file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core
 ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture   
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7           
,transcrib]'s note   ,m9or punctuation  
errors h be5 *ang$ )\t notice4 ,pr9t]   
errors h be5 *ang$ & are li/$ at ! end4 
,all o!r inconsi/5cies are z 9 !        
orig9al4     ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,!    
,,c\ntry ,,community        ,,!         
,,evolution ,,(     ,,! ,,c\ntry        
,,community     ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,religi\s
 ,,sociology     ,,by     ,,w>r5 ,h4    
,,wilson       ,,! ,,pilgrim ,,press    
,,bo/on   ,,new ,,york   ,,*icago       
,copyright1 #aiab1    ,,by ,,lu!r ,h4   
,,c>y      ,,! ,,pilgrim ,,press        
,,bo/on        ,,to     ,,miss ,,anna   
,b4 ,,taft     ,,:o ,,f\nd ,,! ,,way ,,(
     ,,rural ,,lead]%ip     ,,9 ,,s]vice
 ,,on ,,! ,,neglect$ ,,bord]s ,,(       
,,new ,,engl& ,,t[ns     ,,preface   ,! 
significance ( ! mo/ significant ?+s is 
r>ely seiz$ at ! mom5t ( _! appe>ance4  
,ye>s or g5]ations aft]w>ds h9dsight    
discov]s :at =esight c\ld n see4  ,x is 

possible1 ,i fe> x is ev5 probable1 t   
e>ne/ & intellig5t lead]s ( organiz$    
religi\s activity1 l ?\s&s ( ! rank &   
file 9 p>i% "w1 w n imm$iately see !    
be>+s & realize ! full importance ( !   
ideas & ! purposes t are cle>ly set =? 9
 ?is new & orig9al book by my fri5d &   
sometime /ud5t1 ,dr4 ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson4 
,t fact w 9 no wise prev5t or ev5 delay 
! "w :i* ^! ideas & purposes are mapp+  
out & pu%+ to realization4  ,!          
,prote/ant *ur*es h complet$ "o full &  
r\nd$ p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! age (      
!ology 9 :i* !y play$ a conspicu\s "p   
has pass$ away1 nev] to return4 ,! _w   
has ent]$ into ! full sw+ ( ! age (     
sci5ce & practical a*ievem5t4 ,:at ! "w1
 ! usefulness1 & ! de/9y ( ! ,prote/ant 
*ur*es %all h5ce=? be w dep5d entirely  
^u _! own vision1 _! common s5se1 & _!  
adaptability to a new ord] ( ?+s4       
,embody+ z !y d res\rces1 organization1 
! devotion & ! en]gy ( e>ne/ m9ds1 !y   
are 9 a position to a*ieve results (    
wellnigh incalculable value if !y apply 

!mselves dilig5tly & wisely to ! task ( 
hold+ communities & individuals up to ! 
high /&>d ( t ,good ,life :i* ! mo/     
gift$ social philosoph] ( all ages told 
u1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 is ! object 
= :i* social activities & in/itutions   
exi/4  ,9 "o va/ field ( our social     
t]ritory ! problem ( ma9ta9+ ! good life
 has become peculi> 9 its conditions &  
difficult 9 ! extreme4 ,! rural         
community has suff]$ 9 ne>ly e imag9able
 way f ! rapid & r crude developm5t (   
our indu/rial civilization4 ,!          
emigration ( /rong1 ambiti\s m5 to !    
t[ns1 ! sub/itution ( ali5 labor = ! "y 
& /urdy memb]s ( ! l>ge ,am]ican        
families ( o!r days1 ! decl9+ bir? rate 
& ! dis9tegration ( a he>ty & *e]ful    
neighborhood life1 all h work$ toge!r to
 create a problem ( ! rural             
neighborhood1 ! c\ntry s*ool & ! c\ntry 
*ur* unique 9 its difficulties1         
sometimes 9 its disc\ragem5ts4  ,to deal
 ) ?is problem two ?+s are und5iably    
necess>y4 ,!re mu/ be a ?or\gh          

exam9ation ( x1 a complete analysis &   
ma/]y ( its factors & conditions4 ,!    
social survey has become z imp]ative = !
 c\ntry pa/or z ! geological survey is =
 ! m9+ eng9e]4 ,& :5 ! facts &          
conditions are kn[n1 ! *ur* mu/         
resolutely set ab\t ! task ( deal+ ) !m 
9 ! practical _s ( a practical age1 )\t 
too mu* att5tion to ! traditions & !    
h&icaps ( an age t has gone by4  ,x w\ld
 n be possible1 ,i ?9k1 to pres5t ^! two
 aspects ( ! problem ( ! c\ntry p>i% ) m
 ( fir/ h& k1 or ) m ( ! wisdom t is    
born ( sympa?y & rev]5ce = all t is good
 9 bo? ! pa/ & ! pres5t ?an ! read] w   
f9d 9 ,dr4 ,wilson's pages4 ,i welcome &
 comm5d ?is book z a f9e product (      
/udies & labors at once sci5tific &     
practical4                              
,,frankl9 ,h4 ,,gidd+s4     ,,table ,,( 
,,cont5ts      ,,*apt]                  
,,page          ,,introduction          
,,ix        ,i ,,! ,,pione]             
#a       ,,ii ,,! ,,l& ,,f>m]           
#ah      ,,iii ,,! ,,exploit]           

#cb       ,,iv ,,! ,,husb&man           
#dh        ,v ,,exceptional             
,,communities           #fb       ,,vi  
,,gett+ ,a ,,liv+                  #gi  
,,vii ,,! ,,community                   
#ia     ,,viii ,,! ,,m>g9 ,,( ,,!       
,,community      #ajh       ,,ix        
,,newcom]s ,,9 ,,! ,,community          
#abc        ,x ,,co-,,op]ation          
#adb       ,,xi ,,common ,,s*ools       
#aeh      ,,xii ,,rural ,,morality      
#aga     ,,xiii ,,recreation            
#ahi      ,,xiv ,,common ,,wor%ip       
#bjh     ,,introduction   ,! *ur* & !   
s*ool are ! eyes ( ! c\ntry community4  
,!y s]ve dur+ ! e>ly developm5t ( !     
community z means ( intellig5ce & help  
to develop ! social consci\sness1 z well
 z to connect ! life )9 ! community ) ! 
_w outside4 ,!y express intellig5ce &   
feel+4 ,b :5 ! community has come to    
middle life1 ev5 ?\gh x be normally     
develop+1 ! eyes fail4 ,!y are          
infallible regi/]s ( ! com+ ( mature    
ye>s4 ,at ?is "t !y ne$ a special       

treatm5t4  ,l ! eyes1 ! c\ntry *ur* &   
c\ntry s*ool regi/] ! heal? ( ! :ole    
organism4 ,:atev] affects ! community   
affects ! *ur* & ! s*ool4 ,! *anges :i* 
h come ov] ! face ( social life 9 !     
c\ntry record !mselves 9 ! *ur* & !     
s*ool4 ,^! in/itutions regi/] !         
trans=mations 9 social life1 !y indicate
 heal? & !y give w>n+ ( decay4 ,9 a few 
in/ances ! *ur* or s*ool require !      
att5tion ( ! exp]t ev5 9 ! infancy ( !  
community1 j z ! eyes ( a *ild sometimes
 ne$ ! oculi/1 b ) normal gr[? ! exp]t  
is call$ 9 = problems :i* h to d )      
maturity4  ,9 ^! *apt]s ! c5t] (        
att5tion w be ! *ur*1 reg>d$ z an       
in/itution = build+ & organiz+ c\ntry   
life4 ,x is n ! ?\ght ( ! writ] t ! *ur*
 be treat$ 9 ecclesia/ical t]ms4 ,x is r
 z a regi/] ( ! well-be+ ( ! community t
 ! *ur* is "h /udi$4 ,! condition ( !   
*ur* is reg>d$ z an index ( ! social &  
economic condition ( ! p4 ,! s\rces (   
religion are believ$ by ! writ] to be 9 
! vital exp]i5ces ( ! p !mselves4 ,9 !  

process ( religi\s exp]i5ce ! *ur*1 !   
,bible1 ! m9i/ry & o!r religi\s me?ods &
 organizations are means ( discipl9+ !  
=ces ( religion1 b !y are n ! s\rces (  
religion4  ,! *ur* 9 ! c\ntry above all 
o!r in/itutions %\ld see :at conc]ns    
c\ntry p z a :ole4 ,if vision be n giv5 
to ! *ur*1 c\ntry p w suff]4 ,! ,*ri/ian
 *ur*es are ri* 9 ! exp]i5ce ( c\ntry p4
 ,! ,bible is writt5 ab\t a ,holy ,l&4  
,! exhortations ( ,scripture1 especially
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 are devot$ to       
con/ructive sociology1 ! build+ &       
organiz+ ( an agricultural p 9 an       
,asiatic c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! problems are   
ori5tal1 b "s ( !m are precisely ! same 
z are today agitat+ ! ,am]ican f>m]4    
,religion is ! highe/ valuation set ^u  
life1 & ! c\ntry *ur* %\ld h a vision ( 
! pres5t mean+ z well z ! future        
developm5t ( c\ntry life 9 ,am]ica4  ,! 
c\ntry *ur* ought to inspire4 ,x is !   
bus9ess ( o!r ag5cies1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! 
s*ools & colleges1 to imp>t practical & 
economic aims4 ,b ^! w n satisfy c\ntry 

p4 ,no section ( mod]n life is s dep5d5t
 ^u idealism z are ! p :o live 9 !      
c\ntry4 ,m]e ca% prosp]ity puts an end  
to resid5ce 9 mo/ c\ntry communities4   
,comm]cial success leads t[>d ! city4 ,!
 religi\s lead]s alone h ! duty (       
inspir+ c\ntry p ) ideals high] ?an !   
comm]cial4 ,x rema9s = ! *ur* 9 p>ticul>
 to inspire ) social idealism4          
,education seems hopelessly             
individuali/ic4 ,! s*oolma/] c see only 
p]sonalities to be develop$4 ,x rema9s =
 ! prea*] to develop a k+dom & a        
commonweal?4 ,8 ideals h be5 ^? ( an    
organiz$ society4 ,! tradition :i* he   
inh]its f ! pa/ is saturat$ ) family1   
tribal & national remembrances4 ,8      
exhortations = ! future look to organiz$
 social life 9 ! _w to come4 ,he %\ld "k
 h[ to con/ruct ideals out ( mod]n life1
 :i* are organic & social4  ,beyond ^!  
two duties ,i am n sure t ! *ur*es 9 !  
c\ntry h exceptional function4 ,! writ] 
is n a tea*]1 & :at is said 9 ?is book  
ab\t ! c\ntry s*ool is said solely      

because ( ! dep5d5ce ( all else ^u ?is  
in/itution4 ,! pati5t1 detail$ &        
ext5sively con/ructive "w 9 ! c\ntry mu/
 be done by ! educator4 ,x is well = !  
*ur* to recognize its limits1 & to      
magnify its own function )9 !m4 ,vision 
& inspiration are ! duty ( religi\s     
lead]s4 ,! application ( ^! 9 a v>iety (
 ways to ! g5]ations ( "y p 9 ! c\ntry  
is an educational task :i* ! *ur* c d   
only 9 "p4  ,b ! great necessity ( ar\s+
 ! *ur* at ! pres5t "t to its duty z a  
build] ( communities 9 ! c\ntry is ?is4 
,9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ntry    
life is furni%$ ) *ur*es4 ,p]haps n 9   
suffici5t degree 9 "s localities1 b 9   
g5]al ! task ( religi\s organization is 
done4 ,^! religi\s societies hold ! key 
to ! problem ( c\ntry life4 ,if !y      
oppose mod]n socializ$ ideals 9 !       
c\ntry1 ^! ideals _c p5etrate ! c\ntry4 
,if ! *ur* und]take con/ructive social  
s]vice 9 ! c\ntry1 ! task w be done4 ,! 
*ur* c oppose effectively2 x c support  
effici5tly4 ,?is situation lays a va/   

responsibility ^u all ,*ri/ian *ur*es1  
especially ^u ^? t h an educat$ m9i/ry2 
= ! future developm5t ( ! c\ntry        
community z a good place 9 :i* to live  
dep5ds ^u ! c\ntry *ur*4  ,?is is n !   
place to discuss :e!r a population c be 
improv$ & :e!r a community c be sav$4 ,!
 pages t are to foll[ w discuss ^!      
que/ions4 ,x is ! writ]'s belief t a    
population c be improv$ by social       
s]vice1 t ! community is ! unit 9 :i*   
su* s]vice %\ld be r5d]$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & t
 by ! vision & inspiration ( ! *ur* 9 ! 
c\ntry1 ?is s]vice is condition$4 ,he   
believes ) ^? :o are lead+ 9 ! s]vice   
among ! poor 9 ! great cities t ! "t has
 come :5 we h suffici5t intellig5ce to  
und]/& ! life ( c\ntry p1 9 ord] to deal
 ) ! causes ( human action2 we h        
suffici5t res\rces :]e) to end[ ! ne$$  
ag5cies = ! recon/ruction ( c\ntry life2
 & we h a suffici5t devotion among m5 ( 
intellig5ce & ( means to direct ?is     
con/ructive social s]vice t[>d ! entire 
well-be+ ( c\ntry p & ( ! :ole          

commonweal?4  ,! writ] is indebt$ = help
 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book to ,miss     
,flor5ce ,m4 ,lane1 ,miss ,m>?a ,wilson 
& to ,miss ,anna ,b4 ,taft1 )\t ^:      
assi/ance & criticism ! *apt]s c\ld n h 
be5 prep>$ & )\t ^: enc\ragem5t !y w\ld 
n h be5 und]tak52 also to 8 tea*]s 9    
,columbia ,univ]sity1 especially        
,pr(essors ,frankl9 ,h4 ,gidd+s & ,john 
,bates ,cl>k ^: tea*+s 9 ! ,social      
,sci5ces furni% ! beg9n+ ( a new me?od 9
 inve/igat+ religi\s exp]i5ces4  ,,new  
,,york1 ,july1 #aiab4     ,,evolution   
,,( ,,! ,,community  ,i  ,,! ,,pione]   
,! e>lie/ settl]s ( ! ,am]ican wild]ness
 _h a /ruggle v diff]5t f our own1 :o   
live 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,_! economic   
exp]i5ce det]m9$ _! "*4 ,!y appe> to u  
at ?is di/ance to h common *>act]i/ics1 
habits & reactions ^u life2 9 :i* !y    
diff] f all :o 9 easi] times foll[ !m4  
,!y h m 9 common ) "o ano!r ?an !y h 9  
common ) u4 ,!y diff] less f "o ano!r   
?an !y diff] f ! mod]n c\ntryman4 ,!    
pione] life produc$ ! pione] type4  ,to 

?is type all _! ways ( life correspond4 
,!y hunt$1 f\ght1 dress$1 trad$1        
wor%ipp$ 9 _! own way4 ,_! h\ses1       
*ur*es1 /ores & s*ools 7 built1 n z !y  
w\ld pref]1 b z ! necessities ( _! life 
requir$4 ,_! communities 7 pione]       
communities3 _! religi\s habits 7       
suitable to fronti] exp]i5ce4 ,mod]n m5 
w\ld f9d mu* to condemn 9 _! ways3 & !y 
w\ld f9d our typical reactions surpris+1
 ev5 wick$4 ,b ea* con=ms to type1 &    
obeys economic necessity4  ,!re h be5   
f\r economic types 9 ,am]ican           
agriculture4 ,^! h succe$$ "o ano!r z ! 
rural economy has gone ?r\gh successive 
trans=mations4 ,!y h be5 ! pione]1 ! l& 
f>m]1 ! exploit] & ! husb&man4 ,pr(4 ,j4
 ,b4 ,ross ( ,lafayette1 ,ind41 has     
cle>ly /at$#a ! p]iods by :i* ^! types  
are sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,x rema9s = u to
 consid] ! communities & ! *ur*es :i* h 
tak5 =m 9 accordance ) ^! successive    
types4  ,pr(4 ,ross has spok5 only ( !  
,middle ,we/4 ,) a slight modification1 
! same might be said ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 

because ! rural economy ( ! ,middle ,we/
 is inh]it$ f ! ,ea/4 ,8 /atem5t made ( 
?is succession ( economic types %\ld be 
quot$ 9 full3  ,! agr>ian occupation ( !
 ,middle ,we/ divides itself into ?ree  
p]iods4 ,! fir/1 :i* ext5ds f ! beg9n+s 
( immigration to ab\t ! ye> #ahce1 is ( 
significance *iefly because ( ! type (  
immigrants :o preempt$ ! soil & ! nature
 ( _! occupancy4 ,! second p]iod1 ext5d+
 f #ahce to #ahij1 _h z its *ief        
objective ! enri*m5t ( ! gr\p life4 ,x 0
 ! p]iod 9 :i* l>ge h\ses & commodi\s   
b>ns 7 erect$1 & 9 :i* ! *ur* & ! s*ool 
7 ! c5t]s ( social activity4 ,! ?ird    
p]iod1 :i* began ab\t ! ye> #ahij1 & :i*
 is n yet complete1 is m>k$ by a        
transition f ! era ( resid5t proprietors
 ( ! l& to t ( non-resid5t proprietors1 
& by ! fact t ! *ief att5tion ( ! l&    
own]s is paid to ! improvem5t ( ! soil  
by f]tilization & dra9age & to !        
increas+ ( facilities = communication & 
= ! m>ket+ ( f>m products4  ,ea* ( ^!   
types creat$ by ! habits ( ! p 9 gett+  

_! liv+1 _h its own k9d ( a community1 s
 t we h _h pione]1 l& f>m]1 exploit] &  
husb&man communities4 ,inde$ all ^!     
types are n[ f\nd contemporane\s ) "o   
ano!r4 ,we h also _h successive *ur*es  
built by ! pione]1 by ! l& f>m]1 by !   
exploit] & by ! husb&man4 ,! pres5t /ate
 ( ! c\ntry *ur* & community is expla9$ 
be/ by say+ t x is an effect (          
transition f ! pione] & ! l& f>m] types 
( *ur* & community to ! exploit] &      
husb&man types4  ,! pione] liv$ alone4  
,he plac$ 8 cab9 )\t reg>d to social    
exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! woods 8 axe alone 0 he>d 
& on ! prairie ! smoke f 8 sod h\se 0   
sometimes answ]$ by no o!r smoke 9 !    
:ole horizon4 ,he work$ & f\ght & pond]$
 alone4 ,self-pres]vation 0 ! /ruggle ( 
8 life1 & p]sonal salvation 0 8         
aspiration 9 pray]4 ,8 relations ) 8    
fell[s 7 purely democratic & highly     
indep5d5t4 ,! individual man ) 8 family 
liv$ alone 9 ! face ( man & ,god4 ,!    
foll[+ is a description by an eye       
witness ( su* a community :i* pres]ves 9

 a m\nta9 c\ntry ! conditions ( pione]  
life#b4  ,x is pitiful to see ! lack (  
co-op]ation among !m4 ,x is mo/ evid5t 9
 bus9ess b makes itself kn[n 9 ! *ildr51
 too4 ,i reg>d x z "o reason :y !y d n  
play2 !y h be5 s isolat$ t !y d n all[ !
 social in/9ct ( _! natures to express  
itself4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is all           
unconsci\sly done on _! "p4 ,h[ev]1 "o  
_c live long among !m )\t f9d+ out t !y 
are *>act]iz$ by an int5se              
individualism4 ,x applies to all t !y d1
 & to x may be atta*$ ! blame = all !   
?+s :i* !y lack or d wrongfully4 ,if a  
man has be5 wrong$1 he mu/ p]sonally "r 
! wrong4 ,if a man runs = (fice1 p      
support him z a man & no que/ions are   
ask$ z to 8 plat=m4 ,if a man conducts a
 /ore1 p buy f him because he sells !   
goods1 n because ! goods comm5d !mselves
 to !m4 ,& s by common cons5t &         
practise1 ! individual int]e/s are fir/4
 ,naturally ?is leads to _m cases (     
lawlessness4 ,! game ( "s ( our p is to 
evade ! law2 ( o!rs1 to ignore ! law    

entirely4  ,! pione] _h 9 8 religion b  
"o ess5tial doctr9e1--! salvation ( !   
s\l4 ,8 *ur* _h no o!r conc]n ?an to    
save individuals f ! wra? to come4 ,x _h
 j "o me?od1 an annual revival (        
religion4  ,! lonel9ess ( ! pione]'s s\l
 is an effect ( 8 bodily lonel9ess4 ,!  
va/ outdoors ( nature =e/ or prairie or 
m\nta91 made him sil5t & introspective  
ev5 :5 9 company4 ,! v>iety ( impacts ( 
nature ^u 8 bodily life made him        
res\rceful & self-reliant2 & ^u 8 s\l   
result$ 9 a reflective1 melan*oly       
egotism4 ,8 religion mu/ !re=e beg9 &   
end 9 p]sonal salvation4 ,x 0 a message1
 an emotion1 a /ruggle1 & a peace4  ,!  
second great *>act]i/ic ( ! pione] 0 8  
emotional t5sion4 ,8 impulses 7 /rong & 
*angeable4 ,! emotional in/ability ( !  
pione] grew out ( 8 mixture (           
occupations4 ,x 0 necess>y = him to     
practise all ! trades4 ,9 ! orig9al     
pione] settlem5t ?is 0 lit]ally true4 ,9
 lat] p]iods ( ! settlem5t ( ! l& !     
pione] /ill _h _m occupations &         

repres5tative sections ( ! c\ntry ev5   
until ! pres5t "t exhibit a mixture (   
occupations among c\ntry p mo/ unlike ! 
ord]$ life ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,adam     
,smi? 9 ,weal? ( ,nations makes cle> t !
 practise ( _m occupations induces      
emotional conditions4 ,betwe5 ea* two   
economic processes !re is g5]at$ = !    
work] at v>i$ trades a languor1 :i*     
burd5s & confuses ! "w ( ! man :o       
practises _m trades4 ,?is languor is !  
s\rce ( ! emotional in/ability ( !      
pione]4  ,! pione]'s me?od ( bridg+ !   
gap betwe5 8 _m occupations 0 simple4   
,:5 he _h be5 hunt+ he f\nd x h>d to g  
to pl[+3 & if pl[+1 on ! same day to    
turn to tann+ or to m5d+ a ro(4 ,:5 !   
pione] _h sp5t an h\r 9 b>t]+ ) a       
neighbor he f\nd x difficult to turn    
himself to ! %oe+ ( a horse or ! cle>+ (
 l&4 ,= ?is new ef=t 8 exp$i5t 0        
alcohol4 ,he took a dr9k ( rum z a means
 ( =c+ himself to ! new occupation4 ,!  
result is t alcoholic liquors occupy a  
l>ge place 9 ! economy ( e su* pione] p4

  ,9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ! ,s\?1 :]e !   
pione] rema9s z an arre/$ type1 ! rum   
jug occupies ! same place 9 ! economy ( 
! c\ntryman z x occupi$ 9 ! e>ly        
settlem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally4   
,^! contempor>y ance/ors ( ours 9 !     
,appala*ian region h all ! m>ks ( !     
pione]4 ,_! simple life1 _! v>i$        
occupations1 & ! relative indep5d5ce ( !
 community & h\sehold1 suffici5t unto   
!mselves1 pres5t a picture ( ! e>li]    
,am]ican conditions4 ,x is obvi\s among 
!m t ! emotional condition ( ! pione]   
grew out ( 8 economy & ext5d$ itself    
into 8 *ur*4  ,?is emotional in/ability 
( ! pione] %[s itself 9 8 social life4  
,! well kn[n feuds ( ! m\nta9 p exhibit 
?is condition4 ,feel+ is at once viol5t 
& impulsive4 ,! v res]ve ( ^! unsmil+ & 
s]i\s p is an emotional /ate1 = ! meag] 
diet & heavy cont9u$ /ra9s ( _! economic
 life poorly supply & easily exhau/     
vitality4  ,! fronti] *ur* exhibit$     
emotional v>iability4 ,x express$ itself
 9 ! pione]'s "o me?od2 namely1 an      

annual revival ( religion4 ,9 ! pione]  
*ur*es !re 7 few or no ,sunday s*ools or
 o!r societies4 ,9 ^? regions 9 :i* !   
pione] has rema9$ ! type ( economic life
 ,sunday s*ools d n ?rive4 ,societies = 
"y p1 = m51 wom5 & *ildr5 d n !re exi/4 
,! *ur* is a place only = prea*+4       
,religion consi/s ( a message ^: use is 
to excite emotion4 ,prea*+ is _h z (t5 z
 possible1 b n necess>ily once a week4  
,ess5tial1 h[ev]1 to ! pione]'s         
organization ( 8 *ur*es is a p]iodical  
if possible an annual1 revival (        
religion4 ,! means us$ at ?is "t are !  
ann\ncem5t ( a gospel message & ! ar\s+ 
( emotion 9 response to ?is message4    
,!re is little application ( religi\s   
imp]ative to ! details ( life4 ,!re is  
no recognition ( social life1 because ! 
pione] economy is lonely & individual4  
,! :ole process ( religion consi/s 9    
com+ ?r\gh3 9 o!r words1 ! procur+ ( an 
individual & highly p]sonal exp]i5ce (  
emotion4  ,b5ea? ! surface ( life 9 ^! p
 s cons]vative1 & s indiff]5t to *ange z

 x is1 !re runs a /ra9 ( int5se         
emotionalism4 ,:5 /orms di/urb ! calm   
ext]ior1 ! mad waves la% & beat & ro>4  
,& 9 religion ?is is mo/ app>5t4 ,) !m  
emotionalism & religion are almo/       
int]*angeable quantities1--if !y are n  
id5tical4#c  ,x is 9 ! revival s]vice t 
y see ! he>t ( ! /olid m\nta9 man       
unmask$4 ,! local m\nta9 prea*]s "k ?is 
fact well & use x ) great effect4 ,a ^w 
mu/ be said ab\t ^! m5 :o "w all ?r\gh !
 week alongside ( _! fell[s & prea* to  
!m on ,sunday4 ,9 "s places !re is a    
cu/om ( hold+ s]vice on ,saturday &     
,sunday4 ,^! m5 h g5]ally 'come         
?r\gh'--a t]m us$ to describe ! process 
beg9n+ ) 'm\rn+' & cont9u+ ?r\gh rep5t+ 
& be+ sav$4 ,& g5]ally !y are m5 (      
p]sonality4 ,!y h a c]ta9 p[] ) m51     
anyway1 & !y are ke5 to see ! effect (  
?+s on _! audi5ces4 ,"s ( !m h le>n$ to 
read ! ,bible aft] !y h be5 conv]t$4 ,x 
is n s mu* :at !y say t c\nts4 ,if p    
look$ = t !y w\ld g away unfill$4 ,b !y 
h ano!r ?+ 9 m9d4 ,!y want to feel "r4  

,!y g to *ur* occasionally dur+ revival 
dr\ght1 b always dur+ revival pl5ty4 ,!y
 g to get 'reviv$ up4' ,! prea*] :o has 
! be/ voice is ! be/ prea*]4 ,he sways 8
 audi5ce4 ,! m ignorant he is1 ! bett]1 
= !n ! ,_s ( ,god is n h9d]$ by ! wisdom
 ( man4 ,! _s comes ^u him :5 he ent]s !
 pulpit4 ,he speaks ?r\gh him to ! wait+
 congregation4 ,( c\rse !y d n "k :at he
 is say+ = ! man makes too mu* noise4 ,b
 !y beg9 to feel t ?is is inde$ ! place 
:]e religion c be f\nd & :]e x is be+   
di/ribut$ among ! p4  ,g5]ally revivals 
occur z !y h always done1 ab\t ?ree     
times a ye>4 ,at ^! s]vices ! me?od     
requires t exhort]s %\ld be pres5t &    
p]=m4 ,sev]al d s at ! same "t4 ,!      
confusion is great b ! p brea! an       
atmosph]e t beg9s to infect !m4 ,soon]  
or lat] weep+ wom5 are 9 ! arms ( "s    
o!rs' husb&s begg+ !m to come to ! m\rn+
 b5*4 ,"y girls s+le out ! boys t !y l  
be/ & affectionately implore !m to beg9 
! ,*ri/ian life4 ,all ! "t ! *oir is s++
 a sw++ revival hymn2 ! prea*] is /&+   

ov] 8 audi5ce %\t+ ',get busy1 s9n]s1' &
 two or ?ree boys are scurry+ back & =? 
c>ry+ wat] to ! ?ir/y ones1 :ile little 
gr\ps ( ! fai?ful are hov]+ ov] a       
p5it5t1 smo!r+ s9n]1 try+ to 'pull h]   
?r\gh4' ,dur+ ?is k9d ( a meet+ :i* ,i  
att5d$ at "o "t a woman 'got happy' &   
w5t ar\nd slapp+ ev]yone %e c\ld get h] 
h& on1 & skipp+ l a s*oolgirl4  ,!      
pione] *ur* has n fully pass$ away4 ,its
 "o doctr9e & its "o me?od h /ill a     
place 9 ! m elaborate life ( ! mod]n    
*ur*4 ,l ! rum jug :i* is pres]v$ =     
m$ic9al purposes1 ! revival has a use 9 
! pa?ology ( mod]n *ur* life4 ,! doctr9e
 ( p]sonal salvation :i* is ( *ief      
conc]n1 9 ! m9i/ry to ! adolesc5t       
population#d ( ! mod]n *ur*1 is j z     
vital z ev]2 ?\gh x is n ! only doctr9e 
( ! *ur* ( ! husb&man1 :i* has come 9 ! 
c\ntry4  ,a relic ( ! pione] days is !  
cu/om kn[n z ! ,gr\p ,sy/em4 ,by ?is a  
prea*] comes to a *ur* once a mon?1 or  
twice1 & prea*es a s]mon1 return+       
promptly to 8 di/ant place ( resid5ce4  

,! e>ly settl]s ( ?is c\ntry :o orig9at$
 ?is sy/em 7 lonely & individualiz$4 ,!y
 believ$ t religion consi/$ 9 a m]e     
message ( salvation1 s t all !y requir$ 
0 to he> f a prea*] once 9 a :ile4  ,b !
 di/ricts 9 :i* ! ,gr\p ,sy/em is us$ h 
gr[n beyond ?is religi\s satisfaction & 
! ,gr\p ,sy/em no long] r5d]s adequate  
religi\s s]vice4 ,religion has become a 
great] m9i/ry ?an c be r5d]$ 9 ! =m ( a 
message1 h[ev] well prea*$4  ,l all     
outworn cu/oms1 ?is "o bre$s abuses z x 
gr[s old]4 ,its value hav+ pass$ away1 x
 has =ms ( (f5siv5ess4 ,9 sections (    
,miss\ri :]e ! f>m]s are ri* !y say )   
contempt1 ,none ( ! m9i/]s lives 9 !    
c\ntry4 ,! ,gr\p ,sy/em1 9 a t]ritory ( 
,miss\ri compris+ =ty-"o *ur*es1        
organizes its =ces z foll[s3 ^! =ty-"o  
*ur*es h n9e m9i/]s :o live 9 five      
communities & g out two miles1 t5 miles1
 sometimes ?irty miles1 9 v>i\s         
directions1 = a fractional s]vice to o!r
 communities ?an ^? 9 :i* !y live4 ,ea* 
( ! two big t[ns has m ?an "o m9i/] &   

none ( ! c\ntry *ur*es has a pa/or4 ,?us
 ! value ( ! family life ( ! prea*] is  
cancell$4 ,aft] all ?is organization &  
division ( ! m5 into small fractions    
among ! *ur*es1 !re are sixte5 ( ^!     
*ur*es :i* h nei!r pa/or nor prea*]4    
,?is ,gr\p ,sy/em c be improv$1 z is    
done 9 ,t5nessee1 by ! %ort5+ ( !       
j\rneys :i* mu/ be made by ! m9i/] f 8  
home to 8 prea*+ po9t4 ,nev]!less1 x    
gives to ! c\ntry community only a      
fraction ( a man's "t4 ,he c int]pret   
religion 9 only ?ree ways2 9 ! s]mon1 ! 
fun]al s]vice & ! w$d+4 ,un=tunately    
mank9d has to d _m o!r ?+s besides gett+
 m>ri$1 buri$ or prea*$ at4  ,! c\ntry  
community ne$s a pa/or4 ,x is bett] = ! 
m9i/] :o prea*es to ! c\ntry to live 9 !
 c\ntry4 ,!re are "s p>ts :i* _c support
 a pa/or1 b ! m9i/] to c\ntry *ur*es    
%\ld "k ! daily r\nd ( c\ntry life4     
,religion c nev] be embodi$ 9 a s]mon2 &
 :5 religion comes to be limit$ to a    
=mal act x is t+$ ) suspicion 9 ! eyes (
 mo/ m54 ,s]mons & fun]als & w$d+s      

become to c\ntry p ! w9d[s by :i*       
religion flies out ( ! community4       
,especially among f>m]s1 religion is a  
matt] ( e-day life4 ,:at religion ! f>m]
 has gr[s out ( 8 ye>ly /ruggle ) ! soil
 & ) ! elem5ts4 ,8 belief 9 ,god is a   
belief 9 ,provid5ce4 ,8 ,god is !       
creator ( ! sun & ! seasons1 ! w9d & !  
ra94 ,! man :o does n ) him %>e ^!      
exp]i5ces _c long int]pret !m = him 9   
t]ms ( scripture or ( *ur*4  ,! policy (
 ! new] t]ritories ( ! *ur* mu/ be to   
translate ! ,gr\p ,sy/em into pa/orates4
 ,! long range gr\p s]vice %\ld be      
trans=m$ into %ort & compact gr\p       
m9i/ry2 ! pa/or %\ld live 9 ! c\ntry    
community & ! l5g? ( 8 j\rney %\ld nev] 
be long] ?an 8 horse c drive4 ,a gr\p ( 
*ur*es :i* are n m ?an t5 miles ap>t    
con/itute a c\ntry p>i%4 ,"s few active 
m9i/]s are able to make ?irty to =ty    
miles on horseback on a ,sunday1 among a
 scatt]$ p4 ,?is is well1 b z soon z !  
railroad becomes an ess5tial factor 9 ! 
mon?ly visit ( m9i/]s to ! c\ntry1      

religion passes out ( t community4  ,!  
s]vice ( ! c\ntry prea*]1 9 o!r words1  
is ess5tially conf9$ to ! c\ntry        
community1 & ! b\nds ( ! c\ntry         
community are det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! team
 haul or horseback ride to :i* t        
population is accu/om$4 ,)9 ^! b\nds    
religi\s life & expression are possible4
 ,imm]s$ 9 8 own community1 ! life ( !  
m9i/] & ( 8 family atta9 imm$iate       
religi\s value4 ,! :ole influ5ce ( !    
m9i/]'s home1 ! s]vice ( 8 wife to ! p1 
:i* is (t5 great] ?an 8 own1 & !        
developm5t ( 8 *ildr5's life1 ^! are all
 ( religi\s use to 8 p4  ,a rec5t speak]
 ^u ?is matt] said1 ,i d\bt if ev5 ! ,"l
 ,jesus ,*ri/ c\ld h sav$ ?is _w if he  
_h come d[n to x only once 9 two weeks  
on ,saturday & gone back on ,monday     
morn+4  ,! pa/or1 !n1 is ! type (       
community build] ne$$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!    
pa/or works ) a maximum ( s9c]ity1 :ile 
s9c]ity may 9 prea*+ be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ 
t]ms4 ,he is 9 con/ant1 intimate1       
p]sonal contact4 ,! prea*] is deal+ )   

!ories & ideals n always root$ 9 local  
exp]i5ces4 ,! pa/or lives ! life ( ! p4 
,he is kn[n to !m & _! lives are kn[n to
 him4 ,! prea*] may p]=m 8 oratorical   
m9i/ry ?r\gh k ( populations long s9ce  
dead & by description ( =eign & ali5    
c\ntries4 ,x is possible to prea*       
acceptably ab\t k+doms t h n yet exi/$4 
,b ! "w ( a pa/or is ! developm5t (     
ideals out ( situations4 ,x is 8 bus9ess
 to inspire ! daily life ( 8 p ) high   
idealism & to con/ruct ^? aspirations & 
imag9ations out ( ! daily "w ( mank9d1  
:i* are prop] to t "w & ess5tial to t p4
  ,an illu/ri\s example ( su* m9i/ry is 
t ( ,john ,fr$]ick ,ob]l91#e ^: pa/orate
 at ,wald]sba* 9 ! ,vosges consi/$ ( a  
s]vice to 8 p 9 _! e ne$1 f ! build+ (  
roads to ! organization & tea*+ (       
s*ools4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible =      
,ob]l9 to h s]v$ ^! p ?r\gh prea*+      
alone4 ,be+ a mature community1 inde$   
old 9 suff]+ & 9 pov]ty1 !y ne$$ !      
m9i/ry ( a pa/or1 & ?is s]vice he r5d]$ 
!m 9 ! imm]sion ( 8 life ) !irs1 & !    

be>+ ( _! burd5s1 ev5 ! mo/ mat]ial &   
economic burd5 ( ! community1 ^u 8      
%\ld]s4  ,! pass+ away ( pione] days    
discr$its ! m9i/ry ( m]e prea*+1 ?r\gh  
increas+ v>iation ( communities1        
families & individuals4 ,! prea*]'s     
message is n widely v>i$4 ,x is !       
int]pret+ ( tradition1 gospel & dogma4  
,8 s\rces c all be neatly arrang$ on a  
book %elf4 ,"o suspects t ! great] !    
prea*]1 ! few] 8 books4 ,on ! contr>y1 !
 pa/or's "w is necessitat$ by gr[+      
diff]5ces ( 8 p4 ,he mu/ be all ?+s to  
_m diff]5t k9ds ( m54 ,9 ! c\ntry       
community ?is intimate int]c\rse & v>y+ 
sympa?y take him ?r\gh a wid] range (   
human exp]i5ce ?an 9 a m classifi$      
community4 ,he mu/ pl[ ) ! pl[man1 &    
hunt ) ! hunt]1 & conv]se ) ! seam/ress1
 be glad ) ! w$d+ company & be> ! burd5 
( sorr[ 9 ! day ( dea?4 ,moreov]1 nobody
 outside a c\ntry community kn[s h[ f> a
 family c g 9 ! pa? to pov]ty & /ill    
live4 ,no "o kn[s h[ ecc5tric & peculi>1
 h[ res]v$ & :imsical ! life ( a        

h\sehold may be1 9 ! c\ntry community1  
unless he has liv$ z neighbor & fri5d to
 su* a h\sehold4 ,! prea*] _c "k ?is4 ,n
 all ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w is writt5 ev5 9 !
 ,bible4 ,! _s %all tea* u ?+s to come4 
,x is ! pa/or :o le>ns ^! ?+s by 8 daily
 obs]vation ( ! lives ( m54  ,!         
communities !mselves 9 ! c\ntry diff]   
widely1 ev5 9 con=mity to giv5 types1 & 
:5 all is said by ! g5]al /ud5t1 ! pa/or
 has ! k ( 8 own community4 ,x belongs  
peculi>ly to him4 ,no "o else c ev] "k x
 & !re are no two communities alike4 ,9 
! int5se localism ( a community1 its    
religi\s hi/ory is hidd5 away & its     
future is involv$4 ,! man :o %all t\* ! 
spr+s ( ! community's life mu/ "k ^!    
local conditions ) ! intimate detail :i*
 only he comm&s :o daily goes up & d[n  
its pa?s4 ,?is man is ! pa/or4 ,except !
 c\ntry physician1 no o!r liv+ man is   
su* an obs]v] z he4  ,! end ( ! pione]  
days means1 !re=e1 to religi\s p1 !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! pa/orate4 ,! religi\s    
lead] = ! pione] 0 ! prea*]1 b !        

community :i* cl+s to prea*+ z a        
satisfactory & f9al religi\s m9i/ry is  
retrograde4 ,9 ?is ret>d+ ( religi\s    
progress is ! secret ( ! decl9e ( _m    
communities4 ,! great "w ( m9i/]+ to !m 
is 9 supplant+ ! prea*]1 :o r5d]s b a   
fractional s]vice to ! p1 by a pa/or ^: 
prea*+ is an ann\ncem5t ( ! v>i$ m9i/ry 
9 :i* he s]ves z ! cur ( s\ls4  ,!      
pione] days are gone4 ,only 9 ! ,s\!rn  
,appala*ian region are !re arre/$       
communities 9 :i*1 9 our "t1 ! ways (   
our ,am]ican ance/ors are se54 ,!       
community build] _c *ange ! type ( 8 p4 
,he c only wait = ! *ange1 & enable 8 p 
to con=m to ! new type4 ,= ?is process  
new indu/ries1 new ways ( gett+ a liv+  
are necess>y4 ,! tea*] or pa/or c d     
some?+ to guide 8 p 9 ! selection (     
con/ructive in/ead ( de/ructive indu/ry4
  ,9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee & 9 ! m\nta9 c\nties
 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a lumb]+ indu/ries are = 
! "t be+ employ+ ! p4 ,! result w be a  
deep] impov]i%m5t2 = ! timb] is ! p's   
greate/ s\rce ( actual & pot5tial weal?4

 ,! lead]s ( ! m\nta9 p %\ld tea*       
re=e/ation ) a view to ma9ta9+ ! p's    
future weal?4  ,9 a m\nta9 c\nty (      
,k5tucky a m9i/] see+ t 8 p ne$$ a new  
economic life1 be=e !y c\ld receive !   
religi\s life ( ! new type1 organiz$ an 
annual c\nty fair4 ,to ?is he br\ght1 ) 
! help ( outside fri5ds1 a bre$ ( hogs  
bett] ?an 8 m\nta9 p knew4 ,he cultivat$
 competition 9 local indu/ries1 weav+ & 
cook+2 & />t$ 8 p on ! pa? ( economic   
success ( a new type4  ,9 conclusion1 ! 
pione] 0 individuali/ic & emotional4 ,^!
 traits 7 caus$ by 8 economic exp]i5ce4 
,:ile t exp]i5ce la/$1 he c\ld be made  
no o!r sort ( man ?an ?is4 ,to ?is type 
8 home & 8 bus9ess life & 8 *ur* con=m$4
 ,)9 ^! *>act]i/ics ! effici5cy ( 8     
social life 0 to be f\nd4  ,,footnotes3 
,footnote #a3 ,! ,agr>ian ,*anges 9 !   
,middle ,we/1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,ross1 9       
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,economics1 ,decemb]1
 #aiaj4  ,footnote #b3 ,rev4 ,norman ,c4
 ,s*5ck4  ,footnote #c3 ,rev4 ,norman   
,c4 ,s*5ck4  ,footnote #d3 ,y\?1 by ,g4 

,/anley ,hall4  ,footnote #e3 ,/ory (   
,john ,fr$]ick ,ob]l9 by ,augu/us ,field
 ,be>d1 #aiji4     ,,ii  ,,! ,,l& ,,f>m]
   ,i %all use ! t]m l& f>m] to describe
 ! man :o till$ ! soil 9 all p>ts ( !   
c\ntry aft] pione] days4 ,he is usually 
call$ simply ! f>m]4 ,?is is ! type )   
:i* we are mo/ famili> 9 our pres5t day 
lit]ature & 9 dramatic repres5tations ( 
! c\ntry4 ,! l& f>m]1 or f>m]1 is !     
typical c\ntryman :o 9 ! ,middle ,we/   
ab\t #ahce succe$$ ! pione]1 & ab\t     
#ahij 0 foll[$ by ! exploit] ( ! l&4  ,9
 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates pione] days end$ be=e  
#ahce4 ,! l& f>m] 0 ! prevail+ type     
?r\gh\t ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,new   
,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania z e>ly z #ahjj4 ,9
 ! ,s\? ! contempor>y ( ! l& f>m] 0 !   
plant] or slave hold]4 ,! modifi$ type 9
 ! ,s\? 0 due to an economic diff]5ce4  
,! labor problem 0 solv$ 9 ! ,s\? by    
*attel slav]y2 9 ! ,nor? by ! wage      
sy/em4 ,x is true t ?r\gh\t mu* ( ! ,s\?
 ! small f>m] held 8 own4 ,^! m5 con=m$ 
to ! type ( ! l& f>m]4 ,b 9 ! ,s\? !y   

did n dom9ate social & political life z 
! slave hold] did4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ! 
:ole social economy 01 until a g5]ation 
aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 dom9at$ by ! l& f>m]4
  ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! l& f>m] are3 fir/1 
8 cultivation ( ! fir/ values ( ! l&4 ,8
 ord] ( life is *>act]iz$ by initial    
utility4 ,he liv$ 9 a "t ( pl5ty4 ,!    
abundance ( nature1 :i* 0 to ! pione] a 
detrim5t1 0 to ! l& f>m] a s\rce (      
weal?4 ,he till$ ! soil & he cut !      
timb]1 he explor$ ! e>? = m9es1 seek+   
ev]y:]e ! fir/ values ( a virg9 l&4 ,z  
^! fir/ values 7 exhau/$1 he mov$ on to 
new t]ritories4 ,all 8 ideas ( social   
life 7 ^? ( initial utility4 ,! ri* man 
0 ! /&>d & ! admir$ citiz54 ,! policies 
( gov]nm5t 7 dom9at$ by ! ideas ( a l&  
hold+ p4 ,individualism proce$$ on      
radiat+ l9es f any giv5 c5t]4 ,!        
developm5t ( p]sonality is ! clue to !  
hi/ory ( t p]iod4  ,! second *>act]i/ic 
( ! l& f>m] 0 8 developm5t ( ! family   
gr\p4 ,he diff]$ f ! pione]1 ^: life 0  
lonely & individual1 9 ! p]fection (    

gr\p life 9 8 p]iod4 ,he diff]s f !     
exploit] :o succe$s him 9 ! c\ntry today
 9 ! fact t exploitation has dissolv$ ! 
family gr\p4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! l& f>m]    
compact$ & p]fect$ ! h\sehold gr\p 9 !  
c\ntry4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is gr\p life 7 9 !
 pione] p]iod1 b !re 0 n peace 9 :i* !  
family c\ld develop nor 7 !re res\rces  
by :i* x c\ld be end[$4 ,! classic p]iod
 ( ,am]ican home life is t ( ! l& f>m]4 
,! typical ,am]ican home1 z x lives 9   
s5tim5t1 9 lit]ature & 9 idealism1 is ! 
home ( ! l& f>m]4  ,?ird1 ! l& f>m] own$
 8 home4 ,he built ^u 8 f>m a home/ead  
:i* 9 mo/ cases repres5t$ 8 ideal (     
dome/ic & family com=t4 ,he built =     
p]man5ce4 ,s f> z 8 means p]mitt$ he    
provid$ = 8 *ildr5 & = g5]ations (      
desc5dants aft] !m4 ,he consecrat$ !    
soil to 8 p & to 8 "n by sett+ ap>t a   
gravey>d on 8 own l&1 & !re he buri$ 8  
dead4  ,f\r?1 ! l& f>m] _h neighbors4 ,8
 well-develop$ family gr\p w\ld n h be5 
possible )\t o!r gr\ps 9 ! same         
community & ! indep5d5ce ( ! family gr\p

