file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cjfgf-;h4htm or #cjfgf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cjfgf_/pg#cjfgf-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjfg f_/cjfgf-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/prim>y h&wo#jj;dobbri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,text 9 bold face is enclos$ by equal signs 7bold74 ,,prim>y ,,h&work 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,be>s ,built by fir/-grade class4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,see page #eh4 ,,prim>y ,,h&work by ,,ella ,,victoria ,,dobbs1 ,b4,s41 ,a4,m4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,manual ,arts ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,new ,york ,! ,macmillan ,company #aibc ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,june1 #aiad4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,little ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,am]ica ,,) ,,! ,,wi% ,,t ,,all ,,_! ,,s*ool ,,days ,,may ,,be ,,happy ,,days ,,preface ,?is book is ! outgr[? ( long exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( prim>y grades1 foll[$ by special /udy ( h&work z a factor 9 elem5t>y education4 ,x is writt5 ) ?ree objects 9 view3 ,fir/1 to ga!r into a s+le volume v>i\s me?ods already 9 use 9 ! m progressive s*ools1 & = :i* ! be/ sugge/ions are scatt]$ ?r\gh curr5t p]iodicals3 ,second1 to organize ^! me?ods & pres5t !m 9 a simple =m = ! use ( tea*]s :o h _h no special tra9+ 9 h&work processes3 ,?ird1 accept+ conditions z !y exi/ 9 ! small t[n s*ool & ! "o-room c\ntry s*ool1 z a basis ( organization1 to (f] sugge/ions :i* may be easily adapt$ to ! conditions ( any s*ool ) a view to br++ pres5t practice into clos] h>mony ) ! be/ educational ideals4 ,no claim is laid to orig9ality1 beyond ! small details 9 :i* "o p]son's int]pretation ( a l>ge problem w diff] f t ( ano!r4 ,! projects "h outl9$ h be5 te/$ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,columbia1 ,miss\ri1 "u conditions :i* are common to t[ns ( ab\t ! same size4 ,! po9t ( view has be5 influ5c$ *iefly by ! educational philosophy ( ,pr(4 ,john ,dewey1 especially z express$ 9 8 essay ,! ,*ild & ! ,curriculum4 ,! au?or wi%es "h to make grateful ackn[l$gem5t to ,dr4 ,dewey1 n only = ! helpfulness ( 8 writ+s1 b also = ! inspiration ( 8 tea*+4 ,?anks are also due to ,dr4 ,naomi ,norswor?y ( ,tea*]s ,college1 & to ,dean ,w4 ,w4 ,*>t]s ( ,miss\ri ,univ]sity1 = enc\ragem5t 9 plann+ ! book & = criticism ( ! manuscript4 ,especial ackn[l$gm5t is "h made to ,pr(4 ,r4 ,w4 ,selvidge ( ,peabody ,college = ,tea*]s1 =m]ly ( ?is ,univ]sity1 = he>ty cop]ation & helpful sugge/ions 9 work+ out ! problems describ$ 9 ?is book1 & to ! tea*]s ( ! ,columbia ,s*ools = _! mo/ effici5t s]vices 9 te/+ ^! problems 9 _! classrooms4 ,e4 ,v4 ,d4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri1 ,febru>y1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,pap] ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,po/] ,,mak+ #f ,,iii4 ,,booklets #ag ,,iv4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,workman%ip #bd ,v4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,problem #bg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,village ,,/reet #fe ,,vii4 ,,s& ,,tables ,,& ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,!m #gg ,,viii4 ,,animals ,,& ,,toys #ajb ,,ix4 ,,holidays #aab ,x4 ,,g5]al ,,sugge/ions ,,& ,,summ>y #aae ,,ref]5ces #abc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,h\se ( ! ,?ree ,be>s ,frontispiece #a4 ,pap] ,cutt+4 ,fir/ ,grade #g #b4 ,pap] ,cutt+4 ,second ,grade #h #c4 ,pap] ,cutt+4 ,second ,grade #aj #d4 ,pap] ,te>+ #aa #e4 ,pap] ,cutt+4 ,?ird ,grade #ac #f4 ,pap] ,cutt+4 ,f\r? ,grade #ae #g4 ,pamphlet ,sew+ #bb #h4 ,japanese ,sew+ #bb #i4 ,h\se arrang$ on a ,%elf #bh #aj4 ,a ,m$ieval ,ca/le #bi #aa4 ,h\se arrang$ on a ,table--,front ,view #cb #ab4 ,h\se arrang$ on a ,table--,side ,view #cc #ac4 ,h\se arrang$ on a ,table--,back ,view #cd #ad4 ,h\se ,plan #ce #ae4 ,arrangem5t ( ,w9d[s #cf #af4 ,detail ( ,holl[ ,squ>e #ch #ag4 ,bord]s #ci #ah4 ,looms & ,samples ( ,weav+ #da #ai4 ,box ,h\se by ,second ,grade #dc #bj4 ,detail = ,pap] ,weav+ #dd #ba4 ,furniture f ,wood ,blocks #dh #bb4 ,furniture f ,wood ,blocks #dh #bc4 ,home ( ,:ite ,cl\d1 ! ,pueblo ,girl #ea #bd4 ,detail ( ,/airway #ed #be4 ,box ,h\se1 %[+ ,ro( #ee #bf4 ,detail ( ,gable #ef #bg4 ,colonial ,kit*5 #ef #bh4 ,h\se ( ! ,?ree ,be>s #ei #bi4 ,corn/alk ,h\se #fj #cj4 ,a ,fl\r ,mill #fb #ca4 ,box ,h\se & ,/ores #ff #cb4 ,a ,village ,/reet #fh #cc4 ,a ,groc]y4 ,f\r? ,grade #gj #cd4 ,a ,groc]y4 ,?ird ,grade #gc #ce4 ,a ,dry ,goods ,/ore #ge #cf4 ,home 9 a ,hot ,c\ntry #gf #cg4 ,home 9 a ,cold ,c\ntry #gf #ch4 ,a ,s&-table ,f>m4 ,fir/ ,grade #hj #ci4 ,a ,s&-table ,f>m4 ,second ,grade #hj #dj4 ,detail ( ,*ick5 ,f5ce #ha #da4 ,detail ( ,pap] ,tree #hd #db4 ,ov]all ,boys' ,f>m #hf #dc4 ,an ,apple ,or*>d #hg #dd4 ,rob9son ,crusoe #hi #de4 ,pueblo ,indian ,village #ij #df4 ,a ,home 9 ,switz]l& #ib #dg4 ,two ,little ,knights ( ,k5tucky #id #dh4 ,h[ ,c$ric became a ,knight #id #di4 ,a ,sug> ,camp #ie #ej4 ,a ,we/]n ,cattle ,ran* #if #ea4 ,! ,/ory ( ,?ree ,little ,pigs #ih #eb4 ,a ,japanese ,tea ,g>d5 #ii #ec4 ,a ,coal ,m9e #ii #ed4 ,a ,*>iot ,race #ajb #ee4 ,a ,circus ,p>ade #ajc #ef4 ,?ree-ply ,wood5 ,animals #ajd #eg4 ,detail = ,?ree-ply ,wood5 ,animals ) ,movable ,p>ts #aje #eh4 ,not*$ ,re/ = ,animals #ajf #ei4 ,balanc+ ,figures #ajg #fj4 ,"s ,simple ,toys #ajh #fa4 ,adju/+ ,jump+-,jack 9 ,frame #aji ,,prim>y ,,h&work ,,prim>y ,,h&work ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,9 sett+ =? ! plan & purpose ( ?is little book ! au?or wi%es to lay equal emphasis on its limitations4 ,! outl9es & sugge/ions :i* foll[ are design$ = ! use ( grade tea*]s :o h _h little or no tra9+ 9 h&work processes b :o appreciate ! necessity ( mak+ wor?y use ( ! *ild's natural activity & desire to d4 ,! outl9es are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to s*ools :i* are n provid$ ) special equipm5t & :i* h scant funds = supplies4 ,! projects require only su* mat]ials z empty goods boxes1 & odds & ends ( clo? & pap]1 :i* are easily obta9able 9 any community4 ,no extra "t is requir$ = ! "w1 & x may be successfully c>ri$ out by any tea*] :o is will+ to devote a little /udy to ! possibilities ( ?+s ne> at h&4 ,^! outl9es d n =m a c\rse ( /udy to be foll[$ 9 regul> ord] nor 9 set lessons com+ at a def9ite "t4 ,!y are1 r1 a s]ies ( sugge/ions to be us$ :]ev] & :5ev] !y w s]ve a wor?y purpose4 ,!y are n to be reg>d$ z a special subject1 hav+ little or no connection ) ! regul> class "w1 b r z an illu/rative me?od ( tea*+ ! regul> subject matt] :5ev] ! tea*+ c be done m effectively by means ( concrete illu/rations4 ,x is propos$ to make great] use ( con/ruction z a m$ium ( expression1 & place mak+ m ne>ly on a p> ) talk+1 writ+1 & draw+4 ,any ( ! projects outl9$ may be modifi$ to suit v>y+ conditions1 & ! emphasis plac$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( a p>ticul> class4 ,all ! sugge/ions are giv5 9 v simple =m1 *iefly f ! /&po9t ( ! fir/ grade1 = ! reason t x is easi] to add to ! details ( a simple problem ?an to simplify "o :i* is complex4 ,x is n ! purpose "h to emphasize ! tra9+ ( ! h& or ! developm5t ( te*nique 9 h&work processes to ! ext5t commonly expect$ ( a c\rse 9 manual arts1 ?\gh consid]able dext]ity 9 ! use ( tools & mat]ials w und\bt$ly be develop$ z ! "w proce$s4 ,:ile c>eless "w is nev] to be tol]at$ 9 con/ruction any m ?an x w\ld be tol]at$ 9 writ+ or draw+1 ! /&>d is to be only su* a degree ( p]fection z is possible ?r\gh a *ild's unaid$ ef=ts4 ,x is propos$ to provide him ) ?+s to d ( su* int]e/ to him t he w wi% to d 8 be/1 & ?+s ( su* a nature t !y w please him be/ :5 !y are well done1 & s /imulate a g5u9e desire = good "w4 ,to ?is end ! sugge/ions relate to ?+s ( imm$iate value & use to ! *ildr5 !mselves1 r ?an to ?+s commonly compreh5d$ 9 a li/ ( articles :i* are useful f ! adult po9t ( view4 ,! "w is to be kept on a level ) ! *ild's exp]i5ce & us$ z a means ( broad5+ 8 exp]i5ce & lift+ x to a high] level4 ,x mu/ also be kept on ! level ( 8 con/ructive ability 9 ord] t he may d ?+s by himself1 & develop indep5d5ce ?r\gh feel+ himself ma/] ( 8 tools4 ,nei!r patt]ns nor def9ite directions are provid$ = ! details ( ! projects outl9$1 = ! reason t x is desir$ to make e project a spontane\s expression ( ! *ild's own ideas4 ,to ?is end ! outl9e s]ves only z a framework1 to be fill$ 9 z ! work] desires4 ,! ready-made patt]n implies dictation on ! "p ( ! tea*] & me*anical imitation & repetition on ! "p ( ! pupil1--a process almo/ fatal to spontane\s ef=t4 ,:ile x is possible ?r\gh a me?od ( dictation to secure results :i* seem1 at fir/1 to be mu* bett] ?an ! crude con/ructions :i* *ildr5 are able to "w out = !mselves1 x is only a sup]ficial advantage1 & "o ga9$ at ! exp5se ( ! *ild's gr[? 9 p[] to ?9k & act indep5d5tly4 ,x is an advantage closely ak9 to ! p>rotlike recitation ( ! pupil :o cat*es a few glib phrases & gives !m back )\t ?\ght1 z comp>$ ) ! recitation ( ! pupil :o ?9ks & expresses 8 ?\ghts 9 8 own *ildi% language4 ,^! outl9es are int5d$ n only to emphasize indep5d5ce 9 self-expression1 b also to fo/] a social _s ?r\gh community ef=t & develop a s5se ( responsibility ?r\gh division ( labor4 ,a *ild's %ortcom+s w be br\ght home to him mu* m vividly if he fails to contribute "s ess5tial assign$ to him 9 ! con/ruction ( a cop]ative project1 & !reby spoils ! pleasure ( ! :ole gr\p1 ?an :5 8 failure affects only 8 individual ef=t 9 a gr\p ( duplicate projects4 ,^! outl9es are int5d$ also to sugge/ a me?od ( op5+ up to ! *ildr51 9 an attractive way1 ! great field ( indu/ry4 ,_! deep int]e/ 9 play+ /ore leads easily to a /udy ( ! s\rce1 use1 & value ( v>i\s =ms ( m]*&ise & ! ess5tial features ( v>i\s trades & occupations4 ,problems ( ?is sort are fasc9at+ to *ildr5 9 all ! l[] grades1 are ri* 9 valuable subject matt]1 & sugge/ ?+s to d :i* are bo? int]e/+ & wor? :ile4 ,)\t attempt+ to exhau/ any phase ( ! subject1 !y awak5 an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! indu/rial _w & t5d to /imulate ?\ghtful obs]vation4 ,!y help to give ! *ildr5 correct ideas ab\t indu/rial processes z f> z _! k goes1 & to create a desire = fur!r k4 ,?is g5]al in=mation lays a good f\ndation = lat] & m s]i\s /udy ( ! indu/ries & ! *oice ( a vocation4 ,^! outl9es are (f]$ z a means ( bridg+ ! gap betwe5 ! =mal me?ods & outgr[n c\rses ( /udy /ill 9 use & ! ri*] curriculum & m vital me?ods t[>d :i* we are work+4 ,mu* "t mu/ be sp5t 9 /udy & exp]im5tation be=e a satisfactory reorganization ( ! curriculum c be work$ out4 ,)\t wait+ until ?is "w %all be :olly complet$1 x is possible at once to vitalize ! mo/ =mal c\rse ( /udy ?r\gh ! use ( fre] me?ods1 :i* p]mit & enc\rage self-direct$ activity on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,! use ( su* me?ods w n only t5d to create a deep] int]e/ 9 s*ool "w1 b mu/ also help t[>d ! great problem ( reorganization1 by ?r[+ into /rong] relief ! /r5g? & weakness ( our pres5t common practice4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pap] ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,po/] ,,mak+ ,pap] & scissors =m a fasc9at+ comb9ation to all *ildr51 & (f] a v direct means ( self-expression4 ,9 ! language ( a small boy :o attempt$ to tell h[ to d x1 ,y j ?9k ab\t some?+ & !n cut out y\r ?9k4 ,! tea*] is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! ?9k & ! way 9 :i* x is express$4 ,! *ildr5 are int]e/$ 9 pap] cutt+ *iefly f ! pleasure ( ! activity4 ,beyond ! imm$iate pleasure 9 ! process1 ! cutt+s are valuable only z !y indicate ! cle>ness ( ! *ild's ideas & measure 8 ability to express !m4 ,! process is educative only 9 s f> z x helps ! small work] to see ) 8 m9d's eye & to give tangible %ape to :at he ?us sees4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 t ! "w be done 9 a way t w emphasize ! ?9k+ r ?an ! f9i%$ product4 ,! fir/ "q aris+ is1 ,to :at ext5t %all a patt]n be us$8 ,%all ! tea*] cut out ! object & bid ! class foll[ h] example8 ,%all %e display a silh\ette or outl9e draw+ ( ! object %e desires ! *ildr5 to cut1 or %all !y "w )\t any ext]nal guide to ju/ify or modify ! m5tal picture8 ,%all !y be giv5 a patt]n & be all[$ to draw ar\nd x8 ,all ( ! above me?ods are us$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,long exp]i5ce seems to indicate t ! fir/ cutt+ ( any object %\ld be unassi/$ by any ext]nal repres5tation ( x :atev]1 9 ord] t ! att5tion ( ea* *ild may be focus$ ^u 8 own m5tal picture ( ! object4 ,:5 he has put =? 8 be/ ef=t f ?is /&po9t1 he %\ld comp>e 8 cutt+ ) ! real object or a good picture ( x & be l$ to see ! *ief defects 9 8 own production & !n all[$ to try aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,/ory ( ,jack ,horn] on po/] & s& table4 ,sn[flakes 9 backgr\nd4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,= example1 aft] tell+ ! /ory ( ,"m ,hubb>d1 ! *ildr5 may be int]e/$ 9 cutt+ out dogs4 ,no picture or o!r guide %\ld be us$ at fir/1 s9ce e *ild kn[s some?+ ab\t dogs4 ,! fir/ cutt+s are likely to be v poor1 p>tly because ! *ildr5 h n suffici5t control ov] ! scissors & l>gely because _! ideas are v vague4 ,9 a g5]al comp>ison ( "w !y w help ea* o!r ) su* criticisms z1 ,?is dog's head is too big4 ,t dog's legs are too /iff4 ,!y are !n ready to try aga94 ,only :5 !y h rea*$ ! limit ( _! p[] to see flaws 9 _! "w d !y ne$ to comp>e x ) ! real dog or its picture4 ,only aft] a *ild has attempt$ to express 8 idea & has become consci\s 9 ev] s small a degree ( ! imp]fection ( 8 expression w he really be able to see diff]5ces betwe5 ! real object & 8 repres5tation ( x1 & !reby cl>ify 8 m5tal picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,pap] cutt+4 ,second grade1 ,columbia4 ,! *ild's imag9ation is s /rong t he is apt to see 8 productions n z !y are b z he means !m to be1 & he is unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! orig9al & 8 copy ( x4 ,if ! picture or silh\ette is pres5t$ at fir/1 8 "w becomes to a l>ge ext5t m]e copy+ r ?an self-expression4 ,if ! tea*] cuts out a dog & displays x z a sample1 ! class w be apt to see t piece ( pap] only & n a real dog4 ,if ! *ildr5 are p]mitt$ to draw ! outl9e ei!r freeh& or ar\nd a patt]n1 /ill less m5tal ef=t is requir$1 & 9 cutt+ !y see only ! bit ( l9e j ahead ( ! scissors & n ! object z a :ole4 ,su* me?ods 7i4e4 ! use ( outl9es1 silh\ettes1 etc47 w produce bett] imm$iate results4 ,x w be easi] to di/+ui% dogs & cats f c[s & horses if a patt]n is provid$1 b x w n produce /rong] *ildr54 ,su* me?ods only defeat ! *ief purpose ( ! "w1 :i* is to /imulate ! m5tal ef=t requir$ to hold ! m5tal image ( ! object 9 ! focus ( att5tion dur+ ! "t requir$ to reproduce x 9 ! mat]ial =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,pap] cutt+4 ,second grade4 ,x is also (t5 ask$ :e!r ! *ildr5 %all always cut directly & )\t modification or :e!r !y %all be p]mitt$ to trim (f ! imp]fections ( _! fir/ attempts4 ,:ile any rule mu/ always be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( imm$iate circum/ances1 x is g5]ally be/ to cut directly1 & aft] not+ ! defects1 cut aga94 ,x is !n possible to comp>e ! sev]al attempts & see if improvem5t has be5 made4 ,att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! mo/ gl>+ defect only1 & an attempt made to correct x4 ,= example1 if ! dog's head is too l>ge1 d n trim d[n1 b cut ano!r dog & try = bett] proportions4 ,comp>e ! second attempt ) ! fir/1 to measure improvem5t4 ,ev5 little *ildr5 c be taught to "w 9 ?is ?