g5]\sly made available by ! ,biblio?que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7 ,?is text is int5d$ = us]s ^: text read]s _c use ! real 7,unicode_/,,utf-#h7 v]sion4 ,a few fractions su* z #a_/c h be5 unpack$1 & curly quotes & apo/rophes h be5 replac$ ) ! simpl] typewrit] =m4 ,! fractions & h be5 reta9$1 z h a few acc5t$ lett]s & ! comb9ation4 ,,anci5t ,,art ( ! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,*iriqui1 ,,colombia4 by ,,william ,h4 ,,holmes4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #ac ,geography #ac ,lit]ature #ad ,peoples #ae ,! cemet]ies #af ,! graves #ag ,human rema9s #bj ,plac+ ( relics #ba ,objects ( art #ba ,/one #ba ,pictur$ rocks #ba ,columns #bb ,images #bc ,meal+ /ones #be ,/ools #bg ,celts c4 #bi ,spe>heads #cd ,arr[po9ts #cd ,ornam5ts #cd ,metal #ce ,gold & copp] #ce ,bronze #di ,clay3 ,pott]y #ec ,prelim9>y #ec ,h[ f\nd #ee ,mat]ial #ee ,manufacture #ef ,color #eg ,use #eg ,=ms ( vessels #eh ,decoration #fb ,unpa9t$ w>e #ff ,t]ra cotta gr\p #fg ,black incis$ gr\p #hj ,pa9t$ w>e #hd ,sc>ifi$ gr\p #hg ,h&l$ gr\p #ij ,tripod gr\p #ig ,m>oon gr\p #ajg ,r$ l9e gr\p #aji ,:ite l9e gr\p #aaa ,lo/ color gr\p #aac ,alligator gr\p #acj ,poly*rome gr\p #adj ,unclassifi$ #adg ,clay3 ,miscellane\s objects #adi ,sp9dle :orls #adi ,ne$lecases #aej ,figur9es #aea ,/ools #aed ,musical in/rum5ts #aef ,rattles #aef ,drums #aeg ,w9d in/rum5ts #afj ,life =ms 9 vase pa9t+ #aga ,rsum #ahf ,index ,,illu/rations4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,map ( ,*iriqui #ac ,fig4 #a4 ,section ( oval grave #ag #b4 ,section ( a quadrangul> grave #ah #c4 ,grave ) pill>s #ah #d4 ,comp\nd ci/ #ai #e4 ,s\?we/ face ( ! pictur$ /one #bb #f4 ,a goddess ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians #bc #g4 ,a god ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians #bd #h4 ,fragm5t>y human figure 9 gray basaltic rock #be #i4 ,meal+ /one ) l>ge tablet ornam5t$ ) animal heads #bf #aj4 ,puma %ap$ metate #bg #aa4 ,/ool %ap$ object #bh #ab4 ,/ool ) column> base #bh #ac4 ,/ool ) p]=at$ base #bi #ad4 ,l>ge p>tially poli%$ celt #cj #ae4 ,celt ( hexagonal section #ca #af4 ,small wide blad$ celt #ca #ag4 ,celt ) heavy %aft #ca #ah4 ,celt or ax ) con/riction ne> ! top #ca #ai4 ,flak$ & p>tially poli%$ celt #cb #bj4 ,well poli%$ celt #cb #ba4 ,n>r[ po9t$ celt #cb #bb4 ,n>r[ po9t$ celt #cb #bc4 ,cyl9drical celt ) n>r[ po9t #cc #bd4 ,leaf %ap$ objects sugge/+ spe>po9ts #cd #be4 ,arr[po9ts #cd #bf4 ,human figure1 =m$ ( copp]-gold alloy #da #bg4 ,grotesque human figure 9 gold #db #bh4 ,rudely %ap$ human figure 9 gold #db #bi4 ,grotesque human figure 9 ne>ly pure copp] #dc #cj4 ,grotesque human figure 9 ne>ly pure gold #dc #ca4 ,rudely execut$ image ( a bird 9 gold #dd #cb4 ,image ( a bird 9 gold #de #cc4 ,puma %ap$ figure 9 gold #de #cd4 ,puma %ap$ figure 9 base metal #de #ce4 ,quadrup$ ) grotesque face 9 base metal #df #cf4 ,figure ( a fi% 9 gold #df #cg4 ,l>ge figure ( a frog1 9 base metal plat$ ) gold #dg #ch4 ,small figure ( a frog1 9 base metal plat$ ) gold #dg #ci4 ,figure ( an alligator 9 gold #dh #dj4 ,animal figure1 9 base metal plat$ ) gold #dh #da4 ,bronze bells plat$ or wa%$ ) gold #ej #db4 ,bronze bell ) human features #ej #dc4 ,triple bell or rattle f\nd on ! ,rio ,gr&e #ea #dd4 ,anci5t ,mexican bell #ea #de4 ,fundam5tal =ms ( vases--convex outl9es #eh #df4 ,fundam5tal =ms ( vases--angul> outl9es #ei #dg4 ,vases ( complex outl9es--exceptional =ms #ei #dh4 ,vases ( comp\nd =ms #ei #di4 ,squ>e lipp$ vessel #ei #ej4 ,v>iations 9 ! =ms ( necks & rims #fj #ea4 ,arrangem5t ( h&les #fj #eb4 ,types ( annul> bases or feet #fa #ec4 ,=ms ( legs #fa #ed4 ,grotesque figure =m+ ! h&le ( a small vase #fc #ee4 ,grotesque figure =m+ ! h&le ( a small vase #fc #ef4 ,grotesque figure =m+ ! h&le ( a small vase #fc #eg4 ,mon/r\s figure ) s]p5t %ap$ extremities #fc #eh4 ,mon/r\s figure ) s]p5t %ap$ extremities #fc #ei4 ,grotesque figure #fd #fj4 ,grotesque figure #fd #fa4 ,grotesque figure #fd #fb4 ,figure ( a monkey #fd #fc4 ,figure ( a monkey #fd #fd4 ,figure ( a monkey #fd #fe4 ,animal =ms exhibit+ long proboscis #fe #ff4 ,vase illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures #fe #fg4 ,vase illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures #fe #fh4 ,vase illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures #ff #fi4 ,vase illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures #ff #gj4 ,s]ies ( b[ls & cups ( unpa9t$ w>e #fg #ga4 ,vase ( graceful =m #fh #gb4 ,vase ( graceful =m #fh #gc4 ,vase ( f9e =m1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque heads #fh #gd4 ,vase ( f9e =m1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque heads #fi #ge4 ,vase ) ornam5t ( appli$ nodes & fillets #fi #gf4 ,vase ) mantle cov]$ ) incis$ figures #gj #gg4 ,vase ) frieze ( grotesque heads #gj #gh4 ,vases ) fl>+ rims & v>i$ ornam5t #ga #gi4 ,vases ) complex outl9es & v>i$ ornam5t #ga #hj4 ,l>ge vase ) two m\?s & neatly decorat$ necks #gb #ha4 ,l>ge vase ) high h&les #gb #hb4 ,top view ( high h&l$ vase #gc #hc4 ,h&l$ vase #gc #hd4 ,h&l$ vase #gc #he4 ,h&l$ vase #gc #hf4 ,small cup ) s+le h&le1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque figure #gd #hg4 ,small cup ) s+le h&le1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque figure #gd #hh4 ,vase ( ecc5tric =m #gd #hi4 ,vessel illu/rat+ =ms ( legs #ge #ij4 ,vessel illu/rat+ =ms ( legs #ge #ia4 ,vessel ) l>ge legs1 decorat$ ) /ell> punctures #ge #ib4 ,vases ( v>i$ =m ) pla9 & animal %ap$ legs #ge #ic4 ,l>ge vase ( /rik+ %ape #gf #id4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ animal =ms #gf #ie4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ a grotesque animal =m #gg #if4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ ! armadillo #gg #ig4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ ! armadillo #gg #ih4 ,cup ) frog %ap$ legs #gg #ii4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ an animal & its "y #gg #ajj4 ,cups support$ by grotesque heads #gg #aja4 ,l>ge cup support$ by two grotesque figures #gh #ajb4 ,cup ) two animal heads atta*$ to ! sides #gh #ajc4 ,cup ) two animal heads atta*$ to ! sides #gh #ajd4 ,vase %ap$ to imitate an animal =m #gi #aje4 ,vase %ap$ to imitate an animal =m #gi #ajf4 ,vase %ap$ to imitate an animal =m #gi #ajg4 ,fi% %ap$ vessel #gi #ajh4 ,top view ( a fi% %ap$ vessel #hj #aji4 ,cup ) grotesque head atta*$ to ! rim #hj #aaj4 ,black cup ) incis$ reptilian figures #ha #aaa4 ,black cup ) incis$ reptilian figures #ha #aab4 ,black vase ) conv5tional incis$ patt]n #ha #aac4 ,small cup ) conv5tional incis$ patt]n #hb #aad4 ,small tripod cup ) upright walls #hb #aae4 ,vase ) fl>+ rim & legs imitat+ animal heads #hb #aaf4 ,vase model$ to repres5t ! head ( an animal #hc #aag4 ,patt]n ^u ! back ( ! vase #hc #aah4 ,tripod b[l ( r$ sc>ifi$ w>e #hg #aai4 ,tripod b[l ( r$ sc>ifi$ w>e #hg #abj4 ,oblong bas9 ) sc>ifi$ design #hh #aba4 ,l>ge sc>ifi$ b[l ) h&les imitat+ animal heads #hh #abb4 ,j> ) flat bottom & v]tical b&s ( incis$ ornam5t #hi #abc4 ,vase ) /& & v]tical incis$ b&s #hi #abd4 ,vase ) h&les1 legs1 & v]tical ribs #hi #abe4 ,tripod ) owl-l heads at ins]tion ( legs #ij #abf4 ,tripod ) legs rudely sugge/+ animal =ms #ij #abg4 ,heavy r$ vase ) f\r m\?s #ij #abh4 ,vase ) horizontally plac$ h&les & rude designs 9 r$ #ia #abi4 ,unpoli%$ vase ) heavy h&les & coat$ ) soot #ib #acj4 ,r\nd bodi$ vase ) unique h&les & incis$ ornam5t #ib #aca4 ,vase ) grotesque figures atta*$ to ! h&les #ic #acb4 ,vase ) upright h&les & w+$ lip #ic #acc4 ,top view ( vase ) w+$ lip #id #acd4 ,vase ) grotesque animal %ap$ h&les #id #ace4 ,vase ) h&les repres5t+ /range animals #ie #acf4 ,vase ) h&les repres5t+ grotesque figures #ie #acg4 ,vase ) h&les repres5t+ animal heads #if #ach4 ,vase ) ar*$ h&les embelli%$ ) life =ms 9 high relief #if #aci4 ,vase ) ar*$ h&les embelli%$ ) life =ms 9 high relief #ig #adj4 ,tripod vase ) %all[ bas9 & ecc5tric h&les #ii #ada4 ,tripod vase ) %all[ bas9 & ecc5tric h&les #ii #adb4 ,tripod vase ) %all[ bas9 & ecc5tric h&les #ii #adc4 ,tripod vase ( graceful %ape & neat f9i% #ajj #add4 ,heavy tripod vase ) widely spread+ feet #ajj #ade4 ,neatly model$ vase embelli%$ ) life =ms & devices 9 r$ #aja #adf4 ,high tripod vase ) incis$ designs & rude figures 9 r$ #aja #adg4 ,h&some tripod vase ) scroll ornam5t #ajb #adh4 ,vase ) liz>d %ap$ legs #ajb #adi4 ,vase ) scroll ornam5t #ajc #aej4 ,l>ge vase ) fl>+ rim & widespread+ legs #ajc #aea4 ,fragm5t ( a tripod vase embelli%$ ) figure ( an alligator #ajd #aeb4 ,vase support$ by grotesque human figures #aje #aec4 ,r\nd bodi$ vase embelli%$ ) figures ( mon/]s #ajf #aed4 ,cup ) incurv$ rim & life =m ornam5tation #ajg #aee4 ,cup ) widely exp&$ rim & con/rict$ neck #ajg #aef4 ,small tripod cup ) animal features 9 high relief #ajh #aeg4 ,h&some vase support$ by ?ree grotesque figures #ajh #aeh4 ,vase decorat$ ) figures ( frogs & devices 9 r$ #aaj #aei4 ,vase ( unique %ape & life =m ornam5tation #aaj #afj4 ,two-h&l$ vase ) life =m & l9e> decoration #aaj #afa4 ,small tripod vase ) animal figures 9 :ite #aaa #afb4 ,%apely vase ) designs 9 :ite pa9t #aab #afc4 ,small r$ bottle ) horizontal b&s ( ornam5t #aae #afd4 ,small r$ bottle ) encircl+ geometric devices #aae #afe4 ,bottle ) zone occupi$ by geometric devices #aaf #aff4 ,bottle ) broad zone conta9+ geometric figures #aaf #afg4 ,bottle ) decoration ( me&]$ l9es #aag #afh4 ,bottle ) ar*$ panels & geometric devices #aag #afi4 ,bottle ) ar*$ panels & elaborate devices #aah #agj4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels #aah #agj;a4 ,ornam5t f prec$+ vase #aah #aga4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels #aai #agb4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels #aai #agc4 ,!oretical orig9 ( ! ar*$ panels #abj #agd4 ,!oretical orig9 ( ! ar*$ panels #abj #age4 ,!oretical orig9 ( ! ar*$ panels #abj #agf4 ,vase decorat$ ) conv5tional figures ( alligators #abj #agg4 ,portion ( decorat$ zone illu/rat+ treatm5t ( life =ms #aba #agh4 ,portion ( decorat$ zone illu/rat+ treatm5t ( life =ms #aba #agi4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms #aba #agi;a4 ,design f prec$+ vase #abb #ahj4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms #abb #aha4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms #abc #ahb4 ,decorat$ panel ) devices resembl+ vegetal gr[?s #abd #ahc4 ,vase ( unusual %ape #abd #ahd4 ,vase ( unusual %ape #abd #ahe4 ,vase ( unusual %ape #abd #ahf4 ,d\ble vessel ) high ar*$ h&le #abe #ahg4 ,d\ble vessel ) ar*$ h&le #abe #ahh4 ,vase embelli%$ ) life =ms 9 color & 9 relief #abf #ahi4 ,vase model$ to repres5t a pecc>y #abg #aij4 ,"u surface ( pecc>y vase #abg #aia4 ,small vessel ) human figures 9 high relief #abg #aib4 ,tripod cup ) figures ( ! alligator #abh #aic4 ,l>ge %all[ tripod vase ) geometric decoration #abi #aid4 ,l>ge bottle %ap$ vase ) high tripod & alligator design #acj #aie4 ,l>ge bottle ) n>r[ zone conta9+ figures ( ! alligator #acb #aif4 ,vase ) decorat$ zone conta9+ f\r ar*$ panels #acc #aig4 ,vase ) f\r r\nd nodes ^u :i* are pa9t$ animal devices #acc #aih4 ,vases ( v>i$ =m & decoration #acd #aii4 ,alligator vase ) conv5tional m>k+s #ace #bjj4 ,alligator vase ) figures ( ! alligator pa9t$ on ! sides #ace #bja4 ,vase ) s]p5t ornam5tation #acf #bjb4 ,vase repres5t+ a puma ) alligator figures pa9t$ on sides #acg #bjc4 ,%all[ vase ) reptilian features 9 relief & 9 color #acg #bjd4 ,vase ) funnel %ap$ m\? #ach #bje4 ,top view ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bjd #aci #bjf4 ,end view ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bjd #aci #bjg4 ,l>ge vase ) decorations 9 r$ & black #adj #bjh4 ,devices ( ! decorat$ zone ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bjg1 view$ f above #ada #bji4 ,h&some vase ) f\r h&les & decorations 9 black1 r$1 & purple #adb #baj4 ,pa9t$ design ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bji1 view$ f above #adc #baa4 ,vase ( unusual %ape ) decoration 9 black1 r$1 & purple #add #bab4 ,ornam5t occupy+ ! int]ior surface ( ! bas9 ( vase 9 ,fig4 #baa #add #bac4 ,l>ge vase ( f9e %ape & simple decorations #ade #bad4 ,vase ) extraord9>y decorative designs #adf #bae4 ,pa9t$ design ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bad1 view$ f above #adg #baf4 ,vase ( unique =m & decoration #adh #bag4 ,pa9t$ design ( vase 9 ,fig4 #baf #adh #bah4 ,sp9dle :orl ) annul> nodes #adi #bai4 ,sp9dle :orl decorat$ ) animal figures #adi #bbj4 ,sp9dle :orl ) p]=ations & incis$ ornam5t #adi #bba4 ,ne$lecase #aej #bbb4 ,ne$lecase #aej #bbc4 ,ne$lecase ) pa9t$ geometric ornam5t #aea #bbd4 ,ne$lecase ) incis$ geometric ornam5t #aea #bbe4 ,ne$lecase ) incis$ geometric ornam5t #aea #bbf4 ,/atuette #aeb #bbg4 ,/atuette #aeb #bbh4 ,/atuette #aeb #bbi4 ,/atuette #aeb #bcj4 ,/ool ( pla9 t]ra cotta #aed #bha4 ,/ool ( pla9 clay1 ) grotesque figures #aee #bcb4 ,/ool ( pla9 t]ra cotta #aee #bcc4 ,rattle #aeg #bcd4 ,section ( rattle #aeg #bce4 ,rattle1 ) grotesque figures #aeg #bcf4 ,drum ( gray unpa9t$ clay #aeh #bcg4 ,drum ) pa9t$ ornam5t #aei #bch4 ,pa9t$ design ( drum 9 ,fig4 #bcg #aei #bci4 ,d\ble :i/le #afa #bdj4 ,section ( d\ble :i/le #afa #bda4 ,tubul> in/rum5t ) two f+] holes #afb #bdb4 ,section ( :i/le #afb #bdc4 ,small animal %ap$ :i/le #afb #bdd4 ,small animal %ap$ :i/le #afb #bde4 ,top %ap$ :i/le #afc #bdf4 ,section1 top1 & bottom views ( :i/le #afd #bdg4 ,drum %ap$ :i/le #afe #bdh4 ,vase %ap$ :i/le #afe #bdi4 ,crab %ap$ :i/le #aff #bej4 ,alligator %ap$ :i/le #aff #bea4 ,cat %ap$ :i/le #afg #beb4 ,:i/le ) f\r ocelot-l heads #afh #bec4 ,bird %ap$ :i/le #afi #bed4 ,bird %ap$ :i/le #afi #bee4 ,bird %ap$ :i/le #agj #bef4 ,:i/le 9 grotesque life =m #agj #beg4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agc #beh4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agc #bei4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agd #bfj4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agd #bfa4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agd #bfb4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #age #bfc4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #age #bfd4 ,conv5tional figure ( ! alligator #agf #bfe4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agf #bff4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agf #bfg4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agf #bfh4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agg #bfi4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agg #bgj4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agg #bga4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agh #bgb4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agh #bgc4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agh #bgd4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #agi #bge4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #agi #bgf4 ,conv5tional figure d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahj #bgg4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahj #bgh4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #aha #bgi4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahb #bhj4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahb #bha4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahb #bhb4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahb #bhc4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! alligator #ahc #bhd4 ,vase ) decorat$ zone conta9+ rem>kable devices #ahe #bhe4 ,s]ies ( devices #ahe ,illu/ration3 ,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology ,,six? ,,annual ,,report ,,pl4 ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,*iriqui4 ,by ,william ,h4 ,holmes4 ,,introduction4 ,,geography4 ,until comp>atively rec5t times ! prov9ce ( ,*iriqui has rema9$ almo/ unkn[n to ! _w at l>ge4 ,! i/hmus 0 trav]s$ a numb] ( times by ! conqu]ors1 :o publi%$ acc\nts ( _! discov]ies1 b x 0 res]v$ = ! p]iod ( railroad & canal exploration to furni% tru/wor?y acc\nts ( its "* & inhabitants4 ,! situation ( ,*iriqui is unique4 ,=m+1 politically1 a "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 x belongs 9 reality to ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,x occupies a "p ( ! great s\!rn flexure ( ! i/hmus at a po9t :]e ! %ore l9es beg9 f9ally to turn t[>d ! nor?4 ,! map accompany+ ?is pap] 7,plate ,i7 conveys a cle> idea ( ! position & ! lead+ topographic features ( ! prov9ce4 ,! b\nd>ies sep>at+ x f ,v]agua on ! ea/ & ,co/a ,rica on ! we/ run ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,! ,atlantic coa/ l9e has a nor?we/ & s\!a/ tr5d & is ind5t$ by ! bay or lagoon ( ,*iriqui4 ,! ,bay ( ,david ext5ds into ! l& on ! s\? & ! ,gulf ( ,dolce =ms a "p ( ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,a range ( m\nta9s1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( volcanic products1 ext5ds midway along ! prov9ce1 =m+ ! cont95tal wat]%$4#a ,! dra9age comprises two sy/ems ( %ort riv]s t run1 "o to ! nor? & ! o!r to ! s\?1 into ! oppos+ oceans4 ,belts ( l[l& bord] ! %ore l9es4 ,t on ! s\? side is f tw5ty to ?irty miles wide & rises gradually into a plateau two or ?ree ?\s& feet 9 elevation1 :i* is brok5 by hills & cut by caons4 ,?is belt af=ds a natural ?or\ghf>e = peoples migrat+ f cont95t to cont95t1 & d\btless =m$ at all p]iods an attractive di/rict = occupation4 ,x is 9 ! middle portion ( ?is /rip ( l[l&1 especially 9 ! dra9age area ( ! ,bay ( ,david1 t ! mo/ pl5tiful evid5ces ( anci5t occupation are f\nd4 ,scatt]+ rema9s h be5 discov]$ all along1 h[ev]1 connect+ ! art ( ,co/a ,rica ) t ( ,v]agua1 ,panama1 & ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! isl&s ( ! coa/ furni% "s fragm5t>y monum5ts & relics1 & !re is no d\bt t a va/ quantity ( mat]ial yet rema9s )9 ! prov9ce to rew>d ! dilig5t se>* ( future explor]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,= physical features1 see report ( ,lieut5ant ,norton 7,report ,*iriqui ,commission1 ,ex4 ,doc4 #da1 #ahfj74 ,,lit]ature4 ,! antiqu>ian lit]ature ( ! prov9ce is extremely meag]1 be+ conf9$ to brief sket*es made by transi5t visitors or bas$ = ! mo/ "p ^u ! te/imony ( gold hunt]s & gov]nm5t explor]s1 :o took b little note ( ! unpret5ti\s relics ( pa/ ages4 ,z !re are few /rik+ monum5ts1 ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s 0 n call$ to ! hi/ory ( primeval man 9 ?is region1 & until rec5tly ! i/hmus 0 suppos$ to h rema9$ practically unoccupi$ by t gr\p ( cultur$ nations ^: works 9 ,p]u & 9 ,mexico excite ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,b1 little by little1 x has be5 discov]$ t at "s p]iod ( ! pa/ ! prov9ce 0 ?ickly populat$1 & by races possess$ ( no mean culture4 ,! mo/ important contributions to ! lit]ature ( ?is region1 s f> z !y h come to my k1 are ! foll[+3 ,a pap] by ,mr4 ,m]ritt1 publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society2#b a pap] by ,bolla]t1 publi%$ by ! same society1 & also a volume issu$ 9 ,london2#c a valuable pamphlet1 ) photographic illu/rations1 by ,m4 ,de ,zeltn]1 ,fr5* consul to ,panama 9 #ahfj2d a %ort pap] by ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p9>t1 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is1 #ahhe1 p4 #dcc71 9 :i* he gives valuable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! peoples1 anci5t & mod]n2 & casual notes by a numb] ( o!r writ]s1 "s ( :i* w be ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,a pretty full li/ ( au?orities is giv5 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t 9 8 ,native ,races1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #af4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important additions to our k ( ! prov9ce & its ar*ologic treasures is furni%$ 9 ! manuscript notes ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,niel1 :o made ! great] "p ( ! collection n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,?is explor] has p]sonally sup]vis$ ! exam9ation ( _m ?\s&s ( graves & has =w>d$ ! bulk ( 8 collections to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 explorations h occupi$ a numb] ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he has und]gone mu* privation & display$ great en?usiasm 9 pursu+ ! r ?orny pa?ways ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is pap] 8 notes h be5 us$ z freely z _! r disconnect$ "* w>rant$1 & s9ce ,mr4 ,mc,niel's return to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,july1 #ahhf1 ,i h be5 favor$ ) a s]ies ( int]views ) him1 & by ?is means mu* important in=mation has be5 obta9$4 ,footnote #b3 ,j4 ,k+ ,m]ritt3 ,report on ! huacals or anci5t gravey>ds ( ,*iriqui4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #c3 ,bolla]t3 ,antiqu>ian ,rese>*es 9 ,new ,granada4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #d3 ,a4 ,de ,zeltn]3 ,notes sur les spultures indi5nes de dp>tem5t de ,*iriqui4 ,,p4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is di/rict is inhabit$ *iefly by ,indians & natives ( mix$1 blood1 :o foll[ graz+ & agriculture to a limit$ ext5t1 b subsi/ l>gely ^u ! natural products ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! peoples are g5]ally ?\ght to h no k or tru/wor?y tradition ( ! anci5t inhabitants & are said to c>e no?+ = ! curi\s cemet]ies among :i* !y dwell1 except z a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p9>t /ates1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 tribes on bo? sides ( ! cont95tal divide h traditions po9t+ t[>d ! anci5t grave build]s z _! ance/ors4 ,!re is probably no valid reason = assign+ ! rema9s ( ?is region to a v high antiquity4 ,! highe/ /age ( culture "h may h be5 ei!r e>li] or lat] ?an ! p]iod ( highe/ civilization 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica or contemporane\s ) x4 ,!re is really no reason = suppos+ t ! tribes :o built ^! graves 7 n 9 possession ( ! c\ntry1 or p>ts ( x1 at ! "t ( ! conque/4 ,z to ! aff9ities ( ! anci5t middle i/hmian tribes ) ! peoples nor? & s\? ( !m we c le>n no?+ positive f ! evid5ces ( _! art4 ,s f> z ! art ( pott]y has come )9 my obs]vation1 x appe>s to indicate a some:at clos] relation%ip ) ! anci5t ,co/a ,rican peoples ?an ) ^? ( cont95tal ,s\? ,am]ica2 yet1 9 _! burial cu/oms1 9 ! lack ( endur+ h\ses & temples1 & 9 _! use ( gold1 !y 7 l ! anci5t peoples ( middle & s\!rn ,new ,granada4#e ,! relics pres]v$ 9 our museums w\ld seem to indicate "o pr9cipal p]iod ( occupation or culture only2 b !re has be5 no intellig5t /udy ( ! cont5ts ( ! soil 9 sections expos$ 9 mod]n excavations1 ! exclusive aim ( collectors hav+ g5]ally be5 to secure ei!r gold or %[y cab9et specim5s4 ,! relics ( v primitive p]iods1 if su* are repres5t$1 h naturally pass$ unnotic$4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel m5tions ! occurr5ce ( pott]y 9 ! soil 9 :i* ! graves 7 dug1 b1 reg>d+ x z id5tical ) t conta9$ 9 ! graves1 he neglect$ to pres]ve specim5s4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :ile on a visit to ,los ,rem$ios1 a pueblo ne> ! ea/]n fronti] ( ,*iriqui1 he obs]v$ a cultivat$ field ab\t :i* a dit* "s #h or #i feet 9 dep? _h be5 dug4 ,9 walk+ ?r\gh ?is he f\nd a cont9u\s exposure ( brok5 pott]y & /one implem5ts4 ,"s l>ge urns _h be5 cut across or brok5 to con=m to ! slope ( ! dit*1 & 7 expos$ 9 section4 ,al?\gh n app>5tly repres5t+ a v wide range ( culture or di/9ctly sep>at$ p]iods ( culture1 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( relics exhibit consid]able div]sity 9 conception & execution1 attributable1 no d\bt1 to v>iations 9 race & art inh]itance4 ,footnote #e3 ,r4 ,b4 ,:ite3 ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 p4 #bda4 ,febru>y1 #ahhd4 ,,! ,,cemet]ies4 ,! anci5t cemet]ies1 or huacals1 z !y are call$ ?r\gh\t ,spani% ,am]ica1 are scatt]$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,pacific slope ( ,*iriqui4 ,x is said by "s t !y are r>ely f\nd 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sea1 b !y occur 9 ! riv] valleys1 on ! hills1 ! plateaus1 ! m\nta9s1 & 9 ! deepe/ =e/s4 ,!y are v num]\s1 b g5]ally ( small ext5t4 ,! l>ge/ describ$ is said to cov] an area ( ab\t twelve acres4 ,!y 7 probably locat$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( villages1 traces ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are n describ$ by explor]s2 b !re c be no d\bt t dilig5t se>* w br+ to light ! sites ( dwell+s & t[ns4 ,! abs5ce ( traces ( h\ses or monum5ts indicates ei!r t ! ar*itecture ( ?is region 0 !n1 z n[1 ( de/ructible mat]ial1 or1 :i* is n likely1 t s _m ages h pass$ ov] !m t all traces ( unburi$ art1 wood1 /one1 or clay1 h yield$ to ! gnaw+ too? ( "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ circum/antial acc\nts ( ^! burial places is giv5 by ,mr4 ,m]ritt1 :o 0 also ! fir/ to make !m kn[n to sci5ce4#f ,mr4 ,m]ritt 0 director ( a gold m9e 9 ,v]agua1 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahei sp5t sev]al weeks 9 explor+ ! graves ( ,*iriqui2 he !re=e speaks f p]sonal k4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aheh two native f>m]s ( ! p>i% ( ,bugaba1 or ,bugava1 discov]$ a gold5 image t _h be5 expos$ by ! uproot+ ( a plant4 ,!y proce$$ secretly to explore ! graves1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h be5 kn[n = ye>s4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+ _! op]ations became kn[n to ! p1 & )9 a mon? m ?an a ?\s& p]sons 7 engag$ 9 work+ ^! extraord9>y gold m9es4 ,! =tunate discov]]s succe$$ 9 collect+ ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty p\nds weight ( gold figures1 mo/ ( :i* 7 m or less alloy$ ) copp]4 ,x is e/imat$ t fifty ?\s& doll>s' wor? 9 all 0 collect$ f ?is cemet]y1 :i* embrac$ an area ( twelve acres4 ,al?\gh !re are r>ely surface indications to m>k ! position ( ! graves1 long exp]i5ce has r5d]$ x comp>atively easy to discov] !m4 ,! grave hunt] c>ries a light iron rod1 :i* he runs into ! gr\nd1 & ?us1 if any h>d sub/ance is pres5t1 discov]s ! exi/5ce ( a burial4 ,x is m5tion$ by "o or two writ]s t ! graves are 9 _m cases m>k$ by /ones1 ei!r loose or set 9 ! gr\nd 9 rectangul> & circul> arrangem5ts4 ,! graves d n (t5 seem to h _h a uni=m position 9 relation to "o ano!r or to ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,9 "s cases !y are clu/]$ ab\t a c5tral tomb1 & !n assume a some:at radiate arrangem5t2 aga91 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 !y are sometimes plac$ end to end1 occupy+ long tr5*es4 ,footnote #f3 ,j4 ,k+ ,m]ritt3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 #ahfj4 ,,! ,,graves4 ,graves ( a p>ticul> =m are said to occur sometimes 9 gr\ps occupy+ di/9ct p>ts ( ! cemet]y1 b ! obs]vations are n suffici5tly def9ite to be ( value4 ,! graves v>y consid]ably 9 =m1 con/ruction1 & dep?1 & are classifi$ v>i\sly by explor]s4 ,9 ! ,bugaba cemet]y ,mr4 ,m]ritt f\nd two well m>k$ v>ieties1 ! oval & ! quadrangul>1 ref]5ce be+ _h to ! horizontal section4 ,! oval grave pits 7 f #d to #f feet deep & f #c to #d feet 9 greate/ diamet]4 ,a wall ( r\nd$ riv] /ones #b to #c feet high l9$ ! l[] "p ( ! pit1 & f ! top ( ?is ! entire space 0 closely pack$ ) r\nd$ /ones4 ,)9 ! fac$ up "p ( ?is ci/ ! rema9s ( ! dead1 ! gold5 figures1 pott]y1 & implem5ts _h be5 deposit$4 ,?is =m is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a by a v]tical section con/ruct$ f ! description giv5 by ,mr4 ,m]ritt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,section ( oval grave4 ,! quadrangul> graves 7 con/ruct$ 9 two some:at di/9ct ways4 ,"o v>iety 0 id5tical 9 mo/ respects ) ! oval =m illu/rat$ above4 ,!y 7 sometimes z mu* z #f feet deep & frequ5tly #d by #g feet 9 horizontal dim5sions4 ,9 ! o!r =m a pit #d by #f feet 9 diamet] 0 sunk to ! dep? ( ab\t #c feet4 ,und]nea? ?is ano!r pit "s #b feet 9 dep? 0 sunk1 leav+ an (fset or t]race #h or #aj in*es 9 wid? all ar\nd4 ,! small] pit 0 l9$ ) flat /ones plac$ on edge4 ,9 ?is ci/ ! human rema9s & ! relics 7 plac$ & cov]$ ov] ) flat /ones1 :i* re/$ ^u ! t]race & prev5t$ ! sup]9cumb5t mass1 :i* consi/$ ( closely pack$ riv] /ones1 f cru%+ ! cont5ts4 ,a section ( ?is tomb is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 also drawn f ! description giv5 by ,mr4 ,m]ritt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,section ( a quadrangul> grave1 %[+ ! surface pack ( riv] /ories & ! positions ( ! slabs & objects ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,grave ) pill>s1 describ$ by ,de ,zeltn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,comp\nd ci/1 describ$ by ,de ,zeltn]4 ,mr4 ,m]ritt & o!rs m5tion t 9 "s ( ! graves pill>s are employ$ to support ! ro( ( ! ci/4 ,^! pill>s are m5tion$ briefly by ,de ,zeltn]1 f ^: acc\nt ! foll[+ illu/rations are drawn4 ,?is au?or does n /ate t he made any p]sonal inve/igations1 & if 8 acc\nts 7 obta9$ f ! natives _! entire tru/wor?9ess may v prop]ly be que/ion$4 ,! fir/ two =ms m5tion$ by him are simil> to ^? already giv54 ,! ?ird is describ$ z hav+ at ! corn]s squ>e pill>s ( /one to support ! cov]+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n describ$4 ,! f\r? has f\r pill>s1 plac$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! pit4 ,^! s]ve to support a vault ( flag/ones4 ,! walls betwe5 ! pill>s are fac$ ) pebbles1 z 9 ! cases previ\sly describ$4 ,fig4 #c w make ?is =m cle> at a glance4 ,! fif? v>iety describ$ by ,de ,zeltn] is q extraord9>y 9 con/ruction4 ,8 acc\nt is some:at confus+ 9 a numb] ( respects1 & ! section giv5 9 ,fig4 #d _c claim m ?an approximate accuracy 9 details & measurem5ts4 ,ne> ! surface a pav+1 p]haps ( riv] /ones1 0 f\nd cov]+ an area ( ab\t #aj by #ac feet4 ,?is pav+ 0 app>5tly ! surface ( a pack ab\t #b feet ?ick1 & cov]$ ! m\? ( ! ma9 pit1 :i* 0 "s #f or #g feet deep4 ,pill>s ( cobble /ones ab\t #aj in*es 9 diamet] occupi$ ! corn]s ( ! pit1 & probably s]v$ 9 a measure to support ! pav+4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is excavation a second pit 0 dug1 ! m\? ( :i* 0 also cov]$ by a pav+ #b by upw>ds ( #c feet 9 horizontal dim5sions4 ,?is l[] pit consi/$ ( a %aft sev]al feet 9 dep?1 by :i* desc5t 0 made into a *amb] ( inv]t$ pyramidal %ape4 ,?is *amb] approximat$ #f by #i feet 9 horizontal dim5sions & 0 "s #d or #e feet deep4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is ci/]n ! human rema9s & mo/ ( ! relics 7 deposit$4 ,! %aft 0 fill$ 9 ) e>? & ! pav+s describ$4 ,! total dep?1 comput$ f ! figures giv51 is ab\t #ah feet1 a mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5t = a b>b>\s p2 yet ?is is equal$ by ! anci5t tribes ( ! ma9l& ( ,new ,granada1 :]e simil> burial cu/oms seem to h prevail$4 ,mr4 ,:ite1#g :o travel$ ext5sively 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 says3 ,a dry1 elevat$ ridge1 compos$ ( easily excavat$ mat]ial1 0 select$ z ! cemet]y4 ,a pit ( only a y>d or s 9 diamet] 0 sunk1 sometimes v]tically1 sometimes at an angle1 or sometimes x v>i$ f v]tical to incl9$4 ,x 0 sunk to dep?s v>y+ f #ae to #fj feet1 & at ! bottom a *amb] 0 =m$ 9 ! e>?4 ,"h ! dead 0 deposit$1 ) 8 arms1 tools1 cook+ ut5sils1 ornam5ts1 & *attels g5]ally1 ) maize & f]m5t$ liquor made ( maize4 ,! *amb] & passage 7 !n ramm$ tightly full ( e>?1 & sometimes x w\ld appe> t peculi> e>?1 o!r ?an t excavat$ on ! spot1 0 us$4 ,"o n unfrequ5tly detects a peculi> aromatic smell 9 ! e>?1 & fragm5ts ( *>coal are always f\nd mix$ ) x 9 m or less quantity4 ,m4 ,de ,zeltn] describes o!r v simple graves :i* are fill$ 9 ) e>?1 except+ a surface pav+ ( pebbles4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 :o has exam9$ m examples ?an any o!r :ite man1 & ov] a wide di/rict ) ,david z a c5t]1 discr$its ! /atem5ts ( ,de ,zeltn] 9 respect to ! =m illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 & /ates t g5]ally ! graves d n diff] greatly 9 %ape & f9i% f ! ord9>y graves ( to-day4 ,he describes ! pits z be+ oval & quadrangul> & z hav+ a dep? rang+ f a few feet to #ah feet4 ,! pav+ or pack consi/s ( e>? & wat] worn /ones1 ! latt] pit*$ 9 )\t ord] & =m+ b a small p]c5tage ( ! fill+4 ,he has nev] se5 su* /ones us$ 9 fac+ ! walls ( ! pit or 9 ! con/ruction ( pill>s4 ,! flat /ones :i* cov] ! ci/ are (t5 #aj or #ae feet bel[ ! surface & are 9 "s cases v heavy1 weigh+ #cjj p\nds or m4 ,a s+le /one is 9 cases l>ge en\gh to cov] ! entire space1 b m frequ5tly two or m flat /ones are laid side by side across ! cavity4 ,^! are support$ by riv] /ones1 a foot or m 9 l5g?1 set ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! ci/4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t bo? slabs & b[ld]s 7 9 _m cases c>ri$ long di/ances4 ,no "o ( ! pits exam9$ 0 ( ! extraord9>y =m describ$ 9 detail by ,de ,zeltn] & o!rs4 ,footnote #g3 ,b4 ,b4 ,:ite3 ,j\r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 p4 #bdf4 ,febru>y1 #ahhd4 ,,human ,,rema9s4 ,! almo/ total abs5ce ( human rema9s has frequ5tly be5 rem>k$1 & ! !ory is advanc$ t cremation mu/ h be5 practic$4 ,we h no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( su* a cu/om among ! hi/oric tribes ( ?is region1 &1 besides1 su* elaborate tombs w\ld h>dly be con/ruct$ = ! deposition ( a%es4 ,yet1 consid]+ ! dep? ( ! graves1 _! rem>kable con/ruction1 & ! "* ( ! soil select$ = burial purposes1 x is c]ta9ly wond]ful t su* meag] traces ( human rema9s are f\nd4 ,p9>t surmises1 f ! analogies ( mod]n burial cu/oms ^u ! nor? coa/1 t ! bones only 7 deposit$ 9 ! graves1 ! fle% hav+ be5 all[$ to decay by a long p]iod ( exposure 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld probably n mat]ially ha/5 ! decay ( ! bones4 ,mr4 ,m]ritt /ates t human hair 0 obta9$ f graves at ,bugaba1 & t he has himself secur$ ! enamel ( a mol> too? f t locality4 ,de ,zeltn] tells u t 9 ?ree v>ieties ( graves rema9s ( skeletons are f\nd1 always1 h[ev]1 9 a v fragile condition4 ,"o skull 0 obta9$ ( suffici5t /ability to be ca/ 9 pla/]1 b ,de ,zeltn] is n c]ta9 t x belong$ to ! p :o built ! tombs4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel reports ! occasional f9d+ ( bones1 & a numb] ( bundles ( !m are includ$ 9 8 collection4 ,he reports t !re are no crania & t no?+ c\ld be det]m9$ z to ! position ( ! bodies :5 fir/ buri$4 ,p9>t obs]ves t 9 "s cases ! bodies or remnants ( bodies 7 di/ribut$ ab\t ! m>g9 ( ! pit bottom1 ) ! v>i\s ut5sils 9 ! c5t]1 & aga9 t ! rema9s 7 laid away 9 ni*es dug 9 ! sides ( ! ma9 pit4 ,^! scatt]+ obs]vations w s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( ! modes ( sepulture practic$ 9 ?is region1 b !re mu/ be a clos] record ( localities & a c>eful correlation ( ! v>y+ ph5om5a ( inhumation be=e ei!r e?nology or ar*aeology c be greatly b5efit$4 ,,plac+ ,,( ,,relics4 ,! pieces ( pott]y1 implem5ts1 & ornam5ts 7 probably buri$ ) ! dead1 pretty mu* z are simil> objects 9 o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! almo/ total disappe>ance ( ! human rema9s makes a det]m9ation ( exact relative positions impossible4 ,! univ]sal te/imony1 h[ev]1 is t all 7 n plac$ ) ! body1 b t "s 7 add$ z ! grave 0 fill$ up1 be+ plac$ 9 ! crevices ( ! walls or pill>s or ?r[n 9 ^u ! accumulat+ e>? & pebbles ( ! surface pavem5t4 ,! heavy implem5ts ( /one are r>ely v f> b5ea? ! surface4 ,,objects ,,( ,,art4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nt x is app>5t t our k ( ! art ( anci5t ,*iriqui mu/ = ! pres5t be d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! cont5ts ( ! tombs4 ,! inhabitants 7 skillful 9 ! employm5t & ! manipulation ( /one1 clay1 gold1 & copp]2 & ! p]fection ( _! "w 9 ^! mat]ials1 tak5 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( _! rem>kable tombs1 indicates a culture ( long /&+ & a capacity ( no mean ord]4 ,( _! ar*itecture1 agriculture1 or textile art we c le>n little or no?+4 ,! relics repres5t$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,national ,museum consi/ *iefly ( articles ( /one1 gold1 copp]1 & clay4 ,,/one4#h ,works execut$ 9 /one1 exclud+ ! tombs1 may be arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ classes3 ,pictur$ rocks1 sculptur$ columns1 images1 meal+ /ones1 /ools1 celts1 arr[po9ts1 spe>po9ts 7871 poli%+ /ones1 & ornam5ts4 ,pictur$ rocks4--,our acc\nts ( ^! objects are v meag]4 ,! only "o def9itely describ$ is ! pi$ra p9tal4 ,a few ( ! figures engrav$ ^u x are giv5 by ,seemann1 f :om ,i quote ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,at ,cald]a1 a few leagues nor? f ! t[n ( ,david1 lies a granite block kn[n to ! c\ntry p z ! pi$ra p9tal1 or pa9t$ /one4 ,x is #ae feet high1 ne>ly #ej feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & flat on ! top4 ,e "p1 especially ! ea/]n side1 is cov]$ ) figures4 ,"o repres5ts a radiant sun2 x is foll[$ by a s]ies ( heads1 all1 ) "s v>iation1 scorpions & fanta/ic figures4 ,! top & ! o!r side h signs ( a circul> & oval =m1 cross$ by l9es4 ,! sculpture is ascrib$ to ! ,dora*os 7or ,dorasques71 b to :at purpose ! /one 0 appli$ no hi/orical acc\nt or tradition reveals4#i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,s\?we/ face ( ! pictur$ /one4 ,^! inscriptions are irregul>ly plac$ & mu* scatt]$4 ,!y are ?