 0 relative1 be+ p]fect$ by imitation & 
economic competition4 ,! l&-f>m] type   
came to maturity only :5 ! :ole ( ! l& 0
 possess$1 :5 on e side ! family gr\p 0 
confront$ ) o!r family gr\ps1 &         
neighborl9ess became univ]sal4 ,! family
 gr\p is dep5d5t ?r\gh int]m>riage &    
relation%ip ^u o!r gr\ps 9 ! community4 
,family relation%ips ?us came 9 !       
l&-f>m] communities to be v g5]al4 ,"s  
r\gh & crude =ms ( economic co-op]ation 
also grew up 9 ?is p]iod1 z             
modifications ( ! competition on :i* !  
l&-f>m] type is bas$4  ,! f>m] type     
produc$ a def9ite social life1 says     
,pr(4 ,ross4 ,! second p]iod1 ext5d+ f  
#ahce to #ahij1 _h z its *ief objective 
! enri*m5t ( ! gr\p life4  ,fif?1 ! l&  
f>m] compet$1 by gr\p conflict1 ) 8     
neighbors4 ,prop]ty 0 reg>d$ by ! l&    
f>m] z a family possession4 ,competition
 0 betwe5 gr\p & gr\p1 betwe5 h\sehold &
 h\sehold4 ,! moral /r5g? z well z !    
moral defici5cies ( ?is type ( man fl[ f
 ?is competition4 ,he consid]$ himself  

ess5tially b\nd5 to ! memb]s ( 8 own    
gr\p by obligations & free f moral      
obligations to o!rs4 ,! son receiv$ no  
wages f 8 fa!r = "w on ! f>m & ! daught]
 did n dream ( pay or ( an all[ance = h]
 labor 9 ! h\se4 ,! l& f>m] conceiv$ ( 8
 e/ate z belong+ to 8 family gr\p &     
embodi$ 9 himself4 ,!re=e he _h no wage 
obligations to son or daught] & he felt 
himself oblig$ s to di/ribute 8 prop]ty 
z to c>e = all ! memb]s ( 8 h\sehold4   
,?is economic competition compact$ !    
family gr\p & =m$ ! basis = ! social    
economy ( ! c\ntry community4 ,! l& f>m]
 _h no ideal ( community prosp]ity4 ,8  
?\ght = g5]ations has be5 to make 8 own 
f>m prosp]\s1 to raise "s crop t o!rs   
%all n raise1 to h a h>ve/ t o!r m5 h n 
& to f9d a m>ket :i* o!r m5 h n         
discov]$1 by :i* he & 8 f>m & 8 gr\p may
 prosp]4 ,x is h>d to conv9ce ! l& f>m]1
 because ( 8 imm]sion 9 ?is gr\p        
conflict1 t ! f>m]'s prosp]ity is       
dep5d5t ^u ! prosp]ity ( o!r gr\ps 9 !  
community4  ,! pres5ce ( ! small gr\p is

 ! sign ( normal social life4 ,! gr\p is
 n complete 9 itself1 b is a unit 9     
human association4 ,s t ! f>m] economy  
_h its social life & its own type (     
communities4 ,! economy ( ! f>m] p]iod  
repres5ts ! ideals born 9 ! pione]      
nation4 ,! community ( ! f>m] is !      
de/9ation ( ! life ( ! pione]4 ,! f>m]  
/ill practises a v>iety ( occupations4  
,8 tillage ( ! soil & 8 h\sehold economy
 are ! mo/ cons]vative 9 all ,am]ican   
population4 ,he uses mod]n ma*9]y 9 !   
fields1 b to a great degree 8 wife uses 
! old me*anisms 9 ! kit*5 & 9 !         
h\sehold4 ,! labor]s employ$ on ! f>m   
are receiv$ into ! f>m]'s family "u     
conditions ( social equality4 ,! man :o 
is ?is ye> a labor] may 9 a decade be a 
f>m]4 ,! dignify+ ( p]sonality ) l&     
own]%ip has be5 su* a g5]al social      
exp]i5ce 9 ! c\ntry t e individual is   
?\ght ( 9 ! f>m] p]iod z a pot5tial     
l&[n]4  ,! in/itutions ( ! rural        
community ( ! l&-f>m] type are ! c\ntry 
/ore1 ! rural s*ool1 & ! *ur*4 ,! c\ntry

 /ore deals 9 g5]al m]*&ise & is a      
natural outgr[? ( ! /ores ( ! pione]    
p]iod 9 :i* b>t] con/itut$ ! :ole ( !   
comm]ce ( ! community4 ,9 ! pione] /ore 
b a few commodities 7 import$ f ! out]  
_w4 ,! great] "p ( ! m]*&ise 0 made 9 ! 
community & di/ribut$ 9 ! /ore4 ,b !    
f>m]'s rural economy is ! dawn+ ( ! _w  
economy & ! g5]al /ore 9 ! f>m+         
community becomes an economic in/itution
 requir+ great ability & c5t]+ 9 itself 
! =ces ( g5]al z well z local economics4
  ,! g5]al /orekeep] ( ?is type 9 !     
c\ntry is at once a bus9ess man1 a money
 l5d]1 an employ] ( labor & ! manag] ( !
 social c5t]4 ,he sells goods at a price
 s l[ z to ma9ta9 8 local trade aga9/   
outside competition4 ,he loans money on 
mortgages ?r\gh\t ! community1 & sells  
goods on cr$it4 ,judgm5t ( m5 & (       
prop]ties is s ess5tial to 8 bus9ess t  
if he c n judici\sly loan & give cr$it  
he _c ma9ta9 a c\ntry /ore4 ,ar\nd 8 w>m
 /ove 9 ! w9t] & at 8 door 9 summ] ga!r 
! m5 ( ! community = discussion (       

politics1 religion & social affairs4 ,9 
addition to all else1 he has be5 usually
 ! po/ma/] ( ! community4  ,! "o-room   
rural s*ool :i* is ! prevail+ type      
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry is a product ( !       
l&-f>m] p]iod4 ,its preval5ce %[s t we  
are /ill 9 l&-f>m] conditions3 & !      
criticism to :i* x is n[ subject$       
indicates t we are consci\s ( a new epo*
 9 rural life4  ,x fits well into ! life
 ( ! l& f>m] because x gives obvi\sly a 
m]e h9t ( le>n+4 ,x has be5 ! boa/ ( its
 advocates t x taught only ! ?ree ,rs4  
,its tra9+ = life is rudim5t>y only3 x  
gives b an alphabet4 ,! l& f>m] expect$ 
to live 9 8 gr\p4 ,secure 9 8 own acres 
& believ+ himself z good z anybody1 he  
reli$ = 8 son & daught] n ^u tra9$      
skill1 b ^u native abilities1 /]l+ "*1  
indep5d5ce & indu/ry4 ,( all ^! !       
h\sehold1 n ! s*ool1 is ! s\rce4 ,s t ! 
"o-room c\ntry s*ool 0 satisfactory to  
^? :o creat$ x4  ,9 ano!r *apt] ! common
 s*ools are m fully discuss$4 ,"h x may 
be said only t ! creation ( su* a sy/em 

0 an honor to any p4 ,! f>m]s :o out ( a
 spl5did idealism plac$ a s*oolh\se at e
 cross roads1 on e hilltop & 9 e m\nta9 
valley1 exact a tribute ( praise f _!   
successors4 ,! unit ( measurem5t ( !    
s*ool di/rict1 on :i* ?is sy/em 0 bas$1 
0 ! day's j\rney ( a *ild six ye>s (    
age4 ,two miles mu/ be its longe/       
radius4 ,! g5]ation :o spann$ ?is       
cont95t ) ! measure ( an infant's pace1 
mapp$ ! l& into di/ricts1 erect$ h\ses  
at ! c5t]s1 & employ$ tea*]s z ! ma/]s (
 le>n+ = ^! little /ates1 7 m5 (        
/atesmanlike p[]4 ,! c\ntry s*ool is a  
nobl] monum5t ( ! l& f>m] ?an any?+ else
 he has done4  ,! rural academy 0 ! mo/ 
influ5tial s*ool ( ! l& f>m]'s "t4      
,situat$ at ! c5t] ( lead+ communities1 
9 ,new ,engl&1 ,p5nsylvania & ! old]    
,ea/]n ,/ates1 x 0 (t5 "u ! control or !
 influ5ce ( ! p>i% m9i/]4 ,x g5]ally    
ex]t$ a great influ5ce = ! build+ ( !   
*ur* & ! community4 ,its tea*]s 7 m5 (  
s*ol>ly ideals4 ,its /ud5ts 7 f !       
locality1 be+ select$ by ambition =     

le>n+1 & by _! ability to pay ! tuition4
  ,! developm5t ( ! high s*ools has     
g5]ally result$ 9 ! ab&onm5t ( !        
academies4 ,a few h surviv$ & h adapt$  
!mselves to new times4 ,b x is to be    
d\bt$ :e!r ! common s*ools h s f> done z
 mu* = build+ & = organiz+ c\ntry       
communities1 = provid+ local lead]%ip1 =
 build+ *ur*es1 z did ! rural academies 
( ,new ,engl&1 ,p5nsylvania & o!r ,ea/]n
 ,/ates4  ,! f>m]'s *ur* is ! classic   
,am]ican type ( *ur* at its be/4 ,! f>m+
 economy succe$$ to ! pione] economy )\t
 s]i\s break4 ,! tr\bles ( ! c\ntry *ur*
 h _! beg9n+s 9 ! p]iod ( ! exploit] :i*
 is to foll[1 b ! f>m] develop$ ! *ur* (
 ! pione] ) sympa?y & consi/5cy4 ,! *ur*
 ( ! f>m] /ill values p]sonal salvation 
above all4 ,! revival me?ods & !        
simplicity ( doctr9e h rema9$1 b ! f>m] 
has add$ typical me?ods ( 8 own4  ,!    
effect ( ?is individualism is exhibit$ 9
 ! multiplication ( *ur*es among f>m]s4 
,s long z x is admitt$ t ! *ur* is =    
p]sonal salvation1 x does n ne$ to be a 

social in/itution4 ,a small gr\p is z   
effective z a l>ge "o = secur+ salvation
 = individuals4 ,two *ur*es or ?ree may 
z well s]ve a community z "o1 if p]sonal
 salvation be ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,! gospel 
is = ! f>m] good tid+s1--n a call to    
social s]vice4 ,! result ( ! f>m] p]iod 
has be51 !re=e1 ! multiplication (      
competitive c\ntry *ur*es4 ,an in/ance (
 ?is competitive condition is3 !        
community 9 ,kansas 9 :i* among f\r     
hundr$ p resid5t 9 a field1 !re are sev5
 *ur*es1 ea* ( !m attempt+ to ma9ta9 a  
resid5t pa/or4 ,9 ,c5tre ,c\nty1 ,pa41 9
 a radius ( f\r miles f a giv5 po9t1 !re
 are tw5ty-f\r c\ntry *ur*es4 ,9 ! same 
t]ritory )9 a radius ( ?ree miles are   
sixte5 ( ^! c\ntry *ur*es4 ,?is         
condition is satisfactory to ! ideals ( 
! f>m]4 ,if ! f>m] type 7 p]man5t ^!    
*ur*es might s]ve p]man5tly = ! m9i/ry (
 p]sonal salvation4 ,!y are well att5d$ 
by dev\t & religi\s-m9d$ p4 ,_!         
condemnation is n 9 ! f>m] economy b 9 !
 inevitable com+ ( ! exploit] & !       

husb&man ) _! diff]5t exp]i5ce & diff]5t
 type ( m9d4  ,9 ?is p]iod ! m9i/]      
frequ5tly is himself a till] ( ! soil4  
,_m ( ! old] *ur*es _h l&1 t5 or tw5ty  
or =ty acres1 :i* ! m9i/] 0 expect$ to  
till1 & f x to secure a "p ( 8 liv+4 ,a 
*ur* at ,cranb]ry1 ,n4 ,j41 _h a f>m (  
"o hundr$ acres until ! close ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ) ! com+ ( ! exploit]
 & ! husb&man ! m9i/] ceases to be an   
agriculturi/4  ,l unto ! tillage ( !    
soil by ! m9i/] 0 ! donation to ! m9i/]1
 ( vegetables1 corn1 honey & o!r f>m    
products4 ,at "o "t ?is fill$ a l>ge    
place 9 ! supply ( ! m9i/]'s liv+4 ,9   
v>i\s communities ! cu/om has rema9$ )  
f9e t5acity 9 ! pres5tation to ! m9i/] (
 portions ( f>m produce ?r\gh\t ! ye>4  
,b ! portions s giv5 are few]1 z ye>s   
pass1 & ! total quantity small4 ,!      
donation ( vegetables & f>m produce has 
surviv$ 9 b a few places4 ,! modes (    
life :i* succe$$ to ! f>m] economy are  
dep5d5t on ca% = ! di/ribution ( values1
 & ! donation1 if x rema9 at all1 is a  

gift ( money4 ,frequ5tly ! donation has 
surviv$ z a social ga!r+1 be+ p]petuat$ 
9 "o ( its functions only1 its e>li]    
purposes & its ess5tial =m be+ =gott54  
,! *ur* ( ! l& f>m] correspond$ by      
logical social causation to ! social    
economy ( ?is type4 ,x 0 seat$ ) family 
pews g5]ally r5t$ by ! family gr\p &    
sometimes own$ 9 fee4 ,9 ! ,s\? !       
slave-hold+ *ur*es1 :i* h all pass$     
away1 _h gall]ies = ! slaves1 :o        
wor%ipp$ ?us "u ! same ro( ) _! ma/]s4  
,! prea*+ ( ?is p]iod 0 direct$ to !    
developm5t ( gr\p life4 ,its e?ical     
/&>ds 7 ^? ( ! h\sehold gr\p1 9 :i*     
private prop]ty 9 l&1 dome/ic morality1 
filial & dome/ic exp]i5ces furni%$ !    
/imuli4  ,! l&-f>m]'s *ur* _h "s        
organizations to correspond to !        
diff]5ces 9 social life4 ,! pres5ce ( ! 
*ildr5 9 ! family gr\p is repres5t$ 9 ! 
,sunday s*ools & p>o*ial s*ools built   
dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! s*ools are 9 _m cases
 highly organiz$1 ) sep>ate recognition 
( infancy1 adolesc5ce & middle life4 ,9 

,prote/ant *ur*es ! p>ticul> conc]ns (  
wom5 & ! religi\s s]vice r5d]$ by !m    
take =m 9 wom5's societies 9 ! *ur*es1  
mo/ly *>itable & mission>y4  ,f9ally1 at
 ! close ( ! l&-f>m] p]iod1 ab\t #ahij1 
!re sprang up ! "y p's societies1 :i* 9 
! t5 clos+ ye>s ( ! l&-f>m] p]iod rea*$ 
a memb]%ip ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s among !    
,prote/ant *ur*es4 ,^! societies ( "y p 
7 organiz$ 9 ! *ur*es to correspond to !
 gr[+ self-consci\sness among adolesc5t 
memb]s ( ! l&-f>m]'s h\sehold4 ,! "y m5 
& wom5 9 ! matur+ ( ! family gr\p came  
to h a life ( _! own4 ,z frequ5tly      
happ5s1 ! family gr\p rea*$ its highe/  
developm5t & p]fection j be=e x 0 to    
pass away4  ,! *ur* ( ! l&-f>m] is !    
typical ,prote/ant *ur* ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates4 ,s influ5tial has ! f>m] be5 9  
national life t organiz$ religion has   
idealiz$ 8 type ( *ur*4 ,x has be5      
transport$ to villages & t[ns4 ,x has   
become ! type ( *ur* mo/ frequ5t 9 !    
cities4  ,ne>ly all ! ,prote/ant *ur*es 
9 ,new ,york ,city are l&-f>m] *ur*es2 &

 t1 says a not$ city pa/or1 is :at ails 
!m4#f ,?is *ur* c5t]s its activities 9  
prea*+1 r5ts or assigns its pews to     
families1 & organizes societies = !     
v>i\s factors ( ! family gr\p4 ,x has   
,sunday s*ools1 wom5's1 m5's & "y p's   
societies1 ) only "o m9i/] to sup]vise  
!m all4  ,! trans=mation ( ?is type (   
*ur*1 s deeply root$ 9 ! idealism ( !   
:ole p1 into a *ur* bett] suit$ to city1
 factory1 t[n & m9+ settlem5t1 has be5 !
 problem = ,prote/ant bodies to solve 9 
! pa/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is       
trans=mation1 x is /rik+ to obs]ve1 came
 at ! end ( ! l&-f>m] p]iod1 ab\t #ahij4
  ,! l&-f>m]1 !n1 ^: p]iod accord+ to   
,pr(4 ,ross1 ext5d$ f #ahce to #ahij 9 !
 ,middle ,we/1 is ! be/ kn[n            
agricultural type4 ,he is ! typical     
c\ntryman z ! c\ntryman is imag9$ 9 !   
cities & record$ 9 our lit]ature4 ,x has
 be5 ! ,am]ican hope t he %\ld be !     
l&-own] ( ! days to come4 ,9 ,ea/       
,t5nessee ! f>m] is /ill ! type ( l&[n] 
9 c\ntry communities4 ,9 "s portions (  

,mi*igan & ,m9nesota ! f>m] type gives  
"* to ! :ole population1 b g5]ally      
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! processes describ$ by
 ,pr(4 ,ross h und]m9$ ! integrity ( !  
f>m] type & brok5 8 hold ^u lead]%ip ( !
 c\ntry population4 ,)9 ! la/ two       
decades1 s9ce #ahij1 ! f>m] has be5     
gradually disc\rag$ & has realiz$ t 8   
economy is n suit$ to survive4 ,! mo/   
repres5tative f>m+ communities today are
 ^? ( ,scot* or ,scot*-,iri% p1 ^:      
in/9ctive t5acity1 _! clanni%ness1 has  
p]petuat$ long] ?an 9 o!r in/ances !    
rural economy & ! c\ntry community4  ,9 
us+ ! t]m l&-f>m] ,i am aw>e ( its close
 resemblance to ! t]m exploit]4 ,! ^w   
itself po9ts to exploitation ( l&4 ,! l&
 f>m] has us$ ! raw mat]ials ( ! c\ntry4
 ,he has till$ ! soil until its f]tility
 0 exhau/$ & !n mov$ on to ! new]       
regions ( ! ,we/1 aga9 to f>m & to      
exploit ! virg9 ri*es ( a pl5te\s l&4 ,!
 plant] 9 ! ,s\?1 possess+ frequ5tly m  
?an a ?\s& acres1 0 accu/om$ to till a  
portion ( "o hundr$1 two hundr$ or f\r  

hundr$ acres1 until its f]tility _h be5 
exhau/$4 ,!n he mov$ 8 slaves to ano!r  
section1 cle>$ ! l& & cultivat$ x until 
its p[] to produce _h also be5 exhau/$4 
,! diff]5ce betwe5 l&-f>m+ &            
exploitation is ! abs5ce ( speculation 9
 l& 9 ! =m] p]iod4  ,,footnote3         
,footnote #f3 ,rev4 ,*>les ,/elzle4     
,,iii  ,,! ,,exploit]   ,! ?ird type 9  
,am]ican agriculture is ! exploit]4     
,betwe5 ! f>m] & ! husb&man !re is an   
economic revolution4 ,9 fact ! exploit] 
himself is a transition type betwe5 !   
f>m] & ! husb&man4 ,! fundam5tal problem
 9 ,am]ican economics always has be5 t (
 ! di/ribution ( l&1 says ,pr(4 ,ross4  
,! exploit] is1 ,i presume1 a tempor>y  
economic type1 creat$ 9 ! p]iod (       
re-di/ribution ( l&4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( !  
exploit] is 8 comm]cial valuation ( all 
?+s4 ,he is ! man :o sees only ! value (
 money4  ,x 0 natural t ) ! matur+ ( an 
,am]ican population1 ! exploitation ( ! 
natural res\rces %\ld come4 ,we h       
exploit$ ! =e/1 remov+ ! timb] f ! hills

 & mak+ out ( its va/ res\rces a few    
=tunes4 ,we wa/$ 9 ! process n9e-t5?s = 
e "o-t5? ( weal? accumulat$ by !        
exploit]4 ,we h exploit$ ! coal & iron &
 o!r m9]als4 ,! exploitation ( ! oil    
deposits & natural gas res]voirs has be5
 a national exp]i5ce & a national sc&al4
 ,! t5d5cy to exploit e opportunity =   
private weal? has *>act]iz$ ! pa/ two   
decades4#g  ,!re are ^? :o exploit !    
*ild vitality ( ! families ( work+ p1 & 
! ,/ates h put legal *ecks 9 ! way (    
*ild labor4 ,! exploitation ( ! labor ( 
wom5 has gone s f> z to ?reat5 !        
vitality ( ! g5]ation to be born1 & laws
 h be5 pass$ :i* =bid ! employm5t ( wom5
 except )9 limits4 ,! e?ical discussion 
( ! pa/ decade is l>gely a ke5 analysis 
( ! me?ods ( exploitation ( res\rces1 ( 
m5 & ( communities1 & an attempt to fix 
! b\nds ( ! exploitation ( values =     
private weal?4  ,!re are ^? :o exploit !
 f>m4 ,f>ms :i* f ! orig9al entry until 
#ahij _h be5 own$ by ! same family1 or  
:i* _h *ang$ own]s b once or twice1 & ^:

 own]s 7 pr\d to ass]t t _! broad acres 
_h nev] be5 encumb]$ ) mortgages1 s9ce  
#ahij h be5 sold1 9 "s in/ances z (t5 z 
t5 times1 9 m num]\s in/ances f\r or    
five times1 & a l>ge "p ( ! pur*ase     
price is secur$ by encumb]+ ! e/ates6#h 
,agriculture1 especially ( ! ,middle    
,we/1 is affect$ 9 all its p>ts by !    
exploitation ( l&4 ,to a travell] f !   
,ea/]n ,/ates1 ! sell+ & re-sell+ ( f>m 
l&1 )\t f]tilization or improvem5t by   
any ( ! successive own]s1 is a s\rce (  
amazem5t4  ,! new l&s op5$ "u !         
,home/ead act ( half a c5tury ago 7 (t5 
exploit$ = tempor>y pr(it by soil robb]s
 :o 7 exp]ts ( _! k9d4 ,ow+ to su* f>m  
managem5t1 ! yield ( ! acre 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates gradually decreas$4 ,v little    
int5sive f>m+ 0 done4#i  ,! comm]cial   
exploitation ( l& dissolves e p]man5t   
factor 9 ! f>m economy4 ,! c\ntry       
community ( ! l&-f>m] type is be+       
und]m9$ & is crumbl+ away "u ! influ5ce 
( exploitation4 ,! pione]s 7 a ,we/w>d  
emigration1 pu%+ ,we/w>d ! b\nd>ies ( ! 

c\ntry at ! rate ( fifty miles 9 a      
decade2 b s9ce #ahij emigration has be5 
ea/w>d1 & x is made up ( f>m]s :o move  
to ev] *eap] & *eap] l&s to ! ,ea/1 !   
tide ( high] prices com+ f ! ,we/4      
,already 9 c5tral ,ill9ois ! values ( l&
 seem to h rea*$ ! high wat] m>k4 ,ab\t 
,galesburg ! ,sw$es h got hold ( ! l& & 
!y w n sell4 ,among ! la/ record$ sales 
9 ?is di/rict 7 "s at prices betwe5 two 
hundr$ & two hundr$ fifty doll>s p]     
acre4  ,x is n g5]ally und]/ood t ?is   
exploitation ( f>m l&s has ext5d$ ov]   
ne>ly ! :ole c\ntry4 ,its spread is     
increas+ly rapid 9 ! la/ two ye>s4 ,9 ! 
,gulf ,/ates & ! ,c>ol9as & 9 ,t5nessee 
& ,k5tucky prices ( f>m l& h increas$ 9 
! la/ five ye>s f tw5ty-five to "o      
hundr$ p] c5t4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ cons]vative 
c\nties 9 ,p5nsylvania ! prices ( f>m l&
 h increas$ tw5ty to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 
,! sign ( ?is exploitation is a rapid   
increase 9 ! m>ket values ( f>m l&1 due 
to frequ5t sale & pur*ase4 ,?is increase
 is indep5d5t ( any increase 9 ess5tial 

value to ! f>m]4 ,! net income ( ! f>m] 
may h be5 increas$ only five p] c5t1 z 9
 ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 :]eas ! values (   
f>m l& h increas$ 9 ! same p]iod m ?an  
"o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,t is1 ! speculative  
increases h be5 tw5ty times z mu* z !   
agricultural increase4  ,along ) ?is    
*ange 9 f>m values goes ! increase or   
decrease 9 ! numb] ( t5ant f>m]s & !    
%ift+ ( ! own]%ip ( l& to f>m l&lords4  
,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ?is exploitation  
has tak5 a purely speculative =m4 ,9 all
 p>ts x is speculative 9 "*1 b 9 "s     
sections ( ! c\ntry ! exploit]s are     
!mselves f>m]s & ! process is impos$ ^u 
! f>m]s !mselves by economic causes4    
,?is is true ( ! ,ill9ois & ,indiana    
l&s1 :i* are "u ! influ5ce ( a sy/em (  
dra9age1 b !re are o!r portions ( !     
c\ntry 9 :i* ! process is *iefly        
speculative4 ,9 "s ,we/]n ,/ates !      
exploitation ( f>m l& is 9 ! h&s (      
speculators !mselves1 do+ real e/ate    
bus9ess purely z a matt] ( trade4 ,x    
w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to attribute a 

process s g5]al z ?is "o to ! p[] ex]t$ 
by a class ( real e/ate ag5ts4 ,its     
causes are deep] ?an ! comm]cial        
process4 ,!y g into ! v roots ( mod]n   
life4 ,?is %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1     
because :5 frankly realiz$ x compels !  
adju/m5t ( social1 educational &        
religi\s "w to ! p]iod ( exploitation4  
,! effect ( ?is process is ^u all ! life
 ( c\ntry p4 ,x has creat$ its own class
 ( m54 ,!re 0 no int5tion 9 ! m9d (     
e>li] ,am]icans t we %\ld ev] h a t5ant 
class 9 ,am]ica4 ,! assumption on :i*   
all our ideals are built has be5 t we   
w\ld be a l&-own+ p1 b we are confront$ 
) a t5antry problem z difficult z any 9 
! _w4 ,! process ( exploit+ l& has add$ 
to ! social & economic life ( ! c\ntry !
 f>m l&lord1 ^: influ5ce ^u ! imm$iate  
future ( ! ,am]ican c\ntry community1   
*ur* & s*ool1 9 all sections w be great1
 & 9 _m communities w be dom9at+4  ,!   
exploitation ( l& has produc$ ! retir$  
f>m]4 ,he is a pure example ( ! weakness
 ( ! exploit] economy4 ,orig9ally he 0 a

 home/ead]1 or p]haps a pur*as] ( *eap  
l& 9 ! e>ly days4 ,he expect$ n to rema9
 a f>m]1 b hop$ = removal to ! ,ea/ or  
to a college t[n4 ,! motives :i* animat$
 him 7 v>i$1 b among !m none 0 s prom95t
 z a desire = bett] education ?an 0     
provid$ = 8 *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry community 
( ! f>m] type4 ,s t at =ty or fifty ye>s
 ( age he seiz$ an opportunity to sell 8
 l&1 z ! prices 7 ris+1 & retir$ to !   
t[n ) a ca% =tune = inve/m5t4           
,imm$iately ! economic =ces to :i* he _h
 submitt$ himself made ( him a new type1
 = ! retir$ f>m] 9 ! ,middle ,we/ is a  
*>act]i/ic type ( ! lead+ t[ns & cities4
 ,"s :ole /reets 9 l>ge c5t]s are peopl$
 ) retir$ f>m]s4 ,! civic policies (    
scores ( small municipalities are       
controll$ 9 a measure by !m1 s t        
j\rnali/s1 religi\s lead]s1 re=m]s &    
politicians h v cle>-cut op9ions z to ! 
value ( ! retir$ f>m]4  ,! analysis (   
?is situation is z foll[s4 ,:ile ! l&   
:i* he sold cont9u$ to increase 9 value1
 8 small =tune began to dim9i% 9 value4 

,! int]e/ on 8 money has be5 less e t5  
ye>s2 :]eas he =m]ly c\ld loan at fir/ =
 six & sometimes sev5 p] c5t1 he _c loan
 safely n[ = m ?an five or six p] c5t4  
,meantime ! prices ( all ?+s he has to  
buy are express$ 9 ca%1--no long] 9 k9d 
z on ! f>m2 & ^! ca% prices are gr[+4 ,9
 ! pa/ decade !y h almo/ d\bl$4 ,?is    
means t he is a poor] man4 ,8 money has 
a dim9i%$ pur*as+ p[] & he has a small] 
ye>ly income4  ,9 addition to ?is1 8    
wants1 & ! wants ( ! memb]s ( ! family  
are increas$ two or ?ree times4 ,!y _c  
live z !y liv$ on ! f>m4 ,!y _c dress z 
!y dress$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! pressure ( ^!  
increas+ economic wants1 dem&+ to be    
satisfi$ out ( a dim9i%$ income1 ) high]
 prices = ! ?+s to be pur*as$1 keeps !  
retir$ f>m] a poor man4 ,! result is t !
 retir$ f>m] is oppos$ to e /ep (       
progress 9 ! gr[+ t[n 9 :i* he lives4   
,he opposes e increase ( taxation &     
fights e assessm5t4 ,he dreads a        
subscription li/ & hates to he> (       
contributions4 ,al?\gh an intellig5t &  

pi\s man1 he has come to be an ob/acle  
to ! build+ ( libr>ies1 *ur*es & s*ools 
& oppos$ to all humane & mission>y      
activities4 ,he is suff]+ f a great     
economic mi/ake4  ,be=e leav+ ! exploit]
 x is to be said he also has 8 *ur*4 ,! 
exploit] has built no community4 ,he has
 contribut$ ! retir$ f>m] to ! l>ge t[ns
 & small cities ( ! ,middle ,we/4 ,x is 
natural1 !re=e1 t few exploit] *ur*es   
are f\nd 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b 9 ! l>g] c5t]s  
!re are *ur*es ^: doctr9e & me?ods are  
^? ( ! exploit]4 ,inde$1 at ! pres5t "t 
! exploit]'s doctr9e 9 e?ics & religion 
is highly popul>4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( !   
consecration ( weal?4  ,!re are 9 ! l>g]
 cities *ur*es ^: bus9ess is to give2   
,sunday aft] ,sunday !y he> pleas &     
consid] ! cases ( college presid5ts1    
sup]9t5d5ts ( *>ities1 secret>ies (     
mission bo>ds & o!r (ficial solicitors4 
,^! *ur*es h sy/ematiz$ ! discipl9e (   
giv+4 ,_! bo>ds ( (fic]s control !      
appeals t %all be made to _! p4 ,su*    
*ur*es are highly individuali/ 9 "*1 & !

 prea*] :o m9i/]s 9 su* a *ur* has a    
doctr9e ( individual culture &          
responsibility4  ,! exploit]'s doctr9e (
 sy/ematic giv+ has gone into all ( !   
communities 9 :i* prosp]\s p live4 ,x   
has become a moral code = millionaires1 
& ! response to x is annually measur$ 9 
! great gifts ( m5 ( l>ge means to      
in/itutions :i* exi/ = ! use ( all      
mank9d4  ,b n all ! f>m exploit]s retir$
 f ! f>m4 ,! /rong] & m successful h    
become abs5tee l&lords4 ,^! m5 h inve/$ 
_! ca% 9 f>m l&s4 ,di/ru/+ ! inve/m5ts (
 ! city m>ket1 & fe>+ ,wall ,/reet1 !y h
 pur*as$ increas$ acreage 9 ! c\ntry1 & 
:5 ! local m>ket 0 exhau/$1 !y h inve/$ 
9 ! ,s\?we/ & ! f> ,we/1 buy+ ev] m & m 
l&4 ,!y h prov5 t ,x is possible to     
ma9ta9 a vici\s economic me?od on a ris+
 m>ket4#aj  ,^! l&lords h leas$ _! l& 9 
accordance ) m]e exp$i5cy4 ,no plans h  
be5 made 9 ! ,am]ican rural economy = a 
t5antry4 ,! lease1 !re=e1 ?r\gh\t !     
,unit$ ,/ates g5]ally is = only "o ye>4 
,?is gives to ! l&lord ! greate/ fre$om1

 & to ! t5ant ! lea/ responsibility4    
,nei!r is will+ to ent] into a contract 
by :i* ! l& itself c be b5efitt$4 ,!    
l&lord is look+ = ! increase ( ! values 
( l&1 & is ev] m9dful ( a possible buy]4
 ,moreov]1 he is wat*ful ( ! m>ket = !  
crop & ( ! size ( ! crop1 s t he desires
 to be free at ! end ( ! ye> to make o!r
 arrangem5ts4  ,! t5ant on 8 "p is      
some:at eag] to d z he pleases = a ye>4 
,he expects to be himself an own]1 & he 
does n expect to rema9 p]man5tly z a    
t5ant on t f>m4 ,he reckons t he c get a
 good deal out ( ! l& 9 ! ye>1 & is     
unwill+ to b9d himself = a long p]iod4  
,! ,am]ican sy/em ( f>m t5antry is !    
wor/ ( :i* ,i h k 9 any c\ntry4#aa  ,x  
is true t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry leases ( 
?ree & five ye>s are grant$ to t5ants by
 ! l&lords4 ,at ,p5n ,yan1 ,new ,york1 a
 reliable class ( ,danes secure su*     
leases f ! own]s4 ,i am aw>e1 also1 t 9 
,delaw>e1 9 an old section dep5d5t ^u   
f]tilization = its crops1 :]e ! l& is 9 
! h&s ( a few repres5tatives ( ! old    

f>m] type :o h held x = g5]ations1 t !  
tillage ( ! soil %[s specialization4 ,! 
l&lord & ! t5ant co-op]ate4 ,! leases1  
:ile !y are = b a ye>1 specify h[ ! l&  
%all be till$1 h[ f]tiliz$4 ,!y require 
! rotation ( crops & ! keep+ ( a c]ta9  
numb] ( cattle by ! t5ants4 ,! l&lord   
p]sonally ov]sees ! tillage ( sev]al    
f>ms4 ,?is seems ! beg9n+ ( husb&ry1    
in/ead ( exploitation ( ! l&4  ,ano!r   
in/ance ( ! l&lord :o is m ?an a m]e    
exploit] is t ( ,david ,rank91 rec5tly  
deceas$4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life ,mr4    
,rank9 own$ ab\t ?irty ?\s& acres ( l& 9
 ,miss\ri4 ,x 0 said 9 #aiaj t he _h    
sev5te5 ?\s& acres ( corn4 ,he _h a     
g5ius = e/imat+ ! values ( l&1 !        
exp5siv5ess ( dra9age1 & ! possibilities
 ( ! m>ket4 ,he 0 an exp]t buy] (       
cattle1 & a ma/] ( ! problems ent]+ into
 progressive f>m+ on a l>ge scale4  ,f 8
 va/ acreage ,mr4 ,rank9 sold n "o bu%el
 ( corn4 ,all 8 crops w5t (f on f\r     
legs4 ,he drove 8 corn to m>ket1 z !y   
say 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,he b\ght cattle f

 ! ran*es1 = none 7 br$ on 8 own l&4 ,he
 fatt5$ !m = ! m>ket1 translat+ corn    
into beef & he 0 well aw>e ( ! values ( 
pork 9 ! economy ( su* a f>m4 ,no?+ w5t 
to wa/e4 ,accord+ to ! =mula 9          
,nebraska1 ,= e c[ keep a s[1 t's ! h[4 
,mr4 ,rank9 made l>ge pr(its f 8 cattle 
& hogs4  ,x is true t he c>$ no?+ = !   
community or its in/itutions4 ,on 8 wide
 acres family life 0 replac$ by         
bo>d+-h\ses4 ,s*ools & *ur*es 7 clos$1 &
 _m f>mh\ses built by ! home/ead]s rott$
 d[n to _! f\ndations4 ,b ,david ,rank9 
0 a husb&man1 if n a humani/4 ,8 tillage
 ( ! soil 0 successful 9 t x ma9ta9$ !  
f]tility ( ! soil1 t x produc$ l>ge     
quantities ( food = ! consum]1 & t x 0  
pr(itable4  ,! foll[+ is a description (
 community life "u ! influ5ce ( su*     
great l&lords1 by a ,we/]n obs]v]3--  ,!
 city ( ,casselton1 ,nor? ,dakota1 0    
orig9ally />t$ ab\t ! ye> #ahgi4 ,?irty 
ye>s ago ! fir/ settl]s came to ?is     
great prairie region f ! ,new ,engl& &  
,c5tral ,/ates4 ,x 0 %ortly be=e ?is or 

ab\t ?is "t t ! ,nor!rn ,pacific        
,railroad 0 built across ?is we/]n      
prairie4 ,! gov]nm5t gave to ! road e   
o!r section ( l& on ea* side ( !        
railroad = ?irty miles z a bonus4 ,t l& 
0 sold 9 ! e>ly days by ! railroad to   
pur*as]s = fifty c5ts an acre4 ,x 0 "s (
 ! f9e/ f>m+ l& 9 ! wide _w4 ,out ( ^?  
sales grew "s ( ! imm5se f>ms t h be5 s 
fam\s ov] ! c\ntry & :ile !y are great  
bus9ess conc]ns manag$ ) f9e bus9ess    
ability1 yet !y are n mu* ( a help 9 !  
settl+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,"h )9 "o mile (     
,casselton is ! fam\s ,dalrymple f>m (  
tw5ty-eight ?\s& acres4 ,?is f>m employs
 dur+ ! busy season :at m5 x ne$s f !   
drift+ classes & puts no families on its
 broad acres4 ,^! m5 are "h a %ort      
season 9 ! summ]1 !n are gone4 ,!y are  
ru%$ ) "w = t season1 ,sundays z well z 
o!r days f e>ly morn+ to late at night1 
mak+ x almo/ impossible to t\* _!       
religi\s life or ev5 to c\nt !m a "p ( !
 community life4  ,ano!r f>m is !       
,*affee f>m ( ?irty-five ?\s& acres4    

,mr4 ,*affee is a ?or\gh bus9ess man b  
is a f9e ,*ri/ian & places a good family
 on ea* section ( l&4 ,he all[s no      
,sunday "w4 ,has a little city kept up 9
 beautiful condition 9 ! c5t] ( 8 l& :]e
 he lives ) 8 cl]ks & imm$iate help]s4  
,"h !y h a neat little ,congregational  
*ur* & support _! own m9i/]4 ,8 f9e     
influ5ce is felt all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!   
p>tn]s 9 ?is f>m also h a l& & loan     
corporation & also a l>ge fl\r mill 9   
,casselton :i* employs ab\t tw5ty-eight 
m51 runn+ day & night dur+ ! busy       
season4  ,!re are _m f>ms small]1 f "o  
?\s& acres & up4 ,_m also ( a qu>t]     
section4 ,casselton 0 built simply z a  
c5t] = ?is beautiful & ri* f>m+ region4 
,x is 9 ! c5t] ( a /rip six miles long &
 tw5ty-five miles wide :i* is said to be
 "o ( ! f9e/ sections 9 ! l&4 ,!re are  
o!r t[ns sprung up 9 ! same section     
also4 ,?r\gh ! pa/ ?irty ye>s f>m]s h   
retir$1 well to d1 & mov$ into ! city4  
,"h are n[ ma9ta9$ excell5t s*ools4  ,9 
conclusion3 ! exploitation ( f>m l&s is 

a process ) :i* ! *ur* 9 ! c\ntry _c    
deal by p]suasion4 ,x is an economic    
condition4 ,!y :o are engag$ 9 ?is      
process or are conc]n$ 9 its effects are
 9 s f> immune to ! prea*] :o ignores or
 :o does n und]/& ^! economic           
conditions4 ,_! action is condition$ by 
_! /atus4 ,!y w infallibly act )        
relation to ! *ur* 9 accordance ) !     
motives :i* arise out ( _! condition4 ,t
 is1 !y w act z t5ant f>m]s1 z retir$   
f>m]s or z abs5tee l&lords4 ,!y mu/ be  
treat$ on ^! t]ms4 ,_! :ole relation to 
organiz$ religion w be t ( ! condition 9
 :i* !y live & by :i* !y get _! daily   
bread4 ,?is is a matt] indep5d5t (      
p]sonal goodness4 ,! *ur* is dep5d5t n  
on p]sonal good influ5ces1 b ^u !       
response :i* a man makes 9 accordance ) 
8 economic & social "*4  ,= in/ance1 9  
,wiscons9 a *ur* work] f\nd t ?\s&s (   
acres 9 a c]ta9 section 7 own$ by a     
,milwaukee capitali/4 ,he f\nd t ! t5ant
 f>m]s on ^! acres 7 poor & /ruggl+ = a 
bett] liv+1 & he c\ld n1 among !m1      

f9ance an adequate *ur*4 ,he promptly   
w5t to ,milwaukee & secur$ five m9utes (
 ! "t & att5tion ( ! abs5tee l&lord4 ,:5
 he _h /at$ ! case & ! reasons :y ?is   
l>ge own] %\ld give to ! c\ntry *ur* on 
8 acres1 ! man promptly said1 ,y h /at$ 
:at ,i nev] be=e realiz$ & ,i w give y a
 contribution ( "o hundr$ doll>s p] ye> 
= t *ur* until y he> f me to ! contr>y4 
,9 contra/ to ?is !re is 9 ,c5tral      
,ill9ois a l>ge e/ate ( five ?\s& acres4
 ,! own] lives 9 a di/ant city & 8 son  
tills ! l&4 ,x is kn[n among ! neighbors
 t ! son has ord]s to oppose all        
improvem5ts ( *ur*es & ( s*ools1 because
 !re is no money = u 9 ! *ur* or !      
s*ool4  ,x is useless to compla9 ( !    
position 9 :i* a man is4 ,! m9i/]'s duty
 is to utilize him 9 8 own /atus & to   
enable him to practise ! virtues :i* are
 op5 to him4 ,! retir$ f>m] c become an 
active & devot$ evangeli/1 prea*] or    
organiz]4 ,he %\ld be made a lead] 9 !  
intellectual developm5t ( ! f>m]'s      
problem ( ! region4 ,he has leisure &   

intellig5ce & is (t5 a dev\t man4 ,x is 
! bus9ess ( ! m9i/] to trans=m ?is into 
religi\s & social effici5cy4 ,!         
temp]ance movem5t 9 ! ,middle ,we/ has  
_h g5]\s & devot$ support f ! retir$    
f>m]s liv+ 9 ! t[ns4 ,! families ( ^! "o
 "t f>m]s are seek+ aft] culture4 ,!    
lit]>y & ae/hetic aspects ( ! community 
c well be committ$ to memb]s ( ^!       
families4 ,_! value = ! community is    
probably 9 ^! directions4 ,above all x  
is ! bus9ess ( ! m9i/] to sympa?ize ) ! 
life !y are liv+ & to enable !m to live 
x to ! highe/ advantage4  ,! en]gies ( !
 *ur* %\ld be devot$ to ! t5ant f>m]4 ,(
 ?is m w be said 9 ano!r place4 ,he also
 mu/ be treat$ 9 sympa?y ) 8 social &   
economic exp]i5ce & ! religi\s s]vice   
r5d]$ to him mu/ be ! complete bett]m5t 
( 8 life z he is try+ to live x4 ,he is 
n a s9n] because he is a t5ant & :at he 
does z a t5ant is !re=e n a misdemeanor1
 b a normal reaction ^u life4 ,! *ur* c 
help him 9 purg+ 8 life f ! iniquities  
peculi> to a t5ant & a dep5d5t4 ,!      

noble/ motives mu/ be br\ght out & !    
life he is to live %\ld be giv5 its own 
ideals4  ,above all ! p]iod (           
exploitation mu/ be und]/ood by ! tea*] 
& ! prea*] to be a prep>ation1 a        
transition ?r\gh :i* c\ntry p are com+  
to organiz$ & sci5tific agriculture4    
,gradually ! influ5ce ( sci5ce & !      
lead]%ip ( ! dep>tm5ts & colleges (     
agriculture are be+ ext5d$ 9 ! c\ntry4  
,little by little1 :e!r ?r\gh l&lord or 
t5ant1 f>m+ is becom+ a pr(ession       
requir+ bra9s1 sci5ce & tra9$           
intellig5ce4 ,! c\ntry *ur* %\ld promote
 ?is process because only ?r\gh its     
maturity c ! c\ntry *ur* 9 ! av]age     
community f9d its own e/abli%m5t4 ,!    
recon/ruction ( ! *ur*es n[ go+ on      
corresponds to ! exploitation ( ! l&4 ,!
 duty ( ! *ur* 9 ! process (            
exploitation is to build ! community &  
to make itself ! c5t] ( ! gr[+ sci5tific
 indu/ry on :i* ! c\ntry community 9 !  
future w be f\nd$4  ,! religion ( !     
exploit] moves 9 ! giv+ ( money4        

,consecration ( 8 weal? is consecration 
( 8 _w & ( himself4 ,! *ur* t w\ld save 
him mu/ tea* him to give4 ,8 s9s are ^? 
( gre$1 8 virtues are ^? ( b5evol5ce4 ,8
 own type1 n ! lea/ wor?y among m51 %\ld
 be honor$ 9 8 religion4 ,no man's      
conv]sion ev] makes him dep>t f 8 type1 
b be true to 8 type4 ,!re=e ! religion =
 ! exploit] ( l& is a religion ( giv+1  
to ! poor at 8 door1 to ! ignorant 9 ?is
 l&1 & to ! ne$y ( all l&s4             
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #g3 ,!          
,cons]vation ( ,natural ,res\rces 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,van ,hise4  ,footnote
 #h3 ,j4 ,b4 ,ross--,agr>ian ,*anges 9 !
 ,middle ,we/4  ,footnote #i3 ,secret>y 
( ,agriculture1 ,james ,wilson at !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,l& & ,irrigation         
,exposition1 ,*icago1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aiaj4 
,footnote #aj3 ,! ,rural ,life ,problem 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,sir ,horace      
,plunkett4  ,footnote #aa3 ,dean ,*as4  
,f4 ,curtiss1 ,/ate ,college ( ,i[a4    
,,iv  ,,! ,,husb&man   ,! sci5tific f>m]
 is dep5d5t ^u ! _w economy4 ,he is !   

local repres5tative ( agriculture1 ^:   
organization is national & ev5          
int]national4 ,he raises cotton 9       
,georgia1 b he makes milk 9 ,orange     
,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 because ! m>ket & ! 
soil & ! climate & o!r conditions       
require ( him ?is crop4  ,he is dep5d5t 
^u ! college ( agriculture = ! me?ods by
 :i* he c survive z a f>m]4 ,tradition1 
:i* dom9at$ ! agriculture ( a =m] p]iod1
 is a disappe>+ factor 9 husb&ry ( !    
soil4 ,! *anges 9 m>ket conditions are  
su* z to impov]i% ! f>m] :o le>ns only f
 ! pa/4 ,tradition c\ld tea* ! f>m] h[  
to raise ! raw mat]ials1 "u ! old       
economy1 9 :i* ! f>mh\se & community 7  
suffici5t unto !mselves4 ,b 9 a "t :5 ! 
wool ( ! %eep 9 ,au/ralia goes halfway  
r\nd ! _w 9 its passage f ! back ( a    
%eep to ! back ( a man1 ! %eep f>m]     
becomes dep5d5t ^u ! sci5ti/4 ,he _c    
af=d to raise %eep unless ! sci5tific   
man assures him t 9 ! production ( wool 
8 l& has its highe/ utility4 ,! ,am]ican
 f>m l& is pass+ into ! h&s ( ^? :o w   

use x to ! highe/ advantage4#ab  ,!     
dep5d5ce ( ! sci5tific f>m] or husb&man 
^u ! _w m>ket & ^u ! sci5ti/s :o are    
/udy+ agriculture enl>ges ! circle ( 8  
life f ! rural h\sehold to ! rural      
community4 ,9 ! rural community         
agriculture c be taught2 9 ! h\sehold x 
_c4 ,! only tea*+ ( ! h\sehold is       
tradition2 ! tea*+ ( ! community is 9   
t]ms ( sci5ce4 ,! c\ntry s*ool & !      
c\ntry *ur* take a great] place z       
community in/itutions j s soon z ! f>m] 
passes out ( ! p]iod ( exploitation into
 t ( sci5tific husb&ry4  ,! husb&man is 
! economi/ 9 agriculture4 ,he is to !   
f>m :at ! husb& 0 to ! h\sehold 9 old   
times4 ,"o is tempt$ to say also t !    
husb&man is he :o m>ries ! l&4 ,am]ican 
f>m l& has suff]$ di%onor & degradation1
 b x has kn[n all too little ! affection
 :i* c\ld be figuratively express$ 9    
m>riage4 ,! ,bible speaks ( m>ry+ !     
l&4--,?y l& %all be call$ ,beulah = ?y  
l& %all be m>ri$4 ,side by side 9 ?is   
c\ntry we h ! l&s :i* h be5 di%onor$1   

degrad$1 ab&on$1 dissolute1 & ! l&s     
husb&$1 f]tiliz$1 enri*$ & made         
beautiful4  ,! husb&man or rural        
economi/ c>es m = qualities ?an =       
quantity4 ,he works n m]ely = int5sive  
cultivation ( ! soil1 b also = !        
pres]vation ( ! soil & use ( x 9 its own
 t]ms1 at its highe/ values4  ,!        
pr9ciple at "w is n ! increase 9 !      
f>m]'s mat]ial ga9s or possessions4 ,!  
husb&ry ( ! soil is n a m]e increase 9  
m>ket values4 ,x is a deep] & m e?ical  
welf>e ?an t :i* c be put 9 ! bank4     
,agriculture is a religi\s occupation4  
,:5 x su/a9s a p]man5t population &     
ext5ds f g5]ation to g5]ation ! same    
exp]i5ces1 agriculture is productive 9 !
 highe/ degree ( moral & religi\s       
values4 ,9 ! words ( ,director ,l4 ,h4  
,bailey1 ( ,cornell1 ,! l& is holy4     
,?is is especially true at ! pres5t "t1 
:5 ! l& is limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,already !   
:ole nation is dep5d5t ^u ! f>m] 9 !    
degree intimat$ by ! /atem5t ( ,dean    
,bailey4 ,! c5sus ( #aijj %[$           

approximately "o-?ird ( our p on f>ms or
 closely connect$ ) f>ms1 z aga9/ some?+
 l n9e-t5?s1 a hundr$ ye>s previ\s4 ,x  
is d\btful :e!r we h /ruck bottom1      
al?\gh ! rural exodus may h gone too f> 
9 "s regions1 & we may n p]man5tly /rike
 bottom = sometime to come4#ac  ,!      
s]vice ( ! few to ! _m1 !re=e1 is !     
pres5t /atus ( ! husb&man4 ,! v fact t  
"o-?ird ( ! p mu/ fe$ all ! p imposes   
religi\s & e?ical conditions ^u ! f>m]4 
,! dep5d5ce ( ! great] numb] = _! welf>e
 ^u ^? :o are to till ! soil br+s t     
obligation1 :i* ! f>m] is well con/itut$
 to be> & to :i* 8 s]i\s _s gives       
response4  ,?is means t ) ! gr[+        
consci\sness ( ! ne$ ( sci5tific        
agriculture !re w arise1 inde$ is n[    
aris+1 a new e?ical & religi\s feel+    
among c\ntry p4 ,! *ur* :i* is made up (
 sci5tific f>m]s is a new type ( *ur*4  
,a notable te/imony to ! influ5ce ( !   
*ur* 9 develop+ husb&ry is by ,sir      
,horace ,plunkett1#ad :o te/ifies to !  
religi\s influ5ce t l$ to ! agr>ian     

revolution 9 ,d5m>k4  ,my fri5ds & ,i h 
be5 deeply impress$ by ! educational    
exp]i5ce ( ,d5m>k1 :]e ! p1 :o are z mu*
 dep5d5t on agriculture z are ! ,iri%1 h
 br\ght x by means ( organization to a m
 g5u9e success ?an x has atta9$ any:]e  
else 9 ,europe4 ,yet an inquir] w at    
once discov] t x is to ! ',high ,s*ool' 
f\nd$ by ,bi%op ,grundtvig1 & n to !    
agricultural s*ools1 :i* are also       
excell5t1 t ! extraord9>y national      
progress is ma9ly due4 ,a fri5d ( m9e :o
 0 /udy+ ! ,dani% sy/em ( /ate aid to   
agriculture1 f\nd ?is to be ! op9ion ( !
 ,danes ( all classes1 & 0 a/\nd$ at !  
a*ievem5ts ( ! associations ( f>m]s n   
only 9 ! manufacture ( butt]1 b 9 a f> m
 difficult und]tak+1 ! manufacture (    
bacon 9 l>ge factories equipp$ ) all !  
mo/ mod]n ma*9]y & appliances :i* sci5ce
 _h devis$ = ! production ( ! f9i%$     
article4 ,he at fir/ conclud$ t ?is     
success 9 a highly te*nical indu/ry by  
bodies ( f>m]s indicat$ a v p]fect sy/em
 ( te*nical education4 ,b he soon f\nd  

ano!r cause4 ,z "o ( ! lead+ educators &
 agriculturi/s ( ! c\ntry put x to him3 
',x's n te*nical in/ruction1 x's !      
humanities4' ,i w\ld l to add t x is    
also1 if ,i may co9 a t]m1 !            
'nationalities1' = no?+ is m evid5t to !
 /ud5t ( ,dani% education or1 ,i might  
add1 ( ! excell5t sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian    
,bro!rs 9 ,irel&1 ?an t "o ( ! secrets (
 _! success is to be f\nd 9 _! national 
basis & _! f\ndation ^u ! hi/ory &      
lit]ature ( ! c\ntry4  ,e obs]v] ( ^!   
,dani% ,folk ,high ,s*ools te/ifies to  
_! religi\s en?usiasm1 _! patriotism &  
above all to ! songs ) :i* _! lecture   
h\rs are begun & end$4 ,a graduate ( ^! 
s*ools liv+ = ye>s 9 ,am]ica1 ! "m (    
*ildr5 !n ent]+ college1 said1 ,^? songs
 help$ me ov] ! h>de/ p]iod ( my life4  
,i c always s+ myself happy ) !m4 ,! _s 
:i* p]vades ! s*ools 0 influ5tial 9     
,dani% agriculture1 z express$ 9 ! title
 ( ,grundtvig's be/ kn[n hymn1 ,!       
,c\ntry ,*ur* ,bells4 ,"u su* an        
influ5ce z ?is has ! agricultural life (

 ,d5m>k tak5 ! lead ov] its urban &     
manufactur+ life4  ,! modify+ influ5ce (
 husb&ry ^u ! *ur* & its tea*+ is       
illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ incid5t4 ,a f>m] 9 
,miss\ri _h a good /& ( corn :i* promis$
 all ?r\gh ! summ] to produce an        
excell5t crop4 ,abundance ( sun & ra9   
favor$ ! f>m]'s hope t 8 returns w\ld be
 l>ge1 b 9 ! fall ! crop prov$ a        
failure4 ,! f>m] at once ca/ ab\t = !   
cause ( ?is disappo9tm5t4 ,he _h 8 soil 
analyz$ by a sci5ti/ & discov]$ t x 0   
defici5t 9 nitrog54 ,! next ye> he      
devot$ to supply+ ?is lack 9 ! soil & 9 
! ye> foll[+ _h an abundant return 9    
corn4 ,n[ t exp]i5ce turn$ me away1 said
 he1 f ! c\ntry *ur*1 because ! tea*+ ( 
! c\ntry *ur* z ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to x 
0 out ( h>mony ) ! /udy ( ! situation & 
! conque/ ov] nature4 ,i _h be5 taught 9
 ! c\ntry *ur* to surr5d] "u su*        
conditions to ! w ( ,provid5ce4 ,!      
c\ntry *ur* ( ! husb&man mu/ !re=e be a 
*ur* 9 h>mony ) ! tillage ( ! soil by   
sci5ce4 ,l ! f>m h\seholds ab\t x1 !    

