,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,& ,,hygi5e ,,design$ ,,= ,,colleges1 ,,academies1 ,,& ,,families4 ,,by ,,calv9 ,,cutt]1 ,m4,d4 ----- ,,) ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,engrav+s4 ----- ,,revis$ ,,/]eotype ,,edition4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,cl>k1 ,,au/9 ,,& ,,smi?4 ,,c9c9nati3--,w4 ,b4 ,,smi? ,,co4 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo43--,,kei? ,,woods4 #aheh4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheb1 by ,,calv9 ,,cutt]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,alvord1 ,pr9t]1 ,no4 #ae ,v&ewat] ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,preface4 ,agesilaus1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 :5 ask$ :at ?+s boys %\ld le>n1 repli$1 ,^? :i* !y w practise :5 !y become m54 ,z heal? requires ! obs]vance ( ! laws inh]5t to ! diff]5t organs ( ! human sy/em1 s n only boys1 b girls1 %\ld acquire a k ( ! laws ( _! organization4 ,if s\nd morality dep5ds ^u ! inculcation ( correct pr9ciples 9 y\?1 equally s does a s\nd physical sy/em dep5d on a correct physical education dur+ ! same p]iod ( life4 ,if ! tea*] & p>5ts :o are defici5t 9 moral feel+s & s5tim5ts1 are unfit to communicate to *ildr5 & y\? ^? high moral pr9ciples dem&$ by ! nature ( man1 s are !y equally incompet5t directors ( ! physical tra9+ ( ! y\?ful sy/em1 if ignorant ( ! organic laws & ! physiological conditions ^u :i* heal? & disease dep5d4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! human sy/em1 & ! laws ( ! diff]5t organs1 are subjects ( int]e/ to all1--! "y & ! old1 ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$1 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,e s*ol>1 & p>ticul>ly e "y miss1 aft] acquir+ a k ( ! prim>y bran*es1--z spell+1 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1--%\ld le>n ! /ructure ( ! human sy/em1 & ! conditions ^u :i* heal? & disease dep5d1 z ?is k w be requir$ 9 practice 9 aft] life4 ,x is some:at unacc\ntable1 says ,dr4 ,dick1 & n a little inconsi/5t1 t :ile we direct ! "y to look abroad ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & survey its m\nta9s1 riv]s1 seas1 & cont95ts1 & guide _! views to ! regions ( ! firmam5t1 :]e !y may contemplate ! moons ( ,jupit]1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 & ?\s&s ( lum9>ies plac$ at immeasurable di/ances1 444 t we %\ld nev] tea* !m to look into !mselves2 to consid] _! own corporeal /ructures1 ! num]\s p>ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 ! admirable functions !y p]=m1 ! wisdom & goodness display$ 9 _! me*anism1 & ! lessons ( practical in/ruction :i* may be d]iv$ f su* contemplations4 ,aga9 he says1 ,"o great practical end :i* %\ld always be kept 9 view 9 ! /udy ( physiology1 is ! invigoration & improvem5t ( ! corporeal p[]s & functions1 ! pres]vation ( heal?1 & ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,! design ( ! foll[+ pages is1 to diffuse 9 ! community1 especially among ! y\?1 a k ( ,human ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ,hygi5e4 ,to make ! "w cle> & practical1 ! foll[+ me?od has be5 adopt$3-- #a/4 ,! /ructure ( ! diff]5t organs ( ! sy/em has be5 describ$ 9 a cle> & concise mann]4 ,to r5d] ?is description m intelligible1 "o hundr$ & fifty engrav+s h be5 introduc$1 to %[ ! situation ( ! v>i\s organs4 ,h5ce ! "w may be reg>d$ z an elem5t>y treatise on anatomy4 #b;d4 ,! functions1 or uses ( ! sev]al p>ts h be5 briefly & pla9ly detail$2 mak+ a prim>y treatise on human physiology4 #c;d4 ,to make a k ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! diff]5t organs practical1 ! laws ( ! sev]al p>ts1 & ! conditions on :i* heal? dep5ds1 h be5 cle>ly & succ9ctly expla9$4 ,h5ce x may be call$ a treatise on ! pr9ciples ( hygi5e1 or heal?4 ,to r5d] ?is dep>tm5t m complete1 !re has be5 add$ ! appropriate treatm5t = burns1 w\nds1 hemorrhage f divid$ art]ies1 ! managem5t ( p]sons asphyxiat$ f dr[n+1 c>bonic acid1 or /rangl+1 directions = nurses1 wat*]s1 & ! removal ( disease1 toge!r ) an ,app5dix1 conta9+ antidotes = poisons1 s t p]sons may "k :at %\ld be done1 & :at %\ld n be done1 until a surgeon or physician c be call$4 ,9 attempt+ to effect ?is 9 a brief elem5t>y treatise design$ = s*ools & families1 x has n be5 deem$ necess>y to use vulg> phrases = ! purpose ( be+ und]/ood4 ,! appropriate sci5tific t]m %\ld be appli$ to ea* organ4 ,no m ef=t is requir$ to le>n ! mean+ ( a prop]1 ?an an improp] t]m4 ,= example3 a *ild w pron\nce ! ^w z readily1 & obta9 z correct an idea1 if y say lungs1 z if y us$ ! ^w lights4 ,a little ef=t on ! "p ( tea*]s & p>5ts1 w\ld dim9i% ! numb] ( vulg> t]ms & phrases1 &1 consequ5tly1 improve ! language ( our c\ntry4 ,to obviate all objections to ! use ( prop] sci5tific t]ms1 a ,gloss>y has be5 app5d$ to ! "w4 ,! au?or makes no pret5sions to new discov]ies 9 physiological sci5ce4 ,9 prep>+ ! anatomical dep>tm5t1 ! able treatises ( ,wilson1 ,cruveilhi]1 & o!rs h be5 freely consult$4 ,9 ! physiological "p1 ! spl5did works ( ,c>p5t]1 ,dunglison1 ,liebig1 & o!rs h be5 p]us$4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( hygi5e _m valuable h9ts h be5 obta9$ f ! m]itori\s works ( ,combe1 ,riv]s1 & o!rs4 ,we are "u obligations to ,r4 ,d4 ,mussey1 ,m4 ,d41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy & ,surg]y1 ,d>tm\? ,college1 ,n4 ,h41 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,surg]y 9 ! ,ohio ,m$ical ,college2 to ,j4 ,e4 ,m',girr1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ,*emi/ry1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,univ]sity1 ,ill42 to ,e4 ,hit*cock1 ,jr41 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,tea*] ( ,*emi/ry & ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,willi/on ,sem9>y1 ,mass42 to ,rev4 ,e4 ,hit*cock1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,amh]/ ,college1 ,mass41 :o exam9$ ! revis$ edition ( ?is "w1 & ^: valuable sugge/ions r5d]$ important aid 9 prep>+ ! manuscript = ! pres5t /]eotype edition4 ,we return our ackn[l$gm5ts = ! aid af=d$ by ! ,pr9cipals ( ! sev]al ,academies & ,normal ,s*ools :o =m$ classes 9 _! in/itutions1 & exam9$ ! revis$ edition z _! pupils progress$1 ?us giv+ ! "w ! be/ possible te/ trial1 namely1 ! recitation-room4 ,to ! exam9ation ( an intellig5t public1 ! "w is respectfully submitt$ by ,,calv9 ,,cutt]4 ,,w>r51 ,,mass41 ,sept4 #a1 #aheb4 ,,to ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,p>5ts4 ,z ! "w is divid$ into *apt]s1 ! subjects ( :i* are complete 9 !mselves1 ! pupil may comm5ce ! /udy ( ! /ructure1 use1 & laws ( ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* ! human sy/em is compos$1 by select+ su* *apt]s z fancy or utility may dictate1 )\t ref]5ce to _! pres5t arrangem5t1--z well comm5ce ) ! *apt] on ! dige/ive organs z on ! bones4 ,! acquisition ( a correct pronunciation ( ! te*nical words is ( great importance1 bo? 9 recitation & 9 conv]sation4 ,9 ?is "w1 ! te*nical words int]sp]s$ ) ! text1 h be5 divid$ into syllables1 & ! acc5t$ syllables designat$4 ,an ample ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms has also be5 app5d$ to ! "w1 to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! subject be exam9$ 9 ! =m ( topics4 ,! que/ions 9 ,italics are design$ = ?is me?od ( recitation4 ,! tea*] may call on a pupil ( ! class to describe ! anatomy ( an organ f an anatomical outl9e plate2 aft]w>ds call ^u ano!r to give ! physiology ( ! "p1 :ile a ?ird may /ate ! hygi5e1 aft] :i*1 ! que/ions at ! bottom ( ! page may be ask$ promiscu\sly1 & ?us ! detail$ k ( ! subject possess$ by ! pupils w be te/$4 ,at ! close ( ! *apt]s ^u ! ,hygi5e ( ! sev]al portions ( ! sy/em1 x is advis$ t ! in/ructor give a lecture review+ ! anatomy1 physiology1 & hygi5e1 ( ! topic la/ consid]$4 ,?is may be foll[$ by a g5]al exam9ation ( ! class ^u ! same subject4 ,by ?is c\rse a cle> & def9ite k ( ! mutual relation ( ! ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ,hygi5e1 ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! human body1 w be pres5t$4 ,we also sugge/ ! utility ( ! pupils' giv+ analog\s illu/rations1 examples1 & obs]vations1 :]e ^! are int]sp]s$ 9 ! diff]5t *apt]s1 n only to induce inv5tive ?\ght1 b to discipl9e ! m9d4 ,to p>5ts & o!rs we beg leave to say1 t ab\t two ?irds ( ! pres5t "w is devot$ to a concise & practical description ( ! uses ( ! important organs ( ! human body1 & to %[ h[ su* in=mation may be usefully appli$1 bo? 9 ! pres]vation ( heal?1 & ! improvem5t ( physical education4 ,to ?is h be5 add$ directions = ! treatm5t ( ^? accid5ts :i* are daily occurr+ 9 ! community1 mak+ x a treatise prop] & pr(itable = ! ,,family ,,libr>y1 z well z ! s*ool-room4 ,,cont5ts4 ,*apt]4 ,page4 #a4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #ac #b4 ,/ructure ( ,man1 #ag #c4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,human ,body1 #be #d4 ,anatomy ( ! ,bones1 #bi #e4 ,anatomy ( ! ,bones1 cont9u$1 #ci #f4 ,physiology ( ! ,bones1 #dh #g4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,bones1 #ec #h4 ,anatomy ( ! ,muscles1 #fd #i4 ,physiology ( ! muscles1 #gf #aj4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,muscles1 #he #aa4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,muscles1 cont9u$1 #if #ab4 ,anatomy ( ! ,tee?1 #aje #ab4 ,physiology ( ! ,tee?1 #aji #ab4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,tee?1 #aaj #ac4 ,anatomy ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs1 #aac #ad4 ,physiology ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs1 #abd #ae4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs1 #abi #af4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs1 cont9u$1 #adb #ag4 ,anatomy ( ! ,circulatory ,organs1 #aed #ah4 ,physiology ( ! ,circulatory ,organs1 #afd #ai4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,circulatory ,organs1 #agb #bj4 ,anatomy ( ! ,lymphatic ,vessels1 #aha #bj4 ,physiology ( ! ,lymphatic ,vessels1 #ahc #bj4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,lymphatic ,vessels1 #ahh #ba4 ,anatomy ( ! ,secretory ,organs4 #aib #ba4 ,physiology ( ! ,secretory ,organs1 #aic #ba4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,secretory ,organs1 #aig #bb4 ,nutrition1 #bjj #bb4 ,hygi5e ( ,nutrition1 #bje #bc4 ,anatomy ( ! ,respiratory ,organs1 #bji #bd4 ,physiology ( ! ,respiratory ,organs1 #bag #be4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,respiratory ,organs1 #bbh #bf4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,respiratory ,organs1 cont9u$1 #bci #bg4 ,animal ,heat1 #beb #bh4 ,hygi5e ( ,animal ,heat1 #bfa #bi4 ,anatomy ( ! ,vocal ,organs1 #bfh #bi4 ,physiology ( ! ,vocal ,organs1 #bgb #cj4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal ,organs1 #bgd #ca4 ,anatomy ( ! ,sk91 #bhb #cb4 ,physiology ( ! ,sk91 #bic #cc4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,sk91 #cja #cd4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,sk91 cont9u$1 #caa #ce4 ,app5dages ( ! ,sk91 #cbb #cf4 ,anatomy ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #cbg #cg4 ,anatomy ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 cont9u$1 #cdj #ch4 ,physiology ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #cdf #ci4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #ceh #dj4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 cont9u$1 #cfh #da4 ,! ,s5se ( ,t\*1 #cgh #db4 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs ( ,ta/e1 #chd #db4 ,physiology ( ! ,organs ( ,ta/e1 #chf #dc4 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs ( ,smell1 #chi #dc4 ,physiology ( ! ,organs ( ,smell1 #cia #dd4 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs ( ,vision1 #cid #de4 ,physiology ( ! ,organs ( ,vision1 #djd #de4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,organs ( ,vision1 #daj #df4 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs ( ,he>+1 #dad #dg4 ,physiology ( ! ,organs ( ,he>+1 #dbj #dg4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,organs ( ,he>+1 #dbb #dh4 ,means ( pres]v+ ! ,heal?1 #dbe #di4 ,directions = ,nurses1 #dcb - - - - - ,,app5dix1 #dci ,,gloss>y1 #dea ,,index1 #dfc ,,anatomy1 c4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 #a4 ,,anatomy is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! /ructure & relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( animals & plants4 #b4 ,x is divid$ into ,vegetable & ,animal anatomy4 ,! latt] ( ^! divisions is subdivid$ into ,human anatomy1 :i* consid]s1 exclusively1 human be+s2 & ,comp>ative anatomy1 :i* treats ( ! me*anism ( ! l[] ord]s ( animals4 #c4 ,,physiology treats ( ! functions1 or uses ( ! organs ( animals & plants4 ,ano!r def9ition is1 ! sci5ce ( life4 #d4 ,?is is also divid$ into ,vegetable & ,animal physiology1 z x treats ( ! vegetable or animal k+dom2 & into ,human & ,comp>ative physiology1 z x describes ! vital functions ( man or ! inf]ior animals4 #e4 ,,hygi5e is ! art or sci5ce ( ma9ta9+ heal?1 or a k ( ^? laws by :i* heal? may be pres]v$4 #f4 ,! k+dom ( nature is divid$ into organic & inorganic bodies4 ,organic bodies possess organs1 on ^: action dep5d _! gr[? & p]fection4 ,?is division includes animals & plants4 ,inorganic bodies are devoid ( organs1 or in/rum5ts ( life4 ,9 ?is division are class$ ! e>?s1 metals1 & o!r m9]als4 ------------ #a4 ,:at is anatomy8 #b4 ,h[ is x divid$8 ,h[ is ! latt] division subdivid$8 #c4 ,:at is physiology8 ,give ano!r def9ition4 #d4 ,h[ is physiology divid$8 ,give a subdivision4 #e4 ,:at is hygi5e8 #f4 ,def9e organic bodies4 ------------ #g4 ,9 g5]al1 organic matt] diff]s s mat]ially f inorganic1 t ! "o c readily be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r4 ,9 ! organic _w1 e individual ( necessity spr+s f "s p>5t1 or imm$iate produc+ ag5t2 = :ile inorganic sub/ances are =m$ by *emical laws alone1 we see no case ( an animal or plant com+ into exi/5ce by accid5t or *ance1 or *emical op]ations4 #h4 ,animals & plants are support$ by means ( n\ri%m5t1 & die )\t x4 ,!y also increase 9 size by ! addition ( new p>ticles ( matt] to all p>ts ( _! sub/ances2 :ile rocks & m9]als gr[ only by additions to _! surfaces4 #i4 ,organiz$ bodies always pres5t a comb9ation ( bo? solids & fluids2--( solids1 diff]+ 9 "* & prop]ties1 arrang$ into organs1 & ^! end[$ ) functional p[]s1 & s associat$ z to =m ( ! :ole a s+le sy/em2--& ( fluids1 conta9$ 9 ^! organs1 & hold+ su* relation to ! solids t ! exi/5ce1 nature1 & prop]ties ( bo? mutually & necess>ily dep5d on ea* o!r4 #aj4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is1 t organic sub/ances h a c]ta9 ord] ( p>ts4 ,= example1 plants possess organs to ga9 n\ri%m5t f ! soil & atmosph]e1 & ! p[] to give /r5g? & increase to all _! p>ts4 ,& animals ne$ n only a dige/+ & circulat+ app>atus1 b organs = brea?+1 a n]v\s sy/em1 c4 ------------ #f4 ,def9e inorganic bodies4 #g4 ,:at is said ( ! diff]5ce1 9 g5]al1 betwe5 organic & inorganic bodies8 #h4 ,:at ( ! gr[? ( organic & inorganic bodies8 #i4 ,:at d organiz$ bodies always pres5t8 #aj4 ,give ano!r *>act]i/ic ( organiz$ sub/ances4 ------------ #aa4 ,individuality is an important *>act]i/ic4 ,= in/ance1 a l>ge rock may be brok5 into a numb] ( small] pieces1 & yet e fragm5t w be rock2 b if an organic sub/ance be sep>at$ into two or m divisions1 nei!r ( !m c be consid]$ an individual4 ,closely associat$ ) ?is is ! p[] ( life1 or vitality1 :i* is ! mo/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( organic /ructure2 s9ce we f9d no?+ simil> to ?is 9 ! inorganic creation4 #ab4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 plants & animals is also ( mu* importance4 ,animals gr[ proportionally 9 all directions1 :ile plants gr[ upw>ds & d[nw>ds f a collet only4 ,! food ( animals is organic1 :ile t ( plants is inorganic2 ! latt] fe$+ entirely ^u ! elem5ts ( ! soil & atmosph]e1 :ile ! =m] subsi/ ^u ! products ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,! size ( ! vegetable is 9 mo/ cases limit$ only by ! duration ( exi/5ce1 z a tree cont9ues to put =? new bran*es dur+ ea* p]iod ( its life1 :ile ! animal1 at a c]ta9 "t ( life1 atta9s ! av]age size ( its species4 #ac4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important di/9ctions betwe5 animals & plants1 is ! diff]5t effects ( respiration4 ,animals consume ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & give (f c>bonic acid2 :ile plants take up ! c>bonic acid1 & re/ore to animals ! oxyg51 ?us af=d+ an admirable example ( ! pr9ciple ( comp5sation 9 nature4 #ad4 ,b ! decisive di/9ctions betwe5 animals & plants are s5sation & volunt>y motion1 ! p[] ( acquir+ a k ( ext]nal objects ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & ! ability to move f place to place at w4 ,^! are ! *>act]i/ics :i*1 9 _! fulle/ developm5t 9 man1 %[ intellect & reason+ p[]s1 & !reby 9 a great] degree exhibit to u ! wisdom & goodness ( ! ,creator4 ------------ #aa4 ,:at is said ( ! individuality ( organiz$ & inorganiz$ bodies8 ,:at is closely associat$ ) ?is8 #ab4 ,give a di/9ction betwe5 animals & plants z reg>ds gr[?4 ,! food ( animals & plants4 ,:at is said 9 respect to size8 #ac4 ,:at important di/9ction 9 ! effects ( respiration ( animals & plants8 #ad4 ,:at are ! decisive di/9ctions betwe5 animals & plants8 ------------ #ae4 ,,disease1 :i* consi/s 9 an unnatural condition ( ! bodily organs1 is 9 mo/ cases "u ! control ( fix$ laws1 :i* we are capable ( und]/&+ & obey+4 ,nor d diseases come by *ance2 !y are p5alties = violat+ physical laws4 ,if we c>elessly cut or bruise our fle%1 pa9 & sor5ess foll[1 to induce u to be m c>eful 9 ! future2 or1 if we take improp] food into ! /oma*1 we are w>n$1 p]haps imm$iately by a fri5dly pa91 t we h violat$ an organic law4 #af4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! p5alty does n directly foll[ ! s91 & x requires great physiological k to be able to trace ! effect to its true cause4 ,if we possess good con/itutions1 we are responsible = mo/ ( our sickness2 & bad con/itutions1 or h]$it>y diseases1 are b ! results ( ! same great law1--! iniquities ( ! p>5ts be+ visit$ on ! *ildr54 ,9 ?is view ( ! subject1 h[ important is ! /udy ( physiology & hygi5e6 ,= h[ c we expect to obey laws :i* we d n und]/&8 ------------ #ae4 ,:at is said ( disease8 #af4 ,:y is ! /udy ( physiology & hygi5e important8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,man1 #ag4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! human body1 !re is a union ( fluids & solids4 ,^! are ess5tially ! same1 = ! "o is readily *ang$ into ! o!r4 ,!re is no fluid t does n conta9 solid matt] 9 solution1 & no solid matt] t is de/itute ( fluid4 #ah4 ,9 diff]5t individuals1 & at diff]5t p]iods ( life ! proportion ( fluids & solids v>ies4 ,9 y\?1 ! fluids are m abundant ?an 9 advanc$ life4 ,= ?is reason1 ! limbs 9 *ildhood are s(t & r\nd1 :ile 9 old age !y assume a h>d & wr9kl$ appe>ance4 #ai4 ,! fluids n only conta9 ! mat]ials f :i* e "p ( ! body is =m$1 b !y are ! m$ium = convey+ ! wa/e1 decay$ p>ticles ( matt] f ! sy/em4 ,!y h v>i\s names1 accord+ to _! nature & function2 z1 ! blood1 & ! bile4 #bj4 ,! solids are =m$ f ! fluids1 & consequ5tly !y are r$uc$1 by *emical analysis1 to ! same ultimate elem5ts4 ,! p>ticles ( matt] 9 solids are arrang$ v>i\sly2 sometimes 9 fibres1 7?reads17 sometimes 9 lami-n1 7plates17 sometimes homog5e\sly1 z 9 basem5t membranes4 7,app5dix ,a47 #ba4 ,! p>ts ( ! body are arrang$ into ,fibres1 ,fas-cicu-li1 ,tissues1 ,organs1 ,ap-pa-ratus-es1 & ,systems4 ------------ #ag4 ,:at sub/ances ent] into ! /ructure ( ! human body8 ,are !y ess5tially ! same8 #ah4 ,:at is said ( ^! sub/ances at diff]5t p]iods ( life8 #ai4 ,:at (fices d ! fluids ( ! sy/em p]=m8 #bj4 ,:at is said ( ! solids8 ,h[ are ! p>ticles ( matt] arrang$ 9 solids8 #ba4 ,give an arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! body4 ------------ #bb4 ,a ,,fibre is a ?read ( exce$+ f95ess4 ,x is ei!r cyl9dri=m or flatt5$4 #bc4 ,a ,,fasciculus is ! t]m appli$ to sev]al fibres unit$4 ,its g5]al *>act]i/ics are ! same z fibres4 #bd4 ,a ,,tissue is a t]m appli$ to sev]al diff]5t solids ( ! body4 #be4 ,an ,,organ is compos$ ( tissues s arrang$ z to =m an in/rum5t design$ = action4 ,! action ( an organ is call$ its function1 or use4 ,example4 ,! liv] is an organ1 & ! secretion ( ! bile f ! blood is "o ( its functions4#a #a ,:]e examples & obs]vations are giv5 or exp]im5ts sugge/$1 let ! pupil m5tion o!r analog\s ones4 #bf4 ,an ,,app>atus is an assemblage ( organs design$ to produce c]ta9 results4 ,example4 ,! dige/ive app>atus consi/s ( ! tee?1 /oma*1 liv]1 c41 all ( :i* aid 9 ! dige/ion ( food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,repres5ts a portion ( brok5 muscul> fibre ( animal life1 7magnifi$ ab\t sev5 hundr$ diamet]s47 #bg4 ,! t]m ,,sy/em is appli$ to an assemblage ( organs arrang$ accord+ to "s plan1 or me?od2 z ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! respiratory sy/em4 ------------ #bb4 ,def9e a fibre4 #bc4 ,def9e a fasciculus4 #bd4 ,def9e a tissue4 #be4 ,def9e an organ4 ,:at is ! action ( an organ call$8 ,give examples4 ,m5tion o!r examples4 #bf4 ,:at is an app>atus8 ,give an example #bg4 ,h[ is ! t]m sy/em appli$8 ------------ #bh4 ,a ,,tissue is a simple =m ( organiz$ animal sub/ance4 ,x is flexible1 & =m$ ( fibres int]wov5 9 v>i\s ways2 z1 ! cellul> tissue4 #bi4 ,h[ev] v>i\s all organs may appe> 9 _! /ructure & composition1 x is n[ suppos$ t !y c be r$uc$ to a few tissues2 z1 ! ,cellu-l>1 ,osse-ous1 ,muscu-l>1 ,muc\s1 ,n]v\s1 c4 7,app5dix ,b47 #cj4 ,! ,,cellul> ,,tissue1#b n[ call$ ! areol> tissue1 consi/s ( small fibres1 or b&s1 int]lac$ 9 e direction1 s z to =m a net-"w1 ) num]\s int]/ices t communicate freely ) ea* o!r4 ,^! int]/ices are fill$1 dur+ life1 ) a fluid resembl+ ! s]um ( blood4 ,! use ( ! areol> tissue is to connect toge!r organs & p>ts ( organs1 & to envelop1 fix1 & protect ! vessels & n]ves ( organs4 #b ,! ,cellul>1 ,s]\s1 ,d]moid1 ,fibr\s1 & ,muc\s tissues are v g5]ally call$ membranes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,arrangem5t ( fibres ( ! cellul> tissue magnifi$ "o hundr$ & ?irty diamet]s4 ------------ #bh4 ,:at is a tissue8 #bi4 ,:at is said respect+ ! /ructure & composition ( ! v>i\s organs8 ,"n ! prim>y membranes4 #cj4 ,describe ! cellul> tissue4 ,h[ are ! cells imb$d$ 9 c]ta9 tissues8 ,give obs]vation #a/1 relative to ! cellul> tissue4 ------------ ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,:5 ?is fluid becomes too great 9 quantity1 9 consequ5ce ( disease1 ! pati5t labors "u g5]al dropsy4 ,! swell+ ( ! feet :5 /&+1 & _! return to a prop] %ape dur+ ! night1 s (t5 notic$ 9 feeble p]sons1 furni% a /rik+ pro( bo? ( ! exi/5ce & peculi>ity ( ?is tissue1 :i* all[s ! fluid to fl[ f cell to cell1 until x settles 9 ! l[] extremities4 #b;d4 ,! free communication betwe5 ! cells is /ill m rem>kable 9 reg>d to air4 ,sometimes1 :5 an accid5tal op5+ has be5 made f ! air-cells ( ! lungs into ! contigu\s cellul> tissue1 ! air 9 respiration has p5etrat$ e "p until ! :ole body is s inflat$ z to occasion suffocation4 ,but*]s (t5 avail !mselves ( ! k ( ?is fact1 & inflate _! meat to give x a fat appe>ance4 #ca4 ,al?\gh ?is tissue ent]s into ! composition ( all organs1 x nev] loses its own /ructure1 nor p>ticipates 9 ! functions ( ! organ ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,?\gh pres5t 9 ! n]ves1 x does n %>e 9 _! s5sibility2 & ?\gh x accompanies e muscle & e muscul> fibre1 x does n p>take ( ! irritability :i* belongs to ^! organs4 #cb4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( tissue are =m$ f ! cellul>2 z1 ! ,ser\s1 ,d]moid1 ,fibr\s1 & sev]al o!rs4 #cc4 ,! ,,s]\s ,,tissue l9es all ! clos$1 or sac-l cavities ( ! body2 z1 ! *e/1 jo9ts1 & abdom54 ,x n only l9es ^! cavities1 b is reflect$1 & inve/s ! organs conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! liv] & ! lungs are ?us inve/$4 ,?is membrane is ( a :iti% color1 & smoo? on its free surfaces4 ,^! surfaces are kept moi/1 & prev5t$ f adh]+ by a ser\s fluid1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! blood4 ,! use ( ?is membrane is to sep>ate organs & also to facilitate ! movem5t ( "o "p ^u ano!r1 by means ( its moi/1 poli%$ surfaces4 ------------ ,give obs]vation #b;d4 #ca4 ,:at is said ( ! id5tity ( ?is tissue8 #cb4 ,"n ! v>ieties ( tissue =m$ f ! cellul>4 #cc4 ,:]e is ! s]\s tissue f\nd8 ,:at two (fices does x p]=m8 ,give its /ructure4 ,:at is ! use ( ?is membrane8 ------------ #cd4 ,! ,,d]moid ,,tissue cov]s ! outside ( ! body4 ,x is call$ ! cutis1 7sk947 ,?is membrane is cont9u\s ) ! muc\s at ! v>i\s orifices ( ! body1 & 9 ^! situations1 f ! simil>ity ( _! /ructure1 x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9uity & simil>ity ( /ructure1 !re is close sympa?y betwe5 ! muc\s & d]moid membranes4 ,if ! functions ( ! sk9 are di/urb$1 z by a *ill1 x w frequ5tly cause a cat>rh1 7cold17 or di>rhoea4 ,aga91 9 consequ5ce ( ?is intimate sympa?y1 ^! compla9ts c be reliev$ by excit+ a free action 9 ! vessels ( ! sk94 #b;d4 ,x is no uncommon occurr5ce t diseas$ or irritat$ conditions ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* or inte/9es produce diseases or irritations ( ! sk91 z is se5 9 ! ra%es att5dant on dyspepsia1 & eat+ c]ta9 species ( fi%4 ,^! eruptions ( ! sk9 c be reliev$ by remov+ ! diseas$ condition ( ! /oma*4 #ce4 ,! ,,fibr\s ,,tissue consi/s ( longitud9al1 p>allel fibres1 :i* are closely unit$4 ,^! fibres1 9 "s situations1 =m a ?91 d5se1 /rong membrane1 l t :i* l9es ! int]nal surface ( ! skull1 or inve/s ! ext]nal surface ( ! bones4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 !y =m /rong1 inela/ic b&s1 call$ liga-m5ts1 :i* b9d "o bone to ano!r4 ,?is tissue also =ms t5dons1 7:ite cords17 by :i* ! muscles are atta*$ to ! bones4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! disease call$ rheumatism1 ! fibr\s tissue is ! "p pr9cipally affect$2 h5ce ! jo9ts1 :]e ?is tissue is mo/ abundant1 suff] mo/ f ?is affection4 ------------ #cd4 ,describe ! d]moid tissue4 ,:at is said ( ! sympa?y betwe5 ! functions ( ! sk9 & muc\s membrane8 ,give ano!r in/ance ( ! sympa?y betwe5 ^! membranes4 #ce4 ,( :at does ! fibr\s tissue consi/8 ,h[ d ^! appe> 9 "s situations8 ,h[ 9 o!rs8 ,:at tissue is g5]ally affect$ 9 rheumatism8 ------------ #cf4 ,! ,,adipose ,,tissue is s arrang$ z to =m di/9ct bags1 or cells4 ,^! conta9 a sub/ance call$ fat4 ,?is tissue is pr9cipally f\nd b5ea? ! sk91 abdom9al muscles1 & ar\nd ! he>t & kidneys2 :ile none is f\nd 9 ! bra91 eye1 e>1 nose1 & sev]al o!r organs4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ^? individuals :o are corpul5t1 !re is 9 _m in/ances1 a great deposit ( ?is sub/ance4 ,?is tissue accumulates m readily ?an o!rs :5 a p]son becomes gross1 & is e>lie/ remov$ :5 ! sy/em emaciates1 9 acute or *ronic diseases4 ,"s ( ! masses become1 9 "s in/ances1 enl>g$4 ,^! enl>gem5ts are call$ adipose1 or fatty tumors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 #a1 ,a portion ( ! adipose tissue4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,m9ute bags conta9+ fat4 #c1 ,a clu/] ( ^! bags1 sep>at$ & susp5d$4 #cg4 ,! ,,c>tilag9\s ,,tissue is firm1 smoo?1 & highly ela/ic4 ,except bone1 x is ! h>de/ "p ( ! animal frame4 ,x tips ! ends ( ! bones t concur 9 =m+ a jo9t4 ,its use is to facilitate ! motion ( ! jo9ts by its smoo? surface1 :ile its ela/ic "* dim9i%es ! %ock t w\ld o!rwise be exp]i5c$ if ?is tissue 7 inela/ic4 ------------ #cf4 ,describe ! adipose tissue4 ,:]e does ?is tissue pr9cipally exi/8 ,give obs]vation 9 reg>d to ! adipose tissue4 #cg4 ,describe ! c>tilag9\s tissue4 ,:at is its use8 ------------ #ch ,! ,,osse\s ,,tissue1 9 composition & arrangem5t ( matt]1 v>ies at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 & 9 diff]5t bones4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! bony matt] is dispos$ 9 plates1 :ile 9 o!r in/ances1 ! arrangem5t is cyl9drical4 ,sometimes1 ! bony matt] is d5se & compact2 aga91 x is spongy1 or por\s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! long bones1 a space is left :i* is fill$ ) a fatty sub/ance1 call$ m>r[4 ,obs]vation4 ,v>i\s op9ions exi/ among physiologi/s 9 reg>d to ! use ( m>r[4 ,"s suppose x s]ves z a res]voir ( n\ri%m5t1 :ile o!rs1 t x keeps ! bones f becom+ dry & brittle4 ,! latt] op9ion1 h[ev]1 has be5 call$ 9 "q1 z ! bones ( ! ag$ man conta9 m m>r[ ?an ^? ( ! *ild1 & !y are likewise m brittle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a section ( ! femur1 7?igh-bone47 #a1 #a1 ,! extremities1 %[+ a ?9 plate ( compact texture1 :i* cov]s small cells1 t dim9i% 9 size1 b increase 9 numb]1 z !y approa* ! articulation4 #b1 #b1 ,! walls ( ! %aft1 :i* are v firm & solid4 #c1 ,! cavity t conta9s ! m>r[4 #ci4 ,! ,,muscul> ,,tissue is compos$ ( _m fibres1 t unite to =m fasciculi1 ea* ( :i* is enclos$ 9 a delicate lay] ( cellul> tissue4 ,bundles ( ^! fasciculi con/itute a muscle4 ,obs]vation4 ,a piece ( boil$ beef w cle>ly illu/rate ! arrangem5t ( muscul> fibre4 ------------ #ch4 ,:at is said ( ! osse\s tissue8 ,h[ is ! bony matt] arrang$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal frame8 ,:at is said ( ! use ( m>r[8 #ci4 ,( :at is ! muscul> tissue compos$8 ,h[ may ! arrangem5t ( muscul> fibre be illu/rat$8 ------------ #dj4 ,! ,,muc\s ,,tissue diff]s f ! s]\s by its l9+ all ! cavities :i* communicate ) ! air4 ,! no/rils1 ! m\?1 & ! /oma* af=d examples4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ?is membrane1 or t :i* is expos$ to ! air1 is s(t1 & be>s "s resemblance to ! d[ny r9d ( a pea*4 ,x is cov]$ by a viscid fluid call$ mucus4 ,?is is secret$ by small gl&-cells1 call$ ep-i-!li-a1 or secretory cells ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,! use ( ?is membrane & its secret$ mucus is to protect ! inn] surface ( ! cavities :i* x l9es4 ,obs]vation4 ,a rem>kable sympa?y exi/s betwe5 ! remote p>ts ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,?us ! condition ( ! /oma* may be asc]ta9$ by an exam9ation ( ! tongue4 #da4 ,! ,,n]v\s ,,tissue consi/s ( s(t1 pulpy matt]1 enclos$ 9 a %ea?1 call$ neu-ri-lema4 ,?is tissue consi/s ( two sub/ances4 ,! "o1 ( a pulpy "* & gray color1 is call$ c9-e-riti\s1 7a%-color$47 ,! o!r1 ( a fibr\s "* & :ite1 is nam$ m$ul-la-ry1 7m>r[-l47 ,9 e "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em bo? sub/ances are unit$1 ) ! exception ( ! n]v\s fibres & filam5ts1 :i* are solely compos$ ( ! m$ull>y matt] enclos$ 9 a delicate %ea?4 ------------ #dj4 ,h[ does ! muc\s diff] f ! s]\s tissue8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! ext]nal surface ( ?is membrane8 ,:]e is ! mucus secret$8 ,:at is ! use ( ?is membrane8 #da4 ,( :at does ! n]v\s tissue consi/8 ,describe ! two sub/ances t ent] into ! composition ( ! n]v\s tissue4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body4 #db4 ,an ,,ultimate ,,elem5t is ! simple/ =m ( matt] ) :i* we are acqua9t$2 z gold1 iron1 c4 #dc4 ,^! elem5ts are divid$ into metallic & non-metallic sub/ances4 ,! metallic sub/ances are ,po-tassi-um1 ,sdi-um1 ,calci-um1 ,mag-nesi-um1 ,a-lum9-um1 ,iron1 ,manga-nese1 & ,copp]4 ,! non-metallic sub/ances are ,oxy-g51 ,hydro-g51 ,c>bon1 ,nitro-g51 ,si-li-ci-um1 ,phosphor-u1 ,sulphur1 ,*lor9e1 & a few o!rs4 #dd4 ,,pota% 7potassium unit$ ) oxyg57 is f\nd 9 ! blood1 bile1 p]spiration1 milk1 c4 #de4 ,,soda 7sodium comb9$ ) oxyg57 exi/s 9 ! muscles1 & 9 ! same fluids 9 :i* pota% is f\nd4 #df4 ,,lime 7calcium comb9$ ) oxyg57 =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! bones4 ,! lime 9 !m is comb9$ ) phosphoric & c>bonic acid4 #dg4 ,,magnesia 7magnesium comb9$ ) oxyg57 exi/s 9 ! bones1 bra91 & 9 "s ( ! animal fluids2 z milk4 #dh4 ,,silex 7silicium comb9$ ) oxyg57 is conta9$ 9 ! hair & 9 "s ( ! secretions4 #di4 ,,iron =ms ! color+ pr9ciple ( ! r$ globules ( ! blood1 & is f\nd 9 e "p ( ! sy/em4 ,obs]vation4 ,z metallic or m9]al sub/ances ent] into ! ultimate elem5ts ( ! body1 ! ass]tion t all m9]als are poison\s1 h[ev] small ! quantity1 is untrue4 ------------ #db4 ,:at is an ultimate elem5t8 ,give examples4 #dc4 ,h[ are !y divid$8 ,"n ! metallic sub/ances4 ,"n ! non-metallic sub/ances4 #dd4 ,:at is said ( pota%8 #de4 ,( soda8 #df4 ,( lime8 #dg4 ,( magnesia8 #dh4 ,( silex8 #di4 ,:at =ms ! color+ pr9ciple ( ! blood8 ,:at is said ( m9]al sub/ances8 ------------ #ej4 ,,oxyg5 is conta9$ 9 all ! fluids & solids ( ! body4 ,x is almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! inspir$ air & wat]4 ,x is expell$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat] f ! lungs & sk94 ,x is likewise remov$ 9 ! o!r secretions4 #ea4 ,,hydrog5 is f\nd 9 all ! fluids & 9 all ! solids ( ! body4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! food1 z well z f wat] & o!r dr9ks4 ,x exi/s 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 ! impure1 d>k-color$ blood ( ! sy/em4 ,x is remov$ by ! ag5cy ( ! kidneys1 sk91 lungs1 & o!r excretory organs4 #eb4 ,,c>bon is an elem5t 9 ! oil1 fat1 album51 fibr91 gelat91 bile1 & mucus4 ,?is elem5t likewise exi/s 9 ! impure blood 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,c>bon is obta9$ f ! food1 & dis*>g$ f ! sy/em by ! secretions & respiration4 #ec4 ,,nitrog5 is conta9$ 9 mo/ animal matt]1 b is mo/ abundant 9 fibr94 ,x is n conta9$ 9 fat & a few o!r sub/ances4 ,obs]vation4 ,! peculi> smell ( animal matt] :5 burn+ is ow+ to nitrog54 ,?is elem5t comb9$ ) hydrog5 =ms am-moni-a1 7h>t%orn17 :5 animal matt] is 9 a /ate ( putrefaction4 #ed4 ,,phosphorus is conta9$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! sy/em1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! bones4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 =m+ phosphoric acid4 ,! phosphoric acid is usually comb9$ ) alkal9e bases2 z lime 9 ! bones1 =m+ phosphate ( lime4 #ee4 ,,sulphur exi/s 9 ! bones1 muscles1 hair1 & nails4 ,x is expell$ f ! sy/em by ! sk9 & inte/9es4 #ef4 ,,*lor9e is f\nd 9 ! blood1 ga/ric juice1 milk1 p]spiration1 & saliva4 ------------ #ej4 ,:at is said ( oxyg58 #ea4 ,( hydrog58 #eb4 ,:at is said ( c>bon8 #ec4 ,( nitrog58 ,h[ is ammonia =m$8 #ed4 ,:at is said ( phosphorus8 #ee4 ,:at is said ( sulphur8 #ef4 ,( *lor9e8 ------------ #eg4 ,,proximate ,,elem5ts are =ms ( matt] t exi/ 9 organiz$ bodies 9 abundance1 & are compos$ *iefly ( oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog51 arrang$ 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,!y exi/ already =m$1 & may be sep>at$ 9 _m in/ances1 by heat or me*anical means4 ,! mo/ important comp\nds are ,al-bum51 ,fibr91 ,gela-t91 ,mucus1 ,fat1 ,case-ine1 ,*ondr9e1 ,lactic acid1 & ,osma-zome4 #eh4 ,,album5 is f\nd 9 ! body1 bo? 9 a fluid & solid =m4 ,x is an elem5t ( ! sk91 gl&s1 hair1 & nails1 & =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! bra94 ,album5 is )\t color1 ta/e1 or smell1 & x coagulates by heat1 acids1 & alcohol4 ,obs]vation4 ,! :ite ( an egg is compos$ ( album51 :i* c be coagulat$ or h>d5$ by alcohol4 ,z album5 ent]s s l>gely into ! composition ( ! bra91 is n ! impair$ intellect & moral degradation ( ! inebriate attributable to ! effect ( alcohol 9 h>d5+ ! album5 ( ?is organ8 #ei4 ,,fibr9 exi/s abundantly 9 ! blood1 *yle1 & lymph4 ,x con/itutes ! basis ( ! muscles4 ,fibr9 is ( a :iti% color1 inodor\s1 & insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,x diff]s f album5 by possess+ ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ at all temp]atures4 ,obs]vation4 ,fibr9 may be obta9$ by wa%+ ! ?ick "p ( blood ) cold wat]2 by ?is process1 ! r$ globules1 or color+ matt]1 are sep>at$ f ?is elem5t4 #fj4 ,,gelat9 is f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! solids1 b x is n kn[n to exi/ 9 any ( ! fluids4 ,x =ms ! basis ( ! cellul> tissue1 & exi/s l>gely 9 ! sk91 bones1 ligam5ts1 & c>tilages4 ------------ #eg4 ,:at are proximate elem5ts8 ,d !y exi/ already =m$ 9 organiz$ bodies8 ,"n ! mo/ important comp\nds4 #eh4 ,:at is said ( album58 ,give obs]vation relative to ?is elem5t4 #ei4 ,( fibr98 ,h[ does album5 diff] f fibr98 ,h[ c fibr9 be obta9$8 #fj4 ,:at is said ( gelat98 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,gelat9 is kn[n f o!r organic pr9ciples by its dissolv+ 9 w>m wat]1 & =m+ jelly4 ,:5 dry1 x =ms ! h>d1 brittle sub/ance1 call$ glue4 ,is+lass1 :i* is us$ 9 ! v>i\s me*anical arts1 is obta9$ f ! s\nds ( ! /urgeon4 #fa4 ,,mucus is a viscid fluid secret$ by ! gl&-cells1 or epi!lia4 ,v>i\s sub/ances are includ$ "u ! "n ( mucus4 ,x is g5]ally alkal9e1 b its true *emical "* is imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,x s]ves to moi/5 & def5d ! muc\s membrane4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! cuticle1 bra91 & nails2 & is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 especially :5 dry4 7,app5dix ,c47 #fb4 ,,osmazome is a sub/ance ( an aromatic flavor4 ,x is ( a yell[i%-br[n color1 & is soluble bo? 9 wat] & alcohol1 b does n =m a jelly by conc5tration4 ,x is f\nd 9 all ! fluids1 & 9 "s ( ! solids2 z ! bra94 ,obs]vation4 ,! *>act]i/ic odor & ta/e ( s\p are ow+ to osmazome4 #fc4 ,!re are sev]al acids f\nd 9 ! human sy/em2 z ! ,a-cetic1 ,b5-zoic1 ,ox-alic1 ,uric1 & "s o!r sub/ances1 b n ( suffici5t importance to require a p>ticul> description4 ------------ ,h[ is x kn[n f o!r organic pr9ciples8 #fa4 ,:at is said ( mucus8 #fb4 ,( osmazome8 ,to :at are ! ta/e & odor ( s\p ow+8 #fc4 ,:at acids are f\nd 9 ! sy/em8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,bones4 #fd4 ,! bones are firm & h>d1 & ( a dull :ite color4 ,9 all ! high] ord]s ( animals1 among :i* is man1 !y are 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 :ile 9 lob/]s1 crabs1 c41 !y are on ! outside1 =m+ a case :i* protects ! m delicate p>ts f injury4 #fe4 ,9 ! me*anism ( man1 ! v>iety ( movem5ts he is call$ to p]=m requires a correspond5t v>iety ( compon5t p>ts1 & ! diff]5t bones ( ! sy/em are s admirably adapt$ to ea* o!r1 t !y admit ( num]\s & v>i$ motions4 #ff4 ,:5 ! bones compos+ ! skeleton are unit$ by natural ligam5ts1 !y =m :at is call$ a natural skeleton1 :5 unit$ by wires1 :at is t]m$ an artificial skeleton4 #fg4 ,! elevations1 or protub]ances1 ( ! bones are call$ proces-ses1 & are1 g5]ally1 ! po9ts ( atta*m5t = ! muscles & ligam5ts4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,bones4 #fh4 ,! ,,bones are compos$ ( bo? animal & e>?y matt]4 ,! e>?y portion ( ! bones gives !m solidity & /r5g?1 :ile ! animal "p end[s !m ) vitality4 ------------ #fd4 ,:at is said ( ! bones8 #fe4 ,is !re an adaptation ( ! bones ( ! sy/em to ! (fices !y are requir$ to p]=m8 #ff4 ,:at is a natural skeleton8 ,:at an artificial8 #fg4 ,:at "p ( ! bones are call$ processes8 #fh-gc4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! bones4 #fh4 ,( :at are ! bones compos$8 ,:at are ! diff]5t uses ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! bones8 ------------ ,exp]im5ts4 #a/4 ,to %[ ! e>?y )\t ! animal matt]1 burn a bone 9 a cle> fire = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 & x becomes :ite & brittle1 because ! gelat91 or animal matt] ( ! bone1 has be5 de/roy$4 #b;d4 ,to %[ ! animal )\t ! e>?y matt] ( ! bones1 imm]se a sl5d] bone = a few days 9 a weak acid1 7"o "p muriatic acid & six p>ts wat]17 & x c !n be b5t 9 any direction4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! acid has remov$ ! e>?y matt]1 7c>bonate & phosphate ( lime17 yet ! =m ( ! bone is un*ang$4 #fi4 ,! bones are =m$ f ! blood1 & are subject$ to sev]al *anges be=e !y are p]fect$4 ,at _! e>ly =mative /age1 !y are c>tilag9\s4 ,! vessels ( ! c>tilage1 at ?is p]iod1 convey only ! lymph1 or :ite portion ( ! blood2 subsequ5tly1 !y convey r$ blood4 ,at ?is "t1 true ossification 7! deposition ( phosphate & c>bonate ( lime7 comm5ces at c]ta9 po9ts1 :i* are call$ ! po9ts ( ossification4 #gj4 ,mo/ ( ! bones are =m$ ( sev]al pieces1 or c5tres ( ossification4 ,?is is se5 9 ! long bones :i* h _! extremities sep>at$ f ! body by a ?9 p>tition ( c>tilage4 ,x is "s "t be=e ^! sep>ate pieces are unit$ to =m "o bone4 #ga4 ,:5 ! process ( ossification is complet$1 !re is /ill a con/ant *ange 9 ! bones4 ,!y increase 9 bulk1 & become less vascul>1 until middle age4 ,9 advanc$ life1 ! elevations ^u _! surface & ne> ! extremities become m prom95t1 p>ticul>ly 9 individuals accu/om$ to labor4 ,z a p]son advances 9 ye>s1 ! vitality dim9i%es1 & 9 extreme old age1 ! e>?y sub/ance pr$om9ates2 consequ5tly1 ! bones are extremely brittle4 ------------ ,h[ c ! e>?y matt] ( ! bones be %[n8 ,! animal8 #fi4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! bones 9 _! e>ly =mative /age8 ,:5 does true ossification comm5ce8 #gj4 ,h[ are mo/ ( ! bones =m$8 #ga4 ,:at is said ( ! v>i\s *anges ( ! bones aft] ossification8 ------------ #gb4 ,! fibr\s membrane t inve/s ! bones is call$ p]-i-oste-um2 t :i* cov]s ! c>tilages is call$ p]-i-*ondri-um4 ,:5 ?is membrane inve/s ! skull1 x is call$ p]-i-crani-um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a section ( ! knee-jo9t4 ,! l[] "p ( ! femur1 7?igh-bone17 & upp] "p ( ! tibia1 7leg-bone17 are se5 ossifi$ at #a1 #a4 ,! c>tilag9\s extremities ( ! two bones are se5 at d1 d4 ,! po9ts ( ossification ( ! extremities1 are se5 at #b1 #b4 ,! patella1 or knee-pan1 is se5 at c4 #c1 ,a po9t1 or c5tre ( ossification4 #gc4 ,! ,,p]io/eum is a firm membrane imm$iately inve/+ ! bones1 except :]e !y are tipp$ ) c>tilage1 & ! cr[ns ( ! tee?1 :i* are protect$ by enamel4 ,?is membrane has m9ute n]ves1 & :5 heal?y1 possesses b little s5sibility4 ,x is ! nutri5t membrane ( ! bone1 end[+ its ext]ior ) vitality2 x also gives ins]tion to ! t5dons & connect+ ligam5ts ( ! jo9ts4 ------------ #gb4 ,:at is ! membrane call$ t inve/s ! bones8 ,t cov]s ! c>tilage8 ,t inve/s ! skull8 ,expla9 fig4 #f4 #gc4 ,describe ! p]io/eum4 ------------ #gd4 ,!re are two hundr$ & eight#c bones 9 ! human body1 beside ! tee?4 ,^!1 = conv5i5ce1 are divid$ into f\r p>ts3 #a/4 ,! bones ( ! ,head4 #b;d4 ,! bones ( ! ,trunk4 #c;d4 ,! bones ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #d?4 ,! bones ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #c ,"s anatomi/s reckon m ?an ?is numb]1 o!rs less1 = ! reason t1 at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 ! numb] ( pieces ( :i* "o bone is =m$1 v>ies4 ,example4 ,! brea/-bone1 9 infancy1 has eight pieces2 9 y\?1 ?ree2 9 old age1 b "o4 #ge4 ,! bones ( ! ,,head are divid$ into ^? ( ! ,skull1 ,e>1 & ,face4 #gf4 ,! ,,skull is compos$ ( eight bones4 ,!y are =m$ ( two plates1 or tablets ( bony matt]1 unit$ by a por\s portion ( bone4 ,! ext]nal tablet is fibr\s & t\gh2 ! int]nal plate is d5se & h>d1 & is call$ ! vitre-ous1 or glassy table4 ,^! t\gh1 h>d plates are adapt$ to resi/ ! p5etration ( %>p in/rum5ts1 :ile ! diff]5t degrees ( d5sity possess$ by ! two tablets1 & ! int]v5+ spongy bone1 s]ve to dim9i% ! vibrations t w\ld occur 9 falls or bl[s4 #gg4 ,! skull is convex ext]nally1 & at ! base mu* ?ick] ?an at ! top or sides4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! bra9 is plac$ "h1 completely out ( ! way ( injury1 unless ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,! base ( ! cranium1 or skull1 has _m projections1 depressions1 & ap]tures2 ! latt] af=d+ passages = ! n]ves & blood-vessels4 ------------ #gd4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! human body8 ,h[ are !y divid$8 #ge-ha4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! bones ( ! head4 #ge4 ,h[ are ! bones ( ! head divid$8 #gf4 ,describe ! bones ( ! skull4 #gg4 ,:at is ! =m ( ! skull8 ,:at does ! base ( ! skull pres5t8 ------------ #gh4 ,! bones ( ! cranium are unit$ by ragg$ edges1 call$ sutures4 ,! edges ( ea* bone int]lock ) ea* o!r1 produc+ a union1 /yl$1 9 c>p5try1 dovetail+4 ,!y int]rupt1 9 a measure1 ! vibrations produc$ by ext]nal bl[s1 & also prev5t fractures f ext5d+ z f> z !y o!rwise w\ld1 9 "o cont9u$ bone4 ,f infancy to ! twelf? ye>1 ! sutures are imp]fect2 b1 f t "t to ?irty-five or =ty1 !y are di/9ctly m>k$2 9 old age1 !y are ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 #a1 #a1 ,! coronal suture at ! front & upp] "p ( ! skull1 or cranium4 #b1 ,! sagittal suture on ! top ( ! skull4 #c1 #c1 ,! lambdoidal suture at ! back "p ( ! cranium4 #gi4 ,we f9d z great a div]sity 9 ! =m & texture ( ! skull-bone1 z 9 ! expression ( ! face4 ,! head ( ! ,new ,holl&] is small2 t ( ! ,african is compress$2 :ile ! ,caucasian is di/+ui%$ = ! beautiful oval =m ( ! head4 ,! ,greek skulls1 9 texture1 are close & f9e1 :ile ! ,swiss are s(t] & m op54 ------------ #gh4 ,h[ are ! bones ( ! skull unit$8 ,:at are ! uses ( ! sutures8 ,m5tion ! appe>ance ( ! sutures at diff]5t ages4 ,:at does fig4 #g repres5t8 #gi4 ,:at is said respect+ ! =m & texture ( ! skull 9 diff]5t nations8 ------------ #hj4 ,9 ea* ,,e> are f\r v small bones4 ,!y aid 9 he>+4 #ha4 ,9 ! ,,face are f\rte5 bones1 "s ( :i* s]ve = ! atta*m5t ( p[]ful muscles1 :i* are m or less call$ into action 9 ma/icat+ food2 o!rs reta9 9 place ! s(t p>ts ( ! face4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 #a1 ,! frontal1 or bone ( ! =ehead4 #b4 ,! p>ietal bone4 #c1 ,! temporal bone4 #d1 ,! zygomatic process ( ! temporal bone4 #e1 ,! mal> 7*eek7 bone4 #f1 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bone1 7upp] jaw47 #g1 ,! vom]1 t sep>ates ! cavities ( ! nose4 #h1 ,! inf]ior maxill>y bone1 7l[] jaw47 #i4 ,! cavity = ! eye4 #hb4 ,! ,,trunk has fifty-f\r bones--tw5ty-f\r ,ribs2 tw5ty-f\r bones 9 ! ,spinal ,column1 7back-bone27 f\r 9 ! ,pelvis2 ! ,/]num1 7brea/-bone27 & ! ,os hy-oides1 7! bone at ! base ( ! tongue47 ,!y are s arrang$ z to =m1 ) ! s(t p>ts atta*$ to !m1 two cavities1 call$ ! ,?orax 7*e/7 & ,ab-dm54 ------------ #hj4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! e>8 #ha4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! face8 ,:at is _! use8 ,expla9 fig4 #h4 #hb-id4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! bones ( ! trunk4 #hb4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! trunk8 ,"n !m4 ,:at d !y =m by _! arrangem5t8 ------------ #hc4 ,! ,,?orax is =m$ by ! /]num 9 front2 ! ribs1 at ! sides2 & ! twelve dorsal bones ( ! sp9al column1 po/]iorly4 ,! natural =m ( ! *e/ is a cone1 ) its apex above2 b fa%ion1 9 _m in/ances1 has ne>ly inv]t$ ?is ord]4 ,?is cavity conta9s ! lungs1 he>t1 & l>ge blood-vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 #a1 ,! fir/ bone ( ! /]num1 7brea/-bone47 #b4 ,! second bone ( ! /]num4 #c1 ,! c>tilage ( ! /]num4 #d1 ,! fir/ dorsal v]tebra1 7a bone ( ! sp9al column47 #e1 ,! la/ dorsal v]tebra4 #f1 ,! fir/ rib4 #g1 ,its head4 #h1 ,its neck4 #i1 ,its tub]cle4 #aj1 ,! sev5?1 or la/ true rib4 #aa1 ,! c>tilage ( ! ?ird rib4 #ab1 ,! float+ ribs4 #hd4 ,! ,,/]num is compos$ ( eight pieces 9 ! *ild4 ,^! unite & =m b ?ree p>ts 9 ! adult4 ,9 y\?1 ! two upp] portions are conv]t$ into bone1 :ile ! l[] portion rema9s c>tilag9\s & flexible until extreme old age1 :5 x is (t5 conv]t$ into bone4 #he4 ,! ,,ribs are connect$ ) ! sp9al column1 & increase 9 l5g? z f> z ! sev5?4 ,f ?is !y successively become %ort]4 ,! direction ( ! ribs f above1 d[nw>d1 is oblique1 & _! curve dim9i%es f ! fir/ to ! twelf?4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ea* rib is convex2 ! int]nal1 concave4 ,! inf]ior1 or l[] ribs1 are1 h[ev]1 v flat4 ------------ #hc4 ,describe ! ?orax4 ,expla9 fig4 #i4 #hd4 ,describe ! /]num4 #he4 ,describe ! ribs4 ------------ #hf4 ,! sev5 upp] ribs are unit$ to ! /]num1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c>tilages1 & are call$ ! true ribs4 ,! c>tilages ( ! next ?ree are unit$ ) ea* o!r1 & are n atta*$ to ! /]num2 ^! are call$ false ribs4 ,! l[e/ two are call$ float+ ribs1 z !y are n connect$ ei!r ) ! /]num or ! o!r ribs4 #hg4 ,! ,,sp9al ,,column is compos$ ( tw5ty-f\r pieces ( bone4 ,ea* piece is call$ a v]te-bra4 ,on exam9+ "o ( ! bones1 we f9d sev5 projections1 call$ processes2 f\r ( ^!1 t are employ$ 9 b9d+ ! bones toge!r1 are call$ articulat+ processes2 two ( ! rema9+ are call$ ! transv]se2 & ! o!r1 ! sp9\s4 ,! la/ ?ree give atta*m5t to ! muscles ( ! back4 #hh4 ,! l>ge "p ( ! v]tebra1 call$ ! body1 is r\nd & spongy 9 its texture1 l ! extremity ( ! r\nd bones4 ,! processes are ( a m d5se "*4 ,! projections are s arrang$ t a tube1 or canal1 is =m$ imm$iately beh9d ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 9 :i* is plac$ ! me-dulla spi-nalis1 7sp9al cord17 sometimes call$ ! pi? ( ! back-bone4 #hi4 ,betwe5 ^! jo9ts1 or v]tebr1 is a peculi> & highly ela/ic sub/ance1 :i* mu* facilitates ! b5d+ movem5ts ( ! back4 ,?is compressible cu%ion ( c>tilage also s]ves ! important purpose ( diffus+ & dim9i%+ ! %ock 9 walk+1 runn+1 or leap+1 & t5ds to protect ! delicate texture ( ! bra94 ------------ #hf4 ,h[ are ! ribs unit$ to ! /]num8 #hg4 ,describe ! sp9al column4 #hh4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! v]tebra4 ,:]e is ! sp9al cord plac$8 #hi4 ,:at is plac$ betwe5 ea* v]tebra8 ,:at is its use8 ------------ #ij4 ,ano!r provision = ! protection ( ! bra91 :i* be>s conv9c+ pro( ( ! wisdom & b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator1 is ! ant]o-po/]ior1 or =w>d & backw>d curve ( ! sp9al column4 ,7 x a /raight column1 /&+ p]p5dicul>ly1 ! slighte/ j>1 9 walk+1 w\ld cause x to recoil ) a sudd5 j]k2 because1 ! weight be>+ equally1 ! sp9e w\ld nei!r yield to ! "o side nor ! o!r4 ,b1 %ap$ z x is1 we f9d x yield+ 9 ! direction ( ! curves1 & ?us ! =ce ( ! %ock is diffus$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a v]tebra ( ! neck4 #a1 ,! body ( ! v]tebra4 #b1 ,! sp9al canal4 #d1 ,! sp9\s process1 cleft at its extremity4 #e1 ,! transv]se process4 #g1 ,! inf]ior articulat+ process4 #h1 ,! sup]ior articulat+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #a1 ,! c>tilag9\s sub/ance t connects ! bodies ( ! v]tebr4 #b1 ,! body ( ! v]tebra4 #c1 ,! sp9\s process4 #d1 #d1 ,! transv]se processes4 #e1 #e1 ,! articulat+ processes4 #f1 #f1 ,a portion ( ! bony bridge t assi/s 9 =m+ ! sp9al canal1 7#g47 ,obs]vation4 ,a good idea ( ! /ructure ( ! v]tebr may be obta9$ by exam9+ ! sp9al column ( a dome/ic animal1 z ! dog1 cat1 or pig4 #ia4 ,! ,,pelvis is compos$ ( f\r bones2 ! two 9-nom-i-nata1 7nameless bones17 ! sacrum1 & ! coccyx4 #ib4 ,! ,,innom9atum1 9 ! *ild1 consi/s ( ?ree pieces4 ,^!1 9 ! adult1 become unit$1 & con/itute b "o bone4 ,9 ! sides ( ^! bones is a deep socket1 or depression1 l a cup1 call$ ! ac-e-tabu-lum1 9 :i* ! r\nd head ( ! ?igh-bone is plac$4 ------------ #ij4 ,:at is said ( ! curves ( ! sp9al column8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #aj8 ,by fig4 #aa8 ,h[ c ! /ructure ( ! v]tebr be se58 #ia4 ,( h[ _m bones is ! pelvis compos$8 #ib4 ,:at is said ( ! innom9atum 9 ! *ild8 ------------ #ic4 ,! ,,sacrum1 s call$ because ! anci5ts (f]$ x 9 sacrifices1 is a w$ge-%ap$ bone1 t is plac$ betwe5 ! innom9ata1 & to :i* x is b\nd by ligam5ts4 ,^u its upp] surface x connects ) ! l[] v]tebra4 ,at its inf]ior1 or l[] angle1 x is unit$ to ! coccyx4 ,x is concave ^u its ant]ior1 & convex ^u its po/]ior surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 #a1 #a1 ,! innom9ata1 7nameless bones47 #b1 ,! sacrum4 #c1 ,! coccyx4 #d1 #d1 ,! acetabulum4 a1 a1 ,! pubic portion ( ! innom9ata4 d1 ,! ar* ( ! pubes2 e1 ,! junction ( ! sacrum & l[] lumb> v]tebra4 #id4 ,! ,,coccyx1 9 infants1 consi/s ( sev]al pieces1 :i*1 9 y\?1 become unit$ & =m "o bone4 ,?is is ! t]m9al extremity ( ! sp9al column4 ------------ ,9 ! adult8 ,describe ! acetabulum4 #ic4 ,describe ! sacrum4 ,expla9 fig4 #ab4 #id4 ,describe ! coccyx4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,bones1 ,,cont9u$ #ie4 ,! bones ( ! upp] & l[] limbs are enl>g$ at ea* extremity1 & h projections1 or processes4 ,to ^!1 ! t5dons ( muscles & ligam5ts are atta*$1 :i* connect "o bone ) ano!r4 ,! %aft ( ^! bones is cyl9drical & holl[1 & 9 /ructure1 _! ext]ior surface is h>d & compact1 :ile ! int]ior portion is ( a reticulat$ "*4 ,! enl>g$ extremities ( ! r\nd bones are m por\s ?an ! ma9 %aft4 #if4 ,! ,,upp] ,,extremities conta9 sixty-f\r bones--! ,scapu-la1 7%\ld]-blade27 ! ,clavi-cle1 7coll>-bone27 ! ,hum]-u1 7fir/ bone ( ! arm27 ! ,ulna & ,radi-u1 7bones ( ! =e-arm27 ! ,c>pus1 7wri/27 ! ,met-a-c>pus1 7palm ( ! h&27 & ! ,pha-langes1 7f+]s & ?umb47 #ig4 ,! ,,clavicle is atta*$1 at "o extremity1 to ! /]num2 at ! o!r1 x is unit$ to ! scapula4 ,x is %ap$ l ! ,italic s4 ,its use is to keep ! arms f slid+ t[>d ! brea/4 #ih4 ,! ,,scapula is situat$ ^u ! upp] & back "p ( ! *e/4 ,x is flat1 ?91 & ( a triangul> =m4 ,?is bone lies ^u & is reta9$ 9 its position by muscles4 ,by _! contractions x may be mov$ 9 diff]5t directions4 #ii4 ,! ,,hum]us is cyl9drical1 & is jo9$ at ! elb[ ) ! ulna ( ! =e-arm2 at ! scapul> extremity1 x is lodg$ 9 ! gl5oid cavity1 :]e x is surr\nd$ by a membran\s bag1 call$ ! capsul> ligam5t4 ------------ #ie-ajd4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! bones ( ! upp] extremities4 #ie4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! bones ( ! extremities4 #if4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! upp] extremities8 ,"n !m4 #ig4 ,give ! atta*m5ts ( ! clavicle4 ,:at is its use8 #ih4 ,describe ! scapula4 ,h[ is x reta9$ 9 its position8 #ii4 ,describe ! hum]us4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #a1 ,! %aft ( ! hum]us4 #b1 ,! l>ge1 r\nd head t is plac$ 9 ! gl5oid cavity4 #c1 #d1 ,processes1 to :i* muscles are atta*$4 #e1 ,a process1 call$ ! ext]nal elb[4 #f1 ,a process1 call$ ! int]nal elb[4 #g1 ,! articulat+ surface ^u :i* ! ulna rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 #a1 ,! body ( ! ulna4 #b1 ,! %aft ( ! radius4 #c1 ,! upp] articulation ( ! radius & ulna4 #d1 ,articulat+ cavity1 9 :i* ! l[] extremity ( ! hum]us is plac$4 #e1 ,upp] extremity ( ! ulna1 call$ ! olecranon process1 :i* =ms ! po9t ( ! elb[4 #f1 ,space betwe5 ! radius & ulna1 fill$ by ! int]v5+ ligam5t4 #g1 ,/yloid process ( ! ulna4 #h1 ,surface ( ! radius & ! ulna1 :]e !y articulate ) ! bones ( ! wri/4 #i1 ,/yloid process ( ! radius4 #ajj4 ,! ,,ulna articulates ) ! hum]us at ! elb[1 & =ms a p]fect h+e-jo9t4 ,?is bone is situat$ on ! inn] side ( ! =e-arm4 ------------ ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #ac8 ,by fig4 #ad8 #ajj4 ,describe ! ulna4 ------------ #aja4 ,! ,,radius articulates ) ! bones ( ! c>pus & =ms ! wri/-jo9t4 ,?is bone is situat$ on ! outside ( ! =e-arm1 7! side on :i* ! ?umb is plac$47 ,! ulna & radius1 at _! extremities1 articulate ) ea* o!r1 by :i* union ! h& is made to rotate1 p]mitt+ its complicat$ & v>i$ movem5ts4 #ajb4 ,! ,,c>pus is compos$ ( eight bones1 rang$ 9 two r[s1 & s firmly b\nd toge!r1 z to p]mit only a small am\nt ( movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,u1 ,! ulna4 ,r1 ,! radius4 ,s1 ,! scaphoid bone4 ,l1 ,! semilun> bone4 ,c1 ,! cunei=m bone4 ,p1 ,! pisi=m bone4 ,^! f\r =m ! fir/ r[ ( c>pal bones4 ,t1 ,t1 ,! trapezium & trapezoid bones4 ,m1 ,! os magnum4 ,u1 ,! unci=m bone4 ,^! f\r =m ! second r[ ( c>pal bones4 #a1 #a1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,! metac>pal bones ( ! ?umb & f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 ,! metac>pal bones ( ! h&4 #aa1 #aa1 ,fir/ range ( f+]-bones4 #ab1 #ab1 ,second range ( f+]-bones4 #ac1 #ac1 ,?ird range ( f+]-bones4 #ad1 #ae1 ,bones ( ! ?umb4 #ajc4 ,! ,,metac>pus is compos$ ( five bones1 ^u f\r ( :i* ! fir/ range ( ! f+]-bones is plac$2 & ^u ! o!r1 ! fir/ bone ( ! ?umb4 ,! five metac>pal bones articulate ) ! second range ( c>pal bones4 ------------ #aja4 ,! radius4 #ajb4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! c>pus8 ,h[ are !y rang$8 #ajc4 ,describe ! metac>pus4 ------------ #ajd4 ,! ,,phalanges ( ! f+]s h ?ree ranges ( bones1 :ile ! ?umb has b two4 ,obs]vation4 ,! wond]ful adaptation ( ! h& to all ! me*anical (fices ( life1 is "o cause ( man's sup]iority ov] ! re/ ( creation4 ,?is arises f ! size & /r5g? ( ! ?umbs1 & ! diff]5t l5g?s ( ! f+]s4 #aje4 ,! ,,l[] ,,extremities conta9 sixty bones--! ,femur1 7?igh-bone27 ! ,pa-tella1 7knee-pan27 ! ,tibi-a1 7%9-bone27 ! ,fibu-la1 7small bone ( ! leg27 ! ,t>sus1 7in/ep27 ! ,met-a-t>sus1 7middle ( ! foot27 & ! ,pha-langes1 7toes47 #ajf4 ,! ,,femur is ! longe/ bone 9 ! sy/em4 ,x supports ! weight ( ! head1 trunk1 & upp] extremities4 ,! l>ge1 r\nd head ( ?is bone is plac$ 9 ! acetabulum4 ,?is articulation is a p]fect specim5 ( ! ball & socket jo9t4 #ajg4 ,! ,,patella is a small bone connect$ ) ! tibia by a /rong ligam5t4 ,! t5don ( ! ex-t5sor muscles ( ! leg is atta*$ to its upp] edge4 ,?is bone is plac$ on ! ant]ior "p ( ! l[] extremity ( ! femur1 & acts l a pulley1 9 ! ext5sion ( ! limb4 #ajh4 ,! ,,tibia is ! l>ge/ bone ( ! leg4 ,x is ( a triangul> %ape1 & enl>g$ at ea* extremity4 #aji4 ,! ,,fibula is a small] bone ?an ! tibia1 b ( simil> %ape4 ,x is firmly b\nd to ! tibia1 at ea* extremity4 #aaj4 ,! ,,t>sus is =m$ ( sev5 irregul> bones1 :i* are s firmly b\nd toge!r z to p]mit b little movem5t4 ------------ #ajd4 ,h[ _m ranges ( bones h ! phalanges8 #aje-aab4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! bones ( ! l[] extremities4 #aje4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! l[] extremities8 ,"n !m4 #ajf4 ,describe ! femur4 #ajg4 ,describe ! patella4 ,:at is its function8 #ajh4 ,:at is ! l>ge/ bone ( ! leg call$8 ,:at is its =m8 #aji4 ,:at is said ( ! fibula8 #aaj4 ,describe ! t>sus4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 #a1 ,! %aft ( ! femur1 7?igh-bone47 #b1 ,a projection1 call$ ! tro*ant> m9or1 to :i* are atta*$ "s /rong muscles4 #d1 ,! tro*ant> major1 to :i* ! l>ge muscles ( ! hip are atta*$4 #c1 ,! head ( ! femur4 #e1 ,! ext]nal projection ( ! femur1 call$ ! ext]nal condyle4 #f1 ,! int]nal projection1 call$ ! int]nal condyle4 #g1 ,! surface ( ! l[] extremity ( ! femur1 t articulates ) ! tibia1 & ^u :i* ! patella slides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 #a1 ,! tibia4 #e1 ,! fibula4 #h1 ,! space betwe5 ! two1 fill$ ) ! int]-osse\s ligam5t4 #f1 ,! junction ( ! tibia & fibula at _! upp] extremity4 #b1 ,! ext]nal malleol> process1 call$ ! ext]nal ankle4 #c1 ,! int]nal malleol> process1 call$ ! int]nal ankle4 #d1 ,! surface ( ! l[] extremity ( ! tibia1 t unites ) "o ( ! t>sal bones to =m ! ankle-jo9t4 #g1 ,! upp] extremity ( ! tibia1 ^u :i* ! l[] extremity ( ! femur re/s4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #ag4 ,expla9 fig4 #ah4 ------------ #aaa4 ,! ,,metat>sal bones are five 9 numb]4 ,!y articulate at "o extremity ) "o range ( t>sal bones2 at ! o!r extremity1 ) ! fir/ range ( ! toe-bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,a repres5tation ( ! upp] surface ( ! bones ( ! foot4 #a1 ,! surface ( ! a/ragulus1 :]e x unites ) ! tibia4 #b1 ,! body ( ! a/ragulus4 #c1 ,! calcis1 7heel-bone47 #d1 ,! scaphoid bone4 #e1 #f1 #g1 ,! cunei=m bones4 #h1 ,! cuboid4 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,! metat>sal bones4 #aj1 ,! fir/ bone ( ! great toe4 #aa1 ,! second bone4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 ,?ree ranges ( bones1 =m+ ! small toes ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a side view ( ! bones ( ! foot1 %[+ its ar*$ =m4 ,! ar* re/s ^u ! heel beh9d1 & ! ball ( ! toes 9 front4 #a1 ,! l[] "p ( ! tibia4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 ,bones ( ! t>sus4 #f1 ,! metat>sal bone4 #g1 #h1 ,! bones ( ! great toe4 ,^! bones are s unit$ z to secure a great degree ( ela/icity1 or spr+4 ,obs]vation4 ,! t>sal & metat>sal bones are unit$ s z to give ! foot an ar*$ =m1 convex above1 & concave bel[4 ,?is /ructure conduces to ! ela/icity ( ! /ep1 & ! weight ( ! body is transmitt$ to ! gr\nd by ! spr+ ( ! ar*1 9 a mann] :i* prev5ts injury to ! num]\s organs4 ------------ #aaa4 ,describe ! metat>sal bones4 ,expla9 fig4 #ai4 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #bj8 ,:at is said ( ! arrangem5t ( ! bones ( ! foot8 ------------ #aab4 ,! ,,phalanges 7fig4 #ai7 are compos$ ( f\rte5 bones2 ea* ( ! small toes has ?ree ranges ( bones1 :ile ! great toe has b two4 #aac4 ,! ,,jo9ts =m an int]e/+ "p ( ! body4 ,9 _! con/ruction1 e ?+ %[s ! reg>d t has be5 paid to ! security & ! facility ( motion ( ! p>ts ?us connect$ toge!r4 ,!y are compos$ ( ! extremities ( two or m bones1 ,c>ti-lages1 7gri/les17 ,syn-ovi-al membrane1 & ,liga-m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,! relative position ( ! bones1 c>tilages1 & synovial membrane4 #a1 #a1 ,! extremities ( two bones t concur to =m a jo9t4 #b1 #b1 ,! c>tilages t cov] ! end ( ! bones4 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1 ,! synovial membrane :i* cov]s ! c>tilage ( bo? bones1 & is !n d\bl$ back f "o to ! o!r2 x is repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a v]tical section ( ! knee-jo9t4 #a1 ,! femur4 #c1 ,! patella4 #e1 ,! tibia4 #b1 #d1 ,! ligam5ts ( ! patella4 #f1 ,! c>tilage ( ! tibia #ab1 ,! c>tilage ( ! femur4 99 99 99 991 ,! synovial membrane4 #aad4 ,,c>tilage is a smoo?1 solid1 ela/ic sub/ance1 ( a pe>ly :it5ess1 s(t] ?an bone4 ,x =ms ^u ! articul> surfaces ( ! bones a ?9 incru/ation1 n m ?an ! sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^u convex surfaces x is ! ?icke/ 9 ! c5tre1 & ?9 t[>d ! circumf]5ce2 :ile ^u concave surfaces1 an opposite arrangem5t is pres5t$4 ------------ #aab4 ,describe ! phalanges4 #aac-aah4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! jo9ts4 #aac4 ,:at is said ( ! jo9ts8 ,( :at are ! jo9ts compos$8 ,:at is illu/rat$ by fig4 #ba8 ,by fig4 #bb8 #aad4 ,def9e c>tilage4 ------------ #aae4 ,! ,,synovial ,,membrane is a ?91 membran\s lay]1 :i* cov]s ! c>tilages1 & is !nce b5t back1 or reflect$ ^u ! inn] surfaces ( ! ligam5ts :i* surr\nd & ent] into ! composition ( ! jo9ts4 ,?is membrane =ms a clos$ sac1 l ! membrane t l9es an egg-%ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ant]ior ligam5ts ( ! knee-jo9t4 #a1 ,! t5don ( ! muscle t ext5ds ! leg4 #b1 ,! patella4 #c1 ,! ant]ior ligam5t ( ! patella1 ne> its ins]tion4 #d1 #d1 ,! synovial membrane4 #e1 ,! int]nal lat]al ligam5t4 #f1 ,! long ext]nal lat]al ligam5t4 #g1 ,! ant]ior & sup]ior ligam5t t unites ! fibula to ! tibia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 #b1 #c1 ,! ligam5ts t ext5d f ! clavicle 7#a7 to ! scapula 7#d47 ,! ligam5ts #e1 #f1 ext5d f ! scapula to ! fir/ bone ( ! arm4 #aaf4 ,beside ! synovial membrane1 !re are num]\s small] sacs1 call$ burs mu-cos4 ,^! are (t5 associat$ ) ! articulation4 ,9 /ructure1 !y are analog\s to synovial membranes1 & secrete a simil> fluid4 ------------ #aae4 ,describe ! synovial membrane4 #aaf4 ,describe ! burs mucos4 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #bc8 ,by fig4 #bd8 ------------ #aag4 ,! ,,ligam5ts are compos$ ( num]\s /raight fibres1 collect$ toge!r1 & arrang$ into %ort b&s ( v>i\s bread?s1 or s int]wov5 z to =m a broad lay]1 :i* completely surr\nds ! articul> extremities ( ! bones1 & con/itutes a capsul> ligam5t4 ,^! connect+ b&s are :ite1 gli/5+1 & inela/ic4 ,mo/ ( ! ligam5ts are f\nd ext]ior to ! synovial membrane4 #aah4 ,! bones1 c>tilages1 ligam5ts1 & synovial membrane are ins5sible :5 9 heal?2 yet !y are suppli$ ) organic n]ves1 z well z ) art]ies1 ve9s1 & lymphatics4 ,obs]vation4 ,! jo9ts ( ! dome/ic animals are simil> 9 _! con/ruction to ^? ( man4 ,to illu/rate ?is "p ( ! body1 a fre% jo9t ( ! calf or %eep may be us$4 ,aft] dive/+ ! jo9ts ( ! sk91 ! sat9-l b&s1 or ligam5ts1 w be se5 pass+ f "o bone to ! o!r1 "u :i* may be obs]v$ ! membran\s bag1 call$ ! capsul> ligam5t4 ,?is is v smoo?1 z x is l9$ ) ! s(t synovial membrane1 b5ea? :i* w be se5 ! c>tilage1 t may be cut ) a knife1 & "u ?is ! r\gh extremity ( ! ends ( ! bones4 ------------ #aag4 ,( :at are ligam5ts compos$8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ^! b&s8 ,:]e are !y f\nd8 #aah4 ,) :at vessels are ! c>tilages & ligam5ts suppli$8 ,h[ c ! /ructure ( ! jo9ts be expla9$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,bones4 #aai4 ,! bones are ! framework ( ! sy/em4 ,by _! solidity & =m1 !y n only reta9 e "p ( ! fabric 9 its prop] %ape1 b af=d a firm surface = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles & ligam5ts4 ,by means ( ! bones1 ! human frame pres5ts to ! eye a wond]ful piece ( me*anism1 unit+ ! mo/ f9i%$ symmetry ( =m ) fre$om ( motion1 & also giv+ security to _m important organs4 #abj4 ,to give a cle> idea ( ! relative uses ( ! bones & muscles1 we w quote ! comp>ison ( ano!r1 ?\gh1 z 9 o!r comp>isons1 !re are po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,! bones are to ! body :at ! ma/s & sp>s are to ! %ip1--!y give support & ! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! muscles are to ! bones :at ! ropes are to ! ma/s & sp>s4 ,! bones are ! lev]s ( ! sy/em2 by ! action ( ! muscles _! relative positions are *ang$4 ,z ! ma/s & sp>s ( a vessel mu/ be suffici5tly firm to su/a9 ! action ( ! ropes1 s ! bones mu/ possess ! same quality to su/a9 ! action ( ! muscles 9 ! human body4 #aba4 ,"s ( ! bones are design$ exclusively = ! protection ( ! organs :i* !y enclose4 ,( ?is numb] are ^? t =m ! skull1 ! sockets ( ! eye1 & ! cavity ( ! nose4 ,o!rs1 9 addition to ! protection !y give to important organs1 are useful 9 movem5ts ( c]ta9 k9ds4 ,( ?is class are ! bones ( ! sp9al column1 & ribs4 ,o!rs are subs]vi5t to motion4 ,( ?is class are ! upp] & l[] extremities4 ------------ #aai-abh4 ,give ! physiology ( ! bones4 #aai4 ,h[ may ! bones be consid]$8 #abj4 ,to :at may ! bones be comp>$8 #aba4 ,give ! diff]5t (fices ( ! bones4 ------------ #abb4 ,! bones are subject to gr[? & decay2 to removal ( old1 useless matt]1 & ! deposit ( new p>ticles1 z 9 o!r tissues4 ,?is has be5 te/$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,"s ( ! inf]ior animals 7 f$ ) food t conta9$ madd]4 ,9 a few days1 "s ( ! animals 7 kill$1 & _! bones exhibit$ an unusually r$di% appe>ance4 ,! rema9d] ( ! animals 71 = a few weeks1 f$ on food t conta9$ no color+ pr9ciple4 ,:5 !y 7 kill$1 _! bones exhibit$ ! usual color ( su* animals4 ,! color+ matt]1 :i* _h be5 deposit$1 _h be5 remov$ by ! action ( ! lymphatics4 #abc4 ,! extremities ( ! bones t concur 9 =m+ a jo9t1 correspond by hav+ _! respective configurations reciprocal4 ,!y are1 9 g5]al1 ! "o convex1 & ! o!r concave4 ,9 texture !y are por\s1 & consequ5tly m ela/ic ?an if m compact4 ,^! are cov]$ ) a cu%ion ( c>tilage4 ,! ela/ic "* ( ^! p>ts acts z s _m spr+s1 9 dim9i%+ ! j> :i* important organs ( ! sy/em w\ld o!rwise receive4 #abd4 ,! synovial membrane secretes a visc\s fluid1 :i* is call$ syn-ovi-a4 ,?is lubricat+ fluid ( ! jo9ts enables ! surfaces ( ! bones & t5dons to move smoo?ly ^u ea* o!r1 ?us dim9i%+ ! friction consequ5t on _! action4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,9 ?is secretion is manife/$ ! skill & omnipot5ce ( ! ,great ,ar*itect2 = no ma*9e ( human inv5tion supplies to itself1 by its own op]ations1 ! necess>y lubricat+ fluid4 ,b1 9 ! animal frame1 x is suppli$ 9 prop] quantities1 & appli$ 9 ! prop] place1 & at ! prop] "t4 ------------ #abb4 ,:at is said ( ! *ange 9 bones8 ,h[ 0 x prov$ t !re 0 a con/ant *ange 9 ! osse\s fabric8 #abc4 ,:at is said ( ! extremities ( ! bones t =m a jo9t8 #abd4 ,:at is synovia8 ,its use8 ,:at is said ( ?is lubricat+ fluid8 ------------ #b;d4 ,9 "s cases ( injury & disease1 ! synovial fluid is secret$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & di/5ds ! sac ( ! jo9t4 ,?is affection is call$ dropsy ( ! jo9t1 & occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 t ( ! knee4 #abe4 ,! function ( ! ligam5ts is to connect & b9d toge!r ! bones ( ! sy/em4 ,by !m ! small bones ( ! wri/ & foot1 z well z ! l>ge bones1 are z securely fa/5$ z if reta9$ by clasps ( /eel4 ,"s ( !m are situat$ )9 ! jo9ts1 l a c5tral cord1 or pivot1 7#c1 fig4 #bf47 ,"s surr\nd x l a hood1 & conta9 ! lubricat+ synovial fluid1 7#h1 #i1 fig4 #be17 & "s 9 ! =m ( b&s at ! side1 7#e1 #f1 fig4 #bc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 #h1 #i1 ,! ligam5ts t ext5d f ! hip-bone 7#f7 to ! femur1 7#e47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 #b1 ,! socket ( ! hip-jo9t4 #e1 ,! head ( ! femur1 :i* is lodg$ 9 ! socket4 #c1 ,! ligam5t )9 ! socket4 #abf4 ,by ! ligam5ts ! l[] jaw is b\nd to ! temporal bones1 & ! head to ! neck4 ,!y ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ! sp9al column1 9 p[]ful b&s1 on ! out] surface1 betwe5 ! sp9al bones1 & f "o sp9\s process to ano!r4 ,!y b9d ! ribs to ! v]tebr1 to ! transv]se process beh9d1 & to ! /]num 9 front2 & ?is to ! clavicle2 & ?is to ! fir/ rib & scapula2 & ?is la/ to ! hum]us4 ------------ ,:at is ! effect :5 ! synovial fluid is secret$ 9 l>ge quantities8 #abe4 ,:at is ! function ( ! ligam5ts8 #abf4 ,m5tion h[ ! bones ( ! sy/em are connect$4 ------------ #abg4 ,!y also b9d ! two bones ( ! =e-arm at ! elb[-jo9t2 & ^! to ! wri/2 & ^! to ea* o!r & to ^? ( ! h&2 & ^! la/ to ea* o!r & to ^? ( ! f+]s & ?umb4 ,9 ! same mann]1 !y b9d ! bones ( ! pelvis toge!r2 & ^! to ! femur2 & ?is to ! two bones ( ! leg & patella2 & s on1 to ! ankle1 foot1 & toes1 z 9 ! upp] extremities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 #a1 ,a front view ( ! lat]al ligam5ts ( ! f+]-jo9ts4 #b1 ,a view ( ! ant]ior ligam5ts 7a1 b17 ( ! f+]-jo9ts4 #c1 ,a side view ( ! lat]al ligam5ts ( ! f+] jo9ts4 #abh4 ,! diff]5t jo9ts v>y 9 range ( movem5t1 & 9 complexity ( /ructure4 ,"s p]mit motions 9 all directions1 z ! %\ld]2 "s move 9 two directions1 p]mitt+ only flexion & ext5sion ( ! "p1 z ! elb[2 :ile o!rs h no movem5t1 z ! bones ( ! head 9 ! adult4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #bg4 #abh4 ,describe ! v>iety ( movem5ts 9 ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 #a1 #a1 ,! sp9al column4 #b1 ,! skull4 #c1 ,! l[] jaw4 #d1 ,! /]num4 #e1 ,! ribs4 #f1 #f1 ,! c>tilages ( ! ribs4 #g1 ,! clavicle4 #h1 ,! hum]us4 #i1 ,! %\ld]-jo9t4 #aj1 ,! radius4 #aa1 ,! ulna4 #ab1 ,! elb[ jo9t4 #ac1 ,! wri/4 #ad1 ,! h&4 #ae1 ,! haun*-bone4 #af1 ,! sacrum4 #ag1 ,! hip-jo9t4 #ah1 ,! ?igh-bone4 #ai1 ,! patella4 #bj1 ,! knee-jo9t4 #ba1 ,! fibula4 #bb1 ,! tibia4 #bc1 ,! ankle-jo9t4 #bd1 ,! foot4 #be1 #bf1 ,! ligam5ts ( ! clavicle1 /]num1 & ribs4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 ,! ligam5ts ( ! %\ld]1 elb[1 & wri/4 #cj1 ,! l>ge art]y ( ! arm4 #ca1 ,! ligam5ts ( ! hip-jo9t4 #cb1 ,! l>ge blood-vessels ( ! ?igh4 #cc1 ,! art]y ( ! leg4 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 ,! ligam5ts ( ! patella1 knee1 & ankle4 ,note4 ,let ! pupil1 9 =m ( topics1 review ! anatomy & physiology ( ! bones f fig4 #bh1 or f anatomical outl9e plates ,no4 #a & #b4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,bones4 #abi4 ,! bones increase 9 size & /r5g? by use1 :ile !y are weak5$ by inaction4 ,ex]cise favors ! deposition ( bo? animal & e>?y matt]1 by increas+ ! circulation & nutrition 9 ?is texture4 ,= ?is reason1 ! bones ( ! labor] are d5se & /rong1 :ile ^? :o neglect ex]cise1 or are unaccu/om$ to manual employm5t1 are defici5t 9 size1 & h n a due proportion ( e>?y matt] to give !m ! solidity & /r5g? ( ! labor+ man4 ,obs]vation4 ,! t5dons ( ! muscles are atta*$ ne> ! extremities ( ! bones4 ,ex]cise ( ! muscles increases ! action ( ! vessels ( t "p to :i* ! t5dons are atta*$1 & ?us increases ! nutrition & size ( ?is portion ( ! bone4 ,h5ce ! jo9ts ( an indu/ri\s me*anic or f>m] are l>g] ?an ^? ( an individual :o has n pursu$ manual vocations4 #acj4 ,! gelat9\s bones ( ! *ild are n s well adapt$ = labor & sev]e ex]cise z ^? ( an adult4 #a/4 ,!y are liable to become di/ort$4 #b;d4 ,!y are consolidat$ by ! deposition ( e>?y mat]ial be=e !y are fully & prop]ly develop$4 ,if a "y animal1 z ! colt1 be put to sev]e1 cont9u$ labor1 ! deposition ( e>?y matt] is ha/5$1 & ! bones are consolidat$ be=e !y atta9 full gr[?4 ,su* colts make small & inf]ior animals4 ,simil> results foll[1 if a y\? is compell$ to toil unduly be=e maturity ( gr[? is atta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mod]ate & regul> labor favors a heal?y developm5t & consolidation ( ! bones4 ------------ #abi-adh4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! bones4 #abi4 ,:at effect has ex]cise ^u ! bones8 ,:at effect has inaction8 ,:y are ! jo9ts ( ! indu/ri\s f>m] & me*anic l>g] ?an ^? ( a p]son unaccu/om$ to manual employm5t8 #acj4 ,give ! fir/ reason :y ! bones ( ! *ild are n adapt$ to sev]e ex]cise4 ,! second reason4 ------------ #aca4 ,! k9d & am\nt ( labor %\ld be adapt$ to ! age1 heal?1 & developm5t ( ! bones4 ,nei!r ! flexible bones ( ! *ild nor ! brittle bones ( ! ag$ man are adapt$1 by _! organization1 to long-cont9u$1 & h>d labor4 ,^? ( ! "o b5d too easily1 :ile ^? ( ! o!r fracture too readily4 ,9 middle age1 ! proportions ( animal & e>?y matt] are1 usually1 su* z to give ! prop] degree ( flexibility1 firmness1 & /r5g? = labor1 ) little liability to injury4 #acb4 ,! imp]fectly develop$ bones ( ! "y *ild w n be> long-cont9u$ ex]tions or positions )\t injury4 ,h5ce ! requisitions ( ! rigid discipl9>ian ( s*ools1 are unwise :5 he compels 8 pupils to rema9 9 "o position = a long "t4 ,he may h a quiet s*ool2 b1 n unfrequ5tly1 by su* discipl9e1 ! con/itution is impair$1 & p]man5t injury is done to ! pupils4 #acc4 ,! l[] extremities1 9 e>ly life1 conta9 b a small proportion ( e>?y matt]2 !y b5d :5 ! weight ( ! body is ?r[n ^u !m = a long "t4 ,h5ce1 ! assidu\s attempts to induce *ildr5 to /& or walk1 ei!r naturally or artificially1 :5 v "y1 are ill advis$1 & (t5 productive ( s]i\s & p]man5t evil4 ,! b&y or b[ legs are ?us produc$4 ------------ ,:at effect has mod]ate1 regul> labor ^u ! gr[+ y\?8 #aca4 ,:at rem>k respect+ ! k9d & am\nt ( labor8 ,at :at age are ! bones be/ fitt$ = labor8 #acb4 ,:at effect has long-cont9u$ ex]tions or positions on ! bones ( a *ild8 ,:at is said ( ! requisitions ( "s tea*]s1 :o h ! fam$ quiet s*ools8 #acc4 ,:y %\ld n ! *ild be induc$ to /& or walk1 ei!r naturally or artificially1 at too e>ly an age8 ------------ #acd4 ,! b5*es or *airs = *ildr5 9 a s*ool-room %\ld be ( su* a height z to p]mit ! feet to re/ on ! floor4 ,if ! b5* is s high z n to p]mit ! feet to re/ ^u ! floor1 ! weight ( ! limbs bel[ ! knee may cause ! flexible bone ( ! ?igh to become curv$4 ,! *ild ?us seat$1 is incl9$ to lean =w>d1 contract+ an injuri\s & ungraceful habit4 ,aga91 :5 ! feet are n support$1 ! *ild soon becomes exhau/$1 re/less1 & unfit = /udy4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a s*ool-room1 ! b5*es %\ld be ( diff]5t heights1 s z to be adapt$ to ! diff]5t pupils1 & !y %\ld also h appropriate backs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! position assum$ :5 ! seat is ( prop] height1 & ! feet support$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! position a *ild naturally assumes :5 ! seat is s high t ! feet are n support$4 ------------ #acd4 ,:at is said ( ! b5*es or *airs 9 a s*ool-room8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #bi8 ,by fig4 #cj8 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! l[] limbs are n support$8 ------------ #ace4 ,compression ( ! *e/ %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 *ildr51 & also 9 adults1 ! ribs are v flexible1 & a small am\nt ( pressure w increase _! curvature1 p>ticul>ly at ! l[] "p ( ! *e/1 & ?us less5 ! size ( ?is cavity4 ,! l[] ribs are unit$ to ! brea/-bone1 by long1 yield+ c>tilages1 & compression may n only contract ! *e/1 b an unseemly & pa9ful ridge may be produc$1 by ! b5d+ ( ! c>tilages1 on "o or bo? sides ( ! /]num4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a natural & well-proportion$ *e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,a *e/ fa%ionably de=m$4 ------------ #ace4 ,:y %\ld compression ( ! *e/ be avoid$8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #ca8 ,by fig4 #cb8 ------------ #acf4 ,aga91 ! c>tilages on "o side may be b5t outw>d1 :ile ^? on ! opposite side are b5t inw>d1 ?us =m+ a depression p>allel ) ! /]num4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! ant]ior extremity ( ! l[] ribs on ea* side are br\ght ne>ly or q toge!r4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 ! movable extremities ( ! ribs are drawn d[n t[>d ! haun*-bones1 :ile ! space betwe5 ! ribs is less5$4 ,all ?is may be effect$ by tight or snug clo?+4 ,!re=e ! app>el ( a *ild %\ld be loose1 & support$ ov] ! %\ld]s1 to avoid ! be=e-m5tion$ evils4 ,! same may be said ( ! clo?+ = adults4 #acg4 ,! erect position 9 sitt+ & /&+ %\ld be assidu\sly obs]v$4 ,! sp9al column1 9 its natural position1 curves f front to back1 b n f side to side ,! admirable arrangem5t ( ! bones1 alt]nat+ ) c>tilages1 p]mits a great v>iety ( motions & positions2 & :5 ! sp9e is incl9$ to ei!r side1 ! ela/icity ( its c>tilages t5ds to re/ore x to its natural position4 ,= ?is reason we may incl9e ! sp9al column 9 any direction = a %ort "t1 )\t dang] ( p]man5t curvature1 if1 aft]w>d1 ! erect position is assum$4#d #d ,comp>e #a1 #a1 ,fig4 #bh1 ) #b1 #b1 #b1 ,fig4 #dh4 #ach4 ,b if a /oop+ position1 or a lat]al curv$ po/ure1 is cont9u$ = a long "t1 ! sp9al column does n easily recov] its prop] position1 = ! compress$ edges ( ! c>tilages lose _! p[] ( reaction1 & f9ally "o side ( ! c>tilage becomes ?9n$1 :ile ! o!r is ?ick5$2 & ^! w$ge-%ap$ c>tilages produce a p]man5t curvature ( ! sp9al column4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! /ud5t1 seam/ress1 artisan1 & me*anic acquire a /oop+ position1 & become r\nd %\ld]$1 by incl9+ =w>d to br+ _! books or "w ne>] ! eyes4 ------------ #acf4 ,may simply snug clo?+ compress ! c>tilages8 ,h[ %\ld ! app>el ( a *ild be worn8 #acg4 ,9 :at direction does ! sp9al column1 9 its natural position1 curve8 ,:at re/ores x to its natural position :5 curv$ lat]ally8 #ach4 ,:at is ! effect if a lat]al curv$ position ( ! sp9al column is cont9u$ = a long "t8 #aci4 ,:5 "o %\ld] is elevat$ = a long "t1 :at is ! effect ^u ! sp9al column8 ------------ #aci4 ,pupils1 :ile writ+1 draw+1 & sometimes :ile /udy+1 frequ5tly incl9e ! sp9al column to "o side1 9 ord] to accommodate !mselves to ! desks at :i* !y are seat$4 ,(t51 ^! are high] ?an ! elb[ z x hangs f ! %\ld] :ile at re/4 ,?is attitude elevates "o %\ld] :ile x depresses ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 ! upp] "p ( ! sp9al column is incl9$ t[>d ! elevat$ %\ld]1 & ! l[] "p is curv$ 9 ! opposite direction1 giv+ ! =m ( ! lett] ,s to ! support+ column ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! table is ( prop] height1 ! position is correct1 & ! sp9al column1 #a1 #a1 is /raight1 :ile ! %\ld]s are ( equal height4 ------------ ,:at does fig4 #cc repres5t8 ------------ ,exp]im5t4 ,let a pupil be plac$ at a desk or table ) "o elb[ rais$1 z is frequ5tly se5 :ile writ+1 or at /udy1 & obs]ve ! condition ( ! %\ld] & sp9al column 9 ?is position4 ,place ano!r pupil at a table no high] ?an ! elb[ :5 x hangs by ! side :ile sitt+1 & obs]ve ! appe>ance ( ! %\ld]s & sp9al column4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! two attitudes1 ! prec$+ rem>ks w be compreh5d$ & appreciat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! table is too high1 & ! position is oblique & improp]4 ,! "r %\ld] is se5 high] ?an ! left1 :ile ! sp9al column1 #a1 #a1 exhibits ?ree curves4 #adj4 ,"o %\ld] may be elevat$1 & no injuri\s results foll[1 provid$ c>e is tak5 n to keep x 9 ! rais$ position too long1 or if ! opposite %\ld] is elevat$ = ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,! "r %\ld] projects m frequ5tly ?an ! left4 ,?is arises f ! great] use ( ! "r h& ) ! %\ld] elevat$1 & n unfrequ5tly ! oblique positions assum$ 9 p]=m+ ! daily vocations ( life4 ,) prop] c>e1 & by call+ into action ! left %\ld]1 ?is de=mity c be prev5t$4 ------------ ,:at exp]im5t is m5tion$8 ,:at does fig4 #cd repres5t8 #adj4 ,h[ c "o %\ld] be elevat$ & no injuri\s results foll[8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a repres5tation ( a de=m$ trunk4 #ada4 ,! loss ( symmetry & dim9ution ( height f de=m$ sp9es are m9or consid]ations1 comp>$ ) ! di/ortions t ! *e/ exp]i5ces1 !reby impair+ respiration & induc+ diseases ( ! he>t & lungs4 ,! invasion ( ! functions ( ^! two important organs less5s ! vitality ( ! :ole sy/em1 & causes g5]al ill heal?4 ,aga91 ! curvature ( ! sp9al column is frequ5tly att5d$ by irritation & disease ( ! sp9al cord4 ------------ ,:y does ! "r %\ld] project m frequ5tly ?an ! left8 ,h[ c ?is de=mity be prev5t$8 #ada4 ,:at is said ( de=m$ sp9al columns8 ------------ #adb4 ,em95t physicians1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,france /ate t n m ?an "o female 9 t51 :o has be5 fa%ionably educat$1 is free f de=mities ( ! %\ld] or sp9al column4 ,tea*]s1 z well z mo!rs1 %\ld notice ! positions ( ! *ild 9 p]=m+ ! tasks allott$ to x1 :e!r /udy+ or pursu+ any employm5t4 ,! feebl] ! organization ( ! *ild1 ! m frequ5tly %\ld !re be a *ange ( position4 #adc4 ,:5 a slight projection ( ! %\ld]1 ) a curvature ( ! sp9e1 exi/s1 x c be improv$ by walk+ ) a book1 or some?+ heavi]1 ^u ! head2 to balance :i*1 ! sp9al column mu/ be ne>ly erect4 ,^? p t c>ry burd5s ^u _! heads seldom h crook$ sp9es4 ,obs]vation4 ,p]sons f ! ,nor?1 9 travell+ ?r\gh ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 are surpris$ to see ! heavy burd5s t ! port]s c>ry on _! heads4 ,x is n unusual to see !m walk+ at a rapid pace1 ) "o or two trunks1 weigh+ fifty or eighty p\nds ea*1 ^u _! heads4 ,occasionally1 we meet an it9]ant toy-man1 ) 8 tray ( fragile m]*&ise ^u 8 head1 walk+ ) z mu* app>5t security1 z ?\gh 8 toys1 or images1 7 9 8 h&s4 ,?is is ! easie/ me?od ( c>ry+ burd5s1 because ! position ( ! head & sp9al column is erect4 #add4 ,if ! animal & e>?y matt] ( ! bones is n deposit$ 9 prop] proportions1 !y are defici5t 9 /r5g?4 ,if ! gelat9 pr$om9ates1 ! bones are weak1 & become di/ort$4 ,:5 nutrition is defective 9 ! cyl9drical bones1 ! heads are g5]ally enl>g$1 & ! %afts crook$2 if 9 ! sp9al column1 x may be curv$2 or 9 ! cranium1 x may be enl>g$4 ,?is disease is famili>ly kn[n by ! "n ( rickets4 ,x is mo/ common among ^! :o h poor & insuffici5t food1 live 9 d>k1 damp rooms1 & brea! a vitiat$ air4 ,! prev5tion & rem$ies = ?is disease are cleanl9ess1 regul> ex]cise1 pure air1 & nutriti\s food4 ------------ #adb4 ,:at /atem5t by em95t physicians respect+ de=mities ( ! sp9e8 ,:at caution to tea*]s & mo!rs8 #adc4 ,:y %\ld we /& & sit erect8 ,h[ may slight de=mities ( ! sp9e be prev5t$8 ,:at is frequ5tly notic$ 9 travell+ ,s\?8 #add4 ,:at is ! effect ^u ! bones :5 ! gelat9 prepond]ates8 ------------ #ade4 ,:5 a bone is brok51 "s days elapse be=e ! sub/ance t reunites x is ?r[n out f ! blood4 ,9 "y p]sons1 x may be secret$ dur+ ! second or ?ird week1 & 9 individuals advanc$ 9 life1 usually dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? week4 ,:5 ! bone is unit+1 dur+ ! second1 ?ird1 or f\r? week1 ! att5tion ( a surgeon is m ne$$ ?an dur+ ! fir/ week4 ,at ?is "t1 ! ends ( ! bone %\ld be plac$ toge!r ) accuracy1 :i* requires ! c>eful application ( prop] dress+4 ,aft] ! bones h unit$1 x w take "s weeks to consolidate ! unit+ mat]ial & r5d] ! callus1 or union1 firm4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! limb %\ld be us$ ) c>e4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 a bone is fractur$1 a surgeon is imm$iately call$1 & ! bone is set4 ,:ile ! limb rema9s swell$ & pa9ful1 ! surgeon is requir$ to att5d & keep ! dress+s 7b&ages & spl9ts7 on4 ,:5 ! swell+ has abat$1 & ! pa9 subsid$1 frequ5tly ! pati5t intimates to ! surgeon t 8 s]vices c be disp5s$ )1 z ! limb is do+ well4 ,?is is ! mo/ important p]iod1 z ! bone is unit+1 &1 unless ! ends are nicely adju/$1 ! dress+ prop]ly appli$1 ! p]son w f9d1 on recov]y1 a %ort5$ & crook$ limb4 ,! surgeon is !n c5sur$1 :5 he is n blamable4 ------------ ,:at is "o cause ( rickets8 ,:at are ! prev5tion & rem$ies = ?is disease8 #ade4 ,does ! "t v>y :5 ! reunit+ sub/ance ( ! bone is secret$ f ! blood8 ,:5 is ! surgeon's c>e mo/ ne$$8 ,:y8 ------------ #adf4 ,x is seldom t a bone is displac$ )\t injury to ! connect+ ligam5ts & membranes4 ,:5 ^! connect+ b&s are lac]at$1 pa91 swell+1 & o!r symptoms indicat+ inflammation succe$1 :i* %\ld be remov$ by prop] treatm5t1 direct$ by a surgical advis]4 #adg4 ,9 spra9s1 b few1 if any1 ( ! fibres ( ! connect+ ligam5ts are lac]at$2 b !y are unduly /ra9$ & twi/$1 :i* occasions acute pa9 at ! "t ( ! injury4 ,?is is foll[$ by inflammation & weakness ( ! jo9ts4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! injuries is simil> to t ( a dislocat$ bone aft] its r$uction4 ,! mo/ important item 9 ! treatm5t dur+ ! few fir/ days1 is re/4 #adh4 ,9 p]sons ( scr(ul\s con/itutions1 & ^? 9 :om ! sy/em is enfeebl$ by disease1 :ite swell+s & o!r *ronic diseases ( ! jo9ts frequ5tly succe$ spra9s4 ,su* p]sons _c be too assidu\s 9 adopt+ a prop] & e>ly treatm5t ( injur$ jo9ts4 ------------ #adf4 ,:at p>ts are injur$ 9 ! displacem5t ( a bone8 #adg4 ,:at causes ! acute pa9 9 spra9s8 ,:at is a good rem$y = ?is k9d ( injury8 #adh4 ,:at caution to p]sons ( scr(ul\s con/itutions8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,muscles4 #adi4 ,all ! great motions ( ! body are caus$ by ! movem5t ( "s ( ! bones :i* =m ! framework ( ! sy/em2 b ^!1 indep5d5tly ( !mselves1 h n ! p[] ( motion1 & only *ange _! position ?r\gh ! action ( o!r organs atta*$ to !m1 :i*1 by contract+1 draw ! bones aft] !m4 ,9 "s ( ! slight movem5ts1 z ! w9k+ ( ! eye1 no bones are displac$4 ,^! mov+1 contract+ organs are ! ,muscles1 7lean meat47 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 #aej4 ,! ,,muscles1 by _! size & numb]1 con/itute ! great bulk ( ! body1 ^u :i* !y be/[ =m & symmetry4 ,9 ! limbs1 !y are situat$ ar\nd ! bones1 :i* !y inve/ & def5d1 :ile !y =m1 to "s ( ! jo9ts1 _! pr9cipal protection4 ,9 ! trunk1 !y are spread out to enclose cavities1 & con/itute a def5sive wall1 capable ( yield+ to int]nal pressure1 & reassum+ its orig9al /ate4 #aea4 ,9 /ructure1 a muscle is compos$ ( fas-cicu-li 7bundles ( fibres7 ( v>iable size4 ,^! are enclos$ 9 a cellul> membran\s inve/m5t1 or %ea?4 ,e bundle compos$ ( a numb] ( small fibres1 & ea* fibre consi/s ( a numb] ( filam5ts1 ea* ( :i* is enclos$ 9 a delicate %ea?4 ,t[>d ! extremity ( ! organ ! muscul> fibre ceases1 & ! cellul> /ructure becomes aggregat$1 & s modifi$ z to con/itute t5dons1 7cords17 by :i* ! muscle is ti$ to ! surface ( ! bone4 ,! union is s firm1 t1 "u extreme viol5ce1 ! bone w soon] break ?an p]mit ! t5don to sep>ate f its atta*m5t4 ,9 "s situations1 !re is an expansion ( ! t5don1 9 ! mann] ( a membrane1 call$ ,ap-o-neu-rosis1 or ,fasci-a4 ------------ #adi4 ,h[ are all ! motions ( ! body produc$8 ,:at are ^! motor organs call$8 #aej-afj4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! muscles4 #aej4 ,:at is said ( ! muscles8 #aea4 ,give _! /ructure4 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! pupil c exam9e a piece ( boil$ beef1 or ! leg ( a f[l1 & see ! /ructure ( ! fibres & t5dons ( a muscle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 #a1 ,a repres5tation ( ! direction & arrangem5t ( ! fibres 9 a fusi=m1 or sp9dle-%ap$ muscle4 #b1 ,9 a radiat$ muscle4 #c1 ,9 a p5ni=m muscle4 #d1 ,9 a bip5ni=m muscle4 t1 t1 ,! t5dons ( a muscle4 #aeb4 ,muscles pres5t v>i\s modifications 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! fibres1 z relates to _! t5d9\s /ructure4 ,sometimes !y are completely longitud9al1 & t]m9ate1 at ea* extremity1 9 a t5don1 ! entire muscle be+ sp9dle-%ap$4 ,9 o!r situations1 !y are dispos$ l ! rays ( a fan1 conv]g+ to a t5d9\s po9t1 & con/itut+ a radi-ate muscle4 ,aga9 !y are p5ni-=m1 conv]g+1 l ! plumes ( a p51 to "o side ( a t5don1 :i* runs ! :ole l5g? ( ! muscle2 or !y are bi-p5ni-=m1 conv]g+ to bo? sides ( ! t5don4 ------------ ,h[ are t5dons or cords =m$8 ,:at is ! expansion ( a t5don call$8 ,h[ c ! /ructure ( muscles & _! fibres be %[n8 ,:at does fig4 #cf repres5t8 #aeb4 ,give ! diff]5t arrangem5ts ( muscul> fibres4 ------------ #aec4 ,9 ! description ( a muscle1 its atta*m5ts are express$ by ! t]ms orig9 & ins]tion4 ,! t]m orig9 is g5]ally appli$ to ! m fix$ or c5tral atta*m5t1 or to ! po9t t[>d :i* motion is direct$2 :ile ins]tion is assign$ to ! m movable po9t1 or to t mo/ di/ant f ! c5tre4 ,! middle1 fle%y portion is call$ ! belly1 or swell4 ,! color ( a muscle is r$ 9 w>m-blood$ fi% & animals2 & ea* fibre is suppli$ ) art]ies1 ve9s1 lymphatics1 & bo? s5sitive & motor n]v\s filam5ts4 #aed4 ,! ,,fascia is ( v>i\s ext5t & ?ickness1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t regions ( ! body1 = ! purpose ( inve/+ & protect+ ! s(t] & m delicate organs4 ,an in/ance is se5 9 ! membrane :i* envelopes a leg ( beef1 & :i* is obs]v$ on ! edges ( ! slices :5 x is cut = broil+4 ,:5 fre%ly expos$1 x is brilliant 9 appe>ance1 t\gh1 & inela/ic4 ,9 ! limbs x =ms di/9ct %ea?s to all ! muscles4 #aee4 ,?is t5d9\s membrane assi/s ! muscles 9 _! action1 by keep+ up a tonic pressure on _! surface4 ,x aids mat]ially 9 ! circulation ( ! fluids1 9 opposition to ! laws ( gravity4 ,9 ! palm ( ! h& & sole ( ! foot1 x is a p[]ful protection to ! /ructures t ent] into ! =mation ( ^! p>ts4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 ! sep>ate muscles are n only inve/$ by fascia1 b !y are arrang$ 9 lay]s1 "o ov] ano!r4 ,! %ea? ( ea* muscle is loosely connect$ ) ano!r1 by ! cellul> membrane4 ------------ #aec4 ,:at is meant by ! orig9 ( a muscle8 ,! ins]tion8 ,! swell8 ,:at is ! color ( muscles8 ,) :at is ea* muscul> fibre suppli$8 #aed4 ,:at is said ( fascia8 ,:at is its appe>ance :5 fre%ly expos$8 #aee4 ,:at effect has x on ! muscles8 ,give o!r uses ( ! fascia4 ------------ #aef4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 ! diff]5t muscles are fill$ ) adipose matt]1 or fat4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! pack+ ( ! sy/em4 ,to ! pres5ce ( ?is tissue1 y\? are indebt$ = ! r\ndness & beauty ( _! limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,a transv]se section ( ! neck4 ,! sep>ate muscles1 z !y are arrang$ 9 lay]s1 ) _! inve/+ fasci1 are beautifully repres5t$4 ,z ! sy/em is symmetrical1 figures are plac$ only on "o side4 ,9 ! trunk ! muscles are arrang$ 9 lay]s1 surr\nd$ by fasci1 z 9 ! neck4 ,! same is true ( ! muscles ( ! upp] & l[] limbs4 #ab1 ,! tra*ea1 7w9dpipe47 #ac1 ,! oesophagus1 7gullet47 #ad1 ,! c>otid art]y & jugul> ve94 #bh1 ,"o ( ! bones ( ! sp9al column4 ,! figures t are plac$ 9 ! :ite spaces repres5t "s ( ! fasci2 ! o!r figures indicate muscles4 #aeg4 ,! muscles may be arrang$1 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al division ( ! body1 into f\r p>ts3 #a/4 ,^? ( ! ,head & ,neck4 #b;d4 ,^? ( ! ,trunk4 #c;d4 ,^? ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #d?4 ,^? ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 ------------ #aef4 ,give a reason :y ! limbs ( y\? are r\nd] ?an ^? ( ! ag$4 ,describe fig4 #cg4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! sup]ficial lay] ( muscles on ! face & neck4 #a1 #a1 ,! occipito-frontalis muscle4 #b1 ,! orbicul>is palpebr>um4 #f1 ,! levator labii sup]ioris #g1 ,! levator anguli oris4 #h1 ,! zygomaticus m9or4 #i1 ,! zygomaticus major #aj1 ,! masset]4 #aa1 ,! depressor labii sup]ioris4 #ac1 ,! orbicul>is oris4 #ae1 ,! depressor anguli oris4 #af1 ,! depressor labii inf]ioris4 #ah1 ,! /]no-hyoideus4 #ai1 ,! platysma-myodes4 #bj1 ,! sup]ior belly ( ! omo-hyoideus4 #ba1 ,! /]no-cleido ma/oideus4 #bj1 ,! scal5us m$ius4 #bc1 ,! inf]ior belly ( ! omo-hyoideus4 #bd1 ,! trapezius4#e ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscle #a1 #a1 elevates ! eyebr[s4 ,! muscle #b closes ! eye4 ,! muscle #f elevates ! upp] lip4 ,! muscles #g1 #h1 #i1 elevate ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,! muscle #aj br+s ! tee? toge!r :5 eat+4 ,! muscle #aa depresses ! upp] lip4 ,! muscle #ac closes ! m\?4 ,! muscle #ae depresses ! angle ( ! m\?4 ,! muscle #af draws d[n ! l[] lip4 ,! muscles #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bc1 depress ! l[] jaw & l>ynx & elevate ! /]num4 ,! muscle #ba1 :5 bo? sides contract1 draws ! head =w>d1 or elevates ! /]num2 :5 only "o contracts1 ! face is turn$ "o side t[>d ! opposite %\ld]4 ,! muscles #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 aid 9 respiration4 #e ,9 ! plates illu/rat+ ! muscul> sy/em1 ! names ( su* muscles are giv5 z are ref]r$ to 9 ! p>agraph ,practical ,explanation4 ,^! names ne$ n be committ$ to memory4 ,if a pupil wi%es to acquire a k ( ! g5]al atta*m5t ( ! muscles repres5t$ 9 ! plates1 he c d s by comp>+ ! muscul> plate ) t ( ! skeleton1 7fig4 #bh47 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 we are sick1 & _c take food1 ! body is su/a9$ by absorption ( ! fat4 ,! removal ( x into ! blood causes ! sunk5 *eek1 holl[ eye1 & prom95t appe>ance ( ! bones aft] a sev]e illness4 #aeh4 ,! numb] ( muscles 9 ! human body is m ?an five hundr$2 9 g5]al1 !y =m ab\t ! skeleton two lay]s1 & are di/+ui%$ into sup]ficial & deep-seat$ muscles4 ,"s ( ! muscles are volunt>y 9 _! motions1 or act "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! w1 z ^? :i* move ! f+]s1 limbs1 & trunk2 :ile o!rs are involunt>y1 or act "u ! impression ( _! prop] /imulants1 )\t ! control ( ! individual1 z ! he>t4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! abdom9al muscles are expiratory1 & ! *ief ag5ts = expell+ ! residuum f ! rectum1 ! bile f ! gall bladd]1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & b[els :5 vomit+1 & ! mucus & irritat+ sub/ances f ! bron*ial tubes1 tra*ea1 & nasal passages by c\gh+ & sneez+4 ,to produce ^! effects !y all act toge!r4 ,_! viol5t & cont9u$ action sometimes produces h]nia1 &1 :5 spasmodic1 may occasion ruptures ( ! diff]5t organs4 #b;d4 ,! contraction & relaxation ( ! abdom9al muscles & diaphragm /imulate ! /oma*1 liv]1 & inte/9es to a heal?y action1 & are subs]vi5t to ! dige/ive p[]s4 ,if ! contractility ( _! muscul> fibres is de/roy$ or impair$1 ! tone ( ! dige/ive app>atus w be dim9i%$1 z 9 indige/ion & co/iv5ess4 ,?is is frequ5tly att5d$ by a displacem5t ( ^? organs1 z !y g5]ally gravitate t[>ds ! l[] portion ( ! abdom9al cavity1 :5 ! su/a9+ muscles lose _! tone & become relax$4 ------------ ,:at causes ! holl[ eye & sunk5 *eek aft] a sev]e sickness8 #aeh4 ,h[ _m muscles 9 ! human sy/em8 ,into h[ _m lay]s are !y arrang$8 ,:at is a volunt>y muscle8 ,give examples4 ,:at is an involunt>y muscle8 ,m5tion examples4 ,give obs]vation #a/1 respect+ ! use ( ! abdom9al muscles8 ,obs]vation #b;d4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,a front view ( ! muscles ( ! trunk4 ,on ! left side ! sup]ficial lay] is se52 on ! "r1 ! deep lay]4 #a1 ,! pectoralis major muscle4 #b1 ,! deltoid muscle4 #f1 ,! pectoralis m9or muscle4 #i1 ,! coracoid process ( ! scapula4 #aa1 ,! ext]nal int]co/al muscle4 #ab1 ,! ext]nal oblique muscle #ac1 ,its aponeurosis4 #af1 ,! rectus muscle ( ! "r side4 #ah1 ,! int]nal oblique muscle4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscle #a draws ! arm by ! side1 & across ! *e/1 & likewise draws ! scapula =w>d4 ,! muscle #b elevates ! arm4 ,! muscle #f elevates ! ribs :5 ! scapula is fix$1 or draws ! scapula =w>d & d[nw>d :5 ! ribs are fix$4 ,! muscles #ab1 #af1 #ah1 b5d ! body =w>d or elevate ! hips :5 ! muscles ( bo? sides act4 ,!y likewise depress ! rib 9 expiration4 ,:5 ! muscles on only "o side act1 ! body is twi/$ to ! same side4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #ci4 ,give ! function ( "s ( ! mo/ prom95t muscles1 f ?is figure4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,a lat]al view ( ! muscles ( ! trunk4 #c1 ,! upp] "p ( ! ext]nal oblique muscle4 #d1 ,two ( ! ext]nal int]co/al muscles4 #e1 ,two ( ! int]nal int]co/als4 #f1 ,! transv]salis muscle4 #g1 ,its po/]ior aponeurosis4 #h1 ,its ant]ior aponeurosis4 #aa1 ,! "r rectus muscle4 #ac1 ,! cre/ ( ! ilium1 or haun*-bone4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! rectus muscle1 #aa1 b5ds ! ?orax ^u ! abdom5 :5 ! l[] extremity ( ! muscle is ! fix$ po9t2 b :5 ! upp] extremity is ! fix$ po9t1 ! effect is to br+ =w>d & raise ! pelvis & l[] extremities4 ,!y likewise depress ! ribs 9 respiration4 ,! transv]se muscle1 #f1 #g1 #h1 less5s ! cavity ( ! abdom51 & presses ! inte/9es2 /oma*1 & liv] upw>d1 aga9/ ! diaphragm1 9 expiration4 #c;d4 ,! region ( ! back1 9 consequ5ce ( its ext5t1 is common to ! neck1 ! upp] extremities1 & ! abdom54 ,! muscles ( :i* x is compos$ are num]\s1 & are arrang$ 9 six lay]s4 ------------ ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #dj8 ,give ! function ( "s ( ! muscles repres5t$ by ?is figure4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da ,! fir/1 second1 & "p ( ! ?ird lay] ( muscles ( ! back4 ,! fir/ lay] is %[n on ! "r1 & ! second on ! left side4 #a1 ,! trapezius muscle4 #b1 ,! sp9\s processes ( ! v]tebr4 #c1 ,! acromion process & sp9e ( ! scapula4 #d1 ,! latissimus dorsi muscle4 #e1 ,! deltoid muscle4 #g1 ,! ext]nal oblique muscle4 #h1 ,! gluteus m$ius muscle4 #i1 ,! gluteus maximus muscle1 #aa1 #ab1 ,! rhomboideus major & m9or muscles4 #ae1 ,! v]tebral aponeurosis4 #af1 ,! s]ratus po/icus inf]ior muscle4 #bb1 ,! s]ratus magnus muscle4 #bc1 ,! int]nal oblique muscle4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscles #a1 #aa1 #ab1 draw ! scapula back t[>d ! sp9e4 ,! muscles #aa1 #ab1 draw ! scapula upw>d t[>d ! head1 & slightly backw>d4 ,! muscle #d draws ! arm by ! side1 & backw>d1 ,! muscle #e elevates ! arm4 ,! muscles #h1 #i1 ext5d ! ?igh on ! body4 ,! muscle #a draws ! head back & elevates ! *94 ,! muscle #af depresses ! ribs 9 expiration4 ,! muscle #bb elevates ! ribs 9 inspiration4 #aei4 ,! diaphragm1 or midriff1 is ! muscul> division betwe5 ! ?orax & ! abdom54 ,x is p5etrat$ by ! oesophagus on its way to ! /oma*1 by ! aorta convey+ blood t[>d ! l[] extremity1 & by ! asc5d+ v5a cava1 or ve91 on its way to ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,a repres5tation ( ! "u1 or abdom9al side ( ! diaphragm4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,! portion :i* is atta*$ to ! m>g9 ( ! ribs4 #h1 #aj1 ,! two fle%y pill>s ( ! diaphragm1 :i* are atta*$ to ! ?ird & f\r? lumb> v]tebr4 #i1 ,! sp9al column4 #aa1 ,! op5+ = ! passage ( ! aorta4 #ab1 ,! op5+ = ! oesophagus4 #ac1 ,! op5+ = ! asc5d+ v5a cava1 or ve94 ,obs]vation4 ,! diaphragm may be comp>$ to an inv]t$ bas91 its bottom be+ turn$ upw>d into ! ?orax1 :ile its edge corresponds ) ! outl9e ( ! edges ( ! l[] ribs & /]num4 ,its concavity is direct$ t[>d ! abdom51 & ?us1 ?is cavity is v mu* enl>g$ at ! exp5se ( t ( ! *e/1 :i* is dim9i%$ to an equal ext5t4 ------------ #aei4 ,describe ! diaphragm4 ,:at vessels p5etrate ?is muscul> septum8 ------------ #afj4 ,! motions ( ! f+]s d n m]ely result f ! action ( ! l>ge muscles :i* lie on ! =e-arm1 ^! be+ conc]n$ m especially 9 ! /rong] actions ( ! h&s4 ,! f9] & m delicate movem5ts ( ! f+]s are p]=m$ by small muscles situat$ 9 ! palm & betwe5 ! bones ( ! h&1 & by :i* ! f+]s are exp&$ & mov$ 9 all directions ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,a front view ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( muscles ( ! =e-arm4 #e1 ,! flexor c>pi radialis muscle4 #f1 ,! palm>is longus muscle4 #g1 ,"o ( ! fasciculi ( ! flexor sublimis digitorum muscle1 7! re/ ( ! muscle is se5 b5ea? ! t5dons ( ! p9tails longus47 #h1 ,! flexor c>pi uln>is muscle4 #i1 ,! palm> fascia4 #aa1 ,! abductor pollicis muscle4 #ab1 ,"o portion ( ! flexor orevis pollicis muscle4 #ac1 ,! sup9ator longus muscle4 #ad1 ,! ext5sor ossis metac>pi1 & ext5sor primi int]nodii pollicis muscles1 curv+ ar\nd ! l[] bord] ( ! =e-arm4 #ae1 ,! ant]ior portion ( ! annul> ligam5t1 :i* b9ds ! t5dons 9 _! places4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscles #e1 #f1 #h1 b5d ! wri/ on ! bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,! muscle #g b5ds ! second range ( f+]-bones on ! fir/4 ,! muscle #aa draws ! ?umb f ! f+]s4 ,! muscle #ab flexes ! ?umb4 ,! muscle #ac turns ! palm ( ! h& upw>d4 ,! muscles #h1 #ac1 #ad1 move ! h& lat]ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,a back view ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( muscles ( ! =e-arm4 #e1 ,! ext5sor c>pi radialis longior muscle4 #f1 ,! ext5sor c>pi radialis brevior muscle4 #g1 ,! t5dons ( ins]tion ( ^! two muscles4 #h1 ,! ext5sor communis digitorum muscle4 #i1 ,! ext5sor m9imi dlgiti muscle4 #aj1 ,! ext5sor c>pi uln>is muscle4 #ac1 ,! ext5sor ossis metac>pi & ext5sor primi int]nodii muscles1 ly+ toge!r4 #ad1 ,! ext5sor secundi int]nodii muscle2 its t5don is se5 cross+ ! two t5dons ( ! ext5sor c>pi radialis longior & brevior muscles4 #ae1 ,! po/]ior annul> ligam5t4 ,! t5dons ( ! common ext5sor muscle ( ! f+]s are se5 on ! back ( ! h&1 & _! mode ( di/ribution on ! back ( ! f+]s4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscles #e1 #f1 #aj1 ext5d ! wri/ on ! =e-arm4 ,! muscle #h ext5ds ! f+]s4 ,! muscle #i ext5ds ! little f+]4 ,! muscles #ac ext5d ! metac>pal bone ( ! ?umb1 & its fir/ phalanx4 ,! muscle #ad ext5ds ! la/ bone ( ! ?umb4 ,! muscles #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 move ! h& lat]ally4 ------------ #afj4 ,:]e are ! muscles situat$ t effect ! l>g] movem5ts ( ! h&8 ,t p]=m ! delicate movem5ts ( ! f+]s8 ,give ! use ( "s ( ! muscles repres5t$ by fig4 #dc4 ,^? repres5t$ by fig4 #dd4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 #afa4 ,! muscles ex]cise great influ5ce ^u ! sy/em4 ,x is by _! contraction t we are enabl$ to pursue diff]5t employm5ts4 ,by _! action ! f>m] cultivates 8 fields1 ! me*anic wields 8 tools1 ! sportsman pursues 8 game1 ! orator gives utt]ance to 8 ?