above ! slope ( ! base1 ?an abruptly to beg9 ! common masonry ( ! wall4 ,,iii4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ! memb] d1 or ,xb1 t we are mo/ s]i\sly conc]n$2 = ?is be+ ! ess5tial feature ( all bases1 & ! true prep>ation = ! wall or %aft1 x is mo/ necess>y t "h1 if any:]e1 we %\ld h full expression ( levelness & precision2 & f>!r1 t1 if possible1 ! eye %\ld n be suff]$ to re/ on ! po9ts ( junction ( ! /ones1 :i* w\ld give an effect ( in/ability4 ,bo? ^! objects are accompli%$ by attract+ ! eye to two rolls1 sep>at$ by a deep holl[1 9 ! memb] d itself4 ,! bold projections ( _! m\ld+s entirely prev5t ! att5tion f be+ drawn to ! jo9ts ( ! masonry1 & besides =m a simple b beautifully connect$ gr\p ( b>s ( %ad[1 :i* express1 9 _! p]fect p>allelism1 ! absolute levelness ( ! f\ndation4 ,,iv4 ,i ne$ h>dly give any p]spective draw+ ( an arrangem5t :i* mu/ be p]fectly famili> to ! read]1 z occurr+ "u ne>ly e column ( ! too num]\s classical build+s all ov] ,europe4 ,b ,i may "n ! base ( ! ,bank ( ,engl& z furni%+ a v simple in/ance ( ! gr\p1 ) a squ>e in/ead ( a r\nd$ holl[1 bo? =m+ ! base ( ! wall1 & ga!r+ into t ( ! %afts z !y occur2 :ile ! bases ( ! pill>s ( ! faade ( ! ,briti% ,museum are z good examples z ! read] c /udy on a l>g] scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,pr(iles ,,( ,,bases4 ,v4 ,i believe ?is gr\p ( m\ld+s 0 fir/ inv5t$ by ! ,greeks1 & x has nev] be5 mat]ially improv$1 z f> z its peculi> purpose is conc]n$2#gh ! classical attempts at its v>iation be+ ! uglie/3 "o1 ! us+ a s+le roll ( l>g] size1 z may be se5 9 ! ,duke ( ,york's column1 :i* !re=e looks z if x /ood on a l>ge sausage 7! ,monum5t has ! same base1 b m conceal$ by p$e/al decoration73 ano!r1 ! us+ two rolls )\t ! int]m$iate cavetto1--a condition h>dly less awkw>d1 & :i* may be /udi$ to advantage 9 ! wall & %aftbases ( ! ,a!num ,club-h\se3 & ano!r1 ! introduction ( :at are call$ fillets betwe5 ! rolls1 z may be se5 9 ! pill>s ( ,hanov] ,*apel1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 :i* look1 9 consequ5ce1 z if !y 7 /&+ ^u a pile ( pewt] collection plates4 ,b ! only successful *anges h be5 m$ival2 & _! nature w be at once und]/ood by a glance at ! v>ieties giv5 on ! opposite page4 ,x w be well fir/ to give ! build+s 9 :i* !y occur1 9 ord]4 #a4 ,santa ,fosca1 ,torcello4 #ad4 ,ca' ,giu/9iani1 ,v5ice4 #b4 ,nor? transept1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 #ae4 ,byzant9e fragm5t1 ,v5ice4 ,v5ice4 #af4 ,/4 ,m>k's1 upp] ,colonnade4 #c4 ,nave1 ,torcello4 #ag4 ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice 7w9d[s47 #d4 ,nave1 ,torcello4 #ah4 ,ca' ,fali]1 ,v5ice4 #e4 ,s\? transept1 ,/4 ,m>k's4 #ai4 ,/4 ,z5o1 ,v]ona4 #f4 ,nor!rn portico1 upp] %afts1 #bj4 ,san ,/efano1 ,v5ice4 ,/4 ,m>k's4 #ba4 ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice 7w9d[s47 #g4 ,ano!r ( ! same gr\p4 #bb4 ,nave1 ,salisbury4 #h4 ,cortile ( ,/4 ,ambrogio1 ,milan4 #bc4 ,santa ,fosca1 ,torcello4 #i4 ,nave %afts1 ,/4 ,mi*ele1 ,pavia4 #bd4 ,nave1 ,lyons ,ca!dral4 #aj4 ,outside wall base1 ,/4 ,m>k's1 #be4 ,notre ,dame1 ,dijon4 ,v5ice4 #bf4 ,nave1 ,b\rges ,ca!dral4 #aa4 ,fondaco de' ,tur*i1 ,v5ice4 #bg4 ,nave1 ,morta9 7,norm&y74 #ab4 ,nave1 ,vi5ne1 ,france4 #bh4 ,nave1 ,r\5 ,ca!dral4 #ac4 ,fondaco de' ,tur*i1 ,v5ice4 ,,vi4 ,eighte5 out ( ! tw5ty eight v>ieties are ,v5etian1 be+ bases to :i* ,i %all h ne$ ( future ref]5ce2 b ! int]sp]s$ examples1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 & #ai1 f ,milan1 ,pavia1 ,vi5ne 7,france71 & ,v]ona1 %[ ! exactly correspond5t conditions ( ! ,romanesque base at ! p]iod1 ?r\gh\t ! c5tre ( ,europe4 ,! la/ five examples %[ ! *anges effect$ by ! ,fr5* ,go?ic ar*itects3 ! ,salisbury base 7#bb7 ,i h only introduc$ to %[ its dulness & vulg>ity beside !m2 & #bc1 f ,torcello1 = a special reason1 9 t place4 ,,vii4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ! two bases1 #h & #i1 f ! two mo/ important ,lomb>dic *ur*es ( ,italy1 ,/4 ,ambrogio ( ,milan & ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia1 m>k ! "* ( ! b>b>ic base f\nd$ on pure ,roman models1 sometimes approximat+ to su* models v closely2 & ! v>ieties #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #af are ,byzant9e types1 also f\nd$ on ,roman models4 ,b 9 ! bases #a to #g inclusive1 &1 /ill m *>act]i/ically1 9 #bc bel[1 !re is evid5tly an orig9al elem5t1 a t5d5cy to use ! fillet & holl[ in/ead ( ! roll1 :i* is em95tly ,go?ic2 :i* 9 ! base #c rem9ds "o ev5 ( ,flamboyant conditions1 & is excessively rem>kable z occurr+ 9 ,italian "w c]ta9ly n lat] ?an ! t5? c5tury1 tak+ ev5 ! date ( ! la/ rebuild+ ( ! ,duomo ( ,torcello1 ?\gh ,i am /rongly incl9$ to consid] ^! bases portions ( ! orig9al *ur*4 ,& ,i h !re=e put ! base #bc among ! ,go?ic gr\p to :i* x has s /rong relation%ip1 ?\gh1 on ! la/ supposition1 five c5turies old] ?an ! e>lie/ ( ! five t]m9al examples2 & x is /ill m rem>kable because x rev]ses ! usual treatm5t ( ! l[] roll1 :i* is 9 g5]al a tol]ably accurate te/ ( ! age ( a base1 9 ! degree ( its projection4 ,?us1 9 ! examples #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 ! l[] roll is h>dly r\nd$ at all1 & diametrically oppos$ to ! late ,go?ic conditions1 #bd to #bh1 9 :i* x advances gradually1 l a wave prep>+ to break1 & at la/ is actually se5 curl+ ov] ) ! long-back$ ru% ( surf ^u ! %ore4 ,yet ! ,torcello base resembles ^! ,go?ic ones bo? 9 expansion b5ea? & 9 dep? ( cavetto above4 ,,viii4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! ineffable sup]iority ( ^! ,go?ic bases1 9 grace ( pr(ile1 to any ev] inv5t$ by ! anci5ts4 ,b !y h all two great faults3 ,!y seem1 9 ! fir/ place1 to h be5 design$ )\t suffici5t ref]5ce to ! necessity ( _! be+ usually se5 f above2 _! grace ( pr(ile _c be e/imat$ :5 s se51 & _! excessive expansion gives !m an appe>ance ( flatness & sep>ation f ! %aft1 z if !y _h spla%$ out "u its pressure3 9 ! second place _! cavetto is s deeply cut t x has ! appe>ance ( a black fissure betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! base2 & 9 ! ,lyons & ,b\rges %afts1 #bd & #bf1 x is impossible to conqu] ! idea sugge/$ by x1 t ! two /ones above & bel[ h be5 int5d$ to jo9 close1 b t "s pebbles h got 9 & kept !m f fitt+2 "o is always expect+ ! pebbles to be cru%$1 & ! %aft to settle into its place ) a ?und]-clap4 ,,ix4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i said t ! pr(ile ( ! pure classic base _h h>dly be5 mat]ially improv$2 b ! v>i\s conditions ( x are beautiful or commonplace1 9 proportion to ! v>iety ( proportion among _! l9es & ! delicacy ( _! curvatures2 t is to say1 ! expression ( *>act]s l ^? ( ! ab/ract l9es 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! five be/ pr(iles 9 ,plate ,x4 are #aj1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba2 #aj is peculi>ly beautiful 9 ! opposition betwe5 ! bold projection ( its upp] roll1 & ! delicate leafy curvature ( its l[]2 & ?is & #ba may be tak5 z ne>ly p]fect types1 ! "o ( ! /eep1 ! o!r ( ! expansive basic pr(iles4 ,! *>act]s ( all1 h[ev]1 are s dep5d5t ^u _! place & expression1 t x is unfair to judge !m ?us sep>ately2 & ! precision ( curvature is a matt] ( s small consequ5ce 9 g5]al effect1 t we ne$ n "h pursue ! subject f>!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lix4 ,x4 ,we h ?us f>1 h[ev]1 consid]$ only ! l9es ( m\ld+ 9 ! memb] ,x b1 :e!r ( wall or %aft base4 ,b ! read] w rememb] t 9 our be/ %aft base1 9 ,fig4 ,,xii4 7p4 #gh71 c]ta9 props or spurs 7 appli$ to ! slope ( ,x b2 b n[ t ,x b is divid$ into ^! delicate m\ld+s1 we _c conv5i5tly apply ! spur to its irregul> pr(ile2 we mu/ be cont5t to set x aga9/ ! l[] roll4 ,let ! upp] edge ( ?is l[] roll be ! curv$ l9e "h1 a1 d1 e1 b1 ,fig4 ,,lix41 & c ! angle ( ! squ>e pl9? project+ b5ea? x4 ,!n ! spur1 appli$ z we saw 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii41 w be ( "s su* =m z ! triangle c e d1 ,fig4 ,,lix4 ,,xi4 ,n[ x has j be5 /at$ t x is ( small importance :e!r ! ab/ract l9es ( ! pr(ile ( a base m\ld+ be f9e or n1 because we r>ely /oop d[n to look at !m4 ,b ?is triangul> spur is ne>ly always se5 f above1 & ! eye is drawn to x z "o ( ! mo/ important features ( ! :ole base2 !re=e x is a po9t ( imm$iate necessity to sub/itute = its h>% "r l9es 7c d1 c e7 "s curve ( noble ab/ract "*4 ,,xii4 ,i m5tion$1 9 speak+ ( ! l9e ( ! salvia leaf at p4 #bbd1 t ,i _h m>k$ (f ! portion ( x1 x y1 because ,i ?\ght x likely to be g5]ally useful to u aft]w>ds2 & ,i promis$ ! read] t z he _h built1 s he %\ld decorate 8 edifice at 8 own free w4 ,if1 !re=e1 he likes ! above triangul> spur1 c d e1 by all means let him keep x2 b if he be on ! :ole dissatisfi$ ) x1 ,i may be p]mitt$1 p]haps1 to advise him to set to "w l a tape/ry bee1 to cut (f ! little bit ( l9e ( salvia leaf x y1 & try h[ he c be/ sub/itute x = ! awkw>d l9es c d c e4 ,he may try x any way t he likes2 b if he puts ! salvia curvature inside ! pres5t l9es1 he w f9d ! spur looks weak1 & ,i ?9k he w det]m9e at la/ on plac+ x z ,i h done at c d1 c e1 ,fig4 ,,lx4 7,if ! read] w be at ! pa9s to transf] ! salvia leaf l9e ) trac+ pap]1 he w f9d x accurately us$ 9 ?is figure47 ,!n ,i m]ely add an out] circul> l9e to repres5t ! out] swell ( ! roll aga9/ :i* ! spur is set1 & ,i put ano!r su* spur to ! opposite corn] ( ! squ>e1 & we h ! half base1 ,fig4 ,,lx41 :i* is a g5]al type ( ! be/ ,go?ic bases 9 exi/5ce1 be+ v ne>ly t ( ! upp] %afts ( ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice4 ,9 ^? %afts ! quadrant a b1 or ! upp] edge ( ! l[] roll1 is #b feet #a-c_/h in*es r\nd1 & ! base ( ! spur d e1 is #aj in*es2 ! l9e d e be+ !re=e to a b z #aj to #be-c_/h4 ,9 ,fig4 ,,lx4 x is z #aj to #bd1 ! measurem5t be+ easi] & ! type some:at m g5]ally repres5tative ( ! be/1 i4e4 broade/1 spurs ( ,italian ,go?ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lx4 ,,xiii4 ,n[1 ! read] is to rememb]1 !re is no?+ magical 9 salvia leaves3 ! l9e ,i take f !m happ5$ m]ely to fall conv5i5tly on ! page1 & might z well h be5 tak5 f any?+ else2 x is simply its "* ( gradat$ curvature :i* fits x = our use4 ,on ,plate ,,xi41 opposite1 ,i h giv5 plans ( ! spurs & quadrants ( twelve ,italian & ?ree ,nor!rn bases2 ^! latt] 7#ac71 f ,b\rges1 7#ad7 f ,lyons1 7#ae7 f ,r\51 are giv5 m]ely to %[ ! ,nor!rn disposition to break up b\nd+ l9es1 & lose bread? 9 picturesqu5ess4 ,^! ,nor!rn bases look ! prettie/ 9 ?is plate1 because ?is v>iation ( ! outl9e is ne>ly all ! ornam5t !y h1 be+ cut v rudely2 b ! ,italian bases above !m are m]ely prep>$ by _! simple outl9es = f> ri*] decoration at ! next /ep1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,! ,nor!rn bases are to be not$ also = ano!r gr& error3 ! projection ( ! roll beyond ! squ>e pl9?1 ( :i* ! corn] is se51 9 v>i\s degrees ( advancem5t1 9 ! ?ree examples4 #ac is ! base ^: pr(ile is ,no4 #bf 9 ,plate ,x42 #ad is #bd 9 ! same plate2 & #ae is #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 ,,plans ,,( ,,bases4 ,,xiv4 ,! ,italian bases are ! foll[+2 all1 except #g & #aj1 be+ ,v5etian3 #a & #b1 upp] colonnade1 ,/4 ,m>k's2 #c1 ,ca' ,fali]2 #d1 l[] colonnade1 & #e1 transept1 ,/4 ,m>k's2 #f1 f ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john & ,paul2 #g1 f ! tomb ne> ,/4 ,ana/asia1 ,v]ona1 describ$ above 7p4 #adb72 #h & #i1 ,fon daco de' ,tur*i1 ,v5ice2 #aj1 tomb ( ,c ,ma/9o della ,scala1 ,v]ona2 #aa1 ,san ,/efano1 ,v5ice2 #ab1 ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice1 upp] colonnade4 ,! ,nos4 #c1 #h1 #i1 #aa are ! bases ^: pr(iles are respectively ,nos4 #ah1 #aa1 #ac1 & #bj 9 ,plate ,x4 ,! flat surfaces ( ! basic pl9?s are "h %ad$2 & 9 ! l[] corn] ( ! squ>e occupi$ by ea* quadrant is put1 also %ad$1 ! c5tral pr(ile ( ea* spur1 f its root at ! roll ( ! base to its po9t2 ^? ( ,nos4 #a & #b be+ conjectural1 = _! spurs 7 s rude & ugly1 t ,i took no note ( _! pr(iles2 b !y w\ld probably be z "h giv54 ,z ^! bases1 ?\gh "h1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 r$uc$ )9 squ>es ( equal size1 9 reality belong to %afts ( v diff]5t size1 #i be+ "s six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & #f1 ?ree or f\r feet1 ! proportionate size ( ! roll v>ies accord+ly1 be+ l>ge/1 z 9 #i1 :]e ! base is smalle/1 & 9 #f & #ab ! leaf pr(ile is giv5 on a l>g] scale ?an ! plan1 or its "* c\ld n h be5 exhibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 ,,decoration ,,( ,,bases4 ,,xv4 ,n[1 9 all ^! spurs1 ! read] w obs]ve t ! n>r[e/ are = ! mo/ "p ! e>lie/4 ,no4 #b1 f ! upp] colonnade ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 is ! only in/ance ,i ev] saw ( ! d\ble spur1 z transitive betwe5 ! squ>e & octagon pl9?2 ! truncat$ =m1 #a1 is also r>e & v ugly4 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g & #i are ! g5]al conditions ( ! ,byzant9e spur2 #h is a v r>e =m ( plan 9 ,byzant9e "w1 b prov$ to be s by its rude level pr(ile2 :ile #g1 on ! contr>y1 ,byzant9e 9 plan1 is em95tly ,go?ic 9 ! pr(ile4 #i to #ab are f =m$ ,go?ic build+s1 equally ref9$ 9 _! pr(ile & plan4 ,,xvi4 ,! "* ( ! pr(ile is inde$ mu* alt]$ by ! accid5tal nature ( ! surface decoration2 b ! importance ( ! broad diff]5ce betwe5 ! rais$ & flat pr(ile w be felt on glanc+ at ! examples #a to #f 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,! ?ree upp] examples are ! ,romanesque types1 :i* occur z p>allels ) ! ,byzant9e types1 #a to #c ( ,plate ,,xi4 ,_! plans w\ld be ne>ly ! same2 b in/ead ( resembl+ flat leaves1 !y are lit]ally spurs1 or claws1 z high z !y are broad2 & ! ?ird1 f ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia1 appe>s to be int5d$ to h its resemblance to a claw en=c$ by ! transv]se fillet4 #a is f ,/4 ,ambrogio1 ,milan2 #b f ,vi5ne1 ,france4 ,! #d? type1 ,plate ,,xii41 almo/ l ! extremity ( a man's foot1 is a ,byzant9e =m 7p]haps worn on ! edges71 f ! nave ( ,/4 ,m>k's2 & ! two next %[ ! unity ( ! two pr9ciples1 =m+ ! p]fect ,italian ,go?ic types1--#e1 f tomb ( ,c ,signorio della ,scala1 ,v]ona2 #f1 f ,san ,/efano1 ,v5ice 7! base #aa ( ,plate ,,xi41 9 p]spective74 ,! two o!r bases1 #aj & #ab ( ,plate ,,xi41 are conditions ( ! same k9d1 %[+ ! v>ieties ( rise & fall 9 exquisite modulation2 ! #aj?1 a type m frequ5t at ,v]ona ?an ,v5ice1 9 :i* ! spur pr(ile ov]laps ! roll1 in/ead ( ris+ out ( x1 & seems to hold x d[n1 z if x 7 a r+ held by sockets4 ,?is is a "* f\nd bo? 9 e>ly & late "w2 a k9d ( b&1 or fillet1 appe>s to hold1 & ev5 compress1 ! c5tre ( ! roll 9 ! base ( "o ( ! crypt %afts ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,ox=d1 :i* has also spurs at its angles2 & long b&s fl[ ov] ! base ( ! angle %aft ( ! ,ducal ,palace ( ,v5ice1 next ! ,porta della ,c>ta4 ,,xvii4 ,:5 ! ma9 cont\rs ( ! base are once det]m9$1 its decoration is z easy z x is inf9ite4 ,i h m]ely giv51 9 ,plate ,,xii41 ?ree examples to :i* ,i %all ne$ to ref]1 h]eaft]4 ,no4 #i is a v e>ly & curi\s "o2 ! decoration ( ! base #f 9 ,plate ,,xi41 repres5t+ a leaf turn$ ov] & flatt5$ d[n2 or1 r1 ! idea ( ! turn$ leaf1 work$ z well z c\ld be imag9$ on ! flat cont\r ( ! spur4 ,!n #aj is ! p]fect1 b simple/ possible developm5t ( ! same idea1 f ! e>lie/ bases ( ! upp] colonnade ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 t is to say1 ! bases ( ! sea faade2 & #g & #h are its lat]al pr(ile & transv]se section4 ,f9ally1 #aa & #ab are two ( ! spurs ( ! lat] %afts ( ! same colonnade on ! ,piazzetta side 7,no4 #ab ( ,plate ,,xi474 ,no4 #aa occurs on "o ( ^! %afts only1 & is s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,i suspect x to be e>li] ?an ! o!r1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic base ( ! re/ ( ! s]ies1 & already %[s ! loose1 s5sual1 ungov]n$ "* ( fifte5? c5tury ornam5t 9 ! dissolut5ess ( its roll+4 ,,xviii4 ,i m]ely give ^! z examples ready to my h&1 & necess>y = future ref]5ce2 n z 9 anywise repres5tative ( ! v>iety ( ! ,italian treatm5t ( ! g5]al cont\r1 f> less ( ! endless caprices ( ! ,nor?4 ,! mo/ beautiful base ,i ev] saw1 on ! :ole1 is a ,byzant9e "o 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 9 :i* ! spur pr(ile approximates to t ( ,no4 #aj 9 ,plate ,,xi42 b x is =m$ by a *]ub1 :o sweeps d[nw>ds on ! w+4 ,8 two w+s1 z !y half close1 =m ! upp] "p ( ! spur1 & ! rise ( x 9 ! front is =m$ by exactly ! action ( ,ali*9o1 swoop+ on ! pit* lake3 quei drizzo1 vol&o1 suso il petto4 ,b x requires noble managem5t to conf9e su* a fancy )9 su* limits4 ,! great] numb] ( ! be/ bases are =m$ ( leaves2 & ! read] may amuse himself z he w by endless inv5tions ( !m1 f types :i* he may ga!r among ! we$s at ! ne>e/ roadside4 ,! value ( ! vegetable =m is especially "h1 z above not$1 ,*ap4 ,,xx41 ,,xxxii41 its capability ( unity ) ! mass ( ! base1 & ( be+ sugge/$ by few l9es2 none b ! ,nor!rn ,go?ic ar*itects are able to introduce entire animal =ms 9 ?is position ) p]fect success4 ,!re is a beautiful in/ance at ! nor? door ( ! we/ front ( ,r\52 a liz>d paus+ & curl+ himself r\nd a little 9 ! angle2 "o expects him ! next in/ant to la% r\nd ! %aft & vani%3 & we may ) advantage comp>e ?is base ) ^? ( ,r5aissance ,scuola di ,san ,rocca#gi at ,v5ice1 9 :i* ! ar*itect1 imitat+ ! m$ival bases1 :i* he did n und]/&1 has put an elephant1 f\r in*es high]1 9 ! same position4 ,,xix4 ,i h n 9 ?is *apt] spok5 at all ( ! pr(iles :i* are giv5 9 ,nor!rn ar*itecture to ! projections ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! base1 b & c 9 ,fig4 ,,ii41 nor ( ! me?ods 9 :i* bo? ^!1 & ! rolls ( ! m\ld+s 9 ,plate ,x41 are decorat$1 especially 9 ,roman ar*itecture1 ) sup]add$ *a9 "w or *as+ ( v>i\s patt]ns4 ,( ! fir/ ,i h n spok51 because ,i %all h no occasion to allude to !m 9 ! foll[+ essay2 nor ( ! second1 because ,i consid] !m b>b>isms4 ,decorat$ rolls & decorat$ ogee pr(iles1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! base ( ! ,arc de l',etoile at ,p>is1 are among ! ri*e/ & f>!/ ref9em5ts ( decorative appliances2 & !y ought always to be res]v$ = jambs1 cornices1 & ar*ivolts3 if y beg9 ) !m 9 ! base1 y h no p[] ( ref9+ y\r decorations z y asc5d1 &1 :i* is /ill worse1 y put y\r mo/ delicate "w on ! jutt+ portions ( ! f\ndation1--! v portions :i* are mo/ expos$ to abrasion4 ,! be/ expression ( a base is t ( /]n endurance1--! look ( be+ able to be> r\gh+2 or1 if ! :ole build+ is s delicate t no "o c be expect$ to treat ev5 its base ) unk9dness1#hj !n at lea/ ! expression ( quiet1 prefatory simplicity4 ,! angle spur may receive su* decoration z we h se51 because x is "o ( ! mo/ important features 9 ! :ole build+2 & ! eye is always s attract$ to x t x _c be 9 ri* ar*itecture left altoge!r blank2 ! eye is /ay$ ^u x by its position1 b glides1 & ought to glide1 along ! basic rolls to take measurem5t ( _! l5g?3 & ev5 ) all ?is add$ fitness1 ! ornam5t ( ! basic spur is be/1 9 ! long run1 :5 x is bolde/ & simple/4 ,! base above describ$1 ,,xviii41 z ! mo/ beautiful ,i ev] saw1 0 n = t reason ! be/ ,i ev] saw3 beautiful 9 its place1 9 a quiet corn] ( a ,bapti/]y %eet$ ) jasp] & alaba/]1 x w\ld h be5 utt]ly wrong1 nay1 ev5 (f5sive1 if us$ 9 /]n] "w1 or repeat$ along a :ole colonnade4 ,! base ,no4 #aj ( ,plate ,,xii4 is ! ri*e/ ) :i* ,i 0 ev] p]fectly satisfi$ = g5]al s]vice2 & ! basic spurs ( ! build+ :i* ,i h nam$ z ! be/ ,go?ic monum5t 9 ! _w 7p4 #ada71 h no ornam5t ^u !m :atev]4 ,! adaptation1 !re=e1 ( ri* cornice & roll m\ld+s to ! level & ord9>y l9es ( bases1 :e!r ( walls or %afts1 ,i hold to be "o ( ! wor/ b>b>isms :i* ! ,roman & ,r5aissance ar*itects ev] committ$2 & t no?+ c aft]w>ds r$eem ! effem9acy & vulg>ity ( ! build+s 9 :i* x prom95tly takes place4 ,,xx4 ,i h also pass$ ov]1 )\t pres5t notice1 ! fanta/ic bases =m$ by c\*ant animals1 :i* su/a9 _m ,lomb>dic %afts4 ,! pill>s !y support h indep5d5t bases ( ! ord9>y k9d2 & ! animal =m b5ea? is less to be consid]$ z a true base 7?\gh (t5 exquisitely comb9$ ) x1 z 9 ! %aft on ! s\?-we/ angle ( ! ca!dral ( ,g5oa7 ?an z a piece ( sculpture1 o!rwise necess>y to ! nobility ( ! build+1 & d]iv+ its value f its special positive fulfilm5t ( expressional purposes1 ) :i* we h "h no conc]n4 ,z ! embodim5t ( a wild sup]/ition1 & ! repres5tation ( sup]natural p[]s1 _! appeal to ! imag9ation sets at utt] defiance all judgm5t bas$ on ord9>y canons ( law2 & ! magnific5ce ( _! treatm5t atones1 9 ne>ly e case1 = ! extravagance ( _! conception4 ,i %\ld n admit ?is appeal to ! imag9ation1 if x _h be5 made by a nation 9 :om ! p[]s ( body & m9d _h be5 languid2 b by ! ,lomb>d1 /rong 9 all ! realities ( human life1 we ne$ n fe> be+ l$ a/ray3 ! visions ( a di/emp]$ fancy are n inde$ p]mitt$ to replace ! tru?1 or set aside ! laws ( sci5ce3 b ! imag9ation :i* is ?or\ghly "u ! comm& ( ! intellig5t w1#ha has a dom9ion indisc]nible by sci5ce1 & illimitable by law2 & we may ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ! ,lomb>dic gryphons 9 ! m]e spl5dor ( _! pres5ce1 )\t ?9k+ idolatry an excuse = me*anical miscon/ruction1 or dread+ to be call$ ^u1 9 o!r cases1 to admire a sy/emless ar*itecture1 because x may happ5 to h sprung f an irrational religion4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,ano!r mo/ important reason = ! peculi> suffici5cy & value ( ?is base1 especially z oppos$ to ! bulg+ =ms ( ! s+le or d\ble roll1 )\t ! cavetto1 has be5 sugge/$ by ! writ] ( ! ,essay on ! /hetics ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly = ,augu/1 #ahdi3--,! ,attic base rec$es at ! po9t :]e1 if x suff]$ f sup]9cumb5t weight1 x w\ld bulge out4 #gi ,i h put 9 ,app5dix #bd1 ,r5aissance ,bases1 my memor&um writt5 respect+ ?is build+ on ! spot4 ,b ! read] _h bett] delay ref]r+ to x1 until we h complet$ our exam9ation ( ornam5ts 9 %afts & capitals4 #hj ,app5dix #be1 ,romani/ ,decoration ( ,bases4 #ha ,9 all ! wildness ( ! ,lomb>dic fancy 7describ$ 9 ,app5dix #h71 ?is comm& ( ! w ov] its action is z di/9ct z x is /]n4 ,! fancy is1 9 ! e>ly "w ( ! nation1 visibly diseas$2 b nev] ! w1 nor ! reason4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,wall ,,veil ,,& ,,%aft4 ,i4 ,no subject has be5 m op5 gr\nd ( dispute among ar*itects ?an ! decoration ( ! wall veil1 because no decoration appe>$ naturally to gr[ out ( its con/ruction2 nor c\ld any curvatures be giv5 to its surface l>ge en\gh to produce mu* impression on ! eye4 ,x has become1 !re=e1 a k9d ( g5]al field = exp]im5ts ( v>i\s effects ( surface ornam5t1 or has be5 altoge!r ab&on$ to ! mosaici/ & fresco pa9t]4 ,b we may p]haps conclude1 f :at 0 advanc$ 9 ! ,fif? ,*apt]1 t !re is "o k9d ( decoration :i* w1 inde$1 naturally foll[ on its con/ruction4 ,= x is p]fectly natural t ! diff]5t k9ds ( /one us$ 9 its successive c\rses %\ld be ( diff]5t colors2 & !re are _m associations & analogies :i* metaphysically ju/ify ! introduction ( horizontal b&s ( color1 or ( light & %ade4 ,!y are1 9 ! fir/ place1 a k9d ( expression ( ! gr[? or age ( ! wall1 l ! r+s 9 ! wood ( a tree2 !n !y are a f>!r symbol ( ! alt]nation ( light & d>kness1 :i* 0 above not$ z ! s\rce ( ! *>m ( _m inf]ior m\ld+s3 aga91 !y are valuable z an expression ( horizontal space to ! imag9ation1 space ( :i* ! conception is oppos$1 & gives m effect by its opposition1 to ! enclos+ p[] ( ! wall itself 7?is ,i spoke ( z probably ! great *>m ( ^! horizontal b>s to ! ,arabian m9d73 & aga9 !y are valuable 9 _! sugge/ion ( ! natural c\rses ( rocks1 & b$s ( ! e>? itself4 ,& to all ^! p[]ful imag9ative reasons we h to add ! m]ely ocul> *>m ( int]l9eal opposition ( color2 a *>m s great1 t all ! be/ colori/s1 )\t a s+le exception1 dep5d ^u x = ! mo/ piquant ( _! pictorial effects1 "s vigor\s mass ( alt]nate /ripes or b>s ( color be+ made c5tral 9 all _! ri*e/ arrangem5ts4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,t9toret's great picture ( ! ,miracle ( ,/4 ,m>k is pois$ on ! b>s ( blue1 :i* cross ! :ite turban ( ! execution]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,wall ,,veil ,,decorations4 ,,ii4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 no ornam5ts m deeply sugge/ive 9 _! simplicity ?an ^! alt]nate b>s ( horizontal colors2 nor d ,i "k any build+s m noble ?an ^? ( ! ,pisan ,romanesque1 9 :i* !y are habitually employ$2 & c]ta9ly none s graceful1 s attractive1 s endur+ly delightful 9 _! nobl5ess4 ,yet1 ( ?is pure & graceful ornam5tation1 ,pr(essor ,willis says1 a practice m de/ructive ( ar*itectural gr&eur c h>dly be conceiv$3 & mod]n ar*itects h sub/itut$ = x ! +5i\s ornam5t ( :i* ! read] has _h "o specim5 above1 ,fig4 ,,iii41 p4 #fa1 & ) :i* half ! l>ge build+s 9 ,london are disfigur$1 or else trav]s$ by m]e /raight l9es1 z1 = in/ance1 ! back ( ! ,bank4 ,! l9es on ! ,bank may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ typical ( acc\nts2 b 9 g5]al ! walls1 if left de/itute ( !m1 w\ld h be5 z mu* fair] ?an ! walls *>g$ ) !m1 z a %eet ( :ite pap] is ?an ! leaf ( a l$g]4 ,b t ! read] may h free lib]ty ( judgm5t 9 ?is matt]1 ,i place two examples ( ! old & ! ,r5aissance ornam5t side by side on ! opposite page4 ,t on ! "r is ,romanesque1 f ,/4 ,pietro ( ,pi/oja2 t on ! left1 mod]n ,engli%1 f ! ,ar?ur ,club-h\se1 ,/4 ,james's ,/reet4 ,,iii4 ,b :y1 x w be ask$1 %\ld ! l9es :i* m>k ! division ( ! /ones be wrong :5 !y are *isell$1 & "r :5 !y are m>k$ by color8 ,fir/1 because ! color sep>ation is a natural "o4 ,y build ) diff]5t k9ds ( /one1 ( :i*1 probably1 "o is m co/ly ?an ano!r2 :i* latt]1 z y _c con/ruct y\r build+ ( x entirely1 y arrange 9 conspicu\s b>s4 ,b ! *isell+ ( ! /ones is a wilful ?r[+ away ( "t & labor 9 defac+ ! build+3 x co/s mu* to hew "o ( ^? mon/r\s blocks into %ape2 &1 :5 x is done1 ! build+ is weak] ?an x 0 be=e1 by j z mu* /one z has be5 cut away f its jo9ts4 ,&1 secondly1 because1 z ,i h repeat$ly urg$1 /raight l9es are ugly ?+s z l9es1 b admirable z limits ( color$ spaces2 & ! jo9ts ( ! /ones1 :i* are pa9ful 9 proportion to _! regul>ity1 if drawn z l9es1 are p]fectly agreeable :5 m>k$ by v>iations ( hue4 ,,iv4 ,:at is true ( ! divisions ( /one by *isell+1 is equally true ( divisions ( bricks by po9t+4 ,nor1 ( c\rse1 is ! m]e horizontal b> ! only arrangem5t 9 :i* ! colors ( brickwork or masonry c be gracefully dispos$4 ,x is r "o :i* c only be employ$ ) advantage :5 ! c\rses ( /one are deep & bold4 ,:5 ! masonry is small1 x is bett] to ?r[ its colors into *equ]$ patt]ns4 ,we %all h sev]al int]e/+ examples to /udy 9 ,v5ice besides ! well-kn[n "o ( ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,! t[n ( ,m\l9s1 9 ,france1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable on ?is side ! ,alps = its *equ]$ patt]ns 9 bricks4 ,! *ur* ( ,*ri/*ur*1 ,/rea?am1 lately built1 ?\gh spoil$ by _m griev\s errors 7! iron "w 9 ! campanile be+ ! grosse/71 yet af=ds ! inhabitants ( ! di/rict a means ( obta9+ "s idea ( ! v>iety ( effects :i* are possible ) no o!r mat]ial ?an brick4 ,v4 ,we h yet to notice ano!r ef=t ( ! ,r5aissance ar*itects to adorn ! blank spaces ( _! walls by :at is call$ ,ru/ication4 ,!re is sometimes an obscure trace ( ! rema9s ( ! imitation ( some?+ organic 9 ?is k9d ( "w4 ,9 "s ( ! bett] ,fr5* eighte5? c5tury build+s x has a di/9ctly floral "*1 l a f9al degradation ( ,flamboyant leafage2 & "s ( our mod]n ,engli% ar*itects appe> to h tak5 ! decay$ tee? ( elephants = _! type2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 x resembles no?+ s mu* z worm ca/s2 nor ^! ) any precision4 ,if x did1 x w\ld n br+ x )9 ! sph]e ( our prop]ly imitative ornam5tation4 ,i ?\ght x unnecess>y to w>n ! read] t he 0 n to copy =ms ( refuse or corruption2 & t1 :ile he might legitimately take ! worm or ! reptile = a subject ( imitation1 he 0 n to /udy ! worm ca/ or coprolite4 ,,vi4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ,i believe1 sometimes suppos$ t ru/ication gives an appe>ance ( solidity to f\ndation /ones4 ,n s2 at lea/ to any "o :o kn[s ! look ( a h>d /one4 ,y may1 by ru/ication1 make y\r good m>ble or granite look l wet slime1 honeycomb$ by s&-eels1 or l half-bak$ tufo cov]$ ) sl[ exudation ( /alactite1 or l rott5 clay/one coat$ ) concretions ( its own mud2 b n l ! /ones ( :i* ! h>d _w is built4 ,d n ?9k t nature ru/icates h] f\ndations4 ,smoo? %eets ( rock1 gli/5+ l sea waves1 & t r+ "u ! hamm] l a braz5 bell1--t is h] prep>ation = fir/ /ories4 ,%e does ru/icate sometimes3 crumbly s&-/ones1 ) _! ripple-m>ks fill$ ) r$ mud2 du/y lime-/ones1 :i* ! ra9s wa% into labyr9?9e cavities2 spongy lavas1 :i* ! volcano bla/ drags hi!r & ?i!r into ropy coils & bubbl+ holl[s2--^! %e ru/icates1 inde$1 :5 %e wants to make oy/]-%ells & magnesia ( !m2 b n :5 %e ne$s to lay f\ndations ) !m4 ,!n %e seeks ! poli%$ surface & iron he>t1 n r\gh looks & incoh]5t sub/ance4 ,,vii4 ,( ! ri*] modes ( wall decoration x is impossible to in/itute any g5]al comp>ison2 !y are q inf9ite1 f m]e inlaid geometrical figures up to incru/ations ( elaborate bas-relief4 ,! ar*itect has p]haps m lic5se 9 !m1 & m p[] ( produc+ good effect ) rude design ?an 9 any o!r features ( ! build+2 ! *equ] & hat*et "w ( ! ,normans & ! rude bas-reliefs ( ! ,lomb>ds be+ almo/ z satisfactory z ! delicate panell+ & mosaic ( ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce4 ,b ?is is to be not$ ( all good wall ornam5t1 t x reta9s ! expression ( firm & massive sub/ance1 & ( broad surface1 & t ar*itecture in/antly decl9$ :5 l9e> design 0 sub/itut$ = massive1 & ! s5se ( weight ( wall 0 lo/ 9 a wild]ness ( upright or undulat+ rods4 ,( ! ri*e/ & mo/ delicate wall veil decoration by inlaid "w1 z practis$ 9 ,italy f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,i h giv5 ! read] two *>act]i/ic examples 9 ,plates ,,xx4 & ,,xxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxi4 ,,viii4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree spaces 9 :i* ! wall veil1 peculi>ly limit$ 9 %ape1 0 always felt to be fitt$ = surface decoration ( ! mo/ elaborate k9d2 & 9 ^! spaces are f\nd ! mo/ maje/ic in/ances ( its treatm5t1 ev5 to late p]iods4 ,"o ( ^! is ! sp&ril space1 or ! fill+ betwe5 any two ar*es1 commonly ( ! %ape a1 ,fig4 ,,lxi42 ! half ( :i*1 or ! flank fill+ ( any ar*1 is call$ a sp&ril4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 on ,fill+ ( ,ap]tures1 ! read] w f9d ano!r ( ^! spaces not$1 call$ ! tympanum1 & commonly ( ! =m b1 ,fig4 ,,lxi43 & f9ally1 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii41 he w f9d ! ?ird space describ$1 t betwe5 an ar* & its protect+ gable1 approximat+ g5]ally to ! =m c1 ,fig4 ,,lxi4 ,,ix4 ,! me?ods ( treat+ ^! spaces might alone furni% subject = ?ree v int]e/+ essays2 b ,i %all only note ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts respect+ !m4 7#a47 ,! ,sp&ril4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii41 t ?is portion ( ! ar* load might frequ5tly be light5$ ) great advantage by pi]c+ x ) a circle1 or ) a gr\p ( circles2 & ! ro( ( ! ,eu/on ,squ>e railroad /ation 0 adduc$ z an example4 ,"o ( ! sp&ril decorations ( ,bayeux ,ca!dral is giv5 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #d4 ,x is little m ?an "o ( ^! ,eu/on ,squ>e sp&rils1 ) its circles foliat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,sp&ril ,,decoration ,,! ,,ducal ,,palace4 ,sometimes ! circle is entirely pi]c$2 at o!r times x is m]ely sugge/$ by a mosaic or light trac]y on ! wall surface1 z 9 ! plate opposite1 :i* is "o ( ! sp&rils ( ! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,x 0 evid5tly int5d$ t all ! sp&rils ( ?is build+ %\ld be decorat$ 9 ?is mann]1 b only two ( !m seem to h be5 complet$4#hb ,x4 ,! o!r modes ( sp&ril fill+ may be broadly r$uc$ to f\r heads4 #a4 ,free figure sculpture1 z 9 ! ,*apt]-h\se ( ,salisbury1 & v sup]bly along ! we/ front ( ,b\rges1 ! be/ ,go?ic sp&rils ,i "k4 #b4 ,radiat$ foliage1 m or less ref]r$ to ! c5tre1 or to ! bottom ( ! sp&ril = its orig92 s+le figures ) exp&$ w+s (t5 answ]+ ! same purpose4 #c4 ,trefoils2 & #d1 ord9>y wall decoration cont9u$ into ! sp&ril space1 z 9 ,plate ,,xiii41 above1 f ,/4 ,pietro at ,pi/oja1 & 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,r5aissance ar*itects introduc$ sp&ril fill+s compos$ ( colossal human figures recl9+ on ! sides ( ! ar*1 9 prec>i\s lassitude2 b ^! _c come "u ! head ( wall veil decoration4 ,,xi4 7#b47 ,! ,tympanum4 ,x 0 not$ t1 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ?is is = ! mo/ "p a deta*$ slab ( /one1 hav+ no con/ructional relation to ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,! plan ( its sculpture is !re=e q arbitr>y2 &1 z x is g5]ally 9 a conspicu\s position1 ne> ! eye1 & above ! entrance1 x is almo/ always *>g$ ) a s]ies ( ri* figure sculptures1 solemn 9 feel+ & consecutive 9 subject4 ,x occupies 9 ,*ri/ian sacr$ edifices v ne>ly ! position ( ! p$im5t 9 ,greek sculpture4 ,?is latt] is itself a k9d ( tympanum1 & *>g$ ) sculpture 9 ! same mann]4 ,,xii4 7#c47 ,! ,gable4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to x :i* h be5 not$ respect+ ! sp&ril1 ) "o m ( "s importance4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 treat+ a gable lies 9 ! excessive %>pness ( its upp] po9t4 ,x may1 inde$1 on its outside apex1 receive a f9ial2 b ! meet+ ( ! inside l9es ( its t]m9al m\ld+s is necess>ily bo? h>% & conspicu\s1 unless artificially conceal$4 ,! mo/ beautiful victory ,i h ev] se5 obta9$ ov] ?is difficulty 0 by plac+ a %>p %ield1 its po9t1 z usual1 d[nw>ds1 at ! apex ( ! gable1 :i* exactly rev]s$ ! (f5sive l9es1 yet )\t actually break+ !m2 ! gable be+ complet$ beh9d ! %ield4 ,! same ?+ is done 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,go?ic3 9 ! por*es ( ,abbeville & ! tombs ( ,v]ona4 ,,xiii4 ,i believe !re is little else to be not$ ( g5]al laws ( ornam5t respect+ ! wall veil4 ,we h next to consid] its conc5tration 9 ! %aft4 ,n[ ! pr9cipal beauty ( a %aft is its p]fect proportion to its "w1--its exact expression ( necess>y /r5g?4 ,if ?is has be5 truly atta9$1 x w h>dly ne$1 9 "s cases h>dly be>1 m decoration ?an is giv5 to x by its own r\nd+ & tap] curvatures2 =1 if we cut ornam5ts 9 intaglio on its surface1 we weak5 x2 if we leave !m 9 relief1 we ov]*>ge x1 & ! sweep ( ! l9e f its base to its summit1 ?\gh d$uc$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 f necessities ( con/ruction1 is already "o ( gradat$ curvature1 & ( high decorative value4 ,,xiv4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c>efully to be not$1 t decorations are admissible on colossal & on dim9utive %afts1 :i* are wrong ^u ^? ( middle size4 ,=1 :5 ! %aft is enorm\s1 incisions or sculpture on its sides 7unless colossal also71 d n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! sweep ( its curve1 nor dim9i% ! effici5cy ( its su/a9+ mass4 ,& if x be dim9utive1 its su/a9+ function is comp>atively ( s small importance1 ! injuri\s results ( failure s mu* less1 & ! relative /r5g? & cohesion ( its mass s mu* great]1 t x may be suff]$ 9 ! extravagance ( ornam5t or outl9e :i* w\ld be un5durable 9 a %aft ( middle size1 & impossible 9 "o ( colossal4 ,?us1 ! %afts drawn 9 ,plate ,,xiii41 ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ?\gh giv5 z examples ( extravagance1 are yet pleas+ 9 ! g5]al effect ( ! arcade !y support2 be+ ea* "s six or sev5 feet high4 ,b !y w\ld h be5 mon/r\s1 z well z unsafe1 if !y _h be5 sixty or sev5ty4 ,,xv4 ,!re=e1 to det]m9e ! g5]al rule = %aft decoration1 we mu/ asc]ta9 ! proportions repres5tative ( ! mean bulk ( %afts3 !y might easily be calculat$ f a suffici5t numb] ( examples1 b x may p]haps be assum$1 = our pres5t g5]al purpose1 t ! mean /&>d w\ld be ( "s tw5ty feet 9 height1 by eight or n9e 9 circumf]5ce3 !n ?is w be ! size on :i* decoration is mo/ difficult & dang]\s3 & %afts become m & m fit subjects = decoration1 z !y rise f>!r above1 or fall f>!r b5ea? x1 until v small & v va/ %afts w bo? be f\nd to look blank unless !y receive "s *as+ or imag]y2 blank1 :e!r !y support a *air or table on ! "o side1 or su/a9 a village on ! ridge ( an ,egyptian ar*itrave on ! o!r4 ,,xvi4 ,( ! v>i\s ornam5tation ( colossal %afts1 !re are no examples s noble z ! ,egyptian2 ^! ! read] c /udy 9 ,mr4 ,rob]ts' "w on ,egypt ne>ly z well1 ,i imag9e1 z if he 7 b5ea? _! %ad[1 "o ( _! *ief m]its1 z examples ( me?od1 be+ ! p]fect decision & visibility ( _! designs at ! necess>y di/ance3 contra/ ) ^! ! incru/ations ( bas-relief on ! ,trajan pill>1 mu* int]f]+ ) ! smoo? l9es ( ! %aft1 & yet !mselves untraceable1 if n invisible4 ,,xvii4 ,on %afts ( middle size1 ! only ornam5t :i* has ev] be5 accept$ z "r1 is ! ,doric flut+1 :i*1 inde$1 gave ! effect ( a succession ( unequal l9es ( %ade1 b lo/ mu* ( ! repose ( ! cyl9drical gradation4 ,! ,cor9?ian flut+1 :i* is a mean multiplication & deep5+ ( ! ,doric1 ) a squ>e in/ead ( a %>p ridge betwe5 ea* holl[1 de/roy$ ! s]5ity ( ! %aft altoge!r1 & is always rigid & meagre4 ,bo? are1 9 fact1 wrong 9 pr9ciple2 !y are an elaborate weak5+#hc ( ! %aft1 exactly oppos$ 7z above %[n7 to ! ribb$ =m1 :i* is ! result ( a gr\p ( %afts b\nd toge!r1 & :i* is especially beautiful :5 special s]vice is giv5 to ea* memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxii4 ,,xviii4 ,on %afts ( inf]ior size1 e species ( decoration may be wisely lavi%$1 & 9 any quantity1 s only t ! =m ( ! %aft be cle>ly visible4 ,?is ,i hold to be absolutely ess5tial1 & t b>b>ism beg9s :]ev] ! sculpture is ei!r s bossy1 or s deeply cut1 z to break ! cont\r ( ! %aft1 or compromise its solidity4 ,?us1 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 7,app5dix #h71 ! ri*ly sculptur$ %aft ( ! l[] /ory has lo/ its dignity & def9ite function1 & become a %apeless mass1 injuri\s to ! symmetry ( ! build+1 ?\gh ( "s value z add+ to its imag9ative & fanta/ic "*4 ,_h all ! %afts be5 l x1 ! faade w\ld h be5 entirely spoil$2 ! inlaid patt]n1 on ! contr>y1 :i* is us$ on ! %orte/ %aft ( ! upp] /ory1 adds to its preci\sness )\t int]f]+ ) its purpose1 & is e way delightful1 z are all ! inlaid %aft ornam5ts ( ?is noble *ur* 7ano!r example ( !m is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps74 ,! same rule w\ld condemn ! ,c>yatid2 :i* ,i entirely agree ) ,mr4 ,f]gusson 9 ?9k+ 7bo? = ?is & o!r reasons7 "o ( ! *ief errors ( ! ,greek s*ools2 &1 m decisively /ill1 ! ,r5aissance inv5tions ( %aft ornam5t1 almo/ too absurd & too mon/r\s to be s]i\sly notic$1 :i* consi/ 9 leav+ squ>e blocks betwe5 ! cyl9d] jo9ts1 z 9 ! portico ( ,no4 #a1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 & _m o!r build+s 9 ,london2 or 9 ru/icat+ portions ( ! %afts1 or wrapp+ fleeces ab\t !m1 z at ! entrance ( ,burl+ton ,h\se1 9 ,piccadilly2 or ty+ drap]y r\nd !m 9 knots1 z 9 ! new build+s above notic$ 7,*ap4 #bj1 ,,vii471 at ,p>is4 ,b1 )9 ! limits ?us def9$1 !re is no feature capable ( ri*] decoration ?an ! %aft2 ! mo/ beautiful examples ( all ,i h se51 are ! sl5d] pill>s1 encru/$ ) arabesques1 :i* flank ! portals ( ! ,bapti/]y & ,duomo at ,pisa1 & "s o!rs ( ! ,pisan & ,luc*ese *ur*es2 b ! v>ieties ( sculpture & inlay+1 ) :i* ! small ,romanesque %afts1 :e!r ,italian or ,nor!rn1 are adorn$ :5 !y occupy important positions1 are q endless1 & ne>ly all admirable4 ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt has giv5 a beautiful example ( inlaid "w s employ$1 f ! cloi/]s ( ! ,lat]an1 9 8 "w on e>ly mosaic2 an example :i* unites ! surface decoration ( ! %aft ) ! adoption ( ! spiral cont\r4 ,?is latt] is (t5 all ! decoration :i* is ne$$1 & none c be m beautiful2 x has be5 spok5 aga9/1 l _m o!r good & lovely ?+s1 because x has be5 too (t5 us$ 9 extravagant degrees1 l ! well-kn[n twi/+ ( ! pill>s 9 ,raffaelle's ,beautiful gate4 ,b t extravagant condition 0 a ,r5aissance b>b>ism3 ! old ,romanesque build]s kept _! spirals slight & pure2 (t51 z 9 ! example f ,/4 ,z5o1 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 bel[1 giv+ only half a turn f ! base ( ! %aft to its head1 & ne>ly always obs]v+ :at ,i hold to be an imp]ative law1 t no twi/$ %aft %all be s+le1 b compos$ ( at lea/ two di/9ct memb]s1 tw9$ ) ea* o!r4 ,i suppose !y foll[$ _! own "r feel+ 9 do+ ?is1 & _h nev] /udi$ natural %afts2 b ! type !y might h foll[$ 0 caught by "o ( ! few great pa9t]s :o 7 n affect$ by ! evil influ5ce ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 :o1 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,ric>di ,palace1 among /ems ( trees = ! mo/ "p z v]tical z /one %afts1 has sudd5ly introduc$ "o ( ! %ape giv5 9 ,fig4 ,,lxii4 ,_m =e/ trees pres5t1 9 _! accid5tal contortions1 types ( mo/ complicat$ spiral %afts1 ! plan be+ orig9ally ( a gr\p$ %aft ris+ f sev]al roots2 nor1 inde$1 w ! read] ev] f9d models = e k9d ( %aft decoration1 s graceful or s gorge\s1 z he w f9d 9 ! great =e/ aisle1 :]e ! /r5g? ( ! e>? itself seems to rise f ! roots into ! vault+2 b ! %aft surface1 b>r$ z x exp&s ) r+s ( ebony & silv]1 is frett$ ) trac]ies ( ivy1 m>bl$ ) purple moss1 ve9$ ) grey li*51 & tesselat$1 by ! rays ( ! roll+ heav51 ) flitt+ fancies ( blue %ad[ & burn+ gold4 ,,footnotes3 #hb ,vide end ( ,app5dix #bj4 #hc ,vide1 h[ev]1 _! def5ce 9 ! ,essay above quot$1 p4 #bea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,cornice ,,& ,,capital4 ,i4 ,!re are no features to :i* ! att5tion ( ar*itects has be5 m labori\sly direct$1 9 all ages1 ?an ^! cr[n+ memb]s ( ! wall & %aft2 & x w\ld be va9 to endeavor1 )9 any mod]ate limits1 to give ! read] any idea ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( admirable decoration :i* h be5 inv5t$ = !m4 ,b1 9 proportion to ! ef=t & /ra9+ ( ! fancy1 h be5 ! extravagances into :i* x has occasionally fall52 & :ile x is utt]ly impossible sev]ally to enum]ate ! in/ances ei!r ( its success or its error1 x is v possible to note ! limits ( ! "o & ! causes ( ! o!r4 ,?is is all t we %all attempt 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 trac+ fir/ = ourselves1 z 9 previ\s in/ances1 ! natural *annels by :i* inv5tion is "h to be direct$ or conf9$1 & aft]w>ds rem>k+ ! places :]e1 9 real practice1 x has brok5 b\nds4 ,,ii4 ,! read] rememb]s1 ,i hope1 ! ma9 po9ts respect+ ! cornice & capital1 e/abli%$ above 9 ! ,*apt]s on ,con/ruction4 ,( ^! ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 recapitulate ?us mu*3-- #a4 ,t bo? ! cornice & capital are1 ) ref]5ce to ! slope ( _! pr(ile or bell1 to be divid$ into two great ord]s2 9 "o ( :i* ! ornam5t is convex1 & 9 ! o!r concave4 7,*4 ,,vi41 ,v47 #b4 ,t ! capital1 ) ref]5ce to ! me?od ( twi/+ ! cornice r\nd to con/ruct x1 & to unite ! circul> %aft ) ! squ>e abacus1 falls into five g5]al =ms1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41 p4 #aai4 #c4 ,t ! mo/ elaborate capitals 7 =m$ by true or simple capitals ) a common cornice add$ above _! abacus4 7,*4 ,,ix41 ,,xxiv47 ,we h !n1 9 consid]+ decoration1 fir/ to obs]ve ! treatm5t ( ! two great ord]s ( ! cornice2 !n _! ga!r+ into ! five ( ! capital2 !n ! addition ( ! second>y cornice to ! capital :5 =m$4 ,,iii4 ,! two great ord]s or families ( cornice 7 above di/+ui%$ 9 ,fig4 ,v41 p4 #fi42 & x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! same place t a ?ird family arose f _! comb9ation4 ,we mu/ deal ) ! two great oppos$ gr\ps fir/4 ,!y 7 di/+ui%$ 9 ,fig4 ,v4 by circul> curves drawn on opposite sides ( ! same l9e4 ,b we n[ "k t 9 ^! small] features ! circle is usually ! lea/ int]e/+ curve t we c use2 & t x w be well1 s9ce ! capital & cornice are bo? active 9 _! expression1 to use "s ( ! m ab/ract natural l9es4 ,we w g back1 !re=e1 to our old fri5d ! salvia leaf2 & tak+ ! same piece ( x we _h be=e1 x y1 ,plate ,,vii41 we w apply x to ! cornice l9e2 fir/ )9 x1 giv+ ! concave cornice1 !n )\t1 giv+ ! convex cornice4 ,9 all ! figures1 a1 b1 c1 d1 ,plate ,,xv41 ! dott$ l9e is at ! same slope1 & repres5ts an av]age pr(ile ( ! root ( cornices 7a1 ,fig4 ,v41 p4 #fi72 ! curve ( ! salvia leaf is appli$ to x 9 ea* case1 fir/ ) its r\nde/ curvature up1 !n ) its r\nde/ curvature d[n2 & we h ?us ! two v>ieties1 a & b1 ( ! concave family1 & c & d1 ( ! convex family4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,,cornice ,,pr(iles4 ,,iv4 ,^! f\r pr(iles w repres5t all ! simple cornices 9 ! _w2 repres5t !m1 ,i mean1 z c5tral types3 = 9 any ( ! pr(iles an inf9ite numb] ( slopes may be giv5 to ! dott$ l9e ( ! root 7:i* 9 ^! f\r figures is always at ! same angle72 & on ea* ( ^! innum]able slopes an innum]able v>iety ( curves may be fitt$1 f e leaf 9 ! =e/1 & e %ell on ! %ore1 & e movem5t ( ! human f+]s & fancy2 !re=e1 if ! read] wi%es to obta9 some?+ l a num]ical repres5tation ( ! numb] ( possible & beautiful cornices :i* may be bas$ ^u ^! f\r types or roots1 & among :i* ! ar*itect has leave to *oose accord+ to ! circum/ances ( 8 build+ & ! me?od ( its composition1 let him set d[n a figure #a to beg9 )1 & write ciph]s aft] x z fa/ z he c1 )\t /opp+1 = an h\r4 ,v4 ,none ( ! types are1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 p]fection ( curvature1 except 9 ! be/ "w4 ,v (t5 cornices are work$ ) circul> segm5ts 7) a noble1 massive effect1 = in/ance1 9 ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,lucca71 or ) rude approximation to f9] curvature1 especially a1 ,plate ,,xv41 :i* occurs (t5 s small z to r5d] x useless to take mu* pa9s ^u its curve4 ,x occurs p]fectly pure 9 ! condition repres5t$ by #a ( ! s]ies #a-f1 9 ,plate ,,xv41 on _m ( ! ,byzant9e & e>ly ,go?ic build+s ( ,v5ice2 9 m develop$ =m x becomes ! pr(ile ( ! bell ( ! capital 9 ! lat] ,v5etian ,go?ic1 & 9 mu* ( ! be/ ,nor!rn ,go?ic4 ,x also repres5ts ! ,cor9?ian capital1 9 :i* ! curvature is tak5 f ! bell to be add$ 9 "s excess to ! nodd+ leaves4 ,x is ! mo/ graceful ( all simple pr(iles ( cornice & capital4 ,,vi4 b is a mu* r>] & less manageable type3 = ?is evid5t reason1 t :ile a is ! natural condition ( a l9e root$ & /rong b5ea?1 b b5t out by sup]9cumb5t weight1 or nodd+ ov] 9 fre$om1 b is yield+ at ! base & rigid at ! summit4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 "s exquisite uses1 especially 9 comb9ation1 z ! read] may see by glanc+ 9 advance at ! inn] l9e ( ! pr(ile #ad 9 ,plate ,,xv4 ,,vii4 c is ! lead+ convex or ,doric type1 z a is ! lead+ concave or ,cor9?ian4 ,its relation to ! be/ ,greek ,doric is exactly :at ! relation ( a is to ! ,cor9?ian2 t is to say1 ! curvature mu/ be tak5 f ! /raight] limb ( ! curve & add$ to ! bold] b5d1 giv+ x a sudd5 turn inw>ds 7z 9 ! ,cor9?ian a nod outw>ds71 z ! read] may see 9 ! capital ( ! ,p>!non 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! l[] limb ( ! curve is all b a "r l9e4#hd ,b ^! ,doric & ,cor9?ian l9es are m]e v>ieties ( ! great families :i* are repres5t$ by ! c5tral l9es a & c1 includ+ n only ! ,doric capital1 b all ! small cornices =m$ by a slight increase ( ! curve ( c1 :i* are ( s frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,greek ornam5ts4 ,,viii4 d is ! ,*ri/ian ,doric1 :i* ,i said 7,*ap4 ,i41 ,,xx47 0 inv5t$ to replace ! antique3 x is ! repres5tative ( ! great ,byzant9e & ,norman families ( convex cornice & capital1 &1 next to ! pr(ile a1 ! mo/ important ( ! f\r1 be+ ! be/ pr(ile = ! convex capital1 z a is = ! concave2 a be+ ! be/ expression ( an ela/ic l9e ins]t$ v]tically 9 ! %aft1 & d ( an ela/ic l9e ins]t$ horizontally & ris+ to meet v]tical pressure4 ,if ! read] w glance at ! arrangem5ts ( b\ghs ( trees1 he w f9d !m commonly divid+ into ^! two families1 a & d3 !y rise out ( ! trunk & nod f x z a1 or !y spr+ ) sudd5 curvature out f x1 & rise into sympa?y ) x1 z at d2 b !y only accid5tally display t5d5cies to ! l9es b or c4 ,b\ghs :i* fall z !y spr+ f ! tree also describe ! curve d 9 ! plurality ( in/ances1 b rev]s$ 9 arrangem5t2 _! junction ) ! /em be+ at ! top ( x1 _! sprays b5d+ out into r\nd] curvature4 ,,ix4 ,^! !n be+ ! two primal gr\ps1 we h next to note ! comb9$ gr\p1 =m$ by ! concave & convex l9es jo9$ 9 v>i\s proportions ( curvature1 s z to =m toge!r ! rev]s$ or ogee curve1 repres5t$ 9 "o ( its mo/ beautiful /ates by ! glaci] l9e a1 on ,plate ,,vii4 ,i w\ld r h tak5 ?is l9e ?an any o!r to h =m$ my ?ird gr\p ( cornices by1 b z x is too l>ge1 & almo/ too delicate1 we w take in/ead t ( ! ,matt]horn side1 e f1 ,plate ,,vii4 ,= uni=mity's sake ,i keep ! slope ( ! dott$ l9e ! same z 9 ! primal =ms2 & apply+ ?is ,matt]horn curve 9 its f\r relative positions to t l9e1 ,i h ! types ( ! f\r cornices or capitals ( ! ?ird family1 e1 f1 g1 h1 on ,plate ,,xv4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 g5]al types only ?us f>1 t _! l9e is compos$ ( "o %ort & "o long curve1 & t !y repres5t ! f\r conditions ( treatm5t ( e su* l9e2 namely1 ! longe/ curve concave 9 e & f1 & convex 9 g & h2 & ! po9t ( contr>y flexure set high 9 e & g1 & l[ 9 f & h4 ,! relative dep? ( ! arcs1 or nature ( _! curvature1 _c be tak5 into consid]ation )\t a complexity ( sy/em :i* my space does n admit4 ,( ! f\r types ?us con/itut$1 e & f are ( great importance2 ! o!r two are r>ely us$1 hav+ an appe>ance ( weakness 9 consequ5ce ( ! %orte/ curve be+ concave3 ! pr(iles e & f1 :5 us$ = cornices1 h usually a full] sweep & some:at great] equality betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! curve2 b ^? "h giv5 are bett] repres5tatives ( ! /ructure applicable to capitals & cornices indiff]5tly4 ,x4 ,v (t51 9 ! f>!r treatm5t ( ! pr(iles e or f1 ano!r limb is add$ to _! curve 9 ord] to jo9 x to ! upp] or l[] memb]s ( ! cornice or capital4 ,i d n consid] ?is addition z =m+ ano!r family ( cornices1 because ! lead+ & effective "p ( ! curve is 9 ^!1 z 9 ! o!rs1 ! s+le ogee2 & ! add$ b5d is m]ely a less abrupt t]m9ation ( x above or bel[3 /ill ?is gr\p is ( s great importance 9 ! ri*] k9ds ( ornam5tation t we mu/ h x suffici5tly repres5t$4 ,we %all obta9 a type ( x by m]ely cont9u+ ! l9e ( ! ,matt]horn side1 ( :i* be=e we took only a fragm5t4 ,! entire l9e e to g on ,plate ,,vii41 is evid5tly compos$ ( ?ree curves ( unequal l5g?s1 :i* if we call ! %orte/ #a1 ! int]m$iate "o #b1 & ! longe/ #c1 are !re arrang$ 9 ! ord] #a1 #c1 #b1 c\nt+ upw>ds4 ,b evid5tly we might also h _h ! arrangem5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 & #b1 #a1 #c1 giv+ u ?ree di/9ct l9es1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( position1 :i* be+ appli$ to "o g5]al dott$ slope w ea* give f\r cornices1 or twelve altoge!r4 ,( ^! ! six mo/ important are ^? :i* h ! %orte/ curve convex3 !y are giv5 9 light relief f k to p1 ,plate ,,xv41 &1 by turn+ ! page upside d[n1 ! o!r six w be se5 9 d>k relief1 only ! little upright bits ( %ad[ at ! bottom are n to be consid]$ z p>ts ( !m1 be+ only admitt$ 9 ord] to give ! complete pr(ile ( ! m important cornices 9 light4 ,,xi4 ,9 ^! types1 z 9 e & f1 ! only g5]al condition is1 t _! l9e %all be compos$ ( ?ree curves ( diff]5t l5g?s & diff]5t arrangem5ts 7! dep? ( arcs & radius ( curvatures be+ unconsid]$74 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ?ree c\ples1 ea* c\ple be+ two positions ( ! same entire l9e2 s t numb]+ ! compon5t curves 9 ord] ( magnitude & c\nt+ upw>ds1 !y w read-- k #a1 #b1 #c1 l #c1 #b1 #a1 m #a1 #c1 #b1 n #b1 #c1 #a1 o #b1 #a1 #c1 p #c1 #a1 #b4 m & n1 :i* are ! ,matt]horn l9e1 are ! mo/ beautiful & important ( all ! twelve2 k & l ! next2 o & p are us$ only = c]ta9 conditions ( fl[] c>v+ on ! surface4 ,! rev]ses 7d>k7 ( k & l are also ( consid]able s]vice2 ! o!r f\r h>dly ev] us$ 9 good "w4 ,,xii4 ,if we 7 to add a f\r? curve to ! compon5t s]ies1 we %\ld h =ty-eight m cornices3 b !re is no use 9 pursu+ ! sy/em fur!r1 z su* arrangem5ts are v r>e & easily resolv$ into ! simpl] types ) c]ta9 arbitr>y additions fitt$ to _! special place2 &1 9 mo/ cases1 di/9ctly sep>ate f ! ma9 curve1 z 9 ! inn] l9e ( ,no4 #ad1 :i* is a =m ( ! type e1 ! longe/ curve1 i4e41 ! l[e/1 hav+ deepe/ curvature1 & ea* limb oppos$ by a %ort contr>y curve at its extremities1 ! convex limb by a concave1 ! concave by a convex4 ,,xiii4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! great families ( pr(ile l9es into :i* all cornices & capitals may be divid$2 b _! be/ examples unite two su* pr(iles 9 a mode :i* we _c und]/& till we consid] ! fur!r ornam5t ) :i* ! pr(iles are *>g$4 ,& 9 do+ ?is we mu/1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 consid]1 fir/ ! nature ( ! designs !mselves1 & next ! mode ( cutt+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,cornice ,,decoration4 ,,xiv4 ,9 ,plate ,,xvi41 opposite1 ,i h ?r[n toge!r a few ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic m$ival examples ( ! treatm5t ( ! simple/ cornice pr(iles3 ! upp]mo/1 a1 is ! pure root ( cornices f ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,! second1 d1 is ! ,*ri/ian ,doric cornice1 "h lett]$ d 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 its pr(ile be+ d ( ,plate ,,xv4 9 bold developm5t1 & "h se5 on ! left-h& side1 truly drawn1 ?\gh fill$ up ) ! ornam5t to %[ ! mode 9 :i* ! angle is turn$4 ,?is is also f ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,! ?ird1 b1 is b ( ,plate ,,xv41 ! patt]n be+ inlaid 9 black because its (fice 0 9 ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 :]e x 0 too d>k to see sculptur$ ornam5t at ! requir$ di/ance4 7,! o!r two simple pr(iles1 a & c ( ,plate ,,xv41 w\ld be decorat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b require no example "h1 = ! pr(ile a is ( s frequ5t occurr5ce t x w h a page to itself alone 9 ! next volume2 & c may be se5 ov] ne>ly e %op 9 ,london1 be+ t ( ! common ,greek egg cornice47 ,! f\r?1 e 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 is a transitional cornice1 pass+ f ,byzant9e into ,v5etian ,go?ic3 f is a fully develop$ ,v5etian ,go?ic cornice f\nd$ on ,byzant9e traditions2 & g ! p]fect ,lomb>dic-,go?ic cornice1 f\nd$ on ! ,pisan ,romanesque traditions1 & /rongly m>k$ ) ! noble/ ,nor!rn elem5t1 ! ,lomb>dic vitality re/ra9$ by classical models4 ,i consid] x a p]fect cornice1 & ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,,xv4 ,n[ 9 ! design ( ?is s]ies ( ornam5ts !re are two ma9 po9ts to be not$2 ! fir/1 t !y all1 except b1 are di/9ctly root$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! cornice1 & spr+ to ! top4 ,?is arrangem5t is con/ant 9 all ! be/ cornices & capitals2 & x is ess5tial to ! expression ( ! support+ p[] ( bo?4 ,x is exactly oppos$ to ! sy/em ( runn+ cornices & b&$#he capitals1 9 :i* ! ornam5t fl[s along !m horizontally1 or is tw9$ r\nd !m1 z ! m\ld+s are 9 ! e>ly ,engli% capital1 & ! foliage 9 _m decorat$ ones4 ,su* cornices h aris5 f a mi/ak5 appliance ( ! runn+ ornam5ts1 :i* are prop] to ar*ivolts1 jambs1 c41 to ! features :i* h def9ite functions ( support4 ,a t5dril may nobly foll[ ! outl9e ( an ar*1 b mu/ n creep along a cornice1 nor swa! or b&age a capital2 x is ess5tial to ! expression ( ^! features t _! ornam5t %\ld h an ela/ic & upw>d spr+2 & z ! prop] pr(ile = ! curve is t ( a tree b\gh1 z we saw above1 s ! prop] arrangem5t ( its f>!r ornam5t is t :i* be/ expresses root$ & asc5dant /r5g? l t ( foliage4 ,!re are c]ta9 v int]e/+ exceptions to ! rule 7we %all see a curi\s "o pres5tly72 & 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! rule itself1 we may see con/ant lic5ses tak5 by ! great design]s1 & mom5t>y violations ( x1 l ^? above spok5 (1 respect+ o!r ornam5tal laws--violations :i* are = our refre%m5t1 & = increase ( delight 9 ! g5]al obs]vance2 & ?is is "o ( ! peculi> beauties ( ! cornice g1 :i*1 root+ itself 9 /rong c5tral clu/]s1 suff]s "s ( its leaves to fall languidly aside1 z ! droop+ out] leaves ( a natural clu/] d s (t52 b at ! v in/ant t x does ?is1 9 ord] t x may n lose any ( its expression ( /r5g?1 a fruit-/alk is ?r[n up above ! languid leaves1 absolutely v]tical1 z mu* /iff] & /rong] ?an ! re/ ( ! plant z ! fall+ leaves are weak]4 ,cov] ?is ) y\r f+]1 & ! cornice falls to pieces1 l a b\quet :i* has be5 unti$4 ,,xvi4 ,!re are "s in/ances 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! real arrangem5t is t ( a runn+ /em1 ?r[+ (f leaves up & d[n1 ! positions ( ! leaves give ne>ly z mu* ela/icity & organisation to ! cornice1 z if !y _h be5 rightly root$2 & o!rs1 l b1 :]e ! rev]s$ portion ( ! ornam5t is lo/ 9 ! %ade1 & ! g5]al expression ( /r5g? is got by ! l[] memb]4 ,?is cornice w1 nev]!less1 be felt at once to be inf]ior to ! re/2 & ?\gh we may (t5 be call$ ^u to admire designs ( ^! k9ds1 :i* w\ld h be5 exquisite if n ?us misplac$1 ! read] w f9d t !y are bo? ( r>e occurr5ce1 & significative ( decl9+ /yle2 :ile ! great] mass ( ! b&$ capitals are heavy & valueless1 m]e aggregations ( confus$ sculpture1 swa!d r\nd ! extremity ( ! %aft1 z if %e _h dipp$ x into a mass ( melt$ ornam5t1 z ! glass-bl[] does 8 bl[-pipe into ! metal1 & br\ght up a quantity adh]+ glut9\sly to its extremity4 ,we h _m capitals ( ?is k9d 9 ,engl&3 "s ( ! wor/ & heavie/ 9 ! *oir ( ,york4 ,! lat] capitals ( ! ,italian ,go?ic h ! same k9d ( effect1 b ow+ to ano!r cause3 = _! /ructure is q pure1 & bas$ on ! ,cor9?ian type3 & x is ! bran*+ =m ( ! heads ( ! leaves :i* de/roys ! effect ( _! organisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! ,italian cornices :i* are actually compos$ by runn+ t5drils1 ?r[+ (f leaves into oval int]/ices1 are s massive 9 _! treatm5t1 & s m>k$ & firm 9 _! v]tical & ar*$ l9es1 t !y are ne>ly z sugge/ive ( support z if !y _h be5 arrang$ on ! root$ sy/em4 ,a cornice ( ?is k9d is us$ 9 ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,lucca 7,plate ,,vi4 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 & ,,xxi4 "h71 & ) exquisite propriety2 = t cornice is at once a cr[n to ! /ory b5ea? x & a f\ndation to t :i* is above x1 & !re=e unites ! /r5g? & ela/icity ( ! l9es prop] to ! cornice ) ! submission & pro/ration ( ^? prop] to ! f\ndation4 ,,xvii4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ po9t ne$+ g5]al notice 9 ! designs 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,! second is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fre$om ( ! ,nor!rn & ! sophi/ication ( ! classical cornices1 9 connection ) :at has be5 advanc$ 9 ,app5dix #h4 ,! cornices1 a1 d1 & b1 are ( ! same date1 b !y %[ a s+ul> diff]5ce 9 ! workman's temp]3 t at b is a s+le copy ( a classical mosaic2 & _m c>v$ cornices occur1 associat$ ) x1 :i* are1 9 l mann]1 m]e copies ( ! ,greek & ,roman egg & arr[ m\ld+s4 ,b ! cornices a & d are copies ( no?+ ( ! k9d3 ! idea ( !m has inde$ be5 tak5 f ! ,greek honeysuckle ornam5t1 b ! *isell+ ( !m is 9 no wise ei!r ,greek1 or ,byzant9e1 9 temp]4 ,! ,byzant9es 7 languid copyi/s3 ?is "w is z en]getic z its orig9al2 en]getic1 n 9 ! quantity ( "w1 b 9 ! _s ( x3 an indol5t man1 =c$ into toil1 may cov] l>ge spaces ) evid5ce ( 8 feeble action1 or accumulate 8 dulness into ri* aggregation ( tr\ble1 b x is ga!r$ we>9ess /ill4 ,! man :o cut ^? two upp]mo/ cornices _h no "t to sp>e3 did z mu* cornice z he c\ld 9 half an h\r2 b w\ld n endure ! slighte/ trace ( error 9 a curve1 or ( bluntness 9 an edge4 ,8 "w is absolutely unreproveable2 ke51 & true1 z ,nature's own2 8 entire =ce is 9 x1 & fix$ on see+ t e l9e ( x %all be %>p & "r3 ! fai?ful en]gy is 9 him3 we %all see some?+ come ( t cornice3 ,! fell[ :o inlaid ! o!r 7b71 w /ay :]e he is = ev]2 & :5 he has inlaid "o leaf up1 w inlay ano!r d[n1--& s undulate up & d[n to all et]nity3 b ! man ( a & d w cut 8 way =w>d1 or !re is no tru? 9 h&icrafts1 nor /ubbornness 9 /one4 ,,xviii4 ,b !re is some?+ else noticeable 9 ^? two cornices1 besides ! en]gy ( !m3 z oppos$ ei!r to b1 or ! ,greek honeysuckle or egg patt]ns1 !y are natural designs4 ,! ,greek egg & arr[ cornice is a nons5se cornice1 v noble 9 its l9es1 b utt]ly absurd 9 mean+4 ,arr[s h _h no?+ to d ) eggs 7at lea/ s9ce ,l$a's "t71 nei!r are ! s-call$ arr[s l arr[s1 nor ! eggs l eggs1 nor ! honeysuckles l honeysuckles2 !y are all conv5tionalis$ into a monoton\s successiv5ess ( no?+1--pleasant to ! eye1 useless to ! ?\ght4 ,b ^? ,*ri/ian cornices are1 z f> z may be1 sugge/ive2 !re is n ! t5? ( ! "w 9 !m t !re is 9 ! ,greek arr[s1 b1 z f> z t "w w g1 x has consi/5t int5tion2 ) ! fewe/ possible incisions1 & ^? ( ! easie/ %ape1 !y sugge/ ! true image1 ( clu/]s ( leaves1 ea* leaf ) its c5tral depression f root to po9t1 & t di/9ctly visible at almo/ any di/ance f ! eye1 & 9 almo/ any light4 ,,xix4 ,"h1 !n1 are two great new elem5ts visible2 en]gy & naturalism3--,life1 ) submission to ! laws ( ,god1 & love ( 8 works2 ?is is ,*ri/ianity1 deal+ ) h] classical models4 ,n[ look back to :at ,i said 9 ,*ap4 #a4 ,,xx4 ( ?is deal+ ( h]s1 & inv5tion ( ! new ,doric l9e2 !n to :at is above /at$ 7 ,,viii47 respect+ t new ,doric1 & ! b\ghs ( trees2 & n[ to ! evid5ce 9 ! cutt+ ( ! leaves on ! same ,doric section1 & see h[ ! :ole is beg9n+ to come toge!r4 ,,xx4 ,we said t some?+ w\ld come ( ^! two cornices1 a & d4 ,9 e & f we see t some?+ has come ( !m3 e is also f ,/4 ,m>k's1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ examples 9 ,v5ice ( ! transition f ! ,byzant9e to ! ,go?ic cornice4 ,x is already s+ul>ly develop$2 fl[]s h be5 add$ betwe5 ! clu/]s ( leaves1 & ! leaves !mselves curl$ ov]3 & obs]ve ! well-direct$ ?\ght ( ! sculptor 9 ?is curl+2--! old incisions are reta9$ bel[1 & _! excessive rigidity is "o ( ! pro(s ( ! e>l9ess ( ! cornice2 b ^? incisions n[ /& = ! "u surface ( ! leaf2 & behold1 :5 x turns ov]1 on ! top ( x y see true ribs4 ,look at ! upp] & "u surface ( a cabbage-leaf1 & see :at quick /eps we are mak+4 ,,xxi4 ,! fif? example 7f7 0 cut 9 #acdg2 x is f ! tomb ( ,m>co ,giu/9iani1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,john & ,paul1 & x exhibits ! "* ( ! c5tral ,v5etian ,go?ic fully develop$4 ,! l9es are all n[ s(t & undulatory1 ?\gh ela/ic2 ! %>p incisions h become deeply-ga!r$ folds2 ! holl[ ( ! leaf is express$ completely b5ea?1 & its edges are t\*$ ) light1 & incis$ into sev]al lobes1 & _! ribs delicately drawn above4 7,! fl[] betwe5 is only accid5tally abs5t2 x occurs 9 mo/ cornices ( ! "t47 ,b 9 bo? ^! cornices ! read] w notice t :ile ! naturalism ( ! sculpture is /eadily on ! increase1 ! classical =malism is /ill reta9$4 ,! leaves are accurately numb]$1 & /]nly set 9 _! places2 !y are leaves 9 (fice1 & d>e n /ir nor wave4 ,!y h ! %apes ( leaves1 b n ! functions1 hav+ ! =m ( k1 b d5y+ ! p[] !re(4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,,xxii4 ,look back to ! ,x,x,x,i,i,ird p>agraph ( ! fir/ *apt]1 & y w see ! mean+ ( x4 ,^! cornices are ! ,v5etian ,ecclesia/ical ,go?ic2 ! ,*ri/ian elem5t /ruggl+ ) ! ,=malism ( ! ,papacy1--! ,papacy be+ entirely hea!n 9 all its pr9ciples4 ,t (ficialism ( ! leaves & _! ribs means ,apo/olic succession1 & ,i don't "k h[ mu* m1 & is already prep>+ = ! transition to old ,hea!nism aga91 & ! ,r5aissance4#hf ,,xxiii4 ,n[ look to ! la/ cornice 7g74 ,t is ,prote/antism1--a slight t\* ( ,diss5t1 h>dly am\nt+ to s*ism1 9 ^? fall+ leaves1 b true life 9 ! :ole ( x4 ,! =ms all brok5 ?r\gh1 & s5t heav5 kn[s :]e1 b ! root held fa/2 & ! /rong sap 9 ! bran*es2 &1 be/ ( all1 good fruit rip5+ & op5+ /raight t[>ds heav51 & 9 ! face ( x1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( ! leaves lie 9 ! du/4 ,n[1 obs]ve4 ,! cornice f repres5ts ,hea!nism & ,papi/ry1 animat$ by ! m+l+ ( ,*ri/ianity & nature4 ,! good 9 x1 ! life ( x1 ! v]acity & lib]ty ( x1 su* z x has1 are ,prote/antism 9 its he>t2 ! rigidity & saplessness are ! ,romanism ( x4 ,x is ! m9d ( ,fra ,angelico 9 ! monk's dress1--,*ri/ianity be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,! cornice g has ! ,lomb>dic life elem5t 9 its fulness1 ) only "s color & %ape ( ,classicalism m+l$ ) x--! good ( classicalism2 z mu* me?od & ,=malism z are consi/5t ) life1 & fitt+ = x3 ,! cont95ce )9 c]ta9 bord] l9es1 ! unity at ! root1 ! simplicity ( ! great pr(ile1--all ^! are ! heal?y classical elem5ts reta9$3 ! re/ is re=mation1 new /r5g?1 & recov]$ lib]ty4 ,,xxiv4 ,!re is "o m po9t ab\t x especially noticeable4 ,! leaves are ?or\ghly natural 9 _! g5]al "*1 b !y are ( no p>ticul> species3 & aft] be+ some?+ l cabbage-leaves 9 ! beg9n+1 "o ( !m sudd5ly becomes an ivy-leaf 9 ! end4 ,n[ ,i don't "k :at to say ( ?is4 ,i "k x1 inde$1 to be a classical "*2--x is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,s\!rn "w2 & m>k$ly di/9ctive ( x f ! ,nor!rn ornam5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 oak1 or ivy1 or apple1 b n any?+1 nor two ?+s 9 "o4 ,x is1 ,i repeat1 a cle>ly classical elem5t2 b :e!r a good or bad elem5t1 ,i am n sure2--:e!r x is ! la/ trace ( ,c5taurism & o!r mon/rosity dy+ away2 or :e!r x has a figurative purpose1 legitimate 9 ar*itecture 7?\gh nev] 9 pa9t+71 & has be5 rightly reta9$ by ! ,*ri/ian sculptor1 to express ! work+ ( t _s :i* grafts "o nature ^u ano!r1 & disc]ns a law 9 its memb]s w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( its m9d4 ,,xxv4 ,^!1 !n1 be+ ! po9ts mo/ noticeable 9 ! _s bo? ( ! designs & ! *isell+1 we h n[ to return to ! "q propos$ 9 ,,xiii41 & obs]ve ! modifications ( =m ( pr(ile :i* result$ f ! *ang+ cont\rs ( ! leafage2 = up to ,,xiii41 we _h1 z usual1 consid]$ ! possible conditions ( =m 9 ! ab/ract2--! modes 9 :i* !y h be5 d]iv$ f ea* o!r 9 actual practice require to be foll[$ 9 _! turn4 ,h[ ! ,greek ,doric or ,greek ogee cornices 7 inv5t$ is n easy to det]m9e1 &1 =tunately1 is little to our pres5t purpose2 = ! m$ival ogee cornices h an indep5d5t developm5t ( _! own1 f ! fir/ type ( ! concave cornice a 9 ,plate ,,xv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxiii4 ,,xxvi4 ,t cornice occurs1 9 ! simple/ "w1 p]fectly pure1 b 9 f9i%$ "w x 0 quickly felt t !re 0 a meagr5ess 9 its junction ) ! wall b5ea? x1 :]e x 0 set z "h at a1 ,fig4 ,,lxiii41 :i* c\ld only be conqu]$ by conceal+ su* junction 9 a b> ( %ad[4 ,!re 7 two ways ( gett+ ?is b>3 "o by a project+ roll at ! foot ( ! cornice 7b1 ,fig4 ,,lxiii471 ! o!r by slipp+ ! :ole cornice a little =w>d 7c4 ,fig4 ,,lxiii474 ,f ^! two me?ods arise two gr\ps ( cornices & capitals1 :i* we %all pursue 9 succession4 ,,xxvii4 ,fir/ gr\p4 ,) ! roll at ! base 7b1 ,fig4 ,,lxiii474 ,! *a9 ( its succession is repres5t$ f #a to #f1 9 ,plate ,,xv43 #a & #b are ! /eps already ga9$1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,lxiii42 & 9 !m ! pr(ile ( cornice us$ is a ( ,plate ,,xv41 or a ref9$ condition ( b ( ,fig4 ,v41 p4 #fi1 above4 ,n[1 keep+ ! same ref9$ pr(ile1 sub/itute ! condition ( x1 f ( ,fig4 ,v4 7& !re acc\nt$ =71 above ! roll "h1 & y h #c1 ,plate ,,xv4 ,?is sup]add$ abacus 0 in/antly felt to be h>% 9 its project+ angle2 b y "k :at to d ) an angle :5 x is h>%4 ,use y\r simple/ *amf] on x 7a or b1 ,fig4 ,,liii41 page #bhg1 above71 b on ! visible side only1 & y h fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xv4 7! top /one be+ made deep] t y may h room to *amf] x74 ,n[ ?is fig4 #d is ! pr(ile ( ,lomb>dic & ,v5etian e>ly capitals & cornices1 by t5s ( ?\s&s2 & x cont9ues into ! late ,v5etian ,go?ic1 ) ?is only diff]5ce1 t z times advances1 ! v]tical l9e at ! top ( ! orig9al cornice beg9s to slope outw>ds1 & ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s rises l ! hazel w& 9 ! h& ( a div9]3--b h[ sl[ly6 a /one dial :i* m>*es b #de degrees 9 ?ree c5turies1 & ?r\gh ! int]m$iate condition #e arrives at #f1 & s /ays4 ,9 trac+ ?is *a9 ,i h kept all ! pr(iles ( ! same height 9 ord] to make ! comp>ison m easy2 ! dep? *os5 is ab\t int]m$iate betwe5 t :i* is cu/om>y 9 cornices on ! "o h&1 :i* are (t5 a little %ort]1 & capitals on ! o!r1 :i* are (t5 a little deep]4#hg ,& x is to be not$ t ! pr(iles #e & #f e/abli% !mselves 9 capitals *iefly1 :ile #d is reta9$ 9 cornices to ! late/ times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxiv4 ,,xxviii4 ,second gr\p 7c1 ,fig4 ,,lxiii474 ,if ! l[] angle1 :i* 0 quickly felt to be h>d1 be r\nd$ (f1 we h ! =m a1 ,fig4 ,,lxiv4 ,! front ( ! curv$ l9e is !n decorat$1 z we h se52 & ! t]m9ation ( ! decorat$ surface m>k$ by an incision1 z 9 an ord9>y *amf]1 z at b "h4 ,?is ,i believe to h be5 ! simple orig9 ( mo/ ( ! ,v5etian ogee cornices2 b !y are f>!r complicat$ by ! curves giv5 to ! leafage :i* fl[s ov] !m4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,greek cornices1 & 9 a & d ( ,plate ,,xvi41 ! decoration is incis$ f ! outside pr(ile1 )\t any sugge/ion ( an int]ior surface ( a diff]5t cont\r4 ,b 9 ! leaf cornices :i* foll[1 ! decoration is repres5t$ z ov]laid on "o ( ! e>ly pr(iles1 & has ano!r outside cont\r ( its own2 :i* is1 inde$1 ! true pr(ile ( ! cornice1 b b5ea? :i*1 m or less1 ! simpl] pr(ile is se5 or sugge/$1 :i* t]m9ates all ! incisions ( ! *isel4 ,?is "u pr(ile w (t5 be f\nd to be "s condition ( ! type a or b1 ,fig4 ,,lxiv42 & ! leaf pr(ile to be ano!r ogee ) its fulle/ curve up in/ead ( d[n1 lapp+ ov] ! cornice edge above1 s t ! entire pr(ile might be consid]$ z made up ( two ogee curves laid1 l pack$ h]r+s1 head to tail4 ,figures #h & #i ( ,plate ,,xv4 exemplify ?is arrangem5t4 ,fig4 #g is a heavi] cont\r1 d\btless compos$ 9 ! same mann]1 b ( :i* ,i _h n m>k$ ! inn]mo/ pr(ile1 & :i* ,i h giv5 "h only to complete ! s]ies :i*1 f #g to #ab inclusive1 exemplifies ! gradual re/riction ( ! leaf outl9e1 f its bolde/ projection 9 ! cornice to its mo/ mode/ s]vice 9 ! capital4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 is n "o :i* indicates diff]5ce ( age1 b m]ely ( (fice & position3 ! cornice #g is f ! tomb ( ! ,doge ,&rea ,d&olo 7#acej7 9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 #h f a canopy ov] a door ( ab\t ! same p]iod1 #i f ! tomb ( ! ,dog>essa ,agnese ,v5i] 7#adaa71 #aj f t ( ,pietro ,corn>o 7#acfa71hh & #aa f t ( ,&rea ,moros9i 7#acdg71 all 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giov4 & ,paola1 all ^! be+ cornice pr(iles2 &1 f9ally1 #ab f a capital ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 ( f\rte5 c5tury "w4 ,,xxix4 ,n[ ! read] w d\btless notice t 9 ! ?ree examples1 #aj to #ab1 ! leaf has a diff]5t cont\r f t ( #g1 #h1 or #i4 ,?is diff]5ce is peculi>ly significant4 ,i h always desir$ t ! read] %\ld !oretically consid] ! capital z a conc5tration ( ! cornice2 b 9 practice x (t5 happ5s t ! cornice is1 on ! contr>y1 an unroll$ capital2 & "o ( ! ri*e/ e>ly =ms ( ! ,byzant9e cornice 7n giv5 9 ,plate ,,xv41 because its sep>ate "* & importance require exam9ation ap>t7 is no?+ m ?an an unroll$ cont9uation ( ! l[] range ( acan?us leaves on ! ,cor9?ian capital4 ,f ?is cornice o!rs appe> to h be5 d]iv$1 l e 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 9 :i* ! acan?us outl9e has become confus$ ) t ( ! honeysuckle1 & ! rosette ( ! c5tre ( ! ,cor9?ian capital introduc$ betwe5 !m2 & ?us _! =ms approa* m & m to ^? d]iv$ f ! cornice itself4 ,n[ if ! leaf has ! cont\r ( #aj1 #aa1 or #ab1 ,plate ,,xv41 ! pr(ile is ei!r actually ( a capital1 or ( a cornice d]iv$ f a capital2 :ile1 if ! leaf h ! cont\r ( #g or #h1 ! pr(ile is ei!r actually ( a cornice or ( a capital d]iv$ f a cornice4 ,:]e ! ,byzant9es use ! acan?us1 ! ,lomb>ds use ! ,p]sepolitan wat]-leaf2 b ! connection ( ! cornices & capitals is exactly ! same4 ,,xxx4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we h consid]$ ! *>act]s ( pr(ile :i* are common to ! cornice & capital bo?4 ,we h n[ to note :at f>!r decorative features or peculi>ities belong to ! capital itself1 or result f ! !oretical ga!r+ ( ! "o into ! o!r4 ,look back to ,fig4 ,,xxii41 p4 #aaj4 ,! five types !re giv51 repres5t$ ! five diff]5t me?ods ( conc5tration ( ! root ( cornices1 a ( ,fig4 ,v4 ,n[1 z _m pr(iles ( cornices z 7 develop$ 9 ,plate ,,xv4 f ?is cornice root1 !re repres5t$ by ! dott$ slope1 s _m may be appli$ to ea* ( ! five types 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41--appli$ simply 9 a & b1 b ) f>!r modifications1 necessitat$ by _! truncations or spurs1 9 c1 d1 & e4 ,!n1 ^! cornice pr(iles hav+ be5 s appli$ 9 su* l5g? & slope z is prop] = capitals1 ! f>!r condition comes into effect describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,xxiv41 & any "o ( ! cornices 9 ,plate ,,xv4 may become ! abacus ( a capital =m$ out ( any o!r1 or out ( itself4 ,! inf9ity ( =ms ?us resultant _c1 z may well be suppos$1 be exhibit$ or catalogu$ 9 ! space at pres5t p]mitt$ to u3 b ! read]1 once ma/] ( ! pr9ciple1 w easily be able to inve/igate = himself ! syntax ( all examples t may occur to him1 & ,i %all only "h1 z a k9d ( ex]cise1 put be=e him a few ( ^? :i* he w meet ) mo/ frequ5tly 9 8 ,v5etian inquiries1 or :i* illu/rate po9ts1 n hi!rto t\*$ ^u1 9 ! disposition ( ! abacus4 ,,xxxi4 ,9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ! capital at ! top1 on ! left h&1 is ! rude/ possible ga!r+ ( ! pla9 ,*ri/ian ,doric cornice1 d ( ,plate ,,xv4 ,! %aft is octagonal1 & ! capital is n cut to fit x1 b is squ>e at ! base2 & ! curve ( its pr(ile projects on two ( its sides m ?an on ! o!r two1 s z to make ! abacus oblong1 9 ord] to c>ry an oblong mass ( brickwork1 divid+ "o ( ! upp] lights ( a ,lomb>d campanile at ,milan4 ,! awkw>d /ret*+ ( ! brickwork1 to d :at ! capital ought to h done1 is v rem>kable4 ,!re is "h no second sup]impos$ abacus4 ,,xxxii4 ,! figure on ! "r h&1 at ! top1 %[s ! simple b p]fect fulfilm5t ( all ! requirem5ts 9 :i* ! fir/ example fails4 ,! mass ( brickwork to be c>ri$ is exactly ! same 9 size & %ape2 b in/ead ( be+ tru/$ to a s+le %aft1 x has two ( small] area 7comp>e ,*ap4 ,,viii41 ,,xiii471 & all ! expansion necess>y is n[ gracefully atta9$ by _! unit$ capitals1 hewn out ( "o /one4 ,take ! section ( ^! capitals ?r\gh _! angle1 & no?