,?is is "o ( a s]ies ( evid5tial books drawn up at ! in/ance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society4 ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,?\ght ,,by ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,rob9son1 ,d4,d41 ,w>d5 ( ! ,college ( ,allhall[s ,b>k+ ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,,sir ,,oliv] ,,lodge ,,london3 ,,society ,,= ,,promot+ ,,*ri/ian ,,k ,,nor?umb]l& ,,av5ue1 ,w4,c41 #dc ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,brighton3 #abi ,,nor? ,,/reet ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,s4 ,,gorham #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,prefatory ,,note 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e ,,introduction 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g ,i4 ,,! ,,old] ,,or?odoxy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ac ,,ii4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,discov]y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ba ,,iii4 ,,!ological ,,difficulties 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cg ,v4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts 7cont9u$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #df ,,vi4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts 7cont9u$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ec ,,vii4 ,,lat] ,,sci5ce 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fh ,,viii4 ,,lat] ,,sci5ce 7cont9u$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gf ,,ix4 ,,lat] ,,sci5ce 7cont9u$7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hg ,,conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ih #e ,,prefatory ,,note ,i h read :at ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,rob9son has writt51 & f9d x a mo/ int]e/+1 s+ul>ly fair1 & ,i may add1 )9 its limits1 able & compreh5sive survey ( ! ?\ghts ( ! pa/ & pass+ age4 ,i comm5d x to ! com+ g5]ation z a useful means ( acquir+ "s notion ( ! ma9 puzzles & controv]sies ( ! /r5u\s "t ?r\gh :i* _! fa!rs h liv$4 ,fossil rema9s ( ^! occasionally fi]ce discussions !y w f9d emb$d$ 9 lit]ature2 & al?\gh we are em]g+ f t conflict1 x c only be to f9d fre% opportunities = discov]y1 fre% fields ( int]e/1 9 ! new] age4 ,t[>ds a wise reception ( ^! discov]ies1 z !y are gradually arriv$ at 9 ! future1 ?is little book w give "s help4 ,,oliv] ,,lodge4 #g ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,,introduction ,a man1 s x has be5 said1 is di/+ui%$ f ! creatures b5ea? him by 8 p[] to ask a "q4 ,to :i* we may add t "o man is di/+ui%$ f ano!r by ! k9d ( "q t he asks4 ,a man is to be measur$ by ! size ( 8 "q4 ,small m5 ask small que/ions3 ( "h & n[2 ( to-day & to-morr[ & ! next day2 ( h[ !y may quicke/ fill _! pockets1 or ga9 ano!r /ep ^u ! social ladd]4 ,great m5 are conc]n$ ) great que/ions3 ( life1 ( man1 ( hi/ory1 ( ,god4 ,s aga91 ! size ( an age c be det]m9$ by ! size ( its que/ions4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! age ?r\gh :i* we h pass$ 0 a great age1 & tri$ by ?is te/ we ne$ n hesitate to admit ! claim4 ,x 0 full ( que/ions1 & !y 7 great que/ions4 ,z nev] be=e1 ! eyes ( m5 /ra9$ upw>ds & backw>ds into ! dim #h recesses ( ! pa/ to discov] some?+1 if x might be1 ( ! beg9n+s ( ?+s3 ( matt] & life2 ( ! e>? & its cont5ts2 ( ! sol> sy/em & ! univ]se4 ,we "k ) :at int]e/ inquiries ( ?is sort 7 reg>d$1 & h[ ready ! p 7 to read ! books t dealt ) !m2 to att5d lectures & discussions ab\t !m1 & to give _! money = ! purposes ( su* rese>*4 ,x 0 a great age t c\ld devote itself s eag]ly to que/ions ( ?is importance & magnitude4 ,b z m5 _c live ^u appetite1 s nei!r c !y be = ev] satisfi$ ) que/ions4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a p]iod ( que/ion+ is ord9>ily foll[$ by ano!r1 9 :i* ! accumulat$ in=mation is sort$ & dige/$ & turn$ to practical acc\nt2 a "t 9 :i* con/ructive "w is attempt$1 & "s und]/&+ is arriv$ at z to ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! old k & ! new4 ,x looks z if we 7 ne>+ su* a "t1 :51 = a :ile at all ev5ts1 !re w be a pause = reconsid]ation & recon/ruction1 & ! human _s w ga!r /r5g? & confid5ce be=e aga9 sett+ out ^u its que/ ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,already we are ask$ to give att5tion to /atem5ts t are int5d$ to review ! :ole situation & to summ>ise1 provisionally at #i all ev5ts1 ! results t h be5 atta9$4 ,ea* ( ^! attempts w1 9 its turn1 be sup]s$$ by some?+ t is wid] 9 its outlook & wis] 9 its v]dicts4 ,?is little book is an ef=t ( ?is nature1 & x is (f]$ 9 ! hope t x may s]ve "s su* useful & tempor>y purpose4 ,mu* m compet5t writ]s ?an its au?or might well apologise = cons5t+ to ent] ^u ! task :i* he has be5 invit$ to und]take4 ,all t he c say1 by way ( excuse = 8 boldness 9 comply+1 is t = _m ye>s he has endeav\r$ to foll[ ! tr5d ( mod]n ?9k+1 & t ! gr[+ int]e/ ) :i* he has done ?is enc\rages him to hope t he may be able to make :at he has to tell ab\t x bo? intelligible & int]e/+ to o!rs4 ,he does n imag9e t he c escape mi/akes1 & he w mo/ gladly submit himself to ! correction ( o!rs :o "k bett] & see m cle>ly ?an he does4 ,he only begs t ^? :o disagree ) 8 judgm5ts w try to give him cr$it = a s9c]e desire to be true to facts1 & to welcome ! light1 f :atev] qu>t] x may h come4 ,:5 we speak ( ! age t is pass+1 we %all h 9 m9d :at may r\ghly be reckon$ z ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,t space includes1 = ^? ( u :o are n 9 our fir/ y\?1 ! "t ( our #aj p>5ts1 & ev51 x may be1 ( our gr&p>5ts4 ,! p]iod has a c]ta9 di/9ctiv5ess ( "* 9 spite ( sup]ficial div]sities4 ,x 0 m>k$1 z we h said1 by ! intellig5ce & vig\r ( its que/ion+s4 ,x 0 a "t ( intellectual movem5t & turmoil4 ,x witness$ a succession ( wond]ful discov]ies lead+ on to ev] bold] inve/igations4 ,rapid g5]alisations 7 advanc$1 to be (t5 z quickly ab&on$4 ,only by degrees 0 x possible to see ! new facts 9 _! prop] proportion & significance4 ,nor 0 x at all easy = m5 to keep _! discussions free f heat & bitt]ness1 :5 ! mo/ deeply-root$ convictions appe>$ to be assail$1 & ! mo/ sacr$ associations to be reg>d$ z ( little acc\nt4 ,look+ back1 z we c1 x is possible to see t 9 spite ( ! eddies & backwat]s a /eady progress 0 made4 ,& x is ( t progress t x w n[ be our endeav\r to speak4 ,we "k h[ x has happ5$ to u ov] & ov] aga9 9 our own individual exp]i5ces to h be5 made consci\s ( a gradual modification ( our op9ions z new evid5ce has rea*$ u1 & we h _h "t to relate x to our previ\s und]/&+ & k4 ,we h _h our fir/ ?\ghts1 & our second ?\ghts1 & !n !re h come ?ird ?\ghts1 :i* 7 ! ripe/ #aa & s\nde/ ( all4 ,j su* a process ( :i* we c m>k ! /ages 9 ourselves is to be se5 on a l>g] scale--9 bigg] pr9t1 z x 7--9 ! ?\ght movem5ts ( an age4 ,9 ! case ( ! p]iod :i* we are to review1 ! ?ree /ages h be5 m ?an commonly cle>1 z we %all aim to %ew 9 ! survey we are to make4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! ,fir/ ?\ghts1 :i* 7 ^? ( :at may be t]m$ ! old] or?odoxy4 ,^! 7 v g5]ally accept$2 inde$1 !y 7 reg>d$ z = ! mo/ "p beyond ! rea* ( s]i\s contradiction4 ,!n we %all pass to ! ,second ?\ghts1 :i* 7 =c$ ^u an a/oni%$ & bewild]$ g5]ation by ! onslaughts ^u traditional views t 7 made f ! side ( physical sci5ce4 ,= fifty ye>s or m ! debate w5t on1 ) *all5ge & c\nt]-*all5ge1 & mu* noise & du/ ( controv]sy4 ,!y 7 great days1 & 9 !m great m5 f\ght ) great c\rage 9 great issues4 ,we %all seek to d ju/ice to bo? sides1 to ^? :o d>$ to proclaim & suff] = ! new1 & to ^? :o %ew$ an equal c\rage 9 _! resolute det]m9ation to be loyal to :at !y held to be ! tru? ( ! old4 ,!n1 f9ally1 x w be our difficult task to discrim9ate betwe5 ! surg+ ?\ghts ( t #ab second p]iod & ^? ( ! ,?ird /age1 ?r\gh :i* we are advanc+1 & to %ew :at c already be made out ( a common gr\nd ( agreem5t & co-op]ation1 n[ mu* m likely to be rea*$ ?an c\ld at "o "t h be5 =ese5 by ! mo/ optimi/ic imag9ation4 #ac ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,old] ,,or?odoxy ,nev] _h !re be5 great] unanimity ( op9ion 9 ,engl& 9 reg>d to ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w ?an t :i* prevail$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! excesses on ! ,cont95t :i* _h accompani$ ! advocacy ( free ?\ght _h dispos$ m5's m9d to fall back ^u au?ority1 & mo/ ( all 9 matt]s t affect$ ! basis on :i* ! cont9uance ( social ord] & moral conduct dep5d$4 ,! g5]al position 0 cle>ly appreh5d$1 & 0 accept$ z if beyond dispute4 ,m5 spoke & ?\ght ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature4 ,! _w 0 a ,cosmos1 a regulat$ sy/em4 ,ord] impli$ an ,ord]]4 ,x 0 reg>d$ by !m z obvi\s t !re mu/ h be5 a ,fir/ ,cause1 a great ,ar*itect & ,mak] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!y agre$ ) ,aqu9as t ?+s :i* h no p]ception c only t5d t[>d an end if direct$ by a consci\s & intellig5t be+4 ,!re=e !re is an #ad ,intellig5ce by :i* all natural ?+s are ord]$ to an end4#a ,!y 7 fully prep>$ to endorse ! indignant prote/ ( ,bacon3 ,i _h r believe all ! folly ( ! ',leg5d1' & ! ',talmud1' & ! ',alcoran1' ?an t ?is univ]sal frame is )\t a m9d4#b ,9 fact no o!r hypo!sis seem$ to !m ?9kable4 ,if at any "t !y felt a ne$ = a m elaborate ju/ification ( _! conviction1 !y _h x ready to _! h& 9 ! famili> argum5t f design4 ,paley1 :5 he set ?is out 9 8 fam\s ,natural ,!ology 7#ahjb71 0 only express+ ) conspicu\s ability ! view t 0 !n accept$ 9 all circles f ! highe/ to ! l[e/4 ,he 0 prea*+ to ^? :o 7 already 9 ! fulle/ accord ) 8 doctr9e4 ,!y foll[$ ) eag] approbation 8 reason+ ab\t ! wat* t he suppos$ himself to h f\nd on ! hea?4 ,accord+ to 8 assumption he _h nev] se5 a wat* made1 nor kn[n ( anyone capable ( mak+ su* a ?+4 ,he concludes1 nev]!less1 t x mu/ h be5 made by someone4 ,!re mu/ h exi/$1 at "s "t1 & at "s place or o!r1 an artific] or artific]s :o =m$ x = #ae ! purpose :i* we f9d x actually to answ]2 :o compreh5d$ its /ructure1 & design$ its use4 ,nei!r w\ld x invalidate our conclusion t ! wat* sometimes w5t wrong1 or t x seldom w5t exactly "r4 ,! purpose ( ! ma*9]y1 ! design & ! design]1 might be evid5t 9 :atev] way we acc\nt$ = ! irregul>ity ( ! movem5t1 or :e!r we c\ld acc\nt = x at all4 ,nor w\ld x br+ any unc]ta9ty into ! argum5t if !re 7 a few p>ts ( ! wat* conc]n+ :i* we c\ld n discov]1 or _h n yet discov]$1 9 :at mann] !y conduct$ to ! g5]al effect2 or ev5 "s p>ts conc]n+ :i* we c\ld n asc]ta9 :e!r !y conduct$ to t effect 9 any mann] :atev]4 ,lea/ ( all c\ld x be suffici5t to expla9 t ! wat* 0 no?+ m ?an ! result ( ! laws ( metallic nature4 ,x is a p]v]sion ( language to assign any law z ! effici5t op]ative cause ( any ?+4 ,a law presupposes an ag5t1 = x is only ! mode accord+ to :i* our ag5t proce$s3 x implies a p[]1 = x is ! ord] accord+ to :i* t p[] acts4 ,)\t ?is ag5t1 )\t ?is p[]1 :i* are bo? di/9ct f itself1 ! law does no?+1 is no?+4 ,f ! wat* we are l$ on to ! eye1 :i* exhibits a skill ( design n less1 b f> great]1 #af ?an t ( ! man :o gave u ! telescope4 ,!n foll[s a detail$ exam9ation ( ! use ( ! v>i\s bodily organs1 ! contrivances to be met ) 9 vegetables & animals1 ! m>vell\s adaptations ( anatomical /ructure1 ! provisions = ! flight ( birds1 & = ! movem5ts ( fi%es2 ) in/ances ( arrangem5ts to suit p>ticul> conditions--! long neck ( ! swan1 ! m9ute eye ( ! mole1 ! beak ( ! p>rot1 ! /+ ( ! bee--all furni%+ an ev] accumulat+ body ( irrefutable evid5ce to atte/ ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( an intellig5t ,au?or ( ,nature4 ,t ^! arrangem5ts _h be5 expressly int5d$ to meet ! circum/ances ( ea* p>ticul> case 0 assum$ z necess>ily involv$ 9 ! acceptance ( any design at all4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,paley did n ?9k x improbable t ! ,deity may h committ$ to ano!r be+--nay1 !re may be _m su* ag5ts & _m ranks ( !m--! task ( draw+ =? special creations out ( ! mat]ials ,he _h made & 9 subord9ation to ,8 rules4 ,?is1 he ?\ght1 might 9 "s degree acc\nt = ! fact t contrivances are n always p]fect$ at once1 & t _m in/rum5ts & me?ods are employ$4 #ag ,( ! goodness ( ! ,creator no mann] ( d\bt 0 ent]ta9$4 ,= pro( ( x att5tion 0 call$ to ! fact t 9 a va/ plurality ( in/ances 9 :i* contrivance is p]ceiv$1 ! design ( ! contrivance is b5eficial1 & to ! fur!r fact t ! ,deity has sup]add$ pleasure to animal s5sations beyond :at 0 necess>y = any o!r purposes or :5 ! purpose1 s f> z x 0 necess>y1 might h be5 effect$ by ! function ( pa94 ,v5om\s animals !re 71 no d\bt1 b ! fang & ! /+ may be no less m]ciful to ! victim1 ?an salut>y to ! dev\r]2 & x 0 to be not$ t :il/ only a few species possess ! v5om\s prop]ty1 t prop]ty gu>ds ! :ole tribe4 ,!n aga91 be=e we condemn ! ord]+ :]eby animals dev\r "o ano!r we mu/ consid] :at w\ld happ5 if !y did n4 ,is x to see ! _w fill$ ) droop+1 sup]annuat$1 half-/>v$1 helpless & unhelp$ animals1 t y w\ld alt] ! pres5t sy/em ( pursuit & prey8 ,a h>e1 not)/&+ ! numb] ( its dang]s & its enemies1 is z playful an animal z any o!r4 ,x is a happy _w aft] all4 ,! air1 ! e>?1 ! wat] teem ) delight$ exi/5ce4 ,9 a spr+ noon1 or a summ] ev5+1 on :i*ev] side ,i turn my eyes myriads ( happy be+s cr[d ^u my #ah view4 ',! insect y\? are on ! w+4' ,sw>ms ( new-born flies are try+ _! p9ions 9 ! air4 ,_! sportive motions1 _! wanton mazes1 _! gratuit\s activity1 _! cont9ual *ange ( place )\t use or purpose1 te/ify _! joy1 & ! exultation :i* !y feel 9 _! lately discov]$ faculties4444 ,! :ole w+$ insect tribe1 x is probable1 are equally int5t ^u _! prop] employm5ts1 & "u e v>iety ( con/itution1 gratifi$1 & p]haps equally gratifi$1 by ! (fices :i* ! ,au?or ( _! nature has assign$ to !m4 ,:]e x might h be5 imag9$ t !re 7 to be se5 misc>riages ( ! ,creator's int5tions1 ^! 