-------------------------------------   
,transcrib]'s note3                     
,_m words 9 ! text are spell$      ) or 
)\t a hyph52 ^! are     n correct$ z bo?
 =ms occur       ) almo/ same frequ5cy &
 !      hyph5at$ =m might indicate an   
emphasis 9 words su* z                  
re-=mation4                             
-------------------------------------   
,,p$agogics   ,,z ,a   ,,sy/em4    ,by  
,dr4 ,,k>l ,,ros5kranz1    ,doctor (    
,!ology & ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at !  
,univ]sity   ( ,knigsb]g4    ,,translat$
 ,,f ,,! ,,g]man    ,by ,,anna ,c4      
,,brackett4     7,repr9t$ f ,j\rnal (   
,speculative ,philosophy47     ,,/4     
,,l\is1 ,,mo43   ,,! ,r4 ,p4 ,,/udley   
,,company1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,corn] ,,ma9      
,,olive ,,/s4   #ahgb4    ,ent]$ accord+
 to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgb1 by 
,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1   ,9 ! ,(fice ( !
 ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4     
,,analysis4       ,,fir/ ,,"p4    ,its  
,nature4      ,9 its ,g5]al ,its ,=m4   
,idea4        ,its ,limits4             

,,second ,,"p4   ,physical4      ,9 its 
,special ,intellectual4        ,elem5ts4
    ,moral4                             
,family     ,*9a4                       
,passive4    ,ca/e      ,india4         
,monki%    ,?ibet4                      
,milit>y   ,p]sia4                      
,national4 ,active      ,prie/ly        
,egypt4                                 
,indu/rial ,pho5icia4                   
/hetic    ,greece4   ,e                 
,individual4 ,practical   ,rome4   ,d   
,ab/ract   ,nor!rn4   ,u                
,individual ,b>b>ians4   ,c             
,a               ,!ocratic4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4  ,jews4   ,t                  
,i               ,monki%4   ,o  ,,?ird  
,,"p4     ,n  ,9 its                    
,p>ticul>         ,sy/ems4              
,*ivalric4                              
,humanit>ian4 ,= ,special  ,jesuitic4   
,call+s4   ,pieti/ic4                   
,!                                      
,humani/ic4                   ,= ,civil 
,to a*ieve                        ,life4

        an ,ideal ( ,!                  
,culture4    ,philan?ropic              
,movem5t4                               
,= ,free ,citiz5%ip4   ,,p$agogics ,,z  
,a ,,sy/em4     ,inquiries f tea*]s 9   
diff]5t sections ( !   c\ntry z to !    
s\rces ( in=mation on ! subject (       
,tea*+ z a ,sci5ce h l$ me to believe t 
a   translation ( ,ros5kranz's          
,p$agogics may be widely   acceptable & 
useful4 ,x is v c]ta9 t too mu* (   our 
tea*+ is simply empirical1 & z ,g]many  
has1 m   ?an any o!r c\ntry1 endeavor$  
to f\nd x ^u   univ]sal tru?s1 x is to t
 c\ntry t we mu/ at   pres5t look = a   
rem$y = ?is empiricism4    ,bas$ z ?is  
is ^u ! pr(\nde/ sy/em ( ,g]man         
,philosophy1 no m sugge/ive treatise on 
,education c   p]haps be f\nd4 ,9 8 ?ird
 "p1 z w be readily   se51 ,ros5kranz   
foll[s ! classification ( ,national     
ideas giv5 9 ,hegel's ,philosophy (     
,hi/ory4 ,! ^w   ,p$agogics1 ?\gh x has 
un=tunately acquir$ a   some:at         
unpleasant mean+ 9 ,engli%--?anks to !  

writ]s :o h made ! ^w p$agogue s        
odi\s--des]ves to be r$eem$ = future    
use4 ,i h1   !re=e1 reta9$ x 9 !        
translation4    ,9 ord] t ! read] may   
see ! g5]al scope ( !   "w1 ,i app5d 9  
tabul> =m ! table ( cont5ts1   giv+     
h[ev]1 "u ! fir/ & second p>ts1 only !  
ma9 divisions4 ,! m9or heads c1 ( c\rse1
 z !y   appe> 9 ! translation1 be easily
 locat$4--,tr4     ,,introduction4      
#a4 ,! sci5ce ( ,p$agogics _c be d]iv$ f
 a simple pr9ciple ) su* exactness z    
,logic & ,e?ics4 ,x is r a mix$ sci5ce  
:i* has its presuppositions 9 _m o!rs4  
,9 ?is respect x resembles ,m$ic9e1 )   
:i* x has ?is also 9 common1 t x mu/    
make a di/9ction betwe5 a s\nd & an     
unheal?y sy/em ( education1 & mu/ devise
 means to prev5t or to cure ! latt]4 ,x 
may !re=e h1 l ,m$ic9e1 ! ?ree dep>tm5ts
 ( ,physiology1 ,pa?ology1 &            
,!rapeutics4   #b4 ,s9ce ,p$agogics is  
capable ( no su* exact def9itions ( its 
pr9ciple & no su* logical d$uction z o!r
 sci5ces1 ! treatises writt5 ^u x ab\nd 

m 9 %all[ness ?an any o!r lit]ature4    
,%ort-sight$ness & arrogance f9d 9 x a  
mo/ cong5ial atmosph]e1 & criticism &   
declamatory bomba/ fl\ri% 9 p]fection z 
n[h]e else4 ,! lit]ature ( religi\s     
tracts might be consid]$ to rival t (   
,p$agogics 9 its sup]ficiality &        
assurance1 if x did n = ! mo/ "p seem   
itself to belong1 ?r\gh its ascetic     
nature1 to ,p$agogics4 ,b tea*]s z      
p]sons %\ld be treat$ 9 _! weaknesses & 
failures ) ! utmo/ consid]ation1 because
 !y are mo/ ( !m s9c]e 9 contribut+ _!  
mite = ! improvem5t ( education1 & all  
_! p$agogic practice incl9es !m t[>ds   
adm9i/]+ repro( & giv+ advice4   #c4 ,! 
*>latanism ( educational lit]ature is   
also fo/]$ by ! fact t tea*+ has become 
"o ( ! mo/ pr(itable employm5ts1 & !    
competition 9 x t5ds to increase        
self-glorification4  --,:5 ,boz 9 8     
,ni*olas ,nickleby expos$ ! horrible    
my/]ies ( an ,engli% bo>d+-s*ool1 _m    
tea*]s ( su* s*ools 71 z he assures u1 s
 accurately describ$ t !y op5ly compla9$

 he _h aim$ 8 c>icatures directly at    
!m4--   #d4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ! sci5ces1     
,p$agogics belongs to ! ,philosophy (   
,_s1--& 9 ?is1 to ! dep>tm5t (          
,practical ,philosophy1 ! problem ( :i* 
is ! compreh5sion ( ! necessity (       
fre$om2 = education is ! consci\s work+ 
( "o w on ano!r s z to produce itself 9 
x accord+ to a det]m9ate aim4 ,! idea ( 
subjective _s1 z well z t ( ,art1       
,sci5ce1 & ,religion1 =ms ! ess5tial    
condition = ,p$agogics1 b does n conta9 
its pr9ciple4 ,if "o ?9ks out a complete
 /atem5t ( ,practical ,philosophy       
7,e?ics71 ,p$agogics may be di/ribut$   
among all its grades4 ,b ! po9t at :i*  
,p$agogics itself becomes organic is !  
idea ( ! ,family1 because 9 ! family !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! adults & ! m9ors ent]s
 directly ?r\gh ! naturalness ( _s1 & ! 
"r ( ! *ildr5 to an education & ! duty (
 p>5ts t[>ds !m 9 ?is respect is        
inconte/able4 ,all o!r sph]es (         
education1 9 ord] to succe$1 mu/        
presuppose a true family life4 ,!y may  

ext5d & complem5t ! bus9ess ( tea*+1 b  
_c be its orig9al f\ndation4  --,9 our  
sy/ematic exposition ( ,education1 we   
mu/ n all[ ourselves to be l$ into error
 by ^? !ories :i* d n recognize !       
family1 & :i* limit ! relation ( husb& &
 wife to ! produc+ ( *ildr54 ,!         
,platonic ,philosophy is ! mo/ wor?y    
repres5tative ( ?is class4 ,lat] writ]s 
:o take great pleasure 9 see+ ! _w full 
( *ildr51 b :o w\ld subtract f ! love to
 a wife all tru? & f t to *ildr5 all    
c>e1 exhibit 9 _! doctr9e ( ! an>*y (   
love only a sickly 7b yet h[ preval5t   
an7 imitation ( ! ,platonic /ate4--     
#e4 ,mu* confusion also arises f ! fact 
t _m d n cle>ly en\gh draw ! di/9ction  
betwe5 ,p$agogics z a sci5ce &          
,p$agogics z an art4 ,z a sci5ce x      
busies itself ) develop+ a priori ! idea
 ( ,education 9 ! univ]sality &         
necessity ( t idea1 b z an art x is !   
concrete individualiz+ ( ?is ab/ract    
idea 9 any giv5 case4 ,& 9 any su* giv5 
case1 ! peculi>ities ( ! p]son :o is to 

be educat$ & all ! previ\sly exi/+      
circum/ances necessitate a modification 
( ! univ]sal aims & ends1 :i*           
modification _c be provid$ = be=eh&1 b  
mu/ r te/ ! ready tact ( ! educator :o  
kn[s h[ to make ! exi/+ conditions      
fulfil 8 desir$ end4 ,x is exactly 9 do+
 ?is t ! educator may %[ himself        
inv5tive & creative1 & t p$agogic tal5t 
c di/+ui% itself4 ,! ^w art is "h us$ 9 
! same way z x is us$ :5 we say1 ! art (
 w>1 ! art ( gov]nm5t1 c42 & rightly1 = 
we are talk+ ab\t ! possibility ( !     
realization ( ! idea4  --,! educator mu/
 adapt himself to ! pupil1 b n to su* a 
degree z to imply t ! pupil is incapable
 ( *ange1 & he mu/ also be sure t !     
pupil %all le>n ?r\gh 8 exp]i5ce !      
indep5d5ce ( ! object /udi$1 :i* rema9s 
un9flu5c$ by 8 v>iable p]sonal moods1 & 
! adaptation on ! tea*]'s "p mu/ nev]   
compromise ?is indep5d5ce4--   #f4 ,if  
conditions :i* are local1 temporal1 &   
individual1 are fix$ z con/ant rules1 & 
c>ri$ beyond _! prop] limits1 are       

sy/ematiz$ z a valuable =mali/ic code1  
unavoidable error arises4 ,! =mul (     
tea*+ are admirable mat]ial = ! sci5ce1 
b are n ! sci5ce itself4   #g4          
,p$agogics z a sci5ce mu/ 7#a7 unfold ! 
g5]al idea ( ,education2 7#b7 mu/       
exhibit ! p>ticul> phases into :i* !    
g5]al "w ( ,education divides itself1 & 
7#c7 mu/ describe ! p>ticul> /&po9t ^u  
:i* ! g5]al idea realizes itself1 or    
%\ld become real 9 its special processes
 at any p>ticul> "t4   #h4 ,! treatm5t (
 ! fir/ "p (f]s no difficulty4 ,x is    
logically too evid5t4 ,b x w\ld n d to  
sub/itute = x ! hi/ory ( ,p$agogics1    
simply because all ! conceptions ( x :i*
 appe> 9 sy/ematic treatises c be f\nd  
!re4  --,into ?is error ,g4 ,?aul[ has  
fall5 9 8 pamphlet on ,p$agogics z a    
,philosophical ,sci5ce4--   #i4 ,!      
second division unfolds ! subject ( !   
physical1 intellectual & practical      
culture ( ! human race1 & con/itutes !  
ma9 "p ( all books on ,p$agogy4 ,"h     
arises ! greate/ difficulty z to !      

limitations1 p>tly because ( ! undef9$  
nature ( ! ideas1 p>tly because ( !     
degree ( amplification :i* ! details    
dem&4 ,"h is ! field ( ! wide/ possible 
diff]5ces4 ,if e4g4 "o /udies out !     
conception ( ! s*ool ) ref]5ce to !     
qualitative specialities :i* "o may     
consid]1 x is evid5t t he c ext5d 8     
rem>ks indef9itely2 he may speak ?us (  
te*nological s*ools ( all k9ds1 to tea* 
m9+1 navigation1 w>1 art1 c4   #aj4 ,!  
?ird division di/+ui%es betwe5 ! diff]5t
 /&po9ts :i* are possible 9 ! work+ out 
( ! conception ( ,education 9 its       
special elem5ts1 & :i* !re=e produce    
diff]5t sy/ems ( ,education :]e9 ! g5]al
 & ! p>ticul> are individualiz$ 9 a     
special mann]4 ,9 e sy/em ! g5]al       
t5d5cies ( ! idea ( education1 & !      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical1 intellectual
 & practical culture ( man1 mu/ be      
=mally recogniz$1 & w appe>4 ,! ,h[ is  
decid$ by ! /&po9t :i* r$uces t =malism 
to a special sy/em4 ,?us x becomes      
possible to discov] ! ess5tial cont5ts (

 ! hi/ory ( ,p$agogics f its idea1 s9ce 
?is c furni% n an indef9ite b a c]ta9   
numb] ( ,p$agogic sy/ems4  --,! l[]     
/&po9t m]ges always into ! high]1 & 9 s 
do+ fir/ atta9s its full mean+1 e4g43   
,education = ! sake ( ! nation is set   
aside = high] /&po9ts1 e4g41 t (        
,*ri/ianity2 b we mu/ n suppose t !     
national phase ( ,education 0 c\nt$ z   
n\ght f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t4 ,r x itself  
_h outgr[n ! limits :i*1 ?\gh suitable  
en\gh = its e>ly /age1 c\ld no long]    
conta9 its true idea4 ,?is is sure to be
 ! case 9 ! fact t ! national           
individualities become inde/ructible by 
be+ incorporat$ into ,*ri/ianity--a fact
 t contradicts ! ab/ract seiz+ ( su*    
relations4--   #aa4 ,! la/ sy/em mu/ be 
t ( ! pres5t1 & s9ce ?is is c]ta9ly on  
"o side ! result ( all ! pa/1 :ile on ! 
o!r seiz$ 9 its possibilities x is      
det]m9$ by ! ,future1 ! bus9ess (       
,p$agogics _c pause till x rea*es its   
ideal ( ! g5]al & special det]m9ations1 
s t look$ at 9 ?is way ! ,sci5ce (      

,p$agogics at its end returns to its    
beg9n+4 ,! fir/ & second divisions      
already conta9 ! idea ( ! sy/em necess>y
 = ! ,pres5t4     ,,fir/ ,,"p4  ,!      
,g5]al ,idea ( ,education4    #ab4 ,!   
idea ( ,p$agogics 9 g5]al mu/ di/+ui%1  
7#a7 ,! nature ( ,education 9 g5]al2    
7#b7 ,its =m2   7#c7 ,its limits4   ,i4 
,! ,nature ( ,education4   #ac4 ,!      
nature ( ,education is det]m9$ by !     
nature ( m9d--t x c develop :atev] x    
really is only by its own activity4 ,m9d
 is 9 itself free2 b if x does n        
actualize ?is possibility1 x is 9 no    
true s5se free1 ei!r = itself or =      
ano!r4 ,education is ! influ5c+ ( man by
 man1 & x has = its end to lead him to  
actualize himself ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts4 ,! 
atta9m5t ( p]fect manhood z !           
actualization ( ! ,fre$om necess>y to   
m9d con/itutes ! nature ( ,education 9  
g5]al4  --,! completely isolat$ man does
 n become man4 ,solit>y human be+s :o h 
be5 f\nd 9 =e/s1 l ! wild girl ( ! =e/ (
 ,ard5nes1 suffici5tly prove ! fact t ! 

truly human qualities 9 man _c be       
develop$ )\t reciprocal action ) human  
be+s4 ,casp> ,haus] 9 8 subt]ranean     
prison is an illu/ration ( :at man w\ld 
be by himself4 ,! fir/ cry ( ! *ild     
expresses 9 its appeals to o!rs ?is     
helplessness ( spirituality on ! side ( 
nature4--   #ad4 ,man1 !re=e1 is ! only 
fit subject = education4 ,we (t5 speak1 
x is true1 ( ! education ( plants &     
animals2 b ev5 :5 we d s1 we apply1     
unconsci\sly p]haps1 o!r expressions1 z 
rais+ & tra9+1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ^!4    
,break+ consi/s 9 produc+ 9 an animal1  
ei!r by pa9 or pleasure ( ! s5ses1 an   
activity ( :i*1 x is true1 he is        
capable1 b :i* he nev] w\ld h develop$  
if left to himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is !
 nature ( ,education only to assi/ 9 !  
produc+ ( t :i* ! subject w\ld /rive mo/
 e>ne/ly to develop = himself if he _h a
 cle> idea ( himself4 ,we speak ( rais+ 
trees & animals1 b n ( rais+ m52 & x is 
only a plant] :o looks to 8 slaves only 
= an increase 9 _! numb]4  --,!         

education ( m5 is q (t5 en\gh1          
un=tunately1 only a break+1 & "h & !re  
/ill may be f\nd examples :]e "o tries  
to tea* me*anically1 n ?r\gh ! und]/&+  
p[] ( ! creative ,,^w1 b ?r\gh ! p[]less
 & fruitless appeal to physical pa94--  
#ae4 ,! idea ( ,education may be m or   
less compreh5sive4 ,we use x 9 ! wide/  
s5se :5 we speak ( ! ,education ( !     
race1 = we und]/& by ?is expression !   
connection :i* ! acts & situations (    
diff]5t nations h to ea* o!r1 z diff]5t 
/eps t[>ds self-consci\s fre$om4 ,9 ?is 
! _w-_s is ! tea*]4   #af4 ,9 a m       
re/rict$ s5se we mean by ,education !   
%ap+ ( ! individual life by ! =ces (    
nature1 ! rhy?mical movem5t ( national  
cu/oms1 & ! might ( de/9y 9 :i* ea* "o  
f9ds limits set to 8 arbitr>y w4 ,^! (t5
 m\ld him into a man )\t 8 k4 ,= he _c  
act 9 opposition to nature1 nor (f5d !  
e?ical s5se ( ! p among :om he dwells1  
nor despise ! lead+ ( de/9y )\t discov]+
 ?r\gh exp]i5ce t be=e ! ,nemesis ( ^!  
sub/antial elem5ts 8 subjective p[] c   

da% itself only to be %att]$4 ,if he    
p]v]sely & p]si/5tly rejects all our    
admonitions1 we leave him1 z a la/      
resort1 to de/9y1 ^: iron rule mu/      
educate him1 & reveal to him ! ,god :om 
he has misund]/ood4  --,x is1 ( c\rse1  
sometimes n only possible1 b necess>y = 
"o1 mov$ by ! highe/ s5se ( morality1 to
 act 9 opposition to ! laws ( nature1 to
 (f5d ! e?ical s5se ( ! p t surr\nd him1
 & to brave ! bl[s ( de/9y2 b su* a "o  
is a sublime re=m] or m>tyr1 & we are n 
n[ speak+ ( su*1 b ( ! p]v]se1 !        
frivol\s1 & ! conceit$4--   #ag4 ,9 !   
n>r[e/ s5se1 :i* h[ev] is ! usual "o1 we
 mean by ,education ! influ5ce :i* "o   
m9d ex]ts on ano!r 9 ord] to cultivate !
 latt] 9 "s und]/ood & me?odical way1   
ei!r g5]ally or ) ref]5ce to "s special 
aim4 ,! educator mu/1 !re=e1 be         
relatively f9i%$ 9 8 own education1 & ! 
pupil mu/ possess unlimit$ confid5ce 9  
him4 ,if au?ority be want+ on ! "o side1
 or respect & ob$i5ce on ! o!r1 ?is     
e?ical basis ( developm5t mu/ fail1 & x 

dem&s 9 ! v highe/ degree1 tal5t1 k1    
skill1 & prud5ce4  --,education takes on
 ?is =m only "u ! culture :i* has be5   
develop$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( city life4  
,up to t "t we h ! nave p]iod (         
education1 :i* holds to ! g5]al p[]s (  
nature1 ( national cu/oms1 & ( de/9y1 & 
:i* la/s = a long "t among ! rural      
populations4 ,b 9 ! city a great]       
complication ( ev5ts1 an unc]ta9ty ( !  
results ( reflection1 a work+ out (     
individuality1 & a ne$ ( ! possession ( 
_m arts & trades1 make _! appe>ance &   
r5d] x impossible = m5 long] to be rul$ 
by m]e cu/om4 ,! ,telema*us ( ,f5elon 0 
educat$ to rule himself by means (      
reflection2 ! actual ,telema*us 9 !     
h]oic age liv$ simply accord+ to        
cu/om4--   #ah4 ,! g5]al problem (      
,education is ! developm5t ( ! !oretical
 & practical reason 9 ! individual4 ,if 
we say t to educate "o means to fa%ion  
him into morality1 we d n make our      
def9ition suffici5tly compreh5sive1     
because we say no?+ ( intellig5ce1 & ?us

 conf\nd education & e?ics4 ,a man is n 
m]ely a human be+1 b z a reasonable be+ 
he is a peculi> individual1 & diff]5t f 
all o!rs ( ! race4   #ai4 ,education mu/
 lead ! pupil by an int]connect$ s]ies (
 ef=ts previ\sly =ese5 & arrang$ by !   
tea*] to a def9ite end2 b ! p>ticul> =m 
:i* ?is %all take mu/ be det]m9$ by !   
peculi> "* ( ! pupil's m9d & ! situation
 9 :i* he is f\nd4 ,ha/y & inconsid]ate 
"w may accompli% mu*1 b only sy/ematic  
"w c advance & fa%ion him 9 con=mity ) 8
 nature1 & ! =m] does n belong to       
education1 = ?is includes 9 itself !    
idea ( an end1 & t ( ! te*nical means = 
its atta9m5t4   #bj4 ,b z culture comes 
to mean m & m1 !re becomes necess>y a   
division ( ! bus9ess ( tea*+ among      
diff]5t p]sons1 ) ref]5ce to            
capabilities & k1 because z ! arts &    
sci5ces are cont9ually increas+ 9 numb]1
 "o c become le>n$ 9 any "o bran* only  
by devot+ himself exclusively to x1 &   
h5ce becom+ "o-sid$4 ,a difficulty h5ce 
arises :i* is also "o = ! pupil1 (      

pres]v+1 9 spite ( ?is unavoidable      
"o-sid$ness1 ! unity & :ol5ess :i* are  
necess>y to humanity4  --,! nave dignity
 ( ! happy savage1 & ! agreeable        
simplicity ( c\ntry p1 appe> to v great 
advantage :5 contra/$ on ?is side ) !   
(t5 unlimit$ n>r[ness ( a special trade1
 & ! endless curtail+ ( ! :ol5ess ( man 
by ! prun+ processes ( city life4 ,?us !
 (t5 abus$ savage has 8 hut1 8 family1 8
 cocoa tree1 8 weapons1 8 passions2 he  
fi%es1 hunts1 plays1 fights1 adorns     
himself1 & enjoys ! consci\sness t he is
 ! c5tre ( a :ole1 :ile a mod]n citiz5  
is (t5 only an ab/ract expression (     
culture4--   #ba4 ,z x becomes necess>y 
to divide ! "w ( tea*+1 a diff]5ce      
betwe5 g5]al & special s*ools arises    
also1 f ! ne$s ( gr[+ culture4 ,! =m]   
pres5t 9 diff]5t compass all ! sci5ces &
 arts :i* are includ$ 9 ! t]m g5]al     
education1 & :i* 7 classifi$ by !       
,greeks "u ! g5]al "n ( ,encyclopdia4 ,!
 latt] are kn[n z special s*ools1 suit$ 
to p>ticul> ne$s or tal5ts4  --,z ^? :o 

live 9 ! c\ntry are relatively isolat$1 
x is (t5 necess>y1 or at lea/ desirable1
 t "o man %\ld be tra9$ equally on _m   
diff]5t sides4 ,! poor tutor is requir$ 
n only to in/ruct 9 all ! sci5ces1 he   
mu/ also speak ,fr5* & be able to play !
 piano4--   #bb4 ,= any s+le p]son1 !   
relation ( 8 actual education to its    
inf9ite possibilities c only be         
approximately det]m9$1 & x c be consid]$
 z only relatively f9i%$ on any "o side4
 ,education is impossible to him :o is  
born an idiot1 s9ce ! want ( ! p[] (    
g5]aliz+ & ( ideality ( consci\s        
p]sonality leaves to su* an un=tunate   
only ! possibility ( a me*anical tra9+4 
--,sg]t1 ! tea*] ( ! deaf mutes 9 ,b]l91
 has made laudable ef=ts to educate     
idiots1 b ! acc\nt z giv5 9 8           
publication1 ,cure ( ,idiots by an      
,intellectual ,me?od1 ,b]l91 #ahdf1 %[s 
t ! result obta9$ 0 only ext]nal2 & ?\gh
 we d n desire to be und]/ood z d5y+ or 
refus+ to ?is class ! possession ( a m9d
 9 pot5tia1 x appe>s 9 !m to be conf9$  

to an embryonic /ate4--   ,,ii4  ,! ,=m 
( ,education4   #bc4 ,! g5]al =m (      
,education is det]m9$ by ! nature ( !   
m9d1 t x really is no?+ b :at x makes   
itself to be4 ,! m9d is 7#a7 imm$iate   
7or pot5tial71 b 7#b7 x mu/ e/range     
itself f itself z x 71 s t x may place  
itself ov] aga9/ itself z a special     
object ( att5tion2 7#c7 ?is e/rangem5t  
is f9ally remov$ ?r\gh a fur!r          
acqua9tance ) ! object--x feels itself  
at home 9 t on :i* x looks1 & returns   
aga9 enri*$ to ! =m ( imm$iat5ess4 ,t   
:i* at fir/ appe>$ to be ano!r ?an      
itself is n[ se5 to be itself4          
,education _c create2 x c only help to  
develop to reality ! previ\sly exi/5t   
possibility2 x c only help to br+ =? to 
light ! hidd5 life4   #bd4 ,all culture1
 :atev] may be its special purport1 mu/ 
pass ?r\gh ^! two /ages--( e/rangem5t1 &
 its removal4 ,culture mu/ hold fa/ to !
 di/9ction betwe5 ! subject & ! object  
consid]$ imm$iately1 ?\gh x has aga9 to 
absorb ?is di/9ction into itself1 9 ord]

 t ! union ( ! two may be m complete &  
la/+4 ,! subject recognizes !n all ! m  
c]ta9ly t :at at fir/ appe>$ to x z a   
=eign exi/5ce1 belongs to x z its own   
prop]ty1 & t x holds x z its own all ! m
 by means ( culture4  --,plato1 z is    
kn[n1 calls ! feel+ ) :i* k mu/ beg91   
wond]2 b ?is c s]ve z a beg9n+ only1 =  
wond] itself c only express ! t5sion    
betwe5 ! subject & ! object at _! fir/  
enc\nt]--a t5sion :i* w\ld be impossible
 if !y 7 n 9 !mselves id5tical4 ,*ildr5 
h a long+ = ! f>-(f1 ! /range1 & !      
wond]ful1 z if !y hop$ to f9d 9 ^! an   
explanation ( !mselves4 ,!y want !      
object to be a g5u9e object4 ,t to :i*  
!y are accu/om$1 :i* !y see ar\nd !m e  
day1 seems to h no long] any objective  
en]gy = !m2 b an al>m ( fire1 b&itti    
life1 wild animals1 gray old ru9s1 !    
rob9's songs1 & f>-(f happy isl&s1      
c4--ev]y?+ high-color$ & dazzl+--leads  
!m irresi/ibly on4 ,! necessity ( !     
m9d's mak+ itself =eign to itself is t  
:i* makes *ildr5 pref] to he> ( !       

adv5tur\s j\rneys ( ,s9bad ?an news ( _!
 own city or ! hi/ory ( _! nation1 & 9  
y\? ?is same necessity manife/s itself 9
 _! desire ( travell+4--   #be4 ,?is    
activity ( ! m9d 9 all[+ itself to be   
absorb$1 & consci\sly s1 9 an object ) !
 purpose ( mak+ x 8 own1 or ( produc+ x1
 is ,"w4 ,b :5 ! m9d gives itself up to 
its objects z *ance may pres5t !m or    
?r\gh arbitr>9ess1 c>eless z to :e!r !y 
h any result1 su* activity is ,play4 ,"w
 is laid out = ! pupil by 8 tea*] by    
au?ority1 b 9 8 play he is left to      
himself4   #bf4 ,?us "w & play mu/ be   
%>ply di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,if "o has n  
respect = "w z an important & sub/antial
 activity1 he n only spoils play = 8    
pupil1 = ?is loses all its *>m :5       
depriv$ ( ! anti!sis ( an e>ne/1 set    
task1 b he und]m9es 8 respect = real    
exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he does n give
 him space1 "t1 & opportunity1 = play1  
he prev5ts ! peculi>ities ( 8 pupil f   
develop+ freely ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( 8     
creative +5uity4 ,play s5ds ! pupil back

 refre%$ to 8 "w1 s9ce 9 play he =gets  
himself 9 8 own way1 :ile 9 "w he is    
requir$ to =get himself 9 a mann]       
prescrib$ = him by ano!r4  --,play is ( 
great importance 9 help+ "o to discov] !
 true individualities ( *ildr51 because 
9 play !y may betray ?\ghtlessly _!     
incl9ations4 ,?is anti!sis ( "w & play  
runs ?r\gh ! entire life4 ,*ildr5       
anticipate 9 _! play ! e>ne/ "w ( aft]  
life2 ?us ! little girl plays ) h] doll1
 & ! boy pret5ds he is a soldi] & 9     
battle4--   #bg4 ,"w %\ld nev] be treat$
 z if x 7 play1 nor play z if x 7 "w4 ,9
 g5]al1 ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 &            
productions1 /& 9 ?is relation to ea*   
o!r3 ! accumulation ( /ores ( k is !    
recreation ( ! m9d :i* is engag$ 9      
indep5d5t creation1 & ! practice ( arts 
fills ! same (fice to ^? ^: "w is to    
collect k4   #bh4 ,education seeks to   
trans=m e p>ticul> condition s t x %all 
no long] seem /range to ! m9d or 9      
anywise =eign to its own nature4 ,?is   
id5tity ( consci\sness1 & ! special "* (

 any?+ done or endur$ by x1 we call     
,habit habitual conduct or behavior4 ,x 
conditions =mally all progress2 = t :i* 
is n yet become habit1 b :i* we p]=m )  
design & an ex]cise ( our w1 is n yet a 
"p ( ourselves4   #bi4 ,z to ,habit1 we 
h to say next t x is at fir/ indiff]5t z
 to :at x relates4 ,b t :i* is to be    
consid]$ z indiff]5t or neutral _c be   
def9$ 9 ! ab/ract1 b only 9 ! concrete1 
because any?+ t is indiff]5t z to :e!r x
 %all act on ^! p>ticul> m51 or 9 ?is   
special situation1 is capable ( ano!r or
 ev5 ( ! opposite mean+ = ano!r man or  
m5 = ! same m5 or 9 o!r circum/ances4   
,"h1 !n1 appeal mu/ be made to !        
individual consci5ce 9 ord] to be able f
 ! dep?s ( individuality to sep>ate :at 
we c p]mit to ourselves f t :i* we mu/  
d5y ourselves4 ,! aim ( ,education mu/  
be to ar\se 9 ! pupil ?is spiritual &   
e?ical s5sitiv5ess :i* does n recognize 
any?+ z m]ely indiff]5t1 b r kn[s h[ to 
seize 9 ev]y?+1 ev5 9 ! seem+ly small1  
its univ]sal human significance4 ,b 9   

relation to ! highe/ problems he mu/    
le>n t :at conc]ns 8 own imm$iate       
p]sonality is entirely indiff]5t4   #cj4
 ,habit lays aside its indiff]5ce to an 
ext]nal action ?r\gh reflection on !    
advantage or disadvantage ( ! same4     
,:atev] t5ds z a h>moni\s means to !    
realization ( an end is advantage\s1 b t
 is disadvantage\s :i*1 by contradict+  
its idea1 h9d]s or de/roys x4 ,advantage
 & disadvantage be+ !n only relative    
t]ms1 a habit :i* is advantage\s = "o   
man 9 "o case may be disadvantage\s =   
ano!r man1 or ev5 = ! same man1 "u      
diff]5t circum/ances4 ,education mu/1   
!re=e1 accu/om ! y\? to judge z to !    
exp$i5cy or inexp$i5cy ( any action 9   
its relation to ! ess5tial vocation ( 8 
life1 s t he %all avoid t :i* does n    
promote its success4   #ca4 ,b !        
absolute di/9ction ( habit is ! moral   
di/9ction betwe5 ! good & ! bad4 ,= f   
?is /&po9t alone c we f9ally decide :at 
is all[able & :at is =bidd51 :at is     
advantage\s & :at is disadvantage\s4    

#cb4 ,z relates to =m1 habit may be ei!r
 passive or active4 ,! passive is t :i* 
tea*es u to be> ! vicissitudes ( nature 
z well z ( hi/ory ) su* composure t we  
%all hold our gr\nd aga9/ !m1 be+ always
 equal to ourselves1 & t we %all n all[ 
our p[] ( act+ to be p>alyz$ ?r\gh any  
mutations ( =tune4 ,passive habit is n  
to be conf\nd$ ) obtus5ess 9 receiv+    
impressions1 a blank ab/raction f !     
affair 9 h& :i* at bottom is f\nd to be 
no?+ m ?an a selfi%ness :i* desires to  
be left undi/urb$3 x is simply composure
 ( m9d 9 view ( *anges ov] :i* we h no  
control4 ,:ile we vividly exp]i5ce joy &
 sorr[1 pa9 & pleasure--inwov5 z ^! are 
) ! *ange ( seasons1 ( ! wea!r1 c4--) ! 
alt]nation ( life & dea?1 ( happ9ess &  
mis]y1 we ought nev]!less to h>d5       
ourselves aga9/ !m s t at ! same "t 9   
our consci\sness ( ! supreme wor? ( !   
m9d we %all build up ! inaccessible     
/ronghold ( ,fre$om 9                   
ourselves4--,active habit or behavior is
 f\nd realiz$ 9 a wide range ( activity 

:i* appe>s 9 manifold =ms1 su* z skill1 
dext]ity1 read9ess ( in=mation1 c4 ,x is
 a /eel+ ( ! int]nal = action ^u !      
ext]nal1 z ! ,passive is a /eel+ ( !    
int]nal aga9/ ! influ5ces ( ! ext]nal4  
,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( ,habits4   #cc4    
,habit is ! g5]al =m :i* in/ruction     
takes4 ,= s9ce x r$uces a condition or  
an activity )9 ourselves to an in/9ctive
 use & wont1 x is necess>y = any ?or\gh 
in/ruction4 ,b z1 accord+ to its cont5t1
 x may be ei!r prop] or improp]1        
advantage\s or disadvantage\s1 good or  
bad1 & accord+ to its =m may be !       
assimilation ( ! ext]nal by ! int]nal1  
or ! impress ( ! int]nal ^u ! ext]nal1  
,education mu/ procure = ! pupil ! p[] (
 be+ able to free himself f "o habit &  
to adopt ano!r4 ,?r\gh 8 fre$om he mu/  
be able n only to r5\nce any habit =m$1 
b to =m a new "o2 & he mu/ s gov]n 8    
sy/em ( habits t x %all exhibit a       
con/ant progress ( developm5t into      
great] fre$om4 ,we mu/ discipl9e        
ourselves1 z a means t[>d ! ev]-*ang+   

realization ( ! ,good 9 u1 con/antly to 
=m & to break habits4  --,we mu/        
*>act]ize ^? habits z bad :i* relate    
only to our conv5i5ce or our enjoym5t4  
,!y are (t5 n blamable 9 !mselves1 b !re
 lies 9 !m a hidd5 dang] t !y may allure
 u into luxury or effem9acy4 ,b x is a  
false & me*anical way ( look+ at !      
affair if we suppose t a habit :i* has  
be5 =m$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( repetitions c
 be brok5 by an equal numb] ( d5ials4   
,we c nev] r5\nce a habit utt]ly except 
?r\gh a cle>ness ( judgm5t :i* decides x
 to be undesirable1 & ?r\gh firmness (  
w4--   #cd4 ,education compreh5ds also !
 reciprocal action ( ! opposites1       
au?ority & ob$i5ce1 rationality &       
individuality1 "w & play1 habit &       
spontaneity4 ,if we imag9e t ^! c be    
reconcil$ by rules1 x w be 9 va9 t we   
try to re/ra9 ! y\? 9 ^! relations4 ,b a
 failure 9 education 9 ?is p>ticul> is v
 possible ?r\gh ! fre$om ( ! pupil1     
?r\gh special circum/ances1 or ?r\gh !  
errors ( ! educator himself4 ,& = ?is v 

reason any !ory ( ,education mu/ take   
into acc\nt 9 ! beg9n+ ?is negative     
possibility4 ,x mu/ consid] be=eh& !    
dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! pupil 9 all possible
 ways ev5 be=e !y surr\nd him1 & =tify  
him aga9/ !m4 ,int5tionally to expose   
him to temptation 9 ord] to prove 8     
/r5g?1 is devili%2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to   
gu>d him aga9/ ! *ance ( dang]\s        
temptation1 to wrap him 9 cotton 7z !   
prov]b says71 is womani%1 ridicul\s1    
fruitless1 & mu* m dang]\s2 = temptation
 comes n alone f )\t1 b q z (t5 f )91 & 
secret incl9ation seeks & creates =     
itself ! opportunity = its              
gratification1 (t5 p]haps an unnatural  
"o4 ,! truly prev5tive activity consi/s 
n 9 an ab/ract seclusion f ! _w1 all (  
^: elem5ts are innate 9 ea* individual1 
b 9 ! activity ( k & discipl9e1 modifi$ 
accord+ to age & culture4  ,sid5ote3    
,protection aga9/ ,temptation4  --,if "o
 endeavors to deprive ! y\? ( all free &
 individual int]c\rse ) ! _w1 "o only   
falls into a cont9ual wat*+ ( him1 & !  

consci\sness t he is wat*$ de/roys 9 him
 all ela/icity ( _s1 all confid5ce1 all 
orig9ality4 ,! police %ad[ ( control    
obscures all indep5d5ce & sy/ematically 
accu/oms him to dep5d5ce4 ,z !          
tragi-comic /ory ( ,pet] ,s*lemihl %[s1 
"o _c lose 8 own %ad[ )\t fall+ into !  
sadde/ fatalities2 b ! %ad[ ( a con/ant 
companion1 z 9 ! p$agogical sy/em ( !   
,jesuits1 und]m9es all naturalness4 ,&  
if "o endeavors too /rictly to gu>d     
aga9/ t :i* is evil & =bidd51 !         
intellig5ce ( ! pupils reacts 9 deceit  
aga9/ su* ef=ts1 till ! educators are   
amaz$ t su* crimes z come (t5 to light c
 h aris5 "u su* c>eful control4--   #ce4
 ,if !re %\ld appe> 9 ! y\? any decid$  
moral de=mity :i* is oppos$ to ! ideal (
 8 education1 ! in/ructor mu/ at once   
make inquiry z to ! hi/ory ( its orig91 
because ! negative & ! positive are v   
closely connect$ 9 8 be+1 s t :at appe>s
 to be neglig5ce1 rud5ess1 immorality1  
fooli%ness1 or oddity1 may arise f "s   
real ne$s ( ! y\? :i* 9 _! developm5t h 

only tak5 a wrong direction4   #cf4 ,if 
x %\ld appe> on su* exam9ation t !      
negative action 0 only a product (      
wilful ignorance1 ( caprice1 or (       
arbitr>9ess on ! "p ( ! y\?1 !n ?is     
calls = a simple prohibition on ! "p ( !
 educator1 no reason be+ assign$4 ,8    
au?ority mu/ be suffici5t to ! pupil )\t
 any reason4 ,only :5 ?is has happ5$ m  
?an once1 & ! y\? is old en\gh to       
und]/&1 %\ld ! prohibition1 toge!r ) !  
reason !re=1 be giv54  --,?is %\ld1     
h[ev]1 be brief2 ! explanation mu/ reta9
 its discipl9>y "*1 & mu/ n become      
ext5d$ into a doctr9al essay1 = 9 su* a 
case ! y\? easily =gets t x 0 8 own     
misbehavior :i* 0 ! occasion ( !        
explanation4 ,! /atem5t ( ! reason mu/  
be hone/1 & x mu/ pres5t to ! y\? ! po9t
 mo/ easy = him to seize4 ,false reasons
 are morally blamable 9 !mselves1 & !y  
t5d only to confuse4 ,x is a great      
mi/ake to unfold to ! y\? ! broad5+     
consequ5ces :i* 8 act may br+4 ,^!      
unc]ta9 possibilities seem to him too   

p[]less to affect him p>ticul>ly4 ,!    
sev]e lecture we>ies him1 especially if 
x be /]eotyp$1 z is apt to be ! case )  
fault-f9d+ & talkative in/ructors4 ,b m 
un=tunate is x if ! pa9t+ ( ! gloomy    
backgr\nd to :i* ! consequ5ces ( !      
wrong-do+ ( ! y\? may lead1 %\ld fill 8 
feel+s & imag9ation prematurely ) gloomy
 fancies1 because !n ! repres5tation has
 l$ him "o /ep t[>d a /ate ( wret*$ness 
:i* 9 ! future man may become fe>ful    
depression & degradation4--  ,sid5ote3  
,repro( & ,puni%m5t4   #cg4 ,if ! c5sure
 is accompani$ ) a ?reat ( puni%m5t1 !n 
we h ! same k9d ( repro( :i* 9 daily    
life we call scold+2 b if repro( is     
giv51 ! pupil mu/ be made to feel t x is
 9 e>ne/4   #ch4 ,only :5 all o!r ef=ts 
h fail$1 is puni%m5t1 :i* is ! real     
negation ( ! error1 ! transgression1 or 
! vice1 ju/ifiable4 ,puni%m5t inflicts  
int5tionally pa9 on ! pupil1 & its      
object is1 by means ( ?is s5sation1 to  
br+ him to reason1 a result :i* nei!r   
our simple prohibition1 our explanation1

 nor our ?reat ( puni%m5t1 has be5 able 
to rea*4 ,b ! puni%m5t1 z su*1 mu/ n    
ref] to ! subjective totality ( ! y\?1  
or 8 disposition 9 g5]al1 b only to !   
act :i*1 z result1 is a manife/ation ( !
 disposition4 ,x acts m$iately on !     
disposition1 b leaves ! inn] be+ unt\*$ 
directly2 & ?is is n only dem&$ by      
ju/ice1 b on acc\nt ( ! sophi/ry t is   
inh]5t 9 human nature1 :i* desires to   
assign to a de$ _m motives1 x is ev5    
necess>y4  ,sid5ote3 ,correction ,,v]sus
 ,satisfaction ( ,ju/ice4   #ci4        
,puni%m5t z an educational means is     
nev]!less ess5tially corrective1 s9ce1  
by lead+ ! y\? to a prop] e/imation ( 8 
fault & a positive *ange 9 8 behavior1 x
 seeks to improve him4 ,at ! same "t x  
/&s z a sad indication ( ! insuffici5cy 
( ! means previ\sly us$4 ,on no acc\nt  
%\ld ! y\? be fright5$ f ! commission ( 
a misdemeanor1 or f ! repetition ( 8    
negative de$ ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t--a    
sy/em :i* leads always to t]rorism3 b1  
al?\gh x may h ?is effect1 x %\ld1 be=e 

all ?+s1 impress ^u him ! recognition ( 
! fact t ! negative is n all[$ to act z 
x w )\t limitation1 b r t ! ,good & !   
,true h ! absolute p[] 9 ! _w1 & t !y   
are nev] )\t ! means ( ov]com+ any?+ t  
contradicts !m4  --,9 ! /atute-laws1    
puni%m5t has ! opposite (fice4 ,x mu/   
fir/ ( all satisfy ju/ice1 & only aft]  
?is is done c x attempt to improve !    
guilty4 ,if a gov]nm5t %\ld proce$ on ! 
same basis z ! educator x w\ld mi/ake   
its task1 because x has to deal )       
adults1 :om x elevates to ! honorable   
position ( responsibility = _! own acts4
 ,! /ate mu/ n g back to ! psy*ological 
e?ical g5esis ( a negative de$4 ,x mu/  
assign to a second>y rank ( importance !
 biographical mom5t :i* conta9s ! de$ 9 
process & ! circum/ances ( a mitigat+   
"*1 & x mu/ consid] fir/ ( all ! de$ 9  
itself4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! educator2 = 
he deals ) human be+s :o are relatively 
undevelop$1 & :o are only gr[+ t[>d     
responsibility4 ,s long z !y are /ill "u
 ! c>e ( a tea*]1 ! responsibility ( _! 

de$ belongs 9 "p to him4 ,if we conf\nd 
! /&po9t 9 :i* puni%m5t is adm9i/]$ 9 ! 
/ate ) t 9 education1 we "w mu* evil4-- 
#dj4 ,puni%m5t z a negation ( a         
negation1 consid]$ z an educational     
means1 _c be det]m9$  priori1 b mu/     
always be modifi$ by ! peculi>ities ( ! 
individual (f5d] & by ! peculi>         
circum/ances4 ,its adm9i/ration calls = 
! ex]cise ( ! +5uity & tact ( !         
educator4  ,sid5ote3 ,?ree ,k9ds (      
,puni%m5t4   #da4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we   
mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 ! sexes1 z  
well z betwe5 ! diff]5t p]iods ( y\?2   
7#a7 "s k9d ( corporal puni%m5t is mo/  
suitable = *ildr51 7#b7 isolation = old]
 boys & girls1 & 7#c7 puni%m5t bas$ on !
 s5se ( honor = "y m5 & wom54   #db4    
7#a7 ,corporal puni%m5t is ! production 
( physical pa94 ,! y\? is g5]ally :ipp$1
 & ?is k9d ( puni%m5t1 provid$ always t 
x is n too (t5 adm9i/]$ or ) undue      
sev]ity1 is ! prop] way ( deal+ ) wilful
 defiance1 ) ob/9ate c>elessness1 or ) a
 really p]v]t$ w1 s long or s (t5 z !   

high] p]ception is clos$ aga9/ appeal4  
,! impos+ ( o!r physical puni%m5t1 e4g4 
t ( depriv+ ! pupil ( food1 p>takes (   
cruelty4 ,! view :i* sees 9 ! rod !     
panacea = all ! tea*]'s emb>rassm5ts is 
c5surable1 b equally undesirable is !   
false s5tim5tality :i* assumes t !      
dignity ( humanity is affect$ by a bl[  
giv5 to a *ild1 & conf\nds self-consci\s
 humanity ) *ild-humanity1 to :i* a bl[ 
is ! mo/ natural =m ( reaction1 9 :i*   
all o!r =ms ( influ5ce at la/ end4  --,!
 fully-gr[n man ought nev] to be :ipp$1 
because ?is k9d ( puni%m5t r$uces him to
 ! level ( ! *ild1 &1 :5 x becomes      
b>b>\s1 to t ( a brute animal1 & s is   
absolutely degrad+ to him4 ,9 ! ,engli% 
s*ools ! rod is mu* us$4 ,if a pupil ( !
 fir/ class be put back into ! second at
 ,eton1 he1 al?\gh be=e exempt f flogg+1
 becomes liable to x4 ,b h[ev] necess>y 
?is sy/em ( flogg+ ( ! ,engli%          
ari/ocracy may be 9 ! discipl9e ( _!    
s*ools1 flogg+ 9 ! ,engli% army is a    
%ameful ?+ = ! free p ( ,great          

,brita94--   #dc4 7#b7 ,by ,isolation we
 remove ! (f5d] tempor>ily f ! society (
 8 fell[s4 ,! boy left alone1 cut (f f  
all companion%ip1 & left absolutely to  
himself1 suff]s f a s5se ( helplessness4
 ,! "t passes heavily1 & soon he is v   
anxi\s to be all[$ to return to !       
company ( p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 tea*]s 
& fell[-pupils4  --,to leave a *ild     
entirely to himself )\t any sup]vision1 
ev5 if "o %uts him up 9 a d>k room1 is z
 mi/ak5 a practice z to leave a few     
toge!r )\t sup]vision1 z is too (t5 done
 :]e !y are kept aft] s*ool1 :5 !y give 
! free/ re9 to _! *ildi% wantonness &   
commit ! wilde/ pranks4--  ,sid5ote3    
,s5se ( ,honor 9 ! ,pupil4   #dd4 7#c7  
,?is way ( isolat+ a *ild does n t\* 8  
s5se ( honor at all1 & is soon =gott5   
because x relates to only "o side ( 8   
conduct4 ,x is q diff]5t f puni%m5t bas$
 on ! s5se ( honor1 :i*1 9 a =mal mann]1
 %uts ! y\? out f companion%ip because  
he has attack$ ! pr9ciple :i* holds     
society toge!r1 & = ?is reason c no     

long] be consid]$ z belong+ to x4 ,honor
 is ! recognition ( "o individual by    
o!rs z _! equal4 ,?r\gh 8 error1 or x   
may be 8 crime1 he has simply made      
himself unequal to !m1 & 9 s f> has     
sep>at$ himself f !m1 s t 8 bani%m5t f  
_! society is only ! outw>d expression (
 ! real isolation :i* he himself has    
br\ght to pass 9 8 inn] nature1 & :i* he
 by means ( 8 negative act only betray$ 
to ! out] _w4 ,s9ce ! puni%m5t f\nd$ on 
! s5se ( honor affects ! :ole e?ical man
 & makes a la/+ impression ^u 8 memory1 
extreme caution is necess>y 9 its       
application le/ a p]man5t injury be     
inflict$ ^u ! "*4 ,! idea ( 8 p]petual  
cont9uance 9 disgrace1 de/roys 9 a man  
all aspiration = improvem5t4  --,)9 !   
family ?is feel+ ( honor _c be s        
actively develop$1 because e memb] ( x  
is b\nd to e o!r imm$iately by natural  
ties1 & h5ce is equal to e o!r4 ,)9 its 
sacr$ circle1 he :o has isolat$ himself 
is /ill belov$1 ?\gh x may be ?r\gh     
te>s4 ,h[ev] bad may be ! de$ he has    

committ$1 he is nev] giv5 up1 b ! deepe/
 sympa?y is felt = him because he is    
/ill bro!r1 fa!r1 c4 ,b fir/ 9 ! contact
 ( "o family ) ano!r1 & /ill m 9 !      
contact ( an individual ) any in/itution
 :i* is f\nd$ n on natural ties1 b is   
set ov] aga9/ him z a di/9ct object1 ?is
 feel+ ( honor appe>s4 ,9 ! s*ool1 & 9 !
 matt] ( ranks & classes 9 a s*ool1 ?is 
is v important4--   #de4 ,x is important
 to consid] well ?is gradation (        
puni%m5t 7:i*1 />t+ ) s5su\s physical   
pa91 passes ?r\gh ! ext]nal teleology ( 
tempor>y isolation up to ! idealism ( ! 
s5se ( honor71 bo? 9 relation to !      
diff]5t ages at :i* !y are appropriate &
 to ! tra9+ :i* !y br+ ) !m4 ,e puni%m5t
 mu/ be consid]$ m]ely z a means to "s  
end1 &1 9 s f>1 z transitory4 ,! pupil  
mu/ always be deeply consci\s t x is v  
pa9ful to 8 in/ructor to be oblig$ to   
puni% him4 ,?is pa?os ( ano!r's sorr[ = 
! sake ( 8 cure :i* he p]ceives 9 ! mi51
 9 ! tone ( ! voice1 9 ! delay ) :i* !  
puni%m5t is adm9i/]$1 w become a purify+

 fire = 8 s\l4   ,,iii4  ,! ,limits (   
,education4   #df4 ,! =m ( ,education   
rea*es its limits ) ! idea ( puni%m5t1  
because ?is is ! attempt to subsume !   
negative reality & to make x con=mable  
to its positive idea4 ,b ! limits (     
,education are f\nd 9 ! idea ( its      
nature1 :i* is to fa%ion ! individual   
into !oretical & practical rationality4 
,! au?ority ( ! ,educator at la/ becomes
 imp]ceptible1 & x passes ov] into      
advice & example1 & ob$i5ce *anges f    
bl9d con=mity to free gratitude &       
atta*m5t4 ,individuality we>s (f its    
r\gh edges1 & is transfigur$ into !     
univ]sality & necessity ( ,reason )\t   
los+ 9 ?is process its id5tity4 ,"w     
becomes enjoym5t1 & he f9ds 8 play 9 a  
*ange ( activity4 ,! y\? takes          
possession ( himself1 & c be left to    
himself4  --,!re are two widely diff]+  
views ) reg>d to ! limits ( ,education4 
,"o lays great /ress on ! weakness ( !  
pupil & ! p[] ( ! tea*]4 ,accord+ to ?is
 view1 ,education has = its prov9ce !   

entire =mation ( ! y\?4 ,! despotism (  
?is view (t5 manife/s itself :]e l>ge   
numb]s are to be educat$ toge!r1 & ) v  
undesirable results1 because x assumes t
 ! individual pupil is only a specim5 ( 
! :ole1 z if ! s*ool 7 a great factory  
:]e ea* piece ( goods is to be /amp$    
exactly l all ! re/4 ,individuality is  
r$uc$ by ! tyranny ( su* despotism to "o
 uni=m level till all orig9ality is     
de/roy$1 z 9 cloi/]s1 b>racks1 & orphan 
asylums1 :]e only "o individual seems to
 exi/4 ,!re is a k9d ( ,p$agogy also :i*
 fancies t "o c ?ru/ into or out ( !    
individual pupil :at "o w4 ,?is may be  
call$ a sup]/iti\s belief 9 ! p[] (     
,education4--,! opposite extreme        
disbelieves ?is1 & advances ! policy :i*
 lets alone & does no?+1 urg+ t         
individuality is unconqu]able1 & t (t5 !
 mo/ c>eful & f>-sight$ education fails 
( rea*+ its aim 9 s f> z x is oppos$ to 
! nature ( ! y\?1 & t ?is individuality 
has made ( no avail all ef=ts t[>d !    
obta9+ ( any end :i* 0 oppos$ to x4 ,?is

 repres5tation ( ! fruitlessness ( all  
p$agogical ef=ts eng5d]s an indiff]5ce  
t[>ds x :i* w\ld leave1 z a result1 only
 a sort ( vegetation ( individuality    
gr[+ at hap-haz>d4--  ,sid5ote3 ,!      
,limits ( ,individuality4   #dg4 ,!     
limit ( ,education is 7#a7 a ,subjective
 "o1 a limit made by ! individuality ( !
 y\?4 ,?is is a def9ite limit4 ,:atev]  
does n exi/ 9 ?is individuality z a     
possibility _c be develop$ f x4         
,education c only lead & assi/2 x _c    
create4 ,:at ,nature has d5i$ to a man1 
,education _c give him any m ?an x is   
able1 on ! o!r h&1 to annihilate        
entirely 8 orig9al gifts1 al?\gh x is   
true t 8 tal5ts may be suppress$1       
di/ort$1 & measurably de/roy$4 ,b !     
decision ( ! "q 9 :at ! real ess5ce (   
any "o's individuality consi/s c nev] be
 made ) c]ta9ty till he has left beh9d  
him 8 ye>s ( developm5t1 because x is !n
 only t he fir/ arrives at !            
consci\sness ( 8 entire self2 besides1  
at ?is critical "t1 9 ! fir/ place1 mu* 

k only sup]ficially acquir$ w drop (f2 &
 aga91 tal5ts1 long slumb]+ &           
unsuspect$1 may fir/ make _! appe>ance4 
,:atev] has be5 =c$ ^u a *ild 9         
opposition to 8 individuality1 :atev]   
has be5 only driv5 into him & has lack$ 
receptivity on 8 side1 or a rational    
gr\nd on ! side ( culture1 rema9s atta*$
 to 8 be+ only z an ext]nal ornam5t1 a  
=eign outgr[? :i* enfeebles 8 own prop] 
"*4  --,we mu/ di/+ui% f t affectation  
:i* arises ?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( ! limit 
( individuality1 ! way :i* _m *ildr5 &  
"y p]sons h ( suppos+ :5 !y see models  
f9i%$ & complete 9 gr[n p]sons1 t !y    
!mselves are end[$ by ,nature ) ! p[] to
 develop into ! same4 ,:5 !y see a      
reality :i* corresponds to _! own       
possibility1 ! pres5tim5t ( a l or a    
simil> atta9m5t moves !m to an imitation
 ( x z a model p]sonality4 ,?is may be  
sometimes c>ri$ s f> z to be            
disagreeable or ridicul\s1 b %\ld n be  
too /rongly c5sur$1 because x spr+s f a 
positive /riv+ aft] culture1 & ne$s only

 prop] direction4--  ,sid5ote3 ,limit 9 
! ,means ( ,education4   #dh4 7#b7 ,!   
,objective limit ( ,education lies 9 !  
means :i* c be appropriat$ = x4 ,t !    
tal5t = a c]ta9 culture %all be pres5t  
is c]ta9ly ! fir/ ?+2 b ! cultivation ( 
?is tal5t is ! second1 & no less        
necess>y4 ,b h[ mu* cultivation c be    
giv5 to x ext5sively & int5sively dep5ds
 ^u ! means us$1 & ^! aga9 are          
condition$ by ! mat]ial res\rces ( !    
family to :i* ea* "o belongs4 ,! great] 
& m valuable ! means ( culture :i* are  
f\nd 9 a family are1 ! great] is !      
imm$iate advantage :i* ! culture ( ea*  
"o has at ! />t4 ,) reg>d to _m ( ! arts
 & sci5ces ?is limit ( education is (   
great significance4 ,b ! means alone are
 ( no avail4 ,! f9e/ educational        
app>atus w produce no fruit :]e         
correspond+ tal5t is want+1 :ile on !   
o!r h& tal5t (t5 accompli%es incr$ible  
feats ) v limit$ means1 &1 if ! way is  
only once op51 makes ( itself a c5tre ( 
attraction :i* draws to itself )        

magnetic p[] ! necess>y means4 ,! moral 
culture ( ea* "o is h[ev]1 =tunately f  
its v nature1 out ( ! rea* ( su*        
dep5d5ce4  --,9 consid]+ ! limit made by
 individuality we recognize ! side (    
tru? 9 t indiff]5ce :i* consid]s        
,education entirely sup]flu\s1 & 9      
consid]+ ! means ( culture we f9d ! tru?
 9 ! o!r extreme ( p$agogical despotism1
 :i* fancies t x c comm& :atev] culture 
x *ooses = any "o )\t reg>d to 8        
individuality4--   #di4 7#c7 ,!         
,absolute limit ( ,education is ! "t :5 
! y\? has appreh5d$ ! problem :i* he has
 to solve1 has le>n$ to "k ! means at 8 
disposal1 & has acquir$ a c]ta9 facility
 9 us+ !m4 ,! end & aim ( ,education is 
! emancipation ( ! y\?4 ,x /rives to    
make him self-dep5d5t1 & z soon z he has
 become s x wi%es to retire & to be able
 to leave him to ! sole responsibility (
 8 actions4 ,to treat ! y\? aft] he has 
pass$ ?is po9t ( "t /ill z a y\?1       
contradicts ! v idea ( ,education1 :i*  
idea f9ds its fulfilm5t 9 ! atta9m5t (  

majority by ! pupil4 ,s9ce !            
accompli%m5t ( education cancels !      
orig9al inequality betwe5 ! educator & !
 pupil1 no?+ is m oppress+1 nay1 revolt+
 to ! latt] ?an to be prev5t$ by a      
cont9u$ dep5d5ce f ! enjoym5t ( ! fre$om
 :i* he has e>n$4  --,! opposite extreme
 ( ! protract+ ( ,education beyond its  
prop] "t is necess>ily ! undue ha/5+ ( !
 ,emancipation4--,! "q :e!r "o is prep>$
 = fre$om has be5 (t5 op5$ 9 politics4  
,:5 any p h gone s f> z to ask ?is "q   
!mselves1 x is no long] a "q :e!r t p   
are prep>$ = x1 = )\t ! consci\sness (  
fre$om ?is "q w\ld nev] h occurr$ to    
!m4--  ,sid5ote3 ,arrival at ! age (    
,majority4   #ej4 ,al?\gh educators mu/ 
n[ leave ! y\? free1 ! necessity ( fur!r
 culture = him is /ill imp]ative4 ,b x w
 no long] come directly ?r\gh !m4 ,_!   
pre-arrang$1 patt]n-mak+ "w is n[       
supplant$ by self-education4 ,ea*       
sket*es = himself an ideal to :i* 9 8   
life he seeks to approximate e day4     
--,9 ! "w ( self-culture "o fri5d c help

 ano!r by advice & example2 b he _c     
educate1 = education presupposes        
inequality4--,! necessities ( human     
nature produce societies 9 :i* equals   
seek to influ5ce ea* o!r 9 a p$agogical 
way1 s9ce !y e/abli% by c]ta9 /eps (    
culture diff]5t classes4 ,!y presuppose 
,education 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,b !y wi% to
 br+ ab\t ,education 9 a high] s5se1 &  
!re=e !y veil ! la/ =m ( _! ideal 9 !   
my/]y ( secrecy4--,to "o :o lives on    
cont5t$ ) himself & )\t ! impulse t[>d  
self-culture1 unless 8 unconc]n spr+s f 
8 belong+ to a savage /ate ( society1 ! 
,g]mans give ! "n ( ,phili/9e1 & he is  
always repulsive to ! /ud5t :o is       
intoxicat$ ) an ideal4--     ,,second   
,,"p4  ,! ,special ,elem5ts (           
,education4    #ea4 ,education 9 g5]al  
consi/s 9 ! developm5t 9 man ( 8 inborn 
!oretical & practical rationality2 x    
takes on ! =m ( labor1 :i* *anges t /ate
 or condition1 :i* appe>s at fir/ only z
 a m]e conception1 into a fix$ habit1 & 
transfigures individuality into a wor?y 

humanity4 ,education ends 9 t           
emancipation ( ! y\? :i* places him on 8
 own feet4 ,! special elem5ts :i* =m !  
concrete cont5t ( all ,education 9 g5]al
 are ! ,life1 ,cognition1 & ,w ( man4   
,)\t life m9d has no ph5om5al reality2  
)\t cognition1 no g5u9e1 i4e4 consci\s1 
w2 & )\t w1 no self-assurance ( life & (
 cognition4 ,x is true t ^! ?ree elem5ts
 are 9 real exi/5ce insep>able1 & t     
consequ5tly 9 ! dialectic !y cont9ually 
pass ov] into "o ano!r4 ,b none ! less  
on ?is acc\nt d !y !mselves prescribe _!
 own succession1 & !y h a relative &    
p]iodical asc5dancy ov] ea* o!r4 ,9     
,infancy1 up to ! fif? or six? ye>1 !   
purely physical developm5t takes !      
prec$5ce2 ,*ildhood is ! "t ( le>n+1 9 a
 prop] s5se1 an act by :i* ! *ild ga9s =
 himself ! picture ( ! _w su* z mature  
m9ds1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce & insight1 h pa9t$ 
x2 &1 f9ally1 ,y\? is ! transition p]iod
 to practical activity1 to :i* !        
self-det]m9ation ( ! w mu/ give ! fir/  
impulse4   #eb4 ,! classification ( !   

special elem5ts ( ,p$agogics is h5ce v  
simple3 7#a7 ! ,physical1 7#b7 !        
,intellectual1 7#c7 ! ,practical4 7,we  
sometimes apply to ^! ! words           
,or?obiotics1 ,didactics1 &             
,pragmatics47  --/hetic tra9+ con/itutes
 only an elem5t ( ! education (         
,intellectual ,education1 j z social1   
moral1 & religi\s tra9+ =m elem5ts (    
,practical ,education4 ,b because ^!    
latt] elem5ts conc]n !mselves ) :at is  
ext]nal1 ! "n ,pragmatics is            
appropriate4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 ,p$agogics   
%\ld co9cide ) ,politics1 ,e?ics1 &     
,religion2 b x is di/+ui%$ f !m ?r\gh ! 
aptitude :i* x br+s ) x ( putt+ into    
practice ! problems ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,!    
sci5tific arrangem5t ( ^! ideas mu/     
!re=e %[ t ! =m]1 z ! m ab/ract1        
con/itutes ! conditions1 & ! latt]1 z ! 
m concrete1 ! gr\nd ( ! =m]1 :i* are    
presuppos$2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is x is   
itself _! pr9cipal teleological         
presupposition1 j z 9 man ! w           
presupposes ! cognition1 & cognition    

life2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 life1 9 a     
deep] s5se1 mu/ presuppose cognition1 & 
cognition w4--   ,,fir/ ,,division4     
,,physical ,,education4   #ec4 ,! art ( 
liv+ rightly is bas$ ^u a compreh5sion (
 ! process ( ,life4 ,life is ! re/less  
dialectic :i* ceaselessly trans=ms !    
inorganic into ! organic1 b at ! same "t
 creates out ( itself ano!r inorganic1 9
 :i* x sep>ates f itself :atev] "p ( !  
inorganic has n be5 assimilat$1 :i* x   
took up z a /imulant1 & t :i* has become
 dead & burn$ out4 ,! organism is heal?y
 :5 its reality corresponds to ?is idea 
( ! dialectic1 ( a life :i* moves up &  
d[n1 to & fro2 ( =mation & re-=mation1 (
 organiz+ & disorganiz+4 ,all ! rules = 
,physical ,education1 or ( ,hygi5e1 are 
d]iv$ f ?is conception4   #ed4 ,x foll[s
 f ?is t ! *ange ( ! inorganic to !     
organic is go+ on n only 9 ! organism z 
a :ole1 b also 9 its e organ & 9 e "p ( 
e organ2 & t ! organic z soon z x has   
atta9$ its highe/ po9t ( en]gy1 is aga9 
degrad$ to ! inorganic & ?r[n out4 ,e   

cell has its hi/ory4 ,activity is1      
!re=e1 n contradictory to ! organism1 b 
favors 9 x ! natural progressive &      
regressive metamorphosis4 ,?is process c
 g on h>moni\sly2 t is1 ! organism c be 
9 heal? only :5 n only ! :ole organism1 
b ea* special organ1 is all[$1 aft] its 
productive activity1 ! correspond+ re/ &
 recreation necess>y = its self-r5ewal4 
,we h ?is p]iodicity exemplifi$ 9 wak+ &
 sleep+1 also 9 exhalation & inhalation1
 excretion & tak+ 9 ( mat]ial4 ,:5 we h 
discov]$ ! relative antagonism ( !      
organs & _! p]iodicity1 we h f\nd !     
secret ( ! p]5nial r5ewal ( life4   #ee4
 ,fatigue makes its appe>ance :5 any    
organ1 or ! organism 9 g5]al1 is d5i$ "t
 = ! return movem5t into itself & =     
r5ovation4 ,x is possible = "s "o organ1
 z if isolat$1 to ex]cise a great &     
long-cont9u$ activity1 ev5 to ! po9t (  
fatigue1 :ile ! o!r organs re/2 z e4g4 !
 lungs1 9 speak+1 :ile ! o!r p>ts are   
quiet2 on ! o!r h&1 x is n well to speak
 & run at ! same "t4 ,! idea t "o c keep

 ! organism 9 bett] condition by        
inactivity1 is an error :i* re/s ^u a   
me*anical appreh5sion ( life4 ,equally  
false is ! idea t heal? dep5ds ^u !     
quantity & excell5ce ( ! food2 )\t ! =ce
 to assimilate x1 x acts fatally r ?an  
/imulat+ly4 ,true /r5g? arises only f   
activity4  --,! lat] physiologi/s w     
gradually de/roy1 9 ! sy/em ( culture ( 
mod]n p1 ! preconceiv$ notion :i*       
recomm5d$ = ! indol5t & lov]s ( pleasure
 p[]ful /imulants1 v fat food1 c4       
,excell5t works exi/ on ?is "q4--   #ef4
 ,physical ,education1 z x conc]ns !    
repair+1 ! motor1 or ! n]v\s1           
activities1 is divid$ into 7#a7         
,dietetics1 7#b7 ,gymna/ics1 7#c7       
,sexual ,education4 ,9 real life ^!     
activities are sc>cely sep>able1 b = !  
sake ( exposition we mu/ consid] !m     
ap>t4 ,9 ! regul> developm5t ( ! human  
be+1 moreov]1 ! repair+ sy/em has a     
relative prec$5ce to ! motor sy/em1 & ! 
latt] to ! sexual maturity4 ,b          
,p$agogics c treat ( ^! ideas only )    

ref]5ce to ! infant1 ! *ild1 & ! y\?4   
,,fir/ ,,*apt]4  ,dietetics4    #eg4    
,dietetics is ! art ( su/a9+ ! normal   
repair ( ! organism4 ,s9ce ?is organism 
is1 9 ! concrete1 an individual "o1 !   
g5]al pr9ciples ( dietetics mu/1 9 _!   
mann] ( application1 v>y ) ! sex1 ! age1
 ! temp]am5t1 ! occupation1 & ! o!r     
conditions1 ( ! individual4 ,p$agogics z
 a sci5ce c only g ov] its g5]al        
pr9ciples1 & ^! c be nam$ briefly4 ,x we
 attempt to speak ( details1 we fall    
easily into triviality4 ,s v important  
to ! :ole life ( man is ! prop] c>e ( 8 
physical nature dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( its 
developm5t1 t ! sci5ce ( ,p$agogics mu/ 
n omit to consid] ! diff]5t sy/ems :i*  
diff]5t p1 accord+ to _! "t1 locality1 &
 culture1 h made = !mselves2 _m1 x is   
true1 embrac+ "s prepo/]\s ideas1 b 9   
g5]al nev] devoid ( ju/ification 9 _!   
"t4   #eh4 ,! infant's fir/ n\ri%m5t mu/
 be ! milk ( its "m4 ,! sub/itution ( a 
nurse %\ld be only an exception ju/ifi$ 
alone by ! illness ( ! "m2 z a rule1 z  

happ5s 9 ,france1 x is simply bad1      
because a =eign physical & moral elem5t 
is introduc$ into ! family ?r\gh !      
nurse4 ,! milk ( an animal c nev] be z  
good = a *ild4   #ei4 ,:5 ! tee? appe>1 
! *ild is fir/ able to eat solid food2  
b1 until ! second tee? come1 he %\ld be 
f$ pr9cipally on light1 fluid n\ri%m5t1 
& on vegetable diet4   #fj4 ,:5 ! second
 tee? are fully =m$1 ! human be+ is     
ready = animal z well z vegetable food4 
,too mu* meat is n good2 b x is an      
anatomical error to suppose t man1 by ! 
/ructure ( 8 /oma*1 0 orig9ally =m$ to  
live alone on vegetable diet1 & t animal
 food is a sign ( 8 deg5]acy4  --,!     
,h9doos1 :o subsi/ pr9cipally on        
vegetable diet1 are n1 z has be5 (t5    
ass]t$1 a v g5tle race3 a glance into _!
 hi/ory1 or into _! erotic poetry1 %[s  
!m to be q z passionate z o!r peoples4--
   #fa4 ,man is omnivor\s4 ,*ildr5 h    
!re=e a natural desire to ta/e ( ev]y?+4
 ,= !m eat+ & dr9k+ possess a k9d (     
poetry2 !re is a !oretic +r$i5t bl5d$ ) 

! mat]ial enjoym5t4 ,!y h1 on ?is       
acc\nt1 a pron5ess to indulge1 :i* is   
des]v+ ( puni%m5t only :5 x is comb9$ ) 
disob$i5ce & secrecy1 or :5 x betrays   
cunn+ & gre$9ess4   #fb4 ,*ildr5 ne$ mu*
 sleep1 because !y are und]go+ ! mo/    
active progressive metamorphosis4 ,9    
aft]-life sleep & wak+ %\ld be subject$ 
to p]iodical regulation1 b n too        
exactly4   #fc4 ,! clo?+ ( *ildr5 %\ld  
be adapt$ to !m2 i4e4 x %\ld be cut     
accord+ to ! %ape ( ! body1 & x mu/ be  
loose en\gh to all[ free play to _!     
desire = movem5t4  --,) reg>d to ?is z  
well z to ! sleep+ arrangem5ts = *ildr51
 less 9 reg>d to food--:i* is (t5 too   
highly spic$ & too lib]al 9 tea1 c(fee1 
c4--our age has become accu/om$ to a v  
rational sy/em4 ,! clo?+ ( *ildr5 mu/ be
 n only com=table1 b x %\ld be made (   
simple & *eap mat]ial1 s t ! free       
enjoym5t ( ! *ild may n be m>r$ by !    
con/ant int]nal anxiety t a r5t or a    
spot may br+ him a fault-f9d+ or angry  
^w4 ,f too great c>e z to clo?+1 may    

arise a meanness ( m9d :i* at la/ pays  
too great respect to x1 or an empty     
frivolity4 ,?is la/ may be induc$ by    
dress+ *ildr5 too conspicu\sly4--   #fd4
 ,cleanl9ess is a virtue to :i* *ildr5  
%\ld be accu/om$ = ! sake ( _! physical 
well-be+1 z well z because1 9 a moral   
po9t ( view1 x is ( ! greate/           
significance4 ,cleanl9ess w n endure t  
?+s %all be depriv$ ( _! prop]          
individuality ?r\gh ! elem5tal *aos4 ,x 
reta9s ea* z di/+ui%$ f e o!r4 ,:ile x  
makes necess>y to man pure air1         
cleanl9ess ( surr\nd+s1 ( clo?+1 & ( 8  
body1 x develops 9 him a s5se by :i* he 
p]ceives accurately ! p>ticul> limits ( 
be+ 9 g5]al4   ,,second ,,*apt]4        
,gymna/ics4    #fe4 ,gymna/ics is ! art 
( sy/ematic tra9+ ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,! 
action ( ! volunt>y muscles1 :i* are    
regulat$ by ! n]ves ( ! bra91 9         
di/9ction f ! involunt>y automatic      
muscles dep5d+ on ! sp9al cord1 :ile !y 
are ! means ( man's int]c\rse ) !       
ext]nal _w1 at ! same "t re-act ^u !    