*ur* w possess a l>ge weal? ( tradition1
 b ! *ur* ( ! sci5tific f>m] mu/ be op5 
to ! tea*+s ( sci5ce & mu/ be           
responsive1 intellig5t & al]t 9 !       
intellectual lead]%ip ( ! p4  ,a *ur* ( 
?is sort is at ,we/ ,nott+ham1 ,m>yl&4  
,! m9i/] ,rev4 ,samuel ,polk1 _h be5    
disc\rag$ by ! inatt5tion ( 8 p to 8    
message4 ,he _h come to feel t ?is is an
 unbeliev+ age & _h surr5d]$ himself to 
! /eadfa/ p]=mance ( 8 duties1 ! prea*+ 
( ! tru? fai?fully & ! m9i/ry to 8 p s  
f> z !y w\ld receive x4 ,9 addition he  
_h ! task ( till+ =ty acres ( l& :i*    
belongs to ! *ur*4 ,?is he 0 do+        
fai?fully1 b )\t mu* intellig5t int]e/4 
,an address on ! c\ntry *ur* 9 an       
agricultural college s5t him home ) new 
ideas4 ,he saw t 8 life z a f>m] & z a  
prea*] _h to be made "o4 ,he det]m9$ to 
prea* to f>m]s & to till 8 l& z an      
example ( ,*ri/ian husb&ry4 ,he began z 
a s*ol> by /udy+ ! sci5tific use ( 8 l&4
 ,he f\nd at once t ! f>m]s ab\t him 7  
=c$ to /udy ! tillage ( _! soil1 because

 x _h be5 exhau/$ ( f]tility by me?ods (
 f>m+ no long] pr(itable4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> 
! prea*] rais$1 by means ( a du/ mul*   
?r\gh a dry summ]1 a crop ( "o hundr$ & 
sev5ty-five bu%els ( potatoes4 ,meantime
 8 prea*+ _h be5 enliv5$ ) new          
illu/rations & he 0 enabl$ to en=ce1 to 
! amazem5t ( 8 he>]s1 new impressions ) 
old tru?s4 ,! ,scripture tea*+ :i* _h   
become dull & s*ola/ic became live &    
mod]n1 z he prea*$ ! ,old ,te/am5t to a 
p :o 7 recogniz+ ! sacr$ness ( l&4 ,8   
audi5ces began to increase4 ,8 influ5ce 
on 8 p v %ortly pass$ b\nds & res]ves4  
,:5 at ! end ( ! season 8 potato crop   
came 91 ! f>m]s gave sign ( recogniz+ 8 
lead]%ip z a f>m] & z a prea*]4 ,)9 a   
ye> ?is man _h tak5 a place z a fir/    
citiz51 :i* no "o else 9 ! community    
c\ld hold4 ,because he 0 a prea*] he    
c\ld become ! lead+ au?ority ^u f>m+ &  
because he mu/ ne$s be a f>m] he f\nd x 
possible to prea* ) great] acceptance4  
,?is pa/or gave up ! me?ods ( booki%    
prep>ation = prea*+4 ,he prea*$ z ! ,old

 ,te/am5t m5 did1 to ! occasion & to !  
ev5t4 ,he spoke to ! community z be+ a  
man himself imm]s$ 9 ! same life z !irs4
 ,on a rec5t occasion :5 a woman 0 v    
sick 9 "o ( ! f>m h\ses & _h suff]$ f ! 
neglect ( h] neighbors1 8 s]mon consi/$ 
( an appeal to visit ! sick4 ,t aft]noon
 ! invalid 0 call$ on by ?irty-eight p &
 s5t a message be=e night1 begg+ ! m9i/]
 to hold ! p back4  ,!re are a few      
m9i/]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry :o are          
successful f>m]s4 ,_m m9i/]s are        
speculators 9 f>m l&4 ,!y belong 9 !    
exploit] class4 ,"o m in/ance %\ld be   
giv5 ( ! prea*] :o promotes agriculture4
 ,9 a rec5t discussion ! writ] 0 ask$1  
,d y !n believe t ! m9i/] %\ld att5d !  
agricultural college1 & he repli$1 ,no4 
,! agricultural college %\ld be br\ght  
to ! c\ntry *ur*4  ,at ,bellona1 ,new   
,york1 ! m9i/]s ( two *ur*es1 ,me?odi/ &
 ,presbyt]ian1 unit$ ) _! (fic]s 9 a    
f>m]s' club1 to :i* o!rs 7 admitt$4 ,?is
 club "u ! lead]%ip ( ,rev4 ,t4 ,maxwell
 ,morrison1 makes ! nucleus ( its "w !  

/udy ( ! agriculture ( ! neighborhood & 
! improvem5t ( x4 ,lectur]s f ,cornell  
,univ]sity are br\ght ?r\gh\t ! ye> into
 ! c\ntry community to take up 9        
succession ! v>i\s aspects ( f>m+ :i*   
may be improv$4 ,! m>ket is /udi$1 by   
*emical analysis ! nature ( ! soil is   
det]m9$1 & ! possibilities ( ! community
 are rais$ to _! highe/ value by c>eful 
inve/igation4  ,?is f>m]s' club has     
social features z well4 ,o!r topics     
besides f>m+ are occasionally /udi$ b ! 
bus9ess ( ! club is economic promotion (
 ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,incid5tally1
 x has furni%$ a social c5t] = !        
c\ntryside4 ,! *ur*es :i* h _h to d ) x 
h be5 enl>g$1 _! memb]%ip ext5d$ & ev5  
_! gifts to =eign missions h be5        
increas$ 9 ! p]iod ( gr[? ( ! f>m]s'    
club4  ,! elem5ts ( p]man5t cultivation 
( ! soil are f\nd 9 great] numb]s among 
! ,mormons1 ,scot* ,iri% ,presbyt]ians1 
,p5nsylvania ,g]mans1 :o are ! be/      
,am]ican agriculturi/s1 ?an among ! m   
un/able populations ( f>m]s4 ,^?        

elem5ts1 h[ev]1 are1 simply speak+1 !   
foll[+4  ,a c]ta9 au/]ity ( life always 
accompanies successful & p]man5t        
agriculture4 ,by ?is is meant a fix$    
relation betwe5 production &            
consumption4#ae ,successful till]s ( !  
soil labor to produce an abundant h>ve/4
 ,!y live at ! same "t 9 a meag] & sp>+ 
mann]4 ,production is ) !m rais$ to its 
highe/ p[] & consumption is r$uc$ to its
 l[e/4 ,?is means au/]e liv+4 ,su*      
communities are f\nd among ! ,scot*     
,iri% f>m]s4 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1           
,p5nsylvania1 is peopl$ ) !m & _!       
tillage ( ! soil has cont9u$ ?r\gh two  
c5turies4  ,a notable illu/ration is 9  
,ill9ois4 ,! p]man5ce ( ! conditions (  
c\ntry life 9 ?is community is indicat$ 
by ! long pa/orate ( ! m9i/] :o has j   
retir$4 ,com+ to ! *ur* at =ty-eight    
ye>s ( age1 aft] o!r m5 h ceas$ f zeal\s
 s]vice1 he m9i/]$ =ty-two ye>s to ?is  
p>i% ( f>m]s1 & has rec5tly retir$ at ! 
age ( n9ety1 leav+ ! *ur* 9 ideal       
condition4 ,! ,middle ,creek ,*ur* is   

di/9ctly a c\ntry *>ge1 locat$ 9 !      
,s\?we/ corn] ( ,w9nebago ,t[n%ip1 ( !  
,c\nty ( ,w9nebago4  ,! *ur* 0 organiz$ 
9 ,june1 #ahee1 9 a /one s*oolh\se4 ,!  
pres5t h\se ( wor%ip 0 erect$ & d$icat$ 
9 #ahfa4 ,five m9i/]s s]v$ ! *ur* z     
supplies until #ahfe1 :5 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4
 ,braddock1 ,d4 ,d41 became ! pa/or &   
c>ri$ on a spl5did "w = =ty-two ye>s1 :5
 he laid d[n 8 pa/orate 9 #aijg1 at !   
age ( n9ety4  ,?is community 0 settl$ by
 home/ead]s & pione]s 9 ! e>ly days ( ! 
,we/4 ,_m ( !m came f ,p5nsylvania & "s 
( !m 7 ( ,scot* desc5t4 ,! hi/ory ( !   
community has be5 b ! hi/ory ( !        
developm5t ( a f]tile ,we/]n ,prairie   
c\ntry4 ,x 0 settl$ by /rong            
,presbyt]ian m51 & _! desc5dants are n[ 
! backbone ( ! community4 ,!re has be5  
little *ange1 b /eady gr[?4  ,! second  
elem5t 9 ! community ( husb&m5 is mutual
 support4 ,pr(essor ,gill9 ( !          
,univ]sity ( ,i[a has describ$ to me !  
community ( ,dunk]s :om he has /udi$1#af
 be+ deeply impress$ ) _! communal      

solid>ity4 ,:5ev] a f>m is = sale ^!    
f>m]s at ! meet+-h\se conf] & decide at 
once ^u a buy] )9 _! own religi\s       
fell[%ip4 ,9 ! week foll[+ ! m9i/] or a 
*ur* memb] writes back to ,p5nsylvania &
 ! correspond5ce is press$1 until a     
family comes out f ! old] settlem5ts 9 !
 ,key/one ,/ate to pur*ase ?is f>m 9    
,i[a & to ext5d ! colony ( 8 fell[      
,dunk]s4 ,ref]5ce is made else:]e to !  
communal support giv5 to _! own memb]s  
:o suff] economic h>d%ip4 ,! s]i\s      
tillage ( ! soil necess>ily involves    
mutual support & ! husb&man's life is 9 
8 community4  ,! ?ird factor 9 communal 
husb&ry is progress4 ,ev]yone te/ifies  
to ! lead]%ip ( ! be/ families 9 !      
trans=mation ( ! old] modes ( ! tillage 
( ! soil to ! new]4 ,x is impossible = !
 sci5tific agriculturi/ to make mu*     
improvem5t ^u a c\ntry community until !
 m progressive spirits & ! m op5 m9ds h 
be5 enli/$4 ,!reaft] ! bett] f>m+       
problem is solv$4 ,!re c be no mod]n    
agriculture 9 a community 9 :i* all are 

equal4 ,! communities ( husb&m5 w be z  
%>ply diff]5c$ f "o ano!r1 s f> z ,i c  
see1 z m5 are 9 ! great cities4         
,lead]%ip is ! ess5tial ( progress4     
,gabriel ,t>d has cle>ly demon/rat$ t   
only ^? :o are at ! top ( ! social scale
 c initiate social & economic           
ent]prises4 ,! cultivation ( ! soil =   
g5]ations to come mu/ be highly         
progressive4 ,to recov] :at we h lo/ &  
to re/ore :at has be5 wa/$ w exhau/ !   
res\rces ( sci5ce & w tax ! intellig5ce 
( ! lead]s among husb&m54  ,= ?is reason
 ! m9i/]s1 tea*]s1 & social work]s 9 !  
c\ntry %\ld be n disc\rag$1 b hopeful1  
:5 confront$ ) rural l&lords &          
capitali/s4 ,! bus9ess ( ! community    
lead] is to enli/ 9 ! common task ^?    
p]sons ^: privileges are sup]ior &      
inspire !m ) a progressive _s4 ,)\t _!  
lead]%ip ! community _c progress4 ,)\t  
_! privileges1 weal? & sup]ior          
education1 no progress is possible 9 !  
c\ntry4  ,if ^! pages tell ! tru?1 !n   
agriculture is a mode ( life f]tile 9   

religi\s & e?ical values4 ,b x mu/ be   
husb&ry1 n exploitation4 ,religi\s f>m+ 
is a lifelong agriculture1 inde$ x      
involves g5]ations1 & its s]i\s1 devot$ 
_s waits = ! rew>d1 :i* 0 plant$ by !   
dilig5t fa!r or gr&fa!r1 to be reap$ by 
! son or gr&son4 ,m5 w n s consecrate   
!mselves to _! *ildr5's good )\t !      
/eady+ influ5ce ( religion4 ,s t        
agriculture & religion are ea* ! cause1 
& ea* ! effect1 ( ! o!r4  ,if ?is is    
true1 !n ! c\ntry *ur* %\ld promote !   
husb&ry ( ! soil4 ,! agricultural       
college %\ld be br\ght into ! c\ntry    
p>i%1 = ! *ur*'s sake4 ,inde$ ! m9i/]   
w\ld d well if 8 s*ol>%ip be ! le>n+ ( !
 husb&man4 ,no o!r sci5ce has su*       
religi\s values4 ,no o!r books h su*    
imm$iate relation to ! well-be+ ( ! p4  
,! m9i/] is n a%am$ to tea* ,greek1 or  
,lat91--dead languages4 ,:y %\ld he ?9k 
x b5ea? him to tea* ! f>m] h[ to f>m1   
provid$ he c tea* ! f>m] any?+8 ,if he  
be a true s*ol>1 ! f>m]1 :o is a        
practical man1 ne$s 8 le>n$ co-op]ation 

9 ! mo/ religi\s ( occupations1 t ! l&  
may be holy4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote   
#ab3 ,rural ,economics1 by ,pr(4 ,?os4  
,nixon ,c>v]4  ,footnote #ac3 ,!        
,c\ntry-,life ,movem5t1 by ,l4 ,h4      
,bailey4  ,footnote #ad3 ,irel& 9 ! ,new
 ,c5tury1 by ,sir ,horace ,plunkett4    
,footnote #ae3 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,nixon  
,c>v]4  ,footnote #af3 ,see ,*apt] ,v4  
,v  ,,exceptional ,,communities   ,mo/ (
 ?is volume is devot$ to ! av]age       
conditions :i* prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,! attempt is made to deal ) ^? 
causes :i* are g5]ally op]ative4 ,x is !
 writ]'s op9ion t ! causes dealt ) 9 o!r
 *apt]s are ! prevail+ causes ( religi\s
 & social exp]i5ce 9 ! mo/ ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,z soon z ! community1 aft] its 
e>ly settlem5t1 becomes mature1 ^!      
causes %[ ! effects "h describ$4 ,b !re 
are exceptions :i* %\ld be not$ & !     
cause ( _! diff]5t life made cle>4 ,^!  
exceptions are repres5t$ 9 ! ,mormons1 !
 ,scotti% ,presbyt]ians & ! ,p5nsylvania
 ,g]mans4  ,! be/ f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry are !

 ,mormons1 ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians &     
,p5nsylvania ,g]mans4 ,?is s5t5ce       
expresses a g5]al obs]vation ( ,pr(4    
,c>v] ( ,h>v>d1 speak+ z an economi/4 ,!
 *ur*es among ^! ?ree classes (         
exceptionally prosp]\s f>m]s %[ great   
t5acity & are free f ! weakness :i*     
o!rwise prevails 9 ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,!re  
is a gr\p ( causes und]ly+ ?is          
exceptional "* ( ! ?ree classes ( f>m]s4
  ,^! exceptional f>m]s are organiz$ 9 !
 int]e/ ( agriculture4 ,! ,mormons      
repres5t ?is organization 9 ! highe/    
degree4 ,p]haps no o!r s l>ge or s      
p[]ful a body ( unit$ f>m]s is f\nd 9 ! 
:ole c\ntry4 ,!y h approa*$ ! economic  
que/ions ( f>m+ ) det]m9ation to till ! 
soil4 ,!y di/ru/ city life & condemn x4 
,!y tea* _! *ildr5 & !y discipl9e       
!mselves to love ! c\ntry1 to appreciate
 its advantages & to recognize t _! own 
welf>e is b\nd up 9 _! success z f>m]s1 
& 9 ! cont9uance ( _! f>m+ communities4 
,?is agricultural organization c5t]s    
ab\t _! c\ntry *ur*es4 ,!y h turn$ ! =ce

 ( religion into a community mak+ p[]1 &
 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ ( _! *ur* (fic]s !
 ,mormon p are devot$ to agriculture z a
 mode ( liv+4  ,?is pr9ciple ( organiz+ 
! community consci\sly = agriculture    
results 9 ! second condition ( ! life ( 
^! ?ree exceptional peoples4  ,!y build 
agricultural communities4 ,! ,mormons   
are organiz$ by an idea & by ! p[] (    
lead]%ip4 ,!y h recruit$ _! population  
?r\gh prea*]s & mission>ies4 ,?is new   
population is wov5 at once into ! fabric
 ( ! community4 ,!y are n m]ely employ$ 
9 ! community3 !y are m>ri$ to !        
community4 ,! organization on :i* !     
,mormon community is bas$ becomes       
embodi$ at once 9 a society1 ) its own  
modes ( religi\s1 family1 & moral feel+ 
& ?\ght4  ,^! two pr9ciples are discov]$
 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,g]mans4 ,= m ?an two 
c5turies !y h cont9u$ _! settlem5ts 9   
,p5nsylvania4 ,!y are today a *a9 (     
societies loosely relat$ to "o ano!r    
?r\gh religi\s sympa?y & a common       
tradition1 b unit$ only 9 ! possession (

 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,!y also are an     
organization = agricultural life1 ?\gh n
 s consci\sly organiz$ z ! ,mormons4 ,_!
 societies are old] & !y h replac$ )    
in/9ctive processes t :i* is among !    
,mormons a matt] ( logic & %rewd        
application ( pr9ciples4  ,! life ( !   
,p5nsylvania ,g]mans is express$ 9 !    
community4 ,!y h z mu* av]sion to o!r p 
z !y h fondness = _! own4 ,_! religion  
consi/s ( a set ( cu/oms 9 :i* to !m !  
"* ( ! ,*ri/ian is embodi$4 ,^! cu/oms c
 be express$ & embodi$ only 9 ! life (  
common p work+ on ! l&4 ,!y make        
pla9ness1 indu/ry1 & pati5ce1 au/]ity ( 
life & o!r agricultural virtues         
con/itute sanctity4 ,x is impossible to 
believe s9c]ely 9 _! mode ( life & n be 
a f>m]4 ,x is easy to believe !         
,p5nsylvania ,g]mans' code1 if "o is a  
f>m]1 & x is pr(itable z well4  ,!      
,scot* & ! ,scot* ,iri% ,presbyt]ians   
repres5t a ?ird pr9ciple ( agricultural 
success4 ,_! *ur*es are t5aci\s & _!    
c\ntry communities outlive ^? ( ! av]age

 type4 ,9 !m is repres5t$ 9 ! highe/    
degree ! pr9ciple ( au/]ity4 ,by ?is ,i 
mean1 z def9$ by an economi/1 ! cu/om ( 
liv+ s z to produce mu* & consume       
little4 ,^! p look ^u life ) sev]ity4   
,!y h little sympa?y ) ! expansive &    
exub]ant life ( ! "y4 ,! m5 ( !         
community1 :o are ! produc]s1 occupy a  
relatively great] position ?an ! wom51  
:o are ! consum]s4 ,!y exemplify to a   
slight degree ! consci\s organization = 
agriculture1 & 9 a high degree !        
resultant social life :i* we h not$     
among ! ,mormons & ! ,p5nsylvania       
,g]mans2 b to ! highe/ degree ! ,scotti%
 ,presbyt]ians repres5t ?is self-d5ial &
 rigidity ( life--:i* appe>s 9 ! o!rs   
also--& !y embody x 9 _! cre$4 ,?is     
au/]ity gives to !m a =bidd+ "*1 & robs 
!m ( "s ( ! e/hetic int]e/ atta*+ to !  
o!r two1 b x is possible t !y are m     
ne>ly ! ideal type ( ,am]ican f>m]      
because ( c]ta9 o!r traits possess$ by  
!m4  ,! ,scot* f>m] has n 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates settl$ 9 communities or colonies1

 z he has 9 ,canada1 b ! typical f>m+   
community ( ?is /ock is ,scot* ,iri%4 ,z
 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,e4 ,?ompson has %[n1#ag !   
emigrants f ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 :o are    
!mselves ( ,scot* extraction1 h coloniz$
 ext5sively4 ,t is1 !y h settl$ _!      
populations s z to cov] a t]ritory &    
possess x = !mselves4 ,b ! ,scot*1 f :om
 !y d]ive _m *>act]i/ics1 h settl$ no   
colony 9 ! _w except 9 ! ,nor? (        
,irel&4#ah ,! peculi>ity ( ^! ,scot*    
,iri% f>m+ settlem5ts1 z %[n especially 
9 ,p5nsylvania1 is _! capacity to       
produce lead]s 9 sympa?y ) ! :ole (     
,am]ican life4 ,! ,mormons produce      
lead]s1 b _! influ5ce is compromis$ by  
religi\s prejudices4 ,! ,p5nsylvania    
,g]mans h produc$ no lead]s :om !y c    
call _! own1 & v few writ]s or          
educators4 ,! ,scot* ,iri%1 on ! o!r h&1
 consid]$ z f>m]s1 h contribut$ an      
extraord9>y proportion ( ! lead]%ip ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y h be5 able to ma9ta9 
_! own communities 9 ! c\ntry & to f9d =
 ^! communities a suffici5t lead]%ip1 & 

!y h s5t =? into ! g5]al population a   
multitude ( m5 = lead]%ip 9 ! army1 9 ! 
legislatures1 9 ! colleges &            
univ]sities1 & above all1 9 ! pulpit4   
,9 ^! ?ree types ( successful f>m]s     
religion is an ess5tial factor4 ,no     
hi/ory c be writt5 ( ! ,mormons1 ( !    
,p5nsylvania ,dut* or ( ! ,scot*        
,presbyt]ian )\t record+ _! religi\s    
devotion1 _! ob$i5ce to lead]s1 to      
cu/oms & to cre$4 ,"o _c live among !m  
)\t feel+ ! peculi> religi\s atmosph]e  
:i* belongs to ea* ( !m4 ,!y are        
admirable or obnoxi\s1 accord+ z "o     
likes or dislikes ?is religi\s "* (     
!irs1 b x p]vades ! :ole life ( !       
community4 ,if x be true t !re is no    
type ( f>m]--except ! sci5tific f>m] ( !
 pa/ few ye>s--:o has succe$$ z ^! ?ree 
types h succe$$1 & !re is no c\ntry     
community s t5aci\s z _! communities    
are1 & if x be true t ^! f>m]s m uni=mly
 ?an o!r f>m]s are religi\sly organiz$1 
!n x foll[s t !re is an ess5tial        
relation s f> z ,am]ican agriculture    

goes1 betwe5 successful & p]man5t       
agriculture & a religi\s life4 ,! c\ntry
 *ur* becomes ! expression ( a p]man5t &
 abid+ rural prosp]ity4 ,agriculture is 
%[n by its v nature to require a        
religi\s motive4 ,an elem5t ( piety     
appe>s to be necess>y 9 ! makeup ( !    
successful f>m]4  ,9 ^! ?ree types (    
successful f>m] !re appe>s ano!r        
pr9ciple :i* is common to !m all4 ,!y   
are n only organiz$ = f>m+1 b !y are    
organiz$ z a mutual prosp]ity           
association1 bas$ on _! consci\sness (  
k9d4 ,pr(4 ,gill9 has call$ att5tion to 
! habit ( ! ,dunk]s 9 ,i[a1 :o are ( !  
,p5nsylvania ,g]man sects1 by :i* !y    
ext5d _! f>m+ communities4  ,! ?+ t is  
ne$$ is to make ! *ur* ! c5t] ( ! social
 life ( ! community4 ,t is easi] :]e !re
 is b "o *ur* ?an :]e !re are sev]al1 b 
f$]ation is n ess5tial4 ,?\ght mu/ be   
tak5 by ! lead]s to make ! *ur* c5tral 9
 e int]e/ ( life4 ,i "k ( a community   
:]e t has be5 done4 ,x is ! community   
locat$ s\? ( ,wat]loo1 ,ia41 9 ,orange  

,t[n%ip4 ,x is compos$ ( an up-to-date  
community ( ,p5nsylvania ,dut* ,dunk]s4 
,f ! v fir/ !y h made ! *ur* c5tral4 ,:5
 ^! great *anges ( :i* ,i h spok5 began 
to occur1 ! lead]s ( t community began  
to take measures to *eckmate !          
attractions ( ! t[ns = _! "y p4 ,=      
example1 ,f\r? ( ,july 0 made a day (   
celebration at ! *ur*4 ,:5 ! p ( o!r    
communities 7 flock+ to t[n by hundr$s1 
! y\? ( t community 7 ga!r+1 9 response 
to plans well ?\ght out be=eh&1 to !    
*ur* gr\nds :]e patriotic songs 7 sung1 
games 7 play$1 a picnic d9n] 0 s]v$1 & a
 g5]al good "t 0 provid$ = ! "y4 ,!y h  
also arrang$ t _! "y p h a place to come
 to on ,sunday nights :]e !y c meet _!  
fri5ds4 ,! eld]s look to x t provisions 
are made = ! ga!r+s ( ! "y p on ,sunday 
s t !y %all 'h a good "t1' ) due        
arrangem5ts = ! boys & girls to get     
toge!r "u prop] conditions = _!         
love-mak+4 ,ev5 _! *ur* 'love fea/s'    
held twice a ye>1 are also neighborhood 
ga!r+s = ! "y p4 ,! *ur* is ! c5t] (    

ev]y?+4 ,is a f>m]s' in/itute to be held
 9 ! community1 or a tea*]s' in/itute8  
,! *ur* until v rec5tly 0 op5 to x4 ,is 
a f>m to r5t or = sale8 ,at once !      
lead]s get busy ) ! mail1 & soon a      
family f ! ,ea/ is on _! way to take x4 
,?is c\ntry *ur* has n rema9$ /rong &   
dom9ant 9 ! c\ntry j by accid5t or ev5  
by f$]ation4 ,x has surviv$ because x _h
 wise lead]s :o h met ! *anges ) new    
devices to attract ! int]e/ ( !         
community & make ! *ur* s]ve ! community
 9 all its affairs1 b especially on !   
social side4 ,su* ?\ght takes acc\nt ( !
 'm>g9al man' too4 ,! hir$ man & ! hir$ 
girl1 ! =eign] & ! tramp are welcome    
!re4 ,no diff]5ce is made4 ,!re is pure 
democracy4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! class _s ,i d n
 "k h[ t c survive4 ,^! hirel+s are n   
talk$ d[n to2 !y are consid]$ "o ) !    
re/4 ,!y w "s day get en\gh to buy a f>m
 & become lead]s 9 ! community1 p]haps4 
,! *ur* is !irs z mu* z anyone's else4  
,x looks aft] _! int]e/1 n only = !     
h]eaft]1 b "h & n[4 ,"u its fo/]+ c>e !y

 =m _! life atta*m5ts1 x provides = _!  
social pleasures1 x is ! c5t] to :i* !y 
come to discuss _! f>m+ affairs or      
:atev] int]e/s !m4 ,& 9 spite ( ! fact t
 ! prea*+ has little contact ) life &   
its int]e/s1 s /rong is ! social _s t ! 
prea*+ c be left out ( acc\nt4 ,:at c\ld
 be accompli%$ 7 ! prea*+ z consci\sly  
direct$ to =w>d+ ! social int]e/s ( !   
community "o c only speculate4#ai  ,?us 
!y "w = ! propagation & ext5sion ( _!   
own community4 ,! ,scot* ,presbyt]ians 9
 l mann] favor _! own k9dr$ & _! k9dr$ 9
 ! fai?1 ?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 9 a less] degree4
 ,! ,mormons are consolidat$ bo? by =mal
 organization & by in/9ctive pref]5ce = 
_! own 9 a multitude ( co-op]at+ habits1
 ?r\gh :i* !y build up _! communities & 
cont5d ) "o ano!r aga9/ _! economic &   
religi\s oppon5ts4 ,x is n en\gh to say 
t ?is is clanni%ness2 x is a m+l+ (     
k9%ip & religi\s pref]5ces4 ,x          
con/itutes ! /ronge/ =m ( agricultural  
co-op]ation to be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  ,a ,quak] community repres5ts  

ideal community life4 ,!re is none poor4
 ,! m>g9 ( ! community is well c>$ = by 
! consci\s & delib]ate s]vice ( ! c5tral
 & lead+ spirits 9 ! community4  ,at    
,quak] ,hill1 ,new ,york1 !re has be5 = 
almo/ two c5turies a community (        
,fri5ds4 ,! ,meet+ has n[ be5 laid d[n b
 ! cu/oms & mann]s by :i* ^! peculi> p  
ma9ta9 _! community life h be5 wr\ght   
into ! social texture ( ! pres5t        
population ( ,quak] ,hill4 ,dur+ two    
c5turies ?is community has c>$ = its own
 memb]s 9 ne$4 ,x 0 n b5ea? ! dignity ( 
! ,meet+ to raise money & pur*ase a c[1 
e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 to loan to !  
wid[ ,iri%1 & at ! close ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury1 ! few ,quak]s & ! _m ,iri% & o!r
 _w's p took "p m ?an once 9            
subscriptions by :i* ! burd5 0 borne1   
:i* _h fall5 ^u "s work+man or poor]    
neighbor ?r\gh ! dea? ( horse or c[1 or 
ev5 to be> ! exp5se incid5tal to ! dea? 
( 8 *ild4  ,^! ,quak]s co-op]at$ 9 _!   
bus9ess life4 ,!y made !mselves         
responsible t no memb] ( _! ,meet+ %\ld 

be long 9 debt4 ,f #agdj = #ajj ye>s &  
m1 ! records ( ! ,meet+ %[ t m>riage 0  
made impossible & o!r vital exp]i5ces 7 
=bidd5 by ! ,meet+1 unless ! individual 
,quak] paid 8 debts & ma9ta9$ 8 bus9ess 
on a level dictat$ by ! common op9ion ( 
! ,quak] body4#bj  ,9 #agfg1 ,oblong    
,meet+ ( ,quak] ,hill1 ,new ,york1 began
 ! legislative opposition ( ! ,society (
 ,fri5ds to ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,?is 
great economic movem5t express$ ! degree
 to :i* ! ,quak] discipl9e m]g$ !       
religi\s life 9 ! economic life4 ,?is   
consolidation ( religi\s & economic life
 0 ess5tial 9 ! community build+ ( !    
,quak]s4  ,x is surpris+ to _m to       
discov] t ! ,p5nsylvania ,dut* 7 "p ( ! 
same movem5t ( population :i* br\ght !  
,quak]s into ,p5nsylvania4 ,william ,p5n
 spoke ,g]man z well z ,engli%4 ,8 "m 0 
a ,g]man4 ,:5 he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's claim 
aga9/ ! ,briti% ,cr[n1 & receiv$ f      
,*>les ! ,second ! grant ( t ext5sive   
t]ritory 9 ,am]ica on :i* he laun*$ 8   
,holy ,exp]im5t1 he began to adv]tise & 

to seek = settl]s on ! ,cont95t z well z
 9 ,engl&4  ,william ,p5n 0 a ,quak]1 & 
on ! ,cont95t he f\nd imm$iate response 
9 ! greate/ numb] ( cases among ! v>i\s 
bran*es ( ,m5nonites1 ,anabapti/1 & o!r 
sects1 :o %>$ a common gr\p ( beliefs & 
exp]i5c$ at ?is "t a common p]secution4 
,william ,p5n1 !re=e1 reap$ a h>ve/ (   
responses 9 ! t]ritory betwe5 ! m\? ( ! 
,rh9e & ! ,alps4 ,8 proposal made its   
own selection1 & br\ght to ,am]ica a    
population calculat$ l ! ,quak]         
population = ! build+ ( communities4 ,! 
l>ge/ s+le contribution 0 made by !     
,palat9ates1 :o 7 at t p]iod und]go+    
extreme p]secution4  ,! communities     
f\nd$ )9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! op5+ (    
,p5nsylvania h rema9$ to ! pres5t day1 &
 ! e>lie/ e/abli%m5ts ( ,m5nonites &    
,quak] communities 9 ,p5nsylvania h be5 
duplicat$ 9 ! we/w>d /ream (            
immigration1 especially 9 ,ohio & 9     
,i[a4 ,^! p are r\ghly call$ !          
,p5nsylvania ,dut*4 ,ev5 :5 "o meets !m 
9 ,mi*igan1 ,i[a or ,m9nesota1 ?is "n   

cl+s to !m1 & ! =m ( social organization
 :i* !y elaborat$ 9 ,ea/]n ,p5nsylvania 
/ill p]si/s4  ,?is social organization  
has v>y+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x is some:at     
difficult to analyze ! intricate w9d+s &
 entanglem5ts ( doctr9al & practical    
belief 9 cu/om among ! ,m5nonites1 ,ami%
 & ,dunk]s4 ,old s*ool & new s*ool h be5
 =m$ 9 almo/ e "o ( ^! sects4 ,ecc5tric 
& peculi> pr9ciples ( belief 9          
organization h =m$ ! less] & ! lea/     
p]man5t gr\ps2 b !re is a common        
pr9ciple 9 !m all4 ,_! ability to =m    
communities 9 ! mid/ ( ho/ile           
populations & adv]se conditions has be5 
due to ! co-op]ation betwe5 _! religi\s 
& _! economic habits4  ,! ,p5nsylvania  
,dut* h simple doctr9al *>act]i/ics4 ,!y
 h nev] work$ out 9 detail ! logic ( _! 
beliefs4 ,!y put ! weight ( _!          
organization ^u practical cu/oms1 z !   
,quak]s did4 ,9 "s cases1 ?is appli$ to 
clo?+2 9 "s or all ( ^! sects to ! mann]
 ( spee*2 to family cu/oms2 b1 ! "o     
peculi> pr9ciple 9 x all1 :i* has be5   

vital to ! success1 to ! p]si/5ce1 to ! 
wide ext5sion ( ^! sect>ian gr\ps has   
be5 t ! religi\s life has p5etrat$ !    
economic life4 ,!y h n p]mitt$ memb]s ( 
_! community to be poor4 ,!y h turn$ !  
att5tion ( _! religi\s sympa?ies to !   
economic m>g9 ( ! community4 ,!y h en=c$
 ! paym5t ( debts1 & !y h gov]n$ &      
controll$ m>riage conditions4 ,by subtle
 en=cem5t ( cu/om hav+ ! p[] ( laws1 !y 
h gov]n$ ! community 9 its vital        
relations1 & p]fect$ ! sy/em by :i* !   
poore/ man %all make 8 liv+ & by :i* !  
ri*e/ man %all make 8 =tune4  ,rec5tly1 
,i 0 9 ,lanca/]1 ,p5n41 & pass+ ?r\gh a 
m>ket ,i 0 told by a resid5t t all !    
truck f>m+ ( ! m>ket = t city _h come   
into ! h&s ( ! ,ami%1 & my fri5d add$1  
,if y g at an e>ly h\r to buy1 & ask !  
price ( c]ta9 vegetables1 y w probably  
be told1 ',we d n "k ! price yet2 we w h
 to wait until all ! f>m]s come 94' ,t  
is1 aft] two hundr$ & m ye>s ( liv+ z   
f>m]s 9 ?is section ( ,p5nsylvania1 ^!  
sect>ians ma9ta9 _! community life1     

co-op]ate 9 ! monopoliz+ ( an indu/ry1 &
 9 fix+ ! price ( ! monopoliz$ product 9
 ! m>kets ( a ,p5nsylvania city4  ,?is  
survey ( community-build+ peoples 9     
,am]ica may ?r[ light ^u !              
recomm5dations ( ,sir ,horace ,plunkett 
= ! organization ( c\ntry life ^u an    
economic basis4 ,! pres5t writ] he>tily 
agrees ) him t ! c5t] ( ! community mu/ 
be economic4 ,he says t ,bett] bus9ess  
mu/ come fir/ 9 con/ructive policies =  
,am]ican c\ntry life1 b by fail+ to     
comb9e1 ,am]ican & ,briti% f>m]s        
p]si/5tly disobey an accept$ law4       
,social division is ! imp5d+ dang] :i*  
?reat5s ! future ( ! ,am]ican community 
9 ! c\ntry4 ,= if ! analysis (          
agricultural success 9 ?is *apt] is     
correct1 !n ! f>m] is exce$+ly dep5d5t  
^u 8 neighbor1 & ! p]man5ce ( rural     
populations dep5ds ^u ! social unity ( !
 f>m]s 9 ! community4 ,! highe/         
expression ( ?is social unity is 9 !    
f>m]'s religion4 ,wor%ip ?us becomes a  
symbol ( agricultural prosp]ity4 ,!     

writ]s & ! orators h !n truly spok5 :o  
symboliz$ ! beauty ( rural life 9 ! *ur*
 /eeple4 ,! f>m] himself seems to       
recognize1 9 ! *ur* spire ris+ above !  
ro(s ( ! hamlet1 ! symbol ( prosp]\s &  
satisfactory life 9 ! c\ntry4  ,z !     
till]s ( ! soil come to ! necessity (   
co-op]ation 9 ! new ord] ( life 9 !     
c\ntry1 z ! old isolation passes away & 
! mod]n f>m] comes to recognize 8       
necess>y dep5d5ce ^u o!r f>m]s 9 !      
community1 a common place ( wor%ip w    
become necess>y to ! community4 ,"o *ur*
 w ( necessity express ! life ( !       
community & ! p]iodic meet+ ( all ! p 9 
"o h\se ( wor%ip w be ! highe/ & mo/    
ess5tial symbol ( ! feel+ & ! ?\ght & ! 
aspirations ( t community aft] true     
prosp]ity & p]man5ce4  ,! purpose ( ?is 
*apt] has be5 to pres5t ! g5]al         
*>act]i/ics ( ! mo/ exceptional         
communities 9 ! c\ntry4 ,^! are ,mormon1
 ,scot* ,presbyt]ian & ,p5nsylvania     
,g]man4 ,by _! v names !y indicate      
religi\s organization ( ! community &   

bir?right memb]%ip associations4 ,!y are
 gr\p$ "u ! "o pr9ciple1 t 9 !m !       
religi\s organization is an expression (
 _! social economy4 ,_! social &        
economic life is "u ! dom9ation ( _!    
religion4  ,^! f>m]s are organiz$ 9 !   
int]e/ ( agriculture4 ,! resultant      
social life con/itutes a mo/ int5se     
organization 9 :i* volunt>y & consci\s  
comb9ation matures 9 in/9ctive union    
embodi$ 9 blood relation%ip1            
neighborl9ess & economic union4 ,^!     
populations %[ ! correspond5ce betwe5   
economic & religi\s au/]ity4 ,?rift     
takes ! =m ( dogmatic repression &      
f9ally _! organization & _! relation%ip 
express !mselves 9 organiz$ ef=ts = !   
well-be+ ( ! community4 ,!y delib]ately 
z well z in/9ctively co-op]ate4  ,x is !
 writ]'s belief t ^! exceptional        
communities exhibit ! pr9ciples on :i*  
,am]ican life mu/ be organiz$1 if ! f>m]
 is to be a success1 if 8 s*ools are to 
progress1 8 *ur*es to be ma9ta9$1 & if !
 c\ntry community is to be a good place 

to live 94 ,none ( ^! populations c be  
imitat$4 ,x w\ld be impossible = a      
community to take ov] _! modes any m ?an
 x c\ld imbibe _! motives4 ,! /udy ( !m 
?r[s light ^u ! problem ( c\ntry life 9 
,am]ica4 ,above all ?+s x illu/rates !  
especial union ( ! c\ntry *ur* ) !      
social economy ( ! f>m] & 8 h\sehold4 ,x
 %[s t ! life ( c\ntry p is co-op]ative1
 t x is und]m9$ by division & disunion &
 t 9 ! op5 c\ntry :]e man is lea/ se5 8 
society is mo/ evid5t4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ea*
 man ^u 8 neighbor is increas$ 9 mod]n  
times by ! ?9n+ out ( ! rural population
 & ! increas$ economic burd5 laid ^u !  
f>m]4  ,f9ally1 ! exceptional           
populations pres5t an exceptional       
victory ov] economic & natural =ces4 ,!y
 aboli% pov]ty )9 _! own b\nds4 ,e "o ( 
! communities j describ$ turns ! p[] (  
its common organization ^u ! problem (  
ma9ta9+ ! l[] m>g9 ( ! community4 ,!y :o
 are 9 dang] ( fall+ beh9d are su/a9$ & 
c>ri$ on4 ,none 9 ^! communities is     
p]mitt$ to fall into paup]ism4 ,!       

work+man )\t capital1 :e!r he be 9 _!   
meet+s or only employ$ on _! f>ms1 is   
kept f want4 ,! wid[ ) h] little h\se & 
"o c[ is insur$ aga9/ ! loss ( any      
feature ( h] small prop]ty4 ,?is seems  
to me to be ! greate/ triumph ( ^!      
communities4 ,x is ! te/1 ,i am conv9c$1
 ( _! organizations & ( _! success4 ,9  
?is !y demon/rate "o ( ! greate/        
possibilities ( c\ntry life4 ,!y %[ t 9 
! op5 c\ntry x is possible = m5 to live 
)\t ! suff]+ & degradation ( pov]ty4    
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ag3 ,hi/ory (  
,am]ican ,presbyt]ianism1 by ,r4 ,e4    
,?ompson4  ,footnote #ah3 ,an exception 
to ?is /atem5t mu/ be not$1 9 ! ,scot*  
settlem5ts 9 ,canada & ,nova ,scotia4   
,footnote #ai3 ,pr(essor ,john ,l4      
,gill91 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1
 ,m>*1 #aiaa4  ,footnote #bj3 ,quak]    
,hill1 by ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson4     ,,vi   
,,gett+ ,a ,,liv+   ,! core ( a         
community mu/ be economic4 ,! ma9       
bus9ess ( life is to get a liv+4#ba ,!  
reason = exi/5ce ( any community is f\nd