7 to be attribut$ to ! pres5ce & influ5ce ( my/]i\s =ces ( evil4 ,su* attempts to h9d] or fru/rate ! work+s ( good might be "p ( a purpose ( good because !y only af=d$ fre% opportunities = a display ( ! ,div9e wisdom1 ^: ord9>y int]v5tions 7 accept$ z ,provid5ces1 :il/ ,miracles suppli$ ! r>] exhibitions ( its p[]4 ,= ! re/1 x 0 our duty to rememb] t su* difficulties z might /ill be felt mu/ be l>gely ! result ( our ignorance4 ,) pati5ce we %\ld le>n to "k m4 ,a day 0 com+ :5 mu* t is n[ hidd5 w\ld be made cle>1 & :5 ! greatness & wisdom & ju/ice #ai ( ! ,almighty ,rul] w\ld be wond]fully & fe>fully reveal$4 ,x is n int5d$ to sugge/ t !re 7 no diss5ti5ts ready to br+ =w>d objections to ^! almo/ unanim\sly accept$ doctr9es4 ,we "k t !re 7 su*1 if only because x 0 deem$ wor? :ile to argue aga9/ !m4 ,kepl] & ,newton _h /irr$ m5's m9ds by _! acc\nt ( ! prodigi\s scale ^u :i* ! me*anism ( ! ,univ]se 0 con/ruct$1 & ,laplace _h already enunciat$ ! !ory accord+ to :i* ! cosmic bodies 7 orig9ally =m$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( gravitation by ! cond5sation ( rotat+ nebul\s sph]es4 ,& !re 7 ^? :o us$ ^! discov]ies ( a/ronomy to ca/ d\bts ^u ! likelihood t ! ,div9e att5tion w\ld be conc5trat$ ^u ! conc]ns ( s t9y a speck z ?is planet ( ours4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o ma9ta9$ t ! unbrok5 p]si/5cy ( ! ord] ( ,nature 0 evid5ce en\gh to %ew t x _h no beg9n+ & c\ld h no end4 ,aga9/ bo? ^! objectors ! irony & ! oratory ( a ,*alm]s 0 direct$ ) :at 0 held to be ov]:elm+ effect4 ,if ! telescope _h %ewn u wond]ful ?+s1 !re 0 ano!r in/rum5t1 he said1 :i* _h be5 giv5 to u #bj ab\t ! same "t4 ,if by ! telescope we _h be5 l$ to see a sy/em 9 e />1 x 0 no less true t ! microscope _h disclos$ a _w 9 e atom1 ?us prov+ to u t no m9ut5ess1 h[ev] %runk f ! notice ( ! human eye1 is b5ea? ! notice ( ,8 reg>d4 ,s aga91 9 an oration ^u ,! con/ancy ( ,nature1 ! !sis is mo/ eloqu5tly def5d$ t ! /rict ord] ( ! goodly univ]se :i* we inhabit is no?+ else ?an a noble atte/ation to ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( its great ,ar*itect4#c ,little did m5 dream at t "t ( ! weal? ( o!r discov]ies t 0 soon to increase enorm\sly ! complexity ( _! problems2 or ( ! inf]5ces t w\ld be drawn f !m ) an +5uity & an assurance t w\ld task to ! utmo/ ! ability & ! pati5ce ( ! def5d]s ( ! old beliefs4 ,x is ( ! new facts disclos$ & ( ! fur!r ?\ghts sugge/$ by !m t we mu/ next proce$ to tell4 #a ,summa1 ,i41 ii4 #c4 #b ,essay on ,a!ism & ,sup]/ition4 #c ,a/ronomical ,disc\rses 7#ahag71 pp4 #hj1 #baa4 #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,discov]y ,we f9d x h>d to realise t n s v long ago ! /eam-eng9e & ! electric telegraph 7 unkn[n2 & we are "r :5 we say t life mu/ h worn a v diff]5t aspect 9 ^? days4 ,x is sc>cely less difficult = u to realise ! *ange t has be5 wr\ght 9 m5's ?\ghts s9ce ! "t :5 ! biological cell 0 unrecognis$1 & ! !ory ( evolution _h n yet be5 =mulat$4 ,! rapidity ) :i* advances ( k 7 made 9 ! physical sph]e 0 a/oni%+1 & x 0 only to be expect$ t !y %\ld h seem$ n a little bewild]+4 ,we mu/ try to note ! ma9 /eps ( ! movem5t1 giv+ ! names ( "s ( ! repres5tative work]s & ?9k]s4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! f\ndations ( mod]n *emi/ry 7 laid by ,dalton 7#ahjh74 ,he x 0 :o reviv$ ! old atomic !ory1 & det]m9$ ! weights ( ! atoms & ! #bb proportions 9 :i* !y are comb9$ into molecules--! smalle/ p>ticles :i* c\ld exi/ 9 a free condition4 ,by s do+ he prep>$ ! way = ! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,f>aday & ,cl]k-,maxwell into ! prop]ties ( electricity & magnetism1 & = ! inve/igations by ,helmholtz & o!rs into ! connexion betwe5 electric attraction & *emical aff9ities4 ,! =]unn] ( ! wond]ful advances ( mod]n biology 0 ! ,fr5* naturali/ ,lam>ck 7#ahji71 :o1 9 opposition to ! accept$ doctr9e ( sep>ate creations1 sugge/$ t all ! species ( liv+ creatures1 n except+ ! human1 h aris5 f old] species 9 ! c\rse ( long p]iods ( "t4 ,! common p>5t =ms he held to h be5 simple & l[ly organisms1 & he acc\nt$ = ! gradual diff]5tiation ( types by ! hypo!sis t !y 7 ! results ( ! inh]itance ( *>act]i/ics :i* _h be5 acquir$ by cont9u$ use--z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! giraffe :o 0 suppos$ to h ow$ ! l5g? ( its neck to ! ef=ts ( its ance/ors to br[se ^u trees t 7 j beyond _! rea*4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! *anges produc$ 9 ! p>5ts by temp]ature1 nutrition1 repeat$ use or disuse1 7 inh]it$ s t !y reappe>$ 9 _! (fspr+4 ,b ! evid5ce adduc$ 0 #bc judg$ to be insuffici5t1 & ! balance ( sci5tific op9ion 0 decid$ly aga9/ 8 views4 ,lyell 7#ahcj7 gave a new direction to ! sci5ce ( geology by accumulat+ evid5ce to prove ! c]ta9ty ( a natural & cont9u\s developm5t 9 ! =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 ?us oppos+ ! cata/rophic idea :i* _h previ\sly prevail$4 ,"o outcome ( 8 rese>*es 0 to make x pla9 t ! hi/ory ( ?is developm5t mu/ h ext5d$ ov] enorm\s tracts ( "t4 ,m revolution>y /ill 9 its effects 0 ! epo*-mak+ discov]y ( ! protoplasmic cell z ! common elem5t ( life 9 ! plant & animal _w1 made by ! ,g]mans ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann 7#ahch74 ,x 0 ?is t fir/ bridg$ ov] :at 7 held to be ! fundam5tal di/9ctions ( animate nature1 & made possible ! conception ( a vital physical cont9uity :i* has s9ce be5 accept$ z an axiom ( biological sci5ce4 ,by ,j\le's great discov]y 7#ahdj7 t ! same am\nt ( "w1 :e!r me*anical or electrical1 & h[ev] exp5d$1 always produc$ exactly ! same am\nt ( heat--t1 9 effect1 heat & "w 7 equival5t & int]*angeable--! way 0 op5$ to ! conclusion t ! total en]gy ( ! mat]ial univ]se is con/ant 9 am\nt ?r\gh all its *anges4 #bd ,a !ory to acc\nt = ! black l9es cross+ ! col\r$ b& ( light1 or spectrum1 :i* is obta9$ by pass+ sunlight ?r\gh a glass prism1 orig9ally sugge/$ by ,sir ,george ,/okes1 & subsequ5tly re9troduc$ & v]ifi$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s1 ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f1 l$ to ! important discov]y t ! sun & ! />s are con/itut$ ( ! v same elem5ts z ^? ( ! e>? b5ea? our feet4 ,spectrum analysis1 moreov]1 soon detect$ new elem5ts1 e4g41 helium1 s-call$ because fir/ obs]v$ z exi/+ 9 ! sun4 ,b great & /imulat+ z ^! discov]ies 71 _! effect ^u ! ?\ght ( ! age 0 n to be comp>$ ) t :i* 0 to be ex]cis$ by a !ory :i*1 />t+ 9 ! doma9 ( biological sci5ce1 soon pass$ on to f> m ext5d$ applications4 ,! !ory took its rise f a sugge/ion made 9 two pap]s1 by ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 :i* 7 read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society on ,july #a/1 #aheh4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory--= s x 0 soon nam$--und]took to expla9 ! =mation ( species by ! pr9ciple ( natural selection ?r\gh ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = life4#a #be ,d>w9 />t$ f ! admitt$ a*ievem5ts ( artificial selection2 f ! results atta9$ by nurs]ym5 & cattle bre$]s1 :o1 by select+ ! k9ds !y wi%$ to p]petuate1 _h be5 able to v>y & improve _! /ocks4 ,he conceiv$ t a l process _h be5 c>ri$ on by ,nature ?r\gh va/ spaces ( "t1 & t x 0 ?is pick+1 *oos+1 cont9u+ & ab&on+ ( traits & qualities :i* _h result$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! types :i* x _h be5 be/ to reta9--! reason 9 all cases be+ ! fitness to correspond effectively to ! conditions prescrib$ by environm5t4 ,x is important to rememb] t ,d>w9 nev] claim$ t 8 doctr9e ( evolution c\ld acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( v>iations4 ,t x c\ld d s he expressly d5i$4 ,"s1 he said1 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 h1 ev5 imag9$ t natural selection induces v>iability1 :]eas x implies only ! pres]vation ( su* v>iations z arise4444 ,unless su* occur1 natural selection c d no?+4 ,:at he saw1 & prov$ by an amaz+ weal? ( illu/rative facts1 0 t any v>iation 9 /ructure or "* :i* gave to an organism ev] s slight an advantage might det]m9e :e!r or n x w\ld survive amid ! fi]ce competition ar\nd x1 & :e!r #bf x w\ld obta9 a mate & produce (fspr+4 ,he %ew$ t all innate v>iations 7:i* are to be di/+ui%$ f ! acquir$ *>act]i/ics ^u ! inh]itance ( :i* ,lam>ck _h dep5d$7 t5d to be transmitt$1 s t 9 ?is mann] a fav\rable v>iation might be p]petuat$1 & 9 "t a new species be develop$4 ,simple z ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] s\nds :5 once x has be5 cle>ly /at$1 ! discov]y--= su* x 0--op5$ an entirely new *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 inasmu* z x completely revolutionis$ ! conceptions :i* _h previ\sly be5 ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to ! relation%ips & ! progress ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,x 0 ,d>w9ism1 accord+ly1 t provid$ ! pr9cipal subject ( ! controv]sy :i* 0 wag$ betwe5 ! uphold]s & ! assailants ( ! old] op9ions dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #a ,! actual phrase ,survival ( ! fitte/ 0 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s4 ,d>w9 _h spok5 ( ,! pres]vation ( fav\r$ races4 #bg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,!ological ,,difficulties ,we %all n exagg]ate if we say t ! *ief int]e/ ar\s$ by ^! discov]ies 0 a !ological int]e/4 ,( c\rse ! m5 ( sci5ce 7 ke5ly conc]n$ to und]/& ! new facts & ! new int]pretations1 & among !m !re 7 divid$ camps & s]i\s cont5tions4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 = in/ance1 0 a vigor\s oppon5t ( ,d>w9's views4 ,b we _c ?9k x surpris+ t ! m5 ( religion %\ld feel t _! positions 7 n only be+ attack$1 b und]m9$2 & t issues 7 be+ rais$ :i* 7 m vital = !m ?an = any o!r /ud5ts ( ! problems ( exi/5ce4 ,:5 we ?us speak ( m5 ( sci5ce & m5 ( religion we d n mean to imply t !re 7 two di/9ct classes :i* c\ld be %>ply divid$4 ,by no means4 ,x 0 n s mu* t !re 7 two camps z t !re 7 two positions1 ) mu* pass+ to & fro betwe5 !m1 & ! #bh ke5e/ int]e/ & anxiety felt on bo? sides z to :at ! future might h to br+ ( wid5+ div]g5ce or ultimate reconciliation4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt at all t mo/ =midable que/ions _h to be fac$ & answ]$4 ,^! 7 ! *ief ( !m3-- ,is x any long] necess>y1 or ev5 possible1 to insi/ ^u a ,fir/ ,cause = all t exi/s8 ,c ! argum5t f ,design be said to reta9 its validity z a pro( ( ! work+ ( a controll+ ,m9d8 ,if we admit ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator1 c we "k any?+ ab\t ,him8 ,c we1 9 p>ticul>1 /ill ass]t ) any confid5ce t ,he is good8 ,let u take ! que/ions 9 ord] & give ! replies t 7 made to !m f ! diff]5t sides4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 f ! side ( negation4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o directly d5i$ t !re mu/ h be5 a ,fir/ ,cause 7 v few4 ,b !re 7 _m :o did _! utmo/ to discr$it ! idea z due to :at !y held to be an illegitimate d$uction f our limit$ human exp]i5ces4 ,o!rs 7 dispos$ to qu>rel ) ! ^w ,cause altoge!r1 & to dispute ! propriety ( its employm5t4 ,!y wi%$ to bani% x altoge!r f ! sci5tific vocabul>y1 & to sub/itute = ! t]ms #bi cause & effect1 antec$5t & consequ5t1 r$uc+ causation to conjunction4 ,b x 0 g5]ally admitt$ t1 :]e we h to deal ) an inv>iable antec$5t foll[$ by an inv>iable consequ5t1 no?+ 0 to be ga9$ by a *ange 9 ! common phraseology4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill refus$ to ab&on ! ^w4 ,speak+ ( "o :o _h done s1 he said1 ,i consid] him to be entirely wrong4 ,! beg9n+ ( a ph5om5on is :at implies a ,cause4#a ,!re 71 he all[$1 p]man5t causes1 b1 he add$1 we c give no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! p]man5t causes--:i* 0 virtually to ab&on ! subject z be+ beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,9 reg>d to ! second "q1 x v soon became evid5t t ! old views ( ,design w\ld be subject$ to ! mo/ incisive criticism4 ,to _m x appe>$ z if ! new doctr9e ( evolution _h suppli$ an explanation :i* left no room = ! recognition ( ! p>ticul> contrivances ^u :i* ,paley _h con/ruct$ 8 argum5t4 ,no "o ass]t$ ?is m /rongly ?an ,haeckel1 ! ,g]man biologi/4 ,to quote 8 words1 ,! developm5t ( ! univ]se is a moni/ic me*anical process1 9 :i* we discov] no aim or purpose #cj :atev]2 :at we call design 9 ! organic _w is a special result ( biological ag5cies2 nei!r 9 ! evolution ( ! heav5ly bodies1 nor 9 t ( ! cru/ ( our e>?1 d we f9d any trace ( controll+ purpose4 ,n[h]e 9 ! evolution ( animals & plants d we f9d any trace ( design1 b m]ely ! inevitable outcome ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! bl9d controll]4 ,all is ! result ( *ance4 ,we ought to add t he some:at qualifi$ ?is la/ /atem5t by expla9+ t *ance itself mu/ be consid]$ z com+ "u ! univ]sal sov]eignty ( nature's supreme law4#b ,x is n to be suppos$ t anyone 0 to be f\nd :o d5i$ ! g5]al intelligibility ( ,nature4 ,to h done ?is w\ld h be5 to r$uce sci5ce to an absurdity4 ,sci5ce is b\nd to proce$ ^u ! assumption t !re are reasons = ?+s4 ,moreov]1 !re is m9d 9 man1 :o is "p ( ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,x foll[s t :at is 9 ! "p _c be d5i$ to ! :ole4 ,all ?is c\ld be freely admitt$4 ,b !n ! "q arose1 ,is m9d ! orig9at+ s\rce ( ! movem5ts ( matt]1 or is x n r itself ! product ( !m8 #ca ,!re 7 ^? :o did n %r9k f affirm+ t matt] produces ?\ght1 ev5 z ! liv] secretes bile4 ,o!rs pref]r$ to take :at seem$ to be an int]m$iate c\rse4 ,!y 7 n prep>$ to give priority to ei!r m9d or matt]4 ,?us ,haeckel ma9ta9$ t matt] & ?\ght are only two diff]5t aspects1 or two fundam5tal attributes ( an und]ly+ some?