automatic muscles 9 dige/ion & s5sation4
 ,s9ce ! movem5t ( ! muscul> fibres     
consi/s 9 ! *ange ( contraction &       
expansion1 x foll[s t ,gymna/ics mu/ br+
 ab\t a *ange ( movem5t :i* %all bo?    
contract & exp& ! muscles4   #ff4 ,!    
sy/em ( gymna/ic ex]cise ( any nation   
corresponds always to its way ( fight+4 
,s long z ?is consi/s 9 ! p]sonal       
/ruggle ( a h&-to-h& conte/1 ,gymna/ics 
w seek to increase z mu* z possible     
individual /r5g? & adroitness4 ,z soon z
 ! f>-rea*+ missiles project$ f         
fire-arms become ! c5tre ( all !        
op]ations ( w>1 ! individual is lo/ 9 a 
body ( m51 out ( :i* he em]ges only     
relatively 9 %>p-%oot+1 9 ! *>ge1 9 s+le
 conte/s1 & 9 ! retreat4 ,because ( ?is 
incorporation ( ! individual 9 ! "o     
great :ole1 & because ( ! result+       
unimportance ( p]sonal brav]y1 mod]n    
,gymna/ics c nev] be ! same z x 0 9     
anci5t times1 ev5 putt+ out ( view !    
fact t ! subjectiv5ess ( ! mod]n _s is  
too great to all[ x to devote s mu*     

att5tion to ! c>e ( ! body1 & !         
admiration ( its beauty1 z 0 giv5 by !  
,greeks4  --,! ,turn]s' unions & halls 9
 ,g]many belong to ! p]iod ( subjective 
en?usiasm ( ! ,g]man /ud5t population1 &
 _h a political significance4 ,at       
pres5t1 !y h be5 br\ght back to _! prop]
 place z an ,educational means1 & !y are
 ( great value1 especially 9 l>ge       
cities4 ,among ! m\nta9s1 & ev5 9 !     
c\ntry t[ns1 a special in/itution =     
bodily ex]cise is less necess>y1 = !    
matt] takes c>e ( itself4 ,! attractions
 ( ! situation & ! games help to fo/] x4
 ,9 great cities1 h[ev]1 ! h\ses are (t5
 de/itute ( halls or op5 places :]e !   
*ildr5 c take ex]cise 9 _! leisure      
mom5ts4 ,9 ^! cities1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be 
"s gymna/ic hall :]e ! s5se ( fell[%ip  
may be develop$4 ,gymna/ics are n s     
ess5tial = girls4 ,9 its place1 danc+ is
 suffici5t1 & gymna/ics %\ld be employ$ 
= !m only :]e !re exi/s any special     
weakness or de=mity1 :5 !y may be us$ z 
a re/orative or pres]vative4 ,!y are n  

to become ,amazons4 ,! boy1 on !        
contr>y1 ne$s to acquire ! feel+ (      
good-fell[%ip4 ,x is true t ! s*ool     
develops ?is 9 a measure1 b n fully1    
because x det]m9es ! /&+ ( ! boy ?r\gh 8
 intellectual ambition4 ,! academical   
y\? w n take mu* int]e/ 9 special       
gymna/ics unless he c ga9 prem95ce !re94
 ,runn+1 leap+1 climb+1 & lift+1 are too
 mean+less = _! m mature spirits4 ,!y c 
take a lively int]e/ only 9 ! ex]cises  
:i* h a w>like "*4 ,) ! ,prussians1 & "s
 o!r ,g]man /ates1 ! art ( ,gymna/ics   
id5tifies itself ) milit>y conc]ns4--   
#fg4 ,! real idea ( ,gymna/ics mu/      
always be t ! _s %all rule ov] its      
naturalness1 & %all make ?is an en]getic
 & docile s]vant ( its w4 ,/r5g? &      
adroitness mu/ unite & become confid5t  
skill4 ,/r5g?1 c>ri$ to its extreme     
produces ! a?lete2 adroitness1 to its   
extreme1 ! acrobat4 ,p$agogics mu/ avoid
 bo?4 ,all imm5se =ce1 fit only =       
display1 mu/ be held z f> away z ! idea 
( tea*+ ,gymna/ics ) ! motive ( utility2

 e4g4 t by swimm+ "o may save 8 life :5 
he falls into ! wat]1 c4 ,among o!r ?+s1
 ?is may also be a consequ5ce2 b !      
pr9ciple 9 g5]al mu/ always rema93 !    
necessity ( ! _s ( subject+ its organism
 ( ! body to ! condition ( a p]fect     
means1 s t x may nev] f9d itself limit$ 
by x4   #fh4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises =m a    
s]ies f simple to comp\nd4 ,!re appe>s  
to be s mu* arbitr>9ess 9 !m t x is     
always v agreeable to ! m9d to f9d1 on  
ne>] inspection1 "s reason4 ,! movem5ts 
are 7#a7 ( ! l[]1 7#b7 ( ! upp]         
extremities2 7#c7 ( ! :ole body1 )      
relative /rik+ out1 n[ ( ! upp]1 n[ ( ! 
l[] extremities4 ,we di/+ui%1 !re=e1    
foot1 arm1 & trunk movem5ts4   #fi4 7#a7
 ,! fir/ s]ies ( foot-movem5ts is ! mo/ 
important1 & conditions ! c>riage ( all 
! re/ ( ! body4 ,!y are 7a7 walk+2 7b7  
runn+2 7c7 leap+3 ea* ( ^! be+ capable (
 modifications1 z ! high & ! l[ leap1 ! 
prolong$ & ! quick run4 ,sometimes we   
give to ^! diff]5t names1 accord+ to !  
means us$1 z walk+ on /ilts2 skat+2     

leap+ ) a /aff1 or by means ( ! h&s1 z  
vault+4 ,danc+ is only ! art ( !        
graceful m+l+ ( ^! movem5ts2 & balanc+1 
only "o =m ( walk+4   #gj4 7#b7 ,!      
second s]ies embraces ! arm-movem5ts1 & 
x repeats also ! movem5ts ( ! fir/      
s]ies4 ,x includes 7a7 lift+2 7b7 sw++2 
7c7 ?r[+4 ,all pole & b> practice comes 
"u lift+1 also climb+ & c>ry+4 ,"u ?r[+1
 come quoit & ball-?r[+1 & n9e-p9 play+4
 ,all ^! movem5ts are di/+ui%$ f ea*    
o!r1 n only quantitatively b also       
qualitatively1 9 ! position ( ! /ret*$ &
 b5t muscles2 e4g4 runn+ is some?+      
diff]5t f quick walk+4   #ga4 7#c7 ,!   
?ird s]ies1 or t ( movem5ts ( ! :ole    
body1 diff]s f ! prec$+ two1 :i* %\ld   
prec$e x1 9 ?is1 t x br+s ! organism    
into contact ) a liv+ object1 :i* x has 
to ov]come ?r\gh its own activity4 ,?is 
object is sometimes an elem5t1 sometimes
 an animal1 sometimes a man4 ,our       
divisions !n are 7a7 swimm+2 7b7 rid+2  
7c7 fight+1 or s+le combat4 ,9 swimm+1  
"o mu/ conqu] ! yield+ liquid mat]ial ( 

wat] by arm & foot movem5ts4 ,!         
resi/ance met on acc\nt ( curr5ts &     
waves may be v great1 b x is /ill t ( a 
w-less & passive object4 ,b 9 rid+ man  
has to deal ) a self-will$ be+ ^:       
vitality calls =? n only 8 /r5g? b also 
8 intellig5ce & c\rage4 ,! ex]cise is   
!re=e v complicat$1 & ! rid] mu/ be able
 p]petually to individualize x accord+  
to ! necessity2 at ! same "t1 he mu/    
give att5tion n only to ! horse1 b to ! 
nature ( ! gr\nd & ! entire surr\nd+s4  
,b x is only 9 ! /ruggle ) m5 t         
,gymna/ics rea*es its highe/ po9t1 = 9  
?is man (f]s himself z a liv+ antagoni/ 
to man & br+s him into dang]4 ,x is no  
long] ! spontane\s activity ( an        
unreason+ exi/5ce2 x is ! resi/ance &   
attack ( intellig5ce itself ) :i* he has
 to deal4 ,fight+1 or s+le combat1 is ! 
truly *ivalr\s ex]cise1 & ?is may be    
comb9$ ) horseman%ip4  --,9 ! s+le      
combat !re is f\nd also a qualitative   
modification1 :5ce we h ?ree sy/ems3 7a7
 box+ & wre/l+2 7b7 f5c+ ) /icks2 & 7c7 

rapi] & broad-sword f5c+4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i*
 0 cultivat$ to its highe/ po9t among ! 
,greeks1 direct imm$iat5ess rules4 ,9 ! 
box+ ( ! ,engli%1 a sailor-l prop5sity (
 ?is nation1 fi/-fight+ is /ill reta9$ z
 a cu/om4 ,f5c+ ) a /ick is f\nd among !
 ,fr5* me*anics1 ! s-call$ compagnons4  
,m5 (t5 use ! cane 9 _! conte/s2 x is a 
sort ( ref9$ club4 ,:5 we use ! sword or
 rapi]1 ! weapon becomes deadly4 ,!     
,s\!rn ,europeans excel 9 ! use ( !     
rapi]1 ! ,g]mans 9 t ( ! sword4 ,b ! art
 ( s+le combat is mu* deg5]at$1 & !     
pi/ol-duel1 ?r\gh its increas+ frequ5cy1
 proves ?is deg5]ation4--   ,,?ird      
,,*apt]4  ,sexual ,education4           
,,note4--,! p>agraphs relat+ to ,sexual 
,education are   design$ = p>5ts r ?an =
 tea*]s1 ! p>5t   be+ ! natural educator
 ( ! family & sexual   education relat+ 
to ! pres]vation & cont9uance (   !     
family4 ,?is *apt] is accord+ly1 = ! mo/
   "p1 omitt$ "h4 ,x conta9s judici\s   
reflections1   invaluable to p>5ts &    
gu>dians4--,tr4   #gb4 ,gymna/ic        

ex]cises fall naturally into a sy/ematic
 arrangem5t det]m9$ by ! *ronological   
ord] ( developm5t ?r\gh infancy1        
*ildhood1 & y\?4 ,walk+1 runn+1 & leap+ 
belong1 to ! fir/ p]iod2 lift+1 sw++1 & 
?r[+1 to ! second2 swimm+1 rid+1 &      
bodily conte/s1 to ! ?ird1 & ^! la/ may 
also be cont9u$ into manhood4 ,b ) !    
arrival at y\?1 a new epo* makes its    
appe>ance 9 ! organism4 ,x prep>es      
itself = ! propagation ( ! species4 ,x  
exp&s ! individual ?r\gh ! ne$ :i* he   
feels ( unit+ himself ) ano!r individual
 ( ! same species1 b :o is a pol>       
opposite to him1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! two
 9 a new individual4 ,! blood ru%es m   
vigor\sly2 ! muscul> /r5g? becomes m    
easily r\s$ into activity2 an indef9able
 impulse1 a sweet melan*oly takes       
possession ( ! be+4 ,?is p]iod dem&s a  
special c>e 9 ! educator4   #gc4 ,!     
g5]al prev5tive gu>ds mu/ be f\nd 9 a   
rational sy/em ( food & ex]cise4 ,by c>e
 9 ^! directions1 ! developm5t ( !      
bones1 & ) !m ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord at  

?is p]iod1 may be l$ to a prop] /r5g?1 &
 t ! easily-m\ld$ mat]ial may n be      
p]v]t$ f its normal functions 9 !       
developm5t ( ! body to a premature      
manife/ation ( ! sexual in/9ct4   #gd4  
,special =e?\ght is necess>y le/ ! bra9 
be too e>ly ov]-/ra9$1 & le/1 9         
consequ5ce ( su* precoci\s & excessive  
action1 ! f\ndation = a morbid          
excitation ( ! :ole n]v\s sy/em be laid1
 :i* may easily lead to effem9ate &     
voluptu\s rev]ies1 & to brood+ ov]      
obsc5e repres5tations4 ,! excessive     
read+ ( novels1 ^: excit+ pages delight 
9 pa9t+ ! love ( ! sexes = ea* o!r & its
 s5sual phases1 may lead to ?is1 & !n ! 
mis*ief is done4   ,,second ,,division4 
,,intellectual ,,education4   #hj4 ,m5s 
sana 9 corpore sano is correct z a      
p$agogical maxim1 b false 9 ! judgm5t ( 
individual cases2 because x is possible1
 on ! "o h&1 to h a heal?y m9d 9 an     
unheal?y body1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an       
unheal?y m9d 9 a heal?y body4 ,to /rive 
aft] ! h>mony ( s\l & body is ! mat]ial 

condition ( all prop] activity4 ,!      
developm5t ( intellig5ce presupposes    
physical heal?4 ,"h we are to speak ( ! 
sci5ce ( ! art ( ,tea*+4 ,?is _h its    
condition on ! side ( nature1 z 0 be=e  
se51 9 physical ,education1 b 9 ! sph]e 
( m9d x is relat$ to ,psy*ology &       
,logic4 ,x unites1 9 ,tea*+1            
consid]ations on ,psy*ology z well z a  
,logical me?od4   ,,fir/ ,,*apt]4  ,!   
,psy*ological ,presupposition4    #ha4  
,if we w\ld h a s\nd condition (        
,philosophy1 x mu/1 9 intellectual      
,education1 ref] to ! conception ( m9d  
:i* has be5 unfold$ 9 ,psy*ology2 & x   
mu/ appe> z a defect 9 sci5tific me?od  
if ,psy*ology1 or at lea/ ! conception (
 ! !oretical m9d1 is treat$ aga9 z )9   
,p$agogics4 ,we mu/ take some?+ =       
grant$4 ,psy*ology1 !n1 w be consult$ no
 fur!r ?an is requisite to place on a   
sure basis ! p$agogical function :i*    
relates to x4   #hb4 ,! conception (    
att5tion is ! mo/ important to          
,p$agogics ( all ^? d]iv$ f ,psy*ology4 

,m9d is ess5tially self-activity4 ,no?+ 
exi/s = x :i* x does n itself posit z   
its own4 ,we he> x n seldom impli$ t    
some?+ f outside conditions mu/ make an 
impression on ! m9d1 b ?is is an error4 
,m9d lets no?+ act ^u x unless x has    
r5d]$ itself receptive to x4 ,)\t ?is   
prep>atory self-excitation ! object does
 n really p5etrate x1 & x passes by !   
object unconsci\sly or indiff]5tly4 ,!  
horizon ( p]ception *anges = ea* p]son )
 8 peculi>ities & culture4 ,att5tion is 
! adju/+ ( ! obs]v] to ! object 9 ord]  
to seize x 9 its unity & div]sity4      
,relatively1 ! obs]v] all[s1 = a mom5t1 
8 relation to all o!r surr\nd+s to      
cease1 s t he may e/abli% a relation )  
?is "o4 ,)\t ?is ess5tially spontane\s  
activity1 no?+ exi/s = ! m9d4 ,all      
result 9 tea*+ & le>n+ dep5ds ^u !      
cle>ness & /r5g? ) :i* di/9ctions are   
made1 & ! say+1 b5e qui di/+uit b5e     
docit1 applies z well to ! pupil4   #hc4
 ,att5tion1 dep5d+ z x does on !        
self-det]m9ation ( ! obs]v]1 c !re=e be 

improv$1 & ! pupil made att5tive1 by !  
educator4 ,education mu/ accu/om him to 
an exact1 rapid1 & _m-sid$ att5tion1 s t
 at ! fir/ contact ) an object he may   
grasp x suffici5tly & truly1 & t x %all 
n be necess>y = him always to be add+ to
 8 acquisitions conc]n+ x4 ,! twilight &
 p>tialness ( intellig5ce :i* =ces u    
always to new corrections because a     
pupil at ! v comm5cem5t did n give      
entire att5tion1 mu/ n be tol]at$4      
,sid5ote3 ,psy*ological ,faculties4     
#hd4 ,we le>n f ,psy*ology t m9d does n 
consi/ ( di/9ct faculties1 b t :at we   
*oose to call s are only diff]5t        
activities ( ! same p[]4 ,ea* "o is j z 
ess5tial z ! o!r1 on :i* acc\nt         
,education mu/ grant to ea* faculty its 
claim to ! same fo/]+ c>e4 ,if we w\ld  
con/rue correctly ! axiom a potiori fit 
d5om9atio to mean t man is di/+ui%$ f   
animals by ?\ght1 & t m$iat$ w is n !   
same z ?\ght1 we mu/ n =get t feel+ &   
repres5t+ are n less necess>y to a truly
 complete human be+4 ,! special         

direction :i* ! activity ( appreh5d+    
intellig5ce takes are 7#a7 ,p]ception1  
7#b7 ,conception1 7#c7 ,?9k+4           
,dialectically1 !y pass ov] into ea*    
o!r2 n t ,p]ception rises into          
,conception1 & ,conception into ,?9k+1 b
 t ,?9k+ goes back into ,conception1 &  
?is aga9 into ,p]ception4 ,9 !          
developm5t ( ! "y1 ! ,p]ceptive faculty 
is mo/ active 9 ! infant1 ! ,conceptive 
9 ! *ild1 & ! ,?9k+ 9 ! y\?2 & ?us we   
may di/+ui% an intuitive1 an imag9ative1
 & a logical epo*4  --,great errors     
arise f ! misappreh5sion ( ^! diff]5t   
phases & ( _! dialectic1 s9ce ! diff]5t 
=ms :i* are suitable to ! diff]5t grades
 ( y\? are m+l$4 ,! infant c]ta9ly ?9ks 
:ile he p]ceives1 b ?is ?9k+ is to him  
unconsci\s4 ,or1 if he has acquir$      
p]ceptions1 he makes !m into            
conceptions1 & demon/rates 8 fre$om 9   
play+ ) !m4 ,?is play mu/ n be tak5 z   
m]e amusem5t2 x also signifies t he     
takes c>e to pres]ve 8 self-det]m9ation1
 & 8 p[] ( idealiz+1 9 opposition to !  

pleasant fill+ ( 8 consci\sness )       
mat]ial4 ,h]e9 ! delight ( ! *ild =     
fairy tales f9ds its reason4 ,! fairy   
tale con/antly de/roys ! limits ( common
 actuality4 ,! ab/ract und]/&+ _c endure
 ?is arbitr>9ess & want ( fix$          
conditions1 & ?us w\ld pref] t *ildr5   
%\ld read1 in/ead1 home-made /ories ( ! 
,*>itable ,ann1 ( ! ,he$less ,fr$]ick1 (
 ! ,inquisitive ,wilhelm9e1 c4 ,above   
all1 x praises ,rob9son ,crusoe1 :i*    
conta9s mu* het]og5e\s matt]1 b no?+    
improbable4 ,:5 ! y\? & maid5 (         
necessity pass ov] into ! e>ne/ness (   
real life1 ! dry+ up ( ! imag9ation & ! 
dom9ation ( ! und]/&+ presses 94--   ,i4
 ,! ,intuitive ,epo*4   #he4 ,p]ception1
 z ! beg9n+ ( intellectual culture1 is !
 free grasp+ ( a cont5t imm$iately      
pres5t to ! _s4 ,education c d no?+     
directly t[>d ! p]=mance ( ?is act2 x c 
only assi/ 9 mak+ x easy3--7#a7 x c     
isolate ! subject ( consid]ation2 7#b7 x
 c give facility 9 ! transition to      
ano!r2 7#c7 x c promote ! _m-sid$ness ( 

! int]e/1 by :i* means ! return to a    
p]ception already obta9$ has always a   
fre% *>m4   #hf4 ,! imm$iate p]ception (
 _m ?+s is impossible1 & yet ! necessity
 = x is obvi\s4 ,we mu/ !n h rec\rse to 
a m$iat$ p]ception1 & supply ! lack (   
actual see+ by repres5tations4 ,b "h !  
difficulty pres5ts itself1 t !re are _m 
objects :i* we are n able to repres5t ( 
! same size z !y really are1 & we mu/ h 
a r$uc$ scale2 & !re foll[s a difficulty
 9 mak+ ! repres5tation1 z nei!r too    
l>ge nor too small4 ,an explanation is  
!n also necess>y z a judici\s supplem5t 
to ! picture4   #hg4 ,pictures are      
extremely valuable aids to in/ruction :5
 !y are correct & *>act]i/ic4           
,correctness mu/ be dem&$ 9 ^!          
sub/itutes = natural objects1 hi/orical 
p]sons & sc5es4 ,)\t ?is correctness1 ! 
picture1 if n an imp$im5t1 is1 to say ! 
lea/1 useless4  --,x is only s9ce ! la/ 
half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 i4e4 s9ce !   
disappe>ance ( real pa9t+1 t !          
picture-book has appe>$ z an educational

 means2 fir/ ( all1 com+ f m9iature     
pa9t+4 ,up to t "t1 public life _h pl5ty
 ( pictures ( arms1 furniture1 h\ses1 & 
*ur*es2 & m51 f _! fondness = con/antly 
mov+ ab\t1 7 m we>y ( imm$iate          
p]ception4 ,x 0 only aft]w>ds :51 9 !   
excitem5t ( ! ?irty-ye>s' w>1 ! arts (  
,sculpture & ,pa9t+ & ,*ri/ian & ,pagan 
,my?ology became ext9ct1 t !re arose a  
great] necessity = pictur$              
repres5tations4 ,! ,orbis ,r]um         
,s5sualium ,pictus1 :i* 0 also to be    
janua l+u>um res]ata1 ( ,amos ,com5ius1 
appe>$ fir/ 9 #afeh1 & 0 repr9t$ 9      
#ahje4 ,_m valuable illu/rat$ books     
foll[$4 ,s9ce t "t innum]able illu/rat$ 
,bibles & hi/ories h appe>$1 b _m ( !m  
look only to ! pecuni>y pr(it ( ! au?or 
or ! publi%]4 ,x is revolt+ to see !    
daubs t are giv5 to *ildr54 ,!y are     
highly color$1 b z to correctness1 to   
say no?+ ( "*1 !y are good = no?+4 ,) a 
little consci5ti\sness & sci5tific k v  
diff]5t results c\ld be obta9$ ) ! same 
outlay ( money & ( /r5g?4 ,! uni=mity   

:i* exi/s 9 ! /ock ( books :i* ,g]man   
book-sell+ has set 9 circulation is     
really disgraceful4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d !   
same types1 ev5 9 e?nographical         
pictures4 ,9 natural hi/ory1 !          
illu/rations 7 (t5 drawn f ! imag9ation 
or copi$ f mis]able models4 ,?is has    
*ang$ v mu* = ! bett]4 ,! same is true (
 ar*itectural draw+s & l&scapes1 = :i*  
we h n[ bett] copies4--   #hh4 ,*ildr5 h
 naturally a desire to collect ?+s1 &   
?is may be s guid$ t !y %all collect &  
arrange plants1 butt]flies1 beetles1    
%ells1 skeletons1 c41 & ?us ga9         
exactness & reality 9 _! p]ception4     
,especially %\ld !y practise draw+1 :i* 
leads !m to =m exact images ( objects4  
,b draw+1 z *ildr5 practise x1 does n h 
! educational significance ( cultivat+ 9
 !m an appreciation ( art1 b r t (      
educat+ ! eye1 z ?is mu/ be ex]cis$ 9   
e/imat+ di/ances1 sizes1 & colors4 ,x   
is1 moreov]1 a great ga9 9 _m ways1 if1 
?r\gh a suitable c\rse ( lessons 9      
draw+1 ! *ild is advanc$ to a k ( !     

elem5t>y =ms ( nature4  --,t pictures   
%\ld affect *ildr5 z works ( art is n to
 be desir$4 ,!y conf9e !mselves at fir/ 
to di/+ui%+ ! outl9es & colors1 & d n   
yet appreciate ! execution4 ,if ! *ildr5
 h access to real works ( art1 we may   
safely tru/ 9 _! p[]1 & quietly await _!
 moral or /hetic effect4--   #hi4 ,9    
ord] t look+ at pictures %all n deg5]ate
 into m]e div]sion1 explanations %\ld   
accompany !m4 ,only :5 ! ?\ght embodi$ 9
 ! illu/ration is po9t$ out1 c !y be    
useful z a means ( in/ruction4 ,simply  
look+ at !m is ( z little value t[>ds   
?is end z is wat] = baptism )\t ! ,holy 
,_s4 ,our age incl9es at pres5t to !    
sup]/ition t man is able1 by means (    
simple intuition1 to atta9 a k ( !      
ess5ce ( ?+s1 & !reby disp5se ) ! tr\ble
 ( ?9k+4 ,illu/rations are ! ord] ( !   
day1 &1 9 ! place ( enjoyable           
descriptions1 we f9d mis]able pictures4 
,x is 9 va9 to try to get beh9d ?+s1 or 
to compreh5d !m1 except by ?9k+4   #ij4 
,! e> z well z ! eye mu/ be cultivat$4  

,music mu/ be consid]$ ! fir/           
educational means to ?is end1 b x %\ld  
be music inspir$ by e?ical purity4 ,he>+
 is ! mo/ int]nal ( all ! s5ses1 & %\ld 
on ?is acc\nt be treat$ ) ! greate/     
delicacy4 ,especially %\ld ! *ild be    
taught t he is n to look ^u spee* z     
m]ely a vehicle = communication & = ga9+
 in=mation2 x %\ld also give pleasure1 &
 !re=e he %\ld be taught to speak       
di/9ctly & ) a good /yle1 & ?is he c d  
only :5 he c>efully consid]s :at he is  
go+ to say4  --,among ! ,greeks1        
extraord9>y c>e 0 giv5 to musical       
cultivation1 especially 9 its e?ical    
relation4 ,suffici5t pro( ( ?is is f\nd 
9 ! admirable detail$ /atem5ts on ?is   
po9t 9 ! ,republic ( ,plato & 9 ! la/   
book ( ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle4 ,among  
mod]n nations1 also1 music holds a high 
place1 & makes its appe>ance z a con/ant
 elem5t ( education4 ,piano-play+ has   
become g5]al1 & s++ is also taught4 ,b !
 e?ical significance ( music is too     
little consid]$4 ,in/ruction 9 music (t5

 aims only to tra9 pupils = display 9   
society1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! melodies :i* are
 play$ is re/rict$ m & m to or*e/ral    
pieces ( an excit+ or bac*analian "*4 ,!
 railroad-gallop-/yle only makes ! n]ves
 ( y\? vibrate ) /imulat+ excitem5t4    
,oral spee*1 ! highe/ =m ( ! p]sonal    
manife/ation ( m9d1 0 also treat$ )     
great rev]5ce by ! anci5ts4 ,among u1   
communication is s g5]ally c>ri$ on by  
writ+ & read+1 t ! art ( speak+         
di/9ctly1 correctly1 & agreeably1 has   
become v mu* neglect$4 ,practice 9      
declamation accompli%es1 z a g5]al ?+1 v
 little 9 ?is direction4 ,b we may      
expect t ! increase ( public speak+     
occasion$ by our political & religi\s   
assemblies may h a favorable influ5ce 9 
?is p>ticul>4--   ,,ii4 ,! ,imag9ative  
,epo*4   #ia4 ,! activity ( ,p]ception  
results 9 ! =mation ( an int]nal picture
 or image ( its ideas :i* intellig5ce c 
call up at any "t )\t ! s5su\s1 imm$iate
 pres5ce ( its object1 & ?us1 ?r\gh     
ab/raction & g5]alization1 arises !     

conception4 ,! m5tal image may 7#a7 be  
comp>$ ) ! p]ception f :i* x sprang1 or 
7#b7 x may be arbitr>ily alt]$ & comb9$ 
) o!r images1 or 7#c7 x may be held fa/ 
9 ! =m ( ab/ract signs or symbols :i*   
intellig5ce inv5ts = x4 ,?us orig9ate ! 
functions 7#a7 ( ! v]ification (        
conceptions1 7#b7 ( ! creative          
imag9ation1 & 7#c7 ( memory2 b = _! full
 developm5t we mu/ ref] to ,psy*ology4  
#ib4 7#a7 ,! m5tal image :i* we =m ( an 
object may be correct2 aga91 x may be   
p>tly or :olly defective1 if we h       
neglect$ "s ( ! pr$icates ( ! p]ception 
:i* pres5t$ !mselves1 or 9 s f> z we h  
add$ to x o!r pr$icates :i* only seem+ly
 belong$ to x1 & :i* 7 atta*$ to x only 
by its accid5tal empirical connection ) 
o!r exi/5ces4 ,education mu/1 !re=e1    
fo/] ! habit ( comp>+ our conceptions ) 
! p]ceptions f :i* !y arose2 & ^!       
p]ceptions1 s9ce !y are liable to *ange 
by reason ( _! empirical connection )   
o!r objects1 mu/ be frequ5tly comp>$ )  
our conceptions previ\sly =m$ by        

ab/ractions f !m4   #ic4 7#b7 ,we are   
?us limit$ 9 our conceptions by our     
p]ceptions1 b we ex]cise a free control 
ov] our conceptions4 ,we c create out ( 
!m1 z simple elem5ts1 ! manifold m5tal  
%apes :i* we d n treat z giv5 to u1 b z 
ess5tially our own "w4 ,9 ,p$agogics1 we
 mu/ n only look ^u ?is fre$om z if x 7 
only to af=d gratification1 b z !       
reaction ( ! absolute ideal native m9d  
aga9/ ! dep5d5ce 9 :i* ! empirical      
reception ( impressions f )\t1 & _!     
reproduction 9 conceptions1 place x4 ,9 
?is process1 x does n only fa%ion 9     
itself ! ph5om5al _w1 b x r fa%ions out 
( itself a _w :i* is all its own4   #id4
 ,! /udy ( ,art comes "h to ! aid (     
,p$agogics1 especially ) ,poetry1 !     
highe/ & at ! same "t ! mo/ easily      
communicat$4 ,! imag9ation ( ! pupil c  
be l$ by means ( ! classical works (    
creative imag9ation to ! =mation ( a    
good ta/e bo? z reg>ds e?ical value &   
beauty ( =m4 ,! prop] classical works = 
y\? are ^? :i* nations h produc$ 9 !    

e>lie/ /ages ( _! culture4 ,^! works br+
 *ildr5 face to face ) ! picture :i* m9d
 has sket*$ = itself 9 "o ( ! necess>y  
/ages ( its developm5t4 ,?is is ! real  
reason :y our *ildr5 nev] we>y ( read+  
,hom] & ! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4     
,poly!ism & ! h]oism :i* belongs to x   
are j z sub/antial an elem5t ( *ildi%   
conception z mono!ism ) its prophets &  
patri>*s4 ,we /& beyond bo?1 because we 
are m$iat$ by bo?1 & embrace bo? 9 our  
/&-po9t4  --,! pure/ /ories ( lit]ature 
design$ = ! amusem5t ( *ildr5 f _! sev5?
 to _! f\rte5? ye>1 consi/ always ( ^?  
:i* 7 honor$ by nations & ! _w at l>ge4 
,"o has only to notice 9 h[ _m ?\s& =ms 
! /ories ( ,ulysses are reproduc$ by !  
writ]s ( *ildr5's tales4 ,beck]'s ,tales
 ( ,anci5t ,times1 ,gu/av ,s*wab's mo/  
admirable ,sagas ( ,antiquity1 ,k>l     
,grimm's ,tales ( ,old5 ,times1 c41 :at 
7 !y )\t ! well-talk+1 wily favorite (  
,pallas1 & ! div9e sw9e-h]d8 ,& j z     
inde/ructible are ! /ories ( ! ,old     
,te/am5t up to ! sep>ation ( ,judah &   

,israel4 ,^! patri>*s ) _! wives &      
*ildr51 ^! judges & prophets1 ^! k+s &  
prie/s1 are by no means ideals ( virtue 
9 ! notion ( our mod]n lifeless         
morality1 :i* w\ld smoo? out ( its      
patt]n-/ories = ! de> *ildr5 ev]y?+ t is
 h>d & unc\?4 ,= ! v reason t !         
%ad[-side is n want+ "h1 & t we f9d     
envy1 vanity1 evil desire1 +ratitude1   
craft9ess1 & deceit1 among ^! fa!rs ( ! 
race & lead]s ( ,god's *os5 p1 h ^!     
/ories s great an educational value4    
,adam1 ,ca91 ,abraham1 ,joseph1 ,samson1
 & ,david1 h ju/ly become z truly       
_w-hi/orical types z ,a*illes &         
,patroclus1 ,agamemnon & ,iphig5ia1     
,hector & ,&roma*e1 ,ulysses &          
,p5elope4--   #ie4 ,!re may be produc$  
also1 out ( ! simple/ & mo/ primitive   
phases ( diff]5t epo*s ( culture ( "o & 
! same p1 /ories :i* answ] to !         
imag9ation ( *ildr51 & repres5t to !m ! 
*>act]i/ic features ( ! pa/ ( _! p4     
--,! ,g]mans possess su* a collection ( 
_! /ories 9 _! popul> books ( ! ,horny  

,sigfri$1 ( ! ,heymon ,*ildr51 (        
,beautiful ,magelone1 ,=tunatus1 ,!     
,w&]+ ,jew1 ,fau/1 ,! ,adv5tur\s        
,simplicissimus1 ,! ,s*ildbrg]1 ,! ,isl&
 ( ,fels5burg1 ,li5h>d & ,g]trude1 c4   
,also1 ! art works ( ! great ma/]s :i*  
possess national significance mu/ be    
spok5 ( "h1 z ! ,don ,quixote (         
,c]vantes4--   #if4 ,! mo/ g5]al =m 9   
:i* ! *ildi% imag9ation f9ds ex]cise is 
t ( fairy-tales2 b ,education mu/ take  
c>e t x has ^! 9 _! prop] %ape z        
national productions1 & t !y are n ( !  
morbid k9d :i* poetry s (t5 gives u 9   
?is species ( lit]ature1 & :i* n seldom 
deg5]ate to s5tim5tal c>icatures &      
sill9ess4  --,! ,ea/ ,indian /ories are 
mo/ excell5t because !y h _! orig9 ) a  
*ildlike p :o live :olly 9 ! imag9ation4
 ,by means ( ! ,arabian filtration1 :i* 
took place 9 ,cairo 9 ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( 
! ,egyptian caliphs1 all t 0 too        
*>act]i/ically ,indian 0 exclud$1 & !y 7
 made 9 ! ,tales ( ,s*eh]ezade1 a book =
 all peoples1 ) ^: f>-rea*+ p[] 9       

*ild-lit]ature1 ! local /ories ( a race1
 z e4g4 ,grimm's admirable ones ( ,g]man
 tradition1 _c comp>e4 ,fairy-tales made
 to ord]1 z we (t5 see !m1 ) a m$ival   
,ca?olic t5d5cy1 or v moral & dry1 are a
 bane to ! y\?ful imag9ation 9 _! /ale  
sweetness4 ,we mu/ "h add1 h[ev]1 t     
lately we h _h "s bett] success 9 our   
attempts s9ce we h le>n$ to di/+ui%     
betwe5 ! nave natural poetry1 :i* is )\t
 reflection1 & ! poetry ( art1 :i* is   
condition$ by criticism & an ideal4 ,?is
 di/9ction has produc$ good fruits ev5 9
 ! picture-books ( *ildr54 ,! pret5sions
 ( ! g5tlem5 :o pr9t$ illu/rat$ books   
conta9+ no?+ m solid ?an ! alphabet & ! 
multiplication table h become less      
prom95t s9ce su* m5 z ,speckt]1 ,frhli*1
 ,gutsmu?s1 ,h(man 7! writ] ( ,slov5ly  
,pet]71 & o!rs1 h %[n t seem+ly trivial 
?+s c be h&l$ ) intellectual p[]1 if "o 
is bless$ ) x1 & t no?+ is m oppos$ to !
 *ild's imag9ation ?an ! *ildi%ness )   
:i* s _m writ]s = *ildr5 h fall5 :5 !y  
attempt$ to desc5d ) dignity f _!       

presumably l(ty /&-po9t4 ,m5 are beg9n+ 
to und]/& t ,*ri/ promis$ ! k+dom (     
heav5 to little *ildr5 on o!r gr\nds ?an
 because !y _h z x 7 ! privilege ( be+  
?\ghtless & fooli%4--   #ig4 ,= y\? &   
maid5s1 especially z !y approa* manhood 
& womanhood1 ! cultivation ( !          
imag9ation mu/ all[ ! e>ne/ness (       
actuality to manife/ itself 9 its       
undisguis$ en]gy4 ,?is e>ne/ness1 no    
long] ?r\gh ! symbolism ( play b 9 its  
objective reality1 mu/ n[ ?or\ghly      
p5etrate ! conceptions ( ! y\? s t x    
%all prep>e him to seize hold ( ! ma*9]y
 ( active life4 ,in/ead ( ! all-embrac+ 
,epos !y %\ld n[ read ,trag$y1 ^:       
purify+ process1 ?r\gh ! alt]nation (   
fe> & pity1 unfolds to ! y\? ! secret ( 
all human de/9y1 s9 & its expiation4 ,! 
works be/ adapt$ to lead to hi/ory on   
?is side are ^? ( biography--( anci5t   
times1 ,plut>*2 ( mod]n times1 !        
autobiographies ( ,augu/9e1 ,cell9i1    
,r\sseau1 ,goe!1 ,v>nhag51 ,jung ,/ill+1
 ,moritz1 ,arndt1 c4 ,^! autobiographies

 conta9 a view ( ! gr[? ( individuality 
?r\gh its int]-action ) ! influ5ces (   
its "t1 &1 toge!r ) ! lett]s & memoirs (
 great or at lea/ notewor?y m51 t5d to  
produce a heal?y excitem5t 9 ! y\?1 :o  
mu/ le>n to fight 8 own battles ?r\gh a 
k ( ! battles ( o!rs4 ,to introduce !   
y\? to a k ( ,nature & ,e?nography no   
means are bett] ?an ^? ( books ( travel 
:i* give ! *>m ( fir/ contact1 ! joy (  
discov]y1 in/ead ( ! g5]al consci\sness 
( ! conque/s ( m9d4  --,if educative    
lit]ature on ! "o h& broad5s ! field (  
k1 on ! o!r x may also promote its      
elaboration into ideal =ms4 ,?is happ5s1
 9 a /rict s5se1 ?r\gh philosophical    
lit]ature4 ,b only two diff]5t species (
 ?is are to be recomm5d$ to y\?3 7#a7   
well-writt5 treatises :i* endeavor to   
solve a s+le problem ) _s & ?or\ghness2 
or1 7#b7 :5 ! intellig5ce has gr[n /rong
 en\gh = x1 ! classical works ( a real  
philosoph]4 ,g]man lit]ature is         
=tunately v ri* 9 treatises ( ?is k9d 9 
! works ( ,less+1 ,h]d]1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 

,s*lei]ma*]1 ,humboldt1 & ,s*ill]4 ,b   
no?+ does m h>m to y\? ?an ! /udy (     
works ( m$iocrity1 or ^? ( a /ill l[]   
rank4 ,!y /upefy & n>r[ ! m9d by _!     
empty1 holl[1 & con/ra9$ /yle4 ,x is    
g5]ally suppos$ t ^! /&>d works are too 
difficult1 & t "o mu/ fir/ seize !m 9   
?is trivial & dilut$ =m 9 ord] to und]/&
 !m4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ preval5t & mo/  
dang]\s errors1 = ^! ,introductions or  
,explanations1 easily-compreh5d$        
,treatises1 ,summ>y ,ab/racts1 are1     
because ( _! want ( orig9ality & ( !    
acut5ess :i* belongs to x1 mu* m        
difficult to und]/& ?an ! /&>d "w itself
 f :i* !y dra9 _! supplies4 ,education  
mu/ tra9 ! y\? to ! c\rage :i* w attempt
 /&>d works1 & x mu/ n all[ any su*     
mis]able preconceiv$ op9ions to gr[ up 9
 8 m9d z t 8 und]/&+ is totally unable  
to compreh5d works l ,fi*te's ,sci5ce ( 
,k1 ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle1 or      
,hegel's ,ph5om5ology4 ,no sci5ce suff]s
 s mu* z ,philosophy f ?is false popul> 
op9ion1 :i* und]/&s nei!r itself nor its

 au?ority4 ,! y\? mu/ le>n h[ to le>n to
 und]/&1 &1 9 ord] to d ?is1 he mu/ "k t
 "o _c imm$iately und]/& ev]y?+ 9 its   
f9e/ subdivisions1 & t on ?is acc\nt he 
mu/ h pati5ce1 & mu/ resolve to read ov]
 & ov] aga91 & to ?9k ov] :at he has    
read4--   #ih4 7#c7 ,imag9ation returns 
aga9 )9 itself to p]ception 9 t x       
replaces1 = conceptions1 p]ceptions     
!mselves1 :i* are to rem9d x ( ! previ\s
 conception4 ,^! p]ceptions may resemble
 9 "s way ! p]ception :i* lies at !     
basis ( ! conception1 & be ?us m or less
 symbolical2 or !y may be m]ely arbitr>y
 creations ( ! creative imag9ation1 &   
are 9 ?is case pure signs4 ,9 common    
spee* & writ+1 we call ! free reta9+ (  
^! p]ceptions creat$ by imag9ation1 & ! 
recall+ ( ! conceptions d5ot$ by !m1    
,memory4 ,x is by no means a p>ticul>   
faculty ( ! m9d1 :i* is aga9 subdivid$  
into memory ( p]sons1 names1 numb]s1 c4 
,z to its =m1 memory is ! /age ( !      
dissolution ( conception2 b z to its    
cont5t1 x arises f ! int]e/ :i* we take 

9 a subject-matt]4 ,f ?is int]e/        
results1 moreov]1 c>eful att5tion1 & f  
?is latt]1 facility 9 ! reproductive    
imag9ation4 ,if ^! acts h prec$$1 ! fix+
 ( a "n1 or ( a numb]1 9 :i* ! cont5t   
int]e/+ u is z x 7 summ$ up1 is n       
difficult4 ,:5 int]e/ & att5tion animate
 u1 x seems z if we did n ne$ to be at  
all tr\bl$ ab\t rememb]+ any?+4 ,all !  
s-call$ mnemonic helps only s]ve to make
 m difficult ! act ( memory4 ,?is act is
 9 itself a d\ble function1 consi/+ (1  
fir/1 ! fix+ ( ! sign1 & second1 ! fix+ 
( ! conception subsum$ "u x4 ,s9ce !    
mnemonic te*nique adds to ^! "o m       
conception1 ?r\gh ^: means ! ?+s ) :i*  
we h to deal are to be fix$ 9 ord] to be
 able freely to express !m 9 u1 x       
trebles ! functions ( rememb]+1 & =gets 
t ! m$iation ( ^! & _! relation--:olly  
arbitr>y & highly artificial--mu/ also  
be rememb]$4 ,! true help ( memory      
consi/s 9 n help+ x at all1 b 9 simply  
tak+ up ! object into ! ideal regions ( 
! m9d by ! =ce ( ! inf9ite              

self-det]m9ation :i* m9d possesses4     
--,li/s ( names1 z e4g4 ( ! ,roman      
emp]ors1 ( ! popes1 ( ! caliphs1 (      
riv]s1 m\nta9s1 au?ors1 cities1 c42 also
 numb]s1 z e4g4 ! multiplication table1 
! melt+ po9ts ( m9]als1 ! dates (       
battles1 ( bir?s & dea?s1 c41 mu/ be    
le>n$ )\t aid4 ,all indirect means only 
s]ve to d h>m "h1 & are requir$ z       
self-discov]$ m$iation only 9 case t    
int]e/ or att5tion has become weak5$4-- 
#ii4 ,! means to be us$1 :i* result f ! 
nature ( memory itself1 are on ! "o h& !
 pron\nc+ & writ+ ( ! names & numb]s1 & 
on ! o!r1 repetition2 by ^! we ga9      
di/9ctness & c]ta9ty4  --,all artificial
 contrivances = quick5+ ! memory vani% 9
 comp>ison ) ! art ( writ+1 9 s f> z ?is
 is n look$ at z a means ( reliev+ !    
memory4 ,t a "n or a numb] %\ld be ?is  
or t1 is a m]e *ance = ! intellig5ce1 an
 entirely mean+less accid5t to :i* we h 
unconditionally to submit ourselves z   
unalt]able4 ,! intellig5ce mu/ be       
accu/om$ to put ^u itself ?is con/ra9t4 

,9 sci5ce prop]1 especially 9           
,philosophy1 our reason helps to produce
 "o ?\ght f o!rs by means ( ! context1 &
 we c discov] names = ! ideas f !m4--   
,,iii4 ,! ,logical ,epo*4   #ajj4 ,9    
,conception !re is atta9$ a univ]sality 
( intellectual action 9 s f> z !        
empirical details are ref]r$ to a       
,s*ema1 z ,kant call$ x4 ,b ! necessity 
( ! connection is want+ to x4 ,to       
produce ?is is ! task ( ! ?9k+ activity1
 :i* frees itself f all repres5tations1 
& ) its cle>ly def9$ det]m9ations       
transc5ds conceptions4 ,! ,?9k+ activity
 frees itself f all s5su\s              
repres5tations by means ( ! processes ( 
,conception & ,p]ception4 ,compreh5sion1
 ,judgm5t1 & ,syllogism1 develop =      
!mselves into =ms :i*1 z su*1 h no p[] (
 be+ p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,b x does n    
foll[ f ?is t he :o ?9ks _c return out (
 ! ?9k+ activity & c>ry x ) him into !  
sph]e ( ,conception & ,p]ception4 ,!    
true ?9k+ activity deprives itself ( no 
cont5t4 ,! ab/raction affect+ a logical 

purism :i* looks d[n ^u ,conception &   
,p]ception z =ms ( intellig5ce q inf]ior
 to itself1 is a pseudo-?9k+1 a morbid &
 s*ola/ic error4 ,education w be ! bett]
 on its gu>d aga9/ ?is ! m x has l$ !   
pupil by ! legitimate road ( ,p]ception 
& ,conception to ,?9k+4 ,memoriz+       
especially is an excell5t prep>atory    
s*ool = ! ,?9k+ activity1 because x     
gives practice to ! intellig5ce 9       
ex]cis+ itself 9 ab/ract ideas4   #aja4 
,! fo/]+ ( ! ,s5se ( ,tru? f ! e>lie/   
ye>s up1 is ! sure/ way ( lead+ ! pupil 
to ga9 ! p[] ( ?9k+4 ,! unprejudic$1    
dis9t]e/$ yield+ to ,tru?1 z well z !   
ef=t to %un all deception & false seem+1
 are ( ! greate/ value 9 /r5g!n+ ! p[] (
 reflection1 z ?is consid]s no?+ ( value
 b ! actually exi/+ objective           
circum/ances4  --,! indulg+ an illusion 
z a pleas+ recreation ( ! intellig5ce   
%\ld be all[$1 :ile ly+ mu/ n be        
tol]at$4 ,*ildr5 h a natural incl9ation 
= my/ifications1 = masqu]ades1 =        
raill]y1 & = !atrical p]=mances1 c4 ,?is

 incl9ation to illusion is p]fectly     
normal ) !m1 & %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,!      
graceful k+dom ( ,art is develop$ f x1 z
 also ! poetry ( conv]sation 9 je/ &    
wit4 ,al?\gh ?is sometimes becomes      
/]eotyp$ into v prosaic conv5tional =ms 
( spee*1 x is m tol]able ?an ! awkw>d   
hone/y :i* takes ev]y?+ 9 its simple    
lit]al s5se4 ,& x is easy to discov]    
:e!r *ildr5 9 su* play1 9 ! activity (  
free joy\sness1 incl9e to ! side (      
mis*ief by _! %[+ a desire ( satisfy+ _!
 selfi% int]e/4 ,!n !y mu/ be *eck$1 = 9
 t case ! *e]fulness ( h>mless jok+     
gives way to prem$itation &             
dissimulation4--   #ajb4 ,an acqua9tance
 ) logical =ms is to be recomm5d$ z a   
special educational help 9 ! culture (  
intellig5ce4 ,! /udy ( ,ma!matics does n
 suffice1 because x presupposes ,logic4 
,ma!matics is relat$ to ,logic 9 ! same 
way z ,gramm>1 ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 c4 
,! logical =ms mu/ be kn[n explicitly 9 
_! pure indep5d5t =ms1 & n m]ely 9 _!   
implicit /ate z imman5t 9 objective =ms4

   ,,second ,,*apt]4  ,! ,logical       
,presupposition or ,me?od4    #ajc4 ,!  
logical presupposition ( in/ruction is !
 ord] 9 :i* ! subject-matt] develops = !
 consci\sness4 ,! subject1 !            
consci\sness ( ! pupil1 & ! activity ( !
 in/ructor1 int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9      
in/ruction1 & con/itute 9 actuality "o  
:ole4   #ajd4 7#a7 ,fir/ ( all1 !       
subject :i* is to be le>n$ has a        
specific det]m9at5ess :i* dem&s 9 its   
repres5tation a c]ta9 fix$ ord]4 ,h[ev] 
arbitr>y we may desire to be1 ! subject 
has a c]ta9 self-det]m9ation ( its own  
:i* no mi/reatm5t c :olly cru% out1 &   
?is inh]5t immortal reason is ! g5]al   
f\ndation ( in/ruction4  --,to          
illu/rate2 h[ev] "o may desire to       
manipulate a language 9 tea*+ x1 he _c  
*ange ! words 9 x1 or ! inflections ( ! 
decl5sions & conjugations4 ,& ! same    
re/riction is laid ^u our incl9ations 9 
! diff]5t divisions ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 
9 ! !orems ( ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 c4  
,! !orem ( ,pascal rema9s /ill ! !orem (

 ,pascal1 & w always rema9 s4--   #aje4 
7#b7 ,b ! subject mu/ be adapt$ to !    
consci\sness ( ! pupil1 & "h ! ord] (   
proc$ure & ! exposition dep5d ^u ! /age 
:i* he has rea*$ intellectually1 = !    
special mann] ( ! in/ruction mu/ be     
condition$ by ?is4 ,if he is 9 ! /age ( 
p]ception1 we mu/ use ! illu/rative     
me?od2 if 9 ! /age ( conception1 t (    
comb9ation2 & if 9 ! /age ( reflection t
 ( demon/ration4 ,! fir/ exhibits !     
object directly1 or "s repres5tation (  
x2 ! second consid]s x accord+ to !     
diff]5t possibilities :i* exi/ 9 x1 &   
turns x ar\nd on all sides2 ! ?ird      
que/ions ! necessity ( ! connection 9   
:i* x /&s ei!r ) itself or ) o!rs4 ,?is 
is ! natural ord] f ! /&-po9t ( !       
sci5tific intellig5ce3 fir/1 ! object is
 pres5t$ to ! p]ception2 !n comb9ation  
pres5ts its diff]5t phases2 &1 f9ally1 !
 ?9k+ activity circumscribes ! re/lessly
 mov+ reflection by ! idea ( necessity4 
,exp]im5t 9 ! me?od ( comb9ation is an  
excell5t means = a discov]y ( relations1

 = a %>p5+ ( ! att5tion1 = ! ar\s+ ( a  
_m-sid$ int]e/2 b x is no true          
dialectic1 ?\gh x be (t5 d5ot$ by t "n4 
--,illu/ration is especially necess>y 9 
! natural sci5ces & also 9 /hetics1     
because 9 bo? ( ^! dep>tm5ts ! s5su\s is
 an ess5tial elem5t ( ! matt] dealt )4  
,9 ?is respect we h made great progress 
9 *>ts & maps4 ,syd['s h& & wall maps & 
,b]ghaus's physical atlas are mo/       
excell5t means ( illu/rative in/ruction2
 also ,burmei/]'s zological atlas4--    
#ajf4 ,! demon/rative me?od1 9 ord] to  
br+ ab\t its pro( ( necessity1 has a    
*oice ( _m diff]5t ways4 ,b we mu/ n    
imag9e1 ei!r t !re are an unlimit$      
numb]1 & t x is only a *ance :i* "o we  
%all take2 or t !y h no connection among
 !mselves1 & run1 z x 71 side by side4  
,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! bus9ess ( ,p$agogics  
to develop diff]5t me?ods ( pro(2 ?is   
belongs to ,logic4 ,we h only to rememb]
 t1 logically tak51 pro( mu/ be         
analytic1 syn!tic1 or dialectic4        
,analysis beg9s ) ! s+le "o1 & leads out

 ( x by induction to ! g5]al pr9ciple f 
:i* its exi/5ce results4 ,syn!sis1 on ! 
contr>y1 beg9s ) a g5]al :i* is         
presuppos$ z true1 & leads f ?is ?r\gh  
d$uction to ! special det]m9ations :i* 7
 implicit 9 x4 ,! regressive se>* (     
analysis = a det]m9+ pr9ciple is        
,inv5tion2 ! =w>d progress ( syn!sis f !
 simple elem5ts seek+ = ! multiplicity (
 ! s+le "o is ,con/ruction4 ,ea*1 9 its 
result1 passes ov] into ! o!r2 b _! tru?
 is f\nd 9 ! dialectic me?od1 :i* 9 ea* 
phase all[s unity to sep>ate into       
div]sity & div]sity to return into      
unity4 ,:ile 9 ! analytic z well z 9 !  
syn!tic me?od ! m$iation ( ! individual 
) ! g5]al1 or ( ! g5]al ) ! individual1 
lets ! phase ( p>ticul>ity be only      
subjectively connect$ ) x 9 ! dialectic 
me?od1 we h ! go+ ov] ( ! g5]al ?r\gh ! 
p>ticul> to ! individual1 or to !       
self-det]m9ation ( ! idea1 & x !re=e    
rightly claims ! title ( ! g5etic me?od4
 ,we c also say t :ile ! inv5tive me?od 
gives u ! idea 7notion7 & ! con/ructive 

! judgm5t1 ! g5etic gives u ! syllogism 
:i* leads ! det]m9ations ( reflection   
back aga9 into sub/antial id5tity4      
#ajg4 7#c7 ,! active m$iation ( ! pupil 
) ! cont5t :i* is to be impress$ ^u 8   
consci\sness is ! "w ( ! tea*]1 ^:      
p]sonality creates a me?od adapt$ to !  
individual2 = h[ev] cle>ly ! subject may
 be def9$1 h[ev] exactly ! psy*ological 
/age ( ! pupil may be regulat$1 ! tea*] 
_c disp5se ) ! p[] ( 8 own individuality
 ev5 9 ! mo/ objective relations4 ,?is  
individuality mu/ p5etrate ! :ole ) its 
own exposition1 & t peculi>ity :i* we   
call 8 mann]1 & :i* _c be det]m9$       
priori1 mu/ appe>4 ,! tea*] mu/ place   
himself on ! /&-po9t ( ! pupil1 i4e4 mu/
 adapt himself2 he mu/ see t ! ab/ract  
is made cle> to him 9 ! concrete1 i4e4  
mu/ illu/rate2 he mu/ fill up ! gaps :i*
 w c]ta9ly appe>1 & :i* may m> ! ?or\gh 
seiz+ ( ! subject1 i4e4 mu/ supply4 ,9  
all ^! relations ! p$agogical tact ( !  
tea*] may prove itself truly +5i\s 9    
v>y+ ! me?od accord+ to ! *angefulness (

 ! ev]-v>y+ ne$s1 9 contract+ or exp&+ !
 ext5t1 9 /at+1 or indicat+ :at is to be
 suppli$4 ,! true tea*] is free f any   
sup]/iti\s belief 9 any "o proc$ure z a 
sure specific :i* he foll[s always 9 a  
monoton\s bondage4 ,?is c only happ5 :5 
he is capable ( ! highe/ me?od4 ,! tea*]
 has arriv$ at ! highe/ po9t ( ability 9
 tea*+ :5 he c make use ( all means1 f !
 l(t9ess ( solemn s]i\sness1 ?r\gh smoo?
 /atem5t1 to ! play ( je/--yes1 ev5 to !
 inc5tive ( irony1 & to humor4          
--,p$agogics c be 9 no?+ m speci\s ?an 9
 its me?od1 & x is "h t *>latanism c mo/
 readily intrude itself4 ,e little      
*ange1 e inadequate modification1 is    
proclaim$ al\d z a new or an improv$    
me?od2 & ev5 ! mo/ fooli% & sup]ficial  
*anges f9d at once _! imitators1 :o     
!mselves conceal _! insol5ce beh9d "s   
frivol\s diff]5ces1 &1 ) laughable      
conceit1 hail !mselves z inv5tors4--    
,,?ird ,,*apt]4  ,in/ruction4    #ajh4  
,all in/ruction acts ^u ! supposition t 
!re is an inequality betwe5 pres5t k &  

p[] & t k & p[] :i* are n yet atta9$4   
,to ! pupil belong ! fir/1 to ! tea*] ! 
second4 ,education is ! act :i*         
gradually cancels ! orig9al inequality (
 tea*] & pupil1 9 t x conv]ts :at 0 at  
fir/ ! prop]ty ( ! =m] into ! prop]ty ( 
! latt]1 & ?is by means ( 8 own         
activity4   ,i4 ,! ,subjects (          
,in/ruction4   #aji4 ,! pupil is !      
appr5tice1 ! tea*] ! ma/]1 :e!r 9 !     
practice ( any craft or art1 or 9 !     
exposition ( any sy/ematic k4 ,! pupil  
passes f ! /ate ( ! appr5tice to t ( !  
ma/] ?r\gh t ( ! j\rneyman4 ,! appr5tice
 has to appropriate to himself !        
elem5ts2 j\rneyman%ip beg9s z he1 by    
means ( _! possession1 becomes          
indep5d5t2 ! ma/] comb9es ) 8 te*nical  
skill ! fre$om ( production4 ,8 au?ority
 ov] 8 pupil consi/s only 9 8 k & p[]4  
,if he has n ^!1 no ext]nal support1 no 
trick ( false appe>ances :i* he may put 
on1 w s]ve to create x = him4   #aaj4   
,^! /ages--7#a7 appr5tice%ip1 7#b7      
j\rneyman%ip1 7#c7 ma/]%ip--are fix$    

limitations 9 ! didactic process2 !y are
 relative only 9 ! concrete4 ,! /&>d (  
special excell5ce v>ies ) ! diff]5t     
grades ( culture1 & mu/ be v>i$ t x may 
h any hi/orical value4 ,! ma/] is       
complete only 9 relation to ! j\rneyman 
& appr5tice2 to !m he is sup]ior4 ,b on 
! o!r h&1 9 relation to ! inf9ity ( !   
problems ( 8 art or sci5ce1 he is by no 
means complete2 to himself he mu/ always
 appe> z "o :o beg9s ev] anew1 "o :o is 
ev] /riv+1 "o to :om a new problem ev]  
rises f e a*iev$ result4 ,he _c dis*>ge 
himself f "w1 he mu/ nev] desire to re/ 
on 8 laurels4 ,he is ! true/ ma/] ^:    
f9i%$ p]=mances only =ce him on to      
nev]-re/+ progress4   #aaa4 ,! real     
possibility ( culture is f\nd 9 g5]al1 x
 is true1 9 e human be+2 nev]!less1     
empirically1 !re are di/+ui%$3 7#a7     
,incapacity1 z ! want ( all gifts2 7#b7 
,m$iocrity2 7#c7 ,tal5t & ,g5ius4 ,x is 
! "p ( ,psy*ology to give an acc\nt (   
all ^!4 ,m$iocrity *>act]izes ! great   
mass ( me*anical intellig5ces1 ^? :o    

wait = ext]nal impulse z to :at         
direction _! endeavors %all take4 ,n )\t
 tru?1 p]haps1 may we say1 t            
hypo!tically a special tal5t is giv5 to 
ea* individual1 b ?is special tal5t 9 _m
 m5 nev] makes its appe>ance1 because "u
 ! circum/ances 9 :i* x f9ds itself     
plac$ x fails to f9d ! excit+ occasion  
:i* %all give him ! k ( its exi/5ce4 ,! 
majority ( mank9d are cont5t$ ) !       
me*anical impulse :i* makes !m into     
some?+ & impresses ^u !m c]ta9          
det]m9ations4--,tal5t %[s itself by     
means ( ! confid5ce 9 its own especial  
productive possibility1 :i* manife/s    
itself z an incl9ation1 z a /rong       
impulse1 to occupy itself ) ! special   
object :i* con/itutes its cont5t4       
,p$agogics has no difficulty 9 deal+ )  
me*anical natures1 because _! passivity 
is only too ready to foll[ prescrib$    
patt]ns4 ,x is m difficult to manage    
tal5t1 because x lies betwe5 m$iocrity &
 g5ius1 & is !re=e unc]ta91 & n only    
unequal to itself1 b also is toss$ n[   

too l[1 n[ too high1 is by turns        
despond5t & ov]-excit$4 ,! g5]al maxim =
 deal+ ) x is to remove no difficulty f 
! subject to :i* its ef=ts are          
direct$4--,g5ius mu/ be treat$ mu* 9 !  
same way z ,tal5t4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s  
only 9 ?is1 t ,g5ius1 ) a =ekn[l$ge (   
its creative p[]1 usually manife/s its  
confid5ce ) less d\bt 9 a special       
vocation1 &1 ) a m int5se ?ir/ =        
culture1 subjects itself m will+ly to ! 
dem&s ( in/ruction4 ,g5ius is 9 its     
nature ! pure/ self-det]m9ation1 9 t x  
lives1 9 its own inn] exi/5ce1 !        
necessity :i* exi/s 9 ! ?+4 ,b x c      
assign to ! ,new1 :i* is 9 x already    
imm$iately & subjectively1 no value if  
?is has n unit$ itself to ! already     
exi/+ culture z its objective           
presupposition1 & on ?is gr\nd x        
?ankfully receives in/ruction4   #aab4  
,b ,tal5t & ,g5ius (f] a special        
difficulty to education 9 ! precocity   
:i* (t5 accompanies !m4 ,b by precocity 
we d n mean t !y e>ly r5d] !mselves     

p]ceptible1 s9ce ! e>ly manife/ation (  
gifts by tal5t & g5ius1 ?r\gh _! int5se 
confid5ce1 is to be look$ at z p]fectly 
legitimate4 ,b precocity is r ! ha/5+   
=w>d ( ! human be+ 9 feel+ & moral s5se1
 s t :]e 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature we   
%\ld h a *ild1 we h a y\?1 & a man 9 !  
place ( a y\?4 ,we may f9d precocity    
among ^? :o belong to ! class (         
m$iocrity1 b x is develop$ mo/ readily  
among ^? possess$ ( tal5t & g5ius1      
because ) !m ! e>ly appe>ance ( sup]ior 
gifts may v easily br+ 9 its tra9 a     
p]v]sion ( ! feel+s & ! moral nature4   
,education mu/ deal ) x 9 s f> z x is   
inh>moni\s1 s t x %all be /rong] ?an !  
dem&s made on x f )\t1 s t x %all n     
m9i/] to vanity2 & mu/ take c>e1 9 ord] 
to accompli% ?is1 t social naturalness &
 lack ( affectation be pres]v$ 9 !      
pupil4  --,our age has to combat ?is    
precocity mu* m ?an o!rs4 ,we f9d e4g4  
au?ors :o1 at ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 9 :i* 
!y publi% _! collect$ works or write _! 
biography1 are *illy ) ! feel+s ( old   

age4 ,music has be5 ! sph]e 9 :i* !     
e>lie/ developm5t ( tal5t has %[n       
itself1 & "h we f9d ! absurdity t !     
cupidity ( p>5ts has s =c$ precoci\s    
tal5ts t *ildr5 ( f\r or five ye>s ( age
 h be5 made to appe> 9 public4--   #aac4
 ,e sph]e ( culture conta9s a c]ta9     
quantity ( k & ready skill :i* may be   
look$ at1 z x 71 z ! creat$ result ( !  
culture4 ,x is to be wi%$ t e "o :o     
turns 8 att5tion to a c]ta9 l9e (       
culture c\ld take up into himself !     
ga!r$ le>n+ :i* controls x4 ,9 s f> z he
 does ?is1 he is pr(essional4 ,!        
consci\sness t "o has 9 ! usual way gone
 ?r\gh a s*ool ( art or sci5ce1 & has1 )
 ! g5]al inh]itance ( acquisition1 be5  
h&$ ov] to a special dep>tm5t1 creates  
ext]nally a b5eficial composure :i* is v
 favorable to int]nal progress4 ,we mu/ 
di/+ui% f ! pr(essional ! amateur & !   
self-taught man4 ,! amateur busies      
himself ) an art1 a sci5ce1 or a trade1 
)\t hav+ gone ?r\gh any /rict tra9+ 9 x4
 ,z a rule1 he disp5ses ) elem5t>y      

?or\ghness1 & ha/5s t[>ds ! pleasure :i*
 ! joy ( production gives4 ,! consci\s  
amateur confesses ?is himself1 makes no 
pret5sion to ma/]%ip1 & calls himself--9
 di/9ction f ! pr(essional1 :o subjects 
himself to rules--an unle>n$ p]son4 ,b  
sometimes ! amateur1 on ! contr>y1 cov]s
 ov] 8 weakness1 *]i%es 9 himself !     
self-conceit t he is equal to ! h]oes ( 
8 art or sci5ce1 con/itutes himself !   
fir/ admir] ( 8 own p]=mances1 seeks =  
_! want ( recognition 9 ext]nal motives1
 nev] 9 _! own want ( excell5ce2 &1 if  
he has money1 or edits a pap]1 is       
intoxicat$ ) be+ ! patron ( tal5t :i*   
produces su* works z he w\ld will+ly    
produce or pret5ds to produce4 ,!       
self-taught man has (t5 true tal5t1 or  
ev5 g5ius1 to ^: developm5t nev]!less ! 
inh]it$ culture has be5 d5i$1 & :o by   
good =tune has ?r\gh 8 own /r5g? work$ 8
 way into a field ( ef=t4 ,! self-taught
 man is di/+ui%$ f ! amateur by !       
?or\ghness & ! indu/ry ) :i* he acts2 he
 is n only equally un=tunate ) him 9 !  

abs5ce ( s*ool-tra9+1 b is mu* less     
end[$4 ,ev5 if ! self-taught man has =  
ye>s /udi$ & practis$ mu*1 he is /ill   
haunt$ by a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty z to :e!r 
he has yet rea*$ ! /&-po9t at :i* a     
sci5ce1 an art1 or a trade1 w receive   
him publicly--( s v great consequ5ce is 
x t man %\ld be compreh5d$ & recogniz$  
by man4 ,! self-taught man !re=e rema9s 
emb>rass$1 & does n free himself f !    
appreh5sion t he may expose "s weak po9t
 to a pr(essional1 or he falls into !   
o!r extreme--he becomes presumptu\s1    
/eps =? z a re=m]1 &1 if he accompli%es 
no?+1 or e>ns only ridicule1 he sets    
himself d[n z an unrecogniz$ m>tyr by an
 unappreciative & unju/ _w4  --,x is    
possible t ! amateur may transc5d ! /age
 ( sup]ficiality & subject himself to a 
?or\gh tra9+2 !n he ceases to be an     
amateur4 ,x is also possible t !        
self-taught man may be on ! "r track1 & 
may accompli% z mu* or ev5 m ?an "o     
tra9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x 
is v desirable t e "o %\ld g ?r\gh !    

regul> c\rse ( ! inh]it$ means (        
education1 p>tly t he may be ?or\gh 9 ! 
elem5ts1 p>tly to free him f ! anxiety  
:i* he may feel le/ he 9 8 solit>y ef=ts
 sp5d labor on "s sup]flu\s             
"w--sup]flu\s because done long be=e1 & 
( :i* he1 ?r\gh ! accid5t ( 8 want (    
culture1 _h n he>d4 ,we mu/ all le>n by 
ourselves1 b we _c tea* ourselves4 ,only
 ,g5ius c d ?is1 = x mu/ be its own     
lead] 9 ! new pa?s :i* x op5s4 ,g5ius   
alone passes beyond :]e inh]it$ culture 
ceases4 ,x be>s ?is 9 itself z ( ! pa/1 
& :i* x uses z mat]ial = its new        
creation2 b ! self-taught man1 :o w\ld v
 will+ly be a g5ius1 puts himself 9 an  
attitude ( opposition to ?+s already    
accompli%$1 or s9ks into oddity1 into   
secret arts & sci5ces1 c4--   #aad4 ,^! 
ideas ( ! g5]al /eps ( culture1 (       
special gifts1 & ( ! ways ( culture     
appropriate to ea*1 :i* we h above      
di/+ui%$1 h a manifold connection among 
!mselves :i* _c be e/abli%$  priori4 ,we
 c h[ev] rem>k t ,appr5tice%ip1 !       