\ghts1 ! lady sweeps ! keys ( ! piano1 & ! "y are :irl$ 9 ! mazy dance4 ,z ! muscles be> s intimate a relation to ! pleasures & employm5ts ( man1 a k ( ! laws by :i* _! action is gov]n$1 & ! conditions ^u :i* _! heal? dep5ds1 %\ld be possess$ by all4 #afb4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( muscul> fibres is contractility1 or ! p[] ( %ort5+ _! sub/ance on ! application ( /imuli1 & aga9 relax+ :5 ! /imulus is )drawn4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! mo/ common movem5ts ( life4 ,call into action ! muscles t elevate ! arm1 by ! influ5ce ( ! w1 or m9d1 7! common /imulus ( ! muscles17 & ! h& & arm are rais$2 )draw ?is influ5ce by a simple ef=t ( ! w1 & ! muscles1 be=e rigid & t5se1 become relax$ & yield+4 #afc4 ,! contractile effect ( ! muscles1 9 produc+ ! v>i$ movem5ts ( ! sy/em1 may be se5 9 ! b5d+ ( ! elb[4 ,! t5don ( "o extremity ( ! muscle is atta*$ to ! %\ld]-bone1 :i* acts z a fix$ po9t2 ! t5don ( ! o!r extremity is atta*$ to "o ( ! bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,:5 ! swell ( ! muscle contracts1 or %ort5s1 its two extremities approa* ne>] ea* o!r1 & by ! approximation ( ! t]m9al extremities ( ! muscle1 ! jo9t at ! elb[ b5ds4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 all ! jo9ts ( ! sy/em are mov$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by fig4 #de4 ------------ #afa-agb4 ,give ! physiology ( ! muscles4 #afa4 ,:at are "s ( ! influ5ces ex]t$ by ! muscles on ! sy/em8 #afb4 ,:at is peculi> to muscul> fibres8 ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 #afc4 ,expla9 h[ ! movem5ts ( ! sy/em are effect$ by ! contraction ( ! muscles4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,a repres5tation ( ! mann] 9 :i* all ( ! jo9ts ( ! body are mov$4 #a1 ,! bone ( ! arm above ! elb[4 #b1 ,"o ( ! bones bel[ ! elb[4 #c1 ,! muscle t b5ds ! elb[4 ,?is muscle is unit$1 by a t5don1 to ! bone bel[ ! elb[1 7#d17 at ! o!r extremity1 to ! bone above ! elb[1 7#e17 #f1 ,! muscle t ext5ds ! elb[4 #g1 ,its atta*m5t to ! po9t ( ! elb[4 #h1 ,a weight 9 ! h& to be rais$4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! muscle #c contracts1 & its two ends are br\ght ne>] toge!r4 ,! bones bel[ ! elb[ are br\ght to ! l9es %[n by #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,! weight is rais$ 9 ! direction ( ! curv$ l9e4 ,:5 ! muscle #f contracts1 ! muscle #c relaxes & ! =e-arm is ext5d$4 ,exp]im5ts4 #a/4 ,clasp ! arm midway betwe5 ! %\ld] & elb[1 ) ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! opposite h&4 ,:5 ! arm is b5t1 ! inside muscle w become h>d & prom95t1 & its t5don at ! elb[ rigid1 :ile ! muscle on ! opposite side w become flaccid4 ,ext5d ! arm at ! elb[1 & ! outside muscle w swell & become firm1 :ile ! inside muscle & its t5don at ! elb[ w be relax$4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #de4 ,give exp]im5t #a/4 ------------ #b;d4 ,clasp ! =e-arm ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! elb[1 !n op5 & %ut ! f+]s rapidly1 & ! swell+ & relaxation ( ! muscles on ! opposite sides ( ! arms1 alt]nat+ ) ea* o!r1 w be felt1 correspond+ ) ! movem5t ( ! f+]s4 ,:ile ! f+]s are b5d+1 ! inside muscles swell1 & ! outside ones become flaccid2 &1 :ile ! f+]s are ext5d+1 ! inside muscles relax1 & ! outside ones swell4 ,! alt]nate swell+ & relaxation ( antagoni/ muscles may be felt 9 ! diff]5t movem5ts ( ! limbs4 #afd4 ,ea* fibre ( ! sev]al muscles receives f ! bra91 ?r\gh ! n]v\s filam5t appropriat$ to x1 a c]ta9 influ5ce1 call$ n]v\s fluid1 or /imulus4 ,x is ?is t induces contraction1 :ile ! susp5sion ( ?is /imulus causes relaxation ( ! fibres4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! action ( ! muscul> sy/em1 bo? z reg>ds duration & p[]1 is1 to a limit$ ext5t1 "u ! control ( ! m9d4 ,! m p]fect ! control1 ! bett] ! education ( ! muscul> sy/em2 z is se5 9 ! graceful1 effective1 & well-educat$ movem5ts ( musicians1 danc]s1 skat]s1 c4 #afe4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* a muscle may rema9 contract$1 v>ies4 ,! duration ( ! contraction ( ! volunt>y muscles1 9 "s measure1 is 9 an inv]se ratio to its =ce4 ,if a muscle has contract$ ) viol5ce1 z :5 great ef=t is made to raise a heavy weight1 relaxation w foll[ soon] ?an :5 ! contraction has be5 less p[]ful1 z 9 rais+ light bodies4 #aff4 ,! velocity ( ! muscul> contraction dep5ds on ! w4 ,_m ( ! volunt>y muscles 9 man contract ) great rapidity1 s t he is enabl$ to utt] di/9ctly fifte5 hundr$ lett]s 9 a m9ute2 ! pronunciation ( ea* lett] requir+ bo? relaxation & contraction ( ! same muscle1 ?us mak+ ?ree ?\s& actions 9 "o m9ute4 ,b ! contraction ( ! muscles ( "s ( ! inf]ior animals surpasses 9 rapidity ^? ( man4 ,! race-horse1 x is said1 has run a mile 9 a m9ute2 & _m birds ( prey w probably pass n less ?an a ?\s& miles daily4 ------------ ,give exp]im5t #b;d4 #afd4 ,) :at is ea* muscul> fibre suppli$8 ,:at effect has ?is /imulus on ! muscles8 #afe4 h[ long does a volunt>y muscle rema9 contract$8 #aff4 ,on :at is ! velocity ( muscul> contraction dep5d5t8 ,h[ _m lett]s may be pron\nc$ 9 a m9ute8 ------------ #afg4 ,! functions ( ! involunt>y muscles are necess>y ! dige/ion ( food1 ! absorption & circulation ( ! nutritive fluids4 ,!y c\ld n be tru/$ ) safety to ! control ( ! w1 le/ ! passions or ! indiscretions ( ! p]son %\ld cont9ually av]t ^? op]ations s necess>y to heal?1 & ev5 to life4 ,! ,div9e ,build] ( ?is complicat$ ma*9e has wisely ord]$ t ! muscles ^u :i* ^! motions dep5d1 %all act "u ! impression ( _! prop] /imulants1 )\t ! control ( ! individual4 #afh4 ,aga91 !re are c]ta9 op]ations :i* c\ld n be safely intru/$ to ! absolute gov]nm5t ( ! volunt>y muscles1 or entirely remov$ f _! control4 ,?us life c be support$ only a few m9utes )\t brea?+2 b x w\ld be impossible to p]=m ! daily vocations ( life if we 7 compell$ to brea! at all times1 or at p]fectly regul> int]vals4 #afi4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t1 among m5 ( ! same size1 a wide diff]5ce exi/s 9 _! /r5g? & activity--qualities :i* dep5d ^u ! size & numb] ( ! n]ves1 ! size & activity ( ! bra91 & ! education1 or tra9+ ( ! muscles4 ,m5 hav+ l>ge n]ves lead+ to ! muscles1 ) ! bra9 active1 & muscles well tra9$ w p]=m feats ( /r5g? & agility1 t o!r m51 ( ! same size1 _c effect4 ,rope-danc]s1 h>lequ9s1 & o!r p]=m]s ( feats1 are p]sons ?us con/itut$4 ------------ ,h[ _m contractions & relaxations ( ! same muscle8 ,:at is said ( ! rapidity ( muscul> contractions 9 o!r animals8 #afg4 ,:5 are ! involunt>y muscles call$ into action8 ,:y w\ld x n h be5 safe to tru/ ^! important op]ations to ! exclusive control ( ! w8 #afh4 ,give an in/ance :]e "s ( ! muscles act "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! w1 conjo9$ ) ^? t are involunt>y4 #afi4 ,on :at does ! diff]5ce 9 muscul> activity & /r5g? dep5d8 ------------ #agj4 ,p]sons ) small muscles1 & l>gely develop$ n]v\s sy/ems1 w sometimes exhibit v great muscul> p[] = a "t2 b x w n be ( long cont9uance1 unless ! bra9 is functionally diseas$1 z 9 hy/]ia1 delirium ( fev]1 insanity1 c4 ,m5 ( l>ge muscles & small n]ves c nev] p]=m feats ( great /r5g?2 b !y h ! p[] ( endurance1 & are bett] capacitat$ = cont9u$ labor4 ,?us we _c judge ( ! ability ( p]sons to make ex]tions & cont9ue !m1 by _! /ature alone4 ,/r5g?1 & ! p[] ( endurance1 are ! result ( a comb9ation ( well-develop$ muscles1 l>ge n]ves1 & a full-siz$1 heal?y1 & active bra94 ,obs]vation4 ,! muscles ( fi%es are l>ge1 & ! n]ves di/ribut$ to !m1 comp>atively small4 ,! muscles ( birds are small1 b _! fibres are v compact4 ,! n]ves appropriat$ to ! muscles t are call$ into action 9 fly+1 are l>ge z well z num]\s4 #aga4 ,! contractile portion ( a muscle is1 9 g5]al1 at a di/ance f ! "p to be mov$4 ,?us ! pr9cipal muscles t move ! f+]s are situat$ ^u ! =e>m2 & :5 ! limb is ne>ly or q ext5d$1 ! angle =m$ by ! "p to be mov$ & ! contractile muscles is small4 ,aga91 ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles to ! "p to be mov$ is ne> ! jo9t t =ms ! fulcrum1 7fig4 #de47 ,by ^! arrangem5ts !re is a loss ( p[]2 b we are comp5sat$ = ?is disadvantage by increas$ cel]ity ( movem5t1 beauty ( =m1 & adaptation ( ! limbs to ! v>i$ pursuits ( man4 ------------ #agj4 ,:at is said ( ^? p]sons :o h small muscles & l>gely develop$ n]v\s sy/ems8 ,( ^? :o h l>ge muscles & small n]ves8 ,^u :at d /r5g? & ! p[] ( endurance dep5d8 #aga4 ,:y is !re a loss ( p[] 9 ! action ( ! muscles8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,! muscle t b5ds ! elb[ acts at disadvantage1 & ?is is greate/ :5 ! arm is ne>ly or q ext5d$1 z ! angle ( action is !n lea/4 ,?is disadvantage is fur!r increas$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! motive muscles ne> ! jo9t4 #agb4 ,! numb] ( muscles :i* are call$ into action 9 ! movem5ts ( ! diff]5t jo9ts1 v>ies4 ,! h+e-jo9ts1 z ! elb[1 h two sets ( muscles--"o to b5d ! jo9t1 ! o!r to ext5d x4 ,! ball & socket jo9ts1 z ! %\ld]1 are n limit$ to m]e flexion & ext5sion4 ,no jo9t 9 ! sy/em has ! range ( movem5t t is possess$ by t ( ! %\ld]4 ,by ! action ( ! muscles atta*$ to ! arm1 x is n only c>ri$ upw>d & =w>d1 b =w>d & backw>d4 ,h5ce ! arm may be mov$ at any angle1 by a comb9$ action ( its muscles4 ,obs]vation4 ,c\ld we behold prop]ly ! muscul> fibres 9 op]ation1 no?+1 z a m]e me*anical exhibition1 c be conceiv$ m sup]b ?an ! intricate & comb9$ actions t mu/ take place dur+ our mo/ common movem5ts4 ,look at a p]son runn+ or leap+1 or wat* ! motions ( ! eye4 ,h[ rapid1 h[ delicate1 h[ complicat$1 & yet h[ accurate1 are ! motions requir$6 ,?9k ( ! endurance ( su* a muscle z ! he>t1 t c contract1 ) a =ce equal to sixty p\nds1 sev5ty-five times e m9ute1 = eighty ye>s toge!r1 )\t be+ we>y4 ,note4 ,x w\ld be a pr(itable ex]cise = pupils to press _! f+]s ^u prom95t muscles1 &1 at ! same "t1 vigor\sly contract !m1 n only to le>n _! situations1 b _! use2 z ! "o t b5ds ! arm1 #ad1 fig4 #df4 ------------ ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 #agb4 ,d all jo9ts require ! same numb] ( muscles1 :5 call$ into action8 ,h[ _m are call$ into action 9 ! movem5t ( ! elb[8 ,:at is _! (fice8 ,:at is said ( ! movem5t ( ! ball & socket jo9t8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,an ant]ior view ( ! muscles ( ! body4 #a4 ,! frontal swell ( ! occipito-frontalis4 #b1 ,! orbicul>is palpebr>um4 #c1 ,! levator labli sup]ioris4 #d1 ,! zygomaticus major4 #e1 ,! zygomaticus m9or4 #f1 ,! masset]4 #g1 ,! orbicul>is oris4 #h1 ,! depressor labli inf]ioris4 #i4 ,! platysma myodes4 #aj1 ,! deltoid4 #aa1 ,! pectoralis major4 #ab1 ,! latissimus dorsi4 #ad1 ,! biceps flexor cubiti4 #ae1 ,! triceps ext5sor cubiti4 #af1 ,! sup9ator radii longus4 #ah1 ,! flexor c>pi radialis longior4 #ai1 ,! flexor communis digitorum4 #bj1 ,! annul> ligam5t4 #ba1 ,! palm> fascia4 #bb1 ,! obliquus ext]nus abdom9is4 #bf1 ,! psoas magnus4 #bg1 ,! adductor longus4 #bh1 ,! s>torius4 #bi1 ,! rectus femoris4 #cj1 ,! va/us ext]nus4 #ca1 ,! va/us int]nus4 #cb1 ,! t5don patell4 #cc1 ,! ga/rocnemius4 #cd1 ,! tibialis anticus4 #cf1 ,! t5dons ( ! ext5sor digitorum communis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,a po/]ior view ( ! muscles ( ! body4 #c1 ,! complexus4 #d1 ,! spl5ius4 #e1 ,! masset]4 #f1 ,! /]no-cleido ma/oideus4 #g1 ,! trapezius4 #h1 ,! deltoid4 #aj1 ,! triceps ext5sor4 #ac1 ,! t5d9\s portion ( ! triceps4 #ad1 ,! ant]ior edge ( ! triceps4 #ae1 ,! sup9ator radii longus4 #ag1 ,! ext5sor communis digitorum4 #ah1 ,! ext5sor ossis metac>pi pollicis4 #ai1 ,! t5dons ( ! ext5sor communis digitorum4 #bj1 ,! olecranon process ( ! ulna & ins]tion ( ! triceps4 #ba1 ,! ext5sor c>pi uln>is4 #bb1 ,! ext5sor communis digitorum4 #bd1 ,! latissimus dorsi4 #be1 ,its t5d9\s orig94 #bf1 ,! obliquus ext]nus4 #bg1 ,! gluteus m$ius4 #bh1 ,! gluteus magnus4 #bi1 ,! biceps flexor cruris4 #cj1 ,! semi-t5d9osus4 #ca1 #cb1 ,! ga/rocnemius4 #cc1 ,! t5do ,a*illis4 ,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscle #a1 fig4 #df1 by its contraction1 raises ! eyebr[s4 ,! muscle #b1 fig4 #df1 closes ! eyelids4 ,! muscle #c1 fig4 #df1 elevates ! upp] lip4 ,! muscles #d1 #e1 fig4 #df1 elevate ! angles ( ! m\?4 ,! muscles #f1 fig4 #df1 & #e1 fig4 #dg1 br+ ! tee? toge!r4 ,! muscle #g1 fig4 #df1 closes ! m\?4 ,! muscle #h1 fig4 #df1 depresses ! l[] lip4 ,! muscles #i1 fig4 #df1 & #f1 fig4 #dg1 b5d ! neck =w>d4 ,! muscles #c1 #d1 fig4 #dg1 elevate ! head & *94 ,! muscle #bb1 fig4 #df1 b5ds ! body =w>d1 & draws ! ribs d[nw>d4 ,! muscle #aa1 fig4 #df1 br+s ! %\ld] =w>d4 ,! muscle #g1 fig4 #dg1 draws ! %\ld] back4 ,! muscles #aj1 fig4 #df1 & #h1 fig4 #dg1 elevate ! arm4 ,! muscles #aa1 fig4 #df1 & #bd1 fig4 #dg1 br+ ! arm to ! side4 ,! muscle #ad1 fig4 #df1 b5ds ! arm at ! elb[4 ,! muscle #aj1 fig4 #dg1 ext5ds ! arm at ! elb[4 ,! muscles #af1 #ah1 fig4 #df1 b5d ! wri/ & f+]s4 ,! muscle #ai b5ds ! f+]s4 ,! muscles #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! wri/4 ,! muscle #bc1 fig4 #dg1 ext5ds ! f+]s4 ,! muscles #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #df1 b5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscle #bh1 fig4 #df1 draws "o leg ov] ! o!r1 7! position ( a tailor :5 sew+47 ,! muscles #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 fig4 #df1 ext5d ! leg at ! knee4 ,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 fig4 #dg1 b5d ! leg at ! knee4 ,! muscles #cd1 #cf1 fig4 #df1 b5d ! foot at ! ankle1 & ext5d ! toes4 ,! muscles #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! foot at ! ankle4 ,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! muscul> sy/em be review$1 9 =m ( topics1 f figs #df1 #dg1 or f ! anatomical outl9e plates ,no4 #c & #d4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,muscles #agc4 ,! muscles %\ld be us$1 9 ord] t ! size & /r5g? ( ^! organs may be adequate to ! dem& made ^u !m4 ,x is a law ( ! sy/em t ! action & p[] ( an organ are comm5surate1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) ! dem& made ^u x2 & x is a law ( ! muscul> sy/em t1 :5ev] a muscle is call$ into frequ5t use1 its fibres increase 9 ?ickness )9 c]ta9 limits1 & become capable ( act+ ) great] =ce2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! muscle t is little us$ decreases 9 size & p[]4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,! blacksmi? uses & re/s ! muscles ( 8 arm :5 /rik+ ^u ! anvil4 ,!y n only increase 9 size1 b become v firm & h>d4 #b;d4 ,! /ud5t uses ! muscles ( ! arm b little1 9 hold+ 8 books & p52 !y n only become small1 b s(t4 #c;d4 ,let ! /ud5t leave 8 books1 & wield an iron sl$ge1 & ! muscles ( 8 arm w increase 9 size & firmness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let ! blacksmi? assume ! /ud5t's vocation1 & ! muscles ( 8 arm w become s(t & less firm4 #agd4 ,:5 ! muscles are call$ into action1 ! fl[ ( blood 9 ! art]ies & ve9s is increas$4 ,! increas$ fl[ ( blood 9 ! art]ies & ve9s1 causes a m rapid deposition ( ! p>ticles ( matt] ( :i* ! muscles are compos$4 ,if ! ex]cise is adequate to ! p[] ( ! sy/em1 ! deposit ( new mat]ial w exce$ 9 quantity ! p>ticles ( matt] remov$1 & bo? ! size & en]gy ( ! muscles are increas$4 ,b !re is a limit to ! muscles becom+ /rong by labor4 ,soon] or lat]1 man w atta9 8 gr[? or p[]2 yet by judici\s ex]cise1 c>e1 & discreet managem5t1 ! greate/ p[] ( ! muscles may be pres]v$ until advanc$ age4 ------------ #agc-baa4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! muscles4 #agc4 ,:at is necess>y t muscles may atta9 size & /r5g?8 ,give a law ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,%[ ?is by practical illu/rations4 #agd4 ,:y d muscles increase 9 size :5 ex]cis$8 ------------ #age4 ,! muscles are less5$ 9 size & dim9i%$ 9 p[] :5 ! ex]cise is cont9u$ s z to produce a feel+ ( exhau/ion4 ,! loss ( mat]ial1 9 ?is in/ance1 w exce$ ! deposition ( ! atoms ( matt]4 ,?is is se5 9 ! att5uat$ frames ( ov]-task$ dome/ic animals1 z ! horse4 ,! same tru? is illu/rat$ by ! labori\s agriculturi/1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( too sev]e toil :ile ga!r+ ! products ( ! field1 frequ5tly dim9i%es 8 weight sev]al p\nds 9 a few weeks4 ,ex]cise1 ei!r = pleasure or pr(it1 may fatigue1 yet x %\ld nev] be protract$ to languor or exhau/ion1 if ! individual desires a gre5 old age4 #agf4 ,! same am\nt ( ex]cise w n conduce to ! heal? ( all individuals4 ,if rid+ or walk+ "o mile causes slight fatigue1 ?is may be b5eficial2 :ile1 by travell+ two miles1 ! exhau/ion may be highly injuri\s4 ,ex]cise & labor %\ld be adapt$ to ! /r5g? ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,h[ little soev] ! /r5g?1 t mu/ be ! measure ( ex]tion4 ,any o!r rule w\ld be fatal to ! hopes ( invigorat+ ! sy/em1 ei!r by ex]cise or labor4 ------------ ,is !re a limit to ! muscles becom+ p[]ful by action8 ,h[ may ! /r5g? ( muscles be kept until advanc$ age8 #age4 ,:at is ! effect :5 ex]cise is cont9u$ until !re is a feel+ ( exhau/ion8 ,give a practical illu/ration4 ,:at rule is m5tion$ 9 reg>d to ex]cise8 #agf4 ,c all p]sons take ! same am\nt ( ex]cise8 ,:at rule is giv5 z to ! am\nt ( ex]cise8 ------------ #agg4 ,relaxation mu/ foll[ contraction1 or1 9 o!r words1 re/ mu/ foll[ ex]cise4 ,! necessity ( relaxation1 :5 a muscle has be5 call$ into action1 is se5 9 ! example ( a boy ext5d+ 8 arm ) a book 9 8 h&1 z a p5alty4 ,! boy c keep ! arm ext5d$ b a %ort "t1 make :at ef=t he may4 ,x is also se5 9 ! re/lessness & fev]i% excitem5t t are ev9c$ by p]sons gaz+ on troops dur+ days ( review4 ,! same is not$ 9 %opp+4 ,su* employm5ts call into action ! muscles t support ! sp9al column 9 an erect position1 & ! languor or uneas9ess is muscul> pa94 ,! long-cont9u$ t5sion ( a muscle enfeebles its action1 & ev5tually de/roys its contractility4 #agh4 ,9 s*ool1 ! small *ildr51 aft] sitt+ a %ort "t1 become re/less4 ,if _! position be *ang$1 _! imp]fectly develop$ muscles w acquire tone1 & w aga9 support ! sp9al column erect )\t pa94 ,! necessity = frequ5t recesses 9 s*ool1 is f\nd$ on ! organic law ( muscul> action alt]nat+ ) re/4 ,! y\ng] & feebl] pupils are1 ! great] ! necessity = frequ5t recesses4 ,we w\ld n h ! tea*] ?9k t "o half ( ! "t %\ld be sp5t 9 recesses2 or ! "m1 t h] daught] is go+ to s*ool to play4 ,b we d ma9ta9 t recesses %\ld be giv51 & t !y %\ld be %ort & frequ5t1 especially = small & feeble s*ol>s4 #agi4 ,exhau/ion is ! inevitable result ( cont9u$ muscul> contraction4 ,= example1 let a lady ply ! ne$le quickly = "s h\rs1 & ! muscles ( ! back & "r arm w become exhau/$1 :i* w be indicat$ by a s5se ( we>9ess 9 ^! p>ts4 ,a *ange ( employm5t & position calls into action a diff]5t set ( muscles1 & ! exhau/$ organs are reliev$4 ------------ #agg4 ,:at is said ( ! contraction & relaxation ( ! muscles8 ,give examples ( ! necessity ( relax+ ! muscles4 #agh4 ,:y %\ld n small *ildr5 be conf9$ 9 "o position = a long "t8 ,:at evils result f ?is practice8 ,:at class ( pupils %\ld h recesses mo/ frequ5tly8 #agi4 ,:at effect has cont9u$ muscul> contraction8 ------------ #ahj4 ,mu* m labor w be accompli%$ by tak+ "t to relax ! exhau/$ muscles1 or by s *ang+ ! employm5t z to br+ into action a new set ( muscles2 ! woodman ?us relieves himself1 by saw+ & splitt+ alt]nately4 ,?is pr9ciple applies to ! labor ( ! horse & ox2 & x is also applicable to all k9ds ( employm5t4 ,) ! invalid convalesc+ f fev]1 relapses result f inatt5tion to ^! laws4 ,:5 a pati5t is recov]+ f sickness1 8 physician %\ld take c>e t 8 ex]cise be prop]1 nei!r too mu*1 too little1 nor too long cont9u$4 #aha4 ,! muscles ( gr[+ y\?s w n endure s mu* ex]cise or labor z ^? ( mature m54 ,9 y\? a portion ( ! vital1 or n]v\s en]gy ( ! sy/em1 is exp5d$ ^u ! gr[? ( ! organs ( ! body1 :ile 9 ! individual :o has atta9$ 8 gr[?1 ?is exp5diture is n dem&$2 consequ5tly sev]e labor or ex]cise %\ld n be impos$ on gr[+ *ildr54 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! campaigns ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 8 army 0 frequ5tly recruit$ by m]e boys4 ,he compla9$ to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 because he 0 n suppli$ ) m5 ( mature ye>s1 z ! y\?s c\ld n endure ! ex]tion ( 8 =c$ m>*es4 #ahb4 ,! muscles %\ld be gradually call$ into action4 ,^! organs 9 action require m blood & n]v\s fluid ?an :5 at re/4 ,z ! circulation ( ^! fluids c only be increas$ 9 a gradual mann]1 x foll[s1 t1 :5 ! muscul> sy/em has be5 9 a /ate ( re/1 x %\ld n sudd5ly be call$ into vigor\s action4 ,on aris+ f a b$1 l\nge1 or *air1 ! fir/ movem5ts ( ! limbs %\ld be sl[1 & !n gradually increas$4 ,obs]vation4 if a man has a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w to p]=m 9 n9e h\rs1 & 8 muscles h be5 9 a /ate ( re/1 he w d x ) less fatigue by p]=m+ half ! am\nt ( ! labor 9 five h\rs1 & ! rema9d] 9 f\r h\rs4 ,! same pr9ciple %\ld be reg>d$ 9 driv+ horses & o!r bea/s ( burd54 ------------ #ahj4 ,h[ c ! greate/ am\nt ( labor be secur$ ) ! lea/ exhau/ion to ! muscles8 #aha4 ,:y %\ld n sev]e labor be impos$ on gr[+ *ildr58 #ahb4 ,h[ %\ld ! muscles be call$ into action8 ------------ #ahc4 ,! muscles %\ld be re/$ gradually1 :5 !y h be5 vigor\sly us$4 ,if a p]son has be5 mak+ great muscul> ex]tion 9 cutt+ wood1 or any o!r employm5t1 in/ead ( sitt+ d[n to re/1 he %\ld cont9ue muscul> action1 = a %ort "t1 by "s mod]ate labor or amusem5t4 #ahd4 ,if ! sy/em has be5 heat$ by muscul> action1 & ! sk9 is cov]$ ) p]spiration1 avoid sitt+ d[n to cool 9 a curr5t ( air2 r1 put on m clo?+1 & cont9ue to ex]cise mod]ately4 ,9 in/ances :5 sev]e action ( ! muscles has be5 endur$1 ba?+ & rubb+ ! sk9 ( ! limbs & jo9ts t h be5 us$1 are ( mu* importance4 ,! labor+ agriculturi/ & indu/ri\s me*anic1 by r$uc+ to practice ?is sugge/ion1 w\ld ?us prev5t sor5ess ( ! muscles1 & /iffness ( ! jo9ts4 #ahe4 ,! muscles %\ld be abundantly suppli$ ) pure blood4 ,?is /ate ( ! circulat+ fluid requires a heal?y condition ( ! dige/ive app>atus1 & t ! sk9 %\ld be kept w>m by prop] clo?+1 clean by ba?+1 & be act$ ^u by pure air & good light2 ! movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm %\ld be unre/rict$1 & ! lungs %\ld h ample volume & be suppli$ ) pure air4 ,9 all in/ances1 muscul> p[] is greate/ :5 ! prec$+ conditions exi/1 z ! muscles are !n /imulat$ by pure blood2 consequ5tly1 x is ( practical importance to ! me*anic1 ! f>m]1 ! man ( leisure1 & n less s to ! ladies1 to obs]ve ^! conditions1 :atev] vocation ( life !y pursue4 ------------ #ahc4 ,h[ %\ld ! muscles be re/$ :5 !y h be5 vigor\sly us$8 #ahd4 ,:at precaution is giv5 :5 ! sk9 is cov]$ ) p]spiration8 ,h[ may sor5ess ( ! muscles1 consequ5t ^u sev]e action1 be prev5t$8 #ahe4 ,%\ld ! muscles be suppli$ ) pure blood8 ,:5 is muscul> p[] ! greate/8 ------------ #ahf4 ,! muscles %\ld be us$ 9 pure air4 ,! pur] ! air we brea!1 ! m /imulat+ ! blood suppli$ to ! muscles1 & ! long] !y c be us$ 9 labor1 walk+1 or sitt+1 )\t fatigue & injury2 h5ce ! b5efit d]iv$ 9 ?or\ghly v5tilat+ all inhabit$ rooms4 ,= ! same reason1 if ! air ( ! sick-room is pure1 ! pati5t w sit up long] ?an :5 ! air is impure4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is a common rem>k t sick p]sons w sit up long] :5 rid+ 9 a c>riage1 ?an 9 an easy *air 9 ! room :]e !y h la9 sick4 ,9 ! "o in/ance1 !y brea! pure air2 9 ! o!r1 usually1 a conf9$1 impure air4 #ahg4 ,! muscles %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! light4 ,light1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! sun1 ex]cises m or less influ5ce on man & ! inf]ior animals z well z on plants4 ,bo? require ! /imulus ( ?is ag5t4 ,%ops occupi$ by me*anics1 kit*5s1 & sitt+-rooms1 %\ld be well light$1 & situat$ on ! sunny side ( ! h\se4 ,cell> kit*5s & und]gr\nd %ops %\ld be avoid$4 ,= simil> reasons1 /ud5ts %\ld take _! ex]cise dur+ ! day1 r ?an 9 ! ev5+1 &1 z mu* z possible1 labor]s %\ld avoid night toil4 ,illu/rations4 ,plants t gr[ 9 ! %ade1 z "u trees1 or 9 a d>k cell>1 are ( light] color & feebl] ?an ^? t are expos$ to ! light ( ! sun4 ,p]sons t dwell 9 d>k rooms are pal] & less vigor\s ?an ^? :o inhabit ap>tm5ts well light$1 & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ------------ #ahf4 ,:y %\ld ! muscles be us$ 9 pure air8 ,give a common obs]vation4 #ahg4 ,:at effect has light on ! muscul> sy/em8 ,:at %\ld ! labor] avoid8 ,:y %\ld n /ud5ts take _! daily ex]cise 9 ! ev5+8 ,h[ is ! influ5ce ( sol> light illu/rat$8 ------------ #ahh4 ,ex]cise %\ld be regul> & frequ5t4 ,! sy/em ne$s ?is means ( invigoration z regul>ly z x does new supplies ( food4 ,x is no m correct t we devote sev]al days to a prop] action ( ! muscles1 & !n sp5d "o day inactively1 ?an x is to take a prop] am\nt ( food = sev]al days1 & !n )draw ?is supply = a day4 ,! indu/ri\s me*anic & ! /udi\s m9i/] suff] z surely f undue conf9em5t z ! improvid5t & indol5t4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( neglect ( ex]cise are gradual1 & /eal sl[ly ^u an individual4 ,b soon] or lat] !y are manife/$ 9 muscul> weakness1 dyspepsia1 & n]v\s irritability4 ,obs]vation4 ,! cu/om among f>m]s ( endur+ sev]e & undue toil = sev]al successive days1 & !n sp5d+ "o or two days 9 idl5ess to re/1 is injudici\s4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] to d less 9 a day1 & cont9ue ! labor ?r\gh ! p]iod devot$ to idl5ess1 & !n no re/ w be dem&$4 #ahi4 ,e "p ( ! muscul> sy/em %\ld h its appropriate %>e ( ex]cise4 ,"s employm5ts call into ex]cise ! muscles ( ! upp] limbs1 z %oe-mak+2 o!rs1 ! muscles ( ! l[] limbs2 :ile "s1 ! muscles ( bo? upp] & l[] limbs1 ) ^? ( ! trunk1 z f>m+4 ,9 "s k9ds ( ex]cise1 ! l[] limbs are ma9ly us$1 z 9 walk+2 9 o!rs1 ! upp] limbs2 & aga91 ! muscles ( ! trunk1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! upp] & l[] limbs1 z 9 ar*]y1 quoits1 play+ ball4 ,^? trades & k9ds ( ex]cise are mo/ salut>y1 9 :i* all ! muscles h _! due proportion ( action1 z ?is t5ds to develop & /r5g!n !m equally4 ,?us labor ^u ! f>m & dome/ic employm5t are sup]ior z vocations1 & ar*]y1 quoits1 & danc+1 if ! air is pure1 among ! pa/imes4 ,= s$5t>y p]sons1 t k9d ( ex]cise is be/ :i* calls into action ! greate/ numb] ( muscles4 ------------ #ahh4 ,h[ %\ld ex]cise be tak58 ,:at is said respect+ irregul> ex]cise8 ,are ! consequ5ces ( neglect$ ex]cise imm$iately app>5t8 ,:at practical obs]vation is giv58 #ahi4 ,%\ld e muscle h its due am\nt ( ex]cise8 ,m5tion "s employm5ts t only call into action ! muscles ( ! upp] limbs4 ,^? ( ! l[] limbs1 ^? ( ! trunk & limbs4 ,m5tion1 9 ! diff]5t pa/imes1 :at muscles are call$ into action4 ------------ #aij4 ,! prop] "t = labor or ex]cise %\ld be obs]v$4 ,?is is modifi$ by _m circum/ances4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! morn+1 :5 ! air is pure & ! gr\nd dry1 is bett] ?an ! ev5+2 = !n1 ! p[]s ( ! body are greate/4 ,sev]e ex]cise & labor %\ld be avoid$ imm$iately be=e or aft] eat+ a full meal1 = ! en]gies ( ! sy/em are !n requir$ to p]=m ! dige/ive function4 ,= simil> reasons1 x is n an appropriate "t = en]getic muscul> action imm$iately be=e or aft] sev]e m5tal toil1 z ! p[]s ( ! sy/em are !n conc5trat$ ^u ! bra94#f #f ,x appe>s to be a fact1 t no two important organs c be call$ into int5se action at ! same "t1 )\t injury to bo?1 z well z to ! g5]al sy/em4 ,?is arises f ! circum/ance t an organ1 :5 9 functional action1 attracts fluids 7sangu9e\s & n]v\s7 f o!r organs ( ! sy/em4 ,except 9 a few in/ances ( high heal? 9 y\?1 ! p[] ( ! sy/em is n adequate to supply m ?an "o organ 9 action ) ! appropriate fluids at ! same "t4 ------------ ,:at k9ds ( ex]cise are be/8 #aij4 ,:at rule is giv5 respect+ ! "t = ex]cise8 #aia4 ,:y d ! muscles require sleep8 ,:at is ! effect ( an inv]sion ( ! law ( re/8 ------------ #aia4 ,! muscles require sleep to re/ore _! exp5d$ en]gies4 ,among ! arrangem5ts ( creative wisdom1 no "o h>monizes ) ! wants ( ! sy/em m ?an ! alt]nation ( day & night4 ,! natural incl9ation ( man to sleep1 is 9 ! /illy h\r ( night1 :5 all nature reposes1 & to be 9 action dur+ ! light ( day4 ,an inv]sion ( ?is law ( re/ causes great] exhau/ion ( ! sy/em ?an ! same am\nt ( ex]tion dur+ daylight4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! we>i$ & exhau/$ condition ( wat*]s1 night-police1 & o!r individuals :o sp5d a "p ( ! night 9 "s active bus9ess ( life4 #aib4 ,! muscles %\ld n be compress$4 ,compression prev5ts ! blood f pass+ to ! muscles ) fre$om2 consequ5tly1 !y are n suppli$ ) mat]ial to r5ovate & promote _! gr[?4 ,aga91 pressure /imulates ! lymphatics to action2 & by ! increas$ activity ( ^! vessels ! muscles are att5uat$4 ,9 ! case ( a man ) a fractur$ limb1 ! muscles are n only enfeebl$ by inaction1 b dim9i%$ 9 size by compression f ! dress+4 ,limbs enfeebl$ 9 ?is way w n recov] _! size1 tone1 & /r5g?1 until ! b&ages are remov$1 & a prop] am\nt ( ex]cise tak54 #aic4 ,! pressure ( tight dresses1 "u ! "n ( a snug fit1 enfeebles ! muscles ( ! back1 & is a common cause ( project+ %\ld]s & curvature ( ! sp9al column4 ,?us e app5dage to ! dress ( ladies :i* prev5ts free motion ( ! muscles ( ! *e/ & sp9al column1 weak5s ! muscles ?us re/ra9$1 & n only prev5ts ! prop] expansion ( ! lungs1 b1 by weak5+ ! muscles :i* su/a9 ! sp9e1 induces curvature & disease4 ,:alebone1 wood1 /eel1 & e o!r unyield+ sub/ance1 %\ld be bani%$ f ! toilet1 z enemies ( ! human race4 #aid4 ,! m9d ex]ts a great influ5ce ^u ! tone & contractile en]gy ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,a p]son act+ "u a heal?y m5tal /imulus w make ex]tion ) less fatigue ?an he w\ld )\t ?is inc5tive4 ,= ?is reason1 a sportsman w pursue 8 game miles )\t fatigue1 :ile 8 att5dant1 n hav+ any m5tal /imulus1 w become we>y4 ,aga91 if ! sportsman sp5ds "s h\rs 9 pursuit ( 8 favorite game )\t success1 a feel+ ( languor creeps ov] him2 b :ile he is ?us fatigu$ & dispirit$1 let him cat* a glimpse ( ! game1--8 we>i$ feel+s are imm$iately dissipat$1 & he presses on ) r5ew$ en]gy & recruit$ /r5g?4 ------------ #aib4 ,:y %\ld n ! muscles be compress$8 #aic4 ,:at is ! effect ( tight clo?+ ^u ! muscles8 #aid4 ,:at is said ( ! influ5ce ( ! m9d ^u muscul> activity8 ,give an illu/ration ( m5tal /imulus cop]at+ ) muscul> activity 9 ! case ( a sportsman4 ------------ #aie4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 well illu/rat$ 9 ! retreat f ,russia ( ! defeat$ & dispirit$ ,fr5* army4 ,:5 no enemy 0 ne>1 !y _h h>dly /r5g? suffici5t to c>ry _! arms2 b no soon] did !y he> ! report ( ! ,russian guns1 ?an new life seem$ to p]vade !m1 & !y wield$ _! weapons p[]fully until ! foe 0 repuls$1 !n !re 0 a relapse to weakness1 & pro/ration foll[$4 ,x is ?us ) ! invalid :5 rid+ = 8 heal?2--relate an anecdote1 or excite ?is m5tal /imulus by agreeable conv]sation1 & mu* b5efit w accrue f ! ride to ! debilitat$ p]son4 ,s x is 9 ! daily vocations ( life2 if ! m9d h "s inc5tive1 ! tiresom5ess ( labor w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,let an air ( *e]fulness ev] p]vade our e employm5t1 &1 l music1 x sweet5s toil4 #aif4 ,facts illu/rative ( ! inutility ( call+ ! muscles into action1 )\t ! cop]ation ( ! m9d1 are se5 9 ! spiritless aspect ( _m ( our bo>d+ s*ool processions1 :5 a walk is tak5 m]ely = ex]cise1 )\t hav+ 9 view any atta9able object4 ,b pres5t to ! m9d a botanical or geological excursion1 & ! saunt] w be ex*ang$ = ! ela/ic /ep1 ! inanimate appe>ance = ! bright eye & gl[+ *eek4 ,! diff]5ce is1 simply1 t1 9 ! =m] case1 ! muscles are oblig$ to "w )\t t full n]v\s impulse s ess5tial to _! en]getic action2 & t1 9 ! latt]1 ! n]v\s influ5ce is 9 full & h>moni\s op]ation4 ------------ #aie4 ,give an illu/ration ( m5tal /imulus cop]at+ ) muscul> activity 9 ! case ( ! dispirit$ ,fr5* army 9 _! retreat f ,russia4 ,h[ c a union ( m5tal impulse & muscul> action be b5eficial to an invalid8 ,does ?is same pr9ciple apply to ^? :o labor8 #aif4 ,give an in/ance ( ! diff]5t effects produc$ by ! abs5ce & pres5ce ( ! m5tal /imulus4 ------------ #aig4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t a walk simply = ! sake ( ex]cise c nev] be b5eficial4 ,e "o1 unless prev5t$ by disease1 %\ld consid] x a duty to take ex]cise e day 9 ! op5 air2 if possible1 let x be _h 9 comb9ation ) h>moni\s m5tal exhil>ation2 if n1 let a walk1 9 an erect position1 be made s brisk z to produce rapid respiration & circulation ( ! blood1 & 9 a dress t %all n int]f]e ) free motions ( ! arms & free expansion ( ! *e/4 ,obs]vation4 ,! advantages ( comb9+ h>moni\s m5tal excitem5t1 ) muscul> activity1 is ?us giv5 by ,dr4 ,arm/rong3-- ,9 :ate'er y sweat1 ,indulge y\r ta/e4 ,"s love ! manly toils ,! t5nis "s1 & "s ! graceful dance2 ,o!rs1 m h>dy1 range ! purple hea? ,or nak$ /ubble1 :]e1 f field to field1 ,! s\nd+ covies urge _! lab'r+ flight1 ,eag] amid ! ris+ cl\d to p\r ,! gun's un]r+ ?und]2 & !re are ,:om /ill ! mead ( ! gre5 ar*] *>m4 ,he *ooses be/ ^: labor ent]ta9s ,8 vacant fancy mo/2 ! toil y hate ,fatigues y soon1 & sc>ce improves y\r limbs4 ------------ #aig4 ,may n a walk1 simply z an ex]cise1 be b5eficial8 ,:at is pref]r$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,muscles1 ,,cont9u$4 #aih4 ,! erect attitude less5s ! exhau/ion ( ! muscles4 ,a p]son ^: position is erect w /& long]1 walk fur!r1 & p]=m m labor1 ?an an individual ^: position is /oop+1 b equal 9 all o!r respects4 ,! manly port 9 an erect attitude1 dep5ds *iefly ^u ! action ( ! muscles ( ! back2 & x foll[s t ! few] ! muscles 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 ! less ! draught ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! less its exhau/ion4 ,ano!r advantage :i* att5ds ! erect position is1 ! trunk & head are balanc$ ^u ! bones & c>tilages ( ! sp9al column4 ,if ! body slightly incl9e =w>d1 ! muscles atta*$ to ! po/]ior side ( ! sp9e1 by a g5tle contraction1 w br+ x to ! p]p5dicul>1 & ev5 incl9e x backw>d4 ,?is is imm$iately remov$ by a slight contraction ( ! muscles ^u ! ant]ior side ( ! sp9al column4 #aii4 ,9 ! erect position1 !re is a con/ant slight oscillation ( ! body backw>d & =w>d1 l ! movem5t ( a p5dulum2 :ile1 9 ! /oop+ po/ure1 ! muscles on ! po/]ior side ( ! sp9al column are kept 9 a /ate ( cont9u$ t5sion & contraction1 to prev5t ! body f fall+ =w>d4 ,?is enfeebles ! muscles ( ! back1 & exhau/s ! n]v\s en]gy1 :ile ! erect position favors _! developm5t & p[]1 because !re is an alt]nate contraction & relaxation ( ! muscles4 ,aga91 9 ! /oop+ position1 ! l[] limbs are curv$ at ! knee4 ,9 ?is attitude1 !re is a con/ant t5sion ( ! muscles ( ! l[] extremities1 :i* produces muscul> exhau/ion4 ------------ #aih4 ,:y w a p]son :o /&s erect walk fur!r1 & p]=m m labor1 ?an if he assum$ ! /oop+ po/ure8 #aii4 ,:y are ! muscles ( ! back s soon exhau/$ 9 ! /oop+ position8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 #a1 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! c5tre ( ! feet to ! upp] extremity ( ! sp9al column1 :]e ! head re/s4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,! sp9al column1 ) its ?ree natural curves4 ,"h ! head & body are balanc$ ^u ! sp9al column & jo9ts ( ! l[] extremities1 s t ! muscles are n kept 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,?is erect position ( ! body & head is always accompani$ ) /raight l[] limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 #a1 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! c5tre ( ! feet4 #b1 ,repres5ts ! unnatural curv$ sp9al column1 & its relative position to ! p]p5dicul>1 #a4 ,! l[] limbs are curv$ at ! knee1 & ! body is /oop+ =w>d4 ,:ile /&+ 9 ?is position1 ! muscles ( ! l[] limbs & back are 9 cont9u$ t5sion1 :i* exhau/s & weak5s !m4 ------------ ,:at is repres5t$ by figs4 #dh & #di8 ------------ #bjj4 ,:5 x is necess>y to call into action a "p ( ! muscles ( ! sy/em 9 ! p]=mance ( any duty1 z ^? ( ! l[] limbs 9 walk+1 if ! muscles ( o!r p>ts are 9 a /ate ( inaction1 ! influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em c be det]m9$ 9 an undivid$ mann] ^u ^? p>ts ( ! l[] limbs 9 action2 h5ce !y w n s soon become we>i$ or exhau/$1 z :5 ?is influ5ce is divid$ betwe5 a great] numb] ( muscles4 ,9 p]=m+ any labor1 z 9 speak+1 read+1 s++1 m[+1 sew+1 c41 !re w be less exhau/ion1 & ! ef=t c be long] ma9ta9$ 9 ! erect position ( ! body & head1 ?an 9 a /oop+ attitude4 ,exp]im5t4 ,hold 9 ea* h& a pail ( wat] or equal weights1 9 a /oop+ po/ure1 z long z x c be done )\t mu* suff]+ & injury4 ,aga91 :5 ! muscul> pa9 has ceas$1 hold ! same pails ( wat]1 = ! same l5g? ( "t1 9 an erect po/ure1 & note ! diff]5ce 9 ! fatigue ( ! muscles4 #bja4 ,if ! /oop+ po/ure is acquir$ 9 y\?1 we are q c]ta9 ( see+ ! de=m$ %\ld]s 9 old age4 ,h5ce ! importance ( duly ex]cis+ ! muscles ( ! back1 = :5 !y are prop]ly develop$1 ! *ild c & w /& erect4 ,9 ?is attitude1 ! %\ld]s w be ?r[n back1 & ! *e/ w become broad & full4 #bjb4 ,pupils1 :ile /&+ dur+ recitations1 (t5 inadv]t5tly assume ! attitude repres5t$ by fig4 #di1 & x is ! duty ( tea*]s to correct ?is position :5 assum$4 ,:5 a *ild or adult has contract$ a habit ( /oop+1 & has become r\nd-%\ld]$1 x c be measurably1 & g5]ally1 :olly1 rem$i$ by mod]ate & repeat$ ef=ts to br+ ! %\ld]s back1 & ! sp9al column 9 an erect position4 ,?is de=mity c & %\ld be rem$i$ 9 our s*ools4 ,x may take mon?s to accompli% ! desir$ end1 yet x c be done z well "u ! direction ( ! k9d in/ructor1 z "u ! /]n1 milit>y drill s]geant1 :o nev] fails to correct ?is de=mity among 8 raw recruits4 ------------ #bjj4 ,:at sugge/ion :5 x is necess>y to call into action a "p ( ! muscul> sy/em8 ,give ! exp]im5t t illu/rates ?is pr9ciple4 #bja4 ,:y %\ld a *ild he taught to /& erect8 #bjb4 ,h[ c r\nd %\ld]s acquir$ by habit be rem$i$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a prop] position 9 sitt+4 #bjc4 ,! *ild %\ld be taught to sit erect :5 employ$ 9 /udy or "w4 ,?is attitude favors a heal?y action ( ! v>i\s organs ( ! sy/em1 & conduces to beauty & symmetry ( =m4 ,s*ol>s are m or less incl9$ to lean =w>d & place ! elb[ on ! table or desk1 = support & ?is is (t5 done :5 _! seats are provid$ ) backs4 ,:]e !re is a pr$isposition to curvature ( ! sp9e1 no position is m unfavorable or m productive ( de=mities ?an ?is2 = x is usually cont9u$ 9 "o direction1 & ! app>5t de=mity x induces is a projection ( ! %\ld]s4 ,if ! girl is s feeble t %e _c sit erect1 z repres5t$ by fig4 #ej1 let h] /& or recl9e on a c\*2 ei!r is pref]able to ! position repres5t$ by fig4 #ea4 ,9 furni%+ s*ool-rooms1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! desks are n s l[ z to compel ! pupils to lean =w>d 9 exam9+ _! books4 ------------ #bjc4 ,:y %\ld ! erect attitude be assum$ 9 sitt+8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,an improp] position 9 sitt+4 #bjd4 ,! muscles1 :5 exhau/$1 _c endure cont9u$ ef=t4 ,:5 ! en]gies ( ! muscul> sy/em h be5 exp5d$ by sev]e & long-cont9u$ ex]cise1 or ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em pro/rat$ by protract$ m5tal ef=t1 ! muscles are unfitt$ to ma9ta9 ! body erect 9 /&+ or sitt+ = a long "t1 z ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 its exhau/$ /ate1 _c supply a suffici5t am\nt ( its peculi> influ5ce to ma9ta9 ! support+ muscles ( ! body & head 9 a /ate ( contraction4 ,h5ce1 a *ild or adult1 :5 mu* fatigu$1 %\ld n be compell$ to /& or sit erect 9 "o po/ure1 b %\ld be p]mitt$ to v>y ! position frequ5tly1 z ?is re/s & recruits bo? ! muscul> & ! n]v\s sy/em4 #bje4 ,a slight relaxation ( ! muscles t5ds to prev5t _! exhau/ion4 ,9 walk+1 danc+1 & mo/ ( ! me*anical employm5ts1 !re w be less fatigue1 & ! movem5ts w be m graceful1 :5 ! muscles are slightly relax$4 ,:5 rid+ 9 c>s or coa*es1 ! sy/em does n suff] s sev]ely f ! j> if !re is a slight relaxation ( ! muscles1 z :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( rigid contraction4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,attempt to b[ ) ! muscles ( ! limbs & trunk rigid1 & !re w be a /iff b5d+ ( ! body only at ! hip-jo9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 attempt to b[ ) ! muscles mod]ately relax$2 ! ankle1 ! knee1 & ! hip-jo9t w slightly b5d1 accompani$ ) an easy & graceful curve ( ! body4 #bjf4 ,! muscles :5 relax$1 toge!r ) ! yield+ "* ( ! c>tilage1 & ! por\s /ructure ( ! ends ( ! bones t =m a jo9t1 diffuse or dead5 ! =ce ( j>s1 or %ocks1 9 /epp+ sudd5ly d[n /airs1 or 9 fall+ f mod]ate heights4 ,h5ce1 9 jump+ or fall+ f a c>riage1 or any height1 ! %ock to ! organs ( ! sy/em may be obviat$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ ways3 #a/4 ,let ! muscles be relax$1 n rigid4 #b;d4 ,let ! limbs be b5t at ! ankle1 knee1 & hips2 ! head %\ld be ?r[n slightly =w>d1 ) ! trunk a little /oop+4 #c;d4 ,fall ^u ! toes1 n ! heel4 ------------ #bjd4 ,:5 are ! muscles unfitt$ to ma9ta9 ! sy/em erect ei!r 9 /&+ or sitt+8 ,:at is necess>y :5 ?is condition ( ! sy/em exi/s8 #bje4 ,:y %\ld ! muscul> sy/em be slightly relax$ 9 walk+1 c48 ,give illu/rative exp]im5ts4 #bjf4 ,:at is ! reason t we d n feel ! j> 9 fall+ f a mod]ate height8 ------------ ,exp]im5ts4 ,/& ) ! trunk & l[] limbs firm1 & ! muscles rigid2 !n jump a few in*es p]p5dicul>ly to ! floor1 & fall ^u ! heels4 ,aga91 slightly b5d ! limbs1 jump a few in*es1 & fall ^u ! toes1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ce ( ! %ock1 to ! bra9 & o!r organs1 w be readily notic$4 #bjg4 ,! muscles require to be educat$1 or tra9$4 ,! p[] ( giv+ diff]5t intonations 9 read+1 speak+1 s++1 ! v>i$ & rapid executions 9 p5man%ip1 & all me*anical or agricultural employm5ts1 dep5d1 9 a measure1 ^u ! education ( ! muscles4 ,9 ! fir/ ef=t ( muscul> education1 ! contractions ( ! muscul> fibres are irregul> & feeble1 z may be se5 :5 ! *ild beg9s to walk1 or 9 ! fir/ ef=ts ( p5man%ip4 #bjh4 ,repetition ( muscul> action is necess>y4 ,to r5d] ! action ( ! muscles complete & effective1 !y mu/ be call$ into action repeat$ly & at prop] int]vals4 ,?is education mu/ be cont9u$ until n only ea* muscle1 b e fibre ( ! muscle1 is fully "u ! control ( ! w4 ,9 ?is way p]sons become skilful 9 e employm5t4 ,9 tra9+ ! muscles = effective action1 x is v important t correct movem5ts be adopt$ at ! comm5cem5t4 ,if ?is is neglect$1 ! motions w be con/ra9$ & improp]1 :ile p[] & skill w be lo/4 ------------ ,h[ is ?is %[n by exp]im5t8 #bjg4 ,^u :at d ! diff]5t intonations ( s\nd or me*anical employm5ts dep5d8 ,:y are ! fir/ ef=ts 9 educat+ ! muscles indiff]5t or irregul>8 #bjh4 ,:y is repetition ( muscul> action necess>y8 ,:y is x important t correct movem5ts be adopt$ 9 ! fir/ ef=ts ( muscul> education8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,if a boy1 :ile le>n+ to m[1 is all[$ to sw+ 8 scy! 9 a /oop+ position1 twi/+ 8 body at e sweep ( ! scy!1 he w nev] become an easy1 effici5t m[]4 ,prop] in/ruction is z necess>y 9 _m ( ! agricultural bran*es z 9 ! v>i$ me*anical employm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,an improp]1 b n an unusual position1 :5 writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,a prop] position1 :5 writ+4 #bji4 ,good p5man%ip requires prop]ly tra9$ muscles4 ,to a defici5t analysis ( ! movem5ts ( ! arm1 h&1 & f+]s1 on ! "p ( tea*]s & pupils 9 p5man%ip1 toge!r ) an improp] position 9 sitt+1 is to be ascrib$ ! great want ( success 9 acquir+ ?is art4 ,! p5 %\ld be held loosely1 & :5 ! prop] position is atta9$1 ! s*ol> %\ld make an ef=t to imitate "s def9ite copy z ne>ly z possible4 ,! movem5ts ( ! f+]s1 h&1 & arm1 necess>y to accompli% ?is1 %\ld be made ) ease & rapidity1 /riv+1 at ea* ef=t1 to imitate ! copy m ne>ly4 ------------ ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 #bji4 ,:y h s _m pupils fail$ 9 acquir+ good p5man%ip8 ------------ #baj4 ,:5 ! arm1 h&1 & f+]s are rigid1 ! l>ge muscles1 t b5d & ext5d ^! p>ts1 are call$ into too int5se action4 ,?is requires ( ! small muscles1 t produce ! lat]al movem5ts1 :i* are ess5tial to rapidity 9 writ+1 an ef=t :i* !y _c make1 or c ) difficulty accompli%4 ,exp]im5t4 ,vigor\sly ext5d ! f+]s by a viol5t & rigid contraction ( ! muscles ^u ! l[] "p ( ! arm1 & ! lat]al movem5t :i* is se5 9 _! sep>ation _c be made4 ,b g5tly ext5d ! f+]s1 & _! oblique movem5ts are made ) fre$om4 #baa4 ,an individual :o is acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( heal?1 ^: muscles are well tra9$1 w p]=m a c]ta9 am\nt ( labor ) less fatigue & wa/e to ! sy/em1 ?an "o :o is ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( hygi5e1 & ^: muscles are imp]fectly tra9$4 ,h5ce ! labor+ poor h a deep int]e/ 9 acquir+ a k ( practical physiology1 z well z skill 9 _! trade or vocation4 ,x is emphatically true to ^? :o e>n _! bread by ! sweat ( _! br[1 t k is p[]4 ------------ #baj4 ,:at is said ( ! lat]al & oblique movem5ts ( ! arm1 h&1 & f+]s 9 writ+8 ,h[ is ?is %[n by exp]im5t8 #baa4 ,:y is ! /udy ( physiology & hygi5e ( utility to ! labor]8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,tee?4 #bab4 ,! tee?1 9 composition1 nutrition1 & gr[?1 are diff]5t f o!r bones ( ! body4 ,!y v>y 9 numb] at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 &1 unlike o!r bones1 !y are expos$ to ! imm$iate action ( atmosph]ic air & =eign sub/ances4 ,! bones ( ! sy/em1 g5]ally1 :5 fractur$1 unite2 b !re is nev] a p]man5t union ( a too? :5 brok54 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 #bac4 ,! ,,tee? are atta*$ to ! upp] & l[] jaw-bone1 by means ( bony sockets1 call$ alve-o-l> processes4 ,^! give great solidity to ! atta*m5t ( ! tee?1 & frequ5tly r5d] _! extraction difficult4 ,! gums1 by _! fibr\s1 fle%y /ructure1 s]ve to fix ! tee? m firmly 9 ! jaw4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 a p]man5t too? is extract$1 ^! bony processes are gradually absorb$1 s t 9 advanc$ age !re rema9s only ! jaw-bone cov]$ by ! l9+ membrane ( ! gum4 ,?is acc\nts = ! n>r[ jaw & fall+ 9 ( ! lips 9 old age4 ,frequ5tly1 a piece ( ! alveol> process comes out ) ! too? :5 extract$1 & ! d5ti/ has !n ! cr$it ( break+ ! jaw4 ,no great injury results f ! removal ( ! process 9 ?is mann]4 ------------ #bab4 ,:at is said ( ! tee?8 ,9 :at respect d !y diff] f o!r bones ( ! body8 #bac-bah4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! tee?4 #bac4 ,:at conf9es ! tee? 9 ! jaw-bone8 ,:at becomes ( ! socket :5 a too? is remov$8 ,:at effect has ?is absorption ^u ! jaw & lips8 ------------ #bad4 ,! tee? are =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! jaws1 & )9 d5tal capsules1 7membran\s p\*es17 :i* are enclos$ )9 ! sub/ance ( ! bone1 & pres5t 9 _! int]ior a fle%y bud1 or granule1 f ! surface ( :i* exudes ! ivory1 or ! bony "p ( ! too?4 ,9 proportion z ! too? is =m$1 x rises 9 ! socket1 :i* is develop$ simultane\sly ) ! too?1 & passes ?r\gh ! gum1 & %[s itself )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 #a1 ,! body ( ! l[] jaw4 #b1 ,ramus1 or bran* ( ! jaw1 to :i* ! muscles t move x are atta*$4 #c1 #c1 ,! processes :i* unite ! l[] jaw ) ! head4 i1 ,! middle & lat]al incisor too? ( "o side4 b1 ,! bicuspid tee?4 c1 ,! cuspids1 or eye tee?4 m1 ,! ?ree mol> tee?4 ,a1 %[s ! relation ( ! p]man5t to ! tempor>y tee?4 #bae4 ,! fir/ set1 :i* appe>s 9 infancy1 is call$ tempo-ra-ry1 or milk tee?4 ,!y are tw5ty 9 numb]2 t5 9 ea* jaw4 ,betwe5 six & f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ! tempor>y tee? are remov$1 & ! second set appe>s1 call$ p]ma-n5t tee?4 ,!y numb] ?irty-two1 sixte5 9 ea* jaw4 ------------ #bad4 ,:]e & h[ are ! tee? =m$8 ,expla9 fig4 #ed4 #bae4 ,:at are ! fir/ set call$8 ,h[ _m 9 ea* jaw8 ,! second set8 ,h[ _m 9 numb]8 ------------ #baf4 ,! f\r front tee? 9 ea* jaw are call$ 9-cisors1 7cutt+ tee?27 ! next too? 9 ea* side1 ! cuspid1 7eye too?27 ! next two1 bi-cuspids1 7small gr9d]s27 ! next two1 mol>s1 7gr9d]s47 ,! la/ "o on ea* side ( ! jaw is call$ a wisdom too?1 because x does n appe> until a p]son is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old4 ,! incisors1 cuspids1 & bicuspids1 h ea* b "o root4 ,! mol>s ( ! upp] jaw h ?ree roots1 :ile ^? ( ! l[] jaw h b two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! p]man5t tee? ( ! upp] & l[] jaw4 a1 b1 ,! incisors4 c1 ,! cuspids4 d1 e1 ,! bicuspids4 f1 g1 ,! mol>s1 7d\ble tee?47 h1 ,! wisdom tee?4 ,obs]vation4 ,! %ape ( ! tee? 9 diff]5t species ( animals is adapt$ to ! k9d ( food on :i* !y subsi/4 ,^? animals t fe$ exclusively on fle%1 z ! lion1 h ! cuspids1 or can9e tee?1 l>gely develop$1 & ! mol>s h %>p cutt+ po9ts4 ,^? animals t fe$ on grass & gra91 z ! horse & ! %eep1 h _! mol> tee? m r\nd$ & flat on ! cr[n4 ,! human tee? are adapt$ to fe$ on fruits1 gra91 or fle%1 z !y are less po9t$ ?an ^? ( ! cat1 & m po9t$ ?an ^? ( ! %eep4 ------------ #baf4 ,give ! names ( ! p]man5t tee?4 ,:at tee? h b "o root1 or fang8 ,h[ _m roots h ! mol>s ( ! upp] jaw8 ,( ! l[] jaw8 ,:at is said ( ! %ape ( ! tee? 9 diff]5t species ( animals8 ------------ #bag4 ,! tee? are compos$ pr9cipally ( two sub/ances--! ivo-ry & ! en-amel4 ,! int]nal "p ( ! too? or ! ivory1 is h>d] & m endur+ ?an bone1 & =ms ! body ( ! too?4 ,! enamel is rem>kable = its h>dness1 & v>ies some:at 9 color ) ! age1 temp]am5t1 habits1 & mann] ( liv+ ( diff]5t individuals4 ,:5 any "p ( ! enamel is de/roy$1 x is nev] reg5]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a side view ( ! body & enamel ( a front too?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,a side view ( a mol> too?4 #a1 ,! enamel4 #b1 ,! body ( ! too?4 #c1 ,! cavity 9 ! cr[n ( ! too? t conta9s ! pulp4 #d1 ,a n]ve t spreads 9 ! pulp ( ! too?4 #e1 ,an art]y t ramifies 9 ! pulp ( ! too?4 #bah4 ,ea* too? is divid$ into two p>ts1 namely1 cr[n & root4 ,! cr[n is t "p :i* protrudes f ! jaw-bone & gum1 & is cov]$ by ! highly poli%$ enamel4 ,! root1 or fang1 is plac$ 9 ! sockets ( ! jaw1 & consi/s ( bony matt]4 ,?r\gh ?is bony sub/ance sev]al small vessels pass1 to aid 9 ! gr[? & also 9 ! removal ( ! too?4 ,!re are1 beside ^! vessels1 small :ite cords pass+ to ea* too?1 call$ n]ves4 7,see fig4 #eg47 ,:5 ^! n]ves are diseas$1 we h ! too?a*e4 ------------ #bag4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! tee?4 ,:at is said ( ! enamel8 #bah4 ,into h[ _m p>ts are ! tee? divid$8 ,describe ! cr[n4 ,! root4 ,:at vessels pass ?r\gh ! bony matt]8 ,:at is _! use8 ------------ ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 #bai4 ,! use ( ! tee? is tw(old4 #a/4 ,by ! action ( ! incisors ! food is divid$1 :ile ! mol>s gr9d or break d[n ! m solid portions ( x4 ,by ^! processes1 ! food is prep>$ to pass m easily & rapidly into ! /oma*4 #bbj4 ,9 ! ma/ication ( food !re are two movem5ts ( ! l[] jaw--! action by :i* ! tee? are br\ght toge!r1 & ! lat]al motion4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! food is cut or divid$1 ! jaws act+ l %e>s4 ,?is movem5t is produc$ by ! action ( two l>ge muscles situat$ on ea* side ( ! head & face4 ,obs]vation4 ,! muscles atta*$ to ! l[] jaw are ( great /r5g?2 by _! action alone1 "s p]sons are enabl$ to bite ! h>de/ sub/ances4 ,by putt+ ! f+]s ^u ! side ( ! head above & 9 front ( ! e>s1 & ^u ! face above ! angle ( ! jaw1 :ile ma/icat+ food1 ! alt]nate swell+ & relaxation ( ^! muscles w be cle>ly felt4 #bba4 ,! lat]al1 or gr9d+ movem5t ( ! tee?1 is produc$ by ! action ( a /rong muscle t is atta*$ to ! l[] jaw on ! inside4 ,obs]vation4 ,^? animals t live solely on fle%1 h only ! cutt+1 or %e>-l movem5t ( ! jaws4 ,^? t use vegetables = food1 h ! gr9d+ motion2 :ile man has bo? ! cutt+ & gr9d+ movem5t4 ------------ #bai-bbb4 ,give ! physiology ( ! tee?4 #bai4 ,give "o ( ! functions ( ! tee?4 #bbj4 ,h[ _m movem5ts ( ! l[] jaw 9 ma/icat+ food8 ,:at effect has ! fir/ movem5t ^u ! food8 ,h[ produc$8 ,:at is ! "* ( ! ma/icat+ muscles8 #bba4 ,h[ is ! gr9d+ motion ( ! tee? produc$8 ,:at is said ( ! movem5ts ( ! tee? 9 diff]5t animals8 ------------ #bbb4 #b;d4 ,! tee? aid u 9 articulat+ ) di/9ctness c]ta9 lett]s & words4 ,an individual :o has lo/ 8 front tee? _c enunciate di/9ctly c]ta9 lett]s call$ d5tal4 ,aga91 z ! alveol> processes are remov$ by absorption soon aft] ! removal ( ! tee?1 ! lips & *eeks d n reta9 _! =m] full position1 ?us m>r+1 9 no slight degree1 ! symmetry ( ! l[] "p ( ! face4 ,consequ5tly1 ^? simple obs]vances t t5d to ! pres]vation ( ! tee? are ( great practical int]e/ to all p]sons4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 #bbc4 ,to pres]ve ! tee?1 !y mu/ be kept clean4 ,aft] eat+ food1 !y %\ld be cleans$ ) a bru% & wat]1 or rubb$ ) a piece ( s(t flannel1 to prev5t ! t>t> collect+1 & to remove ! pieces ( food t may h lodg$ betwe5 !m4 ,too?picks may be useful 9 remov+ any p>ticles inaccessible to ! bru%4 ,!y may be made ( bone1 ivory1 or ! common goose-quill4 ,metallic too?picks %\ld n be us$1 z !y injure ! enamel4 #bbd4 ,! m\? %\ld be cleans$ ) pure tepid wat] at night1 z well z 9 ! morn+2 aft] :i* ! tee? %\ld be bru%$ upw>d & d[nw>d1 bo? on ! po/]ior & ant]ior surfaces4 ,x may be b5eficial to use ref9$ soap1 once or twice e week1 to remove any corrod+ sub/ance t may exi/ ar\nd ! tee?2 c>e be+ tak5 to ?or\ghly r9se ! m\? aft] its use4 #bbe4 ,food or dr9k %\ld n be tak5 into ! m\? :5 v hot or v cold4 ,sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature w crack ! enamel1 & f9ally produce decay$ tee?4 ------------ #bbb4 ,:at is ano!r use ( ! tee?8 #bbc-bcb4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! tee?4 #bbc4 ,h[ c ! tee? be pres]v$8 ,by :at means8 #bbd4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld !y be cleans$8 #bbe4 ,:at is said ( v hot or cold dr9ks8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 smok+ is p]nici\s1 because ! tee? are subject$ to an alt]nate inhalation ( bo? cold & w>m air4 #bbf4 ,! tempor>y tee? %\ld be remov$ z soon z !y become loose4 ,if a p]man5t too? makes x appe>ance be=e ! fir/ is remov$1 or has become loose1 ! milk too?1 al?\gh n loose1 %\ld be remov$ )\t delay4 ,?is is necess>y t ! second set ( tee? may pres5t a regul> & beautiful appe>ance4 #bbg4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 ! p]man5t tee? are irregul>1 "o or m %\ld be remov$4 ,if ! tee? are cr[d$ & irregul>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! jaw be+ n>r[ & %ort1 or :5 !y press s h>d ^u ea* o!r z to injure ! enamel1 remove "o or m to prev5t _! look+ unsightly1 & 9 a few mon?s ! rema9+ tee?1 ) a little c>e1 w fill ! spaces4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove a too?1 apply to "s skilful op]ator4 ,x requires z mu* skill & k to extract tee? well1 z x does to amputate a limb2 yet "s p]sons1 :o possess /rong arms1 w obta9 a pair ( =ceps1 or a too?-key1 & hang out ! sign ( surgeon-d5ti/1 al?\gh ignorant ( ! pr9ciples t %\ld guide !m4 #bbh4 ,x is n always necess>y to h tee? extract$ :5 !y a*e4 ,! n]ve1 or ! inve/+ membrane ( ! root1 may be diseas$1 & ! too? /ill be s\nd4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! too? %\ld n be extract$1 b ! diseas$ condition may be rem$i$ by prop] m$ication4 ,!re are _m s\nd tee?1 t become pa9ful1 z already m5tion$1 :i* are unnecess>ily remov$4 ------------ ,:y is smok+ injuri\s to ! tee?8 #bbf4 ,:at rem>k respect+ ! tempor>y tee?8 #bbg4 ,:at rem>ks respect+ ! p]man5t tee?8 ,d ^? p]sons t extract tee? require skill z well z k8 #bbh4 ,:y %\ld n tee? be extract$ at all times :5 !y are pa9ful8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m41 ( ,belfa/1 ,me41 relat$ to me t an individual 9 t vic9ity _h 8 tee?1 7all ( !m s\nd17 on "o side ( ! l[] jaw1 extract$ by an ignoramus ( a too?-pull]1 & ?is )\t any relief f pa94 ,! disease 0 tic d\l\reux1 :i* 0 reliev$ by ,dr4 ,m4 #bbi4 ,! pres]vation ( ! tee? requires t !y be frequ5tly exam9$4 ,:5 a "p ( ! enamel is remov$1 & a small portion ( ! body ( ! too? has become c>i\s1 9 _m in/ances su* tee? may be pres]v$ f fur!r decay by hav+ !m fill$ or plugg$ ) gold foil4 ,all amalgams1 pa/es1 & *eap pat5t articles = fill+1 %\ld be avoid$1 if y w\ld pres]ve bo? ! tee? & ! g5]al heal?4 #bcj4 ,! practice ( crack+ nuts ) ! tee?1 or ( lift+ heavy bodies1 & ! con/ant habit ( bit+ ?read1 %\ld be avoid$1 z !y f9ally de/roy ! enamel4 #bca4 ,all acidulat$ dr9ks & m9]al wat]s1 t set ! tee? on edge1 are injuri\s4 ,all too?-p[d]s & wa%es t conta9 any article t is acid1 corrosive1 or gr9d+1 %\ld be bani%$ f ! toilet4 ,tobacco is n a pres]vative ( ! tee?4 ,x conta9s grit1 :i* we>s away ! enamel2 beside1 :5 *ew$1 x debilitates ! vessels ( ! gums1 turns ! tee? yell[1 & r5d]s ! brea? & ! appe>ance ( ! m\? disagreeable4 #bcb4 ,heal?y p]sons h g5]ally s\nd tee?1 :ile feeble p]sons h decay$ tee?4 ,= ?is reason1 we %\ld try to le>n & practise ! few simple rules t promote heal?4 ------------ ,give an illu/ration ( ! removal ( s\nd tee?4 #bbi4 ,h[ may decay+ tee? be pres]v$8 ,:at %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! fill+ ( tee?8 #bcj4 ,:at practices %\ld also be avoid$8 #bca4 ,:at is said ( acidulat$ dr9ks8 ,:at effect has ! *ew+ ( tobacco ^u ! tee?8 #bcb4 ,:at is "o reason = pres]v+ heal?8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 #bcc4 ,f ! e>lie/ exi/5ce ( ! human sy/em to ! la/ ray ( life1 *ange is impress$ ^u x by ! ,giv] ( ?is curi\s fabric4 ,new atoms ( matt] are deposit$1 :ile ! old & n[ useless p>ticles are con/antly remov$4 ,! mat]ial necess>y to su/a9 ! gr[? ( ! body 9 e>ly life1 & also to repair ! wa/e t is unceas+ to animal exi/5ce1 is ! food we eat4 #bcd4 ,food1 animal or vegetable1 conta9s mo/ ( ! elem5ts ( ! diff]5t tissues ( ! sy/em1 yet x mu/ und]go c]ta9 ess5tial alt]ations be=e x c become a "p ( ! body4 ,! fir/ *ange is effect$ by ! action ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs #bce4 ,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs are ! ,m\?1 ,tee?1#g ,sali-va-ry ,gl&s1 ,ph>ynx1 ,,oe-sopha-gus1 7gullet17 ,/oma*1 ,9-test9es1 7b[els17 ,lacte-als1 7milk1 or *yle vessels17 ,?o-racic ,duct1 ,liver1 & ! ,pancre-z1 7sweetbread47 #g ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ------------ #bcc4 ,:at is impress$ ^u ! human sy/em f its e>lie/ exi/5ce8 ,:at ma9ta9s ?is *ange8 #bcd4 ,has animal or vegetable food any resemblance to ! diff]5t tissues ( :i* x f9ally =ms a "p8 ,by :at organs is ! fir/ *ange 9 ! food effect$8 #bce-beh4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! dige/ive organs4 #bce4 ,"n !m4 #bcf4 ,describe ! m\?4 ------------ ,,m\? is an irregul> cavity1 :i* conta9s ! in/rum5ts ( ma/ication & ! organs ( ta/e4 ,x is b\nd$ 9 front by ! lips2 on ea* side by ! int]nal surface ( ! *eeks2 above1 by ! h>d palate 7ro( ( ! m\?7 & tee? ( ! upp] jaw2 bel[1 by ! tongue & tee? ( ! l[] jaw2 beh9d1 x is cont9u\s ) ! ph>ynx1 b is sep>at$ f x by a k9d ( movable curta91 call$ ! s(t palate4 ,?is may be elevat$ or depress$1 s z to close ! passage or leave x free4 #bcg4 ,! ,,saliv>y ,,gl&s are six 9 numb]2 ?ree on ea* side ( ! jaw4 ,!y are call$ ! pa-rotid1 ! sub-maxil-la-ry & ! sub-l9gual4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,a view ( ! saliv>y gl&s 9 _! prop] situations4 #a1 ,! p>otid gl&4 #b1 ,its duct4 #c1 ,! submaxill>y gl&4 #d1 ,its duct4 #e1 ,! subl+ual gl&1 br\ght to view by ! removal ( a section ( ! l[] jaw4 #bch4 ,! ,,p>otid ,,gl&1 ! l>ge/1 is situat$ 9 front ( ! ext]nal e>1 & beh9d ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,a duct 7,/5o's7 f ?is gl& op5s into ! m\?1 opposite ! second mol> too? ( ! upp] jaw4 ------------ #bcg4 ,h[ _m gl&s ab\t ! m\?8 ,give _! names4 ,:at does fig4 #eh repres5t8 #bch4 ,describe ! p>otid gl&4 ------------ #bci4 ,! ,,submaxill>y ,,gl& is situat$ )9 ! l[] jaw1 ant]ior to its angle4 ,its excretory duct 7,:>ton's7 op5s into ! m\? by ! side ( ! frnum l9gu1 7bridle ( ! tongue47 #bdj4 ,! ,,subl+ual ,,gl& is elongat$ & flatt5$1 & situat$ b5ea? ! muc\s membrane ( ! floor ( ! m\?1 on ea* side ( ! frnum l+u4 ,x has sev5 or eight small ducts1 :i* op5 into ! m\? by ! side ( ! bridle ( ! tongue4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! mumps1 ! p>otid gl& is diseas$4 ,! swell+ "u ! tongue call$ ! frog is a disease ( ! subl+ual gl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,a side view ( ! face1 oesophagus1 & tra*ea4 #a1 ,! tra*ea 7w9d pipe47 #b1 ,! l>ynx4 #c1 ,! oesophagus4 #d1 #d1 #d1 ,! muscles ( ! upp] portion ( ! oesophagus =m+ ! ph>ynx4 #e1 ,! muscle ( ! *eek4 #f1 ,! muscle t surr\nds1 ! m\?4 #g1 ,! muscle t =ms ! floor ( ! m\?4 ------------ #bci4 ,! submaxill>y4 #bdj4 ,! subl+ual4 ,:at obs]vation respect+ ^! gl&s8 ,:at does fig4 #ei repres5t8 ------------ #bda4 ,! ,,ph>ynx is a membran\s sac1 situat$ ^u ! upp] portion ( ! sp9al column4 ,x ext5ds f ! base ( ! skull to ! top ( ! tra*e-a1 7w9dpipe17 & is cont9u\s ) ! oesophagus4 ,f ! ph>ynx are f\r passages2 "o op5s upw>d & =w>d to ! nose1 ! second leads =w>d to ! m\?1 ! ?ird d[nw>d to ! tra*ea & lungs1 ! f\r? d[nw>d & backw>d to ! /oma*4 #bdb4 ,! ,,oesophagus is a l>ge membran\s tube t ext5ds beh9d ! tra*ea1 ! he>t1 & lungs1 pi]ces ! diaphragm1 & t]m9ates 9 ! /oma*4 ,x is compos$ ( two membranes--an int]nal1 or muc\s1 & a muscul> coat4 ,! latt] is compos$ ( two sets ( fibres2 "o ext5ds l5g?wise1 ! o!r is arrang$ 9 circul> b&s4 #bdc4 ,! ,,/oma* is situat$ 9 ! left side ( ! abdom51 imm$iately bel[ & 9 contact ) ! diaphragm4 ,x has two op5+s2 "o connect$ ) ! oesophagus1 call$ ! c>di-ac orifice2 ! o!r connect$ ) ! upp] portion ( ! small inte/9e1 call$ ! py-loric orifice4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree coats1 or membranes4 ,! ext]ior or s]\s coat is v t\gh & /rong1 & inve/s e "p ( ?is important organ4 ,! middle1 or muscul> coat is compos$ ( two lay]s ( muscul> fibres1 "o set ( :i* is arrang$ longitud9ally1 ! o!r circul>ly4 ,! int]ior coat is call$ ! muc\s1 & is arrang$ 9 rug1 7folds47 ,! /oma* is provid$ ) a multitude ( small gl&s1 9 :i* is secret$ ! ga/ric fluid4 ,illu/ration4 ,! ?ree coats ( ! /oma* anatomically resemble tripe1 :i* is a prep>ation ( ! l>ge/ /oma* ( ! c[ or ox4 ,! out] coat is smoo? & highly poli%$4 ,! middle coat is compos$ ( m9ute ?reads1 :i* are arrang$ 9 two lay]s4 ,! fibres ( ^! lay]s cross ea* o!r4 ,! inn] coat is s(t1 & pres5ts _m folds1 usually nam$ ! honey-comb4 ------------ #bda4 ,describe ! ph>ynx & ! passages lead+ f x4 #bdb4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! oesophagus4 #bdc4 ,:]e is ! /oma* situat$8 ,h[ _m coats has x8 ,describe !m4 ,:at article prep>$ = food does ! /oma* resemble8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! inn] surface ( ! /oma* & duod5um4 #a1 ,! l[] portion ( ! oesophagus4 #b1 ,! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! food is pass$ into ! /oma*4 #h1 ,! /oma*4 #i1 ,! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! food passes out ( ! /oma* into ! duod5um1 or upp] portion ( ! small inte/9e4 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 ,! duod5um #ab1 #ac1 ,ducts ?r\gh :i* ! bile & pancreatic fluid pass into x4 a1 b1 c1 ,! ?ree coats ( ! /oma*4 #bdd4 ,! ,,inte/9es1 or alim5t>y canal1 are divid$ into two p>ts--! small & l>ge4 ,! small inte/9e is ab\t tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & is divid$ into ?ree portions1 namely1 ! ,du-o-denum1 ! ,je-junum1 & ! ,ile-um4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 & is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 namely1 ! ,ccum1 ! ,colon1 & ! ,rectum4 7,app5dix ,d47 #bde4 ,! ,,duod5um is some:at l>g] ?an ! re/ ( ! small inte/9e1 & has receiv$ its "n f be+ 9 l5g? ab\t ! bread? ( twelve f+]s4 ,x comm5ces at ! pylorus1 & asc5ds obliquely backw>d to ! "u surface ( ! liv]4 ,x !n desc5ds p]p5dicul>ly 9 front ( ! "r kidney1 & passes transv]sely across ! l[] portion ( ! sp9al column1 beh9d ! colon1 & t]m9ates 9 ! jejunum4 ,! ducts f ! liv] & pancreas op5 into ! p]p5dicul> portion1 ab\t six in*es f ! /oma*4 ------------ #bdd4 ,expla9 fig4 #fj4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! small inte/9e1 & h[ is x divid$8 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! l>ge inte/9e8 ,give its divisions4 #bde4 ,describe ! duod5um4 ------------ #bdf4 ,! ,,jejunum is cont9u\s ) ! duod5um4 ,x is ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! small inte/9e1 & has a p9ki% t+e4 #bdg4 ,! ,,ileum is small]1 & ?9n] 9 texture1 & some:at pal]1 ?an ! jejunum4 ,!re is no m>k to di/+ui% ! t]m9ation ( ! "o or ! comm5cem5t ( ! o!r4 ,! ileum t]m9ates ne> ! "r haun*-bone1 by a valvul> op5+ into ! colon at an obtuse angle4 ,?is arrangem5t prev5ts ! pass+ ( sub/ances f ! colon into ! ileum4 ,! jejunum & ileum are surr\nd$ above & at ! sides by ! colon4 #bdh4 ,! small inte/9e1 l ! /oma*1 has ?ree coats4 ,! inn]1 or muc\s coat is ?r[n into folds1 or valves4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is valvul> arrangem5t1 ! muc\s membrane is m ext5sive ?an ! o!r tissues1 & gives a great] ext5t ( surface ) :i* ! alim5t comes 9 contact4 ,!re are imb$d$ "u ?is membrane an imm5se numb] ( m9ute gl&s1 & x has a great numb] ( piles1 l ^? ^u velvet4 ,= ?is reason1 ?is membrane is sometimes call$ ! vill\s coat4 #bdi4 ,! ,c,,cum is ! bl9d p\*1 or cul-de-sac1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,atta*$ to its extremity is ! ap-p5dix v]m-i-=mis1 7a long1 worm-%ap$ tube47 ,x is f "o to six in*es 9 l5g?1 & ( ! size ( a goose-quill4 ------------ ,:at important ducts op5 into x8 #bdf4 ,describe ! jejunum4 #bdg4 ,! ileum4 #bdh4 ,:at is said ( ! coats ( ! inte/9es8 ,:y is ! muc\s membrane sometimes call$ ! vill\s coat8 #bdi4 ,describe ! ccum4 ------------ #bej4 ,! ,,colon is divid$ into ?ree p>ts--! asc5d+1 transv]se1 & desc5d+4 ,! asc5d+ colon passes upw>d f ! "r haun*-bone to ! "u surface ( ! liv]4 ,x !n b5ds inw>d1 & crosses ! upp] "p ( ! abdom51 bel[ ! liv] & /oma*1 to ! left side "u ! "n ( ! transv]se colon4 ,at ! left side1 x turns1 & desc5ds to ! left haun*-bone1 & is call$ ! desc5d+ colon4 ,"h x makes a peculi> curve ^u itself1 :i* is call$ ! sigmoid flexure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 #a1 #a1 ,! duod5um4 #b1 #b1 ,! small inte/9e4 #c1 ,! junction ( ! small inte/9e ) ! colon4 #d1 ,! app5dix v]mi=mis4 #e1 ,! ccum4 #f1 ,! asc5d+ colon4 #g1 ,! transv]se colon4 #h1 ,! desc5d+ colon4 #i1 ,! sigmoid flexure ( ! colon4 #aj1 ,! rectum4 ------------ #bej4 ,describe ! c\rse ( ! divisions ( ! colon4 ,expla9 fig4 #fa4 ------------ #bea4 ,! ,,rectum is ! t]m9ation ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,! l>ge inte/9e has ?ree coats1 l ! /oma* & small inte/9e4 ,! longitud9al fibres ( ! muscul> coat are collect$ into ?ree b&s4 ,^! b&s are ne>ly "o half %ort] ?an ! inte/9e1 & give x a sacculat$ appe>ance1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ccum & colon4 #beb4 ,! ,,lacteals are m9ute vessels1 :i* comm5ce 9 ! villi1 ^u ! muc\s surface ( ! small inte/9e4 ,f ! inte/9e !y pass betwe5 ! membranes ( ! mesen-t]-y to small gl&s1 :i* !y ent]4 ,! fir/ range ( gl&s collects _m small vessels1 & transmits a few l>g] bran*es to a second range ( gl&s2 &1 f9ally1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh sev]al successive ranges ( ^! gl&ul> bodies1 ! lacteals1 dim9i%$ 9 numb] & increas$ 9 size1 proce$ to ! enl>g$ portion ( ! ?oracic duct1 into :i* !y op54 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ! upp] portion ( ! small inte/9e4 #bec4 ,! ,,?oracic ,,duct comm5ces 9 ! abdom51 by a consid]able dilatation1 :i* is situat$ 9 front ( ! l[] portion ( ! sp9al column4 ,f ?is po9t1 x passes ?r\gh ! diaphragm1 & asc5ds to ! l[] "p ( ! neck4 ,9 its asc5t1 x lies ant]ior to ! sp9e1 & by ! side ( ! aorta & oesophagus4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 x makes a sudd5 turn d[nw>d & =w>d1 & t]m9ates by op5+ into a l>ge ve9 :i* passes to ! he>t4 ,! ?oracic duct is equal 9 diamet] to a goose-quill1 &1 at its t]m9ation1 is provid$ ) a pair ( semilun> valves1 :i* prev5t ! admission ( v5\s blood into its cyl9d]4 ------------ #bea4 ,:at is said ( ! arrangem5t ( ! fibres ( ! muscul> coat ( ! l>ge inte/9e8 #beb4 ,:at are ! lacteals8 ,give _! c\rse f ! muc\s coat ( ! inte/9e to ! ?oracic duct4 #bec4 ,describe ! c\rse ( ! ?oracic duct4 ,h[ is ! v5\s blood prev5t$ f pass+ into ?is duct8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,a portion ( ! small inte/9e1 lacteal vessels1 mes5t]ic gl&s1 & ?oracic duct4 #a1 ,! inte/9e4 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,mes5t]ic gl&s1 ?r\gh :i* ! lacteals pass to ! ?oracic duct4 #e1 #f1 ,! ?oracic duct4 #g1 ,! po9t 9 ! neck :]e x turns d[n to ent] ! ve9 at #h4 #i1 #aj1 ,! aorta4 #aa1 #ab1 ,vessels ( ! neck4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 ,! l>ge ve9s t convey ! blood & *yle to ! he>t4 #af1 #ag1 ,! sp9al column4 #ah1 ,! diaphragm1 7midriff47 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #fb4 ,:at is said respect+ ! mes5t]ic gl&s8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! mes5t]ic gl&s1 :i* are situat$ betwe5 two lay]s ( s]\s membrane 7mes5t]y7 t connects ! small inte/9e ) ! sp9al column1 occasionally become diseas$ 9 *ildhood1 & prev5t ! *yle f pass+ to ! ?oracic duct4 ,*ildr5 ?us affect$ h a voraci\s appetite1 & at ! same "t are becom+ m & m emaciat$4 ,! disease is call$ mes5t]ic consumption4 #bed4 ,! ,,liv]1 a gl& app5d$ to ! alim5t>y canal1 is ! l>ge/ organ 9 ! sy/em1 & weighs ab\t f\r p\nds4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! "r side1 bel[ ! diaphragm1 & is compos$ ( sev]al lobes4 ,its upp] surface is convex2 its "u1 concave4 ,?is organ is reta9$ 9 its place by sev]al ligam5ts4 ,x p]=ms ! d\ble (fice ( sep>at+ impurities f ! v5\s blood1 & ( secret+ a fluid 7bile7 necess>y to *ylification4 ,on ! "u surface ( ! liv] is a membran\s sac1 call$ ! gall-cy/1 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z a res]voir = ! bile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! "u surface ( ! liv]4 #a1 ,! "r lobe4 #b1 ,! left4 #c1 #d1 ,small] lobes4 #aj1 ,! gall-bladd]1 or cy/1 lodg$ 9 its depression4 #ag1 ,! not* on ! po/]ior bord]1 = ! sp9al column4 ,obs]vation4 ,a good idea ( ! liv] & inte/9es c be obta9$ by exam9+ ^! p>ts ( a pig4 ,9 ?is animal1 ! sacs1 or p\*es1 ( ! l>ge inte/9e are well def9$4 #bee4 ,! ,,pancreas is a long1 flatt5$ gl&1 analog\s to ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,x is ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 weighs ?ree or f\r ounces1 & is situat$ transv]sely across ! po/]ior wall ( ! abdom51 beh9d ! /oma*4 ,a duct f ?is organ op5s into ! duod5um4 ------------ #bed4 ,describe ! liv]4 #bee4 ,:at is said ( ! pancreas8 ------------ #bef4 ,! ,,sple51 7milt17 s call$ because ! anci5ts suppos$ x to be ! seat ( melan*oly1 is an oblong1 flatt5$ organ1 situat$ 9 ! left side1 9 contact ) ! diaphragm1 /oma*1 & ! pancreas4 ,x is ( a d>k1 blui% color1 & is abundantly suppli$ ) blood1 b has no duct :i* s]ves z an outlet = any secretion4 ,its use is n well det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! pancreas ) its duct1 ?r\gh :i* ! pancreatic secretion passes into ! duod5um4 #beg4 ,! ,,om5tum 7caul7 consi/s ( f\r lay]s ( ! s]\s membrane1 :i* desc5ds f ! /oma* & transv]se colon4 ,a quantity ( adipose matt] is deposit$ ar\nd its vessels1 :i* ramify ?r\gh its /ructure4 ,its function is tw(old 9 ! animal economy4 #a/4 ,x protects ! inte/9es f cold4 #b;d4 ,x facilitates ! movem5ts ( ! inte/9es ^u ea* o!r dur+ _! v]micul>1 or worm-l action4 #beh4 ,e "p ( ! dige/ive app>atus is suppli$ ) art]ies1 ve9s1 lymphatics1 & n]v\s filam5ts1 f ! ganglionic sy/em ( n]ves4 ------------ #bef4 ,:y is ! sple5 s call$8 ,:at is peculi> to ?is organ8 #beg4 ,( :at is ! om5tum compos$8 ,:at is its use8 #beh4 ,) :at is e "p ( ! dige/ive app>atus suppli$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 #bei4 ,sub/ances receiv$ into ! /oma* z food1 mu/ necess>ily und]go _m *anges be=e !y are fitt$ to =m "p ( ! animal body4 ,! solid portions are r$uc$ to a fluid /ate1 & ^? p>ts t w n\ri% ! body are sep>at$ f ! wa/e mat]ial4 #bfj4 ,! fir/ prep>ation ( food = admission into ! sy/em1 consi/s 9 its prop] ma/ication4 ,! lips 9 front1 ! *eeks ^u ! side1 ! s(t palate1 by clos+ d[n ^u ! base ( ! tongue1 reta9 ! food 9 ! m\?1 :ile x is subject$ to !2 process ( mas-ti-cation1 7*ew+47 ,! tongue rolls ! mass ar\nd1 & keeps x betwe5 ! tee?1 :ile !y divide ! food to a f95ess suitable = ! /oma*4 #bfa4 ,:ile ! food is 9 process ( ma/ication1 !re is incorporat$ ) x a consid]able am\nt ( sa-liva1 7spittle47 ,?is fluid is furni%$ by ! saliv>y gl&s1 situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\?4 ,! saliva moi/5s & s(t5s ! food1 s t1 :5 c>ri$ into ! ph>ynx4 x is pass$1 ) ease1 ?r\gh ! oesophagus into ! /oma*4 #bfb4 ,:5 ! food has be5 prop]ly ma/icat$1 7& 9 rapid eat]s :5 x is n17 ! s(t palate is rais$ f ! base ( ! tongue backw>d1 s z to close ! po/]ior op5+ ?r\gh ! no/rils4 ,by a movem5t ( ! muscles ( ! tongue1 *eeks1 & floor ( ! m\?1 simultane\s ) t ( ! s(t palate1 ! food is press$ into ! upp] "p ( ! ph>ynx4 ------------ #bei-bgb4 ,give ! physiology ( ! dige/ive organs4 #bei4 ,:at is necess>y be=e food c n\ri% ! body8 #bfj4 ,describe h[ ma/ication is p]=m$4 #bfa4 ,( :at use is ! saliva 9 ! process ( ma/ication8 #bfb4 ,h[ is ! food press$ into ! ph>ynx8 ------------ #bfc4 ,:5 9 ! ph>ynx1 ! food & dr9k are prev5t$ f pass+ into ! tra*ea by a simple valve-l arrangem5t1 call$ ! ep-i-glottis4 ,! ord9>y position ( ?is little organ is p]p5dicul>1 s z n to ob/ruct ! passage ( air into ! lungs2 b 9 ! act ( swall[+1 x is br\ght directly ov] ! op5+ ( ! tra*ea1 call$ ! glottis4 ,! food1 be+ =c$ backw>d1 passes rapidly ov] ! epiglottis into ! oesophagus1 :]e ! circul> b& ( muscul> fibres above1 contracts & =ces ! food to ! next l[] b&4 ,ea* b& relaxes & contracts successively1 & ?us presses ! alim5t>y ball d[nw>d & onw>d to ! /oma*4#h #h ,! process ( deglutition may be compreh5d$ by analyz+ ! op]ation ( swall[+ food or saliva4 ,obs]vation4 ,if air is inhal$ :5 ! food or dr9k is pass+ ov] ! glottis1 "s portions ( x may be c>ri$ into ! l>ynx or tra*ea4 ,?is produces viol5t spasmodic c\gh+1 & mo/ g5]ally occurs :5 an attempt is made to speak :ile ma/icat+ food2 !re=e1 nev] talk :5 ! m\? conta9s food4 ------------ #bfc4 ,:5 ! food is 9 ! ph>ynx1 h[ is x prev5t$ f pass+ into ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe8 ,describe h[ x is pass$ into ! /oma*8 ,give ! obs]vation4 #bfd4 ,describe h[ ! food 9 ! /oma* is conv]t$ into *yme4 ------------ #bfd4 ,:5 ! food rea*es ! /oma*1 ! ga/ric gl&s are excit$ to action1 & !y secrete a p[]ful solv5t1 call$ ga/ric juice4 ,! pres5ce ( food 9 ! /oma* also increases a contractile action ( ! muscul> coat1 by :i* ! position ( ! food is *ang$ f "o "p ( ?is cavity to ano!r4 ,?us ! alim5t is br\ght 9 contact ) ! muc\s membrane1 & ea* portion ( x becomes saturat$ ) ga/ric juice1 by :i* x is s(t5$1 or dissolv$ into a pulpy homog5e\s mass1 ( a creamy consi/5ce1 call$ ,*yme4 ,! food is n all conv]t$ into *yme at ! same "t2 b z fa/ z x is *ang$1 x passes ?r\gh ! pyloric orifice into ! duod5um4 ,obs]vation4 ,! ga/ric juice has ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ liquid album9\s matt] :5 mix$ ) x4 ,x is ?is prop]ty ( r5net1 :i* is an infusion ( ! f\r? /oma* ( ! calf1 by :i* milk is coagulat$1 or =m$ into curd4 #bfe4 ,! ,,*yme is convey$ ?r\gh ! pyloric orifice ( ! /oma* into ! duod5um4 ,! *yme n only excites an action 9 ! duod5um1 b also 9 ! liv] & pancreas4 ,mucus is !n secret$ by ! duod5um1 bile by ! liv]1 & pancreatic fluid by ! pancreas4 ,! bile & pancreatic fluid are convey$ into ! duod5um1 & mix$ ) ! *yme4 ,by ! action ( ^! diff]5t fluids1 ! *yme is conv]t$ into a fluid ( a :iti% color1 call$ ,*yle1 & into residuum4 ,obs]vation4 ,! bile has no ag5cy 9 ! *ange ?r\gh :i* ! food passes 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 a heal?y condition ( ?is organ1 no bile is f\nd 9 x4 ,! common belief1 t ! /oma* has a r$undancy ( ?is secretion1 is errone\s4 ,if bile is eject$ 9 vomit+1 x m]ely %[s1 n only t ! action ( ! /oma* is inv]t$1 b also t ( ! duod5um4 ,a p[]ful emetic w1 9 ?is way1 g5]ally br+ ?is fluid f ! mo/ heal?y /oma*4 ,a k ( ?is fact might save _m a /oma* f ! evils ( emetics1 adm9i/]$ on false impressions ( _! necessity1 & cont9u$ f ! corroboration ( ^! by ! appe>ance ( bile1 till d]angem5t1 & p]haps p]man5t disease1 are ! consequ5ces4 #bff4 ,! ,,*yle & residual matt] are mov$ ov] ! muc\s surface ( ! small inte/9e1 by ! action ( its muscul> coat4 ,z ! *yle is c>ri$ along ! tract ( ! inte/9e1 x comes 9 contact ) ! villi1 :]e ! lacteal vessels comm5ce4 ,^! imbibe1 or take up1 ! *yle1 & transf] x ?r\gh ! mes5t]ic gl&s into ! ?oracic duct1 ?r\gh :i* x is convey$ into a l>ge ve9 at ! l[] "p ( ! neck4 ,9 ?is ve9 ! *yle is mix$ ) ! v5\s fluid4 ,! residual matt] is convey$ into ! l>ge inte/9e1 ?r\gh :i* x is c>ri$ & excret$ f ! sy/em4 7,app5dix ,e47 ------------ ,:at peculi> prop]ty has ga/ric juice8 #bfe4 ,:]e & h[ is *yme conv]t$ into *yle8 ,:at is said 9 reg>d to ! bile8 #bff4 ,:at becomes ( ! *yle8 ,( ! residuum8 ------------ #bfg4 ,9 ! process ( dige/ion1 ! food is subject$ to five diff]5t *anges4 #a/4 ,! *ew+ & admixture ( ! saliva ) ! food2 ?is process is call$ ma/ication4 #bfh4 #b;d4 ,! *ange ?r\gh :i* ! food passes 9 ! /oma* by its muscul> contraction1 & ! secretion f ! ga/ric gl&s2 ?is is call$ *ymification4 #bfi4 #c;d4 ,! conv]sion ( ! homog5e\s *yme1 by ! ag5cy ( ! bile & pancreatic secretions1 into a fluid ( milk-l appe>ance2 ?is is *ylification4 #bgj4 #d?4 ,! absorption ( ! *yle by ! lacteals1 & its transf] ?r\gh !m & ! ?oracic duct1 into ! subclavian ve9 at ! l[] "p ( ! neck4#i #i ,! *yle is *ang$ by ! lacteals & mes5t]ic gl&s1 b ! nature ( ?is *ange is n1 z yet1 well def9$ or und]/ood4 #bga4 #e?4 ,! sep>ation & excretion ( ! residuum4 #bgb4 ,p]fection ( ! second process ( dige/ion requires ?or\gh & sl[ ma/ication4 ,! =mation ( prop] *yle dem&s appropriate ma/ication & *ymification2 :ile a heal?y action ( ! lacteals requires t all ! ant]ior /ages ( ! dige/ive process be z p]fect z possible4 7,app5dix ,f47 ------------ #bfg4 ,recapitulate ! five *anges 9 ! dige/ive process4 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! pupil review ! anatomy & physiology ( ! dige/ive organs f figs4 #fb & #fe1 or f anatomical outl9e plate ,no4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,an ideal view ( ! organs ( dige/ion1 op5$ ne>ly ! :ole l5g?4 #a1 ,! upp] jaw4 #b1 ,! l[] jaw4 #c1 ,! tongue4 #d1 ,! ro( ( ! m\?4 #e1 ,! oesophagus4 #f1 ,! tra*ea4 #g1 ,! p>otid gl&4 #h1 ,! subl+ual gl&4 #i1 ,! /oma*4 #aj1 #aj1 ,! liv]4 #aa1 ,! gall-cy/4 #ab1 ,! duct t conveys ! bile to ! duod5um1 7#ac1 #ac47 #ad1 ,! pancreas4 #ae1 #ae1 #ae1 #ae1 ,! small inte/9e4 #af1 ,! op5+ ( ! small inte/9e into ! l>ge inte/9e4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 ,! l>ge inte/9e4 #ba1 ,! sple54 #bb1 ,! upp] "p ( ! sp9al column4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs4 #bgc4 ,x is a law ( ! sy/em1 t ea* organ is excit$ to heal?y & effici5t action1 :5 influ5c$ by its appropriate /imulus4 ,accord+ly1 nutri5t food1 t is adapt$ to ! wants ( ! sy/em1 imp>ts a heal?y /imulation to ! saliv>y gl&s dur+ ! process ( ma/ication4 ,! food t is well ma/icat$1 & has bl5d$ ) x a prop] am\nt ( saliva1 w induce a heal?y action 9 ! /oma*4 ,well-prep>$ *yme is ! natural /imulus ( ! duod5um1 liv]1 & pancreas2 pure *yle is ! appropriate excitant ( ! lacteal vessels4 #bgd4 ,! p]fection ( ! dige/ive process1 z well z ! heal? ( ! g5]al sy/em1 requires ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! w be consid]$ "u f\r heads3--#a/4 ,! ,quantity ( food t %\ld be tak54 #b;d4 ,its ,quality4 #c;d4 ,! ,mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be tak54 #d?4 ,! ,condition ( ! sy/em :5 food is tak54 #bge4 ,! ,,quantity ( food necess>y = ! sy/em v>ies4 ,age1 occupation1 temp]am5t1 temp]ature1 habits1 am\nt ( clo?+1 heal? & disease are among ! circum/ances :i* produce ! v>iation4 ------------ #bgc-ccj4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! dige/ive organs4 #bgc4 ,give a law ( ! sy/em4 ,:at is ! appropriate /imulus ( ! saliv>y gl&s dur+ ma/ication8 ,( ! /oma*8 ,( ! duod5um8 ,( ! lacteal vessels8 #bgd4 ,:at does ! p]fection ( ! dige/ive organs require8 #bge4 ,:at ex]t an influ5ce on ! quantity ( food necess>y = ! sy/em8 ------------ #bgf4 ,! *ild & y\? require food to promote ! gr[? ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,! m rapid ! gr[? ( ! *ild1 ! great] ! dem& = food4 ,?is acc\nts = ! ke5 appetite & vigor\s dige/ion 9 *ildhood4 ,:5 ! y\? has atta9$ 8 full gr[?1 ?is necessity = nutrim5t ceases2 aft] ?is p]iod ( life1 if ! same am\nt ( food is tak51 & !re is no increase ( labor or ex]tion1 ! dige/ive app>atus w become diseas$1 & ! vigor ( ! :ole sy/em dim9i%$4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! body has become emaciat$ f want ( nutrim5t1 ei!r f fam9e or disease1 !re is an increas$ dem& = food4 ,?is may be gratifi$ ) impunity until ! individual has rega9$ ! usual size1 b repletion %\ld be avoid$4 #bgg4 ,food is requir$ to repair ! wa/e1 or loss ( sub/ance t att5ds action4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( nature1 wa/e1 or loss ( sub/ance1 att5ds & foll[s action4 ,:5 an individual increases 8 ex]cise1--*anges f light to sev]e labor1--or ! inactive & s$5t>y und]take j\rneys = pleasure1 ! fluids ( ! sy/em circulate ) increas$ en]gy4 ,! old & exhau/$ p>ticles ( matt] are m rapidly remov$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! vessels ( ! sk91 lungs1 kidneys1 & o!r organs1 & _! places are fill$ ) new atoms1 deposit$ by ! small blood-vessels4 #bgh4 ,z ! *yle supplies ! blood ) ! newly vitaliz$ p>ticles ( matt]1 !re is1 consequ5tly1 an increas$ dem& = food4 ,?is want ( ! sy/em induces1 9 g5]al1 a s5sation ( hung] or appetite1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an indication ( ! g5]al /ate ( ! body4 ,! sympa?y t exi/s ?r\gh\t ! sy/em accords to ! /oma* ! p[] ( mak+ kn[n ?is /ate to ! n]v\s sy/em1 &1 if ! functions ( ?is fai?ful monitor h n be5 impair$ by disease1 abuse1 or habit1 ! call is imp]i\s1 & %\ld be reg>d$4 ------------ #bgf4 ,at :at age is ! appetite ke5 & ! dige/ion vigor\s8 ,:y8 ,:at is said 9 reg>d to ! quantity ( food :5 ! y\? has atta9$ 8 gr[?8 ,:at exception1 z giv5 9 ! obs]vation8 #bgg4 ,give ano!r dem& = food4 ,:at effect has increas$ ex]cise ^u ! sy/em8 #bgh4 ,h[ are ! new p>ticles ( matt] suppli$8 ,:at does ?is induce8 ------------ #bgi4 ,:5 ex]cise or labor is less5$1 ! quantity ( food %\ld be dim9i%$4 ,:5 a p]son :o has be5 accu/om$ to active ex]cise1 or ev5 h>d manual labor1 sudd5ly *anges to an employm5t t dem&s less activity1 ! wa/e att5dant on action w be dim9i%$ 9 a correspond+ degree2 h5ce ! quantity ( food %\ld be less5$ 9 ne>ly ! same proportion z ! am\nt ( ex]cise is dim9i%$4 ,if ?is pr9ciple be disreg>d$1 ! tone ( ! dige/ive organs w be impair$1 & ! heal? ( ! sy/em enfeebl$4 #bhj4 ,?is rem>k is applicable to ^? /ud5ts :o h left labori\s employm5ts to att5d s*ool4 ,al?\gh ! heal? is firm1 & ! appetite ke5 f habit1 yet e pupil %\ld practise "s self-d5ial1 & n eat z mu* z ! appetite craves1 ! fir/ week ( ! session4 ,aft] "s days1 ! real wants ( ! sy/em w g5]ally be manife/$ by a correspond+ s5sation ( hung]4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is a common obs]vation t 9 academies & colleges1 ! old] /ud5ts f ! c\ntry1 :o h be5 accu/om$ to h>d manual labor1 suff] m frequ5tly f defective dige/ion & impair$ heal? ?an ! y\ng] & feebl] /ud5ts f ! l>g] t[ns & cities4 #bha4 ,food is ess5tial 9 ma9ta9+ a prop] temp]ature ( ! sy/em4 ,! heat ( ! sy/em1 at lea/ 9 "p1 is produc$ 9 ! m9ute vessels ( ! sev]al organs1 by ! union ( oxyg5 ) c>bon & hydrog51 :i* ! food & dr9k conta94 ,! am\nt ( heat g5]at$1 is greate/ :5 x is mo/ rapidly remov$ f ! sy/em1 :i* occurs 9 cold wea!r4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! sy/em requir+ m food 9 w9t] ?an summ]4 ------------ #bgi4 ,:y %\ld ! quantity ( food be dim9i%$ :5 ! ex]cise is less5$8 ,:at effect if ?is pr9ciple be disreg>d$8 #bhj4 ,to :at class is ?is rem>k applicable8 ,:at is (t5 obs]v$ among /ud5ts 9 academies & colleges8 #bha4 ,/ate ano!r dem& = food4 ,:at is "o s\rce ( heat 9 ! body8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,p]sons t d n h food suffici5t = ! natural wants ( ! sy/em1 require m clo?+ ?an ^? :o are well f$4 #bhb4 ,! la/-m5tion$ pr9ciple pla9ly indicates ! propriety & necessity ( less5+ ! quantity ( food z ! w>m season approa*es4 ,7 ?is practis$1 ! tone ( ! /oma* & ! vigor ( ! sy/em w\ld cont9ue unimpair$1 ! season compla9ts w\ld be avoid$1 & ! /r5g!n+ bitt]s w\ld n be s\ght to create an appetite4 ,obs]vation4 ,/able-keep]s & h]dsm5 are aw>e ( ! fact1 t z ! w>m season comm5ces1 !n animals require less food4 ,in/9ct tea*es ^! animals m truly1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ?an man all[s reason to guide him4 #bhc4 ,! quantity ( food %\ld h ref]5ce to ! pres5t condition ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,if !y are weak5$ or diseas$1 s t b a small quantity ( food c be prop]ly dige/$ or *ang$1 t am\nt only %\ld be tak54 ,food does n invigorate ! sy/em1 except x is *ang$1 z has be5 describ$ 9 previ\s p>agraphs4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 tak+ c>e ( a sick *ild1 ! anxiety ( ! "m & ! suff]+s ( ! *ild may induce h] to give food :5 x w\ld be highly injuri\s4 ,! att5d+ physician is ! only prop] p]son to direct :at quantity %\ld be giv54 ------------ ,:y d we eat m 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ! summ]8 ,:at practical obs]vation is giv58 #bhb4 ,:y %\ld ! quantity ( food be less5$ z w>m wea!r comm5ces8 ,:at w\ld be avoid$ if ?is pr9ciple 7 obey$8 #bhc4 ,:y %\ld ! pres5t condition ( ! dige/ive organs be reg>d$ 9 ref]5ce to ! quantity ( food8 ,m5tion an in/ance 9 :i* x w\ld be injudici\s to give food4 ------------ #bhd4 ,! quantity ( food is modifi$1 9 "s degree1 by habit4 ,a heal?y p]son1 ^: ex]cise is 9 pure air1 may be accu/om$ to take m food ?an is necess>y4 ,! useless excess is remov$ f ! sy/em by ! wa/e outlets1 z ! sk91 lungs1 liv]1 kidneys1 c4 ,9 su* cases1 if food is n tak5 9 ! usual quantity1 !re w be a feel+ ( empt9ess1 if n ( hung]1 f ! want ( ! usual di/5tion ( ! /oma*4 ,?is condition ( ! dige/ive organs may be ! result ( disease1 b x is m frequ5tly produc$ by inord9ate daily indulg5ce 9 eat+1 am\nt+ almo/ to gluttony4 #bhe4 ,l>ge quantities ( food oppress ! /oma*1 & cause g5]al languor ( ! :ole body4 ,?is is produc$ by ! extra dem&s made on ! sy/em = an increas$ supply ( blood & n]v\s fluid to enable ! /oma* to free itself ( its burd54 ,?us1 :5 we int5d to make any extraord9>y ef=t1 m5tal or physical1 at lea/ = "o meal1 we %\ld eat less food ?an usual1 r ?an a great] quantity4 #bhf4 ,no m food %\ld be eat5 ?an is b>ely suffici5t to satisfy ! appetite4 ,nor %\ld appetite be conf\nd$ ) ta/e4 ,! "o is a natural desire = food to supply ! wants ( ! sy/em2 ! o!r is an artificial desire m]ely to gratify ! palate4 #bhg4 ,al?\gh _m ?