+ :i* he def9$ z sub/ance4 ,x 0 to ! action ( ?is univ]sal sub/ance t he imag9$ ! moni/ic me*anical process to be due4 ,he w5t s f> z to /ate 8 conviction t n ev5 ! atom is )\t a rudim5t>y =m ( s5sation & w4#c ,9 l mann] ,tyndall _h claim$ a two-sid$ness = matt]1 & trac$ all high] developm5ts back to ! side :i* held 9 x ! elem5t ( _s & ?\ght2 :ile admitt+ t ! production ( consci\sness by molecul> action is q z inconceivable on me*anical pr9ciples z ! production ( molecul> action by consci\sness4#d ,! be>+ ( all ?is ^u ! "q ( ,design 0 pla91 =1 if ?\ght & int5tion are ! outcome & result ( ! me*anical op]ations ( ,nature1 x might well seem to foll[ t m9d #cb _h be5 remov$ f its high place z ! dom9ant & direct+ p[]4 ,b ^! difficulties ) :i* ! !ologian 0 ?us confront$ 9 respect ( a ,fir/ ,cause & ! recognition ( ,design1 7 ev5 less =midable ?an ^? :i* 7 array$ "u ! o!r heads t we h enum]at$4 ,x 0 ,huxley :o inv5t$ ! t]m ,agno/icism to describe ! position ( su* ( 8 contempor>ies z 7 n incl9$ to d5y t !re 0 a great ,p[] at "w beh9d ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se1 b 7 n prep>$ to admit t ?is ,p[] c\ld be any degree compreh5sible by u4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic expon5t ( ?is view 0 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he all[$ t we are oblig$ to ref] ! ph5om5al _w & its law & ord] to a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,& ! ,fir/ ,cause1 he said1 mu/ be 9 e s5se p]fect1 complete1 total--includ+ )9 itself all p[]1 & transc5d+ all law4 ,b he insi/$ t1 x _c 9 any mann] or degree be kn[n1 9 ! /rict s5se ( kn[+4#e ,else:]e he sugge/$ t x may belong to a mode ( be+ z mu* transc5d+ intellig5ce & w z ^! transc5d me*anical motion4 ,our only conception ( :at we "k z ,m9d 9 ourselves is ! #cc conception ( a s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness4 ,h[1 he ask$1 is ! 'orig9at+ ,m9d' to be ?\ght ( z hav+ /ates produc$ by ?+s objective to x1 z discrim9at+ among ^! /ates1 & class+ !m z l & unlike2 & z pref]r+ "o objective result to ano!r4#f ,x 0 by a simil> l9e ( reason+ t ,romanes rea*$ ! l conclusions4#g ,9 my op9ion1 he said1 no explanation ( natural ord] c ei!r be conceiv$ or nam$ o!r ?an t ( intellig5ce z ! supreme direct+ cause4 ,b ?is cause mu/ be widely diff]5t f any?+ t we "k ( ,m9d 9 ourselves4 ,if su* a ,m9d exi/s1 x is n conceivable z exi/+1 & we are preclud$ f assign+ to x any attributes4 ,x 0 obvi\s t1 if no satisfactory reply 7 =?com+ to su* a cont5tion1 ! v ^w ,!ology mu/ be disc>d$1 s9ce !re w\ld be no long] any ne$ = x1 or ju/ification ( its use4 ,b !re 0 yet a fur!r criticism t 0 suppos$ by n a few to complete ! discomfiture ( ^? :o /ill clung to ! traditional beliefs4 ,we c f9d x =cibly express$ 9 "o ( ! e>li] writ+s ( ,romanes1 :o 9 ?is case 0 endors+ ! v]dict ( ,mill4 ,suppos+ ! ,deity to be #cd omnipot5t1 !re c be no inf]5ce m transp>5t ?an t su* :olesale suff]+1 = :atev] ends design$1 exhibits an incalculably great] defici5cy ( b5efic5ce 9 ! div9e "* ?an t :i* we "k 9 any1 ! v wor/1 ( human *>act]s4 ,= let u pause = "o mom5t to ?9k ( :at suff]+ 9 ,nature means4 ,"s hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s ago1 "s millions ( millions ( animals mu/ be suppos$ to h become s5ti5t4 ,s9ce t "t till ! pres5t !re mu/ h be5 millions & millions ( g5]ations ( millions & millions ( individuals4 ,& ?r\gh\t all ?is p]iod ( incalculable duration1 ?is inconceivable ho/ ( s5ti5t organisms h be5 9 a /ate ( unceas+ battle1 dread1 rav91 pa94 ,look+ to ! outcome1 we f9d t m ?an "o-half ( ! species :i* h surviv$ ! ceaseless /ruggle are p>asitic 9 _! habits1 l[] & ins5ti5t =ms ( life fea/+ on high] & s5ti5t =ms2 we f9d tee? & talons :ett$ = slaught]1 hooks & suck]s m\ld$ = torm5t--ev]y:]e a reign ( t]ror1 hung]1 sickness1 ) ooz+ blood & quiv]+ limbs1 ) gasp+ brea? & eyes ( innoc5ce t dimly close 9 dea?s ( cruel torture6#h #ce ,huxley1 argu+ to ! same effect1 conclud$ t s9ce ?\s&s ( times a m9ute1 7 our e>s %>p en\gh1 we %\ld he> sighs & groans ( pa9 l ^? he>d by ,dante at ! gate ( hell1 ! _w _c be gov]n$ by :at we call b5evol5ce4#i ,haeckel w5t s f> z to propose to describe by ! t]m dy/eleology t "p ( ! sci5ce ( ,biology :i* collect$ ! facts t gave direct contradiction to ! idea ( b5eficial purposive arrangem5t4 ,su* 7 ! difficulties :i* loom$ l>ge/ be=e ! m9ds ( va/ numb]s ( ?9k+ m5 & wom51 & did mu* to %ake ! g5]al confid5ce 9 religion1 9 ! ye>s t foll[$ ! discov]ies :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! ?\ghts 7 lightly ent]ta9$1 nor may we imag9e t !y gave no di/ress to ^? :o s9c]ely believ$ t !y 7 b\nd to accept :at seem$ to be _! inevitable consequ5ces4 ,to quote aga9 f ! ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,romanes1 we may take x t he 0 speak+ = _m o!rs :5 he said1 ,=asmu* z ,i am f> f be+ able to agree ) ^? :o affirm #cf t ! twilight doctr9e ( ! new fai? is a desirable sub/itute = ! wan+ spl5d\r ( '! old1' ,i am n a%am$ to confess t1 ) ?is virtual negation ( ,god1 ! univ]se to me has lo/ its s\l ( lovel9ess2 & al?\gh1 f h5ce=? ! precept 'to "w :ile x is day' w d\btless b ga9 an int5sifi$ =ce f ! t]ribly int5sifi$ mean+ ( ! words 't ! night come? :5 no man c "w1' yet :5 at times ,i ?9k1 z ?9k at times ,i mu/1 ( ! appall+ contra/ betwe5 ! hall[$ glory ( t cre$ :i* once 0 m9e1 & ! lonely my/]y ( exi/5ce z n[ ,i f9d x--at su* times ,i %all ev] feel x impossible to avoid ! %>pe/ pang ( :i* my nature is susceptible4 #a ,logic1 ,*ap4 ,v4 #b ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ,*aps4 ,,xiv1 ,,xv4 #c ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #d ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #bbb4 #e ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 i41 pp4 #cc-ci4 #f ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #bdf1 f4 #g ,9 an essay writt5 be=e #ahhi4 #h ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism 7#ahgf71 pp4 #aga1 f4 #i ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y1 #ahhh4 #cg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t all ! argum5ts 7 on "o side4 ,f> f x4 ,! def5d]s ( ! old fai? 7 _m1 & n ! lea/ able ( !m 7 drawn f ! ranks ( ! m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! li/ ( sci5tific lead]s :o av[$ly rang$ !mselves on ! ,*ri/ian side1 if x 7 made out1 w\ld be a long "o4 ,x w\ld include di/+ui%$ names su* z ^? ( ,f>aday1 ,j\le1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,"l ,kelv91 ,/okes1 ,tait1 ,adams1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,salmon1 ,cayley1 & ,pa/eur4 ,& o!rs w\ld h to be add$ :o1 aft] cont5d+ = a :ile z mat]iali/s or agno/ics1 ultimately *ang$ _! attitude & jo9$ ! support]s ( ,!ism4 ,haeckel frankly admitt$ t !re 7 su* default]s f 8 cause 9 ,g]many1 giv+ ! names ( two ( ! mo/ fam\s ( liv+ sci5ti/s1 ,r4 ,vir*[ & ,e4 ,du ,bois ,raymond1 among/ o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h& he recomm5d$ 8 read]s to /udy ! pr(\nd "w ( ,romanes1 #ch )\t1 x w\ld seem1 be+ aw>e ( ! trans=mation t took place 9 t ?9k]'s op9ions t[>ds ! end ( 8 life4 ,we h n[ to indicate ! nature ( ! replies t 7 made to ! difficulties ( :i* we spoke 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,let u foll[ ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 pres5t$4 ,ab\t ! necessity = a ,fir/ ,cause n mu* _h to be said4 ,ev5 if ! :ole c\rse ( organic developm5t c\ld be prov$ to h be5 cont9u\s )\t a break f ! fir/ movem5ts ( matt]1 ?r\gh all ! *anges ( physical life1 up to ! highe/ exhibition ( human p[]s--& no "o v5tur$ to say t ?is _h be5 prov$--!re w\ld /ill be ! necessity = an initial impulse to set ! process 9 action4 ,sp5c]1 z we h se51 decl>$ t !re mu/ h be5 a ,fir/ ,cause1 & ,tyndall agre$ t ! hypo!sis ( ,evolution does no?+ m ?an transport ! conception ( life's orig9 to an indef9itely di/ant pa/4#a ,d>w9 himself nev] hesitat$ on ?is po9t4 ,! !ory ( evolution1 he insi/$1 is q compatible ) ! belief 9 ,god4#b ,! words :i* he expressly add$ to ! conclusion ( ! #ci ,orig9 ( ,species are well kn[n4 ,aft] describ+ once aga9 ! production ( ! innum]able =ms ( be+ z ! result ( natural selection1 he said3 ,!re is a gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o4 ,x is well also to keep on record ! /rik+ dictum ( ,"l ,kelv91 address$ to ! /ud5ts ( ,univ]sity ,college4#c ,sci5ce1 he told !m1 positively affirm$ creative p[]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we quot$ ,mill z speak+ ( p]man5t causes4 ,we may be grateful to him = ! sugge/ion4 ,we c\ld n readily ?9k ( a bett] t]m ?an ! great ,p]man5t ,cause by :i* to describe1 9 mod]n language1 ! ,i ,,am ( ! ,biblical ,!ology4#d ,b1 if on ?is po9t !re 0 no s]i\s conflict ( op9ion1 x 0 o!rwise 9 reg>d to ! next4 ,"h x did look z if ! new discov]ies might h #dj *ang$ ! :ole situation4 ,huxley ackn[l$g$ t :at /ruck him mo/ =cibly on 8 fir/ p]usal ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 0 t teleology1 z commonly und]/ood1 _h receiv$ its dea?-bl[ at ,mr4 ,d>w9's h&s4#e ,b ,huxley 0 a born fight]1 & he c\ld turn 8 weapons ) facility & effect aga9/ 8 fri5ds :5 he ?\ght !y _h ov]/at$ _! case4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d him1 9 #ahfg1 criticis+ ,haeckel = 8 repudiation ( ! pr9ciple ( ,design4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution1 he says1 is ! mo/ =midable oppon5t ( ! common] & co>s] =ms ( teleology4 ,! teleology :i* supposes t ! eye su* z we see x 9 man1 or "o ( ! high] v]tebrata1 0 made ) ! precise /ructure x exhibits1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! animal :i* possesses x to see1 has und\bt$ly receiv$ its dea?-bl[4 ,nev]!less1 x is necess>y to rememb] t !re is a wid] teleology :i* is n t\*$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b is actually bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal proposition ( evolution4 ,!n1 ref]r+ to ! appeal :i* _h be5 made to ! exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y organs z discr$it+ teleology1 he says 9 8 #da *>act]i/ic way3 ,ei!r ^! rudim5ts are ( no use to ! animals1 9 :i* case !y ought to h disappe>$2 or !y are ( "s use to ! animal1 9 :i* case !y are ( no use z an argum5t aga9/ teleology4#f ,d>w9 himself felt ! grave difficulty 9 :i* ! ord9>y argum5ts _h become involv$2 b he 0 mo/ unwill+ to ab&on 8 belief 9 ,design4 ,! old argum5t f design 9 nature z giv5 by ,paley1 he wrote1 :i* =m]ly seem$ to me s conclusive1 fails n[ t ! law ( natural selection has be5 discov]$4 ,we c no long] argue t1 = in/ance1 ! beautiful h+e ( a bivalve %ell mu/ h be5 made by an intellig5t be+1 l ! h+e ( a door by a man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he c\ld n %ut 8 eyes to ! fact t !re are endless beautiful adaptations :i* we ev]y:]e meet )1#g & to ! fur!r fact t ! m9d refuses to look at ?is univ]se1 be+ :at x is1 )\t hav+ be5 design$4#h ,a few ye>s lat]1 :5 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray _h s5t him f ,am]ica a review 9 :i* he _h writt5 ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's great s]vice to natural sci5ce #db 9 br++ back teleology1 on ! gr\nd t 9 ,d>w9ism usefulness & purpose come to ! front aga9 z work+ pr9ciples ( ! fir/ ord]1 ,d>w9 repli$1 ,:at y say ab\t teleology pleases me especially4#i ,lat] /ill1 9 #ahgh1 ,romanes s5t him a copy ( 8 ,c&id ,exam9ation4 ,d>w9 9 8 lett] ( ackn[l$gm5t wrote m ?an half s]i\sly1 9 ! p]son z x 7 ( an imag9>y correspond5t1 to ?is effect3 ,i %\ld l to he> :at y w\ld say if a !ologian address$ y z foll[s3 ',i grant y ! attraction ( gravity1 p]si/5ce ( =ce 7or cons]vation ( en]gy71 & "o k9d ( matt]1 ?\gh ! latt] is an imm5se addition1 b ,i ma9ta9 t ,god mu/ h giv5 su* attributes to ?is =ce1 indep5d5tly ( its p]si/5ce1 t "u c]ta9 conditions x develops or *anges into light1 heat1 electricity1 galvanism1 p]haps into life4 ',y _c prove t =ce 7:i* physici/s def9e z t :i* causes motion7 w\ld inv>iably ?us *ange its "* "u ! above conditions4 ,aga91 ,i ma9ta9 t matt]1 ?\gh x may be 9 ! future et]nal1 0 creat$ by ,god ) ! mo/ m>vell\s aff9ities1 lead+ to #dc complex def9ite comp\nds1 & ) pol>ities lead+ to beautiful cry/als1 etc41 etc4 ,y _c prove t matt] w\ld necess>ily possess ^! attributes4 ,!re=e y h no "r to say t y h demon/rat$ t all natural laws necess>ily foll[ f gravity1 ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 & exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,if y say t nebul\s matt] exi/$ aborig9ally & f et]nity1 ) all its pres5t complex p[]s 9 a pot5tial /ate1 y seem to me to beg ! :ole "q4' ,please obs]ve x is n ,i1 b a !ologian1 :o has ?us address$ y1 b ,i c\ld n answ] him4#aj ,! alt]natives to ,design1 i4e41 to ! recognition ( directive activity1 w\ld be ,necessity or ,*ance4 ,f bo? ( ^! ! deepe/ in/9cts ( humanity--:i* 9 su* matt]s are z fully to be reli$ on z its logical faculty--/rongly recoil4 ,no "o has spok5 out m /rongly ab\t ! fir/ ?an ,huxley did4 ,:at is ! dire necessity & 'iron' law "u :i* y groan8 he asks4 ,truly1 mo/ gratuit\sly inv5t$ bugbe>s4 ,i suppose if !re be an 'iron' law1 x is t ( gravitation2 & if #dd !re be a physical necessity1 x is t a /one1 unsupport$1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4444 ,b :51 z commonly happ5s1 we *ange w into mu/1 we introduce an idea ( necessity :i* mo/ assur$ly does n lie 9 ! obs]v$ facts1 & has no w>ranty t ,i c discov]4 ,= my "p1 ,i utt]ly repudiate & ana!matise ! intrud]4444 ,! notion ( necessity is some?+ illegitimately ?ru/ into ! p]fectly legitimate conception ( law2 ! mat]iali/ic position t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w b matt]1 =ce1 & necessity1 is z utt]ly devoid ( ju/ification z ! mo/ baseless ( !ological dogmas4#aa ,b a dogma ( ,necessity w\ld be m tol]able ?an a doctr9e ( ,*ance4 ,9 ,"l ,kelv9's address1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 he decl>$ 8 conviction t directive p[] 0 an article ( belief :i* sci5ce compell$ him to accept4 ,!re 0 no?