\ghtful way1 look+ = ! defects 9 _! own "w & mak+ def9ite attempts to correct !m4 ,to ?is end mu* cutt+ f an unlimit$ supply ( newspap] or scrat* pap] w accompli% m ?an a few ex]cises 9 bett] pap] :i* mu/ be trimm$ & work$ ov] = ! sake ( economy4 ,if little *ildr5 are all[$ to trim (f1 !y are apt1 9 ! pure joy ( cutt+1 to trim too mu* & lose ! idea ) :i* !y />t$--a process :i* t5ds to vagu5ess r ?an cle>ness4 ,to prev5t ?is x is (t5 helpful to pres]ve bo? pieces ( pap]1 i4e4 ! cutt+ & ! hole4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,pap] ,te>+4--,pap] te>+ s]ves _m ( ! same purposes s\ght 9 cutt+1 & has sev]al /rong po9ts 9 its favor4 ,work+ directly ) ! f+] tips t5ds to develop a desirable dext]ity ( manipulation4 ,! nature ( ! process prev5ts ! expression ( small details & t5ds to emphasize bold outl9es & big g5]al proportions4 ,work+ directly ) ! f+]s t5ds also to prev5t a weak dep5d5ce ^u c]ta9 tools & t5ds to develop p[] to express an idea by :atev] means is at h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,pap] te>+4 ,po/]s4--,! t]m po/] z "h us$ includes all m\nt$ pictures made by *ildr51 su* z cutt+s1 draw+s1 pa9t+s1 & scrap pictures4 ,a po/] may be ! "w ( "o *ild or ( a gr\p4 ,a s+le po/] may tell ! :ole /ory1 or a s]ies ( po/]s may be made to %[ a sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,a s]ies ( po/]s may be b\nd toge!r 9 book =m4 ,= po/] mak+ s+le %eets ( pap]1 m$ium weight & ( neutral tone1 are ne$$4 ,! %eets %\ld be ( uni=m size = individual use s t !y c\ld be b\nd toge!r if desir$4 ,= cop]ative "w & special problems l>g] %eets w be ne$$4 ,,sugge/$ ,,problems ,,= ,,pap] ,,"w ,cutt+ out ,pictures4--,?is s]ves well = fir/ ef=t ) scissors4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! picture furni%es a motive1 :ile ! outl9e s]ves z a guide & all[s ! att5tion to be giv5 :olly to ! control ( ! scissors4 ,free cutt+ ( s+le objects--su* z animals1 fruits1 trees1 furniture1 ut5sils1 etc4--int5sifies & cl>ifies m5tal pictures & /imulates obs]vation if ! *ild is l$ to express 8 own ideas fir/ & !n to comp>e 8 expression ) ! orig9al & note 8 defici5cies4 ,z f> z possible *oose objects ) /rong bold outl9es = ! fir/ attempts4 ,!re %\ld be "s m>k$ feature1 su* z ,bunny's long e>s1 :i* calls = emphasis4 ,to cut a circul> piece ( pap] :i* might be an apple or a pea*1 a walnut or a tomato1 w n aid mu* 9 cl>ify+ a m5tal picture1 :ile ,bunny's long e>s1 ev5 ?\gh crudely cut1 w be m deeply impress$ on ! *ild's m9d4 ,illu/rations = ,/ories4--,s+le ,illu/ration4--,aft] a /ory has be5 read al\d & ! *>act]s & ev5ts freely discuss$ by ! class1 ea* *ild may be enc\rag$ to repres5t ! "p :i* has appeal$ to him--i4e4 cut :at he wants to cut4 ,aft] ! cutt+s are m\nt$ !y w probably =m a s]ies :i* w tell ! :ole /ory4 ,:5 sev]al *ildr5 illu/rate ! same feature1 x (f]s opportunity = comp>ison & judgm5t z to :i* ones h told ! /ory mo/ effectively4 ,= example1 9 ! /ory ( ! ,?ree ,be>s1 ! cutt+s may %[ ! ?ree be>s 9 ?ree relative sizes1 ! ?ree *airs1 ! ?ree b$s1 ! table1 & ! ?ree b[ls ( porridge4 7,see notes on ,criticism47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,free cutt+4 ,?ird grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,s]ies4--,let ea* *ild select ! two or ?ree mo/ important ev5ts 9 a /ory & illu/rate ^! 9 a s+le po/] or s]ies ( po/]s4 ,community ,po/]4--,a long /ory su* z ! ,old ,woman & ! ,silv] ,sixp5ce may be illu/rat$ by ! class z a :ole1 ea* *ild cutt+ "s "o feature4 ,?is requires att5tion to relative proportions s t ! p>ts may be 9 h>mony :5 assembl$4 ,su* po/]s may be us$ = wall decoration4 ,*>ts4--,po/] mak+ may also include ! mak+ ( *>ts conta9+ samples ( manufactur$ articles 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t4 ,= example1 a *>t on cotton might %[ raw cotton1 cord1 ?read1 clo? ( v>i\s sorts1 lace1 pap]1 & o!r mat]ials made f cotton4 ,su* a *>t might also include pictures ( cotton fields1 sp9n+ & weav+ ma*9]y1 & o!r relat$ features4 ,mat]ials4--,too mu* c sc>cely be said 9 favor ( mu* cutt+ f an unlimit$ supply ( common wrapp+ pap]1 newspap]1 or o!r wa/e pap]1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are entirely unhamp]$ by su* injunctions z1 ,be c>eful & get x j "r ! fir/ "t1 because y c't h ano!r pap] if y wa/e ?is piece4 ,! possible dang] ( cultivat+ wa/efulness is less s]i\s & m easily ov]come ?an ! v probable dang] ( dw>f+ & cramp+ ! p[] ( expression4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 ! rule holds good t we le>n to d by do+1 & abundant practice is ess5tial to success4 ,black silh\ette or po/] pap] is mo/ effective :5 m\nt$1 b is too exp5sive = g5]al use 9 l>ge classes4 ,br[n kraft pap] & tailor's patt]n pap] s]ve well = bo? cutt+s & m\nts4 ,bo? ( ^! pap]s may be _h by ! roll at a l[ co/4 ,! tailor's pap] comes 9 sev]al dull colors1 :i* make good m\nts = cutt+s f :ite scrat* pap] or ! f9e pr9t ( newspap]4 ,bogus pap] makes an excell5t m\nt & is v inexp5sive4 ,! ,pa/+ ,process4--,to a l>ge numb] ( tea*]s ! pa/+ lesson is a "t to be dread$ & its results a cause ( disc\ragem5t4 ,especially is ?is true if ! class is l>ge & ! tea*] attempts to h all ! class pa/+ at "o "t4 ,9 _m phases ( s*ool "w x is s mu* easi] to control =ty or fifty *ildr5 if !y all act 9 unison t we are prone to use ! me?od too (t5 & apply x to =ms ( "w mu* bett] manag$ by gr\ps4 ,! process ( tea*+ little folks to pa/e is greatly simplifi$ by ! use ( ! gr\p me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,free cutt+4 ,f\r? grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,if ! room af=ds a l>ge table at :i* a small gr\p may "w1 ! tea*] c easily sup]vise ! "w ( ! entire gr\p4 ,if !re is no table1 ! tea*] c "w ) "o or two r[s at a "t or h v small gr\ps come to h] desk4 ,! secret ( ! success ( ! gr\p me?od lies 9 hav+ ! re/ ( ! class busy ) "s occupation suffici5tly int]e/+ to prev5t impati5ce :ile wait+ = turns4 ,! comm& to fold h&s & sit /ill till y\r turn comes is sure to cause tr\ble1 because *ildr5 are physically unable to obey x4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 successful pa/+ is a lib]al supply ( wa/e pap]4 ,ea* *ild %\ld be suppli$ ) a numb] ( s+le %eets ( newspap] torn to conv5i5t size1 to pa/e on1 ea* %eet to be disc>d$ z soon z us$4 ,?is decreases ! dang] ( untidy "w4 ,) ! cutt+ laid ^u ! wa/e pap]1 ! pa/e may be spread ) bru%1 ?9 wood1 or ?ick pap]1 well out ov] ! edges4 ,z soon z ! pa/$ cutt+ is lift$ ! wa/e pap] %\ld be fold$ ov] to cov] all wet pa/e & less5 ! possibility ( accid5ts4 ,aft] ! cutt+ is plac$ ^u ! m\nt1 a clean piece ( wa/e pap] %\ld be laid ov] x & rubb$ until ! air is all press$ out & ! cutt+ adh]es firmly4 ,! wa/e pap] ov]lay may be rubb$ vigor\sly )\t h>m1 :]eas a light t\* ( /icky f+]s directly ^u ! cutt+ w leave a soil$ spot1 if x does n te> ! moi/ pap]4 ,if *ildr5 are c>efully taught 9 small gr\ps to foll[ ?is me?od ( pa/+1 9 a fairly %ort "t all b ! weake/ memb]s ( ! class w be able to pa/e neatly )\t mu* sup]vision4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,booklets ,! mak+ ( booklets =ms a valuable accompanim5t to almo/ e phase ( s*ool "w4 ,ev5 simple ex]cises1 :5 put into book =m1 take on a dignity o!rwise impossible & seem m wor? :ile4 ,x is impossible to "w ) mu* en?usiasm & c>e on ex]cises :i* are de/9$ only = ! wa/ebasket4 ,! *ief value 9 ! mak+ ( booklets is lo/ :5 !y are made = display purposes only4 ,_m difficulties are sure to arise :5 ! tea*]1 = ! sake ( h] own reputation1 sets an arbitr>y /&>d & tries to =ce e memb] ( ! class to meet x4 ,because ( ^! difficulties _m tea*]s dread & avoid "w ( ?is sort1 b ! tr\ble lies 9 our false /&>ds & poor me?ods r ?an 9 ! process itself4 ,:5 ! exhibit idea is upp]mo/1 ea* page mu/ be exam9$ ) great c>e1 done ov] aga9 & aga9 if ne$ be1 until ! /&>d is rea*$ or ! pati5ce ( bo? tea*] & pupil exhau/$4 ,9 su* a case ! "w practically ceases to be ! *ild's own4 ,in/ead ( express+ an idea ( 8 own 9 8 own way1 he tries to express ! tea*]'s idea 9 ! tea*]'s way1 & x is n surpris+ t he fails s (t54 ,! booklet s]ves its be/ purpose :5 x comb9es bo? value & ne$2 t is1 :5 x is some?+ :i* seems wor? :ile to ! pupil & :5 he feels responsible = its success4 ,he %\ld feel some?+ ak9 to ! responsibility "o feels 9 writ+ an important lett]2 t is1 t x mu/ be "r ! fir/ "t because !re is no opportunity to try aga9 & t he _c af=d to d less ?an 8 be/ because :at is done w /&4 ,to express 8 own idea 9 8 own way does n mean t 8 "w is to be undirect$ or t poor results are to be accept$4 ,x does mean t :5 an idea & a means ( express+ x h be5 sugge/$ to him1 he %all be all[$ to d ! be/ he c by himself1 & t :5 he has done 8 be/1 x %all be accept$ ev5 ?\gh imp]fect4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld 8 "w be t\*$ up by ! tea*]4 ,if he is n ask$ to d ?+s :i* are too h>d = him1 he w n make _m s]i\s errors4 ,if ^! are wisely po9t$ out1 !y w n (t5 be repeat$4 ,if 8 att5tion is held to "o or two important features at a "t1 ea* ef=t w mean "s ga94 ,! mak+ ( a booklet 9 ! prim>y grades %\ld really consi/ 9 mak+ a cov] to pres]ve pages already made or to receive pages on c]ta9 topics z !y are f9i%$4 ,! mak+ ( an animal book1 = example1 might be a cont9u\s process4 ,:5ev] a new animal is /udi$ & a cutt+ or draw+ ( x made1 ! new page may be add$ to ! book4 ,! fir/ books %\ld be picture books only1 collections ( cutt+s1 draw+s1 & m\nt$ pictures4 ,z ! *ildr5 le>n to write !y may add fir/ ! "n & !n %ort descriptions ( ! pictures1 ! developm5t proce$+ by easy /ages until _! composition "w takes ! =m ( ! illu/rat$ /ory4 ,books :i* are a collection ( s+le %eets are1 z a rule1 mo/ satisfactory 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,! s+le %eet is mu* m conv5i5t to use1 & !re is always an inspiration 9 beg9n+ ) a fre% %eet ( pap]4 ,x is m difficult to pa/e cutt+s into a book1 & if pages are spoil$1 ! book is spoil$4 ,if sep>ate %eets are us$1 a poor "o may be done ov] or disc>d$ )\t affect+ ! re/4 ,! mak+ ( booklets & po/]s (f]s an excell5t opportunity = develop+ arti/ic appreciation4 ,x is n en\gh = ! tea*] to provide only good colors f :i* ! *ildr5 may *oose1 & to sup]vise ! spac+ ( pictures & !n flatt] h]self t because ! results are good t ! *ildr5 are develop+ good ta/e4 ,unless !y really want ! good ?+s1 little real ga9 has be5 made4 ,unless !y see "s reason = ! arrangem5t ( a page1 o!r ?an t ! tea*] wants x t way1 little has be5 accompli%$4 ,! fir/ attempts w %[ little or no idea ( balance or good spac+4 ,! e>ly color comb9ations are apt to be crude4 ,if ! be/ ?+s !y d are prais$ & _! att5tion is con/antly direct$ to ! good po9ts 9 ?+s ab\t !m1 !y w beg9 to want ^? ?+s4 ,!y w beg9 gradually to feel a great] pleasure 9 a well-balanc$ page ?an 9 "o on :i* big & little pictures are /uck indiscrim9ately4 ,if !y are giv5 all possible fre$om 9 matt]s ( *oice1 x w be possible to measure _! real progress & to "k :at po9ts ne$ emphasis4 ,! m accu/om$ ! *ildr5 are to ta/eful surr\nd+s1 ! easi] w be _! progress1 b :e!r !y come f ta/eful homes or ! rev]se1 ! process is ! same4 ,real progress w und\bt$ly be sl[1 b x %\ld be ^u a sure f\ndation4 ,,sugge/$ ,,topics ,,= ,,booklets ,/ories4--,s]ies ( illu/rations ei!r cut or drawn = any ( ! /ories read by ! class4 ,animal ,book4--,cutt+s or sket*es ( animals4 ,! "n & %ort /atem5t ( "s *>act]i/ic may be add$ by *ildr5 :o are able to write4 ,trees1 fl[]s1 fruits1 etc41 may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,book4--,a page = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet to be fill$ ) pictures & names ( objects hav+ ! same initial lett]4 ,h\se ,book4--,a page = ea* room1 ^u :i* may be m\nt$ pictures ( ?+s appropriate to ! room4 ,newspap] adv]tisem5ts & catalogs furni% abundant mat]ial = ?is problem4 ,! "w n only helps ! *ildr5 to classify pres5t k1 b (f]s opportunity = judgm5t z to arrangem5t & relative proportions4 ,h[ ,p ,live4--,a book ( pictures ( h\ses 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,fam\s ,h\ses4--,pictures ( fam\s build+s & homes ( fam\s p4 ,:at we ,we>4--,pictures %[+ mat]ials f :i* clo?+ is made1 ! me?ods ( production & manufacture4 ,:at we ,eat4--,vegetable foods may be gr\p$ z roots1 /alks1 leaves1 se$s1 etc4 ,animal foods may be classifi$ accord+ to ! animal f :i* !y are obta9$ & ! "p ( ! animal f :i* !y are cut4 ,sugge/ions = cook+ may be add$4 ,h[ we ,travel4--,pictures %[+ vehicles & conveyances ( all sorts1 classifi$ z anci5t & mod]n1 or accord+ to ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are us$1 or ! motive p[]1 z horses1 electricity1 /eam1 etc4 ,9 connection ) elem5t>y geography & hi/ory1 booklets & po/]s may be made up f pictures cut f disc>d$ pap]s1 catalogs1 & magaz9es1 z well z orig9al draw+s4 ,a great v>iety ( topics may be pr(itably illu/rat$ 9 ?is way4 ,z1 = example1 l& & wat] =ms1 fam\s m\nta9s1 lakes1 riv]s1 etc41 products & processes ( cultivation & manufacture1 fam\s p1 co/umes & cu/oms ( o!r times & places1 ut5sils & weapons ( e>li] times4 ,fa/5+s4--,! simple/ me?od ( b9d+ s+le %eets is by means ( pap] fa/5]s & eyelets4 ,?\gh ^! are n exp5sive1 "s s*ools _c af=d to buy !m4 ,cords may be us$ 9 sev]al ways & s]ve z "p ( ! decoration4 ,! ,simple ,tie4--,pun* ?ree holes 9 ! m>g91 at lea/ "o half in* f ! edge to prev5t te>+ out4 ,ins]t ! cord 9 ! middle hole1 c>ry ?r\gh "o end hole1 !n ?r\gh ! o!r end hole1 !n back ?r\gh ! middle & tie4 7,see ,fig4 #g47 ,japanese ,sew+4--,pun* holes at regul> int]vals1 z "o in* ap>t4 ,sew ?r\gh fir/ hole twice1 mak+ a loop ar\nd ! back1--repeat ! process until a loop has be5 made = ea* hole1--c>ry ! cord 9 & out ?r\gh ! holes back to ! />t+ po9t1 fill+ 9 ! blank places & mak+ a cont9u\s l9e1 & tie ends toge!r ) a small knot4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,pamphlet sew+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,japanese b9d+4 ,decoration4--,only ! simple/ decoration %\ld be attempt$4 ,a pla9 cov] ( good color ti$ ) a cord ( h>moni\s color w h elem5ts ( beauty )\t fur!r decoration4 ,a s+le bord] l9e well plac$ may be us$ & (f]s opportunity = develop+ a nice s5se ( proportion by /udy+ ! results to see :i* bord]s are nei!r too ne> ! edge nor too f> f x4 ,a well-pr9t$1 well-plac$ title is (t5 ! mo/ satisfactory decoration4 ,pr9t+ %\ld be introduc$ e>ly1 & ! *ildr5 enc\rag$ to make good pla9 lett]s4 ,9 ord] to get ! title 9 good proportion & well plac$1 x is helpful to cut a piece ( pap] ! desir$ size & lay x on ! cov]1 mov+ x ab\t to see :]e x looks be/4 ,until ! *ildr5 h le>n$ to d fairly neat "w x is (t5 helpful to pr9t ! title on a sep>ate piece & pa/e x 9 place4 ,x is disc\rag+ to spoil an o!rwise good cov] by a bad lett]1 & ?is process less5s t dang]4 ,be=e ! *ildr5 le>n to pr9t1 a simple bord] or b& across ! cov] may take ! place ( ! title4 ,! bord] may be drawn 9 crayons or be free-h& cutt+s4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be laid ^u ! beauty ( simplicity 9 decoration4 ,*ildr5 are incl9$ to ?9k beauty means fanc9ess & t beauty increases ) ! quantity ( decoration4 ,x is necess>y to beg9 e>ly to develop a ta/e = good design4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,criticism ,,& ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,workman%ip ,criticism4--,an important feature ( all self-direct$ activity is ! ability to judge "o's ef=ts & intellig5tly measure "o's success4 ,?is ability is a matt] ( sl[ gr[? & mu/ be cultivat$4 ,x is n en\gh = ! tea*] to pass judgm5t ^u a piece ( "w & grade its quality4 ,! work] himself mu/ le>n to f9d 8 own mi/akes & h[ to correct !m4 ,class criticism (f]s ! be/ means ( develop+ ?is p[]1 b mu/ be tactfully conduct$4 ,little *ildr5 are brutally frank 9 express+ _! op9ions & ne$ to be taught h[ to be tru?ful & yet n unk9d4 ,!y ne$ to be taught :at to look = & h[ to f9d x1 & h[ to comp>e "o ?+ ) ano!r & discov] :y "o pleases & ano!r displeases4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 ! tra9+ is emphasis on ! good r ?an ! bad4 ,x is a gospel ( d r ?an ( don't4 ,! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ! class may well be conf9$ to comm5ts ^u ! features !y l &1 if possible1 ! reason = ! lik+4 ,?is w =e/all any t5d5cy to call undue att5tion to ! poor ef=ts ( weak work]s4 ,at fir/ _m *ildr5 w sc>cely discrim9ate betwe5 _! admiration = a piece ( "w & _! love = ! work] & w be apt to praise ! "w ( _! special fri5ds4 ,?is t5d5cy w gradually disappe> ?r\gh ! developm5t ( a real basis ( appreciation4 ,! second ess5tial conc]ns ! improvem5t ( ! ?+s :i* are n good4 ,criticism :i* m]ely po9ts out :at is bad is ( little value4 ,helpful criticism mu/ po9t out :at is good & :y1 & :at is weak & h[ to make x /rong]4 ,if1 = example1 ! class is consid]+ ! success ( _! ef=ts to illu/rate ! /ory ( ! ,?ree ,be>s1 !y %\ld be enc\rag$ to make su* comm5ts z1 ,john's *airs look too small = 8 table1 ,m>y's b[ls are all ab\t ! same size4 ,! criticism %\ld direct ! ?