 9 ! liv+ :i* x supplies its resid5ts4  
,m5 are attract$ to a community by !    
increases 9 _! liv+ furni%$ by t        
community4 ,! fir/ elem5t 9 ! gett+ ( a 
liv+ is ! secur+ ( daily bread1 %elt]1  
clo?+ & ! satisfaction ( physical ne$s4 
,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( ! community z   
beg9n+ 9 religi\s in/itutions--n>r[ly   
und]/ood--or 9 social ga!r+s or 9       
educational s]vice4 ,! initial human    
exp]i5ce is ! f9d+ ( food4  ,b ! gett+ (
 a liv+ is a long process4 ,a liv+ is m 
?an bread1 & a ro( & a coat4 ,9 que/ ( a
 liv+ m5 g f ! c\ntry to ! t[n & f ! t[n
 to ! city4 ,!y migrate f ! small city  
to ! l>ge4 ,9 ea* ( ^! moves !y secure a
 fur!r elem5t 9 _! liv+4 ,ea* ( ^!      
communities is *>act]iz$ by ! increase  
:i* x contributes to ! liv+ ( its       
citiz5s1 b 9 e community ! initial      
exp]i5ce is ! secur+ ( daily bread1     
%elt]1 clo?+ & mat]ial economic ga9s4   
,:atev] is done1 !re=e1 = ! community 9 
a s]vice to all ! p mu/ h initial conc]n
 ) ! purely economic welf>e ( ! p4  ,sir

 ,horace ,plunkett's book1 ,! ,rural    
,life ,problem ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1       
develops ?is pr9ciple v cle>ly4 ,he %[s 
t 9 ! ,c\ntry ,life ,movem5t 9 ,irel& x 
0 necess>y to g into ! v he>t ( ! p's   
aspirations1 & organize _! economic     
ne$s4  ,x is necess>y to und]/& ! ^w    
economic if "o w\ld read ^! pages       
aright4 ,economic matt]s are n ^? ( m]e 
money4 ,! ^w has a great] mean+ ?an has 
! ^w f9ance4 ,x connotes pov]ty z truly 
z weal?1 & is great] ?an bo?4 ,!        
economic motive animates m5 9 ! que/ (  
^? vital satisfactions :i* ! individual 
craves1 & ! social gr\p requires4       
,pr(essor ,john ,bates ,cl>k has some:]e
 describ$ ?is motive z ! desire to      
pres]ve ! pres5t /atus1 ) slight        
improvem5t1 = oneself & "o's *ildr5 aft]
 him2 ! desire to live on ! same        
economic /&>d 9 "o's own g5]ation2 & to 
be reasonably assur$ ( ! same security =
 "o's *ildr54 ,?is is n ! desire to get 
ri*1 ?\gh 9 individual cases x is *ang$ 
into a desire = weal?4 ,b x is a f> m   

g5]al1 inde$ a univ]sal aspiration1 :i* 
inspires mo/ ( ! "w ( ! _w4 ,indu/ry is 
bas$ on x4 ,civilization is propell$ by 
x4 ,x is ! desire to get a liv+ & ! que/
 ( a liv+4  ,i believe t ?is economic   
motive is religi\s4 ,x is ! que/ ( :at a
 man has n1 b feels to be 84 ,x engages 
8 utmo/ ef=ts4 ,x is labor = 8 wife &   
*ildr5 & = all 8 gr\p fell[s1 & !re=e is
 involv$ 9 8 holie/1 mo/ self-=gett+    
feel+s4 ,x takes him back to 8 p>5ts &  
rem9ds him con/antly ( 8 ance/ors4 ,he  
=ms 8 ideas ( ju/ice 9 8 economic       
exp]i5ces4 ,8 ultimate conviction z to !
 goodness or ! badness ( ! _w are !     
outgr[? ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 gett+ a liv+4    
,!re=e 8 economic life is 8 wre/le )    
nature & ) society4 ,x g5]ates 9 him all
 ! religion he has4  ,i suppose x 0 =   
?is reason t ,jesus said ,i am come t !y
 may h life1 & t !y may h x abundantly4 
,probably 8 mean+ 0 economic1 9 "p1 9 ! 
say+1 ,man %all n live by bread alone1 b
 by e ^w t proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god4 
,! que/ ( a liv+ is a satisfaction (    

successive economic wants1 ( :i* bread  
is b ! fir/4 ,e tru? t mank9d kn[s      
involves m5 9 an economic want4         
,education is "o ( ! mo/ g5]al wants4 ,x
 comes 9 ! s]ies some:at lat] ?an bread4
 ,! love ( music is an economic want1   
:i* comes g5]ally lat] ?an education4 ,b
 bo? are a "p ( a liv+4 ,i believe t !  
que/ ( education & ! love ( music are   
religi\s1 j z mu* z ! desire = daily    
bread4 ,"o might enum]ate ! :ole s]ies (
 economic wants1 to satisfy :i* is to   
live1 b religion is ! total ( !         
reflections1 & ! complex ( cu/oms :i*   
result f ! lifelong que/ = a liv+ among 
common folk4 ,at its highe/ x is        
express$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,o ,god1 ?\   
ha/ made u = ?yself1 & our s\ls are n at
 re/ until we f9d ourselves 9 !e4 ,bread
 is ! fir/ economic want1 & ,god is !   
greate/ & ! la/4  ,economic wants among 
common folk are usually ! s\rce (       
religi\s feel+4 ,few p desire to be ri*2
 a less] numb] /rive to get weal?2 & v  
few atta9 a =tune4 ,! mo/ ( m5 seek &   

get a liv+4 ,! be/ ( m51 & ! mo/        
religi\s1 are ^? ^: economic exp]i5ce   
br+s !m a s]ies ( satisfactions1 beg9n+ 
) bread1 clo?+1 %elt]1 education 9 !    
ess5tials1 music & a little ae/hetic    
culture1 & gradually ext5d+ into high]  
=ms ( human enjoym5t4 ,! simple/        
religi\s crav+ is = economic assurance (
 supply4 ,! ,"l is my ,%eph]d3 ,i %all n
 want1 is on ! mo/ ?umb$ page ( !       
,bible4 ,! play ( ^! economic           
aspirations among poor p results 9 all !
 simpl] & mo/ g5]al religi\s feel+s4 ,) 
! rise ( ! aspirations ( ! individual1 &
 ! ideals ( ! gr\p1 t[>d high]          
satisfactions1 ! religi\s exp]i5ces %\ld
 become nobl]1 m ref9$4 ,! p5niless     
college /ud5t :o prays = an education   
%\ld be a nobl] wor%ipp] ?an ! fi%]man  
:o asks 8 mud-div9ity = a good cat*4 ,! 
gr\p ( ,ob]amm]gau play]s :o pres5t !   
,passion ,play1 a highly complex        
satisfaction ( wants1 %\ld be nobl]     
believ]s & wor%ipp]s ?an h]dsm5 :o out  
on ! hills pray = ! increase ( _! flocks

 & = a bett] price = wool4  ,communities
 diff] f "o ano!r accord+ to ! liv+ :i* 
!y supply1 or ! wants :i* !y satisfy4   
,mod]n m5 w n live 9 a community t does 
n satisfy a pretty long s]ies ( wants4  
,= in/ance1 a graduate ( ! ,am]ican     
common s*ools w desire bread1 clo?+1    
%elt]--all ( com=table quality--&       
education = 8 *ildr5 bett] ?an 8 own1   
musical enjoym5t1 ae/hetic culture1 !   
possession ( "s books1 access to _m     
magaz9es & ! read+ ( a daily pap]2 &    
v>i$ opportunities = ! ex]cise ( ! play 
_s4 ,! c\ntry community satisfies1 9 mo/
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only ! fir/ ( ^!4 ,x
 is a place = secur+ food1 clo?+ & %elt]
 ( a com=table sort4 ,c\ntry p h 9 ! pa/
 t5 ye>s secur$ also a bett] supply (   
read+ matt]4 ,almo/ all ! re/ ( ! s]ies 
is lack+4 ,! reason = ! rural exodus is 
9 ! mo/ ( cases ! que/ ( education & (  
music1 ! crav+ = ae/hetic culture1 & !  
desire = recreation4 ,c\ntry t[ns &     
small cities !re=e h come to be c5t]s ( 
education1 ( amusem5t & ( culture4 ,!y  

are ! fir/ /ep upw>d on ! s]ies (       
economic satisfaction4 ,m5 :o h made "s 
money on ! f>m move into t[n1 = !       
satisfaction ( ! lat] wants 9 ! s]ies4  
,none ( ^! wants is itself s9ful1 = all 
( !m make up life4 ,!y are ! /eps on !  
way f bread to ,god4 ,! bus9ess ( !     
tea*] & prea*] ( religion is to "k !    
wants ( 8 p3 /udy ^? :i* are satisfi$ 9 
8 community1 & s to build ! community t 
= mo/ ( its p & = ! mo/ desirable p1 all
 ! vital necessities ( life %all be     
satisfi$1 9 ! community 9 :i* ! desire =
 bread is satisfi$4 ,! problem (        
amusem5t exhibits ^! pr9ciples cle>ly4  
,f>m+ is au/]e1 & few f>m+ communities h
 recreation adequate to ! dem& ( ! "y p 
& ! work+ p :o live on ! f>ms4          
,agriculture is becom+ m sy/ematic & m  
exact+ 9 its dem&s3 & sy/ematic "w      
creates a dem& = organiz$ play4 ,z ?is  
dem& is n satisfi$ 9 ! c\ntry--inde$ x  
is less g5]ally satisfi$ n[ ?an 9 =m]   
times--! y\? & work+man f f>m+          
communities g to ! t[ns & l>g] villages 

= amusem5t4 ,^! c5t]s ( population h a  
disproportionate burd5 !re=e ( *eap     
vaudeville %[s1 saloons1 pr(essional    
baseball games1 & mov+-pictures4  ,^!   
amusem5ts are1 to a degree1 abnormal 9  
"* because ^? :o enjoy !m are away f _! 
home community1 & are suff]+ a reaction 
f p5t-up desires4 ,j z ! lumb]man or    
c[boy or sailor :5 he comes to t[n te>s 
loose & pa9ts ! t[n r$1 s1 9 a mild]    
degree1 ! f>m]'s son or hir$ man1       
because he has at home no recreations   
suppli$ by 8 *ur* or s*ool1 patronizes 9
 ! t[n or small city a *eap] & na/i]    
!atre ?an "o w\ld expect to f9d ei!r 9 t
 t[n1 or 9 8 home community4 ,! rem$y is
 to make ! c\ntry community adequate to 
! wants ( ^? :o live !re4 ,! *ur* %\ld  
promote recreation4 ,! public s*ool %\ld
 supply ent]ta9m5t ( a high /&>d1 bo? to
 satisfy ! play in/9ct & to elevate !   
y\?'s ideals ( amusem5t4 ,! community   
:i* works %\ld be dep5d5t on no o!r     
community = play4  ,common-s*ool        
education is a function :i* c\ntry      

communities h surr5d]$ to ! c5t]s (     
population4 ,! "o-room c\ntry s*ool has 
long be5 inadequate2 b ! f>m] has n     
improv$ x1 pref]r+ to rely ^u ! t[n     
s*ools to :i* he w remove 8 family aft] 
he has made en\gh money on ! f>m4 ,i am 
told t ab\t ,crete1 ,nebraska1 a rec5t  
c5sus reveal$ t half ! normal *ild      
population is miss+ f ! c\ntry di/ricts2
 & d\ble ! normal *ild population is    
f\nd 9 ,crete4 ,! que/ ( adequate s*ool+
 expla9s ! condition1 :i* speaks ill = !
 c\ntry community ( ,nebraska4  ,9 all  
^! cases religi\s s]vice consi/s 9      
complet+ ! community4 ,! supply ( wants1
 :i* are widely & ke5ly felt1 is a      
religi\s act4 ,?is has be5 ! reason = ! 
success ( ! ,du ,page ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*
 9 ,ill9ois4#bb ,! m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,mc,nutt1
 9 a religi\s _s s well suppli$ !       
recreative life ne$$ 9 ! community1 t ! 
community has be5 made :ole4 ,j z ,jesus
 made sick or maim$ m5 :ole1 z a        
religi\s act1 s ! community build] :o   
supplies to work+ f>m]s some?+ besides  

labor on ! l&1 is mak+ ! community :ole4
  ,! p]fect+ ( ! common s*ool sy/em 9   
,mc,nabb1 by ,mr4 ,john ,swaney & o!r   
,fri5ds1 & 9 ,rock ,creek by ,mr4 ,r4   
,e4 ,bone & o!r ,presbyt]ians1 0 a      
religi\s act = _! communities 9         
,ill9ois4 ,! f>m]s :o h money c move to 
! t[n1 b to complete ! c\ntry community 
is to satisfy ! economic wants ( ! poor4
 ,! wants ( ! poor are always ( religi\s
 value4  ,moreov]1 ! satisfaction ( all 
wants 9 ! community itself is a moral   
ga94 ,if individuals live ?is life 9 !  
b\nds to :i* _! gr\p & family           
associations are conf9$1 ! /eady+       
influ5ce ( society is at its greate/4   
,jacob ,riis#bc not$ among immigrants ! 
work+ ( a l[] s5se ( obligation due to  
abs5ce f accu/om$ home associations4    
,communities are compact$ ( ! /ronge/   
moral bonds4 ,if *ur*es w\ld make m5    
righte\s !y _c d bett] ?an to complete !
 community1 especially 9 ! c\ntry1 z a  
place to live 93 mak+ x a place =       
education z well z pr(it3 ( play z well 

z "w1 ( wor%ip z well z ( mat]ial com=t4
  ,un=tunately *ur*es 9 ! c\ntry are too
 (t5 recruit+ /ations = ! cities &      
colleges4 ,! m9i/]s are respectable     
pull]s-9 = ! city %[4 ,no?+ rejoices !m 
s mu* z to help _! "y m5 & wom5 f9d a   
position 9 ! city2 unless x be to h a   
bright lad or girl g (f to college4 ,:5 
a c\ntry m9i/] 0 rem9d$ t all ^!        
dep>tures weak5$ ! c\ntry community1 & t
 v few ( !m b5efitt$ ! lad or girl :o   
goes to ! city1 he repli$ y _c blame !m2
 !re is no?+ "h to keep !m4  ,! rural   
exodus has _h its ,moses 9 ! rural      
college /ud5t1 its ,a>on 9 ! c\ntry     
m9i/]1 & its ,miriam 9 ! c\ntry s*ool   
tea*]4 ,^! ?ree h l$ a g5]ation out ( ! 
c\ntry to p]i% 9 ! wild]ness4 ,= only a 
pitiful few ( ^? :o leave ! c\ntry come 
to prom95ce 9 ! city4 ,! mo/ ga9 b a    
poor liv+ !re1 & v _m g to ru94 ,! *ur* 
%\ld be ! savior ( ! community1 z h]    
,ma/] is ( ! s\l4  ,x seems to me t ?is 
is done 9 a *ur* 9 ,ottumwa1 ,i[a1 ( :i*
 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hormell is m9i/]4 ,x is 9

 a /ock-y>ds di/rict1 & ! daily         
occupation ( _m ( ! memb]s is unclean1 (
 "s revolt+4 ,b ! *ur* is a dynamo (    
spiritual =ces4 ,x supplies ! exp]i5ces 
mo/ opposite to ^? ( ! slaught]-h\se4 ,a
 half-doz5 *apels 9 surr\nd+            
neighborhoods1 mo/ ( !m 9 ! c\ntry1 are 
outpo/s ( ! *ur*1 = ea* ( :i* a         
sup]9t5d5t is responsible3 & ?us a man  
:o is an und]l+ at ! slaught]-h\se is a 
lead] 9 ! que/ ( et]nal life4 ,! :ole   
company ( work]s ) ! pa/or1 con/itute a 
spiritual cab9et ( ! di/rict4 ,x is n   
surpris+ t ?is *ur* fasc9ates m54 ,!    
m9i/] _c be p]suad$ away1 & a l devotion
 p]vades 8 gr\p ( work]s4 ,! int5sity ( 
! indu/rial labor is mat*$ by ! int5sity
 ( ,bible /udy1 pray] & evangelism4 ,!  
degradation & repulsion ( ! lead+       
indu/ry ( ! place are equall$ by !      
unworldly nobility & optimism ( ! lead+ 
*ur*4 ,?is *ur* does n attempt to m5d ! 
community--:i* might be f\nd            
impossible--b only to s]ve ! community  
by supply+ ! satisfaction = spiritual   

wants4  ,accord+ to ! law ( dim9i%+     
returns1 ! fir/ satisfactions ( any want
 h inf9ite value4 ,:at does ?is mean b t
 !y h religi\s value8 ,! fir/ dr9k (    
wat] to a fami%$ man calls =? a f]v5t   
,?ank1 ,god4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ is a    
,bible4 ,! fir/ l&+ on ,am]ican soil 0 a
 solemn religi\s occasion--& /ill is = !
 immigrant4 ,s ! fir/ ga9s ( money are (
 religi\s value to ! poor4 ,! fir/      
hundr$ doll>s to a me*anic's family is  
inve/$ 9 a doz5 b5efits4 ,! fir/ ?\s&   
doll>s :i* a work+ f>m] saves g into a  
home1 a piano or books1 or an education 
= a *ild4 ,x is all moral & spiritual   
good4 ,lat] ?\s&s h dim9i%+ moral &     
spiritual values4 ,mo/ ( ! *ur*es &     
homes 9 ,am]ica 7 paid = out ( ! ti!s ( 
m5 & wom5 :o own$ at ! "t a m>g9 ( less 
?an a ?\s& doll>s4  ,?is is ! reason = !
 religi\s "* ( economic life4 ,! mo/ ( p
 sp5d _! lives ) less ?an a ?\s& doll>s4
 ,!y are poor1 & money does !m good1 n  
h>m4 ,!y ne$ to "k h[ to use x4 ,b !    
gett+ ( _! liv+ is a process prolific 9 

religi\s feel+1 because economic matt]s 
h to !m ! inf9ite value ( fir/          
satisfactions ( all ! simple/ wants (   
life4  ,! salvation ( ! community w be  
accompli%$ 9 satisfy+ ! high] wants ( ^?
 ^: l[] wants are satisfi$4 ,= ^? :o h  
made money supply s*ools2 = ^? :o "w    
supply recreation2 = ! sick hospitals2 =
 ! invalid build sanit>iums2 & = all m5 
supply social life1 ! greate/ ne$ (     
human life on e>?4 ,= ^? :o are ?us     
unit$ to ! community1 & to "o ano!r 9 ! 
intricate network ( associations1 !     
opportunity ( wor%ip toge!r1 & ( %>+    
common spiritual int]e/s becomes !      
highe/ economic want4  ,,footnotes3     
,footnote #ba3 ,i come t !y may h life1 
& may h x abundantly4--,jesus1 9 ,john  
#aj3aj4  ,footnote #bb3 ,mod]n ,me?ods 9
 ! ,c\ntry ,*ur*1 by ,mat!w ,br[n       
,mc,nutt4  ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,mak+ ( an 
,am]ican1 by ,jacob ,riis4     ,,vii    
,,! ,,community   ,! c\ntry community is
 def9$ by ! team haul4 ,p 9 ! c\ntry ?9k
 ( ! community z t t]ritory1 ) its p1   

:i* lies )9 ! team haul ( a giv5 c5t]4  
,v (t5 at ?is c5t] is a *ur*1 a s*ool & 
a /ore1 ?\gh n always1 b always ! c\ntry
 community has a "* ( its own4#bd       
,social cu/oms d n proce$ f>!r ?an !    
team haul4 ,imitation1 :i* is an accept$
 mode ( social organization1 does n g   
any f>!r 9 ! c\ntry ?an ! cu/om>y drive 
) a horse & wagon4 ,! influ5ce ( lead+  
rural p]sonalities does n ext5d         
indef9itely 9 ! c\ntry1 b disappe>s at !
 b\nd>y ( ! next community4 ,intimate k 
( p]sonalities is conf9$ to ! community 
& does n pass beyond ! team haul radius4
 ,)9 ?is radius all ! affairs or any    
individual are kn[n 9 m9ute detail2     
nobody hopes to live a life ap>t f ! k (
 8 neighbors2 b beyond ! community1 s   
def9$1 ?is k quickly disappe>s4  ,m5's  
lives are h\s$ & _! reputations are     
encircl$ by ! b\nd>y ( ! team haul4  ,! 
reason = ?is is economic & social4 ,!   
life ( ! c\ntryman is liv$ )9 ! r\nd (  
b>t] & ( m>ket+ 8 products4 ,! team haul
 :i* def9es ! community is ! radius )9  

:i* m5 buy & sell4 ,x is also ! radius  
)9 :i* a "y man becomes acqua9t$ ) !    
woman he is to m>ry4 ,x is ! radius (   
social int]c\rse4 ,)9 ?is radius ( !    
team haul families are accu/om$ to visit
 ) t5 times ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y pass    
outside ?is radius4 ,inde$1 = mo/ ( !m1 
"o might say t social int]c\rse is a    
hundr$ times z frequ5t )9 ! team haul z 
)\t x4  ,! av]age man w\ld def9e !      
community z ! place :]e we live4 ,?is   
def9ition conta9s e ess5tial elem5t1    
locality1 p]sonal & social relations1 & 
vital exp]i5ces4 ,! community is t      
complex ( economic & social processes 9 
:i* individuals f9d ! satisfactions n   
suppli$ 9 _! homes4 ,! community is !   
l>g] social :ole outside ! h\sehold2 a  
population complete 9 itself = ! ne$s ( 
its resid5ts f bir? to dea?4 ,x is a    
man's home t[n4  ,?is conception ( !    
community z a vital common possession   
expla9s ! relation ( religi\s1          
educational1 e?ical1 economic           
in/itutions to "o ano!r4 ,! community is

 ! cle>+-h\se ( all ^! influ5ces4 ,x is 
! m$ium by :i* !y ex*ange ) "o ano!r1 9 
! int]e/ ( human life4 ,! p]fection (   
?is ex*ange & ! abundance ( communal    
influ5ces makes ! community good &      
desirable1 or poor & undesirable4       
,sometimes "o says t ! community is a   
good place to live 94 ,:5 x is ample = !
 ne$s ( individual lives m5 move into x1
 & ! av]age man f9ds !re a cont5t$ &    
satisfi$ life4 ,! decay ( ! community is
 indicat$ by ! dep>ture ( individuals & 
( families 9 que/ ( a bett] c5tre = !   
supply ( vital human ne$s4 ,"s g to make
 m money else:]e1 "s dep>t = educational
 advantages & "s move away because      
social life is lack+ or religi\s        
privileges are n suitable4 ,b ^! f\r    
vital ess5tials1 economic1 e?ical1      
educational & religi\s1 make up !       
elem5ts 9 ! community's s]vice to !     
individual4  ,! community is sometimes  
corrupt$ by vici\s pr9ciples 9 its      
con/ruction2 & !n its memb]s are 9      
proportion defective4 ,x produces 9     

excessive degree idiots1 bl9d1 de=m$1   
neurotic1 insane or crim9al individuals4
  ,! community1 ?us def9$1 is normally  
furni%$ ) c]ta9 in/itutions ess5tial to 
! life ( ! p4 ,9 e>li] days ! community 
0 suffici5t unto itself4 ,v little 0    
import$4 ,ev]y?+ = use 9 ! community 0  
rais$ !re9 & manufactur$ 9 ! h\seholds4 
,a sy/em ( ex*ange gradually 0 effect$  
?r\gh ! c\ntry /ore4 ,! c\ntry /ore (   
#aggj 9 ,du*ess ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 _h  
an amaz+ relation to a wide population4 
,! radius ( ! life dep5d5t ^u x 0 ! same
 z ! radius ar\nd ! ,quak] ,meet+1      
beside :i* ?is /ore 0 plac$1 & all !    
goods us$ 9 ! community ) few exceptions
 7 produc$ & manufactur$ 9 ?is radius ( 
! team haul ( t5 miles4#be  ,n[adays !  
c\ntry community has normally a /ore1 a 
blacksmi? %op1 a *ur* & a s*ool4 ,9 !   
rec5t pa/ c]ta9 classes ( p$dl]s        
regul>ly visit$ ! c\ntry community1 ?\gh
 _! place 9 ! rural economy is dim9i%+4 
,! c\ntry /ore 9 _m communities is      
already clos$ & its ma9t5ance is        

surr\nd$ ) increas+ difficulty4 ,s long1
 h[ev]1 z ! horse drawn vehicle is !    
type ( transportation 9 ! c\ntry1 !     
elem5ts ( ! c\ntry community mu/ rema9  
sub/antially ! same4#bf  ,! economic    
life ( ! community is necess>ily a "p ( 
! g5]al economic life ( ! population z a
 :ole4 ,! _w economy has 9 ! pa/ hundr$ 
ye>s1 ) ! p]fection ( ! means (         
transportation1 tak5 ! place ( !        
communal economy4 ,9 #ahaj e c\ntry     
community 0 oblig$ to manufacture its   
own raw products s f> z possible )9 its 
own limits4 ,9 #aiaj x 0 no long]       
pr(itable = ev5 a c\ntry community to d 
s4 ,! result is t ! economic life ( !   
community is usually express$ 9 a       
specifi$ indu/ry to :i* ! :ole community
 is prim>ily devot$4 ,if x be a rural   
community ?is organization takes ! =m ( 
a money crop4 ,9 ! corn belt !re are o!r
 products rais$ f ! soil besides corn1 b
 ! _w economy assigns to t f]tile       
section ! produc+ ( corn z ! mo/        
pr(itable & ! simple/ task4 ,9 ! coal   

region x t5ds to ! highe/ effici5cy = ! 
labor ( ! region to be conc5trat$ ^u !  
supply ( ?is fuel1 al?\gh 9 addition !  
surface ( ! soil may be cultivat$ & 9 ! 
l>g] population c5t]s o!r indu/ries are 
com+ 9 to exploit ! sup]flu\s labor4    
,none ( ^! competes ) ! primacy ( ! coal
 indu/ry1 :i* ! _w economy assigns to t 
community4  ,x is ess5tial t 9 e        
community !re %\ld be "o or m indu/ries 
by :i* m5 may live4 ,x t5ds to ! highe/ 
well-be+ ( ! community1 t is1 to its    
possession ( a maximum ( vital          
attraction = individuals1 t ?is indu/ry 
%\ld supply a v>iety ( s\rces ( income2 
t is1 wages1 pr(its & int]e/4 ,if !     
community c reta9 9 its own b\nds !     
own]s ( its indu/ries1 at lea/ 9 "s     
numb]s1 & ! capitali/s ^: weal? is      
inve/$ 9 ^! indu/ries1 x is ( great     
s]vice4 ,if x c make life attractive =  
wage-e>n]s 9 ^! indu/ries1 ! complet5ess
 ( t community has its te/imonial 9 ?is 
v>iety & weal? ( attraction4 ,! weakness
 ( _m ,am]ican communities is %[n 9 _!  

inability to reta9 )9 _! b\nds ! own]s (
 ! bus9esses & ! employ]s ( labor4 ,!   
ideal "* ( "s communities 9             
,massa*usetts is due to ! fact t 9 !    
same /reets !re daily meet capitali/s1  
sup]9t5d5ts1 =em5 & wage-e>n]s :o are   
alike int]e/$ 9 ! local indu/ries4  ,?is
 p[] ( ! community to attract & hold    
individual lives1 supply+ !m ) ! vital  
necessities = :i* ! individual craves1  
is dep5d5t 9 ,am]ica ^u educational     
in/itutions m ?an ^u any o!r factor4 ,! 
,fr5* philosoph] ,desm\l9 has said t !  
,anglo-,saxon supremacy is due to !     
,anglo-,saxon love ( ! l& & ( education4
 ,! ,am]ican repres5ts ^! two passions1 
& ( ! two ! love ( education is at      
pres5t1 ! /rong]4 ,! community :i* is   
weak 9 its s*ools w n hold its p4 ,!    
g5]ation :o at pres5t are ! l>ge/ own]s 
( ,am]ican weal? are eag] = educational 
advantage3 & ! incom+ /ream (           
immigration promises t 9 ! days to come 
?is crav+ = education w n dim9i%1 b w   
increase4  ,! c\ntry community has be5  

peculi>ly weak 9 its educational        
facilities1 by a /range dullness &      
in]tia due to ! economic pro/ration ( ! 
f>m+ indu/ry4 ,= ! two decades foll[+   
#ahhj ! c\ntry s*ools h fail$ to keep   
pace ) ! city s*ools4 ,pr(4 ,foght says1
 ,:ile ! public att5tion has be5 c5t]$  
on "w & plans = ! improvem5t ( ! city   
s*ools a great factor = or aga9/ !      
public weal has be5 sadly neglect$4 ,?is
 is ! rural s*ool4 ,"o-half ( our entire
 s*ool population att5d ! rural s*ools1 
:i* are /ill 9 ! =mative /age4 ,! c\ntry
 y\? is entitl$ to j z ?or\gh a         
prep>ation = ?\ghtful & intellig5t      
memb]%ip 9 ! body politic z is ! city   
y\?4 ,! ,/ate1 if x is wise1 w n        
discrim9ate 9 favor ( ! "o z aga9/ !    
o!r1 b w adju/ its b\nties 9 a mann]    
equitable to ! ne$s ( bo?4 ,h]et(ore !  
rural s*ools h receiv$ v little att5tion
 f organiz$ educational au?ority4#bg  ,!
 effect ( ?is neglect ( ! c\ntry s*ool 9
 ! face ( ! con/ructive /atesman%ip :i* 
has l$ 9 p]fect+ ! city s*ool is se5 9 !

 exodus f ! c\ntry community ( v l>ge   
numb]s ( ! mo/ successful f>m]s4        
,evid5ces are abundant t ?is exodus f ! 
c\ntry community is prim>ily a que/ (   
educational advantage4 ,n 9 e case w\ld 
! dep>t+ family confess t !y 7 seek+    
bett] s*ools3 b x is probable t !       
majority ( !m :ile giv+ a v>iety (      
prim>y reasons = mov+ w\ld assign !     
desire = education z ! uni=m second>y   
reason = dep>t+ f ! c\ntry community4   
,x is impossible = ! c\ntry *ur* to     
reta9 its be/ m9i/]s4 ,_m reasons ent]  
into ?is1 b always at ! top ( ! li/ is !
 desire = bett] educational             
opportunities = ! m9i/]s' *ildr54 ,!    
advice has become prov]bial 9 !ological 
sem9>ies1 ,g to ! c\ntry = five ye>s4 ,x
 is said t 9 ,new ,engl& !re are ?ree   
classes ( c\ntry m9i/]s & ! fir/ ( !m is
 ! bright "y man :o w n long be 9 !     
c\ntry4  ,! e?ical1 sometimes call$ !   
social factor 9 ! community's life1 is  
no less ess5tial4 ,organiz$ "w requires 
organiz$ recreation4 ,e community :i*   

has a sy/ematic economy by :i* its      
resid5ts get _! liv+ is f\nd to h a     
sy/ematic ?\gh usually in=mal &         
unrecogniz$ provision = recreation4     
,some:]e 9 ! b\nds ( e work+ t[n 9      
,am]ica is a playgr\nd4 ,x is n ! result
 ( ! playgr\nd movem5t1 b ( ! play      
necessity 9 human nature4 ,! op5 lots   
:]e ! t[n is n built up1 ! railroad y>d1
 ! y>d ( a factory or ! t[n common are  
us$ by common cons5t by ! "y p & !      
work+-p ( ! t[n z a playgr\nd4  ,!      
dep>ture ( _m p]sons f c\ntry           
communities is due to ! lack ( social   
life3 & ! fasc9ation ( ! city = bright &
 en]getic "y m5 & wom5 is due to !      
v>iety ( recreation & int]e/ :i* x      
provides to ^? :o expect to "w & are    
will+ to "w4 ,regul> "w means regul>    
play4 ,?is fact _c be too well le>n$ by 
^? :o /udy ! religi\s & moral life (    
mod]n m54 ,! ne$ ( play is z real z !   
ne$ ( food or ( sleep4  ,?is            
recreational life is highly e?ical4 ,!  
crav+ ( ! "y & ( work+-p = common places

 ( recreation is a normal crav+ due to !
 developm5t ( consci5ce z well z to     
we>9ess ( body4 ,! exactions ( mod]n    
labor create a crav+ = free & volunt>y  
movem5t4 ,^? :o are hir$ to "w1 & ^? :o 
if !y are employ]s are b\nd to ! r\t9e (
 ! desk or ( ! b5*1 seek to brea! deeply
 ! air ( happy & self-expressive action4
 ,! result is t play1 especially team   
"w1 is highly moral4 ,x is n only       
p]sonal & self-expressive1 b x involves 
co-op]ation1 self-surr5d]1 ob$i5ce & !  
correlation ( "o's own life ) o!r lives 
9 a glori\s complex ( exp]i5ces1        
unexampl$ else:]e 9 mod]n life = _!     
e?ical value 9 develop+ adolesc5t m9ds 9
 ! common humanities & moralities4 ,!   
playgr\nd is an ess5tial field 9 !      
prep>ation ( good citiz5s & x is n to be
 wond]$ at t 9 c\ntry communities1 :]e  
all provision ( recreation is difficult1
 & no public provision ( playgr\nds is  
?\ght ( by ^? 9 au?ority1 t "y p & work+
 p1 inde$ all classes ( ! population1   
t5d to move away4  ,! religi\s          

attraction ( ! community has j z real a 
value = ! satisfaction ( individual life
 z ! economic or e?ical or !            
educational4 ,mank9d is incurably       
religi\s1 & ! life f bir? to dea? _c be 
complete 9 av]age cases )\t religi\s    
exp]i5ce4 ,inde$ ! consci\s te/imony (  
m5 to ! community's religi\s value = !m 
is great] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,religi\s   
exp]i5ce is inde$ a =m ( community      
consci5ce4 ,to _m m5 ! *ur* & !         
community are "o4 ,we _c )9 our         
def9ition grant ?is2 b ! te/imony to !  
religi\s "* ( ! c\ntry community is a   
classic 9 ,am]ican ?\ght4 ,! e>ly days (
 e community are hopeful & optimi/ic4 ,!
 t5d5cy has be5 !re=e = ea* religi\s    
communion to e/abli% its own *ur*4 ,^!  
e>ly ,prote/ant *ur*es 7 expressions ( !
 community s5se on behalf ( ^! p4 ,!    
av]age ,am]ican c be/ ?9k ( ! community 
9 t]ms ( a *ur* & a s*ool4 ,= build+ up 
! community1 !re=e1 ! ma9t5ance (       
religi\s in/itutions is ess5tial4  ,we  
are conc]n$ 9 ^! *apt]s mo/ ( all ) !   

,am]ican community 9 ! c\ntry4 ,n       
because x is m important1 b because x is
 easi] to und]/& & af=ds a bett] model =
 int]pret+ o!r communities m complex &  
highly organiz$4 ,9 x "o may see !      
processes :i* affect ! t[n & city       
communities2 %ift+ ( population1        
economic *anges1 educational improvem5t 
or retrogression & ! processes ( social 
life :i* express !mselves 9 moral       
conditions4 ,! community is ! field 9   
:i* may be obs]v$ ! prosp]ity ( ! p z a 
:ole4 ,x is ! local exhibit 9 :i* !     
av]age man %[s :at has come to pass     
?r\gh\t ! commonweal? z a :ole4         
,am]ican rural communities h be5 "u !   
influ5ce ( swift & sudd5 *anges dur+ !  
ye>s ( railroad developm5t4 ,?is is     
exhibit$ 9 ! c\ntry community v cle>ly4 
,!re almo/ all ! causes :i* are at "w 9 
! city are se5 & _! op]ation is easi] to
 obs]ve & to measure ?an 9 a city       
community4 ,x is ! g5]al impression t ! 
c\ntry community has suff]$ greatly ?\gh
 ! loss ( population4 ,?is is probably  

due to ! dim9i%+ agricultural activity (
 ! c\ntry4 ,?irty-f\r c\nties 9 ,ohio   
are produc+ less ?an ! same c\nties 7   
produc+ be=e ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x is natural
 t ! population ( ^! c\nties %\ld be on 
! :ole small] ?an at t "t4 ,b x is m    
probable t ! social1 educational & moral
 life ( ! p ( ^! c\nties :o /ay$ 9 !    
c\ntry is slack] & less vigor\s ?an 9   
#ahfj4 ,sometimes ! population ( a      
community rema9s /ation>y b ! economic  
weakness expresses itself 9 a ret>d$    
social1 e?ical & religi\s life4  ,!re is
 high au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! sift+ ( !
 c\ntry community 9 rec5t ye>s has on ! 
:ole improv$ x4 ,wilb]t ,l4 ,&]son says1
 ,if ?is emigration ( ! be/ 7 ! :ole    
/ory1 x w\ld be impossible to refute !  
*>ge ( deg5]acy4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r  
aspect ( ! matt]4 ,! indu/rial          
revolution has put a pressure ^u rural  
life t is m important ev5 ?an !         
attraction ( cities4 ,t pressure has    
aggravat$ ! sev]ity ( ! /ruggle =       
exi/5ce1 & ?is gr9d+ ( ! mill (         

evolution has cru%$ ! weak] /rata ( !   
population4 ,among ^? :o h gone are     
labor]s & _! families1 ! own]s &        
occupants ( ! poore/ l&s--! fam\s ab&on$
 f>ms1 & ! weakl+s & dep5d5ts4 ,_m ( ^! 
h swoll5 ! cr[ds ( ! factory t[ns2 o!rs 
h suppli$ unskill$ labor to ! cities2 9 
n a few cases !y h gone to _! de/ruction
 9 ! slums1 :]e residues ( decad5t folk 
f9ally disappe>4 ,! human mat]ial t 0   
mo/ susceptible to alcohol has gone into
 ! mills ( ! gods4 ,:5 all is summ$ up1 
! cle>ance at ! bottom is n less        
significant ?an ! loss at ! top ( !     
social scale4 ,natural selection works z
 effectually 9 ton+ up ! species by we$+
 out ! wor/ z 'natural selection rev]s$'
 works = deg5]acy ?r\gh ! removal ( !   
be/4 ,?is purgation has be5 ov]look$2   
:e!r x (fsets ! injury 9 ! highe/ /ratum
 is a fair "q1 b obvi\sly no man is wise
 en\gh to answ] x4 ,! op9ion may be     
haz>d$ t :5 ! two influ5ces are         
comp\nd$1 x w be f\nd t ! av]age *ild   
has mov$ b a little way up or d[n !     

scale4 ,?is is a local "q to :i* !re are
 z _m answ]s z communities4 ,! net      
result ( ^! *anges is a ga9 9           
homog5e\sness2 9 ! c\ntry t[n ! dream ( 
equality is ne>] realization to-day ?an 
ev] be=e4#bh  ,x is ! writ]'s belief t1 
all[+ = local v>iation1 ?is /atem5t is !
 be/ g5]alization ( ! condition ?r\gh\t 
! c\ntry4 ,! rural population has be5   
specializ$4 ,! c\ntry community is f9d+ 
its own k9d ( p4 ,x has n yet1 ?r\gh    
suitable in/itutions1 le>n$ to cultivate
 its problems & to tra9 its own lead]s4 
,t is precisely :at w be accompli%$     
?r\gh ! build+ up ( ! c\ntry community )
 :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,b already !    
c\ntry population is homog5e\s & is     
select$ ) a view to fitness = !         
environm5t ( ! rural community4 ,z !    
city is bre$+ its own /ock1 :o are      
possess$ ) ! problem ( city life &      
devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ! city1 s ! c\ntry
 9 ! %ift+ ( mod]n populations is com+  
to h its own k9d ( p2 among :om !       
problems ( ! c\ntry community are beg9n+

 to be discuss$ & ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry  
community are be+ provid$ = by suitable 
organizations4  ,! build+ ( communities1
 !re=e1 w provide ! positive ag5cies    
requisite = ! ne$s ( ! pres5t population
 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! purpose ( ^? :o s]ve !  
c\ntry population %all be ! con/ruction 
( suitable in/itutions by :i* c\ntry    
life %all be made wor? :ile4 ,^!        
in/itutions mu/ be economic1 = ! secur+ 
( prosp]ity to c\ntry p1 social         
in/itutions :i* %all build up _! moral  
"* & life1 educational in/itutions :]eby
 ! problems ( c\ntry life %all be       
und]/ood 9 ! light ( all human life1 &  
religi\s in/itutions :i* %all cr[n !    
life ( c\ntry p ) hope & animate !      
individual ) ! _s ( self-sacrifice on   
behalf ( all ! p ( ! community & ( ! _w4
  ,! *ur* %\ld be a community c5t]4 ,!re
 may be o!r c5t]s ( ! community :]e o!r 
functions are assembl$1 b ! *ur* %\ld   
lift up h] eyes to ! horizon 9 :i* %e   
lives & compreh5d all ! p 9 h] s]vice & 
affection4 ,?is does n mean t !y %all   

all be memb]s ( t *ur*4 ,! community _s 
is itself gr[+4 ,frequ5tly ! c\ntry     
community has atta9$ a unity :i* !      
*ur*es ignore4 ,= ! *ur* to become a    
community c5t] means t x repres5ts 9    
itself ! unit$ life ( ! p4 ,:atev] be _!
 common int]e/ t int]e/ dwells 9 ! *ur*4
  ,9 ,h]n&o1 ,mississippi1 ! p are      
unit$4 ,! int]e/ ( "o is ! conc]n ( all4
 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ! families ( old      
l&-own]s ! :ole community responds to   
common impulses & is organiz$ "u common 
ideals4 ,no poor *ild ( ei!r a :ite or a
 negro h\sehold is neglect$ or is       
ov]look$4 ,yet 9 ?is community *ur*es h 
no f$]ation & m9i/]s h no regul> means (
 work+ toge!r4 ,a *>ity organization 0  
rec5tly =m$ 9 ?is community z an organ  
by :i* ! community %\ld c>e = its poor] 
memb]s4 ,?is society 0 =m$ outside ( !  
*ur*es1 no "o ( :i* _h ! "r to be a c5t]
 = ! community4 ,x is true t m9i/]s &   
memb]s ( ^! *ur*es 7 lead]s 9 ?is       
community ent]prise1 b ! *ur*es z       
organizations 7 n a "p ( x1 al?\gh its  

purposes are purely ,*ri/ian4  ,pr(4    
,alva ,agee insi/s t ,! c\ntry *ur* does
 n s]ve ! community's ne$s z ! community
 sees ^? ne$s4 ,8 mean+ is t :5 a       
community ent]prise is to be laun*$ !   
promot] ( x f9ds x necess>y 9 ! c\ntry  
to avoid ! *ur*es1 le/ 8 ent]prise be   
entangl$ 9 _! diff]5ces4 ,he is         
emb>rass$ also by _! lack ( a community 
_s4 ,frequ5tly ! same p]sons :o to !    
*ur* contribute no community _s are 9 ! 
community itself lead]s ( common        
ent]prises4  ,9 contra/ to ^! conditions
 ! in/ance ( ,du ,page ,*ur* at         
,pla9field1 ,ill9ois1 ( :i* ,rev4 ,mat!w
 ,b4 ,mc,nutt 0 rec5tly ! m9i/]1        
exhibits ! p[] ( a c\ntry *ur* to make  
itself ! c5t] ( a :ole community4 ,?is  
*ur*1 :i* 9 a ye> became fam\s ?r\gh\t !
 l&1 has e>n$ its repute by t5 ye>s (   
devot$ s]vice ( its m9i/] & ! gr[+      
affection & union ( its p4 ,! *ur* s]ves
 s well ! social ne$s ( ! community t a 
social hall once popul> has be5 clos$ & 
?ree granges 9 succession h attempt$ to 

organize 9 ! community & h fail$4 ,yet  
,du ,page ,*ur* is passionately         
devotional & int5sely mission>y4 ,its   
social life is b a legitimate expression
 ( its community s5se4 ,! m9i/] & 8 p h 
_h ! p[] to see & to inspire a common   
life among ! p 9 ! c\ntryside4  ,?is    
*apt] has be5 int5d$ z a def9ition ( !  
c\ntry community4 ,its radius is ! team 
haul1 because ! horse has be5 ! means ( 
transportation 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! community 
is ! r\nd ( life 9 :i* ! individual 9 ! 
c\ntry passes 8 days3 x is 8 l>g] home4 
,! def9ition ( ?is great] h\sehold ( !  
c\ntry mu/ be flexible1 b h[ev] x be    
def9$1 x is ! *>act]i/ic unit ( social  
organization among c\ntry p4 ,! map ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates outside ! great cities is 
made up ( little societies bord]+ %>ply 
^u "o ano!r1 diff]+ f "o ano!r socially 
& religi\sly4 ,^! little societies are !
 prop] fields 9 :i* ! life ( ! *ur* & ! 
s*ool is liv$4 ,( ^! small societies !  
*ur* & ! s*ool are ! expressions4 ,9    
*ur* & s*ool ! c\ntry community has its 

highe/ life4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote   
#bd3 ,! au?or expresses 8 indebt$ness = 
?is def9ition to ,dr4 ,willet ,m4 ,hays 
( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at         
,wa%+ton4  ,footnote #be3 ,quak] ,hill1 
by ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson4  ,footnote #bf3   
,pr(essor ,c4 ,j4 ,galp9 ( ,univ]sity ( 
,wiscons9 has done precise "w ( great   
value1 9 def9+ ! c\ntry community1 z x  
c5t]s 9 ! village4 ,see 8 pamphlet1 ,a  
,me?od ( ,mak+ a ,social ,survey ( !    
,rural ,community1 a bullet9 ( !        
,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( !     
,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94  ,footnote #bg3 
,! ,am]ican ,rural ,s*ool1 by ,h>old ,w4
 ,foght4  ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,c\ntry     
,t[n1 by ,wilb]t ,l4 ,&]son1 ,d4,d4     
,,viii  ,,! ,,m>g9 ,,( ,,! ,,community  
,! *ange ( e?ical consci\sness among    
*ur* p 9 rec5t ye>s takes ! =m ( a      
transf]5ce ( int]e/ f ! individual to ! 
community4 ,! lit]ature ( religi\s &    
e?ical ?\ght is full ( appeal to s]ve ! 
community4 ,! work+ out ( any religi\s  
or e?ical =ce 9 mod]n society is guid$  

by ! closely compact$ & highly organic  
"* ( pres5t-day social life4  ,9 ! old  
times 9 ,am]ica1 :i* h s rec5tly gone1  
m5 7 ( "o class2 ! community 0          
homog5e\s2 univ]sal acqua9tance         
prevail$4  ,! unit ( value 9 ,am]ican   
life until rec5t ye>s 0 ! successful    
man1 because we fac$ a cont95t          
unexplor$4 ,unpossess$ comm]cial        
res\rces 7 be=e ! p4 ,! /&>d ( ! "t (   
,horace ,greeley 0 ! /&>d ( individual  
success1 ( initial utility4 ,! t[n boa/$
 ( ! man x _h turn$ out4 ,! *ur* measur$
 its value by ! ri* & b5evol5t f>m] or  
m]*ant1 & by ! individuals ^: piety or  
lit]>y success seem$ to express ! life (
 ! *ur*4 ,!re 0 an opportunity = all1   
because crude res\rces1 numb]less op5+s 
(f]$ !mselves to e "o :o _h "*1 indu/ry 
& bra9s4  ,)9 a decade ! ,am]ican p h   
become consci\s t _! res\rces are       
numb]$4 ,! free l&s ( ! ,we/ are        
assign$4 ,! tons ( coal "u ! gr\nd are  
e/imat$4 ,! am\nt ( timb]1 ( copp] & (  
iron /ill unexploit$ is kn[n1 & public  

discussion is c5t]$ ^u ! limits to !    
gr[? ( ! ,am]ican population1 & !       
possibilities ( m economical            
organization ( life4 ,we c no long] wa/e
 z once we c\ld4 ,! problem is n[ a     
problem ( economy4 ,in/ead ( ! /&>ds ( a
 "t ( pl5ty we are confront$ ) problems 
( b>e subsi/5ce4  ,9 times ( pl5ty1 :5  
res\rces are n yet exhau/$1 m5's lives  
div]ge & ! individual is ! unit ( ?\ght 
& feel+4 ,! natural result ( a "t (     
pl5ty is ! developm5t & ! end[m5t (     
p]sonality4 ,b 9 times :5 a b>e         
subsi/5ce is ! condition ) :i* _m are   
confront$1 m5 are drawn toge!r & !      
community becomes ! unit ( ?\ght &      
feel+4 ,indu/ry z x matures br+s m5     
toge!r4 ,x becomes evid5t t !y dep5d ^u 
"o ano!r4  ,m5 :o 9 a "t ( pl5ty w\ld   
seek an indep5d5t =tune1 "u conditions (
 b>e subsi/5ce are cont5t$ to secure    
employm5t & to become dep5d5t ^u o!rs4  
,! problems ( subsi/5ce op5             
opportunities = exploitation & ! /rong] 
become relat$ to great numb]s ( weak]   

memb]s ( ! community4 ,?us m5's lives   
are int5sifi$1 & ! conditions out ( :i* 
?\ght & feel+ arise are social          
conditions r ?an individual4  ,! c\ntry 
community "u ^! circum/ances rises into 
new significance4 ,9 ! e>ly pione] days 
! c\ntry community = a simil> reason 0  
mu* 9 ?\ght & feel+1 because !n m5 7    
seek+ a b>e subsi/5ce 9 ! conte/ )      
nature4 ,?is consci\sness 0 lo/ z soon z
 ! pione] days 7 pa/ & ! abundance (    
nature began to enri* mank9d in/ead (   
antagoniz+ him4 ,n[1 aga91 ! c\ntry     
community has come into prom95ce because
 m5 are confront$ ) a /ruggle to ma9ta9 
an acceptable /&>d ( liv+4  ,9 deal+ ) a
 social :ole1 to accompli% c]ta9        
purposes "o mu/ deal ) x 9 social t]ms4 
,social s]vice is n quantitative1 b     
qualitative4 ,m9i/ry to a community is n
 uni=mly appli$ to all ! memb]s4 ,9     
social s]vice !re is no su* ?+ z        
equality ( all ! population4 ,! diff]+  
values ( m5 9 a social population are   
det]m9$1 z o!r values are measur$1 by ! 