+1 he said1 betwe5 su* a belief & ! acceptance ( ! !ory ( a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,&1 9 a lett] to ! ,times ju/ify+ ?is ass]tion1 he told h[ =ty ye>s be=e he _h ask$ ,liebig1 :5 walk+ ) him 9 ! c\ntry1 :e!r he believ$ t ! grass #de & fl[]s !y saw ar\nd !m grew by m]e *emical =ces4 ,no1 he answ]$1 no m ?an ,i c\ld believe t a book ( botany describ+ !m c\ld gr[ by m]e *emical =ces4 ,discussions may cont9ue z to :e!r :at ,huxley call$ ! wid] teleology1 or "s o!r =m ( ! doctr9e ( ,design is to be pref]r$2 b ?\ghtful m5 are likely to agree ) ! judgm5t giv5 by ,sir ,george ,/okes--t recognis$ ma/] ( ma/]s--:5 he said3 ,we meet ) su* ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( design1 ( purpose1 especially 9 ! /udy ( liv+ ?+s1 t we are compell$ to ?9k ( m9d z be+ involv$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! univ]se4#ab #a ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #aff4 #b ,life & ,lett]s1 ,i41 p4 #cjg4 #c ,may #bnd1 #aijc4 #d ,! debate z to ! accuracy ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ,creation does n come directly )9 ! scope ( our survey2 b1 nev]!less1 x may be wor? :ile to recall ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 view ( ! v confid5t ass]tions t h (t5 be5 made1 by no less an au?ority ?an ,romanes4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! flora & fauna are said by ! ,mosaic acc\nt to h appe>$ ^u ! e>? corresponds ) t :i* ! !ory ( evolution requires & ! evid5ce ( geology proves4--7,nature1 ,augu/ #aa?1 #ahha47 #e ,lay ,s]mons4 #f ,critiques & ,addresses1 pp4 #cje1 #cjh4 #g ,life & ,lett]s1 ,i41 p4 #cji4 #h ,i41 p4 #cad4 #i ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii41 p4 #ahi4 #aj ,life & ,lett]s ( ,romanes1 pp4 #hh4 #aa ,essay on ,! ,physical ,basis ( ,life 7#ahfh74 #ab ,gif=d ,lectures 7#ahia71 p4 #aif4 #df ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts 7cont9u$7 ,b ?\gh ,mat]ialism _h to g1 !re 0 a "t :5 x seem$ to _m by no means unlikely t ,agno/icism might h to be accept$ z its sub/itute4 ,& if t _h be5 s ! case w\ld h be5 sc>cely less desp]ate4 ,we might h be5 left ) a philosophy ( a k9d1 b we %\ld h be5 depriv$ ( any object :i* c\ld evoke )9 our he>ts ! tru/ & affection t are ne$$ to su/a9 a religion4 ,h[ev]1 z x prov$1 !re 0 no great cause = fe>4 ,agno/icism 0 subject$ 9 its turn to ! ordeal ( criticism1 & ! result prov$ t x _h n 9 x ! sub/ance & =ce t c\ld give x any p]man5t hold ^u ! be/ intellig5ce ( ! age4 ,if ,agno/icism c\ld h be5 cont5t to conf9e itself to positive ass]tions1 !re might h be5 less cause to f9d fault ) x4 ,b its "n /ood = negation1 & its temp] 0 9 accord ) its "n4 ,! expon5ts ( ,agno/icism 7 n #dg satisfi$ ) affirm+ t ! ,p[] beh9d ph5om5a is beyond all ?\ght my/]i\s4 ,!y insi/$ t x is unkn[able1 & t n m]ely 9 ! s5se t x is incompreh5sible1 n to be fully grasp$1 b unkn[able 9 ! s5se t no?+ at all c be kn[n ab\t x4 ,& !n1 hav+ laid d[n ?is z _! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 !y proce$$ at once1 ) a /range inconsi/5cy1 to ass]t t we c "k :at x is n4 ,?is above all else1 !y said1 x is n3 x is n p]sonal4 ,true1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ma9ta9$ t x is z f> rais$ above p]sonality z p]sonality is rais$ above unconsci\sness2 b ! /ress 0 laid n ^u ! affirmation ( sup]-p]sonality1 b ^u ! d5ial & rejection ( any?+ l p]sonality z we und]/& x4 ,! position 0 really unt5able4 ,possibly1 if we c\ld detect no m 9 ,nature ?an p[]1 we might be cont5t1 intellectually1 to /op at ! affirmation ( inscrutable =ce4 ,b if !re is also design1 !n we are b\nd to g a /ep fur!r4 ,bi%op ,h>vey ,goodw9 express$ ?is exactly :5 he said3 ,purpose means p]son4 ,no d\bt p]sonality 9 ! ,creator mu/ be some?+ f> high] & full] ?an p]sonality 9 ! creature4 ,! ,g]man philosoph] ,lotze 0 speak+ ! tru? :5 he decl>$ t to all f9ite m9ds #dh !re is allott$ b a pale copy ( p]sonality2 ! f9it5ess ( ! f9ite1 be+ n a produc+ condition ( p]sonality1 z has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$1 b a limit & h9drance ( its developm5t4 ,p]fect p]sonality1 he said1 is 9 ,god alone4#a ,to mo/ ( u x may s\nd p>adoxical to urge t ! full ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,?ree ,p]sons 9 ! ,godhead is really less difficult intellectually ?an ! doctr9e t ! ,div9e ,be+ consi/s ( an isolat$ unit4 ,?is 0 ! cont5tion ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: acute & subtle m9ds anticipat$ n a few ( ! objections :i* we h _h to enc\nt] 9 our days4 ,we _c elaborate ! /atem5t "h1#b b x is to ! po9t to obs]ve t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity removes f ! ,*ri/ian believ] t :i* to ,sp5c] 0 "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! acceptance ( ! idea ( a ,div9e ,p]sonality2 = x relieves him f ! necessity ( imag9+ a subject )\t an object1 s9ce 9 ! ,*ri/ian view ! highe/ life 9 ! univ]se is a social life1 #di 9 :i* ?\ght is = ev] communicat$ ) unbrok5 h>mony ( feel+ & w4 ,b ! inadequacy ( ,agno/icism 0 to be se5 n only on ! intellectual side4 ,its practical effects 7 necess>ily det]m9$ by its negations4 ,s9ce we c\ld "k no?+ ( ! ultimate p[]1 x 0 pla9ly our wisdom to turn our att5tion else:]e4 ,x foll[$ t1 if morality 0 to be upheld1 x mu/ be bas$ ^u o!r ?an ! famili> sanctions4 ,= a:ile x 0 en?usia/ically promis$ t ?is c\ld & %\ld be done4 ,b ! ev5t prov$ o!rwise4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 con/ra9$ to admit ?is4 ,n[ t 444 ,i h succe$$ 9 complet+ ! second volume ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 444 my satisfaction is some:at da%$ by ! ?\ght t ^! new p>ts fall %ort ( expectation4 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution has n furni%$ guidance to ! ext5t t ,i _h hop$4#c ,& ?is moral failure ( ! sy/em po9t$ yet deep] to its ess5tial weakness4 ,x delib]ately ignor$ ! pr(\nde/ ne$s & capacities ( our nature4 ,! ne$ is ! ne$ = ,god1 & = ,"o :o1 ?\gh greatly above u1 is yet )9 our rea*1 & ready to give u ,8 fri5d%ip4 ,?\ #ej ha/ made u = ,?yself1 & our he>t is re/less until x re/s 9 ,!e4 ,t cry ( ,/4 ,augu/9e has f\nd its e*o 9 unnumb]$ s\ls1 & our humanity w nev] be satisfi$ :ile x is (f]$ no m ?an an impalpable ab/raction = ! cont5tm5t ( its crav+4 ,allusion has be5 made to ! fact t ,romanes 9 8 latt] days 0 l$ to ab&on ! negative attitude :i* he _h tak5 9 8 e>li] life4 ,! /ory ( ! *ange is to be f\nd z told by himself 9 ! volume ( ,life & ,lett]s edit$ by 8 wid[1 & 9 ! ,notes :i* he left beh9d him4 ,^! he _h writt5 9 prep>ation = a book :i* 0 to h be5 entitl$3 ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,religion4#d ,x is evid5t t no consid]ation weigh$ m ) him ?an ?is witness ( ! deep] ne$s ( ! s\l4 ,we h se5 ) :at sorr[ he _h accept$ z a "y man ! conclusions to :i* he _h f\nd himself driv5 :5 ,!ism seem$ no long] a possible belief4 ,aft] 8 *ange he admitt$ t he _h fail$ to recognise an important elem5t 9 8 treatm5t ( ! problem4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! prec$+ treatise ,i #ea did n suffici5tly appreciate ! imm5se importance ( human nature 9 any enquiry t\*+ ,!ism4 ,b s9ce !n ,i h s]i\sly /udi$ an?ropology 7includ+ ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religions71 psy*ology1 & metaphysics1 ) ! result ( cle>ly see+ t human nature is ! mo/ important "p ( nature z a :ole :]eby to inve/igate ! !ory ( ,!ism4#e ,! outcome ( 8 /udy 0 to conv9ce him ( two ?+s4 ,! fir/ 0 t1 if ! religi\s in/9cts ( ! human race po9t to no reality z _! object1 !y are out ( analogy ) all o!r in/9ctive end[m5ts4 ,else:]e 9 ! animal k+dom we nev] meet ) su* a ?+ z an in/9ct po9t+ aimlessly4#f ,& ?is fir/ conviction 0 only ! prep>ation = a second4 ,speak+ aga9 ( 8 ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 he says3 ,9 t treatise ,i h s9ce come to see t ,i 0 wrong t\*+ :at ,i con/itut$ ! basal argum5t = my negative conclusion 444 ,reason is n ! only attribute ( man1 nor is x ! only faculty :i* he habitually employs = ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,moral & spiritual faculties are ( no less importance 9 _! respective sph]es1 ev5 ( ev]yday life2 fai?1 tru/1 ta/e1 etc41 are #eb z ne$ful 9 asc]ta9+ tru? z to "*1 beauty1 etc41 z is reason4#g ,he put ! same ?+ ) ev5 m ( ! note ( p]sonal exp]i5ce :5 he wrote to ,dean ,paget ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* )9 ?ree mon?s ( 8 dea?3 ,/rangely en\gh = my "t ( life1 ,i h begun to discov] ! tru? ( :at y once wrote ab\t logical processes n be+ ! only means ( rese>* 9 regions transc5d5tal4#h ,9 all ?is he 0 foll[+1 z he knew1 9 ! /eps ( ,pascal1 :o _h devot$ ! :ole ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 treatise to ! argum5t f ! condition ( man's nature )\t ,god1 & !n _h appeal$ to t nature = its positive te/imony to ! reality ( ! spiritual4 ,! he>t has its reasons t ! reason does n "k4 ,agno/icism appe>$ dress$ 9 ! g>b ( an exce$+ rev]5ce1 b1 on clos] acqua9tance1 x became evid5t t its acceptance w\ld mean ! *eap5+ ( life by bani%+ f x ! ,div9e p]sonality1 & robb+ ! human ( ! qualities t give x its greate/ wor?4 ,happily ! disa/] has be5 av]t$1 & !re are n _m n[ :o w\ld s]i\sly und]take its def5ce4 #a ,microcosmus 7,e4,t471 ,,ii41 p4 #fhh4 #b ,^? :o may desire to see ! matt] cle>ly & ably h&l$ w\ld d well to read ! ,essay on ,! ,be+ ( ,god1 9 ,lux ,mundi1 by ,aubrey ,moore4 #c ,preface1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#ahic74 #d ,^! notes 7 s5t by ,mr4 ,romanes' desire aft] 8 dea?1 9 #ahid1 to ,bi%op ,gore1 & h be5 publi%$ by him 9 a sixp5ny volume "u ! title ( ,?\ghts on ,religion4 #e ,p4 #aed4 #f ,p4 #hb4 #g ,pp4 #aaa1 f4 #h ,life & ,lett]s1 p4 #cge4 #ec ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,argum5ts 7cont9u$7 ,we h /ill to see h[ ! la/ ( ! difficulties ( :i* we h spok5 0 treat$4 ,x 0 a difficulty :i* c\ld n be reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce4 ,= :at w\ld x avail to %ew t m5 _h a "r to *]i% ! belief 9 ,p[]1 & ,purpose1 & ,p]sonality1 unless !y c\ld also be assur$ t ! ,ord]] ( ! _w is good8 ,nay1 might !y n feel1 if !re 7 no su* assurance1 t x w\ld be bett] to be altoge!r )\t ,8 pres5ce & influ5ce8 ,on a matt] s vital to happ9ess & well-be+ ! m]e possibility ( a d\bt 0 torm5t en\gh4 ,:at 0 !re to be said to br+ relief to ! m9d & he>t :5 *>ges 7 made aga9/ ! b5evol5ce & b5efic5ce ( ,nature's ways8 ,:at satisfactory acc\nt c\ld be giv5 ( ! wa/e & cruelty :i* 7 se5 to ab\nd on e h&8 ,! m cle> ! c]ta9ty t !re is design 9 ! ,univ]se1 ! m urg5t became #ed ! "q z to ! "* ( t design1 & ( ! motives t prompt x4 ,s long z ! difficulty rema9$ unreliev$1 ! ?\ghts ( _m ( ! mo/ s5sitive m9ds 9 reg>d to ,!ism 7 held 9 susp5se4 ,! %ad[ ( misgiv+ 0 felt to be creep+ ov] ! m9d ( ! age1 l ! gloom ( an approa*+ eclipse1 ev5 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,9 words too well kn[n to ne$ repeat+1 ,t5nyson _h giv5 utt]ance to ! half-realis$ anxiety ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ! /anzas ( 8 ,9 ,memoriam1 publi%$ 9 #ahej4 ,:at ! f9] spirits 7 already beg9n+ to feel 0 soon to be proclaim$1 9 t]ms :i* c\ld n fail to be und]/ood by ! multitude1 z an inevitable tru? br\ght to light by sci5tific enquiry4 ,we h se5 h[ x 0 /at$ ) ! passion ( eloqu5ce by ,huxley & ,romanes4 ,& ,d>w91 ) all 8 deta*m5t & philosophic calm1 0 at times deeply affect$ by ! s]i\sness ( ! problem :i* he _h done s mu* to br+ into prom95ce4 ,x is pla9 t he did 8 v utmo/ to reta9 ! hopeful view1 & to put ! mo/ consol+ int]pretation he c\ld ^u ! disquiet+ facts4 ,he _h no difficulty 9 %ew+ t ! :olesale de/ruction ( liv+ organisms 0 imp]atively #ee necess>y4 ,!re is no exception to ! rule1 he said1 t e organic be+ naturally increases at s high a rate t1 if n de/roy$1 ! e>? w\ld soon be cov]$ by ! prog5y ( a s+le pair4#a ,! tru? ( ?is has be5 demon/rat$ aga9 & aga94 ,a pair ( rabbits1 = example1 w\ld 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances increase 9 f\r or five ye>s to a million4 ,! roe ( a cod may conta9 eight or n9e millions ( eggs4 ,m appall+ /ill1 ! female ( ! common fle% fly w at "o "t deposit #bj1jjj eggs4 ,at ?is rate ( increase x has be5 calculat$ t1 9 less ?an a ye>1 a s+le pair w\ld produce en\gh flies1 if ^! 7 n dev\r$ by _! natural foes1 to cov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe to ! dep? ( a mile & a qu>t]6 ,b all ?is does n1 ( c\rse1 make x cle> :y 9 a b5efic5tly ord]$ _w su* a necessity ( slaught] %\ld ev] h be5 all[$ to arise4 ,d>w91 z we h said1 tri$ h>d to take ! mo/ fav\rable view ( ! :ole process4 ,he ?us conclud$ 8 *apt] on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ,:5 we reflect on ! /ruggle1 we may console ourselves ) ! full belief t #ef ! w> ( nature is n incessant1 t no fe> is felt1 t dea? is g5]ally prompt1 & t ! vigor\s1 ! heal?y1 & ! happy survive & multiply4 ,& ^! are ! words ) :i* he conclud$ ! ,orig9 ( ,species3 ,?us f ! w> ( nature1 f fam9e & dea?1 ! mo/ exalt$ object we are capable ( conceiv+1 namely ! production ( ! high] animals1 directly foll[s4 ,b a ye> or two lat] he %ew$ t 8 m9d 0 by no means at re/ on ! matt]1 by writ+ 9 ?is /ra9 to 8 fri5d ,asa ,gray3 ,i own t ,i _c see z pla9ly z o!rs d1 & z ,i %\ld wi% to d1 evid5ce ( design & b5efic5ce on all sides ( u4 ,!re seems to me too mu* mis]y 9 ! _w4 ,i _c p]suade myself t a b5efic5t & omnipot5t ,god w\ld h design$ly creat$ ! ,i*neumonidae ) ! express int5tion ( _! fe$+ )9 ! liv+ bodies ( cat]pill>s1 or t a cat %\ld play ) mice4444 ,i am incl9$ to look at ev]y?