+ c be simpl] or pur]2 x is compos$ ( #b1 9 ,plate ,,xv41 us$ = ! capital itself1 ) c ( ,fig4 ,,lxiii4 us$ = ! abacus2 ! read] c\ld h>dly h a neat] little bit ( syntax = a fir/ lesson4 ,if ! section be tak5 ?r\gh ! side ( ! bell1 ! capital pr(ile is ! root ( cornices1 a ( ,fig4 ,v41 ) ! add$ roll4 ,?is capital is some:at rem>kable 9 hav+ its sides p]fectly /raight1 "s slight curvature be+ usual on s bold a scale2 b x is all ! bett] z a fir/ example1 ! me?od ( r$uction be+ ( ord] d1 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41 p4 #aaj1 & ) a concave cut1 z 9 ,fig4 ,,xxi41 p4 #aji4 ,^! two capitals are f ! cloi/] ( ! duomo ( ,v]ona4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,,capitals ,,concave ,,gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxv4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! l[]mo/ figure 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 repres5ts an exquisitely f9i%$ example ( ! same type1 f ,/4 ,z5o ( ,v]ona4 ,above1 at #b1 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ! plan ( ! %afts 0 giv51 b ,i inadv]t5tly rev]s$ _! position3 9 comp>+ t plan ) ,plate ,,xvii41 ,plate ,,ii4 mu/ be held upside d[n4 ,! capitals1 ) ! b& connect+ !m1 are all cut out ( "o block2 _! pr(ile is an adaptation ( #d ( ,plate ,,xv41 ) a pla9 head/one sup]impos$4 ,?is me?od ( r$uction is t ( ord] d 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41 b ! peculi>ity ( treatm5t ( _! truncation is highly int]e/+4 ,fig4 ,,lxv4 repres5ts ! plans ( ! capitals at ! base1 ! %ad$ p>ts be+ ! bells3 ! op5 l9e1 ! roll ) its connect+ b&4 ,! bell ( ! "o1 x w be se51 is ! exact rev]se ( t ( ! o!r3 ! angle truncations are1 9 bo?1 curv$ horizontally z well z uprightly2 b _! curve is convex 9 ! "o1 & 9 ! o!r concave4 ,plate ,,xvii4 w %[ ! effect ( bo?1 ) ! f>!r incisions1 to ! same dep?1 on ! flank ( ! "o ) ! concave truncation1 :i* jo9 ) ! re/ ( its s+ul>ly bold & ke5 execution 9 giv+ ! impression ( its r hav+ be5 clov5 into its =m by ! sweeps ( a sword1 ?an by ! dull travail ( a *isel4 ,its workman 0 pr\d ( x1 z well he might be3 he has writt5 8 "n ^u its front 7,i w\ld t m ( 8 fell[s _h be5 z k9dly va971 & ! goodly /one proclaims = ev]1 ,,adam9us ,,de ,,sancto ,,giorgio ,,me ,,fecit4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! read] w easily und]/& t ! gracefulness ( ?is k9d ( truncation1 z he sees x 9 ,plate ,,xvii41 soon sugge/$ ! idea ( r$uc+ x to a vegetable outl9e1 & lay+ f\r heal+ leaves1 z x 71 ^u ! w\nds :i* ! sword _h made4 ,^! f\r leaves1 on ! truncations ( ! capital1 correspond to ! f\r leaves :i* we saw1 9 l mann]1 ext5d !mselves ov] ! spurs ( ! base1 &1 z !y increase 9 delicacy ( execution1 =m "o ( ! mo/ lovely gr\ps ( capitals :i* ! ,go?ic workm5 ev] inv5t$2 repres5t$ by two p]fect types 9 ! capitals ( ! ,piazzetta columns ( ,v5ice4 ,b ?is pure gr\p is an isolat$ "o2 x rema9s 9 ! fir/ simplicity ( its conception f> into ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :ile ar\nd x rise up a cr[d ( o!r =ms1 imitative ( ! old ,cor9?ian1 & 9 :i* o!r & y\ng] leaves spr+ up 9 luxuriant gr[? among ! primal f\r4 ,! v>ieties ( _! gr\p+ we %all enum]ate h]eaft]3 "o g5]al *>act]i/ic ( !m all mu/ be not$ "h4 ,,xxxv4 ,! read] has be5 told repeat$ly#hi t !re are two1 & only two1 real ord]s ( capitals1 orig9ally repres5t$ by ! ,cor9?ian & ! ,doric2 & di/+ui%$ by ! concave or convex cont\rs ( _! bells1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es at e1 ,fig4 ,v41 p4 #fe4 ,& hi!rto1 respect+ ! capital1 we h be5 exclusively conc]n$ ) ! me?ods 9 :i* ^! two families ( simple cont\rs h ga!r$ !mselves toge!r1 & obta9$ reconciliation to ! abacus above1 & ! %aft bel[4 ,b ! la/ p>agraph introduces u to ! surface ornam5t dispos$ ^u ^!1 9 ! *isell+ ( :i* ! *>act]s describ$ above1 ,,xxviii41 :i* are b feebly m>k$ 9 ! cornice1 boldly di/+ui% & divide ! families ( ! capital4 ,,xxxvi4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! ornam5t be1 x mu/ cle>ly h relief ( "s k9d1 & mu/ pres5t project+ surfaces sep>at$ by incisions4 ,b x is a v mat]ial "q :e!r ! cont\r1 hi!rto broadly consid]$ z t ( ! entire bell1 %all be t ( ! outside ( ! project+ & reliev$ ornam5ts1 or ( ! bottoms ( ! incisions :i* divide !m2 :e!r1 t is to say1 we %all fir/ cut out ! bell ( our capital q smoo?1 & !n cut f>!r into x1 ) incisions1 :i* %all leave ornam5tal =ms 9 relief1 or :e!r1 9 orig9ally cutt+ ! cont\r ( ! bell1 we %all leave project+ bits ( /one1 :i* we may aft]w>ds "w into ! reliev$ ornam5t4 ,,xxxvii4 ,n[1 look back to ,fig4 ,v41 p4 #fe4 ,cle>ly1 if to ornam5t ! already holl[$ pr(ile1 b1 we cut deep incisions into x1 we %all s f> weak5 x at ! top1 t x w ne>ly lose all its support+ p[]4 ,cle>ly1 also1 if to ornam5t ! already bulg+ pr(ile c we 7 to leave project+ pieces ( /one outside ( x1 we %\ld ne>ly de/roy all its relation to ! orig9al slop+ l9e ,x1 & produce an unseemly & pond]\s mass1 h>dly recognizable z a cornice pr(ile4 ,x is evid5t1 on ! o!r h&1 t we c af=d to cut into ?is pr(ile )\t fe> ( de/roy+ its /r5g?1 & t we c af=d to leave projections outside ( ! o!r1 )\t fe> ( de/roy+ its lightness4 ,su* is1 accord+ly1 ! natural disposition ( ! sculpture1 & ! two great families ( capitals are !re=e di/+ui%$1 n m]ely by _! concave & convex cont\rs1 b by ! ornam5tation be+ left outside ! bell ( ! "o1 & cut into ! bell ( ! o!r2 s t1 9 ei!r case1 ! ornam5tal portions w fall betwe5 ! dott$ l9es at e1 ,fig4 ,v41 & ! po9t$ oval1 or vesica piscis1 :i* is trac$ by !m1 may be call$ ! ,limit ( ornam5tation4 ,,xxxviii4 ,sev]al di/9ctions 9 ! quantity & /yle ( ! ornam5t mu/ in/antly foll[ f ?is great di/9ction 9 its position4 ,fir/1 9 its quantity4 ,=1 obs]ve3 s9ce 9 ! ,doric pr(ile1 c ( ,fig4 ,v41 ! cont\r itself is to be compos$ ( ! surface ( ! ornam5tation1 ?is ornam5tation mu/ be close & unit$ en\gh to =m1 or at lea/ sugge/1 a cont9u\s surface2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be ri* 9 quantity & close 9 aggregation2 o!rwise x w de/roy ! massy "* ( ! pr(ile x adorns1 & approximate x to its opposite1 ! concave4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ornam5t left project+ f ! concave1 mu/ be sp>+ en\gh1 & disp]s$ en\gh1 to all[ ! concave bell to be cle>ly se5 b5ea? x2 o!rwise x w *oke up ! concave pr(ile1 & approximate x to its opposite1 ! convex4 ,,xxxix4 ,&1 secondly1 9 its /yle4 ,=1 cle>ly1 z ! sculptor ( ! concave pr(ile mu/ leave masses ( r\gh /one prep>$ = 8 out] ornam5t1 & _c f9i% !m at once1 b mu/ complete ! cutt+ ( ! smoo? bell b5ea? fir/1 & !n return to ! project+ masses 7= if he 7 to f9i% ^! latt] fir/1 !y w\ld assur$ly1 if delicate or %>p1 be brok5 z he work$ on2 s9ce1 ,i say1 he mu/ "w 9 ?is =esee+ & pr$et]m9$ me?od1 he is sure to r$uce ! sy/em ( 8 ornam5ts to "s def9ite symmetrical ord] be=e he beg9s72 & ! habit ( conceiv+ be=eh& all t he has to d1 w probably r5d] him n only m ord]ly 9 its arrangem5t1 b m skilful & accurate 9 its execution1 ?an if he c\ld f9i% all z he work$ on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sculptor ( ! convex pr(ile has its smoo? surface laid be=e him1 z a piece ( pap] on :i* he c sket* at 8 pleasure2 ! incisions he makes 9 x are l t\*es ( a d>k p5cil2 & he is at lib]ty to roam ov] ! surface 9 p]fect fre$om1 ) light incisions or ) deep2 f9i%+ "h1 sugge/+ !re1 or p]haps 9 places leav+ ! surface altoge!r smoo?4 ,x is t5 to "o1 !re=e1 b t1 if he yield to ! temptation1 he becomes irregul> 9 design1 & rude 9 h&l+2 & we %all assur$ly f9d ! two families ( capitals di/+ui%$1 ! "o by its symmetrical1 ?or\ghly organis$1 & exquisitely execut$ ornam5t1 ! o!r by its rambl+1 confus$1 & rudely *isell$ ornam5t3 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile we %all (t5 h to admire ! discipl9$ precision ( ! "o1 & z (t5 to regret ! irregul> rud5ess ( ! o!r1 we %all n fail to f9d balanc+ qualities 9 bo?4 ,! sev]ity ( ! discipl9>ian capital represses ! p[] ( ! imag9ation2 x gradually deg5]ates into ,=malism2 & ! indol5ce :i* _c escape f its /]n dem& ( accurate workman%ip1 seeks refuge 9 copyism ( e/abli%$ =ms1 & loses itself at la/ 9 lifeless me*anism4 ,! lic5se ( ! o!r1 ?\gh (t5 abus$1 p]mits full ex]cise to ! imag9ation3 ! m9d ( ! sculptor1 un%ackl$ by ! niceties ( *isell+1 w&]s ov] its orb$ field 9 endless fantasy2 &1 :5 g5]\s z well z p[]ful1 repays ! lib]ty :i* has be5 grant$ to x ) int]e/1 by develop+ ?r\gh ! utmo/ wildness & fulness ( its ?\ghts1 an ord] z mu* m noble ?an ! me*anical symmetry ( ! oppon5t s*ool1 z ! doma9 :i* x regulates is va/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,capitals ,,convex ,,gr\p4 ,,xl4 ,& n[ ! read] %all judge :e!r ,i _h n reason to ca/ aside ! s-call$ ,five ord]s ( ! ,r5aissance ar*itects1 ) _! volutes & fillets1 & to tell him t !re 7 only two real ord]s1 & t !re c\ld nev] be m4#ij ,= we n[ f9d t ^! two great & real ord]s are repres5tative ( ! two great influ5ces :i* mu/ = ev] divide ! he>t ( man3 ! "o ( ,lawful ,discipl9e1 ) its p]fection & ord]1 b its dang] ( deg5]acy into ,=malism2 ! o!r ( ,lawful ,fre$om1 ) its vigor & v>iety1 b its dang] ( deg5]acy into ,lic5ti\sness4 ,,xli4 ,i %all n attempt to give any illu/rations "h ( ! mo/ elaborate developm5ts ( ei!r ord]2 !y w be bett] giv5 on a l>g] scale3 b ! examples 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 & ,,xviii4 repres5t ! two me?ods ( ornam5t 9 _! e>lie/ appliance4 ,! two l[] capitals 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 are a pure type ( ! concave s*ool2 ! two 9 ! c5tre ( ,plate ,,xviii41 ( ! convex4 ,at ! top ( ,plate ,,xviii4 are two ,lomb>dic capitals2 t on ! left f ,/a4 ,s(ia at ,padua1 t on ! "r f ! cortile ( ,/4 ,ambrogio at ,milan4 ,!y bo? h ! concave angle truncation2 b be+ ( date prior to ! "t :5 ! idea ( ! concave bell 0 develop$1 !y are o!rwise left squ>e1 & decorat$ ) ! surface ornam5t *>act]i/ic ( ! convex s*ool4 ,! relation ( ! designs to ea* o!r is int]e/+2 ! cross be+ prom95t 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 b m ri*ly reliev$ 9 t f ,/4 ,ambrogio4 ,! two b5ea? are f ! s\!rn portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's2 ! %afts hav+ be5 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & nei!r1 9 all probability1 orig9ally int5d$ = _! pres5t place1 !y h d\ble abaci1 ( :i* ! upp]mo/ is ! cornice runn+ r\nd ! :ole faade4 ,! zigzagg$ capital is highly curi\s1 & 9 its place v effective & beautiful1 al?\gh "o ( ! exceptions :i* x 0 above notic$ t we %\ld sometimes f9d to ! law /at$ 9 ,,xv4 above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxvi4 ,,xlii4 ,! l[] capital1 :i* is also ( ! true convex s*ool1 exhibits "o ( ! conditions ( ! spurr$ type1 e ( ,fig4 ,,xxii41 respect+ :i* "o or two po9ts mu/ be notic$4 ,if we 7 to take up ! plan ( ! simple spur1 repres5t$ at e 9 ,fig4 ,,xxii41 p4 #aaj1 & treat x1 ) ! salvia leaf1 z we did ! spur ( ! base1 we %\ld h = ! head ( our capital a plan l ,fig4 ,,lxvi41 :i* is actually t ( "o ( ! capitals ( ! ,fondaco de' ,tur*i at ,v5ice2 ) ?is only diff]5ce1 t ! int]m$iate curves betwe5 ! spurs w\ld h be5 circul>3 ! reason !y are n s1 "h1 is t ! decoration1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ to ! spur1 is n[ spread ov] ! :ole mass1 & cont\rs are !re=e giv5 to ! int]m$iate curves :i* fit !m = ?is ornam5t2 ! inside %ad$ space be+ ! head ( ! %aft1 & ! out]1 ! abacus4 ,! read] has 9 ,fig4 ,,lxvi4 a *>act]i/ic type ( ! plans ( ! spurr$ capitals1 g5]ally pref]r$ by ! sculptors ( ! convex s*ool1 b treat$ ) inf9ite v>iety1 ! spurs (t5 be+ cut into animal =ms1 or ! incisions betwe5 !m multipli$1 = ri*] effect2 & 9 our own ,norman capital ! type c ( ,fig4 ,,xxii4 is v>i\sly subdivid$ by incisions on its slope1 approximat+ 9 g5]al effect to _m conditions ( ! real spurr$ type1 e1 b totally diff]+ f !m 9 pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxviii4 ,,xliii4 ,! treatm5t ( ! spur 9 ! concave s*ool is f> m complicat$1 be+ borr[$ 9 ne>ly e case f ! orig9al ,cor9?ian4 ,its plan may be g5]ally repres5t$ by ,fig4 ,,lxvii4 ,! spur itself is c>v$ into a curl+ t5dril or concave leaf1 :i* supports ! project+ angle ( a f\r-sid$ abacus1 ^: holl[ sides fall back beh9d ! bell1 & h g5]ally a rosette or o!r ornam5t 9 _! c5tres4 ,! m$ival ar*itects (t5 put ano!r squ>e abacus above all1 z repres5t$ by ! %ad$ portion ( ,fig4 ,,lxvii41 & "s massy conditions ( ?is =m1 elaborately ornam5t$1 are v beautiful2 b x is apt to become rigid & effem9ate1 z assur$ly x is 9 ! orig9al ,cor9?ian1 :i* is ?or\ghly mean & meagre 9 its upp] t5drils & abacus4 ,,xliv4 ,! l[e/ capital 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 is f ,/4 ,m>k's1 & s+ul> 9 hav+ d\ble spurs2 x is !re=e to be comp>$ ) ! d\bly spurr$ base1 also f ,/ ,m>k's1 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,9 o!r respects x is a good example ( ! union ( bread? ( mass ) subtlety ( curvature1 :i* *>act]ises ne>ly all ! spurr$ capitals ( ! convex s*ool4 ,its plan is giv5 9 ,fig4 ,,lxviii43 ! inn] %ad$ circle is ! head ( ! %aft2 ! :ite cross1 ! bottom ( ! capital1 :i* exp&s itself into ! ext]nal %ad$ portions at ! top4 ,ea* spur1 ?us =m$1 is cut l a %ip's b[1 ) ! ,doric pr(ile2 ! surfaces s obta9$ are !n *>g$ ) arboresc5t ornam5t4 ,,xlv4 ,i %all n "h f>!r exemplify ! conditions ( ! treatm5t ( ! spur1 because ,i am afraid ( confus+ ! read]'s m9d1 & dim9i%+ ! di/9ctness ( 8 conception ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two great ord]s1 :i* x has be5 my pr9cipal object to develope ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]4 ,if all my read]s liv$ 9 ,london1 ,i c\ld at once fix ?is diff]5ce 9 _! m9ds by a simple1 yet some:at curi\s illu/ration4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! we/ end ( ,london1 z1 = in/ance1 at ! corn]s ( ,belgrave ,squ>e1 & ! nor? side ( ,grosv5or ,squ>e1 ! ,cor9?ian capitals ( newly-built h\ses are put into cages ( wire4 ,! wire cage is ! exact =m ( ! typical capital ( ! convex s*ool2 ! ,cor9?ian capital1 )91 is a f9i%$ & highly decorat$ example ( ! concave4 ,! space betwe5 ! cage & capital is ! limit ( ornam5tation4 ,,xlvi4 ,^? ( my read]s1 h[ev]1 to :om ?is illu/ration is inaccessible1 mu/ be cont5t ) ! two pr(iles1 #ac & #ad1 on ,plate ,,xv4 ,if !y w glance along ! l9e ( sections f #a to #f1 !y w see t ! pr(ile #ac is _! f9al developm5t1 ) a sup]add$ cornice = its abacus4 ,x is tak5 f a capital 9 a v important ru9 ( a palace1 ne> ! ,rialto ( ,v5ice1 & h]eaft] to be describ$2 ! projection1 outside ( its pr9cipal curve1 is ! pr(ile ( its sup]add$ leaf ornam5tation2 x may be tak5 z "o ( ! simple/1 yet a p]fect type ( ! concave gr\p4 ,,xlvii4 ,! pr(ile #ad is t ( ! capital ( ! ma9 %aft ( ! nor!rn portico ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ! mo/ f9i%$ example ,i ev] met ) ( ! convex family1 to :i*1 9 spite ( ! c5tral inw>d b5d ( its pr(ile1 x is m>k$ z di/9ctly belong+1 by ! bold convex curve at its root1 spr++ f ! %aft 9 ! l9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,doric cornice1 & exactly rev]s+ ! /ructure ( ! o!r pr(ile1 :i* rises f ! %aft1 l a palm leaf f its /em4 ,f>!r1 9 ! pr(ile #ac1 ! inn]mo/ l9e is t ( ! bell2 b 9 ! pr(ile #ad1 ! out]mo/ l9e is t ( ! bell1 & ! inn] l9e is ! limit ( ! incisions ( ! *isel1 9 und]cutt+ a reticulat$ veil ( ornam5t1 surr\nd+ a fl[] l a lily2 mo/ +5i\sly1 &1 ,i hope1 ju/ly1 conjectur$ by ! ,m>*ese ,selvatico to h be5 int5d$ = an imitation ( ! capitals ( ! temple ( ,solomon1 :i* ,hiram made1 ) nets ( *eck] "w1 & wrea?s ( *a9 "w = ! *apit]s t 7 on ! top ( ! pill>s 444 & ! *apit]s t 7 ^u ! top ( ! pill>s 7 ( lily "w 9 ! por*4 7#a ,k+s1 vii4 #ag1 #ai47 ,,xlviii4 ,on ?is exquisite capital !re is impos$ an abacus ( ! pr(ile ) :i* we began our inve/igation long ago1 ! pr(ile a ( ,fig4 ,v4 ,?is abacus is =m$ by ! cornice already giv51 a1 ( ,plate ,,xvi43 & !re=e we h1 9 ?is lovely ,v5etian capital1 ! summ>y ( ! results ( our inve/igation1 f its beg9n+ to its close3 ! type ( ! fir/ cornice2 ! decoration ( x1 9 its em]g5ce f ! classical models2 ! ga!r+ into ! capital2 ! sup]imposition ( ! second>y cornice1 & ! ref9em5t ( ! bell ( ! capital by triple curvature 9 ! two limits ( *isell+4 ,i _c express ! exquisite ref9em5ts ( ! curves on ! small scale ( ,plate ,,xv42 ,i w give !m m accurately 9 a l>g] engrav+2 b ! scale on :i* !y are "h giv5 w n prev5t ! read] f p]ceiv+1 & let him note x ?\ghtfully1 t ! out] curve ( ! noble capital is ! "o :i* 0 our fir/ example ( associat$ curves2 t ,i h _h no ne$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( our inquiry1 to ref] to any o!r ornam5tal l9e ?an ! ?ree :i* ,i at fir/ *ose1 ! simple/ ( ^? :i* ,nature set by *ance be=e me2 & t ?is lily1 ( ! delicate ,v5etian m>ble1 has b be5 wr\ght1 by ! highe/ human art1 into ! same l9e :i* ! cl\ds disclose1 :5 !y break f ! r\gh rocks ( ! flank ( ! ,matt]horn4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,9 v e>ly ,doric x 0 an absolute "r l9e2 & t capital is !re=e d]iv$ f ! pure cornice root1 repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e4 #he ,! ^w b&$ is us$ by ,pr(essor ,willis 9 a diff]5t s5se2 :i* ,i w\ld respect1 by apply+ x 9 8 s5se always to ! ,impo/1 & 9 m9e to ! capital itself4 7,?is note is n = ! g5]al read]1 :o ne$ n tr\ble himself ab\t ! matt]47 #hf ,! ,r5aissance p]iod be+ "o ( return to =malism on ! "o side1 ( utt] lic5ti\sness on ! o!r1 s t sometimes1 z "h1 ,i h to decl>e its lifelessness1 at o!r times 7,*ap4 ,,xxv41 ,,xvii47 its lascivi\sness4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no contradiction 9 ?is3 b ! read] might well ask h[ ,i knew ! *ange f ! base #aa to ! base #ab1 9 ,plate ,,xii41 to be "o f temp]ance to luxury2 & f ! cornice f to ! cornice g1 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 to be "o f =malism to vitality4 ,i "k x1 bo? by c]ta9 int]nal evid5ces1 on :i* ,i %all h to dwell at l5g? h]eaft]1 & by ! context ( ! works ( ! "t4 ,b ! outw>d signs might 9 bo? ornam5ts be ! same1 di/+ui%able only z signs ( opposite t5d5cies by ! ev5t ( bo?4 ,! blu% ( %ame _c always be told f ! blu% ( indignation4 #hg ,! read] mu/ always rememb] t a cornice1 9 becom+ a capital1 mu/1 if n orig9ally bold & deep1 h dep? add$ to its pr(ile1 9 ord] to rea* ! j proportion ( ! l[] memb] ( ! %aft head2 & t !re=e ! small ,greek egg cornices are utt]ly incapable ( becom+ capitals till !y h totally *ang$ _! =m & dep?4 ,! ,r5aissance ar*itects1 :o nev] obta9$ hold ( a "r pr9ciple b !y made x worse ?an a wrong "o by misapplication1 caught ! idea ( turn+ ! cornice into a capital1 b did n compreh5d ! necessity ( ! accompany+ *ange ( dep?4 ,h5ce we h pila/] heads =m$ ( small egg cornices1 & t meane/ ( all mean heads ( %afts1 ! co>se ,roman ,doric pr(ile *opp$ into a small egg & arr[ m\ld+1 bo? :i* may be se5 disfigur+ half ! build+s 9 ,london4 #hh ,i h tak5 ^! dates r\ghly f ,selvatico2 _! absolute accuracy to )9 a ye> or two1 is "h ( no importance4 #hi ,*ap4 ,i4 ,,xix41 ,app5dix #g3 & ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,v4 #ij ,*ap4 ,i41 ,,xix4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,ar*ivolt ,,& ,,ap]ture4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4 ,,ar*ivolt ,,decoration4 ,,at ,,v]ona4 ,i4 ,if ! w9d[s & doors ( "s ( our be/ nor!rn ,go?ic build+s 7 built up1 & ! ornam5t ( _! ar*ivolts conceal$1 !re w\ld (t5 rema9 little b masses ( dead wall & unsightly buttress2 ! :ole vitality ( ! build+ consi/+ 9 ! graceful proportions or ri* m\ld+s ( its ap]tures4 ,x is n s 9 ! s\?1 :]e1 frequ5tly1 ! ap]ture is a m]e d>k spot on ! v>iegat$ wall2 b !re ! column1 ) its horizontal or curv$ ar*itrave1 assumes an importance ( ano!r k9d1 equally dep5d5t ^u ! me?ods ( l9tel & ar*ivolt decoration4 ,^!1 ?\gh 9 _! ri*ness ( m9or v>iety !y defy all exemplification1 may be v broadly g5]aliz$4 ,( ! m]e l9tel1 inde$1 !re is no specific decoration1 nor c be2 x has no organism to direct its ornam5t1 & !re=e may receive any k9d & degree ( ornam5t1 accord+ to its position4 ,9 a ,greek temple1 x has meagre horizontal l9es2 9 a ,romanesque *ur*1 x becomes a r[ ( upright ni*es1 ) an apo/le 9 ea*2 & may become any?+ else at ! ar*itect's w4 ,b ! ar* head has a natural organism1 :i* sep>ates its ornam5t into di/9ct families1 broadly def9able4 ,,ii4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ar*-l9e & ar* masonry1 we consid]$ ! ar* to be cut /raight ?r\gh ! wall2 s t1 if half built1 x w\ld h ! appe>ance at a1 ,fig4 ,,lxix4 ,b 9 ! *apt] on ,=m ( ,ap]tures1 we f\nd t ! side ( ! ar*1 or jamb ( ! ap]ture1 might (t5 require to be bevell$1 s z to give ! section b1 ,fig4 ,,lxix4 ,x is easily conceivable t :5 two ranges ( v\ssoirs 7 us$1 "o ov] ano!r1 x w\ld be easi] to leave ^? b5ea?1 ( a small] diamet]1 ?an to bevel !m to accurate junction ) ^? outside4 ,:e!r influ5c$ by ?is facility1 or by decorative in/9ct1 ! e>ly nor!rn build]s (t5 sub/itute = ! bevel ! ?ird condition1 c1 ( ,fig4 ,,lxix42 s t1 ( ! ?ree =ms 9 t figure1 a belongs pr9cipally to ! s\?1 c to ! nor?1 & b indiff]5tly to bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxix4 ,,iii4 ,if ! ar* 9 ! nor!rn build+ be v deep1 its dep? w probably be atta9$ by a succession ( /eps1 l t 9 c2 & ! ri*e/ results ( nor!rn ar*ivolt decoration are entirely bas$ on ! aggregation ( ! ornam5t ( ^! sev]al /eps2 :ile ^? ( ! s\? are only ! complete f9i% & p]fection ( ! ornam5t ( "o4 ,9 ?is ornam5t ( ! s+le ar*1 ! po9ts = g5]al note are v few4 ,,iv4 ,x 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 d]iv$ f ! classical ar*itrave1#ia & ! e>ly ,romanesque ar*es are no?+ b su* an ar*itrave1 b5t r\nd4 ,! horizontal l9es ( ! latt] become semicircul>1 b _! importance & value rema9 exactly ! same2 _! cont9uity is pres]v$ across all ! v\ssoirs1 & ! jo9ts & functions ( ! latt] are /udi\sly conceal$4 ,z ! build]s get accu/om$ to ! ar*1 & love x bett]1 !y cease to be a%am$ ( its /ructure3 ! v\ssoirs beg9 to %[ !mselves confid5tly1 & fight = prec$5ce ) ! ar*itrave l9es2 & !re is an entanglem5t ( ! two /ructures1 9 consequ5ce1 l ! circul> & radiat+ l9es ( a cobweb1 until at la/ ! ar*itrave l9es get wor/$1 & driv5 away outside ( ! v\ssoirs2 be+ p]mitt$ to /ay at all only on condition ( _! dress+ !mselves 9 m$ival co/ume1 z 9 ! plate opposite4 ,v4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 be=e ! entire discomfiture ( ! ar*itrave1 a treaty ( peace is sign$ betwe5 ! adv]se p>ties on ^! t]ms3 ,t ! ar*itrave %all entirely dismiss its inn] ?ree meagre l9es1 & leave ! space ( !m to ! v\ssoirs1 to display !mselves aft] _! mann]2 b t1 9 return = ?is concession1 ! ar*itrave %all h leave to exp& ! small cornice :i* usually t]m9ates x 7! read] _h bett] look at ! orig9al =m 9 t ( ! ,ere*!um1 9 ! middle ( ! ,elg9 room ( ! ,briti% ,museum7 into bold] prom95ce1 & ev5 to put brackets "u x1 z if x 7 a ro( cornice1 & ?us m>k ) a bold %ad[ ! t]m9al l9e ( ! v\ssoirs4 ,?is condition is se5 9 ! ar* f ,/4 ,pietro ( ,pi/oja1 ,plate ,,xiii41 above4 ,,vi4 ,if ! ,go?ic _s ( ! build+ be ?or\ghly det]m9$1 & victori\s1 ! ar*itrave cornice is compell$ to rel9qui% its classical =m1 & take ! pr(ile ( a ,go?ic cornice or drip/one2 :ile1 9 o!r cases1 z 9 mu* ( ! ,go?ic ( ,v]ona1 x is =c$ to disappe> altoge!r4 ,b ! v\ssoirs !n conc$e1 on ! o!r h&1 s mu* ( _! dignity z to receive a runn+ ornam5t ( foliage or animals1 l a classical frieze1 & cont9u\s r\nd ! ar*4 ,9 fact1 ! conte/ betwe5 ! adv]s>ies may be se5 runn+ ?r\gh all ! e>ly ar*itecture ( ,italy3 success incl9+ sometimes to ! "o1 sometimes to ! o!r1 & v>i\s k9ds ( truce or reconciliation be+ effect$ betwe5 !m3 sometimes m]ely =mal1 sometimes hone/ & affectionate1 b ) no regul> succession 9 "t4 ,! greate/ victory ( ! v\ssoir is to annihilate ! cornice1 & receive an ornam5t ( its own outl9e1 & entirely limit$ by its own jo9ts3 & yet ?is may be se5 9 ! v e>ly apse ( ,murano4 ,,vii4 ,! mo/ usual condition1 h[ev]1 is t unity ( ! two memb]s above describ$1 ,v41 & :i* may be g5]ally repres5t$ by ! ar*ivolt section a1 ,fig4 ,,lxx42 & f ?is desc5d a family ( ,go?ic ar*ivolts ( ! highe/ importance4 ,= ! cornice1 ?us atta*$ to ! ar*1 suff]s exactly ! same *anges z ! level cornice1 or capital2 receives1 9 due "t1 its elaborate ogee pr(ile & leaf ornam5ts1 l ,fig4 #h or #i ( ,plate ,,xv42 &1 :5 ! %aft loses its %ape1 & is lo/ 9 ! lat] ,go?ic jamb1 ! ar*ivolt has influ5ce en\gh to introduce ?is ogee pr(ile 9 ! jamb also1 ?r\gh ! b&$ impo/3 & we imm$iately f9d ourselves involv$ 9 deep successions ( ogee m\ld+s 9 sides ( doors & w9d[s1 :i* nev] w\ld h be5 ?\ght (1 b = ! ob/9ate resi/ance ( ! classical ar*itrave to ! attempts ( ! v\ssoir at its degradation or bani%m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxx4 ,,viii4 ,?is1 !n1 w be ! fir/ great head "u :i* we %all 9 future f9d x conv5i5t to arrange a l>ge numb] ( ar*ivolt decorations4 ,x is ! di/9ctively ,s\!rn & ,byzant9e =m1 & typically repres5t$ by ! section a1 ( ,fig4 ,,lxx42 & x is susceptible ( almo/ e species ( surface ornam5t1 respect+ :i* only ?is g5]al law may be ass]t$3 t1 :ile ! outside or v]tical surface may prop]ly be decorat$1 & yet ! s(fit or "u surface left pla91 ! s(fit is nev] to be decorat$1 & ! out] surface left pla94 ,mu* beautiful sculpture is1 9 ! be/ ,byzant9e build+s1 half lo/ by be+ put "u s(fits2 b ! eye is l$ to discov] x1 & ev5 to dem& x1 by ! ri* *as+ ( ! outside ( ! v\ssoirs4 ,x w\ld h be5 an hypocrisy to c>ve !m ext]nally only4 ,b !re is n ! smalle/ excuse = c>v+ ! s(fit1 & n ! outside2 =1 9 t case1 we approa* ! build+ "u ! idea ( its be+ p]fectly pla92 we d n look = ! s(fit decoration1 &1 ( c\rse1 d n see x3 or1 if we d1 x is m]ely to regret t x %\ld n be 9 a bett] place4 ,9 ! ,r5aissance ar*itects1 x may1 p]haps1 = once1 be consid]$ a m]it1 t !y put _! bad decoration sy/ematically 9 ! places :]e we %\ld lea/ expect x1 & c seldome/ see x3--,approa*+ ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco1 y probably w regret ! extreme pla9ness & b>r5ness ( ! w9d[ trac]ies2 b1 if y w g v close to ! wall b5ea? ! w9d[s1 y may1 on sunny days1 discov] a quantity ( panel decorations :i* ! +5i\s ar*itect has conceal$ "u ! s(fits4 ,! cu/om ( decorat+ ! ar* s(fit ) panell+ is a ,roman application ( ! ,greek ro( ornam5t1 :i*1 :atev] its intr9sic m]it 7comp>e ,*ap4 ,,xxix4 ,,iv471 may rationally be appli$ to waggon vaults1 z ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & to ar* s(fits "u :i* "o walks4 ,b ! ,r5aissance ar*itects _h n wit en\gh to reflect t p usually d n walk ?r\gh w9d[s4 ,,ix4 ,s f>1 !n1 ( ! ,s\!rn ar*ivolt3 ,9 ,fig4 ,,lxix41 above1 x w be rememb]$ t c repres5ts ! simple/ =m ( ! ,nor!rn4 ,9 ! f>!r developm5t ( ?is1 :i* we h next to consid]1 ! v\ssoirs1 9 consequ5ce ( _! own neglig5ce or ov]-confid5ce1 su/a9 a total & irrecov]able defeat4 ,t ar*ivolt is 9 its e>lie/ conditions p]fectly pure & undecorat$1--! simple/ & rude/ ( ,go?ic =ms4 ,necess>ily1 :5 x falls on ! pi]1 & meets t ( ! opposite ar*1 ! entire section ( masonry is 9 ! %ape ( a cross1 & is c>ri$ by ! crosslet %aft1 :i* we above /at$ to be di/9ctive ( ,nor!rn design4 ,i am m at a loss to acc\nt = ! sudd5 & fix$ developm5t ( ?is type ( ar*ivolt ?an = any o!r ar*itectural transition ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,b !re x is1 pure & firmly e/abli%$1 z e>ly z ! build+ ( ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia2 & we h !nce=w>d only to obs]ve :at comes ( x4 ,x4 ,we f9d x fir/1 z ,i said1 p]fectly b>r52 cornice & ar*itrave altoge!r ignor$1 ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s practically d5i$1 & a pla91 deep-cut recess ) a s+le mighty %ad[ occupy+ _! place4 ,! v\ssoirs1 ?9k+ _! great adv]s>y utt]ly defeat$1 are at no tr\ble to %[ !mselves2 visible en\gh 9 bo? ! upp] & "u ar*ivolts1 !y are cont5t to wait ! "t :51 z might h be5 hop$1 !y %\ld receive a new decoration peculi> to !mselves4 ,,xi4 ,9 ?is /ate ( p>alysis1 or expectation1 _! flank is turn$ by an insidi\s *amf]4 ,! edges ( ! two great blank ar*ivolts are felt to be pa9fully conspicu\s2 all ! f\r are at once bead$ or *amf]$1 z at b1 ,fig4 ,,lxx42 a ri* gr\p ( deep l9es1 runn+ conc5trically ) ! ar*1 is ! result on ! in/ant1 & ! fate ( ! v\ssoirs is seal$4 ,!y surr5d] at once )\t a /ruggle1 & unconditionally2 ! *amf]s deep5 & multiply !mselves1 cov] ! s(fit1 ally !mselves ) o!r =ms result+ f gr\p$ %afts or trac]ies1 & settle into ! inextricable ri*ness ( ! fully develop$ ,go?ic jamb & ar*2 f>!r complicat$ 9 ! end by ! addition ( ni*es to _! recesses1 z above describ$4 ,,xii4 ,! v\ssoirs1 9 despair1 g ov] to ! classical camp1 9 hope ( receiv+ "s help or tol]ance f _! =m] enemies4 ,!y receive x inde$3 b z traitors %\ld1 to _! own et]nal di%onor4 ,!y are %>ply *isell$ at ! jo9ts1 or ru/icat$1 or cut into masks & satyrs' heads1 & s set =? & pillori$ 9 ! v>i\s dete/able =ms ( :i* ! simple/ is giv5 above 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 7on ! left72 & o!rs may be se5 9 ne>ly e l>ge build+ 9 ,london1 m especially 9 ! bridges2 &1 z if 9 pure spite at ! treatm5t !y _h receiv$ f ! ar*ivolt1 !y are n[ n cont5t ) vigor\sly %[+ _! lat]al jo9ts1 b %ape !mselves into "r-angl$ /eps at _! heads1 cutt+ to pieces _! limit+ l9e1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h _h sympa?y ) t ( ! ar*1 & fitt+ !mselves to _! new fri5d1 ! ,r5aissance ,rul$ ,copy-book wall4 ,x _h be5 bett] !y _h di$ t5 times ov]1 9 _! own anci5t cause1 ?an ?us prolong$ _! exi/5ce4 ,,xiii4 ,we bid !m f>ewell 9 _! di%onor1 to return to our victori\s *amf]4 ,x _h n1 we said1 obta9$ s easy a conque/1 unless by ! help ( c]ta9 =ms ( ! gr\p$ %aft4 ,! *amf] 0 q en\gh to decorate ! ar*ivolts1 if !re 7 no m ?an two2 b if1 z above notic$ 9 ,,iii41 ! ar*ivolt 0 v deep1 & compos$ ( a succession ( su* /eps1 ! multitude ( *amf]+s 7 felt to be weak & insipid1 & in/ead ( deal+ ) ! outside edges ( ! ar*ivolts1 ! gr\p 0 s(t5$ by introduc+ solid %afts 9 _! d>k inn] angles4 ,?is1 ! manlie/ & be/ condition ( ! e>ly nor!rn jamb & ar*ivolt1 is repres5t$ 9 section at fig4 #ab ( ,plate ,,ii42 & its simple/ aspect 9 ,plate ,v41 f ! ,broletto ( ,como1--an int]e/+ example1 because !re ! v\ssoirs be+ 9 ! mid/ ( _! above-describ$ s\!rn conte/ ) ! ar*itrave1 7 bett] prep>$ = ! flank attack ^u !m by ! %aft & *amf]1 & make a noble resi/ance1 ) ! help ( color1 9 :i* ev5 ! %aft itself gets slightly wor/$1 & cut across 9 sev]al places1 l ,g5]al ,za*'s column at ,m>5go4 ,,xiv4 ,! %aft1 h[ev]1 rapidly rallies1 & br+s up its own peculi> decorations to its aid2 & ! int]m$iate ar*ivolts receive runn+ or panell$ ornam5ts1 also1 until we rea* ! exquisitely ri* conditions ( our own ,norman ar*ivolts1 & ( ! p>allel ,lomb>dic designs1 su* z ! entrance ( ! ,duomo1 & ( ,san ,f]mo1 at ,v]ona4 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 occupies little "t1 & takes place pr9cipally 9 doorways1 ow+ to ! great] ?ickness ( wall1 & dep? ( ar*ivolt2 s t we f9d ! ri* %aft$ succession ( ornam5t1 9 ! doorway & w9d[ ap]ture1 associat$ ) ! e>lie/ & rude/ d\ble ar*ivolt1 9 ! nave ar*es1 at ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia4 ,! nave ar*es1 !re=e1 are mo/ usually treat$ by ! *amf]1 & ! v\ssoirs are !re defeat$ mu* soon] ?an by ! %aft$ arrangem5ts1 :i* !y resi/1 z we saw1 9 ! s\? by color2 & ev5 9 ! nor?1 ?\gh =c$ out ( _! own %ape1 !y take t ( birds' or mon/]s' heads1 :i* = "s "t peck & p9* ! rolls ( ! ar*ivolt to _! he>ts' cont5t2 :ile ! ,norman zigzag ornam5t allies itself ) !m1 ea* zigzag (t5 re/ra9+ itself amicably betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ea* v\ssoir 9 ! rud] "w1 & ev5 9 ! highly f9i%$ ar*es1 di/9ctly pres5t+ a conc5tric or sunlike arrangem5t ( l9es2 s mu* s1 z to prompt ! conjecture1 above /at$1 ,*ap4 ,,xx4 ,,xxvi41 t all su* ornam5ts 7 int5d$ to be typical ( light issu+ f ! orb ( ! ar*4 ,i d\bt ! int5tion1 b ackn[l$ge ! resemblance2 :i* p]haps goes f> to acc\nt = ! nev]-fail+ delightfulness ( ?is zigzag decoration4 ,! dim9ution ( ! zigzag1 z x gradually %>es ! defeat ( ! v\ssoir1 & is at la/ ov]:elm$ by ! complicat$1 railroad-l flu5cy ( ! lat] ,go?ic m\ld+s1 is to me "o ( ! sadde/ sights 9 ! drama ( ar*itecture4 ,,xv4 ,"o f>!r circum/ance is des]v+ ( especial note 9 ,plate ,v41 ! great] dep? ( ! v\ssoirs at ! top ( ! ar*4 ,?is has be5 above allud$ to z a feature ( good con/ruction1 ,*ap4 ,,xi41 ,,iii42 x is to be not$ n[ z "o /ill m valuable 9 decoration3 = :5 we arrive at ! deep succession ( conc5tric ar*ivolts1 ) :i* nor!rn portals1 & _m ( ! associat$ w9d[s1 are head$1 we imm$iately f9d a difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! out] curve ) ! inn]4 ,if1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! wid? ( ! gr\p ( ar*ivolts be twice or ?ree times t ( ! inn] ap]ture1 ! inn] ar* may be di/9ctly po9t$1 & ! out] "o1 if drawn ) conc5tric arcs1 approximate v ne>ly to a r\nd ar*4 ,?is is actually ! case 9 ! lat] ,go?ic ( ,v]ona2 ! out] l9e ( ! ar*ivolt hav+ a h>dly p]ceptible po9t1 & e inn] ar* ( c\rse =m+ ! po9t m di/9ctly1 till ! inn]mo/ becomes a lancet4 ,by f> ! nobl] me?od1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! pure e>ly ,italian ,go?ic2 to make e out] ar* a magnifi$ fac-simile ( ! inn]mo/ "o1 e arc includ+ ! same numb] ( degrees1 b degrees ( a l>g] circle4 ,! result is ! condition repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,v41 (t5 f\nd 9 f> bold] developm5t2 exquisitely spr+y & ela/ic 9 its expression1 & entirely free f ! heav9ess & monotony ( ! deep nor!rn ar*ivolts4 ,,xvi4 ,we h n spok5 ( ! int]m$iate =m1 b1 ( ,fig4 ,,lxix4 7:i* its conv5i5ce = admission ( light has r5d]$ common 9 ne>ly all ar*itectures71 because x has no transitions peculi> to itself3 9 ! nor? x sometimes %>es ! fate ( ! out] ar*itrave1 & is *annell$ into longitud9al m\ld+s2 sometimes rema9s smoo? & massy1 z 9 milit>y ar*itecture1 or 9 ! simpl] =ms ( dome/ic & ecclesia/ical4 ,9 ,italy x receives surface decoration l ! ar*itrave1 b has1 p]haps1 some?