+s may aid u 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( food prop] = an individual1 yet !re is no c]ta9 guide 9 all cases4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by "s1 t ! s5sation ( hung] or appetite is always an indication ( ! want ( food1 :ile ! abs5ce ( ?is peculi> s5sation is reg>d$ z conclusive evid5ce t alim5t is n dem&$4 ,?is ass]tion is n correct1 z an appetite may be creat$ = food by condim5ts & gorm&iz+1 :i* is z artificial & z morbid z t :i* craves tobacco or ard5t spirits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /ructural or functional disease ( ! bra9 may prev5t t organ f tak+ cognizance ( ! s5sations ( ! /oma*1 :5 ! sy/em actually requires n\ri%m5t4 ,obs]vation %[s1 t disease1 habit1 ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & o!r circum/ances1 ex]t an influ5ce on ! appetite4 ------------ #bhd4 ,%[ ! effect ( habit ^u ! quantity ( food t is eat54 ,:at is said 9 reg>d to inord9ate eat+8 #bhe4 ,:at is ! effect ( eat+ l>ge quantities ( food8 ,:at sugge/ion :5 an extraord9>y ef=t1 ei!r m5tal or physical1 is to be made8 #bhf4 ,h[ mu* food %\ld g5]ally be eat58 #bhg4 ,:at is ! ass]tion ( "s p]sons relative to ! quantity ( food necess>y = ! sy/em8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,dr4 ,beaumont notic$1 9 ! exp]im5ts ^u ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 t aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( food 0 conv]t$ into *yme1 ! ga/ric juice ceas$ to ooze f ! coats ( ! /oma*4 ,consequ5tly1 x has be5 inf]r$ by "s writ]s on physiology1 t ! gl&s :i* supply ! ga/ric fluid1 by a species ( in/9ctive intellig5ce1 w\ld only secrete en\gh fluid to conv]t into *yme ! alim5t ne$$ to supply ! real wants ( ! sy/em4 ,:at are ! reasons = ?is inf]5ce8 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ga/ric gl&s possess in/9ctive intellig5ce1 & c !re be a reason adduc$1 :y !y may n be /imulat$ to extra functional action z well z o!r organs1 & :y !y may n also be influ5c$ by habit8 #bhh4 ,:ile all agree t ! remote or pr$ispos+ cause ( hung] is1 usually1 a dem& ( ! sy/em = nutri5t mat]ial1 ! proximate or imm$iate cause ( ! s5sation ( hung] is n cle>ly und]/ood4 ,"s physiologi/s suppose t x is produc$ by an engorg$ condition ( ! gl&s ( ! /oma* :i* supply ! ga/ric juice2 :ile o!rs ma9ta9 t x dep5ds on a peculi> condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 #bhi4 ,! ,,quality ( ! food be/ adapt$ to ! wants ( ! sy/em is modifi$ by _m circum/ances4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( food1 & ^! are mu* modifi$ by ! diff]5t me?ods ( prep>ation4 ,! same k9d ( food is n equally well adapt$ to diff]5t individuals1 or to ! same individual 9 all conditions2 z vocation1 heal?1 exposure1 habits ( life1 season1 climate1 c41 influ5ce ! condition ( ! sy/em4 ------------ ,:at does obs]vation %[8 #bhh4 ,:at is said ( ! causes ( hung]8 #bhi4 ,:y is n ! same k9d ( food adapt$ to diff]5t individuals8 ------------ #bij4 ,all articles ( food may be consid]$ 9 two relations3 #a/1 ,z nutritive4 #b;d1 ,z dige/ible4 ,sub/ances are nutriti\s 9 proportion to _! capacity to yield ! elem5ts ( *yle1 ( :i* c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 are ! mo/ ess5tial2 !y are dige/ible 9 proportion to ! facility ) :i* !y are act$ ^u by ! ga/ric juice4 ,^! prop]ties %\ld n be conf\nd$ 9 ! v>i\s articles us$ = food4 #bia4 ,z a liv+ body has no p[] ( =m+ elem5ts1 or ( conv]t+ "o elem5t>y sub/ance into ano!r1 x !re=e foll[s t ! elem5ts ( :i* ! body ( an animal is compos$ mu/ be 9 ! food4 7,*ap4 ,,iii47 ,( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! human body1 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog5 are ! mo/ important1 because !y compose ! pr9cipal "p ( ! animal body2 :ile ! o!r elem5ts are f\nd 9 v small proportions1 & _m ( !m only 9 a few organs ( ! sy/em4 7,app5dix ,g47 ,obs]vation4 ,nitrog5 r5d]s food m /imulat+1 p>ticul>ly if comb9$ ) a l>ge quantity ( c>bon1 z beef4 ,^? articles t conta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sy/em are mo/ nutriti\s4 ,z milk & eggs conta9 all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! human sy/em1 s !y are adapt$ to almo/ univ]sal use1 & are highly nutriti\s4 ------------ #bij4 ,9 :at proportion are sub/ances nutriti\s8 ,dige/ible8 ,:y does beef /imulate ! sy/em8 ,:at is said ( milk & eggs8 ------------ #bib4 ,! foll[+ table1 by ,p]eira1 9 8 treatise on ,food & ,diet may aid ! /ud5t 9 approximat+ to correct conclusions ( ! quantity ( nutrim5t 9 diff]5t k9ds ( food1 & its adaptation to ! wants ( ! sy/em4 ,,table1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,av]age ,,quantity ,,( ,,dry1 ,,or ,,solid ,,matt]1 ,,c>bon1 ,,nitrog51 ,,& ,,moi/ure1 ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,articles ,,( ,,diet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"o hundr$ ,p>ts4 ,dry ,c>bon4 ,nitrog54 ,wat] ,matt]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,arr[root1 #ha4h #cf4d #ah4b ,beans1 #he4hi #ch4bd #ad4aa ,beef1 fre%1 #be #ab4ieg #c4geb #ge ,bread1 rye1 #fg4gi #cj4fgd #cb4ba ,butt]1 #ajj #fe4f ,cabbage1 #g4g #j4bh #ib4c ,c>rot1 #ab4d #j4cj #hg4f ,*]ries1 #be4ae #gd4he ,*ick5s1 #bb4g #gg4c ,codfi%1 #bj #hj ,cucumb]s1 #b4hf #ig4ad ,eggs1 :ites1 #bj #hj ----1 yolk1 #df4bc #ec4gg ,l>d1 hog's1 #ajj #gi4jih ,milk1 c['s1 #ab4ih #hg4jb ,oats1 #gi4b #dj4aed #a4gdb #bj4h ,oatmeal1 #ic4d #f4f ,olive-oil1 #ajj #gg4ej ,oy/]s1 #ab4f #hg4d ,pea*es1 #ai4gf #hj4bd ,pe>s1 #af4ab #hc4hh ,peas1 #hd #ce4gdc #af ,plums1 gre5gage1 #bh4ij #ga4aj ,potatoes1 #bd4a #aj4fjd #j4cfae #ge4i ,rye1 #hc4d #ch4ecj #a4dag #af4f ,suet1 mutton1 #ajj #gh4iif ,/>*1 potato1 #hb #cf4dd #ah ----1 :eat1 #he4b #cg4e #ad4h ,sug>1 maple1 #db4a ----1 ref9$1 #db4e ----1 br[n1 #dj4hh ,turnips1 #g4e #c4bage #j4abge #ib4e ,veal1 roa/$1 #eb4eb #ad4gj ,:eat1 #he4e #ci4dae #a4iff #ad4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,note4 ,let ! pupil m5tion ^? articles ( food t are mo/ nutriti\s1 f a review ( ?is table1 & ! la/ f\r p>agraphs4 #bic4 ,^? articles t d n conta9 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! sy/em %\ld n be us$ z exclusive articles ( diet4 ,?is pr9ciple has be51 & may be illu/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,fe$ a dog ) pure sug>1 or olive-oil1 7articles t conta9 no nitrog517 = sev]al weeks1 & ! evil effects ( non-nitrog5\s nutrim5t w be manife/$4 ,at fir/1 ! dog w take 8 food ) avidity1 & seem to ?rive ^u x2 soon ?is desire = food w dim9i%1 8 body emaciate1 8 eye become ulc]at$1 & 9 a few weeks he w die2 b mix bran or sawdu/ ) ! sug> or oil1 & ! heal? & vigor ( ! animal w be ma9ta9$ = mon?s4 ,a simil> ph5om5on w be manife/$1 if gra9 only be giv5 to a horse1 )\t hay1 /raw1 or mat]ial ( l "*4 7,app5dix ,h47 #bid4 ,"s articles ( food conta9 ! elem5ts ( *yle 9 great abundance1 yet af=d b little nutrim5t1 because !y are difficult ( dige/ion2 :ile o!r articles conta9 b a small quantity ( ^! elem5ts1 & af=d m n\ri%m5t1 because !y are m easily affect$ by ! dige/ive process4 ------------ #bic4 ,h[ has ! effect ( non-nitrog5\s nutrim5t be5 illu/rat$8 #bid4 ,:y d "s articles ( food t conta9 ! elem5ts ( *yle af=d b little nutrim5t8 ,:y d articles t conta9 a small quantity ( ^! elem5ts af=d m n\ri%m5t8 #bie4 ,h[ 0 ! "t requir$ = dige/+ diff]5t articles ( food asc]ta9$8 ------------ #bie4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! g5]al results ( exp]im5ts made on ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 by ,dr4 ,beaumont1 :5 he endeavor$ to asc]ta9 ! "t requir$ = ! dige/ion ( diff]5t articles ( food4#aj ,! /oma* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 0 ruptur$ by ! bur/+ ( a gun4 ,:5 he recov]$ f ! effects ( ! accid5t "u ! surgical c>e ( ,dr4 ,beaumont1 ! /oma* became adh]5t to ! side1 ) an ext]nal ap]ture4 ,nature _h =m$ a k9d ( valve1 :i* clos$ ! ap]ture f ! int]ior1 & ?us prev5t$ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* f escap+2 b on pu%+ x aside1 ! process ( dige/ion c\ld be se54 ,?r\gh ?is op5+1 ! appe>ance ( ! coats ( ! /oma* & food1 at diff]5t /ages ( dige/ion1 7 exam9$4 #aj ,! "t requir$ = ! dige/ion ( ! diff]5t articles ( food might v>y 9 o!r p]sons2 & w\ld probably v>y 9 ! same individual at diff]5t p]iods1 z ! employm5t1 heal?1 season1 c41 ex]t a modify+ influ5ce4 ,,table1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mean ,,"t ,,( ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,articles ,,( ,,diet4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,articles4 ,prep>ation4 ,"t h4 m4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,apples1 s\r1 h>d1 ,raw1 #b #ej ,apples1 s\r1 mell[1 ,raw1 #b ,apples1 sweet1 d41 ,raw1 #a #cj ,bass1 /rip$1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #c ,beans1 pod1 ,boil$1 #b #cj ,beef1 fre%1 lean1 r>e1 ,roa/$1 #c ,beef1 fre%1 lean1 dry1 ,roa/$1 #c #cj ,beef /eak1 ,broil$1 #c ,beef1 ) salt only1 ,boil$1 #c #cf ,beef1 ) mu/>d1 ,boil$1 #c #aj ,beef1 fre%1 lean1 ,fri$1 #d ,beef1 old1 h>d1 salt$1 ,boil$1 #d #ae ,beets1 ,boil$1 #c #de ,bread1 :eat1 fre%1 ,bak$1 #c #cj ,bread1 corn1 ,bak$1 #c #ae ,butt]1 ,melt$1 #c #cj ,cabbage head1 ,raw1 #b #cj ,cabbage1 ) v9eg>1 ,raw1 #b ,cabbage1 ,boil$1 #d #cj ,cake1 sponge1 ,bak$1 #b #cj ,c>rot1 orange1 ,boil$1 #c #ae ,catfi%1 ,fri$1 #c #cj ,*eese1 old1 /rong1 ,raw1 #c #cj ,*ick51 full-gr[n1 ,fricas'd1 #b #de ,codfi%1 cur$1 dry1 ,boil$1 #b ,corn1 gre51 beans1 ,boil$1 #c #de ,corn bread1 ,bak$1 #c #ae ,corn cake1 ,bak$1 #c ,cu/>d1 ,bak$1 #b #de ,dumpl+1 apple1 ,boil$1 #c ,ducks1 dome/icat$1 ,roa/$1 #d ,ducks1 wild1 ,roa/$1 #d #cj ,eggs1 fre%1 ,boil$ h>d1 #c #cj ,eggs1 fre%1 ,boil$ s(t1 #c ,eggs1 fre%1 ,fri$1 #c #cj ,eggs1 fre%1 ,raw1 #b ,fl\nd]1 fre%1 ,fri$1 #c #cj ,f[l1 dome/ic1 ,boil$1 #d ,f[l1 dome/ic1 ,roa/$1 #d ,goose1 ,roa/$1 #b #cj ,lamb1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #b #cj ,liv]1 beef's1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #b ,meat ha%$ ) vegetables1 ,w>m'd1 #b #cj ,milk1 ,boil$1 #b ,milk1 ,raw1 #b #ae ,mutton1 fre%1 ,roa/$1 #c #ae ,mutton1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #c ,mutton1 fre%1 ,boil$1 #c ,oy/]s1 fre%1 ,raw1 #b #ee ,oy/]s1 fre%1 ,roa/$1 #c #ae ,oy/]s1 fre%1 ,/ew$1 #c #cj ,p>snips1 ,boil$1 #b #cj ,pig1 suck+1 ,roa/$1 #b #cj ,pigs' feet1 s\s$1 ,boil$1 #a ,pork1 fat & lean1 ,roa/$1 #e #ae ,pork1 rec5tly salt$1 ,boil$1 #d #cj ,pork1 rec5tly salt$1 ,fri$1 #d #ae ,pork1 rec5tly salt$1 ,broil$1 #c #ae ,pork1 rec5tly salt$1 ,raw1 #c ,pork1 /eak1 ,broil$1 #c #ae ,potatoes1 ,iri%1 ,boil$1 #c #cj ,potatoes1 ,iri%1 ,bak$1 #b #cj ,rice1 ,boil$1 #a ,sago1 ,boil$1 #a #de ,salmon1 salt$1 ,boil$1 #d ,sausage1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #c #bj ,s\p1 beef1 vegetables1 & ,boil$1 #d bread1 ,s\p1 *ick51 ,boil$1 #c ,s\p1 mutton1 ,boil$1 #c #cj ,s\p1 oy/]1 ,boil$1 #c #cj ,suet1 beef1 fre%1 ,boil$1 #e #cj ,suet1 mutton1 ,boil$1 #d #cj ,tapioca1 ,boil$1 #b ,tripe1 s\s$1 ,boil$1 #a ,tr\t1 salmon1 fre%1 ,boil$1 #a #cj ,tr\t1 salmon1 fre%1 ,fri$1 #a #cj ,turkey1 dome/icat$1 ,roa/$1 #b #cj ,turkey1 ,boil$1 #b #be ,turkey1 wild1 ,roa/$1 #b #ah ,turnips1 flat1 ,boil$1 #c #cj ,veal1 fre%1 ,broil$1 #d ,veal1 fre%1 ,fri$1 #d #cj ,v5ison /eak1 ,broil$1 #a #ce ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bif4 ,9 view ( ?is table1 ! "q may be sugge/$1 ,is t article ( food mo/ appropriate to ! sy/em :i* is mo/ easily & spe$ily dige/$8 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t ! /oma* is subject to ! same law z ! muscles & o!r organs2 ex]cise1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 /r5g!ns x4 ,if1 !re=e1 we always eat ^? articles mo/ easily dige/$1 ! dige/ive p[]s w be weak5$2 if ov]-work$1 !y w be exhau/$4 ,h5ce ! k9d & am\nt ( food %\ld be adapt$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! dige/ive p[]s1 & to _! gradual invigoration :5 debilitat$4 ,obs]vation4 ,food t is mo/ easily dige/$ is n always mo/ appropriate to a p]son convalesc+ f disease4 ,if ! sub/ance passes rapidly ?r\gh ! dige/ive process1 x may induce a recurr5ce ( ! disease4 ,?us ! simple prep>ations :i* are n /imulat+1 z wat]-gruel1 are bett] = a sick p]son ?an ! m dige/ible beef & fi%4 #big4 ,! "q is n well settl$1 :e!r animal or vegetable food is be/ adapt$ to n\ri% man4 ,!re are nations1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! torrid zone1 t subsi/1 exclusively1 on vegetables2 :ile ^? ( ! frigid zone fe$ on fi% or animal food4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone1 among civiliz$ nations1 a mix$ diet is almo/ univ]sal4 ,:5 we consid] ! organization ( ! human sy/em1 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! tee?1 ! /ructure ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 we are l$ to conclude1 t bo? animal & vegetable food is requisite1 & t a mix$ diet is mo/ conducive to /r5g?1 heal?1 & long life4 ------------ #bif4 ,h[ is ! "q answ]$1 :e!r t article is mo/ appropriate to ! sy/em :i* is mo/ easily dige/$8 ,give obs]vation4 #big4 ,:at is said ( ! adaptation ( animal & vegetable food to man8 ------------ #bih4 ,! food %\ld be adapt$ to ! di/5sible "* ( ! /oma* & alim5t>y canal4 ,! =m] w be full1 if x conta9 only a gill2 x may be s di/5d$ z to conta9 a qu>t4 ,! same is true ( ! inte/9es4 ,if ! food is conc5trat$1 or conta9s ! quantity ( nutrim5t :i* ! sy/em requires1 9 small bulk1 ! /oma* & inte/9es w ne$ ! /imulation ( di/5tion & friction1 :i* is consequ5t ^u ! introduction & transit ( ! innutriti\s mat]ial into & ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal4 ,if ! food is defici5t 9 innutriti\s matt]1 ! t5d5cy is1 to produce an inactive & diseas$ condition ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,= ?is reason1 nutri5t food %\ld h bl5d$ ) x innutriti\s mat]ial4 ,unbolt$ :eat bread is m heal?y ?an hot fl\r cakes2 ripe fruits & vegetables ?an ri* pies1 or jellies4 ,obs]vation4 #a/4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is rule is ( m importance to /ud5ts1 s$5t>y me*anics1 & ^? individuals ^: dige/ive app>atus has be5 enfeebl$1 ?an to ^? ( active habits & firm heal?4 #b;d4 ,! circum/ance t diff]5t articles ( food conta9 diff]5t proportions ( wa/e1 or innutriti\s matt]1 may be made practically subs]vi5t 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,if1 at any p>ticul> season ( ! ye>1 !re is a t5d5cy to a di>rhoea1 an article t conta9s a small proportion ( wa/e %\ld be select$ = food2 b1 if !re is a t5d5cy to an inactive or co/ive condition ( ! inte/9al canal1 su* k9ds ( food %\ld be us$ z conta9 ! greate/ proportion ( wa/e1 z su* articles are mo/ /imulat+ to ! dige/ive organs1 &1 consequ5tly1 mo/ laxative4 #bii4 ,9 ! selection ( food1 ! influ5ce ( season & climate %\ld be consid]$4 ,food ( a highly /imulat+ "* may be us$ almo/ ) impunity dur+ ! cold wea!r ( a cold climate2 b 9 ! w>m season1 & 9 a w>m climate1 x w\ld be v delet]i\s4 ,animal food1 be+ m /imulat+ ?an vegetable1 c be eat5 9 ! w9t] b vegetable food %\ld be us$ m freely 9 ! spr+ & summ]4 ------------ #bih4 ,:at is said ( ! di/5sible "* ( ! /oma* & alim5t>y canal8 ,:at is ! effect ( eat+ highly conc5trat$ food8 ,:y is ! unbolt$ :eat bread m heal?y ?an fl\r cakes8 ,give obs]vation #a/4 ,obs]vation #b;d4 #bii4 ,:at k9d ( food is adapt$ to cold wea!r8 ,to w>m wea!r8 ------------ #cjj4 ,! influ5ce ( food on ! sy/em is modifi$ by ! age ( ! individual4 ,! organs ( a *ild are m s5sitive & excitable ?an ^? ( a p]son advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,!re=e a vegetable diet w\ld be mo/ appropriate = a *ild1 :ile /imulat+ animal food might be conducive to ! heal? ( a p]son advanc$ 9 life4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! dige/ive organs are highly impressible or diseas$1 x is v important to adopt a nutriti\s1 un/imulat+1 vegetable diet1 z soon z ! w>m season comm5ces4 #cja4 ,habit is ano!r /rong modify+ influ5ce4 ,if a p]son has be5 accu/om$ to an animal or vegetable diet1 & !re is a sudd5 *ange f "o to ! o!r1 a diseas$ condition ( ! sy/em1 p>ticul>ly ( ! dige/ive app>atus1 usually foll[s4 ,:5 x is necess>y to *ange our mann] ( liv+1 x %\ld be done gradually4#aa #aa ,! sy/em is gradually develop$1 & all *anges ( food1 app>el1 labor1 ex]cise1 or position1 %\ld be gradual4 ,ev5 a *ange f a bad to a good habit1 on ?is pr9ciple1 %\ld be gradual4 #cjb4 ,"s temp]am5ts require m /imulat+ food ?an o!rs4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^? p]sons ^: s5sations are comp>atively obtuse1 & movem5ts sl[1 w be b5efit$ by animal food2 :ile ^? individuals ^: con/itutions are highly impressible1 & ^: movem5ts are quick & hurri$1 require a nutriti\s & un/imulat+ vegetable diet4 ------------ #cjj4 ,:at k9ds ( food are appropriate to old age8 ,:y8 ,:at k9ds to *ildhood8 ,:y8 #cja4 ,:at is ! effect :5 !re is a sudd5 *ange f a vegetable to an animal diet8 ,h[ %\ld all *anges ( ! sy/em be made8 #cjb4 ,d diff]5t temp]am5ts require diff]5t k9ds ( food8 ,:at g5]al rule is giv58 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,organs1 ,,cont9u$4 #cjc4 ,! ,,mann] 9 :i* food %\ld be tak5 is ( mu* practical importance2 ^u x ! heal? ( ! dige/ive organs measurably dep5ds4 ,b few circum/ances modify ! prop] mann] ( tak+ food1 or %\ld ex]cise any controll+ influ5ce4 #cjd4 ,food %\ld be tak5 at regul> p]iods4 ,! int]val betwe5 meals %\ld be regulat$ by ! "* ( ! food1 ! age1 heal?1 ex]cise1 & habits ( ! individual4 ,! dige/ive process is m en]getic & rapid 9 ! "y1 active1 & vigor\s1 ?an 9 ! ag$1 indol5t1 & feeble2 consequ5tly1 food %\ld be tak5 m frequ5tly by ! =m] ?an by ! latt] class4 #cje4 ,9 "s "y & vigor\s p]sons1 food may be dige/$ 9 "o h\r2 9 o!r p]sons1 x may require f\r h\rs or m4 ,! av]age "t1 h[ev]1 to dige/ an ord9>y meal1 w be f two to f\r h\rs4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! /oma* w require f "o to ?ree h\rs to recruit its exhau/$ p[]s aft] ! labor ( dige/+ a meal be=e x w aga9 ent] ^u ! vigor\s p]=mance ( its duties4 #cjf4 ,food %\ld n be tak5 too frequ5tly4 ,if food is tak5 be=e ! /oma* has rega9$ its tone & en]gy by repose1 ! secretion ( ! ga/ric juice1 & ! contraction ( ! muscul> fibres1 w be imp]fect4 ,aga91 if food is tak5 be=e ! dige/ion ( ! prec$+ meal has be5 complet$1 ! effects w be /ill worse1 because ! food p>tially dige/$ becomes mix$ ) t la/ tak54 ,!re=e ! int]val betwe5 ea* meal %\ld be long en\gh = ! :ole quantity to be dige/$1 & ! "t ( repose %\ld be suffici5t to recruit ! exhau/$ organs4 ,! feebl] ! p]son & ! m debilitat$ ! /oma*1 ! m important to obs]ve ! above directions4 ------------ #cjc4 ,:y is x important t we reg>d ! mann] ( tak+ our food8 #cjd4 ,h[ %\ld ! int]vals betwe5 meals be regulat$8 #cje4 ,:at is ! av]age "t requir$ to dige/ an ord9>y meal8 #cjf4 ,:y %\ld n food be tak5 too frequ5tly8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! fe$+ ( infants1 z well z 9 supply+ food to old] *ildr51 ! prec$+ sugge/ions %\ld always be reg>d$4 ,! p]son :o has be5 conf9$ by an exhau/+ sickness1 %\ld mo/ scrupul\sly reg>d ?is rule1 if he wi%es to rega9 8 /r5g? & fle% ) rapidity4 ,z ! rapidity ( ! dige/ive process is less 9 /ud5ts & individuals :o are engag$ 9 s$5t>y employm5ts1 ?an 9 /irr+ agriculturi/s1 ! =m] class are m liable to take food too frequ5tly ?an ! latt]1 :ile its obs]vance is ( great] importance to ! s$5t>y artisan ?an to ! lively lad & active f>m]4 #cjg4 ,food %\ld be well ma/icat$4 ,all solid alim5ts %\ld be r$uc$ to a /ate ( comp>ative f95ess1 by ! tee?1 be=e x is swall[$2 ! ga/ric fluid ( ! /oma* w !n bl5d ) x m readily1 & act m vigor\sly 9 r$uc+ x to *yme4 ,! practice ( swall[+ solid food1 slightly ma/icat$1 or bolt+ x d[n1 t5ds to d]ange ! dige/ive process & impair ! nutrition ( ! sy/em4 #cjh4 ,ma/ication %\ld be mod]ate1 n rapid4 ,9 ma/icat+ food1 ! saliv>y gl&s are excit$ to action1 & "s "t mu/ elapse be=e !y c1 secrete saliva 9 suffici5t quantities to moi/5 x4 ,if ! alim5t is n suppli$ ) saliva1 dige/ion is ret>d$2 besides1 9 rapid eat+1 m food is g5]ally consum$ ?an ! sy/em dem&s1 or c be easily dige/$4 ,labor]s1 z well z m5 ( leisure1 %\ld h ample "t = tak+ _! meals4 ,imp]fect ma/ication is a prevail+ cause ( indige/ion4 ------------ ,:at p]sons w\ld be b5efit$ by obs]v+ ! prec$+ rem>ks8 #cjg4 ,:y %\ld food be well ma/icat$8 ,:at is ! effect ( bolt+ d[n food8 #cjh4 ,h[ %\ld ma/ication be p]=m$8 ,:y8 ------------ #cji4 ,food %\ld be ma/icat$ & swall[$ )\t dr9k4 ,z ! saliv>y gl&s supply fluid to moi/5 ! dry food1 ! use ( tea1 c(fee1 wat]1 or any o!r fluid1 is n dem&$ by nature's laws :ile tak+ a meal4 ,"o objection to wa%+ d[n ! food ) dr9k is1 ! alim5t is moi/5$1 n ) ! saliva1 b ) ! dr9k4 ,?is t5ds to induce disease1 n only 9 ! saliv>y organs1 by leav+ !m 9 a /ate ( comp>ative inactivity1 b 9 ! /oma*1 by ! defici5cy ( ! saliv>y /imulus4 ,ano!r is1 l>ge quantities ( fluids1 us$ z dr9ks1 give undue di/5tion to ! /oma*1 & less5 ! en]gy ( ! ga/ric juice by its dilution1 ?us ret>d+ dige/ion4 ,aga91 dr9ks tak5 into ! /oma* mu/ be remov$ by absorption be=e ! dige/ion ( o!r articles is comm5c$4 ,obs]vation4 ,7 x cu/om>y n to place dr9ks on ! table until ! solid food is eat51 ! evil aris+ f dr9k+ too mu* at meals w\ld be obviat$4 ,! horse is nev] kn[n to leave 8 prov5d]1 nor ! ox 8 blade ( grass1 to wa% x d[n2 b _m p]sons1 f habit r ?an ?ir/1 dr9k l>gely dur+ meals4 #caj4 ,! peculi> s5sation 9 ! m\? & fauces1 call$ ?ir/1 may n always arise f ! dem& = fluids to increase ! s]um 7wat]7 ( ! blood1 z 9 ! desire = dr9k att5dant on free p]spiration1 = !n1 pure wat] or "s dilu5t dr9k is absolutely necess>y2 b x may be ! result ( fev]1 or local disease ( ! p>ts connect$ ) ! ?roat4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ?ir/ may be allay$ by *ew+ "s h>d sub/ance1 z a dry crack]4 ,?is excites a secretion f ! saliv>y gl&s1 :i* removes ! disagreeable s5sation4 ,9 ?ir/1 att5dant on a heat$ condition ( ! sy/em1 ?is practice af=ds relief1 & is safe2 :ile ! practice ( dr9k+ l>ge quantities ( cold fluids1 is unsafe1 & %\ld nev] be indulg$4 ------------ ,:y %\ld all p]sons h ample "t = eat+8 #cji4 ,:y are dr9ks n necess>y :ile ma/icat+ food8 ,give ! objections to wa%+ d[n food4 ,:at obs]vation relative to dr9k8 #caj4 ,does ! s5sation ( ?ir/ always arise f a real want ( ! sy/em8 ------------ #caa4 ,food or dr9k %\ld n be tak5 :5 v hot4 ,:5 food or dr9k is tak5 hot1 ! vessels ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! gums1 m\?1 & /oma* are unduly /imulat$ = a %ort "t2 & ?is is foll[$ by reaction1 att5d$ by a loss ( tone1 & debility ( ^! p>ts4 ,?is practice is a fruitful cause ( spongy gums1 decay$ tee?1 sore m\?1 & indige/ion4 #cab4 ,food or dr9k %\ld n be tak5 v cold4 ,if a consid]able quantity ( v cold food or liquid be tak5 imm$iately into ! /oma*1 ! heal? w be endang]$1 & ! tone ( ! sy/em w be impair$1 f ! sudd5 ab/raction ( heat f ! coats ( ! /oma*1 & f surr\nd+ organs1 to imp>t w>m? to ! cold food or dr9k4 ,?is arre/s ! dige/ive process1 & ! food is reta9$ 9 ! /oma* too long1 & causes oppression & irritation4 ,consequ5tly1 food & dr9k t are mod]ately heat$ are be/ adapt$ to ! natural condition ( ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,obs]vation4 ,food ( an injuri\s quality1 or tak5 9 an improp] mann]1 affects ! inf]ior animals z well z man4 ,! tee? ( c[s t are closely p5n$ 9 cities1 & are f$ on di/ill]y slops1 or ! unheal?y slops & remnants ( kit*5s1 decay & fall out 9 ab\t two ye>s4 ,c ! milk ( su* diseas$ animals be heal?y--! prop] n\ri%m5t = *ildr58 ------------ ,give in/ances :5 x does & :5 x does n4 #caa4 ,:y %\ld n food or dr9k be tak5 hot8 #cab4 ,:y %\ld !y n be tak5 cold8 ,%[ "s ( ! effects ( improp] food ^u ! inf]ior animals4 ------------ #cac4 ,! ,,condition ( ! sy/em %\ld be reg>d$ :5 food is tak54 ,?is is necess>y1 z ! pres5t & ult]ior condition ( ! dige/ive app>atus is /rongly influ5c$ by ! /ate ( ! o!r organs ( ! sy/em4 #cad4 ,food %\ld n be tak5 imm$iately aft] sev]e ex]tion1 ei!r ( ! body or m9d4 ,= all organs 9 action require & receive m blood & n]v\s fluid1 ?an :5 at re/4 ,?is is true ( ! bra91 muscles1 & vocal organs1 :5 !y h be5 actively ex]cis$4 ,! increas$ am\nt ( fluid1 bo? sangu9e\s & n]v\s1 suppli$ to any organ dur+ extra functional action1 is ab/ract$ f o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,?is enfeebles & pro/rates ! p>ts t supply ! blood & n]v\s fluid to ! active organ4 ,aga91 :5 any organ has be5 9 vigor\s action = a few h\rs1 "s "t w elapse be=e ! increas$ action ( ! art]ies & n]ves abates1 & a due supply ( fluids is transmitt$ to o!r organs1 or an equilibrium ( action 9 ! sy/em is re/abli%$4 #cae4 ,?us food %\ld n be tak5 imm$iately aft] sev]e m5tal labor1 protract$ speak+1 cont9u$ s++1 or labori\s manual toil2 z ! dige/ive organs w be 9 a /ate ( comp>ative debility1 & consequ5tly unfit to dige/ food4 ,f ?irty to sixty m9utes %\ld elapse1 aft] ! cessation ( sev]e employm5t1 be=e food is tak54 ,?is "t may be sp5t 9 *e]ful amusem5t or social conv]sation4 ,obs]vation4 ,! practice ( /ud5ts & acc\ntants go+ imm$iately f sev]e m5tal labor to _! meals1 is a p]nici\s "o1 & a fruitful cause ( indige/ion & m5tal debility4 ,! cu/om ( f>m]s & me*anics hurry+ f _! toil to ! d9n]-table1 does mu* to cause dyspepsia & debility among ^! classes 9 community4 ------------ #cac4 ,%\ld ! condition ( ! sy/em be reg>d$ 9 tak+ food8 #cad4 ,:5 %\ld food n be tak58 ,:y8 ,:at is ! result :5 an organ has be5 9 vigor\s action8 #cae4 ,aft] ! cessation ( sev]e toil1 h[ mu* "t %\ld expire be=e eat+8 ,:at is "o cause ( indige/ion among /ud5ts & acc\ntants8 ------------ #caf4 ,sev]e m5tal or manual toil %\ld n be ent]$ ^u imm$iately aft] eat+4 ,z !re is an increas$ am\nt ( blood & n]v\s fluid suppli$ to ! /oma* & alim5t>y canal dur+ ! dige/ion ( food1 a defici5cy exi/s 9 o!r organs4 ,?is is ev9c$ by a slight pal5ess ( ! sk91 & a dis9cl9ation to active ?\ght & ex]cise4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 if ei!r ! m9d1 vocal organs1 or muscles are call$ into en]getic action1 !re w be an ab/raction ( ! necess>y am\nt ( blood & n]v\s fluid f ! /oma*1 & ! process ( dige/ion w be arre/$4 ,?is w n only cause disease ( ! dige/ive organs1 b *yle w n be =m$1 to n\ri% ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration4 ,an ,engli% g5tleman f$ two dogs ^u simil> articles ( food4 ,he p]mitt$ "o to rema9 quiet 9 a d>k room2 ! o!r he s5t 9 pursuit ( game4 ,at ! expiration ( "o h\r1 he _h bo? kill$4 ,! /oma* ( ! dog t _h rema9$ quiet 0 ne>ly empty4 ,! food _h be5 prop]ly *ang$ & c>ri$ =w>d into ! alim5t>y canal4 ,9 ! /oma* ( ! dog t _h us$ 8 muscles 9 *as+ game1 ! alim5t rema9$ ne>ly unalt]$4 #cag4 ,! same pr9ciple may be appli$ to ! action ( ! organs ( man4 ,if 8 m9d or muscles act int5sely soon aft] eat+1 ! /oma* w n be suffici5tly /imulat$ by blood & n]v\s fluid to *ange ! food 9 a suitable p]iod4 ,! ,spani% practice ( hav+ a sie/a1 or sleep aft] d9n]1 is f> bett] ?an ! cu/om ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race1 :o hurry f _! meals to ! field1 %op1 or /udy1 9 ord] to save "t1 :i*1 9 too _m in/ances1 is lo/ by a s5se ( oppression & suff]+ :i* soon foll[s4 ------------ #caf4 ,:y %\ld n sev]e manual or m5tal ex]tion be made imm$iately aft] eat+8 ,/ate ! illu/ration4 #cag4 ,may ?is pr9ciple be appli$ to ! action ( ! human /oma*8 ,:at is said ( ! ,spani% cu/om ( re/+ aft] d9n]8 ------------ #cah4 ,9 "s in/ances ( good heal?1 ! infr+em5t ( ?is organic law may seem to pass ) impunity1 b ,nature1 ?\gh l5i5t1 soon] or lat] ass]ts h] claims4 ,! practice ( ! ,spani>d may be improv$ by indulg+1 = an h\r be=e resum+ toil1 9 mod]ate ex]cise ( ! muscul> sy/em1 conjo9$ ) agreeable conv]sation & a he>ty laugh1 z ?is facilitates dige/ion1 & t5ds to %ake ! cobwebs f ! bra94 ,obs]vation4 ,no judici\s team/] drives 8 animals z soon z !y h swall[$ _! food1 b gives !m a p]iod = repose1 s t _! food may be dige/$1 & _! sy/ems invigorat$4 ,9 ?is way1 he secures ! greate/ am\nt ( labor f 8 team4 #cai4 ,! m9d ex]ts an influ5ce ^u ! dige/ive process4 ,?is is cle>ly exhibit$1 :5 an individual receives intellig5ce ( ! loss ( a fri5d or ( prop]ty4 ,he may at ! "t be sitt+ be=e a pl5tiful bo>d1 ) a ke5 appetite2 b ! unexpect$ news de/roys x1 because ! excit$ bra9 )holds its /imulus4 ,?is %[s ! propriety ( avoid+ absorb+ topics ( ?\ght at meals1 z labor$ discussions & matt]s ( bus9ess2 b sub/itute *e]ful & light conv]sation1 enliv5+ wit1 humor1 ! social int]c\rse ( family & fri5ds2 ^! keep ! bra9 9 action1 b n 9 toil4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! blood & n]v\s fluid fl[ freely1 ! "w ( dige/ion is readily comm5c$1 & easily c>ri$ on4 #cbj4 ,indige/ion aris+ f a pro/ration ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 %\ld be treat$ ) great c>e4 ,! food %\ld be simple1 nutriti\s1 mod]ate 9 quantity1 & tak5 at regul> p]iods4 ,l>ge quantities ( /imulat+ food1 frequ5tly tak51 s]ve to increase ! n]v\s pro/ration4 ,^? afflict$ %\ld ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 & engage 9 social conv]sation1 t ! bra9 may be excit$ to a natural or heal?y action1 9 ord] t x may imp>t to ! dige/ive organs ! necess>y /imulation4 ------------ ,( ! ,anglo-,saxon race8 #cah4 ,h[ c ! ,spani% cu/om be improv$8 #cai4 ,h[ is ! influ5ce ( ! m9d on ! dige/ive process exhibit$8 ,:at does x %[ ! necessity ( avoid+8 #cbj4 ,h[ %\ld indige/ion aris+ f n]v\s pro/ration be treat$8 ------------ #cba4 ,p]sons %\ld ab/a9 f eat+1 at lea/ ?ree h\rs be=e retir+ = sleep4 ,x is no unusual occurr5ce1 = ^? p]sons :o h eat5 he>tily imm$iately be=e retir+ to sleep1 to h unpleasant dreams1 or to be ar\s$ f _! unquiet slumb] by colic pa9s4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! bra9 becomes p>tially dormant1 & does n imp>t to ! dige/ive organs ! requisite am\nt ( n]v\s influ5ce4 ,! n]v\s /imulus be+ defici5t1 ! un*ang$ food rema9s 9 ! /oma*1 caus+ irritation ( ?is organ4 ,illu/ration4 ,a heal?y f>m]1 :o 0 9 ! habit ( eat+ "o f\r? ( a m9ce pie imm$iately be=e go+ to b$1 became annoy$ ) unpleasant dreams1 &1 among ! v>i$ images ( 8 fancy1 he saw t ( 8 deceas$ fa!r4 ,becom+ al>m$1 he consult$ a physician1 :o1 aft] a pati5t he>+ ( ! case1 gravely advis$ him to eat half ( a m9ce pie1 assur+ him t he w\ld !n see 8 gr&fa!r4 #cbb4 ,:5 ! g5]al sy/em & dige/ive organs are enfeebl$1 mild1 un/imulat+ food1 9 small quantities1 %\ld be giv54 ,9 ! in/ance ( a %ipwreck$ & fami%$ m>9]1 or a pati5t recov]+ f disease1 b a small quantity ( n\ri%m5t %\ld be giv5 at a "t4 ,! reason = ?is1 is1 t :5 ! /oma* is weak5$ f want ( n\ri%m5t1 x is z unfitt$ = a long p]iod ( action 9 dige/+ food1 z ! muscles are1 "u l circum/ances1 = walk+4 ,consequ5tly1 k & prud5ce %\ld direct ! adm9i/ration ( food "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! popul> adage1 t food nev] does h>m :5 !re is a desire = x1 is untrue1 &1 if practically adopt$1 may be injuri\s & de/ructive to life4 ------------ #cba4 ,:at is ! effect ( eat+ imm$iately be=e retir+ = sleep8 ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a heal?y f>m]8 #cbb4 ,h[ %\ld ! food be giv5 :5 bo? ! dige/ive organs & g5]al sy/em are debilitat$8 ,give ! reason4 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,liquids are rapidly remov$ f ! /oma* by absorption4 ,h5ce1 9 cases ( great pro/ration1 :5 x is desirable to introduce nutrim5t into ! sy/em1 )\t delay1 ! animal & vegetable bro?s are a desirable & conv5i5t =m ( supply+ alim5t4 #cbc4 ,! condition ( ! sk9 ex]cises an important influ5ce on ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,let free p]spiration be *eck$1 ei!r f uncleanl9ess or f *ills1 & x w dim9i% ! functional action ( ! /oma* & its associat$ organs4 ,?is is "o ( ! fruitful causes ( ! liv] & /oma* compla9ts among ! half-clo!d & fil?y population ( ! cr[d$ cities & villages ( our c\ntry4 ,att5tion to clo?+ & ba?+ w\ld likewise prev5t _m ( ! diseases ( ! alim5t>y canal1 call$ season compla9ts1 p>ticul>ly among *ildr54 #cbd4 ,re/rict+ ! movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm impairs dige/ion4 ,at ea* full inspiration1 ! ribs are elevat$1 & ! c5tral portion ( ! diaphragm is depress$1 f "o to two in*es4 ,?is depression is accompani$ by a relaxation ( ! ant]ior abdom9al walls4 ,at ea* act ( expiration1 ! relax$ abdom9al muscles contract1 ! ribs are depress$1 ! diaphragm relaxes1 & its c5tral p>ts asc5d4 ,^! movem5ts ( ! midriff cause ! elevation & depression ( ! /oma*1 liv]1 & o!r abdom9al organs1 :i* is a natural /imulus ( ^! p>ts4 ------------ ,9 cases ( great pro/ration1 :at is recomm5d$8 #cbc4 ,h[ is ! influ5ce t ! sk9 ex]cises on ! dige/ive organs illu/rat$8 #cbd4 ,:at effect on ! dige/ive process has ! re/riction ( ! ribs & diaphragm8 ------------ #cbe4 ,x is not$ ( individuals :o re/ra9 ! free movem5ts ( ! abdom9al muscles by tight dresses1 t ! tone & vigor ( ! dige/ive organs are dim9i%$4 ,! re/rict$ wai/ w n admit ( a full & deep inspiration & s ess5tial is ?is to heal?1 t abuse 9 ?is respect soon enfeebles & de/roys ! functions ( ! sy/em4 #cbf4 ,pure air is necess>y to give a ke5 appetite & vigor\s dige/ion4 ,! dige/ive organs n only ne$ ! /imulus ( blood1 b !y absolutely ne$ ! influ5ce ( pure blood1 :i* _c exi/ 9 ! sy/em1 except :5 we brea! a pure air4 ,f ?is we le>n :y ^? p]sons :o sleep 9 small1 ill v5tilat$ rooms1 h little or no appetite 9 ! morn+1 & :y ! m\? & ?roat are s dry & disagreeable4 ,! effect ( impure blood1 9 dim9i%+ ! desire = food1 & enfeebl+ ! dige/ive organs1 is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ incid5ts4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,dr4 ,reid1 9 8 "w on ,v5tilation ( ,rooms1 relates t an innkeep] 9 ,london1 :5 he provid$ a public d9n]1 always spread 8 tables 9 an "u-gr\nd room1 ) l[ walls1 :]e ! air 0 conf9$ & impure4 ,he assign$ z a reason = s do+1 t 8 gue/s consum$ only "o ?ird z mu* food & w9e1 z if ! tables 7 laid 9 ! op5 air4 #b;d4 ,a manufactur] /at$ be=e a committee ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 t he _h remov$ an arrangem5t = v5tilat+ 8 mill1 because he notic$ t 8 m5 ate mu* m aft] 8 mill 0 v5tilat$1 ?an previ\s to admitt+ fre% air into ! rooms1 & t he c\ld n af=d to h !m brea! pure air4 ,obs]vation4 ,_m ( ! cases ( indige/ion among cl]gym51 seam/resses1 s*ool tea*]s1 s$5t>y me*anics1 & factory op]atives1 are produc$ by brea?+ ! impure air ( ! rooms !y occupy4 ,^! cases c be prev5t$1 z well z cur$1 by prop] att5tion to v5tilation4 ------------ #cbe4 ,:at is obs]v$ ( ^? individuals t re/rict ! movem5ts ( ! abdom9al muscles8 #cbf4 ,:y is pure air necess>y to vigor\s dige/ion8 ,give illu/ration #a/4 ,illu/ration #b;d4 ,:at is "o cause ( indige/ion among ! s$5t>y class 9 community8 ------------ #cbg4 ,! position ( a p]son1 9 /&+ or sitt+1 ex]ts an influ5ce ^u ! dige/ive organs4 ,if a p]son lean1 or /oop =w>d1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! pelvic bones & ! diaphragm is dim9i%$4 ,?is prev5ts ! depression ( ! diaphragm1 :ile ! /oma*1 liv]1 pancreas1 & o!r abdom9al organs1 suff] compression1 :i* induces _m sev]e diseases ( ^! organs4 ,z heal?y & well-develop$ muscles keep ! sp9al column 9 an erect position1 :i* conduces to ! heal? ( ! organs ( dige/ion1 ! *ild %\ld be taught to avoid all positions b ! erect1 :ile /udy+ or walk+4 ,?is position1 comb9$ ) unre/rict$ wai/s1 w d mu* to remove ! n[ preval5t disease1 dyspepsia4 #cbh4 ,:atev] k9d ( alim5t is tak51 x is sep>at$ into nutrim5t & residuum2 ! =m] ( :i* is convey$1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! circulation1 to all organs ( ! sy/em1 & ! latt]1 if n expell$1 accumulates1 caus+ heada*e & dizz9ess1 ) a g5]al uneas9ess2 &1 if all[$ to cont9ue1 x lays ! f\ndation ( a long p]iod ( suff]+ & disease4 ,= ! pres]vation ( heal?1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be a daily evacuation ( ! residual matt]4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 *ronic diseases ( ! dige/ive organs1 v frequ5tly1 !re is an inactive1 or co/ive condition ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,?is may be remov$ 9 _m cases1 & reliev$ 9 all in/ances1 by friction ov] ! abdom9al organs1 & by mak+ an ef=t at "s /at$ p]iod ea* day1 7ev5+ is be/17 to evacuate ! residuum4 ,9 acute diseases1 z fev]1 reg>d %\ld be giv5 to regul>ity 9 reliev+ ! inte/9es ( residuum4 ,att5tion to ?is sugge/ion w 9 _m in/ances obviate ! necessity ( ca?>tic m$ic9e4 ------------ #cbg4 ,:y does ! position ( a p]son affect dige/ion8 #cbh4 ,into :at are diff]5t k9ds ( alim5t sep>at$8 ------------ #cbi4 ,we w\ld add1 = ! b5efit ( ^? afflict$ ) hemorrhoids1 or piles1 t ! be/ "t = evacuat+ ! inte/9al canal w\ld be imm$iately be=e retir+ = ! night4 ,dur+ ! night1 :ile recumb5t1 ! protrud+ p>ts return to _! prop] place1 & ! surr\nd+ organs acquire increas$ tone to reta9 !m4 ,! same obs]vance w d mu* to prev5t su* pro/rat+ diseases4#ab #ab ,! ur9>y organs1 z well z ! inte/9al canal1 %\ld be frequ5tly & regul>ly evacuat$4 ,"s mo/ di/ress+ & frequ5tly incurable compla9ts are caus$ by false cu/oms & false delicacy 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,tea*]s %\ld be p>ticul>ly c>eful1 & reg>d ?is sugge/ion 9 ref]5ce to "y pupils4 #ccj4 ,to recapitulate3 dige/ion is mo/ p]fect :5 ! action ( ! cutane\s vessels is en]getic2 ! bra9 & vocal organs mod]ately /imulat$ by animat$ conv]sation2 ! blood well purifi$2 ! muscul> sy/em duly ex]cis$2 ! food ( an appropriate quality1 tak5 9 prop] quantities1 at regul> p]iods1 & also prop]ly ma/icat$4 ------------ #ccj4 ,give ! summ>y :5 dige/ion is mo/ p]fect4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,vxii4 ,,! ,,circulatory ,,organs4 #cca4 ,! ultimate object ( ! food & dr9k introduc$ into ! body1 is to furni% mat]ial to promote ! gr[? & repair ! wa/e ( ! organs ( ! sy/em4 ,! =mation ( *yle 7! nutri5t portion ( ! food7 has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! dige/ive process1 & its transf] into ! ve9 at ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 f :i* x is convey$ to ! he>t2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! lungs x assimilates to ! "* ( blood4 #ccb4 ,! ,,blood1 aft] /&+ a %ort "t1 :5 drawn f its vessels1 sep>ates into serum1 7a wat]y fluid17 & co-agu-lum1 7clot47 ,?is fluid is di/ribut$ to e "p ( ! sy/em4 ,!re is no "p s m9ute t x does n receive blood4 ,! organs by :i* ?is di/ribution is effect$ are s connect$ t !re is prop]ly nei!r beg9n+ nor end2 b z x respects _! functions1 !y are connect$ 9 a complete circle4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 !y are call$ ! ,circulatory ,organs4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,circulatory ,,organs4 #ccc4 ,! ,,circulatory ,,organs are ! ,he>t1 ,arte-ries1 ,ve9s1 & ,capil-la-ries4 #ccd4 ,! ,,he>t is plac$ obliquely1 9 ! left cavity ( ! *e/1 betwe5 ! "r & left lung4 ,its g5]al =m is t ( an inv]t$ cone1 ! base ( :i* is direct$ upw>d & backw>d1 t[>d ! "r %\ld]1 :ile its apex po9ts =w>d to ! left side1 ab\t ?ree in*es f ! /]num to ! space betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs4 ,its "u side re/s ^u ! t5d9\s portion ( ! diaphragm4 ,! he>t is surr\nd$ by a sac1 call$ ! p]-i-c>di-um1 7he>t-case47 ,! int]ior surface ( ?is membrane secretes a wat]y fluid1 t lubricates ! ext]ior ( ! he>t1 & obviates friction betwe5 x & ! p]ic>dium4 ------------ #cca4 :at is ! ultimate object ( ! food8 #ccb4 ,( :at is ! blood compos$8 ,:at is said ( ! di/ribution ( ! blood8 #ccc4 ,"n ! circulatory organs4 #ccd-cea4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! circulatory organs4 #ccd4 ,describe ! he>t4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,a front view ( ! he>t4 #a1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #b1 ,! left auricle4 #c1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #d1 ,! left v5tricle4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ,! vessels#ac ?r\gh :i* ! blood passes to & f ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,a back view ( ! he>t4 #a1 ,! "r auricle4 #b1 ,! left auricle4 #c1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #d1 ,! left v5tricle4 #e1 #f1 #g1 ,! vessels t c>ry ! blood to & f ! he>t4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 ,! nutri5t vessels ( ! he>t4 #ac ,all vessels t c>ry blood to ! he>t1 are call$ ve9s4 ,all vessels t c>ry blood f ! he>t1 are call$ art]ies4 ------------ ,) :at is x surr\nd$8 ,:at is its use8 ,h[ mu* fluid does ?is membrane conta9 :5 heal?y8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,9 heal?1 !re is usually ab\t a tea-spoonful ( fluid 9 ! p]ic>dium4 ,:5 ^! p>ts are diseas$1 x may be ?r[n out m abundantly1 & sometimes am\nts to sev]al ounces1 produc+ a disease call$ dropsy ( ! he>t4 ,b all ! unpleasant s5sations 9 ! region ( ! he>t are n caus$ by an increas$ am\nt ( fluid 9 ! p]ic>dium1 z ?is disease is n ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 #cce4 ,! he>t is compos$ ( muscul> fibres1 t trav]se x 9 diff]5t directions1 "s longitud9ally1 b mo/ ( !m 9 a spiral direction4 ,! human he>t is a d\ble organ1 or x has two sides1 call$ ! "r & ! left4 ,! comp>tm5ts ( ! two sides are sep>at$ by a muscul> septum1 or p>tition4 ,aga91 ea* side ( ! he>t is divid$ into two p>ts1 call$ ! ,auri-cle 7deaf e>7 & ! ,v5tri-cle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a section ( ! he>t1 %[+ its cavities & valves4 #c1 ,! "r auricle4 #d1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! "r auricle & "r v5tricle4 #e1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #f1 ,! tricuspid valves4 #g1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #i1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! septum betwe5 ! "r & left v5tricle4 #ab1 ,! left auricle4 #ac1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! left auricle & left v5tricle4 #ad1 ,! left v5tricle4 #ae1 ,! mitral valves4 #af1 ,! aorta4 #ag1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! aorta4 #ccf4 ,! ,,auricles diff] 9 muscul>ity f ! v5tricles4 ,_! walls are ?9n]1 & ( a blui% color4 ,^! cavities are a k9d ( res]voir1 design$ to conta9 ! blood arriv+ by ! ve9s4 #ccg4 ,! ,,v5tricles n only h _! walls ?ick] ?an ! auricles1 b !y diff] 9 _! int]nal /ructure4 ,f ! int]ior ( ^! cavities arise fle%y columns1 call$ co-lumn c>ne-4 ,! walls ( ! left v5tricle are ?ick] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! "r4 ------------ #cce4 ,( :at is ! he>t compos$8 ,give its divisions4 #ccf4 ,describe ! auricles4 #ccg4 ,describe ! v5tricles4 ------------ #cch4 ,! cavities 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t are triangul> 9 %ape2 ^? ( ! left1 oval4 ,ea* cavity w conta9 ab\t two ounces ( blood4 ,betwe5 ! auricle & v5tricle 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t1 !re are ?ree folds1 or d\bl+s1 ( ?91 triangul> membrane1 call$ ! tri-cuspid valves4 ,betwe5 ! auricle & v5tricle 9 ! left side1 !re are two valves1 call$ ! mitral4 ,!re are se5 pass+ f ! float+ edge ( ^! valves to ! column c>ne1 small :ite cords1 call$ *ord t5di-n1 :i* prev5t ! float+ edge ( ! valve f be+ c>ri$ into ! auricle4 #cci4 ,! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t gives rise to ! ,pulmo-na-ry art]y2 ! left v5tricle1 to a l>ge art]y call$ ! ,a-orta4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* ( ^! art]ies !re are ?ree folds ( membrane1 & f _! %ape1 !y are call$ sem-i-lun> valves4 #cdj4 ,! he>t is suppli$ ) art]ies & ve9s1 :i* ramify betwe5 its muscul> fibres1 ?r\gh :i* its nutri5t blood passes4 ,x has1 likewise1 a few lymphatics1 & _m small n]v\s filam5ts f ! sympa!tic sy/em ( n]ves4 ,?is organ1 9 its natural /ate1 exhibits b slight indications ( s5sibility1 & al?\gh ne>ly de/itute ( ! s5sation ( t\*1 x is yet1 h[ev]1 in/antly affect$ by e pa9ful bodily excitem5t1 or /rong m5tal emotions4 ,obs]vation4 ,to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! he>t & its valves1 x is recomm5d$ to exam9e ?is "p ( an ox or calf4 ,9 ord] t ea* v5tricle be op5$ )\t mutilat+ ! fle%y columns1 t5d9\s cords1 & valves1 cut on ea* side ( ! septum p>allel to x4 ,?is may be easily f\nd betwe5 ! v5tricles1 z !y diff] 9 ?ickness4 ------------ #cch4 ,h[ d ! cavities 9 ! he>t diff]8 ,:at is f\nd betwe5 ! auricle & v5tricle 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t8 ,h[ _m valves 9 ! left side1 & _! names8 ,:]e are ! t5d9\s cords1 & :at is _! use8 #cci4 ,:at vessels proce$ f ! v5tricles8 ,:at is said ( _! valves8 #cdj4 ,) :at is ! he>t suppli$8 ,:at is said ( its s5sibility8 ,h[ c an idea ( ! /ructure ( ! he>t be obta9$8 ------------ #cda4 ,! ,,art]ies are ! cyl9drical tubes t convey ! blood f ! he>t to e "p ( ! sy/em4 ,!y are d5se 9 /ructure1 & pres]ve1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! cyl9drical =m1 :5 empti$ ( _! blood1 :i* is _! condition aft] dea?4 #cdb4 ,! art]ies are compos$ ( ?ree coats4 ,! ext]nal1 or cellul> coat1 is firm & /rong2 ! middle1 or fibr\s coat1 is compos$ ( yell[i% fibres4 ,?is coat is ela/ic1 fragile1 & ?ick] ?an ! ext]nal coat4 ,its ela/icity enables ! vessel to accommodate itself to ! quantity ( blood x may conta94 ,! int]nal coat is a ?91 s]\s membrane1 :i* l9es ! int]ior ( ! art]y1 & gives x ! smoo? poli% :i* t surface pres5ts4 ,x is cont9u\s ) ! l9+ membrane ( ! he>t4 #cdc4 ,communications betwe5 art]ies are free & num]\s4 ,!y increase 9 frequ5cy ) dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! bran*es1 s t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! m9ute ramifications1 ! entire body may be consid]$ z "o circle ( inosculation4 ,! art]ies1 9 _! di/ribution ?r\gh ! body1 are enclos$ 9 a loose1 cellul> inve/m5t1 call$ a %ea?1 :i* sep>ates !m f ! surr\nd+ tissues4 #cdd4 ,! ,,pulmon>y ,,art]y comm5ces 9 front ( ! orig9 ( ! aorta4 ,x asc5ds obliquely to ! "u surface ( ! ar* ( ! aorta1 :]e x divides into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* passes to ! "r1 ! o!r to ! left lung4 ,^! divide & subdivide 9 ! /ructure ( ! lungs1 & t]m9ate 9 ! capill>y vessels1 :i* =m a net-"w ar\nd ! air-cells1 & become cont9u\s ) ! m9ute bran*es ( ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,?is art]y conveys ! impure blood to ! lungs1 &1 ) its correspond+ ve9s1 e/abli%es ! less]1 or pulmonic circulation4 ------------ #cda4 ,:at are art]ies8 #cdb4 ,give _! /ructure4 #cdc4 ,:at is said ( ! communications betwe5 ! art]ies8 ,9 _! di/ribution1 h[ are !y sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ tissues8 #cdd4 ,describe ! pulmon>y art]y4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,! divisions ( ?is art]y cont9ue to divide & subdivide1 until !y become no l>g] ?an hairs 9 size4 ,^! m9ute vessels pass ov] ! air-cells1 repres5t$ by small d>k po9ts ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! lungs4 #cde4 ,! ,,aorta proce$s f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & conta9s ! pure1 or nutri5t blood4 ,?is trunk gives (f bran*es1 :i* divide & subdivide to _! ultimate ramifications1 con/itut+ ! great art]ial tree :i* p]vades1 by its m9ute subdivisions1 e "p ( ! animal frame4 ,?is great art]y & its divisions1 ) _! return+ ve9s1 con/itute ! great]1 or sy/emic circulation4 ------------ ,:at does ?is art]y & its correspond+ ve9s e/abli%8 ,expla9 fig4 #fi4 #cde4 ,describe ! aorta4 ,:at d ?is art]y & its correspond+ ve9s con/itute8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! aorta & its bran*es4 #a1 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! aorta4 #b1 ,! ar* ( ! aorta4 #c1 ,! c>otid art]y4 #d1 ,! temporal art]y4 #e1 ,! subclavian art]y4 #f1 ,! axill>y art]y4 #g1 ,! bra*ial art]y4 #h1 ,! radial art]y4 #i1 ,! uln> art]y4 #aj1 ,! iliac art]y4 #aa1 ,! femoral art]y4 #ab1 ,! tibial art]y1 #ac4 ,! p]oneal art]y4 #cdf4 ,! ,,ve9s are ! vessels :i* return ! blood to ! auricles ( ! he>t1 aft] x has be5 circulat$ by ! art]ies ?r\gh ! v>i\s tissues ( ! body4 ,!y are ?9n] & m delicate 9 /ructure ?an ! art]ies1 s t :5 empti$ ( _! blood1 !y become flatt5$ & collaps$4 ,! ve9s comm5ce by m9ute radicles 9 ! capill>ies1 :i* are e :]e di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! textures ( ! body1 & coalesce to con/itute l>g] & l>g] bran*es1 till !y t]m9ate 9 ! l>ge trunks :i* convey ! d>k-color$ blood directly to ! he>t4 ,9 diamet] !y are mu* l>g] ?an ! art]ies1 &1 l ^? vessels1 _! comb9$ area w\ld con/itute an imag9>y cone1 ! apex ( :i* is plac$ at ! he>t1 & ! base at ! surface ( ! body4 ------------ ,:at does fig4 #gj repres5t8 #cdf4 ,:at are ! ve9s8 ------------ #cdg4 ,! communications betwe5 ! ve9s are m frequ5t ?an betwe5 ! art]ies1 & take place betwe5 ! l>g] z well z among ! small] vessels4 ,! (fice ( ^! inosculations is v app>5t1 z t5d+ to obviate ! ob/ructions to :i* ! ve9s are peculi>ly liable1 f ! ?9ness ( _! coats1 & f inability to ov]come great imp$im5ts by ! =ce ( _! curr5t4 ,^! tubes1 z well z ! art]ies1 are suppli$ ) nutri5t vessels1 & x is to be presum$ t n]v\s filam5ts f ! sympa!tic n]ves are di/ribut$ to _! coats4 #cdh4 ,! ext]nal1 or cellul> coat ( ! ve9s1 is d5se & firm1 resembl+ ! cellul> tunic ( ! art]ies4 ,! middle coat is fibr\s1 l t ( ! art]ies1 b extremely ?94 ,! int]nal coat is s]\s1 & also simil> to t ( ! art]ies4 ,x is cont9u\s ) ! l9+ membrane ( ! he>t at "o extremity1 & ) ! l9+ membrane ( ! capill>ies at ! o!r4 #cdi4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals1 ! int]nal coat =ms folds1 or duplicatures1 :i* con/itute valves4 ,!y are g5]ally compos$ ( two semilun> folds1 "o on ea* side ( ! vessel4 ,! free extremity ( ! valvul> folds is concave1 & direct$ =w>d1 s t :ile ! curr5t ( blood sets t[>d ! he>t1 !y pres5t no imp$im5t to its free passage2 b let ! curr5t become retrograde1 & x is imp$$ by _! di/5tion4 ,! valves are mo/ num]\s 9 ! ve9s ( ! extremities1 p>ticul>ly ! deep] ve9s situat$ betwe5 ! muscles2 b 9 "s ( ! l>g] trunks1 & also 9 "s ( ! small] ve9s1 no valves exi/4 ------------ ,:]e d !y comm5ce8 #cdg4 ,:at is said ( _! communications8 ,:at is ! app>5t design ( ! inosculations ( ! ve9s8 ,:at vessels are di/ribut$ to ! coats ( ! ve9s8 #cdh4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! coats ( ! ve9s4 #cdi4 ,h[ are ! valves 9 ! ve9s =m$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,a ve9 laid op5 to %[ ! valves4 #a1 ,! trunk ( ! ve94 #b1 #b1 ,its valves4 #c1 ,an op5+ ( a bran* into ! ma9 trunk4 ------------ ,:at is _! use8 ,:]e are !y ! mo/ num]\s8 ------------ #cej4 ,! ,,capill>ies con/itute a microscopic net-"w1 & are s di/ribut$ ?r\gh e "p ( ! body z to r5d] x impossible to introduce ! smalle/ ne$le b5ea? ! sk91 )\t w\nd+ sev]al ( ^! f9e vessels4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! uni=mity ( diamet]1 & = ! con/ant divisions & communications :i* take place betwe5 !m4 #cea4 ,! capill>ies inosculate1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! t]m9al extremity ( ! art]ies1 & on ! o!r1 ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ve9s4 ,!y e/abli% ! communication betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! art]ies & ! beg9n+ ( ! ve9s4 ,! important op]ations ( secretion & ! conv]sion ( ! nutri5t mat]ials ( ! blood into bone1 muscle1 c41 are p]=m$ 9 ^! vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,an ideal view ( a portion ( ! pulmonic circulation4 #a1 #a1 ,a bran* ( ! art]y t c>ries ! impure blood to ! lungs4 #c1 #c1 ,capill>y vessels4 #b1 #b1 ,a ve9 ?r\gh :i* r$ blood is return$ to ! left side ( ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,an ideal view ( a portion ( ! sy/emic circulation4 #a1 #a1 ,a bran* ( ! aorta4 ,?is t]m9ates 9 ! capill>ies1 7#c1 #c47 #b1 #b1 ,a ve9 ?r\gh :i* ! impure blood is c>ri$ to ! "r side ( ! he>t4 ------------ #cej4 ,:at d ! capill>ies con/itute8 ,= :at are !y rem>kable8 #cea4 ,:at relation d !y be> to ! art]ies & ve9s8 ,:at important op]ations are p]=m$ 9 ^! vessels8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #gb8 ,by fig4 #gc8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,circulatory ,,organs4 #ceb4 ,! walls ( all ! cavities ( ! he>t are compos$ ( muscul> fibres1 :i* are end[$ ) ! prop]ty ( contract+ & relax+1 l ! muscles ( ! extremities4 ,! contraction & relaxation ( ! muscul> tissue ( ! he>t1 produce a dim9ution & enl>gem5t ( bo? auricul> & v5tricul> cavities4 ,! auricles contract & dilate simultane\sly1 & s d ! v5tricles2 yet ! contraction & dilatation ( ! auricles d n alt]nate ) ! contraction & dilatation ( ! v5tricles1 z ! dilatation ( ! "o is n complet$ be=e ! contraction ( ! o!r comm5ces4 ,! dilatation ( ! v5tricles is t]m$ ! di-zto-le ( ! he>t2 _! contraction1 its systo-le4 #cec4 ,! v5tricles contract quick] & m =cibly ?an ! auricles1 & !y are ?ree times long] 9 dilat+ ?an contract+4 ,! walls ( ! "r v5tricle1 be+ ?9n] ?an ! left1 are m di/5sible1 & ?us ?is cavity w conta9 a great] am\nt ( blood4 ,?is arrangem5t adapts x to ! v5\s sy/em1 :i* is m capaci\s ?an ! art]ial4 ,! ?ick] & m p[]ful walls ( ! left v5tricle adapt x to expel ! blood to a great] di/ance4 #ced4 ,! valves 9 ! he>t p]mit ! blood to fl[ f ! auricles to ! v5tricles1 b prev5t its refl[+4 ,! valves at ! comm5cem5t ( ! aorta & pulmon>y art]y1 p]mit ! blood to fl[ f ! v5tricles into ^! vessels1 b prev5t its return+4 ------------ #ceb-cff4 ,give ! physiology ( ! circulatory organs4 #ceb4 ,:at d ! contraction & relaxation ( ! muscul> walls ( ! he>t produce8 ,h[ d ! auricles & v5tricles contract & dilate8 #cec4 ,:at is said ( ! contraction & dilatation ( ! v5tricles 9 ! he>t8 ,h[ is ! "r v5tricle adapt$ to its function8 ,h[ ! left8 #ced4 ,:at is ! use ( ! valves 9 ! he>t8 ,^? ( ! aorta & pulmon>y art]y8 ------------ #cee4 ,! function ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! he>t w be giv51 by aid ( fig4 #gd4 ,! blood passes f ! "r auricle 7#c7 into ! "r v5tricle1 7#e17 & ! tricuspid valves 7#f7 prev5t its reflux2 f ! "r v5tricle ! blood is =c$ into ! pulmon>y art]y1 7#g17 ?r\gh :i* x passes to ! lungs4 ,! semilun> valves 7#i7 prev5t ?is circulat+ fluid return+ to ! v5tricle4 ,! blood1 :ile pass+ ov] ! air-cells 9 ! lungs1 9 ! m9ute divisions ( ! pulmon>y art]y1 is *ang$ f a blui% color to a bright r$4 ,x is !n return$ to ! left auricle ( ! he>t by ! pulmon>y ve9s1 7#aa1 #aa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 #a1 ,! desc5d+ v5a cava1 7ve947 #b1 ,! asc5d+ v5a cava1 7ve947 #c1 ,! "r auricle4 #d1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! "r auricle & ! "r v5tricle4 #e1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #f1 ,! tricuspid valves4 #g1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #h1 #h1 ,! bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y t pass to ! "r & left lung4 #i1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! septum betwe5 ! two v5tricles ( ! he>t4 #aa1 #aa1 ,! pulmon>y ve9s4 #ab1 ,! left auricle4 #ac1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! left auricle & v5tricle4 #ad1 ,! left v5tricle4 #ae1 ,! mitral valves4 #af1 #af1 ,! aorta4 #ag1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! aorta4 ------------ #cee4 ,describe ! c\rse ( ! blood f ! "r auricle 9 ! he>t to ! lungs4 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,if ! blood is n *ang$ 9 ! lungs1 x w n fl[ to ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,?is ph5om5on is se5 9 in/ances ( dea? f dr[n+1 /rangl+1 c>bonic acid1 c4 ,! same is true1 b 9 a less degree1 ( individuals ^: app>el is tight1 z well z ( ^? :o brea! impure air1 or h diseas$ lungs4 #cef4 ,! left auricle1 7#ab17 by its contraction1 =ces ! blood into ! left v5tricle1 7#ad47 ,! mitral valves 7#ae7 prev5t its refl[+4 ,f ! left v5tricle ! blood is =c$ into ! aorta1 7#af17 ?r\gh :i*1 & its subdivisions1 x is di/ribut$ to e "p ( ! sy/em4 ,! semilun> valves 7#ag7 prev5t its return+4 ,obs]vation4 ,! p>ts ( ! circulatory organs mo/ liable to disease are ! valves ( ! he>t1 p>ticul>ly ! mitral4 ,:5 ^! membran\s folds become ossifi$ or ruptur$1 ! blood regurgitates1 & causes great di/ress 9 brea?+4 ,! op]ations ( ! sy/em are ?us di/urb$ z ! movem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e w\ld be if its valves 7 injur$1 or did n play freely4 #ceg4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! functions ( ! pulmon>y art]y & aorta is1 ! =m] communicates ) ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & di/ributes only impure blood to ! lungs2 ! o!r connects ) ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & di/ributes pure blood to ! :ole body1 ! lungs n except$4 ,at ! extremity ( ! divisions ( ! aorta1 z well z ! pulmon>y art]y1 are f\nd capill>y vessels4 ,?is curi\s net-"w ( vessels connects ) ! m9ute ve9s ( ! body1 :i* return ! blood to ! he>t4 ,obs]vation4 ,! function ( ! ve9s ( ! sy/emic circulation is simil> to ! (fice ( ! art]ies 9 ! lungs1 & t ! ve9s ( ! pulmonic circulation transmit to ! he>t ! pure1 or nutri5t blood1 & ?us supply ! art]ies ( ! g5]al sy/em ) assimilat+ fluid4 ------------ ,:at is ! effect :5 ! blood is n *ang$ 9 ! lungs8 #cef4 ,describe ! circulation ( ! blood f ! left auricle to ! g5]al sy/em4 ,:at "p ( ! circulatory organs is mo/ liable to disease8 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! valves are diseas$8 #ceg4 ,give ! diff]5ce 9 ! functions ( ! pulmon>y art]y & aorta4 ,%[ ! relation betwe5 ! functions ( ! art]ies & ve9s bo? ( ! pulmonic & sy/emic circulation4 ------------ #ceh4 ,! ve9s t receive ! blood f all p>ts ( ! body1 foll[ ne>ly ! same c\rse z ! art]ies4 ,! myriads ( ^! small vessels b5ea? ! sk91 & o!rs t accompany ! art]ies1 at la/ unite & =m two l>ge trunks1 call$ vena cava z-c5dens1 & de-sc5dens4 ,obs]vation4 ,a peculi>ity is pres5t$ 9 ! ve9s :i* come f ! /oma*1 sple51 pancreas1 & inte/9es4 ,aft] =m+ a l>ge trunk1 !y ent] ! liv]1 & ramify l ! art]ies1 & 9 ?is organ !y aga9 unite into a trunk1 & ent] ! asc5d+ ve91 or cava1 ne> ! he>t4 ,?is is call$ ! portal circulation4 #cei4 ,! v5tricles ( ! he>t contract1 or ! pulse beats1 ab\t sev5ty-five times e m9ute2 9 adults2 9 infants1 m ?an a hundr$ times e m9ute2 9 old p]sons1 less ?an sev5ty-five times e m9ute4 ,! en]gy ( ! contraction ( ?is organ v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same age4 ,x is likewise modifi$ by ! heal? & tone ( ! sy/em4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! muscul> p[] ( ! he>t2 b1 comp>+ x ) o!r muscles1 & judg+ f ! =ce ) :i* blood is eject$ f a sev]$ art]y1 x mu/ be v great4 ,obs]vation4 ,! ph5om5on kn[n "u ! "n ( pulse1 is ! motion caus$ by ! pressure ( ! blood aga9/ ! coats ( ! art]ies at ea* contraction ( ! v5tricles4 #cfj4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w demon/rate t ! blood fl[s f ! he>t4 ,apply ! f+]s ^u ! art]y at ! wri/1 at two diff]5t po9ts1 ab\t two in*es ap>t2 if ! pressure be mod]ately made1 ! pulse w be felt at bo? po9ts4 ,let ! po9t ne>e/ ! he>t be press$ firmly1 & !re w be no pulsation at ! l[] po9t2 b make /rong pressure ^u ! l[] po9t only1 & ! pulsation w cont9ue at ! upp] po9t1 prov+ t ! blood fl[s f ! he>t1 9 ! art]ies1 to diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ------------ #ceh4 ,:at is ! c\rse ( ! ve9s8 ,:at peculi>ity is obs]vable 9 ! ve9s ( ! liv]8 #cei4 ,h[ (t5 does ! he>t contract1 or ! pulse beat1 9 adults8 ,9 infants8 ,9 old p]sons8 ,:at is said ( ! en]gy ( its contraction 9 diff]5t p]sons8 ,h[ is ! pulse produc$8 #cfj4 ,demon/rate by exp]im5t t ! blood fl[s f ! he>t4 ------------ #cfa4 ,!re are sev]al influ5ces1 ei!r sep>ately or comb9$ t propel ! blood f ! he>t ?r\gh ! art]ies1 among :i* may be nam$1--#a/4 ,! contraction ( ! muscul> walls ( ! he>t4 #b;d4 ,! contractile & ela/ic middle coat ( ! art]ies aids ! he>t 9 impell+ ! blood to ! m9ute vessels ( ! sy/em4 #c;d4 ,! peculi> action ( ! m9ute capill>y vessels is consid]$1 by "s physiologi/s1 z a motive p[] 9 ! art]ial circulation4 #d?4 ,! pressure ( ! muscles ^u ! art]ies1 :5 9 a /ate ( contraction1 is a p[]ful ag5t1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are 9 active ex]cise4 #cfb4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts w demon/rate t ! blood f e "p ( ! sy/em fl[s to ! he>t by ! ag5cy ( ! ve9s4 #a/4 ,press firmly on "o ( ! ve9s ^u ! back ( ! h&1 c>ry+ ! pressure t[>d ! f+]s2 = a mom5t1 ! ve9 w disappe>4 ,on remov+ ! pressure ( ! f+]1 x w reappe>1 f ! blood ru%+ 9 f bel[4 #b;d4 ,if a tape be ti$ ar\nd ! arm above ! elb[1 ! ve9s bel[ w become l>g] & m prom95t1 & also a great] numb] w be br\ght 9 view1 :ile ! ve9s above ! tape are less di/5d$4 ,at ?is "t1 apply ! f+] at ! wri/1 & ! pulsation ( ! art]ies /ill cont9ues1 %[+ t ! blood is con/antly fl[+ f ! he>t ?r\gh ! art]ies1 into ! ve9s2 & ! increas$ size ( ! ve9s %[s t ! pressure ( ! tape prev5ts its fl[+ back to ! he>t4 ------------ #cfa4 ,/ate ! influ5ces t propel ! blood f ! he>t4 #cfb4 ,demon/rate by ! fir/ exp]im5t t ! blood fl[s to ! he>t4 ,by ! second exp]im5t4 ------------ #cfc4 ,! influ5ces t return ! blood to ! he>t ?r\gh ! ve9s1 are n s easily und]/ood z ^? t act on ! blood 9 ! art]ies4 ,"s physiologi/s h imput$ an active propulsive p[] to ! capill>y vessels 9 c>ry+ ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s4 ,?is is n easily expla9$1 & p]haps x is z difficult to und]/&4 ,an influ5ce ^u :i* o!rs h dwelt1 is ! suction p[] ( ! he>t 9 active dilatation1 act+ z a vis a fronte 7p[] 9 front7 9 draw+ blood to x4 #cfd4 ,ano!r influ5ce t aids ! v5\s circulation is attribut$ to ! propulsive p[] ( ! he>t4 ,x is n easy to compreh5d h[ ?is p[] ( ! he>t c be ext5d$ ?r\gh ! capill>y vessels to ! blood 9 ! ve9s4 ,aga91 an important ag5cy has be5 f\nd1 by "s physiologi/s1 9 ! inspiratory movem5ts1 :i* are suppos$ to draw ! blood ( ! ve9s into ! *e/1 9 ord] to supply ! vacuum :i* is creat$ !re by ! elevation ( ! ribs & ! desc5t ( ! diaphragm4 #cfe4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful causes :i* influ5ce ! v5\s circulation1 is ! frequ5tly-recurr+ action ( ! muscles ^u ! v5\s trunks4 ,:5 ! muscles are contract$1 !y compress t portion ( ! ve9s :i* lie b5ea? ! swell1 & ?us =ce ! blood f "o valve to ! o!r1 t[>d ! he>t4 ,:5 !y are relax$1 ! ve9s refill1 & are compress$ by ! recurr+ action ( ! muscles4 ,obs]vation4 ,! physician1 9 op5+ a ve91 relies on ! en]getic contractions & sudd5 relaxations ( ! muscles1 :5 he directs ! pati5t to clasp ! head ( a cane1 or ! arm ( a *air2 ^! alt]nate motions ( ! muscles cause an increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! ve9s ( ! ligat$ arm4 ------------ #cfc4 ,:at is said ( ! influ5ces t return ! blood to ! he>t8 ,:at is said ( ! propulsive p[] ( ! capill>ies8 ,( ! suction p[] ( ! he>t8 #cfd4 ,give ano!r influ5ce4 ,/ate ano!r ag5cy4 #cfe4 ,:at is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful causes :i* influ5ce v5\s circulation8 ,give practical obs]vation4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,an ideal view ( ! circulation 9 ! lungs & sy/em4 ,f ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 7#b17 ! d>k1 impure blood is =c$ into ! pulmon>y art]y1 7#c17 & its bran*es 7#d1 #e7 c>ry ! blood to ! left & "r lung4 ,9 ! capill>y vessels 7#f1 #f7 ( ! lungs1 ! blood becomes pure1 or ( a r$ color1 & is return$ to ! left auricle ( ! he>t1 7#i17 by ! ve9s1 7#g1 #h47 ,f ! left auricle ! pure blood passes into ! left v5tricle1 7#aj47 ,by a =cible contraction ( ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 ! blood is ?r[n into ! aorta1 7#aa47 ,its bran*es 7#ab1 #ac1 #ac7 c>ry ! pure blood to e organ or "p ( ! body4 ,! divisions & subdivisions ( ! aorta t]m9ate 9 capill>y vessels1 repres5t$ by #ad1 #ad4 ,9 ^! hair-l vessels ! blood becomes d>k color$1 & is return$ to ! "r auricle ( ! he>t 7#a7 by ! v5a cava desc5d5s1 7#ae17 & v5a cava asc5d5s1 7#af47 ,! tricuspid valves 7#ag7 prev5t ! refl[ ( ! blood f ! "r v5tricle to ! "r auricle4 ,! semilun> valves 7#ah7 prev5t ! blood pass+ f ! pulmon>y art]y to ! "r v5tricle4 ,! mitral valves 7#ai7 prev5t ! refl[ ( blood f ! left v5tricle to ! left auricle4 ,! semilun> valves 7#bj7 prev5t ! refl[ ( blood f ! aorta to ! left v5tricle4 #cff4 ,! muscles ex]cise an ag5cy 9 ma9ta9+ ! v5\s circulation at a po9t above :at ! he>t c\ld p]=m4 ,z ! pulsations are dim9i%$ by re/1 s !y are accel]at$ by ex]cise1 & v mu* quick5$ by viol5t ef=t4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! increas$ rapidity ( ! return ( blood ?r\gh ! ve9s1 is1 ( itself1 a suffici5t cause = ! accel]at$ movem5ts ( ! he>t dur+ active ex]cise4 ,obs]vation4 ,! quantity ( blood 9 diff]5t individuals v>ies4 ,f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five p\nds may be consid]$ an av]age e/imate 9 a heal?y adult ( m$ium size4 ,! "t 9 :i* ! blood c\rses ?r\gh ! body & returns to ! he>t1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,_m writ]s on physiology unconditionally limit ! p]iod to ?ree m9utes4 ,x is und5iable t ! size & heal? ( a p]son1 ! condition ( ! he>t1 lungs1 & bra91 ! quantity ( ! circulat+ fluid1 ! am\nt & "* ( ! inspir$ air1 & ! am\nt ( muscul> action1 ex]t a modify+ influ5ce4 ,! "t probably v>ies f ?ree to eight m9utes4 ------------ #cff4 ,:at causes ! accel]at$ movem5ts ( ! he>t dur+ active ex]cise8 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! pupil review ! anatomy & physiology ( ! circulatory organs f fig4 #ge1 or f anatomical outl9e plates1 ,no4 #f & #g4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,circulatory ,,organs #cfg4 ,if any "p ( ! sy/em is depriv$ ( blood1 its vitality w cease2 b1 if ! blood is less5$ 9 quantity to a limit$ ext5t1 only ! vigor & heal? ( ! "p w be impair$4 ,! foll[+ conditions1 if obs]v$1 w favor ! free & regul> supply ( blood to all portions ( ! sy/em4 #cfh4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be loosely worn4 ,compression ( any k9d imp$es ! passage ( blood ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! compress$ portion4 ,h5ce1 no article ( app>el %\ld be worn s z to prev5t a free fl[ ( blood ?r\gh e organ ( ! body4 #cfi4 ,! blood :i* passes to & f ! bra91 fl[s ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! neck4 ,if ! dress+ ( ?is "p ( ! body is close1 ! circulation w be imp$$1 & ! functions ( ! bra9 w be impair$4 ,?is rem>k is p>ticul>ly important to s*ol>s1 public speak]s1 & individuals pr$ispos$ to apoplexy1 & o!r diseases ( ! bra94 #cgj4 ,z _m ( ! l>ge ve9s lie imm$iately b5ea? ! sk91 ?r\gh :i* ! blood is return$ f ! l[] extremities1 if ! ligatures us$ to reta9 ! hose1 or any o!r article ( app>el1 9 prop] position1 be tight & inela/ic1 ! passage ( blood ?r\gh ^! vessels w be ob/ruct$1 produc+1 by _! di/5tion1 ! v>icose1 or enl>g$ ve9s4 ,h5ce ela/ic b&s %\ld always be us$ = ^! purposes4 ------------ #cfg-chf4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! circulatory organs4 #cfg4 ,:at effect w be produc$ on ! body if x is depriv$ ( blood8 ,if ! blood is only less5$ 9 quantity8 #cfh4 ,:y %\ld ! clo?+ be worn loose8 #cfi4 ,:at is said ( dress+ ! neck8 ,to :at p]sons is ?is rem>k applicable8 #cgj4 ,h[ are enl>g$ ve9s frequ5tly produc$8 ------------ #cga4 ,an equal temp]ature ( all p>ts ( ! sy/em promotes heal?4 ,a *ill on "o portion ( ! body dim9i%es ! size ( its circulat+ vessels1 & ! blood :i* %\ld di/5d & /imulate ! *ill$ "p1 w accumulate 9 o!r organs4 ,! defici5cy ( blood 9 ! *ill$ portion induces weakness1 :ile ! sup]abundance ( sangu9e\s fluid may cause disease 9 ano!r "p ( ! sy/em4 #cgb4 ,! sk9 %\ld be kept n only ( an equal1 b at its natural temp]ature4 ,if ! sk9 is n kept w>m by adequate clo?+1 s t *ills %all n produce a contraction ( ! blood-vessels & a consequ5t pal5ess1 ! blood w rec$e f ! surface ( ! body1 & accumulate 9 ! int]nal organs4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! sk9 is likewise necess>y1 = ! reason1 t ?is condition favors ! free action ( ! cutane\s vessels4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 int5d+ to ride 9 a cold day1 wa% ! face1 h&s1 & feet1 9 cold wat]1 & rub !m sm>tly ) a co>se t[el4 ,?is is f> bett] to keep ! extremities w>m1 ?an to take spirits into ! /oma*4 #cgc4 ,ex]cise promotes ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,z ! action ( ! muscles is "o ( ! important ag5ts :i* propel ! blood ?r\gh ! art]ies & ve9s1 daily & regul> ex]cise ( ! muscul> sy/em is requir$ to su/a9 a vigor\s circulation 9 ! extremities & sk91 & also to ma9ta9 a heal?y condition ( ! sy/em4 ,! be/ /imulants to improve ! sluggi% circulation ( an indol5t pati5t1 ^: sk9 is pale & ^: extremities are cold1 are ! union ( vigor\s muscul> ex]cise ) agreeable m5tal action1 & ! sy/ematic application to ! sk9 ( cold wat]1 att5d$ ) friction4 ------------ #cga4 ,:y %\ld ! temp]ature ( ! body be equal8 #cgb4 ,:y %\ld ! sk9 be kept at its natural1 z well z at an equal temp]ature8 ,:at practical obs]vation :5 int5d+ to ride 9 a cold day8 #cgc4 ,:y does ex]cise promote heal?8 ,:at are good /imulants = sluggi% circulation 9 ! indol5t8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,! coa*-driv] & team/] ?r[ _! arms ar\nd _! bodies to w>m !m :5 cold4 ,! muscles t are call$ into action 9 sw++ ! arms1 =ce a great] quantity ( blood into ! *ill$ p>ts1 & consequ5tly1 m heat is produc$4 #cgd4 ,:5 a numb] ( muscles are call$ into en]getic action1 a great] quantity ( blood w be propell$ to ! lungs & he>t 9 a giv5 "t1 ?an :5 ! muscles are 9 a /ate ( comp>ative inaction4 ,x is no uncommon occurr5ce1 t be=e !re is a prop] expansion ( ! respiratory organs to correspond ) ! frequ5cy & en]gy ( ! movem5ts ( ! muscles1 !re is an accumulation ( blood 9 ! lungs1 att5d$ by a pa9ful s5sation ( fulness & oppression 9 ! *e/1 ) viol5t & irregul> action ( ! he>t4 ,?is condition ( ! organs ( ! *e/1 call$ conge/ion1 may be foll[$ by c\gh1 inflammation ( ! lungs1 a/hma1 & a /ructural disease ( ! he>t4 #cge4 ,to avoid ^! s5sations & results1 :5 we feel necessitat$ to walk or run a consid]able di/ance 9 a %ort "t1 comm5ce ! movem5ts 9 a mod]ate mann] increas+ ! spe$ z ! respiratory movem5ts become m frequ5t & _! expansion m ext5sive1 s t a suffici5t am\nt ( air may be receiv$ into ! lungs to purify ! increas$ quantity ( blood =c$ into !m4 ,! same pr9ciples %\ld be obs]v$ :5 comm5c+ labor1 & 9 driv+ horses & o!r animals4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( muscles are call$ into action aft] repose1 z :5 we rise f a recumb5t or sitt+ po/ure1 ! blood is impell$ to ! he>t ) a v /rong impetus4 ,if t organ %\ld be diseas$1 x may arrive !re 9 l>g] quantities ?an c be dispos$ (1 & dea? may be ! result4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( avoid+ all sudd5 & viol5t movem5ts1 on ! "p ( ^? :o h ei!r a functional or /ructural disease ( ! he>t4 ------------ ,m5tion ! illu/ration4 #cgd4 ,:at is ! effect :5 a numb] ( muscles are call$ into en]getic action8 ,:at effect has ?is accumulation ( blood 9 ! lungs8 #cge4 ,h[ c su* disagreeable s5sations be avoid$8 ,m5tion a practical obs]vation4 ------------ #cgf4 ,! m9d ex]cises no inconsid]able influ5ce ^u ! circulatory organs4 ,:5 an individual is /imulat$ by hope1 or excit$ by ang]1 ! he>t beats m =cibly1 & ! art]ies act m en]getically1 ?an :5 a p]son is influ5c$ by fe>1 despair1 or sorr[4 ,consequ5tly1 ! sy/em is m fully n\ri%$1 & capable ( great] ex]tion1 :5 ! =m] condition obta9s1 ?an :5 ! latt] exi/s4 #cgg4 ,! quality & quantity ( ! blood modify ! action ( ! he>t & blood-vessels4 ,if ?is fluid is abundant & pure1 ! circulatory vessels act ) m en]gy ?an :5 x is defici5t 9 quantity or defective 9 quality4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,9 an a?letic man1 ^: he>t beats =cibly1 & ^: pulse is /rong1 if a consid]able quantity ( blood is drawn f a ve91 z 9 ble$+1 ! he>t w beat feebly1 & ! pulse w become weak4 #b;d4 ,:5 ! blood is made impure by inhal+ vitiat$ air1 ! action ( ! he>t & art]ies is dim9i%$1 :i* produces an effect simil> to t :i* takes place :5 blood is drawn f a ve94 #cgh4 ,hemorrhage f divid$ art]ies %\ld be imm$iately arre/$4 ,:5 l>ge blood-vessels are w\nd$ or cut1 ! fl[ ( blood mu/ be imm$iately /opp$1 or ! p]son soon fa9ts1 & ! he>t ceases its action4 ,if x is a l>ge art]y t is w\nd$1 ! blood w be ?r[n out 9 jets1 or j]ks1 e "t ! pulse beats4 ,! fl[ ( blood c be /opp$ until a surgeon arrives1 ei!r by compress+ ! vessel betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t1 or by compress+ ! end ( ! divid$ art]y 9 ! w\nd4 ------------ #cgf4 ,/ate "s ( ! effects t ! m9d has on circulation4 #cgg4 ,:at effect h ! quantity & quality ( blood ^u ! circulatory organs8 ,give illu/ration #a/4 ,illu/ration #b;d4 #cgh4 ,:at is necess>y :5 l>ge blood-vessels are w\nd$ or cut8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! track ( ! l>ge art]y ( ! arm4 #a1 ,! coll>-bone4 #i1 ,! axill>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! bra*ial art]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,b1 ,! mann] ( compress+ ! art]y ne> ! coll>-bone4 ,a1 ,! mann] ( compress+ ! l>ge art]y ( ! arm1 ) ! f+]s4 ,c1 ,! mann] ( compress+ ! divid$ extremity ( an art]y 9 ! w\nd1 ) a f+]4 #cgi4 ,aft] mak+ compression ) ! f+]s1 z describ$ & illu/rat$1 take a piece ( clo? or h&k]*ief1 twi/ x corn]wise1 & tie a h>d knot midway betwe5 ! two ends4 ,?is knot %\ld be plac$ ov] ! art]y1 betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t1 & ! ends c>ri$ ar\nd ! limb & loosely ti$4 ,a /ick1 five or six in*es long1 %\ld be plac$ "u ! h&k]*ief1 :i* %\ld be twi/$ until ! knot has made suffici5t compression on ! art]y to all[ ! removal ( ! f+]s )\t a return ( ble$+4 ,cont9ue ! compression until a surgeon c be call$4 ------------ ,:at is %[n by fig4 #gf8 ,by fig4 #gg8 #cgi4 ,:at is to be done aft] compress+ ! w\nd1 z be=e describ$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,a1 ,b1 ,! track ( ! l>ge art]y ( ! arm4 ,! figure exhibits ! me?od ( apply+ ! knott$ h&k]*ief to make compression on ?is art]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,a1 ,c1 ,! track ( ! l>ge art]y ( ! ?igh4 ,b1 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! knott$ h&k]*ief to compress ?is art]y4 ,9 practice1 ! twi/+ /ick ,b %\ld be plac$ opposite ! knot ov] ! art]y ,a1 ,c4 #chj4 ,:5 an art]y ( ! arm is cut1 elevat+ ! w\nd$ limb above ! head w t5d to arre/ ! fl[ ( blood4 ,9 a w\nd ( a l[] limb1 raise ! foot1 s t x %all be high] ?an ! hip1 until ! ble$+ ceases4 ,illu/ration4 ,on "o occasion1 ! di/+ui%$ ,dr4 ,na?an ,smi? 0 call$ to a p]son :o _h divid$ "o ( ! l>ge art]ies bel[ ! knee4 ,aft] try+ 9 va9 to f9d ! ble$+ vessel1 s z to secure x1 he caus$ ! foot to be elevat$ high] ?an ! hip4 ,at ! fir/ in/ant ! blood 0 =c$ f ! w\nd ab\t twelve in*es2 9 a m9ute1 x 0 dim9i%$ to ?ree or f\r2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! ble$+ ceas$4 ,?is ,dr4 ,s4 call$ 8 great op]ation2 & x 0 truly great 9 simplicity & sci5ce4 ------------ ,:at is %[n by fig4 #gh & #gi8 #chj4 ,:at sugge/ion relative to ! position ( a limb :5 ble$+8 ,relate a simple op]ation by ,dr4 ,na?an ,smi?4 ------------ #cha4 ,! practical utility ( e p]son kn[+ ! prop] means ( arre/+ hemorrhage f sev]$ art]ies1 is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ incid5ts4 ,9 #ahdh1 9 ! t[n ( ,n41 ,mass41 a me*anic divid$ ! femoral art]y2 al?\gh sev]al adult p]sons 7 pres5t1 he di$ 9 a few m9utes f loss ( blood1 because ^? p]sons 7 ignorant ( ! me?od ( compress+ sev]$ art]ies until a surgeon c\ld be obta9$4 #chb4 ,9 #ahdf1 a simil> accid5t occurr$ 9 ! suburbs ( ,philadelphia4 ,:ile ! blood 0 fl[+ copi\sly1 a lad1 :o _h receiv$ in/ruction on ! treatm5t ( su* accid5ts at ! ,philadelphia ,high ,s*ool1 ru%$ ?r\gh ! cr[d t surr\nd$ ! app>5tly dy+ man1 plac$ 8 f+] ^u ! divid$ vessel1 & cont9u$ ! compression until ! ble$+ art]y 0 secur$ by a surgeon4 #chc4 ,9 fle% w\nds1 :5 no l>ge blood-vessel is divid$1 wa% ! "p ) cold wat]1 &1 :5 ble$+ has ceas$1 draw ! incision toge!r1 & reta9 x ) n>r[ /rips ( adhesive pla/]4 ,^! %\ld be put on smoo?ly1 & a suffici5t numb] appli$ to cov] ! w\nd4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ( dome/ic practice1 ! /rips ( adhesive pla/] are too wide4 ,!y %\ld n exce$ 9 wid? "o f\r? ( an in*4 ,!n apply a loose b&age1 & avoid all heal+ salves1 o9tm5ts1 & wa%es4 ,9 remov+ ! dress+ f a w\nd1 bo? ends ( ! /rips ( pla/] %\ld be rais$ & drawn t[>d ! incision4 ,! liability ( ! w\nd re-op5+ is ?us dim9i%$4 ------------ #cha4 ,relate ! fir/ incid5t %[+ ! utility ( e p]son kn[+ ! prop] me?od ( arre/+ ! fl[ ( blood f divid$ art]ies4 #chb4 ,! second incid5t4 #chc4 ,h[ %\ld fle% w\nds be dress$8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! union ( ! divid$ p>ts is effect$ by ! action ( ! divid$ blood-vessels1 & n by salves & o9tm5ts4 ,! only object ( ! dress+ is to keep ! p>ts toge!r1 & protect ! w\nd f air & impurities4 ,nature1 9 all cases ( injuries1 p]=ms h] own cure4 ,su* simple w\nds d n g5]ally require a second dress+ & %\ld n be op5$ until ! incisions are heal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! mann] 9 :i* /rips ( adhesive pla/] are appli$ to w\nds4 #chd4 ,9 w\nds made by po9t$ in/rum5ts1 z a nail1 or 9 lac]at$ w\nds1 z ^? made by =c+ a blunt in/rum5t1 z a hook1 into ! s(t p>ts1 !re w be no direct & imm$iate union4 ,9 ^! cases1 apply a soo?+ p\ltice1 z "o made ( l9se$ meal1 & also keep ! limb /ill4 ,x is judici\s to consult a physician imm$iately1 9 punctur$ or lac]at$ w\nds1 because !y (t5 induce ! mo/ dang]\s diseases4 #che4 ,w\nds caus$ by ! bite ( rabid animals or v5om\s s]p5ts1 %\ld be imm$iately cleans$ ) pure wat]4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! application ( suction1 ei!r ) cupp+ glasses1 or ! m\?1 w prev5t ! introduction ( ! poison\s matt] into ! sy/em by absorption4 ,:5 ?is is effect$1 cov] ! w\nd ) a soo?+ p\ltice1 z "o made ( slipp]y elm b>k4 ------------ ,:at %\ld be avoid$8 ,h[ %\ld ! /rips ( pla/] be remov$ f a w\nd8 ,h[ is ! union ( ! divid$ p>ts effect$8 #chd4 ,h[ %\ld punctur$ & lac]at$ w\nds be dress$8 #che4 ,:at is ! treatm5t ( w\nds caus$ by ! bite ( rabid animals8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,al?\gh animal poisons1 :5 introduc$ into ! circulat+ fluid ?r\gh ! brok5 surface ( ! sk91 frequ5tly cause dea?1 yet !y c be tak5 into ! m\? & /oma* ) impunity1 if ! muc\s membrane :i* l9es ^! p>ts is n brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 a1 a1 ,repres5tation ( w\nds on ! back "p ( ! arm & =e-arm b1 b1 ,w\nds on ! ant]ior "p ( ! arm & =e-arm4 ,by b5d+ ! elb[ & wri/1 ! incisions at a1 a1 are op5$1 :ile ^? at b1 b1 are clos$4 ,7 ! arm ext5d$ at ! elb[ & wri/1 ! w\nds at a1 a1 w\ld be clos$1 & ^? at b1 b1 w\ld be op5$4 #chf4 ,! prop] position ( ! limbs favors ! union ( w\nds4 ,if ! incision be ^u ! ant]ior "p ( ! leg1 betwe5 ! knee & ankle1 ext5d+ ! knee & b5d+ ! ankle w aid its clos+4 ,if x be ^u ! back "p ( ! leg1 by ext5d+ ! foot & b5d+ ! knee1 ! gap+ ( ! incision w be dim9i%$4 ,:5 w\nds occur ^u ! trunk or upp] extremities1 let ! position ( ! p]son be reg>d$4 ------------ #chf ,does ! prop] position ( ! limbs favor ! union ( w\nds8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,absorption4 #chg4 ,,absorption is ! process by :i* ! mat]ials ( nutrition are remov$ f ! alim5t>y canal1 to be convey$ into ! circulatory vessels4 ,x is likewise ! process by :i* ! p>ticles ( matt] t h become injuri\s1 or useless1 are remov$ f ! mass ( fluids & solids ( :i* ! body is compos$4 ,^! r5ovat+ & remov+ processes are p]=m$ by two sets ( vessels ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,lymphatic ,,vessels4 #chh4 ,! vessels t act exclusively = ! gr[? & r5ovation ( ! sy/em1 are f\nd only 9 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,!y are call$ lacteals4 ,! vessels ^: sole function is to remove p>ticles ( matt] already deposit$1 are call$ ,lym-phatics4 ,! radicles1 or comm5cem5t ( ! ve9s1 9 _m1 & x may be 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 p]=m ! (fice ( absorption4 ,obs]vation4 ,?is fact acc\nts = ! capacity ( ! v5\s sy/em exce$+ ! art]ial4 ,_h ! ve9s no o!r function to p]=m1 beside return+ ! blood t _h be5 di/ribut$ by ! art]ies1 x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ?is sy/em w\ld be less ?an ! art]ial1 b ! rev]se is kn[n to be true4 #chi4 ,! ,,lymphatic ,,vessels1 9 /ructure1 resemble ! lacteals4 ,!y exi/ 9 great numb]s 9 ! sk9 & muc\s membranes1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! lungs4 ,?\gh no lymphatics h be5 trac$ to ! bra91 x is presum$ t !y exi/ !re1 z ?is "p ( ! body is n exempt f ! composition & decomposition1 :i* are p]petual 9 ! body4 ,^! vessels are extremely m9ute at _! orig91 s t 9 _m p>ts ( ! sy/em !y _c be detect$ )\t ! aid ( a microscope4 ------------ #chg4 ,def9e absorption4 #chh-cia4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! lymphatic vessels4 #chh4 ,:at are ^? vessels call$ t act exclusively = ! gr[? & r5ovation ( ! body8 ,^? ^: (fice is to remove ! atoms already deposit$8 ,:at o!r vessels p]=m ! (fice ( absorption8 ,give obs]vation4 #chi4 ,describe ! lymphatics4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a s+le lymphatic vessel1 mu* magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! valves ( a lymphatic trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 #a1 ,a lymphatic gl& ) sev]al vessels pass+ ?r\gh x4 #cij4 ,! lymphatic vessels1 l ! ve9s1 dim9i% 9 numb] z !y increase 9 size1 :ile pursu+ _! c\rse t[>d ! l>ge ve9s ne> ! he>t1 into :i* !y p\r _! cont5ts4 ,! walls ( ^! vessels h two coats ( :i* ! ext]nal "o is cellul>1 & is capable ( consid]able di/5tion4 ,! int]nal coat is fold$ s z to =m valves1 l ^? 9 ! ve9s4 ,_! walls are s ?91 t ^! folds give !m ! appe>ance ( be+ knott$4 ------------ ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #hb8 ,by fig4 #hc8 ,by fig4 #hd8 #cij4 ,9 :at respect d ^! vessels resemble ! ve9s ( ! sy/em8 ,give ! /ructure ( _! coats4 ------------ #cia4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts1 ! lymphatic vessels pass ?r\gh di/9ct1 s(t bodies1 peculi> to !mselves1 :i* are call$ lymphatic gl&s1 :i* are to ^! vessels :at ! mes5t]ic gl&s are to ! lacteals4 ,! lymphatic gl&s v>y 9 =m & 9 size4 ,!y are extremely vascul>1 & appe> to consi/ ( a collection ( m9ute vessels4 ,^! gl&s are f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 b are mo/ num]\s 9 ! gro9s1 axilla1 or arm-pits1 neck1 & cavities ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,obs]vation4 ,f exposure to cold1 ^! gl&s are frequ5tly enl>g$ & inflam$4 ,!y are kn[n "u ! "n ( k]nels4 ,!y are (t5 diseas$1 p>ticul>ly 9 scr(ula1 or k+'s evil4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,lymphatic ,,vessels4 #cib4 ,?\gh ! lacteals & lymphatics resemble ea* o!r 9 _! /ructure & t]m9ation1 yet !y diff] z to ! nature ( ! fluids :i* !y convey1 z well z ! nature ( _! functions4 ,! lacteals op5 into ! small inte/9e1 & possess ! p[] ( reject+ all sub/ances 9 ! pass+ alim5t1 b ! *yle4 ,! lymphatics1 on ! contr>y1 n only imbibe all ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! body1 bo? fluid & solid1 b !y sometimes absorb =eign & extrane\s sub/ances1 :5 pres5t$ to _! m\?s1 z 9 vacc9ation4 #cic4 ,! v>ieties ( absorption are1 ! ,9-t]-/itial1 ,rec-re-m5-titial1 ,ex-cre-m5-titial1 ,cu-tane-ous1 ,res-pira-to-ry1 ,ven\s1 & ! ,lacte-al4 ------------ #cia4 ,describe ! lymphatic gl&s4 ,:at obs]vation is giv5 9 reg>d to ^! gl&s8 #cib-djc4 ,give ! physiology ( ! lymphatic vessels4 #cib4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lacteals & lymphatics #cic4 ,"n ! v>ieties ( absorption4 ------------ #cid4 ,,int]/itial absorption is t *ange :i* is con/antly go+ on 9 ! animal economy among ! p>ticles ( matt] ( :i* e texture is compos$4 ,! ord9>y functions ( ! body1 9 heal?1 require incessant action ( ! lymphatics2 ! circulatory sy/em1 ) its myriads ( small vessels1 is con/antly deposit+ new atoms ( matt]1 :i* become vitaliz$1 & p]=m a c\rse ( actions1 !n die1 or become useless4 ,^! old atoms are remov$ by ! absorb5t sy/em4 ,?us1 :]ev] !re is a m9ute art]y to deposit a liv+ p>ticle ( matt]1 !re is a lymphatic vessel1 or v5\s radicle1 to remove x z soon z x %all h f9i%$ its p>ticul> (fice4 #cie4 ,! action ( ! lymphatic vessels c\nt]balances ^? ( nutrition1 & ?us ! =m & size ( e "p ( ! body is pres]v$4 ,:5 _! action exce$s t ( ! nutri5t vessels1 ! body emaciates2 :5 x is defici5t1 ple?ora is ! result4 ,9 y\?1 !y are less active ?an ! nutri5t vessels1 & ! limbs are plump2 b 9 lat] p]iods ( life1 we f9d ^! actions rev]s$1 & ! body dim9i%es 9 size4 ,x is n unfrequ5t t w5s1 & o!r tumors ( consid]able size1 disappe>1 & ev5 ! entire bone ( a limb has be5 remov$ f ! same g5]al cause4 ,! effus$ fluids ( bruises are also remov$ by absorption4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,:5 little or no food is tak5 into ! /oma*1 life is support$ by ! lymphatic vessels & ve9s imbib+ ! fat & reconvey+ x into ! blood vessels4 ,x is ! removal ( ?is secretion :i* causes ! emaciation ( ! face & extremities ( a p]son recov]+ f a fev]4 ,9 consumption1 ! extreme att5uation ( ! limbs is caus$ by ! absorption1 n only ( ! fat1 b also ( ! muscles & m solid p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ------------ #cid4 ,:at is int]/itial absorption8 ,fl[ are ! new atoms ( matt] deposit$8 ,h[ remov$8 #cie4 ,:at vessels d ! lymphatics c\nt]balance 9 action8 ,:at is ! result :5 _! action exce$s t ( ! nutri5t vessels8 ,:5 x is less8 ,m5tion "s in/ances ( active absorption4 ,:at causes ! emaciat$ limbs ( a p]son recov]+ f fev]8 ,! extreme att5uation 9 consumption8 ------------ #b;d4 ,animals :i* live 9 a half torpid /ate dur+ ! w9t]1 d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! same s\rce4 ,9 o!r words1 we may say ! />v+ animal lives = a "t ^u itself1 eat+ up1 by int]nal absorption1 su* p>ts ( ! body z c be sp>$ "u urg5t necessity1 to fe$ ^? organs & cont9ue ^? functions t are absolutely ess5tial to life4 #cif4 ,,recrem5titial absorption is ! removal ( ^? fluids f ! sy/em1 :i* are secret$ ^u surfaces t h no ext]nal outlet4 ,^! fluids are v>i\s1 z ! fat1 ! m>r[1 ! synovia ( jo9ts1 s]\s fluids1 & ! humors ( ! eye4 ,7 x n = ?is v>iety ( absorption1 dropsy w\ld g5]ally exi/ 9 ! cavities ( ! bra91 *e/1 & abdom51 f ! cont9u$ action ( ! secretory vessels4 #cig4 ,,excrem5titial absorption relates to ! fluids :i* h be5 excret$1 su* z ! bile1 pancreatic fluid1 saliva1 milk1 & o!r secretions4 #cih4 ,,cutane\s absorption relates to ! sk94 ,"h ! lymphatic vessels ext5d only to ! cuticle1 :i* !y d n p]meate4 ,!re has be5 mu* div]sity ( op9ion on ! "q ( cutane\s absorption2 "s ma9ta9+ t ?is membrane absorbs1 :ile o!rs d5y x4 ,_m exp]im5ts h prov$ t ! sk9 may absorb suffici5t nutrim5t to support life = a "t1 by imm]s+ ! pati5t 9 a ba? ( milk or bro?4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! h&1 imm]s$ to ! wri/ 9 w>m wat]1 w absorb f n9ety to "o hundr$ gra9s ( fluid 9 ! space ( an h\r4 #cii4 ,?ir/ may be qu5*$ by apply+ moi/ clo!s to ! sk91 or by ba?+4 ,x is no uncommon occurr5ce1 dur+ a passage f "o cont95t to ! o!r1 = ! saliva to become bitt] by ! absorption ( sea wat]4 ,m$ic9al sub/ances1 su* z m]cury1 morph9e1 & ,spani% flies1 are frequ5tly introduc$ into ! sy/em ?r\gh ! sk94 ------------ #cif4 ,:at is recrem5titial absorption8 #cig4 ,def9e excrem5titial absorption4 #cic4 ,to :at does cutane\s absorption relate8 ,is !re a div]sity ( op9ion respect+ ?is v>iety ( absorption8 ,:at d well atte/$ exp]im5ts %[8 #cii4 ,:at rem>k 9 ref]5ce to qu5*+ ?ir/8 ,:at ag5cy conveys m$ic9al sub/ances & o9tm5ts into ! sy/em :5 tabb$ on ! sk98 ------------ #djj4 ,,respiratory absorption has ref]5ce to ! lungs4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ^! organs is abundantly suppli$ ) lymphatic vessels4 ,by _! action1 sub/ances f9ely pulv]iz$1 or 9 ! =m ( gas1 are readily imbib$ :5 inhal$ into ! lungs1 su* z metallic vapors1 odorif]\s p>ticles1 tobacco smoke1 & o!r effluvia4 ,9 ?is way1 contagi\s diseases are frequ5tly contract$4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 inhal+ sulphuric e!r1 or le!on1 x is introduc$ into ! vessels ( ! lungs 9 ! =m ( vapor1 & ?r\gh !m x is rapidly convey$ to ! bra91 & ?us influ5ces ! n]v\s sy/em4 #dja4 ,,v5\s absorption is ! function :i* ! ve9s p]=m 9 absorb+ f ! alim5t>y canal liquids ( v>i\s k9ds t h be5 tak5 into ! /oma* & are n conv]t$ into *yle4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! body1 !y also p]=m ! common (fice ( lymphatics4 #djb4 ,,lacteal1 or dige/ive absorption has ref]5ce to ! absorption ( *yle only1 :i* is de/9$ = ! nutrition ( ! body4 #djc4 ,absorption is n only v abundant1 b g5]ally v rapid1 & all ^! v>ieties are ma9ta9$ ?r\gh life1 except :5 susp5d$ by disease4 ------------ #djj4 ,:at is said ( respiratory absorption8 ,h[ is le!on introduc$ into ! sy/em8 #dja4 ,def9e v5\s absorption4 #djb4 ,:at is lacteal absorption8 #djc4 ,:at is said ( absorption8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,a repres5tation ( ! lymphatic vessels & gl&s4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ,! lymphatic vessels & gl&s ( ! l[] limbs4 #g1 ,lymphatic gl&s4 #h1 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! ?oracic duct4 #i1 ,! lymphatics ( ! kidney4 #aj1 ,( ! /oma*4 #aa1 ,( ! liv]4 #ab1 #ab1 ,( ! lungs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 ,! lymphatics & gl&s ( ! arm4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,( ! face & neck4 #ai1 #bj1 ,l>ge ve9s4 #ba1 ,! ?oracic duct4 #bf1 ,! lymphatics ( ! he>t4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,lymphatic ,,vessels4 #djd4 ,by ! action ( ! lymphatics1 sub/ances ( an injuri\s1 z well z ( a b5eficial1 "* may be convey$ into ! sy/em4 ,^! vessels1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 are m active 9 _! (fice ?an at o!r p]iods2 & x is ( practical utility to "k :at influ5ces _! action4 #dje4 ,! function ( ^! vessels is increas$ by moi/ure1 & less5$ by an active /ate ( ! lacteals4 ,obs]vation %[s t ! ill-f$1 & ^? p]sons t live 9 m>%y di/ricts1 contract contagi\s diseases m readily ?an ^? individuals :o are well f$1 & brea! a dry & pure air4 #djf4 ,! air ( ! sick-room %\ld be dry4 ,if due att5tion is n giv5 to v5tilation1 ! clo?+ ( ! nurse & pati5t1 toge!r ) ! air ( ! room1 w be moi/5$ by ! exhalations f ! sk9 & lungs4 ,?is exhalation may conta9 a poison ( great] or less p[]1 accord+ to its quantity & degree ( conc5tration1 & may be absorb$ & reconvey$ into ! sy/em1 caus+ inflammatory diseases1 & n unfrequ5tly dea?4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,:5 we are att5d+ a sick p]son a curr5t ( air t has pass$ ov] ! pati5t %\ld be avoid$4 ,we may approa* ) safety v ne> a p]son :o has an infecti\s disease1 provid$ c>e is tak5 to keep on ! side f :i* ! curr5ts ( air are admitt$ into ! room4 #b;d4 ,:5 we h be5 visit+ or att5d+ on a sick p]son1 x is judici\s to *ange ! app>el worn 9 ! sick-room1 & also give ! sk9 a ?or\gh ba?+4 ,! outside g>m5ts1 also1 %\ld be air$1 z poison\s matt] may h p5etrat$ ! me%es ( ! clo?+4 ------------ #djd-dac4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! lymphatic vessels4 #djd4 ,:at is said respect+ ! action ( ! lymphatic vessels8 #dje4 ,:at influ5ces ! function ( ^! vessels8 ,:at does obs]vation %[8 #djf4 ,:y %\ld ! air ( ! sick-room be dry8 ,:at sugge/ion :5 we h be5 visit+ or att5d+ on ! sick8 ------------ #djg4 ,! /oma* %\ld be suppli$ ) food ( a nutri5t & dige/ible "*1 9 prop] quantities1 & at /at$ p]iods4 ,! *yle =m$ f ! food /imulates ! lacteals to activity1 :i* activity is att5d$ ) an inactive /ate ( ! lymphatics ( ! sk9 & lungs4 ,?us due att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! food ( ! att5dants on ! sick1 & ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,be=e visit+ a sick p]son x is judici\s to take a mod]ate am\nt ( nutriti\s food4 ,obs]vation4 ,_m individuals1 to prev5t contract+ disease t may be communicat$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 use tobacco1 ei!r *ew$ or smok$2 & sometimes alcohol1 ) decoctions ( bitt] h]bs4 ,^! sub/ances d n dim9i%1 b t5d to increase1 ! activity ( ! lymphatics4 ,?us !y make use ( ! means by :i* ! poison\s matt] =m$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! diseas$ p]son1 may be m readily convey$ into _! own4 #djh4 ,! sk9 & clo?+1 z well z ! b$-l951 %\ld be frequ5tly cleans$4 ,?is w remove ! poison\s matt] t may be deposit$ ^u ! sk9 & g>m5ts1 :i*1 if suff]$ to rema91 might be convey$ into ! sy/em by ! action ( ! lymphatics4 ,?is po9ts also to a frequ5t *ange ( ! we>+ app>el1 z well z ! cov]+s ( ! b$4 ,9 visit+ ! unheal?y di/ricts ( ! ,s\? & ,we/1 ! liability ( contract+ disease is mu* less5$ by tak+ a supply ( food at prop] p]iods1 keep+ ! sk9 & clo?+ 9 a clean /ate1 ! room well v5tilat$1 & avoid+ ! damp *ills ( ev5+4 #dji4 ,absorption by ! sk9 is mo/ vigor\s :5 ! cuticle is remov$ by vesication1 or bli/]+4 ,!n ext]nal applications are br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! orifices ( ! lymphatics ( ! sk91 & by !m rapidly imbib$ & circulat$ ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,?us ars5ic appli$ to ! cutane\s vessels1 & /rong solutions ( opium to ext5sive burns1 h be5 absorb$ 9 quantities suffici5t to poison ! pati5t4 ------------ #djg4 ,:y %\ld ! /oma* be suppli$ ) food ( a nutri5t & dige/ible "*8 ,:at is said ( ! use ( alcohol1 or tobacco1 9 prev5t+ ! introduction ( ! poison\s matt] ( contagi\s diseases8 #djh4 ,:y %\ld ! clo?+ & b$-l95 be frequ5tly wa%$8 ,:at sugge/ion to p]sons 9 visit+ ! unheal?y di/ricts ( ! ,s\? & ,we/8 #dji4 ,:5 is cutane\s absorption mo/ vigor\s8 ,:y8 ------------ #daj4 ,:5 ! cuticle is only punctur$ or abrad$1 poison\s matt] may be introduc$ into ! sy/em4 ,! highly respect$ ,dr4 ,w41 ( ,bo/on1 lo/ 8 life by poison\s matt] f ! body ( a pati5t subject$ to a po/ mortem exam9ation4 ,he _h remov$ f 8 f+]1 previ\s to ! exam9ation1 a hang-nail1 & ! poison f ! dead body 0 br\ght 9 contact ) ! d5ud$ "p1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! lymphatics x 0 convey$ into ! sy/em4 #daa4 ,puncture any "p ( ! cuticle ) ! f9e/ in/rum5t t has ^u its po9t ! smalle/ conceivable quantity ( ! vacc9e virus1 or small-pox matt]1 & x w be br\ght into contact ) ! lymphatic vessels1 & ?r\gh _! ag5cy convey$ into ! sy/em4 ,! result is1 t p]sons ?us op]at$ ^u h ! small-pox1 or ! vacc9e disease4 #dab4 ,:5 we expose ourselves to any poison\s vapors1 or h&le diseas$ animals or sick p]sons1 safety & heal? require t ! cuticle be n brok5 or o!rwise injur$4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! poison\s animal matt] ^u hides has be5 introduc$ into ! sy/ems ( tann]s1 ?r\gh small ulc]s ^u _! f+]s or h&s4 ,f ^! sores !re w\ld be se5 small r$ l9es ext5d+ up ! arm4 ,^! swell$ tracts indicate an inflammation ( ! l>ge lymphatic trunks1 t h be5 irritat$ & diseas$ by ! passage ( poison\s matt] ?r\gh !m into ! sy/em4 ------------ #daj4 ,d ! same results foll[1 if ! cuticle is only punctur$8 ,relate an in/ance ( dea? by ! absorption ( poison\s matt]4 #daa4 ,by :at means is ! vacc9e matt] introduc$ into ! sy/em8 #dab4 ,:at caution is necess>y :5 we expose ourselves to poison\s vapors8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,a di/ress+ illu/ration ( ! absorption ( delet]i\s sub/ances f ! surface ( a sore1 is se5 9 ! favorite exp]im5ts ( t class ( quacks1 :o /yle !mselves canc] doctors4 ,) !m1 e trifl+ & tempor>y enl>gem5t1 or tumor1 is a canc]4 ,_! g5]al rem$y is ars5ic2 & happy is ! un=tunate suff]] :o escapes de/ruction 9 _! h&s1 = too frequ5tly _! spe$y cure is dea?4 #dac4 ,9 case ( an accid5tal w\nd1 x is be/ imm$iately to ba! ! "p ?or\ghly 9 pure wat]1 & to avoid all irritat+ applications4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x w\ld be well to apply lun> cau/ic imm$iately4 ,:5 h&l+ or %r\d+ dead bodies1 or remov+ ! sk9 f animals t h di$ ( disease1 x w\ld be well to lubricate ! h&s ) olive-oil or l>d4 ,?is af=ds protection to ! m9ute portions ( ! sk91 f :i* ! cuticle may be remov$4 ,9 all cases :]e !re is an ulc] or sore1 ! "p %\ld be cov]$ ) some?+ imp]vi\s to fluids1 z c\rt-pla/]1 be=e expos+ ! sy/em to any animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al poison4 ------------ #dac4 ,:at direction is giv5 :5 ! cuticle is brok58 ,:at sugge/ion is giv5 :5 %r\d+ dead bodies8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,secretion4 #dad4 ,9 ! human body are f\nd _m fluids & solids ( dissimil> appe>ance & "*4 ,^! are produc$ by ! action ( organs1 "s ( :i* are ( simple /ructure1 :ile o!rs are v complicat$ 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,^! organs are call$ ,se-creto-ry4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,secretory ,,organs4 #dae4 ,! ,,secretory ,,organs are ! ,ex-halants1 ,folli-cles1 & ! ,gl&s4 #daf4 ,! ,,exhalants 7 suppos$ to be t]m9ations ( art]ies or capill>ies4 ,! ext]nal exhalants t]m9ate on ! sk9 & muc\s membranes2 ! int]nal 9 ! cellul> & m$ull>y tissues4 7,app5dix ,i47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,a secretory follicle4 ,an art]y is se51 :i* supplies ! mat]ial = its secretion4 ,follicles are also suppli$ ) ve9s & organic n]ves4 #dag4 ,! ,,follicles are small bags1 or sacs1 situat$ 9 ! true sk91 & muc\s membrane4 ,! pores se5 on ! sk9 are ! outlets ( ^! bodies4 ------------ #dad4 ,h[ are ! fluids & solids ( ! body produc$8 #dae-dai4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! secretory organs4 #dae4 ,"n ! secretory organs4 #daf4 ,describe ! exhalants4 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #hf8 #dag4 ,def9e follicles4 ------------ #dah4 ,! ,,gl&s are s(t1 fle%y organs1 & z v>i\s 9 _! /ructure1 z ! secretions :i* x is _! function to produce4 ,ea* gl& is compos$ ( _m small lobules unit$ 9 a compact mass1 & ea* lobule communicates by a small duct ) ! pr9cipal outlet1 or duct ( ! organ4 ,e gl& is suppli$ ) art]ies1 ve9s1 lymphatics1 & n]ves4 ,^!1 ) ! ducts1 are arrang$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & connect$ by cellul> membrane4 #dai4 ,!re are two classes ( gl&s1 "o = ! modification ( ! fluids :i* pass ?r\gh !m1 z ! mes5t]ic & lymphatic gl&s2 & ! o!r = ! secretion ( fluids :i* are ei!r useful 9 ! animal economy1 or require to be reject$ f ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 #a1 #a1 ,a secretory gl&4 #b1 #b1 ,m9ute ducts t are spread ?r\gh ! gl&s4 ,^! coalesce to =m ! ma9 duct1 #c4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,secretory ,,organs4 #dbj4 ,,secretion is "o ( ! mo/ obscure & my/]i\s functions ( ! animal economy4 ,x is t process by :i* v>i\s sub/ances are sep>at$ f ! blood1 ei!r ) or )\t exp]i5c+ any *ange dur+ _! sep>ation4 ,n only is ! process by :i* sub/ances are sep>at$ f ! blood1 call$ secretion1 b ! same t]m is also appli$ to sub/ances ?us sep>at$4 ,?us physiologi/s say1 t by ! process ( secretion1 bile is =m$ by ! liv]2 & also1 t bile is ! secretion ( ?is organ4 ------------ #dah4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! gl&s4 #dai4 ,h[ are ! gl&s arrang$8 #dbj-dca4 ,give ! physiology ( ! secretory organs4 #dbj4 ,:at is secretion8 ------------ #dba4 ,! secret$ fluids d n exi/ 9 t =m 9 ! blood1 b mo/ ( ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are made d exi/ 9 ?is fluid1 & ! vessels by :i* x is accompli%$ may well be call$ ! ar*itects & *emi/s ( ! sy/em2 = out ( ! same mat]ial--! blood--!y con/ruct a v>iety ( wond]ful fabrics & *emical comp\nds4 ,we see ! same wond]ful p[] possess$1 also1 by vegetables2 = out ( ! same mat]ials ! olive prep>es its oil1 ! cocoa-nut its milk1 ! cane its sug>1 ! poppy its n>cotic1 ! oak its gre5 pulpy leaves1 & its d5se woody fibre4 ,all are compos$ ( ! same few1 simple elem5ts1 arrang$ 9 diff]5t ord] & proportions4 #dbb4 ,9 l mann] we f9d ! vessels1 9 animat$ bodies1 capable ( =m+ all ! v>i\s textures & sub/ances :i* compose ! frame2 ! cellul> tissue1 ! membranes1 ! ligam5ts1 ! c>tilages1 ! bones1 ! m>r[1 ! muscles ) _! t5dons1 ! lubricat+ fluid ( ! jo9ts1 ! pulp ( ! bra91 ! transp>5t jelly ( ! eye2 9 %ort1 all ! textures ( ! v>i\s organs ( :i* ! body is compos$1 consi/ ( simil> ultimate elem5ts1 & are manufactur$ f ! blood4 #dbc4 ,( ! ag5ts t produce or direct ! diff]5t secretions1 we h no v accurate k4 ,"s h suppos$ ?is function to be me*anical1 o!rs a *emical process1 b exp]im5ts prove t x is dep5d5t on n]v\s influ5ce4 ,if ! n]ves are divid$ :i* are di/ribut$ to any organ1 ! process ( secretion is susp5d$4 ,x is no uncommon occurr5ce1 t ! nature ( milk w be s *ang$ f ! influ5ce ( ang] 9 ! "m1 z to cause vomit+1 colic1 & ev5 convulsions1 9 ! infant t swall[s x4 ,unexpect$ intellig5ce ei!r ( a pleasant or unpleasant "*1 by its influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em1 w frequ5tly de/roy ! appetite4 ,sometimes m5tal agitation1 z fe>1 w cause a cold sweat to p]vade ! surface ( ! body4 ------------ #dba4 ,:at is said respect+ secret$ sub/ances8 ,d vegetables possess ! prop]ty ( secretion8 #dbb4 ,f :at are ! v>i\s textures =m$8 #dbc4 ,h we accurate k ( ! ag5ts t produce secretion8 ------------ #dbd4 ,secretions are con/antly ma9ta9$1 dur+ life1 f ! s]\s membrane1 by ! action ( ! int]nal exhalants4 ,! fluid :i* is exhal$ be>s "s resemblance to ! s]um ( ! blood4 ,its use is to furni% ! organs1 :i* are surr\nd$ by ?is membrane1 ) a prop] degree ( moi/ure1 & ?us enables !m to move easily on ea* o!r1 z ^? )9 ! *e/ & abdom54 #dbe4 ,! cellul> tissue exhales a s]\s fluid1 & :5 x becomes excessive 9 quantity1 g5]al dropsy is produc$4 ,fat is ano!r secretion1 :i* is ?r[n out1 9 a fluid /ate1 f ! cellul> membrane4 ,x is deposit$ 9 little cells1 & exi/s 9 ! greate/ abundance betwe5 ! sk9 & ! muscles4 ,its use seems to be1 to =m a cu%ion ar\nd ! body = its protection2 to furni% nutrim5t = ! sy/em :5 food _c be tak52 to supply ! c>bon & hydrog5 necess>y to su/a9 ! g5]ation ( heat1 :5 ^! articles ( combu/ion are n o!rwise furni%$4 ,! m$ul-la-ry sub/ance1 7m>r[17 9 ! cavities ( ! long bones1 is v mu* l fat4 ,obs]vation4 ,dur+ sickness1 if !re is n emaciation or absorption ( ?is secretion1 x is consid]$ an unfavorable symptom1 because x indicates a want ( p[] 9 ! absorb+ sy/em1 :i* is among ! la/ to be affect$4 ------------ ,h[ is x prov$ t secretion dep5ds on n]v\s influ5ce8 #dbd4 ,:at is said ( ! secretions f ! s]\s membrane8 #dbe4 ,f :at tissue is a s]\s fluid exhal$8 ,:at is ! effect :5 ?is fluid becomes excessive 9 quantity8 ,:at is fat8 ,its use8 ,:at is m>r[8 ------------ #dbf4 ,! muc\s secretion is a transp>5t1 viscid fluid :i* is secret$ by ^? membranes t l9e ! cavities ( ! body1 :i* h an ext]nal communication1 z ! tra*ea & alim5t>y canal4 ,?is secretion s]ves to protect ^! p>ts f ! influ5ce ( ! air1 & concurs1 by means ( its peculi> prop]ties1 9 ! p]=mance ( _! functions4 #dbg4 ,!re are two ext]nal secretions1 namely1 "o f ! sk91 call$ p]spiration1 & ! o!r f ! lungs4 ,! cutane\s exhalation1 or transpiration#ad exi/s 9 two =ms1 call$ s5sible p]spiration 7sweat7 & ins5sible p]spiration4 ,! pulmon>y exhalation is ! mo/ important & univ]sal1 & closely resembles t ( ! sk94 #ad ,transpiration is a t]m (t5 us$ g5]ically1 to signify ! passage ( fluids or gases ?r\gh membranes1 int]nally or ext]nally2 b p]spiration is a specific t]m1 signify+ transpiration on to ! ext]nal surface4 #dbh4 ,! follicles are f\nd only 9 ! sk9 & muc\s membrane4 ,!y secrete an oily1 unctu\s sub/ance1 :i* mixes ) ! transpiration1 & lubricates ! sk94 ,at ! root ( ea* hair !re is a m9ute follicle1 :i* secretes ! fluid t oils ! hair4 ,! wax 9 ! passage ( ! e> is secret$ f ^! bodies4 #dbi4 ,all ! blood di/ribut$ to ! diff]5t gl&s is simil> 9 composition & "*2 b ! fluids secret$ by !m1 v>y 9 appe>ance 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,! (fice ( ! gl&s appe>s to be pr9cipally to =m diff]5t secretions4 ,?us ! saliv>y gl&s secrete ! insipid saliva2 ! la*rymal gl&s1 ! sal9e te>s2 ! liv]1 ! yell[1 ropy bile2 & ! kidneys1 ! acrid ur9e4 ------------ #dbf4 ,:at is said relative to ! muc\s secretion8 #dbg4 ,"n ! ext]nal secretions4 #dbh4 ,give ! (fice ( ! follicles4 #dbi4 ,:at appe>s to be ! pr9cipal (fice ( ! gl&s8 #dcj4 ,m5tion a secretion produc$ 9 a p>ticul> em]g5cy4 ------------ #dcj4 ,"s secretions are evid5tly produc$ only 9 p>ticul> em]g5cies1 z is se5 9 ! increas$ secretion ( bony matt] :5 a limb is brok54 #dca4 ,:5 any sub/ance :i* is n dem&$ = nutrition1 or does n give n\ri%m5t to ! sy/em1 is imbib$ by ! lymphatic vessels1 & convey$ into ! blood1 x is elim9at$ 9 ! secretions4 ,illu/ration4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 a poor inebriate 0 c>ri$ to a ,london hospital 9 a /ate ( intoxication4 ,he liv$ b a few h\rs4 ,on exam9+ 8 bra91 ne>ly half a gill ( fluid1 /rongly impregnat$ ) g91 0 f\nd 9 ! cavities ( ?is organ4 ,?is 0 secret$ f ! vessels ( ! bra94 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,secretory ,,organs4 #dcb4 ,unless ! secretions are regul>ly ma9ta9$1 disease w be ! ultimate result4 ,let ! secretions f ! sk9 be suppress$1 & fev] or "s int]nal inflammation w foll[4 ,if ! bile is imp$$1 dige/ion w be impair$4 ,if any o!r secretion is suppress$1 x w cause a d]angem5t ( ! v>i\s int]nal organs4 ,obs]vation4 ,ard5t spirits d]ange ! secretions1 & *ange ! /ructure ( ! bra94 ,?is is "o reason :y inebriates d n g5]ally live to advanc$ age4 #dcc4 ,! quantity ( blood influ5ces ! "* ( ! secretions4 ,if x is less5$ to any great ext5t1 ! secretions w be less5$ z well z *ang$ 9 "*4 ,illu/ration4 ,:5 a p]son has lo/ a consid]able quantity ( blood1 !re is a s5sation ( ?ir/ 9 ! fauces1 att5d$ ) a cold1 pale1 dry sk94 ,:5 reaction comes on1 ! p]spiration is cold1 att5d$ ) nausea1 & sometimes vomit+4 ------------ #dca4 ,:at becomes ( ^? sub/ances imbib$ by ! lymphatics t d n give n\ri%m5t to ! body4 #dcb-dcg4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! secretory organs4 #dcb4 ,:at effect on ! sy/em :5 ! secretions are n regul>ly ma9ta9$8 #dcc4 ,does ! quantity ( blood influ5ce ! secretions8 ,give an illu/ration4 ------------ #dcd4 ,! secretory organs require ! /imulus ( pure blood4 ,if ?is fluid is vitiat$1 ! action ( ! secretory organs w be m or less modifi$4 ,ei!r ! quantity w be affect$ or ! quality w be alt]$4 ,obs]vation4 ,! impurity ( ! blood aris+ f ! inhalation ( ! vitiat$ air ( sleep+ rooms1 dim9i%es & *anges ! "* ( ! secretions ( ! m\? & /oma*4 ,?is acc\nts = ! ?ir/1 coat$ tongue1 & disagreeable ta/e ( ! m\? :5 impure air is brea!d dur+ sleep4 ,! disease x induces1 is indige/ion or dyspepsia4 #dce4 ,! am\nt ( action modifies ! condition ( ! secretory organs4 ,:5 a secretory organ is excessively /imulat$1 its vigor & en]gy are r$uc$4 ,! subsequ5t debility may be s great z to suppress or de/roy its functional p[]4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,9 ^? sections ( ! c\ntry :]e flax is spun on a foot-:eel1 x is n unfrequ5t t ! sp9n]s moi/5 ! ?read ) ! secretions ( ! m\?4 ,?is seems to op]ate economically = a "t1 b debility ( ! saliv>y organs soon foll[s1 :i* incapacitates !m f supply+ saliva suffici5t to moi/5 ! food1 produc+ 9 a %ort "t disease ( ! dige/ive organs4 #b;d4 ,! habit ( cont9ual spitt+1 :i* att5ds ! *ew+ ( tobacco & gums1 & o!r sub/ances1 betwe5 meals1 induces debility1 n only ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 b ( ! sy/em g5]ally4 #dcf4 ,"o secretory organ may d ! (fice ( ano!r4 ,?is increas$ action ( a secretory organ may be su/a9$ = a limit$ "t )\t p]man5t injury1 b1 if long cont9u$1 a diseas$ action ( ! organ w foll[4 ,( morbid secretions we h examples 9 ! ossification ( ! valves ( ! he>t1 canc]\s & o!r tumors4 ------------ #dcd4 ,:at is ! effect ( impure blood on ! secretory organs8 #dce4 ,:at results f /imulat+ excessively a secretory organ8 ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 #dcf4 ,:at is ! effect :5 "o secretory organ p]=ms ! (fice ( ano!r8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! ev5+s ( ! w>m season1 a *ill ^u ! impressible sk91 t suppresses ! p]spiration1 is frequ5tly foll[$ by a di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 or *ol]a morbus4 ,^! c be prev5t$ by avoid+ ! *ill4 ,an effici5t means ( relief1 is imm$iately to re/ore ! sk9 to its prop] action4 #dcg4 ,! secretions are mu* influ5c$ by ! m9d4 ,h[ ?is is effect$1 x is difficult to expla92 b _m facts corroborate x4 ,e "o has felt an increas$ action ( ! te>-gl&s f di/ress+ feel+s4 ,*e]fulness ( disposition & s]5ity ( ! passions are peculi>ly favorable to ! prop] p]=mance ( ! secretory function4 ,f ?is we may le>n h[ important x is to avoid su* ?+s z di/ract1 agitate1 or h>ass u4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 fev]s & o!r diseases1 :5 ! sk91 m\?1 & ?roat are dry f a suppression ( ! secretions1 let ! m9d ( ! pati5t be *ang$ f despond5cy to hope1 & ! sk9 & ! membrane t l9es ! m\? & ?roat w exhibit a m moi/ condition1 toge!r ) a g5]al improvem5t ( ! vital organs ( ! sy/em4 ,consequ5tly1 all j enc\ragem5t ( ! re/oration to heal? %\ld be giv5 to a sick p]son4 ------------ ,give examples ( morbid secretions4 ,:at is "o cause ( dys5t]y & *ol]a morbus8 ,h[ c ^! affections he reliev$8 #dcg4 ,%[ ! influ5ce ( ! m9d on ! secretions4 ,m5tion in/ances ( its influ5ce4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,nutrition4 #dch4 ,,nutrition is ! vital act by :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body r5ew ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,dige/ion1 circulation1 absorption1 & respiration1 are b sep>ate l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( nutrition1 :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by ! abs5ce ( any "o ( !m4 #dci4 ,! nutritive process is also a k9d ( secretion1 by :i* p>ticles ( matt] are sep>at$ f ! blood & convey$ ) wond]ful accuracy to ! appropriate textures4 ,! function ( ! nutri5t vessels antagonizes ^? ( absorption3 :ile "o sy/em is con/ruct+1 ) beautiful precision1 ! animal frame1 ! o!r is dilig5tly employ$ 9 pull+ d[n ?is complicat$ /ructure4 #ddj4 ,?is ev]-*ang+ /ate ( ! body is %[n by giv+ animals color$ matt]1 mix$ ) _! food1 :i* 9 a %ort "t t+es _! bones ) ! same color z ! matt] introduc$4 ,let x be )drawn1 & 9 a few days ! bones w assume _! =m] color--evid5tly f ! effects ( absorption4 ,! *angeful /ate ( ! body is fur!r %[n by ! losses to :i* x is subject$2 by ! necessity ( alim5t2 by ! emaciation :i* foll[s ab/95ce f food4 ------------ #dch-ded4 ,:at rem>ks respect+ nutrition8 #dch4 ,:at is nutrition8 #dci4 ,:at is said ( ! nutritive process8 ,! function ( ! nutri5t vessels8 #ddj4 ,give a pro( ( ! ev]-*ang+ /ate ( ! body4 ,give o!r in/ances illu/rative ( ! *angeful /ate ( ! body4 ------------ #dda4 ,e "p ( ! body is subject to ?is cont9ual *ange ( mat]ial1 yet x is effect$ ) su* regul>ity1 t ! size1 %ape1 & appe>ance1 ( e organ is pres]v$2 & aft] an int]val ( a few ye>s1 !re may n rema9 a p>ticle ( matt] :i* exi/$ 9 ! sy/em at a =m] p]iod4 ,not)/&+ ?is entire *ange1 ! p]sonal id5tity is nev] lo/4 #ddb4 ,_m calculations h be5 made to det]m9e 9 :at l5g? ( "t ! :ole body is r5ew$4 ,"s h suppos$ t x is accompli%$ 9 f\r ye>s2 o!rs h fix$ ! p]iod at sev5 ye>s2 b ! "t ( ! *ange is n def9ite1 z 0 suppos$ by a g5u9e son ( ! ,em]ald ,isle1 :o _h be5 9 ,am]ica sev5 ye>s & ?ree mon?s1 & consequ5tly ma9ta9$ t he 0 a native ,am]ican4 ,obs]vation4 ,india ink1 :5 introduc$ into ! sk91 is n remov$2 h5ce "s ass]t t ?is tissue is an exception to ! alt]nate deposition & removal ( its atoms4 ,! ink rema9s because its p>ticles are too l>ge to be absorb$1 & :5 9 ! sk9 x is insoluble4 #ddc4 ,^? animals :i* are mo/ complicat$ 9 _! /ructure1 & are di/+ui%$ by ! greate/ v>iety ( vital manife/ations1 are subject to ! mo/ rapid *anges ( matt]4 ,su* animals require m frequ5t & m abundant supplies ( food2 &1 9 proportion z !y are expos$ to ! great] numb] ( ext]nal impressions1 w be ! rapidity ( ?is *ange ( matt]4 #ddd4 ,animals may be situat$ s t !y lose no?