\ght to its possible rem$y4 ,x is g5]ally bett] to pass ov] defects = :i* no imm$iate rem$y c be sugge/$4 ,/&>ds ( ,workman%ip4--,! /&>d ( excell5ce by :i* acceptable "w is measur$ mu/ always v>y accord+ to ! ability ( ! class4 ,! be/ ! *ild c d1 alone & unaid$1 %\ld be ! only /&>d ( measurem5t1 & 8 be/ ef=ts %\ld always be accept$1 no matt] h[ crude4 ,9 no o!r way c real gr[? be obs]v$ & g5u9e progress made4 ,9 s*ools :]e arbitr>y /&>ds are set ei!r by sup]visors or by ! rivalry ( tea*]s1 ! t5d5cy to help ! *ildr5 by do+ "p ( ! "w = !m = ! sake ( ! app>5t results1 (f]s ! tea*]'s mo/ s]i\s temptation to selfi%ness4 ,9 a few cases x is helpful = ! tea*] to add a few /rokes to a draw+ or adju/ "s detail 9 con/ruction1 t ! *ild may see ! value ( c]ta9 small *anges 9 ! place :]e !y w mean mo/ to him4 ,su* "w %\ld n be exhibit$ z an example ( ! *ild's accompli%m5t1 b %\ld be treat$ z practice "w4 ,z a rule ! tea*]'s demon/ration %\ld be made on o!r mat]ial & n on t us$ by ! pupil4 ,9 no p>ticul> are prim>y s*ools op5 to great] criticism ?an 9 ! too common habit ( sett+ arbitr>y /&>ds ( excell5ce & attempt+ to =ce all *ildr5 to rea* !m4 ,su* /&>ds are usually too high = hone/ atta9m5t & tempt or =ce ! tea*] to use me?ods :i* _c be def5d$ by any s\nd pr9ciple ( p$agogy4 ,values *ange ) ! purpose ( ! "w4 ,a ?+ is well made :5 x s]ves its purpose adequately4 ,toys mu/ be /rong en\gh to p]mit h&l+4 ,me*anical toys mu/ "w4 ,sew+ mu/ be /rong z well z neat4 ,9 illu/rative problems1 9 :i* effect is ! *ief consid]ation1 te*nique ne$s little emphasis1 & workman%ip may be ( a tempor>y "*4 ,ea* ?+ made %\ld e/abli% its own /&>d 9 a way to appeal to ! *ild's common s5se4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,h\se ,,problem ,! mak+ ( a playh\se has long be5 an accept$ feature ( prim>y "w1 b we h n always made x yield all ( :i* x is capable1 ei!r 9 ! self-direct$ activity ( ! *ildr5 or 9 correlat$ subject matt]4 ,x has1 9 _m cases1 be5 only a bit ( recreation f ! m s]i\s "w ( ! s*ool4 ,9 a h\se prep>$ by ! janitor or old] pupils ! *ildr5 h be5 all[$ to arrange & re>range ready-made furniture contribut$ f _! play?+s at home1 b little creative "w has be5 attempt$4 ,9 o!r cases an elaborate h\se1 c>efully plann$ by ! tea*]1 has be5 built & furni%$ by ! *ildr51 b1 because ( ! detail$ plann+1 ! *ildr5's "p 9 x became m]ely a me*anical foll[+ ( directions4 ,9 "s cases relative proportions 9 rooms & furni%+s h receiv$ scant att5tion2 9 o!rs1 color h>monies h be5 all b ignor$4 ,^! v>y+ me?ods ( c>ry+ out ! h\se-build+ idea are n )\t value & may (t5 be ju/ifi$ by local conditions1 b _! results are meag] comp>$ ) ! possible ri*ness ( ! problem4 ,play+ at h\se build+ & h\sekeep+ appeals to an int]e/ s univ]sal t *ildr5 ( all times & nations yield to its p[]4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to take acc\nt ( its influ5ce 9 _! developm5t & to dignify x ) ! approval ( ! s*ool4 ,we mu/ ref9e & enri* x by our direction & sugge/ion )\t robb+ x ( its simplicity & *>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,box h\se1 arrang$ on a %elf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,m$ieval ca/le4 ,built by ?ird grade4 ,frankl91 ,indiana4 ,an example ( elaborate "w :i* ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( pupils & patrons & pav$ ! way = fre] "w lat]4 ,9 ! sugge/ions :i* foll[1 an attempt is made to utilize ?is natural activity ( *ildr5 9 an occupation :i* appeals to !m z wor? :ile4 ,at ! same "t x may furni% ample opportunity = ! g5]al developm5t & effective tea*+ ( v>i\s phases ( subject matt] :i* are incid5t to ! occupation1 i4e4 numb] 9 connection ) measurem5ts1 art 9 ! proportions & color comb9ations1 language ?r\gh discussions & descriptions4 ,! "w is kept on ! level ( ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce by ?r[+ !m con/antly on _! own responsibility 9 e possible detail1 ! tea*] nev] dictat+ ! me?od ( proc$ure & guid+ ! "w ) z few sugge/ions z possible4 ,! "w1 be+ on ! level ( _! exp]i5ce1 appeals to ! *ildr5 z v real & wor? :ile4 ,x is1 !re=e1 int5sely int]e/+1 & !y "w )\t urg+4 ,g5]al ,plan4--,a h\se may be con/ruct$ f sev]al empty goods boxes1 ea* box =m+ "o room ( ! h\se4 ,! boxes or rooms are arrang$ 9 conv5i5t ord]1 b are n fa/5$ toge!r4 ,adjo9+ rooms are connect$ by doors c>efully cut 9 bo? boxes s t ! holes mat*4 ,w9d[s are also saw$ out :]e ne$$4 ,! walls are pap]$1 c>eful att5tion be+ giv5 to color s*emes1 bord] designs1 & relative proportions 9 spac+4 ,floors are provid$ ) suitable cov]+s--wov5 rugs1 matt+s1 l9oleums1 tiles1 accord+ to ! purpose ( ! room4 ,ea* /ep is discuss$ & m or less def9itely outl9$ be=e ! actual mak+ is begun1 furni%+ opportunity = oral language ( a vital sort4 ,complet$ p>ts are exam9$ & criticiz$1 furni%+ fur!r opportunity = ex]cise 9 oral language :ile direct+ att5tion to /rong & weak po9ts 9 ! "w4 ,! mat]ials ne$$ are easily obta9able & inexp5sive1 consi/+ *iefly ( empty boxes & odds & ends ( pap]1 clo?1 & y>n1 toge!r ) c>p5t]s' scraps4 ,! tools ne$$ are few1 & 9 "s cases may be br\ght f home by ! *ildr5 = a few days1 z ne$$4 ,! necess>y "t is f\nd by mak+ ! incid5tal problems s]ve z subject matt] = regul> lessons4 ,mak+ designs = til+1 l9oleum1 & bord]s = wall pap]1 plann+ relative proportions = doors1 w9d[s1 & furni%+s w supply mat]ial = v practical lessons 9 art4 ,! problems incid5t to ! measurem5t ( doors & w9d[s1 tables & *airs1 are numb] "w ( a vital sort & may be legitimately us$ z a regul> numb] lesson4 ,discussions1 descriptions1 & def9ite /atem5ts ( plans all =m vital language ex]cises if rightly us$4 ,,h\se ,,plans ,,9 ,,detail ,mat]ials4--,empty ,/ore ,boxes ( ,s(t ,wood4--,sizes may v>y1 b :]e sev]al are gr\p$ = a h\se1 !y %\ld be ne> en\gh ! same height to make a fairly level ceil+4 ,ab\t #aj #ab #ah 94 is a conv5i5t size4 ,pap] = ,walls4--,scraps ( +ra9 wall pap]s may be _h f deal]s = little or no?+4 ,cov] pap] 9 good colors may be pur*as$ by ! %eet4 ,tailor's pap] & br[n wrapp+ pap] s]ve well1 & are sold by ! roll at a l[ price4 ,pa/ebo>d 7/rawbo>d or jutebo>d7 may be us$ = ! ro(4 ,weav+ ,mat]ials4--,rugs may be made f c>pet rags1 rug y>ns1 rov+s1 *5ille1 or jute2 t[els f cro*et cotton2 & hammocks f macram cord or c>pet w>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,h\se arrang$ on a table4 ,front view4 ,built by fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,wood = ,furniture4--,bass1 :ite p9e1 popl>1 or o!r s(t wood4 ,box tops1 if ( s(t wood1 may be made to s]ve ne>ly all ne$s4 ,if possible1 provide ?9 wood 7ab\t #a_/d 94 ?ick7 9 v>i\s wid?s1 f "o in* to six in*es1 s t only "o dim5sion ne$ be measur$4 ,provide also ?ick pieces #a-a_/b 94 or #b 94 squ>e = b$s & *airs2 #a_/b 94 squ>e = table legs4 ,nails ( v>i\s sizes1 *iefly in* brads1 are ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,h\se arrang$ on a table4 ,side view4 ,built by second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,tools4--,! tools actually necess>y are few4 ,a class c get along ) "o saw & /ill d good "w1 ?\gh !re w be times :5 sev]al saws w facilitate progress4 ,"s tools are ne$$ only = a %ort "t & sometimes may be borr[$ f ! homes4 ,x is m satisfactory to h ! s*ool provid$ ) ! ess5tial tools :5ev] possible4 ,! ess5tial tools include3 ,brace & aug] bit1 = bor+ holes 9 doors & w9d[s4 ,ne$$ = a %ort "t only4 ,compass saw1 = saw+ out doors & w9d[s4 ,crosscut saw1 = saw+ (f lumb]4 ,s*ool %\ld own at lea/ "o4 ,mit] box1 = hold+ lumb] & guid+ saw4 ,an old "o1 good en\gh = *ildr5's use1 w frequ5tly be contribut$ by a c>p5t]4 ,! mit] box %\ld be fa/5$ firmly to a l[ table or box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,h\se arrang$ on a table4 ,back view4 ,built by second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,hamm]s1 sev]al ( m$ium size4 ,try-squ>e1 a v valuable tool = sett+ "r angles1 provid$ ! tea*] & pupils "k h[ to use x4 ,arrangem5t ( ,rooms4--,! sort ( h\se a man c build is gov]n$ by 8 res\rces & 8 site4 ,consid]+ ! numb] ( boxes z res\rces & ! table or %elf on :i* !y are to /& z ! site1 ! same big factors :i* ent] into any h\se-build+ problem control ! size & /yle ( ! s*oolroom playh\se4 ,:at sort ( h\se is desir$8 ,:at sort ( h\se c be built f ! mat]ials at h&8 ,:at sort ( h\se c be built 9 ! space at our disposal8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,h\se plan4 ,! boxes may be arrang$ on a %elf ) all ! op5 sides t[>d ! class1 z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,?is economizes space1 & all ( ! rooms are visible at once4 ,a two-/ory h\se is easily built on ?is plan4 ,if economy ( space is n necess>y1 ! boxes may be plac$ on a table ) ! op5 sides ( ! boxes t[>d ! edges ( ! table1 z 9 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 & #ac4 ,?is p]mits a m arti/ic gr\p+ ( ! rooms4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47 ,! responsibility 9 gr\p+ ! boxes %\ld be ?r[n z fully z possible ^u ! *ildr51 ! tea*] m]ely sugge/+ :]e necess>y4 ,x %\ld be _! h\se1 n ! tea*]'s4 ,! plann+ %\ld n be hurri$ b "t all[$ to discuss ! advantages & disadvantages ( diff]5t plans & rea* an agreem5t4 ,9 try+ to express individual op9ions conv9c+ly _! ideas w become cle>]--a factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ildr5 :i* is mu* m important ?an any ( ! actual details ( ! h\se itself4 ,:e!r ! class decides to h "o or two b$rooms 9 ! h\se is a matt] ( small consequ5ce4 ,:e!r or n !y are gr[+ 9 p[] to appreciate conditions & make an intellig5t decision is a matt] ( great consequ5ce4 ,_! decisions :5 made may n always rea* ! high /&>d at :i* ! tea*] is aim+1 b if !y h really made a decision1 n m]ely foll[$ ! tea*]'s sugge/ion1 & if _! indep5d5t selections f "t to "t %[ a high] /&>d ( appreciation & great] ref9em5t ( ta/e 9 ev] s small a degree1 x is evid5ce ( g5u9e gr[? ^u a sure f\ndation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,arrangem5t ( w9d[s4 ,doors & ,w9d[s4--,! size & arrangem5t ( doors & w9d[s %\ld be freely discuss$4 ,v>i\s possible arrangem5ts may be sket*$ ^u ! blackbo>d by ! *ildr54 ,= example1 see ,fig4 #ae1 a & b4 ,:5 a plan is adopt$1 ! doors & w9d[s %\ld be c>efully drawn on ! outside ( ea* box1 us+ ! try-squ>e to get "r angles4 ,bore holes 9 ! corn]s ( ! doors & w9d[s & saw out ) keyhole or compass saw4 ,9 ord] to avoid mi/akes x is well1 aft] saw+ out ! op5+ = a door 9 "o box1 to place ! two boxes toge!r & te/ ! measurem5ts be=e saw+ out ! second op5+4 ,a mi/ake ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 is n fatal1 b may prove ! mo/ effective way ( impress+ ! work]s ) ! necessity ( c>eful measurem5t4 ,walls4--,! decoration ( ! walls w furni% mat]ial = sev]al art lessons4 ,! discussion %\ld turn fir/ to ! suitability ( diff]5t /yles = diff]5t purposes1 su* z til+ = kit*5 & ba?room walls1 light pap]s = d>k rooms1 etc4 ,! division ( wall space w be ! next po9t to be settl$1 i4e4 ! height ( ! til+ or wa9scot1 ! wid? ( a bord]1 or ! effect ( horizontal & v]tical l9es 9 break+ up wall space4 ,^! que/ions may be discuss$ z f> z ! imm$iate circum/ances & ! developm5t ( ! class sugge/4 ,! "q ( color comb9ations dem&s special att5tion4 ,unless ! *ildr5 come f ref9$ homes _! ideas ( color w be v crude1 & if contributions ( mat]ial h be5 ask$ =1 "s gaudy impossibilities 9 fl[]$ pap] are apt to be pres5t$4 ,if s1 x may require consid]able tact on ! "p ( ! tea*] to secure a satisfactory selection )\t ca/+ any reflections on ! ta/e ( somebody's "m4 ,?is difficulty may be avoid$ to a degree by provid+ all ! mat]ials necess>y4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 to cause ! *ildr5 to select good comb9ations at ! tea*]'s sugge/ion :ile 9 _! he>ts !y are long+ = ! gaudy ?+ %e has fr[n$ ^u4 ,x is bett] to get an hone/ expression f !m1 ev5 ?\gh x is v crude1 & endeavor to educate _! ta/e to a love = bett] ?+s1 s t ea* "t !y *oose ! *oice may be on a high] level ( appreciation4 ,imm$iate results may n be z beautiful by ?is plan1 & app>5t progress may be sl[1 b only by "s su* me?od c a real appreciation be develop$ :i* w prev5t ! return to ! crude expression z soon z ! tea*]'s influ5ce is )drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,detail ( holl[ squ>e4 ,pla9 pap]s g5]ally give ! mo/ pleas+ effects4 ,attractive bord]s may be made by cutt+ simple units & repeat+ !m at int]vals4 ,almo/ any motif may be us$ = ! unit4 ,animals1 birds1 trees1 fl[]s1 %ips1 etc41 s]ve well4 ,! process ( mak+ ! bord] %\ld be a s]i\s lesson 9 design4 ,a good bord] is n m]ely ! repetition ( a pretty figure4 ,! units mu/ n be too f> ap>t nor too close toge!r4 ,! %ape ( ! figure us$ mu/ be su* t ea* unit seems to ne$ ! next "o4 ,little *ildr5 w usually take greate/ pleasure 9 work+ f "s nature motif1 z fl[] or animal1 b int]e/+ "w c be done ) simple geometric figures4 ,take1 = example1 ! holl[ squ>e4 ,fold a squ>e ( pap] on bo? diagonals4 7,see ,fig4 #af47 ,cut on dott$ l9e4 ,let ea* *ild cut sev]al & lay !m 9 ord] = a bord] or m\nt !m on a pap] ( diff]5t color4 ,let ! "w ( ! class be put up = g5]al criticism4 7,see notes on ,criticism47 ,sev]al po9ts :i* v small *ildr5 are able to appreciate w be f\nd to ent] into ! success or failure ( _! ef=ts4 ,! holl[ squ>e itself may be cut too wide & look clumsy1 or cut too n>r[ & look frail4 ,9 ! arrangem5t !y may be too close toge!r & look cr[d$1 or too f> ap>t & look scatt]$4 ,a s5sitiv5ess to good proportions comes naturally to only a few p1 b ne>ly all are capable ( a high] degree ( appreciation if _! att5tion is direct$ to ! ess5tial elem5ts :i* make ?+s good or bad4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is appreciation lie 9 simple ?+s :i* are easily und]/ood by fir/-grade *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,bord]s us+ holl[ squ>e4 ,floors4--,_m ( ! consid]ations :i* ent] into ! selection ( wall decorations are ( equal importance 9 *oos+ floor cov]+s4 ,:at w be suitable to ! purpose ( ea* room8 ,:y d we use l9oleum 9 ! kit*5 & w>m rugs 9 ! b$room8 ,%all we use small rugs or a c>pet8 ,:at colors mu/ we h on ! floor to h>monize ) ! colors on ! wall8 ,:at designs are possible & desirable = ! mat]ials we h to use8 ,rug ,weav+ ,mat]ials4--,! m>ket (f]s a wide v>iety ( mat]ials prep>$ especially = s*ool use4 ,among !m ! mo/ satisfactory = use ) small work]s are cotton rov+s1 loose twi/$ jute1 & cotton *5ille4 ,^!1 especially ! fir/ two1 are co>se & "w up rapidly1 & may be _h 9 v desirable colors4 ,ev5 ! *eape/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 w prove an exp5sive item = ! s*ool ) limit$ funds1 & ord9>y c>pet rags may be made to s]ve e purpose4 ,(t5 ^! w be contribut$ by memb]s ( ! class4 ,by a c>eful selection & comb9ation ( colors v arti/ic results c be produc$ :i* are 9 "s respects m satisfactory ?an any obta9$ f ! s-call$ weav+ mat]ials1 & h ! add$ advantage ( co/+ practically no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,looms & samples ( weav+4 ,looms4--,! m>ket also (f]s a great v>iety ( looms = s*ool use1 _m ( !m q simple 9 con/ruction & mod]ate 9 price4 ,9 s*ools :]e b5* "w is taught1 ! mak+ ( a loom is an excell5t problem ei!r = ! weav]s !mselves or = an old] class work+ = !m4 ,if ! looms are made by ! little weav]s !mselves1 only ! simple/ possible con/ruction %\ld be us$1 t ! "w may be complet$ & ! loom put to use be=e ! work] loses sight ( ! fact t ! purpose is to provide c>pet = ! h\se4 ,*ildr5 lose int]e/ 9 long-drawn-out processes1 & = t reason x is bett] to provide !m ) ! necess>y tools z f> z possible :ile int]e/ 9 ! h\se build+ is ke54 ,lat]1 if consid]able en?usiasm has be5 ar\s$ = weav+1 individual looms may be made = home use4 ,= ! s*ool ) scant funds a v satisfactory loom may be improvis$ by driv+ nails "o f\r? in* ap>t 9 ! ends ( a %all[ box ( conv5i5t size & /ret*+ ! w>p ?reads across ! op5 top4 ,= v small rugs a c>dbo>d loom w s]ve4 ,?is may be made by cutt+ not*es or pun*+ holes along opposite edges ( a piece ( c>dbo>d into :i* ! w>p may be /rung4 ,if a knitt+ ne$le is ins]t$ at ea* side1 ! c>dbo>d w be /iff5$ & ! edges ( ! rug kept /raight4 ,weav+ ne$les may be pur*as$ f supply h\ses4 ,wood5 ne$les co/ #ej c5ts p] doz54 ,sack ne$les s]ve well = small rugs & may be _h at any h>dw>e /ore = #aj c5ts p] doz54 ,weaves4--,= fir/ weav+ ! pla9 ov] "o1 "u "o on cotton w>p ) rags or o!r co>se wo( is g5]ally be/4 ,v>iety may be introduc$ by weav+ a /ripe or bord] ( a diff]5t tone ne> ea* end ( ! rug4 ,v]tical /ripes s]ve well z ano!r easy me?od ( v>iation & are produc$ by us+ two wo( ?reads ( diff]5t tones & weav+ fir/ ) "o & !n ) ! o!r4 ,?is weave is v attractive z ! body ( ! rug ) a pla9 bord] at ei!r end4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 h ma/]$ ! pla9 weave & h a fairly cle> idea ( ! possibilities 9 design ?r\gh v>y+ ! colors 9 ! wo( only1 !y may be initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! g+ham weave & all[$ to exp]im5t ) ! v>iations 9 w>p z well z 9 wo(4 ,cotton rov+s is an excell5t mat]ial = weaves ( ?is sort4 ,?is weave may also be us$ ) raffia to make matt+ = ! d9+-room floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,box h\se by second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,pap] mats may also be us$ z c>pets ) good effect4 ,weav+ pap] /rips is (t5 an easi] process to little *ildr5 ?an weav+ ) textiles1 except :]e v co>se textile mat]ials are us$4 ,= pap] mats select pap] ( suitable color & cut to ! size desir$ = ! mat4 ,fold on ! %ort diamet]4 ,cut sla%es f ! fold$ edge1 n less ?an "o half in* ap>t1 to )9 "o in* ( edge ( ! pap] 7,see ,fig4 #bj71 leav+ a m>g9 on all f\r sides ( ! mat4 ,= weav]s1 cut f pap] ( h>moni\s tone1 /rips equal 9 wid? to ! sla%es 9 ! mat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,detail ( pap] weav+4 ,v>iations ( ! simple ov] "o1 "u "o weave add int]e/ to ! "w & also give practice 9 numb] comb9ations su* z ov] "o1 "u two1 etc4 ,"w ( ?is sort is us$ 9 _m s*ools z a me?od ( tea*+ numb]1 ! tea*] dictat+ ! comb9ations :ile ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 c5t]s 9 ! new patt]n :i* develops "u _! f+]s4 ,:ile su* "w has mu* to be said 9 its favor1 x is op5 to criticism1 especially 9 ! matt] ( dictation4 ,all ! *ildr5 9 any "o gr\p w n "w ) equal spe$4 ,"s w und\bt$ly get beh9d & o!rs w lose "t :ile wait+ = ! sl[ ones4 ,accid5ts are liable to happ5 9 individual cases4 ,_m ( ^! undesirable features may be elim9at$ :ile /ill reta9+ ! valuable "p ( ! "w by writ+ ! directions on ! bo>d in/ead ( dictat+ !m to ! *ildr54 ,x !n becomes a lesson 9 read+ z well z 9 numb]4 ,ea* *ild is ?r[n m completely ^u 8 own responsibility & c proce$ z rapidly & z /eadily z 8 capacity p]mits4 ,8 rate ( progress w (t5 be a fair measure ( 8 ability = indep5d5t ?\ght & action1 :i* is ! real measure = successful tea*+4 ,z ! h>de/ feature 9 ?is me?od is 9 keep+ ! "r l9e & n repeat+ or omitt+ any direction1 a social _s may be enc\rag$ by all[+ ! *ildr5 to "w 9 gr\ps & take turns 9 keep+ ! place :ile ! o!rs "w4 ,9 "o fir/ grade :]e ?is plan 0 9 vogue ! *ildr5 discov]$ a book on ! tea*]'s desk :i* conta9$ num]\s designs1 _m ( !m mu* m intricate ?an %e w\ld h attempt$ to use z classwork4 ,_! in/9ct = exploration l$ !m to /ruggle ) ! directions until !y _h work$ out "s designs :i* w\ld h prov$ dismal failures _h !y be5 attempt$ z class lessons4 ,9 ?is in/ance ^? :o belong$ to ! p]sev]+ gr\p 7 happy 9 a new-f\nd s5se ( /r5g? & indep5d5ce1 :ile ! o!rs _h accompli%$ z mu* z any w\ld h done "u ! dictation me?od4 ,furniture4--,! problem ( furniture = ! s*ool playh\se has be5 discuss$ 9 num]\s publications1 & ne>ly e writ] on ! subject ( prim>y h&work (f]s sugge/ions on ?is topic4 ,! sugge/ions include a range 9 mat]ials & processes f v simple fold+s 9 pap] to q complex processes 9 re$s & raffia & me?odical con/ruction 9 wood4 ,among ! v>i\s mat]ials & /yles 9 common use1 fold$ pap] furniture has ! advantage ( be+ quickly made4 ,! process is ( suffici5t int]e/ to little *ildr5 to hold _! att5tion1 & 9 ord] to secure ! desir$ result !y mu/ he> ! directions intellig5tly & obey !m promptly4 ,^! are desirable habits to =m4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 = ! "w to be done 9 a v =mal1 me*anical way1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 m]ely foll[ directions1 (t5 bl9dly1 )\t any cle> purpose & v little ?\ght4 ,success or failure is due l>gely to *ance2 =1 if by accid5t ev5 a good work] loses out on a direction1 8 "w is at a /&/ill until special help is giv54 ,he is unable to proce$ because he does n "k :at to d next4 ,!re is v little opportunity 9 su* a process = indep5d5t ?\ght or action4 ,x is n self-direct$ activity4 ,a second objection to pap] furniture is its lack ( /ability4 ,pap] :i* is pliable en\gh to fold readily w n hold its own weight long :5 made into furniture1 & v soon becomes wobbly4 ,to ov]come ?is t5d5cy to wobble1 heavi] pap]s are (t5 us$ & new complications arise4 ,heavy pap]s d n fold readily )\t scor+4 ,scor+ dem&s consid]able accuracy ( measurem5t--(t5 to a degree beyond ! p[] ( a six-ye>-old4 ,! /iff pap]s1 be+ h>d press$1 are h>d] to pa/e1 & neat "w is (t5 an impossibility1 unless consid]able assi/ance is giv54 ,x is possible to make satisfactory furniture 9 a great v>iety ( /yles f /iff pap]1 & ! processes involve "s excell5t practice 9 measurem5t & design4 ,! processes necess>y to obta9 ^! satisfactory results are1 h[ev]1 beyond ! ability ( *ildr5 9 ! l[] grades4 ,ev5 fairly satisfactory results are impossible unless an undue am\nt ( assi/ance is giv5 by ! tea*]4 ,9 actual practice1 :]e /iff pap] is us$ a few ( ! be/ work]s 9 ! class are help$ to make ! few pieces ne$$ 9 ! playh\se & ! unhappy failures ( ! re/ ( ! class are promptly consign$ to ! wa/ebasket4 ,v pretty furniture may be made f re$s & raffia1 b ! processes are too difficult to be successfully p]=m$ by small *ildr54 ,! re$s d n l5d !mselves readily to con/ructions small en\gh to suit ! av]age playh\se1 & ! l>g] pieces are out ( proportion to ! o!r features ( ! h\se4 ,! use ( wood ov]comes ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! objections to be made to o!r mat]ials1 besides be+ ! mat]ial mo/ commonly us$ 9 real furniture4 ,wood5 furniture is /able1 & a great v>iety ( processes 9 con/ruction are possible )\t introduc+ complications :i* prev5t indep5d5t "w on ! "p ( ! little p4 ,! processes necess>y to ! con/ruction ( v simple yet satisfactory wood5 furniture may be r$uc$ to measur+ "o dim5sion1 saw+ (f1 & nail+ on4 ,measur+ "o dim5sion is q )9 ! p[]s ( six-ye>-olds4 ,saw+ (f is n difficult if s(t lumb] is us$1 & x becomes v simple by ! help ( ! mit] box4 ,nail+ on is difficult if ! nails mu/ be driv5 into ! edges ( ?9 bo>ds1 b if ?9 bo>ds are nail$ to ?ick bo>ds1 nails may g crook$ )\t s]i\s consequ5ces1 & ! process becomes q easy4 ,^! processes h ! advantage ( be+ p>ticul>ly fasc9at+ to small boys1 9 contra/ to ! girli% "* ( _m =ms ( prim>y h&work4 7,see ,figs4 #ba & #bb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,furniture f wood blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,furniture f wood blocks4 ,processes4--,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce & cle>ness 9 ^! directions x w be assum$ t ! class is provid$ ) pieces ( wood two in*es squ>e :i* w be ref]r$ to z #b #b4 ,also ) ?9 wood 9 a v>iety ( wid?s f #a 94 to #f 94 ,mat]ial ( o!r dim5sions w\ld s]ve ! purpose equally well1 & = _m ( ! p>ts odd pieces f ! scrap box w answ] e purpose4 ,! directions are int5d$ only to sugge/ h[ to proce$1 & x is left to ! tea*] to adapt !m to ! mat]ial & conditions ) :i* %e works4 7#a7 ,to make a *air4 ,use #b #b = seat & ?9 wood #b 94 wide = back4 ,*ildr5 %\ld measure & decide h[ mu* to saw (f f /rip ( #b #b 9 ord] to make a squ>e block or cube = ! seat4 ,!y %\ld e/imate ! l5g? ( ! back ( ! *air1 !n measure & saw (f ! ?9 wood ne$$4 ,nail ! back piece to ! cube & f9i% ) a coat ( wat]-color pa9t or color ) crayon4 ,an arm*air may be made by ! addition ( %ort] pieces ( ?9 wood to ! sides ( ! *air4 7#b7 ,to make table ) p$e/al4 ,use #b #b = p$e/al4 ,use ?9 wood #f 94 wide = top4 ,use ?9 wood #d 94 wide = base4 ,measure & saw (f #c 94 ( #b #b = p$e/al4 ,measure en\gh ( ! #f 94 wood to make a squ>e top & en\gh ( ! #d 94 wood to make a squ>e base4 ,d n tell ! *ildr5 :at !y c discov] = !mselves4 ,!y %\ld decide h[ high ! table ought to be & h[ l>ge to suit ! size ( ! room4 ,nail ! squ>e pieces to ! two ends ( ! p$e/al4 ,f9i% by same me?od us$ = *airs4 7#c7 ,= ord9>y table4 ,use ?9 wood = top4 ,use #a_/b #a_/b = legs4 ,measure & saw (f pieces ne$$4 ,measure places = legs ab\t "o in* f corn] ( top 9 ord] to all[ an ov]hang4 ,*ildr5 frequ5tly put ! legs flu% ) ! edge ( ! table1 :i* gives a clumsy appe>ance4 ,nail ?r\gh ! top ) a comp>atively long nail4 7#d7 ,to make a d\ble b$4 ,use wood #a_/b to #a 94 ?ick = body4 ,use ?9 wood ( correspond+ wid? = head & foot bo>ds4 ,class or individual work]s %\ld decide on dim5sions = diff]5t p>ts & height ( body ( b$ f ! floor4 7#e7 ,= s+le b$4 ,proce$ z = d\ble b$1 us+ n>r[ pieces ( wood1 or use six or sev5 in*es ( #b #b = body ( b$ & make head & foot bo>ds aft] ! /yle ( *air back4 7#f7 ,dress+ table4 ,decide ^u dim5sions ne$$4 ,use #b #b = body4 ,use ?9 wood ( equal wid? = back4 ,use t9foil = mirror4 ,indicate draw]s ) p5cil l9es4 7#g7 ,c\*4 ,use piece ( #b #b ( desir$ l5g? & make c\* cov] ( appropriate mat]ial1 or add back & arms ( ?9 wood to piece ( #b #b & f9i% to mat* o!r furniture4 7#h7 ,piano4 ,use wood #c_/d or #a 94 ?ick = body4 ,nail on piece #a_/b #a_/b = keybo>d4 ,draw keys on pap] & pa/e on keybo>d4 7#i7 ,kit*5 /ove4 ,use #b #d or any scrap or empty box ( appropriate size & %ape4 ,color black ) crayon4 ,add *alk m>ks or bits ( t9foil to indicate doors & lids4 ,make hot-wat] tank ( pap]4 ,pieces ( re$1 wire1 or twigs cov]$ ) t9foil make good wat] pipes4 ,mac>oni /icks & lemonade /raws h s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,home ( ,:ite ,cl\d1 ! ,pueblo girl4 ,second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,clay ,furni%+s4--,= su* articles z ! kit*5 s9k1 ! ba?tub1 & o!r ba?room fitt+s clay is a satisfactory mat]ial4 ,^! articles may be model$ by ! *ildr51 9 z good an imitation ( ! real fitt+s z !y are able to make4 ,v>i\s me?ods may be us$ = hold+ ! kit*5 s9k & ! ba?room bas9 9 place1 & x is mu* bett] = ! *ildr5 to evolve "o ( _! own ?an to foll[ ! tea*]'s dictation f ! />t4 ,if !y meet s]i\s difficulties1 a sugge/ion f h] may help cle> ! way4 ,two long nails driv5 into ! wall w give a satisfactory bracket on :i* ! s9k may re/4 ,two %ort nails may be driv5 ?r\gh ! back :ile ! clay is moi/ & may s]ve also z a f\ndation = faucets4 ,! bas91 ba?tub1 & /ool may ea* be built solid to ! floor4 ,! teakettle & o!r /ove furniture may be model$ 9 clay4 ,electric light bulbs ( clay susp5d$ by cords f ! ceil+ h a reali/ic air4 ,pap] %ades ( appropriate color add to ! g5]al effect4 ,miscellane\s furni%+s4 ,b$d+4--,pap] or clo? may be us$ = b$d+1 z circum/ances sugge/4 ,if int]e/ 9 real ?+s is /rong1 ! mak+ ( ! %eets & pill[ cases (f]s an opportunity = "s practice ) ! ne$le4 ,if "t is limit$1 pap] may be us$4 ,curta9s4--,curta9s also may be made f ei!r pap] or regul> curta9 mat]ial4 ,if pap] is us$1 x %\ld be v s(t1 su* z pla9 ,japanese napk9s4 ,scraps ( pla9 net or scrim are mo/ desirable4 ,"s *ild is apt to contribute a piece ( l>ge-patt]n$ lace curta91 b ! tactful tea*] w avoid us+ x if possible1 & direct ! *ildr5's ?\ghts t[>d a bett] ta/e 9 drap]ies4 ,portires may be made ( clo?1 ( knott$ cords1 or *5ille4 ,c\* pill[s may be made f clo? or may be wov5 on a small c>d4 ,t[els = ! ba?room may be wov5 f cro*et cotton4 ,! fireplace may be made ( c>dbo>d m>k$ (f & color$ to repres5t brick4 ,a %all[ box may be made to s]ve ! purpose4 ,cut out ! op5+ = ! grate & lay real /icks on &irons made f s(t wire2 or draw a picture ( blaz+ fire & put inside4 ,! fireplace may also be made ( clay4 ,pebbles may be press$ into ! clay if a /one fireplace is desir$4 ,if clay is us$1 sev]al small nails %\ld be driv5 into ! wall be=e ! fireplace is built up1 to hold ! clay 9 place aft] x dries4 ,bookcases may be made ( c>dbo>d1 us+ a box con/ruction1 & glu$ to ! wall4 ,or a block ( wood ab\t "o in* ?ick may be us$4 ,9 ei!r case m>k (f ! %elves & books ) p5cil l9es1 & color ! backs ( ! books ) crayon4 ,! ,/airway4--,9 a two-/ory h\se ! h>de/ problem w usually be ! /airs4 ,"s good "w 9 numb] may be done :ile f9d+ out h[ _m /eps w be ne$$ & :]e ! /airway mu/ beg9 9 ord] to rea* ! second floor 9 com=t4 ,ev5 q small *ildr5 c deal ) ?is problem if pres5t$ 9 a simple way4 ,= example1 if ! box or room is t5 in*es high1 h[ _m /eps #a 94 wide & #a 94 high w be ne$$1 & h[ f> out into ! room w !y come8 ,! *ildr5 c "w out ! plan on ! blackbo>d4 ,measurem5ts may be modifi$ to suit ! ability ( ! class & ! ne$s ( ! room4 ,! v>iety ( possible con/ructions 9 build+ ! /aircase corresponds to ! v>y+ ability ( classes4 ,a /rip ( pap] may be fold$ back & =? & made to s]ve ) lea/ mature classes4 ,?is pap] /air w sag unless x re/s on a bo>d or piece ( /iff pa/ebo>d4 ,a sub/antial /airway may be made by saw+ two ?9 bo>ds = supports1 z 9 ,fig4 #bd1 & nail+ on /eps ( ?9 wood or c>dbo>d4 ,!re is usually "o boy 9 e fir/ grade :o is capable ( z difficult a piece ( h&work z ?is4 ,he is apt1 also1 to be ! boy :o takes lea/ int]e/ 9 ! g5]al "w ( ! class1 & (t5 x is possible to ar\se him to special ef=t ?r\gh "s su* problem4 ,! /airway may be made ( heavy c>dbo>d ) a con/ruction simil> to t j describ$1 b ?is requires pa/+ in/ead ( nail+ & is mu* m difficult = little *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,detail ( /airway4 ,! ,ro(4--,! mak+ ( ! ro( is ano!r "p ( ! h\se build+ :i* may (t5 be giv5 into ! special c>e ( ! two or ?ree ov]-age pupils :o ne$ special problems4 ,! plan :i* !y evolve f _! /udy ( ! ne$s ( ! case w usually be ( great] value to !m1 ev5 ?\gh x may n be ! be/ t c\ld be sugge/$4 ,! ro( may be made ( wood z a base1 ) ei!r wood or c>dbo>d %+les tack$ on 9 prop] fa%ion2 or x may be made ( c>dbo>d ) ! %+les m]ely indicat$ by l9es made ) crayon4 ,if ! wood base is us$1 wood gables may be made = sides or ends ( ! h\se4 ,to ^!1 long bo>ds may be nail$ to =m a solid ro(4 ,%+les two in*es long by ab\t "o in* wide may be cut f c>dbo>d or v ?9 wood & tack$ to ! bo>ds4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be spurr$ to /udy ! ro(s ( h\ses & f9d out h[ ! %+les are arrang$1 & discov] = !mselves1 if possible1 ! secret ( successful %+l+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,box h\se1 %[+ ro(4 ,built by summ] class1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,detail ( gable4 ,a c>dbo>d ro( is 9 _m ways easi] to build4 ,9 a h\se simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #be two gables are us$1 & ! ro( slopes to front & back4 ,! framework c be v simply made4 ,at ! two gable ends place uprights made ( two pieces ( wood jo9$ 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,t4 7,see ,fig4 #bf47 ,^! %\ld be nail$ to ! box4 ,a ridgepole may !n be nail$ to ! upp] ends ( ! uprights4 ,if ! h\se is n l>ge1 no o!r framework w be necess>y4 ,if ! slope ( ! ro( is long en\gh to all[ ! c>dbo>d to sag1 light /rips ( wood ext5d+ f ! ridgepole to ! out] edge ( ! box may be add$4 ,if a s+le piece ( c>dbo>d ( suffici5t size is available1 x may be scor$#a & b5t at ! prop] place & laid ov] ! ridgepole1 ) ! edges ext5d+ beyond ! box to =m ! eaves4 ,or1 two pieces may be us$1 "o = ea* slope ( ! ro(1 ea* piece be+ tack$ to ! ridgepole4 ,*imneys may be made f pap] & color$ to repres5t bricks or /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,colonial kit*54 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,! outside ( ! h\se may be treat$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,x may be sid$ aft] ! mann] ( frame h\ses by tack+ on /rips ( pap] or c>dbo>d lapp$ 9 ! prop] fa%ion4 ,x may be cov]$ ) pap] m>k$ 9 horizontal l9es to repres5t sid+1 9 irregul> spaces to repres5t /one1 or 9 regul> spaces to repres5t brick1 & f9i%$ 9 ! appropriate color4 ,or1 a coat ( pa9t or /a9 may be appli$ directly to ! box4 ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,h\se ,,problem ,a playh\se = its own sake is a ju/ifiable project = prim>y *ildr5 & "o :i* may be repeat$ sev]al times )\t exhau/+ its possibilities4 ,ea* "t x is repeat$ ! emphasis w fall on "s new feature1 & ! *ildr5 w wi% to d m accurate "w4 ,9 ! l[e/ grades v simple h\ses ( "o or two rooms may be built = /ory-book fri5ds1 su* z ! ,?ree ,be>s or ,little ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood1 ) only su* furniture z ! /ory sugge/s4 ,9 int]m$iate grades ! h\se may h an hi/orical motive & illu/rate home life 9 primitive times or 9 =eign c\ntries1 su* z a colonial kit*5 9 ,new ,engl&1 a pione] cab9 on ! ,we/]n prairies1 a ,dut* home1 a ,japanese home1 etc4 ,9 upp] grades x may become a s]i\s /udy 9 h\se decoration4 ,z ! motive = mak+ ! h\se *anges1 ! "* & quality ( its furni%+s w *ange4 ,! block furniture describ$ above w give way to m accurate models 9 ei!r wood or pap]4 ,"s excell5t sugge/ions = pap] furniture = advanc$ "w may be f\nd 9 ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e4 ,z skill 9 con/ruction increases1 a wi% = some?