\ght to h be5 orig9ally ne>ly an in* deep1 b 9 places are almo/ effac$ by wea!r+1 ?us giv+ a sugge/ion ( great antiquity4 ,i h se5 trac+s ( ^! figures made rec5tly by ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p9>t :i* %[ decid$ diff]5ces 9 detail1 & ,mr4 ,mc,niel gives /ill ano!r transcript4 ,i pres5t 9 ,fig4 #e ,mr4 ,mc,niel's sket* ( ! s\?we/ face ( ! rock1 z he has giv5 consid]ably m detail ?an any o!r visitor4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel's sket*es %[ sev5te5 figures on ! opposite side ( ! rock4 ,seemann gives only twelve1 :ile ,mr4 ,p9>t's trac+s %[ upw>ds ( =ty ^u ! same face4 ,^! ?ree copies w\ld n be recogniz$ z ref]r+ to ! same orig9al4 ,t ( ,mr4 ,p9>t seems to %[ ! mo/ c>eful /udy & is probably accurate4 ,good photographs w\ld be ( s]vice 9 elim9at+ ! inconv5i5t p]sonal equation always pres5t 9 ! del9eation ( su* subjects4 ,^! figures be> little resemblance to ^? pa9t$ ^u ! vases ( ?is region4 ,o!r figures are said to be engrav$ ^u ! b[ld]s & /ones us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! burial ci/s4 ,de ,zeltn] /ates t "o (t5 meets ) /ones cov]$ ) rude allegorical designs1 repres5t+ m51 pumas 7tigre871 & birds4 ,x is p>ticul>ly 9 su* huacas z h pill>s & a vault t ^! curi\s specim5s ( ,indian art are f\nd4#aj ,columns4--,a numb] ( au?ors speak casually ( sculptur$ /one columns1 none ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 place4 ,seemann says t !y may be se5 9 ,david1 :]e !y are us$ = build+ purposes1#aa b ?is is n confirm$ by o!rs4 ,! sculptures are said to be 9 relief1 l ^? ( ,yucatan & ,p]u4 ,cull5 says t columns are f\nd on ! ,isl& ( ,mu]to1 ,bay ( ,david4#ab ,o!rs are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 se5 9 ,v]agua4 ,images4--,objects t may prop]ly be class$ z images or idols are ( r r>e occurr5ce4 ,half a doz5 specim5s are f\nd 9 ! ,mc,niel collections4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! repres5ts a full l5g? female figure tw5ty-?ree in*es 9 height4 ,x is execut$ 9 ! r\nd1 ) consid]able attempt at detail 7,fig4 #f74 ,i may m5tion1 z /rong *>act]i/ics1 ! flatt5$ cr[n1 encircl$ by a n>r[ turban-l b&1 ! r angul> face & prom95t nose1 & ! =mal pose ( ! arms & h&s4 ,besides ! head b&1 ! only o!r sugge/ion ( co/ume is a belt ab\t ! wai/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a goddess ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians4 ,gray basalt--#a_/f4 ,! mat]ial is a compact1 slightly vesicul>1 olive gray1 basaltic rock4 ,i h se5 a few additional examples ( ?is figure1 & f ! id5tity 9 type & detail conclude t ! p]sonage repres5t$ 0 probably an important "o 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,*iriquians4 ,9 g5]al /yle !re is a r close correspond5ce ) ! sculptures ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! pla/ic *>act]s exhibit$ 9 ?is "w appe> also 9 ! v>i\s objects ( clay1 gold1 & copp] describ$ fur!r on4 ,!re is also a small]1 rudely c>v$1 half l5g?1 human figure done 9 ! same /yle4 ,besides ^! figures !re are two l>ge flatti% /ones1 on "o ( :i* a rude image ( a monkey has be5 pick$1 :ile ! o!r exhibits ! figure ( a reptile resembl+ a liz>d or a crocodile4 ,! "w is extremely rude & has ! appe>ance ( be+ unf9i%$4 ,x seems t all ( ^! objects 7 f\nd ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,figs4 #g & #h ,i pres5t two specim5s ( sculpture also collect$ by ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/e>ns1 ( ,%ort ,hills1 ,n4,j4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #g 0 obta9$ ne> ! ,gulf ( ,dolce1 #hb #ee we/4 ,?ree views are pres5t$3 pr(ile1 front1 & back4 ,x is c>v$ f :at appe>s to be a compact1 grayi% olive tufa or basalt1 & repres5ts a male p]sonage1 di/9ct 9 /yle f ! female figure fir/ pres5t$4 ,! head is r\nd$ above1 ! arms are flatt5$ aga9/ ! sides1 & ! feet are fold$ 9 a novel position b5ea? ! body4 ,! height is #i in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,a god ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians4 ,gray volcanic rock--4 ,! o!r specim51 ,fig4 #h1 f ne> ! same locality1 is c>v$ f a yell[i% gray basalt :i* sp>kles ) num]\s l>ge cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,x is simil> 9 /yle to ! la/1 b m boldly sculptur$1 ! features be+ prom95t & ! memb]s ( ! body 9 high] relief4 ,! legs are lo/4 ,height1 #e in*es4 ,a rem>kable figure ( l>ge size n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 0 obta9$ f ! ,isl& ( ,cana or ,cano by ,mr4 ,mc,niel4 ,x is ne>ly ?ree feet 9 height & v heavy4 ,! face has be5 mutilat$4 ,9 g5]al /yle x corresponds m closely to ! sculpture ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates ?an to t ( ,*iriqui4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b ,fig4 #h4 ,fragm5t>y human figure 9 gray basaltic rock--4 ,meal+ /ones4--,! metate1 or h& mill1 :i* consi/s ( a concave tablet & a rubb+ /one1 0 an important adjunct to ! h\sehold appliances ( ne>ly all ! m cultur$ ,am]ican nations4 ,x is f\nd n only 9 ^? pla9 sub/antial =ms mo/ suitable = use 9 gr9d+ gra91 se$s1 & spices by manual means1 b 9 _m cases x has be5 elaborat$ into a "w ( art :i* requir$ long & skill$ labor = its production4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,*iriqui ^! mills mu/ h be5 num]\s2 b1 s9ce !y are /ill 9 dem& by ! inhabitants ( ! region1 _m ( ! anci5t specim5s h be5 de/roy$ by use4 ,x seems f all acc\nts t !y 7 n v g5]ally buri$ ) ! dead1 b 7 left ^u or ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & 7 h5ce accessible to ! mod]n tribes1 :o f\nd x mu* easi] to transport !m to _! homes ?an to make new ones4 ,! metates ( ,*iriqui pres5t a great div]sity ( =m & possibly repres5t di/9ct peoples or diff]5t grades ( culture4 ,!y are c>v$ f volcanic rocks ( a few closely relat$ v>ieties1 ! texture ( :i* is co>se & occasionally some:at cellul>1 giv+ an unev5 or pitt$ surface1 well suit$ to ! gr9d+ ( maize4 ,?ree classes1 = conv5i5ce ( description1 may be di/+ui%$1 al?\gh c]ta9 *>act]s are common to all & "o =m grades m or less completely into ano!r4 ,we h ! pla9 slab or rudely hewn mass ( rock1 9 ! upp] surface ( :i* a %all[ depression has be5 excavat$2 we h ! c>efully hewn oval slab support$ by %ort legs ( v>i$ %ape2 & we h a l>ge numb] ( pieces elaborately sculptur$ 9 imitation ( animal =ms4 ,! fir/ v>iety is common to ne>ly all temp]ate & tropical ,am]ica & does n require fur!r att5tion "h4 ,! second v>iety exhibits consid]able div]sity 9 =m4 ,! tablet is oval1 concave above1 & ( an ev5 ?ickness4 ,! p]iph]y is (t5 squ>$ & is 9 _m cases ornam5t$ ) c>v$ figures1 ei!r geometric devices or rudely sculptur$ animal heads4 ,! legs are g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]1 b f\r is n unusual4 ,!y are mo/ly conical or cyl9drical 9 %ape & are r %ort4 ,! f9e/ example ( ! second class has an oval plate #cg in*es 9 l5g?1 #bi 9 wid?1 & #b in*es ?ick1 :i* is ne>ly symmetrical & r deeply concave above4 ,! c5tral portions ( ! bas9 are worn q smoo?4 ,ne> ! ends1 )9 ! bas91 two pairs ( small animal-l figures are c>v$1 & rang$ ab\t ! l[] m>g9 ( ! p]iph]y are eighty-sev5 neatly sculptur$ heads ( animals4 ,!re are f\r %ort cyl9drical legs4 ,?is sup]b piece ( "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,meal+ /one ) l>ge tablet ornam5t$ ) animal heads1 f ,gualaca--#a_/i4 ,examples ( ! ?ird class are all c>v$ to imitate ! puma or ocelot4 ,! :ole creature is (t5 elaborately work$ out 9 ! r\nd f a s+le massive block ( /one4 ,! ?9 tablet repres5t+ ! body re/s ^u f\r legs4 ,! head1 :i* projects f "o end ( ! tablet1 is g5]ally r conv5tional 9 /yle1 b is sculptur$ ) suffici5t vigor to recall ! orig9al q vividly4 ,! tail appe>s at ! o!r end & curves d[nw>d1 connect+ ) "o ( ! h9d feet1 probably = great] security aga9/ mutilation4 ,! head1 ! m>g9 ( ! body1 & ! ext]ior surfaces ( ! legs are elaborately decorat$ ) ta/eful c>v+4 ,! figures are geometric1 & ref]1 no d\bt1 to ! m>k+s ( ! animal's sk94 ,ne>ly id5tical specim5s are obta9$ f ,co/a ,rica & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,a f9e example ( m$ium size is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! mat]ial is gray1 m9utely cellul>1 basaltic rock4 ,! upp] surface ( ! plate is poli%$ by use4 ,! entire l5g? is #ag in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,puma %ap$ metate ( gray &esite1 f ,rio ,joca--4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 9 ! ,mc,niel collection is #b feet long1 #ah in*es wide1 & #ab in*es high4 ,a simil> piece has be5 illu/rat$ by ,de ,zeltn]4 ,! usual (fice ( ^! metates is consid]$ to be t ( gr9d+ corn1 cocoa1 & ! l4 ,! great elaboration obs]v$ 9 "s examples sugge/s ! idea t p]haps !y 7 devot$ exclusively to ! prep>ation ( mat]ial 7meal or o!r sub/ances7 int5d$ = sacr$ uses4 ,a high degree ( elaboration 9 art products results 9 _m cases f _! connection ) sup]/iti\s usages4 ,speculat+ ^u ! use ( ^! objects1 ,de ,zeltn] m5tions a mort> ^: pe/le 0 no?+ b a r\nd /one1 :i* /ill %[s traces ( gold "h & !re4 ,x 0 evid5tly ) ! help ( ?is rude in/rum5t t ! ,indians r$uc$ ! gold to p[d] be=e fus+ x4#ac ,! implem5t or pe/le us$ 9 connection ) ^! meal+ tablets 9 cru%+ & gr9d+ is (t5 a simple riv] worn pebble1 z m5tion$ above1 b is m usually a cyl9drical mass ( volcanic rock1 work$ into ne>ly symmetric %ape4 ,/ools4--,! /ool-l appe>ance ( "s ( ! objects describ$ z metates sugge/s ! pres5tation 9 ?is place ( a gr\p ( objects t mu/ = ! pres5t be class$ z /ools or seats1 al?\gh _! true or entire function is unkn[n to me4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ! meal+ /ones by _! circul> plate1 _! %>ply def9$1 upright1 m>g9al rim1 & ! abs5ce ( signs ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,/ool %ap$ object c>v$ f gray1 m9utely cellul> basalt--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,/ool ) column> base1 c>v$ f gray basaltic rock--#a_/c4 ,two ( ^! objects are f ! vic9ity ( ,david4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ int]e/+ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,x is c>v$ f a piece ( vesicul> basaltic tufa & is 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! height is #f in*es & ! diamet] ( ! top #aj in*es1 t ( ! base be+ a little less4 ,! slightly concave upp] surface is depress$ ab\t half an in* bel[ ! upright m>g9al b&4 ,! p]iph]y is a little m ?an an in* 9 wid? & is decorat$ ) a simple guillo*e-l ornam5t 9 relief4 ,! disk-l cap is connect$ by op5 lattice-l "w ) ! r+ :i* =ms ! base4 ,! int]ior is neatly holl[$ out4 ,! op5 "w ( ! sides consi/s ( two elaborately c>v$ figures ( monkeys1 alt]nat+ ) two sections ( trellis "w1 v neatly execut$4 ,! o!r specim5 is some:at less elaborate 9 its sculptur$ ornam5t4 ,outl9es ( two additional examples ( ^! objects are giv5 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,! tablets are r\nd1 ?ick1 & slightly concave above & are m>g9$ ) r[s ( sculptur$ heads4 ,! support+ column 9 ! fir/ is a pla9 %aft & ! base is n>r[ & some:at concave und]nea?4 ,9 ! second ! column is holl[$ out & p]=at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,/ool ) p]=at$ base1 c>v$ f gray basaltic rock--#a_/c4 ,z be>+ ^u ! possible use ( ^! specim5s x %\ld be notic$ t simil> /ool-l objects are made ( clay1 ! s(tness & fragility ( :i* w\ld r5d] !m unsuitable = use z meal+ plates or mort>s1 & x w\ld also appe> t !y are r fragile = use z /ools4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t !y may h s]v$ z supports = articles su* z vases or idols employ$ 9 religi\s rites1 or possibly z alt>s = (f]+s4 ,celts4--,! class ( implem5ts usually d5om9at$ celts is repres5t$ by sev]al hundr$ specim5s1 ne>ly all ( :i* are 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y are ?or\ghly well made & beautifully f9i%$1 & leave ! impression ^u ! m9d t !y mu/ repres5t ! v highe/ plane ( ,/one ,age art4 ,al?\gh v>y+ widely 9 =m & f9i% !re is great homog5eity ( *>act]s1 ! m>k$ family resemblance sugge/+ a s+le p & a s+le p]iod or /age ( culture4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ci/s along ) o!r relics & are v g5]ally di/ribut$1 a limit$ numb]1 r>ely m ?an ?ree1 be+ f\nd 9 a s+le grave4 ,!y may be classifi$ by %ape into a numb] ( gr\ps1 ea* ( :i*1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd to grade m or less completely into ! o!rs4 ,!y display all degrees ( f9i% f ! fre%ly flak$ to ! ev5ly pick$ & :olly poli%$ surface4 ,! edges or po9ts ( ne>ly all %[ ! cont\r & poli% t come f long ?\gh c>eful use4 ,all are made ( compact1 d>k1 volcanic tufa t resembles v closely a f9e gra9$ slate4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations include all ! m important types ( =m4 ,!re are b few specim5s ( v l>ge size4 ,t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad is #h in*es long1 #d in*es wide1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! blade is broad at ! edge1 r\nd$ 9 outl9e1 & well poli%$4 ,! upp] end t]m9ates 9 a r %>p po9t t %[s ! r\gh flak$ surface ( ! orig9al block+ out4 ,! middle portion exhibits an ev5ly pick$ surface4 ,! rock is a d>k slaty look+ tufa1 ! surface ( :i* displays r+ or rosette-l m>k+s1 rem9d+ "o ( ! poli%$ surface ( a section ( fossil coral4 ,^! m>k+s probably come f ! decomposition ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,l>ge p>tially poli%$ celt ( mottl$ volcanic tufa--4 ,! implem5t giv5 9 ,fig4 #ae may be tak5 z a type ( a l>ge class ( beautifully f9i%$ celts4 ,x also is made ( ! d>k tufa1 v f9e gra9$ & compact1 resembl+ slate4 ,! bevel$ surfaces ( ! blade are well poli%$1 ! rema9d] ( ! surface be+ ev5ly pick$4 ,! hexagonal section is *>act]i/ic ( ! class1 b x is n s decid$ 9 ?is z 9 "s o!r pieces 9 :i* ! :ole surface is fre%ly gr\nd4 ,! contraction ( ! lat]al outl9e & ! sudd5 expansion on rea*+ ! cutt+ edge notic$ 9 ?is specim5 are m cle>ly m>k$ 9 o!r examples4 ,! small celt %[n 9 ,fig4 #af is n>r[ above & q wide t[>d ! edge4 ,a wide1 ?ick specim5 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a specim5 q exceptional 9 ,*iriqui is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel /ates t 9 _m ye>s' exploration ?is is ! only piece se5 t exhibits ! con/riction ( outl9e *>act]i/ic ( groov$ axes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,celt ( hexagonal section made ( d>k compact tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,small wide blad$ celt made ( d>k tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,celt ) heavy %aft made ( d>k speckl$ tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,celt or ax ) con/riction ne> ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,flak$ & p>tially poli%$ celt ( d>k tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,well poli%$ celt ( d>k tufa--4 ,two sup]b implem5ts are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 ! "o 9 ! r\gh except+ at ! cutt+ edge1 :]e x is gr\nd into ! desir$ %ape1 & ! o!r neatly poli%$ ov] ne>ly ! entire surface4 ,! surfaces are some:at :it5$ f decomposition1 b )9 ! rock is ne>ly black1 & ! eye c\ld n di/+ui% x f a d>k slate4 ,! mat]ial is %[n by microscopic te/ to be a volcanic tufa4 ,^! examples 7 evid5tly int5d$ = m delicate "w ?an ! prec$+4 ,! %apes ( ! specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ba & #bb indicate a /ill diff]5t use4 ,! upp] end ( ! implem5t is l>ge & r\gh1 z if int5d$ to facilitate hold+ or haft+1 :ile ! %aft dim9i%es 9 size bel[1 t]m9at+ 9 a n>r[1 symmetrical1 highly poli%$ edge1 a %ape well calculat$ to unite delicacy & /r5g?4 ,! highe/ me*anical skill c\ld h>dly give to /one %apes m p]fectly adapt$ to ! manipulation ( /one1 metal1 or o!r h>d or compact sub/ances4 ,! mat]ial is a v d>k1 compact1 f9e gra9$ tufa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,n>r[ po9t$ celt ( d>k tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,n>r[ po9t$ celt ( d>k tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,cyl9drical celt ) n>r[ po9t1 ( d>k tufa--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,leaf %ap$ objects sugge/+ spe>po9ts1 ( d>k tufa--4 ,an additional example is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! %aft is cyl9drical & t]m9ates 9 a conical po9t at "o end & 9 a v n>r[1 abrupt1 cutt+ edge at ! o!r4 ,! :ole surface is poli%$4 ,! mat]ial is ! same d>k tufa4 ,! class ( objects illu/rat$ 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ cuts comprises b a small p]c5tage ( ! *isel-l implem5ts4 ,spe>heads 7874--,ano!r class ( objects made ( ! same f9e gra9$1 slaty look+ tufa is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,!y resemble spe>po9ts1 yet may h be5 devot$ to a :olly diff]5t use4 ,!y are long1 leaf-l flakes1 triangul> 9 section1 slightly work$ d[n by flak+1 %>p5$ by gr9d+ at ! po9t1 & slightly not*$ at ! top1 p]haps = haft+4 ,arr[po9ts4--,! unique "* ( ! arr[po9ts ( ,*iriqui is already kn[n to ar*ologi/s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! triangul> section pres5t$ 9 ne>ly all cases & %[n 9 ! figures 7,fig4 #be74 ,! workman%ip is extremely rude4 ,! mat]ial is g5]ally a fl9ty jasp] ( r$di% & yell[i% hues4 ,! numb] f\nd is comp>atively small4 ,! specim5s giv5 are ( av]age size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,arr[po9ts ( jasp]--#a_/a4 ,ornam5ts4--,x w\ld seem f a /udy ( our collections t ornam5ts ( /one 7 seldom us$ by ! inhabitants ( ,*iriqui4 ,!re are a few m$ium siz$ beads ( agate & "o p5dant ( d>k gre5i% /one rudely %ap$ to resemble a human head4 ,ornam5ts ( gold & copp] 7 evid5tly mu* pref]r$4 ,footnote #h3 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 = ! det]m9ation ( ! species ( /one 9 ?is s]ies ( objects4 ,footnote #i3 ,seemann3 ,voy4 ,h]ald1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a4 de ,zeltn]3 ,notes sur les spultures indi5nes du dp>tem5t de ,*iriqui4 ,footnote #aa3 ,seemann3 ,voy4 ,h]ald1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #ab3 ,cull5's ,d>i51 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a4 ,de ,zeltn]3 ,notes sur les spultures indi5nes1 p4 #g4 ,,metal4 ,,gold ,,& ,,copp]4 ,! ,*iriquians1 l _m ( _! neighbors 9 ! tropical portions ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 7 skill$ 9 ! work+ ( metals4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & t9--! la/ 9 alloys ) copp] =m+ bronze--are f\nd 9 ! graves4 ,gold is ! mo/ important1 & is associat$ ) all ! o!rs 9 alloys or z a surface coat+4 ,! inhabitants ( ! i/hmus at ! "t ( ! discov]y 7 ri* 9 objects1 *iefly ornam5ts1 ( ?is metal1 & exp$itions s5t out "u ,balboa1 ,piz>ro1 & o!rs plund]$ ! natives )\t m]cy4 ,:5 ! ,indian village ( ,d>i5 0 captur$ by ,balboa 7#aeaj7 he obta9$ plates ( gold1 su* z !y hang on _! brea/s & o!r p>ts1 & o!r ?+s1 all ( !m am\nt+ to t5 ?\s& pesos ( f9e gold4#ad ,f an exp$ition to ,nic>agua ! same adv5tur]s br\ght back to ,panama ! value ( #aab1ebd pieces ( eight 9 l[ gold1 & #ade 9 pe>ls4#ae ,e>ly ,spani%-,am]ican hi/ory ab\nds 9 /ories ( ?is k9d4 ,among o!rs we read t ,columbus f\nd ! natives along ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,*iriqui & ,v]agua s ri* 9 objects ( gold t he nam$ ! di/rict ,ca/illo del ,oro4 ,x is said t ! illusory /ories ( an ,el ,dorado some:]e )9 ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica arose f ! lavi% use ( gold ornam5ts by ! natives :om ! ,spani>ds enc\nt]$1 & t ,co/a ,rica gets its "n f ! same circum/ance4 ,x is also record$ t ! natives ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica at ! date ( ! conque/ 7 9 ! habit ( op5+ anci5t graves = ! purpose ( secur+ mortu>y tr9kets4 ,! :ites h foll[$ _! example ) ! greate/ eag]ness4 ,z f> back z #afdb ! ,spani>ds pass$ a law claim+ all ! gold f\nd 9 ! burial places ( ,spani% ,am]ica1#af ! :ole matt] be+ treat$ m]ely z a means ( rev5ue4 ,! objects ( gold = :i* ! tombs ( ,*iriqui are ju/ly fam\s are g5]ally believ$ to h be5 simple p]sonal ornam5ts1 ! jewelry ( ! primeval inhabitants1 al?\gh x is highly probable t _m ( ! figures1 at lea/ z orig9ally employ$1 _h an emblematic mean+4 ,!y 7 d\btless at all times reg>d$ z possess$ ( pot5t *>ms1 & ?us capable ( protect+ & =w>d+ ! int]e/s ( _! own]s4 ,!y h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 b = ! mo/ "p1 ev5 at ?is late date1 h be5 e/eem$ = _! money value only4 ,v _m specim5s f\nd _! way to ?is c\ntry1 :]e !y 7 ei!r sold = curiosities or1 aft] wait+ long = a pur*as]1 ev5 9 ! v %ad[ ( our museums1 7 consign$ to ! melt+ pot4 ,_m /ories be>+ ^u ?is po9t h be5 told me4 ,a ,wa%+ton jewel] is repres5t$ z hav+ exhibit$ 9 8 w9d[ on ,p5nsylvania av5ue ab\t ! ye> #ahfj a rem>kable s]ies ( ^! tr9kets1 mo/ ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds s5t to ,new ,york to be melt$4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod a g5tleman on ent]+ a %op 9 ,san ,francisco 0 acco/$ by a /rang] :o _h 8 pockets well fill$ ) ^! curi\s relics & wi%$ to dispose ( !m = ca%4 ,a numb] ( my acqua9tances h neat b grotesque examples ( ^! little images ( gold atta*$ to _! wat* gu>ds1 ?us approv+ ! ta/e ( our prehi/oric c\ntrym5 & at ! same "t demon/rat+ ! id5tity ( ideas ( p]sonal embelli%m5t 9 all times & ) all peoples4 ,! ornam5ts are f\nd only 9 a small p]c5tage ( ! graves1 ^? probably ( p]sons suffici5tly opul5t to possess !m 9 life2 a majority ( ! graves conta9 none :atev]4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd at ! bottom ( ! pits1 & probably 9 ne>ly ! position occupi$ by !m :ile /ill atta*$ to ! p]sons ( ! dead4 ,x is said t occasionally !y are f\nd 9 ni*es at ! sides ( ! graves1 z if plac$ dur+ ! fill+ ( ! pit4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! gold is v g5]ally alloy$ ) copp]1 ! composite metal rang+ f pure gold to pure copp]4 ,a small p]c5tage ( silv] is also pres5t 9 "s ( ! specim5s exam9$1 b ?is is probably a natural alloy4 ,9 a few cases v simple figures appe> to h be5 %ap$ f nuggets or masses ( ! native metals2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n susceptible ( pro(4 ,! "w is v skillfully done1 s t we f9d x difficult to asc]ta9 ! precise me?ods ( manipulation4 ,! g5]al effect 9 ! m pret5ti\s pieces resembles t ( our filigree "w1 9 :i* ! p>ts are produc$ by hamm]+ & unit$ by sold]+2 yet !re are _m evid5ces ( ca/+1 & ^! mu/ be consid]$ ) c>e4 ,z a rule simple figures & "s portions ( composite figures pres5t v decid$ indications ( hav+ be5 ca/ 9 molds1 yet no traces ( ^! molds h come to light1 & !re are none ( ^? *>act]i/ic m>k+s :i* result f ! use ( composite or piece molds4 ,wire 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ! =mation ( details ( anatomy & embelli%m5t1 & its pres5ce does n at fir/ seem compatible ) ord9>y ca/+4 ,?is wire1 or pseudo-wire x may be1 is g5]ally ab\t "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! num]\s p>ts or sections ( complex figures are jo9$ toge!r is bo? int]e/+ & p]plex+4 ,evid5ces ( ! use ( sold] h be5 look$ = 9 va91 & if su* a m$ium 0 ev] us$ x 0 id5tical 9 k9d ) ! body ( ! object or s small 9 quantity z to escape detection4 ,at ! junction ( ! p>ts !re are (t5 decid$ indications ( hamm]+1 or at lea/ ( ! /rong pressure ( an implem5t2 b 9 pursu+ ! matt] fur!r we f9d a s+ul> p]fection 9 ! jo9+1 :i* am\nts to a coalesc5ce ( ! metals ( ! two p>ts conc]n$4 ,!re is no weakness or t5d5cy to "p along ! contact surfaces1 nei!r is !re any?+ l ! p>t+ ( p>allel wires 9 coils or :]e a s]ies ( wires is jo9$ side by side & c>ri$ ?r\gh v>i\s convolutions4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ,i made sections ( coils & p>ts compos$ ( a numb] ( wires1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ evid5ces ( ! individuality ( ! /r&s1 b ! metal 9 ! section is always homog5e\s1 break+ ) a r\gh1 granul> fracture1 & n m readily along app>5t l9es ( junction ?an across !m2 & fur!r1 9 /udy+ 9 detail ! surface ( p>ts unpoli%$ or protect$ f we> by h&l+1 we f9d ev]y:]e ! granul> & pitt$ unev5ness *>act]i/ic ( ca/ surfaces4 ,?is is true ( ! wire =ms z well z ( ! massive p>ts1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 su* defects occur 9 ! wires z w\ld h>dly be possible if !y 7 ( wr\ght gold4 ,all po9ts consid]$1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! objects 7 ca/1 & ca/ 9 _! entirety4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al model 0 made up ( sep>ately con/ruct$ p>ts ( wire or wirelike /r&s & ( ecc5tric & (t5 r massive p>ts1 & t all 7 set toge!r by ! assi/ance ( pressure1 ! indications be+ t ! mat]ial us$ 0 suffici5tly pla/ic to be work$ aft] ! mann] ( clay1 d\gh1 or wax4 ,9 "o case1 = example1 ! body ( a s]p5t1 consi/+ ( two wires neatly twi/$ toge!r1 is held 9 ! h& ( a grotesque figure4 ,! h& consi/s ( f\r f+]s made by d\bl+ toge!r two %ort pieces ( wire4 ,! coil has be5 laid across ! h& & press$ d[n into x until half buri$1 & ! ends ( ! f+]s are drawn up ar\nd x )\t any indication ( hamm] /rokes4 ,inde$1 ! effect is j su* z w\ld h be5 produc$ if ! arti/ _h work$ 9 wax4 ,aga91 9 ! model+ ( ! eyes we h a good illu/ration4 ,! eye is a m9ute ball cleft across ! entire diamet] by a %>p implem5t1 ?us giv+ ! effect ( ! p>t$ lids4 ,n[1 if ! mat]ial _h be5 gold or copp]1 z 9 ! specim5s1 ! ball w\ld h be5 sep>at$ into two p>ts or hemisph]es1 :i* w\ld n exhibit any great di/ortion2 b z we see !m "h ! p>ts are flatt5$ & mu* drawn out by ! pressure ( ! cutt+ edge1 j z if ! mat]ial _h be5 decid$ly pla/ic4 ,x seems to me t ! processes ( manufacture mu/ h be5 analog\s to ^? employ$ by ! m primitive metal work]s ( our own day4 ,9 ,ori5tal c\ntries delicate objects ( bronze & o!r metals are made z foll[s3 ,a model is con/ruct$ 9 "s su* mat]ial z wax or res9 & ov] x are plac$ coat+s ( clay or o!r sub/ance capable ( /&+ great heat4 ,^! coat+s1 :5 suffici5tly ?ick5$ & prop]ly dri$1 =m ! mold1 f :i* ! orig9al model is extract$ by means ( heat4 ,! fus$ metal is aft]w>ds p\r$ 94 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 bo? ! mold & ! model are de/roy$ 9 ea* case1 & exact duplications are n to be expect$4 ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ( ,new ,york1 ) :om ,i h discuss$ ?is matt]1 /ates t he has se5 live objects1 su* z insects1 us$ z models 9 ?is way4 ,be+ coat$ ) wa%es ( clay or l sub/ance until well protect$ & !n heavily cov]$1 !y 7 plac$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! animal matt] 0 ?us r$uc$ to a%es & extract$ ?r\gh small op5+s made = ! purpose4 ,z be>+ ^u ?is subject x %\ld be m5tion$ t occasionally small figures 9 a f9e r$di% res9 are obta9$ f ! graves ( ,*iriqui4 ,!y are id5tical 9 /yle ( model+ ) ! objects ( gold & copp] obta9$ f ! same s\rce4 ,9 discuss+ possible processes1 ,mr4 ,william ,hallock1 ( ! division ( *emi/ry & physics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 sugge/$ t if ! v>i\s sections ( a metal ornam5t 7 emb$d$ 9 ! surface ( a mass ( fire clay 9 _! prop] relations & contacts !y c\ld !n be completely inclos$ 9 ! mass & subject$ to heat until ! metal melt$ & ran toge!r4 ,aft] cool+1 ! complete figure c\ld be remov$ by break+ up ! clay matrix4 ,i imag9e t 9 su* "w mu* difficulty w\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ prop] contact & adju/m5t ( p>ts ( complex figures4 ,x w likewise be obs]v$ t evid5ces ( pla/icity 9 ! model+ mat]ial w\ld n exi/4 ,i mu/ n pass a sugge/ion ( ,nadaillac#ag :i* (f]s a possible solution ( ! problem ( manipulation4 ,ref]r+ to a /atem5t ( ! e>ly ,spani% explor]s t smelt+ 0 unkn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,p]u1 he /ates t x w\ld be possible = a p 9 a l[ /ate ( culture to discov] t an amalgam ( gold ) m]cury is q pla/ic1 & t aft] a figure is model$ 9 ?is composite metal ! m]cury may be dissipat$ by heat1 leav+ ! =m 9 gold1 :i* !n ne$s only to be poli%$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce :atev] t ^! p _h any k ( m]cury4 ,!re is no indication ( c>v+ or engrav+ 9 ! ,*iriquian "w4 ,9 f9i%+1 "s ( ! extremities seem to h be5 %ap$ by hamm]+4 ,?is 0 a m]e flatt5+ out ( ! feet or p>ts ( ! accessories1 :i* requir$ no p>ticul> skill & c\ld h be5 accompli%$ ) comp>atively rude /one hamm]s4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t _m1 if n mo/1 ( ! objects appe> to be ei!r plat$ or wa%$ ) pure gold1 ! body or f\ndation be+ ( base gold or ( ne>ly pure copp]4 ,?is fact1 c\pl$ ) t ( ! association ( objects ( bronze ) ! relics1 leads u to inquire c>efully into ! possibilities ( ,european influ5ce or ag5cy4 ,i obs]ve t rec5t writ]s d n seem to h que/ion$ ! g5u95ess ( ! objects describ$ by !m1 b t at ! same "t no m5tion is made ( ! plat+ or wa%+4 ,?is latt] circum/ance leads to ! inf]5ce t pieces n[ 9 my possession exhibit+ ?is ph5om5on may h be5 tamp]$ ) by ! :ites4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t hi/ory is n sil5t on ! matt] ( plat+4 ,! ,indians ( ,new ,granada are said to h be5 n only m>vel\sly skillful 9 ! manipulation ( metals1 b1 accord+ to ,bolla]t1 ,aco/a decl>es t ^! peoples _h mu* gilt copp]1 & ! copp] 0 gilt by ! use ( ! juice ( a plant rubb$ ov] x1 !n put into ! fire1 :5 x took ! gold color4#ah ,j :at ?is means we _c readily det]m9e1 b we safely conclude t1 :atev] ! process h9t$ at 9 ^! words1 a ?9 surface deposit ( pure gold1 or ! close semblance ( x1 0 actually obta9$4 ,x is n impossible t an acid may h be5 appli$ :i* t5d$ to de/roy ! copp] ( ! alloy1 leav+ a deposit ( gold ^u ! surface1 :i* c\ld aft]w>ds be burni%$ d[n4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t possibly ! film ( gold may 9 cases be ! result ( simple decay on ! "p ( ! copp] ( ! alloy1 ! gold rema9+ z a %ell ^u ! surface ( ! /ill undecay$ portion ( ! composite metal2 b ! surface 9 su* a case w\ld n be burni%$1 :]eas ! %[ surfaces ( ! specim5s recov]$ are 9 all cases neatly poli%$4 ,if we %\ld conclude t ! anci5t ,am]icans 7 probably able to secure 9 "s su* mann] a ?9 film ( gold1 x /ill rema9s to inquire :e!r !re may n h be5 "s purely me*anical means ( plat+4 ,9 "s ( ! ,*iriquian specim5s a f\ndation ( v base metal appe>s to h be5 plat$ ) heavy %eet gold1 :i* z ! copp] decays comes (f 9 flakes4 ,occasional pieces h a bli/]$ look z a consequ5ce4 ,7 ^! p able ) _! rude appliances to beat gold into v ?9 leaves8 & ,_h !y discov]$ processes by :i* ^! c\ld be appli$ to ! surfaces ( objects ( metal8 are que/ions t %\ld probably be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! flakes 9 "s cases indicate a v great degree ( ?9ness4 ,specim5s ( %eet gold ornam5ts f\nd 9 ! tombs are ?ick]1 b are suffici5tly ?9 to indicate t1 if actually made by ^! p1 almo/ any degree ( ?9ness c\ld be atta9$ by !m4 ,x w\ld probably n be difficult to apply ?9 %eet gold to ! comp>atively smoo? surfaces ( ^! ornam5ts & to fix x by burni%+4 ,mr4 ,kunz sugge/s /ill ano!r me?od by means ( :i* plat+ c\ld h be5 accompli%$4 ,if a figure 9 wax 7 coat$ ) %eet gold & !n incas$ 9 a clay matrix1 ! wax c\ld be melt$ out1 leav+ ! %ell ( gold )94 ,! cavity c\ld !n be fill$ ) alloy1 ! clay c\ld be remov$1 & ! gold1 :i* w\ld adh]e to ! metal1 c\ld !n be prop]ly burni%$ d[n4 ,x w be se5 f ?is ha/y review t1 al?\gh we may conclude t ca/+ & plat+ 7 c]ta9ly practic$ by ^! peoples1 we mu/ rema9 9 ignorance ( ! precise me?ods employ$4 ,ref]r+ to ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! specim5s !mselves1 ,i may note t obs]vations be>+ ^u ! actual discov]y ( p>ticul> specim5s 9 ! tombs are un=tunately lack+4 ,mr4 ,mc,niel ackn[l$ges t ) all 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! "w ( excavation no s+le piece has be5 tak5 f ! gr\nd ) 8 own h&s1 & he _c say t he ev] witness$ ! exhumation by o!rs1 al?\gh he has be5 pres5t :5 !y 7 br\ght up f ! pits4 ,g5]ally ! workm5 secrete !m & aft]w>ds (f] !m = sale4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 no %ad[ ( a d\bt t all ! pieces procur$ by him came f ! graves z report$ by 8 collectors4 ,! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! gild+ w n be satisfactorily or f9ally settl$ until "s responsible collector %all h tak5 ! gild$ objects ) 8 own h&s f _! undi/urb$ places 9 tombs kn[n to be ( pre-,columbian con/ruction4 ,!re are _m pro(s1 h[ev]1 ( ! au!nticity ( ! objects !mselves4 ,x is ass]t$ by a numb] ( e>ly writ]s t ! ,am]ican natives 71 on ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 highly accompli%$ 9 metallurgy2 t !y work$ ) bl[pipes & ca/ 9 molds2 t ! objects produc$ exhibit$ a high ord] ( skill2 & t ! native tal5t 0 direct$ ) unusual =ce & uni=mity t[>d ! imitation ( life =ms4 ,x is said t ! conqu]ors 7 /ruck ) wond] at _! skill 9 ?is la/ respect4 ,& a /rong argum5t 9 favor ( ! g5u95ess ( ^! objects is f\nd 9 ! fact t x is n at all probable t ri* alloys ( gold w\ld h be5 us$ by ,europeans = ! base or f\ndation :5 copp] or bronze1 or ev5 lead1 w\ld h s]v$ z well4 ,we also obs]ve t !re is absolutely no trace ( peculi>ly ,european mat]ial or me?ods ( manipulation1 a condition h>dly possible if ! ext5sive reproductions 7 made by ! :ites4 ,nei!r are !re traces ( ,european ideas embodi$ 9 ! %apes or 9 ! decoration ( ! objects--a circum/ance t argues /rongly 9 favor ( native orig94 ,an equally conv9c+ argum5t is f\nd 9 ! fact t all ! alloys liable to corrosion exhibit m>k$ evid5ces ( decay1 z if = a long p]iod subject to ! de/ructive ag5ts ( ! soil4 ,9 _m cases ! copp] alloy base crumbles into black p[d]1 leav+ only ! flakes ( ! plat+4 ,la/ly & mo/ important1 ! /range creatures repres5t$ are 9 _m cases id5tical ) ^? embodi$ 9 clay & 9 /one1 & = ^! latt] works no "o w = a mom5t claim a =eign d]ivation4 ,consid]+ all ^! argum5ts1 ,i arrive at ! conclusion t ! ornam5ts are1 9 ! ma91 g5u9e antiquities1 & t1 if any deception at all has be5 practic$1 x is to be laid at ! door ( mod]n goldsmi?s & speculators1 :o1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 are kn[n 9 a few cases to h doctor$ alloy$ objects ) wa%es ( gold ) ! view ( sell+ !m z pure gold4 ,i pres5t ! foll[+ specim5s ) a reasonable degree ( confid5ce t all1 or ne>ly all1 are ( purely ,am]ican fabrication1 & ,i s9c]ely hope t at no di/ant day compet5t ar*ologi/s may h ! opportunity ( mak+ p]sonal obs]vations ( simil> relics 9 place4 ,! objects consi/ to a great ext5t ( repres5tations ( life =ms1 9 _m cases m fanciful ?an real & (t5 extremely grotesque4 ,!y include ! human figure & a great v>iety ( birds & bea/s indig5\s to ! c\ntry1 9 /yles resembl+ "w 9 clay & /one ( ! same region4 ,my illu/rations %[ ! actual sizes ( ! objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,human figure ) ridg$ cr[n1 =m$ ( copp]-gold alloy4 ,! human figure4--,/atuettes ( m5 & wom5 & ( a v>iety ( an?ropomorphic figures ( all degrees ( elaboration ab\nd4 ,fig4 #bf illu/rates a pla91 rude specim5 belong+ to ! collection ( ,j4 ,b4 ,/e>ns4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,mc,niel f ne> ! s\? base ( ,m\nt ,*iriqui4 ,! body is solid & ! surface is r\gh & pitt$1 z if f decay4 ,9 _m respects x resembles ! /one sculptures ( ! i/hmus4 ,! metal is ne>ly pure copp]4 ,a piece exhibit+ m elaborate workman%ip1 illu/rat$ by ,bolla]t1#ai is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,ano!r rem>kable specim5 is illu/rat$ by ,de ,zeltn]1 b ! photograph publi%$ ) 8 bro*ure is too indi/9ct to p]mit ( satisfactory reproduction4 ,he describes x 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,! mo/ curi\s piece 9 my collection is a gold figure ( a man1 #g c5timet]s 9 height4 ,! head is ornam5t$ ) a diadem t]m9at$ on ea* side ) ! head ( a frog4 ,! body is nude1 except a girdle1 also 9 ! =m ( a plait1 support+ a flat piece int5d$ to cov] ! privates1 & two r\nd ornam5ts on ea* side4 ,! arms are ext5d$ f ! body2 ! well drawn h&s hold1 "o ( !m a %ort1 r\nd club1 ! o!r a musical in/rum5t1 ( :i* "o end is 9 ! m\? & ! o!r =ms an enl>gem5t l t ( a flute1 made ( human bone4 ,x is n probable t ?is is a pipe4 ,bo? ?ighs h an enl>gem5t1 & ! toes are n m>k$ 9 ?is little figur9e4#bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,grotesque human figure 9 gold1 f ,bolla]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,rudely %ap$ & f9i%$ human figure 9 gold4 ,9 ,fig4 #bh we h a r rudely made & f9i%$ piece collect$ by ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 & n[ own$ by ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,x exhibits features correspond+ ) a numb] ( ^? ref]r$ to by ,de ,zeltn]4 ,! f\ndation is ?9 & is ( base metal coat$ ) pure gold4 ,i pres5t two additional examples ( ! human figure f ! collection ( ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,"o ( !m 7,fig4 #bi7 is an int]e/+ little /atuette 9 d>k copp] t /ill reta9s traces ( ! =m] gild+ ( yell[ gold4 ,! cr[n is flat & is surr\nd$ by a fillet ( twi/$ wire4 ,! face is grotesque1 ! nose be+ bulb\s1 ! m\? l>ge1 & ! lips protrud+4 ,! h&s are repres5t$ z grasp+ cords ( wire :i* connect ! wai/ ) ! cr[n ( ! figure & seem to be int5d$ = ! bodies ( s]p5ts1 ! heads ( :i* project f ! sides ( ! headdress4 ,simil> s]p5ts project f ! ankles4 ,! feet are flatt5$ out z if int5d$ to be set 9 a crevice4 ,! extremities--except+ ! feet--& ! ornam5ts are all =m$ ( wire4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! figure h be5 model$ sep>ately & set toge!r :ile ! mat]ial 0 9 a pla/ic or semipla/ic condition4 ,?is is cle>ly indicat$ by ! s9k+ ( "o "p into ano!r at ! po9ts ( contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,grotesque human figure 9 ne>ly pure copp]1 p>tially coat$ ) yell[ gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,grotesque human figure 9 ne>ly pure gold4 ,an excell5t example ( ! m elaborate figures is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,x is ( r$di% gold1 slightly alloy$ app>5tly ) copp]1 & has 9 f9i%+ receiv$ a v ?9 wa% or plat+ ( yell[ gold1 :i* is worn (f 9 expos$ p>ts4 ,! c5tral feature ( ! r complicat$ /ructure is a grotesque human figure1 mu* l ! prec$+1 & hav+ c\nt]p>ts 9 bo? clay & /one4 ,! figure is back$ up & /r5g!n$ by two curv$ & flatt5$ b>s ( gold1 "o above & ! o!r bel[1 z se5 9 ! cut4 ,! figure is deck$ ) & almo/ hidd5 by a pr(usion ( curi\s details1 execut$ = ! mo/ "p 9 wire & repres5t+ s]p5ts & birds4 ,?ree vulture-l heads project f ! cr[n & ov]hang ! face4 ,two s]p5ts1 ! bodies ( :i* are =m$ ( plait$ wire1 issue f ! m\? ( ! figure & are held ab\t ! neck by ! h&s4 ,! heads ( ! s]p5ts are =m$ ( wire fold$ 9 triangul> =m & are suppli$ ) d\ble coils ( wire at ! sides1 z if = e>s1 & ) little balls ( gold = eyes4 ,simil> heads project f ! sides ( ! head & f ! feet ( ! image4 ,! peculi>ities ( con/ruction are se5 to good advantage 9 ?is specim54 ,! figure is made up ( a great numb] ( sep>ate pieces1 unit$ app>5tly by pressure or by hamm]+ :ile ! mat]ial 0 some:at pla/ic4 ,upw>ds ( eighty pieces c be c\nt$4 ,! l>g] pieces1 =m+ ! body & limbs1 are holl[ or concave beh9d4 ,ne>ly all ! subord9ate p>ts are con/ruct$ ( wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,rudely execut$ image ( a bird 9 gold4 ,! bird4--,images ( birds are num]\s & v>y greatly 9 size & elaboration4 ,!y are usually repres5t$ ) exp&$ w+s & tails1 ! "u side ( ! body be+ f9i%$ = %[4 ,! back is left concave & r\gh1 z :5 ca/1 & is suppli$ ) a r+ = susp5sion or atta*m5t1 z se5 9 ! pr(ile view 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! owl1 ! eagle1 ! p>rot1 & v>i\s o!r birds are recogniz$1 al?