+ by secretion2 consequ5tly1 !y w require no nutrim5t4 ,frogs h be5 tak5 f fissures 9 solid lime rock1 :i* 7 imb$d$ _m feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 &1 on be+ expos$ to ! air1 exhibit$ signs ( life4 ------------ #dda4 ,:y is ! p]sonal id5tity nev] lo/ 9 ! *ange ( mat]ials1 :i* is unceas+ 9 ! sy/em8 #ddb4 ,give ! op9ion ( physiologi/s respect+ ! "t requir$ = ! r5ewal ( ! :ole body4 ,:at exception to ! *ang+ /ate ,( ! diff]5t textures8 #ddc4 ,:at animals are subject to ! mo/ rapid *anges ( mat]ial8 #ddd4 ,may animals be situat$ s t !y require no nutrim5t8 ,:at is relat$ ( frogs8 ------------ #dde4 ,! r5ovation ( ! bone1 muscle1 ligam5t1 t5don1 c>tilage1 fat1 n]ve1 hair1 c41 is n p]fect$ m]ely by ! g5]al circulation ( ! fluid :i* is expell$ f ! left side ( ! he>t1 b ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a sy/em ( m9ute vessels1 :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 _c be se5 by ! eye1 ev5 :5 aid$ by ! microscope2 /ill1 m9ute z !y are1 ! function ( ^! ag5ts is necess>y to ! cont9uance ( life4 ,!y are ! smalle/ capill>y vessels4 #ddf4 ,z ! blood goes ! r\nd ( ! circulation1 ! nutri5t capill>y vessels select & secrete ^? p>ts :i* are simil> to ! nature ( ! /ructure1 & ! o!r portions pass on2 s t e tissue imbibes & conv]ts to its own use ! v pr9ciples :i* x requires = its gr[?2 or1 9 o!r words1 z ! vital curr5t approa*es ea* organ1 ! p>ticles appropriate to x feel its attractive =ce1--obey x1--quit ! /ream1--m+le ) ! sub/ance ( its tissue1--& are *ang$ into its own true & prop] nature4 #ddg4 ,?us1 if a bone is brok51 a muscle or a n]ve w\nd$1 &1 if ! sy/em is 9 a prop] /ate ( heal?1 ! vital economy imm$iately sets ab\t heal+ ! rupture4 ,! blood1 :i* fl[s f ! w\nd$ vessels1 coagulates 9 ! incision1 = ! d\ble purpose ( /an*+ ! w\nd1 & ( =m+ a matrix = ! reg5]ation ( ! p>ts4 ,v soon1 m9ute vessels %oot out f ! liv+ p>ts into ! coagulum ( ! blood1 & imm$iately comm5ce _! op]ations1 & deposit bony matt]1 :]e x is requir$ to unite fractur$ bones1 & n]v\s sub/ance to heal ! w\nd$ n]ve1 c4 ------------ #dde4 ,%[ h[ ! r5ovation ( ! bones1 muscles1 c41 is p]fect$4 #ddf4 ,:at is said ( ! (fice ( ! nutri5t capill>y vessels8 #ddg4 ,:5 a bone is fractur$1 by :at process is x heal$8 ------------ #ddh4 ,b ! vital economy seems n to possess ! p[] ( reproduc+ ! muscles & true sk91 & !re=e1 :5 ^! p>ts are w\nd$1 ! rupture is repair$ by a gelat9\s sub/ance1 :i* gradually becomes h>d1 & sometimes assumes some?+ ( a fibr\s appe>ance4 ,x s p]fectly unites ! divid$ muscle1 h[ev]1 z to re/ore its functional p[]4 ,:5 ! cuticle is remov$1 x is reproduc$ & no sc> rema9s2 b1 :5 ! true sk9 is de/roy$1 a sc> is =m$4 #ddi4 ,x is n uncommon t ! nutri5t art]ies h _! action s mu* increas$ 9 "s p>ts1 z to produce pret]natural gr[?4 ,sometimes ! vessels ^: function x is to deposit fat1 are increas$ 9 action1 & w5s ( no inf]ior size are =m$4 ,aga91 !re may be a deposition ( sub/ances unlike any kn[n to exi/ 9 ! body4 ,occasionally1 ^! nutri5t art]ies ( a "p take on a new action1 & n only deposit _! ord9>y sub/ance1 b o!rs1 :i* !y h n h]et(ore secret$1 b :i* are =m$ by vessels ( o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we acc\nt = ! bony matt] deposit$ 9 ! valves ( ! he>t & bra91 also ! *alky deposits ar\nd ! f+]-jo9ts4 #dej4 ,9 infancy & *ildhood1 ! function ( nutrition is v active2 a l>ge am\nt ( food is tak51 to supply ! place ( :at is lo/ by ! action ( ! absorb5ts1 & also to contribute to ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,9 middle age1 nutrition & absorption are m equal2 b 9 old age1 ! absorb5ts are m active ?an ! nutri5t vessels4 ,! size1 consequ5tly1 dim9i%es1 ! p>ts become weak]1 ! bones m brittle1 ! body b5ds =w>d1 & e function exhibits m>ks ( decay & dissolution4 #dea4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( active absorption 9 middle age 0 exhibit$ 9 ! p]son ( ,calv9 ,edson1 ( ,v]mont1 :o 0 exhibit$ 9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,new ,engl&1 z ! liv+ skeleton4 ,9 e>ly manhood he 0 a?letic1 & weigh$ "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds2 b ! excessive action ( ! absorb5ts ov] ! nutri5t vessels1 r$uc$ 8 weight1 9 ! int]val ( eighte5 ye>s1 to sixty p\nds4 ------------ #ddh4 ,:at occurs :5 a muscle is divid$8 #ddi4 ,/ate "s ( ! results ( an increas$ action ( ! nutri5t art]ies4 #dej4 ,:5 is nutrition mo/ active8 ,h[ 9 middle age8 ,h[ 9 old age8 #dea4 ,relate a /rik+ in/ance ( active absorption 9 middle age4 ------------ #deb4 ,in/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 h occurr$1 ( ! action ( ! nutri5t vessels exce$+1 9 an extreme degree1 ^? ( absorption2 z 9 ! p]son ( a color$ girl1 ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 :o 0 exhibit$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ! summ] ( #ahdj4 ,%e 0 ( ! height ( misses at t age1 b weigh$ five hundr$ p\nds4 ,sev]al cases are on record ( p]sons weigh+ eight hundr$ p\nds4 #dec4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! blood is ! nutritive fluid ( animals4 ,:5 ?is fluid is coagulat$1 a ?ick1 jelly-l mass floats 9 ! s]um1 call$ coagulum4 ,?is coagulat$ mass is compos$ ( fibr91 & r$ globulat$ matt]4 ,! color ( ! r$ globules is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( iron1 ?\gh "s physiologi/s ?9k x dep5ds on an animal sub/ance ( a gelat9\s "*4 ,obs]vation4 ,t portion ( ! s]um :i* rema9s fluid aft] coagulation by heat has tak5 place1 is call$ se-rosi-ty4 ,x is m abundant 9 ! blood ( old1 ?an 9 t ( "y animals2 & x =ms ! r$ gravy 9 roa/$ meats4 #ded4 ,! blood is n necess>ily r$4 ,x may be :ite1 z 9 mo/ fi%4 ,!re is no animal 9 :i* ! blood is equally r$ 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! ligam5ts1 t5dons1 & o!r :ite tissues 9 man are suppli$ b sp>+ly ) r$ blood4 ,! fluid t supplies ^! tissues is :iti%4 ------------ #deb4 ,( excessive nutrition 9 e>ly life4 #dec4 ,describe ! p>ts t ent] into ! composition ( ! blood4 ,:at "p ( ! blood =ms ! r$ gravy 9 roa/$ meats8 #ded4 ,is ! blood necess>ily r$8 ,( :at color is ! blood ( ! fi%8 ,:at "p ( ! human sy/em has :ite blood8 ------------ ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,nutrition4 #dee4 ,heal?y nutrition requires pure blood4 ,if ! nutri5t art]ies ( ! bones are suppli$ ) impure blood1 !y w become s(t or brittle1 _! vitality w be impair$1 & disease w be ! ultimate result4 ,! five hundr$ muscles receive ano!r portion ( ! blood4 ,^! organs are atta*$ to1 & act ^u ! bones4 ,^u ! heal? & contractile en]gy ( ! muscles dep5ds ! ability to labor4 ,give ^! organs ( motion impure blood1 :i* is an unheal?y /imulus1 & !y w become enfeebl$1 ! /ep w lose its ela/icity1 ! movem5t ( ! arm w be ineffici5t1 & e muscle w be incapacitat$ to p]=m its usual am\nt ( labor4 #def4 ,:5 ! /oma*1 liv]1 & o!r organs subs]vi5t to ! dige/ion ( food1 are suppli$ ) impure blood1 ! dige/ive process is impair$1 caus+ fa9tness & loss ( appetite1 also a d]ang$ /ate ( ! inte/9es1 &1 9 g5]al1 all ! symptoms ( dyspepsia4 #deg4 ,! delicate /ructure ( ! lungs1 9 :i* ! blood is or %\ld be purifi$1 ne$s ! requisite am\nt ( pure blood to give !m vigor & heal?4 ,:5 ! blood is n ( ?is "*1 ! lungs !mselves lose _! tone1 &1 ev5 if p]mitt$ to exp& freely1 h n p[] fully to *ange ! impure quality ( ?is circulat+ fluid4 #deh4 ,! heal? & beauty ( ! sk9 require t ! blood %\ld be well purifi$2 b1 if ! art]ies ( ! sk9 receive vitiat$ blood1 pimples & blot*es appe>1 & ! individual suff]s f humors4 ,dr9ks1 made ( v>i\s k9ds ( h]bs1 z well z pills & p[d]s1 are tak5 = ?is affection4 ,^! w nev] h ! desir$ effect1 :ile ! causes ( impure blood exi/4 ------------ #dee-dfb4 ,give ! hygi5e ( nutrition4 #dee4 ,:at is ! effect ( impure blood ^u ! bones8 ,on ! muscles8 #def4 ,on ! dige/ive organs8 #deg4 ,on ! lungs8 #deh4 ,:at is ! effect if ! vessels ( ! sk9 are suppli$ ) vitiat$ blood8 ------------ #dei4 ,if ! nutri5t art]ies convey impure mat]ial to ! bra91 ! n]v\s & bili\s heada*e1 confusion ( ideas1 loss ( memory1 impair$ intellect1 dimness ( vision1 & dulness ( he>+1 w be exp]i5c$2 & 9 process ( "t1 ! bra9 becomes disorganiz$1 & ! brittle ?read ( life is brok54 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,an ex]tion ( any organ beyond its p[]s1 induces weakness t w di/urb ! nutrition ( ! "p t is call$ into action2 & x recov]s its en]gy m sl[ly 9 proportion to ! excess ( ! ex]tion4 ,! function ( ! organ may be totally & p]man5tly de/roy$1 if ! ex]tion is extremely viol5t4 ,we sometimes see palsy produc$ 9 a muscle simply by ! ef=t to raise too great a weight4 ,! sight is impair$1 & total bl9dness may be produc$1 by exposure to light too /rong or too con/ant4 ,! m9d may be d]ang$1 or idiocy may foll[ ! excess ( /udy or ! ov]-task+ ( ! bra94 #b;d4 ,:5 ! function ( an organ is p]man5tly impair$ or de/roy$ by ov]-ex]tion1 ! nutrition ( ! "p is r5d]$ insuffici5t1 or is entirely arre/$2 & !n ! absorb5ts remove x :olly or p>tially1 z !y d e ?+ t is no long] useful4 ,?us1 9 palsi$ pati5ts1 a few ye>s aft] ! attack1 we (t5 f9d sc>ce any trace ( ! palsi$ muscles rema9+2 !y are r$uc$ almo/ to simple cellul> tissue4 ,! condition ( ! calf ( ! leg1 9 a p]son hav+ a club-foot1 is a famili> pro( ( ?is4 #dfj4 ,! blood may be made impure1 by ! *yle be+ defici5t 9 quantity or defective 9 quality4 ,?is /ate ( ! *yle may be produc$ by ! food be+ improp] 9 quantity or quality1 or by its be+ tak5 9 an improp] mann]1 at an improp] "t1 & :5 ! sy/em is n prep>$ = x4 ,! rem$y = impure blood produc$ 9 any ( ^! ways is to correct ! injudici\s me?od ( us+ food4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,xv4 & ,,xvi47 ------------ #dei4 ,h[ does impure blood affect ! bra98 ,:at is ! effect :5 any organ is ex]t$ beyond its p[]s8 ,:at is ! effect :5 an organ is p]man5tly impair$8 #dfj4 ,h[ may ! blood become impure8 ------------ #dfa4 ,! blood may also be r5d]$ impure1 by n supply+ x ) oxyg5 9 ! lungs1 & by ! c>bon n be+ elim9at$ f ! sy/em ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,! rem$y = impurities ( ! blood1 produc$ 9 ?is mann]1 w\ld be1 to c>efully r$uce to practice ! directions 9 ! *apt]s on ! hygi5e ( ! respiratory organs1 relative to ! free movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm1 & ! prop] v5tilation ( rooms4 #dfb4 ,a ret5tion ( ! wa/e products ( ! sk9 produces impure blood4 ,:5 ! vessels ( ! sk91 by :i* ! wa/e1 useless mat]ial is elim9at$ f ! sy/em1 h become inactive by improp] & inadequate clo?+1 or by a want ( cleanl9ess1 ! dead1 injuri\s atoms ( matt] are reta9$ 9 ! circulatory vessels4 ,! only successful me?od ( purify+ ! blood & re/or+ heal? :5 ?is condition exi/s1 is to obs]ve ! directions giv5 relative to clo?+ & ba?+4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,xxxiii4 & ,,xxxiv47 ,obs]vation4 ,if ! blood has become impure1 or load$ ) humors1 7an idea g5]ally preval5t17 x is n & _c be purifi$ by tak+ pat5t pills1 p[d]s1 drops1 c4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 by obs]v+ ! sugge/ions 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! blood c be fre$ ( its impurities1 &1 :at is ( great] importance1 su* injuri\s humors w be prev5t$4 ------------ #dfa4 ,m5tion ano!r means by :i* ! blood may be made impure4 ,h[ rem$i$8 #dfb4 ,:at is ! effect ( want ( cleanl9ess ^u ! blood8 ,:at is said respect+ humors 9 ! blood8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,a front view ( ! organs )9 ! *e/ & abdom54 #a1 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,! muscles ( ! *e/4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,! ribs4 #c1 #c1 #c1 ,! upp]1 middle1 & l[] lobes ( ! "r lung4 #d1 #d1 ,! lobes ( ! left lung4 #e1 ,! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t4 #f1 ,! left v5tricle4 #g1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #h1 ,! left auricle4 #i1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! aorta4 #aa1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #ab1 ,! tra*ea4 #ac1 ,! oesophagus4 #ad1 #ad1 #ad1 #ad1 ,! pleura4 #ae1 #ae1 #ae1 ,! diaphragm4 #af1 #af1 ,! "r & left lobe ( ! liv]4 #ag1 ,! gall-cy/4 #ah1 ,! /oma*4 #bf1 ,! sple54 #ai1 #ai1 ,! duod5um4 #bj1 ,! asc5d+ colon4 #ba1 ,! transv]se colon4 #be1 ,! desc5d+ colon4 #bb1 #bb1 #bb1 #bb1 ,! small inte/9e4 #bc1 #bc1 ,! abdom9al walls turn$ d[n4 #bd1 ,! ?oracic duct1 op5+ into ! left subclavian ve91 7#bg47 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,respiratory ,,organs4 #dfc4 ,! nutri5t portion ( ! food is p\r$ into ! left subclavian ve91 7#bd1 #bg1 fig4 #hh17 at ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 & is c>ri$ to ! "r cavities ( ! he>t4 ,! fluid 9 ^! cavities consi/s ( ! *yle incorporat$ ) ! impure blood4 ,nei!r ( ^! two elem5ts is fitt$ to promote ! gr[? or repair ! wa/e ( ! body4 ,!y mu/ be subject$ to a process1 by :i* ! fir/ c be conv]t$ into blood1 & ! second fre$ ( its c>bonic acid gas & wat]4 ,?is is effect$ by ! ,respiratory ,organs4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,respiratory ,,organs4 #dfd4 ,! ,,respiratory ,,organs are ! ,lungs1 7lights17 ! ,tra*e-a1 7w9dpipe17 ! ,bron*i-a1 7subdivisions ( ! tra*ea17 & ! ,air-,vesi-cles1 7air-cells at ! extremities ( ! bron*ia47 ,! ,dia-phragm1 7midriff17 ,ribs1 & sev]al ,muscles1 also aid 9 ! respiratory process4 #dfe4 ,! ,,lungs are conical organs1 "o on ea* side ( ! *e/1 embrac+ ! he>t1 7fig4 #hh17 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a membran\s p>tition4 ,! color ( ! lungs is a p9ki% gray1 mottl$1 & v>i\sly m>k$ ) black4 ,ea* lung is divid$ into lobes1 by a long & deep fissure1 :i* ext5ds f ! po/]ior surface ( ! upp] "p ( ! organ1 d[nw>d & =w>d1 ne>ly to ! ant]ior angle ( ! base4 ,9 ! "r lung1 ! upp] lobe is subdivid$ by a second fissure4 ,?is lung is l>g] & %ort] ?an ! left4 ,x has ?ree lobes1 :ile ! left has only two4 ------------ #dfc4 ,:at fluids are convey$ into ! "r cavities ( ! he>t8 ,:at is necess>y be=e !y c be adapt$ to ! wants ( ! body8 ,by :at organs are ^! *anges effect$8 #dfd-dgd4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! respiratory organs4 #dfd4 ,"n ! respiratory organs4 ,:at organs also aid 9 ! respiratory process8 #dfe4 ,describe ! lungs4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,a back view ( ! he>t & lungs4 ,! po/]ior walls ( ! *e/ are remov$4 #a1 #b1 #c1 ,! upp]1 middle1 & l[] lobes ( ! "r lung4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ,! two lobes ( ! left lung4 #f1 #ac1 ,! diaphragm4 #g1 #g1 #ad1 #ad1 ,! pleura t l9es ! ribs4 #d1 #aa1 ,! pleura t l9es ! m$ia/9e4 #e1 #ab1 #ab1 ,! portion ( ! pleura t cov]s ! diaphragm4 #ae1 ,! tra*ea1 #af1 ,! l>ynx4 #ai1 #ai1 ,! "r & left bron*ia4 #bj1 ,! he>t4 #bi1 ,! l[] "p ( ! sp9al column4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #hi4 ------------ #dff4 ,ea* lung is enclos$1 & its /ructure ma9ta9$ by a s]\s membrane1 call$ ! pleura1 :i* inve/s x z f> z ! root1 & is !nce reflect$ ^u ! walls ( ! *e/4 ,! lungs1 h[ev]1 are on ! outside ( ! pleura1 9 ! same way z ! head is on ! outside ( a cap d\bl$ ^u itself4 ,! reflect$ pleur 9 ! middle ( ! ?orax =m a p>tition1 :i* divides ! *e/ into two cavities4 ,?is p>tition is call$ ! me-di-z-tinum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! he>t & lungs remov$ f ! *e/1 & ! lungs fre$ f all o!r atta*m5ts4 #a1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #b1 ,! sup]ior v5a cava4 #c1 ,! inf]ior v5a cava4 #d1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #e1 ,! pulmon>y art]y issu+ f x4 a1 a1 ,! pulmon>y art]y1 7"r & left17 ent]+ ! lungs4 b1 b1 ,bron*ia1 or air-tubes1 ent]+ ! lungs4 v1 v1 ,pulmon>y ve9s1 issu+ f ! lungs4 #f1 ,! left auricle4 #g1 ,! left v5tricle4 #h1 ,! aorta4 #i1 ,! upp] lobe ( ! left lung4 #aj1 ,its l[] lobe4 #aa1 ,! upp] lobe ( ! "r lung4 #ab1 ,! middle lobe4 #ac1 ,! l[] lobe4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ?is membrane t cov]s ! lungs1 & also l9es ! *e/1 is inflam$1 ! disease is call$ pleurisy4 ------------ #dff4 ,by :at are ! lungs enclos$8 ,:at is ! relative position ( ! lungs & pleura8 ,:at is said ( ! reflect$ pleur8 ,expla9 fig4 #ij4 ,:at "p ( ! lungs is affect$ 9 pleurisy8 ------------ #dfg4 ,! lungs are compos$ ( ! ramifications ( ! bron*ial tubes1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ! bron*ial cells1 7air-cells17 lymphatics1 & ! divisions ( ! pulmon>y art]y & ve9s4 ,all ( ^! are connect$ by cellul> tissue1 :i* con/itutes ! pa-r5*y-ma4 ,ea* lung is reta9$ 9 its place by its root1 :i* is =m$ by ! pulmon>y art]ies1 pulmon>y ve9s1 & bron*ial tubes1 toge!r ) ! bron*ial vessels & pulmon>y n]ves4 #dfh4 ,! ,,tra*ea ext5ds f ! l>ynx1 ( :i* x is a cont9uation1 to ! ?ird dorsal v]tebra1 :]e x divides into two p>ts1 call$ bron*ia4 ,x lies ant]ior to ! sp9al column1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! oesophagus4 #dfi4 ,! ,,bron*ia proce$ f ! bifurcation1 or division ( ! tra*ea1 to _! correspond+ lungs4 ,^u ent]+ ! lungs1 !y divide into two bran*es1 & ea* bran* divides & subdivides1 & ultimately t]m9ates 9 small sacs1 or cells1 ( v>i\s sizes1 f ! tw5tie? to ! hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,s num]\s are ^! bron*ial or air-cells1 t ! aggregate ext5t ( _! l9+ membrane 9 man has be5 comput$ to exce$ a surface ( #bj1jjj squ>e in*es1 & ,munro /ates t x is ?irty times ! surface ( ! human body4 ,illu/ration4 ,! tra*ea may be comp>$ to ! trunk ( a tree2 ! bron*ia1 to two l>ge bran*es2 ! subdivisions ( ! bron*ia1 to ! bran*lets & twigs2 ! air-cells1 to ! buds se5 on ! twigs 9 ! spr+4 #dgj4 ,! ,,air-,,vesicles & small bron*ial tubes compose ! l>ge/ portions ( ! lungs4 ,^!1 :5 once inflat$1 conta9 air1 "u all circum/ances1 :i* r5d]s _! specific gravity mu* less ?an wat]2 h5ce ! vulg> t]m1 lights1 = ^! organs4 ,! tra*ea & bron*ial tubes are l9$ by muc\s membrane4 ,! /ructure ( ?is membrane is su*1 t x w be> ! pres5ce ( pure air )\t detrim5t1 b n ( o!r sub/ances4 ------------ #dfg4 ,( :at are ! lungs compos$8 ,h[ reta9$ 9 place8 #dfh4 ,:]e is ! tra*ea situat$8 #dfi4 ,describe ! bron*ia4 ,:at is ! aggregate ext5t ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! air-cells8 ,to :at may ! tra*ea & its bran*es be comp>$8 #dgj4 ,:at is said ( ! air-cells & bron*ial tubes8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,a repres5tation ( ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 bron*ia1 & air-cells4 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,an outl9e ( ! "r lung4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,an outl9e ( ! left lung4 #c1 ,! l>ynx #d1 ,! tra*ea4 #e1 ,! "r bron*ial tube4 #f1 ,! left bron*ial tube4 #g1 #g1 #g1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,! subdivisions ( ! "r & left bron*ial tubes4 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,air-cells4 ------------ ,:at membrane l9es ! tra*ea & its bran*es8 ,:at is peculi> 9 its /ructure8 ,:at does fig4 #ia repres5t8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! /ructure ( ! tra*ea & lungs may be illu/rat$1 by tak+ ^! p>ts ( a calf or %eep & inflat+ ! air-vesicles by =c+ air into ! w9dpipe ) a pipe or quill4 ,! int]nal /ructure may !n be se5 by op5+ ! diff]5t p>ts4 #dga4 ,! lungs1 l o!r portions ( ! sy/em1 are suppli$ ) nutri5t art]ies & n]ves4 ,! n]v\s filam5ts t are di/ribut$ to ^! organs are 9 "p f ! t5? pair1 7p> vagum17 t orig9ates 9 ! bra91 & 9 "p f ! sympa!tic n]ve4 ,! muscles t elevate ! ribs & ! diaphragm receive n]v\s fibres f a sep>ate sy/em1 :i* is call$ ! respiratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 #a1 ,a bron*ial tube4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,air-vesicles4 ,bo? ! tube & vesicles are mu* magnifi$4 #c1 ,a bron*ial tube & vesicles laid op54 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! muc\s membrane ( a few ( ! l>g] bran*es ( ! w9dpipe is slightly inflam$1 x is call$ a cold2 :5 ! inflammation is great]1 & ext5ds to ! less] air-tubes1 x is call$ bron*-itis4 ,:5 ! air-cells & p>5*yma become inflam$1 x is call$ inflammation ( ! lungs4 ,c\gh+ is a viol5t expulsory ef=t by :i* air is sudd5ly =c$ ?r\gh ! bron*ia & tra*ea to remove (f5d+ matt]4 ------------ ,h[ may ! /ructure ( ! tra*ea & its bran*es be illu/rat$8 #dga4 ,are ! lungs suppli$ ) nutri5t art]ies8 ,:]e are ! respiratory n]ves di/ribut$8 ,f :at s\rce d ^! organs d]ive _! n]v\s filam5ts8 ------------ #dgb4 ,! ,,ribs are jo9$ to ! sp9al column at _! po/]ior extremity2 & 9 front1 !y t]m9ate 9 c>tilages1 :i* unite !m to ! /]num4 ,!y incl9e d[nw>d1 f ! sp9al column to ! brea/-bone1 & =m resi/+ walls t assi/ 9 produc+ ! p>tial vacuum necess>y = inspiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,a section ( ! *e/ :5 ! lungs are inflat$4 #a1 ,! diaphragm4 #b1 ,! muscul> walls ( ! abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,a section ( ! *e/ :5 ! lungs are contract$4 #a1 ,! diaphragm 9 common expiration4 #b1 #b1 ,! muscul> walls ( ! abdom54 #c1 ,! position ( ! diaphragm 9 =c$ expiration4 ,^! engrav+s %[ ! diaphragm to be m convex1 & ! walls ( ! abdom5 m flatt5$1 :5 ! lungs are collaps$1 ?an :5 !y are inflat$4 #dgc4 ,! ,,diaphragm is a flexible circul> p>tition1 t sep>ates ! respiratory f ! dige/ive organs1 & ! *e/ f ! abdom54 ,its m>g9 is atta*$ to ! sp9al column1 ! /]num1 & c>tilages ( ! l[] ribs4 ,! lungs re/ ^u its upp] surface1 :ile ! liv] & /oma* are plac$ bel[ x1 7fig4 #hh47 ,9 a /ate ( repose1 its upp] surface =ms an ar*1 ! convexity ( :i* is t[>d ! *e/4 ,9 =c$ expiration1 its upp] po9t rea*es z high z ! f\r? rib4 ,9 an ord9>y inspiration1 x is depress$ z l[ z ! sev5? rib1 :i* increases ! capacity ( ! *e/4 ------------ #dgb4 ,describe ! ribs4 ,expla9 figs4 #ic & #id4 #dgc4 ,describe ! diaphragm4 ------------ #dgd4 ,! ,,respiratory muscles are1 9 g5]al1 atta*$ at "o extremity to ! p>ts ab\t ! %\ld]s1 head1 & upp] portion ( ! sp9al column4 ,f ^!1 !y run d[nw>d & =w>d1 & are atta*$1 at ! opposite extremity1 to ! /]num1 clavicle1 & upp] rib4 ,o!r muscles are atta*$ at "o extremity to a rib above1 & by ! opposite extremity to a rib bel[4 ,^! fill ! spaces betwe5 ! ribs1 &1 f _! situation1 are call$ 9-t]-co/al muscles4 ,obs]vation4 #a/4 ,!re are sev]al actions ( common occurr5ce1 t are intimately connect$ ) respiration2 su* z hicc\gh1 sneez+1 c4 ,hicc\gh is an involunt>y contraction ( ! muscles ( respiration1 p>ticul>ly ! diaphragm4 #b;d4 ,sneez+ is a viol5t1 involunt>y contraction ( ! respiratory muscles1 z 9 hicc\gh4 ,:5 an acrid /imulant1 z snuff1 is appli$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 an irritation is produc$ :i* is accompani$ by a viol5t expulsion ( air f ! lungs4 ,?is is ow+ to ! connection betwe5 ! nasal & respiratory n]ves4 ------------ ,:at is its =m :5 n 9 action8 #dgd4 ,:]e d ! respiratory muscles make _! atta*m5t8 ,:at "n is giv5 to ^? muscles t fill ! places betwe5 ! ribs8 ,:at is hicc\gh8 ,:at is sneez+8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,respiratory ,,organs4 #dge4 ,,respiration1 or brea?+1 is t process by :i* air is tak5 into ! lungs & expell$ f !m4 ,! object ( respiration is1 #a/4 ,to supply ! sy/em ) oxyg51 :i* is ess5tial to ! g5]ation ( animal heat2 #b;d4 ,to conv]t ! *yle into blood4 ,?is is done by ! oxyg5 ( ! inspir$ air2 #c;d4 ,to relieve ! organs ( ! body ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts 7c>bon & hydrog57 t compose ! old & useless p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! organs ( ! sy/em1 z already m5tion$1 are pr9cipally compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 #dgf4 ,by ! action ( ! lymphatics & capill>y ve9s1 ! old & worn-out p>ticles are convey$ into ! ve9s ( ! sy/emic circulation4 ,! hydrog51 9 =m ( wat]y vapor1 is easily dis*>g$ 9 ! p]spiration & o!r secretions4 ,! nitrog5 & oxyg5 are1 or may be1 sep>at$ f ! blood1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( sev]al diff]5t organs2 b c>bon does n escape s readily4 ,x is probable t a "p ( ! surplus c>bon ( ! v5\s blood is secret$ by ! liv]2 b a f> great] am\nt passes to ! lungs1 & ^! may be consid]$ z special organs design$ to sep>ate ?is elem5t f ! v5\s blood4 #dgg4 ,an ord9>y inspiration may be accompli%$ by ! action ( ! diaphragm1 & a slight elevation ( ! ribs4 ,9 full inspiration1 ! diaphragm is n only m depress$ b ! ribs are evid5tly elevat$4 ,to produce ?is effect on ! ribs1 two sets ( muscles are call$ into action4 ,^? :i* are atta*$ to ! upp] rib1 /]num1 & clavicle1 contract & elevate ! l[] & free extremities ( ! ribs4 ,?is enl>ges ! cavity ( ! *e/ betwe5 ! sp9al column & ! /]num4 ,b ! lat]al diamet]1 9 consequ5ce1 is only slightly increas$1 because ! c5tral portion ( ! ribs s9ks l[] ?an _! po/]ior extremities1 or _! c>tilag9\s atta*m5t to ! /]num4 ------------ #dge-did4 ,give ! physiology ( ! respiratory organs4 #dge4 ,:at is respiration8 ,:at is ! pr9cipal object 9 brea?+8 #dgf4 ,h[ are ! useless atoms ( matt] convey$ into ! ve9s ( ! sy/emic circulation8 ,h[ may ! pr9cipal elem5t>y sub/ances be sep>at$ f ! blood8 #dgg4 ,h[ may an ord9>y inspiration be accompli%$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 #f1 ,f\r ( ! v]tebr1 to :i* are atta*$ ?ree ribs1 7#g1 #g1 #g17 ) _! int]co/al muscles1 7#h1 #h47 ,^! ribs1 9 _! natural position1 h _! ant]ior c>tilag9\s extremity at #d1 :ile ! po/]ior extremity is atta*$ to ! v]tebr1 7#f17 :i* are nei!r elevat$ nor depress$ 9 respiration4 #a1 #a1 & #b1 #b1 p>allel l9es1 )9 :i* ! ribs lie 9 _! natural position4 ,if ! ant]ior extremity ( ! ribs is elevat$ f #d to #e1 !y w n lie )9 ! l9e #b1 #b1 b w rea* ! l9e #c1 #c4 ,if two h&s ext5d f #a1 #a1 to #b1 #b1 !y w effectually prev5t ! elevation ( ! ribs f #d to #e1 z ! l9e #b1 #b1 _c be mov$ to #c1 #c4 ------------ ,:at effect has a full inspiration on ! ribs & diaphragm8 ,h[ is ! *e/ enl>g$ betwe5 ! sp9al column & /]num8 ,:at is said ( ! lat]al diamet] ( ! *e/8 ,expla9 fig4 #ie4 ------------ #dgh4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! ribs is rais$ by ! action ( int]co/al muscles4 ,! fir/1 or upp] rib1 has b little movem5t2 ! second has m motion ?an ! fir/1 :ile ! ?ird has /ill m ?an ! second4 ,! second rib is elevat$ by ! contraction ( ! muscles betwe5 x & ! fir/4 ,! ?ird rib is rais$ by ! action ( two sets ( muscles2 "o lies betwe5 ! fir/ & second ribs1 ! o!r betwe5 ! second & ?ird4 ,! motion ( ea* succe$+ rib is increas$1 because x is n only act$ ^u by ! muscles t move ! ribs above1 b by an additional int]co/al2 s t ! movem5t ( ! twelf? rib is v free1 z x is elevat$ by ! contraction ( elev5 muscles4 #dgi4 ,! t5? rib is rais$ eight times z mu* z ! second rib1 & ! lat]al diamet] ( ! l[] portion ( ! *e/ is increas$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,at ! same "t1 ! muscul> m>g9 ( ! diaphragm contracts1 :i* depresses its c5tral portion2 & 9 ?is way1 ! *e/ is enl>g$ =w>d1 lat]ally1 & d[nw>d1 simultane\sly ) ! relaxation ( ! walls ( ! abdom54 #dhj4 ,! lungs foll[ ! v>iations ( capacity 9 ! *e/1 exp&+ _! air-cells :5 ! latt] is enl>g$1 & contract+ :5 ! *e/ is dim9i%$4 ,?us1 :5 ! *e/ is exp&$1 ! lungs foll[1 & consequ5tly a vacuum is produc$ 9 _! air-cells4 ,! air !n ru%es ?r\gh ! m\? & nose into ! tra*ea & its bran*es1 & fills ! vacuum z fa/ z x is made4 ,?is me*anical process con/itutes inspiration4 #dha4 ,aft] ! expansion ( ! *e/1 ! muscles t elevat$ ! ribs relax1 toge!r ) ! diaphragm4 ,! ela/icity ( ! c>tilages ( ! ribs depresses !m1 & ! cavity ( ! *e/ is dim9i%$1 att5d$ by ! expulsion ( a portion ( ! air f ! lungs4 ,at ! same "t1 ! muscles t =m ! front walls ( ! abdom9al cavity1 contract1 & press ! alim5t>y canal1 /oma*1 & liv]1 upw>d aga9/ ! diaphragm2 ?is1 be+ relax$1 yields to ! pressure1 rises upw>d1 & presses ^u ! lungs1 :i* retreat be=e x1 & ano!r portion ( air is expell$ f ^! organs4 ,?is process is call$ expiration4 ------------ #dgh4 ,describe ! action ( ! int]co/al muscles ^u ! ribs4 #dgi4 ,h[ does ! elevation ( ! t5? rib comp>e ) ! second8 ,:at effect has ?is elevation ^u ! lat]al diamet] ( ! *e/8 #dhj4 ,describe ! process ( inspiration4 #dha4 ,describe ! process by :i* ! air is =c$ out ( ! lungs4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,a front view ( ! *e/ & abdom5 9 respiration4 #a1 #a1 ,! position ( ! walls ( ! *e/ 9 inspiration4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,! position ( ! diaphragm 9 inspiration4 #c1 #c1 ,! position ( ! walls ( ! *e/ 9 expiration4 #d1 #d1 #d1 ,! position ( ! diaphragm 9 expiration4 #e1 #e1 ,! position ( ! walls ( ! abdom5 9 inspiration4 #f1 #f1 ,! position ( ! abdom9al walls 9 expiration4 #dhb4 ,?us x is obvi\s t ! enl>gem5t ( ! *e/1 or inspiration1 is produc$ 9 two ways3 #a/4 ,by ! depression ( ! convex portion ( ! diaphragm2 #b;d4 ,by ! elevation ( ! ribs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! contraction ( ! *e/1 or expiration1 is produc$ by ! depression ( ! ribs1 & elevation ( ! c5tral "p ( ! diaphragm4 ,^! movem5ts are successive dur+ life1 & con/itute respiration4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #if4 #dhb4 ,9 h[ _m ways may ! *e/ be enl>g$1 & h[ is x accompli%$8 ,h[ is ! contraction ( ! *e/ effect$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,a side view ( ! *e/ & abdom5 9 respiration4 #a1 ,! cavity ( ! *e/4 #b1 ,! cavity ( ! abdom54 #c1 ,! l9e ( direction = ! diaphragm :5 relax$ 9 expiration4 #d1 ,! l9e ( direction = ! diaphragm :5 contract$ 9 inspiration4 #e1 #f1 ,! position ( ! front walls ( ! *e/ & abdom5 9 inspiration4 #g1 #h1 ,! position ( ! front walls ( ! abdom5 & *e/ 9 expiration4 ,exp]im5t4 ,place ! e> ^u ! *e/ ( a p]son1 & a murmur+ s\nd w be he>d1 some:at l ! s(t sigh+s ( ! w9d ?r\gh =e/ trees4 ,?is s\nd is caus$ by ! air ru%+ 9 & out ( ! lungs1 & is peculi>ly di/9ct 9 ! *ild4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #ig4 ,h[ may ! murmur ( respiration be he>d8 ------------ #dhc4 ,x is n easy to decide h[ mu* air is tak5 into ! lungs at ea* inspiration4 ,! quantity1 h[ev]1 mu/ v>y 9 diff]5t individuals1 f ! diff]5ce 9 ! condition & expansion ( ! lungs1 toge!r ) ! size ( ! *e/4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts1 ! quantity1 at an ord9>y inspiration1 ( a common-siz$ man1 is fix$ at =ty cubic in*es4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t "o hundr$ & sev5ty cubic in*es c be ?r[n out ( ! lungs by a =cible expiration1 & t !re rema9 9 ! lungs two hundr$ & tw5ty cubic in*es2 s t ^! organs1 9 _! quiesc5t /ate1 may be consid]$ z conta9+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ & n9ety cubic in*es ( air1 or m ?an a gallon4 #dhd4 ,respiration is m frequ5t 9 females & *ildr5 ?an 9 adult m54 ,9 diseases1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! lungs1 x is m increas$ 9 frequ5cy ?an ! action ( ! he>t4 ,9 heal?1 ! smalle/ numb] ( inspirations 9 a m9ute by an adult1 is n less ?an f\rte51 & !y r>ely exce$ tw5ty-five4 ,eighte5 may be consid]$ an av]age numb]4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 tak5 into ! lungs at ea* inspiration is ab\t eight cubic in*es1 "o half ( :i* disappe>s 9 e act ( respiration4 ,obs]vation4 ,"u diff]5t circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ! consumption ( oxyg5 v>ies4 ,x is great] :5 ! temp]ature is l[1 ?an :5 x is high2 & dur+ dige/ion ! consumption has be5 f\nd "o half great] ?an :5 ! /oma* 0 empty4 ------------ #dhc4 ,c x be asc]ta9$ ) accuracy h[ mu* air is tak5 into ! lungs at ea* inspiration8 ,:y n8 ,:at is ! probable quantity t an ord9>y siz$ man inspires8 ,h[ mu* c be ?r[n out ( ! lungs at a =cible expiration1 & h[ mu* rema9s 9 ! lungs8 ,f ^! calculations1 h[ mu* may !y conta9 9 _! quiesc5t /ate8 #dhd4 ,9 :om is respiration mo/ frequ5t8 ,h[ 9 disease8 ,h[ 9 heal?8 ,h[ _m may be consid]$ an av]age numb]8 ,:5 is ! consumption ( oxyg5 ! greate/8 ------------ #dhe4 ,dr4 ,s\?wood ,smi? has lately p]=m$ a s]ies ( v int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 f :i* he d$uces ! foll[+ g5]al results3 #a/4 ,! volume ( air ord9>ily pres5t 9 ! lungs is ab\t twelve p9ts4 #b;d4 ,! volume ( air receiv$ by ! lungs at an ord9>y inspiration is "o p9t4 #c;d4 ,! volume ( air expell$ f ! lungs at an ord9>y expiration1 is a little less ?an "o p9t4 #d?4 ,( ! volume ( air receiv$ by ! lungs at "o inspiration1 only "o f\r? "p is decompos$ at "o action ( ! he>t4 #e?4 ,! quantity ( blood t fl[s to ! lungs1 to be act$ ^u by ! air at "o action ( ! he>t1 is two ounces1 & ?is is act$ on 9 less ?an "o second ( "t4 #f?4 ,! quantity ( blood 9 ! :ole body ( ! human adult1 is tw5ty-five p\nds avoirdupois1 or tw5ty p9ts4 #g?4 ,9 ! mutual action t takes place betwe5 ! air & blood1 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! air loses ?irty-sev5 ounces ( oxyg51 & ! blood f\rte5 ounces ( c>bon4 #dhf4 ,app>5tly1 atmosph]ic air is a simple elem5t4 ,b *emical analysis %[s its composition to be oxyg5 & nitrog51 9 ! proportion ( tw5ty-"o p>ts ( ! =m]1 & ab\t sev5ty-n9e ( ! latt]4 ,9 addition1 !re is a small am\nt ( vapor ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,! pressure ( ?is invisible1 ela/ic fluid ^u ! body ( an ord9>y siz$ adult1 is e/imat$ to equal ?irty-five ?\s& p\nds4 #dhg4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ance ( a vitiat$ "* 9 ! d>k-color$ blood is c>bonic acid4 ,& s9ce !re is no *emical aff9ity betwe5 ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! air1 ! =m] readily unites ) "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! blood4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] blood is pres5t$ to ! air 9 ! lungs1 ! oxyg5 leaves ! nitrog51 & becomes mix$ ) ! circulat+ fluid4 7,app5dix ,j47 ------------ #dhe4 ,/ate ! #a/1 #b;d1 #c;d1 & #d? d$uctions f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,s\?wood ,smi?4 ,! #e?1 #f?1 & #g?4 #dhf4 ,( :at is atmosph]ic air compos$8 ,:at is ! weight ( air ^u a common siz$ man8 #dhg4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal sub/ance ( a vitiat$ "* 9 ! d>k-color$ blood8 ,:at is said ( ! *emical aff9ity betwe5 oxyg5 & nitrog58 ------------ #dhh4 ,aga91 c>bonic acid & wat] h a /rong] aff9ity = atmosph]ic air ?an = ! o!r elem5ts ( ! blood4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 !y are br\ght into contact ) ! air 9 ! lungs1 ! c>bonic acid & wat] leave ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! blood1 & unite ) ! air4 ,9 ?is way ! blui%1 or impure blood is reliev$ ( its impurities1 & becomes ! r$1 or pure blood1 :i* conta9s ! pr9ciples s ess5tial to life4 7,app5dix ,k47 #dhi4 ,! =mation ( c>bonic acid & wat]1 elim9at$ f ! sy/em ?r\gh ! lungs & sk91 is expla9$ by ! foll[+ !ory3 ,9 ! lungs & ^u ! sk9 ! oxyg5 sep>ates f ! nitrog5 & unites ) ! blood 9 ! capill>y vessels ( ^! organs4 ,! oxyg5 is convey$ ) ! blood to ! capill>y art]ies & ve9s ( ! diff]5t tissues ( ! sy/em4 ,9 ^! membranes !re is a *emical union ( ! oxyg5 ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! blood & wa/e atoms ( ! sy/em4 ,?is combu/ion1 or union ( oxyg5 ) c>bon & hydrog51 is att5d$ ) ! dis5gagem5t ( heat1 & ! =mation ( c>bonic acid & wat]4 7,app5dix ,l47 #dij4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w illu/rate ! passage ( fluids ?r\gh membranes1 & ! diff]5t aff9ity ( gases = ea* o!r4 ,put a mixture ( wat] & alcohol into a phial & leave x uncork$4 ,bo? ! wat] & alcohol h a great] aff9ity = air ?an = ea* o!r4 ,alcohol has a great] aff9ity = ! air1 & w be diffus$ ?r\gh x m readily ?an ! wat]1 :5 !re is no int]v5+ ob/acle4 ,b tie a piece ( bladd] ov] ! m\? ( ! phial1 & let x /& a few days1--! wat] w leave ! alcohol1 & pass ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,by ! aid ( ?is exp]im5t1 we %all endeavor to expla9 ! int]*ange ( fluids 9 ! lungs4 ------------ #dhh4 ,:at is =m$ :5 oxyg5 unites ) c>bon or hydrog58 #dhi4 ,give ! !ory = ! =mation ( c>bonic acid & wat]y vapor ?r[n out ( ! sy/em4 #dij4 ,illu/rate ! passage ( fluids ?r\gh membranes1 & ! diff]5t aff9ities ( gases4 ------------ #dia4 ,! walls ( ! air-vesicles1 & coats ( ! blood-vessels1 are simil>1 9 _! me*anical arrangem5t1 to ! membran\s bladd] 9 ! be=e describ$ exp]im5t4 ,z ! oxyg5 ( ! air has great] aff9ity = blood ?an = nitrog51 s x p]meates ! membranes t int]v5e betwe5 ! air & blood m readily ?an ! nitrog54 ,z ! c>bonic acid & wat] h a great] aff9ity = air ?an = ! o!r elem5ts ( ! blood1 s !y w also pass ?r\gh ! walls ( ! blood-vessels & air-cells m readily ?an ! o!r elem5ts ( ! d>k-color$ blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 #a1 ,a bron*ial tube divid$ into ?ree bran*es4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,air-cells4 #c1 ,bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y1 t spread ov] ! air-cells4 ,?r\gh ! pulmon>y art]y ! d>k1 impure blood is c>ri$ to ! air-cells ( ! lungs4 #d1 ,bran*es ( ! pulmon>y ve91 t comm5ce at ! m9ute t]m9ations ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9 ! r$ blood is return$ to ! he>t4 #dib4 ,z ! impure blood is pass+ 9 ! m9ute vessels ov] ! air-cells1 ! oxyg5 passes ?r\gh ! ?9 coats ( ! air-cells & blood-vessels1 & unites ) ! blood4 ,at ! same "t1 ! c>bonic acid & wat] leave ! blood1 & pass ?r\gh ! coats ( ! blood-vessels & air-cells1 & mix ) ! air 9 ! cells4 ,^! are ?r[n out ( ! sy/em e "t we brea!4 ,?is int]*ange ( products produces ! *ange 9 ! color ( ! blood4 ------------ ,expla9 fig4 #ih4 #dib4 ,h[ & :]e is ! blood *ang$8 ------------ ,exp]im5t4 ,fill a bladd] ) d>k blood drawn f any animal4 ,tie ! bladd] closely1 & susp5d x 9 ! air4 ,9 a few h\rs1 ! blood next to ! membrane w h become ( a bright r$ color4 ,?is is ow+ to ! oxyg5 f ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! bladd]1 & unit+ ) ! blood1 :ile ! c>bonic acid has escap$ ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,an ideal view ( ! pulmon>y circulation4 #a1 #a1 ,! "r lung4 #b1 #b1 ,! left lung4 #c1 ,! tra*ea4 #d1 ,! "r bron*ial tube4 #e1 ,! left bron*ial tube4 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 ,air-cells4 #g1 ,! "r auricle4 #h1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #i1 ,! tricuspid valves4 #aj1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #aa1 ,! bran* to ! "r lung4 #ab1 ,! bran* to ! left lung4 #ac1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve94 #ad1 ,! left pulmon>y ve94 #ae1 ,! left auricle4 #af1 ,! left v5tricle4 #ag1 ,! mitral valves4 #dic4 ,! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid & wat]y vapor 9 ! expir$ air1 c be prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 #a/4 ,brea! into lime-wat]1 & 9 a few m9utes x w become ( a milk-:ite color4 ,?is is ow+ to ! c>bonic acid ( ! brea? unit+ ) ! lime1 =m+ ! c>bonate ( lime4 #b;d4 ,brea! ^u a cold1 dry mirror = a few m9utes1 & x w be cov]$ ) moi/ure4 ,?is is cond5s$ vapor f ! lungs4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 ?is wat]y vapor is invisible 9 ! expir$ air1 b 9 a cold1 dry morn+ 9 w9t]1 ! successive jets ( vapor issu+ f ! m\? & nose are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ------------ ,give ! exp]im5t %[+ t oxyg5 *anges ! d>k-color$ blood to a bright r$ color4 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #ii8 #dic4 ,h[ c ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! lungs be prov$8 ------------ #did4 ,f ! lungs are elim9at$ o!r impurities beside c>bonic acid1 ! p]ceptible quality ( :i* is v>i\s 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,! (f5sive brea? ( _m p]sons may be caus$ by decay$ tee?1 or ! p>ticles ( food t may be reta9$ betwe5 !m1 b x (t5 proce$s f ! secretion1 9 ! lungs1 ( c]ta9 sub/ances :i* previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration4 ,:5 spiritu\s liquors are tak5 into ! /oma*1 !y are absorb$ by ! ve9s & mix$ ) ! d>k-color$ blood1 9 :i* !y are c>ri$ to ! lungs to be expell$ f ! body4 ,?is w expla9 ! fact1 :i* is famili> to mo/ p]sons1 t ! odor ( diff]5t sub/ances is p]ceptible 9 ! brea?1 or expir$ air1 long aft] ! m\? is free f ^! sub/ances4 ------------ ,h[ ! wat]y vapor8 #did4 ,are !re o!r excretions f ! lungs8 ,give ! illu/ration4 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! respiratory organs be review$ f figs4 #if1 #ig1 & #ii1 or f anatomical outl9e plates ,nos4 #e & #g4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,respiratory ,,organs4 #die4 ,= man to enjoy ! highe/ degree ( heal?1 x is necess>y t ! impure v5\s blood be prop]ly *ang$4 ,z ?is is effect$ 9 ! lungs by ! action ( ! air1 x foll[s t ?is elem5t1 :5 brea!d1 %\ld be pure1 or conta9 tw5ty-"o p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 to ab\t sev5ty-n9e p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 #dif4 ,! volume ( air expell$ f ! lungs is some:at less ?an t :i* is inspir$4 ,! am\nt ( loss v>ies "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,an eightie? "p ( ! volume tak5 into ! lungs1 or half a cubic in*1 may be consid]$ an av]age e/imate4 #dig4 ,! quality & purity ( ! air is affect$ by e respiration4 #a/4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 is dim9i%$4 #b;d4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid is increas$4 #c;d4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]y vapor is eject$ f ! lungs 9 ! expir$ air4 ,( ! tw5ty-"o p>ts ( oxyg5 9 ! inspir$ air1 only eighte5 p>ts are expir$1 :ile ! c>bonic acid & wat]y vapor are increas$ ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( nitrog5 is ne>ly ! same 9 ! expir$ z 9 ! inspir$ air4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is n[ fully asc]ta9$ t :ile ! *emical composition ( ! blood is ess5tially *ang$1 its weight rema9s ! same1 z ! c>bon & hydrog5 dis*>g$ are equal to ! unit$ weight ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 absorb$4 ------------ #die-edf4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! respiratory organs4 #die4 ,:at is necess>y t man enjoy ! highe/ degree ( heal?8 #dif4 ,h[ does ! volume ,( expir$ air comp>e ) t :i* 0 inspir$8 ,does ?is loss v>y1 & :at is an av]age e/imate8 #dig4 ,h[ is ! purity ( ! air affect$ by respiration8 ,h[ is ! inhal$ oxyg5 affect$8 ,:at effect on ! c>bonic acid & wat]y vapor8 ,on ! nitrog58 ,:at is said respect+ ! weight ( ! blood8 ------------ #dih4 ,if "o f\r? "p ( ! volume ( air receiv$ by ! lungs at "o inspiration is decompos$ at "o beat ( ! he>t1 x might be suppos$ t if ! expir$ air be aga9 receiv$ into ! lungs1 "o half ( ! oxyg5 w\ld be consum$1 &1 9 a simil> ratio1 if re-brea!d f\r times1 all ! oxyg5 w\ld be consum$4 ,b x does n foll[1 if ! air is ?us re-brea!d1 t ! same *anges w be effect$ 9 ! lungs4 ,= air t has be5 inspir$ does n "p ) its rema9+ oxyg5 z freely z :5 x conta9s ! prop] am\nt ( ?is life-giv+ elem5t1 & ?us ! *anges 9 ! impure blood are n s completely effect$4 ,illu/ration4 ,9 ! process ( dye+1 ea* successive article imm]s$ 9 ! dye weak5s x2 b x does n foll[ t ! dye ea* "t is affect$ 9 ! same degree1 or t ! color+ matt] by repeat$ imm]sions c be :olly extract$4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! ex*ange ( oxyg5 & c>bonic acid gas 9 ! lungs4 #dii4 ,if ! inspir$ air is free f moi/ure & c>bonic acid1 ^! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! blood w be m readily imp>t$ to x4 ,:5 ! air is load$ ) vapor1 !y are remov$ m sl[ly2 b if x is saturat$ ) moi/ure1 no vapor w escape f ! blood ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! lungs4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,take two & a half p\nds ( wat]1 add to x half a p\nd ( common salt1 7*loride ( sodium17 & x w readily mix ) ! wat]2 & to ?is solution add ! same quantity ( salt1 & x w be dissolv$ m sl[ly4 ,aga91 add m salt1 & x w rema9 undissolv$1 z ! wat] has become saturat$ by ! p\nd be=e dissolv$4 ------------ #dih4 ,does air t is re-brea!d freely imp>t its oxyg58 ,:y8 #dii4 ,:at is ! effect on ! blood :5 ! air is free f vapor & c>bonic acid8 ,:5 load$ ) vapor8 ,:5 saturat$8 ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 ------------ #ejj4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ?is exp]im5t is analog\s to t ( ! union betwe5 c>bonic gas & atmosph]ic air4 ,all5 & ,pepy %[$ by exp]im5t1 t air :i* _h be5 once brea!d1 conta9$ eight & a half p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid4 ,!y likewise %[$1 t no cont9uance ( ! respiration ( ! same air c\ld make x take up m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,?is is ! po9t ( saturation4 ,exp]im5t4 ,s9k a glass j> t has a /op-cock1 or "o ) a glass /opp]1 into a pail ( wat]1 until ! air is expell$ f ! j>4 ,fill ! lungs ) air1 & reta9 x 9 ! *e/ a %ort "t1 & !n brea! into ! j>1 & in/antly close ! /op-cock4 ,close ! op5+ ( ! j> t is "u ! wat] ) a piece ( pap] laid on a plate ( suffici5t size to cov] ! op5+1 inv]t ! j>1 & s9k into x a light$ c&le4 ,! flame w be ext+ui%$ z quickly z if put 9 wat]4#ae ,remove ! c>bonic acid by inv]t+ ! j>1 & place a light$ c&le 9 x1 & ! flame w be z cle> z :5 out ( ! j>4 #ae ,z a sub/itute = a j> ) a /op-cock1 take a piece ( lead pipe b5t 9 ! =m ( a siphon1 & ins]t x 9 ! m\? ( a rev]s$ j>4 ,?is exp]im5t is z conclusive :e!r ! air is inhal$ once only or brea!d _m times4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,x is famili>ly kn[n t a tap] w n burn :]e c>bonic acid exi/s 9 any consid]able quantity1 or :5 !re is a m>k$ defici5cy ( oxyg54 ,f ?is orig9at$ ! judici\s practice ( s9k+ a light$ c&le into a well or pit be=e desc5d+ into x4 ,if ! flame is ext+ui%$1 respiration _c !re be ma9ta9$1 & life w\ld be sacrific$ %\ld a p]son v5ture 91 until ! noxi\s air is remov$4 ------------ #ejj4 ,:at did ! exp]im5ts ( ,all5 & ,pepy %[8 ,h[ c ! pres5ce ( c>bonic gas 9 ! expir$ air be demon/rat$8 ,/ate obs]vation #a/4 ,obs]vation #b;d4 ------------ #b;d4 ,x is ! action ( c>bonic acid ^u ! respiratory organs1 t gives rise to a ph5om5on frequ5tly se5 9 m9es & caves4 ,a man may ent] ^! subt]ranean rooms1 & feel no inconv5i5ce 9 brea?+2 b ! dog t foll[s him1 falls app>5tly dead1 & soon dies if n spe$ily remov$ to pure air4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ?is gas is heavi] ?an air1 & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! room or cave4 #c;d4 ,:ile x is true t c>bonic acid possesses prop]ties t r5d] x unfit to be brea!d1 x is1 not)/&+1 productive ( v agreeable effects1 :5 convey$ into ! /oma*4 ,x =ms ! sp>kl+ prop]ty ( m9]al wat]s1 & fills ! bubbles t rise :5 be] or cid] is f]m5t+4 #eja4 ,pure atmosph]ic air is be/ adapt$ to a heal?y action ( ! sy/em4 ,z ! air _c be ma9ta9$ pure "u all circum/ances1 ! "q may be ask$1 ,to :at degree may ! air be vitiat$ & /ill su/a9 life8 & :at is ! smalle/ quantity ( pure air a p]son ne$s ea* m9ute to ma9ta9 good heal?8 ,birnan says1 t air :i* conta9s m ?an ?ree & a half p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid is unfit = respiration1 &1 z air once respir$ conta9s eight & a half p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 x cle>ly %[s t x is n fitt$ to be brea!d aga94 #ejb4 ,no physiologi/ pret5ds t less ?an sev5 cubic feet ( air are adequate = a man to brea! ea* m9ute1 :ile ,dr4 ,reid all[s t5 feet4 ,! necessity ( fifte5 or tw5ty times ! am\nt ( air actually tak5 into ! lungs1 arises f ! circum/ance1 t ! expir$ air mixes ) & vitiates ! surr\nd+ elem5t t has n be5 inhal$4 #ejc4 ,! quantity ( air :i* diff]5t p]sons actually ne$1 v>ies4 ,! dem& is modifi$ by ! size1 age1 habits1 & condition ( ! body4 ,a p]son ( great size :o has a l>ge quantity ( blood1 requires m air ?an a small man ) a less am\nt ( circulat+ fluid4 ,individuals ^: labor is active1 require m air ?an s$5t>y or idle p]sons1 because ! wa/e ( ! sy/em is great]4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 ! gorm&iz] ne$s m ( ?is elem5t ?an ! p]son ( ab/emi\s habits4 ,s does ! gr[+ lad require m air ?an an adult ( ! same weight1 = ! reason t he consumes m food ?an a p]son ( mature ye>s4 ,habit also ex]ts a controll+ influ5ce4 ,a man :o works 9 ! op5 air suff]s m :5 plac$ 9 a small1 unv5tilat$ room1 ?an "o :o is accu/om$ to brea! ! conf9$ air ( work%ops4 ------------ ,obs]vation #c;d4 #eja4 ,:at que/ions may be ask$ respect+ ! inspir$ air8 ,give ! rem>k ( ,birnan4 #ejb4 ,h[ _m cubic feet ( air are adequate = a man to brea! ea* m9ute8 ,h[ mu* does ,dr4 ,reid all[8 #ejc4 ,m5tion "s reasons :y diff]5t p]sons d n require ! same am\nt ( air4 ------------ #ejd4 ,air1 9 :i* lamps w n burn ) brilliancy1 is unfitt$ = respiration4 ,9 cr[d$ rooms1 :i* are n v5tilat$1 ! air is vitiat$1 n only by ! ab/raction ( oxyg5 & ! deposition ( c>bonic acid1 b by ! excretions f ! sk9 & lungs ( ! audi5ce4 ,! lamps1 "u su* circum/ances1 emit b a feeble light4 ,let ! oxyg5 gas be m & m exp5d$1 & ! lamps w burn m & m feebly1 until !y are ext+ui%$4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,! effects ( brea?+ ! same air aga9 & aga91 are well illu/rat$ by an incid5t t occurr$ 9 "o ( our halls ( le>n+4 ,a l>ge audi5ce _h assembl$ 9 an ill-v5tilat$ room1 to li/5 to a lecture2 soon ! lamps burn$ s dimly t ! speak] & audi5ce 7 ne>ly envelop$ 9 d>kness4 ,! oppression1 dizz9ess1 & fa9tness exp]i5c$ by _m ( ! audi5ce induc$ !m to leave1 & 9 a few m9utes aft]1 ! lamps 7 obs]v$ to rek9dle1 ow+ to ! ex*ange ( pure air on op5+ ! door4 ------------ ,h[ is x ) ! labor]8 ,) ! gorm&iz]8 ,) ! p]son t works 9 ! op5 air8 #ejd4 ,:at effect has impure air on a burn+ lamp8 ,give ! illu/ration ( ! effects ( impure air on light$ lamps4 ------------ #b;d4 ,9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta1 "o hundr$ & =ty-six ,engli%m5 7 %ut up 9 a room eighte5 feet squ>e1 ) only two small w9d[s on ! same side to admit air4 ,on op5+ ?is dungeon1 t5 h\rs aft] _! imprisonm5t1 only tw5ty-?ree 7 alive4 ,! o!rs _h di$ f brea?+ impure air4 #eje4 ,air t has become impure f ! ab/raction ( oxyg51 an excess ( c>bonic acid1 or ! excretions f ! lungs & sk91 has a delet]i\s effect on ! body4 ,:5 ?is elem5t is vitiat$ f ! prec$+ causes1 x prev5ts ! prop] art]ialization1 or *ange 9 ! blood4 ,= ?is reason1 pure air %\ld be admitt$ freely & con/antly into "w-%ops & dwell+-h\ses1 & ! vitiat$ air p]mitt$ to escape4 ,?is is ( great] importance ?an ! w>m+ ( ^! ap>tm5ts4 ,we c comp5sate = ! defici5cy ( a /ove1 by an extra g>m5t or an increas$ quantity ( food2 b nei!r g>m5t1 ex]cise1 nor food w comp5sate = pure air4 #ejf4 ,s*ool-rooms %\ld be v5tilat$4 ,if !y are n1 ! pupils w be re/less1 & compla9 ( languor & heada*e4 ,^? unpleasant s5sations are caus$ by a want ( pure air1 to give an adequate supply ( oxyg5 to ! lungs4 ,:5 pupils brea! = a s]ies ( ye>s su* vitiat$ air1 _! life is und\bt$ly %ort5$1 by giv+ rise to consumption & o!r fatal diseases4 ,illu/ration4 ,a s*ool-room ?irty feet squ>e & eight feet high1 conta9s #gbjj cubic feet ( air4 ,?is room w seat sixty pupils1 &1 all[+ t5 cubic feet ( air to ea* pupil p] m9ute1 all ! air 9 ! room w be vitiat$ 9 twelve m9utes4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 all s*ool-rooms :]e !re is n adequate v5tilation1 x is advisable to h a recess ( five or t5 m9utes ea* h\r4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 let ! pupils brea! fre% air1 & op5 ! doors & w9d[s1 s t ! air ( ! room %all be completely *ang$4 ------------ ,( ! effects ( brea?+ impure air4 #eje4 ,9 pres]v+ heal?1 :at is ( great] importance ?an w>m+ ! room8 #ejf4 ,:y %\ld a s*ool-room be v5tilat$8 ,give ! illu/ration4 ------------ #ejg4 ,*ur*es1 conc]t halls1 & all rooms design$ = a collection ( individuals1 %\ld be amply v5tilat$4 ,:ile ! ar*itect & workm5 are assidu\s 9 giv+ ^! public rooms ar*itectural beauty & spl5dor1 by adorn+ ! ceil+ ) ,go?ic trac]y1 re>+ ri*ly c>v$ columns1 & provid+ c>efully = ! w>m+ ( ! room1 x too frequ5tly happ5s t no direct provision is made = ! *ange ( t elem5t :i* gives u beauty1 /r5g?1 & life4 ,illu/ration4 ,a hall sixty feet by =ty1 & fifte5 feet high1 conta9s #cf1jjj cubic feet ( air4 ,a hall ( ?is size w seat f\r hundr$ p]sons2 by all[+ t5 cubic feet ( air to ea* p]son p] m9ute1 ! air ( ! room w be r5d]$ unfit = respiration 9 n9e m9utes4 #ejh4 ,railroad c>s1 cab9s ( /eam & canal-boats1 omnibuses1 & /age-coa*es1 require ample v5tilation4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ^! public conveyances1 too frequ5tly1 ! only app>5t design is1 to seat ! greate/ numb] ( p]sons1 reg>dless ( ! quantity & "* ( ! air to ma9ta9 heal? & ev5 life4 ,! "* ( ! air is only realiz$ :51 f ! fre%1 pure air1 we ent] a cr[d$ cab9 ( a boat or a clos$ coa*2 !n ! vitiat$ air f animal excretions & noxi\s gases is (f5sive1 & frequ5tly produces sickness4 #eji4 ,! influ5ce ( habit is /rik+ly express$ by ,birnan1 9 ! ,art ( ,w>m+ & ,v5tilat+ ,rooms3 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable example ( ! p[] ( habit is its reconcil+ u to practices :i*1 b = its influ5ce1 w\ld be consid]$ noxi\s & disgu/+4 ,we in/9ctively %un approa* to ! dirty1 ! squalid1 & ! diseas$1 & use no g>m5t t may h be5 worn by ano!r4 ,we op5 sew]s = matt]s t (f5d ! sight or ! smell1 & contam9ate ! air4 ,we c>efully remove impurities f :at we eat & dr9k1 filt] turbid wat]1 & fa/idi\sly avoid dr9k+ f a cup t may h be5 press$ to ! lips ( a fri5d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we resort to places ( assembly1 & draw into our m\?s air load$ ) effluvia f ! lungs1 sk91 & clo?+ ( e individual 9 ! promiscu\s cr[d--exhalations (f5sive1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f ! mo/ heal?y individuals2 b :5 aris+ f a liv+ mass ( sk9 & lungs1 9 all /ages ( evaporation1 disease1 & putridity1--prev5t$ by ! walls & ceil+ f escap+--!y are1 :5 ?us conc5trat$1 9 ! highe/ degree delet]i\s & loa?some4 ------------ ,:at sugge/ion :5 a s*ool-room is n v5tilat$8 #ejg4 ,:at is said 9 reg>d to v5tilat+ *ur*es1 conc]t halls1 c48 ,/ate ! illu/ration4 #ejh4 ,:at rem>ks relative to public conveyances8 #eji4 ,/ate ! influ5ce ( habit by ,birnan4 ------------ #eaj4 ,! sleep+-room %\ld be s v5tilat$ t ! air 9 ! morn+ w be z pure z :5 retir+ to re/ 9 ! ev5+4 ,v5tilation ( ! room w\ld prev5t morn+ heada*es1 ! want ( appetite1 & languor--s common among ! feeble4 ,! impure air ( sleep+-rooms probably causes m dea?s ?an intemp]ance4 ,look ar\nd ! c\ntry1 & ^? :o are mo/ expos$1 :o live 9 huts b little sup]ior to ! %$s t %elt] ! f>m]'s flocks1 are f\nd to be ! mo/ heal?y & robu/4 ,heada*es1 liv] compla9ts1 c\ghs1 & a multitude ( n]v\s affections1 are almo/ unkn[n to !m2 n s ) ^? :o sp5d _! days & nights 9 rooms 9 :i* ! sa%es ( ! w9d[s are calk$1 or p]*ance d\bl$1 to prev5t ! ke5 b heal?y air ( w9t] f ent]+ _! ap>tm5ts4 ,disease & suff]+ are _! con/ant companions4 ------------ #eaj4 ,:at is said ( ! v5tilation ( sleep+-rooms8 ,:at w\ld adequate v5tilation prev5t8 ,give a common obs]vation4 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,by _m1 sleep+ ap>tm5ts twelve feet squ>e & sev5 feet high1 are consid]$ spaci\s = two p]sons1 & good accommodations = f\r to lodge 94 ,an ap>tm5t ( ?is size conta9s #ajjh cubic feet ( air4 ,all[+ t5 cubic feet to ea* p]son p] m9ute1 two occupants w\ld vitiate ! air ( ! room 9 fifty m9utes1 & f\r 9 tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,:5 lodg+-rooms are n v5tilat$1 we w\ld /rongly recomm5d e>ly ris+4 #eaa4 ,! sick-room1 p>ticul>ly1 %\ld be s arrang$ t ! impure air may escape1 & pure air be con/antly admitt$ into ! room4 ,x is no unusual practice 9 "s communities1 :5 a *ild or an adult is sick ( an acute disease1 to prev5t ! +ress ( pure air1 simply f ! appreh5sion ( ! att5dants1 t ! pati5t w contract a cold4 ,aga91 ! preval5t cu/om ( sev]al individuals sitt+ 9 ! sick-room1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y rema9 !re = sev]al h\rs1 t5ds to vitiate ! air1 &1 consequ5tly1 to increase ! suff]+ & dang] ( ! sick p]son4 ,9 fev]s or inflammatory diseases ( any k9d1 let ! pati5t brea! pure air2 = ! pur] ! blood1 ! great] ! p[] ( ! sy/em to remove disease1 & ! less ! liability to contract colds4 ,obs]vation4 ,among *ildr51 convulsions1 or fits1 usually occur :5 !y are sleep+4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ^! are produc$ by ! impure air :i* is brea!d4 ,to prev5t ^! al>m+ & di/ress+ convulsions1 ! sleep+-room %\ld be v5tilat$1 & !re %\ld be no curta9s ar\nd ! b$1 or cov]+s ov] ! face1 z !y produce an effect simil> to t exp]i5c$ :5 sleep+ 9 a small1 unv5tilat$ room4 ,to relieve a *ild :5 convuls$1 c>ry x into ! op5 air4 ------------ ,:at is said ( ! size ( sleep+-rooms8 #eaa4 ,:at is said ( ! sick-room8 ,m5tion "s prevail+ cu/oms 9 ref]5ce to ^! rooms4 ,:at is said ( convulsions among *ildr58 ------------ #eab4 ,:ile occupy+ a room1 we are ins5sible ( ! gradual vitiation ( ! air4 ,?is is ! result ( ! dim9i%$ s5sibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & gradual adaptation ( ! organs to blood ( a less /imulat+ "*4 ,?is condition is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hib]nat+ animals4 ,we are ins5sible ( ! impure air ( unv5tilat$ sleep+-rooms1 until we leave !m = a walk or ride4 ,if !y h be5 clos$1 we are made s5sible ( ! "* ( ! air z soon z we rent] !m1 = ! sy/em has rega9$ its usual s5sibility :ile inhal+ a pur] atmosph]e4 #eac4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( e inhabit$ room1 !re %\ld be adequate means ( v5tilation1 z well z w>m+4 ,no room is well v5tilat$1 unless z mu* pure air is br\ght into x z ! occupants vitiate at e respiration4 ,?is c be effect$ by mak+ an ap]ture 9 ! ceil+ ( ! room1 or by con/ruct+ a v5tilat+ flue 9 ! *imney4 ,?is %\ld be 9 contact ) ! flues = ! escape ( smoke1 b sep>at$ f !m by a ?9 brick p>tition4 ,! hot air 9 ! smoke flues w w>m ! sep>at+ brick p>tition1 & consequ5tly r>efy ! air 9 ! v5tilat+ flue4 ,communication f e room 9 a h\se %\ld be _h to su* flues4 ,! draught ( air c be regulat$ by well-adju/$ regi/]s1 :i* 9 l>ge rooms %\ld be plac$ ne> ! floor z well z ne> ! ceil+4 #ead4 ,:ile provision is made = ! escape ( r>efi$ impure air1 we %\ld also provide means by :i* pure air may be con/antly admitt$ into ! room1 z ! crevices ( ! doors & w9d[s are n always suffici5t2 &1 if !y %\ld be adequate1 air c be introduc$ 9 a m conv5i5t1 economical1 & appropriate mann]4 ,!re %\ld be an ap]ture opposite ! v5tilat+ flue1 at or ne> ! floor1 to connect ) ! out] walls ( ! build+ or ext]nal air4 ,b if pure heat$ air is introduc$ into ! room1 x obviates ! necessity ( ! introduction ( ! ext]nal air4#af #af ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,em]son1 ( ,bo/on1 has devis$ a simple & effective app>atus = remov+ vitiat$ air f a room4 ,x is successfully us$ ^u all ! public s*ool-h\ses ( ,bo/on4 ,x is n[ be+ g5]ally appli$ to ! s*ool-h\ses & o!r public build+s1 z well z private dwell+s1 ( ,new ,engl&4 ------------ #eab4 ,:y are we ins5sible to ! gradual vitiation ( ! air ( an unv5tilat$ room8 #eac4 ,:at is v important 9 ! build+ ( e inhabit$ room8 ,h[ c a room be well v5tilat$8 #ead4 ,:at is said relative to a communication ) ! ext]nal air8 ------------ #eae4 ,9 w>m+ rooms1 ! hot air furnaces1 or box & air-tight /oves conv]t$ into hot air furnaces1 %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! ord9>y /oves4 ,! air ?us introduc$ into ! room is pure z well z w>m4 ,9 ! adaptation ( furnaces to dwell+-h\ses1 c41 x is necess>y t ! air %\ld pass ov] an ample surface ( iron mod]ately heat$2 z a r$ heat ab/racts ! oxyg5 f ! contigu\s air1 & ?us r5d]s x unfit to be respir$4#ag #ag ,dr4 ,wyman's valuable "w on ,v5tilation1 & ! "w ( ,h5ry ,b>n>d1 ,esq41 on ,s*ool-h\se ar*itecture1 c be advantage\sly consult$1 z !y give ! practical me?ods ( v5tilat+ & w>m+ %ops1 s*ool-rooms1 dwell+-h\ses1 public halls1 c4 ,obs]vation4 ,dome/ic animals ne$ a supply ( pure air z well z man4 ,! c[s ( cities1 t brea! a vitiat$ air1 h1 v g5]ally1 tub]cles4 ,%eep t are %ut 9 a conf9$ air1 die ( a disease call$ ! rot1 :i* is ( a tub]cul\s "*4 ,int]e/ & humanity require t ! build+s = animals be prop]ly v5tilat$4 ------------ #eae4 ,h[ %\ld rooms be w>m$8 ,:at is necess>y 9 ! adaptation ( furnaces to dwell+-h\ses8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,respiratory ,,organs1 ,,cont9u$4 #eaf4 ,! *ange t is effect$ 9 ! blood :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs1 n only dep5ds ^u ! purity ( ! air1 b ! am\nt inspir$4 ,! quantity v>ies accord+ to ! size ( ! *e/1 & ! movem5t ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 #eag4 ,! size ( ! *e/ & lungs c be r$uc$ by mod]ate & cont9u$ pressure4 ,?is is mo/ easily done 9 infancy1 :5 ! c>tilages & ribs are v pliant2 yet x c be effect$ at m advanc$ p]iods ( life1 ev5 aft] ! *e/ is fully develop$4 ,= want ( k ( ! pliant "* ( ! c>tilages & ribs 9 infants1 too _m mo!rs1 un9t5tionally1 contract _! *e/s1 & ?us s[ ! se$s ( disease by ! close dress+ ( _! (fspr+4 #eah4 ,if slight b /eady pressure be cont9u$ f day to day & f week to week1 ! ribs w cont9ue to yield m & m1 & aft] ! expiration ( a few mon?s1 ! *e/ w become dim9i%$ 9 size4 ,?is w be effect$ )\t any suff]+ ( a m>k$ "*2 b ! g5]al heal? & /r5g? w be impair$4 ,x is n ! viol5t & ephem]al pressure1 b ! mod]ate & protract$1 t produces ! miscall$1 g5teel1 contract$ *e/s4 #eai4 ,! /yle ( dress :i* at ! pres5t day is almo/ univ]sal1 is a prolific cause ( ?is de=mity4 ,^! baneful fa%ions are copi$ f ! p]iodicals1 s widely circulat$1 conta9+ a fa%ion plate ( ! late/ fa%ions1 f ,p>is4 ,9 e in/ance2 ! contract$1 de=m$1 &1 z x is call$1 lady-l wai/1 is portray$ 9 all its fasc9at+ lovel9ess4 ,^! p]iodicals are f\nd on almo/ e c5tre-table1 & ex]cise an influ5ce almo/ omnipot5t4 ,if ! plates :i* corrupt ! morals are exclud$ by civil legislation1 ) ! same propriety ought n ^? to be suppress$ t h a t5d5cy s adv]se to heal?8 ------------ #eaf4 ,:at v>ies ! am\nt ( air receiv$ into ! lungs8 #eag4 ,h[ c ! size ( ! *e/ be dim9i%$8 ,:5 is ?is mo/ easily effect$8 #eah4 ,h[ are ! miscall$1 g5teel1 contract$ *e/s usually produc$8 #eai4 ,:at is said ( ! /yle ( ! dress at ! pres5t day8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a correct outl9e ( ! ,v5us de ,m$ici1 ! beau ideal ( female symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,an outl9e ( a well-corset$ mod]n beauty4 ,"o has an artificial1 insect wai/2 ! o!r1 a natural wai/4 ,"o has slop+ %\ld]s1 :ile ! %\ld]s ( ! o!r are comp>atively elevat$1 squ>e1 & angul>4 ,! proportion ( ! corset$ female bel[ ! wai/1 is also a dep>ture f ! symmetry ( nature4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! ,*9ese1 by compress+ ! feet ( female *ildr51 prev5t _! gr[?2 s t ! foot ( a ,*9ese belle is n l>g] ?an ! foot ( an ,am]ican girl ( five ye>s4 ------------ ,:at does fig4 #ajj repres5t8 ,fig4 #aja8 ,give obs]vation #a/4 ------------ #b;d4 ,! ,am]ican wom5 compress _! *e/s1 to prev5t _! gr[?2 s t ! *e/ ( an ,am]ican belle is n l>g] ?an ! *e/ ( a ,*9ese girl ( five ye>s4 ,:i* c\ntry1 9 ?is respect1 exhibits ! great] intellig5ce8 #c;d4 ,! *e/ c be de=m$ by mak+ ! l9+s ( ! wai/s ( ! dresses tight1 z well z by corsets4 ,tight ve/s1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 are also injuri\s4 #ebj4 ,9 *ildr51 :o h nev] worn close g>m5ts1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! *e/ is g5]ally ab\t equal to t ( ! body at ! hips2 & simil> proportions w\ld exi/ ?r\gh life1 if !re 7 no improp] pressure ( ! clo?+4 ,?is is true ( ! labor+ wom5 ( ! ,em]ald ,isle1 & o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 & 9 ! ,indian female1 ^: blanket all[s ! free expansion ( ! *e/4 ,! symmetrical /atues ( anci5t sculptors be> little resemblance to ! beau ideal ( ,am]ican notions ( elegant =m4 ,?is p]v]t$ ta/e is 9 opposition to ! laws ( nature4 ,! design ( ! human *e/ is n simply to connect ! upp] & l[] portions ( ! body1 l "s insects1 b to =m a case = ! protection ( ! vital organs4 #eba4 ,individuals may h small *e/s f bir?4 ,?is1 to ! p>ticul> individual1 is natural2 yet x is adv]se to ! great & g5]al law ( ,nature relative to ! size ( ! human *e/4 ,l produces l1 is a g5]al law ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,no fact is bett] e/abli%$1 ?an t :i* proves ! h]$it>y transmission f p>5ts to *ildr5 ( a con/itutional liability to disease & ! same may be said 9 reg>d to _! con=mations4 ,if ! "m has a small1 tap] wai/1 ei!r h]$it>y or acquir$1 ?is =m may be impress$ on h] (fspr+2--?us illu/rat+ ! tru?fulness ( scripture1 t ! s9s ( ! p>5ts %all be visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ------------ ,obs]vation #b;d4 ,obs]vation #c;d4 #ebj4 ,:at is ! size ( ! *e/ ( a *ild t has always worn loose clo?+8 ,:at is said ( ! size ( ! labor+ wom5 ( ,irel&1 & ! ,indian female8 ,h[ is x 9 anci5t /atues8 ,:at is ! design ( ! *e/8 #eba4 ,:at is a g5]al law ( bo? ! animal & vegetable k+doms8 ,:at fact 9 ?is connection is well e/abli%$8 ------------ #ebb4 ,! quantity ( air inhal$ is modifi$ by ! capacity ( ! respiratory organs4 ,! necessity ( volum9\s lungs may he elucidat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,suppose a gill ( alcohol1 mix$ ) a gill ( wat]1 be put into a vessel hav+ a squ>e foot ( surface1 & ov] ! vessel a membrane be ti$1 & t ! wat] w evaporate 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! surface _h be5 only six in*es squ>e1 only "o f\r? ( ! wat] w\ld h evaporat$ ?r\gh ! membrane 9 ! giv5 "t4 ,if ! surface _h be5 ext5d$ to two squ>e feet1 ! wat] w\ld h evaporat$ 9 twelve h\rs4 #ebc4 ,apply ?is pr9ciple to ! lungs3 suppose !re are two hundr$ feet ( c>bonic acid to be c>ri$ out ( ! sy/em e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is gas1 9 t "t1 w pass ?r\gh a vesicul> membrane ( two ?\s& squ>e feet4 ,if ! lungs 7 dim9i%$ 9 size1 s t !re w\ld be only "o ?\s& squ>e feet ( vesicul> membrane1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid w\ld n1 & c\ld n1 be elim9at$ f ! sy/em4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! blood w\ld n be purifi$4 #ebd4 ,aga92 suppose ! two ?\s& squ>e feet ( membrane w\ld transmit two hundr$ cubic feet ( oxyg5 into ! sy/em e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if x %\ld be dim9i%$ "o half1 ?is am\nt ( oxyg5 w\ld n pass into ! blood4 ,f ! above illu/rations we may le>n ! importance ( well-develop$ *e/s & volum9\s lungs2 =1 by increas+ ! size ( ! lungs1 ! oxyg5 is m abundantly suppli$ to ! blood1 & ?is fluid is m p]fectly depriv$ ( its c>bon & hydrog54 ------------ ,:at does ?is h]$it>y transmission prove8 #ebb4 ,h[ is ! necessity ( volum9\s lungs illu/rat$8 #ebe4 ,h[ is ?is pr9ciple appli$ to ! int]*ange ( products 9 ! lungs8 ------------ #ebe4 ,! *e/ is n only mo/ exp&$ at its l[] "p1 b ! portion ( ! lungs t occupies ?is space ( ! ?oracic cavity conta9s ! great] "p ( ! air-cells2 &1 f ! l[] two ?irds ( ! lungs ! greate/ am\nt ( c>bonic acid is ab/ract$ f ! blood1 & ! greate/ am\nt ( oxyg5 gas is convey$ into ! circulat+ fluid4 ,h5ce1 contract+ ! l[] ribs is f> m injuri\s to ! heal? ?an dim9i%+ ! size ( ! upp] "p ( ! *e/4 #ebf4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 ,c ! size ( ! *e/ & ! volume ( ! lungs be increas$1 :5 !y h be5 injudici\sly compress$1 or h inh]it$ ?is unnatural =m8 ,! answ] is 9 ! affirmative4 ,! means = atta9+ ?is end are1 a judici\s ex]cise ( ! lungs1 by walk+ 9 ! op5 air1 read+ al\d1 s++1 sitt+ erect1 & fully inflat+ ! lungs at ea* act ( inspiration4 ,if ! ex]cise be prop]ly manag$ & p]sev]$ 91 x w exp& ! *e/1 & give tone & heal? to ! important organs conta9$ 9 x4 ,b1 if ! ex]cise be ill-tim$ or c>ri$ to excess1 ! b5eficial results s\ght w probably n be atta9$4 ,obs]vation4 ,s*ol>s1 & p]sons :o sit mu* ( ! "t1 %\ld frequ5tly1 dur+ ! day1 brea! full & deep1 s t ! smalle/ air-cells may be fully fill$ ) air4 ,:ile ex]cis+ ! lungs1 ! %\ld]s %\ld be ?r[n back & ! head held erect4 #ebg4 ,! movem5t ( ! ribs & diaphragm is modifi$ by ! dress4 ,:5 ! lungs are prop]ly fill$ ) air1 ! *e/ is enl>g$ 9 e direction4 ,if any article ( app>el is worn s tight z to prev5t ! full expansion ( ! *e/ & abdom51 ! lungs1 9 consequ5ce1 d n receive air suffici5t to purify ! blood4 ,! effect ( firm1 unyield+ clo?+1 :5 worn tight1 9 prev5t+ a due supply ( air to ! lungs1 may be %[n by ! foll[+ illu/ration4 ------------ #ebe4 ,:y is x m injuri\s to contract ! l[] "p ( ! *e/ ?an ! upp]8 #ebf4 ,h[ c ! size ( ! *e/ be increas$ :5 x is contract$8 ,give ! obs]vation4 #ebg4 ,h[ is ! movem5t ( ! ribs & diaphragm modifi$8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,if ! diamet] ( a circle is ?ree feet1 ! circumf]5ce w be n9e feet4 ,if ! diamet] is ext5d$ to f\r feet1 ! circumf]5ce w be increas$ to twelve feet4 ,%\ld a tight b& be ?r[n ar\nd a circle ( n9e feet1 its diamet] _c be increas$1 = ! circumf]5ce _c be enl>g$4 #ebh4 ,any inela/ic b&1 drawn closely ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! *e/1 or ! abdom51 bel[ ! ribs1 op]ates l ! b& 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration1 9 re/rict+ ! movem5t ( ! ribs4 ,:5 any article ( dress encircles ei!r ! *e/ or abdom51 s z to prev5t an increase ( its circumf]5ce1 x has an injudici\s t5d5cy1 z x prev5ts ! introduction ( air 9 suffici5t quantities to purify ! blood4 ,! "q is n1 ,h[ mu* re/riction ( ! respiratory movem5ts c be endur$1 & life cont9ue8 b1 ,does any "p ( ! app>el re/rict ! movem5ts8 ,if x does1 x is a violation ( ! organic laws2 & ?\gh ,nature is pr(use 9 h] exp5ditures1 yet soon] or lat]1 %e sums up h] acc\nt4 #ebi4 ,9 det]m9+ :e!r ! app>el is worn too tight1 inflate ! lungs1 &1 if no pressure is felt1 no injuri\s effects ne$ be appreh5d$ f ?is cause4 ,9 te/+ ! tightness ( ! dress1 "s p]sons w contract to ! utmo/ ! abdom9al muscles1 & ?us dim9i% ! size ( ! *e/1 by depress+ ! ribs2 :5 ?is is done1 ! individual exclaims1 ,h[ loose my dress is6 ,?is practice is bo? deceptive & ludicr\s4 ,a good te/ is1 to put ! h& on ! *e/ bel[ ! arm2 if !re is no movem5t ( ! ribs dur+ respiration1 ! app>el is too tight4 ,! only reliable te/1 h[ev]1 is a full inflation ( ! lungs4 ------------ ,h[ is ! effect ( unyield+ clo?+1 :5 worn tight1 illu/rat$8 #ebh4 ,:at effect has an inela/ic b& ^u ! l[] "p ( ! *e/8 ,:at "q is ask$8 #ebi4 ,h[ c we det]m9e :e!r ! app>el is worn too tight8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,_m individuals d n realize ! small am\nt ( =ce t w prev5t ! enl>gem5t ( ! *e/4 ,?is c be demon/rat$ by draw+ a piece ( tape tightly ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! *e/ ( a vigor\s adult1 & conf9+ x ) ! ?umb & f+]4 ,!n endeavor fully to inflate ! lungs1 & ! movem5t ( ! ribs w be mu* re/rict$4 #ecj4 ,! position 9 /&+ & sitt+ influ5ces ! movem5t ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 ,:5 ! %\ld]s are ?r[n back1 & :5 a p]son /&s or sits erect1 ! diaphragm & ribs h m fre$om ( motion1 & ! abdom9al muscles act m effici5tly2 ?us ! lungs h broad] range ( movem5t ?an :5 ! %\ld]s incl9e =w>d1 & ! body is /oop+4 #eca4 ,habit ex]cises an influ5ce ^u ! range ( ! respiratory movem5ts4 ,a p]son :o has be5 habituat$ to dress loosely1 & ^: inspirations are full & free1 suff]s m f ! tightness ( a ve/ or wai/b&1 ?an "o1 ! range ( movem5ts ( ^: *e/ has long be5 subject$ to tight lac+4 #ecb4 ,! condition ( ! bra9 ex]cises a great influ5ce ^u respiration4 ,if ! bra9 is diseas$1 or ! m9d depress$ by grief1 torm5t$ by anxiety1 or absorb$ by ab/ract ?\ght1 ! contractile en]gy ( ! diaphragm & muscles t elevate ! ribs1 is mu* dim9i%$1 & ! lungs are n s fully inflat$1 z :5 ! m9d is influ5c$ by joy or o!r exhil>at+ emotions4 ,! depress+ passions likewise less5 ! frequ5cy ( respiration4 ,by ! influ5ce ( ^! causes1 ! blood is b p>tially purifi$1 & ! :ole sy/em becomes enfeebl$4 ,"h we may see ! admirable h>mony betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & ! adaptation ( all ! functions to ea* o!r4 ------------ ,give ano!r te/4 ,h[ c ! am\nt ( pressure necess>y to prev5t ! enl>gem5t ( ! *e/ be demon/rat$8 #ecj4 ,%[ ! effect ( position on ! movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 #eca4 ,%[ ! effect ( habit on ! respiratory movem5ts4 #ecb4 ,/ate ! influ5ce ( ! m9d ^u respiration4 ------------ #ecc4 ,z ! quantity ( air inhal$ at ea* unimp$$ inspiration 9 lungs ( ample size1 is ab\t =ty cubic in*es1 x foll[s1 if ! movem5t ( ! ribs & diaphragm is re/rict$ by an enfeebl$ action ( ! respiratory muscles1 or by any o!r means1 ! blood w n be p]fectly purifi$4 ,9 ! exp]im5t1 7 #ebb1 #ebc17 suppose =ty cubic in*es ( air mu/ pass ov] ! membrane tw5ty times e m9ute1 & t ?is is ! am\nt requir$ to remove ! vapor :i* arises f ! membrane2 if only half ( ?is am\nt ( air be suppli$ ea* m9ute1 only "o half z mu* wat] w be remov$ f ! alcohol ?r\gh ! membrane 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 consequ5tly1 ! alcohol w\ld be impure f ! wat] n be+ entirely remov$4 #ecd4 ,re/ra9 ! elevation ( ! ribs & depression ( ! diaphragm1 s t ! quantity ( air convey$ into ! lungs w be r$uc$ to tw5ty cubic in*es1 :5 =ty are ne$$1 & ! results w be z foll[s3 ,only "o half ( ! c>bonic acid w be elim9at$ f ! sy/em1 & ! blood w receive b "o half z mu* oxyg5 z x requires4 ,?is fluid w !n be imp]fectly oxydat$1 & p>tially fre$ ( its impurities4 ,! impure blood w be return$ to ! left side ( ! he>t1 & ! :ole sy/em w suff] f an infr+em5t ( organic laws4 ------------ #ecc4 ,illu/rate ! effect ^u ! blood :5 ! respiratory muscles are enfeebl$ 9 _! action4 #ecd4 ,%[ h[ ! blood is imp]fectly purifi$ by re/rict+ ! movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 ------------ #ece4 ,scr(ula1 or consumption1 frequ5tly succe$s a depress$ /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,^! diseases arise f ! deposition ( tub]cul\s matt] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,^? individuals :o h met ) rev]ses ( =tune1 9 :i* "* & prop]ty 7 lo/1 af=d pa9ful examples4 ,hundr$s ye>ly die f ! effect ( depress$ spirits1 caus$ by disappo9t$ hopes1 or disappo9t$ ambition4 ,illu/ration4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! effects ( m5tal depression is relat$ by ,lnnec4 ,9 a female religi\s e/abli%m5t 9 ,france1 great au/]ities 7 practis$2 ! m9d 0 absorb$ 9 contemplat+ ! t]rible tru?s ( religion1 & 9 mortify+ ! fle%4 ,! :ole e/abli%m5t1 9 ! space ( t5 ye>s1 0 sev]al times depopulat$--) ! exception ( ! p]sons employ$ at ! gate1 9 ! kit*51 & g>d5--) t fatal disease1 consumption4 ,?is in/itution did n long cont9ue1 b 0 suppress$ by ord] ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 #ecf4 ,! purity ( ! blood is influ5c$ by ! condition ( ! lungs4 ,:5 ! bron*ial tubes & air-cells h become p>tially imp]vi\s to air1 f pressure ^u ! lungs1 f fluids 9 ! *e/1 f tumors1 or f ! consolidation ( ! cells & tubes f disease1--z inflammation1 or ! deposition ( yell[1 *eesy matt]1 call$ tub]cles1--! blood w n be purifi$1 ev5 if ! air is pure1 ! lungs volum9\s1 & ! respiratory movem5ts unre/rict$1 z ! air _c p]meate ! air-cells4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! tw5ty-?ree :o escap$ imm$iate dea? 9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta 7 soon attack$ ) inflammation ( ! lungs1 by :i* ^! organs 7 consolidat$1 & ?us prev5t$ ! p]meation ( air into _! cells4 ,?is disease ( ! lungs 0 caus$ by brea?+ vitiat$ air4 ------------ #ece4 ,m5tion "s ( ! effects ( m5tal depression ^u ! body4 ,:at is relat$ by ,lnnec8 #ecf4 ,does ! condition ( ! lungs influ5ce ! purity ( ! blood8 ,m5tion "s ( ! conditions t w imp$e ! oxydation ( blood 9 ! lungs4 ,:at occurr$ to ^? p]sons :o escap$ dea? 9 ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta8 ------------ #b;d4 ,"o ( ! precursory symptoms ( consumption is ! feeble murmur ( respiration 9 ! upp] "p ( ! lungs4 ,?is condition ( ^! organs is produc$ by1 or frequ5tly foll[s1 m5tal depression1 ! brea?+ ( impure air1 ! /oop+ position 9 /&+ or sitt+1 & ! re/riction ( ! movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 #c;d4 ,p]sons asphyxiat$ by c>bonic acid1 wat]1 /rangl+1 or any noxi\s air1 aft] resuscitation1 are usually affect$ ) c\ghs & o!r diseases ( ! lungs4 #ecg4 ,,colds & ,,c\ghs are g5]ally induc$ by a *ill1 t produces a contraction ( ! blood-vessels ( ! sk92 & ! wa/e mat]ial1 :i* %\ld be c>ri$ f ! body by ! ag5cy ( ! vessels ( ?is membrane1 is reta9$ 9 ! sy/em1 & a great portion ( x is return$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! lungs4 ,= su* is ! h>mony e/abli%$ by ! ,creator1 t if ! function ( any portion ( ! body is d]ang$1 ^? organs ^: (fices are simil> take on an increas$ action4 #ech4 ,! wa/e mat]ial1 t %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh ! _m outlets ( ! sk91 creates an unusual fulness ( ! m9ute vessels t n\ri% ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ia2 ?is induces an irritation ( ^! vessels1 :i* increases ! fl[ ( blood to ! nutri5t art]ies ( ! lungs4 ,!re is1 also1 a ?ick5+ ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! lungs1 caus$ by ! repletion ( ! bron*ial vessels ( ! muc\s membrane2 ?is imp$es ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! small bron*ial tubes1 & consequ5tly ! air-vesicles _c imp>t a suffici5t quantity ( oxyg5 to purify ! blood1 & ?is fluid1 imp]fectly purifi$1 does n pass ) facility ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,an additional ob/acle to ! free passage ( air into ! lungs1 is ! accumulation ( blood 9 ! pulmon>y vessels4 ------------ ,:at is "o ( ! precursory symptoms ( consumption8 ,h[ is ?is condition frequ5tly produc$8 ,:at diseases usually foll[ asphyxia by c>bonic acid1 wat]1 /rangl+1 c48 #ecg4 ,h[ are colds g5]ally induc$8 #ech4 ,:at effect has a common cold ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! lungs8 ------------ #eci4 ,z colds & c\ghs are v g5]ally treat$ by ! matrons ( ! community1 or by ! pati5t1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may aid 9 direct+ a prop] treatm5t3 ,to effect a spe$y cure1 x is necess>y to dim9i% ! am\nt ( fluid 9 ! vessels ( ! lungs4 ,?is c be effect$ 9 two ways3 #a/4 ,by dim9i%+ ! quantity ( blood 9 ! sy/em2 #b;d4 ,by div]t+ x f ! lungs to ! sk94 ,! fir/ condition c be easily & safely affect$1 by ab/a9+ f food1 & dr9k+ no m ?an a gill ( fluid 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z !re is a cont9u\s wa/e f ! sk9 & o!r organs ( ! sy/em1 ! quantity ( blood by ?is proc$ure w be dim9i%$1 & ! lungs reliev$ ( ! accumulat$ fluid4 #edj4 ,! second condition c be accompli%$ by resort+ to ! w>m or vapor ba?4 ,^! & ! common sweats w invite ! blood f ! lungs to ! sk94 ,by keep+ up ! action ( ! sk9 = a few h\rs1 ! lungs w be reliev$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 emetics & ca?>tics are necess>y2 mucilages1 z gum arabic or slipp]y-elm b>k1 w\ld be good4 ,aft] ! sy/em is reliev$1 ! sk9 is m impressible to cold1 & consequ5tly requires c>eful protection by clo?+4 ,9 good con/itutions1 ! fir/ me?od is pref]able1 & g5]ally suffici5t )\t any m$ic9e or sweat+4 #eda4 ,! me?od ( resuscitat+ p]sons app>5tly dr[n$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x is necess>y to press ! *e/1 sudd5ly & =cibly1 d[nw>d & backw>d1 & in/antly discont9ue ! pressure4 ,repeat ?is )\t int]mission1 until a pair ( bell[s c be procur$4 ,:5 ! bell[s are obta9$1 introduce ! nozzle well ^u ! base ( ! tongue1 & surr\nd ! m\? & nose ) a t[el or h&k]*ief1 to close !m4 ,let ano!r p]son press ^u ! project+ "p ( ! neck1 call$ ,adam's apple1 :ile air is introduc$ into ! lungs ?r\gh ! bell[s4 ,!n press ^u ! *e/1 to =ce ! air f ! lungs1 to imitate natural brea?+4 7,app5dix ,m47 ------------ #eci4 ,give ! fir/ me?od = ! treatm5t ( cold4 #edj4 ,! second me?od4 #eda1 #edb4 ,h[ %\ld p]sons app>5tly dr[n$ be treat$8 ------------ #edb4 ,cont9ue ! use ( ! bell[s1 & =c+ ! air out ( ! *e/1 = an h\r at lea/1 unless signs ( natural brea?+ come on4 ,wrap ! body 9 w>m1 dry blankets1 & place x ne> ! fire1 to pres]ve ! natural w>m?1 z well z to imp>t artificial heat4 ,e ?+1 h[ev]1 is second>y to fill+ ! lungs ) air4 ,avoid all friction until brea?+ is re/or$4 ,s5d imm$iately = m$ical aid4 #edc4 ,! means ( resuscitat+ p]sons asphyxiat$ f electricity1 c4 ,9 app>5t dea? f electricity1 7lightn+17 ! p]son is frequ5tly asphyxiat$ f pa-raly-sis 7palsy7 ( ! respiratory muscles4 ,to recov] su* p]sons1 resort to artificial respiration4 ,9 cases ( app>5t dea? f hang+ or /rangl+1 ! knot %\ld be unti$ or cut imm$iately2 !n use artificial respiration1 or brea?+1 z direct$ 9 app>5t dea? f dr[n+4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is an impression1 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry1 t ! law w n all[ ! removal ( ! cord f ! neck ( a body f\nd susp5d$1 unless ! coron] be pres5t4 ,x is !re=e prop] to say1 t no su* delay is necess>y1 & t no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 attempt+ to resuscitate ! /rangl$ p]son4 #edd4 ,! me?od ( resuscitat+ p]sons app>5tly dead f inhal+ c>bonic acid gas4 ,:5 life is app>5tly ext9ct f brea?+ c>bonic acid gas1 ! p]son %\ld be c>ri$ into ! op5 air4 ,! head & %\ld]s %\ld be slightly elevat$2 ! face & *e/ %\ld be spong$ or spr9kl$ ) cold wat]1 or cold v9eg> & wat]1 :ile ! limbs are wrapp$ 9 dry1 w>m blankets4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 asphyxia f o!r causes1 imm$iately resort to artificial respiration4 ------------ #edc4 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ 9 asphyxia f electricity8 ,f hang+8 #edd4 ,:at %\ld be ! treatm5t 9 asphyxia f inhal+ c>bonic acid gas8 ------------ ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,_m p]sons h di$ f brea?+ c>bonic acid t 0 =m$ by burn+ *>coal 9 an op5 pan or portable furnace1 = ! purpose ( w>m+ _!1 sleep+-rooms4 ,?is is n only produc$ by burn+ *>coal1 b is evolv$ f ! live coals ( a wood fire2 & be+ heavi] ?an air1 x settles on ! floor ( ! room2 &1 if !re is no op5 door or *imney-draught1 x w accumulate1 &1 ris+ above ! head ( an individual1 w cause asphyxia or dea?4 #b;d4 ,9 resuscitat+ p]sons app>5tly dead f causes already m5tion$1 if a pair ( bell[s _c be procur$ imm$iately1 let _! lungs be inflat$ by air expell$ f ! lungs ( "s p]son pres5t4 ,to h ! expir$ air z pure z possible1 ! p]son %\ld quickly inflate 8 lungs1 & in/antly expel ! air into ^? ( ! asphyxiat$ p]son4 ,place ! pati5t 9 pure air1 admit att5dants only into ! ap>tm5t1 & s5d = a physician )\t delay4 ------------ ,:at sad results frequ5tly foll[ ! burn+ ( *>coal 9 a clos$ room8 ,:at sugge/ion 9 resuscitat+ asphyxiat$ p]sons8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,animal ,,heat4 #ede4 ,! true s\rces ( animal heat1 or calorification1 are /ill imp]fectly kn[n4 ,no hypo!sis has1 z yet1 receiv$ ! concurr5t ass5t ( physiologi/s4 ,we see c]ta9 ph5om5a1 b ! ultimate causes are hidd5 f our view4 ,its regul> production1 to a c]ta9 degree1 is ess5tial bo? to animal & vegetable life4 #edf4 ,!re is a t5d5cy betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t temp]ature to an equilibrium ( heat4 ,?us1 if we t\* or approa* a hot body1 ! heat1 or caloric passes f t body to our organs ( feel+1 & gives ! s5sation ( heat4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we t\* a cold body1 ! heat passes f ! h& to t body1 & causes a s5sation ( cold4 #edg4 ,! great] numb] ( animals appe> cold :5 we t\* !m2 &1 inde$1 ! temp]ature ( _! bodies is n mu* above t ( ! atmosph]e1 & *anges ) x4 ,9 man1 & o!r animals t approa* him 9 _! organization1 x is o!rwise4 ,!y h ! faculty ( produc+ a suffici5t quantity ( caloric to ma9ta9 _! temp]atures ne>ly at ! same degree1 "u all atmosph]ic *anges1 & keep !mselves w>m4 #edh4 ,^? animals ^: prop] heat is n v p]ceivable1 are call$ cold-blood$2 z mo/ species ( fi%es1 toads1 snakes1 turtles1 & reptiles g5]ally4 ,^? animals :i* produce suffici5t heat indep5d5tly ( ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ !m1 are call$ w>m-blood$2 z man1 birds1 quadrup$s1 c4 ------------ #ede-egj4 ,:at is said respect+ animal heat8 #ede4 ,are ! true s\rces ( animal heat kn[n8 ,:at d we see8 #edf4 ,:at is ! t5d5cy betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t temp]atures8 ,give an explanation4 #edg4 ,:at is said ( ! temp]ature ( animals8 #edh4 ,:at is meant by cold-blood$ animals8 ,by w>m-blood$ animals8 ------------ #edi4 ,! temp]ature ( man is ab\t #ih1 7,fahr5heit's !rmomet]17 & t ( "s o!r animals is high]2 ! temp]ature ( birds1 = example1 is ab\t #aaj4 ,x is obvi\s1 t 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! globe1 ! heat ( ! atmosph]e is1 ev5 9 summ]1 less ?an t ( ! human body4 ,9 our latitude1 ! m]cury r>ely atta9s #ih1 & sometimes x desc5ds to sev]al degrees bel[ z]o4 #eej4 ,capta9 ,p>ry1 ) 8 %ip's company1 9 8 voyage ( discov]y to ! arctic regions1 w9t]$ 9 a climate :]e ! m]cury 0 at #dj1 & sometimes at #ee bel[ z]o4 ,capta9 ,back f\nd x #gj bel[ z]o4 ,^! 7 #gb & #ajb bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 or ab\t #bjj bel[ t ( _! own bodies1 & /ill !y 7 able to resi/ ?is l[ temp]ature1 & escape be+ fro/-bitt54 #eea4 ,capta9 ,lyon1 :o accompani$ ,capta9 ,p>ry 9 8 second voyage to ! nor!rn regions1 f\nd ! temp]ature ( an arctic fox to be #ajf1 :ile t ( ! atmosph]e 0 #cb bel[ z]o2 mak+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! fox & t ( ! atmosph]e1 ( #ach4 ,capta9 ,scoresby f\nd ! temp]ature ( a :ale1 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 to be #ajd1 or ne>ly z high z t ( o!r animals ( ! same k9d 9 ! region ( ! equator1 :ile ! temp]ature ( ! ice 0 z l[ z #cb1 & ! wat] 0 ne>ly z cold4 ,^! facts %[ :at a /rong c\nt]act+ en]gy !re is 9 animals aga9/ ! effects ( cold4 #eeb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ by num]\s & well-conduct$ exp]im5ts1 t ! human body c be expos$1 ev5 = a l5g? ( "t1 to a v high temp]ature1 )\t ess5tially elevat+ t ( ! body4 ,*antrey1 ! sculptor1 (t5 ent]$ ! furnace1 heat$ = dry+ 8 m\lds1 :5 ! temp]ature indicat$ by ! !rmomet] 0 #ccj4 ,*aub]t1 ! ,fire-,k+1 is said to h ent]$ ov5s :5 heat$ to #fjj4 ,9 #aggd1 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd5 ent]$ a room 9 :i* ! m]cury rose to #bfj4 ,he rema9$ eight m9utes )\t suff]+4 ------------ #edi4 ,:at is ! temp]ature ( ! human body8 ,( birds8 ,h[ does ! heat ( ! atmosph]e 9 summ]1 9 our latitude1 comp>e ) t ( ! human sy/em8 #eej4 ,:at is relat$ ( ,capta9 ,p>ry8 ,( ,capta9 ,back8 #eea4 ,( ,capta9 ,lyon8 ,( ,capta9 ,scoresby8 ,:at d ^! facts %[8 #eeb4 ,:at has be5 asc]ta9$ on ! o!r h&8 ------------ #eec4 ,9 ord] to r5d] x c]ta9 t !re 0 no fallacy1 says ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 9 ! degree ( heat %[n by ! !rmomet]1 b t ! air brea!d 0 capable ( produc+ all ! well-kn[n effects ( su* a heat on inanimate matt]1 ,i put "s eggs & beef/eak ^u a t9 frame plac$ ne> ! !rmomet]1 & f>!r di/ant f ! cockle ?an f ! wall ( ! room4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! eggs 7 tak5 out1 roa/$ q h>d2 & 9 =ty-sev5 m9utes1 ! /eak 0 n only dress$1 b almo/ dry4 #eed4 ,if a !rmomet] be plac$ "u ! tongue ( a heal?y p]son1 9 all climates & seasons ! temp]ature w be f\nd ne>ly ! same4 ,sir ,*>les ,blagd51 :ile 9 ! heat$ room1 brea!d on a !rmomet]1 & ! m]cury sank sev]al degrees2 & :5 he expir$ =cibly1 ! air felt cool z x pass$ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 ?\gh x 0 scor*+ hot :5 x ent]$ !m 9 inspiration4 ,obs]vation4 ,did n ! human body possess )9 itself ! p[] ( g5]at+ & remov+ heat1 s z to ma9ta9 ne>ly an equality ( temp]ature1 ! mo/ fatal consequ5ces w\ld ensue4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes1 especially1 9 sev]e wea!r ( w9t]1 ! blood w\ld be conv]t$ into a solid mass1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! fatty secretion1 :5 subject$ to equatorial heat1 w\ld become fluid1 & life w\ld be ext+ui%$4 ------------ ,:at is relat$ ( ,*antrey8 ,( ,*aub]t8 ,( ,sir ,*>les ,blagd58 #eec4 ,give ,sir ,*>les's own /atem5t4 #eed4 ,:at is said ( ! temp]ature ( ! human tongue8 ,m5tion ! exp]im5t by ,sir ,*>les ,blagd54 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if ! human sy/em did n ma9ta9 an equality ( temp]ature8 ------------ #eee4 ,to enable man1 & o!r w>m-blood$ animals1 to ma9ta9 ?is equilibrium ( temp]ature "u su* extremes ( heat & cold1 naturally sugge/s two inquiries3 #a/4 ,by :at organs is animal heat g5]at$8 #b;d4 ,by :at means is its uni=mity ma9ta9$8 #eef4 ,! anci5ts _h no well-arrang$ !ory on ! subject ( animal heat4 ,!y believ$ t ! *ief object ( respiration 0 to cool ! blood1 & t ! he>t 0 ! great furnace :]e all ! heat 0 g5]at$4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ,may[1 f 8 discov]ies respect+ respiration1 ass]t$ t ! object ( respiration 0 to produce heat1 & d5i$ t ! blood 0 cool$ 9 ! lungs4 #eeg4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t1 bo? 9 combu/ion & respiration1 c>bonic acid 0 produc$ & oxyg5 absorb$1 x l$ ,dr4 ,black to conclude t brea?+ 0 a k9d ( combu/ion by :i* all ! heat ( ! body 0 produc$4 ,?is !ory 0 object$ to1 because1 if all ! heat 0 g5]at$ 9 ! lungs1 l ^? p>ts ( a /ove 9 contact ) ! fuel1 !y w\ld be at a high] temp]ature ?an ^? p>ts at a di/ance1 :i* 0 kn[n n to exi/4 #eeh4 ,! next !ory1 & "o :i* receiv$ ! sanction ( ! sci5tific m5 ( ,europe1 0 propos$ by ,dr4 ,craw=d4 ,he agre$ ) ,dr4 ,black t heat n only 0 g5]at$ 9 ! lungs1 b t ! art]ial blood _h a great] capacity = heat ?an ! v5\s1 & t ?is increase ( capacity takes place 9 ! lungs4 ,at ! mom5t heat is g5]at$1 a portion ( x1 "u ! "n ( lat5t heat1 is absorb$ & convey$ to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ,:]ev] art]ial blood is conv]t$ into v5\s1 ?is lat5t heat is giv5 out4 ,b1 un=tunately = ?is !ory1 ,dr4 ,davy prov$ ! capacity ( bo?1 = heat1 to be ne>ly ! same4 ------------ #eee4 ,:at inquiries are naturally sugge/$8 #eef4 ,:at 0 ! !ory ( ! anci5ts8 ,:at did ,may[ ass]t at a lat] p]iod8 #eeg4 ,:at 0 ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,black8 ,! objection8 #eeh4 ,:at 0 ! !ory ( ,dr ,craw=d8 ------------ #eei4 ,no "o c d\bt t respiration & animal heat are closely connect$4 ,^? animals ^: respiratory app>atus is ! mo/ ext5d$1 h ! highe/ temp]ature4 ,an example is se5 9 birds1 ^: organs ( respiration ext5d ov] a l>ge "p ( ! body1 & _! temp]ature is #ab above man2 :ile ! respiratory app>atus ( cold-blood$ animals1 z "s k9ds ( fi%1 is imp]fect1 & only a small quantity ( blood is subject$1 at any "t1 to ! effects ( respiration4 #efj4 ,to und]/& ! process by :i* heat is g5]at$ 9 ! human sy/em & 9 animals1 x w be necess>y to /ate3 #a/4 ,t ! app>5t heat ( a body1 z p]ceiv$ by ! t\*1 or z indicat$ by a !rmomet]1 is n ! measurem5t ( heat conta9$ 9 ! body1 or its capacity = heat4 ,illu/ration4 ,if we mix "o p\nd ( wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( #fj1 ) ano!r p\nd at #ia1 ! result+ temp]ature w be exactly ! m$ium1 or #ge4 ,b1 if we mix a p\nd ( wat] at #fj ) a p\nd ( quicksilv] at #ia1 ! result+ temp]ature w be only #fa1 because ! capacity ( wat] = heat is s mu* great] ?an t ( quicksilv]1 t ! heat :i* rais$ ! quicksilv] #ca w raise ! wat] only #a4 #efa4 #b;d4 ,:5 ! d5sity & ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( a body are *ang$1 its capacity to hold heat 9 a lat5t /ate is alt]$4 ,if x w reta9 m1 heat w be absorb$ f contigu\s & surr\nd+ sub/ances2 b1 if its capacity = caloric is less5$1 heat w be set free & giv5 out to surr\nd+ bodies4 ------------ ,! objection8 #eei4 ,9 :at d all ! physiologi/s ( ! pres5t day concur8 ,h[ is x prov$ t respiration & animal heat are closely connect$8 #efj4 ,:at is said ( ! app>5t heat ( bodies8 ,h[ is ?is illu/rat$8 #efa4 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! d5sity & ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( a body are *ang$8 ------------ ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,ice & salt1 7,*l4 ( ,sodium17 :5 mix$1 are conv]t$ into a fluid4 ,9 ?is /ate !y w hold m heat ?an :5 solid4 ,! heat necess>y to produce ?is *ange is drawn f ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 :i* is made proportionally cold] by ! loss ( caloric imp>t$ to ! ice & salt4 ,x is by ?is *emical process t ice-cream is made4 #b;d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mix wat] & sulphuric acid1 7oil ( vitriol17 ( ! temp]ature ( #fj1 & ! mixture w become q w>m1 & w freely imp>t its heat to surr\nd+ & contigu\s objects4 #efb4 ,! same pr9ciple is exhibit$1 :5 oxyg5 unites ) an inflammable body1 z 9 ! burn+ ( wood1 coal1 oil1 c4 ,9 combu/ion1 ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e unites ) c>bon & hydrog51 & c>bonic acid & wat] are produc$4 ,?is process1 accord+ to all ! kn[n laws ( caloric1 is att5d$ ) heat4 ,! quantity ( heat dis5gag$ 9 combu/ion is always 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( c>bon & hydrog5 consum$2 ?us a piece ( wood weigh+ "o p\nd1 9 burn+ sl[ly1 w\ld give out ! same quantity ( heat z a p\nd ( %av+s ( ! same wood1 9 burn+ rapidly4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples1 ! production ( animal heat may be und]/ood4 #efc4 ,! food conta9s c>bon & hydrog54 ,^! exi/ 9 ! *yle4 ,! old & wa/e atoms ( ! body likewise conta9 ! same elem5ts4 ,9 ! lungs ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! inspir$ air are sep>at$4 ,x is n[ suppos$ t ! oxyg5 ent]s ! capill>y vessels ( ! lungs1 & m+les ) ! blood1 ) :i* x is c>ri$ to ! he>t & !nce to ! nutri5t capill>y vessels ( e "p ( ! sy/em4 ------------ ,give ! #a/ illu/ration4 ,! #b;d4 #efb4 ,:at *anges take place :5 oxyg5 unites ) an inflammable body8 ,to :at is ! quantity ( heat proportionate 9 combu/ion8 ,give an example4 #efc4 ,h[ are c>bon & hydrog5 suppli$ to ! sy/em8 ,h[ ! oxyg58 ,:]e does ! oxyg5 m+le ) ! blood8 ------------ #efd4 ,9 ! capill>y vessels1 ! oxyg5 ( ! art]ial blood unites ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 :i* ! refuse mat]ials conta91 & c>bonic acid & wat] are =m$4 ,! combu/ion ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! capill>ies ( e "p ( ! sy/em1 7! lungs n except$17 is att5d$ ) a dis5gagem5t ( heat1 & ! c>bonic acid & wat] are return$ to ! lungs 9 ! d>k-color$ blood1 & evolv$ f ! sy/em4 #efe4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie & "s o!rs h ma9ta9$1 t ! heat ( ! sy/em is g5]at$ exclusively by ! influ5ce ( ! bra9 & n]ves4 ,?is !ory is disc>d$ by mo/ physiologi/s2 yet x is true t ! n]v\s sy/em ex]cises a great influ5ce ov] ! action ( ! capill>y vessels 9 ! process ( nutrition1 secretion1 & absorption4 ,:5 ^! op]ations are mo/ active1 ! *ange among ! p>ticles ( matt] ( :i* ! body is compos$1 is !n greate/1 & ! g5]ation ( heat is increas$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 #eff4 ,! necessity ( pure1 r$ blood 9 ! production ( animal heat1 is %[n :5 ! vessels t c>ry blood to a limb are ligat$1 or ti$2 ! "p imm$iately becomes cold]4 ,! necessity ( n]v\s influ5ce is se5 9 ! dim9i%$ temp]ature ( a p>alytic limb4 #efg4 ,our next inquiry is1 ,by :at means is ! uni=mity ( temp]ature 9 ! body ma9ta9$8 ,z !re is a con/ant g5]ation ( heat 9 ! sy/em1 !re w\ld be an undue accumulation1--s mu* s z to cause disagreeable s5sations1--if !re 7 no means by :i* x c\ld be evolv$ f ! body1 or its production less5$4 ------------ #efd4 ,:]e does x unite ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! body1 & h[ is heat g5]at$8 #efe4 ,:at 0 ! !ory ( ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie8 ,is ?is !ory 9 g5]al disc>d$8 ,:at is true ( ?is !ory8 #eff4 ,h[ is ! necessity ( pure1 r$ blood & n]v\s action %[n 9 ! production ( animal heat8 ------------ #efh4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! pr9cipal means by :i* ! sy/em is kept at a uni=m temp]ature1 is ! imm5se evaporation f ! sk9 & lungs4 ,^! membranes1 9 an ord9>y /ate1 are con/antly giv+ out wat]1 :i* is conv]t$ into vapor1 & c>ri$ (f by ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! quantity ( heat ab/ract$ f ! sy/em to effect ?is1 dep5ds on ! rapidity ( ! *ange ( air1 its temp]ature1 & ! am\nt ( wat] x conta9s 9 a /ate ( vapor4 ,! quantity remov$ is greate/ :5 ! air is w>m & dry1 & ! *ange1 or curr5t1 rapid4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( ! use ( free evaporation ( ! p]spiration f ! sk9 9 r$uc+ ! heat ( ! body1 & ! analogy subsi/+ betwe5 ?is process & t ( ! evaporation ( wat] f a r\gh por\s surface1 s con/antly resort$ to 9 w>m c\ntries1 z an efficaci\s means ( r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 rooms1 & ( w9e & o!r dr9ks1 mu* bel[ t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 0 made by ,frankl94 #b;d4 ,9 all ages & climes1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! increas$ temp]ature ( ! sk9 & sy/em 9 fev]s1 is abat$ z soon z free p]spiration is re/or$4 ,9 damp1 close wea!r1 z dur+ ! sultry days ( ,augu/1 al?\gh ! temp]ature is l[]1 we feel a disagreeable s5sation ( heat1 because ! saturation ( ! air ) moi/ure less5s evaporation1 & ?us prev5ts ! escape ( heat ?r\gh ! lungs & sk94 #c;d4 ,x is on ! pr9ciple ( ! evaporation ( fluids t w>m v9eg> & wat]1 appli$ to ! burn+1 a*+ head1 cools x1 & imp>ts to x a com=table feel+4 ,! same results foll[ if w>m liquids are appli$ to ! sk9 9 ! hot /age ( fev]2 & ?is evaporation c be increas$ by con/ant fann+4 ------------ #efh4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal means by :i* a uni=m temp]ature ( ! body is ma9ta9$8 ,on :at does ! quantity ( heat ab/ract$ f ! sy/em dep5d8 ,:at discov]y relative to animal heat is due to ,frankl98 ,:at is said ( free p]spiration 9 fev]s8 ,:at occasions ! disagreeable s5sation ( heat 9 damp1 close wea!r8 ------------ #d?4 ,x is frequ5tly notic$1 9 v w>m wea!r1 t dogs & o!r dome/ic animals are se5 ) _! tongues out ( _! m\?s1 & cov]$ ) fro?y secretions4 ,?is is m]ely ano!r mode ( r$uc+ animal heat1 z ! sk9 ( su* animals does n p]spire z mu* z t ( man4 #efi4 ,"u "s circum/ances1 a portion ( ! heat ( ! sy/em is remov$ by radiation4 ,:5 cold air comes 9 contact ) ! sk9 & muc\s membrane ( ! lungs1 heat is remov$ f ! body1 z f a /ove1 to re/ore an equilibrium ( temp]ature4 ,! removal ( heat f ! body is greate/ :5 we are 9 a curr5t ( cold air1 or :5 a brisk1 cold w9d is bl[+ ^u u4 #egj4 ,z ! prim>y object ( ! diff]5t processes ( nutrition is to supply animal heat1 s ! action ( ! diff]5t nutritive organs is modifi$ by ! dem&s ( ! sy/em = heat4 ,:5 heat is rapidly remov$ f ! body1 ! functional activity ( ! organs ( nutrition is increas$4 ,:5 ! sy/em is w>m$ by =eign influ5ce1 ! activity ( ! nutritive organs is dim9i%$4 ,?is leads to ! natural1 &1 we may add1 in/9ctive *ange 9 ! quality & quantity ( food at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ------------ #efi4 ,:5 is heat radiat$ f ! body8 ,:5 is x greate/8 #egj4 ,:at is ! prim>y object ( ! diff]5t processes ( nutrition8 ,:5 is ! activity ( ! nutritive organs increas$8 ,:5 dim9i%$8 ,to :at does ?is lead8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,animal ,,heat4 #ega4 ,! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ 9 man & inf]ior animals dep5ds ^u ! quantity & quality ( ! food1 age1 ex]cise1 ! am\nt & "* ( ! respir$ air1 condition ( ! bra91 sk91 & g5]al sy/em4 #egb4 ,animal heat is modifi$ by ! proportion ( dige/ible c>bon :i* ! food conta9s1 & by ! quantity consum$4 ,z ! k9d ( fuel t conta9s ! greate/ am\nt ( combu/ible mat]ial evolves ! mo/ caloric :5 burn$1 s ^? articles ( food t conta9 ! greate/ quantity ( c>bon produce ! mo/ heat :5 conv]t$ into blood4 ,! inhabitants ( ! frigid zones1 & individuals 9 temp]ate climates dur+ ! cold season1 consume ) impunity /imulat+ animal food1 t conta9s a l>ge proportion ( c>bon1 :ile ! inhabitants ( ! tropical regions1 & p]sons 9 temp]ate climates dur+ ! w>m season1 are m heal?y ) a less /imulat+ or vegetable diet4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 we ride or labor 9 cold wea!r1 an adequate am\nt ( nutriti\s food w su/a9 ! w>m? ( ! sy/em bett] ?an intoxicat+ dr9ks4 #egc4 ,age is ano!r influ5ce t modifies ! g5]ation ( animal heat4 ,! vital =ces ( ! *ild be+ feeble1 less heat is g5]at$ 9 its sy/em ?an 9 t ( an adult4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,milne ,edw>ds %[ t ! p[] ( produc+ heat 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 is at its m9imum at bir?1 & increases successively to adult age2 & t "y *ildr5 "p ) _! heat m readily ?an adults1 &1 in/ead ( be+ w>m]1 are g5]ally a degree or two cold]4 ,aft] adult age1 z ! vital p[]s decl9e1 ! g5]ation ( heat is dim9i%$1 z ! en]gies ( ! sy/em are less5$4 ,h5ce ! "y *ild1 & ! debilitat$ ag$ p]son1 ne$ m clo?+ ?an ! vigor\s individual ( middle age4 ------------ #ega-ehe4 ,give ! hygi5e ( animal heat4 #ega4 ,/ate "s ( ! influ5ces t modify ! g5]ation ( animal heat4 #egb4 ,:at elem5t ( ! food influ5ces ! g5]ation ( heat8 ,:5 & :]e c animal food be eat5 ) impunity8 ,give ! practical obs]vation4 ------------ #egd4 ,ex]cise is an influ5ce t modifies ! g5]ation ( animal heat4 ,z c>bon & hydrog5 ent] into ! composition ( ! organs ( ! body1 :atev] increases ! fl[ ( blood 9 ! sy/em1 increases also ! deposition ( new mat]ial1 & ! removal ( ! wa/e p>ticles4 ,?is *ange among ! p>ticles ( matt] is att5d$ ) an elevation ( temp]ature1 f ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! wa/e atoms4 ,= ?is reason1 a p]son 9 action is w>m] ?an 9 a quiesc5t /ate4 ,consequ5tly1 ! am\nt ( clo?+ %\ld be increas$1 :5 ex]cise or labor is dim9i%$ or susp5d$4 #ege4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] imp$es ! circulation & ! int]*ange ( ! atoms ( matt]1 dim9i%es animal heat4 ,common obs]vation %[s1 t ! extremities are n z w>m :5 tight gloves or boots are worn z :5 !y are loose4 ,"o reason is1 ! circulation ( blood is imp$$1 :i* is att5d$ ) less frequ5t *ange ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 #egf4 ,! quantity ( air :i* is inhal$ modifies ! heat ( ! sy/em4 ,9 ! g5]ation ( heat 9 a /ove1 air1 or oxyg51 is z ess5tial z ! wood or coal4 ,x is equally s 9 ! production ( animal heat4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! inspir$ air %\ld be 9 proportion to ! c>bon & hydrog5 to be consum$4 ,?is requires volum9\s lungs1 toge!r ) free movem5ts ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 ,a p]son ^: *e/ is small1 & ^: app>el is worn tight ov] ! ribs1 suff]s m f ! cold1 & compla9s m frequ5tly ( *ill9ess & cold extremities1 ?an ! broad-*e/$ & loosely dress$4 ------------ ,:at d ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,milne ,edw>ds %[8 #egd4 ,:y does ex]cise influ5ce animal heat8 #ege4 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! circulation ( blood is imp$$8 ,give examples4 #egf4 ,:y d ^? p]sons t h broad *e/s & volum9\s lungs suff] less f cold ?an ! n>r[-*e/$ ) small lungs8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,fi%es t brea! by means ( gills1 z ! cod1 pike1 c41 dep5d solely on ! small quantity ( oxyg5 t is conta9$ 9 ! air mix$ ) ! wat]4 ,_! temp]ature is n mu* great] ?an ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live4 ,:ales1 dolph9s1 c41 brea! by means ( lungs1 & ! inhalation ( atmosph]ic air makes _! temp]ature ab\t #ajj1 indep5d5t ( ! heat ( ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live4 #egg4 ,! quality ( respir$ air influ5ces ! g5]ation ( animal heat4 ,9 ve/ries1 & o!r public rooms1 :5 cr[d$ ) an audi5ce1 :]e ! v5tilation is inadequate1 ! lamps w emit b a fa9t light1 because ! oxyg5 is soon exp5d$1 & !re is n en\gh ( ! vivify+ pr9ciple to unite ) ! oil & dis5gage light4 ,9 ! human body1 :5 ! respir$ air has lo/ "s ( its life-giv+ prop]ties1 ! combu/ion t takes place 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em is n s complete z :5 x conta9s a prop] proportion ( oxyg52 & h5ce less heat is dis5gag$4 ,= ?is reason1 ^? p]sons t brea! impure air1 ei!r 9 ! daytime or night1 require m clo?+1 ?an ^? t "w & sleep 9 well-v5tilat$ rooms4 #egh4 ,! condition ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em affects ! g5]ation ( animal heat4 ,if ! bra9 is diseas$1 or ! m9d is absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 depress$ by sorr[1 or ar\s$ f fe>1 ! brea?+ becomes sl[ & sc>cely p]ceptible1 & a *ill9ess p]vades ! body1 p>ticul>ly ! extremities2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 if ! m9d & n]v\s sy/em are excit$ by joy\s & agreeable emotions1 ! circulation ( blood is quick]1 & ! sy/em m p[]fully resi/s ext]nal cold4 ,dur+ sleep1 :5 ! bra9 is p>tially inactive1 less heat is g5]at$ ?an :5 awake4 ------------ ,:at is said ( ^? fi%es t brea! by means ( gills8 ,( ^? t brea! by means ( lungs8 #egg4 ,:y d lamps give b a fa9t light 9 cr[d$1 unv5tilat$ rooms8 ,:at effect on animal heat has impure air8 #egh4 ,m5tion ! effects ( "s ( ! m5tal emotions on animal heat4 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! prec$+ rem>k expla9s :y an individual :o sleeps 9 ! same clo?+ t 0 adequate to prev5t *ills :ile awake1 contracts a cold1 unless he ?r[s ov] him an additional cov]+4 #egi4 ,! /ate ( ! sk9 ex]cises mu* influ5ce 9 ! g5]ation ( heat4 ,if ! functions ( ?is membrane are n int]rupt$1 m heat w be g5]at$ ?an :5 x is pallid & inactive4 ,! action ( ! capill>ies is mo/ en]getic :5 ! sk9 is clean2 on ?is acc\nt1 be=e tak+ a walk or a ride1 9 cold wea!r1 remove all impurities f ! sk91 by ?or\gh ablution & vigor\s friction4 #ehj4 ,! am\nt & k9d ( clo?+ modify ! temp]ature ( ! sy/em4 ,^? p]sons t are well clo!d h great] p[] to resi/ cold ?an ! ?9ly app>ell$1 because bo? ! evaporation & ! radiation f ! sk9 are imp$$1 & less heat1 9 consequ5ce1 is ab/ract$ f ! body4 ,if ! articles ( app>el possess ! prop]ty ( reta9+ air 9 _! me%es1 z flannel1 ! removal ( heat is n z rapid z :5 l95 is worn4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 w9t]1 al?\gh m heat is g5]at$ 9 ! sy/em ?an 9 summ]1 yet we require m clo?+1 & also ^? articles t are poor conductors ( heat1 because caloric is m rapidly extract$ 9 cle>1 cold wea!r1 ?an 9 a w>m day4 ------------ ,:at does ! prec$+ rem>k expla98 #egi4 ,:at sugge/ion respect+ ! condition ( ! sk9 be=e tak+ a walk or ride 9 a cold day8 ,:y8 #ehj4 ,d ! am\nt & k9d ( clo?+ affect animal heat8 ,:at is said ( well-clo!d p]sons8 ,:5 does ! sy/em g5]ate ! mo/ heat8 ------------ #eha4 ,! heal? & con/itution influ5ce ! g5]ation ( heat4 ,:5 ! heal? is firm1 & ! con/itution vigor\s1 less clo?+ is ne$$1 = ! *ange among ! p>ticles ( matt] is m rapid1 & m heat is g5]at$1 ?an :5 ! opposite condition obta9s4 ,p]sons ( a feeble con/itution1 p>ticul>ly1 if any ( ! vital organs#ah are diseas$1 ne$ m clo?+ & require rooms ( a w>m] temp]ature1 ?an individuals :o are free f disease & h a vigor\s con/itution4 #ah ,! bra91 lungs1 he>t1 & dige/ive organs1 are call$ vital organs4 ,obs]vation4 ,p]sons :o are infirm1 & ^: vital p[]s are feeble1 9 g5]al1 accu/om !mselves to an undue am\nt ( clo?+ & w>m rooms4 ,a m judici\s practice w\ld be1 to ex]cise m & use a mod]ate am\nt ( clo?+1 toge!r ) a m nutriti\s diet4 #ehb4 ,! surplus heat %\ld be remov$ equally f all p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,! rapid evaporation ( fluids1 z 9 free p]spiration1 or f radiation1 z 9 a cold atmosph]e1 is att5d$ ) a removal ( heat f ! sy/em4 ,?is modifies ! action ( ! circulatory vessels4 ,consequ5tly1 if heat is sudd5ly & rapidly ab/ract$ f "o "p ( ! sy/em1 ! equilibrium ( ! circulation is de/roy$1 :i* w produce disease4 ------------ ,:y d we1 !n1 require m clo?+ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]8 #eha4 ,:y d p]sons ( firm heal? & vigor\s con/itutions ne$ less clo?+ ?an ^? :o are feeble8 ,:at is a g5]al practice among infirm p]sons8 ,:at w\ld be m judici\s8 #ehb4 ,:y %\ld ! surplus heat be remov$ equally f all p>ts ( ! sy/em8 ,:at is said respect+ curr5ts ( air f small ap]tures8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,curr5ts ( air t imp+e ^u small portions ( ! body1 z f small ap]tures1 or f a w9d[ slightly rais$1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,!y are m dang]\s ?an to expose ! :ole p]son to a brisk w9d1 because ! curr5t ( air removes ! heat f ! "p expos$1 :i* di/urbs ! circulation ( blood & causes disease1 usually 9 ! =m ( colds4 ,= ! same reason1 x is n judici\s to /& 9 an op5 door1 or ! op5+ ( a /reet4 #ehc4 ,! sy/em suff]s less :5 ! *ange ( temp]ature is gradual4 ,! *ange 9 ! production ( heat1 z well z 9 ! evaporation ( fluids f ! sy/em1 is gradual :5 n influ5c$ by =eign causes4 ,?is gradual *ange is kn[n "u ! "n acclimation4 ,by ?is means ! body is enabl$ to endure tropical heat & pol> cold4 ,ow+ to ?is gradual adaptation ( ! sy/em to diff]5t temp]atures1 we c be> a great] degree ( heat 9 ! summ] betwe5 ! tropics1 ?an 9 ! w9t] "u ! pol> circles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c endure a great] degree ( cold 9 w9t] & 9 ! arctic region1 ?an 9 ! summ] & 9 equatorial c\ntries4 #ehd4 ,! s5sation ( heat :i* w\ld be oppressive 9 a mild1 w>m day ( ,janu>y1 w\ld only be grateful 9 ,july1 & a degree ( cold :i* c\ld sc>cely be endur$ 9 ,augu/1 w\ld n be uncom=table 9 ,decemb]4 ,! *anges ( season 9 our latitude prev5t ! disagreeable & p]haps fatal consequ5ce t w\ld foll[1 if no spr+ or autumn int]v5$ betwe5 ! sev]ity ( w9t]'s cold & ! int5sity ( summ]'s heat4 ,dur+ ! transition p]iods1 ! con/itution is gradually *ang$1 & adapt$ to be> ! extremes ( temp]ature )\t suff]+4 ,! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ 9 ! nutri5t capill>y vessels1 is likewise dim9i%$ or increas$ z ! temp]ature ( ! season becomes great] or less4 ------------ #ehc4 ,9 :at mann] %\ld *ange ( temp]ature take place1 to be adapt$ to ! body8 ,h[ is ! body enabl$ to endure tropical heat & pol> cold8 ,/ate "s ( ! effects ( ! gradual adaptation ( ! sy/em to diff]5t temp]atures4 #ehd4 ,:at is said relative to a w>m day 9 w9t]8 ,to a cold day 9 summ]8 ,:at is said ( ! *anges ( seasons 9 our latitude8 ,:at effect on ! con/itution dur+ spr+ & autumn8 ,:at *ange 9 ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$8 ------------ #ehe4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 we _c sudd5ly pass f "o extreme ( temp]ature to ! o!r ) impunity4 ,let an inhabitant ( ,quebec sudd5ly arrive 9 ,cuba 9 ,febru>y1 & he w\ld suff] f languor & exhau/ion2 aft] becom+ acclimat$ to ?is tropical climate1 let him sudd5ly return to ,quebec 9 ,janu>y1 & ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r w\ld be almo/ insupportable4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t heat$ rooms1 z well z tropical climates1 less5 ! g5]ation ( heat 9 ! body1 & likewise ! p[] ( resi/+ cold4 ,x w\ld be idle = ! m]*ant f 8 w>eh\se1 or ! me*anic f 8 heat$ %op1 to attempt to sit on ! box ) a coa*man1 ) ! same am\nt ( clo?+ z 8 companion1 :o is daily expos$ to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 #b;d4 ,x is ! p[] ( endurance ( cold at "o p]iod1 & ! abs5ce ( its necessity at ano!r1 t enables animals1 9 _! wild & unprotect$ /ate1 to be> ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons ) s little prep>ation 9 clo?+1 & s little real inconv5i5ce4 ------------ #ehe4 ,:at effect on ! sy/em has a sudd5 transition f a cold to a w>m climate8 ,:at does exp]i5ce %[8 ,:y d wild animals be> ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons ) s little prep>ation 9 clo?+8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,voice4 #ehf4 ,! beautiful me*anism ( ! vocal in/rum5t1 :i* produces e v>iety ( s\nd1 f a h>%1 unmelodi\s tone1 to a s(t1 sweet1 flute-l s\nd1 has1 z yet1 be5 imp]fectly imitat$ by art4 ,x has be5 comp>$1 by _m physiologi/s1 to a w9d1 re$1 & /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,?is inimitable1 yet simple in/rum5t1 is ! ,l>ynx4 #ehg4 ,incid5tally1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! respiratory organs1 z well z ! l>ynx1 are subs]vi5t to speak+ & s++4 ,! tongue1 nasal passages1 muscles ( ! fauces & face1 are ag5ts :i* aid 9 ! intonation ( ! voice4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,organs4 #ehh4 ,! ,,l>ynx is a k9d ( c>tilag9\s tube1 :i*1 tak5 z a :ole1 has ! g5]al =m ( a holl[1 rev]s$ cone1 ) its base upw>d t[>d ! tongue1 9 ! %ape ( an exp&$ triangle4 ,x op5s into ! ph>ynx1 at its sup]ior extremity1 & communicates1 by its inf]ior op5+ ) ! tra*ea4 ,x is =m$ by ! union ( five c>tilages1 namely1 ! ,?yroid1 ! ,cricoid1 ! two ,a-ryt-enoid1 & ! ,ep-i-glottis4 ,^! are b\nd toge!r by ligam5ts1 & mov$ by muscles4 ------------ #ehf4 ,:at is said ( ! /ructure ( ! vocal in/rum5t8 ,) :at in/rum5t h physiologi/s comp>$ x8 ,:at is ! vocal in/rum5t call$8 #ehg4 ,:at organs are call$ into action 9 speak+ beside ! l>ynx8 #ehh-eif4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! vocal organs4 #ehh4 ,describe ! l>ynx4 ,"n ! c>tilages t =m ! l>ynx4 ------------ #ehi4 ,! ,,?yroid ,,c>tilage is ! l>ge/ ( ! five1 & =ms ! prom95ce 9 ! front ( ! neck1 call$ ,pomum ,a-dami1 7,adam's apple47 ,x is compos$ ( two p>ts1 & is connect$ ) ! bone ( ! tongue above1 & ) ! cricoid c>tilage bel[4 #eij4 ,! ,,cricoid ,,c>tilage takes its "n f its resemblance to a r+4 ,x is situat$ bel[ ! ?yroid c>tilage1 x is n>r[ 9 front1 broad] at ! sides1 & /ill broad] beh9d1 :]e x is connect$ ) ! ?yroid c>tilage4 ,bel[1 x connects ) ! fir/ r+ ( ! tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a side view ( ! c>tilages ( ! l>ynx4 99 ,! front side ( ! ?yroid c>tilage4 #a1 ,! os hyoides1 7bone at ! base ( ! tongue47 #b1 ,! ligam5t t connects ! hyoid bone & ?yroid c>tilage4 #c1 #d1 #e1 ,! ?yroid c>tilage4 #f1 ,! cricoid c>tilage4 #g1 ,! tra*ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,a po/]ior view ( ! c>tilages & ligam5ts ( ! l>ynx4 #a1 ,! po/]ior face ( ! epiglottis4 #c1 #c1 ,! os hyoides4 #d1 #d1 ,! lat]al ligam5ts :i* connect ! os hyoides & ?yroid c>tilage4 #e1 #e1 ,! po/]ior face ( ! ?yroid c>tilage4 #f1 #f1 ,! aryt5oid c>tilages4 #g1 ,! cricoid c>tilage4 #h1 #h1 ,! junction ( ! cricoid & ! aryt5oid c>tilages4 #ab1 ,! fir/ r+ ( ! tra*ea4 ------------ #ehi4 ,describe ! ?yroid c>tilage4 #eij4 ,f :at does ! cricoid c>tilage d]ive its "n8 ,:]e is x situat$8 ,expla9 fig4 #ajb4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ------------ #eia4 ,! ,,aryt5oid ,,c>tilages are small triangul> bodies plac$ ^u ! back "p ( ! cricoid c>tilage4 ,!y are connect$ ) ! ?yroid c>tilages1 by f\r ligam5ts1 call$ ,vocal ,cords4 #eib4 ,! ,,epiglottis is fibro-c>tilag9\s1 & is plac$ beh9d ! base ( ! tongue4 ,9 %ape x resembles a leaf ( p>sley4 #eic4 ,! ,,vocal ,,cords1 or ligam5ts1 are =m$ ( ela/ic & p>allel fibres1 enclos$ 9 a fold ( muc\s membrane4 ,!y are ab\t two l9es 9 wid?1 & pass f ! ant]ior angle ( ! ?yroid c>tilage1 to ! two aryt5oid c>tilages4 ,! "o is call$ ! sup]ior1 & ! o!r ! inf]ior vocal ligam5t4 ,! cavity1 or depression betwe5 ! sup]ior & inf]ior ligam5t1 is call$ ! v5tricle ( ! l>ynx4 ,! ap]ture1 or op5+ betwe5 ^! ligam5ts1 is call$ ! glottis1 or *9k ( ! glottis4 ,x is ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & "o f\r? ( an in* 9 wid?1 ! op5+ be+ wide/ at ! po/]ior "p4 ,?is op5+ is enl>g$ & contract$ by ! ag5cy ( ! muscles appropriat$ to ! l>ynx4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,an ideal1 lat]al section ( ! l>ynx4 #a1 #a1 ,! upp] vocal cords4 #b1 #b1 ,! l[] vocal cords4 #c1 #c1 ,! glottis4 #d1 #d1 ,! v5tricles ( ! l>ynx4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,a v]tical section ( ! l>ynx4 #b1 ,! os hyoides4 #d1 ,! apex ( ! epiglottis4 #g1 ,! sup]ior vocal ligam5t4 #i1 ,! v5tricle ( ! l>ynx4 #aj4 ,! l[] vocal ligam5t4 #aa1 ,! aryt5oid c>tilage4 #ab1 #ac1 ,! cricoid c>tilage4 #ad1 ,! tra*ea4 #ah1 ,! oesophagus4 ------------ #eia4 ,describe ! aryt5oid c>tilages4 #eib4 ,:at is said ( ! epiglottis8 #eic4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! vocal cords4 ,:]e is ! v5tricle ( ! l>ynx8 ,:]e is ! glottis situat$8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #ajd8 ,expla9 fig4 #aje4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,a view ( ! l>ynx f above1 %[+ ! vocal ligam5ts4 #a1 ,! ant]ior edge ( ! l>ynx4 #d1 ,! po/]ior face ( ! ?yroid c>tilage4 #e1 #e1 ,! aryt5oid c>tilages4 #f1 #f1 ,! vocal ligam5ts4 #g1 ,_! orig91 )9 ! angle ( ! ?yroid c>tilage4 #i1 ,_! t]m9ation1 at ! base ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages4 #h1 #aj1 ,! glottis4 #eid4 ,! l>ynx is connect$ by muscles ) ! /]num1 oesophagus1 base ( ! skull1 hyoid bone1 l[] jaw1 & tongue4 ,?is organ is suppli$ ) a l>ge numb] ( blood-vessels1 & x likewise receives n]ves f ! sympa!tic sy/em1 & two l>ge n]ves f ! t5? pair4 ,! numb] & size ( ! n]v\s filam5ts di/ribut$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx1 r5d] x m s5sitive ?an any o!r portion ( ! respiratory organs4 ------------ ,h[ is ! glottis enl>g$ or contract$8 ,expla9 fig4 #ajf4 #eid4 ,by :at means & to :at organs is ! l>ynx connect$8 ,:y is ! l>ynx m s5sitive ?an o!r p>ts ( ! respiratory organs8 ------------ #eie4 ,! l>ynx is mu* m develop$ & prom95t 9 man ?an 9 woman4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! ant]ior angle ( ! ?yroid c>tilage is acute1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is r\nd$1 & ! c5tral slope ( ! sup]ior bord] ( ! same c>tilage is less deep1 & ! epiglottis small] & less prom95t1 ?an 9 man4 #eif4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! l>ynx 9 infancy is less /rik+2 b at a lat] p]iod1 x is m develop$ 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female4 ,x is v rem>kable t ?is increase is n progressive1 l t ( o!r organs1 b1 on ! contr>y1 develops itself at once at ! p]iod ( pub]ty4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,organs4 #eig4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! voice1 ea* "p already describ$ p]=ms an important (fice4 ,! cricoid & ?yroid c>tilages give =m & /ability to ! l>ynx2 ! aryt5oid c>tilages1 by _! movem5t1 v>y ! wid? ( ! glottis4 ,! epiglottis is flexible & ela/ic4 ,:5 x is erect1 ! *9k ( ! glottis is op51 z 9 inspiration2 :5 depress$1 z 9 swall[+ food & dr9k1 x cov]s & closes ?is ap]ture4 ,x prev5ts ! introduction ( articles ( food into ! tra*ea1 & probably modifies s\nd z x issues f ! glottis4 #eih4 ,! muscles ( ! neck elevate & depress ! l>ynx2 ! muscles ( ! l>ynx increase or dim9i% ! wid? ( ! glottis2 at ! same "t1 ! vocal cords are relax$ or tight5$1 :ile ! muscles ( ! face op5 & close ! m\?4 ------------ #eie4 ,:at diff]5ce betwe5 ! =mation ( ! l>ynx ( ! female & t ( ! male8 #eif4 ,does ?is diff]5ce exi/ 9 *ildhood8 ,is its developm5t progressive8 #eig-fjj4 ,give ! physiology ( ! vocal organs4 #eig4 ,:i* c>tilages give /ability & =m to ! l>ynx8 ,:i* v>y ! wid? ( ! glottis8 ,:at is ! function ( ! epiglottis8 #eih4 ,:at effect h ! muscles ( ! neck ^u ! l>ynx8 ,! use ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx8 ------------ #eii4 ,! ela/icity ( ! ribs & ! contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles dim9i% ! cavity ( ! *e/1 & ! air1 9 consequ5ce1 is press$ f ! air-cells into ! bron*ial tubes & tra*ea4 ,x !n ru%es by ! vocal cords1 & causes a peculi> vibration1 :i* produces s\nd4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,exp]im5ts h satisfactorily %[n t ! vocal cords are ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( ! voice4 ,! tongue1 :i* _m h suppos$ to be ! mo/ important organ 9 speak+1 is n ess5tial to s\nd4 ,9 sev]al in/ances x has be5 remov$1 & ! p]sons ?us mutilat$ c\ld speak ) flu5cy4 #b;d4 ,:5 ! vocal cords are ulc]at$1 or inflam$1 h[ev] slightly1 z 9 sore ?roat produc$ by a cold1 ! voice w be *ang$4 ,! loss ( spee* among public speak]s is g5]ally produc$ by a relaxation ( ! vocal ligam5ts4 ,h5ce1 bron*itis is a misnom] = ?is affection4 #fjj4 ,s\nd is v>i$ by ! velocity ( ! expell$ curr5t ( air1 & ! t5sion ( ! vocal ligam5ts4 ,! size ( ! l>ynx1 ! volume & heal? ( ! lungs1 ! condition ( ! fauces & nasal passages1 ! elevation & depression ( ! *91 ! developm5t & fre$om ( action ( ! muscles :i* are atta*$ to ! l>ynx1 ! op5+ ( ! m\?1 ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & g5]al heal? ( ! sy/em1 influ5ce ! modulations ( s\nd4 ------------ ,:at effect has ! comb9$ action ( ^! muscles8 #eii4 ,h[ is s\nd produc$8 ,:at h exp]im5ts %[n8 ,:at effect has disease ( ! vocal ligam5ts ^u ! voice8 #fjj4 ,h[ is s\nd v>i$8 ,m5tion o!r conditions t contribute to ! modulation ( s\nd4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,vocal ,,organs4 #fja4 ,! voice c be *ang$ & modifi$ by habit4 ,sailors1 smi?s1 & o!rs1 :o are engag$ 9 noisy occupations1 ex]t _! vocal organs m /rongly ?an ^? ( m quiet pursuits4 ,?is n only affects ! /ructure ( ! vocal organs1 b v>ies ! intonation ( ! voice4 #fjb4 ,! voice is /rong 9 proportion to ! developm5t ( ! l>ynx1 & ! capacity ( ! *e/4 ,s++ & read+ al\d improve & /r5g!n ! vocal organs1 & give a heal?y expansion to ! *e/4 ,! enunciation ( ! elem5t>y s\nds ( ! ,engli% language1 aids 9 develop+ ! vocal organs1 z well z prev5t+ disease ( ! ?roat & lungs4 ,?is ex]cise also conduces to ! acquisition ( musical s\nds4 #fjc4 ,! attitude affects ! modulation ( ! voice4 ,:5 an individual /&s erect1 ! movem5ts ( ! :ole respiratory app>atus are mo/ free & effective4 ,! l>ynx is br\ght =w>d by ! erect position ( ! head & ! elevation ( ! *94 ,! muscles ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages are !n br\ght to a prop] relation = action1 by :i* a t5sion ( ! vocal cords is produc$1 t favors cle> & h>moni\s enunciation4 ,exp]im5t4 ,read ) ! head b[$ =w>d & ! *9 depress$2 !n read ) ! head erect & ! *9 elevat$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! movem5t ( ! vocal organs1 toge!r ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! voice1 w be manife/4 ------------ #fja-faf4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! vocal organs4 #fjb4 ,h[ may ! voice be /r5g!n$8 #fjc4 ,:at effect has ! erect attitude ^u ! modulations ( ! voice8 ,give ! exp]im5t4 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,an improp] position2 b "o n unfrequ5tly se5 9 "s ( our common s*ools1 & 9 "s ( our public speak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! prop] position = read+1 speak+1 & s++4 #fjd4 ,if an individual or class read or s+ :5 sitt+1 let ! position repres5t$ by fig4 #aji be adopt$1 & n ! "o repres5t$ by fig4 #aaj2 = ! erect position 9 sitt+ conduces to ! free & effective action ( ! respiratory & vocal organs1 & is z important z ! erect attitude 9 /&+4 ------------ #fjd4 ,:at position %\ld be adopt$ :5 a p]son reads or s+s :5 sitt+8 ,:y8 ------------ #fje4 ,! muscles ( ! neck %\ld n be compress$4 ,if ! muscles ( ! neck & l>ynx are compress$ by a high cravat1 or o!r close dress+1 n only w ! free & en]getic movem5ts ( ^! p>ts be imp$$1 b ! tones w be feeble & ineffective4 ,!re=e ! dress ( ! neck1 p>ticul>ly ( public speak]s & s+]s1 %\ld be loose & ?94 ,= a w>m dress ^u ! neck1 :5 ! vocal organs are 9 action1 w induce too great a fl[ ( blood to ^! p>ts1 :i* w be att5d$ by subsequ5t debility4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! loss ( voice1 7l>-yn-gitis17 :i* is preval5t among public speak]s1 may be ascrib$ 9 "p to ! injudici\s dress+ ( ! neck1 & improp] position 9 /&+4 ------------ #fje4 ,h[ %\ld public speak]s dress _! necks8 ,:y8 ,:at is a common cause ( ! loss ( voice8 ------------ #b;d4 ,:5 individuals h be5 address+ an audi5ce 9 a w>m room1 or engag$ 9 s++1 !y %\ld avoid all impressions ( a cold atmosph]e1 unless adequately protect$ by an extra g>m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 #fjf4 ,! condition ( ! air modifies speak+ & s++4 ,z pure air is m ela/ic & resonant ?an impure1 & z easy1 melodi\s speak+ or s++ requires atmosph]ic ela/icity1 s s*ool-rooms & s++-halls %\ld be well v5tilat$1 if we w\ld be ent]ta9$ ) s(t intonations 9 read+1 or sonor\s s++4 ,obs]vation4 ,! imp]fect v5tilation ( *ur*es & ve/ries is ano!r cause ( l>yngitis among cl]gym54 ,?is affection is almo/ unkn[n among ^? :o speak 9 v op5 rooms1 :]e /oves are n us$4 ------------ ,give #b;d4 obs]vation4 #fjf4 ,:y does easy & melodi\s speak+ require pure air8 ,:at is ano!r cause l>yngitis among cl]gym58 ------------ #fjg4 ,! condition ( ! nasal passages & ?roat modifies ! voice4 ,! enunciation ( words is r5d]$ m or less di/9ct1 9 proportion z ! jaws are sep>at$ 9 speak+1 & ! fauces & nasal passages are free f ob/ruction4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! s*ol> %\ld be taught to op5 ! m\? adequately :5 read+1 speak+1 or s++1 t ! s\nds =m$ 9 ! l>ynx & modifi$ 9 ! fauces may h an unob/ruct$ egress4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,if ! fauces are ob/ruct$ by enl>g$ tonsils1 7a condition by no means uncommon 9 *ildr517 !y %\ld be remov$ by a surgical op]ation1 :i* is n only effective1 b safe1 & att5d$ ) little suff]+4 ,! tonsils are situat$ on ea* side ( ! base ( ! tongue1 &1 :5 enl>g$1 !y ob/ruct ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! air passes to & f ! lungs1 & ! respiration is n only labori\s1 b di/ress+4 #b;d4 ,:5 ! nasal passages are ob/ruct$1 !re is a peculi> s\nd ( ! voice1 :i* is call$ talk+ ?r\gh ! nose4 ,?is ph5om5on arises1 n f ! expir$ air pass+ ?r\gh ! nose1 b f its n be+ able to pass ?r\gh ! nasal passages4 #fjh4 ,! /ate ( ! m9d & heal? ex]ts an influ5ce ^u ! vocal organs4 ,! organs ( ! voice1 9 common ) all o!r p>ts ( ! bodily frame1 require ! vigor & pliancy ( muscle1 & ! ela/icity & animation ( m9d1 :i* result f good heal?1 9 ord] to p]=m _! appropriate functions ) en]gy & effect4 ,b ^! indisp5sable conditions to ! ex]cise ( vocal organs1 are1 9 ! case ( mo/ le>n]s1 v imp]fectly suppli$4 ------------ #fjg4 ,does ! condition ( ! ?roat & nasal passages modify ! voice8 ,"n ! influ5ces t produce cle> enunciation ( words4 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! nasal passages are ob/ruct$8 #fjh4 ,h[ are ! vocal organs influ5c$8 ,:at d !y require8 ------------ #fji4 ,a s$5t>y mode ( life1 ! want ( invigorat+ ex]cise1 close & long-cont9u$ application ( m9d1 &1 p]haps1 an impair$ /ate ( heal?1 or a feeble con/itution1 prev5t1 9 _m in/ances1 ! free & =cible use ( ^? muscles on :i* voice is dep5d5t4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity ( /ud5ts ( elocution practis+ physical ex]cises adapt$ to promote g5]al muscul> vigor1 z a means ( atta9+ en]gy 9 speak+2 ! p[] ( any class ( muscles be+ dep5d5t on ! vigor ( ! :ole sy/em4 #faj4 ,gymna/ic & cali/h5ic ex]cises are invaluable aids to ! culture & developm5t ( ! voice1 & %\ld be s$ul\sly practis$ :5 opportunity r5d]s !m accessible4 ,b ev5 a slight degree ( physical ex]cise1 9 any =m adapt$ to ! expansion ( ! *e/ & to ! fre$om & =ce ( ! circulation1 w s]ve to imp>t en]gy & gl[ to ! muscul> app>atus ( voice1 & cle>ness to its s\nd4 #faa4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a great advantage 9 always practis+ "s prelim9>y muscul> actions1 z an imm$iate prep>ation = vocal ex]cises4 ,! art ( cultivat+ ! voice1 h[ev]1 has1 9 addition to ! v>i\s =ms ( corporeal ex]cise1 practis$ = ! g5]al purpose ( promot+ heal?1 its own specific prescription = secur+ ! vigor ( ! vocal organs1 & modes ( ex]cise adapt$ to ! tra9+ ( ea* class ( organs sep>ately4 #fab4 ,! results ( su* practice are ( indef9ite ext5t4 ,!y are limit$ only by ! en]gy & p]sev]ance ( ! /ud5t1 except+ p]haps 9 "s in/ances ( imp]fect organization4 ,a few weeks ( dilig5t cultivation are usually suffici5t to produce su* an effect on ! vocal organs1 t p]sons :o comm5ce practice ) a feeble & ineffective utt]ance1 atta91 9 t %ort p]iod1 ! full comm& ( cle>1 =cible1 & v>i$ tone4 ------------ #fji4 ,:y are /ud5ts ( elocution 9 g5]al necessitat$ to practise physical ex]cise8 #faj4 ,:at are invaluable aids 9 ! culture ( ! voice8 #faa4 ,:at is said ( ! art ( cultivat+ ! voice8 #fab4 ,are ! results ( su* practices limit$8 ,:at exception8 ------------ #fac4 ,repetition is ess5tial to di/9ct articulation ( words4 ,9 tea*+ a *ild to articulate a lett] or ^w1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 make an ef=t to induce a prop] /ate ( ! vocal organs by :i* ! p>ticul> s\nd is produc$4 ,repeat ! lett] or ^w aga9 & aga91 until all ! p>ts ( ! vocal app>atus h>monize 9 _! movem5ts to produce ! giv5 s\nd4 ,?is repetition is z necess>y 9 le>n+ to read z 9 s++4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,!re is no?+ ga9$ by try+ to tea* a *ild to pron\nce ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 be=e ! vocal organs are s develop$ t di/9ct utt]ance c be giv5 to ! prop] s\nds4 #b;d4 ,! drawl+ me?od ( talk+ to "y *ildr51 z well z us+ words t are n f\nd 9 any writt5 language1 7call$ *ild's talk17 is decid$ly wrong4 ,a *ild w pron\nce & und]/& ! application ( a correct ^w z quickly z an incorrect "o4 #fad4 ,no "p ( ! vocal organs is want+1 ) ^? individuals t /amm]1 or :o h an imp$im5t 9 _! spee*4 ,"s p>ts may be m develop$ ?an o!rs1 b !y g5]ally are b imp]fectly "u ! control ( ! w1 & assume an irregul> & rapid movem5t1 :ile o!r p>ts1 ! motions ( :i* are ess5tial1 rema9 comp>atively inactive4 ,?is c be se5 by comp>+ ! movem5ts ( ! lips1 tongue1 & l>ynx1 :ile attempt+ to speak1 9 a p]son :o /amm]s1 ) ! movem5ts ( ! correspond+ p>ts1 :ile speak+1 9 an individual :o has no su* imp$im5t4 ------------ #fac4 ,is repetition ess5tial to di/9ct articulation8 ,:at me?od is sugge/$ 9 tea*+ a *ild to articulate lett]s or words8 ,give obs]vation #a/4 ,obs]vation #b;d4 #fad4 ,are ! vocal organs want+ 9 /amm]]s8 ,:y ! defect 9 _! articulation ( words8 ------------ #fae4 ,surgical op]ations & m$ical treatm5t are n highly advantage\s 9 a majority ( ^! cases4 ,9 ! "y & middle ag$1 ?is defect c be rem$i$ by pati5t & judici\s tra9+4 ,at fir/1 only ^? lett]s & words %\ld be spok5 t c be articulat$ ) di/9ctness4 ,let !re be repetition1 until ! words c be spok5 at any "t ) read9ess4 ,!n take = a lesson o!r words1 m difficult to articulate2 & pursue a simil> process ( tra9+ & repetition1 until e "p ( ! vocal organs c be call$ into a ready & h>moni\s action 9 giv+ utt]ance to any ^w 9 common use4 #faf4 ,! me?od ( remov+ =eign bodies f ! ?roat4 ,x is n necess>y to asc]ta9 :i* passage ! =eign body is 91 = ! imm$iate treatm5t ought 9 ei!r case to be ! same4 ,"s p]son %\ld place "o h& on ! front ( ! *e/ ( ! suff]]1 &1 ) ! o!r1 give two or ?ree sm>t bl[s ^u ! back1 all[+ a few seconds to int]v5e betwe5 !m4 ,?is treatm5t w g5]ally be successful1 & cause ! sub/ance to be viol5tly ?r[n f ! ?roat4 ,obs]vation4 ,if ! =eign body passes into ! l>ynx viol5t spasmodic c\gh+ imm$iately succe$s1 :i* cont9ues until x is remov$ or life is ext9ct4 ,su* cases dem& ! prompt op5+ ( ! tra*ea bel[ ! l>ynx by a skilful surgeon4 ------------ #fae4 ,h[ c /amm]+ be rem$i$8 #faf4 ,:at is ! me?od ( remov+ =eign bodies f ! ?roat8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,sk94 #fag4 ,! sk9 is a membrane :i* envelops ! muscles & o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,9 y\?1 & 9 females p>ticul>ly1 x is smoo?1 s(t1 & ela/ic4 ,9 middle age1 & 9 males1 x is firm & r\gh to ! t\*4 ,9 old age1 9 p]sons :o are emaciat$1 & ab\t ! flexions ( ! jo9ts1 x is ?r[n into folds4 ,! int]ior ( ! body1 l ! ext]ior1 is cov]$ by a sk91 :i*1 f ! con/antly moi/5$ /ate ( its surface1 is call$ ! muc\s membrane4 ,at ! v>i\s orifices ( ! body1 ! ext]ior sk9 is cont9u\s ) ! int]nal4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 #fah4 ,! ,,sk91 to ! nak$ eye1 appe>s compos$ ( "o membrane4 ,b exam9ation has %[n t x consi/s ( two lay]s ( membrane1 namely1 ! ,cuti-cle1 7sc>f-sk917 & ! ,cutis ,vera1 7true sk947 ,^! lay]s are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 /ructure1 & p]=m v diff]5t (fices 9 ! animal economy4 #fai4 ,! ,,cuticle 7sometimes call$ ! ep-i-d]mis7 is ! ext]nal lay] ( ! sk94 ,?is membrane is ?9 & semi-transp>5t1 & resembles a ?9 %av+ ( s(t1 cle> horn1 & be>s ! same relation to o!r p>ts ( ! sk9 t ! r\gh b>k ( a tree does to ! lib]1 or liv+ b>k4 ,! cuticle has no p]ceptible n]ves or blood-vessels2 consequ5tly1 if x is cut or abrad$1 no pa9 w be felt1 & no fluid w ooze f x4 ------------ #fag4 ,:at is ! sk98 ,m5tion its diff]5t appe>ances 9 its diff]5t conditions 9 ! human frame4 ,is ! int]ior ( ! body1 z well z ! ext]ior1 cov]$ by a sk98 ,:at is ! int]ior membrane call$8 ,:y has x receiv$ ?is "n8 #fah-fcf4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! sk94 #fah4 ,:at is said ( ! sk98 ,:at is said relative to ^! lay]s ( membrane8 #fai4 ,describe ! cuticle4 ,:at "n is sometimes appli$ to ! cuticle8 ------------ ,exp]im5t4 ,pass a p9 ?r\gh ! portion ( ! cuticle t skirts ! nails1 or remove a ?9 %av+ f ! palm ( ! h&1 & no pa9ful s5sation w be exp]i5c$ unless ! p9 or knife p5etrates deep] ?an ! cuticle4 #fbj4 ,?is membrane v>ies 9 ?ickness on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1--f ! ?91 delicate sk9 ^u ! int]nal flexions ( ! jo9ts1 to ! ?ick5$ cov]+ ( ! soles ( ! feet4 ,! great] ?ickness ( ! cuticle ( ! palms ( ! h&s & soles ( ! feet1 is manife/ly ! int5tional "w ( ! ,creator2 = x is p]ceptible 9 infants1 ev5 at bir?1 be=e ex]cise c h _h any influ5ce4 #fba4 ,! ,,cutis ,,v]a 7sometimes call$ ! cori-on7 is compos$ ( m9ute fibres1 :i* are collect$ into small bundles or /r&s4 ,^! are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r s z to con/itute a firm1 /rong1 & flexible web4 ,9 ! sup]ficial "p ( ! true sk91 ! web is s close z to h ! appe>ance ( felt-clo?2 b m deeply1 ! pores become progressively l>g]1 &1 ^u ! l[] surface1 h a diamet] ( ab\t a l9e1 or "o twelf? ( an in*4 ,?is gives ! "u surface ! appe>ance ( a co>se web4 ,! /r&s ( ! "u surface ( ! true sk9 are connect$ ) ! fibr\s web1 9 :i* ! sub-cutane\s fat ( ! body is deposit$2 :ile ! upp] surface gives support to ! s5sitive1 or papill>y lay]1 :i* is b$d$ ^u x4 ------------ ,give ! exp]im5t4 #fbj4 ,:at is said ( ! ?ickness ( ! cuticle 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body8 #fba4 ,describe ! cutis v]a4 ,by :at "n is x sometimes call$8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! upp] surface ( ! cutis v]a8 ,( ! "u surface8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! sk9s ( animals are imm]s$ 9 a /rong solution ( oak or hemlock b>k1 a *emical union takes place betwe5 ! gelat91 ( :i* ! true sk9 is mo/ly compos$1 & ! tann9 ( ! b>k4 ,by ?is process lea!r is =m$1 & its peculi> m>k+s are ow+ to ! papill>y lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,an ideal repres5tation ( ! papill4 #a1 #a1 ,! cutis v]a4 #b1 #b1 ,! papill>y lay]4 #c1 #c1 ,! art]ies ( ! papill4 #d1 #d1 ,! ve9s ( ! papill4 #e1 #e1 ,! n]ves ( ! papill4 #fbb4 ,! s5sitive lay] ( ! sk9 is ?91 s(t1 unev51 p9ki% 9 hue1 & compos$ ( blood-vessels1 :i* conf] its v>i\s t9ts ( r$2 & ( n]ves1 :i* give x ! faculty ( s5sation4 ,! unev5ness ( ?is lay] is produc$ by small1 elongat$1 conical prom95ces1 call$ ,pa-pill4 #fbc4 ,ea* ,,papilla is compos$ ( a m9ute art]y1 ve91 & n]ve4 ,"s ( ! prom95ces are arrang$ 9 conc5tric ovals1 z may be se5 on ! ends ( ! f+]s2 o!rs are m or less p>allel1 & pursue a s]p5t9e c\rse2 "s sudd5ly div]ge1 & aga9 reunite1 z may be se5 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,papill are f\nd 9 e "p ( ! sk94 ,consequ5tly1 _! numb] is v great4 ------------ ,h[ is lea!r =m$8 #fbb4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! s5sitive lay]8 ,:at causes ! unev5ness ( ?is lay]8 ,expla9 fig4 #aaa4 #fbc4 ,describe ! papill4 ------------ #fbd4 ,! cutis v]a conta9s n only ,art]ies1 ,ve9s1 & ,n]ves b ,lymphatics1 ,oil-,gl&s & ,tubes1 & ,p]spiratory ,gl&s & ,tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,! art]ies & ve9s ( a section ( ! sk94 ,a1 ,a1 ,art]ial bran*es4 ,b1 ,b1 ,capill>y1 or hair-l vessels1 9 :i* ! l>ge bran*es t]m9ate4 ,c1 ,! v5\s trunk1 collect+ ! blood f ! capill>ies4 #fbe4 ,! ,,art]ies ,,& ,,ve9s ( ! sk9 are v num]\s4 ,! l>g] bran*es ( ! art]ies pass ?r\gh ! op5 me%es ( ! true sk91 & are subdivid$ into a myriad ( m9ute capill>y vessels1 :i* =m a beautiful net-"w on ! upp] surface ( ! true sk94 ,?is vascul> net s5ds a bran* to ea* ( ! papill1 :i* op5s into & t]m9ates 9 a m9ute ve94 ,! capill>y ve9s are z num]\s z ! art]ies :i* !y accompany4 ,!y unite & =m l>g] trunks1 z small spr+s f ! hill side coalesce to =m rivulets4 ------------ #fbd4 ,:at vessels are f\nd 9 ! cutis v]a8 ,expla9 fig4 #aab4 #fbe4 ,:at is said ( ! cutane\s art]ies8 ,( ! cutane\s ve9s8 ------------ #fbf4 ,! ,,n]ves t are spread ov] e "p ( ! s5sitive lay] ( ! true sk91 proce$ f ! sp9al cord4 ,z a pro( ( ! great numb] ( n]v\s filam5ts 9 ! sk91 no "p ( ?is tissue c be punctur$ ) a f9e ne$le )\t transfix+ a n]ve1 & induc+ pa94 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! sy/em1 h[ev]1 ! n]ves are m abundant ?an 9 o!rs2 :]e ! s5se ( feel+ is mo/ acute1 we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( n]ves1 & ^? ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,^? p>ts t are mo/ expos$ to injury are mo/ s5sitive4 ,examples4 #a/4 ,! conjunctiva1 or sk9 ( ! eye1 is pa9$ by ! pres5ce ( a p>ticle ( du/1 because x w\ld r5d] vision imp]fect4 #b;d4 ,! lungs1 also1 w\ld be injur$ by ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt]2 !y are !re=e protect$ by ! exquisite s5sitiv5ess ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! tra*ea1 s t a p>ticle ( food or du/ is eject$ by a convulsive c\gh be=e x rea*es ! lungs4 #fbg4 ,! n]ves are m num]\s 9 ! upp] ?an l[] extremities2 9 great] numb]s ^u ! palm ?an ! back ( ! h&4 ,!y are1 likewise1 m abundant & l>g] at ! extremities ( ! f+]s1 & 9 ! lips1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! sk94 ,obs]vation4 ,! proboscis ( ! elephant1 ! extremities ( ! tails ( c]ta9 species ( monkeys1 & ! t5tacula ( "s k9ds ( fi%1 receive a m abundant supply ( s5sitive n]ves ?an o!r p>ts ( _! sy/ems4 ------------ #fbf4 ,:]e d ! n]ves ( ! sk9 proce$ f8 ,are !y num]\s 9 ?is membrane8 ,h[ is x prov$8 ,:at is said ( ^? p>ts mo/ expos$ to injury8 ,give example #a/4 ,example #b;d4 #fbg4 ,m5tion ! diff]5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( ! n]ves 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,is ?is diff]5ce f\nd 9 ! l[] ord] ( animals8 ------------ #fbh4 ,9 ! small papill1 ! n]ve =ms a s+le loop1 :ile 9 papill ( l>g] size1 & end[$ ) a p[] ( m exalt$ s5sation1 ! n]ve is b5t sev]al times ^u itself previ\s to complet+ ! loop4 ,^! little loops spr+ f a net-"w ( n]ves1 imb$d$ 9 ! upp] por\s lay] ( ! true sk91 at ! base ( ! papill4 ,?is net-"w ( n]ves receives its influ5ce ?r\gh n]ves :i* take _! w9d+ c\rse ?r\gh ! fat di/5d$ op5+s ( ! deep] lay]s ( ! true sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 #a1 #a1 ,! cuticle4 #b1 #b1 ,! color$ lay] ( ! cuticle4 #c1 #c1 ,! papill>y lay]1 exhibit+ ! n]ves z !y =m loops4 #d1 #d1 ,! net-"w ( n]ves4 #e1 #e1 ,! true sk94 #f1 #f1 #f1 ,?ree n]ves t divide to =m ! net-"w 7#d1 #d47 #g1 #g1 #g1 ,! furr[s betwe5 ! papill4 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,?ree papill magnifi$ fifty diamet]s4 #fbi4 ,! ,,lymphatics are f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! true sk91 & !y are s m9ute t !y _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye2 b :5 ^! hair-l vessels are inject$ ) quicksilv]1 7a "w ( great difficulty17 ! surface inject$ resembles a %eet ( silv]4 ,9 ?is way _! exi/5ce c be imp]fectly demon/rat$4 ,!y are a "p ( ! vascul> net-"w situat$ ^u ! upp] surface ( ! true sk94 ,ea* papilla is suppli$ ) a lymphatic filam5t1 ! m\? ( :i* op5s b5ea?1 & lies 9 contact ) ! "u surface ( ! cuticle4 ,?is net-"w ( vessels communicates ?r\gh ! op5 me%es ( ! true sk9 ) l>g] lymphatic trunks1 t op5 into ! v5\s sy/em4 ------------ #fbh4 ,h[ are ! n]ves ( ! small papill arrang$8 ,h[ 9 ! l>ge papill8 ,:at does fig4 #aac repres5t8 #fbi4 ,:at is said ( ! cutane\s lymphatics8 ,h[ is _! exi/5ce prov$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,a plexus ( lymphatic vessels 9 ! sk91 consid]ably magnifi$ f an inject$ prep>ation4 #fcj4 ,! ,,oil-,,gl&s are small bodies imb$d$ 9 ! true sk94 ,!y connect ) ! surface ( ! sk9 by small tubes1 :i* trav]se ! cuticle4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ^! gl&s are want+2 9 o!rs1 :]e _! (fice is mo/ ne$ful1 !y are abundant1 z on ! face & nose1 ! head1 ! e>s1 c4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ^! tubes are spiral2 9 o!rs1 /raight4 ,^! gl&s (f] e %ade ( complexity1 f ! simple1 /raight tube1 to a tube divid$ into numb]less ramifications1 & con/itut+ a little r\nd$ tree-l mass1 ab\t ! size ( a millet se$4 ------------ ,( :at are !y a "p8 #fcj4 ,describe ! oil-gl&s4 ,) :at d !y connect8 ,d !y exi/ 9 e "p ( ! body8 ,( :at =m are _! tubes8 ------------ #fca4 ,9 a few situations1 ^! small gl&s are wor?y ( p>ticul> notice1 z 9 ! eyelids1 :]e !y possess great elegance ( di/ribution & =m1 & op5 by m9ute pores along ! lids2 9 ! e>-passages1 :]e !y produce t amb]-color$ sub/ance1 kn[n z ! ce-rum51 7wax ( ! e>s17 & 9 ! scalp1 :]e !y resemble small clu/]s ( grapes1 & op5 9 pairs into ! %ea? ( ! hair1 supply+ x ) a pomatum ( ,nature's own prep>+4 ,! oil-tubes are sometimes call$ ! se-bace\s folli-cles4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,a small hair f ! scalp1 ) its oil-gl&s4 ,! gl&s 7,a7 =m a clu/] ar\nd ! %aft ( ! hair-tube1 7,c47 ,^! ducts op5 into ! %ea? ( ! hair1 7,b47 ,all ! figures1 f #a to #d1 are magnifi$ ?irty-eight diamet]s4 ------------ #fca4 ,:at is said ( ^! tubes 9 ! eyelids8 ,9 ! e>8 ,9 ! scalp8 ,:at are ^! gl&s sometimes call$8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,among ! inhabitants ( cities1 & especially 9 p]sons :o h a torpid /ate ( ! sk91 ! cont5ts ( ! oil-tubes become too d5se & dry to escape 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?us x collects1 di/5ds ! tube1 & rema9s until remov$ by art4 ,:5 ?is impact$ matt] rea*es ! surface1 du/ & smoke mix ) x1 !n x is recogniz$ by small1 r\nd1 d>k spots4 ,^! are se5 on ! =ehead1 nose1 & o!r p>ts ( ! face4 ,:5 ?is matt] is press$ out1 ! tube gives x a cyl9drical =m4 ,! p>ts ar\nd ! di/5d$ tubes sometimes inflame4 ,?is con/itutes ! disease call$1 acne punc-tata4 #fcb4 ,! ,,p]spiratory ,,app>atus consi/s ( m9ute cyl9drical tubes1 :i* pass inw>d ?r\gh ! cuticle1 & t]m9ate 9 ! deep] me%es ( ! cutis v]a4 ,9 _! c\rse1 ea* little tube =ms a beautiful spiral coil2 &1 on arriv+ at its de/9ation1 coils ^u itself 9 su* a way z to con/itute an oval-%ap$1 or globul> ball1 call$ ! p]spiratory gl&4 #fcc4 ,! op5+ ( ! p]spiratory tube on ! surface ( ! cuticle1 namely1 ! pores1 is also des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its extremity be+ a section ( a spirally-twi/$ tube1 ! ap]ture is oblique 9 direction1 & possesses all ! advantages ( a valvul> op5+1 prev5t+ ! +ress ( =eign injuri\s sub/ances to ! int]ior ( ! tube & gl&4 #fcd4 ,to arrive at some?+ l an e/imate ( ! value ( ! p]spiratory sy/em1 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! organism1 ,i c\nt$ ! p]spiratory pores on ! palm ( ! h&1 & f\nd #cebh 9 a squ>e in*4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! pores be+ ! ap]ture ( a little tube ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 x foll[s1 t 9 a squ>e in* ( sk9 on ! palm ( ! h& !re exi/s a l5g? ( tube equal to #hhb in*es1 or #gc feet4 ,surely su* an am\nt ( dra9age z sev5ty-?ree feet 9 e squ>e in* ( sk9--assum+ ?is to be ! av]age = ! :ole body--is some?+ wond]ful & ! ?\ght naturally intrudes itself1 ,:at if ?is dra9age be ob/ruct$8 ------------ ,:at is said ( ! ret5tion ( ! unctu\s matt] 9 ! oil-tubes8 #fcb4 ,( :at does ! p]spiratory app>atus consi/8 #fcc4 ,:at is peculi> 9 ! op5+ ( ! p]spiratory tubes on ! surface ( ! cuticle8 #fcd4 ,h[ _m p]spiratory pores did ,dr4 ,wilson c\nt ^u a squ>e in* ( sk9 on ! palm ( ! h&8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,a p]spiratory gl& f ! palm ( ! h&1 magnifi$ =ty diamet]s4 #a1 #a1 ,a twi/$ tube compos+ ! gl&4 #b1 #b1 ,! two excretory ducts f ! gl&4 ,^! unite to =m "o spiral tube1 t p]=ates ! cuticle1 7#c17 & op5s obliquely on its surface at #d4 ,! gl& is imb$d$ 9 cells fill$ ) fat1 :i* are se5 at #e1 #e4 ------------ ,:at does fig4 #aaf repres5t8 ------------ #fce4 ,c\ld we ne$ a /rong] argum5t = en=c+ ! necessity ( att5tion to ! sk98 ,on ! pulps ( ! f+]s1 :]e ! ridges ( ! s5sitive lay] ( ! true sk9 are some:at f9] ?an 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 ! numb] ( pores on a squ>e in* a little exce$$ t ( ! palm2 & on ! heels1 :]e ! ridges are co>s]1 ! numb] ( pores on ! squ>e in* 0 #bbfh1 & ! l5g? ( ! tube #efg in*es1 #dg feet4 #fcf4 ,to obta9 an e/imate ( ! l5g? ( tube ( ! p]spiratory sy/em ( ! :ole surface ( ! body1 ,i ?9k t #bhjj might be tak5 z a fair av]age ( ! numb] ( pores 9 ! squ>e in*2 & consequ5tly1 #gjj1 ! numb] ( in*es 9 l5g?4 ,n[1 ! numb] ( squ>e in*es ( surface 9 a man ( ord9>y height & bulk is #bejj2 ! numb] ( pores1 !re=e1 #g1jjj1jjj2 & ! numb] ( in*es ( p]spiratory tube is #a1gej1jjj2 t is1 #ade1hcc feet1 or #dh1faa y>ds1 or ne>ly ,,tw5ty-,,eight miles6--,wilson4 ------------ ,give o!r computations 9 ?is p>agraph4 #fce4 ,:at is said ( ! numb] ( ^! pores on ! pulp ( ! f+]s8 ,on ! heels8 #ecf4 ,:at is an av]age numb] ( pores & l5g? ( tube ( ! :ole surface ( ! body8 ,give ! summ>y ( ! numb] ( pores1 & numb] or in*es ( p]spiratory tube4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 #fcg4 ,! sk9 inve/s ! :ole ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! body1 foll[+ all its prom95ces & curves1 & gives protection to all ! organs x encloses1 :ile ea* ( its sev]al p>ts has a di/9ct use4 #fch4 ,! cuticle is ins5sible1 & s]ves z a %ea? ( protection to ! highly s5sitive sk9 7cutis v]a7 situat$ b5ea? x4 ,! latt] feels2 b ! =m] blunts ! impression :i* occasions feel+4 ,9 "s situations1 ! cuticle is s d5se & ?ick1 z :olly to exclude ord9>y impressions4 ,( ?is we see an example 9 ! ends ( ! f+]s1 :]e ! h>d & d5se nail is ! cuticle modifi$ = ! purpose ref]r$ to4 ,7 ! n]v\s tissue ( ! true sk9 n ?us protect$1 e s5sation w\ld be s acute z to be unpleasant1 & contact ) ext]nal bodies w\ld cause pa94 #fci4 ,! cuticle1 also1 prev5ts disease1 by imp$+ ! evaporation ( ! fluids ( ! true sk91 & ! absorption ( ! poison\s vapors1 :i* necess>ily att5d v>i\s employm5ts4 ,x1 h[ev]1 af=ds protection to ! sy/em only :5 unbrok51 & !n1 to ! greate/ degree1 :5 cov]$ ) a prop] am\nt ( oily secretion f ! oil-gl&s4 #fdj4 ,! cuticle is1 orig9ally1 a transp>5t fluid1 exud$ by ! blood-vessels1 & di/ribut$ z a ?9 lay] on ! surface ( ! true sk94 ,:ile successive lay]s are =m$ on ! ext]ior ( ! true sk91 ! ext]nal cuticul> lay]s are conv]t$ into dry1 flatt5$ scales1 by ! evaporation ( _! fluid cont5ts4 ,! ?ickness ( ! cuticle is =m$ ma9ly f ^! scales4 ------------ #fcg-fef4 ,give ! physiology ( ! sk94 #fcg4 ,:at is said ( ! sk98 #fch4 ,give a function ( ! cuticle4 ,does x v>y 9 ?ickness on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body8 ,give examples4 #fcj4 ,m5tion ano!r use ( ! cuticle4 #fdj4 ,:at is ! cuticle orig9ally8 ------------ #fda4 ,! cuticle is1 !re=e1 und]go+ a con/ant process ( =mation & gr[? at its "u "p1 to comp5sate = ! we> t is tak+ place cont9ually on its surface4 ,a prop] ?ickness ( ! cuticle is 9 ?is mann] pres]v$2 ! faculty ( s5sation & t ( t\* are prop]ly regulat$2 ! places ( ! little scales1 :i* are cont9ually fall+ (f "u ! unit$ influ5ce ( friction & ablution1 are suppli$2 & an action necess>y1 n m]ely to ! heal? ( ! sk91 b to t ( ! entire body1 is e/abli%$4 #fdb4 ,:5ev] ! cuticle is expos$ to mod]ate & repeat$ friction1 x becomes ?ick] & t\gh]1 z may be se5 9 ! cuticle ( ! lady's f+] t plies ! ne$le & 9 ! h>d or call\s appe>ance ( ! h&s ( f>m]s masons1 & o!r me*anics4 ,?is enables !m to h&le ! ut5sils & mat]ials us$ 9 _! vocations )\t pa9 or inconv5i5ce4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,:5 ! jo9ts ( ! feet are subject$ to mod]ate & cont9u$ pressure or friction1 frequ5tly "o or m ( ! papill enl>ge4 ,?is is accompani$ ) a ?ick5+ ( ! lay]s ( ! cuticle1 :i* is t]m$ a callosity1 or corn4 ,^! ?ick5$ lay]s ( ! cuticle are broad at ! top & n>r[ at ! bottom1 & ! enl>g$ mass is conical1 ) ! po9t inn]mo/4 ,:5 press$ ^u by a tight %oe1 ^! s5sitive papill cause pa94 ------------ ,h[ is ! ?ickness ( ! cuticle ma9ly =m$8 #fda4 ,describe ! *anges ( ?is membrane4 ,%[ ! necessity ( ?is con/ant gr[?4 #fdb4 ,h[ does mod]ate & repeat$ friction affect ! cuticle8 ,give examples4 ,:at is ! b5efit d]iv$ f hav+ ! cuticle ?us *ang$8 ,:at is ! result if ! jo9ts ( ! feet are subject$ to mod]ate & cont9u$ pressure8 ,:at is ! =m ( a corn8 ------------ #b;d4 ,to remove ^! pa9ful excresc5ces1 take a ?ick piece ( s(t lea!r1 some:at l>g] ?an ! corn2 9 ! c5tre pun* a hole ( ! size ( ! summit ( ! corn1 spread ! lea!r ) adhesive pla/]1 & apply x ar\nd ! corn4 ,! hole 9 ! lea!r may be fill$ ) a pa/e made ( soda & soap1 on go+ to b$4 ,9 ! morn+1 remove x1 & wa% ) w>m wat]4 ,repeat ?is = sev]al successive nights1 & ! corn w be remov$4 ,! only precaution is1 n to repeat ! application s z to cause pa94 #fdc4 ,let a p]son unaccu/om$ to manual labor1 trundle ! h&-c>t1 or r[ a boat1 = sev]al successive h\rs1 & ! cuticle ^u ! palms ( ! h&s1 in/ead ( becom+ ?ick] by use1 is frequ5tly sep>at$ f ! subjac5t tissues1 by an effusion ( s]um1 7wat]17 ?r[n out by ! vessels ( ! true sk94 ,_h ! friction be5 mod]ate1 & appli$ at regul> int]vals1 in/ead ( bli/]s be+ =m$ ^u ! inside ( ! h&s1 mat]ial w\ld h be5 ?r[n out to =m new lay]s ^u ! l[] surface ( ! cuticle4 #fdd4 ,! cuticle is int]e/+ to u 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 z be+ ! seat ( ! color ( ! sk94 ,! diff]5ce ( color betwe5 ! blonde & ! brunette1 ! ,european & ! ,african1 lies 9 ! cuticle2--9 ! deep]1 & s(t]1 & newly-=m$ lay]s ( t /ructure4 ,9 ! :ite/ sk91 ! cells ( ! cuticle always conta9 m or less ( a peculi> pigm5t1 incorporat$ ) ! elem5t>y granules :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,9 ! :ite races1 ! pigm5t>y t9t is extremely slight1 & less 9 w9t] ?an 9 ! summ] season4 ,9 ! d>k] races1 on ! contr>y1 x is deep & /rongly m>k$4 ------------ ,h[ c !y be remov$8 ,:at precaution is giv58 #fdc4 ,expla9 :y ^? p]sons unaccu/om$ to labor1 bli/] _! h&s 9 r[+ a boat or p]=m+ ord9>y manual employm5t = sev]al successive h\rs4 #fdd4 ,9 :at o!r po9t ( view is ! cuticle int]e/+8 ,9 :at "p ( x d we f9d ! color+ matt]8 ------------ #fde4 ,! v>i\s t9ts ( color exhibit$ by mank9d1 are1 !re=e1 ref]able to ! am\nt ( color+ pr9ciple conta9$ )9 ! elem5t>y granules ( ! cuticle1 & _! consequ5t dep? ( hue4 ,9 ! negro1 ! granules are m or less black2 9 ! ,european ( ! s\?1 !y are amb]-color$2 & 9 ! inhabitants ( ! nor?1 !y are pale & almo/ colorless4 #fdf4 ,color ( ! sk9 has relation to en]gy 9 its action2 ?us1 9 ! equatorial region1 :]e light & heat are mo/ p[]ful1 ! sk9 is /imulat$ by ^! ag5ts to vigor\s action1 & color is v deep2 :ile 9 ! temp]ate regions1 :]e light & heat are n s int5se1 ! lungs1 liv]1 & kidneys relieve ! sk9 ( "p ( its duties4 ,! color$ lay] ( ! cuticle has be5 call$ ! rete mu-cosum1 7muc\s coat ( ! sk917 & describ$ z a di/9ct lay] by _m physiologi/s4 ,obs]vation4 ,! v>i\s color+ ( ! inn] lay] ( ! cuticle gives to "s animals _! v>i$ hues2 ! s]p5t1 ! frog1 ! liz>d1 & "s fi%es h a spl5dor ( hue almo/ equal to poli%$ metal4 ,! gold-fi% & ! dolph9 owe _! diff]5ce ( color & ! brilliancy ( _! hues to ! color ( ?is lay] ( ! sk94 #fdg4 ,! n]ves ( ! sk9 are ! organs ( ! s5se ( t\* & feel+4 ,?r\gh !m we receive _m impressions t enhance our pleasures1 z ! grateful s5sations imp>t$ by ! cool+ breeze 9 a w>m day4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! s5sitiv5ess1 we are individually protect$1 by be+ admoni%$ ( ! proximity ( de/ructive ag5ts4 ------------ ,9 :at season ( ! ye> is ! color+ matt] less 9 ! :ite race8 #fde4 ,to :at is ! color ( ! sk9 ref]able8 #fdf4 ,:y h ! races ( ! torrid zone d>k] complexions ?an ^? ( ! temp]ate or frigid zones8 ,:at is ?is color$ lay] call$ by _m physiologi/s8 ,to :at is ! diff]5t hues 9 animals ow+8 #fdg4 ,( :at use are ! n]ves ( ! sk98 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,a man :o _h be5 afflict$ "s ye>s ) a sev]e disease ( a portion ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 0 depriv$ ( feel+ 9 ! l[] extremities4 ,he 0 direct$ by 8 att5d+ physician to use a w>m footba?4 ,int5d+ to foll[ ! directions giv5 him1 he imm]s$ 8 feet 9 boil+ wat]1 :i* he suppos$ ( a prop] temp]ature4 ,:ile 8 feet 7 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 he exp]i5c$ no s5sation ( an unpleasant nature4 ,on )draw+ !m1 he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d ! cuticle sep>at$ f ! o!r tissues1 by ! effusion ( s]um1 & ?us produc+ a bli/] ov] ! :ole surface4 #fdh4 ,portions ( ! sk9 w\ld suff] e day1 7 x n = ! s5t9el-l c>e ex]cis$ by ! n]ves1 by :i* all impressions are transmitt$ to ! bra94 ,z ! sk9 is cont9ually expos$ to ! influ5ce ( de/ructive ag5ts1 x is important t ! n]ves1 provid$ = its protection1 %\ld be kept 9 a heal?y /ate4 #fdi4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! wa/e ( ! body passes ?r\gh ! outlets ( ! sk92 "s portions 9 ! =m ( oil1 o!rs 9 ! =m ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 #fej4 ,! oil-gl&s secrete an oil1 p>tly free & diffus$1 & p>tly mix$ ) album54 ,:5 ! cells are fully =m$1 t is1 fully di/5d$1 !y yield _! cont5ts1 & ! fluid matt] !y conta9 is set free1 & passes along ! tubes to ! surface2 ?is fluid matt] con/itutes ! oily elem5t ( ! economy ( ! sk94 #fea4 ,! uses ( ! unctu\s product ( ! oil-gl&s are tw(old3 #a/4 ,! protection2 #b;d4 ,! removal ( wa/e matt] f ! sy/em4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ^! (fices ! oily sub/ance is diffus$ ov] ^? p>ts ( ! sk9 :i* are naturally expos$ to vicissitudes ( temp]ature & moi/ure1--z ! nose1 face1 & head2--to ! injuri\s attrition ( contigu\s surfaces1--z ! flexures ( jo9ts2--or ! contact ( acrid fluids1--z 9 ! excoriations to :i* infants are liable4 ------------ ,give ! illu/ration4 #fdh4 ,:y is x necess>y t ! cutane\s n]ves be kept 9 a heal?y /ate8 #fdi4 ,?r\gh :at membrane does a l>ge proportion ( ! wa/e mat]ial ( ! sy/em pass8 #fej4 ,:at is ! function ( ! oil-gl&s8 #fea4 ,:at are ! uses ( ! oily product ( ^! gl&s8 ------------ #feb4 ,! oil ( ! unctu\s sub/ance is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 effect+ ^! purposes3 #a/4 ,x prev5ts ! evaporation or congelation ( ! wat] ( ! cuticle1 :i* w\ld cause x to become p>*$ & peel (f1 ?us leav+ ! s5sitive sk9 expos$4 #b;d4 ,x af=ds a s(t m$ium to ! contact ( mov+ sub/ances4 #c;d4 ,x repels moi/ure & fluids4 #d?4 ,! action ( ^! gl&s removes ! wa/e atoms & purifies ! blood4 #fec4 ,9 consid]+ ! purpose ( ! oily matt] ( ! sk91 !re are two situations 9 :i* x des]ves especial rem>k4 #a/4 ,along ! edges ( ! eyelids1 :]e x is p\r$ out 9 consid]able quantity4 ,"h1 x is ! means ( conf9+ ! te>s & moi/ure ( ! eyes )9 ! lids1 def5d+ ! sk9 f ! irritation ( t fluid1 & prev5t+ ! adhesion ( ! lids1 :i* is liable to occur ^u slight inflammation4 #b;d4 ,9 ! e>s1 :]e ! unctu\s wax n only pres]ves ! membrane ( ! drum & ! passage ( ! e> moi/1 b also1 by its bitt]ness1 prev5ts ! intrusion ( small insects4 #fed4 ,! use ( ! p]spiratory gl&s is to sep>ate f ! blood t portion ( ! wa/e matt] :i* is c>ri$ (f ?r\gh ! sk9 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,sanctorius1 a celebrat$ m$ical writ]1 daily1 = ?irty ye>s1 weigh$ himself1 8 food1 & excretions4 ,he e/imat$ t five ( e eight p\nds ( food & dr9k pass$ f ! sy/em ?r\gh ! _m outlets ^u ! sk94 ,_m place ! e/imate mu* l[]4 ,all physiologi/s agree t f tw5ty to =ty ounces ( matt] pass (f f ! sk9 ( an adult e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ------------ #feb4 ,:at prev5ts ! evaporation ( ! wat] ( ! cuticle8 ,give its #b;d use4 ,its #c;d4 ,its #d?4 #fec4 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( ! oily matt] along ! edges ( ! eyelids8 ,9 ! e>s8 #fed4 ,( :at use are ! p]spiratory gl&s8 ,h[ long did ,sanctorius daily weigh 8 food1 to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( secretion t pass$ ?r\gh ! sk98 ------------ #fee4 ,! av]age am\nt ( p]spiration is ab\t ?irty ounces2 & x passes (f 9 su* m9ute portions1 & mixes s rapidly ) ! surr\nd+ air1 t x is n p]ceiv$4 ,= ?is reason1 x is call$ ins5sible p]spiration4 ,:5 ?is excretion is increas$1 x =ms into drops1 & is call$ s5sible p]spiration4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is excretion f ! sk94 ,exp]im5ts4 #a/4 ,take a cold bell-glass1 or any glass vessel l>ge en\gh to admit ! h&1 & introduce x p]fectly dry2 at ! same "t close ! m\? by w9d+ a napk9 ab\t ! wri/2 9 a %ort "t1 ! ins5sible p]spiration f ! h&1 w be se5 deposit$ on ! inside ( ! glass4 ,at fir/1 ! deposit is 9 ! =m ( mi/2 b1 if ! exp]im5t be cont9u$ a suffici5t "t1 x w collect 9 drops4 #b;d4 ,hold ! app>5tly dry h& ne> a look+-glass1 & ! invisible vapor w soon be cond5s$1 & cov] ! glass ) a slight dew4 #fef4 ,x is important t ?is excretion be ma9ta9$ ) /ead9ess & regul>ity4 ,:5 ! action ( ! p]spiratory gl&s is suppress$1 all ! vessels ( ! diff]5t organs w suff] mat]ially1 & become diseas$1 by ! r$undant wa/e matt] t %\ld be c>ri$ f ! sy/em4 ,if a p]son is vigor\s1 ! action ( ! organs1 ^: functions are simil> to ^? ( ! sk91 z *annels = ! exit ( wa/e matt]1 w be increas$1 & ?us relieve ! diseas$ /ate ( ! body4 ,b ! ov]-tax+ ( ^! organs1 to relieve ! sy/em1 (t5 produces a diseas$ action 9 !mselves4 ------------ ,:at 7 8 conclusions8 #fee4 ,:at is ! av]age am\nt ( p]spiration e tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 ,:at is ins5sible p]spiration8 ,:at is s5sible p]spiration8 ,h[ c ! exi/5ce ( ! excretion ( ! sk9 be %[n8 ,give ! #b;d exp]im5t4 #fef4 ,:y is x important t ^! excretions be ma9ta9$ regul>ly8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 #a1 #a1 ,! l9es1 or ridges ( ! cuticle1 cut p]p5dicul>ly4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,! furr[s1 or wr9kles ( ! same4 #c1 ,! cuticle4 #d1 #d1 #d1 ,! color$ lay] ( ! cuticle4 #e1 #e1 ,! cutis v]a4 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 ,! papill4 #g1 #g1 ,small furr[s betwe5 ! papill4 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,! deep] furr[s betwe5 ea* c\ple ( ! papill4 #i1 #i1 ,cells fill$ ) fat4 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 ,! adipose lay]1 ) num]\s fat vesicles4 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 ,cellul> fibres ( ! adipose tissue4 #ab1 ,two hairs4 #ac1 ,a p]spiratory gl&1 ) its spiral duct4 #ad1 ,ano!r p]spiratory gl&1 ) a duct less spiral4 #ae1 #ae1 ,oil-gl&s ) ducts op5+ into ! %ea? ( ! hair1 7#ab47 ,note4--,let ! pupil review ! anatomy & physiology ( ! sk9 f ,fig4 #aag or f anatomical outl9e plate ,no4 #i4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 #feg4 ,! s5sibility ( ! sk91 & ! activity ( ! oil & p]spiratory gl&s1 are modifi$ by ! condition ( ! cuticle1 ! temp]ature ( ! sk9 & body1 ! purity & w>m? ( ! air1 & ! "* ( ! light to :i* ! body is expos$4 ,?us1 to ma9ta9 a heal?y action ( e "p ( ?is membrane1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ,clo?+1 ,ba?+1 ,light1 & ,air4 #feh4 ,,clo?+1 9 itself1 does n be/[ heat1 b is *iefly useful 9 prev5t+ ! escape ( heat f ! body1 & 9 def5d+ x f ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 select+ & apply+ clo?+ to our p]sons1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions %\ld be obs]v$4 #fei4 ,! mat]ial = clo?+ %\ld be a bad conductor ( heat2 t is1 x %\ld h little t5d5cy to conduct or remove heat f ! body4 ,?is dep5ds ma9ly on ! prop]ty possess$ by ! mat]ial 9 reta9+ atmosph]ic air 9 its me%es4 #ffj4 ,! mat]ial = clo?+ %\ld n possess ! prop]ty ( absorb+ & reta9+ moi/ure4 ,dampness1 or moi/ure1 r5d]s app>el a good conductor ( heat2 beside1 if ! p]spir$ fluid1 & ! sal9e mat]ial x holds 9 solution1 are readily absorb$ by ! clo?+1 !y become s\rces ( irritation to ! sk9 ) :i* ! app>el comes 9 contact4 ------------ #feg-gaf4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! sk94 #feg4 ,:at influ5ces modify ! action ( ! oil & p]spiratory gl&s8 ,to :at mu/ att5tion be giv5 to ma9ta9 a heal?y action ( ! sk98 #feh4 ,:at is said 9 reg>d to ! clo?+8 #fei4 ,m5tion a prop]ty t ! mat]ial = clo?+ %\ld possess4 #ffj4 ,:at prop]ty 9 ! selection ( clo?+ %\ld we avoid8 ,:y8 ------------ #ffa4 ,furs conta9 a great] am\nt ( air 9 _! me%es1 ?an any o!r article1 & !y absorb no moi/ure2 consequ5tly1 z an article ( dress1 !y are be/ adapt$ to ^? :o are expos$ to great vicissitudes ( heat & cold4 #ffb4 ,wooll5 clo? reta9s m air 9 its me%es ?an any o!r article except furs & eid] d[n1 & x absorbs b v little moi/ure4 ,^! prop]ties1 toge!r ) its comp>ative *eapness1 r5d] x a good article ( app>el = all classes ( p]sons4 ,! only objection to its g5]al use is1 ! di/urbance ( ! electricity ( ! sy/em1 & ! irritation to delicate sk9s f ! r\ghness ( its fibres4 ,obs]vation4 ,flannels are n only b5eficial1 dur+ ! cold season1 9 prev5t+ colds & rheumatism1 b !y are ( great utility 9 ! w>m season1 9 %ield+ ! sy/em f ! *ills at ev5+1 t induce disease ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,_! g5]al use among *ildr5 & delicate females1 w\ld be a prev5tive ( ! season compla9ts preval5t 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 #ffc4 ,cotton conta9s less air 9 its me%es ?an wooll51 b mu* m ?an l954 ,9 texture1 x is smoo!r ?an wool1 & less liable to irritate ! sk94 ,?is fabric absorbs moi/ure 9 a small degree4 ,9 all respects1 x is well adapt$ = g>m5ts worn next ! sk94 ,:5 wooll5 flannels irritate ! sk91 !y may be l9$ ) cotton4 #ffd4 ,silk is n z good a conductor ( heat z cotton1 nor does x absorb moi/ure to any consid]able degree2 its texture is smoo?1 & does n irritate ! sk92 consequ5tly1 :5 ! g>m5t ( ?is fabric has suffici5t body or ?ickness1 x is a good article = clo?+4 ,! greate/ objection to its use is ! di/urbance ( ! electricity ( ! sy/em1 & its high price4 ------------ #ffa4 ,give ! prop]ties ( fur4 ,z an article ( dress1 to :om are !y be/ adapt$8 #ffb4 ,give ! prop]ties ( wooll5 clo?4 ,is ?is a good article = clo?+8 ,:at objection8 ,:at are ! advantages ( we>+ flannels8 #ffc4 ,:at are ! qualities ( cotton z an article ( dress8 #ffd4 ,( silk8 ------------ #ffe4 ,l95 is n only a good conductor ( heat1 & consequ5tly a poor article ( app>el1 b x likewise absorbs ! fluids c>ri$ f ! sy/em by ! ag5cy ( ! oil & p]spiratory gl&s4 ,:5 g>m5ts are made ( ?is mat]ial1 ! body is n surr\nd$ by a lay] ( air1 b by "o ( moi/ure4 ,?is /ill fur!r increases its p[] to conduct heat f ! sy/em1 r5d]+ x a v objectionable article ( app>el1 ev5 9 w>m wea!r & 9 hot climates1 :]e ! dress is usually ?94 #fff4 ,clo?+ diff]s 9 its p[] ( radiat+ heat4 ,?is is influ5c$ by ! color2 ^? articles t radiate heat freely also absorb x readily4 ,a black surface is a good radiator1 :ile a :ite surface is n1 because x reflects ! calorific rays4 ,x is obvi\s t ^? colors :i* r5d] ! transmission ( ext]nal heat difficult1 mu/ imp$e ! transmission ( caloric f ! body4 ,?us x is manife/1 t light-color$ app>el is be/ adapt$ = e season & e climate4 ,obs]vation4 ,coa*-driv]s are practically aw>e1 t 9 cold wea!r1 light-color$ ov]-coats are w>me/1 except :5 !y are expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 or :5 seat$ be=e a w>m fire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! temp]ature is elevat$1 light-color$ app>el is coole/1 because ! sun's rays are !n reflect$4 #ffg4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be ( a por\s "*4 ,! sk9 is n only an important ag5t 9 sep>at+ f ! blood ^? impurities t o!rwise w\ld oppress ! sy/em & occasion dea?1 b x ex]cises great influ5ce ^u ! sy/em1 by receiv+ oxyg5 ?r\gh its tissues1 & giv+ back c>bonic acid 9 return4 ,consequ5tly1 ! app>el %\ld be made ( a mat]ial t w p]mit free transpiration f ! sk91 & likewise convey ! excret$ fluids f ! surface4 ------------ #ffe4 ,:at is said ( l95 z an article ( app>el8 #fff4 ,:y is light-color$ app>el be/ adapt$ = e season8 ,:at is said ( ! app>el ( coa*-driv]s8 #ffg4 ,:y %\ld we we> por\s clo?+8 ------------ #ffh4 ,! necessity = ?is is illu/rat$ 9 we>+ ,india rubb] ov]-%oes4 ,if !y are worn ov] boots t5 or twelve h\rs1 n only ! hose1 b ! boots w be moi/ f reta9$ p]spiration1 & ! residual matt] left 9 contact ) ! sk9 may be reconvey$ into ! sy/em by absorption1 caus+ heada*e & o!r diseases4 ,cotton & wooll5 fabrics are n only bad conductors ( heat1 b are also por\s2 = ^! reasons1 !y are well adapt$ to transmit ! excretions ( ! sk94 #ffi4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be n only por\s1 b fitt$ loosely4 ,! g>m5ts %\ld reta9 a lay] ( air betwe5 !m & ! body4 ,e "o is practically aw>e t a loose dress is mu* w>m] ?an "o :i* fits closely2 t a loose glove is w>m] ?an a tight "o2 & t a loose boot or %oe af=ds great] w>m? ?an "o ( small] dim5sions4 ,! explanation is obvi\s2 ! loose dress encloses a ?9 lay] ( air1 :i* ! tight dress is incapable ( do+2 & :at is requir$1 is1 t ! dress %\ld be clos$ at ! upp] "p1 to prev5t ! disp]sion ( ! w>m air1 by ! v5tilat+ curr5t :i* w\ld be e/abli%$ f bel[4 ,obs]vation4 ,z ! purpose ( additional g>m5ts is to ma9ta9 a s]ies ( /rata ( w>m air )9 our clo?+1 we %\ld1 9 go+ f a w>m room into ! cold air1 put on our def5sive cov]+s "s little "t previ\s1 9 ord] t ! lay]s ( air :i* we c>ry ) u may be suffici5tly w>m$ by ! heat ( ! room1 & n borr[$ f ! body on exposure to ! cold4 ------------ #ffh4 ,h[ is ! necessity ( por\s clo?+ illu/rat$8 #ffi4 ,:y %\ld we we> loose g>m5ts8 ,:at is ! use ( additional g>m5ts :5 go+ f a w>m to a cold air8 ,:5 %\ld !y be put on8 ------------ #fgj4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be suit$ to ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e & ! condition ( ! individual4 ,! inv>iable rule %\ld be1 to we> en\gh to ma9ta9 an equal & heal?y action ( ! sk94 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! action ( ! cutane\s vessels is n inord9ately increas$1 z ?is w\ld debilitate1 n only ! sk91 b ! int]nal organs ( ! sy/em1 z ! /oma* & lungs4 #fga4 ,no rule z to ! quantity ( clo?+ c be giv51 z ! dem& w v>y ) diff]5t individuals4 ,! foll[+ are among ! mo/ prom95t causes ( ?is v>iation3 ,^? p]sons :o h l>ge1 active bra9s1 full *e/s1 well develop$ lungs1 brea! an adequate am\nt ( pure air1 & take suffici5t food to supply ! wants ( ! sy/em1 require less clo?+ ?an ^? ( an opposite "*1 because m heat is g5]at$ 9 ! sy/em4 #fgb4 ,! *ild & ! ag$ p]son require m clo?+ ?an ! vigor\s adult4 ,%\ld we judge f obs]vation1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be1 t *ildr5 require less clo?+ ?an adults4 ,?is is an error1 = ! temp]ature 9 infancy is n only l[] ?an 9 manhood1 b ! p[] ( creat+ heat is feebl]4 ,! same rem>ks are applicable to ^? p]sons :o h outliv$ ! en]gies ( adult life4 ,obs]vation4 ,! sy/em ( h>d5+ *ildr51 by an inadequate supply ( clo?+1 & keep+ !m uncom=tably cold ?r\gh\t ! :ole day1 is inhuman1 z well z unpr(itable4 ,x op]ates ^u ! *ild some:at l ! long-cont9u$ *ill ^u a c]ta9 portion ( ! f>m]'s h]d1 t are kept %iv]+ "u ! ?at*$ %$1 ret>d+ ! gr[? ( _! sy/ems1 :i* require m food to satisfy ! ke5 crav+s ( hung] ?an :5 !y are com=tably %elt]$4 ,to make ! boy robu/ & active1 he mu/ h nutriti\s food at /at$ h\rs1 & free ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 & 8 sy/em mu/ be gu>d$ f *ills by a due am\nt ( app>el4 ------------ #fgj4 ,:at %\ld be ! inv>iable rule 9 ref]5ce to ! am\nt ( clo?+ t %\ld be worn8 ,:at precaution %\ld be obs]v$8 #fga4 ,:at are "s ( ! causes ( ! v>iation ( ! dem& = clo?+8 #fgb4 ,:y d ! *ild & ag$ p]son require m clo?+ ?an ! vigor\s adult8 ,:at is said ( ! sy/em ( h>d5+ *ildr58 ------------ #fgc4 ,m clo?+ is ne$$ :5 a vital organ is diseas$4 ,x may be obs]v$ t 9 consumption1 dyspepsia1 & ev5 9 heada*e1 ! sk9 is pale & ! extremities cold1 because less heat is g5]at$4 ,?us p]sons affect$ ) ^! compla9ts1 :5 expos$ to cold air1 ne$ m clo?+ ?an ^? individuals ^: organs are n diseas$1 & ! functions ( :i* are prop]ly p]=m$4 #fgd4 ,m clo?+ is requir$ 9 ! ev5+1 ?an dur+ ! day4 ,9 ! ev5+ we h less vital en]gy1 & !re=e less heat is g5]at$ 9 ! sy/em1 ?an 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day2 beside1 ! atmosph]e is damp1 ! sk9 has become moi/ f free p]spiration1 & heat1 9 consequ5ce1 is rapidly remov$ f ! sy/em4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 return+ f cr[d$ assemblies1 we %\ld be provid$ ) an extra g>m5t4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,if !re is a *ill ^u ! sy/em aft] hav+ arriv$ home1 w>m? %\ld be re/or$ z spe$ily z possible4 ,?is c be done by friction ) w>m flannels1 & by us+ ! w>m or vapor ba?4 ,by ?is proc$ure1 ! p]nici\s effects ( ! *ill w be prev5t$ be=e any disease is fix$ ^u ! sy/em4 ,is x n ! duty ( ! p>5t & ! gu>dian to le>n ^! facts1 & to see t !y are n only le>n$1 b r$uc$ to practice8 #b;d4 ,! f>m] & indu/ri\s me*anic w\ld be fre$ f _m a rheumatic pa91 if1 :ile re/+ f _! labors at ev5+1 or tak+ ! ord9>y meal aft] h>d toil1 !y w\ld put on an extra g>m5t4 ,! coat might n feel s agreeable = ! fir/ few m9utes1 b x w\ld ultimately conduce to heal? & longevity4 ------------ #fgc4 ,:y d dyspeptic & consumptive p]sons require m clo?+ ?an ^? :o h heal?y vital organs8 #fgd4 ,:y d we ne$ m clo?+ 9 ! ev5+ ?an dur+ ! day8 ,h[ c ! p]nici\s effects ( a *ill be prev5t$8 ,give ! #b;d obs]vation4 ------------ #fge4 ,! p]son ( active habits requires less clo?+ ?an "o ( s$5t>y employm5ts4 ,ex]cise increases ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* is always att5d$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( a great] quantity ( heat2 consequ5tly1 an increase ( w>m? is felt ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,we likewise ne$ m clo?+ :ile rid+1 ?an :5 we are walk+2 because ! ex]cise ( ! =m] is less ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,! same is true :5 re/+ 9 ! field or %op1 aft] labori\s ex]cise4 ,obs]vation4 ,we ne$ a great] am\nt ( clo?+ :ile asleep1 ?an dur+ ! day2 z n only ! action ( ! body1 b t ( ! bra91 dur+ sleep1 is susp5d$4 #fgf4 ,less clo?+ is requir$ :5 ! cutane\s surface is clean4 ,a film ( impurities ob/ructs ! p]spiratory ducts1 & dim9i%es ! action ( _! gl&s2 consequ5tly1 less heat is g5]at$4 ,= ?is reason1 ! h&s or feet :5 clean are less liable to become *ill$ or froz54 #fgg4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk9 to ! influ5ce ( cold1 is mu* modifi$ by habit4 ,a p]son :o has be5 habituat$ to ! temp]ature ( a w>m room1 or w>m climate1 suff]s m :5 expos$ to cold1 ?an an individual :o has be5 accu/om$ to cold] air4 ,?us a p]son :o labors or /udies 9 a w>m room1 %\ld we> m clo?+ :5 expos$ to ! air1 :ile walk+ or rid+1 ?an an individual :o labors 9 a cool] atmosph]e4 ,n only is ! s5sibility ( ! sk9 increas$ by a w>m atmosph]e1 b ! activity ( ! dige/ive1 respiratory1 & n]v\s sy/ems1 9 g5]at+ heat1 is mu* dim9i%$4 ,?is is an additional reason :y an increas$ am\nt ( clo?+ is dem&$ dur+ exposure to cold air4 ,9 all cases :]e practicable ! heat ( ! sy/em %\ld be ma9ta9$ by ex]cise1 9 pref]5ce to ! use ( fur or flannel4 ------------ #fge4 ,:y does ! p]son ( active habits require less clo?+ ?an "o ( s$5t>y employm5ts8 #fgf4 ,:y d we ne$ less clo?+ :5 ! sk9 is clean8 #fgg4 ,%[ ! effect ( habit on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk94 ------------ #fgh4 ,^? p>ts ( ! sk9 usually cov]$1 uni=mly ne$ t protection4 ,! p[] ( g5]at+ heat is dim9i%$1 & ! impressibility to cold is increas$1 on ^? portions ( ! sk9 usually clo!d4 ,if a p]son we>s ! dress high & close ab\t ! neck1 he suff]s f exposure to a cold atmosph]e if a dress is worn t is n z high or m op54 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is pref]able t ^? p>ts ( ! sy/em1 z ! l>ynx1 be expos$ t are n uni=mly protect$ by clo?+4 #fgi4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be kept clean4 ,no article ( app>el is entirely free f absorption2 ev5 wool & cotton possess x 9 a small degree4 ,!y take up a portion ( ! transpir$ fluids :i* conta9 sal9e & animal matt]1 & ?us ! fibres ( ! g>m5ts become cov]$ ) ! cutane\s excretions4 ,we are practically aw>e ( ! ret5tion ( ^! secretions f ! soil$ appe>ance ( ^? g>m5ts worn next ! sk91 :i* are s cov]$ z to preclude ! p>ticles ( du/ f lodg+ ^u !m4 #fhj4 ,! porosity ( ! clo?+ is less5$ :5 soil$1 & its p[] ( conduct+ heat f ! sy/em 9 consequ5ce1 is increas$4 ,! residual matt] ) :i* ! clo?+ is coat$ is br\ght 9 contact ) ! sk91 :i* causes irritation1 & n unfrequ5tly re-absorption ( ! elem5ts1 ?r[n (f f ! sy/em ?r\gh ?is av5ue4 ,h5ce w>m?1 cleanl9ess1 & heal? require t ! clo?+1 p>ticul>ly ! g>m5ts worn next to ! sk91 %\ld be frequ5tly & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,?is %\ld n be =gott5 9 reg>d to *ildr51 = _! blood circulates ) great] rapidity ?an t ( adults1 & a proportionably great] am\nt ( wa/e matt] is ?r[n (f f _! sy/ems4 #fha4 ,! "u-g>m5ts worn dur+ ! day %\ld n be worn at night1 or ! rev]se4 ,:5 "u-g>m5ts are worn sev]al successive days or nights1 !y %\ld n be put 9 draw]s1 or hung up 9 a close closet1 z soon z tak5 f ! body1 b %\ld be expos$ to a curr5t ( air4 #fhb4 ,occupi$ b$s %\ld be ?or\ghly air$ 9 ! morn+4 ,! excretions f ! sk9 are mo/ abundant dur+ ! h\rs ( sleep2 & if ! %eets & blankets1 toge!r ) ! b$1 are n air$ e morn+1 by be+ s arrang$ t bo? surfaces may be expos$ to ! air1 ! mat]ials elim9at$ f ! sk9 w be reta9$ 9 ! me%es ( ! b$-clo?+1 & may be convey$ into ! sy/em ( ! next occupant1 by absorption4 ,(t5times diseases ( a disagreeable nature are contract$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is fact %\ld be in/ill$ into e "m's & daught]'s m9d4 ,obs]vation4 ,b$-l95 %\ld n be put on a b$ :5 x is n suffici5tly dri$1 or conta9s moi/ure f ! excretions ( ! sk91 nor %\ld b$s or b$d+ be slept 91 t h rema9$ 9 a damp room t has n be5 occupi$ = _m weeks1 unless ! dampness is remov$ f ! b$-l95 by a w>m+-pan1 or 9 "s o!r way4 #fhc4 ,*anges ( dress1 f ?ick to ?91 %\ld always be made 9 ! morn+4 ,at ?is "t ! vital p[]s are usually 9 full play4 ,_m a "y lady has laid ! f\ndation ( a fatal disease1 by disreg>d+ ?is rule1 9 ex*ang+ ! ?ick dress1 ) wooll5 /ock+s1 = ! flimsy dress & hose ( silk or cotton1 :i* are consid]$ suitable = ! ball-room or p>ty4 ,sudd5 *anges 9 we>+-app>el1 z well z 9 food & g5]al habits1 are att5d$ ) haz>d2 & ?is is proportionate to ! weakness or exhau/ion ( ! sy/em :5 ! *ange is made4 ------------ #fha4 ,%\ld ! g>m5ts worn dur+ ! day be worn at night8 #fhb4 ,:at is said respect+ ! cleanl9ess ( b$s & b$d+8 ,:y %\ld n b$-l95 t is damp be slept 98 #fhc4 ,:5 %\ld *ange ( dress f ?ick to ?9 be made8 ,:y8 ------------ #fhd4 ,:5 ! clo?+ has become wet1 x is be/ to *ange x imm$iately4 ,! sk9 %\ld !n be rubb$ ) a dry cra% t[el1 until reaction1 indicat$ by r$ness1 is produc$4 ,if ! g>m5ts are n *ang$1 ! p]son %\ld ex]cise mod]ately1 s t suffici5t heat may cont9ue to be g5]at$ 9 ! sy/em to dry ! clo?+ & sk9 )\t a *ill4 ,sitt+ 9 a cool %ade1 or curr5t ( air1 %\ld1 by all means1 be avoid$2 z colds are n contract$ by free & excessive ex]cise1 b by injudici\s managem5t aft] su* ex]cise4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 an individual has be5 ?r[n into a pr(use p]spiration by viol5t ex]cise1 ?\gh ! sk9 & clo?+ may become wet1 he feels no inconv5i5ce f ! dampness1 z long z he cont9ues t am\nt ( ex]cise = ! reason t ! circulation ( ! blood be+ increas$ heat is g5]at$ 9 suffici5t quantity to replace ! am\nt ab/ract$ f ! sy/em 9 evaporat+ ! free p]spiration2 b z soon z ! ex]cise is discont9u$1 ! increas$ circulation subsides1 & ) x ! extra am\nt ( g5]at$ heat4 ,?is acc\nts = ! *ill we exp]i5ce1 :5 ! damp clo?+ is p]mitt$ to dry on ! body1 aft] ! cessation ( ex]cise4 ------------ #fhd4 ,:at sugge/ion :5 ! clo?+ has become wet8 ,:at %\ld be done if ! g>m5ts are n *ang$8 ,:at causes ! *ill t is exp]i5c$ :5 damp clo?+ is p]mitt$ to dry on ! body8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,sk91 ,,cont9u$4 #fhe4 ,ba?+1 its necessity & exp$i5cy1 is obvi\s f ! /ructure & ! functions ( ! sk94 ,! cuticle is ca/ (f 9 m9ute1 p[d]y scales1 _m ( :i* are reta9$ ^u ! surface by ! pressure ( clo?+4 ,^! m+le ) ! oily & sal9e products ( ! sk91 & =m a ?9 cru/4 ,?is cru/1 on acc\nt ( its adhesiv5ess1 collects p>ticles ( du/ & soot f ! atmosph]e1 & p>ticles ( =eign matt] f our dress2 s t 9 ! c\rse ( ! day ! :ole body becomes coat$ ) impurities4 ,if ?is coat+ rema9s1 becomes ?ick & e/abli%$ ^u ! sk91 x w produce ! foll[+ effects3-- #fhf4 #a/4 ,! pores w be ob/ruct$1 consequ5tly transpiration imp$$1 & ! influ5ce ( ! sk9 z an excretory entirely prev5t$4 ,:5 ! pores are ob/ruct$1 & transpiration is *eck$1 ! elem5ts ( ! transpir$ fluids w necess>ily be reta9$ 9 ! sy/em2 &1 z !y are injuri\s & poison\s if reta9$1 !y mu/ be remov$ by ^? organs ^: functions 9 ! animal economy are simil>1 z ! lungs1 kidneys1 liv]1 inte/9es1 c4 #fhg4 ,:5 ^! organs are call$ ^u to p]=m _! (fices1 & 9 addition t ( ano!r1 ! heal?y equilibrium is de/roy$1 & ! oppress$ organ w suff] f exhau/ion1 & become ! prey ( disease4 ,?us1 obvi\sly1 habits ( uncleanl9ess are a cause ( consumption & o!r s]i\s diseases ( ! vital organs4 ,aga91 ob/ruction ( ! pores w prev5t respiration ?r\gh ! sk91 ?us depriv+ ! blood ( "o s\rce ( its oxyg51 & "o outlet ( its c>bonic acid1 :i* w dim9i% ! temp]ature ( ! sy/em1 & ! same results foll[ z :5 ! clo?+ is inadequate4 ------------ #fhe4 ,%[ ! necessity = ba?+4 #fhf4 ,:at effect ^u ! body if ! pores ( ! sk9 are ob/ruct$8 #fhg4 ,:at is ! effect :5 an organ n only p]=ms its own specific function1 b t ( ano!r8 ------------ #fhh4 #b;d4 ,! reta9$ p]spirable matt] w irritate ! sk91 bo? me*anically & *emically2 & ?is membrane w be kept damp & cold1 f attraction & det5tion ( moi/ure2 & =eign mat]ial1 z be=e adv]t$ to1 once remov$ f ! sy/em1 may be reconvey$ into x by absorption4 ,z a consequ5ce1 cutane\s eruptions & diseases w be produc$1 & ! re-absorption ( matt] once sep>at$ f ! sy/em1 w be ! excit+ cause ( o!r injuri\s disord]s4 #fhi4 #c;d4 ,a film ( =eign sub/ance on ! sk9 w inevitably become ! seat ( det5tion ( miasmata & infecti\s vapors4 ,^! w rema9 until absorb$1 & eng5d] ! diseases ( :i* !y are ! peculi> cause4 ,?is is "o reason :y fil?y p]sons contract infecti\s diseases m frequ5tly ?an individuals ( cleanly habits4 #fij4 ,ba?+ is useful to promote cleanl9ess4 ,9 ?is capacity1 x enables u to remove ! coat+ ( impurities f ! ext]ior ( our p]sons4 ,x effects ?is purpose by dissolv+ sal9e matt]s1 & hold+ 9 tempor>y susp5sion ^? sub/ances :i* are insoluble4 #fia4 ,! cuticle is compos$ ( a sub/ance resembl+ ! dri$ :ite ( egg1 or1 9 a ^w1 album54 ,?is is soluble 9 alkalies1 & ^! are ! ag5ts :i* are commonly employ$ = purify+ ! sk94 ,soap is a comp\nd ( ! alkali soda ) oil1 ! =m] be+ 9 excess4 ,:5 us$ = wa%+1 ! excess ( alkali comb9+ ) ! oily fluid1 ) :i* ! sk9 is naturally b$ew$1 removes x1 9 ! =m ( an emulsion1 & ) x a portion ( any adh]+ matt]4 ,ano!r portion ( ! alkali s(t5s & dissolves ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! cuticle2 & :5 ?is is remov$ ! cuticle is free f impurities4 ------------ #fhh4 ,h[ are cutane\s eruptions frequ5tly produc$8 #fhi4 ,h[ are infecti\s vapors transmitt$ to ! sy/em8 #fij4 ,h[ does ba?+ promote cleanl9ess8 #fia4 ,:y is x necess>y to use soap 9 ba?+8 ------------ #fib4 ,e wa%+ ( ! sk9 ) soap removes ! old face ( ! cuticle1 & leaves a new "o2 & 7 ! process repeat$ to excess1 ! latt] w\ld become s ?9 z to r5d] ! body s5sible to impressions too slight to be felt ?r\gh its ord9>y ?ickness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! cuticle & its accumulat$ impurities are r>ely di/urb$1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk9 is impair$4 ,! prop] inf]5ce to be drawn f ! prec$+ rem>ks1 is 9 favor ( ! mod]ate use ( soap to cleanse ! sk94 ,obs]vation4 ,if any unpleasant s5sations are felt aft] ! use ( soap1 !y may be imm$iately remov$ by wa%+ ! surface ) wat] slightly acidulat$ ) lemon juice or v9eg>1 :i* neutralizes ! alkali t may rema9 on ! sk94 ,?is is effective treatm5t = *app$ h&s4 #fic4 ,ba?+ may be p>tial or g5]al1 & ! wat] us$ may be cold1 temp]ate1 tepid1 w>m1 or hot4 ,a p]son may apply x to 8 sy/em ) a sponge1 x may be p\r$ ^u him1 or he may imm]se himself 9 x4 ,! simple/ mode ( ba?+ is to apply wat] to a small ext5t ( surface1 by means ( a wet sponge1 & aft] be+ wip$ dry1 aga9 cov] ) ! dress4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole body may be spe$ily subject$ to ! influ5ce ( wat]1 & to no less useful friction4 ,! wat] us$ may be w>m or cold4 ,?is species ( ba?+ may be practis$ by any invalid1 & always ) b5efit1 if ! ba?+ is succe$$ by a gl[ ( w>m? ov] ! surface2 & ?is is ! te/ by :i* ! b5efit ( all =ms ( ba?+ is to be e/imat$4 ------------ #fib4 ,:y %\ld only a mod]ate am\nt ( soap be us$ 9 ba?+8 ,if unpleasant s5sations are felt f too free use ( soap1 h[ c !y be c\nt]act$8 #fic4 ,give ! diff]5t =ms ( ba?+4 ,:at is ! simple/ mode ( ba?+8 ,c ?is mode be adopt$ by invalids ) safety8 ------------ #fid4 ,:5 ! heat ( ! sy/em is adequate1 ! ba!r may /& or sit 9 a %all[ tub1 :ile he receives ! wat] f a sponge squeez$ ov] ! %\ld]s or aga9/ ! body4 ,9 ?is =m ( ba?+1 ! p]son is m expos$ to ! cold air1 & on ?is acc\nt x is less suitable = v feeble individuals ?an ! fir/-m5tion$ me?od4 ,9 ! e>ly use ( ?is =m ( ! sponge-ba?1 ! ba!r %\ld cont5t himself ) a s+le affusion f ! sponge2 ! body %\ld be quickly wip$ ) a s(t t[el1 & friction appli$ ) a cra% t[el or a bru%4 #fie4 ,! ?ird k9d ( ba?+ is t ( ! %[]-ba?1 :i* provides a great] am\nt ( affusion ?an ! =m]1 comb9$ ) a great] %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! concussion ( ! sk9 by ! fall ( wat]1 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%es ?is f ! previ\s modes ( ba?+4 ,! degree ( concussion is modifi$ by ! size ( ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! wat] issues1 & ! height ( ! res]voir4 ,! %[]-ba? admits ( modification1 adapt+ x to ! mo/ delicate z well z ! robu/4 ,! ext5t ( fall1 ! size ( ! ap]tures1 ! quantity & temp]ature ( ! wat]1 may be regulat$ at pleasure4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 us+ ! %[]-ba?1 x w\ld be judici\s to comm5ce ) w>m or tepid wat]1 = :i*1 by a gradual process1 cold wat] may be sub/itut$4 ,9 ?is way ! sy/em may be inur$ to cold wat]4 ,aft] ba?+1 ! sk9 %\ld be wip$ dry & rubb$ briskly4 #fif4 ,! f\r? =m ( ba?+ is t 9 :i* ! body1 or a portion ( x1 is imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( wat] 9 ?is =m ( ba?+ may be modifi$ accord+ to ! s5sations & purposes ( ! ba!r4 ,?is =m ( ba?+ is designat$ accord+ to ! heat ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is bel[ #ge1 x is t]m$ a cold ba?2 :5 f #ge to #he1 a temp]ate ba?2 f #he to #ie1 a tepid ba?2 f #ie to #ih1 a w>m ba?2 f #ih to #aje1 a hot ba?4 ,9 us+ ?is =m ( ba?+1 ! sk9 %\ld be wip$ p]fectly dry1 & briskly rubb$4 ------------ ,:at is ! te/ by :i* to e/imate1 ! b5efit ( all modes ( ba?+8 #fid4 ,give ano!r me?od ( sponge-ba?+4 #fie4 ,:at is said ( ! %[]-ba?8 ,:at caution is giv58 #fif4 ,give ! f\r? =m ( ba?+4 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! l5g? ( "t a p]son may rema9 9 a cold ba? ) b5efit v>ies f two to t5 m9utes2 :ile a p]son may rema9 9 a temp]ate1 tepid1 or w>m ba?1 f t5 to ?irty m9utes1 or until special indications are exhibit$4 #fig4 ,9 ! vapor-ba?1 ! vapor is n only appli$ to ! ext]ior ( ! sy/em1 b x is inhal$ & br\ght 9 contact ) e "p ( ! int]ior ( ! lungs4 ,! ba!r is seat$ ^u a *air1 & ! vapor gradually turn$ on ar\nd him1 until ! prop] temp]ature 7#ij to #aaj7 is atta9$4 ,! ba? may be cont9u$ f t5 to ?irty m9utes4 ,aft] leav+ ! ba?1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! sk91 z 9 o!r =ms ( ba?+4 #fih4 ,9 ord] to increase & promote reaction ( ! sk91 v>i\s measures & processes are us$1 "s ( :i* are practis$ 91 & o!rs aft]1 quitt+ ! ba?4 ,( ! =m]1 ! rubb+ & bru%+ ! sk9 are ! mo/ common & important4 ,! brisk & effici5t friction ( ! sk9 ) a co>se t[el & fle%-bru%1 aft] quitt+ ! ba?1 %\ld nev] be omitt$4 ,?is %ort catalogue embraces all ! appliances requisite = ! purpose4 #fii4 ,ba?+ promotes heal? by its imm$iate & remote physiological effects on ! sy/em4 ,:5 ! body is moi/5$ ) a sponge wet ) cold wat]1 or :5 an affusion by ! sponge or %[]-ba? is us$1 ! sk9 in/antly %r9ks1 & ! :ole ( its tissue contracts4 ,?is contraction dim9i%es ! capacity ( ! cutane\s sy/em ( blood-vessels1 & a portion ( ! blood circulat+ ?r\gh !m is sudd5ly ?r[n ^u ! m int]nal p>ts ( ! body4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 among o!rs1 p>ticipates 9 x1 & is /imulat$ by ! afflux1 & communicates its /imulus to ! :ole sy/em4 ,?is causes a m en]getic action ( ! he>t & blood-vessels1 & a consequ5t ru% ( blood back to ! sk94 ,?is is ! /ate t]m$ reaction1 ! fir/ object & purpose ( e =m ( ba?+4 ------------ ,:at degree ( temp]ature ( wat] is t]m$ a cold ba?8 ,a temp]ate8 ,a tepid8 ,a w>m8 ,a hot ba?8 ,/ate ! l5g? ( "t t a p]son %\ld rema9 9 ! diff]5t ba?s4 #fig4 ,:at is said ( ! vapor ba?8 #fih4 ,m5tion ! diff]5t me?ods = promot+ reaction ( ! sk94 ------------ #gjj4 ,?is condition ( ! sk9 is kn[n by ! r$ness ( ! surface1 ! gl[1 com=t1 & w>m? :i* foll[ ! ba?4 ,! ba!r %\ld direct all 8 c>e to insure ?is effect4 ,by x ! int]nal organs are reliev$1 respiration is light5$1 ! he>t is made to beat calm & free1 ! m9d is cle> & /rong1 ! tone ( ! muscul> sy/em is increas$1 ! appetite is %>p5$1 & ! :ole sy/em feels invigorat$4 ,?is is ! end & aim ( ! ba!r1 & to ?is all 8 tra9+ t5ds4 ,! error is1 to expect ! result )\t ! prep>ation4 #gja4 ,9 ord] to promote reaction1 & to be effici5t 9 pres]v+ heal?1 ba?+ %\ld be regul>1 %\ld be comm5c$ by degrees1 & increas$ by a process ( tra9+1 & %\ld n be p]mitt$ to intrude ^u h\rs devot$ to "s important function1 z dige/ion4 ,x mu/ n prec$e or foll[ too closely a meal1 or sev]e m5tal or muscul> ex]cise1 z reaction is less c]ta9 & vigor\s :5 important int]nal organs are employ$1 ?an :5 !y are at re/4 ,:5 ! vital p[]s are greate/1 & ! sy/em mo/ free f exhau/ion1 ba?+ is mo/ b5eficial2 h5ce ! morn+ is pref]able to ! ev5+1 & ! middle ( ! =5oon to ! middle ( ! aft]noon1 = ?is heal?ful & agreeable duty2 z ! vital action ( ! sy/em is mo/ en]getic 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day4 ------------ #fii4 ,:at is ! effect ^u ! sk9 :5 cold wat] is appli$8 ,:at is ! fir/ object & purpose ( e =m ( ba?+8 #gjj4 ,h[ is ?is condition ( ! sk9 kn[n8 ,m5tion ! salut>y effects t ?is condition has on ! body4 #gja4 ,h[ %\ld ba?+ be p]=m$1 9 ord] to be effici5t 9 pres]v+ heal?8 ------------ #gjb4 ,9 reg>d to ! frequ5cy ( ba?+1 ! face & neck1 f _! necess>y exposure to ! atmosph]e1 & ! impurities :i* ! latt] conta9s1 %\ld receive at lea/ two wa%+s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 "o ( :i* %\ld be ) soap2 ! feet1 f ! conf9$ nature ( ! cov]+s :i* are worn ov] !m1 require at lea/ "o2 ! armpits1 f ! det5tion1 z well z f ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! secretions1 at lea/ "o2 & ! h&s & arms1 z _m z seem prop]4 ,! :ole p]son %\ld be ba!d at lea/ e second day1 b ! mo/ p]fect heal? ( e "p ( ! body w\ld be ma9ta9$1 if ! excretions f ! sk9 7 remov$ daily4 #gjc4 ,9 diseases ( ! sk9 & int]nal organs1 ba?+ is a rem$ial measure ( great p[]4 ,x %\ld nev] be neglect$ or omitt$4 ,x is n only pleasant & safe1 b is really m effective ?an any m$ic9e adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,?is1 l o!r curative means1 %\ld be appli$ by ! direction & "u ! eye ( ! m$ical advis]1 t x may be adapt$ to ! condition ( ! pati5t4 #gjd4 ,f ! fir/ h\r ( man's exi/5ce to 8 late/ brea?1 9 heal? & 9 sickness1 ri* or poor1 wat] is always requisite4 ,ba?s 7 d$icat$ by ! anci5ts to ! div9ities ( m$ic9e1 /r5g?1 & wisdom1 namely1 sculapius1 ,h]cules1 & ,m9]va1 to :om might prop]ly be add$ ! goddess ( heal?1 ,hygeia4 ,! use ( wat] has be5 en=c$ z a religi\s obs]vance1 & wat] has be5 adopt$ z "o ( ! symbols ( ,*ri/ianity4 ------------ ,:5 %\ld ba?+ be p]=m$8 #gjb4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld we ba!8 #gjc4 ,:at is said ( ba?+ 9 disease8 ,:o %\ld direct ! k9d ( ba? prop] 9 diff]5t diseases8 #gjd4 ,7 ba?s d$icat$ by ! anci5ts8 ------------ #gje4 ,! ,,air is an ag5t ( importance 9 ! functions ( ! sk94 ,x imp>ts to ?is membrane oxyg51 & receives f x c>bonic acid4 ,x likewise removes f x a l>ge portion ( ! p]spiration & ! m fluid portions ( ! oily secretion4 ,9 ord] t ! air may accompli% ^! ends1 x is necess>y t x come 9 contact ) ! body4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m reasons :y we %\ld we> loose & por\s clo?+4 #gjf4 ,aga91 ! air %\ld be pure1 & free f r$undant moi/ure4 ,9 ! w>m morn+s ( ,july & ,augu/1 ! air is load$ ) moi/ure & impurities1 & ! p]spirable matt] is n remov$ f ! sy/em z x is :5 ! air is pure & dry4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! g5]al lassitude t is exp]i5c$ dur+ su* morn+s4 ,z soon z ! fog is dispell$1 ^! unpleasant s5sations are remov$4 ,to su/a9 ! functions ( ! sk9 9 a heal?y /ate1 ! p>lor1 kit*51 sleep+-room1 s*ool-h\se1 & "w-%op1 %\ld be well v5tilat$4 ,! blood ( ! sy/em w be pur]1 & its color ( a bright] sc>let1 if ! sk9 is surr\nd$ by fre% & pure air1 ?an :5 x is f\l or moi/4 #gjg4 ,! ,,light p]meat+ ! sk91 n only ex]cises a salut>y influ5ce ^u ?is membrane1 b ^u ! blood1 &1 ?r\gh ?is fluid1 ^u ! :ole sy/em4 ,= ?is reason1 ! kit*5 & ! sitt+-room1 :i* are ! ap>tm5ts mo/ us$ by ladies1 %\ld be select$ f ! mo/ pleasant & well-light$ rooms 9 ! h\se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d>k rooms & damp cell>-kit*5s %\ld be avoid$1 z ex]cis+ an injuri\s influ5ce ^u bo? body & m9d4 #gjh4 ,! d>k1 damp rooms1 s mu* us$ 9 cities & l>ge villages1 by indig5t families & dome/ics1 are fruitful causes ( disease1 z well z ( vice1 pov]ty1 & suff]+4 ,common obs]vation %[s t sol> light also ex]cises mu* influ5ce ^u ! vigor & color ( vegetables4 ,plants t are kept 9 well-light$ rooms1 h d>k] & m brilliant colors ?an ^? t gr[ 9 d>k5$ ap>tm5ts4 ------------ #gje4 ,give ! reasons :y pure air %\ld be suppli$ to ! sk94 #gjf4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! g5]al lassitude 9 a damp1 w>m morn+8 #gjg4 ,%[ ! salut>y effects ( light on ! sk94 #gjh4 ,:at is "o cause ( disease & suff]+ 9 l>ge villages8 ------------ #gji4 ,,burns & ,,scalds are t]ms appli$ to ^? conditions ( ! sk9 :i* are produc$ by ! application ( an undue am\nt ( heat1 :i* *anges ! action ( its vessels4 #gaj4 ,a small degree ( heat w irritate ! n]ves1 & cause an increas$ action ( ! blood-vessels4 ,?is is att5d$ ) sev]e sm>t+ pa91 & w be foll[$ by ! deposition ( s]um "u ! cuticle1 unless applications are made imm$iately1 to prev5t vesication1 or bli/]+4 ,to prev5t or suppress ?is /ate ( art]ial action1 wet "s folds ( cotton or wooll5 clo? ) cold wat]1 & apply !m to ! p>ts scald$2 cont9ue to apply cold wat]1 s z to /eadily ma9ta9 ! l[ temp]ature ( ! applications1 z long z ! sm>t+ pa9 is exp]i5c$4 ,! /eady application ( cold dress+ also t5ds to prev5t an increas$ action ( ! blood-vessels1 & w suppress x1 if x already exi/4 #gaa4 ,:5 bli/]s are =m$1 ! cuticle is sep>at$ f ! o!r tissues ( ! sk9 by ! effusion ( s]um4 ,9 all cases1 if ?is lay] ( ! sk9 is n remov$1 a small op5+ %\ld be made 9 ! rais$ cuticle1 by :i* ! s]um deposit$ may be remov$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 nev] remove ! cuticle1 z x makes ! be/ possible cov]+ = ! blood-vessels & n]ves ( ! true sk94 ,! cold wat] dress+1 recomm5d$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 may !n be appli$ z long z ! sm>t+ s5sation cont9ues4 ,aft] ! pa9 has subsid$1 ! bli/]$ "p may be cov]$ by a pat* ( cotton or l95 clo?1 ^u :i* an o9tm5t1 made ( l>d & bees-wax1 has be5 spread4 ------------ #gji4 ,to :at condition ( ! sk9 are ! t]ms burns & scalds appli$8 #gaj4 ,:at is ! effect :5 only a small degree ( heat is appli$ to ! sk98 ,h[ c vesication be prev5t$8 #gaa4 ,:at %\ld be ! treatm5t :5 bli/]s are =m$8 ------------ #gab4 ,if ! cuticle has be5 remov$1 !re w be mu* suff]+1 because ! n]ves are unduly /imulat$ by ! air4 ,! cuticle is ! %ea? or cov]+ ( ! vessels & n]ves ( ! sk91 & :5 x is remov$1 a sub/itute %\ld be appli$4 ,?is sub/itute %\ld be soo?+1 & cov] ! d5ud$ surface4 ,l9se$-meal or gr\nd slipp]y-elm b>k p\ltice1 fre% cream1 or l>d & bees-wax1 spread ^u l95 or cotton clo?1 w\ld make a good dress+4 ,:5 dress+s are appli$1 !y %\ld n be remov$ until !y become dry & irritat+4 #gac4 ,if !re is mu* suff]+1 adm9i/] to an adult f tw5ty-five to sixty drops ( laudanum1 accord+ to ! sev]ity ( ! pa94 ,if ! pati5t is a *ild1 f fifte5 drops to a tea-spoonful ( p>egoric may be adm9i/]$4 ,:5 !re is mu* pro/ration1 "s hot pepp]m9t tea or o!r /imulant may be f\nd necess>y to br+ on reaction4 #gad4 ,! h&s1 feet1 e>s1 c41 are subject1 9 cold latitudes1 to be froz51 or fro/-bitt54 ,?is may occur :5 ! pati5t1 at ! mom5t1 is n aw>e ( x4 ,! "p affect$ at fir/ assumes a dull r$ color1 :i* gradually gives place to a pale1 waxy appe>ance1 & becomes q ins5sible4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 su* cases1 is to re/abli% circulation4 ,?is %\ld be effect$ v gradually4 ,if a l>ge quantity ( blood is ?r[n sudd5ly into ! *ill$ & debilitat$ vessels ( ! froz5 "p1 inflammation may be produc$ t w de/roy ! vitality ( ! limb4 ------------ #gab4 ,t %\ld be ! treatm5t if ! cuticle has be5 remov$8 ,h[ (t5 %\ld ! dress+ ( burns be remov$8 #gac4 ,:at may be necess>y :5 !re is mu* suff]+8 #gad4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( limbs :ile freez+8 ,h[ %\ld ! circulation be at fir/ re/abli%$8 ,:at %\ld be avoid$8 ------------ #gae4 ,! circulation & s5sibility may be re/or$ by rubb+ ! froz5 limb1 ) sn[1 or1 :5 ?is is n to be obta9$1 cold wat]2 b sn[ is always to be pref]r$4 ,! fire %\ld be avoid$2 & x w\ld be bett] = ! pati5t to be kept 9 a cold room1 = a "t1 :]e !re is no fire1 or :]e ! temp]ature is mod]ate4 #gaf4 ,:5 a p]son is f\nd b5umb$ ) cold1 & almo/ or q ins5sible1 he %\ld be tak5 into a cold room1 ! clo?+ remov$1 & friction comm5c$ & cont9u$ = "s "t1 ) sn[4 ,:5 w>m? beg9s to be re/or$1 ! individual %\ld be rubb$ ) dry flannel1 & ! friction cont9u$ until reaction takes place4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! toes & heels h be5 repeat$ly *ill$1 !re may be produc$ a disease call$ *ilbla9s4 ,?is affection is att5d$ ) t5d]ness ( ! p>ts1 accompani$ ) a peculi> & tr\blesome it*+4 ,! prev5tion ( ?is disease is 9 we>+ w>m hose & ?ick %oes ( ample size4 ,ba?+ ! feet morn+ & ev5+ is also a prev5tion ( ?is disagreeable affection4 ,:5 *ilbla9s exi/1 apply cold wat]1 w>m camphorat$ spirits1 or turp5t9e l9am5t4 ------------ #gae4 ,h[ may ! circulation & s5sibility be re/or$8 #gaf4 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ :5 a p]son is b5umb$ ) cold8 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ :5 w>m? beg9s to be re/or$8 ,:at is said ( *ilbla9s8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,app5dages ,,( ,,! ,,sk94 #gag4 ,! ,,hairs are app5dages ( ! sk91 &1 l ! cuticle1 !y are a product ( secretion4 ,!y h no blood-vessels or n]ves1 &1 consequ5tly1 no vitality4 ,! hairs take _! orig9 f ! cellul> membrane1 9 ! =m ( bulbs4 ,ea* hair is enclos$ b5ea? ! surface by a vascul> secretory follicle1 :i* regulates its =m dur+ gr[?4 ,9 texture1 x is d5se1 & homog5e\s t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 & por\s & cellul> 9 ! c5tre1 l ! pi? ( a plant4 ,e hair has on its surface po9t$ b>bs1 arrang$ 9 a spiral mann]1 & direct$ t[>d ! root ( ! hair2 s t1 if a hair be roll$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 x moves only 9 "o direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,! hair follicle 7#a7 is repres5t$ z imb$d$ 9 ! cellul> membrane1 7#b17 :i* is situat$ b5ea? ! sk94 #c1 #c1 ,! membran\s sac1 :i* has a n>r[ neck1 op5+ ext]nally by a contract$ orifice1 ?r\gh :i* ! hair 7#d7 passes4 ,its int]nal surface is smoo?1 & n adh]5t to ! hair1 b sep>at$ f x by a r$di% fluid4 ,f ! bottom ( ! sac 7#e7 ! pulp ( ! hair arises1 & passes ?r\gh ! sk9 at #f4 ------------ #gag-gbc4 ,describe ! app5dages ( ! sk94 #gag4 ,:y h n hairs vitality8 ,:]e d !y take _! orig98 ,give _! /ructure4 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #aah8 ------------ #gah4 ,! color ( ! hair v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals1 & is g5]ally suppos$ to dep5d on ! fluids conta9$ 9 ! pi?4 ,!re are two causes :i* act 9 *ang+ ! hair gray4 ,! fir/ is1 defective secretion ( ! color+ fluid4 ,! second is1 ! canals1 :i* convey ! fluid into ! hair1 become oblit]at$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! hair w rema92 9 ! second1 x dies1 & drops out2 ! cuticle ( ! scalp gr[s ov] ! canal1 :i* is soon oblit]at$1 & ! head becomes bald4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is relat$ t ! hair ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 ,que5 ( ,france1 & o!rs1 f excessive m5tal agitation1 *ang$ f black to gray 9 a s+le night4 ,?is is n /rictly true2 ! secretion may be arre/$1 b t already deposit$ 9 ! pi? w require days or weeks to be remov$4 #gai4 ,^u ! upp] "p ( ! head1 ! oil-tubes op5 into ! hair-sacs2 consequ5tly1 ! secretion ( ! oil-gl&s is spread ov] ! surface ( ! hair1 & n ^u ! cuticle4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! dry1 :ite1 branny scales1 call$ scurf1 or d&ruff1 ^u ! head4 ,?is is natural1 & _c be prev5t$4 ,:5 scurf exi/s1 ! only necess>y application to remove x1 is ! frequ5t use ( ! hair-bru%1 & wa%+ ) pure wat]4 ,obs]vation4 ,! secretion ( ! oil-gl&s may become impact$ ar\nd ! hairs z !y issue f ! sk91 & ?us prev5t _! outw>d movem5t 9 gr[+4 ,! pressure ( ! matt] deposit$ at _! bulbs w !n cause it*+4 ,! comb & ! bru% may be us$ to remove ! impact$ matt]1 & relieve ! disagreeable s5sation4 #gbj4 ,! oil is mo/ abundant ne> ! roots ( ! hair ,a free use ( ! bru% spreads x along ! hairs1 & gives !m a smoo?1 glossy appe>ance4 ,soap %\ld r>ely be us$ 9 wa%+ ! head1 z x w remove ! oil :i* is ess5tial to ! heal? & appe>ance ( ! hair4 ------------ #gah4 ,^u :at does ! color ( ! hair dep5d8 ,:at are ! causes ( ! hair becom+ gray8 ,:at is ! cause ( ! hair dropp+ out8 ,:at is relat$ ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette8 #gai4 ,h[ is d&ruff on ! scalp produc$8 ,:at is ! only necess>y application to remove x8 ,give obs]vation4 #gbj4 ,:]e is ! oil ( ! hair mo/ abundant8 ------------ #gba4 ,! uses ( ! hair v>y 9 diff]5t regions ( ! body4 ,^u ! head1 x aids 9 %ield+ ! bra9 f injury by bl[s1 & x likewise s]ves to protect ?is "p ( ! sy/em f heat & cold1 ?us ma9ta9+ equal temp]ature ( ! c]ebral organ4 ,ab\t ! flections ( ! jo9ts1 z 9 ! axilla1 7armpit17 !y prev5t irritation ( ! sk9 f friction2 9 ! passages to ! e>s & no/rils1 !y pres5t an ob/acle to ! +ress ( insects & =eign bodies2 :ile 9 ! eyebr[s & eyelids1 !y s]ve to protect ! organ ( vision4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,a section ( ! end ( ! f+] & nail4 #d1 ,section ( ! la/ bone ( ! f+]4 #e1 ,fat1 =m+ ! cu%ion at ! end ( ! f+]4 #b1 ,! nail4 #a1 #a1 ,! cuticle cont9u$ "u & ar\nd ! root ( ! nail1 at #c1 #c1 #c4 #gbb4 ,! ,,nails are h>d1 ela/ic1 flexible1 semi-transp>5t scales1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( a lay] ( horn4 ,! nail is divid$ into ! root1 ! body1 & ! free portion4 ,! root is t "p :i* is cov]$ on bo? surfaces2 ! body is t portion :i* has "o surface free2 ! free portion projects beyond ! end ( ! f+]4 #gbc4 ,! nail is =m$ ( sev]al lam91 or plates1 t are fitt$ ! "o to ! o!r2 ! deepe/ is t :i* is la/ =m$4 ,! nails1 z well z ! ho(s ( animals & ! cuticle1 are products ( secretion4 ,!y receive no blood-vessels or n]ves4 ,if ! cuticle be remov$ 9 sev]e scalds !y w sep>ate ) x1 z ! ho(s ( animals are remov$ by ! ag5cy ( hot wat]4 ,! nails increase 9 l5g? & ?ickness1 by ! deposition ( album5 ^u _! "u surface1 & at _! roots1 9 a mann] simil> to ! gr[? ( ! cuticle1 ( :i* !y con/itute a "p4 ------------ ,h[ c x be spread along ! hairs8 ,:y %\ld soap n be us$ 9 wa%+ ! hair8 #gba4 ,( :at use is ! hair ^u ! head8 ,ab\t ! flexions ( ! jo9ts8 ,9 ! nasal & e> passages8 ,^u ! eyebr[s & eyelids8 #gbb4 ,describe ! nails4 #gbc4 ,h[ are !y =m$8 ------------ ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! nail ^u its "u surface is fa%ion$ into ?9 v]tical plates1 :i* are receiv$ betwe5 ! folds ( ! s5sitive sk94 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! two k9ds ( lam9 reciprocally embrace ea* o!r1 & ! firmness ( connection ( ! nail is ma9ta9$4 ,if we look on ! surface ( ! nail1 we see an indication ( ?is /ructure 9 ! alt]nate r$ & :ite l9es :i* are !re obs]v$4 ,! =m] ( ^! correspond ) ! s5sitive lam92 ! latt] ) ! horny plates4 ,! ribb$ appe>ance ( ! nail is due to ! same circum/ance4 ,^! s5sitive lam9 are provid$ ) an unusual numb] ( capill>y vessels = ! =mation ( ! nail1 & h5ce !y give a r$ t9t to ! portion "u :i* !y lie4 #b;d4 ,ne> ! root ( ! nail !re is a "p t is n lam9at$1 & x is less abundantly suppli$ ) blood-vessels4 ,?is portion consequ5tly looks pale comp>$ ) ! lam9at$ portion1 & f its half-moon %ape is te*nically t]m$ lunula4 ,beyond ! lunula1 ! root ( ! nail is imb$d$ 9 ! fold ( ! s5sitive sk91 & has ! same relation to t /ructure t any s+le "o ( ! ?9 horny plates ( its "u surface has to its correspond+ pair ( s5sitive lam94 #gbd4 ,! nails1 f _! position1 are cont9ually receiv+ knocks1 :i* produce a mom5t>y di/urbance ( _! cell =mation1 foll[$ by a :ite spot4 ,! c>e ( ! nails %\ld be /rictly limit$ to ! knife or scissors1 to _! free bord]1 & an ivory press]1 to prev5t adhesion ( ! free m>g9 ( ! sc>f-sk9 to ! surface ( ! nail4 ,?is edge ( ! cuticle %\ld nev] be p>$1 ! surface ( ! nail nev] scrap$1 nor ! nails clean$ ) any in/rum5t :atev]1 except ! nail-bru%1 aid$ by wat] & soap4 ,an obs]vance ( ^! sugge/ions1 w prev5t irregul>ities & disord]s ( ! nails4 ------------ ,give obs]vation #a/4 ,obs]vation #b;d4 #gbd4 ,h[ %\ld ! nails be treat$ to prev5t irregul>ities & disease8 ------------ ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,:5 we we> a %oe t is too %ort = ! foot1 ! edge ( ! nail is br\ght aga9/ ! lea!r4 ,?is int]rupts ! =w>d gr[? ( ! nail1 & x spreads out on ! sides1 & becomes unusually ?ick4 ,x !n presses ^u ! s(t p>ts1 & is said to gr[ into ! fle%4 ,! prev5tion is1 to we> %oes ( ample size4 #b;d4 ,in/ances are by no means unfrequ5t 9 :i* ! p[] ( production ( ! nail at ! root becomes entirely de/roy$1 & x !n gr[s 9 ?ickness only4 ,:5 ?is affection occurs1 x is (t5 rem>kable :at a mass ! nail pres5ts4 ,in/ances are on record1 :]e ! nail is regul>ly %$2 &1 :5ev] ! old nail falls (f1 a new "o is f\nd b5ea? x1 p]fectly =m$4 ,sometimes ! gr[? 