,me*anical ,intellig5ce1 & !            
,pr(essional life2 secondly1            
,j\rneyman%ip1 ,tal5t1 & ,amateur%ip2 &1
 f9ally1 ,ma/]%ip1 ,g5ius1 & ,self      
,education1 h a relation%ip to ea* o!r4 
,,ii4 ,! ,act ( ,le>n+4   #aae4 ,9 !    
process ( education ! int]action betwe5 
pupil & tea*] mu/ be s manag$ t !       
exposition by ! tea*] %all excite 9 !   
pupil ! impulse to reproduction4 ,!     
tea*] mu/ n treat 8 exposition z if x 7 
a "w ( art :i* is its own end & aim1 b  
he mu/ always be> 9 m9d ! ne$ ( ! pupil4
 ,! arti/ic exposition1 z su*1 w1 by its
 complet5ess1 produce admiration2 b !   
didactic1 on ! contr>y1 w1 ?r\gh its    
p]fect adaptation1 call out ! imitative 
in/9ct1 ! p[] ( new creation4  --,f ?is 
consid]ation we may ju/ify ! frequ5t    
/atem5t t is made1 t tea*]s :o h really 
an elegant diction d n really accompli% 
s mu* z o!rs :o resemble 9 _! /atem5ts n
 s mu* a canal fl[+ smoo?ly betwe5      
/raight banks1 z a riv] :i* works its   
foam+ way ov] rocks & betwe5 ev]-w9d+   

banks4 ,! pupil p]ceives t ! fir/ is    
consid]+ himself :5 he speaks s f9ely1  
p]haps n )\t "s self-appreciation2 & t !
 second1 9 ! repetitions & ! s5t5ces :i*
 are nev] f9i%$1 is conc]n+ himself     
solely ) him4 ,! pupil feels t n want ( 
facility or awkw>dness1 b ! e>ne/       
eag]ness ( ! tea*]1 is ! pr9cipal ?+1 & 
t ?is latt] uses rhetoric only z a      
means4--   #aaf4 ,9 ! act ( le>n+ !re   
appe>s 7#a7 a me*anical elem5t1 7#b7 a  
dynamic elem5t1 & 7#c7 "o 9 :i* !       
dynamic aga9 me*anically /r5g!ns itself4
   #aag4 ,z to ! me*anical elem5t1 ! "r 
"t mu/ be *os5 = ea* lesson1 an exact   
arrangem5t obs]v$1 & ! suitable         
app>atus1 :i* is necess>y1 procur$4 ,x  
is 9 ! arrangem5t t especially consi/s !
 educational p[] ( ! lesson4 ,! _s (    
scrupul\sness1 ( accuracy1 ( neatness1  
is develop$ by ! ext]nal te*nique1 :i*  
is c>efully arrang$ 9 its subord9ate    
p>ts accord+ to its cont5t4 ,! tea*] mu/
 !re=e insi/ ^u x t "w %all cease at !  
exact "t1 t ! "w be well done1 c41 = on 

^! little ?+s _m great] ?+s e?ically    
dep5d4  --,to *oose "o's "t = any "w is 
(t5 difficult because ( ! pressure ( a  
multitude ( dem&s1 b 9 g5]al x %\ld be  
det]m9$ t ! /ronge/ & ke5e/ en]gy ( !   
?9k+ activity & ( memory--?is be+ dem&$ 
by ! "w--%\ld h appropriat$ to x ! fir/ 
half ( ! day4--   #aah4 ,! dynamical    
elem5t consi/s ( ! previ\sly develop$   
p[] ( ,att5tion1 )\t :i* all !          
exposition made by ! tea*] to ! pupil   
rema9s entirely =eign to him1 all       
app>atus is dead1 all arrangem5t ( no   
avail1 all tea*+ fruitless1 if ! pupil  
does n by 8 free activity receive into 8
 inn] self :at "o tea*es him1 & ?us make
 x 8 own prop]ty4   #aai4 ,?is          
appropriation mu/ n limit itself1 h[ev]1
 to ! fir/ acquisition ( any k or skill1
 b x mu/ give free exi/5ce to :atev] !  
pupil has le>n$2 x mu/ make x p]fectly  
manageable & natural1 s t x %all appe>  
to be a "p ( himself4 ,?is mu/ be br\ght
 ab\t by means ( ,repetition4 ,?is w    
me*anically secure t :i* ! att5tion fir/

 grasp$4   #abj4 ,! c>eful1 p]si/5t1    
liv+ activity ( ! pupil 9 ^! acts we    
call ,indu/ry4 ,its negative extreme is 
,laz9ess1 :i* is des]v+ ( puni%m5t      
inasmu* z x passes ov] into a want (    
self-det]m9ation4 ,man is by nature     
lazy4 ,b m9d1 :i* is only 9 its act1 mu/
 resolve ^u activity4 ,?is connection ( 
,indu/ry ) human fre$om1 ) ! v ess5ce ( 
m9d1 makes laz9ess appe> blamewor?y4 ,! 
really civiliz$ man1 !re=e1 no long]    
kn[s t absolute inaction :i* is !       
greate/ enjoym5t to ! b>b>ian1 & he     
fills up 8 leisure ) a v>iety ( easi] & 
light] "w4 ,! positive extreme (        
,indu/ry is ! unreasonable activity :i* 
ru%es 9 brea?less *ase f "o action to   
ano!r1 f ?is to t1 /ra9+ ! p]son ) !    
imm5se quantity ( 8 "w4 ,su* an         
activity1 go+ beyond itself & seldom    
rea*+ delib]ation1 is unwor?y ( a man4  
,x de/roys ! agreeable quiet :i* 9 all  
indu/ry %\ld p5etrate & inspire ! de$4  
,no?+ is m repulsive ?an ! begg>ly pride
 ( su* /upid labori\sness4 ,"o %\ld n   

endure = a mom5t to h ! pupil1 seek+ =  
di/9ction1 beg9 to pride himself on an  
extra indu/ry4 ,education mu/ accu/om   
him to use a regul> assiduity4 ,! frame 
( m9d suitable = "w (t5 does n exi/ at !
 "t :5 "w %\ld beg91 b m frequ5tly x    
makes its appe>ance aft] we h begun4 ,! 
subject takes its own "t to awak5 u4    
,indu/ry1 inspir$ by a love & reg>d =   
"w1 has 9 its quiet uni=mity a great    
=ce1 )\t :i* no "o c accompli% any?+    
ess5tial4 ,! _w1 !re=e1 holds ,indu/ry  
wor?y ( honor2 & to ! ,romans1 a nation 
( ! mo/ p]si/5t p]sev]ance1 we owe !    
inspir+ words1 ,incepto tantum opus e/1 
ct]a res exp$iet2 &1 ,labor improbus    
omnia v9cit4  --,e "o may glory 9 8     
indu/ry6 ,?is is a true ^w f ! lips ( a 
truly indu/ri\s man1 :o 0 also "o ( !   
mo/ mode/4 ,b ,less+ did n1 h[ev]1 mean 
by !m to *>t] ,ph>isaical p$antry4 ,!   
necessity sometimes ( giv+ "o's self to 
an excess ( "w injuri\s to ! heal?1     
g5]ally arises f ! fact t he has n at   
o!r times made use ( ! requisite        

att5tion to ! necess>y indu/ry1 & !n    
attempts sudd5ly & z by a =c$ m>* to    
/orm 8 way to 8 end4 ,! result ( su*    
ov]-ex]tion is naturally entire         
pro/ration4 ,! pupil is !re=e to be     
accu/om$ to a g5]ally uni=m indu/ry1 :i*
 may ext5d itself at regul> int]vals )\t
 8 !reby ov]/ra9+ himself4 ,:at is      
really ga9$ by a "y man :o has hi!rto   
neglect$ "t & opportunity1 & :o1 :5     
exam9ation presses1 ov]works himself1   
p]haps /&+ ! te/ ) honor1 & !n mu/ re/ =
 mon?s aft]w>ds f ! ov]-ef=t8 ,on all   
su* occasions att5tion is n objective & 
dispassionate1 b r becomes1 ?r\gh       
anxiety to pass ! exam9ation1 re/less & 
corrupt$ by egotism2 & ! usual evil     
result ( su* compulsory indu/ry is !    
ephem]al "* ( ! k ?us ga9$4 ,lightly    
come1 lightly g1 says ! prov]b4--  --,a 
special wor? is always atta*$ to /udy f>
 into ! night4 ,! /ud5t's midnight lamp 
always claims = itself a c]ta9 v5]ation4
 ,b ?is is vanity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is
 injuri\s to contradict ,nature by work+

 ?r\gh ! night1 :i* %e has orda9$ =     
sleep2 secondly1 ! "q is n z to ! numb] 
( h\rs sp5t 9 "w & _! position 9 !      
tw5ty-f\r1 b z to ! quality ( ! "w4 ,)  
reg>d to ! value ( my "w1 x is ( no     
mom5t :atsoev] :e!r ,i h done x 9 !     
morn+ or 9 ! ev5+1 or h[ long ,i h      
labor$1 & x is ( no consequ5ce to any "o
 except to my own v unimportant self4   
,f9ally1 ! "q pres5ts itself :e!r ^!    
g5tlem5 :o boa/ s mu* ( _! midnight "w d
 n sleep 9 ! daytime6--   #aba4 ,b      
,indu/ry has also two o!r extremes3     
seem+-laz9ess & seem+-indu/ry4          
,seem+-laz9ess is ! neglect+ ( ! usual  
activity 9 "o dep>tm5t because a man is 
s mu* m active 9 ano!r4 ,! m9d possess$ 
) ! livelie/ int]e/ 9 "o subject buries 
itself 9 x1 &1 because ( ?is1 _c give   
itself up to ano!r :i* be=e _h engross$ 
! att5tion4 ,?us x appe>s m idle ?an x  
is1 or r x appe>s to be idle j because x
 is m indu/ri\s4 ,?is is especially !   
case 9 pass+ f "o subject ( in/ruction  
to ano!r4 ,! pupil %\ld acquire su* a   

flexibility 9 8 intellectual p[]s t !   
rapid rel9qui%m5t ( "o subject & ! tak+ 
up ( ano!r %\ld n be too difficult4     
,no?+ is m natural ?an t :5 he is excit$
 he %\ld g back to ! subject t has j be5
 pres5t$ to him1 & t he1 feel+ himself  
re/ra9$1 %all rema9 unt\*$ by ! foll[+  
lesson1 :i* may be ( an entirely diff]5t
 nature4 ,! "y s\l is brood+ ov] :at has
 be5 said1 & is really ex]cis+ an       
int5sive activity1 ?\gh x appe>s to be  
idle4 ,b 9 seem+-indu/ry all ! ext]nal  
motives ( activity1 all ! me*anism ( "w1
 manife/ !mselves noisily1 :ile !re is  
no true en]gy ( att5tion & productivity4
 ,"o busies himself ) all ! app>atus (  
"w2 he heaps up in/rum5ts & books ar\nd 
him2 he sket*es plans2 he sp5ds _m h\rs 
/>+ into vacancy1 bit+ 8 p51 gaz+ at    
words1 draw+s1 numb]s1 c4 ,boys1 "u !   
protection ( s great a scaffold+ = "w   
erect$ ar\nd !m1 (t5 c>ry on _! own     
amusem5ts4 ,m51 :o arrive at no real    
conc5tration ( _! =ce1 no cle> def9+ (  
_! vocation1 no firm decision z to _!   

action1 dissipate _! p[] 9 :at is too   
(t5 a great activity ) absolutely no    
result4 ,!y are busy1 v busy2 !y h h>dly
 "t to d ?is ?+ because !y really wi% or
 ought to d t2 b1 ) all _! driv+1 _!    
en]gy is all dissipat$1 & no?+ comes f  
_! c\ntless labors4   ,,iii4 ,!         
,modality ( ! ,process ( ,tea*+4   #abb4
 ,n[ t we h le>n$ some?+ ( ! relation ( 
! tea*] to ! taught1 & ( ! process (    
le>n+ itself1 we mu/ exam9e ! mode &    
mann] ( in/ruction4 ,?is may h 7#a7 ! "*
 ( cont+5cy3 ! way 9 :i* our imm$iate   
exi/5ce 9 ! _w1 our life1 tea*es u2 or x
 may be giv5 7#b7 by ! pr9t$ page2 or   
7#c7 x may take ! %ape ( =mal oral      
in/ruction4   #abc4 7#a7 ,= ! mo/1 !    
be/1 & ! mightie/ ?+s t we "k we are    
indebt$ to ,life itself4 ,! sum (       
p]ceptions :i* a human be+ absorbs into 
himself up to ! f\r? or fif? ye> ( 8    
life is incalculable2 & aft] ?is "t we  
involunt>ily ga9 by imm$iate contact ) !
 _w c\ntless ideas4 ,b especially we    
und]/& by ! phrase ! ,s*ool ( ,life1 !  

e?ical k :i* we ga9 by :at happ5s 9 our 
own lives4  --,if "o says1 ,vit non s*ol
 disc5dum e/1 "o c also say1 ,vita      
docet4 ,)\t ! p[] ex]cis$ by ! imm$iate 
_w our intellig5ce w\ld rema9 ab/ract & 
lifeless4--   #abd4 7#b7 ,:at we le>n   
?r\gh books is ! opposite ( t :i* we    
le>n ?r\gh liv+4 ,life =ces ^u u ! k x  
has to give2 ! book1 on ! contr>y1 is   
entirely passive4 ,x is lock$ up 9      
itself2 x _c be alt]$2 b x waits by u   
till we wi% to use x4 ,we c read x      
rapidly or sl[ly2 we c simply turn ov]  
its leaves--:at 9 mod]n times "o calls  
read+2--we c read x f beg9n+ to end or f
 end to beg9n+2 we c /op1 beg9 aga91    
skip ov] passages1 or cut !m %ort1 z we 
l4 ,to ?is ext5t ! book is ! mo/        
conv5i5t means = in/ruction4 ,if we are 
indebt$ to ,life = our p]ceptions1 we   
mu/ *iefly ?ank books = our und]/&+ (   
our p]ceptions4 ,we call book-in/ruction
 dead :5 x lacks1 = ! exposition :i* x  
gives1 a f\ndation 9 our p]ceptions1 or 
:5 we d n add to ! pr9t$ description !  

p]ceptions :i* x implies2 & ! two are q 
diff]5t4   #abe4 ,books1 z well z life1 
tea* u _m ?+s :i* we did n previ\sly    
int5d to le>n directly f !m4 ,f =eign   
romances e4g4 we le>n1 fir/ ( all1 :ile 
we read !m = ent]ta9m5t1 ! =eign        
language1 hi/ory or geography1 c4 ,we   
mu/ di/+ui% f su* books z ^? :i* br+ to 
u1 z x 7 accid5tally1 a k = :i* we 7 n  
seek+1 ! books :i* are expressly int5d$ 
to in/ruct4 ,^! mu/ 7a7 9 _!            
consid]ation ( ! subject give u !       
pr9cipal results ( any dep>tm5t ( k1 &  
d5ote ! po9ts f :i* ! next advance mu/  
be made1 because e sci5ce arises at     
c]ta9 results :i* are !mselves aga9 new 
problems2 7b7 9 ! consid]ation ( !      
p>ticul>s x mu/ be exhau/ive1 i4e4 no   
ess5tial elem5ts ( a sci5ce mu/ be      
omitt$4 ,b ?is exhau/iv5ess ( execution 
has diff]5t mean+s accord+ to ! /&-po9ts
 ( ^? = :om x is made4 ,h[ f> we %all   
pass f ! univ]sality ( ! pr9cipal       
det]m9ations into ! multiplicity ( !    
,p>ticul>1 into ! fulness ( detail1 _c  

be def9itely det]m9$1 & mu/ v>y1 accord+
 to ! aim ( ! book1 z to :e!r x is      
int5d$ = ! appr5tice1 ! j\rneyman1 or ! 
ma/]2 7c7 ! expression mu/ be precise1  
i4e4 ! maximum ( cle>ness mu/ be comb9$ 
) ! maximum ( brevity4  --,! writ+ ( a  
text-book is on ?is acc\nt "o ( ! mo/   
difficult tasks1 & x c be successfully  
accompli%$ only by ^? :o are ma/]s 9 a  
sci5ce or art1 & :o comb9e ) great      
culture & tal5t great exp]i5ce z tea*]s4
 ,un=tunately _m dabbl]s 9 k und]value !
 difficulty ( writ+ text-books because  
!y ?9k t !y are call$ ^u to aid 9 !     
spread ( sci5ce1 & because ! writ+ (    
comp5diums has ?us come to be an        
avocation1 s t au?ors & publi%]s h made 
out ( text-books a pr(itable bus9ess &  
good incomes4 ,9 all sci5ces & arts !re 
exi/s a quantity ( mat]ial :i* is common
 prop]ty1 :i* is dispos$ ( n[ 9 "o way1 
n[ 9 ano!r4 ,! majority ( comp5diums c  
be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r only by ! k9d (   
pap]1 pr9t+1 ! "n ( ! publi%] or        
booksell]1 or by arbitr>y *anges 9 !    

arrangem5t & execution4 ,! want (       
pr9ciple ) :i* ?is "w is c>ri$ on is    
incr$ible4 ,_m gov]nm5ts h on ?is acc\nt
 fix$ prices = text-books1 &            
commission]s to select !m4 ,?is 9 itself
 is "r & prop]1 b ! use ( any book %\ld 
be left optional1 s t ! "o-sid$ness ( a 
sci5ce patroniz$ by gov]nm5t z x 7      
pat5t$1 may n be creat$ ?r\gh ! pressure
 ( su* introduction4 ,a /ate may ?r\gh  
its c5sor%ip oppose poor text-books1 &  
recomm5d good ones2 b x may n e/abli% z 
x 7 a /ate-sci5ce1 a /ate-art1 9 :i*    
only ! ideas1 laws & =ms sanction$ by x 
%all be all[$4 ,! ,g]mans are =tunate1 9
 consequ5ce ( _! philosophical          
criticism1 9 ! production ( bett] &     
bett] text-books1 among :i* may be      
m5tion$ ,kob]/e9's1 ,g]v9us'1 & ,vilm>'s
 ,hi/ories ( ,lit]ature1 ,ell5dt's      
,g5]al ,hi/ory1 ,blum5ba*'s &           
,burmei/]'s ,natural ,hi/ory1           
,m>he9eke's text-book on ,religion1     
,s*wegl]'s ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 c4 ,s 
mu* ! m unacc\ntable is x t1 ) su*      

excell5t books1 ! evil ( su* *>act]less 
books1 p>tly inadequate & p>tly 9 poor  
/yle1 %\ld /ill exi/ :5 !re is no       
necessity = x4 ,! common /yle (         
p>agraph-writ+ has become obnoxi\s1 "u !
 "n ( ,comp5dium-/yle1 z ! mo/ /iff &   
affect$ /yle ( writ+4--   #abf4 ,a      
text-book mu/ be diff]5tly writt5       
accord+ z x is int5d$ = a book = private
 /udy or = purposes ( g5]al circulation4
 ,if ! fir/1 x mu/ give m1 & mu/ develop
 m cle>ly ! int]nal relations2 if !     
second1 x %\ld be %ort]1 & proce$ f     
axiomatic & cle> po/ulates to _!        
signification1 & ^! mu/ h an            
epigrammatic pur5ess :i* %\ld leave     
some?+ to be guess$4 ,because = ^! a    
comm5t>y is ne$$ :i* x is ! tea*]'s duty
 to supply1 su* a sket* is usually      
accompani$ by ! full] text-book :i* 0   
arrang$ = private /udy4  --,x is ! cu/om
 to call ! prop] text-book ! small "o1 &
 t :i* expla9s & illu/rates1 ! l>ge "o4 
,?us we h ! ,small & ! ,l>ge ,g]v9us1   
c4--   #abg4 7#c7 ,! text-book :i*      

presupposes oral explanation =ms !      
transition to ,oral in/ruction itself4  
,s9ce spee* is ! natural & orig9al =m 9 
:i* m9d manife/s itself1 no book c rival
 x4 ,! liv+ ^w is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t (   
in/ruction4 ,h[ev] common & *eap pr9t+  
may h r5d]$ books z ! mo/ conv5i5t means
 ( education--h[ev] possible may h      
become1 ?r\gh ! multiplication (        
facilities = int]c\rse & ! rapidity (   
transportation1 ! imm$iate view+ ( human
 life1 ! mo/ =cible educational means1  
nev]!less ! liv+ ^w /ill ass]ts its     
supremacy4 ,9 two cases especially is x 
indisp5sable3 "o is :5 "s k is to be    
communicat$ :i* z yet is f\nd 9 no      
comp5dium1 & ! o!r :5 a liv+ language is
 to be taught1 = 9 ?is case ! pr9t$ page
 is entirely inadequate4 ,"o c le>n f   
books to und]/& ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1
 ,dani%1 c41 b n to speak !m2 to d ?is  
he mu/ he> !m1 p>tly t 8 e> may become  
accu/om$ to ! s\nds1 p>tly t 8 vocal    
organs may le>n correctly to imitate !m4
   #abh4 ,life surprises & ov]p[]s u ) !

 k :i* x ga9s2 ! book1 impassive1 waits 
our conv5i5ce2 ! tea*]1 sup]ior to u1   
p]fectly prep>$ 9 comp>ison ) u1        
consults our necessity1 & ) 8 liv+ spee*
 uses a g5tle =ce to :i* we c yield )\t 
los+ our fre$om4 ,li/5+ is easi] ?an    
read+4  --,sov]eigns e4g4 seldom read   
!mselves1 b h s]vants :o read to !m4--  
#abi4 ,oral in/ruction may 7#a7 give !  
subject1 :i* is to be le>n$1 9 a        
connect$ /atem5t1 or 7#b7 x may unfold x
 by means ( "q & answ]4 ,! fir/ decid$ly
 presupposes ! !oretical inequality ( ! 
tea*] & ! taught4 ,because "o c speak   
:ile _m c li/51 ?is is especially adapt$
 to ! in/ruction ( l>ge numb]s4 ,!      
second me?od is ei!r t ( ! cate*ism or !
 dialogue4 ,! cate*etical is connect$ ) 
! fir/ k9d ( oral in/ruction above      
designat$ because x makes dem& ^u !     
memory ( ! le>n] only = ! answ] to "o "q
 at a "t1 & is h5ce v (t5 & v absurdly  
call$ ! ,socratic me?od4 ,9 tea*+ by    
means ( ! dialogue1 we try1 by means ( a
 reciprocal int]*ange ( ?\ght1 to solve 

9 common "s problem1 proce$+ accord+ to 
! necess>y =ms ( reason4 ,b 9 ?is we c  
make a di/9ction4 ,"o speak] may be     
sup]ior to ! re/1 may hold 9 8 own h& ! 
?read ( ! conv]sation & may guide x     
himself2 or1 ^? :o m+le 9 x may be      
p]fectly equal 9 intellect & culture1 & 
may ea* take "p 9 ! developm5t ) equal  
indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ?is true 
reciprocity gives u ! prop] dramatic    
dialogue1 :i* conta9s 9 itself all =ms (
 exposition1 & may pass f n>ration1     
description1 & analysis1 ?r\gh satire & 
irony1 to v]itable humor4 ,:5 x does    
?is1 ! dialogue is ! l(tie/ result (    
intellig5ce & ! means ( its pure/       
enjoym5t4  --,?is alt]nate tea*+1 9 :i* 
! "o :o has be5 taught takes ! tea*]'s  
place1 c be us$ only :]e !re is a cont5t
 :i* admits ( a me*anical treatm5t4 ,!  
,h9doos made use ( x 9 v anci5t times4  
,bell & ,lanca/] h transplant$ x = !    
tea*+ ( poor *ildr5 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4
 ,= ! tea*+ ( ! conv5tionalities--read+1
 writ+1 & ari?metic--z well z = ! le>n+ 

by he>t ( names1 s5t5ces1 c41 x         
suffices1 b n = any sci5tific culture4  
,:]e we h l>ge numb]s to in/ruct1 ! giv+
 ( ! fully develop$ /atem5t 7! fir/ =m7 
is necess>y1 s9ce ! dialogue1 ?\gh x may
 be else:]e suitable1 all[s only a few  
to take "p 9 x4 ,& if we take ! second  
=m1 we mu/1 if we h a l>ge numb] (      
pupils1 make use ( ! cate*etical me?od  
only4 ,:at is kn[n z ! conv]sational    
me?od has be5 sometimes sugge/$ = our   
univ]sity in/ruction4 ,die/]weg 9 ,b]l9 
insi/s ^u x4 ,"h & !re ! attempt has be5
 made1 b )\t any result4 ,9 ! univ]sity1
 ! lecture ( ! tea*] z a self-develop+  
:ole is contra/$ ) ! sci5tific          
discussion ( ! /ud5ts1 9 :i* !y z equals
 "w ov] ) p]fect fre$om :at !y h he>d4  
,die/]weg 0 wrong 9 consid]+ !          
lecture-sy/em z ! pr9cipal cause ( !    
lack ( sci5tific int]e/ :i* he ?\ght he 
p]ceiv$ 9 our univ]sities4 ,kant1       
,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,wolf1    
,niebuhr1 c41 taught by lectures &      
awak5$ ! livelie/ en?usiasm4 ,b         

,die/]weg is q "r 9 say+ t ! /ud5ts %\ld
 n be degrad$ to writ+-ma*9es4 ,b ?is is
 g5]ally conc$$1 & a p$antic am\nt (    
copy+ m & m beg9s to be consid]$ z out (
 date at our univ]sities4 ,nev]!less1 a 
new p$antry1 t ( ! :olly extempore      
lecture1 %\ld n be introduc$2 b a brief 
summ>y ( ! extempore unfold+ ( ! lecture
 may be dictat$ & s]ve a v important    
purpose1 or ! lecture may be copi$4 ,!  
great efficacy ( ! oral exposition does 
n s mu* consi/ 9 ! fact t x is p]fectly 
free1 z t x pres5ts to imm$iate view a  
p]son :o has made himself ! be>] ( a    
sci5ce or an art1 & has f\nd :at        
con/itutes its ess5ce4 ,its p[] spr+s1  
above all1 f ! g5u95ess ( ! lecture1 !  
orig9ality ( its cont5t1 & ! elegance ( 
its =m3 :e!r x is writt5 or extemporiz$1
 is a matt] ( little mom5t4 ,niebuhr    
e4g4 read1 ^w = ^w1 f 8 manuscript1 &   
:at a tea*] 0 he6--,! cate*etical way ( 
tea*+ is n dem&$ at ! univ]sity except 9
 special exam9ations2 x belongs to !    
private "w ( ! /ud5t1 :o mu/ le>n to be 

indu/ri\s ( 8 own free impulse4 ,!      
private tutor c be/ conduct reviews4--,!
 in/itution :i* presuppos+ !            
lecture-sy/em comb9es 9 itself orig9al  
production ) criticism1 & ! connect$    
exposition ) ! conv]sation1 is ! sem9>y4
 ,x pursues a well-def9$ pa?1 & conf9es 
itself to a small circle ( associates ^:
 grades ( culture are v ne>ly ! same4   
,"h1 !re=e1 c ! dialogue be /rongly     
develop$ because x has a fix$ f\ndation1
 & ea* "o c take "p 9 ! conv]sation2    
:]eas1 f ! v>iety ( op9ions among a     
great numb]1 x is easily p]v]t$ into an 
aimless talk1 & ! majority ( ! he>]s1 :o
 h no *ance to speak1 become we>y4--    
#acj4 ,z to ! way 9 :i* ! lecture is    
c>ri$ out1 x may be s arrang$ z to give 
! :ole /ock ( in=mation acquir$1 or1 )\t
 be+ s exact & s complete1 x may br+ to 
its elucidation only a relatively       
inexact & g5]al in=mation4 ,! anci5ts   
call$ ! fir/ me?od ! esot]ic & ! second 
! exot]ic1 z we give to su* lectures n[1
 respectively1 ! names s*ola/ic &       

popul>4 ,! fir/ makes use ( t]ms :i* h  
become te*nical 9 sci5ce or art1 &      
proce$s syllogi/ically to comb9e !      
isolat$ ideas2 ! second endeavors to    
sub/itute = te*nicalities g5]ally       
und]/ood signs1 & conceals ! exactness (
 ! =mal conclusion by means ( a         
conv]sational /yle4 ,x is possible to   
conceive ( a p]fectly me?odical treatm5t
 ( a sci5ce :i* at ! same "t %all be    
g5]ally compreh5sible if x /rives to    
atta9 ! transp>5cy ( real beauty4 ,a    
sci5tific "w ( art may be correctly said
 to be popul>1 z e4g4 has happ5$ to     
,h]d]'s ,ideas on ! ,philosophy ( !     
,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4  --,beauty is !      
elem5t :i* is compreh5d$ by all1 & z we 
decl>e our enmity to ! di/ort$          
picture-books1 books ( amusem5t1 & to ! 
mis*iev\s "* ( ,comp5diums1 s we mu/    
also oppose ! popul> publications :i*   
/yle !mselves ,sci5ce made ,easy1 c41 9 
ord] to attract m pur*as]s by ?is allur+
 title4 ,kant 9 8 ,logic calls ! extreme
 ( explanation ,p$antry & ,gallantry4   

,?is la/ expression w\ld be v *>act]i/ic
 9 our times1 s9ce "o atta9s ! height ( 
popul>ity n[ if he makes himself easily 
intelligible to ladies--a didactic      
triumph :i* "o atta9s only by omitt+    
ev]y?+ t is pr(\nd or complicat$1 & say+
 only :at exi/s already 9 ! consci\sness
 ( e "o1 by depriv+ ! subject dealt ) ( 
all s]i\sness1 & sp>+ nei!r pictures1   
anecdotes1 jokes1 nor pretty =malities (
 spee*4 ,else:]e ,kant says3 ,9 ! ef=t  
to produce 9 our k ! complet5ess (      
s*ol>ly ?or\ghness1 & at ! same "t a    
popul> "*1 )\t 9 ! ef=t fall+ into !    
above-m5tion$ errors ( an affect$       
?or\ghness or an affect$ popul>ity1 we  
mu/1 fir/ ( all1 look out = ! s*ol>ly   
complet5ess ( our sci5tific k1 !        
me?odical =m ( ?or\ghness1 & fir/ ask h[
 we c make really popul> ! k me?odically
 acquir$ at s*ool1 i4e4 h[ we c make x  
easy & g5]ally communicable1 & yet at ! 
same "t n supplant ?or\ghness by        
popul>ity4 ,= s*ol>ly complet5ess mu/ n 
be sacrific$ to popul>ity to please ! p1

 unless sci5ce is to become a play?+ or 
trifl+4 ,x is p]fectly pla9 t all t 0   
said be=e ( ! psy*ological & ! logical  
me?ods mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! mann]
 ( ! /atem5t4--   #aca4 ,x has be5      
already rem>k$ 7 #ba71 9 speak+ ( !     
nature ( education1 t ! (fice ( !       
in/ructor mu/ necess>ily v>y ) ! gr[+   
culture4 ,b att5tion mu/ "h aga9 be     
call$ to ! fact1 t education1 9 :atev]  
/age ( culture1 mu/ con=m to ! law :i*1 
z ! int]nal logic ( ,be+1 det]m9es all  
objective developm5ts ( nature & (      
hi/ory4 ,! ,family gives ! *ild 8 fir/  
in/ruction2 betwe5 ?is & ! s*ool comes !
 tea*+ ( ! tutor2 ! s*ool /&s           
indep5d5tly z ! anti!sis ( ! family1 &  
pres5ts ?ree ess5tially diff]5t =ms     
accord+ z x imp>ts a g5]al prep>atory   
in/ruction1 or special tea*+ = diff]5t  
call+s1 or a univ]sal sci5tific         
cultivation4 ,univ]sality passes ov]    
?r\gh p>ticul>iz+ into individuality1   
:i* conta9s bo? ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>    
freely 9 itself4 ,all citiz5s ( a /ate  

%\ld h 7#a7 a g5]al education :i* 7a7   
makes !m famili> ) read+1 writ+1 &      
ari?metic1 ^! be+ ! means ( all         
!oretical culture2 !n 7b7 h&s ov] to !m 
a picture ( ! _w 9 its pr9cipal phases1 
s t !y z citiz5s ( ! _w c f9d _! prop]  
/atus on our planet2 &1 f9ally1 x mu/   
7c7 in/ruct him 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 own /ate1
 s t he may see t ! circum/ances 9 :i*  
he lives are ! result ( a det]m9$ pa/ 9 
its connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! re/ ( !   
_w1 & s may le>n rightly to e/imate !   
int]e/s ( 8 own c\ntry 9 view ( _!      
necess>y relation to ! future4 ,?is "w !
 elem5t>y s*ools h to p]=m4 ,f ?is1     
?r\gh ! ,reals*ule 7our sci5tific ,high 
,s*ool c\rse7 !y pass into ! s*ool :]e  
"s p>ticul> bran* ( sci5ce is taught1 & 
?r\gh ! ,gymnasium 7classical c\rse ( a 
,high ,s*ool or ,college7 to !          
,univ]sity4 ,f its g5]al basis develop  
7#b7 ! educational in/itutions t "w     
t[>ds "s special education :i* leads ov]
 to ! ex]cise ( "s art4 ,^! we call     
,te*nological s*ools1 :]e "o may le>n   

f>m+1 m9+1 a craft1 a trade1 navigation1
 w>1 c4 ,?is k9d ( education may be     
specializ$ indef9itely ) ! gr[? (       
culture1 because any "o bran* is capable
 9 its negative aspect ( su* educational
 sep>ation1 z e4g4 9 f\ndl+ hospitals & 
orphan asylums1 9 bl9d & deaf & dumb    
in/itutions4 ,! ab/ract univ]sality ( ! 
,elem5t>y s*ool & ! "o-sid$ p>ticul>ity 
( ! ,te*nological s*ool1 h[ev]1 is      
subsum$ "u a concrete univ]sality1 :i*1 
)\t aim+ directly at utility1 treats    
sci5ce & art on all sides z _! own end &
 aim4 ,sci5tia e/ pot5tia1 said ,"l     
,bacon4 ,practical utility results      
indirectly ?r\gh ! progress :i*         
,sci5tific ,cognition makes 9 ?is free  
attitude1 because x collects itself out 
( ! dissipation ?r\gh manifold details  
into a univ]sal idea & atta9s a pr(\nd] 
insight !reby4 ,?is organism = ! purpose
 ( in/ruction is prop]ly call$ a        
,univ]sity4 ,by x ! educational         
organization is p]fect$4  --,x is       
ess5tially se5 t no m ?an ^! ?ree types 

( s*ools c exi/1 & t !y mu/ all exi/ 9 a
 p]fectly organiz$ civilization4 ,_!    
titles & ! plan ( _! special tea*+ may  
be v diff]5t among diff]5t nations & at 
diff]5t times1 b ?is ne$ n prev5t !     
recognition 9 !m ( ! ideas :i* det]m9e  
!m4 ,/ill less %\ld ! imp]fect ways 9   
:i* !y manife/ !mselves induce u to     
condemn !m4 ,x is ! mod]n t5d5cy to     
und]value ! ,univ]sity z an in/itution  
:i* we _h inh]it$ f ! middle ages1 & )  
:i* we c\ld at pres5t disp5se4 ,?is is  
an error4 ,! univ]sity pres5ts j z      
necess>y a =m ( in/ruction z ! elem5t>y 
s*ool or ! te*nological s*ool4 ,n !     
abolition ( ! univ]sity1 b a re=m :i*   
%all adapt x to ! _s ( ! age1 is !      
advance :i* we h to make4 ,t !re are to 
be f\nd outside ( ! univ]sity m5 ( ! mo/
 ?or\gh & elegant culture1 :o c give !  
mo/ excell5t in/ruction 9 a sci5ce or an
 art1 is mo/ c]ta94 ,b x is a *>act]i/ic
 ( ! univ]sity 9 its tea*+ to d away )  
cont+5cy :i* is unavoidable 9 case (    
private volunt>y ef=ts4 ,! univ]sity    

pres5ts an organic1 self-consci\s1      
encyclopdic repres5tation ( all !       
sci5ces1 & ?us is creat$ to a great] or 
less degree an intellectual atmosph]e   
:i* no o!r place c give4 ,?r\gh ?is1 all
 sci5ces & _! aims are se5 z ( equal    
au?ority--a p]sonal /ress is laid ^u !  
connection ( ! sci5ces4 ,! imp]fections 
( a univ]sity1 :i* arise ?r\gh ! rivalry
 ( ext]nal ambition1 ?r\gh ! necessity (
 f9ancial success1 ?r\gh ! jeal\sy (    
diff]5t p>ties1 ?r\gh s*ol>%ips1 c41 are
 f9itudes :i* x has 9 common ) all human
 in/itutions1 & on ^: acc\nt !y are n   
all to be ?r[n away4--,art academies are
 = ,art :at univ]sities are = ,sci5ce4  
,!y are inf]ior to !m 9 s f> z !y appe> 
m "u ! =m ( special s*ools1 z s*ools (  
ar*itecture1 ( pa9t+1 & cons]vatories ( 
music2 :ile really x may well be suppos$
 t ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1    
,music1 ! ,or*e/ra1 & ! ,drama1 are1 l !
 ,sci5ces1 b\nd toge!r 9 a ,univ]sitas  
artium1 & t by means ( _! int]nal       
reciprocal action new results w\ld      

foll[4--,academies1 z isolat$           
ma/]-s*ools1 :i* foll[ no p>ticul> l9e (
 tea*+1 are entirely sup]flu\s1 & s]ve  
only z a ,prytaneum = m]itori\s s*ol>s1 
& to rew>d indu/ry ?r\gh ! prizes :i* !y
 (f]4 ,9 _! idea !y belong ) !          
univ]sity1 ?is appe>+ ext]nally 9 ! fact
 t mo/ ( _! memb]s are univ]sity        
pr(essors4 ,b z in/itutions = o/5tation 
by :i* ! ambition ( ! le>n$ 0 flatt]$1 &
 to surr\nd pr9ces ) sci5tific glory z  
sci5tific societies atta*$ to a c\rt1 !y
 h lo/ all significance4 ,!y ceas$ to   
fl\ri% ) ! ,ptolemies & ! ,egyptian     
caliphs1 & ) absolute mon>*ical         
gov]nm5ts4--,9 mod]n times we h pass$   
beyond ! ab/ract jeal\sy ( ! s-call$    
,humanities & ! ,natural ,sci5ces1      
because we compreh5d t ea* "p ( !       
totality c be realiz$ 9 a prop] s5se    
only by its developm5t z relatively     
indep5d5t4 ,?us ! gymnasium has its     
place z t elem5t>y s*ool :i* ?r\gh a    
g5]al culture1 by means ( ! k ( !       
language & hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1

 prep>es = ! univ]sity2 :ile1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! ,reals*ule1 by special att5tion to
 ,natural ,sci5ce & ! liv+ languages1   
con/itutes ! transition to !            
te*nological s*ools4 ,nev]!less1 because
 ! univ]sity embraces ! ,sci5ce (       
,nature1 ( ,te*nology1 ( ,trade1 (      
,f9ance1 & ( ,/ati/ics1 ! pupils :o h   
graduat$ f ! s-call$ high s*ools 7hh]n  
,brg]s*ul57 & f ! ,reals*ul5 w be br\ght
 toge!r at ! univ]sity4--   #acb4 ,!    
te*nique ( ! s*ool w be det]m9$ 9 its   
details by ! peculi>ity ( its aim4 ,b 9 
g5]al e s*ool1 no matt] :at x tea*es1   
ought to h "s sy/em ( rules &           
regulations by :i* ! relation ( ! pupil 
to ! in/itution1 ( ! pupils to ea* o!r1 
_! relation to ! tea*]1 & t ( ! tea*]s  
to ea* o!r z well z to ! sup]visory     
au?ority1 ! programme ( lessons1 !      
app>atus1 ( ! *anges ( "w & recreation1 
%all be cle>ly set =?4 ,! c\rse ( /udy  
mu/ be arrang$ s z to avoid two         
extremes3 on ! "o h&1 x has to keep 9   
view ! special aim ( ! s*ool1 & accord+ 

to ?is x t5ds to contract itself4 ,b1 on
 ! o!r h&1 x mu/ consid] ! relative     
dep5d5ce ( "o specialty to o!r          
specialties & to g5]al culture4 ,x mu/  
leave ! transition free1 & 9 ?is x t5ds 
to exp& itself4 ,! difficulty is "h s to
 assign ! limits t ! special task ( !   
s*ool %all n be sacrific$ & depriv$ ( ! 
means ( p]=mance :i* x 7s9ce x is also  
always only a "p ( ! :ole culture7      
receives by means ( its reciprocal      
action ) o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! programme mu/
 assign ! exact am\nt ( "t :i* c be     
appropriat$ to e /udy4 ,x mu/ prescribe 
! ord] 9 :i* !y %all foll[ ea* o!r2 x   
mu/1 z f> z possible1 unite k9dr$       
subjects1 s z to avoid ! useless        
repetition :i* dulls ! *>m ( /udy2 x    
mu/1 9 det]m9+ ! ord]1 be> 9 m9d at !   
same "t ! necessity impos$ by ! subject 
itself & ! psy*ological progression (   
intellig5ce f p]ception1 ?r\gh          
conception1 to ! ?9k+ activity :i*      
grasps all4 ,x mu/ p]iodically be       
submitt$ to revision1 s t all matt] :i* 

has1 ?r\gh ! *ang$ /ate ( g5]al culture1
 become out ( date1 may be reject$1 & t 
t :i* has prov$ itself inimitable may be
 appropriat$2 9 g5]al1 s t x may be kept
 up to ! requirem5ts ( ! times4 ,&1     
f9ally1 ! s*ool mu/1 by exam9ations &   
reports1 aid ! pupil 9 ! acquirem5t ( a 
k ( 8 real /&+4 ,! exam9ation lets him  
"k :at he has really le>n$1 & :at he is 
able to d3 ! report gives him an acc\nt 
( 8 culture1 exhibits to him 9 :at he   
has made improvem5t & 9 :at he has fall5
 beh9d1 :at defects he has %[n1 :at     
tal5ts he has display$1 :at errors      
committ$1 & 9 :at relation /&s 8        
!oretical developm5t to 8 e?ical /atus4 
--,! opposition ( ! ,gymnasia to ! dem&s
 ( ! agricultural communities is a v    
int]e/+ phase ( educational hi/ory4 ,!y 
7 ask$ to wid5 _! c\rse s z to embrace  
,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 
,geography1 & ! mod]n languages4 ,at    
fir/ !y /\tly resi/$2 !n !y made "s     
concessions2 f9ally1 ! m !y made ! m !y 
f\nd !mselves 9 contradiction ) _! true 

"w1 & s !y produc$ z an indep5d5t       
correlate ! ,reals*ule4 ,aft] ?is 0     
f\nd$1 ! gymnasium return$ to its old   
plan1 & is n[ aga9 able to place 9 !    
=egr\nd ! pursuit ( classical lit]ature 
& hi/ory4 ,x 0 ?us set free f dem&s made
 ^u x :i* 7 entirely =eign to its       
nature4--,! exam9ation is1 on "o side1 s
 adapt$ to ! pupil z to make him        
consci\s ( 8 own condition4 ,z to its   
ext]nal side1 x det]m9es :e!r ! pupil   
%all pass f "o class to ano!r or f "o   
s*ool to ano!r1 or x decides :e!r !     
s*ool z a :ole %all give a public       
exhibition--an exhibition :i* ought to h
 no trace ( o/5tation1 b :i* 9 fact is  
(t5 t9ctur$ ) p$agogical *>latanism4--  
#acc4 ,! ,direction ( ! s*ool on ! side 
( sci5ce mu/ be held by ! s*ool itself1 
= ! process ( ! intellect 9 acquir+     
sci5ce1 ! progress ( ! me?od1 !         
det]m9ations ( ! subject matt] & ! ord] 
( its developm5t1 h _! own laws1 to :i* 
,in/ruction mu/ submit itself if x w\ld 
atta9 its end4 ,! s*ool is only "o "p ( 

! :ole ( culture4 ,9 itself x divides   
into manifold dep>tm5ts1 toge!r         
con/itut+ a great organism :i* 9        
manifold ways comes into contact ) !    
organism ( ! /ate4 ,s long z tea*+ is ( 
a private "*1 s long z x is ! reciprocal
 relation ( "o individual to ano!r1 or s
 long z x is %ut up )9 ! circle ( !     
family & belongs to x alone1 s long x   
has no objective "*4 ,x receives ?is    
fir/ :5 x gr[s to a s*ool4 ,z 9 hi/ory1 
its fir/ =m mu/ h a religi\s "*2 b ?is  
fir/ =m1 9 "t1 disappe>s4 ,religion is !
 absolute relation ( man to ,god :i*    
subsumes all o!r relations4 ,9 s f> z   
,religion exi/s 9 ! =m ( a *ur*1 ^? :o  
are memb]s ( ! same *ur* may h          
in/ruction giv5 on ! nature ( religion  
among !mselves4 ,in/ruction on ! subject
 is prop]1 & x is ev5 enjo9$ ^u !m z a  
law--z a duty4 ,b fur!r ?an _! own      
society !y may n ext5d _! rule4 ,! *ur* 
may ex]t itself to make a religi\s _s   
felt 9 ! s*ool & to make x p5etrate all 
! tea*+2 b x may n presume1 because x   

has = its subject ! absolute int]e/ (   
m51 ! int]e/ :i* is sup]ior to all o!rs1
 to det]m9e also ! o!r objects (        
,education or ! me?od ( treat+ !m4 ,!   
te*nical acquisitions ( ,read+1 ,writ+ &
 ,ari?metic1 ,draw+ & ,music1 ! ,natural
 ,sci5ces1 ,ma!matics1 ,logic1          
,an?ropology & ,psy*ology1 ! practical  
sci5ces ( f9ance & ! municipal          
regulations1 h no direct relation to    
religion4 ,if we attempt to e/abli% "o1 
!re inevitably appe>s 9 !m a morbid /ate
 :i* de/roys !m2 n only s1 b piety      
itself disappe>s1 = ^! accompli%m5ts &  
?is k are n includ$ 9 its idea4  --,su* 
treatm5t ( ,art & ,sci5ce may be        
well-meant1 b x is always an error4 ,x  
may ev5 make a ludicr\s impression1 :i* 
is a v dang]\s ?+ = ! au?ority (        
religion4 ,if a *ur* has e/abli%$       
s*ools1 x mu/ see to x t all :i* is !re 
taught outside ( ! religi\s in/ruction1 
i4e4 all ( sci5ce & art1 %all h no      
direct connection ) x z a religi\s      
in/itution4--   #acd4 ,! ,*ur*1 z !     

ext]nal manife/ation ( religion1 is     
conc]n$ ) ! absolute relation ( man1 !  
relation to ,god1 special 9 itself z    
oppos$ to 8 o!r relations2 ! ,/ate1 on !
 contr>y1 seizes ! life ( a nation      
accord+ to its explicit totality4 ,!    
,/ate %\ld conduct ! education ( all its
 citiz5s4 ,to x1 !n1 ! *ur* c appe> only
 z a s*ool1 = ! *ur* in/ructs its own p 
conc]n+ ! nature ( religion1 p>tly by   
tea*+ prop]1 t ( ! cate*ism1 p>tly 9 q z
 edify+ a way1 by prea*+4 ,f ?is po9t ( 
view1 ! ,/ate c look ^u ! *ur* only z "o
 ( ^? s*ools :i* prep>e = a special     
avocation4 ,! *ur* appe>s to ! ,/ate z t
 s*ool :i* assumes ! task ( educat+ !   
religi\s elem5t4 ,j z little z ! *ur*   
%\ld ! /ate attempt to ex]cise any      
influ5ce ov] ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,9 ?is !y  
are exactly alike1 & mu/ ackn[l$ge !    
necessity :i* bo? ,sci5ce & ,art conta9 
)9 !mselves & by :i* !y det]m9e         
!mselves4 ,! laws ( ,logic1 ,ma!matics1 
,a/ronomy1 ,morals1 /hetics1            
,physiology1 c41 are entirely indep5d5t 

( ! /ate4 ,x c decree nei!r discov]ies  
nor inv5tions4 ,! /ate 9 its relations  
to sci5ce occupies ! same gr\nd z x %\ld
 d ) relation to ! fre$om (             
self-consci\sness4 ,x is true t ! *ur*  
tea*es man1 b x dem&s f him at ! same "t
 belief 9 ! tru? ( its dogmas4 ,x re/s1 
z ! real *ur*1 on presuppos$ au?ority1 &
 s9ks f9ally all contradictions :i* may 
be f\nd 9 ! absolute my/]y ( ! exi/5ce (
 ,god4 ,! /ate1 on ! contr>y1 elaborates
 its idea into ! =m ( laws1 i4e4 into   
g5]al det]m9ations1 ( ^: necessity x    
conv9ces itself4 ,x seeks to give to ^! 
laws ! cle>e/ possible =m1 s t e "o may 
und]/& !m4 ,x conc$es validity only to t
 :i* c be prov$1 & s5t5ces ! individual 
accord+ to ! ext]nal side ( ! de$ 7ov]t 
act7 n1 z ! *ur* does1 on its int]nal   
side--t ( int5tion4 ,f9ally1 x dem&s 9  
him consci\sness ( 8 de$1 because x     
makes ea* "o responsible = 8 own de$4 ,x
 has1 !re=e1 ! same pr9ciple ) sci5ce1 =
 ! pro( ( necessity & ! unity (         
consci\sness ) its object con/itute !   

ess5ce ( sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! /ate embraces !
 s*ool z "o ( its educational organisms1
 x is f its v nature especially call$ ^u
 to guide its regulation 9 accordance ) 
! manife/ation ( consci\sness4          
,sid5ote3 ,! ,modality ( ! ,process (   
,tea*+4  --,! *ur* calls ?is pr(anation4
 ,"o might say t ! *ur*1 ) its my/]y (  
,fai?1 always repres5ts ! absolute      
problem ( sci5ce1 :ile ! /ate1 z to its 
=m1 co9cides ) sci5ce4 ,:5ev] ! /ate    
ab&ons ! /rictness ( pro(--:5 x beg9s to
 measure ! individual citiz5 by 8       
int5tion & n by 8 de$1 &1 9 place ( !   
cle> insight ( ! compreh5d+             
consci\sness1 sets up ! psy*ological    
compulsion ( a holl[ me*anical au?ority1
 x de/roys itself4--   #ace4 ,nei!r !   
*ur* nor ! /ate %\ld attempt to control 
! s*ool 9 its int]nal managem5t4 ,/ill  
less c ! s*ool con/itute itself into a  
/ate )9 ! /ate2 =1 :ile x is only "o ( !
 means :i* are necess>y = develop+      
citiz5s1 ! /ate & ! *ur* lay claim to ! 
:ole man 8 :ole life long4 ,! indep5d5ce

 ( ! s*ool c !n only consi/ 9 ?is1 t x  
raises )9 ! /ate an organ :i* works "u  
its control1 & :i* z s*ool au?ority     
endeavors )9 itself to befri5d ! ne$s ( 
! s*ool1 :ile ext]nally x acts on ! *ur*
 & /ate indirectly by means ( e?ical    
p[]s4 ,! emancipation ( ! s*ool c nev]  
reasonably mean its ab/ract isolation1  
or ! absorption ( ! ecclesia/ical &     
political life into ! s*ool2 x c signify
 only ! free reciprocal action ( ! s*ool
 ) /ate & *ur*4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t 
:at makes ! s*ool a s*ool is n ! total  
process ( education1 = ?is falls also )9
 ! family1 ! /ate1 & ! *ur*2 b t ! prop]
 "w ( ! s*ool is ! process ( in/ruction1
 k1 & ! acquirem5t1 by practice1 (      
skill4  --,! confusion ( ! idea (       
,in/ruction ) t ( ,education 9 g5]al is 
a common defect 9 sup]ficial treatises  
on ^! !mes4 ,! ,radicals among ^? :o are
 9 favor ( s-call$ ,emancipation1 (t5   
errone\sly appeal to free ,greece :i*   
g5]ally = ?is fond ignorance is made to 
/& z au?ority = a ?\s& ?+s ( :i* x nev] 

dream$4 ,9 ?is fictiti\s ,hellas ( free1
 beautiful humanity1 !y say ! limits    
aga9/ :i* we /rive to-day did n exi/4 ,!
 hi/ories ( ,anaxagoras1 ,protagoras1   
,diagoras1 ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1        
,!ophra/us1 & ( o!rs1 :o 7 all condemn$ 
on acc\nt ( _! impiety1 tell q ano!r    
/ory4--   #acf4 ,! inspection ( ! s*ool 
may be c>ri$ out 9 diff]5t ways1 b x mu/
 be requir$ t its special in/itutions   
%all be embrac$ & c>$ = z organiz$ &    
relat$ :oles1 fram$ 9 accordance ) !    
idea ( ! /ate1 & t "o division ( !      
m9i/ry %all occupy itself exclusively ) 
x4 ,! division ( labor w specially      
affect ! s*ools = tea*+ p>ticul>        
avocations4 ,! prescription ( ! subjects
 to be /udi$ 9 ea* s*ool z appropriate  
to x1 ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 & ( ! object    
!re(1 prop]ly falls to ?is dep>tm5t (   
gov]nm5t1 is its imm$iate "w1 & its !ory
 mu/ be *ang$ accord+ to ! progress &   
ne$s ( ! "t4 ,niemey]1 ,s*w>z1 & o!rs1 h
 made out su* plans = s*ools4 ,s*e9]t   
has fully pa9t$ ! ,volks*ule1 ,mag] !   

,brg]s*ule1 ,de9h>d & ,kapp !           
,gymnasium4 ,b su* del9eations1 h[ev]   
correct !y may be1 dep5d ^u ! actual sum
 ( culture ( a p & a "t1 & mu/ !re=e    
cont9ually modify _! fundam5tal ,ideal4 
,! same is true ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction 
9 ! special arts & sci5ces4 ,niemey]1   
,s*w>z1 ,h]b>t1 9 _! sket*es (          
,p$agogics1 ,b5eke 9 8 ,doctr9e (       
,education1 & o!rs1 h set =? 9 detail ! 
me?od ( tea*+ ,read+1 ,writ+ &          
,ari?metic1 ,languages1 ,natural        
,sci5ce1 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 c4 ,su*   
directions are1 h[ev]1 ephem]al 9 value1
 & only relatively useful1 & mu/1 9 ord]
 to be truly practical1 be always newly 
laid out 9 accordance ) univ]sal        
educational pr9ciples1 & ) ! progress ( 
sci5ce & art4  --,! idea t ! ,/ate has !
 "r to ov]see ! s*ool lies 9 ! v idea ( 
! ,/ate1 :i* is au?oriz$1 & "u          
obligation1 to secure ! education ( its 
citiz5s1 & _c leave _! fa%ion+ to *ance4
 ,! emancipation ( ! s*ool f ! ,/ate1 ! 
ab/ract+ ( x1 w\ld lead to ! de/ruction 

( ! s*ool4 ,!re is no difficulty 9      
,prote/ant ,/ates 9 ! free int]-action (
 s*ool & *ur*1 = ,prote/antism has      
consci\sly accept$ z its peculi>        
pr9ciple individual fre$om z ,*ri/ianity
 has pres5t$ x4 ,= ,ca?olic ,/ates1     
h[ev]1 a difficulty exi/s4 ,! ,prote/ant
 cl]gyman c ) propriety ov]see !        
,volks*ule1 = "h he works z tea*]1 n z  
prie/4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant *ur* !re are     
really no ,laity accord+ to ! orig9al   
mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,ca?olic  
cl]gym5 are ess5tially prie/s1 & z su*1 
on acc\nt ( ! unconditional ob$i5ce :i*1
 accord+ to _! *ur*1 !y h to dem&1 !y   
usurp ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,f ?is      
circum/ance arise1 at pres5t1 numb]less 
collisions 9 ! dep>tm5t ( s*ool         
sup]vision4--   ,,?ird ,,division4      
,,pragmatics 7,,education ,,( ,,! ,,w74 
#acg4 ,bo? ,physical & ,intellectual    
,education are 9 ! highe/ degree        
practical4 ,! fir/ r$uces ! m]ely       
natural to a tool :i* m9d %all use = its
 own ends2 ! second guides !            

intellig5ce1 by ways con=mable to its   
nature1 to ! necess>y me?od ( ! act (   
tea*+ & le>n+1 :i* f9ally bran*es out   
into an objective national life1 into a 
sy/em ( mutually dep5d5t s*ool          
organizations4 ,b 9 a n>r[] s5se we mean
 by practical education ! me?odical     
developm5t ( ! ,w4 ,?is phrase m cle>ly 
expresses ! topic to be consid]$ 9 ?is  
division ?an o!rs sometimes us$ 9       
,p$agogics ,be/rebungs v]mg51 conative  
p[]4 ,! w is already ! subject ( a      
sci5ce ( its own1 i4e4 ( ,e?ics2 & if   
,p$agogics w\ld proce$ 9 anywise        
sci5tifically1 x mu/ recognize &        
presuppose ! idea & ! exi/5ce ( ?is     
sci5ce4 ,x %\ld n re/ate 9 full !       
doctr9es ( fre$om ( duty1 ( virtue1 & ( 
consci5ce1 al?\gh we h (t5 se5 ?is done 
9 empirical works on ,p$agogics4        
,p$agogics has to deal ) ! idea ( fre$om
 & morality only s f> z x fixes !       
te*nique ( _! process1 & at ! same "t x 
confesses itself to be weake/ j "h1 :]e 
no?+ is ( any wor? )\t a pure           

self-det]m9ation4   #ach4 ,! pupil mu/  
7#a7 become civiliz$2 i4e4 he mu/ le>n  
to gov]n1 z a ?+ ext]nal to him1 8      
natural egotism1 & to make ! =ms :i*    
civiliz$ society has adopt$ 8 own4 7#b7 
,he mu/ become imbu$ ) morality2 i4e4 he
 mu/ le>n to det]m9e 8 actions1 n only )
 ref]5ce to :at is agreeable & useful1 b
 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! ,good2 he mu/
 become virtually free1 =m a "*1 & mu/  
habitually look ^u ! necessity ( fre$om 
z ! absolute measure ( 8 actions4 7#c7  
,he mu/ become religi\s2 i4e4 he mu/    
disc]n t ! _w1 ) all its *anges1 himself
 includ$1 is only ph5om5al2 !           
affirmative side ( ?is insight into !   
empt9ess ( ! f9ite & transitory1 :i* man
 w\ld s will+ly make ev]la/+1 is !      
consci\sness ( ! absolute exi/+ 9 & =   
itself1 :i*1 9 its c]ta9ty ( its tru?1 n
 torn asund] ?r\gh ! process (          
manife/ation1 con/itutes no "p ( its    
*anges1 b1 :ile x actually pres5ts !m1  
p]meates !m all1 & freely di/+ui%es     
itself f !m4 ,9 s f> z man relates      

himself to ,god1 he cancels all f9itude 
& transitor9ess1 & by ?is feel+ frees   
himself f ! ext]nality ( ph5om5a4       
,virtue on ! side ( civilization is     
,polit5ess2 on t ( morality1            
,consci5ti\sness2 & on t ( religion1    
,humility4   ,,fir/ ,,*apt]4  ,social   
,culture4    #aci4 ,! social developm5t 
( man makes ! beg9n+ ( practical        
education4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose a
 special social in/9ct4 ,! incl9ation ( 
man to ! society ( m5 does n arise only 
f ! id5tity ( _! nature1 b is also 9    
c]ta9 cases affect$ by p>ticul>         
relations4 ,! natural />t+-po9t ( social
 culture is ! ,family4 ,b ?is educates !
 *ild = ,society1 & by means ( ,society 
! individual passes ov] into relations )
 ! _w at l>ge4 ,natural sympa?y *anges  
to polite behavior1 & ?is to ! dext]\s &
 circumspect deportm5t1 ^: tru?         
nev]!less is fir/ ! e?ical purity :i*   
comb9es ) ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t !          
h>mlessness ( ! dove4   #adj4 7#a7 ,!   
,family is ! natural social circle to   

:i* man prim>ily belongs4 ,9 x all !    
imm$iate diff]5ces :i* exi/ are         
comp5sat$ by ! equally imm$iate unity ( 
! relation%ip4 ,! subord9ation ( ! wife 
to ! husb&1 ( ! *ildr5 to _! p>5ts1 ( ! 
y\ng] *ildr5 to _! eld] bro!rs & si/]s1 
ceases to be subord9ation1 ?r\gh !      
intimacy ( love4 ,! *ild le>ns ob$i5ce  
to au?ority1 & 9 ?is x gives free       
p]sonal satisfaction to its p>5ts &     
enjoys ! same4 ,all ! relations 9 :i* he
 f9ds himself !re are p5etrat$ by ! w>m?
 ( implicit confid5ce1 :i* c be replac$ 
= ! *ild by no?+ else4 ,9 ?is sacr$     
circle ! t5d]e/ emotions ( ! he>t are   
develop$ by ! p]sonal int]e/ ( all its  
memb]s 9 :at happ5s to any "o1 & ?us !  
f\ndation is laid ( a susceptibility to 
all g5u9e or real fri5d%ip4  --,no?+ m  
unreasonable or inhuman c\ld exi/ ?an ^?
 mod]n !ories :i* w\ld de/roy ! family &
 w\ld leave ! *ildr51 ! (fspr+ ( ! an>*y
 ( free-love1 to gr[ up 9 public        
nurs]ies4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be v       
humanit>ian2 inde$ ^! sociali/s talk (  

no?+ b ! int]e/s ( humanity--!y are nev]
 we>y ( utt]+ _! insipid je/s on !      
in/itution ( ! family1 z if x 7 !       
pr9ciple ( all n>r[-m9d$ness4 ,h ^!     
fanatics1 :o are seek+ aft] an          
ab/raction ( humanity1 ev] exam9$ our   
f\ndl+-hospitals1 orphan asylums1       
b>racks1 & prisons1 to discov] 9 "s     
degree to :at an atomic /ate ( b>r5     
clev]ness a human be+ gr[s :o has nev]  
=m$ a "p ( a family8 ,! ,family is only 
"o phase 9 ! gr& ord] ( ! e?ical        
organization2 b x is ! sub/antial phase 
f :i* man passively proce$s1 b into :i*1
 z he f\nds a family ( 8 own1 he        
actively returns4 ,! *ild lives 9 !     
,family 9 ! common joy & grief ( sympa?y
 = all1 &1 9 ! emotion ) :i* he sees 8  
p>5ts approa* dea? :ile he is ha/5+     
t[>ds ! full enjoym5t ( exi/5ce1        
exp]i5ces ! f9] feel+s :i* are s p[]ful 
9 creat+ 9 him a deep] & m t5d] und]/&+ 
( ev]y?+ human4--   #ada4 7#b7 ,!       
,family re>s ! *ildr5 n = itself b = !  
civil society4 ,9 ?is we h a sy/em (    

morals produc+ ext]nally a social       
te*nique1 a circle ( fix$ =ms ( society4
 ,?is te*nique endeavors to subdue !    
natural r\ghness ( man1 at lea/ z f> z x
 manife/s itself ext]nally4 ,because he 
is _s1 man is n to yield himself to 8   
imm$iat5ess2 he is to exhibit to man 8  
naturalness z "u ! control ( _s4 ,!     
etiquette ( propriety on ! "o h&        
facilitates ! manife/ation (            
individuality by means ( :i* !          
individual becomes int]e/+ to o!rs1 & on
 ! o!r h&1 s9ce its =ms are alike = all1
 x makes u recognize ! lik5ess ( !      
individual to all o!rs & s makes _!     
int]c\rse easi]4  --,! conv5tional =m is
 no m]e con/ra9t2 b ess5tially a        
protection n only = ! fre$om ( !        
individual1 b mu* m ! protection ( !    
individual aga9/ ! rude impetuosity ( 8 
own naturalness4 ,savages & peasants =  
?is reason are1 9 _! relations to ea*   
o!r1 by no means z uncon/ra9$ z "o (t5  
repres5ts !m1 b hold closely to a       
c]emoni\s behavior4 ,!re is 9 "o (      

,imm]man's /ories1 ,! ,village ,ju/ice1 
a v excell5t picture ( ! conv5tional =ms
 ) :i* ! peasant loves to surr\nd       
himself4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* ! t[nsman :o ?9ks
 t he c disp5se ) =ms among ! peasants  
is v ent]ta9+ly taught bett]1 is        
exce$+ly valuable 9 an educational po9t 
( view4 ,! feel+ ( %ame :i* man has 9   
reg>d to 8 m]e naturalness is (t5 ext5d$
 to relations :]e x has no direct       
significance1 s9ce ?is s5se ( %ame is   
appeal$ to 9 *ildr5 9 ref]5ce to ?+s :i*
 are really p]fectly indiff]5t          
ext]nalities4--   #adb4 ,education )    
reg>d to social culture has two extremes
 to avoid3 ! y\? may1 9 8 ef=t to prove 
8 individuality1 become va9 & conceit$1 
& fall into an attempt to appe> int]e/+2
 or he may become slavi%ly dep5d5t on   
conv5tional =ms1 a k9d ( social p$ant4  
,?is /ate ( nullity :i* cont5ts itself )
 ! me*anical poli% ( social =malism is  
e?ically m dang]\s ?an ! t5d5cy to a    
m>k$ individuality1 = x betrays         
empt9ess2 :ile ! ef=t t[>ds a peculi>   

diff]5tiation f o!rs1 to become int]e/+ 
to o!rs1 indicates p[]4   #adc4 ,:5 we h
 a h>mony ( ! manife/ation ( !          
individual ) ! expression ( !           
recognition ( ! equality ( o!rs we h :at
 is call$ deportm5t or polit5ess1 :i*   
comb9es dignity & grace1 self-respect & 
mode/y4 ,we call x :5 fully complete1   
,urbanity4 ,x treats ! conv5tional =ms )
 irony1 s9ce1 at ! same "t t x yields to
 !m1 x all[s ! productivity ( _s to %9e 
?r\gh !m 9 little deviation f !m1 z if x
 7 fully able to make o!rs 9 _! place4  
--,true polit5ess %[s t x rema9s ma/] ( 
=ms4 ,x is v necess>y to accu/om *ildr5 
to c\rtesy & to br+ !m up 9 ! etiquette 
( ! prevail+ social cu/om2 b !y mu/ be  
prev5t$ f fall+ into an absurd =mality  
:i* makes ! triumph ( a polite behavior 
to consi/ 9 a bl9d foll[+ ( ! dictates (
 ! la/ fa%ion-j\rnal1 & 9 ! exact copy+ 
( ! phraseology & directions ( "s book  
on mann]s4 ,"o c be/ tea* & practise    
polit5ess :5 he does n m]ely copy !     
social te*nique1 b compreh5ds its       

orig9al idea4--   #add4 7#c7 ,b to fully
 initiate ! y\? into ! in/itutions (    
civilization "o mu/ n only call out !   
feel+s ( 8 he>t 9 ! bosom ( ! family1 n 
only give to him ! =mal ref9em5t        
necess>y to 8 int]c\rse ) society2 x mu/
 also p]=m to him ! pa9ful duty ( mak+  
him acqua9t$ ) ! my/]ies ( ! ways ( !   
_w4 ,?is is a pa9ful duty1 = ! *ild     
naturally feels an unlimit$ confid5ce 9 
all m54 ,?is confid5ce mu/ n be de/roy$1
 b x mu/ be temp]$4 ,! my/]y ( ! way ( !
 _w is ! deceit :i* spr+s f selfi%ness4 
,we mu/ provide aga9/ x by a prop]      
degree ( di/ru/4 ,we mu/ tea* ! y\? t he
 may be impos$ ^u by deceit1            
dissimulation1 & hypocrisy1 & t !re=e he
 mu/ n give 8 confid5ce lightly &       
cr$ul\sly4 ,he himself mu/ le>n h[ he c1
 )\t deceit1 ga9 8 own ends 9 ! mid/ ( !
 ?rong ( oppos+ int]e/s4  --,kant 9 8   
,p$agogics calls t worldly-wise behavior
 by :i* ! individual is to demean       
himself 9 opposition to o!rs1           
,imp5etrability4 ,by its means man le>ns

 h[ to manage m54 ,9 ,"l ,*e/]field's   
lett]s to 8 son1 we h po9t$ out ! true  
value ( egotism 9 its relation to       
morals4 ,all 8 words am\nt to ?is1 t we 
are to consid] e man to be an egoti/1 & 
to conv]t 8 v egotism into a means (    
f9d+ out 8 weak side2 i4e4 to flatt] him
 by excit+ 8 vanity1 & by means ( su*   
flatt]y to asc]ta9 8 limits4 ,9 common  
life1 ! expression hav+ _h exp]i5ces    
means ab\t ! same ?+ z hav+ be5 deceiv$ 
& betray$4--   ,,second ,,*apt]4  ,moral
 ,culture4    #ade4 ,! tru? ( social    
culture lies 9 moral culture4 ,)\t ?is  
latt]1 e art ( behavior rema9s wor?less1
 & c nev] atta9 ! cle>ness ( ,humility &
 ,dignity :i* are possible to x 9 its   
unity ) morality4 ,= ! bett] det]m9ation
 ( ?is idea ,p$agogics mu/ ref] to      
,e?ics itself1 & c "h give ! "p ( its   
cont5t :i* relates to ,education only 9 
! =m ( educational maxims4 ,! pr9cipal  
categories ( ,e?ics 9 ! doma9 ( morality
 are ! ideas ( ,duty1 ,virtue1 &        
,consci5ce4 ,education mu/ lay /ress on 

! tru? t no?+ 9 ! _w has any absolute   
value except w guid$ by ! "r4   #adf4   
,!nce foll[s 7#a7 ! maxim relat+ to !   
idea ( ,duty1 t we mu/ accu/om ! pupil  
to unconditional ob$i5ce to x1 s t he   
%all p]=m x = no o!r reason ?an t x is  
duty4 ,x is true t ! p]=mance ( a duty  
may br+ ) x ext]nally a result agreeable
 or disagreeable1 useful or h>mful2 b ! 
consid]ation ( su* connection ought nev]
 to det]m9e u4 ,?is moral dem&1 ?\gh x  
may appe> to be excessive sev]ity1 is ! 
absolute f\ndation ( all g5u9e e?ical   
practice4 ,all highe/ happ9ess !ories1  
h[ev] f9ely spun !y may be1 :5 tak5 z a 
guide = life1 lead at la/ to ,sophi/ry1 
& ?is to contradictions :i* ru9 ! life4 
#adg4 7#b7 ,virtue mu/ make actual :at  
duty comm&s1 or1 r1 ! actualiz+ ( duty  
is ,virtue4 ,& "h we mu/ say next1 !n1 t
 ! pr9cipal ?+s to be consid]$ "u       
,virtue are 7a7 ! dialectic ( p>ticul>  
virtues1 7b7 r5unciation1 & 7c7 "*4     
#adh4 7a7 ,f ! dialectic ( p>ticul>     
virtues !re foll[s ! educational maxim t

 we mu/ practise all virtues ) equal    
fai?fulness1 = all toge!r con/itute an  
e?ical sy/em complete 9 itself1 9 :i* no
 "o is indiff]5t to ano!r4  --,morality 
%\ld recognize no di/9ction ( sup]iority
 among ! diff]5t virtues4 ,!y           
reciprocally det]m9e ea* o!r4 ,!re is no
 su* ?+ z "o virtue :i* %9es out above !
 o!rs1 & /ill less %\ld we h any special
 gift = virtue4 ,! pupil mu/ be taught  
to recognize no great & no small 9 !    
virtues1 = t "o :i* may at fir/ sight   
seem small is insep>ably connect$ ) t   
:i* is seem+ly ! greate/4 ,_m virtues   
are attractive by reason ( _! ext]nal   
consequ5ces1 z e4g4 indu/ry because (   
success 9 bus9ess1 wor?y conduct because
 ( ! respect paid to x1 *>ity because ( 
! pleasure att5d+ x2 b man %\ld n       
practise ^! virtues because he enjoys   
!m3 he mu/ devote ! same am\nt (        
self-sacrifice & ( assiduity to ^?      
virtues :i* 7z ,*ri/ said7 are to be    
p]=m$ 9 secret4--  --,x is especially   
valuable1 9 an educational respect1 to  

ga9 an insight1 into ! transition ( :i* 
ea* virtue is empirically capable1 into 
a negative z well z into a positive     
extreme4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! extremes 
& ! gold5 mean are diff]5ces 9 quality1 
al?\gh !y arrive at ?is diff]5ce 9      
quality by means ( diff]5ce 9 quantity4 
,kant has1 z is well kn[n1 attack$ !    
,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! e?ical ,greek3 
mesotes1 s9ce he 0 consid]+ !           
qualitative diff]5ce ( ! m9d z          
diff]5tiat+ pr9ciple2 ?is 0 correct = ! 
subject ) :i* he dealt1 b 9 ! objective 
developm5t we d arrive on ! o!r h& at ! 
det]m9ation ( a quantitative limit2 e4g4
 a man1 ) ! mo/ e>ne/ int5tion ( do+ "r1
 may be 9 d\bt :e!r he has n1 9 any     
task1 done m or less ?an 0 fitt+ =      
him4--  --,z no virtue c cease its dem&s
 = u1 no "o c p]mit any exceptions or   
any provisional circum/ances to come 9 !
 way ( 8 duties4 ,our moral culture w   
always c]ta9ly manife/ itself 9 v       
unequal phases if we1 out ( n>r[ness &  
weakness1 neglect entirely "o virtue    

:ile we dilig5tly cultivate ano!r4 ,if  
we are =c$ into su* unequal action1 we  
are n responsible = ! result2 b x is    
dang]\s & des]ves puni%m5t if we        
volunt>ily enc\rage x4 ,! pupil mu/ be  
w>n$ aga9/ a c]ta9 moral neglig5ce :i*  
consi/s 9 yield+ to c]ta9 weaknesses1   
faults1 or crimes1 a little long] & a   
little long]1 because he has fix$ a     
c]ta9 "t aft] :i* he int5ds to d bett]4 
,up to t "t he all[s himself to be a    
loit]] 9 e?ics4 ,p]haps he w ass]t t 8  
companions1 8 surr\nd+s1 8 position1 c41
 mu/ be *ang$ be=e he c alt] 8 int]nal  
conduct4 ,:]ev] education or temp]am5t  
favors s5tim5tality1 we %all f9d        
bir?-days1 new-ye>'s day1 confirmation  
day1 c41 select$ z ^! turn+ po9ts4 ,x is
 n to be d5i$ t man proce$s 9 8 int]nal 
life f epo* to epo*1 & r5ews himself 9 8
 mo/ int]nal nature1 nor c we d5y t     
mom5ts l ^? m5tion$ are especially      
favorable 9 man to an ef=t t[>ds        
self-trans=mation because !y invite     
introspection2 b x is n to be endur$ t !

 y\?1 :ile look+ =w>d to su* a mom5t1   
%\ld consci\sly p]si/ 9 8 evil-do+4 ,if 
he does1 we %all h z consequ5ces t :5 ! 
solemn mom5t :i* he has set at la/      
arrives1 at ! /irr+ ( ! fir/ emotion he 
p]ceives ) t]ror t he has *ang$ no?+ 9  
himself1 t ! same temptations are pres5t
 to him1 ! same weakness takes          
possession ( him1 c4 ,9 our bus9ess1 9  
our !oretical endeavors1 c41 x may      
c]ta9ly happ5 t1 on acc\nt ( want ( "t1 
or means1 or humor1 we may put (f "s "w 
to ano!r "t2 b morality /&s on a high]  
plane ?an ^!1 because x1 z ! concrete   
absolut5ess ( ! w1 makes unceas+ dem& on
 ! :ole & undivid$ man4 ,9 morality !re 
are no vacations1 no int]ims4 ,z we 9   
asc5d+ a flight ( /airs take good c>e n 
to make a s+le mis-/ep1 & give our      
consci\s att5tion to e /ep1 s we mu/ n  
all[ any exceptions 9 moral affairs1 mu/
 n appo9t giv5 times = bett] conduct1 b 
mu/ await ^! la/ z natural crises1 & mu/
 seek to live 9 "t z 9 ,et]nity4--      
#adi4 7b7 ,f ,r5unciation spr+s !       

injunction ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,! action ( 
education on ! w to =m habits 9 x1 is   
discipl9e or tra9+ 9 a n>r[] s5se4      
,r5unciation tea*es u to "k ! relation 9
 :i* we 9 fact1 z hi/orical p]sons1 /&  
to ! idea ( ! ,good4 ,f our empirical k 
( ourselves we d]ive ! idea ( our       
limits2 f ! absolute k ( ourselves on ! 
o!r h&1 :i* pres5ts to u ! nature (     
,fre$om z our own actuality1 we d]ive ! 
conception ( ! resi/less might ( ! g5u9e
 w = ! good4 ,b to actualize ?is        
conception we mu/ h practice4 ,?is      
practice is ! prop] r5unciation4 ,e man 
mu/ devise = himself "s special set (   
rules1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by 8         
peculi>ities & 8 result+ temptations4   
,^! rules mu/ h z _! inn]mo/ ess5ce !   
subdu+ ( self1 ! vanqui%+ ( 8 negative  
arbitr>9ess by means ( ! univ]sality &  
necessity ( ! w4  --,9 ord] to make ?is 
easy1 ! y\? may be practis$ 9 r5\nc+ =  
himself ev5 ! arbitr>9ess :i* is p]mitt$
 to him4 ,"o (t5 speaks ( r5unciation z 
if x belong$ especially to ! middle ages

 & to ,ca?olicism2 b ?is is an error4   
,r5unciation 9 its "o-sid$ =m z rely+ on
 works1 & = ! purpose ( mortification1  
is asceticism1 & belongs to !m2 b       
,r5unciation 9 g5]al is a necess>y      
det]m9ation ( morals4 ,! keep+ ( a      
j\rnal is said to assi/ 9 ! practice (  
virtue1 b its value dep5ds on h[ x is   
kept4 ,to "o x may be a curse1 to ano!r 
a bless+4 ,fi*te1 ,g!1 ,byron1 & o!rs1 h
 kept j\rnals & h be5 assi/$ !reby2 :ile
 o!rs1 z ,lavat]1 h be5 ?w>t$ by !m4    
,va9 p w e ev5+ record ) p5 & ink _!    
admiration ( ! correct c\rse ( life :i* 
!y h l$ 9 ! day devot$ to _! pleasure4--
   #aej4 7c7 ,! result ( ! practice 9   
virtue1 or1 z x is commonly express$1 ( 
! individual actualization ( fre$om1 is 
! me?odical det]m9at5ess ( ! individual 
w z ,"*4 ,?is conception ( "* is =mal1 =
 x conta9s only ! id5tity :i* is impli$ 
9 ! rul+ ( a w on its ext]nal side z    
con/ant4 ,z !re are good1 /rong &       
beautiful *>act]s1 s !re are also bad1  
weak1 & dete/able ones4 ,:5 9           

,p$agogics1 !re=e1 we speak s mu* ( !   
build+ up ( a "*1 we mean ! mak+ p]man5t
 ( a direction ( ! individual w t[>ds ! 
actualization ( ! ,good4 ,fre$om ought  
to be ! "* ( "*4 ,education mu/ !re=e   
obs]ve closely ! int]-action ( ! factors
 :i* g to =m "*1 viz41 7,greek3 a7 !    
temp]am5t1 z ! natural "* ( ! man2      
7,greek3 b7 ext]nal ev5ts1 ! hi/orical  
elem5t2 7,greek3 g7 ! en]gy ( ! ,w1 by  
:i*1 9 its limits ( nature & hi/ory1 x  
realizes ! idea ( ! ,good 9 & = itself z
 ! prop] e?ical "*4 ,temp]am5t det]m9es 
! ,rhy?m ( our ext]nal manife/ation (   
ourselves2 ! ev5ts 9 :i* we live assign 
to u ! e?ical problem1 b ! ,w 9 its     
sov]eignty /amps its seal on ! =m giv5  
by ^! pot5tialities4 ,p$agogics aims at 
accu/om+ ! y\? to fre$om1 s t he %all   
always measure 8 de$ by ! idea ( !      
,good4 ,x does n desire a =mal          
indep5d5ce1 :i* may also be call$ "*1 b 
a real indep5d5ce re/+ ^u ! conception (
 fre$om z t :i* is absolutely necess>y4 
,! p$agogical maxim is !n3 ,be          

indep5d5t1 b be s ?r\gh do+ ,good4      
--,accord+ to preconceiv$ op9ion1       
/ubbornness & ob/9acy claim t !y are !  
f\ndation ( "*4 ,b !y may spr+ f        
weakness & indet]m9at5ess1 on :i* acc\nt
 "o ne$s to be well on 8 gu>d4 ,a g5tle 
disposition1 ?r\gh en?usiasm = ! ,good1 
may atta9 to q z great a firmness ( w4  
,co>s5ess & meanness are on no acc\nt to
 be tol]at$4--   #aea4 7#c7 ,we pass f !
 consid]ation ( ! culture ( "* to t (   
consci5ce4 ,?is is ! relation :i* !     
moral ag5t makes betwe5 himself z       
manife/ation & himself z idea4 ,x       
comp>es itself1 9 its pa/ or future1 )  
its nature1 & judges itself accord+ly z 
good or bad4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( ! e?ical 
judgm5t is ! s\l prop] ( all morality1 !
 negation ( all self-deception & ( all  
deception ?r\gh ano!r4 ,! p$agogical    
maxim is3 ,be consci5ti\s4 ,be 9 ! la/  
in/ance dep5d5t only ^u ! conception :i*
 ?\ ?yself ha/ ( ! idea ( ! ,good6  --,!
 self-criticism prompt$ by consci5ce    
hov]s ov] all our hi/orical actuality1 &

 is ! gr\nd ( all our rational progress4
 ,fi*te's /]n words rema91 !re=e1       
et]nally true3 ,he :o has a bad "*1 mu/ 
absolutely create = himself a bett]     
"o4--   ,,?ird ,,*apt]4  ,religi\s      
,culture4    #aeb4 ,social culture      
conta9s ! =mal phase1 moral culture !   
real phase1 ( ! practical m9d4          
,consci5ce =ms ! transition to religi\s 
culture4 ,9 its apodeictic nature1 x is 
! absolut5ess ( _s4 ,! individual       
disc]ns 9 ! dep?s ( its own consci\sness
 ! det]m9ations ( univ]sality & (       
necessity to :i* x has to subject       
itself4 ,!y appe> to x z ! voice ( ,god4
 ,religion makes its appe>ance z soon z 
! individual di/+ui%es ! ,absolute f    
himself z p]sonal1 z a subject exi/+ =  
itself & !re=e = him4 ,! a!i/ rema9s at 
! /age ( insight into ! absolut5ess ( ! 
logical & physical1 /hetic & practical  
categories4 ,he may1 !re=e1 be p]fectly 
moral4 ,he lacks religion1 ?\gh he loves
 to *>act]ize 8 uprightness by ?is "n1 &
 to transf] ! dogmatic det]m9ations (   

positive religion into ! e?ical sph]e4  
,x belongs to ! prov9ce ( religion t ,i 
demean myself t[>ds ! ,absolute n only z
 t[>d t :i* is my own sub/ance1 & t 9   
relation to x n ,i alone am ! subject1 b
 t to me also ! sub/ance 9 itself is a  
p]sonal subject = itself4 ,if ,i look ^u
 myself z ! only absolute1 ,i make      
myself devoid ( spiritual ess5ce4 ,i am 
only absolute self-consci\sness1 = :i*1 
because x z idea relates only to itself1
 !re rema9s only ! impulse to a p]si/5t 
conflict ) e self-consci\sness n        
id5tical ) x4 ,7 ?is ! case1 su* a      
self-consci\sness w\ld be only !oretical
 irony4 ,9 religion ,i "k ! ,absolute z 
ess5ce1 :5 ,i am kn[n by him4 ,ev]y?+   
else1 myself includ$1 is f9ite &        
transitory1 h[ev] significant x may be1 
h[ev] relatively & mom5t>ily ! ,inf9ite 
may exi/ 9 x4 ,z exi/5ce ev51 x is      
transitory4 ,! ,absolute1 posit+ itself1
 di/+ui%+ itself f itself 9 unity )     
itself1 is always l to itself1 & takes  
up all ! unre/ ( ! ph5om5al _w back aga9

 into its simple ess5ce4   #aec4 ,?is   
process ( ! individual _s1 9 :i* x rises
 out ( ! multiplicity ( all relations   
into union ) ! ,absolute z ! sub/antial 
subject1 & 9 :i* nature & hi/ory are    
unit$1 we may call1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 a
 *ange ( he>t ,gemu?4 ,9 a wid] s5se ( !
 ^w we give ?is "n to a c]ta9 s5tim5tal 
*e]fulness 7light-he>t$ness71 a s5se (  
com=t--( little significance4 ,! highe/ 
emotions ( ! he>t culm9ate 9 religion1  
^: w>m? is inspir$ by practical activity
 & consci5ti\sness4   #aed4 ,education  
has to fit man = religion4 7#a7 ,x gives
 him ! conception ( x2 7#b7 x endeavors 
to h ?is conception actualiz$ 9 him2    
7#c7 x subord9ates ! !oretical &        
practical process 9 fa%ion+ him to a    
det]m9ate /&-po9t ( religi\s culture4   
--,9 ! work+ out or detail$ treatm5t (  
,p$agogics1 ! position :i* ! conception 
( religion occupies is v unc]ta94 ,_m   
writ]s on ,education place x at !       
beg9n+1 :ile o!rs res]ve x = ! end4     
,o!rs navely br+ x =w>d 9 ! mid/ (      

het]og5e\s surr\nd+s1 b "k h[ to say v  
little conc]n+ x1 & urge tea*]s to k9dle
 ! fire ( religi\s feel+ 9 _! pupils by 
tea*+ !m to fe> ,god4 ,?r\gh all _!     
writ+1 we he> ! cry t 9 ,education no?+ 
is s important z ,religion4 ,rightly    
und]/ood1 ?is say+ is q true4 ,!        
religi\s _s1 ! consci\sness ( !         
,absolute1 & ! rev]5ce = x1 %\ld p]meate
 all4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 we f9d t   
:at is meant by religion is !ology1 or !
 *ur* c]emonial1 & ^! are only "o-sid$  
phases ( ! total religi\s process4 ,!   
,anglican ,high-,*ur* pres5ts 9 !       
colleges & univ]sities ( ,engl& a sad   
example ( ?is error4 ,:at c be m dead5+ 
to ! _s1 m =eign to religion1 ?an !     
morn+ & ev5+ pray]s z !y are c>ri$ on at
 ,ox=d & ,cambridge ) ma*9e-l regul>ity6
 ,b also to ,engl& belongs ! cr$it ( !  
sad fact1 t1 accord+ to ,kohl's report1 
!re live 9 ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1         
,birm+ham1 & ,london1 ?\s&s ( m5 :o h   
nev] enjoy$ any tea*+ 9 religion1 h nev]
 be5 baptiz$1 :o live absolutely )\t    

religion 9 brutal /upidity4 ,religion   
mu/ =m ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,education4 ,x 
takes up into itself ! didactical &     
practical elem5ts1 & rises ?r\gh ! =ce (
 its cont5t to univ]sality4--   ,i4 ,!  
,!oretical ,process ( ,religi\s         
,culture4   #aee4 ,religion1 9 common ) 
e cont5t ( ! _s1 mu/ pass ?r\gh ?ree    
/ages ( feel+1 conception1 &            
compreh5sion4 ,:atev] may be ! special  
"* ( any religion x _c avoid ?is        
psy*ological necessity1 ei!r 9 its g5]al
 hi/ory or 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual    
consci\sness4 ,! tea*] mu/ und]/& ?is   
process1 p>tly 9 ord] t he may make x   
easi] to ! y\?1 p>tly t he may gu>d     
aga9/ ! mal=mation ( ! religi\s feel+   
:i* may arise ?r\gh ! fact ( ! y\?'s    
rema9+ 9 "o /age aft] he is ready =     
ano!r & ne$s x4 ,p$agogics mu/ !re=e lay
 out be=eh& ! philosophy ( religion1 on 
:i* alone c be f\nd ! complete          
discussion ( ?is idea4   #aef4 7#a7     
,religion exi/s fir/ z religi\s feel+4  
,! p]son is /ill imm$iately id5tical ) !