work+ ( ! law ( dim9i%+ returns4        
,r\ghly /at$1 ?is law is t successive   
additions ( any valu$ ?+ br+ ev] dim9i%$
 returns4 ,! fir/ quantity ( any?+ is ( 
inf9ite value4 ,= lat] increm5ts ! value
 is measurable1 & ev] less ) ! increase4
 ,! application ( ?is law 9 economics is
 /at$ z foll[s by ,pr(essor ,john ,bates
 ,cl>k3  ,labor1 z ?us appli$ to l&1 is 
subject to a law ( dim9i%+ returns4 ,put
 "o man on a qu>t] section ( l&1 conta9+
 prairie & =e/1 & he w get a ri* return4
 ,two labor]s on ! same gr\nd w get less
 p] man2 ?ree w get /ill less2 &1 if y  
enl>ge ! =ce to t51 x may be t ! la/ man
 w get wages only4  ,mod]n /udies (     
value1 %[ t doses ( consum]'s goods1    
giv5 9 a s]ies to ! same p]son h less & 
less utility p] dose4 ,! f9al utility   
!ory ( value re/s on ! same pr9ciple z  
does ! !ory ( dim9i%+ returns f         
agriculture2 & ?is pr9ciple has a f>    
wid] range ( new applications4  ,we h   
und]tak5 to g5]alize ! law t is at !    
basis ( ! !ory ( value4 ,9 reality1 x is

 all-compreh5sive4 ,! fir/ g5]alization 
to be made consi/s 9 apply+ ! law1 n to 
s+le articles1 b to consum]s' weal? 9   
all its =ms4 ,! ri*] man becomes1 ! less
 c 8 weal? d = him4 ,n only a s]ies (   
goods t are all alike1 b a succession ( 
units ( weal? itself1 ) no su*          
limitation1 on its =ms1 becomes less &  
less useful p] unit4 ,give to a man n   
coats1 b 'doll>s1' "o aft] ano!r1 & !   
utility ( ! la/ w /ill be less ?an t (  
any o!r4 ,! e>ly doll>s fe$1 clo! &     
%elt] ! man1 b ! la/ "o f9ds x h>d to d 
any?+ = him4#bi  ,by ?is law successive 
deposits ( immigrants & successive ga9s 
9 ! ,am]ican population are r$uc+ !     
valuation ( m5 = religi\s1 moral &      
educational use4 ,! fir/ man 9 any      
hi/oric exp]i5ce is ( inf9ite value4 ,! 
fir/ ,am]ican1 ,columbus1 w be fam\s    
=ev]1 b n because ( any tal5ts or       
ent]prises ( 84 ,z a matt] ( fact he    
blund]$ 9 discov]+ ,am]ica & di$        
ignorant ( ! feat he _h actually        
accompli%$4 ,b because he 0 ! fir/ :ite 

man on a new cont95t he _h inf9ite      
hi/orical value4 ,:5 ! e>ly ,europeans 7
 increas$ to t5 or to "o ?\s& ea* ( !m  
ent]$ into fame1 ?\gh m5 l ,john ,smi? 7
 commonplace en\gh 9 _! p]=mances4 ,_!  
fame is measurable1 b /ill great4 ,:5 ! 
numb] ( ,am]icans 0 increas$ to eight   
millions ev]yone ?\ght himself a great  
citiz51 ! f\nd] ( a family & a pot5tial 
millionaire4 ,^? 7 /ill ! days (        
exceptional p]sonality4 ,! type ( man 9 
^? times 0 ! l&[n]1 ! pione] & !        
/atesman4 ,b n[ !re are n9ety million   
,am]icans1 all ! valuable l&s are       
assign$1 all ! be/ positions are fill$1 
e job is tak51 & t5 million ( !         
population are conc]n$ ab\t ! problem ( 
daily bread4 ,^! t5 million p are !     
m>g9al ,am]icans4 ,!y are breadw9n]s1 & 
! breadw9n] is ! unit ( value on :om !  
/&>d ( ,am]ican social & religi\s life  
is measur$4 ,s f> z !re c be an ,am]ican
 type on :om policies 9 public life are 
measur$1 t type is today ! breadw9n]4 ,9
 ! city ! breadw9n] is a work+ man or an

 immigrant4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! m>g9al man is 
! t5ant f>m]2 or a work+ f>m]1 ?\gh he  
be ! own]4 ,! m>g9al man repres5ts !    
value ( all m5 9 ! community4  ,! law ( 
dim9i%+ returns works 9 ! factory = fix+
 ! wages 9 any scale :i* prevails       
?r\gh\t a level ( pay4 ,x is equally    
effici5t 9 level+ m5 9 ! community4 ,!  
employ] does n pay ! work+ man on any   
level ( wages 9 accordance ) ! value ( !
 few brilliant1 tru/y or inv5tive m5 9 t
 gr\p1 b he pays ea* man j t wage :i* he
 mu/ (f] to ! la/ man he hires4 ,!      
m>g9al man /&>dizes ! wage4 ,! religi\s 
values ( m5 are /&>diz$ n ^u ! brilliant
 or sa9tly or accompli%$1 n ^u !        
well-to-d memb]s ( ! community1 b ^u !  
poor :o are j able to /& & ma9ta9       
!mselves 9 ! life ( t community4  ,!    
work+ ( ?is law is n a matt] (          
p]suasion4 ,x is ! inflexible condition 
) :i* religi\s & e?ical in/itutions are 
confront$4 ,*ur*es %\ld !re=e e/imate _!
 policies by ! responses ( ! m>g9al p ( 
! community4 ,religi\s /&>ds ( value    

%\ld be measur$ by f9al utility1 n      
initial utility4 ,! compla9t aga9/ !    
*ur* today is r$ucible to ?is3 t %e     
/&>dizes h] ideals & h] policies 9      
accordance ) ! prosp]\s & well-to-d4 ,! 
eloqu5ce & ! "* ( h] m9i/]s1 ! k9d (    
music ) :i* ,god is wor%ipp$1 !         
com=table pews1 ! c>pets on ! floor1 are
 all ( !m unlike ! public hall :i* is   
support$ by ! dues ( ! poor4 ,! ta/e    
express$ 9 *ur* matt]s is r lit]>y &    
ae/hetic ?an popul>4 ,! *ur* :i* w\ld   
appeal to ! :ole community mu/ /&>dize  
h] "w ^u ! poor man1 & make h] appeal to
 him4  ,?is pr9ciple is n only          
sci5tifically correct1 b x works out 9  
practise4 ,a m9i/] :o came into a well  
organiz$ c\ntry community1 :]e !re 7 a  
few l&-hold]s1 _m t5ants & numb]s ( f>m 
l&s1 f\nd t ! only appeal by :i* ! :ole 
community c\ld be rea*$ 0 an appeal     
direct$ to ! m>g9al p 9 ! community4 ,:5
 he s\ght ! t5ant f>m]1 he secur$ ) him 
! l&-hold]1 & :5 he w5t aft] ! hir$ man 
on ! f>m1 he secur$ ! f>m] :o employ$   

him4 ,:5 he ga9$ ! adh]5ce ( ! boys &   
girls he secur$ ! support ( _! p>5ts1 & 
:5 he r5d]$ s]vice to little *ildr51 he 
c\ld safely rely ^u ! gratitude &       
loyalty ( _! mo!rs & fa!rs4  ,?is 0 !   
k9d ( "w :i* ,jesus did4 ,he frankly    
made a selection ( ! p to :om he %\ld   
m9i/]4#cj ,he knew no phrases ab\t all  
m5 be+ equal1 & he made no pr(ession (  
imp>tiality su* z today causes _m m9i/]s
 to loit] among ! well-to-d1 :o c>e n = 
!m4 ,jesus said he _h no "t to sp5d )   
well p1 because he 0 s5t to ! sick4 ,b !
 philosophy ( 8 action 0 se5 9 ! fact t 
:5 he m9i/]$ to ! sick he himself help$ 
! well4 ,he prea*$ ! gospel to ! poor1 b
 n because he _h any prejudice aga9/ !  
ri*4 ,by m9i/]+ to ! poor he appli$ 8   
gospel to ! m>g9 ( ! community4 ,t      
gospel has be5 ( equal value to ! ri*   
man1 because ! spiritual exp]i5ces ( !  
poor are ! exp]i5ce also ( ! ri*4 ,!    
mod]n m9i/] :o goes aft] ri* m5         
specifically1 or :o goes aft] !m ) !    
same vigor ) :i* he seeks ! poor1 w     

receive b a grudg+ welcome4 ,b if he    
awak5s ! gratitude & support ( ! poor1  
he w f9d himself s\ght by ! ri*1 &      
su/a9$ by _! abundant gifts4  ,mr4      
,gilb]t ,k4 ,*e/]ton1 ! ,engli% critic1 
has some:]e f9ely said t ! ,ma/] 9 8    
words to ,simon ,pet]1 ,?\ art ,pet]1 & 
^u ?is rock ,i w build my *ur*1 cle>ly  
recogniz$ t ,pet] 0 a %uffl] & a weakl+ 
& a c[>d & x 0 ^u j su* common mat]ial t
 ! *ur* 0 f\nd$4 ,x 0 n to be an        
ari/ocratic organization4 ,its          
f\ndations 7 n laid ^u skill & g5ius 9  
human "*1 b ^u ! weak] & commonplace    
traits1 :i* univ]sal mank9d possesses4  
,s def9ite 0 ! appeal ( ,jesus to !     
m>g9al p ( 8 "t1 t he has be5 twice     
criticiz$ unju/ly2 once 9 8 own "t by ! 
,ph>isees1 & aga9 9 our "t by !         
,sociali/s4 ,! latt] h claim$ t ,jesus 0
 class consci\s1 t he 0 a p>tisan ( !   
poor1 a prolet>ian radical4 ,!          
unsci5tific "* ( ,socialism is display$ 
9 ?is comm5t ^u ,jesus4 ,8 appeal 0 to !
 :ole community1 z ?r\gh ,*ri/ian hi/ory

 8 message has come uni=mly to m5 ( all 
degrees1 ri* & poor1 ignorant & le>n$1  
bad & good4 ,! religi\s g5ius ( ,jesus  
is %[n 9 ! fact t he recogniz$ :at !    
,sociali/ does n1 t to appeal to ! :ole 
community a prophet mu/ address 8 plea  
to ! p on ! m>g9 ( ! community4 ,8      
measure ( value mu/ be f9al utility4    
,"o may g at l>ge into ?is tempt+ field 
9 illu/rations4 ,! arti/ic exp]i5ce (   
mank9d is abundant 9 illu/ration ( x4   
,!re is no beauty ( ! ocean save 9 its  
%ores--! m>g9 ( ! b\ndless expanse4     
,lit]>y descriptions ( ! exp]i5ces (    
human love are made up ( descriptions ( 
! m>g9s ( love4 ,m>ri$ life is depict$ 9
 c\rt%ip1 & ! s5tim5ts ( affection are  
describ$ 9 sc5es ( p>t+ & meet+1 :i* are
 ! m>g9s ( companion%ip4  ,?is pr9ciple 
%\ld be fundam5tal 9 all policies (     
recon/ruction ( religi\s & e?ical       
in/itutions4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( m5 = religi\s 
s]vice & = e?ical lead]%ip !y %\ld be   
accu/om$ to ?9k 9 t]ms ( communal :oles1
 & ?is ?9k+ w use z its units ( measure 

! *>act]i/ics ( ! m>g9al life4 ,x is =  
?is reason t temp]ance re=m 9 ,am]ica   
has be5 s influ5tial )9 ! pa/ two       
decades4 ,x is a communal =m ( e?ics4 ,x
 dem&s t ! community %\ld act toge!r 9  
safegu>d+ ! weak] memb]s ( ! community1 
! "y m51 & ! work+ p4 ,! old temp]ance  
propag&a 0 individuali/i/4 ,x record$   
its results 9 ! numb] ( p]sons :o sign$ 
! pl$ge4 ,its results 7 almo/ z gratify+
 if ! pl$ges 7 sign$ by well-do+ &      
ord]ly p z if !y 7 sign$ by drunk>ds4 ,!
 mod]n temp]ance movem5t draws its      
influ5ce f its propos$ effect ^u !      
agricultural labor]4  ,! !ological      
sem9>y ( ! pa/ has be5 a lit]>y         
in/itution4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( its         
developm5t ! typical ,*ri/ian 0 ! bright
 & aspir+ "y man 9 a community (        
b\ndless res\rces4 ,to su* a man books  
are ! int]pret]s ( life4 ,b 9 ! mod]n   
p]iod ) ! conge/$ population & close    
social organization1 human fell[%ip is  
an exp]i5ce ( great] value to mo/ m5 ?an
 books4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 

successive quantities ( lit]ature h be5 
giv5 to ! _w1 & "u ! law ( dim9i%+      
returns lit]ature has come to h = _m v  
small returns4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,prote/ant  
,re=mation ! value ( books 9 ! h&s ( !  
common p 0 inf9ite4 ,= sev]al g5]ations 
along ) ! ext5sion ( univ]sal education 
?is inf9ite value ( books cont9u$ = ! p 
on ! m>g9 ( ! educat$ _w4 ,b n[adays    
ev]ybody 9 ,am]ican progressive         
communities c read & write3 & 9 a       
univ]sally educat$ population we arrive 
at ! f9al utility ( books 9 human use4  
,great masses ( poor p & also _m p (    
means use books )9 n>r[ limits only4 ,!y
 d n buy !m1 !y d n read !m1 !y d n ?9k 
9 lit]>y t]ms4 ,yet !y h access to books
 & !y turn f !m ) a cle> s5se (         
intellig5t pref]5ce = o!r human values4 
,books are to !m b an alphabet & social 
life is ! /ory4  ,my own impression is t
 ! life ( ! m>g9al man is social r ?an  
lit]>y4 ,8 religion w be a social       
religion r ?an a biblical religion4 ,!  
weakness ( ,prote/antism is t x         

/ubbornly insi/s ^u lit]>y int]pretation
 ( ,god & ^u a biblical m9i/ry1 :ile !  
population ar\nd ^! ,prote/ant *ur*es   
exemplifies ! dim9i%$ value ( lit]ature 
= spiritual uses4  ,! religi\s & e?ical 
s]vice ( ! days to come mu/ int]pret !  
social life ( ! p4 ,! great mass ( ! p  
c>e z little = weal? z !y d = books4 ,! 
same argum5t z to ! dim9i%$ returns (   
lit]ature may be repeat$ to describe !  
dim9i%$ returns ( private prop]ty4 ,!   
economic revolution s9ce feudal days has
 exhau/$ ! values ( private prop]ty 9   
satisfy+ human ne$4 ,! "t 0 :5 prop]ty  
_h an inf9ite value = express+          
p]sonality4 ,9 days to come private     
prop]ty w /ill h ?is value = _m         
individuals4 ,b among common folks      
g5]ally private prop]ty does n seem to h
 b\ndless value = human satisfaction4   
,work+ m5 z ,i h kn[n !m d n take pa9s  
to get ri*4 ,!y "k ! way to weal? by    
economy & accumulation1 b !y d n take x4
 ,!y h a va/ pref]5ce = ! social        
int]c\rse1 fri5dly int]*anges & mutual  

dep5d5ce by :i* _! life is refre%$1     
/r5g!n$ & su/a9$4 ,e?ical policies ( !  
future :ile us+ lit]ature & private     
prop]ty z effici5t implem5ts mu/        
int]pret social life itself z a fl[+    
spr+ ( religion & morality4  ,! tra9+ ( 
religi\s & e?ical lead]s %\ld be        
und]tak5 9 ! !ological sem9>y & 9 !     
univ]sity 9 su* mann] z to /&>dize !    
influ5ce ( ^! in/itutions1 by ! life n (
 ! exceptional man1 b ( ! common man4 ,!
 influ5ce ( educat$ m5 mu/ be us$ to    
recon/ruct *ur*es & societies ^u ! /&>ds
 n ( ! weal?y1 ! le>n$1 ! g5ius & !     
well-to-d1 b by ! exp]i5ces ( ! poor1 ! 
work+man & ! immigrant4 ,! /&>d 9 all   
religi\s & e?ical in/itutions :i* pr(ess
 to repres5t ! community is today grad$ 
up to ! pr(essional & exceptional4 ,!   
recon/ruction necess>y is to grade d[n s
 t ! appeal %all be to ! poor & /ruggl+ 
man ^: condition is 9 jeop>dy1 & ^:     
/atus 9 ! community is z yet undet]m9$4 
,in/itutions :i* appeal to ! community z
 a :ole mu/ /&>dize _! policy to ! level

 ( ! m>g9 ( ! community4  ,!            
recon/ruction ( ! !ological sem9>ies is 
necess>y1 if !y are to fit m5 = s]vice 9
 communities4 ,!y r5d] n[ a s]vice :i*  
is s valuable t "o _c pass ov] !m       
lightly4 ,!y tra9 ! c&idate = ! m9i/ry  
by a process :i* develops & engages 8   
piety4 ,o!r univ]sity c\rses ei!r ignore
 8 religi\s feel+1 or if !y develop x1 d
 n h>ness x to ! task ( social          
improvem5t4 ,! !ological sem9>y lays !  
yoke ( s]vice ^u ! neck ( pray]4 ,?is   
alone ju/ifies its exi/5ce z a s]vant ( 
! *ur* 9 ! community4 ,h[ev]1 !         
in/ruction 9 ! sem9>y is rigidly gr\p$  
ar\nd c\rses 9 dead languages2 :i* are  
jeal\s ( in/ruction 9 a liv+ tongue4 ,! 
hi/ory ( disc>d$ doctr9es & ( discr$it$ 
tea*]s is m9utely taught ?r\gh mon?s1 to
 ! exclusion ( c\rses ^u mod]n1 liv+ p1 
^: religi\s exp]i5ce is ri* & /rik+4 ,! 
purpose ( sem9>y in/ruction is p]sonal  
culture in/ead ( effici5cy4 ,x is ! !ory
 ( ! tea*]s :]e9 !y disagree ) all o!r  
pr(essional tea*]s1 t ,we d n make      

prea*]s3 ! ,"l makes !m4 ,!y try !re=e  
to imp>t culture & p]sonal di/9ction4   
,! sem9>ies ne$ fir/ ( all flexibility (
 c\rses4 ,! :ole traditional s*$ule %\ld
 be made elective4 ,! dem&s ( ! "t w\ld 
!n h free c\rse 9 ! sem9>y1 & w\ld      
re>range ! in/ruction accord+ to actual 
pres5t ne$4 ,! cultivation ( practical  
piety %\ld receive m att5tion4 ,! social
 life ( ! /ud5ts1 9 close association ) 
_! pr(essors & "u religi\s /imuli1 %\ld 
be made a m p[]ful =ce ?an x usually is1
 9 creat+ a common ideal ( s]vice to :i*
 ! sem9>y %\ld commit itself4 ,above    
all1 ! sem9>y ( !ology %\ld tea*        
sociology & economics1 z a religi\s     
int]pretation4 ,/ud5ts %\ld aft] a ye>'s
 class-room "w be made to inve/igate &  
report ^u actual conditions1 %\ld be    
delegat$ to /udy social movem5ts1 report
 ^u !m1 & to lead 9 discuss+ !m4 ,!y    
%\ld be tra9$ 9 ! use ( /ati/ics1 9     
graphic display ( conditions1 & 9 ! use 
( public reports4 ,9 ! s5ior ye> !y %\ld
 be employ$ def9itely 9 practical "w =  

populations1 "u in/ructors4 ,aft]       
graduation ! "y m9i/] %\ld1 m g5]ally   
?an n[1 be employ$ z an assi/ant to an  
old] m9i/]1 9 a l>ge organization4  ,!  
influ5ce ( su* social tra9+ w\ld itself 
re=m sem9>y in/ruction4 ,?ru/ into a    
pres5t-day curriculum1 social sci5ce is 
a =eign & ali5 intrud]2 b its value w\ld
 soon be demon/rat$ & o!r c\rses w\ld be
 made ov] 9 new h>mony ) x4 ,if "s      
c\rses be dropp$1 ev5 if :ole *airs be  
ab&on$1 x is bett] ?an t ! :ole         
!ological sem9>y be ab&on$ by           
/ud5ts--:i* is ! app>5t fate hang+ ov]  
c]ta9 sem9>ies6 ,:at has "h be5 said is 
true ( ! s*ools ( !ology 9 all          
d5om9ations1 & applies alike to bo? !   
cons]vative & ! lib]al4  ,9 conclusion1 
! writ] believes t ! *ur*'s future is ) 
! self-respect+ poor4 ,jesus & ne>ly e  
lead] ( a great religi\s movem5t 0 ( !  
poor & labor$ ) ! poor4 ,! s\rces (     
religion are ^? nam$ 9 ! ,beatitudes3   
pov]ty1 meekness1 sorr[1 hung]1         
o/racism2 & ^? are all social exp]i5ces4

 ,! s]vice ( ! *ur* %\ld be to ^!2 & 9  
s]v+ ! m>g9al p1 ^: life is compos$ ( ! 
,beatitudes1 ! *ur* w s]ve all m54      
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #bi3 ,!         
,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 by ,john ,bates  
,cl>k4  ,footnote #cj3 ,luke1 #f3bj ff2 
#ae3a ff4     ,,ix  ,,newcom]s ,,9 ,,!  
,,community   ,"o g5]al cause is br++   
new p into ! av]age c\ntry community4 ,!
 exploitation ( l& expresses !          
transition f ! p]iod ( ! l& f>m] to t ( 
! sci5tific f>m] or husb&man4 ,! signs (
 ?is exploitation are ! retirem5t (     
f>m]s f ! l&1 ! incom+ ( new own]s 9 "s 
numb]s & ( t5ant f>m]s 9 a l>ge degree1 
into ! c\ntry community4 ,! influ5ce ( !
 abs5tee l&lord beg9s to be felt 9      
communities 9 :i* ! l&[n] 0 until #ahij 
! only type4 ,9 mo/ ( ! old] /ates      
immigration f =eign l&s has n greatly   
affect$ ! c\ntry community4 ,9          
,wiscons91 ,m9nesota & o!r /ates ( !    
,nor?we/ sub/antial sections ( !        
community are invad$ by p ( /urdy       
,g]manic & ,norse extraction4 ,9 ,new   

,engl& ! ,poles1 ,fr5*1 ,portuguese & "s
 ,jews are settl+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b ?r\gh\t
 ! /ates ( ! ,union z a :ole !          
population1 bo? ! newcom]s & old] /ock1 
are ,am]ican4  ,! dates ( ?is           
exploitation ( l& are1 g5]ally1 f #ahij 
onw>d4 ,ref]5ce is made else:]e to !    
description ( ?is process 9 ! ,middle   
,we/4#ca  ,indep5d5t ( ^! causes ! same 
process has appe>$ 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ,georgia1
 ,mississippi & 9 ,we/ ,t5nessee1 z well
 z o!r /ates4 ,9 sections 9 :i* ! values
 ( l& h n be5 d\bl$1 z 9 ,ill9ois & 9   
,indiana !y h1 ! same exodus f ! f>m &  
invasion ( ! c\ntry community by new p  
has tak5 place4  ,"o cause ( ?is        
exploitation ( l& is ! %r9kage 9 size ( 
! old] families4 ,ev]y:]e ! exploitation
 ( l& is ! greate/ :]e ! soil is ! ri*e/
 & ! f>m]s ! mo/ prosp]\s4 ,ev5 9 !     
exceptional populations su* z ! ,scot*  
,presbyt]ians & ,p5nsylvania ,g]mans1   
?is effect ( agricultural prosp]ity is  
sl[ly at "w4  ,9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1          
,p5nsylvania1 & 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 :]e !

 mo/ sub/antial f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry are    
f\nd1 ! families 9 ! pres5t g5]ation are
 small4 ,_m ( ! old] /ock h no *ildr54  
,families :i* h reta9$ ! title ( _! l& =
 eight g5]ations are los+ _! hold ^u !  
soil1 by ! fact t !y h none to inh]it   
aft] !m4  ,ano!r cause ( ?is            
exploitation ( l& is ! increas+ numb] ( 
small f>ms 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,?is means t
 9 c]ta9 sections ! f>m+ population has 
a new elem5t1 = ! hold]s ( ^! small f>ms
 are _m ( !m new to ! community4  ,!    
process1 :i* is made cle> by ! c5sus (  
#aiaj1 is ?is4 ,! e>li] retirem5t f !   
f>ms 0 by sale1 ! f>m] tak+ money in/ead
 ( l&4 ,! second /age ( retirem5t f !   
f>m 0 ?r\gh abs5tee l&lordism & ! plac+ 
( t5ants on ! f>m4 ,?is process has come
 to an end 9 _m sections ( ! ,middle    
,we/1 ) ! return ( ! sons ( ! l&lord to 
! family acres 9 ! c\ntry1 s t !re is a 
sort ( rhy?m 9 ! fl[ ( population f !   
c\ntry into ! t[n & backw>d to ! l&4 ,9 
?is process !re is no invasion by new p1
 except ! tempor>y resid5ce ( ! t5ant   

f>m] 9 ! c\ntry1 & "s ( ^! h 9 ! process
 ga9$ a foot+ by own]%ip ( l&4 ,b ?is   
ebb & fl[ ( population out ( ! c\ntry   
community & back aga9 has weak5$ & /ra9$
 ! c\ntry *ur* & s*ool & has n yet begun
 to /r5g!n !m4 ,!re is e evid5ce t ) a  
pleasant & agreeable c\ntry life !      
c\ntry community c reta9 ! be/ elem5ts (
 ?is population1 :i* comes & goes4 ,!   
c\ntry *ur* & s*ool ought to take       
measures to reta9 ! be/ ( ! c\ntry      
population ?r\gh ^! *anges4  ,?r\gh all 
^! causes ! pres5ce ( a l>ge proportion 
( ali5s 9 ! community :o are ,am]ican   
born1 b locally unatta*$ by bir? or     
own]%ip1 has effect$ great *anges 9 !   
c\ntry *ur*1 & o!r community            
in/itutions4 ,! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 :i*   
has a t5ant f>m] population ( m ?an #ej 
p] c5t 9 its ri*e/ sections1 has suff]$ 
sev]ely ?r\gh ! loss ( _m c\ntry *ur*es4
 ,!re is no precise measure ( ?is loss1 
b a sociological survey rec5tly made 9  
,ill9ois indicates t 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s 
m ?an fifte5 hundr$ c\ntry *ur*es h be5 

ab&on$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be   
accept$ z approximate1 b ! numb] is     
likely to be great] r ?an less4 ,?is    
ab&onm5t ( c\ntry *ur*es has come 9 !   
same p]iod 9 :i* ! proportion ( t5ant   
f>m]s has greatly increas$4 ,ref]5ce is 
made else:]e to a simil> condition 9 !  
,/ate ( ,delaw>e1 9 :i* ! *ur*es ( ! old
 l&-own]s h be5 ab&on$ & replac$ at     
heavy exp5se ) poor] *ur*es built by !  
incom+ t5ant f>m]s4  ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates ?is process has 9 "s measure    
affect$ ! c\ntry4 ,x does n mu* matt]   
:e!r ! proportion ( t5ants is increas+  
or decreas+1 ! pres5t effect is "o (    
in/ability4 ,9 ,new ,engl& :]e 9 ! pa/  
t5 ye>s t5antry has be5 dim9i%$ t5 p]   
c5t1 ! c\ntry *ur*es are weak5$ z       
else:]e4 ,! *ur*es h n yet _h "t to     
recov] :ile ! population is 9 a /ate (  
*ange4  ,! old ord] 9 ! c\ntry is       
crumbl+4 ,! *ur* is an expression (     
/ability4 ,! p on :om ! *ur* always     
dep5ds = its audi5ces1 its en?usiasm &  
its l>ge/ accessions1 are m>g9al p1     

work+ m51 adolesc5t y\?s & ^? :o are    
com+ to a position 9 ! community4 ,!    
exodus ( ^! f ! c\ntry community1 or !  
incom+ ( p]sons 9 ^! classes into !     
c\ntry community1 has be5 unfavorable to
 ! c\ntry *ur* at ! pres5t "t4  ,x may  
be said at ?is po9t t a /ate (          
transition is = ! "t be+ unfavorable to 
e?ical & moral gr[?4 ,moral conditions  
are su/a9$ by cu/om1 & :]e cu/oms are 9 
*ange1 moral /&>ds mu/ !mselves be 9    
transition4 ,! c\ntry community is moral
 s f> z adh]+ to ! /&>ds ( ! pa/ is     
conc]n$4 ,b ! population !mselves :o h  
to d ) ! c\ntry are und]go+ extraord9>y 
moral *ange1 ) incid5tal loss1 & _m ( ! 
problems ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole are 
made m acute by ! wa/e ( ! c\ntry       
community4 ,among ^! %\ld be cit$ !     
amusem5t "q 9 ! small t[n1 ! decad5ce ( 
! !atre 9 ! *eap] vaudeville1 ! :ite    
slave traffic & ! social disord]s       
peculi> to unskill$ labor]s1 _m ( :om   
come f c\ntry communities ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates & ,europe4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$1  

too1 t ! rural free deliv]y & !         
telephone h ent]$ ! c\ntry community 9 !
 pa/ tw5ty ye>s & _! effect has n yet   
be5 record$4 ,x has probably be5 9 !    
direction ( *ill+ in/ead ( w>m+ ! social
 life ( ! c\ntry4 ,! old acqua9tance & !
 intimate social relations ( ! c\ntry   
community h n be5 help$ by ! telephone3 
& along ) ! pres5ce ( ali5s 9 !         
community1 "o-f\r? or "o-half or        
?ree-f\r?s ( ! population1 ! telephone  
has _h ! effect ( l[]+ ! /&>ds (        
intimacy & sep>at+ ! h\seholds 9 !      
c\ntry "o f ano!r4 ,! rural free deliv]y
 has put c\ntry p into ! g5]al _w       
economy & = ! "t be+ has loos5$ ! bonds 
( community life4  ,9 ^? /ates 9 :i* !  
trolley sy/em has be5 ext5d$ into !     
c\ntry1 = in/ance ,ohio & ,indiana1 !   
process ( weak5+ ! c\ntry population has
 be5 ha/5$4 ,sunday becomes = c\ntry p a
 day ( visit+ ! t[n & 9 great numb]s !y 
ga!r at ! int]-urban /ations4 ,! city & 
t[n on ,sunday is fill$ ) c>eless1      
hurry+ gr\ps ( visitors1 sight-se]s &   

call]s1 :o h no su* fix$ int]e/ z t to  
be express$ 9 *ur*-go+ or 9 sub/antial  
social processes4 ,= ! "t be+ int]-urban
 trolley l9es h dissipat$ ! life ( !    
c\ntry communities4  ,! duty ( ! *ur* 9 
! c\ntry "u ^! conditions c be          
accompli%$ only "u a wid5$ horizon4 ,!  
m9i/] & ! lead]s ( ! *ur* mu/ lift up _!
 eyes4 ,!y ne$ n be disc\rag$ if = ! "t 
be+ !y accompli% little1 = ! p]iod (    
exploitation mu/ come to an end normally
 ) ! exhau/ion ( its =ces1 be=e ! bett] 
day c come4 ,b ?is p]iod is "o (        
enl>gem5t4 ,! units ( social life w be  
spac$ f>!r ap>t4 ,! c\ntry community w  
advance z soldi]s say1 9 op5 ord]4 ,?is 
is true = ! family life1 9 :i* ! fa!r1 !
 "m & ! *ildr5 h great] fre$om f "o     
ano!r2 z well z 9 ! community1 9 :i*    
neighbors become less intimately dep5d5t
 on "o ano!r4 ,! *ur* mu/ !re=e prea* ! 
_w idea4 ,at ?is "t ( transition !      
c\ntry *ur* %\ld und]take its =eign     
mission>y s]vice4 ,! great causes ( !   
,k+dom :i* are _w-wide %\ld be pres5t$  

to c\ntry p :5 !y are lift+ up _! eyes f
 local conf9es to look at ! _w & ! city 
& ! nation4 ,z ! daily pap] comes into !
 f>m]'s h\sehold ! f>m]'s *ur* %\ld     
int]pret ! hi/ory ( ! "t 9 mission>y    
t]ms4 ,! lit]ature ( ! great mission>y  
ag5cies %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 ! f>m       
h\sehold4 ,:]ev] ! catalogue ( ! big    
/ore 9 ,*icago or ,new ,york is f\nd on 
! c5t] table1 beside x %\ld be plac$ a  
mod]n book expressive ( mission>y       
evangelism4 ,z ! m9d ( ! c\ntryman      
develops to compreh5d ! _w 9 8 daily    
?\ght "u ! impetus ( a daily newspap]1 8
 consci5ce & 8 religi\s exp]i5ce %\ld be
 exp&$ correspond+ly4  ,9 a "t (        
exploitation ( l& ! c\ntry *ur* %\ld    
reg5]ate its f9ancial sy/em4 ,! sy/em ( 
b>t] passes away 9 ! day ( speculation 9
 f>m l&2 & ! c\ntry *ur* :i* c f9d means
 to endure ! p]iod ( exploitation mu/   
put its f9ancial sy/em on a new basis4  
,! t5ant f>m] is crudely /riv+ ?r\gh    
problems ( sci5tific agriculture4 ,he   
may1 inde$1 be a soil robb]1 b by 8 wa/e

 ( economic values he & o!r m5 are le>n+
 to cons]ve4 ,! f9ancial sy/em ( ! *ur* 
%\ld be plac$ at ?is "t on a basis (    
weekly contribution1 = ) ! t5ant f>m]   
comes sy/em1 ca% paym5ts1 regul>        
comm]cial processes4 ,! bus9ess         
adm9i/ration ( ! *ur* mu/ be made to    
correspond4  ,! c\ntry m9i/] &          
s*ooltea*] mu/ !re=e become prophets ( !
 intellect & ( ! _s1 9 ! new ord]4 ,if  
!y _c m9i/] to ! new intellig5ce ( !    
f>m] & 8 *ildr51 _! in/itutions w       
necess>ily decay4 ,! f>m] :o succe$s 9 !
 new social economy ( ! c\ntry w n      
endure old s]mons :i* 7 appropriate 9 8 
fa!r's "t4 ,! emphasis mu/ n be plac$ on
 tradition1 b ^u inductive /udy4 ,!     
prea*] mu/ n fe$ ! p on special         
in/ances1 b ^u repres5tative cases4 ,!  
intellig5ce ( ! new type ( f>m] w n be  
satisfi$ ) s5sations & ) ! unusual2 b he
 dem&s to be tra9$ 9 /&>ds ( ! new day1 
:5 sci5ce1 sy/em1 organization & _w     
economy are mak+ _! dem&s on him & 8 v  
s\l is conc]n$ 9 8 response to ^? dem&s4

  ,! task ( deal+ ) newcom]s 9 ! c\ntry 
community is educational1 f9ancial &    
recreative4 ,"o %\ld add t x is also    
evangeli/ic1 b ,i h 9 m9d ! possibility 
t ^! newcom]s may be ,ca?olics ) :om    
,prote/ant evangelism w n be successful4
 ,x is possible also t !y w be ( ano!r  
,prote/ant sect f t ( ! read] ( ?is     
*apt]1 s t to evangelize !m w\ld mean   
proselyt+4 ,! writ] believes v he>tily 9
 rural evangelism4 ,x is an ess5tial    
process 9 build+ ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,^!     
*apt]s are devot$ prim>ily to ! build+ (
 ! c\ntry community & 9 t process !     
secur+ ( memb]s = ! c\ntry *ur* is      
prelim9>y only4 ,leav+1 !re=e1 ! "q (   
rural evangelism = treatm5t 9 ano!r     
place1 let u take up ! educational      
treatm5t ( ! newcom] 9 ! c\ntry         
community4  ,! prop] ma*9]y = ?is       
education is ! common s*ool & ! ,sunday 
s*ool4 ,z ! common s*ool is treat$      
else:]e1 ! use ( ! ,sunday s*ool 9      
organiz+ ! rural population belongs "h4 
,few *ur*es realize ! p[] & value (     

,sunday-s*ool tra9+4 ,i am insi/+ t !   
life ( c\ntry p is religi\s4 ,! use ( ! 
,sunday s*ool is to tra9 ! "y ( !       
community 9 religion4 ,all c\ntry p     
accept ! ,bible z a holy book4 ,!y all  
believe 9 ! education ( _! *ildr5 & 9   
mu* great] numb]s ?an !y w respond = a  
*ur* s]vice _! *ildr5 w respond to ! "w 
( religi\s culture on ,sunday at ! *ur*4
 ,! ,sunday-s*ool organization is       
int]d5om9ational4 ,its lessons & its    
me?ods are a common h]itage ( ! *ur*es  
at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ma*9]y is p]fect1 b !
 ,sunday-s*ool lead]s lack vision & !y  
lack ! progressive _s4 ,if only ! tea*]s
 & m9i/]s realiz$ ! value ( ! ,sunday   
s*ool & its acceptance ) ! p1 !re w\ld  
be ne$$ no o!r ma*9]y = build+ ! c\ntry 
community4  ,! ,sunday-s*ool %\ld be a  
close p>allel to ! day s*ool4 ,if ! day 
s*ool 9 ! community has any progressive 
features1 ! ,sunday s*ool %\ld use ^! & 
improve !m4 ,betwe5 ! two !re %\ld exi/ 
! close/ sympa?y1 n =mal or def9itely   
organiz$1 b actual & express$ 9 p>allel 

l9es ( "w4 ,:]e ! day s*ool is grad$1 ! 
,sunday s*ool %\ld accept ! same grad+1 
/rongly organiz+ all its classes4 ,!    
pupils 9 ! ,sunday s*ool %\ld pass by   
successive promotions f tea*] to tea*] &
 f grade to grade4  ,if ! day s*ool 9 ! 
c\ntry is unprogressive & is taught by a
 succession ( indiff]5t p]sons1 !       
,sunday s*ool %\ld practise "u !        
guidance ( religi\s lead]s ^? pr9ciples 
( mod]n p$agogy :i* %\ld be us$ 9 !     
common s*ools4 ,grad$ lessons1 !        
organization ( mat]ial & progressive    
developm5t ( religi\s tru? f ! simpl] to
 ! m complex1 %\ld f9d _! place 9 e     
,sunday s*ool4 ,! opportunity = s]vice  
to ! :ole community ?us (f]$ ?r\gh !    
,sunday s*ool is excell$ by none 9 !    
c\ntry community4  ,! upp] classes ( !  
,sunday s*ool %\ld be organiz$4 ,"y m5 &
 wom5 especially1 :o are 9 dang] ( f9d+ 
! ,sunday s*ool irksome because _!      
intellig5ce has pass$ beyond its        
control1 %\ld be organiz$ 9 classes :i* 
on week days h a club or society "*4 ,! 

,sunday s*ool %\ld use z an ally _!     
t5d5cy to organization & %\ld satisfy _!
 social ne$s by giv+ !m regul> & approv$
 opportunities = meet+ & = pleasure4    
,ano!r pr9ciple :i* ! ,sunday s*ool c   
practise = ! b5efit ( ! community is !  
c5tralization ( religi\s tea*+4 ,ev5 if 
! common s*ools are n c5traliz$1 !      
*ildr5 = ! ,sunday s*ool %\ld be br\ght 
to ! *ur* f outly+ regions 9 hir$ wagons
 e week4 ,x is bett] t a l>ge ,sunday   
s*ool be ma9ta9$ "u effici5t lead]%ip   
?an t a numb] ( small s*ools ) indiff]5t
 tea*]s %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 v>i\s s*ool   
di/ricts4 ,! l>g] body c h bett]        
lead]%ip4 ,x is m closely "u !          
sup]vision ( ! m9i/]1 :o is g5]ally !   
sup]ior 9 education ( ! laym51 & !      
social value ( ! meet+s ( ! ,sunday     
s*ool w be great] 9 ! l>g] body4 ,all ! 
argum5ts :i* make = ! c5tralization ( ! 
day s*ool h =ce = ! consolidation (     
,sunday s*ools 9 "o l>ge s*ool4  ,!     
,sunday s*ool (f]s a basis = *ur*       
f$]ation4 ,9 ! community x is frequ5tly 

possible = ,sunday s*ools to be unit$ & 
= ! advantages ( ?is common tea*+ to be 
made ev5 great] because all ! *ildr5 ( !
 v>i\s *ur*es are 9 "o body4 ,! be/     
lead]%ip & ! be/ tea*]s are ?us secur$ &
 ! community _s is cultivat$ ?r\gh ! "y 
p & m loosely atta*$ memb]s ( !         
community4  ,! old] classes ( ! ,sunday 
s*ool on a basis ( /udy ( ! ,bible %\ld 
be organiz$ = practical ends4 ,! adult  
,bible class c be made to h all !       
influ5ce ( ! grange 9 ! c\ntry          
community4 ,! fa!rs & mo!rs ( !         
community may meet ?r\gh\t ! week       
socially4 ,!y may und]take toge!r ! /udy
 ( ! economic life ( ! community4       
,lectur]s f ! agricultural college1     
repres5tatives ( ! ,play ,gr\nd         
,movem5t1 ( ! c\nty "w ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4  
,a41 ( hi/orical societies int]e/$ 9 !  
community's pa/ & o!r repres5tatives (  
national movem5ts1 may be welcom$ & he>d
 by ?is organiz$ class1 ! basis ( :i* is
 religi\s education4  ,:at ,i am urg+   
may be accompli%$ by any *ur* 9 "s      

measure1 h[ev] divid$ ! community may   
be4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! individual *ur* 
:i* has a vision ( ! community z a :ole 
to act z if x 7 a f$]ation ( *ur*es4    
,frequ5tly m9i/]s are 9 favor ( *ur*    
f$]ation1 z if t process 7 an end 9     
itself4 ,! writ] believes t ! individual
 *ur* c accompli% ! ends ( f$]ation if !
 union ( *ur*es c d s4 ,! be/ means =   
effect+ f$]ation ( *ur*es is to practise
 ! program ( f$]ation until x %all come 
ab\t4  ,! community made up 9 a degree (
 new families & ! community 9 :i* !     
newcom]s are "y m5 & wom51 *ildr5 ( !   
resid5ts1 are b\nd to educate ^! invad]s
 ( ! community1 :e!r !y come f )\t or   
:e!r !y come by bir?right memb]%ip1 9 ! 
_s ( b5evol5ce4 ,! giv+ ( money to      
public uses is "o ( ! *]i%$ social =ces 
( our "t4 ,! c\ntry community is j ent]+
 into ! day ( ca%4 ,! p]iod ( b>t] is   
ov]4 ,! f>m] !re=e ne$s 9 8 e?ical & 8  
religi\s tra9+1 to h def9ite culture z a
 philan?ropi/4 ,! future ( ! f>m-h& 9   
,am]ica is /ill v hopeful4 ,! t5ant f>m]

 expects to be an own]4 ,! f>m]'s son   
believes himself to h a future4 ,^!     
hopes f e>lie/ ye>s %\ld be discipl9$ by
 ! practise ( giv+4 ,= ?is end ! *ur* is
 a r>ely well fitt$ means4 ,! f9ancial  
sy/em ( ! *ur* mu/ be made democratic4  
,! cu/om ( r5t+ pews belong$ 9 ! l&-f>m]
 p]iod4 ,! writ] does n sugge/ t x be   
aboli%$ because x c (t5 s]ve a m        
democratic purpose 9 its mature =ms "u  
c>eful sup]vision ?an any sub/itute1 b x
 is all important t ! c\ntry *ur* be a  
tra9+-s*ool 9 ! consecration ( money to 
! uses ( ! community & ( ! k+dom ( ,god4
  ,= ! av]age c\ntryman ! k+dom ( ,god  
%\ld be embodi$ 9 ! c\ntry community4   
,?is is n to say t 8 vision %\ld be     
n>r[4 ,on ! contr>y 8 vision is (t5 ( ! 
spread-eagle sort4 ,he ov]looks !       
opportunities = b5evol5ce :i* are ne> at
 h&4 ,he believes 9 =eign missions      
sometimes1 & contributes impulsively to 
! support ( m5 9 ,*9a :o are paid a     
bett] sal>y ?an ! pa/or 9 8 own         
community4 ,he applauds ! gifts (       

millionaires & ( city p g5]ally to      
hospitals1 b he ignores ! ravages (     
disease 9 8 own community4 ,! div9e     
imp]ative is t ! c\ntry community be    
fir/ organiz$1 by ^? :o live !re1 =     
local well-be+4 ,= ?is1 contributions ( 
money are necess>y & !y mu/ be made by  
all 9 ! community4  ,! "q has be5 rais$ 
frequ5tly :e!r an end[m5t is n necess>y 
= ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,! writ] began 8 m9i/ry
 9 a c\ntry *ur* :i* 0 g5]\sly end[$4   
,he /ill believes 9 ! value ( end[m5t = 
"s c\ntry communities4 ,ex-,presid5t    
,eliot ( ,h>v>d rec5tly comm5d$ !       
pr9ciple ( end[m5t to ! ,new ,engl&     
,c\ntry ,*ur* ,association1 z a solution
 ( ! rural problem4 ,presid5t           
,butt]field ( ,massa*usetts             
,agricultural ,college has emphasiz$ !  
same pr9ciple4 ,x is q likely t 9 !     
,ea/]n ,/ates :]e ! c\ntry community has
 be5 deplet$ by ! dep>ture ( an         
extraord9>y numb] ( families &          
individuals1 an end[m5t w\ld be ( value 
= ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,"o mu/ n hold to a    

!oretic opposition to su* a me?od4 ,!   
important ?+ is to provide a tra9$ pa/or
 = ! c\ntry community4 ,9 ^! ,ea/]n     
communities a l>g] proportion ( ! =m]   
memb]s ( ! community h prosp]$ ?an 9    
,we/]n communities4 ,_m ( !m are v ri*4 
,9 ^! cases x is b natural t an end[$   
*ur* 9 ! c\ntry community express !     
m9i/ry ( ! m prosp]\s citiz5 to 8 poor] 
bre?r51 b ev]ybody kn[s t ^! deplet$    
communities--,i w n say ^! excessive    
=tunes--are among ! mo/ lam5table       
factors 9 ,am]ican life4  ,! end[m5t ( !
 *ur*1 h[ev]1 is a v poor apology = a   
bad situation4 ,x has b limit$ use1 & ! 
creation ( a l>ge fund to be us$ 9 !    
c\ntry community necessitates c>eful    
sup]vision by m5 ( su* bus9ess ability z
 are n usually f\nd 9 a c\ntry          
community4 ,to rem$y su* conditions z ^?
 ) :i* ,presid5t ,eliot & ,presid5t     
,butt]field are mo/ famili> is a        
specific problem4 ,x is n ! g5]al       
situation ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!   
purpose ( ^! *apt]s is to make pla9 !   