9 l5g? is n entirely *eck$1 al?\gh gr[? 9 ?ickness is induc$2 ! nail !n pres5ts a peculi> appe>ance4 ------------ ,:at causes ! edge ( ! nail to gr[ into ! fle% ( ! toe8 ,h[ prev5t$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #gbe4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we h se5 h[ v>i\s & complex are _m ( ! motions necess>y to ma9ta9 ! life ( an animal ^: organization is sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,we h not$ ! wond]ful me*anism ( ! muscul> sy/em1 9 produc+ ! v>i$ movem5ts ( ! body1 ! diff]5t processes by :i* ! food is conv]t$ into *yle & mix$ ) ! blood1 & ! circulation ( ?is fluid to e organ & tissue ( ! sy/em1 t ea* may select f x ! v pr9ciples :i* x requires = its gr[?4 #gbf4 ,lymphatic absorption comm5ces z soon z nutrition is complet$1 & conveys ! useless1 worn-out p>ticles ( diff]5t tissues back into ! circulat+ fluid2 :ile ! respiratory organs & secretory gl&s p]=m ! "w ( prep>+ ! wa/e products to be elim9at$ f ! body4 ,ea* ( ^! processes effects a s+le object1 & is p]=m$ 9 a regul> mann]4 #gbg4 ,!y mu/ succe$ ea* o!r 9 prop] ord] 9 propell+ e p>ticle to its prop] de/9ation1 or life w\ld be sacrific$ almo/ at ! mom5t ( its comm5cem5t4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a mutual dep5d5ce ( all portions ( ! ma*9]y ( organic life ^u ea* o!r1 & a necessity = "s m$ium ( communication f "o organ to ano!r1 by :i* !y may convey mutual in=mation ( _! sev]al conditions1 if we may be p]mitt$ to employ a figurative expression4 ,7 !re no su* m$ium1 h[ w\ld ! /oma* notify ! he>t t additional ex]tion on its "p is requir$1 because ! /oma* is busy 9 dige/+ food8 ------------ #gbe4 ,:at has be5 not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s8 #gbf4 ,%[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! sev]al processes are p]=m$4 #gbg4 ,h[ mu/ !y succe$ ea* o!r8 ------------ #gbh4 ,:5 we are ex]t+ ! muscul> sy/em = a long "t 9 "s labori\s employm5t1 h[ else are our memb]s to in=m ! /oma* t !y are too mu* occupi$ ) _! duties to sp>e ! blood necess>y 9 dige/ion2 t x is requisite t ! appetite %\ld decl9e2 & t dige/ion %\ld cease = ! "t1 ev5 if ! /oma* %\ld be oppress$ ) its cont5ts8 ,:5 we are ?9k+1 h[ else are ! blood-vessels to be told t an unusual supply ( _! cont5ts is want+ 9 ! head8 or :5 ! :ole frame is we>y ) ex]tion1 h[1 )\t "s regul> l9e ( intellig5ce betwe5 all ! organs1 is ! bra9 to be in/ruct$ t circum/ances require t x %\ld g to sleep8 ,to supply ! necess>y m$ium ( communication1 ,provid5ce has furni%$ all ! animals t possess di/9ct organs1 ) a peculi> app>atus call$ ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #gbi4 ,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em consi/s ( ! ,c]e-bro-spinal ,c5tre1 & ( num]\s r\nd$ & flatt5$ :ite cords1 call$ n]ves1 :i* are connect$ at "o extremity ) ! c]ebro-sp9al c5tre1 & at ! o!r1 di/ribut$ to all ! textures ( ! body4 ,! sympa!tic n]ve is an exception to ?is description2 =1 in/ead ( "o1 x has _m small c5tres1 :i* are call$ gangli-a1 & :i* communicate v freely ) ! c]ebro-sp9al c5tre1 & ) its n]ves4 ------------ #gbh4 ,:at is ! m$ium ( communication f "o organ to ano!r8 #gbi-ged4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! bra9 & cranial n]ves4 #gbi4 ,( :at does ! n]v\s sy/em consi/8 ,:at con/itutes an exception to ?is8 ------------ #gcj4 ,! ,,c]ebro-,,sp9al ,,c5tre consi/s ( two portions3 ,! bra91 & ! sp9al cord4 ,= conv5i5ce ( description1 ! n]v\s sy/em may be divid$ into ! ,bra91 ,cranial ,n]ves1 ,sp9al ,cord1 ,sp9al ,n]ves1 & ! ,sympa!tic ,n]ve4 #gca4 ,! t]m ,,bra9 designates ^? p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 exclusive ( ! n]ves !mselves1 :i* are conta9$ )9 ! cranium1 or skull-bones2 !y are ! ,c]e-brum1 ,c]-e-bellum1 & ,me-dulla ,ob-lon-gata4 ,^! are inve/$ & protect$ by ! membranes ( ! bra91 :i* are call$ ! ,dura ,mat]1 ,a-ra*noid1 & ,pia ,mat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 #a1 #a1 ,! scalp turn$ d[n4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,! cut edge ( ! bones ( ! skull4 #c1 ,! ext]nal /rong membrane ( ! bra9 7dura mat]17 susp5d$ by a hook4 #d1 ,! left hemisph]e ( ! bra91 %[+ its convolutions4 ------------ #gcj4 ,( :at does ! c]ebro-sp9al c5tre consi/8 ,h[ is ! n]v\s sy/em divid$8 #gca4 ,:at does ! t]m bra9 designate8 ,"n !m4 ,h[ are !y protect$8 ,describe fig4 #abj4 ------------ #gcb4 ,! ,,c]ebrum ,,is divid$ into two hemisph]es1 by a cleft1 or fissure4 ,into ?is cleft dips a portion ( ! dura mat]1 call$ ! falx c]e-bri1 f its resembl+ a sickle4 ,! app>5t design ( ?is membrane is to relieve ! "o side f ! pressure ( ! o!r1 :5 ! head is recl9+ to ei!r side4 ,^u ! sup]ior surface ( ! c]ebrum are se5 undulat+ w9d+s1 call$ con-vo-lutions4 ,^u its inf]ior1 or l[] surface1 ea* hemisph]e admits ( a division into ?ree lobes--! ant]ior1 middle1 & po/]ior4 7,fig4 #abb1 #abc7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba ,a section ( ! skull-bones & c]ebrum4 #a1 #a1 ,! skull4 #b1 #b1 ! dura mat] #c1 #c1 ,! c9]iti\s portion ( ! c]ebrum4 #d1 #d1 ,! m$ull>y portion4 ,! d>k po9ts indicate ! position ( divid$ blood-vessels4 #e1 #e1 ,! lat]al v5tricles4 ------------ #gcb4 ,h[ is ! c]ebrum divid$8 ,:at is ! use ( ! falx c]ebri8 ,:at is se5 ^u ! sup]ior surface ( ! bra98 ,its inf]ior8 ------------ #gcc4 ,:5 ! upp] "p ( ! hemisph]es is remov$ horizontally ) a %>p knife1 a c5tre ( :ite sub/ance is br\ght to view4 ,?is is surr\nd$ by a bord] ( gray1 :i* foll[s ! depressions ( ! convolutions1 & pres5ts a zigzag outl9e4 ,! divid$ surface w be se5 /udd$ ) num]\s small r$ po9ts1 :i* are produc$ by ! escape ( blood f ! division ( ! m9ute art]ies & ve9s4 ,! gray bord] is call$ ! cortical1 or c9]iti\s portion1 :ile ! :ite c5tral portion is call$ ! m$ull>y4 ,! two hemisph]es are connect$ by a d5se lay] ( transv]se fibres1 call$ corpus cal-losum4 #gcd4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! bra9 !re are sev]al cavities1 two ( :i* are ( consid]able size1 & are call$ ! lat]al v5tricles4 ,!y ext5d f ! ant]ior to ! po/]ior "p ( ! bra91 & w9d _! way into o!r p>ts ( ! c]ebral organ4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! disease call$ dropsy ( ! bra91 7hydrocephalus int]nus17 ! s]um1 or wat]1 is usually deposit$ 9 ^! v5tricles4 ,?is is effus$ f ! _m small blood-vessels ( ! membrane 9 ^! cavities4 #gce4 ,! bra9 is ( a pulpy "*1 q s(t 9 infancy & *ildhood2 b x gradually becomes m & m consi/5t1 & 9 middle age x assumes ! =m ( det]m9ate /ructure & arrangem5t4 ,x is m abundantly suppli$ ) blood ?an any organ ( ! sy/em4 ,no lymphatics h be5 detect$1 b x is to be presum$ t !y exi/ 9 ?is organ4 #gcf4 ,! ,,c]ebellum is ab\t sev5 times small] ?an ! c]ebrum4 ,l t organ1 x is compos$ ( :ite & gray matt]1 b ! gray con/itutes ! l>g] portion4 ,its surface is =m$ ( p>allel plates sep>at$ by fissures4 ,! :ite matt] is s arrang$1 t :5 cut v]tically1 ! appe>ance ( ! trunk & bran*es ( a tree 7arbor vit7 is pres5t$4 ,x is situat$ "u ! po/]ior lobe ( ! c]ebrum1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a process ( ! dura mat]1 call$ ! t5-tori-um4 ------------ #gcc4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! bra9 :5 a horizontal section has be5 made4 ,:at is ! gray bord] (t5 call$8 ,:at connects ! hemisph]es8 #gcd4 ,describe ! v5tricles ( ! bra94 ,9 ! disease call$ dropsy ( ! bra91 :]e is ! wat] deposit$8 #gce4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! bra9 9 *ildhood8 ,9 adults8 #gcf4 ,h[ does ! c]ebellum comp>e 9 size ) ! c]ebrum8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! "u surface1 or base1 ( ! bra9 & orig9 ( ! cranial n]ves4 #a1 #a1 ,! ant]ior lobes ( ! c]ebrum4 #b1 #b1 ,! middle lobes4 #c1 #c1 ,! po/]ior lobes1 almo/ conceal$ by ! c]ebellum4 #d1 #d1 ,! c]ebellum4 #g1 #g1 ,! longitud9al fissure t divides ! bra9 into two hemisph]es4 #h1 ,! fir/ pair ( n]ves4 #i1 #i1 ,! second pair ( n]ves4 #aj1 ,! decussation1 or cross+1 ( its fibres4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! ?ird pair ( n]ves4 #ad1 ,! pons v>olii4 #ae1 #ae1 ,! f\r? pair ( n]ves4 #af1 #af1 ,! fif? pair ( n]ves4 #ag1 ,! six? pair ( n]ves4 #ah1 #ah1 ,! sev5? & eigh? pair ( n]ves4 #ai1 ,! m$ulla oblongata1 ) ! cross+ ( "s ( its fibres exhibit$4 #bj1 ,! n9? pair ( n]ves4 #ba1 ,! t5? pair ( n]ves1 #bb1 ,! elev5? pair ( n]ves4 #bc1 ,! twelf? pair ( n]ves4 ------------ ,describe ?is portion ( ! bra94 ,expla9 fig4 #abb4 ------------ #gcg4 ,! ,,m$ulla ,,oblongata1 or t portion ( ! sp9al cord :i* is )9 ! skull1 consi/s ( ?ree pairs ( bodies1 7corpus py-ram-i-dale1 res-ti-=me1 & ol-i-vare17 unit$ 9 a s+le bulb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,! base ( ! skull & ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! cranial n]ves pass4 #a1 #a1 ,! fir/ pair ( n]ves4 #b1 #b1 ,! cribri=m plate ( ! e?moid bone ?r\gh :i* ?is n]ve passes4 #c1 #c1 ,! second pair ( n]ves4 #d1 #d1 ,! optic =am5 9 ! sph5oid bone2 ?r\gh :i* passes ! second pair ( n]ves4 #e1 #e1 ,! sph5oidal fissure4 #f1 #f1 ,! ?ird pair ( n]ves4 #g1 #g1 ,! fif? pair ( n]ves4 #h1 #h1 ,! oph?almic bran* ( ! fif? n]ve4 ,! ?ird1 ! oph?almic bran* ( ! fif? & ! six? n]ve pass f ! bra9 ?r\gh ! sph5oidal fissure to ! eye4 #i1 #i1 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bran* ( ! fif? n]ve4 #aj1 #aj1 ,! =am5 rotundum1 7r\nd op5+17 ?r\gh :i* ! n]ve #i1 #i1 passes to ! upp] jaw4 #aa1 #aa1 ,! inf]ior maxill>y bran* ( ! fif? pair4 #ab1 #ab1 ,! =am5 ovale1 7oval op5+17 ?r\gh :i* ! n]ve #aa1 #aa1 passes to ! l[] jaw4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! six? pair ( n]ves4 #ad1 #ad1 ,! sev5? & eigh? pair ( n]ves4 #ae1 #ae1 ,! op5+ 9 ! temporal bone1 ?r\gh :i* ! sev5? & eigh? n]ves pass to ! face & e>4 #af1 #af1 ,! n9? pair ( n]ves4 #ag1 ,! t5? pair ( n]ves4 #ah1 #ah1 ,! elev5? pair ( n]ves4 #ai1 #ai1 ,! =am5 lac]um 7r\gh op5+47 ,! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? n]ves pass f ! bra9 ?r\gh ?is op5+4 #bj1 ,! sp9al cord4 #ba1 ,! =am5 sp9alis1 ?r\gh :i* ! sp9al cord passes4 #bb1 #bb1 ,! position ( ! ant]ior lobe ( ! bra94 #bc1 #bc1 ,! middle lobe4 #bd1 #bd1 ,! po/]ior lobe4 #be1 #be1 ,a section ( ! skull-bones4 ------------ #gcg4 ,describe ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,expla9 fig4 #abc4 ------------ #gch4 ,! ,,dura ,,mat] is a firm1 fibr\s membrane1 :i* is expos$ on ! removal ( a section ( ! skull-bones4 ,?is l9es ! int]ior ( ! skull & sp9al column1 & likewise s5ds processes inw>d1 = ! support & protection ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra94 ,x also s5ds processes ext]nally1 :i* =m ! %ea?s = ! n]ves1 z !y quit ! skull & sp9al column4 ,! dura mat] is suppli$ ) art]ies & n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,a v]tical section ( ! c]ebrum1 c]ebellum1 & m$ulla oblongata1 %[+ ! relation ( ! cranial n]ves at _! orig94 #a1 ,! c]ebrum4 #b1 ,! c]ebellum1 ) its arbor vit repres5t$4 #c1 ,! m$ulla oblongata4 #d1 ,! sp9al cord4 #e1 ,! corpus callosum4 #f1 ,! fir/ pair ( n]ves4 #g1 ,! second pair4 #h1 ,! eye4 #i1 ,! ?ird pair ( n]ves4 #aj1 ,! f\r? pair4 #aa1 ,! fif? pair4 #ab1 ,! six? pair4 #ac1 ,! sev5? pair4 #ad1 ,! eigh? pair4 #ae1 ,! n9? pair4 #af1 ,! t5? pair4 #aj1 ,! elev5? pair4 #ah1 ,! twelf? pair4 #bj1 ,sp9al n]ves4 #ba1 ,! t5torium4 ------------ #gch4 ,describe ! dura mat]4 ,:at is its use8 ,expla9 fig4 #abd4 ------------ #gci4 ,! ,,ara*noid1 s call$ f its extreme t5uity1 is ! s]\s membrane ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & is1 l o!r s]\s membranes1 a clos$ sac4 ,x envelops ^! organs1 & is reflect$ ^u ! inn] surface ( ! dura mat]1 giv+ to t membrane its s]\s inve/m5t4 #gdj4 ,! ,,pia ,,mat] is a vascul> membrane1 compos$ ( innum]able vessels1 held toge!r by cellul> membrane4 ,x inve/s ! :ole surface ( ! bra91 & dips into its convolutions4 ,! pia mat] is ! nutri5t membrane ( ! bra91 & receives its blood f ! c>otid & v]tebral art]ies4 ,its n]ves are m9ute bran*es ( ! sympa!tic1 :i* accompany ! bran*es ( ! art]ies4 #gda4 ,! ,,cranial ,,n]ves1 t connect ) ! bra91 are arrang$ 9 twelve pairs4 ,!y are call$3 #a/4 ,! ,ol-facto-ry4 #b;d4 ,! ,optic4 #c;d4 ,! ,mo-tores ,oc-u-lorum4 #d?4 ,! ,pa-!ti-cus4 #e?4 ,! ,tri-facial4 #f?4 ,! ,ab-du-c5tes4 #g?4 ,! ,porti-o ,dura4 #h?4 ,! ,porti-o ,mollis4 #i?4 ,! ,gloss-pha-ryngi-al4 #aj?4 ,! ,pneu-mo-gastric4 #aa?4 ,! ,spinal ,acces-s-ry4 #ab?4 ,! ,hypo-glossal4 #gdb4 ,! ,,olfactory ,,n]ve 7fir/ pair7 passes f ! cavity ( ! skull ?r\gh _m small op5+s 9 a plate ( ! e?moid bone4 7,?is plate is call$ cribri-=m1 f its resemblance to a sieve47 ,?is n]ve ramifies ^u ! membrane t l9es ! nasal passages4 ,x is ! s(te/ n]ve ( ! body4 7,fig4 #acf47 #gdc4 ,! ,,optic ,,n]ve 7second pair7 passes f ! int]ior ( ! cranium1 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull1 7fo-ram5 opti-cum17 to ! cavity = ! eye4 ,x pi]ces ! coats ( ! eye1 & exp&s 9 ! ret9a4 #gdd4 ,! ,,motores ,,oculorum 7?ird pair7 pass f ! bra91 ?r\gh an op5+ ( ! sphenoid bone1 7sphe-noidal fissure17 to ! muscles ( ! eye4 ------------ #gci4 ,describe ! ara*noid membrane4 #gdj4 ,:at is said respect+ ! pia mat]8 #gda4 ,h[ _m pairs ( cranial n]ves8 ,"n !m4 #gdb4 ,describe ! olfactory n]ve4 #gdc4 ,! optic n]ve4 #gdd4 ,describe ! motores oculorum4 ------------ #gde4 ,! ,,pa!ticus 7f\r? pair7 passes f ! bra91 ?r\gh ! sph5oidal fissure1 to ! sup]ior oblique muscle ( ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & six? pairs ( n]ves1 to ! muscles ( ! eye4 #a1 ,! ball ( ! eye & rectus ext]nus muscle4 #b1 ,! upp] jaw4 #c1 ,! ?ird pair1 di/ribut$ to all ! muscles ( ! eye1 except ! sup]ior oblique1 & ext]nal rectus4 #d1 ,! f\r? pair passes to ! sup]ior oblique muscle4 #f1 ,! six? pair1 is di/ribut$ to ! ext]nal rectus muscle4 #gdf4 ,! ,,trifacial ,,n]ve 7fif? pair7 is analog\s to ! sp9al n]ves 9 its orig9 by two roots1 f ! ant]ior & po/]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord4 ,x has a ganglion1 l ! sp9al n]ves ^u its po/]ior root4 ,= ^! reasons1 x ranges ) ! sp9al n]ves1 & is consid]$ ! cranial sp9al n]ve4 ,?is n]ve divides into ?ree bran*es3--,! oph-?almic1 sup]ior maxil-la-ry1 & inf]ior maxil-la-ry4 ------------ #gde4 ,! pa!ticus4 ,:at does fig4 #abe repres5t8 #gdf4 ,:at is ! trifacial n]ve sometimes call$8 ,:y is x class$ ) ! cranial sp9al n]ves8 ,give ! names ( its bran*es4 ------------ #gdg4 ,! oph?almic n]ve passes f ! cranial cavity ?r\gh ! sph5oidal fissure4 ,x s5ds bran*es to ! =ehead1 eye1 & nose4 ,! sup]ior maxill>y n]ve passes ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull1 7=am5 ro-tunddum17 & s5ds bran*es to ! eye1 ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw1 & ! muscles ( ! face4 ,! inf]ior maxill>y n]ve escapes f ! cranial cavity ?r\gh an op5+ call$ =am5 o-vale4 ,x s5ds bran*es to ! muscles ( ! l[] jaw1 ! e>1 ! tongue1 & ! tee? ( ! l[] jaw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,! di/ribution ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves4 #a1 ,! orbit = ! eye4 #b1 ,! upp] jaw4 #c1 ,! tongue4 #d1 ,! l[] jaw4 #e1 ,! fif? pair ( n]ves4 #f1 ,! fir/ bran* ( ?is n]ve1 t passes to ! eye4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 ,divisions ( ?is bran*4 #g1 ,! second bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves is di/ribut$ to ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 ,divisions ( ?is bran*4 #h1 ,! ?ird bran* ( ! fif? pair1 t passes to ! tongue & tee? ( ! l[] jaw4 #bc4 ,! division ( ?is bran* t passes to ! tongue1 call$ ! gu/a-to-ry4 #bd4 ,! division t is di/ribut$ to ! tee? ( ! l[] jaw4 ------------ #gdg4 ,:]e d ! filam5ts ( ! oph?almic bran* ramify8 ,! sup]ior maxill>y8 ,! inf]ior maxill>y8 ,expla9 fig4 #abf4 ------------ #gdh4 ,! ,,abduc5tes 7six? pair7 passes ?r\gh ! op5+ by :i* ! c>otid art]y ent]s ! cranial cavity4 ,x is ! smalle/ ( ! c]ebral n]ves1 & is appropriat$ to ! ext]nal /raight muscle ( ! eye4 #gdi4 ,! ,,portio ,,mollis 7sev5? pair7 ent]s ! h>d portion ( ! tempo-ral bone at ! int]nal auditory op5+1 & is di/ribut$ ^u ! int]nal e>4 7,fig4 #adg1 #adh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,a repres5tation ( ! di/ribution ( ! eigh? pair ( n]ves ) "s bran*es ( ! fif?4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 ,are bran*es ( ! eigh? pair4 ,!y are di/ribut$ ov] ! face 9 a radiat$ mann]1 :i* con/itutes ! pes ans]9us1 7foot ( a goose47 ,! n]ves #d1 #f1 #h1 are bran*es ( ! fif? pair4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,are bran*es ( n]ves f ! upp] "p ( ! sp9al cord1 7c]vical47 #gej4 ,! ,,facial ,,n]ve 7eigh? pair7 passes f ! skull ?r\gh an op5+ situat$ bel[ ! e>1 7mastoid =am547 ,x is di/ribut$ ov] ! face1 supply+ ! muscles ) n]v\s filam5ts4 ------------ #gdh4 ,:at is said ( ! abduc5tes1 or six? pair ( n]ves8 #gdi4 ,( ! portio mollis8 ,expla9 fig4 #abg4 #gej4 ,( ! facial n]ve8 ------------ #gea4 ,! ,,glosso-,,ph>yngeal ,,n]ve 7n9? pair7 passes f ! bra91 ?r\gh an op5+ ) ! jugul> ve91 7=am5 lace-rum47 ,x is di/ribut$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! tongue & ?roat1 & also to ! muc\s gl&s ( ! m\?4 #geb4 ! ,,pneumoga/ric ,,n]ve 7t5? pair7 escapes f ! bra9 ?r\gh ! =am5 lac]um4 ,x s5ds bran*es to ! l>ynx1 ph>ynx1 oesophagus1 lungs1 sple51 pancreas1 liv]1 /oma*1 & inte/9es4 7,fig4 #acb47 #gec4 ,! ,,sp9al ,,accessory ,,n]ve 7elev5? pair7 has its orig9 9 ! respiratory tract ( ! sp9al cord4 ,x connects ) ! n9? & t5? pairs ( n]ves1 & is di/ribut$ to ! muscles ab\t ! neck4 #ged4 ,! ,,hypo-,,glossal ,,n]ve 7twelf? pair7 passes f ! bra91 ?r\gh a small op5+1 7condy-loid =am547 ,x ramifies ^u ! muscles ( ! tongue1 & is its motor n]ve4 ,obs]vation4 ,! cranial n]ves1 ) ! exception ( ! olfactory1 optic1 & auditory1 connect ) ea* o!r by means ( filam5ts4 ,!y also s5d connect+ n]v\s filam5ts to ! upp] sp9al n]ves1 7c]vical17 & ! sympa!tic n]ve4 ------------ #gea4 ,describe ! glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve4 #geb4 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve4 #gec4 ,! sp9al accessory n]ve4 #ged4 ,! hypo-glossal n]ve4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 ,,cont9u$4 #gee4 ,! sp9al column conta9s ! sp9al cord1 ! roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 & ! membranes ( ! cord4 #gef4 ,! ,,sp9al ,,cord ext5ds f ! m$ulla oblongata to ! second lumb> v]tebra1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a r\nd$ po9t4 ,x pres5ts a diff]5ce ( diamet] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its ext5t1 & exhibits ?ree enl>gem5ts4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! is ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,!re is no di/9ct dem>kation betwe5 ?is enl>gem5t & ! sp9al cord4 ,! next corresponds ) ! orig9 ( ! n]ves di/ribut$ to ! upp] extremities2 ! ?ird enl>gem5t is situat$ ne> ! t]m9ation ( ! cord1 & corresponds ) ! atta*m5t ( ! n]ves :i* are int5d$ = ! supply ( ! l[] extremities4 #geg4 ,an ant]ior & po/]ior fissure divides ! sp9al cord into two lat]al cords4 ,^! are unit$ by a ?9 lay] ( :ite sub/ance4 ,! lat]al cords are ea* divid$ by furr[s into ?ree di/9ct sets ( fibres1 or columns2 namely ! ant]ior1 lat]al1 & po/]ior columns4 ,! ant]ior are ! motor columns2 ! po/]ior are ! columns ( s5sation2 ! lat]al columns are divid$ 9 _! function betwe5 motion & s5sation4 ,!y conta9 ! fasciculus describ$1 by ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 z ! respiratory tract4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,a section ( ! bra9 & sp9al column4 #a1 ,! c]ebrum4 #b1 ,! c]ebellum4 #c1 ,! m$ulla oblongata4 #d1 #d1 ,! sp9al cord 9 its canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,ant]ior view ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 #a1 #a1 ,! two hemisph]es ( ! c]ebrum4 #c1 #c1 ,! c]ebellum4 #d1 ,! olfactory n]ve4 #e1 ,! optic n]ve4 #g1 ,! ?ird pair ( n]ves4 #h1 ,! pons v>olii4 #i1 ,! f\r? pair ( n]ves4 #aj1 ,! l[] portion ( ! m$ulla oblongata4 #aa1 #aa1 ,! sp9al cord4 #ab1 #ab1 ,sp9al n]ves4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! bra*ial plexus4 #ad1 #ad1 ,! lumb> & sacral plexus4 ------------ #gee-gfg4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! sp9al cord1 sp9al n]ves1 & ! sympa!tic n]ve4 #gee4 ,:at does ! sp9al column conta98 #gef4 ,give ! ext5t ( ! sp9al cord4 ,h[ _m enl>gem5ts has ?is cord8 ,:at is said ( ea* enl>gem5t8 #geg4 ,into h[ _m p>ts is ! sp9al cord divid$8 ,give ! function ( ^! columns4 ------------ #geh4 ,! ,,sp9al ,,n]ves1 t connect ) ! sp9al cord1 are arrang$ 9 ?irty-"o pairs1 ea* aris+ by two roots2 an ant]ior1 or motor root1 & a po/]ior1 or s5sitive root4 ,ea* n]ve1 :5 m9utely exam9$1 is f\nd to consi/ ( an aggregate ( v delicate filam5ts1 enclos$ 9 a common cellul> envelope4 ------------ #geh4 ,h[ _m pairs ( n]ves issue f ! sp9al cord8 ,expla9 fig4 #abh4 ,fig4 #abi4 ------------ #gei4 ,! ant]ior roots arise f a n>r[ :ite l9e ^u ! ant]ior columns ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! po/]ior roots arise f a n>r[ gray b& =m$ by ! int]nal gray sub/ance ( ! cord4 ,!y are l>g]1 & ! filam5ts ( orig9 m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! ant]ior roots4 ,a ganglion is f\nd ^u ea* ( ! po/]ior roots 9 ! op5+s betwe5 ! bones ( ! sp9al column ?r\gh :i* ! n]ve passes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,a section ( ! sp9al cord1 surr\nd$ by its %ea?4 ,b1 ,a sp9al n]ve1 =m$ by ! union ( ! motor root 7,c7 & ! s5sitive root 7,d47 ,at ,d1 ! ganglion ^u ?is root is se54 #gfj4 ,aft] ! =mation ( ! ganglion1 ! two roots unite1 & con/itute a sp9al n]ve1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 ! v]tebr on ! sides ( ! sp9al column4 ,! n]ves divide & subdivide1 until _! m9ute filam5ts ramify on ! tissues ( ! diff]5t organs4 ------------ #gei4 ,give ! orig9 ( ! ant]ior roots4 ,( ! po/]ior roots4 ,9 :at respect d ! po/]ior roots diff] f ! ant]ior8 #gfj4 ,:5 d ! two roots unite1 & :]e d !y pass8 ------------ #gfa4 ,! sp9al n]ves are divid$ into-- ,c]vical1 #h pairs1 ,dorsal1 #ab ,lumb>1 #e ,sacral1 #f #gfb4 ,! f\r l[] c]vical & upp] dorsal pass into ea* o!r & !n sep>ate to reunite4 ,?is is call$ ! bra*i-al plexu4 ,f ?is plexus six n]ves proce$1 :i* ramify ^u ! muscles & sk9 ( ! upp] extremities4 #gfc4 ,! la/ dorsal & ! five lumb> n]ves =m a plexus call$ ! lumb>1 simil> to t ( ! c]vical4 ,six n]ves pass f ?is plexus1 :i* ramify ^u ! muscles & sk9 ( ! l[] extremities4 #gfd4 ,! la/ lumb> & ! f\r upp] sacral unite to =m ! sacral plexus4 ,f ?is plexus five n]ves proce$1 t are di/ribut$ to ! muscles & sk9 ( ! hip & l[] extremities4 #gfe4 ,! ,,sympa!tic ,,n]ve#ai consi/s ( a s]ies ( ,gangli-a1 or knots1 ext5d+ ea* side ( ! sp9al column1 =m+ a *a9 its :ole l5g?4 ,x communicates ) bo? ! cranial & sp9al n]ves4 ,) ! exception ( ! neck1 !re is a ganglion = ea* int]v]tebral space4 ,^! ganglia are compos$ ( a mixture ( c9]iti\s & m$ull>y matt]1 & are suppos$ to be productive ( peculi> n]v\s p[]4 #ai ,! /ructure ( ?is n]ve is v complicat$1 & diff]5t physiologi/s ascribe to x v>i\s functions4 ,! "* ( its diseases are n well und]/ood4 ------------ #gfa4 ,give ! division ( ! sp9al n]ves4 #gfb4 ,:at n]ves con/itute ! bra*ial plexus8 ,h[ _m n]ves pass f ?is plexus8 #gfc4 ,h[ _m n]ves f ! lumb> plexus1 & :]e d !y ramify8 #gfd4 ,h[ is ! sacral plexus =m$8 #gfe4 ,( :at does ! sympa!tic n]ve consi/8 ,h[ is ! sympa!tic n]ve di/ribut$8 ,:at exception8 ,( :at are ! ganglia compos$8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,a beautiful repres5tation ( ! sympa!tic ganglia & _! connection ) o!r n]ves4 ,x is f ! gr& engrav+ ( ,manec1 r$uc$ 9 size4 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,! semilun> ganglion & sol> plexus1 situat$ bel[ ! diaphragm & beh9d ! /oma*4 ,?is ganglion is situat$ 9 ! region 7pit ( ! /oma*7 :]e a bl[ gives sev]e suff]+4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,! ?oracic ganglia1 t5 or elev5 9 numb]4 ,e1 ,e1 ,! ext]nal & int]nal bran*es ( ! ?oracic ganglia4 ,g1 ,h1 ,! "r & left coron>y plexus1 situat$ ^u ! he>t4 ,i1 ,n1 ,q1 ,! inf]ior1 middle1 & sup]ior c]vical ganglia4 #a1 ,! r5al plexus ( n]ves t surr\nds ! kidneys4 #b1 ,! lumb> ganglion4 #c1 ,_! int]nal bran*es4 #d1 ,_! ext]nal bran*es4 #e1 ,! aortic plexus ( n]ves t lies ^u ! aorta4 ,! o!r lett]s & figures repres5t n]ves t connect important organs & n]ves ) ! sympa!tic ganglia4 #gff4 ,! ,,ganglia may be consid]$ z di/9ct c5tres1 giv+ (f bran*es 9 f\r directions2 namely1 ! sup]ior1 or asc5d+1 to communicate ) ! ganglion above2 ! inf]ior1 or desc5d+1 to communicate ) ! ganglion bel[2 ! ext]nal1 to communicate ) ! sp9al n]ves2 & ! int]nal1 to communicate ) ! sympa!tic filam5ts4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! n]ves t pass f ! ganglia are l>g] ?an ^? t ent]$ !m2 z if !y imp>t$ to ! n]ve "s additional p[]4 #gfg4 ,! bran*es ( di/ribution accompany ! art]ies :i* supply ! diff]5t organs1 & =m communications ar\nd !m1 :i* are call$ plexuses1 & take ! "n ( ! art]y ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,?us we h ! mes5t]ic plexus1 hepatic plexus1 spl5ic plexus1 c4 ,all ! int]nal organs ( ! head1 neck1 & trunk1 are suppli$ ) bran*es f ! sympa!tic1 & "s ( !m exclusively2 = ?is reason1 x is consid]$ a n]ve ( organic life4 ------------ ,:at is ! design ( fig1 #aca8 #gff4 ,h[ may ! ganglia be consid]$8 #gfg4 ,:at is said ( ! bran*es ( ! sympa!tic n]ve8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #gfh4 ,! bra9 is reg>d$ by physiologi/s & philosoph]s z ! organ ( ! m9d4 ,mo/ writ]s consid] x z an aggregate ( p>ts1 ea* *>g$ ) specific functions1 & t ^! functions are ! highe/ & mo/ important 9 ! animal economy4 ,to ! l>ge bra91 or c]ebral lobes1 !y ascribe ! seat ( ! faculties ( ?9k+1 memory1 & ! w4 ,9 man1 ?is lobe ext5ds s f> backw>d z to cov] ! :ole ( ! c]ebellum4 ,to ! c]ebellum1 or little bra91 is ascrib$ ! seat ( ! animal1 or l[] prop5sities4 #gfi4 ,! con/ant relation betwe5 m5tal p[] & developm5t ( bra91 expla9s :y capacities & dispositions are s diff]5t4 ,9 infancy1 = example1 ! intellectual p[]s are feeble & inactive4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! inaptitude ( a /ill imp]fect bra92 b 9 proportion z ! latt] advances t[>d its mature /ate1 ! m5tal faculties also become vigor\s & active4 #ggj4 ,we are able1 9 mo/ in/ances1 at lea/1 to trace a correspond5ce betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! c]ebral lobes & ! am\nt ( intellig5ce possess$ by ! p]son4 ,! weight ( ! bra9 9 man to t ( ! :ole body v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! heavie/ bra9 on record 0 t ( ,cuvi]1 :i* weigh$ #d p\nds & #ac ounces4 ------------ #gfh-ggb4 ,give ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 #gfh4 ,h[ is ! bra9 reg>d$ by physiologi/s & philosoph]s8 ,:at d !y ascribe to ! c]ebrum8 ,to ! c]ebellum8 #gfi4 ,:at does ! relation betwe5 m5tal p[]s & developm5t ( bra9 expla98 #ggj4 ,:at is said respect+ ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 & ! am\nt ( intellig5ce possess$ by ! p]son8 ,:at is said ( ! weight ( ! bra98 ------------ #gga4 ,! bra9 likewise holds an important relation to all ! o!r organs ( ! sy/em4 ,to ! muscul> sy/em x imp>ts an influ5ce :i* induces contraction ( ! fibres4 ,by ?is relation !y are br\ght "u ! control ( ! w4 ,to ! sk91 eye1 & e>1 x imp>ts an influ5ce t gives s5sibility1 or ! p[] ( feel+1 see+1 he>+1 c4 #ggb4 ,aga91 ! involunt>y functions ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! sy/em are m or less influ5c$ by ! bra94 ,if ! action ( ?is c5tral organ ( ! n]v\s sy/em is de/roy$1 ! functions ( ! dige/ive1 respiratory1 & circulatory app>atuses w be mu* di/urb$ or entirely suppress$4 #ggc4 ,! bra9 is ! seat ( s5sation4 ,x receives ! impressions made on all p>ts ( ! body1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5sitive n]ves4 ,t ! impressions ( ext]nal objects1 made on ^! n]ves1 be communicat$ to ! bra91 :]e s5sation is p]ceiv$1 x is necess>y t !y be n diseas$ or injur$4 ,obs]vation4 ,!re is a pla9 di/9ction betwe5 s5sations & impressions2 ! latt] are ! *anges produc$ 9 ! extremities ( ! n]ve2 ! =m]1 ! *anges produc$ 9 ! bra9 & communicat$ to ! m9d4 #ggd4 ,:at "p ( ! bra9 receives ! impressions or has ! mo/ intimate relation ) ! intellectual faculties is unkn[n4 ,"s portions1 h[ev]1 are ( less importance ?an o!rs4 ,l>ge portions ( ! cortical1 or out] "p1 are frequ5tly remov$ )\t affect+ ! functions ( ?is organ4 ,pieces ( ! m$ull>y1 or c5tral p>ts1 h be5 remov$ by injuries )\t impair+ ! intellect or de/roy+ life4 ,?is organ1 al?\gh x takes cognizance ( e s5sation1 is1 ( itself1 b slightly s5sible4 ,x may be cut1 or p>ts may be remov$ )\t pa91 & ! individual1 at ! same times reta9 8 consci\sness4 ------------ #gga4 ,:at is said ( ! relation ( ! bra9 to all ( ! organs ( ! body8 #ggb4 ,are ! involunt>y functions ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em influ5c$ by ! bra98 #ggc4 ,:]e is s5sation p]ceiv$8 ,by :at ag5cy are ! impressions ( ext]nal objects convey$ to ! bra98 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5sations & impressions8 #ggd4 ,is x kn[n :at "p ( ! bra9 has ! mo/ intimate relation ) ! intellectual faculties8 ------------ #gge4 ,! bra9 is ! seat ( ! w4 ,x sup]9t5ds ! physical z well z ! m5tal movem5ts1 & ! m$ium ( communication f ?is organ to ! muscles1 or ! p>ts to be mov$1 is ! motor n]ves4 ,if ! bra9 is 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 ! muscles are at re/2 if1 by an act ( ! w1 ! bra9 s5ds a portion ( n]v\s influ5ce to a volunt>y muscle1 x imm$iately contracts1 & ^? p>ts to :i* ! muscle is atta*$ move4 ,!re is no p]ceptible int]val betwe5 ! act ( ! w & ! motion ( ! "p4 #ggf4 ,"s physiologi/s ass]t1 t ! m$ulla oblongata is ! po9t at :i* excitem5t to motion comm5ces1 & s5sation t]m9ates2 & also1 t x possesses ! p[] ( orig9at+ motion 9 itself4 ,obs]vation4 ,! m$ulla oblongata1 unlike ! bra91 is highly s5sitive2 if slightly punctur$1 convulsions foll[2 if mu* injur$1 respiration1 or brea?+1 imm$iately ceases4 #ggg4 ,x is rem>kable t ! n]ves :i* arise f ! "r side ( ! sp9al cord communicate ) ! left hemisph]e ( ! c]ebrum1 & vice v]sa2 ?is results f ! cross+ ( ! fibres 9 ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t if ! "r side ( ! bra9 receives an injury1 ! p>ts ( ! opposite side ( ! body lose _! s5sibility & motion4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,if ! cranial n]ves :i* are connect$ by a s+le root are divid$1 only ! s5sation ( ! "p to :i* !y are di/ribut$ is lo/4 ,?us1 if ! optic n]ve is divid$1 ! s5se ( vision disappe>s1 b ! motions ( ! eye are p]=m$ z readily z be=e4 ,b1 if ! sp9al n]ves are divid$1 bo? s5sation & motion ( ! "p to :i* !y lead are de/roy$4 ------------ ,:at portions h be5 remov$ )\t impair+ ! intellect8 ,:at is rem>kable ( ! bra98 #gge4 ,:at is ! influ5ce ( ! bra9 ^u ! muscles8 #ggf4 ,:at d "s physiologi/s ass]t ( ! m$ulla oblongata8 #ggg4 ,:at is rem>kable ( ! n]ves8 ,give ! #a/ obs]vation relative to ! cranial n]ves4 ------------ #b;d4 ,:5 ! sp9al cord is divid$ or compress$1 z 9 fractures ( ! sp9al column1 all p>ts bel[ ! fracture are p>alyz$1 ?\gh ! n]ves lead+ to ^! p>ts may be un9jur$4 #c;d4 ,aga91 "o side ( ! body or "o limb may become ins5sible1 & ! p[] to move x1 be p]fectly reta9$2 or ! rev]se ( ?is may happ5--! p[] ( motion w be lo/ :ile s5sation rema9s4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! function ( ! po/]ior1 or s5sitive column ( ! sp9al cord on "o side is de/roy$2 9 ! latt]1 ! ant]ior1 or motor column is affect$4 #d?4 ,9 "s cases1 bo? s5sation & motion ( "o side ( ! body or "o limb are de/roy$4 ,9 su* in/ances1 bo? ! ant]ior & ! po/]ior columns ( "o side ( ! sp9al cord are diseas$4 #ggh4 ,vigor\s & controllable muscul> contraction requires a s\nd & well-develop$ bra94 ,if ?is organ is defective 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ! movem5ts w be ineffici5t1 & may be irregul>4 ,! c5tral organ ( ! n]v\s sy/em mu/1 likewise1 be 9 an active condition1 to induce regul>1 /eady1 & controllable muscul> movem5ts4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,p]sons :o h suff]$ f apoplexy & o!r sev]e diseases ( ! bra91 h an involunt>y trembl+ ( ! limbs1 :i* results f a weak5$ /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ------------ ,to ! sp9al n]ves4 ,:at is said ( ! compression ( ! sp9al cord8 ,give ! #c;d obs]vation relative to ! sp9al n]ves4 ,! #d? obs]vation4 #ggh4 ,^u :at does vigor\s controllable muscul> contraction dep5d8 ,:at causes ! involunt>y trembl+ ( ! limbs 9 p]sons :o h suff]$ f apoplexy8 ------------ #b;d4 ,! tremor ( ! h&1 t less5s ! usefulness or incapacitates ! f9e arti/ or skilful me*anic1 9 ! prime ( life1 f pursu+ _! vocations1 may be1 & is (t51 induc$ by ! influ5ce ( intoxicat+ dr9k1 :i* debilitates & disorganizes ! bra94 #c;d4 ,! tott]+ /ep1 trembl+ h&1 & %ak+ head ( ! ag$ invalid1 are ! results ( dim9i%$ n]v\s en]gy1 s t /eady muscul> contraction1 s ess5tial to regul> movem5ts1 _c be ma9ta9$4 #ggi4 ,no diff]5ce c be discov]$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! sev]al k9ds ( n]ves 9 any "p ( _! c\rse1 & ! functions !y are design$ to p]=m c only be kn[n by asc]ta9+ ! place ( _! orig94 ,! n]ves may be functionally divid$ into five gr\ps4 #ghj4 #a/4 ,n]ves ( special s5sation4 ,^! are ! fir/1 second1 eigh?1 & x may be "o ( ! bran*es ( ! fif? pair ( cranial n]ves4 ,! function ( ^! n]ves is p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ! *apt]s ^u ! s5ses ( smell1 vision1 he>+1 & ta/e4 #gha4 #b;d4 ,n]ves ( g5]al s5sation4 ,^! embrace ! fif? pair ( cranial n]ves1 & ! ?irty-"o pairs ( sp9al n]ves4 ,9 ^? p>ts t require s5sation = _! safety & ! p]=mance ( _! functions1 !re is an abundant supply ( s5sitive n]v\s filam5ts4 ,! n]ves ( s5sation are mo/ly di/ribut$ ^u ! sk94 ,few filam5ts ramify ^u ! muc\s membranes & muscles4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! pa9ful s5sations exp]i5c$ 9 ! face1 & 9 ! tee? or jaws1 7tic d\l\reux & too?a*e17 are induc$ by irritation & disease ( a portion ( ! filam5ts ( ! fif? pair ( cranial n]ves4 ------------ ,! tremor ( ! h& among "s me*anics 9 ! prime ( life8 ,! tott]+ /ep ( ! ag$ invalid8 #ggi4 ,:at is said relative to ! /ructure ( ! n]ves8 ,h[ may !y be divid$8 #ghj4 ,give ! n]ves ( special s5se4 #gha4 ,^? ( g5]al s5sation4 ,:]e are ! n]ves ( s5sation di/ribut$8 ,:at causes tic d\l\reux8 ------------ #b;d4 ,! unpleasant s5sation sometimes exp]i5c$ :5 we he> ! grat+ ( a file or saw1 is produc$ by ! connection ( ! n]ve t passes across ! drum ( ! e> ) ! fif? cranial n]ve4 #c;d4 ,:5 pressure is made on ! trunk ( a n]ve1 ! s5sibility ( ! "p :]e ! n]ve ramifies is modifi$4 ,?is is illu/rat$1 :5 pressure is made ^u ! l>ge n]ve ( ! l[] extremity 7sciatic7 9 sitt+ ^u a h>d b5*4 ,! foot is !n said to be asleep4 #d?4 ,:5 ! trunk ( a n]ve is diseas$ or injur$1 ! pa9 is exp]i5c$ 9 ! out] extremity ( ! n]ve4 ,a bl[ ^u ! elb[1 :i* causes a peculi> s5sation 9 ! little f+] & "o side ( ! r+ f+]1 af=ds a famili> illu/ration4 ,?is s5sation is produc$ by injur+ ! uln> n]ve1 :i* is di/ribut$ to ! little f+]4 #ghb4 #c;d4 ,n]ves ( motion4 ,^! are ! ?ird1 six?1 & twelf? pairs ( cranial n]ves1 & ! ?irty-"o pairs ( sp9al n]ves4 ,^! n]ves are di/ribut$ to ! fibres ( ! five hundr$ muscles ( ! body4 ,! functions ( ! muscul> are diff]5t f ^? ( ! s5sitive n]ves4 ,! =m] are provid$ = ! purpose ( motion1 & n ( feel+4 ,h5ce1 muscles may be cut1 & ! pa9 w be slight1 comp>$ ) ! cutt+ ( ! sk94 ,?is may be call$ muscul> pa94 ,we>9ess is a s5sation recogniz$ by "o set ( muscul> n]ves4 #ghc4 ,s uni=mly is a sep>ate in/rum5t provid$ = e additional function1 t !re is /rong reason to reg>d ! muscul> n]ves1 al?\gh runn+ 9 "o %ea?1 z 9 reality d\ble1 & p]=m+ di/9ct functions4 ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 9 8 "w on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 endeavors to %[1 t "o set ( n]v\s fibres conveys ! m&ate f ! bra9 to ! muscle1 & excites ! contraction2 & t ano!r set conveys1 f ! muscle to ! bra91 a peculi> s5se ( ! /ate or degree ( contraction ( ! muscle1 by :i* we are enabl$ to judge ( ! am\nt ( /imulus necess>y to accompli% ! end desir$4 ,?is is obvi\sly an indisp5sable piece ( in=mation to ! m9d 9 regulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! body4 ------------ ,h[ is ! peculi> s5sation acc\nt$ = :5 we he> ! grat+ ( a file or saw8 ,:at produces ! s5sation :5 ! foot is said to be asleep8 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! uln> n]ve is injur$ by a bl[8 #ghb4 ,give ! n]ves ( motion4 ,:at is said ( ! functions ( ! muscul> n]ves8 #ghc4 ,:at does ,sir ,*>les ,bell endeavor to %[8 ------------ #ghd4 #d?4 ,n]ves ( respiration4 ,^! are ! f\r?1 sev5?1 n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? pair ( cranial n]ves1 also ! phr5ic & ! ext]nal respiratory n]ve4 ,all ( ^! n]ves h _! orig9 9 a di/9ct tract or column1 call$ ! lat]al1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! sp9al cord4 ,h5ce x is sometimes nam$ ! respiratory column4 ,^! n]ves are di/ribut$ to "o ( ! muscles ( ! eye2 to ! muscles ( ! face2 to ! tongue1 ph>ynx1 oesophagus1 /oma*1 he>t1 lungs1 diaphragm1 & "s ( ! muscles ( ! neck & *e/4 #ghe4 ,x is ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! accessory1 phr5ic1 & ext]nal respiratory n]ves1 7#aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 fig4 #acb17 t ! muscles employ$ 9 respiration are br\ght into action )\t ! necessity ( ! int]f]5ce ( ! m9d4 ,?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t !y may be "u ! influ5ce ( ! w1 yet x is only 9 a second>y degree4 ,no "o c long susp5d ! movem5ts ( respiration2#bj = 9 a %ort "t1 in/9ctive feel+ issues its irresi/ible m&ate1 :i* nei!r requires ! aid ( err+ wisdom1 nor brooks ! caprici\s int]f]5ce ( ! w4 #bj ,dr4 ,elliotson1 & "s o!r writ]s ,on physiology1 h detail$ cases ( dea? f volunt>y susp5sion ( respiration4 ,b ^! cases are n conclusive1 z exam9ations 7 n made1 s z to det]m9e positively1 t dea? did n result f disease ( ! he>t1 bra91 or "s o!r vital organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,! di/ribution ( ! respiratory n]ves4 a1 ,section ( ! bra9 & m$ulla oblongata4 b1 ,! lat]al columns ( ! sp9al cord4 c1 c1 ,! respiratory tract ( ! sp9al cord4 d1 ,! tongue4 e1 ,! l>ynx4 f1 ,! bron*ia4 g1 ,! oesophagus4 h1 ,! /oma*4 i1 ,! diaphragm4 #a1 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve4 #b1 ,! sup]ior l>yngeal n]ve4 #c1 ,! recurr5t l>yngeal n]ve4 7,^! two ramify on ! l>ynx47 #d1 ,! pulmon>y plexus ( ! t5? n]ve4 #e1 ,! c>diac plexus ( ! t5? n]ve4 ,^! two plexuses supply ! he>t & lungs ) n]v\s filam5ts4 #g1 ,! orig9 ( ! f\r? pair ( n]ves1 t passes to ! sup]ior oblique muscle ( ! eye4 #h1 ,! orig9 ( ! facial n]ve1 t is spread out on ! side ( ! face & nose4 #i1 ,! orig9 ( ! glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve1 t passes to ! tongue & ph>ynx4 #aj1 ,! orig9 ( ! sp9al accessory n]ve4 #aa1 ,?is n]ve p5etrat+ ! /]no-ma/oideus muscle4 #ab1 ,! orig9 ( ! int]nal respiratory or phr5ic n]ve1 t is se5 to ramify on ! diaphragm4 #ac1 ,! orig9 ( ! ext]nal respiratory n]ve1 t ramifies on ! pectoral & scal5i muscles4 ------------ #ghd4 ,give ! respiratory n]ves4 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! respiratory n]ves8 #ghe4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :at n]ves are ! respiratory muscles br\ght into action8 ,expla9 fig4 #acb4 ------------ #ghf4 ,! f\r?1 sev5?1 & t5? pairs ( n]ves1 7#g1 #h1 #i1 fig4 #acb17 ) ! sp9al accessory1 phr5ic1 & ext]nal respiratory1 are n only connect$ ) ! function ( respiration1 b contribute to ! expression ( ! passions & emotions ( ! m9d4 #ghg4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ord] ( n]ves 9 ! expression ( ! passions1 is /rik+ly depict$ 9 ,sir ,*>les ,bell's ,treatise on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,9 t]ror1 he rem>ks1 we c readily conceive :y a man /&s ) 8 eyes int5tly fix$ on ! object ( 8 fe>s--! eyebr[s elevat$1 & ! eyeballs l>gely uncov]$2 or :y1 ) hesitat+ & bewild]$ /eps1 8 eyes are rapidly & wildly 9 se>* ( some?+4 ,9 ?is way1 we only p]ceive ! int5se application ( 8 m9d to ! objects ( 8 appreh5sion1 & its direct influ5ce on ! outw>d organs4 ------------ ,c respiration be susp5d$ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t8 #ghf4 ,:at n]ves contribute to ! expression ( ! passions & emotions ( ! m9d8 #ghg1 #ghh4 ,:at does ,sir ,*>les ,bell say ( ! influ5ce ( ?is ord] ( n]ves 9 ! expression ( ! passions8 ------------ #ghh4 ,b :5 we obs]ve him fur!r1 !re is a spasm 9 8 brea/2 he _c brea! freely2 ! *e/ rema9s elevat$1 & 8 respiration is %ort & rapid4 ,!re is a gasp+ & convulsive motion ( 8 lips1 a tremor on 8 holl[ *eeks1 a gasp+ & cat*+ ( 8 ?roat2 8 he>t knocks at 8 ribs1 :ile yet !re is no =ce 9 ! circulation--! lips & *eeks be+ a%y pale4 #ghi4 ,^! n]ves are ! in/rum5ts ( expression1 f ! smile ^u ! infant's *eek1 to ! la/ agony ( life4 ,x is :5 ! /rong man is subdu$ by ?is my/]i\s influ5ce ( s\l on body1 & :5 ! passions may be truly said to te> ! he>t1 t we h ! mo/ afflict+ picture ( human frailty1 & ! mo/ unequivocal pro( t x is ! ord] ( functions we h be5 consid]+1 t is ?us affect$4 ,9 ! fir/ /ruggle ( ! infant to draw brea?1 9 ! man recov]+ f a /ate ( suffocation1 & 9 ! agony ( passion1 :5 ! brea/ labors f ! influ5ce at ! he>t1 ! same sy/em ( p>ts is affect$1 ! same n]ves1 ! same muscles1 & ! symptoms or "* h a /rict resemblance4 #gij4 ,! sev5? pair ( n]ves n only communicates ! purposes ( ! w to ! muscles ( ! face1 b at ! same "t x calls !m into action1 "u ! influ5ce ( in/9ct & sympa?y4 ,on ?is subject a late writ] rem>ks1 ,h[ expressive is ! face ( man6 ,h[ cle>ly x ann\nces ! ?\ghts & s5tim5ts ( ! m9d6 ,h[ well depict$ are ! passions on 8 c\nt5ance6 tumultu\s rage1 abject fe>1 devot$ love1 envy1 hatr$1 grief1 & e o!r emotion1 9 all _! %ades & div]sities1 are impr9t$ !re1 9 *>act]s s cle> t he t runs may read6 ,h[ difficult1 nay1 h[ impossible1 is x to hide or falsify ! expressions :i* indicate ! int]nal feel+s6 ,?us consci\s guilt %r9ks f detection1 innoc5ce decl>es its confid5ce1 & hope anticipates ) bright expectation4 ,obs]vation4 ,! fif? pair ( n]ves 7fig4 #abf7 is di/ribut$ to ! p>ts ( ! face on :i* ! sev5? pair ramifies4 ,! =m] s]ves = s5sation1 ! latt] = motion4 ,?us1 :5 ! sev5? pair ( n]ves is divid$1 or its functions de/roy$ by disease1 ! side affect$ loses all p[] ( expression1 ?\gh s5sation rema9s unaffect$4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we divide ! fif? pair1 s5sation is entirely de/roy$1 :ile expression rema9s4 ------------ #ghi4 ,are !y also ! in/rum5ts ( expression1 ei!r ( joy or grief8 #gij4 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! sev5? pair ( n]ves8 ,:]e is ! fif? pair ( n]ves di/ribut$8 ------------ #gia4 #e?4 ,! sympa!tic n]ve4 ,?is n]ve conf]s vitality on all ! important portions ( ! sy/em4 ,x ex]ts a controll+ influ5ce ov] ! involunt>y functions ( dige/ion1 absorption1 secretion1 circulation1 & nutrition4 ,e portion ( ! body is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "u its influ5ce1 z filam5ts f ?is sy/em ( n]ves accompany ! blood-vessels ?r\gh\t _! c\rse4 #gib4 ,an important use ( ! sympa!tic n]ve is to =m a communication ( "o "p ( ! sy/em ) ano!r1 s t "o organ c take cognizance ( ! condition ( e o!r1 & act accord+ly4 ,if1 = example1 disease seizes ! bra91 ! /oma*1 by its sympa!tic connection1 kn[s x2 & z n\ri%m5t w\ld add to ! disease1 x refuses to receive food1 & p]haps ?r[s (f :at has already be5 tak54 ,loss ( appetite 9 sickness is ?us a k9d provision ( nature1 to prev5t our tak+ food :5 x w\ld be injuri\s2 & foll[+ ?is intimation1 we1 z a g5]al rule1 %\ld ab/a9 f food until ! appetite returns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,a back view ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 #a1 ,! c]ebrum4 #b1 ,! c]ebellum4 #c1 ,! sp9al cord4 #d1 ,n]ves ( ! face4 #e1 ,! bra*ial plexus ( n]ves4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 ,n]ves ( ! arm4 #aj1 ,n]ves t pass "u ! ribs1 #aa1 ,! lumb> plexus ( n]ves4 #ab1 ,! sacral plexus ( n]ves #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,n]ves ( ! l[] limbs4 ------------ ,:at is ! function ( ?is n]ve8 ,:at is ! effect if ! sev5? pair is divid$1 or its function de/roy$ by disease8 #gia4 ,:at is said ( ! sympa!tic n]ve8 #gib4 ,:at is ! use ( ! sympa!tic sy/em8 ,expla9 fig4 #acc4 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em be review$ f figs4 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 or f anatomical outl9e plate4 ,no4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #gic4 ,z ! diff]5t organs ( ! sy/em are dep5d5t on ! bra9 & sp9al cord = effici5t functional action1 & z ! m9d & bra9 are closely associat$ dur+ life1 ! =m] act+ 9 /rict ob$i5ce to ! laws :i* regulate ! latt]1 x becomes an object ( prim>y importance 9 education1 to discov] :at ^! laws are1 t we may escape ! num]\s evils consequ5t on _! violation4 #gid4 ,= heal?y & effici5t action1 ! bra9 %\ld be prim>ily s\nd2 z ?is organ is subject to ! same g5]al laws z o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,if ! bra9 ( ! *ild is free f defects at bir?1 & acquires no improp] impressions 9 infancy1 x w n easily become diseas$ 9 aft] life4 ,b1 if ! bra9 has inh]it$ defects1 or has acquir$ a pron5ess to disease by mismanagem5t 9 e>ly life1 x w m easily yield to influ5ces t cause diseas$ action4 ,! h]$it>y t5d5cy to disease is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful causes t produce n]v\s & m5tal affections4 ,consequ5tly1 *ildr5 h a /rong t5d5cy to ! diseases f :i* ! p>5ts suff]$4 #gie4 ,:5 bo? p>5ts h simil> defects1 or h desc5d$ f ta9t$ families1 ! *ildr5 are usually m deeply impress$ ) _! imp]fections ?an :5 only "o possesses ! defect4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! frequ5cy ( n]v\s disease & imbecility among ! opul5t1 z int]m>riages among ne> relations are m frequ5t ) ?is class ?an among ! poor4 ------------ #gic-hej4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 #gic4 ,:y is x important to "k ! laws :i* regulate ! action ( ! bra98 #gid4 ,:at is necess>y t ! action ( ! bra9 be heal?y & effici5t8 ,:at foll[s if ! bra9 ( ! *ild has inh]it$ defects8 #gie4 ,:at is ! effect :5 bo? p>5ts possess simil> defects8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,among "s ( ! reign+ families ( ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ! ,spani%1 ! folly ( int]m>riage among !mselves is /rongly illu/rat$4 ,! high & noble tal5ts t *>act]iz$ _! prog5itors are n se51 b !re is n[ exhibit$1 among _! desc5dants1 imbecility & ! mo/ revolt+ =ms ( n]v\s disease4 #gif4 ,unhappily1 x is n m]ely z a cause ( disease1 t h]$it>y pr$isposition is to be dread$4 ,! ob/acles :i* x ?r[s 9 ! way ( p]man5t recov]y are ev5 m =midable1 & c nev] be entirely remov$4 ,safety is to be f\nd only 9 avoid+ ! p]petuation ( ! mis*ief4 #gig4 ,!re=e1 if two p]sons1 ea* naturally ( excitable & delicate n]v\s temp]am5t1 *oose to unite = life1 !y h !mselves to blame = ! conc5trat$ influ5ce ( simil> t5d5cies 9 de/roy+ ! heal? ( _! (fspr+1 & subject+ !m to all ! mis]ies ( n]v\s disease1 madness1 or melan*oly4 ,! comm& ( ,god n to m>ry )9 c]ta9 degrees ( consangu9ity1 is 9 accordance ) ! organic laws ( ! bra91 & ! wisdom ( ! prohibition is confirm$ by obs]vation4 ,obs]vation4 ,! inhabitants1 females p>ticul>ly1 ( ! sea-girt isl&s ( ,am]ica1 are m affect$ ) n]v\s diseases1 ?an ^? :o reside ^u ! ma9l&4 ,! preval5ce ( ^! affections is ascrib$ to ! frequ5t int]m>riage ( p]sons closely relat$ by blood4 ------------ ,:at is "o cause ( n]v\s disease among ! high] classes8 ,:at is true ( "s ( ! reign+ families ( ,europe8 #gif4 ,:y is h]$it>y pr$isposition to be dread$8 #gig4 ,is ! prohibition ( ,god respect+ int]m>riage 9 accordance ) ! organic laws ( ! bra98 ,:at is said ( ! inhabitants ( ! sea-girt isl&s ( ,am]ica8 ------------ #gih4 ,! bra9 requires a due supply ( pure blood4 ,?is organ receives an unusually l>ge supply ( blood1 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! body4 ,x is e/imat$ t "o t5? ( all ! blood s5t f ! he>t goes to ?is organ4 ,if ! art]ial blood be altoge!r )drawn1 or a p]son brea!s air t is fill$ ) c>bonic gas1 ! bra9 ceases its prop] action1 & s5sibility ) consci\sness becomes ext9ct4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,if a p]son lose a consid]able quantity ( blood1 dizz9ess & loss ( consci\sness foll[4 ,?is results f ! bra9 n receiv+ a suffici5t am\nt ( blood to su/a9 its functions4 #b;d4 ,:5 an individual desc5ds into a well or pit t conta9s c>bonic acid1 ! blood is n *ang$ or purifi$ 9 ! lungs1 & loss ( consci\sness & dea? soon foll[4 #gii4 ,! slight] v>iations 9 ! /ate ( ! blood h equally sure1 ?\gh less palpable effects4 ,if its vitality is impair$ by brea?+ an atmosph]e s mu* vitiat$ z to be insuffici5t to produce ! prop] degree ( oxyg5ation1 ! blood !n af=ds an imp]fect /imulus to ! bra94 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce1 languor & inactivity ( ! m5tal & n]v\s functions ensue1 & a t5d5cy to heada*e1 fa9t+1 or hy/]ia1 makes its appe>ance4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,let a p]son rema91 = a "t1 9 a cr[d$1 ill-v5tilat$1 hall or *ur*1 & heada*e or fa9tness is g5]ally produc$4 ,?is is caus$ by ! action ( impure blood ^u ! bra94 #b;d4 ,if a s*ool-tea*] wi%es to h 8 pupils1 on ! day ( exam9ation1 appe> cr$itably1 he w be c>eful to h ! room well v5tilat$4 ,v5tilat+ *ur*es might prev5t ! inatt5tion & sleep9ess t are obs]v$ dur+ ! aft]noon s]vice4 ------------ #gih4 ,:y does ! bra9 require a due supply ( pure blood8 ,:at is ! effect :5 a p]son loses a consid]able quantity ( blood8 ,:at causes ! loss ( consci\sness :5 c>bonic acid is brea!d8 #gii4 ,:at effects are produc$ by slight v>iations 9 ! quality ( ! blood8 ,f ! foll[+ obs]vations1 give "s ( ! effects ( impure blood on ! bra94 ------------ #c;d4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! transmission ( imp]fectly oxyg5at$ blood to ! bra91 is an influ5tial cause 9 ! production ( n]v\s disease & delicacy ( con/itution4 ,! only effici5t rem$y = ^! conditions is a supply ( pure blood to ! bra94 #hjj4 ,! bra9 %\ld be call$ into action4 ,?is organ1 l ! muscles1 %\ld be us$1 & !n all[$ to re/1 or cease f vigor\s ?\ght4 ,:5 ! bra9 is prop]ly call$ into action by mod]ate /udy1 x increases 9 size & /r5g?2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if x is n us$1 ! action ( ?is organ is enfeebl$1 !reby dim9i%+ ! function ( all p>ts ( ! body4 #hja4 ,! bra91 be+ an organiz$ "p1 is subject1 s f> z reg>ds ex]cise1 to ! same laws z ! o!r organs ( ! body4 ,if x is doom$ to inactivity1 its size dim9i%es1 its heal? decays1 & ! m5tal op]ations & feel+s1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 become dull1 feeble1 & sl[4 ,if x is duly ex]cis$ aft] regul> int]vals ( repose1 ! m9d acquires read9ess & /r5g?4 ,la/ly1 if x is ov]task$1 ei!r 9 ! =ce or duration ( its activity1 its functions become impair$1 & irritability & disease take ! place ( heal? & vigor4 #hjb4 ,! consequ5ces ( inadequate ex]cise w fir/ be expla9$4 ,we h se5 t by disuse ! muscles become emaciat$1 ! bones s(t51 & ! blood-vessels are oblit]at$4 ,! bra9 is no exception to ?is g5]al rule4 ,x is impair$ by p]man5t inactivity1 & becomes less fit to manife/ ! m5tal p[]s ) read9ess & en]gy4 ,nor w ?is surprise any reflect+ p]son1 :o consid]s t ! bra91 z a "p ( ! same animal sy/em1 is n\ri%$ by ! same blood & regulat$ by ! same vital laws z ! muscles1 bones1 & art]ies4 ------------ #hjj4 ,:y %\ld ! bra9 be call$ into action8 #hja4 ,:at is ! effect if ! bra9 is doom$ to inactivity8 #hjb4 ,%[ ! consequ5ces ( disuse ( ! organs m5tion$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,does ! same pr9ciple apply to ! bra98 ------------ #hjc4 ,x is ! weak5+ & depress+ effect :i* is induc$ by ! abs5ce ( ! /imulus necess>y = ! heal?y ex]cise ( ! bra91 t r5d]s solit>y conf9em5t s sev]e a puni%m5t1 ev5 to ! mo/ d>+ m9ds4 ,keep+ ! above pr9ciple 9 view1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t non-ex]cise ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 or1 9 o!r words1 inactivity ( intellect & feel+1 is a v frequ5t pr$ispos+ cause ( e =m ( n]v\s disease4 #hjd4 ,= demon/rative evid5ce ( ?is position1 we h only to look at ! num]\s victims to be f\nd among females ( ! middle & high] ranks1 :o h no calls to ex]tion 9 ga9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & no objects ( int]e/ on :i* to ex]cise _! m5tal faculties1 & :o1 consequ5tly1 s9k into a /ate ( m5tal slo? & n]v\sness1 :i* n only deprives !m ( mu* enjoym5t1 b subjects !m to suff]+1 bo? ( body & m9d f ! slighte/ causes4 #hje4 ,b let ! situation ( su* p]sons be *ang$2 br+ !m1 = in/ance1 f ! li/lessness ( retirem5t to ! bus9ess & bu/le ( ! city2 give !m a v>iety ( imp]ative employm5ts1 & s place !m 9 society z to supply to _! c]ebral organs t ext5t ( ex]cise :i* gives heal? & vivacity ( action1 & 9 a few mon?s ! *ange produc$ w be surpris+4 ,heal?1 animation1 & en]gy1 w take ! place ( =m] insipidity & dulness4 #hjf4 ,an additional illu/ration1 involv+ an important pr9ciple 9 ! production ( _m di/ress+ =ms ( disease w be f\nd 9 ! case ( a man ( mature age1 & ( active habits1 :o has devot$ 8 life to ! toils ( bus9ess1 & ^: h\rs ( leisure h be5 few & %ort4 ,suppose su* a p]son to retire to ! c\ntry 9 se>* ( repose1 & to h no moral1 religi\s1 or philosophical pursuits to occupy 8 att5tion & keep up ! active ex]cise ( 8 bra92 ?is organ w lose its heal?1 & ! inevitable result w be1 we>9ess ( life1 despond5cy1 or "s o!r v>iety ( n]v\s disease4 ------------ #hjc4 ,:at r5d]s solit>y conf9em5t s sev]e a puni%m5t to ! mo/ d>+ m9ds8 ,:at is a pr$ispos+ cause ( n]v\s disease8 #hjd4 ,9 :at classes d m5tal & n]v\s debility prevail8 #hje4 ,h[ c ?is be c\nt]act$8 #hjf4 ,give ano!r illu/ration1 %[+ h[ disease ( ! bra9 is induc$4 ------------ #hjg4 ,"o great evil att5d+ ! abs5ce ( "s imp]ative employm5t or object ( int]e/1 to ex]cise ! m9d & bra91 is ! t5d5cy :i* x g5]ates to wa/e ! m5tal en]gies on e trifl+ occurr5ce :i* pres5ts itself1 & to seek relief 9 ! mom5t>y excitem5t ( any s5sation1 h[ev] unwor?y4 ,! be/ rem$y = ^! evils is to create occupation to int]e/ ! m9d1 & give t :olesome ex]cise to ! bra91 :i* its con/itution requires4 #hjh4 ,! evils aris+ f excessive or ill-tim$ ex]cise ( ! bra91 or any ( its p>ts1 are num]\s4 ,:5 we use ! eye too long1 or 9 too bright a light1 x becomes blood%ot4 ,! increas$ action ( its vessels & n]ves gives rise to a s5sation ( fatigue & pa91 requir+ u to desi/4 ,if we relieve ! eye1 ! irritation gradually subsides & ! heal?y /ate returns4 ,b1 if we cont9ue to look int5tly1 or resume our employm5t be=e ! eye has rega9$ its natural /ate by repose1 ! irritation at la/ becomes p]man5t1 & disease1 foll[$ by weakness ( vision1 or ev5 bl9dness1 may ensue4 #hji4 ,ph5om5a precisely analog\s occur1 :51 f int5se m5tal excitem5t1 ! bra9 is kept long 9 a /ate ( excessive activity4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t we c always see :at happ5s 9 ! eye1 b r>ely :at takes place 9 ! bra92 occasionally1 h[ev]1 cases ( fracture ( ! skull occur1 9 :i*1 "p ( ! bone be+ remov$1 we c see ! quick5$ circulation 9 ! vessels ( ! bra91 z easily z ^? ( ! eye4 ------------ #hjg4 ,:at is "o great evil att5d+ ! abs5ce ( "s imp]ative employm5t to ex]cise ! m9d & bra98 ,:at is ! true rem$y = ^! evils8 #hjh4 ,f :at o!r cause d evils arise to ! bra98 ,expla9 ! evil ( x by ! excessive use ( ! eye4 #hji4 ,:at is ! only diff]5ce 9 ! analogy ( ! ph5om5a ( ! eye & bra98 ,has ! analogy be5 v]ifi$8 ------------ #haj4 ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] _h a "y man br\ght to him1 :o _h lo/ a portion ( 8 skull1 j above ! eyebr[4 ,on exam9+ ! head1 says ,sir ,a/ley1 ,i di/9ctly saw t ! pulsation ( ! bra9 0 regul> & sl[2 b at ?is "t he 0 agitat$ by "s opposition to 8 wi%es1 & directly ! blood 0 s5t ) increas$ =ce to ! bra91 & ! pulsation became frequ5t & viol5t4 #haa4 ,inde$1 9 _m in/ances1 ! increas$ circulation 9 ! bra91 att5dant on m5tal excitem5t1 reveals itself :5 lea/ expect$1 & leaves traces aft] dea?1 :i* are v p]ceptible4 ,:5 task$ beyond its /r5g?1 ! eye becomes ins5sible to light1 & no long] conveys any impressions to ! m9d4 ,9 l mann]1 ! bra91 :5 mu* exhau/$1 becomes incapable ( ?\ght1 & consci\sness is almo/ lo/ 9 a feel+ ( utt] confusion4 #hab4 ,at any "t ( life1 excessive & cont9u$ m5tal ex]tion is hurtful2 b 9 infancy & e>ly y\?1 :5 ! /ructure ( ! bra9 is /ill immature & delicate1 p]man5t mis*ief is m easily produc$ by injudici\s treatm5t ?an at any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! analogy is z complete betwe5 ! bra9 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 z t exemplifi$ 9 ! injuri\s effects ( premature ex]cise ( ! bones & muscles4 #hac4 ,scr(ul\s & rickety *ildr5 are ! mo/ usual suff]]s 9 ?is way4 ,!y are g5]ally rem>kable = l>ge heads1 great precocity ( und]/&+1 & small1 delicate bodies4 ,b 9 su* in/ances1 ! great size ( ! bra91 & ! acut5ess ( ! m9d1 are ! results ( morbid gr[?4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ ( managem5t1 ! *ild passes ! fir/ ye>s ( its life con/antly on ! br9k ( active disease4 ------------ #haj4 ,relate ! case detail$ by ,sir ,a/ley ,coop]4 #haa4 ,may ! increas$ functional action ( ! bra9 *ange its /ructure8 #hab4 ,at :at age p>ticul>ly is excessive & cont9u$ m5tal ex]tion hurtful8 #hac4 ,:at is said ( scr(ul\s & rickety *ildr58 ------------ #had4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( try+ to repress its m5tal activity1 ! fond p>5ts1 misl$ by ! e>ly promise ( g5ius too (t5 excite x /ill fur!r1 by unceas+ cultivation1 & ! nev]-fail+ /imulus ( praise4 ,f9d+ its progress = a "t equal to _! w>me/ wi%es1 !y look =w>d ) ec/asy to ! day :5 its tal5ts w break =? & %$ lu/re on its "n4 #hae4 ,b 9 exact proportion z ! picture becomes bright] to _! fancy1 ! probability ( its be+ realiz$ becomes less2 = ! bra91 worn out by premature ex]tion1 ei!r becomes diseas$1 or loses its tone1 leav+ ! m5tal p[]s imbecile & depress$ = ! rema9d] ( life4 ,! expect$ prodigy is ?us easily out/ripp$ 9 ! social race by _m ^: dull outset promis$ him an easy victory4 #haf4 ,tak+ = our guide ! necessities ( ! con/itution1 x w be obvi\s t ! modes ( treatm5t commonly resort$ to ought to be rev]s$4 ,in/ead ( /ra9+ to ! utmo/ ! already irritable p[]s ( ! precoci\s *ild1 & leav+ 8 dull competitor to rip5 at leisure1 a sy/ematic attempt ought to be made1 f e>ly infancy1 to r\se to action ! languid faculties ( ! latt]1 :ile no pa9s ought to be sp>$ to mod]ate & give tone to ! activity ( ! =m]4 #hag4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! prematurely intellig5t *ild is s5t to s*ool & task$ ) lessons at an unusually e>ly age1 :ile ! heal?y b m backw>d boy1 :o requires to be /imulat$1 is kept at home 9 idl5ess1 p]haps = two or ?ree ye>s long]1 m]ely on acc\nt ( 8 backw>dness4 ,a d\ble error is "h committ$4 ,! consequ5ces to ! intellig5t boy are1 frequ5tly1 ! p]man5t loss bo? ( heal? & ( 8 envi$ sup]iority ( intellect4 ------------ #had4 ,h[ are su* *ildr5 usually manag$8 #hae4 ,:at is ! cause ( _! e>ly promise & subsequ5t disappo9tm5t8 #haf4 ,:at mode ( treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ 9 educat+ precoci\s *ildr58 #hag4 ,h[ %\ld ! dull or less active *ild be treat$8 ,:at is ! usual c\rse8 ------------ #hah4 ,9 y\?1 too1 mu* mis*ief is done by ! long daily p]iod ( att5dance at s*ool1 & ! cont9u$ application ( ! m9d :i* ! ord9>y sy/em ( education requires4 ,! law ( ex]cise--t long-su/a9$ action exhau/s ! vital p[]s ( ! organ--applies z well to ! bra9 z to ! muscles4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( v>y+ ! occupations ( ! "y1 & all[+ frequ5t int]vals ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 in/ead ( en=c+ ! cont9u$ conf9em5t n[ s common4 ,obs]vation4 ,x is no unusual occurr5ce1 t on exam9ation day1 ! be/ s*ol>s appe> indiff]5tly4 ,?is may be ! result ( n]v\s exhau/ion1 produc$ by extra m5tal ef=t 9 prep>+ = ! f9al exam9ation4 ,x is advisable = su* pupils to div]t _! m9ds f close /udy = a few days previ\s to exam9ation4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! /ud5t may indulge 9 physical recreation1 social int]c\rse1 & a mod]ate am\nt ( read+4 #hai4 ,9 e>ly & middle life1 fev]1 an unusual degree ( c]ebral disord]1 is a common consequ5ce ( ! excessive & cont9u$ excitem5t ( ! bra94 ,?is unhappy result is br\ght on by sev]e /udy1 unremitt$ m5tal ex]tion1 anxiety1 & wat*+4 ,n]v\s disease1 f excessive m5tal labor & high m5tal excitem5t1 sometimes %[s itself 9 ano!r =m4 ------------ ,:at are ! consequ5ces ( ! error8 #hah4 ,:at error prevails 9 ! pres5t sy/em ( education8 ,:y %\ld y\?s be all[$ frequ5t int]vals to ex]cise 9 ! op5 air8 ,give obs]vation4 #hai4 ,:at is a frequ5t consequ5ce ( cont9u$ & excessive excitem5t ( ! bra98 ------------ #hbj4 ,f ! want ( prop] int]vals ( re/1 ! vascul> excitem5t ( ! bra9 has n "t to subside4 ,a re/less irritability ( temp] & disposition comes on1 att5d$ ) sleeplessness & anxiety1 = :i* no ext]nal cause c be assign$4 ,! symptoms gradually become aggravat$1 ! dige/ive functions give way1 nutrition is impair$1 & a s5se ( wret*$ness is con/antly pres5t1 :i* (t5 leads to attempts at suicide4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,mod]ation 9 m5tal ex]tion is m necess>y 9 old age ?an 9 e>ly or mature ye>s4 ,9 y\? & manhood1 ! exhau/ion ( ! bra9 f ov]-excitem5t may be repair$1 b no su* result foll[s ov]-ex]tion 9 ! decl9e ( life4 ,:at is lo/ !n1 is lo/ =ev]4 ,at t p]iod1 ! bra9 becomes excit$1 & is soon exhau/$ :5 =c$ to protract$ & vigor\s ?\ght4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott & ,presid5t ,h>rison af=d sad examples ( premature dea? f ov]task$ bra9s at an advanc$ p]iod ( _! lives4 #b;d4 ,if ! m9d is incessantly engag$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! same object1 !re is dang] f ov]-ex]tion ( ! bra9 at any p]iod ( life1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 old age4 ,! m limit$ ! sph]e ( m5tal action1 ! great] ! dang] ( ! bra9 be+ ov]-ex]cis$4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy ( n]v\s diseases 9 poets1 ma!maticians1 & musicians4 ------------ #hbj4 ,:at (t5 manife/s itself f ! want ( prop] int]vals ( re/8 ,:y is mod]ation 9 m5tal action necess>y 9 old age8 ,:at is ! effect if ! m9d is incessantly engag$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! same object8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 ,,cont9u$4 #hba4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! evils aris+ bo? f inadequate & f excessive m5tal ex]tion1 x rema9s to direct ! att5tion to "s ( ! rules :i* %\ld guide u 9 ! ex]cise ( ! bra94 #hbb4 ,we %\ld n ent] ^u cont9u$ m5tal ex]tion1 or ar\se deep feel+1 imm$iately be=e or aft] a full meal4 ,su* is ! connection betwe5 ! m9d & body1 t ev5 9 a p]fectly heal?y p]son1 unwelcome news1 sudd5 anxiety1 or m5tal excitem5t1 occurr+ soon aft] eat+1 w imp$e dige/ion1 & cause ! /oma* to loa! ! ma/icat$ food4 #hbc4 ,! wor/ =ms ( indige/ion & n]v\s depression are ^? :i* arise f excessive m5tal application1 or depress$ feel+1 conjo9$ ) unre/ra9$ indulg5ce 9 ! pleasures ( ! table4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! /oma* & bra9 react ^u & di/urb ea* o!r1 till all ! horrors ( n]v\s disease make _! unwelcome appe>ance1 & r5d] life mis]able4 ,too _m lit]>y m5 & /ud5ts "k ?is f sad exp]i5ce4 #hbd4 ,we %\ld engage 9 int5se /udy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day4 ,nature has allott$ ! d>kness ( ! night = repose1 & = re/oration by sleep ( ! exhau/$ en]gies ( m9d & body4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+1 if /udy or composition be ard5tly engag$ 91 ! increas$ action ( ! bra91 :i* always accompanies activity ( m9d1 requires a long "t to subside4 ,if ! individual possesses a n]v\s temp]am5t1 he w be sleepless = h\rs aft] he has retir$1 or p]haps be torm5t$ by unpleasant dreams4 ------------ #hbb4 ,:y %\ld we n ar\se deep feel+ imm$iately be=e or aft] eat+ a full meal8 #hbc4 ,h[ are ! wor/ =ms ( indige/ion & n]v\s depression produc$8 ,:at class ( m5 "k ?is f sad exp]i5ce8 #hbd4 ,:at evils arise f /udi\s application at night8 ------------ #hbe4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( great advantage to ent] ^u int5se m5tal application e>ly 9 ! day1 & to devote sev]al ( ! h\rs :i* prec$e b$time to ent]ta9+ conv]sation1 music1 & light] read+4 ,! vascul> excitem5t previ\sly induc$ 9 ! bra9 by /udy1 has !n "t to subside1 & s\nd1 refre%+ sleep is mu* m c]ta9ly obta9$4 ,?is rule is ( great consequ5ce to ^? :o are oblig$ to und]go mu* m5tal labor4 ,obs]vation4 ,! idea ( ga!r+ wisdom by burn+ ! midnight oil1 is m poetical ?an pr(itable4 ,! be/ "t to use ! bra9 is dur+ ! day4 #hbf4 ,! close /ud5t & ! gr[+ *ild ne$ m sleep ?an ! idl] or ! adult4 ,z /eep is ! natural repose ( all organs1 x foll[s t ! m ! bra9 & o!r organs ( ! sy/em are employ$1 ! m repose !y require4 ,! organs ( ! *ild1 beside su/a9+ _! prop] functions1 are busy 9 promot+ its gr[?4 ,?is nutritive process is att5d$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( exhau/ion4 ,! impair$ heal? ( *ildr5 (t5 results f a disreg>d ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 an excess ( sleep produces feebl5ess1 by prev5t+ ! prop] ex]cise ( ! m9d z well z ! body4 #hbg4 ,! l5g? ( "t ! bra9 may be advantage\sly us$1 is modifi$ by _m circum/ances4 ,! p[] ( ! bra9 9 diff]5t p]sons to endure action1 is v>i\s4 ,?is is modifi$ by its prim>y "*2 by developm5t & age2 by habits ( action2 by ! heal? ( ! c]ebral organ & g5]al sy/em2 by ! moral feel+s & o!r conditions4 ------------ #hbe4 ,:y %\ld we engage 9 int5se /udy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day8 #hbf4 ,:at p]sons require ! mo/ sleep8 ,:y8 #hbg4 ,:at is said relative to ! l5g? ( "t t ! bra9 c be advantage\sly us$8 ,give a condition t modifies ! am\nt ( m5tal labor4 ------------ #hbh4 ,! prim>y physical organization ( "s individuals is su*1 t !y are enabl$ to endure ) impunity an am\nt ( m5tal labor t w\ld disord]1 if n de/roy functionally1 ! c]ebral organ ( o!rs diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,napoleon ,bonap>te 0 ( ?is numb]4 ,!re c be no fix$ p]iod = m5tal labor1 t may be adopt$ z a rule = all p]sons ^: sy/ems are maturely develop$4 ,mu* less is !re a prop] def9ite p]iod = /udy1 t is applicable to all *ildr54 ,obs]vation4 ,! practice ( reta9+ pupils ( all ages1 f five to tw5ty ye>s1 9 ! s*ool-room ! same p]iod ( "t1 = ! purpose ( /udy1 is n pr$icat$ ^u any law ( physiology4 ,an ex]cise ( ?ree h\rs1 ) "o or two recesses ( t5 m9utes ea*1 may pr(it ! elde/ class2 two h\rs ) a recess ( t5 m9utes1 ! middle class2 :ile "o h\r1 or "o h\r & a half1 ) "o recess1 w\ld be z long a p]iod z ! y\nge/ pupils %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! /udy-room at "o session4 #hbi4 ,a p]son :o is accu/om$ to muscul> ex]tion w endure a long] p]iod ( physical toil ?an "o :o is n inur$ to x4 ,s x is ) m5tal labor4 ,if ! bra9 has be5 habituat$ to m5tal action & pr(\nd /udy1 x w n be s soon fatigu$ z :5 n accu/om$ to su* ex]tions2 consequ5tly1 an am\nt ( m5tal labor may be p]=m$ ) impunity at "o "t1 t w\ld exhau/ & cause s]i\s disease ( ! c]ebral organ at ano!r4 ,obs]vation4 ,p]sons t comm5ce a c\rse ( /udy at a late p]iod 9 life1 frequ5tly ev9ce _! zeal at ! comm5cem5t by por+ ov] _! books twelve or m h\rs ea* day4 ,! progress ( su* /ud5ts is soon arre/$ by physical & m5tal depression4 ,9 su* in/ances1 x w\ld be m judici\s to comm5ce ) only ?ree or f\r h\rs' vigor\s application ea* day1 & gradually protract ! p]iod ( /udy five or m m9utes e successive day1 until ! bra9 may be call$ into vigor\s action six or eight h\rs ) impunity4 ------------ #hbh4 ,:y c !re be no fix$ p]iod = m5tal labor8 ,:at is said ( ! practice ( reta9+ pupils ( all ages ! same p]iod ( "t 9 ! s*ool-room8 #hbi4 ,%[ t ! action ( ! bra9 is influ5c$ by habit1 z well z ! muscul> sy/em4 ,:at sugge/ion to ^? p]sons t comm5ce a c\rse ( /udy at a late p]iod 9 life8 ------------ #hcj4 ,! am\nt ( m5tal p[] is greatly influ5c$ by ! g5]al heal?4 ,su* is ! intimate connection ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em1 p>ticul>ly ! dige/ive app>atus1 ) ! c]ebral organs1 t except !re be vigor ( con/itution1 & fre$om f disease1 m5tal ef=ts w be feeble & ( little avail4 ,obs]vation4 ,! preval5t op9ion1 t individuals :o are feeble or diseas$ may acquire a collegiate education1 & ?us become useful to !mselves & ! community1 is v g5]ally errone\s4 ,su* p]sons %\ld ent] ^u a daily & sy/ematic c\rse ( physical tra9+1 & _! labor %\ld be 9 ! op5 air1 9 ord] t ! sy/em may be invigorat$ & fre$ f disease4 #hca4 ,! moral feel+s ex]t a controll+ influ5ce ov] ! functions ( ! muscul>1 dige/ive1 & respiratory organs4 ,!y also ex]t an influ5ce1 p]haps1 m p[]ful ^u ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:ile fe> & anxiety depress1 hope & ! enliv5+ emotions1 facilitate ! functional activity ( ! bra91 & increase its p[] = m5tal ex]tion4 ,by a prop] & sy/ematic education ( ! moral feel+s1 !y are n only a s\rce ( happ9ess1 & productive ( "r conduct1 b aid 9 ! culture ( ! intellect4 ,consequ5tly1 we %\ld cultivate a feel+ ( hopeful tru/ 9 ! future1 & a firm reliance ^u ! laws :i* ! ,creator has giv5 u = our guidance4 ------------ #hcj4 ,%[ t ! am\nt ( m5tal p[] is modifi$ by ! g5]al heal?4 ,:at is said ( feeble p]sons acquir+ a collegiate education8 #hca4 ,d ! moral feel+s ex]t a controll+ influ5ce ov] ! pr9cipal functions ( ! sy/em8 ,:at is ! effect ( a prop] & sy/ematic culture ( ! moral feel+s8 ------------ #hcb4 ,regul>ity is v important 9 ex]cis+ ! moral & intellectual p[]s4 ,p]iodicity1 or a t5d5cy to resume ! same mode ( action at /at$ times1 is peculi>ly ! *>act]i/ic ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,if we repeat any k9d ( m5tal ef=t e day at ! same h\r1 we at la/ f9d ourselves ent]+ ^u x )\t prem$itation :5 ! "t approa*es4 ,9 l mann]1 if we arrange our /udies 9 accordance ) ?is law1 & take up ea* 9 ! same ord]1 a natural aptitude is soon produc$1 :i* r5d]s application m easy ?an by resum+ ! subjects z accid5t may direct4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 engag$ 9 ab/ruse /udies1 x may be f\nd advantage\s to pursue o!rs t are less difficult4 ,! int5se application ( ! bra91 :i* is requisite 9 ! "o in/ance1 is reliev$ by direct+ ! att5tion to a /udy t requires less ?\ght4 ,by ?is *ange1 !re is m5tal relaxation att5d$ ) invigoration ( ! c]ebral organ4 ,or1 x may be expla9$ by assum+1 t ! bra9 is compos$ ( an aggregate ( di/9ct organs1 ea* ( :i* is call$ into action 9 pursu+ diff]5t /udies4 #hcc4 ,effective /udy is impossible if ! p[]s ( ! bra9 are depress$4 ,:5 ! c]ebral organ has be5 tempor>ily debilitat$ by protract$ intellectual ef=ts1 x is ineffectual to attempt any conc5trat$ m5tal ex]cise4 ,?is condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em is indicat$ by confusion ( ?\ght & inability to atta9 results t usually foll[ simil> ef=ts4 ,m5tal re/ 9 ^! cases is requir$4 ,obs]vation4 ,/ud5ts frequ5tly fail 9 solv+ ma!matical problems :5 ! m9d is pro/rat$ by cont9u$ & excessive ef=t to obta9 a solution4 ,n unfrequ5tly aft] a night's re/ ! problem is quickly solv$1 & ! pupil ?9ks he dream$ x out4 ,! true explanation is re/ invigorat$ ! exhau/$ bra91 :i* fitt$ x = vigor\s & successful ?\ght4 ------------ #hcb4 ,:y is regul>ity ( great importance 9 ex]cis+ ! moral & intellectual p[]s8 ,:at sugge/ion :5 pursu+ ab/ruse /udies8 ,h[ expla9$8 #hcc4 ,:5 is effective /udy impossible8 ,h[ is ?is condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em indicat$8 ------------ #hcd4 ,! intellect %\ld n be cultivat$ to ! neglect ( ! moral & physical p[]s4 ,all ! faculties require = _! developm5t regul> ex]cise1 alt]nat$ ) int]vals ( re/4 ,?is is z necess>y to ! due developm5t ( ! moral feel+s ( a *ild z 9 physical tra9+ & m5tal culture4 ,consequ5tly1 ^? s*ools are to be pref]r$ 9 ! education ( y\?1 :]e ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral faculties receive ea* day a due %>e ( att5tion & culture4 #hce4 ,! cont9uance ( heal?y & vigor\s action 9 ! matur$ physical1 m5tal1 & moral p[]s1 requires frequ5t & regul> action1 alt]nat$ ) re/1 z mu* z 9 _! developm5t4 ,consequ5tly1 ^? :o cultivate "o or two ( ^! faculties1 to ! neglect ( ! o!rs1 exhibit a m>k$ defici5cy ( acut5ess & vigor 9 ^? n ex]cis$4 ,?is defect reacts on ! p[]s t are vigor\s1 dim9i%+ ! en]gy & det]iorat+ all ! o!r faculties ( man4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,if ! pr9ciples be=e m5tion$ are true1 ! adult1 z well z ! *ild1 %\ld sp5d a "p ( ea* day 9 "s prop] physical employm5t2 ano!r portion %\ld be appropriat$ to intellectual pursuits2 :ile ano!r %\ld be s$ul\sly devot$ to ! cultivation ( ! moral feel+s4 #b;d4 ,disease ( ! corporeal sy/em m frequ5tly occurs :5 only "o set ( faculties is us$ ?an :5 all are equally employ$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( n]v\s & m5tal disease1 :i* foll[s & is caus$ by ei!r high intellectual action1 or int5se moral emotions1 )\t a due am\nt ( physical ex]cise4 ------------ ,h[ is ! dream+ out ( problems expla9$8 #hcd4 ,:at is said ( ! culture ( ! intellect8 ,:at s*ools are pref]able 9 ! education ( y\?8 ,:y8 #hce4 ,:at is ! effect ( cultivat+ only "o faculty ( ! m9d8 ,give obs]vation #a/4 ,obs]vation #b;d4 ------------ #hcf4 ,! bra9 c ex]cise its full =ce ^u only "o object at a "t4 ,if its en]gies are direct$ to two or m op]ations1 nei!r w receive t full p[] ( ex]tion t x w\ld if only "o object _h engag$ ! m9d4 ,al?\gh ! bra9 w direct sev]al op]ations at ! same "t :5 only slight m5tal ef=t is requir$1 yet :5 "o op]ation becomes difficult1 or dem&s special att5tion ( ! m9d1 ! o!r w be susp5d$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 social conv]sation :ile walk+4 ,let x become necess>y to conc5trate ! n]v\s p[] ^u ! motor organs1 & ! conv]sation decl9es or ceases4 #hcg4 ,9 acquir+ an education1 or 9 pursu+ any pr(ession or trade1 none ( ^? influ5ces t promote ! prop] functions ( ! body1 & t5d to increase physical ease1 %\ld be neglect$4 ,=1 if ! bra9 is occupi$ ) disagreeable s5sations1 x _c conc5trate its p[] z effectively 9 ! v>i\s employm5ts ( man4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! situation1 v5tilation1 light1 & w>m? ( a s*ool-room1 toge!r ) ! arrangem5t ( ! b5*es1 d mu* to influ5ce ! conc5tration or di/raction ( ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,let !re be atta*$ to ! s*ool-h\se a spaci\s y>d plant$ ) trees2 let its ar*itecture be attractive2 let ! w9d[s be arrang$ ) regul>ity1 & n ) ! elevation ( a convict's cell1 & ! b5*es1 9 e respect1 be adapt$ to ! diff]5t s*ol>s1 s t ! position ( ea* may be com=table1 & we mi/ake if !re is n a great] improvem5t1 9 a giv5 "t1 9 su* a s*ool1 ?an :]e !re is an app>5t disreg>d to ! pleasure or com=t ( ! s*ol>s4 ------------ #hcf4 ,:at is ! effect if ! bra9 conc5trates its en]gies on m ?an "o object at a "t8 ,h[ illu/rat$8 #hcg4 ,:at %\ld be reg>d$ 9 pursu+ any employm5t8 ,:y8 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! arrangem5t ( s*ool-rooms8 ------------ #b;d4 ,me*anics' %ops %\ld receive z mu* att5tion1 relative to _! situation1 light1 w>m?1 c41 z s*ool-rooms4 ,if ^! are duly obs]v$1 ! n]v\s influ5ce transmitt$ f ! bra9 to ! muscles w be m /imulat+1 z well z m abundant2 consequ5tly1 labor w be p]=m$ ) less exhau/ion4 #hch4 ,repetition is necess>y to make a durable impression on ! m9d4 ,! necessity ( judici\s repetition 9 m5tal & moral education1 is1 9 fact1 too little adv]t$ to1 because ! pr9ciple :i* r5d]s x efficaci\s has n be5 und]/ood4 ,to induce facility ( action 9 ! organs ( ! m9d1 practice is z ess5tial z x is 9 ! organs ( motion4 #hci4 ,9 physical education we are aw>e ( ! advantages ( repetition4 ,we "k t if practice 9 danc+1 f5c+1 skat+1 & rid+1 is p]sev]$ 9 = a l5g? ( "t suffici5t to give ! muscles ! requisite promptitude & h>mony ( action1 ! p[] w be ev] aft]w>d reta9$1 al?\gh little call$ into use2 :]eas1 if ! muscles h n be5 duly tra9$1 we may reit]ate practice at diff]5t int]vals1 )\t proportionate advancem5t4 ,! same pr9ciple applies equally to ! moral & intellectual p[]s1 because ^! op]ate by means ( mat]ial organs4 #hdj4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 x foll[s1 t 9 le>n+ a language or sci5ce1 six successive mon?s ( application w be m effectual 9 fix+ x 9 ! m9d & mak+ x a "p ( its furniture1 ?an d\ble or treble ! "t1 if ! lessons are int]rupt$ by long int]vals4 ,h5ce x is a great error to beg9 & /udy1 & !n break (f1 to f9i% at a lat] p]iod4 ,! fatigue is ?us d\bl$1 & ! success greatly dim9i%$4 ------------ ,( me*anics' %ops8 #hch4 ,is repetition necess>y to make a durable impression on ! m9d8 ,:y8 #hci4 ,h[ is x ) physical education8 #hdj4 ,:at foll[s1 accord+ to ?is pr9ciple8 ------------ #hda4 ,! be/ way is to beg9 at ! prop] age1 & to p]sev]e till ! end is atta9$4 ,?is accu/oms ! m9d to s\nd ex]tion1 & n to fits ( att5tion4 ,h5ce ! evil aris+ f long vacations2 & also ! evil ( beg9n+ /udies be=e ! age at :i* !y c be und]/ood1 z 9 tea*+ *ildr5 ! ab/ract rules ( gramm>1 to succe$ 9 :i*1 implies 9 !m a p[] ( ?9k+1 & an am\nt ( g5]al k1 :i* !y d n possess4 #hdb4 ,! skull is susceptible ( fractures f slight bl[s4 ,?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly :5 ! bl[ is giv5 on ! side ( ! head above & ant]ior to ! e>4 ,"h ! bone is v ?91 & (t5 q brittle4 ,= ^! reasons1 no in/ructor1 or any p]son1 %\ld puni% a *ild by /rik+ ^u any portion ( ! head4 ,obs]vation4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 a tea*] 9 "o ( ! ,middle ,/ates gave a pupil a slight bl[ ^u ! head4 ,x fractur$ ! skull & ruptur$ a blood-vessel ( ! bra91 caus+ a loss ( consci\sness1 & f9ally dea?4 #hdc4 ,concussion ( ! bra9 may be produc$ by bl[s1 or by viol5tly %ak+ a p]son4 ,z ! bra9 is ( pulpy consi/5ce1 ! atoms ( :i* x is compos$1 & ! circulation ( blood 9 its m9ute vessels1 may be di/urb$ by ! vibration f a bl[ on ! ext]ior ( ! skull-bones4 ,?is di/urbance ( ! c]ebral organ is att5d$ ) unpleasant s5sations1 dizz9ess1 loss ( memory & consci\sness4 ,^! may be foll[$ by heada*e & inflammation ( ! bra94 ,concussion ( ! bra91 & ! results above m5tion$1 may be produc$ by ! sudd5 motion att5dant on ! viol5t %ak+ ( a s*ol>4 ,consequ5tly1 a *ild %\ld nev] be seiz$ by ! arm & %ak5 viol5tly z a me?od ( *a/isem5t4 ------------ #hda4 ,:at is ! be/ way ( le>n+ ! sci5ces8 #hdb4 ,:y %\ld n a *ild be /ruck ^u any portion ( ! head8 ,:at obs]vation 9 ?is connection8 #hdc4 ,h[ may concussion ( ! bra9 be produc$8 ,:at is ! effect ( ea* ^u ! bra9 ( ! *ild8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,mo/ p]sons h exp]i5c$ a disagreeable s5sation & dizz9ess1 caus$ by fall+ f a slight elevation1 or by jump+ f a c>riage4 ,?is is ! result ( a mod]ate concussion ( ! bra94 #hdd4 ,9 injuries ( ! bra91 f bl[s & falls1 ! symptoms are usually al>m+1 & all %\ld possess "s in=mation = su* cont+5cies4 ,9 g5]al1 su* accid5ts are att5d$ by ins5sibility2 ! sk9 & extremities are pale & cold1 ! pulse is v weak & feeble1 & ! circulation is less vigor\s2 ! respiration1 also1 is less frequ5t & full4 #hde4 ,:5 ^! symptoms exi/1 ! individual1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 %\ld be plac$ 9 pure air1 & friction & dry w>m? %\ld be appli$ to ! pallid & cold sk94 ,?is %\ld be assidu\sly p]sev]$ 9 until heat & color are re/or$ to ! sk9 & limbs1 & due action ( ! he>t & art]ies has be5 e/abli%$4 ,mild /imulants may also be us$ int]nally1 ) mu* advantage4 ,! sympa?iz+ fri5ds %\ld n be p]mitt$ to /& ab\t ! pati5t1 z !y vitiate ! air4 ,!re %\ld be no ble$+ until ! sk9 & extremities become w>m4 ,s5d = a surgeon )\t delay4 ------------ ,give an in/ance :]e mod]ate concussion ( ! bra9 is produc$4 #hdd4 ,:at are ! symptoms :5 ! bra9 is injur$ f bl[s & falls8 #hde4 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*4 #hdf4 ,,s5sation is ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects by means ( ! s5ses4 ,!re are five s5ses1 namely1 ,t\*1 ,ta/e1 ,smell1 ,he>+1 & ,vision4 #hdg4 ,,t\* is ! s5se by :i* ! m9d becomes acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! prop]ties ( bodies1 & enables u det]m9e :e!r _! surfaces are smoo? or r\gh1 _! relative temp]ature1 &1 to a c]ta9 degree1 _! =m & weight4 #hdh4 ,"s physiologi/s make a di/9ction betwe5 ! s5se ( t\* & tact4 ,tact1 or feel+1 is m g5]al1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! sk9 & muc\s membranes1 :ile t\* exi/s *iefly 9 ! f+]s ( man & 9 ! noses ( c]ta9 quadrup$s4 #hdi4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ^! functions1 tact is consid]$ passive2 z1 :5 any "p ( ! sy/em comes into contact ) ano!r body1 a s5sation ( its pres5ce is giv51 )\t ! ex]cise ( volition4 ,on ! contr>y1 t\* is active1 & is ex]cis$ volunt>ily1 = ! purpose ( convey+ to ! m9d a k ( ! qualities or prop]ties ( ! surfaces ( bodies2 z :5 we feel ( a piece ( clo? to asc]ta9 its qualities1 or a poli%$ surface1 to prove its smoo?ness4 #hej4 ,9 man1 ! h& is admirably adapt$ to ! ex]cise ( t\*4 ,! f95ess ( ! sk91 its great s5sibility1 ! species ( cu%ion =m$ by ! sub-cutane\s fat at ! extremities ( ! f+]s1 ! l5g? & flexibility ( ^! organs1 & ! capability ( oppos+ ! ?umb to ! f+]s1 l a pair ( =ceps1 are s _m conditions ess5tially favorable to ! delicacy ( ?is s5se1 & enable u to appreciate ) exactitude ! qualities ( ! bodies we may feel4 ------------ #hdf4 ,def9e s5sation4 ,h[ _m s5ses h we8 #hdg-hea4 ,:at is said ( ! s5se ( t\*8 #hdg4 ,def9e t\*4 #hdh4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 t\* & tact8 #hdi4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ^! functions1 :i* is active1 & :i* passive8 #hej4 ,:y is ! h& s admirably adapt$ to ! ex]cise ( ! s5se ( t\*8 ------------ #hea4 ,! n]ves t supply ! s5se ( t\*1 proce$ f ! ant]ior half ( ! sp9al cord4 ,:]e ?is s5se is mo/ acute & delicate1 we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( s5sitive n]v\s filam5ts1 & ^? ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 amputat+ limbs1 & o!r surgical op]ations1 ! division ( ! sk9 causes m pa9 ?an all ! subsequ5t /eps ( ! op]ation1 h[ev] protract$4 ,! muscles1 cellul> membrane1 & fat h b little s5sibility2 :ile ! bones1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts are ins5sible :5 n diseas$1 & may be cut )\t caus+ pa94 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*4 #heb4 ,! s5se ( t\* v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons1 & also 9 individuals ( diff]5t ages4 ,?us ! s5sibilities ( ! *ild are m acute ?an ^? ( ! ag$4 ,al?\gh !re is an orig9al diff]5ce ( s5sibility f organization1 /ill1 ! function ( ! n]ves ( s5sation is modifi$ by c]ta9 influ5ces4 #hec4 ,! heal?y or unheal?y1 active or inactive /ate ( ! bra91 influ5ces ! action ( ! s5sitive n]ves4 ,9 s\nd & p]fect sleep1 ! bra9 is inactive4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ord9>y impressions made ^u ! sk9 are n obs]v$ by ! sleep+ p]son4 ,?us ! arm may be bli/]$ :ile sleep+1 :5 expos$ to ! w>m rays ( ! sun1 & ! individual w n be aw>e ( x at ! "t4 ------------ #hea4 ,f :at d ! n]ves proce$ t supply ?is s5se8 #heb-hfd4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! s5se ( t\*4 #heb4 ,does ?is s5se v>y 9 diff]5t p]sons8 #hec4 ,m5tion a condition ( ! bra9 t influ5ces ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ------------ #hed4 ,if !re is compression ( ! bra91 z :5 ! skull-bones are depress$1 or disease ( ?is organ exi/s1 z 9 sev]e typhus fev]1 impressions made ^u ! n]ves ( ! sk9 w n be notic$4 ,! same is true :5 ! m9d is engag$ 9 int5se ?\ght or /udy2 heat or cold may be s int5se z to disorganize ! sk91 & n to be notic$4 #hee4 ,! v>y+ heal? or condition ( ! bra9 usually depresses or increases ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk94 ,?is is se5 9 grief & fe>1 :i* dim9i%1 :ile hope & joy increase ! impressibility ( ?is tissue4 ,x is n uncommon to see ! un=tunate insane endure exposure to heat & cold ) seem+ impunity2 :]eas x w\ld induce almo/ insupportable suff]+ to ! sane man4 ,diseases ( ! he>t1 /oma*1 & lungs1 alt] ! condition ( ! bra91 & modify1 to a great] or less degree1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk94 #hef4 ,! /ate ( ! conduct+ n]v\s trunks influ5ces ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,if a n]v\s trunk is compress$ or divid$1 ! p>ts suppli$ by n]v\s filam5ts f ?is bran*1 w be ins5sible to ! impressions made ^u !m1 & consequ5tly su* impressions are n transmitt$ to ! bra94 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! inside ( ! arm or l[] extremities re/s ^u a h>d surface1 ! n]ves may be compress$ s z to deprive ! p>ts ( s5sibility4 ,?is condition is call$ numbness4 #heg4 ,! quantity ( blood suppli$ to ! sk9 modifies its s5sitiv5ess4 ,if ! quantity ( blood is dim9i%$1 ! s5sibility ( ! sk9 w be impair$4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by not+ ! effects ( cold ^u ! cutane\s tissue1 ! application ( :i* contracts ! blood-vessels1 & drives ! circulat+ fluid f ?is membrane1 :i* is %[n by ! pal5ess1 z well z by ! %rivell$ appe>ance ( ! sk94 ,&1 if ?is tissue is w\nd$ :ile "u ! influ5ce ( cold1 b little pa9 w be felt1 & ?is *ill+ influ5ce may be c>ri$ s f> z n only to deprive ! "p ( s5sation1 b ( vitality4 ------------ #hed4 ,m5tion o!r conditions t affect ^! n]ves4 #hee4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! v>y+ heal? or condition ( ! bra9 ^u ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk98 ,give in/ances ( ?is effect4 #hef4 ,:at is ! result if a n]v\s trunk is divid$ or compress$8 ,h[ may numbness 9 ! limbs be produc$8 #heg4 ,does ! quantity ( blood suppli$ to ! sk9 affect its s5sibility8 ------------ #heh4 ,! influ5ce ( ! blood ^u ! s5sibility ( ! sk91 is fur!r demon/rat$ by ! pa9 exp]i5c$ :5 *ill$ extremities are sudd5ly expos$ to heat4 ,! n]ves1 by ! sudd5 dilatation ( ! contract$ blood-vessels1 are put 9 vivid & rapid motion1 :i* causes ! pa9ful & t+l+ s5sation t we exp]i5ce4 ,9 e "p ( ! sy/em1 sudd5 *anges produce unpleasant s5sations1 & frequ5tly a diseas$ condition ( ! organs4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! h&s1 or o!r portions ( ! body1 are froz51 or sev]ely *ill$1 safety & com=t dem& t circulation be re/or$ to ! p>ts by mod]ate ex]cise 9 a cool room4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 ! vitality ( ! limb is de/roy$ by imm]s+ x 9 hot wat] or hold+ x ne> ! fire4 #hei4 ,! quality ( ! blood also influ5ces s5sation4 ,if ! bra9 & o!r p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em receive impure blood1 _! en]gy is depress$1 & ! s5sibility ( ! sk9 r5d]$ m or less obtuse4 #hfj4 ,! condition ( ! cuticle modifies ! impression made ^u ! cutane\s n]ves4 #a/4 ,:5 ! cuticle has become ?ick & h>d1 l horn1 z on ! inside ( ! mason's h&1 x enables him to ply 8 tools )\t mu* suff]+1 because ! ?ick5$ cuticle dim9i%es ! impressions made ^u ! n]ves4 ------------ ,h[ is x demon/rat$8 #heh4 ,h[ is ! influ5ce ( ! blood ^u ! sk9 fur!r demon/rat$8 ,h[ %\ld circulation be re/or$ to limbs froz5 or sev]ely *ill$8 ,:at %\ld be avoid$8 #hei4 ,%[ h[ ! quality ( ! blood influ5ces s5sation4 #hfj4 ,give ! #a/ condition ( ! cuticle t influ5ces ! impressions made on ! cutane\s n]ves4 ------------ #hfa4 #b;d4 ,:5 ! cuticle is v ?9 & delicate1 z on ! h& ( ! lady :o is unaccu/om$ to manual labor4 ,let h] pursue "s manual employm5t = sev]al h\rs1 & ! extreme t5uity1 or ?9ness ( ! cuticle1 w n protect ! n]ves & p>ts bel[ f becom+ irritat$ & inflam$4 #hfb4 #c;d4 ,:5 ! cuticle is remov$ by bli/]+ or abrasion1 ! pa9 indicates t ! nak$ n]ves are too p[]fully /imulat$ by ! contact ( ext]nal bodies4 #d?4 ,:5 ! cuticle is coat$ ) impurities1 bl5d$ ) ! secretion f ! oil-gl&s1 ! s5sibility ( ! sk9 is less5$4 #hfc4 ,! s5sibility ( ! cutane\s n]ves is modifi$ by be+ habituat$ to impressions4 ,if1 = example1 an individual %\ld imm]se 8 feet 9 mod]ately w>m wat]1 at fir/ x might induce a sm>t+ s5sation2 9 a %ort "t1 ! n]ves w\ld n only become habituat$ to ! w>m wat]1 b its w>m? night be consid]ably increas$4 ,! same results foll[1 if an individual is expos$ to a cold elem5t4 ,! impressions at fir/ are highly disagreeable2 b z soon z ! n]ves become accu/om$ to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 x may imp>t ! mo/ agreeable s5sations4 ,illu/ration4 #a/4 ,let a p]son f ! tropical regions g to a cold] climate1 & ! cool morn+s ( ! latt] w at fir/ affect him unpleasantly2 b1 aft] a few days' exposure to ! cool] air1 ! s5sation w be f> f disagreeable4 #b;d4 ,let a p]son ent] a room mod]ately heat$2 gradually increase ! temp]ature1 until x atta9s extreme summ] heat2 n only ! cutane\s n]ves1 b ! :ole sy/em1 become habituat$ to ! high temp]ature4 ,f ^! facts we le>n t ! s5sations1 are n always a correct index ( ! real temp]ature4 ,a well-adju/$ !rmomet] w indicate x ) un]r+ c]ta9ty4 ------------ #hfa4 ,! #b;d condition4 #hfb4 ,! #c;d & #d? condition4 #hfc4 ,%[ h[ habit influ5ces ! s5sibility ( ! cutane\s n]ves4 ,give illu/ration #a/4 ,illu/ration #b;d4 ------------ #hfd4 ,t\* is modifi$1 9 a high degree1 by education4 ,?us ! bl9d1 ^: w9d[s ( ! s\l are clos$ to ! beauties ( ! ext]nal _w1 cultivate ?is s5se to su* a degree t !y c di/+ui% objects ) great accuracy4 ,& ! rapidity ) :i* !y read books prep>$ = _! use1 is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! nic5ess & ext5t to :i* ! cultivation ( ?is s5se c be c>ri$4 ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,! clo?-dress]1 by ! aid ( ?is s5se1 di/+ui%es ! quality1 z well z ! slighte/ diff]5ce ( texture1 9 ! diff]5t pieces ( clo?4 #b;d4 ,! mill]1 f a simil> education1 quickly detects ! quality ( fl\r or meal1 by p]mitt+ x to pass betwe5 8 f+]s4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! texture ( clo?s1 or ! quality ( ! fl\r1 w\ld n be di/+ui%$ by an individual ^: tactile s5se _h n be5 tra9$ to make nice comp>isons4 ------------ #hfd4 ,is ?is s5se susceptible ( improvem5t8 ,:at p]sons cultivate x to a high degree8 ,give illu/ration #a/4 ,illu/ration #b;d4 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,s5se ,,( ,,ta/e4 #hfe4 ,! *ief organ ( ,,ta/e is ! upp] surface ( ! tongue2 ?\gh ! lips1 ! palate1 ! int]nal surface ( ! *eeks1 & ! upp] "p ( ! oesophagus1 p>ticipate 9 ?is function4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,ta/e4 #hff4 ,! tongue is a d\ble organ1 compos$ *iefly ( muscul> fibres1 :i* run 9 almo/ e direction4 ,! two sides are s p]fectly di/9ct1 t sometimes1 9 p>alysis1 "o side is affect$1 :ile ! function ( ! o!r rema9s p]fect4 ,x possesses great v]satility ( motion1 & c be m\ld$ into a great v>iety ( %apes4 ,9 articulation1 ma/ication1 & deglutition1 ! tongue is an auxili>y to o!r organs4 #hfg4 ,?is organ is abundantly suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 hav+ a l>ge art]y s5t to ea* side ( x4 ,x is also v l>gely furni%$ ) n]ves2 x receives n]v\s filam5ts f ! fif?1 n9?1 & twelf? pairs ( n]ves4 ,! bran* ( ! fif?1 call$ ! gu/atory1 is ! n]ve ( ta/e & s5sibility2#ba ! twelf?1 call$ ! hypo-glossal1 ( volunt>y motion4 ,by means ( ! n9?1 call$ ! glosso-ph>yngeal ! tongue is br\ght into association ) ! fauces1 oesophagus1 & l>ynx4 ,x is ( obvi\s importance t ^! p>ts %\ld act 9 conc]t2 & ?is is effect$ by ! di/ribution ( ?is n]ve4 #ba ,"s physiologi/s impute ! s5se ( ta/e to ! n9? pair ( n]ves2 o!rs1 to ! twelf? pair2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 cont5d t ta/e is ! result ( a concurr5t action ( ! fif?1 n9?1 & twelf? pairs ( n]ves4 ------------ #hfe4 ,:at is ! *ief organ ( ta/e8 ,:at o!r p>ts p>ticipate 9 ! function8 #hff-hgj4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! organs ( ta/e4 #hff4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! tongue4 #hfg4 ,is ?is organ abundantly suppli$ ) blood8 ,f :at s\rce does ! tongue d]ive its n]ves8 ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,a view ( "o side ( ! neck1 %[+ ! n]ves ( ! tongue4 #a1 ,a fragm5t ( ! temporal bone4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,muscles ( ! tongue1 fauces1 & neck4 #e1 ,! tongue4 #ac1 ,! common c>otid art]y4 #ad1 ,! jugul> ve94 #ae1 ,! ext]nal c>otid4 #af1 ,! int]nal c>otid4 #ag1 ,! gu/atory bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves4 #bj1 ,! glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve4 #ba1 ,! hypo-glossal1 or ! muscul> n]ve ( ! tongue4 #bd1 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve4 #be1 ,! facial n]ve4 ------------ #hfh4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! tongue8 ,expla9 fig4 #acd4 ------------ #hfh4 ,! surface ( ! tongue is ?ickly /udd$ ) f9e papill1 or villi1 :i* give ! organ a velvety appe>ance4 ,^! papill are ( ?ree v>ieties4 ,! fir/ is situat$ ne> ! base ( ! tongue4 ,!y belong to ! class ( muc\s follicles4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & are call$ l5-ticu-l>1 f be+ %ap$ l a l5s4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! tonsils1 7sometimes call$ ! almonds ( ! e>s17 secrete mucus1 to lubricate ! food 9 ! act ( deglutition4 #hfi4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ta/e are ! two o!r sets ( papill4 ,"o set consi/s ( small1 oval-%ap$ bodies1 :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! tongue4 ,!y give x a r\gh appe>ance1 & are call$ ! fili-=m papill4 #hgj4 ,! o!r set ( papill is call$ ! fungi-=m4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ! =m]1 & consi/ ( small1 r\nd$ heads1 support$ on %ort /alks1 some?+ 9 ! %ape ( mu%rooms1 f :i* !y d]ive _! "n4 ,9 ! la/ two describ$ sets ( s5sitive papill1 ! gu/atory bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves ramifies4 ,obs]vation4 ,by apply+ /rong acids1 z v9eg>1 to ! tongue1 ) a hair p5cil1 ^! po9ts w become curi\sly l5g!n$4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,ta/e4 #hga4 ,,ta/e is ! s5se :i* makes u acqua9t$ ) ! savor ( sub/ances4 ,:5 fluids are tak5 into ! m\?1 ! papill dilate & erect !mselves1 & ! p>ticul> impression excit$ is transmitt$ to ! bra9 ?r\gh filam5ts ( ! gu/atory n]ve4 ,?is s5se is closely connect$ ) t ( smell4 ,! pleasures d]iv$ f x are /rictly s5sual & corporeal1 & contribute 9 no way to ! expansion ( ! m9d1 l ^? ( he>+ & see+4 ------------ ,h[ _m v>ieties ( papill8 ,describe ! fir/ v>iety4 ,:at is ! function ( ! l5ticul> papill8 #hfi4 ,describe ! fili=m papill4 #hgj4 ,! fungi=m papill8 ,:at n]ve ramifies 9 ! fungi=m papill8 ,h[ c ^! papill1 or po9ts1 be se58 #hga-hge4 ,give ! physiology ( ! organs ( ta/e4 #hga4 ,def9e ta/e4 ------------ #hgb4 ,if dry1 solid food is tak51 ! tongue c>ries x to ! back side ( ! m\?1 :]e x receives secretions f ! saliv>y gl&s2 ! saliva1 becom+ impregnat$ ) its flavor1 fl[s ov] ! sides ( ! tongue1 & gives to ! papill a p]ception ( ! savory juice2 ?is impression is !n communicat$ to ! bra94 ,obs]vation4 ,x is suppos$ t ! salts :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! saliva1 are v effici5t ag5ts 9 r$uc+ sub/ances to a prop] /ate = mak+ impressions on ! n]ves ( ta/e4 ,! fact t metals imp>t a peculi> ta/e1 is ow+ to a galvanic %ock1 & n prop]ly to :at we und]/& by ta/e4 #hgc4 ,! prim>y use ( ta/e is to guide animals 9 ! selection ( food1 & to w>n !m aga9/ ! introduction ( noxi\s articles into ! /oma*4 ,9 all ! inf]ior animals1 we see t ! orig9al design ( ta/e is /ill answ]$4 ,b 9 man1 ?is s5se has be5 s abus$ & p]v]t$1 by ! introduction ( /imulants & condim5ts1 & ! endless admixture ( diff]5t articles ( food1 t ! simple action ( ?is "p seems to h be5 sup]s$$ almo/ entirely by acquir$ ta/e4 #hgd4 ,9 *ildr51 ?is s5se is usually acute1 & _! pref]5ce is = food ( ! milde/ "*4 ,& x is also true1 t e p]son has "s peculi>ities ( ta/e1 or dislikes to p>ticul> articles ( food4 ,?is may be ei!r con/itutional or f ! influ5ce ( association4 ------------ ,) :at s5se is ?is closely connect$8 ,:at is said ( ?is s5se8 #hgb4 ,give ! process by :i* we ta/e sub/ances4 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! ta/e ( metals :5 appli$ to ! tongue8 #hgc4 ,:at is ! prim>y use ( ta/e8 ,:]e d we see x p]v]t$8 #hgd4 ,h[ is ?is s5se 9 *ildr58 ,:at is true ( e p]son 9 ref]5ce to ta/e8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,?is s5se has be5 made to v>y m ?an any o!r by ! ref9em5ts ( social life4 ,?us1 ! ,indian's l or dislike to p>ticul> k9ds ( food1 g5]ally ext5ds to e p]son ( ! same tribe2 b among civiliz$ m51 no two individuals c be f\nd alike 9 all _! ta/es4 #hge4 ,?is s5se is modifi$ by habit1 & n unfrequ5tly ^? articles1 :i* at fir/ 7 disgu/+1 become highly agreeable by p]sev]+ 9 ! use ( !m4 ,by cultivation1 ?is s5se may be made v acute4 ,^? p]sons ^: bus9ess leads !m to judge ( ! quality ( an article by _! ta/e1 c discrim9ate %ades ( flavor n p]ceivable by ord9>y p]sons4 ,epicures1 & ta/]s ( w9es & teas1 af=d examples4 ,obs]vation4 ,_m p]sons impair _! ta/e by bad habits1 z *ew+ & smok+ tobacco1 & us+ /imulat+ dr9ks1 & pung5t condim5ts ) ! food4 ,^! indulg5ces less5 ! s5sibility ( ! n]ve1 & de/roy ! natural reli% = food4 ------------ ,:at is true ( ! ,indian8 #hge4 ,is ?is s5se modifi$ by habit8 ,give in/ances4 ,h[ is ?is s5se sometimes impair$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,s5se ,,( ,,smell4 #hgf4 ,?is s5se is locat$ 9 ! air-passages ( ! ,nose4 ,to und]/& ! function ( smell1 ! /ructure ( ! nose & nasal cavities1 ) ! di/ribution ( ! olfactory n]ves1 mu/ be fir/ exam9$4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,smell4 #hgg4 ,! ,,nose is compos$ ( ! ,bones1 ,fibro-c>tilages1 & ,muc\s ,membrane1 toge!r ) its integum5ts4 #hgh4 ,! ,,bones ( ! nose are ! nasal1 & ! nasal processes ( ! upp] jaw4 #hgi4 ,! ,,fibro-,,c>tilages give =m & /ability to ! framework ( ! nose1 provid+ at ! same "t1 by _! ela/icity1 aga9/ injuries4 ,!y are five 9 numb]4 #hhj4 ,! ,,muc\s ,,membrane1 :i* l9es ! int]ior ( ! nose1 is cont9u\s ) ! sk9 ext]nally1 & ) ! l9+ membrane ( ! p>ts ( ! ?roat4 ,! entrance ( ! no/rils is provid$ ) num]\s hairs1 :i* s]ve z gu>dians to ! delicate membrane ( ! nose4 #hha4 ,! ,,nasal ,,foss1 or no/rils1 are two irregul>1 compress$ cavities1 ext5d+ f ! nose to ! ph>ynx4 ,^! cavities are b\nd$ sup]iorly by ! sph5oid & e?moid bones2 inf]iorly1 by ! h>d palate4 ,9 ! middle l9e !