 ,div9e1 does n yet di/+ui% himself f ! 
absolut5ess ( 8 be+1 & is 9 s f> det]m9$
 by x4 ,9 s f> z he feels ! div9e1 he is
 a my/]y to himself4 ,?is beg9n+ is     
necess>y4 ,religion _c be produc$ 9 m5 f
 ! ext]nal side2 its g5esis belongs r to
 ! primitive dep?s 9 :i* ,god himself & 
! individual s\l are ess5tially "o4     
--,! educator mu/ n all[ himself to     
suppose t he is able to make a religion4
 ,religion dwells orig9ally 9 e         
individual s\l1 = e "o is born ( ,god4  
,education c only aid ! religi\s feel+ 9
 its developm5t4 ,z f> z reg>ds !       
psy*ological =m1 x 0 q correct =        
,s*lei]ma*] & 8 foll[]s to *>act]ize !  
absolut5ess ( ! religi\s feel+ z ! feel+
 ( dep5d5ce1 = feel+ is det]m9$ by t :i*
 x feels2 x dep5ds ^u its cont5t4 ,b 9 s
 f> z ,god con/itutes ! cont5t ( !      
feel+1 !re appe>s ! opposite ( all      
dep5d5ce or absolute emancipation4 ,i   
ma9ta9 ?is 9 opposition to ,s*lei]ma*]4 
,religion lifts man above ! f9ite1      
temporal & transitory1 & frees him f !  

control ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,ev5 ! l[e/ =m 
( religion does ?is2 & :5 x is said t   
,s*lei]ma*] has be5 unju/ly criticiz$ = 
?is expression ( dep5d5ce1 ?is di/9ction
 is ov]look$4--   #aeg4 ,b religi\s     
feel+ z su* rises into some?+ high] :5 !
 _s di/+ui%es ! cont5t ( ?is religi\s   
feel+ f any o!r cont5t :i* x also feels1
 repres5ts x cle>ly to itself1 & places 
itself ov] aga9/ x =mally z a free      
individual4  --,b we mu/ n und]/& t !   
religi\s feel+ is de/roy$ 9 ?is process2
 9 ris+ to ! =m ( di/9ct repres5tation1 
x rema9s at ! same "t z a necess>y =m ( 
! ,intellig5ce4--   #aeh4 ,if ! _s is   
held back & prev5t$ f pass+ out ( !     
simplicity ( feel+ into ! act ( di/+ui%+
 ! p]ception f :at x becomes1 !         
conception--if its ef=ts t[>ds ! =m+ (  
?is conception are cont9ually           
re-dissolv$ into feel+1 !n feel+1 :i* 0 
z ! fir/ /ep p]fectly heal?y & correct1 
w become morbid & deg5]ate into a wret*$
 my/icism4 ,education mu/1 !re=e1 make  
sure t ?is feel+ is n de/roy$ by !      

progress ( its cont5t into p]ception &  
conception on ! side ( psy*ological =m1 
b r t x atta9s tru? !reby4   #aei4 7#b7 
,conception z ! ideally trans=m$        
p]ception dissects ! religi\s cont5t on 
its diff]5t sides1 & foll[s ea* ( ^! to 
its consequ5ce4 ,imag9ation controls !  
individual conceptions1 b by no means ) 
t absolut5ess :i* is (t5 suppos$2 = ea* 
picture has 9 itself its logical        
consequ5ce to :i* imag9ation mu/ yield2 
e4g4 if a religion repres5ts ,god z an  
animal1 or z half animal & half man1 or 
z man1 ea* ( ^! conceptions has 9 its   
developm5t its consequ5ces = !          
imag9ation4   #afj4 ,we rise out ( !    
/age ( ,conception :5 ! _s tries to     
det]m9e ! univ]sality ( its cont5t      
accord+ to its necessity1 i4e4 :5 x     
beg9s to ?9k4 ,! necessity ( its        
pictures is a m]e presupposition = !    
imag9ation4 ,! ?9k+ activity1 h[ev]1    
recognizes n only ! contradiction :i*   
exi/s betwe5 ! s5su\s1 limit$ =m ( !    
individual conception1 & ! absolute     

nature ( its cont5t1 b also !           
contradiction 9 :i* ! conceptions f9d   
!mselves ) respect to ea* o!r4   #afa4  
,if ! _s is prev5t$ f pass+ out ( ! v>i$
 pictures ( conception to ! sup]s5su\s  
cle>ness & simplicity ( ! ?9k+          
activity--if ! cont5t :i* x already     
beg9s to seize z idea is aga9 dissolv$  
into ! confusion ( ! picture-_w1 !n !   
religion ( imag9ation1 :i* 0 a p]fectly 
prop] =m z ! second /ep1 becomes p]v]t$ 
into "s =m ( idolatry1 ei!r co>se or    
ref9$4 ,education mu/ !re=e n oppose !  
?9k+ activity if ! latt] und]takes to   
criticize religi\s conceptions2 on !    
contr>y1 x mu/ guide ?is s t ! discov]y 
( ! contradictions :i* unavoidably adh]e
 to s5su\s =m %all n mislead ! y\? into 
! folly ( ?r[+ away1 ) ! relative untru?
 ( ! =m1 also ! religi\s cont5t 9 g5]al4
  --,x is an error = educators to desire
 to keep ! imag9ation ap>t f religi\s   
feel+1 b x is also an error to deta9 !  
m9d1 :i* is on its =mal side ! activity 
( kn[+1 9 ! /age ( imag9ation1 & to     

desire to condemn x !nce into ! s]vice (
 canonical allegories4 ,! m1 9          
opposition to ?is1 x is possess$ ) ! *>m
 ( ?9k+1 ! m is x 9 dang] ( condemn+ !  
cont5t ( religion itself z a m]e        
fictiti\s conception4 ,z a              
transition-/age ! religion ( imag9ation 
is p]fectly normal1 & x does n 9 ! lea/ 
impair fre$om if1 = example1 "o has     
p]sonifi$ evil z a liv+ ,devil4 ,! error
 does n lie 9 ?is1 b 9 ! mak+ absolute  
^! det]m9ate1 /hetic =ms ( religion4 ,! 
reaction ( ! ?9k+ activity aga9/ su*    
/hetic absolutism !n und]takes 9 its    
negative absolutism to despise ! cont5t 
also1 z if x 7 a m]e conception4--      
#afb4 7#c7 ,9 ! ?9k+ activity ! _s      
atta9s t =m ( ! religi\s cont5t :i* is  
id5tical ) t ( its simple consci\sness1 
& above :i* !re is no o!r = !           
intellig5ce z !oretical4 ,b we di/+ui%  
?ree v>ieties 9 ?is ?9k+ activity3 !    
ab/ract1 ! reflective1 & ! speculative4 
,! ,ab/ract gives u ! religi\s cont5t ( 
consci\sness 9 ! =m ( ab/ractions or    

dogmas1 i4e4 propositions :i* set up a  
def9ition z a univ]sal1 & add to x ano!r
 z ! reason = its necessity4 ,!         
,reflective /age busies itself ) !      
relation ( dogmas to ea* o!r1 & ) ! se>*
 = ! gr\nds on :i* _! necessity mu/ re/4
 ,x is ess5tially critical1 & h5ce      
skeptical4 ,! explanation ( ! dogmas1   
:i* is c>ri$ on 9 ?is process ( reason+ 
& skeptical inve/igation1 is complet$   
alone 9 speculative ?9k+1 :i* recognizes
 ! free unity ( ! cont5t & its =m z its 
own prop] self-det]m9ation ( ! cont5t1  
creat+ its own diff]5ces4 ,education mu/
 "k ?is /age ( ! intellig5ce1 p>tly t x 
may 9 advance pres]ve1 9 ! mid/ ( its   
*anges1 t repose :i* x br+s into !      
consci\sness2 p>tly t x may be able to  
lead to ! process ( *ange itself1 9     
accordance ) ! organic connection ( its 
phases4 ,we %\ld prev5t ! criticism ( ! 
ab/ract und]/&+ by ! reflective /age z  
little z we %\ld t ( ! imag9ation by !  
?9k+ activity4 ,b ! /age ( reflection is
 n ! la/ possibility ( ! ?9k+ activity1 

al?\gh1 9 ! v>iety ( its skepticism x   
(t5 takes itself = su*1 &1 ) ! empt9ess 
( m]e negation to :i* x holds1 (t5 br+s 
itself =w>d into undesirable prom95ce4  
,x becomes evid5t1 9 ?is view1 h[ v     
necess>y = man1 ) respect to religion1  
is a g5u9e philosophical culture1 s t he
 may n lose ! c]ta9ty ( ! exi/5ce ( !   
,absolute 9 ! mid/ ( ! ob/9acy ( dogmas 
& ! *anges ( op9ions4   #afc4 ,education
 mu/ !n n fe> ! desc5t into dogmatic    
ab/raction1 s9ce ?is is an indisp5sable 
means = !oretical culture 9 its         
totality1 & ! consci\sness _c disp5se ) 
x 9 its hi/ory4 ,b ,education has1 9 !  
concrete1 c>efully to disc]n 9 :i* ( ^! 
/ages ( culture any p>ticul>            
consci\sness may be4 ,= if = mank9d z a 
race ! fo/]+ ( philosophy is absolutely 
necess>y1 x by no means foll[s t ?is    
necessity exi/s = ea* individual4 ,to   
*ildr51 to wom51 e4g4 = all k9ds (      
simple & limit$ lives1 ! =m ( ! religion
 ( ! imag9ation is well suit$1 & ! =m ( 
compreh5sion c come only relatively to  

!m4 ,education mu/ n1 !n1 desire        
p[]fully & prematurely to develop ! ?9k+
 activity be=e ! intellig5ce is really  
fully gr[n4  --,! sup]ficial ?9k+ :i* _m
 tea*]s dem& 9 ! sph]e ( religion is no 
less impractical ?an ! want ( all       
guidance into rightly ord]$ m$itations  
on religi\s subjects4 ,x is natural t ! 
l[] =m ( intellig5ce %\ld1 9 contra/ ) !
 high]1 appe> to be frivol\s1 because x 
has no ne$ ( *ange ( =m z ! high] has1 &
 on ?is acc\nt x looks ^u ! de/ruction (
 ! =m ( a picture or a dogma z !        
de/ruction ( religion itself4 ,9 our "t 
! idea is v preval5t t ! cont5t itself  
mu/ *ange ) ! *ang+ ( ! psy*ological =m1
 & t !re=e a religion 9 ! /age ( feel+1 
( conception1 & ( compreh5sion1 c no    
long] be ! same 9 its ess5ce4 ,^!       
suppositions1 :i* are s popul>1 & are   
consid]$ to be high philosophy1 spr+ f !
 sup]ficiality ( psy*ological inquiry4--
   #afd4 ,! !oretical culture ( !       
religi\s feel+ endeavors !re=e ) !      
fre$om ( philosophical criticism to     

elevate ! presupposition ( ,reason 9 !  
religi\s cont5t to self-assur$ insight  
by means ( ! pro( ( ! necessity ( its   
det]m9ations4 ,?is is ! only reasonable 
p$agogical way n only to prev5t !       
deg5]ation ( ! religi\s consci\sness    
into a mis]able my/icism or into        
frivolity1 b also to remove ^! if !y are
 already exi/5t4  --,ext]nal seclusion  
avails no?+4 ,! crises ( ! _w-hi/orical 
*anges 9 ! religi\s consci\sness f9d _! 
way ?r\gh ! ?icke/ cloi/] walls2 !      
philosoph] ,re9hold 0 a pupil ( !       
,jesuits1 ! philosoph] ,s*ad ( !        
,b5$ict9es4--   ,,ii4 ,! ,practical     
,process ( ,religi\s ,culture4   #afe4  
,! !oretical culture is truly practical1
 = x gives man def9ite conceptions &    
?\ghts ( ! ,div9e & 8 relation to him4  
,b 9 a n>r[] s5se t culture is practical
 :i* relates to ! ,w z su*4 ,education  
has 9 ?is respect to di/+ui% 7#a7       
consecration--religi\s feel+ 9          
g5]al1--7#b7 ! induction ( ! y\? into ! 
=ms ( a positive religion1 & 7#c7 8     

reconciliation ) 8 lot4   #aff4 7#a7    
,religi\s feel+ presupposes morality z  
an indisp5sable condition )\t :i* x _c  
inculcate its ideas4 ,b if man f a m]ely
 moral /&-po9t places himself 9 relation
 to ! idea ( ,duty z su*1 ! e?ical      
religi\s /&-po9t diff]s f x 9 ?is1 t x  
places ! necessity ( ! ,good z !        
self-det]m9ation ( ! div9e ,w & ?us     
makes ( practice a p]sonal relation to  
,god1 *ang+ ! ,good to ! ,holy & ! ,evil
 to ,s94 ,education mu/ !re=e fir/      
accu/om ! y\? to ! idea1 t 9 do+ ! ,good
 he unites himself ) ,god z ) ! absolute
 ,p]son1 b t 9 do+ ,evil he sep>ates    
himself f him4 ,! feel+ t he ?r\gh 8 de$
 comes into contact ) ,god himself1     
positively or negatively1 deep5s ! moral
 conduct to an int5se s5sibility ( !    
he>t4   #afg4 7#b7 ,! religi\s s5se :i* 
gr[s 9 ! *ild t he has an un9t]rupt$    
p]sonal relation to ! ,absolute z a     
p]son1 con/itutes ! beg9n+ ( ! practical
 =m+ ( religion4 ,! second /ep is !     
induction ( ! *ild into ! objective =ms 

( wor%ip e/abli%$ 9 "s positive         
religion4 ,?r\gh religi\s tra9+ ! *ild  
le>ns to r5\nce 8 egotism2 ?r\gh        
att5dance on religi\s s]vices he le>ns  
to give expression to 8 religi\s feel+ 9
 pray]1 9 ! use ( symbols1 & 9 *ur*     
fe/ivals4 ,education mu/1 h[ev]1        
endeavor to reta9 fre$om ) reg>d to ^!  
=ms1 s t !y %all n be conf\nd$ )        
,religion itself4 ,religion displays    
itself 9 ^! c]emonies1 b !y z m]e =ms   
are ( value only 9 s f> z !y1 :ile      
ext]nalities1 are manife/ations ( ! _s  
:i* produces !m4  --,if ! me*anism (    
c]emonial =ms is tak5 z religion itself1
 ! s]vice ( ,god deg5]ates into ! false 
s]vice ( religion1 z ,kant has designat$
 x 9 ,religion )9 ! ,limits ( ,pure     
,reason4 ,no?+ is m de/ructive to !     
s5sibility to all real religi\s culture 
?an ! want ( e>ne/ness ) :i* pray]s1    
read+s f ! ,bible1 att5dance on *ur*1 ! 
communion1 c41 are (t5 practis$ by      
tea*]s4 ,b "o mu/ n conclude f ?is      
extreme t an ignorance ( all sacr$ =ms 9

 g5]al w\ld be m desirable = ! *ild4--  
#afh4 7#c7 ,x is possible t a man on !  
/&-po9t ( ecclesia/ical religi\s        
obs]vances may be fully cont5t$2 he may 
be fully occupi$ 9 !m1 & p]fect 8 life  
!reby 9 p]fect cont5t4 ,b by f> ! great]
 numb] ( m5 w see !mselves =c$ to       
exp]i5ce ! tru? ( religion 9 ! h>d      
vicissitudes ( _! lot1 s9ce !y c>ry on  
"s bus9ess1 & ) t bus9ess create =      
!mselves a pa/ ^: consequ5ces condition 
_! future4 ,!y limit !mselves ?r\gh _!  
de$s1 ^: involunt>y-volunt>y au?ors !y  
become2 involunt>y 9 s f> z !y are      
*all5g$ to ! de$s f ! totality ( ev5ts1 
volunt>y 9 s f> z !y und]take !m & br+  
ab\t an actual *ange 9 ! _w4 ,! hi/ory (
 ! individual man appe>s !re=e on ! "o  
h&1 if we consid] its mat]ial1 z ! "w ( 
circum/ances2 b on ! o!r h&1 if we      
reflect on ! =m1 z ! act ( a            
self-det]m9+ actor4 ,want ( fre$om 7!   
be+ det]m9$ ?r\gh ! giv5 situation7 &   
fre$om 7! det]m9ation to ! act7 are     
unit$ 9 actual life z some?+ :i* is     

exactly s1 & _c become any?+ else z     
f9al4 ,! ess5ce ( ! spiritual be+ /&s   
always ov] aga9/ ?is unavoidable        
limitation z t :i* is 9 itself inf9ite1 
:i* is beyond all hi/ory1 because !     
absolute _s1 9 & = itself1 has no       
hi/ory4 ,t :i* "o calls 8 hi/ory is only
 ! manife/+ ( himself1 & 8 ev]la/+      
return out ( ?is manife/ation into      
himself an act :i* 9 absolute _s        
co9cides ) ! transc5d+ ( all            
manife/ation4 ,f ! nature :i* belongs to
 him !re arises = ! individual _s !     
impulse t[>ds a holy life1 i4e4 ! be+   
fre$ f 8 hi/ory ev5 9 ! mid/ ( its      
process4 ,he gratifies ?is impulse      
negatively ?r\gh ! consid]+ ( :at has   
happ5$ z pa/ & gone1 z t :i* lives n[   
only ideally 9 ! recollection2 &        
positively ?r\gh ! posit+ ( a new actual
 exi/5ce 9 :i* he /rives to realize !   
idea ( fre$om :i* con/itutes 8          
necessity1 z pur] & high] ?an be=e4 ,?is
 con/ant new-bir? out ( ! grave ( ! pa/ 
to ! life ( a m beautiful future is !   

g5u9e reconciliation ) de/9y4 ,! false  
reconciliation may assume diff]5t =ms4  
,x may ab/a9 f all action because man   
?r\gh ?is limits himself & becomes      
responsible4 ,?is is to despair (       
fre$om1 :i* condemns ! _s to ! loss (   
itself s9ce its nature dem&s activity4  
,! ab/ract quietism ( ! ,indian p5it5ts1
 ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ( ! fanatical ascetics1 
( ! ,prote/ant recluses1 c41 is an error
 ( ?is k9d4 ,! man may become indiff]5t 
ab\t ! e?ical det]m9at5ess ( 8 de$s4 ,9 
?is case he acts2 b because he has no   
fai? 9 ! necess>y connection ( 8 de$s   
?r\gh ! means ( fre$om1 a connection :i*
 he w\ld will+ly ascribe to m]e *ance1  
he loses 8 spiritual ess5ce4 ,?is is !  
error ( indiff]5ce & ( its frivolity1   
:i* d5ies ! op5 my/]y ( ! rul+ ( de/9y4 
,education mu/ !re=e imbue man ) respect
 = ext]nal movem5ts ( hi/ory & )        
confid5ce 9 ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( !       
progressive human _s1 s9ce only by      
produc+ bett] ?+s c he affirmatively    
elevate himself above 8 pa/4 ,?is active

 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! necessity ( fre$om z ! 
det]m9+ pr9ciple ( de/9y gives ! highe/ 
satisfaction to :i* practical religi\s  
feel+ may arrive1 = bless$ness develops 
itself 9 x--t bless$ness :i* does n "k t
 x is circumscrib$ by f9itude &         
transitor9ess1 & :i* possesses !        
immortal c\rage to /rive always anew =  
p]fection ) free resignation at its     
non-realization1 s t happ9ess & mis]y1  
pleasure & pa91 are conqu]$ by ! p[] (  
dis9t]e/$ self-sacrifice4  --,! escape f
 action 9 an artificial abs5ce ( all    
ev5ts 9 life1 :i* (t5 s9ks to a v]itable
 brutaliz+ ( man1 is ! di/+ui%+ feature 
( all monki% p$agogics4 ,9 our "t !re is
 especial ne$ ( a reconciliation betwe5 
man & de/9y1 = all ! _w is discont5t$4  
,! wor/ =m ( discont5t is :5 "o is1 z ! 
,fr5* say1 blas2 ?\gh ! ^w is n1 z _m   
fancy1 d]iv$ orig9ally f ! ,fr5*1 b f ! 
,greek ,greek3 blaze91 to )]4 ,x is true
 t all culture passes ?r\gh phases1 ea* 
( :i* becomes mom5t>ily & relatively    
we>isome1 & t 9 s f> "o may be blas 9   

any age4 ,b 9 mod]n times ?is /ate (    
feel+ has increas$ to t ( ?or\gh        
disgu/--disgu/ :i* nev]!less at ! same  
"t dem&s enjoym5t4 ,! "o :o is blas has 
enjoy$ ev]y?+1 felt ev]y?+1 mock$ at    
ev]y?+4 ,he has pass$ f ! enjoym5t (    
pleasure to s5tim5tality1 i4e4 to riot+ 
9 feel+2 f s5tim5tality to irony ) reg>d
 to feel+1 & f ?is to ! torm5t ( feel+ 8
 entire weakness & empt9ess z oppos$ to 
^!4 ,he ridicules ?is also1 z if x 7 a  
consolation to him to fl+ away ! univ]se
 l a squeez$ lemon1 & to be able to     
ass]t t 9 pure no?+ness lies ! tru? (   
all ?+s4 ,& yet nev]!less ?is irony     
furni%es ! po9t on :i* ,education c     
fa/51 9 ord] to k9dle anew 9 him !      
religi\s feel+1 & to lead him back to a 
lov+ recognition ( actuality1 to a      
respect = 8 own hi/ory4 ,! greate/      
difficulty :i* ,education has to enc\nt]
 "h is ! coquetry1 ! mis]able em95ce &  
self-satisfaction :i* h und]m9$ ! man & 
made him incapable ( all simple &       
natural enjoym5t4 ,x is n too mu* to    

ass]t t _m pupils ( our ,gymnasia are   
affect$ ) ?is malady4 ,our lit]ature is 
full ( its products4 ,x inveighs aga9/  
its dissipation1 & nev]!less at ! same  
"t _c resi/ a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure 9 x4 
,diabolical s5tim5tality6--   ,,iii4 ,! 
,absolute ,process ( ,religi\s ,culture4
   #afi4 ,9 comp>+ ! /ages ( ! !oretical
 & practical culture ( ! religi\s feel+ 
_! int]nal correspond5ce appe>s4 ,feel+1
 z imm$iate k1 & ! consecration ( ! s5se
 by means ( piety2 imag9ation ) all its 
images1 & ! *ur* s]vices ) _! c]emonial 
obs]vances2 f9ally1 ! compreh5d+ (      
religion z ! reconciliation ) de/9y1 z !
 int]nal emancipation f ! dom9ion (     
ext]nal ev5ts--all ^! correspond to ea* 
o!r4 ,if we seize ?is p>allelism all    
toge!r1 we h ! progress :i* religion mu/
 make 9 its hi/orical process1 9 :i* x  
7#a7 beg9s z natural2 7#b7 goes on to   
hi/orical precision1 & 7#c7 elevates ?is
 to a rational fai?4 ,^! /ages await e  
man 9 z f> z he lives ?r\gh a complete  
religi\s culture1 b ?is may be = !      

individual a "q ( *ance4   #agj4 7#a7 ,a
 *ild has z yet no def9ite religi\s     
feel+4 ,he is /ill only a possibility   
capable ( manifold det]m9ations4 ,b1    
s9ce he is a _s1 ! ess5ce ( religion is 
active 9 him1 ?\gh z yet 9 an unconsci\s
 =m4 ,! sub/ance ( _s atte/s its pres5ce
 9 e individual1 ?r\gh 8 my/]i\s impulse
 t[>d ! absolute & t[>ds int]c\rse )    
,god4 ,?is is ! initiatory /age (       
natural religion1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ 
) ! religion :i* makes nature ! object (
 wor%ip 7feti*ism1 c47   #aga4 7#b7 ,b  
:ile ! *ild lives into ?is 9 8 int]nal  
life1 he comes 9 contact ) def9ite =ms (
 religion1 & w naturally1 ?r\gh !       
m$iation ( ! family1 be introduc$ to "s 
"o ( !m4 ,8 religi\s feel+ takes n[ a   
p>ticul> direction1 & he accepts        
religion 9 "o ( its hi/orical =ms4 ,?is 
positive religion meets ! precise want (
 ! *ild1 because x br+s into 8          
consci\sness1 by means ( tea*+ & sacr$  
rites1 ! pr9cipal elem5ts :i* are f\nd 9
 ! nature ( religion4   #agb4 7#c7 ,9   

contradi/9ction to ! natural basis (    
religi\s feel+1 all hi/orical religions 
re/ on ! au?oritative basis ( revelation
 f ,god to man4 ,!y address !mselves to 
! imag9ation1 & (f] a sy/em ( objective 
=ms ( wor%ip & c]emonies4 ,b _s1 z      
et]nal1 z self-id5tical1 _c =be> z ?9k+ 
activity to subject ! traditional       
religion to criticism & to comp>e x z a 
ph5om5al exi/5ce4 ,f ?is criticism      
arises a religion :i* satisfies ! dem&s 
( ! reason1 & :i*1 by means ( insight   
into ! necessity ( ! hi/orical process1 
leads to ! ex]cise ( a g5u9e tol]ation  
t[>ds its _m-sid$ =ms4 ,?is religion    
m$iates betwe5 ! unity ( ! ?9k+         
consci\sness & ! religi\s cont5t1 :ile  
?is cont5t1 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s feel+1
 appe>s !oretically z dogma1 &          
practically z ! comm& ( an absolute &   
incompreh5sible au?ority4 ,x is j z     
simple z ! unsophi/icat$ natural        
religi\s feel+1 b its simplicity is at !
 same "t ma/] ( itself4 ,x is j z       
specific 9 its det]m9ations z !         

hi/orical religion1 b its det]m9at5ess  
is at ! same "t univ]sal1 s9ce x is     
work$ out by ! ?9k+ reason4   #agc4     
,education mu/ sup]9t5d ! developm5t ( !
 religi\s consci\sness t[>ds an insight 
into ! necess>y consequ5ce ( its diff]5t
 /ages4 ,no?+ is m absurd ?an = !       
educator to desire to avoid !           
introduction ( a positive religion1 or a
 def9ite cre$1 z a middle /age betwe5 ! 
natural beg9n+ ( religi\s feel+ & its   
end 9 philosophical culture4 ,only :5 a 
man has liv$ ?r\gh ! entire range (     
"o-sid$ phases--?r\gh ! crud5ess ( su* a
 concrete individualiz+ ( religion1 &   
has come to recognize ! univ]sal nature 
( religion 9 a special =m ( x :i*       
excludes o!r =ms--only :5 ! _s ( a      
congregation has tak5 him into its      
numb]1 is he ripe to criticize religion 
9 a conciliatory _s1 because he has !n  
ga9$ a religi\s "* ?r\gh t hi/orical    
exp]i5ce4 ,! self-compreh5d+ univ]sality
 mu/ h su* a solid basis z ?is 9 ! life 
( ! man2 x c nev] =m ! beg9n+ ( "o's    

culture1 b x may con/itute ! end :i*    
turns back aga9 to ! beg9n+4 ,mo/ m5    
rema9 at ! hi/orical /&-po9t4 ,!        
religion ( reason1 z t ( ! m9ority1     
con/itutes 9 ! diff]5t religions !      
invisible *ur*1 :i* seeks by progressive
 re=m to purify ^! religions f          
sup]/ition & unbelief4 ,x is ! duty ( ! 
/ate1 by mak+ all *ur*es equal 9 ! sight
 ( ! law1 to gu>d religion f !          
temptation ( impure motives1 &1 ?r\gh ! 
grant+ ( su* fre$om to religi\s         
individuality1 to help =w>d ! unity ( a 
rational insight into religion :i* is   
di/9ct f ! religi\s feel+ only 9 its =m1
 n 9 its cont5t4 ,n a philosoph]1 b     
,jesus ( ,naz>e? fre$ ! _w f all        
selfi%ness & all bondage4   #agd4 ,) ?is
 highe/ !oretical & practical           
emancipation1 ! g5]al "w ( education    
ends4 ,x rema9s n[ to be %[n h[ ! g5]al 
idea ( ,education %apes its special     
elem5ts into _! appropriate =ms4 ,f !   
nature ( ,p$agogics1 :i* conc]ns itself 
) man 9 8 entirety1 ?is exposition      

belongs p>tly to ! hi/ory ( culture 9   
g5]al1 p>tly to ! hi/ory ( religion1    
p>tly to ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,!      
p$agogical elem5t 9 x always lies 9 !   
ideal :i* ! _s ( a nation or ( an age   
creates out ( itself1 & :i* x seeks to  
realize 9 its y\?4     ,,?ird ,,"p4     
,p>ticul> ,sy/ems ( ,education4    #age4
 ,! def9ite actuality ( ,education      
orig9ates 9 ! fact t its g5]al idea is  
individualiz$1 accord+ to its special   
elem5ts1 9 a specific /atem5t :i* we    
call a p$agogical pr9ciple4 ,! numb] (  
^! pr9ciples is n unlimit$1 b f ! idea (
 ,education conta9s only a c]ta9 numb]4 
,if we d]ive !m !re=e1 we d]ive at !    
same "t ! hi/ory ( ,p$agogics1 :i* c f  
its v nature d no?+ else ?an make actual
 9 itself ! possibilities involv$ 9 !   
idea ( ,education4 ,su* a d]ivation may 
be call$ an  priori con/ruction (       
hi/ory1 b x is diff]5t f :at is g5]ally 
d5ot$ by ?is t]m 9 n pret5d+ to d$uce   
s+le ev5ts & *>act]s4 ,all empirical    
details are confirmation or illu/ration 

= x1 b x does n attempt to seek ?is     
empirical elem5t  priori4  --,! hi/ory (
 ,p$agogics is /ill 9 ! /age ( infancy4 
,at "o "t x is tak5 up into ! sph]e (   
,politics2 at ano!r1 into t ( ! hi/ory (
 ,culture4 ,! productions ( "s ( ! mo/  
di/+ui%$ writ]s on ! subject are n[     
antiquat$4 ,cram] ( ,/ralsund made1 9   
#ahcb1 an excell5t beg9n+ 9 a           
compreh5sive & ?or\gh hi/ory ( ,p$agogy2
 b 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 second "p he dwelt too
 long ^u ! ,greeks1 & lo/ himself 9 too 
wide an exposition ( practical          
,philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,alex&] ,kapp has  
giv5 u excell5t treatises on !          
,p$agogics ( ,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,b )   
reg>d to mod]n ,p$agogics we h          
relatively v little4 ,k>l v4 ,raum]1 9  
#ahdc1 began to publi% a hi/ory (       
,p$agogics s9ce ! "t ( ! revival (      
classical /udies1 & has accompli%$ mu* (
 value on ! biographical side4 ,b ! idea
 ( ! g5]al connection & dep5d5ce ( !    
sev]al manife/ations has n receiv$ mu*  
att5tion1 & s9ce ! "t ( ,pe/alozzi books

 h assum$ ! "* ( biographical           
confessions4 ,/rmpell1 9 #ahdc1 develop$
 ! ,p$agogics ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 &        
,h]b>t4--  ,sid5ote3 ,p>ticul> ,sy/ems (
 ,education4   #agf4 ,man is educat$ by 
man = humanity4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal    
idea ( all ,p$agogics4 ,b 9 ! %ap+ (    
,p$agogics we _c beg9 ) ! idea (        
humanity z su*1 b only ) ! natural =m 9 
:i* x prim>ily manife/s itself--t ( !   
nation4 ,b ! naturalness ( ?is pr9ciple 
disappe>s 9 its developm5t1 s9ce nations
 appe> 9 int]action on ea* o!r & beg9   
dimly to p]ceive _! unity ( species4 ,! 
fre$om ( _s ov] nature makes its        
appe>ance1 b to ! _s explicitly 9 !     
transc5d5t =m ( ab/ract !i/ic religion1 
9 :i* ,god appe>s z ! rul] ov] ,nature z
 m]ely dep5d5t2 & ,8 *os5 p plant ! root
 ( _! nationality no long] 9 ! e>?1 b 9 
?is belief4 ,! unity ( ! ab/ractly      
natural & ab/ractly spiritual           
det]m9at5ess is ! concrete unity ( ! _s 
) nature1 9 :i* x recognizes nature z   
its necess>y organ1 & itself z 9 its    

nature div9e4 ,_s 9 ?is /age1 z !       
int]nal presupposition ( ! two previ\sly
 nam$1 takes up into itself on "o h& !  
phase ( nationality1 s9ce ?is is ! =m ( 
its imm$iate individualization2 b x no  
long] di/+ui%es betwe5 nations z if !y 7
 ab/ractly sev]$ ! "o f ! o!r1 z !      
,greeks %ut out all o!r nations "u ! "n 
( b>b>ians4 ,x also takes up into itself
 ! phase ( spirituality1 s9ce x kn[s    
itself z _s1 & kn[s itself to be free f 
nature1 & yet x does n e/range itself z 
! ,jews did 9 _! repres5tation ( pure   
_s1 9 ref]5ce to :i* nature seems to be 
only ! "w ( its caprice4 ,humanity kn[s 
nature z its own1 because x kn[s !      
,div9e _s & its creative en]gy manife/+ 
itself 9 nature & hi/ory1 z also !      
ess5ce ( its own _s4 ,education c be    
complete only ) ,*ri/ianity z ! religion
 ( humanity4   #agg4 ,we h ?us ?ree     
diff]5t sy/ems ( religion--7#a7 !       
,national2 7#b7 ! ,!ocratic2 & 7#c7 !   
,humanit>ian4 ,! fir/ works 9 h>mony )  
nature s9ce x educates ! individual z a 

type ( 8 species4 ,! orig9al nationality
 endeavors %>ply to di/+ui% itself f    
o!rs1 & to impress on ea* p]son ! /amp (
 its uni=m type4 ,"o individual is l e  
o!r1 or at lea/ %\ld be s4 ,! second    
sy/em 9 its mann] ( manife/ation is     
id5tical ) ! fir/4 ,x ev5 m>ks !        
national diff]5ce m emphatically2 b !   
gr\nd ( ! uni=mity ( ! individuals is ) 
x n m]ely ! natural common int]e/1 b x  
is ! consequ5ce ( ! spiritual unity1 :i*
 ab/racts f nature1 & z hi/ory1 satisfi$
 ) no pres5t1 hov]s cont9ually outside (
 itself betwe5 pa/ & future4 ,! !ocratic
 sy/em educates ! individual z ! s]vant 
( ,god4 ,he is ! true ,jew only 9 s f> z
 he is ?is2 ! g5ealogical id5tity ) !   
fa!r ,abraham is a condition b n !      
pr9ciple ( ! nationality4 ,! ?ird sy/em 
lib]ates ! individual to ! enjoym5t (   
fre$om z 8 ess5ce1 & educates ! human   
be+ )9 national limits :i* no long]     
sep>ate b unite1 &1 9 ! consci\sness t  
ea* individual1 )\t any k9d ( m$iation1 
has a direct relation to ,god1 makes (  

him a man :o kn[s himself to be a memb] 
( ! spiritual _w ( humanity4 ,we c h no 
f\r? sy/em beyond ?is4 ,f ! side ( !    
,/ate-,p$agogics we might *>act]ize ^!  
sy/ems z t ( ! nation-,/ate1 !          
,god-,/ate1 & ! humanity-,/ate4 ,f ! "t 
( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! la/1 no "o nation c  
atta9 to any sov]eignty ov] ! o!rs4 ,by 
means ( ! _w-religion ( ,*ri/ianity1 !  
education ( nations has come to ! po9t (
 tak+ = its ideal1 man z det]m9+ himself
 accord+ to ! dem&s ( reason4   ,,fir/  
,,division4  ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,national 
,,education4   #agh4 ,! ,national is !  
primitive sy/em ( education1 s9ce !     
family is ! organic />t+-po9t ( all     
education1 & is 9 its enl>gem5t ! basis 
( nationality4  --,education is always  
education ( ! m9d4 ,ev5 unorganiz$      
nations1 ^? 9 a /ate ( nature1 ! s-call$
 savage nations1 are possess$ ( some?+ m
 ?an a m]e education ( ! body2 =1 ?\gh  
!y set mu* value ^u gymna/ic & w>like   
practice & give mu* "t to !m1 !y        
inculcate also respect = p>5ts1 = ! ag$1

 & = ! decrees ( ! community4 ,education
 ) !m is ess5tially family tra9+1 & its 
cont5t is natural love & rev]5ce4 ,we _c
 d5y t ! f9] =ms ( ^? to :i* we are     
accu/om$ are want+4 ,besides1 education 
among all ^! p ( nature is v simple &   
mu* ! same1 ?\gh great diff]5ces 9 its  
managem5t may exi/ aris+ f diff]5ces (  
situation or f temp]am5t ( race4--      
#agi4 ,national ,education is divid$    
into ?ree special sy/ems3 7#a7 ,passive1
 7#b7 ,active1 7#c7 ,individual4 ,x     
beg9s ) ! humility ( an ab/ract         
subjection to nature1 & ends ) !        
arrogance ( an ab/ract rejection (      
nature4   #ahj4 ,man yields at fir/ to !
 natural au?ority ( ! family2 he obeys  
unconditionally its behe/s4 ,!n he      
sub/itutes = ! family1 z he goes on 8   
culture1 ! artificial family ( 8 ca/e1  
to ^: rules he aga9 unconditionally     
yields4 ,to disp5se ) ?is artificialty &
 ?is tyranny1 at la/ he ab/racts himself
 f ! family & f culture4 ,he flees f    
bo?1 & becom+ a monk he aga9 subjects   

himself to ! tyranny ( 8 ord]4 ,! monks 
pres5ts to u ! m]e type ( 8 species4    
#aha4 ,?is absolute ab/raction f nature 
& f culture1 ?is quietism ( spiritual   
isolation1 is ! ultimate result ( !     
,passive sy/em4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ! 
,active sy/em seeks ! positive vanqui%+ 
( naturalness4 ,its p are c\rage\s4 ,!y 
attack o!r nations 9 ord] to rule ov] !m
 z conqu]ors4 ,!y live = ! cont9uation (
 _! life aft] dea?1 & build = !mselves  
on ?is acc\nt tombs ( granite4 ,!y brave
 ! dang]s ( ! sea4 ,! ab/ract prose ( ! 
patri>*al-/ate1 ! fanta/ic *im]as ( !   
ca/e-/ate1 ! ascetic self-r5unciation ( 
! cloi/]-/ate1 yield gradually to !     
recognition ( actuality2 & ! fundam5tal 
pr9ciple ( ,p]sian education consi/$ 9 !
 inculcation ( v]acity4   #ahb4 ,b !    
nationality :i* is occupi$ ) simple1    
natural elem5ts--o!r nations1 dea?1 !   
my/]y ( ! ocean--may rev]t to !         
ab/ractions ( ! previ\s /age1 :i* 9     
education (t5 take on cruel =ms--nay1   
(t5 truly horrible4 ,fir/1 :5 ! _s beg9s

 n only to suspect its true nature1 b r 
to recognize itself z ! true ess5ce2 &  
:5 ! ,god ( ,light places z ! motto on 8
 temple ! comm& to self-k1 ! natural    
individuality becomes free4 ,nei!r !    
passive nor ! active sy/em und]/&s !    
free self-di/9ction ( ! individual f !  
re/4 ,9 !m1 to be an individuality is a 
betrayal ( ! v idea ( _! exi/5ce1 & ev5 
! suspicion ( su* a *>ge suffices utt]ly
 & m]cilessly to de/roy ! "o to :om x   
ref]s4 ,ev5 ! solit>y individuality ( ! 
despot is n ! "o-ness ( free            
individuality3 he is only an example ( 8
 k9d2 only 9 8 k9d is he s+ul>4         
,nationality rises to individuality     
?r\gh ! free dialectic ( its race1 :]e9 
x dissolves its own presupposition4     
#ahc4 ,nev]!less individuality mu/      
always proce$ f naturalness4            
,e/hetically x seeks nature1 b ! nature 
( ! activity itself1 9 ord]1 by p5etrat+
 x ) m9d1 to make ( x a "w ( art2       
practically x seeks x1 p>tly to disda9 x
 9 gloomy resignation1 p>tly to enjoy x 

9 excessive s5sual ec/asy1 demoniacally 
to height5 ! extravagance ( its own     
int]nal feel+ 9 wild revels4  --,!      
,g]mans 7 n savage 9 ! common           
signification ( ?is t]m4 ,!y 7 m5 ea* "o
 ( :om con/itut$ himself will+ly a c5tre
 = o!rs1 or1 if ?is 0 n ! case1 r5\nc$  
!m 9 pr\d self-suffici5cy4 ,all ! glory 
& all ! disgrace ( our race lies 9 ! p[]
 ( individualiz+ :i* is div9ely brea!d  
into our ve9s4 ,z a natural elem5t1 if  
?is be n controll$1 x deg5]ates easily  
into intractabl5ess1 into viol5ce4 ,!   
,g]mans ne$ !re=e1 9 ord] to be educat$1
 sev]e s]vice1 ! imposition ( difficult 
tasks2 & = ?is reason !y appropriate to 
!mselves1 n[ ! ,roman law1 n[ ! ,greek  
philology1 n[ ,gallic usages1 c41 9 ord]
 to "w (f _! sup]flu\s /r5g? 9 su*      
opposition4 ,! natural res]ve ( ! ,g]man
 f\nd its solv5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,by     
itself1 z ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man race %[s1 
x w\ld h be5 de/roy$ 9 va9 di/raction4  
,fir/ ( all1 ! ,g]man race1 9 !         
confid5ce ( its imm$iate consci\sness1  

v5tur$ =? ^u ! sea1 & manag$ ! %ip ^u   
its waves z if !y rode a *>g]4--        
,,fir/ ,,gr\p4  ,,! ,,sy/em ,,(         
,,passive ,,education4   #ahd4 ,all     
education desires to free man f 8       
f9itude1 to make him e?ical1 to unite   
him ) ,god4 ,x beg9s !re=e ) a negative 
relation to naturalness1 b at once falls
 into a contradiction ( its aim1 :i* is 
to conv]t ! opposition to nature into a 
natural necessity4 ,_s subjects !       
individual 7#a7 to ! rule ( ! family z  
naturally spiritual2 7#b7 to ! rule ( ! 
ca/e z to a pr9ciple 9 itself spiritual1
 m$iat$ ?r\gh ! division ( labor1 :i* x 
nev]!less1 ?r\gh its p[] ( be+ inh]it$1 
jo9s aga9 to ! family2 7#c7 to ! ab/ract
 self-det]m9ation ( ! monki% quietism1  
:i* turns itself away z well f ! family 
z f "w1 & con/itutes ?is flight f nature
 & hi/ory1 ?is absolute passivity1 into 
an educational ideal4  --,we %all n "h  
ent] into ! details ( ?is sy/em1 b      
simply endeavor to remove f _! diff]5ces
 ! want ( cle>ness :i* is g5]ally f\nd  

involv$ 9 any m5tion ( !m1 s t ! phrases
 ( hi]>*ical & !ocratical education are 
us$ )\t any hi/orical accuracy4--   ,i4 
,family ,education4   #ahe4 ,! ,family1 
z ! organic />t+-po9t ( all education1  
makes ! beg9n+4 ,! nation looks ^u      
itself z a family4 ,among all unorganiz$
 p education is family-education1 ?\gh  
!y are n consci\s ( its necessity4      
,id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ^! p1 b di/+ui%$ 
f !m 9 its consci\sness ( x1 ! ,*9ese   
nation1 9 _! laws1 regulations1 &       
cu/oms1 h con/itut$ ! family ! absolute 
basis ( _! life & ! only pr9ciple ( _!  
education4   #ahf4 ,! natural elem5t ( !
 family is f\nd 9 m>riage & relation%ip2
 ! spiritual1 9 love4 ,we may call !    
nature ( family feel+ :i* is ! imm$iate 
unity ( bo? elem5ts1 by ! "n ( ,piety4  
,9 s f> z ?is appe>s n m]ely z a        
sub/antial feel+ b at ! same "t z law1  
!re arises f x ! subord9ation ( !       
ab/ract ob$i5ce ( ! woman z wife to !   
husb&1 ( *ildr5 to ! p>5ts1 ( ! y\ng]   
*ildr5 to ! eld]4 ,9 ?is ob$i5ce man    

fir/ r5\nces 8 self-w & 8 natural       
r\ghness2 he le>ns to ma/] 8 passions1 &
 to conduct himself ) def]5tial         
g5tl5ess4  --,:5 ! pr9ciple rul+ !      
family is transf]r$ to political        
relations1 !re arises ! tyranny ( !     
,*9ese /ate1 :i* _c be fully treat$ "h4 
,we f9d ev]y:]e 9 x an analogical       
relation to t ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,9 ,*9a 
! rul] is ! fa!r & "m ( ! c\ntry2 !     
civil (fic]s are repres5tatives ( a     
pat]nal au?ority1 c4 ,x foll[s t 9 s*ool
 ! *ildr5 w be rank$ accord+ to _! age4 
,! au?ority ( p>5ts ov] *ildr5 is       
accord+ to ! pr9ciple entirely          
unconditional1 b 9 actuality v mild4 ,! 
ab&onm5t ( daught]s by ! poore/ classes 
9 ! great cities is n object$ to1 = !   
gov]nm5t re>s ! *ildr5 9 orphan asylums1
 :]e !y are c>$ = by nurses appo9t$ by !
 /ate4--   #ahg4 ,! di/9ction ( ^!      
relations :i* are condition$ by nature  
takes on ! ext]nal %ape ( a def9ite     
c]emonial1 ! le>n+ ( :i* is a *ief      
elem5t ( education4 ,9 con=mity ) !     

naturalness ( ! :ole pr9ciple all crimes
 aga9/ x are puni%$ by :ipp+1 :i* does n
 necess>ily entail di%onor4 ,9 ord] to  
lead man to ! ma/]y ( himself & to      
ob$i5ce to ^? :o are naturally set ov]  
him1 education develops an endless numb]
 ( fragm5t>y maxims to keep att5tion ev]
 wat*ful ov] himself1 & 8 behavior      
always f5c$ 9 by a code ( prescriptions4
  --,we f9d 9 su* moral s5t5ces !       
sub/ance ( :at is call$1 9 ,*9a1        
,philosophy4--   #ahh4 ,! !oretical     
education includes ,head+1 ,writ+--i4e4 
pa9t+ ! lett]s ) a bru%--,ari?metic1 & !
 mak+ ( v]ses4 ,b ! ability to d ^! ?+s 
is n look$ at z means ( culture b z ends
 9 !mselves1 & to fit "o !re=e = !      
und]tak+ ( /ate (fices4 ,! ,*9ese       
possess =mally all ! means = lit]>y     
culture--pr9t+1 libr>ies1 s*ools1 &     
academies2 b ! wor? ( ^! is n great4 ,_!
 value has be5 (t5 ov]-rat$ because ( _!
 ext]nal resemblance to ^? f\nd among u4
   ,,ii4 ,ca/e ,education4   #ahi4 ,!   
memb]s ( ! ,family are c]ta9ly          

imm$iately di/+ui%$ among ea* o!r z to  
sex & age1 b ?is diff]5ce is entirely   
immat]ial z f> z ! nature ( _! employm5t
 goes4 ,9 ,*9a1 !re=e1 e man c atta9 any
 position2 he :o is ( humble/ bir? 9 !  
great /ate-family c climb to ! highe/   
honor4 ,b ! progress ( _s n[ becomes s  
m$iat$ t ! division ( labor %all be made
 ! pr9ciple on :i* a new di/9ction %all 
arise 9 ! family3 ea* "o %all p]fect    
himself only 9 t labor :i* 0 allott$ to 
him z 8 own ?r\gh 8 bir? into a p>ticul>
 family4 ,?is fatalism 7ca/e-di/9ction7 
breaks up ! life1 b increases its       
t5sion1 = _s works on ! "o h& t[>ds !   
deep5+ ( its di/9ctions2 on ! o!r1 t[>ds
 lead+ !m back into ! unity :i* !       
natural det]m9+ directly opposes4       
#aij4 ,! *ief "w ( education ?us consi/s
 9 tea*+ ea* "o ! rights & duties ( 8   
ca/e s t he %all act only exactly )9 _! 
limits1 & n pollute himself by pass+    
beyond !m4 ,z ! family-/ate conc]ns     
itself ) =tify+ ! natural di/9ction by a
 f>-rea*+ & vigor\s c]emonial1 s !      

ca/e-/ate mu/ d ! same ) ! di/9ction (  
class4 ,a pa9ful etiquette becomes m & m
 endless 9 its requisitions ! high] !   
ca/e1 9 ord] to make ! isolation m %>ply
 def9$ & m p]ceptible4  --,?is feature  
p5etrates all exclusively               
ca/e-education4 ,! ari/ocracy exiles    
itself on ?is acc\nt f its native       
c\ntry1 speaks a =eign language1 loves  
its lit]ature1 adopts =eign cu/oms1     
lives 9 =eign c\ntries--9 ,italy1 ,p>is1
 c4 ,9 ?is way man becomes di/+ui%$ f   
o!rs4 ,b t man %\ld /rive ?us to di/+ui%
 himself has its ju/ification 9 ! my/]y 
( 8 bir?1 & ?is is assur$ly always !    
pr9ciple ( ! ca/e-/ate 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,!
 ca/es lead to g5ealogical records1 :i* 
are ( ! greate/ importance 9 det]m9+ !  
de/9y ( ! individual4 ,! ,brahm9 may    
/rike d[n "o ( a l[] ca/e :o has defil$ 
him by contact1 )\t becom+ !reby liable 
to puni%m5t2 r w\ld he be to blame if he
 did n commit ! murd]4 ,?us =m]ly 0 x ) 
! (fic] :o did n imm$iately kill !      
citiz5 or ! common soldi] :o /ruck him a

 bl[1 c4--   #aia4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian      
culture is f> deep] & ri*] ?an ! ,*9ese4
 ,! !oretical culture includes ,read+1  
,writ+1 & ,ari?metic2 b ^! are          
subord9ate1 z m]e means = ! high]       
activities ( ,poetry1 ,speculation1     
,sci5ce1 & ,art4 ,! practical education 
limits itself /rictly by ! l9es ( ca/e1 
& s9ce ! ca/e sy/em con/itutes a :ole 9 
itself1 & ea* = its p]man5ce ne$s !     
o!rs1 x _c =be> giv+ utt]ance           
sugge/ively to :at is univ]sally human 9
 ! free s\l1 9 a multitude ( fables     
7,hitopadesa7 & apo!gms 7s5t5ces (      
,b>trih>i74 ,especially = ! education ( 
pr9ces is a m9or ( ! _w sket*$ out4     
--,x5ophon's ,cyrop$ia is ( ,greek      
orig91 b x is ,indian 9 its ?\ght4--    
,,iii4 ,monki% ,education4   #aib4      
,family ,education dem&s unconditional  
ob$i5ce t[>ds p>5ts & t[>ds all :o /& 9 
an analog\s position4 ,ca/e ,education  
dem&s unconditional ob$i5ce to ! duties 
( ! ca/e4 ,! family puni%es by :ipp+2 ! 
ca/e1 by excommunication1 by loss (     

honor4 ,! opposition to nature appe>s 9 
bo? sy/ems 9 ! =m ( a rigid c]emonial1  
di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! diff]5ces aris+ f     
nature4 ,! family z well z ! ca/e has )9
 x a manifold f\nta9 ( activity1 b x has
 also j z manifold a limitation ( !     
individual4 ,_s is =c$1 !re=e1 to turn  
aga9/ nature 9 g5]al4 ,x mu/ become     
indiff]5t to ! family4 ,b x mu/ also    
oppose hi/ory1 & ! fix$ di/9ctions (    
division ( labor z necessitat$ by       
nature4 ,x mu/ become indiff]5t to "w & 
! pleasure d]iv$ f x4 ,t x may n be     
condition$ ei!r by nature or by hi/ory1 
x d5ies bo?1 & makes its action to      
consi/ 9 produc+ an ab/95ce f all       
activity4   #aic4 ,su* an indiff]5ce    
t[>ds nature & hi/ory produces !        
education :i* we h call$ monki%4 ,^? :o 
support ?is sect c>e = food1 clo?+1 &   
%elt]1 & = ^! mat]ial contributions1 z !
 laity1 receive 9 return f ^? :o live   
?is contemplative life ! spiritual      
contribution ( confid5ce 9 ! bless+s :i*
 wait ^u ascetic contemplation4 ,!      

family in/itution z well z ! in/itution 
( human labor is subord9at$ to ab/ract  
isolation1 9 :i* ! individual lives only
 = ! purification ( 8 s\l4 ,all ?+s are 
ju/ifi$ by ?is end4 ,ca/es are f\nd no  
m2 only ^? are b\nd to ! obs]vance ( a  
special c]emonial :o z nuns or monks    
subject !mselves to ! unconditional     
ob$i5ce to ! rules ( ! cloi/]1 ^! rules 
solemnly enjo9+ on ! negative side      
celibacy & cessation f bus9ess1 & on !  
positive side pray] & p]fection4        
,sid5ote3 ,buddhi/ic ,education--,sy/em 
( ,active ,education4   #aid4 ,9 ! s*ool
 ( ! ,*9ese ,tao-tse1 & 9 ! comm& to !  
,brahm9 aft] he has e/abli%$ a family to
 become a recluse1 we f9d ! transition z
 x actually exi/s to ! ,buddhi/ic       
,quietism :i* has cov]$ ! rocky heights 
( ,?ibet ) c\ntless cloi/]s1 & re>$ ! p 
:o are dep5d5t ^u x into a *ildlike     
amiability1 into a cont5t$ repose4 ,art 
& ,sci5ce h "h no value 9 !mselves1 &   
are reg>d$ only z m9i/]+ to religion4   
,to be able to read 9 ord] to mutt] ov] 

! pray]s is desirable4 ,) ! prem$itat$  
ef=t 9 ! /ate ( a monk to r$uce self to 
no?+ z ! highe/ good1 ! sy/em ( passive 
education atta9s its highe/ po9t4 ,b !  
_s _c cont5t itself 9 ?is ab/ract &     
dreamy abs5ce ( all action1 ?\gh x dem&s
 a high /age ( culture1 & x has rec\rse 
!re=e to action1 p>tly on ! positive    
side to conqu] nature1 p>tly to d\ble   
its own exi/5ce 9 mak+ hi/ory4 ,inspir$ 
) affirmative c\rage1 x desc5ds         
triumphantly f ! m\nta9 heights1 & fe>s 
secul>ization no m4   ,,second ,,gr\p4  
,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,active ,,education4   
#aie4 ,active ,education elevates man f 
8 ab/ract subjection to ! family1 !     
ca/e1 asceticism1 into a concrete       
activity ) a def9ite aim :i* subjects ^?
 elem5ts z phases ( its m$iation1 &     
grants to ea* individual indep5d5ce on !
 condition ( 8 id5tity ) x4 ,^! aims are
 ! milit>y /ate1 ! future aft] dea?1 &  
indu/ry4 ,!re is always an elem5t (     
nature pres5t f :i* ! activity proce$s2 
b ?is no long] appe>s1 l ! family1 !    

ca/e1 ! s5su\s egotism1 z imm$iately    
belong+ to ! individual1 b z some?+     
outside ( himself :i* limits him1 &1 z 8
 future life1 has an int]nal relation to
 him1 yet is ess5tial to him & assigns  
to him ! object ( 8 activity4 ,! ,p]sian
 has z an object ( conque/1 o!r nations2
 ! ,egyptian1 dea?2 ! ,pho5ician1 ! sea4
   ,i4 ,milit>y ,education4   #aif4 ,t  
education :i* w\ld emancipate a nation f
 ! passivity ( ab/raction mu/ ?r[ x into
 ! mid/ ( an hi/orical activity4 ,a     
nation f9ds n its actual limits 9 its   
locality3 x c =sake ?is & w&] f> away f 
x4 ,its true limit is made by ano!r     
nation4 ,! nation :i* kn[s itself to be 
actual1 turns itself !re=e aga9/ o!r    
nations 9 ord] to subject !m & to r$uce 
!m to ! condition ( m]e accid5ts (      
itself4 ,x beg9s a sy/em ( conque/ :i*  
has 9 itself no limitations1 b goes f "o
 nation to ano!r1 & ext5ds its evil     
c\rse indef9itely4 ,! f9al result ( ?is 
attack is t x f9ds itself attack$ &     
conqu]$4  --,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian  

is tw(old3 ! patri>*al 9 ! high valleys 
( ,iran1 & ! religio-hi]>*ical among !  
,m$es4 ,we f9d "u ^! circum/ances a     
repetition ( ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ! 
,*9ese1 ,indian1 & ,buddhi/ educations4 
,9 anci5t ,z5d !re 7 also ca/es4 ,among 
! ,p]sians !mselves1 z !y desc5d$ f _!  
m\nta9s to ! conque/ ( o!r nations1 !re 
0 prop]ly only a milit>y nobility4 ,!   
prie/hood 0 subject$ to ! royal p[] :i* 
repres5t$ ! absolute p[] ( actuality4 ,(
 ! ,p]sian k+s1 ,cyrus attack$ ,we/]n   
,asia2 ,cambyses1 ,africa2 ,d>ius &     
,x]xes1 ,europe2 until ! reaction ( !   
spiritually high] nationality did n     
cont5t itself ) self-pres]vation1 b "u !
 ,mac$onian ,alex&] made ! attack on    
,p]sia itself4--   #aig4 ,education     
enjo9$ ^u ! ,p]sians 7#a7 to speak !    
tru?2 7#b7 to le>n to ride & to use ! b[
 & arr[4 ,!re is impli$ 9 ! fir/ comm& a
 recognition ( actuality1 ! negation (  
all dreamy absorption1 ( all fanta/ical 
indet]m9ation2 & 9 ?is light ! ,p]sian1 
9 di/9ction f ! ,h9doo1 appe>s to be    

consid]ate & reasonable4 ,9 ! second    
comm& is impli$ w>like practice1 b n t (
 ! nomadic tribes4 ,! ,p]sian fights on 
horseback1 & ?us appe>s 9 di/9ction f ! 
,indian h]mit seclusion & ! quietism ( !
 ,lamas z re/less & 9 con/ant motion4   
--,! ,family increases 9 value z x re>s 
a l>ge numb] ( w>riors4 ,_m *ildr5 7 a  
bless+4 ,! k+ ( ,p]sia gave a premium = 
all *ildr5 ov] a c]ta9 numb]4 ,nations 7
 drawn 9 z nations by w>2 h5ce ! imm5se 
multitude ( a ,p]sian army4             
,ev]y?+--family1 bus9ess1               
possessions--mu/ be reg>dlessly         
sacrific$ to ! "o aim ( w>4 ,education1 
!re=e1 cultivat$ an unconditional1      
all-embrac+ ob$i5ce to ! k+1 & !        
slighte/ incl9ation to ass]t an         
individual indep5d5ce 0 high treason & 0
 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,9 ,*9a1 on ! contr>y1  
duty to ! family is p>am\nt to duty to !
 /ate1 or r is itself duty to ! /ate4 ,!
 civil (fic] :o m\rns ! loss ( "o ( 8   
family is releas$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+ f
 ! duties ( 8 function4--   #aih4 ,!    