way by :i* ! av]age ,am]ican community  
may escape depletion1 may reta9 !       
lead]%ip ( its be/ m9ds & may prosp] 9 a
 democratic way4 ,i am int]e/$ m 9 tra9+
 ! c\ntry population = ! future ?an 9   
m5d+ ! mi/akes ( ! pa/4 ,b ,i believe t 
= deplet$ c\ntry communities 9 ,new     
,engl&1 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania an    
end[m5t ( ! c\ntry *ur* w\ld 9 _m       
in/ances be effective3 & = !m alone4    
,let ! c\ntry *ur* und]take its f9ancial
 problem 9 a bus9ess-l way4 ,at ! beg9n+
 ( ! ye> make a budget ( all ! monies   
ne$$ = ! ye>'s "w4 ,face ! issues ( !   
ye> frankly4 ,pay to ! m9i/] & to o!r   
employees ( ! *ur* a suffici5t am\nt to 
provide !m ) ne$ful ?+s ?r\gh\t ! ye>4  
,a liv+ wage is n en\gh4 ,! m9i/]       
especially ne$s a work+ sal>y4 ,) little
 v>iation ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z a :ole !   
m9i/] 9 ! rural community %\ld h 9 ord] 
to m9i/] to 8 p1 to educate 8 *ildr5 &  
to look =w>d )\t fe> to old age1 twelve 
to f\rte5 hundr$ doll>s a ye> & a h\se4 
,_m c\ntry communities h a m exp5sive   

/&>d1 & !re are a few 9 :i* less is     
requir$4 ,b 9 ,s\!rn ,/ates & 9 ,we/]n  
communities ,i h f\nd ! conditions1     
creat$ by ! prices :i* prevail ?r\gh\t !
 c\ntry z a :ole1 at ?is /&>d4  ,:5 !   
budget ( ! ye> is prep>$1 includ+       
mission>y & b5evol5t gifts1 x %\ld be   
di/ribut$ by ! (fic]s ?r\gh consultation
 ) all ! memb]s ( ! *ur*1 "y & old1 ri* 
& poor1 9 su* way z to secure a gift f e
 "o & to meet ! obligations ( ! *ur* z a
 :ole4 ,= ! moral values ( ! situation !
 small gift ( ! poor & ( ! *ild are ev5 
m important ?an ! l>ge gift ( !         
well-to-d4 ,= ! secur+ ( ^! gifts !     
envelope sy/em1 especially ! s-call$    
duplex envelope1 is ! be/ means :i* c be
 g5]ally us$ by *ur*es4 ,x is a me?od   
flexible en\gh to rea* e memb] & x      
repres5ts 9 its duplex =m ! d\ble motive
 ( giv+ to ! community itself & to ^?   
l>g] national & mission>y ent]prises to 
:i* ! c\ntry %\ld contribute4  ,! ?ird  
me?od ( develop+ ! c\ntry community is  
recreative4 ,i m5tion x "h = complet5ess

 ( /atem5t4 ,ano!r *apt] is devot$ to   
recreation 9 ! c\ntry community4 ,!     
amusem5ts & recreations ( ! c\ntry      
community are imm]s$ 9 moral issues4 ,! 
e?ical life ( ! community is ! atmosph]e
 9 :i* social pleasure is tak54 ,!re=e !
 recreations ( ! community are to be    
provid$ & sup]vis$ by ^? :o w\ld        
und]take to create a :olesome community 
life4 ,a maximum ( provision & a m9imum 
( sup]vision are requir$4 ,c\ntry life  
is devoid ( means = recreation4 ,"s "o  
mu/ provide x4 ,usually x is ei!r       
neglect$ altoge!r1 & ! result is        
dullness & monotony2 or x is provid$ = a
 price1 & ! result is an organiz$ c5t] (
 immorality4 ,recreation requires b     
little sup]vision4 ,! pres5ce ( old]    
p]sons1 & ^? ( a humane fri5dly _s1 is  
usually necess>y to ! games4 ,^! are    
bas$ on honor & ) a few simple pr9ciples
 ! "y p & work+ p ( ! community w       
organize _! own play & f9d !re9 a great 
b5efit4  ,to summ>ize ?is *apt]1 ! acute
 problem 9 _m communities today is !    

m]g+ ( ! life ( newcom]s 9 ! community  
into ! organiz$ social life :i* is old] 
& m settl$4 ,?is task belongs above all 
to ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,_m ( ! detail$       
applications are = ! s*ool to foll[ out1
 b ! bus9ess ( ! *ur* is to see & to    
inspire4 ,if ! *ur* is n democratic1 !  
community w be hopelessly divid$4 ,if ! 
*ur* welcomes ! newcom] & f9ds him a    
place1 ! community w be inspir$ ) a     
democratic _s4 ,! task ( ! *ur* is      
indicat$ 9 ! new prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry   
:i* t5ds f ! fir/ to remove f !         
community ^? :o prosp]4 ,! *ur*'s       
bus9ess is to w9 to ! community all :o  
come into x & to release f its hold z   
few z possible4  ,9 a discussion (      
c\ntry life 9 a ,t5nessee college t[n ! 
"q 0 ask$ ( a pr(essor ( agriculture :o 
0 speak+ ab\t f>m t5antry1 ,:at %\ld !  
*ur* d = ! t5ant f>m]8 ,borr[ money =   
him & help him to buy l&1 said !        
pr(essor4  ,su* a solution might be !   
*ur*'s task1 b ! example ( ,engl&'s     
policy = ,irel& %[s t ! pr(essor comm5d$

 a gov]nm5tal r ?an a religi\s s]vice4  
,= x is f\nd t ! ,iri% f>m]--a t5ant on 
l& :]eon 8 ance/ors h = c5turies be5    
t5ants--:5 he secures ! l& 9 fee ?r\gh !
 new policies ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1    
frequ5tly des]ts ! c\ntry community1    
sell+ 8 l& to a neighbor4 ,"s sections (
 ,irel& are said to h a new k9d ( small 
t5antry & a new sort ( small l&lord4 ,! 
task ( ! c\ntry community beg9s :]e !   
task ( gov]nm5t leaves (f4 ,x is to     
inspire ! resid5t 9 ! c\ntry ) a vision1
 & to lay ^u him ! imp]ative1 ( build+  
up ! c\ntry community out ( ! newcom]s1 
:o ent] x by bir? or by migration4      
,,footnote3  ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,agr>ian 
,*anges 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 by ,j4 ,b4    
,ross4     ,x  ,,co-,,op]ation   ,9     
contra/ to o!r classes ( ! population   
c\ntry p h a m>k$ pref]5ce = individual 
action & an av]sion to co-op]ative ef=t4
 ,! causes ( ?is are hi/orical4 ,9 g5]al
 ^! causes are ( ! pa/ & !y are n a     
matt] ( p]suasion4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] has 
n co-op]at$ 9 ! pa/ because3 fir/1 !    

necessities ( 8 life made him indep5d5t 
& impati5t ( ! sacrifices necess>y 9    
co-op]at+ ) 8 fell[s4 ,we h /ill _m     
influ5ces ( ! pione] 9 mod]n life4 ,s   
long z agriculture is solit>y "w & its  
processes take a man away f 8 fell[s1   
co-op]ation w be ret>d$4 ,s long z !    
c\ntryman has to practise a v>iety (    
trades1 he w be emotional1 & ! social   
life ( ! c\ntry w be brok5 up by feuds1 
divisions1 sep>ations & cont9u$         
misund]/&+s4 ,no m]e education z to     
alleg$ "r & wrong c pla/] ov] ! old     
economy ) new e?ical /&>ds4 ,until !    
lonel9ess & ! emotion are tak5 out (    
f>m+ c\ntry p _c co-op]ate4  ,a good "p 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is /ill 9 ! l& f>m]   
p]iod4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! l& f>m] is 8   
cultivation ( gr\p life4 ,! hi/orical   
process by :i* ?is gr\p life is brok5 up
 is exploitation4 ,f>m]s ^: l&s h n be5 
exploit$ & ^: gr\p life has n suff]$ !  
und]m9+ influ5ce ( exploitation w n     
normally co-op]ate4 ,i am conv9c$ t 9   
mo/ f>m+ t]ritories ! loyalty ( !       

c\ntryman to 8 gr\p is ! second reason =
 8 refusal to co-op]ate4 ,aga91 ?is     
refusal ( 8 is n subject to p]suasion4  
,he is obey+ an economic condition :i*  
%apes 8 life & controls 8 action4 ,/rik+
 in/ances are furni%$ 9 _m regions ( !  
amaz+ disloyalty ( f>m]s to "o ano!r1 & 
to _! own pl$g$ ^w4 ,^! are to be       
expla9$ by ! type to :i* ! f>m] 9 ^!    
sections con=ms4 ,we mu/ n expect ! l&  
f>m] to obey ! e?ical /&>ds ( !         
husb&man4  ,a good in/ance ( ?is        
con=mity to type 0 furni%$ 9 ! case (   
meet+s held 9 ,l\isiana & ,we/]n        
,mississippi among ! f>m]s :o raise     
cotton4 ,! occasion ( ! meet+s 0 !      
approa* ( ! boll weevil to _! di/ricts4 
,! att5dance ^u ! meet+s 0 l>ge1 inde$  
univ]sal4 ,! situation 0 cle>ly und]/ood
 & ! speak]s secur$ f ! f>m]s pres5t a  
promise q unanim\s to refra9 f cultivat+
 cotton = a ye>4 ,! purpose ( ?is 0 to  
meet ! boll weevil ) a t]ritory 9 :i* he
 w\ld f9d no food4 ,?us 8 m>* ea/w>d    
across ! cotton field w\ld be arre/$4   

,! f>m]s hav+ made _! promise & agre$   
he>tily 9 ! proposal1 adj\rn$4 ,weeks & 
mon?s pass$ & ! "t approa*$ = plant+    
cotton4 ,f>m] aft] f>m]1 :o _h att5d$ ^!
 meet+s & giv5 8 promise1 privately     
decid$ t he w\ld plant a cotton crop &  
secretly expect$ t he w\ld secure a l>g]
 price t ye> because s _m ( 8 neighbors 
7 to raise o!r crops4 ,:5 ! full season 
= plant+ cotton _h come x 0 discov]$ t s
 _m f>m]s _h plant$ cotton t ! plan (   
co-op]ation 0 a failure1 & ! :ole       
di/rict w5t back to cotton1 ) full      
prospect ( assi/+ ! boll weevil 9 8     
c\rse t[>d ! ,ea/4 ,! reasons = ?is     
action lie 9 ! type ( f>m] :o ?us f\nd x
 impossible to co-op]ate4 ,ea* ( ^!     
f>m]s reg>d$ above all o!r ?+s ! success
 ( 8 own f>m & 8 own family gr\p4 ,9    
contra/ to ?is int]e/ no o!r claim1 no  
exhortation & n ev5 8 ^w giv5 9 public  
_h any la/+ influ5ce ^u 8 action4  ,!   
?ird elem5t 9 ! inability ( c\ntry p to 
co-op]ate is ! ideal ( level democratic 
equality :i* prevails 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:]e  

univ]sal l&-own]%ip has be5 ! rule e    
c\ntryman ?9ks himself z good z anybody 
else4 ,s long z ?is ideal prevails1 t   
subjection ( himself to ano!r1 & !      
controll+ ( 8 action by ! int]e/s ( !   
community1 are impossible4 ,! f>m] _c   
co-op]ate :5 he ?9ks ( social life 9    
t]ms ( pure democracy4 ,!re mu/ be a    
l>ge s5se ( team "w1 a loyal & in/9ctive
 ob$i5ce to lead]s1 a devot$ _s :i*     
looks = hone/ lead]%ip1 be=e !re c be   
co-op]ation4 ,^! ?+s come n by          
p]suasion1 b by exp]i5ce4 ,co-op]ation  
is ! act ( a mature p4 ,n until c\ntry p
 h pass$ ?r\gh e>li] /ages & disc>d$    
e>li] ideals c ! prea*] & ! organiz] & !
 tea*] successfully inculcate a _s (    
co-op]ation4  ,c\ntry *ur*es are highly 
repres5tative 9 _! pres5t divid$        
condition4 ,?is multiplication ( *ur*es 
9 ! c\ntry is lam5table *iefly because x
 regi/]s ! divid$ /ate ( c\ntry life4 ,x
 is true t divid$ *ur*es are religi\sly 
ineffici5t1 b x is va/ly m important t  
divid$ *ur*es are embodim5ts ( :at "o   

c\ntry m9i/] calls ! tub]culosis ( !    
,am]ican f>m]1 individualism4  ,x 0     
natural = ! pione] to desire a religion 
9 t]ms ( a message ( p]sonal salvation4 
,p]sonality 9 8 lonely life 0 ! noble/1 
inde$ ! only =m ( humanity kn[n to him1 
!re=e ! h]ald 0 8 m9i/] & emotion 0 8   
religion4 ,x is v natural = ! l& f>m] to
 organize religion 9 t]ms ( gr\p life4  
,8 *ur*es 7 only h&maids ( 8 h\sehold4  
,!y _h b ! beg9n+s ( social             
organization4 ,!y taught ! e?ics ( home 
life1 ( ! sep>ate f>m & ( a l&-own+ p4  
,obvi\sly ! *ur* = ! pione] & = ! l&    
f>m] c\ld be a v weak & indiff]5t       
organization1 b effici5t = ! religi\s   
ne$s ( ^? indep5d5t1 self-reliant types 
( c\ntrym54  ,= ^! reasons 9 all p>ts ( 
! c\ntry ! pitiful /ory is he>d ( divid$
 communities4 ,"o ne$ n recite x "h4 ,x 
usually is ! acc\nt ( ?ree hundr$ or f\r
 hundr$ p ) five or six c\ntry *ur*es4  
,at its wor/ !re is a small community 9 
:i* mission>y ag5cies are support+      
m9i/]s :o d n av]age "o hundr$ possible 

families apiece 9 ! community4 ,!       
condition ( ,c5t] ,hall1 ,p5nsylvania1  
has be5 describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 9 :i*   
!re are )9 a radius ( f\r miles f a giv5
 po9t tw5ty-f\r c\ntry *ur*es4 ,?is     
community repres5ts a condition (       
transition f ! l&-f>m] type to t (      
exploitation4 ,"s ( ^! *ur*es are ! old 
*ur*es ( ! l&-own+ resid5t f>m]s1 b !   
mo/ ( !m are said to be ! new] *ur*es ( 
t5ants :o h come into ! community4 ,our 
pres5t conc]n is to recognize ! relation
 ( ! divid$ *ur*es to ! divid$ social   
life ( ! community4 ,! criticism ( !    
c\ntry community mu/ be made on an      
und]/&+ ( ! /age ( developm5t to :i* t  
community has atta9$4 ,:atev] is plann$ 
= ! upbuild+ ( ! c\ntry community mu/ be
 plann$ 9 h>mony ) ! well-kn[n facts (  
rural developm5t4  ,bus9ess life        
introduces into ! community a new /&>d (
 values4 ,ca% & cr$it take ! place (    
b>t]4 ,! ex*ange 9 k9d on :i* orig9ally 
! community dep5d$ comes to an end4     
,bus9ess life v %ortly induces          

comb9ation4 ,! :ole ( mod]n bus9ess     
pres5ts a spectacle ( univ]sal          
comb9ation & co-op]ation4 ,! f>m] :o is 
mo/ cons]vative is surr\nd$ on all sides
 by ! aggressive =ces ( bus9ess4 ,comb9$
 9 _! own int]e/ !y compete ) him on    
unequal t]ms4 ,he /&s alone & !y /&     
comb9$4  ,am]icans are look+ ) gr[+     
int]e/ on ! exp]i5ce ( ,d5m>k :]e a     
multitude ( co-op]ative associations    
repres5t ! _s ( ! p4 ,?is _s has be5    
delib]ately cultivat$ 9 ! l& = =ty ye>s4
 ,x is ! univ]sal te/imony ( obs]v]s t !
 prosp]ity ( ,d5m>k is dep5d5t on ^!    
co-op]ative ag5cies & ^u ?is unit$ _s4  
,! exodus f ! c\ntry has be5 arre/$1    
agriculture has be5 made a desirable    
occupation1 pr(itable = ! f>m] & mo/    
probable = ! /ate1 & ! p z a :ole h tak5
 front rank 9 social & economic welf>e4 
,ess5tial to ?is con/ructive p]iod (    
,d5m>k's life is co-op]ation4#cb  ,9    
,sir ,horace ,plunkett's rec5t book1 ,! 
,rural ,life ,problem 9 ,! ,unit$       
,/ates1 he develops ?is pr9ciple cle>ly4

 ,he says t 9 ! organization ( c\ntry   
life 9 ,irel& x 0 necess>y to g into ! v
 he>t ( ! p's exp]i5ce & organize _!    
economic & social processes 9 =ms (     
co-op]ation4  ,:5 f>m]s comb9e1 x is a  
comb9ation n ( money only1 b ( p]sonal  
ef=t 9 relation to ! entire bus9ess4 ,9 
a co-op]ative cream]y = example1 ! *ief 
contribution ( a %>ehold] is 9 milk2 9 a
 co-op]ative elevator1 corn2 9 o!r cases
 x may be fruit or vegetables1 or a     
v>iety ( mat]ial ?+s r ?an ca%4 ,b x is1
 mo/ ( all1 a comb9ation ( neighbors )9 
an area small en\gh to all[ ( all !     
memb]s meet+ frequ5tly at ! bus9ess     
c5t]4 ,z ! sy/em develops1 ! local      
associations are f$]at$ = l>g] bus9ess  
transactions1 b ^! are gov]n$ by        
delegates c>efully *os5 by ! memb]s ( ! 
con/itu5t bodies4 ,! object ( su*       
associations is prim>ily1 n to decl>e a 
divid5d1 b r to improve ! conditions ( !
 indu/ry = ! memb]s4  ,x is recogniz$ t 
! poor man's co-op]ation is z important 
z ! ri* man's subscription4 ',"o man1 "o

 vote1' is ! almo/ univ]sal pr9ciple 9  
co-op]ative bodies4  ,! di/9ction betwe5
 ! capitali/ic basis ( jo9t /ock        
organization & ! m human "* ( !         
co-op]ative sy/em is fundam5tally       
important4  ,9 ?is matt] ,i am "h speak+
 f practical exp]i5ce 9 ,irel&4 ,tw5ty  
ye>s ago ! pione]s ( our rural life     
movem5t f\nd x necess>y to conc5trate _!
 ef=ts ^u ! reorganization ( ! f>m]'s   
bus9ess4  #a4 ,we began ) ! dairy+      
indu/ry1 & already half ! export ( ,iri%
 butt] comes f ! co-op]ative societies  
we e/abli%$4  #b4 ,organiz$ bodies (    
f>m]s are le>n+ to pur*ase _!           
agricultural requirem5ts intellig5tly & 
economically4  #c4 ,!y are also beg9n+  
to adopt ! me?ods ( ! organiz$ =eign    
f>m] 9 controll+ ! sale ( _! butt]1 eggs
 & p\ltry 9 ! ,briti% m>kets4  #d4 ,& !y
 n only comb9e 9 agricultural production
 & di/ribution1 b are also mak+ a       
promis+ beg9n+ 9 grappl+ ) ! problem (  
agricultural f9ance4 ,x is 9 ! la/      
portion ( ! ,iri% programme t by f> !   

mo/ int]e/+ /udy ( ! co-op]ative sy/em c
 be made1 on acc\nt ( its success 9 !   
poore/ p>ts ( ! ,isl&4 ,fur!rmore1 !    
attempt to enable ! mo/ emb>rass$       
section ( ! ,iri% peasantry to procure  
work+ capital illu/rates "s features (  
agricultural co-op]ation :i* w h        
sugge/ive value = ,am]ican f>m]s4  ,a   
body ( v poor p]sons1 individually--9 ! 
comm]cial s5se ( ! t]m--insolv5t1 manage
 to create a new basis ( security :i*   
has be5 some:at gr&iloqu5tly & yet      
tru?fully call$ '! capitalization ( _!  
hone/y & indu/ry4' ,! way 9 :i* ?is is  
done is rem>kably +5i\s4 ,! cr$it       
society is organiz$ 9 ! usual democratic
 way expla9$ above1 b its con/itution is
 peculi> 9 "o respect4 ,! memb]s h to   
become jo9tly & sev]ally responsible = !
 debts ( ! association1 :i* borr[s on   
?is unlimit$ liability f ! ord9>y       
comm]cial bank1 or1 9 "s cases1 f       
,gov]nm5t s\rces4 ,aft] ! initial /age1 
:5 ! in/itution becomes firmly e/abli%$1
 x attracts local deposits1 & ?us !     

sav+s ( ! community1 :i* are too (t5    
ho>d$1 are set free to fructify 9 !     
community4 ,! proc$ure by :i* ! money   
borr[$ is l5t to ! memb]s ( !           
association is ! ess5tial feature ( !   
s*eme4 ,! memb] requir+ ! loan mu/ /ate 
:at he is go+ to d ) ! money4 ,he mu/   
satisfy ! committee ( ! association1 :o 
"k ! man & 8 bus9ess1 t ! propos$       
inve/m5t is "o :i* w enable him to repay
 bo? pr9cipal & int]e/4 ,he mu/ ent]    
into a bond ) two sureties = ! repaym5t 
( ! loan1 & ne$less to say ! *>act]s (  
bo? ! borr[] & 8 sureties are v c>efully
 consid]$4 ,! p]iod = :i* ! loan is     
grant$ is arrang$ to meet ! ne$s ( !    
case1 z det]m9$ by ! committee aft] a   
full discussion ) ! borr[]4 ,once ! loan
 has be5 made1 x becomes ! conc]n ( e   
memb] ( ! association to see t x is     
appli$ to ! 'approv$ purpose'--z x is   
te*nically call$4 ,:at is m important is
 t all ! borr[]'s fell[-memb]s become   
int]e/$ 9 8 bus9ess & anxi\s = its      
success4  ,! fact t ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ( 

^! societies are at "w 9 ,irel& & t1    
al?\gh _! transactions are on a v mode/ 
scale1 ! sy/em is /eadily gr[+ bo? 9 !  
numb]s ( its adh]5ts & 9 ! turnov]1--?is
 fact is1 ,i ?9k1 a rem>kable te/imony  
to ! value ( ! co-op]ative sy/em4 ,!    
details ,i h giv5 illu/rate "o important
 di/9ction betwe5 co-op]ation1 :i*      
enables ! f>m] to d 8 bus9ess 9 a way t 
suits him1 & ! urban =m ( comb9ation1   
:i* is unsuit$ to 8 ne$s4  ,!           
traditional economy t c5t]$ 9 ! f>m     
h\sehold 0 indep5d5t4 ,! e?ical /&>ds ( 
c\ntry life recogniz$ b small           
obligations to ^? outside ! h\sehold4   
,f>m]s /ill idealize an individual1 or r
 a gr\p1 success4 ,!y ent]ta9 ! hope t  
_! f>m may raise "s specialty = :i* a   
bett] price %all be ga9$ & by :i* an    
exceptional advantage 9 ! m>ket %all be 
possess$4 ,! conditions ( ! _w economy  
are impos+ ^u ! f>m] ! necessity (      
co-op]ation4  ,! prices ( all ! f>m]s'  
products are fix$ by ! m>g9al goods put 
^u ! m>ket4 ,= in/ance1 ! /&>d milk =   

:i* ! price is paid to dairy f>m]s1 is !
 milk :i* c b>ely secure a pur*as]4 ,!  
poor quality1 relative uncleanness1 & ! 
l[ grade ( ! m>g9al milk dom9ate ! g5]al
 m>ket 9 e city1 & ! f>m] :o produces a 
bett] grade gets no?+ = ! diff]5ce4 ,x  
is true t !re is a special price paid by
 hospitals & a limit$ m>ket may be      
e/abli%$ by special in/itutions1 b we   
are deal+ "h ) g5]al conditions su* z   
affect ! av]age milk f>m] & ! great bulk
 ( ! f>m]s4 ,x is on ^! av]age          
conditions alone t ! c\ntry community c 
dep5d4  ,co-op]ation is ! ess5tial      
measure by :i* ! produc] ( m>g9al goods 
c be influ5c$4 ,to raise ! /&>d ( 8     
product x is necess>y to h a comb9ation 
( produc]s4 ,s long z ! bett] f>m] is   
dep5d5t by economic law ^u ^? prices    
paid = m>g9al goods1 ! only way = !     
bett] f>m] to secure a bett] ga9 is to  
engage 9 co-op]ation :i* %all include ! 
poor] & ! m>g9al f>m]4  ,9 ! ,k5tucky   
c\nties :i* raise ,burley tobacco1 a few
 ye>s ago ! t5ant f>m] 0 an economic    

slave4 ,he sold 8 crop at a price       
dictat$ by a comb9ation ( buy]s4 ,he    
liv$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> on cr$it4 ,8 wife & 8
 *ildr5 7 oblig$ to "w 9 ! field 9      
summ]4 ,he _h no?+ = contribution to    
community in/itutions4 ,inde$1 he v     
frequ5tly end$ ! ye> )\t pay+ 8 debts = 
food & clo?+4  ,! organizations ( ^!    
f>m]s :i* h be5 =m$ 9 rec5t ye>s =      
self-protection h be5 blam$ = "s        
outrage\s de$s4 ,p]sons 9 sympa?y ) ^!  
organizations h burn$ ! b>ns ( f>m]s    
unwill+ to ent] ! comb9ation4 ,!y h     
adm9i/]$ :ipp+s & ?reats "r & left 9 !  
int]e/ ( ! f>m]s' organization4 ,9 _!   
conte/ ) ! buy]s to secure a bett] price
 !y h r$uc$ to a%es "s ( ! w>eh\ses ( ! 
monopoly to :i* !y 7 oblig$ to sell _!  
tobacco4 ,^! public outrages are wor?y (
 condemnation4 ,! writ] believes t !y 7 
n ess5tial to ! process ( co-op]ation by
 :i* ! f>m]s f\ght _! way to bett]      
success1 ?\gh ! effect ( ^! acts is a "p
 ( ! hi/orical process4  ,b ! comb9ation
 ( f>m]s has r$eem$ ! poor]1 ! t5ant    

f>m] & ! small f>m] f economic slav]y4  
,8 repres5tatives n[ fix ! price ( !    
product4 ,!re is "o buy] & "o sell]1    
competition be+ elim9at$2 & ! price at  
:i* ! tobacco is sold is ! f>m]s' price1
 n ! manufactur]'s price4 ,z a result ! 
f>m]s are able to hire help4 ,! wife &  
*ildr5 no long] "w 9 ! field4 ,! bills  
are paid z !y are incurr$1 in/ead (     
cr$it slav]y b9d+ ! f>m] f ye> to ye>4  
,la/ ( all ?is prosp]ity has tak5 =m 9  
bett] roads1 bett] s*ools & bett]       
*ur*es4 ,x rema9s only to be said t     
among ! f>m]s engag+ 9 ?is co-op]ative  
union !re 7 _m prea*]s & pa/ors ( !     
region4 ,!y took a l>ge "p 9 !          
comb9ations ( f>m]s :i* affect$ ?is     
great ga94 ,!y recogniz$ t ! fight ( !  
f>m]s = self-respect & = free exi/5ce 0 
a religi\s /ruggle & t ! *ur* _h a      
common int]e/ 9 ! well be+ ( !          
population to :i* x m9i/]$4  ,ano!r     
in/ance ( co-op]ation is se5 9 ,delaw>e 
& on ! ,ea/]n ,%ore :]e ! soil _h be5   
exhau/$4 ,me?ods ( slav]y days 7        

unfavorable to ! l& & aft] ! ,w> x 0    
long neglect$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s a new type 
( f>m] has come into ?is t]ritory4 ,by  
int5sive cultivation ) sci5tific me?ods1
 he is rais+ small fruits1 b]ries1      
vegetables & o!r products1 = ! ne>by    
m>kets 9 ! great cities4 ,! success ( ^!
 f>m]s has be5 dep5d5t ^u _! produce    
ex*anges4 ,!y h le>n$1 contr>y to !     
traditional belief ( f>m]s1 t !re is a  
great] pr(it = ! individual f>m] 9 rais+
 ! same crop z 8 neighbor1 ?an !re is 9 
an especial crop :i* competes 9 ! m>ket 
= itself4 ,t is to say1 9 %ipp+ a c>load
 ( /rawb]ries ! f>m] gets a bett] price 
:5 ! c> is fill$ ) "o k9d ( b]ry ?an he 
w\ld receive if ! c> 0 made up ( a numb]
 ( sep>ate consignm5ts "u diff]5t names 
& ( diff]5t v>ieties4 ,co-op]ation has  
be5 bett] = ! individual ?an            
competition4  ,x at once becomes evid5t 
t co-op]ation is an e?ical & a religi\s 
discipl9e4 ,z soon z ! f>m+ population  
is saturat$ ) ! idea1 :i* ^! f>m]s fully
 und]/& :o h prosp]$ by co-op]ation1 !  

religi\s message 9 ^! t]ritories w be a 
new message ( bro!rhood4 ,! old gospel (
 an individual salvation ap>t f m5 & (t5
 at ! exp5se ( o!r m5 w be enl>g$ &     
r5ew$ into a gospel ( social salvation4 
,no man w be sav$ to a ,heav5 ap>t or to
 a salvation :i* he atta9s by           
competition or by comp>ison1 b m5 %all  
be sav$ ?r\gh _! fell[s & ) _! fell[s4  
,! c\ntry *ur*1 ( all our *ur*es1 w tea*
 9 ! days to come ! gospel ( unity4  ,! 
writ]'s own exp]i5ce z a c\ntry m9i/] 0 
a p]fect illu/ration ( ?is union ( all  
memb]s ( a community4 ,9 ! community    
,quak]s1 ,iri% ,ca?olics1               
,episcopalians1 ,presbyt]ians & ,bapti/s
 7 repres5t$ 9 ne>ly equal numb]s4 ,) p 
widely div]se 9 _! economic position1   
?\gh dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r1 x became      
evid5t to all t ! only religi\s exp]i5ce
 ( ! community mu/ be an exp]i5ce (     
unity4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( an old ,quak] :o
 suppli$ ! funds & ( two o!rs ( graci\s 
_s & broad intellect1 ! :ole community 0
 unit$1 on ! condition t all %\ld %>e 9 

t :i* any did4 ,"o *ur* 0 organiz$ to   
receive all ! adh]5ts ( ,prote/ant fai? 
& "o s]vice ( wor%ip unit$ all1 :e!r )9 
or )\t ! *ur*4 ,ev5 ! ,roman ,ca?olics  
once or twice a ye> = tw5ty ye>s h be5  
br\ght toge!r 9 meet+s :i* express !    
unity ( ! c\ntryside4  ,o!r in/ances !re
 are ( co-op]ation among *ur*es 9 !     
c\ntry1 b _! numb] is n great4 ,!re is a
 supplem5t>y co-op]ation 9 ! division ( 
t]ritory 9 "s /ates4 ,! *ur* at ,hanov]1
 ,n4 ,j41 has a t]ritory six miles by   
f\r1 9 :i* no o!r *ur* has be5 e/abli%$4
 ,?is old ,presbyt]ian congregation has 
peopl$ its c\ntryside ) its *apels & has
 assembl$ ! *apel wor%ipp]s regul>ly at 
its s]vices 9 ! old *ur* at ! gravey>d &
 ! manse4  ,9 ,rock ,creek1 ,ill9ois1 ! 
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* has a community to   
itself1 & m9i/]s 9 its t]ritory ) ! same
 effici5cy ) :i* ! ,bapti/ *ur* across !
 creek m9i/]s to its t]ritory1 9 :i* x  
also has a religi\s monopoly4 ,^! two   
congregations respect "o ano!r & h a    
s5se ( supplem5t+ "o ano!r1 :i* is a =m 

( co-op]ation4 ,! ideal express$ 9 ^!   
two in/ances is *]i%$ by _m4 ,x is hop$ 
t religi\s bodies may agree 9 "t to     
divide ! t]ritory1 to give up *ur*es1 to
 sell or transf] prop]ty rights & to    
%ift _! m9i/]s f communities :i* h too  
_m to ^? communities n s]v$ at all4 ,b !
 way = ?is co-op]ation z an active      
pr9ciple has n yet op5$4 ,its value is 9
 ^? communities :i* h _h x f ! fir/ z an
 inh]itance4 ,x has s f> n prov5 a rem$y
 to be appli$ = ! cure ( exi/+ evils4   
,! writ] believes t ! pa? ( co-op]ation 
is ! effici5t & sl[ "o ( economic &     
social organization r ?an ! delusive    
%ort-cut ( religi\s union4 ,p _c be     
unit$ 9 religion until !y are unit$ 9 _!
 social economy4 ,! bus9ess ( ! *ur* is 
to organize co-op]ative ent]prises1     
economic1 social & educational1 & to    
s*ool ! p 9 ! joy1 to educate !m 9 !    
advantages1 ( life toge!r4 ,co-op]ation 
mu/ become a gospel4 ,union requires to 
be a religi\s doctr9e4 ,x w be well = a 
long "t to come to say b little ab\t    

organic union ( *ur*es & to say a great 
deal ab\t ! union 9 ! life ( ! p        
!mselves4  ,,footnote3  ,footnote #cb3  
,rural ,d5m>k & ,its ,lessons1 by ,h4   
,rid] ,hagg>d4 ,see also ! ,bullet9s ( !
 ,int]national ,in/itute ( ,agriculture 
at ,rome1 ,italy4     ,,xi  ,,common    
,,s*ools   ,! weakness ( ! common s*ools
 9 ,am]ican rural communities %[s itself
 9 _! failure to educate ! m>g9al p ( ! 
community1 9 _! failure to tra9 av]age  
m5 & wom5 = life 9 t community1 9 _!    
robb+ ! community ( lead]%ip by tra9+ ^?
 on :om _! influ5ce is /ronge/1 s t !y g
 out f ! community nev] to return2 & 9  
_! g5]al disloyalty to ! local community
 ) its ne$s & its problems4  ,x is !    
boa/ ( ! p ( ! c\ntry s*ool di/rict t _!
 s*ool has s5t out s _m p ( di/9ction4  
,on a rocky hillside 9 a ,new ,engl& t[n
 !re /&s1 betwe5 a wood$ slope & a      
swamp1 an unpa9t$ s*ool build+4 ,)9 &   
)\t x is m =bidd+ ?an ! av]age /able 9 t
 f>m+ region4 ,b ! resid5t ( t          
neighborhood boa/s ( ! numb] ( di/+ui%$ 

p]sons :o h gone =? f ! community1 "u ! 
influ5ce ( t s*ool4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic (
 c\ntry places & c\ntry s*ools4 ,!      
influ5ce ( ! s*ool1 s f> z x has any1 is
 t ( disloyalty to ! neighborhood4 ,x   
robs ! neighborhood ( lead]%ip4 ,x does 
no?+ to cultivate a _s ( sympa?y ) !    
life t mu/ be liv$ !re4 ,= e "o :om x   
/>ts ^u ! exodus to o!r places x leaves 
two at home un9spir$1 indiff]5t &       
m5tally deg5]ate4  ,ano!r fault ( !     
"o-room c\ntry s*ool1 :i* makes x a weak
 support ( ! c\ntry community1 is its   
lack ( pr(essional support4 ,among f\r  
hundr$ tea*]s 9 su* s*ools1 ?r\gh\t !   
c\ntry1 n "o 9 a hundr$ expects to rema9
 z a c\ntry s*ooltea*] = a lifetime4    
,!re is no pr(essional class devot$ to !
 c\ntry s*ool4 ,its s]vice is incid5tal 
9 ! lives ( m5 devot$ to some?+ else4 ,x
 is a m]e side issue4  ,besides1 its    
build+ is inadequate4 ,too _m ne$s1     
impossible to satisfy1 are assembl$ 9 a 
s+le room4 ,too _m grades mu/ be taught 
!re = any "o *ild to receive ! int5se   

impression necess>y = 8 education4  ,!  
?ird great fault ( ! c\ntry s*ool is its
 total lack ( intellig5t und]/&+ ( !    
c\ntry4 ,its tea*+ is suit$ to prep>e m5
 = trade1 b n = agriculture4 ,in/ead (  
mak+ f>m]s ( ! sons ( f>m]s1 ! majority 
( :om %\ld expect to foll[ ! pr(ession (
 _! fa!rs1 ! c\ntry s*ool prep>es !m =  
buy+ & sell+1 = calculation & = /ore    
keep+4 ,x />ts ! /ream ( c\ntry boys 9 !
 direction ( ! village /ore1 ! end ( :i*
 is ! dep>tm5t /ore or cl]ical          
occupation 9 a great city4  ,!          
improvem5t ( ! "o-room rural s*ool is   
possible )9 n>r[ limits only4 ,a rec5t  
book#cc gives mo/ sympa!tic att5tion to 
?is problem ( improvem5t1 :ile ass]t+ t 
reorganization alone w be adequate to ! 
situation4 ,b !re are improvem5ts :i*1  
)9 ! limitations ( ! "o-room s*ool1 are 
possible4 ,! sup]vision ( ^! s*ools may 
be made clos] & m effici5t4 ,by br++ to 
be> ^u !m ! ov]sight ( exp]ts 9         
education ! grade ( tea*+ may be        
elevat$4 ,! important pr9ciple is to    

discov] ! prop] unit ( sup]vision4 ,!   
t[n is too small & ! c\nty unit too     
l>ge4 ,x is probable t ) "s re>rangem5t 
! c\nty c be made ! prop] unit (        
sup]vision1 b ! s*ool %\ld det]m9e its  
problems on a pr9ciple indep5d5t (      
political divisions4 ,! fir/ ne$ ( !    
c\ntry s*ool at ! pres5t "t is to be    
adapt$1 by su* sup]vision ( ! di/rict z 
%all correlate ! c\ntry s*ool ) ! units 
( population resid5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 "s  
places ! di/rict to be sup]vis$ by "o   
sup]9t5d5t %\ld be n mu* l>g] ?an a     
t[n%ip1 9 o!r places x might approa* !  
b\nds ( a c\nty1 b 9 all in/ances !     
sup]vis+ (fic] %\ld h ! relation ( an   
employ$ exp]t to ! problems ( ! c\ntry4 
,x is n en\gh t untra9$ f>m]s or        
tradesm5 occasionally visit ! s*ool 9 an
 indiff]5t mann]4 ,_! indiff]5ce is !   
natural attitude ( m5 untra9$ 9 ! task  
assign$ to !m4 ,! (fic] :o sup]vises    
%\ld be well adapt$ to 8 task & %\ld    
visit ) frequ5cy1 criticize ) tra9$     
intellig5ce1 & tra9 8 tea*]s 9 a        

con/ructive educational policy suitable 
to ! di/rict4  ,ano!r improvem5t 9 rural
 s*ools may be _h 9 a bett] normal tra9+
 ( ! tea*]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! normal   
s*ools are inadequate to ! task (       
supply+ tea*]s & beyond ! supply+ (     
tea*]s = ! city1 !y /op %ort4 ,! tra9+ (
 tea*]s = c\ntry s*ools mu/ become a "p 
( ! normal provision = ! /ates4  ,!     
m9imum sal>y = tea*]s is a mo/ important
 consid]ation4 ,a prim>y difficulty 9 ! 
pres5t situation is t ! c\ntry s*ool    
tea*] is ill paid4 ,x is !re=e          
impossible to secure & to reta9 9 !     
c\ntry p]sons ( adequate m5tal &        
cultural value4 ,9 ord] to secure funds 
= bett] paym5t ( tea*]s1 a readju/m5t ( 
! taxation 9 ! v>i\s /ates is probably  
necess>y1 b ?is w be sl[ ( accompli%m5t4
 ,"s results may be effect$ 9 ano!r way 
by a m9imum sal>y = tea*]s ?r\gh\t !    
,/ate4 ,9 ?is mann] a bett] grade (     
tea*]s c be secur$ = all s*ools4  ,! mo/
 important improvem5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\ntry
 s*ools is almo/ impossible 9 ! "o-room 

s*ool4 ,x is ! tea*+ ( ! gospel ( ! l&4 
,out ar\nd ! c\ntry s*ool lies ! op5    
book ( nature4 ,fir/ ( books ! pupils   
%\ld le>n to read ! book ( nature4 ,!   
life ( ! birds & animals1 s famili> to !
 *ildr5 yet s little kn[n2 ! gr[? (     
plants1 _! beauty & _! use1 & ! nature1 
! tillage & ! ma9t5ance ( ! soil1 are   
all lessons easy to imp>t to ^? :o are  
!mselves in/ruct$1 yet ! pres5t sy/em ( 
%ift+ tea*]s makes su* in/ruction       
impossible4 ,x is ! op9ion ( exp]t      
educators t ! /udy ( agriculture is     
impossible 9 ! "o-room c\ntry s*ool4 ,) 
?is op9ion ! writ] agrees1 yet s great  
is ! necessity ( ?is v improvem5t & s   
sl[ w be ! *anges :i* look to           
consolidation ( s*ools1 t ef=t %\ld be  
made at once by ^? 9 *>ge ( ! c\ntry    
s*ool to tea* ! *ildr5 ! lesson ( !     
soil1 ( plant life1 ( animal & bird life
 & ( ! _w ab\t !m4 ,^! lessons are      
necess>y to _! economic success4 ,!y are
 ! v beg9n+ ( _! happ9ess 9 ! c\ntry & (
 love = ! c\ntry4 ,9 tea*+ !m ! c\ntry  

s*ool c be/ p]=m its duty to ! pres5t   
g5]ation4  ,! c5traliz+ ( c\ntry s*ools 
is ! adequate solution ( ! pres5t       
situation4 ,by ?is means ! *ildr5 f a   
wide area are br\ght to a mod]n s*ool   
build+ suitably plac$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5   
necess>y !y are transport$ to & f !     
s*ools 9 wagons hir$ = t purpose1 9 *>ge
 ( reliable driv]s4 ,9 ?is consolidat$  
s*ool build+1 :i* has tak5 ! place (    
?ree1 five or ev5 sev5 "o-room di/rict  
s*ools n[ ab&on$1 !re %all be at lea/   
two & x may be five tea*]s4 ,?is gr\p ( 
tea*]s =ms a p]man5t nucleus & a c5t] = 
! life ( ! c\ntry4 ,! *ildr5 are        
assembl$ 9 a suffici5t numb] to provide 
a l>ge gr\p1 & _! social life is        
enjoyable z well z m5tally /imulat+4 ,! 
weaknesses ( ! "o-room di/rict s*ool are
 9 ?is in/itution correct$4 ,!re is     
p]man5ce 9 ! tea*+ =ce1 pr(essional     
s]vice1 cumulative influ5ce1 & ! int]e/s
 ( ! community f9d 9 ! s*ool a loyal    
c5t] ( discussion4 ,! consolidat$ rural 
s*ool is an in/itution = ! fir/ "t      

adequate to ! task ( build+ up ! :ole   
population4  ,! fir/ use to :i* !       
c5traliz$ rural s*ool is adapt$ is to   
halt ! exodus f ! c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry     
community has n[ no *eck ^u ! dep>ture (
 its be/ p4 ,! sift+ ( ! c\ntry         
community is done1 n by ! community     
itself1 b by outside =ces1 unfri5dly &  
un9tellig5t z to ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4  
,! c5traliz$ rural s*ool w reta9 9 !    
c\ntry ^? :o %\ld be int]e/$ 9 ! c\ntry 
community4 ,?is w be accompli%$ by !    
/udy ( agriculture1 :i* c adequately be 
taught only 9 a grad$ s*ool 9 ! c\ntry4 
,b mu* c be done ev5 by ! supply ( an   
adequate sy/em ( education 9 ! c\ntry   
community4  ,at ,rock ,creek1 ,ill9ois1 
! retirem5t ( f>m]s to ! cities & t[ns  
_h gone s f> 9 #aije t ! intellig5t &   
devot$ memb]s ( ! community1 :o did n   
desire to leave ! place :]e _! gr&fa!rs 
_h fir/ brok5 ! prairie sod1 took c\nsel
 z to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,!        
sup]ficial fact ( mo/ consequ5ce 0 !    
pres5ce ( t5ant f>m]s 9 ! community4 ,^!

 t5ants1 h[ev] desirable p]sonally z    
neighbors1 7 ( a %ort t]m ( resid5ce4 ,f
 "o to five ye>s 0 _! longe/ t]m on "o  
f>m4 ,! social life ( ! community & its 
religi\s int]e/s 7 beg9n+ to suff]4 ,!  
sons ( ! e>ly settl]s1 !re=e1 laid _!   
plans by :i* to control ! selection (   
t5ants4  ,_! fir/ plan 0 to =m a f>m]'s 
union or syndicate1 :i* %\ld und]take to
 run ! f>ms ( ^? :o 7 retir+ f ! l&4    
,?is plan seem$ promis+ & ! mak]s ( x   
congratulat$ !mselves ^u controll+ !    
future ( ! community4 ,b reflection %[$ 
t ?is me?od w\ld h ! effect ( retir+ m  
f>m]s f ! l& & turn+ ov] ! hir+ ( t5ants
 to ! few rema9+ loyal own]s1 :o w\ld   
come 9 a %ort "t to con/itute ! local   
real e/ate ag5cies2 :ile ! majority ( ! 
own]s w\ld enjoy !mselves 9 t[ns &      
villages r\nd ab\t4  ,! result 0 t !    
f>m]s und]took n to control ! t5ancy1 b 
to build up ! community itself4 ,!y     
delib]ately und]took ! recon/ruction ( !
 s*ools4 ,?ree s*ool di/ricts 7 m]g$ 9  
"o4 ,an adequate build+ 9 :i* a gr\p (  

tea*]s is employ$ 0 erect$4 ,! *ildr5   
are transport$ 9 wagons hir$ = t        
purpose4 ,! gr\nds ab\t ! s*ool build+  
are made pleasant2 & ! s*ool1 locat$ ne>
 ! manse & ! *ur* :i* _h mo/ influ5c$ ! 
*ange1 =ms n[ a /rong community c5t] = a
 wide region4  ,! result is all t c\ld  
be desir$4 ,! retirem5t f ! f>ms has be5
 *eck$2 ! neighborhood has become       
specially desirable = resid5ce4 ,f>m]s  
:o _h gone to ! t[n f9d n[ t z good or  
bett] s*ools are to be _h 9 ! community 
:]e _! prop]ty lies & :]e !y pay _!     
taxes4 ,! r5tal price ( l& has increas$ 
& x is difficult = t5ants to come into !
 community unless !y are will+ to pay an
 add$ r5tal 9 return = bett] s*ool      
privileges4 ,! :ole c\ntryside has      
receiv$ an impetus & ! depression (     
c\ntry life has = ?is community dep>t$4 
,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,bone1 ! f\r? r$-head$     
,presbyt]ian eld] ,bone 9 ! ,rock ,creek
 ,*ur*1 takes great pride 9 ! build+ up 
( ! community :i* has be5 effect$ ?r\gh 
! consolidat$ s*ool4  ,a m mature       

example is ! ,john ,swaney ,consolidat$ 
,s*ool 9 ,ill9ois4 ,"h ! lead]%ip &     
g5]osity ( ,john ,swaney1 a memb] ( !   
,society ( ,fri5ds1 h effect$ !         
consolidation ( f\r s*ool di/ricts at a 
po9t two miles f ! village ( ,mc,nab4   
,?is purely rural consolidation 0 n     
effect$ )\t a conte/4 ,inde$ ! ,mc,nab  
s*ool has _h to fight = ! ga9s x has    
made f ! v beg9n+4 ,! s*ool-h\se /&s by 
! roadside1 n ev5 surr\nd$ by a gr\p (  
resid5ces4 ,! gr\nds are peculi>ly      
beautiful1 be+ %ad$ by great trees &    
ext5d+ 9 ample lawn ab\t ! build+4 ,9 ! 
re> are /ables = ! horses :i* transport 
! *ildr5 daily f ! out] b\nds ( !       
consolidat$ di/rict4  ,! s*ool build+   
conta9s f\r class-rooms ) physical &    
*emical laboratories4 ,9 "o room are    
app>atus = cook+ & sew+4 ,9 ! basem5t is
 a well-light$ %op :]e b5*es = manual   
tra9+ are plac$ at ! use ( ! boys4 ,9 ! 
?ird /ory is an auditorium s ample z to 
accommodate a basket-ball game & ab\t   
two hundr$ spectators4 ,frequ5t ga!r+s  

occur "h 9 a simple spontane\s way4 ,?is
 common s*ool has all ! social &        
intellectual p[] ( ! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry 
academy :i* once 0 s useful 9 ! ,ea/]n  
,/ates4 ,a pr9cipal & f\r wom5 tea*]s =m
 ! faculty ( ! ,john ,swaney s*ool4 ,!  
numb] ( s*ol>s 9 #aiaj 0 "o hundr$ &    
five1 ! numb] ( boys slightly exce$+ t (
 girls4 ,( ^! ab\t half 7 9 ! prim>y & !
 gramm> grades & ab\t half 9 ! high     
s*ool4 ,( ! latt] "s tw5ty-five 7       
tuition pupils f outside ( ! di/rict1 s 
t ! actual s*ool gr\p ( ! ,mc,nab       
consolidat$ s*ool1 ! *ildr5 ( !         
tax-pay]s1 0 9 t ye> eighty 9 numb]4  ,!
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! social life ( eighty 
"y p & eight or eighte5 "y p1 :i* "o may
 f9d 9 a "o-room s*ool 9 ! c\ntry       
any:]e1 is v great4 ,ne$less to say t ! 
,john ,swaney s*ool has a?letic teams1  
t5nis t\rnam5t1 baseball games1 lit]>y &
 debat+ conte/s & is a /rong aggressive 
=ce l5d+ life & vitality to ! :ole      
c\ntryside4 ,! old] families ( !        
neighborhood are ,quak]s4 ,! new] half (