+ ( peculi> expression 9 be+ plac$ betwe5 ! trac]y ( ! w9d[ )91 & its %afts & tab]nacle "w )\t1 z 9 ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce3 9 ?is position x is always kept smoo? 9 surface1 & inlaid 7or pa9t$7 ) delicate arabesques2 :ile ! trac]y & ! tab]nacle "w are ri*ly sculptur$4 ,! example ( its treatm5t by color$ v\ssoirs1 giv5 9 ,plate ,,xix41 may be useful to ! read] z a k9d ( c5tral expression ( ! ap]ture decoration ( ! pure ,italian ,go?ic2--ap]ture decoration prop]2 apply+ no %aft "w to ! jambs1 b leav+ ! bevell$ op5+ un5ri*$2 us+ on ! out] ar*ivolt ! v\ssoirs & conc5tric ar*itrave 9 reconcilem5t 7! latt] hav+1 h[ev]1 "s connection ) ! ,norman zigzag72 & b5ea? !m1 ! pure ,italian two-piec$ & mid-cusp$ ar*1 ) ri* cusp decoration4 ,x is a ,v]onese ar*1 probably ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f9i%$ ) extreme c>e2 ! r$ portions are all 9 brick1 delicately ca/3 & ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! :ole is ! small piece ( brick inlaid on ! angle ( ea* /one v\ssoir1 ) a mo/ j feel+1 :i* e arti/ w at once und]/&1 t ! color ought n to be let g all at once4 ,,xvii4 ,we h trac$ ! v>i\s conditions ( treatm5t 9 ! ar*ivolt alone2 b1 except 9 :at has be5 said ( ! peculi> expression ( ! v\ssoirs1 we might ?r\gh\t h spok5 9 ! same t]ms ( ! jamb4 ,ev5 a p>allel to ! expression ( ! v\ssoir may be f\nd 9 ! ,lomb>dic & ,norman divisions ( ! %afts1 by zigzags & o!r transv]se ornam5tation1 :i* 9 ! end are all swept away by ! canaliculat$ m\ld+s4 ,!n1 9 ! recesses ( ^! & ( ! ar*ivolts alike1 ! ni*e & /atue decoration develops itself2 & ! vault$ & cav]n\s ap]tures are cov]$ ) incru/ations ( fretwork1 & ) e v>i\s application ( foliage to _! fanta/ic m\ld+s4 ,,xviii4 ,i h kept ! inquiry into ! prop] ornam5t ( ! ar*ivolt :olly free f all confusion ) ! que/ions ( beauty 9 trac]y2 =1 9 fact1 all trac]y is a m]e multiplication & entanglem5t ( small ar*ivolts1 & its cusp ornam5t is a m9or condition ( t prop] to ! sp&ril4 ,x does n rea* its completely def9$ =m until ! jamb & ar*ivolt h be5 divid$ into longitud9al m\ld+s2 & !n ! trac]y is =m$ by ! inn]mo/ gr\p ( ! %afts or fillets1 b5t into :atev] =ms or foliations ! design] may *oose2 b ?is ) a delicacy ( adaptation :i* ,i r *oose to illu/rate by p>ticul> examples1 ( :i* we %all meet ) _m 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 ?an to delay ! read] by specify+ "h4 ,z = ! conditions ( beauty 9 ! disposition ( ! trac]y b>s1 ,i see no hope ( deal+ ) ! subject fairly b by devot+1 if ,i c f9d "t1 a sep>ate essay to x--:i*1 9 itself1 ne$ n be long1 b w\ld involve1 be=e x c\ld be complet$1 ! exam9ation ( ! :ole mass ( mat]ials lately collect$ by ! indefatigable indu/ry ( ! ,engli% ar*itects :o h devot$ _! special att5tion to ?is subject1 & :i* are ( ! highe/ value z illu/rat+ ! *ronological succession or me*anical /ructure ( trac]y1 b :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 t\* on _! /hetic m]its incid5tally only4 ,( works ( ?is k9d1 by f> ! be/ ,i h met ) is ,mr4 ,edmund ,%>pe's1 on ,decorat$ ,w9d[s1 :i* seems to me1 z f> z a cursory glance c enable me to judge1 to exhau/ ! subject z respects ,engli% ,go?ic2 & :i* may be recomm5d$ to ! read]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 z conta9+ a cle> & ma/]ly enunciation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples by :i* ! design ( trac]y has be5 regulat$1 f its fir/ developm5t to its f9al degradation4 ,,footnotes3 #ia ,! ar*itrave is prop]ly ! horizontal piece ( /one laid across ! tops ( ! pill>s 9 ,greek build+s1 & commonly m>k$ ) horizontal l9es1 obta9$ by slight projections ( its surface1 :ile x is protect$ above 9 ! ri*] ord]s1 by a small cornice4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,ro(4 ,i4 ,! modes ( decoration hi!rto consid]$1 h be5 common to ! ext]iors & int]iors ( all noble build+s2 & we h tak5 no notice ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5t :i* require protection f wea!r1 & are necess>ily conf9$ to int]ior "w4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ro(1 ! ext]ior & int]ior treatm5ts become1 z we saw 9 con/ruction1 s also 9 decoration1 sep>at$ by broad & bold di/9ctions4 ,"o side ( a wall is1 9 mo/ cases1 ! same z ano!r1 & if its /ructure be conceal$1 x is mo/ly on ! inside2 b1 9 ! ro(1 ! anatomical /ructure1 out ( :i* decoration %\ld naturally spr+1 is visible1 if at all1 9 ! int]ior only3 s t ! subject ( int]nal ornam5t becomes bo? wide & important1 & t ( ext]nal1 comp>atively subord9ate4 ,,ii4 ,n[1 s long z we 7 conc]n$ pr9cipally ) ! outside ( build+s1 we might ) safety leave expressional "* out ( ! "q = ! "t1 because x is n to be expect$ t all p]sons :o pass ! build+1 or see x f a di/ance1 %all be 9 ! temp] :i* ! build+ is prop]ly int5d$ to induce2 s t ornam5ts some:at at v>iance ) ?is temp] may (t5 be employ$ ext]nally )\t pa9ful effect4 ,b ^! ornam5ts w\ld be inadmissible 9 ! int]ior1 = ^? :o ent] w = ! mo/ "p ei!r be 9 ! prop] temp] :i* ! build+ requires1 or desir\s ( acquir+ x4 7,! di/9ction is n rigidly obs]v$ by ! m$ival build]s1 & grotesques1 or pr(ane subjects1 occur 9 ! int]ior ( *ur*es1 9 bosses1 crockets1 capitals1 brackets1 & su* o!r portions ( m9or ornam5t3 b we d n f9d ! int]ior wall cov]$ ) hunt+ & battle pieces1 z (t5 ! ,lomb>dic ext]iors47 ,& ?us ! int]ior expression ( ! ro( or ceil+ becomes necess>ily s v>i\s1 & ! k9d & degree ( fitt+ decoration s dep5d5t ^u p>ticul> circum/ances1 t x is ne>ly impossible to classify its me?ods1 or limit its application4 ,,iii4 ,i h little1 !re=e1 to say "h1 & t t\*+ r ! omission ?an ! selection ( decoration1 z f> z reg>ds int]ior ro(+4 ,:e!r ( timb] or /one1 ro(s are necess>ily divid$ into surfaces1 & ribs or beams2--surfaces1 flat or c>v$2 ribs1 trav]s+ ^! 9 ! directions :]e ma9 /r5g? is requir$2 or beams1 fill+ ! holl[ ( ! d>k gable ) ! intricate ro(-tree1 or support+ ! flat ceil+4 ,:]ev] ! ribs & beams are simply & unaffect$ly arrang$1 !re is no difficulty ab\t decoration2 ! beams may be c>v$1 ! ribs m\ld$1 & ! eye is satisfi$ at once2 b :5 ! vault+ is unribb$1 z 9 pla9 waggon vaults & mu* excell5t e>ly ,go?ic1 or :5 ! ceil+ is flat1 x becomes a difficult "q h[ f> _! s]vices may receive ornam5tation indep5d5t ( _! /ructure4 ,i h nev] myself se5 a flat ceil+ satisfactorily decorat$1 except by pa9t+3 !re is mu* good & fanciful panell+ 9 old ,engli% dome/ic ar*itecture1 b x always is 9 "s degree mean+less & mean4 ,! flat ceil+s ( ,v5ice1 z 9 ! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco & ,ducal ,palace1 h 9 _! va/ panell+s "s ( ! noble/ pa9t+s 7on /ret*$ canvas7 :i* ! _w possesses3 & ?is is all v well = ! ceil+2 b "o w\ld r h ! pa9t+ 9 a bett] place1 especially :5 ! ra9 soaks ?r\gh its canvas1 z ,i h se5 x do+ ?r\gh _m a noble ,t9toret4 ,on ! :ole1 flat ceil+s are z mu* to be avoid$ z possible2 &1 :5 necess>y1 p]haps a panell$ ornam5tation ) ri* color$ patt]ns is ! mo/ satisfy+1 & loses lea/ ( valuable labor4 ,b ,i leave ! "q to ! read]'s ?\ght1 be+ myself exce$+ly undecid$ respect+ x3 except only t\*+ "o po9t--t a blank ceil+ is n to be r$eem$ by a decorat$ v5tilator4 ,,iv4 ,i h a m confirm$ op9ion1 h[ev]1 respect+ ! decoration ( curv$ surfaces4 ,! maje/y ( a ro( is nev]1 ,i ?9k1 s great1 z :5 ! eye c pass undi/urb$ ov] ! c\rse ( all its curvatures1 & trace ! dy+ ( ! %ad[s along its smoo? & sweep+ vaults4 ,& ,i w\ld r1 myself1 h a pla9 ridg$ ,go?ic vault1 ) all its r\gh /ones visible1 to keep ! sleet & w9d out ( a ca!dral aisle1 ?an all ! fann+ & p5dant+ & foliation t ev] bewild]$ ,tudor weight4 ,b mosaic or fresco may ( c\rse be us$ z f> z we c af=d or obta9 !m2 = ^! d n break ! curvature4 ,p]haps ! mo/ solemn ro(s 9 ! _w are ! apse con*as ( ! ,romanesque basilicas1 ) _! gold5 gr\nd & sev]e figures4 ,exactly oppos$ to ^! are ! decorations :i* di/urb ! s]5ity ( ! curve )\t giv+ x int]e/1 l ! vulg> panell+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,pan!on2 bo?1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! la/ degree dete/able4 ,v4 ,z ro(s int]nally may be divid$ into surfaces & ribs1 ext]nally !y may be divid$ into surfaces1 & po9ts1 or ridges2 ^! latt] (t5 receiv+ v bold & di/9ctive ornam5t4 ,! outside surface is ( small importance 9 c5tral ,europe1 be+ almo/ univ]sally l[ 9 slope1 & til$ ?r\gh\t ,spa91 ,s\? ,france1 & ,nor? ,italy3 ( /ill less importance :]e x is flat1 z a t]race2 z (t5 9 ,s\? ,italy & ! ,ea/1 m+l$ ) l[ domes3 b ! l>g] ,ea/]n & ,arabian domes become elaborate 9 ornam5tation3 ,i _c speak ( !m ) confid5ce2 to ! m9d ( an inhabitant ( ! nor?1 a ro( is a gu>d aga9/ wild wea!r2 n a surface :i* is =ev] to bask 9 s]5e heat1 & gleam across des]ts l a ris+ moon4 ,i c only say1 t ,i h nev] se5 any draw+ ( a ri*ly decorat$ ,ea/]n dome t made me desire to see ! orig9al4 ,,vi4 ,our own nor!rn ro( decoration is necess>ily simple4 ,color$ tiles are us$ 9 "s cases ) qua9t effect2 b ,i believe ! dignity ( ! build+ is always great] :5 ! ro( is kept 9 an undi/urb$ mass1 oppos+ itself to ! v>iegation & ri*ness ( ! walls4 ,! ,italian r\nd tile is itself decoration en\gh1 a deep & ri* flut+1 :i* all arti/s delight 92 ?is1 h[ev]1 is fitt$ exclusively = l[ pit* ( ro(s4 ,on /eep dome/ic ro(s1 !re is no ornam5t bett] ?an may be obta9$ by m]ely r\nd+1 or cutt+ to an angle1 ! l[] extremities ( ! flat tiles or %+les1 z 9 ,switz]l&3 ?us ! :ole surface is cov]$ ) an appe>ance ( scales1 a fi%-l def5ce aga9/ wat]1 at once p]fectly simple1 natural1 & effective at any di/ance2 & ! be/ decoration ( slop+ /one ro(s1 z ( spires1 is a m]e copy ( ?is scale armor2 x enri*es e "o ( ! spires & p9nacles ( ! ca!dral ( ,c\tances1 & ( _m ,norman & e>ly ,go?ic build+s4 ,ro(s cov]$ or edg$ ) lead h (t5 patt]ns design$ ^u ! lead1 gild$ & reliev$ ) "s d>k color1 z on ! h\se ( ,jaques ,coeur at ,b\rges2 & ,i imag9e ! effect ( ?is mu/ h be5 s+ul>ly delicate & beautiful1 b only traces ( x n[ rema94 ,! nor!rn ro(s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally /& 9 little ne$ ( surface decoration1 ! eye be+ drawn to ! fanta/ic ranges ( _! dorm] w9d[s1 & to ! f9ials & fr+es on _! po9ts & ridges4 ,,vii4 ,:e!r dorm] w9d[s are legitimately to be class$ z decorative features1 seems to me to admit ( d\bt4 ,! nor!rn spire sy/em is evid5tly a m]e elevation & exagg]ation ( ! dome/ic turret ) its look-out w9d[s1 & "o c h>dly "p ) ! grotesque l9es ( ! projections1 ?\gh nobody is to be expect$ to live 9 ! spire3 b1 at all ev5ts1 su* w9d[s are nev] to be all[$ 9 places visibly inaccessible1 or on less ?an a natural & s]viceable scale4 ,,viii4 ,"u ! g5]al head ( ro(-ridge & po9t decoration1 we may include1 z above not$1 ! entire race ( fr+es1 f9ials1 & crockets4 ,z !re is no use 9 any ( ^! ?+s1 & z !y are visible additions & p>asitical portions ( ! /ructure1 m caution is requir$ 9 _! use ?an 9 any o!r features ( ornam5t1 & ! ar*itect & spectator mu/ bo? be 9 felicit\s humor be=e !y c be well design$ or ?or\ghly enjoy$4 ,!y are g5]ally mo/ admirable :]e ! grotesque ,nor!rn _s has mo/ p[]2 & ,i ?9k !re is almo/ always a c]ta9 _s ( playfulness 9 !m1 adv]se to ! gr&e/ ar*itectural effects1 or at lea/ to be kept 9 sev]e subord9ation to ! s]5] "* ( ! preval5t l9es4 ,b z !y are oppos$ to ! s]i\sness ( maje/y on ! "o h&1 s !y are to ! weight ( dulness on ! o!r2 & ,i "k n any features :i* make ! contra/ betwe5 cont95tal dome/ic ar*itecture1 & our own1 m humiliat+ly felt1 or :i* give s sudd5 a feel+ ( new life & delight1 :5 we pass f ! /reets ( ,london to ^? ( ,abbeville or ,r\51 z ! qua9t po9ts & p9nacles ( ! ro( gables & turrets4 ,! commone/ & heavie/ ro( may be r$eem$ by a spike at ! end ( x1 if x is set on ) any _s2 b ! =eign build]s h 7or _h1 at lea/7 a peculi> feel+ 9 ?is1 & gave animation to ! :ole ro( by ! fr+e ( its back1 & ! spike on its =ehead1 s t all goes toge!r1 l ! dorsal f9s & sp9es ( a fi%3 b our spikes h a dull1 screw$ on1 look2 a f>-(f relation%ip to ! nuts ( ma*9]y2 & our ro( fr+es are sure to look l f5d]s1 z if !y 7 meant to cat* a%es out ( ! ,london smoke-cl\ds4 ,,ix4 ,/one f9ials & crockets are1 ,i ?9k1 to be consid]$ 9 ar*itecture1 :at po9ts & fla%es ( light are 9 ! color ( pa9t+1 or ( nature4 ,!re are "s l&scapes ^: be/ "* is sp>kl+1 & !re is a possibility ( repose 9 ! mid/ ( brilliancy1 or embrac+ x1--z on ! fields ( summ] sea1 or summ] l&3 ,calm1 & deep peace1 on ?is high wold1 ,& on ! dews t dr5* ! furze1 ,& on ! silv]y gossam]s1 ,t tw9kle into gre5 & gold4 ,& !re are colori/s :o c keep _! quiet 9 ! mid/ ( a jewell]y ( light2 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 x is bett] to avoid break+ up ei!r l9es or masses by too _m po9ts1 & to make ! few po9ts us$ exce$+ly preci\s4 ,s ! be/ crockets & f9ials are set1 l />s1 along ! l9es1 & at ! po9ts1 :i* !y adorn1 ) consid]able int]vals betwe5 !m1 & exquisite delicacy & fancy ( sculpture 9 _! own designs2 if v small1 !y may become m frequ5t1 & describe l9es by a *a9 ( po9ts2 b _! :ole value is lo/ if !y are ga!r$ into bun*es or clu/]$ into tassels & knots2 & an ov]-indulg5ce 9 !m always m>ks l[ness ( s*ool4 ,9 ,v5ice1 ! addition ( ! f9ial to ! ar*-head is ! fir/ sign ( degradation2 all h] be/ ar*itecture is entirely )\t ei!r crockets or f9ials2 & h] ecclesia/ical ar*itecture may be class$1 ) fe>less accuracy1 z bett] or worse1 9 proportion to ! dim9ution or expansion ( ! crocket4 ,! absolutely p]fect use ( ! crocket is f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! t[] ( ,giotto1 & 9 "s o!r build+s ( ! ,pisan s*ool4 ,9 ! ,nor? !y g5]ally err on "o side or o!r1 & are ei!r florid & huge1 or mean 9 outl9e1 look+ z if !y _h be5 p9*$ out ( ! /onework1 z ?r\gh\t ! entire ca!dral ( ,ami5s2 & are besides connect$ ) ! g5]ally spotty sy/em :i* has be5 spok5 ( "u ! head ( ar*ivolt decoration4 ,x4 ,employ$1 h[ev]1 9 mod]ation1 !y are among ! mo/ delightful means ( delicate expression2 & ! ar*itect has m lib]ty 9 _! individual treatm5t ?an 9 any o!r feature ( ! build+4 ,sep>at$ entirely f ! /ructural sy/em1 !y are subject$ to no %ad[ ( any o!r laws ?an ^? ( grace & *a/ity2 & ! fancy may range )\t rebuke1 = mat]ials ( _! design1 ?r\gh ! :ole field ( ! visible or imag9able creation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,ve/ibule4 ,i4 ,i h h>dly kept my promise4 ,! read] has decorat$ b little = himself z yet2 b ,i h n1 at lea/1 attempt$ to bias 8 judgm5t4 ,( ! simple =ms ( decoration :i* h be5 set be=e him1 he has always be5 left free to *oose2 & ! /at$ re/rictions 9 ! me?ods ( apply+ !m h be5 only ^? :i* foll[$ on ! necessities ( con/ruction previ\sly det]m9$4 ,^! hav+ be5 n[ def9$1 ,i d inde$ leave my read] free to build2 & ) :at a fre$om6 ,all ! lovely =ms ( ! univ]se set be=e him1 :5ce to *oose1 & all ! lovely l9es t b\nd _! sub/ance or guide _! motion2 & ( all ^! l9es1--& !re are myriads ( myriads 9 e bank ( grass & e tuft ( =e/2 & gr\ps ( !m div9ely h>moniz$1 9 ! bell ( e fl[]1 & 9 e sev]al memb] ( bird & bea/1--( all ^! l9es1 = ! pr9cipal =ms ( ! mo/ important memb]s ( ar*itecture1 ,i h us$ b ,?ree6 ,:at1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! inf9ity ( ! treasure 9 !m all6 ,!re is mat]ial en\gh 9 a s+le fl[] = ! ornam5t ( a score ( ca!drals1 b suppose we 7 satisfi$ ) less exhau/ive appliance1 & built a score ( ca!drals1 ea* to illu/rate a s+le fl[]8 t w\ld be bett] ?an try+ to inv5t new /yles1 ,i ?9k4 ,!re is q diff]5ce ( /yle en\gh1 betwe5 a violet & a h>ebell1 = all reasonable purposes4 ,,ii4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ev5 m /range ?an ! /ruggle ( our ar*itects to inv5t new /yles1 is ! way !y commonly speak ( ?is treasure ( natural inf9ity4 ,let u take our pati5ce to u = an in/ant1 & he> "o ( !m1 n among ! lea/ intellig5t3-- ,x is n true t all natural =ms are beautiful4 ,we may h>dly be able to detect ?is 9 ,nature h]self2 b :5 ! =ms are sep>at$ f ! ?+s1 & exhibit$ alone 7by sculpture or c>v+71 we !n see t !y are n all fitt$ = ornam5tal purposes2 & inde$ t v few1 p]haps none1 are s fitt$ )\t correction4 ,yes1 ,i say correction1 = ?\gh x is ! highe/ aim ( e art to imitate nature1 ?is is n to be done by imitat+ any natural =m1 b by criticis+ & correct+ x1--criticis+ x by ,nature's rules ga!r$ f all h] works1 b nev] completely c>ri$ out by h] 9 any "o "w2 correct+ x1 by r5d]+ x m natural1 i4e4 m con=mable to ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,nature1 accord+ to t noble maxim record$ ( ,raffaelle1 't ! arti/'s object 0 to make ?+s n z ,nature makes !m1 b z %e ,,w\ld make !m2' z %e ev] tries to make !m1 b nev] succe$s1 ?\gh h] aim may be d$uc$ f a comp>ison ( h] ef=ts2 j z if a numb] ( ar*]s _h aim$ unsuccessfully at a m>k ^u a wall1 & ?is m>k 7 !n remov$1 we c\ld by ! exam9ation ( _! arr[ m>ks po9t out ! mo/ probable position ( ! spot aim$ at1 ) a c]ta9ty ( be+ ne>] to x ?an any ( _! %ots4#ib ,,iii4 ,i _h ?\ght t1 by ?is "t1 we _h done ) t /ale1 second-h&1 "o-sid$1 & misund]/ood say+ ( ,raffaelle's2 or t at lea/1 9 ^! days ( pur] ,*ri/ian light1 m5 might h begun to get "s insight into ! mean+ ( x3 ,raffaelle 0 a pa9t] ( humanity1 & assur$ly !re is some?+ ! matt] ) humanity1 a few dovrebbe's1 m or less1 want+ 9 x4 ,we h mo/ ( u he>d ( orig9al s91 & may p]haps1 9 our mode/ mom5ts1 conjecture t we are n q :at ,god1 or nature1 w\ld h u to be4 ,raffaelle _h some?+ to m5d 9 ,humanity3 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h se5 him m5d+ a daisy6--or a pease-blossom1 or a mo?1 or a mu/>d se$1 or any o!r ( ,god's slighte/ works4 ,if he _h accompli%$ t1 "o might h f\nd = him m respectable employm5t1--to set ! />s 9 bett] ord]1 p]haps 7!y seem griev\sly scatt]$ z !y are1 & to be ( all mann] ( %apes & sizes1--except ! ideal %ape1 & ! prop] size72 or to give u a correct$ view ( ! ocean2 t1 at lea/1 seems a v irregul> & improveable ?+2 ! v fi%]m5 d n "k1 ?is day1 h[ f> x w rea*1 driv5 up be=e ! we/ w9d3--p]haps ,"s ,"o else does1 b t is n our bus9ess4 ,let u g d[n & /& by ! bea* ( x1--( ! great irregul> sea1 & c\nt :e!r ! ?und] ( x is n out ( "t4 ,"o1--two3--"h comes a well-=m$ wave at la/1 trembl+ a little at ! top1 b1 on ! :ole1 ord]ly4 ,s1 cra% among ! %+le1 & up z f> z ?is grey pebble2 n[ /& by & wat*6 ,ano!r3--,ah1 c>eless wave6 :y c\ldn't y h kept y\r cre/ on8 x is all gone away into spray1 /rik+ up aga9/ ! cliffs !re--,i ?\ght z mu*--miss$ ! m>k by a c\ple ( feet6 ,ano!r3--,h[ n[1 impati5t "o6 c\ldn't y h wait$ till y\r fri5d's reflux 0 done )1 in/ead ( roll+ y\rself up ) x 9 t unseemly mann]8 ,y g = no?+4 ,a f\r?1 & a goodly "o at la/4 ,:at ?9k we ( yond] sl[ rise1 & cry/all9e holl[1 )\t a flaw8 ,/eady1 good wave2 n s fa/2 n s fa/2 :]e are y com+ to8--,by our ar*itectural ^w1 ?is is too bad2 two y>ds ov] ! m>k1 & ev] s mu* ( y 9 our face besides2 & a wave :i* we _h "s hope (1 beh9d !re1 brok5 all to pieces out at sea1 & lay+ a great :ite table-clo? ( foam all ! way to ! %ore1 z if ! m>9e gods 7 to d9e (f x6 ,alas1 = ^! unhappy arr[ %ots ( ,nature2 %e w nev] hit h] m>k ) ^? unruly waves ( h]s1 nor get "o ( !m1 into ! ideal %ape1 if we wait = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,let u s5d = a ,greek ar*itect to d x = h]4 ,he comes--! great ,greek ar*itect1 ) measure & rule4 ,w he n also make ! weight = ! w9ds8 & weigh out ! wat]s by measure8 & make a decree = ! ra91 & a way = ! lightn+ ( ! ?und]8 ,he sets himself ord]ly to 8 "w1 & behold6 ?is is ! m>k ( nature1 & ?is is ! ?+ into :i* ! great ,greek ar*itect improves ! sea-- ,illu/ration ,greek3 ,?alatta1 ?alatta3 ,0 x ?is1 !n1 t !y wept to see f ! sacr$ m\nta9--^? we>i$ ones8 ,,iv4 ,b ! sea 0 meant to be irregul>6 ,yes1 & 7 n also ! leaves1 & ! blades ( grass2 &1 9 a sort1 z f> z may be )\t m>k ( s91 ev5 ! c\nt5ance ( man8 ,or w\ld x be pleasant] & bett] to h u all alike1 & numb]$ on our =eheads1 t we might be kn[n "o f ! o!r8 ,v4 ,is !re1 !n1 no?+ to be done by man's art8 ,h we only to copy1 & aga9 copy1 = ev]1 ! imag]y ( ! univ]se8 ,n s4 ,we h "w to d ^u x2 !re is n any "o ( u s simple1 nor s feeble1 b he has "w to d ^u x4 ,b ! "w is n to improve1 b to expla94 ,?is inf9ite univ]se is unfa?omable1 inconceivable1 9 its :ole2 e human creature mu/ sl[ly spell out1 & long contemplate1 su* "p ( x z may be possible = him to rea*2 !n set =? :at he has le>n$ ( x = ^? b5ea? him2 extricat+ x f inf9ity1 z "o ga!rs a violet out ( grass2 "o does n improve ei!r violet or grass 9 ga!r+ x1 b "o makes ! fl[] visible2 & !n ! human be+ has to make its p[] ^u 8 own he>t visible also1 & to give x ! honor ( ! good ?\ghts x has rais$ up 9 him1 & to write ^u x ! hi/ory ( 8 own s\l4 ,& sometimes he may be able to d m ?an ?is1 & to set x 9 /range lights1 & display x 9 a ?\s& ways be=e unkn[n3 ways specially direct$ to necess>y & noble purposes1 = :i* he _h to *oose in/rum5ts out ( ! wide armory ( ,god4 ,all ?is he may d3 & 9 ?is he is only do+ :at e ,*ri/ian has to d ) ! writt51 z well z ! creat$ ^w1 rightly divid+ ! ^w ( tru?4 ,out ( ! inf9ity ( ! writt5 ^w1 he has also to ga!r & set =? ?+s new & old1 to *oose !m = ! season & ! "w t are be=e him1 to expla9 & manife/ !m to o!rs1 ) su* illu/ration & en=cem5t z may be 9 8 p[]1 & to cr[n !m ) ! hi/ory ( :at1 by !m1 ,god has done = 8 s\l4 ,&1 9 do+ ?is1 is he improv+ ! ,^w ( ,god8 ,j su* diff]5ce z !re is betwe5 ! s5se 9 :i* a m9i/] may be said to improve a text1 to ! p's com=t1 & ! s5se 9 :i* an a!i/ might decl>e t he c\ld improve ! ,book1 :i*1 if any man %all add unto1 !re %all be add$ unto him ! plagues t are writt5 !re92 j su* diff]5ce is !re betwe5 t :i*1 ) respect to ,nature1 man is1 9 8 humbl5ess1 call$ ^u to d1 & t :i*1 9 8 insol5ce1 he imag9es himself capable ( do+4 ,,vi4 ,h no fe>1 !re=e1 read]1 9 judg+ betwe5 nature & art1 s only t y love bo?4 ,if y c love "o only1 !n let x be ,nature2 y are safe ) h]3 b d n !n attempt to judge ! art1 to :i* y d n c>e to give ?\ght1 or "t4 ,b if y love bo?1 y may judge betwe5 !m fe>lessly2 y may e/imate ! la/1 by its mak+ y rememb] ! fir/1 & giv+ y ! same k9d ( joy4 ,if1 9 ! squ>e ( ! city1 y c f9d a delight1 f9ite1 inde$1 b pure & int5se1 l t :i* y h 9 a valley among ! hills1 !n its art & ar*itecture are "r2 b if1 aft] fair trial1 y c f9d no delight 9 !m1 nor any in/ruction l t ( nature1 ,i call on y fe>lessly to condemn !m4 ,we are =c$1 = ! sake ( accumulat+ our p[] & k1 to live 9 cities2 b su* advantage z we h 9 association ) ea* o!r is 9 great "p c\nt]balanc$ by our loss ( fell[%ip ) nature4 ,we _c all h our g>d5s n[1 nor our pleasant fields to m$itate 9 at ev5tide4 ,!n ! function ( our ar*itecture is1 z f> z may be1 to replace ^!2 to tell u ab\t nature2 to possess u ) memories ( h] quietness2 to be solemn & full ( t5d]ness1 l h]1 & ri* 9 portraitures ( h]2 full ( delicate imag]y ( ! fl[]s we c no m ga!r1 & ( ! liv+ creatures n[ f> away f u 9 _! own solitude4 ,if ev] y felt or f\nd ?is 9 a ,london ,/reet1--if ev] x furni%$ y ) "o s]i\s ?\ght1 or "o ray ( true & g5tle pleasure1--if !re is 9 y\r he>t a true delight 9 its grim rail+s & d>k casem5ts1 & wa/eful f9]y ( %ops1 & feeble coxcombry ( club-h\ses1--x is well3 promote ! build+ ( m l !m4 ,b if !y nev] taught y any?+1 & nev] made y happi] z y pass$ b5ea? !m1 d n ?9k !y h any my/]i\s goodness nor occult sublimity4 ,h done ) ! wret*$ affectation1 ! futile b>b>ism1 ( pret5d+ to enjoy3 =1 z surely z y "k t ! mead[ grass1 me%$ ) fairy r+s1 is bett] ?an ! wood pavem5t1 cut into hexagons2 & z surely z y "k ! fre% w9ds & sun%9e ( ! upl& are bett] ?an ! *oke-damp ( ! vault1 or ! gas-light ( ! ball-room1 y may "k1 z ,i told y t y %\ld1 t ! good ar*itecture1 :i* has life1 & tru?1 & joy 9 x1 is bett] ?an ! bad ar*itecture1 :i* has dea?1 di%one/y1 & vexation ( he>t 9 x1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( "t4 ,,vii4 ,& n[ come ) me1 = ,i h kept y too long f y\r gondola3 come ) me1 on an autumnal morn+1 ?r\gh ! d>k gates ( ,padua1 & let u take ! broad road lead+ t[>ds ! ,ea/4 ,x lies level1 = a league or two1 betwe5 its elms1 & v9e fe/oons full lad51 _! ?9 leaves ve9$ into sc>let hectic1 & _! clu/]s deep5$ into gloomy blue2 !n m\nts an embankm5t above ! ,br5ta1 & runs betwe5 ! riv] & ! broad pla91 :i* /ret*es to ! nor? 9 endless l9es ( mulb]ry & maize4 ,! ,br5ta fl[s sl[ly1 b /rongly2 a muddy volume ( yell[i%-grey wat]1 t nei!r ha/5s nor slack5s1 b glides heavily betwe5 its monoton\s banks1 ) "h & !re a %ort1 babbl+ eddy twi/$ = an in/ant into its opaque surface1 & vani%+1 z if some?+ _h be5 dragg$ into x & gone d[n4 ,du/y & %adeless1 ! road f>es along ! dyke on its nor!rn side2 & ! tall :ite t[] ( ,dolo is se5 trembl+ 9 ! heat mi/ f> away1 & nev] seems ne>] ?an x did at fir/4 ,pres5tly y pass "o ( ! mu* vaunt$ villas on ! ,br5ta3 a gl>+1 spectral %ell ( brick & /ucco1 its w9d[s ) pa9t$ ar*itraves l picture-frames1 & a c\rt-y>d pav$ ) pebbles 9 front ( x1 all burn+ 9 ! ?ick gl[ ( ! fev]i% sun%9e1 b f5c$ f ! high road1 = magnific5ce sake1 ) goodly po/s & *a9s2 !n ano!r1 ( ,kew ,go?ic1 ) ,*9ese v>iations1 pa9t$ r$ & gre52 a ?ird compos$ = ! great] "p ( dead-wall1 ) fictiti\s w9d[s pa9t$ ^u x1 ea* ) a pea-gre5 bl9d1 & a classical ar*itrave 9 bad p]spective2 & a f\r?1 ) /ucco figures set on ! top ( its g>d5-wall3 "s antique1 l ! k9d to be se5 at ! corn] ( ! ,new ,road1 & "s ( clumsy grotesque dw>fs1 ) fat bodies & l>ge boots4 ,?is is ! ar*itecture to :i* h] /udies ( ! ,r5aissance h conduct$ mod]n ,italy4 ,,viii4 ,! sun climbs /eadily1 & w>ms into int5se :ite ! walls ( ! little piazza ( ,dolo1 :]e we *ange horses4 ,ano!r dre>y /age among ! n[ divid$ bran*es ( ! ,br5ta1 =m+ irregul> & half-/agnant canals2 ) "o or two m villas on ! o!r side ( !m1 b ^! ( ! old ,v5etian type1 :i* we may h recognis$ be=e at ,padua1 & s9k+ fa/ into utt] ru91 black1 & r5t1 & lonely1 set close to ! edge ( ! dull wat]1 ) :at 7 once small g>d5s beside !m1 knead$ into mud1 & ) blight$ fragm5ts ( gn>l$ h$ges & brok5 /akes = _! f5c+2 & "h & !re a few fragm5ts ( m>ble /eps1 :i* h once giv5 !m graceful access f ! wat]'s edge1 n[ settl+ into ! mud 9 brok5 jo9ts1 all aslope1 & slipp]y ) gre5 we$4 ,at la/ ! road turns %>ply to ! nor?1 & !re is an op5 space1 cov]$ ) b5t grass1 on ! "r ( x3 b d n look t way4 ,,ix4 ,five m9utes m1 & we are 9 ! upp] room ( ! little inn at ,me/re1 glad ( a mom5t's re/ 9 %ade4 ,! table is 7always1 ,i ?9k7 cov]$ ) a clo? ( nom9al :ite & p]5nial grey1 ) plates & glasses at due int]vals1 & small loaves ( a peculi> :ite bread1 made ) oil1 & m l knots ( fl\r ?an bread4 ,! view f its balcony is n *e]ful3 a n>r[ /reet1 ) a solit>y brick *ur* & b>r5 campanile on ! o!r side ( x2 & "s cov5tual build+s1 ) a few crimson remnants ( fresco ab\t _! w9d[s2 &1 betwe5 !m & ! /reet1 a dit* ) "s sl[ curr5t 9 x1 & "o or two small h\ses beside x1 "o ) an arbor ( roses at its door1 z 9 an ,engli% tea-g>d52 ! air1 h[ev]1 ab\t u hav+ 9 x no?+ ( roses1 b a close smell ( g>lic & crabs1 w>m$ by ! smoke ( v>i\s /&s ( hot *e/nuts4 ,!re is mu* vocif]ation also go+ on b5ea? ! w9d[ respect+ c]ta9 :eelb>r[s :i* are 9 rivalry = our baggage3 we appease _! rivalry ) our be/ pati5ce1 & foll[ !m d[n ! n>r[ /reet4 ,x4 ,we h b walk$ "s two hundr$ y>ds :5 we come to a l[ :>f or quay1 at ! extremity ( a canal1 ) long /eps on ea* side d[n to ! wat]1 :i* latt] we fancy = an in/ant has become black ) /agnation2 ano!r glance undeceives u1--x is cov]$ ) ! black boats ( ,v5ice4 ,we ent] "o ( !m1 r to try if !y be real boats or n1 ?an ) any def9ite purpose1 & glide away2 at fir/ feel+ z if ! wat] 7 yield+ cont9ually b5ea? ! boat & lett+ h] s9k into s(t vacancy4 ,x is some?+ cle>] ?an any wat] we h se5 lately1 & ( a pale gre52 ! banks only two or ?ree feet above x1 ( mud & rank grass1 ) "h & !re a /unt$ tree2 glid+ swiftly pa/ ! small casem5t ( ! gondola1 z if !y 7 dragg$ by ^u a pa9t$ sc5e4 ,/roke by /roke we c\nt ! plunges ( ! o>1 ea* heav+ up ! side ( ! boat slightly z h] silv] beak %oots =w>d4 ,we lose pati5ce1 & extricate ourselves f ! cu%ions3 ! sea air bl[s ke5ly by1 z we /& lean+ on ! ro( ( ! float+ cell4 ,9 front1 no?+ to be se5 b long canal & level bank2 to ! we/1 ! t[] ( ,me/re is l[]+ fa/1 & beh9d x !re h ris5 purple %apes1 ( ! color ( dead rose-leaves1 all r\nd ! horizon1 feebly def9$ aga9/ ! aft]noon sky1--! ,alps ( ,bassano4 ,=w>d /ill3 ! endless canal b5ds at la/1 & !n breaks into intricate angles ab\t "s l[ ba/ions1 n[ torn to pieces & /agg]+ 9 ugly r5ts t[>ds ! wat]1--! ba/ions ( ! =t ( ,malgh]a4 ,ano!r turn1 & ano!r p]spective ( canal2 b n int]m9able4 ,! silv] beak cleaves x fa/1--x wid5s3 ! rank grass ( ! banks s9ks l[]1 & l[]1 & at la/ dies 9 tawny knots along an expanse ( we$y %ore4 ,ov] x1 on ! "r1 b a few ye>s back1 we might h se5 ! lagoon /ret*+ to ! horizon1 & ! w>m s\!rn sky b5d+ ov] ,malamocco to ! sea4 ,n[ we c see no?+ b :at seems a l[ & monoton\s dock-y>d wall1 ) flat ar*es to let ! tide ?r\gh x2--?is is ! railroad bridge1 conspicu\s above all ?+s4 ,b at ! end ( ^? dismal ar*es1 !re rises1 out ( ! wide wat]1 a /raggl+ l9e ( l[ & confus$ brick build+s1 :i*1 b = ! _m t[]s :i* are m+l$ among !m1 might be ! suburbs ( an ,engli% manufactur+ t[n4 ,f\r or five domes1 pale1 & app>5tly at a great] di/ance1 rise ov] ! c5tre ( ! l9e2 b ! object :i* fir/ cat*es ! eye is a sull5 cl\d ( black smoke brood+ ov] ! nor!rn half ( x1 & :i* issues f ! belfry ( a *ur*4 ,x is ,v5ice4 ,,footnotes3 #ib ,g>bett on ,design1 p4 #gd4 ,,app5dix4 #a4 ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,i f9d ! *ronicl]s agree 9 fix+ ! ye> #dba1 if any3 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ,de ,monaci may p]haps int]e/ ! read]4 ,god1 :o puni%es ! s9s ( m5 by w> sorr[s1 & ^: ways are pa/ f9d+ out1 will+ bo? to save ! innoc5t blood1 & t a great p[]1 b5eficial to ! :ole _w1 %\ld arise 9 a spot /range beyond belief1 mov$ ! *ief m5 ( ! cities ( ! ,v5etian prov9ce 7:i* f ! bord] ( ,pannonia1 ext5d$ z f> z ! ,adda1 a riv] ( ,lomb>dy71 bo? 9 memory ( pa/1 & 9 dread ( future di/ress1 to e/abli% /ates ^u ! ne>] isl&s ( ! inn] gulphs ( ! ,adriatic1 to :i*1 9 ! la/ necessity1 !y might retreat = refuge4 ,& fir/ ,gali5us de ,fontana1 ,simon de ,glauconibus1 & ,antonius ,calvus1 or1 z o!rs h x1 ,adalburtus ,fal]ius1 ,?omas ,c&iano1 ,comes ,daulus1 ,consuls ( ,padua1 by ! comm& ( _! ,k+ & ! desire ( ! citiz5s1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! new commonweal?1 "u good auspices1 on ! isl& ( ! ,rialto1 ! highe/ & ne>e/ to ! m\? ( ! deep riv] n[ call$ ! ,br5ta1 9 ! ye> ( ,our ,"l1 z _m writ]s assure u1 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-"o1 on ! #be? day ( ,m>*4#ic ,x is matt] also ( v great satisfaction to "k t ,v5ice 0 f\nd$ by good ,*ri/ians3 ,la qual citade /ada h$ificada da v]i e boni ,*ri/iani3 :i* in=mation ,i f\nd 9 ! ,,ms4 copy ( ! ,zanc>ol ,*ronicle1 9 ! libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,f9ally ! conjecture z to ! orig9 ( h] "n1 record$ by ,sansov9o1 w be accept$ will+ly by all :o love ,v5ice3 ,fu int]pretato da alcuni1 *e que/a voce ,,v5etia voglia dire ,,v5i ,,etiam1 cio1 vi5i ancora1 e ancora1 p]cio*e quante volte v]rai1 sempre v$rai nuove cose1 enuove bellezze4 #b4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,doges4 ,! be/ au?orities agree 9 giv+ ! ye> #fig z t ( ! election ( ! fir/ doge1 ,paul ,luke ,anafe/e4 ,he 0 elect$ 9 a g5]al meet+ ( ! commonalty1 tribunes1 & cl]gy1 at ,h]aclea1 div9is rebus procuratis1 z usual1 9 all s]i\s "w1 9 ^? times4 ,8 au?ority is ?us def9$ by ,sabellico1 :o 0 n likely to h exagg]at$ x3--,p5es quem decus omne imp]ii ac maje/as esset3 cui jus concilium cog5di quoties de republica aliquid ref]ri oport]et2 qui tribunos annuos 9 s+ulas insulas leg]et1 a quibus ad ,ducem esset provocatio4 ,ct]um1 si quis dignitatem1 ecclesiam1 sac]dotumve cl]i populique suffragio esset adeptus1 ita demum id ratum hab]etur si dux ipse auctor factus esset4 7,lib4 ,i47 ,! la/ clause is v important1 indicat+ ! subjection ( ! ecclesia/ical to ! popul> & ducal 7or patrician7 p[]s1 :i*1 ?r\gh\t h] c>e]1 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ! policy ( ,v5ice4 ,! appeal f ! tribunes to ! doge is also important2 & ! expression decus omne imp]ii1 if ( some:at d\btful =ce1 is at lea/ z en]getic z c\ld h be5 expect$ f an hi/orian "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,t54 #c4 ,,s]r> ,,del ,,consiglio4 ,! date ( ! decree :i* made ! "r ( sitt+ 9 ! gr& c\ncil h]$it>y1 is v>i\sly giv52 ! ,v5etian hi/orians !mselves say+ z little z !y c ab\t x4 ,! ?+ 0 evid5tly n accompli%$ at once1 sev]al decrees foll[+ 9 successive ye>s3 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t5 0 e/abli%$ )\t any d\bt 9 #acaj1 9 consequ5ce ( ! conspiracy ( ,tiepolo4 ,! ,v5etian v]se1 quot$ by ,mut9elli 7,annali ,urbani di ,v5ezia1 p4 #aec71 is wor? rememb]+4 ,del mille tres5to e diese ,a mezzo el mese delle c]iese ,bagiamonte pass el ponte ,e p] esso fo fatto el ,consegio di diese4 ,! read] _c d bett] ?an take #abig z ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! *ange ( gov]nm5t1 & ?is w enable him exactly to divide ! #aajj ye>s f ! election ( ! fir/ doge into #fjj ( mon>*y & #ejj ( ari/ocracy4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! numb]s is some:at curi\s2 #fig ! date ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 #abig ( its *ange1 & #agig ( its fall4 #d4 ,s4 ,,pietro ,,di ,,ca/ello4 ,x is cr$ibly report$ to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & 7) some:at less ( cr$ibility7 9 a place :]e ! ,trojans1 conduct$ by ,ant5or1 _h1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,troy1 built un ca/ello1 *iamato prima ,troja1 poscia ,olivolo1 int]pretato1 luogo pi5o4 ,x seems t ,/4 ,pet] appe>$ 9 p]son to ! ,bi%op ( ,h]aclea1 & comm&$ him to f\nd 9 8 honor1 a *ur* 9 t spot ( ! ris+ city on ! ,rialto3 ove avesse v$uto una m&ra di buoi e di pecore pascol>e unitam5te4 ,que/a fu la prodigiosa orig9e della ,*iesa di ,san ,pietro1 *e poscia1 o r9ovata1 o ri/aurata1 da ,orso ,p>ticipazio ,,iv ,vescovo ,olivol5se1 div5ne la ,catt$rale della ,nuova citta4 7,notizie ,/ori*e delle ,*iese e ,mona/]i di ,v5ezia4 ,padua1 #ageh47 ,:at !re 0 s prodigi\s 9 ox5 & %eep fe$+ toge!r1 we ne$ ,/4 ,pet]1 ,i ?9k1 to tell u4 ,! title ( ,bi%op ( ,ca/ello 0 fir/ tak5 9 #ajia3 ,/4 ,m>k's 0 n made ! ca!dral *ur* till #ahjg4 ,x may be ?\ght h>dly fair to conclude ! small importance ( ! old ,/4 ,pietro di ,ca/ello f ! appe>ance ( ! wret*$ mod]nisations ( #afbj4 ,b ^! mod]nisations are spok5 ( z improvem5ts2 & ,i f9d no notice ( peculi> beauties 9 ! old] build+1 ei!r 9 ! "w above quot$1 or by ,sansov9o2 :o only says t :5 x 0 de/roy$ by fire 7z ev]y?+ 9 ,v5ice 01 ,i ?9k1 ab\t ?ree times 9 a c5tury71 9 ! reign ( ,vital ,mi*ele1 x 0 rebuilt ) good ?ick walls1 ma9ta9+1 = all t1 ! ord] ( its arrangem5t tak5 f ! ,greek mode ( build+4 ,?is does n seem ! description ( a v en?usia/ic ef=t to rebuild a highly ornate ca!dral4 ,! pres5t *ur* is among ! lea/ int]e/+ 9 ,v5ice2 a wood5 bridge1 some?