!oretical education1 :i* 0 limit$ to    
read+1 writ+1 & to in/ruction1 01 9 !   
usages ( culture1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,magians1 
! numb] ( :om 0 e/imat$ at eighty ?\s&1 
& :o !mselves _h enjoy$ ! advantages ( a
 c>eful education1 z is %[n by _!       
gradation into ,h]b$s1 ,moh$s1 &        
,de/ur-,moh$s2 i4e4 into appr5tices1    
j\rneym51 & ma/]s4 ,! v fundam5tal idea 
( _! religion 0 milit>y2 x dem&$ ( m5 to
 fight on ! side ( ! k+ ( light1 & gu>d 
aga9/ ! pr9ce ( d>kness & evil4 ,x gave 
to him ?us ! honor ( a free position    
betwe5 ! _w-mov+ p[]s & ! possibility ( 
a self-creative de/9y1 by :i* means     
vigor & *ivalr\s feel+ 7 develop$4      
,religion tra9$ ! activity ( man into   
actualization on ?is planet1 increas+ by
 its means ! dom9ion ( ! good1 by       
purify+ ! wat]1 by plant+ trees1 by     
extirpat+ tr\blesome wild bea/s4 ,?us x 
increas$ bodily com=t1 & no long]1 l !  
monk1 treat$ ?is z a m]e negative4      
,,ii4 ,prie/ly ,education4   #aii4 ,w>  
has 9 dea? its =ce4 ,x produces ?is1 &  

by its means decides :o %all s]ve & :o  
obey4 ,b ! nation t f9ds its activity 9 
w>1 ?\gh x makes dea? its absolute      
means1 yet f9ds its own limit 9 dea?4   
,o!r nations are only its b\nd>ies1 :i* 
x c ov]pass 9 fight+ ) & conqu]+ !m4 ,b 
dea? itself x c nev] escape1 :e!r x come
 9 ! s&s ( ! des]t--:i* buri$ =         
,cambyses an army :i* he s5t to ! oracle
 ( ! ,libyan ,ammon--or 9 ! sea1 t      
scorns ! rod ( ! angry despot1 or by !  
sword ( ! freeman :o gu>ds 8 h\sehold   
gods4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 t p /&s high] t 9 
! mid/ ( life reflects on dea?1 or r    
lives = x4 ,! education ( su* a nation  
mu/ be prie/ly because dea? is ! means (
 ! transition to ! future life1 &       
consequ5tly equival5t to a new bir?1 &  
becomes a religi\s act4 ,nei!r !        
family-/ate1 nor ! ca/e-/ate1 nor !     
monki% nor milit>y-/ate1 are hi]>*ies 9 
! s5se t ! lead+ ( ! national life by a 
prie/hood produces4 ,b 9 ,egypt ?is 0   
actually ! case1 because ! *ief         
educational tribunal 0 ! dea?-c\rt :i*  

conc]n$ only ! dead1 9 aw>d+ to !m or   
d5y+ !m ! honor ( burial z ! result ( _!
 :ole life1 b 9 its aw>d affect$ also ! 
honor ( ! surviv+ family4   #bjj4 ,g5]al
 education "h limit$ itself to imp>t+ ! 
ability to read1 write1 & calculate4    
,special education consi/$ prop]ly only 
9 an habitual liv+ into a def9ite       
bus9ess )9 ! circle ( ! ,family4 ,9 ?is 
fruitful & w>m l& ! exp5se ( support+   
*ildr5 0 v small4 ,! division into      
classes 0 )\t ! cruel features ( !      
,indian civilization1 & life itself 9 ! 
n>r[ ,nile valley 0 v social1 v ri*1 v  
full ( eat+ & dr9k+1 :ile ! famili>ity )
 dea? height5$ ! =ce ( enjoym5t4 ,9 a   
/rict] s5se only1 ! w>riors1 ! prie/s1 &
 ! k+s1 _h1 prop]ly speak+1 an          
education4 ,! aim ( life1 :i* 0 to      
det]m9e 9 dea? its et]nal future1 to    
secure = itself a passage into ! /ill   
k+dom ( ,am5?1 manife/$ itself ext]nally
 9 ! c>e :i* !y exp5d$ on ! pres]vation 
( ! dead %ell ( ! immortal s\l1 & on ?is
 acc\nt work$ itself out 9 build+ tombs 

:i* %\ld la/ = ev]4 ,! ,*9ese builds a  
wall to secure 8 family-/ate f attack2 !
 ,h9doo builds pagodas = 8 gods2 !      
,buddhi/ erects = himself mona/ic cells2
 ! ,p]sian con/ructs 9 ,p]sepolis ! tomb
 ( 8 k+s1 :]e !y may retire 9 ! ev5+ (  
_! lives aft] !y h riot$ 9 ,ecbatana1   
,babylon1 & ,susa2 b ! ,egyptian builds 
8 own tomb1 & c>ries on w> only to      
protect x4   ,,iii4 ,indu/rial          
,education4   #bja4 ,! sy/em ( active   
education 0 to f9d its solution 9 a     
nation :i* w&]$ f ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea to
 ! foot ( ! ,lebanon m\nta9s on !       
,m$it]ranean1 & v5tur$ =? ^u ! sea :i*  
be=e t "t all nations _h avoid$ z a     
dang]\s & de/ructive elem5t4 ,!         
,pho5ician 0 indu/rial1 & ne$$ m>kets   
:]e he c\ld dispose ( ! products ( 8    
skill4 ,b :ile he s\ght = !m he disda9$ 
nei!r =ce nor deceit2 he plant$         
colonies2 he /ipulat$ t he %\ld h 9 !   
cities ( o!r nations a portion =        
himself2 he urg$ ! nations to adopt 8   
pleasures1 & ins5sibly introduc$ among  

!m 8 culture & ev5 8 religion4 ,!       
education ( su* a nation mu/ h seem$    
pr(ane1 because x fo/]$ indiff]5ce t[>ds
 family & "o's native l&1 & made !      
re/less & passionate activity subs]vi5t 
to ga94 ,! und]/&+ & usefulness rose to 
a high] dignity4   #bjb4 ,( ! education 
( ! ,pho5icians we "k only s mu* z to   
enable u to conclude t x 0 c]ta9ly v>i\s
 & ext5sive3 among ! ,c>?ag9ians1 at    
lea/1 t _! *ildr5 7 practis$ 9 read+1   
writ+1 & ari?metic1 9 religi\s duties2  
secondly1 9 a trade2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! use 
( arms1 is n improbable4 ,comm]ce became
 ) ! ,pho5icians a trade1 ! egotism (   
:i* makes m5 d>e to pl\gh ! inhospitable
 sea1 & to p5etrate eag]ly ! horror (   
its va/ di/ances1 b yet to conceal f o!r
 nations _! discov]ies & to wrap !m 9 a 
veil ( fable4  --,x is a beautiful      
te/imony to ! disposition ( ! ,greeks1 t
 ,plato & o!rs assign z a cause ( ! l[  
/ate ( ,ari?metic & ,ma!matics among !  
,pho5icians & ,egyptians ! want ( a free
 & dis9t]e/$ seiz+ ( !m4--   ,,?ird     

,,gr\p4  ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,individual   
,,education4   #bjc4 ,"o-sid$ passivity 
z well z "o-sid$ activity is subsum$ "u 
,individuality1 :i* makes itself into   
its own end & aim4 ,! ,pho5ician made   
ga9 8 aim2 8 activity 0 ( a utili/ic "*4
 ,individuality z a p$agogical pr9ciple 
is inde$ egoti/ic 9 s f> z x endeavors  
to a*ieve its own peculi>ity1 b x is at 
! same "t noble4 ,x desires n to h b to 
be4 ,individuality also beg9s z natural1
 b x elevates nature by means ( art to  
ideality4 ,! solution ( beauty is f\nd 9
 culture1 s9ce ?is r5\nces ! *>m (      
appe>ance = ! k ( ! ,true4 ,! /hetic    
individuality is foll[$ by ! practical1 
:i* has inde$ no natural basis1 b       
proce$s f an artificial basis z a /ate  
=m$ = a place ( refuge4 ,9 ord]         
int]nally to create a unity 9 ?is1 is   
fram$ a def9ite code ( laws2 9 ord]     
ext]nally to assure x1 ! inv9cible      
w>rior is dem&$4 ,education is !re=e1 m 
exactly speak+1 juri/ic & milit>y       
practice4 ,! morality ( ! /ate is loos5$

 z x r$uces into its me*anism "o nation 
aft] ano!r1 until ! individuality1      
become dmonic1 makes its w>-h>d5$       
legions tremble ) weakness4 ,we         
*>act]ize ?is individuality z dmonic    
because x desires recognition simply =  
its own sake4 ,n = its beauty & culture1
 n = its k ( bus9ess & its brav]y1 only 
= its peculi>ity z su* does x claim     
value1 & 9 ! ef=t to secure ?is x is    
ready to haz>d life itself4 ,9 its      
naturally-gr[+ exi/5ce ?is individuality
 is deep1 b at ! same "t )\t self-limit4
 ,! nations educate !mselves to ?is     
individuality :5 !y de/roy ! _w ( ,roman
 _w--t ( self-limit & balance--:i* !y   
f9d4   ,i4 /hetic ,education4   #bjd4 ,!
 sy/em ( individual education beg9s ) ! 
transfiguration ( ! imm$iate            
individuality into beauty4 ,on ! side ( 
nature ?is sy/em is passion1 =          
individuality is giv5 ?r\gh nature2 b on
 ! side ( _s x is active1 = _s mu/      
det]m9e itself to re/ra9 its measure z !
 ess5ce ( beauty4   #bje4 ,"h !         

individual is ( value only 9 s f> z he  
is beautiful4 ,at fir/ beauty is        
appreh5d$ z natural1 b !n x is c>ri$ ov]
 into ! realm ( _s1 & ! ,good is posit$ 
z id5tical ) ! ,beautiful4 ,! ideal (   
/hetic education rema9s always t !re    
%all be also an ext]nal unity ( ! ,good 
) ! ,beautiful1 ( ,_s ) ,nature4  --,we 
_c "h give 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ,greek   
,education4 ,x is ! be/ kn[n among u1 & 
! lit]ature 9 :i* x is work$ out is v   
widely spread4 ,among ! common abridg$  
acc\nts we m5tion "h only ! works (     
,jacobs1 ( ,cram]  ,bekk]'s ,*>9omos4   
,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) m5tion+ !    
turn+-po9ts :i* foll[ f ! nature ( !    
pr9ciple4--   #bjf4 ,culture 0 9 ,greece
 ?or\ghly national4 ,education gave to !
 individual ! consci\sness t he 0 a     
,greek & no b>b>ian1 a free man & s     
subject only to ! laws ( ! /ate1 & n to 
! caprice ( any "o p]son4 ,?us !        
nationality 0 fre$ at once f ! ab/ract  
unity ( ! family & f ! ab/ract di/9ction
 ( ca/e1 :ile x appe>$ ) ! manifold     

tal5ts ( individuals ( diff]5t races4   
,?us ! ,dorian race held z ess5tial1    
gymna/ics2 ! olians1 music2 ! ,ionics1  
poetry4 ,! olian individuality 0 subsum$
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! two o!rs1 s t ^! _h to  
proce$ 9 _! developm5t ) an int]nal     
antagonism4 ,! education ( ! ,dorian    
race 0 national education 9 ! fulle/    
s5se ( ! ^w2 9 x ! education ( all 0 !  
same1 & 0 op5 to all1 ev5 includ+ ! "y  
wom52 among ! ,ionic race x 0 also 9 its
 cont5t truly national1 b 9 its =m x 0  
v>i$ & unlike1 &1 = ^? belong+ to v>i\s 
great families1 private4 ,! =m]1        
reproduc+ ! ,ori5tal phase ( ab/ract    
unity1 educat$ all 9 "o m\ld2 ! latt] 0 
! nurs]y ( p>ticul> individualities4    
#bjg4 7#a7 ,education 9 ! h]oic age1 )\t
 any sy/ematic arrangem5t on ! subject1 
left ea* "o p]fectly free4 ,! p relat$ !
 hi/ories ( ! adv5tures ( o!rs1 & ?r\gh 
_! own gave mat]ial to o!rs aga9 to     
relate /ories ( !m4  --,! ,greeks began 
:]e ! la/ /age ( ! active sy/em (       
education end$--) piracy & ! seizure (  

wom54 ,swimm+ 0 a univ]sal practice     
among ! sea-dwell+ ,greeks1 j z 9       
,engl&--! mi/ress ( ! ocean--r[+ is !   
mo/ prom95t ex]cise among ! "y m51 &    
public regattas are held4--   #bjh4 7#b7
 ,9 ! p]iod ( /ate-culture prop]1       
education develop$ itself sy/ematically2
 & gymna/ics1 music1 & grammatics1 or   
lit]>y culture1 con/itut$ ! g5]al       
p$agogical elem5ts4   #bji4 ,gymna/ics  
aim$ n alone to r5d] ! body /rong &     
agile1 b1 f> m1 to produce 9 x a noble  
c>riage1 a dignifi$ & graceful mann] (  
appe>ance4 ,ea* "o fa%ion$ 8 body into a
 liv+1 div9e /atue1 & 9 ! public games !
 nation cr[n$ ! victor4  --,_! love (   
beautiful boys is explicable n m]ely by 
_! int]e/ 9 beautiful =ms1 b especially 
by _! int]e/ 9 individuality4 ,! l[     
condition ( ! wom5 c\ld n lie at !      
f\ndation ( x1 = among ! ,sp>tans !y 7  
educat$ z ne>ly z possible l ! m51 & yet
 among !m & ! ,cretans ! love ( boys 0  
recogniz$ 9 _! legislation4 ,to be )\t a
 belov$ 7,greek3 aits71 or a lov]       

7,greek3 eispnlas71 0 among !m consid]$ 
z disgraceful z ! degradation ( ! love  
by un*a/ity 0 contemptible4 ,:at *>m 0  
!re1 !n1 9 love8 ,manife/ly only beauty 
& culture4 ,b t a p]son %\ld be attract$
 by "o & n by ano!r c be acc\nt$ = only 
by ! peculi> "*1 & 9 s f> ! boy-love & !
 man-fri5d%ip :i* sprang f x1 among !   
,greeks1 are v *>act]i/ic & notewor?y   
ph5om5a4--   #baj4 ,x 0 ! task ( ,music1
 by its rhy?m & measure1 to fill ! s\l )
 well-proportion$ h>mony4 ,s highly did 
! ,greeks prize music1 & s v>i\sly did  
!y practise x1 t to be a musical man    
meant ! same ) !m z to be a cultivat$   
man ) u4 ,education 9 ?is respect 0 v   
pa9/ak+1 inasmu* z music ex]cises a v   
p[]ful influ5ce 9 develop+ discreet     
behavior & self-possession into a       
graceful naturalness4  --,among !       
,greeks we f9d an unre/rict$ delight 9  
nature--a li/5+ to h] manife/ations1 !  
tone ( :i* betrays ! subjectivity ( ?+s 
z subjectivity4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is t5d] 
sympa?y ) nature ( ! ,greeks--:o he>d 9 

! murmur ( ! f\nta9s1 9 ! da%+ ( !      
waves1 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! trees1 & 9 ! cry ( 
animals1 ! voice ( div9e p]sonality--!  
sight & he>+ ( ! ,ea/]n nations = nature
 is dull4--   #baa4 ,! /r+$ in/rum5t1 ! 
ci!rn1 0 pref]r$ by ! ,greeks to all w9d
 in/rum5ts because x 0 n excit+1 & all[$
 ! accompanim5t ( recitation or song1   
i4e4 ! contemporane\s activity ( ! _s 9 
poetry4 ,flute-play+ 0 fir/ br\ght f    
,asia ,m9or aft] ! victori\s progress ( 
! ,p]sian w>1 & 0 especially cultivat$ 9
 ,!bes4 ,!y s\ght 9 va9 aft]w>ds to     
oppose ! wild excitem5t rais$ by its    
influ5ce4   #bab4 ,gramm> compreh5d$    
,lett]s 7,greek3 grammata71 i4e4 !      
elem5ts ( lit]>y culture1 read+ & writ+4
 ,mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to correct        
expression4 ,! ,fables ( sop1 ! ,iliad1 
& ! ,odyssey1 & lat] ! tragic poets1 7  
read1 & p>tly le>n$ by he>t4 ,! orators 
borr[$ f !m (t5 ! ornam5t ( _!          
commonplace rem>ks4   #bac4 7#c7 ,!     
int]nal gr[? ( :at 0 peculi> to !       
,grecian ,/ate came to an end ) ! w> = !

 ,hegemony4 ,its dissolution began1 & ! 
philosophical p]iod foll[$ ! political4 
,! beautiful e?ical life 0 resolv$ into 
?\ghts ( ! ,true1 ,good1 & ,beautiful4  
,individuality turn$ m t[>ds ! int]nal1 
& und]took to subject fre$om1 ! exi/+   
regulations1 laws & cu/oms1 to !        
criticism ( reason z to :e!r ^! 7 9 & = 
!mselves univ]sal & necess>y4 ,!        
,sophi/s1 z tea*]s ( ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1
 & ,philosophy1 und]took to ext5d !     
cultivation ( ,reflection2 & ?is        
introduc$ in/ability 9 ! place ( !      
imm$iate fix$ /ate ( moral cu/oms4      
,among ! wom51 ! ,hetr und]took ! same  
revolution2 9 ! place ( ! ,greek3 potnia
 mtr appe>$ ! beauty1 :o isolat$ h]self 
9 ! consci\sness ( h] *>ms & 9 !        
p]fection ( h] v>i$ culture1 & exhibit$ 
h]self to ! public admiration4 ,! t5d5cy
 to idiosyncrasy (t5 approa*$           
wilfulness1 caprice & :imsicality1 &    
opposition to ! national moral s5se4 ,a 
,diog5es 9 a tub became possible2 !     
s\lless b graceful frivolity ( an       

,alcibiades *>m$1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 ext]nally
 condemn$2 a ,socrates complet$ ! break 
9 consci\sness1 & urg$ ^u ! sy/em ( !   
old morality ! pregnant "q1 :e!r ,virtue
 c\ld be taught8 ,socrates work$ z a    
philosoph] :o 0 to educate4 ,py?agoras  
_h impos$ ^u 8 pupils ! ab/raction ( a  
common1 exactly-def9$ mann] ( liv+4     
,socrates1 on ! contr>y1 fre$ 8         
disciples--9 g5]al1 ^? :o _h int]c\rse )
 him--lead+ !m to ! consci\sness ( _!   
own individuality4 ,he revolutioniz$ !  
y\? 9 t he taught !m1 in/ead ( a        
?\ghtless ob$i5ce to moral cu/oms1 to   
seek to compreh5d _! purpose 9 ! _w1 &  
to rule _! actions accord+ to x4        
,outw>dly he con=m$ 9 politics1 & 9 w> z
 at ,m>a?on2 b 9 ! direction ( 8 tea*+  
he 0 subjective & mod]n4   #bad4 ,?is   
idea1 t ,virtue c\ld be taught1 0       
realiz$ especially by ,plato &          
,ari/otle2 ! =m] incl9+ to ,dorianism1 !
 latt] hold+ to ! pr9ciple (            
individuality 9 ne>ly ! mod]n s5se4 ,z  
reg>ds ! p$agogical means--,gymna/ics1  

,music1 & ,gramm>--bo? philosoph]s      
entirely agre$4 ,b1 9 ! seiz+ ( !       
p$agogical developm5t 9 g5]al1 ,plato   
ass]t$ t ! education ( ! individual     
belong$ to ! /ate alone1 because !      
individual 0 to act :olly 9 ! /ate4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ,ari/otle also holds t ! /ate 
%\ld conduct ! education ( its citiz5s1 
& t ! individual %\ld be tra9$ = !      
int]e/ ( ! /ate2 b he recognizes also ! 
family1 & ! peculi>ity ( ! individual1 z
 positive p[]s1 to :i* ! /ate mu/ accord
 relative fre$om4 ,plato sacrific$ !    
family to ! /ate1 & mu/ !re=e h sacr$   
m>riages1 nurs]ies1 & common & public   
educational in/itutions4 ,ea* "o %all d 
only t :i* he is fitt$ to d1 & %all "w  
at ?is only = ! sake ( p]fect+ x3 to :at
 he %all direct 8 en]gies1 & 9 :at he   
%all be in/ruct$1 %all be det]m9$ by !  
gov]nm5t1 & ! individuality consequ5tly 
is n left free4 ,ari/otle also w h = all
 ! citiz5s ! same education1 :i* %all be
 common & public2 b he all[s1 at ! same 
"t1 an indep5d5ce to ! family &         

self-det]m9ation to ! individual1 s t a 
sph]e ( private life pres5ts itself )9 !
 /ate3 a diff]5ce by means ( :i* a mu*  
broad] sway ( individuality is possible4
  --,^! two philosoph]s h come to       
repres5t two v diff]5t directions 9     
,p$agogics1 :i* at int]vals1 9 c]ta9    
/ages ( culture1 reappe>--! tyrannical  
gu>dian%ip ( ! /ate :i* assumes ! "w (  
education1 tyrannical to ! individual1 &
 ! free developm5t ( ! lib]al           
/ate-education1 9 opposition to         
idiosyncrasy & fate4--   #bae4 ,!       
pr9ciple ( /hetic individuality rea*es  
its highe/ manife/ation :5 ! individual1
 9 ! decay ( public life1 9 !           
disappe>ance ( all beautiful morality1  
isolates himself1 & seeks to ga9 9 8    
isolation su* /r5g? t he c be> ! *anges 
( ext]nal hi/ory ar\nd him )            
composure--at>axy4 ,! ,/oics s\ght to   
atta9 ?is end by turn+ _! att5tion inw>d
 into pure int]nality1 & ?us1 by pres]v+
 ! self-det]m9ation ( ab/ract ?9k+ &    
will+1 ma9ta9+ an id5tity ) !mselves3 ! 

,epicureans endeavor$ to d ! same1 ) ?is
 diff]5ce h[ev]1 t !y /rove aft] a      
positive satisfaction ( ! s5ses by fill+
 !m ) concrete pleasurable s5sations4 ,z
 a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! ,/oics isolat$   
!mselves 9 ord] to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 !  
exclusiv5ess ( _! int]nal uncondition$  
relation to !mselves1 :ile ! ,epicureans
 liv$ 9 companies1 because !y a*iev$ !  
reality ( _! pleasure-seek+ pr9ciple    
?r\gh h>mony ( feel+ & ?r\gh ! sweetness
 ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 s f> ! ,epicureans 7    
,greeks & ! ,/oics ,romans4 ,) bo?1     
h[ev]1 ! beauty ( manife/ation 0        
second>y to ! immobility ( ! inn] feel+4
 ,! pla/ic atta9m5t ( ! ,good & !       
,beautiful 0 cancell$ 9 ! ab/raction (  
?9k+ & feel+4 ,?is 0 ! adv5t ( ! ,roman 
pr9ciple among ! ,greeks4   #baf4 ,!    
p$agogical significance ( ,/oicism &    
,epicureanism consi/s 9 ?is1 t1 aft] !  
moral life 9 public & 9 private 7 sund]$
 f ea* o!r1 ! individual began to       
educate himself1 ?r\gh philosophical    
culture1 into /ability ( "*1 = :i*      

reason ! ,roman emp]ors p>ticul>ly      
dislik$ ! ,/oics4 ,at _m times1 a       
resignation to ! ,/oic philosophy 0     
suffici5t to make "o suspect$4 ,b1 at   
la/1 ! noble emp]or1 9 ord] to w9       
himself a hold 9 ! *aos ( ?+s1 0 =c$    
himself to become a ,/oic & to flee to !
 inaccessible /illness ( ! self-?9k+    
activity & ! self-mov+ w4 ,/oics &      
,epicureans _h bo? :at we call an ideal4
 ,! ,/oics us$ ! expression k+dom2 z    
,horace says1 s>ca/ically1 ,sapi5s rex  
e/ nisi--pituita mole/a e/4   ,,ii4     
,practical ,education4   #bag4 ,! tru? (
 ! solution ( ! beautiful individuality 
is ! promise ( ! activity con=mable to  
its purpose i4e4 teleological activity1 
:i* on ! "o h& consid]s c>efully end &  
means1 & on ! o!r h& seeks to realize ! 
end ?r\gh ! correspond+ means1 & 9 ?is  
de$ subjects m]e beauty ( =m4 ,!        
practical individuality is !re=e        
ext]nally condition$1 s9ce x is n its   
own end l ! ,beautiful1 :e!r ,/oical or 
,epicurean1 b has an end1 & f9ds its    

satisfaction n s mu* 9 ?is aft] x is    
atta9$ z 9 ! /riv+ = its atta9m5t4      
#bah4 ,! education ( ?is sy/em beg9s ) v
 great simplicity4 ,b aft] x has atta9$ 
its object1 x ab&ons itself to us+ !    
results ( /hetic culture z a recreation 
)\t any specific object4 ,:at 0 to !    
,greeks a real delight 9 ! ,beautiful   
became !re=e ) ! ,romans simply an      
/hetic amusem5t1 & z su* mu/ f9ally be  
we>isome4 ,! e>ne/ness ( individuality  
made itself 9 my/icism into a new aim1  
:i* 0 di/+ui%$ f ! orig9al "o 9 t x     
conceal$ 9 itself a my/]y & exact$ a    
!oretically /hetic practice4   #bai4    
7#a7 ,! fir/ epo* ( ,roman education1 z 
prop]ly ,roman1 0 ! juri/ic-milit>y     
education ( ! republic4 ,! end & aim ( !
 ,roman 0 ,rome2 & ,rome1 z f ! beg9n+  
an eclectic /ate1 c\ld endure only :ile 
its laws & ext]nal politics 7 con=mable 
to "s end4 ,x bore ! same contradiction 
)9 itself z 9 its ext]nal attitude4 ,?is
 =c$ x into robb]y1 & ! plebeians 7     
relat$ to ! patricians 9 ! same way1 =  

!y robb$ !m gradually ( all _!          
privileges4 ,on ?is acc\nt education    
direct$ itself p>tly to giv+ a k ( !    
,law1 p>tly to communicat+ a capacity = 
w>4 ,! boys 7 oblig$ to commit to memory
 & recite ! laws ( ! twelve tables1 &   
all ! y\?s 7 subject to milit>y s]vice4 
,! ,roman possess$ no individuality (   
native gr[?1 b "o m$iat$ ?r\gh !        
int]m+l+ ( v>i\s fugitives1 :i* develop$
 a v great en]gy4 ,h5ce f ! fir/ he 0   
att5tive to himself1 he wat*$ jeal\sly  
ov] ! limits ( 8 rights & ! rights (    
o!rs1 measur$ 8 /r5g?1 mod]at$ himself1 
& con/antly gu>d$ himself4 ,9 contra/ ) 
! c>eless *e]fulness ( ! ,greeks1 he    
!re=e appe>s gloomy4  --,! ,lat9 tongue 
is cr[d$ ) expressions :i* pa9t pres5ce 
( m9d1 ef=t at reflection1 a critical   
attitude ( m9d1 ! importance ( p]sonal  
control3 z gravitas morum1 sui compos   
esse1 sibi con/>e1 au/]itas1 vir /r5uus1
 vir probus1 vitam hone/am g]]e1 sibimet
 ipse imp]>e1 c4 ,! ,etruscan elem5t    
imp>t$ to ?is e>ne/ness an especially   

solemn "*4 ,! ,roman 0 no m1 l ! ,greek1
 unemb>rass$ at naturalness4 ,he 0 a%am$
 ( nak$ness2 v]ecundia1 pudor1 7 g5u9ely
 ,roman4 ,vitam prf]re pudori 0 %ameful4
 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,greek gave to ,greeks
 a fe/ival 9 exhibit+ ! spl5dor ( 8 nak$
 body1 & ! inhabitants ( ,crotona erect$
 a /atue to ,philip only because he 0 s 
p]fectly beautiful4 ,simply to be       
beautiful1 only beautiful1 0 en\gh = !  
,greek4 ,b a ,roman1 9 ord] to be       
recogniz$1 mu/ h done some?+ = ,rome3 se
 b5e de republica m]]i4--   #bbj4 ,9 !  
fir/ education ( *ildr5 ! ag5cy ( ! "m  
is especially influ5tial1 s t woman ) ! 
,romans took g5]ally a m moral1 a high]1
 & a fre] position4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k 
t :ile1 z ! beautiful1 %e set ! ,greeks 
at v>iance1 among ! ,romans1 ?r\gh h]   
e?ical au?ority1 %e act$ z reconcil]4   
#bba4 ,! "m ( ! ,roman help$ to =m 8 "*2
 ! fa!r und]took ! "w ( in/ruction4 ,:5 
9 8 fifte5? ye> ! boy ex*ang$ ! toga    
prtextata = ! toga virilis1 he 0 usually
 s5t to "s relative1 or to "s juri/1 z 8

 gu>dian1 to le>n ?or\ghly1 "u 8        
guidance1 ( ! laws & ( ! /ate2 ) !      
sev5te5? began milit>y s]vice4 ,all     
education 0 = a long "t entirely a      
private affair4 ,on acc\nt ( ! necessity
 ( a me*anical unity 9 "w :i* w> dem&s1 
! greate/ /ress 0 laid ^u ob$i5ce4 ,9   
its re/rict$ s5se education compris$    
,read+1 ,writ+1 & ,ari?metic2 ! la/ be+1
 on acc\nt ( its usefulness1 m e/eem$ by
 ! ,romans ?an by ! ,greeks1 :o gave m  
"t to ,geometry4 ,! s*ools1 v           
*>act]i/ically1 7 call$ ,ludi1 because  
_! "w 01 9 di/9ction f o!r practice1    
reg>d$ simply z a recreation1 z play4   
--,! ,roman recogniz$ ) pride ?is       
di/9ction betwe5 ! ,greek & himself2    
,cic]o's ,introduction to 8 ,essay on   
,oratory expresses x4 ,to be practical 0
 always ! ef=t ( ! reflective "* ( !    
,romans1 :i* 0 always plac+ new ends &  
seek+ ! means = _! atta9m5t2 :i* lov$   
mod]ation1 n to secure beauty !reby1 b  
respect$ x z a means = a happy success  
7m$ium t5u]e beati72 :i* did n possess  

s]5e self-limitation1 or ,greek3        
sphrosyn1 b calculation quid valeant    
hum]i1 quid f]re recus5t2 b :i*1 9      
g5]al1 w5t f> beyond ! ,greeks 9        
p]si/5cy ( w1 9 con/antia animi4 ,!     
s*ools 7 at fir/ held publicly 9 %ops2  
h5ce ! "n trivium4 ,v significant = !   
,roman is ! pr$icate :i* he conf]r$ ^u  
!oretical subjects :5 he call$ !m artes 
bon1 optim1 lib]ales1 +5u1 c41 & br\ght 
=? ! practical elem5t 9 !m4--   #bbb4   
7#b7 ,b ! practical education c\ld no   
long] keep its gr\nd aft] x _h become   
acqua9t$ ) ! /hetic4 ,! conque/ (       
,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,egypt1 made    
necess>y1 9 a practical po9t ( view1 !  
acquisition ( ! ,grecian tongue1 s t ^! 
l&s1 s p]meat$ ) ,grecian culture1 might
 be ?or\ghly rul$4 ,! ,roman ( family & 
prop]ty1 !re=e1 took into 8 s]vice      
,greek nurses & tea*]s :o %\ld give to 8
 *ildr51 f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 ,greek       
culture4 ,x is1 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 
a great evil :5 a nation und]takes to   
tea* a =eign tongue to its y\?4 ,!n !   

necessity ( trade ) ! ,greeks caus$ !   
/udy ( ,rhetoric1 s t n only 9 !        
delib]ations ( ! s5ate & p1 b 9 law1 !  
ends might be bett] atta9$4 ,:atev] ef=t
 ! ,roman gov]nm5t made to prev5t !     
invasion ( ! ,greek rhetorician 0 all 9 
va94 ,! ,roman y\? s\ght = ?is k1 :i* 0 
s necess>y to !m 9 =eign l&s1 e4g4 9 !  
fl\ri%+ s*ool ( rhetoric on ! isl& (    
,rhodes4 ,at la/1 ev5 ! /udy (          
,philosophy comm5d$ itself to !         
practical ,roman1 9 ord] t he might     
recov] = himself confid5ce amid !       
disappo9tm5ts ( life4 ,:5 8 practical   
life did n br+ him any result1 he devot$
 himself 9 8 pov]ty to ab/ract          
contemplation4 ,! ,greeks w\ld h        
,philosophy = its own sake2 ! at>axy ( !
 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,skeptics ev51  
desir$ ! result ( a necess>y pr9ciple2 b
 ! ,roman1 on ! contr>y1 wi%$ to lift   
himself by philosophemes above tr\ble & 
mis=tune4  --,?is direction :i*         
,philosophy took is notewor?y1 n alone 9
 ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 b at ! fall ( ! ,roman

 empire1 :5 ,boe?ius wrote 9 8 prison 8 
immortal "w on ! consolations (         
,philosophy4--   #bbc4 ,! e>ne/ness :i* 
s\ght a def9ite end deg5]at$ 9 ! v      
opposite ( activity ) him :o _h no      
def9ite aim4 ,! idl5ess ( ! weal?y      
,roman1 :o felt himself to be ! "l ( a  
limitless _w1 devot$ itself to          
dissipation & desire = enjoym5t1 :i*1 9 
its entire want ( mod]ation1 abus$      
nature4 ,! f9e/ =m ( ! extant education 
0 t 9 belles-lettres1 :i* also = ! fir/ 
"t came to belong to ! sph]e (          
,p$agogics4 ,!re _h be5 a deg5]ation (  
art 9 ,india & ,greece1 & also an       
arti/ic trifl+4 ,b 9 ,rome !re arose a  
pursuit ( art 9 ord] to w9 a c]ta9      
consid]ation 9 social position1 & to    
create = "o's self a recreation 9 !     
empt9ess ( a s\l satiat$ ) s5sual       
debau*]y4 ,su* a seiz+ ( art is         
frivol\s1 = x no long] recognizes its   
absolut5ess1 & subord9ates x z a means  
to subjective egotism4 ,lit]>y salons !n
 appe>4  --,9 ! introduction to 8       

,catal9e1 ,sallu/ has pa9t$ excell5tly  
?is complete revolution 9 ! ,roman      
education4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y 9 8 lett]s    
furni%es ample mat]ial to illu/rate to u
 ?is pursuit ( belles-lettres4 ,9 ,n]o x
 became idiotic4 ,we %\ld transgress our
 prescrib$ limits did we ent] "h into   
p>ticul>s4 ,an analysis w\ld %[ !       
p]v]sion ( ! /hetic into ! practical1 ! 
/hetic los+ !reby its prop] nature4 ,b !
 ,roman c\ld n avoid ?is p]v]sion1      
because1 accord+ to 8 orig9al aim1 he   
c\ld n move except t[>ds ! utile et     
hone/um4--   #bbd4 7#c7 ,b ?is pursuit (
 f9e art1 ?is aimless p>ade1 mu/ at la/ 
we>y ! ,roman4 ,he s\ght = himself aga9 
an object to :i* he c\ld vigor\sly      
devote himself4 ,8 sov]eignty 0 assur$1 
& conque/ z an object c\ld no m *>m him4
 ,! national religion _h fall5 ) !      
de/ruction ( ! national individuality4  
,! s\l look$ out ov] its hi/orical life 
into an empty void4 ,x s\ght to e/abli% 
a relation betwe5 itself & ! next _w by 
means ( dmonic =ces1 & 9 place ( !      

depreciat$ nationality & its religion we
 f9d ! eclecticism ( ! my/ic society4   
,!re 71 x is true1 9 national religions 
c]ta9 secret signs1 rites1 words1 &     
mean+s2 b n[1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( !
 _w1 !re appe>$ my/]ies z p$agogical    
societies1 :i* conc]n$ !mselves only )  
private ?+s & 7 indiff]5t to            
nationality4 ,ev]y?+ 0 pr(an$ by !      
r\ghness ( viol5ce4 ,man believ$ no     
long] 9 ! old gods1 & ! sup]/iti\s fai? 
9 gho/s became only a ?+ fit to fright5 
*ildr5 )4 ,?us man took refuge 9        
secrecy1 :i* _h = 8 satiety a piquant   
*>m4   #bbe4 ,! education ( ! my/]ies 0 
tw(old1 !oretical & practical4 ,9 !     
!oretical we f9d a regul> gradation (   
symbols & symbolical acts ?r\gh :i* "o  
seem$ gradually to atta9 to ! revelation
 ( ! secret2 ! practical conta9$ a      
regul> gradation ( ascetic actions      
alt]nat+ ) an ab&onm5t to wild orgies4  
,bo? rais$ "o f ! rank ( ! novice to t (
 ! initiat$4 ,9 ! high] ord]s !y =m$ an 
e?ical code ( laws1 & ?is =m ,p$agogics 

has reta9$ 9 all su* secret culture1    
mutatis mut&is1 d[n to ! ,illum9ati4    
--,9 ! ,roman empire1 its ,p]sian elem5t
 0 ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ras2 its ,egyptian1 t 
( ,isis2 its ,grecian1 ! ,py?agorean    
doctr9es4 ,all ^! ?ree1 h[ev]1 7 mu*    
m+l$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,roman legions1 :o   
really no long] _h any native c\ntry1   
bore ^! artificial religions ?r\gh\t !  
:ole _w4 ,! confusion ( excitem5t l$ (t5
 to ,somnambulism1 :i* 0 n yet und]/ood1
 & to belief 9 miracles4 ,apollonius (  
,tyana1 ! messiah ( ,e?nicism1 is !     
pr9cipal figure 9 ?is gr\p2 &1 9        
comp>ison ) him1 ,jambli*us appe>s only 
z an en?usia/ & ,alex&] ( ,abonotei*os z
 an impo/or4--   ,,iii4 ,ab/ract        
,individual ,education4   #bbf4 ,:at !  
despair ( ! decl9+ nations s\ght = 9 ^! 
my/]ies 0 ,individuality1 :i* 9 its     
s+ul>ity is consci\s ( ! univ]sality ( !
 rational _s1 z its own ess5ce4 ,?is    
individuality exi/$ m imm$iately 9 !    
,g]manic race1 :i* nev]!less1 on acc\nt 
( its nature1 =m$ fir/ 9 ,*ri/ianity its

 true actualization4 ,x c be "h only    
po9t$ out t !y mo/ ?or\ghly1 9          
opposition to nature1 to m51 & to !     
gods1 felt !mselves to be indep5d5t2 z  
,tacitus says1 ,securi adv]sus hom9es1  
securi adv]sus ,deos4 ,?is              
individuality1 :i* _h only itself = an  
end1 mu/ necess>ily be de/roy$1 & 0 sav$
 only by ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ov]came &     
enlight5$ its dmonic & defiant _s4 ,we  
_c speak "h ( a sy/em ( ,education4     
,respect = p]sonality1 ! free           
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! claims ( woman1 !       
loyalty to ! lead] *os5 by !mselves1    
loyalty to _! fri5ds 7! idea (          
fell[%ip71--^! features %\ld all be     
well-not$1 because f !m arose !         
feudalism ( ! middle ages4 ,:at ,cs> &  
,tacitus tell u ( ! education ( !       
,g]mans expresses only ! emancipation ( 
individuality1 :i* 9 its imm$iate       
crud5ess _h no o!r =m 9 :i* to manife/  
itself ?an w>s ( conque/4  --,to !      
,roman !re 0 some?+ dmonic 9 ! ,g]man4  
,he p]ceiv$ dimly 9 him 8 future1 8     

ma/]4 ,:5 ! ,romans 7 to meet ! ,cimbri 
& ,teutons 9 ! field1 _! comm&] _h fir/ 
to accu/om !m = a :ole day to ! fe>ful  
sight ( ! wild1 giant-l =ms4--          
,,second ,,division4  ,,! ,,sy/em ,,(   
,,!ocratic ,,education4   #bbg4 ,! sy/em
 ( ,national ,education f\nd$ its fir/  
/age on ! sub/antial basis ( !          
family-_s2 its second /age on ! division
 ( ! nation by means ( division ( labor 
:i* x makes p]man5t 9 ca/es2 its ?ird   
/age pres5ts ! free opposition ( ! laity
 & cl]gy2 9 its next phase x makes w>1  
immortality1 & trade1 by turns1 its end2
 ?irdly1 x posits beauty1 patriotic y\?1
 & ! imm$iat5ess ( individuality1 z !   
ess5ce ( mank9d1 & at la/ dissolves !   
unity ( nationality 9 ! consci\sness t  
all nations are really "o s9ce !y are   
all human be+s4 ,9 ! int]mixture ( races
 9 ! ,roman _w arises ! conception ( !  
human race1 ! g5us humanum4 ,education  
_h become eclectic3 ! ,roman legions    
levell$ ! national di/9ctions4 ,9 !     
wav]+ ( all objective morality1 !       

necessity ( self-education 9 ord] to !  
=mation ( "* appe>$ ev] m & m cle>ly2 b 
! conception1 :i* lay at ! f\ndation1 0 
always1 nev]!less1 t ( ,roman1 ,greek1  
or ,g]man education4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ^!   
nations ano!r sy/em _h /riv5 =          
developm5t1 & ?is did n base itself on !
 natural connection ( nationality1 b    
made ?is1 = ! fir/ "t1 only a second>y  
?+1 & made ! direct relation ( man to   
,god its *ief idea4 ,9 ?is sy/em ,god   
himself is ! tea*]4 ,he manife/s to man 
,8 w z law1 to :i* he mu/               
unconditionally con=m = no o!r reason   
?an t ,he is ! ,"l1 & man ,8 s]vant1 :o 
c h no o!r w ?an ,84 ,! ob$i5ce ( man is
 !re=e1 9 ?is sy/em1 ab/ract until ?r\gh
 exp]i5ce he gradually atta9s to ! k t !
 w ( ,god has 9 x ! v ess5ce ( 8 own w4 
,desc5t1 ,tal5t1 ,ev5ts1 ,"w1 ,beauty1  
,c\rage1--all ^! are indiff]5t ?+s      
comp>$ ) ! subjection ( ! human to !    
div9e w4 ,to be well-pleas+ to ,god is  
almo/ ! same z belief 9 ,him4 ,)\t ?is  
id5tity1 :at is natural 9 national      

desc5t is ( no value4 ,accord+ to its =m
 ( manife/ation1 ,judaism is bel[ !     
,greek _s4 ,x is n beautiful1 b r       
grotesque4 ,b 9 its ess5ce1 z ! religion
 ( ! contradiction betwe5 ! idea & its  
exi/5ce1 x goes beyond nature1 :i* x    
p]ceives to be e/abli%$ by an absolute1 
consci\s1 & reasonable ,w2 :ile ! ,greek
 conceal$ f himself only my?ically 8    
dep5d5ce on nature1 on 8 "m-e>?4 ,!     
,jews h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mid/ ( all o!r  
culture by ! ela/ic p[] ( ! ?\ght ( ,god
 z ,"o :o 0 free f ! control ( nature4  
,! ,jews h a patriotism 9 common ) !    
,romans4 ,! ,maccabees1 = example1 7 n  
inf]ior to ! ,romans 9 greatness4       
--,abraham is ! g5u9e ,jew because he is
 ! g5u9ely fai?ful man4 ,he does n      
hesitate to obey ! horrible & inhuman   
comm& ( 8 ,god4 ,circumcision 0 made !  
tok5 ( ! national unity1 b ! nation may 
assimilate memb]s to itself f o!r       
nations ?r\gh ?is rite4 ,! condition    
always lies 9 belief 9 a spiritual      
relation to :i* ! relation ( nationality

 is second>y4 ,! ,jewi% nation makes    
proselytes1 & ^! are widely diff]5t f ! 
,socii ( ! ,romans or ! ,metoeci ( !    
,a!nians4--   #bbh4 ,to ! man :o kn[s   
,nature to be ! "w ( a s+le1            
incomp>able1 rational ,creator1 %e loses
 indep5d5ce4 ,he is negatively fre$ f h]
 control1 & sees 9 h] only an absolute  
means4 ,z oppos$ to ! fanciful s5su\s   
intuitions ( ,e?nicism1 ?is seems to be 
a backw>d /ep1 b = ! emancipation ( man 
x is a progress4 ,he no long] fe>s      
,nature b h] ,"l1 & admires ,him s mu* t
 prose rises to ! dignity ( poetry 9 8  
telological contemplation4 ,s9ce man /&s
 ov] & beyond nature1 education is      
direct$ to morality z su*1 & spreads    
itself out 9 innum]able limitations1 by 
means ( :i* ! di/9ction ( man f nature  
is expressly ass]t$ z a diff]5ce4 ,!    
c]emonial law appe>s (t5 arbitr>y1 b 9  
its prescriptions x gives man !         
satisfaction ( plac+ himself z w 9      
relation to w4 ,= example1 if he is     
=bidd5 to eat any specifi$ "p ( an      

animal1 ! gr\nd ( ?is comm& is n m]ely  
natural--x is ! w ( ! ,deity4 ,man le>ns
 !re=e1 9 8 ob$i5ce to su* directions1  
to free himself f 8 self-w1 f 8 natural 
desires4 ,?is exact outw>d con=mity to  
subjectivity is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 !    
purification ( ! w f all individual     
egotism4  --,! rational sub/ance ( !    
,law is f\nd always 9 ! ,decalogue4 ,_m 
( our mod]n mu*-admir$ au?ors exhibit a 
sup]ficiality bord]+ on %all[ness :5 !y 
comm5t alone on ! absurdity ( !         
miracles1 & ab/ract f ! pr(\nd dep? ( ! 
moral /ruggle1 & f ! practical          
rationality ( ! t5 comm&m5ts4--   #bbi4 
,education 9 ?is !ocratical sy/em is on 
"o side patri>*al4 ,! ,family is v      
prom95t1 because x is consid]$ to be a  
great happ9ess = ! individual to belong 
f 8 v e>lie/ life to ! company ( ^? :o  
believe 9 ! true ,god4 ,on its o!r side 
x is hi]>*ical1 z its c]emonial law     
develops a special (fice1 :i* is to see 
t ob$i5ce is paid to its multif>i\s     
regulations4 ,&1 because ^! are (t5     

p]fectly arbitr>y1 ,education mu/1 above
 all1 practise ! memory 9 le>n+ !m all1 
s t !y may always be rememb]$4 ,! ,jewi%
 mono!ism %>es ?is necessity ) !        
sup]/ition ( e?nicism4   #bcj4 ,b !     
te*nique prop] ( ! me*anism is n ! mo/  
important p$agogical elem5t ( ! !ocracy4
 ,we f9d ?is 9 its hi/orical            
significance1 s9ce its hi/ory ?r\gh\t   
has a p$agogical "*4 ,= ! p ( ,god %[ u 
always1 9 _! *ang+ int]c\rse ) _! ,god1 
a progress f ! ext]nal to ! int]nal1 f !
 l[] to ! high]1 f ! pa/ to ! future4   
,its hi/ory1 !re=e1 ab\nds 9 situations 
v int]e/+ 9 a p$agogical po9t ( view1 & 
9 *>act]s :i* are et]nal models4   #bca4
 7#a7 ,! w ( ,god z ! absolute au?ority 
is at fir/ to !m1 z law1 ext]nal4 ,b    
soon ,god adds to ! comm& to ob$i5ce1 on
 "o h&1 ! inducem5t ( a promise (       
mat]ial prosp]ity1 & on ! o!r h& ! ?reat
 ( mat]ial puni%m5t4 ,! fulfilm5t ( !   
law is also enc\rag$ by reflection on ! 
pr(it :i* x br+s4 ,b1 s9ce ^! motives   
are all ext]nal1 !y rise f9ally into !  

insight t ! law is to be fulfill$1 n on 
_! acc\nt1 b because x is ! w ( ! ,"l2 n
 alone because x is conducive to our    
happ9ess1 b also because x is 9 itself  
holy1 & writt5 9 our he>ts3 9 o!r words1
 man proce$s f ! ab/ract legality1 ?r\gh
 ! reflection ( eudmonism1 to !         
int]nality ( moral s5tim5t--! c\rse (   
all education4  --,?is la/ /&-po9t is   
especially repres5t$ 9 ! excell5t       
,gnomic ( ,jesus ,sira*--a book s ri* 9 
p$agogical insight1 :i* pa9ts )         
ma/]-/rokes ! relations ( husb& & wife1 
p>5ts & *ildr51 ma/] & s]vants1 fri5d & 
fri5d1 enemy & enemy1 & ! dignity (     
labor z well z ! necessity ( its        
division4 ,?is priceless book =ms a     
side-piece f ! !ocratic /&-po9t to !    
,republic ( ,plato & 8 laws on e?ical   
gov]nm5t4--   #bcb4 7#b7 ,! progress f !
 l[] to ! high] appe>$ 9 ! conqu]+ ( !  
natural individuality4 ,man1 z ! s]vant 
( ,jehovah1 mu/ h no w ( 8 own2 b selfi%
 naturalness array$ itself s mu* ! m    
vigor\sly aga9/ ! ab/ract ,?\ %alt1     

all[$ itself to desc5d into an          
ab/raction f ! ,law1 & (t5 rea*$ ! mo/  
unbridl$ extravagance4 ,b s9ce ! ,law 9 
inexorable might always rema9$ ! same1  
always p]si/5t1 9 di/9ction f !         
inequalities ( ! de$ ( man1 x =c$ him to
 come back to x1 & to con=m himself to  
its dem&s4 ,?us he le>n$ criticism1 ?us 
he rose f naturalness into _s4 ,?is     
progress is at ! same "t a progress f   
necessity to fre$om1 because criticism  
always gradually op5s a way = man into  
insight1 s t he f9ds ! w ( ,god to be ! 
tru? ( 8 own self-det]m9ation4 ,because 
,god is "o & absolute1 !re arises !     
expectation t ,8 ,w w become ! basis = !
 w ( all nations & m54 ,! criticism ( ! 
und]/&+ mu/ recognize a contradiction 9 
! fact t ! w ( ! true ,god is ! law (   
only "o nation2 fe>$ by o!r nations1    
moreov]1 by reason ( _! v wor%ip ( ,god 
z a gloomy my/]y1 & dete/$ z odium g5]is
 humani4 ,& ?us is develop$ ! ?\ght t ! 
isolation ( ! believ]s w come to an end 
z soon z ! o!r nations recognize _! fai?

 z ! true "o1 & are receiv$ into x4 ,?us
 "h1 out ( ! deepe/ p5etration ( ! s\l  
into itself1 z among ! ,romans out ( !  
fusion ( nations1 we see appe> ! idea ( 
! human race4   #bcc4 7#c7 ,! progress f
 ! pa/ to ! future unfold$ ! ideal      
s]vant ( ,god :o fulfils all ! ,law1 & s
 blots out ! empirical contradiction t !
 ,?\ %alt ( ! ,law atta9s no adequate   
actuality4 ,?is ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 :o %all
 ga!r all nations "u 8 bann]1 c !re=e h 
no o!r ?+ pr$icat$ ( him ?an ,hol9ess4  
,he is n beautiful z ! ,greeks repres5t$
 _! ideal1 n brave & practical z 0 !    
v5]at$ ,virtus ( ! ,romans2 he does n   
place an inf9ite value on 8             
individuality z ! ,g]man does3 b he is  
repres5t$ z insignificant 9 appe>ance1 z
 pati5t1 z humble1 z he :o1 9 ord] to   
reconcile ! _w1 takes ^u himself !      
infirmities & disgrace ( all o!rs4 ,!   
e?nical nations h only a lo/ ,p>adise   
beh9d !m2 ! ,jews h "o also be=e !m4 ,f 
?is belief 9 ! ,messiah :o is to come1 f
 ! c]ta9ty :i* !y h ( conqu]+ ) him1 f !

 p[] ( e/eem+ all ?+s ( small importance
 9 view ( su* a future1 spr+s !         
inde/ructible nature ( ! ,jews4 ,!y     
ignore ! fact t ,*ri/ianity is !        
necess>y result ( _! own hi/ory4 ,z !   
nation t is to be 7des ,se9soll5s71 !y  
are m]ely a hi/orical nation1 ! nation  
among nations1 ^: education--:5ev] !    
,jew has n *ang$ & corrupt$ its nature  
?r\gh mod]n culture--is /ill always     
patri>*al1 hi]>*al1 & mnemonic4   ,,?ird
 ,,division4  ,,! ,,sy/em ,,(           
,,humanit>ian ,,education   #bcd4 ,!    
sy/ems ( national & !ocratic education  
came to ! same result1 ?\gh by diff]5t  
ways1 & ?is result is ! conception ( a  
human race 9 ! unity ( :i* ! di/9ctions 
( diff]5t nations f9d _! ,tru?4 ,b ) !m 
?is result is only a conception1 be+ a  
?+ ext]nal to _! actuality4 ,!y arrive  
at ! pa9t+ ( an ideal ( ! way 9 :i* !   
,messiah %all come4 ,b ^! ideals exi/   
only 9 ! m9d1 & ! actual condition ( ! p
 sometimes does n correspond to !m at   
all1 & sometimes only v relatively4 ,!  

idea ( _s _h 9 ^! presuppositions !     
possibility ( its concrete              
actualization2 "o individual man mu/    
become consci\s ( ! univ]sality &       
necessity ( ! w z be+ ! v ess5ce ( 8 own
 fre$om1 s t all het]onomy %\ld be      
cancell$ 9 ! autonomy ( _s4 ,natural    
individuality appe>+ z national         
det]m9at5ess 0 /ill ackn[l$g$1 b 0      
depriv$ ( its ab/ract isolation4 ,!     
div9e au?ority ( ! tru? ( ! individual w
 is to be recogniz$1 b at ! same "t fre$
 f its e/rangem5t t[>ds itself4 ,:ile   
,*ri/ 0 a ,jew & ob$i5t to ! div9e ,law1
 he knew himself z ! univ]sal man :o    
det]m9es himself to 8 own de/9y2 & :ile 
only di/+ui%+ ,god1 z subject1 f        
himself1 yet holds fa/ to ! unity ( man 
& ,god4 ,! sy/em ( humanit>ian education
 began to unfold f ?is pr9ciple1 :i* no 
long] accords ! highe/ place to !       
natural unity ( national individuality1 
nor to ! ab/ract ob$i5ce ( ! comm& (    
,god1 b to t fre$om ( ! s\l :i* kn[s    
itself to be absolute necessity4 ,*ri/  

is n a m]e ideal ( ! ?\ght1 b is kn[n z 
a liv+ memb] ( actual hi/ory1 ^: life1  
suff]+s & dea? = fre$om =m ! security z 
to its absolute ju/ification & tru?4 ,! 
/hetic1 philosophical1 & political ideal
 are all f\nd 9 ! univ]sal nature ( !   
,*ri/ian ideal1 on :i* acc\nt no "o ( !m
 appe>s "o-sid$ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,!    
pr9ciple ( ,human ,fre$om excludes nei!r
 art1 nor sci5ce1 nor political feel+4  
#bce4 ,9 its conception ( man !         
humanit>ian education includes bo? !    
national divisions & ! subjection ( all 
m5 to ! div9e law1 b x w no long] endure
 t "o %\ld gr[ into an isolat+          
exclusiv5ess1 & ano!r into a despotism  
:i* includes 9 x some:at ( ! accid5tal4 
,b ?is pr9ciple ( humanity & human      
nature took root s sl[ly t its          
presuppositions 7 repeat$ )9 itself & 7 
really conqu]$ 9 ?is reproduction4 ,^!  
/ages ( culture 7 ! ,greek1 ! ,roman1 & 
! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 & education 0      
metamorphos$ to suit ! =mation ( ea* (  
^!4  --,= ! sake ( brevity we w\ld wi%  

to close ) ^! g5]al def9itions2 !       
unfold+ ( _! details is intimately b\nd 
up ) ! hi/ory ( politics & (            
civilization4 ,we %all be cont5t$ if we 
give correctly ! g5]al :ole4--   #bcf4  
,)9 education we c di/+ui% ?ree epo*s3 !
 monki%1 ! *ivalric1 & t education :i*  
is to fit "o = civil life4 ,ea* ( ^!    
endeavor$ to express all t belong$ to   
humanity z su*2 b x 0 only aft] !       
recognition ( ! moral nature ( !        
,family1 ( ,labor1 ( ,culture1 & ( !    
consci\s equal title ( all m5 to _!     
rights1 t ?is became really possible4   
,i4 ,! ,epo* ( ,monki% ,education4      
#bcg4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* seiz$ ! ,*ri/ian  
pr9ciple /ill ab/ractly z deliv]ance f !
 _w1 & !re=e1 9 ! education proce$+ f x1
 x arriv$ only at ! negative =m1 posit+ 
! univ]sality ( ! individual man z !    
r5unciation ( self4 ,9 ! dogmatism ( its
 tea*+1 z well z 9 ! ascetic sev]ity (  
its practical conduct1 x 0 a            
reproduction ( ! !ocratic pr9ciple4 ,b  
:5 ?is _h assum$ ! =m ( national        

c5tralization1 ! ,greek ,*ur* disp5s$ ) 
?is1 &1 z f> z reg>ds its =m1 x return$ 
aga9 to ! quietism ( ! ,ori5t4   #bch4  
,! monki% education is 9 g5]al id5tical 
9 all religions1 9 t1 ?r\gh ! egotism ( 
its way ( liv+ & ! /oicism ( its way (  
?9k+1 ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( its ext]nal   
exi/5ce & ! me*anism ( a ?\ghtless      
subjection to a g5]al rule z well z to !
 special comm& ( sup]iors1 x fo/]s a    
spiritual & bodily dulness4 ,! ,*ri/ian 
mona*ism1 !re=e1 z ! fulfilm5t (        
mona*ism 9 g5]al1 is at ! same "t its   
absolute dissolution1 because1 9 its    
m]ely ab/ract+ itself f ! _w in/ead (   
affirmatively conqu]+ x1 x contradicts !
 v pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity4   #bci4 ,we  
mu/ notice z ! fundam5tal error ( ?is   
:ole sy/em1 t x does n 9 free           
individuality seek to produce ! ideal ( 
div9e-humanity1 b to copy 9 ext]nal     
reproduction its hi/orical manife/ation4
 ,ea* human be+ mu/ individually (f] up 
z sacrifice 8 own individuality4 ,ea*   
biography has its ,be?lehem1 its ,tabor1

 & its ,golgo?a4   #bdj4 ,mona*ism looks
 ^u fre$om f "o's self & f ! _w :i*     
,*ri/ianity dem&s only z an ab/ract     
r5unciation ( self1 :i* x seeks to      
compass1 l ,buddhism1 by ! v[ ( pov]ty1 
*a/ity1 & ob$i5ce1 :i* mu/ be tak5 by   
ea* individual = all "t4  --,?is        
rejection ( prop]ty1 ( m>riage1 & (     
self-w1 is at ! same "t ! negation ( "w1
 ( ! family1 & ( responsibility = "o's  
actions4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! dang] (     
av>ice & covet\sness1 ( s5suality & (   
nepotism1 ( error & ( guilt1 mona*ism   
seizes ! conv5i5t way ( ab/ract sev]ance
 f all ! objective _w )\t be+ able fully
 to c>ry out ?is negation4 ,monki%      
,p$agogics mu/1 9 consequ5ce1 be v      
p>ticul> ab\t an ext]nal sep>ation ( _! 
disciples f ! _w1 s z to make ! "w (    
ab/raction f ! _w easi] & m decid$4 ,x  
!re=e builds cloi/]s 9 ! solitude (     
des]ts1 9 ! dep? ( =e/s1 on ! summits ( 
m\nta9s1 & surr\nds !m ) high walls hav+
 no ap]tures2 & !n1 s z to c>ry !       
isolation ( ! individual to its f>!/    

possible extreme x con/ructs1 )9 ^!     
cloi/]s1 cells1 9 imitation ( ! anci5t  
h]mits--a seclusion ! imm$iate          
consequ5ce ( :i* is ! mo/ limitless &   
mo/ paltry curiosity4--   #bda4         
,!oretically ! monki% ,p$agogics seeks1 
by means ( ! greate/ possible sil5ce1 to
 place ! s\l 9 a /ate ( spiritual       
immobility1 :i* at la/1 ?r\gh ! want (  
all v>iety ( ?\ght1 goes ov] into entire
 apa?y1 & antipa?y t[>ds all            
intellectual culture4 ,! pr9cipal       
feature ( ! practical culture consi/s 9 
! misappreh5sion t "o %\ld ignore       
,nature1 in/ead ( morally free+ himself 
f h] control4 ,z %e1 aga9 & aga9 ass]ts 
h]self1 ! monki% discipl9e proce$s to   
misuse h]1 & /rives ?r\gh fa/+1 ?r\gh   
sleeplessness1 ?r\gh volunt>y           
self-inflict$ pa9 & m>tyrdom1 n only to 
subdue ! wantonness ( ! fle%1 b to      
de/roy ! love ( life till x %all become 
a positive loa?+ ( exi/5ce4 ,9 & =      
itself ! object ( ! monki% v[--prop]ty1 
! family1 & w--is n immoral4 ,! v[ is1  

on ?is acc\nt1 v easy to violate4 ,9    
ord] to prev5t all temptation to ?is1   
monki% ,p$agogics inv5ts a sy/em (      
sup]vision1 p>tly op51 p>tly secret1 :i*
 deprives "o ( all fre$om ( action1 all 
fre%ness ( ?9k+ & ( will+1 & all poetry 
( feel+1 by means ( ! p]petual %ad[ (   
spies & in=m]s4 ,! monks are well v]s$ 9
 all police-arts1 & ! regul> succession 
( ! hi]>*y spurs !m on always to di/+ui%
 !mselves 9 !m4   #bdb4 ,! gloomy brea? 
( ?is education p5etrat$ all ! relations
 ( ! ,byzant9e ,/ate4 ,ev5 ! education (
 ! emp]or 0 infect$ by x2 & 9 ! /rife = 
fre$om wag$ by ! mod]n ,greeks aga9/ !  
,turks1 ! ,igum5i ( ! cloi/]s 7 ! real  
lead]s ( ! insurrection4 ,! indep5d5ce (
 individuality1 z oppos$ to monki%      
ab/raction1 m or less deg5]ates into !  
crude =m ( soldi] & pirate life4 ,& ?us 
x happ5$ t ?is pr9ciple 0 n left to     
appe> m]ely z an exception1 b to be     
built up positively into humanity2 & ?is
 ! ,g]man _w1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,roman  
,*ur*1 und]took to accompli%4   ,,ii4 ,!

 ,epo* ( ,*ivalric ,education4   #bdc4  
,! ,romi% ,*ur* negat$ ! ab/ract        
sub/antiality ( ! ,greeks ?r\gh !       
practical aim :i* %e 9 h] sanctity 9    
works f\nd$1 & by means ( :i* %e rais$  
up ,g]man individuality to ! idealism ( 
*ivalry1 i4e4 a free milit>y s]vice 9   
behalf ( ,*ri/5dom4   #bdd4 ,x is evid5t
 t ! sy/em ( monki% education 0 tak5 up 
into ?is epo* z "o ( its elem5ts1 be+   
modifi$ to con=m to x3 e4g4 ! ,b5$ict9es
 7 accu/om$ to labor 9 agriculture & 9 !
 transcrib+ ( books1 & ?is contradict$ !
 idea ( mona*ism1 s9ce t 9 & = itself   
t5ds to an absolute =getfulness ( ! _w &
 a p]fect abs5ce ( all activity 9 !     
individual4 ,! begg+ ord]s 7 public     
prea*]s1 & made popul> ! idea ( love &  
unselfi% devotion to o!rs4 ,!y labor$   
t[>d self-education1 especially by means
 ( ! ideal ( ! life ( ,*ri/2 e4g4 9     
,taul]'s classical book on ! ,imitation 
( ,jesus1 & 9 ! "w ( ,?omas--,kempis :i*
 resembles x4 ,?r\gh a fix$             
contemplative communion ) ! conception (

 ! ,*ri/ :o suff]$ & di$ = ,love1 !y    
s\ght to f9d cont5t 9 div9e re/ &       
self-ab&onm5t4   #bde4 ,g]man *ivalry   
sprang f ,feudalism4 ,! education ( ^?  
pl$g$ to milit>y duty _h become conf9$  
to practice 9 ! use ( arms4 ,! education
 ( ! *ivalric vassals pursu$ ! same     
c\rse1 ref9+ x gradually ?r\gh !        
influ5ce ( c\rt society & ?r\gh poetry1 
:i* devot$ itself ei!r to ! relat+ (    
graceful tales :i* 7 really works ( art1
 or to ! glorification ( woman4 ,girls 7
 br\ght up )\t especial c>e4 ,! boy     
until he 0 sev5 ye>s old rema9$ 9 ! h&s 
( wom52 !n he became a lad 7a "y        
g5tleman71 & le>n$ ! mann] ( (f5sive &  
def5sive w>f>e1 on foot & on horseback2 
betwe5 8 sixte5? & eighte5? ye>1 ?r\gh a
 =mal c]emony 7! lay+ on ( ! sword71 he 
0 duly au?oriz$ to be> arms4 ,b :atev]  
besides ?is he might wi% to le>n 0 left 
to 8 own caprice4   #bdf4 ,9            
contradi/9ction to ! monki% education1  
,*ivalry plac$ an inf9ite value on      
individuality1 & ?is x express$ 9 its   

extreme s5sibility to ! feel+ ( honor4  
,education1 on ?is acc\nt1 endeavor$ to 
fo/] ?is reflection ( ! self ^u itself  
by means ( ! social isolation 9 :i* x   
plac$ knigh?ood4 ,! knight did n delight
 himself ) common possessions1 b he     
s\ght = him :o _h be5 wrong$1 s9ce ) him
 he c\ld f9d enjoym5t z a conqu]or4 ,he 
did n live 9 simple m>riage1 b /rove = !
 piquant pleasure ( mak+ ! wife ( ano!r 
! lady ( 8 he>t1 & ?is (t5 l$ to moral &
 physical infidelity4 ,&1 f9ally1 !     
knight did n obey alone ! g5]al laws (  
knightly honor1 b he /rove1 besides1 to 
discov] = himself /range ?+s1 :i* he    
%\ld und]take ) 8 sword1 9 defiance (   
all criticism1 simply because x pleas$ 8
 caprice s to d4 ,he s\ght adv5tures4   
#bdg4 ,! reaction aga9/ ! innum]able    
numb] ( fanta/ic extravagancies aris+ f 
*ivalry 0 ! idea ( ! spiritual *ivalry  
:i* 0 to unite ! cloi/] & ! t[n1 ab/ract
 self-d5ial & milit>y life1 sep>ation f 
! _w & ! sov]eignty ( ! _w--an und5iable
 advance1 b an unt5able syn!sis :i* c\ld

 n prev5t ! dissolution ( *ivalry--?is  
*ivalry1 :i*1 z ! rule ( ! /rong]1      
induc$ = a long "t ! de/ruction ( all   
regul> culture f\nd$ on pr9ciples1 &    
br\ght a p]iod ( abs5ce ( all education4
 ,9 ?is p]v]sion ( *ivalry to a gr&     
vagabondism1 & ev5 to robb]y1 noble s\ls
 (t5 ru%$ into ridicul\s excesses4 ,?is 
decl9e ( *ivalry f\nd its tru? 9        
,citiz5%ip1 ^: education1 h[ev]1 did n1 
l ! ,greek3 polis & ! civitas ( !       
anci5ts1 limit itself to itself1 b1     
?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! pr9ciple (          
,*ri/ianity1 accept$ ! :ole circle (    
humanity z ! aim ( its culture4   ,,iii4
 ,! ,epo* ( ,education fitt+ "o = ,civil
 ,life4   #bdh4 ,! idea ( ! ,/ate _h    
gradually work$ itself up to a high]    
plane ) trade & indu/ry1 & f\nd 9       
,prote/antism its spiritual             
confirmation4 ,prote/antism1 z ! self   
assurance ( ! individual t he 0 directly
 relat$ to ,god )\t any dep5d5ce on !   
m$iation ( any man1 rose to ! tru? 9 !  
autonomy ( ! s\l1 & began out ( !       

ab/ract phantasmagoria ( mona*ism &     
*ivalry to develope ,*ri/ianity1 z !    
pr9ciple ( humanit>ian education1 into  
concrete actuality4 ,! cities 7 n m]ely1
 9 comp>ison ) ! cl]gy & ! nobility1 !  
?ird e/ate2 b ! citiz5 :o himself manag$
 8 commonweal?1 & def5d$ its int]e/s )  
arms1 develop$ into ! citiz5 ( a /ate   
:i* absorb$ ! cl]gy & nobility1 & !     
/ate-citiz5 f\nd 8 ultimate ideal 9 pure
 ,humanity z cogniz$ ?r\gh reason4      
#bdi4 ,! phases ( ?is developm5t are    
7#a7 ,civil education z su*1 9 :i* we   
f9d *ivalric education metamorphos$ into
 ! s-call$ noble1 bo? h[ev] be+         
controll$ z to education1 )9 ,ca?olicism
 by ,jesuitism1 )9 ,prote/antism by     
,pietism4 7#b7 ,aga9/ ?is t5d5cy to !   
*ur*1 we f9d react+ on ! "o h& !        
devotion to a /udy ( antiquity1 & on !  
o!r ! fri5dly alliance to imm$iate      
actuality1 i4e4 ) ,nature4 ,we c "n ^!  
p]iods ( ,p$agogics ^? ( its ideals (   
culture4 7#c7 ,b ! tru? ( all culture   
mu/ =ev] rema9 moral fre$om4 ,aft]      

,education _h arriv$ at a k ( ! mean+ ( 
,idealism & ,realism1 x mu/ seize z its 
absolute aim ! moral emancipation ( man 
into ,humanity2 & x mu/ con=m its       
culture by ?is aim1 s9ce te*nical       
dext]ity1 fri5dly adroitness1 pr(ici5cy 
9 ! arts1 & sci5tific insight1 c atta9  
to _! prop] rank only ?r\gh moral       
purity4   #a4 ,civil ,education z su*4  
#bej4 ,! "o-sid$ness ( monki% & *ivalric
 education 0 cancell$ by civil education
 inasmu* z x de/roy$ ! celibacy ( ! monk
 & ! e/rangem5t ( ! knight f 8 family1  
do+ ?is by means ( ! inn] life ( !      
family2 = x sub/itut$1 9 ! place ( !    
negative empt9ess ( ! duty ( hol9ess ( !
 celibate1 ! positive morality ( m>riage
 & ! family2 :ile1 in/ead ( ! ab/ract   
pov]ty & ! idl5ess ( ! monki% piety & ( 
knigh?ood1 x ass]t$ t prop]ty 0 ! object
 ( labor1 i4e4 x ass]t$ ! self-gov]n$   
morality ( civil society & ( comm]ce2 &1
 f9ally1 in/ead ( ! s]vitude ( !        
consci5ce 9 unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to !     
comm& ( o!rs1 & in/ead ( ! freaki%      

self-suffici5cy ( ! caprice ( ! knights1
 x dem&$ ob$i5ce to ! laws ( !          
commonweal? z repres5t+ 8 own           
self-consci\s1 actualiz$1 practical     
,reason1 9 :i* laws ! individual c      
recognize & ackn[l$ge himself4  --,z ?is
 civil education left free ! s5su\s     
enjoym5t1 fre$om 9 ?is 0 )\t b\nds = a  
"t1 until1 aft] m5 became accu/om$ to   
labor & to _! fre$om ( action1 !        
possibility ( enjoym5t creat$ f )9      
outw>d a mod]ation :i* sumptu>y laws &  
prohibitions ( gluttony1 drunk5ness1 c41
 c\ld nev] create f ! ext]nal side4 ,:at
 ! monk inconsi/5tly enjoy$ ) a bad     
consci5ce1 ! citiz5 & ! cl]gyman c\ld   
take possession ( z a gift ( ,god4 ,aft]
 ! fir/ mill5nium ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 !   
e>? _h n1 accord+ to ! curr5t           
prophecies1 be5 de/roy$1 & aft] ! great 
plague 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re 0 felt an
 imm5se pleasure 9 liv+1 :i* manife/$   
itself ext]nally 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9   
delicate w9es1 da9ty food1 great eat+ ( 
meat1 dr9k+ ( be]1 &1 9 ! doma9 ( dress1

 9 peak$ %oes1 plumes1 gold5 *a9s1      
bells1 c4 ,!re 0 mu* v5ison1 b1 z yet1  
no potatoes1 tea & c(fee1 c4 ,! feel+ ( 
m5 0 qu>relsome4 ,= a m exact pa9t+ ( ! 
,education ( ?is "t1 v valuable au?ors  
are ,seba/ian ,brant1 ,?4 ,murn]1 ,ulri*
 von ,hutt51 ,fis*>t1 & ,hans ,sa*s4    
,g]v9us is almo/ ! only "o :o has       
und]/ood h[ to make ?is mat]ial useful 9
 its relation to _s4--   #bea4 ,9       
contra/ ) ! heav5-seek+ ( ! monks & !   
s5tim5tal love-mak+ ( ! knight1 civil   
education e/abli%$1 z its pr9ciple1     
,usefulness1 :i* trac$ out 9 ?+s _!     
con=mity to a propos$ end 9 ord] to ga9 
z great a ma/]y ov] !m z possible4 ,!   
und]/&+ 0 tra9$ ) all exactness t x     
might cle>ly seize all ! circum/ances4  
,b s9ce family-life did n all[ ! egotism
 ( ! individual ev] to become z great z 
0 ! case ) ! monk & ! knight1 & s9ce !  
*e] ( a s5su\s enjoym5t 9 cell> & kit*51
 9 clo?+ & furniture1 9 common games & 9
 picturesque p>ades1 p5etrat$ ! :ole be+
 ) s(t pleasure1 !re 0 develop$ ) all   

propriety & sobriety a h\se-morality1 &1
 ) all ! prose ( labor1 a w>m & k9dly   
disposition1 :i* left room = innoc5t    
m]rim5t & rogu]y1 & f\nd1 9 con=mity to 
religi\s s]vices1 its s]i\s             
transfiguration4 ,beautiful burgh]-/ate1
 ?\ wa/ weak5$ by ! ?irty ye>s' w>1 &   
ha/ be5 only accid5tally pres]v$        
sporadically 9 ,old ,engl& & 9 "s places
 9 ,g]many1 only to be at la/ swept away
 by ! flood ( mod]n _w-pa91 political   
sophi/ry1 & anxiety = ! future6   #beb4 
,! citiz5 paid special att5tion to      
public education1 h]et(ore :olly dep5d5t
 ^u ! *ur* & ! cloi/]2 he organiz$ city 
s*ools1 ^: tea*]s1 x is true1 = a long  
"t compass$ only accid5tal culture1 & 7 
(t5 employ$ only = tumultu\s & %ort     
t]ms4 ,! society ( ! bro!rhood ( !      
,hi]onymites introduc$ a bett] sy/em (  
in/ruction be=e ! close ( ! f\rte5?     
c5tury1 b education _h (t5 to be obta9$ 
f ! s-call$ travell+ s*ol>s 7vagantes1  
bac*antes1 s*ola/ici1 goli>di74 ,!      
tea*]s ( ! s-call$ s*ol ext]iores1 9    

di/9ction f ! s*ools ( ! ca!dral &      
cloi/]1 7 call$ n[ locati1 !n           
/ampuales--9 ,g]man1 ,k9d]-,mei/]4 ,!   
in/itution ( ,g]man s*ools soon foll[$ !
 ,lat9 city s*ools4 ,9 ord] to remove ! 
an>*y 9 s*ool matt]s1 ! citiz5s aid$ !  
rise ( univ]sities by donations &       
well-inve/$ funds1 & su/a9$ ! /reet-s++ 
( ! city s*ol>s 7curr5de71 an in/itution
 :i* 0 well-meant1 b :i* (t5 fail$ ( its
 end because on ! "o h& x 0 (t5 misus$ z
 a m]e means ( subsi/5ce1 & on ! o!r h& 
! s5se ( honor ( ^? to :om x 0 devot$ n 
unfrequ5tly became1 ?r\gh _! mann] (    
liv+1 l[]$ to humiliation4 ,! defect ( !
 monki% me?od ( in/ruction became ev] m 
app>5t1 e4g4 ! silly tricks ( _!        
mnemote*nique1 ! utt] lack ( any?+ :i*  
des]v$ ! "n ( any practical k1 c4 ,!    
necessity ( in/ruction 9 ! use ( arms l$
 to democratic =ms4 ,pr9t+ favor$ !     
same4 ,m5 began to conc]n !mselves ab\t 
good text-books4 ,melan*?on 0 ! h]o ( ! 
,prote/ant _w1 & z a patt]n 0 beyond 8  
"t4 ,8 ,dialectics1 ,rhetoric1 ,physics1