\gh det]m9ations ( v>ieties are n possible1 z 9 _m cases ! =ms are rude or greatly obscur$ by extrane\s details4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca is ( ! simple/ type & ! rude/ workman%ip1 & is app>5tly int5d$ = "s rapaci\s species1 possibly a vulture4 ,! body1 w+s1 & tail are hamm]$ q ?9 & are left fray$ & unev5 on ! edges4 ,! mat]ial appe>s to be ne>ly pure copp] plat$ ) yell[ gold4 ,specim5s ( ?is class are v num]\s4 ,"o1 pres5t$ 9 a publication ( ! ,society ( ,nor!rn ,antiqu>ies1 & n[ 9 ! museum at ,cop5hag51 is ?\ght to be int5d$ = a fi% hawk1 z x c>ries a fi% 9 its m\?4 ,de ,zeltn] m5tions a /atuette 9 gold ( a p>oquet1 ^: head is ornam5t$ ) two w+$ tufts4 ,su* a specim5 may be se5 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,image ( a bird 9 gold1 f ,bolla]t4 ,fig4 #cb is reproduc$ f ,bolla]t4 ,x repres5ts a p>rot & is v elaborately work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,puma %ap$ figure 9 gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,puma %ap$ figure 9 base metal4 ,! puma4--,repres5tations ( quadrup$s are common2 a good example1 copi$ f ,bolla]t1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! animal int5d$ is app>5tly a puma1 a favorite subject ) ,*iriquian work]s 9 clay & /one z well z 9 gold4 ,! body is holl[ & op5 b5ea? & ! =e feet are f9i%$ ) loops = susp5sion4 ,a simil> piece ) head ?r[n back ov] ! body is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! metal 9 ?is case appe>s to be ne>ly pure copp]4 ,grotesque figure4--,ano!r piece collect$ by ,mr4 ,mc,niel is outl9$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! metal is q base & ! surface has be5 coat$ ) gold1 :i* is n[ ne>ly all rubb$ (f4 ,! %ape is t ( a quadrup$4 ,! face has a r grotesque1 n to say satanic1 expression4 ,! details are n unlike ^? ( o!r examples previ\sly giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,quadrup$ ) grotesque face 9 base metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,figure ( a fi% 9 gold4 ,f ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 #ahei4 ,! fi%4--,! fi% 0 a favorite subject ) ! anci5t nations ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is model$ 9 clay1 wov5 into fabrics1 & work$ 9 metals ) rem>kable fre$om4 ,x 0 9 great favor 9 ,*iriqui & mu/ h be5 ( importance 9 ! my?ology ( ! c\ntry4 ,x occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 pott]y1 :]e x is execut$ 9 color & model$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,! v grotesque specim5 9 gold %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf is copi$ f ,h>p]'s ,weekly ( ,augu/ #f1 #ahei1 :]e x =ms "o ( a numb] ( illu/rations ( ^! curi\s ornam5ts4 ,! pap] is1 ,i believe1 by ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,otis1 :o _h j return$ f ,panama4 ,a v curi\s piece own$ by ,mrs4 ,philip ,phillips1 ( ,wa%+ton1 repres5ts a creature hav+ "s analogies ) ! fi% figure ( ,otis4 ,issu+ f ! m\? is ! same =k$ tongue1 ea* "p t]m9at+ 9 a s]p5t's head4 ,! body is ab\t two in*es long & ! back has five triangul> p]=ations4 ,! tail is =k$ & ! f\r leg-l memb]s t]m9ate 9 conv5tional s]p5ts' heads4 ,! metal is pure or ne>ly pure gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,l>ge figure ( a frog 9 base metal plat$ ) gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,small figure ( a frog1 9 base metal plat$ ) gold4 ,! frog4--,! frog appe>s 9 ! pla/ic art ( ,*iriqui m frequ5tly p]haps ?an any o!r reptile4 ,its =m is reproduc$ ) mu* _s & 9 greatly v>y+ sizes1 degrees ( elaboration1 & /yles ( pres5tation4 ,x is probable t a numb] ( species are repres5t$4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg we h a l>ge1 r pla9 specim51 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,! body & limbs are concave b5ea?1 ! metal be+ ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick4 ,tee? are sugge/$ by a numb] ( p]=ations encircl+ ! jaws & ! eyes are m9ute hawk bells conta9+ pellets ( metal4 ,! legs are plac$ 9 *>act]i/ic positions1 & ! h9d feet are broad plates )\t indications ( toes1 a *>act]i/ic ( ^! gold5 frogs4 ,! framework or f\ndation is ( copp]1 app>5tly ne>ly pure1 & ! surface is plat$ ) ?9 %eet gold1 :i* t5ds to flake (f z ! copp] f\ndation corrodes4 ,! m9ute1 delicately f9i%$ example giv5 9 ,fig4 #ch contra/s /rongly ) ! prec$+4 ,x is also ( base metal plat$ ) pure gold & belongs to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,figure ( an alligator1 9 gold1 publi%$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 #ahei4 ,! alligator4--,! alligator1 :i* appe>s s frequ5tly 9 ! pott]y ( ,*iriqui1 is only occasionally f\nd 9 gold4 ,a /rik+ specim51 illu/rat$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,weekly ( ,augu/ #f1 #ahei1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,a simil> piece1 =m$ ( base metal1 is 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,animal figure1 9 base metal plat$ ) gold4 ,! crayfi% 7874--,9 ,fig4 #dj we h a f9e specim51 int5d$ app>5tly to repres5t a crayfi% or "s simil> cru/acean =m4 ,! head is suppli$ ) complicat$ yet graceful ant5na-l app5dages1 made ( wire neatly coil$ & weld$ toge!r by pressure or hamm]+4 ,! eyes are globul> & are encircl$ by ! ends ( a d\ble loop ( wire :i* ext5ds along ! back & incloses a l9e ( m9ute balls or nodes4 ,! peculi> w+s & tail w be be/ und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration4 ,! f\ndation metal is mu* corrod$1 be+ d>k & rott51 & ! plat+ ( r$di% gold seems to h be5 coat$ ) a ?9 film ( yell[ gold4 ,! pr(ile view gives a good idea ( ! ?ickness ( ! metal & ( ! relief ( ! p>ts4 ,two r+s or loops ( d\bl$ wire are atta*$ to ! extreme end ( ! nose & a heavy r+ = susp5d+ is fix$ to ! "u side ( ! head4 ,miscellane\s4--,gold1 pure & 9 ! usual alloys1 0 also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( o!r articles1 su* z bells1 beads1 disks1 balls1 r+s1 :i/les1 ?imble %ap$ objects1 & amulets ( v>i$ %apes4 ,bells are m g5]ally made ( bronze1 because1 p]haps1 ( its great] degree ( resonance4 ,?9 plates1 or r circul> %eets1 ( gold leaf are num]\s4 ,"o m5tion$ by ,bolla]t 0 #g in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are pla9 or crimp$ ab\t ! m>g9s1 ind5t$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & sometimes p]=at$1 app>5tly = susp5sion or atta*m5t4 ,m]ritt m5tions examples hav+ holes :i* %[$ evid5ces ( we> ^u "o side only1 indicat+ atta*m5t 9 a fix$ position to "s object or to "s "p ( ! co/ume4 ,b "o example is at h&1 a ?9 %eet1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & crimp$ or ind5t$ neatly ab\t ! m>g94 ,its ?ickness is ab\t t ( ord9>y t9foil4 ,footnote #ad3 ,h]r]a3 ,hi/4 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,h]r]a3 ,hi/4 ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #af3 ,mr4 ,hawes's lett] answ]+ que/ions ab\t ,*iriqui1 read by ,mr4 ,davis be=e ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 ,april #ag1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,nadaillac3 ,prehi/oric ,am]ica1 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #ah3 ,bolla]t3 ,e?nological & ,o!r ,rese>*es 9 ,new ,granada1 c4 ,footnote #ai3 ,bolla]t3 ,antiqu>ian ,rese>*es 9 ,new ,granada1 plate fac+ p4 #ca4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a4 ,de ,zeltn]3 ,notes sur les spultures indi5nes du dp>tem5t de ,*iriqui4 ,,bronze4 ,bells4--,bells seem to h be5 9 pretty g5]al use by ! m cultur$ ,am]ican races previ\s to ! conque/4 ,! =m be/ kn[n is ! hawk bell1 or common sleighbell ( ! ,nor?4 ,! globul> body is susp5d$ by a loop at ! top & is slit on ! "u side1 s t ! t9kl+ ( ! small free pellets ( metal may be audible4 ,su* bells are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! graves ( ,*iriqui1 al?\gh ,i h no positive assurance t any ( ! examples 9 my possession 7 actually tak5 f graves :i* conta9$ typical ,*iriquian relics ( o!r classes4 ,! specim5s n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 7,fig4 #da7 are 9 mo/ cases1 if n 9 all1 ( bronze1 z det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,riggs1 ( ! *emical laboratory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,all h be5 ca/ 9 molds4 ,9 mo/ cases !re are traces ( a plat+ ( gold4 ,! l>ge/ is #a in*es 9 height & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is surm\nt$ by ! rude figure ( an animal1 ?r\gh or b5ea? ! body ( :i* is an op5+ = ! atta*m5t ( a cord4 ,o!rs h simple loops at ! top4 ,! small p]=at$ specim5 belongs to ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,! additional piece giv5 9 ,fig4 #db is unique 9 conception4 ,x repres5ts a human head1 :i* takes an inv]t$ position :5 ! bell is susp5d$4 ,! l[] "p ( ! bell =ms a conical cr[n to ! head & ! r+ ( susp5sion is atta*$ to ! *94 ,d\ble coils ( wire take ! place ( ! e>s1 & ! o!r features are =m$ by sett+ on bits ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 model+4 ,?is specim5 belongs to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,/e>ns4 ,_m examples ( m elaborate workman%ip h be5 recov]$ f ! tombs & are n[ to be f\nd 9 ! collections ( ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,bronze bells plat$ or wa%$ ) gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,bronze bell ) human features4 ,a specim5 f\nd _m ye>s ago on ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ne> ,panama1 & figur$ 9 ,h>p]'s ,weekly1 0 ( gold & %[$ specific v>iations f ! ,*iriquian pieces4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! outl9e giv5 9 ,fig4 #dc t ?ree v neatly %ap$ & gracefully ornam5t$ bells are m\nt$ ^u a circul> plate to :i* a %ort h&le is atta*$4 ,x 0 evid5tly n int5d$ = susp5sion1 b r to be held 9 ! h& z a rattle4 ,a "q z to ! au!nticity ( ^! bells z aborig9al works v naturally arises1 & x may be difficult to %[ to ! satisfaction ( ! skeptical m9d t any p>ticul> specim5 is n ( ,european orig9 or inspiration4 ,at ! same "t we are n )\t /rong evid5ces t su* bells 7 9 use by ! ,am]icans be=e ! adv5t ( ! :ites4 ,hi/orical acc\nts are n want+1 b ,i %all only /op to po9t out "s ( ! int]nal evid5ces ( ! native art4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t is to be f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( analog\s features 9 o!r bran*es ( ! art & 9 o!r arts4 ,! eyes ( ! gold5 figures ( reptiles are 9 _m cases m9ute hawk bells1 & 9 works ( clay1 ! purely aborig9al "* ( :i* has n be5 call$ 9 "q1 simil> features are discov]$4 ,! ,am]ican orig9 ( ! bell1 !re=e1 is n to be que/ion$4 ,! =m orig9at$1 no d\bt1 9 ! rattle1 at fir/ a nut%ell or a g\rd2 lat] x 0 model$ 9 clay1 & 9 "t ! same idea 0 work$ out 9 ! legs & ! ornam5ts ( vessels & 9 ! heads & o!r p>ts ( animal =ms1 :i* 7 made holl[ & suppli$ ) t9kl+ pellets4 ,) ! ackn[l$g$ skill ( ^! p 9 ! work+ ( metals1 !re is no reason :y ! bells describ$ %\ld n h be5 manufactur$ indep5d5tly ( ,european aid & influ5ce1 provid$ ! requisite metal 0 at h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,triple bell or rattle f\nd on ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,anci5t ,mexican bell4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t if ^! e>ly ,am]ican bells 7 copi$ f or bas$ ^u ,spani% orig9als !y w\ld n probably v>y greatly 9 type ) ! v>i\s sections f :i* !y are recov]$1 b x is obs]v$ t m>k$ & p]si/5t diff]5ces d occur4 ,! well kn[n ,mexican bell1 an example ( :i* is outl9$ 9 ,fig4 #dd1 al?\gh ( bronze1 is g5]ically di/9ct 9 =m & con/ruction4 ,9 a brief review ,i may recall ! m sali5t po9ts reg>d+ ! use ( metals 9 anci5t ,*iriqui4 ,gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & app>5tly t9 are repres5t$4 ,gold & copp] 7 v pl5tifully di/ribut$ among ! i/hmian races1 b we h little in=mation z to ! s\rces ( supply4 ,free gold is f\nd 9 ! /ream b$s ( _m localities1 & copp] 0 probably f\nd 9 its native /ate 9 "s conv5i5t locality2 yet x is n impossible t ^! metals 7 transport$ f di/ant regions1 z ! inhabitants ( ,*iriqui mu/ h _h consid]able int]c\rse ) ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica on ! nor? & ) ^? ( ,granada on ! s\?4 ,silv] & t9 are f\nd 9 alloys ) gold & copp]1 b n z indep5d5t metals4 ,! silv] gold alloy is probably a natural comp\nd4 ,9 no case h ,i f\nd silv] to exce$ #f p] c5t4 ( ! composite metal4 ,t9 0 artificially alloy$ ) copp]1 =m+ bronze4 ,! latt] metal resembles our ord9>y bronze 9 color & h>dness1 b ,i am unable to secure m ?an a qualitative analysis on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( specim5s available = ! purpose4 ,we h no in=mation 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! t94 ,x is n f\nd 9 a native /ate1 & s9ce x seems h>dly probable t ! ,*iriquians und]/ood smelt+ ores we are left 9 d\bt z to :e!r x 0 obta9$ f m cultur$ nations to ! nor? or to ! s\? or f transoceanic c\ntries4 ,! gold-copp] alloys appe> to range betwe5 pure gold & pure copp]4 ,if ! bronze is ( ,european orig91 !n we mu/ conclude t all objects made ( t metal are ( po/-,columbian manufacture4 ,?is "q w probably be def9itely settl$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,! great] numb] ( ! objects 7 =m$ by ca/+ 9 molds4 ,hamm]+ 0 b little practic$1 except+1 app>5tly1 9 ! =mation ( %eet gold1 :i* 0 probably an indig5\s product4 ,rep\ss "w is n f\nd1 save z repres5t$ 9 ! crimp+ & ind5t+ ( gold leaf4 ,engrav+ & c>v+ 7 n practic$4 ,x may be consid]$ c]ta9 t gild+1 or at lea/ plat+1 0 und]/ood4 ,! objects are obta9$ f anci5t graves ( :i* no record or reliable tradition is pres]v$4 ,!y are all ornam5ts1 no co91 weapon1 tool1 or ut5sil hav+ come to my notice4 ,! abs5ce ( ut5sils & ( hamm]$ objects ( any k9d /rikes me z be+ r extraord9>y1 s9ce x is popul>ly suppos$ t1 9 ! normal succession ( ev5ts1 hamm]+ %\ld prec$e ca/+ & t ut5sils %\ld be made be=e elaborate ornam5ts4 ,! "w exhibits close analogies ) t ( ! ma9l& ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ^! analogies appe> to be 9 mat]ial1 treatm5t1 & scope ( employm5t r ?an 9 ! subject matt] ( ! conceptions4 ,! p]sonages & zomorphic *>act]s repres5t$ are *>act]i/ically ,*iriquian1 & 7 d]iv$ no d\bt f ! my?ology ( ! locality4 ,^! works affiliate ) ! v>i\s works 9 /one & clay1 ! art products ( ! prov9ce ?us con/itut+ a fairly homog5e\s :ole & be+ entirely free f traces ( ,european influ5ce4 ,metals d n come into use e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( a race1 z !y are n f\nd 9 %apes or conditions suitable = imm$iate use1 nor are !y suffici5tly %[y :5 f\nd to be especially desirable = ornam5ts4 ,a long p]iod mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! use ( metals 0 discov]$1 & a long] p]iod mu/ h pass$ be=e !y 7 work$2 &1 9 ! light ( our k ( ! anci5t tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld seem t a consid]able degree ( culture may be a*iev$ be=e ! ca/+ ( metals is und]/ood2 b 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( progress ! discov]y ( me?ods ( alloy+ r>e metals w\ld be f> sep>at$ f t ( ! simple fus+ & ca/+ ( a s+le metal1 su* z gold4 ,! ,*iriquian peoples n only _h a k ( ! me?ods ( alloy+ gold ) copp]1 &1 app>5tly1 copp] ) t91 b1 if our data are correct1 !y 7 able to plate ! bas] metals & alloys ) %eet gold1 &1 :at is f> m wond]ful1 to wa% !m ) gold1 produc+ an effect id5tical ) t ( our galvanic processes4 ,! "* ( ! conceptions embodi$ 9 ! art unite ) evid5ces ( te*nical skill to prove to u t ,am]ican culture1 z repres5t$ by ! metal ornam5ts ( ,*iriqui1 0 n ! product ( a day1 b ( long p]iods ( exp]im5t & progress4 ,,pott]y4 ,prelim9>y4--,! importance ( ! pott]'s art to ar*ology has (t5 be5 po9t$ out4 ,bak$ clay is "o ( ! mo/ endur+ mat]ials utiliz$ 9 art1 & its employm5t by ! races ( m5 has fall5 b little %ort ( univ]sal4 ,! creations ( t noble/ ( arts1 ar*itecture1 & ! antec$5t =ms ( h\se build+ are necess>ily left :]e erect$1 to be f$ ^u by ! remorseless elem5ts ( nature1 b ! less pret5ti\s ut5sil ( clay accompanies its own] to ! tomb1 :]e x rema9s practically un*ang$ = ages4 ,_m glimpses ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican races & ( ! progress ( art 9 pre-,columbian times are obta9$ ?r\gh ^! exhum$ relics1 & 9 no case h we a view m cle> & compreh5sive ?an t furni%$ 9 ! s]ies "h pres5t$4 ,! graves ( ,*iriqui h yield$ to a s+le explor] upw>ds ( #aj1jjj pieces ( pott]y1 & ?is *iefly f an area p]haps n m ?an fifty miles squ>e4 ,^! vessels con/itute at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 ( ! kn[n art ( ! anci5t occupants ( ! prov9ce1 &1 al?\gh n s eloqu5t ( ! pa/ z are ! inscrib$ tablets ( ,assyria or ! pictur$ vases ( ,greece1 !y tell a /ory ( art & ( peoples t )\t _! aid w\ld rema9 untold to ! end ( "t4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! e>!nw>e ( ?is prov9ce leads to ! conclusion t = ,am]ica x repres5ts a v high /age ( developm5t1 & its hi/ory is !re=e full ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( art4 ,its advanc$ developm5t z comp>$ ) o!r ,am]ican fictile products is %[n 9 ! p]fection ( its te*nique1 9 ! high specialization ( =m1 & 9 its conv5tional use ( a wide range ( decorative motives4 ,!re is no family ( ,am]ican w>e t be>s evid5ce ( high] skill 9 ! manipulation ( clay or t indicates a m subtile appreciation ( beauty ( =m1 & no o!r t pres5ts s _m m>k$ analogies to ! classic =ms ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,/rangely en\gh1 too1 not)/&+ ! well e/abli%$ fact t only primitive me?ods ( manufacture 7 kn[n1 !re is a p>allelism ) :eel made w>e t _c b /rike ! /ud5t ) amazem5t4 ,9 speak+ ?us ( ! :ole body ( c]amic products1 ,i w\ld n convey ! impression t !re is p]fect homog5eity ?r\gh\t1 z if all 7 ! "w ( a s+le p develop$ f )91 & !re=e free f ! ecc5tricities t come f exotic influ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is /rong evid5ce ( mix$ conditions ( races & ( arts1 ! analysis ( :i*1 ) our pres5t imp]fect data1 w be extremely difficult4 ,^! evid5ces ( mix$ conditions are f\nd 9 ! m>k$ div]sity & individuality ( "* ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( w>e4 ,x is impossible1 )\t ! aid ( c>eful obs]vations 9 ! field1 to arrive at any conclusion z to ! relative age ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( w>e4 ,appe>ances ( age are deceptive2 ! new] look+ v>ieties may be ! old] & ^? execut$ 9 ! mo/ primitive /yle may belong to ! lat] p]iod1 = grades 9 culture are n *ronologic4 ,) ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( relics1 we _c d bett] ?an accept ! /atem5ts ( collectors t all are buri$ 9 l ways & 9 simil> tombs1 diff]5t v>ieties 9 _m cases occurr+ 9 ! same tomb4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 a few m9or gr\ps su* m>k$ di/9ctions 9 workman%ip & /yle t we are compell$ to attribute !m to diff]5t p]iods or to di/9ct communities4 ,! gr\ps sep>at$ mo/ completely f o!rs are ! sc>ifi$ pott]y pres5t$ fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( pa9t$ w>es1 ! m>oon gr\p1 :i* foll[s1 & o!r v>ieties repres5t$ by fugitive pieces4 ,! latt] may h rea*$ ,*iriqui f neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,!re are c]ta9 pieces t speak decid$ly ( ,co/a ,rican influ5ce & o!rs t f9d _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! ,colombian /ates to ! s\?4 ,9 art 9 clay 9 mo/ c\ntries ! vessel is ! lead+ idea1 ! c5t] ab\t :i* ne>ly ! entire c]amic art is ga!r$4 ,?is is true 9 a m>k$ degree 9 ,*iriqui1 & vessels are !re=e giv5 ! fir/ place 9 ?is pap]4 ,! less usual =ms include drums1 :i/les1 rattles1 /ools1 sp9dle :orls1 ne$lecases1 & toy-l images1 all ( :i* pres5t features ( peculi> int]e/4 ,^! classes ( objects are discuss$ 9 sep>ate sections4 ,!re are few indications ( an ambition to model natural =ms or my?ologic figures indep5d5tly ( ut5sils & useful objects1 &1 /range to say1 no pieces are f\nd t portray ! human face & figure ) ev5 a fair degree ( approa* to nature4 ,h[ f\nd4--,9 describ+ ! graves & tombs 9 a previ\s section1 ,i allud$ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! pott]y 0 deposit$4 ,x appe>s to h be5 buri$ ) ! dead or ?r[n into ! grave ) ! e>? & /ones ) :i* ! pit 0 fill$4 ,!re 0 little regul>ity 9 ! place or position ( ! vessels & _m 7 brok5 :5 f\nd4 ,! precise use ( ! vessels1 ! "* ( ! cont5ts1 or ! relation ( p>ticul> pieces to ! rema9s ( ! dead _c be det]m9$4 ,al?\gh ! human rema9s h almo/ entirely disappe>$ & !re are no traces left ( ut5sils ( wood1 bone1 horn1 or %ell1 ! pa/e1 slip1 & colors are wond]fully well pres]v$ & ! surface is n ev5 discolor$ by contact ) ! e>?4 ,:5 f\nd1 e crevice & cavity is completely fill$ ) e>?1 & ! pa/e is (t5 s t5d] t ! vessels h to be dri$ ) great c>e be=e !y c be h&l$ ) fre$om4 ,! numb] ( pieces f\nd 9 a grave sometimes rea*es tw5ty1 b ! av]age is p]haps n above ?ree or f\r4 ,mat]ial4--,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ?is w>e is rem>kably uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole prov9ce1 v>y+ slightly ) ! locality1 ) ! gr\p1 & ) ! "* ( ! vessel con/ruct$4 ,g5]ally ! pa/e consi/s ( a matrix ( f9e clay temp]$ ) f9ely pulv]iz$ s&1 9 :i* may be detect$ gra9s ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 hornbl5de1 augite1 p>ticles ( iron oxide1 c4 ,argillace\s matt] has be5 sp>+ly us$1 ! s& 9 _m cases compris+ at lea/ #ge p] c5t4 ( ! mass4 ,_m ( ! unpa9t$ specim5s1 f :i* ! poli%$ slip has be5 remov$1 give (f %[]s ( f9e s& :5 rubb$ by ! h&1 & x is difficult to detect ! pres5ce ( any f9ely comm9ut$ matrix :atev]4 ,! ?9 slip employ$ 9 surface f9i% is m highly argillace\s ?an ! pa/e4 ,! clay us$ 0 probably mo/ly light 9 color1 z ! pa/e is n[ q uni=mly s4 ,! bak+ 0 effect$ app>5tly )\t a v high degree ( temp]ature & by me?ods t left few m>ks or discolorations ^u ! vessels4 ,9 h>dness & durability ! pa/e corresponds pretty closely ) t ( our r$ por\s e>!nw>e4 ,! s(t] pieces c be scrat*$ or ev5 c>v$ ) a knife4 ,wat] w p5etrate any ( ^! vessels 9 a few m9utes1 b decay has probably t5d$ to make ! walls m por\s4 ,manufacture4--,!re is no piece ( ?is w>e t does n be> evid5ce ( a high degree ( skill on ! "p ( ! pott]2 & yet1 ow+ to ! ?or\gh mann] 9 :i* ! "w is f9i%$1 ! precise me?ods ( manipulation are n easily detect$4 ,s great is ! symmetry & s graceful are ! %apes t "o is l$ to suspect ! employm5t ( me*anical devices ( a high ord]4 ,! casual obs]v] w\ld at once arrive at ! conclusion t ! :eel or molds _h be5 us$1 b x is impossible to detect ! use ( any su* appliances4 ,we obs]ve t irregul> & complex =ms1 9 ! production ( :i* me*anical appliances c\ld n be us$ to advantage1 are model$ ) z mu* grace ( cont\r & p]fection ( surface z are ! simpl] %apes t c\ld be turn$ ^u a :eel1 & we conclude t ) ?is rem>kable p ! h& & ! eye 7 s highly educat$ t me*anical aids 7 n indisp5sable4 ,i f9d no evid5ce t coil build+ 0 sy/ematically practic$1 b x is cle> t p>ts ( complex =ms 7 model$ sep>ately & aft]w>ds unit$4 ,! v>i\s ornam5ts 9 relief 7! heads & o!r p>ts ( animals7 & ! h&les1 legs1 & bases ( vessels 7 con/ruct$ sep>ately & !n lut$ on1 & ) su* skill t ! ?9ne/ walls & ! mo/ complex & delicate =ms 7 n injur$ 9 ! process4 ,! contact irregul>ities 7 !n work$ d[n1 & e "p ( ! surface1 includ+ ! m important ornam5ts1 7 r5d]$ smoo?1 prep>atory to ! application ( ! ?9 surface wa% or slip4 ,aft] ! slip 0 appli$ & ! clay became some:at indurat$1 ! surface 0 poli%$ ) smoo? pebbles1 ! m>ks ( :i* c be se5 on ! less accessible p>ts ( ! vessel4 ,on ! expos$ surfaces ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( w>e ! poli% is 9 _m cases s p]fect t casual obs]v]s & inexp]i5c$ p]sons take x = a glaze4 ,incis$ figures & pa9t$ decorations 7 g5]ally execut$ aft] ! poli%+ 0 complete4 ,details ( processes w be giv5 z ! v>i\s classes ( w>e pass "u review4 ,! me?ods ( bak+ 7 app>5tly ( a high] ord] ?an ^? practic$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,"o r>ely discov]s traces ( ! d>k discolorations t result f primitive me?ods ( bak+1 yet !re are none ( ! contact m>ks t arise f ! furnace fir+ ( ,spani%-,am]ican pott]s4 ,color4--,! colors ( ! w>e & ( ! surface applications v>y decid$ly ) ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,! prevail+ colors ( ! pa/e may be def9$ z rang+ f v light yell[ grays to a v>iety ( o*]y yell[s & v pale t]ra cotta r$s4 ,9 "o or two gr\ps !re is an approa* to salmon & orange hues1 & 9 ano!r ! color is black or d>k br[n4 ,! color )9 ! mass is 9 "s cases d>k] ?an ^u ! surface1 an effect produc$ 9 bak+1 & n ?r\gh ! use ( diff]5t clays4 ,! slip is usually light] ?an ! surface ( ! pa/e4 ,! colors us$ 9 f9i%+ & decorat+ are conf9$ to r$s1 blacks1 & purple grays4 ,9 "o l>ge gr\p ( w>e ! appe>ance ( ! del9eations is su* z to lead to ! conclusion t ! pr9cipal pigm5t or fluid employ$ 9 del9eation has totally disappe>$1 c>ry+ ) x all und]ly+ colors n ( unusual p]man5ce or n work$ d[n ) ! poli%+ implem5t4 ,! ,aztec & o!r races ( tropical ,am]ica us$ an argillace\s1 :ite pigm5t 9 decorat+ _! w>es1 :i* has 9 _m cases p>tially or :olly disappe>$1 c>ry+ away consid]able portions ( ! colors ov] :i* x 0 laid1 :ile 9 o!r cases1 & also 9 ?is ,*iriqui w>e1 !re is no trace ( color rema9+ & we are left to surmise t ! bru% us$ probably conta9$ m]ely a tak+ out m$ium4 ,r$ 0 pr(usely us$ & v>ies f a light v]milion to a deep m>oon4 ,9 c]ta9 classes ( vessels x 0 ha/ily daub$ on1 cov]+ prom95t p>ts ( ! surface or =m+ irregul> spots1 /reaks1 & rude figures4 ,9 two gr\ps ( w>e x 0 us$ z ! *ief del9eat+ color4 ,9 "s cases x 0 employ$ z a wa% or slip & 0 work$ d[n ) ! poli%+ /one1 & 9 ?is condition x 0 treat$ z a gr\nd ^u :i* to execute designs 9 o!r colors4 ,x is always a fa/ color & is probably ( m9]al "*4 ,! blacks are ( two k9ds1 :i* are us$ 9 di/9ct gr\ps ( w>e3 "o1 probably a m9]al pigm5t1 some:at pa/y :5 appli$ & q p]man5t1 is always us$ 9 del9eat+ ! ornam5tal figures2 ! o!r1 possibly a vegetable t9t1 is always us$ z a gr\nd ^u :i* to execute designs 9 o!r m$iums4 ,x is conf9$ to a s+le gr\p ( w>e4 ,x has 9 _m cases disappe>$ entirely1 & :]e rema9+ c be remov$ ) ease by rubb+4 ,a light purple t9t is ta/efully & sp>+ly employ$ 9 "o gr\p ( w>e4 ,br[ns & o!r hues occur b r>ely & 9 all cases result f alt]ations ( o!r colors produc$ 9 fir+4 ,! color effects ( ?is pott]y1 al?\gh evid5tly mu* modifi$ by age1 are suffici5tly ri* to be highly pleas+ to ! eye4 ,use4--,! uses to :i* mo/ classes ( e>!n products 7 appli$ are easily det]m9$4 ,:i/les1 drums1 rattles1 & sp9dle :orls h def9ite duties to p]=m1 & vessels1 z to g5]al scope ( function1 answ] = !mselves3 b :5 we come to inquire into ! p>ticul> uses ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( vessels we are (t5 at a loss4 ,! majority ( ! pieces %[ no abrasion by h&l+ or discoloration by fire or by cont5ts1 & ,i am incl9$ to believe t a l>ge portion 7 tak5 directly f ! furnace & deposit$ 9 ! tombs4 ,?is implies manufacture = purely mortu>y purposes4 ,two important gr\ps1 ! high tripods & ! two h&l$ cups or pots1 are g5]ally discolor$ by use ov] fire1 b we _c say ) confid5ce :e!r t use 0 a dome/ic "o or :e!r x 0 c]emonial4 ,! small size & ! elaborate model+ ( a majority ( ! pieces make x appe> improbable t !y 7 int5d$ = use 9 ord9>y cook+ or ev5 9 ! prep>ation ( bev]ages4 ,a few l>ge pla9 caldrons are f\nd1 & ^! 7 probably dome/ic receptacles4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 x w\ld seem highly probable t ! great] portion ( ! vessels exhum$ f ! graves 7 int5d$ to be us$ = religi\s & mortu>y purposes4 ,! prec$+ p>agraphs ref]1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! :ole body ( e>!nw>e products1 b ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ?is section ,i %all treat ( vessels only1 except 9 ! matt] ( decoration1 :i* ref]s equally to all classes ( objects4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f ,fig4 #de4 ,fundam5tal =ms ( vases--convex outl9es4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e ,fig4 #df4 ,fundam5tal =ms ( vases--angul> outl9es4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b ,fig4 #dg4 ,vases ( complex outl9es--exceptional =ms4 ,=ms ( vessels4--,dive/+ ! ut5sil ( extrane\s features1 su* z rims1 h&les1 & legs1 we h ! foll[+ s]ies ( %apes1 :i* %[s a pretty full graduation ( outl9e f extreme to extreme4 ,beg9n+ ) ! simple/ fundam5tal =m1 ! %all[ cup 7,fig4 #de1 a71 we asc5d gradually to m complex outl9es1 su* z are se5 9 ! hemisph]ical b[l 7b71 ! deep bas9 ) slightly incurv$ rim 7c71 ! globul> =m 7d71 & ! elongat$ =m 7e74 ,occasionally we see an ecc5tric v>iation1 su* z is %[n 9 f4 ,flat bottoms are unusual2 a conical base is ! rule4 ,outl9es d n always exhibit ^! ev51 convex curves1 b _m are /raight or concave 9 pr(ile1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,complex =ms are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 a & b1 & comp\nd =ms 9 ,fig4 #dh1 a & b4 ,examples ( ^! classes are num]\s & important4 ,! comp\nd %apes result f ! union ( two or m simple =ms4 ,ecc5tric =ms are num]\s & result 9 a majority ( cases f ! employm5t ( "s animal z a model4 ,?us1 if an alligator or almo/ any quadrup$ is embodi$ 9 ! vessel1 ! =m t5ds to become elongat$2 if a crab or a fi% is imitat$1 !re is a t5d5cy to flatness c4 ,! base is almo/ univ]sally m or less conical1 is r>ely flat1 & nev] concave1 except+ z ! result ( ! addition ( an annul> foot or /&4 ,! radical %apes d n und]go any consid]able *ange :5 rims1 necks1 h&les1 legs1 & o!r app5dages are add$4 ,! rim or lip is 9 _m cases incurv$1 b z a rule x is turn$ outw>d4 ,! m>g9 is pla91 symmetrical1 & (t5 consid]ably ?ick5$4 ,9 a few in/ances ! outl9e is rectangul> or scallop$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 & ! atta*m5t ( h&les (t5 leads to peculi> outl9es1 z w be se5 fur!r on4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b ,fig4 #dh4 ,vases ( comp\nd =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,squ>e lipp$ vessel4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d ,fig4 #ej4 ,v>iations 9 ! =ms ( necks & rims--v>i\s gr\ps ( w>e4 ,! neck 9 its simple/ =m is a n>r[ upright b& surr\nd+ ! orifice 7,fig4 #ej1 a7 & is n diff]5tiat$ f ! rim4 ,v>iations 9 size & %ape are %[n 9 ! rema9+ figures ( ! s]ies4 ,9 b x is a n>r[ con/rict$ b& b5ea? an ov]hang+ rim1 9 c x is upright & consid]ably elongat$1 & 9 d x exp&s1 giv+ a funnel %ap$ m\?4 ,! ext]ior surface is v g5]ally decorat$ ) reliev$ or pa9t$ devices4 ,high neck$ bottles & pit*] %ap$ vessels are unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f ,fig4 #ea4 ,arrangem5t ( h&les--v>i\s gr\ps ( w>e4 ,h&les con/itute a v int]e/+ feature ( ?is pott]y & are mu* v>i$ 9 %ape & arrangem5t4 ,9 a few cases ! h&le is a s+le ar* spr++ ov] ! orifice1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ea1 a4 ,aga91 ! h&le is atta*$ to "o side1 z 9 b1 b z a rule h&les occur 9 twos ^u ! %\ld]1 "o on ei!r side ( ! ap]ture4 ,!y are horizontally atta*$1 z 9 c1 or v]tically plac$1 z 9 d1 connect+ ! rim ) ! %\ld]1 or !y occur l[ on ! body1 z 9 e4 ,9 r>e cases !re are f\r h&les1 :i* are arrang$ z se5 9 f or are set on 9 pairs4 ,9 ! elaboration ( h&les1 ! use made ( animal =ms is p]haps ! mo/ notable feature4 ,grotesque figures are made to take ! place ( h&les or are atta*$ to or plac$ ne> !m4 ,! treatm5t is s v>i$ t ,i %all h to ref] ! /ud5t to ! subsequ5t s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,annul> bases or feet 7 n 9 v g5]al use 9 ,*iriqui1 al?\gh 9 "s cases !y are model$ ) a great deal ( grace4 ,! %ape v>ies f a simple r+1 b>ely deep en\gh to give a firm support to ! vessel :5 plac$ ^u a level surface1 to a long1 att5uat$ column ) fl>+ base4 ,! latt] is p]haps "o ( ! ne>e/ approa*es :i* ,am]ica has furni%$ to ! sl5d] foot *>act]i/ic ( ! :eel made w>e ( ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d ,fig4 #eb4 ,types ( annul> bases or feet--v>i\s gr\ps ( w>e4 ,illu/ration3 a ,biscuit w>e4 b ,biscuit w>e4 c ,tripod gr\p4 d ,r$ l9e gr\p4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,=ms ( legs--v>i\s gr\ps ( w>e4 ,! vessel %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 a1 has a some:at rudim5t>y foot2 ano!r1 b1 a firm1 wide base1 :i* is p]=at$ to give lightness2 an h\rglass-l piece is %[n 9 c1 & a long1 bell %ap$ foot is se5 9 d4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w d e>!n vessels exhibit su* a rem>kable developm5t ( legs z 9 ,s\!rn ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! tripod is ! favorite support1 & 9 ,*iriqui ! =ms are m graceful ?an 9 ! neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,9 a few cases1 :]e ! body 0 model$ 9 close imitation ( animal =ms1 f\r legs 7 us$1 b ?ree 7 g5]ally pref]r$1 ev5 = vessels ( rectangul> or irregul> %apes4 ,9 ! simple/ =m !y are small conical knobs1 plac$ r close toge!r ab\t ! base ( ! vessel 7,fig4 #ec1 a71 b f ^! ! dim5sions increase until ! size is out ( all reasonable proportion4 ,! maximum developm5t 9 po9t ( expansion is se5 9 b & ! greate/ height 9 c4 ,!y are frequ5tly model$ aft] life =ms4 ,9 a few cases r+s or loops are employ$1 z %[n 9 d4 ,! l>g] =ms1 & especially ^? imitat+ animals1 are holl[ & conta9 r\nd pellets ( clay t rattle :5 ! vessel is mov$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! legs are atta*$ to ! body ( ! vessel leads me to obs]ve t ! vessel is indep5d5tly a p]fect ut5sil1 & t 9 all probability ! tripod 0 a feature acquir$ late 9 ! progress ( ,*iriquian culture1 z a result ( "s *ange 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ! p or 9 ! uses to :i* ! vessel 0 devot$4 ,annul> bases & tripods w\ld be ( little use until level floors ( unyield+ mat]ial came into vogue4 ,decoration4--,9 decoration ! pott]y ( ?is prov9ce exhibits _m rem>kable features4 ,! "w resembles some:at closely1 9 a numb] ( its features1 t ( c]ta9 di/ricts ly+ to ! nor? & to ! s\?1 b at ! same "t x is possess$ ( v decid$ individuality4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! designs ,i conclude t !y repres5t a p]iod ( culture consid]ably inf]ior to t ( "s m nor!rn sections1 al?