+ z result+ f design$ laws1 ) ! details1 :e!r good or bad1 left to ! work+ out ( :at we may call *ance4 ,n t ?is notion at all satisfies me4444 ,let ea* man hope & believe :at he c4 ,c]ta9ly ,i agree ) y t my views are n at all necess>ily a!i/ical4#b #eg ,happily !re 7 o!rs :o 7 able to see _! way some:at fur!r ?an ?is4 ,romanes1 9 a pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,ari/otelian ,society 9 #ahhi1 %ew$ t he 0 reconsid]+ 8 position4 ,he que/ion$ :e!r ! ass]tion1 made by a speak] 9 a previ\s discussion1 t ! fair ord] ( ,nature is only acquir$ by a :olesale wa/e & sacrifice1 c\ld be accept$ z /rictly true1 = h[ c x be said t1 9 po9t ( fact1 !re has be5 a wa/e1 or has be5 a sacrifice8 ,cle>ly su* ?+s c only be said :5 our po9t ( view is re/rict$ to ! means 7i4e41 ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! less fit72 n :5 we ext5d our view to :at1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( human obs]vation1 is unque/ionably ! end 7i4e41 ! causal result 9 an ev] improv+ _w ( types74#c ,he _h int5d$ to write m fully on ! subject1 b did n live to d s4 ,we only "k t on ! ,sunday be=e 8 dea? he did express to ,bi%op ,gore 8 entire agreem5t ) a /atem5t t _h be5 made a %ort "t be=e by ,pr(essor ,knight1 9 8 ,aspects ( ,!ism1 to ! effect t ,a l>g] good is evolv$ ?r\gh ! w9n[+ process by :i* physical nature ca/s its weak] products #eh aside1 etc4#d ,we _c suppose t1 if he _h liv$1 he w\ld h be5 cont5t to h left ! argum5t ?us4 ,t ! end ju/ifies ! means1 is sc>cely a doctr9e :i* c be accept$ z ! la/ ^w ( an e?ical def5ce ( ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,no d\bt !re 7 fur!r pleas to be put 91 & we %all d well to give !m _! full value4 ,!re is ! cont5tion t ! pleasures ( life z a :ole outweigh ! sum ( its evils4 ,?is 0 ma9ta9$1 & we ne$ n hesitate to say successfully ma9ta9$1 by ,"l ,avebury1 & n by him alone4 ,inde$ ,d>w9 _h emphatically said1 ,accord+ to my judgm5t happ9ess decid$ly prevails4#e ,!n !re has always be5 urg$ ! und\bt$ fact t pa91 if an evil1 is yet ! m9i/] ( good4 ,br[n+'s optimism may h c>ri$ him too f> :5 he laid x d[n t :5 pa9 ends ga9 ends1 b x is n to be que/ion$ t m5 h pr(it$ by suff]+s1 & t !y h _h to ?ank _! pa9s1 if only because ^! h s]v$ to protect !m f yet great] mis=tunes4 ,!re is a true wisdom 9 ! moral ( ! old fable ( ! blacksmi?1 :o pray$ to heav5 t ! fire might n burn 8 f+]s1 to discov] t z #ei a result x _h *>r$ 8 h& to ! bone4 ,m$ical sci5ce has _h mu* to say ) reg>d to ! salut>y (fice ( pa94 ,x has gone s f> z to ass]t t1 ! symptoms ( disease are m>k$ by purpose1 & ! purpose is b5efic5t4 ,nay m1 ! processes ( disease aim n at ! de/ruction ( life1 b at ! sav+ ( x4#f ,none ! less1 ) :at might seem a spl5did inconsi/5cy1 ! m$ical pr(ession devotes itself untir+ly to ! alleviation ( ! symptoms & to ! eradication ( disease4 ,aga91 we may be ?ankful to be assur$ t1 :atev] be ! case ) man1 ! l[] organisms feel pa9 less ?an he does1 & mu* less ?an he is (t5 wont to imag9e t !y feel x4 ,?is has be5 argu$ aga9 & aga9 by ! vet]an naturali/ ,wallace1 ^: "r to speak on ! subject no "o is likely to dispute4 ,9 8 rec5tly publi%$ book1 ,! ,_w ( ,life1 he has devot$ a :ole *apt] to answ]+ ! "q1 ,is ,nature cruel8 & x is due to him1 z well z to ! importance ( ! problem1 t we %\ld c>efully note :at he has said4 ,! foll[+ quotations may be tak5 z suffici5tly indicat+ 8 position4 ,! widespread idea ( ! cruelty ( ,nature is #fj almo/ :olly imag9>y4#g ,our :ole t5d5cy to transf] our s5sations ( pa9 to ! o!r animals is grossly mislead+4#h ,no o!r animal ne$s ! pa9-s5sations t we ne$2 x is !re=e absolutely c]ta9--on pr9ciples ( evolution--t no o!r possesses su* s5sations 9 m ?an a fractional degree ( ours4#i ,9 ! category ( pa9less or almo/ pa9less animals1 ,i ?9k we may place almo/ all aquatic animals up to fi%es1 all ! va/ hordes ( insects1 probably all mollusca & worms2 ?us r$uc+ ! sph]e ( pa9 to a m9imum ?r\gh\t all ! e>li] geological ages1 & v l>gely ev5 n[4#aj ,! purpose & use ( all p>asitic diseases is to seize ^u ! less adapt$ & less heal?y individuals--^? :i* are sl[ly dy+ & no long] ( value 9 ! pres]vation ( ! species1 & !re=e to a c]ta9 ext5t injuri\s to ! race by requir+ food & occupy+ space ne$$ by ! m fit4#aa ,speak+ ( ! vici\s-look+ tee? & claws ( ! cat tribe1 ! hook$ beak & preh5sile talons ( birds ( prey1 ! poison fangs ( s]p5ts1 ! /+s ( wasps & _m o!rs1 ,dr4 ,wallace #fa writes2 ,! idea t all ^! weapons exi/ = ! purpose ( %$d+ blood or giv+ pa9 is :olly illusory4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _! effect is :olly b5efic5t ev5 to ! suff]]s1 inasmu* z !y t5d to ! dim9ution ( pa94 ,_! actual purpose is always to prev5t ! escape ( captur$ food--( a w\nd$ animal1 :i* w\ld !n1 inde$1 suff] useless pa91 s9ce x w\ld c]ta9ly v soon be captur$ aga9 & be dev\r$4 ,all conclusions d]iv$ f ! h\se-f$ cat & m\se are fallaci\s4#ab ,f9ally he concludes by inveigh+ aga9/ ! ludicr\sly exagg]at$ view adopt$ by m5 ( su* em95ce & usually ( su* calm judgm5t z ,huxley--a view almo/ z f> remov$ f fact or sci5ce z ! purely imag9>y & humanit>ian dogma ( ! poet3 ',! poor beetle1 t we tread ^u1 ,9 corporal suff]ance f9ds a pang z great ,z :5 a giant dies4' ,:atev] ! giant may feel1 if ! !ory ( ,evolution is true1 ! 'poor beetle' c]ta9ly #fb feels an almo/ irr$ucible m9imum ( pa91 probably none at all4#ac ,we may add to all ^! consid]ations ! fur!r fact t we are con/antly f9d+ out t ?+s h _! use :i* _h be5 too ha/ily assum$ to be m]e blots ^u ,nature4 ,! des]t & ! volcano1 = in/ance1 h (t5 be5 reg>d$ 9 t light4 ,b we h lately be5 assur$ t bo? are ne$$ = ! supply ( atmosph]ic du/1 :i* is a necess>y condition ( ! ra9-fall2 s t !y are really ess5tial to life ^u ! planet4 ,beyond "q1 !n1 !re is v mu* to be said 9 mitigation ( ! t]rible difficulty occasion$ by :at appe> to be ! havoc & ! prodigality ( ,nature4 ,& yet--:5 all has be5 said--a residuum does rema9 ( inexplicable mis]y & di/ress1 & !re are times :5 we are all ( u con/ra9$ to cry out ) ,d>w9 t x is too mu*1 & to ask :e!r !re is n "s fur!r clue to ! my/]y4 ,& !n x may well be t !re comes to our m9d an answ] t has be5 giv5 f ! v fir/ mom5t at :i* human be+s h ?\ght at all4 ,x is an answ] :i* has seem$ inevitable alike to ! simple/ & ! wise/4 #fc ,c>lyle once told ( two ,scotti% peasants :o f\nd !mselves = ! fir/ "t at ,ailsa ,crag4 ,!y />$ 9 a/oni%m5t at ! great sea-precipices4 ,at la/ "o said to ! o!r3 ,eh1 ,jock1 ,nature's deevili%6#ad ,t 0 ! view tak5 by ! primitive races ( ! _w1 z _! wor%ips & incantations bore witness4 ,x is a view :i* _c be lightly dismiss$ z hav+ no?+ at all 9 its support4 ,we may m9imise ! evil t is at "w ar\nd & )9 u z we w1 b1 :5 we h done our utmo/1 we %all be unlike ! va/ majority ( our race if we are n compell$ to admit t !re is t 9 ! _w :i* x is q impossible to ascribe to ! imm$iate action ( an entirely good & b5efic5t ,god4 ,is x !n to be ?\ght incr$ible t ! ord] ( ! _w %\ld h be5 int]f]$ )1 at an e>ly /age 9 its developm5t1 9 su* a way t ! dis>rangem5t 0 left to "w out its fatal mis*ief by means ( ! v con/ancy ( ! great sy/em ( laws :i* make = a regul> developm5t8 ,h[ ?is might conceivably h occurr$ has be5 set out by an anonym\s writ] 9 a rem>kable book :i* ought to be bett] kn[n ?an x is4 #fd ,x 0 publi%$ "s ye>s ago1#ae & be>s ! sugge/ive title ( ,evil & ,evolution4 ,! au?or ma9ta9s t ! orig9al motive 9 all liv+ ?+s 0 self-pres]vation = self-realisation2 & t ?is elem5t>y law 0 9 itself necess>y & good1 ! ess5tial condition ( progress4 ,b j z we to-day "k well h[ h>d x is to draw ! l9e :i* di/+ui%es a "r self-seek+ f ! wrong1 s x has be5 f ! outset4 ,! di/9ction is a f9e "o1 & ! balance is easily upset4 ,we h b to suppose t ?is p]v]sion ( ! "r & lawful happ5$ at an e>ly /age1 to see t no?+ m w\ld h be5 requir$ to acc\nt = ! subsequ5t h]itage ( woe4#af ,aft] speak+ ( ! innoc5t k9d ( comp>ative /rife t we see 9 ! fields & =e/s ar\nd u1 9 :i* !re may be no?+ t we _c reconcile ) ! p]fect b5efic5ce ( ! ,great #fe ,design] & ,creator1 ?is writ] goes on to say3 ,b ! mom5t t evolution has atta9$ t po9t at :i* ! /ruggle beg9s to involve pa9 & unhapp9ess1 x becomes q ano!r matt]4 ,! mom5t t rudim5t>y b happy & cong5ial life beg9s to be ov]%ad[$ by fe>1 or debas$ by consci\s cruelty1 ! mom5t t process ( evolution beg9s to evolve n only cruel selfi%ness 9 its mo/ odi\s =ms1 b deceit & artifice & trea*]\s cunn+ 9 ! w>f>e :i* "o animal wages ) ano!r1 !n ,i ?9k y may be c]ta9 ( "o ( two ?+s--ei!r ! ,creator is n all-b5evol5t1 or t t s*eme is someh[ work+ out z ,he nev] int5d$ x %\ld3 !re mu/ h be5 "s di/urb+ & ho/ile influ5ce4#ag ,?is is well put1 b ! int]e/ ( ! book *iefly consi/s 9 its attempts to %[ 9 detail$ in/ances h[ ?+s t are evil may h be5 made s4 ,! au?or boldly argues t1 if ! normal c\rse _h be5 foll[$1 birds & bea/s ( prey & v5om\s reptiles w\ld nev] h be5 evolv$4 ,evolutioni/s1 he says1 are agre$ t x is j ! fi]ce /ruggle ( creat$ ?+s t has produc$ ^! birds & bea/s ( prey1 & t !re c be #ff little d\bt t x is ! malignity ( ! /ruggle t has produc$ ! v5om ( s _m reptiles4#ah ,in/ances are giv5 9 :i* su* v5om may n[ be develop$ z ! result ( rage or t]ror 9 an o!rwise h>mless animal4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 report$ t ! late ,m4 ,pa/eur 'cultivat$' ! poison ( human saliva to su* a po9t t he 0 able to produce ) x _m ( ! effects ( ! mo/ virul5t snake poisons4#ai ,_h !y n be5 inflam$ by ! t]ror ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 tig]s & hya5as1 vultures & %>ks1 f]rets & polecats1 wasps & spid]s1 puff-add]s & skunks might h turn$ _! und\bt$ abilities 9 o!r m desirable directions4#bj ,aga91 x is ! p]petual ef=t1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ?r\gh long ages1 to repair ! mis*ief inflict$ by enemies1 t acc\nts = ! fecundity ( ! codfi% & o!r creatures4 ,! m prolific x becomes1 ! m enemies x c fe$2 & ! m !y multiply1 ! m prolific x gr[s4 ,a vici\s circle inde$6 ,ev5 e>?quakes1 /orms1 dr\ghts1 deluges1 are expla9$ z due to a c]ta9 want ( balance & failure 9 adju/m5t4#ba ,c]ta9ly1 if we _h to *oose betwe5 ! idea #fg ( a c>eless or indiff]5t ,god1 & ! belief 9 a ,god :o has giv5 u ample pro(s ( a g5]ally b5efic5t purpose1 b :o has1 = reasons ( ! mean+ ( :i* we z yet c h only ! vague/ conceptions1 all[$ ,himself to be h9d]$ & ?w>t$ on ! way to ,8 goal1 ) results ( suff]+ to ,himself ev5 great] ?an ^? endur$ by ,8 creatures2 if ^! 7 ! alt]natives be=e u1 !re c sc>cely be "o ( u :o w\ld hesitate to say t[>ds :i* ( !m 8 reason & consci5ce w\ld confid5tly po9t him4 #a ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #b ,life & ,lett]s4 #c ,?\ghts on ,religion1 pp4 #ib1 f4 #d p4 #id4 #e ,life & ,lett]s1 ,i41 p4 #cji4 #f ,address by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,treves at ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ,octob]1 #aije4 #g p4 #chj4 #h p4 #cgg4 #i p4 #cha4 #aj p4 #cge4 #aa p4 #chc4 #ab p4 #cgg4 ,among ! illu/rations t h be5 adduc$ ( ! ins5sibility ( ! l[] organisms1 none p]haps is m extraord9>y ?an ?is3 ,a crab w cont9ue to eat1 & app>5tly reli%1 a small] crab :ile be+ itself sl[ly dev\r$ by a l>g] "o6--7,transactions ( ,victoria ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,xxv41 p4 #beg74 #ac p4 #chd4 #ad ,william ,all+ham's ,di>y1 p4 #bbf4 #ae ,9 #ahif1 by ,messrs4 ,macmillan4 #af ,9 "o in/ance1 at lea/1 ,d>w9 _h pictur$ 9 8 imag9ation ! /eps by :i* a /range & odi\s in/9ct may h be5 develop$ f comp>atively innoc5t beg9n+s4 ,he 0 ref]r+ to ! ejection by ! "y cuckoo ( its companions f ! ne/4 ,i c see no special difficulty 9 its hav+ gradually acquir$1 dur+ successive g5]ations1 ! bl9d desire1 ! /r5g? & /ructure necess>y = ! "w ( ejection4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! acquisition ( ! prop] in/9ct might h be5 m]e un9t5tional re/lessness on ! "p ( ! "y bird4--,orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #bjj4 #ag ,pp4 #ace1 f4 #ah ,p4 #adb4 #ai ,p4 #adc4 #bj ,p4 #add4 #ba ,p4 #bcb4 #fh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lat] ,,sci5ce ,! position1 z we h describ$ x1 0 t :i* may be said to h exi/$ up to ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n mu* new light has come4 ,inde$1 ,"l ,kelv91 speak+ at ,cl]k5well on ,febru>y #bf?1 #aijd1 is report$ 9 ,! ,times to h said1 ref]r+ to ! extraord9>y progress ( sci5tific rese>*1 t x _h1 p]haps1 be5 ev5 m rem>kable & /rik+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ?an dur+ ! :ole ( ! n9ete5?4 ,let u take fir/ t :i* he _h m p>ticul>ly 9 m9d1 ! advance 9 ! k ( ! con/itution ( ,matt]4 ,9 an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,brad=d 9 #ahgc1 ,cl]k ,maxwell _h /at$ ! conclusions to :i* sci5ce _h1 up to t "t1 be5 l$ 9 its inve/igations ( matt]4 ,?r\gh\t ! natural univ]se x _h be5 %ewn1 by ,spectrum ,analysis1 t matt] is built up ( #fi molecules4 ,^! molecules1 accord+ to ! mo/ compet5t judgm5t1 7 incapable ( sub-division )\t *ange ( sub/ance1 & 7 absolutely fix$ = ea* sub/ance4 ,a molecule ( hydrog51 = example1 :e!r 9 ,sirius1 or 9 ,arcturus1 executes its vibrations 9 precisely ! same "t4 ,! relations ( ! p>ts & movem5ts ( ! planet>y sy/ems may & d *ange1 b ! molecules--! f\ndation-/ones ( ! natural univ]se--rema9 unbrok5 & unworn4 ,z a result ( ?is1 x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! exact equality ( ea* molecule to all o!rs ( ! same k9d gives x1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has well said1 ! ess5tial "* ( be+ a manufactur$ article1 & precludes ! idea ( its be+ et]nal & self-exi/5t4 ,n t sci5ce is deb>r$ f /udy+ ! int]nal me*anism ( a molecule :i* %e _c take to pieces 444 b1 9 trac+ back ! hi/ory ( matt]1 sci5ce is arre/$ :5 %e assures h]self1 on ! "o h&1 t ! molecule has be5 made1 & on ! o!r t x has n be5 made by any ( ! processes we call natural4 ,s ! case _h /ood = "s :ile until sci5ce1 ?r\gh its indefatigable inquir]s1 %ew$ t x 0 9 v de$ n deb>r$ f /udy+ ! int]nal me*anism ( a molecule1 nor1 p]haps1 f tak+ x to pieces4 ,9 #ahie came ! #gj discov]y ( ! ,x-rays by ,rntg5 9 ,g]many1 to be foll[$ 9 a ye> by ,becqu]el's discov]y ( spontane\s radio-activity1 & 9 a c\ple ( ye>s by ! rem>kable fur!r discov]y1 made by ,madame ,curie1 ( :at 0 t]m$ radium1 a sub/ance t w5t on produc+ heat de novo1 keep+ itself p]man5tly at a high] temp]ature ?an its surr\nd+s1 & spontane\sly produc+ electricity4 ,?is 9 itself 0 a new fact ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,= long1 discussion _h be5 wag$ betwe5 two dep>tm5ts ( sci5tific inquir]s4 ,! geologi/s & biologi/s _h dem&$ hundr$s1 & p]haps ?