 & ,e?ics1 7 repr9t$ innum]able times1  
comm5t$ ^u1 & imitat$4 ,aft] him ,amos  
,com5ius1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h !     
greate/ influ5ce ?r\gh 8 ,didactica     
,magna & 8 ,janua ,res]ta4 ,9 a n>r[]   
sph]e1 treat+ ( ! f\ndation ( ,gymnasial
 ,philology1 ! mo/ noticeable is ,/urm (
 ,/rasburg4 ,! univ]sities 9 ,ca?olic   
c\ntries limit$ !mselves to ! ,s*ola/ic 
,philosophy & ,!ology1 toge!r ) :i* we  
f9d sl[ly /ruggl+ up ! ,roman ,law & !  
sy/em ( ,m$ic9e f ,bologna & ,sal]no4 ,b
 ,prote/antism fir/ rais$ ! univ]sity to
 any real univ]sality4 ,tb+51 ,knigsb]g1
 ,witt5b]g1 ,j5a1 ,leipzic1 ,halle1     
,gtt+51 c41 7 ! fir/ s*ools = ! /udy (  
all sci5ces1 & = _! free & productive   
pursuit4   #bec4 ,! ,commons1 :i* at    
fir/ appe>$ ) ! cl]gy & ! nobility z !  
,?ird ,e/ate1 =m$ an alliance ) mon>*y1 
& bo? toge!r produc$ a trans=mation ( ! 
*ivalric education4 ,absolutism r$uc$ ! 
knights to m]e nobles1 to :om x truly   
conc$$ ! pr]ogative ( appo9tm5t z       
spiritual prelates z well z (fic]s &    

c\nsellors ( /ate1 b only on ! condition
 ( ! mo/ complete submission2 & !n1 to  
satisfy !m1 x inv5t$ ! artificial dr9k+ 
fe/ivals1 ( a spl5did life at c\rt1 & a 
tempt+ly-impressive sov]eignty ( beauty4
 ,9 ?is condition1 ! education ( !      
nobles 0 ess5tially *ang$ 9 s f> z to   
cease to be alone milit>y4 ,to ! art (  
w>1 :i* moreov] 0 made s v mu* mild] by 
! inv5tion ( fire-arms1 mu/ be n[ add$  
an activity ( ! m9d :i* c\ld no long]   
disp5se ) "s k ( ,hi/ory1 ,h]aldry1     
,g5ealogy1 ,lit]ature1 & ,my?ology4     
,s9ce ! ,fr5* nation soon en\gh gave    
tone to ! /yle ( conv]sation1 & aft] !  
"t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 controll$ ! politics (
 ! cont95t1 ! ,fr5* language1 z         
conv5tional & diplomatic1 became a      
con/ant elem5t 9 ! education ( !        
nobility 9 all ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4
  --,practically ! education ( ! noble  
endeavor$ to make ! individual q        
indep5d5t1 s t he %\ld1 by means ( !    
important quality ( an advantage\s      
p]sonal appe>ance & ! prud5ce ( 8       

agreeable behavior1 make himself into a 
rul] ( all o!r m51 capable ( enjoy+ 8   
own position1 i4e4 he %\ld copy 9       
m9iature ! mann]s ( an absolute         
sov]eign4 ,to ?is 0 add$ an empirical k 
( m5 by means ( e?ical maxims1 s t !y   
might discov] ! weak side ( e man1 & s  
be able to outwit him4 ,mundus vult     
decipi1 ergo decipiatur4 ,accord+ to    
?is1 e man _h 8 price4 ,!y did n believe
 9 ! ,nemesis ( a div9e de/9y2 on !     
contr>y1 disbelief 9 ! high] ju/ice 0   
taught4 ,"o mu/ be s ela/ic z to suit   
himself to all situations1 &1 z a       
c>icature ( ! anci5t at>axy1 he mu/     
acquire z a second nature a mann]       
p]fectly indiff]5t to all *anges1 !     
impassibility ( an ari/ocratic repose1 !
 amphibi\s sang-froid ( ! g5tleman4 ,!  
man 9 ! _w z ! man ( ! _w s\ght 8 ideal 
9 endless dissimulation1 & 9 ?is1 z !   
fl[]+ ( 8 culture1 he took ! highe/     
int]e/4 ,intrigue1 9 love z well z 9    
politics1 0 ! s\l ( ! nobleman's        
exi/5ce4--  --,!y endeavor$ to complete 

! ref9em5t ( mann]s by s5d+ ! "y man    
away ) a travell+ tutor4 ,?is 0 v good1 
b deg5]at$ at la/ into ! me*anism ( !   
fooli% travell+ ( ! t\ri/4 ,! noble 0   
made a =eign]1 a /rang] to 8 own c\ntry1
 by means ( 8 abode at ,p>is or ,v5ice1 
:ile ! citiz5 gradually out/ripp$ him 9 
g5u9e culture4--   #bed4 ,! education ( 
! citiz5 z well z t ( ! noble 0 tak5    
possession (1 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries by !  
,jesuits1 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries by !    
,pieti/s3 by ! fir/1 ) a milit>y        
/rictness2 by ! second1 9 a social &    
effem9ate =m4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 agre$ 9      
de/roy+ individuality1 inasmu* z ! "o   
degrad$ man into a w-less ma*9e =       
execut+ ! comm&s ( o!rs1 & ! o!r dead5$ 
him 9 cultivat+ ! feel+ ( 8 s9ful       
wor?lessness4   7a7 ,jesuitic           
,education4   #bee4 ,jesuitism comb9$ ! 
maximum ( worldly fre$om ) an appe>ance 
( ! greate/ piety4 ,proce$+ f ?is       
/&-po9t1 x devot$ itself 9 education to 
elegance & %[y k1 to diplomacy & :at 0  
suitable & conv5i5t 9 morals4 ,to br+ ! 

future m into its p[]1 x adapt$ itself n
 only to y\? 9 g5]al1 b especially to ! 
y\? ( ! nobl] classes4 ,to please ^!1 ! 
,jesuits laid great /ress ^u a f9e      
deportm5t4 ,9 _! colleges danc+ & f5c+ 7
 well-taught4 ,!y knew h[ well !y %\ld  
by ?is c\rse cont5t ! noble1 :o _h by   
pref]5ce usurp$ ! "n ( ,education = ?is 
te*nical way ( giv+ =mal expression to  
p]sonality4  --,9 in/ruction !y develop$
 s exact a me*anism t !y ga9$ !         
reputation ( hav+ model s*ool           
regulations1 & ev5 ,prote/ants s5t _!   
*ildr5 to !m4 ,f ! close ( ! sixte5?    
c5tury to ! pres5t "t !y h bas$ _! tea*+
 ^u ! ratio et in/itutio ,/udiorum      
,societatis ,jesu ( ,claudius ,aquaviva1
 &1 foll[+ t1 !y di/+ui% two c\rses (   
tea*+1 a high] & a l[]4 ,! l[] includ$  
no?+ b an ext]nal k ( ! ,lat9 language1 
& "s =tuit\s k ( ,hi/ory1 (             
,antiquities1 & ( ,my?ology4 ,! memory 0
 cultivat$ z a means ( keep+ d[n free   
activity ( ?\ght & cle>ness ( judgm5t4  
,! high] c\rse compreh5d$ ,dialectics1  

,rhetoric1 ,physics1 & ,morals4         
,dialectics appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,sophi/ry4  
,9 ,rhetoric1 !y favor$ !               
polemical-emphatic /yle ( ! ,african    
fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & _! pomp\s phraseology2
 9 ,physics1 !y /opp$ ) ,ari/otle1 &    
especially advis$ ! read+ ( ! books ,de 
,g5]atione et ,corruptione1 & ,de       
,coelo1 on :i* !y comm5t$ aft] _!       
fa%ion2 f9ally1 9 ,morals casui/ic      
skepticism 0 _! c5tral po9t4 ,!y made   
mu* ( ,rhetoric on acc\nt ( _! s]mons1  
giv+ to x mu* att5tion1 & introduc$     
especially ,declamation4 ,contriv+ %[y  
public exam9ations "u ! guise ( ,lat9   
,s*ool ,com$ies1 !y ?us amus$ ! public1 
dispos$ !m to approval1 & at ! same "t q
 innoc5tly practis$ ! pupil 9           
dissimulation4--  --,diplomacy 9        
behavior 0 made necess>y to ! ,jesuits z
 well by _! /rict milit>y discipl9e z by
 _! sy/em ( reciprocal mi/ru/1          
espionage1 & in=m+4 ,ab/ract ob$i5ce 0 a
 reason = any act ( ! pupils1 & !y 7    
fre$ f all responsibility z to its moral

 ju/ification4 ,?is empirical exact     
foll[+ out ( all comm&s1 & refra9+ f any
 criticism z to pr9ciples1 creat$ a     
moral indiff]5ce1 &1 f ! necessity (    
hav+ consid]ation = ! peculi>ities &    
caprices ( ! sup]ior on :om all o!rs 7  
dep5d5t1 arose eye-s]vice1 & ! coldness 
( isolation sprang f ! necessity :i* ea*
 felt ( be+ on 8 gu>d aga9/ e o!r z     
aga9/ a tale-be>]4 ,! mo/ delib]ate     
hypocrisy & pleasure 9 intrigue m]ely = 
! sake ( intrigue--?is mo/ ref9$ poison 
( moral corruption--7 ! result4         
,jesuitism _h n only an int]e/ 9 !      
mat]ial pr(it1 :i*1 :5 x _h corrupt$    
s\ls1 fell to its %>e1 b x also _h an   
int]e/ 9 ! process ( corruption4 ,)     
absolute indiff]5ce z to ! idea (       
morality1 & absolute indiff]5ce z to !  
moral quality ( ! means us$ to atta9 its
 end1 x rejoic$ 9 ! sup]iority (        
secrecy1 ( ! accompli%$ & calculat+     
und]/&+1 & 9 deceiv+ ! cr$ul\s by means 
( its graceful1 seem+ly-p]fect1 moral   
language4--  --,x is n necess>y to speak

 "h ( ! morality ( ! ,ord]4 ,x is       
suffici5tly recogniz$ z ! contradiction1
 t ! idea ( morality insi/s ^u ! et]nal 
necessity ( e de$1 b t 9 ! realiz+ ( !  
action all det]m9ations %\ld be made    
relative & %\ld v>y ) ! circum/ances4 ,z
 to discipl9e1 !y 7 always guid$ by _!  
fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t body & s\l1 z 9 &
 = !mselves "o1 c\ld vic>i\sly suff] =  
ea* o!r4 ,?us p5it5ce & contrition 7    
trans=m$ into a p]fect mat]ialism (     
outw>d actions1 & h5ce arose ! puni%m5ts
 ( ! ,ord]1 9 :i* fa/+1 sc\rg+1         
imprisonm5t1 mortification1 & dea?1 7   
=m$ into a me*anical artificial sy/em4--
   7b7 ,pieti/ic ,education4   #bef4    
,jesuitism w\ld make ma*9es ( man1      
,pietism w\ld dissolve him 9 ! feel+ ( 8
 s9fulness3 ei!r w\ld de/roy 8          
individuality4 ,pietism proce$$ f !     
pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 z1 9 ! place (
 ! ,ca?olic ,pelagianism ) its          
sanctification by works1 x (f]$         
ju/ication by fai? alone4 ,9 its t5d5cy 
to int]nality 0 its j claim4 ,x w\ld h  

ev5 ! lett]s ( ! ,bible translat$ into !
 vivacity ( s5tim5t4 ,b 9 its execution 
x fell into ! error ( "o-sid$ness 9 t x 
plac$1 in/ead ( ! actuality ( ! _s & its
 fre$om1 ! confusion ( a limit$         
p]sonality1 plac+ 9 its /ead !          
p]sonality ( ,*ri/ 9 an ext]nal mann]1 &
 ?us br\ght back into ! v mid/ (        
,prote/antism ! pr9ciple ( mona*ism--an 
ab/ract r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,s9ce       
,prote/antism has de/roy$ ! idea ( !    
cloi/]1 x c\ld produce e/rangem5t f ! _w
 only by excit+ public op9ion aga9/ su* 
elem5ts ( society & culture :i* x       
/igmatiz$ z worldly = its memb]s1 e4g4  
c>d-play+1 danc+1 ! !atre1 c4 ,?us x    
became negatively dep5d5t ^u works2 =   
s9ce its foll[]s rema9$ 9 reciprocal    
action ) ! _w1 s t ! temptation to      
backslid+ 0 a p]man5t "o1 x mu/ wat* ov]
 !m1 ex]cise an indisp5sable            
moral-police control ov] !m1 & ?us1 by !
 suspicion ( ea* o!r :i* 0 involv$1 take
 up into itself ! ,jesuitical practice1 
al?\gh 9 a v mild & affectionate way4   

,in/ead ( ! =bidd5 secrecy ( ! cloi/]1 x
 organiz$ a sep>ate company1 :i* we1 9  
its regul>ly con/itut$ assembly1 call a 
conv5ticle4 ,in/ead ( ! c[l1 x put on   
its y\? a dress l t ( ! _w1 b scant &   
a%5-color$2 x sub/itut$ = ! tonsure     
closely-cut hair & %av5 be>d1 & x (t5   
w5t beyond ! ob$i5ce ( ! monks 9 its    
expression ( p9+ humility & prudi%      
composure4 ,education )9 su* a circle   
c\ld n well recognize nature & hi/ory z 
manife/ations ( ,god1 b x mu/ consid] !m
 to be limitations to _! union ) ,god1 f
 :i* dea? c fir/ !n completely release  
!m4 ,! s\l :i* knew t its home c\ld be  
f\nd only 9 ! future _w1 mu/ feel itself
 to be a /rang] ^u ! e>?1 & f su* an    
op9ion !re mu/ arise an indiff]5ce & ev5
 a contempt = sci5ce & art1 z well z an 
av]sion = a life ( active labor1 ?\gh an
 unwill+ & =c$ tribute might be paid to 
x4 ,philosophy especially 0 to be %unn$ 
z dang]\s4 ,bible lectures1 ! cate*ism &
 ! hymn-book1 7 ! "o ?+ ne$ful to ! poor
 9 _s4 ,religi\s poetry & music 71 ( all

 ! arts1 ! only ones des]v+ ( any       
cultivation4 ,! education ( ,pietism    
endeavor$1 by means ( a c>efully arrang$
 s]ies ( repres5tations1 to create 9 its
 disciples ! feel+ ( _! absolute        
no?+ness1 vil5ess1 godlessness1 &       
ab&onm5t by ,god1 9 ord] to displace !  
torm5t ( despair z to !mselves & ! _w by
 a w>m1 dramatic1 & liv+ relation to    
,*ri/--a relation 9 :i* all ! ,eroticism
 ( ! my/ical passion ( ! begg+-fri>s 0  
r5ew$ 9 a some:at mild] =m & ) a /rong  
t5d5cy to a s5tim5tal sweeti%ness4   #b4
 ,! ,ideal ( ,culture4   #beg4 ,civil   
,education arose f ! recognition (      
m>riage & ! family1 ( labor & enjoym5t1 
( ! equality ( all be=e ! ,law1 & ( !   
duty ( self-det]m9ation4 ,jesuitism 9 ! 
,ca?olic _w & ,pietism 9 ! ,prote/ant 7 
! reaction aga9/ ?is recognition--a     
return into ! ab/ract asceticism ( !    
middle ages1 n h[ev] 9 its purity1 b    
mix$ ) "s reg>d = worldly possessions4  
,9 opposition to ?is reaction !         
commonweal? produc$ ano!r1 9 :i* x      

und]took to deliv] individuality by     
means ( a rev]s$ ali5ation4 ,on ! "o h&1
 x absorb$ itself 9 ! conception ( !    
,greek-,roman _w4 ,9 ! practical int]e/s
 ( ! pres5t1 x ext]naliz$ man 9 a pa/   
:i* held to ! pres5t no imm$iate        
relation1 or x ext]naliz$ him 9 !       
affairs :i* 7 to s]ve him z means ( 8   
com=t & enjoym5t2 x creat$ an ab/ract   
idealism--a reproduction ( ! old view ( 
! _w--or an ab/ract ,realism 9 a high   
appreciation ( ?+s :i* %\ld be consid]$ 
( value only z a means4 ,9 "o direction1
 ,individuality proce$$ t[>ds a dead    
nationality2 9 ! o!r1 t[>ds an unlimit$ 
_w-commonweal?4 ,9 "o case1 ! ideal 0 ! 
/hetic republicanism ( ! ,greeks2 9 !   
o!r1 ! utilit>ian cosmopolitanism ( !   
,romans4 ,b1 9 consid]+ ! giv5          
circum/ances1 bo? unit$ 9 ! feel+ (     
humanity1 ) its reconciliatory & pity+  
g5tl5ess t[>d ! begg> or ! crim9al4     
7a7 ,! ,humanit>ian ,ideal4   #beh4 ,!  
,ori5tal-!ocratic education is imman5t 9
 ,*ri/ian education ?r\gh ! ,bible4     

,?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,greek & ,roman   
*ur*es ! views ( ! anci5t _w 7 subsum$ b
 n entirely subdu$4 ,to accompli% ?is 0 
! problem ( humanit>ian education4 ,x   
aim$ to tea* ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages1
 expect+ ?us to secure ! action ( a     
purely humane disposition4 ,! ,greeks & 
,romans be+ %>ply m>k$ nationalities1 h[
 c\ld "o *]i% su* expectations8 ,x 0    
possible only relatively 9              
contradiction1 p>tly to a prov9cial     
population f :om all g5u9e political    
s5se _h dep>t$1 p>tly to a *ur* limit$  
by a confessional1 to :i* ! idea (      
humanity z su* _h become almo/ lo/ 9    
dogmatic fault-f9d+s4 ,! _s 0 refre%$ 9 
! fir/ by ! contemplation ( ! pure      
patriotism ( ! anci5ts1 & 9 ! second by 
! discov]y ( ,reason among ! hea!n4 ,9  
contra/ to =mlessness di/ract$ by ! want
 ( all ideal ( culture ( prov9cialism & 
dogmatic confusions1 we f9d ! p[] (     
repres5tation ( anci5t art4 ,! s-call$  
uselessness ( le>n+ dead languages      
imp>t$ to ! m9d1 x knew n h[1 an ideal  

drift4 ,! v fact t x c\ld n f9d imm$iate
 pr(it 9 its k gave x ! consci\sness ( a
 high] value ?an mat]ial pr(it4 ,! ideal
 ( ! ,humanities 0 ! tru? to ,nature :i*
 0 f\nd 9 ! ?\ght-pa9t]s ( ! anci5t _w4 
,! /udy ( language m]ely ) reg>d to its 
=m1 mu/ lead "o involunt>ily to ! actual
 seiz+ ( its cont5t4 ,! ,lat9 s*ools 7  
fa%ion$ into ,gymnasia1 & ! univ]sities 
conta9$ n m]ely pr(essors ( ,eloqu5ce1 b
 also tea*]s ( ,philology4   7b7 ,!     
,philan?ropic ,ideal4   #bei4 ,!        
humanit>ian t5d5cy rea*$ its extreme 9 !
 ab/ract =gett+ ( ! pres5t1 & ! omitt+  
to notice its j claim4 ,man discov]$ at 
la/ t he 0 n at home ) himself 9 ,rome &
 ,a!ns4 ,he spoke & wrote ,lat91 if n l 
,cic]o1 at lea/ l ,muretius1 b he (t5   
f\nd himself awkw>d 9 express+ 8 mean+ 9
 8 "m-tongue4 ,he 0 (t5 v le>n$1 b he   
lack$ judgm5t4 ,he 0 fill$ ) en?usiasm =
 ! republicanism ( ,greece & ,rome1 &   
yet at ! same "t 0 himself exce$+ly     
s]vile to 8 excell5t & augu/ lords4     
,aga9/ ?is gradual dead5+ ( active      

individuality1 ! result ( a p]v]t$ /udy 
( ! classics1 we f9d n[ react+ !        
education ( enlight5m5t1 :i* we g5]ally 
call ! philan?ropic4 ,x s\ght to make m5
 fri5dly to ! imm$iate c\rse ( ! _w4 ,x 
plac$ ov] aga9/ ! le>n+ ( ! anci5t      
languages = _! own sake1 ! acquisition (
 ! m ne$ful bran*es ( ,ma!matics1       
,physics1 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 & ! mod]n
 languages1 call+ ^! ! real /udies4     
,nev]!less x (t5 reta9$ ! in/ruction 9 !
 ,lat9 language because ! ,romance      
languages h sprung f x1 & because1 ?r\gh
 its long dom9ation1 ! univ]sal         
t]m9ology ( ,sci5ce1 ,art1 & ,law1 is   
root$ 9 x4 ,philan?ropy desir$ to       
develope ! social side ( its disciple   
?r\gh an ab/ract ( practical k & p]sonal
 accompli%m5ts1 & to lead him aga91 9   
opposition to ! h]mit-l s$5t>y life ( ! 
book-p$ant1 out into ! fields & ! woods4
 ,x desir$ to imitate life ev5 9 its    
me?od1 & to in/ruct pleasantly 9 ! way (
 play or by dialogue4 ,x w\ld add to !  
simple lett]s & names ! contemplation ( 

! object itself1 or at lea/ ( its       
repres5tation by pictures2 & 9 ?is      
direction1 9 ! conv]sation-lit]ature :i*
 x prep>$ = *ildr51 x sometimes fell    
into *ildi%ness4 ,x p]=m$ a great s]vice
 :5 x gave to ! body its due1 &         
introduc$ simple1 natural dress1 ba?+1  
gymna/ics1 p$e/rian excursions1 & a     
h>d5+ aga9/ ! influ5ces ( w9d & wea!r4  
,z ?is ,p$agogics1 s fri5dly to *ildr51 
deem$ t x c\ld n soon en\gh beg9 to     
honor !m z citiz5s ( ! _w1 x 0 guilty 9 
g5]al ( ! error ( presuppos+ z already  
f9i%$ 9 its *ildr5 mu* t x itself %\ld h
 gradually develop$2 & z x wi%$ to      
educate ! ,european z su*1 or r man z   
su*1 x came into an indiff]5ce conc]n+ !
 concrete di/9ctions ( nationality &    
religion4 ,x co9cid$ ) ! philologi/s 9  
plac+1 9 a conceal$ way1 ,socrates above
 ,*ri/1 because he _h work$ no miracles1
 & taught only morality4 ,9 su* a dead  
cosmopolitanism1 individuality disappe>$
 9 ! indet]m9at5ess ( a g5]al humanity1 
& saw itself =c$ to agree ) ! humani/ic 

education 9 proclaim+ ! tru? ( ,nature z
 ! p$agogical ideal1 ) ! di/9ction1 t   
:ile ,humanism believ$ ?is ideal realiz$
 9 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,philan?ropism  
f\nd itself compell$ to presuppose an   
ab/ract notion1 & (t5 manife/$ a n      
unju/ifiable pleasure 9 recogniz+ 9 !   
,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or (          
,otaheite1 ! g5u9e man ( nature4        
,philosophy fir/ rais$ ^! conceptions to
 ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 :i* fa%ion$ !        
cognition ( ,reason & ( ! re=m :i*      
foll[s f its idea1 into an organic      
elem5t 9 itself4  --,! c\rse :i* !      
develop+ ( ! philan?ropic ideal has tak5
 is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,r\sseau 9 8 writ+s1 
,emile & ! ,n\velle ,heloise1 fir/      
prea*$ ! evangel ( ,natural ,education1 
! ab/raction f ,hi/ory1 ! negation (    
exi/+ culture1 & ! return to !          
simplicity & innoc5ce ( nature4 ,al?\gh 
he (t5 himself te/ifi$ 9 8 exp]i5ce 8   
own pron5ess to evil 9 a v disc\rag+    
way1 he fix$ z an almo/ unlimit$ axiom 9
 ,fr5* & ,g]man ,p$agogics 8 pr9cipal   

maxim1 t man is by nature good4 7#b7 ,! 
re=matory ideas ( ,r\sseau met ) only a 
v infrequ5t & sporadic introduction     
among ! ,romanic nations1 because among 
!m education 0 too dep5d5t on ! *ur*1 & 
reta9$ its cloi/]-l seclusion 9         
sem9>ies1 colleges1 c4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! 
contr>y1 x 0 actualiz$1 & !             
,philan?ropia1 e/abli%$ by ,bas$[ 9     
,dessau1 ,brunswick1 & ,s*nepf5?al1 made
 exp]im5ts1 :i* nev]!less v soon dep>t$ 
some:at f ! ultraism ( ,bas$[ & _h v    
excell5t results4 7#c7 ,humanity exi/$ 9
 concreto only 9 ! =m ( nations4 ,!     
,fr5* nation1 9 _! revolution1 tri$ !   
exp]im5t ( ab/ract+ f _! hi/ory1 (      
levell+ all di/9ctions ( culture1 (     
en?ron+ a despotism ( ,reason1 & (      
organiz+ itself z humanity1 pure &      
simple4 ,! ev5t %[$ ! impossibility (   
su* a beg9n+4 ,! national en]gy1 !      
hi/orical impulse1 ! love ( art &       
sci5ce1 came =? f ! mid/ ( !            
revolution>y ab/raction1 :i* 0 oppos$ to
 !m1 only ! m vigor\sly4 ,! gr&e nation1

 _! gr&e arme1 & gloire--t is to say1 = 
,france--absorb$ all ! humanit>ian      
phases4 ,9 ,g]many ! philan?ropic circle
 ( education 0 limit$ to ! high] ranks4 
,!re 0 no exclusiv5ess 9 !              
,philan?ropia1 = !re nobles & citiz5s1  
,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ,russians &    
,swiss1 7 m+l$2 b ^! 7 always ! *ildr5 (
 weal?y families1 & to ^! ! plan (      
education 0 adapt$4 ,!n appe>$          
,pe/alozzi & direct$ education also to !
 l[] classes ( society--^? :i* are      
call$1 n )\t some?+ approa*+ to a       
d]ogatory mean+1 ! p4 ,f ?is "t dates   
popul> education1 ! ef=t = !            
intellectual & moral elevation ( !      
hi!rto neglect$ atomi/ic human be+ ( !  
non-prop]ty-hold+ multitude4 ,!re %all 9
 future be no dirty1 hungry1 ignorant1  
awkw>d1 ?ankless1 & w-less mass1 devot$ 
alone to an animal exi/5ce4 ,we c nev]  
rid ourselves ( ! l[] classes by hav+ ! 
weal?y give some?+1 or ev5 _! all1 to ! 
poor1 s z to h no prop]ty !mselves2 b we
 c rid ourselves ( x 9 ! s5se t !       

possibility ( culture & indep5d5t       
self-support %all be op5 to e "o1       
because he is a human be+ & a citiz5 ( !
 commonweal?4 ,ignorance & rud5ess & !  
vice :i* spr+s f !m1 & ! malevol5t frame
 ( m9d aga9/ ! human race1 :i* are b\nd 
up ) crime--^! %all disappe>4 ,education
 %all tra9 man to self-consci\s ob$i5ce 
to law1 z well z to k9dly feel+ t[>ds ! 
err+1 & to an ef=t n m]ely = _! removal 
b = _! improvem5t4 ,b ! m ,pe/alozzi    
endeavor$ to realize 8 ideal ( human    
dignity1 ! m he compreh5d$ t ! isolat$  
p[] ( a private man c\ld n atta9 x1 b t 
! nation itself mu/ make _! own         
education _! fir/ bus9ess4 ,fi*te by 8  
lectures fir/ made ! ,g]man nation fully
 accept ^! ?\ghts1 & ,prussia 0 ! fir/  
/ate :i*1 by h] public s*ools & h]      
consci\s prep>ation = def5ce1 broke !   
pa? = ,national ,education2 :ile among !
 ,romanic nations1 9 spite ( _! m       
elaborate political =malism1 x /ill     
dep5ds p>tly ^u ! *ur* & p>tly ^u !     
accid5t ( private ent]prise4 ,pe/alozzi 

also laid a f\ndation = a national      
p$agogical lit]ature by 8 /ory ( ,leon>d
 & ,g]trude4 ,?is book appe>$ at fir/ 9 
#aghd1 i4e4 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,s*ill]'s
 ,robb]s & ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure    
,reason ann\nc$ a new phase 9 ! ,drama &
 9 ,philosophy4--  --,! inc>nation (    
,god1 :i* 01 up to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 
an esot]ic my/]y ( ! ,*ur*1 has s9ce !n 
become cont9ually m & m an exot]ic      
problem ( ! ,/ate4--   #c4 ,free        
,education4   #bfj4 ,! ideal ( culture (
 ! humanit>ian & ! philan?ropic         
education 0 tak5 up into ! conception ( 
an education :i* recognizes ! ,family1  
social ca/e1 ! ,nation1 & ,religion1 z  
positive elem5ts ( ! practical _s1 b :i*
 w "k ea* ( ^! z det]m9$ f )9 ?r\gh !   
idea ( humanity1 & laid op5 = reciprocal
 dialectic ) ! re/4 ,physical developm5t
 %all become ! subject ( a national     
sy/em ( gymna/ics fa%ion$ = use1 &      
includ+ 9 itself ! k ( ! use ( arms4    
,in/ruction %all1 9 respect to ! g5]al  
encyclopdic culture1 be ! same = all1 & 

p>allel to ?is %all run a sy/em (       
special s*ools to prep>e = ! special    
avocations ( life4 ,! me?od ( in/ruction
 %all be ! simple repres5tation ( !     
special idea ( ! subject1 & no long] !  
=mal bread? ( an acqua9tance ) _m       
subjects :i* may f9d outside ! s*ool its
 opportunity1 b )9 x has no mean+ except
 z ! hi/ory ( a sci5ce or an art4 ,moral
 culture mu/ be comb9$ ) family         
affection & ! k ( ! laws ( !            
commonweal?1 s t ! diss5sion betwe5     
individual morality & objective legality
 may ev] m & m disappe>4 ,education     
%all1 )\t e/rang+ ! individual f !      
int]nality ( ! family1 accu/om him m & m
 to public life1 because criticism ( ?is
 is ! only ?+ :i* c prev5t ! cynicism ( 
private life1 ! half-ness ( k & w1 & !  
_s ( ca/e1 :i* has s ext5sively         
prevail$4 ,! individual %all be educat$ 
into a self-consci\sness ( ! ess5tial   
equality & fre$om ( all m51 s t he %all 
recognize & ackn[l$ge himself 9 ea* "o &
 9 all4 ,b ?is ess5tial & solid unity ( 

all m5 %all n evaporate into !          
insipidity ( a humanity )\t di/9ctions1 
b in/ead x %all realize ! =m ( a        
det]m9ate individuality & nationality1 &
 %all enlight5 ! idiosyncrasy ( its     
nation into a broad humanity4 ,!        
unre/rict$ /riv+ aft] ,beauty1 ,tru?1 & 
,fre$om1 actually ?r\gh its own /r5g? & 
imm$iately1 n m]ely m$iately ?r\gh      
ecclesia/ical consecration1 w become    
,religion4  ,! ,education ( ! ,/ate mu/ 
rise to a prep>ation = ! unfett]$       
activity ( self-consci\s ,humanity4     
,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,education4    ,a     
,,p>aphrase ,,( ,,dr4 ,,k>l             
,,ros5kranz',s   ,,pa$agogik ,,als      
,,sy/em4    ,,by ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 
,,/4 ,,l\is3   ,g4 ,i4 ,,jones ,,&      
,,company4   #ahgh4     ,ent]$ accord+  
to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgh1 by  
,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1   ,9 ! (fice ( ! 
,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4     
,,preface4   ,! translation ( ,p$agogics
 z a ,sy/em 0 prep>$ & publi%$ five ye>s
 ago4 ,! wide dem& = x t has made itself

 kn[n s9ce t "t1 especially 9 normal    
s*ools1 has prov$ ! value ( su* works 9 
! doma9 ( education4 ,at ! same "t1 !   
difficulty ! /ud5ts h always f\nd 9 its 
use--a difficulty insep>able f any      
translation ( a ,g]man metaphysical     
treatise--has l$ u to ! conviction t a  
p>aphrase into a m easily und]/ood =m is
 a necessity1 if ! ?\ght ( ,ros5kranz is
 to be appropriat$ by ! v class :o are  
mo/ 9 ne$ ( x4 ,z 0 rem>k$ 9 ! preface  
to ! translation1 we h 9 ,engli% no o!r 
"w ( simil> size :i* conta9s s mu* t is 
valuable to ^? engag$ 9 ! "w (          
education4 ,x is no comp5dium ( rules or
 =mulas1 b r a sy/ematic1 logical       
treatm5t ( ! subject1 9 :i* ! att5tion  
is1 z x 71 conc5trat$ ^u ! :ole problem 
( education1 :ile t problem is all[$ to 
"w itself out be=e u4 ,to p>aphrase !   
text--or1 r1 to translate x f !         
metaphysical language 9 :i* x at pres5t 
appe>s into a language m easy (         
compreh5sion--)\t los+ ! real           
significance ( ! /atem5ts1 is ! task :i*

 is "h und]tak54 ,free illu/rations &   
sugge/ions h be5 int]wov5 to give po9t &
 application to ! ?\ghts & pr9ciples    
/at$4 ,?is translation1 or p>aphrase1   
foll[s ! p>agraphs ( ! orig9al & ( !    
fir/ translation4 ,! analysis ( ! :ole  
"w1 z x appe>$ 9 ! orig9al translation1 
is app5d$ at ! end ( ! ,introduction1 z 
a guide to ! /ud5t4     ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,(
 ,,education4   ,,introduction4   #a4 ,!
 sci5ce ( ,p$agogics may be call$ a     
second>y sci5ce1 inasmu* z x d]ives its 
pr9ciples f o!rs4 ,9 ?is respect x      
diff]s f ,ma!matics1 :i* is indep5d5t4  
,z x conc]ns ! developm5t ( ! human     
intellig5ce1 x mu/ wait ^u ,psy*ology = 
an und]/&+ ( t ^u :i* x is to op]ate1 &1
 z its means are to be sci5ces & arts1 x
 mu/ wait ^u !m = a k ( its mat]ials4 ,!
 sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e1 9 l mann]1 is dep5d5t
 on ! sci5ces ( ,biology1 ,*emi/ry1     
,physics1 etc4 ,moreov]1 z ,m$ic9e may h
 to deal ) a heal?y or unheal?y body1 & 
may h x = its prov9ce to pres]ve or     
re/ore heal?1 to assi/ a natural process

 7z 9 ! case ( a brok5 bone71 or to     
de/roy an unnatural "o 7z 9 ! case ( !  
removal ( a tumor71 ! same v>iety ( "w  
is impos$ ^u ,education4#a   #b4 ,s9ce !
 rules ( ,p$agogics mu/ be extremely    
flexible1 s t !y may be adapt$ to !     
great v>iety ( m9ds1 & s9ce an inf9ite  
v>iety ( circum/ances may arise 9 _!    
application1 we f9d1 z we %\ld expect1 9
 all educational lit]ature room = widely
 diff]+ op9ions & ! wilde/ !ories2 ^!   
num]\s !ories1 ea* ( :i* may h a /rong  
influ5ce = a season1 only to be ov]?r[n 
& replac$ by o!rs4#b ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$
 t educational lit]ature1 z su*1 is n ( 
a high ord]4 ,x has its cant l religi\s 
lit]ature4 ,_m ( its faults1 h[ev]1 are 
! result ( hone/ ef=t1 on ! "p ( tea*]s1
 to rem$y exi/+ defects1 & ! au?ors are1
 !re=e1 n h>%ly to be blam$4 ,x is also 
to be rememb]$ t ! habit ( giv+ repro( &
 advice is "o fa/5$ 9 !m by ! daily     
necessity ( _! pr(essional "w4#c   #c4  
,z ! position ( ! tea*] has ceas$ to be 
und]valu$1 !re has be5 an additional    

impetus giv5 to self-glorification on 8 
"p1 & ?is also--9 connection ) ! fact t 
s*ools are no long] isolat$ z ( old1 b  
subject to con/ant comp>ison &          
competition--leads to mu* c>eless !oriz+
 among its tea*]s1 especially 9 ! lit]>y
 field4   #d4 ,p$agogics1 because x     
deals ) ! human _s1 belongs1 9 a g5]al  
classification ( ! sci5ces1 to !        
philosophy ( _s1 & 9 ! philosophy ( _s x
 mu/ be classifi$ "u ! practical1 & n ! 
m]ely !oretical1 division4 ,= its       
problem is n m]ely to compreh5d ! nature
 ( t ) :i* x has to deal1 ! human       
_s--its problem is n m]ely to influ5ce  
"o m9d 7t ( ! pupil7 by ano!r 7t ( !    
tea*]7--b to influ5ce x 9 su* a way z to
 produce ! m5tal fre$om ( ! pupil4 ,!   
problem is1 !re=e1 n s mu* to obta9     
p]=m$ works z to excite m5tal activity4 
,a creative process is requir$4 ,! pupil
 is to be =c$ to g 9 c]ta9 beat5 tracks1
 & yet he is to be s =c$ to g 9 ^! t he 
%all g ( 8 own freewill4 ,all tea*+ :i* 
does n leave ! m9d ( ! pupil free is    

unwor?y ( ! "n4 ,x is true t ! tea*] mu/
 und]/& ! nature ( m9d1 z he is to deal 
) m9d1 b :5 he has done ?is he has /ill 
8 ma9 pr9ciple ( action unsolv$2 = ! "q 
is1 kn[+ ! nature ( ! m9d1 ,h[ %all he  
incite x to action1 already pr$et]m9$ 9 
8 own m9d1 )\t depriv+ ! m9d ( ! pupil (
 its own free action8 ,h[ %all he re/ra9
 & guide1 & yet n enslave8  ,if1 9      
classify+ all sci5ces1 z sugge/$ at !   
beg9n+ ( ?is section1 we %\ld subdivide 
! practical division ( ! ,philosophy (  
,_s1 :i* might be call$ ,e?ics1 "o c\ld 
f9d a place = ,p$agogics "u "s "o ( !   
grades ( ,e?ics4 ,! education :i* ! *ild
 receives ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( family life
 lies at ! basis ( all o!r tea*+1 & :at 
! *ild le>ns ( life1 its duties1 &      
possibilities1 9 its own home1 =ms !    
f\ndation = all aft]-"w4 ,on ! life ( ! 
family1 !n1 z a presupposition1 all     
sy/ems ( ,education mu/ be built4 ,9 o!r
 words1 ! s*ool mu/ n attempt to        
initiate ! *ild into ! k ( ! _w--x mu/ n
 assume ! c>e ( its fir/ tra9+2 t x mu/ 

leave to ! family4#d ,b ! sci5ce (      
,p$agogics does n1 z a sci5ce1 prop]ly  
conc]n itself ) ! family education1 or )
 t po9t ( ! *ild's life :i* is dom9at$  
by ! family influ5ce4 ,t is education1 9
 a c]ta9 s5se1 )\t d\bt1 b x does n     
prop]ly belong to a sci5ce ( ,p$agogics4
 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t   
?is sci5ce1 z "h exp\nd$1 presupposes a 
previ\s family life 9 ! human be+ ) :om 
x has to deal4   #e4 ,education z a     
sci5ce w pres5t ! necess>y & univ]sal   
pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$2 ,education z
 an art w consi/ 9 ! practical          
realization ( ^! 9 ! tea*]'s "w 9       
special places1 "u special circum/ances1
 & ) special pupils4 ,9 ! skillful      
application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce to 
! actual dem&s ( ! art lies !           
opportunity = ! educator to prove       
himself a creative arti/2 & x is 9 !    
difficulty involv$ 9 ?is practical "w t 
! int]e/ & *>m ( ! educator's "w        
consi/s4  ,! tea*] mu/ ?us adapt himself
 to ! pupil4 ,b1 9 do+ s1 he mu/ h a c>e

 t he d n c>ry ?is adaptation to su* a  
degree z to imply t ! pupil is n to     
*ange2 & he mu/ see to x1 also1 t !     
pupil %all always be work$ ^u by ! matt]
 :i* he is consid]+1 & n too mu* by !   
p]sonal influ5ce ( ! tea*] ?r\gh :om he 
receives x4#e   #f4 ,! utmo/ c>e is     
necess>y le/ exp]im5ts :i* h prov$      
successful 9 c]ta9 cases %\ld be        
g5]aliz$ into rules1 & a =mal1 dead     
cre$1 s to speak1 %\ld be adopt$4 ,all  
pr(essional exp]i5ces are valuable z    
mat]ial on :i* to base new conclusions &
 to make new plans1 b only = t use4     
,unless ! day's "w is1 e day1 a new     
creation1 a fatal error has be5 made4   
#g4 ,p$agogics z a sci5ce mu/ consid]   
,education--    7#a7 ,9 its g5]al idea2 
7#b7 ,9 its diff]5t phases2    7#c7 ,9 !
 special sy/ems aris+ f ?is g5]al idea1 
act+ "u special circum/ances at special 
times4#f   #h4 ,) reg>d to ! ,fir/ ,"p1 
we rem>k t by ,education1 9 its g5]al   
idea1 we d n mean any m]e hi/ory (      
,p$agogics1 nor c any hi/ory (          

,p$agogics be sub/itut$ = a sy/ematic   
exposition ( ! und]ly+ idea4   #i4 ,!   
second division consid]s ,education "u  
?ree heads--z physical1 intellectual1 & 
moral--& =ms1 g5]ally1 ! pr9cipal "p (  
all p$agogical treatises4  ,9 ?is "p    
lies ! greate/ difficulty z to exact    
limitation4 ,! ideas on ^! divisions are
 (t5 undef9$ & apt to be conf\nd$1 & !  
detail ( :i* !y are capable is almo/    
unlimit$1 = we might1 "u ?is head1 speak
 ( all k9ds ( special s*ools1 su* z ^? =
 w>1 art1 m9+1 etc4   #aj4 ,9 ! ,?ird   
,"p we consid] ! diff]5t realizations ( 
! "o g5]al idea ( ,p$agogics z x has    
develop$ itself "u diff]5t circum/ances 
& 9 diff]5t ages ( ! _w4  ,! g5]al idea 
is =c$ into diff]5t phases by ! v>y+    
physical1 intellectual1 & moral         
conditions ( m54 ,! result is ! diff]5t 
sy/ems1 z %[n 9 ! analysis4 ,! g5]al    
idea is "o4 ,! view ( ! end to be obta9$
 det]m9es 9 ea* case ! actualization (  
?is idea4 ,h5ce ! diff]5t sy/ems (      
,education are ea* det]m9$ by ! /&-po9t 

f :i* ! g5]al ideal is view$4 ,proce$+ 9
 ?is mann]1 x might be possible to      
con/ruct a hi/ory ( ,p$agogics1  priori1
 )\t ref]5ce to actual hi/ory1 s9ce all 
! possible sy/ems might be inf]r$ f !   
possible def9ite numb] ( po9ts ( view4  
,ea* l[] /&-po9t w lead to a high]1 b x 
w n be lo/ 9 x4 ,?us1 :]e ,education1 = 
! sake ( ! nation1#g m]ges into !       
,education bas$ on ,*ri/ianity1 ! =m is 
n !reby de/roy$1 b1 r1 9 ! transition   
fir/ atta9s its full realization4 ,!    
sy/ems ( ,education :i* 7 bas$ on ! idea
 ( ! nation _h1 9 ! fullness ( "t1      
outgr[n _! own limits1 & ne$$ a new =m 9
 ord] to conta9 _! own true idea4 ,!    
idea ( ! nation1 z ! highe/ pr9ciple1   
gives way = t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a new life
 came to ! old idea 9 :at at fir/ seem$ 
to be its de/ruction4 ,! idea ( ! nation
 0 born aga91 & n de/roy$1 9            
,*ri/ianity4   #aa4 ,! f9al sy/em1 s f>1
 is t ( ! pres5t "t1 :i* ?us is itself !
 fruit ( all ! pa/ sy/ems1 z well z !   
se$ ( all sy/ems t are to be4 ,! sci5ce 

( ,p$agogics1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! sy/em
 ( ! pres5t1 ?us aga9 f9ds embodi$ !    
g5]al idea ( education1 & ?us returns ^u
 itself to ! po9t f :5ce x set out4 ,9 !
 ,fir/ & ,second ,p>ts !re is already   
giv5 ! idea :i* dom9ates ! sy/em f\nd   
?us necess>ily exi/+ 9 ! pres5t4        
,,fir/ ,,"p4    ,its ,nature4      ,9   
its ,g5]al ,its ,=m4        ,idea4      
,its ,limits4            ,,second ,,"p4 
,physical4      ,9 its ,special         
,intellectual4        ,elem5ts4         
,moral4                                 
,family     ,*9a4                       
,passive4    ,ca/e      ,india4         
,monki%    ,?ibet4                      
,milit>y   ,p]sia4                      
,national4 ,active      ,prie/ly        
,egypt4                                 
,indu/rial ,pho5icia4                   
/hetic    ,greece4   ,e                 
,individual4 ,practical   ,rome4   ,d   
,ab/ract   ,nor!rn4   ,u                
,individual ,b>b>ians4   ,c             
,a               ,!ocratic4 4 4 4 4 4 4 

4 4 4 4 4  ,jews4   ,t                  
,i               ,monki%4   ,o  ,,?ird  
,,"p4     ,n  ,9 its                    
,p>ticul>         ,sy/ems4              
,*ivalric4                              
,humanit>ian4 ,= ,special  ,jesuitic4   
,call+s4   ,pieti/ic4                   
,!                                      
,humani/ic4                   ,= ,civil 
,to a*ieve                        ,life4
        an ,ideal ( ,!                  
,culture4    ,philan?ropic              
,movem5t4                               
,= ,free ,citiz5%ip4     ,,fir/ ,,"p4   
,! ,g5]al ,idea ( ,education4    #ab4 ,a
 full treatm5t ( ,p$agogics mu/         
di/+ui%--    7#a7 ,! nature (           
,education2    7#b7 ,! =m ( ,education2 
7#c7 ,! limits ( ,education4   ,i4--,!  
,nature ( ,education4   #ac4 ,! nature (
 ,education is det]m9$ by ! nature (    
m9d1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( :i* is t x c be   
develop$ only f )91 & by its own        
activity4 ,m9d is ess5tially free--i4e41
 x has ! capacity = fre$om--b x _c be   

said to possess fre$om till x has obta9$
 x by its own volunt>y ef=t4 ,till !n x 
_c be truly said to be free4 ,education 
consi/s 9 enabl+ a human be+ to take    
possession (1 & to develop himself by1 8
 own ef=ts1 & ! "w ( ! educator _c be   
said to be done 9 any s5se :]e ?is is n 
accompli%$4 ,9 g5]al1 we may say t ! "w 
( education consi/s 9 lead+ to a full   
developm5t ( all ! inh]5t p[]s ( ! m9d1 
& t its "w is done :51 9 ?is way1 ! m9d 
has atta9$ p]fect fre$om1 or ! /ate 9   
:i* alone x c be said to be truly       
itself4#h  ,! isolat$ human be+ c nev]  
become truly man4 ,if su* human be+s 7l 
! wild girl ( ! =e/ ( ,ard5nes7 h be5   
f\nd1 !y h only prov$ to u t reciprocal 
action ) our fell[ be+s is necess>y = ! 
developm5t ( our p[]s4 ,casp> ,haus]1 9 
8 subt]ranean prison1 w s]ve z an       
example ( :at man w\ld be )\t m54 ,"o   
might say t ?is fact is typifi$ by !    
fir/ cry ( ! newly-born *ild4 ,x is z if
 ! fir/ expression ( its seem+ly        
indep5d5t life 7 a cry = help f o!rs4   

,on ! side ( nature ! human be+ is at   
fir/ q helpless4   #ad4 ,man is1 !re=e1 
! only prop] object ( education4 ,x is  
true t we speak ( ! education ( plants &
 ( animals1 b we in/9ctively apply o!r  
t]ms :5 we d s1 = we say rais+ plants1 &
 tra9+ animals4 ,:5 we tra9 or break an 
animal1 x is true t we d1 by pa9 or     
pleasure1 lead him into an ex]cise ( a  
new activity4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is &
 ,education consi/s 9 ! fact t1 ?\gh he 
possess$ capacity1 yet by no am\nt (    
association ) 8 k9d w\ld he ev] h       
acquir$ ?is new developm5t4 ,x is z if  
we impress ^u 8 pla/ic nature ! impr9t (
 our l(ti] nature1 :i* impr9t he takes  
me*anically1 & does n himself recognize 
x z 8 own int]nal nature4 ,we tra9 him =
 our recognition1 n = 8 own4 ,b1 on !   
contr>y1 :5 we educate a human be+1 we  
only excite him to create = himself1 &  
out ( himself1 t = :i* he w\ld mo/      
e>ne/ly /rive _h he any appreciation ( x
 be=eh&1 & 9 proportion z he does       
appreciate x he recognizes x joyfully z 

a "p ( himself1 z 8 own inh]itance1 :i* 
he appropriates ) a k t x is 81 or1 r1  
is a "p ( 8 own nature4 ,he :o speaks ( 
rais+ human be+s uses language :i*      
belongs only to ! slave-deal]1 to :om   
human be+s are only cattle = labor1 & ^:
 prop]ty increases 9 value ) ! numb]4   
,are !re no s*ool-rooms :]e ,education  
has ceas$ to h any mean+1 & :]e physical
 pa9 is made to produce its only        
possible result--a me*anical1 ext]nal   
repetition8 ,! s*ool-rooms :]e !        
creative ^w--! only ?+ :i* c influ5ce ! 
m9d--has ceas$ to be us$ z ! means are  
only plantations1 :]e human be+s are    
degrad$ to ! position ( l[] animals4    
#ae4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ,education ( !    
human race1 we mean ! gradual gr[? ( !  
nations ( ! e>?1 z a :ole1 t[>ds !      
realization ( self-consci\s fre$om4     
,div9e ,provid5ce is ! tea*] "h4 ,!     
means by :i* ! developm5t is effect$ are
 ! v>i\s circum/ances & actions ( !     
diff]5t races ( m51 & ! pupils are !    
nations4 ,! unfold+ ( ?is great         

,education is g5]ally treat$ ( "u ! head
 ( ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4   #af4        
,education1 h[ev]1 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 
has to d ) ! %ap+ ( ! individual4 ,ea*  
"o ( u is to be educat$ by ! laws (     
physical nature--by ! relations into :i*
 we come ) ! national life1 9 its laws1 
cu/oms1 etc41 & by ! circum/ances :i*   
daily surr\nd u4 ,by ! =ce ( ^! we f9d  
our arbitr>y w hemm$ 91 modifi$1 & =c$  
to take new *annels & =ms4 ,we are too  
(t5 unm9dful ( ! p[] ) :i* ^! =ces are  
daily & h\rly educat+ u--i4e41 call+ out
 our possibilities into real exi/5ce4   
,if we set up our w 9 opposition to ei!r
 ( ^!2 if we act 9 opposition to ! laws 
( nature2 if we s]i\sly (f5d ! laws1 or 
ev5 ! cu/oms1 ( ! p among :om we live2  
or if we despise our individual lot1 we 
d s only to f9d ourselves cru%$ 9 !     
enc\nt]4 ,we only le>n ! impot5ce ( !   
individual aga9/ ^! mighty p[]s2 & t    
discov]y is1 ( itself1 a "p ( our       
education4 ,x is sometimes only by su*  
sev]e means t ,god is reveal$ to ! man  

:o p]si/5tly misund]/&s & defies ,8     
creation4 ,all suff]+ br\ght on         
ourselves by our own violation ( laws1  
:e!r natural1 e?ical1 or div9e1 mu/ be1 
h[ev]1 ?us recogniz$ z ! ri*e/ bless+4  
,we d n mean to say t x is nev] all[able
 = a man1 9 ob$i5ce to ! highe/ laws ( 8
 spiritual be+1 to break away f ! fett]s
 ( nature--to (f5d ! e?ical s5se ( 8 own
 p1 or to /ruggle aga9/ ! might ( de/9y4
 ,re=m]s & m>tyrs w\ld be examples (    
su*1 & our rem>ks above d n apply to !m1
 b to ! p]v]se1 ! frivol\s1 & !         
conceit$2 to ^? :o are seek+ 9 _!       
action1 n ! und\bt$ w ( ,god1 b _! own  
individual w or caprice4   #ag4 ,b we   
g5]ally use ! ^w ,education 9 a /ill    
n>r[] s5se ?an ei!r ( ^!1 = we mean by x
 ! work+ ( "o individual m9d ^u or )9   
ano!r 9 "s def9ite & prem$itat$ way1 s z
 to fit ! pupil = life g5]ally1 or = "s 
special pursuit4 ,= ?is end ! educator  
mu/ be relatively f9i%$ 9 8 own         
education1 & ! pupil mu/ possess        
confid5ce 9 him1 or docility4 ,he mu/ be

 tea*able4 ,t ! "w be successful1 dem&s 
! v highe/ degree ( tal5t1 k1 skill1 &  
prud5ce2 & any developm5t is impossible 
if a well-f\nd$ au?ority be want+ 9 !   
educator1 or docility on ! "p ( ! pupil4
  ,education1 9 ?is n>r[e/ & te*nical   
s5se1 is an outgr[? ( city or urban     
life4 ,z long z m5 d n congregate 9 l>ge
 cities1 ! ?ree =ces spok5 ( 9          
#af--;i4e41 ! =ces ( nature1 national   
cu/oms1 & circum/ances--w be left to    
p]=m mo/ ( ! "w ( ,education2 b1 9 mod]n
 city life1 ! great complication (      
ev5ts1 ! unc]ta9ty 9 ! results--?\gh    
c>eful =e?\ght has be5 us$--! imm5se    
developm5t ( individuality1 & ! press+  
ne$ ( v>i\s in=mation1 break ! p[] (    
cu/om1 & r5d] a diff]5t me?od necess>y4 
,! l>g] ! city is1 ! m free is !        
individual 9 x f ! re/ra9ts ( cu/oms1 ! 
less subject$ to curi\s criticism1 & ! m
 able is he to give play to 8 own       
idiosyncrasies4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a fre$om
 :i* ne$s ! c\nt]poise ( a m exact tra9+
 9 conv5tionalities1 if we w\ld n h x   

dang]\s4 ,h5ce ! rapid multiplication ( 
educational in/itutions & sy/ems 9 mod]n
 times 7"o *ief *>act]i/ic ( :i* is !   
developm5t ( urban life74 ,! ideal      
,telema*us ( ,f5elon diff]s v mu* f !   
real ,telema*us ( hi/ory4 ,f5elon       
propos$ an education :i* tra9$ a y\? to 
reflect1 & to guide himself by reason4  
,! ,telema*us ( ! h]oic age foll[$ !    
cu/oms 7use & wont7 ( 8 times ) nave    
ob$i5ce4 ,! sy/ems ( ,education once    
suffici5t d n s]ve ! ne$s ( mod]n life1 
any m ?an ! def5ses once suffici5t aga9/
 ho/ile armies are suffici5t aga9/ ! new
 weapons adopt$ by mod]n w>f>e4   #ah4  
,! problem ) :i* mod]n ,education has to
 deal may be said1 9 g5]al t]ms1 to be !
 developm5t 9 ! individual s\l ( !      
indwell+ ,reason1 bo? practical 7z w7 & 
!oretical 7z intellect74 ,to make a *ild
 good is only a "p ( ,education2 we h   
also to develop 8 intellig5ce4 ,!       
sci5ces ( ,e?ics & ,education are n !   
same4 ,aga91 we mu/ n =get t no pupil is
 simply a human be+1 l e o!r human be+2 

he is also an individual1 & ?us diff]s f
 e o!r "o ( ! race4 ,?is is a po9t :i*  
mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( by ! educator4  
,human be+s may be--nay1 mu/ be--educat$
 9 company1 b !y _c be educat$ simply 9 
! mass4   #ai4 ,education is to lead !  
pupil by a grad$ s]ies ( ex]cises1      
previ\sly arrang$ & prescrib$ by !      
educator1 to a def9ite end4 ,b ^!       
ex]cises mu/ take on a peculi> =m = ea* 
p>ticul> pupil "u ! special circum/ances
 pres5t4 ,ha/y & inconsid]ate "w may1 by
 *ance1 accompli% mu*2 b no "w :i* is n 
sy/ematic c advance & fa%ion him 9      
con=mity ) 8 t5ure1 & su* alone is to be
 call$ ,education2 = ,education implies 
bo? a compreh5sion ( ! end to be atta9$ 
& ( ! means necess>y to compass t end4  
#bj4 ,culture1 h[ev]1 means m & m e ye>2
 &1 z ! sum total ( k increases =       
mank9d1 x becomes necess>y1 9 ord] to be
 a ma/] 9 any "o l9e1 to devote "o's    
self almo/ exclusively to t4 ,h5ce      
arises1 = ! tea*]1 ! difficulty (       
pres]v+ ! unity & :ol5ess :i* are       

ess5tial to a complete man4 ,! pr9ciple 
( division ( labor comes 94 ,he :o is a 
tea*] by pr(ession becomes "o-sid$ 9 8  
views2 &1 z tea*+ divides & subdivides  
into specialities1 ?is abnormal         
"o-sid5ess t5ds m & m to appe>4 ,"h we  
f9d a p>allelism 9 ! pr(ession (        
,m$ic9e1 ) a correspond+ dang] (        
n>r[ness2 = t1 too1 is 9 a process (    
con/ant specialization1 & ! physician :o
 treats n]v\s diseases is likely to be (
 ! op9ion t all tr\ble arises f t "p ( !
 organism1 or1 at lea/1 t all rem$ies   
%\ld be appli$ !re4 ,?is t5d5cy to      
"o-sid5ess is insep>able f ! progress ( 
civilization & t ( sci5ce & arts4 ,x    
conta9s1 nev]!less1 a dang] ( :i* no    
tea*] %\ld be unw>n$4 ,an illu/ration is
 furni%$ by ! microscope or telescope2 a
 high] p[] ( ! in/rum5t implies a n>r[] 
field ( view4 ,to conc5trate our        
obs]vation ^u "o po9t implies ! %utt+   
out ( o!rs4 ,?is difficulty ) ! tea*]   
creates "o = ! pupil4  ,9 ?is view "o   
might be incl9$ to judge t ! life ( !   

savage z comp>$ ) t ( civiliz$ man1 or t
 ( a memb] ( a rural community z comp>$ 
) t ( an inhabitant ( a city1 7 ! m to  
be desir$4 ,! savage has 8 hut1 8       
family1 8 cocoa-palm1 8 weapons1 8      
passions2 he fi%es1 hunts1 amuses       
himself1 adorns himself1 & enjoys !     
consci\sness t he is ! c5t] ( a little  
_w2 :ile ! d5iz5 ( a city mu/ (t5       
ackn[l$ge t he is1 s to speak1 only "o  
:eel ( a gigantic ma*9e4 ,is ! life ( ! 
savage1 !re=e1 m favorable to human     
developm5t8 ,! *>act]i/ic idea ( mod]n  
civilization is3 ,! developm5t ( !      
individual z ! end = :i* ! ,/ate exi/s4 
,! great empires ( ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 &    
,india1 :]e9 ! individual 0 ( value only
 z he m9i/]$ to ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate1 h    
giv5 way to ! mod]n nations1 :]e        
individual fre$om is pu%$ s f> t ! ,/ate
 seems only an in/rum5t = ! good ( !    
individual4 ,f be+ ! supreme end ( !    
individual1 ! ,/ate has become ! means =
 8 advancem5t into fre$om2 & ) ?is v    
exaltation ( ! value ( ! m]e individual 

ov] ! ,/ate1 z su*1 !re is insep>ably   
connect$ ! seem+ de/ruction ( ! :ol5ess 
( ! individual man4 ,b ! union ( ,/ate &
 individual1 :i* 0 9 anci5t times m]ely 
me*anical1 has n[ become a liv+ process1
 9 :i* con/ant int]action gives rise to 
all ! intellectual life ( mod]n         
civilization4   #ba4 ,! "w ( ,education 
be+ ?us necess>ily split up1 we h !     
di/9ction betwe5 g5]al & special s*ools4
 ,! "w ( ! =m] is to give g5]al         
developm5t--:at is consid]$ ess5tial =  
all m52 t ( ! latt]1 to prep>e = special
 call+s4 ,! =m] %\ld furni% a basis = ! 
latt]--i4e41 ! ,college %\ld prec$e !   
,m$ical ,s*ool1 etc41 & ! ,high ,s*ool !
 ,normal4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ow+ to _m 
causes1 ?is is un=tunately n ! case4  ,!
 diff]5ce betwe5 city & c\ntry life is  
important "h4 ,! tea*] 9 a c\ntry s*ool1
 &1 /ill m1 ! private tutor or gov]ness1
 mu/ be able to tea* _m m ?+s ?an !     
tea*] 9 a grad$ s*ool 9 ! city1 or !    
pr(essor 9 a college or univ]sity4 ,!   
dang] on ! "o side is ( sup]ficiality1  

on ! o!r ( n>r[ness4   #bb4 ,!          
,education ( any individual c be only   
relatively f9i%$4 ,8 possibilities are  
inf9ite4 ,8 actual realization ( ^?     
possibilities mu/ always rema9 f> beh9d4
 ,! latt] c only approximate to ! =m]4  
,x c nev] rea* !m4 ,! t]m f9i%+ an      
education ne$s1 !re=e1 "s def9ition2 =1 
z a te*nical t]m1 x has und\bt$ly a     
mean+4 ,an immortal s\l c nev] complete 
its developm5t2 =1 9 s do+1 x w\ld give 
! lie to its own nature4 ,we _c speak   
prop]ly1 h[ev]1 ( educat+ an idiot4 ,su*
 an un=tunate has no p[] ( g5]alization1
 & no consci\s p]sonality4 ,we c tra9   
him me*anically1 b we _c educate him4   
,?is w help to illu/rate ! diff]5ce1    
spok5 ( 9  #ad1 betwe5 ,education &     
,me*anical tra9+4  ,we obta9 a/oni%+    
results1 x is true1 9 our s*ools =      
idiots1 & yet we _c fail to p]ceive t1  
aft] all1 we h only an ext]nal result4  
,we produce a me*anical p]=mance (      
duties1 & yet !re seems to be no actual 
m5tal gr[?4 ,x is an exog5\s1 & n an    

endog5\s1 gr[?1 to use ! language (     
,botany4#i ,cont9ual repetition1 "u !   
mo/ g5tle pati5ce1 r5d]s ! movem5ts     
easy1 b1 aft] all1 !y are only          
automatic1 or :at ! physicians call     
reflex4  ,we h ! same result produc$ 9 a
 less degree :5 we attempt to tea* an   
intellig5t *ild some?+ :i* is beyond 8  
active compreh5sion4 ,a *ild may be     
taught to d or say almo/ any?+ by pati5t
 tra9+1 b1 if :at he is to say is beyond
 ! p[] ( 8 m5tal compreh5sion1 & h5ce ( 
8 active assimilation1 we are only tra9+
 him z we tra9 an animal 7 #ad71 & n    
educat+ him4 ,we call su* recitations   
p>rot recitations1 &1 by our use ( ! ^w1
 express exactly 9 :at position ! pupils
 are plac$4 ,an idiot is only a case (  
p]man5tly arre/$ developm5t4 ,:at 9 !   
intellig5t *ild is a pass+ phase is = ! 
idiot a fix$ /ate4 ,we h idiots ( all   
grades1 z we h *ildr5 ( all ages4  ,!   
above obs]vations mu/ n be tak5 to mean 
t *ildr5 %\ld nev] be taught to p]=m    
op]ations 9 ari?metic :i* !y d n1 9 cant

 phrase1 p]fectly und]/&1 or to le>n    
poetry ^: :ole mean+ !y _c fa?om4 ,into 
?is error _m tea*]s h fall54  ,!re c be 
no m pr(itable /udy = a tea*] ?an to    
visit "o ( ^! num]\s idiot s*ools4 ,he  
f9ds ! alphabet ( 8 pr(essional "w !re4 
,z ! philologi/ le>ns ( ! =mation & gr[?
 ( language by exam9+1 n ! p]fectly =m$ 
languages1 b ! dialects ( savage tribes1
 s ) ! tea*]4 ,9 l mann] m insight into 
! philosophy ( tea*+ & ( ! nature ( !   
m9d c be acquir$ by tea*+ a class (     
*ildr5 to read ?an 9 any o!r grade ( "w4
   ,,ii4--,! ,=m ( ,education4   #bc4 ,!
 g5]al =m ( ,education foll[s f ! nature
 ( m9d4 ,m9d is no?+ b :at x itself     
creates out ( its own activity4 ,x is1  
at fir/1 m9d z undevelop$ or unconsci\s 
79 ! ma972 b1 secondly1 x acquires ! p[]
 ( exam9+ its own action1 ( consid]+    
itself z an object ( att5tion1 z if x 7 
a q =eign ?+--i4e41 x reflects 79 ?is   
/age x is really ignorant t x is /udy+  
its own nature72 &1 f9ally1 x becomes   
consci\s t ?is1 :i* x _h be5 exam9+1 & (

 ^: exi/5ce x is consci\s1 is its own   
self3 ,x atta9s self-consci\sness4 ,x is
 ?r\gh ?is e/rangem5t f itself1 giv5    
back to itself aga9 & re/or$ to unity1 b
 x is no long] a simple1 unconsci\s     
unity4 ,9 ?is ?ird /ate only c x be said
 to be free--i4e41 to possess itself4   
,education _c create2 x c only help to  
develop into reality ! previ\sly-exi/5t 
possibility2 x c only help to br+ =? to 
light ! hidd5 life4   #bd4 ,all culture1
 9 :atev] l9e1 mu/ pass ?r\gh ^! two    
/ages ( e/rangem5t & ( reunion2 !       
reunion be+ n ( two diff]5t ?+s1 b !    
recognition ( itself by ?\ght1 & its    
acceptance ( itself z itself4 ,& ! m    
complete is ! e/rangem5t--i4e41 ! m     
p]fectly c ! ?\ght be made to view      
itself z a some:at entirely =eign to    
itself1 to look ^u x z a diff]5t &      
indep5d5t some:at--! m complete & p]fect
 w be its union ) & acceptance ( its    
object z "o ) itself :5 ! recognition   
does f9ally take place4 ,?r\gh culture  
we are l$ to ?is consci\s possession (  

our own ?\ght4 ,plato gives to ! feel+1 
) :i* k mu/ necess>ily beg91 ! "n (     
wond]4 ,b wond] is n k2 x is only ! fir/
 /ep t[>ds x4 ,x is ! half-t]rifi$      
att5tion :i* ! m9d fixes on an object1 &
 ! half-t]ror w\ld be impossible did x n
 dimly =ebode t x 0 some?+ ( its own    
nature at :i* x 0 look+4 ,! *ild        
delights 9 /ories ( ! f>-(f1 ! /range1 &
 ! wond]ful4 ,x is z if !y hop$ to f9d 9
 ^! "s solution to !mselves--a solution 
:i* !y h1 z x 71 ask$ 9 va9 ( famili>   
sc5es & objects4 ,_! crav+ = su* is !   
pro( ( h[ f> _! nature transc5ds all its
 kn[n conditions4 ,!y are l adv5tur\s   
explor]s :o pu% out to unkn[n regions 9 
hopes ( f9d+ ! fre$om & weal? :i* lies  
only )9 !mselves4 ,!y want to be told   
ab\t ?+s :i* !y nev] saw1 su* z t]rible 
conflagrations1 b&itti life1 wild       
animals1 gray old ru9s1 ,rob9son        
,crusoes on f>-(f1 happy isl&s4 ,!y are 
irresi/ibly attract$ by :atev] is highly
 color$ & dazzl+ly light$4 ,! *ild      
pref]s ! /ory ( ,s9bad ! ,sailor to any 

tales ( 8 own home & nation1 because m9d
 has ?is necessity ( gett+1 z x 71      
outside ( itself s z to obta9 a view (  
itself4 ,z ! *ild gr[s to y\? he is1 f !
 same reasons1 desir\s ( travel+4   #be4
 ,"w may be def9$ z ! activity ( ! m9d 9
 a consci\s conc5tration on1 &          
absorption 91 "s object1 ) ! purpose (  
acquir+ or produc+ x4 ,play is !        
activity ( ! m9d :i* gives itself up to 
surr\nd+ objects accord+ to its own     
caprice1 )\t any ?\ght z to results4 ,! 
,educator gives out "w to ! pupil1 b he 
leaves him to himself 9 8 play4   #bf4  
,x is necess>y to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 
"w & play4 ,if ! ,educator has n respect
 = "w z an activity ( great weight &    
importance1 he n only spoils ! reli% ( !
 pupil = play1 :i* loses all its *>m (  
fre$om :5 n set (f by its anti!sis (    
e>ne/ labor1 b he und]m9es 9 ! pupil's  
m9d all respect = any real exi/5ce4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 he :o does n give to ! *ild   
space1 "t1 & opportunity = play prev5ts 
! orig9ality ( 8 pupil f free developm5t

 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( 8 creative +5uity4   
,play s5ds ! *ild back to 8 "w refre%$1 
because 9 x he loses himself )\t        
con/ra9t & accord+ to 8 own fancy1 :ile 
9 "w he is requir$ to yield himself up 9
 a mann] prescrib$ = him by ano!r4  ,let
 ! tea*] wat* 8 pupils :ile at play if  
he w\ld discov] _! individual           
peculi>ities1 = x is !n t !y            
unconsci\sly betray _! real prop5sities4
 ,?is anti!sis ( "w & play runs ?r\gh ! 
entire life1 ! =m only ( play v>y+ )    
ye>s & occupations4 ,to d :at we please1
 z we please1 & :5 we please1 n = any   
reason1 b j because we please1 rema9s   
play always4 ,*ildr5 9 _! sports l no?+ 
bett] ?an to c\nt]feit :at is to be !   
e>ne/ "w ( _! aft]-lives4 ,! little girl
 plays ) h] dolls1 & ! boy plays he is a
 soldi] & goes to mimic w>s4  ,x is1 (  
c\rse1 an error to suppose t ! play ( a 
*ild is simply muscul>4 ,! lamb & ! colt
 f9d _! full enjoym5t 9 cap]+ aimlessly 
ab\t ! field4 ,b to ! *ild play w\ld be 
incomplete :i* did n br+ ! m9d into     

action4 ,*ildr5 d]ive little enjoym5t f 
purely muscul> ex]cise4 ,!y mu/ at !    
same "t h an object requir+ m5tal action
 to atta9 x4 ,a numb] ( *ildr5 set      
simply to run up & d[n a field w\ld tire
 ( ! ex]cise 9 five m9utes2 b put a ball
 among/ !m & set !m to a game & !y w be 
amus$ by x = h\rs4  ,exceptional m5tal  
developm5t is always prec$$1 & is1      
inde$1 produc$ by1 an exceptional am\nt 
( ex]cise 9 ! =m ( play on ! "p ( !     
special faculties conc]n$4 ,! peculi>   
t5d5cies exhibit$ 9 play are due to !   
l>ge developm5t ( p>ticul> faculties1 & 
! ultimate giant /r5g? ( a faculty is   
br\ght ab\t by play4 ,! g5ius is no d\bt
 born1 n made2 b1 al?\gh born1 x w\ld   
dw9dle away 9 infancy 7 x n = ! con/ant 
ex]cise tak5 9 play1 :i* is z necess>y =
 developm5t z food = ! ma9t5ance ( life4
   #bg4 ,"w %\ld nev] be treat$ z if x 7
 play1 nor play z if x 7 "w4 ,^? ^: "w  
is creative activity ( ! m9d may f9d    
recreation 9 ! details ( sci5ce2 & ^?1  
aga91 ^: vocation is sci5tific rese>* c 

f9d recreation 9 ! practice ( art 9 its 
diff]5t dep>tm5ts4 ,:at is "w to "o may 
?us be play to ano!r4 ,?is does n1      
h[ev]1 contradict ! fir/ /atem5t4   #bh4
 ,x is ! prov9ce ( education s to       
accu/om u to diff]5t conditions or ways 
( ?9k+ & act+ t !y %all no long] seem   
/range or =eign to u4 ,:5 ^! h become1 z
 we say1 natural to u--:5 we f9d !      
acquir$ mode ( ?9k+ or act+ j :at our   
incl9ation leads u to adopt             
unconsci\sly1 a ,habit has be5 =m$4 ,a  
habit is1 !n1 ! id5tity ( natural       
incl9ation ) ! special dem&s ( any      
p>ticul> do+ or suff]+1 & x is ?us !    
ext]nal condition ( all progress4 ,z    
long z we require ! consci\s act ( our w
 to ! p]=mance ( a de$1 t de$ is a      
some:at =eign to ourselves1 & n yet a "p
 ( ourselves4 ,! practical "w ( !       
educator may ?us be said to consi/ 9    
lead+ ! m9d ( ! pupil ov] c]ta9 l9es (  
?\ght till x becomes natural or         
spontane\s = him to g by t road4 ,mu* "t
 is wa/$ 9 s*ools :]e ! pupil's m9d is n

 l$ aright at fir/1 = !n he has to      
unle>n habits ( ?\ght :i* are already   
=m$4 ,! "w ( ! tea*] is to impress good 
me?ods ( /udy+ & ?9k+ ^u ! m9ds ( 8     
pupils1 r ?an to communicate k4   #bi4  
,x is1 at fir/ sight1 entirely indiff]5t
 :at a ,habit %all relate to--i4e41 !   
po9t is to get ! pupil into ! way ( =m+ 
habits1 & x is n at fir/ ( s mu* mom5t  
:at habit is =m$ z t a habit is =m$4 ,b 
we _c consid] t !re is any?+ morally    
neutral 9 ! ab/ract1 b only 9 !         
concrete1 or 9 p>ticul> examples4 ,an   
action may be ( no moral significance to
 "o man1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 :ile  
to ano!r man1 or to ! same man "u       
diff]5t circum/ances1 x may h q a       
diff]5t significance1 or may possess an 
entirely opposite "*4 ,appeal mu/ be    
made1 !n1 to ! individual consci5ce (   
ea* "o to decide :at is & :at is n      
p]missible to t individual "u ! giv5    
circum/ances4 ,education mu/ make x its 
fir/ aim to awak5 9 ! pupil a           
s5sitiv5ess to spiritual & e?ical       

di/9ctions :i* kn[s t no?+ is 9 its own 
nature morally insignificant or         
indiff]5t1 b %all recognize1 ev5 9 ?+s  
seem+ly small1 a univ]sal human         
significance4 ,b1 yet1 9 relation to !  
highe/ int]e/s ( morality or ! well-be+ 
( society1 ! pupil mu/ be taught to     
subord9ate )\t hesitation all t relates 
exclusively to 8 own p]sonal com=t or   
welf>e = ! well-be+ ( 8 fell[-m51 or =  
moral rectitude4  ,:5 we reflect ^u     
habit1 x at once assumes = u ! "* (     
useful or injuri\s4 ,! consequ5ces ( a  
habit are n indiff]5t4  ,:atev] action  
t5ds z a h>moni\s means to ! realization
 ( our purpose is desirable or          
advantage\s1 & :atev] ei!r p>tially     
contradicts or :olly de/roys x is       
disadvantage\s4 ,advantage &            
disadvantage be+1 !n1 only relative     
t]ms1 dep5d5t ^u ! aim or purpose :i* we
 happ5 to h 9 view1 a habit :i* may be  
advantage\s to "o man "u c]ta9          
circum/ances may be disadvantage\s to   
ano!r man1 or ev5 to ! same man1 "u o!r 

circum/ances4 ,education mu/1 !n1       
accu/om ! y\? to consid] = himself !    
exp$i5cy or inexp$i5cy ( any action 9   
relation to 8 own vocation 9 life4 ,he  
mu/ n =m habits :i* w be inexp$i5t )    
reg>d to t4   #ca4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an   
absolute di/9ction ( habits z morally   
good & bad4 ,f ?is absolute /&-po9t we  
mu/1 aft] all1 decide :at is = u        
all[able or =bidd51 :at is exp$i5t & :at
 inexp$i5t4   #cb4 ,z to its =m1 habit  
may be ei!r passive or active4 ,by      
passive habit is meant a habit (        
composure :i* surveys undi/urb$ :atev]  
vicissitudes1 ei!r ext]nal or int]nal1  
may fall to our lot1 & ma9ta9s itself   
sup]ior to !m all1 nev] all[+ its p[] ( 
act+ to be p>alyz$ by !m4 ,x is n1      
h[ev]1 m]ely a /oical indiff]5ce1 nor is
 x ! composure :i* comes f inability to 
receive impressions--a sort (           
impassivity4 ,x is t composure :i* is ! 
highe/ result ( p[]4 ,nor is x a selfi% 
love ( ease :i* int5tionally )draws     
itself f annoyances 9 ord] to rema9     

undi/urb$4 ,x is n manife/$ because ( a 
desire to be out ( ^! vicissitudes4 ,x  
is1 :ile 9 !m1 to be n ( !m4 ,x is !    
composure :i* does n fret itself ov] :at
 x _c *ange4 ,! s\l t has built = itself
 ?is /ronghold ( fre$om )9 itself may   
vividly exp]i5ce joy & sorr[1 pa9 &     
pleasure1 & yet s]5ely "k t x is intr5*$
 9 walls :i* are inaccessible to _!     
attacks1 because x kn[s t x is inf9itely
 sup]ior to all t may *ance or *ange4   
,:at is meant by active habit 9         
di/9ction f passive habit is f\nd 9 our 
ext]nal activity1 z skill1 facility1    
read9ess ( in=mation1 etc4 ,x might be  
consid]$ z ! equipp+ ( our inn] selves =
 active conte/ ) ! ext]nal _w2 :ile     
passive habit is ! =tify+ ( our inn]    
selves aga9/ ! attack ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!
 man :o possesses habit 9 bo? ^! =ms    
impresses himself 9 _m diff]5t ways on !
 out] _w1 :ile at ! same "t1 & all ! "t1
 he pres]ves intact 8 p]sonality f !    
con/ant assaults ( ! out] _w4 ,he h&les 
bo? spe> & %ield4   #cc4 ,all education1