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a bony & fibro-c>tilag9\s septum2 ^u ! out] wall ( ea* fossa1 9 ! dri$ skull1 are ?ree project+ processes1 t]m$ spongy bones4 ,9 ! fre% fossa1 ^! are cov]$ by a muc\s membrane4 ------------ #hgf4 ,:]e is ! s5se ( smell locat$8 #hgg-hhd4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! organs ( smell4 #hgg4 ,"n ! p>ts t ent] into ! /ructure ( ! nose8 #hgh4 ,:at bones =m ! framework ( ! nose8 #hgi4 ,:at is ! use ( ! c>tilages8 #hhj4 ,:at relation has ! muc\s membrane ) o!r membranes ( ! nose8 #hha4 ,describe ! nasal cavities4 ------------ #hhb4 ,! space t int]v5es betwe5 ! sup]ior & middle spongy bone1 is call$ ! sup]ior me-atus1 or *annel2 ! space betwe5 ! middle & inf]ior bone1 is ! middle meatus2 & t betwe5 ! inf]ior bone & ! floor ( ! fossa1 is ! inf]ior meatus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,a v]tical section ( ! middle "p ( ! nasal cavities4 #g1 ,! middle spongy bones4 #h1 ,! sup]ior "p ( ! nasal cavities4 #aj1 ,! inf]ior spongy bones4 #aa1 ,! vom]4 #ab1 ,! upp] jaw4 #ac4 ,! middle *annel ( ! nose4 #ad1 ,! l[] *annel ( ! nose4 #ag1 ,! palat9e process ( ! upp] jaw-bone4 #ah1 ,! ro( ( ! m\? cov]$ by muc\s membrane4 #ai1 ,a section ( ?is membrane4 #hhc4 ,! ,,meatuses are passages t ext5d backw>d1 f ! no/rils1 into :i* are sev]al op5+s4 ,!y are l9$ by a muc\s membrane1 call$ ! pi-tui-ta-ry1 or s*neid]ian1 f ,s*neid]1 :o fir/ %[$ t ! secretion ( ! nasal foss proce$$ f ! muc\s membrane1 & n f ! bra94 ------------ #hhb4 ,:at t]ms are appli$ to ! spaces betwe5 ^! processes8 ,:at does fig4 #ace repres5t8 #hhc4 ,def9e ! meatuses4 ,by :at are !y l9$8 ------------ #hhd4 ,^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! nasal passages1 ! olfactory n]ve ramifies1 & also a bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves4 ,?is membrane is ( consid]able ext5t 9 man2 & 9 ^? animals ^: s5se ( smell is v acute1 x is /ill m ext5sive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,a side view ( ! passage ( ! no/rils1 & ! di/ribution ( ! olfactory n]ve4 #d1 ,! olfactory n]ve4 #e1 ,! f9e & curi\s divisions ( ?is n]ve on ! membrane ( ! nose4 #f1 ,a bran* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,smell4 #hhe4 ,! s5se ( smell enables u to disc]n ! odor or sc5t ( any ?+4 ,:5 sub/ances are pres5t$ to ! nose1 ! air t is pass+ ?r\gh ! no/rils br+s ! odorif]\s p>ticles ( matt] 9 contact ) ! filam5ts ( ! olfactory n]ves1 t are spread ^u ! membrane t l9es ! air-passages1 & ! impression is !n transmitt$ to ! bra94 ------------ #hhd4 ,:at n]ves ramify ^u ?is membrane8 ,:at is repres5t$ by fig4 #acf8 #hhe-hii4 ,give ! physiology ( ! organs ( smell4 #hhe4 ,h[ does ! m9d become s5sible ( odorif]\s p>ticles8 ------------ #hhf4 ,?is s5se1 ) t ( ta/e1 aids man z well z ! inf]ior animals1 9 select+ prop] food1 & x also gives u pleasure by ! inhalation ( agreeable odors4 ,! s5se ( smell1 l t ( ta/e & t\*1 may be improv$ by cultivation4 ,x likewise v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,obs]vation4 ,sometimes ?is s5se seems to possess a morbid degree ( acut5ess 9 respect to odors1 :i* is highly inconv5i5t & ev5 dang]\s4 ,) "s individuals1 ! smell ( c]ta9 fruits1 fl[]s1 *eese1 c41 produce nausea & ev5 convulsions4 #hhg4 ,9 ! inf]ior animals g5]ally1 ! s5se ( smell is m acute ?an 9 man4 ,?us ! bloodh\nd w track ! h>e ov] ! gr\nd = miles1 guid$ only by ! odor t x leaves 9 its flight4 ,he also traces ! progress ( 8 ma/] ?r\gh ?ickly-cr[d$ /reets1 di/+ui%+ 8 foot/eps f ^? ( a ?\s& o!rs1 & amid/ ! odor\s p>ticles emanat+ f a ?\s& s\rces4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 "s ( ! high] ord]s ( ! inf]ior animals1 !re is an a/oni%+ acut5ess ( smell 9 reg>d to effluvia t come f liv+ animals4 ,to ^! animals1 x possesses an importance 9 !m f> beyond :at x has 9 man1 by mak+ !m acqua9t$ ) ! pres5ce ( _! enemies or _! prey1 :5 ! eye & e> are incapable ( act+4 ,x is relat$ by travell]s 9 ,africa1 t !y 7 always appris$ ( lions 9 _! vic9ity dur+ ! night1 by ! moans & trembl+s ( _! horses4 #hhh4 ,smell is some:at "u ! control ( ! w4 ,t is1 we h ! p[] ( receiv+ or reject+ odors t are pres5t$2 ?us1 if odors are agreeable1 we inspire =cibly1 to enjoy !m2 b1 if !y are (f5sive1 our inspirations are m cauti\s1 or we close our no/rils4 ,?is s5se is likewise modifi$ by habit2 odors :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 7 v (f5sive1 may n only become endurable1 b ev5 agreeable4 ------------ #hhf4 ,:at is ! use ( ! s5se ( smell8 ,c ?is s5se be improv$ by cultivation8 ,:at is said respect+ ?is s5se 9 "s individuals8 #hhg4 ,:at is said ( ?is s5se 9 ! bloodh\nd8 ,m5tion an in/ance ( a/oni%+ acut5ess ( smell 9 "s ( ! high] ord]s ( animals4 #hhh4 ,%[ t smell is some:at "u ! control ( ! w4 ------------ #hhi4 ,acut5ess ( smell requires t ! bra9 & n]ve ( smell be heal?y1 & t ! membrane t l9es ! nose be ?9 & moi/4 ,any influ5ce t dim9i%es ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves1 ?ick5s ! membrane1 or r5d]s x dry1 impairs ?is s5se4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,snuff1 :5 introduc$ into ! nose1 n only dim9i%es ! s5sibility ( ! n]v\s filam5ts1 b ?ick5s ! l9+ membrane4 ,?is ?ick5+ ( ! membrane ob/ructs ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! no/rils1 & ?us obliges snuff-tak]s to op5 _! m\?s :5 !y brea!4 #b;d4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! nasal passages is ! seat ( *ronic cat>rh4 ,?is affection is difficult ( removal1 z rem$ial ag5ts _c easily be introduc$ into ! w9d+s ( ^! passages4 ,snuff & _m o!r articles us$ = cat>rh1 produce m disease ?an !y remove4 ------------ #hhi4 ,on :at does acut5ess ( smell dep5d8 ,:at effect has snuff :5 introduc$ into ! nose8 ,:at is said ( *ronic cat>rh8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,s5se ,,( ,,vision4 #hij4 ,?is s5se contributes m to ! enjoym5t & happ9ess ( man ?an any o!r ( ! s5ses4 ,by x we p]ceive ! =m1 color1 volume1 & position ( objects t surr\nd u4 ,! eye is ! organ ( sight1 or vision1 & its me*anism is s wond]ful1 t x n only proves ! exi/5ce ( a great ,fir/ ,cause1 b p]haps1 m ?an o!r organs1 ! design ( ! ,creator to m+le pleasure ) our exi/5ce4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,vision4 #hia4 ,! app>atus ( vision consi/s ( ! ,optic ,n]ve1 ! ,globe & ,muscles ( ! eye1 & its ,protect+ ,organs4 #hib4 ,! ,,optic ,,n]ve arises by two roots f ! c5tral portion ( ! base ( ! bra94 ,! two n]ves approa* ea* o!r1 z !y proce$ =w>d1 & "s ( ! fibres ( ea* cross to ! n]ve ( ! opposite side4 ,!y !n div]ge1 & ent] ! globe ( ! eyes at _! back "p1 :]e !y exp&1 & =m a s(t1 :iti% membrane4 #hic4 ,! ,,globe1 or ball ( ! eye1 is an optical in/rum5t ( ! mo/ p]fect con/ruction4 ,! sides ( ! globes are compos$ ( ,coats1 or membranes4 ,! int]ior ( ! globe is fill$ ) refract+ ,humors1 or medi-ums4 ------------ #hij4 ,:i* s5se contributes mo/ to ! enjoym5t ( man8 ,:at d we p]ceive by ?is s5se8 ,:at is said ( ! me*anism ( ! eye8 #hia-iaf4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! organs ( vision4 #hia4 ,( :at does ! app>atus ( vision consi/8 #hib4 ,describe ! optic n]ve4 #hic4 ,describe ! globe ( ! eye4 ------------ #hid4 ,! ,,coats are ?ree 9 numb]3 #a/4 ,! ,scle-rotic & ,corne-a4 #b;d4 ,! ,*oroid1 ,iris1 & ,cilia-ry processes4 #c;d4 ,! ,reti-na4 #hie ,! ,,humors are also ?ree 9 numb]3 #a/4 ,! ,aque-ous1 or wat]y4 #b;d4 ,! ,crystal-l9e1 7l5s47 #c;d4 ,! ,vitre-ous1 or glassy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,! second pair ( n]ves4 #a1 #a1 ,globe ( ! eye3 ! "o on ! left is p]fect1 b t on ! "r has ! scl]otic & *oroid coats remov$1 to %[ ! ret9a4 #b1 ,! cross+ ( ! optic n]ve4 #e1 ,! pons v>olii4 #f1 ,! m$ulla oblongata4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 ,! orig9 ( sev]al pairs ( cranial n]ves4 #hif4 ,! ,,scl]otic ,,coat is a d5se1 fibr\s membrane & inve/s ab\t f\r fif?s ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,x gives =m to ?is organ1 & s]ves = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles t move ! eye 9 v>i\s directions4 ,?is coat1 f ! brilliancy ( its :it5ess1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ! :ite ( ! eye4 ,ant]iorly1 ! scl]otic coat pres5ts a bevell$ edge1 :i* receives ! cornea 9 ! same way t a wat*-glass is receiv$ by ! groove 9 its case4 ------------ #hid4 ,"n ! coats ( ! eye4 #hie4 ,"n ! humors ( ! eye4 ,expla9 fig4 #acg4 #hif4 ,describe ! scl]otic coat4 ------------ #hig4 ,! ,,cornea is ! transp>5t project+ lay]1 t =ms ! ant]ior fif? ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,9 =m1 x is circul>1 convexo-concave1 & resembles a wat*-glass4 ,x is receiv$ by its edge1 :i* is %>p & ?91 )9 ! bevell$ bord] ( ! scl]otic1 to :i* x is firmly atta*$4 ,! cornea is compos$ ( sev]al diff]5t lay]s2 its blood-vessels are s small t !y exclude ! r$ p>ticles altoge!r1 & admit no?+ b s]um4 #hih4 ,! ,,*oroid ,,coat is a vascul> membrane1 ( a ri* *ocolate-br[n color ^u its ext]nal surface1 & ( a deep black color )94 ,x is connect$1 ext]nally1 ) ! scl]otic1 by an extremely f9e cellul> tissue1 & by ! passage ( n]ves & vessels2 int]nally1 x is 9 contact ) ! ret9a4 ,! *oroid membrane is compos$ ( ?ree lay]s4 ,x secretes ^u its int]nal surface a d>k sub/ance1 call$ pig-m5tum nigrum1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! function ( vision4 #hii4 ,! ,,iris is s call$ f its v>iety ( color 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,x =ms a p>tition betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior *amb]s ( ! eye1 & is pi]c$ by a circul> op5+1 :i* is call$ ! pupil4 ,x is compos$ ( two lay]s4 ,! radiat+ fibres ( ! ant]ior lay] conv]ge f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,?r\gh ! action ( ^! radiat+ fibres ! pupil is dilat$4 ,! circul> fibres surr\nd ! pupil1 & by _! action produce contraction ( its area4 ,! po/]ior lay] is ( a deep purple t9t1 & is call$ u-vea1 f its resemblance 9 color to a ripe grape4 ------------ ,h[ are ?is coat & ! cornea unit$8 #hig4 ,describe ! cornea4 #hih4 ,:at is ! color ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! *oroid coat8 ,( ! int]nal8 ,h[ is x connect$ ext]nally8 ,h[ int]nally8 ,:at does ?is membrane secrete ^u its int]nal surface8 #hii4 ,describe ! iris4 ,( h[ _m lay]s ( fibres is ! iris compos$8 ,:at is ! function ( ! radiat+ fibres8 ,( ! circul>8 ------------ #ijj4 ,! ,,cili>y ,,processes consi/ ( a numb] ( triangul> folds1 =m$1 app>5tly1 by ! plait+ ( ! int]nal lay] ( ! *oroid coat4 ,!y are ab\t sixty 9 numb]4 ,_! ext]nal bord] is cont9u\s ) ! int]nal lay] ( ! *oroid coat4 ,! c5tral bord] is free1 & re/s aga9/ ! circumf]5ce ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,^! processes are cov]$ by a lay] ( ! pigm5tum nigrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,a view ( ! ant]ior segm5t ( a transv]se section ( ! globe ( ! eye1 se5 f )94 #a1 ,! divid$ edge ( ! ?ree coats--scl]otic1 *oroid1 & ret9a4 #b1 ,! pupil4 #c1 ,! iris3 ! surface pres5t$ to view 9 ?is section be+ ! uvea4 #d1 ,! cili>y processes4 #e1 ,! scallop$ ant]ior bord] ( ! ret9a4 #ija4 ,! ,,ret9a is compos$ ( ?ree lay]s3 ,! ext]nal2 middle1 or n]v\s2 & int]nal1 or vascul>4 ,! ext]nal membrane is extremely ?91 & is se5 z a floccul5t film1 :5 ! eye is susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,! n]v\s membrane is ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 & =ms a ?91 semi-transp>5t1 blui%-:ite lay]4 ,! vascul> membrane consi/s ( ! ramifications ( a m9ute art]y & its accompany+ ve94 ,?is vascul> lay] =ms di/9ct %ea?s = ! n]v\s papill1 :i* con/itute ! inn] surface ( ! ret9a4 ------------ #ijj4 ,h[ are ! cili>y processes =m$8 ,:at does fig4 #ach exhibit8 #ija4 ,( h[ _m lay]s is ! ret9a compos$8 ,describe ! ext]nal lay]4 ,! n]v\s lay]4 ------------ #ijb4 ,! ,,aque\s ,,humor is situat$ 9 ! ant]ior & po/]ior *amb]s ( ! eye4 ,x is an album9\s fluid1 hav+ an alkal9e reaction4 ,its specific gravity is a v little great] ?an di/ill$ wat]4 ,! ant]ior *amb] is ! space int]v5+ betwe5 ! cornea1 9 front1 & ! iris & pupil1 beh9d4 ,! po/]ior *amb] is ! n>r[ space1 less ?an half a l9e 9 dep?1 b\nd$ by ! po/]ior surface ( ! iris & pupil1 9 front1 & by ! cili>y processes & cry/all9e l5s1 beh9d4 ,! two *amb]s are l9$ by a ?9 lay]1 ! secret+ membrane ( ! aque\s humor4 #ijc4 ,! ,,cry/all9e ,,humor1 or l5s1 is situat$ imm$iately beh9d ! pupil1 & is surr\nd$ by ! cili>y processes4 ,?is humor is m convex on ! po/]ior ?an on ! ant]ior surface1 &1 9 diff]5t portions ( ! surface ( ea*1 ! convexity v>ies f _! oval "*4 ,x is imb$d$ 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! vitre\s humor1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a ?9 membrane1 & is inve/$ by a transp>5t ela/ic membrane1 call$ ! capsule ( ! l5s4 ,! l5s consi/s ( conc5tric lay]s1 dispos$ l ! coats ( an onion4 ,! ext]nal lay] is s(t1 & ea* successive "o increases 9 firmness until ! c5tral lay] =ms a h>d5$ nucleus4 ,^! lay]s are be/ demon/rat$ by boil+1 or by imm]sion 9 alcohol1 :5 !y sep>ate easily f ea* o!r4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! l5s 9 ! eye ( a fi% is r\nd1 l a globe1 & has ! same appe>ance1 :5 boil$1 z ! l5s ( ! human eye4 ------------ ,! vascul> lay]4 #ijb4 ,:]e is ! aque\s humor situat$8 ,:at "p ( ! eye is call$ ! ant]ior *amb]8 ,! po/]ior *amb]8 ,) :at are ! *amb]s l9$8 #ijc4 ,:]e is ! cry/all9e humor situat$8 ,) :at is x surr\nd$8 ,( :at does ! l5s consi/8 ,h[ are ^! lay]s be/ demon/rat$8 ,:at is produc$ :5 ! l5s1 or its inve/+ membrane1 is *ang$ 9 /ructure8 ------------ #b;d4 ,:5 ! cry/all9e l5s1 or its inve/+ membrane1 is *ang$ 9 /ructure1 s z to prev5t ! rays ( light pass+ to ! ret9a1 ! affection is call$ a cat>act4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,a section ( ! globe ( ! eye4 #a1 ,! scl]otic coat4 #b1 ,! cornea 7,?is connects ) ! scl]otic coat by a bevell$ edge47 #c1 ,! *oroid coat4 #f1 #f1 ,! iris4 #g1 ,! pupil4 #h1 ,! ret9a4 #aj1 #aa1 #aa1 ,*amb]s ( ! eye t conta9 ! aque\s humor4 #ab1 ,! cry/all9e l5s4 #ac1 ,! vitre\s humor4 #ae1 ,! optic n]ve4 #af1 ,! c5tral art]y ( ! eye4 #ijd4 ,! ,,vitre\s ,,humor =ms ! pr9cipal bulk ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,x is an album9\s fluid1 resembl+ ! aque\s humor1 b is m d5se1 & diff]s f ! aque\s 9 ?is important p>ticul>1 t x has n ! p[] ( re-produc+ itself4 ,if by accid5t x is dis*>g$1 ! eye is irrecov]ably lo/2 :ile ! aque\s humor may be let out1 & w be aga9 re/or$4 ,x is enclos$ 9 a delicate membrane1 call$ ! hya-loid1 :i* s5ds processes into ! int]ior ( ! globe ( ! eye1 =m+ ! cells 9 :i* ! humor is reta9$4 ------------ #ijd4 ,describe ! vitre\s humor4 ,h[ does ?is humor diff] f ! aque\s8 ,:at membrane encloses ! vitre\s humor8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,! /ructure ( ?is organ c be se5 by fir/ freez+ ! eye ( a %eep or an ox2 x !n c be cut 9 v>i\s directions1 & ea* "p sep>ately exam9$4 #ije4 ,! ,,muscles ( ! eye are six 9 numb]4 ,!y are atta*$1 at "o extremity1 to ! bones ( ! orbit beh9d ! eye2 at ! o!r extremity1 !y are ins]t$ by broad1 ?9 t5dons1 ne> ! junction ( ! cornea ) ! scl]otic coat4 ,! :ite1 pe>ly appe>ance ( ! eye is caus$ by ^! t5dons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,a view ( ! eye & its muscles4 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,five ( ^! muscles4 f1 ,! optic n]ve4 ,g1 ,! tro*lea1 or pulley ov] :i* "o ( ! muscles passes4 ,! bone is se5 above & bel[ ! eye4 ,obs]vation4 ,if ! ext]nal muscle is too %ort1 ! eye is turn$ out1 produc+ ! wall eye4 ,if ! int]nal muscle is contract$1 ! eye is turn$ inw>d t[>d ! nose4 ,x is !n call$ a cross eye4 ------------ #ije4 ,h[ _m muscles has ! eye8 ,give _! atta*m5ts4 ,:at causes ! pe>ly appe>ance ( ! eye8 ,:at does fig4 #adj repres5t8 ,:at is ! effect if ! ext]nal muscle is contract$8 ,! int]nal muscle8 ------------ #ijf4 ,! ,,protect+ ,,organs are ! ,orbits1 ,eyebr[s1 ,eyelids1 & ,la*ry-mal ,app>atus4 #ijg4 ,! ,,orbits are deep1 bony sockets1 9 :i* ! globes ( ! eyes are situat$4 ,!y h ! =m ( a cone1 ! base ( :i* is op5 & direct$ =w>d4 ,! bottom ( ! orbits is pi]c$ by a l>ge hole :i* gives passage to ! optic n]ve4 ,^! cavities are l9$ ) a ?ick cu%ion ( fat1 9 ord] t ! eyes may move 9 all directions1 ) p]fect fre$om & )\t friction4 #ijh4 ,! ,,eyebr[s are two project+ ar*es ( integum5t1 cov]$ ) %ort1 ?ick hairs1 :i* =m ! upp] b\nd>y ( ! orbits4 ,! eyebr[s are s arrang$ t !y prev5t ! moi/ure t accumulates on ! =ehead1 9 free p]spiration1 f fl[+ into ! eye1 & also %ade ^! organs f too vivid light4 #iji4 ,! ,,eyelids are two movable curta9s plac$ 9 front ( ! eye4 ,!y h a delicate sk9 on ! outside1 muscul> fibres b5ea?1 & a n>r[ c>tilage on _! edges1 :i* t5ds to pres]ve ! %ape ( ! lid4 ,int]nally1 !y are l9$ by a smoo? membrane1 :i* is reflect$ ov] ! front ( ! eye ^u ! scl]otica4 ,?is membrane is call$ ! con-junc-tiva4 ,x secretes ! fluid t moi/5s & lubricates ! eye1 & :i* causes ! eyelids to op5 & %ut )\t friction4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ! portion ( ?is membrane t is reflect$ ov] ! globe ( ! eye1 is inflam$1 !re is frequ5tly a deposition ( :iti% mat]ial1 call$ lymph4 ,?is acc\nts = ! films1 opacities1 & :ite spots se5 ^u ! eye aft] ! inflammation has subsid$4 ------------ #ijf4 ,"n ! protect+ organs ( ! eye4 #ijg4 ,describe ! orbits4 ,h[ are ! movem5ts ( ! eye facilitat$8 #ijh4 ,describe ! eyebr[s4 ,:at does ?is arrangem5t prev5t8 #iji4 ,describe ! eyelids4 ,:at is ! use ( ! conjunctiva8 ,h[ are ! :ite spots frequ5tly se5 ^u ! eye acc\nt$ =8 ------------ #iaj4 ,!re are f\nd sev]al small gl&s on ! int]nal surface ( ! c>tilage1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( p>allel /r+s ( pe>ls4 ,!y op5 by m9ute ap]tures ^u ! edges ( ! lids4 ,! secretion f ^! gl&s prev5ts ! edges ( ! eyelids f be+ unit$ dur+ sleep4 #iaa4 ,! edges ( ! eyelids are furni%$ ) a triple r[ ( long1 ?ick hairs1 call$ eyela%es1 :i* curve upw>d f ! upp] lid1 & d[nw>d f ! l[]1 s t !y may n int]lace ) ea* o!r 9 ! closure ( ! eyelids4 ,^! app5dages ( ! eye1 by clos+1 n only protect x f moi/ure1 b f du/1 p>ticul>ly dur+ sleep4 ,!y likewise1 by _! movem5ts 9 op5+ & %utt+1 spread ! lubricat+ fluid equally ov] ! eye4 #iab4 ,! ,,la*rymal ,,app>atus1 :i* secretes ! te>s1 consi/s ( ! ,la*rymal ,gl& ) its ducts1 ,la*rymal ,canals1 & ! ,nasal ,duct4 #iac4 ,! ,,la*rymal ,,gl& is situat$ at ! upp] & out] angle ( ! orbit4 ,x is ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 flatt5$ & oval 9 %ape1 & occupies a depression 9 ! orbital plate ( ! frontal bone4 ,t5 or twelve small ducts pass f ?is gl&1 & op5 ^u ! upp] eyelid1 :]e !y p\r ^u ! conjunctiva ! la*rymal fluid1 or te>s4 ,?is secretion is ma9ta9$ :ile we are asleep1 z well z :5 we are awake4 ,! eye f ?is cause is kept con/antly moi/4 #iad4 ,! ,,la*rymal ,,canals comm5ce at m9ute op5+s ^u ! free bord]s ( ea* eyelid1 ne> ! int]nal angle ( ! eye1 by two small orifices1 call$ puncta la*-ry-mali-a1 7te> po9ts47 ,ea* ( ^! po9ts communicate ) ! sac at ! upp] "p ( ! nasal duct4 ------------ #iaj4 ,:at are f\nd on ! int]nal surface ( ! c>tilage ( ! eyelids8 ,:]e d !y op51 & :at is _! use8 #iaa4 ,) :at are ! edges ( ! eyelids furni%$8 ,:at are _! uses8 #iab4 ,( :at does ! la*rymal app>atus consi/8 #iac4 ,describe ! la*rymal gl&4 ,h[ _m ducts pass f ?is gl&1 & :at d !y convey to ! eye8 ,:y is ! eye con/antly moi/8 #iad4 ,:]e d ! la*rymal canals comm5ce8 ------------ #iae4 ,! ,,nasal ,,duct is a %ort canal1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 direct$ d[nw>d & backw>d to ! inf]ior *annel ( ! nose1 :]e x t]m9ates by an exp&$ orifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 #a1 ,! la*rymal gl&4 #b1 ,ducts lead+ f ! la*rymal gl& to ! upp] eyelid4 #c1 #c1 ,! puncta la*rymalia4 #d1 ,! nasal sac4 #e1 ,! t]m9ation ( ! nasal duct4 #iaf4 ,! fluid 7te>s7 secret$ by ! la*rymal gl&1 is convey$ to ! eye by ! small ducts be=e describ$4 ,x is !n imbib$ by ! puncta la*rymalia1 & c>ri$ by ! la*rymal canals into ! la*rymal sac1 f :i* x is pass$ to ! nasal cavities by ! nasal ducts4 ------------ ,:at are !y call$8 ,) :at d !y communicate8 #iae4 ,describe ! nasal duct4 #iaf4 ,h[ are ! te>s convey$ f ! la*rymal gl& to ! nose8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,vision4 #iag4 ,to compreh5d ! !ory ( vision1 x is n suffici5t to "k ! /ructure ( ! eye4 ,we mu/ be famili> ) "s ( ! prop]ties ( a subtile fluid1 :i* is con/antly emanat+ f all lum9\s bodies1 call$ light4 #iah4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( natural philosophy1 r ?an physiology1 to ent] m9utely ^u ! prop]ties ( light4 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t1 :5 light passes ?r\gh any m$ium ( ! same d5sity1 ! rays are 9 /raight l9es2 b1 :5 x passes f "o m$ium into ano!r ( diff]5t d5sity1 x is refract$1 or turn$ f a /raight c\rse1 unless x /rikes ! m$ium 9 a p]p5dicul> direction--!n light passes ?r\gh )\t a *ange ( direction4 #iai4 ,:5 a ray ( light meets ) a body1 x ei!r passes ?r\gh x1 or is reflect$ by x1 or x may be absorb$4 ,aga91 9 proportion z ! rays ( light become di/ant f ! body f :i* !y emanate1 !y div]ge "o f ! o!r4 ,9 accordance ) ! laws ( optics1 ! rays ( light1 9 pass+ ?r\gh an optical in/rum5t l ! eye1 mu/ cross ea* o!r1 & ?us produce an inv]t$ image ( ! object f :i* ! rays proce$4 ,) ! g5]al view ( ! /ructure ( ! eye1 we w n[ exam9e ! use ( ea* "p 9 ! function ( vision4 ------------ #iag-icc4 ,give ! physiology ( ! organs ( vision4 #iag4 ,:at is necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& ! !ory ( vision8 #iah4 ,:5 light passes ?r\gh a m$ium ( ! same d5sity1 9 :at direction w be its rays8 ,( a diff]5t d5sity8 ,:at exception8 #iai4 ,:5 light meets ) a body1 :at takes place8 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to rays ( light 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! eye8 ------------ #ibj4 ,! scl]otic coat n only gives =m to ! body ( ! eye1 b protection to ! int]ior & m delicate p>ts4 ,! *oroid coat seems to be *iefly compos$ ( a tissue ( n]ves & m9ute blood-vessels2 ! latt] give n\ri%m5t to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye4 ,"o ( ! uses ( ?is coat is1 to absorb ! rays ( light imm$iately aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! ret9a4 ,?is is effect$ by ! black pigm5t t l9es its inn] surface4 ,7 x n = ?is provision1 light w\ld be too int5se1 & vision indi/9ct4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 alb9os1 :]e !re is an abs5ce ( ! black pigm5t1 ! rays ( light trav]se ! iris1 & ev5 ! *oroid coat1 & s ov]:elm ! eye ) light1 t _! vision is q imp]fect1 except 9 ! dimness ( ev5+1 or at night4 ,9 ! manufacture ( optical in/rum5ts1 c>e is tak5 to color _! int]ior black1 = ! same object1 namely1 ! absorption ( scatt]$ rays4 #iba4 ,! iris1 by means ( its p[]s ( expansion & contraction1 regulates ! quantity ( light admitt$ ?r\gh ! pupil4 ,if ! iris is ?91 & ! rays ( light pass ?r\gh its sub/ance1 !y are imm$iately absorb$ by ! uvea1 &1 if t lay] be insuffici5t1 !y are tak5 up by ! black pigm5t ( ! *oroid coat4 ,obs]vation4 ,:5 we look t[>d ! bottom ( ! eye1 ! pupil appe>s l a black spot1 in/ead ( an op5+4 ,?is is caus$ by see+ ! black pigm5t ?r\gh ! ret9a & humors ( ! eye4 ------------ #ibj4 ,:at is ! use ( ! scl]otic coat8 ,( :at is ! *oroid coat *iefly compos$8 ,:at is ! use ( ?is coat8 ,h[ is x effect$8 ,:at is said ( alb9os8 ,:at c>e is tak5 9 ! manufacture ( optical in/rum5ts8 #iba4 ,:at is ! use ( ! iris8 ,:5 we look t[>d ! bottom ( ! eye1 :y does ! pupil look l a black spot1 in/ead ( an op5+8 ------------ #ibb4 ,! cornea1 & ! aque\s1 cry/all9e1 & vitre\s humors1 are transp>5t2 s t rays ( light trav]se ^! p>ts ( ! eye1 & fall ^u ! ret9a4 ,! (fice ( ^! humors & ! cornea is to refract ! rays ( light 9 su* proportion z to direct ! image 9 ! mo/ favorable mann] ^u ! ret9a4 #ibc4 ,! (fice ( ! ret9a is to receive ! impression ( ! rays ( light :i* leave an object at :i* we look1 & x is ^u x t a small b v cle> image ( t object is =m$4 ,! impression ?us produc$ by ! reflect$ light is transmitt$ by ! optic n]ve to ! bra91 :i* receives ! s5sation4 ,?is con/itutes vision4 #ibd4 ,! optic n]ve has b "o function1 t ( sight4 ,s5sibility is conf]r$ on ?is organ by a l>ge bran* f ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 :i* ramifies ^u ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye & its app5dages4 ,^! p>ts1 h[ev]1 receive "s n]v\s filam5ts f ! sev5? pair4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! l>ge numb] ( s5sitive n]v\s filam5ts r5d]s ! visual organ v impressible to bodies t cause irritation1 z du/1 or int5se light4 ,?is compels u to use due c>e to %ield ! eye f ! influ5ce ( ag5ts t w\ld impair or de/roy vision4 #b;d4 ,al?\gh p>ticles ( du/1 :5 9 contact ) ! delicate p>ts ( ! eye1 induce sev]e pa91 yet ^! p>ts may be cut 9 surgical op]ations1 & ! pati5t's suff]+s are n z great z :5 an incision is made 9 ! sk9 to remove a small tumor4 #ibe4 ,diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 z already m5tion$1 modify ! refractory p[] ( any transp>5t m$ium4 ,x is f\nd1 on exam9ation1 t ! cornea1 ! vitre\s1 ! cry/all9e1 & ! aque\s humors1 h ea*1 sev]ally1 v>i\s degrees ( d5sity3 & t ! cry/all9e l5s1 at its circumf]5ce1 is less d5se ?an at its c5tre4 ,^! circum/ances modify ! direction ( ! refraction ( ! rays ( light1 9 _! passage f ! cornea to ! ret9a4 ------------ #ibb4 ,:at is ! use ( ! cornea1 aque\s1 cry/all9e1 & vitre\s humors8 #ibc4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! ret9a8 #ibd4 ,:at is ! function ( ! optic n]ve8 ,h[ is s5sibility conf]r$ on ?is organ8 ,give ! #a/ obs]vation 9 ?is connection4 ,! #b;d obs]vation4 ------------ #ibf4 ,! refract+ p[]s ( ! plane1 convex1 concave1 plano-convex1 plano-concave1 & concavo-convex l5ses1#bb are diff]5t4 ,! cornea & aque\s humors are convexo-concave1 ! vitre\s humor is concavo-convex1 :ile ! cry/all9e humor is a convexo-convex m$ium4 7,fig4 #aci47 #bb ,! refract+ "* ( diff]5tly-=m$ l5ses is illu/rat$ 9 ! works on ,natural ,philosophy1 to :i* ! pupil is ref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,! =ms ( ! diff]5t l5ses4 #a1 ,a plane l5s4 #b1 ,a globe l5s4 #c1 ,a convexo-convex l5s4 #d1 ,a plano-convex l5s4 #e1 ,a concavo-concave l5s4 #f1 ,a plano-concave l5s4 #g1 ,m5iscus4 #h1 ,a concavo-convex l5s4 ------------ #ibe4 ,h ! cornea & ! humors ( ! eye diff]5t degrees ( d5sity8 ,:at is said ( ! cry/all9e l5s8 ,:at effect has ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! p>ts ( ! eye ^u ! light admitt$ to ?is organ8 #ibf4 ,:at k9d ( l5ses d ! humors exhibit8 #ibg4 ,:at modifies ! refract+ p[]s ( transp>5t m$iums8 ,h[ does ?is pr9ciple apply to ! humors ( ! eye8 ------------ #ibg4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( convexity or concavity also modify ! refract+ "* ( transp>5t m$iums4 ,! cry/all9e l5s is ( diff]5t degrees ( convexity on its two sides4 ,! convex surfaces ( ! aque\s & vitre\s humors are segm5ts ( circles1 ( diff]5t diamet]s f _! concave surfaces4 7,fig4 #aci47 ,all ^! circum/ances /ill fur!r influ5ce ! refract+ "* ( ! visual organ4 ,! a*romatic arrangem5t ( ! transp>5t refract+ m$iums ( ! eye1 rem$ies ! ab]ration ( refraction 9 ! diff]5t portions ( ! eye4 #ibh4 ,aga91 ! refract+ p[] ( l5ses is modifi$ by _! convexity or concavity4 ,! m convex a l5s is1 ! %ort] ! di/ance f ! refract+ m$ium1 :]e ! diff]5t refract$ rays conv]ge to a focus4 ,to adapt ! eye to view objects at diff]5t di/ances1 requires a *ange 9 ! refract+ p[] ( "s ( ! transp>5t m$iums ( ! eye4 #ibi4 ,bo? surfaces ( ! cry/all9e l5s are oval1 n sph]ical1 & ! refraction ( ! rays ( light is ma9ly effect$ 9 ?is portion ( ! eye4 ,*ange ! incl9ation ( ?is l5s1 s t diff]5t portions ( its ant]ior surface %all be directly beh9d ! pupil1 & its refract+ p[] is increas$ or dim9i%$1 z ! surface pres5t$ is m or less convex4 #icj4 ,to view objects at a di/ance1 a less convex l5s is ne$$ ?an 9 exam9+ articles v ne> ! eye2 & ?is organ1 f its /ructure1 has ! p[] ( adaptation to diff]5t di/ances4 ,x is suppos$ t ! muscul> sub/ance ( ! cili>y body & processes *anges1 by its contraction1 ! incl9ation ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,)\t ?is1 or "s o!r adapt+ p[]1 a picture ( objects at diff]5t di/ances w\ld n be =m$ ^u ! ret9a1 & ! vision ( e p]son w\ld be defective1 except 9 ref]5ce to objects at c]ta9 def9ite di/ances f ! eye4 ------------ #ibh4 ,:at modifies ! refract+ p[] ( l5ses8 ,:at is necess>y to adapt ! eye to view objects at diff]5t di/ances8 #ibi4 ,:]e is ! refraction ( ! rays ( light ma9ly effect$8 #icj4 ,:5 we view objects at a di/ance1 :at k9d ( l5s is requir$8 ,has ! eye ! p[] ( adapt+ itself to diff]5t di/ances8 ,h[ is x effect$8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,x is well kn[n t a sep>ate image is =m$ on ea* eye1 &1 if !y are n 9 ! same direction1 ! objects w appe> d\ble4 ,?is is prov$ by press+ "o eye1 s t ! rays ( light _c ent] x 9 ! same direction z !y d 9 ! o!r2 consequ5tly1 ! vision is d\ble4 #ica4 ,by ! action ( ! muscles ( ! eye1 x is turn$ 9 diff]5t directions1 s t objects c be exam9$ ^u ea* side1 z well z 9 front1 )\t turn+ ! body4 ,by ! slight or int5se action ( ! /raight muscles1 ! eye is m or less compress$1 & ! =m ( ! globe is *ang$1 toge!r ) ! relative positions ( ! diff]5t humors4 ,?is modification also adapts ! eye to view objects at diff]5t di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 #a1 ,a p51 an inv]t$ image ( :i* is pa9t$ on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 at #b4 ,! image ( all objects ^u ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve1 is inv]t$ by ! cross+ ( ! rays ( light f objects z !y trav]se ! pupil4 ,obs]vation4 ,if ! eye is fix$ = a "t on "s object :i* is di/+ui%$ ) difficulty1 !re is a pa9ful s5sation1 simil> to t exp]i5c$ by o!r muscles ( ! body :5 us$ too long4 ,?is is call$ /ra9+ ! eye4 #icb4 ,:5 ! refraction ( ! rays ( light is too great1 z 9 ov]-convexity ( ! cornea1 or ! cry/all9e l5s1 or ! vitre\s humor1 or all ( !m1 ! image is =m$ a little 9 front ( ! ret9a4 ,p]sons ?us affect$ _c see di/9ctly1 except at a v %ort di/ance4 ,?is infirmity is call$ ne>1 or %ort-sight$ness4 ,?is defect is 9 a great measure obviat$ by ! use ( concave glasses1 :i* scatt] ! lum9\s rays1 & ?us c\nt]balance ! too /rong refract+ =ce ( ! eye4 ------------ ,:at does fig4 #adc repres5t8 #ica4 ,:y c we see objects at ! side z well z 9 front ( ! eye1 )\t turn+ ! body8 ,:at is ! effect :5 ! eye is fix$ on an object t is indi/9ctly se58 ------------ #icc4 ,:5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eye are n suffici5tly convex1 ! image is =m$ beyond ! ret9a1 & ?us only di/ant objects are di/9ctly se54 ,?is defect is call$ long-sight$ness4 ,! feebl5ess 9 ! refract+ p[] ( ! eye may be caus$ by disease2 b usually x is a consequ5ce ( old age1 & is rem$i$ by we>+ spectacles ) convex glasses4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,vision4 #icd4 ,! eye1 l o!r organs ( ! body1 %\ld be us$1 & !n re/$4 ,if we look int5tly at an object = a long "t1 ! eye becomes we>i$1 & ! p[] ( vision dim9i%$4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is rule is p>ticul>ly ne$ful to ^? ^: eyes are weak1 & pr$ispos$ to inflammation4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! eye is n call$ into action1 its functions are enfeebl$4 #ice4 ,sudd5 transitions ( light %\ld be avoid$4 ,! iris enl>ges or contracts1 z ! light t falls ^u ! eye is fa9t or /rong2 b ! *ange is n in/antane\s4 ,h5ce ! imp]fect vision 9 pass+ f a /rong to a dim light1 & ! ov]:elm+ s5sation exp]i5c$ on em]g+ f a dimly-light$ ap>tm5t to "o brilliantly illum9at$4 ,a common cause ( am-aur-osis1 or p>alysis ( ! ret9a1 is1 us+ ! eye = a long "t 9 a v int5se light4 ------------ #icb4 ,:at is %ort-sight$ness8 ,h[ is ! defect rem$i$8 #icc4 ,:at is long-sight$ness8 ,h[ is ! defect rem$i$8 #icd-idb4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! organs ( vision4 #icd4 ,d ! same pr9ciples apply to ! use ( ! eye z to o!r organs8 ,:at is ! effect if ! eye is fix$ int5tly on an object = a long "t8 ,:at results if ! eye is n call$ into action8 #ice4 ,:y %\ld sudd5 transitions ( light be avoid$8 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! eye be review$ f figs4 #aci & #adc1 or f anatomical outl9e plate ,no4 #aj4 #icf4 ,long-cont9u$ oblique positions ( ! eye %\ld be avoid$1 :5 view+ objects4 ,if ! eye is turn$ obliquely = a long "t 9 view+ objects1 x may produce an unnatural contraction ( ! muscle call$ into action4 ,?is contraction ( ! muscle is t]m$ /ra-bismus1 or cross-eye4 ,! practice ( imitat+ ! appe>ance ( a p]son ?us affect$1 is injudici\s1 z ! imitation1 design$ to be tempor>y1 may become p]man5t4 ,obs]vation4 ,! vision ( a cross-eye is always defective4 ,9 g5]al1 only "o eye is call$ into action1 9 view+ ! object to :i* ! m9d is direct$4 ,?is defect c be rem$i$ by a surgical op]ation1 :i* also corrects ! position ( ! eye4 #icg4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ to use ! eye ^u objects at diff]5t di/ances4 ,?is is necess>y1 9 ord] t ! vision may be correct :5 objects at v>i\s di/ances are view$4 ,any action unnatural to ! muscles1 if frequ5tly repeat$1 may & w modify ! "* & action ( ! p>ts s op]at$ ^u4 ,if a limb1 z ! arm1 be kept flex$ = a long "t1 "o set ( muscles w be relax$ & elongat$1 & ano!r w be %ort5$1 & its contractile p[] w be increas$4 ,! same pr9ciple is true ( ! eye4 ------------ ,:at causes palsy ( ! ret9a8 #icf4 ,:y %\ld we avoid oblique positions ( ! eye 9 view+ objects8 ,:at is said ( ! practice ( imitat+ p]sons ?us affect$8 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! vision ( a cross-eye8 #icg4 ,:y %\ld *ildr5 be tra9$ to use ! eye ^u objects at diff]5t di/ances8 ,:at is ! effect if an unnatural action ( ! muscles is frequ5tly repeat$8 ,does ! same pr9ciple apply to ! eye8 ------------ #ich4 ,9 view+ objects v ne> ! eye1 ! cili>y processes are call$ into action to produce a prop] incl9ation ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 s t ! rays ( light may be prop]ly refract$ to =m a p]fect image on ! ret9a4 ,9 look+ at objects at a great di/ance1 ! cili>y processes are call$ into a diff]5t action1 to produce a diff]5t incl9ation ( ! l5s4 ,let ei!r ( ^! actions be repeat$1 aga9 & aga91 = weeks & mon?s1 & !y w become natural1 & ! acquir$ incl9ation w be p]man5t4 #ici4 ,f ! prec$+ pr9ciple1 a p]son becomes %ort or long sight$1 z ! objects to :i* ! eye is usually direct$ are ne> or remote4 ,?is is "o reason :y s*ol>s1 wat*mak]s1 & artisans1 :o br+ m9ute objects ne> ! eye to exam9e !m1 are %ort-sight$1 & :y hunt]s & sailors1 :o are habituat$ to view objects at a di/ance1 are long-sight$4 ,obs]vation4 ,9 ! managem5t ( *ildr51 :e!r 9 ! nurs]y or s*ool-room1 x is v important t _! books1 or articles ^u :i* !y may labor1 %\ld be held at an appropriate di/ance f ! eye4 ,7 ?is att5d$ to by ! p>5t or in/ructor1 we %\ld n see s _m p]sons ) defective vision4 #idj4 ,cleanl9ess1 z well z ! heal? ( ! eye1 require t x be ba!d e morn+ ) pure wat]1 ei!r cold or tepid1 accompani$ ) z little rubb+ or friction z possible4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! secretion f ! la*rymal gl&s1 t sometimes collects at ! angle ( ! eye1 %\ld be remov$1 z x conta9s sal9e matt]4 #ida4 ,:5 small p>ticles1 or du/1 get ^u ! eye1 !y produce mu* inconv5i5ce1 :i* is (t5 increas$ by h>% attempts to remove !m4 ,! individual %\ld be plac$ be=e a /rong light1 ! lids held op5 ) "o h&1 or by ano!r p]son1 & ! p>ticles remov$ ) ! corn] ( a f9e l95 or silk h&k]*ief4 ------------ #ich4 ,:at is ! effect ( repeat$ly us+ ! eye 9 "o direction8 #ici4 ,:y are artisans & s*ol>s g5]ally %ort-sight$8 ,:y are sailors & hunt]s long-sight$8 ,h[ c defective vision 9 a great degree be prev5t$8 #idj4 ,:at reasons are !re = ba?+ ! eye8 #ida4 ,h[ c du/ & o!r small p>ticles be remov$ f ! eye8 ------------ #idb4 ,sometimes ! sub/ance is conceal$ "u ! upp] eyelid1 & x may !n be expos$ by turn+ back ! lid 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a knitt+-ne$le1 or small1 sl5d] piece ( /ick1 :i* is p]fectly smoo?1 & place x ov] ! upp] lid1 9 contact )1 & j "u ! edge ( ! orbit2 !n1 hold+ x firmly1 seize ! eyela%es ) ! f+]s ( ! dis5gag$ h&1 & g5tly turn ! lid back ov] ! /ick or ne$le4 ,! inn] side ( ! lid c !n be exam9$1 & any sub/ance remov$ t may h be5 !re conceal$4 ,too _m trials ought n to be made1 if unsuccessful1 z mu* inflammation may be induc$2 b a surgeon %\ld be consult$ z soon z possible4 ,obs]vation4 ,eye/ones ought nev] to be plac$ 9 ! eye1 z !y (t5 cause m pa9 & irritation ?an ! evil :i* !y are int5d$ to rem$y4 ------------ #idb4 ,h[ remov$ f ! upp] eyelid8 ,:y %\ld n eye/ones be us$8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,he>+4 #idc4 ,! s5se ( he>+ is next 9 importance to t ( vision4 ,?r\gh ?is s5se we are enabl$ to p]ceive s\nds1 t n only subs]ve to our com=t & pleasure1 b are in/rum5tal 9 promot+ our intellectual enjoym5ts4 ,! organ ( he>+1 or ! e>1 is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ 9 ! human body4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,he>+4 #idd4 ,! ,,e> is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts3 #a/4 ,! ,ext]nal ,e>4 #b;d4 ,! ,tympan-um1 or middle e>4 #c;d4 ,! ,laby-r9?1 or int]nal e>4 #ide4 ,! ,,ext]nal ,,e> is compos$ ( two p>ts3 ,! ,p9na1 7pavilion ( ! e>17 & ! ,me-atus ,aud-x-ori-u ,ex-t]nus1 7auditory canal47 #idf4 ,! ,,p9na is a c>tilag9\s plate :i* surr\nds ! entrance ( ! auditory canal4 ,x pres5ts _m ridges & furr[s1 aris+ f ! folds ( ! c>tilage t =m x4 ,obs]vation4 ,! p9na1 9 _m animals1 is movable2 9 ^? t pursue _! prey1 x is g5]ally direct$ =w>d2 9 timid animals1 z ! h>e & rabbit1 x is direct$ backw>d4 ,9 man1 ?is "p is b slightly "u ! control ( ! w4 ------------ #idc4 ,:at is said ( ! importance ( he>+8 ,is ! e> complicat$ 9 its /ructure8 #idd-ifb4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! organs ( he>+4 #idd4 ,( h[ _m p>ts is ! e> compos$8 ,"n !m4 #ide4 ,give ! p>ts ( ! ext]nal e>4 #idf4 ,describe ! p9na4 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! p9na ( _m animals8 ------------ #idg4 ,! ,,meatus ,,auditorius is a canal p>tly c>tilag9\s1 & p>tly bony1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* ext5ds inw>d f ! p9na to ! ,membra-na ,tympan-i1 7drum ( ! e>47 ,x is n>r[] 9 ! middle ?an at ! extremities4 ,x is l9$ by an extremely ?9 p\* ( cuticle1 :i*1 :5 )drawn1 aft] mac]ation1 pres]ves ! =m ( ! canal4 ,"s /iff1 %ort hairs are also f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! *annel1 :i* /ret* across ! tube1 & prev5t ! +ress ( insects4 ,b5ea? ! cuticle are a numb] ( small follicles1 :i* secrete ! wax ( ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,a repres5tation ( ! f\r bones ( ! e>4 ,! smalle/ is highly magnifi$4 ,?is bone is e>ly matur$1 & 9 ! adult x becomes unit$ ) ! incus4 ,^! bones are reta9$ 9 _! places & mov$ by ?ree ligam5ts & f\r muscles4 #idh4 ,! ,,membrana ,,tympani is a ?91 semi-transp>5t membrane1 ( an oval %ape4 ,x is ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & is ins]t$ into a groove ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! meatus1 ne> its t]m9ation4 ,?is membrane is plac$ obliquely across ! area ( t tube4 ,x is concave t[>d ! meatus1 & convex t[>d ! tympanum4 #idi4 ,! ,,tympanum consi/s ( an irregul> bony cavity1 situat$ )9 ! temporal bone4 ,x is b\nd$ ext]nally by ! membrana tympani2 int]nally by its inn] wall2 & 9 its circumf]5ce by ! petr\s portion ( ! temporal bone & ma/oid cells4 ,! tympanum conta9s f\r small bones1 call$ ! os-sicu-la au-ditus4 ,^! are nam$ sep>ately1 ! malle-u1 9cus1 /apes1 & or-bicu-l>4 ------------ #idg4 ,:at is ! meatus auditorius8 ,:at is f\nd 9 ?is canal8 ,:at is _! use8 ,:]e is ! wax ( ! e> secret$8 #idh4 ,describe ! membrana tympani4 #idi4 ,:]e is ! tympanum situat$8 ------------ #iej4 ,!re are t5 op5+s 9 ! middle e>2 five l>ge & five small4 ,! l>g] op5+s are1 ! ,me-atus ,aud-x-ori-u ,ex-t]nus1 ,fe-nestra ,o-valis1 7oval w9d[17 ,fe-nestra ,ro-tunda1 7r\nd w9d[17 ,mastoid ,cells1 & ,eu-/a*i-an ,tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,a repres5tation ( ! p9na1 meatus1 membrana tympani1 bones ( ! e>1 & semicircul> canals4 a1 ,! p9na4 c1 ,! meatus auditorius ext]nus4 g1 ,! membrana tympani4 k1 ,! tympanum4 e1 ,! bones ( ! e>4 b1 ,! semicircul> canals4 f1 ,! co*lea4 h1 ,! ve/ibule4 i1 ,! ,eu/a*ian tube4 d1 ,! auditory n]ve4 #iea4 ,! ,,f5e/ra ,,ovalis is ! op5+ ( communication betwe5 ! tympanum & ! ve/ibule4 ,x is clos$ by ! foot ( ! /apes1 or bone ( ! e>1 & by ! l9+ membrane ( bo? cavities4 #ieb4 ,! ,,f5e/ra ,,rotunda s]ves to e/abli% a communication betwe5 ! tympanum & ! co*lea4 x is clos$ by a prop] membrane1 z well z by ! l9+ ( bo? cavities4 ------------ ,:at does ?is cavity conta98 #iej4 ,h[ _m op5+s 9 ! tympanum8 ,expla9 fig4 #ade4 #iea4 ,describe ! f5e/ra ovalis4 #ieb4 ,! f5e/ra rotunda4 ------------ #iec4 ,! ,,ma/oid ,,cells are v num]\s1 & occupy ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! ma/oid process ( ! temporal bone1 & "p ( ! petr\s bone4 ,!y communicate1 by a l>ge1 irregul> op5+1 ) ! upp] & po/]ior circumf]5ce ( ! tympanum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,a view ( ! labyr9? laid op54 ,?is figure is highly magnifi$4 #a1 #a1 ,! co*lea4 #b1 #c1 ,two *annels1 t w9d two & a half turns ar\nd a c5tral po9t1 7#e47 #g1 ,! c5tral portion ( ! labyr9?1 7ve/ibule47 #h1 ,! =am5 rotundum4 #i1 ,! f5e/ra ovalis4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,! semicircul> canals4 ,! co*lea & semicircul> canals op5 into ! ve/ibule4 #ied4 ,! ,,eu/a*ian ,,tube is a canal ( communication1 ext5d+ obliquely betwe5 ! ph>ynx & ! ant]ior circumf]5ce ( ! tympanum4 ,9 /ructure x is p>tly fibro-c>tilag9\s & p>tly bony4 ,x is broad & exp&$ at its ph>yngeal extremity1 & n>r[ & compress$ at ! tympanum4 ------------ #iec4 ,:]e are ! ma/oid cells8 ,expla9 fig4 #adf4 #ied4 ,describe ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ------------ #iee4 ,! small op5+s ( ! middle e> are = ! entrance & exit ( ! *orda tympani1 7a small n]ve t crosses ! tympanum17 & = ! exit ( ! muscles t act ^u ! membrana tympani & bones ( ! e>4 #ief4 ,! ,,labyr9? consi/s ( a membran\s & a bony portion4 ,! bony labyr9? pres5ts a s]ies ( cavities :i* are *annell$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! petr\s bone4 ,x is situat$ betwe5 ! cavity ( ! tympanum & ! ,audx-o-ry ,n]ve4 ,! labyr9? is divid$ into ! ,vesti-bule1 ,sem-i-circu-l> ,canals1 & ,co*le-a4 #ieg4 ,! ,,ve/ibule is a small1 ?ree-corn]$ cavity1 situat$ imm$iately )9 ! inn] wall ( ! tympanum4 #ieh4 ,! ,,semicircul> ,,canals are ?ree bony passages :i* communicate ) ! ve/ibule1 into :i* two ( !m op5 at bo? extremities1 & ! ?ird at "o extremity4 #iei4 ,! ,,co*lea =ms ! ant]ior portion ( ! labyr9?4 ,x consi/s ( a bony & gradually tap]+ canal1 ab\t "o & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* makes two turns & a half1 spirally1 ar\nd a c5tral axis1 call$ ! mo-dio-lus4 ,! modiolus is l>ge ne> its base1 :]e x corresponds ) ! fir/ turn ( ! co*lea1 & dim9i%es 9 diamet] t[>d its extremity4 #ifj4 ,! int]ior ( ! canal ( ! co*lea is p>tially divid$ into two passages1 by means ( a bony & membran\s plate4 ,at ! extremity ( ! modiolus1 ! two passages communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,at ! o!r extremity1 "o op5s into ! ve/ibule2 ! o!r into ! tympanum1 by ! =am5 rotundum4 ,! int]nal surface ( ! bony labyr9? is l9$ by a fibro-s]\s membrane4 ------------ #iee4 ,:at passes ?r\gh ! small op5+s ( ! middle e>8 #ief4 ,( :at does ! labyr9? consi/8 ,give ! p>ts ( ! int]nal e>4 #ieg4 ,describe ! ve/ibule4 #ieh4 ,:at is said ( ! semicircul> canals8 #iei4 ,:y is ! co*lea s call$8 ,( :at does x consi/8 #ifj4 ,h[ is ! int]ior ( ! canal ( ! co*lea divid$8 ,:]e d !y communicate ) ea* o!r8 ------------ #ifa4 ,! membran\s labyr9? is small] 9 size1 b a p]fect c\nt]p>t1 ) respect to =m1 ( ! bony ve/ibule1 co*lea1 & semicircul> canals4 ,)9 ?is labyr9? are two small1 elongat$ sacs1 :i* are fill$ ) a fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,a view ( ! auditory n]ve4 #a1 ,! sp9al cord4 #b1 ,! m$ulla oblongata4 #c1 ,! l[] "p ( ! bra94 #d1 ,! auditory n]ve4 #e1 ,a bran* to ! semicircul> canals4 #f1 ,a bran* to ! co*lea4 #ifb4 ,! ,,auditory ,,n]ve ent]s ! temporal bone ^u its int]nal surface1 & divides into two bran*es1 at ! bottom ( ! cavity ( ! int]nal e>4 ,^! bran*es ent] ! /ructure ( ! elongat$ sacs & membran\s labyr9?1 radiat+ 9 all directions1 & f9ally1 !y t]m9ate ^u ! inn] surface ( ! membrane1 9 m9ute papill1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ret9a4 ------------ ,by :at is ! int]nal labyr9? l9$8 #ifa4 ,describe ! membran\s labyr9?4 ,:at does fig4 #adg repres5t8 #ifb4 ,:]e does ! auditory n]ve ent] & divide8 ,:]e d ! bran*es ( ! auditory n]ve ent] & t]m9ate8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,he>+4 #ifc4 ,,he>+ is t function by :i* we obta9 a k ( ! vibratory motions ( bodies1 :i* con/itute s\nds4 ,! precise function ( all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e> is n kn[n4 #ifd4 ,! function ( t "p ( ! ext]nal e> :i* projects f ! head is to collect s\nds & reflect !m into ! meatus4 #ife4 ,! membrana tympani s]ves to facilitate ! transmission ( s\nds1 & also to mod]ate _! int5sity4 ,x is s arrang$ t x c be relax$ or tight5$4 ,obs]vation4 ,?is membrane1 :5 heal?y1 has no op5+2 & x mu/ be app>5t t ! appreh5sion :i* is (t5 express$1 t insects w p5etrate fur!r1 is gr\ndless4 ,! pa9 is ow+ to ! extreme s5sibility ( ! membrana tympani4 #iff4 ,! suppos$ (fice ( ! tympanum is to transmit ! vibrations made on ! membrana tympani to ! int]nal e>4 ,?is is effect$ by ! air :i* x conta9s1 & by ! *a9 ( small bones t are enclos$ 9 ?is cavity4 #ifg4 ,! use ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube is to admit air into ! tympanum1 :i* r5d]s ! pressure on bo? sides equal1 & ?us its membrane is kept 9 a prop] /ate ( t5sion4 ------------ #ifc-iga4 ,give ! physiology ( ! organs ( he>+4 #ifc4 ,:at is he>+8 ,are ! precise functions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e> kn[n8 #ifd4 ,:at is ! function ( ! ext]nal e>8 #ife4 ,( ! membrana tympani8 ,:at obs]vation 9 ref]5ce to ?is membrane8 #iff4 ,:at is ! suppos$ (fice ( ! middle e>8 #ifg4 ,:at is ! use ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube8 ------------ ,obs]vation4 ,:5 ne> a cannon1 or a field-piece1 ab\t be+ dis*>g$1 by op5+ ! m\? ! impression ^u ! auditory n]ve w be dim9i%$1 & ! unpleasant s5sation less5$4 ,?is is ! result ( ! air 9 ! middle e> escap+ ?r\gh ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 :5 ! vibrations ( ! membrana tympani are viol5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,a view ( all ! p>ts ( ! e>4 #a1 ,! tube t leads to ! int]nal e>4 #b1 ,! membrana tympani4 #c1 #d1 #e1 ,! bones ( ! e>4 #g1 ,! c5tral "p ( ! labyr9?1 7ve/ibule47 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ,! semicircul> canals4 #aa1 #ab1 ,! *annels ( ! co*lea4 #ac1 ,! auditory n]ve4 #ad1 ,! *annel f ! middle e> to ! ?roat1 7,eu/a*ian tube47 #ifh4 ,b little is kn[n ( ! functions ( ! int]nal e>2 its p>ts are fill$ ) a wat]y fluid1 9 :i* ! filam5ts ( ! auditory n]ve t]m9ate4 ------------ ,:at obs]vation 9 ?is connection8 #ifh4 ,:at is ! function ( ! int]nal e>8 ------------ #ifi4 ,_m ( ! p>ts j enum]at$ aid 9 he>+1 b are n absolutely ess5tial to ?is s5se4 ,b if ! ve/ibule & auditory n]ve are diseas$ or de/roy$1 no s\nd is !n p]ceiv$4 ,if ?is s5se is de/roy$ 9 e>ly life1 ! p]son also loses ! p[] ( articulat+ words4 ,h5ce a man born deaf is always dumb4 #igj4 ,! transmission ( s\nd ?r\gh ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e> w n[ be expla9$ by aid ( fig4 #adh4 ,! vibrations ( air are collect$ by ! ext]nal e>1 & conduct$ ?r\gh ! tube 7#a7 to ! membrana tympani1 7#b47 ,f ! membrane vibrations pass along ! *a9 ( bones1 7#c1 #d1 #e47 ,! bone #e communicates ) ! int]nal e>1 7#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 #ab1 #ab1 #ab47 ,f ! int]nal e> ! impression is transmitt$ to ! bra9 by ! n]ve1 7#ac47 #iga4 ,! auditory n]ve1 l ! optic1 has b "o function1 t ( special s5sibility4 ,! n]ves :i* furni% ! e> ) ord9>y s5sibility1 proce$ f ! fif? pair4 ,,hygi5e ,,( ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,he>+4 #igb4 ,he>+1 l ! o!r s5ses1 is capable ( v great improvem5t4 ,by cultivation1 ! bl9d are enabl$ to judge ) great accuracy ! di/ance ( bodies 9 motion1 & ev5 ! height ( build+s4 ,x is also capable ( improvem5t :5 all ! o!r s5ses are p]fect4 ,?us ! ,indian w di/+ui% s\nds t are inaudible to ! :ite man4 ------------ #ifi4 ,:at p>ts ( ! e> are ess5tial 9 ord] to he> s\nds8 ,:at foll[s loss ( he>+8 #iga4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! auditory n]ve8 ,:at n]ves convey ord9>y s5sibility to ! e>8 #igb-igh4 ,give ! hygi5e ( ! organs ( he>+4 #igb4 ,is ?is s5se capable ( improvem5t8 ,h[ does ?is s5se aid ! bl9d8 ,is x also capable ( improvem5t :5 all ! o!r s5ses are p]fect8 ,9 :om is ?is illu/rat$8 ------------ ,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! organs ( he>+ be review$1 f fig4 #adh1 or f anatomical outl9e plate ,no4 #aj4 #igc4 ,acute he>+ requires p]fection 9 ! /ructure & functions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>1 & t portion ( ! bra9 f :i* ! auditory n]ve proce$s4 ,deafness is by no means unfrequ5t4 ,we w n[ adv]t to "s ( ! common causes ( imp]fect he>+4 #igd4 ,! /ructure or functional action ( ! bra9 may be d]ang$ by inflammation1 by compression1 or by debility1 & produce deafness4 ,! fir/ is se5 dur+ inflammatory affections ( ! bra91 & 9 fev]s2 ! second is se5 9 accid5tal injuries ( ! head2 ! ?ird is se5 9 old age1 & aft] sev]e diseases ( ! head1 & fev]s4 ,9 ^! cases1 applications to1 & op]ations ^u1 ! e> d no good4 ,! only rem$y is to remove1 if possible1 ! diseas$ condition ( ! bra94 #ige4 ,imp]fect he>+ may be produc$ by ! de/ruction ( ! membrana tympani1 or removal ( ! bones ( ! e>1 or ! p>ts )9 ! labyr9?4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 m$ical treatm5t is ( no avail1 z ! de/roy$ p>ts _c be re/or$4 #igf4 ,he>+ may be r5d]$ defective by a dim9ution ( ! vibratory "* ( ! membrana tympani4 ,?is may result f a ?ick5+ ( ?is membrane1 or f an accumulation ( wax ^u its out] surface4 ,! increas$ ?ickness is usually ! result ( inflammation1 ei!r acute or *ronic4 ,! prop] treatm5t is su* z is effici5t to remove inflammatory action4 ,obs]vations4 #a/4 ,! introduction ( heads ( p9s into ! e> is a frequ5t cause ( *ronic inflammation ( ! membrana tympani4 ,h5ce ?is practice %\ld nev] be adopt$1 & if acquir$1 %\ld be ab&on$4 ------------ #igc4 ,on :at does acute he>+ dep5d8 #igd4 ,/ate effects on ! he>+ 9 "s conditions ( ! bra94 ,h[ reliev$8 #ige4 ,( ! effect on he>+ :5 ! bones ( ! e> or ! labyr9? are de/roy$8 ,is m$ical treatm5t ( any avail8 #igf4 ,:at conditions ( ! drum ( ! e> may impair he>+8 ,h[ reliev$8 ,:at is said ( ! introduction ( p9s to cleanse ! e>8 ------------ #b;d4 ,! accumulations ( viscid wax may be s(t5$ by dropp+ "s animal oil into ! e>1 & !n remov+ x by eject+ w>m soap suds a few h\rs subsequ5t to ! use ( ! oil4 ,?is may be repeat$ = sev]al successive days4 #igg4 ,he>+ may be impair$ by ob/ruction ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,! closure ( ?is canal dim9i%es ! vibratory "* ( ! air )9 ! tympanum1 9 ! same mann] z clos+ ! op5+ 9 ! side ( a drum4 ,= ! same reason1 enl>g$ tonsils1 inflammation & ulc]ation ( ! fauces & nasal passages dur+ & subsequ5t to an attack ( sc>let fev]1 & ! inflammation att5d+ ! sore ?roat 9 colds1 are common causes ( ?is ob/ruction4 #igh4 ,! treatm5t ( su* cases ( defective he>+1 is to h ! tonsils1 if enl>g$1 remov$ by a surgeon2 = ! inflammation & ?ick5+ ( ! p>ts rem$ial means %\ld be appli$1 direct$ by a skilful physician4 ,! no/rums = ! cure ( deafness are g5]ally ( an oleag9\s "*1 & may be b5eficial 9 cases ( defective he>+ caus$ by an accumulation ( wax ^u ! drum ( ! e>1 b 9 ?is respect !y are no bett] ?an ! ord9>y animal oils4 ------------ ,:at is ! rem$y :]e !re is an accumulation ( wax8 #igg4 ,:at is ! effect on he>+ if ! ,eu/a*ian tube is ob/ruct$8 #igh4 ,:at is ! treatm5t :5 deafness is caus$ by inflammation or ulc]ation ! fauces8 ,:at is said ( ! no/rums us$ = deafness8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,,means ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,heal?4#bc #bc ,x is advis$1 t a ?or\gh review ( ! hygi5e ( ! prec$+ *apt]s be giv5 f ! sugge/ions conta9$ 9 ?is4 #igi4 ,our bodies are con/itut$ 9 h>mony ) c]ta9 laws1 & e p]son %\ld le>n ^!1 9 ord] to regulate 8 actions & ! p]=mance ( 8 duties1 s t heal? may be unimpair$1 & ! p[] ( enjoym5t1 activity1 & usefulness cont9ue :ile life la/s4 #ihj4 ,x is a law ( ! bones & ! muscles1 t !y %\ld ei!r be us$ 9 "s vocation1 or call$ into action by "s social play & active sport4 #iha4 ,all admit t food is necess>y to su/a9 life2 & unless x be ( a prop] quality1 tak5 9 prop] quantities1 & at prop] times1 ! functions ( ! dige/ive organs w be d]ang$1 & disease produc$4 #ihb4 ,pure air is ess5tial to ! full enjoym5t ( heal?4 ,! impure air ( unv5tilat$ rooms may be brea!d1 & ! effect be s gradual z n to arre/ att5tion2 yet x is a violation ( ! physical laws1 &1 soon] or lat]1 we pay ! p5alty 9 disease & suff]+4 ------------ #igi4 ,:y is x incumb5t on e p]son to le>n ! laws ( heal?8 #ihj4 ,give a law ( ! muscles4 #iha4 ,9 pres]v+ ! heal?1 is x necess>y to give att5tion to ! food :i* is eat58 ,:y8 #ihb4 ,:at beside food is ess5tial to ! full enjoym5t ( heal?8 ,:at is said ( ! impure air ( unv5tilat$ rooms8 #ihc4 ,:at %\ld be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to sleep8 ------------ #ihc4 ,! body also requires sleep2 & if x is n tak5 at ! "r "t1 or ) regul>ity1 we d n feel full refre%m5t f tir$ nature's sweet re/or]4 ,let y\? be taught t e>ly to b$ & e>ly to rise gives him heal? & its att5dant bless+s4 ,! bra91 l o!r organs ( ! body1 %\ld be call$ into action at prop] times4 #ihd4 ,f ! ext5t ( ! surface ( ! sk91 & ! close sympa?y t exi/s betwe5 x & ^? organs ^: (fice is1 to remove ! wa/e p>ticles ( matt] f ! body1 x !re=e becomes v important 9 ! pres]vation ( ! heal?1 t ! functions ( ?is membrane be prop]ly ma9ta9$4 #ihe4 ,! function ( ! circulatory & secretory organs1 toge!r ) ! op]ations ( absorption & nutrition1 %\ld be /eadily ma9ta9$1 z vitality & ! g5]ation ( animal heat are intimately connect$ ) ^! processes4 ,9 ! prop] p]=mance ( ^! functions1 v mu* dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( ! laws ( ! muscul>1 dige/ive respiratory1 d]moid1 & n]v\s app>atuses4 ,,removal ,,( ,,disease4 #ihf4 ,x is seldom t a physician is call$ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( disease4 ,at ?is important p]iod1 ! treatm5t adopt$ %\ld be prop] & judici\s1 or ! suff]+s ( ! pati5t are increas$1 & life1 to a great] or less degree1 is jeop>diz$4 ,h5ce ! utility ( kn[+ :at %\ld be done1 & :at %\ld n be done1 9 ord] t ! heal? may be rapidly rega9$4 #ihg4 ,9 all in/ances ( acute disease1 x is prop] to re/1 n only ! body1 b ! m9d4 ,to effect ?is1 ! pati5t %\ld cease f physical ex]tion1 & also )draw 8 ?\ghts f /udy & bus9ess op]ations4 ,?is %\ld be done1 ev5 if ! p]son is b slightly indispos$4 ------------ #ihd4 ,:y %\ld ! functions ( ! sk9 be prop]ly ma9ta9$8 #ihe4 ,%[ ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ prop]ly o!r functions ( ! sy/em4 #ihf4 ,:at is important 9 ! fir/ /ages ( disease8 #ihg4 ,:at is prop] 9 all in/ances ( acute disease8 ,h[ c x be effect$8 ------------ #ihh4 ,select a room = a sick p]son t is expos$ to z little ext]nal noise z possible1 z impressions made on ! organ ( he>+ greatly influ5ce ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,likewise select a spaci\s1 well-v5tilat$ ap>tm5t1 t has no sup]flu\s furniture4 ,! practice ( plac+ a sick p]son 9 a small1 ill-arrang$ sleep+-room1 :5 a m spaci\s room c be us$1 is poor economy1 n to say unk9d4 #ihi4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 regulat+ ! light ( a sick-room4 ,:ile a /rong light w\ld produce an increas$ action ( ! vessels ( ! bra91 a mod]ate light w\ld be an appropriate /imulus to ?is organ4 ,x is seldom or nev] necess>y to exclude all light f ! sick-*amb]4 #iij4 ,a sick p]son1 :e!r a *ild or an adult1 %\ld n be di/urb$ by visitors1 ev5 if _! calls are %ort4 ,! excitem5t ( meet+ !m is foll[$ by a depression ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! m dang]\s & app>5tly ne>] dea? ! sick p]son is1 ! m rigor\s %\ld be ! obs]vance ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,nor %\ld ! sick-room be op5$ to privileg$ classes2 = ! excitem5t caus$ by a visit f relations & ! virtu\s1 w d z mu* injury to ! sick1 z t produc$ by /rang]s & ! vici\s4 #iia4 ,! cu/om ( visit+ & conv]s+ ) sick fri5ds dur+ ! int]vals ( daily labor1 & p>ticul>ly on ,sunday1 is a great evil4 ,no p]son w ?us intrude h]self 9 ! sick-*amb] :o c>es m = ! welf>e ( ! suff]+ fri5d ?an = ! gratification ( a sympa!tic curiosity4 ,inquiries c be made ( ! family respect+ ! sick1 & complim5t>y or necess>y messages c be communicat$ ?r\gh ! nurse4 ------------ #ihh4 ,:at rooms %\ld be select$ = ! sick8 ,:y8 #ihi4 ,:at is said 9 ref]5ce to ! quantity ( light admitt$ into a sick-room8 #iij4 ,:at effect h calls on ! sick8 #iia4 ,:at is said ( ! cu/om ( call+ & conv]s+ ) ! sick dur+ ! int]vals ( daily labor8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,:ile att5d+ a ,miss ,b41 ( ,n4 ,h41 sick ( fev]1 ,i pron\nc$ h] bett]1 )drew m$ic9e1 direct$ a simple1 l[ diet1 & ! exclusion ( all visitors4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i 0 s5t = to att5d h]4 ,!re 0 a viol5t relapse into ! disease1 :i* cont9u$ to increase 9 sev]ity until ! f\r? day1 :5 dea? t]m9at$ h] suff]+s4 ,i le>n$ t1 soon aft] ,i gave directions t no visitors be admitt$ into h] room1 sev]al p>ticul> fri5ds 7 p]mitt$ to ent] ! *amb] & talk ) ! sick girl4 ,_! conv]sation produc$ a sev]e heada*e2 &1 to use ! language ( ! pati5t1 x seem$ z if _! talk w\ld kill me2 & x did kill h]4 #iib4 ,no solid food %\ld be tak5 9 ! fir/ /ages ( disease1 ev5 if ! affection is slight4 ,! ?ir/ c be allay$ by dr9k+ cold wat]1 b>ley-wat]1 & o!r prep>ations ( an un/imulat+ "*4 ,x is wrong to tempt ! appetite ( a p]son :o is indispos$4 ,! cessation ( a desire = food1 is ! w>n+ ( nature1 t ! sy/em is 9 su* a /ate t x _c be dige/$4 #iic4 ,:5 a pati5t is recov]+ f illness1 ! food %\ld be simple1 & 9 quantities n s great z to oppress ! /oma*4 ,x %\ld also be giv5 ) regul>ity4 ,eat little & (t51 ) no reg>d to regul>ity1 is a p]nici\s practice4 #iid4 ,:5 a physician att5ds a sick p]son1 he %\ld h ! special managem5t ( ! food1 p>ticul>ly aft] ! m$ic9e has be5 )drawn & ! pati5t is convalesc5t4 ,! prevail+ idea t e p]son may safely advise relative to food1 or t ! appetite ( ! convalesc+ p]son is a compet5t guide1 is dang]\s2 & _c be too mu* c5sur$4 ------------ ,give an illu/ration4 #iib4 ,:at sugge/ion relative to food 9 ! fir/ /ages ( disease8 ,h[ c ! ?ir/ be allay$8 #iic4 ,:5 ! pati5t is convalesc5t1 h[ %\ld ! food be giv58 ,:at is said ( ! practice ( eat+ little & (t58 #iid4 ,:o %\ld h ! special managem5t ( food :5 m$ic9e is )drawn8 ,:at idea prevails 9 ! community8 ------------ ,illu/ration4 ,9 #ahcb1 ,i att5d$ a ,miss ,m41 sick ( fev]4 ,aft] an illness ( a few days1 ! fev] abat$1 & ,i direct$ a simple1 un/imulat+ diet4 ,bus9ess call$ me f ! t[n two days4 ,dur+ my abs5ce1 a sympa?iz+1 (fici\s matron call$2 f\nd h] weak1 b improv+2 & told h] %e ne$$ food to /r5g!n h]2 & t x w\ld n[ d h] good4 ,accord+ly1 eggs & a piece ( beef/eak 7 prep>$1 & giv5 to ! convalesc5t girl4 ,%e ate he>tily1 & ! result 0 a relapse into a fev] m viol5t ?an ! fir/ attack4 #iie4 ,x is v important 9 disease t ! sk9 be kept clean4 ,a free action ( ! vessels ( ?is "p ( ! body ex]ts a great influ5ce 9 remov+ disease f ! int]nal organs1 z well z keep+ !m 9 heal?4 ,if ! tw5ty or ?irty ounces ( wa/e1 hurtful matt]1 t passes ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk9 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 are n remov$ by frequ5t ba?+ & dry rubb+1 x d]anges ! action ( ! vessels t sep>ate ?is wa/e matt] f ! blood1 & ?us increases ! disease ( ! int]nal organs4 ,illu/ration4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,r41 ( ,n41 ,mass41 0 afflict$ ) disease ( ! lungs & c\gh4 ,?is 0 accompani$ ) a dry1 inactive condition ( ! sk94 ,z m$ic9e _h no salut>y effect 9 reliev+ h] c\gh1 %e 0 induc$ by ! advice ( ! cl]gyman ( ! p>i% to ent] ^u a sy/ematic c\rse ( ba?+ twice e day4 ,soon ! sk9 became s(t1 its prop] functions 7 re/or$1 ! disease ( ! lungs yield$1 & ! c\gh disappe>$4 #iif4 ,e sick p]son %\ld brea! pure air4 ,! pur] ! blood t c\rses ?r\gh ! body1 ! great] ! en]gy ( ! sy/em to remove disease4 ,! conf9$ vitiat$ air ( ! sick-*amb]1 n unfrequ5tly prolongs disease2 & 9 _m in/ances1 ! affection is n only aggravat$1 b1 ev5 r5d]$ fatal1 by its injuri\s influ5ces4 ------------ ,give an illu/ration ( ! evil effects att5d+ su* an idea4 #iie4 ,does ! sk9 ex]t a great influ5ce 9 remov+ disease f ! int]nal organs1 z well z 9 keep+ !m 9 heal?8 ,give an illu/ration #iif4 ,:y %\ld e sick p]son1 p>ticul>ly1 brea! pure air8 ------------ ,illu/rations4 #a/4 ,9 #ahcc1 ,i 0 call$1 9 consultation ) ano!r physician1 to ,mr4 ,h41 :o 0 mu* debilitat$1 & deliri\s4 ,= sev]al successive days he _h n slept4 ,8 room 0 kept v w>m & close1 = fe> he w\ld take cold4 ,! only *ange t ,i made 9 ! treatm5t1 0 to op5 ! door & w9d[1 at a di/ance f ! b$4 ,9 a %ort "t1 ! delirium ceas$1 & he fell into a quiet slumb]4 ,f ?is "t he rapidly recov]$1 & ! delirium 0 probably ! result ( brea?+ impure air4 #b;d4 ,=m]ly1 e precaution 0 us$ to prev5t p]sons sick ( ! small-pox f brea?+ fre% air4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,ramsay _h ?is disease 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c41 h] fri5ds1 suppos+ t life 0 ext9ct1 caus$ h] body to be remov$ f ! h\se to an op5 %$4 ,! pure air reviv$ ! vital sp>k4 ,! result probably w\ld h be5 diff]5t1 _h %e be5 kept a few h\rs long] 9 ! vitiat$ air4 #iig4 ,! influ5ce ( habit %\ld n be disreg>d$ 9 ! removal ( disease4 ,if food or dr9k is to be adm9i/]$1 h[ev] small 9 quantity or simple its quality1 x %\ld be giv5 at or ab\t ! "t :5 ! ord9>y meals 7 tak5 9 heal?4 #iih4 ,aga91 ! usual "t :5 ! pati5t 0 9 ! habit ( retir+ = sleep %\ld be obs]v$1 & all prep>ation necess>y = ! sick-room dur+ ! night %\ld be made previ\s to ?is h\r4 ,ef=ts %\ld also be made to evacuate ! wa/e matt] ( ! dige/ive & ur9>y organs at ! p]iod :i* habit has =m$ 9 heal?4 ,?is is n only a rem$ial ag5t 9 disease1 b (t5 precludes ! necessity ( laxative or dra/ic ca?>tics4 ------------ ,are n diseases prolong$1 & ev5 r5d]$ fatal1 f brea?+ ! impure1 vitiat$ air ( ! sick-*amb]8 ,give illu/ration #a/4 ,give illu/ration #b;d4 #iig4 ,:at is said respect+ ! influ5ce ( habit 9 remov+ disease8 ------------ #iii4 ,,m$ic9e is sometimes necess>y to assi/ ! natural p[]s ( ! sy/em to remove disease2 b x is only an assi/ant4 ,:ile emetics are occasionally useful 9 remov+ food & o!r articles f ! /oma* t w\ld cause disease if suff]$ to rema91 & ca?>tics are valuable1 9 "s in/ances1 to relieve ! alim5t>y canal ( irritat+ residuum1 yet ! frequ5t adm9i/ration ( ei!r w cause s]i\s disease4 #ajjj4 ,al?\gh m$ic9e is useful 9 "s in/ances1 yet1 9 a great proportion ( ! cases ( disease1 includ+ fev]s & inflammations ( all k9ds1 att5tion to ! laws ( heal? w t5d to relieve ! sy/em f disease2 m c]ta9ly & spe$ily1 & ) less dang]1 ?an :5 m$ic9es are adm9i/]$4 #ajja4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 9 writ+ to ,dr4 ,wi/>1 ( ,philadelphia1 said1 ,i w\ld h ! physician le>n ! limit ( 8 art4 ,i w\ld say1 ,h ! matrons1 & ^? :o are cont9ually advis+ h]b teas1 & o!r cure-alls1 = any compla9t1 labell$ ) "s popul> "n1 le>n ! limits ( _! duty1 namely1 att5tion to ! laws ( heal?4 ,! rule ( e family1 & ea* individual1 %\ld be1 to t\* n1 ta/e n ( m$ic9e ( any k9d1 except :5 direct$ by a well-educat$ & hone/ physician1 7sudd5 disease f accid5ts except$47 ------------ #iii4 ,:at is said ( ! use ( m$ic9e8 #ajjj4 ,( its use 9 fev]s & _m o!r cases ( disease8 #ajja4 ,:at rem>k by ,?omas ,jeff]son to ,dr4 ,wi/>8 ,:at %\ld matrons le>n8 ,:at %\ld be ! rule ( e p]son 9 reg>d to tak+ m$ic9e8 ,:at exception8 ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,directions ,,= ,,nurses4 #ajjb4 ,! nurse requires k & practice to enable h] to dis*>ge aright h] duty to ! pati5t1 z mu* z ! physician & surgeon d to p]=m :at is incumb5t on !m4 ,woman1 f h] con/itution & habits1 is ! natural nurse ( ! sick2 &1 9 g5]al1 no small portion ( h] "t is sp5t 9 m9i/]+ at ! c\* ( disease & suff]+4 #ajjc4 ,z ! "y & vigor\s1 z well z ! ag$ & ! infirm1 are liable to be laid ^u ! b$ ( sickness1 by an epidemic1 or imprud5t exposure1 or by "s accid5t1 x is !re=e necess>y t ! girl1 z well z ! matron1 may "k h[ %e c r5d] s]vices 9 an effici5t & prop] mann]4 ,no girl %\ld consid] h] education complete :o is n acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! duties ( a g5]al nurse & a tempor>y wat*]4 #ajjd4 ,x is to be regrett$1 t :ile we h m$ical s*ools & colleges to educate physicians1 !re is no in/itution to educate nurses 9 _! equally responsible /ation4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* in/itutions1 ! defect c be rem$i$1 to "s ext5t1 by tea*+ e girl hygi5e1 or ! laws ( heal?4 ,to make su* k m available & complete1 att5tion is invit$ to ! foll[+ sugge/ions relative to ! practical duties ( a nurse4 ------------ #ajjb4 ,does ! nurse require k & practice 9 h] employm5t1 z well z ! physician8 ,:o is ! natural nurse ( ! sick8 #ajjc4 ,:at1 !n1 is incumb5t on e girl8 #ajjd4 ,%\ld !re be s*ools to educate nurses1 z well z physicians & surgeons8 ------------ #ajje4 ,,ba?+4 ,! nurse1 be=e comm5c+ to ba! ! pati5t1 %\ld provide h]self ) wat]1 two t[els1 a sponge1 a piece ( s(t flannel1 & a %eet4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room %\ld also be obs]v$4 #ajjf4 ,:5 ! pati5t is feeble1 use tepid or w>m wat]4 ,cold wat] %\ld only be us$ :5 ! sy/em has vigor en\gh to produce reaction ^u ! sk94 ,?is is %[n by ! increas$ r$ness ( ! sk91 & a feel+ ( w>m? & com=t1 aft] a prop] am\nt ( friction4 ,be=e us+ ! sponge to ba!1 a %eet1 or fold ( clo?1 %\ld be spread smoo?ly ov] ! b$1 & "u ! pati5t1 to prev5t ! b$-l95 on :i* ! pati5t lies f becom+ damp or wet4 #ajjg4 ,apply ! wet sponge to "o "p ( ! body at a "t2 z ! arm1 = in/ance4 ,by do+ s1 ! liability ( contract+ *ills is dim9i%$4 ,take a dry1 s(t t[el1 wipe ! ba!d "p1 & foll[ ?is by vigor\s rubb+ ) a cra% t[el1 or1 :at is bett]1 a mitt5 made ( ?is mat]ial2 !n use briskly a piece ( s(t flannel1 to remove all moi/ure t may exi/ on ! sk91 & p>ticul>ly betwe5 ! f+]s & ! flections ( ! jo9ts4 ,9 ?is mann] ba! ! entire body4 #ajjh4 ,! sick %\ld be ?or\ghly ba!d1 at lea/ twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! p>ts betwe5 ! f+]s & toes1 & ab\t ! flections ( ! jo9ts1 z ! accumulation ( ! excretions is mo/ abundant on ^! p>ts4 ,9 ba?+1 ^! portions ( ! sy/em are v g5]ally neglect$4 ,! be/ "t = ba?+1 is :5 ! pati5t feels mo/ vigor\s1 & free/ f exhau/ion4 ,! practice ( daub+ ! face & h&s ) a t[el dipp$ 9 hot rum1 camphor1 & v9eg>1 does n remove ! impurities1 b causes ! sk9 soon to feel dry1 h>d1 & uncom=table4 ------------ #ajje4 ,:at %\ld a nurse provide h]self )1 be=e ba?+ a pati5t8 #ajjf4 ,:5 %\ld cold wat] be us$8 #ajjg4 ,h[ %\ld ! ba?+ !n be p]=m$1 s t ! pati5t may n contract a cold8 #ajjh4 ,h[ (t5 %\ld a sick p]son be ba!d8 ,:at is said ( daub+ ! face & h&s m]ely ) a wet clo?8 ------------ #ajji4 ,,food4 ,x is ! duty ( e woman to "k h[ to make ! simple prep>ations adapt$ to a l[ diet1 9 ! mo/ :olesome & ! mo/ palatable way4 ,wat]-gruel1#bd :i* is ! simple/ ( all prep>ations1 is frequ5tly s ill-made z to cause ! pati5t to loa! x4 ,always prep>e ! food = ! sick1 9 ! neate/ & mo/ c>eful mann]4 #bd ,directions = mak+ ! simple prep>ations = ! sick are f\nd 9 almo/ e cook-book4 #ajaj4 ,:5 ! physician enjo9s ab/95ce f food1 ! nurse %\ld /rictly obey ! injunction4 ,%e %\ld be z p>ticul> to "k ! physician's directions ab\t diet1 z 9 kn[+ h[ & :5 to give ! prescrib$ m$ic9es1 & obey !m z implicitly4 #ajaa4 ,:5 a pati5t is convalesc5t1 ! desire = food is g5]ally /rong1 & x (t5 requires firmness & pati5ce1 toge!r ) great c>e1 on ! "p ( ! nurse1 t ! food is prep>$ suitably1 & giv5 at prop] times ,! physician %\ld direct h[ frequ5tly x %\ld be tak54 #ajab4 ,,pure ,,air4 ,x is ! duty ( ! nurse to see t n only ! room is well v5tilat$ 9 ! morn+1 b t fre% air is con/antly admitt$ dur+ ! day4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! pati5t does n feel ! curr5t4 #ajac4 ,b$-l951 z well z t ( ! body1 %\ld be air$ e day1 & (t5] *ang$ 9 sickness ?an 9 heal?4 ,all clo?+1 :5 *ang$1 %\ld be well dri$1 & w>m$ by a fire previ\s to its be+ put on ! pati5t or ! b$4 ------------ #ajji4 ,%\ld e woman "k h[ to make ! simple prep>ations adapt$ to a l[ diet8 #ajaj4 ,%\ld ! nurse /rictly obey ! injunctions ( ! physician relative to food8 #ajaa4 ,:at p]iod ( a p]son's illness requires ! mo/ c>e 9 reg>d to ! food8 #ajab4 ,give ano!r duty ( ! nurse4 #ajac4 ,:at directions respect+ ! b$-l95 ( ! pati5t8 ,:at is necess>y :5 !re is a *ange ( clo?+8 ------------ #ajad4 ,,temp]ature4 ,! w>m? ( ! *amb] %\ld be c>efully wat*$ by ! nurse4 ,! feel+s ( ! pati5t or nurse are n to be reli$ on z an index ( ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,!re %\ld be a well-adju/$ !rmomet] 9 e sick-room4 ,?is %\ld be frequ5tly consult$ by ! nurse4 #ajae4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sick-*amb] %\ld be mod]ate4 ,if x is s cold z to cause a *ill1 ! disease w be aggravat$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is too w>m1 ! pati5t is enfeebl$ & r5d]$ m susceptible to cold on leav+ ! sick-*amb]4 ,! ,lat9 maxim1 ,9 m$io tutissimus ibis1 79 m$ium !re is mo/ safety17 %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! rooms ( ! sick4 #ajaf4 ,,quiet4 ,! room ( ! pati5t %\ld be kept free f noise4 ,! community %\ld be guid$ by ?is rule1 t no m p]sons rema9 9 ! room ( ! sick1 ?an ! welf>e ( ! pati5t dem&s4 ,x is ! duty ( ! physician to direct :5 visitors c be admitt$ or exclud$ f ! sick-room1 & ! nurse %\ld see t ^! directions are en=c$4 #ajag4 ,! movem5ts ( ! att5dants %\ld be g5tle & noiseless4 ,%utt+ doors viol5tly1 creak+ h+es1 & all unnecess>y noise1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,mo/ p]sons refra9 f l\d talk+ 9 ! sick *amb]1 b are n equally c>eful to ab/a9 f :isp]+1 :i* is (t5 m try+ ?an a common tone4 #ajah4 ,x is ! duty ( ! nurse to asc]ta9 ! habits ( ! pati5t z respects ! p]iod = eat+ & sleep1 :5 9 heal?1 t %e may prep>e ! food & arrange ! sick-room 9 accordance ) ! practice ( ! pati5t4 ,if ! p]son :o is sick is ignorant ( ! necessity ( ! removal ( ! wa/e products f ! sy/em ! nurse %\ld invite att5tion to ^! functions at su* p]iods z are 9 accordance ) ! previ\s habits ( ! pati5t4 ------------ #ajad4 ,:y %\ld !re be a well-adju/$ !rmomet] 9 e sick-*amb]8 #ajae4 ,:at is said ( ! temp]ature ( ! sick-*amb]8 #ajaf4 ,:y %\ld ! sick-room be kept quiet8 #ajag4 ,:at is said ( noise 9 ! sick-*amb]8 ,( :isp]+8 #ajah4 ,%\ld ! habits ( ! pati5t be reg>d$ 9 ref]5ce to ! p]iod = eat+ & sleep8 ------------ #ajai4 ,! deportm5t & rem>ks ( ! nurse to ! pati5t %\ld be tranquil & enc\rag+4 ,! illness ( a fri5d1 or p]sons :o h rec5tly di$1 %\ld n be allud$ to 9 ! sick-room4 ,no d\bts or fe>s ( ! pati5t's recov]y1 ei!r by a look or by a ^w1 %\ld be communicat$ by ! nurse 9 ! *amb] ( ! sick4 ,:5 su* in=mation is necess>y to be communicat$1 x is ! duty ( ! physician to imp>t x to ! sick p]son4 #ajbj4 ,! nurse %\ld n conf9e h]self to ! sick-room m ?an six h\rs at a "t4 ,%e %\ld eat h] food regul>ly1 sleep at regul> p]iods1 & take ex]cise daily 9 ! op5 air4 ,to d ?is1 let h] quietly leave ! room :5 ! pati5t is sleep+4 ,a wat*]1 or tempor>y nurse1 may supply h] place4 ,!re is b little dang] ( contract+ disease1 if ! nurse att5ds to ! simple laws ( heal?1 & rema9s n m ?an six h\rs at a "t 9 ! sick-room4 ,,directions ,,= ,,wat*]s4 #ajba4 ,^! necess>y assi/ants1 l ! nurse1 %\ld h k & practice4 ,!y %\ld ev] be *e]ful1 k9d1 firm1 & att5tive 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pati5t4 #ajbb4 ,a simple1 nutriti\s supp] %\ld be eat5 be=e ent]+ ! sick-room2 & x is well1 dur+ ! night1 to take "s pla9 food4 ------------ #ajai4 ,:at %\ld be ! deportm5t ( ! nurse t[>d ! pati5t8 ,%\ld d\bts & fe>s ( ! pati5t's recov]y be communicat$ 9 ! sick-room8 ,:5 necess>y to imp>t su* intellig5ce1 on :om does x dep5d8 #ajbj4 ,h[ long %\ld a nurse rema9 9 ! sick-*amb] at a "t8 #ajba4 ,:at qualifications are necess>y 9 a wat*]8 #ajbb4 ,:at directions 9 reg>d to ! food ( ! wat*]8 ------------ #ajbc4 ,:5 wat*+ 9 cold wea!r1 a p]son %\ld be w>mly dress$1 & furni%$ ) an extra g>m5t1 z a cloak or %awl1 because ! sy/em becomes exhau/$ t[>d morn+1 & less heat is g5]at$ 9 ! body4 #ajbd4 ,light-color$ clo?+ %\ld be worn by ^? :o h c>e ( ! sick1 9 pref]5ce to d>k-color$ app>el2 p>ticul>ly if ! disease is ( a contagi\s "*4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n1 t black & o!r d>k colors w absorb m readily ! subtile effluvia t emanate f sick p]sons1 ?an :ite or light colors4 #ajbe4 ,:atev] may be want$ dur+ ! night1 %\ld be br\ght into ! sick-*amb]1 or ! adjo9+ room1 be=e ! family retires = sleep1 9 ord] t ! slumb]s ( ! pati5t be n di/urb$ by ha/e1 or se>*+ = ne$$ articles4 #ajbf4 ,! same g5]al directions %\ld be obs]v$ by wat*]s1 z are giv5 to ! nurse2 nor %\ld ! wat*] deem x necess>y to make h]self acceptable to ! pati5t by exhau/+ conv]sation4 #ajbg4 ,x c h>dly be expect$ t ! f>m]1 :o has be5 labor+ h>d 9 ! field1 or ! me*anic1 :o has toil$ dur+ ! day1 is qualifi$ to r5d] all ^? little att5tions t a sick p]son requires4 ,h5ce1 w\ld x n be m b5evol5t & economical to employ & pay wat*]s1 :o are qualifi$ by k & tra9+1 to p]=m ?is duty 9 a fai?ful mann]1 :ile ! k9dness & sympa?y ( fri5ds may be practically manife/$ by assi/+ to defray ! exp5ses ( ^! qualifi$ & useful assi/ants8 ------------ #ajbc4 ,:5 wat*+ 9 cold wea!r1 :at precaution is necess>y8 #ajbd4 ,:at is said relative to ! color ( ! clo?+ worn 9 ! sick-room8 #ajbe4 ,:at sugge/ions to wat*]s relative to ! arrangem5t ( ! sick-*amb]8 #ajbf4 ,:at %\ld wat*]s obs]ve8 #ajbg4 ,:at is said ( employ+ ^? p]sons to wat* :o labor h>d dur+ ! day8 ------------ ,,app5dix4 ,,poisons ,,& ,,_! ,,antidotes #ajbh4 ,,poison+1 ei!r f accid5t or design1 is ( su* frequ5cy & dang]1 t x is ( ! greate/ importance t e p]son %\ld "k ! prop] mode ( proc$ure 9 su* cases1 9 ord] to r5d] imm$iate assi/ance :5 )9 8 p[]4 #ajbi4 ,poisons are divid$ into two classes--m9]al 7:i* include ! acids7 & vegetable4 #ajcj4 ,! fir/ ?+1 usually1 to be done1 :5 x is asc]ta9$ t a poison has be5 swall[$1 is to evacuate ! /oma*1 unless vomit+ takes place spontane\sly4 ,emetics ( ! sulphate ( z9c1 7:ite vitriol17 or ipecacuanha1 7ipecac17 or gr\nd mu/>d se$1 %\ld be giv54 #ajca4 ,:5 vomit+ has comm5c$1 x %\ld be aid$ by l>ge & frequ5t draughts ( ! foll[+ dr9ks3 flaxse$ tea1 gum-wat]1 slipp]y-elm tea1 b>ley wat]1 sug> & wat]1 or any ?+ ( a mucilag9\s or dilu5t "*4 ,,m9]al ,,poisons4 #ajcb4 ,,ammonia4--,! wat] ( ammonia1 if tak5 9 an ov]-dose1 & 9 an undilut$ /ate1 acts z a viol5t corrosive poison4 #ajcc4 ,! be/ & mo/ effectual antidote is v9eg>4 ,x %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 wat]1 )\t delay4 ,x neutralizes ! ammonia1 & r5d]s x inactive4 ,emetics %\ld n be giv54 #ajcd4 ,,antimony4--,! w9e ( antimony & t>t> emetic1 if tak5 9 ov]-doses1 cause di/ress+ vomit+4 ,9 addition to ! dilu5t1 mucilag9\s dr9ks1 give a tea-spoonful ( ! sirup ( poppies1 p>egoric1 or tw5ty drops ( laudanum1 e tw5ty m9utes1 until five or six doses h be5 tak51 or ! vomit+ ceases4 ------------ #ajbe4 ,is x useful to "k ! antidotes or rem$ies = poison8 #ajbi4 ,into h[ _m classes are poisons divid$8 #ajcj4 ,:at is ! fir/ ?+ to be done :5 x is asc]ta9$ t poison has be5 swall[$8 #ajca4 ,:at %\ld be tak5 aft] ! vomit+ has comm5c$8 #ajcb4 ,:at effect has an ov]-dose ( ammonia8 #ajcc4 ,! antidote8 ,%\ld an emetic be giv5 = ?is poison8 #ajcd4 ,:at effect has an ov]-dose ( ! w9e ( antimony or t>t> emetic8 ------------ #ajce4 ,! antidotes are nutgalls & oak b>k1 :i* may be adm9i/]$ 9 infusion1 or by /eep+ 9 wat]4 #ajcf4 ,,ars5ic4--,:5 ?is has be5 tak51 adm9i/] an emetic ( ipecac1 spe$ily1 9 mucilag9\s teas1 & use ! /oma*-pump z soon z possible4 #ajcg4 ,! antidote is ! hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron4 ,x %\ld be kept con/antly on h& at ! apo!c>ies' %ops4 ,x may be giv5 9 any quantity1 )\t injuri\s results4 #ajch4 ,,copp]4--,! mo/ common cause ( poison+ f ?is metal1 is ?r\gh ! c>eless use ( cook+ ut5sils made ( x1 on :i* ! acetate ( copp] 7v]digris7 has be5 all[$ to =m4 ,:5 ?is has be5 tak51 imm$iately induce vomit+1 give mucilag9\s dr9ks1 or ! :ite ( eggs1 diffus$ 9 wat]4 #ajci4 ,! antidote is ! c>bonate ( soda1 :i* %\ld be adm9i/]$ )\t delay4 #ajdj4 ,,lead4--,! acetate 7sug>7 ( lead is ! prep>ation ( ?is metal1 :i* is liable to be tak5 accid5tally1 9 poison\s doses4 ,induce imm$iate vomit+1 by emetics ( gr\nd mu/>d se$1 sulphate ( z9c1 & dilu5t dr9ks4 #ajda4 ,! antidote is dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ?is acid is n to be obta9$1 ei!r ! sulphate ( magnesia1 7epsom salts17 or ! sulphate ( soda1 7glaub]'s salts17 w answ] e purpose4 #ajdb4 ,,m]cury4--,! prep>ation ( ?is m9]al by :i* poison+ is commonly produc$1 is corrosive sublimate4 ,! mode ( treatm5t to be pursu$ :5 ?is poison has be5 swall[$1 is z foll[s3 ,! :ites ( a doz5 eggs %\ld be beat5 9 two qu>ts ( cold wat]1 & a tumbl]-full giv5 e two m9utes1 to induce vomit+4 ,:5 ! :ites ( eggs are n to be obta9$1 soap & wat] %\ld be mix$ ) :eat fl\r1 & giv5 9 copi\s draughts1 & ! /oma*-pump introduc$ z soon z possible4 ,emetics or irritat+ sub/ances %\ld n be giv54 #ajdc4 ,,nitre--,saltpetre4--,?is1 9 ov]-doses1 produces viol5t poison\s symptoms4 ,vomit+ %\ld be imm$iately induc$ by l>ge doses ( mucilag9\s1 dilu5t dr9ks2 b emetics :i* irritate ! /oma* %\ld n be giv54 ------------ #ajce4 ,:at is ! antidote8 #ajcf4 ,:at %\ld imm$iately be done :5 ars5ic is swall[$8 #ajcg4 ,:at is ! antidote8 ,c any quantity ( ?is prep>ation ( iron be giv5 )\t injuri\s results8 #ajch4 ,:at %\ld be giv5 :5 v]digris has be5 tak5 into ! /oma*8 #ajci4 ,:at is ! antidote8 #ajdj4 ,:at %\ld imm$iately be giv5 :5 sug> ( lead is tak58 #ajda4 ,:at is ! antidote8 #ajdb4 ,give ! treatm5t :5 corrosive sublimate has be5 swall[$4 #ajdc4 ,:at effect has an ov]-dose ( saltpetre8 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$8 ------------ #ajdd4 ,,z9c4--,poison+ is sometimes caus$ by ! sulphate ( z9c1 7:ite vitriol47 ,:5 ?is takes place1 vomit+ %\ld be induc$1 & aid$ by l>ge draughts ( mucilag9\s & dilu5t dr9ks4 ,use ! /oma*-pump z soon z possible4 #ajde4 ,! antidote is ! c>bonate1 or sup]-c>bonate ( soda4 #ajdf4 ,,nitric1 7aqua =tis17 ,,muriatic1 7,,m>9e ,,acid17 ,,or ,,sulphuric 7,,oil ,,( ,,vitriol17 ,,acids1 may be tak5 by accid5t1 & produce poison\s effects4 #ajdg4 ,! antidote is calc9$ magnesia1 :i* %\ld be freely adm9i/]$1 to neutralize ! acid & induce vomit+4 ,:5 magnesia _c be obta9$1 ! c>bonate ( pota% 7salratus7 may be giv54 ,*alk1 p[d]$ & giv5 9 solution1 or /rong soap suds1 w answ] a good purpose1 :5 ! o!r articles are n at h&4 ,x is ( v great importance t some?+ be giv5 spe$ily1 to neutralize ! acid4 ,"o ( ! sub/ances be=e m5tion$ %\ld be tak5 freely1 9 dilu5t & mucilag9\s dr9ks1 z gum-wat]1 milk1 flaxse$1 or slipp]y-elm tea4 ,emetics ought to be avoid$4 #ajdh4 ,,oxalic ,,acid4--,?is acid resembles ! sulphate ( magnesia1 7epsom salts17 :i* r5d]s x liable to be tak51 by mi/ake1 9 poison\s doses4 ,_m accid5ts h occurr$ f ?is circum/ance4 ,!y c easily be di/+ui%$ by ta/+ a small quantity4 ,epsom salts1 :5 appli$ to ! tongue1 h a v bitt] ta/e1 :ile oxalic acid is int5sely s\r4 #ajdi4 ,! antidote is magnesia1 betwe5 :i* & ! acid a *emical action takes place1 produc+ ! oxalate ( magnesia1 :i* is in]t4 ,:5 magnesia is n at h&1 *alk1 lime1 or c>bonate ( pota%1 7salratus17 w answ] z a sub/itute4 ,give ! antidote 9 "s ( ! mucilag9\s dr9ks be=e m5tion$4 ,no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 introduc+ ! /oma*-pump z soon z a surgeon c be obta9$4 #ajej4 ,,ley4--,! ley obta9$ by ! lea*+ ( a%es may be tak5 by a *ild accid5tally4 ,! antidote is v9eg>1 or oil ( any k9d4 ,! v9eg> neutralizes ! alkali by unit+ ) x1 =m+ ! acetate ( pota%4 ,! oil unites ) ! alkali1 & =ms soap1 :i* is less cau/ic ?an ! ley4 ,give1 at ! same "t1 l>ge draughts ( mucilag9\s dr9ks1 z flaxse$ tea1 c4 ------------ #ajdd4 ,:at is ! antidote = :ite vitriol8 #ajdg4 ,:at is ! antidote = aqua =tis & oil ( vitriol8 ,%\ld emetics be avoid$8 #ajdh4 ,h[ c oxalic acid be di/+ui%$ f epsom salts8 #ajdi4 ,:at is ! antidote = an ov]-dose ( oxalic acid8 ,:5 magnesia _c be obta9$1 :at w answ] z a sub/itute8 #ajej4 ,:at is ! antidote :5 ley is swall[$8 ------------ ,,vegetable ,,poisons4 #ajea4 ,! vegetable poisons are q z num]\s1 & _m ( !m equally z virul5t1 z any 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,we %all describe ! mo/ common1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are mo/ liable to be tak54 #ajeb4 ,,opium4--,?is is ! article mo/ frequ5tly resort$ to by ^? wi%+ to commit suicide1 &1 be+ us$ z a common m$ic9e1 is easily obta9$4 ,f ?is cause1 also1 mi/akes are v liable to be made1 & accid5ts result f x4 ,two ( its prep>ations1 laudanum & p>egoric1 are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ea* o!r2 ! =m] be+ giv5 :5 ! latt] is int5d$4 #ajec4 ,morphia1 9 solution1 or morph9e1 z x is m commonly call$ by ! public1 is a prep>ation ( ! drug "u consid]ation1 ) :i* _m cases ( poison+ are produc$4 ,x is ! active n>cotic pr9ciple ( ! opium2 & "o gra9 is equal to six ( ?is drug 9 its usual =m4 #ajed4 ,:5 an ov]-dose ( opium1 or any ( its prep>ations1 has be5 swall[$1 ! /oma* %\ld be evacuat$ z spe$ily z possible4 ,to effect ?is1 a teaspoonful ( gr\nd mu/>d se$1 or z mu* t>t> emetic z c be held on a five c5t piece1 or z mu* ipecacuanha z c be held on a tw5ty-five c5t piece1 %\ld be mix$ 9 a tumbl] ( w>m wat]1 & "o half giv5 at once1 & ! rema9d] 9 tw5ty m9utes1 if ! fir/ has n1 9 ! mean "t1 op]at$4 ,9 ! int]val1 copi\s draughts ( w>m wat]1 or w>m sug> & wat]1 %\ld be drank4 #ajee4 ,! use ( ! /oma*-pump1 9 ^! cases1 is ( ! greate/ importance1 & %\ld be resort$ to )\t delay4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! poison has be5 evacuat$ f ! /oma*1 a /rong infusion ( c(fee ought to be giv52 or "s "o ( ! vegetable acids1 su* z v9eg>1 or lemon-juice1 %\ld be adm9i/]$4 #ajef4 ,! pati5t %\ld be kept 9 motion1 & salut>y effects w (t5 be produc$ by da%+ a bucket ( cold wat] on ! head4 ,artificial respiration ought to be e/abli%$1 & kept up = "s "t4 ,if ! extremities are cold1 apply w>m? & friction to !m4 ,aft] ! poison has be5 evacuat$ f ! /oma*1 /imulants1 z w>m w9e & wat]1 or w>m br&y & wat]1 %\ld be giv51 to keep up & su/a9 vital action4 #ajeg4 ,,/ramonium--,?orn-,apple4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ active n>cotic poisons1 &1 :5 tak5 9 ov]-doses1 has1 9 num]\s in/ances1 caus$ dea?4 ------------ #ajea4 ,are vegetable poisons z num]\s & z virul5t 9 _! effects z m9]al8 #ajeb4 ,:at is said ( opium & its prep>ations8 #ajed1 #ajee1 #ajef4 ,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ :5 an ov]-dose ( opium or any ( its prep>ations is tak58 #ajeg4 ,:at is said ( /ramonium8 ------------ #ajeh4 ,,hyosciamus--,h5bane4--,?is article1 :i* is us$ z a m$ic9e1 if tak5 9 improp] doses1 acts z a virul5t irritat+ & n>cotic poison4 #ajei4 ,! treatm5t = ! two above-m5tion$ articles is simil> to t ( poison+ f ov]-doses ( opium4 #ajfj4 ,,conium--,hemlock4--,hemlock1 improp]ly call$1 by _m1 cicuta1 :5 tak5 9 an ov]-dose1 acts z a n>cotic poison4 ,x 0 by ?is n>cotic t ! ,a!nians us$ to de/roy ! lives ( individuals condemn$ to dea? by _! laws4 ,socrates is said to h be5 put to dea? by ?is poison4 ,:5 swall[$ 9 ov]-doses1 ! treatm5t is simil> to t ( opium1 /ramonium1 & h5bane1 :5 ov]-doses are tak54 #ajfa4 ,,belladonna--,deadly ,night%ade4--,,camphor4 ,,aconite--,monk%ood1 ,wolfsbane4 ,,bryonia--,bryony4 ,,digitalis--,foxglove4 ,,dulcam>a--,bitt]sweet4 ,,gamboge4 ,,lobelia--,indian ,tobacco4 ,,sangu9>ia--,bloodroot4 ,,oil ,,( ,,sav94 ,,spigelia--,p9kroot4 ,,/ry*n9e--,nux vomica4 ,,tobacco4--,all ( ^!1 :5 tak5 9 ov]-doses1 are poisons ( great] or less activity4 ,! treatm5t ( poison+1 by ! use ( any ( ^! articles1 is simil> to t pursu$ 9 ov]-doses ( opium4 7,see ,,opium1 page #ddb47 #ajfb4 ,9 all cases ( poison+1 call a physician z soon z possible4 ------------ #ajeh4 ,( h5bane8 #ajei4 ,:at %\ld be ! treatm5t :5 an ov]-dose ( /ramonium or h5bane is tak58 #ajfj4 ,:at "n is sometimes improp]ly giv5 to conium1 or hemlock8 ,h[ 0 ?is n>cotic poison us$ by ! ,a!nians8 ,h[ are ! effects ( an ov]-dose c\nt]act$8 #ajfa4 ,:at is ! treatm5t :5 an ov]-dose ( deadly night%ade1 monk%ood1 foxglove1 bitt]sweet1 gamboge1 lobelia1 bloodroot1 tobacco1 c41 is tak58 #ajfb4 ,%\ld a physician be call$ 9 all cases :5 poison is swall[$8 ------------ ,a4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( e secretory app>atus are a simple membrane1 app>5tly textureless1 nam$ ! prim>y1 or basem5t membrane1 c]ta9 cells & blood-vessels4 ,! s]\s & muc\s membrane are examples4 ,b4 ,! division & description ( ! diff]5t membranes & tissues are n well def9$ & settl$ by anatomical writ]s4 ,?is is n a mat]ial defect1 z a cle> description ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em c be giv5 by adopt+ ! arrangem5t ( almo/ any writ]4 ,c4 ,,fat is "o ( ! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,x =ms ! ess5tial "p ( ! adipose tissue4 ,*emical analysis %[s t all fatty sub/ances are comp\nds ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,!y are light] ?an wat]1 g5]ally fluid at ! natural temp]ature ( ! body1 & burn ) a bright flame1 =m+ wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,,case9e is abundantly f\nd 9 milk4 ,:5 dri$1 x con/itutes *eese4 ,alcohol1 acids1 & ! /oma* ( any ( ! mammalia coagulate x2 & x is also soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! blood1 bile1 saliva1 & ! l5s ( ! eye4 ,,*ondr9e is a v>iety ( gelat94 ,x is obta9$ f c>tilage4 ,x is soluble 9 w>m wat]1 b solidifies on cool+4 ,,lactic ,,acid is common to all ! solids & fluids ( ! sy/em4 ,x is f\nd unit$ ) pota%1 soda1 lime1 or magnesia4 ,d4 ,! ^w duod5um is d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 signify+ twelve1 s9ce ! inte/9e1 ( :i* ?is is ! "n1 is usually ab\t twelve f+]s' bread? 9 l5g?4 ,! jejunum is also f ! ,lat9 jejunum1 empty1 s9ce x is usually f\nd 9 t condition aft] dea?1 z ! food seems to pass rapidly ?r\gh ?is "p ( ! inte/9e4 ,! t]m ileum is f ! ,greek1 signify+ to twi/1 s9ce x always appe>s 9 a contort$ condition4 ,! "n ccum is d]iv$ f ! fact ( its be+ a bl9d or %ort sack1 p]=at$ by ! extremity ( ! ileum4 ,! "n ( ! next division ( ! inte/9e--colon--is f ! ,greek1 to prohibit1 z ! cont5ts ( ! alim5t>y canal pass sl[ly ?r\gh ?is portion4 ,! rectum is nam$ f ! /raight direction t x assumes 9 ! latt] "p ( its c\rse4 ,e4 ,! food is =c$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal by contractions ( its muscul> coat1 produc$ by ! n]v\s filam5ts ( ! sympa!tic sy/em1 n be+ at all dep5d5t on ! c]ebro-sp9al c5tre4 ,?is is call$ ! p]i/altic1 or v]micul> motion4 ,! great l5g? ( inte/9e 9 all animals1 & especially 9 ! h]bivor\s ones1 is ow+ to ! necessity ( expos+ ! food to a l>ge numb] ( ! lacteals1 t ! n\ri%m5t may all be tak5 f x4 ,f4 ,! diff]5t processes ?r\gh :i* ! food passes be=e assimilation are ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! ma/ication & mixture ( ! saliva ) ! food are purely ( a me*anical nature4 ,:5 any solid or fluid sub/ance is plac$ ^u ! tongue1 or 9 contact ) ! inn] surface ( ! *eeks1 by an involunt>y act1 ! saliv>y gl&s are /imulat$ to activity1 & comm5ce p\r+ ! saliva into ! m\? ?r\gh ! saliv>y ducts4 ,z soon z ma/ication comm5ces1 ! contraction ( ! masset] & o!r muscles employ$ 9 ma/ication /imulates ! saliv>y gl&s to increas$ action1 & a /ill great] quantity ( saliva is secret$ & =c$ ^u ! food1 :i* is con/antly be+ gr\nd to a f9] condition1 until x is suffici5tly r$uc$ = deglutition4 ,:e!r ! saliv>y fluid acts any o!r "p ?an simply t ( a demulc5t to assi/ ! ga/ric juice 9 /ill fur!r dissolv+ ! food1 is yet a matt] ( "s d\bt1 al?\gh x is f\nd t no o!r liquid w equally well subs]ve ! process ( dige/ion & promote heal?4 ,aft] ! food is 9 ! condition ready to be swall[$1 by an app>5tly involunt>y motion1 x is plac$ ^u ! back ( ! tongue1 :i* c>ries x backw>ds to ! top ( ! ph>ynx1 :]e ! con/rictions ( ! ph>ynx1 aid$ by ! muscles ( ! tongue & floor ( ! m\?1 ) a sudd5 & viol5t movem5t ?ru/ x beyond ! epiglottis1 9 ord] to all[ ! lea/ necess>y "t to ! closure ( ! glottis1 aft] :i*1 by ! compression ( ! oesophagus1 x is =c$ into ! /oma*4 ,"h x is t ! true bus9ess ( dige/ion comm5ces4 ,= z soon z any sub/ance except wat] ent]s ! /oma*1 ?is organ1 ) involunt>y movem5ts1 t seem almo/ l in/9ct1 comm5ces ! secretion ( ! ga/ric juice1 & by long-cont9u$ contractions ( its muscul> coat1 succe$s 9 effect+ a mo/ p]fect mixture ( ! food ) ?is juice1 by :i* ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are r$uc$ to ! s(te/ pulp4 ,! ga/ric juice1 9 its pure /ate1 is a colorless1 transp>5t fluid2 inodor\s1 a little salti%1 & p]ceptibly acid4 ,x possesses ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ album51 & sep>at+ ! :ey ( milk f its curd1 & aft]w>ds completely dissolv+ ! curd4 ,its ta/e1 :5 appli$ to ! tongue1 is simil> to t ( mucilag9\s wat]1 slightly acidulat$ ) muriatic acid4 ,! organs ( its secretion are an imm5se numb] ( tubes or gl&s1 ( a diamet] v>y+ f "o five hundr$? to "o ?ree hundr$? ( an in*1 situat$ 9 ! muc\s coat ( ! /oma*1 & receiv+ _! blood f ! ga/ric art]ies4 ,a *emical analysis %[s x to consi/ ( wat]1 mucilage1 & ! sev]al free acids--muriatic1 acetic1 lactic1 & butyric1 toge!r ) a peculi> organic matt] call$ peps91 :i* acts aft] ! mann] ( f]m5ts betwe5 ! temp]ature ( #ej & #ajd ,f4 ,! true process ( dige/ion is probably ow+ to ! action ( peps9 & ! acids1 especially if ! pres5ce ( ! *loro-hydric or muriatic be admitt$2 s9ce we "k1 by exp]im5ts out ( ! body1 t *lor9e1 "o ( its elem5ts1 is a p[]ful solv5t ( all organic sub/ances4 ,! antiseptic prop]ties ( ! ga/ric juice1 z discov]$ by exp]im5ts made on ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 d\btless h mu* influ5ce on dige/ion1 al?\gh _! true uses are probably n yet kn[n4 ,z soon z ! food is r$uc$ to a /ate ( fluidity1 ! pyloric orifice ( ! /oma* is unclos$1 & x is ?ru/ onw>ds ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal1 receiv+ 9 ! duod5um ! secretions ( ! liv] & pancreas1 aft] :i* x yields to ! lacteals its nutri5t portion1 & ! residuum is expell$ f ! body4 ,!re h be5 _m hypo!ses 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! dige/ive process4 ,"s h suppos$ t dige/ion is a m]e me*anical process1 produc$ by ! motion ( ! walls ( ! /oma*2 :ile o!rs1 9 lat] times1 h consid]$ x z "u ! influ5ce ( a _s sep>ate f ! individual1 :o took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! /oma* & regulat$ ! :ole affair2 :ile o!rs /ill w\ld make x out to be a *emical op]ation1 & ?us con/itute ! /oma* a sort ( laboratory4 ,b to all ^! ridicul\s hypo!ses ,sir ,john ,hunt] has appli$ ! foll[+ playful language3 ,"s w h x t ! /oma* is a mill2 o!rs t x is a f]m5t+ vat2 & o!rs t x is a /ewpan2 b 9 my view ( ! matt]1 x is nei!r a mill1 a f]m5t+ vat1 nor a /ewpan1 b a /oma*1 a /oma*6 ,at ! pres5t day ?is process is reg>d$ z a complex1 & n a simple op]ation4 ,x seems to be a process 9 :i* ! me*anical1 *emical1 & vital ag5cies mu/ all act 9 h>mony & ord]2 = if "o ( ^! be )drawn1 ! function _c be su/a9$ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t2 & ( ! *emical & me*anical p>ts ( ! process1 s9ce ! =m] is mu* m important1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! vital p[]s are indisp5sable1 !re=e dige/ion may be consid]$ z a *emical op]ation1 directly dep5d5t on ! laws ( vitality1 or ( life2 s9ce ! prop] consi/5cy ( ! food dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ^u ! "* ( ! solv5ts1 :ile ! secretion ( ^! fluids1 _! prop] am\nt1 toge!r ) ! peculi> in/9ct--z x almo/ seems to be--necess>y to direct ! /oma* 9 its _m functions1 are exclusively & entirely dep5d5t on ! laws & conditions ( life4 ,g4 ,z food is necess>y to supply ! wa/e & promote ! gr[? ( ! body1 x foll[s t t w be ! be/ adapt$ to ! sy/em :i* conta9s ! same *emical elem5ts ( :i* ! body is compos$2 viz41 oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog54 ,^! elem5ts are f\nd 9 great] or less quantity 9 all animal food1 & 9 _m vegetable products4 ,h5ce1 t article ( food :i* conta9s all ^! elem5ts 9 a prop] proportion w t5d mu* m to ! gr[? & /r5g? ( ! body ?an ^? k9ds :i* are defici5t 9 "o or m ( !m4 ,mu* exp]i5ce on ?is po9t1 & sci5tific rese>*1 seem to %[ t a reasonable am\nt ( animal food 9 heal? t5ds to give great] /r5g? ( muscle1 & a m g5]al s5se ( fulness1 ?an 9 ord9>y cases a vegetable diet is able to d1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( nitrog5 9 animal tissues4 ,yet !re are examples ( ! heal?ie/ & /ronge/ m51 :o live ye>s )\t a morsel ( animal food2 & ! fact c only be acc\nt$ =1 by suppos+ t ! sy/em has ! p[] to make ! mo/ economical use ( ! little nitrog5 (f]$ to x 9 ! food2 or else t x has by "s means ! p[] to ab/ract x f ! atmosph]e1 & trans=m x to ! liv+ animal sub/ance4 ,h4 ,! proximate pr9ciples1 :i* are ! mo/ important 9 n\ri%+ ! body1 are album5 & fibr94 ,^! con/itute ! great] "p ( all ! s(t] animal tissues1 & are also f\nd 9 c]ta9 classes ( vegetables1 su* z peas1 beans1 l5tils1 & _m se$s4 ,h5ce1 9 _m cases1 a vegetable diet1 especially if embrac+ any ( ^? articles1 w\ld be suffici5t to su/a9 life1 ev5 if no animal food %\ld be eat54 ,b no animal c exi/ = a long "t if p]mitt$ only to eat sub/ances de/itute ( nitrog51 z 9 ! case ( a dog f$ entirely on sug>1 :i* liv$ b ?irty days4 ,& ow+ to ?is fact1 ,b>on ,liebig proposes to call sub/ances us$ = food1 conta9+ nitrog51 elem5ts ( nutrition1 & ^? conta9+ an excess ( c>bon1 elem5ts ( respiration2 s9ce1 accord+ to 8 view1 ! food is necess>y to support ! gr[? ( ! body by replac+ ! effete & worn-out p>ticles ) new matt]1 & also to keep up ! supply ( fuel1 9 ord] to promote a suffici5t degree ( heat 9 ! sy/em4 ,accord+ly1 "u ! fir/ division w\ld be includ$ all lean meats & vegetables1 su* z peas1 c42 :ile ! fat ( animals1 vegetable oils1 sug>s1 tub]s1 7z ! potato17 & all o!r sub/ances conta9+ />*1 w\ld be includ$ "u ! latt] division4 ,i4 ,?is def9ition ( exhalants is f ! !ory ( ,hall] & o!rs4 ,x is n[ believ$ t ! fluids exude ?r\gh ! ?9 coats ( ! blood vessels4 ,?is process is call$ exosmose1 & is ! exhalation ( old physiologi/s4 ,j4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 9 animal & vegetable physiology1 t membranes possess ! prop]ty ( all[+ fluids & gases to pass ?r\gh !m 9 ei!r direction1 & also to p]mit two fluids to pass 9 opposite directions at ! same "t4 ,?is prop]ty is designat$ endosmose :5 a fluid passes f )\t a body inw>d2 & exosmose :5 ! rev]se takes place4 ,! fir/ is call$ imbibition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( ?is1 9 ! human sy/em1 is %[n 9 ! lungs1 :]e c>bonic acid & wat] pass out ?r\gh ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes & air-cells2 & ! oxyg5 ( ! air ent]s ! blood ?r\gh ! same membrane4 ,by ?is process ( imbibition1 ! oxyg5ation ( ! blood is mu* m readily & fai?fully accompli%$2 inasmu*1 z by ! imm5se numb] ( bron*ial tubes & air-cells a l>g] quantity ( blood is expos$ to a great] portion ( air1 ?an if ! blood 7 directly laid op5 to ! atmosph]e 9 a mass1 or ! air 7 imm$iately transmitt$ ?r\gh x4 ,s9ce ! function ( respiration is to free ! sy/em ( sup]flu\s c>bon & hydrog51 by union ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 x foll[s t ! great] ! am\nt ( ! products to be expell$1 ! l>g] ! quantity ( oxyg5 w be requir$ to effect ?is purpose1 z we f9d to be ! case ) ^? :o consume l>ge quantities ( food4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 daily consum$ ?r\gh ! lungs by an adult is ab\t #cb4e oz41 & ! c>bon 9 ! food #ac4i oz4 ,b 9 ord] to conv]t ?is :ole am\nt ( c>bon into c>bonic acid1 :i* passes (f ?r\gh ! lungs & sk91 #cg oz4 ( oxyg5 are requir$2 ! rema9+ #d4e oz4 be+ absorb$ by ! sk94 ,if ! supply ( food rema9 ! same1 :ile ! am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! inspir$ air is dim9i%$1 ! sup]flu\s c>bon w induce disease 9 ! sy/em1 z is ! case ( ^? p]sons :o are limit$ 9 _! supply ( air ( a prop] quality or quantity1 &1 consequ5tly1 h less appetite = food ?an ^? :o are abundantly suppli$ ) air ( ! prop] /&>d ( heal?2 & 9 *ildr51 :o proportionally consume m food ?an adults1 & :o are m active1 !reby caus+ a m rapid circulation ( blood1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! removal ( m sup]flu\s p>ticles ( matt]4 ,9 *ildr5 we notice ! ne$ ( air1 by _! disposition to be mu* 9 ! op5 air1 & (t5 inspir+ m deeply ?an is common 9 old] p]sons4 ,also1 if ! c>bon ( ! food does n h a requisite supply ( oxyg5 f ! air1 or o!r s\rces1 ! body becomes emaciat$1 al?