\s&s1 ( millions ( ye>s to all[ = ! developm5ts ) :i* !y 7 conc]n$4 ,! physici/s1 l$ by ,"l ,kelv91 refus$ to admit ! dem&1 claim+ t x c\ld be prov$ ma!matically t x 0 impossible t ! sun c\ld h be5 giv+ out heat at its pres5t rate = m ?an a hundr$ million ye>s1 at ! v outside4 ,! appe>ance ( radium robb$ ?is argum5t ( its cog5cy4 ,x is true t an exam9ation ( ! sun's spectrum has n1 z yet1 reveal$ any radium l9es1 b x is well kn[n t helium1 a trans=mation product ( radium1 is pres5t 9 x4 ,& ?is modification ( our views z to ! #ga probable age ( our sol> sy/em 0 f> f be+ ! only result ( ?is late/ discov]y4 ,inve/igations :i* foll[$ into radio-activity l$ ! ,cambridge pr(essors1 ,l>mor & ,?omson1 to conclude t electricity exi/$ 9 small p>ticles1 :i* 7 call$ electrons4#a ,^! seem to be ! +r$i5ts ( :i* atoms are made4 ,a molecule is compos$ ( two or m atoms4 ,t ( hydrog51 = example1 has two2 t ( wat] ?ree2 & s on up to a ?\s& or m4 ,molecules are v small4 ,if a drop ( wat] 7 magnifi$ to ! size ( ! globe1 ! molecules w\ld be se5 to be less ?an ! size ( a cricket ball6 ,atoms are mu* small]4 ,! atoms 9 a drop ( wat] outnumb] ! drops 9 an ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,electrons are mu* small] /ill--ab\t a ?\s&-million-million times small] ?an atoms4#b ,)9 ! atom ?\s&s or t5s ( ?\s&s ( ^! electrons are mov+ 9 ord]ly arrangem5t1 at t]rific spe$1 r\nd & ab\t "o ano!r4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ to build up a molecule ( any degree ( complexity is v great1 & x is #gb by ! break+ d[n ( complex molecules into simple ones t all our me*anical "w is done4 ,& ?is is n all1 = n only c ! molecule be ?us brok5 9 pieces1 b ! atom itself is capable ( dis9tegration4 ,al?\gh we d n "k h[ to break atoms up1 !y are liable e n[ & !n !mselves to explode1 & s resolve !mselves into simpl] =ms4 ,atoms ( matt] are n ! inde/ructible & immutable ?+s !y 7 once ?\ght4#c ,! idea ( ! am\nt ( en]gy ?us reveal$ z available = all k9ds ( active "w is s va/ z to baffle calculation & ev5 imag9ation4 ,x has be5 said t !re is en]gy en\gh 9 fifte5 gra9s ( radium1 if x c\ld all be set free at once1 to bl[ ! :ole ,briti% ,navy a mile high into ! air4 ,! ?\ght t we are ?us encompass$ on e side by p5t up pot5tialities ( =ce1 :i* if uncontroll$ might at any mom5t "w our de/ruction1 may well deep5 9 u ! s5se ( ! ne$1 n only = an orig9at+1 b = a cont9ually direct+ m9d to sup]9t5d ! conduct ( ! univ]se4 ,we h ref]r$ to m ?an "o *ange ( view to :i* ! new discov]ies h l$4 ,we %all d\btless f9d t !re are o!r sci5tific !ories #gc :i* w h ere long to be modifi$4 ,already x is recognis$ t ! argum5ts ( ,"l ,kelv9 7he 0 !n ,sir ,william ,?omson7 & ( ,cl]k ,maxwell1 :i* 7 bas$ ^u calculations z to ! dissipation ( en]gy1 c sc>cely rema9 unaffect$ by :at we n[ "k1 & suspect1 ( ! crumbl+ & re-=m+ ( atoms4 ,& !re are h9ts abroad ( ev5 m revolution>y sugge/ions4 ,if !re has be5 "o pr9ciple m imp]atively & unanim\sly insi/$ ^u ?an ano!r1 x has be5 ! uni=mity ( ,nature's laws4 ,:at !n are we to make ( a rem>k l ! foll[+1 made by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 p]haps only half-s]i\sly1 to ! ,briti% ,association at ,cambridge1 9 #aijd8 ,!re 0 "o law1 he said1 :i* he felt conv9c$ nobody :o _h work$ on ?is "q--! radio-activity ( matt]--w\ld ev] sugge/1 & t 0 ! con/ancy ( ,nature4 ,n less />tl+ is x to be told t a "q may yet be rais$ :i* w *all5ge ! conception ( a lum9if]\s ae!r1 :i* = half a c5tury has dom9at$ physical sci5ce4 ,x is possible1 s we are in=m$1 t ! field ( electro-magnetic en]gy surr\nd+ an electric *>ge 9 motion moves ) x1 & t ! vibrations ( light travel ?r\gh ?is mov+ #gd field1 in/ead ( ?r\gh an ocean ( /agnant ae!r4#d ,"o fur!r quotation ( s+ul> int]e/ may be add$4 ,x is tak5 f an address to /ud5ts by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,m9+ & ,metallurgy4#e ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 he said1 ! idea held t inorganic *emi/ry 0 almo/ a dead sci5ce--dead 9 ! s5se ( be+ app>5tly complet$ 9 _m ( its aspects1 & t its records c\ld be safely confid$ to ! encyclopa$ia4444 ,a modifi$ conception ( life is n[ becom+ co-ext5sive ) ! :ole range ( our exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 a simple inorganic cry/al does n spr+ ready =m$ f its solv5t1 b fir/ passes ?r\gh phases ( granulation & /riation comp>able ) ^? :i* *>act]ise ! beg9n+s ( vital gr[?4 ,metals exhibit 9 "s respects ph5om5a simil> to ^? possess$ by organis$ be+s4 ,?us1 !y %[ fatigue "u long cont9u$ /ress1 & !y recov] _! /r5g? ) re/4 ,!y are also susceptible to c]ta9 ( ! poisons :i* de/roy organic life4 ,matt]1 broadly1 is no long] m]ely dead masonry f :i* ! edifice to %elt] life #ge is con/ruct$1 b also appe>s to be ! res]voir ( t en]gy :i* is develop$1 alt]$ & drawn into vitality itself4444 ,! inde/ructibility ( matt] bids fair to become relegat$ to ! museum ( outworn !ories2 & ) x w probably g our pres5t conceptions z to ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! tasks await+ ! /ud5ts ( physical sci5ce are likely to be z ardu\s1 & we may hope z full ( rew>d1 z !y h be5 at any "t 9 ! pa/4 ,mean:ile1 x does look z if !re 7 tru? 9 ,mr4 ,balf\r's rem>k t ,matt] is n m]ely expla9$1 b is expla9$ away4#f #a ,! weigh+ & measur+ ( ! electron 7 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,pr(essor ,?omson to ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,dov]1 9 #ahii4 #b ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 #c ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,life & ,matt]1 p4 #bh4 #d ,:e?am4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #ej4 #e ,h4 ,l4 ,sulman1 at ! ,sir ,john ,cass ,in/itute1 ,novemb] #bi?1 #aiaa4 #f ,presid5tial ,address to ,briti% ,association1 #aijd4 #gf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,lat] ,,sci5ce 7cont9u$7 ,we h spok5 ( :at sci5ce has rec5tly be5 do+ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! con/itution ( matt]2 we h n[ to talk ( its rese>*es into ! nature ( ,life4 ,! discov]y t all plant & animal life is develop$ f liv+ cells 0 made1 z we h already /at$1 m ?an sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n our k ( ! =mation & hi/ory ( ^! cells has be5 cont9ually gr[+4 ,! size ( cells v>ies1 b z a rule !y are v m9ute4 ,!y consi/ ( :at is t]m$ protoplasm4 ,at "o "t x 0 suppos$ t protoplasm 0 /ructureless4 ,n[ x is kn[n t ! protoplasmic cell conta9s a nucleus & a surr\nd+ body4 ,moreov]1 ! nucleus1 or small spot 9 ! c5tre1 has )9 x a spiral /ructure ( a v complicat$ k9d4 ,e cell is d]iv$ f a pre-exi/+ cell by a process ( division1 ! two result+ cells be+ app>5tly id5tical ) ! p>5t cell4 #gg ,! cells possess ! p[] ( assimilat+ o!r cells or fragm5ts ( cells4 ,z !y gr[ !y move & g 9 se>* ( food & light & air & moi/ure4 ,!y exhibit feel+1 & %r9k z if 9 pa94 ,spots specially s5sitive to vibrations become eyes & e>s2 & ?us ! v>i\s organs & faculties are evolv$ "u ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,! progress1 s f> z x is physical1 c be trac$ f ! l[e/ blue-gre5 algae "r up to man4 ,& all ?r\gh\t1 9 s f> z _! *emical composition is conc]n$1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! liv+ /ructure are ! same4 ,x is said to be practically impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! cells ( a toad/ool & ^? ( a human be+4 ,b :5 all ?is has be5 expla9$1 we h /ill left "o great "q unansw]$4 ,h[ is ! protoplasm made8 ,is !re any connexion ( developm5t to be trac$ :]eby life c be %ewn to h aris5 f inorganic matt]8 ,protoplasm1 "u analysis1 is f\nd to consi/ ( "s ( ! commone/ elem5ts on ! e>?'s surface1 su* z c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 & phosphorus4 ,ap>t f its v complicat$ /ructure1 its cont5ts are n h>d to provide4 ,& we "k t !re 0 a "t :5 x mu/ ( necessity h be5 =m$ out ( t :i* 0 n liv+1 #gh = !re 0 a "t :5 our globe 0 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5t heat 9 :i* no life t we "k c\ld possibly h exi/$4 ,m ?an ?is we _c say4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahga1 sugge/$ t a g]m ( life might h be5 waft$ to our _w on a meteorite2 b to say t is obvi\sly only to bani% ! problem to a great] di/ance4#a ,huxley _h1 9 #ahfh1 inv5t$ ! "n ,ba?ybius to describe ! deep-sea slime :i* he held to be ! prog5itor ( life on ! planet4 ,b lat] on he frankly confess$ t 8 sugge/ion 0 fruitless1 ackn[l$g+ t ! pres5t /ate ( our k furni%es u ) no l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n-liv+4 ,& s ! problem rema9s4 ,sir ,edw>d ,s*f]1 inde$1 has laid x d[n t we are compell$ to believe t liv+ matt] mu/ h ow$ its orig9 to causes simil> 9 "* to ^? :i* h be5 in/rum5tal 9 produc+ all o!r =ms ( matt] 9 ! univ]se2 9 o!r words1 to #gi a process ( gradual evolution1#b b he c ?r[ no fur!r light on ! process & its /ages4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge is b speak+ ! admitt$ tru? :5 he says t ,sci5ce1 9 *agr91 has to confess t hi!rto 9 ?is direction x has fail$4 ,x has n yet witness$ ! orig9 ( ! smalle/ trace ( life f dead matt]4#c ,no d\bt !re are _m :o are hopeful t x may yet be possible to discov] a way by :i* a cell1 dis*>g+ all ! ess5tial functions ( life1 c be con/ruct$ out ( inorganic mat]ial2 or1 at lea/1 t x may be possible to frame an intelligible hypo!sis z to h[ ?is might h be5 done "u conditions :i* long ago may h be5 m fav\rable ?an our own4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are n a few :o h q delib]ately ab&on$ any expectation ( ! k9d4 ,?is 0 made pla9 by "s ( ! expressions ( adv]se op9ion :i* 7 elicit$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,s*f]'s address4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ may be giv5 z specim5s3 ,! m !y saw ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 ! m remote seem$ to become ! possibility ( conceiv+ h[ life arose4#d #hj ,he c\ld n imag9e any?+ happ5+ 9 ! laboratory1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 :i* w\ld br+ u any ne>] to life4#e ,liv+ protoplasm has nev] be5 *emically produc$4 ,! ass]tion t life is due to *emical & me*anical processes alone is q unju/ifi$4 ,nei!r ! probability ( su* an orig91 nor ev5 its possibility1 has be5 support$ by any?+ :i* c be t]m$ sci5tific fact or logical reason+4#f ,! ph5om5a ( life are ( a "* :olly diff]5t f ^? :i* are pres5t$ by matt] view$ "u any o!r aspect1 me*anical1 electrical1 *emical1 or :at n4 ,x is beside ! "q to po9t to ! fact t 9 ,nature 'new elem5ts are mak+ _! appe>ance & old elem5ts disappe>+1' = ?\gh we may speculate z to ! mann] ( =mation ( uranium & ?orium1 & ?\gh ! production ( radio-active matt]s 9 ,nature at ! pres5t "t & always seems to be a well-e/abli%$ fact1 su* ph5om5a h n ev5 an analogy ) ^? ( a liv+ be+1 h[ev] humble4#g ,x _c be surpris+ t ^? :o believe #ha ! door to be %ut1 s to speak1 9 ! direction ( any !ory ( developm5t ?r\gh me*anical & *emical ag5cies alone1 %\ld look else:]e = ! solution ( a problem :i* sci5ce is b\nd to d its v utmo/ to solve4 ,?is is :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 is happ5+2 & x is ( ! v deepe/ int]e/ to obs]ve ! nature ( ! sugge/$ explanation4 ,x is no o!r ?an a reviv$ =m ( ! anci5t doctr9e ( a vital =ce1 :i* we _h imag9$ to h be5 f9ally disc>d$4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 & x is all-important4 ,! =ce is n1 z =m]ly suppos$1 "s unique k9d ( en]gy2 is n1 inde$1 en]gy at all4 ,b we %all d be/ to /ate ! new doctr9e 9 ! words ( its lead+ expon5ts4 ,pr(essor ,anton ,k]n]1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,g]man writ]s on ,botany1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,plants1 speak+ ( ! *emical explanation1 says3 ,x does n expla9 ! purposeful sequ5ce ( diff]5t op]ations 9 ! same protoplasm )\t any *ange 9 ! ext]nal /imuli2 ! ?or\gh use made ( ext]nal advantages2 ! resi/ance to injuri\s influ5ces2 ! avoidance or encompass+ ( insup]able ob/acles2 ! punctuality ) :i* all ! functions are p]=m$2 ! p]iodicity :i* occurs ) ! greate/ regul>ity "u con/ant conditions ( environm5t2 #hb nor1 above all1 ! fact t ! p[] ( dis*>g+ all ! op]ations requisite = gr[?1 nutrition1 r5ovation & multiplication is liable to be lo/4 ,& !n he gives 8 op9ion ?us3 ,i d n hesitate aga9 to designate z vital =ce ?is natural ag5cy1 n to be id5tifi$ ) any o!r1 ^: imm$iate in/rum5t is ! protoplasm1 & ^: peculi> effects we call life4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ uncompromis+ advocate ( ! new] vitalism 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ /rik+ quotations w set =? 