+ m reali/ic ?an ! box con/ruction w arise1 & ! elem5ts ( h\se fram+ w be /udi$ ) great eag]ness4 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,?ree ,be>s4 7,see ,fig4 #bh47--,?is h\se 0 made e>ly 9 ! ye> by a class ( fir/-grade *ildr54 ,! walls 7 pap]$ 9 pla9 br[n pap]4 ,! c>pets 7 wov5 mats ( pap]4 ,! *airs1 table1 & b$s 7 made accord+ to ! me?ods already describ$ 9 ! playh\se outl9e4 ,! /ove & ! doll 7 contribut$4 ,! be>s 7 model$ 9 clay4 ,! *ildr5 play$ ) ! h\se & its cont5ts ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! be>s 7 brok5 & made ov] _m times--a process :i* n only af=d$ great pleasure1 b also develop$ consid]able skill 9 model+4 ,ano!r ,be>s' ,h\se4--,?is h\se1 %[n 9 ,frontispiece1 0 made 9 ! spr+1 ne> ! end ( ! s*ool ye>1 by a class ( fir/-grade *ildr5 all ( :om 7 "u sev5 & _m ( :om 7 v immature4 ,! /ory ( ! ,?ree ,be>s 0 tak5 up aft] ,*ri/mas1 told & retold1 read1 & dramatiz$ by ! *ildr54 ,t$dy be>s 7 br\ght to s*ool4 ,_m be>s 7 model$ 9 clay1 ea* *ild mak+ ! set ( ?ree _m times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,h\se = ! ,?ree ,be>s4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,! *ildr5 laid (f spaces on ! table = individual ,be>s' h\ses & made furniture = ^! z _! fancy prompt$4 ,! furniture 0 made ( wood aft] ! g5]al /yle describ$ above4 ,lat]1 c>pets 7 wov5 = ^! individual playh\ses4 ,ea* c>pet 0 wov5 to a giv5 dim5sion1 mak+ x necess>y to use ! rule4 ,?is 0 _! introduction to ! rule z a tool = measur+4 ,e *ild 9 a class ( =ty made "o or m pieces ( furniture & wove "o or m small c>pets f rags4 ,ne>ly all made "s b$d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,corn/alk h\se4 ,built by second-grade class4 ,frankl91 ,indiana4 ,lat]1 f\r boxes 7 secur$ & arrang$ z a h\se4 ,! op5+s = doors 7 m>k$ (f dur+ s*ool "t1 b 7 saw$ out by a few *ildr5 :o rema9$ dur+ ! noon int]mission4 ,?is is ! only "p ( ! "w :i* 0 n done dur+ regul> class "t4 ,! pap]+ 0 done by two or ?ree ( ! mo/ capable *ildr51 :ile ! re/ 7 deeply absorb$ 9 weav+4 ,all made bord]s4 ,c]ta9 bord]s 7 select$ = ! h\se1 & sev]al *ildr5 work$ toge!r to make en\gh ( ! same patt]n = "o room4 ,selections 7 !n made f ! c>pets & furniture already made by ! *ildr54 ,! ro( 0 made *iefly by "o boy :o knew a good way to make x4 ,! por*es 7 also individual projects by pupils :o _h ideas on ! subject & 7 all[$ to "w !m out4 ,! *ildr5 became v famili> ) e phase ( ! /ory & attack$ any expression ( x ) ! feel+1 ,t's easy4 ,!y wrote /ories1 i4e4 s5t5ces ab\t be>s4 ,ea* *ild at ! close ( ! ye> c\ld write on ! blackbo>d a /ory ( two or m s5t5ces4 ,!y made pictures ( be>s 9 all sorts ( po/ures ) color$ crayon & f free-h& cutt+s4 ,!y model$ ! be>s 9 clay ov] & ov] aga91 keep+ up a l>ge family 9 spite ( _m accid5ts4 ,cop]ative ,build+4--,figures #aa1 #ab1 & #ac %[ ?ree rooms ( a f\r-room h\se built by ! fir/ & second grades work+ toge!r4 ,! liv+ room & b$room 7 furni%$ by fir/-grade *ildr54 ,! d9+ room1 kit*51 & ba? 7 furni%$ by ! second grade4 ,f\r boxes 7 us$4 7,see diagram1 page #ce1 ,fig4 #ad47 ,ea* room1 except ! ba?1 0 a sep>ate box4 ,aft] a g5]al plan _h be5 agre$ ^u by ! tea*]s1 ! boxes 7 c>ri$ to ! sev]al rooms & ea* class work$ q indep5d5tly4 ,:5 ! rooms 7 f9i%$1 !y 7 assembl$ on a table 9 ! hall & ! ro( put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,a fl\r mill4 ,built by f\r? grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,! ,fl\r ,mill4--,! fl\r mill1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 0 built 9 connection ) a /udy ( ! g5]al subject ( mill+ by a f\r?-grade class4 ,! class visit$ a fl\r mill4 ,!y 7 %[n ! v>i\s ma*9es1 & ! function ( ea* 0 expla9$ to !m4 ,!y made ha/y sket*es ( ! ma*9es & a r\gh diagram ( _! arrangem5t on ! floors4 ,!y got ! dim5sions ( ! floors & height ( ! ceil+4 ,an empty box 0 remodel$ to approximate ! dim5sions ( ! build+4 ,small repres5tations ( ! ma*9es 7 made & plac$ 9 ! prop] relation to ea* o!r4 ,no attempt 0 made to %[ m ?an ! ext]nal proportions 9 ! small repres5tation4 ,! "w s]v$ its be/ purpose 9 keep+ ! *ildr5 ?9k+ def9itely ab\t :at !y _h se54 ,! attempt to express _! ?\ghts 9 tangible =m deep5$ ! m5tal impression1 ev5 ?\gh ! tangible results 7 crude & lack$ _m details4 ,! convey] be+ ( special int]e/1 two boys work$ out a l>g] model :i* illu/rat$ ! b&-bucket process4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 at ! "r ( ! mill4 ,small cups 7 made ( s(t t9 & fa/5$ to a lea!r /rap4 ,! /rap 0 fa/5$ ar\nd two rods1 plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,! l[] rod 0 turn$ by a crank fa/5$ on ! outside ( ! box4 ,two or ?ree brads driv5 into ! l[] rod caught into holes 9 ! /rap & prev5t$ slipp+4 ,! ma*9e successfully hoi/$ gra9 f ! l[] box to "o fa/5$ high] up1 b n %[n 9 ! picture4 ,! model 0 v crude 9 its workman%ip1 b x %[$ ! ability ( f\r?-grade boys to successfully apply an important pr9ciple 9 me*anics1 & x gave opportunity = _! +5uity to express itself4 ,! "w 0 done ) su* tools & mat]ials z ! boys c\ld provide = !mselves1 & )\t assi/ance o!r ?an enc\rag+ sugge/ions f ! tea*]4 ,?is bit ( con/ruction accompani$ a broad /udy ( ! subject ( mill+1 includ+ ! s\rce & "* ( ! raw mat]ials1 ! processes involv$1 ! f9i%$ products & _! value4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,village ,,/reet ,play+ /ore is a game ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,mak+ a play /ore is a fasc9at+ occupation4 ,^! are factors :i* _c be ov]look$ 9 any s*eme ( education :i* seeks to make use ( ! natural activities ( *ildr54 ,! d[nt[n /ore /&s to ! *ildr5 z ! s\rce ( all good ?+s :i* are to be b\ght ) p5nies4 ,x is usually ! fir/ place outside ! home ) :i* !y become famili>1 & its processes are sure to be imitat$ 9 _! play4 ,9 _! play !y n only repeat ! processes ( buy+ & sell+1 b try to reproduce 9 m9iature :at !y reg>d z ! ess5tial features ( ! real /ore4 ,if !y are all[$ to play ?is fasc9at+ game 9 s*ool1 x may1 by ! tea*]'s help1 become at once m int]e/+ & m wor? :ile4 ,curiosity may be ar\s$ ?r\gh que/ions conc]n+ :at is 9 ! /ore1 :]e x came f1 h[ x got !re1 :at 0 done to make x usable1 h[ x is measur$1 & :at x is wor?4 ,9 seek+ answ]s to ^! que/ions1 ! fields ( geography1 hi/ory1 & ari?metic may be explor$ z ext5sively z circum/ances w>rant & a :ole curriculum is built up 9 a natural way4 ,aft] su* /udy1 /ores cease to be ! s\rce ( ! good ?+s !y (f] = sale4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( m]*&ise take on a new int]e/ :5 ! pur*as] kn[s some?+ ( _! hi/ory1 & a new value :5 he kn[s some?+ ( ! labor :i* has gone into _! manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,box h\se & /ores4 ,grades "o1 ?ree1 & two4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,be+ a subject ( univ]sal int]e/1 x may be adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! v>i\s grades4 ,x be+ also impossible to exhau/ ! possibilities ( ! subject 9 any s+le pres5tation1 x may pr(itably be repeat$ ) a *ange ( emphasis to suit ! developm5t ( ! class4 ,= example1 9 ! second grade1 ! /udy ( ! /reet is *iefly a classification ( ! v>i\s commodities :i* are ess5tial to our daily life1 & a few ( ! ma9 facts ( int]e/ conc]n+ _! orig94 ,^? a little old] are int]e/$ 9 ! processes ( manufacture & ! geography ( _! s\rces4 ,9 play+ /ore1 weights & measures1 ! *ang+ ( money1 & ! mak+ ( bills take on an int]e/ impossible 9 ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( pres5t+ ^! phases ( ari?metic4 ,discussions & n>ratives supply oral language "w1 & descriptions1 lett]s1 & notes provide mat]ial = writt5 ex]cises4 ,! class may be divid$ into gr\ps1 ea* gr\p contribut+ "o /ore to ! /reet1 or ! att5tion ( ! :ole class may be c5t]$ on "o /ore at a "t1 z ! imm$iate conditions sugge/4 ,if ! =m] me?od is us$1 z ea* /ore is f9i%$ x may be us$ z subject matt] = ! entire class1 :ile ! important facts conc]n+ x are consid]$4 ,! fir/ p]mits a broad] scope2 ! second a m exhau/ive /udy4 ,9 ei!r case visits to ! real /ores /udi$ are important supplem5ts to ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,a village /reet4 ,?ird grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,g5]al ,directions4--,discuss ! /ores on a village /reet4 ,:i* are mo/ important8 ,:y8 ,decide h[ _m /ores ! class c build1 & *oose ^? mo/ necess>y to a community4 ,if self-organiz$ gr\ps#b are all[$ to *oose ! "p !y are to "w out1 bo? int]e/ & h>mony are promot$ & lead]%ip /imulat$4 ,use a box = ea* /ore4 ,ea* gr\p is usually able to provide its own box4 ,pap] inside ( box ) clean pap]1 or put on a coat ( fre% pa9t4 ,make appropriate %elv+ & c\nt]s ( ?9 wood4 ,/ock ! /ore ) samples ( appropriate m]*&ise z f> z possible4 ,supplem5t ) ! be/ repres5tations ! *ildr5 c make4 ,!y %\ld be left to "w out ! problem = !mselves to a l>ge ext5t1 ! tea*] giv+ a sugge/ion only :5 !y %[ a lack ( ideas4 ,sugge/ions = ,details ( ,repres5tation4--,clay ,model+4--,clay may be us$ to model fruits & vegetables1 bottles & jugs = ! groc]y2 bread1 cake1 & pies = ! bak]y2 diff]5t cuts ( meat = ! but*] %op2 horses = ! blacksmi? %op & = deliv]y wagons4 ,clay repres5tations may be made v reali/ic by color+ ) crayon4 ,cann$ ,goods4--,pap] cyl9d]s on :i* labels are drawn be=e pa/+ s]ve well = cann$ goods4 ,cyl9drical blocks may be cut f broom /icks or d[el rods & wrapp$ 9 appropriately label$ cov]s4 ,clo?4--,rolls ( v>i\s k9ds ( clo? %\ld be collect$ = ! dry goods /ore4 ,figures may be cut f fa%ion plates & m\nt$ = ! ,ready to ,we> dep>tm5t4 ,hats4--,hats may be made = ! mill9]y /ore f any ( ! mat]ials commonly us$4 ,?is is a good way = girls to develop _! +5uity & res\rcefulness4 ,! ,/ore ,front4--,! front ( ea* /ore may be made ( ei!r wood or c>dbo>d1 ! spaces = doors & w9d[s be+ left op5 t ! m]*&ise may be conv5i5tly h&l$4 ,brick or /one fronts1 second-/ory w9d[s1 (fices1 etc41 may all be indicat$ z arti/ically z ! capacity ( ! class p]mits by ! use ( color$ crayons4 ,! sign is an important feature & %\ld /imulate an int]e/ 9 well-made lett]+4 ,additional ,projects4--,9 addition to repres5tations ( retail %ops1 v>i\s indu/ries1 su* z ! c>p5t] %op1 blacksmi? %op1 fl\r mill1 ice plant1 & o!r famili> indu/ries1 may be repres5t$4 ,cop]ative in/itutions1 su* z ! po/ (fice & fire dep>tm5t1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,a groc]y4 ,f\r? grade4 ,excursions4--,:]ev] possible1 ! plant %\ld be visit$ by ! class4 ,be=e mak+ ! visit1 ! class %\ld discuss :at !y expect to see1 & g prep>$ to f9d out def9ite ?+s4 ,ea* *ild %\ld h at lea/ "o "q :i* he is to ask1 or "o item ( in=mation = :i* he is to be responsible to ! class on ! return4 ,(t5 ! visit is m wor? :ile to ! class aft] !y h tri$ to make a repres5tation f :at !y already "k & f :at !y c read on ! subject4 ,!y are !n m consci\s ( _! ne$s & m alive to ! important elem5ts ?an :5 !y are m]ely see+ a new ?+ :i* is to a great ext5t =eign to _! exp]i5ce4 ,if !y make ! visit fir/1 !y are apt to feel ! ne$ ( ano!r :5 !y attempt to "w out _! repres5tation4 ,if !y make a repres5tation fir/1 !y are q sure to be dissatisfi$ ) x & want to make ano!r aft] !y h made ! visit4 ,9 ei!r case _! consci\sness ( ne$ is a measure ( gr[?4 ,correlation4--,:ile ! build+ ( a /ore is 9 progress ! /udy ( ! s\rces & processes ( manufacture ( ! v>i\s articles ( m]*&ise w supply valuable subject matt] 9 sev]al fields4 ,engli%4--,books conta9+ in=mation on ! subject w be read ) a def9ite purpose & m ?an ord9>y int]e/4 ,especially if ! gr\p me?od is us$1 w ! memb]s ( a gr\p be pr\d to br+ to ! class int]e/+ items conc]n+ _! p>ticul> "p ( ! "w4 ,^! n>ratives & descriptions may be made excell5t practice 9 ei!r oral or writt5 ,engli% & w be ( ! sort ,dewey *>act]izes z hav+ some?+ to say r ?an hav+ to say some?+4 ,geography4--,?is /udy may also ent] z deeply into ! field ( geography z ! developm5t ( ! class w>rants4 ,x w be geography ( a vital sort4 ,h[ ^! ?+s are br\ght to u t\*es ! field ( transportation1 creat+ an int]e/ 9 %ips & railroad tra9s1 pack mules & express wagons4 ,hi/ory4--,! /udy ( ! process ( manufacture op5s up ! field ( indu/rial hi/ory1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 ! geography1 ! /udy is limit$ only by ! capacity ( ! class4 ,numb]4--,9 ! field ( numb] ! possibilities are also unlimit$1 9 /udy+ ! weights & measures us$ = diff]5t commodities1 ! actual prices paid = ^! ?+s1 & ! usual quantities pur*as$4 ,play+ /ore w involve ! mak+ ( bills1 ! *ang+ ( money1 & ! measur+ ( m]*&ise4 ,diff]5t pupils may take turns act+ z salesm5 or ca%i]4 ,! common practices ( bus9ess life %\ld be foll[$ z closely z possible1 only 9 ?is case ea* pur*as] %\ld make out 8 own bills4 ,actual pur*ase slips may be br\ght f home & us$ 9 numb] lessons4 ,an inv5tory ( ! /ock may be tak5 & w supply excell5t practice 9 addition & multiplication4 ,aft] ! example ( real /ores1 a /ock-tak+ sale at r$uc$ rates may be adv]tis$4 ,! writ] answ]$ su* an adv]tisem5t by a ?ird grade & ask$ h[ mu* c\ld be pur*as$ = "o doll>4 ,p5cils 7 busy at once1 & a v>iety ( comb9ations sugge/$4 ,"o pupil 0 quickly call$ to acc\nt by 8 mates = (f]+ only n9ety-five c5ts' wor? ( m]*&ise = ! doll>4 ,by ^! & num]\s o!r ex]cises :i* w sugge/ !mselves to lively *ildr5 & wide-awake tea*]s a va/ am\nt ( vital subject matt] may be dealt ) 9 a natural way1 q on ! level ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce & int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,a groc]y4 ,?ird grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,art4--,! art side also may receive due att5tion 9 ! g5]al proportion+ & arrangem5t ( ! /ores1 9 ! model+ ( c]ta9 features f clay1 z enum]at$ above1 9 ! mak+ ( labels = boxes & cans1 9 ! writ+ ( signs & adv]tisem5ts1 & 9 ! color comb9ations4 ,^! features are to a great ext5t incid5tal to o!r problems j z ! use ( good ta/e is incid5tal to all ! affairs ( life & %\ld receive correspond+ emphasis4 ,,illu/rations ,figure #cb %[s ab\t half ! /ores built by "o ?ird-grade class4 ,"s ( ! subject matt] drawn f ! v>i\s /ories 0 z foll[s3 9 connection ) ! groc]y1 a /udy ( ! s\rce ( v>i\s articles ( food ) oral & writt5 descriptions ( processes ( manufacture2 ! common measures us$ 9 ! groc]y1 & ord9>y am\nts pur*as$4 ,9 connection ) ! meat m>ket1 ! names ( v>i\s k9ds ( meat1 ! animals f :i* !y are obta9$1 & ! "p ( ! animal :i* furni%es c]ta9 cuts2 z1 = example1 ham1 bacon1 *ops4 ,! curr5t prices & approximate quantity ne$$ = a meal made practical numb] "w4 ,! bak]y call$ = an inve/igation ( ! processes ( bread mak+ & a /udy ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,9 all ( ! processes ! tea*] _h opportunity to /ress ! necessity = prop] sanitation4 ,9 connection ) ! dry goods /ore1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( cotton1 wool1 l951 & silk 7 emphasiz$ & illu/rat$ by ! samples collect$ = ! /ore & by ! clo?+ worn by ! *ildr54 ,common problems 9 measur+ clo? enliv5$ ! numb] lessons4 ,! mill9]y /ore disclos$ consid]able +5uity 9 ! field ( hat manufacture1 & a lively bus9ess 9 doll hats 0 c>ri$ on = "s "t4 ,9 connection ) ! po/ (fice1 regi/]$ lett]s1 dead lett]s1 money ord]s1 rural free deliv]y1 etc41 7 discuss$1 & ! advantages ( cop]ation t\*$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,a dry goods /ore4 ,?ird grade4 ,! o!r /ores ( ! village /reet (f] fur!r opportunity = becom+ bett] acqua9t$ ) ! common ?