\gh n\ri%+ food may be us$4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if !re be a dim9i%$ supply ( food1 b an abundance ( atmosph]ic air1 leanness & emaciation are sure to foll[2 ow+ to ! fact t if ! oxyg5 has no wa/e c>bon f ! body to unite )1 x comb9es ) ! fat1 & "s o!r s(t portions ( ! body1 :i* ! ,au?or ( nature seems to h provid$ = ?is v purpose2 z is se5 9 ! case ( hib]nat+ animals1 :o ent] _! places ( w9t] abode sleek & fat1 b crawl out 9 ! spr+ n m]ely depriv$ ( _! fatty matt]1 b also ) great dim9ution ( all ! s(t] p>ts1 :i* h giv5 up _! %>e ( c>bon to supply animal heat4 ,"o important cause ( emaciation 9 febrile diseases is ! great] rapidity ( ! pulse & respiration1 :i* consume m c>bon ?an is af=d$ by ! scanty supply ( food t is tak51 al?\gh pr(use p]spiration1 :i* almo/ always occurs 9 "s /ages ( fev]s1 greatly dim9i%es ! full /ate ( ! body4 ,k4 ,! !ory ( ,b>on ,liebig conc]n+ ! *ange :i* ! blood exp]i5ces 9 color1 9 its passage ?r\gh ! lungs1 meets ) ! approbation ( _m physiologi/s1 al?\gh !re are "s important difficulties 9 ! way ( fully receiv+ x4 ,a *emical analysis ( ! blood %[s x to be compos$ ( album5 & fibr91 toge!r ) "s o!r sub/ances1 9 small proportions1 & always p]ceptible traces ( iron4 ,he attributes ! *ange 9 color to ! iron1 z ?is sub/ance ent]s into comb9ation ) c>bon & oxyg54 ,=1 z ! blood passes ?r\gh ! trunks ( ! l>g] vessels & capill>ies1 x receives ! c>bon f ! tissues :i* are cont9ually trans=m$1 & tak+ up ! oxyg5 f ! art]ializ$ blood1 =ms c>bonic acid1 :i* unites ) ! iron1 =m+ proto-c>bonate ( iron4 ,?is be+ ( a gray color1 he supposes x to be t :i*1 ) ! o!r impurities ( ! blood1 gives ! v5\s blood ! d>k blue color4 ,!n1 z ! blood comes 9 contact ) ! oxyg51 z x is return$ & expos$ to ?is elem5t 9 ! lungs1 ! c>bonic acid leaves ! iron1 :i* has a /rong] aff9ity = oxyg5 ?an = c>bonic acid1 & =ms ! sc>let r$ p]oxide ( iron1 t gives ! *>act]i/ic color to ! art]ial blood4 ,aft] ?is1 z ! blood is s5t out ?r\gh ! small] art]ies & capill>ies1 x aga9 ga!rs c>bon & o!r impurities f ! sy/em1 & becomes ! d>k1 v5\s blood1 ?us complet+ ! :ole *ange ( color 9 ! circulation4 ,l4 ,z already m5tion$1 diff]5t articles ( food h be5 divid$ into ! azotiz$ & non-azotiz$1 or ^? :i* conta9 nitrog5 z "o ( _! con/itu5ts1 & ^? :i* are ne>ly de/itute ( x4 ,( ^!1 accord+ to ,liebig1 ! azotiz$ portions are simply to supply ! wa/e t is cont9ually go+ on 9 ! body1 & promote its gr[? 9 ! e>ly /ages ( exi/5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! nutri5t portion2 :ile ! sug>1 />*1 c41 are ma9ly ( use 9 ! respiratory organs4 ,! correctness ( ?is view may be und]/ood f ! fact1 t ! inhabitants 9 ! cold] regions ( ! e>? consume a mu* l>g] quantity ( oil & fat ?an ! resid5ts ( hott] climates2 & also ^? dwell+ 9 ! temp]ate zones c eat ) great] impunity a l>g] quantity ( fat meats 9 ! w9t] ?an 9 ! summ]1 !re be+ !n s mu* m dem& = animal heat ?an 9 ! summ]4 ,m4 ,! sugge/ion ( us+ ! bell[s 9 asphyxia1 is f ! directions ( t di/+ui%$ & vet]an surgeon1 ,val5t9e ,mott1 ( ,new ,york city4 ,! directions 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! p>agraph are ! mo/ practical1 & be/ adapt$ to ! wants ( ! community4 ,,gloss>y ,,ab-,,duc,,tor4 ,l4 abduco to lead away4 ,a muscle :i* moves c]ta9 p>ts1 by sep>at+ !m f ! axis ( ! body4 ,,ab-,,d,,m54 ,l4 abdo1 to hide4 ,t "p ( ! body :i* lies betwe5 ! ?orax & ! bottom ( ! pelvis4 ,,ab-,,dom,,9-,,is4 ,p]ta9+ to ! abdom54 ,a-,,ce-,,tab,u-,,lum4 ,l4 acetum1 v9eg>4 ,! socket = ! head ( ! ?igh-bone2 an anci5t vessel = hold+ v9eg>4 ,a-,,ce,,tic4 ,l4 acetum1 v9eg>4 ,relat+ to acetic acid4 ,?is is always compos$ ( oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 9 ! same proportion4 ,a-,,*il,,lis4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! t5don ( two l>ge muscles ( ! leg4 ,a-,,cro,,mi-,,on4 ,gr4 akros1 akros1 highe/1 & mos1 omos1 %\ld]4 ,a process ( ! scapula t jo9s to ! clavicle4 ,,ad-,,duc,,tor4 ,l4 adduco1 to lead to4 ,a muscle :i* draws "o "p ( ! body t[>d ano!r4 ,,al-,,bu-,,g9,e-,a4 ,l4 albus1 :ite4 ,a t]m appli$ to :ite textures4 ,,al-,,bu,,m54 ,l4 albus1 :ite4 ,an animal sub/ance ( ! same nature z ! :ite ( an egg4 ,a-,,lu,,m9-,,um4 ,l4 ,! "n giv5 to ! metallic base ( alum9a4 ,,al,,ve-,o-,,l>4 ,l4 alveolus1 a socket ,p]ta9+ to ! sockets ( ! tee?4 ,,am-,,mo,,ni-,a4 ,an alkali4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree equival5ts ( hydrog5 & "o ( nitrog54 ,a-,,nas,,to-,,mose4 ,gr4 ana1 ana1 ?r\gh1 & /oma1 /oma1 m\?4 ,! communication ( art]ies & ve9s ) ea* o!r4 ,,an-,a-,,tom,i-,,cal4 ,relat+ to ! p>ts ( ! body1 :5 dissect$ or sep>at$4 ,a-,,nat,o-,,my4 ,greek ana1 ana1 ?r\gh1 & tom1 tom a cutt+4 ,! description ( ! /ructure ( animals4 ,! ^w anatomy prop]ly signifies dissection4 ,,an,,gu-,,li4 ,l4 angulus1 a corn]4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles on acc\nt ( _! =m4 ,,an-,i-,,mal,,cu-,l4 ,l4 animalcula1 a little animal4 ,animals t are only p]ceptible by means ( a microscope4 ,,an,,nu-,,l>4 ,l4 annulus1 a r+4 ,hav+ ! =m ( a r+4 ,,an-,,ti,,cus4 ,l4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,a-,,ort,a4 ,gr4 aort1 aort2 f ar1 ar1 air1 & tre1 treo1 to keep4 ,! great art]y t arises f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,,ap-,o-,,neu-,,ro,,sis4 ,gr4 apo1 apo1 f1 & neuron1 neuron1 a n]ve4 ,! membran\s expansions ( muscles & t5dons4 ,! anci5ts call$ e :ite t5don neuron1 a n]ve4 ,,ap-,,pa-,,ra,,tus4 ,l4 app>o1 to prep>e4 ,an assemblage ( organs design$ to produce c]ta9 results4 ,,ap-,,p5d,,ix4 ,l41 an addition4 ,some?+ app5d$ or add$4 ,a,,que-,,ous4 ,l4 aqua1 wat]4 ,p>tak+ ( ! nature ( wat]4 ,a-,,ra*,,noid4 ,gr4 ara*n1 ara*n1 a spid]1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,resembl+ a spid]'s web4 ,a ?9 membrane t cov]s ! bra94 ,,ar,,bor4 ,l4 ,a tree4 ,arbor vit4 ,! tree ( life4 ,a t]m appli$ to a "p ( ! c]ebellum4 ,,ar,,te-,,ry4 ,gr4 ar1 ar1 air1 & tre1 treo1 to keep2 because ! anci5ts ?\ght t ! art]ies conta9$ only air4 ,a tube ?r\gh :i* blood fl[s f ! he>t4 ,a-,,ryt-,e,,noid4 ,gr4 aryta9a1 aruta9a1 a ew]1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,! "n ( a c>tilage ( ! l>ynx4 ,,z-,,c5d,,ens4 ,l4 ,asc5d+2 ris+4 ,,z-,,phyx,i-,a4 ,gr4 a1 a1 n1 & sphyxis1 sphyxis1 pulse4 ,orig9ally1 want ( pulse2 n[ us$ = susp5d$ respiration1 or app>5t dea?4 ,,z-,,trag,a-,,lus4 ,gr4 ,! "n ( a bone ( ! foot4 ,"o ( ! t>sal bones4 ,,aud-,i,,tion4 ,l4 audio1 to he>4 ,he>+4 ,,aud-,,x-,o,,ri-,,u4 ,l4 ,p]ta9+ to ! organ ( he>+4 ,,au,,ri-,,cle4 ,l4 auricula1 ! ext]nal e>2 f auris1 ! e>4 ,a cavity ( ! he>t4 ,,au-,,ric,u-,,l>4 ,l4 auricula4 ,p]ta9+ to ! auricle4 ,,ax-,,il,,la4 ,l4 ,! armpit4 ,,ax,,il-,,la-,,ry4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! armpit4 ,a-,,zote4 ,gr4 a1 a1 n1 & z1 zo1 life4 ,nitrog54 ,"o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s nam$ because x w n su/a9 life4 ,,b5-,,zo,,ic4 ,b5zoic acid4 ,a peculi> vegetable acid1 obta9$ f b5zo9 & "s o!r balsams4 ,,bi,,ceps4 ,l4 bis1 twice1 & caput1 a head4 ,a "n appli$ to muscles ) two heads at "o extremity4 ,,bi-,,cus,,pids4 ,l4 bis & cuspis1 a po9t4 ,tee? t h two po9ts ^u _! cr[n4 ,,bile4 ,l4 bilis4 ,a yell[1 viscid fluid secret$ by ! liv]4 ,,bi-,,p5,,ni-,,=m4 ,l4 bis & p5na1 a fea!r4 ,bip5ni=m muscle4 ,hav+ fibres on ea* side ( a common t5don4 ,,bra*,i-,,al4 ,l4 bra*ium4 ,belong+ to ! arm4 ,,bre,,vis4 ,l4 ,brevis1 %ort2 brevior1 %ort]4 ,,bron*,i-,a1 -4 ,l4 ,a division ( ! tra*ea t passes to ! lungs4 ,,bron*,i-,,al4 ,relat+ to ! bron*ia4 ,,bron*-,i,,tis4 ,l4 ,an inflammation ( ! bron*ia4 ,,buc-,,ci-,,na,,tor4 ,l4 bucc9um1 a trumpet4 ,! "n ( a muscle ( ! *eek1 s nam$ because us$ 9 bl[+ w9d in/rum5ts4 ,,bur,s ,,mu-,,co,,sa4 ,l4 bursa1 a purse1 & mucosa1 visc\s4 ,small sacs1 conta9+ a viscid fluid1 situat$ ab\t ! jo9ts1 "u t5dons4 ,c,,cum4 ,l4 ,bl9d2 ! "n giv5 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! colon4 ,,calx1 ,,cal,,cis4 ,l4 ,! heel-bone4 ,,cal,,ci-,,um4 ,l4 ,! metallic basis ( lime4 ,,cap,,il-,,la-,,ry4 ,l4 capillus1 a hair4 ,resembl+ a hair2 small4 ,,cap,,su-,,l>4 ,p]ta9+ to a capsule4 ,,cap,,sule4 ,l4 capsula1 a little *e/4 ,a membran\s bag1 enclos+ a "p4 ,,ca,,put4 ,l4 ,! head4 ,caput coli4 ,! head ( ! colon4 ,,c>,,bon4 ,l4 c>bo1 a coal4 ,pure *>coal4 ,an elem5t>y combu/ible sub/ance4 ,,c>-,,bon,,ic4 ,p]ta9+ to c>bon4 ,,c>,,di-,,ac4 ,gr4 k>dia1 k>dia1 he>t4 ,relat+ to ! he>t1 or upp] orifice ( ! /oma*4 ,,c>,,ne-,a1 -4 ,l4 c>o1 c>nis1 fle%4 ,fle%y4 ,,ca-,,rot,,id4 ,gr4 k>os1 k>os1 le?>gy4 ,! great art]ies ( ! neck t convey blood to ! he>t4 ,! anci5ts suppos$ dr[s9ess to be seat$ 9 ^! art]ies4 ,,c>,,pal4 ,l4 c>pus1 ! wri/4 ,relat+ to ! wri/4 ,,c>,,pus1 -,i4 ,l4 ,! wri/4 ,,c>,,ti-,,lage4 ,l4 c>tilago4 ,gri/le4 ,a smoo?1 ela/ic sub/ance1 s(t] ?an bone4 ,,c>-,,ti-,,lag,,9-,,ous4 ,p]ta9+ to c>tilage4 ,,cau-,,ca,,sian4 ,"o ( ! races ( m54 ,,ca,,va4 ,l4 ,holl[4 ,v5a cava4 ,a "n giv5 to ! two great ve9s ( ! body4 ,,cel,,lu-,,l>4 ,l4 cellula1 a little cell4 ,compos$ ( cells4 ,,c]-,e-,,bel,,lum4 ,l4 ,! h9d] & l[] "p ( ! bra91 or ! little bra94 ,,c],e-,,bral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! bra94 ,,c],e-,,brum4 ,l4 ,! front & l>ge "p ( ! bra94 ,! t]m is sometimes appli$ to ! :ole cont5ts ( ! cranium4 ,,c],e-,,bro-,,spi,,nal4 ,relat+ to ! bra9 & sp9e4 ,,c],,vix4 ,l4 ,! neck4 ,,c],,vi-,,cal4 ,relat+ to ! neck4 ,,*e/4 ,sax4 ,! ?orax2 ! trunk ( ! body f ! neck to ! abdom54 ,,*lo,,r9e4 ,gr4 *loros1 *loros1 gre54 ,*lor9e gas1 s nam$ f its color4 ,,*or,,da1 -4 ,l4 ,a cord4 ,an assemblage ( fibres4 ,,*o,,roid4 ,gr4 *orion1 *orion4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al p>ts ( ! body t resemble ! sk94 ,,*yle4 ,gr4 *ulos1 *ulos1 juice4 ,a nutritive fluid1 ( a :iti% appe>ance1 :i* is extract$ f food by ! action ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,,*yl-,i-,,fi-,,ca,,tion4 *yle & ,l4 facio1 to make4 ,! process by :i* *yle is =m$4 ,,*yme4 ,gr4 *umos1 *umos1 juice4 ,a k9d ( grayi% pulp =m$ f ! food 9 ! /oma*4 ,,*ym-,i-,,fi-,,ca,,tion4 *yme & ,l4 facio1 to make4 ,! process by :i* *yme is =m$4 ,,cil,,ia-,,ry4 ,l4 cilia1 eyela%es4 ,belong+ to ! eyelids4 ,,c9-,e-,,ri,,ti\s4 ,l4 c9is1 a%es4 ,hav+ ! color ( a%es4 ,,clav,i-,,cle4 ,l4 clavicula1 f clavis1 a key4 ,! coll>-bone2 s call$ f its resemblance 9 %ape to an anci5t key4 ,,clei,,d4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles t are atta*$ to ! clavicle4 ,,co-,,ag,u-,,lum4 ,l4 ,a coagulat$ mass1 a clot ( blood4 ,,coc,,cyx4 ,gr4 ,an assemblage ( bones jo9$ to ! sacrum4 ,,co*,,le-,a4 ,gr4 ko*l1 ko*lo1 to twi/2 or ,l4 co*lea1 a screw4 ,a cavity ( ! e> resembl+ 9 =m a snail %ell4 ,,co,,lon4 ,gr4 ,a portion ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,,co-,,lum,,na1 -4,l4 ,a column or pill>4 ,,com-,,mu,,nis4 ,l4 ,a "n appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,,com-,,plex,,u4 ,l4 complector1 to embrace4 ,! "n ( a muscle t embraces _m atta*m5ts4 ,,com-,,press,,or4 ,l4 con1 toge!r1 & premo1 pressus1 to press4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles1 t compress ! p>ts to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,,con,,dyle4 ,gr4 kondulos1 kondulos1 a knuckle1 a protub]ance4 ,a prom95ce on ! end ( a bone4 ,,con-,,junc-,,ti,,va4 ,l4 con1 toge!r1 & jungo1 to jo94 ,! membrane t cov]s ! ant]ior "p ( ! globe ( ! eye4 ,,cop,,p]4 ,a metal ( a pale1 r$ color1 t+$ ) yell[4 ,,cor-,a,,coid4 ,gr4 korax1 korax1 a cr[1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,a process ( ! scapula %ap$ l ! beak ( a cr[4 ,,co,,ri-,,on4 ,gr4 *orion1 *orion1 sk94 ,! true sk94 ,,corn,e-,a4 ,l4 cornu1 a horn4 ,! transp>5t membrane 9 ! =e "p ( ! eye4 ,,cos,,ta4 ,l4 co/a1 a coa/1 side1 or rib4 ,a rib4 ,,crib,,ri-,,=m4 ,l4 cribrum1 a sieve1 & =ma1 =m4 ,a plate ( ! e?moid bone1 ?r\gh :i* ! olfactory n]ve passes to ! nose4 ,,cri,,coid4 ,gr4 krikos1 krikos1 a r+1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,a "n giv5 to a c>tilage ( ! l>ynx1 f its =m4 ,,crys,,tal-,,l9e4 ,l4 cry/all9us1 consi/+ ( cry/al4 ,cry/all9e l5s4 ,"o ( ! humors ( ! eye4 ,x is convex1 :ite1 firm1 & transp>5t4 ,,cu,,bi-,,tus1 -,i4 ,l4 cubitus1 ! elb[4 ,"o ( ! bones ( ! =e>m1 also call$ ! ulna4 ,,cu,,boid4 ,gr4 kubos1 kubos1 a cube1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,hav+ ne>ly ! =m ( a cube4 ,,cu-,,ne,i-,,=m4 ,l4 cuneus1 a w$ge4 ,! "n ( bones 9 ! wri/ & foot4 ,,cus,,pid4 ,l4 cuspis1 a po9t4 ,hav+ "o po9t4 ,,cu-,,ta,,ne-,,ous4 ,l4 cutis1 sk94 ,belong+ to ! sk94 ,,cu,,ti-,,cle4 ,l4 cutis4 ,! ext]nal lay] ( ! sk94 ,,cu,,tis ,,ve,,ra4 ,l4 cutis1 & v]a1 true4 ,! int]nal lay] ( ! sk92 ! true sk94 ,,del,,toid4 ,gr4 delta1 delta1 ! ,greek lett] ,delta1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,! "n ( a muscle1 t resembles 9 =m ! ,greek lett] ,delta4 ,,d5s4 ,l4 ,a too?4 ,,d5t,,al4 ,l4 d5s1 too?4 ,p]ta9+ to ! tee?4 ,,de-,,press,,or4 ,l4 ,! "n ( a muscle t draws d[n ! "p to :i* x is atta*$4 ,,d]m,,oid4 ,gr4 d]ma1 d]ma1 ! sk91 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ,resembl+ sk94 ,,de-,,sc5d,,ens4 ,l4 de & sc&o1 to climb4 ,desc5d+1 fall+4 ,,di,a-,,phragm4 ,gr4 diaphragma1 diaphragma1 a p>tition4 ,! midriff2 a muscle sep>at+ ! *e/ f ! abdom54 ,,di-,,ar-,,rhoe,a4 ,gr4 di>re1 di>rheo1 to fl[ ?r\gh4 ,a morbidly frequ5t evacuation ( ! inte/9es4 ,,di-,,z,,to-,,le4 ,gr4 dia/ell1 dia/ello1 to put asund]4 ,! dilatation ( ! he>t & art]ies :5 ! blood ent]s !m4 ,,di-,,ges,,tion4 ,l4 dige/io4 ,! process ( dissolv+ food 9 ! /oma*1 & prep>+ x = circulation & n\ri%m5t4 ,,dig-,i-,,to,,rum4 ,l4 digitus1 a f+]4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles ( ! extremities4 ,,dor,,sal4 ,l4 dorsum1 ! back4 ,p]ta9+ to ! back4 ,,du-,o-,,de,,num4 ,l4 duod5us1 ( twelve f+]s' bread?4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! small inte/9e4 ,,du,,ra ,,ma,,t]4 ,l4 durus1 h>d1 & mat]1 "m4 ,! out]mo/ membrane ( ! bra94 ,,dys,,en-,,t]-,y4 ,gr4 dys1 ds1 bad1 & ent]ia1 ent]ia1 inte/9es4 ,a dis*>ge ( blood & mucus f ! inte/9es att5d$ ) t5esmus4 ,,dys-,,pep,,si-,a4 ,gr4 dys1 ds1 bad1 & pept1 pepto1 to dige/4 ,indige/ion1 or difficulty ( dige/ion4 ,,en-,,am,,el4 ,fr4 ,! smoo?1 h>d sub/ance :i* cov]s ! cr[n or visible "p ( a too?4 ,,ep-,i-,,d]m,,is4 ,gr4 epi1 epi1 ^u1 & d]ma1 d]ma1 ! sk94 ,! sc>f-sk92 ! cuticle4 ,,ep-,i-,,glot,,tis4 ,gr4 epi1 epi1 ^u1 & gltta1 gltta1 ! tongue4 ,"o ( ! c>tilages ( ! glottis4 ,,eu-,,/a,,*i-,,an ,,tube4 ,a *annel f ! fauces to ! middle e>1 nam$ f ,eu/a*ius1 :o fir/ describ$ x4 ,,ex,,cre-,,m5t4 ,l4 exc]no1 to sep>ate4 ,matt] excret$ & eject$2 alv9e dis*>ges4 ,,ex-,,cre-,,m5-,,ti,,tial4 ,p]ta9+ to excrem5t4 ,,ex,,cre-,,to-,,ry4 ,a little duct or vessel1 de/9$ to receive secret$ fluids1 & to excrete or dis*>ge !m2 also1 a secretory vessel4 ,,ex-,,ha,,lant4 ,l4 exhalo1 to s5d =? vapor4 ,hav+ ! quality ( exhal+ or evaporat+4 ,,ex-,,t5s,,or4 ,l4 ,a "n appli$ to a muscle t s]ves to ext5d any "p ( ! body2 oppos$ to ,flexor4 ,,fa,,cial4 ,l4 facies1 face4 ,p]ta9+ to ! face4 ,,falx4 ,l4 falx1 a scy!4 ,a process ( ! dura mat] %ap$ l a scy!4 ,,fas,,ci-,a4 ,l4 fascia1 a b&4 ,a t5d9\s expansion or aponeurosis4 ,,fas-,,cic,u-,,lus1 -,,li4 ,l4 fascis1 a bundle4 ,a little bundle4 ,,faux1 -,,ces4 ,l4 ,! top ( ! ?roat4 ,,fem,o-,,ral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! femur4 ,,fem,o-,,ris4 ,a t]m appli$ to muscles t are atta*$ to ! femur4 ,,fe,,mur4 ,l4 ,! ?igh-bone4 ,,fe-,,nes,,tra1 -,,um4 ,l4 f5e/ra1 a w9d[4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s op5+s into ! int]nal e>4 ,,fi,,bre4 ,l4 fibra4 ,an organic filam5t1 or ?read1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( e animal & vegetable texture4 ,,fi,,br94 ,a peculi> organic sub/ance f\nd 9 animals & vegetables2 x is a solid sub/ance1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 & compos$ ( ?ready fibres4 ,,fi,,br\s4 ,compos$ or consi/+ ( fibres4 ,,fi,,bro-,,c>,,ti-,,lage4 ,an organic tissue1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( fibr\s tissue & t ( c>tilage4 ,,fib,u-,,la4 ,l41 a clasp4 ,! out] & less] bone ( ! leg4 ,,fib,u-,,l>4 ,belong+ to ! fibula4 ,,fil,a-,,m5t4 ,l4 filam5ta1 ?reads4 ,a f9e ?read1 ( :i* fle%1 n]ves1 sk91 c41 are compos$4 ,,flec,,tion4 ,l4 flectio4 ,! act ( b5d+4 ,,fol,,li-,,cle4 ,l4 folliculus1 a small bag4 ,a gl&2 a little bag 9 animal bodies4 ,,=e,,arm4 ,! "p ( ! upp] extremity betwe5 ! elb[ & h&4 ,,fos,,sa4 ,l41 a dit*4 ,a cavity 9 a bone1 ) a l>ge ap]ture4 ,,fr,,num4 ,l41 a bridle4 ,frnum l+u4 ,! bridle ( ! tongue4 ,,func,,tion4 ,l4 fungor1 to p]=m4 ,! action ( an organ or sy/em ( organs4 ,,fun,,gi-,,=m4 ,l4 fungus & =ma4 ,hav+ t]m9ations l ! head ( a fungus1 or a mu%room4 ,,gan,,gli-,,on1 -,a4 ,gr4 ,an enl>gem5t 9 ! c\rse ( a n]ve4 ,,gas,,tric4 ,gr4 ga/r1 ga/r1 ! /oma*4 ,belong+ to ! /oma*4 ,,gas-,,troc-,,ne,,mi-,,u4 ,gr4 ga/r1 ga/r1 ! /oma*1 & knm1 knm1 ! leg4 ,! "n ( l>ge muscles ( ! leg4 ,,gel,a-,,t94 ,l4 gelo1 to congeal4 ,a concrete animal sub/ance1 transp>5t & soluble 9 wat]4 ,,gle,,noid4 ,gr4 gln1 gln1 a cavity4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s articulate cavities ( bones4 ,,glos,,sa4 ,gr4 ,! tongue4 ,names comp\nd$ ) ?is ^w are appli$ to muscles ( ! tongue4 ,,glos,,s-,,pha-,,ryn,,gi-,,al4 ,relat+ to ! tongue & ph>ynx4 ,,glot,,tis4 ,gr4 ,! n>r[ op5+ at ! upp] "p ( ! l>ynx4 ,,glu,,te-,,u4 ,gr4 ,a "n giv5 to muscles ( ! hip4 ,,hem,,or-,,rhage4 ,gr4 haima1 haima1 blood & rgnu1 rgnuo1 to bur/4 ,a dis*>ge ( blood f an art]y or ve94 ,,hu,,m]-,,u4 ,l4 ,! bone ( ! arm4 ,,hy,a-,,loid4 ,gr4 ,a transp>5t membrane ( ! eye4 ,,hy,,dro-,,g54 ,gr4 hydr1 wat]1 & g5na1 to g5]ate4 ,a gas :i* con/itutes "o ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,,hy,,gi-,,ene4 ,gr4 hugie9on1 hugienon1 heal?4 ,! "p ( m$ic9e :i* treats ( ! pres]vation ( heal?4 ,,hy,,oid4 ,gr4 u & eidos1 edos1 %ape4 ,a bone ( ! tongue resembl+ ! ,greek lett] upsilon 9 %ape4 ,,hy-,,oid,e-,,u4 ,p]ta9+ to ! hyoid bone4 ,,hy,,po-,,glos,,sal4 ,"u ! tongue4 ,! "n ( a n]ve ( ! tongue4 ,,il,e-,,um4 ,gr4 eil1 eil1 to w9d4 ,a portion ( ! small inte/9es4 ,,il,i-,,ac4 ,f ! above4 ,! flank2 p]ta9+ to ! small inte/9e4 ,,il,i-,,um4 ,! haun*-bone4 ,,9-,,ci,,sor4 ,l4 incido1 to cut4 ,a front too? t cuts or divides4 ,,9,,dex4 ,l4 indico1 to %[4 ,! =e-f+]2 ! po9t+ f+]4 ,,9-,,nom-,i-,,na,,ta4 ,l4 91 n1 & nom51 "n4 ,p>ts :i* h no prop] "n4 ,,9-,,os,,cu-,,late4 ,l4 9 & osculatus1 f osculor1 to kiss4 ,to unite1 z two vessels at _! extremities4 ,,9,,t]4 ,l4 ,betwe54 ,,9-,,t]-,,co/,,al4 ,l4 int]1 betwe51 & co/a1 a rib4 ,betwe5 ! ribs4 ,,9-,,t]-,,no,,di-,i4 ,l4 int]1 betwe51 & nodus1 knot4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles ( ! =e>m4 ,,9-,,t]-,,/i,,tial4 ,l4 int]1 betwe51 & /o1 to /&4 ,p]ta9+ to or conta9+ int]/ices4 ,,9-,,tes,,t9es4 ,l4 intus1 )94 ,! canal t ext5ds f ! /oma* to ! anus4 ,i,,ris4 ,l41 ! ra9b[4 ,! color$ circle t surr\nds ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,i,,vo-,,ry4 ,a h>d1 solid1 f9e-gra9$ sub/ance ( a f9e :ite color2 ! tusk ( an elephant4 ,,je-,,ju,,num4 ,l41 empty4 ,a portion ( ! small inte/9e4 ,,ju,,gu-,,l>4 ,l4 jugulum1 ! neck4 ,relat+ to ! ?roat4 ,! great ve9s ( ! neck4 ,,la,,bi-,,um1 ,,la,,bi-,i4 ,l4 ,! lips4 ,,lab,y-,,r9?4 ,gr4 ,! int]nal e>1 s nam$ f its _m w9d+s4 ,,la*,,ry-,,mal4 ,l4 la*ryma1 a te>4 ,p]ta9+ to te>s4 ,,lac,,te-,,al4 ,l41 lac1 milk4 ,a small vessel or tube ( animal bodies = convey+ *yle f ! inte/9e to ! ?oracic duct4 ,,lam,i-,,na1 -4 ,l4 ,a plate1 or ?9 coat ly+ ov] ano!r4 ,,l>,,ynx4 ,gr4 l>unx1 l>unx4 ,! upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe4 ,,l>-,,yn-,,gi,,tis4 ,inflammation ( ! l>ynx4 ,,la-,,tis,,si-,,mus1 -,,mi4 ,l41 sup]lative ( latus1 broad4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles4 ,,le-,,va,,tor4 ,l4 levo1 to raise4 ,a "n appli$ to a muscle t raises "s "p4 ,,lig,a-,,m5t4 ,l4 ligo1 to b9d4 ,a /rong1 compact sub/ance s]v+ to b9d "o bone to ano!r4 ,,l9,e-,a1 -4 ,l4 ,a l9e4 ,,l9,,gua1 -4 ,l4 ,a tongue4 ,,liv,,er4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! abdom9al organs1 ! l>ge/ gl& 9 ! sy/em4 ,x is situat$ bel[ ! diaphragm1 & secretes ! bile4 ,,lobe4 ,a r\nd project+ "p ( an organ4 ,,lon,,gus1 ,,lon,,gi-,,or4 ,l41 long1 long]4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,lum,,b>4 ,l4 lumbus1 ! lo9s4 ,p]ta9+ to ! lo9s4 ,,lymph4 ,l4 lympha1 wat]4 ,a colorless fluid 9 animal bodies1 & conta9$ 9 vessels call$ lymphatics4 ,,lym-,,phat,,ic4 ,a vessel ( animal bodies t conta9s or conveys lymph4 ,,mag-,,ne,,si-,,um4 ,! metallic base ( magnesia4 ,,mag,,nus1 -,,na1 -,,num4 ,l41 great4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,,ma,,jor4 ,l41 great]4 ,great] 9 ext5t or quantity4 ,,man,,ga-,,nese4 ,a metal ( a :iti% gray color4 ,,m>,,r[4 ,sax4 ,a s(t1 oleag9\s sub/ance1 conta9$ 9 ! cavities ( bones4 ,,mas-,,se,,t]4 ,gr4 massaomai1 massaomai1 to *ew4 ,! "n ( a muscle ( ! face4 ,,mas,,ti-,,cate1 ,,mas-,,ti-,,ca,,tion4 ,l4 ma/ico4 ,to *ew2 ! act ( *ew+4 ,,mas,,toid4 ,gr4 ma/os1 ma/os1 brea/1 & eidos1 edos1 =m4 ! "n ( a process ( ! temporal bone beh9d ! e>4 ,,mas-,,toid,e-,,u4 ,a "n appli$ to muscles t are atta*$ to ! ma/oid process4 ,,max-,,il,,la4 ,l4 ,! jaw-bone4 ,,max,,il-,,la-,,ry4 ,p]ta9+ to ! jaw4 ,,max,i-,,mus1 -,,um4 ,l41 sup]lative ( magnus1 great4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,me-,a,,tus4 ,l4 meo1 to g4 ,a passage or *annel4 ,,me-,,di-,,z-,,ti,,num4 ,a membrane t sep>ates ! *e/ into two p>ts4 ,,me,,di-,,um1 -,a4 ,l4 ,! space or sub/ance ?r\gh :i* a body passes to any po9t4 ,,m$,,ul-,,la-,,ry4 ,l41 m$ulla1 m>r[4 ,p]ta9+ to m>r[4 ,,me-,,dul,,la ,,ob-,,lon-,,ga,,ta4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! sp9al cord4 ,,me-,,dul,,la ,,spi-,,na,,lis4 ,! sp9al cord4 ,,mem,,bra-,,na4 ,a membrane2 a ?91 :ite1 flexible sk9 =m$ by fibres int]wov5 l net-"w4 ,,mem,,bra-,,n\s4 ,relat+ to membrane4 ,,mes,,en-,,t]-,y4 ,gr4 mesos1 mesos1 ! middle1 & ent]on1 ent]on1 ! inte/9e4 ,! membrane 9 ! middle ( ! inte/9es1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! sp9e4 ,,mes-,,en-,,t],,ic4 ,p]ta9+ to ! mes5t]y4 ,,met-,a-,,c>,,pal4 ,relat+ to ! metac>pus4 ,,met-,a-,,c>,,pus4 ,gr4 meta1 meta1 aft]1 & k>pos1 k>pos1 wri/4 ,! "p ( ! h& betwe5 ! wri/ & f+]s4 ,,met-,a-,,t>,,sal4 ,relat+ to ! metat>sus4 ,,met-,a-,,t>,,sus4 ,gr4 meta1 meta1 aft]1 & t>sos1 t>sos1 ! t>sus4 ,! in/ep4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev5 bones ( ! foot4 ,,mid,,riff4 ,sax4 mid1 & hrife1 ! belly4 ,see ,,diaphragm4 ,,m9,i-,,mus1 -,i4 ,l4 ,! smalle/4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,mi,,nor4 ,l4 ,less1 small]4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,mi,,tral4 ,l4 mitra1 a mitre4 ,! "n ( ! valves 9 ! left side ( ! he>t4 ,,mo-,,di,o-,,lus4 ,l4 modus1 a measure4 ,a cone 9 ! co*lea ar\nd :i* ! membranes w9d4 ,,mo,,l>4 ,l4 mola1 a mill4 ,! "n ( "s ( ! l>ge tee?4 ,,mol,,lis4 ,l4 ,s(t4 ,,mo,,tor1 -,,es4 ,l4 moveo1 to move4 ,a mov]4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 n]ves4 ,,mu,,c\s4 ,p]ta9+ to mucus4 ,,mu,,cus4 ,a viscid fluid secret$ by ! muc\s membrane1 :i* x s]ves to moi/5 & def5d4 ,,mus,,cle4 ,a bundle ( fibres enclos$ 9 a %ea?4 ,,mus,,cu-,,l>4 ,relat+ to a muscle4 ,,my-,o,,des4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles ( ! neck4 ,,na,,sal4 ,relat+ to ! nose4 ,,na,,sus4 ,l41 ! nose4 ,! no/rils4 ,,n]ve4 ,an organ ( s5sation & motion 9 animals4 ,,n]v,,ous4 ,relat+ to ! n]ves4 ,,neu-,,ri-,,lem,a4 ,gr4 neuron1 neuron1 a n]ve1 & lemma1 lema1 a %ea?4 ,! %ea? or cov]+ ( a n]ve4 ,,ni,,grum4 ,l4 ,black4 ,,ni,,tro-,,g54 ,t elem5t ( ! air :i* is call$ azote4 ,,nu-,,tri,,tion4 ,! art or process ( promot+ ! gr[?1 or repair+ ! wa/e ( ! sy/em4 ,,oc-,,cip-,i-,,ta,,lis4 ,p]ta9+ to ! back "p ( ! head4 ,,oc,,ci-,,put4 ,l4 ob & caput1 ! head4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! head4 ,,oc-,u-,,lo,,rum4 ,( ! eyes4 ,,oc,,ulus1 -,i4 ,l4 ,! eye4 ,,oe-,,soph,a-,,gus4 ,gr4 oi1 oi1 to c>ry1 & phag1 phago1 to eat4 ,! "n ( ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! food passes f ! m\? to ! /oma*4 ,o-,,lec,,ra-,,non4 ,gr4 l5e1 l5e1 ! cubit1 & kranon1 kranon1 ! head4 ,! elb[2 ! head ( ! ulna4 ,,ol-,,fact,o-,,ry4 ,l4 oleo1 to smell1 & facio1 to make4 ,p]ta9+ to smell+4 ,o-,,m5,,tum4 ,l4 ,! caul4 ,o,,mo4 ,gr4 mos1 mos1 ! %\ld]4 ,names comp\nd$ ( ?is ^w are appli$ to muscles atta*$ to ! %\ld]4 ,,oph-,,?al,,mic4 ,gr4 oph?almos1 oph?almos1 ! eye4 ,belong+ to ! eye4 ,,op-,,po,,n5s4 ,t :i* acts 9 opposition to some?+4 ,! "n ( two muscles ( ! h&4 ,,op,,ti-,,cus1 ,,op,,tic4 ,gr4 optomai1 optomai1 to see4 ,relat+ to ! eye4 ,,or-,,bic,u-,,l>4 ,l4 orbis1 a circle4 ,circul>4 ,,or-,,bic-,u-,,la,,ris4 ,a "n appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,or,,gan4 ,a "p ( ! sy/em de/9$ to ex]cise "s p>ticul> function4 ,,or,i-,,g94 ,comm5cem5t2 s\rce4 ,,os4 ,l4 ,a bone2 ! m\? ( any ?+4 ,o,,ris4 ,l4 os1 oris4 ,( ! m\?4 ,,os ,,hy-,,oid,,es4 ,gr4 ,see ,,hyoid4 ,! "n ( ! bone at ! base ( ! tongue4 ,,os,,ma-,,zome4 ,gr4 osm1 osm1 smell1 & zmos1 zmos1 bro?4 ,a pr9ciple obta9$ f animal fibre :i* gives ! peculi> ta/e to bro?4 ,,os,,sa4 ,l41 plural ( os1 bone4 ,bones4 ,,os,,se-,,ous4 ,p]ta9+ to bones4 ,,os-,,si-,,fi-,,ca,,tion4 ,! =mation ( bones 9 animals4 ,,os,,si-,,fy4 ,l4 ossa1 bones1 & facio1 to make4 ,to conv]t into bone4 ,,os,,sis4 ,( a bone4 ,o-,,va,,le4 ,l4 ,! %ape ( an egg4 ,,ox-,,al,,ic4 ,p]ta9+ to sorrel4 ,oxalic acid is ! acid ( sorrel4 ,x is compos$ ( two equival5ts ( c>bon & ?ree ( oxyg54 ,,ox,y-,,g54 ,a p]man5tly ela/ic fluid invisible & inodor\s4 ,"o ( ! compon5ts ( atmosph]ic air4 ,,pa-,,la,,tum4 ,l4 ,! palate2 ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,,pal-,,pe-,,bra,,rum4 ,l4 palpebra1 ! eyelid4 ,( ! eyelids4 ,,pal,,m>4 ,l4 palma1 ! palm4 ,belong+ to ! h&4 ,,pal-,,ma,,ris4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles atta*$ to ! palm ( ! h&4 ,,pan,,cre-,,z4 ,gr4 pan1 pan1 all1 & kreas1 kreas1 fle%4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,,pan-,,cre-,,at,,ic4 ,belong+ to ! pancreas4 ,,pa-,,pil,,la1 -4 ,l4 ,small conical prom95ces4 ,,pa-,,ral,y-,,sis4 ,abolition ( function :e!r ( intellect1 s5sation1 or motion4 ,,pa-,,r5,,*y-,,ma4 ,gr4 p>5*e1 p>5g*e1 to p\r ?r\gh4 ,! sub/ance conta9$ betwe5 ! blood vessels ( an organ4 ,,pa-,,rot,,id4 ,gr4 p>a1 p>a1 ne>1 & tos1 tos1 ! g54 ( ous1 ous1 ! e>4 ,! "n ( ! l>ge/ saliv>y gl&4 ,,pa-,,tel,,la1 -4 ,l4 ,! knee-pan4 ,,pa-,,!t,i-,,cus1 -,,ci4 ,gr4 pa?os1 pa?os1 passion4 ,! "n ( ! f\r? pair ( n]ves4 ,,pec,,tus4 ,l4 ,! *e/4 ,,pec,,to-,,ral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! *e/4 ,,pec-,,to-,,ra,,lis4 ,belong+ to ! *e/4 ,,pe,,dis4 ,l41 g54 ( pes1 ! foot4 ,( ! foot4 ,,pel,i-,,tongs4 ,a t]m appli$ to masses ( fat4 ,,pel,,li-,,cle4 ,l41 dim4 ( pellis1 ! sk94 ,a ?9 sk9 or film4 ,,pel,,vic4 ,relat+ to ! pelvis4 ,,pel,,vis4 ,l4 ,! bas9 =m$ by ! l>ge bones at ! l[] "p ( ! abdom54 ,,p5,,ni-,,=m4 ,l4 p5na1 a fea!r4 ,hav+ ! =m ( a fea!r1 or quill4 ,,p]-,i-,,c>,,di-,,um4 ,gr4 p]i1 p]i1 ar\nd1 & k>dia1 k>dia1 ! he>t4 ,a membrane t encloses ! he>t4 ,,p]-,i-,,*on,,dri-,,um4 ,gr4 p]i1 p]i1 ar\nd1 & *ondros1 *ondros1 c>tilage4 ,a membrane t inve/s c>tilage4 ,,p]-,i-,,cra,,ni-,,um4 ,gr4 p]i1 & kranion1 kranion1 ! cranium4 ,a membrane t inve/s ! skull4 ,,p],,ma-,,n5t4 ,durable2 la/+4 ,,p]-,i-,,/al,,tic4 ,gr4 p]i/ell1 p]i/ello1 to involve4 ,a movem5t l ! crawl+ ( a worm4 ,,p]-,,spi-,,ra,,tion4 ,l4 p]1 ?r\gh1 & spiro1 to brea!4 ,! excretion f ! sk94 ,,phal,,anx1 -,,ges4 ,gr4 phalanx1 phalanx1 an army4 ,?ree r[s ( small bones =m+ ! f+]s or toes4 ,,pha-,,lan,,gi-,,al4 ,belong+ to ! f+]s or toes4 ,,pha-,,ryn,,ge-,,al4 ,relat+ to ! ph>ynx4 ,,ph>,,ynx4 ,gr4 ph>unx1 ph>unx4 ,! upp] "p ( ! oesophagus4 ,,phos,,phor-,,u4 ,gr4 phs1 phs1 ! light1 & ph]1 ph]1 to be>4 ,a combu/ible sub/ance1 ( a yell[i% color1 semi-transp>5t1 resembl+ wax4 ,,phr5,,ic4 ,gr4 phrn1 phrn1 ! m9d4 ,belong+ to ! diaphragm4 ,,phys-,i-,,ol,o-,,gy4 ,gr4 phusis1 phusis1 nature1 & logos1 logos1 a disc\rse4 ,! sci5ce ( ! functions ( ! organs ( animals & plants4 ,,pi,a ,,ma,,t]4 ,l41 good "m4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! membranes ( ! bra94 ,,pig-,,m5,,tum4 ,l4 ,pa9t2 a prep>ation ( colors4 ,,p9,,na4 ,l41 a w+4 ,a "p ( ! ext]nal e>4 ,,pla-,,tys,,ma4 ,gr4 platus1 plats1 broad4 ,a muscle ( ! neck4 ,,pleu,,ra1 -4 ,gr4 pleura1 pleura1 ! side4 ,a ?9 membrane t cov]s ! inside ( ! ?orax1 & also =ms ! ext]ior coat ( ! lungs4 ,,pleu,,ral4 ,relat+ to ! pleura4 ,,plex,,u4 ,l4 plecto1 to weave toge!r4 ,any union ( n]ves1 vessels1 or fibres1 9 ! =m ( net-"w4 ,,pneu-,,mo-,,gas,,tric4 ,gr4 pneumn1 pneumn1 ! lungs1 & ga/r1 ga/r1 ! /oma*4 ,belong+ to bo? ! /oma* & lungs4 ,,pol,,li-,,cis4 ,l4 ,a t]m appli$ to muscles atta*$ to ! f+]s & toes4 ,,pons4 ,l4 ,a bridge4 ,pons v>olii4 ,a "p ( ! bra9 =m$ by ! union ( ! crura c]ebri & c]ebelli4 ,,pop-,,lit-,e,,al4 ,l4 poples1 ! ham4 ,p]ta9+ to ! ham or knee-jo9t4 ,a "n giv5 to v>i\s p>ts4 ,,pos,,ti-,,cus4 ,l4 ,beh9d2 po/]ior4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,,por,,ti-,o ,,du,,ra4 ,l41 h>d portion4 ,! facial n]ve2 #h? pair4 ,,por,,ti-,o ,,mol,,lis4 ,l41 s(t portion4 ,! auditory n]ve2 #g? pair4 ,,po-,,tas,,si-,,um4 ,l4 ,! metallic basis ( pure pota%4 ,,pro-,,bos,,cis4 ,gr4 pro1 pro1 be=e1 & bosk1 bosk1 to fe$4 ,! sn\t or trunk ( an elephant or o!r animal4 ,,proc,,ess4 ,a prom95ce or projection4 ,,pro-,,na,,tor4 ,l4 pronus1 turn$ d[nw>d4 ,! muscle ( ! =e>m t moves ! palm ( ! h& d[nw>d4 ,,pso,,z4 ,gr4 psoai1 psoai1 ! lo9s4 ,! "n ( two muscles ( ! leg4 ,,pul-,,mon,,ic4 ,,pul,,mo-,,na-,,ry4 ,l4 pulmo1 ! lungs4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! lungs4 ,,pul-,,mo-,,na,,lis4 ,,pu,,pil4 ,a little ap]ture 9 ! c5tre ( ! iris1 ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( light pass to ! ret9a4 ,,py-,,lor,,ic4 ,p]ta9+ to ! pylorus4 ,,py-,,lor,,u4 ,gr4 pulros1 pulros1 a gate keep]4 ,! l[] orifice ( ! /oma*1 ) :i* ! duod5um connects4 ,,ra,,di-,,u4 ,l41 a ray1 a spoke ( a :eel4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! bones ( ! =e>m4 ,,ra-,,di-,a,,lis4 ,radial2 belong+ to ! radius4 ,,ra,,di-,,ate4 ,hav+ l9es or fibres t div]ge f a po9t4 ,,ra,,mus4 ,l4 ,a bran*4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! projections ( bones4 ,,rec-,,re-,,m5-,,ti,,tial4 ,l4 re1 aga91 & c]no1 to secrete4 ,consi/+ ( sup]flu\s matt] sep>at$ f t :i* is valuable4 ,,rec,,tum4 ,! ?ird & la/ portion ( ! inte/9es4 ,,rec,,tus1 -,i4 ,l4 ,/raight2 erect4 ,a t]m appli$ to sev]al muscles4 ,,re-,,sid,u-,,al4 ,p]ta9+ to wa/e matt]4 ,,re-,,sid,u-,,um4 ,l4 ,wa/e matt]4 ,! fces4 ,,res-,,pi-,,ra,,tion4 ,l4 re1 aga91 & spiro1 to brea!4 ,! act ( brea?+4 ,inspir+ air into ! lungs & expell+ x aga94 ,,re-,,spi,,ra-,,to-,,ry4 ,p]ta9+ to respiration2 s]v+ = respiration4 ,,ret,i-,,na4 ,l41 rete1 a net4 ,! ess5tial organ ( sight4 ,"o ( ! coats ( ! eye1 =m$ by ! expansion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,,ro-,,tun,,dum1 -,a4 ,l4 ,r\nd2 circul>4 ,,ru,,ga1 -4 ,l4 ,a wr9kle2 a fold4 ,,sac,,cu-,,lus4 ,l41 dim4 ( saccus1 a bag4 ,a little sac4 ,,sa,,cral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! sacrum4 ,,sa,,crum4 ,l41 sacr$4 ,! bone :i* =ms ! po/]ior "p ( ! pelvis1 & is a cont9uation ( ! sp9al column4 ,,sa-,,li,,va4 ,l4 ,! fluid :i* is secret$ by ! saliv>y gl&s1 :i* moi/5s ! food & m\?4 ,,sal,i-,,va-,,ry4 ,t :i* belongs to ! saliva4 ,,san,,gu9-,e-,,ous4 ,l4 sanguis1 ! blood4 ,bloody2 ab\nd+ ) blood2 ple?oric4 ,,s>-,,to,,ri-,,u4 ,l4 s>tor1 a tailor4 ,a t]m appli$ to a muscle ( ! ?igh4 ,,sca,,la1 -4 ,l41 a ladd]4 ,cavities ( ! co*lea4 ,,sca-,,le,,nus4 ,gr4 skalnos1 skalnos1 unequal4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles ( ! neck4 ,,scaph,,oid4 ,gr4 skaph1 skaph1 a little boat4 ,! "n appli$ to "o ( ! wri/-bones4 ,,scap,u-,,la4 ,l4 ,! %\ld]-blade4 ,,scap,u-,,l>4 ,relat+ to ! scapula4 ,,sc>f-,,sk94 ,! out]1 ?9 integum5t ( ! body2 ! cuticle4 ,,sci-,,at,,ic4 ,gr41 p]ta9+ to ! lo9s4 ,! "n ( ! l>ge n]ve ( ! lo9s & leg4 ,,scle-,,rot,,ic4 ,gr4 sklros1 sklros1 h>d4 ,a membrane ( ! eye4 ,,se-,,ba,,ce\s4 ,l41 sebum1 tall[4 ,p]ta9+ to fat2 unctu\s matt]4 ,,se-,,cre,,tion4 ,! act ( sec]n+2 ! act ( produc+ f ! blood sub/ances diff]5t front ! blood itself1 z bile1 saliva4 ,! matt] secret$1 z mucus1 bile1 c4 ,,se-,,cre,,to-,,ry4 ,p]=m+ ! (fice ( secretion4 ,,se-,,cun,,dus4 ,second4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,,sem-,i-,,cir,,cu-,,l>4 ,hav+ ! =m ( a half circle4 ,! "n ( a "p ( ! e>4 ,,sem-,i-,,t5-,,di-,,no,,sus4 ,l4 semi1 half & t5do1 a t5don4 ,! "n ( a muscle4 ,,sep,,tum4 ,l4 ,a membrane t divides two cavities f ea* o!r4 ,,se,,r\s4 ,?92 wat]y4 ,p]ta9+ to s]um4 ,,se,,rum4 ,l4 ,! ?91 transp>5t "p ( blood4 ,,s]-,,ra,,tus4 ,l4 s]ro1 to saw4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles ( ! trunk4 ,,sig,,moid4 ,gr4 ,resembl+ ! ,greek s1 sigma4 ,,si-,,li,,ci-,,um4 ,a t]m appli$ to "o ( ! e>?s4 ,,si,,nus4 ,l41 a bay4 ,a cavity1 ! int]ior ( :i* is m exp&$ ?an ! entrance4 ,,skel,e-,,ton4 ,gr4 skell1 skell1 to dry4 ,! aggregate ( ! h>d p>ts ( ! body2 ! bones4 ,,s,,di-,,um4 ,! metallic base ( soda ,,sph9c,,t]4 ,gr4 sph+1 sph+o1 to re/rict4 ,a muscle t contracts or %uts an orifice4 ,,spi,,nal ,,cord4 ,a prolongation ( ! bra94 ,,spi-,,na,,lis4 ,relat+ to ! sp9e4 ,,sp9e4 ,a ?orn4 ,! v]tebral column2 back-bone4 ,,spi,,n\s4 ,belong+ to ! sp9al column4 ,,sple54 ,! milt4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! abdom51 & atta*$ to ! /oma*4 ,,spl5,,ic4 ,relat+ to ! sple54 ,,sple,,ni-,,u4 ,! "n ( a muscle ( ! neck4 ,,/a,,pes4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! small bones ( ! e>4 ,,/],,num4 ,! brea/-bone4 ,! bone t =ms ! front ( ! *e/ f ! neck to ! /oma*4 ,,/om,,a*4 ,! pr9cipal organ ( ! dige/ive app>atus4 ,,/ra,,tum4 ,l4 /]no1 to /ew4 ,a b$2 a lay]4 ,,/y,,loid4 ,l4 /ylus1 a p5cil4 ,an epi!t appli$ to processes t resemble a /yle1 a p54 ,,sub-,,cla,,vi-,,an4 ,l4 sub1 "u1 & clavis1 a key4 ,situat$ "u ! clavicle4 ,,sub-,,li,,mis4 ,high 9 place4 ,,sub-,,l9,,gual4 ,l4 sub1 "u1 & l+ua1 ! tongue4 ,situat$ "u ! tongue4 ,,sub-,,max,,il-,,la-,,ry4 ,l4 sub1 "u1 & maxilla1 ! jaw-bone4 ,locat$ "u ! jaw4 ,,sul,,phur4 ,a simple1 m9]al sub/ance1 ( a yell[ color1 brittle1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b fusible by heat4 ,,su-,,pe-,,ri-,o,,ris4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles4 ,,su-,,pi-,,na,,tor4 ,l4 ,a muscle t turns ! palm ( ! h& upw>d4 ,,sut,,ure4 ,l4 suo1 to sew4 ,! seam or jo9t t unites ! bones ( ! skull4 ,,syn-,o,,vi-,a4 ,gr4 syn1 sn1 )1 & on1 on1 an egg4 ,! fluid secret$ into ! cavities ( jo9ts = ! purpose ( lubricat+ !m4 ,,syn-,o,,vi-,,al4 ,p]ta9+ to synovia4 ,,sys,,tem4 ,an assemblage ( organs compos$ ( ! same tissues1 & int5d$ = ! same functions4 ,,sys-,,tem,,ic4 ,belong+ to ! g5]al sy/em4 ,,sys,,to-,,le4 ,gr4 sy/ell1 s/ell1 to contract4 ,! contraction ( ! he>t & art]ies = expell+ ! blood & c>ry+ on ! circulation4 ,,t>,,sal4 ,relat+ to ! t>sus4 ,,t>,,sus4 ,l4 ,! po/]ior "p ( ! foot4 ,,t5,,don4 ,gr4 te91 te9o1 to /ret*4 ,a h>d1 ins5sible cord1 or bundle ( fibres1 by :i* a muscle is atta*$ to a bone4 ,,t5,,di-,,na1 -4 ,p]ta9+ to a t5don4 ,,t5s,,or4 ,a muscle t ext5ds a "p4 ,,t5-,,tac,u-,,la1 -4 ,l4 t5to1 to seize4 ,a fili=m process or organ on ! bodies ( v>i\s animals4 ,,t5-,,to,,ri-,,um4 ,l4 t5do1 to /ret*4 ,a process ( ! dura mat] :i* lies betwe5 ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum4 ,,te,,res4 ,l4 t]es1 r\nd4 ,an epi!t giv5 to _m organs1 ! fibres ( :i* are collect$ 9 small bundles4 ,,?o,,rax4 ,gr4 ,t "p ( ! skeleton t composes ! bones ( ! *e/4 ,! cavity ( ! *e/4 ,,?o-,,rac,,ic4 ,relat+ to ! *e/4 ,,?y,,roid4 ,gr4 ?ureos1 ?ureos1 a %ield4 ,resembl+ a %ield4 ,a c>tilage ( ! l>ynx4 ,,tib,i-,a4 ,l41 a flute4 ,! l>ge bone ( ! leg4 ,,tib-,i-,a,,lis1 ,,tib,i-,,al4 ,relat+ to ! tibia4 ,,tis,,sue4 ,! texture or organization ( p>ts4 ,,ton,,sil4 ,l4 ,a gl&ul> body 9 ! ?roat or fauces4 ,,tra,,*e-,a4 ,gr4 tra*us1 tra*us1 r\gh4 ,! w9dpipe4 ,,tra,,*e-,,al4 ,belong+ to ! tra*ea4 ,,trans-,,v]se1 ,,trans-,,v]-,,sa,,lis4 ,ly+ 9 a cross direction4 ,,tra-,,pe,,zi-,,u4 ,! "n ( a muscle1 s call$ f its =m4 ,,tri,,ceps4 ,l4 tres1 ?ree1 & caput1 head4 ,?ree4 ,a "n giv5 to muscles t h ?ree atta*m5ts at "o extremity4 ,,tri-,,cus,,pid4 ,l4 tres1 ?ree1 & cuspis1 po9t4 ,! triangul> valves 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t4 ,,tro*,,le-,a4 ,gr4 tro*alia1 tro*alia1 a pulley4 ,a pulley-l c>tilage1 ov] :i* ! t5don ( a muscle ( ! eye passes4 ,,tro*-,,le-,a,,ris4 ,! "n ( a muscle ( ! eye4 ,,trunk4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! body1 to :i* ! limbs are articulat$4 ,,tu,,b]-,,cle4 ,l4 tub]1 a bun*4 ,a small pu%1 swell+1 or tumor1 on animal bodies4 ,,tu-,,b]-,,os,i-,,ty4 ,! /ate ( be+ knobb$ or protub]ant4 ,,tym,,pan-,,um4 ,l4 ,! middle e>4 ,,ul,,na4 ,l4 ,a bone ( ! =e>m4 ,,ul,,n>1 ,,ul-,,na,,ris4 ,relat+ to ! ulna4 ,u,,ric4 ,gr4 ouron1 ouron1 ur9e4 ,an acid conta9$ 9 ur9e1 & 9 g\ty concretions4 ,u-,,ve,a4 ,l4 uva1 a grape4 ,resembl+ grapes4 ,a ?9 membrane ( ! eye4 ,u,,vu-,,la4 ,a s(t body1 susp5d$ f ! palate1 ne> ! ap]ture ( ! no/rils1 ov] ! glottis4 ,,vac,,c9e ,,vi,,rus4 ,l4 vacca1 a c[1 virus1 poison4 ,p]ta9+ to c[s2 d]iv$ f c[s4 ,,valve4 ,any membrane1 or d\bl+ ( any membrane1 :i* prev5ts fluids f fl[+ back 9 ! vessels & canals ( ! animal body4 ,,val,,vu-,,la1 -4 ,a valve4 ,,vas,,cu-,,l>4 ,l4 vasculum1 a vessel4 ,p]ta9+ to vessels2 ab\nd+ 9 vessels4 ,,vas,,tus4 ,l4 ,great1 va/4 ,appli$ to "s l>ge muscles4 ,,ve9s4 ,vessels t convey blood to ! he>t4 ,,ve,,n\s4 ,p]ta9+ to ve9s4 ,,v5,,tri-,,cle4 ,l4 v5t]1 ! /oma*4 ,a small cavity ( ! animal body4 ,,v5-,,tric,u-,,l>4 ,relat+ to v5tricles4 ,,v]-,,mic,u-,,l>4 ,l4 v]miculus1 a little worm4 ,resembl+ ! motions ( a worm4 ,,v]m-,i-,,=m,,is4 ,l4 v]mis1 a worm1 & =ma1 =m4 ,hav+ ! =m & %ape ( a worm4 ,,v]t,e-,,bra1 -4 ,l4 v]to1 to turn4 ,a jo9t ( ! sp9al column4 ,,v]t,e-,,bral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! jo9ts ( ! sp9al column4 ,,ves,i-,,cle4 ,l4 vesica1 a bladd]4 ,a little bladd]1 or a portion ( ! cuticle sep>at$ f ! cutis v]a & fill$ ) s]um4 ,,ves,,ti-,,bule4 ,l4 ,a por* ( a h\se4 ,a cavity belong+ to ! e>4 ,,vil,,li4 ,l4 ,f9e1 small fibres4 ,,vi,,rus4 ,l4 poison4 ,f\l matt] ( an ulc]2 poison4 ,,vi,,tal4 ,l4 vita1 life4 ,p]ta9+ to life4 ,,vit,,re-,,ous4 ,l4 vitrum1 glass4 ,belong+ to glass4 ,a humor ( ! eye4 ,,vo,,l>4 ,l4 vola1 ! holl[ ( ! h& or foot4 ,belong+ to ! palm ( ! h&4 ,,vo,,m]4 ,l4 a pl\gh%>e4 ,"o ( ! bones ( ! nose4 ,,zyg-,o-,,mat,i-,,cus4 ,gr4 zugos1 zugos1 a yoke4 ,a t]m appli$ to "s muscles ( ! face1 f _! atta*m5t4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,,page4 ,,abdom51 #cd ,,absorption1 #aha ----1 ,v>ieties (1 #ahc ----1 ,cutane\s1 #ahe ,,acetabulum1 #ch ,,acids1 ,acetic1 #bh ----1 ,b5zoic1 #bh ----1 ,muriatic1 #ddj ----1 ,nitric1 #ddj ----1 ,oxalic1 #bh1 #ddj ----1 ,sulphuric1 #ddj ,,air1 ,composition ( !1 #bbc ----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,muscles1 #ij ----1 ,quality ( !1 #bbc1 #cah ----1 ,quantity inhal$1 #bbb ----1 ,quantity exhal$1 #bbh ----1 ,impure ,air1 ! ,effects (1 #bcb ,,air ,,vesicles1 #bab ,,album51 #bg ,,animal ,,heat1 #beb ,,aorta1 #aei ----1 ,valves ( !1 #aeg ,,app>atus1 #ah ,,art]ies1 ,/ructure ( !1 #aeh ----1 ,cutane\s1 #bhe ----1 ,pulmon>y1 #aeh ,,attitude1 ,effects (1 on ,dige/ion1 #aeb ----1 ,effects (1 on ! ,voice1 #bgd ----1 ,effects (1 9 ,respiration1 #bde ,,auricles ( ! ,he>t1 #aef ,,asphyxia1 f ,dr[n+1 #bdi ----1 f ,electricity1 #bej ----1 f ,hang+1 #bej ----1 f ,c>bonic ,gas1 #bea ,,azote1 #bf ,b4 ,,ba?+1 ,necessity (1 #caa ----1 ,me?ods (1 #cac ----1 ,prop] ,"t =1 #caf ----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,sy/em1 #caf ----1 ,frequ5cy (1 #cag ,,b$s1 #cji ,,bile1 #abb ,,blood1 ,composition (1 #aed ----1 ,color (1 #bjd ----1 ,quantity (1 #aga ----1 ,*ange (1 #bbe ----1 ,impure1 ,effects (1 #bje ,,bones1 ,anatomy ( !1 #bi ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #dh ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #ec ----1 ( ! ,head1 #cb ----1 ( ! ,trunk1 #cd ----1 ( ! ,upp] ,extremities1 #ci ----1 ( ! ,l[] ,extremities1 #db ----1 ,composition (1 #bi ----1 ,ossification (1 #cj ----1 ,union ( fractur$1 #fb ----1 ,influ5ce ( ,position on !1 #ee ,,bra91 #cbi ----1 ,functions ( !1 #cdf ----1 ,effects ( ,impure ,blood on !1 #cfj ----1 ,effects ( inadequate ,m5tal ,ex]tion1 #cfa ----1 ,effects ( excessive ,m5tal ,ex]tion1 #cfc ----1 ,directions = ex]cis+ !1 #cfh ----1 ,membranes ( !1 #ccd ----1 ,injuries ( !1 #cgg ,,bron*ia1 #bab ,,bron*itis1 #bad ,,burns ,,& ,,scalds1 #cai ,,burs ,,mucos1 #df ,c4 ,c,,cum1 #aah ,,capill>ies1 #afc ,,c>bon1 #bf ,,c>bonic ,,gas1 :]e =m$1 #bbd ----1 ,effects (1 :5 inhal$1 #bcj ----1 ,effects (1 on ,combu/ion1 #bcj ----1 ,effects (1 on ,respiration1 #bca ,,c>pus1 #da ,,c>tilage1 #de ---- ( ! ,l>ynx1 #bfi ,,caul1 #abc ,,cellul> ,,tissue1 #ai ,,c]ebellum1 #cca ,,c]ebrum1 #ccj ,,*e/1 #ce ----1 ,compression ( !1 #ef ----1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,size ( !1 #bci ,,*ilbla9s1 #cba ,,*lor9e1 #bg ,,*yle1 #abf ,,*yme1 #abf ,,circulatory ,,organs1 ,anatomy1 #aed ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #afd ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #agb ,,clavicle1 #ci ,,clo?+1 ,k9d (1 #cja ----1 ,am\nt (1 #cje ----1 ,cleanl9ess (1 #cjh ,,coccyx1 #ch ,,colds1 ,treatm5t (1 #bdh ,,colon1 #aai ,,consumption1 h[ frequ5tly produc$1 #bdg ,,corns1 ,treatm5t (1 #bie ,,cuticle1 ,/ructure ( !1 #bhb ----1 ,use ( !1 #bic ,,cutis ,,v]a1 ,/ructure ( !1 #bhc ,d4 ,,def9itions1 ,g5]al1 #ac ,,diaphragm1 #gc1 #bae ,,dige/ive ,,organs1 ,anatomy ( !1 #aac ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #abd ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #abi ----1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,m9d on !1 #adh ----1 ,influ5ce ( ,pure ,air on !1 #aea ----1 ,influ5ce ( ,position on !1 #aeb ,,dr9ks1 h[ tak51 #ade ,,dr[n$ ,,p]sons1 ,treatm5t (1 #bdi ,,duod5um1 #aag ,e4 ,,e>1 ,bones (1 #cd1 #dae ,,epiglottis1 #abe1 #bgj ,,exhalants1 #aib ,,ex]cise1 h[ x %\ld be tak51 #ia ----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,bones1 #ec ----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ,muscles1 #he ----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,circulation1 #agc ,,eye1 #cid ,,expiration1 h[ effect$1 #bbj ,f4 ,,face1 ,bones ( !1 #cd ,,fascia1 #ff ,,fat1 #fg1 #aie ,,femur1 #db ,,fibre1 #ah ,,fibr91 #bg ,,fibula1 #db ,,filam5t1 #ah ,,flannel1 ,use (1 #cjb ,,fluids1 ,use (1 #ag ,,follicle1 #aib ,,food1 ,quantity ( !1 #abi ----1 ,quality ( !1 #acd ----1 ,mann] 9 :i* x is tak51 #adb ----1 ,condition ( ! sy/em1 :5 tak51 #adf ,,foot1 ,bones ( !1 #dd ,,froz5 ,,limbs1 ,treatm5t (1 #cbj ,g4 ,,ga/ric ,,juice1 #abe ,,gelat91 #bg ,,gl&s1 #aic ----1 ,ga/ric1 #aaf ----1 ,la*rymal1 #djb ----1 ,lymphatic1 #ahc ----1 ,mes5t]ic1 #aba ----1 ,oil1 #bhh ----1 ,p]spiratory1 #bij ----1 ,saliv>y1 #aad ,,glottis1 #bga ,h4 ,,hair1 #cbb ,,he>t1 #aed ----1 ,auricles ( !1 #aef ----1 ,v5tricles ( !1 #aef ,,heat1 ,animal1 #beb ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #bfa ,,he>+1 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs (1 #dad ----1 ,physiology ( ! ,organs (1 #dbj ----1 ,hygi5e ( ! ,organs (1 #dbb ,,hum]us1 #ci ,,hemorrhage1 ,means ( arre/+1 #age ,,hydrog51 #bf ,i4 ,,ileum1 #aah ,,inte/9es1 #aag ,,innom9atum1 #cg ,,inspiration1 h[ effect$1 #bai ,,iron1 #be ,j4 ,,jejunum1 #aah ,,jo9ts1 ,/ructure ( !1 #de ,l4 ,,lacteals1 #abj1 #aha ,,lam91 #ag ,,l>ynx1 #bfh ,,l>yngitis1 #bgf ,,ligam5ts1 #bc1 #dg ----1 ,use (1 #ej ----1 ,capsul>1 #dj ,,light1 ,influ5ce on ! ,sk91 #cah ,,lime1 #be ,,liv]1 #abb ,,lungs1 #bji ,,lymph1 #cj ,,lymphatics1 ,anatomy ( !1 #aha ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #ahc ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #ahh ----1 ,cutane\s1 #bhg ,m4 ,,magnesia1 #be ,,m>r[1 ,uses (1 #bd ,,m$ia/9um1 #baa ,,m$ulla ,,oblongata1 #ccc ,,membrane1 #ai ----1 ,adipose1 #bj ----1 ,cellul>1 #ai ----1 ,d]moid1 #bb1 #bhb ----1 ,muc\s1 #ba ----1 ,muscul>1 #bd ----1 ,s]\s1 #ba ,,mes5t]y1 #abj ,,metac>pus1 #da ,,m\?1 ,/ructure (1 #aac ,,mucus1 #bh ,,muscles1 ,anatomy (1 #fd ----1 ,physiology (1 #gf ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #he ----1 ,compression (1 #ic1 #bgf ----1 ,exhau/ion (1 #hg1 #aja ----1 ,effects ( ,pure ,blood on1 #hi ----1 ,effects ( ,pure ,air on !1 #ij ----1 ,effects ( ,light on !1 #ij ----1 ,influ5ce ( ! ,m9d on1 #ic ----1 ,influ5ce ( ,position on1 #ij ----1 ,int]co/al1 #baf ----1 ,respiratory1 #baf ,n4 ,,nails1 #cbd ,,n]ves1 ,cranial1 #cce1 #cej ----1 ,cutane\s1 #bhf ----1 ,respiratory1 #cdj1 #ceb ----1 ,sp9al1 #cda1 #cea ----1 ,sympa!tic1 #cdc1 #cef ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 ,anatomy (1 #cbg ----1 ,physiology (1 #cdf ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #ceh ,,nitrog51 #bf ,,nose1 ,/ructure1 #chi ,,nurses1 ,directions =1 #dcc ,,nutrition1 #bjj ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #bje ,o4 ,,oesophagus1 #aaf ,,oil-,,gl&s1 ,/ructure ( !1 #bhh ----1 ,use ( !1 #big ,,om5tum1 #abc ,,organ1 #ah ,,organic ,,& ,,inorganic ,,bodies1 ,diff]5ce betwe51 #ad ,,orifice1 ,c>diac1 #aaf ----1 ,pyloric1 #aaf ,,osmazome1 #bh ,,oxyg51 #bf ----1 ,quantity at ea* ,inspiration1 #bbb ,p4 ,,papilla1 #bhd ,,pancreas1 #abb ,,p>otid ,,gl&1 #aad ,,patella1 #db ,,p]ic>dium1 #aee ,,p]i*ondrium1 #ca ,,p]icranium1 #ca ,,p]io/eum1 #ca ,,pelvis1 ,bones ( !1 #cg ,,p]spiratory ,,app>atus1 #bij ---- ,use (1 #bih ,,phalanges1 #db1 #de ,,ph>ynx1 #aae ,,phosphorus1 #bf ,,pleura1 #baa ,,poisons1 & _! ,antidotes1 #dci ,,pota%1 #be ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,heal?1 #dbe ,r4 ,,radius1 #da ,,read+1 ,prop] ,position 91 #bge ,,rectum1 #abj ,,removal ,,( ,,disease1 #dbf ,,respiratory ,,organs1 ,anatomy (1 #bji ----1 ,physiology (1 #bag ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #bbh ,,ret9a1 #cig ,,ribs1 #ce ,,rooms1 ,v5tilation (1 #bcc ----1 ,w>m+ (1 #bch ,s4 ,,sacrum1 #ch ,,saliva1 ,its ,use1 #abd ,,scapula1 #ci ,,secretory ,,organs1 ,anatomy (1 #aib ----1 ,physiology (1 #aic ----1 ,hygi5e (1 #aig ,,s5ses1 #cgh ,,sick-,,room1 ,v5tilation (1 #bcf ,,sitt+1 ,prop] ,position 91 #ii ,,skeleton1 #bi ,,sk91 ,anatomy ( !1 #bhb ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #bic ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #cja ,,skull1 ,/ructure (1 #cb ,,sleep1 ,necessity (1 #ib ,,sleep+-,,rooms1 ,v5tilation (1 #bce ,,smell1 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs (1 #chi ----1 ,physiology ( ! ,organs (1 #cia ,,soda1 #be ,,solids1 ,arrangem5t (1 #ag ,,s\nd1 #bgc ,,sp9al ,,column1 ,/ructure (1 #cf ----1 ,curvature (1 #eg1 #fj ,,sp9al ,,cord1 #cf1 #cdj ,,sple51 #abc ,,spra9s1 #fc ,,/amm]+1 h[ improv$1 #bha ,,/]num1 #ce ,,/oma*1 #aaf ,,subl+ual ,,gl&1 #aae ,,submaxill>y ,,gl&1 #aae ,,sulphur1 #bf ,,sutures1 #cc ,,synovial ,,membrane1 #df ,,synovia1 #di ,,sy/em1 #ah ,t4 ,,t>sus1 #db ,,ta/e1 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs (1 #chd ----1 ,physiology ( ! ,organs (1 #chf ,,tee?1 ,anatomy ( !1 #aje ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #aji ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #aaj ,,t5dons1 #bc1 #fe ,,?oracic ,,duct1 #abj ,,?orax1 #ce ,,?roat1 ,extrane\s ,bodies 91 #bha ,,tibia1 #db ,,tissue1 #ah ----1 ,adipose1 #bj ----1 ,c>tilag9\s1 #bc ----1 ,fibr\s1 #bb ----1 ,osse\s1 #bc ----1 ,n]v\s1 #bd ,,t\*1 ,s5se (1 #cgh ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #cgi ,,tra*ea1 #bab ,u4 ,,ulna1 #dj ,,uvea1 #cif ,v4 ,,valves ( ! ,he>t1 #aeg ----1 ,use ( !1 #afd ----1 ( ! ,ve9s1 #afb ,,ve9s1 #afj ----1 ,cutane\s1 #bhe ,,v5tilation1 #bcc ,,v5tricles ( ! ,he>t1 #aef ,,v]tebra1 #cf ,,vision1 ,anatomy ( ! ,organs (1 #cid ----1 ,physiology ( ! ,organs (1 #djd ----1 ,hygi5e ( ! ,organs (1 #daj ,,vocal ,,organs1 ,anatomy ( !1 #bfh ----1 ,physiology ( !1 #bgb ----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #bgd ,,vocal ,,cords1 #bgj ,w4 ,,wat*]s1 ,directions =1 #acf ,,w\nds1 ,treatm5t (1 #agh ,,writ+1 ,prop] ,position :51 #ajc ,,key ,,to ,,anatomical ,,outl9e ,,plates4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,tea*]s4 ,9 us+ ^! plates1 we w\ld sugge/1 t ! pupil c>efully exam9e ! illu/rat+ cuts int]sp]s$ ) ! text1 9 connection ) ! lesson to be recit$4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ^! & ! plates w enable ! pupil to recite1 & ! tea*] to conduct 8 recitation1 f ! latt]4 ,let a pupil %[ ! situation ( an organ1 or "p1 on an anatomical outl9e plate1 & also give its /ructure2 :ile o!r memb]s ( ! class note all omissions & mis/atem5ts4 ,ano!r pupil may give ! use ( t organ1 & if necess>y1 o!rs may give an ext5d$ explanation4 ,! ?ird may expla9 ! laws on :i* ! heal? ( ! "p dep5ds1 :ile o!r memb]s ( ! class supply :at has be5 omitt$4 ,aft] ?us pres5t+ ! subject 9 ! =m ,( topics1 que/ions may be propos$ promiscu\sly1 f ea* p>agraph1 & :]e examples occur 9 ! text1 let o!r analog\s ones be giv54 ,if ! physiology & hygi5e ( a giv5 subject h n be5 /udi$1 conf9e ! recitation to ^? p>ts only on :i* ! pupil is prep>$4 ,:5 practicable1 ! ?ree dep>tm5ts %\ld be unit$2 b ?is c only be done :5 ! *apt] on ! hygi5e has be5 le>n$1 :ile ! physiology c be unit$ ) ! anatomy1 9 all *apt]s ^u physiology4 ,,plate ,i4 ,a ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton4 ,bones ( ! ,head4 #g1 ,! sph5oid bone4 #h1 ,! frontal bone4 #aj1 ,! p>ietal bone4 #aa1 ,! os unguis4 #ab1 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bone1 7upp] jaw47 #ac1 ,! nasal bone4 #ad1 ,! e?moid bone4 #ae1 ,! mal> bone1 7*eek-bone47 #af1 ,! vom]4 #ag1 ,! inf]ior maxill>y bone1 7! l[] jaw47 a1 ,its body4 b1 ,its ramus1 or bran*4 #ah1 ,! tee?4 ,bones ( ! ,trunk4 #a1 #a1 ,! sp9al column4 #b1 ,! /]num4 #c1 #c1 ,! ribs4 #d1 ,! sacrum4 #e1 ,! innom9atum4 ,bones ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #ai1 ,! clavicle1 7coll>-bone47 #bj1 ,! scapula1 7%\ld] blade47 #ba1 ,! hum]us4 #bb1 ,! ulna4 #bc1 ,! radius4 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 ,! bones ( ! c>pus 7wri/47 #cb1 #cb1 #cb1 ,! five bones ( ! metac>pus1 7! palm ( ! h&47 #cc1 #cc1 #cc1 ,! fir/ range ( f+]-bones4 #cd1 #cd1 ,! second range ( f+]-bones4 #ce1 #ce1 #ce1 ,! ?ird range ( f+]-bones4 ,bones ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #cf1 ,! femur1 7?igh-bone47 #cg1 ,! patella1 7knee-pan47 #ch1 ,! tibia1 7%9-bone47 #ci1 ,! fibula4 #dj1 #dj1 #dj1 ,! bones ( ! t>sus1 7in/ep47 #da1 #da1 ,! bones ( ! metat>sus1 7middle ( ! foot47 #db1 #db1 ,! bones ( ! toes4 ,,articulations4 7,left side ( ! plate47 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,trunk4 #a1 #a1 ,! common sp9al ligam5t4 #b1 #b1 ,! int]v]tebral ligam5t1 7c>tilage betwe5 ! v]tebrae47 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,articulations ( ! ribs ) ! sp9al column4 #ac1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! c>tilages ( ! ribs ) ! /]num4 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #be1 ,! ligam5t t connects ! clavicle & /]num4 #bg1 ,! ligam5t t connects ! upp] rib & clavicle4 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! clavicle & scapula4 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 ,ligam5ts ( ! %\ld]-jo9t4 #ce1 #ce1 #cf1 ,ligam5ts ( ! elb[-jo9t4 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 ,ligam5ts ( ! wri/4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 ,ligam5ts ( ! f+]s4 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #di1 #di1 ,ligam5ts ( ! hip-jo9t4 #ej1 #ej1 ,ligam5ts ( ! patella4 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 ,ligam5ts ( ! knee-jo9t4 #ef1 ,a l>ge bursa mucosa4 #eg1 ,! ligam5t ( ! tibia & fibula4 #eh1 #eh1 ,! int]osse\s ligam5t4 #ei1 #ei1 ,ligam5ts ( ! ankle-jo9t #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 ,ligam5ts ( ! metat>sus4 #fc1 #fd1 ,ligam5ts ( ! toes4 ,a1 ,! bra*ial art]y4 ,b1 ,! bra*ial ve94 ,c1 ,! radial art]y ,d1 ,! femoral art]y4 ,e1 ,! femoral ve94 ,f1 ,g1 ,! ant]ior tibia art]y4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,a ,,back ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton4 ,bones ( ! ,head4 #e1 ,! occipital bone4 #f1 ,! p>ietal bone4 #g1 ,! temporal bone4 #h1 ,! frontal bone4 #i1 ,! sph5oid bone4 #ae1 ,! mal> bone4 #af1 ,! nasal bone4 #ag1 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bone1 7upp] jaw47 #ah1 ,! inf]ior maxill>y bone1 7l[] jaw47 #ai1 ,! tee?4 ,bones ( ! ,trunk4 #a1 #a1 ,! sp9al column4 #b1 ,! sacrum4 #c1 ,! coccyx4 #bj1 ,! innom9atum4 #d1 #d1 ,! ribs4 ,bones ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #ba1 ,! clavicle1 7coll>-bone47 #bb1 ,! scapula1 7%\ld]-blade47 #bc1 ,! hum]us4 #bd4 ,! ulna1 #be1 ,! radius4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 ,! bones ( ! c>pus1 7wri/47 #cc1 #cc1 #cc1 ,! bones ( ! metac>pus1 7palm ( ! h&47 #cd1 #cd1 #cd1 ,! fir/ range ( f+]-bones4 #ce1 #ce1 ,! second range ( f+]-bones4 #cf1 #cf1 #cf1 ,! ?ird range ( f+]-bones4 ,bones ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #cg1 ,! femur1 7?igh-bone47 #ch1 ,! patella1 7knee-pan47 #ci1 ,! tibia1 7%9-bone47 #dj1 ,! fibula4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 ,! bones ( ! t>sus1 7in/ep47 #df1 #df1 ,! bones ( ! metat>sus1 7middle ( ! foot47 #dg1 #dg1 ,bones ( ! toes4 ,,articulations4 7,left side ( ! plate47 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,trunk4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ,ligam5ts ( ! sp9al column4 #ad1 #ad1 #ae1 #ae1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! ribs & sp9al column4 #aa1 #aa1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! sacrum & innom9atum4 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #bg1 #bh1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! clavicle & scapula4 #bi1 ,! capsul> ligam5t ( ! %\ld]-jo9t4 #cj1 #cj1 ,ligam5ts ( ! elb[4 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 ,ligam5ts ( ! c>pus1 7wri/47 ,ligam5ts ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #i1 ,t5don ( ! gluteus muscle4 #ce1 ,! capsul> ligam5t ( ! hip-jo9t4 #cf1 #cf1 ,ligam5ts ( ! knee-jo9t4 #cg1 ,! ligam5t t connects ! tibia & fibula4 #ch1 ,! int]osse\s ligam5t4 #ci1 #dj1 ,ligam5ts ( ! ankle-jo9t4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,a ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 ,muscles ( ! ,head & ,neck4 #g1 ,! /]no-ma/oideus muscle4 #h1 ,! /]no-hyoideus muscle4 #i1 ,! omo-hyoideus muscle4 #aj1 ,! trapezius muscle4 #aa1 ,! orbicul>is oculi muscle4 #ab1 ,! frontal muscle4 #ad1 ,! orbicul>is oris muscle4 #ae1 ,! elevator muscle ( ! no/rils4 #af1 ,! zygomatic muscle4 #ag1 ,! depressor ( ! l[] lip4 #ah1 ,! depressor anguli oris muscle4 #ai1 ,! triangul> muscle ( ! nose4 #bj1 #ba1 ,! aural muscles4 #bb1 ,! masset] muscle4 ,muscles ( ! ,trunk4 #b1 #c1 ,! ext]nal oblique muscles4 ,muscles ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #a1 ,! gr& pectoral muscle4 #c1 #d1 ,! s]ratus muscle4 #bc1 ,! deltoid muscle4 #bd1 ,! biceps bra*ialis muscle4 #be1 ,! coraco-bra*ialis muscle4 #bf1 ,! ant]ior bra*ial muscle4 #bg1 ,! triceps bra*ialis muscle4 #bh1 ,! long sup9ator muscle4 #bi1 ,! ext]nal radial muscle4 #cj1 ,! pronator t]es muscle4 #ca1 ,! ant]ior radial muscle4 #cb1 ,! palm>is brevis muscle4 #cc1 ,! ant]ior uln> muscle4 #ce1 ,! palm> muscle4 #cf1 ,! abductor muscle ( ! ?umb4 #cg1 ,! adductor muscle ( ! ?umb4 #ch1 #ci1 ,small flexor muscles ( ! ?umb4 #dj1 ,! abductor muscle ( ! little f+]4 #da1 #da1 ,! lumbricales muscles4 #fa1 #fa1 ,! bifurcation ( ! t5dons ( ! sup]ficial flexor muscle1 9 ! f+]s4 ,muscles ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #db1 ,! fascia lata muscle4 #dc1 ,! s>torius muscle4 #dd1 ,! rectus femoris muscle4 #de1 ,! va/us ext]nus muscle4 #df1 ,! va/us int]nus muscle4 #dg1 ,! int]nal /raight muscle4 #dh4 ,! pect9eus muscle4 #di1 ,! adductor muscle4 #ej1 ,! psoas muscle4 #ea1 ,! tibialis anticus muscle4 #eb1 ,! long ext5sor muscle ( ! great toe4 #ec1 ,! long ext5sor muscle ( ! toes4 #ed1 ,! ant]ior p]oneal muscle4 #ee1 ,! long lat]al p]oneal muscle4 #ef1 #eg1 ,! ga/rocnemii muscles4 #eh1 ,! long flexor muscle ( ! great toe4 #fi1 ,! %ort ext5sor muscles ( ! toes4 #fj1 ,! abductor muscle ( ! great toe4 ,! figures & lett]s on ! left side ( ! plate1 indicate ! position ( important fasci1 t cov] ! muscles & enclose ! t5dons4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,back ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,muscles4 ,muscles ( ! ,head & ,neck4 #d1 ,! /]no-ma/oideus muscle4 #e1 ,! complexus muscle4 #f1 ,! mylo-hyoideus muscle4 #g1 #h1 ,! occipito-frontalis muscle4 #i1 ,! masset] muscle4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,! ant]ior1 middle1 & po/]ior aural muscles4 #ac1 ,! temporal muscle4 ,muscles ( ! ,trunk4 #a1 #a1 ,! trapezius muscle4 #b1 ,! latissimus dorsi muscle4 #c1 ,! rhomboideus muscle4 #d1 ,! ext]nal oblique muscle4 ,muscles ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #e1 ,! deltoid muscle4 #f1 #g1 ,! infra-sp9atus muscle4 #i1 ,! triceps ext5sor muscle4 #aj1 ,! int]nal bra*ial muscle4 #aa1 ,! long sup9ator muscle4 #ab1 ,! ext]nal radial muscle4 #ac1 ,! second ext]nal radial muscle4 #ad1 ,! anconeus muscle4 #ae1 #af1 ,! ext5sor digitorum communis muscle4 #ag1 ,! ext5sor c>pi uln>is muscle4 #ah1 ,! flexor c>pi uln>is4 #ai1 #bj1 ,! ext5sor ossis metac>pi pollicis muscles4 #ba1 ,an ext5sor muscle ( ! ?umb4 #bb1 #bh1 ,int]ossii muscles4 ,muscles ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #bi1 ,! gluteus maximus muscle4 #cj1 ,! gluteus m$ius muscle4 #ca1 ,! biceps flexor cruris muscle4 #cb1 ,! semi-t5d9osus muscle4 #cc1 ,! semi-membranosis muscle4 #cd1 ,! gracilis muscle4 #ce1 ,! adductor muscle4 #cf1 ,! va/us ext]nus muscle4 #cg1 ,! s>torius muscle4 #ch1 #ci1 ,! ga/rocnemii muscles4 #dj1 ,! long p]oneal muscle4 #da1 ,! ext]nal p]oneal muscle4 #db1 ,! long flexor muscle ( ! great toe4 #dc1 ,! long ext5sor muscle ( ! toes4 #dd1 ,! %ort ext5sor muscle ( ! toes4 #dg1 ,! %ort flexor muscle ( ! toes4 ,! figures & lett]s on ! left side ( ! plate1 indicate ! position ( membran\s fasci :i* envelop ! muscles & t5dons4 ,,plate ,v4 ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,?orax ,,& ,,abdom54 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,m\? & ,neck4 7,a ,side view47 #a1 ,! upp] lip4 #b1 ,! l[] lip4 #c1 ,! upp] jaw4 #d1 ,! l[] jaw4 #e1 ,! tongue4 #f1 ,! h>d palate1 7ro( ( ! m\?47 #g1 ,! p>otid gl&4 #h1 ,! subl+ual gl&4 ,t1 ,! l>ynx4 #aj1 ,! ph>ynx4 #aa1 ,! oesophagus4 #ab1 ,! upp] portion ( ! sp9al column4 ,c1 ,! sp9al cord4 ,! ,*e/ & its ,organs4 #i1 #i1 ,! tra*ea4 ,r1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 ,l1 ,! left auricle4 #ac1 ,! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 #ad1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #ae1 ,! aorta4 #af1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #ag1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #ah1 ,! "r subclavian ve94 #ai1 ,! left subclavian ve94 #bj1 ,! "r jugul> ve94 #ba1 ,! left jugul> ve94 #bb1 ,! "r c>otid art]y4 #bc1 ,! left c>otid art]y4 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 ,! upp]1 middle1 & l[] lobes ( ! "r lung4 #bg1 #bh1 ,! upp] & l[] lobes ( ! left lung4 #bi1 #bi1 #bi1 ,! diaphragm4 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,! pleura1 t l9es ! cavity ( ! *e/4 ,s1 ,s1 ,! clavicles4 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,! ribs4 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 ,muscles ( ! *e/4 #dj1 ,! ?oracic duct1 op5+ into ! left subclavian ve94 ,! ,abdom5 & its ,organs4 #cj1 ,! /oma*4 #ca1 #cb1 ,! "r & left lobe ( ! liv]4 ,f1 ,! fissure t sep>ates ! two lobes4 #cc1 ,! gall bladd]4 #cd1 #cd1 ,! duod5um4 #ce1 ,! asc5d+ colon4 #cf1 ,! transv]se colon4 #cg1 ,! desc5d+ colon4 #ch1 #ch1 #ch1 #ch1 ,! small inte/9e4 #ci1 #ci1 ,! walls ( ! abdom9al cavity turn$ d[n4 #da1 ,! sple54 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,lacteals & ,?oracic ,duct4 #a1 #a1 ,a section ( ! small inte/9e4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,mes5t]ic gl&s1 ?r\gh :i* ! lacteals f ! inte/9e pass4 #c1 ,sev]al lacteal vessels ent]+ ! enl>g$ portion & comm5cem5t ( ! ?oracic duct4 #e1 #e1 #e1 ,! ?oracic duct4 #f1 ,! ?oracic duct op5+ into ! left subclavian ve94 #g1 7,see #dj1 ,fig4 #a47 #h1 ,! "r subclavian ve94 #i1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #aj1 #aa1 #aa1 ,! aorta4 #ab1 ,! c>otid art]ies4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! jugul> ve9s4 #ad1 ,! v5a azagos4 #ae1 #ae1 ,! sp9al column4 #af1 ,! diaphragm4 ,fig4 #c4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,l>ynx1 ,tra*ea1 ,bron*ia1 & ,air-cells4 #a1 #a1 #a1 ,an outl9e ( ! "r lung4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,an outl9e ( ! left lung4 #c1 ,! l>ynx4 #d1 ,! tra*ea4 #e1 ,! "r bron*ia4 #f1 ,! left bron*ia4 #g1 #g1 #g1 #g1 ,divisions ( ! "r bron*ia4 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,divisions ( ! left bron*ia4 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,air-cells4 ,fig4 #d4 ,an ideal ,view ( a lat]al & v]tical ,section ( ! ,l>ynx4 #a1 #a1 ,! sup]ior vocal cords1 7ligam5ts47 #b1 #b1 ,! inf]ior vocal cords4 #c1 #c1 ,! glottis4 #d1 #d1 ,! v5tricles ( ! l>ynx4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,he>t1 ,,art]ies1 ,,& ,,ve9s ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,he>t & l>ge ,art]ies4 #a1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #b1 ,! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t4 #c1 ,! left auricle4 #d1 ,! left v5tricle4 #e1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #f1 ,! aorta4 #g1 #g1 ,! desc5d+ aorta4 #h1 ,! art]ia innom9ata4 #i1 ,! left c>otid art]y4 #aj1 ,! left subclavian art]y4 #ef1 ,! "r subclavian art]y4 ,art]ies ( ! ,neck & ,head4 #ae1 ,! "r c>otid art]y4 #af1 ,! left c>otid art]y4 #ag1 ,! "r temporal art]y4 #ej1 ,! "r facial art]y4 #ed1 ,! left temporal art]y4 ,art]ies ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #aa1 #aa1 ,! left bra*ial art]y4 #ab1 ,! left radial art]y4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! "r bra*ial art]y4 #ad1 ,! "r radial art]y4 #ea1 ,! "r uln> art]y4 ,art]ies ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #ah1 ,! left iliac art]y4 #ai1 ,! "r iliac art]y4 #bj1 ,! left femoral art]y4 #ba1 ,! "r femoral art]y4 #bb1 ,! p]oneal art]y4 #bc1 ,! left ant]ior tibial art]y4 #bd1 ,! muscul> art]y4 #be1 #be1 ,! "r & left art]ia pr(unda4 #bf1 ,! "r ant]ior tibial art]y4 #bg1 ,! "r p]oneal art]y4 ,! ,ve9s ( ! ,neck & ,head4 #bh1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #bi1 ,! left subclavian ve94 #cj1 ,! "r subclavian ve94 #ca1 ,! "r jugul> ve94 #cb1 ,! left jugul> ve94 #ec1 ,! "r temporal ve94 #ee1 ,! left temporal ve94 #di1 ,! "r facial ve94 ,ve9s ( ! ,upp] ,extremities4 #cc1 ,! left bra*ial ve94 #cd1 ,! left radial ve94 #ce1 ,! "r bra*ial ve94 #cf1 ,! "r radial ve94 #ea1 ,! "r uln> ve94 ,ve9s ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #cg1 ,! v5a cava asc5d5s4 #ch1 ,! left iliac ve94 #ci4 ,! "r iliac ve94 #dj1 ,! left femoral ve94 #da1 ,! "r femoral ve94 #db1 ,! left ant]ior tibial ve94 #dc1 ,! left p]oneal ve94 #dd1 ,! "r ant]ior tibial ve94 #de1 ,! "r p]oneal ve94 #df1 #df1 ,! pr(unda ve9s4 #dg1 ,! muscul> ve9s4 #dh1 #dh1 #dh1 #dh1 #dh1 #dh1 ,int]co/al art]ies & ve9s4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,cavities ( ! ,he>t to ! l>ge ,blood-vessels4 #a1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #b1 ,! v5a cava asc5d5s4 #c1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #d1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! "r auricle & "r v5tricle4 #e1 ,! "r v5tricle4 #f1 ,! tricuspid valves4 #g1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #h1 #h1 ,! bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y t pass to ! "r & left lung4 #i1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! left pulmon>y ve9s4 #aa1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve9s4 #ab1 ,! left auricle4 #ac1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! left auricle & left v5tricle4 #ad1 ,! left v5tricle4 #ae1 ,! mitral valves4 #af1 #af1 ,! aorta4 #ag1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! aorta4 #ah1 ,! septum betwe5 ! "r & left v5tricle4 ,fig4 #c4 ,an ideal ,view ( ! ,he>t1 ,art]ies1 & ,ve9s4 ,a1 ,! "r auricle4 ,b1 ,! "r v5tricle4 ,c1 ,! tricuspid valves4 ,d1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! "r auricle & "r v5tricle4 ,e1 ,! left auricle4 ,f1 ! left v5tricle4 ,g1 ,! mitral valves4 ,h1 ,! op5+ betwe5 ! left auricle & left v5tricle4 ,i1 ,! septum betwe5 ! "r & left v5tricle4 ,k1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 ,l1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,m1 ,m1 ,! "r pulmon>y art]y4 ,n1 ,n1 ,! left pulmon>y art]y4 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,o1 ,! capill>y vessels ( ! lungs4 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve94 ,q1 ,q1 ,! left pulmon>y ve94 ,r1 ,r1 ,! aorta4 ,s1 ,! semilun> valves ( ! aorta4 ,t1 ,t1 ,a bran* ( ! aorta to ! upp] extremities4 ,u1 ,u1 ,u1 ,u1 ,a bran* to ! l[] extremities4 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,! capill>y vessels at ! extremity ( ! bran*es ( ! aorta4 ,w1 ,w1 ,! desc5d+ v5a cava4 ,x1 ,x1 ,x1 ,! asc5d+ v5a cava4 ,9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 ! c\rse ( ! blood ?r\gh ! circulatory vessels is indicat$ by arr[s4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pulmon>y ,,circulation4 ,fig4 #a4 #a1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #b1 ,! left auricle4 #c1 ,! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t4 #d1 ,! left v5tricle4 #e1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #f1 ,! bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y to ! left lung4 #g1 ,! bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y to ! "r lung4 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y 9 ! "r & left lung4 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,air-cells4 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 ,small pulmon>y ve9s 9 ! "r & left lung4 #aa1 ,! left pulmon>y ve94 #ab1 #ab1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve94 ,fig4 #b4 ,an ideal ,view ( ! ,pulmon>y ,circulation4 #a1 #a1 ,! "r lung4 #b1 #b1 ,! left lung4 #c1 ,! tra*ea4 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 ,! "r bron*ia4 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 ,! left bron*ia4 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 #f1 ,air-cells1 ) art]ies & ve9s pass+ ar\nd !m4 #g1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #h1 ,! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t4 #i1 ,! tricuspid valves4 #aj1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 ,! "r pulmon>y art]y4 #ab1 #ab1 #ab1 #ab1 #ab1 ,! left pulmon>y art]y4 #ac1 #ac1 #ac1 #ac1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve94 #ad1 #ad1 #ad1 #ad1 ,! left pulmon>y ve94 #ae1 ,! left auricle4 #af1 ,! left v5tricle4 #ag1 ,! mitral valves4 #ah1 ,! septum betwe5 ! "r & left v5tricles4 ,fig4 #c4 ,an ideal ,view ( ! ,capill>ies4 #a1 #a1 ,a bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 #b1 #b1 ,a bran* ( ! pulmon>y ve94 #c1 #c1 ,capill>y vessels betwe5 ! art]y & ve94 ,fig4 #d4 ,an ideal ,view ( ! ,relations ( ! ,bron*ia1 ,air-cells1 ,pulmon>y ,art]ies1 & ,ve9s4 #a1 ,a bron*ial tube4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,air-cells4 #c1 ,a bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 #d1 ,a bran* ( ! pulmon>y ve94 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,! ,,c]ebrum1 ,,c]ebellum1 ,,sp9al ,,cord1 ,,& ,,n]ves #a1 ,! c]ebrum4 #b1 ,! c]ebellum4 #c1 #c1 ,! sp9al cord4 #d1 ,! bra*ial plexus ( n]ves4 #e1 ,! lumb> plexus ( n]ves4 #f1 ,! sacral plexus ( n]ves4 #g1 ,! facial n]ve4 #h1 #ag1 ,! radial n]ve4 #i1 #i1 #af1 ,! uln> n]ve4 #aj1 ,! m$ian n]ve4 ,g1 ,! circumvex n]ve ( ! %\ld]4 #aa1 #aa1 ,! great sciatic n]ve4 #ab1 ,! ext]nal popliteal1 or p]oneal n]ve4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! po/]ior tibial n]ve4 #ad1 ,! ext]nal tibial n]ve4 #ae1 ,! muscul> bran* ( ! ext]nal p]oneal n]ve4 #ah1 ,! muscul> bran* ( ! sciatic n]ve4 ,p1 ,q1 ,! po/]ior tibial n]ve4 ,! lett]s & o!r figures indicate m9or n]v\s filam5ts di/ribut$ to ! v>i\s muscles & ! sk94 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,! ,,sk94 ,fig4 #a4 ,a p]spiratory ,tube & ,gl&4 #a1 #a1 ,! contort$ portion ( ! tube t =ms ! gl&4 #b1 #b1 ,two bran*es :i* unite to =m ! ma9 duct ( ! gl&4 #c1 #c1 ,! p]spiratory tube4 #d1 ,! cuticle4 #e4 ,its color$ portion4 #f1 ,! cutis v]a1 7true sk947 #g1 #g1 ,fat vesicles1 9 :i* ! gl& is imb$d$4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,papilla ( ! ,sk94 #a1 #a1 ,two papill1 =m$ ( an art]y ve91 & n]ve4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,n]ves =m+ a loop 9 ! papill4 #c1 #c1 ,art]ies ( ! papill4 #d1 #d1 ,ve9s ( ! papill4 #e1 #e1 ,a net-"w ( art]ies1 ve9s1 & n]ves4 #f1 #f1 ,n]ves ( ! sk94 #h1 #h1 ,art]ies ( ! sk94 #g1 #g1 ,ve9s ( ! sk94 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,hair1 & its ,oil-,gl&s4 #a1 #a1 ,! hair4 #b1 #b1 ,! %ea? ( ! hair4 #c1 ,oil-gl&s t surr\nd ! bulb ( ! hair1 ! ducts ( :i* op5 into ! %ea? ( ! hair1 7#b1 #b47 ,fig4 #d4 ,a ,section ( ! ,sk94 #a1 #a1 ,! cuticle4 #b1 #b1 ,its color$ portion4 #c1 #c1 ,! papill>y lay]4 #d1 #d1 ,a net-"w ( art]ies1 ve9s1 & n]ves1 ^u ! upp] surface ( ! cutis v]a4 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 ,! cutis v]a1 7true sk947 #f1 #f1 #f1 ,hairs t orig9ate 9 ! cutis v]a4 #g1 #g1 #g1 ,oil-gl&s1 ! ducts ( :i* connect ) ! %ea? ( ! hair4 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,p]spiratory gl&s & _! ducts4 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,n]ves ( ! sk9 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 #aj1 ,art]ies ( ! sk94 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 #aa1 ,ve9s ( ! sk94 #ab1 #ab1 #ab1 #ab1 ,papill1 or ridges ( ! sk94 ,,plate ,x4 ,,an ,,ant]o-,,po/]ior ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,fig4 #a4 #a1 #a1 ,! scl]otic coat4 #b1 #b1 ,! cornea4 #c1 #c1 ,! *oroid coat4 #d1 #d1 ,! ret9a4 #e1 #e1 ,! iris4 #f1 #f1 ,! po/]ior *amb] ( ! eye t conta9s ! aque\s humor4 #g1 #g1 ,! ant]ior *amb]4 #h1 #h1 ,! pupil4 #i1 ,! cry/all9e humor4 #aj1 #aj1 ,! vitre\s humor #aa1 ,! optic n]ve4 #ab1 ,a repres5tation ( a p54 #ac1 ,an inv]t$ image ( ! p5 7#ab7 on ! ret9a4 #ad1 #ad1 ,a canal surr\nd+ ! cry/all9e humor4 #ae1 #ae1 ,! bevell$ junction ( ! cornea & scl]otic coats4 ,a1 a p]p5dicul> ray ( light f ! p54 ,b1 ,b1 oblique rays1 t are refract$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! humors ( ! eye4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,view ( ! ,ext]nal1 ,middle1 & ,int]nal ,e>4 #a1 #a1 ,! ext]nal e>4 #b1 ,! meatus auditorius ext]nus1 7! tube t connects ) ! middle e>47 #c4 ,! membrana tympani1 7drum ( ! e>47 #h1 #h1 ,! tympanum1 7middle e>47 #d1 ,! malleus4 #e1 ,! incus4 #f1 ,! orbicul>is4 #g1 ,! /apes1 7/irrup-bone17 t connects ) ! ve/ibule ( ! int]nal e>4 #i1 #i1 7#d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 ,! small bones ( ! middle e>17 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,! semicircul> canals4 #ac1 #ac1 ,! co*lea4 #ad1 ,! auditory n]ve4 #ae1 ,! division ( ! auditory n]ve to ! semicircul> canals4 #af1 ,! division to ! co*lea4 #ag1 #ag1 ,! ,eu/a*ian tube4 #ah1 ,! *orda tympani n]ve4 #ai1 ,! sev5? pair 7facial7 n]ve4 #bj1 ,! /yloid process ( ! temporal bone4 #ba1 #ba1 #ba1 #ba1 #ba1 ,! petr\s or h>d portion ( ! temporal bone1 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! middle & int]nal e> are situat$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,bel[ is giv5 ! ,title ( a ,book on a new plan1 j publi%$1 int5d$ = beg9n]s 9 ! /udy ( ,physiology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,human ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,& ,,hygi5e ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,eunice ,p4 ,,cutt]4 ,,) ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,engrav+s4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,cl>k1 ,,au/91 ,,& ,,smi? #c ,,p>k ,,r[ ,,text ,,books ,,^u ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ,hygi5e4 ,recomm5d$ by ! ,hon4 ,n4 ,w4 ,,edw>ds1 ,s*ool ,sup't1 ,ill4 ,,human ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,& ,,hygi5e4 ,= ,di/rict ,s*ools4 ,) #ajj ,engrav+s4 #acb pages4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,eunice ,p4 ,,cutt]4 ,price #cc cts4 ,?is "w conta9s full directions = ! /udy & tea*+ ( ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & ,hygi5e4 ,?is is a new feature4 ,e tea*] w\ld pr(it by x4 ,! plan ( ! "w c be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ fac-simile ( ! table ( cont5ts3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! table ( cont5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,typographical problems h be5 *ang$ & are li/$ bel[4 ,au?or's ar*aic & v>iable spell+ is mo/ly pres]v$4 ,au?or's punctuation /yle is mo/ly pres]v$4 ,passages 9 italics indicat$ by und]scores4 ,passages 9 bold indicat$ by equal signs4 ,9 p>agraph #ig1 's' is us$ to repres5t ! integral symbol4 ,greek words & lett]s h be5 translit]at$ & plac$ betwe5 m>ks4 ,?is transcription is fai?ful to ! orig9al translit]ations ( ,greek 7:i* occur 9 italics71 ev5 :5 !y seem incorrect4 ,au?or's ,greek translit]ations includ$ v[els ) macrons4 ,^! macrons h be5 *ang$ to circumflexes 9 ord] to display correctly 9 ?is text transcription4 ,! orig9al revision que/ions at ! bottom ( ea* page h be5 set betwe5 l9es t look l '------------'4 ,footnotes h be5 plac$ directly bel[ _! relevant p>agraphs4 ,transcrib]'s *anges3 ,title page3 ,0 ',,design]' 7,,design$ ,,=7 ,title page3 ,0 ',massa*uetts' 7,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts47 ,title page3 ,add$ '4' 7,no4 #ae ,v&ewat] ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y47 ,page #ah3 ,add$ '1' 7,example4 ,! dige/ive app>atus consi/s ( ! tee?1 /oma*1 liv]1 c41 all ( :i* aid 9 ! dige/ion ( food47 ,page #bc1 ,fig4 #e3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #e4 ,a section ( ! femur1 7?igh-bone47 #a1 #a1 ,! extremities1 %[+ a ?9 plate ( compact texture7 ,page #bd3 ,0 's]i\s' 7#dj4 ,h[ does ! muc\s diff] f ! s]\s tissue8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! ext]nal surface ( ?is membrane87 ,page #bg3 ,add$ comma 7,! mo/ important comp\nds are ,al-bum51 ,fibr91 ,gela-t97 ,page #bg3 ,0 'organ iz$ 7#eg4 ,:at are proximate elem5ts8 ,d !y exi/ already =m$ 9 organiz$ bodies8 ,"n ! mo/ important comp\nds47 ,page #bi3 ,add$ '4' 7,! e>?y portion ( ! bones gives !m solidity & /r5g?1 :ile ! animal "p end[s !m ) vitality47 ,page #cc1 ,fig4 #g3 ,add$ '4' 7#g4 #a1 #a1 ,! coronal suture at ! front & upp] "p ( ! skull1 or7 ,page #cc1 ,fig4 #g3 ,0 'cra nium' ov] l9e break4 7suture at ! front & upp] "p ( ! skull1 or cranium4 #b1 ,! sagittal suture on ! top ( ! skull47 ,page #ce1 ,fig4 #i3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #i4 #a1 ,! fir/ bone ( ! /]num1 7brea/-bone47 #b4 ,! second bone ( ! /]num47 ,page #cf3 ,add$ '4' 7#hc4 ,describe ! ?orax4 ,expla9 fig4 #i4 #hd4 ,describe ! /]num4 #he4 ,describe ! ribs47 ,page #cf3 ,add$ '8' 7#hh4 ,give ! /ructure ( ! v]tebra4 ,:]e is ! sp9al cord plac$8 #hi4 ,:at is plac$ betwe5 ea* v]tebra8 ,:at is its use87 ,page #cg1 ,fig #aj3 ,add$ '4' 7#e1 ,! transv]se process4 #g1 ,! inf]ior articulat+ process47 ,page #ch1 ,fig #ab3 ,add$ '4' 7#b1 ,! sacrum4 #c1 ,! coccyx4 #d1 #d1 ,! acetabulum4 a1 a1 ,! pubic portion7 ,page #ch3 ,add$ '4' 7,9 ! adult8 ,describe ! acetabulum4 #ic4 ,describe ! sacrum4 ,expla9 fig4 #ab4 #id4 ,describe ! coccyx47 ,page #da3 ,0 'out side' ov] page break 7#aja4 ,! ,,radius articulates ) ! bones ( ! c>pus & =ms ! wri/-jo9t4 ,?is bone is situat$ on ! outside ( ! =e-arm7 ,page #da1 ,fig4 #af3 ,add$ '4' 7#aa1 #aa1 ,fir/ range ( f+]-bones4 #ab1 #ab1 ,second range ( f+]-bones4 #ac1 #ac1 ,?ird range ( f+]-bones4 #ad1 #ae1 ,bones ( ! ?umb47 ,page #db3 ,0 'meta c>pal' ov] l9e break4 7& ^u ! o!r1 ! fir/ bone ( ! ?umb4 ,! five metac>pal bones articulate ) ! second range ( c>pal bones47 ,page #db3 ,add$ '4' 7#aja4 ,! radius4 #ajb4 ,h[ _m bones 9 ! c>pus8 ,h[ are !y rang$8 #ajc4 ,describe !7 ,page #db3 ,add$ '4' 7#ajc4 ,describe ! metac>pus47 ,page #db3 ,0 'sim il>' ov] l9e break4 7#aji4 ,! ,,fibula is a small] bone ?an ! tibia1 b ( simil> %ape4 ,x is firmly b\nd to ! tibia1 at ea* extremity47 ,page #dc1 ,fig4 #ag3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ag4 #a1 ,! %aft ( ! femur1 7?igh-bone477 ,page #dd3 ,0 'a' 7,!y articulate at "o extremity ) "o range ( t>sal bones2 at ! o!r extremity1 ) ! fir/ range ( ! toe-bones47 ,page #de1 ,fig4 #ba3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ba ,! relative position ( ! bones1 c>tilages1 & synovial membrane4 #a1 #a1 ,! extremities ( two bones t concur to =m a jo9t47 ,page #df3 ,add$ '4' 7#aab4 ,describe ! phalanges4 #aac-aah4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! jo9ts4 #aac4 ,:at is said ( ! jo9ts8 ,( :at are ! jo9ts compos$87 ,page #df3 ,add$ '8' 7#aab4 ,describe ! phalanges4 #aac-aah4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! jo9ts4 #aac4 ,:at is said ( ! jo9ts8 ,( :at are ! jo9ts compos$87 ,page #eb1 ,fig4 #bh3 ,add$ '4' 7#ad1 ,! h&4 #ae1 ,! haun*-bone4 #af1 ,! sacrum4 #ag1 ,! hip-jo9t47 ,page #eb1 ,fig4 #bh3 ,add$ '4' 7#ai1 ,! patella4 #bj1 ,! knee-jo9t4 #ba1 ,! fibula4 #bb1 ,! tibia47 ,page #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7#aej-afj4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! muscles4 #aej4 ,:at is said ( ! muscles8 #aea4 ,give _! /ructure47 ,page #gj1 ,fig4 #ci3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ci4 ,a front view ( ! muscles ( ! trunk47 ,page #gj1 ,fig4 #ci3 ,0 'sup]ficia' 7,on ! left side ! sup]ficial lay] is se52 on ! "r1 ! deep lay]4 #a1 ,! pectoralis major muscle47 ,page #gb1 ,fig4 #da3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #da ,! fir/1 second1 & "p ( ! ?ird lay] ( muscles ( ! back4 ,! fir/ lay] is %[n on ! "r1 & ! second on ! left side47 ,page #gb1 ,fig4 #da3 ,add$ '4' 7,practical ,explanation4 ,! muscles #a1 #aa1 #ab1 draw ! scapula back t[>d ! sp9e4 ,! muscles #aa1 #ab1 draw ! scapula upw>d t[>d ! head7 ,page #gc1 ,fig4 #db3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #db4 ,a repres5tation ( ! "u1 or abdom9al side ( ! diaphragm4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,! portion :i* is atta*$ to ! m>g9 ( ! ribs47 ,page #gd1 ,fig4 #dc3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #dc4 ,a front view ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( muscles ( ! =e-arm4 #e1 ,! flexor c>pi radialis muscle47 ,page #gd3 ,add$ '4' 7,t p]=m ! delicate movem5ts ( ! f+]s8 ,give ! use ( "s ( ! muscles repres5t$ by fig4 #dc4 ,^? repres5t$ by fig4 #dd47 ,page #ha3 ,add$ '4' 7,! ball & socket jo9ts1 z ! %\ld]1 are n limit$ to m]e flexion & ext5sion4 ,no jo9t 9 ! sy/em has ! range ( movem5t t is7 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscles #i1 fig4 #df1 & #f1 fig4 #dg1 b5d ! neck =w>d4 ,! muscles #c1 #d1 fig4 #dg1 elevate ! head & *947 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscles #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #df1 b5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscle #bh1 fig4 #df1 draws "o leg ov] ! o!r7 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscles #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 fig4 #df1 ext5d ! leg at ! knee47 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '1' 7,! muscles #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 fig4 #df1 ext5d ! leg at ! knee47 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscles #bg1 #bh1 fig4 #dg1 ext5d ! l[] limbs on ! body1 at ! hip4 ,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 fig4 #df1 ext5d ! leg at ! knee47 ,page #hd1 ,fig4 #dg3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscles #bi1 #cj1 fig4 #dg1 b5d ! leg at ! knee4 ,! muscles #cd1 #cf1 fig4 #df1 b5d ! foot at ! ankle1 & ext5d ! toes47 ,page #hh3 ,add$ '8' 7,:at class ( pupils %\ld h recesses mo/ frequ5tly8 #agi4 ,:at effect has cont9u$ muscul> contraction87 ,page #ie3 ,add$ '4' 7#aif4 ,give an in/ance ( ! diff]5t effects produc$ by ! abs5ce & pres5ce ( ! m5tal /imulus47 ,page #ig1 ,fig4 #di3 ,0 '7#a4' 7! unnatural curv$ sp9al column1 & its relative position to ! p]p5dicul>1 #a4 ,! l[] limbs are curv$ at ! knee7 ,page #ih3 ,add$ comma4 7,9 p]=m+ any labor1 z 9 speak+1 read+1 s++1 m[+1 sew+1 c41 !re w be less exhau/ion7 ,page #ajj1 ,fig4 #ea3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ea4 ,an improp] position 9 sitt+47 ,page #ajd3 ,add$ '1' 7#baj4 ,:at is said ( ! lat]al & oblique movem5ts ( ! arm1 h&1 & f+]s 9 writ+8 ,h[ is ?is %[n by exp]im5t87 ,page #ajg1 ,fig4 #ee3 ,add$ '4' 7d1 e1 ,! bicuspids4 f1 g1 ,! mol>s1 7d\ble tee?47 h1 ,! wisdom tee?47 ,page #ajh1 ,fig4 #ef3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ef4 ,a side view ( ! body & enamel ( a front too?47 ,page #ajh1 ,fig4 #eg3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #eg4 ,a side view ( a mol> too?4 #a1 ,! enamel4 #b1 ,! body ( ! too?47 ,page #ajh1 ,fig4 #eg3 ,add$ '4' 7#a1 ,! enamel4 #b1 ,! body ( ! too?4 #c1 ,! cavity 9 ! cr[n ( ! too? t conta9s ! pulp47 ,page #aae1 ,fig4 #ei3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ei4 ,a side view ( ! face1 oesophagus1 & tra*ea47 ,page #aah3 ,0 ',,coecum' 7#bdi4 ,! ,c,,cum is ! bl9d p\*1 or cul-de-sac1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,atta*$ to its extremity7 ,page #aai3 ,0 'coecum' 7is ! muc\s membrane sometimes call$ ! vill\s coat8 #bdi4 ,describe ! ccum47 ,page #aai1 ,fig4 #fa3 ,0 'coecum' 7#d1 ,! app5dix v]mi=mis4 #e1 ,! ccum4 #f1 ,! asc5d+ colon4 #g1 ,! transv]se colon47 ,page #abj3 ,0 'coecum' 7half %ort] ?an ! inte/9e1 & give x a sacculat$ appe>ance1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ccum & colon47 ,page #abg3 ,mov$ up f ! foll[+ box4 7,:at is said 9 reg>d to ! bile8 #bff4 ,:at becomes ( ! *yle8 ,( ! residuum87 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #fe4 ,an ideal view ( ! organs ( dige/ion1 op5$ ne>ly ! :ole l5g?47 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7#a1 ,! upp] jaw4 #b1 ,! l[] jaw4 #c1 ,! tongue4 #d1 ,! ro( ( ! m\?4 #e1 ,! oesophagus4 #f1 ,! tra*ea4 #g1 ,! p>otid gl&47 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7#h1 ,! subl+ual gl&4 #i1 ,! /oma*4 #aj1 #aj1 ,! liv]4 #aa1 ,! gall-cy/47 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '1' 7#af1 ,! op5+ ( ! small inte/9e into ! l>ge inte/9e4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 ,! l>ge inte/9e4 #ba1 ,! sple547 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7#af1 ,! op5+ ( ! small inte/9e into ! l>ge inte/9e4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 ,! l>ge inte/9e4 #ba1 ,! sple547 ,page #abh1 ,fig4 #fe3 ,add$ '4' 7#ba1 ,! sple54 #bb1 ,! upp] "p ( ! sp9al column47 ,page #abi3 ,0 'prope' 7,! food t is well ma/icat$1 & has bl5d$ ) x a prop] am\nt ( saliva1 w induce a heal?y action 9 ! /oma*47 ,page #abi3 ,add$ '4' 7w induce a heal?y action 9 ! /oma*4 ,well-prep>$ *yme is ! natural /imulus ( ! duod5um17 ,page #abi3 ,add$ '1' 7,well-prep>$ *yme is ! natural /imulus ( ! duod5um1 liv]1 & pancreas2 pure *yle is ! appropriate excitant (7 ,page #aca3 ,add$ '4' 7ano!r dem& = food4 ,:at effect has increas$ ex]cise ^u ! sy/em8 #bgh4 ,h[ are ! new p>ticles ( matt] suppli$8 ,:at does ?is induce87 ,page #adc3 ,0 ',!re =e' ov] l9e break4 7dige/$ becomes mix$ ) t la/ tak54 ,!re=e ! int]val betwe5 ea* meal %\ld be7 ,page #ade3 ,add$ '4' 7#cab4 ,:y %\ld !y n be tak5 cold8 ,%[ "s ( ! effects ( improp] food ^u ! inf]ior animals47 ,page #aec3 ,add$ '4' 7#cbg4 ,:y does ! position ( a p]son affect dige/ion8 #cbh4 ,into :at are diff]5t k9ds ( alim5t sep>at$87 ,page #aed3 ,add$ '1' 7#ccc4 ,! ,,circulatory ,,organs are ! ,he>t1 ,arte-ries1 ,ve9s1 & ,capil-la-ries47 ,page #agj1 ,fig4 #ge3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ge4 ,an ideal view ( ! circulation 9 ! lungs & sy/em4 ,f ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t7 ,page #agi3 ,add$ '4' 7! prop] me?od ( arre/+ ! fl[ ( blood f divid$ art]ies4 #chb4 ,! second incid5t4 #chc4 ,h[ %\ld fle% w\nds be dress$87 ,page #ahb3 ,add$ '4' 7,:at o!r vessels p]=m ! (fice ( absorption8 ,give obs]vation4 #chi4 ,describe ! lymphatics47 ,page #ahf1 ,fig4 #he3 ,add$ '4' 7#af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,( ! face & neck4 #ai1 #bj1 ,l>ge ve9s4 #ba1 ,! ?oracic duct4 #bf1 ,! lymphatics ( ! he>t47 ,page #ahi3 ,add$ '4' 7matt] =m$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! diseas$ p]son1 may be m readily convey$ into _! own47 ,page #aia3 ,0 'g5 eral' ov] l9e4 7e trifl+ & tempor>y enl>gem5t1 or tumor1 is a canc]4 ,_! g5]al rem$y is ars5ic2 & happy is ! un=tunate suff]]7 ,page #aia3 ,0 'suf f]]' ov] l9e4 7ars5ic2 & happy is ! un=tunate suff]] :o escapes de/ruction 9 _! h&s1 = too frequ5tly7 ,page #aia3 ,0 'frequ5t ly' ov] l9e4 7happy is ! un=tunate suff]] :o escapes de/ruction 9 _! h&s1 = too frequ5tly _! spe$y cure is dea?47 ,page #aia3 ,0 'imme diately' ov] l9e4 7#dac4 ,9 case ( an accid5tal w\nd1 x is be/ imm$iately to ba! ! "p ?or\ghly 9 pure wat]1 & to7 ,page #aib3 ,0 ',fol li-cles' 7#dae4 ,! ,,secretory ,,organs are ! ,ex-halants1 ,folli-cles1 & ! ,gl&s47 ,page #aib1 ,fig4 #hf3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #hf4 ,a secretory follicle4 ,an art]y is se51 :i* supplies ! mat]ial = its secretion4 ,follicles are also suppli$7 ,page #aic3 ,0 'mys t]i\s' ov] l9e4 7#dbj4 ,,secretion is "o ( ! mo/ obscure & my/]i\s functions ( ! animal economy4 ,x is t process7 ,page #aid3 ,0 'secre tion' ov] l9e4 7#dbj-dca4 ,give ! physiology ( ! secretory organs4 #dbj4 ,:at is secretion87 ,page #bjb3 ,0 'he' 7,v soon1 m9ute vessels %oot out f ! liv+ p>ts into ! coagulum ( ! blood1 & imm$iately comm5ce _! op]ations7 ,page #bjg3 ,add$ '8' 7#dfa4 ,m5tion ano!r means by :i* ! blood may be made impure4 ,h[ rem$i$8 #dfb4 ,:at is ! effect ( want ( cleanl9ess ^u ! blood87 ,page #bjh1 ,fig4 #hh3 ,add$ '4' 7#g1 ,! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 #h1 ,! left auricle4 #i1 ,! pulmon>y art]y4 #aj1 ,! aorta4 #aa1 ,! v5a cava desc5d5s4 #ab1 ,! tra*ea47 ,page #bjh1 ,fig4 #hh3 ,add$ '4' 7#af1 #af1 ,! "r & left lobe ( ! liv]4 #ag1 ,! gall-cy/4 #ah1 ,! /oma*4 #bf1 ,! sple54 #ai1 #ai1 ,! duod5um47 ,page #bjh1 ,fig4 #hh3 ,add$ '4' 7#ai1 #ai1 ,! duod5um4 #bj1 ,! asc5d+ colon4 #ba1 ,! transv]se colon4 #be1 ,! desc5d+ colon47 ,page #baa1 ,fig4 #ij3 ,add$ '4' 7#aj1 ,its l[] lobe4 #aa1 ,! upp] lobe ( ! "r lung4 #ab1 ,! middle lobe4 #ac1 ,! l[] lobe47 ,page #bah3 ,0 'cavicle' 7,^? :i* are atta*$ to ! upp] rib1 /]num1 & clavicle1 contract & elevate ! l[] & free extremities ( ! ribs47 ,page #bbj1 ,fig4 #if3 ,add$ '4' 7#e1 #e1 ,! position ( ! walls ( ! abdom5 9 inspiration4 #f1 #f1 ,! position ( ! abdom9al walls 9 expiration47 ,page #bbc3 ,0 'cabonic' 7,9 addition1 !re is a small am\nt ( vapor ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,! pressure ( ?is invisible7 ,page #bbe1 ,fig4 #ih3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #ih4 #a1 ,a bron*ial tube divid$ into ?ree bran*es4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,air-cells4 #c1 ,bran*es ( ! pulmon>y art]y1 t spread ov] ! air-cells47 ,page #bbf3 ,add$ 'to' 7,9 a few h\rs1 ! blood next to ! membrane w h become ( a bright r$ color47 ,page #bbg3 ,add$ '4' 7review$ f figs4 #if1 #ig1 & #ii1 or f anatomical outl9e plates ,nos4 #e & #g47 ,page #bcb3 ,add$ '4' 7#ejc4 ,m5tion "s reasons :y diff]5t p]sons d n require ! same am\nt ( air47 ,page #bcb3 ,add$ '4' 7,give ! illu/ration ( ! effects ( impure air on light$ lamps47 ,page #bcg3 ,add$ '4' 7to connect ) ! out] walls ( ! build+ or ext]nal air4 ,b if pure heat$ air is introduc$ into ! room1 x obviates7 ,page #bda3 ,add$ '4' 7,:at does fig4 #ajj repres5t8 ,fig4 #aja8 ,give obs]vation #a/47 ,page #bdh3 ,add$ '4' 7#ece4 ,m5tion "s ( ! effects ( m5tal depression ^u ! body4 ,:at is relat$ by ,lnnec87 ,page #bej3 ,0 s+le-quote 7,let ano!r p]son press ^u ! project+ "p ( ! neck1 call$ ,adam's apple1 :ile air is introduc$ into ! lungs ?r\gh ! bell[s47 ,page #bfc3 ,*ang$ '4' to '8' 7p]sons t h broad *e/s & volum9\s lungs suff] less f cold ?an ! n>r[-*e/$ ) small lungs87 ,page #bfi3 ,add$ '4' 7/ill broad] beh9d1 :]e x is connect$ ) ! ?yroid c>tilage4 ,bel[1 x connects ) ! fir/ r+ ( ! tra*ea47 ,page #bga3 ,0 'glot tis' 7,! ap]ture1 or op5+ betwe5 ^! ligam5ts1 is call$ ! glottis1 or *9k ( ! glottis47 ,page #bgf3 ,add$ '4' 7vocal organs are 9 action1 w induce too great a fl[ ( blood to ^! p>ts1 :i* w be att5d$ by subsequ5t debility47 ,page #bhi1 ,fig4 #aae3 ,add$ '4' 7,^! ducts op5 into ! %ea? ( ! hair1 7,b47 ,all ! figures1 f #a to #d1 are magnifi$ ?irty-eight diamet]s47 ,page #bid3 ,add$ '2' 7,a prop] ?ickness ( ! cuticle is 9 ?is mann] pres]v$2 ! faculty ( s5sation & t ( t\* are prop]ly regulat$27 ,page #cbf3 ,add$ '8' 7,:at causes ! edge ( ! nail to gr[ into ! fle% ( ! toe8 ,h[ prev5t$87 ,page #cbi3 ,add$ '4' 7#gca4 ,:at does ! t]m bra9 designate8 ,"n !m4 ,h[ are !y protect$8 ,describe fig4 #abj47 ,page #ccj1 ,fig4 #aba3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #aba4 ,a section ( ! skull-bones & c]ebrum4 #a1 #a1 ,! skull47 ,page #ccj1 ,fig4 #aba3 ,add$ '4' 7#a1 #a1 ,! skull4 #b1 #b1 ! dura mat]4 #c1 #c1 ,! c9]iti\s portion ( ! c]ebrum47 ,page #ccj1 ,fig4 #aba3 ,add$ '4' 7#c1 #c1 ,! c9]iti\s portion ( ! c]ebrum4 #d1 #d1 ,! m$ull>y portion4 ,! d>k po9ts indicate ! position ( divid$ blood-vessels47 ,page #ccb3 ,add$ '4' 7#gcc4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! bra9 :5 a horizontal section has be5 made4 ,:at is ! gray bord] (t5 call$8 ,:at connects !7 ,page #ccc1 ,fig4 #abc3 ,add$ '4' 7#d1 #d1 ,! optic =am5 9 ! sph5oid bone2 ?r\gh :i* passes ! second pair ( n]ves4 #e1 #e1 ,! sph5oidal fissure47 ,page #ccd1 ,fig4 #abd3 ,add$ '4' 7#e1 ,! corpus callosum4 #f1 ,! fir/ pair ( n]ves4 #g1 ,! second pair4 #h1 ,! eye4 #i1 ,! ?ird pair ( n]ves47 ,page #ccd3 ,add$ '4' 7#gch4 ,describe ! dura mat]4 ,:at is its use8 ,expla9 fig4 #abd47 ,page #cdb3 ,add$ '4' 7#geh4 ,h[ _m pairs ( n]ves issue f ! sp9al cord8 ,expla9 fig4 #abh4 ,fig4 #abi47 ,page #cdg3 ,0 '#ac #a-b' 7,! heavie/ bra9 on record 0 t ( ,cuvi]1 :i* weigh$ #d p\nds & #ac ounces47 ,page #cfe3 ,add$ '4' 7:at age p>ticul>ly is excessive & cont9u$ m5tal ex]tion hurtful8 #hac4 ,:at is said ( scr(ul\s & rickety *ildr587 ,page #cfi3 ,add$ '4' 7! m repose !y require4 ,! organs ( ! *ild1 beside su/a9+ _! prop] functions17 ,page #che3 ,add$ '4' 7#hfh4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! tongue8 ,expla9 fig4 #acd47 ,page #chg3 ,add$ '4' 7papill4 #hgj4 ,! fungi=m papill8 ,:at n]ve ramifies 9 ! fungi=m papill8 ,h[ c ^! papill1 or po9ts1 be se58 #hga-hge4 ,give ! physiology ( ! organs ( ta/e4 #hga4 ,def9e ta/e47 ,page #cid3 ,add$ '4' 7#hib4 ,describe ! optic n]ve4 #hic4 ,describe ! globe ( ! eye47 ,page #cid3 ,add$ '4' 7#hib4 ,describe ! optic n]ve4 #hic4 ,describe ! globe ( ! eye47 ,page #cie1 ,fig4 #acg3 ,add$ '4' 7#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 ,! orig9 ( sev]al pairs ( cranial n]ves47 ,page #cif3 ,add$ '4' 7,9 =m1 x is circul>1 convexo-concave1 & resembles a wat*-glass4 ,x is receiv$ by its edge1 :i* is %>p & ?91 )9 !7 ,page #cig1 ,fig4 #ach3 ,add$ '4' 7a transv]se section ( ! globe ( ! eye1 se5 f )94 #a1 ,! divid$ edge ( ! ?ree coats--scl]otic7 ,page #cii1 ,fig4 #aci3 ,add$ '4' 7,! cornea 7,?is connects ) ! scl]otic coat by a bevell$ edge47 #c1 ,! *oroid coat4 #f1 #f1 ,! iris4 #g1 ,! pupil47 ,page #dja3 ,add$ '1' 7#ijf4 ,! ,,protect+ ,,organs are ! ,orbits1 ,eyebr[s1 ,eyelids1 & ,la*ry-mal ,app>atus47 ,page #dja3 ,add$ '4' 7cov]$ ) %ort1 ?ick hairs1 :i* =m ! upp] b\nd>y ( ! orbits4 ,! eyebr[s are s arrang$7 ,page #dja3 ,add$ '4' 7#iji4 ,describe ! eyelids4 ,:at is ! use ( ! conjunctiva8 ,h[ are ! :ite spots frequ5tly7 ,page #djc3 ,add$ '4' 7#iac4 ,describe ! la*rymal gl&4 ,h[ _m ducts pass f ?is gl&1 & :at d !y convey to !7 ,footnote #bb3 ,add$ '4' 7,! refract+ "* ( diff]5tly-=m$ l5ses is illu/rat$ 9 ! works on ,natural ,philosophy1 to :i* ! pupil is ref]r$47 ,page #djg1 ,fig4 #adb3 ,add$ '4' 7,fig4 #adb4 ,! =ms ( ! diff]5t l5ses4 #a1 ,a plane l5s4 #b1 ,a globe l5s4 #c1 ,a convexo-convex l5s4 #d1 ,a plano-convex l5s47 ,page #djg1 ,fig4 #adb3 ,add$ '4' 7#d1 ,a plano-convex l5s4 #e1 ,a concavo-concave l5s4 #f1 ,a plano-concave l5s4 #g1 ,m5iscus4 #h1 ,a concavo-convex l5s47 ,page #daf3 ,*ang$ '4' to '8' 7,:]e is ! wax ( ! e> secret$8 #idh4 ,describe ! membrana tympani47 ,page #dag3 ,0 '1 #a1' 7,?is figure is highly magnifi$4 #a1 #a1 ,! co*lea4 #b1 #c1 ,two *annels1 t w9d two & a half turns ar\nd a c5tral po9t7 ,page #dba3 ,0 ',eu/u*ian' 7,?is is ! result ( ! air 9 ! middle e> escap+ ?r\gh ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 :5 ! vibrations ( ! membrana tympani are viol5t47 ,page #dbb3 ,add$ '4' 7#ifi4 ,_m ( ! p>ts j enum]at$ aid 9 he>+1 b are n absolutely ess5tial to ?is s5se4 ,b if ! ve/ibule7 ,page #dbb3 ,add$ '4' 7,note4 ,let ! anatomy & physiology ( ! organs ( he>+ be review$1 f fig4 #adh1 or f anatomical outl9e plate ,no4 #aj47 ,page #dci3 ,add$ '4' 7"k ! prop] mode ( proc$ure 9 su* cases1 9 ord] to r5d] imm$iate assi/ance :5 )9 8 p[]47 ,page #dda3 ,add$ '4' 7#ajce4 ,:at is ! antidote8 #ajcf4 ,:at %\ld imm$iately be done :5 ars5ic is swall[$87 ,page #dda3 ,*ang$ '4' to '8' 7,:5 magnesia _c be obta9$1 :at w answ] z a sub/itute8 #ajej4 ,:at is ! antidote :5 ley is swall[$87 ,page #ddb3 ,*ang$ '4' to '8' 7,:at treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ :5 an ov]-dose ( opium or any ( its prep>ations is tak58 #ajeg4 ,:at is said ( /ramonium87 ,page #ddc3 ,add$ '4' 7lobelia1 bloodroot1 tobacco1 c41 is tak58 #ajfb4 ,%\ld a physician be call$ 9 all cases :5 poison is swall[$87 ,page #ddd3 ,add$ '4' 7,,case9e is abundantly f\nd 9 milk4 ,:5 dri$1 x con/itutes *eese4 ,alcohol1 acids1 & ! /oma* ( any ( ! mammalia coagulate x2 &7 ,page #ddd3 ,add$ '4' 7canal pass sl[ly ?r\gh ?is portion4 ,! rectum is nam$ f ! /raight direction t x assumes 9 ! latt] "p ( its c\rse47 ,page #dde3 ,0 'a' 7,?is is call$ ! p]i/altic1 or v]micul> motion4 ,! great l5g? ( inte/9e 9 all animals1 & especially 9 ! h]bivor\s ones1 is ow+ to ! necessity (7 ,page #ddh3 ,add$ '4' 7& (t5 inspir+ m deeply ?an is common 9 old] p]sons4 ,also1 if ! c>bon ( ! food does n h a requisite supply ( oxyg57 ,page #dea3 ,add$ '4' 7,,ab-,,duc,,tor4 ,l4 abduco to lead away4 ,a muscle :i* moves c]ta9 p>ts17 ,page #deb3 ,orig9al looks l ',arbr'4 7,,ar,,bor4 ,l4 ,a tree4 ,arbor vit4 ,! tree ( life4 ,a t]m appli$ to a "p7 ,page #deb3 ,add$ '1' 7,,bre,,vis4 ,l4 ,brevis1 %ort2 brevior1 %ort]47 ,page #deb3 ,add$ '' 7,,cap,,il-,,la-,,ry4 ,l4 capillus1 a hair4 ,resembl+ a hair2 small47 ,page #ded3 ,add$ '4' 7,hav+ ! quality ( exhal+ or evaporat+47 ,page #deg3 ,add$ '4' 7,,mi,,tral4 ,l4 mitra1 a mitre4 ,! "n ( ! valves 9 ! left side (7 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7,o-,,m5,,tum4 ,l4 ,! caul47 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7,,op-,,po,,n5s4 ,t :i* acts 9 opposition to some?+4 ,! "n ( two7 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7,,ox-,,al,,ic4 ,p]ta9+ to sorrel4 ,oxalic acid is ! acid ( sorrel4 ,x is compos$ ( two equival5ts ( c>bon7 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7invisible & inodor\s4 ,"o ( ! compon5ts ( atmosph]ic air47 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7,,pec,,tus4 ,l4 ,! *e/47 ,page #deh3 ,add$ '4' 7,,pec,,to-,,ral4 ,p]ta9+ to ! *e/47 ,page #dei3 ,add$ '4' 7,,plex,,u1 ,l4 plecto1 to weave toge!r4 ,any union ( n]ves1 vessels1 or fibres17 ,page #dei3 ,add$ '4' 7,,pos,,ti-,,cus4 ,l4 ,beh9d2 po/]ior4 ,a t]m appli$ to c]ta9 muscles47 ,page #dei3 ,add$ '4' 7,! muscle ( ! =e>m t moves ! palm ( ! h& d[nw>d47 ,page #dfj3 ,add$ '4' 7,,ra-,,di-,a,,lis4 ,radial2 belong+ to ! radius47 ,page #dfj3 ,add$ '4' 7,,ra,,mus4 ,l4 ,a bran*4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! projections ( bones47 ,page #dfj3 ,add$ '4' 7,,sep,,tum4 ,l4 ,a membrane t divides two cavities f ea* o!r47 ,page #dfb3 ,0 ',be long+' ov] l9e4 7,,vit,,re-,,ous4 ,l4 vitrum1 glass4 ,belong+ to glass4 ,a humor ( ! eye47 ,page #dfb3 ,remov$ comma3 0 ',l41' 7,,vo,,m]4 ,l4 a pl\gh%>e4 ,"o ( ! bones ( ! nose47 ,page #dfd3 ,add$ '1' 7----1 ,physiology ( !1 #afd7 ,page #dfd3 ,add$ '1' 7----1 ,hygi5e ( !1 #agb7 ,page #dfd3 ,add$ '1' 7----1 ,influ5ce (1 on ! ,circulation1 #agc7 ,page #dfe3 ,add$ '1' 7,,m$ia/9um1 #baa7 ,page #dfe3 ,add$ '1' 7,,m$ulla ,,oblongata1 #ccc7 ,page #dff3 ,add$ '1' 7,,pres]vation ,,( ,,heal?1 #dbe7 ,page #dff3 ,sub/itut$ ',sp9al' = ! repeat l9e4 7,,sp9al ,,cord1 #cf1 #cdj7 ,page #dfg3 ,add$ comma 7,bones ( ! ,head4 #g1 ,! sph5oid bone4 #h1 ,! frontal bone4 #aj1 ,! p>ietal bone4 #aa1 ,! os unguis4 #ab1 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bone17 ,page #dfh3 ,add$ '1' 7#da1 #da1 ,! bones ( ! metat>sus1 7middle ( ! foot47 #db1 #db1 ,! bones ( ! toes47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#bg1 #bh1 ,ligam5ts t connect ! clavicle & scapula4 #bi1 ,! capsul> ligam5t ( ! %\ld]-jo9t47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#i1 ,t5don ( ! gluteus muscle4 #ce1 ,! capsul> ligam5t ( ! hip-jo9t47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#cg1 ,! ligam5t t connects ! tibia & fibula4 #ch1 ,! int]osse\s ligam5t47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#ch1 ,! int]osse\s ligam5t4 #ci1 #dj1 ,ligam5ts ( ! ankle-jo9t47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7,,plate ,,iii47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7,muscles ( ! ,head & ,neck4 #g1 ,! /]no-ma/oideus muscle4 #h1 ,! /]no-hyoideus muscle4 #i1 ,! omo-hyoideus muscle4 #aj1 ,!7 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#af1 ,! zygomatic muscle4 #ag1 ,! depressor ( ! l[] lip4 #ah1 ,! depressor anguli oris muscle4 #ai1 ,! triangul> muscle ( !7 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#dc1 ,! s>torius muscle4 #dd1 ,! rectus femoris muscle4 #de1 ,! va/us ext]nus muscle4 #df1 ,! va/us int]nus muscle47 ,page #dfi3 ,add$ '4' 7#df1 ,! va/us int]nus muscle4 #dg1 ,! int]nal /raight muscle4 #dh4 ,! pect9eus muscle4 #di1 ,! adductor muscle4 #ej1 ,! psoas muscle47 ,page #dgj3 ,add$ '4' 7#ef1 #eg1 ,! ga/rocnemii muscles4 #eh1 ,! long flexor muscle ( ! great toe4 #fi1 ,! %ort ext5sor muscles ( ! toes47 ,page #dgj3 ,add$ '4' 7,muscles ( ! ,l[] ,extremities4 #bi1 ,! gluteus maximus muscle4 #cj1 ,! gluteus m$ius muscle4 #ca1 ,! biceps flexor cruris muscle47 ,page #dga3 ,add$ '4' 7#aj1 ,! ph>ynx4 #aa1 ,! oesophagus4 #ab1 ,! upp] portion ( ! sp9al column4 ,c1 ,! sp9al cord47 ,page #dga3 ,add$ '4' 7#a1 #a1 #a1 ,an outl9e ( ! "r lung4 #b1 #b1 #b1 ,an outl9e ( ! left lung4 #c1 ,! l>ynx4 #d1 ,! tra*ea47 ,page #dgb3 ,add$ '4' 7,art]ies ( ! ,neck & ,head4 #ae1 ,! "r c>otid art]y4 #af1 ,! left c>otid art]y47 ,page #dgb3 ,add$ '4' 7,! capill>y vessels ( ! lungs4 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,! "r pulmon>y ve94 ,q1 ,q1 ,! left pulmon>y ve947 ,page #dgc3 ,uncle> 9 orig9al 7#aj1 ,! m$ian n]ve4 ,g1 ,! circumvex n]ve ( ! %\ld]47 ,page #dgd3 ,add$ '1' 7#h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 ,p]spiratory gl&s & _! ducts4 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 #i1 ,n]ves ( !7 ,page #dge3 ,add$ '4' 7#h1 #h1 ,! tympanum1 7middle e>47 #d1 ,! malleus4 #e1 ,! incus4 #f1 ,! orbicul>is47