+ l t ( ,batt]sea on a small scale1 connects its isl&1 n[ almo/ des]t$1 ) a wret*$ suburb ( ! city beh9d ! ars5al2 & a blank level ( lifeless grass1 rott$ away 9 places r ?an trodd51 is ext5d$ be=e its mildew$ faade & solit>y t[]4 #e4 ,,papal ,,p[] ,,9 ,,v5ice4 ,i may ref] ! read] to ! elev5? *apt] ( ! tw5ty-eigh? book ( ,d>u = "s acc\nt ( ! re/ra9ts to :i* ! ,v5etian cl]gy 7 subject$4 ,i h n myself be5 able to devote any "t to ! exam9ation ( ! orig9al docum5ts be>+ on ?is matt]1 b ! foll[+ extract f a lett] ( a fri5d1 :o w n at pres5t p]mit me to give 8 "n1 b :o is c]ta9ly bett] conv]sant ) ! records ( ! ,v5etian ,/ate ?an any o!r ,engli%man1 w be ( great value to ! g5]al read]3-- ,9 ! ye> #adaj1 or p]haps at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 *ur*m5 7 exclud$ f ! ,gr& ,c\ncil & decl>$ ineligible to civil employm5t2 & 9 ! same ye>1 #adaj1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 ) ! ,giunta1 decre$ t :5ev] 9 ! /ate's c\ncils matt]s conc]n+ ecclesia/ical affairs 7 be+ treat$1 all ! k9sfolk ( ,v5etian b5efic$ cl]gym5 7 to be expell$2 &1 9 ! ye> #adcd1 ! ,,relations ( *ur*m5 7 decl>$ ineligible to ! po/ ( ambassador at ,rome4 ,! ,v5etians nev] gave possession ( any see 9 _! t]ritories to bi%ops unless !y _h be5 propos$ to ! pope by ! s5ate1 :i* elect$ ! patri>*1 :o 0 suppos$1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to be liable to exam9ation by 8 ,hol9ess1 z an act ( confirmation ( in/allation2 b ( c\rse1 ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ! relative p[] at any giv5 "t ( ,rome & ,v5ice3 = in/ance1 a few days aft] ! accession ( ,julius ,,ii41 9 #aejc1 he reque/s ! ,signory1 cap 9 h&1 to ,,all[ him to conf] ! ar*bi%opric ( ,z>a on a dep5dant ( 81 "o ,cipico ! ,bi%op ( ,famago/a4 ,six ye>s lat]1 :5 ,v5ice 0 ov]:elm$ by ! leagu]s ( ,cambrai1 t furi\s pope w\ld assur$ly h conf]r$ ,z>a on ,cipico ,,)\t ask+ leave4 ,9 #afjh1 ! ri* ,camaldolite ,abbey ( ,vangadizza1 9 ! ,poles9e1 fell vacant ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,lion>do ,lor$ano1 9 ^: family x _h be5 s9ce "s :ile4 ,! ,v5etian ambassador at ,rome receiv$ ! news on ! night ( ! #bh? ,decemb]2 &1 on ! morr[1 reque/$ ,paul ,,iv4 n to dispose ( ?is pref]m5t until he he>d f ! s5ate4 ,! pope talk$ ( 'poor c>d9als' & ( 8 nephew1 b made no positive reply2 &1 z ,francesco ,cont>9i 0 )draw+1 said to him3 ',my ,"l ambassador1 ) ?is opportunity we w in=m y t1 to our v great regret1 we und]/& t ! *iefs ( ! ,t5 mean to turn sacri/ans2 = !y ord] ! p>i% prie/s to close ! *ur* doors at ! ,ave ,m>ia1 & n to r+ ! bells at c]ta9 h\rs4 ,?is is precisely ! sacri/an's (fice2 we don't "k :y _! lord%ips1 by pr9t$ edicts1 :i* we h se51 *oose to int]f]e 9 ?is matt]4 ,?is is pure & m]e ecclesia/ical jurisdiction2 & ev51 9 case ( any inconv5i5ce aris+1 is !re n ! patri>*1 :o is at any rate y\r own2 :y n apply to him1 :o c\ld rem$y ^! irregul>ities8 ,^! are matt]s :i* cause u v notable displeasure2 we say s t !y may be writt5 & kn[n3 x is decid$ by ! c\ncils & canons1 & n utt]$ by u1 t :osoev] =ms any resolve aga9/ ! ecclesia/ical lib]ty1 _c d s )\t incurr+ c5sure3 & 9 ord] t ,fa!r ,paul ,bacon's correspond5t may n say h]eaft]1 z he did 9 8 pa/ writ+s1 t our pr$ecessors ass5t$ ei!r tacitly or by p]mission1 we decl>e t we d n give our ass5t1 nor d we approve x2 nay1 we blame x1 & let ?is be ann\nc$ 9 ,v5ice1 s t1 = ! re/1 e "o may take c>e ( 8 own consci5ce4 ,/4 ,?omas ,becket1 ^: fe/ival is celebrat$ ?is v day1 suff]$ m>tyrdom = ! ecclesia/ical lib]ty2 x is our duty likewise to support & def5d x4' ,cont>9i says3 ',?is remon/rance 0 deliv]$ ) "s m>ks ( ang]1 :i* induc$ me to tell him h[ ! tribunal ( ! mo/ excell5t ! ,lords *iefs ( ! ,t5 is 9 our c\ntry supreme2 t x does n d its bus9ess unadvis$ly1 or condesc5d to unwor?y matt]s2 & t1 !re=e1 %\ld ^? ,lords h come to any public decl>ation ( _! w1 x mu/ be attribut$ to ord]s ant]ior1 & to immemorial cu/om & au?ority1 recollect+ t1 on =m] occasions likewise1 simil> commissions 7 giv5 to prev5t div]s incongruities2 :]e=e an upright int5tion1 su* z ?is1 ought n to be tak5 9 any o!r s5se ?an its own1 especially z ! p>i%es ( ,v5ice 7 9 h] own gift1' c4 c4 ,! pope p]si/$ 9 be/[+ ! abbacy on 8 nephew1 b ! republic w\ld n give possession1 & a compromise 0 effect$ by its be+ conf]r$ on ! ,v5etian ,matteo ,priuli1 :o all[$ ! c>d9al five ?\s& ducats p] annum out ( its rev5ues4 ,a few ye>s be=e ?is1 ?is v same pope excommunicat$ ! ,/ate1 because %e _h imprison$ two *ur*m5 = he9\s crimes2 ! /rife la/$ = m ?an a ye>1 & end$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 at ^: suit ! prison]s 7 deliv]$ to ! ,fr5* ambassador1 :o made !m ov] to a papal commission]4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #adhd1 a t\rnam5t 0 9 prep>ation on ,/4 ,m>k's ,squ>e3 "s murmurs _h be5 he>d ab\t ! di/ribution ( ! prizes hav+ be5 pre-arrang$1 )\t reg>d to ! 'be/ man4' ,"o ( ! *iefs ( ! ,t5 0 walk+ along ,rialto on ! #bh? ,janu>y1 :5 a "y prie/1 tw5ty-two ye>s old1 a sword-cutl]s son1 & a ,bolognese1 & "o ( ,p]ugia1 bo? m5-at-arms "u ,rob]t ,sansov]9o1 fell ^u a clo?i] ) drawn weapons4 ,! *ief ( ! ,t5 desir$ !y might be seiz$1 b at ! mom5t ! prie/ escap$2 he 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly retak51 & 9 t v ev5+ hang$ by tor*-light betwe5 ! columns ) ! two soldi]s4 ,innoc5t ,,viii4 0 less p[]ful ?an ,paul ,,iv42 ,v5ice weak] 9 #afje ?an 9 #adhd4 99 99 99 ,! exclusion f ! ,gr& ,c\ncil1 :e!r at ! end ( ! f\rte5? or comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ( ! ,v5etian ecclesia/ics1 7z induc$ ei!r by ! republic's acquisitions on ! ma9 l& !n made1 & :i*1 ?r\gh ! ri* b5efices !y embrac$1 might h r5d]$ an ambiti\s *ur*man z dang]\s 9 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil z a victori\s condotti]e2 or f dread ( _! allegiance be+ divid$ betwe5 ! *ur* & _! c\ntry1 x be+ ackn[l$g$ t no man c s]ve two ma/]s17 did n r5d] !m ho/ile to _! fa!rl&1 ^: int]e/s 71 ) v few exceptions1 eag]ly fa!r$ by ! ,v5etian prelates at ,rome1 :o1 9 _! turn1 receiv$ all honor at ,v5ice1 :]e /ate receptions giv5 to c>d9als ( ! h\ses ( ,corr]1 ,grimani1 ,corn>o1 ,pisani1 ,cont>9i1 ,z5o1 ,delf9o1 & o!rs1 v\* = ! good und]/&+ t exi/$ betwe5 ! ',papali/s' & _! c\ntrym54 ,! ,c>d9al ,grimani 0 in/rum5tal 9 deta*+ ,julius ,,ii4 f ! league ( ,cambrai2 ! ,c>d9al ,corn>o always aid$ ! /ate to obta9 any?+ requir$ ( ,leo ,x42 &1 bo? be=e & aft] _! times1 all ,v5etians t _h a seat 9 ! ,sacr$ ,college 7 patriots r ?an plurali/s3 ,i mean t !y c>$ m = ,v5ice ?an = _! b5efices1 admitt+ ?us ! s\ndness ( t policy :i* d5i$ !m admission into ! ,gr& ,c\ncil4 ,to ?is int]e/+ /atem5t1 ,i %all add1 f ! tw5ty-eigh? book ( ,d>u1 two passages1 well des]v+ consid]ation by u ,engli% 9 pres5t days3 ,p\r tre p>faitem5t assure contre les envahissem5ts de la puissance ecclsia/ique1 ,v5ise comm5a p> lui t] t\t prtexte d'int]v5ir dans les affaires de l',etat2 elle re/a inv>iablem5t fidle au dogme4 ,jamais aucune des op9ions n\velles n'y prit la mo9dre faveur2 jamais aucun hrsi>que ne sortit de ,v5ise4 ,les conciles1 les disputes1 les gu]res de religion1 se passr5t sans qu'elle y prit jamais la mo9dre "p4 ,9branlable dans sa foi1 elle ne fut pas mo9s inv>iable dans son sy/me de tolrance4 ,non seulem5t ses sujets de la religion grecque cons]vr5t l'ex]cise de leur culte1 leurs vques et leurs prtres2 mais les ,prote/antes1 les ,armni5s1 les ,mahomitans1 les ,juifs1 t\tes les religions1 t\tes les sectes qui se tr\vai5t dans ,v5ise1 avai5t des temples1 et la spulture dans les glises n'tait po9t refus aux hrtiques4 ,une police vigilante s'appliquait avec le mme so9 te9dre les discordes1 et emp*] les fanatiques et les novateurs de tr\bl] l',etat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,si on considre que c'e/ dans un temps o presque t\tes les nations tremblai5t devant la puissance pontificale1 que les ,vniti5s sur5t t5ir leur cl]g dans la dp5dance1 et brav] s\v5t les c5sures ecclsia/iques et les int]dits1 sans enc\rir jamais aucun repro*e sur la puret de leur foi1 on s]a =c de reconnatre que cette rpublique avait dvanc de lo9 les autres peuples dans cette p>tie de la sci5ce du g\v]nem5t4 ,la fameuse maxime1 ',siamo v5eziani1 poi *ri/iani1' n'tait qu'une =mule n]gique qui ne pr\vait po9t quils v\luss5t plac] l'intrt de la religion aprs celui de l',etat1 mais qui annonait leur inv>iable rsolution de ne pas s\ffrir qu'un p\voir trang] portt atte9te aux droits de la rpublique4 ,dans t\te la dure de son exi/5ce1 an milieu des rev]s comme dans la prosprit cet 9branlable g\v]nem5t ne fit qu'une seule fois des concessions la c\r de ,borne1 et ce fut p\r dta*] le ,pape ,jules ,,ii4 de la ligue de ,cambrai4 ,jamais il ne se rel*a du so9 de t5ir le cl]g dans une nullit absolue relativem5t aux affaires politiques2 on peut en jug] p> la conduite qu'il t9t avec l'ordre religieux le plus r$\table et le plus acc\tum s'immisc] dans les secrets de l',etat et dans les intrts temporels4 ,! ma9 po9ts1 next /at$1 respect+ ! ,jesuits are1 t ! decree :i* p]mitt$ _! e/abli%m5t 9 ,v5ice requir$ =mal r5ewal e ?ree ye>s2 t no ,jesuit c\ld /ay 9 ,v5ice m ?an ?ree ye>s2 t ! slighte/ disob$i5ce to ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t 0 in/antly puni%$ by imprisonm5t2 t no ,v5etian c\ld ent] ! ord] )\t express p]mission f ! gov]nm5t2 t ! not>ies 7 =bidd5 to sanction any te/am5t>y disposal ( prop]ty to ! ,jesuits2 f9ally1 t ! heads ( noble families 7 =bidd5 to p]mit _! *ildr5 to be educat$ 9 ! ,jesuits' colleges1 on pa9 ( degradation f _! rank4 ,n[1 let x be obs]v$ t ! en=cem5t ( absolute exclusion ( ! cl]gy f ! c\ncils ( ! /ate1 dates exactly f ! p]iod :i* ,i h m>k$ = ! comm5cem5t ( ! decl9e ( ! ,v5etian p[]4 ,! ,romani/ is welcome to 8 advantage 9 ?is fact1 if advantage x be2 = ,i d n br+ =w>d ! conduct ( ! s5ate ( ,v5ice1 z ,d>u does1 by way ( an example ( ! g5]al sci5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,v5etians accompli%$ !re9 :at we ridicul\sly call a sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 7z if ! ,/ate 7 n1 9 all ,*ri/5dom1 necess>ily also ! ,*ur*#id71 b ought to call a sep>ation ( lay & cl]ical (fic]s4 ,i d n po9t out ?is sep>ation z subject ( praise1 b z ! witness borne by ! ,v5etians aga9/ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,papacy4 ,if !y 7 to blame1 9 yield+ to _! fe> ( ! ambiti\s _s ( ,rome s f> z to deprive _! c\ncils ( all religi\s elem5t1 :at excuse are we to (f] = ! /ate1 :i*1 ) ,lords ,spiritual ( h] own fai? already 9 h] s5ate1 p]mits ! polity ( ,rome to be repres5t$ by lay memb]s8 ,to h sacrific$ religion to mi/ak5 policy1 or pur*as$ security ) ignom9y1 w\ld h be5 no new ?+ 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 b to be at once impi\s & impolitic1 & seek = dang] ?r\gh di%onor1 0 res]v$ = ! ,engli% p>liam5t ( #ahbi4 ,i am glad to h ?is opportunity ( ref]r+ to1 & f>!r en=c+1 ! note on ?is subject :i*1 n )\t delib]ation1 ,i app5d$ to ! ,sev5 ,lamps2 & ( add+ to x ! foll[+ passage1 writt5 by my fa!r 9 ! ye> #ahci1 & publi%$ 9 "o ( ! j\rnals ( t ye>3--a passage rem>kable z mu* = its intr9sic value1 z = hav+ /at$1 twelve ye>s ago1 tru?s to :i* ! m9d ( ,engl& seems b n[1 & t sl[ly1 awak5+4 ,we he> x said1 t x _c be m]ely ! ,roman religion t causes ! difficulty respect+ ,irel&1 = we 7 once all ,roman ,ca?olics1 & nations abroad ( ?is fai? are n z ! ,iri%4 ,x is totally ov]look$1 t :5 we 7 s1 our gov]nm5t 0 despotic1 & fit to cope ) ?is dang]\s religion1 z mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal gov]nm5ts yet are4 ,9 :at ,roman ,ca?olic /ate1 or 9 :at age ( ,roman ,ca?olic ,engl&1 did we ev] he> ( su* agitation z n[ exi/s 9 ,irel& by evil m5 tak+ advantage ( an anomal\s /ate ( ?+s--,roman ,ca?olic ignorance 9 ! p1 ,prote/ant tol]ation 9 ! gov]nm5t8 ,we h yet to feel ! trem5d\s difficulty 9 :i* ,roman ,ca?olic emancipation has involv$ u4 ,too late we discov] t a ,roman ,ca?olic is :olly incapable ( be+ safely connect$ ) ! ,briti% con/itution1 z x n[ exi/s1 9 any ne> relation4 ,! pres5t con/itution is no long] fit = ,ca?olics4 ,x is a creature ess5tially ,prote/ant1 gr[+ ) ! gr[?1 & /r5g!n+ ) ! /r5g?1 ( ,prote/antism4 ,s entirely is ,prote/antism int]wov5 ) ! :ole frame ( our con/itution & laws1 t ,i take my /& on ?is1 aga9/ all agitators 9 exi/5ce1 t ! ,roman religion is totally incompatible ) ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,we h1 9 try+ to comb9e !m1 got into a maze ( difficulties2 we are ! worse1 & ,irel& none ! bett]4 ,x is idle to talk ( municipal re=m or popul> ,lords ,lieut5ant4 ,! mild sway ( a con/itutional mon>*y is n /rong en\gh = a ,roman ,ca?olic population4 ,! /]n s\l ( a ,republican w\ld n %r9k f s5d+ half ! misguid$ population & all ! prie/s into exile1 & plant+ 9 _! place an indu/ri\s ,prote/ant p4 ,b y _c d ?is1 & y _c conv]t ! ,iri%1 nor by o!r means make !m fit to we> ! mild re/ra9ts ( a ,prote/ant ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a /range logic t begot ! idea ( admitt+ ,ca?olics to adm9i/] any "p ( our laws or con/itution4 ,x 0 admitt$ by all t1 by ! v act ( ab&on+ ! ,roman religion1 we became a free & enlight5$ p4 ,x 0 only by ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( t slavi% religion t we atta9$ to ! fre$om ( ?\ght :i* has advanc$ u 9 ! scale ( society4 ,we are s mu* advanc$ by adopt+ & adh]+ to a re=m$ religion1 t to prove our lib]al & unprejudic$ views1 we ?r[ d[n ! b>ri]s betwixt ! two religions1 ( :i* ! "o is ! ackn[l$g$ cause ( light & k1 ! o!r ! cause ( d>kness & ignorance4 ,we are s mu* alt]$ to ! bett] by leav+ ?is p entirely1 & giv+ !m nei!r "p nor lot among/ u1 t x becomes prop] to m+le aga9 ) !m4 ,we h f\nd s mu* good 9 leav+ !m1 t we deem x ! be/ possible reason = return+ to be among !m4 ,no fe> ( _! ,*ur* aga9 %ak+ u1 ) all our light & k4 ,x is true1 ! mo/ enlight5$ nations fell "u ! spell ( h] en*antm5ts1 fell into total d>kness & sup]/ition2 b no fe> ( u--we are too well in=m$6 ,:at mis]able reason+6 infatuat$ presumption6 ,i fe> me1 :5 ! ,roman religion roll$ h] cl\ds ( d>kness ov] ! e>li] ages1 t %e qu5*$ z mu* light1 & k1 & judgm5t z our mod]n ,lib]als h ev] display$4 ,i d n expect a /atesman to discuss ! po9t ( ,transub/antiation betwixt ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 nor to trace ! n>r[ l9es :i* divide ,prote/ant sect>ians f ea* o!r2 b c any /atesman t %all h tak5 ev5 a cursory glance at ! face ( ,europe1 hesitate a mom5t on ! *oice ( ! ,prote/ant religion8 ,if he un=tunately knew no?+ ( its be+ ! true "o 9 reg>d to our et]nal int]e/s1 he is at lea/ b\nd to see :e!r x be n ! be/ = ! worldly prosp]ity ( a p4 ,he may be b mod]ately imbu$ ) pi\s zeal = ! salvation ( a k+dom1 b at lea/ he w be expect$ to weigh ! comp>ative m]its ( religion1 z ( law or gov]nm5t2 & bl9d1 inde$1 mu/ he be if he does n disc]n t1 9 neglect+ to *]i% ! ,prote/ant fai?1 or 9 too easily yield+ to any encroa*m5ts on x1 he is =ego+ ! use ( a /ate eng9e m p[]ful ?an all ! laws :i* ! un9spir$ legislators ( ! e>? h ev] promulgat$1 9 promot+ ! happ9ess1 ! peace1 prosp]ity1 & ! ord]1 ! indu/ry1 & ! weal?1 ( a p2 9 =m+ e quality valuable or desirable 9 a subject or a citiz52 9 su/a9+ ! public m9d at t po9t ( education & in=mation t =ms ! be/ security = ! /ate1 & ! be/ pres]vative = ! fre$om ( a p1 :e!r religi\s or political4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4 ,,wall ,,veil ,,decoration4 ,,ca' ,,trevisan4 #f4 ,,r5aissance ,,ornam5ts4 ,!re hav+ be5 ?ree pr9cipal /yles ( ar*itecture 9 ,v5ice1--! ,greek or ,byzant9e1 ! ,go?ic1 & ! ,r5aissance1 x w be %[n1 9 ! sequel1 t ! ,r5aissance itself is divid$ into ?ree correspond5t families3 ,r5aissance engraft$ on ,byzant9e1 :i* is e>lie/ & be/2 ,r5aissance engraft$ on ,go?ic1 :i* is second1 & second be/2 ,r5aissance on ,r5aissance1 :i* is d\ble d>kness1 & wor/ ( all4 ,! palaces 9 :i* ,r5aissance is engraft$ on ,byzant9e are ^? notic$ by ,commynes3 !y are *>act]iz$ by an ornam5tation v closely resembl+1 & 9 "s cases id5tical )1 e>ly ,byzant9e "w2 namely1 gr\ps ( color$ m>ble circles inclos$ 9 int]lac+ b&s4 ,i h put on ! opposite page "o ( ^! ornam5ts1 f ! ,ca' ,trevisan1 9 :i* a mo/ curi\s & delicate piece ( inlaid design is introduc$ into a b& :i* is almo/ exactly copi$ f ! *ur* ( ,!otocos at ,con/ant9ople1 & correspond5t ) o!rs 9 ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,!re is also mu* ,byzant9e feel+ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! animals1 especially 9 ! two birds ( ! l[] comp>tm5t1 :ile ! peculi> curves ( ! c9que c5to leafage are visible 9 ! leaves above4 ,! dove1 alight$1 ) ! olive-bran* pluck$ (f1 is oppos$ to ! rav5 ) re/less exp&$ w+s4 ,b5ea? are evid5tly ! two sacrifices ( e clean f[l & ( e clean bea/4 ,! color is giv5 ) gre5 & :ite m>bles1 ! dove reliev$ on a gr\nd ( greyi% gre51 & all is exquisitely f9i%$4 ,9 ,plate ,i41 p4 #ac1 ! upp] figure is f ! same palace 7,ca' ,trevisan71 & x is v int]e/+ 9 its proportions4 ,if we take five circles 9 geometrical proportion1 ea* diamet] be+ two-?irds ( ! diamet] next above x1 & arrange ! circles s proportion$1 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! plate1 we %all f9d t an increase q imp]ceptible 9 ! diamet] ( ! circles 9 ! angles1 w enable u to inscribe ! :ole 9 a squ>e4 ,! l9es s describ$ w !n run 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite b&s4 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ?is is ! actual con/ruction ( ! ,trevisan design1 because x is on a high wall surface1 :]e ,i c\ld n get at its measurem5ts2 b ,i f\nd ?is con/ruction exactly co9cide ) ! l9es ( my eye sket*4 ,! l[] figure 9 ,plate ,i4 is f ! front ( ! ,ca' ,d>io1 & probably /ruck ! eye ( ,commynes 9 its fir/ brightness4 ,salvatico1 inde$1 consid]s bo? ! ,ca' ,trevisan 7:i* once belong$ to ,bianca ,cappello7 & ! ,ca' ,d>io1 z build+s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i def] ! discussion ( ! "q at pres5t1 b h1 ,i believe1 suffici5t reason = assum+ ! ,ca' ,d>io to h be5 built ab\t #adhf1 & ! ,ca' ,trevisan n mu* lat]4 #g4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,ord]s4 ,( ^! phantasms & grotesques1 "o ( "s g5]al importance is t commonly call$ ,ionic1 ( :i* ! idea 0 tak5 7,vitruvius says7 f a woman's hair1 curl$2 b its lat]al processes look m l rams' horns3 be t z x may1 x is a m]e piece ( agreeable extravagance1 & if1 in/ead ( rams' horns1 y put ibex horns1 or c[s' horns1 or an ass's head at once1 y w h ibex ord]s1 or ass ord]s1 or any numb] ( o!r ord]s1 "o = e head or horn4 ,y may h he>d ( ano!r ord]1 ! ,composite1 :i* is ,ionic & ,cor9?ian mix$1 & is "o ( ! wor/ ( t5 ?\s& =ms ref]able to ! ,cor9?ian z _! head3 x may be describ$ z a spoil$ ,cor9?ian4 ,& y may h also he>d ( ano!r ord]1 call$ ,tuscan 7:i* is no ord] at all1 b a spoil$ ,doric73 & ( ano!r call$ ,roman ,doric1 :i* is ,doric m spoil$1 bo? :i* are simply among ! mo/ /upid v>iations ev] inv5t$ ^u =ms already kn[n4 ,i f9d also 9 a ,fr5* pamphlet ^u ar*itecture1#ie z appli$ to %ops & dwell+ h\ses1 a six? ord]1 ! ,ordre ,franais1 at lea/ z good z any ( ! ?ree la/1 & to be hail$ ) acclamation1 consid]+ :5ce x comes1 !re be+ usually m t5d5cy on ! o!r side ( ! *annel to ! confusion ( ord]s ?an _! multiplication3 b ! read] w f9d 9 ! end t !re are 9 v de$ only two ord]s1 ( :i* ! ,greek1 ,doric1 & ,cor9?ian are ! fir/ examples1 & !y n p]fect1 nor 9 anywise suffici5tly repres5tative ( ! va/ families to :i* !y belong2 b be+ ! fir/ & ! be/ kn[n1 !y may prop]ly be consid]$ z ! types ( ! re/4 ,! ess5tial di/9ctions ( ! two great ord]s he w f9d expla9$ 9 ,,xxxv4 & ,,xxxvi4 ( ,*ap4 ,,xxvii41 & 9 ! passages !re ref]r$ to2 b ,i %\ld r desire t ^! passages might be read 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 #h4 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,en]gy4 ,i h sket*$ above1 9 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]1 ! great ev5ts ( ar*itectural hi/ory 9 ! simple/ & fewe/ words ,i c\ld2 b ?is indraught ( ! ,lomb>d en]gies ^u ! ,byzant9e re/1 l a wild nor? w9d desc5d+ into a space ( r>ifi$ atmosph]e1 & enc\nt]$ by an ,arab simoom f ! s\?1 may well require f u "s f>!r att5tion2 = ! diff]5ces 9 all ^! s*ools are m 9 ! degrees ( _! impetuosity & ref9em5t 7^! qualities be+1 9 mo/ cases1 9 inv]se ratio1 yet mu* unit$ by ! ,arabs7 ?an 9 ! /yle ( ! ornam5ts !y employ4 ,! same leaves1 ! same animals1 ! same arrangem5t1 are us$ by ,sc&9avians1 anci5t ,britons1 ,saxons1 ,normans1 ,lomb>ds1 ,romans1 ,byzant9es1 & ,arabians2 all be+ alike desc5d$ ?r\gh classic ,greece f ,egypt & ,assyria1 & "s f ,pho5icia4 ,! belts :i* encompass ! ,assyrian bulls1 9 ! hall ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 are ! same z ! belts ( ! ornam5ts f\nd 9 ,sc&9avian tumuli2 _! me?od ( ornam5tation is ! same z t ( ! gate ( ,myc51 & ( ! ,lomb>d pulpit ( ,/4 ,ambrogio ( ,milan1 & ( ! *ur* ( ,!otocos at ,con/ant9ople2 ! ess5tial diff]5ces among ! great s*ools are _! diff]5ces ( temp] & treatm5t1 & sci5ce ( expression2 x is absurd to talk ( ,norman ornam5ts1 & ,lomb>d ornam5ts1 & ,byzant9e ornam5ts1 z =mally di/+ui%$2 b !re is irreconcileable sep>ation betwe5 ,arab temp]1 & ,lomb>d temp]1 & ,byzant9e temp]4 ,n[1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to comp>e ! ?ree s*ools1 x appe>s to me t ! ,arab & ,lomb>d are bo? di/+ui%$ f ! ,byzant9e by _! en]gy & love ( excitem5t1 b ! ,lomb>d /&s alone 9 8 love ( je/3 ,nei!r an ,arab nor ,byzant9e ev] je/s 9 8 ar*itecture2 ! ,lomb>d has great difficulty 9 ev] be+ ?or\ghly s]i\s2 ?us !y repres5t ?ree conditions ( humanity1 "o 9 p]fect re/1 ! ,byzant9e1 ) exquisite p]ception ( grace & dignity2 ! ,arab1 ) ! same p]ception ( grace1 b ) a re/less fev] 9 8 blood2 ! ,lomb>d1 equally en]getic1 b n burn+ himself away1 capable ( submitt+ to law1 & ( enjoy+ je/4 ,b ! ,arabian fev]i%ness infects ev5 ! ,lomb>d 9 ! ,s\?1 %[+ itself1 h[ev]1 9 endless inv5tion1 ) a refre%+ firmness & ord] direct+ ! :ole ( x4 ,! excitem5t is greate/ 9 ! e>lie/ times1 mo/ ( all %[n 9 ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia2 & ,i am /rongly dispos$ to connect mu* ( its peculi> manife/ations ) ! ,lomb>d's habits ( eat+ & dr9k+1 especially 8 c>nivor\sness4 ,! ,lomb>d ( e>ly times seems to h be5 exactly :at a tig] w\ld be1 if y c\ld give him love ( a joke1 vigor\s imag9ation1 /rong s5se ( ju/ice1 fe> ( hell1 k ( nor!rn my?ology1 a /one d51 & a mallet & *isel2 fancy him pac+ up & d[n 9 ! said d5 to dige/ 8 d9n]1 & /rik+ on ! wall1 ) a new fancy 9 8 head1 at e turn1 & y h ! ,lomb>dic sculptor4 ,z civilisation increases ! supply ( vegetables1 & %ort5s t ( wild bea/s1 ! excitem5t dim9i%es2 x is /ill /rong 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,lyons & ,r\52 x dies away gradually 9 ! lat] ,go?ic1 & is q ext9ct 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be/ illu/rate ?is g5]al idea by simply copy+ ! entries 9 my di>y :i* 7 writt5 :51 aft] six mon?s' close /udy ( ,byzant9e "w 9 ,v5ice1 ,i came aga9 to ! ,lomb>d "w ( ,v]ona & ,pavia4 ,!re are "s o!r po9ts allud$ to 9 ^! entries n p]ta9+ to ! matt] imm$iately 9 h&2 b ,i h left !m1 z !y w be ( use h]eaft]4 7,v]ona47 ,comp>+ ! arabesque & sculpture ( ! ,duomo "h ) ,/4 ,m>k's1 ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes "o is ! l[ relief1 ! second1 ! great] motion & _s1 ) inf9itely less grace & sci5ce4 ,) ! ,byzant9e1 h[ev] rude ! cutt+1 e l9e is lovely1 & ! animals or m5 are plac$ 9 any attitudes :i* secure ornam5tal effect1 sometimes impossible ones1 always sev]e1 re/ra9$1 or languid4 ,) ! ,romanesque workm5 all ! figures %[ ! ef=t 7(t5 successful7 to express en]getic action2 hunt+ *iefly1 mu* fight+1 & bo? spirit$2 "s ( ! dogs runn+ capitally1 /ra9+ to x1 & ! knights hitt+ h>d1 :ile yet ! faces & draw+ are 9 ! la/ degree b>b>\s4 ,at ,v5ice all is graceful1 fix$1 or languid2 ! ea/]n torpor is 9 e l9e1--! m>k ( a s*ool =m$ on sev]e traditions1 & keep+ to !m1 & nev] likely or desir\s to rise beyond !m1 b ) an exquisite s5se ( beauty1 & mu* solemn religi\s fai?4 ,if ! ,greek out] ar*ivolt ( ,/4 ,m>k's is ,byzant9e1 ! law is some:at brok5 by its busy dome/icity2 figures engag$ 9 e trade1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( vi&s ( all k9ds2 a cr[d$ k9d ( ,london ,*ri/mas sc5e1 int]leav$ 7lit]ally7 by ! sup]b balls ( leafage1 unique 9 sculpture2 b ev5 ?is is /rongly oppos$ to ! wild w> & *ase passion ( ! ,lomb>d4 ,f>!r1 ! ,lomb>d build+ is z %>p1 precise1 & accurate1 z t ( ,/4 ,m>k's is c>eless4 ,! ,byzant9es seem to h be5 too lazy to put _! /ones toge!r2 &1 9 g5]al1 my fir/ impression on com+ to ,v]ona1 aft] f\r mon?s 9 ,v5ice1 is ( ! exquisitely neat masonry & p]fect feel+ "h2 a /yle ( ,go?ic =m$ by a comb9ation ( ,lomb>d surface ornam5t ) ,pisan ,go?ic1 ?an :i* no?+ c possibly be m *a/e1 pure1 or solemn4 ,i h said mu* ( ! %afts ( ! entrance to ! crypt ( ,/4 ,z5o2#if ! foll[+ note ( ! sculptures on ! ar*ivolt above !m is to our pres5t purpose3 ,x is cov]$ by v light b mo/ effective bas-reliefs ( je/+ subject3--two cocks c>ry+ on _! %\ld]s a long /aff to :i* a fox 787 is ti$ by ! legs1 hang+ d[n betwe5 !m3 ! /rut ( ! =emo/ cock1 lift+ "o leg at "r angles to ! o!r1 is delici\s4 ,!n a /ag hunt1 ) a c5taur horseman draw+ a b[2 ! arr[ has gone cle> ?r\gh ! /ag's ?roat1 & is /ick+ !re4 ,sev]al capital hunts ) dogs1 ) fruit trees betwe51 & birds 9 !m2 ! leaves1 consid]+ ! e>ly "t1 s+ul>ly well set1 ) ! edges outw>ds1 %>p1 & deep cut3 snails & frogs fill+ up ! int]vals1 z if susp5d$ 9 ! air1 ) "s saucy puppies on _! h9d legs1 two or ?ree nondescript bea/s2 &1 f9ally1 on ! c5tre ( "o ( ! ar*es on ! s\? side1 an elephant & ca/le1--a v /range elephant1 yet cut z if ! c>v] _h se5 "o4 ,obs]ve ?is elephant & ca/le2 we %all meet ) him f>!r nor?4 ,^! sculptures ( ,/4 ,z5o are1 h[ev]1 q quiet & tame comp>$ ) ^? ( ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia1 :i* are design$ also 9 a some:at gloomi] mood2 significative1 z ,i ?9k1 ( indige/ion4 7,note t !y are mu* e>li] ?an ,/4 ,z5o2 ( ! sev5? c5tury at late/4 ,!re is m ( nightm>e1 & less ( wit 9 !m47 ,"l ,l9dsay has describ$ !m admirably1 b has n said half en\gh2 ! /ate ( m9d repres5t$ by ! we/ front is m t ( a fev]i% dream1 ?an resultant f any det]m9$ ar*itectural purpose1 or ev5 f any def9ite love & delight 9 ! grotesque4 ,"o capital is cov]$ ) a mass ( gr9n+ heads1 o!r heads gr[ out ( two bodies1 or out ( & "u feet2 ! creatures are all fight+1 or dev\r+1 or /ruggl+ :i* %all be upp]mo/1 & yet 9 an ineffectual way1 z if !y w\ld fight = ev]1 & come to no decision4 ,nei!r sph9xes nor c5taurs did ,i notice1 nor a s+le peacock 7,i believe peacocks to be purely ,byzant9e71 b m]maids ) two tails 7! sculptor hav+ p]haps se5 d\ble at ! "t71 /range1 l>ge fi%1 apes1 /ags 7bulls871 dogs1 wolves1 & horses1 griff9s1 eagles1 long-tail$ birds 7cocks871 hawks1 & dragons1 )\t end1 or ) a doz5 ( ends1 z ! case may be2 small] birds1 ) rabbits1 & small nondescripts1 fill+ ! friezes4 ,! actual leaf1 :i* is us$ 9 ! be/ ,byzant9e m\ld+s at ,v5ice1 occurs 9 p>ts ( ^! ,pavian designs4 ,b ! ,lomb>d animals are all alive1 & fi]cely alive too1 all impati5ce & spr+3 ! ,byzant9e birds peck idly at ! fruit1 & ! animals h>dly t\* x ) _! noses4 ,! c9que c5to birds 9 ,v5ice hold x up da9tily1 l tra9-be>]s2 ! birds 9 ! e>li] ,go?ic peck at x hungrily & naturally2 b ! ,lomb>d bea/s gripe at x l tig]s1 & te> x (f ) wri?+ lips & gl>+ eyes4 ,!y are exactly l ,jip ) ! bit ( g]anium1 worry+ imag9>y cats 9 x4 ,! notice ( ! leaf 9 ! above extract is important1--x is ! v9e-leaf2 us$ con/antly bo? by ,byzant9es & ,lomb>ds1 b by ! latt] ) especial frequ5cy1 ?\gh at ?is "t !y 7 h>dly able to indicate :at !y meant4 ,x =ms ! mo/ rem>kable g5]ality ( ! ,/4 ,mi*ele decoration2 ?\gh1 _h x n luckily be5 c>v$ on ! faade1 tw9+ r\nd a /ake1 & ) grapes1 ,i %\ld nev] h kn[n :at x 0 meant =1 its g5]al =m be+ a succession ( %>p lobes1 ) incis$ furr[s to ! po9t ( ea*4 ,b x is ?r[n ab\t 9 endless *ange2 f\r or five v>ieties ( x might be f\nd on e clu/] ( capitals3 & n cont5t ) ?is1 ! ,lomb>ds h9t ! same =m ev5 9 _! griff9 w+s4 ,!y love ! v9e v he>tily4 ,9 ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,lucca we h p]haps ! noble/ in/ance 9 ,italy ( ! ,lomb>d _s 9 its lat] ref9em5t4 ,x is "s f\r c5turies lat] ?an ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia1 & ! me?od ( workman%ip is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 ! ,pavian *ur*1 ne>ly all ! ornam5t is cut 9 a co>se s&/one1 9 bold relief3 a d>k] & h>d] /one 7,i ?9k1 n s]p5t9e1 b its surface is s disguis$ by ! lu/re ( ages t ,i c\ld n be c]ta97 is us$ = ! capitals ( ! we/]n door1 :i* are especially elaborate 9 _! sculpture2--two devili% apes1 or api% devils1 ,i "k n :i*1 ) bri/ly m\/a*es & edgy tee?1 half-cr\*+1 ) _! h&s imp]t95tly on _! knees1 ready = a spit or a spr+ if "o goes ne> !m2 b all is pure bossy sculpture2 !re is no inlay+1 except ( "s v>iegat$ tiles 9 ! %ape ( sauc]s set concave 7an ornam5t us$ also v gracefully 9 ,/4 ,jacopo ( ,bologna73 & ! :ole surface ( ! *ur* is enri*$ ) ! massy reliefs1 well pres]v$ ev]y:]e above ! rea* ( human animals1 b utt]ly de/roy$ to "s five or six feet f ! gr\nd2 worn away into l>ge cellul> holl[s & cav]ns1 "s almo/ deep en\gh to r5d] ! walls unsafe1 entirely ow+ to ! uses to :i* ! recesses ( ! *ur* are d$icat$ by ! ref9$ & high-m9d$ ,italians4 ,b ,/4 ,mi*ele ( ,lucca is wr\ght entirely 9 :ite m>ble & gre5 s]p5t9e2 !re is h>dly any reliev$ sculpture except 9 ! capitals ( ! %afts & cornices1 & all ! designs ( wall ornam5t are inlaid ) exquisite precision--:ite on d>k gr\nd2 ! gr\nd be+ cut out & fill$ ) s]p5t9e1 ! figures left 9 solid m>ble4 ,! designs ( ! ,pavian *ur* are encru/$ on ! walls2 ( ! ,luc*ese1 incorporat$ ) !m2 small portions ( real sculpture be+ introduc$ exactly :]e ! eye1 aft] its re/ on ! flatness ( ! wall1 w take mo/ delight 9 ! piece ( sub/antial =m4 ,! entire arrangem5t is p]fect beyond all praise1 & ! morbid re/lessness ( ! old designs is n[ appeas$4 ,geometry seems to h act$ z a febrifuge1 = beautiful geometrical designs are introduc$ amid/ ! tumult ( ! hunt2 & !re is no m see+ d\ble1 nor gha/ly mon/rosity ( conception2 no m end+ ( ev]y?+ 9 some?+ else2 no m disput+ = sp>e legs among bewild]$ bodies2 no m sett+ on ( heads wrong side =emo/4 ,! fragm5ts h come toge!r3 we are out ( ! ,inf]no ) its weep+ d[n ! sp9e2 we are 9 ! fair hunt+-fields ( ! ,luc*ese m\nta9s 7?\gh !y _h _! te>s also71--) horse1 & h\nd1 & hawk2 & m]ry bla/ ( ! trumpet4--,v /range creatures to be hunt$1 9 all tru?2 b /ill creatures ) a s+le head1 & t on _! %\ld]s1 :i* is exactly ! la/ place 9 ! ,pavian *ur* :]e a head is to be look$ =4 ,my good fri5d ,mr4 ,cock]ell wond]s1 9 "o ( 8 lectures1 :y ,i give s mu* praise to ?is crazy front ( ,lucca4 ,b x is n crazy2 n by any means4 ,altoge!r sob]1 9 comp>ison ) ! e>ly ,lomb>d "w1 or ) our ,norman4 ,crazy 9 "o s5se x is3 utt]ly neglect$1 to ! break+ ( its old /\t he>t2 ! v5om\s nights & salt fro/s ( ! ,m>emma w9t]s h _! way ) x--,poor ,tom's a cold6 ,! we$s t fe$ on ! m>% air1 h twi/$ !mselves into its crannies2 ! poli%$ fragm5ts ( s]p5t9e are spit & r5t out ( _! cells1 & lie 9 gre5 ru9s along its l$ges2 ! salt sea w9ds h eat5 away ! fair %aft+ ( its /> w9d[ into a skeleton ( crumbl+ rays4 ,x _c /& mu* long]2 may ,heav5 only1 9 its b5ignity1 pres]ve x f re/oration1 & ! s&s ( ! ,s]*io give x honorable grave4 ,9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 ,plate ,,vi41 ,i gave a fai?ful draw+ ( "o ( its upp] ar*es1 to :i* ,i mu/ ref] ! read]2 = !re is a m>k$ piece ( "* 9 ! figure ( ! horseman on ! left ( x4 ,& 9 mak+ ?is ref]5ce1 ,i w\ld say a few words ab\t ^? mu* abus$ plates ( ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,!y are black1 !y are ov]bitt51 !y are ha/ily drawn1 !y are co>se & disagreeable2 h[ disagreeable to _m read]s ,i v5ture n to conceive4 ,b _! tru? is c>ri$ to an ext5t nev] be=e attempt$ 9 ar*itectural draw+4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t because a draw+ is delicate1 or looks c>eful1 x has be5 c>efully drawn f ! ?+ repres5t$2 9 n9e in/ances out ( t51 c>eful & delicate draw+s are made at home4 ,x is n s easy z ! read]1 p]haps1 imag9es1 to f9i% a draw+ altoge!r on ! spot1 especially ( details sev5ty feet f ! gr\nd2 & any "o :o w try ! position 9 :i* ,i h _h to d "s ( my "w--/&+1 namely1 on a cornice or w9d[ sill1 hold+ by "o arm r\nd a %aft1 & hang+ ov] ! /reet 7or canal1 at ,v5ice71 ) my sket*-book support$ aga9/ ! wall f :i* ,i 0 draw+1 by my brea/1 s z to leave my "r h& free--w n !nce=w>d wond] t %ad[s %\ld be occasionally c>elessly laid 91 or l9es drawn ) "s un/ead9ess4 ,b1 /eady1 or infirm1 ! sket*es ( :i* ^? plates 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps are fac-similes1 7 made f ! ar*itecture itself1 & repres5t t ar*itecture ) its actual %ad[s at ! "t ( day at :i* x 0 drawn1 & ) e fissure & l9e ( x z !y n[ exi/2 s t :5 ,i am speak+ ( "s new po9t1 :i* p]haps ! draw+ 0 n int5d$ to illu/rate1 ,i c yet turn back to x ) p]fect c]ta9ty t if any?+ be f\nd 9 x be>+ on matt]s n[ 9 h&1 ,i may dep5d ^u x j z securely z if ,i _h gone back to look aga9 at ! build+4 ,x is necess>y t my read]s %\ld und]/& ?is ?or\ghly1 & ,i did n be=e suffici5tly expla9 x2 b ,i believe ,i c %[ !m ! use ( ?is k9d ( tru?1 n[ t we are aga9 conc]n$ ) ?is front ( ,lucca4 ,!y w f9d a draw+ ( ! entire front 9 ,gally ,knight's ,ar*itecture ( ,italy4 ,x may s]ve to give !m an idea ( its g5]al disposition1 & x looks v c>eful & accurate2 b e bit ( ! ornam5t on x is drawn out ( ! arti/'s head4 ,!re is n "o l9e ( x t exi/s on ! build+4 ,! read] w !re=e1 p]haps1 ?9k my ugly black plate ( some:at m value1 ^u ! :ole1 9 its r\gh v]acity1 ?an ! o!r 9 its delicate fiction4#ig ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,,wall ,,veil ,,decoration4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i made a draw+ ( ano!r "p ( ! *ur* some:at m delicately1 & z ,i d n *oose t my favorite *ur* %\ld suff] 9 honor by my co>se "w1 ,i h _h ?is1 z f> z might be1 fac-simili$ by l9e engrav+ 7,plate ,,xxi474 ,x repres5ts ! s\!rn side ( ! l[] arcade ( ! we/ front2 & may convey "s idea ( ! exquisite f9i% & grace ( ! :ole2 b ! old plate1 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 gives a ne>] view ( "o ( ! upp] ar*es1 & a m fai?ful impression ( ! pres5t aspect ( ! "w1 & especially ( ! seats ( ! horsem52 ! limb /raight1 & well d[n on ! /irrup 7! w>rior's seat1 obs]ve1 n ! jockey's71 ) a s+le po9t$ spur on ! heel4 ,! bit ( ! l[] cornice "u ?is ar* ,i c\ld n see1 & !re=e _h n drawn2 x 0 suppli$ f b5ea? ano!r ar*4 ,i am afraid1 h[ev]1 ! read] has lo/ ! ?read ( my /ory :ile ,i h be5 recomm5d+ my v]acity to him4 ,i 0 insi/+ ^u ! heal?y tone ( ?is ,lucca "w z comp>$ ) ! old spectral ,lomb>d friezes4 ,! apes ( ! ,pavian *ur* ride )\t /irrups1 b all is 9 good ord] & h>ness "h3 civilisation _h done its "w2 !re 0 reap+ ( corn 9 ! ,val d',arno1 ?\gh r\gh hunt+ /ill ^u its hills4 ,b 9 ! nor?1 ?\gh a c5tury or two lat]1 we f9d ! =e/s ( ! ,rhone1 & its rude lime/one cotes1 haunt$ by phantasms /ill 7m meat-eat+1 !n1 ,i ?9k74 ,i d n "k a m int]e/+ gr\p ( ca!drals ?an t ( ,lyons1 ,vi5ne1 & ,val5cia3 a m int]e/+ inde$1 g5]ally1 ?an beautiful2 b !re is a r[ ( ni*es on ! we/ front ( ,lyons1 & a c\rse ( panell$ decoration ab\t its doors1 :i* is1 )\t exception1 ! mo/ exquisite piece ( ,nor!rn ,go?ic ,i ev] beheld1 & ) :i* ,i "k no?+ t is ev5 comp>able1 except ! "w ( ! nor? transept ( ,r\51 describ$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 p4 #aei2 "w ( ab\t ! same date1 & exactly ! same plan2 quatrefoils fill$ ) grotesques1 b some:at less f9i%$ 9 execution1 & some:at less wild 9 imag9ation4 ,i wrote d[n ha/ily1 & 9 _! own c\rse1 ! subjects ( "s ( ! quatrefoils ( ,lyons2 ( :i* ,i "h give ! read] ! sequ5ce3-- #a4 ,elephant & ca/le2 less graphic ?an ! ,/4 ,z5o "o4 #b4 ,a huge head walk+ on two legs1 turn$ backw>ds1 ho($2 ! head has a horn beh9d1 ) drap]y ov] x1 :i* ends 9 ano!r head4 #c4 ,a bo> hunt2 ! bo> "u a tree1 v spirit$4 #d4 ,a bird putt+ its head betwe5 its legs to bite its own tail1 :i* ends 9 a head4 #e4 ,a dragon ) a human head set on ! wrong way4 #f4 ,/4 ,pet] awak5$ by ! angel 9 prison2 full ( _s1 ! prison picturesque1 ) a trefoil$ ar*1 ! angel eag]1 ,/4 ,pet] />tl$1 & full ( motion4 #g4 ,/4 ,pet] l$ out by ! angel4 #h4 ,! miracul\s draught ( fi%es2 fi% & all1 9 ! small space4 #i4 ,a l>ge leaf1 ) two snails rampant1 com+ out ( nautilus %ells1 ) grotesque faces1 & eyes at ! ends ( _! horns4 #aj4 ,a man ) an axe /rik+ at a dog's head1 :i* comes out ( a nautilus %ell3 ! rim ( ! %ell bran*es into a /em ) two l>ge leaves4 #aa4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian2 8 body v full ( arr[s4 #ab4 ,bea/s com+ to ark2 ,noah op5+ a k9d ( wick] cage4 #ac4 ,noah build+ ! ark on %ores4 #ad4 ,a v9e leaf ) a dragon's head & tail1 ! "o bit+ ! o!r4 #ae4 ,a man rid+ a goat1 cat*+ a fly+ devil4 #af4 ,an eel or mura5a gr[+ into a bun* ( fl[]s1 :i* turns into two w+s4 #ag4 ,a sprig ( hazel1 ) nuts1 ?r[n all ar\nd ! quatrefoils ) a squirrel 9 c5tre1 app>5tly atta*$ to ! tree only by its enorm\s tail1 ri*ly furr[$ into hair1 & nobly sweep+4 #ah4 ,f\r h>es fa/5$ toge!r by ! e>s1 gallop+ 9 a circle4 ,m+l$ ) ^! grotesques are _m sword & buckl] combats1 ! buckl]s be+ r\nd & conical l a hat2 ,i ?\ght ! fir/ ,i notic$1 c>ri$ by a man at full gallop on horseback1 _h be5 a small umbrella4 ,?is li/ ( subjects may suffici5tly illu/rate ! fev]i% "* ( ! ,nor!rn ,en]gy2 b influ5c+ ! treatm5t ( ! :ole !re is also ! ,nor!rn love ( :at is call$ ! ,grotesque1 a feel+ :i* ,i f9d myself1 = ! pres5t1 q incapable ei!r ( analys+ or def9+1 ?\gh we all h a di/9ct idea atta*$ to ! ^w3 ,i %all try1 h[ev]1 9 ! next volume4 #i4 ,,wood5 ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,nor?4 ,i _c pl$ge myself to ?is !