\gh ! w>e itself is n[h]e surpass$ 9 grace ( =m & delicacy ( f9i%4 ,! ornam5tation is pretty ev5ly divid$ betwe5 pla/ic & flat =ms4 ,! =m] include reliev$ features & intaglio features1 :i* are execut$ 9 ! pla/ic clay1 & ! latt] comprise figures 9 color1 p5cil$ or pa9t$ ^u ! surface4 ,ea* /yle ( "w embodies its own peculi> class ( conceptions4 ,relief "w is g5]ally reali/ic or grotesque2 incis$ "w is almo/ exclusively geometric1 & embraces comb9ations ( l9es usually recogniz$ z ar*aic4 ,an occasional example is easily recogniz$ z imitative4 ,pa9t$ figures are bo? geometric & imitative1 ! two =ms bl5d+ imp]ceptibly4 ,! m important pla/ic decorations consi/ ( animal =ms model$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,vegetable =ms h n be5 employ$4 ,fillets ( clay imitat+ twi/$ cords are sp>+ly us$ 9 ! decoration ( necks & h&les1 & r[s & gr\ps ( small nodes are simil>ly employ$4 ,! human figure is always treat$ 9 a conv5tional & usually 9 a grotesque mann]4 ,! animals imitat$ include a v l>ge numb] ( species4 ,crocodiles1 pumas1 armadillos1 monkeys1 crabs1 liz>ds1 scorpions1 frogs1 & fi% appe> v frequ5tly4 ,_m ( ! animals1 ow+ to conv5tional treatm5t or to c>elessness on ! "p ( ! model]1 are difficult ( id5tification4 ,^! pla/ic =ms occur 9 ne>ly all ! gr\ps ( w>e1 & simil> =ms are f\nd to a limit$ ext5t 9 gold1 copp]1 & /one1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/rations already giv54 ,_! /udy w1 ,i believe1 give "s insight into ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*iriquians4 ,t _! art1 s f> z ^! figures are conc]n$1 0 n s]i\s is indicat$ by ! sket*y1 unsy/ematic nature ( ! "w1 & m especially by ! grotesque & occasionally amus+ repres5tation ( m5 & animals4 ,! figures are usually plac$ ^u ! %\ld] ( ! vessel or are atta*$ to ! legs & h&les or =m "p ( !m4 ,! favorite subjects are doleful little figures1 human or p>tly s1 fix$ ^u ! vessel 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 ) legs & arms d\bl$ up1 & ) expressions :i* appe> to indicate a v>iety ( exagg]at$ emotions 7,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,grotesque figures =m+ ! h&les ( small vases--t]ra cotta gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,mon/r\s figures1 ) s]p5t-%ap$ extremities--h&l$ gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fig4 #fa4 ,grotesque figures--t]ra cotta gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,figure ( monkey--t]ra cotta gr\p ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,figures ( monkeys--t]ra cotta gr\p4 ,! exub]ance ( fancy (t5 f\nd v5t 9 ! production ( mon/rosities1 su* z are se5 9 ,figs4 #eg & #eh1 9 :i* ! arms & legs ( ! figures are wri?+ s]p5ts1 ! faces express+ great agony2 9 o!r cases ! figures are d\ble2 & aga9 two bodies unit$ at ! wai/ h b "o pair ( legs4 ,an unusually grotesque creature is se5 9 ,figs4 #ei & #fj1 & ano!r is giv5 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,simil> figures are work$ 9 gold1 "o ( :i* is n[ worn z a *>m by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/e>ns4 ,figures ( monkeys are %[n 9 ,figs4 #fb1 #fc1 & #fd4 ,"o creature1 repres5t$ z hav+ a long1 trunk-l sn\t1 recurs frequ5tly4 ,su* a =m discov]$ 9 ! e>li] days ( ar*ologic inve/igation w\ld probably h giv5 rise to _m surmises z to ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( man & ! elephant 9 ,*iriqui4 ,9 reality ! orig9al 0 probably "s unassum+ little inhabitant ( ! i/hmian jungles4 ,?is creature is %[n 9 pr(ile 9 ,fig4 #fe1 a1 & front views are giv5 9 b & c4 ,innum]able examples1 embrac+ mo/ ( ! m important animals ( ,*iriqui1 c\ld be giv51 b 9 a majority ( cases id5tification is difficult or impossible1 z !re has be5 little or no ef=t to reproduce nature ) fidelity4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ surr\nd+ ^! figures is n f\nd 9 ! v>iety ( creatures %[n or 9 ! "* ( ! del9eation1 b 9 ! mann] ( _! employm5t 9 ! embelli%m5t ( c]amic =ms4 ,! anci5t pott] mu/ h possess$ a ke5 s5se ( grace ( =m & ( ! prop] adju/m5t ( p>ts4 ,! mo/ cultur$ ta/e c\ld h>dly improve ^u ! l9es ( ! vases pres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ff & #fg1 :i* employ ! frog1 & 9 ,figs4 #fh & #fi1 9 :i* o!r creatures are us$4 ,_m equally pleas+ examples are illu/rat$ fur!r on4 ,! "q v naturally arises z to :e!r ^! little figures _h any mean+ or p]=m$ any function aside f t ( simple decoration4 ,i feel incl9$ to take ! view t 9 _! pres5t condition !y are survivals ( ideographic orig9als2 t if _! pa/ c\ld be unveil$ we w\ld f9d t 9 ! primitive ages !y 7 n exclusively employ$ = ornam5t4 ,! animals made use ( orig9ally 7 ! embodim5t ( my?ologic conceptions1 & _! images 7 rev]$ or s]v$ z feti*es or *>ms1 & because ( ?is !y came to h a p]man5t place 9 art4 ,!y 7 appli$ to ! vessel because its (fice _h ref]5ce to !m or because !y 7 ?\ght to h a b5eficial effect ^u its functions4 ,x is evid5t t _! employm5t 0 gov]n$ by well e/abli%$ rules & t !y occupi$ places & occurr$ 9 numb]s & relations n :olly dep5d5t ^u ! judgm5t ( ! individual pott]4 ,we may suppose t !y occur 9 twos because ! h&les ) :i* !y 7 associat$ occurr$ 9 twos2 or1 if !y s]ve to take ! place ( ! extremities ( ! animal =ms 9 ! semblance ( :i* ! vases 7 orig9ally model$1 _! positions may be relat$ to ! orig9al positions ( ! heads & tails ( ^? =ms4 ,x is n improbable t ! conv5tional incis$ & reliev$ ornam5ts1 ! me&]s1 nodes1 & v>i$ m>ks ref] also to ! creatures or ! m>k+s ( ! creatures ) :i* ! vessel 0 associat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,animal =ms exhibit+ a long proboscis--h&l$ gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,vases illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures--t]ra cotta gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,vases illu/rat+ ornam5tal use ( animal figures--t]ra cotta gr\p4 ,x w be se51 f ! above rem>ks1 t we _c fully det]m9e to :at ext5t ^! anci5t decorators foll[$ ! traditional pa?ways ( e>ly ideographic usage or h[ mu* !y 7 gov]n$ by ^? p[]s ( e/hetic discrim9ation kn[n to u z ta/e4 ,,unpa9t$ ,,w>e4 ,= conv5i5ce ( description ,i sep>ate ! pott]y ( ,*iriqui into two gr& divisions3 ! unpa9t$ w>e & ! pa9t$ w>e4 ,two important gr\ps come "u ! fir/ head4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ! t]ra cotta or biscuit w>e1 comprises a l>g] numb] ( pieces ?an any o!r gr\p & is readily di/+ui%$ by its colors1 :i* include only ! pale grayi% yell[ & r$di% t9ts ( ! burn$ clay4 ,! second is limit$ to a small numb] ( pieces & is black or v d>k ^u ! surface & d>k )9 ! mass4 ,! t]ra cotta gr\p4--,?is biscuit-l pott]y is n 9 any way inf]ior to ! pa9t$ v>ieties4 ,x be>s evid5ce ( great fre$om 9 h&l+1 & s]ves1 p]haps bett] ?an any o!r class ( products1 to illu/rate ! ma/]ly skill & ! ref9$ ta/e ( ! anci5t pott]4 ,x is said to occur 9 ! same cemet]ies & 9 ! same graves ) ! m important v>ieties ( pa9t$ w>e4 ,! function ( ^! h&some vessels _c be det]m9$4 ,x c h>dly h be5 ( a dome/ic nature1 z !y %[ no evid5ces ( discoloration or we>1 & we are left to speculate ^u ! possibility ( a purely c]emonial use4 ,! pa/e is mod]ately f9e1 b conta9s an extremely l>ge %>e ( gritty s&2 ! slip is ?9 & has receiv$ b a slight degree ( poli%1 s t ! surface has a dead1 some:at granul> effect4 ,z a rule ! vases are ( small size & are v ?9 wall$4 ,! =ms are symmetrical & exceptionally graceful4 ,! ornam5tation includes incis$ figures 7mo/ly geometric71 rais$ decoration 7( simil> "*71 & animal =ms 9 ! r\nd4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations are int5d$ to epitomize ! multitude ( =ms1 z any?+ l a complete repres5tation is out ( ! "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,s]ies ( b[ls & cups ( unpa9t$ w>e4 ,b[ls1 :i* =m a lead+ feature ( ! pott]y ( mo/ primitive peoples1 are "h r>ely se51 except+ z m\nt$ ^u tripods or annul> bases4 ,!re are 9 ! collection a numb] ( small cups ( hemisph]ical %ape t may h s]v$ z spoons1 ladles1 or dr9k+ vessels4 ,a few ( ^! are outl9$ 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,two h m9ute projections resembl+ h&les affix$ to ! rim4 ,9 r>e cases ^! are s prolong$ z to be ( s]vice 9 h&l+ ! cup2 b 9 no in/ance is !re an approa* to ! long cyl9drical h&les se5 9 ! e>!nw>e ( o!r di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,vase ( graceful =m--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,vase ( graceful =m--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,vase ( f9e =m1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque heads--4 ,9 foll[+ ! =m scale upw>d f ^! simple %apes we f9d ! orifice becom+ m con/rict$ & ! neck m pron\nc$4 ,! m>g9s are upright1 incurv$1 or fl>+1 & give v>iety & grace to ! outl9es4 ,a t5d5cy t[>d elaboration ( ornam5t accompanies ! developm5t ( =m4 ,b&s ( incis$ or reliev$ figures are c>ri$ ar\nd ! neck1 %\ld]1 & h&les & are add$ 9 su* a way z greatly to enhance ! beauty ( ! vessel4 ,! =ms ( ^! vessels are s graceful & ! f9i% is s p]fect t "o is tempt$ to pres5t an ext5d$ s]ies1 b x w be necess>y to conf9e ! illu/rations to a limit$ numb] ( type specim5s4 ,fig4 #ga %[s a some:at %all[ =m ( great simplicity & grace4 ,t 9 ,fig4 #gb is deep]1 ) a n>r[ neck & a m decid$ly conical %ape4 ,two m9ute grotesque figures are p]*$ ^u ! %\ld]4 ,fig4 #gc repres5ts a l>g] vessel ( good =m1 :i* has a neat incis$ patt]n encircl+ ! slightly incurv$ neck4 ,grotesque heads are set ^u ! %\ld]4 ,a =m some:at m ref9$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! neck is furni%$ ) a reliev$ ornam5t1 consi/+ ( a me&]$ & ind5t$ fillet1 accompani$ by two r[s ( m9ute ind5t$ nodes4 ,! heads are probably int5d$ to repres5t ! armadillo4 ,!y are holl[ & conta9 movable pellets4 ,! fillet ornam5ts are always ta/efully treat$1 & 9 _m cases repres5t twi/$ & plait$ cords4 ,"s are m>k$ 9 h]r+ bone fa%ion & o!rs h transv]se ind5tations4 ,small pellets ( clay 7 mu* us$ & to excell5t advantage4 ,!y 7 set on lightly ) ! f+]s & firmly press$ d[n ) m9ute po9t$ or edg$ tools & holl[ /raws or re$s 7,figs4 #ge & #gf74 ,"s ( ^! nodes are f9i%$ to repres5t ! heads ( animals4 ,?is is done ) an ease & a simplicity t call =? our admiration 7,fig4 #gg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,vase ( f9e =m1 ornam5t$ ) grotesque heads--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,vase ) ornam5ts ( appli$ nodes & fillets--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,vase ) mantle cov]$ ) incis$ figures--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,vase ) frieze ( grotesque heads--4 ,fig4 #gh illu/rates a s]ies ( vases hav+ fl>+ rims1 ! treatm5t o!rwise be+ uni=m ) ! prec$+4 ,we notice 9 ^! vessels a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds complexity ( outl9e4 ,?ree examples1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi1 h a two /ori$ "*1 ! upp] "p possibly be+ ! outgr[? ( ! coll> ornam5t se5 9 s _m cases4 ,! l>ge specim5 9 ! c5t] is a h&some piece ) squ>e (fset at ! %\ld] & a decid$ly conical base4 ,a *a/e ornam5t 9 relief encircles ! neck & two grotesque figures are seat$ ^u opposite sides ( ! %\ld]4 ,! vase at ! left has two orifices1 set wide ap>t4 ,! body is oblong & slightly flatt5$ above4 ,!re are a numb] ( vessels ( ?is con=mation 9 ! collection1 "s ( :i* h ! m\?s s close toge!r t ! m>g9s or lips coalesce 9 "p4 ,a sup]b specim5 ( ?is class is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! %ape is ?or\ghly satisfactory to ! eye1 hav+ a ref9em5t ( l9e r>ely atta9$ 9 native ,am]ican "w4 ,its symmetry sugge/s ! use ( ! :eel1 b ! close/ exam9ation fails to detect a trace ( me*anical appliance1 save t left by ! poli%+ /one4 ,! decoration is simple & effective1 consi/+ ( m9ute nodes ) annul> ind5tations ab\t ! necks & ( two grotesque figures1 plac$ ) consummate ta/e 9 ! angles =m$ by ! contact ( ! two necks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,vases ) fl>+ rims & v>i$ ornam5t--#a_/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,vases ) complex outl9es & v>i$ ornam5t--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,l>ge vase ) two m\?s & neatly decorat$ necks--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,l>ge vase ) high h&les--#a_/c4 ,a v small p]c5tage ( ^! vessels possess true h&les1 b ^!1 9 "s ( ! examples1 are wor?y ( high admiration4 ,! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ha attracts att5tion at once on acc\nt ( its resemblance to well kn[n classic =ms4 ,x is evid5t1 f a /udy ( ?is piece1 t only a /ep m 0 necess>y to place ^! pott]s alongside ( ! highe/ ma/]s ( ! art4 ,! %>p high elb[ & ! broad5+ ( ! h&les at _! junction ) ! lip are notable features4 ,! latt] is %[n m satisfactorily 9 ,fig4 #hb1 :i* is a top view ( a companion piece4 ,i wi% to call att5tion "h to a peculi> feature ( ^! h&les & "o repeat$ 9 vessels ( o!r classes4 ,at ! elb[ ( ea* h&le we f9d a device 9 relief m>k$ ) h]r+ bone ind5tations t w\ld seem to repres5t a k9d ( textile atta*m5t1 z if1 at "s previ\s "t & p]haps 9 an antec$5t =m ( vessel1 ! upright & horizontal p>ts ( ! h&les _h be5 /it*$ or ti$ toge!r at ?is po9t4 ,yet x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is feature is n ! survival ( "s feature ( an animal =m into ! semblance ( :i*1 z se5 9 o!r examples1 ?is feature has a t5d5cy to graduate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,top view ( high h&l$ vase--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,examples ( h&l$ vases--4 ,^! vessels are n num]\s1 b acquire importance f _! l>ge size1 ! l>g] be+ upw>ds ( eight in*es 9 height4 ,a few pieces ( ne>ly id5tical %ape1 b ( small size1 are f\nd among ! pa9t$ w>es4 ,additional %apes are giv5 9 ,figs4 #hc1 #hd1 & #he1 & s]ve to illu/rate ! ext5t ( v>iation exhibit$ 9 ?is gr\p ( vases4 ,! small %all[ piece is exceptionally f9e & ! h&les are furni%$ ) animal features ( a highly conv5tional type4 ,an expansion ( ! h&les some:at simil> to ?is is frequ5tly se5 9 vessels ( o!r classes1 especially 9 ^? ( ! h&l$ gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,small cup ) s+le h&le ornam5t$ ) grotesque figure--4 ,s+le h&les ( l "* occur 9 a numb] ( cases ^u m9ute cups1 an example ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,x w\ld seem t possibly 9 su* cases ! rim _h be5 exp&$ & prolong$ = ! purpose ( giv+ support to ! animal figures ) :i* ! %\ld]s 7 embelli%$4 ,! expansion is probably ! outgr[? ( ! use ( animal figures 9 connection ) simple h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,vase ( ecc5tric =m--4 ,we h a numb] ( vessels ( ?is gr\p ! bodies ( :i* imitate animal =ms1 b !y are 9 ne>ly all cases furni%$ ) legs4 ,r>ely we meet ) comp\nd or ecc5tric =ms4 ,an int]e/+ specim5 ( ! latt] class is se5 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,su* %apes are common 9 ,p]u & are occasionally met ) 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! two /rong h&les are decorat$ ) m9ute images ( birds & ! bottom is concave1 an exceptional "* 9 ,*iriquian "w4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is gr\p ( vessels w\ld n be complete )\t a s]ies ( tripod vases4 ,9 %ape ( body ^! vases diff] b little f ! legless =ms already giv51 except+ :]e ! use ( life =ms has l$ to ecc5tric modifications4 ,v great int]e/ atta*es to ! model+ ( ! tripod supports1 ^u :i* ! pott]s h exp5d$ mu* "t & +5uity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,vessels illu/rat+ =ms ( legs--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,vessel ) l>ge legs ornam5t$ ) /ell> punctures--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,vases ( v>i$ =m ) pla9 & ) animal %ap$ legs--#a_/c4 ,! illu/rations giv5 h]e) are *os5 f a great numb] ( examples & are int5d$ to convey an idea ( ! range ( =ms1 bo? ( ! vessels & ( _! supports4 ,figs4 #hi & #ij %[ pla9 =ms ( legs1 all ( :i* are holl[ & conta9 small pellets ( clay4 ,! op5+s are g5]ally wide v]tical slits1 & are plac$ 9 front1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #hi1 or 9 ! side1 z 9 ,fig4 #ij2 b 9 exceptional cases !y take o!r %apes & are scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,! legs are (t5 rem>kable 9 =m1 be+ swoll5 to an enorm\s size above & t]m9at+ 9 small r\nd$ po9ts bel[4 ,! b[ls are symmetrically %ap$ & graceful 9 outl9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #ib ,i pres5t a gr\p illu/rat+ "s ( ! m ecc5tric =ms ( b[ls & a v>iety ( _! supports4 ,a v sup]ior piece & "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ?is /yle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,l>ge vase ( /rik+ %ape--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ animal =ms--4 ,x w be se5 t 9 a numb] ( cases ! legs are model$ to repres5t animal =ms4 ,?is feature is br\ght out m cle>ly 9 succe$+ figures4 ,! creatures repres5t$ are (t5 grotesque1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #id & #ie4 ,! human =m is r>ely %[n 9 a way to make x cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! figures ( monkeys & o!r animals4 ,! armadillo is a favorite subject4 ,an example ( small dim5sions is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #if1 9 :i* ?is animal is giv5 9 *>act]i/ic /yle1 & a m pret5ti\s piece is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! creature are v simply b graphically express$4 ,9 ! fir/ ! h>d ribb$ & figur$ case is repres5t$ by appli$ fillets & nodes1 & 9 ! o!r by incis$ l9es4 ,! frog is also mu* us$ 7,fig4 #ih74 ,a r rem>kable conception is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,^u ! front ( ea* leg is a curi\s little animal-l figure1 to ! front ( :i* are b\nd two m9ute infantile creatures4 ,9 ! piece pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 ! legs are grotesque heads1 inv]t$1 ) wide op5 m\?s & gl>+ eyes4 ,! "w ^u ?is vase is v sup]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ a grotesque animal =m--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,cups ) legs imitat+ ! armadillo--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,cup ) frog %ap$ legs--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,cup ) legs imitat+ an animal & its "y--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,cup support$ by grotesque heads--4 ,! rem>kable specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aja is furni%$ ) unique supports4 ,two rudely model$1 semihuman1 grotesque figures are affix$ to ! "u surface ( ! b[l1 support+ x ) _! backs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,l>ge cup support$ by two grotesque figures--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,cup ) two animal heads atta*$ to ! sides--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,cup ) two animal heads atta*$ to ! sides--4 ,! legs ( ^! figures are spread out horizontally1 s t a firm support is obta9$4 ,! p]iph]y ( ! body ( ?is vessel is encircl$ by a numb] ( nodes & nod$ projections1 :i* repres5t ! heads1 tails1 & sp9es ( two crab-l animals4 ,! heads1 ) arms atta*$1 appe> at ! "r & left1 & ! tails occur at ! front & back j ov] ! heads ( ! support+ figures4 ,! use ( ! crab 9 ?is way is q common4 ,fi%1 birds1 & a v>iety ( quadrup$s are simil>ly treat$4 ,"s v int]e/+ examples ( d\ble head$ animal vases are f\nd4 ,two ( ^! are outl9$ 9 ,figs4 #ajb & #ajc1 ! fir/ hav+ a s+le orifice & ! second a pair ( orifices4 ,9 _m cases ! b[l ( ! vessel is consid]ably modifi$1 to give a m decid$ resemblance to ! body ( ! creature4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajd-ajf4 ,! fir/ is probably int5d$ = a bird3 ! second resembles an armadillo2 & ! ?ird portrays a creature ) e>s & ?ree horns4 ,! oblong vessel %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg is model$ aft] a curi\s fi%1 to :i* ! ,*iriquians seem to h atta*$ consid]able importance4 ,x is repres5t$ ) a wide m\? display+ tee?1 two sp9es or horns ^u ! end ( ! sn\t1 & f9s ^u ! back & sides4 ,fig4 #ajh gives ! top view ( ano!r fi% vase1 :i* is support$1 z are ! o!rs1 by ?ree legs4 ,! body is flat & is encircl$ by well model$ f9s4 ,! head is r flat & has ! eyes & nose on ! upp] surface4 ,i close ?is s]ies ( illu/rations ) an outl9e ( a f9e vase 7,fig4 #aji7 ! rim ( :i* is decorat$ ) a s+le head ( extremely grotesque & repulsive "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,vase imitat+ an animal =m--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,vase imitat+ an animal =m--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,vase %ap$ to imitate an animal =m--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,fi% %ap$ vessel--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,top view ( a fi% %ap$ vessel--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,cup ) grotesque head atta*$ to ! rim--4 ,black incis$ gr\p4--,?is pott]y1 al?\gh closely relat$ to ! o!r v>ieties 9 its lead+ features1 pres5ts diff]5ces ( a pron\nc$ "*4 ,! numb] ( specim5s recov]$ is r small4 ,! l>ge/ piece has a capacity ( p]haps a qu>t4 ,"s ( ! =ms are id5tical ) ^? ( o!r gr\ps1 b a few are peculi> to ?is w>e4 ,! color is black1 br[n1 or d>k gray1 & 9 mo/ cases ! entire mass is q d>k4 ,! decoration is execut$ 9 two some:at di/9ct /yles3 9 "o ! l9es 7 scrat*$ or engrav$ subsequ5tly to ! h>d5+ ( ! clay2 9 ! o!r !y 7 deeply engrav$ ) a %>p po9t :ile ! clay 0 /ill moi/4 ,! l9es are usually v deep & are fill$ ) a :ite sub/ance :i* r5d]s ! patt]n di/9ctly visible ^u ! surface4 ,x seems probable t ! l9es 7 engrav$ deeply ) ! int5tion ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,type specim5s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #aaj & #aaa4 ,!y are small globul> bottles1 ) %ort necks & wide ap]tures & ) h&les plac$ at opposite sides ( ! lip1 :i* is prolong$ to meet !m4 ,! design cov]s a l>ge "p ( ! body & is sep>at$ into two p>ts by ! h&les & ! undecorat$ panels t desc5d f !m4 ,! figures appe> to be v highly conv5tionaliz$ animal =ms1 probably s]p5ts4 ,! coil$ ends ( ! ribbon-l dott$ b&s are evid5tly meant to sugge/ ! heads ( reptiles4 ,! figures assume a v>iety ( %apes & grade by degrees f ! recognizable life =ms into purely geometric patt]ns4 ,examples ( ! latt] /yle are giv5 9 ,figs4 #aab & #aac4 ,! motives employ$1 al?\gh s conv5tionally treat$1 are pretty c]ta9ly id5tical 9 orig9 ) ! prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,black cups ) incis$ reptilian figures--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,black vase ) conv5tional incis$ patt]n--4 ,!re are a numb] ( tripods 9 ?is gr\p1 "s ( :i* h ! deeply incis$ ornam5ts & o!rs ! %all[ ones4 ,! %apes v>y greatly1 a few examples be+ decid$ly ,co/a ,rican 9 type4 ,pieces ) r\nd bodies h conical legs1 l mu* ( ! ,*iriquian w>e1 b ^? ) %all[ bas9s & angul>1 incurv$1 upright1 or fl>+ rims h ! ,co/a ,rican tripod4 ,figs4 #aad & #aae may s]ve to illu/rate ?is v>iety4 ,! fir/ is a cup1 ) upright sides & ?ick rim1 hav+ an incis$ geometric patt]n4 ,! second is mu* m /rik+ 9 appe>ance4 ,! surface color is br[ni% gray 9 hue & ! simple geometric design 0 scrat*$ ?r\gh into ! light] color b5ea? aft] ! clay h>d5$4 ,! legs repres5t ! heads ( animals conv5tionally treat$ & are holl[1 conta9+ movable pellets4 ,?is specim5 is f latitude #h #db nor?1 longitude #hb #eb we/4 ,o!rs ( ?is class come f diff]5t p>ts ( ! prov9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,small cup ) conv5tional incis$ patt]ns--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,small tripod cup ) upright walls & legs imitat+ animal heads--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,vase ) fl>+ rim & legs1 imitat+ animal heads--4 ,to ?is class belongs also a small d>k vase ( peculi> %ape & int]e/+ decoration1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! neck is l>ge & ! lip widely fl>+1 & ! body is model$ 9 imitation ( ! head ( "s animal1 possibly a pecc>y4 ,! side repres5t+ ! face is prolong$1 giv+ an unsymmetric pr(ile1 z se5 9 ! second figure4 ,! eyes are set midway betwe5 ! e>s 7:i* are plac$ at ! sides7 & ! no/rils1 & are inclos$ by curi\s engrav$ figures1 probably sugge/$ by ! m>k+s ( ! animal portray$4 ,an ar*$ ridge1 repres5t+ ! br[s1 connects ! bridge ( ! nose ) ! e>s4 ,! mo/ novel feature ( ?is piece is ! b& ( incis$ ornam5t t crosses ! back ( ! head & s]ves probably to c>ry out ! idea ( ! complete creature4 ,z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! figure1 x is a guillo*e-l int]lac+ ( fillets1 bord]$ & app>5tly held 9 place by longitud9al b&s1 beyond :i* ! angles ( ! ornam5t project4 ,! patt]n is a modifi$ =m ( "o commonly se5 ^u ! m>g9s ( ! l>g] /one metates1 &1 al?\gh r>ely met ) 9 ! pott]y ( ,*iriqui1 0 a favorite motive ) ! pott]s ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,?is vessel comes f #cj miles nor?-nor?we/ ( ,david4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,vase model$ to resemble ! head ( an animal--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,patt]n ^u ! back ( ! vase pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! unpa9t$ w>es "h s briefly describ$ are typically ,*iriquian1 & are closely associat$ 9 ! graves ) mo/ ( ! lead+ gr\ps ( art products ( ! prov9ce4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t !y take fir/ rank 9 ! i/hmian /ates1 if n 9 ,am]ica1 = simplicity & ref9em5t ( =m1 p]fection ( me?od1 & purity ( /yle4 ,,pa9t$ ,,w>e4 ,! pa9t$ vases ( ,*iriqui embrace at lea/ t5 easily di/+ui%$ v>ieties ( w>e4 ,! *>act]s ^u :i* ! classification is bas$ are some:at het]og5e\s & include mat]ial1 color1 %ape1 f9i%1 ornam5tation1 me?od ( manufacture1 & evid5ces ( use4 ,no s+le "* & no "o gr\p ( *>act]s c be reli$ ^u to di/+ui% ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,we mu/ dep5d1 !re=e1 ^u an assemblage ( *>act]s or ^u "o "* 9 "o place & ano!r 9 ano!r place4 ,obs]v+ a numb] ( /rik+ diff]5ces 9 two gr\ps ( w>e1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ^! gr\ps mu/ h be5 ! "w ( di/9ct communities2 yet we f9d v m>k$ diff]5ces 9 w>es t 7?r\gh ! possession 9 common ( "s p>ticul> feature7 we "k to be ! "w ( ! same h&s4 ,we c1 !re=e1 det]m9e little 9 reg>d to ! peoples conc]n$4 ,i d n consid] ! pres5ce 9 a s+le grave ( two or m v>ieties suffici5t pro( ( _! common orig91 = a numb] ( di/9ct w>es may come into ! possession ( "o community ?r\gh trade1 conque/1 or ! spoliation ( tombs2 b a con/ant recurr5ce toge!r ( ! same =ms af=ds /rong evid5ce t ! objects 7 ! "w ( ! p ) :om !y 7 buri$4 ,un=tunately our obs]vations 9 ! field are n suffici5tly accurate to enable u to utilize associations or me?ods ( occurr5ce 9 ! graves z a means ( classification4 ,! foll[+ classification is1 "u ! circum/ances1 ! be/ t ,i c devise1 & is ( use ma9ly z a means ( facilitat+ description4 ,! "n *os5 g5]ally indicates a lead+ or /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p4 ,! sc>ifi$ gr\p1 sep>at$ widely f all o!r v>ieties4 ,! h&l$ gr\p & ,! tripod gr\p1 app>5tly ! "w ( "o community & devot$ to ! same or simil> uses4 ,! m>oon gr\p2 ,! r$ l9e gr\p2 ,! :ite l9e gr\p2 ,! lo/ color gr\p2 ,! alligator gr\p2 & ,! poly*rome gr\p1 no two ( :i* are suffici5tly alike to make x c]ta91 )\t extrane\s evid5ce1 t !y 7 manufactur$ by ! same community1 yet all cle>ly belong+ to "o great family4 ,^! gr\ps are pres5t$ 9 ! ord] giv54 ,be=e proce$+ ) ! descriptions1 h[ev]1 !re are "s matt]s ( a g5]al nature t %\ld be ref]r$ to4 ,te*nical que/ions h already receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 & ,i %all ne$ only to ref] "h to ! pa9t$ ornam5tation1 & at suffici5t l5g? to insure a cle> und]/&+ ( its treatm5t & ! scope ( its subject matt]4 ,pa9t$ vessels are embelli%$ to "s ext5t also by incis+ & model+1 & ^! me?ods are employ$ v mu* z 9 ! unpa9t$ pott]y already describ$4 ,pa9t$ decoration is execut$ ) mu* fre$om & 9 _m cases ) consid]able skill4 ,x is greatly v>i$ 9 me?od ( treatm5t & embraces a wide range ( motives4 ,geometric patt]ns occur 9 great v>iety1 b are f\nd to be ( types peculi> to ,i/hmian ,am]ica4 ,! conv5tional me&]s1 frets1 & scrolls s ext5sively employ$ 9 o!r regions are "h almo/ unkn[n4 ,decorative motives d]iv$ f natural =ms are abundant & af=d an excell5t opportunity to /udy ! processes ( conv5tional modification4 ,^! designs are (t5 appli$ 9 a way to indicate t ! decorator possess$ a ke5 s5se ( ! requirem5ts ( ! vessel1 al?\gh ! treatm5t p]haps is n z univ]sally satisfactory z is ! treatm5t ( pla/ic embelli%m5t4 ,! pott]1 9 prep>+ ! vessel = ! decorator1 ord9>ily f9i%$ x ) a slip or wa% ( f9e clay1 :i* v>i$ 9 hue f a gray :ite to a pale orange4 ,a slip ( bright r$ t9t 0 also ext5sively us$4 ,! m delicate hues =m$ an excell5t gr\nd ^u :i* to "w4 ,! slip cov]$ surface 0 g5]ally poli%$1 (t5 to a high degree1 ) ! usual poli%+ implem5ts1 ! m>ks ( :i* c be se5 ^u ! less c>efully f9i%$ surfaces4 ,by obs]v]s unacqua9t$ ) aborig9al me?ods ?is poli% is liable to be tak5 = a glaze1 & x has be5 pron\nc$ a vitre\s glaze by a few writ]s4 ,x is m noticeable ^u specim5s t h be5 h&l$ a great deal1 z is ! case ) :i/les1 ne$lecases1 & ! l4 ,! colors utiliz$ 9 decoration1 s f> z !y h be5 pres]v$1 are ! gr\nd t9ts1 describ$ above1 & ! del9eat+ colors1 ! latt] consi/+ ( black1 :ite1 r$ 9 v>i\s hues1 & a dull purple4 ,an additional color 7or p]haps a solution )\t p>ticul> color7 ext5sively employ$ 9 ! designs has totally disappe>$4 ,! nature ( ! v>i\s colors has n be5 det]m9$1 b x is probable t "s 7 ( m9]al & o!rs ( vegetal orig94 ,r$ 0 (t5 employ$ z a gr\nd color1 z /at$ above1 & sometimes cov]$ ! :ole surface1 b m frequ5tly occupi$ zones or panels4 ,9 su* use x 0 appli$ & poli%$ d[n ) ! slip4 ,r$ 0 also ext5sively us$ 9 ! del9eation ( decorative figures 9 sev]al ( ! gr\ps ( w>e1 & is 9 all cases a p]man5t color4 ,! hues v>y decid$ly ) ! gr\ps ( products1 sugge/+ diff]5ces 9 p or 9 environm5t4 ,:ite may h be5 freely us$1 b x is pres]v$ 9 a few cases only1 9 :i* x 0 us$ 9 ! production ( simple decorative patt]ns1 & appe>s to h be5 a some:at ?ick or pa/y color4 ,black 0 ext5sively us$ & 0 ( two di/9ct k9ds3 a ?ick p]man5t pigm5t1 employ$ 9 ! del9eation ( designs1 & a ?9 color1 n s p]man5t & employ$ exclusively z a gr\nd ^u :i* to execute designs 9 o!r m$iums4 ,! latt] may possibly be ( vegetal d]ivation4 ,its use 0 conf9$ to a s+le v>iety ( w>e1 ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,! =m] 0 employ$ 9 all ! o!r gr\ps1 ) "o exception1 ! r$ l9e gr\p4 ,! light purple t9t is b sp>+ly us$ & only 9 ! poly*rome gr\p4 ,x is v effective 9 comb9ation ) ! r$s & blacks ^u ! orange gr\nd ( ?is w>e4 ,x is probably ( a m9]al nature4 ,:at ,i h d5om9at$ ! lo/ color 0 a pigm5t1 or tak+ out solution1 ext5sively & exclusively employ$ 9 ! decoration ( "o ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( w>e4 ,its =m] exi/5ce is made kn[n by its action ^u ! gr\nd colors & ^u ! pa/e or slip )9 ! areas cov]$ by x4 ,:]e sup]impos$ ^u black1 t color has 9 all cases be5 remov$1 expos+ ! und]ly+ t9ts ( ! slip 9 :i* ! designs are n[ manife/$1 ! int]spaces be+ /ill black4 ,9 "s cases ! lo/ color has n only remov$ ! black gr\nd1 b has affect$ ! slip b5ea?1 remov+ x also1 & to su* a degree t ! poli%$ surface is de/roy$ & %all[ intaglio l9es occur1 leav+ ! int]spaces 9 relief4 ,?is circum/ance en=ces ! idea t possibly ! lo/ color 0 really n a color at all1 b an acid :i* act$ ^u ! gr\nd colors at once1 de/roy+ ! black entirely & leav+ ! effect n[ se54 ,?is po9t mu/ rema9 = ! pres5t undet]m9$4 ,! figures 9 all cases appe> to h be5 del9eat$ ) ord9>y bru%es & by purely free h& me?ods4 ,! degree ( skill v>ies greatly4 ,! execution 9 ! great body ( ! "w is r inf]ior & indicates a lack ( skill & c>e1 b 9 a limit$ numb] ( pieces ! manipulation is ma/]ly4 ,! designs are conf9$ to ! %[ spaces1 be+ ext]ior 9 n>r[ neck$ vessels & g5]ally int]ior 9 %all[ =ms4 ,9 arrangem5t ^u ! surfaces ?is decoration pres5ts "s novel features4 ,! slight degree ( uni=mity 9 arrangem5t indicates ! abs5ce ( any me*anical aid1 su* z ! :eel1 :i* device w\ld t5d to r$uce all decoration to a s]ies ( horizontal zones4 ,we obs]ve inde$ ! occurr5ce ( horizontal arrangem5ts1 b n to a degree great] ?an w\ld naturally arise z a result ( ! con=mation ( ! vessel4 ,upright1 oblique1 & ar*$ arrangem5ts are frequ5tly met )1 & all are safely attributable to ! dom9ation ( spaces to be cov]$ or to ! influ5ce ( antec$5t %apes4 ,examples & details are giv5 z !y come up 9 ! v>i\s sections4 ,! sc>ifi$ gr\p4--,?is gr\p is repres5t$ by ab\t =ty specim5s & is wor?y ( especial att5tion4 ,x comes f ! graves ( two localities1 "o ne> ,c4 ,e4 ,taylor's haci5da1 nor? ( ,david1 on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,*iriqui1 & ! o!r at ,alanje1 s\?we/ ( ,david4 ,z a v>iety ( w>e x /&s s entirely alone t _h x arriv$ unlabel$ no "o w\ld h recogniz$ its aff9ities ) ,*iriquian art4 ,x is r inf]ior 9 mat]ial1 grace ( =m1 & surface f9i%1 & ! decoration appe>s to belong to a l[] grade ( culture ?an t ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,x is possibly ! "w ( an inf]ior race 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,ne>ly all ! vessels are tripods1 b a few h r\nd$ or flat bottoms & a few are suppli$ ) annul> /&s4 ,! walls are ?ick & ! %apes are unc\? or clumsy4 ,! pa/e is co>se1 poorly bak$1 & friable2 ne> ! surface x is a w>m r$di% or yell[i% gray2 )9 ! mass x is a d>k gray4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,tripod b[l ( r$ sc>ifi$ w>e--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,tripod b[l ( r$ sc>ifi$ w>e--#a_/c4 ,! mak]s ( ?is pott]y1 l _! bro!r artific]s1 took especial pleasure 9 ! model+ ( life =ms4 ,! "w exhibit$ 9 ^! specim5s is1 h[ev]1 exceptionally rude4 ,9 "s cases grotesque heads are atta*$ to ! rims ( b[ls2 9 o!rs ! head1 tail1 & feet ( animals appe> ab\t ! p]iph]y ( ! vase2 & 9 a numb] ( cases ! legs ( ! tripods are model$ to repres5t ! =ms ( liv+ creatures4 ,g5]ally ! feet are clumsy 9 %ape & ?ree to$1 sugge/+ ! feet ( ! tapir4 ,^! vessels are embelli%$ by pa9t+1 incis+1 or sc>ify+ & by model+ 9 relief4 ,color 0 n employ$ 9 ! production ( designs1 b a d>k ,indian r$ pigm5t 0 daub$ ov] t "p ( ! surface n occupi$ by incis$ ornam5t4 ,little or no slip 0 us$ & ! rude geometric patt]ns 7 execut$ ) po9t$ tools 9 a v haphaz>d mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,oblong bas9 ) sc>ifi$ design--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,l>ge b[l ) h&les imitat+ animal heads--#a_/c4 ,! b[ls are m num]\s ?an 9 any o!r gr\p ( ! ,*iriquian w>e1 b1 z 9 ! o!r gr\ps1 !y are suppli$ ) supports1 ei!r tripods1 %ap$ l ! feet ( quadrup$s1 or rude annul> bases4 ,9 mo/ cases ! rim exp&s gradually f bel[1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aah1 or is recurv$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,9 a few cases ! bas9 is oblong or boat %ap$ & ! ends are po9t$1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,an int]e/+ specim5 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,at ! opposite ends ( ! b[l portions ( ! rim are c>ri$ upw>d & inw>d1 =m+ h&le-l app5dages1 model$ to repres5t1 rudely1 ! heads ( animals4 ,details ( =m & ornam5t are well br\ght out 9 ! cut4 ,9 ,fig4 #abb we h a high cyl9drical %ape ) a flat bottom1 ! surface be+ sc>ifi$ 9 v]tical b&s4 ,a small pot1 hav+ an annul> base & decoration simil> to ! prec$+1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abc4 ,9 ,fig4 #abd1 in/ead ( ! v]tical l9es1 we h a s]ies ( heavy ribs4 ,two /rong v]tically plac$ loops are fix$ ^u opposite sides ( ! %\ld] & ! base is suppli$ ) ! usual feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,j> ) flat bottom & v]tical b&s ( incis$ ornam5t--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,vase ) /& & v]tical incis$ b&s--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,vase ) h&les1 legs1 & v]tical ribs--#a_/c4 ,! tripods %[n 9 ,figs4 #abe & #abf are some:at mutilat$1 b !y pres5t features ( int]e/ 9 ! novel %apes & ! unique animal =ms ) :i* ! legs are embelli%$4 ,ea* leg is repres5t$ z a complete animal1 ^: back or brea/ supports ! vessel & ^: cyl9drical ne!r extremity re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! head 9 ! fir/ example resembles an owl & 9 ! second rem9ds "o ( "s cru/acean =m4 ,an additional specim5 ( consid]able int]e/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,x is a heavy tripod1 hav+ f\r indep5d5t m\?s1 all op5+ into "o *amb]4 ,! %ape is unsatisfactory1 be+ heavy & unsymmetrical4 ,! ext]ior surface has ! usual sc>ifi$ figures & ! int]spaces & ! entire inn] surface ( ! vessel are pa9t$ r$ & r c>efully poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,tripod ) owl-l heads at ins]tion ( legs--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,tripod ) legs rudely sugge/+ animal =ms--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,heavy r$ vase ) f\r m\?s--#a_/c4 ,! h&l$ gr\p4--,! s]ies ( vessels to :i* ?is "n is giv5 comprises a l>ge numb] ( pieces ( unusually ev5 *>act]s4 ,!y are obta9$ f a pretty wide di/rict to ! nor? & we/ ( ,david & occur 9 connection ) o!r gr\ps4 ,!y are notable = uni=mity 9 size1 %ape1 & f9i% & = ! unmi/akable evid5ces ( use ov] fire :i* at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( !m %[4 ,) ! exception ( a few l>ge caldrons1 n yet assign$ to a p>ticul> gr\p1 !y are m l ord9>y cook+ vessels ?an any o!r gr\p ( ,*iriquian w>e4 ,! size1 h[ev]1 is