8 views3 ,life1 he ma9ta9s1 is no m a function ( matt] ?an ! w9d is a function ( ! leaves :i* dance "u its influ5ce4#h ,if x 7 true t vital en]gy turn$ into1 or 0 anyh[ conv]tible into1 inorganic en]gy1 if x 7 true t a dead body _h m inorganic en]gy ?an a live "o1 if x 7 true t '^! inorganic en]gies' always1 or ev]1 'reappe> on ! dissolution ( life1' !n1 und\bt$ly1 cadit quae/io1 life w\ld imm$iately be prov$ to be a =m ( en]gy1 & w\ld ent] into ! s*eme ( physics4 ,b1 inasmu* z all ?is is untrue--! direct contr>y ( ! tru?--,i ma9ta9 t life is n a =m ( #hc en]gy1 t x is n includ$ 9 our pres5t physical categories1 t its explanation is /ill to seek4 ,x appe>s to me to belong to a sep>ate ord] ( exi/5ce1 :i* int]acts ) ?is mat]ial frame ( ?+s1 &1 :ile !re1 ex]ts guidance & control on ! en]gy :i* already exi/s4#i ,life does n add to ! /ock ( any human =m ( en]gy1 nor does dea? affect ! sum ( en]gy 9 any kn[n way4#aj ,life c g5]ate no trace ( en]gy1 x c only guide its transmutations4#aa ,my cont5tion !n is--& 9 ?is cont5tion ,i am practically speak+ = my bro!r physici/s--t :]eas life or m9d c nei!r g5]ate en]gy nor directly ex]t =ce1 yet x c cause matt] to ex]cise =ce on matt]1 & s c ex]cise guidance & control2 x c s prep>e any sc5e ( activity1 by arrang+ ! position ( exi/+ mat]ial1 & tim+ ! lib]ation ( exi/+ en]gy1 z to produce results concordant ) an idea or s*eme or int5tion2 x c1 9 %ort1 'aim' & 'fire4'#ab ,x is impossible to expla9 all ?is fully by ! laws ( me*anics alone4#ac ,on a /agnant & inactive _w life w\ld be #hd p[]less3 x c\ld only make dry bones /ir 9 su* a _w if x 7 itself a =m ( en]gy4 ,x is only pot5t :]e inorganic en]gy is me*anically 'available'--to use ,"l ,kelv9's t]m--t is to say1 is ei!r pot5tially or actually 9 process ( transf] & trans=mation4 ,9 o!r words1 life c g5]ate no trace ( en]gy1 x c only guide its trans=mation4#ad ,life possesses ! p[] ( vitalis+ ! complex mat]ial aggregates :i* exi/ on ?is planet1 & ( utilis+ _! en]gies = a "t to display itself amid t]re/rial surr\nd+s2 & !n x seems to disappe> or evaporate :5ce x came4#ae ,to ^! voices f ,g]many or ,engl& we c add t ( ,m4 ,b]gson f ,france4 ,9 _m respects1 z he says1 he is at "o ) ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,if he goes beyond him1 x is ma9ly 9 ^! ways4 ,he emphasises ! elem5t ( ,fre$om1 ! p[] ( *oice z %ewn by e liv+ ?+4 ,x appe>s1 he says1 f ! top to ! bottom ( ! animal scale1 al?\gh ! l[] we g1 ! m vaguely x is se54 ,9 v tru?1 ,i believe no liv+ organism is absolutely )\t ! faculty ( p]=m+ actions & mov+ spontane\sly2 = we see t ev5 9 ! vegetable _w1 :]e #he ! organism is = ! mo/ "p fix$ to ! gr\nd1 ! faculty ( motion is asleep r ?an abs5t altoge!r4 ,sometimes x wakes up1 j :5 x is likely to be useful4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,:at is specially *>act]i/ic ( ,m4 ,b]gson is ! insi/5ce t ?is p[] ( *oice is an evid5ce ( ,consci\sness4 ,life1 he decl>es1 is no?+ b consci\sness us+ matt] = its purposes4 ,!re is beh9d life an impulse1 an imm5se impulse to climb high] & high]1 to run great] & great] risks 9 ord] to arrive at great] & great] effici5cy4 ,obvi\sly !re is a vital impulse4#af ,life appe>s 9 its entirety z an imm5se wave :i*1 />t+ f a c5tre1 spe$s outw>ds1 & :i* on almo/ ! :ole ( its circumf]5ce is /opp$--t is1 z he expla9s1 by matt]--& conv]t$ into oscillation2 at "o po9t ! ob/acle has be5 =c$1 ! impulsion has p\r$ freely4 ,x is ?is fre$om t ! human =m regi/]s4 ,ev]y:]e b 9 man consci\sness has _h to come to a /&2 9 man alone x has kept on its way4 ,man cont9ues ! vital movem5t indef9itely1 al?\gh he does n draw along ) him all t life c>ries 9 itself4 ,on o!r #hf l9es ( evolution !re h travell$ o!r t5d5cies :i* life impli$--! ref]5ce is m especially to p[]s ( in/9ct z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( intellig5ce--& ( :i*1 s9ce ev]y?+ int]p5etrates1 man has d\btless kept some?+1 b ( :i* he has kept only a little4#ag ,p]haps ! mo/ a/oni%+ ?+ ab\t ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy is 8 unread9ess to all[ t ! consci\sness1 :i* he says is ev]y:]e at "w1 has any delib]ate purpose 9 its work+4 ,mr4 ,balf\r has call$ att5tion to ! unsatisfactor9ess ( :at he describ$ z too hesitat+ & unc]ta9 a treatm5t4#ah ,b1 9 spite ( s s]i\s an omission1 we may be glad to believe1 ) our acute /atesman-critic1 t !re is p]man5t value 9 8 !ories4 ,if !y indicate at all ! direction 9 :i* sci5tific ?9k+ is to move1 we %all soon h travell$ a v long di/ance f ! days 9 :i* x 0 imag9$ t all vital ph5om5a might be acc\nt$ = on m]ely mat]iali/ic & me*anical l9es4 #a ,to ?is 'meteorite' !ory ! app>5tly fatal objection 0 rais$ t x w\ld take "s sixty million ye>s = a meteorite to travel f ! ne>e/ /ell> sy/em to our e>?1 & x is inconceivable t any k9d ( life c\ld be ma9ta9$ dur+ su* a p]iod4--,s*f]4 #b ,presid5tial ,address to ,briti% ,association1 at ,ed9burgh 7#aiab74 #c ,man & ! ,univ]se1 p4 #bd4 #d ,pr(4 ,wag]4 #e ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,haldane4 #f ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace4 ,article 9 ,ev]yman1 ,octob] #ah?1 #aiab4 #g ,sir ,william ,tild54 ,lett] to ,! ,times1 ,septemb] #i?1#aiab4 #h ,life & ,matt]1 p4 #ajf4 #i ,pp4 #acb1 f4 #aj ,p4 #aeh4 #aa ,p4 #afj4 #ab ,pp4 #afd1 f4 #ac ,p4 #aff4 #ad ,p4 #afj4 #ae ,p4 #aih4 #af ,lecture at ,birm+ham1 ,may1 #aiaa4 #ag ,creative ,evolution1 p4 #bhj4 #ah ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 #hg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,lat] ,,sci5ce 7cont9u$7 ,! lead]s ( ! sci5tific ?\ght ( la/ c5tury w\ld h be5 va/ly surpris$ if !y c\ld h =ese5 ! results ( ! inve/igations :i* 7 to be made into ! con/itution ( matt] & ! nature ( life2 b n ev5 ^! w\ld h amaz$ !m s mu* z w\ld o!r inve/igations t 7 to be c>ri$ out 9 a yet deep] & m my/]i\s region ( exp]i5ce4 ,p]haps x 0 because sci5ce _h be5 s busy ab\t ! m ext]nal ?+s1 t x _h seem$ to h no "t to sp>e = ! ?or\gh consid]ation ( t :i* is m truly vital to man ?an ! matt] :i* obeys or opposes him1 or ev5 ?an ! physical life :i* enables him to act1 9 s f> z he c1 z its ma/]4 ,x 0 /range t ! la/ ?+ to be ?\ght ( %\ld be 8 own p]sonality1 himself2 ! inn]mo/ work+s ( 8 s\l4 ,b if ?is pr(\nde/ problem has be5 neglect$1 x is to be neglect$ no long]4 ,psy*ology has #hh already made good its claim to be respectfully reg>d$ z "o ( ! sci5ces4 ,x is too e>ly to speak ) any great c]ta9ty ( ! results t x has a*iev$1 ?\gh ^! are probably m sub/antial ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,anyh[1 x w be be/ t1 z be=e1 we %\ld give "s *>act]i/ic /atem5ts ( ! inve/igators !mselves1 r ?an attempt to make unau?oris$ summ>ies ( our own4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge %all tell u :at he und]/&s by ! ,s\l4 ,! s\l is t controll+ & guid+ pr9ciple :i* is responsible = our p]sonal expression & = ! con/ruction ( ! body1 "u ! re/rictions ( physical condition & ance/ry4 ,9 its high] developm5ts x includes also feel+ & intellig5ce & w1 & is ! /oreh\se ( m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,! body is its in/rum5t & organ1 enabl+ x to receive & to convey physical impressions1 & to affect & be affect$ by matt] & en]gy4#a ,h[ ! s\l acts by means ( ! body is ?us expla9$4 ,! bra9 is ! l9k betwe5 ! psy*ical & ! physical1 :i* 9 !mselves belong to diff]5t ord]s ( be+4#b #hi ,a portion ( bra9 sub/ance is consum$ 9 e act ( m5tation4#c ,de/roy c]ta9 p>ts ( bra9 completely1 & connexion betwe5 ! psy*ic & ! mat]ial regions is = u sev]$4 ,true2 b cutt+ (f or damag+ communication is n ! same z de/roy+ or damag+ ! communicator2 nor is sma%+ an organ equival5t to kill+ ! organi/4#d ,m4 ,b]gson does n diff] f ?is :5 he says t1 ! s\l--ess5tially action1 w1 lib]ty--is ! creative =ce p> excell5ce1 ! productive ag5t ( novelty 9 ! _w4 ,he goes on to speak ( ! way by :i* s\ls h be5 diff]5tiat$ & rais$ to self-consci\s exi/5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is great ef=t is ! v hi/ory ( ! evolution ( life on our planet4 ,c]ta9 l9es ( evolution seem to h fail$4 ,b on ! l9e ( evolution :i* leads to man ! lib]ation has be5 accompli%$ & ?us p]sonalities h be5 able to con/itute !mselves4#e ,l _m ano!r1 ,m4 ,b]gson _c br+ himself to believe t dea? is to be ! end ( all t has be5 ?us pa9fully a*iev$ dur+ ?is process ( atta9m5t4 ,:5 we see t consci\sness is also memory1 #ij t "o ( its ess5tial functions is to accumulate & pres]ve ! pa/1 t v probably ! bra9 is an in/rum5t ( =getfulness z mu* z "o ( remembrance1 & t 9 pure consci\sness no?+ ( ! pa/ is lo/1 ! :ole life ( a consci\s p]sonality be+ an indivisible cont9uity2 are we n l$ to suppose t ! effect cont9ues beyond1 & t 9 ?is passage ( consci\sness ?r\gh matt] 7! passage :i* at ! tunnel's exit gives di/9ct p]sonalities7 consci\sness is temp]$ l /eel1 & te/s itself by cle>ly con/itut+ p]sonalities & prep>+ !m1 by ! v ef=t :i* ea* ( !m is call$ ^u to make1 = a high] =m ( exi/5ce8#f ,b ! psy*ologi/ has yet m to tell u ab\t ! nature ( p]sonality4 ,al?\gh help$ to di/9ctiv5ess ( self-consci\s expression by means ( its exp]i5ce ( ! /ruggle "u pres5t mat]ial conditions1 x is n ! :ole ( x t c be ?us express$4 ,9 fact its pres5t physical embodim5t is b p>tially adequate to ! task4 ,9 o!r words1 c]ebral life repres5ts only a small "p ( ! m5tal life4 ,"o ( ! rles ( ! bra9 is to limit ! vision ( ! m9d1 to r5d] #ia its action m efficaci\s#g--m efficaci\s1 t is to say1 = su* uses z are ( value = survival & success "u our exi/+ conditions4 ,x is to ,fr$]ick ,my]s t we h *iefly ow$ ! conception ( ! sublim9al or subconsci\s m9d4 ,! full report ( 8 rese>*es is giv5 9 ! two volumes ( 8 "w on ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea? 7#aija74 ,he x 0 :o inv5t$ ! ^w telepa?y to express ! fact t m5tal action c be ex]t$ at a di/ance4 ,& x 0 he :o br\ght = ! fir/ "t ! ph5om5a ( clairvoyance & app>itions "u ?or\gh exam9ation by ! employm5t ( ! mo/ exact+ te/s4 ,along su* l9es he 0 l$ to ! conclusion1 n[ l>gely accept$1 t ! consci\s self is only a fraction ( ! entire p]sonality1 ! fraction be+ great] or less accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! individual4 ,by means ( ?is subconsci\s "p ( our be+ we are1 he held1 br\ght into t\* ) "o ano!r & are capable ( atta9+ a k :i* may greatly transc5d t :i* comes to u ?r\gh our ord9>y *annels ( communication4 ,9 ! case ( g5ius we wat* ! em]g5ce ( exceptional #ib pot5tialities1 :i* may s]ve z ! promise & pl$ge ( :at ! future has 9 /ore = u all4 ,"o day l "s w+$ insect we %all pass to a condition beyond t ( ! life we n[ "k1 & !n we may hope t :at we c reg>d z l>val *>act]s ( special s]vice 9 ! pres5t /age ( exi/5ce1 w prove to h be5 de/9$ to be disc>d$1 or modifi$ almo/ out ( recognition1 9 proportion z a high] /ate is atta9$4#h ,?is recognition ( ! exi/5ce )9 human nature ( su* capacities & p[]s1 h[ev] imp]fectly develop$ & und]/ood1 w\ld greatly help u to deal ) _m my/]ies ( exp]i5ce t h hi!rto seem$ completely beyond ! purview ( a /rict sci5tific rese>*4 ,! ,am]ican psy*ologi/1 ,william ,james1 has done good s]vice to ?is highe/ dep>tm5t ( critical inquiry 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,a s+le extract may suffice to illu/rate 8 position1 & to %ew :at may yet lie be=e ^? :o are prep>$ to press on 9 ! direction 9 :i* he 0 able to po9t4 ,! fur!r limits ( our be+ plunge 444 into an altoge!r o!r dim5sion ( exi/5ce f ! s5sible & m]ely 'und]/&able' #ic _w4444 ,s f> z our ideal impulses orig9ate 9 ?is region 7& mo/ ( !m d orig9ate 9 x1 = we f9d !m possess+ u 9 a way = :i* we _c articulately acc\nt7 we belong to x 9 a m intimate s5se ?an t 9 :i* we belong to ! visible _w444 ,:5 we commune ) x1 "w is actually done ^u our f9ite p]sonality1 = we are turn$ into new m5444 ,i call ?is high] "p ( ! univ]se by ! "n ( ,god4#i #a ,man & ! ,univ]se1 p4 #gh4 #b ,p4 #ia4 #c ,life & ,matt]1 p4 #ajg4 #d ,man & ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ic4 #e ,lecture at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 #f ,birm+ham ,lecture1 ,may1 #aiaa4 #g ,b]gson4 ,presid5tial ,address to ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 ,may1 #aiac4 #h ,op4 cit41 ,i41 p4 #ig4 #i ,pp4 #eae1 f4 #id ,,note ,s9ce ! prec$+ *apt]s 7 writt51 ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association has be5 held at ,birm+ham 7,septemb]1 #aiac74 ,its int]e/ 0 unusually great inasmu* z ! ,presid5t's address & ! pr9cipal discussions 7 occupi$ ) ! mo/ critical & debatable sci5tific que/ions ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! foll[+ extracts w give a g5]al idea ( ! l9e tak5 at ! outset by ! ,presid5t1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,!ological controv]sy is practically 9 abeyance j n[4 ,x is ! sci5tific allies1 n[1 :o are wag+ a m or less invigorat+ conflict among !mselves1 ) philosoph]s jo9+ 94 ,anci5t po/ulates are be+ pull$ up by ! roots4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy is to emphasise ! discont9u\s or atomic "* ( ev]y?+4 ,! physical discov]y ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 s f>1 is ! electrical !ory ( matt]4 ,s f> f ,nature n mak+ jumps1 x becomes d\btful if %e does any?+ else4 ,! corpuscul> !ory ( radiation is by no means s dead z 9 my y\? we ?\ght x 04 ,b ,i myself am an uphold] ( ultimate cont9uity1 & a f]v5t believ] 9 ! ae!r ( space4 #ie ,i h be5 call$ a vitali/1 & 9 a s5se ,i am2 b ,i am n a vitali/ if vitalism means an appeal to an undef9$ 'vital =ce' 7an objectionable t]m ,i h nev] ?\ght ( us+7 z aga9/ ! laws ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,!re is pl5ty ( physics & *emi/ry & me*anics ab\t e vital action1 b = a complete und]/&+ ( x some?