+s :i* lie close at h& & t\* our daily lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,home 9 a hot c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,home 9 a cold c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,s& ,,tables ,,& ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,!m ,a s& table %\ld be consid]$ "o ( ! indisp5sable furni%+s ( e s*oolroom4 ,its possibilities are _m & v>i$4 ,x may be us$ m]ely z a means ( recreation & ! *ildr5 all[$ to play 9 ! s&1 digg+ & build+ z fancy sugge/s4 ,or x may be us$ z ! f\ndation = elaborate repres5tations1 c>efully plann$ by ! tea*]1 labori\sly work$ out by ! *ildr51 & extravagantly admir$ by ! p>5ts on visitors' day4 ,:ile bo? ( ^! uses may s]ve wor?y ends on c]ta9 occasions1 ! mo/ valuable function ( ! s& table /rikes a happy m$ium betwe5 ! two1 z means ( illu/rat+ & emphasiz+ v>i\s features ( ! daily lessons4 ,9 ?is capacity ! labori\s ef=ts ( ! %[ problem on ! "o h& & purposeless play ( ! o!r are bo? avoid$4 ,9 ?is capacity ! "w on ! s& table goes along h& 9 h& ) ! regul> "w 9 geography1 hi/ory1 language1 or any subject 9 :i* x is possible ?r\gh an illu/ration to tea* m effectively4 ,! purpose ( ?is "w is n s mu* to produce f9e repres5tations z to help ! *ildr5 to cl>ify & /r5g!n _! ideas ?r\gh ! ef=t to express !m 9 concrete =m4 ,! value lies 9 ! developm5t :i* comes to ! *ildr5 :ile !y "w4 ,! te*nique ( processes ( con/ruction is ( second>y importance1 ?\gh c>eless "w ought nev] to be p]mitt$4 ,! complet$ project has little value aft] x has s]v$ its purpose z an illu/ration & may be quickly de/roy$ to make way = ! next project4 ,= ?is reason emphasis is laid on ! g5]al effect r ?an ! detail ( con/ruction4 ,! "w %\ld be done well en\gh to s]ve ! purpose1 b "t %\ld n be sp5t on unnecess>y details :i* d n add to ! value z an illu/ration4 ,9 mo/ cases spe$ is an important elem5t4 ,! project %\ld be complet$ :ile ! subject x illu/rates is "u discussion1 if x is to be ( mo/ s]vice4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is t ! "w %all be done :olly by ! *ildr54 ,! tea*] may by skillful que/ions help !m to build up 9 imag9ation ! project !y int5d to "w out1 s t !y may "w ) a def9ite purpose4 ,%e may sometimes sugge/ improv$ me?ods ( work+ out v>i\s features :5 ! improvem5ts w add to ! value ( ! illu/ration1 b %e %\ld seldom1 if ev]1 plan a project def9itely or dictate ! me?od ( proc$ure4 ,n lea/ among ! possible b5efits to be d]iv$ f "w ( ?is k9d is ! developm5t ( res\rcefulness4 ,! necessity = express+ an idea 9 concrete =m ) :atev] mat]ials are at h& (t5 calls = consid]able +5uity4 ,ability ( ?is sort w %[ itself only :5 ! *ildr5 are express+ _! ideas ) utmo/ fre$om & feel ! responsibility = ! success ( _! "w4 ,! m e>ne/ly ! *ildr5 try to express _! ideas1 ! great] w be _! developm5t4 ,! tea*] %\ld feel t %e is h9d]+ ! gr[? ( ! *ildr5 & defraud+ !m ( _! legitimate opportunity = developm5t :5 %e all[s an ov]-anxiety = tangible & %[y results to make h] take ! responsibility ^u h]self4 ,! details ( me?od are be/ pres5t$ ?r\gh a detail$ description ( typical illu/rations actually work$ out 9 ! classroom4 ,a ,,s&-,,table ,,f>m--,,home ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,! /udy ( home life z a g5]al subject w include our home & ! homes ( o!r p :o live "u diff]5t conditions4 ,to ! t[n *ild ! c\ntry w (t5 be some:at famili> & hold ! second place 9 8 int]e/4 ,9 ! c\ntry s*ool ! f>m may (t5 be ! be/ place to beg94 ,v>i\s que/ions w arise z soon z x is decid$ to make a s&-table f>m1 ! answ]s to :i* w be gov]n$ by ! habits ( ! locality4 ,:at sort ( f>m %all we h8 ,%all we raise /ock1 fruit1 corn1 :eat1 vegetables1 or a little ( ev]y?+8 ,:at %all we ne$ to plant 9 ea* case1 & 9 :at proportion8 ,h[ mu* pa/ure l& %all we ne$8 ,:at build+s8 ,:at ma*9]y8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,a s&-table f>m4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,a s&-table f>m4 ,second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,f5ces4--,z soon z ! "q ( crops & ! division ( ! table into fields is settl$1 ! problem ( f5c+ pres5ts itself4 ,:at sort ( f5ce is ne$$1 wire1 bo>ds1 pickets1 rails1 or h$ge8 ,h[ f> ap>t %all ! po/s be set1 h[ tall %\ld !y be1 & h[ _m w be ne$$8 ,h[ _m bo>ds8 ,h[ wide8 ,h[ long8 ,h[ _m wires8 ,! mak+ ( ! f5c+ w supply mat]ial = "o or m numb] lessons4 ,v>i\s mat]ials may be us$4 ,twigs may be cut to giv5 l5g?s & set 9 concrete 7clay7 po/s4 ,= wire f5ce1 cut po/s f small wood5 /icks4 ,drive small tacks 9 ea* po/--"o = ea* wire4 ,use f9e spool wire or wire ravel$ f fly scre54 ,twi/ wires once ar\nd ea* tack1 or drive ! tacks 9 firmly s t ! wire is held by ! head ( ! tack4 ,?is is n an easy f5ce = v little *ildr5 to make4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,detail ( *ick5 f5ce4 ,to make bo>d f5ce4 ,cut po/s requir$ l5g?1 & decide ^u di/ance betwe5 po/s4 ,make bo>ds ( ?9 /rips ( wood or ( pa/ebo>d4 ,nail bo>ds to po/s ) tacks or small brads4 ,?is is a v easy f5ce to make & gives "s good ex]cise 9 measur+4 ,rail f5ces may be made f too?picks or burnt mat*es4 ,picket f5ce = ! doory>d may be made on wood5 f\ndation ) c>dbo>d pickets4 ,h$ge f5ce %\ld be made f "s f9e-leaf$ plant4 ,c$> twigs s]ve well4 ,*ick5 f5ce may be cut f pap] z p] illu/ration4 ,fold pap] sev]al times1 l5g?wise4 ,cut across ! fold z indicat$ by arr[s4 ,/ret* l5g?wise z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 a & b4 ,build+s4--,! class %\ld decide on ! build+s ne$$4 ,ea* build+ %\ld be assign$ to a gr\p ( two or ?ree work]s4 ,ea* gr\p %\ld be held responsible = its contribution & %\ld "w out its problem ) z little help z possible4 ,if ! *ildr5 are able to plan a b>n & make x1 ev5 ?\gh x is a v crude affair1 m has be5 accompli%$ ?an if a v cunn+ /ructure _h be5 made aft] plans1 dictat$ & closely sup]vis$ by ! tea*]4 ,wood is ! be/ build+ mat]ial = g5]al use4 ,pa/ebo>d s]ves well1 b x is less sub/antial4 ,x is also h>d] to cut & pa/e heavy c>dbo>d ?an x is to saw & nail ?9 wood4 ,clay may be us$ = all build+s :i* are commonly made ( concrete4 ,/ock4--,! diff]5t k9ds ( animals ne$$ on ! f>m & ! numb] ( ea* w furni% pr(itable subject matt] = class discussion4 ,! animals may be model$ f clay4 ,:ile ! animals w ( necessity be v l>ge 9 proportion to ! acreage ( ! f>m1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! relative proportions betwe5 horses & hogs1 cattle & %eep4 ,diff]5ces ( ?is sort d n tr\ble little p1 z _! "w is sure to %[4 ,! po9t %\ld be /ress$ only suffici5tly to help !m to see a little m cle>ly & express _! ideas a little m adequately ea* "t !y try4 ,! accuracy ( ! result is important only z an index t ! *ildr5 are /eadily develop+ 9 p[] to see & d1 & ga9+ self-reliance4 ,! ,model+ ,process4--,! be/ me?od seems to be simply to beg91 &1 = example1 model z good a horse z possible2 !n discuss ! results1 note a few s]i\s defects1 & try aga91 endeavor+ to correct !m4 ,enc\rage rapid "w :i* gives ! g5]al proportions ( ! animal 9 ! r\gh4 ,beg9n]s are apt to wa/e "t 9 a purposeless smoo?+ ( ! clay1 9 m]e tactual enjoym5t4 ,disc\rage ! t5d5cy to f9i% ! details ( a horse's head1 = example1 be=e ! body has be5 model$4 ,repeat ! process z (t5 z "t & ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 w>rant1 b be satisfi$ if ! *ildr5 are do+ ! be/ !y c1 ev5 ?\gh ! results are crude & n s good z "s o!r class has produc$4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld always feel t ! "w is _! own4 ,= ?is reason ! tea*]'s help 9 clay model+ %\ld be ?r\gh demon/ration r ?an by f9i%+ t\*es to ! *ild's "w4 ,imitation is a /rong in/9ct 9 little *ildr51 & wat*+ ! tea*] model a bett] horse ?an he c make w help a *ild to improve 8 own4 ,"o ?+ to be especially avoid$ is ! attempt to br+ e class to a uni=m degree ( excell5ce accord+ to adult /&>ds4 ,su* an ideal enc\rages ! giv+ ( help 9 a way :i* h9d]s real developm5t ?\gh x may produce imm$iate results4 ,trees4--,?is topic w call out a discussion ( ! uses ( trees2 :i* trees are %ade trees1 :i* are cultivat$ = _! fruit1 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t v>ieties1 & ! ones be/ suit$ to ?is p>ticul> f>m4 ,twigs f ! real tree %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible4 ,9 o!r cases ! trees may be cut f pap]4 ,if a good gre5 pap] is n at h&1 use draw+ pap] & color ) crayons4 ,a reali/ic effect is ga9$ by cutt+ ! tree f fold$ pap]4 7,see ,fig4 #da47 ,cut ?ree pieces = ea* tree & pa/e toge!r at ! fold1 !n op5 out4 ,make ! trunk long en\gh to be driv5 an in* or m into ! s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,detail ( pap] tree4 ,! mak+ ( ! trees w furni% mat]ial = bo? art & nature /udy lessons4 ,z f> z circum/ances p]mit ! real trees %\ld be /udi$1 giv+ ! *ildr5 fir/-h& exp]i5ce :e!r x be mu* or little4 ,!y %\ld te/ ! trees !y cut by comp>+ !m ) real trees ( ! same v>iety4 ,if ?is is impossible1 ! be/ pictures available %\ld be us$4 7,see notes on pap] cutt+47 ,crops4--,:5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! f>m are ab\t ready1 ! fields may be s[n4 ,! s& %\ld be made v wet be=e ! se$ is put 9 & spr9kl$ frequ5tly 7twice a day71 z ! top dries (f v quickly4 ,aft] ! se$s h g]m9at$ little spr9kl+ ne$ be done1 z ! roots w f9d en\gh moi/ure 9 ! wet s& und]nea?1 & x is desirable to ret>d r ?an ha/5 gr[?4 ,if c>efully manag$1 a table c be kept gre5 = sev]al weeks4 ,= corn1 *eck holes well into ! s& & drop "o gra9 into ea* hole4 ,see t r[s are /raight & holes ev5ly spac$4 ,s[ :eat1 oats1 b>ley1 etc41 v ?ickly1 cov] lightly ) dry s&1 & spr9kle4 ,timo?y s]ves well = mead[ & lawn1 z x puts up a f9e blade4 ,blue grass s5ds up a f9e blade1 b is v sl[ 9 g]m9ation4 ,clov] does n make a velvety lawn1 b a little 9 ! pa/ure w make an int]e/+ contra/4 ,vegetables may be plant$ 9 ! g>d54 ,!y w n develop to any great ext5t1 b w s]ve to emphasize diff]5t habits 9 g]m9ation2 z1 = example1 ! contra/ betwe5 beans & corn4 ,correlation4--,! opportunity = nature /udy af=d$ by ! f>m problem w prove "o ( its mo/ int]e/+ & valuable features z ! progress 9 plant gr[? is not$ f day to day4 ,! f>m problem comb9es well ) bo? language & art "w 9 supply+ vital mat]ial = bo?4 ,9 addition to ! int]e/+ discussions :i* naturally arise conc]n+ ! build+ & plant+1 a di>y may be kept by ea* *ild4 ,keep+ a ,di>y4--,! date ( plant+ may be not$ & ! date :5 ea* v>iety ( se$ fir/ appe>s above gr\nd4 ,) ! l>g] se$s1 z corn & beans1 a se$ may be dug up ea* day & exam9$1 s t ! *ildr5 may appreciate :at is go+ on bel[ gr\nd4 ,draw+s may be made ( ! se$s1 %[+ ! *anges 9 appe>ance f day to day4 ,aft] ! se$ leaves appe> ! daily gr[? may be measur$ & not$ 9 ! di>y4 ,aft] a few days se$s may be dug up aga9 t ! roots may be exam9$4 ,at v>i\s /ages ( gr[? diff]5t v>ieties ( se$s may be dug up1 laid ^u a pap]1 & sket*$ by ! *ildr54 ,! facts !y note may be /at$ 9 simple1 well-=m$ s5t5ces1 ei!r oral or writt5 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,an ,eskimo village & ,! ,ov]all ,boys' ,f>m4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,art4--,! sket*+ w s]ve well z ! day's art lesson1 ?\gh its *ief value is 9 help+ ! *ildr5 to see cle>ly4 ,_! ef=ts w be crude b ! tea*] %\ld con/antly keep 9 m9d t ! *ief aim is n to obta9 f9e sket*es4 ,its purpose is to help ! *ildr5 to a bett] appreciation ( ! plant ?r\gh ! ef=t put =? 9 mak+ ! sket*4 ,! te*nique ( ! draw+ %\ld be emphasiz$ only s f> z x w help !m express bett] :at !y see1 & n to ! po9t :]e !y attempt to copy ! tea*]'s /rokes4 ,! tea*] %\ld be satisfi$ if e *ild is do+ 8 be/ & mak+ /eady progress1 ev5 ?\gh t be/ may be crude & n up to ! /&>d rea*$ by ! tea*] :o /ruggles = f9e results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,an apple or*>d4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,engli%4--,= *ildr5 :o are able to write ! di>y (f]s a natural means ( ga9+ exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( common =ms ( punctuation2 z1 = example1 ! writ+ ( dates & ! use ( a comma 9 a s]ies1 z well z ! punctuation ( simple /atem5ts1 9 su* entries z ! foll[+3 ,april #ae1 #aiab4 ,we plant$ ! se$s on our f>m to-day4 ,we plant$ corn1 :eat1 oats1 & beans4 ,9 all "w ( ?is sort x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! advantage ( sep>ate %eets ( pap] ov] a notebook ) sew$ leaves1 9 ! h&s ( ! *ildr54 ,) ! fre% %eet always comes an inspiration1 no matt] :at failures h gone be=e4 ,poor pages c be done ov] :5 necess>y1 b d n haunt ! work]s ) _! disc\rag+ sugge/ions1 z 9 ! use ( a notebook4 ,! leaves may be ga!r$ toge!r into a b9d+ ( "s sort4 ,ev5 cov]s ( pla9 br[n wrapp+ pap] c be made arti/ic ) a simple bord] l9e well plac$ or a design cut f a pap] ( a diff]5t tone4 ,writt5 "w :i* culm9ates 9 an attractive booklet1 h[ev] simple1 seems m wor? :ile ?an ex]cises writt5 into a commonplace notebook or on scrat* pap] :i* goes to ! wa/ebasket soon aft] ! mi/akes h be5 comm5t$ on4 ,numb]4--,! f>m problem also supplies abundant opportunity = ga9+ exp]i5ce ) numb]4 ,9 addition to ! actual measurem5t ( ! mat]ials us$ = f5ces & build+s1 ! scope may be wid5$1 :]e conditions w>rant1 to include e/imates & calculations ( ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,= example1 h[ _m in*es or feet ( wire w be ne$$ to make a ?ree-wire f5ce ( giv5 l5g?8 ,h[ l>ge a piece ( c>dbo>d w be ne$$ to cut bo>ds "o f\r? or "o half in* wide = a f\r-bo>d f5ce fifte5 in*es long8 ,^! e/imates may be translat$1 z f> z ! *ildr5 are able to appreciate ! connection1 into quantities & values ( ! same mat]ial 9 real problems connect$ ) real f>ms4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to be c>eful n to c>ry "w ( ?is sort s f> beyond ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ildr5 t x becomes :olly =eign & ab/ract to !m4 ,we are too apt to =get t x is exp]i5ce & n objects1 :i* is ! vital factor 9 concret5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,?ird grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,9 connection ) ! nature /udy a v>iety ( numb] ex]cises gr[ out ( ! que/ions :i* ! situation prompts4 ,z1 = example1 9 connection ) ! corn crop3 ,h[ _m se$s 7 plant$8 ,9 h[ _m r[s8 ,h[ _m se$s 9 a r[8 ,h[ _m came up8 ,h[ _m fail$ to g]m9ate8 ,h[ _m m came up ?an fail$8 ,if ea* good se$ %\ld produce two e>s ( corn1 h[ _m w\ld we h8 ,:at w\ld !y be wor? at a giv5 price8 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,pueblo ,indian village4 ,second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,9 an ungrad$ s*ool1 :ile ! y\ng] *ildr5 might conf9e _! ef=ts to c\nt+ z above1 ! old] *ildr5 might answ] ! same que/ions 9 t]ms ( p]c5tage & 9 ! probable quantities on a real f>m4 ,! /ock f>m may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,h[ _m c[s8 ,h[ mu* milk w !y give8 ,:at w x be wor?8 ,h[ mu* butt] w\ld x make8 ,:at w x co/ to keep ! c[s8 ,:at is ! f>m]'s pr(it8 ,^! & _m o!r que/ions w sugge/ !mselves to bo? tea*] & pupils1 once ! subject is op5$ up4 ,!y w be practical que/ions 9 s f> z !y t\* ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ildr5 9 su* a way z to appeal to !m z real que/ions4 ,ea* individual tea*] mu/ decide h[ f> & into :at field x is wor? :ile to lead any p>ticul> class4 ,! ,s& ,table4--,! v>i\s types ( s& tables range all ! way f ! h>dwood1 z9c-l9$ article1 provid$ ) a dra9pipe1 d[n to ! homemade /ructure evolv$ f a goods box4 ,! quality ( ! table does n greatly affect ! quality ( ! "w to be done on x1 b !re are sev]al po9ts :i* affect ! conv5i5ce ( ! work]s4 ,! height ( ! table %\ld all[ ! *ildr5 to "w com=tably :5 /&+ beside x4 ,a long1 n>r[ table is seldom z satisfactory z "o m ne>ly squ>e1 b x %\ld nev] be too wide = ! *ildr5 to rea* ! c5t] easily4 ,any table ) tight jo9ts 9 ! top & f\r- or five-in* bo>ds fitt$ tightly ar\nd ! edge w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! inside ( ! box %\ld be pa9t$ to prev5t w>p+ & leak+4 ,an ocean blue is a good color1 z x makes a good backgr\nd = isl&s4 ,if no table is available1 a goods box may be turn$ on its side1 ! top cov]$ ) oilclo?1 & a frame1 made f ! cov] ( ! box1 fitt$ ar\nd ! edge4 ,! inside ( ! box may be us$ z a closet 9 :i* to /ore tools & mat]ials1 & a neat appe>ance giv5 to ! :ole by a curta9 ( d5im or o!r pla91 heavy mat]ial4 ,,illu/rative ,,problems ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable uses ( ! s& table is 9 mak+ illu/rations = /ories1 hi/orical ev5ts1 & simil> topics 9 :i* ! relations betwe5 p & places is important4 ,no def9ite rules c be laid d[n = work+ out su* illu/rations4 ,! conditions "u :i* !y are made1 ! "t to be devot$ to ! "w1 ! importance ( ! subject1 all affect bo? ! nature & ! quality ( ! "w4 ,any mat]ial :i* l5ds itself to ! purpose %\ld be call$ into s]vice4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is be/ set =? by describ+ sev]al problems z actually work$ out by *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,a home 9 ,switz]l&4 ,second grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 7#a7 ,/ory ( ,columbus--,fir/ ,grade4 ,mat]ials ,us$4--,pap] = cutt+ & fold+1 twigs = =e/s1 acorns = t5ts1 l>ge piece ( glass = ocean4 ,details ( ,illu/ration4--,! piece ( glass 0 imb$d$ 9 s& 9 ! middle ( ! table2 "o end ( ! table repres5t$ ,spa91 ! o!r1 ,am]ica4 ,! repres5tation ( ,spa9 includ$3 ,ca/les 9 ,spa9 be+ l>ge h\ses ) _m w9d[s 9 :i* ! k+ & que5 liv$4 ,!y 7 cut f pap]4 ,_m p1 cut f pap]1 includ+ k+s & que5s & ! fri5ds ( ,mr4 ,columbus :o came to tell him good-by4 ,! k+s & que5s 7 di/+ui%$ by royal purple robes & gold5 cr[ns & necklaces1 produc$ by ! use ( color$ crayon4 ,! ?ree %ips made f fold$ pap]4 ,9 "o ( !m sat ,mr4 ,columbus4 ,fi%es1 ( pap]1 inhabit$ ! holl[ space und]nea? ! glass4 ,! =e/ primeval 0 %[n on ! ,am]ican side by gre5 twigs ( trees set v close toge!r4 ,on pull+ ap>t ! leaves & pe]+ into ! dep?s ( ?is =e/1 "o f\nd x inhabit$ by be>s & o!r wild bea/s1 also cut f pap]4 ,! ,indians liv$ 9 a village ( acorn t5ts set up 9 a little cle>+ on ! %ore4 ,flags4--,! ,spani% region 0 id5tifi$ by a ,spani% flag1 :ile ! />s & /ripes wav$ above ! ,indian village4 ,values4--,! project be+ on ! level ( ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce1 !y work$ freely & ) int5se int]e/4 ,! *>act]s 9 ! /ory 7 all v real to !m4 ,!y lit]ally sw>m$ ab\t ! table :5ev] opportunity 0 giv51 mov+ ! figures ab\t z !y told ! /ory ov] & ov] aga94 ,mr4 ,columbus sail$ across ! sea _m times4 ,_m boats 7 made & nam$ = "o ( ! ?ree1 accord+ to ! pref]5ce ( ! mak]4 ,!y peep$ into ! =e/ & %udd]$ 9 delightful fe> le/ a be> get me4 ,!y made & remade ! sc5e z new ideas sugge/$ !mselves dur+ sev]al days ( ,columbus week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,two little knights ( ,k5tucky4 ,f\r? grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,h[ ,c$ric became a knight4 ,f\r? grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,a sug> camp4 ,built late 9 ! spr+ by a ?ird-grade class4 ,!y enjoy$ ! gre5 grass1 ?\gh x sugge/s an ov]late season4 ,sev]al discrepancies exi/$ :i* are m5tion$ "h because !y tr\bl$ "s ov]consci5ti\s visitors4 ,! />s & /ripes did n come into exi/5ce until c5turies aft] ,columbus di$ & !re=e nev] wav$ ov] ! ,indian village :i* he f\nd4 ,b *ronology does n tr\ble ! fir/ grad] v mu*1 :ile my c\ntry & my flag are ideas :i* are develop+ toge!r4 ,& :5 he is s++1 ,columbus sail$ across ! sea1 ,to f9d a l& = y & me1 ! r$1 :ite1 & blue =ms ! mo/ fitt+ symbol 9 8 repres5tation ( t l&4 ,! wild animals :i* infe/$ ! s&-table =e/ are n all m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ories z f\nd on ,san ,salvador1 b !y did exi/ 9 ! *ild's idea ( ! wild c\ntry :i* ! :ite m5 f\nd on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! *ildr5 hav+ tru?fully express$ _! ideas1 ! tea*] _h a basis f :i* to develop1 correct1 & emphasize su* po9ts z 7 ( real importance1 :ile ! unimportant features w\ld fade out = lack ( emphasis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,a we/]n cattle ran*4 ,on ! occasion ( ! sup]visor's visit ! memb]s ( ! class vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 tell+ ! /ory & expla9+ ! significance ( ! v>i\s illu/rations4 ,! sup]visor express$ a wi% to own "s ( ! cutt+s1 :]eupon1 at a h9t f ! tea*]1 ! class :i* _h ga!r$ ab\t ! s& table scamp]$ joyfully 7b quietly7 back to _! seats4 ,scissors & pap] 7 quickly di/ribut$1 & 9 ab\t five m9utes an empty %oe box 0 requir$ to hold ! collection ( ,mr4 ,columbuses1 k+s & que5s 9 royal purple1 gold cr[ns1 & necklaces1 %ips1 fi%es1 etc41 t 7 %[]$ ^u ! gue/4 ,ne$less to say _m scraps ( pap] _h fall5 to ! floor4 ,! tea*] rem>k$ t x 0 "t = ! br[nies to come4 ,d[n w5t all ! heads = a sleepy "t4 ,! tea*] slipp$ ab\t1 tapp+ "h & !re a *ild1 :o quickly began ga!r+ up ! scraps z joy\sly z he _h help$ to make !m4 ,! sup]visor bade !m good-by1 ) a wi% t all *ildr5 might beg9 _! s*ool life "u su* happy & :olesome influ5ces4 7#b7 ,/ory ( ,jack ,horn]#c--;,fir/ ,grade4--,z ! /ory 0 read ! diff]5t *>act]s 7 subjects = free pap]-cutt+ ex]cises4 ,an abundance ( pap] 7scrat* pap] & newspap]7 0 suppli$1 & ea* *ild all[$ to cut ea* figure _m times1 v quickly4 ,! /ory 0 also dramatiz$ & act$ out ov] & ov] aga94 ,figure #a %[s ! result ( an h\r's "w 9 assembl+ ! v>i\s *>act]s & tell+ ! :ole /ory on ! s& table & 9 a po/]4 ,! diff]5t figures to be cut 7 assign$ to or *os5 by ! diff]5t *ildr51 ! tea*] tak+ c>e t no *>act]s 7 omitt$4 ,hav+ cut figures ( ! v>i\s *>act]s z !y 7 met 9 ! /ory1 all 7 eag] to reproduce ! "p call$ =1 & 9 a few m9utes m ?an en\gh cutt+s 7 made to supply bo? s& table & po/] ) ample mat]ial4 ,two gr\ps ( *ildr51 "o = ! po/] & "o = ! s& table1 7 assign$ ! "w ( plac+ ! figures4 ,! tea*] sup]9t5d$ bo? projects1 giv+ a few sugge/ions z ne$$1 b ?r[+ ! responsibility ^u ! *ildr5 z mu* z possible4 ,?is problem 0 work$ out by ! same class :i* made ! ,columbus illu/ration j describ$4 ,! ,jack ,horn] /ory 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! spr+1 aft] mu* "w ( ?is sort _h be5 done4 ,! quality ( ! cutt+s %[$ an int]e/+ improvem5t ov] ! cutt+s made = ! ,columbus /ory1 :i* came dur+ ! ?ird week ( ! s*ool ye>4 7#c7 ,/ory ( ,?ree ,little ,pigs4--,?is is a long /ory1 & ?ree weeks 7 occupi$ 9 read+ x & dramatiz+ x4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re 7 frequ5t discussions ab\t h[ x 0 to be work$ out on ! s& table4 ,contributions 9 great v>iety 7 br\ght 93 /raw = ! /raw h\se1 twigs = ! h\se ( /icks1 bags ( brick du/ to make a roadway diff]5t f ! s&1 rose hips to be ti$ to a small bran* to repres5t ! apple tree1 & v>i\s o!r articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,! /ory ( ,?ree ,little ,pigs4 ,fir/ grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,a ,japanese tea g>d54 ,?ird grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,a coal m9e4 ,f\r? grade4 ,columbia1 ,miss\ri4 ,! h\ses 7 built z sugge/$ by ! pictures 9 ! read]4 ,! pig & wolf 7 model$ 9 clay1 ea* be+ %[n 9 ! sev]al diff]5t positions describ$ 9 ! /ory4 ,ov] & ov] a little clay pig roll$ d[n ! hill 9 a pap] *urn & fright5$ a clay wolf4 ,"o gr\p1 n hav+ :]e)al to build a brick h\se1 us$ a wood5 "o made by ano!r gr\p4 ,ano!r class made ! brick h\se out ( blocks1 & built 9 a fireplace ) its kettle ready to hold ! hot wat] :5ev] ! wolf %\ld />t = ! *imney4 7,see ,fig4 #ea47 7#d7 ,japanese ,tea ,g>d54--,a ?ird-grade class us$ ! s& table to illu/rate :at !y _h glean$ f read+ sev]al /ories & descriptions ( life 9 ,japan1 9 connection ) elem5t>y geography4 ,! s&-table repres5tation includ$ a t9y bridge across a small /ream ( real wat]4 ,! real riv] 0 secur$ by +5i\s use ( a leak+ t9 c :i* 0 hidd5 beh9d a clump ( trees 7twigs74 ,a ?9 lay] ( cem5t 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] kept ! wat] f s9k+ into ! s&4 ,a %all[ pan imb$d$ 9 ! s& =m$ a lake into :i* ! riv] p\r$ its wat]s4 7,see ,fig4 #eb47 7#e7 ,a ,coal ,m9e4--,! s& table %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec 0 work$ out by a f\r?-grade class 9 connection ) ! geography ( ! we/]n /ates4 ,descriptions & pictures 7 /udi$ ) great e>ne/ness to f9d out h[ to fix x1 & ! *ildr5 made x z !y ?\ght x ought to be4 ,! actual mak+ occupi$ v little "t1 ! v>i\s p>ts be+ contribut$ by diff]5t pupils4 ,problems ( ?is sort develop lead]%ip4 ,!re is usually "o ^: ideas take def9ite %ape promptly & ^: sugge/ions are will+ly foll[$ by 8 gr\p4 ,if !re is "o pupil 9 ! class ^: ability to lead is s /rong t ! o!rs are ov]%ad[$1 x is sometimes well to let ! "w be done by small gr\ps :o use ! table turn ab\t4 ,?is plan /imulates a :olesome rivalry & disc\rages dawdl+4 7#f7 ,/ories4--,illu/rations = two /ories are %[n on page #id4 ,9 ! fir/ 7,fig4 #dg7 "p ( ! class made a repres5tation on ! s& table :ile ! re/ prep>$ a po/] f pap] cutt+s4 ,9 ! second 7,fig4 #dh7 empty %oe boxes 7 us$ 9 mak+ ! ca/le4 ,v little "t 0 sp5t on ei!r project4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,a *>iot race4 ,second grade4 ,pasad5a1 ,cali=nia4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,animals ,,& ,,toys ,! circus & ! zological g>d5 are always c5t]s ( int]e/ to little *ildr5 & may be us$ to great advantage to furni% ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! /udy ( animal life4 ,mak+ ! animals 9 "s =m cry/allizes ! int]e/ 9 ! animals repres5t$1 & awak5s int]e/ 9 _! habits & home4 ,! h&work may be us$ z an illu/rative factor connect$ ) geography & nature /udy1 or ! mak+ ( ! circus may be ! />t+ po9t1 & incid5tally furni% subject matt] 9 sev]al fields4 ,= example1 geography & nature /udy gr[ out ( ! se>* = facts conc]n+ ! animals !mselves1 i4e4 size1 color1 food1 home1 value1 etc4 ,! desire = su* in=mation gives purpose to read+4 ,oral & writt5 descriptions supply subject matt] = practice 9 ,engli%4 ,r$uc+ ! actual proportions ( animals to a def9ite scale & problems relat+ to _! comm]cial value make practical use ( ! k ( numb]4 ,art ent]s into ! mak+ ( free-h& sket*es1 cutt+s1 & patt]ns = wood5 models4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,a circus p>ade4 ,a good circus or zoo may be work$ out 9 a v>iety ( mat]ials4 ,pap]1 c>dbo>d1 clay1 & wood all s]ve well4 ,to get ! be/ value f ! problem x %\ld be z free z possible f copy "w4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld consult ! be/ s\rces ( in=mation at _! disposal1 :i* may range all ! way f ord9>y picture books to natural hi/ory & encyclop$ia descriptions4 ,!y %\ld f9d out1 unaid$1 z mu* z possible conc]n+ ! animal 9 "q3 8 size1 color1 food1 home1 values1 etc41--! tea*] supplem5t+ ) int]e/+ & necess>y items n at ! disposal ( ! class4 ,free-h& cutt+s & p5cil sket*es %\ld be comp>$ ) ! be/ pictures obta9able & ! real animal :5ev] possible4 ,su* patt]ns z are ne$$ %\ld be made by ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,ready-made patt]ns w produce bett] proportion$ animals1 b m dep5d5t1 less obs]vant *ildr5 also4 ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,detail ,reali/ic ,animals 9 ,?ree-ply ,wood4--,secure necess>y items ( measurem5t & decide ^u scale4 ,"o in* = ea* foot is be/ = y\ng] *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,?ree-ply wood5 animals4 ,draw rectangle proportion$ to ! extreme l5g? & height ( ! animal4 ,draw into ! rectangle a pr(ile sket* ( ! animal1 be+ c>eful t x comes to ! l9e on ea* side4 ,all f\r feet mu/ t\* ! base l9e4 ,consid]able practice may be ne$$ be=e a good sket* c be drawn4 ,! animal may be repres5t$ z /&+1 walk+1 or runn+1 b mu/ be drawn 9 pr(ile4 ,cut out ! sket* & make by x ?ree patt]ns3 "o ( ! head1 body1 & tail2 "o ( ! body & "r legs2 "o ( ! body & left legs4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to get good l9es at %\ld] & rump4 7,see ,fig4 #ef47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,detail ( ?ree-ply animals ) movable p>ts4 ,lay ! patt]n on ! wood s t ! gra9 runs l5g?wise ( ! legs & o!r frail p>ts & draw outl9e c>efully4 ,use basswood "o f\r? in* ?ick1 or o!r s(t wood4 ,saw out ! p>ts ) a cop+ saw4 ,be c>eful 9 saw+ to keep ! blade 9 a v]tical position 9 ord] t ! edges may be true4 ,nail or glue ! p>ts toge!r4 ,if ! animal does n /& p]fectly1 rub ! feet on a piece ( s&pap]4 ,use wat] color or crayon to give prop] color4 ,?ree-ply ,animals ) ,movable ,p>ts4--,to make ! head movable1 saw ! "p f ! body on a curv$ l9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,fa/5 ) a s+le nail ?r\gh ! %\ld]4 ,! curv$ l9e mu/ be a "p ( a circle & ! nail mu/ be at ! c5t]4 ,! edges %\ld be smoo? to all[ easy action4 ,! tail may be adju/$ by a simil> plan4 ,! p>ts may be made to move automatically by susp5d+ a weight on cords :i* are atta*$ to ! movable p>ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,if ! weight is to be us$1 cut (f ! body "p on ! d\ble dott$ l9e to all[ room = ! cords to sw+4 ,a figure ( ?is sort mu/ be fa/5$ on a p$e/al or plat=m :i* w ext5d ov] ! edge ( ! table4 ,a slot mu/ be cut 9 ! p$e/al wide en\gh to all[ ! cords to sw+ freely4 7,see ,fig4 #ef47 ,! p$e/al may be a long bo>d or piece ( heavy c>dbo>d :i* c be tack$ to ! table or held firm by a clamp1 or x may be a ?9 bo>d fa/5$ to a ,u-%ap$ block :i* is held firm on ! edge ( ! table by a w$ge4 ,c>dbo>d & ,pap] ,animals t ,/&4--,= y\ng] *ildr5 :o _c h&le ! saw easily c>dbo>d or /iff pap] may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,not*$ re/ = animals4 ,to make ! animal /& ! feet may be tack$ to a small piece ( wood ab\t "o in* squ>e on ! end & z long z ne$$1 or a c>dbo>d brace1 su* z is us$ on easels1 may be glu$ to ! back4 ,a reali/ic effect is giv5 if ! animal is cut ) two legs & ! brace made to repres5t ! o!r two1 or a piece ( c>dbo>d cut z 9 ,fig4 #eh may be us$ z a brace1 ! body ( ! animal fitt+ into ! not*4 ,clay makes an excell5t m$ium1 b x requires m skill 9 clay ?an 9 wood to get an equally good effect4 ,clay animals %\ld be model$ ) a p$e/al1 & ! sep>ations betwe5 ! two =elegs & ! two h9d legs m]ely indicat$4 ,if ea* leg is model$ sep>ately1 ! figure is likely to be frail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,balanc+ figures4 ,balanc+ ,figures4--,design su* figures z a pranc+ horse or danc+ be> & saw f a s+le piece ( wood4 ,a little bel[ ! c5t] ( ! figure ins]t a curv$ wire1 on ! o!r end ( :i* is a ball ( clay or o!r weight4 ,! wire mu/ be fa/5$ firmly s t x _c turn4 ,adju/ s t ! figure balances4 ,figures ( p 9 =eign co/umes1 *ildr5 runn+ & jump+1 z well z all sorts ( animals1 are v fasc9at+ problems ( ?is sort4 7,see ,fig4 #ei47 ,seesaw ,figures4--,su* gr\ps z two boys *opp+ wood1 two *ick5s dr9k+1 two dogs tugg+ at a /r+1 wre/l+ boys1 & simil> gr\ps are int]e/+ problems ( ! seesaw type4 7,see ,fig4 #fj47 ,detail4--,cut ! figures f c>dbo>d4 ,make ) a long p$e/al4 ,color ) crayon or wat] color4 ,use two light /icks = ! seesaw1 to :i* tack "o figure 9 a v]tical position & ! o!r on a slant4 ,fa/5 to ea* /ick ) "o tack4 ,if a c5tral figure is us$1 tack firmly to l[] /ick4 ,"w ! figure by mov+ ! upp] /ick :ile ! l[] "o is held firm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,"s simple toys4 ,toys4--,a box ( c>p5t]'s scraps ( s(t wood w supply mat]ial = a v>iety ( toys :i* may be made by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 !reby m ?an d\bl+ ! fun4 ,a few sugge/ions are giv5 9 detail4 ,! mak+ ( ^! w sugge/ o!rs4 7,see ,fig4 #fj47 ,doll's ,sw+4--,a heavy block = a base1 two tall uprights1 & a crosspiece w make ! frame4 ,make a seat f c>dbo>d or use ! end ( a small box & susp5d f crossb>4 ,doll's ,teet]4--,use a heavy block = a base4 ,two uprights ) d\ble-po9t$ tacks or not*es 9 ! top4 ,drive two d\ble-po9t$ tacks 9 l[] side ( teet] bo>d at c5t]4 ,slip a small rod ?r\gh ! tacks & re/ 9 ! not*es on ! uprights4 ,susp5d a weight by cords f ! l[] side ( ! bo>d1 adju/ until ! bo>d balances4 ,! ends ( ! bo>d %\ld be provid$ ) box seats = ! doll's com=t4 ,railroad ,tra94--,= c>s1 saw pieces f a squ>e /ick4 ,= eng9e1 use pieces ( broom/ick or o!r cyl9d]4 ,s(t wood is bett] if obta9able4 ,= :eels1 use pieces ( small broom/ick or d[el rod4 7,see ,fig4 #ef47 ,let ! *ildr5 /udy real tra9s & make ! be/ imitation !y c "w out4 ,jump+ ,jacks4--,cut ! figure f light weight c>dbo>d4 ,make head & body 9 "o piece4 ,cut two arms long en\gh to rea* well above ! head4 ,make ! h&s v l>ge4 ,cut two legs ei!r ) or )\t a jo9t at ! knee4 ,color ) crayon or wat] color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,adju/+ jump+ jack 9 frame4 ,fa/5 ! legs & arms to ! body ) a /r+ ti$ loosely to all[ free movem5ts4 ,make a frame ( two light /iff /icks & a crosspiece fa/5$ betwe5 !m ne> ! l[] end ( ! /icks4 ,fa/5 ) a s+le nail