rem>kably small1 ! av]age capacity be+ ab\t a p9t4 ,l>g] pieces conta9 a qu>t or ?ree p9ts4 ,! body is usually mu* compress$ v]tically & is flatti% above & m or less conical bel[1 giv+ a v graceful cont\r4 ,! surface is r rudely poli%$ & ! pa9t+ is done ) notable c>elessness1 z if ! int5d$ use 7 n favorable to ! pres]vation ( ! ornam5t4 ,by means ( a heavy bru%1 r$ figures1 consi/+ ( splot*es1 /ripes1 ar*es1 & encircl+ b&s1 7 appli$ to ! yell[i% gray surface & sometimes1 z indicat$ by a sme>$ appe>ance1 7 poli%$ d[n ) an implem5t4 ,x does n seem t a slip ( ord9>y :ite clay 0 v g5]ally us$4 ,9 a few cases a grayi% blue t9t appe>s ^u "s ( ! wid] spaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,vase ) horizontally plac$ h&les & rude designs 9 r$--4 ,! h&les are p]haps ! mo/ notable feature ( ?is w>e1 & usually occur two to a vessel2 r>ely !re is b "o h&le & 9 a few cases !re are f\r4 ,?is gr\p may be sep>at$ into at lea/ f\r sections by ! /yles ( h&les4 ,vessels ( ! two m important sections h two h&les ea*1 :i* are plac$ v]tically 9 "o v>iety & horizontally 9 ! o!r1 ref]5ce be+ _h to ! position ( ! po9ts ( atta*m5t4 ,^! diff]5ces ( position h giv5 rise to a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! orifice & ( ! lip4 ,! h&le is a simple loop1 :i* 9 ! "o v>iety is plac$ z se5 9 ,fig4 #abh & 9 ! o!r z 9 ,fig4 #acb4 ,9 ! latt] case "o end ( ! loop is fix$ to ! %\ld] & ! o!r end to ! lip1 :i* is uni=mly prolong$ at ! contact & is also wid5$ all ar\nd2 ! result is ! curi\s w+$ outl9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,a ?ird v>iety ( h&le is a s+le ar*1 :i* spans ! orifice & is atta*$ to opposite sides ( ! exp&$ lip4 ,9 a f\r? v>iety ! loop$ h&les are replac$ by ! heads ( animals1 :i* are set ^u ! %\ld] ( ! vase1 z are simil> features 9 o!r gr\ps ( w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,unpoli%$ vase ) heavy h&les & coat$ ) soot--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,r\nd bodi$ r$ vase ) unique h&les & incis$ ornam5t--4 ,a type specim5 ) ! horizontal loop is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,! lip & a wide belt ab\t ! body are pa9t$ r$ & ! %\ld] is occupi$ by rudely execut$ ar*$ /rokes ( ! same color4 ,a mu* less usual %ape is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abi1 :i* exhibits "s *>act]s ( cont\r t rem9d u ( well kn[n ,grecian =ms4 ,ano!r novel v>iation f ! type is se5 9 ,fig4 #acj1 9 :i* ! ar* ( ea* loop is divid$ by an upright piece4 ,a neat incis$ ornam5t occupies ! %\ld] ( ?is vessel & ! rema9d] ( ! body is f9i%$ 9 pale r$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! h&les are r>ely :olly pla94 ,ea* loop is suppli$ ) "o or m r+s or r+-l fillets1 or ) small nodes1 g5]ally ne> ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! curve or ar*4 ,by ! /udy ( a l>ge numb] ( specim5s ,i am able to trace ^! puzzl+ features to _! orig94 ,!y are ! repres5tatives ( life =ms :i* 7 orig9ally model$ 9 full detail & :i* are /ill s model$ 9 _m cases4 ,! nodes & l features are atrophi$ heads1 h&s1 or feet1 & 9 "s cases are m>k$ ) ind5tations t ref] to ! eyes or to ! f+]s or toes1 & ! r\nd fillets /& = ! arms & legs ( animals1 or1 if not*$ 9 peculi> ways1 may be ref]r$ to o!r orig9als1 su* z ! m\?s ( fi%es or ! sp9es ( crabs4 ,examples c\ld be giv5 %[+ all /ages ( ! progress ( simplification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,vase ) grotesque figures atta*$ to ! h&les--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,vase ) upright h&les & w+$ lip--4 ,9 ,fig4 #aca ,i pres5t a f9e example ( ! horizontal loop1 9 :i* ! opposite ends are support$ by grotesque animal figures1 appli$1 h[ev]1 9 a way n detrim5tal to ! grace & simplicity ( ! vessel4 ,an example %[n 9 ,fig4 #acb is ( especial int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,! ornam5t ^u ! h&le s]ves z a l9k betwe5 ! reali/ic life =m & ! conv5tional nodes & fillets4 ,9 ?is case ! node is suppli$ ) eyes & a m\?1 & ! d\ble roll ( clay b5ea? is manife/ly int5d$ = ! arms1 ! h&le itself /&+ = ! body4 ,! loop is upright & jo9s ! %\ld] to ! rim4 ,! w+$ "* produc$ by ! expansion at ! contact ( h&le & lip is %[n to advantage 9 ! top view 7,fig4 #acc47 ,9 "s cases ?is expansion is s great z completely to hide ! body ( ! vase :5 view$ f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,top view ( vase ) w+$ lip--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,vase ) grotesque animal %ap$ h&les--4 ,examples are outl9$ 9 ,figs4 #acd & #ace 9 :i* ! life =m is cle>ly def9$4 ,9 ! fir/ we h a human-l figure1 ! face ( :i* is entirely hidd5 by ! h&s4 ,9 ! second we obs]ve a curi\s little animal figure1 ) a long curv$ proboscis & a body cov]$ ) annul> ind5tations4 ,9 g5]al %ape & 9 ornam5tation ^! vases d n diff] f ! prec$+4 ,a rem>kable piece1 ) two pairs ( h&les1 is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #acf4 ,grotesque figures are atta*$ to ! out] surface ( ! loops1 "o 9 ea* pair be+ plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,! two figures se5 9 ! cut are simple1 b ^? on ! opposite pair ( h&les are comp\nd1 be+ d\ble above ! wai/4 ,! faces1 h&s1 & feet ( ^! figures are t\*$ ) r$1 & ! lip & body ( ! vase are decorat$ ) c>elessly drawn /ripes ( r$4 ,9 ano!r case f\r pla9 h&les are plac$ equidi/antly ab\t ! neck ( ! vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,vase ) h&les repres5t+ /range animals--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,vase ) two pairs ( h&les ornam5t$ ) grotesque figures--4 ,9 a ?ird v>iety ! loop is omitt$ entirely1 ! animal figure tak+ its place ^u ! %\ld] ( ! vase4 ,?is feature appe>s 9 ! specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #acg & repres5ts ! front "p ( a reptile1 ! head be+ holl[ & conta9+ a l>ge movable pellet4 ,?is is a h&some piece1 well f9i%$1 & decorat$ 9 ! usual broad way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,vase ) h&les repres5t+ animal heads1 :i* are holl[ & conta9 pellets ( clay--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,vase ) ar*$ h&les embelli%$ ) life =ms 9 high relief--4 ,a f\r? v>iety is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ach & #aci1 9 :i* ! h&le spans ! orifice z 9 an ord9>y basket4 ,! lip is fl>+ & is prolong$ at ! sides to meet ! h&le4 ,9 "o case ! out] surface ( ! h&le is embelli%$ ) figures ( frogs & s]p5ts1 or :at seem to be int5d$ = s]p5ts1 model$ 9 ! r\nd & r imp]fectly atta*$1 & 9 ! o!r ) a pair ( grotesque human figures set aga9/ ! base ( ea* end ( ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,vase ) ar*$ h&les embelli%$ ) life =ms 9 high relief--4 ,typical vessels ( ?is class are 9 _m cases m\nt$ ^u tripods1 b1 = conv5i5ce ( description1 ^! are class$ ) ! succe$+ gr\p1 :i* consi/s ma9ly1 if n entirely1 ( ! same v>iety ( w>e4 ,to recapitulate1 ! /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is gr\p are ! uni=mity ( size1 %ape1 & h&les1 ! rude f9i% & rud] ornam5tation1 & ! v m>k$ evid5ce ( use ov] fire4 ,! tripod gr\p4--,closely relat$ 9 mo/ respects to ! gr\p ( w>e j describ$ is ! /rik+ s]ies ( vessels "h pres5t$4 ,at fir/ glance ! resemblances are n app>5t1 b a c>eful /udy r5d]s x cle> t ! vessels prop] correspond closely 9 bo? gr\ps4 ,! bas9s are = ! mo/ "p made 9 ! same heavy1 rudely f9i%$ /yle1 ! decoration is almo/ equally rude1 & ! size & ! evid5ce ( use ov] fire are ! same4 ,! /rong contra/ 9 appe>ance is due ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( tripod supports 9 ?is gr\p4 ,! legs1 :i* con/itute su* a /rik+ feature1 are m]ely app5dages to ! bodies ( vases already p]fect1 & are evid5tly an acquir$ feature sugge/$ by "s *ange 9 function or 9 ! habits ( ! p4 ,9 ?is way we are able to acc\nt = ! r unc\? look obs]v$ 9 s _m cases1 ! legs be+ too long & too heavy to please ! cultur$ ta/e2 yet 9 _m cases ! p>ts are s adju/$ z to give an impression ( firmness & /r5g?1 unit$ ) a goodly %>e ( grace ( l9e4 ,! legs are v g5]ally model$ to repres5t animal =ms4 ,9 a majority ( cases ! fi% 0 *os5 because1 p]haps1 its %ape 0 suitable or because ! fi% bore "s relation to ! use to :i* ! vessel 0 to be devot$4 ,liz>ds & mammals are also se5 & ! human =m occasionally appe>s4 ,9 "s cases ! animal figure is atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! leg or is p]*$ ^u ! hip1 :]e t feature is pron\nc$4 ,! body1 or %aft1 is holl[ & conta9s pellets ( clay1 sometimes "o only & aga9 a doz5 or m1 & 9 ord] t ^! may be se5 & he>d v>i\sly %ap$ slits are cut 9 ! sides or front ( ! legs4 ,if ! animal repres5t$ is a fi% or liz>d ! entire body is model$3 ! head is plac$ at ! top1 ! "u jaw or neck unit+ ) ! body ( ! vessel2 ! tail re/s ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! f9s or legs appe> along ! sides ( ! %aft4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 :ile 9 ,*iriqui ! :ole body ( ! creature is usually employ$ 9 =m+ ! support1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico ! head alone is v g5]ally us$1 ! nose re/+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 less elaborate =ms ! legs are pla9 or h ! m]e/ h9t ( animal =m 9 a node1 a not*$ ridge1 or a slightly modifi$ extremity4 ,h&les are pres5t 9 a majority ( cases & z 9 ! prec$+ gr\p take ! =m ( loops or repres5t ! =ms ( animals4 ,! loops are g5]ally atta*$ 9 a v]tical position1 connect+ ! %\ld] ) ! lip ( ! vessel1 & are pla9 r\nd ropes ( clay or consi/ ( two or ?ree cords twi/$ or plait$ toge!r4 ,a few ecc5tric =ms occur & are illu/rat$ e>ly 9 ?is section4 ,! animal %apes are (t5 q elaborate & appe> to be> no relation to ! creatures embodi$ 9 ! legs ( ! vessel2 nei!r does ! position ( ! h&les be> any uni=m relation to ! positions ( ! legs--ano!r indication t ! latt] features are rec5t acquisitions1 s9ce features develop$ toge!r are uni=mly well adju/$4 ,! rim or lip is g5]ally heavy & fl>+1 & ! neck1 :i* is %ort & pretty %>ply con/rict$1 is decorat$ ) incis$ patt]ns & ) v>i\s appli$ ornam5ts 9 relief4 ,! body is graceful 9 outl9e & m or less conical bel[4 ,z a rule ! surface is unev5 & b slightly poli%$ & ! figures 9 r$ are rudely execut$1 b 9 ! m pret5ti\s pieces mu* c>e has be5 ex]cis$ 9 f9i%+ & pa9t+4 ,mo/ ( ! vessels h be5 us$ ov] ! fire & /ill reta9 ! sooty incru/ations4 ,?is w>e comes f a wide range ( t]ritory to ! nor? & we/ ( ,david4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations repres5t "s ( ! m important pieces & s]ve to give a p>tial idea ( ! range ( =m1 size1 & decoration4 ,i pres5t1 fir/1 ?ree vases ( r ecc5tric %apes1 ! bas9s ( :i* are %all[ & 9 two cases are flat bottom$4 ,! h&les are ( unusual %apes1 consi/+ ( modifications ( ! lip1 z se5 9 ! illu/rations 7,figs4 #adj-adb74 ,life elem5ts are pres5t 9 all cases 9 connection ) ! h&les & legs :]e ^! are pres]v$1 b !y are v meag] & s abbreviat$ z to be id5tifi$ ) difficulty4 ,incis$ m>k+s at ! ends ( ! h&les repres5t h&s or feet & eyes are affix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! legs4 ,! w>e is id5tical ) t ( ! prec$+ gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,fig4 #ada4 ,fig4 #adb4 ,tripod vases ) %all[ bas9s & ecc5tric h&les--#a_/c4 ,a repres5tative specim5 ( ! fi% legg$ vessels is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ graceful =ms 9 ! s]ies & is neatly f9i%$ & embelli%$1 b is ?or\ghly black5$ ) soot4 ,! h&les are =m$ ( twi/$ fillets or ropes ( clay & a n>r[1 incis$1 rope-l b& encircles ! l[] "p ( ! neck4 ,set ^u ! neck & alt]nat+ ) ! h&les are two scrolls neatly =m$ ( small r\nd ropes ( clay4 ,! fi%es =m+ ! legs are v simply treat$4 ,! m\? at ! apex is =m$ by lay+ on an oblong loop ( clay & ! eyes are repres5t$ by two r\nd pellets set into ! s(t clay ( ! head & ind5t$ ) a slit t gives to !m ! exact effect ( scre:eads4 ,a pair ( f9s--small incis$ or *annel$ cones--is plac$ at ! sides ( ! head & ano!r at ! sides ( ! body4 ,! cavity conta9s a s+le ball ( clay & ! slit is long & wide4 ,9 o!r examples ! fi% =m is mu* m elaborately model$4 ,! wide m\? exhibits a r[ ( tee? & ! body is well suppli$ ) f9s4 ,! head 9 ,fig4 #add rem9ds "o =cibly ( ! catfi%4 ,! sn\t is furni%$ ) two horn-l app5dages2 too?-l features are =m$ by sett+ 9 pellets ( clay1 & ! gills are indicat$ by a punctur$ excresc5ce at ! side ( ! m\?4 ,9 o!r cases a high1 %>p cone is set ^u ! middle ( ! head 7,fig4 #ade74 ,x is *annel$ d[n ! sides1 z if meant = a f94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,tripod vase ( graceful %ape & neat f9i%--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,heavy tripod vase ) widely spread+ feet--#a_/c4 ,! process ( model+ ^! heads 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,! upp] end ( ! leg--! head ( ! fi%--0 fir/ r\nd$ (f1 giv+ ! g5]al %ape2 !n p>allel incisions 7 made to repres5t ! tee?1 & ar\nd ^! a fillet ( clay 0 laid1 =m+ ! lips1 :i* 7 !n *annel$ ) a %>p tool4 ,nodes or flatt5$ pellets ( clay1 repres5t+ ! gills1 sn\t1 & eyes1 7 !n laid on & f9i%$ ) incision-l ind5tations4 ,! h&les consi/ ( bird-l heads1 ) protrud+ eyes & long bills t curve d[nw>d & connect ) ! %\ld] ( ! vase4 ,! body is rudely spott$ ) r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,neatly model$ vase embelli%$ ) life =ms & devices 9 r$--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,high tripod vase ) incis$ designs & rude figures 9 r$--#a_/c4 ,a l>ge1 unc\? specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adf4 ,! legs are pond]\s & are n neatly adju/$ to ! vessel4 ,a me&] patt]n ( incis$ l9es encircles ! neck & ! body is rudely decorat$ ) broad r$ /ripes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,h&some tripod vase ) scroll ornam5t--#a_/c4 ,!re is a g5]al consi/5cy 9 ! use ( life =ms :i* is wor?y ( notice4 ,! fi% & o!r creatures us$1 al?\gh v>i\sly conceiv$ & treat$1 are nev] confus$4 ,:5 ! fi% is employ$ no features sugge/+ o!r animals appe> & :5 ! heads ( o!r creatures occupy ! upp] extremity ( ! leg all ! details ref] to ^! creatures ) uni=m consi/5cy4 ,9 ,fig4 #adg we h an unusually graceful %ape1 decorat$ ab\t ! neck ) scrolls & ind5t$ fillets4 ,! legs repres5t "s reptilian =m resembl+ a liz>d4 ,! head projects f ! hip & is conv5tionally treat$4 ,a r\nd fillet fix$ at its middle po9t to ! muzzle ( ! creature is turn$ back at ! sides ( ! head & coil$ to =m ! eyes4 ,! =elegs are atta*$ at ! sides ne> ! top & ! recurv$ t]m9al po9t is encircl$ by r+s t /& = ! coil$ tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,vase ) liz>d %ap$ legs--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,vase ) scroll ornam5t--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,l>ge vase ) fl>+ rim & wide spread+ legs--#a_/c4 ,!re is little room = d\bt z to ! k9d ( creature repres5t$ 9 ! legs ( ! vase giv5 9 ,fig4 #adh4 ,! head1 legs1 & g5]al %ape are *>act]i/ic ( ! liz>d4 ,! vessel is small1 pla91 & neatly f9i%$4 ,9 ,fig4 #adi ! legs ( ! vessel1 o!rwise q pla91 are surm\nt$ by heads t seem to repres5t a dog or "s l animal4 ,a s]ies ( neat v]tically plac$ scrolls =m$ ( r\nd fillets encircles ! neck1 & bel[ ^! is a b& 9 relief imitat+ a twi/$ cord4 ,a vase ( unusually /rik+ appe>ance is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ tripods 9 ! collection & is *>act]iz$ by a high widely exp&$ lip & a long conical body & by legs ( unusual size & con=mation4 ,small animal figures are p]*$ ^u ! project+ hips4 ,! surface ( ! vessel is rudely f9i%$ & is mu* black5$ by smoke ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! legs & ! body4 ,a unique use ( ! animal =m is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aea1 :i* %[s a l>ge fragm5t ( "o ( ^! tripods4 ,! figure ( an alligator1 model$ ) a great deal ( _s1 is atta*$ to ! side ( ! vessel1 re/+ p>tly ^u ! leg & ext5d+ upw>d obliquely to ! lip4 ,a simil> figure ^u ! opposite side ( ! same vase is repres5t$ z grasp+ ! =m ( a man or boy 9 its =midable look+ jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,fragm5t ( a tripod vase embelli%$ ) ! figure ( an alligator4 ,! alligator1 r>ely employ$ 9 ?is gr\p ( w>e1 is freely us$ 9 o!r gr\ps & 0 probably a creature ( importance 9 ! my?ology ( ,*iriqui4 ,9 "o case only1 s f> z ,i h se51 is ! human =m employ$ 9 ! supports ( ^! vessels1 & 9 t case1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #aeb1 ! result is extremely grotesque4 ,! %ape ( ! bas9 is good & ! ?ick1 r\nd$ lip & mo/ ( ! surface are c>efully poli%$4 ,a disconnect$ me&] ( incis$ l9es encircles ! r high neck1 & p>ts ( ! body & its atta*$ features are pa9t$ r$4 ,z usual ?is color 0 appli$ along ) ! slip & 9 poli%+ has become mu* mix$ up ) x1 giv+ a mottl$ effect4 ,! h&les take ! =m ( curi\s human-appe>+ figures :i* sit aga9/ ! con/rict$ neck1 _! heads support+ ! rim & _! feet re/+ ^u ! %\ld] ( ! vessel4 ,9 "o case ! h&s are held tightly aga9/ ! l[] "p ( ! face & 9 ! o!r !y are b\nd toge!r aga9/ ! *9 by a s]p5t-l cord ( clay4 ,! holl[ figures =m+ ! legs ( ! vase are z grotesque z c\ld well be imag9$4 ,!re is no head :atev]1 & ! outl&i% features are plac$ ^u ! front ( ! upp] "p ( ! body4 ,! arms & h&s take ! conv5tional position *>act]i/ic ( ! /atu>y ( ! i/hmian /ates & ! only traces ( co/ume are b&s ab\t ! wri/s & a girdle encircl+ ! l[] "p ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,vase support$ by grotesque human figures--#a_/c4 ,i add1 9 ,fig4 #aec1 "o m example1 a l>ge1 full bodi$ vase1 :i*1 m decid$ly p]haps ?an any ( ! =ego+1 proclaims its relation%ip to ! prec$+ gr\p4 ,if ! ?ree r clumsy legs 7 knock$ (f !re w\ld rema9 a l>ge beautifully %ap$ & f9i%$ vase1 ) a con/rict$ b fl>+ rim n 9 any way di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! prec$+ gr\p4 ,! legs 9 ?is case are less p]fectly adapt$ to ! vessel ?an 9 ! o!r examples1 z if ! pott]1 skillful 9 model+ ! vessel1 _h only rec5tly und]tak5 to add ! tripod4 ,! slit 9 ! out] face ( ! leg is unusually wide & ! inclos$ ball is ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is vessel is ! pair ( unique figures affix$ to ! upp] surface ( ! body ne> ! lip1 & :i* w\ld seem to be int5d$ to repres5t semihuman mon/]s4 ,! arms & legs are contort$ & s]p5t-l 9 appe>ance & t]m9ate 9 mo/ cases 9 heads ( s]p5ts in/ead ( 9 h&s & feet4 ,! attitude is expressive ( agony or horror4 ,x seems to me probable t1 contr>y to ! rule 9 primitive art1 ^! /range figures d n embody any well def9$ or s]i\s conception1 b are r exhibitions ( ! fancy ( ! pott]4 ,!y occupy small unpa9t$ panels1 :i* are f9i%$ 9 neat incis$ patt]ns4 ,! rema9+ surface is a bright r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,r\nd bodi$ vase embelli%$ ) figures ( mon/]s--#a_/c4 ,x may be not$1 9 recapitulation1 t ^! vases1 al?\gh elaborately model$ & (t5 well f9i%$1 are rudely decorat$ & v g5]ally %[ use ov] fire2 t ! legs1 ?\gh (t5 graceful & well proportion$1 are 9 _m cases clumsily adju/$ to ! body1 giv+ a decid$ly unsatisfactory result z a :ole4 ,?is w>e 0 devot$ to dome/ic uses1 or1 if o!rwise1 9 all probability to ! burn+ ( inc5se4 ,animal =ms are freely employ$1 b 9 a r rude way4 ,! fi% =m is m g5]ally us$ ?an any o!r1 & is 9 all cases embodi$ 9 ! legs ( ! vessel1 ! head jo9+ ! body ( ! vessel & ! tail re/+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,^! repres5tations exhibit all grades ( elaboration f ! fairly well model$ to ! m]e/ sugge/ion ( animal "*--any "o feature1 z ! m\?1 ! eye1 ! f9s1 or ! tail1 be+ alone a suffici5t sugge/ion ( ! creature to satisfy ! pott] & keep alive ! idea ( ! fi%4 ,o!r animal =ms are employ$ 9 model+ ! legs1 & exhibit equally v>y+ degrees ( elaboration1 & x is wor?y ( especial note t creatures are n confus$ or conf\nd$1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 at any /age ( ! simplify+ process--t a fi% is /ill purely a fi% if no?+ is left to repres5t x b a node or an incision4 ,!re is no app>5t relation%ip betwe5 ! animal =ms =m+ ! legs & ^? atta*$ to ! body or to ! rim ( ! vessel4 ,! pott]y ( ! two gr\ps already pres5t$ exhibits *>act]s s uni=m ?r\gh\t t !re ne$ be no hesitation 9 plac+ !m toge!r z ! "w ( "o community & ( "o p]iod ( practice ( ! art2 b betwe5 ^! gr\ps & ^? t foll[ !re is a wide gap4 ,! diff]5ces are s m>k$ t1 if !y _h come f widely sep>at$ localities1 v intimate relation%ips w\ld n h be5 sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,cup ) incurv$ rim & life =m ornam5tation--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,cup ) widely exp&$ rim & con/rict$ neck--4 ,! m>oon gr\p4--,= ! want ( a bett] "n ,i h call$ ! gr\p fir/ to be pres5t$ ! m>oon gr\p1 on acc\nt ( its color4 ,our collection comprises n m ?an a doz5 pieces ( ?is w>e4 ,! locality f :i* !y come is call$ ,los ,t5ajos by ,mr4 ,mc,niel1 b he has n di/+ui%$ !m 9 any way f ! o!r v>ieties1 & ,i am !re=e unable to say :e!r or n !y occur toge!r ) o!rs or "u id5tical conditions4 ,9 symmetry ( outl9e1 div]sity ( %ape1 & clev]ness ( model+ ?is w>e takes a high rank1 b !re is no pa9t$ ornam5t4 ,! surfaces are usually well poli%$1 & all expos$ p>ts h receiv$ a coat ( purpli% m>oon color$ pa9t4 ,! pa/e conta9s a great deal ( f9e s&1 & is yell[i% ^u ! surface & g5]ally q d>k )9 ! mass4 ,consid]+ ! small numb] ( pieces1 ! scale ( =m is rem>kably v>i$4 ,!re are pla9 b[ls ) incurv$ rims & ) fl>+ rims1 vases ) r\nd bases1 ) annul> /&s1 & ) tripods1 & life =ms :olly unique4 ,p]haps ! mo/ usual =m is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed1 :i* repres5ts a small cup ) incurv$ rim & a n>r[ annul> base4 ,! %\ld] is embelli%$ ) ?ree gr\ps ( small nodes1 ( f\r ea*1 :i* ref] to "s animal =m4 ,9 o!r simil> vases ! =m ( ! creature is giv5 9 m reali/ic guise4 ,a l>g] vase1 simil> to ?is 9 mo/ respects1 has a r\nd$ cont\r & incurv$ lip4 ,! p]iph]y is suppli$ ) f\r pla9 nodes4 ,ano!r1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee1 has a wide recurv$ rim1 a "* se5 to equally good advantage 9 "s ( ! foll[+ figures4 ,9 ! small vase repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aef ! treatm5t ( animal =ms 9 connection ) ! body ( ! vessel is %[n to good advantage4 ,! head1 legs1 & tail ( :at is probably int5d$ to repres5t an alligator1 model$ 9 ! r\nd1 are atta*$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! bas91 & heads ( "s mammal are us$ = legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,small tripod cup ) animal features 9 high relief--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,h&some vase support$ by ?ree grotesque figures--4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ tripod is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,! b[l is beautifully model$1 is symmetrical1 & has a fl>+ rim1 r\nd$ & poli%$ on ! upp] surface & droop+ slightly at ! out] m>g94 ,! body is hemisph]ical & is support$ by ?ree grotesque an?ropomorphic figures t /rongly rem9d u ( ! mud head masks us$ 9 "o ( ! dances ( ! ,zui ,indians4 ,! head is a r\nd$ ball1 ^u :i* pellets ( clay are /uck to repres5t ! features4 ,! arms are set aga9/ ! sides ( ! body1 z 9 o!r i/hmian specim5s1 ! hips are excessively l>ge1 ! legs /raight1 & ! feet small & unit$ to =m ! foot ( ! vessel4 ,ne>ly ! entire surface is f9i%$ 9 a d>k purpli% r$ pa9t1 :i* appe>s to h be5 poli%$ d[n z a slip4 ,a companion piece is consid]ably small] & ! support+ figures are v grotesque & some:at cr\*$1 z if be>+ a v heavy weight4 ,a numb] ( l>ge bas9s or caldrons1 collect$ 9 ,*iriqui1 & fragm5ts ( vessels ( extraord9>y size resemble ?is w>e 9 mat]ial1 color1 & f9i%4 ,! rims ( ! l>g] pieces are upw>ds ( an in* ?ick & ! walls are 9 cases ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,a numb] ( l>ge vessels ( simil> w>e n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 7 collect$ 9 ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua4 ,! r$ l9e gr\p4--,! gr\p ( vessels to :i* ,i h giv5 ?is "n is repres5t$ by ab\t a doz5 specim5s1 :i* indicate a wide range ( =m & exhibit a numb] ( unique *>act]s4 ,! localities f :i* !y are d]iv$ ext5d f #h #bj to #h #dj nor? latitude & f #hb #dj to #hb #ej we/ longitude4 ,! pa/e is ( ab\t ! usual composition1 b takes a v>iety ( t9ts on burn+1 a light gray orange prevail+4 ,! f9i% ( ! surface is ab\t ! same z 9 o!r gr\ps4 ,! decoration consi/s ( life =ms & _! conv5tional repres5tatives 9 relief & ( c>elessly execut$ geometric designs1 ! pigm5t us$ be+ a bright1 si5na-l r$4 ,z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! illu/rations1 ! =ms are v>i$ & pleas+1 b = ! mo/ "p repeat outl9es common to o!r gr\ps4 ,! h&les1 s+le or 9 twos1 are upright loops1 & ! tripods are 9 ne>ly all cases loop$ or annul>1 an unusual feature 9 o!r gr\ps4 ,i pres5t ?ree illu/rations1 two ( :i* 7 giv5 9 outl9e 9 ! introductory pages4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #aeh7 has a well proportion$1 some:at globul> body1 support$ by ?ree legs =m$ ( loop$ b&s ( clay4 ,on ! %\ld] are two small animal =ms1 probably meant = frogs4 ,! spaces betwe5 ^! are occupi$ by panel-l arrangem5ts ( r$ l9es4 ,! surface is yell[i% gray 9 color1 except+ :]e black5$ 9 ! bak+4 ,! pa/e has crack$ 9 fir+1 a feature obs]v$ 9 a numb] ( pieces belong+ to ?is gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,vase decorat$ ) figures ( frogs & devices 9 r$--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,vase ( unique %ape & life =m ornam5tation--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,two h&l$ vase ) life =m & l9e> decoration--4 ,a unique piece is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,! s+le h&le is a high project+ loop & connects ) ! m>g9 ( ! orifice1 :i* rises to meet x1 & ) ! l[] "p ( ! %\ld]4 ,an animal =m1 app>5tly an?ropomorphic1 is embodi$ 9 ?is vessel4 ,! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 sep>at$ by a slight con/riction f ! body prop]1 repres5ts ! head ( ! creature1 ! nose1 m\?1 & eyes appe>+ on ! front & ! e>s at ! sides4 ,a few incis$ l9es se5 ^u ! inn] surface ( ! h&le /& = ! hair4 ,^u ! %\ld] are two %>p nodes1 /&+ = ! brea/s1 & betwe5 ^! are m>k+s t repres5t a necklace4 ,a rude design 9 r$ l9es cov]s ! upp] surface ( ! body4 ,a graceful %ape is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,! pa/e is a grayi% orange on ! surface & is r d>k )9 ! ?ick] portions ( ! walls4 ,! "u surface is mu* black5$ by use ov] fire4 ,an int]e/+ feature is se5 ^u ! h&les at ! highe/ po9t ( ! loop4 ,in/ead ( ! s+le ind5t$ transv]se fillet obs]v$ 9 simil> =ms 9 o!r gr\ps1 we h two su* features1 set ab\t an in* ap>t1 & betwe5 !m are two ind5t$ nodes :i* /& = eyes1 & a numb] ( ind5tations )9 ! space ref] to o!r features ( ! animal sugge/$4 ,^u ! %\ld] & coll> ( ! vessel are c>elessly drawn geometric patt]ns 9 r$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,small tripod vase ) animal figures 9 :ite--4 ,! :ite l9e gr\p4--,"o gr\p ( vases1 ( :i* we h b f\r pieces1 is *>act]iz$ by ! use ( a :iti% pigm5t 9 decoration4 ,n "o ( ! collections t ,i h se5 is well suppli$ ) ?is class ( w>e1 & h5ce little c be said ( its v>ieties ( =m & ornam5t4 ,all are tripods1 b ! %apes ( ! vessels v>y consid]ably4 ,two small pieces are f latitude #h #dj nor? & longitude #hb #cb we/4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa4 ,!y are small1 r c>elessly f9i%$ tripods1 ) n>r[ necks & flatt5$ bodies4 ,! inn] surface ( ! orifice & ! "u side ( ! body are pa9t$ a dull r$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! surface is a w>m r$di% gray1 ! color ( ! slip & ! pa/e4 ,! legs 9 ! piece figur$ repres5t "s small creature ) a rabbit-l face & a body :i* tap]s gradually to ! base4 ,two feet are plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! body1 :i* is /rip$ transv]sely ) :ite l9es4 ,a :ite coll> crosses ! neck & ! eyes are :ite dots4 ,! upp] surface ( ! vase is embelli%$ ) two animal figures1 execut$ 9 a :ite e>?y pigm5t4 ,!y may ref] to ! alligator1 b ! draw+ is too conv5tional to admit ( full id5tification4 ,! companion piece is a little l>g]1 & ! upp] surface is decorat$ ) ?ree gr\ps ( broad :ite /ripes1 bord]$ by r[s ( dots1 :i* ext5d f ! base ( ! neck to ! p]iph]y ( ! body4 ,! legs are simil> to ^? ( ! o!r piece4 ,! little animal figure fix$ to ! upp] end or hip is id5tical ) t se5 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,%apely vase ) designs 9 :ite pa9t--4 ,! l>ge tripod vase pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afb is di/9ct 9 _m ways f any?+ 9 ! collection & is rem>kable = symmetry ( =m & neatness ( f9i%4 ,! body is a long1 symmetrical cone & ! legs are long1 /raight cyl9d]s1 neatly r\nd$ (f to a po9t bel[4 ,a ?ick rim projects at a %>p angle & is r\nd$ up t[>d ! m>g94 ,! legs are holl[1 & ?r\gh two pairs ( lat]al slits a numb] ( small pellets c be se51 :i* rattle :5 ! vase is mov$4 ,rudely model$ little animals1 ) erect e>s1 l>ge feet1 & conical tails1 are fix$ to ! upp] end ( ! legs4 ,! gr\nd color1 ! slip1 & ! pa/e are ( a r$di% gray ca/4 ,! great] "p ( ! surface seems to h be5 pa9t$ r$1 b ! vase has be5 us$ ov] fire to su* an ext5t t little ( ! orig9al color rema9s4 ,! body & ! legs h be5 decorat$ ) geometric patt]ns 9 a :iti% pigm5t t c be scrap$ (f l indurat$ clay4 ,! little animal figures 7 also pa9t$ :ite4 ,a vase v simil> to ?is1 f :i* ! legs h be5 remov$1 & ! surface smoo!d d[n1 has a long] & m graceful body & a simil> rim4 ,ano!r piece1 exhibit+ simil> yet ev5 m /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( %ape1 belongs to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,/e>ns4 ,! lo/ color gr\p4--,9 numb] ( specim5s ?is gr\p is second to none1 except+ p]haps t giv5 "u ! head ( t]ra cotta w>e4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! pieces may be class$ z bottles1 :i* h r %ort1 wide necks & globul> bodies1 slightly conical bel[ & 9 cases flatt5$ above4 ,!y range 9 size f "o in* to ne>ly a foot 9 height1 b ! av]age capacity is n above a p9t4 ,aside f ! bottles !re is a wide range ( %apes4 ,!re are %all[ b[ls & v>i\s complex & comp\nd =ms4 ,animal =ms are associat$ ) all classes ( vessels4 ,tripod supports are limit$ to r mode/ proportions1 & h&les1 al?\gh (t5 pres5t & greatly v>i$ 9 /yle1 d n con/itute an important feature4 ,^! vessels are rem>kably well pres]v$ & exhibit few traces ( abrasion by use or ( black5+ ov] fire4 ,! pa/e is f9e gra9$ & usually ( a light yell[ gray t9t ?r\gh\t4 ,! surface 0 f9i%$ ei!r 9 a light color$ slip or 9 a /rong r$ pigm5t4 ,9 "s cases ! light t9t 0 us$ exclusively & aga9 ! r$ cov]$ ! entire surface1 b m frequ5tly ! two 7 us$ toge!r1 occupy+ di/9ct areas ( ! same vessel & =m+ ! gr\ndwork = decorative patt]ns 9 o!r colors4 ,!y 7 usually poli%$ d[n ) v great c>e1 giv+ a gli/5+ surface1 ^u :i* ! m>k+s ( ! tool c /ill be se54 ,i h already describ$ ! me?ods ( decoration1 b may review !m briefly "h4 ,! bright r$ color1 :i* =ms su* a prom95t & pleas+ feature1 is1 z /at$ above1 only a gr\nd t9t & is n us$ 9 any case 9 ! del9eation ( design4 ,! actual patt]ns1 s v>i$ & int]e/+1 7 work$ out 9 a pigm5t or fluid n[ totally lo/1 b :i* has left traces ( its =m] exi/5ce ?r\gh its effect ^u ! gr\nd colors4 ,9 beg9n+ ! decoration1 a ?9 black color1 probably ( vegetal "*1 0 c>ri$ ov] ! area to be treat$1 & ^u ?is ! figures 7 trac$ 9 ! lo/ color4 ,:5 ?is color 7if x 0 inde$ a pigm5t1 & n m]ely an acid or tak+ out m$ium7 disappe>$1 x c>ri$ ) x ! black t9t b5ea?1 expos+ ! light gray & r$ t9ts ( ! gr\nd & leav+ ! int]/ices 9 black4 ,! int]/itial figures ?us =m$ are (t5 ( su* a "* z to be tak5 = ! true design4 ,9 exam9+ ! decoration ( ?is w>e x is ess5tial t ?is fact %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 z o!rwise great confusion w result4 ,! nature ( ! mat]ials employ$ _c be det]m9$4 ,appli$ to ! poli%$ surface1 !y 7 easily remov$4 ,! black gr\nd t9t is n[ easily rubb$ (f & 9 mo/ cases is mu* injur$ by h&l+ or by contact ) ! soil4 ,! lo/ color may h be5 simil> to ! :ite1 argillace\s pigm5t us$ by ! ,aztecs1 :i* has 9 _m cases p>tially or :olly disappe>$1 leav+ its m>ks ^u ! gr\nd ei!r by dead5+ ! poli% or by remov+ portions ( ! slip & ! pa/e ^u :i* x 0 laid1 pres5t+ ! ornam5t 9 intaglio4 ,! designs are inf9itely v>i$ 9 appe>ance & arrangem5t1 yet are f> f hav+ a mix$ or het]og5e\s "*4 ,x is probably our lack ( k ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! elem5ts & _! d]ivations t causes confusion4 ,bo? geometric & imitative elem5ts ab\nd & are bl5d$ 9 p]fectly grad$ s]ies4 ,! treatm5t ( geometric figures is peculi> to ,*iriqui & 9 _m respects is peculi> to ?is gr\p ( w>e4 ,classic =ms1 su* z ! me&]1 ! scroll1 & ! fret1 r>ely occur & are b>ely recognizable4 ,x appe>s f a close /udy ( all ! "w t motives d]iv$ f nature h greatly leav5$ ! :ole body ( decoration4 ,?is matt] w receive att5tion z ! examples are pres5t$ & w be treat$ ) great] c>e 9 a succe$+ section4 ,pla/ic decoration1 aside f ! life =ms s commonly associat$ ) ! body ( ! vase & ) ! h&les & legs1 is n ( importance4 ,! high degree ( poli% requir$ 9 ?is w>e t5d$ to simplify all reliev$ features4 ,! pres5ce ( life =ms 9 relief has produc$ important modifications 9 ! appe>ance & ! arrangem5t ( ! pa9t$ devices1 & 9 _m cases !re is a manife/ correlation betwe5 ! pla/ic & ! pa9t$ =ms3 z1 = example1 :5 ! body ( ! vase 0 ?\ght ( z ! body ( ! animal1 ! extremities ( :i* 7 plac$ ^u its sides1 ! color$ figures c>ri$ out ! idea ( ! creature by imitat+ 9 a m or less conv5tional way ! m>k+s ( ! body4 ,?is w be und]/ood ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! examples pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,i w pres5t1 fir/1 a s]ies ( bottles1 select+ at ! beg9n+ ^? decorat$ 9 ! m purely geometric /yle & gradually approa*+ ^? ^u :i* animal =ms are treat$ 9 a lit]al mann]4 ,! few pieces select$ = illu/ration are totally inadequate to ! prop] repres5tation ( ! gr\p & mu/ be reg>d$ only z av]age specim5s1 m or less typical 9 "*4 ,i give fir/ a numb] ( examples 9 :i* ! decorative devices are arrang$ 9 horizontal zones4 ,9 ,fig4 #afc broad b&s ( ornam5t1 consi/+ ( scallop$ & pla9 l9es1 encircle ! neck & ! body ( ! vessel4 ,9 f9i%+ ?is piece ! :ole surface 0 pa9t$ a ri* r$ & highly poli%$2 !n a black coat 0 appli$1 cov]+ ! body f ! lip to ! base ( ! design2 & f9ally ! del9eat+ fluid 0 appli$1 remov+ ! black1 z %[n 9 ! n>r[ l9es1 ! %>ply d5tate b&s1 & ! broad1 pla9 b& betwe54 ,! second example 7,fig4 #afd7 v>ies some:at 9 %ape & design1 b is id5tical 9 color & manipulation4 ,! d>k figures are m]ely ! int]spaces1 al?\gh !y appe> at fir/ glance to h be5 int5d$ = ! design prop]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,small r$ bottle ) horizontal b&s ( ornam5t consi/+ ( pla9 & scallop$ l9es--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,small r$ bottle ) encircl+ geometric devices--4 ,9 a num]\s s]ies ( vessels ! decorat$ b&s are divid$ into comp>tm5ts or panels1 (t5 f\r 9 numb]1 :i* spaces are occupi$ by l9es & figures ( greatly div]sifi$ *>act]s4 ,9 ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe ! gr\nd color ( ! pr9cipal zone is 9 ! light yell[ gray t9t ( ! slip1 ! rema9d] be+ r$4 ,?is l5ds brilliancy to ! effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,bottle ) zone occupi$ by geometric devices--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,bottle ) broad zone conta9+ geometric figures--4 ,9 ! vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff ! treatm5t is 9 a g5]al way ! same1 b ! comp>tm5ts are triangul> & are sep>at$ by l9es t =m a disconnect$ me&]4 ,an additional example is giv5 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,"h ! pr9cipal zone is exp&$ to cov] ! :ole upp] surface ( ! vase1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 ! light color$ slip to receive x4 ,! pr9cipal l9es are arrang$ to give ! effect ( rays :5 view$ f above1 b z se5 9 ! cut !y give ! effect ( a c>elessly connect$ me&]4 ,! gr\ps ( l9es are bord]$ by s]ies ( dots4 ,a great numb] ( pieces are pa9t$ 9 ?is /yle4 ,! effect is v>i$ by alt]+ ! %ape ( ! int]spaces or by modify+ ! numb] & relation%ip ( ! l9es1 dots1 & figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,bottle ) decoration ( me&]$ l9es--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,bottle ) ar*$ panels & geometric devices--4 ,some:at simil> also 9 g5]al effect to ! la/ example is ! "w ^u ano!r important s]ies ( vases4 ,in/ead ( ! simple me&]$ or zigzag arrangem5t ( p>ts1 two ( ! divid+ l9es ( ! zone run tang5t to ! neck ( ! vase on opposite sides1 =m+ ar*$ panels & leav+ upright panels betwe54 ,9 ! example pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afh ! ar*$ areas are fill$ 9 ) lattice-l arrangem5ts ( l9es4 ,9 o!rs we h dots1 *eck]s1 & v>i$ geometric comb9ations1 & 9 v _m cases ! figures are d]iv$ f life =ms4 ,! same may be said ( ! devices t occupy ! spaces betwe5 ! ar*es4 ,! piece %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi exhibits a some:at m elaborate treatm5t1 b ! motives & arrangem5ts are mu* ! same4 ,^! vessels are peculi> 9 ! treatm5t ( ! gr\nd4 ,! entire surface is r$1 ) ! exception ( n>r[ b&s ( light gr\nd color1 :i* outl9e ! ar*es & encircle ! p]iph]y4 ,9 o!r cases ^! b&s are r$1 ! rema9d] ( ! gr\nd be+ light4 ,s]ies ( l9es are drawn f ! l[] bord] ( ! zone to ! c5t] ( ! base ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,bottle ) ar*$ panels & elaborate devices--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj;a4 ,ornam5t f vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #agj4 ,9 a small gr\p ( vases we h a radiate ornam5t )9 ! ar*es & 9 a few cases ! ar*$ l9es are cont9u$ d[n ar\nd ! base ( ! vessel1 =m+ v]tical circles 9 :i* rosette-l designs are =m$ by repeat+ ! radiate figures 9 an inv]t$ position bel[ ! p]iph]al l9e4 ,! elaboration 9 ^! circul> inclosures is v rem>kable1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! ?ree examples giv5 9 ,figs4 #agj1 #aga1 & #agb4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! p]iph]al l9e is a r$ b& ne>ly "o-half an in* wide & ! rays appe> 9 gr\ps above & bel[ x4 ,)9 ! f\r broad] black rays 7,fig4 #agj;a71 :i* are ! int]spaces or remnants ( ! gr\nd1 gr\ps ( l9es h be5 drawn1 9 mo/ cases curv$ at ! inn] ends l an op5+ frond & accompani$ 9 all cases by s]ies ( dots4 ,an exam9ation ( a numb] ( vessels %[s v>i\s degrees ( conv5tion4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ^! devices1 %[+ curves1 hooks1 & dots1 are n ( te*nical or me*anical orig91 b t !y ref] to del9eative orig9als ( :i* !y are survivals2 b we mu/ rema9 9 ! d>k z to :at ! orig9als 7 or :at 0 ! precise nature ( ! idea associat$ ) !m 9 ! m9d ( ! decorator4 ,ano!r "q ref]s to ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! design 9 ! five prec$+ figures4 ,! di/ribution ( ! designs is a matt] ( great int]e/1 & mu* may be le>n$ f a close /udy ( ^! specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,vase ) rosette-l panels--4 ,horizontal zones appe> 9 ! c]amic decoration ( all c\ntries1 & result1 no d\bt1 f te*nical causes2 b ! division ( zones into comp>tm5ts ( peculi> %ape is due to o!r influ5ces4 ,i believe ! peculi> ar*$ arrangem5t "h se5 results f ! employm5t ( pla/ic features1 su* z h&les or life =ms4 ,! anci5t races 7 accu/om$ to conceive ( ! vessel z ! body ( an animal1 an idea orig9at+ 9 ! association ( my?ologic conceptions ) art4 ,! head & ! tail ( ! p>ticul> creature ?