 9 :atev] l9e1 mu/ "w by =m+ habits     
physical1 m5tal1 or moral4 ,x might be  
said to consi/ 9 a conv]sion ( actions  
:i* are at fir/ volunt>y1 by means (    
repetition1 into in/ructive actions :i* 
are p]=m$1 z we say1 naturally--i4e41   
)\t any consci\s volition4 ,we tea* a   
*ild to walk1 or he tea*es himself to   
walk by a con/ant repetition ( ! action 
( ! w ^u ! necess>y muscles2 &1 :5 !    
?9k+ bra9 h&s ov] ! me*anism to ! tra9$ 
sp9al cord1 ! anxi\s1 wat*ful look      
disappe>s f ! face1 & ! *ild talks or   
laughs z he runs3 !n t "p ( 8 education 
is complet$4 ,h5ce=? ! att5tion t _h be5
 necess>y to manage ! body 9 walk+ is   
fre$ = o!r "w4 ,?is is only an          
illu/ration1 easily und]/ood1 ( :at     
takes place 9 all education4 ,m5tal &   
moral acts1 ?\ghts1 & feel+s 9 ! same   
way are1 by repetition1 conv]t$ into    
habits & become our nature2 & "*1 good  
or bad1 is only ! aggregate ( our       
habits4 ,:5 we say a p]son has no "*1 we
 mean exactly ?is3 t he has no fix$     

habits4 ,b1 z ! great end ( human life  
is fre$om1 he mu/ be above ev5 habit4   
,he mu/ n be :olly a ma*9e ( habits1 &  
education mu/ enable him to atta9 ! p[] 
( break+ z well z ( =m+ habits1 s t he  
may1 :5 desirable1 sub/itute "o habit = 
ano!r4 ,= habits may be 7 #bi71 accord+ 
to _! nature1 prop] or improp]1         
advantage\s or disadvantage\s1 good or  
bad2 &1 accord+ to _! =m1 may be 7 #cb7 
ei!r ! acceptance ( ! ext]nal by !      
int]nal or ! reaction ( ! int]nal ^u !  
ext]nal4 ,?r\gh our fre$om we mu/ be    
able1 n only to r5\nce any habit =m$1 b 
to =m a new & bett] "o4 ,man %\ld be    
supreme above all habits1 we>+ !m z     
g>m5ts :i* ! s\l puts on & (f at w4 ,x  
mu/ s ord] !m all z to secure = itself a
 con/ant progress ( developm5t into /ill
 great] fre$om4 ,9 ?is high] view habits
 become ?us to our sight only necess>y  
accompanim5ts ( imp]fect fre$om4 ,c we  
conceive ( ,god1 :o is p]fect ,fre$om1 z
 hav+ any habits8 ,we might say t1 z a  
means t[>d ! ev]-m decid$ realization ( 

! ,good1 we mu/ =m a habit ( volunt>ily 
mak+ & break+ (f habits4 ,we mu/        
*>act]ize z bad ^? habits :i* relate    
only to our p]sonal conv5i5ce or        
enjoym5t4 ,!y are (t5 n ess5tially      
blamewor?y1 b !re lies 9 !m a hidd5     
dang] t !y may allure u into luxury or  
effem9acy4 ,x is a false & me*anical way
 ( look+ at ! affair to suppose t a     
habit :i* _h be5 =m$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( 
repetitions c be brok5 (f by an equal   
numb] ( refusals4 ,we c nev] utt]ly     
r5\nce a habit :i* we decide to be      
undesirable = u except ?r\gh decision & 
firmness4   #cd4 ,education1 !n1 mu/    
consid] ! prep>ation = au?ority &       
ob$i5ce 7 #ag72 = a rational ord]+ (    
"o's actions accord+ to univ]sal        
pr9ciples1 &1 at ! same "t1 a           
pres]vation ( individuality 7 #ah72 = "w
 & play 7 #be72 = habits ( spontaneity  
or orig9ality 7 #bh74 ,to endeavor by   
any set rules to h>monize 9 ! pupil ^!  
opposites w be a va9 endeavor1 & failure
 9 ! solution ( ! problem is q possible 

by reason ( ! fre$om ( ! pupil1 (       
surr\nd+ circum/ances1 or ( mi/akes on !
 "p ( ! tea*]1 & ! possibility ( ?is    
negative result mu/1 !re=e1 ent] z an   
elem5t ( calculation into ! "w itself4  
,all ! dang]s :i* may 9 any way ?reat5 !
 y\? mu/ be consid]$ 9 advance1 & he mu/
 be =tifi$ aga9/ !m4 ,:ile we %\ld n    
int5tionally expose ! y\? to temptation 
9 ord] to prove 8 /r5g? ( resi/ance1    
nei!r %\ld we1 on ! o!r h&1 endeavor to 
seclude him f all *ance ( dang]\s       
temptation4 ,to d ! =m] w\ld be satanic2
 :ile to d ! latt] w\ld be ridicul\s1   
useless1 & 9 fact dang]\s 9 ! highe/    
degree1 = temptation comes m f )9 ?an f 
)\t1 & any secret incl9ation w 9 "s way 
seek1 or ev5 create1 its own opportunity
 = gratification4 ,! real safety f s9   
lies1 n 9 seclusion ( "o's self f !     
_w#aj--;= all ! elem5ts ( worldl9ess are
 innate 9 ea* individual--b 9 an occupy+
 ( ! re/less activity 9 o!r ways1 9     
le>n+ & discipl9e2 ^! be+ v>i$ z "t goes
 on1 accord+ to ! age & degree (        

pr(ici5cy4 ,n to cru% out1 b to direct1 
! *ild's activity1 :e!r physical or     
m5tal1 is ! key to all real success 9   
education4 ,! s5tim5talism :i* has1 dur+
 ! la/ few ye>s1 9 ?is c\ntry 7! ,unit$ 
,/ates71 t5d$ to dim9i% to s great an   
ext5t ! actual "w to be p]=m$ by our    
boys & girls1 has set free a dang]\s    
am\nt ( en]gy ^: new direction gives    
cause = grave al>m4 ,to endeavor to     
prev5t ! y\? f all free & individual    
relations ) ! real _w1 implies a        
nev]-end+ wat* kept ov] him4 ,!         
consci\sness ( be+ ?us %ad[$ de/roys 9 !
 y\? all ela/icity ( _s1 all confid5ce1 
& all orig9ality4 ,a con/ant feel+ (1 z 
x 71 a detective police at 8 side       
obscures all s5se ( indep5d5t action1   
sy/ematically accu/om+ him to dep5d5ce4 
,?\gh1 z ! tragic-comic /ory ( ,pet]    
,s*lemihl %[s1 ! loss ( a man's own %ad[
 may involve him 9 a s]ies (            
fatalities1#aa yet to be %ad[$ con/antly
 by a companion1 u 9 ! p$agogical sy/em 
( ! ,jesuits1 und]m9es all naturalness4 

,&1 if we endeavor to gu>d too /rictly  
aga9/ :at is evil & wrong1 ! pupil      
reacts1 br++ all 8 intellig5ce into !   
s]vice ( 8 craft & cunn+1 till ! w\ld-be
 educator /&s agha/ at ! discov]y ( su* 
evil-do+ z he _h suppos$ impossible "u 8
 /rict sup]vision4 ,)9 ! circle ( :atev]
 rules x may be f\nd necess>y to draw   
ar\nd ! "y !re mu/ always be left space 
= fre$om4 ,pupils %\ld always be l$ to  
see t all rules aga9/ :i* !y fret are   
only ( _! own creation2 & t z           
grave-/ones m>k ! place :]e "s "o has   
fall51 s e law is only a record ( "s    
previ\s wrong-do+4 ,! law ,?\ %alt n    
kill 0 n giv5 till murd] _h be5         
committ$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wrong de$     
prec$$ ! law aga9/ x1 & p]fect ob$i5ce  
is ! same z p]fect fre$om4 ,no ob$i5ce  
except t :i* we ga9 f ! pupil's own     
convictions has real educational        
significance4   #ce4 ,if !re appe>s 9 ! 
y\? any decid$ de=mity oppos$ to ! ideal
 :i* we w\ld create 9 him1 we %\ld at   
once inquire into its hi/ory & orig94 ,!

 negative & positive are s closely      
relat$1 & dep5d s intimately on ea* o!r1
 9 our be+ t :at appe>s to u to be      
neglig5ce1 rud5ess1 immorality1         
fooli%ness1 or oddity may arise f "s    
real necessity ( ! pupil :i* 9 its      
process ( developm5t has only tak5 a    
wrong direction4   #cf4 ,if x %\ld      
appe>1 on su* exam9ation1 t ! wrong     
action 0 ! result ( avoidable ignorance1
 ( caprice1 or willfulness on ! "p ( !  
pupil1 ?is calls = a simple prohibition 
on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 no reason be+        
assign$4 ,8 au?ority mu/ be suffici5t = 
! pupil )\t any reason4 ,:5 ! fault is  
repeat$1 & ! pupil is old en\gh to      
und]/&1 !n only %\ld ! gr\nds ( !       
prohibition be /at$ ) x4 ,?is %\ld1     
h[ev]1 be done 9 few words1 & ! educator
 mu/ nev] all[ himself to lose1 9 a     
doctr9al lecture1 ! idea ( discipl9e4   
,if he d1 ! pupil w soon =get t x 0 8   
own misbehavior :i* 0 ! cause ( all !   
rem>ks4 ,! /atem5t ( ! reason mu/ be    
hone/1 & mu/ be pres5t$ to ! y\? on !   

side mo/ easy = him to appreciate4      
,false reasons are n only morally wrong1
 b !y lead ! m9d a/ray4 ,we also commit 
a grave error :5 we try to unfold to !  
y\? all ! possible consequ5ces ( 8 wrong
 act1 = ^? possible consequ5ces are too 
f> (f to affect 8 m9d4 ,! long lecture  
we>ies him1 especially if x be 9 a      
/]eotyp$ =m2 & ) tea*]s :o are          
fault-f9d+1 & :o l to he> !mselves talk1
 ?is is apt to be ! case4 ,/ill m       
un=tunate w\ld x be if we really %\ld   
affect ! lively imag9ation ( a s5sitive 
y\? by our description ( ! wret*$ness to
 :i* 8 wrong-do+1 if p]si/$ 91 might    
lead him1 = !n ! conviction t he has    
already tak5 "o /ep 9 t direction may   
produce 9 him a fe> :i* 9 ! future man  
may become t]rible depression & lead to 
degradation4   #cg4 ,if to c5sure we add
 ! ?reat ( puni%m5t1 we h !n :at 9      
common language is call$ scold+4  ,if   
?reats are made1 ! pupil mu/ be made to 
feel t !y w be fai?fully execut$ accord+
 to ! ^w4  ,! ?reat ( puni%m5t is1      

h[ev]1 to be avoid$2 = circum/ances may 
arise :i* w r5d] its fulfillm5t n only  
objectionable1 b wrong1 & ! tea*] w !n  
f9d himself 9 ! position ( ,h]od & b\nd 
= 8 oa?'s sake to a c\rse ( action :i*  
no long] seems ! be/4 ,ev5 ! law 9      
affix+ a p5alty to def9ite crimes all[s 
a c]ta9 latitude 9 a maximum & m9imum ( 
aw>d$ puni%m5t4   #ch4 ,x is only aft]  
o!r means ( re=mation h be5 tri$1 & h   
fail$1 t puni%m5t is ju/ifiable = error1
 transgression1 or vice4 ,:5 our simple 
prohibition 7 #cf71 ! /atem5t ( our     
reason = ! prohibit+ 7 #cf71 & ?reat (  
puni%m5t 7 #cg7 h all fail$1 !n puni%m5t
 comes & int5tionally inflicts pa9 on ! 
y\? 9 ord] to =ce him by ?is la/ means  
to a realization ( 8 wrong-do+4 ,& "h ! 
puni%m5t mu/ n be giv5 = g5]al bad      
conduct or = a p]v]se disposition--^?   
be+ vague g5]alities--b = a special act 
( wrong-do+ at t "t4 ,he %\ld n be      
puni%$ because he is naturally bad or   
because he is g5]ally naughty1 b = ?is  
"o special & p>ticul> act :i* he has    

committ$4 ,?us ! puni%m5t w act on !    
g5]al disposition1 n directly1 b ?r\gh  
?is p>ticul> act1 z a manife/ation ( !  
disposition4 ,!n x w n accuse ! inn]mo/ 
nature ( ! culprit4 ,?is way ( puni%m5t 
is n only dem&$ by ju/ice1 b x is       
absolutely necess>y 9 view ( ! fact ( ! 
sophi/ry inh]5t 9 human nature :i* is   
always busy 9 assign+ v>i\s motives =   
its actions4 ,if ! *ild und]/&s1 !n1 t  
he is puni%$ = t p>ticul> act :i* he    
kn[s himself to h committ$1 he _c feel !
 bitt] s5se ( inju/ice & misund]/&+ :i* 
a puni%m5t inflict$ = g5]al reasons1 &  
:i* attributes to him a depravity (     
motives & int5tions1 s (t5 eng5d]s4     
#ci4 ,puni%m5t z an educational means   
mu/1 nev]!less1 be always ess5tially    
corrective1 s9ce x seeks always to br+ !
 y\? to a compreh5sion ( 8 wrong-do+ &  
to a positive alt]ation 9 8 behavior1 &1
 h5ce1 has = its aim to improve him4 ,at
 ! same "t x is a sad te/imony ( !      
insuffici5cy ( ! means :i* h be5        
previ\sly tri$4 ,we %\ld on no acc\nt   

aim to t]rify ! y\? by physical =ce1 s t
 to avoid t he w refra9 f do+ ! wrong or
 f repeat+ a wrong act already done4    
,?is w\ld lead only to t]rorism1 & 8    
gr[+ /r5g? w\ld soon put him beyond its 
p[] & leave him )\t motive = refra9+ f  
evil4 ,puni%m5t may h ?is effect 9 "s   
degree1 b x %\ld1 above all1 be made to 
impress deeply ^u 8 m9d ! et]nal tru? t 
! evil de$ is nev] all[$ 9 ,god's       
univ]se to act unre/ra9$ & accord+ to   
its own w1 b t ! good & true is ! only  
absolute p[] 9 ! _w1 & t x is nev] at a 
loss to av5ge any contradiction ( its w 
& design4  ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r !    
moral tea*+ 9 our s*ools be n too       
negative 9 its measures2 :e!r x d n     
conf9e itself too mu* to =bidd+ !       
commission ( ! wrong de$1 & sp5d too    
little =ce 9 secur+ ! p]=mance ( ! "r   
de$4 ,n a simple refra9+ f ! wrong1 b an
 active do+ ( ! "r w\ld be ! bett]      
lesson to inculcate4  ,9 ! laws ( ! /ate
 ! (fice ( puni%m5t is fir/ to satisfy  
ju/ice1#ab & only aft] ?is is done c !  

improvem5t ( ! crim9al be consid]$4 ,if 
gov]nm5t %\ld proce$ on ! same basis z !
 educator1 x w\ld make a grave mi/ake1 =
 x has to deal1 n ) *ildr51 b ) adults1 
to :om x conc$es ! dignity ( full       
responsibility = all _! acts4 ,x has n  
to consid] ! reasons1 ei!r psy*ological 
or e?ical1 :i* prompt$ ! de$4 ,! actual 
de$ is :at x has fir/ ( all to deal )1 &
 only aft] t is consid]$ & settl$ c x   
take into view any mitigat+ circum/ances
 connect$ !re)1 or any peculi>ity ( !   
individual4 ,! educator1 on ! o!r h&1   
has to deal ) ^? :o are immature & only 
gr[+ t[>d responsibility4 ,z long z !y  
are "u ! c>e ( a tea*]1 he is at any    
rate p>tially acc\ntable = :at !y d4 ,we
 mu/ nev] conf\nd ! nature ( puni%m5t 9 
! ,/ate ) t ( puni%m5t z an educational 
means4   #dj4 ,z to puni%m5t1 z ) all   
o!r "w 9 education1 x c nev] be         
ab/ractly det]m9$ be=eh&1 b x mu/ be    
regulat$ ) a view to ! individual pupil 
& 8 peculi> circum/ances4 ,:at x %all   
be1 & h[ & :5 adm9i/]$1 are problems :i*

 call = great +5uity & tact on ! "p ( ! 
educator4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t       
puni%m5ts v>y 9 int5sity at ! w ( !     
educator4 ,he fixes ! /&>d by :i* !y are
 measur$ 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,:ipp+ is      
actual physical pa91 & an evil 9 itself 
to ! *ild4 ,b !re are _m o!r puni%m5ts  
:i* involve no physical pa91 & !        
int5sity ( :i*1 z felt by ! *ild1 v>ies 
accord+ to an artificial /&>d 9 diff]5t 
s*ools4 ,to sit "u ! clock 0 a great    
puni%m5t 9 "o ( our public s*ools--n t !
 seat 0 n p]fectly com=table1 b t "o 0  
nev] s5t !re to sit unless = "s grave   
misdemeanor4 ,! tea*] has ! matt] 9 8   
own h&s1 & x is well to rememb] ?is & to
 grade 8 puni%m5ts ) mu* caution1 s z to
 make all pass = _! full value4 ,9 "s   
s*ools ev5 susp5sion is s common t x    
does n seem to ! pupil a v t]rible ?+4  
,famili>ity bre$s contempt1 & frequ5cy  
implies famili>ity4 ,a puni%m5t seldom  
resort$ to w always seem to ! pupil to  
be sev]e4 ,z we weak51 & 9 fact         
bankrupt1 language by an inord9ate use (

 sup]latives1 s1 also1 d we weak5 any   
puni%m5t by its frequ5t repetition4     
,economy ( res\rces %\ld be always      
practic$4   #da4 ,9 g5]al1 we might say 
t1 = v "y *ildr51 corporal puni%m5t is  
mo/ appropriate2 = boys & girls1        
isolation2 & = old] y\?1 some?+ :i*     
appeals to ! s5se ( honor4   #db4 7#a7  
,corporal puni%m5t implies physical pa94
 ,g5]ally x consi/s ( a :ipp+1 & ?is is 
p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 case ( p]si/5t    
defiance ( au?ority1 ( ob/9ate          
c>elessness1 or ( malici\s evil-do+1 s  
long or s (t5 z ! high] p]ceptions ( !  
(f5d] are clos$ aga9/ appeal4 ,b x mu/ n
 be adm9i/]$ too (t51 or ) undue        
sev]ity4 ,to resort to deprivation (    
food is cruel4 ,b1 :ile we condemn !    
false view ( see+ 9 ! rod ! only panacea
 = all emb>rass+ que/ions ( discipl9e on
 ! tea*]'s "p1 we c h no sympa?y = !    
s5tim5tality :i* assumes t ! dignity (  
humanity is affect$ by a bl[ giv5 to a  
*ild4 ,x is wrong ?us to conf\nd        
self-consci\s humanity ) *ild-humanity1 

= to ! av]age *ild himself a bl[ is !   
mo/ natural =m ( retribution1 & t 9 :i* 
all o!r ef=ts at influ5ce at la/ end4 ,!
 fully gr[n man ought1 c]ta9ly1 n to be 
flogg$1 = ?is k9d ( puni%m5t places him 
on a level ) ! *ild2 or1 :]e x is       
b>b>\sly inflict$1 r$uces him to ! level
 ( ! brute1 & ?us absolutely does       
degrade him4 ,9 ,engli% s*ools ! rod is 
said to be (t5 us$2 if a pupil ( ! fir/ 
class1 :o is nev] flogg$1 is put back   
into ! second1 he becomes aga9 subject  
to flogg+4 ,b1 ev5 if ?is be necess>y 9 
! s*ools1 x c]ta9ly has no prop] place 9
 ! army & navy4   #dc4 7#b7 ,to puni% a 
pupil by isolation is to remove him     
tempor>ily f ! society ( 8 fell[s4 ,!   
boy or girl ?us cut (f f companion%ip1 &
 =c$ to ?9k only ( himself1 beg9s to    
und]/& h[ helpless he is 9 su* a        
position4 ,"t passes we>ily1 & he is    
soon eag] to return to ! companion%ip ( 
p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 tea*]s &         
fell[-/ud5ts4  ,b to leave a *ild       
entirely by himself )\t any sup]vision1 

& p]haps 9 a d>k room1 is z wrong z to  
leave two or ?ree toge!r )\t sup]vision4
 ,x (t5 happ5s :5 !y are kept aft] s*ool
 by !mselves t !y give ! free/ re9 to _!
 *ildi% wantonness1 & commit ! wilde/   
pranks4   #dd4 7#c7 ,%utt+ *ildr5 up 9  
?is way does n t\* _! s5se ( honor1 & ! 
puni%m5t is soon =gott51 because x      
relates only to c]ta9 p>ticul> phases ( 
_! behavior4 ,b x is q diff]5t :5 !     
pupil is isolat$ f 8 fell[s on ! gr\nd t
 by 8 conduct he has violat$ ! v        
pr9ciples :i* make civiliz$ society     
possible1 & is1 !re=e1 no long] a prop] 
memb] ( x4 ,?is is a puni%m5t :i* t\*es 
8 s5se ( honor1 = honor is ! recognition
 ( ! individual by o!rs z _! equal1 & by
 8 error1 or by 8 crime1 he _h =feit$ 8 
"r to be _! equal1 _! pe]1 & has ?us    
sev]$ himself f !m4  ,! sep>ation f !m  
is ?us only ! ext]nal =m ( ! real       
sep>ation :i* he himself has br\ght to  
pass )9 8 s\l1 & :i* 8 wrong-do+ has    
only made cle>ly visible4 ,?is k9d (    
puni%m5t1 ?us t\*+ ! :ole "* ( ! y\? & n

 easily =gott51 %\ld be adm9i/]$ ) !    
greate/ caution le/ a p]man5t loss (    
self-respect foll[4 ,:5 we ?9k our      
wrong-do+ to be et]nal 9 its effects1 we
 lose all p[] ( ef=t = our own          
improvem5t4  ,?is s5se ( honor _c be    
develop$ s well 9 family life1 because 9
 ! family ! ties ( blood make all 9 a   
c]ta9 s5se equal1 no matt] :at may be _!
 conduct4 ,he :o has by wrong-do+ sev]$ 
himself f society is /ill a memb] ( !   
family1 & )9 its sacr$ circle is /ill   
belov$1 ?\gh x may be ) bitt] te>s4 ,no 
matt] h[ wrong he may h be51 he /ill c  
f9d !re ! deepe/ sympa?y1 = he is /ill  
fa!r1 bro!r1 etc4 ,x is 9 ! contact ( "o
 family ) ano!r t ! feel+ ( honor is    
fir/ develop$1 & /ill m 9 ! contact ( ! 
individual ) an in/itution :i* is n b\nd
 to him by any natural ties1 b is an    
organism entirely ext]nal to him4 ,?us1 
to ! *ild1 ! s*ool & ! s*ool-classes (f]
 a means ( developm5t :i* c nev] be f\nd
 9 ! family4  ,?is fact is (t5 ov]look$ 
by ^? :o h ! *>ge ( ! education (       

*ildr54 ,no home education1 no private  
tutor%ip1 c take ! place ( ! s*ool z an 
educational influ5ce4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 8  
life ! *ild1 on be+ s5t to s*ool1 f9ds  
himself 9 a community :]e he is         
responsible = 8 own de$s1 & :]e he has  
no "o to %ield him4 ,! rights ( o!rs =  
:om he has no special affection are to  
be respect$ by him1 & 8 own are to be   
def5d$4 ,! k ga9$ at ! s*ool is by no   
means ! mo/ valuable acquisition !re    
obta9$4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 by ! tea*]
 t ! s*ool is an in/itution on an       
entirely diff]5t basis f ! family1 & t  
p]sonal atta*m5t is n ! pr9ciple on :i* 
its rule c be rightly bas$4   #de4 ,?is 
gradation ( puni%m5t f physical pa91 up 
?r\gh occasional isolation1 to ! t\*+ ( 
! inn]mo/ s5se ( honor is v c>efully to 
be consid]$1 bo? ) reg>d to ! diff]5t   
ages at :i* !y are sev]ally appropriate 
& to ! diff]5t discipl9e :i* !y         
necess>ily produce4 ,e puni%m5t mu/1    
h[ev]1 be always look$ at z a means to  
"s end1 & is ?us transitory 9 its       

nature4 ,! pupil %\ld always be consci\s
 t x is pa9ful to ! tea*] to puni% him4 
,no?+ c be m effectual z a means ( cure 
= ! wrong-do] ?an to p]ceive 9 ! mann] &
 tone ( ! voice1 9 ! v delay ) :i* !    
necess>y puni%m5t is adm9i/]$1 t he :o  
puni%es also suff]s 9 ord] t ! wrong-do]
 may be cur$ ( 8 fault4 ,! pr9ciple (   
vic>i\s suff]+ lies at ! root ( all     
spiritual heal+4   ,,iii4--,! ,limits ( 
,education4   #df4 ,z f> z ! ext]nal =m 
( education is conc]n$1 its limit is    
rea*$ 9 ! in/rum5tality ( puni%m5t 9 :i*
 we seek to turn ! activity :i* has be5 
employ$ 9 a wrong direction into its    
prop] *annel1 to make ! de$ positive    
in/ead ( negative1 to sub/itute = !     
de/ructive de$ "o :i* %all be 9 h>mony )
 ! con/ructive =ces ( society4 ,b       
education implies its real limits 9 its 
def9ition1 :i* is to build up !         
individual into !oretical & practical   
,reason4 ,:5 ?is "w goes prop]ly on1 !  
au?ority ( ! educator1 z au?ority1      
necess>ily loses1 e day1 "s ( its =ce1 z

 ! guid+ pr9ciples come to =m a "p ( !  
pupil's own "*1 in/ead ( be+ sup]-impos$
 on him f )\t ?r\gh ! m$iation ( !      
educator4 ,:at 0 au?ority becomes n[    
advice & example2 unreason+ & implicit  
ob$i5ce passes into gratitude &         
affection4 ,! pupil we>s (f ! r\gh edges
 ( 8 crude individuality1 :i* is        
transfigur$1 s to speak1 into !         
univ]sality & necessity ( ,reason1 b )\t
 los+ 8 id5tity 9 ! process4 ,"w becomes
 enjoym5t1 & ,play is f\nd only 9 a     
*ange ( activity4 ,! y\? takes          
possession ( himself1 & may n[ be left  
to himself4 ,!re are two widely diff]+  
views ) reg>d to ! limits ( education2  
"o lays great /ress on ! p[]lessness ( !
 pupil & ! great p[] ( ! tea*]1 & ass]ts
 t ! tea*] mu/ create some?+ out ( !    
pupil4  ,?is view is (t5 se5 to h       
undesirable results1 :]e l>ge numb]s are
 to be educat$ toge!r4 ,x assumes t ea* 
pupil is only a sample ( ! lot on :om ! 
tea*] is to affix 8 /amp1 z if !y 7     
diff]5t pieces ( goods f "s factory4    

,?us individuality is de/roy$1 & all    
r$uc$ to "o level1 z 9 cloi/]s1 b>racks1
 & orphan asylums1 :]e only "o          
individual seems to exi/4 ,sometimes x  
takes ! =m ( a !ory :i* holds t "o c at 
w flog any?+ into or out ( a pupil4 ,?is
 may be call$ a sup]/iti\s belief 9 !   
p[] ( education4 ,! opposite extreme may
 be f\nd 9 t sy/em :i* advocates a sev]e
 lett+ alone1 ass]t+ t individuality is 
unconqu]able1 & t (t5 ! mo/ c>eful &    
circumspect education fails ( rea*+ its 
aim because ! inh]5t nature ( ! y\? has 
f\ght aga9/ x ) su* =ce z to r5d]       
abortive all oppos+ ef=ts4 ,?is idea (  
,p$agogy produces a sort ( indiff]5ce   
ab\t means & ends :i* w\ld leave ea*    
individuality to gr[ z its own in/9ct & 
! *ance influ5ces ( ! _w might direct4  
,! latt] view w\ld1 ( c\rse1 preclude ! 
possibility ( any sci5ce ( education1 & 
make ! y\? only ! sport ( bl9d fate4 ,! 
comp>ative p[] ( inh]it$ t5d5cies & (   
educational appliances is1 h[ev]1 "o :i*
 e educator %\ld c>efully /udy4 ,mu*    

c>eless g5]alization has be5 made on ?is
 topic1 & op9ion is too (t5 bas$ ^u "s  
"o in/ance :]e accurate obs]vation (    
me?ods & influ5ces h be5 want+4   #dg4  
,education has necess>ily a def9ite     
subjective limit 9 ! individuality ( !  
y\?1 = x c develop 9 him only t :i*     
exi/s 9 him z a possibility4 ,x c lead &
 assi/1 b x has no p[] to create4 ,:at  
nature has d5i$ to a man education _c   
give him1 any m ?an x c on ! o!r h&     
annihilate 8 orig9al gifts1 ?\gh x may  
suppress1 di/ort1 & measurably de/roy   
!m4 ,& yet x is impossible to decide :at
 is ! real ess5ce ( a man's             
individuality until he has left beh9d   
him ! ye>s ( gr[?1 because x is n till  
!n t he fully atta9s consci\s possession
 ( himself4 ,moreov]1 at ?is critical "t
 _m traits :i* 7 suppos$ to be          
*>act]i/ic may prove !mselves n to be s 
by disappe>+1 :ile long-slumb]+ &       
unsuspect$ tal5ts may crop out4 ,:atev] 
has be5 =c$ ^u a *ild1 ?\gh n 9 h>mony )
 8 individuality1 :atev] has be5 driv5  

into him )\t hav+ be5 actively accept$  
by him1 or hav+ _h a def9ite relation to
 8 culture--w rema9 p]haps1 b only z an 
ext]nal =eign ornam5t1 only z a p>asitic
 gr[? :i* weak5s ! =ce ( 8 real nature4 
,b we mu/ di/+ui% f ^! little           
affectations :i* arise f a misconception
 ( ! limits ( individuality t ef=t (    
imitation :i* *ildr5 & "y p (t5 exhibit 
9 try+ to copy 9 _! own actions ^?      
peculi>ities :i* !y obs]ve & admire 9   
p]fectly-develop$ p]sons ) :om !y may   
come 9 contact4 ,!y see a reality :i*   
corresponds to _! own possibility1 & !  
pres5tim5t ( a l or a simil> atta9m5t   
/irs !m to imitation1 al?\gh ?is ext]nal
 imitation may be sometimes disagreeable
 or ridicul\s to ! look]s-on4 ,we ought 
n to c5sure x too sev]ely1 rememb]+ t x 
spr+s f a positive /riv+ t[>ds true     
culture1 & ne$s only to be prop]ly      
direct$1 & nev] to be r\ghly put d[n4   
#dh4 ,! objective limit ( education     
consi/s 9 ! means :i* c be appli$ = x4  
,t ! capacity = culture %\ld exi/ is !  

fir/ condition ( success1 b x is none ! 
less necess>y t x be cultivat$4 ,b h[   
mu* cultivation %all be giv5 to x mu/   
dep5d 9 v great degree on ! means :i*   
are practicable1 & ?is w und\bt$ly aga9 
dep5d on ! worldly possessions & "* ( ! 
family to :i* ! pupil belongs4 ,if he   
comes ( a cultivat$ & ref9$ family1 he w
 h a great advantage at ! />t ov] 8 less
 favor$ comrades2 &1 ) reg>d to _m ( !  
arts & sci5ces1 ?is limitation (        
education is ( great significance4 ,b ! 
means alone w n answ]4 ,)\t natural     
capacity1 all ! educational app>atus    
possible is ( no avail4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
real tal5t (t5 accompli%es incr$ible    
feats ) v limit$ means2 &1 if ! way is  
only once op51 makes ( itself a c5t] (  
attraction :i* draws to itself z )      
magnetic p[] ! necess>y means4 ,moral   
culture is1 h[ev]1 f its v nature1 rais$
 above su* dep5d5ce4  ,if we fix our    
?\ght on ! subjective limit--t (        
individuality 7 #dg7--we detect ! gr\nd 
= t indiff]5ce :i* lays little /ress on 

education 7 #df1 end74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1
 we conc5trate our att5tion on ! means (
 culture1 we %all p]ceive ! reason ( !  
o!r extreme spok5 (--( t p$agogical     
despotism 7 #df7 :i* fancies t x is able
 to prescribe & en=ce at w ^u ! pupil   
any culture :atev]1 )\t reg>d to 8      
special *>act]i/ics4   #di4 ,education  
comes to its absolute limit :5 ! pupil  
has appreh5d$ ! problem :i* he is to    
solve1 has compreh5d$ ! means :i* are at
 8 disposal1 & has acquir$ ! necess>y   
skill 9 us+ !m4 ,! true educator seeks  
to r5d] himself unnecess>y by ! complete
 emancipation ( ! y\?4 ,he works always 
t[>ds ! indep5d5ce ( ! pupil1 & always )
 ! design ( )draw+ s soon z he %all h   
rea*$ ?is /&-po9t1 & ( leav+ him to !   
full responsibility = 8 own de$s4 ,to   
endeavor to hold him 9 ! position ( a   
pupil aft] ?is "t has be5 rea*$ w\ld be 
to contradict ! v ess5ce ( education1   
:i* mu/ f9d its result 9 ! indep5d5t    
maturity ( ! y\?4 ,! inequality :i*     
=m]ly exi/$ betwe5 pupil & tea*] is n[  

remov$1 & no?+ becomes m oppressive to !
 =m] ?an any endeavor to =ce ^u him !   
au?ority f :i*1 9 reality1 8 own ef=ts h
 fre$ him4 ,b ! undue ha/5+ ( ?is       
emancipation is z bad an error z an ef=t
 aft] delay4 ,! "q z to :e!r a p]son is 
really ready = indep5d5t action--z to   
:e!r 8 education is f9i%$--may be settl$
 9 mu* ! same way 9 education z 9       
politics4 ,:5 any p has progress$ s f> z
 to put ! "q :e!r !y are ready = fre$om1
 x ceases to be a "q2 =1 )\t ! inn]     
consci\sness ( fre$om itself1 ! "q w\ld 
nev] h occurr$ to !m4   #ej4 ,b1 al?\gh 
! pupil may rightly n[ be fre$ f ! h&s (
 in/ructors1 & no long] obta9 8 culture 
?r\gh !m1 x is by no means to be        
und]/ood t he is n to g on ) ! "w       
himself4 ,he is n[ to educate himself4  
,ea* mu/ plan out = himself ! ideal t[>d
 :i* he mu/ daily /rive4 ,9 ?is process 
( self-trans=mation a fri5d may aid by  
advice & example1 b he _c educate1 = !  
act ( educat+ necess>ily implies        
inequality betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,!     

human necessity = companion%ip gives    
rise to societies ( diff]5t k9ds1 9 :i* 
we may1 p]haps1 say t !re is "s approa* 
to educat+ _! memb]s1 ! necess>y        
inequality be+ suppli$ by v>i\s grades &
 ord]s4 ,!y presuppose education 9 !    
usual s5se ( ! ^w1 b !y wi% to br+ ab\t 
an education 9 a high] s5se1 &1 !re=e1  
!y veil ! la/ =m ( _! ideal 9 my/]y &   
secrecy4  ,by ! t]m ,phili/] ! ,g]mans  
indicate ! man ( a civiliz$ /ate :o     
lives on1 cont5t$ ) himself & devoid (  
any impulse t[>ds fur!r self-culture4   
,to "o :o is always aspir+ aft] an      
,ideal1 su* a "o _c b be repulsive4 ,b  
h[ _m are !y :o d n1 soon] or lat]1 9   
mature life1 cry/allize1 z x 71 s t any 
active life1 any new progress1 is to !m 
impossible8   ,,analysis ,,& ,,comm5t>y4
   #a4 ,p$agogics is n a complete1      
indep5d5t sci5ce by itself4 ,x borr[s ! 
results ( o!r sci5ces e4g41 x           
presupposes ! sci5ce ( ,rights1 treat+ (
 ! in/itutions ( ! family & civil       
society1 z well z ( ! ,/ate2 x          

presupposes ! sci5ce ( an?ropology1 9   
:i* is treat$ ! relations ( ! human m9d 
to nature4 ,nature conditions !         
developm5t ( ! individual human be+4 ,b 
! hi/ory ( ! individual & ! hi/ory ( !  
race pres5ts a cont9ual emancipation f  
nature1 & a cont9ual gr[? into fre$om1  
i4e41 into ability to "k himself & to   
realize himself 9 ! _w by mak+ ! matt] &
 =ces ( ! _w 8 in/rum5ts & tools4       
,an?ropology %[s u h[ man z a natural   
be+--i4e41 z hav+ a body--is limit$4    
,!re is climate1 involv+ heat & cold &  
moi/ure1 ! seasons ( ! ye>1 etc42 !re is
 organic gr[?1 involv+ bir?1 gr[?1      
reproduction1 & decay2 !re is race1     
involv+ ! limitations ( h]$ity2 !re is !
 telluric life ( ! planet & !           
circulation ( ! =ces ( ! sol> sy/em1    
:5ce arise ! processes ( sleep+1 wak+1  
dream+1 & k9dr$ ph5om5a2 !re is !       
emotional nature ( man1 involv+ 8       
feel+s1 passions1 in/9cts1 & desires2 !n
 !re are ! five s5ses1 & _! conditions4 
,!n1 !re is ! sci5ce ( ph5om5ology1     

treat+ ( ! /eps by :i* m9d rises f !    
/age ( m]e feel+ & s5se-p]ception to t (
 self-consci\sness1 i4e41 to a          
recognition ( m9d z true sub/ance1 & (  
matt] z m]e ph5om5on creat$ by ,m9d     
7,god74 ,!n1 !re is psy*ology1 includ+ !
 treatm5t ( ! /ages ( activity ( m9d1 z 
s-call$ faculties ( ! m9d1 e4g41        
att5tion1 s5se-p]ception1 imag9ation1   
conception1 und]/&+1 judgm5t1 reason1 & 
! l4 ,psy*ology is g5]ally made 7by     
,engli% writ]s7 to include1 also1 :at is
 "h call$ an?ropology & ph5om5ology4    
,aft] psy*ology1 !re is ! sci5ce (      
e?ics1 or ( morals & cu/oms2 !n1 !      
,sci5ce ( ,rights1 already m5tion$2 !n1 
,!ology1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 &1   
aft] all ^!1 !re is ,philosophy1 or !   
,sci5ce ( ,sci5ce4 ,n[1 x is cle> t !   
,sci5ce ( ,education treats ( ! process 
( developm5t1 by & ?r\gh :i* man1 z a   
m]ely natural be+1 becomes _s1 or       
self-consci\s m9d2 h5ce1 x presupposes  
all ! sci5ces nam$1 & w be defective if 
x ignores nature1 or m9d1 or any /age or

 process ( ei!r1 especially             
,an?ropology1 ,ph5om5ology1 ,psy*ology1 
,e?ics1 ,rights1 /hetics1 or ,sci5ce (  
,art & ,lit]ature1 ,religion1 or        
,philosophy4   #b4 ,! scope ( p$agogics 
be+ s broad1 & its presuppositions s    
va/1 its limits are n well def9$1 & its 
treatises are v apt to lack logical     
sequ5ce & conclusion2 &1 inde$1         
frequ5tly to be m]e collections (       
unju/ifi$ & unexpla9$ assumptions1      
dogmatically set =?4 ,h5ce ! l[ repute (
 p$agogical lit]ature z a :ole4   #c4   
,moreov]1 education furni%es a special  
vocation1 t ( tea*+4 7,all vocations are
 specializ+--be+ cut (f1 z x 71 f !     
total life ( man4 ,! division ( labor   
requires t ea* individual %all          
conc5trate 8 endeavors & be a "p ( !    
:ole74   #d4 ,p$agogics1 z a special    
sci5ce1 belongs to ! collection (       
sci5ces 7already describ$1 9 comm5t+ on 
#a7 includ$ "u ! philosophy ( ,_s or    
,m9d1 & m p>ticul>ly to t "p ( x :i*    
relates to ! w 7e?ics & sci5ce ( rights1

 r ?an to ! "p relat+ to ! intellect &  
feel+1 z an?ropology1 ph5om5ology1      
psy*ology1 /hetics1 & religion4         
,!oretical relates to ! intellect1      
practical relates to ! w1 9 ?is         
philosophy74 ,! prov9ce ( practical     
philosophy is ! inve/igation ( ! nature 
( fre$om1 & ! process ( secur+ x by     
self-emancipation f nature4 ,p$agogics  
involves ! consci\s ex]tion ( influ5ce  
on ! "p ( ! w ( ! tea*] ^u ! w ( !      
pupil1 ) a purpose 9 view--t ( induc+ ! 
pupil to =m c]ta9 prescrib$ habits1 &   
adopt prescrib$ views & incl9ations4 ,! 
entire sci5ce ( m9d 7z above %[n71 is   
presuppos$ by ! sci5ce ( education1 &   
mu/ be kept con/antly 9 view z a guid+  
light4 ,! in/itution ( ! family 7treat$ 
9 practical philosophy7 is ! />t+-po9t (
 education1 & )\t ?is in/itution prop]ly
 realiz$1 education w\ld f9d no solid   
f\ndation4 ,! "r to be educat$ on ! "p (
 *ildr51 & ! duty to educate on ! "p (  
p>5ts1 are reciprocal2 & !re is no      
family life s poor & rudim5t>y t x does 

n furni% ! mo/ important elem5ts (      
education--no matt] :at ! subsequ5t     
influ5ce ( ! s*ool1 ! vocation1 & !     
/ate4   #e4 ,p$agogics z sci5ce1        
di/+ui%$ f ! same z an art3 ! =m]       
conta9+ ! ab/ract g5]al treatm5t1 & !   
latt] tak+ into consid]ation all !      
conditions ( concrete individuality1    
e4g41 ! peculi>ities ( ! tea*] & !      
pupil1 & all ! local circum/ances1 & !  
p[] ( adaptation kn[n z tact4   #f4 ,!  
special conditions & peculi>ities1      
consid]$ 9 education z an art1 may be   
=mulat$ & r$uc$ to sy/em1 b !y %\ld n be
 introduc$ z a "p ( ! sci5ce (          
education4   #g4 ,p$agogics has ?ree    
p>ts3 fir/1 x consid]s ! idea & nature (
 education1 & arrives at its true       
def9ition2 second1 x pres5ts & describes
 ! special prov9ces into :i* ! entire   
field ( education is divid$2 ?ird1 x    
consid]s ! hi/orical evolution (        
education by ! human race1 & !          
individual sy/ems ( education t h aris51
 fl\ri%$1 & decay$1 & _! special        

functions 9 ! life ( man4   #h4 ,! scope
 ( ! fir/ "p is easy to def9e4 ,! hi/ory
 ( p$agogics1 ( c\rse1 conta9s all !    
ideas or def9itions ( ! nature (        
education2 b x mu/ n = t reason be      
sub/itut$ = ! sci5tific inve/igation ( !
 nature ( education1 :i* alone %\ld     
con/itute ?is fir/ "p 7& ! hi/ory (     
education be res]v$ = ! ?ird "p74   #i4 
,! second "p includes a discussion ( !  
?reefold nature ( man z body1 intellect1
 & w4 ,! difficulty 9 ?is "p ( ! sci5ce 
is v great1 because ( its dep5d5ce ^u   
o!r sci5ces 7e4g41 ^u physiology1       
an?ropology1 etc471 & because ( !       
temptation to g into details 7e4g41 9 ! 
practical dep>tm5t1 to consid] ! endless
 v>ieties ( s*ools = arts & trades74    
#aj4 ,! ?ird "p conta9s ! exposition ( !
 v>i\s national /&po9ts furni%$ 79 !    
hi/ory ( ! _w7 = ! bases ( p>ticul>     
sy/ems ( education4 ,9 ea* ( ^! sy/ems w
 be f\nd ! g5]al idea und]ly+ all       
education1 b x w be f\nd exi/+ "u       
special modifications1 :i* h aris5 ?r\gh

 its application to ! physical1         
intellectual1 & e?ical conditions ( ! p4
 ,b we c d$uce ! ess5tial features ( !  
diff]5t sy/ems t may appe> 9 hi/ory1 =  
!re are only a limit$ numb] ( sy/ems    
possible4 ,ea* l[] =m f9ds itself       
complem5t$ 9 "s high] =m1 & its function
 & purpose !n become manife/4 ,! sy/ems 
( national education 7i4e41 ,asiatic    
sy/ems1 9 :i* ! individuality ( ea*     
p]son is swall[$ up 9 ! sub/antiality ( 
! national idea--j z ! individual waves 
get lo/ 9 ! ocean on ^: surface !y      
arise7 f9d _! complete explanation 9 !  
sy/ems ( education t arise 9 ,*ri/ianity
 7! pres]vation ( human life be+ !      
object ( ! nation1 x foll[s t :5 realiz$
 ab/ractly or exclusively1 x absorbs &  
annuls ! m5tal indep5d5ce ( its         
subjects1 & ?us contradicts itself by   
de/roy+ ! ess5ce ( :at x und]takes to   
pres]ve1 i4e41 life 7s\l1 m9d72 b )9    
,*ri/ianity ! pr9ciple ( ! /ate is f\nd 
s modifi$ t x is consi/5t ) ! inf9ite1  
untrammell$ developm5t ( ! individual1  

intellectually & morally1 & ?us n only  
life is sav$1 b spiritual1 free life is 
atta9able = ea* & = all74   #aa4 ,!     
hi/ory ( p$agogy ends ) ! pres5t sy/em z
 ! late/ "o4 ,z sci5ce sees ! future    
ideally conta9$ 9 ! pres5t1 x is b\nd to
 compreh5d ! late/ sy/em z a realization
 7?\gh imp]fect7 ( ! ideal sy/em (      
education4 ,h5ce1 ! sy/em1 z            
sci5tifically treat$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( our  
"w1 is ! sy/em ) :i* ! ?ird "p ( our "w 
ends4   #ab4 ,! nature ( education1 its 
=m1 its limits1 are n[ to be inve/igat$4
 7 #ac-ej47   #ac4 ,! nature ( education
 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ,m9d or ,_s1 ^:  
activity is always devot$ to realiz+ =  
itself :at x is pot5tially--to becom+   
consci\s ( its possibilities1 & to gett+
 !m "u ! control ( its w4 ,m9d is       
pot5tially free4 ,education is ! means  
by :i* man seeks to realize 9 man 8     
possibilities 7to develop !             
possibilities ( ! race 9 ea*            
individual74 ,h5ce1 education has fre$om
 = its object4   #ad4 ,man is ! only be+

 capable ( education1 9 ! s5se above    
def9$1 because ! only consci\s be+4 ,he 
mu/ "k himself ideally1 & !n realize 8  
ideal self1 9 ord] to become actually   
free4 ,! animals n ! plants may be      
tra9$1 or cultivat$1 b1 z devoid (      
self-consci\sness 7ev5 ! highe/ animals 
n gett+ above impressions1 n rea*+      
ideas1 n seiz+ g5]al or ab/ract ?\ghts71
 !y are n realiz$ = !mselves1 b only =  
u4 7,t is1 !y d n "k _! ideal z we d47  
#ae4 ,education1 tak5 9 its wide/       
compass1 is ! education ( ! human race  
by ,div9e ,provid5ce4   #af4 ,9 a n>r[] 
s5se1 education is appli$ to ! %ap+ ( ! 
individual1 s t 8 caprice & arbitr>9ess 
%all give place to rational habits &    
views1 9 h>mony ) nature & e?ical       
cu/oms4 ,he mu/ n abuse nature1 nor     
slight ! e?ical code ( 8 p1 nor despise 
! gifts ( ,provid5ce 7:e!r = weal or    
woe71 unless he is will+ to be cru%$ 9 !
 collision ) ^! m sub/antial elem5ts4   
#ag4 ,9 ! n>r[e/1 b mo/ usual           
application ( ! t]m1 we und]/& by       

education ! influ5ce ( ! individual ^u !
 individual1 ex]t$ ) ! object ( develop+
 8 p[]s 9 a consci\s & me?odical mann]1 
ei!r g5]ally or 9 special directions1 ! 
educator be+ relatively mature1 &       
ex]cis+ au?ority ov] ! relatively       
immature pupil4 ,)\t au?ority on ! "o h&
 & ob$i5ce on ! o!r1 education w\ld lack
 its e?ical basis--a neglect ( ! w-tra9+
 c\ld n be comp5sat$ = by any am\nt ( k 
or sm>tness4   #ah4 ,! g5]al prov9ce (  
education includes ! developm5t ( !     
individual into ! !oretical & practical 
reason imman5t 9 him4 ,! def9ition :i*  
limits education to ! developm5t ( !    
individual into e?ical cu/oms 7ob$i5ce  
to morality1 social conv5tionalities1 & 
! laws ( ! /ate--,hegel's def9ition is  
"h ref]r$ to3 ,! object ( education is  
to make m5 e?ical7 is n compreh5sive    
en\gh1 because x ignores ! side ( !     
intellect1 & takes note only ( ! w4 ,!  
individual %\ld n only be man 9 g5]al 7z
 he is ?r\gh ! adoption ( moral & e?ical
 =ms--:i* are g5]al =ms1 cu/oms1 or     

laws1 & ?us ! =ms impos$ by ! w ( !     
race71 b he %\ld also be a self-consci\s
 subject1 a p>ticul> individual 7man1   
?r\gh 8 intellect1 exi/s = himself z an 
individual1 :ile ?r\gh 8 g5]al habits & 
cu/oms he loses 8 individuality &       
spontaneity74   #ai4 ,education has a   
def9ite object 9 view & x proce$s by    
grades ( progress t[>d x4 ,! sy/ematic  
t5d5cy is ess5tial to all education1    
prop]ly s call$4   #bj4 ,division (     
labor has become requisite 9 ! high]    
sph]es ( tea*+4 ,! gr[+ multiplicity (  
bran*es ( k creates ! necessity = !     
speciali/ z tea*]4 ,) ?is t5d5cy to     
specialties x becomes m & m difficult to
 pres]ve :at is s ess5tial to ! pupil--8
 r\nd$ human culture & symmetry (       
developm5t4 ,! citiz5 ( mod]n           
civilization sometimes appe>s to be an  
artificial product by ! side ( !        
v]satility ( ! savage man4   #ba4 ,f ?is
 necessity ( ! division ( labor 9 mod]n 
times !re arises ! dem& = two k9ds (    
educational in/itutions--^? devot$ to   

g5]al education 7common s*ools1         
colleges1 etc471 & special s*ools 7=    
agriculture1 m$ic9e1 me*anic arts1 etc74
   #bb4 ,! inf9ite possibility ( culture
 = ! individual leaves1 ( c\rse1 8      
actual accompli%m5t a m]e approximation 
to a complete education4 ,born idiots   
are exclud$ f ! possibility ( education1
 because ! lack ( univ]sal ideas 9 _!   
consci\sness precludes to t class (     
un=tunates any?+ beyond a m]e me*anical 
tra9+4   #bc4 ,_s1 or m9d1 makes its own
 nature2 x is :at x produces--a         
self-result4 ,f ?is foll[s ! =m (       
education4 ,x comm5ces ) 7#a7 undevelop$
 m9d--t ( ! infant--:]e9 ne>ly all is   
pot5tial1 & b little is actualiz$2 7#b7 
its fir/ /age ( developm5t is           
self-e/rangem5t--x is absorb$ 9 !       
obs]vation ( objects ar\nd x2 7#c7 b x  
discov]s laws & pr9ciples 7univ]sality7 
9 ext]nal nature1 & f9ally id5tifies !m 
) reason--x comes to recognize itself 9 
nature--to recognize consci\s m9d z !   
creator & pres]v] ( ! ext]nal _w--& ?us 

becomes at home 9 nature4 ,education    
does n create1 b x emancipates4   #bd4  
,?is process ( self-e/rangem5t & its    
removal belongs to all culture4 ,! m9d  
mu/ fix its att5tion ^u :at is =eign to 
x1 & p5etrate its disguise4 ,x w discov]
 its own sub/ance "u ! seem+ ali5 be+4  
,wond] is ! accompanim5t ( ?is /age (   
e/rangem5t4 ,! love ( travel & adv5ture 
arises f ?is basis4   #be4 ,labor is    
di/+ui%$ f play3 ,! =m] conc5trates its 
en]gies on "s object1 ) ! purpose ( mak+
 x con=m to its w & purpose2 play       
occupies itself ) its object accord+ to 
its caprice & arbitr>9ess1 & has no c>e 
= ! results or products ( its activity2 
"w is prescrib$ by au?ority1 :ile play  
is necess>ily spontane\s4   #bf4 ,"w &  
,play3 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,9 play ! 
*ild feels t he has entire control ov] !
 object ) :i* he is deal+1 bo? 9 respect
 to its exi/5ce & ! object = :i* x      
exi/s4 ,8 arbitr>y w may *ange bo? )    
p]fect impunity1 s9ce all dep5ds ^u 8   
caprice2 he ex]cises 8 p[]s 9 play      

accord+ to 8 natural proclivities1 &    
!re9 f9ds scope to develope 8 own       
individuality4 ,9 "w1 on ! contr>y1 he  
mu/ h respect = ! object ) :i* he deals4
 ,x mu/ be held sacr$ aga9/ 8 caprice1  
mu/ n be de/roy$ nor injur$ 9 any way1 &
 its object mu/ likewise be respect$4 ,8
 own p]sonal incl9ations mu/ be entirely
 subord9at$1 & ! bus9ess t he is at "w  
^u mu/ be c>ri$ =w>d 9 accordance ) its 
own ends & aims1 & )\t ref]5ce to 8 own 
feel+s 9 ! matt]4  ,?us "w tea*es !     
pupil ! lesson ( self-sacrifice 7! "r ( 
sup]iority :i* ! g5]al int]e/ possesses 
ov] ! p>ticul>71 :ile play develops 8   
p]sonal idiosyncrasy4   #bg4 ,)\t play1 
! *ild w\ld become m & m a ma*9e1 & lose
 all fre%ness & spontaneity--all        
orig9ality4 ,)\t "w1 he w\ld develop    
into a mon/] ( caprice & arbitr>9ess4   
,f ! fact t man mu/ le>n to comb9e )    
man1 9 ord] t ! individual may avail    
himself ( ! exp]i5ce & labors ( 8       
fell[-m51 self-sacrifice = ! sake (     
comb9ation is ! great lesson ( life4 ,b 

z ?is %\ld be volunt>y self-sacrifice1  
education mu/ tra9 ! *ild equally 9 !   
two directions ( spontaneity & ob$i5ce4 
,! educat$ man f9ds recreation 9 *ange (
 "w4   #bh4 ,education seeks to         
assimilate its object--to make :at 0    
ali5 & /range to ! pupil into some?+    
famili> & habitual to him4 ,! pupil is  
to attack1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! =eign realms
 9 ! _w ( nature & man1 & conqu] !m = 8 
own1 s t he c be at home 9 !m4 ,x is !  
necess>y condition ( all gr[?1 all      
culture1 t "o wid5s 8 own individuality 
by ?is conque/ ( new prov9ces ali5 to   
him4 ,by ?is ! individual transc5ds !   
n>r[ limits ( p>ticul>ity & becomes     
g5]ic--! individual becomes ! species4  
,a good def9ition ( education is ?is3 x 
is ! process by :i* ! individual man    
elevates himself to ! species4   #bi4   
7#a7 ,!re=e1 ! fir/ requirem5t 9        
education is t ! pupil %all acquire !   
habit ( subord9at+ 8 likes & dislikes to
 ! atta9m5t ( a rational object4  ,x is 
necess>y t he %all acquire ?is          

indiff]5ce to 8 own pleasure1 ev5 by    
employ+ 8 p[]s on t :i* does n appeal to
 8 int]e/ 9 ! remote/ degree4   #cj4    
,habit soon makes u famili> ) ^?        
subjects :i* seem$ s remote f our       
p]sonal int]e/1 & !y become agreeable to
 u4 ,! objects1 too1 assume a new int]e/
 ^u ne>] approa*1 z be+ useful or       
injuri\s to u4 ,t is useful :i* s]ves u 
z a means = ! realization ( a rational  
purpose2 injuri\s1 if x h9d]s su*       
realization4 ,x happ5s t objects are    
useful 9 "o s5se & injuri\s 9 ano!r1 &  
vice v]sa4 ,education mu/ make ! pupil  
capable ( decid+ on ! usefulness ( an   
object1 by ref]5ce to its effect on 8   
p]man5t vocation 9 life4   #ca4 ,b good 
& evil are ! e?ical di/9ctions :i*      
furni% ! absolute /&>d to :i* to ref] ! 
"q ( ! usefulness ( objects & actions4  
#cb4 7#b7 ,habit is 7a7 passive1 or 7b7 
active4 ,! passive habit is t :i* gives 
u ! p[] to reta9 our equipoise ( m9d 9 !
 mid/ ( a _w ( *anges 7pleasure & pa91  
grief & joy1 etc74 ,! active habit gives

 u skill1 pres5ce ( m9d1 tact 9         
em]g5cies1 etc4   #cc4 7#c7 ,education  
deals altoge!r ) ! =mation ( habits4 ,= 
x aims to make "s condition or =m (     
activity into a second nature = ! pupil4
 ,b ?is involves1 also1 ! break+ up (   
previ\s habits4 ,?is p[] to break up    
habits1 z well z to =m !m1 is necess>y  
to ! fre$om ( ! individual4   #cd4      
,education deals ) ^! complem5t>y       
relations 7anti!ses73 7a7 au?ority &    
ob$i5ce2 7b7 rationality 7g5]al =ms7 &  
individuality2 7c7 "w & play2 7d7 habit 
7g5]al cu/om7 & spontaneity4 ,!         
developm5t & reconciliation ( ^!        
opposite sides 9 ! pupil's "*1 s t !y   
become 8 second nature1 removes ! phase 
( con/ra9t :i* at fir/ accompanies !    
=mal inculcation ( rules1 & ! p]=mance (
 prescrib$ tasks4 ,! fre$om ( ! pupil is
 ! ultimate object to be kept 9 view1 b 
a too e>ly use ( fre$om may "w injury to
 ! pupil4 ,to remove a pupil f all      
temptation w\ld be to remove            
possibilities ( gr[? 9 /r5g? to resi/ x2

 on ! o!r h&1 to expose him ne$lessly to
 temptation is fi5di%4   #ce4 ,de=mities
 ( "* 9 ! pupil %\ld be c>efully trac$  
back to _! orig91 s t !y may be expla9$ 
by _! hi/ory4 ,only by compreh5d+ !     
hi/oric gr[? ( an organic defect are we 
able to prescribe ! be/ rem$ies4   #cf4 
,if ! negative behavior ( ! pupil 78 bad
 behavior7 results f ignorance due to 8 
own neglect1 or to 8 wilfulness1 x %\ld 
be met directly by an act ( au?ority on 
! "p ( ! tea*] 7& )\t an appeal to      
reason74 ,an appeal %\ld be made to !   
und]/&+ ( ! pupil only :5 he is some:at 
mature1 or %[s by 8 repetition ( ! (f5ce
 t 8 proclivity is deep-seat$1 &        
requires an array ( all good influ5ces  
to re9=ce 8 feeble resolutions to am5d4 
#cg4 ,repro(1 accompani$ by ?reats (    
puni%m5t1 is apt to deg5]ate into       
scold+4   #ch4 ,aft] ! failure ( o!r    
means1 puni%m5t %\ld be resort$ to4     
,inasmu* z ! puni%m5t %\ld be = !       
purpose ( mak+ ! pupil realize t x is ! 
consequ5ce ( 8 de$ return+ on himself1 x

 %\ld always be adm9i/]$ = "s p>ticul>  
act ( 81 & ?is %\ld be specifi$4 ,! ov]t
 act is ! only ?+ :i* a man c be held   
acc\ntable = 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 al?\gh x
 is true t ! h>bor+ ( evil ?\ghts or    
int5tions is a s91 yet x is n a crime   
until realiz$ 9 an ov]t act4   #dj4     
,puni%m5t %\ld be regulat$1 n by ab/ract
 rules1 b 9 view ( ! p>ticul> case & its
 att5d+ circum/ances4   #da4 ,sex & age 
( pupil %\ld be reg>d$ 9 prescrib+ !    
mode & degree ( puni%m5t4 ,corporal     
puni%m5t is be/ = pupils :o are v       
immature 9 m9d2 :5 !y are m develop$ !y 
may be puni%$ by any impos$ re/ra9t ^u  
_! free wills :i* w isolate !m f !      
ord9>y r\t9e foll[$ by _! fell[-pupils4 
7,deprivation ( ! "r to d z o!rs d is a 
:olesome species ( puni%m5t = ^? old or 
mature en\gh to feel its effects1 = x   
t5ds to secure respect = ! regul> tasks 
by elevat+ !m to ! rank ( rights &      
privileges47 ,= "y m5 & wom51 ! puni%m5t
 %\ld be ( a k9d t is bas$ on a s5se (  
honor4   #db4 7#a7 ,corporal puni%m5t   

%\ld be prop]ly adm9i/]$ by means ( !   
rod1 subdu+ wilful defiance by !        
application ( =ce4   #dh4 7#b7          
,isolation makes ! pupil realize a s5se 
( 8 dep5d5ce ^u human society1 & ^u !   
expression ( ?is dep5d5ce by cop]ation 9
 ! common tasks4 ,pupils %\ld n be %ut  
up 9 a d>k room1 nor remov$ f ! p]sonal 
sup]vision ( ! tea*]4 7,to %ut up two or
 m 9 a room )\t sup]vision is n         
isolation1 b association2 only x is     
association = mis*ief1 & n = /udy47     
#dd4 7#c7 ,puni%m5t bas$ on ! s5se (    
honor may or may n be bas$ on isolation4
 ,x implies a /ate ( maturity on ! "p ( 
! pupil4 ,?r\gh 8 (f5ce ! pupil has     
de/roy$ 8 equality ) 8 fell[s1 & has 9  
reality1 9 8 inmo/ nature1 isolat$      
himself f !m4 ,corporal puni%m5t is     
ext]nal1 b x may be accompani$ ) a ke5  
s5se ( di%onor4 ,isolation1 also1 may1  
to a pupil1 :o is s5sitive to honor1 be 
a sev]e bl[ to self-respect4 ,b a       
puni%m5t f\nd$ entirely on ! s5se (     
honor w\ld be :olly int]nal1 & h no     

ext]nal discom=t atta*$ to x4   #de4 ,! 
necessity ( c>efully adapt+ ! puni%m5t  
to ! age & maturity ( ! pupil1 r5d]s x !
 mo/ difficult "p ( ! tea*]'s duties4 ,x
 is ess5tial t ! air & mann] ( ! tea*]  
:o puni%es %\ld be t ( "o :o acts f a   
s5se ( pa9ful duty1 & n f any delight 9 
be+ ! cause ( suff]+4 ,n p]sonal likes &
 dislikes1 b ! rational necessity :i* is
 ov] tea*] & pupil alike1 causes !      
infliction ( pa9 on ! pupil4   #df4     
,puni%m5t is ! f9al topic to be consid]$
 "u ! head ( ,=m ( ,education4  ,9 ! act
 ( puni%m5t ! tea*] ab&ons ! legitimate 
prov9ce ( education1 :i* seeks to make !
 pupil rational or ob$i5t to :at is     
reasonable1 z a habit1 & f 8 own free w4
 ,! pupil is puni%$ 9 ord] t he may be  
made to con=m to ! rational1 by !       
application ( con/ra9t4 ,ano!r w is     
sub/itut$ = ! pupil's1 & good behavior  
is produc$1 b n by ! pupil's free act4  
,:ile education f9ds a negative limit 9 
puni%m5t1 x f9ds a positive limit 9 !   
accompli%m5t ( its legitimate object1   

:i* is ! emancipation ( ! pupil f ! /ate
 ( imbecility1 z reg>ds m5tal & moral   
self-control1 into ! ability to direct  
himself rationally4 ,:5 ! pupil has     
acquir$ ! discipl9e :i* enables him to  
direct 8 /udies prop]ly1 & to control 8 
incl9ations 9 su* a mann] z to pursue 8 
"w regul>ly1 ! tea*] is no long] ne$$ = 
him--he becomes 8 own tea*]4  ,!re may  
be two extreme views on ?is subject--!  
"o t5d+ t[>ds ! negative extreme (      
requir+ ! tea*] to d ev]y?+ = ! pupil1  
sub/itut+ 8 w = t ( ! pupil1 & ! o!r    
view t5d+ to ! positive extreme1 & leav+
 ev]y?+ to ! pupil1 ev5 be=e 8 w is     
tra9$ into habits ( self-control1 or 8  
m9d provid$ ) ! necess>y elem5t>y       
bran*es requisite = ! prosecution (     
fur!r /udy4   #dg4 7#a7 ,! subjective   
limit ( education 7on ! negative side7  
is to be f\nd 9 ! individuality ( !     
pupil--! limit to 8 natural capacity4   
#dh4 7#b7 ,! objective limit to         
education lies 9 ! am\nt ( "t t ! p]son 
may devote to 8 tra9+4 ,x1 !re=e1 dep5ds

 l>gely ^u weal?1 or o!r =tunate        
circum/ances4   #di4 7#c7 ,! absolute   
limit ( education is ! positive limit   
7see  #df71 beyond :i* ! y\? passes into
 fre$om f ! s*ool1 z a necess>y         
in/rum5tality = fur!r culture4   #ej4 ,!
 pre-arrang$ patt]n-mak+ "w ( ! s*ool is
 n[ done1 b self-education may & %\ld g 
on indef9itely1 & w g on if ! education 
( ! s*ool has really arriv$ at its      
absolute limit--i4e41 has fitt$ ! pupil 
= self-education4 ,emancipation f !     
s*ool does n emancipate "o f le>n+ ?r\gh
 8 fell[-m54 ,man's spiritual life is "o
 dep5d+ ^u cop]ation ) 8 fell[-m54 ,ea* 
mu/ avail himself ( ! exp]i5ce ( 8      
fell[-m51 & 9 turn communicate 8 own    
exp]i5ce to ! common fund ( ! race4 ,?us
 ea* lives ! life ( ! :ole1 & all live =
 ea*4 ,s*ool-education gives ! pupil !  
in/rum5talities ) :i* to enable him to  
p>ticipate 9 ?is fund ( exp]i5ce--?is   
common life ( ! race4 ,aft]             
s*ool-education comes ! /ill m valuable 
education1 :i*1 h[ev]1 )\t ! s*ool1 w\ld

 be 9 a great measure impossible4       
,,errata4    #bf4 ,la/ two p>agraphs    
%\ld be )9 quotation m>ks1 be+ f an     
,engli% au?or4   #bi4 ,! second & ?ird  
p>agraphs belong to  #cj4--! numb]+ be+ 
omitt$4   #cc4 ,l9e f\r--in/ructive %\ld
 be intuitive4     ,,second ,,"p4  ,!   
,special ,elem5ts ( ,education4    #ea4 
,education is ! developm5t ( ! !oretical
 & practical ,reason :i* is inborn 9 !  
human be+4 ,its end is to be accompli%$ 
by ! labor :i* trans=ms a condition1    
exi/5t at fir/ only z an ideal1 into a  
fix$ habit1 & *anges ! natural          
individuality into a glorifi$ humanity4 
,:5 ! y\? /&s1 s to speak1 on 8 own     
feet1 he is emancipat$ f education1 &   
education !n f9ds its limit4 ,! special 
elem5ts :i* may be said to make up      
education are ! life1 ! cognition1 & ! w
 ( man4 ,)\t ! fir/1 ! real nature ( !  
s\l c nev] be made really to appe>2 )\t 
cognition1 he c h no g5u9e w--i4e41 "o (
 :i* he is consci\s2 & )\t w1 no        
self-assurance1 ei!r ( life or (        

cognition4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! ?ree 
s-call$ elem5ts are n to be held ap>t 9 
! active "w ( education2 = !y are       
insep>able & cont9ually int]wov5 ! "o ) 
! o!r4 ,b none ! less d !y det]m9e _!   
respective consequ5ces1 & sometimes "o1 
sometimes ano!r has ! supremacy4 ,9     
infancy1 up to ! fif? or six? ye>1 !    
physical developm5t1 or m]e liv+1 is !  
ma9 consid]ation2 ! next p]iod1 t (     
*ildhood1 is ! "t ( acquir+ k1 9 :i* !  
*ild takes possession ( ! !ory ( ! _w z 
x is h&$ d[n--a tradition ( ! pa/1 su* z
 man has made x ?r\gh 8 exp]i5ce &      
insight2 & f9ally1 ! p]iod ( y\? mu/    
pave ! way to a practical activity1 ! "*
 ( :i* ! self-det]m9ation ( ! w mu/     
decide4   #eb4 ,we may1 !n1 divide !    
elem5ts ( ,p$agogics into ?ree sections3
 7#a7 ! physical1 7#b7 ! intellectual1  
7#c7 ! practical4 7,! words or?obiotics1
 didactics1 & pragmatics might be us$ to
 *>act]ize !m47  /hetic tra9+ is only an
 elem5t ( ! intellectual1 z social1     
moral1 & religi\s tra9+ are elem5ts ( ! 

practical4 ,b because ^! latt] elem5ts  
relate to ext]nal ?+s 7affairs ( ! _w71 
! "n pragmatics1 is appropriate4 ,9 s f>
 z education t\*es on ! pr9ciples :i*   
und]lie e?ics1 politics1 & religion1 x  
concurs ) ^? sci5ces1 b x is di/+ui%$ f 
!m 9 ! capacity :i* x imp>ts = solv+ !  
problems pres5t$ by ! o!rs4  ,!         
sci5tific ord] ( topics mu/ be e/abli%$ 
?r\gh ! fact t ! e>li]1 z ! m ab/ract1  
con/itute ! condition ( _! presuppos$   
end & aim1 & ! lat] because ! m concrete
 con/itute ! gr\nd ( ! =m]1 &           
consequ5tly _! f9al cause1 or ! end =   
:i* !y exi/2 j z 9 human be+s1 life 9 ! 
ord] ( "t comes be=e cognition1 &       
cognition be=e w1 al?\gh life really    
presupposes cognition1 & cognition w4   
,,fir/ ,,division4  ,,physical          
,,education1 ,,or ,,or?obiotics4    #ec4
 ,only :5 we rightly compreh5d ! process
 ( life may we "k h[ to live aright4    
,life1 ! circle ( et]nal *ange1 is      
con/antly trans=m+ ! inorganic into !   
organic1 & aft] us+ x1 return+ x aga9 to