at ei!r end ( ! crosspiece4 ,cut not*es ne> ! upp] ends ( ! /icks4 ,fa/5 ! figure to ! frame by a /\t ?read4 ,use a co>se ne$le & c>ry ! ?read ?r\gh ! h&s twice1 leav+ a loop on ea* side to slip ov] ! ends ( ! /icks into ! not*es4 ,a small block or fold$ bit ( c>dbo>d betwe5 ! h&s to keep !m ap>t w improve ! movem5t ( ! toy4 ,adju/ ! figure s t ! ?reads are p>allel :5 ! figure hangs bel[ ! inv]t$ frame4 7,see ,fig4 #fa47 ,:5 ! frame is held upright1 ! figure w hang betwe5 ! /icks & ! ?reads w be cross$4 ,press ! l[] ends ( ! frame toge!r to make ! jump+ jack p]=m4 ,m]ry-g-r\nd4--,use a heavy block = a base4 ,bore a hole 9 ! c5t] & ins]t a squ>e /ick1 ab\t #aj 94 long4 ,= arms1 use two pieces ab\t #c_/h 94 ?ick & #aj 94 long4 ,fa/5 ^! toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cross & nail to ! top ( ! upright ) a s+le nail4 ,an awl may be us$ to make ! hole a little l>g] ?an ! nail s t ! arms w revolve easily4 ,susp5d a box seat ( wood or c>dbo>d f ea* arm to complete ! toy4 7,see ,fig4 #ei47 ,games4--,r+ ,toss4--,use two squ>e pieces ( bo>d at lea/ #a_/b 94 ?ick1 "o piece l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,bore a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! small] piece ) a #a_/b-;94 aug] bit4 ,= ! upright use a /ick #a_/b 94 squ>e & ab\t #ab 94 long4 ,:ittle ! corn]s ( ! /ick until x fits firmly into ! hole 9 ! small bo>d4 ,nail ! small bo>d to ! l>ge "o4 ,= ! r+s use re$s1 v5etian iron1 or hoops f small buckets or c>t :eels4 ,wrap ! r+s ) raffia or y>n4 ,make at lea/ ?ree r+s ( v>y+ sizes4 7,see ,fig4 #fj47 ,play+ r+ toss & keep+ tally makes an excell5t numb] game4 ,t5 ,p9s4--,f bogus or o!r heavy pap] roll & pa/e cyl9d]s ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t twelve in*es long4 ,^! may be set on end1 & any ( ! common t5 p9 games play$ ) ! help ( a s(t rubb] ball4 ,keep+ tally gives excell5t practice 9 numb]4 ,bean ,bag ,game4--,draw ?ree circles ( diff]5t sizes on a l>ge %eet ( heavy c>dbo>d4 ,c>efully cut out ! circles ) a %>p-po9t$ knife4 ,m\nt a picture ( "s animal on ea* piece cut out4 ,fa/5 ! pieces back 9 place by a s+le clo? h+e pa/$ on ! back1 & at ! l[e/ "p ( ! circle4 ,tack ! %eet ( c>dbo>d to a light wood5 frame to keep x f b5d+4 ,let ! frame re/ aga9/ ! wall at a slight angle4 ,bean bags ?r[n at ! animals w knock !m d[n z !y g ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! bean bags %\ld be made by ! *ildr54 ,v>i\s numb] games may be play$ ) bean bags4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,holidays ,! v>i\s holidays :i* come dur+ ! ye> mean s mu* to little *ildr5 t !y %\ld receive special notice & %\ld sugge/ ! =m ( h&work to be done at ! "t4 ,?anksgiv+ sugge/s att5tion to h>ve/ products1 to be model$ 9 clay1 cut f pap]1 or drawn ) crayon2 ! mak+ ( s&-table sc5es %[+ e>ly ,new ,engl& life 9 v>i\s phases2 ! mak+ ( v>i\s ut5sils & commodities ( ! primitive home :i* diff] f our own2 z1 = example1 ! mak+ ( c&les1 ! h\r glass1 & ! sundial4 ,*ri/mas sugge/s ! mak+ ( toys & all sorts ( ?+s suitable = gifts4 ,if ! "w c5t]s ar\nd ! ,*ri/mas tree1 x (f]s opportunity = cop]ation 9 mak+ trimm+ su* z pap] *a9s1 pop-corn /r+s1 etc41 z well z individual gifts4 ,if a tree is n obta9able1 a box may be dress$ up 9 imitation ( ,santa's sleigh drawn by c>dbo>d re9de]4 ,:atev] else is done 9 honor ( ! visit ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ! _s ( giv+ %\ld be cultivat$ by mak+ gifts to "s y\ng] or less =tunate gr\ps4 ,picture books may be made = sick *ildr51 doll furniture & o!r toys = ! orphans' home or "s family ( un=tunates4 ,a sack might arrive a week or two be=e ,*ri/mas accompani$ by a telegram f ,santa reque/+ contributions to help him out 9 "s specific way & /at+ t x w\ld be call$ = at a c]ta9 "t4 ,:5 a real ,santa calls = ! sack1 he may leave 9 its place ano!r conta9+ "s unexpect$ treat = ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,! gifts :i* ! *ildr5 contribute %\ld be ( _! own mak+1 t !y may h a full s5se ( real giv+ & n m]ely ! pleasure ( deliv]+ ! p>cels "m has provid$4 ,val5t9e's ,day (f]s an opportunity = develop+ appreciation ( a high] =m ( art ?an ! %op w9d[s frequ5tly (f]1 & also inve/+ ) pure1 sweet s5tim5t a day :i* means1 9 "s qu>t]s1 only vulg> s5tim5tality & co>se je/s4 ,ea/] (f]s a simil> opportunity = emphasis on ! f9e ?+s 9 color & subjects = greet+ c>ds4 ,! season also sugge/s emphasis on /udy ( budd+ plants & "y animal life by means ( cutt+1 pa9t+1 & model+4 ,h]o days sugge/ a v>iety ( =ms ( h&work1 su* z picture mak+ ) crayons or cutt+s1 or pictures 9 ?ree dim5sions on ! s& table1 = int5sify+ important phases ( ! h]o's life2 illu/rat$ /ories 9 booklet =m2 & ! mak+ ( prop]ties = dramatic repres5tations4 ,^! ?+s (f] a welcome *ange f ! /]eotyp$ ,speak+ day1 & /imulate orig9ality & self-reliance4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 & s _m sugge/ions are con/antly be+ (f]$ 9 s*ool j\rnals t specific sugge/ions = ?+s to make seem sup]flu\s "h4 ,individual ,problems4--,:ile community problems mu/ =m a l>ge "p ( ! h&work 9 ! l[] grades1 x is desirable to h1 f "t to "t1 projects :i* seek a def9ite result f ea* pupil4 ,9 ! community problem x is possible = ! /rong pupil to monopolize ! values ( ! "w by impos+ 8 ideas ^u 8 fell[s & by do+ all ! "w :ile ! sl[] pupils are gett+ ready to beg94 ,9 ! same way x is possible = ! lazy pupil to %irk mu* ( 8 responsibility ?r\gh ! eag]ness ( 8 companions4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to ma9ta9 a balance by ! use ( individual problems ( a m def9ite type4 ,^! may (t5 be specific p>ts ( ! community problem1 b ?is w n meet all ! ne$s ( ! case4 ,! special days (f] excell5t occasion = "w ( ?is sort 9 addition to ! cop]ative problems :i* are und]tak5 by ! class z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,g5]al ,,sugge/ions ,,& ,,summ>y ,modification ( ,outl9es4--,all ! projects outl9$ 9 ! =ego+ pages are capable ( modification & adaptation to ! ne$s ( sev]al grades4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ne>ly e problem1 _m m sugge/ions are (f]$ ?an w (t5 be applicable 9 any "o in/ance ( its developm5t4 ,! directions are1 = ! mo/ "p1 giv5 f ! /&po9t ( ! fir/ grade1 on ! pr9ciple t x is easi] to add to ! detail ( a problem ?an to simplify x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! directions are n g5]ally specific 9 detail1 9 ord] to prev5t z f> z possible a me*anical copy+ ( any project4 ,emphasis on ,self-expression4--,x is desir$ to place special emphasis ^u ! po9t t ea* project und]tak51 if x is to rea* its highe/ value1 mu/ come z fully z possible f ! *ildr5 !mselves & be to ! v fulle/ ext5t _! self-expression4 ,n any h\se describ$ 9 ?is book1 nor any h\se se5 9 ano!r s*oolroom1 nor ev5 ! h\se :i* ,i1 z tea*]1 plan 9 detail1 w be mo/ valuable to my class2 b r our h\se1 :i* we1 tea*] & pupils work+ toge!r1 evolve to suit our own ne$s & fancies1 us+ sugge/ions ga!r$ f e available s\rce1 b adapt+ !m to our own ne$s4 ,self-direct$ ,activity & ,discipl9e4--,! t]ms self-direct$ activity & self-expression mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! idea ( lett+ ! *ildr5 d z !y please 9 any r&om & purposeless fa%ion4 ,if "o 7 to />t out to escort a gr\p ( *ildr5 to a c]ta9 hilltop1 x is q probable t "s ( !m w\ld run "p ( ! way4 ,o!rs w\ld walk 9 twos & ?rees1 & ^! w\ld *ange ab\t4 ,!y w\ld halt to look at ?+s t attract$ _! att5tion4 ,! lead] w\ld halt !m to obs]ve "s int]e/+ po9t :i* !y might o!rwise miss4 ,%\ld any ( !m w&] f ! "r pa? ! lead] w\ld call !m back1 & any frail *ild w\ld be help$ ov] ! h>d places4 ,yet ) all ?is fre$om ! gr\p might move /eadily =w>d & rea* ! hilltop 9 due "t4 ,all progress up ! hill ( k %\ld foll[ a simil> plan4 ,! tea*] %\ld h a v def9ite idea ( ! end to be atta9$4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld "w ) a purpose1 & t purpose %\ld be ( su* imm$iate int]e/ to !m t !y w\ld be anxi\s to atta9 x4 ,!y w\ld !n "w e>ne/ly1 & discipl9e w\ld settle itself4 ,h&work projects %\ld be suffici5tly simple to all[ ea* work] to see 8 way ?r\gh1 or at lea/ f9d 8 way )\t wait+ = directions at ea* /ep4 ,in/ead ( a bl9d foll[+ ( su* directions ! work] %\ld at all times feel himself ! ma/] ( 8 tools & mat]ials & be able to make !m obey 8 impulse & express 8 idea4 ,?is attitude t[>d "w c be secur$ only :5 ! "w is kept q d[n to ! level ( ! *ild's ability & appreciation4 ,only by ?is means c we hope to e/abli% ! inspir+ & /r5g!n+ habit ( success4 ,introduction ( ,new ,me?ods4--,! "q arises1 ,h[ %all "w ( ?is sort be adapt$ to a c\rse ( /udy :i* is already full & does n provide "t = h&work8 ,h&work takes m "t ?an bookwork1 & *ildr5 evolve plans b sl[ly4 ,if ! tea*] waits = ! *ildr5 to evolve plans & !n c>ry !m out on _! own responsibility1 ! quantity ( "w produc$ w be small & ! quality poor comp>$ ) ! results ga9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,! fre] me?od mu/ be ju/ifi$1 n by its tangible results1 b by its value z a means ( individual developm5t4 ,if x is true t ,"o good idea kn[n to be ?9e own ,is wor? a ?\s& glean$ f fields by o!rs s[n1 !n x foll[s t a small quantity ( crude "w may (t5 repres5t great] g5u9e gr[? ?an a l>g] quantity ( nicely f9i%$ "w1 if ! latt] has be5 accompli%$ by su* c>eful dictation t individual ?\ght on ! "p ( ! pupils 0 unnecess>y4 ,common s5se is ! be/ guide 9 introduc+ a new me?od ( "w4 ,any sudd5 transition is likely to be disa/r\s4 ,responsibility 9 new fields %\ld be %ift$ f tea*] to pupils z rapidly z !y are able to c>ry x1 b x %\ld nev] be transf]r$ 9 :olesale fa%ion4 ,?is is especially true ( a class t is accu/om$ to wait = ! tea*]'s p]mission or comm& 9 all ! small details ( s*oolroom life1 su* z speak+1 mov+ ab\t ! room1 etc4 ,! fre] me?ods may be introduc$ by ei!r ( two plans4 ,9 c>ry+ ?r\gh ! fir/ s&-table project1 = example1 ! tea*] may plan ! details q z def9itely z is h] cu/om 9 g5]al "w1 assign ea* "p to a p>ticul> pupil1 & guide 8 execution ( x z f> z necess>y4 ,) ea* succe$+ project m & m fre$om may be grant$1 z ! *ildr5 become accu/om$ to community "w & le>n h[ to use ! mat]ials involv$4 ,or1 ! "w may be introduc$ by all[+ two or ?ree v tru/wor?y pupils to "w out1 q alone1 "s simple project :i* w appeal to ! entire class z v desirable4 ,o!r projects may be work$ out by o!r pupils z !y %[ !mselves wor?y ( tru/4 ,su* a plan sets a premium ^u indep5d5ce & ability to direct "o's own actions1 & has a b5eficial effect ^u g5]al discipl9e4 ,ea* individual tea*] mu/ foll[ ! plan :i* be/ accords ) h] individual habits & ! conditions "u :i* %e works4 ,no rule c be rat$ z be/ "u any & all circum/ances4 ,new & ,diff]5t ,projects4--,tea*]s frequ5tly sp5d "t & n]ve =ce seek+ new projects suppos$ly to /imulate ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr54 ,(t5 a c>eful exam9ation into ! true motives back ( ! se>* w\ld prove t x is n s mu* to /imulate ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 z to call =? ! admiration ( o!r tea*]s4 ,because a h\se 0 built la/ ye> does n h9d] ! build+ ( ano!r ?is ye>4 ,if ! *ildr5 are all[$ ample fre$om1 ! h\ses w n be alike4 ,if ! tea*] is c5t]+ h] int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ildr5 & n 9 ! ?+s ! *ildr5 make1 ! projects w always be new because work$ out 9 a new way by a diff]5t gr\p ( *ildr54 ,monotony comes ab\t ?r\gh ! tea*]'s attempt to plan out details & impose !m ^u ! *ildr51 a process q simil> to ! use ( pr$ige/$ foods4 ,quality ( ,"w4--,me?ods su* z outl9$ above are sometimes criticiz$ because ( ! crudity ( ! results4 ,x is sometimes argu$ t ! crude "w e/abli%es l[ /&>ds & t bett] f9i%$ "w ( a m useful type is m desirable 9 s*ool projects4 ,c]ta9ly ev]y?+ :i* is done 9 s*ool %\ld be useful4 ,s*ool ye>s are too preci\s to be wa/$1 9 any degree1 on a ?+ :i* is useless4 ,b x is important to h a "r /&>d = measur+ ! usefulness ( a project4 ,s9ce x is ! *ild's int]e/ & ef=t :i* are to be /imulat$1 8 "w mu/ be useful f 8 po9t ( view4 ,! ?+s t he works ^u mu/ be valuable to him p]sonally4 ,x is n en\gh = ! tea*] to be satisfi$ ) ! value ( ! subject matt]4 ,x mu/1 z f> z possible1 be self-evid5t to ! *ild himself4 ,9 ! gr[+ p]iod a *ild is always anxi\s to excel himself & atta9 a high] level1 ne>] ! adult /&>ds4 ,he measures 8 gr[?1 n only 9 in*es1 b 9 ability to run fa/]1 jump f>!r1 c\nt high]1 & s on4 ,s long z he is /imulat$ by an int]e/+ motive he puts =? 8 be/ ef=t4 ,x is only :5 we set him tasks & dem& bl9d ob$i5ce t he lags4 ,if 8 crude "w repres5ts 8 be/ ef=t1 hone/ly put =?1 he w1 & he does1 desire to d some?+ bett] ea* "t he tries4 ,if he is p]mitt$ to "w freely ^u projects ( imm$iate int]e/ to him1 he n only becomes famili> ) v>i\s mat]ials & ! purposes !y may s]ve1 b he also beg9s to realize 8 inability to make !m always obey 8 impulse4 ,z soon z he discov]s t !re are bett] & easi] ways ( work+ :i* br+ ab\t m satisfactory results1 he is anxi\s to le>n ! tricks ( ! trade2 & he comes to ! lat]1 m te*nical c\rses 9 h&work1 n only ) m intellig5ce1 b also ) an appreciation ( _! value :i* is reflect$ 9 ! quality ( 8 "w4 ,summ>y4--,! la/ ^w1 z ! fir/ 9 ?is little book1 w\ld /ress ! fact t x is always possible to improve pres5t conditions4 ,activity is an ess5tial factor 9 a *ild's developm5t 9 s*ool z well z out4 ,h&work is an important phase ( ?is necess>y activity4 ,nei!r lack ( "t1 sc>city ( mat]ial1 nor lack ( tra9+ on ! "p ( ! tea*] is a suffici5t excuse = failure to use "s h&work 9 e s*ool4 ,mu* c be accompli%$ ) mat]ials :i* are to be f\nd any:]e1 )\t us+ m "t ?an is ord9>ily devot$ to ! subject1 & ) bett] results1 if we w b realize t educative h&work is n conf9$ to ! mak+ ( a few books1 boxes1 mats1 or baskets aft] a prescrib$ patt]n1 h[ev] good 9 !mselves ^! may be1 b is also a means ?r\gh :i* we may tea* o!r subject matt]4 ,we n only le>n to d by do+1 b we come to "k ?r\gh try+ to d4 ,& we (t5 le>n m ?r\gh our failures ?an ?r\gh our successes4 ,we defraud ! *ildr5 if we deprive !m ( ?is important factor 9 _! developm5t4 ,any tea*] :o is will+ to beg9 ) :at %e has & let ! *ildr5 d ! be/ !y c ) x1 w f9d unexpect$ res\rces & great] opportunities at e h&4 ,let u n all[ ourselves to gr[ di%e>t5$ ?r\gh va9 wi%es = ! impossible or = ! advantages ( "s o!r field1 b attack our own ) vigor & det]m9ation2 = ,! common problem1 y\rs1 m9e1 e "o's ,is--n to fancy :at 7 fair 9 life ,provid$ x c\ld be--b1 f9d+ fir/ ,:at may be1 !n f9d h[ to make x fair ,up to our means4 ,,ref]5ces ,,dewey--,! ,s*ool & ! ,*ild2 ,s*ool & ,society2 ,! ,*ild & ! ,curriculum4 ,o',,%ea--,dynamic ,factors 9 ,education4 ,,scott--,social ,education4 ,,dopp--,! ,place ( ,indu/ries 9 ,elem5t>y ,education4 ,,bone--,! ,s]vice ( ! ,h& 9 ! ,s*ool4 ,,s>g5t--,f9e & ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,,r[--,! ,educational ,mean+ ( ,manual ,arts & ,indu/ries4 ,,*>t]s--,me?ods ( ,tea*+4 ,,bagley--,! ,educative ,process4 ,,russell--,! ,s*ool & ,indu/rial ,life4 ,educational ,review1 ,dec4 #aiji4 ,,sykes ,,& ,,bons]--,indu/rial ,education4 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,sept4 #aiaa4 ,,b5nett--,! ,place ( ,manual ,arts 9 ,education4 ,educational ,review1 ,oct4 #aiaa4 ,,ri*>ds--,h&work 9 ! ,prim>y ,s*ool4 ,manual ,tra9+ ,magaz9e1 ,oct4 #aija4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,classroom ,,use ,cop+ ,saw ,"w ,,john/on ,s*ool ,draw+ ,,daniels ,little ,folks ,h&y ,book ,,be>d ,_w at ,"w ,s]ies ,,dutton ,big ,p & ,little ,p ( ,o!r ,l&s ,,%aw ,h[ ,we ,are ,f$ ,,*amb]la9 ,h[ ,we ,are ,clo!d ,,*amb]la9 ,h[ ,we ,are ,%elt]$ ,,*amb]la9 ,cont95ts & _! ,p ,,*amb]la9 ,h[ ! ,_w is ,f$ ,,c>p5t] ,h[ ! ,_w is ,clo!d ,,c>p5t] ,h[ ! ,_w is ,h\s$ ,,c>p5t] ,ar\nd ! ,_w ,s]ies ,,tolman ,y\?'s ,companion ,s]ies ,,lane ,! ,bird ,woman ,,*&l] ,! ,tree ,dwell]s ,,dopp ,! ,e>ly ,cave ,m5 ,,dopp ,! ,lat] ,cave ,m5 ,,dopp ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,footnotes3 #a ,9 scor+ c>dbo>d cut ab\t halfway ?r\gh ! bo>d on ! outside ( ! fold4 #b ,see ,scott's ,social ,education4 #c ,see ,riv]side ,prim]4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,additional spac+ aft] "s ( ! quotes is int5tional to indicate bo? ! end ( a quotation & ! beg9n+ ( a new p>agraph z pres5t$ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4