\ght ( 7 atta*$ to opposite sides ( ! vase & consequ5tly int]f]$ ) ! orig9al zonal arrangem5t ( ! design :]e x exi/$1 or :]e x did n exi/ ! sides 7 fill$ ) devices repres5t+ ! m>k+s ( ! creature's body4 ,! decoration n[ consi/$ ( f\r p>ts1 two 9 ! r\nd or 9 relief & two 9 color1 ! =m] occupy+ small areas & ! latt] wide areas1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,! same result w\ld spr+ f ! use ( two h&les1 su* a common feature 9 ?is w>e4 ,! lat]al spaces rea*$ f ! p]iph]y to ! base ( ! neck & 7 mo/ readily & naturally sep>at$ f ! pla/ic features by l9es ext5d+ across ! %\ld] tang5t to ! neck & =m+ ar*es 7,fig4 #agd74 ,9 "t ! pla/ic features1 be+ difficult to manage1 w\ld gradually decrease 9 boldness ( model+ & f9ally disappe>1 leav+ a space ^u :i* ! life =m c\ld be symboliz$ 9 color 7,fig4 #age74 ,n[ x happ5s t 9 ?is collection we h a s]ies ( examples illu/rat+ all /ages ( ?is *ange1 ! fir/1 ! middle1 & ! f9al /eps be+ %[n 9 ! above figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,fig4 #agd4 ,fig4 #age4 ,!oretical orig9 ( ! ar*$ panels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,vase decorat$ ) conv5tional figures ( alligators--4 ,9 multiply+ ^! vessels ! orig9al =ms & associations ( decorative features are necess>ily to "s ext5t lo/ sight (2 ! panels *ange 9 %ape1 numb]1 & relation%ips2 & devices orig9ally appropriate to p>ticul> spaces are employ$ indiscrim9ately1 s t ! un9itiat$ see no?+ b confusion4 ,all devices are del9eations ( or h m or less def9ite ref]5ce to ! creature or _s associat$ ) ! vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,fig4 #agh4 ,portions ( decorat$ zones illu/rat+ treatm5t ( life =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms--4 ,i w n[ pass ov] ! _m hundr$s ( pieces ) designs too conv5tional to furni% a clew to ! orig9al animal =ms1 yet /ill sugge/+ _! exi/5ce1 to ^? 9 :i* ! life =ms c be trac$ ) ease or 9 :i* !y are del9eat$ ) a mu* ne>] approa* to nature4 ,! mann] ( introduc+ life =ms into ! panels ( ! encircl+ zones is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ figures4 ,9 ! vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #agf !re are f\r panels1 two %ort & two long1 sep>at$ by v]tical b&s4 ,! %ort panels are black1 b ! long ones are occupi$ by rudely drawn figures ( alligators1 "s ( :i* are v curi\sly abbreviat$4 ,at ! "r h& 9 ! cut we h simply ! head ) its /rong recurv$ jaws & not*$ cre/4 ,! pr9cipal figure at ! left is a two head$ alligator1 ! body be+ /raight & suppli$ ) two feet4 ,! gr\nd f9i% ( ! decorat$ b& is 9 ! light gray t9t & ! alligator figures & v]tical septa n[ appe> 9 t color4 ,! gr\nd ( ! rema9d] ( ! surface is r$4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?is case ! panel outl9es are r elaborate & t ! neck & base are /rip$ 9 a way to enhance consid]ably ! beauty ( ! vessel4 ,additional examples ( animal devices are giv5 9 ,figs4 #agg & #agh4 ,! significance ( ! curi\s figure se5 9 ! fir/ is n easily det]m9$1 al?\gh we d n hesitate to assign to x an animal orig94 ,!re is a sugge/ion ( two sitt+ figures plac$ back to back betwe5 ! upright s]rate l9es4 ,9 ! second piece1 :i* is f ano!r vessel1 ! space betwe5 ! s]rate l9es is occupi$ by a sket*y figure :i*1 9 ! phraseology ( h]aldry1 may be lik5$ to a monkey rampant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi;a4 ,design f vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms--4 ,9 ,figs4 #agi & #ahj ,i pres5t v int]e/+ examples 9 :i* ! ar*$ panels are us$4 ,9 ! fir/ ! comp>tm5ts are occupi$ by a favorite ,*iriquian motive1 :i* consi/s ( gr\ps ( l9es curl$ up at "o end l unfold+ fronds4 ,! :ole gr\p repres5ts a v highly conv5tionaliz$ animal figure 7,fig4 #agi;a74 ,! devices occupy+ ! upright panels take ! place ( ! animal heads %[n 9 sev]al prec$+ figures4 ,9 ! ar*$ panels %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahj we h ! frond-l motive treat$ 9 a mann] to make x pretty c]ta9 t a reptilian =m is int5d$4 ,^! figures are fully & sy/ematically pres5t$ 9 a succe$+ section4 ,_m ( ^! globul> vases are unusually h&some4 ,! poli%$ gr\nd is r$ or is v>i$ ) /ripes or panels ( ! :iti% slip4 ,ov] ?is gr\nd ! :ole surface 0 pa9t$ black & !n ! lo/ color 0 employ$ to "w out ! design4 ,! coil$ figures 7 produc$ by draw+ ! l9es 9 ! lo/ color4 ,! int]spaces 7 !n r\ghly gone ov] ) ! same pigm5t 9 su* a way z to leave ! figures inclos$ )9 r unev5 black bord]s4 ,! pres5tation ( ^! ornam5ts br+s me naturally to ! consid]ation ( a numb] ( v puzzl+ =ms :i*1 if tak5 alone1 mu/ inevitably be ref]r$ to vegetal orig9als4 ,9 ,fig4 #aha we h a h&somely %ap$ vessel1 f9i%$ 9 a poli%$ r$ gr\nd & decorat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 ! ma9 zone--"h r high up on ! vase--!re is a s]ies ( upright figures resembl+ /alks or /ems ) scroll-l bran*es spr++ f ! sides4 ,! /alks are probably ! septa ( ! panels & ! leaves are ! usual reptilian symbols4 ,ab\t ! wide/ "p ( ! body ( ! vase is a b& ( ornam5t probably repres5t+ an animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,vase decorat$ ) highly conv5tional life =ms--4 ,a /ill m rem>kable ornam5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,! decorat$ zone ( ! vessel f :i* ?is is tak5 is divid$ into ?ree panels1 ea* ( :i* conta9s /em-l figures t]m9at+ 9 fl[] %ap$ heads & unit+ 9 a mo/ rem>kable way animal d]ivatives & vegetal =ms4 ,i am incl9$ to ! view t "h1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 ! resemblance to a vegetal gr[? is purely adv5titi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,decorat$ panel ) devices resembl+ vegetal gr[?s1 b probably ( animal orig9--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,example ( vase ( unusual %ape--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,examples ( vases ( unusual %apes--4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! globul> =ms j giv5 are ! angul> outl9es pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ illu/rations4 ,! fir/ is flatt5$ above1 ! body be+ mu* exp&$ horizontally & hav+ a %>p p]iph]al angle4 ,^u ! %\ld]1 occupy+ ! places ( & probably /&+ = animal heads1 are two cruci=m nodes1 ab\t :i* ! scroll-l decorations ( ! upp] surface are coil$4 ,we see by ?is t 9 ! m9d ( ! pott] a correlation exi/$ betwe5 ! pla/ic & ! pa9t$ devices ev5 9 ^! conv5tional decorations4 ,! second illu/ration repres5ts a neatly f9i%$ bottle1 ) upright sides & conical base1 ^u ! %\ld] ( :i* m9ute animal figures are p]*$4 ,! pa9t$ design is ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,! ?ird example is unique4 ,! sides are upright & ! bottom is flat4 ,! ornam5t occupies ! entire surface & is divid$ into two sections or zones by a r$ b& ab\t ! middle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,d\ble vessel ) high ar*$ h&le--4 ,complex & comp\nd =ms are comp>atively r>e4 ,a d\ble vessel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahf1 & a second1 v>y+ some:at f ! fir/ 9 %ape & ornam5tation1 is pres5t$ 9 ! succe$+ figure4 ,vessels ( ?is =m are always small1 b are neatly con/ruct$ & f9i%$ ) mu* c>e4 ,! /rong h&les are m or less ar*$ & connect ! inn] m>g9s ( ! two lips4 ,! bodies ( ! tw9 cups are closely jo9$1 b ! two comp>tm5ts are n connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,d\ble vessel ) ar*$ h&le--4 ,x seems impossible to pres5t a satisfactory s]ies ( ! pla/ic features *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p ( products )\t ext5d+ ?is pap] inord9ately4 ,h&les1 legs1 & life =ms are v>i$ & int]e/+2 !y are n s boldly treat$1 h[ev]1 z 9 "s ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,?is is a result p]haps ( ! unusual degree ( poli% giv5 to all p>ts ( ! surface prep>atory to ! application ( designs 9 color1 ! processes t5d+ to subdue & simplify ! sali5t features4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,vase embelli%$ ) life =ms1 heads 9 relief & o!r p>ts 9 color--4 ,) ref]5ce to life =ms x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! pa9t$ figures g5]ally imitate or typify animal =ms1 & x is important to note t ^! figures are 9 v _m cases us$ z auxili>ies to pla/ic features 9 ! developm5t ( p>ticul> conceptions4 ,?is is %[n to advantage 9 ,fig4 #ahh1 :i* illu/rates a small1 well =m$ bottle1 hav+ two l>ge human-l heads atta*$ to opposite sides ( ! body4 ,!re are no o!r pla/ic features1 b ! heads are suppli$ ) arms & legs1 rudely express$ 9 black l9es1 :i* are really ! int]spaces ( ! l9es drawn 9 ! lo/ color4 ,^! pa9t$ p>ts occupy ! zone usually devot$ to decoration &1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! cut1 resemble closely ! radiate or me&]$ figures se5 9 vases ( ! class %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! arms are jo9$ to ! l[] "p ( ! head & ext5d upw>d to ! neck ( ! vessel1 :]e !y t]m9ate 9 rudely sugge/$ f+]s4 ,ris+ to ! "r & left ( ! arms are legs t]m9at+ z d ! arms4 ,a d\ble r[ ( dots is c>ri$ along ea* memb]1 & ?us we h a sugge/ion ( ! relation ( ! dots & dott$ l9es1 se5 9 m highly conv5tional =ms1 to ! m>k+s ( ! creature repres5t$ or symboliz$4 ,! grotesque faces are cov]$ ) l9es :i* foll[ ! =ms z if imitat+ m>k+s ^u ! sk94 ,ano!r example1 equally sugge/ive1 also employ+ an animal =m1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,x is a cup1 m\nt$ ^u ?ree feet1 :i* has atta*$ to "o side ! head ( a pecc>y1 model$ ) m ?an usual skill4 ,! e>s ( ! animal appe> at ! sides ( ! vessel & ! tail is opposite ! head4 ,! l9es & dots se5 ^u ! head are c>ri$ along ! sides ( ! vessel z f> z ! e>s & und\bt$ly repres5t ! m>k+s ( ! animal's sk94 ,beh9d ! e>s ! m>k+s are diff]5t 9 "* & purely geometric4 ,a view ( ! "u side ( ! vessel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij & illu/rates a treatm5t *>act]i/ic ( ! tripod vases ( ?is class4 ,9 o!r cases1 in/ead ( fix+ ! head ( ! animal ^u "o side & o!r memb]s ( ! body ^u o!r sides1 two heads1 or two complete creatures1 are plac$ opposite ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,vase model$ to repres5t a pecc>y--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,"u surface ( vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,small vessel ) human figures 9 high relief & geometric color decoration--4 ,i pres5t next 7,fig4 #aia7 a piece 9 :i* !re is no recognizable relation%ip betwe5 ! pa9t$ & ! pla/ic features4 ,x is a small tripod cup ) upright walls1 ^u :i* two *>act]i/ic ,*iriquian human figures1 male & female1 are fix$4 ,! pa9t$ figures ^u ! sides ( ! vessel are geometric1 b ref] possibly to "s "* or attribute ( ! model$ figures or are ! survivals ( figures belong+ to vessels ( ?is %ape or /yle be=e ! life =ms 7 associat$ ) !m4 ,! legs1 h[ev]1 s f> z c be det]m9$1 are n relat$ to ! human motive1 z !y are model$ & pa9t$ to imitate ! heads ( alligators4 ,i %all n[ pres5t a few %all[ b[ls or pans m\nt$ ^u tripods4 ,!y v>y 9 dim5sions f a few in*es 9 diamet] to a foot or m & are /rongly made1 symmetrically =m$1 & neatly f9i%$4 ,! poli%$ surfaces are ma9ly r$4 ,! designs 7 execut$ 9 ! usual way 9 ! lo/ color1 ^u a black gr\nd1 & are conf9$ *iefly to ! ext]ior surface4 ,! alligator is ! favorite motive1 & 9 a numb] ( cases is q graphically1 al?\gh /ill conv5tionally1 r5d]$4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ examples1 ! animal heads repres5t$ 9 ! legs d n always correspond to ! creatures embodi$ 9 ! pa9t$ decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,tripod cup1 ) figures ( ! alligator--4 ,9 ,fig4 #aib we h a repres5tative example ( mod]ate size & ord9>y f9i%4 ,! decorat$ b& is divid$ into panels1 ?ree ( :i* are long & conta9 figures ( ! alligator4 ,! o!r ?ree are %ort & are fill$ ) conv5tional devices1 relat$ p]haps to t animal4 ,! legs are app>5tly int5d$ to resemble ! heads ( alligators4 ,a l>ge piece1 ne>ly twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 is v simil> 9 %ape & decoration1 b ! legs resemble puma heads4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aic is extremely well made & diff]s decid$ly f ! prec$+4 ,! sides are upright & ! lip is recurv$ & ?ick4 ,! legs repres5t "s animal =m ) ?ick body1 eyes at ! top1 & a tail-l app5dage bel[ t turns up & connects ) ! side ( ! body4 ,! =m ( ! b[l is symmetrical & ! surface c>efully f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,! ext]ior design is divid$ into panels1 z 9 ! prec$+ case2 ! figures are simple & geometric4 ,! inside ( ! upright portion ( ! wall is decorat$ ) v]tical l9es & b&s & ! bottom is cov]$ ) an octopus-l figure1 n[ p>tially oblit]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,l>ge %all[ tripod vase1 ) geometric decoration--4 ,! rem>kable example %[n 9 ,fig4 #aid illu/rates a numb] ( ! po9ts sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x is a l>ge bottle ( ! usual cont\r & color1 m\nt$ ^u ?ree high legs1 :i* are slit on ! inn] surface & conta9 movable balls ( clay4 ,two h&les1 plac$ at opposite sides ( ! neck1 repres5t human or an?ropomorphic figures4 ,^! figures & ! neck & base ( ! vessel 7 f9i%$ 9 ! r$ slip4 ,! broad zone ext5d+ f ! neck to "s di/ance bel[ ! p]iph]y 0 f9i%$ 9 ! gray slip1 ) ! exception ( ! frames ( two panels b5ea? ! h&les & ! f\ndation l9es ( two l>ge figures ( alligators1 :i* are 9 r$4 ,! surface1 :5 ?us treat$1 0 well poli%$ & !n a coat ( black 0 laid ^u x1 & ^u ?is details ( ! designs 7 drawn 9 ! lo/ color4 ,! figures ( ! alligators exhibit "s /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,! hook$ sn\t1 ! hang+ jaw1 ! r[ ( dott$ not*es ext5d+ along ! back1 & especially ! g5]al curve ( ! body are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,^! features are se5 to bett] advantage 9 ! s]ies ( vases pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,belong+ to ?is gr\p are _m :i/les1 ne$lecases1 & rattles1 all ( :i* are describ$ "u sep>ate head+s ^u subsequ5t pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,l>ge bottle %ap$ vase1 ) high tripod & alligator designs--4 ,! alligator gr\p4--,! gr\p ( w>e to :i* ,i give ! above "n is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! collection1 al?\gh num]ically inf]ior to "s ( ^? already pres5t$4 ,its decoration is ( a v /rik+ "* & may s]ve to ?r[ mu* light ^u ! orig9 & evolution ( c]ta9 l9e> devices1 z x illu/rates ) m ?an usual cle>ness ! processes ( modification4 ,i w fir/ pres5t a repres5tative s]ies ( ! vessels1 9 ord] t !y may 9 a measure tell _! own /ory2 yet x is n possible )\t ! direct aid ( a full s]ies ( ! objects !mselves to convey a cle> & compreh5sive notion ( ! metamorphoses ?r\gh :i* ! =ms & decorations pass4 ,?is gr\p1 l t la/ describ$1 is compos$ *iefly ( bottle %ap$ vases ) globul> bodies & %ort1 wide necks2 b !re is no dang] ( confusion4 ,by plac+ a s]ies f ea* gr\p side by side a numb] ( m>k$ diff]5ces may be not$4 ,9 ! lo/ color gr\p ! neck is decid$ 9 =m1 ! body is usually some:at flatt5$ above & is di/9ctly conical bel[1 & ! prevail+ color is a ri* d>k r$4 ,9 ! alligator gr\p ! body is m ne>ly globul> & ! curves ( ! :ole outl9e are m g5tle2 ! prevail+ color is a light yell[i% gray4 ,! r$s & ! blacks1 :i* are us$ *iefly 9 ! figures1 are conf9$ to r limit$ areas4 ,besides ! bottle %ap$ vases1 !re is a limit$ s]ies ( ! usual =ms1 & a few pieces exhibit unique features4 ,! managem5t ( life =ms is especially in/ructive4 ,h&les are r>e & legs are usually n ( especial int]e/1 z !y are pla9 cones or at mo/ b rude imitations ( ! legs ( animals4 ,%all[ vessels are inv>iably m\nt$ ^u tripods & a few ( ! deep] =ms are s equipp$4 ,usually ! sizes are r small2 b we occasionally obs]ve a bottle hav+ ! capacity ( a gallon or m4 ,! mat]ials d n diff] greatly f ^? employ$ 9 o!r gr\ps ( w>e4 ,! pa/e is f9e gra9$ & light 9 color1 sometimes r$di% ne> ! surface1 & :]e q ?ick is d>k] )9 ! mass4 ,a slip ( light yell[i% hue 0 9 mo/ cases appli$ to ! entire surface4 ,a r$ o*]y pigm5t 0 9 "s in/ances us$ 9 f9i%+ ! lip & ! base ( ! body1 & occasionally ! r$ pigm5t 0 appli$ z a base1 a k9d ( sket* f\ndation = ! decoration prop]4 ,= example1 :5 ! alligator 0 to appe> ^u ! side ( ! vessel1 ! pr9cipal =ms 7 trac$ 9 broad l9es ( ! r$ color1 & ^! 7 poli%$ d[n ) ! slips4 ,:5 ! poli%+ process 0 complete1 ! details ( ! figure1 7 drawn 9 black & 9 cases p>tially 9 r$4 ,black 0 ! *ief del9eat+ color1 ! r$ hav+ be5 conf9$ to broad areas1 to outl9es1 & to ! enfram+ ( panels4 ,9 execution1 !re=e1 !re is a decid$ contra/ ) ! prec$+ gr\p1 & x may be add$ t !re is an equally /rong contra/ 9 bo? treatm5t & subject matt] ( ! ornam5t4 ,! motives are d]iv$ almo/ :olly f life =ms & reta9 = ! mo/ "p features t sugge/ _! orig94 ,! subjects are *iefly reptilian1 ! alligator appe>+ 9 a majority ( cases1 & h5ce ! "n ( ! gr\p4 ,i pres5t fir/ a few examples ( pla9 bottles :i* h no extrane\s pla/ic features4 ,! decorations are arrang$ 9 two ways1 9 zones ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! body or 9 circul> areas1 g5]ally f\r 9 numb]1 equidi/antly plac$ ab\t ! %\ld] ( ! vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,l>ge bottle1 ) n>r[ zone conta9+ figures ( ! alligator--#a_/c4 ,an example ( ! fir/ /yle is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aie1 :i* repres5ts ! l>ge/ piece 9 ?is gr\p ( w>e4 ,! =m is symmetrical & v pleas+ to ! eye4 ,! surface is n v highly poli%$ & %[s ! m>ks ( ! poli%+ implem5t di/9ctly ov] ! entire surface4 ,two black l9es encircle ! flat upp] surface ( ! rim & ! out] m>g9 is r$4 ,! neck & a n>r[ zone at ! upp] "p ( ! body are f9i%$ 9 a cream color$ slip & ! body bel[ ?is is r$4 ,! n>r[ b& ( ornam5t occupies ! l[] m>g9 ( ! light color$ zone & consi/s ( five encircl+ l9es 9 black1 ?ree ( :i* are above & two bel[ a b& "o-half an in* wide1 9 :i* five mu* simplifi$ figures ( alligators are drawn4 ,besides ^! figures !re are two v]tical septum-l b&s4 ,ea* ( ^! consi/s ( ?ree l9es bord]$ by dots1 :i* probably h "s relation%ip ) ! alligator4 ,! decorat$ zone ( ^! vessels is divid$ 9 v>i\s ways into panels1 "s ( :i* are triangul>1 :ile o!rs are rectangul> or ar*$4 ,! latt] =m is se5 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,five ar*es1 hav+ no bord] l9e above1 are occupi$ by abbreviat$ alligator devices4 ,! numb] ( comp>tm5ts ranges 9 o!r specim5s f two to a doz5 or m4 ,!y are fill$ 9 ) v>i\s devices1 to be describ$ 9 detail fur!r on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,vase ) decorat$ zone conta9+ f\r ar*$ panels--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,vase ) f\r r\nd nodes ^u :i* animal devices are pa9t$--4 ,a v peculi> =m ( decoration consi/s ( circul> or rosette-l ornam5ts1 su* z are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,f\r slightly reliev$ nodes an in* or m 9 diamet] are plac$ ^u ! %\ld] ( ! vessel4 ,^! are encircl$ by r$ l9es :i* inclose two black l9es ea*1 & )9 ^! are peculi> devices 9 black4 ,o!r vessels furni% figures ( greatly div]sifi$ *>act]s1 mo/ ( :i* evid5tly ref] to life =ms4 ,a full s]ies ( ^! is giv5 9 a subsequ5t section ( ?is pap]1 :]e ! orig9 ( ! nodes & ! mann] 9 :i* ! pa9t$ figures probably became associat$ ) !m w be fully set =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,vases ( v>i$ =m & decoration4 ,9 ! s]ies ( outl9es pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aih1 we h "s ( ! v>ieties ( =m & decoration ( bo? ! ord9>y bottles & ! pla9] tripod cups4 ,ea* example pres5ts c]ta9 features ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,! h&some little bottle 7d7 ) ! pla/ic ornam5t ab\t ! neck & ! zone ( geometric ornam5t 9 black & r$ l9es is unique4 ,! d\ble neck$ bottle is an unusual =m & its decoration consi/s ( a /rangely conceiv$ repres5tation ( ! alligator4 ,! tripod vases are wor?y ( close att5tion3 ! piece illu/rat$ 9 b has a zone ( ornam5t sep>at$ into ?ree p>ts by v]tical spaces1 ea* "p be+ enfram$ 9 black4 ,! sections are divid$ by r$ l9es into ?ree panels1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a conv5tional figure ( an alligator 9 black4 ,! piece %[n 9 a is unique 9 its decoration4 ,f\r angul> fret l9ks 9 black are inclos$ 9 z _m panels1 bord]$ by r$ & sep>at$ by blank spaces4 ,^! fret l9ks1 z ,i %all %[ fur!r on1 probably ref] to or symbolize ! alligator4 ,! legs ( ! cups are all conical & are m>k$ ) %ort transv]se l9es 9 black1 :i* h a direct ref]5ce to ! m>k+s ( ! animal to :i* ! vase 0 consecrat$4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! prec$+ illu/rations leads to ! conclusion t 9 ! m9d ( ! pott]s !re 0 a close & important relation%ip betwe5 ! vessel & ! reptilian =ms embodi$ 9 bo? pla/ic & surface embelli%m5t4 ,! s]ies ( examples :i* foll[ h a be>+ ^u ?is po9t4 ,i %all beg9 ) t 9 :i* ! creature is mo/ lit]ally r5d]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,alligator vase1 ) conv5tional m>k+s--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,alligator vase1 ) conv5tional figures ( ! alligator pa9t$ on ! sides--4 ,9 ,fig4 #aii ! :ole con=mation ( ! vessel is consid]ably modifi$ ?r\gh ! attempt to p]fect ! lik5ess ( ! alligator1 ^: head1 tail1 & legs are graphically r5d]$4 ,! body1 head1 & tail are cov]$ ) nodes1 ea* ( :i* is encircl$ by a black r+ & has a black dot ^u ! apex4 ,dott$ r+s & %ort /rokes ( black occupy ! int]spaces4 ,^! devices repres5t ! sp9es & scales ( ! creature's sk94 ,! legs are m>k$ ) horizontal /ripes & oval spaces at ! top inclose ?ree dots ea*4 ,! g5]al color ( ! vessel is a d>k br[n4 ,?is piece %\ld be comp>$ ) ! alligator :i/le %[n 9 ,fig4 #bej4 ,a some:at diff]5t treatm5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,"h ! animal =m has und]gone consid]able modification4 ,!re are b ?ree legs--a concession to ! conv5tional tripod--& ! body exhibits1 in/ead ( ! nodes & ! m>k+s ( ! creature's sk91 two conv5tional draw+s ( ! :ole animal4 ,n[1 by high] & high] degrees ( conv5tion1 we come to a long s]ies ( modifi$ results :i* mu/ be omitt$ = want ( room4 ,we f9d t ! pla/ic features are gradually r$uc$ until m]e nodes appe> :]e ! head & ! tail %\ld be1 & f9ally 9 ! l[] =ms !re rema9s b a blank panel or a pa9t$ device1 z already %[n 9 a prec$+ section4 ,! pa9t$ devices are also r$uc$ by degrees until all resemblance to nature is lo/ & geometric devices alone rema94 ,i obs]ve 9 ?is association ( pla/ic & pa9t$ features a lack ( ! p]fect consi/5cy ,i _h le>n$ to expect 9 ! "w ( primitive peoples4 ,x is easy to see h[1 f pa9t+ ! m>k+s ( ! creature's sk9 ^u ! body ( ! vessel1 ! pa9t] %\ld come gradually to del9eate p>ts ( ! creature or ev5 ! :ole creature1 b we %\ld n expect him to pa9t a creature di/9ct 9 k9d f t model$1 ?us confus+ or entirely sep>at+ ! conceptions2 ?is has be5 done1 app>5tly1 9 ! vase illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bjb1 :]e ! pla/ic =m repres5ts a puma & ! pa9t+ ^u ! sides seems int5d$ = an alligator4 ,x w be se5 f ! figures giv5 t ! devices ( ! panels or sides d n necess>ily repres5t ! m>k+s ( ! animal's body1 z 9 ,fig4 #bja1 b t !y may ref] to ! entire creature 7,fig4 #bjj7 or ev5 to :at appe>s to be a totally di/9ct creature 7,fig4 #bjb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,vase hav+ ! head & tail ( a s]p5t project+ f opposite sides ( ! body & connect$ by a me&]$ design :i* /&s = ! m>k+s ( ! body--4 ,if reali/ic or semireali/ic del9eations are confus$ 9 ?is way x is to be expect$ t highly conv5tional d]ivative figures1 s num]\s & v>i$1 %\ld be mu* less cle>ly di/+ui%$2 t inde$ !re %\ld be no c]ta9ty :atev] 9 ! ref]5ce to orig9als4 ,x is difficult to say ( any p>ticul> conv5tional device t x orig9at$ 9 ! figure ( ! animal z a :ole r ?an 9 "s "p or "* ( t animal or ( "s o!r animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,vase repres5t+ a puma1 ) figures ( ! alligator pa9t$ ^u ! sides--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,%all[ vase ) reptilian features 9 ! r\nd & designs 9 r$ & black repres5t+ ! m>k+s ( ! creature's body--4 ,a v in/ructive example be>+ ^u ?is subject is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,atta*$ to "o side ( ! bas9 is a p5d5t head resembl+ t ( a s]p5t or a turtle4 ,a k9d ( hood ov]hangs ! head & ext5ds 9 a ridge ar\nd ! sides ( ! vessel1 connect+ ) ! tail ( ! creature1 :i* is also p5d5t & hood$4 ,f\r legs support ! vessel & are m>k$ ) transv]se /ripes ( r$ & black pa9t4 ,! upp] surface ( ! head is cov]$ ) reticulat$ l9es 9 black1 & b&s ( conv5tional ornam5t 9 ! same color ext5d ar\nd ! sides ( ! vessel1 unit+ ! head ) ! tail ( ! animal4 ,a s+le b& ( ornam5t passes b5ea? ! body1 also connect+ ^? memb]s4 ,x is pla9 t ^! pa9t$ b&s s]ve to complete ! repres5tation ( ! reptile4 ,b1 z ,i h j %[n1 !y are z likely to /& = ! :ole creature or to be ! abbreviat$ repres5tative ( ! :ole creature z to repres5t m]ely ! m>k+s ( ! body4 ,^! devices1 z arrang$ 9 ! zone1 resemble 9 a rem>kable degree ! conv5tional runn+ scroll4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,vase ) funnel %ap$ m\? & squ>e body1 support$ by two grotesque figures & decorat$ ) figures ( alligators & monkeys--4 ,i h b "o m example ( ! alligator vases to pres5t1 b x is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable piece 9 ! collection 7,fig4 #bjd74 ,x illu/rates to good advantage bo? ! skill & ! /range fancy ( ^! ar*aic pott]s4 ,a l>ge vase1 hav+ a high fl>+ rim & a subcubical body1 is support$ by two grotesque human appe>+ figures1 ^: backs are set aga9/ opposite ends ( ! vessel4 ,! legs are plac$ wide ap>t1 ?us af=d+ a firm support4 ,! heads ( ! two figures project =w>d f ! %\ld] ( ! vase & are flatt5$ 9 su* a way z to give long oval outl9es to ! cr[ns :i* are truncat$ & furni%$ ) long slit-l op5+s t connect ?r\gh ! head ) ! ma9 *amb] ( ! vessel4 ,! op5+s are ab\t two & a half in*es long & "o-eigh? ( an in* wide & are surr\nd$ by a %all[ *annel 9 ! flat1 well poli%$ upp] surface4 ,! extraord9>y con=mation ( ?is "p ( ! vessel recalls ! well kn[n :i/l+ vases ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 b ?is piece is too badly brok5 to admit ( exp]im5t to te/ its p[]s4 ,x is g5]ally lik5$ to a money box4 ,9 ord] to convey a cle> conception ( ! %ape ( ! upp] surface1 ,i pres5t a top view ( ! vessel 7,fig4 #bje74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,top view ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bjd1 %[+ ! ma9 orifice & ! oblong op5+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,end view ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bjd1 %[+ front view ( grotesque figure4 ,! r$ portions ( ! pa9t$ figures are outl9$ ) dots4 ,a front view ( "o ( ! support+ figures is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,al?\gh c]ta9ly n int5d$ to repres5t a human figure ) accuracy1 x is furni%$ ) a cr[n1 z are ! figures 9 gold & /one1 & is cov]$ ) devices t seem to ref] to co/ume4 ,! features are extremely grotesque1 ! nose resembl+ ! beak ( a bird & ! m\? be+ a m]e ridge1 )\t indications ( ! lips4 ,! face & ! *e/ are pa9t$ ) curi\s devices 9 r$4 ,! funnel & body ( ! vase are decorat$ ) subjects t seem to h no connection ) ! pla/ic features & no relation to "o ano!r 9 subject matt]4 ,! upp] panel1 surr\nd$ by a framework ( black & r$ l9es1 conta9s ! figure ( an alligator mu* simplifi$ & tak+ a peculi> position on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! space into :i* x is cr[d$4 ,! figure occupy+ ! body panel is t ( a v /rangely conv5tionaliz$ two tail$ monkey & is enfram$ by a wide r$ l9e4 ,on ! %\ld] ( ! vessel is an ornam5t consi/+ ( a numb] ( angul> hooks atta*$ to a /raight l9e4 ,! effect is l t ( fretwork1 b ! figure is probably d]iv$ f a modifi$ animal =m4 ,! pa/e ( ?is vase is s&y & is r$di% gray ne> ! surface & q d>k )9 ! mass4 ,! model+ is ?or\ghly well done1 & ! surface1 :i* is ( a somb]1 yell[i% gray t9t1 is highly poli%$4 ,! figures are drawn *iefly 9 black1 r$ be+ conf9$ to broad l9es & areas4 ,de ,zeltn] publi%$ photographic illu/rations ( a simil> vase ) 8 pamphlet on ! graves ( ,*iriqui4 ,t specim5 is n[1 ,i believe1 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 ( ,new ,hav54 ,x corresponds v closely 9 ne>ly e respect ) ! example "h describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,l>ge vase ) decorations 9 r$ & black--4 ,! poly*rome gr\p4--,! ,national ,museum collection conta9s b ?ree examples ( ?is mo/ arti/ic ( ! w>es ( ,*iriqui4 ,its claim to sup]iority re/s ^u a c]ta9 boldness & ref9em5t ( execution1 comb9$ ) nobl5ess ( outl9e & a type ( design mu* 9 advance ( o!r i/hmian decoration4 ,x is probably mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! w>e ( ! alligator gr\p1 & x possesses "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! be/ ,c5tral ,am]ican "w4 ,unlike ! o!r w>es ( ,*iriqui1 ?is pott]y has a bright salmon r$ pa/e & ! slip prop] is a delicate %ade ( ! same color4 ,9 ne>ly all cases undecorat$ portions ( ! surface are f9i%$ 9 r$1 :i* appe>s to h be5 poli%$ d[n z a slip4 ,! designs are 9 ?ree colors--black1 a /rong r$1 & a f9e gray purple--:i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! bright r$di% gr\nd1 give a v ri* effect4 ,! fir/ example1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjg1 is a l>ge1 ne>ly symmetrical bottle ) a %ort neck & a ?ick1 fl>+ lip4 ,! inn] surface ( ! orifice & ! l[] half ( ! body are f9i%$ 9 r$ & ! neck & %\ld] 9 ! salmon color$ slip4 ,a wide zone ( ornam5t encircles ! upp] surface ( ! body4 ,! designs are execut$ ) great skill 9 r$ & black colors & include two highly conv5tional figures1 probably ( reptilian orig94 ,! mann] ( _! introduction into ! zone is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,! oval faces are plac$ on opposite sides1 tak+ ! positions usually occupi$ by model$ heads4 ,ea* face is supplem5t$ by a pair ( arms :i* t]m9ate 9 curi\sly conv5tional h&s1 & ! two caudal app5dages are plac$ midway betwe5 ! faces1 fill+ triangul> areas4 ,! body ( ! vase s]ves z a body = bo? creatures4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ! r$ ( ! design1 :i* is c>ri$ ov] all ( "o face save ! eyes & m\? & s]ves to emphasize ! features ( ! o!r face1 is indicat$ 9 v]tical t9t l9es & ! black is giv5 9 solid color4 ,?is vase is twelve in*es 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,devices ( ! decorat$ zone ( vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,h&some vase ) f\r h&les & decorations 9 black1 r$1 & purple--#b_/c4 ,a second example1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bji1 is a f9e piece ( some:at unusual %ape4 ,! orifice is trumpet %ap$ & r too wide = good proportion4 ,! body is flatt5$ above & conical bel[ & is support$ by a r meag] annul> foot4 ,! pa/e is ( a light brick r$ color1 & ! slip1 z se5 9 ! gr\nd ( ! decorat$ belt1 is a pale gray orange4 ,undecorat$ portions ( ! surface are pa9t$ r$4 ,! ornam5t$ zone is int]rupt$ by two pairs ( h&le-l app5dages set ^u ! out] "p ( ! %\ld]4 ,^! projections may possibly h s]v$ z h&les1 z !y are p]=at$ bo? horizontally & v]tically1 b !y are at ! same "t und\bt$ly conv5tionaliz$ animal =ms1 ! creature be+ repres5t$ by ! f\r flatt5$1 transv]sely m>k$ arms or rays & an eye-l device pa9t$ ^u ! top ( ea* figure4 ,! pa9t$ devices are se5 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #baj1 :]e ! relations ( ! reliev$ features to ! zone ( pa9t$ decoration are cle>ly %[n4 ,?is zone is divid$ into panels ( unequal dim5sions1 & )9 ^! a numb] ( extraord9>y devices are drawn 9 ?ree colors1 r$1 black1 & purple4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ 9 ! plan by peculi> t9t l9es4 ,! designs are ( su* a "* z to leave little d\bt t !y are ideographic1 al?\gh at pres5t x is impossible to guess ! nature ( ! associat$ ideas4 ,! annul> foot obs]v$ 9 ?is specim5 illu/rates ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( a feature ! f9al /age ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,! latt] %ape is su* z w\ld result f inv]t+ ! prec$+ =m1 remov+ ! conical base ( ! body1 & us+ ! funnel %ap$ orifice z a /&4 ,?is highly develop$ %ape implies a long practice ( ! art4 ,! =m is a usual "o 9 ,mexico & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! b[l is %all[ & is set gracefully ^u ! /&1 ! :ole %ape closely resembl+ simple conditions ( ! classic kylix4 ,! color ( ! pa/e is a pale brick r$ & t ( ! slip approa*es orange4 ,! walls are ?ick & ev5 & ! surface is v c>efully poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,! pa9t$ designs ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bji view$ f above4 ,! pa9t$ decoration is ( unusual int]e/4 ,! colors are s ri*1 ! execution is s sup]ior1 & ! conception s /range t we dwell ^u x ) surprise & wond]4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! b[l is occupi$ by :at w\ld seem to repres5t a fi% pa9t$ 9 /rong1 firm1 m>vel\sly turn$ l9es1 & 9 a /yle ( conv5tion :olly unique4 ,! outl9es are 9 black & ! spaces are fill$ 9 ) r$ & purple or are left 9 ! orange hue ( ! gr\nd4 ,an idea ( ! sup]ior /yle ( execution c be ga9$ f ,fig4 #bab4 ,x w be impossible to *>act]ize ! details ( ! draw+ 9 words4 ,! /range position & %ape ( ! head1 ! oddly plac$ eyes & m\?1 & ! totally incompreh5sible treatm5t ( ! body c be appreciat$1 h[ev]1 by ref]r+ to ! illu/ration4 ,a c>eful /udy leads inevitably to ! conclusion t ?is 0 no ord9>y decoration1 no play+ ) l9es1 b a s]i\s work+ out ( a conception e "p ( :i* _h its significance or its raison d'tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,vase ( unusual %ape1 ) decoration 9 black1 r$1 & purple--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,ornam5t occupy+ ! int]ior surface ( ! bas9 ( vase %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,! figures occupy+ ! bord] zone ( ! b[l are wor?y ( c>eful inspection4 ,x w be se5 t ! pott]1 ev5 9 ?is highly specializ$ condition ( ! ut5sil1 has n lo/ sight ( ! conception t ! vessel is ! body ( an animal1 z we h se5 s (t5 9 simpl] =ms1 & t ! symbols ( ! creature %\ld appe> ^u x & encircle x4 ,! zone is divid$ into two equal sections by small knobs1 pa9t$1 z are ! h&le-l app5dages 9 ! prec$+ specim51 to repres5t "s animal feature4 ,! lat]al sections are occupi$ by eye-l figures t /& = ! m>k+s ( ! body ( ! creature symboliz$4 ,!y really occupy ! spaces left by a cont9u\s wav$ body or life l9e1 :i* !y s]ve to def9e4 ,devices ( ?is class are mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 connection ) repres5tations ( ! alligator4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 symbolize ! s]p5t1 z occasionally se5 9 ! alligator gr\p4 ,decorative conceptions s rem>kable z ^! c\ld arise only ?r\gh "o *annel3 ! *annel ( my?ology4 ,! sup]/itions ( m5 h impos$ ^u ! art a s]ies ( conceptions fix$ 9 "* & limit$ to especial positions1 relations1 & =ms ( expression4 ,x is useless to speculate ^u ! nature ( ! my?ologic conceptions ) an idea ( arriv+ at any und]/&+ ( ! religion ( ! p2 b we d le>n some?