 ! population is ( ,g]manic /ock4 ,!    
influ5ce ( ! s*ool is ^u all its pupils4
 ,! high s*ool reta9s practically all ! 
sons ( ! ,quak] families & "s ( ! new]  
population ^: int]e/ 9 education is     
less4  ,b ! cr[n+ di/9ction ( ! ,john   
,swaney s*ool is 9 its /udy (           
agriculture1 or broadly speak+ 9 its    
indu/rial tra9+4 ,= ) agriculture mu/ be
 class$ manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce4  
,by ,john ,swaney's g5]osity tw5ty acres
 ( l& 7 pres5t$ to ! ,/ate = an exp]im5t
 f>m4 ,?is l& adjo9s ! s*ool gr\nds & a 
regul> "p ( ! curriculum = ! "y m5 is ! 
/udy ( agriculture4 ,! result ( ?is     
int]pretation ( c\ntry life 9 =ms (     
s*ol>%ip is t sub/antially all !        
graduates ( ! high s*ool annually g to !
 ,/ate ,univ]sity = tra9+ 9 sci5tific   
agriculture1 expect+ to return to ! f>ms
 & become rural resid5ts ( ,ill9ois4 ,at
 ! pres5t "t no m pr(itable tra9+ c\ld  
be giv5 ^! "y m5 & wom54 ,b aside f ?is 
economic consid]ation1 ! social & moral 
value to ! community 9 ! return ( ^! "y 

m5 & wom5 to _! own soil & ! sc5es ( _! 
*ildhood is beyond e/imation4 ,! ,quak] 
,meet+ 9 ?is community is n laid d[n2 ! 
*ur* is n ab&on$4 ,inde$ all !          
activities ( ! community are built up & 
! be/ ( ! community p]petuat$ ?r\gh !   
m$ium ( ?is mod]n consolidat$ s*ool4    
,to sum up ?is *apt]1 ! improvem5t ( !  
"o-room common s*ools is possible1 b = !
 satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( ! mod]n c\ntry 
community t improvem5t is inadequate4 ,!
 "o-room c\ntry s*ool is an in/itution  
:i* 9 itself _c be made to m9i/] to     
mod]n community life4 ,x is simple &    
mod]n life is complete4 ,x is casual &  
irregul> :ile ! =ces ) :i* x has to deal
 are /eady-go+ & cumulative 9 _! p[]4 ,x
 is inexp]t & s]v$ by no specializ$     
pr(essional class1 :ile mod]n life calls
 = ! s]vice ( exp]ts 9 e direction4 ,x  
has no social value1 :ile mod]n life is 
always social 9 its =ms ( action &      
requires social int]pretation = its be/ 
effects4  ,a clos+ ^w %\ld be said = a  
type ( s*ools :i* has be5 p]fect$ 9     

,d5m>k4 ,!y are kn[n z ! ,folk ,high    
,s*ools4 ,^! are popul> s*ools1 adapt$  
to ! tea*+ ( adults to get a liv+4      
,d5m>k has an adequate supply ( te*nical
 s*ools1 & ^! latt] are n e/abli%$ to   
tra9 s*ol>s or sci5ti/s4 ,_! use is to  
fit m5 & wom5 to meet ! issues ( life1  
at home1 h& 9 h&1 ) skill & en?usiasm4  
,!y use few text-books & h no           
exam9ations1 & six mon?s are suffici5t =
 a c\rse ( /udy4 ,! s*ools are religi\s 
& _! f\ndation 0 ! "w ( ,rev4 ,n4 ,f4   
,s4 ,grundtvig4 ,9 songs & 9 patriotic  
ex]cises1 all _! own1 !y idealize c\ntry
 life & ! "w ( ! me*anic4  ,! academies 
( e>li] days 9 rural ,am]ica 7 c5t]s ( a
 simil> influ5ce4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( !       
public-s*ool sy/em ^! h be5 g5]ally     
ab&on$4 ,x is a "q :e!r "s ( !m w\ld n  
s]ve a ne$ :i* is felt today1 if only !y
 w\ld tra9 m5 = mod]n c\ntry life ) !   
same success :i* !y once _h 9 tra9+     
lead]s = a =m] p]iod4  ,!n all ! p liv$ 
9 ! c\ntry4 ,n[ only a ?ird ( ! p are   
conc]n$ ) ! f>m4 ,s t ! education ( !   

mod]n c\ntry boy or girl w\ld require to
 be c>ri$ on 9 a diff]5t mann]1 9 ord]  
to reta9 ! be/ ( !m 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!      
example ( ! ,folk ,s*ools (f]s an       
analogy to :at might be done 9 ,am]ican 
c\ntry life1 if ! academy c\ld be       
trans=m$ into an in/itution = !         
education ( ! "y 9 ! c\ntry4  ,all      
obs]v]s te/ify t ! ,folk ,high ,s*ools h
 be5 ! fir/ influ5ce 9 trans=m+ ,d5m>k 9
 ! pa/ =ty ye>s1 f a nation economically
 inf]ior to a nation ri* & prosp]\s4    
,?is *ange has be5 wr\ght ?r\gh !       
bett]m5t ( ! f>m]s & o!r c\ntry p1 by   
means ( education 9 c\ntry life2 & ?is  
education has be5 economic1 patriotic1  
co-op]ative & religi\s4 ,s p]fect has x 
be5 t x is h>d to analyze2 b ! ackn[l$g$
 c5t] ( x has be5 a sy/em ( s*ools 9 :i*
 ! problem ( liv+ is taught z a         
religion1 an en?usiasm & a culture4     
,,footnote3  ,footnote #cc3 ,! ,am]ican 
,rural ,s*ool1 ,h4 ,w4 ,foght4     ,,xii
  ,,rural ,,morality   ,! moral /&>ds ( 
! pione] type & ( ! l&-f>m] type prevail

 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! _w economy has          
precipitat$ on ! f>m an era (           
exploitation :i* has n yet rea*$ its    
highe/ po9t4 ,meantime1 accord+ to !    
e?ical ideals ( ! pione] & ( ! f>m]1    
c\ntry p are moral4  ,! inve/igations ( 
! ,c\ntry ,life ,commission br\ght g5]al
 te/imony to ! high /&>ds ( p]sonal life
 :i* prevail 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 su* a       
repres5tative /ate z ,p5nsylvania ! /&>d
 ( conduct betwe5 ! sexes 0 f\nd to be  
good4 ,! te/imony ( physicians1 among ! 
be/ ( rural obs]v]s1 0 ne>ly unanim\s1 9
 ,p5nsylvania1 to ! good moral          
conditions prevail+ 9 ! int]c\rse ( m5 &
 wom5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is indicates t !    
f>m] economy _h sup]s$$ ! economy ( !   
pione]4  ,! moral problem ( ! pione]    
p]iod consi/$ ( a /ruggle = hone/y 9    
bus9ess contracts1 & purity 9 ! relation
 ( m5 & wom54 ,! /ory ( e *ur* 9 ,new   
,engl& & ,p5nsylvania1 until ab\t #ahce 
at :i* ,pr(essor ,ross dates ! beg9n+ ( 
! f>m] p]iod1 %[s ! bitt] /ruggle betwe5
 ! /&>d accept$ by ! *ur* & t ( !       

individuals :o fail$ to con=m4 ,! /&>d 0
 inh]it$ f ! old] communities ( ,europe4
 ,! conduct ( individuals grew out ( !  
pione] economy 9 :i* !y 7 liv+4 ,*ur*   
records 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york ,/ate
 are r$ ) ! /ory ( brok5 contracts1 debt
 & adult]y4 ,! writ] has c>efully /udi$ 
! records ( ,oblong ,meet+ ( ! ,society 
( ,fri5ds 9 ,du*ess ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 
& f a close k ( ! community ?r\gh almo/ 
tw5ty ye>s ( resid5ce 9 x1 x is 8 belief
 t !re 7 m cases ( adult]y consid]$ by  
,oblong ,meet+ 9 e av]age ye> ( !       
eighte5? c5tury ?an 7 kn[n to ! :ole    
community 9 any t5 ye>s at ! close ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! f>m] economy 9 :i* ! 
gr\p life ( ! h\sehold prevail$ ov] !   
individual life _h by ! n9ete5? c5tury  
sup]s$$ ! pione] p]iod1 9 :i* individual
 action & indep5d5t p]sonal initiative 7
 ! prevail+ mode4  ,! com+ ( ! exploit] 
into ! f>m community br+s a new set (   
e?ical obligations conc]n+ prop]ty &    
contracts4 ,! f>m] has p]fect$ !        
individual /&>ds ( ! pione] b he is n   

yet end[$ ) social /&>ds4 ,he kn[s t x  
is "r to give full measure :5 he sells a
 commodity1 b he does n yet see ! evil (
 brea*es ( contract4 ,f>m]s ( high /&+ 9
 _! communities = _! p]sonal "*1 :o are 
tru?ful & hone/ 9 su* contractual       
relations z come d[n f _! fa!rs1 h be5  
kn[n to use ! s*ool sy/em ( ! t[n = _!  
own private pr(it1 or t ( memb]s ( _!   
families1 & to ignore f9ancial          
obligations :i* belong to ! new p]iod1 9
 :i* money values h tak5 ! place ( b>t] 
values4  ,a good illu/ration is t ( a   
deacon 9 a c\ntry *ur*1 :om ,i once     
knew4 ,8 ^w 0 prov]bially tru?ful4 ,z   
widely z he 0 kn[n 8 reputation = piety 
& simple tru?fulness1 = hone/y & purity 
( life 7 univ]sal4 ,i d n ?9k t he 0    
consci\sly ins9c]e1 b z a tru/ee 9      
adm9i/]+ a fund devot$ to public uses he
 seem$ to h a cle> eye = only ^?        
ent]prises ?r\gh :i* he or memb]s ( 8   
family c\ld indirectly secure incomes4  
,entru/$ ) a public s]vice :i* involv$ !
 improvem5t ( ! s*ool sy/em1 s f> z he  

act$ individually & )\t prompt+ by ^? :o
 _h be5 accu/om$ all _! lives to mod]n  
me?ods1 8 action 0 t ( loyalty to 8 own 
family & relation%ip4 ,9 s do+ he       
regul>ly w\ld betray ! community & !    
public int]e/4 ,yet he seem$ to d ?is   
+5u\sly & )\t any conception ( ! moral  
/&>ds ( p us$ to ! values ( money4  ,i h
 kn[n ! same man1 ^: /&+ among f>m]s 0 t
 ( a blameless religi\s man1 to borr[   
money1 & 9 ! p]iod ( ! loan s to conduct
 himself z to =feit ! respect ( p us$ to
 h&l+ money4 ,to !m he seem$ to be a    
consci\s & delib]ate graft]4 ,!         
explanation 9 my m9d is t he suff]$ f ! 
transition out ( ! pione] & f>m] economy
 into ! economy ( ! exploit]4  ,! hi/ory
 ( ! sale ( l&s 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! rec5t   
exploitation ( f>m-l&s1 conta9s _m      
/ories ( ! brea* ( contract ( f>m]s1 & !
 inability ( ! f>m] to sell wisely & at 
! same "t hone/ly4 ,contra/+ ! f>m] 9 8 
k ( f9ancial obligation ) ! brok] 9 !   
,/ock ,ex*ange1 ! latt] type /&s out 9  
/rong contra/ z an admirable example (  

f9ancial hone/y to contracts1 ev5 if !y 
be v]bal only4 ,! f>m] on ! o!r h& has  
no conception ( ! relations on :i* !    
f9ancial sy/em mu/ be built4 ,he is n an
 exploit] to beg9 )1 b a f>m]4  ,!      
transition f ! old] economy to ! new is 
illu/rat$ 9 ! dairy indu/ry :i* surr\nds
 e great city4 ,! dairy f>m] has ideas (
 "r & wrong :i* are purely              
individuali/ic4 ,he believes t he %\ld n
 *eat ! cu/om] 9 ! quantity ( milk4 ,he 
recognizes t x is wrong1 !re=e1 to wat] 
! milk1 b he has no conception ( social 
morality conc]n+ milk4 ,he gives full   
measure3 b he c>es no?+ ab\t purity (   
milk4 ,he is re/less & feels himself    
oppress$ "u ! dem&s ( ! inspector f !   
city1 = v5tilation ( 8 b>ns & =         
protection ( ! milk f impurity4 ,i h    
kn[n few milk f>m]s :o believ$ 9 giv+   
pure milk & ,i nev] knew "o ^: consci5ce
 0 at ease 9 wat]+ milk4 ,t is1 !y all  
believe 9 good measure & none believes 9
 ! pr9ciple ( sanitation4 ,!y /& at !   
transition f ! old economy to ! new4  ,a

 /ory is told among agricultural tea*]s 
9 ,new ,york ,/ate to ! effect t an     
inspector foll[+ ! trail ( disease 9 a  
small city trac$ x to impure milk       
suppli$ by a c]ta9 f>m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! 
man he insi/$ on inspect+ ! dairy       
arrangem5ts1 be+ foll[$ f room to room  
by ! f>m]'s indignant wife4 ,f9ally he  
said1 ,%[ me ! /ra9] :i* y use 9 ! milk1
 & %e br\ght an old %irt1 v mu* soil$4  
,look+ at x 9 dismay ! inspector said1  
,c\ld y n1 at lea/1 use a clean %irt8   
,at ?is ! woman's pati5ce gave way & %e 
decl>$1 ,well1 y ne$n't expect me to use
 a clean %irt to /ra9 dirty milk6  ,!   
pack+ ( apples = m>ket illu/rates !     
transition f ! f>m] economy 9 :i* !     
e?ical /&>ds are ^? ( ! h\sehold1 or    
family gr\p1 to ! _w economy 9 :i* !    
moral /&>ds are ^? ( ! _w m>ket4 ,apples
 are pack$ by all classes ( f>m]s1      
reg>dless ( v>y+ religi\s pr(ession1 9  
an indiff]5t mann]4 ,! typical f>m]     
hopes by competition ) 8 neighbors to   
ga9 a possibly bett] price4 ,in/ances ( 

su* successes z come to c]ta9 family    
gr\ps are endlessly discuss$ by f>m]s2 &
 ! highe/ ideal t "o meets among f>m]s  
:o sell apples ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n ,/ates  
is express$ 9 ! in/ance ( "s family :o h
 improv$ _! own f>m & _! own or*>d1 s z 
to w9 = ! family or ! f>m a reputation 9
 "s p>ticul> m>ket & ?us to ga9 a high] 
price4  ,contra/ ) ?is ! m>ket+ ( apples
 by ! ,we/]n fruit gr[]s' ,associations4
 ,among !m1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,hood       
,valley1 ,oregon1 apples are pack$ n by 
! f>m own] ) a view to compet+ ) 8      
neighbors1 b by ! committee repres5t+ ! 
:ole di/rict4 ,! individual f>m] has no 
access to ! m>ket4 ,he _c hide 8 poor   
fruit 9 an envelope ( 8 be/ fruit1 s z  
to deceive ! buy]4 ,! committee has a   
reputation to ma9ta9 on behalf ( !      
association1 n ( ! individual4 ,! apples
 are m>ket$ on _! m]its 9 accordance ) a
 c]ta9 /&>d4 ,! imp]sonal dem&s ( ! _w  
economy are kept 9 m9d4 ,! individual   
f>m] & f>m are =gott54 ,! result is t ^!
 f> we/]n gr[]s1 ^: fruit is said 9 !   

,ea/ to be inf]ior 9 flavor to ! apples 
( ,new ,york & ,new ,engl&1 c sell _!   
product 9 ! ea/]n m>ket at a high] price
 p] box ?an ! ,new ,york or ,new ,engl& 
f>m] c secure p] b>rel4  ,! transition f
 f>m+ to exploit+ has br\ght out 9 full 
view ! wa/efulness ( ! f>m] economy :i* 
is be+ succe$$ by exploitation4 ,! :ole 
doctr9e ( cons]vation belongs 9 ?is     
transition4 ,economy means1 lit]ally1   
h\sekeep+4 ,! same mean+ appe>s 9 ! ^w  
husb&ry4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( sav+4 ,its  
extraord9>y value at ! pres5t "t is due 
to our sudd5 s5se ( ! wa/efulness ( f>m 
life 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,edw>d van ,al/yne1  
an agricultural au?ority 9 ,new ,york1  
says1 ,we f>m]s ?9k we are mo/          
economical1 b we are ! mo/ wa/eful ( all
 m54 ,! wa/efulness ( ,am]ican f>m+     
beg9s 9 ! tillage ( too _m acres4 ,!    
f>m] pref]s wide fields ev5 at ! co/ (  
poor crops4  ,! ,new ,york ,c5tral      
,railroad1 :i* is c>ry+ on a propag&a ( 
husb&ry1 has appo9t$ a man z exp]t f>m] 
:o increas$ ! yield ( potatoes on 8 l& f

 sixty to ?ree hundr$ bu%els p] acre4   
,?is br+s out cle>ly t 8 neighbors are  
/ill produc+ sixty bu%els p] acre1 wa/+ 
f\r-fif?s ( _! l& values4 ,?is wa/e is a
 wrong t %\ld be d5\nc$ 9 ! c\ntry *ur* 
j z /]nly z doctr9al s9s1 :i* h occupi$ 
! att5tion ( c\ntry m9i/]s 9 ! pa/4     
,exp]t f>m]s say t if corn-/alks = fodd]
 are left out 9 ! field until !y are f$ 
to ! cattle !y lose =ty to fifty p] c5t 
( _! food values4 ,?is wa/e is s9ful1 b 
! s9 is visible only 9 ! new economy (  
exploitation :i* c\nts all values 9 t]ms
 ( ca%4 ,no soon] is ! s9fulness ( wa/e 
obs]v$ ?an its connections ) moral      
del9qu5cies ( c\ntry p becomes cle>4 ,9 
! improvem5t ( rural morality due to !  
sift+ ( c\ntry p dur+ ! f>m] p]iod1 x   
becomes evid5t t among a p s s]i\s-m9d$ 
"s del9qu5cies /ill rema94 ,!           
immoralities t /ill lurk & fe/] 9 !     
c\ntry are due v l>gely to wa/e4 ,?is   
wa/e ( human ?+s is p>allel to ! wa/e ( 
economic values4  ,9 a conf]5ce !re 0 "s
 difficulty 9 p]suad+ a c]ta9 c\ntry    

m9i/] to speak4 ,:5 f9ally he arose he  
said1 ,i am n mu* int]e/$ 9 ! sci5tific 
analysis ( ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,all ,i am    
int]e/$ 9 is s94 ,"o wond]s :e!r he 0   
deal+ ) ! s9s ( ! c\ntry 9 _! causes or 
9 _! effects1 or 0 he simply conc]n$ ) !
 s9s :i* consi/ 9 oppos+ ! doctr9es ( 8 
p>ticul> d5om9ation1 :atev] x 04 ,?is   
wa/efulness ( ! values 9 ! soil ent]s   
into ! social life ( ! c\ntry4 ,f>m]s   
c>e z little = ! social values z = l&   
values4 ,"y m5 & wom5 ignore ! moral    
importance ( little ?+s4 ,!y are n      
taught t co>s5ess is wrong4 ,!y are n   
made to realize t cleanl9ess & c\rtesy &
 rev]5ce = ! human body are ( vital     
importance 9 life4  ,c\ntry p are prudi%
 & !y cov] ) a /rict res]ve all         
discussion ( ! moral relations ( m5 &   
wom54 ,yet 9 ! same communities !re is  
loose private conv]sation & co>se       
ref]5ces are common4 ,! /rict /&>d ( !  
h\sehold prevails )9 its limits4 ,books 
& magaz9es mu/ n discuss1 h[ev] s]i\sly1
 ! problems ( life4 ,b 9 ! int]c\rse ( !

 community !re is n ! same c>e4 ,! moral
 life ( c\ntry p requires cultivation ( 
! leisure h\rs1 ! casual talk1 !        
occasional meet+s ( m5 & wom51 &        
especially ( "y p4  ,! sale ( votes 9 e 
election is a fix$ quantity 9 ! life (  
c]ta9 c\ntry t[ns4 ,x is to be c\nt$ on 
ea* ye>4 ,! numb] ( votes = sale 9 ea*  
t[n is a kn[n proportion ( ! :ole1 &    
?r\gh c]ta9 c\nties ! sell+ ( votes is !
 political factor ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,^!   
uni=m facts po9t to a common cause4 ,t  
cause is ! deg5]ation ( a proportion ( !
 rural population into peasantry4  ,!   
gr[? ( a peasant population 9 ,am]ica is
 surely our greate/ dang]4 ,a peasantry 
is a rural population ^: moral &        
spiritual /ate are controll$ by _!      
mat]ial /ates4 ,!re may be ri* peasants1
 ?\gh mo/ peasants are poor4 ,peasants  
are a specializ$ class1 incapable (     
self-gov]nm5t & controll$ by "s         
political ma/]s :o ex]cise = !m ess5tial
 rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,! peasants 9      
,europe are ! la/ to receive ! ballot4  

,9 ,am]ica !y are ! fir/ to surr5d] !   
ballot by sell+ _! votes4  ,a "y m9i/]  
call$ to a c\ntry p>i% d5\nc$ ! sale (  
votes1 9 8 fir/ ye>1 & publicly fix$ !  
:ole blame on a prom95t political lead] 
( ! t[n1 :o 0 !re pres5t 9 ! *ur*4 ,8   
criticism 0 res5t$ by ! :ole community4 
,he 0 "r1 & s 7 !y4 ,x is well to d5\nce
 ! pur*ase ( votes1 b ! duty ( ! c\ntry 
*ur* to ,am]icanize ! peasant class is !
 great] duty4 ,! pres5ce ( su* a class 9
 a t[n infallibly leads to ?is iniquity4
 ,! sale ( votes is z bad z ! sale (    
woman's virtue1 & bo? h an automatic    
t5d5cy to degrade ! population4  ,!     
dang] sign ( peasantry is a degrad$ /&>d
 ( life4 ,9 ?is t[n !re is "o h\sehold 9
 :i* nobody works b ! "m4 ,h[ !y live   
beats me1 is ! public comm5t ( !        
neighbors4 ,?r\gh ! w9t] into t h\se are
 cr[d$ ! fa!r & "m1 two sons & two      
daught]s1 ! husb& ( "o daught] & _! two 
*ildr51 ) ?ree o!r small *ildr51 ^:     
pres5ce 9 ! h\se is due to ! loose good 
nature ( ! family4 ,!re is an indol5t   

uncle ( ^! *ildr54 ,none ( ! h\sehold   
foll[s any ga9ful occupation4 ,! table  
is furni%$ ) potatoes & pork4 ,!        
attraction ( ! h\sehold is ! easy1      
loose1 good-nature ( all its memb]s4    
,!re is no "o to compla9 ( ! indol5ce ( 
! five gr[n m5 :o l\nge ab\t ?r\gh !    
w9t] days4  ,! pres5ce ( su* a h\sehold 
9 a t[n means degradation4 ,?ree ( ^! m5
 c be pur*as$ = money to vote1 ?\gh !y  
_c be hir$ = money to "w4 ,! daught]s ( 
! h\sehold are an equally dang]\s factor
 9 ! c\ntryside4 ,! cause ( ?is moral   
p]il is ! l[ grade ( liv+ to :i* !      
family has sunk4 ,!re is no kn[n /ate ( 
ill-heal? to acc\nt = _! indol5ce4 ,!   
fir/ duty ( ! *ur* 9 su* a community is 
to reg5]ate su* a h\sehold & to lift !  
/&>d ( ambition ( its memb]s4  ,sl[ly ! 
c\ntry t[n is com+ to realize t its     
reputation z well z its progress is     
det]m9$ by ?is grade ( citiz54 ,no      
exceptional success on ! "p ( "o or m   
families & no sub/antial goodness by a  
:ole grade ( ! population c comp5sate = 

! l[]+ ( ! /&>d ( ! :ole t[n by ^! p4 ,!
 life & dea?1 ! reputation & ! progress 
( ! t[n are dep5d5t ^u ! ext+ui%m5t ( ^!
 peasant conditions4  ,?is is illu/rat$ 
by ! fact t :]e votes are = sale 9 a t[n
 ^? pur*as$ votes det]m9e ! election 9 !
 majority ( cases4 ,!y con/itute !      
movable m>g9 betwe5 ! two p>ties2 & by  
%ift+ !m "o way or ! o!r ! political    
policy ( ! t[n is det]m9$4 ,?is fact    
illu/rates ! :ole moral situation ( !   
t[n1 = j by ! same flexible m>g9 is !   
moral life ( ! t[n det]m9$4 ,! duty ( ! 
*ur* !re=e is ) ! p ^u ! economic &     
social m>g9 ( ! life ( ! rural          
community4  ,! f>m]'s moral /&>ds are   
oppos$ to comb9ation4 ,he believes 9    
p]sonal righte\sness & family morals4   
,he does n believe 9 ! moral control ( !
 individual or ! h\sehold by ! economic 
gr\p4 ,x has be5 impossible1 !re=e1 to  
comb9e ! f>m]s 9 ! ,ea/ 9 any g5]al way 
s z to control _! m>kets by ma9ta9+ a   
high /&>d ( product4 ,! only control t  
is dream$ ( by ! lead]s ( ! f>m]s is !  

control ( ! quantity ( _! products4 ,!y 
d n ?9k ( comb9ation :i* w control      
!mselves1 & s ma9ta9 a high] quality (  
product 9 ord] t ?us !y may dom9ate !   
m>ket 9 ! great city4  ,! pres5t /ate ( 
e?ical op9ion among ,ea/]n f>m]s is n 9 
sympa?y ) ! e?ical dem&s ( city         
populations4 ,! ,we/]n fruit gr[]s'     
associations h fix$ ! /&>d = ! f>m]s :o 
raise ! fruit1 fir/ ( all1 & by means ( 
?is /&>d !y h conqu]$ ! m>ket 9 di/ant  
cities4 ,! /&>d to :i* !y compel _!     
memb]s to con=m is ! /&>d ( ! dem& 9 !  
_w m>ket4 ,if ! milk f>m]s ab\t ,new    
,york ,city are to comb9e !y mu/ fir/   
impose a self-d5y+ ord9ance ^u _! own   
memb]s & furni% ! city ) a quality (    
milk 9 h>mony ) ! dem&s ( mod]n sanit>y 
exp]ts4 ,?is is an e?ical pr9ciple n ( !
 pione] or ! f>m] economy1 b ( ! new    
husb&ry to :i* v few f>m]s h con=m$4  ,9
 ! build+ ( c\ntry communities1 !re=e1 !
 e?ical tea*+ mu/ be ( a new ord]4 ,!re 
is already a g5]al tea*+ ( morality 9 ! 
c\ntry *ur*es4 ,! temp]ance re=m is a   

moral propag&a born ( ! f>m] economy4 ,!
 expulsion ( ! saloon f c\ntry places   
has be5 9 ob$i5ce to ! f>m]'s consci5ce4
 ,! temp]ance re=m exhibits !           
trans=mation f individual e?ics :i* 7   
advocat$ 9 #ahhj to communal e?ics :i*  
are repres5t$ 9 ! local option aspects (
 ?is re=m4 ,9 #ahhj ! individual 0 ask$ 
to sign ! pl$ge ( total ab/95ce4 ,9 ^?  
days x 0 z important t innoc5t *ildr5   
sign ! pl$ge z t drunk>ds sign x4 ,!    
li/s ( pl$ge sign]s 7 padd$ ) ! names ( 
p]sons :o _h nev] ta/$ /rong dr9k4 ,9   
#ahic ! ,anti-,saloon ,league began its 
agitation1 :i* has proce$$ among c\ntry 
p ) increas+ influ5ce4 ,! individual is 
ignor$ & ! pl$ge is sign$ n[ by !       
community1 by ! c\nty or by ! /ate4 ,!  
attack is n ^u ! individual drunk>d1 b  
^u ! community in/itution1 ! saloon4    
,?is is a great ga9 9 ! direction (     
social e?ics4 ,x illu/rates !           
trans=mation f ! pione] ^: impact 0 ^u !
 individual to ! /&>ds ( ! exploit]     
p]iod 9 :i* ! impact is ^u ! comm]cial  

in/itution4 ,! local option movem5t has 
_h its gr[? 9 ! p]iod ( exploitation    
dat$ by ,pr(4 ,ross f #ahij4 ,9 ?is     
movem5t ! c\ntry *ur*es h be5 di/ribut+ 
c5t]s1 ! places ( discussion & nuclei ( 
moral en]gy4  ,if ! g5]al moral /&>ds ( 
c\ntry p are to be trans=m$ f ! pione]  
=mulae to ^? ( ! mod]n _w economy1 !    
c\ntry *ur*es mu/ be l$ by m5 tra9$ 9   
economics & re9=c$ by a ?or\gh k (      
social processes4 ,! temp]ance movem5t  
already beg9s to %[ ! defici5cies ( a   
propag&a purely negative4 ,its lead]s h 
%[n no conspicu\s sympa?y ) ! play-gr\nd
 movem5t1 :i* is an ess5tial "p ( ! same
 e?ical process4 ,if ! saloon is expell$
 some?+ mu/ be put 9 its place1 b !     
temp]ance re=m]s h n be5 wise en\gh =   
sub/itution3 !y h only be5 skilful 9    
expulsion4 ,c\ntry life1 9 its          
repres5tative communities1 suff]s today 
f monotony & empt9ess4  ,! m9i/]s1      
tea*]s & o!r rural lead]s ne$ ! tra9+   
:i* w equip !m 9 positive & aggressive  
social con/ruction4 ,z ! economy ( !    

exploit] comes 9 to trans=m ! c\ntry    
community x is necess>y = ! prea*] & !  
tea*] to tra9 ! population 9 ! e?ical   
/&>ds ( ! new "t4 ,naturally new        
contractual relations w prevail 9       
bus9ess1 & tru/s w be committ$ to !     
lead+ m5 9 ! f>m+ community1 = :i* !y   
ne$ def9ite moral prep>ation4 ,!re is _m
 a f>m] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o may be     
safely entru/$ ) ! honor ( a woman1 b _c
 be entru/$ ) a million doll>s to sp5d 9
 ! int]e/ ( ! community4 ,9 _m a c\ntry 
community x is p]fectly safe to leave ! 
door unlock$1 b x is n safe to pur*ase a
 qu>t ( milk = a *ild4 ,!re is _m a f>m]
 f :om x is morally safe to pur*ase an  
acre ( gr\nd1 b "o _c be sure 9 pur*as+ 
a c[ f him t %e w n be tub]cul\s4 ,^!   
are new /&>ds n requir$ by ! old economy
 & n taught 9 ! old meet+-h\se4  ,"o    
defect ( ! c\ntry *ur* at ! pres5t "t is
 t x has = ! c\ntryman no message       
appropriate to ! /ruggle 9 :i* he is    
actually attempt+ to d "r4 ,_m *ur*es 9 
! c\ntry tea* only ! /&>ds ( "r & wrong 

to :i* ! f>m]s already con=m4 ,= a %ort 
"t a new m9i/] is popul> ) !m because 8 
new voice & 8 fre% elocution conta9 a   
subtle flatt]y4 ,he d5\nces ! s9s to :i*
 !y are n incl9$ & praises ! virtues :i*
 !y h le>n$ to practise f _! fa!rs4 ,b  
aft] ab\t six mon?s ( su* prea*+ ! f>m] 
we>ies ( a prea*] ) no new message4     
,inde$ ! c\ntryman is puzzl$ & p]plex$  
by mod]n situations ab\t :i* ! m9i/] has
 no k4 ,! f>m] is =c$ to be an economi/1
 b ! m9i/] has nev] /udi$ economics4 ,! 
f>m] is face to face ) problems (       
exploitation4 ,! values n m]ely ( l& b (
 money are 9 8 ?\ght4 ,b ! prea*] has _h
 no tra9+ 9 f9ance & he _c speak wisely 
or surely ^u ! m>g9al problems ) :i* !  
f>m] is p]plex$4  ,! h\sehold economy ( 
! f>m is no long] suffici5t4 ,! s9s are 
n m]ely ^? ( adult]y & disob$i5ce &     
disloyalty4 ,!y are ! s9s ( ! _w m>ket &
 ! _w economy4 ,9 ^! moral situations ! 
m9i/] is sil5t4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t !m4  
,he is incl9$ m]ely to object if ! f>m] 
pur*ases an automobile4 ,he does n see  

:at ! automobile is to d = !            
agriculturi/4 ,sunday obs]vance1 total  
ab/95ce1 family purity1 hone/y z to     
p]sonal prop]ty1 ^! are 8 /ock 9 trade &
 ^! alone4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 a g5ius  
to prea* 9 ! c\ntry1 because only ! mo/ 
brilliant prea*+ c r5d] traditional     
moral /&>ds int]e/+ among c\ntry p4  ,x 
is prov]bial among m9i/]s t ! be/       
prea*]s are ne$$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! reason =
 ?is is t none ( ! prea*]s has any b an 
outworn /&>d to prea*4 ,!y mu/ re9=ce x 
) extraord9>y eloqu5ce 9 ord] to keep x 
attractive4 ,v ord9>y m51 h[ev]1 if !y  
und]/& ! mod]n _s1 c hold ! att5tion (  
c\ntry p4 ,! grange has m9i/]$ to !     
f>m]'s consci5ce4 ,yet its lead]s h be5 
commonplace m51 unkn[n to ! nation at   
l>ge4 ,! great movem5ts :i* h influ5c$ !
 f>m] 9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s h mo/ ( !m be5 
pu%$ to success by m5 unkn[n to any b   
f>m]s4 ,:at orator has come into        
national prom95ce out ( ! ent]prises (  
agricultural life 9 ! pa/ two decades8  
,! f>m] does n ne$ great eloqu5ce1 b he 

does ne$ a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! moral &   
spiritual situations aris+ out ( !      
exploit] process 9 :i* he is imm]s$4 ,he
 ne$s moral tea*]s = ! era ( husb&ry :i*
 is dawn+ 9 ! c\ntry4  ,!re is an actual
 & mo/ conspicu\s de>? ( lead]%ip ( a   
high ord] 9 rural life4 ,?is is evid5t  
:5 we consid] ! economic & social       
importance ( ! agriculturi/s4 ,!        
agriculturi/s con/itute ab\t half ( our 
population1 !y own$ ov] #ba p] c5t ( !  
total weal? 9 #aijj1 & 9 #aiji _!       
products _h a value ( #h1gfj1jjj1 or j  
ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! entire nation = t    
ye>4 ,yet ?is va/ & fundam5tal elem5t ( 
our nation elects no f>m] presid5ts1 has
 sc>cely any ( its memb]s 9 congress1 b 
few 9 /ate legislatures z comp>$ ) o!r  
classes2 x has no gov]nors nor judges4  
,9 fact1 ?is class is almo/ )\t lead]%ip
 9 ! sph]e ( political life & mu/ dep5d 
on repres5tatives ( o!r classes to      
secure ju/ice4 ,economically x is       
relatively p[]less likewise1 possess+   
practically no control ov] m>kets &     

prices ?r\gh organization 9 an age :5   
organization dom9ates all economic l9es1
 accept+ int]e/ rates & freight rates   
(f]$ x )\t ! ability to *eck or regulate
 !m1 & buy+ its goods at :atev] prices !
 indu/rial produc]s set4 ,its lead]%ip  
up to ! pres5t "t has be5 ( ! sporadic &
 discont9u\s sort4 ,x has be5           
individuali/ic1 lack+ social outlook &  
vision4 ,consequ5tly = community        
purposes its significance has be5       
slight4#cd  ,,footnote3  ,footnote #cd3 
,pr(4 ,john ,m4 ,gillette1 9 ,am]ican   
,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,m>*1 #aiaj4      
,,xiii  ,,recreation   ,! "t has pass$ 9
 :i* ! amusem5ts ( ! community c be     
neglect$ or dismiss$ ) m]e condemnation4
 ,9 ! husb&ry ( ! c\ntry e factor mu/ be
 c\nt$4 ,we are deal+ no long] ) a      
fatali/ic c\ntry life1 b ) ! economy (  
all res\rces4 ,!re=e ! neglect+ ( ! play
 life & ignor+ ! leisure occupations ( a
 c\ntry p are inconsi/5t ) ! new        
economy4  ,moreov] ! anci5t me?od (     
condemn+ all recreations pass$ away ) ! 

au/]e economy ( e>li] days4 ,! *ur*es 9 
! c\ntry no long] discipl9e _! memb]s = 
go+ to frolics4 ,! c\ntry community no  
long] is ( "o m9d z to ! /&>d by :i*    
recreation %all be gov]n$4 ,yet e ev5t (
 ?is sort is closely inspect$ by ! g5]al
 att5tion4  ,! exp]i5ce ( ! cities1 9   
:i* social control has gone mu* f>!r ?an
 9 ! c\ntry "u ! delib]ate h>moniz+ (   
life ) economic pr9ciples1 has mu* to   
contribute = ! build+ up ( rural society
 ?r\gh v>i\s means1 among :i* is        
recreation4  ,! ne$ ( recreative        
activities 9 ! c\ntry is %[n by rec5t   
surveys und]tak5 9 ,p5nsylvania1        
,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri & ,k5tucky 
by ! ,presbyt]ian ,dep>tm5t ( ,*ur* &   
,c\ntry ,life4 ,g5]ally1 ?r\gh\t ! f>m+ 
population1 x 0 discov]$ t no common    
occasions & no common exp]i5ces fell to 
! lot ( ! c\ntry community4 ,9 ! c\rse (
 ! r\nd ye> !re is1 9 ?\s&s ( f>m+      
communities 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,indiana &  
,ill9ois1 no s+le meet+ t br+s all ! p  
toge!r4 ,! small t[n has its fireman's  

p>ade1 to ! small city comes once a ye> 
! circus & to ! great city comes an     
anniv]s>y or an exposition4 ,e ye> !re  
is "s common exp]i5ce :i* welds !       
population1 increases acqua9tance &     
int5sifies social unity4 ,! tillage ( ! 
soil 9 ^? f>m+ communities f :i* !      
blacksmi?1 ! /orekeep]1 ! p$dl] & !     
%oemak] h dep>t$1 is v lonely4  ,!      
telephone is ! new sy/em ( n]ves = !    
rural organism1 b ! telephone is a cold1
 /eel wire in/ead ( ! w>m & cordial     
p]sonal meet+s ) :i* ! c\ntryside 0 once
 enliv5$4 ,9 eighty c\ntry t[ns 9       
,p5nsylvania1 ( :i* fifty are purely    
agricultural1 we f\nd 9 our survey only 
?ree t _h a common lead]%ip & a common  
assembl+4 ,! life ( ! p 9 ^! communities
 is s solit>y z to be almo/ repell5t4   
,_! social habits are ^? ( aggressive   
lonel9ess4 ,?is isolation 9 ! pione]    
days made ! c\ntry p cordial to !       
visitor3 b 9 ! com+ ( ! new economy !   
f>m] %r9ks f /rang]s1 because he has    
become accu/om$ to social divisions &   

classifications 9 :i* he feels himself  
inf]ior2 s t ! lonel9ess ( c\ntry life  
has become n m]ely geographical1 b      
sociological4 ,! f>m] is %ut 9 n m]ely  
by di/ances 9 miles1 b by di/ances (    
social av]sion & suspicion4 ,diff]5ce   
has become a m ho/ile influ5ce 9 !      
c\ntry ?an di/ance4  ,organiz$ indu/ry  
necessitates organiz$ recreation4 ,!    
subjection ( m9d & body to ma*9e labor  
requires a reaction 9 ! =m ( play4 ,all 
factory & indu/rial populations1 )\t    
exception1 provide !mselves )           
play-gr\nds ( "s sort4 ,9 ! city :]e no 
public provision is made ! /reets are   
us$ by ! boys = _! games1 ev5 at ! risk 
( injury or dea? f ! pass+ traffic4     
,jane ,addams has %[n1 9 a f9e lit]>y   
appeal 9 h] ,! ,_s ( ,y\? & ! ,city     
,/reets1 ! necessity ( "s provision = ! 
recreations ( ! "y & ( work+ p 9 a great
 city4  ,?is necessity is n prim>ily due
 to conge/ion ( ! population4 ,its real 
s\rces are 9 ! sy/em & organization by  
:i* mod]n "w is done4 ,?is necessity is 

z *>act]i/ic ( ! rural community z x is 
( ! city1 = on ! f>ms z well z 9 !      
factory t[ns labor is p]=m$ by ma*9]y4  
,?is means t ?r\gh ! work+ h\rs ( ! day1
 f eight to twelve 9 numb]1 ! att5tion (
 ! work] mu/ be conc5trat$ ^u "o task1  
pati5tly & /eadfa/ly pursu$4 ,! ma*9e   
work] ex]ts himself 9 ! control ( great 
p[]s1 horse p[] or /eam p[]1 committ$ to
 8 *>ge4 ,he has no opportunity =       
languor or re/4 ,he has no *oice4 ,8 job
 drives him4 ,8 movem5ts are fix$ &     
regulat$ by ! nature ( ! ma*9e ) :i* he 
is work+1 & ( ! task to be accompli%$4  
,at ! end ( ! day he has act$           
involunt>ily & me*anically until 8 own  
p[]s ( w & *oice are accumulat$4 ,be+   
repress$ ?r\gh long h\rs ( prescrib$    
labor he is ready = a reb\nd4 ,8 nature 
dem&s self-expression4 ,?is             
self-expression takes ! =m ( play4  ,!  
recreation :i* results is organiz$4 ,!  
labor] 9 a factory or on a railroad is  
consci\s ( organization by ! v nature ( 
8 "w4 ,he labors ) a ma*9e driv5 by p[]s

 unse5 b ( ^: op]ation he is aw>e1 9 a  
great plant :]e9 8 own labor is         
co-ord9at$ ) t ( o!r work]s l unto      
himself4 ,! h\rs ( self-devotion &      
prescrib$ att5tion leave him free =     
sympa?y ) ! o!r work]s1 ^: action & ^:  
toil are organiz$ ) 8 own1 & on ^: skill
 & devotion 8 life & limb & ! cont9uance
 ( 8 job are dep5d5t4 ,:5 he turns to   
recreation he naturally seeks to cont9ue
 ! sil5t communion ) 8 fell[-work]s4 ,! 
repress$ p]sonal en]gies are already    
prep>$ = team "w4 ,he comes out ( !     
factory bubbl+ ov] ) good fell[%ip &    
seek+ = comrade%ip 9 ! self-expression  
:i* ! long h\rs ( ! day h d5i$ him4  ,! 
result is t 9 e factory t[n ! op5 spaces
 are devot$ to playgr\nd uses4 ,vacant  
lots1 unoccupi$ fields1 & ! op5 /reet   
are us$ by m5 & boys = _! games4        
,exactly ! same exp]i5ce results f s*ool
 & college organization ( education "w4 
,! /ud5t 9 ! common s*ools does n *oose 
8 c\rse2 x is prescrib$ = him by 8      
family & by society4 ,he does n g to    

s*ool because he is m5tally ambiti\s1 b 
because ! /&>ds ( univ]sal education    
require x ( him4 ,especially 9 !        
colleges :i* inh]it a great "n & attract
 "y m5 & wom5 = social advantage1 !     
/ud5ts are *>act]iz$ by an involunt>y   
subjection to ! r\t9e ( mod]n p$agogy4  
,educational discipl9e is impos$ ^u !m  
?r\gh ! long h\rs ( lectures &          
laboratory & recitations4 ,! /ud5ts 9   
high s*ool & college are accumulat+ a   
reb\nd ( volunt>y action4 ,?is organiz$ 
self-expression takes ! =m ( s*ool &    
college a?letics1 :i* has long s9ce be5 
adopt$ z a "p ( ! educational r\t9e4 ,no
 consid]able numb] ( educators are 9    
favor ( aboli%+ x1 & only a few v5ture  
to believe 9 re/rict+ college a?letics4 
,its moral value is ev]y:]e tacitly     
recogniz$1 & pretty g5]ally x is        
consci\sly accept$ by college & s*ool   
faculties4  ,play ( ?is sort has great  
moral value4 ,we are hir$ to "w1 & we d 
x )\t *oice or en?usiasm1 b 9 play !    
natural =ces & ! p]sonal *oice are at _!

 maximum4 ,e action is *os5 & is        
saturat$ ) ! pleasure ( self-expression4
 ,! result is t play has high e?ical    
value4  ,especially has organiz$        
recreation great moral p[]1 because x   
involves team "w1 & ! subjection ( !    
individual to ! success ( ! team4       
,organiz$ recreation tea*es self-d5ial 9
 a multitude ( exp]i5ces :i* are all ! m
 p[]ful because !y are n prescrib$ by   
any tea*] or prea*]1 b are ! free       
natural expression ( ! human _s "u !    
gov]nm5t ( *os5 associates work+ out    
toge!r a common purpose4  ,!re=e x is   
necess>y to use play = ! recreation (   
c\ntry life4 ,! ^w is lit]al1 n         
figurative4 ,x is n a problem m]ely (   
games1 nor ! "q ( gymnasium1 b a pr(\nd 
e?ical ent]prise ( discipl9+ ! :ole     
population ?r\gh ! use ( ! play _s4 ,?is
 "q mu/ be approa*$ on ! high plane ( ! 
tea*+ ( mod]n !ori/s1 & ! exp]i5ce ( su*
 practical organizations z ! ,"y ,m5's  
,*ri/ian ,association4  ,! ,*ri/ian     
,associations began _! "w 9 ! lifetime (

 pres5t g5]ations & = accompli%+ c]ta9  
purposes !y h us$ recreation4 ,!y       
provid$ a gymnasium1 at fir/1 9 ord] to 
get m5 into ! pray]-meet+4 ,!y (f]$     
social p>lors 9 :i* "y m5 c\ld always   
he> ! s\nd ( sacr$ song4 ,b ! ,"y ,m5's 
,*ri/ian ,association has travel$ f> f  
its crude & e>ly use ( recreation4 ,"s (
 ! e>ly ,association lead]s are /ill    
liv+ & /ill lead+4 ,!y h /eadily advanc$
 ) c>e & wisdom 9 ! use ( recreation4   
,)9 v rec5t ye>s ! lead]s ( !           
,associations h c\nt5anc$ ! use (       
billi>d tables4 ,no long] is ! gymnasium
 an annex to ! pray]-meet+4 ,x has      
values ( its own4 ,)\t moraliz+1 ^!     
practical m5 h discov]$ t ! social      
p>lors 7 good = ends ( _! own & n m]ely 
z a place = he>+ ! di/ant s\nd ( hymns4 
,9 o!r words1 recreation is a =m (      
e?ical culture4  ,rev4 ,c4 ,o4 ,gill1 :o
 0 capta9 ( ! ,yale football team 9     
#ahij1 has _h an ext5d$ exp]i5ce among  
f>m]s4 ,he says1 ,! reason :y f>m]s _c  
co-op]ate is 9 ! fact t !y did n play :5