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! vault+ %aft1 b ! read] w f9d "s int]e/+ confirmations ( x 9 ,dahl's "w on ! wood5 *ur*es ( ,norway4 ,! inside view ( ! *ur* ( ,borgund %[s ! timb] con/ruction ( "o %aft run up ?r\gh a cross+ ar*itrave1 & cont9u$ into ! cl]e/ory2 :ile ! *ur* ( ,urnes is 9 ! exact =m ( a basilica2 b ! wall above ! ar*es is =m$ ( planks1 ) a /rong upright above ea* capital4 ,! passage quot$ f ,/eph5 ,eddy's ,life ( ,bi%op ,wilfrid1 at p4 #hf ( ,*urton's ,e>ly ,engli% ,*ur*1 gives u "o ( ! trans=mations or petrifactions ( ! wood5 ,saxon *ur*es4 ,at ,ripon he built a new *ur* ( poli%$ /one1 ) columns v>i\sly ornam5t$1 & por*es4 ,mr4 ,*urton adds3 ,x 0 p]haps 9 bad imitation ( ! m>ble build+s he _h se5 9 ,italy1 t he wa%$ ! walls ( ?is orig9al ,york ,m9/]1 & made !m ':it] ?an sn[4' #aj4 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,alex&ria4 ,! v cause :i* enabl$ ! ,v5etians to possess !mselves ( ! body ( ,/4 ,m>k1 0 ! de/ruction ( ! *ur* by ! caliph = ! sake ( its m>bles3 ! ,arabs & ,v5etians1 ?\gh bitt] enemies1 ?us build+ on ! same models2 ^! 9 rev]5ce = ! de/roy$ *ur*1 & ^? ) ! v pieces ( x4 ,9 ! some:at prolix acc\nt ( ! matt] giv5 9 ! ,notizie ,/ori*e 7above quot$7 ! ma9 po9ts are1 t il ,califa de' ,s>ac5i1 p] fabbric>si un ,palazzo presse di ,babilonia1 aveva ord9ato *e dalle ,*iese d' ,cri/iani si togliess]o i pi scelti m>mi2 & t ! ,v5etians1 vid]o sotto i loro oc*i flagell>si crudelm5te un ,cri/iano p] av] infranto un m>mo4 ,i he>tily wi% t ! same k9d ( puni%m5t 7 en=c$ to ?is day1 = ! same s94 #aa4 ,,r5aissance ,,l&scape4 ,i am glad "h to re-ass]t op9ions :i* x has griev$ me to be suspect$ ( hav+ *ang$4 ,! calm] tone ( ! second volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 z comp>$ ) ! fir/1 induc$1 ,i believe1 ?is suspicion1 v ju/ifiably1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( its read]s4 ,! diff]5ce result$1 h[ev]1 f ! simple fact1 t ! fir/ 0 writt5 9 great ha/e & indignation1 = a special purpose & "t2--! second1 aft] ,i _h got engag$1 almo/ unaw>es1 9 inquiries :i* c\ld n be ha/ily nor indignantly pursu$2 my op9ions rema9+ !n1 & rema9+ n[1 altoge!r un*ang$ on ! subject :i* l$ me into ! discussion4 ,& t no f>!r d\bt ( !m may be ent]ta9$ by any :o may ?9k !m wor? que/ion+1 ,i %all "h1 once = all1 express !m 9 ! pla9e/ & fewe/ words ,i c4 ,i ?9k t ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] is n only ! greate/ 7pr(ess$7 l&scape pa9t] :o ev] liv$1 b t he has 9 him z mu* z w\ld h furni%$ all ! re/ ) su* p[] z !y _h2 & t if we put ,nicolo ,p\ss91 ,salvator1 & our own ,ga9sbor\gh out ( ! gr\p1 he w\ld cut up into ,claudes1 ,cuyps1 ,ruysdaels1 & su* o!rs1 by unc\nt$ bun*es4 ,i hope ?is is pla9ly & /rongly en\gh /at$4 ,& f>!r1 ,i l 8 lat] pictures1 up to ! ye> #ahde1 ! be/2 & believe t ^? p]sons :o only l 8 e>ly pictures d n1 9 fact1 l him at all4 ,!y d n l t :i* is ess5tially 84 ,!y l t 9 :i* he resembles o!r m52 :i* he _h le>n$ f ,l\!rb\rg1 ,claude1 or ,wilson2 t :i* is inde$ 8 own1 !y d n c>e =4 ,n t !re is n mu* ( 8 own 9 8 e>ly works2 !y are all invaluable 9 _! way2 b ^? p]sons :o c f9d no beauty 9 8 /range/ fantasy on ! ,academy walls1 _c di/+ui% ! peculi>ly ,turn]esque *>act]s ( ! e>li] pictures4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i aga9 /ate "h1 t ,i ?9k 8 pictures pa9t$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahde 8 greate/2 & t 8 entire p[] is be/ repres5t$ by su* pictures z ! ,tem]aire1 ! ,sun ( ,v5ice go+ to ,sea1 & o!rs1 pa9t$ exactly at ! "t :5 ! public & ! press 7 toge!r l\de/ 9 abuse ( him4 ,turn]4 ,t9toret4 ,massaccio4 ,john ,bell9i4 ,alb]t ,dur]4 ,giorgione4 ,paul ,v]onese4 ,titian4 ,rub5s4 ,correggio4 ,orcagna4 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli4 ,giotto4 ,raffaelle4 ,p]ug9o4 ,i desire1 h[ev]1 ! read] to obs]ve t ,i said1 above1 pr(ess$ l&scape pa9t]s1 among :om1 p]haps1 ,i %\ld h>dly h put ,ga9sbor\gh4 ,! l&scape ( ! great figure pa9t]s is (t5 maje/ic 9 ! highe/ degree1 & ,t9toret's especially %[s exactly ! same p[] & feel+ z ,turn]'s4 ,if ) ,turn] ,i 7 to rank ! hi/orical pa9t]s z l&scapi/s1 e/imat+ r ! p[] !y %[1 ?an ! actual value ( ! l&scape !y produc$1 ,i %\ld class ^?1 ^: l&scapes ,i h /udi$1 9 "s su* ord] z ?is at ! side ( ! page3--associat+ ) ! l&scape ( ,p]ug9o t ( ,francia & ,angelico1 & ! o!r sev]e pa9t]s ( religi\s subjects4 ,i h put ,turn] & ,t9toret side by side1 n kn[+ :i* is1 9 l&scape1 ! great]2 ,i _h ne>ly associat$ 9 ! same mann] ! noble names ( ,john ,bell9i & ,alb]t ,dur]2 b ,bell9i mu/ be put fir/1 = 8 pr(\nd religi\s peace yet n sep>at$ f ! o!r1 if b t we might rememb] 8 k9dness to him 9 ,v5ice2 & x is well we %\ld take note ( x "h1 = x furni%es u ) a mo/ int]e/+ confirmation ( :at 0 said 9 ! text respect+ ! position ( ,bell9i z ! la/ ( ! religi\s pa9t]s ( ,v5ice4 ,! foll[+ passage is quot$ 9 ,jackson's ,essay on ,wood-engrav+1 f ,alb]t ,dur]'s ,di>y3 ,i h _m good fri5ds among ! ,italians :o w>n me n to eat or dr9k ) _! pa9t]s1 ( :om sev]al are my enemies1 & copy my picture 9 ! *ur*1 & o!rs ( m9e1 :]ev] !y c f9d !m1 & yet !y blame !m1 & say !y are n accord+ to anci5t art1 & !re=e n good4 ,giovanni ,bell9i1 h[ev]1 has prais$ me highly to sev]al g5tlem51 & wi%es to h some?+ ( my do+3 he call$ on me himself1 & reque/$ t ,i w\ld pa9t a picture = him1 = :i*1 he said1 he w\ld pay me well4 ,p are all surpris$ t ,i %\ld be s mu* ?\ght ( by a p]son ( 8 reputation3 he is v old1 b is /ill ! be/ pa9t] ( !m all4 ,a *oice little piece ( description ?is1 ( ! ,r5aissance pa9t]s1 side by side ) ! good old ,v5etian1 :o 0 soon to leave !m to _! own ways4 ,! ,r5aissance m5 are se5 9 p]fection1 envy+1 /eal+1 & ly+1 b )\t wit en\gh to lie to purpose4 #ab4 ,,romani/ ,,mod]n ,,art4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance1 9 ^! days1 t ,romanism %\ld be depriv$ ( ! mis]able influ5ce :i* its pomp & picturesqu5ess h giv5 x ov] ! weak s5tim5talism ( ! ,engli% p2 ,i call x a mis]able influ5ce1 = ( all motives to sympa?y ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ?is ,i unhesitat+ly class z ! base/3 ,i c1 9 "s measure1 respect ! o!r feel+s :i* h be5 ! beg9n+s ( apo/asy2 ,i c respect ! desire = unity :i* w\ld reclaim ! ,romani/ by love1 & ! di/ru/ ( 8 own he>t :i* subjects ! proselyte to prie/ly p[]2 ,i say ,i c respect ^! feel+s1 ?\gh ,i _c p>don unpr9cipl$ submission to !m1 nor en\gh wond] at ! inf9ite fatuity ( ! unhappy p]sons :om !y h betray$3--,fatuity1 self-inflict$1 & /ubborn 9 resi/ance to ,god's ,^w & man's reason6--to talk ( ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 z if ! ,*ur* 7 any?+ else ?an ! :ole company ( ,*ri/ian m51 or 7 ev] spok5 ( 9 ,scripture#ih z o!r ?an a company to be taught & f$1 n to tea* & fe$4--,fatuity6 to talk ( a sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 z if a ,*ri/ian /ate1 & e (fic] !re91 7 n necess>ily a "p ( ! ,*ur*1#ii & z if any /ate (fic] c\ld d 8 duty )\t endeavor+ to aid & promote religion1 or any cl]ical (fic] d 8 duty )\t seek+ = su* aid & accept+ x3--,fatuity6 to seek = ! unity ( a liv+ body ( tru? & tru/ 9 ,god1 ) a dead body ( lies & tru/ 9 wood1 & !nce to expect any?+ else ?an plague1 & consumption by worms undy+1 = bo?4 ,blasphemy z well z fatuity6 to ask = any bett] int]pret] ( ,god's ,^w ?an ,god1 or to expect k ( x 9 any o!r way ?an ! pla9ly ord]$ way3 if any man w d he %all "k4 ,b ( all ^! fatuities1 ! base/ is ! be+ lur$ into ! ,romani/ ,*ur* by ! glitt] ( x1 l l>ks into a trap by brok5 glass2 to be bl[n into a *ange ( religion by ! :9e ( an organ-pipe2 /it*$ into a new cre$ by gold ?reads on prie/s' petticoats2 jangl$ into a *ange ( consci5ce by ! *imes ( a belfry4 ,i "k no?+ 9 ! %ape ( error s d>k z ?is1 no imbecility s absolute1 no trea*]y s contemptible4 ,i _h h>dly believ$ t x 0 a ?+ possible1 ?\gh vague /ories _h be5 told me ( ! effect1 on "s m9ds1 ( m]e sc>let & c&les1 until ,i came on ?is passage 9 ,pug9's ,rem>ks on articles 9 ! ,rambl]3-- ,^? :o h liv$ 9 want & privation are ! be/ qualifi$ to appreciate ! bless+s ( pl5ty2 ?us1 ^? :o h be5 dev\t & s9c]e memb]s ( ! sep>at$ portion ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*2 :o h pray$1 & hop$1 & lov$1 ?r\gh all ! pov]ty ( ! maim$ rites :i* x has reta9$--to !m does ! realisation ( all _! long+ desires appe> truly ravi%+4 99 99 99 ,oh6 !n1 :at delight6 :at joy unspeakable6 :5 "o ( ! solemn piles is pres5t$ to !m1 9 all its pri/9e life & glory6--! /\ps are fill$ to ! brim2 ! rood is rais$ on high2 ! scre5 gl[s ) sacr$ imag]y & ri* device2 ! ni*es are fill$2 ! alt> is replac$1 su/a9$ by sculptur$ %afts1 ! relics ( ! sa9ts repose b5ea?1 ! body ( ,our ,"l is en%r9$ on its consecrat$ /one2 ! lamps ( ! sanctu>y burn bright2 ! sa9tly portraitures 9 ! glass w9d[s %9e all glori\sly2 & ! albs hang 9 ! oak5 ambries1 & ! cope *e/s are fill$ ) orphrey$ baudek9s2 & pix & pax1 & *rismatory are !re1 & ?urible1 & cross4 ,"o might h put ?is man "u a pix1 & left him1 "o %\ld h ?\ght2 b he has be5 br\ght =w>d1 & p>tly receiv$1 z an example ( ! effect ( c]emonial spl5dor on ! m9d ( a great ar*itect4 ,x is v necess>y1 !re=e1 t all ^? :o h felt sorr[ at ?is %\ld "k at once t he is n a great ar*itect1 b "o ( ! smalle/ possible or conceivable ar*itects2 & t by 8 own acc\nt & sett+ =? ( himself4 ,he> him3-- ,i believe1 z reg>ds ar*itecture1 few m5 h be5 s un=tunate z myself4 ,i h pass$ my life 9 ?9k+ ( f9e ?+s1 /udy+ f9e ?+s1 design+ f9e ?+s1 & realis+ v poor ones4 ,i h nev] _h ! *ance ( produc+ a s+le f9e ecclesia/ical build+1 except my own *ur*1 :]e ,i am bo? payma/] & ar*itect2 b ev]y?+ else1 ei!r = want ( adequate funds or injudici\s int]f]5ce & control1 or "s o!r cont+5cy1 is m or less a failure4 99 99 99 ,/4 ,george's 0 spoilt by ! v in/ructions laid d[n by ! committee1 t x 0 to hold #cjjj p on ! floor at a limit$ price2 9 consequ5ce1 height1 proportion1 ev]y?+1 0 sacrific$ to meet ^! conditions4 ,nott+ham 0 spoilt by ! /yle be+ re/rict$ to lancet1--a p]iod well suit$ to a ,ci/]cian abbey 9 a seclud$ vale1 b v unsuitable = ! c5tre ( a cr[d$ t[n4 99 99 99 ,kirkham 0 spoilt ?r\gh sev]al hundr$ p\nds be+ r$uc$ on ! orig9al e/imate2 to effect ?is1 :i* 0 a great sum 9 proportion to ! entire co/1 ! area ( ! *ur* 0 contract$1 ! walls l[]$1 t[] & spire r$uc$1 ! ?ickness ( walls dim9i%$1 & /one ar*es omitt$4 7,rem>ks1 c41 by ,a4 ,welby ,pug93 ,dolman1 #ahej47 ,is t s8 ,phidias c ni*e himself into ! corn] ( a p$im5t1 & ,raffaelle expatiate )9 ! circumf]5ce ( a clay platt]2 b ,pug9 is inexpressible 9 less ?an a ca!dral8 ,let 8 ineffabl5ess be assur$ ( ?is1 once = all1 t no difficulty or re/ra9t ev] happ5$ to a man ( real p[]1 b 8 p[] 0 ! m manife/$ 9 ! cont5d+ )1 or conqu]+ x2 & t !re is no field s small1 no cranny s contract$1 b t a great _s c h\se & manife/ itself !re94 ,! ?und] t smites ! ,alp into du/1 c ga!r itself into ! wid? ( a gold5 wire4 ,:atev] greatness !re 0 9 y1 _h x be5 ,buon>roti's own1 y _h room en\gh = x 9 a s+le ni*e3 y might h put ! :ole p[] ( x into two feet cube ( ,ca5 /one4 ,/4 ,george's 0 n high en\gh = want ( money8 ,b 0 x want ( money t made y put t blunt1 ov]load$1 labori\s ogee door into ! side ( x8 ,0 x = lack ( funds t y sunk ! trac]y ( ! p>apet 9 its clumsy zigzags8 ,0 x 9 p>simony t y buri$ its paltry p9nacles 9 t eruption ( diseas$ crockets8 or 9 pecuni>y emb>rassm5t t y set up ! belfry foolscaps1 ) ! mimicry ( dorm] w9d[s1 :i* nobody c ev] rea* nor look out (8 ,n s1 b 9 m]e incapability ( bett] ?+s4 ,i am sorry to h to speak ?us ( any liv+ ar*itect2 & !re is mu* 9 ?is man1 if he 7 rightly e/imat$1 :i* "o might bo? reg>d & pr(it by4 ,he has a mo/ s9c]e love = 8 pr(ession1 a he>tily hone/ en?usiasm = pixes & pisc9as2 & ?\gh he w nev] design s mu* z a pix or a pisc9a ?or\ghly well1 yet bett] ?an mo/ ( ! exp]im5tal ar*itects ( ! day4 ,employ him by all means1 b on small "w4 ,expect no ca!drals f him2 b no "o1 at pres5t1 c design a bett] f9ial4 ,t is an exce$+ly beautiful "o ov] ! we/]n door ( ,/4 ,george's2 & !re is "s spirit$ impi%ness & swit*+ ( tails 9 ! support+ figures at ! impo/s4 ,only d n all[ 8 good design+ ( f9ials to be employ$ z an evid5ce 9 matt]s ( div9ity1 nor !nce d$uce ! incompatibility ( ,prote/antism & art4 ,i %\ld h said all t ,i h said above1 ( arti/ical apo/asy1 if ,giotto _h be5 n[ liv+ 9 ,flor5ce1 & if art 7 /ill do+ all t x did once = ,rome4 ,b ! grossness ( ! error becomes incompreh5sible z well z unp>donable1 :5 we look to :at level ( degradation ! human intellect has sunk at ?is in/ant 9 ,italy4 ,s f> f ,romanism n[ produc+ any?+ great] 9 art1 x _c ev5 pres]ve :at has be5 giv5 to its keep+4 ,i "k no abuses ( preci\s inh]itance half s griev\s1 z ! abuse ( all t is be/ 9 art :]ev] ! ,romani/ prie/hood gets possession ( x4 ,x am\nts to absolute infatuation4 ,! noble/ pieces ( m$ival sculpture 9 ,nor? ,italy1 ! two griff9s at ! c5tral 7we/7 door ( ! ca!dral ( ,v]ona1 7 daily p]mitt$ to be br\ght into s]vice1 :5 ,i 0 !re 9 ! autumn ( #ahdi1 by a wa%]woman liv+ 9 ! ,piazza1 :o ti$ h] clo!s-l9es to _! beaks3 & ! %afts ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice 7 us$ by a salesman ( common c>icatures to fa/5 8 pr9ts ^u 7,comp>e ,app5dix #be72 & ?is 9 ! face ( ! cont9ually pass+ prie/s3 :ile ! quantity ( noble art annually de/roy$ 9 alt>pieces by c&le-dropp+s1 or p]i%+ by pure brutality ( neglect1 passes all e/imate4 ,i d n "k1 z ,i h repeat$ly /at$1 h[ f> ! spl5dor ( ar*itecture1 or o!r art1 is compatible ) ! hone/y & usefulness ( religi\s s]vice4 ,! long] ,i live1 ! m ,i incl9e to sev]e judgm5t 9 ?is matt]1 & ! less ,i c tru/ ! s5tim5ts excit$ by pa9t$ glass & color$ tiles4 ,b if !re be inde$ value 9 su* ?+s1 our pla9 duty is to direct our /r5g? aga9/ ! sup]/ition :i* has di%onor$ !m2 !re are ?\s&s :o might possibly be b5efit$ by !m1 to :om !y are n[ m]ely an (f5ce1 ow+ to _! association ) idolatr\s c]emonies4 ,i h b ?is exhortation = all :o love !m1--n to regulate _! cre$s by _! ta/e 9 colors1 b to hold calmly to ! "r1 at :atev] pres5t co/ to _! imag9ative enjoym5t2 sure t !y w "o day f9d 9 heav5ly tru? a bright] *>m ?an 9 e>?ly imag]y1 & /riv+ to ga!r /ones = ! et]nal build+1 ^: walls %all be salvation1 & ^: gates %all be praise4 #ac4 ,,mr4 ,,f]gusson',s ,,sy/em4 ,! read] may at fir/ suppose ?is division ( ! attributes ( build+s into action1 voice1 & beauty1 to be ! same division z ,mr4 ,f]gusson's1 n[ well kn[n1 ( _! m]its1 into te*nic1 /hetic & phonetic4 ,b !re is no connection betwe5 ! two sy/ems2 m9e1 inde$1 does n pr(ess to be a sy/em1 x is a m]e arrangem5t ( my subject1 = ! sake ( ord] & conv5i5ce 9 its treatm5t3 b1 z f> z x goes1 x diff]s altoge!r f ,mr4 ,f]gusson's 9 ^! two foll[+ respects3-- ,! action ( a build+1 t is to say its /&+ or consi/5ce1 dep5ds on its good con/ruction2 & ! fir/ "p ( ! =ego+ volume has be5 entirely occupi$ ) ! consid]ation ( ! con/ructive m]it ( build+s3 b con/ruction is n _! only te*nical m]it4 ,!re is z mu* ( te*nical m]it 9 _! expression1 or 9 _! beauty1 z 9 _! con/ruction4 ,!re is no m me*anical or te*nical admirabl5ess 9 ! /roke ( ! pa9t] :o cov]s !m ) fresco1 ?an 9 ! dext]ity ( ! mason :o cem5ts _! /ones3 !re is j z mu* ( :at is te*nical 9 _! beauty1 !re=e1 z 9 _! con/ruction2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is (t5 j z mu* intellect %[n 9 _! con/ruction z !re is 9 ei!r _! expression or decoration4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,f]gusson means by 8 ,phonetic division1 :atev] expresses intellect3 my con/ructive division1 !re=e1 includes "p ( 8 phonetic3 & my expressive & decorative divisions include "p ( 8 te*nical4 ,secondly1 ,mr4 ,f]gusson tries to make ! same divisions fit ! subjects ( art1 & art itself2 & !re=e talks ( te*nic1 /hetic1 & phonetic1 arts1 7or1 translat+ ! ,greek17 ( artful arts1 s5sitive arts1 & talkative arts2 b ,i h no?+ to d ) any division ( ! arts1 ,i h to deal only ) ! m]its ( build+s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 l$ into ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,f]gusson's sy/em1 ,i w\ld fa9 say a ^w or two to effect ,mr4 ,f]gusson's extrication f x4 ,i hope to f9d 9 him a noble ally1 ready to jo9 ) me 9 w> ^u affectation1 falsehood1 & prejudice1 ( e k9d3 ,i h d]iv$ mu* in/ruction f 8 mo/ int]e/+ "w1 & ,i hope = mu* m f its cont9uation2 b he mu/ dis5tangle himself f 8 sy/em1 or he w be /rangl$ by x2 nev] 0 any?+ s +5i\sly & hopelessly wrong ?r\gh\t2 ! :ole ( x is f\nd$ on a confusion ( ! in/rum5ts ( man ) 8 capacities4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson w\ld h u take-- ,fir/1 man's muscul> action or p[]4 7,te*nics47 ,secondly1 ^? developm5ts ( s5se by :i* he does66 z mu* z by 8 muscles4 7/hetics47 ,la/ly1 8 intellect1 or to conf9e ?is m correctly to its ext]nal action1 8 p[] ( spee*666 7,phonetics47 ,grant+ ?is division ( humanity correct1 or suffici5t1 ! writ] !n mo/ curi\sly supposes t he may arrange ! arts z if !re 7 "s belong+ to ea* division ( man1--nev] obs]v+ t e art mu/ be gov]n$ by1 & address$ to1 "o division1 & execut$ by ano!r2 execut$ by ! muscul>1 address$ to ! s5sitive or intellectual2 & t1 to be an art at all1 x mu/ h 9 x "w ( ! "o1 & guidance f ! o!r4 ,if1 by any lucky accid5t1 he _h be5 l$ to arrange ! arts1 ei!r by _! objects1 & ! ?+s to :i* !y are address$1 or by _! means1 & ! ?+s by :i* !y are execut$1 he w\ld h discov]$ 8 mi/ake 9 an in/ant4 ,z ?us3-- ,^! arts are address$ to !1--,muscles66 ,s5ses1 ,intellect2 or execut$ by1--,muscles1 ,s5ses66 ,intellect4 ,inde$ x is true t "s ( ! arts are 9 a sort address$ to ! muscles1 surg]y = in/ance2 b ?is is n among ,mr4 ,f]gusson's te*nic1 b 8 politic1 arts6 & all ! arts may1 9 a sort1 be said to be p]=m$ by ! s5ses1 z ! s5ses guide bo? muscles & intellect 9 _! "w3 b !y guide !m z !y receive in=mation1 or are /&>ds ( accuracy1 b n z 9 !mselves capable ( action4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ p]son :o has told u ( s5ses t act or d1 !y hav+ be5 hi!rto suppos$ only to su/a9 or p]ceive4 ,! weight ( error1 h[ev]1 re/s j z mu* 9 ! orig9al division ( man1 z 9 ! endeavor to fit ! arts to x4 ,! slight omission ( ! s\l makes a consid]able diff]5ce :5 x beg9s to influ5ce ! f9al results ( ! arrangem5t4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson calls morals & religion ,politick arts 7z if religion 7 an art at all6 or z if bo? 7 n z necess>y to individuals z to societies72 & !re=e1 =m+ ^! into a body ( arts by !mselves1 leaves ! be/ ( ! arts to d )\t ! s\l & ! moral feel+ z re/ !y may4 ,h5ce expression1 or phonetics1 is ( intellect only 7z if m5 nev] express$ _! feel+s672 & !n1 /range/ & wor/ ( all1 intellect is entirely resolv$ into talk+6 ,!re c be no intellect b x mu/ talk1 & all talk+ mu/ be intellectual4 ,i believe p d sometimes talk )\t und]/&+2 & ,i ?9k ! _w w\ld f>e ill if !y nev] und]/ood )\t talk+4 ,! intellect is an entirely sil5t faculty1 & has no?+ to d ) p>ts ( spee* any m ?an ! moral "p has4 ,a man may feel & "k ?+s )\t express+ ei!r ! feel+ or k2 & ! talk+ is a muscul> mode ( communicat+ ! work+s ( ! intellect or he>t--muscul>1 :e!r x be by tongue or by sign1 or by c>v+ or writ+1 or by expression ( feature2 s t to divide a man into muscul> & talk+ p>ts1 is to divide him into body 9 g5]al1 & tongue 9 p>ticul>1 ! endless confusion result+ f :i* arrangem5t is only less m>vell\s 9 itself1 ?an ! resolution ) :i* ,mr4 ,f]gusson has work$ ?r\gh x1 & 9 spite ( x1 up to "s v int]e/+ & sugge/ive tru?s2 al?\gh />t+ ) a division ( humanity :i* does n 9 ! lea/ raise x above ! brute1 = a rattlesnake has 8 muscul>1 /hetic1 & talk+ "p z mu* z man1 only he talks ) 8 tail1 & says1 ,i am angry ) y1 & %\ld l to bite y1 m laconically & effectively ?an any phonetic bip$ c\ld1 7 he s m9d$4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! brute & man is n s mu* t ! "o has few] means ( expression ?an ! o!r1 z t x has few] ?\ghts to express1 & t we d n und]/& its expressions4 ,animals c talk to "o ano!r intelligibly en\gh :5 !y h any?+ to say1 & _! capta9s h words ( comm& j z cle> z ours1 & bett] obey$4 ,we h inde$1 9 wat*+ ! ef=ts ( an intellig5t animal to talk to a human be+1 a melan*oly s5se ( its dumbness2 b ! fault is /ill 9 its intellig5ce1 m ?an 9 its tongue4 ,x has n wit en\gh to sy/ematise its cries or signs1 & =m !m into language4 ,b !re is no end to ! fallacies & confusions ( ,mr4 ,f]gusson's arrangem5t4 ,x is a p]fect entanglem5t ( gun-cotton1 & explodes into vacuity :]ev] "o holds a light to x4 ,i %all leave him to d s ) ! re/ ( x = himself1 & %\ld p]haps h left x to 8 own h&l+ altoge!r1 b = ! intemp]at5ess ( ! _s ) :i* he has spok5 on a subject p]haps ( all o!rs dem&+ g5tl5ess & caution4 ,no man c\ld m e>ne/ly h desir$ ! *anges lately introduc$ into ! sy/em ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ?an ,i did myself3 no man c be m deeply s5sible ?an ,i ( griev\s failures 9 ! practical work+ ev5 ( ! pres5t sy/em3 b ,i believe t ^! failures may be almo/ )\t exception trac$ to "o s\rce1 ! want ( evangelical1 & ! excess ( rubrical religion among ! tutors2 toge!r ) su* ru/9esses & /iffnesses z necess>ily att5d ! cont9ual op]ation ( any intellectual ma*9e4 ,! fault is1 at any rate1 f> less 9 ! sy/em ?an 9 ! imp]fection ( its adm9i/ration2 & _h x be5 o!rwise1 ! t]ms 9 :i* ,mr4 ,f]gusson speaks ( x are h>dly decor\s 9 "o :o c b be imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) its work+4 ,!y are suffici5tly answ]$ by ! /ructure ( ! essay 9 :i* !y occur2 = if ! high p[]s ( m9d :i* its au?or possesses _h be5 subject$ to ! discipl9e ( ! s*ools1 he c\ld n h wa/$ 8 "t on ! developm5t ( a sy/em :i* _! simple/ =mul ( logic w\ld h %[n him to be unt5able4 ,mr4 ,f]gusson w1 h[ev]1 f9d x easi] to ov]?r[ 8 sy/em ?an to replace x4 ,e man ( sci5ce kn[s ! difficulty ( arrang+ a reasonable sy/em ( classification1 9 any subject1 by any "o gr\p ( *>act]s2 & t ! be/ classifications are1 9 _m ( _! bran*es1 conv5i5t r ?an reasonable3 s t1 to any p]son :o is really ma/] ( 8 subject1 _m diff]5t modes ( classification w occur at diff]5t times2 "o ( :i* he w use r ?an ano!r1 accord+ to ! po9t :i* he has to inve/igate4 ,i ne$ only in/ance ! ?ree arrangem5ts ( m9]als1 by _! ext]nal *>act]s1 & _! positive or negative bases1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! mo/ useful1 ! second ! mo/ natural1 ! ?ird ! mo/ simple2 & all 9 sev]al ways unsatisfactory4 ,b :5 ! subject becomes "o :i* no s+le m9d c grasp1 & :i* embraces ! :ole range ( human occupation & enquiry1 ! difficulties become z great1 & ! me?ods z v>i\s1 z ! uses to :i* ! classification might be put2 & ,mr4 ,f]gusson has entirely =gott5 to in=m u :at is ! object to :i* 8 arrangem5ts are address$4 ,= obs]ve3 !re is "o k9d ( arrangem5t :i* is bas$ on ! rational connection ( ! sci5ces or arts ) "o ano!r2 an arrangem5t :i* maps !m out l ! riv]s ( "s great c\ntry1 & m>ks ! po9ts ( _! junction1 & ! direction & =ce ( _! unit$ curr5ts2 & ?is )\t assign+ to any "o ( !m a sup]iority above ano!r1 b consid]+ !m all z necess>y memb]s ( ! noble unity ( human sci5ce & ef=t4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( classification :i* contemplates ! ord] ( succession 9 :i* !y might mo/ usefully be pres5t$ to a s+le m9d1 s t ! giv5 m9d %\ld obta9 ! mo/ effective & available k ( !m all3 &1 f9ally1 ! mo/ usual classification contemplates ! p[]s ( m9d :i* !y ea* require = _! pursuit1 ! objects to :i* !y are address$1 or ) :i* !y are conc]n$2 & assigns to ea* ( !m a rank sup]ior or inf]ior1 accord+ to ! nobility ( ! p[]s !y require1 or ! gr&eur ( ! subjects !y contemplate4 ,n[1 n only w\ld x be necess>y to adopt a diff]5t classification ) respect to ea* ( ^! great int5tions1 b x might be f\nd s ev5 to v>y ! ord] ( ! succession ( sci5ces 9 ! case ( e sev]al m9d to :i* !y 7 address$2 & t _! rank w\ld also v>y ) ! p[] & specific "* ( ! m9d engag$ ^u !m4 ,i once he>d a v pr(\nd ma!matician remon/rate aga9/ ! impropriety ( ,wordswor?'s receiv+ a p5sion f gov]nm5t1 on ! gr\nd t he 0 only a poet4 ,if ! /udy ( ma!matics _h always ?is n>r[+ effect ^u ! sympa?ies1 ! sci5ce itself w\ld ne$ to be depriv$ ( ! rank usually assign$ to x2 & !re c\ld be no d\bt t1 9 ! effect x _h on ! m9d ( ?is man1 & ( su* o!rs1 x 0 a v contemptible sci5ce inde$4 ,h5ce1 9 e/imat+ ! real rank ( any art or sci5ce1 x is necess>y = u to conceive x z x w\ld be grasp$ by m9ds ( e ord]4 ,!re are "s arts & sci5ces :i* we und]rate1 because no "o has ris5 to %[ u ) :at maje/y !y may be inve/$2 & o!rs :i* we ov]rate1 because we are bl9d$ to _! g5]al meanness by ! magnific5ce :i* "s "o man has ?r[n ar\nd !m3 ?us1 philology1 evid5tly ! mo/ contemptible ( all ! sci5ces1 has be5 rais$ to unju/ dignity by ,johnson4#ajj ,& ! subject is f>!r complicat$ by ! "q ( usefulness2 = _m ( ! arts & sci5ces require consid]able intellectual p[] = _! pursuit1 & yet become contemptible by ! slightness ( :at !y accompli%3 metaphysics1 = in/ance1 ex]cis+ intellig5ce ( a high ord]1 yet useless to ! mass ( mank9d1 &1 to its own ma/]s1 dang]\s4 ,yet1 z x has become s by ! want ( ! true intellig5ce :i* its inquiries ne$1 & by sub/itution ( va9 subtleties 9 its /ead1 x may 9 future v9dicate = itself a high] rank ?an a man ( common s5se usually conc$es to x4 ,nev]!less1 ! m]e attempt at arrangem5t mu/ be useful1 ev5 :]e x does no?+ m ?an develop difficulties4 ,p]haps ! greate/ fault ( m5 ( le>n+ is _! s (t5 suppos+ all o!r bran*es ( sci5ce dep5d5t ^u or inf]ior to _! own be/ belov$ bran*2 & ! greate/ defici5cy ( m5 comp>atively unle>n$1 _! want ( p]ception ( ! connection ( ! bran*es ) ea* o!r4 ,he :o holds ! tree only by ! extremities1 c p]ceive no?+ b ! sep>ation ( its sprays4 ,x mu/ always be desirable to prove to ^? ! equality ( rank1 to ^! ! clos5ess ( sequ5ce1 ( :at !y _h falsely suppos$ subord9ate or sep>ate4 ,&1 aft] su* c&id admission ( ! co-equal dignity ( ! truly noble arts & sci5ces1 we may be enabl$ m ju/ly to e/imate ! inf]iority ( ^? :i* inde$ seem int5d$ = ! occupation ( inf]ior p[]s & n>r[] capacities4 ,9 ,app5dix #ad1 foll[+1 "s sugge/ions w be f\nd z to ! pr9ciples on :i* classification might be bas$2 b ! arrangem5t ( all ! arts is c]ta9ly n a "w :i* c\ld ) discretion be attempt$ 9 ! ,app5dix to an essay on a bran* ( "o ( !m4 #ad4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,humanity4 ,! read] w probably und]/& ?is "p ( ! subject bett] if he w take ! tr\ble briefly to consid] ! actions ( ! m9d & body ( man 9 ! sci5ces & arts1 :i* give ^! latt] ! relations ( rank usually attribut$ to !m4 ,x 0 above obs]v$ 7,app5dix #ac7 t ! arts 7 g5]ally rank$ accord+ to ! nobility ( ! p[]s !y require1 t is to say1 ! quantity ( ! be+ ( man :i* !y engag$ or address$4 ,n[ _! rank is n a v important matt] z reg>ds ea* o!r1 = !re are few disputes m futile ?an t conc]n+ ! respective dignity ( arts1 all ( :i* are necess>y & honorable4 ,b x is a v important matt] z reg>ds !mselves2 v important :e!r !y are practis$ ) ! devotion & reg>d$ ) ! respect :i* are necess>y or due to _! p]fection4 ,x does n at all matt] :e!r ar*itecture or sculpture be ! nobl] art2 b x matt]s mu* :e!r ! ?\ght is be/[$ ^u build+s1 or ! feel+ is express$ 9 /atues1 :i* make ei!r des]v+ ( our admiration4 ,x is fooli% & insol5t to imag9e t ! art :i* we ourselves practise is great] ?an any o!r2 b x is wise to take c>e t 9 our own h&s x is z noble z we c make x4 ,let u take "s notice1 !re=e1 9 :at degrees ! faculties ( man may be engag$ 9 8 sev]al arts3 we may consid] ! entire man z made up ( body1 s\l1 & intellect 7,"l ,l9dsay1 mean+ ! same ?+1 says inaccurately--s5se1 intellect1 & _s--=gett+ t !re is a moral s5se z well z a bodily s5se1 & a spiritual body z well z a natural body1 & s gets into "s awkw>d confusion1 ?\gh "r 9 ! ma9 po9ts74 ,!n1 tak+ ! ^w s\l z a %ort expression ( ! moral & responsible "p ( be+1 ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ts has a passive & active p[]4 ,! body has s5ses & muscles2 ! s\l1 feel+ & resolution2 ! intellect1 und]/&+ & imag9ation4 ,! s*eme may be put into tabul> =m1 ?us3-- ,passive or ,receptive ,"p4 ,active or ,motive ,"p4 ,body ,s5ses4 ,muscles4 ,s\l ,feel+4 ,resolution4 ,intellect ,und]/&+4 ,imag9ation4 ,9 ?is s*eme ,i consid] memory a "p ( und]/&+1 & consci5ce ,i leave out1 z be+ ! voice ( ,god 9 ! he>t1 insep>able f ! sy/em1 yet n an ess5tial "p ( x4 ,! s5se ( beauty ,i consid] a mixture ( ! ,s5ses ( ! body & s\l4 ,n[ all ^! p>ts ( ! human sy/em h a reciprocal action on "o ano!r1 s t ! true p]fection ( any ( !m is n possible )\t "s relative p]fection ( ! o!rs1 & yet any "o ( ! p>ts ( ! sy/em may be br\ght into a morbid developm5t1 inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! o!rs4 ,?us1 9 a heal?y /ate1 ! acut5ess ( ! s5ses quick5s t ( ! feel+s1 & ^! latt] quick5 ! und]/&+1 & !n all ! ?ree quick5 ! imag9ation1 & !n all ! f\r /r5g!n ! resolution2 :ile yet !re is a dang]1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! enc\rag$ & morbid feel+ may weak5 or bias ! und]/&+1 or t ! ov] %rewd & ke5 und]/&+ may %ort5 ! imag9ation1 or t ! und]/&+ & imag9ation toge!r may take place (1 or und]m9e1 ! resolution1 z 9 ,hamlet4 ,s 9 ! m]e bodily frame !re is a delightful p]fection ( ! s5ses1 consi/5t ) ! utmo/ heal? ( ! muscul> sy/em1 z 9 ! quick sight & he>+ ( an active savage3 ano!r false delicacy ( ! s5ses1 9 ! ,syb>ite1 consequ5t on _! ov] indulg5ce1 until ! d\bl$ rose-leaf is pa9ful2 & ?is inconsi/5t ) muscul> p]fection4 ,aga92 !re is a p]fection ( muscul> action consi/5t ) exquisite s5se1 z 9 t ( ! f+]s ( a musician or ( a pa9t]1 9 :i* ! muscles are guid$ by ! slighte/ feel+ ( ! /r+s1 or ( ! p5cil3 ano!r p]fection ( muscul> action inconsi/5t ) acut5ess ( s5se1 z 9 ! ef=t ( battle1 9 :i* a soldi] does n p]ceive 8 w\nds4 ,s t x is nev] s mu* ! "q1 :at is ! solit>y p]fection ( a giv5 "p ( ! man1 z :at is its balanc$ p]fection 9 relation to ! :ole ( him3 & aga91 ! p]fection ( any s+le p[] is n m]ely to be valu$ by ! m]e rank ( ! p[] itself1 b by ! h>mony :i* x indicates among ! o!r p[]s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 an ar*]'s glance along 8 arr[1 or a hunt]'s rais+ ( 8 rifle1 !re is a c]ta9 p]fection ( s5se & f+] :i* is ! result ( m]e practice1 ( a simple bodily p]fection2 b !re is a f>!r value 9 ! habit :i* results f ! resolution & intellect necess>y to ! =m+ ( x3 9 ! hunt]'s rais+ ( 8 rifle !re is a quietness imply+ f> m ?an m]e practice1--imply+ c\rage1 & habitual meet+ ( dang]1 & pres5ce ( m9d1 & _m o!r su* noble *>act]s4 ,s also 9 a musician's way ( lay+ f+] on 8 in/rum5t1 or a pa9t]'s h&l+ ( 8 p5cil1 !re are _m qualities expressive ( ! special s5sibilities ( ea*1 op]at+ on ! production ( ! habit1 besides ! s5sibility op]at+ at ! mom5t ( action4 ,s t !re are ?ree di/9ct /ages ( m]it 9 :at is commonly call$ m]e bodily dext]ity3 ! fir/1 ! dext]ity giv5 by practice1 call$ comm& ( tools or ( weapons2 ! second /age1 ! dext]ity or grace giv5 by "*1 z ! g5tl5ess ( h& proce$+ f mode/y or t5d]ness ( _s1 & ! /ead9ess ( x result+ f habitual pati5ce c\pl$ ) decision1 & ! ?\s& o!r *>act]s p>tially disc]nible1 ev5 9 a man's writ+1 mu* m 9 8 g5]al h&iwork2 &1 ?irdly1 !re is ! p]fection ( action produc$ by ! op]ation ( pres5t /r5g?1 feel+1 or intellig5ce on in/rum5ts ?us previ\sly p]fect$1 z ! h&l+ ( a great pa9t] is r5d]$ m beautiful by 8 imm$iate c>e & feel+ & love ( 8 subject1 or k ( x1 & z physical /r5g? is increas$ by /r5g? ( w & greatness ( he>t4 ,imag9e1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce 9 mann] ( fight+1 & 9 actual muscul> /r5g? & endurance1 betwe5 a common soldi]1 & a man 9 ! circum/ances ( ! ,horatii1 or ( ! temp] ( ,leonidas4 ,m]e physical skill1 !re=e1 ! m]e p]fection & p[] ( ! body z an in/rum5t1 is manife/$ 9 ?ree /ages3 ,fir/1 ,bodily p[] by practice2 ,secondly1 ,bodily p[] by moral habit2 ,?irdly1 ,bodily p[] by imm$iate en]gy2 & ! arts w be great] or less1 ct]is p>ibus1 accord+ to ! degrees ( ^! dext]ities :i* !y admit4 ,a smi?'s "w at 8 anvil admits little b ! fir/2 f5c+1 %oot+1 & rid+1 admit some?+ ( ! second2 :ile ! f9e arts admit 7m]ely ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! bodily dext]ities7 an expression almo/ ( ! :ole man4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! high] arts admit ?is high] bodily p]fection1 !y d n all require x 9 equal degrees1 b c disp5se ) x m & m 9 proportion to _! dignity4 ,! arts ^: *ief elem5t is bodily dext]ity1 may be class$ toge!r z arts ( ! ?ird ord]1 ( :i* ! highe/ w be ^? :i* admit mo/ ( ! p[] ( moral habit & en]gy1 su* z rid+ & ! managem5t ( weapons2 & ! re/ may be ?r[n toge!r "u ! g5]al title ( h&icrafts1 ( :i* x does n mu* matt] :i* are ! mo/ honorable1 b r1 :i* are ! mo/ necess>y & lea/ injuri\s to heal?1 :i* x is n our pres5t bus9ess to exam9e4 ,m5 engag$ 9 ! practice ( ^! are call$ artizans1 z oppos$ to arti/s1 :o are conc]n$ ) ! f9e arts4 ,! next /ep 9 elevation ( art is ! addition ( ! intellig5ces :i* h no connection ) bodily dext]ity2 z1 = in/ance1 9 hunt+1 ! k ( ! habits ( animals & _! places ( abode2 9 ar*itecture1 ( ma!matics2 9 pa9t+1 ( h>monies ( color2 9 music1 ( ^? ( s\nd2 all ?is pure sci5ce be+ jo9$ ) read9ess ( exp$i5t 9 apply+ x1 & ) %rewdness 9 appreh5sion ( difficulties1 ei!r pres5t or probable4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t intellig5ce ( ?is k9d is possess$ )\t bodily dext]ity1 or ! ne$ ( x2 "o man direct+ & ano!r execut+1 z = ! mo/ "p 9 ar*itecture1 w>1 & seaman%ip4 ,& x is to be obs]v$1 also1 t 9 proportion to ! dignity ( ! art1 ! bodily dext]ities ne$$ ev5 9 its subord9ate ag5ts become less important1 & are m & m replac$ by intellig5ce2 z 9 ! /e]+ ( a %ip1 ! bodily dext]ity requir$ is less ?an 9 %oot+ or f5c+1 b ! intellig5ce f> great]3 & s 9 w>1 ! m]e swordsman%ip & m>ksman%ip ( ! troops are ( small importance 9 comp>ison ) _! disposition1 & "r *oice ( ! mom5t ( action4 ,s t arts ( ?is second ord] mu/ be e/imat$1 n by ! quantity ( bodily dext]ity !y require1 b by ! quantity & dignity ( ! k ne$$ 9 _! practice1 & by ! degree ( subtlety ne$$ 9 br++ su* k into play4 ,w> c]ta9ly /&s fir/ 9 ! g5]al m9d1 n only z ! greate/ ( ! arts :i* ,i h call$ ( ! second ord]1 b z ! greate/ ( all arts4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 easy to di/+ui% ! respect paid to ! ,p[]1 f t r5d]$ to ! ,art ( ! soldi]2 ! honor ( victory be+ m dep5d5t1 9 ! vulg> m9d1 on its results1 ?an its difficulties4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t tak+ into consid]ation ! greatness ( ! anxieties "u :i* ?is art mu/ be practis$1 ! multitude ( circum/ances to be kn[n & reg>d$ 9 x1 & ! subtleties bo? ( appreh5sion & /ratagem con/antly dem&$ by x1 z well z ! multiplicity ( di/urb+ accid5ts & d\btful cont+5cies aga9/ :i* x mu/ make provision on ! in/ant1 x mu/ inde$ rank z f> ! fir/ ( ! arts ( ! second ord]2 & next to ?is great art ( kill+1 m$ic9e be+ mu* l w> 9 its /ratagems & wat*+s aga9/ its d>k & subtle dea?-enemy4 ,!n ! arts ( ! fir/ ord] w be ^? 9 :i* ! ,imag9ative "p ( ! intellect & ! ,s5sitive "p ( ! s\l are jo9$3 z poetry1 ar*itecture1 & pa9t+2 ^! =m+ a k9d ( cross1 9 _! "p ( ! s*eme ( ! human be+1 ) ^? ( ! second ord]1 :i* w$ ! ,intellig5t "p ( ! intellect & ,resolute "p ( ! s\l4 ,b ! read] mu/ feel m & m1 at e /ep1 ! impossibility ( class+ ! arts !mselves1 indep5d5tly ( ! m5 by :om !y are practis$2 & h[ an art1 l[ 9 itself1 may be made noble by ! quantity ( human /r5g? & be+ :i* a great man w p\r into x2 & an art1 great 9 itself1 be made mean by ! meanness ( ! m9d occupi$ 9 x4 ,i d n int5d1 :5 ,i call pa9t+ an art ( ! fir/1 & w> an art ( ! second1 ord]1 to class ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s ) good soldi]s2 b ,i mean1 t if f su* a man z ,napoleon we 7 to take away ! honor ( all t he _h done 9 law & civil gov]nm5t1 & to give him ! reputation ( 8 soldi]%ip only1 8 "n w\ld be less1 if ju/ly weigh$1 ?an t ( ,buon>roti1 himself a good soldi] also1 :5 ne$ 04 ,b ,i w n endeavor to pursue ! inquiry1 = ,i believe t ( all ! arts ( ! fir/ ord] x w\ld be f\nd t all t a man has1 or is1 or c be1 he c fully express 9 !m1 & give to any ( !m1 & f9d x n en\gh4 #ae4 ,,in/9ctive ,,judgm5ts4 ,! same rapid judgm5t :i* ,i wi% to enable ! read] to =m ( ar*itecture1 may 9 "s sort also be =m$ ( pa9t+1 ow+ to ! close connection betwe5 execution & expression 9 ! latt]2 z betwe5 /ructure & expression 9 ! =m]4 ,we ought to be able to tell good pa9t+ by a side glance z we pass along a gall]y2 &1 until we c d s1 we are n fit to pron\nce judgm5t at all3 n t ,i class ?is easily visible excell5ce ( pa9t+ ) ! great expressional qualities :i* "t & wat*fulness only unfold4 ,i h aga9 & aga9 insi/$ on ! supremacy ( ^! la/ & %all always cont9ue to d s4 ,b ,i p]ceive a t5d5cy among "s ( ! m ?\ghtful critics ( ! day to =get t ! bus9ess ( a pa9t] is to pa9t1 & s altoge!r to despise ^? m51 ,v]onese & ,rub5s = in/ance1 :o 7 pa9t]s1 p> excell5ce1 & 9 :om ! expressional qualities are subord9ate4 ,n[ x is well1 :5 we h /rong moral or poetical feel+ manife/$ 9 pa9t+1 to m>k ?is z ! be/ "p ( ! "w2 b x is n well to consid] z a ?+ ( small acc\nt1 ! pa9t]'s language 9 :i* t feel+ is convey$1 = if t language be n good & lovely1 ! man may inde$ be a j morali/ or a great poet1 b he is n a pa9t]1 & x 0 wrong ( him to pa9t4 ,he _h mu* bett] put 8 morality into s]mons1 & 8 poetry into v]se1 ?an into a language ( :i* he 0 n ma/]4 ,& ?is ma/]y ( ! language is t ( :i* we %\ld be cognizant by a glance ( ! eye2 & if t be n f\nd1 x is wa/$ "t to look f>!r3 ! man has mi/ak5 8 vocation1 & 8 expression ( himself w be cramp$ by 8 awkw>d ef=ts to d :at he 0 n fit to d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! man be a pa9t] inde$1 & h ! gift ( colors & l9es1 :at is 9 him w come f 8 h& freely & fai?fully2 & ! language itself is s difficult & s va/1 t ! m]e possession ( x argues ! man is great1 & t 8 works are wor? read+4 ,s t ,i h nev] yet se5 ! case 9 :i* ?is true arti/ical excell5ce1 visible by ! eye-glance1 0 n ! index ( "s true expressional wor? 9 ! "w4 ,nei!r h ,i ev] se5 a good expressional "w )\t high arti/ical m]it3 & t ?is is ev] d5i$ is only ow+ to ! n>r[ view :i* m5 are apt to take bo? ( expression & ( art2 a n>r[ness consequ5t on _! own especial practice & habits ( ?\ght4 ,a man long tra9$ to love ! monk's visions ( ,fra ,angelico1 turns 9 pr\d & ineffable disgu/ f ! fir/ "w ( ,rub5s :i* he enc\nt]s on 8 return across ! ,alps4 ,b is he "r 9 8 indignation8 ,he has =gott51 t :ile ,angelico pray$ & wept 9 8 olive %ade1 !re 0 diff]5t "w do+ 9 ! dank fields ( ,fl&]s2--wild seas to be bank$ out2 endless canals to be dug1 & b\ndless m>%es to be dra9$2 h>d pl\gh+ & h>r[+ ( ! fro/y clay2 c>eful bre$+ ( /\t horses & fat cattle2 close sett+ ( brick walls aga9/ cold w9ds & sn[2 mu* h>d5+ ( h&s & gross /\t5+ ( bodies 9 all ?is2 gross jovialities ( h>ve/ homes & ,*ri/mas fea/s1 :i* 7 to be ! rew>d ( x2 r\gh affections1 & sluggi% imag9ation2 fle%y1 sub/antial1 iron%od humanities1 b humanities /ill2 humanities :i* ,god _h 8 eye ^u1 & :i* won1 p]haps1 "h & !re1 z mu* favor 9 8 sight z ! wa/$ aspects ( ! :isp]+ monks ( ,flor5ce 7,heav5 =bid x %\ld n be s1 s9ce ! mo/ ( u _c be monks1 b mu/ be pl\ghm5 & reap]s /ill74 ,& are we to suppose !re is no nobility 9 ,rub5s' mascul9e & univ]sal sympa?y ) all ?is1 & ) 8 l>ge human r5d]+ ( x1 ,g5tleman ?\gh he 01 by bir?1 & feel+1 & education1 & place2 &1 :5 he *ose1 lordly 9 conception also8 ,he _h 8 faults1 p]haps great & lam5table faults1 ?\gh m ^? ( 8 "t & 8 c\ntry ?an 8 own2 he has nei!r cloi/] bre$+ nor b\doir bre$+1 & is v unfit to pa9t ei!r 9 missals or annuals2 b he has an op5 sky & wide-_w bre$+ 9 him1 t we may n be (f5d$ )1 fit alike = k+'s c\rt1 knight's camp1 or peasant's cottage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man tra9$ "h 9 ,engl&1 9 our ,sir ,jo%ua s*ool1 w n & _c all[ t !re is any art at all 9 ! te*nical "w ( ,angelico4 ,b he is j z wrong z ! o!r4 ,fra ,angelico is z true a ma/] ( ! art necess>y to 8 purposes1 z ,rub5s 0 ( t necess>y = 84 ,we h be5 taught 9 ,engl& to ?9k !re c be no virtue b 9 a load$ bru% & rapid h&2 b if we c %ake our common s5se free ( su* tea*+1 we %all und]/& t !re is art also 9 ! delicate po9t & 9 ! h& :i* trembles z x moves2 n because x is m liable to err1 b because !re is m dang] 9 its error1 & m at /ake ^u its precision4 ,! art ( ,angelico1 bo? z a colori/ & a draughtsman1 is consummate2 s p]fect & beautiful1 t 8 "w may be recognis$ at any di/ance by ! ra9b[-play & brilliancy ( x3 ,h[ev] closely x may be surr\nd$ by o!r works ( ! same s*ool1 gl[+ ) enamel & gold1 ,angelico's may be told f !m at a glance1 l s _m huge pieces ( opal ly+ among common m>bles4 ,s aga9 ) ,giotto2 ! ,ar5a *apel is n only ! mo/ p]fect expressional "w1 x is ! prettie/ piece ( wall decoration & fair color1 9 ,nor? ,italy4 ,n[ !re is a correspond5ce ( ! same k9d betwe5 ! te*nical & expressional p>ts ( ar*itecture2--n a true or entire correspond5ce1 s t :5 ! expression is be/1 ! build+ mu/ be also be/2 b s mu* ( correspond5ce z t good build+ is necess>y to good expression1 comes be=e x1 & is to be prim>ily look$ =3 & ! m1 because ! mann] ( build+ is capable ( be+ det]m9ately e/imat$ & class$2 b ! expressional "* n s3 we c at once det]m9e ! true value ( te*nical qualities1 we c only approximate to ! value ( expressional qualities3 & besides ?is1 ! look+ = ! te*nical qualities fir/ w enable u to ca/ a l>ge quantity ( rubbi% aside at once1 & s to n>r[ ! difficult field ( inquiry into expression3 we %all get rid ( ,*9ese pagodas & ,indian temples1 & ,r5aissance ,palladianisms1 & ,alhambra /ucco & filigree1 9 "o great rubbi% heap2 & %all n ne$ to tr\ble ourselves ab\t _! expression1 or any?+ else conc]n+ !m4 ,!n tak+ ! build+s :i* h be5 rightly put toge!r1 & :i* %[ common s5se 9 _! /ructure1 we may look = _! f>!r & high] excell5ces2 b on ^? :i* are absurd 9 _! fir/ /eps we ne$ wa/e no "t4 #af4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,%afts4 ,i c\ld h wi%$1 be=e writ+ ?is *apt]1 to h giv5 m /udy to ! difficult subject ( ! /r5g? ( %afts ( diff]5t mat]ials & /ructure2 b ,i _c ent] into e inquiry :i* g5]al criticism might sugge/1 & ?is ,i believe to be "o :i* w\ld h occupi$ ! read] ) less pr(it ?an _m o!rs3 all t is necess>y = him to note is1 t ! great increase ( /r5g? ga9$ by a tubul> =m 9 iron %afts1 ( giv5 solid cont5ts1 is no contradiction to ! g5]al pr9ciple /at$ 9 ! text1 t ! /r5g? ( mat]ials is mo/ available :5 !y are mo/ conc5trat$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tube is ow+ to c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! ar* =m$ by its sides1 n to ! disp]sion ( its mat]ials3 & ! pr9ciple is altoge!r inapplicable to /one %afts4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( build+ a pill> ( a succession ( s&/one r+s2 h[ev] /rong x might be1 x w\ld be /ill /rong] fill$ up1 & ! sub/itution ( su* a pill> = a solid "o ( ! same cont5ts w\ld lose too mu* space2 = a /one pill>1 ev5 :5 solid1 mu/ be q z ?ick z is ei!r graceful or conv5i5t1 & 9 mod]n *ur*es is (t5 too ?ick z x is1 h9d]+ sight ( ! prea*]1 & *eck+ ! s\nd ( 8 voice4 #ag4 ,,answ] ,,to ,,mr4 ,,g>bett4 ,"s ?ree mon?s ago1 & long aft] ! writ+ ( ?is passage1 ,i met accid5tally ) ,mr4 ,g>bett's elem5t>y ,treatise on ,design4 7,weale1 #ahej47 ,if ,i _h c>$ ab\t ! reputation ( orig9ality1 ,i %\ld h be5 annoy$--& 0 s1 at fir/1 on f9d+ ,mr4 ,g>bett's illu/rations ( ! subject exactly ! same z m9e1 ev5 to ! *oice ( ! elephant's foot = ! p>allel ( ! ,doric pill>3 ,i ev5 ?\ght ( omitt+1 or rewrit+1 great "p ( ! *apt]1 b det]m9$ at la/ to let x /&4 ,i am /riv+ to speak pla9 tru?s on _m simple & trite subjects1 & ,i hope1 !re=e1 t mu* ( :at ,i say has be5 said be=e1 & am q will+ to give up all claim to orig9ality 9 any reason+ or ass]tion :atsoev]1 if any "o c>es to dispute x4 ,i desire ! read] to accept :at ,i say1 n z m9e1 b z ! tru?1 :i* may be all ! _w's1 if !y look = x4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 ,mr4 ,frank ,h[>d promis$ at "s discussion respect+ ! ,sev5 ,lamps1 report$ 9 ! ,build]1 to pluck all my borr[$ fea!rs (f me2 b ,i did n see ! end ( ! discussion1 & d n "k to ?is day h[ _m fea!rs ,i h left3 at all ev5ts ! elephant's foot mu/ belong to ,mr4 ,g>bett1 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 nei!r he nor ,i c be q ju/ifi$ 9 us+ x1 = an elephant 9 reality /&s on tiptoe2 & ?is is by no means ! expression ( a ,doric %aft4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to speak ( ?is treatise ( ,mr4 ,g>bett's1 & desire also to recomm5d x z ( mu* int]e/ & utility 9 its /atem5ts ( fact1 x is impossible = me to pass altoge!r )\t notice1 z if unansw]able1 sev]al passages 9 :i* ! writ] has object$ to views /at$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,lamps4 ,i %\ld at any rate h notic$ ! passage quot$ above1 7,*ap4 #cj?17 :i* runs c\nt] to ! _s ( all ,i h ev] writt51 ?\gh )\t ref]r+ to me2 b ! ref]5ces to ! ,sev5 ,lamps ,i %\ld n h answ]$1 unless ,i _h desir$1 g5]ally1 to recomm5d ! book1 & p>tly also1 because !y may s]ve z examples ( ! k9d ( animadv]sion :i* ! ,sev5 ,lamps _h to su/a9 f ar*itects1 v g5]ally2 :i* examples be+ once answ]$1 !re w be little occasion = my ref]r+ 9 future to o!r criticisms ( ! k9d4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,sev5 ,lamps is 9 ! second page1 :]e ,mr4 ,g>bett asks a "q1 ,:y are n conv5i5ce & /ability en\gh to con/itute a f9e build+8--:i* ,i %\ld h answ]$ %ortly by ask+ ano!r1 ,:y we h be5 made m51 & n bees nor t]mites3 b ,mr4 ,g>bett has giv5 a v pretty1 ?\gh p>tial1 answ] to x himself1 9 8 #d? to #i? pages1--an answ] :i* ,i he>tily beg ! read] to consid]4 ,b1 9 page #ab1 x is made a grave *>ge aga9/ me1 t ,i use ! words beauty & ornam5t int]*angeably4 ,i d s1 & ev] %all2 & s1 ,i believe1 "o day1 w ,mr4 ,g>bett himself2 b n :ile he cont9ues to head 8 pages ?us3--,beauty n dep5d5t on ornam5t1 or sup]flu\s features4 ,:at "r has he to assume t ornam5t1 rightly s call$1 ev] 01 or c be1 sup]flu\s8 ,i h said be=e1 & repeat$ly 9 o!r places1 t ! mo/ beautiful ?+s are ! mo/ useless2 ,i nev] said sup]flu\s4 ,i said useless 9 ! well-und]/ood & usual s5se1 z mean+1 inapplicable to ! s]vice ( ! body4 ,?us ,i call$ peacocks & lilies useless2 mean+1 t roa/ peacock 0 un:olesome 7tak+ ,juv5al's ^w = x71 & t dri$ lilies made bad hay3 b ,i d n ?9k peacocks sup]flu\s birds1 nor t ! _w c\ld get on well )\t its lilies4 ,or1 to look clos]1 ,i suppose ! peacock's blue eyes to be v useless to him2 n dang]\s inde$1 z to _! fir/ ma/]1 b ( small s]vice1 yet ,i d n ?9k !re is a sup]flu\s eye 9 all 8 tail2 & = lilies1 ?\gh ! great ,k+ ( ,israel 0 n array$ l "o ( !m1 c ,mr4 ,g>bett tell u :i* are _! sup]flu\s leaves8 ,is !re no ,diog5es among lilies8 none to be f\nd cont5t to dr9k dew1 b out ( silv]8 ,! fact is1 ,i nev] met ) ! ar*itect yet :o did n ?9k ornam5t meant a ?+ to be b\ght 9 a %op & p9n$ on1 or left (f1 at ar*itectural toilets1 z ! fancy seiz$ !m1 ?9k+ little m ?an _m wom5 d ( ! o!r k9d ( ornam5t--! only true k9d1--,/4 ,pet]'s k9d1--,n t outw>d adorn+1 b ! inn]--( ! he>t4 ,i d n mean t ar*itects _c conceive ?is bett] ornam5t1 b !y d n und]/& t x is ! only ornam5t2 t all ar*itectural ornam5t is ?is1 & no?+ b ?is2 t a noble build+ nev] has any extrane\s or sup]flu\s ornam5t2 t all its p>ts are necess>y to its lovel9ess1 & t no s+le atom ( !m c\ld be remov$ )\t h>m to its life4 ,y d n build a temple & !n dress x4#aja ,y create x 9 its lovel9ess1 & leave x1 z h] ,mak] left ,eve4 ,n unadorn$1 ,i believe1 b s well adorn$ z to ne$ no fea!r cr[ns4 ,& ,i use ! words ornam5t & beauty int]*angeably1 9 ord] t ar*itects may und]/& ?is3 ,i assume t _! build+ is to be a p]fect creature capable ( no?+ less ?an x has1 & ne$+ no?+ m4 ,x may1 inde$1 receive additional decoration aft]w>ds1 exactly z a woman may gracefully put a bracelet on h] arm1 or set a fl[] 9 h] hair3 b t additional decoration is n ! ar*itecture4 ,x is ( curta9s1 pictures1 /atues1 ?+s t may be tak5 away f ! build+1 & n hurt x4 ,:at has ! ar*itect to d ) ^!8 ,he has only to d ) :at is "p ( ! build+ itself1 t is to say1 its own inh]5t beauty4 ,& because ,mr4 ,g>bett does n und]/& or ackn[l$ge ?is1 he is l$ on f error to error2 = we next f9d him endeavor+ to def9e beauty z di/9ct f ornam5t1 & say+ t ,positive beauty may be produc$ by a /udi\s collation ( :atev] w display design1 ord]1 & congruity4 7p4 #ad47 ,is t s8 ,!re is a highly /udi\s collation ( :atev] w display design1 ord]1 & congruity1 9 a skull1 is !re n8--yet small beauty4 ,! nose is a decorative feature1--yet slightly necess>y to beauty1 x seems to me2 n[1 at lea/1 = ,i once ?\ght ,i mu/ be wrong 9 consid]+ a skull disagreeable4 ,i gave x fair trial3 put "o on my b$-room *imney-piece1 & look$ at x by sunrise e morn+1 & by moonlight e night1 & by all ! be/ lights ,i c\ld ?9k (1 = a mon?1 9 va94 ,i f\nd x z ugly at la/ z ,i did at fir/4 ,s1 also1 ! hair is a decoration1 & its natural curl is ( little use2 b c ,mr4 ,g>bett conceive a bald beauty2 or does he pref] a wig1 because t is a /udi\s collation ( :atev] w produce design1 ord]1 & congruity8 ,s ! flu% ( ! *eek is a decoration1--,god's pa9t+ ( ! temple ( 8 _s1--& ! r$ness ( ! lip2 & yet poor ,viola ?\ght x beauty truly bl5t2 & ,i hold ) h]4 ,i h answ]$ en\gh to ?is c\nt4 ,! second po9t que/ion$ is my ass]tion1 ,ornam5t _c be ov]*>g$ if x is good1 & is always ov]*>g$ :5 x is bad4 ,to :i* ,mr4 ,g>bett objects 9 ^! t]ms3 ,i mu/ cont5d1 on ! contr>y1 t ! v be/ ornam5t may be ov]*>g$ by be+ misplac$4 ,a %ort s5t5ce ) two mi/akes 9 x4 ,fir/4 ,mr4 ,g>bett _c get rid ( 8 un=tunate notion t ornam5t is a ?+ to be manufactur$ sep>ately1 & fa/5$ on4 ,he supposes t an ornam5t may be call$ good 9 itself1 9 ! /onemason's y>d or 9 ! ironmong]'s %op3 ,once = all1 let him put ?is idea out ( 8 head4 ,we may say ( a ?+1 consid]$ sep>ately1 t x is a pretty ?+2 b be=e we c say x is a good ornam5t1 we mu/ "k :at x is to adorn1 & h[4 ,z1 = in/ance1 a r+ ( gold is a pretty ?+2 x is a good ornam5t on a woman's f+]2 n a good ornam5t hung ?r\gh h] "u lip4 ,a hollyhock1 sev5 feet high1 w\ld be a good ornam5t = a cottage-g>d52 n a good ornam5t = a lady's head-dress4 ,might n ,mr4 ,g>bett h se5 ?is )\t my %[+8 & t1 !re=e1 :5 ,i said good ornam5t1 ,i said well-plac$ ornam5t1 9 "o ^w1 & t1 also1 :5 ,mr4 ,g>bett says x may be ov]*>g$ by be+ misplac$1 he m]ely says x may be ov]*>g$ by be+ bad4 ,secondly4 ,b1 grant$ t ornam5t 7 indep5d5t ( its position1 & might be pron\nc$ good 9 a sep>ate =m1 z books are good1 or m5 are good4--,suppose ,i _h writt5 to a /ud5t 9 ,ox=d1 ,y _c h too _m books1 if !y be good books2 & he _h answ]$ me1 ,yes1 = if ,i h _m1 ,i h no place to put !m 9 b ! coal-cell>4 ,w\ld t 9 anywise affect ! g5]al pr9ciple t he c\ld n h too _m books8 ,or suppose he _h writt51 ,i mu/ n h too _m1 !y confuse my head4 ,i %\ld h writt5 back to him3 ,don't buy books to put 9 ! coal-hole1 nor read !m if !y confuse y\r head2 y _c h too _m1 if !y be good3 b if y are too lazy to take c>e ( !m1 or too dull to pr(it by !m1 y are bett] )\t !m4 ,exactly 9 ! same tone1 ,i repeat to ,mr4 ,g>bett1 ,y _c h too mu* ornam5t1 if x be good3 b if y are too indol5t to arrange x1 or too dull to take advantage ( x1 assur$ly y are bett] )\t x4 ,! o!r po9ts be>+ on ?is "q h already be5 /at$ 9 ! close ( ! #ba/ *apt]4 ,! ?ird ref]5ce ,i h to answ]1 is to my repeat$ ass]tion1 t ! evid5ce ( manual labor is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( value 9 ornam5t1 7,sev5 ,lamps1 p4 #di1 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 #a1 ,*ap4 ,,iii417 to :i* objection is made 9 ^! t]ms3 ,we mu/ "h w>n ! read] aga9/ a rem>kable error ( ,rusk94 ,! value ( ornam5ts 9 ar*itecture dep5ds n 9 ! slighte/ degree on ! manual labor !y conta94 ,if x did1 ! f9e/ ornam5ts ev] execut$ w\ld be ! /one *a9s t hang be=e c]ta9 ,indian rock-temples4 ,is t s8 ,he> a p>allel argum5t4 ,! value ( ! ,corni% m9es dep5ds n 9 ! slighte/ degree on ! quantity ( copp] !y conta94 ,if x did1 ! mo/ valuable ?+s ev] produc$ w\ld be copp] saucepans4 ,x is h>dly wor? my :ile to answ] ?is2 b1 le/ any ( my read]s %\ld be confus$ by ! objection1 & z ,i hold ! fact to be ( great importance1 ,i may re-/ate x = !m ) "s explanation4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 ! appe>ance ( labor1 t is to say1 ! evid5ce ( ! pa/ indu/ry ( man1 is always1 9 ! ab/ract1 int5sely delightful3 man be+ meant to labor1 x is delightful to see t he has labor$1 & to read ! record ( 8 active & wor?y exi/5ce4 ,! evid5ce ( labor becomes pa9ful only :5 x is a sign ( ,evil great]1 z ,evil1 ?an ! labor is great1 z ,good4 ,z1 = in/ance1 if a man has labor$ = an h\r at :at might h be5 done by ano!r man 9 a mom5t1 ?is evid5ce ( 8 labor is also evid5ce ( 8 weakness2 & ?is weakness is great] 9 rank ( evil1 ?an 8 indu/ry is great 9 rank ( good4 ,aga91 if a man h labor$ at :at 0 n wor? accompli%+1 ! signs ( 8 labor are ! signs ( 8 folly1 & 8 folly di%onors 8 indu/ry2 we _h r he _h be5 a wise man 9 re/ ?an a fool 9 labor4 ,aga91 if a man h labor$ )\t accompli%+ any?+1 ! signs ( 8 labor are ! signs ( 8 disappo9tm5t2 & we h m sorr[ 9 sympa?y ) 8 failure1 ?an pleasure 9 sympa?y ) 8 "w4 ,n[1 !re=e1 9 ornam5t1 :5ev] labor replaces :at 0 bett] ?an labor1 t is to say1 skill & ?\ght2 :]ev] x sub/itutes itself = ^!1 or negatives ^! by its exi/5ce1 !n x is positive evil4 ,copp] is an evil :5 x alloys gold1 or poisons food3 n an evil1 z copp]2 good 9 ! =m ( p5ce1 s]i\sly objectionable :5 x occupies ! room ( gu9eas4 ,let ,dana ca/ x out ( h] lap1 :5 ! gold comes f heav52 b let ! poor man ga!r x up c>efully f ! e>?4 ,f>!r1 ! evid5ce ( labor is n only a good :5 add$ to o!r good1 b ! utt] abs5ce ( x de/roys good 9 human "w4 ,x is only good = ,god to create )\t toil2 t :i* man c create )\t toil is wor?less3 ma*9e ornam5ts are no ornam5ts at all4 ,consid] ?is c>efully1 read]3 ,i c\ld illu/rate x = y endlessly2 b y feel x y\rself e h\r ( y\r exi/5ce4 ,& if y d n "k t y feel x1 take up1 = a little "t1 ! trade :i* ( all manual trades has be5 mo/ honor$3 be = once a c>p5t]4 ,make = y\rself a table or a *air1 & see if y ev] ?\ght any table or *air s delightful1 & :at /range beauty !re w be 9 _! crook$ limbs4 ,i h n notic$ any o!r animadv]sions on ! ,sev5 ,lamps 9 ,mr4 ,g>bett's volume2 b if !re be m1 ,i mu/ n[ leave x to 8 own consid]ation1 :e!r he may n1 z 9 ! above in/ances1 h made !m incauti\sly3 ,i may1 p]haps1 also be p]mitt$ to reque/ o!r ar*itects1 :o may happ5 to glance at ! prec$+ pages1 n imm$iately to condemn :at may appe> to !m false 9 g5]al pr9ciple4 ,i mu/ (t5 be f\nd defici5t 9 te*nical k2 ,i may (t5 err 9 my /atem5ts respect+ matt]s ( practice or ( special law4 ,b ,i d n write ?\ghtlessly respect+ pr9ciples2 & my /atem5ts ( ^! w g5]ally be f\nd wor? reconnoitr+ be=e attack+4 ,ar*itects1 no d\bt1 fancy !y h /rong gr\nds = suppos+ me wrong :5 !y seek to invalidate my ass]tions4 ,let me assure !m1 at lea/1 t ,i mean to be _! fri5d1 al?\gh !y may n imm$iately recognise me z su*4 ,if ,i c\ld obta9 ! public e>1 & ! pr9ciples ,i h advocat$ 7 c>ri$ into g5]al practice1 porphyry & s]p5t9e w\ld be giv5 to !m in/ead ( lime/one & brick2 in/ead ( tav]n & %op-fronts !y w\ld h to build goodly *ur*es & noble dwell+-h\ses2 & = e /unt$ ,grecism & /ucco ,romanism1 into :i* !y are n[ =c$ to %ape _! palsi$ ?\ghts1 & to ^: crumbl+ plagi>isms !y mu/ tru/ _! d\btful fame1 !y w\ld be ask$ to raise :ole /reets ( bold1 & ri*1 & liv+ ar*itecture1 ) ! c]ta9ty 9 _! he>ts ( do+ :at 0 honorable to !mselves1 & good = all m54 ,be=e ,i altoge!r leave ! "q ( ! influ5ce ( labor on ar*itectural effect1 ! read] may expect f me a ^w or two respect+ ! subject :i* ?is ye> mu/ be int]e/+ to all--! applicability1 namely1 ( glass & iron to ar*itecture 9 g5]al1 z 9 "s sort exemplifi$ by ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,x is ?\ght by _m t we %all =?) h great "p ( our ar*itecture 9 glass & iron1 & t new =ms ( beauty w result f ! /udi$ employm5t ( ^! mat]ials4 ,x may be told 9 a few words h[ f> ?is is possible2 h[ f> et]nally impossible4 ,!re are two means ( delight 9 all productions ( art--color & =m4 ,! mo/ vivid conditions ( color atta9able by human art are ^? ( works 9 glass & enamel1 b n ! mo/ p]fect4 ,! be/ & noble/ color+ possible to art is t atta9$ by ! t\* ( ! human h& on an opaque surface1 ^u :i* x c comm& any t9t requir$1 )\t subjection to alt]ation by fire or o!r me*anical means4 ,no color is s noble z ! color ( a good pa9t+ on canvas or gesso4 ,?is k9d ( color be+1 h[ev]1 impossible1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ar*itecture1 ! next be/ is ! sci5tific disposition ( ! natural colors ( /ones1 :i* are f> nobl] ?an any ab/ract hues producible by human art4 ,! delight :i* we receive f glass pa9t+ is "o altoge!r inf]ior1 & 9 :i* we %\ld degrade ourselves by ov] indulg5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible t we may raise "s palaces l ,aladd9's ) color$ glass = jewels1 :i* %all be new 9 ! annals ( human spl5dor1 & good 9 _! place2 b n if !y sup]s$$ nobl] edifices4 ,n[1 color is producible ei!r on opaque or 9 transp>5t bodies3 b =m is only expressible1 9 its p]fection1 on opaque bodies1 )\t lu/re4 ,?is law is imp]ative1 univ]sal1 irrevocable4 ,no p]fect or ref9$ =m c be express$ except 9 opaque & lu/reless matt]4 ,y _c see ! =m ( a jewel1 nor1 9 any p]fection1 ev5 ( a cameo or bronze4 ,y _c p]fectly see ! =m ( a humm+-bird1 on acc\nt ( its burni%+2 b y c see ! =m ( a swan p]fectly4 ,no noble "w 9 =m c ev]1 !re=e1 be produc$ 9 transp>5t or lu/r\s glass or enamel4 ,all noble ar*itecture dep5ds = its maje/y on its =m3 !re=e y c nev] h any noble ar*itecture 9 transp>5t or lu/r\s glass or enamel4 ,iron is1 h[ev]1 opaque2 & bo? x & opaque enamel may1 p]haps1 be r5d]$ q lu/reless2 &1 !re=e1 fit to receive noble =m4 ,let ?is be ?or\ghly done1 & bo? ! iron & enamel made f9e 9 pa/e or gra91 & y may h an ar*itecture z noble z ca/ or /ruck ar*itecture ev5 c be3 z noble1 !re=e1 z co9s c be1 or common ca/ bronzes1 & su* o!r multiplicable ?+s2#ajb--;et]nally sep>at$ f all good & great ?+s by a gulph :i* n all ! tubul> bridges nor eng9e]+ ( t5 ?\s& n9ete5? c5turies ca/ into "o great bronze-=ehead$ c5tury1 w ev] ov]pass "o in* (4 ,all art :i* is wor? its room 9 ?is _w1 all art :i* is n a piece ( blund]+ refuse1 occupy+ ! foot or two ( e>? :i*1 if un5cumb]$ by x1 w\ld h gr[n corn or violets1 or "s bett] ?+1 is art :i* proce$s f an individual m9d1 work+ ?r\gh in/rum5ts :i* assi/1 b d n sup]s$e1 ! muscul> action ( ! human h&1 ^u ! mat]ials :i* mo/ t5d]ly receive1 & mo/ securely reta91 ! impressions ( su* human labor4 ,& ! value ( e "w ( art is exactly 9 ! ratio ( ! quantity ( humanity :i* has be5 put into x1 & legibly express$ ^u x = ev]3-- ,fir/1 ( ?\ght & moral purpose2 ,secondly1 ( te*nical skill2 ,?irdly1 ( bodily indu/ry4 ,! quantity ( bodily indu/ry :i* t ,cry/al ,palace expresses is v great4 ,s f> x is good4 ,! quantity ( ?\ght x expresses is1 ,i suppose1 a s+le & v admirable ?\ght ( ,mr4 ,paxton's1 probably n a bit bright] ?an ?\s&s ( ?\ghts :i* pass ?r\gh 8 active & intellig5t bra9 e h\r1--t x might be possible to build a gre5h\se l>g] ?an ev] gre5h\se 0 built be=e4 ,?is ?\ght1 & "s v ord9>y algebra1 are z mu* z all t glass c repres5t ( human intellect4 ,b "o poor half-p5nywor? ( bread to all ?is intol]able deal ( sack4 ,alas6 ,! e>? ha? bubbles z ! wat] ha?3 ,& ?is is ( !m4 #ah4 ,,e>ly ,,engli% ,,capitals4 ,! dep? ( ! cutt+ 9 "s ( ! e>ly ,engli% capitals is1 inde$1 "p ( a g5]al sy/em ( attempts at exagg]at$ =ce ( effect1 l ! black t\*es ( second-rate draughtsm51 :i* ,i h notic$ z *>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all nor!rn "w1 associat$ ) ! love ( ! grotesque3 b ! ma9 section ( ! capital is inde$ a drip/one roll$ r\nd1 z above describ$2 & drip/one sections are cont9ually f\nd 9 nor!rn "w1 :]e n only !y _c increase =ce ( effect1 b are entirely invisible except on close exam9ation2 z1 = in/ance1 "u ! upp]mo/ range ( /ones ( ! f\ndation ( ,:itehall1 or "u ! slope ( ! re/or$ base ( ,all ,s\ls ,college1 ,ox=d1 "u ! level ( ! eye4 ,i mu* d\bt if any ( ! ,fell[s be aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,_m read]s w be surpris$ & displeas$ by ! disp>agem5t ( ! e>ly ,engli% capital4 ,t capital has1 inde$1 "o "* ( consid]able value2 namely1 ! boldness ) :i* x /ops ! m\ld+s :i* fall ^u x1 & sev]s !m f ! %aft1 contra/+ itself ) ! multiplicity ( _! v]tical l9es4 ,sp>+ly us$1 or seldom se51 x is ?us1 9 its place1 n unpleas+2 & we ,engli% love x f association1 x be+ always f\nd 9 connection ) our pure/ & lovelie/ ,go?ic ar*es1 & nev] 9 multitudes l>ge en\gh to satiate ! eye ) its =m4 ,! read] :o sits 9 ! ,temple *ur* e ,sunday1 & sees no ar*itecture dur+ ! week b t ( ,*anc]y ,lane1 may mo/ ju/ifiably qu>rel ) me = :at ,i h said ( x4 ,b if e h\se 9 ,fleet ,/reet or ,*anc]y ,lane 7 ,go?ic1 & all _h e>ly ,engli% capitals1 ,i w\ld answ] = 8 mak+ peace ) me 9 a =tnight4 #ai4 ,,tombs ,,ne> ,,/4 ,,ana/asia4 ,^: !y are1 is ( little consequ5ce to ! read] or to me1 & ,i h tak5 no pa9s to discov]2 _! value be+ n 9 any evid5ce !y be> respect+ dates1 b 9 _! intr9sic m]it z examples ( composition4 ,two ( !m are )9 ! gate1 "o on ! top ( x1 & ?is latt] is on ! :ole ! be/1 ?\gh all are beautiful2 unit+ ! int5se nor!rn en]gy 9 _! figure sculpture ) ! mo/ s]5e classical re/ra9t 9 _! outl9es1 & unaffect$1 b mascul9e simplicity ( con/ruction4 ,i h n put lett]s to ! diagram ( ! lat]al ar* at page #aed1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! cle>ness ( ! curves1 b ,i %all always express ! same po9ts by ! same lett]s1 :5ev] ,i h to give measures ( ar*es ( ?is simple k9d1 s t ! read] ne$ nev] h ! diagrams lett]$ at all4 ,! base or span ( ! c5tre ar* w always be a b2 its v]tex w always be ,v2 ! po9ts ( ! cusps w be c c2 p p w be ! bases ( p]p5dicul>s let fall f ,v & c on a b2 & d ! base ( a p]p5dicul> f ! po9t ( ! cusp to ! ar* l9e4 ,!n a b w always be a span ( ! ar*1 ,v p its p]p5dicul> height1 ,v a ! *ord ( its side arcs1 d c ! dep? ( its cusps1 c c ! horizontal int]val betwe5 ! cusps1 a c ! l5g? ( ! *ord ( ! l[] arc ( ! cusp1 ,v c ! l5g? ( ! *ord ( ! upp] arc ( ! cusp1 7:e!r cont9u\s or n17 & c p ! l5g? ( a p]p5dicul> f ! po9t ( ! cusp on a b4 ,( c\rse we d n want all ^! measures = a s+le ar*1 b x (t5 happ5s t "s ( !m are atta9able m easily ?an o!rs2 "s are (t5 unatta9able altoge!r1 & x is necess>y !re=e to h expressions = :i*ev] we may be able to det]m9e4 ,v p or ,v a1 a b1 & d c are always ess5tial2 !n ei!r a c & ,v c or c c & c p3 :5 ,i h my *oice1 ,i always take a b1 ,v p1 d c1 c c1 & c p1 b c p is n to be g5]ally obta9$ s accurately z ! cusp arcs4 ,! measures ( ! pres5t ar* are3 ,ft4 ,94 a b1 #c 11 #h ,v p1 #d 11 #j ,v c1 #b 11 #d-a_/b a c1 #b 11 #j-a_/d d c1 #j 11 #c-a_/b #bj4 ,,%afts ,,( ,,ducal ,,palace4 ,! %ortness ( ! ?ick] ones at ! angles is induc$ by ! great] dep? ( ! enl>g$ capitals3 ?us ! #cf? %aft is #aj ft4 #d-a_/c 94 9 circumf]5ce at its base1 & #aj 11 #j-a_/bajc 9 circumf]5ce "u ! fillet ( its capital2 b x is only #f 11 #a-c_/d high1 :ile ! m9or int]m$iate %afts1 ( :i* ! ?icke/ is #g 11 #h r\nd at ! base1 & #g 11 #d "u capital1 are yet on ! av]age #g 11 #g high4 ,! angle %aft t[>ds ! sea 7! #ah?7 is ne>ly ( ! proportions ( ! #cf?1 & !re are ?ree o!rs1 ! #ae?1 #bd?1 & #bf?1 :i* are ?ick] ?an ! re/1 ?\gh n s ?ick z ! angle ones4 ,! #bd? & #bf? h bo? p>ty walls to be>1 & ,i imag9e ! #ae? mu/ 9 old "t h c>ri$ ano!r1 rea*+ across :at is n[ ! ,sala del ,gran ,consiglio4 ,!y measure respectively r\nd at ! base1 ,! #ae?1 #h 11 #b #bd?1 #i 11 #f-a_/b #bf?1 #h 11 #j-a_/b ,! o!r pill>s t[>ds ! sea1 & ^? to ! #bg? inclusive ( ! ,piazzetta1 are all sev5 feet r\nd at ! base1 & !n !re is a mo/ curi\s & delicate cresc5do ( circumf]5ce to ! #cf?1 ?us3 ,! #bh?1 #g 11 #c ,! #ccrd1 #g 11 #f #bi?1 #g 11 #d #cd?1 #g 11 #h #cj?1 #g 11 #f #ce?1 #g 11 #h #ca/1 #g 11 #g #cf?1 #aj 11 #d-a_/c #cbnd1 #g 11 #e ,! %afts ( ! upp] arcade1 :i* are above ^! ?ick] columns1 are also ?ick] ?an _! companions1 measur+ on ! av]age1 #d 11 #h-a_/b 9 circumf]5ce1 :ile ^? ( ! sea faade1 except ! #bi?1 av]age #d 11 #g-a_/b 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! #bi?1 :i* is ( c\rse above ! #ae? ( ! l[] /ory1 is #e 11 #e 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* little piece ( evid5ce w be ( no small value to u by-&-by4 ,! #ce? c>ries ! angle ( ! palace1 & is #f 11 #j r\nd4 ,! #dg?1 :i* comes above ! #bd? & c>ries ! p>ty wall ( ! ,sala del ,gran ,consiglio1 is /r5g!n$ by a pila/]2 & ! #ea/1 :i* comes ov] ! #bf?1 is #e 11 #d-a_/b r\nd1 or ne>ly ! same z ! #bi?2 x c>ries ! p>ty wall ( ! ,sala del ,scrut9io2 a small room conta9+ "p ( ,/4 ,m>k's libr>y1 com+ betwe5 ! two saloons2 a room :i*1 9 remembrances ( ! help ,i h receiv$ 9 all my inquiries f ! k9dness & intellig5ce ( its usual occupant1 ,i %all nev] easily di/+ui% o!rwise ?an z ,mr4 ,lor5zi's4#ajd ,i may z well connect ) ^! notes respect+ ! arcades ( ! ,ducal ,palace1 ^? :i* ref] to ,plate ,,xiv41 :i* repres5ts "o ( its sp&rils4 ,e sp&ril ( ! l[] arcade 0 int5d$ to h be5 occupi$ by an ornam5t resembl+ ! "o giv5 9 t plate4 ,! mass ( ! build+ be+ ( ,i/rian /one1 a dep? ( ab\t two in*es is left )9 ! m\ld+s ( ! ar*es1 r\gh hewn1 to receive ! slabs ( f9e m>ble compos+ ! patt]ns4 ,i _c say :e!r ! design 0 ev] complet$1 or ! m>bles h be5 s9ce remov$1 b !re are n[ only two sp&rils reta9+ _! fill+s1 & ve/iges ( !m 9 a ?ird4 ,! two complete sp&rils are on ! sea faade1 above ! #crd & #aj? capitals 7vide me?od ( numb]+1 ,*ap4 ,i41 page #cj72 t is to say1 connect+ ! #bnd ar* ) ! #crd1 & ! #i? ) ! #aj?4 ,! latt] is ! "o giv5 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,! :ite portions ( x are all :ite m>ble1 ! d5tal b& surr\nd+ ! circle is 9 co>se sug>y m>ble1 :i* ,i believe to be ,greek1 & nev] f\nd 9 ,v5ice to my recollection1 except 9 "w at lea/ ant]ior to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! %ad$ fields *>g$ ) ! ?ree :ite triangles are ( r$ ,v]ona m>ble2 ! inn] disc is gre5 s]p5t9e1 & ! d>k pieces ( ! radiat+ leaves are grey m>ble4 ,! ?ree triangles are equilat]al4 ,! two upp]mo/ are #a 11 #e ea* side1 & ! l[] #a 11 #b4 ,! extreme diamet] ( ! circle is #c 11 #aj-a_/b2 its field is slightly rais$ above ! r$ m>bles1 z %[n 9 ! section at ,a1 on ! left4 ,a a is "p ( ! r$ m>ble field2 a b ! section ( ! d5til m\ld+ let into x2 b c ! entire bread? ( ! ray$ zone1 repres5t$ on ! o!r side ( ! sp&ril by ! l9e ,c f2 c d is ! :ite m>ble b& let 91 ) ! dogtoo? on ! face ( x2 b c is #g-c_/d in*es across2 c d #c-c_/d2 & at ,b are giv5 two jo9ts ( ! d5til 7m5tion$ above1 9 ! *apt] on d5tils1 z unique 9 ,v5ice7 ( _! actual size4 ,at ,c is giv5 "o ( ! inlaid leaves2 its measure be+ 79 in*es7 ,c f #g-c_/d2 ,c h #c_/d2 f g #c_/d2 f e #d-c_/d1 ! base ( ! small] leaves be+ ( c\rse f e - f g #d4 ,! patt]n :i* occupies ! o!r sp&ril is simil>1 except t ! field b c1 in/ead ( ! int]sect+ arcs1 has only triangles ( grey m>ble1 arrang$ l rays1 ) _! bases t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,!re be+ tw5ty r\nd ! circle1 ! read] c ( c\rse draw !m = himself2 !y be+ isosceles1 t\*+ ! d5til ) _! po9ts1 & be+ 9 contact at _! bases3 x has lo/ its c5tral boss4 ,! m>bles are1 9 bo?1 cov]$ ) a ru/y coat+1 ?r\gh :i* x is excessively difficult to di/+ui% ! colors 7ano!r pro( ( ! age ( ! ornam5t74 ,b ! :ite m>bles are c]ta9ly1 9 places 7except only ! sug>y d5til71 ve9$ ) purple1 & ! grey seem w>m$ ) gre54 ,a trace ( ano!r ( ^! ornam5ts may be se5 ov] ! #ba/ capital2 b ,i d\bt if ! m>bles h ev] be5 ins]t$ 9 ! o!r sp&rils1 & _! want ( ornam5t occasions ! slight meagr5ess 9 ! effect ( ! l[] /ory1 :i* is almo/ ! only fault ( ! build+4 ,?is decoration by discs1 or %ield-l ornam5ts1 is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,v5etian ar*itecture 9 its e>li] ages1 & is c>ri$ into lat] times by ! ,byzant9e ,r5aissance1 already di/+ui%$ f ! m corrupt =ms ( ,r5aissance1 9 ,app5dix #f4 ,( ! disc decoration1 s borr[$1 we h already an example 9 ,plate ,i4 ,9 ,plate ,,vii4 we h an e>li] condition ( x1 "o ( ! discs be+ !re sculptur$1 ! o!rs surr\nd$ by sculptur$ b&s3 "h we h1 on ! ,ducal ,palace1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all1 because like/ to ! %ield1 :i* 0 probably ! orig9 ( ! same ornam5t among ! ,arabs1 & assur$ly among ! ,greeks4 ,9 ,mr4 ,donaldson's re/oration ( ! gate ( ! treasury ( ,atreus1 ?is ornam5t is conjecturally employ$1 & x occurs con/antly on ! ,arabian build+s ( ,cairo4 #ba4 ,,anci5t ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,wat]4 ,i h long be5 desir\s ( devot+ "s "t to an enquiry into ! effect ( natural sc5]y ^u ! pagan1 & especially ! ,greek1 m9d1 & kn[+ t my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,newton1 _h devot$ mu* ?\ght to ! elucidation ( ! figurative & symbolic language ( anci5t art1 ,i ask$ him to draw up = me a few notes ( ! facts :i* he consid]$ mo/ int]e/+1 z illu/rative ( its me?ods ( repres5t+ nature4 ,i sugge/$ to him1 = an initiative subject1 ! repres5tation ( wat]2 because ?is is "o ( ! natural objects ^: portraiture may mo/ easily be made a te/ ( treatm5t1 = x is "o ( univ]sal int]e/1 & ( m closely simil> aspect 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ?an any o!r4 ,waves1 curr5ts1 & eddies are mu* lik] ea* o!r1 ev]y:]e1 ?an ei!r l& or vegetation4 ,riv]s & lakes1 inde$1 diff] widely f ! sea1 & ! cle> ,pacific f ! angry ,nor!rn ocean2 b ! ,nile is lik] ! ,danube ?an a knot ( ,nubian palms is to a glade ( ! ,black ,=e/2 & ! ,m$it]ranean is lik] ! ,atlantic ?an ! ,campo ,felice is l ,solway moss4 ,mr4 ,newton has accord+ly mo/ k9dly furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ data4 ,"o or two ( ! types :i* he describes h be5 already notic$ 9 ! ma9 text2 b x is well t ! read] %\ld aga9 contemplate !m 9 ! position :i* !y "h occupy 9 a g5]al sy/em4 ,i recomm5d 8 special att5tion to ,mr4 ,newton's def9itions ( ! t]ms figurative & symbolic1 z appli$ to art1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 anci5t art1 t is to say1 9 ! art ( ! ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,greek1 & ,roman races1 wat] is1 = ! mo/ "p1 repres5t$ conv5tionally r ?an naturally4 ,by natural repres5tation is "h meant z j & p]fect an imitation ( nature z ! te*nical means ( art w all[3 on ! o!r h&1 repres5tation is said to be conv5tional1 ei!r :5 a confess$ly inadequate imitation is accept$ 9 default ( a bett]1 or :5 imitation is n attempt$ at all1 & x is agre$ t o!r modes ( repres5tation1 ^? by figures or by symbols1 %all be its sub/itute & equival5t4 ,9 figurative repres5tation !re is always imp]sonation2 ! s5sible =m1 borr[$ by ! arti/ f organic life1 is conceiv$ to be actuat$ by a w1 & inve/$ ) su* m5tal attributes z con/itute p]sonality4 ,! s5sible symbol1 :e!r borr[$ f organic or f inorganic nature1 is n a p]sonification at all1 b ! conv5tional sign or equival5t ( "s object or notion1 to :i* x may p]haps be> no visible resemblance1 b ) :i* ! intellect or ! imag9ation has 9 "s way associat$ x4 ,= in/ance1 a city may be figuratively repres5t$ z a woman cr[n$ ) t[]s2 "h ! arti/ has select$ = ! expression ( 8 idea a human =m animat$ ) a w & motives ( action analog\s to ^? ( humanity g5]ally4 ,or1 aga91 z 9 ,greek art1 a bull may be a figurative repres5tation ( a riv]1 &1 9 ! conception ( ! arti/1 ?is animal =m may conta91 & be ennobl$ by1 a human m9d4 ,?is is /ill imp]sonation2 ! =m only 9 :i* p]sonality is embodi$ is *ang$4 ,aga91 a dolph9 may be us$ z a symbol ( ! sea2 a man pl\gh+ ) two ox5 is a well-kn[n symbol ( a ,roman colony4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! in/ances is !re imp]sonation4 ,! dolph9 is n inve/$1 l ! figure ( ,neptune1 ) any ( ! attributes ( ! human m9d2 x has animal in/9cts1 b no w2 x repres5ts to u its native elem5t1 only z a "p may be tak5 = a :ole4 ,aga91 ! man pl\gh+ does n1 l ! turret$ female figure1 p]sonify1 b r typifies ! t[n1 /&+ z ! visible repres5tation ( a real ev5t1 its fir/ f\ndation4 ,to our m5tal p]ceptions1 z to our bodily s5ses1 ?is figure seems no m ?an man2 !re is no bl5d+ ( 8 p]sonal nature ) ! imp]sonal nature ( ! colony1 no transf] ( attributes f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,?