+ ( ! /age ( developm5t1 some?+ ( ! condition ( philosophy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,l>ge vase ( f9e %ape & simple decorations4 ,f ,de ,zeltn]--ab\t 4 ,i mu/ n close ?is section )\t ref]r+ to "s f9e vases t belong app>5tly to ?is gr\p & :i* 7 collect$ by ,de ,zeltn] & illu/rat$ by photographs accompany+ 8 pamphlet4 ,!y are n[1 ,i believe1 9 ! possession ( ,pr(4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%4 ,! sket*es giv5 h]e) are copi$ f ,de ,zeltn]'s photographs & are probably some:at defective 9 details ( draw+4 ,! piece illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bac is n describ$ by ! au?or1 b is evid5tly a h&some vessel & is decorat$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,a b& ( devices symboliz+ ! body ( an animal encircles ! middle portion ( ! vase4 ,! height is ab\t a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,vase ) extraord9>y decorative designs4 ,f ,de ,zeltn]--ab\t 4 ,a second piece 7,fig4 #bad71 ( :i* two views are giv5 by ! same au?or1 corresponds closely 9 _m respects ) ! vase illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #baa & is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,my collection includes a cup 7or *alice7 ( bak$ clay #be c5timet]s 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ on a holl[ /& :i* gives x a height ( #ah c5timet]s1 & ! designs ( :i* are v ri* & 9 p]fect ta/e4 ,! base is holl[ & color$ r$1 :ite1 black1 & purple2 x has f\r n>r[ op5+s or slits1 & ! design repres5ts plaits spirally arrang$4 ,! "u side ( ! cup is divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* incloses a dragon pa9t$ 9 black & r$ on a :ite gr\nd2 ! bord]s are sometimes r$1 sometimes purple4 ,! body ( ! dragon might h be5 pa9t$ 9 ,*9a1 s neat & intricate is ! draw+4 ,! design ^u ! inside ( ! cup seems to resemble ,egyptian art4 ,! body ( a man is se51 pa9t$ 9 r$1 ! arms & legs sep>at$1 & ! %\ld]s be>+ ! head ( ! dragon ) tee? & cre/4 ,! color is simil> to ! re/ ( ! piece--purple1 :ite1 & black4 ,! int]m$iate spaces are fill$ ) v intricate designs4 ,?is extraord9>y design is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bae1 & x w be se5 t x agrees 9 _m respects ) figures pres5t$ 9 ! lo/ color & alligator gr\ps4 ,x is comp\nd 9 "*1 h[ev]1 ! head ref]r+ to ! alligator1 ! body & extremities p]haps to a man or to a monkey4 ,! sugge/ion ( ! ori5tal dragon 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r examples1 is at once app>5t1 & ! resemblance to c]ta9 conv5tional =ms t come d[n to u f ! e>lie/ kn[n p]iod ( ,*9ese art is truly rem>kable4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 pr$icate id5tity ( orig9 ev5 ^u absolute id5tity ( appe>ances1 b su* correspond5ces are wor?y ( note1 z !y may 9 "t accumulate to su* an ext5t t ! belief 9 a common orig9 w =ce itself ^u u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,pa9t$ design ( vase 9 ,fig4 #bad1 view$ f above1 ?\ght to repres5t a dragon by ,de ,zeltn]2 probably a composite ( ! alligator & ! monkey or man4 ,unclassifi$4--,a small numb] ( vases d n admit ( classification "u any ( ! prec$+ heads4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !y are n ( especial int]e/ & may be pass$ ov]4 ,!y repres5t a numb] ( v>ieties ( w>e & are possibly n all ,*iriquian1 _! aff9ities be+ r ) ! pott]y ( ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua4 ,"o rem>kable piece1 ( :i* a sket* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ej1 c1 is ( l>ge size & is %ap$ some:at l an h\r glass1 & on acc\nt ( its peculi> =m & m>k+s may be said to resemble a corset4 ,! upp] end is some:at ! small]1 & ! septum1 :i* =ms ! bottom ( ! vessel1 is plac$ ab\t an in* above ! base ( ! foot4 ,! int]ior surface is smoo?ly poli%$ & pa9t$ a d>k dull r$4 ,! ext]ior is uncolor$ & neatly flut$4 ,! s]ies ( v]tical ribs ( ! upp] end is sep>at$ f ^? ( ! base by a belt ( horizontal flut+s1 & a wide smoo? space ext5ds f ! top to ! base1 ! l[] section ( :i* is occupi$ by a r[ ( button-l1 ind5t$ knobs4 ,! use ( ?is ut5sil may n h be5 peculi>1 b its %ape is :olly unique4 ,x resembles mo/ ne>ly ! w>e ( ! m>oon gr\p4 ,its height is twelve in*es4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! unclassifi$ vases is a some:at fragm5t>y piece1 ( :i* an outl9e is giv5 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,! w>e closely resembles t ( ! alligator gr\p 9 color ( ! pa/e & slip1 b ! base has be5 suppli$ ) an annul> /&1 a feature n obs]v$ 9 t gr\p1 & ! colors ( ! design1 ) ! exception ( ! black1 are unlike ^? us$ 9 ,*iriquian vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,vase ( unique =m & decoration--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,pa9t$ design ( vase 9 ,fig4 #baf 9 black1 r$1 & gray4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #bag t ! pa9t$ figures are p>tially pictorial1 ! conv5tional sc5es includ+ ! sun1 ! moon1 & />s4 ,! m conv5tional p>ts ( ! design are v curi\s & )\t d\bt are symbolic4 ,! bord] ( fret "w is ,mexican 9 /yle4 ,! sun1 :i* is only p>tially expos$ above ! horizon1 is outl9$ 9 r$ & is surr\nd$ by r$ rays4 ,! figures suppos$ to repres5t ! moon & ! />s are 9 black4 ,9 ! illu/ration ! r$s ( ! orig9al are repres5t$ by v]tical t9t l9es & ! br[ni% grays by horizontal t9t l9es4 ,! black is 9 solid color4 ,,miscellane\s ,,objects ,,( ,,clay4 ,z primitive peoples advance 9 culture & ! v>i\s bran*es ( art are diff]5tiat$1 ea* ( ! mat]ials employ$ is made to fill a wid] & wid] sph]e ( usefulness4 ,clay1 appli$ at fir/ to vessel mak+ & us$ p]haps z an auxili>y 9 a numb] ( arts 9 :i* x took no def9ite or individual %apes1 gradually ext5d$ its dom9ion until almo/ e art 0 9 a measure dep5d5t ^u x or 9 "s way utiliz$ x4 ,! ext5t ( ?is expansion ( availability is 9 a g5]al way a measure ( ! advancem5t ( ! races conc]n$4 ,! ,*iriquians employ$ clay 9 ! con/ruction ( textile ma*9]y1 z %[n by ! occurr5ce ( sp9dle :orls1 & a numb] ( small receptacles1 probably ne$lecases1 are con/ruct$ ( t mat]ial4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( /ools1 /atuettes1 drums1 rattles1 & :i/les4 ,) less cultur$ races1 su* z ! ,pueblo & m\nd build]s ( ! nor?1 su* articles 7 r>ely manufactur$1 :ile ) ! m cultur$ nations ( ,mexico & ,p]u a wid] field 0 cov]$ & ! "w 0 consid]ably sup]ior4 ,,sp9dle ,,:orls4 ,! art ( weav+ 0 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection by _m ( ! ,am]ican races1 b ! processes employ$ 7 ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,! ?reads 7 spun ^u wood5 sp9dles weight$ ) :orls ( bak$ clay4 ,^! :orls are n pl5tiful 9 ! graves ( ,*iriqui1 b su* z h be5 collect$ are q simil> 9 /yle to ^? ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,9 ,figs4 #bah1 #bai1 & #bbj we h ?ree examples model$ ) consid]able att5tion to detail b comp>atively rude 9 f9i%4 ,!y are 9 ! natural color ( ! bak$ clay & are b rudely poli%$4 ,! fir/ is encircl$ by a l9e ( r\gh1 ind5t$ nodes1 ! second is embelli%$ ) homely little animal figures1 & ! ?ird ) incis$ patt]ns & rude incisions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,sp9dle :orl 9 gray clay decorat$ ) annul> nodes--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,sp9dle :orl ( gray clay ) animal figures--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,sp9dle :orl ( d>k clay ) p]=ations & incis$ ornam5t--#a_/a4 ,,ne$lecases 7874 ,i h giv5 ?is "n to a r l>ge class ( small oblong or oval receptacles t c\ld h s]v$ to conta9 ne$les or any o!r small articles ( dome/ic use or ( ! toilet4 ,!y consi/ ( two p>ts1 a vessel or body & a lid4 ,! =m] takes a v>iety ( cyl9drical1 subcyl9drical1 & d\bly conical %apes1 & ! latt] is conical & is 9 _m cases furni%$ ) a knob at ! top = grasp+ ) ! f+]s4 ,! lid is atta*$ or held 9 place by means ( /r+s pass$ ?r\gh small holes made = ! purpose 9 correspond+ m>g9s ( ! two p>ts4 ,^! objects 7 9 pretty g5]al use 9 ! prov9ce1 z !y are f\nd to belong to a numb] ( ! gr\ps ( w>e1 be+ f9i%$ & decorat$ z are ! ord9>y vessels ( ^! classes4 ,a few type specim5s are giv5 9 ! foll[+ cuts4 ,a f9e example belong+ to ! unpa9t$ w>e is %[n 9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #bba4 ,x is five in*es 9 height & ?ree 9 diamet] & is pleas+ 9 %ape4 ,! specim5 outl9$ 9 ,fig4 #bbb is ( ! lo/ color gr\p1 b has lo/ ne>ly all traces ( ! decorative design4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,ne$lecase ( unpa9t$ clay ) conical lid--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,ne$lecase1 lo/ color gr\p ( w>e--4 ,a f9e example1 ) high poli% & elaborate decoration1 is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,! lid is rais$ to %[ ! position ( ! p]=ations4 ,two int]e/+ examples belong+ to ! d>k incis$ w>e are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bbd & #bbe4 ,! deeply incis$ design ( ! fir/ is purely geometric1 b is probably ( graphic p>5tage1 :ile t ( ! second1 r rudely scrat*$ ?r\gh ! d>k surface into ! gray pa/e1 is app>5tly a less highly conv5tionaliz$ treatm5t ( ! same motive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,ne$lecase ) pa9t$ geometric ornam5t1 belong+ to ! lo/ color gr\p ( w>e--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,ne$lecase ( gray clay ) angul> incis$ geometric ornam5t--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,ne$lecase ( gray clay ) black poli%$ surface & incis$ ornam5t--4 ,,figur9es4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! fact t !re is no su* ?+ 9 ,*iriquian c]amic art z a well model$ human figure & app>5tly no indication ( an attempt to r5d] ! human physiognomy ) accuracy4 ,x is highly probable t ! p]sonages embodi$ 9 ! my?ology ( ! p took ! =ms ( animals or 7 an?ropomorphic & gave rise to ! peculi> conceptions embodi$ 9 _! arts4 ,! /range objects h]e) pres5t$ are r5d]$ 9 a measure intelligible by ! adoption ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,^! figur9es are conf9$ to ! alligator gr\p ( w>e & are q num]\s4 ,!y are small1 c>efully f9i%$1 & pa9t$ ) c>e 9 r$ & black l9es & figures4 ,!y are semihuman & appe> to be array$ 9 co/ume4 ,! head ( ea* is triangul> 9 %ape1 hav+ a %>p1 project+ pr(ile1 ) ! m\? set back b5ea? ! *91 rem9d+ "o ( ! face ( a squirrel or "s su* rod5t4 ,! figures occupy a sitt+ po/ure4 ,! legs are spread out horizontally1 giv+ a firm support1 & t]m9ate 9 blunt cones1 :i* are 9 "s cases slightly b5t up to repres5t feet4 ,! h&s re/ ^u ! sides or ?ighs or clasp a small figure app>5tly int5d$ = an infant1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h any human features4 ,9 "o case ?is figure is plac$ ^u ! back ( ! figur9e & appe>s to hold its place by means ( f\r feet arm$ ) claws 7,fig4 #bbf72 9 ano!r x is held 9 front 7,fig4 #bbg74 ,! neck is usually pi]c$ to facilitate susp5sion1 & ! "u side ( ! body--! sitt+ surface--is triply p]=at$1 or punctur$ if solid1 z if = ! purpose ( fix+ ! figure 9 an upright position to "s movable support4 ,! c5tral p]=ation is r\nd & ! lat]al ones1 on ! "u side ( ! legs1 are oblong4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 is six in*es 9 height & ! smalle/ ab\t "o & a half in*es4 ,!y are r elaborately pa9t$ ) black & r$ devices :i*1 by _! peculi> geometric "*1 are und\bt$ly int5d$ to indicate ! co/ume4 ,! hair is repres5t$ by black /ripes1 :i* desc5d ^u ! neck1 & ! face is /rip$ ) r$4 ,!y are f\nd associat$ ) o!r relics 9 ! graves & 7 possibly only toys1 b m probably 7 tutel>y images or s]v$ "s unkn[n religi\s purpose4 ,! sex is usually fem99e4 ,two additional examples %[+ side & back views are outl9$ 9 ,figs4 #bbh & #bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,/atuette1 alligator gr\p--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,/atuette1 alligator gr\p--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,/atuette ( small size--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,/atuette ( l>ge/ size--4 ,,/ools4 ,i h giv5 ?is "n to a class ( /one c>v+s pres5t$ 9 a previ\s section1 &1 = want ( a bett] "n1 give x also to a s]ies ( simil> objects model$ 9 clay4 ,^! are among ! mo/ elaborate products ( ,*iriquian art4 ,9 all cases !y are ( ! yell[i% unpa9t$ pott]y & indicate mu* fre$om & skill 9 ! h&l+ ( clay4 ,!y d n %[ any well def9$ evid5ces ( use1 & z !y are too slight & fragile to be us$ z ord9>y seats we are left to surmise t !y may h s]v$ "s purpose 9 ! religi\s rites ( ! anci5t races4 ,!y are uni=m 9 con/ruction & g5]al con=mation & consi/ ( a circul> tablet support$ by upright circul> walls or by figures :i* re/ ^u a /rong1 r+ %ap$ base4 ,! tablet or plate is some:at concave above1 is less ?an an in* 9 ?ickness1 & has a diamet] ( t5 & "o-f\r? in*es 9 ! l>ge/ piece1 desc5d+ to sev5 & "o-half 9 ! smalle/4 ,! m>g9 is r\nd$ & usually embelli%$ ) a bead$ ornam5t consi/+ ( grotesque heads1 g5]ally reptilian4 ,! v>iations exhibit$ 9 details ( model+ are well %[n by ! illu/rations4 ,9 ! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #bcj ! upright portion is a holl[ cyl9d]1 hav+ f\r v]tical slits1 alt]nat+ ) :i* are oblique b&s ( ornam5t 9 incis$ l9es & punctures4 ,! project+ m>g9 ( ! tablet is encircl$ by a r[ ( grotesque1 monkey-l heads1 fac+ d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,/ool ( pla9 t]ra cotta1 decorat$ ) grotesque heads & incis$ figures--#a_/c4 ,fig4 #bca illu/rates a specim5 9 :i* ?ree grotesque figures1 ) =bidd+ faces1 alt]nate ) z _m flat columns embelli%$ ) rude figures ( alligators4 ,eighte5 grotesque1 monkey-l heads occupy ! l[] m>g9 ( ! seat plate 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! heads ( ! support+ figures4 ,?is specim5 illu/rates ! favorite ,*iriquian me?od ( con/ruction4 ,! v>i\s p>ts 7 model$ sep>ately 9 a r\gh way & !n set into place 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,:5 ?is 0 done & ! ins]tions 7 neatly work$ toge!r ) ! f+]s1 a numb] ( small in/rum5ts 7 employ$ 9 f9i%+3 a %>p /ylus = indicat+ p>ts ( ! co/ume1 & blunt po9ts & small tubul> dies = add+ intaglio details ( anatomy1 su* z ! navel1 ! pupils ( ! eyes1 & ! p>t+s ( ! f+]s & toes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,/ool ( pla9 clay1 ) grotesque figures--4 ,! discoidal plate ( ano!r specim5 is support$ by f\r absurdly grotesque monkeys1 giv+ a g5]al effect mu* l t ( ! la/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,/ool ( pla9 t]ra cotta1 ) /range figures--#a_/c4 ,a v rem>kable piece is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,! tablet is support$ by six grotesque figures1 some:at human 9 appe>ance1 ^: limbs are int]tw9$ ) s]p5ts1 sugge/+ ! fam\s gr\p ( ! ,laocon4 ,! "w is r\ghly done & ! details are n c>ri$ out 9 a v consi/5t mann]1 z ! arms & legs ( ! figures become confus$ ) ! reptiles & are z likely to t]m9ate 9 a snake's head z 9 a h& or foot4 ,! rudely %ap$ bodies are cov]$ ) ind5t$ circlets or ) %ort incis$ l9es4 ,! mat]ial1 color1 & f9i% are z usual4 ,! height is f\r & "o-half in*es & ! diamet] ( ! tablet t5 in*es4 ,!re are additional specim5s 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,9 "o case1 ! l>ge/ specim5 ( ! s]ies1 ! tablet is support$ by five upright female human figures & ! m>g9 is encircl$ by a cornice ( =ty-six neatly model$ reptilian heads4 ,a small example diff]s consid]ably 9 g5]al %ape f ^? illu/rat$1 ! base be+ mu* small] ?an ! circul> tablet4 ,! support+ figures are two rudely model$ ocelots & two monkey-l figures1 all ( :i* are plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,simil> objects are obta9$ f ! neighbor+ /ates ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,some?+ is already kn[n ( ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians ?r\gh fugitive specim5s t h f\nd _! way into collections 9 all p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! te/imony ( ! e>!n relics--= no o!rs are pres]v$ to u--goes to %[ t ! art ( music 01 9 its rude way1 v assidu\sly practic$1 & t x probably con/itut$ ) ^!1 z ) mo/ primitive communities1 a s]i\s & important feature 9 ! v>i\s c]emonial ex]cises4 ,clay is naturally limit$ to ! production ( a small p]c5tage ( ! musical in/rum5ts ( any p1 ! v>i\s =ms ( woody gr[?s be+ bett] adapt$ to _! manufacture4 ,we h examples ( bo? in/rum5ts ( p]cussion & w9d in/rum5ts1 ! =m] class embrac+ drums & rattles & ! latt] :i/les & cl>ionette-l pipes4 ,rattles4--,besides ! ord9>y rattles atta*$ to & =m+ p>ts ( vessels1 z already describ$1 !re are a numb] ( small pieces t seem to h s]v$ exclusively z rattles1 :ile "s are rattle & :i/le comb9$ 9 "o piece4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 w\ld !y seem to ! unsci5tific obs]v] to be m ?an m]e toys1 z !y are ( small size & ! s\nds emitt$ are too weak to be p]ceptible at any consid]able di/ance4 ,at ! same "t x is true t !y may h _h c]emonial (fices ( no little consequ5ce to ! primitive prie/hood4 ,! simple rattles are %ap$ l g\rds1 ! body be+ globul> & ! neck or h&le long & /raight4 ,l ! w>es already describ$1 !y are f9i%$ & decorat$1 ! majority belong+ to ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,! l5g? v>ies f ?ree to six or sev5 in*es4 ,a numb] ( m9ute slit-l orifices or p]=ations = ! emission ( ! s\nd occur ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! body 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,a septum is plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 s t ! h&le1 :i* is holl[ & op5 at ! upp] end1 may s]ve z a :i/le4 ,9 "s cases ! l[] "p ( ! neck is p]=at$ = susp5sion at ! po9t occupi$ by ! septum1 z imp]fectly %[n 9 ! section 7,fig4 #bcd74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ specim5 9 ! collection is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bce2 x is especially notable on acc\nt ( its con/ruction1 :i* po9ts cle>ly to ! g\rd z a prototype4 ,! body is ( ! usual globul> %ape1 slightly elongat$ above4 ,! neck is repres5t$ z a sep>ate piece la%$ on ) cords by means ( p]=ations made = ! purpose1 j z are ! h&les ( simil> in/rum5ts con/ruct$ ( g\rds & re$s 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,! comp>tm5ts ( ! h&le & ( ! body are sep>ate & ! s\nd produc$ by ! small oval pellets is emitt$ ?r\gh slits ( ! usual =m4 ,! top ( ! h&le is surm\nt$ by a pair ( grotesque human figures1 male & female1 plac$ back to back & unit$ at ! backs ( ! heads z se5 9 ! cut4 ,?is object is gray 9 color & pres5ts ! r\gh5$ granul> surface result+ f long exposure to ! elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,rattle decorat$ 9 ! /yle ( ! lo/ color gr\p--4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,section ( rattle %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,rattle ( pla9 w>e surm\nt$ by two grotesque figures--4 ,drums4--,! drum 0 a favorite in/rum5t ) ! native ,am]ican musician4 ,e>ly explor]s f\nd its use next to univ]sal1 & ! tamb\r is ev5 n[ a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! musical p>aph]nalia ( ! ,spani%-,am]icans4 ,! primitive in/rum5t 0 made by /ret*+ a ?9 %eet ( animal tissue ov] ! orifice ( a l>ge g\rd vessel or a vessel ( wood or clay4 ,! use ( clay 0 probably exceptional1 z !re are b ?ree specim5s 9 our ,*iriquian collection4 ,! %ape is some:at l t ( an h\r glass1 ! upp] "p1 h[ev]1 be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an ! base or /&4 ,9 all cases ! pr9cipal rim is f9i%$ ) especial ref]5ce to ! atta*m5t ( ! vibrat+ head4 ,! example pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bcf has a deeply sc>ifi$ belt an in* wide encircl+ ! rim1 & bel[ x is a n>r[ ridge1 int5d$ p]haps to facilitate ! la%+ or cem5t+ on ( ! head4 ,two rais$ b&s1 int5d$ to imitate twi/$ cords1 encircle ! mo/ con/rict$ "p ( ! body1 a s+le b& simil>ly m>k$ encircl+ ! base4 ,! surface is gray 9 color & b rudely poli%$4 ,! walls are ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 ! height sixte5 & "o-half in*es1 & ! greate/ diamet] sev5 & "o-half in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,drum ( gray unpa9t$ clay--4 ,! decorat$ specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bcg is imp]fect1 a few in*es ( ! base hav+ be5 lo/4 ,! %ape is r m elegant ?an t ( ! o!r specim5 & ! surface is neatly f9i%$ & poli%$4 ,! gr\nd color or slip is a w>m yell[ gray & ! decoration is 9 r$ & black4 ,! rim or upp] m>g9 is r rudely f9i%$ & is pa9t$ r$ & on ! ext]ior is made slightly concave & furni%$ ) a rais$ b& to facilitate ! atta*m5t ( ! head4 ,! pa9t$ ornam5t encircles ! body 9 f\r zones1 two ^u ! upp] portion & two ^u ! base4 ,! designs occupy+ ! body zones are unique & view$ 9 ! light ( _! probable orig9 are extremely int]e/+4 ,9 ano!r place fur!r on 9 ?is pap] ,i %all %[ t !y are probably v highly conv5tionaliz$ d]ivatives ( ! alligator radical1 ! me&]$ l9e repres5t+ ! body ( ! creature & ! scallop$ hooks ! extremities 7,fig4 #bch74 ,! two b&s ^u ! base consi/ ( geometric figures1 ! orig9 ( :i* _c be def9itely det]m9$1 al?\gh !y also probably ref] to ! alligator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,drum ) pa9t$ ornam5t 9 ! /yle ( ! lo/ color gr\p--#a_/i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,conv5tional design on drum %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcg1 compos$ ( alligator d]ivatives4 ,9 ! collection !re is a m9ute toy drum ( ! same g5]al %ape1 & ! same =m reappe>s 9 "s ( ! :i/les1 9 "o ( :i* 7,fig4 #bdg7 ! sk9 head & its fa/5+s are all c>efully reproduc$ 9 m9iature4 ,! imm$iate orig9al ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( drum 0 probably made ( wood4 ,a drum1 rec5tly br\ght f ,co/a ,rica 0 made by holl[+ out a cyl9drical piece ( wood & /ret*+ a piece ( snakesk9 across ! top4 ,! %ape is ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ^! e>!n specim5s4 ,w9d in/rum5ts4--,e>!nw>e w9d in/rum5ts are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s & are associat$ ) o!r relics 9 ! tombs4 ,ne>ly all are v simple 9 con/ruction & are limit$ 9 musical p[]1 receiv+ & p]haps g5]ally des]v+ no bett] "n ?an :i/les or toys4 ,a few pieces are m pret5ti\s & yield a numb] ( notes1 & if op]at$ by skill$ p]=m]s or prop]ly conc]t$ are capable ( produc+ pleas+ melodies4 ,x is n difficult to det]m9e ! p[]s ( individual in/rum5ts1 b we _c say to :at ext5t ^! p[]s 7 und]/ood by ! orig9al own]s1 nor c we say :e!r or n !y 7 int5d$ to be play$ 9 unison 9 su* a way z to give a c]ta9 desir$ succession ( int]vals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 a l>ge numb] ( ^! in/rum5ts a uni=mity 9 con/ruction & a c]ta9 close correspond5ce 9 ! numb] & degree ( ! s\nds t indicate ! exi/5ce ( well e/abli%$ /&>ds4 ,x does n appe> absolutely c]ta9 to me t ! sy/em ( int]vals 0 made to con=m to t ( any kn[n scale2 b a difficulty arises 9 attempt+ to det]m9e ?is po9t1 z mo/ ( ! pieces are m or less mutilat$4 ,we f9d also t ! note producible by any giv5 /op is n fix$ 9 pit*1 b v>ies1 ) ! =ce ( ! brea?1 two or ev5 ?ree full int]vals4 ,z a result ( ?is a glide is possible to ! skill$ p]=m] f note to note & any desir$ pit* c be tak54 ,9 mat]ial1 f9i%1 & decoration ^! objects d n diff] f ! ord9>y pott]y4 ,a majority belong to ! alligator gr\p4 ,! size is g5]ally small1 ! l>ge/ specim5 be+ ab\t eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! %apes are wond]fully v>i$ & indicate a lively imag9ation on ! "p ( ! pott]4 ,animal =ms prevail v decid$ly1 t ( ! bird be+ a great favorite4 ,9 _m cases ! animals copi$ c be id5tifi$1 b 9 o!rs !y _c--p]haps f our lack ( k ( ! fauna ( ! prov9ce1 p]haps f c>elessness on ! "p ( ! arti/ or f ! t5d5cy to model grotesque & complicat$ %apes4 ,! foll[+ creatures c be recogniz$3 m51 pumas1 ocelots1 armadillos1 eagles1 owls1 ducks1 p>rots1 sev]al v>ieties ( small birds1 alligators1 crabs1 & scorpions4 ,vegetal =ms1 except+ :]e 9 use z in/rum5ts or ut5sils1 z re$s & g\rds1 7 n copi$4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum collection !re are two tubul> pipes1 probably model$ aft] re$s1 & ano!r resembles a g\rd 9 %ape4 ,! con/ruction ( ! :i/l+ app>atus is id5tical 9 all cases & corresponds to t ( our flageolets 7see sections1 ,figs4 #bdj & #bdb74 ,pla9 tubes 7 d\btless also us$ z :i/les1 & all ut5sils ( small size1 su* z ne$lecases & toy vases1 c be made to give =? a note m or less %rill1 accord+ to ! size ( ! *amb]4 ,! simple/ =m ( :i/le produces two %rill notes id5tical 9 pit*4 ,! %ape is d\ble1 sugge/+ a primitive condition ( ! tibi p>es ( ! ,romans4 ,! p>ts are pe> or g\rd %ap$1 are jo9$ above & bel[1 & h an op5+ betwe5 ! necks4 ,! two m\?pieces are s close toge!r t bo? are necess>ily bl[n at once4 ,! note produc$ is pit*$ v high & is extremely p5etrat+1 n to say e> splitt+1 mak+ an excell5t call = ! jungles & =e/s ( ! tropics4 ,a small specim5 is pres5t$ full size 9 ,fig4 #bci1 & ! section 9 ,fig4 #bdj %[s ! relative positions ( ! m\?pieces1 air passages1 v5t holes1 & *amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,d\ble :i/le1 lo/ color w>e--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,section ( d\ble :i/le4 ,music ,re$ %ap$ in/rum5ts are furni%$ ) passages & orifices correspond+ to ! o!r =ms4 ,! *amb] is tubul> & ! l[] end is op51 & ! f+] holes1 :5 pres5t1 are on ! upp] side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,"o example )\t f+] holes has two notes ne>ly an octave ap>t1 :i* are produc$1 ! high] ) ! tube op5 & ! l[] ) x clos$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory in/rum5t 9 ! :ole collection1 s f> z range is conc]n$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bda1 & a section is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,x is capable ( yield+ ! notes indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ scale3 ,fir/1 a normal s]ies ( eight s\nds1 produc$ z %[n 9 ! diagram1 &1 second1 a s]ies produc$ by bl[+ ) great] =ce1 "o note two octaves above its radical & ! o!rs ?ree octaves above4 ,^! notes are difficult to produce & hold & 7 probably n utiliz$ by ! native p]=m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,tubul> in/rum5t ) two f+] holes1 alligator gr\p--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,section ( :i/le4 ,music ,two little in/rum5ts ( rem>kable =m & unusual p[]s /& q alone among _! fell[s4 ,"o only is entire4 ,x is made ( d>k clay & repres5ts a creature n ref]able to any kn[n =m1 s completely is x conv5tionaliz$4 ,a fair idea ( its appe>ance c be ga9$ f ,figs4 #bdc & #bdd4 ,! fir/ gives ! side view & ! second ! top view4 ,! m\?piece is 9 :at appe>s to be ! =ehead ( ! creature4 ,! v5t hole is b5ea? ! neck & !re are f\r m9ute f+] holes1 "o 9 ! middle ( ea* ( f\r flatti% nodes1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( l>ge protrud+ eyes4 ,a susp5sion hole passes ?r\gh a node ^u ! top ( ! head4 ,! capacity ( ?is in/rum5t is five notes1 cle> 9 tone & high 9 pit*4 ,x is notable t ! pit* ( ea* /op1 :5 op5 alone1 is id5tical1 ! holes be+ ( exactly ! same size4 ,9 play+ x does n matt] 9 :at ord] ! f+]s are mov$4 ,! l[] note is made ) all ! holes clos$ & ! asc5d+ scale is produc$ by op5+ successively "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r holes4 ,! fragm5t>y piece is mu* small] & ! holes are extremely small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,small animal %ap$ :i/le ( blacki% w>e1 ) f\r f+] holes--#a_/a4 ,music ,( a di/9ct type ( =m1 al?\gh involv+ no new pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 are two top-l or turnip %ap$ in/rum5ts1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bde4 ,! =m is symmetrical1 ! ornam5tation ta/eful1 & ! surface highly poli%$4 ,! w>e is ( ! alligator gr\p & is decorat$ 9 r$ & black figures4 ,a section is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bdf1 a1 & top & bottom views 9 b & c4 ,by ref]5ce to ^! a cle> conception ( ! object c be =m$4 ,! companion piece is id5tical 9 size1 %ape1 & con=mation1 &1 /range to say1 9 musical notes also4 ,! tones are n fix$1 z ea* c be made to v>y two or ?ree degrees by *ang+ ! =ce ( ! brea?4 ,! tones produc$ by a brea? ( av]age =ce are indicat$ z ne>ly z may be 9 ! accompany+ scale4 ,!y w be f\nd to occur ne>] ! l[] ?an ! upp] limit ( _! ranges4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! capacity = v>iation possess$ by ea* ( ^! notes enables ! skill$ p]=m] to glide f "o to ! o!r )\t int]ruption4 ,?is in/rum5t is1 !re=e1 )9 its limit$ range1 z capable ( adju/+ itself to any succession ( int]vals z is ! trombone or ! viol94 ,i d n imag9e1 h[ev]1 t ! aborig9al p]=m] made any sy/ematic use ( ?is p[] or t ! in/rum5t 0 purposely s con/ruct$4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! scale t /opp+ ! orifice 9 ! end opposite ! m\?piece *anges ! notes half a tone1 or p]haps1 if accurately measur$1 a little less ?an t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,top %ap$ in/rum5t1 ) ?ree f+] holes1 alligator w>e--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c ,fig4 #bdf4 ,section & v]tical views ( in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bde4 ,music ,our collection conta9s sev]al doz5 ?ree note :i/les or pipes4 ,mo/ ( ^! repres5t animal =ms1 :i* are treat$ 9 a m or less reali/ic way1 b ) a decid$ t5d5cy t[>d ! grotesque4 ,ne>ly all are ( small size1 ! l>ge/1 an alligator =m1 hav+ a l5g? ( ab\t eight in*es4 ,9 ! animal figures ! air *amb] is )9 ! body1 b does n con=m closely to ! ext]ior %ape4 ,! m\?pieces & ! orifices are v>i\sly plac$1 to suit ! fancy ( ! model]1 b ! con/ruction & ! p[]s are pretty uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are two f+] holes1 plac$ 9 "s cases at equal & 9 o!rs at unequal di/ances f ! m\?piece1 b !y are always ( equal size & produce id5tical notes4 ,! capacity is !re=e ?ree notes4 ,! l[] is produc$ :5 all ! orifices are op51 ! high] :5 all are clos$1 & ! middle :5 "o hole--no matt] :i*--is clos$4 ,besides ! animal =ms !re are a numb] ( %apes copi$ f o!r musical in/rum5ts or f objects ( art1 su* z vases4 ,a v int]e/+ specim51 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bdg1 model$ 9 imitation ( a drum1 has n only ! g5]al %ape ( t in/rum5t1 b ! sk9 head1 ) its b&s & cords ( atta*m5t1 is tru?fully repres5t$4 ,a curi\s conceit is "h obs]v$ 9 ! association ( ! bird--a favorite =m = ! :i/les--) ! drum4 ,a small figure ( a bird ext5ds transv]sely across ! body ( ! drum *amb]1 ! back be+ turn$ f ! obs]v] 9 ! cut4 ,! tail s]ves = a m\?piece1 :ile ! f+] holes are plac$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! bird1 ! position usually assign$ to !m 9 simple bird :i/les2 its ?ree notes are indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ scale3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,drum %ap$ :i/le ( pla9 w>e1 ) bird figure atta*$--#a_/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,vase %ap$ :i/le1 lo/ color w>e--4 ,music ,"o specim5 is vase or pit*] %ap$1 ) base prolong$ = a m\?piece & ) a neat h&le 7,fig4 #bdh74 ,! gr\nd color is a dull r$1 ^u :i* are traces ( pa9t$ figures4 ,its notes are z foll[s3 ,music ,a novel conceit is exhibit$ 9 ! crab %ap$ in/rum5t pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bdi1 :i* gives a back view ( ! animal4 ,on ! opposite side are f\r small conical legs1 ^u :i* ! object re/s z does a vase ^u its tripod4 ,! m\?piece is 9 ! "r arm1 b5ea? :i* is ! s\nd hole4 ,! two f+] holes are 9 ! back beh9d ! eyes ( ! creature & a susp5sion hole is se5 9 ! left arm4 ,! pa9t$ designs are 9 r$ & black l9es ^u a yell[i% gray gr\nd4 ,! foll[+ scale indicates its capacity3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,crab %ap$ :i/le1 alligator w>e--#a_/a4 ,music ,! l>ge/ specim5 9 ! collection1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bej1 repres5ts an alligator & is f9i%$ 9 ! usual conv5tional /yle ( ! alligator gr\p4 ,! air *amb] is l>ge & ! s\nds emitt$ are full & melodi\s & are l[] 9 pit* ?an ^? ( any o!r in/rum5t 9 ! collection4 ,! cavity 9 ! m\? & head is sep>at$ f ! body *amb]1 &1 ) ! addition ( e>!rn pellets1 probably s]v$ z a rattle4 ,! m\?piece is 9 ! tail & ! f+] holes are 9 ! sides ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,alligator %ap$ :i/le1 alligator w>e--4 ,music ,mammals are v (t5 reproduc$ 9 ^! in/rum5ts4 ,:at appe>s to be ! ocelot or jagu> is ! favorite subject4 ,a repres5tative specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bea4 ,! m\?piece is 9 ! tail & "o ( ! s\nd holes is 9 ! left %\ld] & ! o!r b5ea? ! body4 ,! head is turn$ to "o side & ! face is decid$ly cat-l 9 expression4 ,! decoration is 9 black & r$ & may be tak5 z a typical example ( ! conv5tional treatm5t ( ! m>k+s ( ! bodies ( su* animals4 ,! tips ( ! e>s1 feet1 & tail are r$4 ,r[s ( r$ /rokes1 alt]nat+ ) black1 ext5d 9 a broad /ripe f ! po9t ( ! nose to ! base ( ! neck4 ,r$ panels1 inclos+ r[s ( r$ dots & enfram$ by black l9es1 cross ! back4 ,on ! sides we h oblong spaces fill$ 9 ) ! conv5tional devices s common 9 o!r animal repres5tations4 ,! legs are /rip$ & dott$ aft] ! usual mann]4 ,music ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,cat %ap$ :i/le1 alligator w>e--#a_/a4 ,a unique =m1 & "o t w be look$ at ) int]e/ by comp>ative e?nologi/s on acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( ! tongues1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #beb4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( an oblong body to :i* f\r ocelot heads are fix$1 "o at ea* end & ! o!rs at ! sides4 ,x re/s ^u f\r feet1 9 "o ( :i* ! m\?piece is plac$4 ,! f+] holes are 9 ! side ( ! body ne> ! legs1 z se5 9 ! cut4 ,! decoration1 :i* consi/s ( m or less conv5tional repres5tations ( ! sk9 m>k+s ( ! animal1 is 9 black & r$4 ,its notes are ?ree1 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,:i/le ) f\r ocelot-l heads1 alligator w>e--#a_/a4 ,music ,! preval5ce ( bird =ms is due no d\bt to ! resemblance ( ! notes ( primitive :i/les to ! notes ( birds4 ,! %ape ( ! bird is also exceptionally conv5i5t1 z ! body accommodates ! air *amb]1 ! tail s]ves z a m\?piece1 & ! head is conv5i5t = ! atta*m5t ( a cord ( susp5sion4 ,a great v>iety ( =ms 7 model$ & range f ! m9ute proportions ( ! smalle/ humm+ bird to ^? ( a rob94 ,! l>g] pieces repres5t birds ( prey1 su* z hawks1 eagles1 & vultures1 & ! small] are int5d$ = p>rots & song birds4 ,! treatm5t is always highly conv5tional1 yet 9 _m cases ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! species are =cibly pres5t$4 ,! pa9t$ devices h ref]5ce 9 mo/ cases to ! m>k+s ( ! plumage1 yet !y p>take ( ! geometric "* ( ! designs us$ 9 ord9>y vase pa9t+4 ,! gr\nd is ! usual yell[i% gray ( ! slip1 & ne>ly all ! pieces belong to ! lo/ color & alligator gr\ps4 ,a *>act]i/ic example is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bec4 ,! head is l>ge & flat & ! pa9t$ devices are 9 ! r$ & black ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,! ?ree notes are z foll[s3 ,music ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,bird %ap$ :i/le1 ) decoration 9 black1 lo/ color w>e--#a_/a4 ,! piece giv5 9 ,fig4 #bed has ! %ape & m>k+s ( a hawk or eagle4 ,x belongs to ! alligator w>e & is elaborately f9i%$ 9 semigeometric devices 9 r$ & black4 ,all ( ^! devices ref] m or less def9itely to ! m>k+s ( ! plumage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,bird %ap$ :i/le1 ) conv5tional decoration 9 r$ & black1 alligator w>e--#a_/a4 ,music ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #bee repres5ts a bird ) two heads1 ! %ape & m>k+s ( :i* sugge/ "o ( ! small] song birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,two head$1 bird %ap$ :i/le1 ) conv5tional decoration 9 black1 lo/ color w>e--#a_/a4 ,music ,i _c say t ! :i/les 7 model$ & pit*$ ) ! idea ( imitat+ ! notes ( p>ticul> birds1 b x is possible = ! practic$ p]=m] to reproduce ! simpl] songs & cries ( birds ) a good deal ( accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,:i/le 9 grotesque life =m1 ) decorations 9 black & r$1 alligator w>e--#b_/c4 ,! human figure 0 occasionally utiliz$4 ,! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 is extremely rude & conv5tional1 ! features hav+ ! peculi> squirrel-l "* %[n 9 ! figur9es already giv54 ,! unique piece giv5 9 ,fig4 #bef repres5ts a %ort1 clumsy female figure ) a squirrel face1 c>ry+ a vessel ^u h] back by means ( a head /rap1 :i* is held 9 place by ! h&s4 ,! m\?piece ( ! :i/le is 9 ! "r elb[ & "o s\nd hole is 9 ! middle ( ! brea/ & ! o!r 9 ! left side4 ,! co/ume & "s ( ! details ( anatomy are indicat$ by r$ & black l9es 9 ! orig9al4 ,its notes are ! same z ^? pres5t$ ) ,fig4 #bdi4 ,,life ,,=ms ,,9 ,,vase ,,pa9t+4 ,?is section is to be devot$ to a %ort /udy ( ! decorative sy/em ( ! anci5t ,*iriquians1 & m especially to a consid]ation ( ! treatm5t ( life =ms 9 vase pa9t+4 ,_m ( ! f9e/ examples ( ^! designs1 s f> z execution & effect 9 embelli%m5t are conc]n$1 h already be5 giv52 b x is desirable n[ to select & arrange a s]ies to illu/rate orig9s & processes ( gr[? or modification4 ,elem5ts ( ornam5t fl[ into ! c]amic art f a numb] ( s\rces1 b *iefly 9 two great curr5ts3 ! "o f art1 & consi/+ *iefly ( te*nical or me*anically produc$ ph5om5a1 & h5ce geometric1 & ! o!r f nature1 & c>ry+ elem5ts prim>ily del9eative1 & h5ce non-geometric4 ,:5 once )9 ! realm ( decoration ! v>i\s motives or elem5ts are subject to modification by two classes ( influ5ces or condition+ =ces3 ! te*nical re/ra9ts ( ! art & ! e/hetic =ces ( ! human m9d4 ,me*anical & geometric elem5ts1 al?\gh born )9 ! art or its associat$ arts1 are modifi$ 9 ! processes ( adaptation to ! *ang+ requirem5ts & conditions ( ! art & ?r\gh ! t5d5cy t[>ds elaboration "u ! guidance ( ! e/hetic =ces2 left by !mselves !y rema91 ?r\gh\t all *anges ( use & modification ( =m1 purely geometric4 ,imitative elem5ts t5d1 "u ! same influ5ces1 to move 9 ! direction ( ! unreal or geometric4 ,9 ?is way ! reali/ic =ms und]go m>k$ *anges1 gradually assum+ a geometric "* & f9ally los+ all semblance ( nature4 ,n[ x mu/ be not$ t ! decorations ( any gr\p ( art products may embody bo? classes ( elem5ts or !y may be re/rict$ r closely to ei!r4 ,?is fact enables u to acc\nt = _m ( ! /rongly m>k$ di/9ctions obs]v$ 9 ! decorative sy/ems ( diff]5t communities1 races1 & times4 ,9 a rec5t /udy ( anci5t ,pueblo art ,i trac$ ! decoration to a me*anical orig91 ma9ly 9 ! art ( basketry1 & ?us acc\nt$ = its highly geometric "*4 ,*iriquian art pres5ts a /rong contra/ to ?is1 z ! great body ( elem5ts are manife/ly d]iv$ f nature by del9eative imitation4 ,x 0 fur!r obs]v$ 9 ,pueblo art t z "t w5t on life =ms 7 little by little introduc$ into its decoration & t 9 rec5t times !y %>$ ! honors equally ) ! primitive geometric =ms4 ,9 ,*iriquian art we f9d b meag] traces ( a primitive geometric sy/em1 & conclude t ei!r ! e>lie/ art ( ! p did n give rise to su* a sy/em or t ! graphic motives1 ent]+ gradually & /eadily multiply+1 supplant$ ! ar*aic =ms1 f9ally usurp+ ne>ly ! entire field4 ,z notic$ 9 ! prec$+ sections1 !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( geometricity 9 ! arrangem5t & ! enfram+ ( ! designs1 z well z a c]ta9 degree ( conv5tion 9 ! treatm5t ( ev5 ! mo/ graphic motives2 b ^! *>act]s may be due to ! re/ra9+ conditions ( ! art1 r ?an to ! survival ( orig9al or ance/ral features or *>act]s4 ,9 beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,*iriquian decorative art ,i f\nd x impossible to approa* ! subject advantage\sly f ! geometric side1 z 0 done 9 ! ,pueblo /udy1 s9ce life elem5ts s ?or\ghly p]meate e "p ( x4 ,i h1 !re=e1 turn$ ab\t1 & 9 ! foll[+ /udy pres5t fir/ ! m reali/ic del9eations ( nature1 arrang+ long s]ies ( d]ivative %apes :i* desc5d ?r\gh increas+ degrees ( conv5tion to purely geometric =ms4 ,^! rem>ks relate :olly to ! plan or l9e> arrangem5t ( ! motives4 ,z to me?od ( realization1 c]amic ornam5t may be arrang$ 9 two classes3 ! pla/ic or reliev$ & ! non-pla/ic or flat4 ,life =ms are freely r5d]$ by bo? pla/ic & non-pla/ic me?ods1 & 9 ei!r /yle may range f ! highly reali/ic to ! purely geometric4 ,z %[n 9 a prec$+ section1 pla/ic life =ms 9 ,*iriquian art appe> to h be5 subject to two div]g5t l9es ( ?\ght1 ! "o trivial & ! o!r s]i\s4 ,?r\gh ! "o we h grotesque & p]haps ev5 humor\s repres5tations ( m5 & ( animals4 ,! figures are atta*$ to ! vessels = ! purpose--p]haps = ! exclusive purpose--( embelli%m5t1 & (t5 ) excell5t success1 z judg$ by our own /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,! o!r deals ) pla/ic repres5tations app>5tly ( a s]i\s nature1 al?\gh utiliz$ also = embelli%m5t4 ,! animal =ms employ$ are treat$ 9 a way to sugge/ t 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ ! creature bore a def9ite relation to ! vessel or its use1 a relation%ip orig9at+ 9 sup]/ition & pres]v$ ?r\gh\t all *anges ( =m4 ,_! (fice 0 symbolic1 & ?is (fice 0 probably n always lo/ sight ( by ! pott]1 ev5 ?\gh1 ?r\gh ! =ces ( conv5tion1 ! animal %apes 7 r$uc$ to m]e knobs1 ridges1 or ev5 to pa9t$ devices4 ,9 color del9eations1 al?\gh ! same subjects are to a great ext5t employ$1 !re is necess>ily great] con/ra9t--!re is less fre$om z well z less vigor 9 ! pres5tation ( natural =ms4 ,!re is app>5tly no attempt at ! grotesque or amus+4 ,! v>iants are practically inf9ite4 ,! "w is m purely decorative & is p]haps less subject to ! re/ra9ts ( associat$ ideas & ( use ) p>ticul> vessels or 9 def9ite relations to o!r features ( ! vessel4 ,at ! same "t x is manife/ t ^! pa9t$ figures are n all m]ely mean+less decorations1 b t _m1 ?r\gh\t all degrees ( modification1 ref] ) great] or less cle>ness to natural orig9als1 to ideas associat$ ) ^! orig9als1 or to ! relation%ip ( ^! orig9als to ! vessel & its uses4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t a consid]able body ( nature-d]iv$ elem5ts1 pla/ic & pa9t$1 are employ$ z simple embelli%m5ts1 hav+ no o!r function4 ,?is sugge/s ! sep>ation ( all decorations into two gr& divisions1 bas$ ^u ! k9d ( ?\ghts associat$ ) !m4 ,^! divisions may be designat$ z significant & non-significant1 ! t]m significant ref]r+ n to ! m]e id5tification ( a device ) an orig9al =m or to its (fice z an ornam5t1 b to its symbolism1 to its my/ic relation ) ! vessel & its uses4 ,b ,i h to d "h ) ! =ms tak5 by motives1 ) _! morphology r ?an ) _! signification1 z ! latt] mu/1 ) ref]5ce to ar*ologic mat]ial1 rema9 greatly speculative4 ,9 ! application ( life =ms 9 vase pa9t+ sev]al classes ( modify+ & con/ra9+ ag5cies ( a te*nical nature are pres5t1 & ! foll[+ examples are gr\p$ ) ! idea ( def9+ ^! classes ( =ces & keep+ !m 9 a measure di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,graphic del9eation ( ! alligator1 f a vase ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,graphic del9eation ( ! alligator1 f a vase ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,( all ! animal =ms utiliz$ by ! ,*iriquians ! alligator is ! be/ suit$ to ! purpose ( ?is /udy1 z x is pres5t$ mo/ frequ5tly & 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms4 ,9 ,figs4 #beg & #beh ,i reproduce draw+s f ! out] surface ( a tripod b[l ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,simple & =mal z ^! figures are1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! creature--! s9u\s body1 ! /rong jaws1 ! upturn$ sn\t1 ! feet1 & ! scales--are =cibly express$4 ,x is n to be assum$ t ^! examples repres5t ! be/ del9eative skill ( ! ,*iriquian arti/4 ,! native pa9t] mu/ h execut$ v mu* sup]ior "w ^u ! m usual del9eat+ surfaces1 su* z b>k & sk9s4 ,! examples "h %[n h already exp]i5c$ decid$ *anges ?r\gh ! con/ra9ts ( ! c]amic art1 b are ! mo/ graphic del9eations pres]v$ to u4 ,!y are free h& products1 execut$ by m]e decorators1 p]haps by wom51 :o 7 s]vile copyi/s ( ! =ms employ$ by ^? skill$ 9 sacr$ art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,conv5tional alligator1 f ! lo/ color w>e4 ,a ?ird illu/ration f ! same gr\p ( w>e1 giv5 9 ,fig4 #bei1 %[s1 9 "s respects1 a high] degree ( conv5tion4 ,! scales are "h repres5t$ by triangul> d5tals1 :i* occupy ! entire l5g? ( ! back4 ,^! d5tals are fill$ ) ! r\nd dots t /& s+ly 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,/yle ( conv5tion 9 ! alligator gr\p ( w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,/yle ( conv5tion 9 ! alligator gr\p ( w>e4 ,9 ano!r class ( w>e--! alligator gr\p--! treatm5t is q diff]5t1 be+ decid$ly m clumsy & realiz$ by di/9ct processes2 b prom95ce is giv5 to a numb] ( correspond+ features4 ,! /rong curve ( ! back1 ! d5tals & dots1 & ! muzzle & m\? ref] app>5tly to ! same creature4 ,! curi\sly m>k$ panel 9 ! body ( ! la/ example is a unique feature1 :i* appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 a few o!r cases4 ,^! draw+s occur ^u ! sides ( vases1 alt]nat+ ) ! pla/ic features1 & are p]haps g5]ally associat$ ) su* features 9 ! expression ( "s my?ical idea4 ,! model$ creature is (t5 repres5t$ ) two heads in/ead ( ) a head & a tail1 & ! pa9t$ =ms1 9 _m cases1 exhibit ! same peculi>ity z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,i surmise t ! employm5t ( two heads arises f ! ne$ ( secur+ p]fect balance ( p>ts r ?an z an orig9al product ( ! imag9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,two head$ =m ( ! alligator4 ,x w be int]e/+1 z additional examples are pres5t$1 to note ! effect ( modification ^u p>ticul> features ( ! animal1 to obs]ve h[ "s come into prom95ce1 repres5t+ ! creature & ! idea1 :ile o!rs fall into disuse & disappe>4 ,9 nature ! l9e ( ! body is p]haps ! mo/ /rongly *>act]i/ic feature1 & x is 9 art ! mo/ p]si/5t4 ,x survives 9 ! /ems ( _m conv5tional devices f :i* all o!r sugge/ions ( ! animal h vani%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,figure ( ! alligator mu* simplifi$4 ,! foll[+ examples dep>t /ill fur!r f nature1 approa*+ ! bord] l9e betwe5 ! di/9ctly imitative & ! purely conv5tional or geometric phases4 ,9 ! fir/ 7,fig4 #bfc7 all ! lead+ features are recognizable1 b are v mu* simplifi$4 ,! jaws are )\t tee?1 ! head is )\t eyes1 & ! body )\t indication ( scales4 ,! o!r example 7,fig4 #bfd7 is ( a some:at diff]5t type & may possibly ref] to "s o!r reptilian =m1 b _m l9ks connect+ ! two are f\nd4 ,! %ape is m angul> & is a /ep fur!r remov$ f nature4 ,f %apes z conv5tional z ?is we drop readily into purely geometric =ms1 z w be se5 fur!r on4 ,^! & ! prec$+ draw+s are all execut$ on broad surfaces1 :]e fancy c\ld h free play4 ,! modify+ or conv5tionaliz+ =ces are1 !re=e1 q vague4 ,v>iation f natural =ms is due p>tly to a lack ( skill on ! "p ( ! pa9t]1 p>tly to ! peculi> dem&s ( c]amic embelli%m5t1 & p>tly to ! traditional /yle ( treatm5t acquir$ 9 /ill m primitive /ages ( culture & 9 o!r & unid5tifi$ bran*es ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,! alligator mu* modifi$ by c]amic influ5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,fig4 #bff4 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( ! %ape ( spaces ^u ! del9eation ( animal =ms4 ,i %all n[ call att5tion to "s important individualiz$ or well def9$ ag5cies ( conv5tion4 ,fir/1 & mo/ pot5t1 may be m5tion$ ! en=c$ limits ( ! spaces to be decorat$1 :i* spaces take %ape indep5d5tly ( ! subject to be ins]t$4 ,:5 ! figures mu/ occupy a n>r[ zone !y are elongat$1 :5 !y mu/ occupy a squ>e !y are re/rict$ longitud9ally1 & :5 !y mu/ occupy a circle !y are ( necessity coil$ up4 ,fig4 #bfe illu/rates ! effect produc$ by cr[d+ ! oblong figure into a %ort rectangul> space4 ,! head is turn$ back ov] ! body & ! tail is ?r[n d[n along ! side ( ! space4 ,9 ,fig4 #bff ! figure occupies a circle1 & is 9 consequ5ce closely coil$ up1 giv+ ! effect ( a s]p5t r ?an an alligator4 ,9 ,fig4 #bfg ! space is semicircul>1 & we obs]ve peculi> conv5tional conditions1 "s ( :i* may be due to o!r causes4 ,= example1 su* spaces may orig9ally h be5 fill$ ) purely geometric figures1 :i* t5d$ to imp>t _! own *>act]s to ! life =ms t supplant$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,del9eation reta9+ b slight traces ( ! life =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,del9eation reta9+ b slight traces ( ! life =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,del9eation reta9+ b slight traces ( ! life =m4 ,n[1 x (t5 happ5s t1 z 9 ! la/ example giv51 ! animal =m1 lit]ally r5d]$1 does n fill ! panels satisfactorily4 ,! head & ! tail d n correspond & !re is a lack ( balance4 ,9 su* cases two heads h be5 pref]r$4 ,! body is giv5 a uni=m d\ble curve & ! heads are turn$ d[n1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bfh & #bfi1 or "o may turn up & ! o!r d[n1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,! two head$ =m may also arise f imitation ( pla/ic =ms1 z ,i h already %[n4 ,! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #bfh is extremely int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its complexity & ! novel treatm5t ( ! v>i\s features4 ,! two feet are plac$ close toge!r ne> ! middle ( ! curv$ body1 & on ei!r side ( ^! are ! "u jaws turn$ back & arm$ ) d5tal projections = tee?4 ,! *>act]i/ic scale symbols occur at int]vals along ! back2 & v curi\sly at "o place1 :]e !re is scant room1 simple dots are employ$1 %[+ ! id5tity ( ^! two *>act]s4 ,"s curi\s auxili>y devices1 ! orig9 ( :i* is obscure1 are us$ to fill 9 m>g9al spaces4 ,! %ape giv5 9 ,fig4 #bfi is s highly modifi$ t x is n recognizable z an animal =m1 except+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( l9ks connect+ x ) m reali/ic del9eations4 ,x is p]fectly symmetrical & consi/s ( a comp\nd curve = ! body1 ) hooks at ! extremities & two app5d$ hooks = legs4 ,! spots symboliz+ ! scales are "h plac$ )9 ! body1 %[+ ano!r /ep t[>d complete annihilation ( ! natural =ms & relations4 ,?ree additional examples1 %[+ /ill high] degrees ( conv5tion1 are pres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bga1 #bgb1 & #bgc4 ,! s]ies c\ld be fill$ up & cont9u$ indef9itely1 connect+ ! :ole family ( devices 9 :i* d5tals1 hooks1 spots1 & circles occur ) ! alligator radical or ) o!r reptilian =ms confus$ ) ! alligator ?r\gh ! c>elessness or ignorance ( ! decorator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,highly conv5tionaliz$ alligator d]ivative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,highly conv5tionaliz$ alligator d]ivative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,highly conv5tionaliz$ alligator d]ivative4 ,9 look+ ov] a l>ge s]ies ( ! vases x w be se5 t ! t5d5cy ( decoration is t[>d ! zonal arrangem5t1 ! spaces be+ n>r[ & long1 ev5 :5 divid$ into ! usual numb] ( panels4 ,z a consequ5ce ! motives t5d to take l9e> =ms4 ,p>ts are repeat$ or greatly drawn out to fill ! spaces4 ,?is phase ( conv5tional evolution may be illu/rat$ by a multitude ( examples4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f ,fig4 #bgd4 ,s]ies ( =ms %[+ modification ?r\gh use 9 n>r[ zones4 ,beg9n+ ) an ord9>y =m 9 ,fig4 #bgd1 a1 we advance "u ! re/ra9t ( p>allel bord] l9es ?r\gh ! s]ies1 end+ 9 a simple me&]1 f1 ! spaces ab\t :i* are1 h[ev]1 fill$ out ) ! conv5tional scale symbols1 ! triangles inclos+ dots4 ,?us we witness ! trans=mation ( ! life =m into a l9e> device1 9 :i* ! flexures ( ! body are emphasiz$ & multipli$ )\t ref]5ce to nature1 & !re is little d\bt t ! s]ies cont9ues fur!r1 end+ ) simple curv$ l9es & ev5 ) /raight l9es unaccompani$ by auxili>y devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,runn+ ornam5ts compos$ ( life elem5ts4 ,next to ! body l9e ! mo/ important ( ! alligator d]ivatives is ! not*$ or dott$ hook1 :i* 9 ! lo/ color gr\p /&s sometimes = ! :ole creature1 b m frequ5tly = "o or m ( ! memb]s ( its body1 ! sn\t1 ! tail1 or ! feet4 ,x is employ$ s+ly or 9 v>i\s arrangem5ts suit$ to ! %ape ( ! spaces to be fill$ or occurs 9 connection ) ! body l9e or /em1 :]e1 by sy/ematic repetition1 x s]ves to fill ! triangul> int]spaces4 ,take1 = example1 an ornam5t 7,fig4 #bge7 :i* encircles ! %\ld] ( a h&some vase ( ! lo/ color gr\p4 ,! space is neatly fill$ ) gr\p+s 9 :i* ! simple life coil elem5ts are jo9$ "o to ano!r 9 su* a way z to give some:at ! effect ( an ord9>y runn+ ornam5t4 ,! same motive takes a diff]5t =m 9 ,fig4 #bgf1 :i* is "p ( ! decorat$ zone ( an e>!n drum 7see ,fig4 #bce74 ,"h ! body ( ! creature is repres5t$ by a wide me&]$ l9e1 & to ?is ! not*$ or scallop$ hooks are atta*$ ) p]fect regul>ity1 "o to ea* angle ( ! me&]$ body4 ,9 o!r examples ! angul> geometric "* ext5ds to e "p ( ! detail & ! curv$ hooks lose _! la/ sugge/ion ( nature & are entirely dropp$ or us$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,runn+ ornam5ts compos$ ( life motives4 ,! r+s1 /rokes1 spots1 & d5tate figures t s]ve to repres5t ! m>k+s & scales ( ! reptile are among ! mo/ important ( ! d]ivative devices & occur 9 v>i$ relations to o!r classes ( d]ivatives4 ,!y also occur indep5d5tly1 ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\p+s4 ,?us we see t ! alligator1 9 ,*iriquian vase pa9t+1 is repres5t$ by an endless li/ ( devices1 & x is int]e/+ to note t among ^! are sev]al figures famili> to ! civiliz$ _w 9 bo? symbolism & ornam5t4 ,i pres5t five s]ies ( figures design$ to illu/rate ! /ages ?r\gh :i* life =ms pass 9 desc5d+ f ! reali/ic to highly specializ$ conv5tional %apes4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies 7,fig4 #bgg71 we beg9 ) a meag] b graphic sket* ( ! alligator2 ! second figure is h>dly less *>act]i/ic1 b is mu* simplifi$2 9 ! ?ird we h /ill ?ree lead+ features ( ! creature3 ! body l9e1 ! spots1 & ! /roke at ! back ( ! head2 & 9 ! f\r? no?+ rema9s b a comp\nd1 yoke-l curve1 /&+ = ! body ( ! creature1 & a s+le dot4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d ,fig4 #bgg4 ,s]ies ( d]ivatives ( ! alligator %[+ /ages ( simplification4 ,! figures ( ! second s]ies 7,fig4 #bgh7 are ne>ly all pa9t$ ^u l[ r\nd nodes plac$ ab\t ! body ( ! alligator vases & h5ce are inclos$ 9 circles 7see ,fig4 #aig74 ,! animal figure 9 ! fir/ example is coil$ up l a s]p5t1 b /ill pres]ves "s ( ! well kn[n *>act]s ( ! alligator4 ,9 ! second example we h a d\ble hook ne> ! c5t] ( ! space :i* takes ! place ( ! body1 b ! dott$ triangles are plac$ sep>ately aga9/ ! encircl+ l9e4 ,9 he next figure ! body symbol is omitt$ & ! ?ree triangles rema9 to repres5t ! animal4 ,9 ! f\r? !re are f\r triangles1 & ! body device1 be+ re/or$ 9 r$1 takes ! =m ( a cross4 ,9 ! fif? two ( ! inclos+ triangles are omitt$ & ! idea is pres]v$ by ! simple dots4 ,9 ! six? ! dots are plac$ )9 ! b>s ( ! cross1 ! triangles becom+ m]e int]spaces2 & 9 ! sev5? ! dots =m a l9e betwe5 ! two encircl+ l9es4 ,?is s]ies c\ld be fill$ up by o!r examples1 ?us %[+ by :at inf9itesimal /eps ! trans=mations take place4 ,! r\nd nodes ^u :i* ^! m$allion-l figures are drawn are survivals ( ! heads or o!r p>ts ( animals orig9ally model$ 9 ! r\nd1 b 9 ! processes ( manufacture p>tially or :olly atrophi$4 ,x 0 s\ght to pres]ve ! idea ( ! creature by ! use ( pa9t$ details1 b ^!1 z we h se51 7 also 9 "t r$uc$ to =mal m>ks1 symbols d\btless 9 _m cases ( ! conception to :i* ! orig9al pla/ic =m ref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,s]ies %[+ /ages 9 ! simplification ( animal *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d ,fig4 #bgi4 ,! scroll & fret d]iv$ f ! body l9e ( ! alligator4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d ,fig4 #bhj4 ,devices d]iv$ f draw+s ( p>ts ( ! life =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,devices incis$ 9 a ne$lecase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,devices repres5t+ ! m>k+s ( a reptile's body4 ,! d]ivation ( ! fret & scroll--mo/ admir$ ( ! decorative motives ( num]\s races--has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( discussion4 ,! vase pa9t+ ( ,*iriqui s]ves to ?r[ new light ^u ! subject4 ,we le>n by ! s]ies ( /eps illu/rat$ 9 ! annex$ cuts t ! alligator radical1 "u peculi> re/ra9ts & influ5ces1 assumes conv5tional =ms t m]ge imp]ceptibly into ^! classic devices4 ,9 ! ?ird s]ies giv5 7,fig4 #bgi7 ! fir/ figure is f> remov$ f ! reali/ic /age ( repres5tation1 b x is "o ( ! ord9>y conv5tional guises ( ! alligator4 ,o!r /ill m conv5tional =ms are se5 9 ! ?ree succe$+ figures1 ! la/ ( :i* is a typical rectangul> fret l9k kn[n & us$ by mo/ nations ( mod]ate culture4 ,! d]ivatives 9 ne>ly all ! prec$+ figures c be trac$ back to ! body ( ! creature z a root1 b !re are _m examples :i* seem to h come f ! del9eation ( a "p ( ! creature1 z ! head1 foot1 eye1 or scales--abbreviat$ repres5tatives ( ! :ole creature4 ,su* p>ts1 assum+ ! role ( radicals1 pass also ?r\gh a s]ies ( modifications1 end+ 9 purely geometric devices 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ or f\r? s]ies ( examples 7,fig4 #bhj74 ,9 ! fir/ cut we h :at appe>s to be ! leg & foot ( ! favorite reptile1 & foll[+ ?is are o!r =ms t seem to ref] to ! same feature4 ,additional examples are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bha & #bhb1 :i*1 :ile !y d\btless arose m or less directly f ! life =m1 are n s readily traceable ?r\gh less conv5tional antec$5ts4 ,! fir/ =ms "p ( ! incis$ ornam5t ( a small vase or ne$lecase & ! second is a section ( ! zonal ornam5t ( ! tripod cup illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 by ref]5ce to :i* x w be se5 t ! zone ( devices s]ves to connect ! head & ! tail ( ! reptile1 :i* are model$ z a "p ( ! vase2 ! devices !re=e repres5t ! m>k+s ( ! creature's body1 al?\gh !y may orig9ally h be5 d]iv$ f ! figure ( ! :ole or a "p ( ! animal r ?an f ! m>k+s ( ! sk94 ,9 o!r examples /ill m highly conv5tional figures are f\nd to hold ! same relation to ! pla/ic repres5tation ( ! extremities ( ! creature4 ,!y include ! me&]1 ! scroll1 ! fret1 & ! guillo*e4 ,we f9d t 9 ! /one metates ( _m p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ne>ly all ( :i* are c>v$ to imitate ! puma1 ! head & tail ( ! creature are connect$ by b&s ( simil> devices t encircle ! m>g9 ( ! meal+ plate 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,! alligator =m is !re=e n necess>ily ! orig9ator ( all su* devices4 ,x is probable t any animal =m ext5sively us$ by su* lov]s ( decoration z ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,am]ica w\ld be f\nd ?us int]wov5 ) decoration4 ,^! consid]ations w s]ve to wid5 our views ^u ! orig9 & developm5t ( especial devices4 ,z x n[ /&s we are absolutely c]ta9 t no race1 no art1 no motive or elem5t 9 nature or 9 art c claim ! exclusive orig9ation ( any "o ( ! well kn[n or /&>d conv5tional devices1 & t any race1 art1 or individual motive is capable ( giv+ rise to any & to all su* devices4 ,no?+ c be m absurd ?an to suppose t ! signification or symbolism atta*+ to a giv5 =m is uni=m ! _w ov]1 z ! ideas associat$ ) ea* mu/ v>y ) ! *annels ?r\gh :i* !y 7 develop$4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g ,fig4 #bhc4 ,conv5tional figures d]iv$ f ! m>k+s ( ! bodies ( animals4 ,o!r classes ( geometric figures1 d]iv$ *iefly f scale or sk9 m>k+s1 are giv5 9 ! fif? s]ies4 ,9 m reali/ic phases ( repres5tation ! d5tate & dott$ devices are rang$ along ! body ( ! creature1 z 9 nature1 b z conv5tion progresses !y are us$ indep5d5tly to fill up spaces1 to =m ! septa ( panels1 c4 ,_m illu/rations appe> 9 ! prec$+ pages & additional examples are giv5 9 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,x is possible t ^! devices come f del9eations ( a numb] ( di/9ct animal =ms2 b 9 ! high] /ages ( conv5tion confusion _c be avoid$1 & mu/ h exi/$ to "s ext5t 9 ! m9d ( ! decorator2 !y s]ve1 h[ev]1 to illu/rate ! /ages ( simplification ?r\gh :i* all =ms ext5sively us$ = a long p]iod mu/ pass4 ,! laws ( d]ivation1 modification1 & application 9 art are ! same 9 all4 ,x has n[ be5 %[n t life =ms & _! v>i$ d]ivatives con/itute ! great body ( ,*iriquian decorative motives2 t :5 fir/ introduc$ ! del9eations are m or less reali/ic1 accord+ to ! skill ( ! arti/ or ! dem&s ( ! art2 b t 9 "t1 by a long s]ies ( abbreviations & alt]ations1 !y desc5d to simple geometric =ms 9 :i* all visible connection ) ! orig9als is lo/4 ,! ag5cies ?r\gh :i* ?is result is accompli%$ are *iefly ! me*anical re/ra9ts ( ! art act+ indep5d5tly ( volunt>y modification & )\t direct ex]cise ( e/hetic desire4 ,!re may be =ces at "w ( :i* we f9d no cle> indications4 ,"s ( ! conv5tional =ms into :i* life =ms are f\nd to grade may be survivals ( =ms orig9at+ 9 o!r regions & belong+ to o!r cultures :i* h ?r\gh accid5ts ( contact impos$ !mselves ^u ,*iriquian art2 su* are ! scroll1 ! fret1 & ! guillo*e2 b ! ?or\gh mann] 9 :i* su* =ms are int]wov5 ) purely ,*iriquian conceptions makes x impossible to sub/antiate su* a !ory4 ,! conclusion mo/ easily & mo/ naturally rea*$ is t all are probably indig5\s to ,*iriqui1 & h5ce ! /rik+ d$uction t ! processes ( modification inh]5t 9 ! art are ( su* a nature t any animal =m ext5sively us$ 9 decoration may give rise to any or all ( ! highly conv5tional =ms ( ornam5t4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is /udy a "q has frequ5tly be5 rais$ z to ! ext5t to :i* ! memory ( ! creature orig9al or ( its symbolism 9 fir/ use 0 kept alive 9 ! m9d ( ! decorator4 ,x is a well e/abli%$ fact t primitive peoples habitually inve/ inanimate objects ) ! attributes ( liv+ creatures4 ,?us ! vessel1 f ! "t x assumes individual %ape & is fitt$ to p]=m a function1 is ?\ght ( z a liv+ be+1 & by ! addition ( pla/ic or pa9t$ details x becomes a p>ticul> creature1 an alligator1 a fi%1 or a puma1 ea* ( :i* is 9 mo/ cases ! symbol ( "s my?ologic concept4 ,:51 ?r\gh ! *anges ( conv5tion 9 inf9ite repetition1 all resemblance to individual creatures 0 lo/ & m]e knobs or simple geometric figures occupi$ ! surface ( ! vessel1 !re is little d\bt t _m ( ^! features /ill recall$ to ! m9d ( ! pott] ! ultimate orig9als & ! conceptions ( :i* !y 7 ! repres5tatives1 & t o!rs repres5t$ ideas1 ! outgr[? ( or a developm5t f prim>y ideas1 :ile /ill o!rs _h acquir$ entirely new ideas f )\t4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t !re does come a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( vase pa9t+ at :i* su* associat$ ideas become vague & are lo/ & elem5ts =m]ly significant are add$ & comb9ations ( !m are made = embelli%m5t alone1 )\t ref]5ce to mean+ or appropriat5ess2 b ,i am incl9$ to place ?is p]iod a v long way f ! initiatory /ages ( ! art4 ,x may n be possible to f9d evid5ce ( ! arrival ( ?is p]iod1 z x is n necess>ily m>k$ by any loss ( unity or consi/5cy--/rik+ *>act]i/ics ( anci5t ,am]ican art2 = su* is ! cons]vatism ( indig5\s me?ods t1 unless !re be =cible intrusion ( exotic art1 orig9al =ms & gr\p+s may be p]petuat$ indef9itely & rema9 mu* ! same 9 appe>ance aft] ! associat$ ideas are modifi$ or lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,vase ) decorat$ zone conta9+ rem>kable devices--#a_/c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,s]ies ( twelve conv5tional devices f ! decorat$ zone ( a vase4 ,9 our /udy ( ! =ms & mean+s ( ^! devices x %\ld n be =gott5 t collat]al bran*es ( art are also simultane\sly employ+ ! same motives & r$uc+ !m ?r\gh o!r simil> classes ( conv5tionaliz+ =ces to correspond+ =ms4 ,record+ arts--pictography1 hi]oglyphic & phonetic writ+--c>ry life =ms ?r\gh all degrees ( abbreviation & *ange1 & all c]emonial & all dome/ic arts ) :i* su* =ms are associat$ d ! same2 & x is n impossible t _m conv5tional =ms f\nd ^u pott]y are borr[$ outright f ! o!r arts4 ,x w be impossible to detect ^! borr[$ elem5ts unless v lit]ally transf]r$ f "s art ! /yle ( :i* is well kn[n4 ,x w\ld be comp>atively easy to id5tify lit]al borr[+s f phonetic art or ev5 f hi]oglyphic art1 z ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! devices are q unlike ^? obs]v$ 9 pure decoration4 ,we d n "k t ,*iriquian culture _h a*iev$ a hi]oglyphic or a phonetic sy/em ( writ+1 b x is wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! =m & ! mann] ( employm5t ( "s ( ! devices f\nd ^u ! pott]y4 ,9 ,fig4 #bhd ,i pres5t an outl9e draw+ ( a vase1 ! %\ld] ( :i* is encircl$ by a broad zone ( decoration4 ,?is zone is divid$ into panels by oblique l9es4 ,a r[ ( rectangul> comp>tm5ts ext5ds along ! middle ( ! b& & r[s ( triangul> spaces occur at ! sides4 ,ea* space is occupi$ by a device hav+ "o or m features sugge/+ a pictorial orig9al & d\btless d]iv$ f "o4 ,9 ! ma9 r[ !re are twelve figures1 no two ( :i* are id5tical4 ,al?\gh we are unable to %[ t any ( ^! *>act]s _h o!r ?an a purely decorative use1 we see h[ ri*ly ! anci5t peoples 7 suppli$1 ?r\gh ! conv5tionaliz+ ag5cies ( ! art1 ) devices t c\ld h be5 employ$ z ideograms & lett]s :]e su* 7 ne$$1 & devices1 too1 t1 f _! d]ivation & use 9 ! art1 mu/ 9 mo/ cases h _h ideas associat$ ) !m4 ,r,,sum4 ,a brief summ>y ( ! m sali5t po9ts ( int]e/ dwelt ^u 9 ?is pap] may v appropriately be giv5 9 ?is place4 ,we f9d t a limit$ area--a small & obscure prov9ce ( ! i/hmian region--possesses a wond]ful weal? ( art products ! "* ( :i* indicates a long p]iod ( occupation by peoples ( consid]able culture4 ,! art rema9s are p]haps z a :ole inf]ior to ^? ( ! di/ricts to ! nor? & s\?1 b !y possess _m features 9 common ) ! art ( neighbor+ prov9ces4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 a well m>k$ individuality4 ,9 conception & execution ^! works are purely aborig9al1 &1 s f> z c be det]m9$ by ! data at h&1 are pre-,columbian1 & possibly to a great ext5t remotely pre-,columbian4 ,! discov]y ( articles ( bronze1 :i* metal we _c prove to be ( indig5\s production1 is ! only int]nal evid5ce po9t+ t[>d ! cont9uance ( ! anci5t epo* ( culture into po/-,columbian times4 ,! relics are obta9$ f tombs f :i* ne>ly all traces ( human rema9s h disappe>$4 ,art 9 /one cov]s ! gr\nd usually occupi$ by works 9 ?is mat]ial 9 o!r ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries1 save 9 ! matt] ( ar*itecture1 ( :i* art !re are b meag] traces4 ,!re are rock inscriptions1 /atuettes & /atues ( r rude "*1 %apely meal+ /ones1 elaborately c>v$ seats or /ools1 _m celts ( extremely neat workman%ip1 spe> & arr[ po9ts ( unique %ape1 & a v few beads & p5d5t ornam5ts4 ,!re are app>5tly no traces ( implem5ts ( w>4 ,9 metal !re are num]\s & some:at rem>kable works4 ,!y are ( gold1 gold-copp] alloy1 copp]1 & bronze4 ,! objects are ( small size1 r>ely rea*+ a p\nd 9 weight1 & !y are almo/ exclusively p5d5t ornam5ts4 ,!y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ca/ 9 molds1 & 9 n9e cases out ( t5 repres5t animal =ms4 ,a few bells are f\nd1 all ( :i* are ( bronze4 ,pieces =m$ ( alloy$ metal are usually wa%$ or plat$ ) pure gold4 ,! great body ( relics are 9 clay1 & ! workman%ip display$ is (t5 admirable4 ,vases are f\nd 9 great numb]s1 & z a rule are small & %apely1 & are s c>efully & elaborately decorat$ z to lead to ! inf]5ce t _! (fice 0 9 a great measure c]emonial4 ,!y take a high place among ,am]ican fictile products = grace ( =m & beauty ( decoration4 ,!re is nei!r glaze nor evid5ce ( ! use ( a :eel4 ,besides vases we h sev]al o!r classes ( objects1 :i* include grotesque1 toy-l /atuettes1 small1 cov]$ receptacles resembl+ ne$lecases1 seat-l objects elaborately model$1 sp9dle :orls1 & musical in/rum5ts4 ,! occurr5ce ( num]\s specim5s ( ! two latt] classes indicates t ! arts ( weav+ & music 7 assidu\sly practic$4 ,an exam9ation ( ! e/hetic features ( ! c]amic art has prov$ exceptionally in/ructive4 ,we f9d mu* t is wor?y ( att5tion 9 ! =ms ( vases z well z 9 ! pla/ic or reliev$ features ( embelli%m5t1 & a /ill ri*] field is op5$ by ! /udy ( ! incis$ & pa9t$--! flat--decorations4 ,i h %[n t ! elem5ts ( decoration fl[ into ! c]amic art *iefly ?r\gh two *annels1 ! "o f art & ! o!r f nature4 ,elem5ts f art are ma9ly ( me*anical orig91 & are1 !re=e1 non-imitative & geometric4 ,elem5ts f nature imitate natural =ms1 & h5ce are prim>ily non-geometric4 ,elem5ts f art1 be+ me*anical1 are mean+less or non-ideographic2 ^? f nature are 9 e>ly /ages ( art usually associat$ ) my?ologic conceptions1 & h5ce are ideographic4 ,all decorations may !re=e h f\r dual classifications1 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ) ref]5ce to me?od ( realization1 z pla/ic & flat2 second1 ) ref]5ce to d]ivation1 z me*anical & imitative2 ?ird1 ) ref]5ce to plan ( manife/ation1 z geometric & non-geometric2 &1 f\r?1 ) ref]5ce to ! association ( ideas1 z significant & non-significant4 ,i h f\nd t ! c]amic art1 hav+ acquir$ ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ornam5t1 c>ries !m by me?ods ( its own ?r\gh _m /range mutations ( =m4 ,! effect ^u life =ms is ( p>am\nt importance1 z is indicat$ by ! foll[+ broad & /rik+ g5]alization3 ,! ag5cies ( modification inh]5t 9 ! art 9 its practice are su* t any p>ticul> animal =m ext5sively employ$ 9 decoration is capable ( *ang+ into or giv+ rise to any or to all ( ! highly conv5tional decorative devices ^u :i* our lead+ ornam5ts1 su* z ! me&]1 ! scroll1 ! fret1 ! *evron1 & ! guillo*e1 are bas$4 ,x is fur!r se51 h[ev]1 t ideographic elem5ts are n necess>ily re/rict$ to decorative or symbolic functions1 = ! processes ( simplification r$uce !m to =ms well suit$ to employm5t 9 hi]oglyphic & ev5 9 phonetic sy/ems ( expression4 ,su* sy/ems are probably made up to a great ext5t ( *>act]s ! con=mation ( :i* is due to ! un?9k+--! me*anical--ag5cies ( ! v>i\s arts4 ,,index4 ,alligator1 utilization (1 9 ,*iriquian art #acj-adj1 #aff1 #agc-agf1 #agh1 #hj1 #ahc ,arr[po9ts & spe>heads ( ,*iriqui #cd ,balboa1 ornam5ts captur$ by #ce ,black incis$ gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #hj ,bolla]t1 ,w41 cit$ #da1 #de ,ca/illo del ,oro1 "n giv5 by ,columbus to ,*iriqui #ce ,celts1 collection (1 f ,*iriqui #bi-cd ,co/a ,rica1 orig9 ( "n ( #ce ,d>i51 capture (1 by ,balboa #ce ,de ,zeltn]1 ,a4 ,see ,zeltn]1 ,a4 de4 ,dill]1 ,j4 ,s41 ackn[l$gm5t to1 #ba1 note ,drums ( anci5t ,*iriqui #aeg1 #afj ,el ,dorado1 orig9 ( #ce ,figur9es ( ,*iriquian art #aea-aec ,hallock1 ,w41 on ,*iriquian me?ods ( ca/+ #ch ,h&l$ gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #ij-ig ,h]r]a1 cit$ #ce ,huacals1 exploration (1 9 ,*iriqui #af1 #ag ,kunz1 ,g4 ,f4 on use ( insects z models 9 ca/+ metals #ch on ,*iriquian me?ods ( plat+ #ci ,lo/ color ( ,*iriquian art1 nature ( #hf ,lo/ color gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #aac-acj ,mc,niel1 ,j4 ,a41 ar*eologic "w (1 9 ,*iriqui #ad1 #ae1 #bj ,mc,niel1 ,j4 ,a41 cit$ #ag1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #ca1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #ajg ,m>oon gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #ajg-aji ,meal+ /ones ( ,*iriqui #be-bg ,m]ritt1 ,j4 ,k41 cit$ #ad1 #af1 #di exploration ( ,bugaba cemet]y by #ag1 #ah1 #bj ,metates ( ,*iriqui1 nature & use ( #be-bg ,nadaillac1 ,m>quis1 cit$ #ad1 #ch on ,*iriquian me?ods ( ca/+ #ch ,ne$lecases 787 ( ,*iriqui #aej ,new ,granada1 burial cu/oms 9 #ai1 #bj ,otis1 ,f4 ,m41 pap] on ,panama ornam5ts by1 m5tion$ #df ,pi$ra p9tal1 description (1 by ,seemann #ba1 #bb ,p9>t1 ,a4 ,l41 cit$ #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb ,poly*rome gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #adj-adg ,pott]y ( ,*iriqui #ec-ahf ,rattles ( anci5t ,*iriqui #aef1 #aeg ,r$ l9e gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #aji-aaa ,riggs1 ,r4 ,b41 analyses by #di ,sc>ifi$ gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #hg-ij ,seemann1 description ( pi$ra p9tal by #ba1 #bb ,sp9dle :orls ( ,*iriqui #adi1 #aej ,/e>ns1 ,j4 ,b41 specim5s 9 ar*eological collections ( #bd1 #da1 #dc1 #de1 #dh1 #di ,/ools ( anci5t ,*iriqui #aed-aef ,t]ra cotta gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #fg ,tripod gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #ig-ajg ,:i/les ( anci5t ,*iriqui #afd-aga ,:ite1 ,b4 ,b41 description ( cemet]y 9 ,new ,granada by #ai ,:ite l9e gr\p ( ,*iriquian pott]y #aaa-aac ,w9d in/rum5ts ( anci5t ,*iriqui #afj-aga ,zeltn]1 ,a4 de obs]vations on graves 9 ,*iriqui by #ad1 #ah1 #ai1 #da1 #db cit$ #bj1 #bb1 #bg1 #dc1 #de1 #adj description ( ,*iriquian vases by #ade-adg 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,inconsi/5cies 7not$ by transcrib]7 ,c]ta9 spell+s su* z b[ld] are /&>d = ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,!y h n be5 individually not$4 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 ,peoples body text has ,p ,celts c4 f9al 4 miss+2 body text has ,celts alone ,clay3 ,pott]y body text has ,pott]y alone ,clay3 ,miscellane\s objects body text has ,miscellane\s ,objects ( ,clay ,rsum ind5t$ z if second>y to previ\s entry ,9 ! body text1 ! items ,spe>heads & ,ne$lecases are writt5 ) p>5!tical "q m>k 7874 ,"u ,clay1 all sections li/$ 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts z ,t]ra cotta gr\p1 ,sc>ifi$ gr\p444 are %[n 9 ! body text z ,! t]ra cotta gr\p1 ,! sc>ifi$ gr\p444 ,ma9 ,text3 less elaborate 9 its sculptur$ ornam5t4 f9al 4 miss+ tufa1 ! surface ( :i* displays l9e-break hyph5 9 surface miss+ ,fig4 #ai caption 444 p>tially poli%$ celt l9e-break hyph5 9 poli%$ miss+ surfaces ( ! specim5s recov]$ text has speci-_/im5s at l9e break ,fig4 #id caption 444 animal =ms--4 =ms4-- ,fig4 #aec4 ,fig #aec4 ,fig4 #aed caption 444 ornam5tation--4 f9al 4 miss+ call$ ,los ,t5ajos by ,mr4 ,mc,niel ,mc,neil ,fig4 #aef caption 444 high relief--4 relief4--4 ,fig4 #ahc caption 444 unusual %ape--4 f9al 4 miss+ ^! 7 poli%$ d[n ) ! slips4 f9al 4 miss+ ,fig4 #bcg caption 444 lo/ color gr\p--#a_/i4 fraction conjectural ,fig4 #bee caption 444 lo/ color w>e--#a_/a4 f9al 4 miss+ ,fig4 #bei4 f9al 4 miss+ devices 9 :i* d5tals1 hooks1 spots spell+ un*ang$3 expect$ =m is d5tils ,9 ! next figure ! body symbol ,9 he next