 !y 7 boys4 ,!y nev] le>n$ team "w4 ,!y 
_c yield to "o ano!r1 or surr5d]        
!mselves to ! common purpose4 ,! writ]1 
obs]v+ ,mr4 ,gill coa*+ a univ]sity     
team1 comm5t$ ^u ! good spirits ) :i* a 
play] yield$ 8 place on ! team j be=e ! 
victory4 ,mr4 ,gill _h remov$ him1 z he 
expla9$ to him1 n because he play$      
poorly1 b because a new =mation requir$ 
a re>rangem5t ( ! team4 ,9 reply to     
comm5t ^u ! play]'s self-=getfulness1   
,mr4 ,gill said1 ,football is ! greate/ 
s*ool ( morals 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i le>n$ m   
e?ics f ! coa*es :5 ,i 0 an und]graduate
 9 ,yale1 ?an f all o!r s\rces comb9$4  
,x is ?is high e?ical value ( recreation
 :i* causes ! work+ man to def5d 8      
amateur baseball team1 & makes x s h>d  
to repress ,sunday games4 ,! work+ man  
admits ! high value ( ! ,sabba?1 b he   
sets a value also ^u recreation1 & )\t  
analysis ( ! philosophy ei!r ( ! ,sabba?
 or ( ! play-gr\nd1 /\tly ma9ta9s !     
goodness ( recreation & its necessity = 
^? :o h labor$ all ! week4 ,i "w six    

days 9 ! week1 & ,i mu/ h "s "t =       
recreation1 is ! work+ man's answ] to   
all ,sunday re=m]s4 ,waiv+ = a mom5t !  
"q ( ! ,sabba?1 ! human process to :i* !
 work+ man te/ifies is exactly z he     
describes x4 ,organiz$ labor & sy/ematic
 indu/ry w react on any population 9 !  
=m ( sy/ematic recreation4  ,!          
,play-gr\nd ,movem5t1 !re=e1 is ext5d+  
itself ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry by ! v influ5ce 
( mod]n indu/ry4 ,giv5 intellig5ce to   
int]pret x1 & "o und]/&s at once !      
desire ( philan?ropic & public spirit$  
m5 & wom5 to provide a playgr\nd beside 
e s*ool build+1 op5 = all ! p4  ,dr4    
,lu!r ,h4 ,gulick1 :o 0 born ( mission>y
 p>5ts1 0 tra9$ 9 religi\s s*ools1      
graduat$ z a physician1 employ$ = ye>s 9
 ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 & !n
 made ,play-,gr\nd ,director 9 ! ,new   
,york ,public ,s*ools1 has become       
legitimately ! heir ( ! exp]i5ces ( !   
mod]n social consci5ce4 ,he has summ$ up
 ! philosophy ( work+ m51 /ud5ts1 & ( ! 
p ^: lives are sy/ematiz$1 9 a s5t5ce3  

,!re is a high] morality 9 ! reactions (
 play ?an 9 ! exp]i5ces ( labor4  ,!    
tradition ( ! *ur* has be5 oppos$ to    
amusem5t & recreation4 ,! *ur* ( our    
fa!rs recogniz$ ! moral possibilities ( 
play by call+ all play immoral4 ,! e>ly 
,quak]s fill$ _! records 9 ! eighte5?   
c5tury ) d5unciations ( frollicks4      
,consci\sly !y d5\nc$ amusem5t1 act+ no 
d\bt 9 a wise und]/&+ ( ! rude1 boi/]\s 
"* ( ! pione]'s social ga!r+s4 ,only    
unconsci\sly did ! ,quak]s cultivate !  
_s ( recreation 9 _! social ga!r+s4 ,x 0
 p]mitt$ to h b few & repress$          
opportunities4 ,! decad5ce ( ! ,quak]   
*ur* is probably due1 9 a consid]able   
measure1 to _! /ubborn unwill+ness to   
see bo? sides ( ?is "q4 ,!y saw t       
recreation 0 immoral4 ,!y refus$ to see 
t its possible moral value 0 z great z  
its moral dang]4  ,ext5sive             
correspond5ce ) work+ pa/ors1 by means (
 a sy/em ( que/ions s5t out f a ,new    
,york (fice1 has br\ght ?is result4 ,9  
answ] to ! "q1 ,:at amusem5ts ( moral   

value are !re 9 ! community8 ! answ]1   
,baseball1 boat+1 t5nis1 golf1 bicycl+1 
etc4 ,a small] numb] ( recreations 0    
nam$ 9 answ] to ! inquiry = immoral     
sports4 ,! subsequ5t "q1 ,:at is y\r    
position be=e ! community8 br\ght f !   
m9i/] v (t5 ?is answ]3 ,i am kn[n to be 
oppos$ to all sports4 ,few m9i/]s       
realize ! inconsi/5cy ( ?is position4   
,!y /& be=e ! community z ! pr(ess$     
advocates ( public & private morality1 &
 !y /& also be=e ! community z ! pr(ess$
 & viol5t oppon5ts1 (t51 ( ! public     
sports :i* are kn[n to ! "y m5 & work+m5
 g5]ally z promot]s ( e?ical culture &  
moral tra9+4 ,is x any wond] t ! *ur*es1
 9 ^! communities1 are (t5 des]t$ by !  
common p8  ,9 ,lewi/[n1 ,pa41 ! old     
,presbyt]ian ,*ur* !re1 see+ ! conge/$  
"* ( ! t[n population & ! ne$ (         
brea?+-places = ! "y p & work+ p1 look$ 
ab\t = a recreation field4 ,! only      
available gr\nd is ! old cemet]y1 9 :i* 
! e>li] memb]s ( ! congregation h buri$ 
_! dead4 ,?is1 ! only op5 spot 9 ! c5t] 

( ! t[n1 x has be5 propos$ to turn into 
a playgr\nd1 ! bodies ( ! dead to be    
dis9t]r$ & laid rev]5tly away 9 a quiet]
 place1 & ! gr\nd newly consecrat$ to ! 
ne$s ( ! liv+1 & ( ! "y4 ,! action      
contemplat$ by ?is f9e old *ur* is      
emblematic ( ! mod]n _s4 ,*ri/ianity is 
no long] a m]e rev]5ce = dea? & ! o!r   
_w4 ,b x is an en]getic s]vice to ! "y1 
& ! work+ p1 9 ?is pres5t _w4 ,x is no  
long] a solemn rev]5ce = ! salvation ( !
 individual s\l 9 a heav5 unse51 b x is 
a social s]vice1 no less s]i\s1 unto !  
liv+ & unto ! "y & ! employ$4  ,c]ta9   
mod]n sports1 su* z baseball1 are free f
 ! corruption :i* has atta*$ itself to  
horse-rac+ & pugilism4 ,?is corruption  
is n 9 rac+ a horse1 or pun*+ an        
oppon5t4 ,x is 9 ! di%one/y ( ! race1 = 
horsem5 believe t !re nev] 0 an hone/   
horse-race1 & ! foll[]s ( ! prize r+ are
 con/antly suspici\s t ! fight w be     
fix$4 ,! fir/ "q !y ask aft] ! decision 
( ! ref]ee is g5]ally1 ,0 x a frame-up8 
,! moral p[] ( baseball1 t5nis1 football

 & ! o!r mo/ popul> sports1 is 9 !      
confid5ce t ! game is fairly play$4 ,?is
 fairness ( ! game is ! wide/ ext5d$    
s*ool ( e?ical culture t ! ,am]ican &   
,briti% population "k4 ,honorable       
recreation tra9s 9 c\rage1 manl9ess1    
co-op]ation1 ob$i5ce1 self-control1     
pres5ce ( m9d1 & 9 e o!r ( ! g5]al      
social virtues4 ,x makes m5 citiz5s &   
good soldi]s :5 ne$ comes4 ,?is 0 !     
mean+ ( ! rem>k ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1  
:51 aft] ! conque/ ( ,napoleon1 he      
return$ to view ! playgr\nd at ,eton1 & 
said1 ,"h ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo 0 won4   
,= ! build+ up ( a community1 !re=e1 !  
promotion ( recreation is an ess5tial4  
,j z necess>y z ! provid+ ( common      
s*ools = all ! p1 is ! provision (      
public play-gr\nds = all ! p4 ,z _m z   
are ! s*ool h\ses s _m1 g5]ally speak+1 
%\ld be ! play-gr\nds accessible to all1
 "u ! c>e ( tra9$ & responsible lead]s1 
9 :i*1 )\t too mu* gov]nm5t1 ! free     
movem5ts ( ! "y & ! ab\nd+              
self-expression ( ! great mass ( !      

employ$ %all h opportunity to "w out _! 
own education ?r\gh play1 into public   
righte\sness4  ,! tra9+ ( citiz5s = days
 to come dem&s exactly ! qualities :i*  
are imp>t$ on ! play-gr\nd4 ,morality is
 n taught & e?ical culture is n imp>t$  
by precept1 ?\gh precept & exhortation h
 _! due place 9 ! analysis ( moral &    
spiritual matt]s1 = ! ?\ghtful4 ,b !    
great numb] ( p are n e?ically ?\ghtful1
 & 9 ! acquirem5t ( righte\sness all p  
are unconsci\s4 ,! desir$ action 9 moral
 gr[? is univ]sally spontane\s4 ,! mo/  
sob] & intellectual ( m5 mu/ be caught  
(f 8 gu>d & mu/ be lur$ into volunt>y   
actions be=e any moral habits c be =m$ 9
 him4 ,m]e analysis ( tru? or           
self-exam9ation makes no man good4 ,b m5
 become good by do+ ?+s fir/1 & ?9k+ (  
!m aft]w>d4 ,!y c be j z good if !y nev]
 ?9k ab\t !m1 ?\gh ?9k+ ab\t e?ical     
matt]s r5d]s a s]vice to ! community z a
 :ole4  ,x %\ld be ! duty1 !re=e1 ( !   
*ur*es1 :o are ackn[l$g$ be=e ! :ole    
community z repositories ( ! consci5ce (

 m51 to promote public recreation4 ,:]e 
necess>y ! *ur* %\ld ev5 provide a      
play-gr\nd4 ,9 ,galesburg1 ,ill41 fifte5
 *ur*es are co-op]at+1 ?r\gh _! m5's    
societies1 9 a c5tral c\ncil ( =ty      
memb]s4 ,?is ,c\ncil is made up 9 ! =m (
 f\r ,committees ( t54 ,ea* ,committee  
consid]s "o great int]e/ ( ! community4 
,"o ( ^! int]e/s is recreation4 ,x is ! 
duty ( ?is ,committee 9 w9t] to provide 
musical & lit]>y ent]ta9m5t & lectures4 
,9 ! summ] ?is ,committee has secur$ !  
use ( ! ,knox ,college recreation field1
 & employ+ a tra9$ man1 has op5$ x      
?r\gh\t ! summ] z a play-gr\nd = all !  
*ildr5 ( ! city4  ,! use ( recreation = 
! build+ up ( a community seems to      
involve exp5sive app>atus & sometimes   
does s4 ,mrs4 ,russell ,sage at ,sag    
,h>bor1 ,long ,isl&1 has exp5d$ _m ?\s&s
 ( doll>s 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,int]e/$ 9 !    
*ildr51 ( :om !re are ab\t eight hundr$ 
9 ! t[n1 ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( giv+ !m a   
,*ri/mas tree1 %e det]m9$ to devote to  
_! use a piece ( l& on ! bord]s ( !     

village1 =m]ly us$ z a fair gr\nd4 ,?is 
"w is to h local value = ! *ildr5 ( ?is 
community1 & has be5 us$ z a            
demon/ration c5t] ( ! effici5cy (       
recreation z a moral discipl9e among !  
"y4  ,b mo/ communities h n s mu* money 
to sp5d4 ,! proposal ( a play-gr\nd or (
 a gymnasium is itself suffici5t to     
condemn ! doctr9e ( play4 ,we _c af=d x1
 settles ! :ole "q4 ,9 ! c\ntry exp5sive
 app>atus is n necess>y2 nor d ! f>m]'s 
son & daught] require 9 recreation s mu*
 physical ex]cise4 ,! gymnasium is an   
artificial & exp5sive ma*9]y = induc+   
sweat1 b ! f>m] ne$s no su* artificial  
ma*9e4 ,! problem is purely "o ( play1 n
 ( ex]cise4 ,= ?is purpose a c>eful /udy
 ( ! community1 & ( its t5d5cies &      
incl9ations1 is necess>y4 ,! great      
ess5tial ( recreation 9 ! c\ntry is !   
opportunity to meet & to talk4 ,!re=e ! 
social life ( ga!r+s 9 ! *ur*1 & 9 !    
s*oolh\se1 no matt] :at _! program1     
provid$ x be innoc5t1 is valuable4      
,f>m]s w att5d an auction1 & g a long   

way to a horse-race1 or ga!r at a fair1 
)\t any int5tion ( buy+ or sell+4 ,!    
fundam5tal s]vice r5d]$ by ! c\nty fair 
& ! auction is an opportunity af=d$ to  
conv]se4 ,?is ex]cise ( ! tongue is f> m
 important 9 rural recreation ?an !     
ex]cise ( ! biceps4 ,b c\ntry p _c talk 
)\t an occasion :i* unlocks _! tongues4 
,!y mu/ n be directly solicit$ to       
conv]se or !y are sil5t4 ,if ! occasion 
is provid$ & is made to be suffici5tly  
plausible its greate/ success w be 9    
conv]sation4  ,9 almo/ e c\ntry         
community1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be revival1 9
 v>i\s =ms1 ( ! old ,bees1 :i* _h s mu* 
( a place 9 ! =m] economy4 ,if !re is a 
wid[ :o has no "o to cut h] wood1 ! m5 (
 ! c\ntry *ur* %\ld assemble to d x4 ,if
 !re is a h\sehold ^: bread w9n] &      
husb&man has di$ at ! "t ( plant+ corn1 
let ! m5 ( ! community ga!r at an       
appo9t$ day & till ! gr\nd = ! family1  
^: grief is great] at t mom5t ?an _!    
ne$4 ,let ! wom5 ( ! community assemble 
at noon to provide an abundant repa/4   

,?is 0 rec5tly done by a c\ntryside1 at 
! in/igation ( ! m9i/]1 & ! effect ( x 0
 la/+ 9 its values z well z int5se 9 !  
joy ( ! day's "w4 ,x seems1 9 view ( !  
ne$ ( recreation1 t no o!r quality is s 
important 9 ! c\ntry community z a      
lively lead]4 ,res\rceful1 en]getic &   
f]tile m5 9 ! rural m9i/ry c accompli%  
va/ly m ?an conv5tional1 ord]ly & prop] 
m54  ,! *ur* 9 :i* ,i began my m9i/ry   
us$ to h a play e ,*ri/mas4 ,we built   
out ! pulpit plat=m ) bo>ds1 we hung x  
ar\nd ) curta9s1 giv+ dress+-room space1
 & we plac$ lant]ns 9 front =           
foot-lights4 ,! fir/ play we gave made u
 anxi\s1 = ! neighborhood 0 an old      
,quak] settlem5t2 b we f\nd t ! ,quak]s 
enjoy$ ! play imm5sely & 7 ! be/ actors4
 ,we made x a g5u9e expression ( !      
,*ri/mas _s4 ,we aboli%$ ! old speak+   
pieces4 ,our little /age (f]$ ! "y p    
team "w1 in/ead ( individual elocution4 
,! rehe>sals fill$ a :ole mon? ) happy &
 valuable meet+s4 ,ev]ybody co-op]at$ 9 
! labor necess>y to prep>e ! decorations

 & to take !m d[n1 dur+ ,*ri/mas week1 &
 on ! night ( ! play ev]ybody 0 on h&1  
,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant & hea!n4  ,!       
holidays ( ! pass+ ye> sugge/ !         
recreations ( ! c\ntry *ur*4 ,^! %\ld n 
necess>ily be productive ( sweat1 b !   
c\ntry boy & girl d ne$ ! recreation (  
laught] & happy meet+ & social          
livel9ess4 ,f>m "w is lonely &          
monoton\s4 ,su* immorality z !re is 9 ! 
c\ntry has direct connection ) ! t$ium &
 dullness ( long h\rs out-doors1 alone4 
,! recreations ( c\ntry life %\ld be    
meet+s = ! celebration ( great ev5ts ( !
 ye>4 ,ea/] expresses ideas :i* are     
age-old among c\ntry p3 x is bo? a pagan
 fe/ival & a ,*ri/ian anniv]s>y4 ,if    
,ea/] is develop$ 9 a celebration ( song
 or procession1 ( s]mon & ( decoration1 
) full use ( its symbolic value1 x is   
sure to br+ ! :ole c\ntryside toge!r1 9 
an exp]i5ce ( ! ,new ,ye> ris+ f ! grave
 ( w9t] & ( ! div9e ,"l ris5 f ! dead4  
,mo/ c\ntry communities h no su*        
celebration4 ,9 v _m ! :ole ye> passes  

)\t neighbors meet+ = a common social   
exp]i5ce4 ,?is is :y p move to ! city1  
because e city1 great & small1 has 9 !  
c\rse ( ! ye> "s ev5ts :i* br+ all ! p  
to ! curb/one4 ,c\ntry life has few su* 
times & !re=e x is dull1 because ! ri*e/
 exp]i5ce ( mank9d is ! exp]i5ce (      
common social joy4 ,! be/ recreation is 
acqua9tance & conv]sation4 ,! f>m]'s son
 sp5ds _m h\rs 9 sil5ce4 ,he wants      
someone to help him to talk1 & to talk  
unto "s purpose4  ,! ,f\r? ( ,july is   
celebrat$ 9 ,rock ,creek1 an ,ill9ois   
community1 by a wild animal %[4 ,in/ead 
( explosives1 :i* are disc\rag$1 ! boys 
( ! community br+ toge!r 9 small cages  
_! animal pets4 ,! boys are enc\rag$ to 
make small c>ts = ! transportation ( _! 
pets1 & ! cr[n+ ev5t ( ! day is !       
procession ( ^! c>ts1 9 an op5 place1   
be=e ! great d9n]1 at :i* ! c\ntryside  
sits d[n toge!r4  ,recreation 9 !       
c\ntry1 above all1 %\ld revolve ab\t    
some?+ to eat4 ,! f>m]'s bus9ess is to  
fe$ ! _w1 & c\ntry p love1 above all    

?+s1 ! social joy ( eat+4 ,f>m]s' wives 
are ! be/ cooks & ! c\ntry h\sehold     
p]petuates its cul9>y traditions4       
,especially does a p]man5t f>m          
population enri* its h\sehold tradition 
) delici\s recipes & beautiful cu/oms ( 
! table4 ,?anksgiv+ ,day %\ld be ! great
 celebration ( ! r\nd ye> 9 ! c\ntry4   
,:at a comm5t ^u ! c\ntry community x is
 t s few communities 9 ! c\ntry meet    
toge!r1 9 response to ! ,presid5t's     
proclamation ( ?anksgiv+1 to express    
gratitude unto ! b\ntiful ,fa!r ( all4  
,! c\ntry *ur* %\ld m9i/] to c\ntry p 9 
"s effective ga!r+ ( all ! c\ntryside4  
,a mo/ fruitful me?od n[ 9 use is a corn
 judg+ conte/ = ! boys4  ,9 ! ,middle   
,we/ ! ,corn ,clubs = boys h _h an      
extraord9>y value1 & 9 ! ,s\?1 also1 !  
,f>m]'s ,co-op]ative ,demon/ration ,"w  
has made use ( ! boys 9 ! c\ntry        
community = demon/rat+ progressive      
me?ods on ! f>m4 ,?anksgiv+ ,day c be   
prep>$ = 9 ! prec$+ spr+1 & ! boys &    
girls :o h manag$ a g>d51 or half acre1 

?r\gh ! summ] c make _! %[+ at t "t4    
,su* a competitive %[+ 9 ! c\ntry1 9 !  
production ( ! /aple crop1 is sure to   
br+ toge!r ! :ole c\ntryside4  ,! local 
hi/ory ( ! c\ntry community is a        
fruitful s\rce ( recreation4 ,f>m]s look
 to ! pa/1 & ev5 ! new p 9 ! c\ntry are 
ke5 to he> ! /ory ( ! old settl]s & ( ! 
e>ly pione]s4 ,no?+ is ( great] value 9 
develop+ & refre%+ c\ntry life ?an to   
enri* x by celebrat+ its e>ly hi/ory4   
,recreation is ess5tial to ! moral life 
( any p4 ,x is ! con/ructive me?od (    
mak+ individuals into good citiz5s4     
,especially valuable is x z a means (   
educat+ ! "y p & ! work+ p ( !          
community4 ,! crav+ = ?is social tra9+ &
 e?ical exp]i5ce drives _m out ( !      
c\ntry community4 ,conv]sely1 tra9+ 9   
social morality is to be und]tak5       
especially by ! *ur*1 :i* possesses !   
consci5ce ( ! c\ntry community4 ,?is    
tra9+ is express$ 9 ! "o phrase2 !      
promotion ( recreation4     ,,xiv       
,,common ,,wor%ip   ,! wor%ip ( ,god is 

an expression ( ! consci\sness ( k9d4   
,?is consci\sness is a social & a       
socializ+ =ce1 sometimes exce$+ly       
delicate & subtle 9 its action2         
sometimes turbul5t & all-p[]ful4 ,assum+
 endlessly v>i$ modes ( prejudice & (   
prepossession1 ( lik+ & dislik+1 x t5ds 
always to recon/ruct & dom9ate e mode ( 
association & e social gr\p+4#ce ,?is   
description by ,pr(essor ,gidd+s is s   
ne> to a description ( wor%ip1 t x is   
/>tl+4  ,( all human acts ( !           
consci5ti\s man wor%ip is ! mo/ highly  
symbolic4 ,!y :o wor%ip are alike1 & 9  
_! lik5ess are unlike to o!rs4 ,x is an 
expression ( _! aw>5ess ( resemblance & 
( diff]5ce4 ,! def9itions ( consci\sness
 ( k9d1 z a sociological process1 g a   
long way to expla9 )\t fur!r comm5t1 bo?
 ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( ! *ur*es 9      
,am]ica4  ,! *ur*es h to /ruggle ) a    
n>r[ & small social horizon4 ,few p are 
s consci\s ( _! k9%ip ) all o!rs 9 _!   
community t !y desire ^? o!rs to wor%ip 
) !m4 ,! s5se ( unlik5ess to o!rs is1   

un=tunately1 z /rong 9 _! feel+s z !    
s5se ( lik5ess unto _! own4 ,9 !        
,am]ican community ) _m newcom]s1 & "s  
=eign]s1 ?is s5se ( unlik5ess is        
natural4 ,x is n to be wond]$ t m5 %\ld 
?9k !mselves m l unto _! old neighbors  
?an unto ! new4 ,x is n surpris+ t ) new
 economic processes m5 %\ld ignore _!   
unity ) ^? :o co-op]ate ) !m 9 gett+ a  
liv+1 & %\ld be consci\s ( _! unity ) ^?
 ^: liv+ comes 9 ! same =m4 ,z a result1
 we h work+ m5's *ur*es & ri* m5's      
clubs1 college *ur*es1 /ud5t pa/ors1    
*ur*es :i* m9i/] to old families1 & new 
*apels built by t5ant f>m]s4 ,b ^!      
phases ( wor%ip are peculi> to ! times (
 transition 9 :i* we live4 ,! immaturity
 ( our economic processes1 & ! great]   
immaturity ( our economic k1 expla9 !   
failure ( wor%ip+ p to assemble by      
communities2 b ! process :i* assembles  
m5 ( k9dr$ m9d to wor%ip toge!r n[ is   
capable ( br++ m5 toge!r 9 l>g] :oles4  
,! _s ( f$]ation is 9 ! air4 ,! long+ = 
religi\s unity is a response to ! /imuli

 ( common exp]i5ce 9 ! same locality4   
,m5 :o meet ?r\gh\t ! week1 if !y wor%ip
 at all1 discov] a desire to wor%ip     
toge!r4 ,! com+ ( great occasions & !   
celebrations ( anniv]s>ies1 tra9 !m 9 "s
 common assemblies4 ,i rememb] h[ !     
tid+s ( ! dea? ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley   
br\ght toge!r all ! p ( ! community 9 an
 act ( wor%ip4 ,_! response to a pr(\nd 
s5se ( dang] 0 a community response1 & !
 *ur* :i* 0 prompt to op5 its doors1    
f\nd m5 ( all fai?s )94  ,at a rec5t    
meet+ ( ! ,national ,body ( "o ( !      
greate/ ,prote/ant *ur*es1 proce$+s 7   
halt$ by ! mod]ator1 :o read a telegram 
ann\nc+ ! fri5dly action ( ano!r        
religi\s body4 ,?is action look$ t[>d   
union ( ! two d5om9ations4 ,x 0 a       
response to ov]tures f ! body !re 9     
session4 ,in/antly ! :ole assembly      
sprang up1 applaud+ & *e]+1 & l$ by a   
cle>1 musical voice1 broke out 9 a hymn4
 ,t hymn is pr(\ndly sociological 9 its 
language1 & its use is increas+ among   
,*ri/ian p4 ,x expresses t wor%ip :i* is

 a consci\sness ( k9d4 ,its words are   
,ble/ be ! tie t b9ds      ,our he>ts 9 
,*ri/ian love3    ,! fell[%ip ( k9dr$   
m9ds      ,is l to t above4     ,be=e   
our ,fa!r's ?rone      ,we p\r our ard5t
 pray]s2    ,our fe>s1 our hopes1 our   
aims1 are "o1      ,our com=ts & our    
c>es4     ,we %>e our mutual woes1      
,our mutual burd5s be>1    ,& (t5 = ea* 
o!r fl[s      ,! sympa?iz+ te>4     ,:5 
we asund] "p1      ,x gives u inw>d pa92
    ,b we %all /ill be jo9$ 9 he>t1     
,& hope to meet aga94  ,x w\ld be h>d to
 f9d a memb] ( a ,prote/ant *ur* 9      
,am]ica1 among ! old] d5om9ations1 :o   
does n "k ^! words1 & is n accu/om$ to  
use !m 9 response to ! /imuli ( k9%ip ) 
o!r ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians4  ,!           
consci\sness ( k9d is an aw>5ess (      
diff]5ces & resemblances4 ,x is a f9d+ (
 "o's self among ^? to :om "o is l1 & an
 av]sion to ^? unto :om "o is n l4      
,wor%ip is an expression ( ?is common   
lik5ess4 ,x is an enjoym5t ( fell[%ip4  
,! exp]i5ce ( wor%ip is impossible 9 an 

atmosph]e ( diff]5ce4 ,?is is a reason =
 ! cleavage ( d5om9ations1 & ! splitt+ (
 congregations4 ,)\t ?is sep>at+1 m5    
c\ld n enjoy ! unit+1 & )\t ! av]sion1  
m5 c\ld n ta/e ! sweets ( fell[%ip4     
,?is br+s u v ne> to ! sacr$ exp]i5ces 9
 :i* m5 f9d ,god4 ,a v e>ly *apt] 9 !   
,bible describes ,god z ! ,fri5d ( a    
man4 ,9 ! succe$+ pages he becomes !    
,k+1 ! ,prie/1 ! ,prophet1 & ! ,fa!r (  
m54 ,9 e "o ( !m ! m9d ( ! wor%ip] has  
express$ a pr(\nd s5se1 t ,god is f\nd  
by ! s\l 9 society4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has   
insi/$ t all religion is ance/or wor%ip1
 t is1 x gr[s out ( ! family gr\p4      
,simmel tea*es t religion is ! resultant
 ( ! reactions ( ! individual ) 8 gr\p  
fell[s1 & ) ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,*ri/ian   
folk are accu/om$ to express ?is by     
call+ "o ano!r bro!rs & si/]s1 mean+    
cle>ly t religion is a social exp]i5ce4 
,?is is n ! place = ext5d$ biblical     
int]pretation1 b ,i am conv9c$ t ! :ole 
c\rse ( scripture w te/ify to ?is1 t 9 !
 peaceful1 cont9u+1 social unities m5 h 

f\nd ,god1 & 9 ! diff]5ces1 9 _! gr\p   
conflicts1 9 _! w>s1 & 9 ! oppositions  
to _! enemies1 !re has be5 f\nd no      
religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,t is1 su* conflict  
has int5sifi$ unity1 & ! result+ unity  
has be5 ev] ri*] 9 religion3 b ! ?\ghts 
= ,god h come =? clo!d always 9 t]ms &  
titles ( fell[%ip1 unity & k9%ip4  ,9   
c\ntry communities ?is pr9ciple expla9s 
! divisions & ! unities ( religi\s life4
 ,9 _m t[ns1 ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*1 =     
in/ance1 is ! *ur* ( ! old settl] & !   
e>li] f>m]s4 ,a new d5om9ation has come 
9 ) ! t5ants & ! invad]s4 ,t is1 m5 h   
f\nd x impossible to wor%ip 9 a con/ant 
exp]i5ce ( diff]5ce4 ,x is true t _!    
diff]5ce is an elem5t 9 _! religion1    
because ! consci\sness ( diff]5ce is an 
elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( k9d4  ,9 !    
,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! :ite slave-hold]s      
wor%ip$1 be=e ! w>1 9 ! same            
congregations ) _! negro slaves4 ,!y 7  
consci\s ( ! plantation gr\p1 & ( !     
economic unity ) _! "w-p4 ,:5           
emancipation came & ! slaves 7 made     

free1 !y mu/ ne$s wor%ip ap>t2 & today1 
?r\gh\t ! :ole ,s\?1 ! negro *ur*es h   
be5 erect$ to express ! consci\sness (  
k9d1 bo? on ! "p ( ! :ite & ( ! black4  
,if ?is argum5t has =ce1 x goes to prove
 t religion is1 9 a small community1 !  
/ronge/ organiz+ =ce4 ,! seek+ aft] ,god
 requires z a vehicle ! consci\sness (  
lik5ess & diff]5ce4 ,x c only proce$    
along ^? l9es4  ,! e>ne/ desire ( _m    
common folk to "k ,god is a work+ =ce1  
:i* foll[s ! cleavage ( social          
classification4 ,! *ur*es become        
expressions ( social =ms4 ,9 ! c\ntry   
p>ticul>ly1 :]e life is simpl] & *anges 
are sl[]1 ! *ur* becomes an almo/       
infallible index ( ! social condition ( 
! p4  ,! duty1 !n1 ( ! religi\s work]1 &
 ! task ( ! prophet & ! se]1 is to      
enl>ge ! consci\sness ( k9d4 ,wor%ip is 
to be plac$ on a l>g] plane4 ,am]icans  
mu/ be taught to see _! unity )         
immigrants4 ,own]s ( l& mu/ be made to  
recognize t !y are "o ) _! t5ants4 ,!   
employ] mu/ be %[n t 8 alliances are )  

^? :o help him to get 8 liv+4 ,at once1 
:5 ?is task is put be=e u1 we see !     
futility ( ! ideals ( our "t4 ,*ur*     
work]s & o!r tea*]s h play$ up be=e !   
eyes ( ! p ^? ideals :i* sep>ate m5 into
 artificial classes4 ,! consci\sness (  
k9d has be5 a consci\sness ( money &    
consci\sness ( belong+ to old families1 
or a consci\sness ( ! ideals ( high]    
education4 ,a great _m ,am]ican families
 live 9 ! ideal ( s5d+ _! boys & girls  
to college4 ,?is leads !m to feel a     
diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & ! l>g] numb] 
( p :o d n c>e = high] education1 & :o  
discov] no en]gies 9 !mselves t move on 
! pa? ( le>n+4 ,! result is t _! wor%ip 
is n>r[2 *ur*es become culture clubs3 ! 
prea*]s are expon5ts ( lit]ature3 !     
s]vice ( wor%ip is a liturgy ( e/hetic  
pleasure4  ,! true consci\sness ( k9d   
mu/ be economic & social4 ,!re is no    
escape f ?is = religi\s p4 ,!y mu/ g    
deep d[n to ! unities ) m5 :o co-op]ate 
) !m 9 gett+ a liv+4 ,! ,pittsburgh mill
 own] has no o!r unity by :i* he c f9d  

himself at "o ) 8 =eign born mill-h&1   
?an ! fact t he & ! mill-h& are fell[   
work]s 9 ! mill4  ,:at o!r bond ( union 
is !re betwe5 ! f>m l&lord & ! f>m      
t5ant8 ,!y h no common idealism4 ,! "o  
reads books1 ! o!r does n4 ,! "o s5ds 8 
son to college1 ! o!r s5ds 8 into !     
/able & ! field4 ,! "o is enjoy+ a life 
( leisure & 8 h&s are clean2 ! o!r      
sweats1 saves1 & produces1 9 soil$      
clo?+1 & ) h>d1 co>se h&s4 ,!y h only "o
 basis ( unity1 namely1 t !y co-op]ate 9
 till+ ! soil1 & 9 ! produc+ ( food &   
raw mat]ials4 ,! tea*]1 or prea*]1 :o   
attempts 9 ?is case to escape ! economic
 unity1 w f9d no o!r4  ,! tr\ble ) mo/ (
 ! ideals :i* express !mselves 9        
div]sifi$ wor%ip1 is t !y are peculi> to
 ! life ( leisure1 !y are a "p ( !      
leisure class /&>d4 ,_m tea*]s & prea*]s
 reit]ate simil> dem&s :i* c only be    
respond$ to by p :o d n h to "w4  ,f ?is
 leisure class /&>d our ideals mu/ be   
*ang$ to ! /&>d ( "w1 & ! man :o has    
vision is he :o %all see ! economic1 !  

indu/rial unities1 & :o ) compell+      
voice1 w call m5 toge!r to wor%ip 9 a   
new consci\sness ( k9d4  ,m9i/]s 9 !    
c\ntry are feel+ ?is v deeply4 ,! pa/or 
:o m9i/]s to a :ole community1 boa/s (  
x4 ,he realizes he is s]v+ a true social
 unit4 ,?is is ! joy ( _m c\ntry *ur*es 
:i* might be nam$1 & ! lack ( x is !    
blight ( _m o!r c\ntry communities4 ,x  
mu/ be cle>ly born 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !    
*ur* c n organize a unity t is ap>t f ! 
life ( m54 ,religion is ! expression (  
social realities4 ,!re c be no f$]ation 
( ^? :o are n consci\s ( _! lik5ess & ( 
_! resemblances4 ,?is means t ! religi\s
 tea*+ ( days to come mu/ be a tea*+ ( !
 real unities ( mank9d4 ,= 9 ^! true    
bonds ( union m5 are br\ght toge!r4 ,!  
ef=ts to assemble !m 9 artificial bonds1
 h[ev] ideal1 w be futile4  ,,footnote3 
,footnote #ce3 ,descriptive & ,hi/orical
 ,sociology1 by ,pr(4 ,frankl9 ,h4      
,gidd+s1 p4 #bge4     ,,select$         
,,bibliography   ,,books     ,!         
,cons]vation ( ,natural ,res\rces 9 !   

,unit$ ,/ates1      ,*as4 ,r4 ,van      
,hise1                        ,!        
,macmillan ,co4     ,! ,rural ,life     
,problem ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1      ,sir   
,horace ,plunkett1                      
,! ,macmillan ,co4     ,pr9ciples (     
,rural ,economics1      ,?omas ,nixon   
,c>v]1                       ,g9n &     
,company     ,! ,c\ntry ,life ,movem5t 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1      ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 
,! ,macmillan ,co4     ,irel& 9 ! ,new  
,c5tury1      ,sir ,horace ,plunkett1   
,e4 ,p4 ,dutton     ,! ,am]ican ,rural  
,s*ool1      ,h>old ,w4 ,foght1         
,! ,macmillan ,co4     ,! ,c\ntry ,t[n4 
,a ,/udy ( ,rural ,evolution1           
,wilb]t ,l4 ,&]son1                 ,!  
,bak]  ,taylor ,co4     ,descriptive &  
,hi/orical ,sociology1      ,frankl9 ,h4
 ,gidd+s1                     ,!        
,macmillan ,co4     ,rural ,d5m>k & ,its
 ,lessons1      ,h4 ,rid] ,hagg>d1      
,longmans1 ,gre5  ,co4     ,quak] ,hill1
 ,a ,sociological ,/udy1      ,w>r5 ,h4 
,wilson1                                

,privately pr9t$     ,y\?1      ,g4     
,/anley ,hall1                          
,d4 ,appleton  ,co4     ,! ,presbyt]ian 
,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1      ,rob]t ,e4
 ,?ompson1                   ,*as4      
,scribn]'s ,sons     ,*apt]s 9 ,rural   
,progress1      ,k5yon ,l4 ,butt]field1 
,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press     ,!   
,c\ntry ,*ur* & ! ,rural ,problem1      
,k5yon ,l4 ,butt]field1      ,!         
,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press     ,! ,/ory
 ( ,john ,fr$]ick ,ob]l91      ,augu/us 
,field ,be>d1                     ,!    
,pilgrim ,press     ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,op5   
,c\ntry1      ,w>r5 ,h4 ,wilson1        
,mission>y ,education ,movem5t     ,!   
,day ( ! ,c\ntry ,*ur*1      ,j4 ,o4    
,a%5hur/1                       ,funk   
,wagnalls ,co4     ,! ,di/ribution (    
,weal?1      ,john ,bates ,cl>k1        
,! ,mac,millan ,co4   ,,articles        
,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text     ,!     
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,m>*1    
#aiaa1      ,/atem5t by ,john ,l4       
,gill94     ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal (       

,sociology1 ,m>*1 #aiaa1      ,! ,drift 
( ! ,city 9 ,relation to ! ,rural       
,problem1      ,john ,m4 ,gillette4     
,mod]n ,me?ods 9 ! ,c\ntry ,*ur*1       
,mat!w ,b4 ,mc,nutt1                    
,mission>y ,education ,movem5t     ,a   
,me?od ( ,mak+ a ,social ,survey 9 a    
,rural ,community1      ,c4 ,j4 ,galp91 
,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9                  
,circul> ( in=mation ,no4 #bi           
,bullet9s ( ,int]national ,in/itute (   
,agriculture1                           
,rome1 ,italy     ,! ,political ,sci5ce 
,qu>t]ly1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj1      ,!      
,agr>ian ,*anges 9 ! middle ,we/1       
,j4 ,b4 ,ross     ,,index      ,ab&on$  
c\ntry *ur*es1 #abf     ,abs5tee        
l&lords1 #cb-ci     ,academy1--,old ,new
 ,engl&1 #be     ,addams1 ,jane1 #aia   
,adult ,bible ,class1 #acd     ,agee1   
,pr(4 ,alva1 #aje     ,agriculture1     
tea*+ (1 #afg     ,ami%1 #gd            
,amusem5t1 problem (1 #hd               
,anabapti/1 #gb     ,&]son1 ,wilb]t ,l41
 #ajb     ,anti-,saloon ,league1 #ahc   

,apples1 m>ket+ (1 #age     ,augu/9e1   
,sa9t1 #hb     ,au/]ity1 #eg            
,bailey1 ,l4 ,h41 #ej     ,bees1 #bjc   
,bellona1 ,n4 ,y4 #ef     ,boll weevil1 
#adc     ,bone1 ,r4 ,e41 #hf            
,braddock1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,s41 #eh     ,brea*
 ( contract1 #agd     ,breadw9n]1 type1 
#aac     ,butt]field1 ,k5yon ,l41 #acg  
,casselton1 ,n4 ,d41 #db     ,c5traliz$ 
s*ool1 #afc     ,*affee1 f>m1 #dc       
,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,pa41 #abd     ,*e/]ton1  
,gilb]t ,k41 #aae     ,*ri/mas play1    
#bjc     ,*ur*1 ,budget1 #ach           
,envelope sy/em1 #aci      ,f9ancial    
sy/em1 #acj      ,records1 #agb         
,cl>k1 ,john ,bates1 #hj1 #aaa          
,college a?letics1 #aic     ,columbus1  
,*ri/oph]1 #aab     ,community c5t]1    
#ajd     ,consci\sness ( k9d1 #bjh1 #bac
     ,corn ,clubs1 #bjf     ,c\ntry     
,fair1 promot$1 #ag     ,c\ntry ,life   
,commission1 #aga     ,cranb]ry1 ,n4    
,j41 *ur* at1 #bg     ,crete1 ,nebraska1
 #hf      ,dani% ,folk ,s*ools1 #eb1    
#afi     ,delaw>e1 produce ex*anges1    

#aed     ,demon/ration "w1 #bjf         
,d5m>k1 #ea1 #adg     ,desm\l91 #if     
,dim9i%+ returns1 law (1 #hh1 #aaj      
,donation1 sy/em1 #bg     ,dunk]s1 #eh1 
#fg     ,du ,page ,*ur*1 #ajf           
,eliot1 ,ex-,presid5t ( ,h>v>d1 #acg    
,end[m5t ( *ur*es1 #acf                 
,exploitation ( l&1 #cb-cc1 #abc1 #abd  
,family gr\p1 #ai      ,%r9kage (1 #abd 
,f>m labor]s1 #bb     ,f$]ation (       
*ur*es1 #ace1 #bji     ,foght1 ,h>old   
,w41 #ig1 #afj     ,f\r? ( ,july        
celebration1 #bje      ,galesburg1      
,ill41 #bja     ,galp91 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,j41  
#id     ,gidd+s1 ,pr(4 ,frankl9 ,h41    
#bjh     ,gill1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,o41 #aie     
,gillette1 ,pr(4 ,john ,m41 #ahh        
,gill91 ,pr(41 #eg1 #eh1 #fg            
,greeley1 ,horace1 #ajh     ,gr\p sy/em1
 #aj1 #aa1 #ab     ,grundtvig1 ,bi%op1  
#ea1 #ec1 #afi     ,gulick1 ,dr4 ,lu!r  
,h41 #aig      ,hagg>d1 ,h4 ,rid]1 #adg 
,hanov]1 ,n4 ,j41 #aef     ,hays1       
,willet ,m41 #ia     ,h]n&o1            
,mississippi1 #aje     ,holidays1       

celebration (1 #bjd     ,home/ead act1  
#cd     ,hood ,riv] ,valley1 ,oregon1   
fruit gr[]s1 #agf     ,hormell1 ,dr4 ,w4
 ,h41 #hh      ,ill9ois1 #abf           
,survey (1 #aij     ,immigrants1 9      
c\ntry di/ricts1 #abc     ,indiana1     
survey (1 #aij     ,irel&1 ,*ri/ian     
,bro!rs1 #eb      ,co-op]ative          
organizations1 #adg-aea      ,c\ntry    
,life ,movem5t1 #hj      ,john ,swaney  
,consolidat$ ,s*ool1 #afe-aff           
,k5tucky1 co-op]ative organizations1    
#aeb      ,survey (1 #aij      ,lanca/] 
,c\nty1 ,pa41 #eg     ,l& values1 #cd   
,lead]%ip1 #ahg     ,lewi/[n1 ,pa41 #aih
      ,mc,nab1 ,ill41 #aff     ,mc,nutt1
 ,rev4 ,mat!w ,b41 #hf1 #ajf     ,m>g9al
 man1 #aac     ,massa*usetts            
communities1 #if     ,m5nonites1 #gb    
,middle ,creek ,*ur*1 #eh     ,m9imum   
sal>y1 #afa     ,miss\ri1 survey (1 #aij
     ,money crop1 #ie     ,mormons1 #eg1
 #fb-gh     ,morrison1 ,rev4 ,t4        
,maxwell1 #ef     ,m\nta9 community1 #d 
,m\nta9e]s1 #f1 #h1 #af      ,new ,engl&

 ,c\ntry ,*ur* ,asso41 #acg     ,new    
,york ,c5tral ,r4 ,r41 #agg             
,ob]amm]gau1 #hc     ,ob]l91 ,john      
,fr$]ick1 #ad     ,oblong meet+1 #ga1   
#agb     ,ohio1 c\nties less productive1
 #aja     ,ottumwa1 ,i[a1 #hh     ,ov]  
*ur*+1 #bf1 #ade1 #adf      ,palat9ates1
 #gb     ,pa/or1 ne$ (1 #ac     ,passion
 ,play1 #hc     ,p5n1 ,william1 #gb     
,p5n ,yan1 ,n4 ,y41 #dj     ,p5nsylvania
 ,g]mans1 #eg1 #fb-gh     ,p5nsylvania1 
survey (1 #aij     ,plant]s1 s\?1 #ah   
,playgr\nd1 #ih     ,playgr\nd movem5t1 
#acd1 #aif     ,plunkett1 ,sir ,horace1 
#ea1 #adg     ,polk1 ,rev4 ,samuel1 #ed 
,poor1 m9i/ry to1 #aae                  
,prote/antism1 #aah      ,quak] ,hill1  
#gj1 #id1 #aee     ,quak] meet+1        
,mc,nab1 #afh     ,quak]s1 #gj1 #aig1   
#bjd      ,rank91 ,david1 #da           
,recreation1 importance (1 #aci1 #aid   
,retir$ f>m]s1 #cf-ch     ,retirem5t f  
f>m1 process describ$1 #abe             
,revivals1 #g1 #h1 #i     ,riis1 ,jacob1
 #hg     ,rock ,creek1 ,ill41 #aef1     

#afd1 #bje     ,ross1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b41 #b1
 #ba1 #bi1 #cb1 #ahd     ,rural         
evangelism1 #aca     ,rural exodus1 #hg1
 #ig     ,rural free deliv]y1 #abh      
,sag ,h>bor1 ,l4 ,i41 #bja     ,sage1   
,mrs4 ,russell1 #bja     ,s*5ck1 ,norman
 ,c41 #d     ,s*ool1 c\ntry1 #bc1 #he1  
#fj1 #aei     ,sci5tific f>m+1 #dh      
,scot*-,iri%1 #cj1 #eg1 #fb-gh          
,simmel1 #bab     ,slave-hold+ *ur*es1  
#bh     ,smi?1 ,adam1 #e     ,smi?1     
,john1 #aab     ,socialism1 #aaf        
,social s]vice1 #aaj1 ,,xvi     ,sp5c]1 
,h]b]t1 #bab     ,/ore1 c\ntry1 #bb1 #id
     ,sunday ,s*ools1 #aca1 #acd        
,swaney1 ,john1 #hf      ,t>d1 ,gabriel1
 #ei     ,tea*]s1 tra9+ (1 #afa         
,team play1 e?ical value1 #ii           
,telephone1 rural1 #abh1 #aij           
,temp]ance movem5t1 #df1 #aag1 #ahc     
,t5ant f>m]s1 #ce      ,t5ants' lease1  
#dj     ,?ompson1 ,r4 ,e41 #fe          
,!ological sem9>ies1 #aai-abj           
,trolley1 int]-urban1 #abh     ,types1  
economic1 #c      ,utility1 initial1    

#ajh      ,m>g9al1 #aji      ,van       
,al/yne1 ,edw>d1 #agg     ,vote sell+1  
#agi      ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,pa41 #abd   
,wat]loo1 ,i[a1 community *ur*1 #fh     
,weal?1 cons]vation (1 #dg     ,we/     
,nott+ham1 ,md41 *ur* at1 #ed           
,w9nebago1 ,ill41 #eh      ,"y ,m5's    
,*ri/ian ,association1 #acd1 #aid       
,"y ,p's ,societies1 #bh          99    
99       99       99       99           
,transcrib]'s note   ,! foll[+ *anges h 
be5 made to ! text3  ,page xi3 ,,ix     
*ang$ to ,,xiii4  ,page #b3 are sep>at$ 
=m *ang$ to are sep>at$ f4  ,page #f3   
lang\r *ang$ to languor4  ,page #ag3 ?is
 be br\ght *ang$ to ?is he br\ght4      
,page #bb3 de/i-p]iod *ang$ to          
de/9ation4  ,page #bi3 e/5d$ *ang$ to   
ext5d$4  ,page #cj3 record$ 9 out       
lit]ature *ang$ to record$ 9 our        
lit]ature4  ,page #hf3 individiuals     
*ang$ to individuals4  ,page #id3 ,9    
#aiaj e c\ntry community *ang$ to ,9    
#ahaj e c\ntry community4  ,page #aje3  
emb>ass$ *ang$ to emb>rass$4  ,page     

#ajg3 ,footnote #bd3 ,willett *ang$ to  
,willet  ,page #aaf3 prolet>ean *ang$ to
 prolet>ian4  ,page #abc3 ,portugese    
*ang$ to ,portuguese4  ,page #aej3      
gradiloqu5tly *ang$ to gr&iloqu5tly4    
,page #aia3 ,addam *ang$ to ,addams4    
,page #aib3 elf-expression takes ! =m   
*ang$ to self-expression takes ! =m4    
,page #aig3 inmoral *ang$ to immoral4   
,page #aih3 dis9t]$ *ang$ to dis9t]r$4  
,page #bjf3 frutiful *ang$ to fruitful4 
,page #bjh3 expresssion *ang$ to        
expression4  ,page #bji3 immaturity (   
our ecnomic *ang$ to immaturity ( our   
economic4  ,page #bbj3 ,lewi/on *ang$ to
 ,lewi/[n4  ,page #bba3 ,,xii *ang$ to  
,,xvi4  ,page #bba3 ,t>d *ang$ to ,t>d4