\gh ! conv5tionally imitative1 ! figurative1 & ! symbolic1 are ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( repres5tation1 !y are con/antly comb9$ 9 "o composition1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ examples1 cit$ f ! art ( successive races 9 *ronological ord]4 ,9 ,egyptian art ! g5]al repres5tation ( wat] is ! conv5tionally imitative4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are two frescoes f tombs at ,!bes1 ,nos4 #agg & #agj3 ! subject ( ! fir/ ( ^! is an oblong pond1 gr\nd-plan & elevation be+ /rangely confus$ 9 ! design4 ,9 ?is pond wat] is repres5t$ by p>allel zigzag l9es1 9 :i* fi% are swimm+ ab\t4 ,on ! surface are birds & lotos fl[]s2 ! h]bage at ! edge ( ! pond is repres5t$ by a bord] ( symmetrical fan-%ap$ fl[]s2 ! field beyond by r[s ( trees1 arrang$ r\nd ! sides ( ! pond at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & 9 defiance ( all laws ( p]spective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxxi4 ,9 ! fresco1 ,no4 #agj1 we h ! repres5tation ( a riv] ) papyrus on its bank4 ,"h ! wat] is r5d]$ by zigzag l9es arrang$ v]tically & 9 p>allel l9es1 s z to resemble h]r+-bone masonry1 ?us4 ,!re are fi% 9 ?is fresco z 9 ! prec$+1 & 9 bo? ea* fi% is drawn v di/9ctly1 n z x w\ld appe> to ! eye view$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,! mode ( repres5t+ ?is elem5t 9 ,egyptian pa9t+ is fur!r abbreviat$ 9 _! hi]oglyphic writ+1 :]e ! sign ( wat] is a zigzag l9e2 ?is l9e is1 s to speak1 a picture ( wat] writt5 9 %ort h&4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,pan!on !re 0 b "o aquatic deity1 ! god ( ! ,nile2 8 type is1 !re=e1 ! only figurative repres5tation ( wat] 9 ,egyptian art4 7,bir*1 ,gall]y ( ,briti% ,museum ,antiquities1 ,pl4 #ac47 ,9 ,assyrian sculpture we h v curi\s conv5tionally imitative repres5tations ( wat]4 ,on sev]al ( ! friezes f ,nimr\d & ,khorsabad1 m5 are se5 cross+ a riv] 9 boats1 or 9 sk9s1 accompani$ by horses swimm+ 7see ,lay>d1 ii4 p4 #cha74 ,9 ^! sc5es wat] is repres5t$ by masses ( wavy l9es some:at resembl+ tresses ( hair1 & t]m9at+ 9 curls or volutes2 ^! wavy l9es express ! g5]al "* ( a deep & rapid curr5t1 l t ( ! ,tigris4 ,fi% are b sp>+ly introduc$1 ! idea ( surface be+ suffici5tly express$ by ! float+ figures & boats4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( ^! !re is ! same want ( p]spective z 9 ! ,egyptian fresco :i* we h j cit$4 ,9 ! ,assyrian ,pan!on "o aquatic deity has be5 discov]$1 ! god ,dagon1 ^: human =m t]m9ates 9 a fi%'s tail4 ,( ! "* & attributes ( ?is deity we "k b little4 ,! m abbreviat$ mode ( repres5t+ wat]1 ! zigzag l9e1 occurs on ! l>ge silv] co9s ) ! type ( a city or a w> galley 7see ,lay>d1 ii4 p4 #chf74 ,^! co9s 7 probably /ruck 9 ,assyria1 n long aft] ! conque/ ( x by ! ,p]sians4 ,9 ,greek art ! modes ( repres5t+ wat] are f> m v>i$4 ,two conv5tional imitations1 ! wave m\ld+ & ! ,m&]1 are well kn[n4 ,bo? are probably ( ! mo/ remote antiquity2 bo? h be5 l>gely employ$ z an ar*itectural ornam5t1 & subord9ately z a decoration ( vases1 co/ume1 furniture & implem5ts4 ,9 ! wave m\ld+ we h a conv5tional repres5tation ( ! small crisp+ waves :i* break ^u ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! sea ( ! ,greeks4 ,_! regul> succession1 & equality ( =ce & volume1 are g5]alis$ 9 ?is m\ld+1 :ile ! m9ut] v>ieties :i* di/+ui% "o wave f ano!r are m]g$ 9 ! g5]al type4 ,! "* ( ocean waves is to be = ev] *ang+1 yet ! same = ev]2 x is ?is et]nity ( recurr5ce :i* ! e>ly arti/ has express$ 9 ?is hi]oglyphic4 ,) ?is pr(ile repres5tation ( wat] may be comp>$ ! sculptur$ waves out ( :i* ! head & arms ( ,hyp]ion are ris+ 9 ! p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non 7,elg9 ,room1 ,no4 7#fe7 #ia1 ,museum ,m>bles1 vi4 pl4 #a74 ,phidias has repres5t$ ^! waves l a mass ( ov]lapp+ tiles1 ?us g5]alis+ _! rippl+ movem5t4 ,9 ! ,m&] patt]n ! graceful curves ( nature are repres5t$ by angles1 z 9 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic ( wat]3 s aga9 ! e>lie/ repres5tation ( ! labyr9? on ! co9s ( ! ,cnossus is rectangul>2 on lat] co9s we f9d ! curvil9e> =m introduc$4 ,9 ! language ( ,greek my?ography1 ! wave patt]n & ! ,m&] are sometimes us$ s+ly = ! idea ( wat]1 b m frequ5tly comb9$ ) figurative repres5tation4 ,! numb] ( aquatic deities 9 ! ,greek ,pan!on l$ to ! inv5tion ( a great v>iety ( beautiful types4 ,"s ( ^! are v well kn[n4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! g5]al =m ( ,poseidon 7,neptune71 ! ,n]eids1 ! ,nymphs & ,riv] ,gods2 b ! modes 9 :i* ^! types 7 comb9$ ) conv5tional imitation & ) accessory symbols des]ve c>eful /udy1 if we w\ld appreciate ! surpass+ ri*ness & beauty ( ! language ( art =m$ out ( ^! elem5ts4 ,?is class ( repres5tations may be divid$ into two pr9cipal gr\ps1 ^? relat+ to ! sea1 & ^? relat+ to fre% wat]4 ,! p[] ( ! ocean & ! great features ( m>9e sc5]y are embodi$ 9 su* types z ,poseidon1 ,n]eus & ! ,n]eids1 t is to say1 9 human =ms mov+ ?r\gh ! liquid elem5t 9 *>iots1 or on ! back ( dolph9s1 or :o comb9e ! human =m ) t ( ! fi%-l ,tritons4 ,! sea-mon/]s :o draw ^! *>iots are call$ ,hippocamps1 be+ compos$ ( ! tail ( a fi% & ! =e-"p ( a horse1 ! legs t]m9at+ 9 web-feet3 ?is union seems to express spe$ & p[] "u p]fect control1 su* z w\ld *>act]ise ! movem5ts ( sea deities4 ,a few examples h be5 "h select$ to %[ h[ ^! types 7 comb9$ ) symbols & conv5tional imitation4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a vase1 ,no4 #abeg1 engrav$ 7,l5ormant et ,de ,witte1 ,mon4 ,cram41 i4 pl4 #bg71 ( :i* ! subject is1 ,europa cross+ ! sea on ! back ( ! bull4 ,9 ?is design ! sea is repres5t$ by a v>iety ( exp$i5ts4 ,fir/1 ! swimm+ action ( ! bull sugge/s ! idea ( ! liquid m$ium ?r\gh :i* he moves4 ,beh9d him /&s ,n]eus1 8 /aff held p]p5dicul>ly 9 8 h&2 ! top ( 8 /aff comes ne>ly to ! level ( ! bull's back1 & is probably meant z ! measure ( ! :ole dep? ( ! sea4 ,t[>ds ! surface l9e ?us indicat$ a dolph9 is ris+2 9 ! middle dep? is ano!r dolph92 bel[ a %rimp & a cuttle-fi%1 & ! bottom is indicat$ by a jagg$ l9e ( rocks1 on :i* are two e*9i4 ,on a mosaic f\nd at ,oudnah 9 ,alg]ia 7,revue ,ar*ol41 iii4 pl4 #ej71 we h a repres5tation ( ! sea1 rem>kable = ! fulness ( details ) :i* x is made out4 ,?is1 ?\gh ( ! ,roman p]iod1 is s ?or\ghly ,greek 9 feel+1 t x may be cit$ z an example ( ! class ( my?ography n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! mosaic l9es ! floor & sides ( a ba?1 &1 z 0 commonly ! case 9 ! ba?s ( ! anci5ts1 s]ves z a figurative repres5tation ( ! wat] x conta9$4 ,on ! sides are hippocamps1 figures rid+ on dolph9s1 & isl&s on :i* fi%]m5 /&2 on ! floor are fi%1 crabs1 & %rimps4 ,^!1 z 9 ! vase ) ,europa1 indicate ! bottom ( ! sea3 ! same symbols ( ! subm>9e _w appe> on _m o!r anci5t designs4 ,?us 9 vase pictures1 :5 ,poseidon upheaves ! isl& ( ,cos to ov]:elm ! ,giant ,polydotes1 ! isl& is repres5t$ z an imm5se mass ( rock2 ! p>ts :i* h be5 "u wat] are indicat$ by a dolph91 a %rimp1 & a sepia1 ! p>ts above ! wat] by a goat & a s]p5t 7,l5ormant et ,de ,witte1 i41 tav4 #e74 ,sometimes ^! symbols occur s+ly 9 ,greek art1 z ! types1 = in/ance1 ( co9s4 ,9 su* cases !y _c be int]pret$ )\t be+ view$ 9 relation to ! :ole context ( my?ography to :i* !y belong4 ,if we f9d1 = example1 on "o co9 ( ,t>5tum a %ell1 on ano!r a dolph91 on a ?ird a figure ( ,t>us1 ! my?ic f\nd] ( ! t[n1 rid+ on a dolph9 9 ! mid/ ( ! waves1 & ?is latt] gr\p expresses ! idea ( ! t[n itself & its position on ! coa/1 !n we "k ! two =m] types to be b portions ( ! great] design1 hav+ be5 deta*$ f x1 z we may deta* words f s5t5ces4 ,! /udy ( ! full] & cle>] examples1 su* z we h cit$ above1 enables u to expla9 _m m comp5di\s =ms ( expression4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 on co9s sev]al repres5tations ( anci5t h>bors4 ,( ^!1 ! e>lie/ occurs on ! co9s ( ,zancle1 ! mod]n ,mess9a 9 ,sicily4 ,! anci5ts lik5$ ! =m ( ?is h>bor to a sickle1 & on ! co9s ( ! t[n we f9d a curv$ object1 )9 ! area ( :i* is a dolph94 ,on ?is curve are f\r squ>e elevations plac$ at equal di/ances4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ^! projections are ei!r t[]s or ! l>ge /ones to :i* galleys 7 moor$ /ill to be se5 9 anci5t h>bors 7see ,burgon1 ,numismatic ,*ronicle1 iii4 p4 #dj74 ,) ?is ar*aic repres5tation ( a h>bor may be comp>$ "s examples ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,on a co9 ( ,sept4 ,sev]us /ruck at ,cor9? 7,mill+51 ,sylloge ( ,un$4 ,co9s1 #ahcg1 p4 #eg1 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #cj7 we h a female figure /&+ on a rock betwe5 two recumb5t male figures hold+ rudd]s4 ,f an ar* at ! foot ( ! rock a /ream is fl[+3 ?is is a repres5tation ( ! rock ( ! ,acropolis ( ,cor9?3 ! female figure is a /atue ( ,aphrodite1 ^: temple surm\nt$ ! rock4 ,! /ream is ! f\nta9 ,pir5e4 ,! two recumb5t figures are imp]sonations ( ! two h>bors1 ,le*reum & ,c5*reia1 betwe5 :i* ,cor9? 0 situat$4 ,philo/ratus 7,icon4 ii41 c4 #af7 describes a simil> picture ( ! ,i/hmus betwe5 ! two h>bors1 "o ( :i* 0 9 ! =m ( a y\?1 ! o!r ( a nymph4 ,on ano!r co9 ( ,cor9? we h "o ( ! h>bors 9 a semicircul> =m1 ! :ole arc be+ m>k$ ) small equal divisions1 to d5ote ! ar*ways "u :i* ! anci5t galleys 7 drawn1 subduct2 at ! ei!r horn or extremity ( ! h>bor is a temple2 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\?1 a /atue ( ,neptune4 7,mill+51 ,mdailles ,9d41 ,pl4 ,,ii41 ,no4 #ai4 ,comp>e also ,mill+51 ,anci5t ,co9s ( ,cities & ,k+s1 #ahca1 pp4 #ej-fa1 ,pl4 ,,iv41 ,no4 #ae2 ,mionnet1 ,suppl4 vii4 p4 #gi1 ,no4 #bdf2 & ! h>bor ( ,o/ium1 on ! l>ge brass co9s ( ,n]o1 9 :i* !re is a repres5tation ( ! ,roman fleet & a recl9+ figure ( ,neptune47 ,9 vase pictures we h occasionally an attempt to repres5t wat] naturally4 ,on a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #ghe71 ( :i* ! subject is ,ulysses & ! ,sir5s1 ! ,sea is r5d]$ by wavy l9es drawn 9 black on a r$ gr\nd1 & some?+ l ! effect ( light play+ on ! surface ( ! wat] is giv54 ,on ea* side ( ! %ip are %apeless masses ( rock on :i* ! ,sir5s /&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! figurative repres5tations ( ! sea is ! well-kn[n type ( ,scylla4 ,%e has a beautiful body1 t]m9at+ 9 two b>k+ dogs & two s]p5t tails4 ,sometimes dr[n+ m51 ! r>i nantes 9 gurgite va/o1 appe> caught up 9 ! coils ( ^! tails4 ,bel[ are dolph9s4 ,scylla g5]ally br&i%es a rudd] to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* %e twi/s ! c\rse ( %ips4 ,= v>ieties ( h] type see ,monum4 dell',in/4 ,ar*eol4 ,rom41 iii4 ,tavv4 #eb-c4 ,! repres5tations ( fre% wat] may be arrang$ "u ! foll[+ heads--riv]s1 lakes1 f\nta9s4 ,!re are sev]al figurative modes ( repres5t+ riv]s v frequ5tly employ$ 9 anci5t my?ography4 ,9 ! type :i* occurs e>lie/ we h ! human =m comb9$ ) t ( ! bull 9 sev]al ways4 ,on an ar*aic co9 ( ,metapontum 9 ,lucania1 7see frontispiece to ,mill+51 ,anci5t ,co9s ( ,greek ,cities & ,k+s17 ! riv] ,a*el\s is repres5t$ ) ! figure ( a man ) a %aggy be>d & bull's horns & e>s4 ,on a vase ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 #ghi2 ,bir*1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,lit41 ,new ,s]ies1 ,lond4 #ahdc1 i4 p4 #ajj7 ! same riv] is repres5t$ ) a satyr's head & long bull's horns on ! =ehead2 8 =m1 human to ! wai/1 t]m9ates 9 a fi%'s tail2 8 hair falls d[n 8 back2 8 be>d is long & %aggy4 ,9 ?is type we see a comb9ation ( ! ?ree =ms sep>ately enum]at$ by ,sophocles1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,tra*9i4 ,greek3 ,a*elon leg1 os m' en tris9 morphais9 extei patros1 phoitn en>gs auros allot' aiolos1 drakn heliktos1 allot' &rei kytei b\prros1 ek de daski\ g5eiados kr\noi di]rha9onto krnai\ pot\4 ,9 a ?ird v>iety ( ?is type ! human-head$ body is unit$ at ! wai/ ) ! %\ld]s ( a bull's body1 9 :i* x t]m9ates4 ,?is occurs on an e>ly vase4 7,brit4 ,mus41 ,no4 #deb47 ,on ! co9s ( ,o5iad 9 ,ac>nia1 & on ^? ( ,ambracia1 all ( ! p]iod aft] ,alex&] ! ,great1 ! ,a*el\s has a bull's body1 & head ) a human face4 ,9 ?is v>iety ( ! type ! human elem5t is almo/ absorb$1 z 9 ! fir/ v>iety cit$ above1 ! co9 ( ,metapontum1 ! bull portion ( ! type is only indicat$ by ! addition ( ! horns & e>s to ! human head4 ,on ! analogy betwe5 ^!1 v>ieties 9 ! type ( ! ,a*el\s & ^? "u :i* ! metamorphoses ( ! m>9e goddess ,!tis are repres5t$1 see ,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b4 ii4 pp4 #ajf-aac4 ,x is probable t1 9 ! type ( ,!tis1 ( ,proteus1 & also ( ! ,a*el\s1 ! s+ul> comb9ations & trans=mations are int5d$ to express ! *angeful nature ( ! elem5t wat]4 ,num]\s o!r examples may be cit$1 :]e riv]s are repres5t$ by ?is comb9ation ( ! bull & human =m1 :i* maybe call$1 = conv5i5ce1 ! ,&rotauric type4 ,on ! co9s ( ,sicily1 ( ! ar*aic & also ( ! f9e/ p]iod ( art1 riv]s are mo/ usually repres5t$ by a y\?ful male figure1 ) small budd+ horns2 ! hair has ! lank & matt$ =m :i* *>act]ises aquatic deities 9 ,greek my?ography4 ,! "n ( ! riv] is (t5 inscrib$ r\nd ! head4 ,:5 ! :ole figure occurs on ! co91 x is always repres5t$ /&+1 nev] recl9+4 ,! type ( ! bull on ! co9s ( ,syb>is & ,?urium1 9 ,magna ,grcia1 has be5 consid]$1 ) great probability1 a repres5tation ( ?is k9d4 ,on ! co9s ( ,syb>is1 :i* are ( a v e>ly p]iod1 ! head ( ! bull is turn$ r\nd2 on ^? ( ,?urium1 he /oops 8 head1 butt+3 ! fir/ ( ^! actions has be5 ?\ght to symbolise ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! riv]1 ! second1 its headlong curr5t4 ,on ! co9s ( ,?urium1 ! idea ( wat] is fur!r sugge/$ by ! adjunct ( dolph9s & o!r fi% 9 ! ex]gue ( ! co94 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! bull /&s is indicat$ by h]bage or pebbles4 ,?is probably repres5ts ! riv] bank4 ,two bulls' head occur on ! co9s ( ,s>dis1 & x has be5 +5i\sly conjectur$ by ,mr4 ,burgon t ! two riv]s ( ! place are express$ "u ?is type4 ,! repres5tation ( riv]-gods z human figures 9 a recl9+ position1 ?\gh probably n s mu* employ$ 9 e>li] ,greek art z ! ,&rotauric type1 is v mu* m famili> to u1 f its subsequ5t adoption 9 ,roman my?ography4 ,! e>lie/ example we h ( a recl9+ riv]-god is 9 ! figure 9 ! ,elg9 ,room commonly call$ ! ,ilissus1 b m probably ! ,cephissus4 ,?is occupi$ "o angle 9 ! we/]n p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non2 ! o!r ,a!nian riv]1 ! ,ilissus1 & ! f\nta9 ,callirrhoe be+ repres5t$ by a male & female figure 9 ! opposite angle2 ?is gr\p1 n[ de/roy$1 is visible 9 ! draw+ made by ,c>rey 9 #afgh4 ,x is probable t ! necessities ( p$im5tal composition fir/ l$ ! arti/ to place ! riv]-god 9 a recl9+ position4 ,! head ( ! ,ilissus be+ brok5 (f1 we are n sure :e!r he _h bull's horns1 l ! ,sicilian figures already describ$4 ,8 =m is y\?ful1 9 ! folds ( ! drap]y beh9d him !re is a fl[ l t ( waves1 b ! idea ( wat] is n sugge/$ by any o!r symbol4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is figure ) t ( ! ,nile 7,visconti1 ,mus4 ,pio ,clem41 i41 ,pl4 #ch71 & ! figure ( ! ,tib] 9 ! ,l\vre1 bo? ( :i* are ( ! ,roman p]iod1 we see h[ 9 ^! lat] types ! arti/ multipli$ symbols & accessories1 +raft+ !m on ! orig9al simple type ( ! riv]-god1 z x 0 conceiv$ by ,phidias 9 ! figure ( ! ,ilissus4 ,! ,nile is repres5t$ z a colossal be>d$ figure recl9+4 ,at 8 side is a cornucopia1 full ( ! vegetable produce ( ! ,egyptian soil4 ,r\nd 8 body are sixte5 nak$ boys1 :o repres5t ! sixte5 cubits1 ! height to :i* ! riv] rose 9 a favorable ye>4 ,! /atue is plac$ on a basem5t divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 "o above ano!r4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ ( ^!1 waves are fl[+ ov] 9 "o great %eet f ! side ( ! riv]-god4 ,9 ! o!r two comp>tm5ts are ! animals & plants ( ! riv]2 ! bas-reliefs on ?is basem5t are1 9 fact1 a k9d ( abbreviat$ symbolic panorama ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,tib] is repres5t$ 9 a v simil> mann]4 ,on ! base are1 9 two comp>tm5ts1 sc5es tak5 f ! e>ly ,roman my?s2 flocks1 h]ds1 & o!r objects on ! banks ( ! riv]4 7,visconti1 ,mus4 ,p4 ,cl4 i41 ,pl4 #ci2 ,mill91 ,gal]ie ,my?ol41 i4 p4 #gg1 ,pl4 #gd1 ,nos4 #cjd1 #cjh47 ,9 ! types ( ! ,greek co9s ( ,cam>9a1 we f9d two int]e/+ repres5tations ( ,lakes4 ,on ! obv]se ( "o ( ^! we h1 )9 a circle ( ! wave patt]n1 a male head1 full face1 ) di%evell$ hair1 & ) a dolph9 on ei!r side2 on ! rev]se a female figure sail+ on a swan1 bel[ :i* a wave m\ld+1 & above1 a dolph94 ,on ano!r co9 ! swan type ( ! rev]se is associat$ ) ! y\?ful head ( a riv]-god1 inscrib$ ,hipp>is on ! obv]se4 ,on "s small] co9s we h ! swan fly+ ov] ! rippl+ waves1 :i* are repres5t$ by ! wave m\ld+4 ,:5 we exam9e ! *>t ( ,sicily1 made by ! ,admiralty survey1 we f9d m>k$ d[n at ,cam>9a1 a lake ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ,hipp>is fl[s4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! inhabitants ( ,cam>9a repres5t$ bo? _! riv] & _! lakes on _! co9s4 ,! swan fly+ ov] ! waves w\ld repres5t a lake2 ! figure associat$ ) x be+ no d\bt ! ,aphrodite wor%ipp$ at t place3 ! head1 9 a circle ( wave patt]n1 may express t "p ( ! riv] :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! lake4 ,f\nta9s are usually repres5t$ by a /ream ( wat] issu+ f a lion's head 9 ! rock3 see a vase 7,g]h>d1 ,aus]l4 ,vas5b41 taf4 ,,cxxxiv471 :]e ,h]cules /&s1 receiv+ a %[]-ba? f a hot spr+ at ,!rm 9 ,sicily4 ,on ! co9s ( ,syracuse ! f\nta9 ,are?usa is repres5t$ by a female head se5 to ! front2 ! fl[+ l9es ( h] di%evell$ hair sugge/1 ?\gh !y d n directly imitate1 ! bubbl+ action ( ! fre%-wat] spr+2 ! sea 9 :i* x rises is symboliz$ by ! dolph9s r\nd ! head4 ,?is type pres5ts a /rik+ analogy ) t ( ! ,cam>9a head 9 ! circle ( wave patt]n describ$ above4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal modes ( repres5t+ wat] 9 ,greek my?ography4 ,9 ! art ( ! ,roman p]iod1 ! same k9d ( figurative & symbolic language is employ$1 b !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to multiply accessories & details1 z we h %[n 9 ! lat] repres5tations ( h>bors & riv]-gods cit$ above4 ,9 ^! cr[d$ compositions ! eye is fatigu$ & di/ract$ by ! quantity x has to exam9e2 ! language ( art becomes m copi\s b less t]se & emphatic1 & addresses itself to m9ds f> less intellig5t ?an ! ref9$ critics :o 7 ! contempor>ies ( ,phidias4 ,riv]s 9 ,roman art are usually repres5t$ by recl9+ male figures1 g5]ally be>d$1 hold+ re$s or o!r plants 9 _! h&s1 & lean+ on urns f :i* wat] is fl[+4 ,on ! co9s ( _m ,syrian cities1 /ruck 9 imp]ial times1 ! city is repres5t$ by a turret$ female figure seat$ on rocks1 & re/+ h] feet on ! %\ld] ( a y\?ful male figure1 :o looks up 9 h] face1 /ret*+ out 8 arms1 & :o is sunk 9 ! gr\nd z high z ! wai/4 ,see ,mll] 7,d5kml] d4 ,a4 ,kun/1 i41 taf4 #di1 ,no4 #bbj7 = a gr\p ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,vatican1 & sev]al simil> designs on co9s4 ,on ! column ( ,trajan !re occur _m rude repres5tations ( ! ,danube1 & o!r riv]s cross$ by ! ,romans 9 _! milit>y exp$itions4 ,! wat] is imitat$ by sculptur$ wavy l9es1 9 :i* boats are plac$4 ,9 "o sc5e 7,b>toli1 ,colonna ,trajana1 ,tav4 #d7 ?is rude conv5tional imitation is comb9$ ) a figure4 ,9 a recess 9 ! riv] bank is a recl9+ riv]-god1 t]m9at+ at ! wai/4 ,?is is ei!r meant = a /atue :i* 0 really plac$ on ! bank ( ! riv]1 & :i* !re=e m>ks "s p>ticul> locality1 or we h "h figurative repres5tation bl5d$ ) conv5tional imitation4 ,on ! column ( ,anton9us 7,b>toli1 ,colon4 ,anton41 ,tav4 #ae7 a /orm ( ra9 is repres5t$ by ! head ( ,jupit] ,pluvius1 :o has a va/ outspread be>d fl[+ 9 long tresses4 ,9 ! ,t[nley collection1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is a ,roman helmet f\nd at ,rib*e/] 9 ,lanca%ire1 ) a mask or vizor atta*$4 ,! helmet is ri*ly emboss$ ) figures 9 a battle sc5e2 r\nd ! br[ is a r[ ( turrets2 ! hair 9 ! =ehead is s treat$ z to give ! idea ( waves wa%+ ! base ( ! turrets4 ,?is head is p]haps a figurative repres5tation ( a t[n girt ) =tifications & a moat1 ne> :i* "s great battle 0 f\ght4 ,x is engrav$ 7,vetu/a ,monum4 ( ,soc4 ,ant4 ,london1 iv41 ,pl4 #a-d74 ,9 ! ,gal]ia at ,flor5ce is a gr\p 9 alto relievo 7,gori1 ,inscript4 ,ant4 ,flor4 #agbg1 p4 #gf1 ,tab4 #ad7 ( ?ree female figures1 "o ( :om is c]ta9ly ,demet] ,k\rotrophos1 or ! e>?2 ano!r1 ,!tis1 or ! sea2 ! c5tre ( ! ?ree seems to repres5t ,aphrodite associat$1 z on ! co9s ( ,cam>9a1 ) ! elem5t ( fre% wat]4 ,?is figure is seat$ on a swan1 & holds ov] h] head an ar*$ veil4 ,h] hair is b\nd ) re$s2 above h] veil gr[s a tall wat] plant1 & bel[ ! swan o!r wat] plants1 & a /ork seat$ on a hydria1 or pit*]1 f :i* wat] is fl[+4 ,! swan1 ! /ork1 ! wat] plants1 & ! hydria mu/ all be reg>d$ z symbols ( fre% wat]1 ! latt] emblem be+ introduc$ to %[ t ! elem5t is fit = ! use ( man4 ,f\nta9s 9 ,roman art are g5]ally p]sonifi$ z figures ( nymphs recl9+ ) urns1 or /&+ hold+ be=e !m a l>ge %ell4 ,"o ( ! late/ repres5tations ( wat] 9 anci5t art is ! mosaic ( ,pale/r9a 7,b>?lemy1 9 ,b>toli1 ,pe9t4 ,antiques7 :i* may be describ$ z a k9d ( rude panorama ( "s di/rict ( ,upp] ,egypt1 a bird's-eye view1 half man1 half picture1 9 :i* ! details are nei!r adju/$ to a scale1 nor drawn accord+ to p]spective1 b cr[d$ toge!r1 z !y w\ld be 9 an anci5t bas-relief4 #bb4 ,,arabian ,,ornam5tation4 ,i d n mean :at ,i h "h said ( ! ,inv5tive p[] ( ! ,arab to be und]/ood z 9 ! lea/ apply+ to ! dete/able ornam5tation ( ! ,alhambra4#aje ,! ,alhambra is no m *>act]i/ic ( ,arab "w1 ?an ,milan ,ca!dral is ( ,go?ic3 x is a late build+1 a "w ( ! ,spani% dyna/y 9 its la/ decl9e1 & its ornam5tation is fit = no?+ b to be transf]r$ to patt]ns ( c>pets or b9d+s ( books1 toge!r ) _! m>bl+1 & mottl+1 & o!r me*anical recomm5dations4 ,! ,alhambra ornam5t has ( late be5 l>gely us$ 9 %op-fronts1 to ! no small detrim5t ( ,reg5t ,/reet & ,ox=d ,/reet4 #bc4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,*amf]4 ,let ,b ,a ,c1 ,fig4 ,,lxxii41 be ! orig9al angle ( ! wall4 ,inscribe )9 x a circle1 p ,q ,n p1 ( ! size ( ! bead requir$1 t\*+ ,a ,b1 ,a ,c1 9 p1 p2 jo9 p1 p1 & draw ,b ,c p>allel to x1 t\*+ ! circle4 ,!n ! l9es ,b ,c1 p p are ! limits ( ! possible *amf]s con/ruct$ ) curves /ruck ei!r f c5tre ,a1 z ! l9e ,q q1 ,n d1 r u1 g c1 c41 or f any o!r po9t *os5 z a c5tre 9 ! direction ,q ,a produc$3 & also ( all *amf]s 9 /raight l9es1 z a b1 e f4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 an inf9ite numb] ( *amf]s to be /ruck betwe5 ,b ,c & p p1 f e po9t 9 ,q ,a produc$ to inf9ity2 ?us we h inf9ity multipli$ into inf9ity to express ! numb] ( possible *amf]s ( ?is species1 :i* are peculi>ly ,italian *amf]s2 toge!r ) ano!r s+ly inf9ite gr\p ( ! /raight *amf]s1 a b1 e f1 c41 ( :i* ! "o =m$ by ! l9e a b1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! circle1 is ! univ]sal e>ly ,go?ic *amf] ( ,v5ice4 ,aga94 ,ei!r on ! l9e ,a ,c1 or on any o!r l9es ,a l or ,a m1 radiat+ f ,a1 any numb] ( c5tres may be tak51 f :i*1 ) any radii n great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 su* po9ts & ,q1 an inf9ite numb] ( curves may be /ruck1 su* z t u1 r s1 ,n n 7all :i* are "h /ruck f c5tres on ! l9e ,a ,c74 ,^! l9es repres5t ! great class ( ! nor!rn *amf]s1 ( :i* ! numb] is inf9ity rais$ to its f\r? p[]1 b ( :i* ! curve ,n n 7= nor!rn7 repres5ts ! av]age condition2 ! %all[] *amf]s ( ! same gr\p1 r s1 t u1 c41 occurr+ (t5 9 ,italy4 ,! l9es r u1 t u1 & a b may be tak5 approximat+ to ! mo/ frequ5t conditions ( ! s\!rn *amf]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,lxxii4 ,x is evid5t t ! *ords ( any ( ^! curves w give a relative gr\p ( rectil9e> *amf]s1 occurr+ bo? 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\?2 b ! rectil9e> *amf]s1 ,i ?9k1 inv>iably fall )9 ! l9e ,q ,c1 & are ei!r p>allel ) x1 or incl9$ to ,a ,c at an angle great] ?an ,a ,c ,q1 & (t5 p]p5dicul> to x2 b nev] incl9$ to x at an angle less ?an ,a ,c ,q4 #bd4 ,,r5aissance ,,bases4 ,! foll[+ extract f my note-book ref]s also to "s features ( late decoration ( %afts4 ,! ,scuola di ,san ,rocco is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( ,r5aissance "w 9 ,v5ice4 ,its flut$ pill>s are surr\nd$ ea* by a wrea?1 "o ( v9e1 ano!r ( laurel1 ano!r ( oak1 n inde$ arrang$ ) ! fanta/icism ( e>ly ,go?ic2 b1 especially ! laurel1 rem9d+ "o /rongly ( ! laurel sprays1 p[]ful z well z beautiful1 ( ,v]onese & ,t9toret4 ,_! /ems are curi\sly & ri*ly int]lac$--! la/ ve/ige ( ! ,byzant9e wrea!d "w--& ! v9e-leaves are ribb$ on ! surfaces1 ,i ?9k1 ne>ly z f9ely z ^? ( ! ,noah1#ajf ?\gh m injur$ by "t4 ,! capitals are f> ! ri*e/ ,r5aissance 9 ,v5ice1 less corrupt & m mascul9e 9 plan1 ?an any o!r1 & truly sugge/ive ( support1 ?\gh ( c\rse %[+ ! t5d5cy to error 9 ?is respect2 & f9ally1 at ! angles ( ! pure ,attic bases1 on ! squ>e pl9?1 are set c\*ant animals2 "o1 an elephant f\r in*es high1 v curi\sly & clev]ly cut1 & all ^! details work$ ) a _s1 f9i%1 fancy1 & affection q wor?y ( ! middle ages4 ,b !y h all ! m>k$ fault ( be+ utt]ly deta*$ f ! ar*itecture4 ,! wrea?s r\nd ! columns look z if !y w\ld drop (f ! next mom5t1 & ! animals at ! bases produce exactly ! effect ( mice :o _h got !re by accid5t3 "o feels !m ridicul\sly dim9utive1 & utt]ly useless4 ,! effect ( dim9utiv5ess is1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly ow+ to !re be+ no o!r gr\ps ( figures ne> !m1 to accu/om ! eye to ! proportion1 & to ! ne$less *oice ( ! l>ge/ animals1 elephants1 be>s1 & lions1 to occupy a position s completely insignificant1 & to be express$ on s contemptible a scale1--n 9 a bas-relief or pictorial piece ( sculpture1 b z indep5d5t figures4 ,! :ole build+ is a mo/ curi\s illu/ration ( ! appo9t$ fate ( ! ,r5aissance ar*itects1--to c>icature :atev] !y imitat$1 & misapply :atev] !y le>n$4 #be4 ,,romani/ ,,decoration ,,( ,,bases4 ,i h spok5 above 7,app5dix #ab7 ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s ev]y:]e suff] _! *ur*es to be desecrat$4 ,b ! wor/ in/ances ,i ev] saw ( sacrilege & brutality1 daily p]mitt$ 9 ! face ( all m51 7 ! uses to :i* ! noble base ( ,/4 ,m>k's 0 put1 :5 ,i 0 la/ 9 ,v5ice4 ,portions ( ne>ly all ca!drals may be f\nd ab&on$ to neglect2 b ?is base ( ,/4 ,m>k's is 9 no obscure position4 ,full front+ ! we/]n sun--cross+ ! :ole bread? ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,place--! t]m9ation ( ! mo/ noble squ>e 9 ! _w--! c5tre ( ! mo/ noble city--its purple m>bles 71 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdi1 ! cu/om>y gambl+ tables ( ! idle *ildr5 ( ,v5ice2 & ! p>ts :i* flank ! ,great ,entrance1 t v entrance :]e ,b>b>ossa flung 8 mantle (f1 7 ! c\nt]s ( a common baza> = *ildr5's toys1 c>ts1 dolls1 & small pewt] spoons & di%es1 ,g]man c>icatures & books ( ! ,op]a1 mix$ ) ^? ( ! (fices ( religion2 ! c>icatures be+ fa/5$ ) tw9e r\nd ! porphyry %afts ( ! *ur*4 ,"o ,sunday1 ! #bd? ( ,febru>y1 #ahej1 ! book-/all be+ some:at m ri*ly laid out ?an usual1 ,i not$ d[n ! titles ( a few ( ! books 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y lay1 & ,i give !m bel[4 ,! irony convey$ by ! juxtaposition ( ! ?ree 9 ,italics appe>s too %rewd to be accid5tal2 b ! fact 0 actually s4 ,along ! edge ( ! :ite pl9? 7 a r[ ( two k9ds ( books1 ,(ficium ,beat ,virg4 ,m42 & ,(ficium ,hebdomad sanct1 juxta ,=mam ,missalis et ,brevi>ii ,romani sub ,urbano ,,viii4 correcti4 ,beh9d ^! lay1 side by side1 ! foll[+3 ,don ,desid]io4 ,dramma ,giocoso p] ,musica4 ,breve ,esposizione della ,c>att]e di v]a ,religione4 ,on ! top ( ?is latt]1 keep+ its leaves op51 ,la ,figlia del ,reggim5to4 ,melodramma comica4 ,c>teggio di ,madama la ,m>*esa di ,pompad\r1 ossia raccolta di ,lett]e scritte della ,m$esima4 ,i/ruzioni di morale ,condotta p] le ,figlie4 ,francesca di ,rim9i4 ,dramma p] ,musica4 ,!n1 a little f>!r on1 aft] a mass ( plays3-- ,orazioni a ,gesu ,naz>5o e a ,m>ia addolorata4 ,semiramide2 ,melodramma tragico da rappres5t>si nel ,gran ,teatro il ,f5ice4 ,modo di or>e p] l',acqui/o del ,s4 ,giubileo1 conc$uto a tutto il ,mondo ,cattolico da ,s4 ,s4 ,gregorio ,,xvi4 ,le due illu/re ,rivali1 ,melodramma 9 ,tre ,atti1 da rappres5t>si nel nuovo ,gran ,teatro il ,f5ice4 ,il ,cri/iano secondo il ,cuore di ,gesu1 p] la ,pratica delle sue ,virtu4 ,traduzione dell',idioma ,italiana4 ,la *iava ,*9ese2 ,comm$ia del ,sig4 ,abate ,pietro ,*i>i4 ,la ,pel>9a2 ,int]mezzo de ,tre ,p>ti p] ,musica4 ,il ,cavali]o e la ,dama2 ,comm$ia 9 ,tre ,atti 9 ,prosa4 ,i leave ^! facts )\t comm5t4 ,b ?is be+ ! la/ piece ( ,app5dix ,i h to add to ! pres5t volume1 ,i w\ld desire to close its pages ) a "q to my read]s--a /ati/ical "q1 :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 is be+ accurately det]m9$ = u all else:]e1 & :i*1 !re=e1 x seems to me1 our "t w\ld n be wa/$ 9 det]m9+ = ourselves4 ,!re has n[ be5 peace betwe5 ,engl& & ! cont95tal p[]s ab\t ?irty-five ye>s1 & dur+ t p]iod ! ,engli% h visit$ ! cont95t at ! rate ( _m ?\s&s a ye>1 /ay+ !re1 ,i suppose1 on ! av]age1 ea* two or ?ree mon?s2 nor ^! an inf]ior k9d ( ,engli%1 b ! k9d :i* ought to be ! be/--! noble/ born1 ! be/ taught1 ! ri*e/ 9 "t & money1 hav+ m leisure1 k1 & p[] ?an any o!r portion ( ! nation4 ,^!1 we might suppose1 behold+1 z !y travell$1 ! condition ( ! /ates 9 :i* ! ,papal religion is pr(ess$1 & be+1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ enlight5$ section ( a great ,prote/ant nation1 w\ld h be5 animat$ ) "s desire to dissipate ! ,romani/ errors1 & to communicate to o!rs ! bett] k :i* !y possess$ !mselves4 ,i d\bt n b t ,he :o gave peace ^u ! e>?1 & gave x by ! h& ( ,engl&1 expect$ ?is mu* ( h]1 & has wat*$ e "o ( ! millions ( h] travell]s z !y cross$ ! sea1 & kept c\nt = him ( 8 travell+ exp5ses1 & ( _! di/ribution1 9 a mann] ( :i* nei!r ! travell] nor 8 c\ri] 7 at all in=m$4 ,i d\bt n1 ,i say1 b t su* acc\nts h be5 lit]ally kept = all ( u1 & t a day w come :5 !y w be made cle>ly legible to u1 & :5 we %all see add$ toge!r1 on "o side ( ! acc\nt book1 a great sum1 ! c]ta9 portion1 :atev] x may be1 ( ?is ?irty-five ye>s' sp5d+s ( ! ri* ,engli%1 acc\nt$ = 9 ?is mann]3-- ,to wood5 spoons1 nut-crack]s1 & jewell]y1 b\ght at ,g5eva1 & else:]e among ! ,alps1 s mu*2 to %ell cameos & bits ( mosaic b\ght at ,rome1 s mu*2 to coral horns & lava broo*es b\ght at ,naples1 s mu*2 to glass beads at ,v5ice1 & gold filigree at ,g5oa1 s mu*2 to pictures1 & /atues1 & ornam5ts1 ev]y:]e1 s mu*2 to avant-c\ri]s & extra po/-horses1 = %[ & magnific5ce1 s mu*2 to great ent]ta9m5ts & good places = see+ sights1 s mu*2 to ball-dresses & g5]al vanities1 s mu*4 ,?is1 ,i say1 w be ! sum on "o side ( ! book2 & on ! o!r w be writt53 ,to ! /ruggl+ ,prote/ant ,*ur*es ( ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,pi$mont1 s mu*4 ,_h we n bett] d ?is piece ( /ati/ics = ourselves1 9 "t8 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,ed4 ,v5etis1 #ageh1 ,lib4 ,i4 #id ,comp>e ,app5dix #ab4 #ie ,l',arti/e en ,btim5ts1 p> ,l\is ,b]teaux3 ,dijon1 #ahdh4 ,my pr9t] writes at ! side ( ! page a note1 :i* ,i ins]t ) ?anks3--,?is is n ! fir/ attempt at a ,fr5* ord]4 ,! writ] has a ,treatise by ,seba/ian ,le ,cl]c1 a great man 9 8 g5]ation1 :i* conta9s a ,roman ord]1 a ,spani% ord]1 :i* ! inv5tor appe>s to ?9k v gr&1 & a new ,fr5* ord] nationalis$ by ! ,gallic cock cr[+ & clapp+ its w+s 9 ! capital4 #if ,! l[] gr\p 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 #ig ,"o ( ! upp] /ories is also 9 ,gally ,knight's plate repres5t$ z m]ely b&$1 & o!rwise pla93 x is1 9 reality1 cov]$ ) z delicate inlay+ z ! re/4 ,! :ole front is besides out ( proportion1 & out ( p]spective1 at once2 & yet ?is "w is ref]r$ to z ( au?ority1 by our ar*itects4 ,well may our ar*itecture fall f its place among ! f9e arts1 z x is do+ rapidly2 ne>ly all our works ( value be+ devot$ to ! ,greek ar*itecture1 :i* is utt]ly useless to u--or worse4 ,"o mo/ noble book1 h[ev]1 has be5 d$icat$ to our ,engli% abbeys1--,mr4 ,e4 ,%>pe's ,ar*itectural ,p>allels--almo/ a model ( :at ,i %\ld l to see done = ! ,go?ic ( all ,europe4 #ih ,except 9 ! s+le passage tell x unto ! ,*ur*1 :i* is simply ! ext5sion ( :at _h be5 comm&$ be=e1 i4e41 tell ! fault fir/ betwe5 !e & him1 !n tak+ ) !e "o or two m1 !n1 to all ,*ri/ian m5 capable ( he>+ ! cause3 if he refuse to he> _! common voice1 let him be unto !e z a hea!n man & publican3 7,b consid] h[ ,*ri/ treat$ bo?47 #ii ,"o or two rem>ks on ?is subject1 "s ( :i* ,i _h int5d$ to h ins]t$ "h1 & o!rs 9 ,app5dix #e1 ,i h arrang$ 9 m consi/5t ord]1 & publi%$ 9 a sep>ate pamphlet1 ,notes on ! ,con/ruction ( ,%eep-folds1 = ! conv5i5ce ( read]s int]e/$ 9 o!r ar*itecture ?an t ( ,v5etian palaces4 #ajj ,n1 h[ev]1 by ,johnson's te/imony3 ,vide ,adv5tur]1 ,no4 #ci4 ,su* op]ations z requir$ nei!r cel]ity nor /r5g?1--! l[ drudg]y ( collat+ copies1 comp>+ au?orities1 dige/+ diction>ies1 or accumulat+ compilations4 #aja ,we h done s--!oretically2 j z "o w\ld reason on ! human =m f ! bones outw>ds3 b ! ,ar*itect ( human =m frames all at once--bone & fle%4 #ajb ,( c\rse m]e multiplicability1 z ( an engrav+1 does n dim9i% ! intr9sic value ( ! "w2 & if ! ca/s ( sculpture c\ld be z %>p z ! sculpture itself1 !y w\ld hold to x ! relation ( value :i* engrav+s hold to pa9t+s4 ,&1 if we *oose to h our *ur*es all alike1 we might ca/ !m all 9 bronze--we might actually co9 *ur*es1 & h m9ts ( ,ca!drals4 ,x w\ld be wor?y ( ! _s ( ! c5tury to put mill$ edges = m\ld+s1 & h a popul> curr5cy ( religi\s subjects3 a new ca/ ( nativities e ,*ri/mas4 ,i h n he>d ?is contemplat$1 h[ev]1 & ,i speak1 !re=e1 only ( ! results :i* ,i believe are contemplat$1 z atta9able by m]e me*anical applications ( glass & iron4 #ajc ,i %all (t5 h occasion to write measures 9 ! curr5t text1 !re=e ! read] w k9dly und]/& t :5ev] !y are ?us writt51 #b 11 #b1 ) d\ble commas betwe51 ! fir/ figures /& = ,engli% feet1 ! second = ,engli% in*es4 #ajd ,i _c suff] ?is volume to close )\t also ?ank+ my k9d fri5d1 ,mr4 ,rawdon ,br[n1 = help giv5 me 9 a ?\s& ways dur+ my /ay 9 ,v5ice3 b *iefly = 8 direction to passages elucidatory ( my subject 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,/4 ,m>k's libr>y4 #aje ,i h n se5 ! build+ itself1 b ,mr4 ,ow5 ,jones's "w may1 ,i suppose1 be consid]$ z suffici5tly repres5t+ x = all purposes ( criticism4 #ajf ,! sculpture ( ! ,drunk5ness ( ,noah on ! ,ducal ,palace1 ( :i* we %all h mu* to say h]eaft]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrections ,,made ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,text4 ,footnote #ca ',greek porticos' *ang$ to ',greek porticoes'4 ,page #db3 ' ,,xl4 ,x is n' correct$ to ' ,,xi4 ,x is n'4 ,page #afa3 ,add$ 'r' to 'timbe' 9 'long /one or piece ( timbe'4 ,page #ahj3 ',,xii4 #b4 ,inlet' correct$ to ' ,,xii4 #b4 ,inlet'4 ,page #bcg3 'r]]5ce' *ang$ to 'ref]5ce' 9 ',h[ is ornam5t to be treat$ ) r]]5ce'4 ,page #bdg3 ' ,,xiv4 ,n[ ?is is' correct$ to ' ,,xix4 ,n[ ?is is'4 ,page #bgc3 'no' *ang$ to 'n' 9 'a peculi> look1 :i* ,i c no o!rwise describe'4 ,page #ccc3 comma *ang$ to p]iod at ! p>agraph end+ ) 'sep>ates its ornam5t into di/9ct families1 broadly def9able'4 ,page #cgj3 'two-?srds' correct$ to 'two-?irds'4 ,page #cig3 'bodly' correct$ to 'bodily' 9 'm]ely ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! bodly dext]ities'4 ,page #cih3 'calld' correct$ to 'call$' 9 ',m5 engag$ 9 ! practice ( ^! are calld artizans'4 ,page #dja3 'neces>y' correct$ to 'necess>y' 9 'z ,rub5s 0 ( t neces>y = 8'4 ,page #djf3 ,space placem5t correct$ 9 ',i f\nd x a sugly at la/' to ',i f\nd x z ugly at la/'4 ,page #dbc3 ',millig5' correct$ to ',mill+5' 9 ',comp>e also ,millig51 ,anci5t ,co9s ( ,cities & ,k+s'4 ,page #dcc3 space betwe5 'rappres5t' & 'arsi' remov$ 9 ',tre ,atti1 da rappres5t arsi'4 ,page #dcc3 'del' correct$ to 'dell' 9 ',traduzione del' ,idioma ,italiana'4