+ beyond physics & *emi/ry is ne$$4 ,no ma!matics c\ld calculate ! orbit ( a common h\se-fly4 ,i w risk ! ass]tion t life introduces some?+ incalculable & purposeful amid ! laws ( physics2 x ?us di/9ctly supplem5ts ^? laws1 ?\gh x leaves !m o!rwise precisely z !y 7 & obeys !m all4 ,! ,loom ( ,"t is complicat$ by a multitude ( free ag5ts :o c modify ! web1 mak+ ! product m beautiful or m ugly accord+ z !y are 9 h>mony or di%>mony ) ! g5]al s*eme4 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t manife/ imp]fections are ?us acc\nt$ =1 & t fre$om c\ld be giv5 on no o!r t]ms1 nor at any less co/4 ,i w n %r9k f a p]sonal note summ>is+ ! result on my own m9d ( ?irty ye>s ( exp]i5ce ( psy*ical rese>*1 begun )\t pr$ilection--inde$1 ) ! usual ho/ile prejudice4 ,! facts s exam9$ h conv9c$ me t memory & affection are n limit$ to t association ) matt] by :i* alone !y c manife/ !mselves "h & n[1 & t p]sonality p]si/s beyond bodily dea?4 #if ,( ! debates on ! subsequ5t days ^? on ,radiation & ,! ,orig9 ( ,life 71 p]haps1 ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,at ! =m] ! po9t at issue 0 ! am\nt ( tru? conta9$ 9 ,planck's fam\s hypo!sis t en]gy 0 transf]r$ by jumps in/ead ( 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,sir ,joseph ,l>mor evid5tly express$ ! prevail+ op9ion :5 he said t "s advance 9 t direction _h become necess>y1 & old-fa%ion$ physici/s l himself _h ei!r to take "p 9 x or run ! risk ( becom+ obsolete4 ,= ! discussion ab\t ,life1 ! ?ree sections ( ,physiology1 ,zoology1 & ,botany 7 comb9$4 ,pr(essor ,moore /ood /\tly = ! old] views1 & believ$ t he c\ld demon/rate a /ep :i* connect$ inorganic ) organic creation4 ,!n he gave an ab/ruse & highly te*nical acc\nt ( a process by :i* 9 solutions ( colloidal f]ric hydroxide1 expos$ to /rong sunlight1 comp\nds c\ld be =m$ simil> to ^? to be f\nd 9 ! gre5 plant4 ,) a prop] gr\p+ ( molecules x might be imag9$ h[ colloidal aggregates appe>$1 & ev5tually organic colloids :i* acquir$ ! prop]ty ( trans=m+ light en]gy into *emical activity4 ,! speak]s :o foll[$ seem$ to be agre$ t1 ev5 7 su* pot5tially liv+ matt] to be produc$1 we %\ld h rea*$1 n ! discov]y ( ! secret ( life1 b only ! con/ruction ( its physical vehicle4 ,pr(essor ,h>tog /rongly prote/$ aga9/ ! notion t !re 0 a cons5sus #ig ( op9ion among biologi/s t life 0 only "o =m ( *emical & physical actions :i* c\ld be r$uc$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,he wi%$ x to be und]/ood t ! prepond]ance ( weight among sci5tific m5 0 oppos$ to su* a position4 #ih ,,conclusion ,x is dang]\s to g5]alise2 &1 :5 z 9 ?is survey we are attempt+ to indicate broadly ! tr5d ( ! ?\ght ( an age1 we h m ?an ord9>y ne$ to be on our gu>d le/ we %\ld sacrifice tru? to ! desire = a seem+ complet5ess ( logical pres5tation4 ,= fe>1 !n1 ( misund]/&+1 let x be cle>ly rememb]$ t 9 :at has be5 said we h _h no wi% to sugge/ t all m9ds h mov$ at ! same pace1 or ev5 9 ! same direction2 b only t c]ta9 /rong t5d5cies 7 obs]vable1 :i* gave col\r & "* to ! m5tal /ream at ! p>ticul> /ages 9 its c\rse4 ,x is ) a full s5se ( ! possibility ( exagg]ation1 & ( ! necessity ( hold+ ! balance ev51 t we %all n[ make our f9al attempt to sum up z concisely z possible :at we h be5 able to ga!r 9 reg>d to ! ?\ght-movem5t ( ! p]iod we h _h "u review4 ,!re c be no dang] ( mis/atem5t 9 say+ t1 all ?r\gh\t1 ! *ief ?\ghts ( ! "t 7 int5sely occupi$ ) #ii ! greate/ ( all que/ions1 ^? ab\t ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,_w4 ,&1 fur!r1 x has n be5 difficult to p]ceive t !re h be5 ?ree di/9ct /ages 9 ! sequ5ce ( ^! ?\ghts4 ,9 ! fir/ /age we c see1 z we look back1 t ! ,religi\s feel+ 0 dom9ant1 :ile ! sci5tific temp] c\ld sc>cely h be5 said to exi/2 c]ta9ly x did n exi/ ^u any ext5d$ scale4 ,b1 ?\gh ! desire to be rev]5t 0 widespread1 we are b\nd to all[ t ! ideas ab\t ,god 7 some:at crudely conceiv$4 ,z a legacy1 no d\bt1 f ! ,dei/ic controv]sies ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 ! g5]al ?\ght did n rise above ! notion ( a ,supreme ,me*ani/ & all-p[]ful ,rul] ( all ?+s4 ,! ,div9e ,be+ 0 reg>d$ z hav+ orig9at$ ! univ]se by a fiat ( ,8 w1 fa%ion+ its sev]al cont5ts "o aft] ano!r z ,he pleas$1 & appo9t+ t ea* & all %\ld be subject$ to ! laws ,he _h orda9$2 always res]v+ to ,himself ! "r to int]v5e by "s signal display ( wisdom & p[]1 :5 su* int]v5tion 0 requir$1 ei!r to rem$y a defect1 or yet fur!r to set =? ,8 glory4 ,m5 7 v ready to admit ! idea ( ! ,sup]natural1 b x 0 9 ! m]ely sup]ficial & popul> s5se ( p[] work+ )\t means1 r ?an :at we n[ #ajj feel to be ! f> tru] s5se ( sup]human k ( means1 & p[] to use !m4#a ,x foll[$1 & ?is 0 ! weake/ po9t 9 ! ,paleyan sy/em ( ,natural ,!ology1 t ,god's action 0 look$ = n 9 ! normal1 b 9 ! exceptional processes ( ,nature4 ,! ne$ ( ! ,div9e 0 only felt :5 no o!r explanation 0 =?com+2 ) ! result1 ( c\rse1 t z o!r explanations 7 f\nd1 ! necessity = recognis+ its op]ation grew ev] less & less4 ,&1 ev5 ap>t f su* a consequ5ce1 ! effects ( ! conception c\ld n be o!rwise ?an injuri\s to religi\s fai?2 =1 z x has be5 truly & rev]5tly obs]v$1 a !ory ( occasional int]v5tion implies z its correlative a !ory ( ord9>y abs5ce4#b ,z to k ( ! ,_w1 !re 0 sc>cely any at all1 accord+ 9 our pres5t und]/&+ ( su* k4 ,n ev]ybody1 ( c\rse1 acc\nt$ = ! exi/5ce ( fossils by suppos+ t !y 7 ! ca/s f :i* ! ,almighty _h design$ ,8 creatures1 or possibly ! ,devil's #aja attempts to imitate ,8 works2 b ! prevail+ ideas 7 ( ! mo/ primitive k9d4 ,ev5 ,paley c\ld give u no bett] explanation ( c]ta9 rudim5t>y anatomical organs1 ?an by sugge/+ t ! creature 9 :om !y 7 f\nd _h be5 s f> con/ruct$ be=e x 0 decid$ :at its sex %\ld be6 ,we c see t if any real progress 9 k 0 to be made1 a *ange ( a v radical ord] _h to come4 ,& x did come4 ,! second /age 0 ,sci5tific r ?an religi\s4 ,! ?\ght ( ,god occupi$ a less prom95t place 9 proportion z m5's m9ds 7 yield$ to ! attraction ( ! new /udies4 ,?is 0 p>tly due1 z we h already expla9$1 to ! fact t causes 7 f\nd to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a :i* _h previ\sly1 = ! lack ( ! und]/&+ ( su* causes1 be5 attribut$ to ! imm$iate ex]cise ( sup]natural p[]4 ,p>tly1 also1 x 0 due to a gr[+ di/ru/ ( human ability1 :i* result$ f ! belief t ?is 0 no?+ m ?an a rec5t developm5t f a l[] animal ance/ry4 ,a m9d ?us orig9at$ 0 suppos$ to be deb>r$ f =m+ any tru/wor?y notion ( ! nature ( a ,fir/ ,cause :i* _h op]at$1 if at all1 at "s po9t inf9itely di/ant 9 ! long succession ( ages4 ,! ma9 "w ( ?is /age 0 to prosecute #ajb rese>* into ! elaborat$ me*anism1 or z m5 soon came to pref] to ?9k ( x1 ! develop+ gr[? ( ! _w4 ,& wond]ful1 beyond all anticipation1 0 ! success :i* rew>d$ ! pa9s t 7 lavi%ly be/[$ ^u ! inquiry4 ,small m>vel 0 x t "s m5's heads 7 well-nigh turn$1 & t to _m x seem$ little less ?an c]ta9 t sci5ce _h disp5s$ ) ! sup]natural altoge!r2 & t x only requir$ "t1 & no great l5g? ( "t1 to secure univ]sal acceptance = ! mat]iali/ic explanations :i* 7 de/9$1 z !y suppos$1 to leave no my/]ies ( life unsolv$4 ,b su* p]sons _h reckon$ ) a too ha/y & sup]ficial k ( ! data involv$4 ,little by little ! c\nt]-criticisms produc$ _! effect4 ,! idea ( a ,fir/ & ,p]man5t ,cause 0 %ewn to be z indisp5sable z ev]2 n1 inde$1 z an influ5ce to be pu%$ f> back1 & to be ?\ght ( z act+ ei!r once or occasionally4 ,a tru] read+ ( ! mean+ ( :at _h be5 discov]$ l$ to ! grateful ackn[l$gm5t t ,d>w9ism has conf]r$ ^u philosophy & religion an ine/imable b5efit by %ew+ u t we mu/ *oose betwe5 two alt]natives3 ei!r ,god is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ,nature1 or ,he is n[h]e4#c #ajc ,s1 aga91 ) ,design4 ,! e>li] notion ( ! sep>ate manufacture ( species & ( special adaptations to p>ticul> ends _h to give way to a l>g] conception ( ! gr[? & gradual correlation ( ! p>ts & functions ( a /up5d\s :ole4 ,b = ! atta9m5t ( ?is mighty result direction & sup]9t5d5ce are ev5 m imp]atively ne$$4 ,z x 0 (t5 urg$ ) good reason1 to make a _w "r (f w\ld n h be5 s m>vell\s an a*ievem5t z to make t _w make itself4 ,! problem ( ,b5efic5ce _h1 z we saw1 come to be s entangl$ ) difficulties z to r5d] x ! mo/ s]i\s ( all ! problems :i* press$ ^u ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! m5 ( ?is second /age ( ?9k+4 ,b "h1 also1 ! fe>s :i* 7 at fir/ ar\s$ 7 f\nd to h be5 exagg]at$2 & p]haps x is true to say t be=e ! end ( ! c5tury !re 0 a g5]al disposition to conclude t ) l>g] k we %\ld get to und]/& ! utility ( mu* t to un9/ruct$ eyes appe>s to be lavi% wa/e & ne$less suff]+4 ,! obvi\s fact t sci5ce c\ld n g =w>d )\t a loyal belief 9 ! rational intelligibility ( nature gave ju/ification to a correspond+ belief 9 its e?ical intelligibility1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! #ajd complete pro(s might n be imm$iately =?com+4 ,& !re 01 fur!r1 ! possibility--to "s x 0 m ?an a possibility--t mu* 9 ! _w :i* looks contr>y to goodness is really to be acc\nt$ = z ! result ( a misuse ( lib]ty on ! "p ( p[]s & =ces ^: action has mo/ my/]i\sly be5 all[$ to ?w>t & to complicate ! task ( ! b5efic5t ,mak] ( all4 ,ab\t ! ?ird /age x is fitt+ t we %\ld speak ) m hesitation4 ,we are liv+ 9 x1 & are z yet only at its beg9n+4 ,b we may haz>d ! progno/ication t x w be bo? ,religi\s & ,sci5tific2 & t1 z k gr[s f m to m1 !re w be f\nd ! m ( rev]5ce ( :i* our mod]n poet s+s4 ,!re is reason to hope t ! bitt]ness ( old controv]sies w n be reviv$1 & t we h be=e u a "t 9 :i* ,!ology & ,sci5ce w co-op]ate & no long] conflict4 ,) deep5+ insight x is becom+ pla9] ?an ev] t ! ph5om5a ( life1 & ev5 ( matt]1 are ! expressions ( a m ?an physical =ce4 ,evolution is a law "u :i* a =w>d process is mov+ on1 & mov+ up4 ,!re is an impulse ( consci\sness work+ f )91 & !re is a spiritual1 z well z a mat]ial1 environm5t invit+ #aje to correspond5ce ) itself4 ,fre$om & p[] ( *oice are admitt$ to be pres5t 9 regions :]e _! exi/5ce 0 = long mo/ /r5u\sly d5i$4 ,ev5 matt] may h its own p[] ( insi/5ce & resi/ance--h[ mu* m m9d & w4 ,?is consid]ation may give u a yet cle>] clue to ! my/]ies ( failure1 misc>riage1 & wa/e4 ,a _w t 0 to produce self-consci\s1 self-det]m9+ p]sonalities ne$$ to h fre$om ?r\gh ! :ole ( its developm5t2 & ! consequ5t risk & possible co/ 7 inevitable4 ,%all we n be l$ to admire & rev]e increas+ly ! wond] ( x all1 z !re gr[s ^u u ! s5se ( ! quietness & g5tl5ess1 ! =esight1 & ! inf9ite pati5ce ( ! ,be+ ( be+s1 :o w nev] obtrude ,8 pres5ce & action ^u u1 j because ,he w\ld help u to be our own1 n dead b liv+1 selves1 & w\ld h u rise ) ,him to ! highe/ ?+s8 ,we are f> f ! end ( our le>n+4 ,!re are _m enigmas yet to be made pla94 ,we c\ld n wi% x o!rwise4 ,x has ev] be5 ?r\gh ! n>r[ gate ( difficulty t we h pass$ into ! wid] c\rt ( tru?4 ,we h good cause to be humble1 b we h full "r to be hopeful4 ,we mu/ n be afraid to face ! problems t await #ajf u1 :atev] !y may be4 ,we may be confid5t t we are n to be deceiv$2 b t1 "u a ,guidance t has nev] fail$1 we %all at l5g? be br\ght to see ! dawn+ ( ! long$-= day1 ,:5 t 9 u :i* ?9ks ) t :i* feels ,%all ev]la/+ly be reconcil$1 ,& t :i* que/ione? ) t :i* kneels4 #a ,?is important di/9ction 0 c>efully drawn by ! ,duke ( ,argyll 9 8 ,reign ( ,law 7pp4 #ad1 #be71 publi%$ 9 #ahff4 #b ,aubrey ,moore1 9 "o ( a s]ies ( rem>kable articles contribut$ to ! ,gu>dian 7,janu>y #ah?1 #be?1 ,febru>y #a/1 #ahhh74 #c ,aubrey ,moore1 ,lux ,mundi4 #ajg ,,index ,,ae!r1 #gc1 #id4 ,agno/icism1 #cb1 #df-eb4 ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #ac4 ,argyle1 ,george ,d\glas1 ,duke (1 #cg1 #ajj4 ,atoms1 #ba1 #ga1 #gb4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #ej4 ,avebury1 ,"l1 #eh4 ,,bacon1 ,,"l1 #ad4 ,balf\r1 ,a4 ,j41 #ge1 #hf4 ,ba?ybius1 #gh4 ,becqu]el1 ,a4 ,c41 #gj4 ,b5efic5ce1 ,div9e1 #ag1 #ah1 #ec-fg1 #ajc4 ,b]gson1 ,h5ri1 #hd-hf1 #hi1 #ij4 ,bra91 #hh1 #hi1 #ij4 ,buns51 ,r4 ,w41 #bd4 ,,c>lyle1 ,,?omas1 #fc4 ,cause1 #bi4 ,cells1 ,! gr[? 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bo>ds4 #bs4 net4 ,mod]n ,rationalism4 ,z se5 at "w 9 its ,biographies4 ,by ,canon ,,h5ry ,,lewis1 ,m4,a4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds4 #ds4 net4 ,god & ! ,univ]se4 ,a ,physical ,basis = ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,de ,,tunzelmann1 ,b4,sc41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds4 #ds4 net4 ,*ri/ianity & ,agno/icism4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,wage1 ,d4,d41 ,dean ( ,cant]bury4 ,demy #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds4 #bs4 net4 ,! ,"n ( ,god 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! ,base ( ,biblical ,criticism re-exam9$4 ,a ,/udy introductory & explanatory ( ,exodus vi4 vv4 #a et seq4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,troel/ra4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* by ,canon ,,edmund ,,mcclure1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? bo>ds1 #bs4 net4 ,is a ,revolution 9 ,p5tateu*al ,criticism at ,h&8 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,johannes ,,dahse4 ,translat$ by ,canon ,,edmund ,,mcclure1 ,m4,a41 f an ,article 9 ! ,neue ,kir*li*e ,zeits*rift1 = ,septemb]1 #aiab4 ,) a ,preface by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,,sayce1 ,d4,d4 ,small po/ #hvo4 ,pap] cov]4 #ds4 net4 ,is ,*ri/ianity ,miracul\s8 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,pri*>d1 ,m4,a4 ,small po/ #hvo4 ,clo?4 #bs4 net4 ,lit]>y ,criticism & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,r4 ,j4 ,,kn[l+1 ,d4,d4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo? 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