 ! realm ( ! inorganic4 ,:atev] x does n
 assimilate ( t :i* x has tak5 9 simply 
z a /imulant1 & :atev] has become dead1 
x sep>ates f itself & rejects4 ,!       
organism is 9 p]fect heal? :5 x         
accompli%es ?is d\ble task ( organiz+ & 
disorganiz+4 ,on ! compreh5sion ( ?is   
s+le fact all laws ( physical heal? or (
 hygi5e are bas$4 ,?is idea ( ! ess5ce (
 life is express$ by ,goe! 9 8 ,fau/1   
:]e he sees ! gold5 buckets p]petually  
ris+ & s9k+4#ac ,:5 ! equilibrium ( !   
upw>d & d[nw>d motion is di/urb$1 we h  
disease4 ,:5 ! motion ceases we h dea?1 
9 :i* ! :ole organism becomes inorganic1
 & ! du/ returns to du/4   #ed4 ,x      
foll[s f ?is t n only 9 ! organism z a  
:ole1 b 9 e organ1 & e "p ( e organ1 ?is
 re/less *ange ( ! inorganic to !       
organic is go+ on4 ,e cell has its own  
hi/ory1 & ?is hi/ory is only ! same z t 
( ! :ole ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,activity is 
!n n inimical to ! organism1 b is !     
appo9t$ means by :i* ! progressive &    
retrogressive metamorphoses mu/ be c>ri$

 out4 ,9 ord] t ! process may g on      
h>moni\sly1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! body   
may be heal?y1 ! :ole organism1 & e "p (
 x 9 its own way1 mu/ h its p]iod (     
productive activity & !n also its p]iod 
( re/ 9 :i* x f9ds r5ewal ( /r5g? =     
ano!r p]iod ( activity4 ,?us we h wak+ &
 sleep1 inspiration & expiration ( air4 
,p]iodicity is ! law ( life4 ,:5 we     
und]/& ! relative antagonism 7_! /age ( 
t5sion7 ( ! diff]5t organs1 & _! cycles 
( activity1 we %all hold ! secret ( !   
con/ant self-r5ewal ( life4 ,?is ?\ght  
f9ds expression 9 ! old fairy /ories (  
,! ,se>* aft] ! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?4 ,& !    
figure ( ! f\nta91 ) its ris+ & fall+   
wat]s1 d\btless f9ds its orig9 9 ! dim  
compreh5sion ( ! endless d\ble movem5t1 
or p]iodicity ( life4   #ee4 ,:5 to any 
organ1 or to ! :ole organism1 n         
suffici5t "t is all[$ = x to )draw into 
itself & to repair wa/e1 we are consci\s
 ( fatigue4 ,:ile ! o!r organs all re/1 
h[ev]1 "o special organ may1 z if       
sep>at$ f !m1 su/a9 a long-cont9u$ ef=t 

( activity ev5 to ! po9t ( fatigue1 )\t 
injury--z1 e4g41 ! lungs 9 talk+ :ile   
all ! o!r memb]s are at re/4 ,b1 on !   
o!r h&1 x is n well to talk & run at !  
same "t4  ,! idea t ! body may be       
pres]v$ 9 a heal?y /ate long] by sp>+   
x--i4e41 by inactivity--is an error :i* 
spr+s f a false & me*anical conception (
 life4 ,x is j z fooli% to imag9e t     
heal? dep5ds on ! abundance & excell5ce 
( food1 = )\t ! p[] ( assimilat+ ! food 
tak51 n\ri%m5t ( :atev] k9d does m h>m  
?an good2 all real /r5g? develops f     
activity alone4   #ef4 ,physical        
education1 accord+ z x relates to !     
repair+1 ! muscul>1 or ! emotional      
activities1 is divid$ into 7#a7         
diatetics1 7#b7 gymna/ics1 7#c7 sexual  
education4 ,9 ! direct activity ( life  
^! all int]act ) ea* o!r1 b = our       
purposes we are oblig$ to speak ( !m z  
if !y work$ indep5d5tly4 ,moreov]1 9 !  
developm5t ( ! human be+1 !y come into  
maturity ( developm5t 9 a c]ta9 ord]3   
nutrition1 muscul> gr[?1 sexual         

maturity4 ,b ,p$agogics c treat ( ^!    
only z !y are f\nd 9 ! infant1 ! *ild1 &
 ! y\?2 = ) ! arrival ( mature life1    
education is ov]4   ,,fir/ ,,*apt]4     
,diatetics4    #eg4 ,by diatetics we    
mean ! art ( repair+ ! con/ant wa/e ( ! 
sy/em1 &1 9 *ildhood1 ( also build+ x up
 to its full =m & size4 ,s9ce 9 reality 
ea* organism has its own way ( do+ ?is1 
! diatetical practice mu/ v>y some:at ) 
sex1 age1 temp]am5t1 occupation1 &      
circum/ances4 ,! sci5ce ( ,p$agogics has
 !n1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 only to enunciate  
g5]al pr9ciples4 ,if we g into details1 
we fall into triviality4 ,no?+ c be ( m 
importance = ! :ole life ?an ! way 9 :i*
 ! physical education is manag$ 9 ! v   
fir/ /ages ( developm5t4 ,s g5]ally is  
?is fact accept$1 t almo/ e nation has  
its own di/9ct sy/em1 :i* has be5       
c>efully elaborat$4 ,_m ( ^! sy/ems1 no 
d\bt1 are *>act]iz$ by gross errors1 &  
widely diff] z to "t1 place1 & "*1 & yet
 !y all h a ju/ification = _! peculi>   
=m4   #eh4 ,! be/ food = ! infant 9 !   

fir/ mon?s ( its life is its "m's milk4 
,! employm5t ( ano!r nurse1 if a g5]al  
cu/om1 z 9 ,france1 is highly           
objectionable1 s9ce ) ! milk ! *ild is  
likely to imbibe to "s ext5t 8 physical 
& e?ical nature4 ,! milk ( an animal c  
nev] supply ! place to a *ild ( t ( its 
own "m4 ,9 ,walt] ,scott's /ory ( ,!    
,fair ,maid ( ,p]?1 ,ea*im is repres5t$ 
z timor\s by nature1 hav+ be5 n\ri%$ by 
a :ite doe aft] ! dea? ( 8 "m4   #ei4   
,:5 ! tee? make _! appe>ance1 x is a    
sign t ! *ild is ready = solid food2 &  
yet1 till ! second tee? appe>1 light1   
half-solid food & vegetables %\ld       
con/itute ! pr9cipal "p ( ! diet4   #fj4
 ,:5 ! second tee? h come1 !n ! organism
 dem&s bo? vegetable & animal food4 ,too
 mu* meat is1 d\btless1 h>mful4 ,b x is 
an error to suppose t man 0 int5d$ to   
eat vegetables alone1 & t1 z "s h said1 
! adoption ( animal food is a sign ( 8  
deg5]acy4  ,! ,h9doos1 :o live          
pr9cipally on a vegetable diet1 are n at
 all1 z has be5 ass]t$1 a mild & g5tle  

race4 ,a glance into _! /ories1         
especially _! erotic poetry1 proves !m  
to be q z passionate z any o!r p4   #fa4
 ,man is an omnivor\s be+4 ,*ildr5 h1   
!re=e1 a natural desire to ta/e ( e ?+4 
,) !m1 eat+ & dr9k+ h /ill a poetic     
side1 & !re is a pleasure 9 !m :i* is n 
:olly ! m]e pleasure ( ta/e4 ,_!        
proclivity to ta/e ( e ?+ %\ld n1 !re=e1
 be h>%ly c5sur$1 unless x is associat$ 
) disob$i5ce1 or pursu$ 9 a cl&e/9e     
mann]1 or :5 x betrays cunn+ & gre$9ess4
   #fb4 ,*ildr5 ne$ mu* sleep1 because  
!y are gr[+ & *ang+ s fa/4 ,9 lat] ye>s1
 wak+ & sleep+ mu/ be regulat$1 & yet n 
too exactly4   #fc4 ,! clo?+ ( *ildr5   
%\ld foll[ ! =m ( ! body1 & %\ld be l>ge
 en\gh to give !m free room = ! unfett]$
 movem5t ( e limb 9 play4  ,! ,g]mans d 
m rationally = *ildr5 9 ! matt] ( sleep 
& ( dress ?an 9 t ( food1 :i* !y (t5    
make too ri*1 & accompany ) c(fee1 tea1 
etc4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be n only suitable 9 
%ape & size1 x mu/ also be made ( simple
 & inexp5sive mat]ial1 s t ! *ild may n 

be hamp]$ 9 8 play by ! con/ant anxiety 
t a spot or a r5t may cause fault to be 
f\nd ) him4 ,if we fo/] 9 ! *ild's m9d  
too mu* ?\ght ab\t 8 clo!s1 we t5d to   
produce ei!r a n>r[-m9d$ness1 :i* treats
 affairs ( ! mom5t ) too mu* respect &  
conc]ns itself ) little ?+s1 or an empty
 vanity4 ,vanity is (t5 produc$ by      
dress+ *ildr5 9 a mann] t attracts      
att5tion4 7,no "o c fail to rem>k !     
peculi> heal?ful gayety ( ,g]man *ildr51
 & to contra/ x ) ! diff]5t appe>ance ( 
,am]ican *ildr54 ,x is und\bt$ly true t 
! climate has mu* to d ) ?is result1 b x
 is also true t we may le>n mu* f t     
nation 9 our way ( treat+ *ildr54       
,already we import _! *ildr5's          
/ory-books1 to ! inf9ite delight ( !    
little ones1 & copies ( _! *ildr5's     
pictures are appropriat$ con/antly by   
our *ildr5's magaz9es & picture-books4  
,x is to be greatly desir$ t we %\ld    
adopt ! v s5sible cu/om :i* prevails 9  
,g]many1 ( giv+ to ea* *ild its own     
little b$ to sleep 91 no matt] h[ _m may

 be requir$2 &1 9 g5]al1 we %all n g f> 
a/ray if we foll[ ! ,g]mans 9 _!        
treatm5t ( _! happy *ildr547   #fd4     
,cleanl9ess is a virtue to :i* *ildr5   
%\ld be tra9$1 n only = ! sake ( _!     
physical heal?1 b also because x has a  
decid$ moral influ5ce4 ,cleanl9ess w n h
 ?+s depriv$ ( _! di/9ctive & individual
 "*1 & become aga9 a "p ( orig9al *aos4 
,x is only a =m ( ord] :i* rem&s all    
?+s1 dirt includ$1 to _! own places1 & w
 n endure to h ?+s mix$ & confus$4 ,all 
adaptation 9 dress comes f ?is same     
pr9ciple4 ,:5 e ?+ is 9 its prop] place1
 all dress+ w be suitable to ! occasion 
& to ! we>]1 & ! era ( good ta/e 9 dress
 w h come4 ,dirt itself1 z ,"l ,palm]/on
 s wittily said1 is no?+ b matt] out (  
place4 ,cleanl9ess w\ld hold e          
individual ?+ /rictly to its diff]5ces f
 o!r ?+s1 & = ! reason t x makes pure   
air1 cleanl9ess ( 8 own body1 ( 8 clo?+1
 & ( all 8 surr\nd+s really necess>y to 
man1 x develops 9 him ! feel+ = ! prop] 
limitations ( all exi/5t ?+s4 7,em]son  

says3 ,!re=e is space & !re=e is "t1 t  
m5 may "k t ?+s are n huddl$ & lump$1 b 
sund]$ & divisible4 ,he might h said1   
,!re=e is cleanl9ess47   ,,second       
,,*apt]4  ,gymna/ics4    #fe4 ,gymna/ics
 is ! art ( cultivat+ 9 a rational mann]
 ! muscul> sy/em4 ,! activity ( !       
volunt>y muscles1 :i* are "u ! control (
 ! bra91 9 di/9ction f ! involunt>y1 :i*
 are "u ! control ( ! sp9al cord1 r5d]s 
possible ! connection ( man ) ! ext]nal 
_w1 & acts 9 a reflex mann] back ^u !   
involunt>y or automatic muscles = !     
purposes ( repair & s5sation4 ,because !
 activity ( muscle-fibre consi/s 9 !    
*ange f contraction to expansion1 & !   
rev]se1 gymna/ics mu/ use a con/ant     
*ange ( movem5ts :i* %all n only make   
t5se1 b relax ! muscles t are to be     
ex]cis$4   #ff4 ,! gymna/ic art among   
any p w always be> a c]ta9 relation to  
its art ( w>4 ,s long z fight+ consi/s  
ma9ly ( p]sonal1 h&-to-h& enc\nt]s ( two
 combatants1 s long w gymna/ics turn its
 *ief ef=t t[>ds ! developm5t ( !       

greate/ possible am\nt ( individual     
/r5g? & dext]ity4 ,b aft] ! inv5tion (  
fire-arms ( long range has *ang$ ! :ole 
idea ( w>1 ! individual becomes only "o 
memb] ( a body1 ! army1 ! division1 or !
 regim5t1 & em]ges f ?is position into 8
 individuality aga9 only occasionally1 z
 9 %>p%oot+1 9 ! onset1 or 9 ! retreat4 
,mod]n gymna/ics1 z an art1 c nev] be ! 
same z ! anci5t art1 = ?is v reason3 t  
because ( ! loss ( ! individual man 9 ! 
g5]al mass ( combatants1 ! matt] (      
p]sonal brav]y is n ( s mu* importance z
 =m]ly4 ,! same ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5
 anci5t & mod]n gymna/ics1 w\ld result f
 ! subjective1 or int]nal "* ( ! mod]n  
_s4 ,x is impossible = u1 9 mod]n times1
 to devote s mu* ?\ght to ! c>e ( ! body
 & to ! rev]5tial admiration ( its      
beauty z did ! ,greeks4  ,! ,turn]s'    
,unions & ,turn]s' ,halls 9 ,g]many     
belong$ to ! p]iod ( int5se political   
en?usiasm 9 ! ,g]man y\?1 & _h a        
political significance4 ,n[ !y h come   
back aga9 to _! place z an in/rum5t (   

education1 & seem 9 great cities to be (
 mu* importance4 ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 &
 9 c\ntry life g5]ally1 a def9ite       
gymna/ic drill is ( mu* less importance1
 = mu* & v>i$ ex]cise is ( necessity a  
con/ant "p ( ! daily life ( e "o4  ,!   
con/ant opportunity & ! impulse to      
recreation helps 9 ! same direction4 ,9 
cities1 on ! contr>y1 !re is n free     
space en\gh ei!r 9 h\ses or y>ds =      
*ildr5 to romp to _! he>t's & body's    
cont5t4 ,= ?is reason a gymnasium is "h 
useful1 s t !y may h companion%ip 9 _!  
plays4 ,= girls ?is ex]cise is less     
necess>y4 ,danc+ may take its place1 &  
sy/ematic ex]cise %\ld be us$ only :]e  
!re is a t5d5cy to "s weakness or       
de=mity4 ,!y are n to become ,amazons4  
,on ! o!r h&1 boys ne$ ! feel+ (        
comrade%ip4 ,x is true !y f9d ?is 9 "s  
measure 9 s*ool1 b !y are n !re p]fectly
 on an equality1 because ! /&+ is       
det]m9$ to "s ext5t by 8 intellectual   
ability4 ,! academic y\? _c hope to w9  
any great prem95ce 9 ! gymna/ic hall1 & 

runn+1 climb+1 leap+1 & lift+ d n int]e/
 him v mu* z he gr[s old]4 ,he takes a  
f> m lively int]e/ 9 ex]cises :i* h a   
milit>y "*4 ,9 ,g]many ! gymna/ic art is
 v closely unit$ ) ! art ( w>4  7,!     
,g]man idea ( a woman's :ole duty--to   
knit1 to sew1 & to obey implicitly--is  
p]haps acc\ntable = :at ,ros5kranz "h   
says ( ex]cise z reg>ds girls4 ,we1     
h[ev]1 :o "k t ! mo/ frequ5t direct     
cause ( debility & suff]+ 9 our "y wom5 
is simply & solely a want ( muscul>     
/r5g?1 may be p>don$ = diss5t+ f 8      
op9ion1 & = sugge/+ t danc+ is n a      
suffici5t equival5t = ! m viol5t games (
 _! bro!rs4 ,we d n fe> to r5d] !m      
,amazons by giv+ !m m g5u9e & sy/ematic 
ex]cise1 bo? physically &               
intellectually47   #fg4 ,! ma9 idea (   
gymna/ics1 & inde$ ( all ex]cise1 is to 
give ! m9d control ov] its natural      
impulses1 to make x ma/] ( ! body :i* x 
inhabits1 & ( itself4 ,/r5g? & dext]ity 
mu/ comb9e to give u a s5se ( ma/]%ip4  
,/r5g? by itself produces ! a?lete1     

dext]ity by itself ! acrobat4 ,p$agogics
 mu/ avoid bo? ^! extremes4 ,nei!r mu/ x
 base its tea*+ ( gymna/ics on ! idea ( 
utility--z1 e4g41 t man might save 8    
life by swimm+1 %\ld he fall into !     
wat]1 & h5ce swimm+ %\ld be taught1 etc4
  ,! ma9 ?\ght mu/ be always to enable !
 s\l to take full & p]fect possession ( 
! organism1 s z n to h ! body =m a limit
 or fett] to its action 9 its deal+s ) !
 ext]nal _w4 ,we are to give x a p]fect 
in/rum5t 9 ! body1 9 s f> z our c>e may 
d s4 ,!n we are to tea* x to use t      
in/rum5t1 & ex]cise x 9 t use till x is 
complete ma/] !re(4  7,:at is said ab\t 
! impropriety ( mak+ a?letes & acrobats 
may ) ju/ice be also appli$ to :at is   
call$ vocal gymna/ics2 :5ce x comes t we
 h too (t5 vocal a?letes & acrobats 9   
our graduates1 & few read]s :o c read at
 sight1 )\t difficulty or hesitation1 & 
) appreciation or enjoym5t1 "o page (   
good ,engli%47   #fh4 ,!re are all      
grades ( gymna/ic ex]cises1 f ! simple  
to ! mo/ complex1 con/itut+ a sy/em4 ,at

 fir/ sight1 !re seems to be s mu*      
arbitr>9ess 9 ^! ?+s t x is always v    
satisfactory to ! m9d to detect "s      
rational sy/em 9 !m4 ,?us we h movem5ts 
7a7 ( ! l[] extremities1 7b7 ( ! upp]1  
7c7 ( ! :ole body1 ) correspond+        
movem5ts1 alt]nately1 ( ! upp] & ( ! l[]
 extremities4 ,we ?us h leg1 arm1 &     
trunk movem5ts4   #fi4 7#a7 ,! fir/ set 
( movem5ts1 ^? ( ! legs & feet1 are (   
prime importance1 because ^u !m dep5ds !
 c>riage ( ! :ole body4 ,!y are 7a7     
walk+1 7b7 runn+1 7c7 leap+2 & ea* ( ^!1
 also1 may h v>ieties4 ,we may h high & 
l[ leap+1 & runn+ may be di/+ui%$ z to  
:e!r x is to be a %ort & rapid1 or a sl[
 & long-cont9u$ movem5t4 ,we may also   
walk on /ilts1 or run on skates4 ,we may
 leap ) a pole1 or )\t "o4 ,danc+ is    
only an arti/ic & graceful comb9ation ( 
^! movem5ts4   #gj4 7#b7 ,! second set  
comprises ! arm movem5ts1 :i* are ab\t !
 same z ! prec$+1 be+ 7a7 lift+1 7b7    
sw++2 7c7 ?r[+4 ,! use ( horizontal     
poles & b>s1 z well z climb+ & dragg+1  

belong to lift+4 ,"u ?r[+1 come quoit & 
ball-play+ & b[l+4 ,^! movem5ts are     
di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r n only               
quantitatively1 b qualitatively2 z1 =   
in/ance1 runn+ is n m]ely rapid walk+2 x
 is a diff]5t k9d ( movem5t f walk+1 z !
 position ( ! ext5d$ & contract$ muscles
 is diff]5t4   #ga4 7#c7 ,! ?ird set (  
ex]cises1 ^? ( ! trunk1 diff] f ! o!r   
two1 :i* %\ld prec$e x1 9 t !y br+ !    
body into contact ) an object 9 itself  
capable ( active resi/ance1 :i* x has to
 subdue4 ,?is object may be an elem5t   
7wat]71 an animal1 or a human be+2 & ?us
 we h 7a7 swimm+1 7b7 rid+1 7c7 fight+ 9
 s+le combat4 ,9 swimm+ we h ! ela/ic   
fluid1 wat]1 to ov]come by means ( arm &
 leg movem5ts4 ,?is may be made v       
difficult by a /rong curr5t1 or by r\gh 
wat]1 & yet we always h "h to /rive     
aga9/ an inanimate object4 ,on !        
contr>y1 9 horseback rid+ we h to deal )
 some?+ t has a self ( its own1 & !     
conte/ *all5ges n our /r5g? alone1 b    
also our skill & c\rage4 ,! motion is   

!re=e v complex1 & ! rid] mu/ be able to
 ex]cise ei!r or all ( ^! qualities at  
ne$4 ,b 8 att5tion mu/ n be :olly giv5  
to 8 horse1 = he has to obs]ve also !   
road1 & inde$ e ?+ ar\nd him4 ,"o ( !   
greate/ advantages ( horseback rid+ to !
 ov]work$ /ud5t or ! bus9ess man lies   
d\btlessly 9 ! m5tal ef=t4 ,x is        
impossible = him to g on revolv+ 9 8 m9d
 ! problems or ! ?\ghts :i* h s we>i$ or
 p]plex$ him4 ,8 :ole att5tion is       
incessantly dem&$ = ! managem5t ( 8     
horse1 = ! obs]vation ( ! road1 :i*     
*anges its "* ) e /ep1 & ) ! objects1 f>
 or ne>1 :i* are likely to attract !    
att5tion ( ! animal he rides4 ,mu* good1
 d\btless1 results f ! ex]cise ( !      
muscles ( ! trunk1 :i* are n 9 any o!r  
motion call$ into su* active play1 b mu*
 also f ! unavoidable di/raction ( ! m9d
 f ! ord9>y r\t9e ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! ?+  
mo/ ne$$4 ,:5 ! object :i* we are to    
subdue1 in/ead ( be+ an animal1 is a man
 l ourselves1 z 9 s+le combat1 we h     
ex]cise bo? ( body & m9d pu%$ to its    

highe/ p[]4 ,we h !n to oppose an       
intellig5ce :i* is equal to our own1 &  
no long] ! intellig5ce ( an unreason+   
animal4 ,s+le combat is ! truly *ivalr\s
 ex]cise2 & ?is also1 z 9 ! old *ivalry 
"t1 may be comb9$ ) horseman%ip4  ,9    
s+le combat we f9d also a qualitative   
di/9ction1 & ?is ( ?ree k9ds3 7a7 box+ &
 wre/l+1 7b7 fight+ ) canes or clubs1 & 
7c7 rapi] & sword f5c+4 ,! ,greeks c>ri$
 wre/l+ to its highe/ pit* ( excell5ce4 
,among ! ,briti%1 a nation ( sailors1   
box+ is /ill reta9$ z a national cu/om4 
,f5c+ ) a cane or /ick is mu* 9 use     
among ! ,fr5* artisan class4 ,! cane is 
a sort ( ref9$ club4 ,:5 ! sword or     
rapi] makes its appe>ance1 we come to   
mortal combat4 ,! s\!rn ,european excels
 9 ! use ( ! rapi]2 ! ,g]mans 9 t ( !   
sword4 ,! appe>ance ( ! pi/ol m>ks !    
deg5]acy ( ! art ( s+le combat1 z x     
makes ! weak man equal to ! /rong1 & !re
 is !re=e no m inc5tive to tra9 ! body  
to /r5g? 9 ord] to ov]come an enemy4 7,!
 tra9$ intellig5ce1 ! quick eye1 ! /eady

 h&1 ! w>y ?\ght to p]ceive & to take   
advantage ( an opportunity--^! are !    
qualities :i* ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] set  
up above /r5g? & brute =ce4 ,! ,greek   
nation1 & we may say ,greek my?ology &  
art1 w\ld h be5 impossible ) gunp[d]2 ! 
,am]ican nation impossible )\t x47      
,,?ird ,,*apt]4  ,sexual ,education4    
,?is *apt] is design$ = p>5ts r ?an =   
tea*]s1 & is h5ce n p>aphras$ "h4 ,a few
 obs]vations are1 h[ev]1 9 place4 ,great
 c>e is necess>y at ! p]iod ( y\? t a   
rational sy/em ( food & ex]cise be      
ma9ta9$4 ,b ! g5]al fault is 9 !        
omission ( ?is c>e 9 prec$+ ye>s4 ,"o _c
 neglect due precautions = _m ye>s1 & !n
 hope to repair ! damage caus$1 by      
extreme c>e = "o or two ye>s4  ,special 
c>e is necess>y t ! bra9 be n ov]work$ 9
 e>ly ye>s1 & a morbid excitation ( !   
:ole n]v\s sy/em !reby induc$4 ,we      
desire to repress any t5d5cy to ! rapid 
developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,above all1 
is ! read+ ( ! *ild to be c>efully wat*$
 & gu>d$4 ,no?+ c be worse food = a *ild

 ?an :at are call$ s5sational romances4 
,t ! read+ ( su* t5ds to enfeeble &     
en]vate ! :ole ?9k+ p[] is a fact :i*   
prop]ly belongs to ! intellectual side (
 our "q n yet rea*$1 & may be "h m]ely  
m5tion$4 ,b ! effect on ! physical      
condition ( ! y\?1 ( su* c>elessly      
writt5 s5sational /ories1 mo/ly ( !     
,fr5* type1 & full ( s5su\s1 if n s5sual
 sugge/ions1 is a po9t n (t5 en\gh      
consid]$4 ,! tea*] _c1 p]haps1 except   
indirectly1 prev5t ! read+ ( su* tra% at
 home4 ,b e influ5ce :i* he c br+ to be>
 t[>ds ! =mation ( a pur] & m correct   
ta/e1 he %\ld nev] omit4 ,:]e !re is a  
public libr>y 9 ! t[n1 he %\ld make     
himself acqua9t$ ) its cont5ts1 & give !
 *ildr5 direct help 9 _! selection (    
books4  ,?is is an ext]nal means4 ,b he 
%\ld nev] =get t e influ5ce :i* he c br+
 to be> 9 8 daily "w to make sci5ce     
pleasant & attractive1 & e lesson :i* he
 gives 9 ! use ( pure1 correct ,engli%1 
free f exagg]ation1 f slang1 & f        
mann]ism1 goes f> to r5d] su* mis]able &

 p]nici\s tra% di/a/eful ev5 to ! *ild  
himself4  ,e example ( ?or\gh "w1 e     
pleasure t comes f ! solv+ ( a problem  
or ! acquisition ( a new fact1 is s mu* 
=tification aga9/ ! advances ( ! enemy2 
:ile all %all[ half "w1 all pret5ce or  
%[ t5d to create an appetite 9 ! *ild's 
m9d :i* %all dem& su* food4  ,! true    
tea*] %\ld always h 9 8 m9d ^! f>-away &
 subtle effects ( 8 tea*+2 n pres5t good
 or pleasure ei!r = himself or 8 pupil1 
b ! f>-(f good--! di/ant developm5t4 ,t 
idea w\ld free him f ! notion1 too      
common 9 our day1 t ! success or failure
 ( 8 ef=ts is to be te/$ by any adroitly
 contriv$ sy/em ( exam9ations2 or /ill  
worse1 exhibitions4 ,8 success c alone  
be te/$ by ! future lives ( 8 pupils--by
 _! love =1 or dislike (1 new k4 ,8     
success w be m>k$ by _! active gr[?     
?r\gh all _! lives2 8 failure1 by _!    
e>ly arre/$ developm5t4     ,,an        
,,outl9e ,,( ,,educational ,,psy*ology4 
,,by ,,wm4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4  ,,to ,,be ,,us$
 ,,z ,,an ,,introduction ,,to           

,,p>agraphs #ha ,,to #ajb ,,(           
,,ros5kranz',s ,,p$agogics4   ,i4       
,:at be+s c be educat$2 ! plant has     
reaction   aga9/ its surr\nd+s 9 ! =m ( 
nutrition2 !   animal has reaction 9 !  
=m ( nutrition & feel+2   ,ari/otle     
calls ! life ( ! plant ! nutritive      
s\l1 & ! life ( ! animal ! s5sitive s\l4
    ,! life ( ! plant is a cont9ual     
reproduction ( new   individuals--a     
process ( go+ out ( "o individual into  
ano!r--s t ! p>ticul> individual loses  
its   id5tity1 al?\gh ! id5tity ( !     
species is   pres]v$4  ,t :i* is dep5d5t
 ^u ext]nal circum/ances1 & is only a   
circum/ance itself1 is n capable (      
education4 ,only a self c be educat$2 & 
a self is a consci\s unity--a           
self-activity1 a be+ :i* is ?r\gh       
itself1 & n "o t is made by surr\nd+    
conditions4  ,aga91 9 ord] t a be+      
possess a capacity = education1 x mu/ h 
! ability to realize )9 itself :at      
belongs to its species or race4  ,if an 
acorn c\ld develop itself s t x c\ld    

realize1 n only its own possibility z an
 oak1 b its entire species1 & all !     
v>ieties ( oaks )9 itself1 & )\t los+   
its p>ticul> individuality1 x w\ld      
possess ! capacity = education4 ,b an   
acorn1 9 reality1 _c develop its        
possibility )\t ! de/ruction ( its own  
individuality4 ,! acorn vani%es 9 ! oak 
tree1 & ! crop ( acorns :i* succe$s is n
 aga9 ! same acorn1 except 9 k9d or     
species4 ,! species lives1 b !          
individual dies1 9 ! vegetable _w4  ,s x
 is 9 ! animal _w4 ,! brute lives 8     
p>ticul> life1 unable to develop )9     
himself ! =m ( 8 entire species1 & /ill 
less ! =m ( all animal life4 ,& yet !   
animal possesses self-activity 9 ! p[]s 
( locomotion1 s5se-p]ception1 feel+1    
emotion1 & o!r elem5t>y %apes4 ,bo?     
animal & plant react aga9/ surr\nd+s1 & 
possess m or less p[] to assimilate :at 
is =eign to !m4 ,! plant takes moi/ure &
 elem5t>y inorganic sub/ances1 & conv]ts
 !m into nutrition :]e) to build its    
cellul> gr[?4 ,! animal has n only ?is  

p[] ( nutrition1 :i* assimilates its    
surr\nd+s1 b also ! p[] ( feel+1 :i* is 
a wond]ful faculty4 ,feel+ reproduces )9
 ! organism ( ! animal ! ext]nal        
condition2 x is an ideal reproduction ( 
! surr\nd+s4 ,! environm5t ( ! plant may
 be seiz$ ^u & appropriat$ 9 ! =m ( sap1
 or 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 = ! n\ri%m5t 
( t plant2 b !re is no ideal            
reproduction ( ! environm5t 9 ! =m (    
feel+1 z 9 ! animal4  ,9 ! activity (   
feel+1 ! animal transc5ds 8 mat]ial1    
corporeal limits--lives beyond 8 m]e    
body1 & p>ticipates 9 ! exi/5ce ( all   
nature4 ,he reproduces )9 himself !     
ext]nal4 ,su* be+ ! nature ( ! activity 
( feel+1 :i* =ms ! di/+ui%+ attribute t 
divides animals f plants1 ! "q meets u  
at ! outset1 ,:y is n ! animal capable (
 education8 ,:y c he n realize )9       
himself 8 entire species or race1 z man 
c8  ,9 ord] to settle ?is fundam5tal "q1
 we mu/ /udy c>efully ! scope & limits (
 ?is activity1 :i* we h t]m$ ,feel+1 &  
:i* is kn[n "u _m names--z1 s5sation1   

s5sibility1 s5sitivity1 s5se-p]ception1 
intuition1 & o!rs4  ,education aims to  
develop ! m9d z intellect & w4 ,x mu/ "k
 :at x is to develop1 & le>n to di/+ui% 
high] or m complete /ages ( intellect & 
w f ^? :i* are rudim5t>y4  ,aga91 !     
discussion ( m9d beg9s prop]ly ) ! fir/ 
or mo/ undevelop$ manife/ation--at !    
/age :]e x is common to brutes & human  
be+s4 ,h5ce we may beg9 our /udy (      
educational psy*ology at ?is po9t :]e ! 
di/9ction betwe5 animal & plant appe>s1 
& :]e ! "q ( ! capacity = education     
arises4  ,:5 we und]/& ! relation (     
feel+ or s5sibility to ! high]          
manife/ations ( m9d1 we %all see 9 :at  
consi/s a capacity = education1 & we    
%all le>n _m ess5tials 9 reg>d to !     
matt] & me?od1 ! :at & ! h[ ( education4
  ,a g5]al survey ( ! _w discov]s t !re 
is int]-action among its p>ts4 ,?is is !
 v]dict ( sci5ce1 z ! sy/ematic =m (    
human exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! =m ( gravitation we
 und]/& t ea* body dep5ds ^u e o!r body1
 & ! annihilation ( a p>ticle ( matt] 9 

a body w\ld cause a *ange 9 t body :i*  
w\ld affect e o!r body 9 ! physical     
univ]se4 ,ev5 gravitation1 !re=e1 is a  
manife/ation ( ! :ole univ]se 9 ea* "p (
 x1 al?\gh x is n a manife/ation :i*    
exi/s = t "p1 because ! "p does n "k x4 
,!re are o!r =ms :]e9 ! :ole manife/s   
itself 9 ea* "p ( x--z1 = example1 9 !  
ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 & possibly 9     
magnetism & electricity4 ,^! =ms (      
manife/ation ( ! ext]nal _w ^u an       
individual object are de/ructive to !   
individuality ( ! object4 ,if ! nature (
 a ?+ is /amp$ ^u x f )\t1 x is an      
elem5t only1 & n a self2 x is dep5d5t1 &
 belongs to t on :i* x dep5ds4 ,x does n
 possess itself1 b belongs to t :i*     
makes x1 & :i* gives evid5ce ( own]%ip  
by cont9ually modify+ x4  ,b ! plant1 z 
we j n[ said1 has "s degree (           
self-activity1 & is n altoge!r made by !
 totality ( ext]nal conditions4 ,! gr[? 
( ! plant is ?r\gh assimilation (       
ext]nal sub/ances4 ,x reacts aga9/ its  
surr\nd+s & dige/s !m1 & gr[s ?r\gh !   

nutrition ?us =m$4  ,all be+s t _c react
 aga9/ surr\nd+s & modify !m1 lack      
individuality4 ,individuality beg9s )   
?is p[] ( reaction & modification (     
ext]nal surr\nd+s4 ,ev5 ! p[] ( cohesion
 is a rudim5t>y =m ( reaction & (       
special individuality4  ,9 ! case ( !   
plant1 ! reaction is real1 b n also     
ideal4 ,! plant acts ^u its food1 &     
dige/s x1 or assimilates x1 & imposes   
its =m on t :i* x draws )9 its organism4
 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 reproduce )9 itself !
 ext]nality z t ext]nal exi/s = itself4 
,x does n =m )9 itself an idea1 or ev5 a
 feel+ ( t :i* is ext]nal to x4 ,its    
p>ticipation 9 ! ext]nal _w is only t ( 
real modification ( x or ?r\gh x2 ei!r !
 plant dige/s ! ext]nal1 or ! ext]nal   
limits x1 & prev5ts its gr[?1 s t :]e "o
 beg9s ! o!r ceases4 ,h5ce x is t !     
elem5ts--! matt] ( :i* ! plant is       
compos$1 t :i* x has assimilat$         
ev5--/ill reta9 a l>ge degree ( =eign   
p[] or =ce--a l>ge degree ( ext]nality  
:i* ! plant has n be5 able to annul or  

to dige/4 ,! plant-activity subdues its 
food1 *anges its %ape & its place1      
subord9ates x to its use2 b :at ! matt] 
br+s ) x1 & /ill reta9s ( ! _w beyond ! 
plant1 does n exi/ = ! plant2 ! plant _c
 read or int]pret ! re/ ( ! univ]se f t 
small portion ( x :i* x has tak5 up )9  
its own organism4 ,& yet ! hi/ory ( !   
univ]se is impress$ on ea* p>ticle (    
matt]1 z well )9 ! plant z outside ( x1 
& x c\ld be und]/ood 7 !re capacities = 
recogniz+ x4  ,! reaction ( ! life ( !  
plant ^u ! ext]nal _w is n suffici5t to 
con/itute a fix$1 abid+ individuality4  
,) ea* accretion !re is "s *ange (      
p>ticul> individuality4 ,e gr[? to a    
plant is by ! spr\t+ out ( new          
individuals--new plants--a ceaseless    
multiplication ( individuals1 & n !     
pres]vation ( ! same individual4 ,!     
species is pres]v$1 b n ! p>ticul>      
individual4 ,ea* limb1 ea* twig1 ev5 ea*
 leaf is a new individual1 :i* gr[s out 
f ! previ\s gr[? z ! fir/ spr\t grew f !
 se$4 ,ea* "p furni%es a soil = ! next4 

,:5 a plant no long] s5ds out new       
individuals1 we say x is dead4 ,! life (
 ! plant is only a life ( nutrition4    
,ari/otle call$ vegetable life !        
nutritive s\l1 & ! life ( ! animal !    
feel+1 or s5sitive s\l4 ,nutrition is   
only an activity ( pres]vation ( ! g5]al
 =m 9 new individuals1 x is only ! life 
( ! species1 & n ! life ( ! p]man5t     
individual4  ,!re=e we see t 9 !        
vegetable _w we d n possess a be+ t c be
 educat$--= no individual ( x c realize 
)9 itself ! species2 its realization ( !
 species is a cont9ual process ( go+ out
 ( itself 9 new individuals1 b no       
activity ( return to itself1 s z to     
pres]ve ! id5tity ( an individual4      
,,ii4    ,feel+ is a unity ( ! p>ts ( an
 organism ev]y:]e   pres5t 9 x2 feel+ is
 also an ideal reproduction (   !       
ext]nal surr\nd+s2 feel+ is !re=e a     
syn!sis ( ! int]nal & ext]nal4 ,ari/otle
 jo9s   locomotion & desire to feel+1 z 
correlates2 h[   desire is a m explicit 
recognition ( ! unity ( !   ext]nal &   

int]nal ?an ! fir/ =m ( feel+ is2       
feel+ reproduces ! ext]nal )\t de/roy+  
its   ext]nality1 :ile nutrition        
receives ! ext]nal only   aft] x has    
de/roy$ its individuality & assimilat$  
x2 desire is ! side ( feel+ t unfolds   
into w4  ,) feel+ or s5sibility we come 
to a be+ t reacts on ! ext]nal _w 9 a f>
 high] mann]1 & realizes a m wond]ful =m
 ( individuality4  ,! animal possesses1 
9 common ) ! plant1 a process (         
assimilation & nutrition4 ,moreov]1 he  
possesses a capacity to feel4 ,?r\gh    
feel+1 or s5sation1 all ( ! p>ts ( 8    
ext5d$ organism are unit$ 9 "o c5tre4   
,he is "o individual1 & n a bundle (    
sep>ate individuals1 z a plant is4 ,)   
feel+1 likewise1 are jo9$ locomotion &  
desire4 ,= ^! are c\nt]p>ts ( feel+4 ,he
 feels--i4e41 lives z "o indivisible    
unity ?r\gh\t 8 organism & controls x1 &
 moves ! p>ts ( 8 body4 ,desire is m ?an
 m]e feel+4 ,m]e feel+ alone is !       
p]ception ( ! ext]nal )9 ! be+1 h5ce an 
ideal reproduction ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,9   

feel+1 ! animal exi/s n only )9 himself1
 b also passes ov] 8 limit1 & has =     
object ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w t limits
 him4 ,h5ce x is ! p]ception ( 8        
f9it5ess--8 limits are 8 defects1 8     
ne$s1 wants1 inadequat5ess--8 sep>ation 
f ! _w z a :ole4 ,9 feel+1 ! animal     
p]ceives 8 sep>ation f ! re/ ( ! _w1 &  
also 8 union ) x4 ,feel+ exp&s into     
desire :5 ! ext]nal _w1 or "s portion ( 
x1 is se5 z ideally belong+ to ! limit$ 
unity ( ! animal be+4 ,x is beyond !    
limit1 & ought to be assimilat$ )9 !    
limit$ individuality ( ! animal4  ,m]e  
feel+1 :5 att5tively consid]$1 is f\nd  
to conta9 ^! wond]ful features (        
self-activity3 x reproduces = itself !  
ext]nal _w t limits x2 x makes = itself 
an ideal object1 :i* includes its own   
self & its n-self at ! same "t4 ,x is a 
high] =m ?an m]e nutrition2 = nutrition 
de/roys ! nature ( su* ext]nality z x   
receives into itself1 :ile feel+        
pres]ves ! ext]nal 9 its =eign          
individuality4  ,b ?r\gh feel+ ! animal 

asc5ds to desire1 & sees ! indep5d5t    
ext]nality z an object = its            
acquisition1 & ?r\gh locomotion x is    
enabl$ to seize & appropriate x 9 a     
degree :i* ! plant did n possess4       
,,iii4    ,! v>i\s =ms ( feel+--its     
specialization3 7a7   t\*1 ! feel+ ( m]e
 limits1 ! indiff]5t   ext]nal          
indep5d5ce ( ! organism & its           
surr\nd+s2 7b7 ta/e1 feel+ ( ! ext]nal  
object   :5 x is und]go+ dissolution by 
assimilation2 7c7   smell1 ! feel+ (    
*emical dissolution 9 g5]al2   7d7 he>+1
 ! feel+ ( ! resi/ance ( bodies   aga9/ 
attacks3 s\nd be+ vibration caus$ by    
ela/ic   reaction aga9/ attacks on      
cohesion2 7e7 see+1 !   feel+ ( objects 
9 _! indep5d5ce1 )\t   dissolution or   
attack2 plant life1 nutrition1 a process
 9   :i* ! individuality is n pres]v$   
ei!r 9 "t or   9 space2 animal life1 z  
feel+1 pres]ves its   individuality z   
reg>ds space1 b n z reg>ds "t4  ,hav+   
not$ ^! important *>act]i/ics ( ! l[]   
ord]s ( life1 & f\nd t reaction f ! "p  

aga9/ ! :ole--f ! int]nal aga9/ !       
ext]nal--belongs to plant life & animal 
life1 we may n[ briefly m5tion ! ways 9 
:i* feel+ is p>ticul>iz$4 ,9 ! l[]      
animals x is only ! feel+ ( t\*2 9 high]
 organisms x becomes also localiz$ z    
see+1 he>+1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,^! =ms (    
s5se-p]ception con/itute a scale 7z x 77
 ( feel+4 ,) t\*1 !re is reproduction ( 
ext]nality1 b ! ideality ( !            
reproduction is n s complete z 9 ! o!r  
=ms4 ,) ta/e1 ! feel+ cognizes ! ext]nal
 object z und]go+ dissolution1 &        
assimilation )9 its own organism4 ,we   
ta/e only :at we are beg9n+ to de/roy by
 ! fir/ process ( assimilation--t (     
eat+4 ,9 smell1 we p]ceive *emical      
dissolution ( bodies4 ,9 see+ & he>+1 we
 h ! =ms ( ideal s5sibility4 ,he>+      
p]ceives ! attack made on !             
individuality ( an ext]nal ?+1 & its    
reaction 9 vibrations1 :i* reveal to u  
its int]nal nature--its cohesion1 etc4  
,9 see+1 we h ! highe/ =m (             
s5se-p]ception z ! p]ception ( ?+s 9 _! 

ext]nal indep5d5ce--n z be+ de/roy$     
*emically1 l ! objects ( ta/e & smell2 n
 z be+ attack$ & resi/+1 l ! objects :i*
 are kn[n ?r\gh ! e>2 n z m]e limits to 
our organism1 z 9 ! s5se ( t\*4         
,s5se-p]ception1 z ! develop$           
realization ( ! activity ( feel+1       
belongs to ! animal creation1 includ+   
man z an animal4  ,we h n yet1 !re=e1   
answ]$ ! "q ( capacity = education1 s f>
 z x conc]ns a discrim9ation betwe5 man 
& ! brute4 ,we h only arriv$ at !       
conclusion t ! vegetable _w does n      
possess ! capacity = education1 because 
its individual specim5s are no complete 
individuals1 b only transitory phases   
manife/+ ! species by cont9ual          
reproduction ( new individuals :i* are z
 incomplete z ! old ones4 ,plant life   
does n possess t self-activity :i*      
returns into itself 9 ! same            
individual--if we may s express x2 x    
goes out ( "o individual into ano!r     
p]petually4 ,its id5tity is t ( !       
species1 b n ( ! individual4  ,h[ is x )

 ! animal--) ! be+ :i* possesses        
s5sibility1 or feel+8 ,?is "q recurs4 ,9
 feel+ !re is a reaction1 j z 9 ! plant4
 ,?is reaction is1 h[ev]1 9 an ideal    
=m--! reproduction ( ! ext]nal )\t      
assimilation ( x--& especially is ?is ! 
case 9 ! s5se ( sight1 ?\gh x is true ( 
all =ms ( s5sation to a less degree4  ,b
 all =ms ( s5sibility are limit$ &      
special2 !y ref] only to ! pres5t1 9 its
 =ms ( "h & n[4 ,! animal _c feel :at is
 n "h & n[4 ,ev5 see+ is limit$ to :at  
is pres5t be=e x4 ,:5 we reflect ^u !   
significance ( ?is limitation (         
s5se-p]ception1 we %all f9d t we ne$ "s 
high] =m ( self-activity /ill be=e we c 
realize ! species 9 ! individual1 i4e41 
be=e we c obta9 ! true individual--!    
p]man5t individuality4  ,! defect 9     
plant life 01 t !re 0 nei!r id5tity (   
individuality 9 space nor id5tify 9 "t4 
,! gr[? ( ! plant de/roy$ !             
individuality ( ! se$ ) :i* we began1 s 
t x 0 evanesc5t 9 "t2 x s]v$ only z !   
/>t+-po9t = new individualities1 :i*    

likewise1 9 turn1 s]v$ aga9 ! same      
purpose2 & s its gr[? 9 space 0 a       
dep>ture f itself z individual4  ,!     
animal is a pres]vation ( individuality 
z reg>ds space4 ,he returns into himself
 9 ! =m ( feel+ or s5sibility2 b z      
reg>ds "t1 x is n s--feel+ be+ limit$ to
 ! pres5t4 ,)\t a high] activity ?an    
feel+1 !re is no cont9uity (            
individuality 9 ! animal any m ?an 9 !  
plant4 ,ea* new mom5t is a new beg9n+ to
 a be+ t has feel+1 b n memory4  ,?us ! 
individuality ( m]e feel+1 al?\gh a f> m
 p]fect realization ( individuality ?an 
t f\nd 9 plant life1 is yet1 aft] all1 n
 a cont9u\s individuality = itself1 b   
only = ! species4  ,9 spite ( ! ideal   
self-activity :i* app]ta9s to feel+1 ev5
 9 s5se-p]ception1 only ! species lives 
9 ! animal & ! individual dies1 unless  
!re be high] =ms ( activity4   ,,iv4    
,repres5tation is ! next =m above       
s5se-p]ception4   ,! l[e/ phase (       
repres5tation is recollection1 :i*      
simply repeats = itself a =m]           

s5se-p]ception or   s]ies (             
s5se-p]ceptions2 9 repres5tation ! m9d  
is   free z reg>ds ext]nal impressions2 
x does n require   ! pres5ce ( ! object1
 b recalls x )\t its own   "t & place2  
fancy & imag9ation are next high] ?an   
recollection1 because ! m9d n only      
recalls images1   b makes new           
comb9ations ( !m1 or creates !m         
altoge!r2 att5tion is ! appe>ance ( ! w 
9 !   intellect2 ) att5tion beg9s !     
sep>ation ( !   transi5t f ! v>iable 9  
p]ception2 memory is !   highe/ =m (    
repres5tation2 memory deals ) g5]al     
=ms--n m]e images ( exp]i5ce1 b g5]al   
types (   objects ( p]ception2 memory1 9
 ?is s5se1 is   productive z well z     
reproductive2 ) memory arises           
language4  ,"h we pass ov] to !         
consid]ation ( high] =ms ( intellect &  
w4  ,:ile m]e s5sation1 z su*1 acts only
 9 ! pres5ce ( ! object--reproduc+      
7ideally71 x is true1 ! ext]nal object1 
! faculty ( repres5tation is a high] =m 
( self-activity 7or ( reaction aga9/    

surr\nd+ conditions71 because x c       
recall1 at its own pleasure1 ! ideal    
object4 ,"h is ! beg9n+ ( emancipation f
 ! limitations ( "t4  ,! self-activity (
 repres5tation c summon be=e x ! object 
t is no long] pres5t to x4 ,h5ce its    
activity is n[ a d\ble "o1 = x c seize n
 only :at is n[ & "h imm$iately be=e x1 
b x c comp>e ?is pres5t object ) ! pa/1 
& id5tify or di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,?us 
recollection or repres5tation may become
 memory4  ,z memory1 ! m9d a*ieves a =m 
( activity f> above t ( s5se-p]ception  
or m]e recollection4 ,x mu/ be not$     
c>efully t m]e recollection or          
repres5tation1 al?\gh x holds fa/ !     
p]ception 9 "t 7mak+ x p]man5t71 does n 
necess>ily con/itute an activity        
completely emancipat$ f "t1 nor inde$ v 
f> advanc$ t[>ds x4 ,x is only ! beg9n+ 
( su* emancipation4 ,= m]e recollection 
/&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! special object (    
s5se-p]ception2 al?\gh ! object is no   
long] pres5t to ! s5ses 7or to m]e      
feel+71 yet ! image is pres5t to !      

repres5tative p]ception1 & is j z mu* a 
p>ticul> "h & n[ z ! object (           
s5se-p]ception4 ,!re int]v5es a new     
activity on ! "p ( ! s\l be=e x arrives 
at memory4 ,recollection is n memory1 b 
x is ! activity :i* gr[s into x by ! aid
 ( ! activity ( att5tion4  ,! special   
*>act]i/ics ( objects ( ! s5ses are     
all[$ to drop away1 9 s f> z !y are     
uness5tial & m]ely circum/antial1 &     
gradually !re arises 9 ! m9d ! type--!  
g5]al =m--( ! object p]ceiv$4 ,?is g5]al
 =m is ! object ( memory4 ,memory deals 
!re=e ) :at is g5]al1 & a type1 r ?an ) 
:at is directly recollect$ or p]ceiv$4  
,! activity by :i* ! m9d asc5ds f       
s5se-p]ception to memory is ! activity (
 att5tion4 ,"h we h ! appe>ance ( ! w 9 
intellectual activity4 ,att5tion is !   
control ( p]ception by means ( ! w4 ,!  
s5ses %all no long] passively receive & 
report :at is be=e !m1 b !y %all *oose  
"s def9ite po9t ( obs]vation1 & neglect 
all ! re/4  ,"h1 9 ! act ( att5tion we  
f9d ab/raction1 & ! great] atta9m5t (   

fre$om by ! m9d4 ,! m9d ab/racts its    
view f ! _m ?+s be=e x1 & conc5trates on
 "o po9t4  ,educators h = _m ages not$ t
 ! habit ( att5tion is ! fir/ /ep 9     
intellectual education4 ,) x we h f\nd !
 po9t ( sep>ation betwe5 ! animal       
intellect & ! human4 ,n att5tion        
simply--l t ) :i* ! cat wat*es by ! hole
 ( a m\se--b att5tion :i* arrives at    
results ( ab/raction1 is ! di/+ui%+     
*>act]i/ic ( educative be+s4  ,att5tion 
ab/racts f "s ?+s be=e x & conc5trates  
on o!rs4 ,?r\gh att5tion gr[s ! capacity
 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! special1       
p>ticul> object & its g5]al type4       
,g5]alization arises1 b n :at is usually
 call$ g5]alization--only a m elem5t>y  
=m ( x4 ,memory1 z ! highe/ =m (        
repres5tation--di/+ui%+ x f m]e         
recollection1 :i* reproduces only :at   
has be5 p]ceiv$--su* memory deals ) !   
g5]al =ms ( objects1 _! cont9uity 9 "t4 
,su* activity ( memory1 !re=e1 does n   
reproduce m]e images1 b only ! concepts 
or g5]al ideas ( ?+s1 & !re=e x belongs 

to ! /age ( m9d t uses language4   ,v4  
,language m>ks ! arrival at ! /age (    
?\ght--at !   /age ( ! p]ception (      
univ]sals--h5ce at !   possibility (    
education2 language fixes ! g5]al types 
:i* ! productive memory =ms2 ea* "o ( ^!
   types1 indicat$ by a ^w1 /&s = a     
possible inf9ite   ( s5se-p]ceptions or 
recollections2 ! ^w tree   /&s = all !  
trees t exi/1 & = all t h   exi/$ or w  
exi/4 ,animals d n create =   !mselves a
 new _w ( g5]al types1 b deal only   ) !
 fir/ _w ( p>ticul> objects2 h5ce !y are
   lo/ 9 ! v>iety & multiplicity (      
cont9u\s   succession & diff]5ce4 ,man's
 s5se-p]ception is )   memory2 h5ce     
always a recognition ( ! object z n     
:olly new1 b only z an example ( :at he 
is mo/ly   famili> )4 ,intellectual     
education has = its object   !          
cultivation ( reflection2 reflection is 
! ,platonic   ,rem9isc5ce1 :i* retraces 
! unconsci\s processes   ( ?\ght        
,language is ! means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !
 brute & ! human--betwe5 ! animal s\l1  

:i* has cont9uity only 9 ! species 7:i* 
p]vades its be+ 9 ! =m ( in/9ct71 & !   
human1 s\l1 :i* is immortal1 & possess$ 
( a capacity to be educat$4  ,!re is no 
language until ! m9d c p]ceive g5]al    
types ( exi/5ce2 m]e prop] names nor m]e
 exclamations or cries d n con/itute    
language4 ,all words t belong to        
language are significative--!y express  
or mean some?+--h5ce !y are conv5tional 
symbols1 & n m]e individual             
designations4 ,language arises only     
?r\gh common cons5t1 & is n an inv5tion 
( "o individual4 ,x is a product (      
individuals act+ toge!r z a community1 &
 h5ce implies ! asc5t ( ! individual    
into ! species4 ,unless an individual   
c\ld asc5d into ! species he c\ld n     
und]/& language4 ,to "k words & _! mean+
 is an activity ( div9e significance2 x 
d5otes ! =mation ( univ]sals 9 ! m9d--! 
asc5t above ! "h & n[ ( ! s5ses1 & above
 ! repres5tation ( m]e images1 to !     
activity :i* grasps toge!r ! g5]al      
conception ( objects1 & ?us rea*es      

beyond :at is transi5t & v>iable4       
,d\btless ! nobl] species ( animals     
possess n only s5se-p]ception1 b a      
consid]able degree ( ! p[] (            
repres5tation4 ,!y are n only able to   
recollect1 b to imag9e or fancy to "s   
ext5t1 z is evid5c$ by _! dreams4 ,b t  
animals d n g5]alize suffici5tly to =m =
 !mselves a new objective _w ( types &  
g5]al concepts1 we h a suffici5t evid5ce
 9 ! fact t !y d n use words1 or inv5t  
conv5tional symbols4 ,) ! activity ( !  
symbol-mak+ =m ( repres5tation1 :i* we h
 nam$ ,memory1 & ^: evid5ce is !        
inv5tion & use ( language1 ! true =m (  
individuality is atta9$1 & ea*          
individual human be+1 z m9d1 may be said
 to be ! entire species4 ,inasmu* z he c
 =m univ]sals 9 8 m9d1 he c realize !   
mo/ ab/ract ?\ght2 & he is consci\s4    
,consci\sness beg9s :5 "o c seize ! pure
 univ]sal 9 ! pres5ce ( imm$iate objects
 "h & n[4  ,! s5se-p]ception ( ! m]e    
animal1 !re=e1 diff]s f t ( ! human be+ 
9 ?is3--  ,! human be+ kn[s himself z   

subject t sees ! object1 :ile ! animal  
sees ! object1 b does n sep>ate himself1
 z univ]sal1 f ! special act ( see+4 ,to
 "k t ,i am ,i1 is to "k ! mo/ g5]al (  
objects1 & to c>ry out ab/raction to its
 v la/ degree2 & yet ?is is :at all     
human be+s d1 "y or old1 savage or      
civiliz$4 ,! savage inv5ts & uses       
language--an act ( ! species1 b :i* !   
species _c d )\t ! p>ticipation ( !     
individual4  ,x %\ld be c>efully not$ t 
?is activity ( g5]alization :i* produces
 language1 & *>act]izes ! human f !     
brute1 is n ! g5]alization ( ! activity 
( ?\ght1 s-call$4  ,x is ! prep>ation = 
?\ght4 ,^! g5]al types ( ?+s are ! ?+s  
:i* ?\ght deals )4 ,?\ght does n deal ) 
m]e imm$iate objects ( ! s5ses2 x deals 
r ) ! objects :i* are indicat$ by       
words--i4e41 g5]al objects4  ,"s writ]s 
w\ld h u suppose t we d n arrive at     
g5]al notions except by ! process (     
classification & ab/raction1 9 !        
me*anical mann] t !y lay d[n = ?is      
purpose4 ,! fact is t ! m9d has arriv$  

at ^! g5]al ideas 9 ! process ( le>n+   
language4 ,9 infancy1 mo/ *ildr5 h le>n$
 su* words z is1 exi/5ce1 be+1 no?+1    
motion1 cause1 *ange1 ,i1 y1 he1 etc41  
etc4  ,b ! po9t is n ! m]e arrival at ^!
 ideas4 ,education does n conc]n itself 
) t2 x does n conc]n itself ) *ildr5 :o 
h n yet le>n$ to talk--t is left = !    
nurs]y4  ,x is ! process ( becom+       
consci\s ( ^! ideas by reflection1 ) :i*
 we h to conc]n ourselves 9 education4  
,reflection is ev]y:]e ! object (       
education4 ,ev5 :5 ! s*ool und]takes to 
tea* pupils ! correct me?od (           
obs]vation--h[ to use ! s5ses1 z 9      
object-lessons--x all means reflective  
obs]vation1 consci\s use ( ! s5ses2 x   
w\ld put ?is 9 ! place ( ! nave         
spontaneity :i* *>act]izes ! fir/ /ages 
( s5se-p]ception4  ,we mu/ n und]rate ^!
 precepts ( p$agogy because we f9d t !y 
are n :at x claims = !m--i4e41 !y are n 
me?ods ( fir/ discov]y1 & ( arrival at  
pr9ciples1 b only me?ods ( reflection1 &
 ( recogniz+ :at we h already le>n$4 ,we

 see t ,plato's ,rem9isc5ce 0 a true =m 
( /atem5t = ! p]ception ( tru?s (       
reflection4 ,! fir/ kn[+ is utt]ly      
unconsci\s ( its own me?od2 ! second or 
sci5tific =m ( kn[+1 :i* education      
develops1 is a kn[+ 9 :i* ! m9d kn[s its
 me?od4 ,h5ce x is a kn[+ :i* kn[s its  
own necessity & univ]sality4   ,,vi4    
,education presupposes ! /age ( m9d     
rea*$ 9   productive memory2 x deals )  
reflection2 f\r /ages   ( reflection3   
7a7 s5su\s ideas p]ceive ?+s2 7b7       
ab/ract ideas p]ceive =ces or elem5ts ( 
a process2   7c7 concrete idea p]ceives 
"o process1 a pan!i/ic   fir/ pr9ciple1 
p]si/5t =ce2 7d7 absolute idea          
p]ceives a consci\s fir/ pr9ciple1      
absolute p]son4  ,we h consid]$ 9 our   
psy*ological /udy ?us f> ! =ms ( life & 
cognition1 contra/+ ! phase ( nutrition 
) t ( feel+1 or s5sibility4 ,we h se5 ! 
v>i\s =ms ( feel+ 9 s5se-p]ception1 & ! 
v>i\s =ms ( repres5tation z ! second    
phase ( intellectual activity--! =ms (  
recollection1 fancy1 imag9ation1        

att5tion1 & memory4 ,we draw ! l9e      
betwe5 ! animals capable ( education &  
^? n capable ( x1 at ! po9t ( memory    
def9$--n z recollection1 b z ! faculty (
 g5]al ideas or conceptions1 to :i* !   
significant words ( language correspond4
  ,) ! arrival at language1 we arrive at
 education 9 ! human s5se ( ! t]m2 ) !  
arrival at language1 we arrive at ! view
 ( ! _w at :i* ?\ght z a m5tal process  
beg9s4 ,z s5se-p]ception has be=e x a _w
 ( pres5t objects1 s ?\ght has be=e x a 
_w ( g5]al concepts1 :i* language has   
def9$ & fix$4  ,x is true t few p]sons  
are aw>e t language /&s = a _w ( g5]al  
ideas1 & t reflection has to d ) ?is _w 
( univ]sals4 ,h5ce x is1 too1 t s mu* ( 
! s-call$ sci5ce ( education is v crude 
& impractical4 ,mu* ( x is mat]iali/ic1 
& does n recognize ! self-activity (    
m9d2 b makes x out to be a correlation (
 physical en]gies--d]iv$ f !            
transmutation ( food by ! process (     
dige/ion1 & !n by ! bra9 conv]t$ into   
?\ght4  ,let u consid] n[ ! psy*ology ( 

?9k+1 or reflection1 & at fir/ 9 its mo/
 inadequate =ms4 ,z a human process1 !  
kn[+ is always a kn[+ by univ]sals--a   
re-cognition1 & n simple appreh5sion1   
su* z ! animals1 or su* z be+s h t d n  
use language4 ,! process ( developm5t ( 
/ages ( ?\ght beg9s ) s5su\s ideas1 :i* 
p]ceive m]e individual1 concrete1 real  
objects1 z x supposes4 ,9 conceiv+ ^!1 x
 uses language & ?9ks g5]al ideas1 b x  
does n "k x1 nor is x consci\s ( !      
relations involv$ 9 su* objects4 ,?is is
 ! fir/ /age ( reflection4 ,! _w exi/s =
 x z an innum]able cong]ies ( ?+s1 ea*  
"o indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & possess+        
self-exi/5ce4 ,x is ! /&-po9t f :i*     
atomism w\ld be adopt$ z ! philosophic  
sy/em4 ,ask x :at ! ultimate pr9ciple ( 
exi/5ce is1 & x w\ld reply1 ,atoms4  ,b 
?is view ( ! _w is a v un/able "o1 &    
requires v little reflection to ov]turn 
x1 & br+ "o to ! next basis--t ( ab/ract
 ideas4 ,:5 ! m9d looks c>efully at ! _w
 ( ?+s1 x f9ds t !re is dep5d5ce &      
int]dep5d5ce4 ,ea* object is relat$ to  

some?+ else1 & *anges :5 t *anges4 ,ea* 
object is a "p ( a process t is go+ on4 
,! process produc$ x1 & ! process w     
de/roy x--nay1 x is de/roy+ x n[1 :ile  
we look at x4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ?+s are 
n ! true be+s :i* we ?\ght !m to be1 b  
processes are ! reality4 ,sci5ce takes  
?is attitude1 & /udies out ! hi/ory (   
ea* ?+ 9 its rise & its disappe>ance1 & 
x calls ?is hi/ory ! tru?4 ,?is /age (  
?9k+ does n believe 9 atoms or 9 ?+s2 x 
believes 9 =ces & processes--ab/ract    
ideas--because !y are negative1 & _c be 
se5 by ! s5ses4 ,?is is ! dynamic       
/&-po9t 9 philosophy4  ,reflection kn[s 
t ^! ab/ract ideas possess m tru?1 m    
reality1 ?an ! ?+s ( s5se-p]ception2 !  
=ce is m real ?an ! ?+1 because x       
outla/s a ?+1--x causes ?+s to orig9ate1
 & to *ange1 & disappe>4  ,?is /age (   
ab/ract ideas or ( negative p[]s or =ces
 f9ally becomes conv9c$ ( ! ess5tial    
unity ( all processes & ( all =ces2 x   
sets up ! doctr9e ( ! correlation (     
=ces1 & believes t p]si/5t =ce is !     

ultimate tru?1 ! fundam5tal reality ( ! 
_w4 ,?is we may call a concrete idea1 = 
x sets up a pr9ciple :i* is ! orig9 (   
all ?+s & =ces1 & also ! de/roy] ( all  
?+s1 & h5ce m real ?an ! _w ( ?+s &     
=ces2 & because ?is idea1 :5 c>efully   
?\ght out1 proves to be ! idea (        
self-det]m9ation--self-activity4        
,p]si/5t =ce1 z taught u by ! sci5tific 
m5 ( our day1 is ! sole ultimate        
pr9ciple1 & z su* x gives rise to all   
exi/5ce by its self-activity1 = !re is  
no?+ else = x to act ^u4 ,x causes all  
orig9s1 all *anges1 & all evanesc5ce4 ,x
 gives rise to ! p>ticul> =ces--heat1   
light1 electricity1 magnetism1 etc4--:i*
 9 _! turn cause ! evanesc5t =ms :i*    
s5se-p]ception sees z ?+s4  ,we h       
describ$ ?ree phases3--    ,i4 ,s5su\s  
,ideas p]ceive ?+s4   ,,ii4 ,ab/ract    
,ideas p]ceive =ces4   ,,iii4 ,concrete 
,idea p]ceives p]si/5t =ce4  ,9 ?is     
progress f "o phase ( reflection to     
ano!r1 ! intellect advances to a deep] &
 tru] reality#ad at ea* /ep4            

,s5se-ideas :i* look ^u ! _w z a _w (   
indep5d5t objects1 d n cognize ! _w     
truly4 ,! next /ep1 ab/ract ideas1      
cognizes ! _w z a process ( =ces1 & ?+s 
are se5 to be m]e tempor>y equilibria 9 
! int]action ( =ces2 ea* ?+ is a bundle 
( =ces4 ,b ! concrete idea ( ! ,p]si/5t 
=ce sees a deep] & m p]man5t reality    
und]ly+ p>ticul> =ces4 ,x is "o ultimate
 =ce4 ,9 x all multiplicity ( exi/5ces  
has vani%$1 & yet x is ! s\rce ( all    
p>ticul> exi/5ce4  ,?is view ( ! _w1 on 
! /&-po9t ( concrete idea1 is pan!i/ic4 
,x makes out a "o supreme pr9ciple :i*  
orig9ates & de/roys all p>ticul>        
exi/5ces1 all f9ite be+s4 ,x is !       
/&-po9t ( ,ori5talism1 or ( ! ,asiatic  
?\ght4 ,buddhism & ,brahm9ism h rea*$ x1
 & n transc5d$ x4 ,x is a necess>y /age 
( reflection 9 ! m9d1 j z mu* z !       
/&-po9t ( ! fir/ /age ( reflection1 :i* 
reg>ds ! _w z compos$ ( a multiplicity (
 indep5d5t ?+s2 or ! /&-po9t ( ! second 
/age ( reflection1 :i* looks ^u ! _w z a
 collection ( relative exi/5ces 9 a /ate

 ( process4  ,! f9al /&-po9t ( !        
intellect is t 9 :i* x p]ceives ! highe/
 pr9ciple to be a self-det]m9+ or       
self-active ,be+1 self-consci\s1 &      
creator ( a _w :i* manife/s him4 ,a     
logical inve/igation ( ! pr9ciple (     
p]si/5t =ce w\ld prove t ?is pr9ciple ( 
,p]sonal ,be+ is presuppos$ z its true  
=m4 ,s9ce ! p]si/5t =ce is ! sole &     
ultimate reality1 x orig9ates all o!r   
reality only by self-activity1 & ?us is 
self-det]m9$4 ,self-det]m9ation implies 
self-consci\sness z ! true =m ( its     
exi/5ce4  ,^! f\r =ms ( ?9k+1 :i* we h  
arbitr>ily call$ s5su\s1 ab/ract1       
concrete1 & absolute ideas1 correspond  
to f\r views ( ! _w3 7#a7 z a cong]ies (
 indep5d5t ?+s2 7#b7 z a play ( =ces2   
7#c7 z ! evanesc5t appe>ance ( a        
negative ess5tial p[]2 7#d7 z ! creation
 ( a ,p]sonal ,creator1 :o makes x !    
!atre ( ! developm5t ( consci\s be+s 9 8
 image4 ,ea* /ep upw>d 9 ideas arrives  
at a m adequate idea ( ! true reality4  
,=ce is m real ?an ?+2 p]si/5t =ce ?an  

p>ticul> =ces2 ,absolute ,p]son is m    
real ?an ! =ce or =ces :i* he creates4  
,?is f9al =m ( ?9k+ is ! only =m :i* is 
consi/5t ) ! !ory ( education4 ,ea*     
individual %\ld asc5d by education into 
p>ticipation--consci\s p>ticipation--9 !
 life ( ! species4 ,in/itutions--family1
 society1 /ate1 *ur*--all are           
in/rum5talities by :i* ! humble         
individual may avail himself ( ! help ( 
! race1 & live ov] 9 himself its life4  
,! highe/ /age ( ?9k+ is ! /age (       
insight4 ,x sees ! _w z expla9$ by !    
pr9ciple ( ,absolute ,p]son4 ,x f9ds !  
_w ( in/itutions a _w 9 h>mony ) su* a  
pr9ciple4     #a ,! p>allelism betwe5 ^!
 two sci5ces1 ,m$ic9e   & ,education1 is
 an obvi\s po9t1 :i* e /ud5t   w d well 
to consid]4    #b ,?is w aga9 rem9d !   
/ud5t ( ! !ories (   treatm5t 9 m$ic9e 9
 diseases :i*1 9 !   sev5te5? c5tury1 7 
treat$ only by ble$+ &   emetics1 are n[
 treat$ by n\ri%+ food1 & no   m$ic9es1 
etc4    #c ,! tea*] w d well to consid] 
! probable   result ( ! con/ant         

association ) m5tal inf]iors   entail$  
by 8 "w1 & also to consid] :at          
c\nt]-irritant is to be appli$ to       
balance1 9 8   "*1 ?is unavoidable      
t5d5cy4    #d ,! age at :i* ! *ild %\ld 
be subject to !   tra9+ ( s*ool life1 or
 ,education1 prop]ly s-call$1   mu/ v>y 
) diff]5t races1 nations1 & diff]5t     
*ildr54    #e ,! be/ educator is he :o  
makes 8 pupils   indep5d5t ( himself4   
,?is implies on ! tea*]'s "p   an       
ability to lose himself 9 8 "w1 & a     
desire =   ! real gr[? ( ! pupil1       
indep5d5t ( any p]sonal   fame ( 8      
own--a dis9t]e/$ness :i* places         
education on a level ) ! noble/         
occupations ( man4    #f ,see analysis4 
#g ,asiatic sy/ems ( ,education h ?is   
basis 7see    #agh ( ! orig9al74    #h  
,! def9ition ( fre$om "h impli$ is ?is3 
,m9d   is free :5 x kn[s itself & wills 
its own laws4    #i ,p]haps1 h[ev] sl[ !
 gr[?1 !re is real   progress 9 lib]at+ 
! imprison$ s\l 787    #aj ,:5 me !y    
fly1 ,i am ! w+s4--,em]son4    #aa ,!   

/ory ( ,pet] ,s*lemihl1 by ,*amisso1 may
 be   read 9 ! ,engli% translation      
publi%$ 9 ,h$ge's   ,g]man ,prose       
,writ]s4    #ab ,t is1 puni%m5t is      
retributive & n   corrective4 ,ju/ice   
requires t ea* man %all h !   fruits ( 8
 own de$s2 9 ?is x assumes t ea* &   e  
man is free & self-det]m9$4 ,x proposes 
to   treat ea* man z free1 & z !        
rightful own] ( 8   de$ & its           
consequ5ces4 ,if he does a de$ :i* is   
de/ructive to human rights1 x %all      
de/roy 8 rights   & deprive him (       
prop]ty1 p]sonal fre$om1 or ev5 (       
life4 ,b corrective puni%m5t assumes    
immaturity (   developm5t & consequ5t   
lack ( fre$om4 ,x belongs to   ! p]iod (
 nurture1 & n to ! p]iod ( maturity4    
,! t5d5cy 9 our s*ools is1 h[ev]1 to    
displace !   =ms ( m]e corrective       
puni%m5t 7corporal   *a/isem5t71 & to   
sub/itute = !m =ms f\nd$ on             
retribution--e4g41 deprivation (        
privileges4 ,see secs4   #db & #dc4     
#ac ,fau/2 ,"p ,i41 ,sc5e ,i4 ,h[ all   

weaves itself into   ! ,:ole6 ,ea* works
 & lives 9 ! o!r6 ,h[ !   heav5ly       
influ5ces asc5d & desc5d1 & rea* ea*    
o!r ! gold5 buckets6    #ad ,hume1 9 8  
fam\s sket* ( ! ,human   ,und]/&+1 makes
 all ! p]ceptions ( ! human m9d         
resolve !mselves into two di/9ct k9ds3  
impressions   & ideas4 ,! diff]5ce      
betwe5 !m consi/s 9 !   degrees ( =ce & 
livel9ess ) :i* !y /rike   ^u ! m9d1 &  
make _! way into our ?\ght &            
consci\sness4 ,^? p]ceptions :i* ent] ) 
! mo/   =ce & viol5ce we may "n         
impressions1 & "u   ?is "n include all  
our s5sations1 passions1 &   emotions1 z
 !y make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ! s\l4     
,by ideas1 ,i mean ! fa9t images ( ^! 9 
?9k+   & reason+4 ,! id5tity :i* we     
ascribe to ! m9d   ( man is only a      
fictiti\s "o4    ,f ?is we see t 8      
/&-po9t is t ( s5su\s   ideas1 ! fir/   
/age ( reflection4 ,! second or ?ird    
/age ( reflection1 if consi/5t1 w\ld n  
admit !   reality to be ! object (      
s5se-impressions1 & !   ab/ract ideas to

 be only fa9t images4 ,"o :o holds1   l 
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t p]si/5t =ce is !       
ultimate reality--! sole tru?1 :i*      
transc5ds   exp]i5ce by und]ly+ x--ought
 to hold t !   g5]alization :i* rea*es !
 idea ( unity ( =ce is   ! true/ & mo/  
adequate ( ?\ghts4 ,& yet ,h]b]t        
,sp5c] holds sub/antially ! doctr9e (   
,hume1 9 !   words3 ,we mu/ pr$icate    
no?+ ( objects too great or   too       
multitud9\s to be m5tally repres5t$1 or 
we mu/   make our pr$ications by means (
 extremely inadequate   repres5tations (
 su* objects--m]e symbols ( !m4   7,page
 #bg ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples47