& ,*ris ,br5n5        ,,essays ,,&      
,,miscellanies  ,! ,complete ,works     
,volume #c   ,by ,plut>*    ,,cont5ts   
,,philosophical ,,essays    ,t ,x ,is ,n
 ,possible ,to ,live ,pleasurably       
,accord+ ,to ,!   ,doctr9e ,( ,epicurus 
,t ,a ,philosoph] ,ought ,*iefly ,to    
,conv]se ,) ,great ,m5    ,s5tim5ts     
,conc]n+ ,nature1 ,) ,:i* ,philosoph]s  
,7   ,delight$    ,ab/ract ,( ,a        
,disc\rse ,%[+ ,t ,! ,/oics ,speak      
,great]   ,improbabilities ,?an ,!      
,poets    ,symposiacs    ,common        
,conceptions ,aga9/ ,! ,/oics           
,contradictions ,( ,! ,/oics    ,! ,eat+
 ,( ,fle%    ,conc]n+ ,fate    ,aga9/   
,colotes1 ,! ,disciple ,& ,favorite ,(  
,epicurus    ,platonic ,que/ions        
,,lit]>y ,,essays     ,! ,life ,&       
,poetry ,( ,hom]     ,! ,banquet ,( ,!  
,sev5 ,wise ,m5     ,h[ ,a ,"y ,man     
,ought ,to ,he> ,poems     ,ab/ract ,(  
,a ,comp>ison ,betwe5 ,ari/ophanes ,&   
,m5&]     ,! ,malice ,( ,h]odotus       
,,philosophical ,,essays   ,,t ,,x ,,is 

,,n ,,possible ,,to ,,live ,,pleasurably
 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,(       
,,epicurus4  ,,plut>*1 ,,zeuxippus1     
,,!on1 ,,ari/odemus4  ,epicurus's great 
confidant & famili>1 ,colotes1 set =? a 
book ) ?is title to x1 t accord+ to !   
t5ets ( ! o!r philosoph]s x is          
impossible to live4 ,n[ :at occurr$ to  
me !n to say aga9/ him1 9 ! def5ce ( ^? 
philosoph]s1 ha? be5 already put into   
writ+ by me4 ,b s9ce ^u break+ up ( our 
lecture sev]al ?+s h happ5$ to be spok5 
aft]w>ds 9 ! walks 9 fur!r opposition to
 8 p>ty1 ,i ?\ght x n amiss to recollect
 !m also1 if = no o!r reason1 yet = ?is 
"o1 t ^? :o w ne$s be contradict+ o!r m5
 may see t !y ought n to run cursorily  
ov] ! disc\rses & writ+s ( ^? !y w\ld   
disprove1 nor by te>+ out "o ^w "h &    
ano!r !re1 or by fall+ f\l ^u p>ticul>  
passages )\t ! books1 to impose ^u !    
ignorant & unle>n$4  ,n[ z we 7 leav+ ! 
s*ool to take a walk 7z our mann] is7 9 
! gymnasium1 ,zeuxippus began to u3 ,9  
my op9ion1 said he1 ! debate 0 manag$ on

 our side ) m s(tness & less fre$om ?an 
0 fitt+4 ,i am sure1 ,h]aclides w5t away
 disgu/$ ) u1 = h&l+ ,epicurus &        
,aletrodorus m r\ghly ?an !y des]v$4    
,yet y may rememb]1 repli$ ,!on1 h[ y   
told !m t ,colotes himself1 comp>$ ) !  
rhetoric ( ^? two g5tlem51 w\ld appe> ! 
complaisante/ man alive2 = :5 !y h rak$ 
toge!r ! lewde/ t]ms ( ignom9y ! tongue 
( man ev] us$1 z buffoon]ies1 troll+s1  
arrogancies1 :or+s1 assass9ations1 :9+  
c\nt]feits1 black-gu>ds1 & blockheads1  
!y fa9tly ?r[ !m 9 ! faces ( ,ari/otle1 
,socrates1 ,py?agoras1 ,protagoras1     
,!ophra/us1 ,h]aclides1 ,hipp>*us1 & :i*
 n1 ev5 ( ! be/ & mo/ celebrat$         
au?orities4 ,s t1 %\ld !y pass = v kn[+ 
m5 ^u all o!r acc\nts1 yet _! v         
calumnies & revil+ language w\ld bespeak
 !m at ! greate/ di/ance f philosophy   
imag9able4 ,= emulation c nev] ent] t   
godlike consort1 nor su* fretfulness z  
wants resolution to conceal its own     
res5tm5ts4 ,ari/odemus !n subjo9$3      
,h]aclides1 y "k1 is a great philologi/2

 & t may be ! reason :y he made         
,epicurus ^? am5ds = ! poetic d9 7s1 t  
p>ty /yle poetry7 & = ! fool]ies (      
,hom]2 or else1 x may be1 x 0 because   
,metrodorus _h libell$ t poet 9 s _m    
books4 ,b let u let ^! g5tlem5 pass at  
pres5t1 ,zeuxippus1 & r return to :at 0 
*>g$ ^u ! philosoph]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( our  
disc\rse1 t x is impossible to live     
accord+ to _! t5ets4 ,& ,i see n :y we  
two may n despat* ?is affair betwixt u1 
) ! good assi/ance ( ,!on2 = ,i f9d ?is 
g5tleman 7mean+ me7 is already tir$4 ,!n
 ,!on said to him1       ,our fell[s h t
 g>l& f u won2  !re=e1 if y please1     
,let's fix ano!r goal1 & at t run4      
7,odyssey1 xxii1 #f7  ,we w ev5         
prosecute !m at ! suit ( ! philosoph]s1 
9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,we'll prove1 if we c1 t 
x is impossible to live a pleasurable   
life accord+ to _! t5ets4 ,bless me6    
said ,i to him1 smil+1 y seem to me to  
level y\r foot at ! v bellies ( ! m51 & 
to design to ent] ! li/ ) !m = _! lives1
 :il/ y g ab\t to rob !m ?us ( _!       

pleasure1 & !y cry out to y1            
,=be>1 we're no good box]s1 sir2  no1   
nor good plead]s1 nor good s5ators1 nor 
good magi/rates ei!r2       ,our prop]  
tal5t is to eat & dr9k4      7,odyssey1 
viii1 #bdf1 #bdh7  & to excite su* t5d] 
& delicate motions 9 our bodies z may   
*afe our imag9ations to "s jolly delight
 or gayety4 ,& !re=e y seem to me n s   
mu* to take (f 7z ,i may say7 !         
pleasurable "p1 z to deprive ! m5 ( _! v
 lives1 :ile y w n leave !m to live     
pleasurably4 ,nay !n1 said ,!on1 if y   
approve s highly ( ?is subject1 :y d y n
 set 9 h& to x8 ,by all means1 said ,i1 
,i am = ?is1 & %all n only he> b answ] y
 too1 if y %all insi/4 ,b ,i mu/ leave x
 to y to take ! lead4  ,!n1 aft] ,!on _h
 spok5 some?+ to excuse himself1        
,ari/odemus said3 ,:5 we _h s %ort &    
fair a cut to our design1 h[ h y block$ 
up ! way be=e u1 by prev5t+ u f jo9+    
issue ) ! faction at ! v fir/ ^u ! s+le 
po9t ( propriety6 ,= y mu/ grant1 x c be
 no easy matt] to drive m5 already      

possess$ t pleasure is _! utmo/ good yet
 to believe a life ( pleasure impossible
 to be atta9$4 ,b n[ ! tru? is1 t :5 !y 
fail$ ( liv+ becom+ly !y fail$ also (   
liv+ pleasurably2 = to live pleasurably 
)\t liv+ becom+ly is ev5 by !mselves    
all[$ inconsi/5t4  ,!on !n said3 ,we may
 probably resume ! consid]ation ( t 9 ! 
process ( our disc\rse2 9 ! int]im we w 
make use ( _! concessions4 ,n[ !y       
suppose _! la/ good to lie ab\t ! belly 
& su* o!r conveyances ( ! body z let 9  
pleasure & n pa92 & are ( op9ion1 t all 
! brave & +5i\s inv5tions t ev] h be5 7 
contriv$ at fir/ = ! pleasure ( ! belly1
 or ! good hope ( compass+ su*          
pleasure1--z ! sage ,metrodorus in=ms u4
 ,by :i*1 my good fri5d1 x is v pla91 !y
 f\nd _! pleasure 9 a poor1 rott51 &    
unsure ?+1 & "o t is equally p]=at$ =   
pa9s1 by ! v passages !y receive _!     
pleasures by2 or r inde$1 t admits      
pleasure b by a few1 b pa9 by all its   
p>ts4 ,= ! :ole ( pleasure is 9 a mann] 
9 ! jo9ts1 n]ves1 feet1 & h&s2 & ^! are 

(t ! seats ( v griev\s & lam5table      
di/emp]s1 z g\ts1 corrod+ rheums1       
gangr5es1 & putrid ulc]s4 ,& if y apply 
to y\rself ! exquisite/ ( p]fumes or    
gu/s1 y w f9d b "s "o small "p ( y\r    
body is f9ely & delicately t\*$1 :ile ! 
re/ are _m times fill$ ) angui% &       
compla9ts4 ,besides1 !re is no "p ( u   
pro( aga9/ fire1 sword1 tee?1 or        
sc\rges1 or ins5sible ( dolors & a*es2  
yea1 heats1 colds1 & fev]s s9k into all 
our p>ts alike4 ,b pleasures1 l gales ( 
s(t w9d1 move simp]+1 "o t[>ds "o       
extreme ( ! body & ano!r t[>ds ano!r1 & 
!n g (f 9 a vapor4 ,nor are !y ( any    
long durance1 b1 z s _m glanc+ meteors1 
!y are no soon] k9dl$ 9 ! body ?an !y   
are qu5*$ by x4 ,z to pa91 ,aes*ylus's  
,philoctetes af=ds u a suffici5t        
te/imony3--       ,! cruel vip] ne'er w 
quit my foot2      ,h] dire env5om$ tee?
 h !re ta'en root4  ,= pa9 w n troll (f 
z pleasure do?1 nor imitate x 9 its     
pleas+ & tickl+ t\*es4 ,b z ! clov]     
twi/s its p]plex$ & w9d+ roots into !   

e>?1 & ?r\gh its co>s5ess abides !re a  
long "t2 s pa9 disp]ses & entangles its 
hooks & roots 9 ! body1 & cont9ues !re1 
n = a day or a night1 b = sev]al seasons
 ( ye>s1 if n = "s revolutions (        
,olympiads1 nor sc>ce ev] dep>ts unless 
/ruck out by o!r pa9s1 z by /rong]      
nails4 ,= :o ev] drank s long z ^? t are
 9 a fev] are a-dry8 ,or :o 0 ev] s long
 eat+ z ^? t are besieg$ suff] hung]8   
,or :]e are !re any t are s long solac$ 
) ! conv]sation ( fri5ds z tyrants are  
rack+ & torm5t+8 ,n[ all ?is is ow+ to !
 bas5ess ( ! body & its natural         
incapacity = a pleasurable life2 = x    
be>s pa9s bett] ?an x do? pleasures1 & )
 respect to ^? is firm & h>dy1 b )      
respect to ^! is feeble & soon pall$4   
,to :i* add1 t if we are m9d$ to        
disc\rse on a life ( pleasure1 ^! m5    
won't give u leave to g on1 b w pres5tly
 confess !mselves t ! pleasures ( ! body
 are b %ort1 or r inde$ b ( a mom5t's   
cont9uance2 if !y d n design to bant] u 
or else speak out ( vanity1 :5          

,metrodorus tells u1 ,we _m times spit  
at ! pleasures ( ! body1 & ,epicurus    
sai?1 ,a wise man1 :5 he is sick1 _m    
times laughs 9 ! v extremity ( 8        
di/emp]4       ,= ,i?aca is no fit place
      ,= mettl$ /e$s to run a race4     
7,odyssey1 iv4 #fje47  ,nei!r c ! joys (
 our poor bodies be smoo? & equal2 b on 
! contr>y !y mu/ be co>se & h>%1 &      
immix$ ) mu* t is displeas+ & inflam$4  
,zeuxippus !n said3 ,& d y n ?9k !n !y  
take ! "r c\rse to beg9 at ! body1 :]e  
!y obs]ve pleasure to h its fir/ rise1 &
 !nce to pass to ! m9d z ! m /able &    
sure "p1 !re to complete & cr[n ! :ole8 
,!y d1 by ,jove1 ,i said2 & if1 aft]    
remov+ ?i!r !y h inde$ f\nd some?+ m    
consummate ?an be=e1 a c\rse too z well 
agree+ ) nature z becom+ m5 adorn$ ) bo?
 contemplative & civil k4 ,b if aft] all
 ?is y /ill he> !m cry out1 & prote/ t !
 m9d ( man c receive no satisfaction or 
tranquillity f any?+ "u ,heav5 b !      
pleasures ( ! body ei!r 9 possession or 
expectance1 & t ^! are its prop] & only 

good1 c y =be> ?9k+ !y make use ( ! s\l 
b z a funnel = ! body1 :ile !y mell[ _! 
pleasure by %ift+ x f "o vessel to      
ano!r1 z !y rack w9e out ( an old &     
leaky vessel into a new "o & !re let x  
gr[ old1 & !n imag9e !y h p]=m$ "s      
extraord9>y & v f9e ?+8 ,true inde$1 a  
fre% pipe may bo? keep & recov] w9e t   
ha? ?us be5 drawn (f2 b ! m9d1 receiv+ b
 ! remembrance only ( pa/ pleasure1 l a 
k9d ( sc5t1 reta9s t & no m4 ,= z soon z
 x ha? giv5 "o hiss 9 ! body1 x         
imm$iately expires1 & t little ( x t    
/ays beh9d 9 ! memory is b flat & l a   
queasy fume3 z if a man %\ld lay up &   
treasure 9 8 fancy :at he ei!r ate or   
drank ye/]day1 t he may h rec\rse to t  
:5 he wants fre% f>e4 ,see n[ h[ mu* m  
temp]ate ! ,cyr5aics are1 :o1 ?\gh !y h 
drunk out ( ! same bottle ) ,epicurus1  
yet w n all[ m5 s mu* z to practise _!  
am\rs by c&lelight1 b only "u ! cov]t ( 
! d>k1 = fe> see+ %\ld fa/5 too quick an
 impression ( ! images ( su* actions ^u 
! fancy & !reby too frequ5tly inflame ! 

desire4 ,b ^! g5tlem5 acc\nt x ! highe/ 
accompli%m5t ( a philosoph] to h a cle> 
& ret5tive memory ( all ! v>i\s figures1
 passions1 & t\*es ( pa/ pleasure4 ,we w
 n n[ say1 !y pres5t u ) no?+ wor?y ! "n
 ( philosophy1 :ile !y leave ! refuse ( 
pleasure 9 _! wise man's m9d1 z if x    
c\ld be a lodg+ = bodies2 b t x is      
impossible su* ?+s z ^! %\ld make a man 
live pleasurably1 ,i ?9k is abundantly  
manife/ f h5ce4  ,= x w n p]haps seem   
/range if ,i ass]t1 t ! memory (        
pleasure pa/ br+s no pleasure ) x if x  
appe>$ b little 9 ! v enjoym5t1 or to m5
 ( su* ab/95ce z to acc\nt x = _! b5efit
 to retire f its fir/ approa*es2 :5 ev5 
! mo/ amaz$ & s5sual admir]s ( corporeal
 delights rema9 no long] 9 _! gaudy &   
pleasant humor ?an _! pleasure la/s !m4 
,:at rema9s is b an empty %ad[ & dream (
 t pleasure t ha? n[ tak5 w+ & is fl$ f 
!m1 & t s]ves b = fuel to fom5t _!      
untam$ desires4 ,l z 9 ^? t dream !y are
 a-dry or 9 love1 _! unaccompli%$       
pleasures & enjoym5ts d b excite !      

incl9ation to a great] ke5ness4 ,nor    
inde$ c ! remembrance ( pa/ enjoym5ts   
af=d !m any real cont5tm5t at all1 b mu/
 s]ve only1 ) ! help ( a quick desire1  
to raise up v mu* ( outrage & /++ pa9   
out ( ! rema9s ( a feeble & befool+     
pleasure4 ,nei!r do? x befit m5 (       
cont95ce & sobriety to ex]cise _! ?\ghts
 ab\t su* poor ?+s1 or to d :at "o      
twitt$ ,c>neades )1 to reckon1 z out ( a
 diurnal1 h[ (t !y h la9 ) ,h$ia or     
,leontion1 or :]e !y la/ drank ,?asian  
w9e1 or at :at tw5tie?-day fea/ !y _h a 
co/ly supp]4 ,= su* transport &         
captivat$ness ( ! m9d to its own        
remembrances z ?is is w\ld %[ a         
dete/able & be/ial re/lessness & rav+   
t[>ds ! pres5t & hop$-= acts ( pleasure4
 ,& !re=e ,i _c b look ^u ! s5se ( ^!   
inconv5i5ces z ! true cause ( _! retir+ 
at la/ to a fre$om f pa9 & a firm /ate (
 body2 z if liv+ pleasurably c\ld lie 9 
b>e imag9+ ?is ei!r pa/ or future to "s 
p]sons4 ,true inde$ x is1 t a s\nd /ate 
( body & a good assurance ( its cont9u+ 

mu/ ne$s af=d a mo/ transc5d+ & solid   
satisfaction to all m5 capable (        
reason+4  ,b yet look fir/ :at "w !y    
make1 :ile !y c\rse ?is same ?+--:e!r x 
be pleasure1 exemption f pa91 or good   
heal?--up & d[n1 fir/ f ! body to ! m9d1
 & !n back aga9 f ! m9d to ! body1 be+  
compell$ to return x to its fir/ orig91 
le/ x %\ld run out & s give !m ! slip4  
,?us !y place ! pleasure ( ! body 7z    
,epicurus says7 ^u ! complac5t joy 9 !  
m9d1 & yet conclude aga9 ) ! good hopes 
t complac5t joy ha? 9 bodily pleasure4  
,inde$ :at wond] is x if1 :5 ! f\ndation
 %akes1 ! sup]/ructure tott]8 ,or t !re 
%\ld be no sure hope nor un%ak5 joy 9 a 
matt] t suff]s s great concussion &     
*anges z cont9ually att5d a body expos$ 
to s _m viol5ces & /rokes f )\t1 & hav+ 
)9 x ! orig9s ( su* evils z human reason
 _c av]t8 ,= if x c\ld1 no und]/&+ man  
w\ld ev] fall "u /ranguries1 gripes1    
consumptions1 or dropsies2 ) "s ( :i*   
,epicurus himself did conflict &        
,polya5us ) o!rs1 :ile o!rs ( !m 7 !    

dea?s ( ,neocles & ,aga?obulus4 ,& ?is  
we m5tion n to disp>age !m1 kn[+ v well 
t ,ph]ecydes & ,h]aclitus1 bo? v        
excell5t p]sons1 labor$ "u v unc\? &    
calamit\s di/emp]s4 ,we only beg ( !m1  
if !y w own _! own diseases & n by noisy
 rants & popul> h>angues incur !        
imputation ( false brav]y1 ei!r n to    
take ! heal? ( ! :ole body = ! gr\nd (  
_! cont5t1 or else n to say t m5 "u !   
extremities ( dolors & diseases c yet   
rally & be pleasant4 ,= a s\nd & hale   
con/itution ( body is inde$ a ?+ t (t5  
happ5s1 b a firm & /eadfa/ assurance (  
its cont9uance c nev] befall an         
intellig5t m9d4 ,b z at sea 7accord+ to 
,aes*ylus7       ,night to ! able/ pilot
 tr\ble br+s1      7,ae*ylus1           
,suppliants1 #ggj47  & s w a calm too1 =
 no man kn[s :at w be1--s likewise is x 
impossible = a s\l t dwells 9 a heal?ful
 body1 & t places h] good 9 ! hopes %e  
ha? ( t body1 to p]fect h] voyage "h )\t
 frights or waves4 ,= man's m9d ha? n1 l
 ! sea1 its tempe/s & /orms only f )\t  

x1 b x also raises up f )9 f> m & great]
 di/urbances4 ,& a man may ) m reason   
look = con/ant fair wea!r 9 ! mid/ (    
w9t] ?an = p]petual exemption f         
afflictions 9 8 body4 ,= :at else ha?   
giv5 ! poets occasion to t]m u ephem]al 
creatures1 unc]ta9 & unfix$1 & to lik5  
our lives to leaves t bo? spr+ & fall 9 
! lapse ( a summ]1 b ! unhappy1         
calamit\s1 & sickly condition ( ! body1 
^: v utmo/ good we are w>n$ to dread &  
prev5t8 ,= an exquisite habit1          
,hippocrates sai?1 is slipp]y & haz>d\s4
 ,&       ,he t b n[ look$ jolly1 plump1
 & /\t1      ,l a /> %ot by ,jove1 is n[
 gone out2  z x is 9 ,euripides4 ,& x is
 a vulg> p]suasion1 t v h&some p]sons1  
:5 look$ ^u1 (t suff] damage by envy &  
an evil eye2 = a body at its utmo/ vigor
 w ?r\gh delicacy v soon admit ( *anges4
  ,b n[ t ^! m5 are mis]ably unprovid$ =
 an undi/urb$ life1 y may disc]n ev5 f  
:at !y !mselves advance aga9/ o!rs4 ,=  
!y say t ^? :o commit wick$ness & incur 
! displeasure ( ! laws live 9 con/ant   

mis]y & fe>1 =1 ?\gh !y may p]haps atta9
 to privacy1 yet x is impossible !y %\ld
 ev] be well assur$ ( t privacy2 :5ce ! 
ev] imp5d+ fe> ( ! future w n p]mit !m  
to h ei!r complac5cy or assurance 9 _!  
pres5t circum/ances4 ,b !y consid] n h[ 
!y speak all ?is aga9/ !mselves4 ,= a   
s\nd & heal?y /ate ( body !y may inde$  
(t5times possess1 b t !y %\ld ev] be    
well assur$ ( its cont9uance is         
impossible2 & !y mu/ ( necessity be 9   
con/ant disquiet & pa9 = ! body )       
respect to futurity1 nev] be+ able to   
rea* t firm & /eadfa/ assurance :i* !y  
expect4 ,b to d no wick$ness w          
contribute no?+ to our assurance2 = x is
 n suff]+ unju/ly b suff]+ 9 itself t is
 dismay+4 ,nor c x be a matt] ( tr\ble  
to be engag$ 9 villanies "o's self1 & n 
afflictive to suff] by ! villanies (    
o!rs4 ,nei!r c x be said t ! tyranny (  
,la*>es 0 less1 if x 0 n m1 calamit\s to
 ! ,a!nians1 & t ( ,dionysius to !      
,syracusans1 ?an !y 7 to ! tyrants      
!mselves2 = x 0 di/urb+ t made !m be    

di/urb$2 & _! fir/ oppress+ & pe/]+ (   
o!rs gave !m occasion to expect to suff]
 ill !mselves4 ,:y %\ld a man rec\nt !  
outrages ( rabbles1 ! b>b>ities (       
?ieves1 or ! villanies ( inh]itors1 or  
yet ! contagions ( airs & ! concursions 
( seas1 by :i* ,epicurus 7z himself     
write?7 0 9 8 voyage to ,lampsacus )9 v 
little ( dr[n+8 ,! v composition ( !    
body--x conta9+ 9 x ! matt] ( all       
diseases1 & 7to use a pleasantry ( !    
vulg>7 cutt+ ?ongs = ! bea/ out ( its   
own hide1 ,i mean pa9s out ( ! body--is 
suffici5t to make life p]il\s & uneasy1 
& t to ! good z well z to ! bad1 if !y h
 le>n$ to set _! complac5ce & assurance 
9 ! body & ! hopes !y h ( x1 & 9 no?+   
else2 z ,epicurus ha? writt51 z well 9  
_m o!r ( 8 disc\rses z 9 t ( ,man's     
,end4  ,!y !re=e assign n only a        
trea*]\s & unsure gr\nd ( _! pleasurable
 liv+1 b also "o 9 all respects         
despicable & little1 if ! escap+ ( evils
 be ! matt] ( _! complac5ce & la/ good4 
,b n[ !y tell u1 no?+ else c be s mu* z 

imag9$1 & nature ha? no o!r place to    
be/[ h] good 9 b only t out ( :i* h]    
evil ha? be5 driv52 z ,metrodorus speaks
 9 8 book aga9/ ! ,sophi/s4 ,s t ?is    
s+le ?+1 to escape evil1 he says1 is !  
supreme good2 = !re is no room to lodge 
?is good 9 :]e no m ( :at is pa9ful &   
afflict+ goes out4 ,l unto ?is is t (   
,epicurus1 :]e he sai?3 ,! v ess5ce (   
good arises f ! escap+ ( bad1 & a man's 
recollect+1 consid]+1 & rejoic+ )9      
himself t ?is ha? befall5 him4 ,= :at   
occasions transc5d+ joy 7he sai?7 is "s 
great imp5d+ evil escap$2 & 9 ?is lies !
 v nature & ess5ce ( good1 if a man     
consid] x aright1 & conta9 himself :5 he
 ha? done1 & n ramble & prate idly ab\t 
x4 ,oh1 ! r>e satisfaction & felicity ^!
 m5 enjoy1 t c ?us rejoice = hav+       
und]gone no evil & endur$ nei!r sorr[   
nor pa96 ,h !y n reason1 ?9k y1 to value
 !mselves = su* ?+s z ^!1 & to speak z  
!y are wont :5 !y /yle !mselves         
immortals & equals to gods8--& :51 ?r\gh
 ! excessiv5ess & transc5d5cy ( ! bless$

 ?+s !y enjoy1 !y rave ev5 to ! degree (
 :oop+ & holl[+ = v satisfaction t1 to !
 %ame ( all mortals1 !y h be5 ! only m5 
t c\ld f9d out ?is cele/ial & div9e good
 t lies 9 an exemption f all evil8 ,s t 
_! beatitude diff]s little f t ( sw9e & 
%eep1 :ile !y place x 9 a m]e tol]able &
 cont5t$ /ate1 ei!r ( ! body1 or ( ! m9d
 ^u ! body's acc\nt4 ,= ev5 ! m prud5t &
 m +5i\s sort ( brutes d n e/eem escap+ 
( evil _! la/ end2 b :5 !y h tak5 _!    
repa/1 !y are dispos$ next by fullness  
to s++1 & !y div]t !mselves ) swimm+ &  
fly+2 & _! gayety & sprightl9ess prompt 
!m to ent]ta9 !mselves ) attempt+ to    
c\nt]feit all sorts ( voices & notes2 & 
!n !y make _! c>esses to "o ano!r1 by   
skipp+ & danc+ "o t[>ds ano!r2 nature   
incit+ !m1 aft] !y h escap$ evil1 to    
look aft] "s good1 or r to %ake (f :at  
!y f9d uneasy & disagree+1 z an imp$im5t
 to _! pursuit ( some?+ bett] & m       
cong5ial4  ,= :at we _c be )\t des]ves n
 ! "n ( good2 b t :i* claims our desire 
& pref]5ce mu/ be some?+ beyond a b>e   

escape f evil4 ,& s1 by ,jove1 mu/ t be 
too t is ei!r agree+ or cong5ial to u1  
accord+ to ,plato1 :o w n all[ u to give
 ! "n ( pleasures to ! b>e dep>tures (  
sorr[s & pa9s1 b w\ld h u look ^u !m r z
 obscure draughts & mixtures ( agree+ & 
disagree+1 z ( black & :ite1 :ile !     
extremes w\ld advance !mselves to a     
middle temp]am5t4 ,b (t5times           
unskilfulness & ignorance ( ! true      
nature ( extreme occasions "s to mi/ake 
! middle temp]am5t = ! extreme & outmo/ 
"p4 ,?us d ,epicurus & ,metrodorus1 :ile
 !y make avoid+ ( evil to be ! v ess5ce 
& consummation ( good1 & s receive b z x
 7 ! satisfaction ( slaves or ( rogues  
newly dis*>g$ ! jail1 :o are well en\gh 
cont5t$ if !y may b wa% & supple _!     
sores & ! /ripes !y receiv$ by :ipp+1 b 
nev] 9 _! lives _h "o ta/e or sight ( a 
g5]\s1 clean1 unmix$ & unulc]at$ joy4 ,=
 x foll[s n t1 if x be vexati\s to h    
"o's body it* or "o's eyes to run1 x mu/
 be !re=e a bless+ to scrat* "o's self1 
& to wipe "o's eye ) a rag2 nor t1 if x 

be bad to be deject$ or dismay$ at div9e
 matt]s or to be discompos$ ) !         
relations ( hell1 !re=e ! b>e avoid+ (  
all ?is mu/ be "s happy & amiable ?+4 ,!
 tru? is1 ^! m5's op9ion1 ?\gh x pret5ds
 s f> to outgo t ( ! vulg>1 all[s _! joy
 b a /raight & n>r[ compass to toss &   
tumble 91 :ile x ext5ds x b to an       
exemption f ! fe> ( hell1 & s makes t ! 
top ( acquir$ wisdom :i* is d\btless    
natural to ! brutes4 ,= if fre$om f     
bodily pa9 be /ill ! same1 :e!r x come  
by endeavor or by nature1 nei!r !n is an
 undi/urb$ /ate ( m9d ! great] = be+    
atta9$ to by indu/ry ?an if x came by   
nature4 ,?\gh a man may ) good reason   
ma9ta9 t to be ! m confirm$ habit ( !   
m9d :i* naturally admits ( no disord]1  
?an t :i* by application & judgm5t      
es*ews x4  ,b let u suppose !m bo?      
equal2 !y w yet appe> n "o jot sup]ior  
to ! bea/s = be+ unconc]n$ at ! /ories (
 hell & ! leg5ds ( ! gods1 & = n expect+
 endless sorr[s & ev]la/+ torm5ts       
h]eaft]4 ,= x is ,epicurus himself t    

tells u t1 _h our surmises ab\t heav5ly 
ph5om5a & our fooli% appreh5sions ( dea?
 & ! pa9s t ensue x giv5 u no disquiet1 
we _h n !n ne$$ to contemplate nature = 
our relief4 ,= nei!r h ! brutes any weak
 surmises ( ! gods or fond op9ion ab\t  
?+s aft] dea? to disord] !mselves )2 nor
 h !y z mu* z imag9ation or notion t !re
 is any?+ 9 ^! to be dread$4 ,i confess1
 _h !y left u ! b5ign provid5ce ( ,god z
 a presumption1 wise m5 might !n seem1  
by reason ( _! good hopes f !nce1 to h  
some?+ t[>ds a pleasurable life t bea/s 
h n4 ,b n[1 s9ce !y h made x ! scope (  
all _! disc\rses ( ,god t !y may n fe>  
him1 b may be eas$ ( all conc]n ab\t    
him1 ,i mu* "q :e!r ^? t nev] ?\ght at  
all ( him h n ?is 9 a m confirm$ degree 
?an !y t h le>n$ to ?9k he c d no h>m4  
,= if !y 7 nev] fre$ f sup]/ition1 !y   
nev] fell into x2 & if !y nev] laid     
aside a di/urb+ conceit ( ,god1 !y nev] 
took "o up4 ,! l may be said z to hell &
 ! future /ate4 ,= ?\gh nei!r !         
,epicurean nor ! brute c hope = any good

 !nce2 yet su* z h no =e?\ght ( dea? at 
all _c b be less amus$ & sc>$ ) :at     
comes aft] x ?an !y t betake !mselves to
 ! pr9ciple t dea? is no?+ to u4 ,b     
some?+ to !m x mu/ be1 at lea/ s f> z !y
 conc]n !mselves to reason ab\t x &     
contemplate x2 b ! bea/s are :olly      
exempt$ f ?9k+ ( :at app]ta9s n to !m2 &
 if !y fly f bl[s1 w\nds1 & slaught]s1  
!y fe> no m 9 dea? ?an is dismay+ to !  
,epicurean himself4  ,su* !n are ! ?+s  
!y boa/ to h atta9$ by _! philosophy4   
,let u n[ see :at ^? are !y deprive     
!mselves ( & *ase away f !m4 ,= ^?      
diffusions ( ! m9d t arise f ! body1 & !
 pleas+ condition ( ! body1 if !y be b  
mod]ate1 appe> to h no?+ 9 !m t is ei!r 
great or consid]able2 b if !y be        
excessive1 besides _! be+ va9 & unc]ta91
 !y are also importune & petulant2 nor  
%\ld a man t]m !m ei!r m5tal            
satisfactions or gayeties1 b r corporeal
 gratifications1 !y be+ at be/ b !      
simp]+s & effem9acies ( ! m9d4 ,b n[ su*
 z ju/ly des]ve ! names ( complac5cies &

 joys are :olly ref9$ f _! contr>ies1 & 
are immix$ ) nei!r vexation1 remorse1   
nor rep5tance2 & _! good is cong5ial to 
! m9d & truly m5tal & g5u9e1 & n        
sup]9duc$4 ,nor is x devoid ( reason1 b 
mo/ rational1 z spr++ ei!r f t 9 ! m9d t
 is contemplative & inquir+1 or else f t
 "p ( x t is active & h]oic4 ,h[ _m & h[
 great satisfactions ei!r ( ^! af=ds u1 
no "o c ev] relate4 ,b to h9t briefly at
 "s ( !m4 ,we h ! hi/orians be=e u1 :i*1
 ?\gh !y f9d u _m & delightful ex]cises1
 /ill leave our desire aft] tru?        
insatiate & uncloy$ ) pleasure1 ?r\gh   
:i* ev5 lies are n )\t _! grace4 ,yea1  
tales & poetic fictions1 :ile !y _c ga9 
^u our belief1 h some?+ 9 !m t is *>m+  
to u4  ,= d b ?9k ) y\rself1 ) :at a /+ 
we read ,plato's ,atlantic & !          
conclusion ( ! ,iliad1 & h[ we hank] &  
gape aft] ! re/ ( ! tale1 z :5 "s       
beautiful temple or !atre is %ut up4 ,b 
n[ ! in=m+ ( ourselves ) ! tru? h]self  
is a ?+ s delectable & lovely z if our v
 life & be+ 7 = ! sake ( kn[+4 ,& !     

d>ke/ & grimme/ ?+s 9 dea? are its      
oblivion1 ignorance1 & obscurity4 ,:5ce1
 by ,jove1 x is t almo/ all mank9d      
enc\nt] ) ^? t w\ld de/roy ! s5se ( !   
dep>t$1 z plac+ ! v :ole ( _! life1 be+1
 & satisfaction solely 9 ! s5sible &    
kn[+ "p ( ! m9d4 ,= ev5 ! ?+s t grieve &
 afflict u yet af=d u a sort ( pleasure 
9 ! he>+4 ,& x is (t5 se5 t ^? t are    
disord]$ by :at is told !m1 ev5 to !    
degree ( weep+1 not)/&+ require ! tell+ 
( x4 ,s he 9 ! trag$y :o is told1       
,alas ,i n[ ! v wor/ mu/ tell1  replies1
       ,i dread to he> x too1 b ,i mu/  
he>4      7,sophocles1 ,p$ipus          
,tyrannus1 #aafi1 #aagj47  ,b ?is may   
seem p]haps a sort ( intemp]at5ess (    
delight 9 kn[+ ev]y?+1 & z x 7 a /ream  
viol5tly be>+ d[n ! reason+ faculty4 ,b 
n[1 :5 a /ory t ha? 9 x no?+ t is tr\bl+
 & afflictive treats ( great & h]oic    
ent]prises ) a pot5cy & grace ( /yle su*
 z we f9d 9 ,h]odotus's ,grecian & 9    
,x5ophon's ,p]sian hi/ory1 or 9 :at1    
,inspir$ by heav5ly gods1 sage ,hom]    

sung1  or 9 ! ,travels ( ,euxodus1 !    
,f\ndations & ,republics ( ,ari/otle1 & 
! ,lives ( ,fam\s ,m5 compil$ by        
,ari/ox5us2 ^! w n only br+ u exce$+ mu*
 & great cont5tm5t1 b su* also z is     
clean & secure f rep5tance4 ,& :o c\ld  
take great] satisfaction ei!r 9 eat+ :5 
a-hungry or dr9k+ :5 a-dry among/ !     
,phaeacians1 ?an 9 go+ ov] ,ulysses's   
relation ( 8 own voyage & rambles8 ,&   
:at man c\ld be bett] pleas$ ) !        
embraces ( ! mo/ exquisite beauty1 ?an )
 sitt+ up all night to read ov] :at     
,x5ophon ha? writt5 ( ,pan!a1 or        
,ari/obulus ( ,timoclea1 or ,!opompus ( 
,!be8  ,b n[ ^! app]ta9 all solely to ! 
m9d4 ,b !y *ase away f !m ! delights t  
accrue f ! ma!matics also4 ,?\gh !      
satisfactions we receive f hi/ory h 9 !m
 some?+ simple & equal2 b ^? t come f   
geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music inveigle &  
allure u ) a sort ( nimbl5ess & v>iety1 
& want no?+ t is tempt+ & engag+2 _!    
figures attract+ u z s _m *>ms1 :]e(    
:oev] ha? once ta/$1 if he be b         

compet5tly skill$1 w run ab\t *ant+ t 9 
,sophocles1       ,i'm mad2 ! ,muses )  
new rage inspire me4      ,i'll m\nt !  
hill2 my lyre1 my numb]s fire me4       
7,f ! ,?amyras ( ,sophocles1 ,frag4     
#bbe7  ,nor do? ,?amyras break out into 
poetic raptures ^u any o!r score2 nor1  
by ,jove1 ,euxodus1 ,ari/>*us1 or       
,ar*im$es4 ,& :5 ! lov]s ( ! art ( pa9t+
 are s enam\r$ ) ! *>m+ness ( _! own    
p]=mances1 t ,nicias1 z he 0 draw+ !    
,evocation ( ,gho/s 9 ,hom]1 (t5 ask$ 8 
s]vants :e!r he _h d9$ or no1 & :5 ,k+  
,ptolemy _h s5t him ?reescore tal5ts = 8
 piece1 aft] x 0 f9i%$1 he nei!r w\ld   
accept ! money nor "p ) 8 "w2 :at & h[  
great satisfactions may we !n suppose to
 h be5 reap$ f geometry & a/ronomy by   
,euclid :5 he wrote 8 ,dioptrics1 by    
,philippus :5 he _h p]fect$ 8           
demon/ration ( ! figure ( ! moon1 by    
,ar*im$es :5 ) ! help ( a c]ta9 angle he
 _h f\nd ! sun's diamet] to make ! same 
"p ( ! l>ge/ circle t t angle made ( f\r
 "r angles1 & by ,apollonius & ,ari/>*us

 :o 7 ! inv5tors ( "s o!r ?+s ( ! l     
nature8 ,! b>e contemplat+ & compreh5d+ 
( all ^! n[ eng5d] 9 ! le>n]s bo?       
unspeakable delights & a m>vell\s height
 ( _s4 ,& x do? 9 no wise beseem me1 by 
comp>+ ) ^! ! fulsome debau*ees (       
victuall+-h\ses & /ews1 to contam9ate   
,helicon & ! ,muses1--       ,:]e swa9 8
 flock ne'er f$1      ,nor tree by      
hat*et bl$4      7,euripides1           
,hippolytus1 #ge47  ,b ^! are ! v]dant &
 untrampl$ pa/ures ( +5i\s bees2 b ^?   
are m l ! mange ( le*]\s bo>s &         
he-goats4 ,& ?\gh a voluptu\s temp] (   
m9d be naturally erratic & precipitate1 
yet nev] any yet sacrific$ an ox = joy t
 he _h ga9$ 8 w ( 8 mi/ress2 nor did any
 ev] wi% to die imm$iately1 might he b  
once satiate himself ) ! co/ly di%es &  
comfits at ! table ( 8 pr9ce4 ,b n[     
,eudoxus wi%$ he might /& by ! sun1 &   
in=m himself ( ! figure1 magnitude1 &   
beauty ( t lum9>y1 ?\gh he 71 l         
,phae?on1 consum$ by x4 ,& ,py?agoras   
(f]$ an ox 9 sacrifice = hav+ complet$ !

 l9es ( a c]ta9 geometric diagram2 z    
,apollodotus tells u1       ,:5 ! fam$  
l9es ,py?agoras devis$1      ,= :i* a   
spl5did ox he sacrific$4  ,:e!r x 0 t by
 :i* he %[$ t ! l9e t reg>ds ! "r angle 
9 a triangle is equival5t to ! two l9es 
t conta9 t angle1 or ! problem ab\t !   
area ( ! p>abolic section ( a cone4 ,&  
,ar*im$es's s]vants 7 =c$ to hale him   
away f 8 draughts1 to be ano9t$ 9 ! ba?2
 b he not)/&+ drew ! l9es ^u 8 belly ) 8
 /rigil4 ,& :51 z he 0 wa%+ 7z ! /ory   
goes ( him71 he ?\ght ( a mann] (       
comput+ ! proportion ( gold 9 ,k+       
,hi]o's cr[n by see+ ! wat] fl[+ ov] !  
ba?+-/ool1 he leap$ up z "o possess$ or 
inspir$1 cry+1 ,i h f\nd x2 :i* aft] he 
_h sev]al times repeat$1 he w5t 8 way4  
,b we nev] yet he>d ( a glutton t       
exclaim$ ) su* vehem5ce1 ,i h eat51 or (
 an amor\s gallant t ev] cri$1 ,i h     
kiss$1 among ! _m millions ( dissolute  
debau*ees t bo? ?is & prec$+ ages h     
produc$4 ,yea1 we abom9ate ^? t make    
m5tion ( _! great supp]s ) too lusci\s a

 gu/1 z m5 ov]mu* tak5 ) mean & abject  
delights4 ,b we f9d ourselves 9 "o & !  
same ec/asy ) ,eudoxus1 ,ar*im$es1 &    
,hipp>*us2 & we readily give ass5t to   
,plato :5 he sai? ( ! ma!matics1 t :ile 
ignorance & unskill$ness make m5 despise
 !m1 !y /ill ?rive not)/&+ by reason (  
_! *>m+ness1 9 despite ( contempt4  ,^! 
!n s great & s _m pleasures1 t run l    
p]petual spr+s & rills1 ^! m5 decl9e &  
avoid2 nor w !y p]mit ^? t put 9 among  
!m s mu* z to take a ta/e ( !m1 b bid !m
 hoi/ up ! little sails ( _! paltry     
cock-boats & fly f !m4 ,nay1 !y all1 bo?
 he & %e philosoph]s1 beg & entreat     
,py?ocles1 = de> ,epicurus's sake1 n to 
affect or make su* acc\nt ( ! sci5ces   
call$ lib]al4 ,& :5 !y cry up & def5d "o
 ,apelles1 !y write ( him t he kept     
himself clean by refra9+ himself all    
along f ! ma!matics4 ,b z to hi/ory--to 
pass ov] _! av]s$ness to o!r k9ds (     
compositions--,i %all only pres5t y ) ! 
words ( ,metrodorus1 :o 9 8 treatise ( !
 ,poets writes ?us3 ,:]e=e let x nev]   

di/urb y1 if y "k n ei!r :at side       
,hector 0 (1 or ! fir/ v]ses 9 ,hom]'s  
,poem1 or aga9 :at is 9 its middle4 ,b t
 ! pleasures ( ! body sp5d !mselves l ! 
w9ds call$ ,etesian or ,anniv]s>y1 &    
utt]ly det]m9e :5 once age is pa/ its   
vigor1 ,epicurus himself 0 n ins5sible2 
& !re=e he makes x a problematic "q1    
:e!r a sage philosoph]1 :5 he is an old 
man & disabl$ = enjoym5t1 may n /ill be 
recreat$ ) hav+ h&some girls to feel &  
grope him1 be+ n1 x seems1 ( ! m9d ( old
 ,sophocles1 :o ?ank$ ,god he _h at l5g?
 escap$ f ?is k9d ( pleasure1 z f an    
untam$ & furi\s ma/]4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 x
 w\ld be m advisable = ^! s5sual le*]s1 
:5 !y see t age w dry up s _m ( _!      
pleasures1 & t1 z ,euripides sai?1      
,dame ,v5us is to anci5t m5 a foe1      
7,euripides1 ,aeolus1 ,frag4 #bc47  9 ! 
fir/ place to collect & lay up 9 /ore1 z
 aga9/ a siege1 ^! o!r pleasures1 z a   
sort ( provision t w n impair & decay2 t
 !n1 aft] !y h celebrat$ ! v5]eal       
fe/ivals ( life1 !y may sp5d a cleanly  

aft]-fea/ 9 read+ ov] ! hi/orians &     
poets1 or else 9 problems ( music &     
geometry4 ,= x w\ld nev] h come into _! 
m9ds s mu* z to ?9k ( ^! purbl9d &      
too?less grop+s & spurt+s ( le*]y1 _h !y
 b le>n$1 if no?+ m1 to write comm5ts ^u
 ,hom] or ,euripides1 z ,ari/otle1      
,h]aclides1 & ,dica]*us did4 ,b ,i v]ily
 p]suade myself t _! neglect+ to take   
c>e = su* provisions z ^!1 & f9d+ all ! 
o!r ?+s !y employ$ !mselves 9 7z !y use 
to say ( virtue7 b insipid & dry1 & be+ 
:olly set ^u pleasure1 & ! body no long]
 supply+ !m ) x1 give !m occasion to    
/oop to d ?+s bo? mean & %ameful 9      
!mselves & unbecom+ _! age2 z well :5 !y
 refre% _! memories ) _! =m] pleasures &
 s]ve !mselves ( old ones 7z x 77 long  
s9ce dead & laid up 9 pickle = !        
purpose1 :5 !y _c h fre% ones1 z :5 aga9
 !y (f] viol5ce to nature by suscitat+ &
 inflam+ 9 _! decay$ bodies1 z 9 cold   
emb]s1 o!r new ones equally s5seless1 !y
 hav+ n1 x seems1 _! m9ds /or$ ) any    
cong5ial pleasure t is wor? ! rejoic+   

at4  ,z to ! o!r delights ( ! m9d1 we h 
already treat$ ( !m1 z !y occurr$ to u4 
,b _! av]s$ness & dislike to music1 t   
af=ds u s great delights & su* *>m+     
satisfactions1 a man c\ld n =get if he  
w\ld1 by reason ( ! inconsi/5cy ( :at   
,epicurus sai?1 :5 he pron\nce? 9 8 book
 call$ 8 ,d\bts t 8 wise man ought to be
 a lov] ( public spectacles & to delight
 above any o!r man 9 ! music & %[s ( !  
,bac*anals2 & yet he w n admit ( music  
problems or ( ! critical inquiries (    
philologi/s1 no1 n s mu* z at a         
compotation4 ,yea1 he advises su* pr9ces
 z are lov]s ( ! ,muses r to ent]ta9    
!mselves at _! fea/s ei!r ) "s n>ration 
( milit>y adv5tures or ) ! importune    
scurrilities ( drolls & buffoons1 ?an to
 engage 9 disputes ab\t music or 9      
que/ions ( poetry4 ,= ?is v ?+ he _h !  
face to write 9 8 treatise ( ,mon>*y1 z 
if he 7 writ+ to ,s>danapalus1 or to    
,nan>us rul] ( ,babylon4 ,= nei!r w\ld a
 ,hi]o nor an ,attalus nor an ,ar*elaus 
be p]suad$ to make a ,euripides1 a      

,simonides1 a ,melanippides1 a ,crates1 
or a ,diodotus rise up f _! tables1 & to
 place su* sc>amu*ios 9 _! rooms z a    
,c>dax1 an ,agrias1 or a ,callias1 or   
fell[s l ,?rasonides & ,?rasyleon1 to   
make p disord] ! h\se ) holl[+ & clapp+4
 ,_h ! great ,ptolemy1 :o 0 ! fir/ t =m$
 a consort ( musicians1 b met ) ^!      
excell5t & royal admonitions1 w\ld he n1
 ?9k y1 h ?us address$ himself to !     
,samians3--       ,o ,muse1 :5ce art ?\ 
?us malign$8  ,= c]ta9ly x c nev] belong
 to any ,a!nian to be 9 su* enmity &    
ho/ility ) ! ,muses4 ,b       ,no animal
 accur/ by ,jove      ,music's sweet    
*>ms c ev] love4      7,p9d>1 ,py?ian1  
i4 #be47  ,:at saye/ ?\ n[1 ,epicurus8  
,wilt ?\ get !e up betimes 9 ! morn+1 & 
g to ! !atre to he> ! h>p]s & fluti/s   
play8 ,b if a ,!ophra/us disc\rse at !  
table ( ,concords1 or an ,ari/ox5us (   
,v>ieties1 or if an ,ari/ophanes play ! 
critic ^u ,hom]1 wilt ?\ pres5tly1 = v  
dislike & abhorr5ce1 clap bo? ?y h&s ^u 
?y e>s8 ,& d !y n h]eby make ! ,scy?ian 

k+ ,ateas m musical ?an ?is comes to1   
:o1 :5 he he>d t admirable fluti/       
,ism5ias1 deta9$ !n by him z a prison] (
 w>1 play+ ^u ! flute at a compotation1 
swore he _h r he> 8 own horse neigh8 ,& 
d !y n also pr(ess !mselves to /& at an 
implacable & irreconcilable defiance )  
:atev] is g5]\s & becom+8 ,& inde$ :at d
 !y ev] embrace or affect t is ei!r     
g5teel or reg>dable1 :5 x ha? no?+ (    
pleasure to accompany x8 ,& w\ld x n f> 
less affect a pleasurable way ( liv+1 to
 abhor p]fumes & odors1 l beetles &     
vultures1 ?an to %un & abhor !          
conv]sation ( le>n$1 critics &          
musicians8 ,= :at flute or h>p ready    
tun$ = a lesson1 or       ,:at sweete/  
conc]ts e'er ) artful noise1      ,w>bl$
 by s(te/ tongue & be/ tun$ voice1  ev] 
gave ,epicurus & ,metrodorus su* cont5t 
z ! disputes & precepts ab\t conc]ts    
gave ,ari/otle1 ,!ophra/us1 ,hi]onymus1 
& ,dica]*us8 ,& also ! problems ab\t    
flutes1 rhy?ms1 & h>monies2 z1 =        
in/ance1 :y ! long] ( two flutes ( !    

same longitude %\ld speak flatt]8--:y1  
if y raise ! pipe1 w all its notes be   
%>p2 & flat aga91 if y depress x8--& :y1
 :5 clapp$ to ano!r1 w x s\nd flatt]2 & 
%>p] aga91 :5 tak5 f x8--:y also1 if y  
scatt] *aff or du/ ab\t ! or*e/ra ( a   
!atre1 w ! s\nd be dead5$8--& :y1 :5 "o 
w\ld h set up a bronze ,alex&] = a      
frontispiece to a /age at ,pella1 did ! 
ar*itect advise to ! contr>y1 because x 
w\ld spoil ! actors' voices8 & :y1 ( !  
sev]al k9ds ( music1 w ! *romatic       
diffuse & ! h>monic compose ! m9d8 ,b n[
 ! sev]al humors ( poets1 _! diff]+     
turns & =ms ( /yle1 & ! solutions ( _!  
difficult places1 h conjo9$ ) a sort (  
dignity & polit5ess some:at also t is   
extremely agreeable & *>m+2 insomu* t to
 me !y seem to d :at 0 once said by     
,x5ophon1 to make a man ev5 =get ! joys 
( love1 s p[]ful & ov]com+ is ! pleasure
 !y br+ u4  ,9 ?is inve/igation ^!      
g5tlem5 h n ! lea/ %>e1 nor d !y s mu* z
 pret5d or desire to h any4 ,b :ile !y  
are s9k+ & depress+ _! contemplative "p 

into ! body1 & dragg+ x d[n by _! s5sual
 & intemp]ate appetites1 z by s _m      
weights ( lead1 !y make !mselves appe>  
little bett] ?an ho/l]s or grazi]s t    
/ill ply _! cattle ) hay1 /raw1 or      
grass1 look+ ^u su* prov5d] z ! prop]e/ 
& meete/ food = !m4 ,& is x n ev5 ?us !y
 w\ld swill ! m9d ) ! pleasures ( !     
body1 z hogh]ds d _! sw9e1 :ile !y w n  
all[ x c be gay any long] ?an x is hop+1
 exp]i5c+1 or rememb]+ some?+ t ref]s to
 ! body2 b w n h x ei!r to receive or   
seek = any cong5ial joy or satisfaction 
f )9 itself8 ,?\gh :at c be m absurd &  
unreasonable ?an--:5 !re are two ?+s t g
 to make up ! man1 a body & a s\l1 & !  
s\l besides ha? ! p]ogative ( gov]n+--t 
! body %\ld h its peculi>1 natural1 &   
prop] good1 & ! s\l none at all1 b mu/  
sit gaz+ at ! body & simp] at its       
passions1 z if %e 7 pleas$ & affect$ )  
!m1 ?\gh inde$ %e be all ! :ile :olly   
unt\*$ & unconc]n$1 z hav+ no?+ ( h] own
 to *oose1 desire1 or take delight 98 ,=
 !y %\ld ei!r pull (f ! vizor q1 & say  

pla9ly t man is all body 7z "s ( !m d1 t
 take away all m5tal be+71 or1 if !y w  
all[ u to h two di/9ct natures1 !y %\ld 
!n leave to ea* its prop] good & evil1  
agreeable & disagreeable2 z we f9d x to 
be ) our s5ses1 ea* ( :i* is peculi>ly  
adapt$ to its own s5sible1 ?\gh !y all v
 /rangely int]commune "o ) ano!r4 ,n[ ! 
intellect is ! prop] s5se ( ! m9d2 &    
!re=e t x %\ld h no cong5ial            
speculation1 movem5t1 or affection ( its
 own1 ! atta9+ to :i* %\ld be matt] (   
complac5cy to x1 is ! mo/ irrational ?+ 
9 ! _w1 if ,i h n1 by ,jove1 unwitt+ly  
done ! m5 wrong1 & be5 myself impos$ ^u 
by "s t may p]haps h calumniat$ !m4  ,!n
 ,i said to him3 ,if we may be y\r      
judges1 y h n2 yea1 we mu/ acquit y (   
hav+ (f]$ !m ! lea/ indignity2 & !re=e  
pray despat* ! re/ ( y\r disc\rse )     
assurance4 ,h[6 said ,i1 & %all n       
,ari/odemus !n succe$ me1 if y are tir$ 
out y\rself8 ,ari/odemus said3 ,) all my
 he>t1 :5 y are z mu* tir$ z he is2 b   
s9ce y are yet 9 y\r vigor1 pray make   

use ( y\rself1 my noble fri5d1 & don't  
?9k to pret5d we>9ess4 ,!on !n repli$3  
,:at is yet beh9d1 ,i mu/ confess1 is v 
easy2 x be+ b to g ov] ! sev]al         
pleasures conta9$ 9 t "p ( life t       
consi/s 9 action4 ,n[ !mselves some:]e  
say t !re is f> m satisfaction 9 do+ ?an
 9 receiv+ good2 & good may be done _m  
times1 x is true1 by words1 b ! mo/ &   
greate/ "p ( good consi/s 9 action1 z ! 
v "n ( b5efic5ce tells u & !y !mselves  
also atte/4 ,= y may rememb]1 cont9u$   
he1 we he>d ?is g5tleman tell u b n[ :at
 words ,epicurus utt]$1 & :at lett]s he 
s5t to 8 fri5ds1 applaud+ & magnify+    
,metrodorus1--h[ bravely & l a sp>k he  
quitt$ ! city & w5t d[n to ! port to    
relieve ,mi?rus ! ,syrian1--& ?is1 ?\gh 
,metrodorus did n !n d any?+ at all4    
,:at & h[ great !n may we presume !     
pleasures ( ,plato to h be51 :5 ,dion by
 ! measures he gave him depos$ ! tyrant 
,dionysius & set ,sicily at lib]ty8 ,&  
:at ! pleasures ( ,ari/otle1 :5 he      
rebuilt 8 native city ,/agira1 !n       

levell$ ) ! gr\nd1 & br\ght back its    
exil$ inhabitants8 ,& :at ! pleasures ( 
,!ophra/us & ( ,phidias1 :5 !y cut (f ! 
tyrants ( _! respective c\ntries8 ,= :at
 ne$ a man rec\nt to y1 :o s well "k x1 
h[ _m p>ticul> p]sons !y reliev$1 n by  
s5d+ !m a little :eat or a measure (    
meal 7z ,epicurus did to "s ( 8 fri5ds71
 b by procur+ re/oration to ! bani%$1   
lib]ty to ! imprison$1 & re/itution (   
wives & *ildr5 to ^? t _h be5 b]eft (   
!m8 ,b a man c\ld n1 if he 7 will+1 pass
 by ! sotti% /upidity ( ! man :o1 ?\gh  
he tramples "u foot & vilifies ! great &
 g5]\s actions ( ,!mi/ocles &           
,miltiades1 yet writes ^! v words to 8  
fri5ds ab\t himself3 ,y h giv5 a v      
gallant & noble te/imony ( y\r c>e ( me 
9 ! provision ( corn y h made = me1 & h 
decl>$ y\r affection to me by signs t   
m\nt to ! v skies4 ,s t1 %\ld a man b   
take t poor p>cel ( corn out ( ! great  
philosoph]'s epi/le1 x might seem to be 
! recital ( "s lett] ( ?anks = ! deliv]y
 or pres]vation ( all ,greece or ( !    

commons ( ,a!ns4  ,we w n[ =be> to      
m5tion t ,nature requires v l>ge &      
*>geable provisions to be made =        
accompli%+ ! pleasures ( ! body2 nor c !
 height ( delicacy be _h 9 black bread &
 l5til pottage4 ,b voluptu\s & s5sual   
appetites expect co/ly di%es1 ,?asian   
w9es1 p]fum$ ungu5ts1 & v>ieties ( pa/ry
 works1       ,& cakes by female h&s    
wr\ght artfully1      ,well /eep'd 9 ?' 
liquor ( ! gold-w+'d bee2  & besides all
 ?is1 h&some "y lassies too1 su* z      
,leontion1 ,boidion1 ,h$ia1 & ,nic$ion1 
t 7 wont to roam ab\t 9 ,epicurus's     
philosophic g>d54 ,b n[ su* joys z suit 
! m9d mu/ und\bt$ly be gr\nd$ ^u a      
gr&eur ( actions & a spl5dor ( wor?y    
de$s1 if m5 w\ld n seem little1 ung5]\s1
 & pu]ile1 b on ! contr>y1 bulky1 firm1 
& brave4 ,b = a man to be elat$ by      
happ9ess1 z ,epicurus is1 l sailors ^u !
 fe/ivals ( ,v5us1 & to vaunt himself t1
 :5 he 0 sick ( an ascites1 he not)/&+  
call$ 8 fri5ds toge!r to c]ta9          
collations & grudg$ n 8 dropsy !        

addition ( good liquor1 & t1 :5 he call$
 to remembrance ! la/ words ( ,neocles1 
he 0 melt$ ) a peculi> sort ( joy       
int]mix$ ) te>s1--no man 9 8 "r s5ses   
w\ld call ^! true joys or satisfactions4
 ,nay1 ,i w be bold to say t1 if su* a  
?+ z t !y call a s>donic or gr9n+       
laught] c happ5 to ! m9d1 x is to be    
f\nd 9 ^! artificial & cry+ laught]s4 ,b
 if any w ne$s h !m /ill call$ by ! "n (
 joys & satisfactions1 let him b yet ?9k
 h[ f> !y are exce$$ by ! pleasures t "h
 ensue3--       ,our c\nsels h pr\d     
,sp>ta's glory clipt2 & ,/rang]1 ?is is 
8 c\ntry ,rome's great />2  & aga9 ?is1 
,i "k n :i* to guess !e1 man or god4    
,n[ :5 ,i set be=e my eyes ! brave      
a*ievem5ts ( ,?rasybulus & ,pelopidas1 (
 ,ari/ides engag$ at ,platea &          
,miltiades at ,m>a?on1 ,i am "h con/ra9$
 ) ,h]odotus to decl>e x my op9ion1 t 9 
an active /ate ( life ! pleasure f>     
exce$s ! glory4 ,& ,epam9ondas h]e9 be>s
 me witness also1 :5 he sai? 7z is      
report$ ( him71 t ! greate/ satisfaction

 he ev] receiv$ 9 8 life 0 t 8 fa!r & "m
 _h liv$ to see ! trophy set up at      
,leuctra :5 himself 0 g5]al4 ,let u !n  
comp>e ) ,epam9ondas's ,epicurus's "m1  
rejoic+ t %e _h liv$ to see h] son coop+
 himself up 9 a little g>d51 & gett+    
*ildr5 9 common ) ,polya5us ^u ! /rumpet
 ( ,cyzicus4 ,z = ,metrodorus's "m &    
si/]1 h[ extravagantly rejoic$ !y 7 at 8
 nuptials appe>s by ! lett]s he wrote to
 8 bro!r 9 answ] to 82 t is1 out ( 8 own
 books4 ,nay1 !y tell u bell[+ t !y h n 
only liv$ a life ( pleasure1 b also     
exult & s+ hymns 9 ! praise ( _! own    
liv+4 ,?\gh1 :5 our s]vants celebrate ! 
fe/ivals ( ,saturn or g 9 procession at 
! "t ( ! rural bac*anals1 y w\ld sc>cely
 brook ! holl[+ & d9 !y make1 if !      
intemp]at5ess ( _! joy & _! ins5sibl5ess
 ( decorum %\ld make !m act & speak su* 
?+s z ^!3--       ,lean d[n1 boy6 :y do/
 sit ,i let's tope l mad6      ,"h's    
belly-timb] /ore2 ne'er sp>e x1 lad4    
,/raight ^! huzza l wild4  ,"o fills up 
dr9k2      ,ano!r plaits a wrea?1 &     

cr[ns ! br9k      ,o' ?' teem+ b[l4  ,!n
 to ! v]dant bays      ,all *ant rude   
c>ols 9 ,apollo's praise2      ,:ile "o 
! door ) drunk5 fury smites1      ,till 
he f b$ 8 lov+ consort frights4  ,& are 
n ,metrodorus's words some?+ l to ^! :5 
he writes to 8 bro!r ?us3 ,x is none (  
our bus9ess to pres]ve ! ,greeks1 or to 
get !m to be/[ g>l&s ^u u = our wit1 b  
to eat well & dr9k good w9e1            
,timocrates1 s z n to (f5d b pleasure   
our /oma*s4 ,& he sai? aga91 9 "s o!r   
place 9 ! same epi/les3 ,h[ gay & h[    
assur$ 0 ,i1 :5 ,i _h once le>n$ (      
,epicurus ! true way ( gratify+ my      
/oma*2 =1 believe me1 philosoph]        
,timocrates1 our prime good lies at !   
/oma*4  ,9 brief1 ^! m5 draw out !      
dim5sions ( _! pleasures l a circle1    
ab\t ! /oma* z a c5tre4 ,& ! tru? is1 x 
is impossible = ^? m5 ev] to p>ticipate 
( g5]\s & pr9cely joy1 su* z enk9dles a 
height ( _s 9 u & s5ds =? to all mank9d 
an unmade hil>ity & calm s]5ity1 t h    
tak5 up a sort ( life t is conf9$1      

unsocial1 inhuman1 & un9spir$ t[>ds !   
e/eem ( ! _w & ! love ( mank9d4 ,= ! s\l
 ( man is n an abject1 little1 & ung5]\s
 ?+1 nor do? x ext5d its desires 7z     
polyps d _! claws7 unto eatables        
only1--yea1 ^! are 9 an in/ant ( "t tak5
 (f by ! lea/ pl5itude1 b :5 its ef=ts  
t[>ds :at is brave & g5]\s & ! honors & 
c>esses t accrue !refrom are n[ 9 _!    
consummate vigor ?is life's duration _c 
limit !m1 b ! desire ( glory & ! love ( 
mank9d grasp at :ole et]nity1 & wre/le )
 su* actions & *>ms z br+ ) !m an       
ineffable pleasure1 & su* z good m51    
?\gh nev] s fa91 _c decl9e1 !y meet+ &  
acco/+ !m on all sides & surr\nd+ !m    
ab\t1 :ile _! be+ b5eficial to _m       
occasions joy to !mselves4       ,z he  
passes ?r\gh ! ?rongs 9 ! city1         
,all gaze ^u him z "s deity4            
7,odyssey1 viii4 #agc47  ,= he t c s    
affect & move o!r m5 z to fill !m ) joy 
& rapture1 & to make !m long to t\* him 
& salute him1 _c b appe> ev5 to a bl9d  
man to possess & enjoy v extraord9>y    

satisfactions 9 himself4 ,& h5ce x comes
 t su* m5 are bo? indefatigable &       
undaunt$ 9 s]v+ ! public1 & we /ill he> 
"s su* words f !m       ,?y fa!r got !e 
= ! common good2  &       ,let's n give 
(f to b5efit mank9d4  ,b :at ne$ ,i     
in/ance 9 ^? t are consummately good8 ,=
 if to "o ( ! middl+ rank ( bad m51 :5  
he is j a-dy+1 he t ha? ! p[] ov] him   
7:e!r 8 god or pr9ce7 %\ld b all[ "o h\r
 m1 ^u condition t1 aft] he ha? sp5t t  
ei!r 9 "s g5]\s action or 9 s5sual      
enjoym5t1 he %\ld !n pres5tly die1 :o   
w\ld 9 ?is "t *oose r to accompany )    
,lais or dr9k ,ariusion w9e1 ?an to     
despat* ,ar*ias & re/ore ! ,a!nians to  
_! lib]ties8 ,= my "p ,i believe none   
w\ld4 ,= ,i see t ev5 common            
sword-play]s1 if !y are n utt] brutes & 
savages1 b ,greek born1 :5 !y are to    
ent] ! li/1 ?\gh !re be _m & v co/ly    
di%es set be=e !m1 yet take m cont5t 9  
employ+ _! "t 9 comm&+ _! poor wives to 
"s ( _! fri5ds1 yea1 & 9 conf]r+ fre$om 
on _! slaves1 ?an 9 gratify+ _! /oma*s4 

,b %\ld ! pleasures ( ! body be all[$ to
 h "s extraord9>y matt] 9 !m1 ?is w\ld  
yet be common to m5 ( action & bus9ess4 
,= !y c eat good meat1 & r$ w9e dr9k1   
7,see ,iliad1 v4 #cda47  aye1 & ent]ta9 
!mselves ) _! fri5ds1 & p]haps ) a      
great] reli% too1 aft] _! engagem5ts &  
h>d s]vices1--z did ,alex&] &           
,agesilaus1 & 7by ,jove7 ,phocion &     
,epam9ondas too1--?an ^! g5tlem5 :o     
ano9t !mselves by ! fireside1 & are     
g+]ly rock$ ab\t ! /reets 9 s$ans4 ,yea1
 ^? make b small acc\nt ( su* pleasures 
z ^!1 z be+ compris$ 9 ^? great] ones4  
,= :y %\ld a man m5tion ,epam9ondas's   
d5y+ to sup ) "o1 :5 he saw !           
prep>ations made 7 above ! man's e/ate1 
b frankly say+ to 8 fri5d1 ,i ?\ght y _h
 int5d$ a sacrifice & n a debau*1 :5    
,alex&] himself refus$ ,que5 ,ada's     
cooks1 tell+ h] he _h bett] ones ( 8    
own1 to wit1 travell+ by night = 8 d9n]1
 & a light d9n] = 8 supp]1 & :5         
,philox5us writ+ to him ab\t "s h&some  
boys1 & desir+ to "k ( him :e!r he w\ld 

h him buy !m = him1 0 )9 a small matt] (
 be+ dis*>g$ 8 (fice = x8 ,& yet :o     
might bett] h !m ?an he8 ,b z           
,hippocrates sai? t ( two pa9s ! less]  
is =got 9 ! great]1 s ! pleasures t     
accrue f action & ! love ( glory1 :ile  
!y *e] & refre% ! m9d1 d by _!          
transc5d5cy & gr&eur oblit]ate & ext+ui%
 ! inf]ior satisfactions ( ! body4  ,if1
 !n1 ! rememb]+ ( =m] good ?+s 7z !y    
affirm7 be t :i* mo/ contributes to a   
pleasurable liv+1 n "o ( u w !n cr$it   
,epicurus :5 he1 tells u t1 :ile he 0   
dy+ away 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ronge/ agonies & 
di/emp]s1 he yet bore himself up ) !    
memory ( ! pleasures he =m]ly enjoy$4 ,=
 a man may bett] see ! resemblance ( 8  
own face 9 a tr\bl$ deep or a /orm1 ?an 
a smoo? & smil+ remembrance ( pa/       
pleasure 9 a body tortur$ ) su* lanc+ & 
r5d+ pa9s4 ,b n[ ! memories ( pa/       
actions no man c put f him t w\ld4 ,=   
did ,alex&]1 ?9k y1 7or inde$ c\ld he   
possibly7 =get ! fight at ,arbela8 ,or  
,pelopidas ! tyrant ,leontiadas8 ,or    

,!mi/ocles ! engagem5t at ,salamis8 ,= !
 ,a!nians to ?is v day keep an annual   
fe/ival = ! battle at ,m>a?on1 & !      
,!bans = t at ,leuctra2 & s1 by ,jove1 d
 we ourselves 7z y v well "k7 = t :i*   
,daiphantus ga9$ at ,hyampolis1 & all   
,phocis is fill$ ) sacrifices & public  
honors4 ,nor is !re any ( u t is bett]  
satisfi$ ) :at himself ha? ei!r eat5 or 
drunk ?an he is ) :at !y h a*iev$4 ,x is
 v easy !n to imag9e :at great cont5t1  
satisfaction1 & joy accompani$ ! au?ors 
( ^! actions 9 _! lifetime1 :5 ! v      
memory ( !m ha? n yet aft] five hundr$  
ye>s & m lo/ its rejoic+ p[]4 ,! tru?   
is1 ,epicurus himself all[s !re are "s  
pleasures d]iv$ f fame4 ,& inde$ :y %\ld
 he n1 :5 he himself _h su* a furi\s    
le*]y & wriggl+ aft] glory z made him n 
only to dis[n 8 ma/]s & scuffle ab\t    
syllables & acc5ts ) 8 fell[-p$ant      
,democritus 7^: pr9ciples he /ole       
v]batim71 & to tell 8 disciples !re nev]
 0 a wise man 9 ! _w besides himself1 b 
also to put x 9 writ+ h[ ,colotes p]=m$ 

adoration to him1 z he 0 "o day         
philosophiz+1 by t\*+ 8 knees1 & t 8 own
 bro!r ,neocles 0 us$ f a *ild to say1  
,!re nei!r is1 nor ev] 0 9 ! _w1 a wis] 
man ?an ,epicurus1 & t 8 "m _h j s _m   
atoms )9 h] z1 :5 com+ toge!r1 mu/ h    
produc$ a complete wise man8 ,may n a   
man !n--z ,callicratidas once said ( !  
,a!nian admiral ,conon1 t he :or$ ! sea 
z well say ( ,epicurus t he basely &    
cov]tly =ces & ravi%es ,fame1 by n      
enjoy+ h] publicly b ruffl+ & debau*+ h]
 9 a corn]8 ,= z m5's bodies are (t     
necessitat$ by fam9e1 = want ( o!r food1
 to prey aga9/ nature ^u !mselves1 a l  
mis*ief to ?is does va+lory create 9    
m5's m9ds1 =c+ !m1 :5 !y hung] aft]     
praise & _c obta9 x f o!r m51 at la/ to 
comm5d !mselves4  ,& d n !y !n t /& s   
well affect$ t[>ds applause & fame      
!mselves own !y ca/ away v extraord9>y  
pleasures1 :5 !y decl9e1 magi/rature1   
public (fices1 & ! favor & confid5ces ( 
pr9ces1 f :om ,democritus once said !   
gr&e/ bless+s ( human life are d]iv$8 ,=

 he w nev] induce any mortal to believe1
 t he t c\ld s highly value & please    
himself ) ! atte/ation ( 8 bro!r        
,neocles & ! adoration ( 8 fri5d        
,colotes w\ld n1 7 he clapp$ by all !   
,greeks at ! ,olympiads1 g q out ( 8    
wits & ev5 holl[ = joy1 or r inde$ be   
elat$ 9 ! mann] spok5 ( by ,sophocles1  
,puff$ l ! d[n ( a gray-head$ ?i/le4    
,if x be a pleas+ ?+ !n to be ( a good  
fame1 x is on ! contr>y afflictive to be
 ( an ill "o2 & x is mo/ c]ta9 t no?+ 9 
! _w c be m infam\s ?an want ( fri5d%ip1
 idl5ess1 a!ism1 debau*]y1 & neglig5ce4 
,n[ ^! are look$ ^u by all m5 except    
!mselves z insep>able companions ( _!   
p>ty4 ,b unju/ly1 "s "o may say4 ,be x s
 !n2 = we consid] n n[ ! tru? ( ! *>ge1 
b :at fame & reputation !y are ( 9 ! _w4
 ,& we %all =be> at pres5t to m5tion !  
_m books t h be5 writt5 to defame !m1 & 
! black5+ decrees made aga9/ !m by      
sev]al republics2 = t w\ld look l       
bitt]ness4 ,b if ! answ]s ( oracles1 !  
provid5ce ( ! gods1 & ! t5d]ness &      

affection ( p>5ts to _! issue1--if civil
 policy1 milit>y ord]1 & ! (fice (      
magi/racy be ?+s to be look$ ^u z       
des]v$ly e/eem$ & celebrat$1 x mu/ (    
necessity !n be all[$ also1 t !y t tell 
u x is none ( _! bus9ess to pres]ve !   
,greeks1 b !y mu/ eat & dr9k s z n to   
(f5d b pleasure _! /oma*s1 are base &   
ignom9i\s p]sons1 & t _! be+ reput$ su* 
mu/ ne$s extremely humble !m & make _!  
lives unt[>d to !m1 if !y take honor & a
 good "n = any "p ( _! satisfaction4    
,:5 ,!on _h ?us spok51 we ?\ght good to 
break up our walk to re/ u a:ile 7z we 7
 wont to d7 ^u ! b5*es4 ,nor did we     
cont9ue any long space 9 our sil5ce at  
:at 0 spok52 = ,zeuxippus1 tak+ 8 h9t f 
:at _h be5 said1 spake to u3 ,:o w make 
up t ( ! disc\rse :i* is yet beh9d8 ,= x
 ha? n yet receiv$ its due conclusion2 &
 ?is g5tleman1 by m5tion+ div9ation &   
provid5ce1 did 9 my op9ion sugge/ z mu* 
to u2 = ^! p boa/ t ^! v ?+s contribute 
9 no way to ! provid+ ( _! lives )      
pleasure1 s]5ity1 & assurance2 s t !re  

mu/ be some?+ said to ^! too4           
,ari/odemus subjo9$ !n & said3 ,z to    
pleasure1 ,i ?9k !re ha? be5 en\gh said 
already to ev9ce t1 suppos+ _! doctr9e  
to be successful & to atta9 its own     
design1 x yet do? b ease u ( fe> & a    
c]ta9 sup]/iti\s p]suasion b helps u n  
to any com=t or joy f ! gods at all2    
nay1 :ile x br+s u to su* a /ate z to be
 nei!r disquiet$ nor pleas$ ) !m1 x do? 
b r5d] u 9 ! same mann] affect$ t[>ds !m
 z we are t[>ds ! ,scy?ians or          
,hyrcanians1 f :om we look = nei!r good 
nor h>m4 ,b if some?+ m mu/ be add$ to  
:at ha? be5 already spok51 ,i ?9k ,i may
 v well take x f !mselves4 ,& 9 ! fir/  
place1 !y qu>rel extremely ) ^? t w\ld  
take away all sorr[+1 weep+1 & sigh+ = !
 dea? ( fri5ds1 & tell !m t su*         
unconc]n$ness z arrives to an           
ins5sibility proce$s f "s o!r worse     
cause1 to wit1 inhumanity1 excessive    
va+lory1 or prodigi\s fi]c5ess1 & t     
!re=e x w\ld be bett] to be a little    
conc]n$ & affect$1 yea1 & to liquor "o's

 eyes & be melt$1 ) o!r pretty ?+s ( ! l
 k9d1 :i* !y use artificially to affect 
& c\nt]feit1 t !y may be ?\ght t5d] &   
lov+-he>t$ p4 ,= j 9 ?is mann] ,epicurus
 express$ himself ^u ! occasion ( ! dea?
 ( ,hegesianax1 :5 he wrote to ,dosi!us 
! fa!r & to ,pyrson ! bro!r ( ! deceas$ 
p]son2 = ,i =tun$ v lately to run ov] 8 
epi/les4 ,& ,i say1 9 imitation ( !m1 t 
a!ism is no less an evil ?an inhumanity 
& va+lory1 & into ?is !y w\ld lead u :o 
take away ) ,god's ang] ! com=t we might
 d]ive f him4 ,= x w\ld be mu* bett] = u
 to h some?+ ( ! unsuit+ passion (      
daunt$ness & fe> conjo9$ & int]mix$ )   
our s5tim5ts ( a deity1 ?an :ile we fly 
f x1 to leave ourselves nei!r hope1     
cont5t1 nor assurance 9 ! enjoym5t ( our
 good ?+s nor any rec\rse to ,god 9 our 
adv]sity & mis=tunes4  ,we ought1 x is  
true1 to remove sup]/ition f ! p]suasion
 we h ( ! gods1 z we w\ld ! gum f our   
eyes2 b if t be impossible1 we mu/ n    
root out & ext+ui% ) x ! belief :i* !   
mo/ h ( ! gods2 nor is t a dismay+ & s\r

 "o ei!r1 z ^! g5tlem5 feign1 :ile !y   
libel & abuse ! bless$ ,provid5ce1      
repres5t+ h] z a wit* or z "s fell &    
tragic fury4 ,yea1 ,i mu/ tell y1 !re   
are "s 9 ! _w t fe> ,god 9 an excess1 = 
:om yet x w\ld n be bett] n s to fe>    
him4 ,=1 :ile !y dread him z a gov]nor t
 is g5tle to ! good & sev]e to ! bad1 & 
are by ?is "o fe>1 :i* makes !m n to ne$
 _m o!rs1 fre$ f do+ ill & br\ght to    
keep _! wick$ness ) !m 9 quiet & 7z x 77
 9 an enfeebl$ languor1 !y come h]eby to
 h less disquiet ?an ^? t indulge !     
practice ( x & are ra% & d>+ 9 x1 & !n  
pres5tly aft] fe> & rep5t ( x4 ,n[ t    
disposition ( m9d :i* ! great] &        
ignorant "p ( mank9d1 t are n utt]ly    
bad1 are ( t[>ds ,god1 ha?1 x is v true1
 conjo9$ ) ! reg>d & honor !y pay him1 a
 k9d ( angui% & a/oni%$ dread1 :i* is   
also call$ sup]/ition2 b t5 ?\s& times m
 & great] is ! good hope1 ! true joy1 t 
att5d x1 :i* bo? implore & receive !    
:ole b5efit ( prosp]ity & good success f
 ! gods only4 ,& ?is is manife/ by !    

greate/ tok5s t c be2 = nei!r d !       
disc\rses ( ^? t wait at ! temples1 nor 
! good times ( our solemn fe/ivals1 nor 
any o!r actions or sights m recreate &  
delight u ?an :at we see & d ab\t ! gods
 ourselves1 :ile we assi/ at ! public   
c]emonies1 & jo9 9 ! sacr$ balls1 &     
att5d at ! sacrifices & initiations4 ,= 
! m9d is n !n sorr[ful depress$1 &      
heavy1 z if %e 7 approa*+ c]ta9 tyrants 
or cruel tortur]s2 b on ! contr>y1 :]e  
%e is mo/ appreh5sive & fulle/ p]suad$ !
 div9ity is pres5t1 !re %e mo/ ( all    
?r[s (f sorr[s1 te>s1 & p5siv5ess1 &    
lets h]self loose to :at is pleas+ &    
agreeable1 to ! v degree ( tips9ess1    
frolic1 & laught]4 ,9 amor\s conc]ns1 z 
! poet said once1       ,:5 old man &   
old wife ?9k ( love's fires1      ,_!   
froz5 brea/s w swell ) new desires2  b  
n[ 9 ! public processions & sacrifices n
 only ! old man & ! old wife1 nor yet ! 
poor & mean man only1 b also       ,!   
du/y ?ick-legg$ drab t turns ! mill1  & 
h\sehold-slaves & day-labor]s1 are      

/rangely elevat$ & transport$ ) mir? &  
joviality4 ,ri* m5 z well z pr9ces are  
us$ at c]ta9 times to make public       
ent]ta9m5ts & to keep op5 h\ses2 b !    
fea/s !y make at ! solemnities &        
sacrifices1 :5 !y n[ appreh5d _! m9ds to
 approa* ne>e/ ! div9ity1 h conjo9$ ) ! 
honor & v5]ation !y pay him a mu* m     
transc5d+ pleasure & satisfaction4 ,(   
?is1 he t ha? r5\nc$ ,god's provid5ce   
ha? n ! lea/ %>e2 = :at recreates & *e]s
 u at ! fe/ivals is n ! /ore ( good w9e 
& roa/ meat1 b ! good hope & p]suasion t
 ,god is !re pres5t & propiti\s to u1 & 
k9dly accepts ( :at we d4 ,f "s ( our   
fe/ivals we exclude ! flute & g>l&2 b if
 ,god be n pres5t at ! sacrifice1 z !   
solemnity ( ! banquet1 ! re/ is b       
unhall[$1 unfea/-l1 & un9spir$4 ,inde$ !
 :ole is b ungrateful & irksome to su* a
 man2 = he asks = no?+ at all1 b only   
acts 8 pray]s & adorations = fe> ( !    
public1 & utt]s expressions             
contradictory to 8 philosophy4 ,& :5 he 
sacrifices1 he /&s by & looks ^u ! prie/

 z he kills ! (f]+ b z he do? ^u a      
but*]2 & :5 he ha? done1 he goes 8 way1 
say+ ) ,m5&]1       ,to bribe ! gods ,i 
sacrific$ my be/1      ,b !y ne'er m9d$ 
me nor my reque/4  ,= s ,epicurus w\ld h
 u arrange ourselves1 & nei!r to envy   
nor to incur ! hatr$ ( ! common h]d by  
do+ ourselves ) disgu/ :at o!rs d )     
delight4 ,=1 z ,ev5us sai?1       ,no   
man c love :at he is made to d4  ,= :i* 
v reason !y ?9k ! sup]/iti\s are n      
pleas$ 9 _! m9ds b 9 fe> :ile !y att5d  
at ! sacrifices & my/]ies2 ?\gh !y      
!mselves are 9 no bett] condition1 if !y
 d ! same ?+s our ( fe>1 & p>take n ei!r
 ( z great good hope z ! o!rs d1 b are  
only fe>ful & uneasy le/ !y %\ld come to
 be discov]$ z *eat+ & abus+ ! public1  
^u ^: acc\nt x is t !y compose ! books  
!y write ab\t ! gods & ! div9e nature1  
,involv$1 ) no?+ truly said4      ,b all
 ar\nd envelop$2  hid+ out ( fe> ! real 
op9ions !y conta94  ,& n[1 aft] ! two   
=m] ranks ( ill & common m51 we w 9 !   
?ird place consid] ! be/ sort & mo/     

belov$ ( ! gods1 & :at great            
satisfactions !y receive f _! clean &   
g5]\s s5tim5ts ( ! deity1 to wit1 t he  
is ! pr9ce ( all good ?+s & ! p>5t ( all
 ?+s brave1 & c no m d an unwor?y ?+ ?an
 he c be made to suff] x4 ,= he is good1
 & he t is good c ^u no acc\nt fall into
 envy1 fe>1 ang]1 or hatr$2 nei!r is x  
prop] to a hot ?+ to cool1 b to heat2   
nor to a good ?+ to d h>m4 ,n[ ang] is  
by nature at ! f>!/ di/ance imag9able f 
complac5cy1 & sple5i%ness f placidness1 
& animosity & turbul5ce f humanity &    
k9dness4 ,= ! latt] ( ^! proce$ f       
g5]osity & =titude1 b ! =m] f impot5cy &
 bas5ess4 ,! deity is n !re=e con/ra9$  
by ei!r ang] or k9dnesses2 b t is       
because x is natural to x to be k9d &   
aid+1 & unnatural to be angry & hurtful4
 ,b ! great ,jove1 ^: mansion is 9      
heav51 is ! fir/ t desc5ds d[nw>ds &    
ord]s all ?+s & takes ! c>e ( !m4 ,b ( !
 o!r gods "o is surnam$ ! ,di/ributor1 &
 ano!r ! ,mild1 & a ?ird ! ,av]t] (     
,evil4 ,& accord+ to ,p9d>1             

,phoebus 0 by mighty ,jove design$      
,( all ! gods to be to man mo/ k9d4  ,& 
,diog5es sai?1 t all ?+s are ! gods'1 & 
fri5ds h all ?+s common1 & good m5 are !
 gods' fri5ds2 & !re=e x is impossible  
ei!r t a man belov$ ( ! gods %\ld n be  
happy1 or t a wise & a j man %\ld n be  
belov$ ( ! gods4 ,c y ?9k !n t !y t take
 away ,provid5ce ne$ any o!r *a/isem5t1 
or t !y h n a suffici5t "o already1 :5  
!y root out ( !mselves su* va/          
satisfaction & joy z we t /& ?us affect$
 t[>ds ! deity h8 ,metrodorus1          
,polya5us1 & ,ari/obulus 7 ! confid5ce &
 rejoic+ ( ,epicurus2 ! bett] "p ( :om  
he all 8 lifetime ei!r att5d$ ^u 9 _!   
sicknesses or lam5t$ at _! dea?s4 ,z did
 ,lycurgus1 :5 he 0 salut$ by ! ,delphic
 prophetess1       ,de> fri5d to heav5ly
 ,jove & all ! gods4  ,& did ,socrates  
:5 he believ$ t a c]ta9 div9ity 0 us$   
out ( k9dness to disc\rse him1 & ,p9d>  
:5 he he>d ,pan s+ "o ( ! sonnets he _h 
compos$1 b a little rejoice1 ?9k y8 ,or 
,phormio1 :5 he ?\ght he _h treat$      

,ca/or & ,pollux at 8 h\se8 ,or         
,sophocles1 :5 he ent]ta9$ ,aesculapius1
 z bo? he himself believ$1 & o!rs too1 t
 ?\ght ! same ) him by reason ( !       
app>ition t !n happ5$8 ,:at op9ion      
,h]mog5es _h ( ! gods is well wor? !    
rec\nt+ 9 8 v own words4 ,= ^! gods1    
sai? he1 :o "k all ?+s & c d all ?+s1   
are s fri5dly & lov+ to me t1 because !y
 take c>e ( me1 ,i nev] escape !m ei!r  
by night or by day1 :]ev] ,i g or :atev]
 ,i am ab\t4 ,& because !y "k be=eh& :at
 issue ev]y?+ w h1 !y signify x to me by
 s5d+ angels1 voices1 dreams1 &         
presages4  ,v amiable ?+s mu/ ^? be t   
come to u f ! gods2 b :5 ^! v ?+s come  
by ! gods too1 ?is is :at occasions va/ 
satisfaction & unspeakable assurance1 a 
sublimity ( m9d & a joy t1 l a smil+    
brightness1 do? z x 7 gild ov] our good 
?+s ) a glory4 ,b n[ ^? t are p]suad$   
o!rwise ob/ruct ! v sweete/ "p ( _!     
prosp]ity1 & leave !mselves no?+ to turn
 to 9 _! adv]sity2 b :5 !y are 9        
di/ress1 look only to ?is "o refuge &   

port1 dissolution & ins5sibility2 j z if
 9 a /orm or tempe/ at sea1 "s "o %\ld1 
to he>t5 ! re/1 /& up & say to !m3      
,g5tlem51 ! %ip ha? nev] a pilot 9 x1   
nor w ,ca/or & ,pollux come !mselves to 
assuage ! viol5ce ( ! beat+ waves or to 
lay ! swift c>e]s ( ! w9ds2 yet ,i c    
assure y !re is no?+ at all to be dread$
 9 all ?is1 = ! vessel w be imm$iately  
swall[$ up by ! sea1 or else w v quickly
 fall (f & be da%$ 9 pieces aga9/ !     
rocks4 ,= ?is is ,epicurus's way (      
disc\rse to p]sons "u griev\s di/emp]s &
 excessive pa9s4 ,do/ ?\ hope = any good
 f ! gods = ?y piety8 ,x is ?y vanity2 =
 ! bless$ & incorruptible ,be+ is n     
con/ra9$ by ei!r ang]s or k9dnesses4    
,do/ ?\ fancy some?+ bett] aft] ?is life
 ?an :at ?\ ha/ "h8 ,?\ do/ b deceive   
?yself2 = :at is dissolv$ ha? no s5se1 &
 t :i* ha? no s5se is no?+ to u4 ,aye2 b
 h[ comes x !n1 my good fri5d1 t y bid  
me eat & be m]ry8 ,:y1 by ,jove1 because
 he t is 9 a great /orm _c be f> (f a   
%ipwreck2 & y\r extreme dang] w soon l& 

y ^u ,dea?'s /r&4 ,?\gh yet a pass5g] at
 sea1 :5 he is got (f f a %att]$ %ip1 w 
/ill buoy himself up ) "s little hope t 
he may drive 8 body to "s %ore & get out
 by swimm+2 b n[ ! poor s\l1 accord+ to 
^! m5's philosophy1       ,is ne'er m   
se5 )\t ! ho>y ma94      7,odyssey1 v4  
#daj47  ,yea1 %e pres5tly evaporates1   
disp]ses1 & p]i%es1 ev5 be=e ! body     
itself2 s t x seems h] great & excessive
 rejoic+ mu/ be only = hav+ le>n$ ?is "o
 sage & div9e maxim1 t all h] mis=tunes 
w at la/ det]m9e 9 h] own de/ruction1   
dissolution1 & annihilation4  ,b 7said  
he1 look+ ^u me7 ,i %\ld be imp]t95t1   
%\ld ,i say any?+ ^u ?is subject1 :5 we 
h he>d y b n[ disc\rse s fully aga9/ ^? 
t w\ld p]suade u t ,epicurus's doctr9e  
ab\t ! s\l r5d]s m5 m dispos$ & bett]   
pleas$ to die ?an ,plato's do?4         
,zeuxippus !re=e subjo9$ & said3 ,& mu/ 
our pres5t debate be left !n unf9i%$    
because ( t8 ,or %all we be afraid to   
oppose t div9e oracle to ,epicurus8 ,no1
 by no means1 ,i said2 & ,emp$ocles     

tells u t       ,:at's v good claims to 
be he>d twice4  ,!re=e we mu/ apply     
ourselves aga9 to ,!on2 = ,i ?9k he 0   
pres5t at our =m] disc\rse2 & besides1  
he is a "y man1 & ne$s n fe> be+ *>g$ by
 ^! "y g5tlem5 ) hav+ a bad memory4  ,!n
 ,!on1 l "o con/ra9$1 said3 ,well !n1 if
 y w ne$s h me to g on ) ! disc\rse1 ,i 
w n d z y did1 ,ari/odemus4 ,= y 7 %y ( 
repeat+ :at ?is g5tleman spoke1 b ,i    
%all n scruple to make use ( :at y h    
said2 = ,i ?9k inde$ y did v well divide
 mank9d into ?ree ranks2 ! fir/ ( wick$ 
& v bad m51 ! second ( ! vulg> & common 
sort1 & ! ?ird ( good & wise m54 ,!     
wick$ & bad sort !n1 :ile !y dread any  
k9d ( div9e v5geance & puni%m5t at all1 
& are by ?is det]r$ f do+ mis*ief1 &    
!reby enjoy ! great] quiet1 w live bo? 9
 m pleasure & 9 less di/urbance = x4 ,& 
,epicurus is ( op9ion t ! only prop]    
means to keep m5 f do+ ill is ! fe> (   
puni%m5ts4 ,s t we %\ld cram !m ) m & m 
sup]/ition /ill1 & raise up aga9/ !m    
t]rors1 *asms1 frights1 & surmises1 bo? 

f heav5 & e>?1 if _! be+ amaz$ ) su* ?+s
 z ^! w make !m become ! m tame & g5tle4
 ,= x is m = _! b5efit to be re/ra9$ f  
crim9al actions by ! fe> ( :at comes    
aft] dea?1 ?an to commit !m & !n to live
 9 p]petual dang] & fe>4  ,z to ! vulg> 
sort1 besides _! fe> ( :at is 9 hell1 ! 
hope !y h conceiv$ ( an et]nity f !     
tales & fictions ( ! anci5ts1 & _! great
 desire ( be+1 :i* is bo? ! fir/ & !    
/ronge/ ( all1 exce$ 9 pleasure & sweet 
cont5t ( m9d t *ildi% dread4 ,& !re=e1  
:5 !y lose _! *ildr51 wives1 or fri5ds1 
!y w\ld r h !m be some:]e & /ill rema91 
?\gh 9 mis]y1 ?an t !y %\ld be q        
de/roy$1 dissolv$1 & r$uc$ to no?+4 ,&  
!y are pleas$ :5 !y he> x said ( a dy+  
p]son1 t he goes away or dep>ts1 & su*  
o!r words z intimate dea? to be ! s\l's 
remove & n de/ruction4 ,& !y sometimes  
speak ?us3       ,b ,i'll ev5 !re ?9k on
 my de>e/ fri5d2      7,iliad1 xxii4    
#cij47  & ?us3--       ,:at's y\r comm& 
to ,hector8 ,let me "k2      ,& to y\r  
de> old ,priam %all ,i g8               

7,euripides1 ,hecuba1 #dbb47  ,& 7!re   
aris+ h]eupon an errone\s deviation7 !y 
are ! bett] pleas$ :5 !y bury ) _!      
dep>t$ fri5ds su* arms1 implem5ts1 or   
clo!s z 7 mo/ famili> to !m 9 _!        
lifetime2 z ,m9os did ! ,cretan flutes )
 ,glaucus1       ,made ( ! %anks ( a    
dead br9dl$ fawn4  ,& if !y d b imag9e  
!y ei!r ask or desire any?+ ( !m1 !y are
 glad :5 !y give x !m4 ,?us ,p]i&] burnt
 8 que5's attire ) h]1 because he ?\ght 
%e _h ask$ = x & compla9$ %e 0 a-cold4  
,nor do? an ,aeacus1 an ,ascalaphus1 or 
an ,a*]on mu* disord] !m :om !y h (t5   
gratifi$ ) balls1 %[s1 & music ( e sort4
 ,b n[ all m5 %r9k f t face ( dea? :i*  
c>ries ) x ins5sibility1 oblivion1 &    
ext9ction ( k1 z be+ dismal1 grim1 &    
d>k4 ,& !y are discompos$ :5 !y he> x   
said ( any "o1 he is p]i%$1 or he is    
gone or he is no m2 & !y %[ great       
uneas9ess :5 !y he> su* words z ^!3--   
,g to ! wood-clad e>? he mu/1      ,&   
!re lie %rivell$ into du/1      ,& ne'er
 m laugh or dr9k1 or he>      ,! *>m+   

s\nds ( flute or lyre2  & ^!3--       ,b
 f our lips ! vital _s fl$      ,returns
 no m to wake ! sil5t dead4             
7,iliad1 ix4 #djh47  ,:]e=e !y mu/ ne$s 
cut ! v ?roats ( !m t %all ) ,epicurus  
tell !m1 ,we m5 7 born once = all1 & we 
_c be born twice1 b our n be+ mu/ la/   
=ev]4 ,= ?is w br+ !m to slight _!      
pres5t good z little1 or r inde$ z no?+ 
at all comp>$ ) ev]la/+ness1 & !re=e to 
let x pass un5joy$ & to become :olly    
neglig5t ( virtue & action1 z m5        
di%e>t5$ & br\ght to a contempt (       
!mselves1 z be+ b z x 7 ( "o day's      
cont9uance & unc]ta91 & born = no       
consid]able purpose4 ,= ins5sibility1   
dissolution1 & ! conceit t :at ha? no   
s5se is no?+ to u1 d n at all abate !   
fe> ( dea?1 b r help to confirm x2 = ?is
 v ?+ is x t nature mo/ dreads1--       
,b may y all return to m\ld & wet1      
7,ibid4 vii4 #ii47  to wit1 !           
dissolution ( ! s\l into :at is )\t k or
 s5se4 ,n[1 :ile ,epicurus w\ld h ?is to
 be a sep>ation into atoms & void1 he   

do? b fur!r cut (f all hope (           
immortality2 to compass :i* 7,i c sc>ce 
refra9 f say+7 all m5 & wom5 w\ld be    
well cont5t$ to be worri$ by ,c]b]us1 & 
to c>ry wat] into ! tub full ( holes1 s 
!y might b cont9ue 9 be+ & n be         
ext]m9at$4 ,?\gh 7z ,i said be=e7 !re   
are n v _m t /& 9 fe> ( ^! ?+s1 !y be+ b
 ! t5ets ( old wom5 & ! fabul\s /ories (
 mo!rs & nurses1--& ev5 !y t d fe> !m   
yet believe t c]ta9 rites ( initiation &
 purgation w relieve !m1 by :i* aft] !y 
are cleans$ !y %all play & dance 9 hell 
=ev]1 9 company ) ^? t h ! privilege ( a
 bright light1 cle> air1 & ! use (      
spee*1--yet to be depriv$ ( liv+ di/urbs
 all bo? "y & old4 ,we       ,impati5t  
love ! light t %9es on e>?1             
7,euripides1 ,hippolytus1 #aic7  z      
,euripides sai?4 ,nor are we easy or )\t
 regret :5 we he> ?is3--       ,him     
speak+ ?us ?' et]nal brightness leaves1 
,:]e night ! we>i$ /e$s ( day receives4 
,& !re=e x is v pla9 t ) ! belief (     
immortality !y take away ! sweete/ &    

greate/ hopes ! vulg> sort h4 ,& :at    
%all we !n ?9k !y take away f ! good &  
^? t h l$ pi\s & j lives1 :o expect no  
ill aft] dy+1 b on ! contr>y mo/ glori\s
 & div9e ?+s8 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1       
a?letes are n us$ to receive ! g>l& be=e
 !y h p]=m$ _! ex]cises1 b aft] !y h    
conte/$ & prov$ victori\s2 9 l mann] is 
x ) ^? t are p]suad$ t good m5 h ! prize
 ( _! conque/s aft] ?is life is end$2 x 
is m>vell\s to ?9k to :at a pit* (      
gr&eur _! virtue raises _! spirits ^u ! 
contemplation ( ^? hopes1 among ! :i*   
?is is "o1 t !y %all "o day see ^? m5 t 
are n[ insol5t by reason ( _! weal? &   
p[]1 & t fooli%ly fl\t at _! bett]s1    
und]go j puni%m5t4 ,9 ! next place1 none
 ( ! lov]s ( tru? & ! contemplation (   
be+ h "h _! fill ( !m2 !y hav+ b a wat]y
 & puddl$ reason to speculate )1 z x 71 
?r\gh ! fog & mi/ ( ! body2 & yet !y    
/ill look upw>ds l birds1 z ready to    
take _! flight to ! spaci\s & bright    
region1 & endeavor to make _! s\ls      
exp$ite & light f ?+s mortal1 us+       

philosophy z a /udy = dea?4 ,?us ,i     
acc\nt dea? a truly great & accompli%$  
good ?+2 ! s\l be+ to live !re a real   
life1 :i* "h lives n a wak+ life1 b     
suff]s ?+s mo/ resembl+ dreams4 ,if !n  
7z ,epicurus sai?7 ! remembrance ( a    
dead fri5d be a ?+ e way complac5t2 we  
may easily f !nce imag9e h[ great a joy 
!y deprive !mselves ( :o ?9k !y d b     
embrace & pursue ! phantoms & %ades ( _!
 deceas$ famili>s1 t h 9 !m nei!r k nor 
s5se1 b :o nev] expect to be ) !m aga91 
or to see _! de> fa!r & de> "m & sweet  
wife1 nor h any hopes ( t famili>ity &  
de> conv]se !y h t ?9k ( ! s\l )        
,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ,hom]4 ,n[ :at _! 
sort ( passion is l to 0 h9t$ at by     
,hom]1 :5 he ?rew into ! mid/ ( !       
soldi]s1 z !y 7 engag$1 ! %ade ( ,a5eas1
 z if he _h be5 dead1 & aft]w>ds aga9   
pres5t$ 8 fri5ds ) him himself1         
,com+ alive & well1 z brisk z ev]2  at  
:i*1 he sai?1       ,!y all 7 ov]joy$4  
7,iliad1 v4 #ead & #eae7  ,& %\ld n we  
!n1--:5 reason %[s u t a real conv]se ) 

p]sons dep>t$ ?is life may be _h1 & t he
 t loves may bo? feel & be ) ! p>ty t   
affects & loves him1--rel9qui% ^! m5 t  
_c s mu* z ca/ (f all ^? airy %ades &   
outside b>ks = :i* !y are all _! "t 9   
lam5tation & fre% afflictions8          
,moreov]1 !y t look ^u dea? z !         
comm5cem5t ( ano!r & bett] life1 if !y  
enjoy good ?+s1 are ! bett] pleas$ ) !m1
 z expect+ mu* great] h]eaft]2 b if !y h
 n ?+s "h to _! m9ds1 !y d n mu* grumble
 at x1 b ! hopes ( ^? good & excell5t   
?+s t are aft] dea? conta9 9 !m su*     
ineffable pleasures & expectances1 t !y 
wipe (f & :olly oblit]ate e defect & e  
(f5ce f ! m9d1 :i*1 z on a road or r    
inde$ 9 a %ort deviation out ( ! road1  
be>s :atev] befalls x ) great ease &    
indiff]5ce4 ,b n[1 z to ^? to :om life  
ends 9 ins5sibility & dissolution1--dea?
 br+s to !m no removal ( evils1 ?\gh x  
is afflict+ 9 bo? conditions1 yet is x m
 s to ^? t live prosp]\sly ?an to su* z 
und]go adv]sity8 ,= x cuts ! latt] b f  
an unc]ta9 hope ( do+ bett] h]eaft]2 b x

 deprives ! =m] ( a c]ta9 good1 to wit1 
_! pleasurable liv+4 ,& z ^? m$ic9al    
potions t are n grateful to ! palate b  
yet necess>y give sick m5 ease1 b rake &
 hurt ! well2 j s1 9 my op9ion1 do? !   
philosophy ( ,epicurus2 x promises to ^?
 t live mis]ably no happ9ess 9 dea?1 &  
to ^? t d well an utt] ext9ction &      
dissolution ( ! m9d1 :ile x q ob/ructs !
 com=t & solace ( ! grave & wise & ^? t 
ab\nd ) good ?+s1 by ?r[+ !m d[n f a    
happy liv+ into a deprivation ( bo? life
 & be+4 ,f h5ce !n x is manife/1 t !    
contemplation ( ! loss ( good ?+s w     
afflict u 9 z great a measure z ei!r !  
firm hope or pres5t enjoym5t ( !m       
delights u4  ,yea1 !mselves tell u1 t ! 
?\ght ( future dissolution leaves !m "o 
mo/ assur$ & complac5t good1 fre$om f   
anxi\s surmises ( incessant & endless   
evils1 & t ,epicurus's doctr9e effects  
?is by /opp+ ! fe> ( dea? ?r\gh ! s\l's 
dissolution4 ,if !n deliv]ance f !      
expectation ( inf9ite evils be a matt] (
 greate/ complac5ce1 h[ comes x n to be 

afflictive to be b]eft ( et]nal good ?+s
 & to miss ( ! highe/ & mo/ consummate  
felicity8 ,= n to be c be good = nei!r  
condition1 b is on ! contr>y bo? aga9/  
nature & ungrateful to all t h a be+4 ,b
 ^? be+ eas$ ( ! evils ( life ?r\gh !   
evils ( dea? h1 x is v true1 ! want (   
s5se to com=t !m1 :ile !y1 z x 71 make  
_! escape f life4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y t 
*ange f good ?+s to no?+ seem to me to h
 ! mo/ dismay+ end ( all1 x putt+ a     
p]iod to _! happ9ess4 ,= ,nature do? n  
fe> ins5sibility z ! entrance ^u "s new 
?+1 b because x is ! privation ( our    
pres5t good ?+s4 ,= to decl>e t !       
de/ruction ( all t we call ours t\*e? u 
n is untrue = x t\*e? u already by ! v  
anticipation4 ,& ins5sibility afflicts n
 ^? t are n1 b ^? t are1 :5 !y ?9k :at  
damage !y %all su/a9 by x 9 ! loss ( _! 
be+ & 9 be+ suff]$ nev] to em]ge f      
no?+ness4 ,:]e=e x is nei!r ! dog       
,c]b]us nor ! riv] ,cocytus t has made  
our fe> ( dea? b\ndless2 b ! ?reat5$    
dang] ( n be+1 repres5t+ x z impossible 

= su* z are once ext9ct to %ift back    
aga9 into be+4 ,= we _c be born twice1 &
 our n be+ mu/ la/ =ev]2 z ,epicurus    
speaks4 ,= if our end be 9 n be+1 & t be
 inf9ite & unalt]able1 !n ha? privation 
( good f\nd out an et]nal evil1 to wit1 
a nev] end+ ins5sibl5ess4 ,h]odotus 0   
mu* wis]1 :5 he said t ,god1 hav+ giv5  
m5 a ta/e ( ! delights ( life1 seems to 
be envi\s1 7,h]odotus1 vii4 #df7 &      
especially to ^? t conceit !mselves     
happy1 to :om pleasure is b a bait =    
sorr[1 !y be+ b p]mitt$ to ta/e ( :at !y
 mu/ be depriv$ (4 ,= :at solace or     
fruition or exultation w\ld n ! p]petual
 inject$ ?\ght ( ! s\l's be+ disp]s$    
into inf9ity1 z into a c]ta9 huge & va/ 
ocean1 ext+ui% & quell 9 ^? t f\nd _!   
amiable good & beatitude 9 pleasure8 ,b 
if x be true 7z ,epicurus ?9ks x is7 t  
mo/ m5 die 9 v acute pa91 !n is ! fe> ( 
dea? 9 all respects inconsolable2 x br++
 u ?r\gh evils unto a deprivation (     
good4  ,& yet !y are nev] we>i$ ) _!    
brawl+ & dunn+ ( all p]sons to take !   

escape ( evil = a good1 no long] to     
repute privation ( good = an evil4 ,b !y
 /ill confess :at we h ass]t$1 t dea?   
ha? 9 x no?+ ( ei!r good hope or solace1
 b t all t is complac5t & good is !n    
:olly ext+ui%$2 at :i* "t ^? m5 look =  
_m amiable1 great1 & div9e ?+s1 t       
conceive ! m9ds ( m5 to be unp]i%able & 
immortal1 or at lea/ to g ab\t 9 c]ta9  
long revolutions ( times1 be+ "o :ile ^u
 e>? & ano!r :ile 9 heav51 until !y are 
at la/ dissolv$ ) ! univ]se & !n1 toge!r
 ) ! sun & moon1 sublim$ into an        
intellective fire4 ,s l>ge a field & "o 
( s great pleasures ,epicurus :olly cuts
 (f1 :5 he de/roys 7z ha? be5 said7 !   
hopes & graces we %\ld d]ive f ! gods1 &
 by t ext+ui%es bo? 9 our speculative   
capacity ! desire ( k1 & 9 our active ! 
love ( glory1 & conf9es & abases our    
nature to a poor n>r[ ?+1 & t n cleanly 
nei!r1 to wit1 ! cont5t ! m9d receives  
by ! body1 z if x 7 capable ( no high]  
good ?an ! escape ( evil4   ,,end ,,(   
,,"o--------     ,,t ,a ,,philosoph]    

,,ought ,,*iefly ,,to ,,conv]se ,,)     
,,great ,,m54  ,! resolution :i* y h    
tak5 to ent] into ! fri5d%ip &          
famili>ity ( ,sorcanus1 t by ! frequ5t  
opportunities ( conv]s+ ) him y may     
cultivate & improve a soil :i* gives su*
 e>ly promises ( a pl5tiful h>ve/1 is an
 und]tak+ :i* w n only oblige 8         
relations & fri5ds1 b reb\nd v mu* to ! 
advantage ( ! public2 & 7not)/&+ !      
peevi% c5sures ( "s morose or ignorant  
p7 x is s f> f be+ an argum5t ( an      
aspir+ va+lori\s temp]1 t x %[s y to be 
a lov] ( virtue & good mann]s1 & a      
zeal\s promot] ( ! common int]e/ (      
mank9d4  ,!y !mselves are r to be accus$
 ( an indirect b m vehem5t sort (       
ambition1 :o w\ld n ^u any t]ms be f\nd 
9 ! company or s mu* z be se5 to give a 
civil salute to a p]son ( quality4 ,= h[
 unreasonable w\ld x be to en=ce a      
well-dispos$ "y g5tleman1 & "o :o ne$s !
 direction ( a wise gov]nor1 to su*     
compla9ts z ^!3 ,w\ld t ,i might become 
f a ,p]icles or a ,cato to a cobbl] l   

,simon or a gramm>ian l ,dionysius1 t ,i
 might l !m talk ) su* a man z          
,socrates1 & sit by him4  ,s f>1 ,i am  
sure1 0 ,ari/o ( ,*ios f be+ ( _! humor1
 t :5 he 0 c5sur$ = expos+ & pro/itut+ !
 dignity ( philosophy by 8 fre$om to all
 com]s1 he answ]$1 t he c\ld wi% t      
,nature _h giv5 und]/&+ to wild bea/s1 t
 !y too might be capable ( be+ 8 he>]s4 
,%all we !n d5y t privilege to m5 (     
int]e/ & p[]1 :i* ?is good man w\ld h   
communicat$ 7if x _h be5 possible7 to ! 
brute bea/s8 ,b ^! m5 h tak5 a false    
notion ( philosophy1 !y make x mu* l !  
art ( /atu>y1 ^: bus9ess x is to c>ve   
out a lifeless image 9 ! mo/ exact      
figure & proportion1 & !n to raise x ^u 
its p$e/al1 :]e x is to cont9ue =ev]4 ,!
 true philosophy is ( a q diff]5t       
nature2 x is a spr+ & pr9ciple ( motion 
:]ev] x comes2 x makes m5 active &      
indu/ri\s1 x sets e :eel & faculty      
a-go+1 x /ores our m9ds ) axioms & rules
 by :i* to make a s\nd judgm5t1 x       
det]m9es ! w to ! *oice ( :at is        

honorable & j2 & x w+s all our faculties
 to ! swifte/ prosecution ( x4 ,x is    
accompani$ ) an elevation & nobl5ess (  
m9d1 jo9$ ) a coolness & sweetness (    
behavior1 & back$ ) a becom+ assurance &
 inflexible resolution4 ,& f ?is        
diffusiv5ess ( ! nature ( good x foll[s1
 t ! be/ & mo/ accompli%$ m5 are incl9$ 
to conv]se ) p]sons ( ! highe/          
condition4 ,inde$ a physician if he h   
any good nature & s5se ( honor1 w\ld be 
m ready to cure an eye :i* is to see &  
to wat* = a great _m ?\s&s1 ?an t ( a   
private p]son2 h[ mu* m !n ought a      
philosoph] to =m & fa%ion1 to rectify & 
cure ! s\l ( su* a "o1 :o is 7if ,i may 
s express x7 to in=m ! body politic1--:o
 is to ?9k & und]/& = s _m o!rs1 to be 9
 s great measure ! rule ( reason1 ! /&>d
 ( law1 & model ( behavior1 by :i* all !
 re/ w squ>e & direct _! actions8       
,suppose a man to h a tal5t at f9d+ out 
spr+s & contriv+ ( aqu$ucts 7a piece (  
skill = :i* ,h]cules & o!r ( ! anci5ts  
are mu* celebrat$ 9 hi/ory71 surely he  

c\ld n s satisfactorily employ himself 9
 s9k+ a well or d]iv+ wat] to "s private
 seat or contemptible cottage1 z 9      
supply+ conduits to "s fair & popul\s   
city1 9 reliev+ an army j p]i%+ ) ?ir/1 
or 9 refre%+ & adorn+ ) f\nta9s & cool  
/reams ! beautiful g>d5s ( "s glori\s   
mon>*4 ,!re is a passage ( ,hom] v      
p]t95t to ?is purpose1 9 :i* he calls   
,m9os ,greek text1 :i*1 z ,plato        
int]prets x1 signifies ,,! ,,disciple   
,,& ,,companion ,,( ,,jupit]4 ,= x 7    
b5ea? 8 dignity inde$ to tea* private   
m51 su* z c>e only = a family or indulge
 _! useless speculations2 b k+s are     
s*ol>s wor?y ! tuition ( a god1 :o1 :5  
!y are well advis$1 j1 good1 &          
magnanim\s1 nev] fail to procure ! peace
 & prosp]ity ( all _! subjects4 ,!      
naturali/s tell u t ! eryngium ha? su* a
 prop]ty ) x1 t if "o ( ! flock d b ta/e
 x1 all ! re/ w /& /ock /ill 9 ! same   
place till ! %eph]d ha? tak5 x out ( its
 m\?4 ,su* swiftness ( action does x h1 
p]vad+ & ins]t+ itself 9 ev]y?+ ne> x1 z

 if x 7 fire4 ,! effects ( philosophy1  
h[ev]1 are diff]5t accord+ to ! diff]5ce
 ( incl9ations 9 m54 ,if inde$ x lights 
on "o :o loves a dull & inactive sort ( 
life1 t makes himself ! c5tre & ! little
 conv5i5ces ( life ! circumf]5ce ( all 8
 ?\ghts1 su* a "o does contract ! sph]e 
( h] activity1 s t hav+ only made easy &
 com=table ! life ( a s+le p]son1 x     
fails & dies ) him2 b :5 x f9ds a man ( 
a rul+ g5ius1 "o fitt$ = conv]sation &  
able to grapple ) ! difficulties (      
public bus9ess1 if x once possess him ) 
pr9ciples ( hone/y1 honor1 & religion1 x
 takes a comp5di\s me?od1 by do+ good to
 "o1 to oblige a great "p ( mank9d4 ,su*
 0 ! effect ( ! int]c\rse ( ,anaxagoras 
) ,p]icles1 ( ,plato ) ,dion1 & (       
,py?agoras ) ! pr9cipal /atesm5 ( all   
,italy4 ,cato himself took a voyage1 :5 
he _h ! conc]n ( an exp$ition ly+ ^u    
him1 to see & he> ,a!nodorus2 & ,scipio 
s5t = ,panaetius1 :5 he 0 commission$ by
 ! s5ate to take a survey alike ( !     
habits ( m5 good & bad1 7,odyssey1 xvii4

 #dhg47 z ,posidonius says4 ,n[ :at a   
pretty sort ( return w\ld x h be5 9     
,panaetius to s5d ^w back1--,if inde$ y 
7 9 a private capacity1 ,john a ,nokes  
or ,john a ,/iles1 t _h a m9d to get    
into "s obscure corn] or cell1 to /ate  
cases & resolve syllogisms1 ,i %\ld v   
gladly h accept$ y\r invitation2 b n[1  
because y are ! son ( ,paulus ,a,emilius
 :o 0 twice consul1 & gr&son ( t ,scipio
 :o 0 surnam$ f 8 conque/ ( ,hannibal & 
,africa1 ,i _c ) honor hold any         
conv]sation ) y6  ,! objections :i* !y  
br+ f ! two k9ds ( disc\rse1 "o ( :i* is
 m5tal1 ! o!r l ! gift ( ,m]cury        
express$ 9 words or int]pretative ( !   
=m]1 are s frivol\s1 t !y are be/ answ]$
 by laught] or sil5ce2 & we may quote ! 
old say+1 ,i knew ?is be=e ,!ognis      
arose4 ,h[ev]1 ?us mu* %all be add$1 t !
 end ( !m bo? is fri5d%ip1--9 ! fir/    
case ) ourselves1 9 ! second ) ano!r4 ,=
 he t ha? atta9$ to virtue by ! me?ods (
 philosophy ha? 8 m9d all 9 tune & good 
temp]2 he is n /ruck ) ^? reproa*es (   

consci5ce1 :i* cause ! acute/ s5se ( pa9
 & are ! natural puni%m5ts ( our        
follies2 b he enjoys 7! great pr]ogative
 ( a good man7 to be always easy & 9    
amity ) himself4       ,no facti\s lu/s 
reason's j p[] control1      ,nor k9dle 
civil discord 9 8 s\l4  ,8 passion does 
n /& 9 defiance to 8 reason1 nor d 8    
reason+s cross & ?w>t "o ! o!r1 b he is 
always consi/5t ) himself4 ,b ! v joys (
 wick$ m5 are tumultu>y & confus$1 l ^? 
:o dwell 9 ! bord]s ( two great empires 
at v>iance1 always insecure1 & 9        
p]petual al>ms2 :il/ a good man enjoys  
an un9t]rupt$ peace & s]5ity ( m9d1 :i* 
excels ! o!r n only 9 duration1 b 9 s5se
 ( pleasure too4 ,z = ! o!r sort (      
conv]se1 t :i* consi/s 9 expression (   
itself to o!rs1 ,p9d> says v well1 t x 0
 n m]c5>y 9 old "t1 nor inde$ is x s n[2
 b by ! bas5ess & ambition ( a few x is 
made use ( to s]ve _! poor secul>       
int]e/s4 ,= if ! poets repres5t ,v5us   
h]self z mu* (f5d$ ) ^? :o make a trade 
& traffic ( ! passion ( love1 h[ mu* m  

reasonably may we suppose t ,urania &   
,clio & ,calliope h an indignation aga9/
 ^? :o set le>n+ & philosophy to sale8  
,c]ta9ly ! gifts & end[m5ts ( ! ,muses  
%\ld be privileg$ f su* mean            
consid]ations4  ,if inde$ "s h made fame
 & reputation "o ( ! ends ( _! /udies1  
!y us$ x only z an in/rum5t to get      
fri5ds2 s9ce we f9d by common obs]vation
 t m5 only praise ^? :om !y love4 ,if !y
 s\ght its own praise1 !y 7 z mu* mi/ak5
 z ,ixion :5 he embrac$ a cl\d in/ead ( 
,juno2 = !re is no?+ s fleet+1 s        
*angeable1 & s incon/ant z popul>       
applause2 x is b a pomp\s %ad[1 & ha? no
 mann] ( solidity & duration 9 x4 ,b a  
wise man1 if he design to engage 9      
bus9ess & matt]s ( /ate1 w s f> aim at  
fame & popul>ity z t he may be bett]    
enabl$ to b5efit o!rs2 = x is a         
difficult & v unpleasant task to d good 
to ^? :o are disaffect$ to our p]sons4  
,x is ! good op9ion m5 h ( u :i*        
disposes m5 to give cr$it to our        
doctr9e4 ,z light is a great] good to ^?

 :o see o!rs by x ?an to ^? :o only are 
se51 s is honor ( a great] b5efit to ^? 
:o are s5sible ( x ?an to ^? ^: glory is
 admir$4 ,b ev5 "o :o )draws himself f !
 noise ( ! _w1 :o loves privacy &       
indulges 8 own ?\ghts1 w %[ t respect to
 ! good ^w ( ! p :i* ,hippolytus did to 
,v5us1--?\gh he ab/a9 f h] my/]ies1 he w
 pay 8 devotions at a di/ance2          
7,euripides1 ,hippolytus1 #ajb47 b he w 
n be s cynical & sull5 z n to he> )     
gladness ! comm5dations ( virtu\s m5 l  
himself2 he w nei!r engage himself 9 a  
re/less pursuit ( weal?1 int]e/1 or     
honor1 nor w he on ! o!r h& be s ru/ic &
 ins5sible z to refuse !m 9 a mod]ate   
degree1 :5 !y fairly come 9 8 way2 9 l  
mann] he w n c\rt & foll[ h&some &      
beautiful y\?1 b w r *oose su* z are ( a
 tea*able disposition1 ( a g5tle        
behavior1 & lov]s ( le>n+4 ,! *>ms &    
graces ( y\? w n make a philosoph] %y ( 
_! conv]sation1 :5 ! end[m5ts ( _! m9ds 
are answ]able to ! features ( _! bodies4
 ,! case is ! same :5 greatness ( place 

& =tune concur ) a well dispos$ p]son2  
he w n !re=e =be> lov+ & respect+ su* a 
"o1 nor be afraid ( ! "n ( a c\rti]1 nor
 ?9k x a curse t su* att5dance &        
dep5d5ce %\ld be 8 fate4       ,!y t try
 mo/ ,dame ,v5us to despise      ,d s9 z
 mu* z !y :o h] mo/ prize4     7,f !    
,veil$ ,hippolytus ( ,euripides1 ,frag4 
#dca47  ,! application is easy to !     
matt] 9 h&4  ,a philosoph] !re=e1 if he 
is ( a retir$ humor1 w n avoid su*      
p]sons2 :ile "o :o g5]\sly designs 8    
/udies = ! public advantage w *e]fully  
embrace _! advances ( fri5d%ip1 w n bore
 !m to he> him1 w lay aside 8 sophi/ic  
t]ms & di/9ctions1 & w rejoice to       
disc\rse & pass 8 "t ) !m :5 !y are     
dispos$4       ,i pl\gh ! wide          
,b]ecyn?ian fields1      ,full six days'
 j\rney long1      7,f ! ,niobe (       
,ae*ylus1 ,frag4 #aec47  says "o boa/+ly
 9 ! poet2 ! same man1 if he 7 z mu* a  
lov] ( mank9d z ( husb&ry1 w\ld mu* r   
be/[ 8 pa9s on su* a f>m1 ! fruits ( :i*
 w\ld s]ve a great numb]1 ?an to be     

always dress+ ! olive-y>d ( "s cynical  
malcont5t1 :i*1 :5 all 0 done1 w\ld     
sc>ce yield oil en\gh to dress a salad  
or to supply 8 lamp 9 ! long w9t] ev5+s4
 ,epicurus himself1 :o places happ9ess 9
 ! pr(\nde/ quiet & sluggi% inactivity1 
z ! only secure h>bor f ! /orms ( ?is   
tr\blesome _w1 c\ld n b confess t x is  
bo? m noble & delightful to d ?an to    
receive a k9dness2 7,almo/ ! same words 
) ^? ( our ,savi\r1 ,x is m bless$ to   
give ?an to receive4 ,s t a man c       
sc>cely be a true ,epicurean )\t        
practis+ "s ( ! maxims ( ,*ri/ianity47 =
 !re is no?+ :i* produces s humane &    
g5u9e a sort ( pleasure z t ( do+ good4 
,he :o gave ! names to ! ?ree ,graces 0 
intellig5t1 = !y all mean delectation & 
joy1 7,aglaia1 ,euphrosyne1 & ,?alia47 &
 ^! feel+s surely are f> great] & pur] 9
 ! giv]4 ,?is is s evid5tly true1 t we  
all receive good turns blu%+ & ) "s     
confusion1 b we are always gay & well   
pleas$ :5 we are conf]r+ "o4  ,if !n x  
is s pleasant to d good to a few1 h[ are

 _! he>ts dilat$ ) joy :o are b5efactors
 to :ole cities1 prov9ces1 & k+doms8 ,& 
su* b5efactors are !y :o in/il good     
pr9ciples into ^? ^u :om s _m millions d
 dep5d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o debau* !    
m9ds ( great m5--z sycophants1 false    
in=m]s1 & flatt]]s worse ?an bo?1       
manife/ly d--are ! c5tre ( all ! curses 
( a nation1 z m5 n only infuse deadly   
poison into ! ci/]n ( a private h\se1 b 
into ! public spr+s ( :i* s _m ?\s&s are
 to dr9k4 ,! p !re=e laugh$ at !        
p>asites ( ,callias1 :om1 z ,eupolis    
says1 nei!r ) fire nor brass nor /eel   
c\ld prev5t f supp+ ) him2 b z = !      
favorites ( ^? execrable tyrants        
,apollodorus1 ,phal>is1 & ,dionysius1 !y
 rack$ !m1 !y flay$ !m alive1 !y roa/$  
!m at sl[ fires1 look$ on !m z ! v pe/s 
( society & disgraces ( human nature2 = 
to debau* a simple p]son is inde$ an ill
 ?+1 b to corrupt a pr9ce is an inf9ite 
mis*ief4 ,9 l mann]1 he :o in/ructs an  
ord9>y man makes him to pass 8 life     
dec5tly & ) com=t2 b he :o in/ructs a   

pr9ce1 by correct+ 8 errors & cle>+ 8   
und]/&+1 is a philosoph] = ! public1 by 
rectify+ ! v m\ld & model by :i* :ole   
nations are =m$ & regulat$4 ,x is !     
cu/om ( all nations to pay a peculi>    
honor & def]5ce to _! prie/s2 & ! reason
 ( x is1 because !y d n only pray = good
 ?+s = !mselves1 _! own families &      
fri5ds1 b = :ole communities1 = ! :ole  
/ate ( mank9d4 ,yet we are n s fond z to
 ?9k t ! prie/s make ! gods to be giv]s 
( good ?+s1 or inspire a ve9 ( b5efic5ce
 into !m2 b !y only make _!             
supplications to a be+ :i* ( itself is  
incl9able to answ] _! reque/s4 ,b 9 ?is 
a good tutor ha? ! privilege above !    
prie/s1--he effectually r5d]s a pr9ce m 
dispos$ to actions ( ju/ice1 (          
mod]ation1 & m]cy1 & !re=e ha? a great] 
satisfaction ( m9d :5 he reflects ^u x4 
,= my own "p1 ,i _c b ?9k t an ord9>y   
me*anic--= in/ance1 a mak] ( musical    
in/rum5ts--w\ld be mu* m att5tive &     
pleas$ at 8 "w1 & if 8 h>p w\ld be t\*$ 
by ! fam\s ,amphion1 & 9 8 h& to s]ve = 

! build] ( ,!bes1 or if t ,?ales _h     
bespoke x1 :o 0 s great a ma/] by ! =ce 
( 8 music he pacifi$ a popul> tumult    
among/ ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,a good-natur$ 
%ipwright w\ld ply 8 "w m he>tily1 if he
 7 con/ruct+ ! rudd] = ! admiral galley 
( ,!mi/ocles :5 he f\ght = ! lib]ty (   
,greece1 or ( ,pompey :5 he w5t on 8    
exp$ition aga9/ ! pirates3 :at ec/asy ( 
delight !n mu/ a philosoph] be 91 :5 he 
reflects t 8 s*ol> is a man ( au?ority1 
a pr9ce or great pot5tate1 t he is      
employ$ 9 s public a "w1 giv+ laws to   
him :o is to give laws to a :ole nation1
 :o is to puni% vice1 & to rew>d !      
virtu\s ) ri*es & honor8 ,! build] ( !  
,,argo c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 mightily      
pleas$1 if he _h kn[n :at noble m>9]s 7 
to r[ 9 8 %ip1 & t at la/ %e %\ld be    
translat$ into heav52 & a c>p5t] w\ld n 
be half s mu* pleas$ to make a *>iot or 
pl\gh1 z to cut ! tablets on :i*        
,solon's laws 7 to be engrav$4 ,9 l     
mann] ! disc\rses & rules ( philosophy1 
be+ once deeply /amp$ & impr9t$ on !    

m9ds ( great p]sonages1 w /ick s close1 
t ! pr9ce %all seem no o!r ?an ju/ice   
inc>nate & animat$ law4 ,?is 0 ! design 
( ,plato's voyage into ,sicily1--he hop$
 t ! lectures ( 8 philosophy w\ld s]ve =
 laws to ,dionysius1 & br+ 8 affairs    
aga9 into a good po/ure4 ,b ! s\l ( t   
un=tunate pr9ce 0 l pap] scribbl$ all   
ov] ) ! *>act]s ( vice2 its pi]c+ &     
corrod+ quality _h /a9$ q ?r\gh1 & sunk 
into ! v sub/ance ( 8 s\l4 ,:]eas1 su*  
p]sons mu/ be tak5 :5 !y are on ! run1  
if !y are to absorb useful disc\rses4   
,,end ,,( ,,two--------     ,,s5tim5ts  
,,conc]n+ ,,nature ,,) ,,:i*            
,,philosoph]s ,,7 ,,delight$     ,,book 
,i4   ,x be+ our det]m9ation to disc\rse
 ( ,natural ,philosophy1 we judge x     
necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place & *iefly1 to   
divide ! body ( philosophy into its     
prop] memb]s1 s t we may "k :at is t :i*
 is call$ philosophy1 & :at "p ( x is   
physical1 or ! explanation ( natural    
?+s4 ,! ,/oics affirm t wisdom is ! k ( 
?+s human & div9e2 t philosophy is !    

pursuit ( t art :i* is conv5i5t to ?is  
k2 t virtue is ! sole & sov]eign art :i*
 is ?us conv5i5t2 & ?is di/ributes      
itself into ?ree g5]al p>ts--natural1   
moral1 & logical4 ,by :i* j reason 7!y  
say7 philosophy is trip>tite2 ( :i* "o  
natural1 ! o!r moral1 ! ?ird logical4 ,!
 natural :5 our inquiries are conc]n+ ! 
_w & all ?+s conta9$ 9 x2 ! e?ical is ! 
employm5t ( our m9ds 9 ^? ?+s :i* conc]n
 ! mann]s ( man's life2 ! logical 7:i*  
!y also call dialectical7 regulates our 
conv]sation ) o!rs 9 speak+4 ,ari/otle1 
,!ophra/us1 & aft] !m almo/ all !       
,p]ipatetics give ! same division (     
philosophy4 ,x is absolutely requisite t
 ! complete p]son he contemplator ( ?+s 
:i* h a be+1 & ! practis] ( ^? ?+ :i*   
are dec5t2 & ?is easily appe>s by !     
foll[+ in/ances4 ,if ! "q be propos$1   
:e!r ! sun1 :i* is s conspicu\s to u1 be
 in=m$ ( a s\l or inanimate1 he t makes 
?is disquisition is ! ?9k+ man2 = he    
proce$s no f>!r ?an to consid] ! nature 
( t ?+ :i* is propos$4 ,likewise1 if !  

"q be prop\nd$1 :e!r ! _w be inf9ite1 or
 :e!r beyond ! sy/em ( ?is _w !re is any
 real be+1 all ^! ?+s are ! objects ab\t
 :i* ! und]/&+ ( man is conv]sant4  ,b  
if ^! be ! que/ions1--:at measures mu/  
be tak5 to compose ! well-ord]$ life (  
man1 :at are ! be/ me?ods to gov]n &    
educate *ildr51 or :at are ! exact rules
 :]eby sov]eigns may comm& & e/abli%    
laws1--all ^! qu]ies are propos$ = !    
sole end ( action1 & ! man skill$ !re9  
is ! moral & practical man4    ,,*apt]  
,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,nature8  ,s9ce we h    
und]tak5 to make a dilig5t se>* into    
,nature1 ,i _c b conclude x necess>y to 
decl>e :at ,nature is4 ,x is v absurd to
 attempt a disc\rse ( ! ess5ce ( natural
 ?+s1 & n to und]/& :at is ! p[] & sph]e
 ( ,nature4 ,if ,ari/otle be cr$it$1    
,nature is ! pr9ciple ( motion & re/1 9 
t ?+ 9 :i* x exi/s z a pr9ciple & n by  
accid5t4 ,= all ?+s t are conspicu\s to 
our eyes1 :i* are nei!r =tuit\s nor     
necess>y1 nor h a div9e orig9al1 nor    
ackn[l$ge any su* l cause1 are call$    

natural & enjoy _! prop] nature4 ,( ?is 
sort are e>?1 fire1 wat]1 air1 plants1  
animals2 to ^! may be add$ all ?+s      
produc$ f !m1 su* z %[]s1 hail1 ?und]s1 
hurricanes1 & w9ds4 ,all ^! confess !y  
_h a beg9n+1 none ( ^! 7 f et]nity1 b _h
 some?+ z ! orig9 ( !m2 & likewise      
animals & plants h a pr9ciple :5ce !y   
are produc$4 ,b ,nature1 :i* 9 all ^!   
?+s ha? ! priority1 is n only ! pr9ciple
 ( motion b ( repose2 :atsoev] enjoys ! 
pr9ciple ( motion1 ! same has a         
possibility to f9d a dissolution4 ,!re=e
 on ?is acc\nt x is t ,nature is !      
pr9ciple ( motion & re/4    ,,*apt]     
,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5
 ,a ,,pr9ciple ,,& ,,an ,,elem5t8  ,!   
foll[]s ( ,ari/otle & ,plato conclude t 
elem5ts are discrim9at$ f pr9ciples4    
,?ales ! ,milesian suppose? t a pr9ciple
 & ! elem5ts are "o & ! same ?+1 b x is 
evid5t t !y va/ly diff] "o f ano!r4 ,= !
 elem5ts are ?+s comp\nd$2 b we d       
pron\nce t pr9ciples admit n ( a        
composition1 nor are ! effects ( any o!r

 be+4 ,^? :i* we call elem5ts are e>?1  
wat]1 air1 & fire4 ,b we call ^?        
pr9ciples :i* h no?+ prior to !m out (  
:i* !y are produc$2 = o!rwise n ^!      
!mselves1 b r ^? ?+s :]e( !y are        
produc$1 w\ld be ! pr9ciples4 ,n[ !re   
are "s ?+s :i* h a pre-exi/5ce to e>? & 
wat]1 f :i* !y are begott52 to wit1     
matt]1 :i* is )\t =m or %ape2 !n =m1 :i*
 we call ,greek omitt$ 7actuality72 &   
la/ly1 privation4 ,?ales !re=e is mo/ 9 
error1 by affirm+ t wat] is bo? an      
elem5t & a pr9ciple4    ,,*apt] ,,iii4  
,,:at ,,are ,,pr9ciples8  ,?ales !      
,milesian do? affirm t wat] is !        
pr9ciple f :5ce all ?+s 9 ! univ]se     
spr+4 ,?is p]son appe>s to be ! fir/ (  
philosoph]s2 f him ! ,ionic sect took   
its d5om9ation1 = !re are _m families & 
successions among/ philosoph]s4 ,aft] he
 _h pr(ess$ philosophy 9 ,egypt1 :5 he 0
 v old1 he return$ to ,miletus4 ,he     
pron\nc$1 t all ?+s _h _! orig9al f     
wat]1 & into wat] all ?+s are resolv$4  
,8 fir/ gr\nd 01 t :atsoev] 0 ! prolific

 se$ ( all animals 0 a pr9ciple1 & t is 
moi/2 s t x is probable t all ?+s       
receive _! orig9al f humidity4 ,8 second
 reason 01 t all plants are n\ri%$ &    
fructifi$ by t ?+ :i* is moi/1 ( :i* be+
 depriv$ !y )] away4 ,?irdly1 t t fire (
 :i* ! sun & />s are made is n\ri%$ by  
wat]y exhalations1--yea1 & ! _w itself2 
:i* mov$ ,hom] to s+ t ! g5]ation ( x 0 
f wat]3--                        ,!     
ocean is      ,( all ?+s ! k9d g5esis4  
7,iliad1 xiv4 #bdf47  ,anaxim&]1 :o     
himself 0 a ,milesian1 assigns !        
pr9ciple ( all ?+s to ! ,inf9ite1 f :5ce
 all ?+s fl[1 & into ! same are         
corrupt$2 h5ce x is t inf9ite worlds are
 fram$1 & ^? dissolve aga9 into t :5ce  
!y h _! orig94 ,& ?us he f>!r proce$s1  
,= :at o!r reason is !re ( an ,inf9ite b
 ?is1 t !re may be no?+ defici5t z to ! 
g5]ation or subsi/5ce ( :at is 9        
,nature8 ,!re is 8 error1 t he do? n    
acqua9t u :at ?is ,inf9ite is1 :e!r x be
 air1 or wat]1 or e>?1 or any o!r su* l 
body4 ,besides he is mi/ak51 9 t1 giv+ u

 ! mat]ial cause1 he is sil5t z to !    
effici5t cause ( be+s2 = ?is ?+ :i* he  
makes 8 ,inf9ite c be no?+ b matt]2 b   
op]ation _c come ab\t 9 ! sph]e ( matt]1
 except an effici5t cause be annex$4    
,anaxim5es 8 fell[-citiz5 pron\nce?1 t  
air is ! pr9ciple ( all be+s2 f x all   
receive _! orig9al1 & into x all return4
 ,he affirms t our s\l is no?+ b air2 x 
is t :i* con/itutes & pres]ves2 ! :ole  
_w is inve/$ ) _s & air4 ,= _s & air are
 synonym\s4 ,?is p]son is 9 ?is         
defici5t1 9 t he concludes t ( pure air1
 :i* is a simple body & is made ( "o    
only =m1 all animals are compos$4 ,x is 
n possible to ?9k t a s+le pr9ciple %\ld
 be ! matt] ( all ?+s1 f :5ce !y receive
 _! subsi/5ce2 besides ?is !re mu/ be an
 op]at+ cause4 ,silv] 7= example7 is n (
 itself suffici5t to frame a dr9k+ cup2 
an op]ator also is requir$1 :i* is !    
silv]smi?4 ,! l may be appli$ to vessels
 made ( wood1 brass1 or any o!r mat]ial4
  ,anaxagoras ! ,clazom5ian ass]t$      
,homoeom]ies 7or p>ts simil> or         

homog5e\s7 to be ! orig9al cause ( all  
be+s2 x seem$ to him impossible t any?+ 
c\ld arise ( no?+ or be dissolv$ into   
no?+4 ,let u !re=e in/ance 9 n\ri%m5t1  
:i* appe>s simple & uni=m1 su* z bread  
:i* we owe to ,c]es & wat] :i* we dr9k4 
,( ?is v nutrim5t1 our hair1 our ve9s1  
our art]ies1 n]ves1 bones1 & all our o!r
 p>ts are n\ri%$4 ,^! ?+s ?us be+ p]=m$1
 x mu/ be grant$ t ! n\ri%m5t :i* is    
receiv$ by u conta9s all ^? ?+s by :i*  
^! ( u are produc$4 ,9 x !re are ^?     
p>ticles :i* are produc]s ( blood1      
bones1 n]ves1 & all o!r p>ts2 ^!        
p>ticles 7he ?\ght7 reason discov]s = u4
 ,= x is n necess>y t we %\ld r$uce all 
?+s "u ! objects ( s5se2 = bread & wat] 
are fitt$ to ! s5ses1 yet 9 !m !re are  
^? p>ticles lat5t :i* are discov]able   
only by reason4 ,x be+ !re=e pla9 t !re 
are p>ticles 9 ! n\ri%m5t simil> to :at 
is produc$ by x1 he t]ms ^! homog5e\s   
p>ts1 av]r+ t !y are ! pr9ciples ( be+s4
 ,matt] is accord+ to him ^! simil>     
p>ts1 & ! effici5t cause is a ,m9d1 :i* 

ord]s all ?+s t h an exi/5ce4 ,?us he   
beg9s 8 disc\rse3 ,all ?+s 7 confus$ "o 
among ano!r2 b ,m9d divid$ & br\ght !m  
to ord]4 ,9 ?is he is to be comm5d$1 t  
he yokes toge!r matt] & an intellectual 
ag5t4  ,ar*elaus ! son ( ,apollodorus1 !
 ,a!nian1 pron\nce?1 t ! pr9ciples ( all
 ?+s h _! orig9 f an inf9ite air r>efi$ 
or cond5s$4 ,air r>efi$ is fire1 cond5s$
 is wat]4  ,^! philosoph]s1 ! foll[]s ( 
,?ales1 succe$+ "o ano!r1 made up t sect
 :i* takes to itself ! d5om9ation ( !   
,ionic4  ,py?agoras ! ,samian1 ! son (  
,mnes>*us1 f ano!r orig9 d$uces !       
pr9ciples ( all ?+s2 x 0 he :o fir/     
call$ philosophy by its "n4 ,he ?\ght ! 
fir/ pr9ciples to be numb]s1 & ^?       
symmetries 9 !m :i* he /yles h>monies2 &
 ! composition ( bo? he t]ms elem5ts1   
call$ geometrical4 ,aga91 he places     
unity & ! indef9ite b9>y numb] among/ ! 
pr9ciples4 ,"o ( ^! pr9ciples ends 9 an 
effici5t & =m+ cause1 :i* is ,m9d1 & t  
is ,god2 ! o!r to ! passive & mat]ial   
"p1 & t is ! visible _w4 ,moreov]1 !    

nature ( numb] 7he sai?7 consi/s 9 ! t52
 = all p1 :e!r ,grecians or b>b>ians1   
reckon f "o to t51 & !nce return to "o  
aga94 ,f>!r he av]s ! virtue ( t5       
consi/s 9 ! quat]nion2 ! reason :]e( is 
?is1--if any p]son />t f "o1 & add      
numb]s s z to take 9 ! quat]n>y1 he %all
 complete ! numb] t52 if he passes !    
f\r1 he %all g beyond ! t52 = "o1 two1  
?ree1 & f\r be+ add$ up toge!r make t54 
,! nature ( numb]s1 !re=e1 if we reg>d !
 units1 abide? 9 ! t52 b if we reg>d its
 p[]1 9 ! f\r4 ,!re=e ! ,py?agoreans say
 t _! mo/ sacr$ oa? is by t god :o      
deliv]$ to !m ! quat]n>y4       ,by ?'  
f\nd] ( ! sacr$ numb] f\r1      ,et]nal 
,nature's font & s\rce1 !y swore4  ,(   
?is numb] ! s\l ( man is compos$2 = m9d1
 k1 op9ion1 & s5se are ! f\r t complete 
! s\l1 f :i* all sci5ces1 all arts1 all 
rational faculties d]ive !mselves4 ,=   
:at our m9d p]ceives1 x p]ceives aft] ! 
mann] ( a ?+ t is "o1 ! s\l itself be+ a
 unity2 z = in/ance1 a multitude (      
p]sons are n ! object ( our s5se nor are

 compreh5d$ by u1 = !y are inf9ite2 our 
und]/&+ gives ! g5]al concept ( ,a      
,,man1 9 :i* all individuals agree4 ,!  
numb] ( individuals is inf9ite2 ! g5]ic 
or specific nature ( all be+ is a unit1 
or to be appreh5d$ z "o only ?+2 f ?is  
"o conception we give ! g5u9e measures (
 all exi/5ce1 & !re=e we affirm t a     
c]ta9 class ( be+s are rational &       
disc\rsive4 ,b :5 we come to give !     
nature ( a horse1 x is t animal :i*     
neighs2 & ?is be+ common to all horses1 
x is manife/ t ! und]/&+1 :i* ha? su* l 
conceptions1 is 9 its nature unity4 ,x  
foll[s t ! numb] call$ ! inf9ite b9>y   
mu/ be sci5ce2 9 e demon/ration or      
belief belong+ to sci5ce1 & 9 e         
syllogism1 we draw t conclusion :i* is 9
 dispute f ^? propositions :i* are by   
all grant$1 by :i* means ano!r          
proposition is obta9$ f ! premises4 ,!  
compreh5sion ( ^! we call k2 = :i*      
reason sci5ce is ! b9>y numb]4 ,b op9ion
 is ! t]n>y2 = t rationally foll[s f    
compreh5sion4 ,! objects ( op9ion are _m

 ?+s1 & ! t]n>y numb] d5otes a          
multitude1 z ,?rice happy ,grecians2 =  
:i* reason ,py?agoras admits ! t]n>y4   
,?is sect ( philosoph]s is call$ !      
,italic1 by reason ,py?agoras />t$ 8    
s*ool 9 ,italy2 8 hatr$ ( ! tyranny (   
,polycrates en=c$ him to ab&on 8 native 
c\ntry ,samos4  ,h]aclitus & ,hippasus (
 ,metapontum suppose t fire gives !     
orig9ation to all be+s1 t !y all fl[ f  
fire1 & 9 fire !y all conclude2 = ( fire
 :5 fir/ qu5*$ ! _w 0 con/itut$4 ,! fir/
 "p ( ! _w1 be+ mo/ cond5s$ & contract$ 
)9 itself1 made ! e>?2 b "p ( t e>? be+ 
loos5$ & made ?9 by fire1 wat] 0        
produc$2 aft]w>ds ?is wat] be+ exhal$ & 
r>efi$ into vapors became air2 aft] all 
?is ! _w itself1 & all o!r corporeal    
be+s1 %all be dissolv$ by fire 9 !      
univ]sal conflagration4 ,by !m !re=e x  
appe>s t fire is :at gives beg9n+ to all
 ?+s1 & is t 9 :i* all ?+s receive _!   
p]iod4  ,epicurus ! son ( ,neocles1 !   
,a!nian1 8 philosophical s5tim5ts be+ ! 
same ) ^? ( ,democritus1 affirms t !    

pr9ciples ( all be+ are bodies :i* are  
only p]ceptible by reason2 !y admit n ( 
a vacuity1 nor ( any orig9al1 b be+ ( a 
self-exi/5ce are et]nal & incorruptible2
 !y are n liable to any dim9ution1 !y   
are inde/ructible1 nor is x possible =  
!m to receive any trans=mation ( p>ts1  
or admit ( any alt]ations2 ( ^! reason  
is only ! discov]]2 !y are 9 a p]petual 
motion 9 vacuity1 & by means ( ! empty  
space2 = ! vacuum itself is inf9ite1 & !
 bodies t move 9 x are inf9ite4 ,^?     
bodies ackn[l$ge ^! ?ree accid5ts1      
figure1 magnitude1 & gravity4           
,democritus ackn[l$g$ b two1 magnitude &
 figure4 ,epicurus add$ ! ?ird1 to wit1 
gravity2 = he pron\nc$ t x is necess>y t
 bodies receive _! motion f t impression
 :i* spr+s f gravity1 o!rwise !y c\ld n 
be mov$4 ,! figures ( atoms _c be       
incompreh5sible1 b !y are n inf9ite4 ,^!
 figures are nei!r hook$ nor trid5t-%ap$
 nor r+-%ap$1 su* figures z ^! be+      
expos$ to collision2 b ! atoms are      
impassible1 imp5etrable2 !y h inde$     

figures ( _! own1 :i* are conceiv$ only 
by reason4 ,x is call$ an atom1 by      
reason n ( its smallness b ( its        
indivisibility2 9 x no vacuity1 no      
passible affection is to be f\nd4 ,& t  
!re is an atom is p]fectly cle>2 = !re  
are elem5ts :i* h a p]petual duration1 &
 !re are animals :i* admit ( a vacuity1 
& !re is a unity4   ,emp$ocles !        
,agrig5t9e1 ! son ( ,meton1 affirms t   
!re are f\r elem5ts1 fire1 air1 e>?1 &  
wat]1 & two p[]s :i* be> ! greate/ comm&
 9 nature1 concord & discord1 ( :i* "o  
is ! union1 ! o!r ! division ( be+s4    
,?us he s+s1       ,he> fir/ ! f\r roots
 ( all creat$ ?+s3--       ,bright %9+  
,jove1 ,juno t be>e? life1      ,pluto  
b5ea? ! e>?1 & ,ne/is :o      ,do? ) h] 
te>s wat] ! human f\nt4  ,by ,jupit] he 
und]/&s fire & e!r1 by ,juno t gives    
life he means ! air1 by ,pluto ! e>?1 by
 ,ne/is & ! spr+ ( all mortals 7z x 77  
se$ & wat]4  ,socrates ! son (          
,sophroniscus1 & ,plato son ( ,ari/on1  
bo? natives ( ,a!ns1 ent]ta9 ! same     

op9ion conc]n+ ! univ]se2 = !y suppose  
?ree pr9ciples1 ,god1 matt]1 & ! idea4  
,god is ! univ]sal und]/&+2 matt] is t  
:i* is ! fir/ sub/ratum1 accommodat$ = !
 g5]ation & corruption ( be+s2 ! idea is
 an incorporeal ess5ce1 exi/+ 9 !       
cogitations & appreh5sions ( ,god2 =    
,god is ! s\l & m9d ( ! _w4  ,ari/otle !
 son ( ,ni*oma*us1 ! ,/agirite1         
con/itutes ?ree pr9ciples2 ,entele*eia  
7:i* is ! same ) =m71 matt]1 &          
privation4 ,he ackn[l$ges f\r elem5ts1 &
 adds a c]ta9 fif? body1 :i* is e!real &
 n obnoxi\s to mutation4  ,z5o son (    
,mnaseas1 ! native ( ,citium1 av]s ^! to
 be pr9ciples1 ,god & matt]1 ! fir/ (   
:i* is ! effici5t cause1 ! o!r !        
passible & receptive4 ,f\r m elem5ts he 
likewise confesses4    ,,*apt] ,,iv4    
,,h[ ,,0 ,,?is ,,_w ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,t   
,,ord] ,,& ,,aft] ,,t ,,mann] ,,x ,,is8 
,! _w be+ brok5 & confus$1 aft] ?is     
mann] x 0 r$uc$ into figure & composure 
z n[ x is4 ,! insectible bodies or      
atoms1 by a wild & =tuit\s motion1 )\t  

any gov]n+ p[]1 incessantly & swiftly 7 
hurri$ "o among/ ano!r1 _m bodies be+   
jumbl$ toge!r2 ^u ?is acc\nt !y h a     
div]sity 9 ! figures & magnitude4 ,^!   
!re=e be+ s jumbl$ toge!r1 ^? bodies :i*
 7 ! greate/ & heavie/ sank into ! l[e/ 
place2 !y t 7 ( a less] magnitude1 be+  
r\nd1 smoo?1 & slipp]y1 ^! meet+ ) ^?   
heavi] bodies 7 easily brok5 into       
pieces1 & 7 c>ri$ into high] places4 ,b 
:5 t =ce :]eby ^! v>i\sly p>ticles      
figur$ p>ticles f\ght ) & /ruck "o      
ano!r1 & =c$ ! light] upw>ds1 did cease1
 & !re 0 no f>!r p[] left to drive !m   
into sup]ior regions1 yet !y 7 :olly    
h9d]$ f desc5d+ d[nw>ds1 & 7 compell$ to
 reside 9 ^? places capable to receive  
!m2 & ^! 7 ! heav5ly spaces1 unto :i* a 
multitude ( ^! small bodies 7 hurl$1 &  
^! be+ ?us %iv]$ fell into coh]5ce &    
mutual embraces1 & by ?is means ! heav5 
0 produc$4 ,!n a v>i\s & great multitude
 ( atoms enjoy+ ! same nature1 z x is   
be=e ass]t$1 be+ hurri$ al(t1 did =m !  
/>s4 ,! multitude ( ^! exhal$ bodies1   

hav+ /ruck & broke ! air 9 %iv]s1 =c$ a 
passage ?r\gh x2 ?is be+ turn$ into w9d 
inve/$ ! />s1 z x mov$1 & :irl$ !m ab\t1
 by :i* means to ?is pres5t "t t        
circul>y motion :i* ^! />s h 9 ! heav5s 
is ma9ta9$4 ,mu* aft] ! same mann] ! e>?
 0 made2 = by ^? little p>ticles ^:     
gravity made !m to reside 9 ! l[] places
 ! e>? 0 =m$4 ,! heav51 fire1 & air 7   
con/itut$ ( ^? p>ticles :i* 7 c>ri$     
al(t4 ,b a great deal ( matt] rema9+ 9 !
 e>?1 ?is be+ cond5s$ by ! driv+ ( !    
w9ds & ! air f ! />s1 e little "p & =m (
 x 0 compress$1 :i* creat$ ! elem5t (   
wat]2 b ?is be+ fluidly dispos$ did run 
into ^? places :i* 7 holl[1 & ^! places 
7 ^? t 7 capable to receive & protect x2
 or ! wat]1 subsi/+ by itself1 did make 
! l[] places holl[4 ,aft] ?is mann] !   
pr9cipal p>ts ( ! _w 7 con/itut$4       
,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,univ]se ,,is   
,,"o ,,s+le ,,?+4  ,! ,/oics pron\nce t 
! _w is "o ?+1 & ?is !y say is ! univ]se
 & is corporeal4  ,b ,emp$ocles's op9ion
 is1 t ! _w is "o2 yet by no means !    

sy/em ( ?is _w mu/ be /yl$ ! univ]se1 b 
t x is a small "p ( x1 & ! rema9d] is   
inactive matt]4  ,:at to ,plato seems ! 
true/ he ?us decl>es1 t !re is "o _w1 & 
t _w is ! univ]se2 & ?is he endeavors to
 ev9ce by ?ree argum5ts4 ,fir/1 t ! _w  
c\ld n be complete & p]fect1 if x did n 
)9 itself include all be+s4 ,secondly1  
nor c\ld x give ! true resemblance ( its
 orig9al & exempl>1 if x 7 n ! "o only  
begott5 ?+4 ,?irdly1 x c\ld n be        
incorruptible1 if !re 7 any be+ out (   
its compass to ^: p[] x might be        
obnoxi\s4 ,b to ,plato x may be ?us     
return$4 ,fir/1 t ! _w is n complete &  
p]fect1 nor do? x conta9 all ?+s )9     
itself4 ,& if man is a p]fect be+1 yet  
he do? n encompass all ?+s4 ,secondly1 t
 !re are _m exempl>s & orig9als (       
/atues1 h\ses1 & pictures4 ,?irdly1 h[  
is ! _w p]fect1 if any?+ beyond x is    
possible to be mov$ ab\t x8 ,b ! _w is n
 incorruptible1 nor c x be s conceiv$1  
because x _h an orig9al4  ,to           
,metrodorus x seems absurd1 t 9 a l>ge  

field "o only /alk %\ld gr[1 & 9 an     
inf9ite space "o only _w exi/2 & t ?is  
univ]se is inf9ite is manife/ by ?is1 t 
!re is an inf9ity ( causes4 ,n[ if ?is  
_w be f9ite & ! causes produc+ x        
inf9ite1 x foll[s t ! worlds likewise be
 inf9ite2 = :]e all causes concur1 !re !
 effects also mu/ appe>1 let ! causes be
 :at !y w1 ei!r atoms or elem5ts4       
,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,:5ce ,,did ,,m5 ,,obta9 
,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,ess5ce  
,,( ,a ,,deity8  ,! ,/oics ?us def9e !  
ess5ce ( a god4 ,x is a _s intellectual 
& fi]y1 :i* ackn[l$ges no %ape1 b is    
cont9ually *ang$ into :at x pleases1 &  
assimilates itself to all ?+s4 ,! k (   
?is deity !y fir/ receiv$ f ! pul*ritude
 ( ^? ?+s :i* s visibly appe>$ to u2 =  
!y conclud$ t no?+ beaute\s c\ld        
casually or =tuit\sly be =m$1 b t x 0   
fram$ f ! art ( a great und]/&+ t       
produc$ ! _w4 ,t ! _w is v respl5d5t is 
made p]spicu\s f ! figure1 ! color1 !   
magnitude ( x1 & likewise f ! wond]ful  
v>iety ( ^? />s :i* adorn ?is _w4 ,! _w 

is sph]ical2 ! orbicul> ha? ! pre-em95ce
 above all o!r figures1 = be+ r\nd      
itself x ha? its p>ts l itself4 7,on ?is
 acc\nt1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! und]/&+1  
:i* is ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( man1 is 9 !     
head47 ,! color ( x is mo/ beaute\s2 = x
 is pa9t$ ) blue2 :i*1 ?\gh little      
black] ?an purple1 yet ha? su* a %9+    
quality1 t by reason ( ! vehem5t        
efficacy ( its color x cuts ?r\gh su* a 
space ( air2 :5ce x is t at s great a   
di/ance ! heav5s are to be contemplat$4 
,& 9 ?is v greatness ( ! _w ! beauty ( x
 appe>s4 ,view all ?+s3 t :i* conta9s ! 
re/ c>ries a beauty ) x1 z an animal or 
a tree4 ,also ?+s :i* are visible to u  
accompli% ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,! oblique   
circle call$ ! ,zodiac 9 heav5 is )     
diff]5t images pa9t$ & di/+ui%$3--      
,!re's ,canc]1 ,leo1 ,virgo1 & ! ,claws2
      ,scorpio1 ,arcit55s1 & ,capricorn2
      ,amphora1 ,pisces1 !n ! ,ram1 &   
,bull2      ,! lovely pair ( ,bro!rs    
next succe$4     7,f ,aratus47   ,!re   
are a ?\s& o!rs t give u ! suitable     

reflections ( ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,?us     
,euripides3--       ,! />ry spl5dor ( ! 
skies1      ,! beautiful & v>i$ "w ( t  
wise      ,creator1 ,"t4  ,f ?is ! k ( a
 god is convey$ to man2 t ! sun1 ! moon1
 & ! re/ ( ! />s1 be+ c>ri$ "u ! e>?1   
rise aga9 9 _! prop] color1 magnitude1  
place1 & times4 ,!re=e !y :o by         
tradition deliv]$ to u ! k & v5]ation ( 
! gods did x by ^! ?ree mann] (         
ways3--fir/1 f ,nature2 secondly1 f     
fables2 ?irdly1 f ! te/imony suppli$ by 
! laws ( commonweal?s4 ,philosoph]s     
taught ! natural way2 poets1 ! fabul\s2 
& ! political way is to be _h f !       
con/itutions ( ea* commonweal?4 ,all    
sorts ( ?is le>n+ are di/+ui%$ into ^!  
sev5 p>ts4 ,! fir/ is f ?+s t are       
conspicu\s1 & ! obs]vation ( ^? bodies  
:i* are 9 places sup]ior to u4 ,to m5 ! 
heav5ly bodies t are s visible did give 
! k ( ! deity2 :5 !y contemplat$ t !y   
are ! causes ( s great an h>mony1 t !y  
regulate day & night1 w9t] & summ]1 by  
_! ris+ & sett+1 & likewise consid]$ ^? 

?+s :i* by _! influ5ces 9 ! e>? d       
receive a be+ & d likewise fructify4 ,x 
0 manife/ to m5 t ! ,heav5 0 ! fa!r ( ^?
 ?+s1 & ! ,e>? ! "m2 t ! ,heav5 0 ! fa!r
 is cle>1 s9ce f ! heav5s !re is ! p\r+ 
d[n ( wat]s1 :i* h _! sp]matic faculty2 
! ,e>? ! "m1 because %e receives !m &   
br+s =?4 ,likewise m5 consid]+ t ! />s  
are runn+ 7,greek omitt$7 9 a p]petual  
motion1 t ! sun & moon give u ! /imulus 
to view & contemplate 7,greek omitt$71  
!y call !m all gods 7,greek omitt$74  ,9
 ! second & ?ird place1 !y ?us di/+ui%$ 
! deities into ^? :i* are b5eficial & ^?
 t are injuri\s to mank9d4 ,^? :i* are  
b5eficial !y call ,jupit]1 ,juno1       
,m]cury1 ,c]es2 ^? :o are mis*iev\s !   
,dirae1 ,furies1 & ,m>s4 ,^!1 :i* ?reat5
 dang]s & viol5ce1 m5 endeavor to       
appease & conciliate by sacr$ rites4 ,! 
f\r? & ! fif? ord] ( gods !y assign to  
?+s & passions2 to passions1 ,love1     
,v5us1 & ,desire2 ! deities t preside   
ov] ?+s1 ,hope1 ,ju/ice1 & ,eunomia4  ,!
 six? ord] ( deities are ! ones made by 

! poets2 ,hesiod1 will+ to f9d out a    
fa!r = ^? gods t ackn[l$ge an orig9al1  
inv5t$ _! prog5itors1--       ,hyp]ion1 
,coeus1 & ,iapetus1      ,) ,creius3    
7,hesiod1 ,!ogony1 #acd47  ^u :i* acc\nt
 ?is is call$ ! fabul\s4 ,! sev5? rank (
 ! deities add$ to ! re/ are ^? :i*1 by 
_! b5efic5ce to mank9d1 7 honor$ ) a    
div9e wor%ip1 ?\gh !y 7 born ( mortal   
race2 ( ?is sort 7 ,h]cules1 ,ca/or &   
,pollux1 & ,bac*us4 ,^! are reput$ to be
 ( a human species2 = ( all be+s t :i*  
is div9e is mo/ excell5t1 & man among/  
all animals is adorn$ ) ! greate/       
beauty1 is also ! be/1 be+ adorn$ by    
virtue above ! re/ because ( ! gift (   
intellect3 !re=e x 0 ?\ght t ^? :o 7    
admirable = excell5ce %\ld resemble t   
:i* is ! be/ & mo/ beautiful4    ,,*apt]
 ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,god8  ,"s ( !      
philosoph]s1 su* z ,diagoras ! ,melian1 
,!odorus ! ,cyr5ean1 & ,euem]us !       
,tegeatan1 did d5y unanim\sly t !re 7   
any gods2 & ,callima*us ! ,cyr5ean      
discov]$ 8 m9d conc]n+ ,euem]us 9 ^!    

,iambic v]ses1 ?us writ+3--       ,to ?'
 ante-mural temple flock apace1         
,:]e he t long ago compos$ ( brass      
,great ,jupit]1 ,?rasonic old bald pate1
      ,n[ scribbles impi\s books1--a    
boa/ful ass6  mean+ books :i* prove !re 
are no gods4 ,euripides ! trag$ian dur/ 
n op5ly decl>e 8 s5tim5t2 ! c\rt (      
,areopagus t]rifi$ him4 ,yet he         
suffici5tly manife/$ 8 ?\ghts by ?is    
me?od4 ,he pres5t$ 9 8 trag$y ,sisyphus1
 ! fir/ & great patron ( ?is op9ion1 &  
introduc$ himself z "o agree+ ) him3--  
,disord] 9 ^? days did dom9e]1      ,&  
brutal p[] kept ! _w 9 fe>4  ,aft]w>ds  
by ! sanction ( laws wick$ness 0        
suppress$2 b by reason t laws c\ld      
prohibit only public villanies1 yet c\ld
 n h9d] _m p]sons f act+ secret         
impieties1 "s wise p]sons gave ?is      
advice1 t we ought to bl9d tru? ) ly+   
disguises1 & p]suade m5 t !re is a      
,god3--       ,!re's an et]nal ,god does
 he> & see      ,& und]/& e impiety2    
,?\gh x 9 d>k recess or ?\ght committ$  

be4  ,b ?is poetical fable ought to be  
reject$1 he ?\ght1 along ) ,callima*us1 
:o ?us sai?3--       ,if y believe a    
,god1 x mu/ be meant      ,t y conceive 
?is ,god omnipot5t4  ,b ,god _c d       
ev]y?+2 =1 if x 7 s1 !n a ,god c\ld make
 sn[ black1 & ! fire cold1 & him t is 9 
a po/ure ( sitt+ to be upright1 & s on !
 contr>y4 ,! brave-speak+ ,plato        
pron\nce? t ,god =m$ ! _w aft] 8 own    
image2 b ?is smells rank ( ! old        
dotages1 old comic writ]s w\ld say2 = h[
 did ,god1 ca/+ 8 eye ^u himself1 frame 
?is univ]se8 ,or h[ c ,god be sph]ical1 
& be inf]ior to man8  ,anaxagoras av]s t
 bodies did consi/ f all et]nity1 b !   
div9e intellect did r$uce !m into _!    
prop] ord]s1 & effect$ ! orig9ation (   
all be+s4 ,b ,plato did n suppose t !   
prim>y bodies _h _! consi/5ce & repose1 
b t !y 7 mov$ confus$ly & 9 disord]2 b  
,god1 kn[+ t ord] 0 bett] ?an confusion1
 did dige/ !m into ! be/ me?ods4 ,bo? ^!
 7 equally peccant2 = bo? suppose ,god  
to be ! great mod]ator ( human affairs &

 = t cause to h =m$ ?is pres5t _w2 :5 x 
is app>5t t an immortal & bless$ be+1   
repl5i%$ ) all 8 glori\s excell5cies1 & 
n at all obnoxi\s to any sort ( evil1 b 
be+ :olly occupi$ ) 8 own felicity &    
immortality1 w\ld n employ himself ) !  
conc]ns ( m52 = c]ta9ly mis]able is !   
be+ :i*1 l a labor] or artific]1 is     
mole/$ by ! tr\bles & c>es :i* ! =m+ &  
gov]n+ ( ?is _w mu/ give him4 ,add to   
?is1 t ! ,god :om ^! m5 pr(ess 0 ei!r n 
at all exi/+ be=e ?is pres5t _w 7:5     
bodies 7 ei!r repos$ or 9 a disord]$    
motion71 or t at t "t ,god did ei!r     
sleep1 or else 0 9 a con/ant            
wat*fulness1 or t he did nei!r ( ^!4 ,n[
 nei!r ! fir/ nor ! second c be         
ent]ta9$1 because !y suppose ,god to be 
et]nal2 if ,god f et]nity 0 9 a cont9ual
 sleep1 he 0 9 an et]nal dea?1--& :at is
 dea? b an et]nal sleep8--b no sleep c  
affect a deity1 = ! immortality ( ,god &
 alliance to dea? are va/ly diff]5t4 ,b 
if ,god 0 9 a cont9ual vigilance1 ei!r  
!re 0 some?+ want+ to make him happy1 or

 else 8 beatitude 0 p]fectly complete2 b
 accord+ to nei!r ( ^! c ,god be said to
 be bless$2 n accord+ to ! fir/1 = if   
!re be any defici5cy !re is no p]fect   
bliss2 n accord+ to ! second1 =1 if !re 
be no?+ want+ to ! felicity ( ,god1 x   
mu/ be a ne$less ent]prise = him to busy
 himself 9 human affairs4 ,& h[ c x be  
suppos$ t ,god adm9i/]s by 8 own        
provid5ce human conc]ns1 :5 to va9 &    
trifl+ p]sons prosp]\s ?+s happ51 to    
great & high adv]se8 ,agamemnon 0 bo?   
,a virtu\s pr9ce1 = w>like acts r5[n$1  
7,iliad1 iii4 #agi47  & by an adult]] & 
adult]ess 0 vanqui%$ & p]fidi\sly sla94 
,h]cules1 aft] he _h fre$ ! life ( man f
 _m ?+s t 7 p]nici\s to x1 p]i%$ by !   
wit*craft & poison ( ,deianira4  ,?ales 
said t ! intellig5ce ( ! _w 0 ,god4     
,anaxim&] conclud$ t ! />s 7 heav5ly    
deities4  ,democritus said t ,god1 be+ a
 globe ( fire1 is ! intellig5ce & ! s\l 
( ! _w4  ,py?agoras says t1 ( 8         
pr9ciples1 unity is ,god2 & ! good1 :i* 
is inde$ ! nature ( a unity1 is m9d     

itself2 b ! b9>y numb]1 :i* is inf9ite1 
is a daemon1 & evil1--ab\t :i* !        
multitude ( mat]ial be+s & ?is visible  
_w are relat$4  ,socrates & ,plato agree
 t ,god is t :i* is "o1 ha? its orig9al 
f its own self1 is ( a s+ul> subsi/5ce1 
is "o only be+ p]fectly good2 all ^!    
v>i\s names signify+ goodness d all     
c5tre 9 m9d2 h5ce ,god is to be und]/ood
 z t m9d & intellect1 :i* is a sep>ate  
idea1 t is to say1 pure & unmix$ ( all  
matt]1 & n m+l$ ) any?+ subject to      
passions4  ,ari/otle's s5tim5t is1 t    
,god ha? 8 resid5ce 9 sup]ior regions1 &
 ha? plac$ 8 ?rone 9 ! sph]e ( !        
univ]se1 & is a sep>ate idea2 :i* sph]e 
is an e!real body1 :i* is by him /yl$ ! 
fif? ess5ce or qu9tess5ce4 ,= !re is a  
division ( ! univ]se into sph]es1 :i*   
are contigu\s by _! nature b appe> to   
reason to be sep>at$2 & he concludes t  
ea* ( ! sph]es is an animal1 compos$ ( a
 body & s\l2 ! body ( !m is e!real1 mov$
 orbicul>ly1 ! s\l is ! rational =m1 :i*
 is unmov$1 & yet is ! cause t ! sph]e  

is 9 motion4  ,! ,/oics affirm t ,god is
 a ?+ m common & obvi\s1 & is a me*anic 
fire :i* e way spreads itself to produce
 ! _w2 x conta9s 9 itself all sem9al    
virtues1 & by ?is means all ?+s by a    
fatal necessity 7 produc$4 ,?is _s1     
pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole _w1 receiv$ diff]5t  
names f ! mutations 9 ! matt] ?r\gh :i* 
x ran 9 its j\rney4 ,god !re=e is ! _w1 
! />s1 ! e>?1 & 7highe/ ( all7 ! m9d 9 !
 heav5s4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ,epicurus all ! 
gods are an?ropomorphites1 or h ! %ape (
 m52 b !y are p]ceptible only by reason1
 = _! nature admits ( no o!r mann] ( be+
 appreh5d$1 _! p>ts be+ s small & f9e t 
!y give no corporeal repres5tations4 ,! 
same ,epicurus ass]ts t !re are f\r o!r 
natural be+s :i* are immortal3 ( ?is    
sort are atoms1 ! vacuum1 ! inf9ite1 & !
 simil> p>ts2 & ^! la/ are call$        
,homoeom]ies & likewise elem5ts4        
,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,^? ,,t ,,are      
,,call$ ,,g5iuses ,,& ,,h]oes  ,hav+    
treat$ ( ! ess5ce ( ! deities 9 a j     
ord]1 x foll[s t we disc\rse ( daemons &

 h]oes4 ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ! 
,/oics d conclude t daemons are ess5ces 
end[$ ) s\ls2 t ! h]oes are ! s\ls      
sep>at$ f _! bodies1 "s are good1 "s are
 bad2 ! good are ^? ^: s\ls are good1 ! 
evil ^? ^: s\ls are wick$4 ,all ?is is  
reject$ by ,epicurus4    ,,*apt] ,,ix4  
,,( ,,matt]4  ,matt] is t fir/ be+ :i*  
is sub/rate = g5]ation1 corruption1 &   
all o!r alt]ations4  ,! disciples (     
,?ales & ,py?agoras1 ) ! ,/oics1 are (  
op9ion t matt] is *angeable1 mutable1   
conv]tible1 & slid+ ?r\gh all ?+s4  ,!  
foll[]s ( ,democritus av] t ! vacuum1 ! 
atom1 & ! incorporeal sub/ance are !    
fir/ be+s1 & n obnoxi\s to passions4    
,ari/otle & ,plato affirm t matt] is ( t
 species :i* is corporeal1 void ( any   
=m1 species1 figure1 & quality1 b apt to
 receive all =ms1 t %e may be ! nurse1 !
 "m1 & orig9 ( all o!r be+s4 ,b !y t d  
say t wat]1 e>?1 air1 & fire are matt] d
 likewise say t matt] _c be )\t =m1 b   
conclude x is a body2 b !y t say t      
individual p>ticles & atoms are matt] d 

say t matt] is )\t =m4    ,,*apt] ,x4   
,,( ,,ideas4  ,an idea is a be+         
incorporeal1 n subsi/+ by itself1 b     
gives figure unto %apeless matt]1 &     
becomes ! cause ( its ph5om5a4          
,socrates & ,plato conjecture t ^! ideas
 are be+s sep>ate f matt]1 subsi/+ 9 !  
und]/&+ & imag9ation ( ! deity1 t is1 ( 
m9d4  ,ari/otle accept$ =ms & ideas2 b  
he do? n believe !m sep>at$ f matt]1 or 
patt]ns ( ! ?+s ,god has made4  ,^?     
,/oics1 t are ( ! s*ool ( ,z5o1 pr(ess t
 ideas are no?+ else b ! conceptions (  
our own m9d4    ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,(       
,,causes4  ,a cause is t by :i* any?+ is
 produc$1 or by :i* any?+ is effect$4   
,plato gives ?is triple division (      
causes1--! mat]ial1 ! effici5t1 & ! f9al
 cause2 ! pr9cipal cause he judges to be
 ! effici5t1 :i* is ! m9d & intellect4  
,py?agoras & ,ari/otle judge ! fir/     
causes are incorporeal be+s1 b ^? t are 
causes by accid5t or p>ticipation become
 corporeal sub/ances2 by ?is means ! _w 
is corporeal4  ,! ,/oics grant t all    

causes are corporeal1 inasmu* z !y are  
physical4    ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,(         
,,bodies4  ,a body is t be+ :i* ha? ^!  
?ree dim5sions1 bread?1 dep?1 &         
l5g?2--or a bulk :i* makes a s5sible    
resi/ance2--or :atsoev] ( its own nature
 possesse? a place4  ,plato sai? t x is 
nei!r heavy nor light 9 its own nature1 
:5 x exi/s 9 its own place2 b be+ 9 !   
place :]e ano!r %\ld be1 !n x has an    
incl9ation by :i* x t5ds to gravity or  
levity4  ,ari/otle sai? t1 if we simply 
consid] ?+s 9 _! own nature1 ! e>? only 
is to be judg$ heavy1 & fire light2 b   
air & wat] are on occasions heavy & at  
o!r times light4  ,! ,/oics ?9k t ( !   
f\r elem5ts two are light1 fire & air2  
two pond]\s1 e>? & wat]2 t :i* is       
naturally light do? by its own nature1 n
 by any incl9ation1 rec$e f its own     
c5tre2 b t :i* is heavy do? by its own  
nature t5d to its c5tre2 = ! c5tre is n 
a heavy ?+ 9 itself4  ,epicurus ?9ks t  
bodies are n limit$2 b ! fir/ bodies1   
:i* are simple bodies1 & all ^? compos$ 

( !m1 all ackn[l$ge gravity2 t all atoms
 are mov$1 "s p]p5dicul>ly1 "s          
obliquely2 "s are c>ri$ al(t ei!r by    
imm$iate impulse or ) vibrations4       
,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,t ,,are
 ,,lea/ ,,9 ,,nature4  ,emp$ocles1 be=e 
! f\r elem5ts1 introduce? ! mo/ m9ute   
bodies :i* resemble elem5ts2 b !y did   
exi/ be=e ! elem5ts1 hav+ simil> p>ts & 
orbicul>4  ,h]aclitus br+s 9 ! smalle/  
fragm5ts1 & ^? indivisible4    ,,*apt]  
,,xiv4 ,,( ,,figures4  ,a figure is !   
ext]ior appe>ance1 ! circumscription1 & 
! b\nd>y ( a body4  ,! ,py?agoreans say 
t ! bodies ( ! f\r elem5ts are sph]ical1
 fire be+ 9 ! supreme/ place only       
except$1 ^: figure is conical4          
,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,colors4  ,color is !
 visible quality ( a body4  ,!          
,py?agoreans call$ color ! ext]nal      
appe>ance ( a body4 ,emp$ocles1 t :i* is
 cons5tane\s to ! passages ( ! eye4     
,plato1 t !y are fires emitt$ f bodies1 
:i* h p>ts h>moni\s = ! sight4 ,z5o !   
,/oic1 t colors are ! fir/ figurations (

 matt]4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 t colors are ( 
f\r sorts1 :ite & black1 r$ & pale2 & !y
 d]ive ! v>iety ( colors f ! mixtures ( 
! elem5ts1 & t se5 9 animals also f !   
v>iety ( food & ! air4    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4
 ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,bodies4  ,!   
disciples ( ,?ales & ,py?agoras grant t 
all bodies are passible & divisible into
 inf9ity4 ,o!rs hold t atoms &          
indivisible p>ts are !re fix$1 & admit n
 ( a division into inf9ity4 ,ari/otle1 t
 all bodies are pot5tially b n actually 
divisible into inf9ity4    ,,*apt]      
,,xvii4 ,,h[ ,,bodies ,,are ,,mix$ ,,&  
,,contemp]at$ ,,"o ,,) ,,ano!r4  ,!     
anci5t philosoph]s held t ! mixture (   
elem5ts proce$$ f ! alt]ation (         
qualities2 b ! disciples ( ,anaxagoras &
 ,democritus say x is done by           
apposition4 ,emp$ocles composes !       
elem5ts ( /ill m9ut] bulks1 ^? :i* are !
 mo/ m9ute & may be t]m$ ! elem5t (     
elem5ts4 ,plato assigns ?ree bodies 7b  
he w n all[ ^! to be elem5ts1 nor       
prop]ly s call$71 air1 fire1 & wat]1 :i*

 are mutable into "o ano!r2 b ! e>? is  
mutable into none ( ^!4    ,,*apt]      
,,xviii4 ,,( ,a ,,vacuum4  ,all !       
natural philosoph]s f ,?ales to ,plato  
reject$ a vacuum4 ,emp$ocles says t !re 
is no?+ ( a vacuity 9 ,nature1 nor any?+
 sup]abundant4 ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 
,demetrius1 ,metrodorus1 ,epicurus1 t ! 
atoms are 9 numb] inf9ite2 & t a vacuum 
is inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,! ,/oics1 t )9 
! compass ( ! _w !re is no vacuum1 b    
beyond x ! vacuum is inf9ite4 ,ari/otle1
 t ! vacuum beyond ! _w is s great t !  
heav5 has lib]ty to brea! into x1 = !   
heav5 is fi]y4    ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,(    
,,place4  ,plato1 to def9e place1 calls 
x t ?+ :i* 9 its own bosom receives =ms 
& ideas2 by :i* metaphor he d5otes      
matt]1 be+ 7z x 77 a nurse or receptacle
 ( be+s4 ,ari/otle1 t x is ! ultimate   
sup]ficies ( ! circumambi5t body1       
contigu\s to t :i* x do? encompass4     
,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,( ,,space4  ,! ,/oics & 
,epicureans make a place1 a vacuum1 &   
space to diff]4 ,a vacuum is t :i* is   

void ( any?+ t may be call$ a body2     
place is t :i* is possess$ by a body2 a 
space t :i* is p>tly fill$ ) a body1 z a
 cask ) w9e4    ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,"t4
  ,9 ! s5se ( ,py?agoras1 "t is t sph]e 
:i* encompasses ! _w4 ,plato says t x is
 a movable image ( et]nity1 or ! int]val
 ( ! _w's motion4  ,erato/h5es1 t x is !
 sol> motion4    ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,( ,,!
 ,,sub/ance ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,"t4      
,plato says t ! heav5ly motion is "t4   
,mo/ ( ! ,/oics t motion is "t4 ,mo/    
philosoph]s ?9k t "t _h no comm5cem5t2  
,plato1 t "t _h only 9 intellig5ce a    
beg9n+4    ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,(         
,,motion4  ,plato & ,py?agoras say t    
motion is a diff]5ce & alt]ation 9      
matt]4 ,ari/otle1 t x is ! actual       
op]ation ( t :i* may be mov$4           
,democritus1 t !re is b "o sort (       
motion1 & x is t :i* is vibratory4      
,epicurus1 t !re are two species (      
motion1 "o p]p5dicul>1 & ! o!r oblique4 
,h]ophilus1 t "o species ( motion is    
obvi\s only to reason1 ! o!r to s5se4   

,h]aclitus utt]ly d5ies t !re is any?+ (
 quiet or repose 9 nature2 = t is ! /ate
 ( ! dead2 "o sort ( motion is et]nal1  
:i* he assigns to be+s et]nal1 ! o!r    
p]i%able1 to ^? ?+s :i* are p]i%able4   
,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( ,,g5]ation ,,&      
,,corruption4  ,p>m5ides ,melissus1 &   
,z5o d5y t !re are any su* ?+s z        
g5]ation & corruption1 = !y suppose t ! 
univ]se is unmovable4 ,emp$ocles1       
,epicurus1 & o!r philosoph]s t comb9e 9 
?is1 t ! _w is fram$ ( small corporeal  
p>ticles meet+ toge!r1 affirm t         
corruption & g5]ation are n s prop]ly to
 be accept$2 b !re are conjunctions &   
sep>ations1 :i* d n consi/ 9 any        
di/9ction accord+ to _! qualities1 b are
 made accord+ to quantity by coalition  
or disjunction4 ,py?agoras1 & all ^? :o 
take = grant$ t matt] is subject to     
mutation1 say t g5]ation & corruption   
are to be accept$ 9 _! prop] s5se1 & t  
!y are accompli%$ by ! alt]ation1       
mutation1 & dissolution ( elem5ts4      
,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,( ,,necessity4  ,?ales 

says t necessity is omnipot5t1 & t x    
ex]cise? an empire ov] ev]y?+4          
,py?agoras1 t ! _w is inve/$ by         
necessity4 ,p>m5ides & ,democritus1 t   
!re is no?+ 9 ! _w b :at is necess>y1 & 
t ?is same necessity is o!rwise call$   
fate1 ju/ice1 provid5ce1 & ! ar*itect ( 
! _w4    ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,!        
,,nature ,,( ,,necessity4  ,b ,plato    
di/+ui%e? & ref]s "s ?+s to ,provid5ce1 
o!rs to necessity4 ,emp$ocles makes !   
nature ( necessity to be t cause :i*    
employs pr9ciples & elem5ts4 ,democritus
 makes x to be a resi/ance1 impulse1 &  
=ce ( matt]4 ,plato sometimes says t    
necessity is matt]2 at o!r times1 t x is
 ! habitude or respect ( ! effici5t     
cause t[>ds matt]4    ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4  
,,( ,,de/9y ,,or ,,fate4  ,h]aclitus1 :o
 attributes all ?+s to fate1 makes      
necessity to be ! same ?+ ) x4 ,plato   
admits ( a necessity 9 ! m9ds & ! acts (
 m51 b yet he introduce? a cause :i*    
fl[s f ourselves4 ,! ,/oics1 9 ?is      
agree+ ) ,plato1 say t necessity is a   

cause inv9cible & viol5t2 t fate is !   
ord]$ complication ( causes1 9 :i* !re  
is an intexture ( ^? ?+s :i* proce$ f   
our own det]m9ation1 s t c]ta9 ?+s are  
to be attribut$ to fate1 o!rs n4        
,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,(  
,,fate4  ,accord+ to ,h]aclitus1 !      
ess5ce ( fate is a c]ta9 reason :i*     
p5etrates ! sub/ance ( all be+2 & ?is is
 an e!real body1 conta9+ 9 itself t     
sem9al faculty :i* gives an orig9al to e
 be+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,plato affirms t x is 
! et]nal reason & ! et]nal law ( !      
nature ( ! _w4 ,*rysippus1 t x is a     
spiritual faculty1 :i* 9 due ord] do?   
manage & rule ! univ]se4 ,aga91 9 8 book
 /yl$ ! ,def9itions1 t fate is ! reason 
( ! _w1 or t x is t law :]eby ,provid5ce
 rules & adm9i/]s ev]y?+ t is 9 ! _w2 or
 x is t reason by :i* all ?+s h be51 all
 ?+s are1 & all ?+s w be produc$4 ,!    
,/oics say t x is a *a9 ( causes1 t is1 
x is an ord] & connection ( causes :i*  
_c be resi/$4 ,posidonius1 t x is a be+ 
! ?ird 9 degree f ,jupit]2 ! fir/ ( be+s

 is ,jupit]1 ! second ,nature1 & ! ?ird 
,fate4    ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,( ,,=tune4  
,plato says1 t x is an accid5tal cause &
 a casual consequ5ce 9 ?+s :i* proce$ f 
! election & c\nsel ( m54 ,ari/otle1 t x
 is an accid5tal cause 9 ^? ?+s done by 
an impulse = a c]ta9 end2 & ?is cause is
 unc]ta9 & un/able3 !re is a great deal 
( diff]5ce betwixt t :i* fl[s f *ance & 
t :i* falls out by ,=tune2 = t :i* is   
=tuit\s all[s also *ance1 & belongs to  
?+s practical2 b :at is by *ance _c be  
also by ,=tune1 = x belongs to ?+s )\t  
action3 ,=tune1 moreov]1 p]ta9s to      
rational be+s1 b *ance to rational &    
irrational be+s alike1 & ev5 to         
inanimate ?+s4 ,epicurus1 t x is a cause
 n always consi/5t1 b v>i\s z to p]sons1
 times1 & mann]s4 ,anaxagoras & !       
,/oics1 t x is t cause :i* human reason 
_c compreh5d2 = !re are "s ?+s :i*      
proce$ f necessity1 "s ?+s f ,fate1 "s f
 *oice & free-w1 "s f ,=tune1 "s f      
*ance4    ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,nature4  
,emp$ocles affirms t ,nature is no?+    

else b ! mixture & sep>ation ( !        
elem5ts2 = ?us he writes 9 ! fir/ book (
 8 natural philosophy3--       ,nature  
gives nei!r life nor dea?1              
,mutation makes u die or brea!4      ,! 
elem5ts fir/ are mix$1 !n ea*      ,d   
"p3 ?is ,nature is 9 mortal spee*4      
,anaxagoras is ( ! same op9ion1 t       
,nature is coalition & sep>ation1 t is1 
g5]ation & corruption4     ,,book ,,ii4 
,hav+ f9i%$ my diss]tation conc]n+      
pr9ciples & elem5ts & ^? ?+s :i* *iefly 
app]ta9 to !m1 ,i w turn my p5 to       
disc\rse ( ^? ?+s :i* are produc$ by !m1
 & w take my beg9n+ f ! _w1 :i* conta9s 
& encompasse? all be+s4    ,,*apt] ,i4  
,,( ,,! ,,_w4  ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/      
philosoph] t call$ ! _w ,greek omitt$1 f
 ! ord] & beauty ( x2 = s t ^w          
signifies4 ,?ales & 8 foll[]s say ! _w  
is "o4 ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 & _!     
s*ol> ,metrodorus affirm t !re are      
inf9ite worlds 9 an inf9ite space1 = t  
inf9ite vacuum 9 its :ole ext5t conta9s 
!m4 ,emp$ocles1 t ! circle :i* ! sun    

makes 9 its motion circumscribes ! _w1 &
 t circle is ! utmo/ b\nd ( ! _w4       
,seleucus1 t ! _w kn[s no limits4       
,diog5es1 t ! univ]se is inf9ite1 b ?is 
_w is f9ite4 ,! ,/oics make a diff]5ce  
betwe5 t :i* is call$ ! univ]se1 & t :i*
 is call$ ! :ole _w2--! univ]se is !    
inf9ite space consid]$ ) ! vacuum1 !    
vacuity be+ remov$ gives ! "r conception
 ( ! _w2 s t ! univ]se & ! _w are n !   
same ?+4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,!        
,,figure ,,( ,,! ,,_w4  ,! ,/oics say t 
! figure ( ! _w is sph]ical1 o!rs t x is
 conical1 o!rs oval4 ,epicurus1 t !     
figure ( ! _w may be globul>1 or t x may
 admit ( o!r %apes4    ,,*apt] ,,iii4   
,,:e!r ,,! ,,_w ,,be ,,an ,,animal4     
,democritus1 ,epicurus1 & ^? philosoph]s
 :o introduc$ atoms & a vacuum1 affirm t
 ! _w is n an animal1 nor gov]n$ by any 
wise ,provid5ce1 b t x is manag$ by a   
nature :i* is void ( reason4 ,all ! o!r 
philosoph]s affirm t ! _w is in=m$ ) a  
s\l1 & gov]n$ by reason & ,provid5ce4   
,ari/otle is except$1 :o is some:at     

diff]5t2 he is ( op9ion1 t ! :ole _w is 
n act$ by a s\l 9 e "p ( x1 nor ha? x   
any s5sitive1 rational1 or intellectual 
faculties1 nor is x direct$ by reason & 
,provid5ce 9 e "p ( x2 ( all :i* !      
heav5ly bodies are made p>tak]s1 = !    
circumambi5t sph]es are animat$ & are   
liv+ be+s2 b ^? ?+s :i* are ab\t ! e>?  
are void ( ^? end[m5ts2 & ?\gh ^?       
t]re/rial bodies are ( an ord]ly        
disposition1 yet t is casual & n        
primog5ial4    ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,:e!r ,,! 
,,_w ,,is ,,et]nal ,,& ,,incorruptible4 
,py?agoras & ,plato1 agree+ ) ! ,/oics1 
affirm t ! _w 0 fram$ by ,god1 & be+    
corporeal is obvi\s to ! s5ses1 & 9 its 
own nature is obnoxi\s to de/ruction2 b 
x %all nev] p]i%1 x be+ pres]v$ by !    
provid5ce ( ,god4 ,epicurus1 t ! _w _h a
 beg9n+1 & s %all h an end1 z plants &  
animals h4 ,x5ophanes1 t ! _w nev] _h a 
beg9n+1 is et]nal & incorruptible4      
,ari/otle1 t ! "p ( ! _w :i* is sublun>y
 is subject to *ange1 & !re t]re/rial   
be+s f9d a decay4    ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:5ce 

,,does ,,! ,,_w ,,receive ,,its         
,,nutrim5t8  ,ari/otle says t1 if ! _w  
be n\ri%$1 x w likewise be dissolv$2 b x
 requires no alim5t1 & w !re=e be       
et]nal4 ,plato1 t ?is v _w prep>es =    
itself a nutrim5t1 by ! alt]ation ( ^?  
?+s :i* are corruptible 9 x4 ,philolaus 
affirms t a de/ruction happ5s to ! _w 9 
two ways2 ei!r by fire fail+ f heav51 or
 by ! sublun>y wat] be+ p\r$ d[n ?r\gh !
 :irl+ ( ! air2 & ! exhalations proce$+ 
f !nce are alim5t ( ! _w4    ,,*apt]    
,,vi4 ,,f ,,:at ,,elem5t ,,god ,,did    
,,beg9 ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,fabric ,,( ,,!
 ,,_w4  ,! natural philosoph]s pron\nce 
t ! =m+ ( ?is _w took its orig9al f !   
e>?1 x be+ its c5tre1 = ! c5tre is !    
pr9cipal "p ( ! globe4 ,py?agoras1 f !  
fire & ! fif? elem5t4 ,emp$ocles        
det]m9es1 t ! fir/ & pr9cipal elem5t    
di/9ct f ! re/ 0 ! ae!r1 !n fire1 aft] t
 ! e>?1 :i* e>? be+ /rongly compact$ by 
! =ce ( a pot5t revolution1 wat] spr+s f
 x1 ! exhalations ( :i* wat] produce !  
air2 ! heav5 took its orig9 f ! ae!r1 & 

fire gave a be+ to ! sun2 ^? ?+s ne>e/  
to ! e>? are cond5s$ f ! rema9d]s4      
,plato1 t ! visible _w 0 fram$ aft] !   
exempl> ( ! intellectual _w2 ! s\l ( !  
visible _w 0 fir/ produc$1 !n !         
corporeal figure1 fir/ t :i* proce$$ f  
fire & e>?1 !n t :i* came f air & wat]4 
,py?agoras1 t ! _w 0 =m$ ( five solid   
figures :i* are call$ ma!matical2 ! e>? 
0 produc$ by ! cube1 ! fire by !        
pyramid1 ! air by ! octah$ron1 ! wat] by
 ! icosah$ron1 & ! globe ( ! univ]se by 
! dodecah$ron4 ,9 all ^! ,plato ha? !   
same s5tim5ts ) ,py?agoras4    ,,*apt]  
,,vii4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,=m ,,& ,,ord] ,,!    
,,_w ,,0 ,,compos$4  ,p>m5ides ma9ta9s t
 !re are small coronets alt]nately twi/$
 "o )9 ano!r1 "s made up ( a ?91 o!rs ( 
a cond5s$1 matt]2 & !re are o!rs betwe5 
mix$ mutually toge!r ( light & (        
d>kness1 & ar\nd !m all !re is a solid  
sub/ance1 :i* l a firm wall surr\nds ^! 
coronets4 ,leucippus & ,democritus cov] 
! _w r\nd ab\t1 z ) a g>m5t & membrane4 
,epicurus says t t :i* ab\nds "s worlds 

is ?91 & t :i* limits o!rs is gross &   
cond5s$2 & ( ^! sph]es "s are 9 motion1 
o!rs are fix$4 ,plato1 t fire takes !   
fir/ place 9 ! _w1 ! second ! ae!r1 aft]
 t ! air1 "u t ! wat]2 ! la/ place ! e>?
 possesse?3 sometimes he puts ! ae!r & !
 fire 9 ! same place4 ,ari/otle gives ! 
fir/ place to ! ae!r1 z t :i* is        
impassible1 x be+ a k9d ( a fif? body   
aft] :i* he place? ^? t are passible1   
fire1 air1 & wat]1 & la/ ( all ! e>?4   
,to ^? bodies t are acc\nt$ cele/ial he 
assigns a motion t is circul>1 b to ^? t
 are seat$ "u !m1 if !y be light bodies1
 an asc5d+1 if heavy1 a desc5d+ motion4 
,emp$ocles1 t ! places ( ! elem5ts are n
 always fix$ & det]m9$1 b !y all succe$ 
"o ano!r 9 _! respective /ations4       
,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,cause  
,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,incl9ation4  ,diog5es 
& ,anaxagoras /ate t1 aft] ! _w 0       
compos$ & _h produc$ liv+ creatures1 !  
_w out ( its own prop5sity made an      
incl9ation t[>d ! s\?4 ,p]haps ?is may  
be attribut$ to a wise ,provid5ce 7!y   

affirm71 t !reby "s p>ts ( ! _w may be  
habitable1 o!rs un9habitable1 accord+ z 
! v>i\s climates are affect$ ) a rigor\s
 cold1 or a scor*+ heat1 or a j         
temp]am5t ( cold & heat4 ,emp$ocles1 t !
 air yield+ to ! impetu\s =ce ( ! sol>  
rays1 ! poles receiv$ an incl9ation2    
:]eby ! nor!rn p>ts 7 exalt$ & ! s\!rn  
depress$1 by :i* means ! :ole _w receiv$
 its incl9ation4    ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,(   
,,t ,,?+ ,,:i* ,,is ,,beyond ,,! ,,_w1  
,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,be ,a ,,vacuum ,,or    
,,n4  ,py?agoras & 8 foll[]s say t      
beyond ! _w !re is a vacuum1 into :i* & 
out ( :i* ! _w ha? its respiration4 ,!  
,/oics1 t !re is a vacuum into :i*      
inf9ite space by a conflagration %all be
 dissolv$4 ,posidonius1 n an inf9ite    
vacuum1 b z mu* z suffices = !          
dissolution ( ! _w2 & ?is he ass]ts 9 8 
fir/ book conc]n+ ! ,vacuum4 ,ari/otle  
affirms1 t a vacuum does n exi/4 ,plato 
concludes t nei!r )9 nor )\t ! _w !re is
 any vacuum4    ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,:at ,,p>ts
 ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,are ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,h&1 

,,& ,,:at ,,on ,,! ,,left4  ,py?agoras1 
,plato1 & ,ari/otle decl>e t ! ea/]n    
p>ts ( ! _w1 f :5ce motion comm5ces1 are
 ( ! "r1 ^? ( ! we/]n are ( ! left h& ( 
! _w4 ,emp$ocles1 t ^? t are ( ! "r h&  
face ! summ] sol/ice1 ^? ( ! left ! w9t]
 sol/ice4    ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,heav51 
,,:at ,,is ,,its ,,nature ,,& ,,ess5ce4 
,anaxim5es affirms t ! circumf]5ce (    
heav5 makes ! limit ( ! e>?'s           
revolution4 ,emp$ocles1 t ! heav5 is a  
solid sub/ance1 & ha? ! =m & h>dness (  
cry/al1 x be+ compos$ ( ! air compact$  
by fire1 & t 9 bo? hemisph]es x inve/s !
 elem5ts ( air & fire4 ,ari/otle1 t x is
 =m$ by ! fif? body1 & by ! mixture (   
extreme heat & cold4    ,,*apt] ,,xii4  
,,into ,,h[ ,,_m ,,circles ,,is ,,!     
,,heav5 ,,di/+ui%$2 ,,or1 ,,( ,,!       
,,division ,,( ,,heav54  ,?ales1        
,py?agoras1 & ! foll[]s ( ,py?agoras d  
di/ribute ! univ]sal globe ( heav5 into 
five circles1 :i* !y d5om9ate zones2 "o 
( :i* is call$ ! arctic circle1 :i* is  
always conspicu\s to u1 ano!r is ! summ]

 tropic1 ano!r is ! sol/ice1 ano!r is ! 
w9t] tropic1 ano!r is ! ant>ctic circle1
 :i* is always out ( sight4 ,! circle   
call$ ! zodiac is plac$ "u ! ?ree t are 
9 ! mid/1 & is oblique1 g5tly t\*+ !m   
all4 ,likewise1 !y are all divid$ 9 "r  
angles by ! m]idian1 :i* goes f pole to 
pole4 ,x is suppos$ t ,py?agoras made ! 
fir/ discov]y ( ! obliquity ( ! zodiac1 
b "o ,o5opides ( ,*ios *all5ges to      
himself ! inv5tion ( x4   ,,*apt]       
,,xiii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,! 
,,/>s1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,compos$4   
,?ales affirms t !y are globes ( e>? set
 on fire4 ,emp$ocles1 t !y are fi]y     
bodies aris+ f t fire :i* ! ae!r embrac$
 )9 itself1 & did %att] 9 pieces :5 !   
elem5ts 7 fir/ sep>at$ "o f ano!r4      
,anaxagoras1 t ! circumambi5t ae!r is ( 
a fi]y sub/ance1 :i*1 by a vehem5t =ce 9
 its :irl+ ab\t1 did te> /ones f ! e>?1 
& by its own p[] set !m on fire1 &      
e/abli% !m z />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,diog5es   
?9ks !y resemble pumice /ones1 & t !y   
are ! brea?+s ( ! _w2 aga9 he suppose? t

 !re are "s invisible /ones1 :i* fall   
sometimes f heav5 ^u ! e>?1 & are !re   
qu5*$2 z x happ5$ at ,aegos-potami1 :]e 
a /ony /> resembl+ fire did fall4       
,emp$ocles1 t ! fix$ />s fa/5$ to !     
cry/al1 b ! planets are loos5$4 ,plato1 
t ! />s = ! mo/ "p are ( a fi]y nature1 
b !y are made p>tak]s ( ano!r elem5t1 ) 
!y are mix$ aft] ! resemblance ( glue4  
,z5ophanes1 t !y are compos$ ( inflam$  
cl\ds1 :i* 9 ! daytime are qu5*$1 & 9 ! 
night are k9dl$ aga94 ,! l we see 9     
coals2 = ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! />s is no?+ 
else b ! qu5*+ & k9dl+ ( !m4 ,h]aclitus 
& ! ,py?agoreans1 t e /> is a _w 9 an   
inf9ite ae!r1 & encompasse? air1 e>?1 & 
ae!r2 ?is op9ion is curr5t among !      
disciples ( ,orpheus1 = !y suppose t ea*
 ( ! />s does make a _w4 ,epicurus      
condemns none ( ^! op9ions1 = he        
embraces any?+ t is possible4    ,,*apt]
 ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,:at ,,figure ,,! ,,/>s    
,,are4  ,! ,/oics say t ! />s are ( a   
circul> =m1 l z ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! _w4  
,clean!s1 t !y are ( a conical figure4  

,anaxim5es1 t !y are fa/5$ z nails 9 !  
cry/all9e firmam5t2 "s o!rs1 t !y are   
fi]y plates ( gold1 resembl+ pictures4  
,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,& ,,place
 ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4  ,x5ocrates says t ! />s
 are mov$ 9 "o & ! same sup]ficies4 ,!  
o!r ,/oics say t !y are mov$ 9 v>i\s    
sup]ficies1 "s be+ sup]ior1 o!rs        
inf]ior4 ,democritus1 t ! fix$ />s are 9
 ! highe/ place2 aft] ^? ! planets2 aft]
 ^! ! sun1 ,v5us1 & ! moon1 9 ord]4     
,plato1 t ! fir/ aft] ! fix$ />s t makes
 its appe>ance is ,pha5on1 ! /> (       
,saturn2 ! second ,phaeton1 ! /> (      
,jupit]2 ! ?ird ! fi]y1 :i* is ! /> (   
,m>s2 ! f\r? ! morn+ />1 :i* is ! /> (  
,v5us2 ! fif? ! %9+ />1 & t is ! /> (   
,m]cury2 9 ! six? place is ! sun1 9 !   
sev5? ! moon4 ,plato & "s ( !           
ma!maticians conspire 9 ! same op9ion2  
o!rs place ! sun z ! c5tre ( ! planets4 
,anaxim&]1 ,metrodorus ( ,*ios1 &       
,crates assign to ! sun ! sup]ior place1
 aft] him ! moon1 aft] !m ! fix$ />s &  
planets4    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,!      

,,motion ,,& ,,circulation ,,( ,,!      
,,/>s4  ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 &     
,clean!s say t all ! />s h _! motion f  
ea/ to we/4 ,alcmaeon & ! ma!maticians1 
t ! planets h a contr>y motion to ! fix$
 />s1 & 9 opposition to !m are c>ri$ f !
 we/ to ! ea/4 ,anaxim&]1 t !y are c>ri$
 by ^? circles & sph]es on :i* !y are   
plac$4 ,anaxim5es1 t !y are turn$ "u &  
ab\t ! e>?4 ,plato & ! ma!maticians1 t !
 sun1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury hold equal       
measures 9 _! motions4    ,,*apt]       
,,xvii4 ,,:5ce ,,d ,,! ,,/>s ,,receive  
,,_! ,,light8  ,metrodorus says t all ! 
fix$ />s d]ive _! light f ! sun4        
,h]aclitus & ! ,/oics1 t e>?ly          
exhalations are ^? by :i* ! />s are     
n\ri%$4 ,ari/otle1 t ! heav5ly bodies   
require no nutrim5t1 = !y be+ et]nal _c 
be obnoxi\s to corruption4 ,plato & !   
,/oics1 t ! :ole _w & ! />s are f$ by ! 
same ?+s4    ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,:at     
,,are ,,^? ,,/>s ,,:i* ,,are ,,call$ ,,!
 ,,dioscuri1 ,,! ,,tw9s1 ,,or ,,ca/or   
,,& ,,pollux8  ,x5ophanes says t ^? :i* 

appe> z />s 9 ! tops ( %ips are little  
cl\ds brilliant by _! peculi> motion4   
,metrodorus1 t ! eyes ( fright$ &       
a/oni%$ p emit ^? lights :i* are call$ !
 ,tw9s4    ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,h[ ,,/>s    
,,progno/icate1 ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,!      
,,cause ,,( ,,w9t] ,,& ,,summ]4  ,plato 
says t ! summ] & w9t] indications proce$
 f ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! />s1 t is1 f !    
ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! fix$  
/>s4 ,anaxim5es1 t ! re/ 9 ?is are n at 
all conc]n$1 b t x is :olly p]=m$ by !  
sun4 ,eudoxus & ,aratus assign x 9      
common to all ! />s1 = ?us ,aratus      
says3--       ,?und'r+ ,jove />s 9 heav5
 ha? fix$1      ,& !m 9 su* beaute\s    
ord] mix$1      ,:i* ye>ly future ?+s   
pr$ict4    ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,( ,,!        
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,! ,,sun4  ,anaxim&] says1
 t ! sun is a circle eight & tw5ty times
 bigg] ?an ! e>?1 & has a circumf]5ce v 
mu* l t ( a *>iot-:eel1 :i* is holl[ &  
full ( fire2 ! fire ( :i* appe>s to u   
?r\gh its m\?1 z by an ap]ture 9 a pipe2
 & ?is is ! sun4 ,x5ophanes1 t ! sun is 

con/itut$ ( small bodies ( fire compact$
 toge!r & rais$ f a moi/ exhalation1 :i*
 cond5s$ make ! body ( ! sun2 or t x is 
a cl\d enfir$4 ,! ,/oics1 t x is an     
intellig5t flame proce$+ f ! sea4       
,plato1 t x is compos$ ( abundance (    
fire4 ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 &       
,metrodorus1 t x is an enfir$ /one1 or a
 burn+ body4 ,ari/otle1 t x is a sph]e  
=m$ out ( ! fif? body4 ,philolaus !     
,py?agorean1 t ! sun %9es z cry/al1 :i* 
receives its spl5dor f ! fire ( ! _w & s
 reflecte? its light ^u u2 s t fir/1 !  
body ( fire :i* is cele/ial is 9 ! sun2 
& secondly1 ! fi]y reflection t comes f 
x1 9 ! =m ( a mirror2 & la/ly1 ! rays   
spread ^u u by way ( reflection f t     
mirror2 & ?is la/ we call ! sun1 :i* is 
7z x 77 an image ( an image4 ,emp$ocles1
 t !re are two suns2 ! "o ! prototype1  
:i* is a fire plac$ 9 ! o!r hemisph]e1  
:i* x totally fills1 & is always ord]$ 9
 a direct opposition to ! reflection (  
its own light2 & ! sun :i* is visible to
 u1 =m$ by ! reflection ( t spl5dor 9 ! 

o!r hemisph]e 7:i* is fill$ ) air mix$ )
 heat71 ! light reflect$ f ! circul> sun
 9 ! opposite hemisph]e fall+ ^u !      
cry/all9e sun2 & ?is reflection is borne
 r\nd ) ! motion ( ! fi]y sun4 ,to give 
briefly ! full s5se1 ! sun is no?+ else 
b ! light & brightness ( t fire :i*     
encompasse? ! e>?4 ,epicurus1 t x is an 
e>?y bulk well compact$1 ) ores l a     
pumice-/one or a sponge1 k9dl$ by fire4 
,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,! ,,magnitude ,,(  
,,! ,,sun4  ,anaxim&] says1 t ! sun     
itself 9 greatness is equal to ! e>?1 b 
t ! circle f :5ce x receives its        
respiration & 9 :i* x is mov$ is sev5 & 
tw5ty times l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,anaxagoras1
 t x is f> great] ?an ,peloponnesus4    
,h]aclitus1 t x is no broad] ?an a man's
 foot4 ,epicurus1 t he equally embrace? 
all ! =esaid op9ions1--t ! sun may be ( 
magnitude z x appe>s1 or x may be       
some:at great] or some:at less4         
,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,figure 
,,or ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,sun4  ,anaxim5es  
affirms t 9 its dilatation x resembles a

 leaf4 ,h]aclitus1 t x ha? ! %ape ( a   
boat1 & is some:at crook$4 ,! ,/oics1 t 
x is sph]ical1 & x is ( ! same figure ) 
! _w & ! />s4 ,epicurus1 t ! recit$     
dogmas may be def5d$4    ,,*apt]        
,,xxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,turn+ ,,& ,,return+  
,,( ,,! ,,/>s1 ,,or ,,! ,,summ] ,,&     
,,w9t] ,,sol/ice4  ,anaxim5es believes t
 ! />s are =c$ by a cond5s$ & resi/+    
air4 ,anaxagoras1 by ! repell+ =ce ( !  
nor!rn air1 :i* is viol5tly pu%$ on by !
 sun1 & ?us r5d]$ m cond5s$ & p[]ful4   
,emp$ocles1 t ! sun is h9d]$ f a        
cont9ual direct c\rse by its sph]ical   
vehicle & by ! two circul> tropics4     
,diog5es1 t ! sun1 :5 x comes to its    
utmo/ decl9ation1 is ext+ui%$1 a rigor\s
 cold damp+ ! heat4 ,! ,/oics1 t ! sun  
ma9ta9s its c\rse only ?r\gh t space 9  
:i* its su/5ance is seat$1 let x be !   
ocean or ! e>?2 by ! exhalations proce$+
 f ^! x is n\ri%$4 ,plato1 ,py?agoras1 &
 ,ari/otle1 t ! sun receives a transv]se
 motion f ! obliquity ( ! zodiac1 :i* is
 gu>d$ by ! tropics2 all ^! ! globe     

cle>ly manife/s4    ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( 
,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4  ,?ales 0 !
 fir/ :o affirm$ t ! eclipse ( ! sun 0  
caus$ by ! moon's runn+ 9 a p]p5dicul>  
l9e betwe5 x & ! _w2 = ! moon 9 its own 
nature is t]re/rial4 ,& by mirrors x is 
made p]spicu\s t1 :5 ! sun is eclips$1 !
 moon is 9 a direct l9e bel[ x4         
,anaxim&]1 t ! sun is eclips$ :5 ! fi]y 
m\? ( x is /opp$ & h9d]$ f respiration4 
,h]aclitus1 t x is aft] ! mann] ( !     
turn+ ( a boat1 :5 ! concave seems      
upp]mo/ to our sight1 & ! convex        
ne!rmo/4 ,x5ophanes1 t ! sun is eclips$ 
:5 x is ext+ui%$2 & t a new sun is      
creat$ & rises 9 ! ea/4 ,he gives a f>!r
 acc\nt ( an eclipse ( ! sun :i* rema9$ 
= a :ole mon?1 & aga9 ( an eclipse :i*  
*ang$ ! day into night4 ,"s decl>e t !  
cause ( an eclipse is ! invisible       
conc\rse ( cond5s$ cl\ds :i* cov] ! orb 
( ! sun4 ,ari/>*us place? ! sun among/ !
 fix$ />s1 & believe? t ! e>? ! moon8 is
 mov$ ab\t ! sun1 & t by its incl9ation 
& v]g5cy x int]cepts its light & %ad[s  

its orb4 ,x5ophanes1 t !re are _m suns &
 _m moons1 accord+ z ! e>? is di/+ui%$  
by climates1 circles1 & zones4 ,at "s   
c]ta9 times ! orb ( ! sun1 fall+ ^u "s  
"p ( ! _w :i* is unt5ant$1 w&]s 9 a     
vacuum & becomes eclips$4 ,! same p]son 
affirms t ! sun proce$+ 9 its motion 9 !
 inf9ite space1 appe>s to u to move     
orbicul>ly1 tak+ t repres5tation f its  
inf9ite di/ance f u4    ,,*apt] ,,xxv4  
,,( ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,! ,,moon4        
,anaxim&] affirms t ! circle ( ! moon is
 n9ete5 times bigg] ?an ! e>?1 &        
resembles ! sun1 its orb be+ full (     
fire2 & x suff]s an eclipse :5 ! :eel   
makes a revolution1--:i* he describes by
 ! div]s turn+s ( a *>iot-:eel1 9 ! mid/
 ( x !re be+ a holl[ nave repl5i%$ )    
fire1 :i* ha? b "o way ( expiration4    
,x5ophanes1 t x is a cond5s$ cl\d4 ,!   
,/oics1 t x is mix$ ( fire & air4       
,plato1 t x is a body ( ! greate/ "p    
fi]y4 ,anaxagoras & ,democritus1 t x is 
a solid1 cond5s$1 & fi]y body1 9 :i* !re
 are flat c\ntries1 m\nta9s1 & valleys4 

,h]aclitus1 t x is an e>? cov]$ ) a     
bright cl\d4 ,py?agoras1 t ! body ( !   
moon 0 ( a nature resembl+ a mirror4    
,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,!  
,,moon4  ,! ,/oics decl>e1 t 9 magnitude
 x exce$s ! e>?1 j z ! sun itself do?4  
,p>m5ides1 t x is equal to ! sun1 f :om 
x receives its light4    ,,*apt]        
,,xxvii4 ,,( ,,! ,,figure ,,( ,,!       
,,moon4  ,! ,/oics believe t x is ( !   
same figure ) ! sun1 sph]ical4          
,emp$ocles1 t ! figure ( x resembles a  
quoit4 ,h]aclitus1 a boat4 ,o!rs1 a     
cyl9d]4    ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,f ,,:5ce 
,,is ,,x ,,t ,,! ,,moon ,,receives ,,h] 
,,light8  ,anaxim&] ?9ks t %e gives     
light to h]self1 b x is v sl5d] & fa9t4 
,antiphon1 t ! moon %9es by its own     
prop] light2 b :5 x absconds itself1 !  
sol> beams d>t+ on x obscure x4 ,?us x  
naturally happ5s1 t a m vehem5t light   
puts out a weak]2 ! same is se5 9 o!r   
/>s4 ,?ales & 8 foll[]s1 t ! moon borr[s
 all h] light ( ! sun4 ,h]aclitus1 t !  
sun & moon are aft] ! same mann]        

affect$2 9 _! configurations bo? are    
%ap$ l boats1 & are made conspicu\s to u
 by receiv+ _! light f moi/ exhalations4
 ,! sun appe>s to u m refulg5t1 by      
reason x is mov$ 9 a cle>] & pur] air2 !
 moon appe>s m duski%1 x be+ c>ri$ 9 an 
air m tr\bl$ & gross4    ,,*apt] ,,xxix4
 ,,( ,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon4      
,anaxim5es believes t ! m\? ( ! :eel1   
ab\t :i* ! moon is turn$1 be+ /opp$ is !
 cause ( an eclipse4 ,b]asus1 t x       
proce$s f ! turn+ ( ! d>k side ( ! lun> 
orb t[>ds u4 ,h]aclitus1 t x is p]=m$ j 
aft] ! mann] ( a boat turn$ upside      
d[nw>ds4 ,"s ( ! ,py?agoreans say1 t !  
spl5dor arises f ! e>?1 its ob/ruction f
 ! ,anti*?on 7or c\nt]-e>?74 ,"s ( !    
lat] philosoph]s1 t !re is su* a        
di/ribution ( ! lun> flame1 t x         
gradually & 9 a j ord] burns until x be 
full moon2 9 l mann]1 t ?is fire decays 
by degrees1 until its conjunction ) !   
sun totally ext+ui%e? x4 ,plato1        
,ari/otle1 ! ,/oics1 & all !            
ma!maticians agree1 t ! obscurity ) :i* 

! moon is e mon? affect$ arise? f a     
conjunction ) ! sun1 by ^: m respl5d5t  
beams %e is d>k5$2 & ! moon is !n       
eclips$ :5 %e falls ^u ! %ad[ ( ! e>?1 !
 e>? int]pos+ betwe5 ! sun & moon1 or   
7to speak m prop]ly7 ! e>? int]cept+ !  
light ( ! moon4   ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,!
 ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,moon1 ,,or ,,!      
,,lun> ,,aspects2 ,,or ,,h[ ,,x ,,comes 
,,to ,,pass ,,t ,,! ,,moon ,,appe>s ,,to
 ,,u ,,t]re/rial4  ,! ,py?agoreans say1 
t ! moon appe>s to u t]rane\s1 by reason
 x is inhabit$ z our e>? is1 & 9 x !re  
are animals ( a l>g] size & plants ( a  
r>] beauty ?an our globe af=ds2 t !     
animals 9 _! virtue & en]gy are fifte5  
degrees sup]ior to ours2 t !y emit no?+ 
excrem5titi\s2 & t ! days are fifte5    
times long]4 ,anaxagoras1 t ! reason ( !
 inequality arise? f ! commixture ( ?+s 
e>?y & cold2 & t fi]y & calig9\s matt]  
is jumbl$ toge!r1 :]eby ! moon is said  
to be a /> ( a c\nt]feit aspect4 ,!     
,/oics1 t on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( h]   
sub/ance ! composition ( h] body is     

subject to corruption4    ,,*apt]       
,,xxxi4 ,,h[ ,,f> ,,! ,,moon ,,is       
,,remov$ ,,f ,,! ,,sun4  ,emp$ocles     
decl>es1 t ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! sun is
 d\ble h] remot5ess f ! e>?4 ,!         
ma!maticians1 t h] di/ance f ! sun is   
eighte5 times h] di/ance f ! e>?4       
,erato/h5es1 t ! sun is remote f ! e>?  
sev5 hundr$ & eighte5 ?\s& furlongs4    
,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ye>1 ,,& ,,h[
 ,,_m ,,circulations ,,make ,,up ,,!    
,,great ,,ye> ,,( ,,e ,,planet4  ,! ye> 
( ,saturn is complet$ :5 he has _h 8    
circulation 9 ! space ( ?irty sol> ye>s2
 ( ,jupit] 9 twelve2 ( ,m>s 9 two1 ( !  
sun 9 twelve mon?s2 9 s _m ,m]cury &    
,v5us1 ! spaces ( _! circulation be+    
equal2 ( ! moon 9 ?irty days1 9 :i* "t  
h] c\rse f h] prime to h] conjunction is
 f9i%$4 ,z to ! great ye>1 "s make x to 
consi/ ( eight ye>s sol>1 "s ( n9ete51  
o!rs ( fifty-n9e4 ,h]aclitus1 ( eighte5 
?\s&4 ,diog5es1 ( ?ree hundr$ &         
sixty-five su* ye>s z ,h]aclitus        
assigns4 ,o!rs !re are :o l5g!n x to    

sev5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5     
ye>s4      ,,book ,,iii4  ,9 my two     
prec$5t treatises hav+ 9 due ord] tak5 a
 comp5di\s view & giv5 an acc\nt ( !    
cele/ial bodies1 & ( ! moon :i* /&s     
betwe5 !m & ! t]re/rial1 ,i mu/ n[      
conv]t my p5 to disc\rse 9 ?is ?ird book
 ( ,meteors1 :i* are be+s above ! e>? & 
bel[ ! moon1 & are ext5d$ to ! site &   
situation ( ! e>?1 :i* is suppos$ to be 
! c5tre ( ! sph]e ( ?is _w2 & f !nce w  
,i take my beg9n+4    ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,(   
,,! ,,galaxy1 ,,or ,,! ,,milky ,,way4   
,x is a cl\dy circle1 :i* cont9ually    
appe>s 9 ! air1 & by reason ( ! :it5ess 
( its colors is call$ ! galaxy1 or !    
milky way4 ,"s ( ! ,py?agoreans say t1  
:5 ,phaeton set ! _w on fire1 a /> fall+
 f its own place 9 its circul> passage  
?r\gh ! region caus$ an inflammation4   
,o!rs say t orig9ally x 0 ! fir/ c\rse (
 ! sun2 o!rs1 t x is an image z 9 a     
look+-glass1 occasion$ by ! sun's       
reflect+ its beams t[>ds ! heav5s1 & ?is
 appe>s 9 ! cl\ds & 9 ! ra9b[4          

,metrodorus1 t x is m]ely ! sol> c\rse1 
or ! motion ( ! sun 9 its own circle4   
,p>m5ides1 t ! mixture ( a ?ick & ?9    
sub/ance gives x a color :i* resembles  
milk4 ,anaxagoras1 t ! sun mov+ "u ! e>?
 & n be+ able to enlight5 e place1 !    
%ad[ ( ! e>?1 be+ ca/ ^u ! "p ( !       
heav5s1 makes ! galaxy4 ,democritus1 t x
 is ! spl5dor :i* arise? f ! coalition (
 _m small bodies1 :i*1 be+ firmly unit$ 
among/ !mselves1 d mutually enlight5 "o 
ano!r4 ,ari/otle1 t x is ! inflammation 
( dry1 copi\s1 & coh]5t vapor1 by :i* ! 
fi]y mane1 ^: seat is b5ea? ! ae!r & !  
planets1 is produc$4 ,posidonius1 t x is
 a comb9ation ( fire1 ( f9] sub/ance ?an
 ! />s1 b d5s] ?an light4    ,,*apt]    
,,ii4 ,,( ,,comets ,,& ,,%oot+ ,,fires1 
,,& ,,^? ,,:i* ,,resemble ,,beams4  ,"s 
( ! ,py?agoreans say1 t a comet is "o ( 
^? />s :i* d n always appe>1 b aft] !y h
 run ?r\gh _! det]m9$ c\rse1 !y !n rise 
& are visible to u4 ,o!rs1 t x is !     
reflection ( our sight ^u ! sun1 :i*    
gives ! resemblance ( comets mu* aft] ! 

same mann] z images are reflect$ 9      
mirrors4 ,anaxagoras & ,democritus1 t   
two or m />s be+ 9 conjunction by _!    
unit$ light make a comet4 ,ari/otle1 t x
 is a fi]y coalition ( dry exhalations4 
,/rato1 t x is ! light ( ! /> d>t+ ?r\gh
 a ?ick cl\d t ha? inve/$ x2 ?is is se5 
9 light %9+ ?r\gh lant]ns4 ,h]aclides1  
native ( ,pontus1 t x is a l(ty cl\d    
inflam$ by a sublime fire4 ,! l causes  
he assigns to ! be>d$ comet1 to ^?      
circles t are se5 ab\t ! sun or />s1 or 
^? meteors :i* resemble pill>s or beams1
 & all o!rs :i* are ( ?is k9d4 ,?is way 
unanim\sly g all ! ,p]ipatetics1 hold+ t
 ^! meteors1 be+ =m$ by ! cl\ds1 d diff]
 accord+ to _! v>i\s configurations4    
,epig5es1 t a comet arises f a ris+ ( _s
 or w9d1 mix$ ) an e>?y sub/ance & set  
on fire4 ,boe?us1 t x is a phantasy     
pres5t$ to u by fi]y air4 ,diog5es1 t   
comets are />s4 ,anaxagoras1 t ^? /yl$  
%oot+ />s desc5d f ! ae!r l sp>ks1 &    
!re=e are soon ext+ui%$4 ,metrodorus1 t 
x is a =cible illapse ( ! sun ^u cl\ds  

:i* makes !m to sp>kle z fire4          
,x5ophanes1 t all su* fi]y meteors are  
no?+ else b ! conglom]ation ( ! enfir$  
cl\ds1 & ! fla%+ motions ( !m4          
,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,viol5t ,,eruption  
,,( ,,fire ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,cl\ds4 ,,(   
,,lightn+4 ,,( ,,?und]4 ,,(             
,,hurricanes4 ,,( ,,:irlw9ds4 ,anaxim&] 
affirms t all ^! are produc$ by ! w9d   
aft] ?is mann]3 ! w9d be+ enclos$ by    
cond5s$ cl\ds1 on acc\nt ( its m9ut5ess 
& lightness viol5tly endeavors to make a
 passage2 & 9 break+ ?r\gh ! cl\d gives 
noise2 & ! te>+ ! cl\d1 because ( !     
blackness ( x1 gives a respl5d5t flame4 
,metrodorus1 t :5 ! w9d falls ^u a cl\d 
^: d5s+ firmly compacts x1 by break+ !  
cl\d x cause? a great noise1 & by /rik+ 
& r5d+ ! cl\d x gives ! flame2 & 9 !    
swiftness ( its motion1 ! sun imp>t+    
heat to x1 x ?r[s out ! bolt4 ,! weak   
decl9+ ( ! ?und]bolt ends 9 a viol5t    
tempe/4 ,anaxagoras1 t :5 heat & cold   
meet & are mix$ toge!r 7t is1 e!real    
p>ts ) airy71 !reby a great noise (     

?und] is produc$1 & ! color obs]v$ aga9/
 ! blackness ( ! cl\d occasions ! fla%+ 
( fire2 ! full & great spl5dor is       
lightn+1 ! m enl>g$ & embodi$ fire      
becomes a :irlw9d1 ! cl\d9ess ( x gives 
! hurricane4 ,! ,/oics1 t ?und] is !    
cla%+ ( cl\ds "o ^u ano!r1 ! fla% (     
lightn+ is _! fi]y inflammation2 _! m   
rapid spl5dor is ! ?und]bolt1 ! fa9t &  
weak ! :irlw9d4 ,ari/otle1 t all ^!     
proce$ f dry exhalations1 :i*1 if !y    
meet ) moi/ vapors1 =c+ _! passage1 !   
break+ ( !m gives ! noise ( ?und]2 !y1  
be+ v dry1 take fire & make lightn+2    
tempe/s & hurricanes arise f ! pl5itude 
( matt] :i* ea* draw to !mselves1 !     
hott] p>ts attract$ make ! :irlw9ds1 !  
dull] ! tempe/s4   ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,(    
,,cl\ds1 ,,ra91 ,,sn[1 ,,& ,,hail4      
,anaxim5es ?9ks t ! air by be+ v mu*    
cond5s$ cl\ds are =m$2 ?is air be+ m    
compact$1 ra9 is compress$ ?r\gh x2 :5  
wat] 9 its fall+ d[n freeze?1 !n sn[ is 
g5]at$2 :5 x is encompass$ ) a moi/ air1
 x is hail4 ,metrodorus1 t a cl\d is    

compos$ ( a wat]y exhalation c>ri$ into 
a high] place4 ,epicurus1 t !y are made 
( vapors2 & t hail & sn[ are =m$ 9 a    
r\nd figure1 be+ 9 _! long desc5t press$
 ^u by ! circumambi5t air4    ,,*apt]   
,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,ra9b[4  ,^? ?+s :i* affect
 ! air 9 ! sup]ior places ( x are ( two 
sorts4 ,"s h a real subsi/5ce1 su* are  
ra9 & hail2 o!rs n4 ,^? :i* enjoy n a   
prop] subsi/5ce are only 9 appe>ance2 ( 
?is sort is ! ra9b[4 ,?us ! cont95t to u
 t sail seems to be 9 motion4  ,plato   
says1 t m5 admir+ x feign$ t x took     
orig9ation f "o ,?aumas1 :i* ^w         
signifies admiration4 ,hom] s+s3--      
,jove pa9ts ! ra9b[ ) a purple dye1     
,allur+ man to ca/ 8 w&]+ eye4          
7,iliad1 xvii4 #edg47  ,o!rs !re=e fabl$
 t ! b[ ha? a head l a bull1 by :i* x   
swall[s up riv]s4  ,b :at is ! cause ( !
 ra9b[8 ,x is evid5t t :at app>5t ?+s we
 see come to our eyes 9 "r or 9 crook$  
l9es1 or by refraction3 ^! are          
incorporeal & to s5se obscure1 b to     
reason !y are obvi\s4 ,^? :i* are se5 9 

"r l9es are ^? :i* we see ?r\gh ! air or
 horn or transp>5t /ones1 = all ! p>ts (
 ^! ?+s are v f9e & t5u\s2 b ^? :i*     
appe> 9 crook$ l9es are 9 wat]1 !       
?ickness ( ! wat] pres5t+ !m b5d$ to our
 sight4 ,?is is ! reason t o>s 9        
!mselves /raight1 :5 put into ! sea1    
appe> to u crook$4 ,! ?ird mann] ( our  
see+ is by refraction1 & ?is is         
p]spicu\s 9 mirrors4 ,aft] ?is ?ird sort
 ! ra9b[ is affect$4 ,we conceive x is a
 moi/ exhalation conv]t$ into a cl\d1 & 
9 a %ort space x is dissolv$ into small 
& moi/ drops4 ,! sun decl9+ t[>ds ! we/1
 x w necess>ily foll[ t ! :ole b[ is se5
 opposite to ! sun2 = ! eye be+ direct$ 
to ^? drops receives a refraction1 & by 
?is means ! b[ is =m$4 ,! eye do? n     
consid] ! figure & =m1 b ! color ( ^!   
drops2 ! fir/ ( :i* colors is a %9+ r$1 
! second a purple1 ! ?ird is blue &     
gre54 ,let u consid] :e!r ! reason ( ?is
 r$ %9+ color be ! spl5dor ( ! sun fall+
 ^u ^! small drops1 ! :ole body ( light 
be+ refract$1 by :i* ?is bright r$ color

 is produc$2 ! second "p be+ tr\bl$ & ! 
light langui%+ 9 ! drops1 ! color       
becomes purple 7= ! purple is ! fa9t    
r$72 b ! ?ird "p1 be+ m & m tr\bl$1 is  
*ang$ into ! gre5 color4 ,& ?is is prov$
 by o!r effects ( ,nature2 if any "o    
%all put wat] 9 8 m\? & spit x out s    
opposite to ! sun1 t its rays may be    
refract$ on ! drops1 he %all see !      
resemblance ( a ra9b[2 ! same appe>s to 
m5 t are ble>-ey$1 :5 !y fix _! wat]y   
eyes ^u a c&le4  ,anaxim5es ?9ks ! b[ is
 ?us =m$2 ! sun ca/+ its spl5dor ^u a   
?ick1 black1 & gross cl\d1 & ! rays n   
be+ 9 a capacity to p5etrate beyond !   
sup]ficies4 ,anaxagoras1 t1 ! sol> rays 
be+ reflect$ f a cond5s$ cl\d1 ! sun be+
 plac$ directly opposite to x =ms ! b[  
aft] ! mode ( ! rep]cussion ( a mirror2 
aft] ! same mann] he assigns ! natural  
cause ( ! ,p>helia or mock-suns1 :i* are
 (t5 se5 9 ,pontus4 ,metrodorus1 t :5 ! 
sun ca/s its spl5dor ?r\gh a cl\d1 !    
cl\d gives itself a blue1 & ! light a r$
 color4    ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,meteors  

,,:i* ,,resemble ,,rods1 ,,or ,,(       
,,rods4  ,^! rods & ! mock-suns are     
con/itut$ ( a d\ble nature1 a real      
subsi/5ce1 & a m]e appe>ance2--( a real 
subsi/5ce1 because ! cl\ds are ! object 
( our eyes2 ( a m]e appe>ance1 = _!     
prop] color is n se51 b t :i* is        
adv5titi\s4 ,! l affections1 natural &  
adv5titi\s1 9 all su* ?+s d happ54      
,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,w9ds4  ,anaxim&]   
believes t w9d is a fluid air1 ! sun    
putt+ into motion or melt+ ! moi/ subtle
 p>ts ( x4 ,! ,/oics1 t all w9ds are a  
fl[+ air1 & f ! div]sity ( ! regions    
:5ce !y h _! orig9 receive _!           
d5om9ation2 z1 f d>kness & ! we/ ! we/]n
 w9d2 f ! sun & its ris+ ! ea/]n2 f !   
nor? ! nor!rn1 & f ! s\? ! s\!rn w9ds4  
,metrodorus1 t moi/ vapors heat$ by !   
sun are ! cause ( ! impetu\sness (      
viol5t w9ds4 ,! ,etesian1 or ^? w9ds :i*
 annually comm5ce ab\t ! ris+ ( !       
,little ,dog1 ! air ab\t ! nor!rn pole  
be+ m compact$1 bl[ viol5tly foll[+ !   
sun :5 x returns f ! summ] sol/ice4     

,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,w9t] ,,& ,,summ]4 
,emp$ocles & ! ,/oics believe t w9t] is 
caus$ by ! ?ickness ( ! air prevail+ &  
m\nt+ upw>ds2 & summ] by fire1 x fall+  
d[nw>ds4  ,?is description be+ giv5 by  
me ( ,meteors1 or ^? ?+s t are above u1 
,i mu/ pass to ^? ?+s :i* are t]re/rial4
    ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,:at  
,,is ,,its ,,nature ,,& ,,magnitude4    
,?ales & 8 foll[]s say t !re is b "o    
e>?4 ,hicetes ! ,py?agorean1 t !re are  
two e>?s1 ?is & ! ,anti*?on1 or ! e>?   
opposite to x4 ,! ,/oics1 t ?is e>? is  
"o1 & t f9ite & limit$4 ,x5ophanes1 t ! 
e>?1 be+ compact$ ( fire & air1 9 its   
l[e/ p>ts ha? laid a f\ndation 9 an     
inf9ite dep?4 ,metrodorus1 t ! e>? is   
m]e s$im5t & dregs ( wat]1 z ! sun is ( 
! air4    ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,figure  
,,( ,,! ,,e>?4  ,?ales1 ! ,/oics1 & _!  
foll[]s say t ! e>? is globul>4         
,anaxim&]1 t x resembles a smoo? /ony   
pill>4 ,anaxim5es1 t x ha? ! %ape ( a   
table4 ,leucippus1 ( a drum4            
,democritus1 t x is l a quoit ext]nally1

 & holl[ 9 ! middle4    ,,*apt] ,,xi4   
,,( ,,! ,,site ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,!   
,,e>?4  ,! disciples ( ,?ales say t !   
e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,x5ophanes1 
t x is fir/1 be+ root$ 9 ! inf9ite      
space4 ,philolaus ! ,py?agorean gives to
 fire ! middle place1 & ?is is ! s\rce  
fire ( ! univ]se2 ! second place to !   
,anti*?on2 ! ?ird to t e>? :i* we       
inhabit1 :i* is plac$ 9 opposition unto 
& :irl$ ab\t ! opposite1--:i* is !      
reason t ^? :i* inhabit t e>? _c be se5 
by u4 ,p>m5ides 0 ! fir/ t conf9$ !     
habitable _w to ! two sol/itial 7or     
temp]ate7 zones4    ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,(  
,,! ,,incl9ation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4         
,leucippus affirms t ! e>? v]ge? t[>ds !
 s\!rn p>ts1 by reason ( ! ?9ness &     
f95ess t is 9 ! s\?2 ! nor!rn p>ts are m
 compact$1 !y be+ congeal$ by a rigor\s 
cold1 b ^? p>ts ( ! _w t are opposite   
are enfir$4 ,democritus1 because1 !     
s\!rn p>ts ( ! air be+ ! weak]1 ! e>? z 
x enl>ges b5ds t[>ds ! s\?2 ! nor!rn    
p>ts are ( an unequal1 ! s\!rn ( an     

equal temp]am5t2 & ?is is ! reason t !  
e>? b5ds t[>ds ^? p>ts :]e ! e>? is lad5
 ) fruits & its own increase4    ,,*apt]
 ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4
  ,mo/ ( ! philosoph]s say t ! e>?      
rema9s fix$ 9 ! same place4 ,philolaus !
 ,py?agorean1 t x is mov$ ab\t ! elem5t 
( fire1 9 an oblique circle1 aft] ! same
 mann] ( motion t ! sun & moon h4       
,h]aclides ( ,pontus & ,ecphantus !     
,py?agorean assign a motion to ! e>?1 b 
n progressive1 b aft] ! mann] ( a :eel  
be+ c>ri$ on its own axis2 ?us ! e>? 7!y
 say7 turns itself ^u its own c5tre f   
we/ to ea/4 ,democritus1 t :5 ! e>? 0   
fir/ =m$ x _h a motion1 ! p>ts ( x be+  
small & light2 b 9 process ( "t ! p>ts (
 x 7 cond5s$1 s t by its own weight x 0 
pois$ & fix$4    ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,into  
,,h[ ,,_m ,,zones ,,is ,,! ,,e>?        
,,divid$8  ,py?agoras says t1 z !       
cele/ial sph]e is di/ribut$ into five   
zones1 into ! same numb] is ! t]re/rial2
 :i* zones are ! arctic & ant>ctic1 !   
summ] & w9t] tropics 7or temp]ate       

zones71 & ! equ9octial2 ! middle ( :i*  
zones equally divides ! e>? & con/itutes
 ! torrid zone2 b t portion :i* is 9    
betwe5 ! summ] & w9t] tropics is        
habitable1 by reason ! air is !re       
temp]ate4    ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,(          
,,e>?quakes4  ,?ales & ,democritus      
assign ! cause ( e>?quakes to wat]4 ,!  
,/oics say t x is a moi/ vapor conta9$ 9
 ! e>?1 mak+ an irruption into ! air1 t 
causes ! e>?quake4 ,anaxim5es1 t !      
dryness & r>ity ( ! e>? are ! cause (   
e>?quakes1 ! "o ( :i* is produc$ by     
extreme dr\ght1 ! o!r by immod]ate %[]s4
 ,anaxagoras1 t ! air endeavor+ to make 
a passage out ( ! e>?1 meet+ ) a ?ick   
sup]ficies1 is n able to =ce its way1 & 
s %akes ! circumambi5t e>? ) a trembl+4 
,ari/otle1 t a cold vapor encompass+ e  
"p ( ! e>? prohibits ! evacuation (     
vapors2 = ^? :i* are hot1 be+ 9 !mselves
 light1 endeavor to =ce a passage       
upw>ds1 by :i* means ! dry exhalations1 
be+ left 9 ! e>?1 use _! utmo/ endeavor 
to make a passage out1 & be+ w$g$ 91 !y 

suff] v>i\s circumvolutions & %ake !    
e>?4 ,metrodorus1 t :atsoev] is 9 its   
own place is incapable ( motion1 except 
x be press$ ^u or drawn by ! op]ation ( 
ano!r body2 ! e>? be+ s seat$ _c        
naturally be mov$1 yet div]s p>ts &     
places ( ! e>? may move "o ^u ano!r4    
,p>m5ides & ,democritus1 t ! e>? be+ s  
equally pois$ ha? no suffici5t gr\nd :y 
x %\ld incl9e m to "o side ?an to ! o!r2
 s t x may be %ak51 b _c be remov$4     
,anaxim5es1 t ! e>? by reason ( its     
latitude is borne ^u by ! air :i*       
presse? ^u x4 ,o!rs op9e t ! e>? swims  
^u ! wat]s1 z bo>ds & broad planks1 & by
 t reason is mov$4 ,plato1 t motion is  
by six mann] ( ways1 upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 on
 ! "r h& & on ! left1 beh9d & be=e2     
!re=e x is n possible t ! e>? %\ld be   
mov$ 9 any ( ^! modes1 = x is altoge!r  
seat$ 9 ! l[e/ place2 x !re=e _c receive
 a motion1 s9ce !re is no?+ ab\t x s    
peculi> z to cause x to incl9e any way2 
b "s p>ts ( x are s r>e & ?9 t !y are   
capable ( motion4 ,epicurus1 t !        

possibility ( ! e>?'s motion arise? f a 
?ick & aque\s air "u ! e>?1 t may1 by   
mov+ or pu%+ x1 be capable ( quak+2 or t
 be+ s compass$1 & hav+ _m passages1 x  
is %ak5 by ! w9d :i* is disp]s$ ?r\gh ! 
holl[ d5s ( x4    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,!
 ,,sea1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,compos$1 ,,&
 ,,h[ ,,x ,,becomes ,,to ,,! ,,ta/e     
,,bitt]4  ,anaxim&] affirms t ! sea is !
 rema9d] ( ! primog5ial humidity1 !     
greate/ "p ( :i* be+ dri$ up by ! fire1 
! influ5ce ( ! great heat alt]$ its     
quality4 ,anaxagoras t 9 ! beg9n+ wat]  
did n fl[1 b 0 z a /&+ pool2 & t x 0    
burnt by ! movem5t ( ! sun ab\t x1 by   
:i* ! oily "p ( ! wat] be+ exhal$1 !    
residue became salt4 ,emp$ocles1 t ! sea
 is ! sweat ( ! e>? heat$ by ! sun4     
,antiphon1 t ! sweat ( t :i* 0 hot 0    
sep>at$ f ! re/ :i* 7 moi/2 ^! by see?+ 
& boil+ became bitt]1 z happ5s 9 all    
sweats4 ,metrodorus1 t ! sea 0 /ra9$    
?r\gh ! e>?1 & reta9$ "s "p ( its       
d5sity2 ! same is obs]v$ 9 all ^? ?+s   
:i* are /ra9$ ?r\gh a%es4 ,! s*ools (   

,plato1 t ! elem5t ( wat] be+ compact$  
by ! rigor ( ! air became sweet1 b t "p 
:i* 0 expir$ f ! e>?1 be+ enfir$1 became
 ( a bracki% ta/e4    ,,*apt] ,,xvii4   
,,( ,,tides1 ,,or ,,( ,,! ,,ebb+ ,,&    
,,fl[+ ,,( ,,! ,,sea4  ,ari/otle &      
,h]aclides say1 !y proce$ f ! sun1 :i*  
moves & :irls ab\t ! w9ds2 & ^! fall+ ) 
a viol5ce ^u ! ,atlantic1 x is press$ & 
swells by !m1 by :i* means ! sea fl[s2 &
 _! impression ceas+1 ! sea retracts1   
h5ce !y ebb4 ,py!as ! ,massilian1 t !   
fulness ( ! moon gives ! fl[1 ! wane !  
ebb4 ,plato attributes x all to a c]ta9 
balance ( ! sea1 :i* by means ( a m\? or
 orifice causes ! tide2 & by ?is means !
 seas d rise & fl[ alt]nately4 ,timaeus 
believes t ^? riv]s :i* fall f ! m\nta9s
 ( ! ,celtic ,gaul into ! ,atlantic     
produce a tide4 ,= ^u _! ent]+ ^u t sea1
 !y viol5tly press ^u x1 & s cause !    
fl[2 b !y disembogu+ !mselves1 !re is a 
cessation ( ! impetu\sness1 by :i* means
 ! ebb is produc$4 ,seleucus !          
ma!matician attributes a motion to !    

e>?2 & ?us he pron\nce? t ! moon 9 its  
circumlation meets & repels ! e>? 9 its 
motion2 betwe5 ^! two1 ! e>? & ! moon1  
!re is a vehem5t w9d rais$ & int]cept$1 
:i* ru%es ^u ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & gives
 u a probable argum5t t x is ! cause !  
sea is tr\bl$ & mov$4    ,,*apt]        
,,xviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,aurea1 ,,or ,a       
,,circle ,,ab\t ,a ,,/>4  ,! aurea or   
circle is ?us =m$4 ,a ?ick & d>k air    
int]v5+ betwe5 ! moon or any o!r /> &   
our eye1 by :i* means our sight is      
dilat$ & reflect$1 :5 n[ our sight falls
 ^u ! outw>d circumf]5ce ( ! orb ( t />1
 !re pres5tly seems a circle to appe>4  
,?is circle ?us appe>+ is call$ ! ,greek
 omitt$ or halo2 & !re is con/antly su* 
a circle se5 by u1 :5 su* a d5sity (    
sight happ5s4     ,,book ,,iv4  ,hav+   
tak5 a survey ( ! g5]al p>ts ( ! _w1 ,i 
w take a view ( ! p>ticul> memb]s ( x4  
,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,ov]fl[+ ,,( ,,!   
,,nile4  ,?ales conjectures t ! ,etesian
 or anniv]s>y nor!rn w9ds bl[+ /rongly  
aga9/ ,egypt height5 ! swell+ ( ! ,nile1

 ! m\? ( t riv] be+ ob/ruct$ by ! =ce ( 
! sea ru%+ into x4 ,eu?ym5es !          
,massilian concludes t ! ,nile is fill$ 
by ! ocean & t sea :i* is outw>d f x1 ! 
la/ be+ naturally sweet4 ,anaxagoras1 t 
! sn[ 9 ,e?iopia :i* is froz5 9 w9t] is 
melt$ 9 summ]1 & ?is makes ! inundation4
 ,democritus1 t ! sn[s :i* are 9 !      
nor!rn climates :5 ! sun ent]s ! summ]  
sol/ice are dissolv$ & diffus$2 f ^?    
vapors cl\ds are compact$1 & ^! are     
=cibly driv5 by ! ,etesian w9ds into !  
s\!rn p>ts & into ,egypt1 f :5ce viol5t 
%[]s are p\r$2 & by ?is means ! f5s (   
,egypt are fill$ ) wat]1 & ! riv] ,nile 
ha? its inundation4 ,h]odotus !         
hi/orian1 t ! wat]s ( ! ,nile receive f 
_! f\nta9 an equal portion ( wat] 9 w9t]
 & 9 summ]2 b 9 w9t] ! wat] appe>s less1
 because ! sun1 mak+ its approa* ne>] to
 ,egypt1 draws up ! riv]s ( t c\ntry    
into exhalation4 ,ephorus !             
hi/oriograph]1 t 9 summ] all ,egypt     
seems to be melt$ & sweats itself into  
wat]1 to :i* ! ?9 & s&y soils ( ,arabia 

& ,lybia contribute4 ,eudoxus relates t 
! ,egyptian prie/s affirm t1 :5 x is    
summ] to u :o dwell "u ! nor!rn tropic1 
x is w9t] ) !m t inhabit "u ! s\!rn     
tropic2 by ?is means !re is a v>i\s     
contr>iety & opposition ( ! seasons 9 ! 
ye>1 :i* cause su* %[]s to fall z make !
 wat] to ov]fl[ ! banks ( ! ,nile &     
diffuse itself ?r\gh\t all ,egypt4      
,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4  ,?ales    
fir/ pron\nc$ t ! s\l is t be+ :i* is 9 
a p]petual motion1 or t ^: motion       
proce$s f itself4 ,py?agoras1 t x is a  
numb] mov+ itself2 he takes a numb] to  
be ! same ?+ ) a m9d4 ,plato1 t x is an 
intellectual sub/ance mov+ itself1 & t  
motion is 9 a num]ical h>mony4          
,ari/otle1 t x is ! fir/ actuality      
,greek ommitt$ ( a natural organical    
body :i* has life pot5tially2 & ?is     
actuality mu/ be und]/ood to be ! same  
?+ ) en]gy or op]ation4 ,dicae>*us1 t x 
is ! h>mony ( ! f\r elem5ts4            
,asclepiades ! physician1 t x is !      
concurr5t ex]citation ( ! s5ses4        

,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,s\l ,,be ,a 
,,body1 ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,nature ,,& 
,,ess5ce ,,( ,,x4  ,all ^? nam$ by me d 
affirm t ! s\l itself is incorporeal1 & 
by its own nature is 9 a motion1 & 9 its
 own self is an intellig5t sub/ance1 & !
 liv+ actuality ( a natural organical   
body4 ,! foll[]s ( ,anaxagoras1 t x is  
airy & a body4 ,! ,/oics1 t x is a hot  
exhalation4 ,democritus1 t x is a fi]y  
composition ( ?+s :i* are p]ceptible by 
reason alone1 ! same hav+ _! =ms        
sph]ical & )\t an inflam+ faculty2 & x  
is a body4 ,epicurus1 t x is con/itut$ (
 f\r qualities1 ( a fi]y quality1 ( an  
a]ial quality1 a pneumatical1 & ( a f\r?
 quality :i* ha? no "n1 b x conta9s !   
virtue ( ! s5se4 ,h]aclitus1 t ! s\l ( !
 _w is ! exhalation :i* proce$s f ! moi/
 p>ts ( x2 b ! s\l ( animals1 aris+ f   
exhalations t are ext]ior & f ^? t are  
)9 !m1 is homog5e\s to x4    ,,*apt]    
,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4     
,plato & ,py?agoras1 accord+ to _! fir/ 
acc\nt1 di/ribute ! s\l into two p>ts1 !

 rational & irrational4 ,by a m accurate
 & /rict acc\nt ! s\l is bran*$ into    
?ree p>ts2 !y divide ! unreasonable "p  
into ! concupiscible & ! irascible4 ,!  
,/oics say ! s\l is con/itut$ ( eight   
p>ts2 five ( :i* are ! s5ses1 he>+1     
see+1 ta/+1 t\*+1 smell+1 ! six? is !   
faculty ( speak+1 ! sev5? ( g5]at+1 !   
eigh? ( comm&+2 ?is is ! pr9cipal ( all1
 by :i* all ! o!r are guid$ & ord]$ 9 _!
 prop] organs1 z we see ! eight arms ( a
 polypus aptly dispos$4 ,democritus &   
,epicurus divide ! s\l into two p>ts1 ! 
"o rational1 :i* ba? its resid5ce 9 !   
brea/1 & ! irrational1 :i* is diffus$   
?r\gh ! :ole /ructure ( ! body4         
,democritus1 t ! quality ( ! s\l is     
communicat$ to ev]y?+1 yea1 to ! dead   
corpses2 = !y are p>tak]s ( heat & "s   
s5se1 :5 ! mo/ ( bo? is expir$ out ( !m4
    ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:at ,,is ,,!          
,,pr9cipal ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,9  
,,:at ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,x ,,resides4
  ,plato & ,democritus place its        
resid5ce 9 ! :ole head4 ,/rato1 9 t "p (

 ! =ehead :]e ! eyebr[s are sep>at$4    
,erasiatratus1 9 ! ,epikranis1 or       
membrane :i* involves ! bra94           
,h]ophilus1 9 t s9us ( ! bra9 :i* is !  
basis ( x4 ,p>m5ides1 9 ! brea/2 :i*    
op9ion is embrac$ by ,epicurus4 ,!      
,/oics are g5]ally ( ?is op9ion1 t !    
seat ( ! s\l is ?r\gh\t ! he>t1 or 9 !  
_s ab\t x4 ,diog5es1 9 ! art]ial        
v5tricle ( ! he>t1 :i* is also full (   
vital _s4 ,emp$ocles1 9 ! mass ( !      
blood4 ,!re are t say x is 9 ! neck ( ! 
he>t1 o!rs 9 ! p]ic>dium1 o!rs 9 !      
midriff4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,neot]ics1 t ! seat 
( ! s\l is ext5d$ f ! head to !         
diaphragm4 ,py?agoras1 t ! animal "p ( !
 s\l resides 9 ! he>t1 ! intellectual 9 
! head4    ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,!        
,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4  ,plato believes
 t ! s\l is 9 p]petual motion1 b t x is 
immovable z reg>ds motion f place to    
place4 ,ari/otle1 t ! s\l is n naturally
 mov$1 b its motion is accid5tal1       
resembl+ t :i* is 9 ! =ms ( bodies4     
,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l',s         

,,immortality4  ,plato & ,py?agoras say 
t ! s\l is immortal2 :5 x dep>ts out ( !
 body1 x retreats to ! s\l ( ! _w1 :i*  
is a be+ ( ! same nature ) x4 ,! ,/oics1
 :5 ! s\ls leave ! bodies1 !y are c>ri$ 
to div]s places2 ! s\ls ( ! unle>n$ &   
ignorant desc5d to ! coagm5tation (     
e>?ly ?+s1 b ! le>n$ & vigor\s la/ till 
! g5]al fire4 ,epicurus & ,democritus1 !
 s\l is mortal1 & x p]i%e? ) ! body4    
,plato & ,py?agoras1 t "p ( ! s\l ( man 
:i* is rational is et]nal2 = ?\gh x be n
 ,god1 yet x is ! product ( an et]nal   
deity2 b t "p ( ! s\l :i* is dive/$ (   
reason dies4    ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! 
,,s5ses1 ,,& ,,( ,,^? ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,are 
,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses1  ,! ,/oics   
give ?is def9ition ( s5se3 ,s5se is !   
,appreh5sion or compreh5sion ( an object
 by means ( an organ ( s5sation4 ,!re   
are sev]al ways ( express+ :at s5se is2 
x is ei!r a habit1 a faculty1 an        
op]ation1 or an imag9ation :i* appreh5ds
 by means ( an organ ( s5se1--& also !  
eigh? pr9cipal ?+1 f :5ce ! s5ses       

orig9ate4 ,! in/rum5ts ( s5se are       
intellig5t exhalations1 :i* f ! said    
comm&+ "p ext5d unto all ! organs ( !   
body4 ,epicurus1 t s5se is a faculty1 & 
t :i* is p]ceiv$ by ! s5se is ! product 
( x2 s t s5se ha? a d\ble               
acceptation1--s5se :i* is ! faculty1 & !
 ?+ receiv$ by ! s5se1 :i* is ! effect4 
,plato1 t s5se is t comm]ce :i* ! s\l & 
body h ) ^? ?+s t are ext]ior to !m2 !  
p[] ( :i* is f ! s\l1 ! organ by :i* is 
f ! body2 b bo? ( !m appreh5d ext]nal   
objects by means ( ! imag9ation4        
,leucippus & ,democritus1 t s5se &      
intellig5ce arise f ext]nal images2 s   
nei!r ( !m c op]ate )\t ! assi/ance (   
image fall+ ^u u4    ,,*apt] ,,ix4      
,,:e!r ,,:at ,,appe>s ,,to ,,our ,,s5ses
 ,,& ,,imag9ations ,,be ,,true ,,or ,,n4
  ,! ,/oics say t :at ! s5ses repres5t  
is true2 :at ! imag9ation1 is p>tly     
false1 p>tly true4 ,epicurus t e        
impression ( ! s5se or imag9ation is    
true1 b ( ^? ?+s t fall "u ! head (     
op9ion1 "s are true1 "s false3 s5se     

gives u a false pres5tation ( ^? ?+s    
only :i* are ! objects ( our und]/&+2 b 
! imag9ation gives u a d\ble error1 bo? 
( ?+s s5sible & ?+s intellectual4       
,emp$ocles & ,h]aclides1 t ! s5ses act  
by a j accommodation ( ! pores 9 e case2
 ev]y?+ t is p]ceiv$ by ! s5se be+      
congru\sly adapt$ to its prop] organ4   
,,*apt] ,x4 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,s5ses ,,are     
,,!re8  ,! ,/oics say t !re are five    
s5ses prop]ly s call$1 see+1 he>+1      
smell+1 ta/+1 & t\*+4 ,ari/otle inde$   
do? n add a six? s5se2 b he assigns a   
common s5se1 :i* is ! judge ( all       
comp\nd$ species2 into ?is ea* s5se ca/s
 its prop] repres5tation1 9 :i* is      
discov]$ a transition ( "o ?+ into      
ano!r1 l z we see 9 figure & motion :]e 
!re is a *ange ( "o into ano!r4         
,democritus1 t !re are div]s species (  
s5ses1 :i* app]ta9 to be+s de/itute (   
reason1 to ! gods1 & to wise m54        
,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,actions ,,( ,,!
 ,,s5ses1 ,,! ,,conceptions ,,( ,,our   
,,m9ds1 ,,& ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,our       

,,reason ,,are ,,=m$4  ,! ,/oics affirm 
t e man1 z soon z he is born1 has a     
pr9cipal & comm&+ "p ( 8 s\l1 :i* is 9  
him l a %eet ( writ+-pap]1 to :i* he    
commits all 8 notions4 ,! fir/ mann] ( 8
 inscrib+ is by d5ot+ ^? notions :i* fl[
 f ! s5ses4 ,suppose x be ( a ?+ t is   
:ite2 :5 ! pres5t s5se ( x is vani%$1   
!re is yet reta9$ ! remembrance2 :5 _m  
memorative notions ( ! same similitude d
 concur1 !n he is said to h an exp]i5ce2
 = exp]i5ce is no?+ m ?an ! abundance ( 
notions t are ( ! same =m met toge!r4   
,"s ( ^! notions are naturally begott5  
accord+ to ! a=esaid mann]1 )\t !       
assi/ance ( art2 ! o!rs are produc$ by  
discipl9e1 le>n+1 & indu/ry2 ^! only are
 ju/ly call$ notions1 ! o!rs are        
pr5otions4 ,b reason1 :i* gives u !     
d5om9ation ( rational1 is complet$ by   
pr5otions 9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s4 ,!        
conception ( ! m9d is ! vision t !      
intellig5ce ( a rational animal ha?     
receiv$2 :5 t vision falls ^u ! rational
 s\l1 !n x is call$ ! conception ( !    

m9d1 = x ha? d]iv$ its "n f ! m9d ,greek
 omitt$ f ,greek omitt$4 ,!re=e ^!      
visions are n to be f\nd 9 any o!r      
animals2 !y only are appropriat$ to gods
 & to u m54 ,if ^! we consid] g5]ally1  
!y are phantasms2 if specifically1 !y   
are notions4 ,z p5ce or /at]s1 if y     
consid] !m accord+ to _! own value1 are 
simply p5ce & /at]s2 b if y give !m z a 
price = a naval voyage1 !y are call$ n  
m]ely p5ce1 etc41 b y\r freight4        
,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,diff]5ce
 ,,betwe5 ,,imag9ation ,,greek ,,omitt$1
 ,,! ,,imag9able ,,greek ,,omitt$1      
,,fancy ,,greek ,,omitt$1 ,,& ,,phantom 
,,greek ,,omitt$8  ,*rysippus affirms1  
^! f\r are diff]5t "o f ano!r4          
,imag9ation is t passion rais$ 9 ! s\l  
:i* discov]s itself & t :i* 0 ! effici5t
 ( x2 to use example1 aft] ! eye ha?    
look$ ^u a ?+ t is :ite1 ! sight ( :i*  
produce? 9 ! m9d a c]ta9 impression1 ?is
 gives u reason to conclude t ! object (
 ?is impression is :ite1 :i* affecte? u4
 ,s ) t\*+ & smell+ ,phantasy or        

imag9ation is d5om9at$ f ,greek omitt$  
:i* d5otes light2 = z light discov]s    
itself & all o!r ?+s :i* x illum9ates1 s
 ?is imag9ation discov]s itself & t :i* 
is ! cause ( x4 ,! imag9able is !       
effici5t cause ( imag9ation2 z any?+ t  
is :ite1 or any?+ t is cold1 or ev]y?+ t
 may make an impression ^u ! imag9ation4
 ,fancy is a va9 impulse ^u ! m9d ( man1
 proce$+ f no?+ :i* is really           
conceivable2 ?is is exp]i5c$ 9 ^? t :irl
 ab\t _! idle h& & fight ) %ad[s2 = to !
 imag9ation !re is always "s real       
imag9able ?+ pres5t$1 :i* is ! effici5t 
cause ( x2 b to ! fancy no?+4 ,a phantom
 is t to :i* we are br\ght by su* a     
fanciful & va9 attraction2 ?is is to be 
se5 9 melan*oly & di/ract$ p]sons4 ,(   
?is sort 0 ,ore/es 9 ! trag$y1 pron\nc+ 
^! words3       ,"m1 ^! maids ) horror  
me affright2      ,oh br+ !m n1 ,i pray1
 into my sight6      ,!y're sme>$ )     
blood1 & cruel1 dragon-l1      ,skipp+  
ab\t ) deadly fury /rike4  ,^! rave z   
frantic p]sons1 !y see no?+1 & yet      

imag9e !y see4 ,!nce ,electra ?us       
returns to him3       ,o wret*$ man1    
securely sleep 9 b$2      ,no?+ ?\ see/1
 ?y fancy's va9ly l$4      7,euripides1 
,ore/es1 #bee47  ,aft] ! same mann]     
,!oclym5us 9 ,hom]4    ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  
,,( ,,our ,,sight1 ,,& ,,by ,,:at       
,,means ,,we ,,see4  ,democritus &      
,epicurus suppose t sight is caus$ by ! 
ins]tion ( little images into ! visive  
organ1 & by ! reception ( c]ta9 rays :i*
 return to ! eye aft] meet+ ! object4   
,emp$ocles supposes t images are mix$ ) 
! rays ( ! eye2 ^! he /yles ! rays (    
images4 ,hipp>*us1 t ! visual rays ext5d
 f bo? ! eyes to ! sup]ficies ( bodies1 
& give to ! sight ! appreh5sion ( ^?    
same bodies1 aft] ! same mann] 9 :i* !  
h& t\*+ ! extremity ( bodies gives !    
s5se ( feel+4 ,plato1 t ! sight is !    
spl5dor ( unit$ rays2 !re is a light :i*
 rea*es "s di/ance f ! eyes into a      
cognate air1 & !re is likewise a light  
%$ f bodies1 :i* meets & jo9s ) ! fi]y  
visual light 9 ! int]m$iate air 7:i* is 

liquid & mutable72 & ! union ( ^! rays  
gives ! s5se ( see+4 ,?is is ,plato's   
corradiancy1 or spl5dor ( unit$ rays4   
,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,^? ,,images ,,:i*  
,,are ,,pres5t$ ,,to ,,our ,,eyes ,,9   
,,mirrors4  ,emp$ocles says t ^! images 
are caus$ by c]ta9 effluxes :i*1 meet+  
toge!r & re/+ ^u ! sup]ficies ( !       
mirror1 are p]fect$ by t fi]y elem5t    
emitt$ by ! said mirror1 :i* trans=ms   
)al ! air t surr\nds x4 ,democritus &   
,epicurus1 t ! specul> appe>ances are   
made by ! subsi/5ce ( ! images :i* fl[ f
 our eyes2 ^! fall ^u ! mirror & rema91 
:ile ! light returns to ! eye4 ,!       
foll[]s ( ,py?agoras expla9 x by !      
reflection ( ! sight2 = our sight be+   
ext5d$ 7z x 77 to ! brass1 & meet+ ) !  
smoo? d5se surface !re( x is =c$ back1 &
 caus$ to return ^u itself3 ! same takes
 place 9 ! h&1 :5 x is /ret*$ out & !n  
br\ght back aga9 to ! %\ld]4 ,any "o may
 use ^! in/ances to expla9 ! mann] (    
see+4    ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,:e!r ,,d>kness 
,,c ,,be ,,visible ,,to ,,u4  ,! ,/oics 

say t d>kness is se5 by u1 = out ( our  
eyes !re issues out "s light into x2 &  
our eyes d n impose ^u u1 = !y really   
p]ceive !re is d>kness4 ,*rysippus says 
t we see d>kness by ! /rik+ ( !         
int]m$iate air2 = ! visual spirits :i*  
proce$ f ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s\l & rea* to
 ! ball ( ! eye pi]ce ?is air1 :i*1 aft]
 !y h made ^? /rokes ^u x1 ext5d        
conically on ! surr\nd+ air1 :]e ?is is 
homog5e\s 9 quality4 ,= f ! eyes ^? rays
 are p\r$ =? :i* are nei!r black nor    
cl\dy4 ,^u ?is acc\nt d>kness is visible
 to u4    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,he>+4    
,emp$ocles says t he>+ is =m$ by !      
insid5cy ( ! air ^u ! co*lea1 :i* x is  
said hangs )9 ! e> z a bell1 & is beat  
^u by ! air4 ,alcmaeon1 t ! vacuity t is
 )9 ! e> makes u to h ! s5se ( he>+1 = !
 air =c+ a vacuum gives ! s\nd2 e       
inanity af=ds a r++4 ,diog5es ! air :i* 
exi/s 9 ! head1 be+ /ruck ^u by ! voice 
gives ! he>+4 ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 ! air 
:i* exi/s 9 ! head be+ /ruck ^u1 is     
reflect$ to ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s\l1 & ?is

 cause? ! s5se ( he>+4    ,,*apt]       
,,xvii4 ,,( ,,smell+4  ,alcmaeon        
believes t ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s\l1 resid+
 9 ! bra91 draws to itself odors by     
respiration4 ,emp$ocles1 t sc5ts ins]t  
!mselves into ! brea?+ ( ! lungs2 =1 :5 
!re is a great difficulty 9 brea?+1     
odors are n p]ceiv$ by reason ( !       
%>pness2 & ?is we exp]i5ce 9 ^? :o h !  
defluxion ( rheum4    ,,*apt] ,,xviii4  
,,( ,,ta/e4  ,alcmaeon says t a moi/    
w>m? 9 ! tongue1 jo9$ ) ! s(tness ( x1  
gives ! diff]5ce ( ta/e4 ,diog5es1 t by 
! s(tness & spong9ess ( ! tongue1 &     
because ! ve9s ( ! body are jo9$ 9 x1   
ta/es are diffus$ by ! tongue2 = !y are 
attract$ f x to t s5se & to ! comm&+ "p 
( ! s\l1 z f a sponge4    ,,*apt] ,,xix4
 ,,( ,,! ,,voice4  ,plato ?us def9es a  
voice1--t x is a brea? drawn by ! m9d   
?r\gh ! m\?1 & a bl[ impress$ on ! air &
 ?r\gh ! e>1 bra91 & blood transmitt$ to
 ! s\l4 ,voice is abusively attribut$ to
 irrational & inanimate be+s2 ?us we    
improp]ly call ! neigh+ ( horses or any 

o!r s\nd by ! "n ( voice4 ,b prop]ly a  
voice ,greek omitt$ is an articulate    
s\nd1 :i* illu/rates ,greek omitt$ !    
und]/&+ ( man4 ,epicurus says t x is an 
efflux emitt$ f ?+s t are vocal1 or t   
give s\nds or great noises2 ?is is brok5
 into ^? fragm5ts :i* are aft] ! same   
configuration4 ,l figures are r\nd      
figures ) r\nd1 & irregul> & triangul> )
 ^? ( ! same k9d4 ,^! fall+ ^u ! e>s    
produce ! s5se ( he>+4 ,?is is se5 9    
leak+ vessels1 & 9 full]s :5 !y fan or  
bl[ _! clo?s4  ,democritus1 t ! air is  
brok5 into bodies ( simil>              
configuration1 & ^! are roll$ up & d[n )
 ! fragm5ts ( ! voice2 z x is           
prov]bially said1 ,"o daw lights )      
ano!r1 or1 ,god always br+s l to l4 ,?us
 we see ^u ! sea%ore1 t /ones l to "o   
ano!r are f\nd 9 ! same place1 9 "o     
place ! long-%ap$1 9 ano!r ! r\nd are   
se54 ,s 9 sieves1 ?+s ( ! same =m meet  
toge!r1 b ^? t are diff]5t are divid$2 z
 pulse & beans fall+ f ! same sieve are 
sep>at$ "o f ano!r4 ,to ?is x may be    

object$3 ,h[ c "s fragm5ts ( air fill a 
!atre 9 :i* !re is an inf9ite company ( 
p]sons4 ,! ,/oics1 t ! air is n compos$ 
( small fragm5ts1 b is a cont9u$ body & 
n[h]e admits a vacuum2 & be+ /ruck ) !  
air1 x is inf9itely mov$ 9 waves & 9 "r 
circles1 until x fill t air :i* surr\nds
 x2 z we see 9 a fi%-pool :i* we smite  
by a fall+ /one ca/ ^u x2 yet ! air is  
mov$ sph]ically1 ! wat] orbicul>ly4     
,anaxagoras says a voice is !n =m$ :5 ^u
 a solid air ! brea? is incid5t1 :i* be+
 rep]cuss$ is c>ri$ to ! e>s2 aft] !    
same mann] ! e*o is produc$4    ,,*apt] 
,,xx4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,voice ,,is           
,,incorporeal4 ,,:at ,,is ,,x ,,t ,,!   
,,gives ,,e*o8  ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 &   
,ari/otle decl>e t ! voice is           
incorporeal2 = x is n ! air t causes !  
voice1 b ! figure :i* compasse? ! air & 
its sup]ficies hav+ receiv$ a /roke1    
give ! voice4 ,b e sup]ficies ( itself  
is incorporeal4 ,x is true t x move ) ! 
body b itself x ha? no body2 z we obs]ve
 9 a /aff t is b5d$1 ! matt] only admits

 ( an inflection1 :ile ! sup]ficies do? 
n4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oics a voice is      
corporeal s9ce ev]y?+ t is an ag5t or   
op]ates is a body2 a voice acts &       
op]ates1 = we he> x & are s5sible ( x2 =
 x falls & makes an impression on ! e>1 
z a seal ( a r+ gives its similitude ^u 
! wax4 ,besides1 ev]y?+ t creates a     
delight or injury is a body2 h>moni\s   
music affects ) delight1 b discord is   
tiresome4 ,& ev]y?+ t mov$ is a body2 & 
! voice moves1 & hav+ its illapse ^u    
smoo? places is reflect$1 z :5 a ball is
 ca/ aga9/ a wall x reb\nds4 ,a voice   
spok5 9 ! ,egyptian pyramids is s brok51
 t x gives f\r or five e*oes4    ,,*apt]
 ,,xxi4 ,,by ,,:at ,,means ,,! ,,s\l    
,,is ,,s5sible1 ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,!      
,,pr9cipal ,,& ,,comm&+ ,,"p ,,( ,,x4   
,! ,/oics say t ! highe/ "p ( ! s\l is !
 comm&+ "p ( x3 ?is is ! cause ( s5se1  
fancy1 cons5ts1 & desires2 & ?is we call
 ! rational "p4 ,f ?is pr9cipal & comm&]
 !re are produc$ sev5 p>ts ( ! s\l1 :i* 
are spread ?r\gh ! body1 z ! sev5 arms 9

 a polypus4 ,( ^! sev5 p>ts1 five are   
assign$ to ! s5ses1 see+1 he>+1 smell+1 
ta/+1 t\*+4 ,sight is a _s :i* is ext5d$
 f ! comm&+ "p ( ! eyes2 he>+ is t _s   
:i* f ! pr9ciple rea*e? to ! e>s2 smell+
 a _s drawn f ! pr9cipal to ! no/rils2  
ta/+ a _s ext5d$ f ! pr9ciple to !      
tongue2 t\*+ is a _s :i* f ! pr9cipal is
 drawn to ! extremity ( ^? bodies :i*   
are obnoxi\s to a s5sible t\*4 ,( ! re/1
 ! "o call$ ! sp]matical is a _s :i*    
rea*e? f ! pr9cipal to ! g5]at+ vessels2
 ! o!r1 :i* is ! vocal & t]m$ ! voice1  
is a _s ext5d$ f ! pr9cipal to ! ?roat1 
tongue1 & o!r prop] organs ( speak+4 ,& 
?is pr9cipal "p itself ha? t place 9 our
 sph]ical head :i* ,god ha? 9 ! _w4     
,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,( ,,respiration ,,or  
,,brea?+4  ,emp$ocles ?9ks1 t ! fir/    
brea? ! fir/ animal drew 0 :5 ! moi/ure 
9 ! embryo 0 sep>at$1 & by t means an   
entrance 0 giv5 to ! ext]nal air into ! 
gap+ vessels1 ! moi/ure 9 !m be+        
evacuat$4 ,aft] ?is ! natural heat1 9 a 
viol5t =ce press+ ^u ! ext]nal air = a  

passage1 begets an expiration2 b ?is    
heat return+ to ! inw>d p>ts1 & ! air   
giv+ way to x1 cause? a respiration4 ,! 
respiration t n[ is arises :5 ! blood is
 borne to ! ext]ior surface1 & by ?is   
movem5t drives ! airy sub/ance ?r\gh !  
no/rils2 ?us 9 its recess x cause?      
expiration1 b ! air be+ aga9 =c$ into ^?
 places :i* are empti$ ( blood1 x cause?
 an inspiration4 ,to expla9 :i*1 he     
propose? ! in/ance ( a wat]-clock1 :i*  
gives ! acc\nt ( "t by ! runn+ ( wat]4  
,asclepiades suppose? ! lungs to be 9 ! 
mann] ( a funnel1 & ! cause ( brea?+ to 
be ! f95ess ( ! inw>d p>ts ( ! brea/2 = 
?i!r ! outw>d air :i* is m gross ha/5s1 
b is =c$ backw>d1 ! brea/ n be+ capable 
ei!r to receive or want x4 ,b !re be+   
always "s ( ! m t5u\s p>ts ( ! air left1
 s t all ( x is n explod$1 to t :i* !re 
rema9s ! m pond]\s ext]nal air ) equal  
viol5ce is =c$2 & ?is he comp>es to     
cupp+-glasses4 ,all spontane\s brea?+s  
are =m$ by ! contract+ ( ! small] pores 
( ! lungs1 & to ! clos+ ( ! pipe 9 !    

neck2 = ^! are at our comm&4  ,h]ophilus
 attributes a mov+ faculty to ! n]ves1  
art]ies1 & muscles1 b ?9ks t ! lungs are
 affect$ only ) a natural desire (      
enl>g+ & contract+ !mselves4 ,f>!r1 !re 
is ! fir/ op]ation ( ! lungs by         
attraction ( ! outw>d air1 :i* is drawn 
9 because ( ! abundance ( ! ext]nal air4
 ,next to ?is1 !re is a second natural  
appetite ( ! lungs2 ! brea/1 p\r+ 9 ^u  
itself ! brea?1 & be+ fill$1 is no long]
 able to make an attraction1 & ?r[s !   
sup]fluity ( x ^u ! lungs1 :]eby x is !n
 s5t =? 9 expiration2 ! p>ts ( ! body   
mutually concurr+ to ?is function by !  
alt]nate p>ticipation ( fulness &       
empt9ess4 ,s t to lungs p]ta9 f\r       
motions--fir/1 :5 ! lungs receive !     
outw>d air2 secondly1 :5 ! outw>d air   
?us ent]ta9$ is transmitt$ to ! brea/2  
?irdly1 :5 ! lungs aga9 receive t air   
:i* !y imp>t$ to ! brea/2 f\r?ly1 :5 ?is
 air !n receiv$ f ! brea/ is ?r[n       
outw>ds4 ,( ^! f\r processes two are    
dilatations1 "o :5 ! lungs attract !    

air1 ano!r :5 ! brea/ dis*>ge? itself ( 
x ^u ! lungs2 two are contractions1 "o  
:5 ! brea/ draws into itself ! air1 !   
second :5 x expels ?is :i* 0 ins9uat$   
into x4 ,! brea/ admits only ( two      
motions--( dilatation1 :5 x draws f !   
lungs ! brea?1 & ( contraction1 :5 x    
returns :at x did receive4    ,,*apt]   
,,xxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,passions ,,( ,,!     
,,body1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,! ,,s\l ,,ha? ,a   
,,sympa!tical ,,condol5cy ,,) ,,x4  ,!  
,/oics say t all ! passions are seat$ 9 
^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are affect$1 !     
s5ses h _! resid5ce 9 ! comm&+ "p ( !   
s\l4 ,epicurus1 t all ! passions & all !
 s5ses are 9 ^? p>ts :i* are affect$1 b 
! comm&+ "p is subject to no passion4   
,/rato1 t all ! passions & s5ses ( ! s\l
 are 9 ! rational or comm&+ "p ( x1 &   
are n fix$ 9 ^? places :i* are affect$2 
= 9 ?is place pati5ce takes its         
resid5ce1 & ?is is app>5t 9 t]rible &   
dolor\s ?+s1 z also 9 timor\s & valiant 
individuals4      ,,book ,v  ,,*apt] ,i4
 ,,( ,,div9ation4  ,plato & ! ,/oics    

introduce div9ation z a godlike         
en?usiasm1 ! s\l itself be+ ( a div9e   
con/itution1 & ?is prophetic faculty be+
 inspiration1 or an illapse ( ! div9e k 
into man2 & s likewise !y acc\nt =      
int]pretation by dreams4 ,& ^! same all[
 _m divisions ( ! art ( div9ation4      
,x5ophanes & ,epicurus utt]ly refuse any
 su* art ( =etell+ future cont+5cies4   
,py?agoras rejects all mann] ( div9ation
 :i* is by sacrifices4 ,ari/otle &      
,dicae>*us admit only ^! two k9ds ( x1 a
 fury by a div9e inspiration1 & dreams2 
!y d5y ! immortality ( ! s\l1 yet !y    
affirm t ! m9d ( man ha? a p>ticipation 
( some?+ t is div9e4    ,,*apt] ,,ii4   
,,:5ce ,,dreams ,,d ,,arise4            
,democritus says t dreams are =m$ by !  
illapse ( adv5titi\s repres5tations4    
,/rato1 t ! irrational "p ( ! s\l 9     
sleep becom+ m s5sible is mov$ by !     
rational "p ( x4 ,h]ophilus1 t dreams   
:i* are caus$ by div9e in/9ct h a       
necess>y cause2 b dreams :i* h _! orig9 
f a natural cause arise f ! s\l's =m+ )9

 itself ! images ( ^? ?+s :i* are       
conv5i5t = x1 & :i* w happ52 ^? dreams  
:i* are ( a con/itution mix$ ( bo? ^! h 
_! orig9 f ! =tuit\s appulse ( images1 z
 :5 we see ^? ?+s :i* please u2 ?us x   
happ5s _m times to ^? p]sons :o 9 _!    
sleep imag9e !y embrace _! mi/resses4   
,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,(     
,,g5]ative ,,se$4  ,ari/otle says1 t se$
 is t ?+ :i* conta9s 9 itself a p[] (   
mov+1 :]eby x is enabl$ to produce a be+
 l unto t f :5ce x 0 emitt$4 ,py?agoras1
 t se$ is ! s$im5t ( t :i* n\ri%e? u1 ! 
fro? ( ! pure/ blood1 ( ! same nature ( 
! blood & m>r[ ( our bodies4 ,alcmaeon1 
t x is "p ( ! bra94 ,plato1 t x is !    
deflux ( ! sp9al m>r[4 ,epicurus1 t x is
 a fragm5t torn f ! body & s\l4         
,democritus1 t x proce$s f all ! p>ts ( 
! body1 & *iefly f ! pr9cipal p>ts1 z ! 
tissues & muscles4    ,,*apt] ,,iv4     
,,:e!r ,,! ,,sp]m ,,be ,a ,,body4       
,leucippus & ,z5o say1 t x is a body & a
 fragm5t ( ! s\l4 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & 
,ari/otle1 t ! sp]matic faculty is      

incorporeal1 z ! m9d is :i* moves !     
body2 b ! effus$ matt] is corporeal4    
,/rato & ,democritus1 t ! ess5tial p[]  
is a body2 = x is l _s4    ,,*apt] ,v4  
,,:e!r ,,wom5 ,,d ,,give ,a ,,sp]matic  
,,emission ,,z ,,m5 ,,d4  ,py?agoras1   
,epicurus1 & ,democritus say1 t wom5 h a
 sem9al projection1 b _! sp]matic       
vessels are inv]t$2 & x is ?is t makes  
!m h a v5]eal appetite4 ,ari/otle &     
,plato1 t !y emit a mat]ial moi/ure1 z  
sweat we see produc$ by ex]cise & labor2
 b t moi/ure has no sp]matic p[]4       
,hippo1 t wom5 h a sem9al emission1 b n 
aft] ! mode ( m52 x contributes no?+ to 
g5]ation1 = x falls outside ( ! matrix2 
& !re=e "s wom5 )\t coition1 especially 
wid[s1 give ! se$4 ,!y also ass]t t f m5
 ! bones1 f wom5 ! fle% proce$4         
,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,t         
,,conceptions ,,are ,,made4  ,ari/otle  
says1 t conception takes place :5 ! womb
 is drawn d[n by ! natural purgation1 & 
! mon?ly t]ms attract f ! :ole mass "p (
 ! pure/ blood1 & ?is is met by ! se$ ( 

man4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a failure by 
! impurity & inflation ( ! womb1 by fe> 
& grief1 by ! weakness ( wom51 or !     
decl9e ( /r5g? 9 m54    ,,*apt] ,,vii4  
,,aft] ,,:at ,,mann] ,,males ,,&        
,,females ,,are ,,g5]at$4  ,emp$ocles   
affirms1 t heat & cold give ! diff]5ce 9
 ! g5]ation ( males & females4 ,h5ce is 
x1 z hi/ories acqua9t u1 t ! fir/ m5    
orig9at$ f ! e>? 9 ! ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts1
 & ! fir/ females 9 ! nor!rn p>ts4      
,p>m5ides is ( op9ion p]fectly          
contr>iant4 ,he affirms t m5 fir/ spr\t$
 out ( ! nor!rn e>?1 = _! bodies are m  
d5se2 wom5 out ( ! s\!rn1 = !irs are m  
r>e & f9e4 ,hippo1 t ! m compact$ &     
/rong sp]m1 & ! m fluid & weak1         
discrim9ate ! sexes4 ,anaxagoras &      
,p>m5ides1 t ! se$ ( ! man is naturally 
ca/ f 8 "r side into ! "r side ( ! womb1
 or f ! left side ( ! man into ! left   
side ( ! womb2 !re is an alt]ation 9 ?is
 c\rse ( nature :5 females are g5]at$4  
,cleophanes1 :om ,ari/otle makes m5tion 
(1 assigns ! g5]ation ( m5 to ! "r      

te/icle1 ( wom5 to ! left4 ,leucippus   
gives ! reason ( x to ! alt]ation or    
div]sity ( p>ts1 accord+ to :i* ! man   
ha? a y>d1 ! female ! matrix2 z to any  
o!r reason he is sil5t4 ,democritus1 t !
 p>ts common to bo? sexes are eng5d]$   
indiff]5tly2 b ! peculi> p>ts by ! "o t 
is m p[]ful4 ,hippo1 t if ! sp]matic    
faculty be m effectual1 ! male1 if !    
nutritive alim5t1 ! female is g5]at$4   
,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,by ,,:at ,,means ,,x  
,,is ,,t ,,mon/r\s ,,bir?s ,,are        
,,effect$4  ,emp$ocles believes t mon/]s
 receive _! orig9ation f ! abundance or 
defect ( se$1 or f its division into    
p>ts :i* are sup]abundant1 or f "s      
di/urbance 9 ! motion1 or else t !re is 
an error by a lapse into an unsuitable  
receptacle2 & ?us he presumes he ha?    
giv5 all ! causes ( mon/r\s conceptions4
 ,/rato1 t x comes ?r\gh addition1      
subtraction1 or transposition ( ! se$1  
or ! di/5sion or inflation ( ! matrix4  
,& "s physicians say t ! matrix suff]s  
di/ortion1 be+ di/5d$ ) w9d4    ,,*apt] 

,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,comes ,,to ,,pass ,,t  
,a ,,woman',s ,,too ,,frequ5t           
,,conv]sation ,,) ,a ,,man ,,h9d]s      
,,conception4  ,diocles ! physician says
 t ei!r no g5ital sp]m is project$1 or1 
if !re be1 x is 9 a less quantity ?an   
nature requires1 or !re is no prolific  
faculty 9 x2 or !re is a defici5cy ( a  
due proportion ( heat1 cold1 moi/ure1 & 
dryness2 or !re is a resolution ( !     
g5]ative p>ts4 ,! ,/oics attribute      
/]ility to ! obliquity ( ! y>d1 by :i*  
means x is n able to ejaculate 9 a due  
mann]1 or to ! unproportionable         
magnitude ( ! p>ts1 ! matrix be+ s      
contract$ z n to h a capacity to        
receive4 ,erasi/ratus assigns x to !    
womb's be+ m call\s or m c>ne\s1 ?9n] or
 small]1 ?an nature does require4       
,,*apt] ,x4 ,,:5ce ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,"o    
,,bir? ,,gives ,,two ,,or ,,?ree        
,,*ildr54  ,emp$ocles affirms1 t !      
sup]abundance ( sp]m & ! division ( x   
causes ! br++ =? ( two or ?ree infants4 
,asclepiades1 t x is p]=m$ f ! excell5t 

quality ( ! sp]m1 aft] ! mann] t f !    
root ( "o b>leycorn two or ?ree /alks d 
gr[2 sp]m t is ( ?is quality is ! mo/   
prolific4 ,erasi/ratus1 t sup]fetation  
may happ5 to wom5 z to irrational       
creatures2 =1 if ! womb be well purg$ & 
v clean1 !n !re c be div]s bir?s4 ,!    
,/oics1 t x arise? f ! v>i\s receptacles
 t are 9 ! womb3 :5 ! se$ illapses into 
! fir/ & second ( !m at once1 !n !re are
 conceptions ^u conception2 & s two or  
?ree infants are born4    ,,*apt] ,,xi4 
,,:5ce ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,*ildr5 ,,repres5t 
,,_! ,,p>5ts ,,& ,,prog5itors4          
,emp$ocles says1 t ! similitude ( *ildr5
 to _! p>5ts proce$s f ! vigor\s        
preval5cy ( ! g5]at+ sp]m2 !            
dissimilitude f ! evaporation ( !       
natural heat x conta9s4 ,p>m5ides1 t :5 
! sp]m falls on ! "r side ( ! womb1 !n !
 infant gives ! resemblance ( ! fa!r2 if
 f ! left1 x is /amp$ ) ! similitude ( !
 "m4 ,! ,/oics1 t ! :ole body & s\l give
 ! sp]m2 & h5ce arise ! lik5esses 9 !   
*>act]s & faces ( ! *ildr51 z a pa9t] 9 

8 copy imitates ! colors 9 a picture    
be=e him4 ,wom5 h a concurr5t emission (
 se$2 if ! fem99e se$ h ! pr$om9ancy1 ! 
*ild resembles ! "m2 if ! mascul9e1 !   
fa!r4    ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,comes
 ,,to ,,pass ,,t ,,*ildr5 ,,h ,a        
,,great] ,,similitude ,,) ,,/rang]s     
,,?an ,,) ,,_! ,,p>5ts4  ,! greate/ "p (
 physicians affirm1 t ?is happ5s        
casually & =tuit\sly2 =1 :5 ! sp]m ( !  
man & woman is too mu* refrig]at$1 !n   
*ildr5 c>ry a dissimilitude to _! p>5ts4
 ,emp$ocles1 t a woman's imag9ation 9   
conception impresses a %ape ^u ! infant2
 = wom5 h be5 enam\r$ ) images & /atues1
 & ! *ildr5 :i* 7 born ( !m gave _!     
similitudes4 ,! ,/oics1 t ! resemblances
 fl[ f ! sympa?y & cons5t ( m9ds1 ?r\gh 
! ins]tion ( effluvias & rays1 n (      
images or pictures4    ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  
,,:5ce ,,arise? ,,b>r5ness ,,9 ,,wom51  
,,& ,,impot5cy ,,9 ,,m58  ,! physicians 
ma9ta91 t /]ility 9 wom5 c arise f !    
womb2 = if x be aft] any ways ?us       
affect$1 !re w be a b>r5ness1--if x be m

 cond5s$1 or m ?91 or m h>d5$1 or m     
call\s1 or m c>ne\s2 or x may be f      
languor1 or f an atrophy or vici\s      
condition ( body2 or1 la/ly1 x may arise
 f a twi/$ or di/ort$ position4 ,diocles
 holds t ! /]ility 9 m5 arise? f "s ( ^!
 causes1--ei!r t !y _c at all ejaculate 
any sp]m1 or if !y d1 x is less ?an     
nature do? require1 or else !re is no   
g5]ative faculty 9 ! sp]m1 or ! g5ital  
memb]s are flagg+2 or f ! obliquity ( ! 
y>d4 ,! ,/oics attribute ! cause (      
/]ility to ! contr>iant qualities &     
dispositions ( ^? :o lie ) "o ano!r2 b  
if x *ance t ^! p]sons are sep>at$1 &   
!re happ5 a conjunction ( ^? :o are ( a 
suitable temp]am5t1 !n !re is a         
commixture accord+ to nature1 & by ?is  
means an infant is =m$4    ,,*apt]      
,,xiv4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,arises ,,t ,,mules    
,,are ,,b>r54  ,alcmaeon says1 t !      
b>r5ness ( ! male mules arise? f !      
?9ness ( ! g5ital sp]m1 t is1 ! se$ is  
too *ill2 ! female mules are b>r51      
because ! womb does n op5 its m\? 7z he 

expresses x74 ,emp$ocles1 ! matrix ( !  
mule is s small1 s depress$1 s n>r[1 s  
inv]t$ly gr[+ to ! belly1 t ! sp]m _c be
 regul>ly ejaculat$ into x1 & if x c\ld1
 !re w\ld be no capacity to receive x4  
,diocles concurs 9 ?is op9ion ) him2 =1 
sai? he1 9 our anatomical dissection (  
mules we h se5 t _! matrices are ( su*  
configurations2 & x is possible t !re   
may be ! same reason :y "s wom5 are     
b>r54    ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,:e!r ,,!       
,,infant ,,9 ,,! ,,"m',s ,,womb ,,be    
,,an ,,animal4  ,plato says1 t ! embryo 
is an animal2 =1 be+ conta9$ 9 ! "m's   
womb1 motion & alim5t are imp>t$ to x4  
,! ,/oics say t x is n an animal1 b to  
be acc\nt$ "p ( ! "m's belly2 l z we see
 ! fruit ( trees is e/eem$ "p ( ! trees1
 until x be full ripe2 !n x falls &     
cease? to belong to ! tree2 ?us x is ) !
 embryo4 ,emp$ocles1 t ! embryo is n an 
animal1 yet :il/ x rema9s 9 ! belly x   
brea!s4 ,! fir/ brea? t x draws z an    
animal is :5 ! infant is newly born2 !n 
! *ild hav+ its moi/ure sep>at$1 !      

extrane\s air mak+ an entrance into !   
empty places1 a respiration is caus$ 9 !
 infant by ! empty vessels receiv+ ( x4 
,diog5es1 t infants are nurtur$ 9 !     
matrix inanimate1 yet !y h a natural    
heat2 b pres5tly1 :5 ! infant is ca/    
into ! op5 air1 its heat br+s air into !
 lungs1 & s x becomes an animal4        
,h]ophilus ackn[l$ge? t a natural1 b n  
an animal motion1 & t ! n]ves are !     
cause ( t motion2 t !n !y become        
animals1 :5 be+ fir/ born !y suck 9     
some?+ ( ! air4    ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,h[  
,,embryos ,,are ,,n\ri%$1 ,,or ,,h[ ,,! 
,,infant ,,9 ,,! ,,belly ,,receives     
,,its ,,alim5t4  ,democritus & ,epicurus
 say1 t ! embryos 9 ! womb receive _!   
alim5t by ! m\?1 = we p]ceive1 z soon z 
ev] ! infant is born1 x applies its m\? 
to ! brea/2 9 ! wombs ( wom5 7our       
und]/&+ concludes7 !re are little dugs1 
& ! embryos h small m\?s by :i* !y      
receive _! nutrim5t4 ,! ,/oics1 t by !  
secund9es & navel !y p>take ( alim5t1 & 
!re=e ! midwife in/antly aft] _! bir?   

ties ! navel1 & op5s ! infant's m\?1 t x
 may receive ano!r sort ( alim5t4       
,alcmaeon1 t !y receive _! n\ri%m5t f e 
"p ( ! body2 z a sponge sucks 9 wat]4   
,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,:at ,,"p ,,( ,,!      
,,body ,,is ,,fir/ ,,=m$ ,,9 ,,! ,,womb4
  ,! ,/oics believe t ! :ole is =m$ at !
 same "t4 ,ari/otle1 z ! keel ( a %ip is
 fir/ made1 s ! fir/ "p t is =m$ is !   
lo9s4 ,alcmaeon1 ! head1 = t is ! comm&+
 & ! pr9cipal "p ( ! body4 ,!           
physicians1 ! he>t1 9 :i* are ! ve9s &  
art]ies4 ,"s ?9k ! great toe is fir/    
=m$2 o!rs affirm ! navel4    ,,*apt]    
,,xviii4 ,,:5ce ,,is ,,x ,,t ,,infants  
,,born ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,mon? ,,are     
,,born ,,alive4  ,emp$ocles says1 t :5 !
 human race took fir/ its orig9al f !   
e>?1 ! sun 0 s sl[ 9 its motion t !n "o 
day 9 its l5g? 0 equal to t5 mon?s1 z n[
 !y are2 9 process ( "t "o day became z 
long z sev5 mon?s are2 & !re is ! reason
 t ^? infants :i* are born at ! end (   
sev5 mon?s or t5 mon?s are born alive1 !
 c\rse ( nature s dispos+ t ! infant    

%all be br\ght to maturity 9 "o day aft]
 t night 9 :i* x is begott54 ,timaeus   
says1 t we c\nt n t5 mon?s b n9e1 by    
reason t we reckon ! fir/ conception f !
 /oppage ( ! m5/ruas2 & s x may g5]ally 
pass = sev5 mon?s :5 really !re are n   
sev52 = x sometimes occurs t ev5 aft]   
conception a woman is purg$ to "s ext5t4
 ,polybus1 ,diocles1 & ! ,empirics1     
ackn[l$ge t ! eigh? mon? gives a vital  
bir? to ! infant1 ?\gh ! life ( x is m  
fa9t & languid2 _m !re=e we see born 9 t
 mon? die out ( m]e weakness4 ,?\gh we  
see _m born 9 t mon? arrive at ! /ate ( 
man1 yet 7!y affirm7 if *ildr5 be born 9
 t mon?1 none wi% to re> !m4  ,ari/otle 
& ,hippocrates1 t if ! womb is full 9   
sev5 mon?s1 !n ! *ild falls f ! "m & is 
born alive1 b if x falls f h] b is n    
n\ri%$1 ! navel be+ weak on acc\nt ( !  
weight ( ! infant1 !n x do? n ?rive2 b  
if ! infant cont9ues n9e mon?s 9 ! womb1
 & !n comes =? f ! woman1 x is entire & 
p]fect4 ,polybus1 t a hundr$ &          
eighty-two days & a half suffice = !    

br++ =? ( a liv+ *ild2 t is1 six mon?s1 
9 :i* space ( "t ! sun moves f "o tropic
 to ! o!r2 & ?is is call$ sev5 mon?s1 = 
! days :i* are ov] plus 9 ! six? are    
acc\nt$ to give ! sev5? mon?4 ,^? *ildr5
 :i* are born 9 ! eigh? mon? _c live1 =1
 ! infant !n fall+ f ! womb1 ! navel1   
:i* is ! cause ( n\ri%m5t1 is !reby too 
mu* wr5*$2 & is ! reason t ! infant     
langui%es & ha? an atrophy4 ,!          
a/rolog]s1 t eight mon?s are enemies to 
e bir?1 sev5 are fri5ds & k9d to x4 ,!  
signs ( ! zodiac are !n enemies1 :5 !y  
fall ^u ^? />s :i* are lords ( h\ses2   
:atev] infant is !n born w h a life %ort
 & un=tunate4 ,^? signs ( ! zodiac :i*  
are malevol5t & injuri\s to g5]ation are
 ^? pairs ( :i* ! f9al is reckon$ !     
eigh? f ! fir/1 z ! fir/ & ! eigh?1 !   
second & ! n9?1 etc2 s is ! ,ram        
unsociable ) ,scorpio1 ! ,bull )        
,sagitt>ius1 ! ,tw9s ) ! ,goat1 ! ,crab 
) ,aqu>ius1 ! ,lion ) ,pisces1 ! ,virg9 
) ! ,ram4 ,^u ?is reason ^? infants t   
are born 9 ! sev5? or t5? mon?s are l to

 live1 b ^? 9 ! eigh? mon? w die4       
,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,(   
,,animals1 ,,h[ ,,animals ,,are         
,,begott51 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,!y ,,are        
,,obnoxi\s ,,to ,,corruption4  ,^?      
philosoph]s :o ent]ta9 ! op9ion t ! _w  
_h an orig9al d likewise ass]t t all    
animals are g5]at$ & corruptible4 ,!    
foll[]s ( ,epicurus1 :o gives an et]nity
 to ! _w1 affirm ! g5]ation ( animals   
arise? f ! v>i\s p]mutation ( p>ts      
mutually among !mselves1 = !y are p>ts (
 ?is _w4 ,) !m ,anaxagoras & ,euripides 
concur3                                 
,no?+ dies1      ,diff]5t *anges give _!
 v>i\s =ms4  ,anaxim&]'s op9ion is1 t ! 
fir/ animals 7 g5]at$ 9 moi/ure1 & 7    
enclos$ 9 b>k on :i* ?orns grew2 b 9    
process ( "t !y came ^u dry l&1 & ?is   
?orny b>k ) :i* !y 7 cov]$ be+ brok51 !y
 liv$ only = a %ort space ( "t4         
,emp$ocles says1 t ! fir/ g5]ation (    
animals & plants 0 by no means complet$1
 = ! p>ts 7 disjo9$ & w\ld n admit ( a  
union2 ! second prep>ation & = _! be+   

g5]at$ 0 :5 _! p>ts 7 unit$ & appe>$ 9 !
 =m ( images2 ! ?ird prep>ation =       
g5]ation 0 :5 _! p>ts mutually among/   
!mselves gave a be+ to "o ano!r2 ! f\r?1
 :5 !re 0 no long] a mixture ( l elem5ts
 7z e>? & wat]71 b a union ( animals    
among !mselves1--9 "s ! n\ri%m5t be+    
made d5se1 9 o!rs female beauty provok+ 
a desire ( sp]matic motion4 ,all sorts (
 animals are discrim9at$ by _! prop]    
temp]am5t & con/itution2 "s are c>ri$ by
 a prop] appetite & incl9ation to wat]1 
"s1 :i* p>take ( a m fi]y quality1 to   
live 9 ! air ^? t are heavi] incl9e to !
 e>?2 b ^? animals ^: p>ts are ( a j    
temp]am5t are fitt$ equally = all       
places4    ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,h[ ,,_m      
,,species ,,( ,,animals ,,!re ,,are1 ,,&
 ,,:e!r ,,all ,,animals ,,h ,,!         
,,end[m5ts ,,( ,,s5se ,,& ,,reason4     
,!re is a c]ta9 treatise ( ,ari/otle1 9 
:i* animals are di/ribut$ into f\r k9ds1
 t]re/rial1 aque\s1 f[l1 & heav5ly2 & he
 calls ! />s & ! _w too animals1 yea1 & 
,god himself he posits to be an animal  

gift$ ) reason & immortal4 ,democritus &
 ,epicurus consid] all animals rational 
:i* h _! resid5ce 9 ! heav5s4           
,anaxagoras says t animals h only t     
reason :i* is op]ative1 b n t :i* is    
passive1 :i* is ju/ly /yl$ ! int]pret] (
 ! m9d1 & is l ! m9d itself4 ,py?agoras 
& ,plato1 t ! s\ls ( all ^? :o are /yl$ 
brutes are rational2 b by ! evil        
con/itution ( _! bodies1 & because !y h 
a want ( a disc\rsive faculty1 !y d n   
conduct !mselves rationally4 ,?is is    
manife/$ 9 apes & dogs1 :i* h           
in>ticulate voice b n spee*4 ,diog5es1 t
 ?is sort ( animals are p>tak]s (       
intellig5ce & air1 b by reason ( !      
d5sity 9 "s p>ts ( !m1 & by ! sup]fluity
 ( moi/ure 9 o!rs1 !y nei!r enjoy       
und]/&+ nor s5se2 b !y are affect$ z    
madm5 are1 ! comm&+ rational "p be+     
defectu\s & injur$4    ,,*apt] ,,xxi4   
,,:at ,,"t ,,is ,,requir$ ,,to ,,%ape   
,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,! ,,womb4
  ,emp$ocles believes1 t ! jo9ts ( m5   
beg9 to be =m$ f ! ?irty-six? day1 & _! 

%ape is complet$ 9 ! n9e & =tie?4       
,asclepiades1 t male embryos1 by reason 
( a great] natural heat1 h _! jo9ts     
begun to be =m$ 9 ! tw5ty-six? day1--_m 
ev5 soon]1--& t !y are complet$ 9 all _!
 p>ts on ! fiftie? day2 ! p>ts ( !      
females are articulat$ 9 two mon?s1 b by
 ! defect ( heat are n consummat$ till !
 f\r?2 b ! memb]s ( brutes are complet$ 
at v>i\s times1 accord+ to ! commixture 
( ! elem5ts ( :i* !y consi/4   ,,*apt]  
,,xxii4 ,,( ,,:at ,,elem5ts ,,ea* ,,(   
,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,u ,,m5 ,,is          
,,compos$4  ,emp$ocles says1 t ! fle%y  
p>ts ( u are con/itut$ by !             
contemp]ation ( ! f\r elem5ts 9 u2 e>? &
 fire mix$ ) a d\ble proportion ( wat]  
make n]ves2 b :5 x happ5s t ! n]ves are 
refrig]at$ :]e !y come 9 contact ) !    
air1 !n ! nails are made2 ! bones are   
produc$ by two p>ts ( wat] & ! same (   
air1 ) f\r p>ts ( fire & ! same ( e>?1  
mix$ toge!r2 sweat & te>s fl[ f         
liquefaction ( bodies4    ,,*apt]       
,,xxiii4 ,,:at ,,are ,,! ,,causes ,,(   

,,sleep ,,& ,,dea?8  ,alcmaeon says1 t  
sleep is caus$ :5 ! blood retreats to ! 
conc\rse ( ! ve9s1 b :5 ! blood diffuses
 itself !n we awake & :5 !re is a total 
retirem5t ( ! blood1 !n m5 die4         
,emp$ocles1 t a mod]ate cool+ ( ! blood 
cause? sleep1 b a total remotion ( heat 
f blood cause? dea?4 ,diog5es1 t :5 all 
! blood is s diffus$ z t x fills all !  
ve9s1 & =ces ! air conta9$ 9 !m to !    
back & to ! belly t is bel[ x1 ! brea/  
be+ !reby m heat$1 !nce sleep arises1 b 
if ev]y?+ t is airy 9 ! brea/ =sakes !  
ve9s1 !n dea? succe$s4 ,plato & !       
,/oics1 t sleep arise? f ! relaxation ( 
! s5sitive _s1 x n receiv+ su* total    
relax+ z if x fell to ! e>?1 b s t t _s 
is c>ri$ ab\t ! inte/9e1 p>ts ( !       
eyebr[s1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal "p has its    
resid5ce2 b :5 !re is a total relax+ ( !
 s5sitive _s1 dea? ensues4    ,,*apt]   
,,xxiv4 ,,:5 ,,& ,,f ,,:5ce ,,!         
,,p]fection ,,( ,a ,,man ,,comm5ces4    
,h]aclitus & ! ,/oics say1 t m5 beg9 _! 
complet5ess :5 ! second sept5>y ( ye>s  

beg9s1 ab\t :i* "t ! sem9al s]um is     
emitt$4 ,trees fir/ beg9 _! p]fection :5
 !y give _! se$s2 till !n !y are        
immature1 imp]fect1 & unfruitful4 ,aft] 
! same mann] a man is complet$ 9 !      
second sept5>y ( ye>s1 & is capable (   
le>n+ :at is good & evil1 & ( discipl9e 
!re94    ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,:e!r ,,sleep  
,,or ,,dea? ,,app]ta9s ,,to ,,! ,,s\l   
,,or ,,body4  ,ari/otle's op9ion is1 t  
bo? ! s\l & body sleep2 & ?is proce$s f 
! evaporation 9 ! brea/1 :i* do? /eam & 
arise into ! head1 & f ! alim5t 9 !     
/oma*1 ^: prop] heat is cool$ 9 ! he>t4 
,dea? is ! p]fect refrig]ation ( all    
heat 9 body2 b dea? is only ( ! body1 & 
n ( ! s\l1 = ! s\l is immortal4         
,anaxagoras ?9ks1 t sleep makes !       
op]ations ( ! body to cease2 x is a     
corporeal passion & affects n ! s\l4    
,dea? is ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body4  
,leucippus1 t sleep is only ( ! body2 b 
:5 ! small] p>ticles cause excessive    
evaporation f ! s\l's heat1 ?is makes   
dea?2 b ^! affections ( dea? & sleep are

 ( ! body1 n ( ! s\l4 ,emp$ocles1 t dea?
 is no?+ else b sep>ation ( ^? fi]y p>ts
 by :i* man is compos$1 & accord+ to ?is
 s5tim5t bo? body & s\l die2 b sleep is 
only a small] sep>ation ( ! fi]y        
qualities4    ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,h[      
,,plants ,,increase4  ,plato &          
,emp$ocles believe1 t plants are        
animals1 & are in=m$ ) a s\l2 ( ?is !re 
are cle> argum5ts1 = !y h toss+ & %ak+1 
& _! bran*es are ext5d$2 :5 ! woodm5 b5d
 !m !y yield1 b !y return to _! =m]     
/raightness & /r5g? aga9 :5 !y are let  
loose1 & ev5 c>ry up weights t are laid 
^u !m4 ,ari/otle do? grant t !y live1 b 
n t !y are animals2 = animals are       
affect$ ) appetite1 s5se1 & reason4 ,!  
,/oics & ,epicureans d5y t !y are in=m$ 
) a s\l2 by reason t all sorts ( animals
 h ei!r s5se1 appetite1 or reason2 b    
plants act =tuit\sly1 & n by means ( any
 s\l4 ,emp$ocles1 t ! fir/ ( all animals
 7 trees1 & !y sprang f ! e>? be=e ! sun
 9 its motion enri*$ ! _w1 & be=e day & 
night 7 di/+ui%$2 b by ! h>mony :i* is 9

 _! con/itution !y p>take ( a mascul9e &
 fem99e nature2 & !y increase by t heat 
:i* is exalt$ out ( ! e>?1 s t !y are   
p>ts belong+ to x1 z embryos 9 ! womb   
are p>ts ( ! womb4 ,fruits 9 plants are 
excresc5ces proce$+ f wat] & fire2 b !  
plants :i* lack wat]1 :5 ?is is dri$ up 
by ! heat ( summ]1 %$ _! leaves2 :]eas  
!y t h pl5ty !re( keep _! leaves on1 z !
 olive1 laurel1 & palm4 ,! diff]5ces (  
_! moi/ure & juice arise f ! diff]5ce ( 
p>ticles & v>i\s o!r causes1 & !y are   
discrim9at$ by ! v>i\s p>ticles t fe$   
!m4 ,& ?is is app>5t 9 v9es = !         
excell5ce ( w9e fl[s n f ! diff]5ce 9 ! 
v9es1 b f ! soil f :5ce !y receive _!   
nutrim5t4    ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,(       
,,nutrition ,,& ,,gr[?4  ,emp$ocles     
believes1 t animals are n\ri%$ by !     
rema9+ 9 !m ( t :i* is prop] to _! own  
nature2 !y are augm5t$ by ! application 
( heat2 & ! subtraction ( ei!r ( ^!     
makes !m to langui% & decay4 ,! /ature (
 m5 9 ?is pres5t age1 if comp>$ ) !     
magnitude ( ^? m5 :i* 7 fir/ produc$1 is

 only a m]e infancy4    ,,*apt]         
,,xxviii4 ,,:5ce ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,9       
,,animals ,,!re ,,are ,,appetites ,,&   
,,pleasures4  ,emp$ocles says t ! want (
 ^? elem5ts :i* compose animals gives to
 !m appetite1 & pleasures spr+ f        
humidity4 ,z to ! motions ( dang]s & su*
 l ?+s z p]turbations1 etc4444          
,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,cause  
,,( ,a ,,fev]1 ,,or ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,an
 ,,affection ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,annex$    
,,to ,a ,,prim>y ,,passion  ,erasi/ratus
 gives ?is def9ition ( a fev]3 ,a fev]  
is a quick motion ( blood1 n produc$ by 
our cons5t1 :i* ent]s into ! vessels1 ! 
seat ( ! vital spirits4 ,?is we see 9 ! 
sea2 x is 9 a s]5e calm :5 no?+ di/urbs 
x1 b is 9 motion :5 a viol5t            
pret]natural w9d bl[s ^u x1 & !n x rage?
 & is circl$ ) waves4 ,aft] ?is mann] x 
is 9 ! body ( man2 :5 ! blood is 9 a    
nimble agitation1 !n x falls ^u ^?      
vessels 9 :i* ! spirits are1 & !re be+ 9
 an extraord9>y heat1 x fires ! :ole    
body4 ,! op9ion t a fev] is an app5dix  

to a prec$+ affection please? him4      
,diocles proce$s aft] ?is mann]3 ,^? ?+s
 :i* are int]nal & lat5t are manife/$ by
 ^? :i* ext]nally break =? & appe>2 & x 
is cle> to u t a fev] is annex$ to c]ta9
 outw>d affections1 = example1 to w\nds1
 inflam+ tumors1 +u9>y abscesses4       
,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,heal?1 ,,sickness1 
,,& ,,old ,,age4  ,alcmaeon says t !    
pres]v] ( heal? is an equal proportion (
 ! qualities ( heat1 moi/ure1 cold1     
dryness1 bitt]ness1 sweetness1 & ! o!r  
qualities2 on ! contr>y1 ! prevail+     
empire ( "o above ! re/ is ! cause (    
diseases & au?or ( de/ruction4 ,! direct
 cause ( disease is ! excess ( heat or  
cold1 ! =mal cause is excess or defect1 
! place is ! blood or bra94 ,b heal? is 
! h>moni\s commixture ( ! elem5ts4      
,diocles1 t sickness = ! mo/ "p proce$s 
f ! irregul> disposition ( ! elem5ts 9 !
 body1 = t makes an ill habit or        
con/itution ( x4 ,erasi/ratus1 t        
sickness is caus$ by ! excess (         
n\ri%m5t1 indige/ion1 & corruptions2 on 

! contr>y1 heal? is ! mod]ation ( !     
diet1 & ! tak+ t :i* is conv5i5t &      
suffici5t = u4 ,x is ! unanim\s op9ion (
 ! ,/oics t ! want ( heat br+s old age1 
= 7!y say7 ^? p]sons 9 :om heat m ab\nds
 live ! long]4 ,asclepiades1 t !        
,e?iopians soon gr[ old1 & at ?irty ye>s
 ( age are anci5t m51 _! bodies be+     
excessively heat$ & scor*$ by ! sun2 9  
,brita9 p]sons live a hundr$ & tw5ty    
ye>s1 on acc\nt ( ! coldness ( ! c\ntry1
 & because ! p keep ! fi]y elem5t )9 _! 
bodies2 ! bodies ( ! ,e?iopians are m   
f9e & ?91 because !y are relax$ by !    
sun's heat1 :ile !y :o live 9 nor!rn    
c\ntries are cond5s$ & robu/1 & by      
consequ5ce are m long liv$4   ,,end ,,( 
,,?ree---------     ,,ab/ract ,,( ,a    
,,disc\rse ,,%[+ ,,t ,,! ,,/oics ,,speak
 ,,great] ,,improbabilities ,,?an ,,!   
,,poets4  ,p9d]'s ,ca5eus ha? be5 tak5  
to task by sev]al1 = be+ improbably     
feign$1 imp5etrable by /eel & impassible
 9 8 body1 & s       ,desc5d+1 into hell
 )\t a w\nd4      ,& ) s\nd foot p>t+ 9 

two ! gr\nd4  ,b ! ,/oics' ,lapi!s1 z if
 !y _h c>v$ him out ( ! v adamant9e     
matt] ( impassibility itself1 ?\gh he is
 n invuln]able1 nor exempt f ei!r       
sickness or pa91 yet rema9s fe>less1    
regretless1 inv9cible1 & uncon/ra9able 9
 ! mid/ ( w\nds1 dolors1 & torm5ts1 & 9 
! v subv]sions ( ! walls ( 8 native     
city1 & o!r su* l great calamities4     
,aga91 ,p9d>'s ,ca5eus is n w\nd$ :5    
/ruck2 b ! ,/oics' wise man is n deta9$ 
:5 %ut up 9 a prison1 suff]s no         
compulsion by be+ ?r[n d[n a precipice1 
is n tortur$ :5 on ! rack1 takes no hurt
 by be+ maim$1 & :5 he cat*es a fall 9  
wre/l+ he is /ill unconqu]$2 :5 he is   
encompass$ ) a vampire1 he is n besieg$2
 & :5 sold by 8 enemies1 he is /ill n   
made a prison]4 ,! wond]ful man is l to 
^? %ips t h inscrib$ ^u !m ,a ,,prosp]\s
 ,,voyage1 ,,or ,,protect+ ,,provid5ce1 
or ,a ,,pres]vative ,,aga9/ ,,dang]s1 & 
yet = all t endure /orms1 & are mis]ably
 %att]$ & ov]turn$4  ,euripides's       
,iolaus ( a feeble1 sup]annuat$ old man1

 by means ( a c]ta9 pray]1 became on a  
sudd5 y\?ful & /rong = battle2 b !      
,/oics wise man 0 ye/]day mo/ dete/able 
& ! wor/ ( villa9s1 b today is *ang$ on 
a sudd5 into a /ate ( virtue1 & is      
become ( a wr9kl$1 pale fell[1 & z      
,aes*ylus speaks1       ,( an old sickly
 wret* ) /it* 9 's back1      ,di/5t )  
r5d+ pa9s z on a rack1  a gallant1      
godlike1 & beaute\s p]son4  ,! goddess  
,m9]va took f ,ulysses 8 wr9kles1       
baldness1 & de=mity1 to make him appe> a
 h&some man4 ,b ^! m5's wise man1 ?\gh  
old age quits n 8 body1 b contr>iwise   
/ill lays on & heaps m ^u x1 ?\gh he    
rema9s 7= in/ance7 humpback$1 too?less1 
"o-ey$1 is yet nei!r de=m$1 disfigur$1  
nor ill-favor$4 ,= z beetles are said to
 rel9qui% p]fumes & to pursue aft] ill  
sc5ts2 s ,/oical love1 hav+ us$ itself  
to ! mo/ f\l & de=m$ p]sons1 if by means
 ( philosophy !y *ange into good =m &   
comel9ess1 becomes pres5tly disgu/$4    
,he t 9 ! ,/oics' acc\nt 0 9 ! =5oon 7= 
example7 ! wor/ man 9 ! _w is 9 !       

aft]noon ! be/ ( m52 & he t falls asleep
 a v sot1 dunce1 miscreant1 & brute1    
nay1 by ,jove1 a slave & a begg> to     
boot1 rises up ! same day a pr9ce1 a ri*
 & a happy man1 & 7:i* is yet m7 a      
cont95t1 j1 det]m9$1 & unprepossess$    
p]son2--n by %oot+ =? out ( a "y & t5d] 
body a d[ny be>d or ! spr\t+ tok5s (    
mature y\?1 b by hav+ 9 a feeble1 s(t1  
unmanful1 & undet]m9$ m9d1 a p]fect     
intellect1 a consummate prud5ce1 a      
godlike disposition1 an unprejudic$     
sci5ce1 & an unalt]able habit4 ,all ?is 
"t 8 vici\sness gives n ! lea/ gr\nd 9  
ord] to x1 b he becomes 9 an in/ant1 ,i 
_h almo/ said1 ( ! vile/ brute1 a sort (
 h]o1 g5ius1 or god4 ,= he t receives 8 
virtue f ! ,/oics portico may say1      
,ask :at ?\ wilt1 x %all be grant$ !e4  
7,f ,m5&]7  ,x br+s weal? along ) x1 x  
conta9s k+%ip 9 x1 x conf]s =tune2 x    
r5d]s m5 prosp]\s1 & makes !m to want   
no?+ & to h a suffici5cy ( ev]y?+1 ?\gh 
!y h n "o dra*m ( silv] 9 ! h\se4  ,!   
fabul> relations ( ! poets are s c>eful 

( decorum1 t !y nev] leave a ,h]cules   
de/itute ( necess>ies2 b ^? /ill spr+1 z
 out ( "s f\nta91 z well = him z = 8    
companions4 ,b he t ha? receiv$ ( !     
,/oics ,amal?aea becomes inde$ a ri*    
man1 b he begs 8 victuals ( o!r m52 he  
is a k+1 b resolves syllogisms = hire2  
he is ! only man t ha? all ?+s1 b yet he
 pays r5t = ! h\se he lives 91 &        
(t5times buys bread ) borr[$ money1 or  
else begs x ( ^? t h no?+ !mselves4  ,! 
k+ ( ,i?aca begs ) a design t none may  
"k :o he is1 & makes himself       ,z l 
a dirty sorry begg>      7,odyssey1 xvi4
 #bgc47  z he c4 ,b he t is ( !         
,portico1 :ile he bawls & cries out1 ,x 
is ,i only t am a k+1 ,x is ,i only t am
 a ri* man1 is yet _m times se5 at o!r  
p's doors say+3--       ,on poor        
,hipponax1 pray1 "s pity take1          
,be/[ an old ca/ coat = heav5's sake2   
,i'm well-nigh dead ) cold1 & all o'er  
quake4   ,,end ,,( ,,f\r--------------- 
,,symposiacs4     ,,book #a4  ,"s1 my   
de> ,sossius ,s5ecio imag9e t ?is       

s5t5ce1 ,greek omitt$ 0 pr9cipally      
design$ aga9/ ! /ew>ds ( a fea/1 :o are 
usually tr\blesome & press liquor too   
mu* ^u ! gue/s4 ,= ! ,dorians 9 ,sicily 
7z ,i am in=m$7 call$ ! /ew>d1 ,greek   
omitt$ a ,,remembranc]4 ,o!rs ?9k t ?is 
prov]b admoni%e? ! gue/s to =get ev]y?+ 
t is spok5 or done 9 company2 &         
agreeably to ?is1 ! anci5ts us$ to      
consecrate =getfulness ) a f]ula to     
,bac*us1 !reby intimat+ t we %\ld ei!r n
 rememb] any irregul>ity committ$ 9 mir?
 & company1 or apply a g5tle & *ildi%   
correction to ! faults4 ,b because y are
 ( op9ion 7z ,euripides says7 t to =get 
absurdities is inde$ a piece ( wisdom1 b
 to deliv] ov] to oblivion all sort (   
disc\rse t m]ry meet+s d usually produce
 is n only repugnant to t ende>+ quality
 t mo/ all[ to an ent]ta9m5t1 b aga9/ ! 
kn[n practice ( ! greate/ philosoph]s 7=
 ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 ,ari/otle1           
,speusippus1 ,epicurus1 ,prytanis1      
,hi]onymus1 ,dion ! ,academic1 h ?\ght x
 a wor?y & noble employm5t to deliv] d[n

 to u ^? disc\rses !y _h at table71 &   
s9ce x is y\r pleasure t ,i %\ld ga!r up
 ! *iefe/ ( ^? scatt]$ topics :i* bo? at
 ,rome & ,greece amid/ our cups & fea/+ 
we h disput$ on1 9 ob$i5ce to y\r comm&s
 ,i h s5t ?ree books1 ea* conta9+ t5    
problems2 & ! re/ %all quickly foll[1 if
 ^! f9d good acceptance & d n seem      
altoge!r fooli% & imp]t95t4   ,,"q ,i4  
,,:e!r ,,at ,,table ,,x ,,is ,,all[able 
,,to ,,philosophize8  ,,sossius1        
,,s5ecio1 ,,ari/o1 ,,plut>*1 ,,crato1   
,,& ,,o!rs4  ,! fir/ "q is1 ,:e!r at    
table x is all[able to philosophize8 ,= 
,i rememb] at a supp] at ,a!ns ?is d\bt 
0 />t$1 :e!r at a m]ry meet+ x 0 fit to 
use philosophical disc\rse1 & h[ f> x   
might be us$8 ,& ,ari/o pres5tly cri$   
out3 ,:at !n1 = heav5's sake1 are !re   
any t bani% philosophy f company & w9e8 
,& ,i repli$3 ,yes1 sir1 !re are1 & su* 
z ) a grave sc(f tell u t philosophy1 l 
! matron ( ! h\se1 %\ld nev] be he>d at 
a m]ry ent]ta9m5t2 & comm5d ! cu/om ( ! 
,p]sians1 :o nev] let _! wives appe>1 b 

dr9k1 dance1 & wanton ) _! :ores4 ,?is  
!y propose = u to imitate2 !y p]mit u to
 h mimics & music at our fea/s1 b =bid  
philosophy2 %e1 =soo?1 be+ v unfit to be
 wanton ) u1 & we 9 a bad condition to  
be s]i\s4 ,isocrates ! rhetorician1 :5  
at a dr9k+ b\t "s begg$ him to make a   
spee*1 only return$3 ,) ^? ?+s 9 :i* ,i 
h skill ! "t do? n suit2 & 9 ^? ?+s )   
:i* ! "t suits ,i h no skill4  ,& ,crato
 cri$ out3 ,by ,bac*us1 he 0 "r to =swe>
 talk1 if he design$ to make su*        
long-w9d$ disc\rses z w\ld h spoil$ all 
mir? & conv]sation2 b ,i d n ?9k !re is 
! same reason to =bid philosophy z to   
take away rhetoric f our fea/s4 ,=      
philosophy is q ( ano!r nature2 x is an 
art ( liv+1 & !re=e mu/ be admitt$ into 
e "p ( our conv]sation1 into all our gay
 humors & our pleasures1 to regulate &  
adju/ !m1 to proportion ! "t1 & keep !m 
f excess2 unless1 p]*ance1 ^u ! same    
sc(f+ pret5ce ( gravity1 !y w\ld bani%  
temp]ance1 ju/ice1 & mod]ation4 ,x is   
true1 7 we to fea/ be=e a c\rt1 z ^? t  

ent]ta9$ ,ore/es1 & 7 sil5ce enjo9$ by  
law1 t might prove no mean cloak ( our  
ignorance2 b if ,bac*us is really ,greek
 omitt$ 7,a ,,loos] ( ev]y?+71 & *iefly 
takes (f all re/ra9ts & bridles f !     
tongue1 & gives ! voice ! greate/       
fre$om1 ,i ?9k x is fooli% & absurd to  
deprive t "t 9 :i* we are usually mo/   
talkative ( ! mo/ useful & pr(itable    
disc\rse2 & 9 our s*ools to dispute ( ! 
(fices ( company1 9 :at consi/s !       
excell5ce ( a gue/1 h[ mir?1 fea/+1 &   
w9e are to be us$ & yet d5y philosophy a
 place 9 ^! fea/s1 z if n able to       
confirm by practice :at by precepts x   
in/ructs4  ,& :5 y affirm$ t none ought 
to oppose :at ,crato said1 b det]m9e :at
 sorts ( philosophical topics 7 to be   
admitt$ z fit companions at a fea/1 & s 
avoid t j & pleasant taunt put ^u !     
wrangl+ disput]s ( ! age1       ,come n[
 to supp]1 t we may cont5d2  & :5 y     
seem$ conc]n$ & urg$ u to speak to t    
head1 ,i fir/ repli$3 ,sir1 we mu/      
consid] :at company we h2 = if ! great] 

"p ( ! gue/s are le>n$ m51--z = in/ance1
 at ,aga?o's ent]ta9m5t1 *>act]s l      
,socrates1 ,pha$rus1 ,pausanias1        
,euryxima*us2 or at ,callias's bo>d1    
,*>mides1 ,anti/h5es1 ,h]mog5es1 & !    
l1--we w p]mit !m to philosohize1 & to  
mix ,bac*us ) ! ,muses z well z ) !     
,nymphs2 = ! latt] make him :olesome &  
g5tle to ! body1 & ! o!r pleasant &     
agreeable to ! s\l4 ,& if !re are "s few
 illit]ate p]sons pres5t1 !y1 z         
consonants ) v[els1 9 ! mid/ ( ! o!r    
le>n$1 w p>ticipate n altoge!r          
in>ticulately & insignificantly4 ,b if !
 great] "p consi/s ( su* :o c bett]     
endure ! noise ( any bird1 fiddle-/r+1  
or piece ( wood ?an ! voice ( a         
philosoph]1 ,pisi/ratus ha? %[n u :at to
 d2 = be+ at diff]5ce ) 8 sons1 :5 he   
he>d 8 enemies rejoic$ at x1 9 a full   
assembly he decl>$ t he _h endeavor$ to 
p]suade 8 sons to submit to him1 b s9ce 
he f\nd !m ob/9ate1 he 0 resolv$ to     
yield & submit to _! humors4 ,s a       
philosoph]1 mid/ ^? companions t slight 

8 excell5t disc\rse1 w lay aside 8      
gravity1 foll[ !m1 & comply ) _! humor z
 f> z dec5cy w p]mit2 kn[+ v well t m5  
_c ex]cise _! rhetoric unless !y speak1 
b may _! philosophy ev5 :il/ !y are     
sil5t or je/ m]rily1 nay1 :il/ !y are   
piqu$ ^u or rep>tee4 ,= x is n only 7z  
,plato says7 ! highe/ degree ( inju/ice 
n to be j & yet seem s2 b x is ! top (  
wisdom to philosophize1 yet n appe> to d
 x2 & 9 mir? to d ! same ) ^? t are     
s]i\s1 & /ill seem 9 e>ne/4 ,= z 9      
,euripides1 ! ,bac*ae1 ?\gh unprovid$ ( 
iron weapons & un>m$1 w\nd$ _! invad]s )
 _! b\ghs1 ?us ! v je/s & m]ry talk (   
true philosoph]s move ^? t are n        
altoge!r ins5sible4  ,i ?9k !re are     
topics fit to be us$ at table1 "s ( :i* 
read+ & /udy give u1 o!rs ! pres5t      
occasion2 "s to incite to /udy1 o!rs to 
piety & great & noble actions1 o!rs to  
make u rivals ( ! b\ntiful & k9d2 :i* if
 a man cunn+ly & )\t any app>5t design  
ins]ts = ! in/ruction ( ! re/1 he w free
 ^! ent]ta9m5ts f _m ( ^? consid]able   

evils :i* usually att5d !m4 ,"s t put   
borage into ! w9e1 or spr9kle ! floor ) 
wat] 9 :i* v]b5a & maid5-hair h be5     
/eep$1 z good raise mir? & jollity 9 !  
gue/s 79 imitation ( ,hom]'s ,hel51 :o )
 "s m$icam5t dilut$ ! pure w9e %e _h    
prep>$71 d n und]/& t t fable1 com+ f   
r\nd ,egypt1 aft] a long way ends at la/
 9 easy & fit disc\rse4 ,= :il/ !y 7    
dr9k+ ,hel5 relates ! /ory ( ,ulysses1  
,h[ ,=tune's spite ! h]o did control1   
,& bore 8 tr\bles ) a manly s\l4        
7,odyssey1 iv4 #bdb47  ,= t1 9 my       
op9ion1 0 ! ,nep5!1 ! c>e-dissolv+      
m$icam5t1 viz1 t /ory exactly fitt$ to !
 !n disa/]s & juncture ( affairs4 ,!    
pleas+ m51 ?\gh !y design$ly & app>5tly 
in/ruct1 draw on _! maxims r ) p]suasive
 & smoo? argum5ts1 ?an ! viol5t =ce (   
demon/rations4 ,y see t ev5 ,plato 9 8  
,symposium1 :]e he disputes ( ! *ief    
end1 ! *ief good1 & is altoge!r on      
subjects !ological1 do? n lay d[n /rong 
& close demon/rations2 he do? n make    
himself ready = ! conte/ 7z he is wont7 

l a wre/l]1 t he may take ! firm] hold (
 8 adv]s>y & be sure ( giv+ him ! trip2 
b draws m5 on by m s(t & pliable        
attacks1 by pleasant fictions & pat     
examples4  ,besides ! que/ions %\ld be  
easy1 ! problems kn[n1 ! int]rogations  
pla91 famili>1 & n intricate & d>k t !y 
might nei!r vex ! unle>n$1 nor fright !m
 f ! disquisition4 ,=--z x is all[able  
to dissolve our ent]ta9m5t into a dance1
 b if we =ce our gue/s to toss quoits or
 play at cudgels1 we %all n only make   
our fea/ unpleasant1 b hurtful &        
unnatural--?us light & easy             
disquisitions d pleasantly & pr(itably  
excite u1 b we mu/ =be> all cont5tions &
 7to use ,democritus's ^w7 wrangl+      
disputes1 :i* p]plex ! propos]s )       
intricate & inexplicable d\bts1 & tr\ble
 all ! o!rs t are pres5t4 ,our disc\rse 
%\ld be l our w9e1 common to all1 & (   
:i* e "o may equally p>take2 & !y t     
propose h>d problems seem no bett] fitt$
 = society ?an ,aesop's fox & crane4 ,= 
! fox vex$ ! crane ) ?9 bro? p\r$ out ^u

 a pla9 table1 & laugh$ at h] :5 he saw 
h]1 by reason ( ! n>r[ness ( h] bill & !
 ?9ness ( ! bro?1 incapable ( p>tak+ :at
 he _h prep>$2 & ! crane1 9 requital1   
invit+ ! fox to supp]1 br\ght =? h]     
da9ties 9 a pot ) a long & n>r[ neck1   
into :i* %e c\ld conv5i5tly ?ru/ h]     
bill1 :il/ ! fox c\ld n rea* "o bit4 ,j 
s1 :5 philosoph]s mid/ _! cups dive into
 m9ute & logical disputes1 !y are v     
tr\blesome to ^? t _c foll[ !m ?r\gh !  
same dep?s2 & ^? t br+ 9 idle songs1    
trifl+ disquisitions1 common talk1 &    
me*anical disc\rse de/roy ! v end (     
conv]sation & m]ry ent]ta9m5ts1 & abuse 
,bac*us4 ,!re=e1 z :5 ,phryni*us &      
,aes*ylus br\ght trag$y to disc\rse (   
fictions & mis=tunes1 x 0 ask$1 ,:at is 
?is to ,bac*us8--s me?9ks1 :5 ,i he> "s 
p$antically draw+ a syllogism into      
table-talk1 ,i h reason to cry out1     
,sir1 :at is ?is to ,bac*us8 ,p]*ance   
"o1 ! great b[l /&+ 9 ! mid/1 & !       
*aplets giv5 r\nd1 :i* ! god 9 tok5 ( ! 
lib]ty he be/[s sets on e head1 s+s "o (

 ^? songs call$ ,greek omitt$ 7,,crook$ 
,,or ,,obscure72 ?is is n fit nor       
agreeable to a fea/4 ,?\gh "s say ^!    
songs 7 n d>k & intricate composures2 b 
t ! gue/s sang ! fir/ song all toge!r1  
prais+ ,bac*us & describ+ ! p[] ( ! god2
 & ! second ea* man sang s+ly 9 8 turn1 
a myrtle b\gh be+ deliv]$ to e "o 9     
ord]1 :i* !y call an ,greek omitt$      
because he t receiv$ x 0 oblig$ ,greek  
omitt$ to s+2 & aft] ?is a h>p be+ c>ri$
 r\nd ! company1 ! skilful took x1 &    
fitt$ ! music to ! song2 ?is :5 !       
unskilful c\ld n p]=m1 ! song 0 call$   
,greek omitt$ because h>d to !m1 & "o 9 
:i* !y c\ld n be> a "p4 ,o!rs say ?is   
myrtle b\gh 0 n deliv]$ 9 ord]1 b f b$  
to b$2 & :5 ! upp]mo/ ( ! fir/ table _h 
sung1 he s5t x to ! upp]mo/ ( ! second1 
& he to ! upp]mo/ ( ! ?ird2 & s ! second
 9 l mann] to ! second2 & f ^! _m w9d+s 
& ?is circuit x 0 call$ ,greek omitt$   
,,crook$4   ,,"q ,,ii4 ,,:e!r ,,!       
,,ent]ta9] ,,%\ld ,,seat ,,! ,,gue/s1   
,,or ,,let ,,e ,,man ,,take ,,8 ,,own   

,,place4  ,,timon1 ,a ,,gue/1 ,,plut>*1 
,,plut>*',s ,,fa!r1 ,,lamprias1 ,,&     
,,o!rs4  ,my bro!r ,timon1 mak+ a great 
ent]ta9m5t1 desir$ ! gue/s z !y came to 
seat !mselves2 = he _h invit$ /rang]s & 
citiz5s1 neighbors & acqua9tance1 & all 
sorts ( p]sons to ! fea/4 ,a great _m   
be+ already come1 a c]ta9 /rang] at la/ 
appe>$1 dress$ z f9e z h&s c\ld make    
him1 8 clo!s ri*1 & an unseemly tra9 (  
foot-boys at 8 heels2 he walk+ up to !  
p>lor-door1 &1 />+ r\nd ^u ^? t 7       
already seat$1 turn$ 8 back & scornfully
 retir$2 & :5 a great _m /epp$ aft] him 
& begg$ him to return1 he said1 ,i see  
no fit place left = me4 ,at t1 ! o!r    
gue/s 7= ! glasses _h gone r\nd7 laugh$ 
abundantly1 & desir$ 8 room r ?an 8     
company4  ,b aft] supp]1 my fa!r        
address+ himself to me1 :o sat at ano!r 
qu>t] ( ! table1--,timon1 said he1 & ,i 
h a dispute1 & y are to be judge1 = ,i h
 be5 ^u 8 skirts already ab\t t /rang]2 
= if accord+ to my directions he _h     
seat$ e man 9 8 prop] place1 we _h nev] 

be5 ?\ght unskilful 9 ?is matt]1 by "o  
,^: art is great 9 ord]+ horse & foot4  
7,iliad1 ii #eed47  ,& /ory says t      
,paulus ,aemilius1 aft] he _h conqu]$   
,p]seus ! k+ ( ,mac$on1 mak+ an         
ent]ta9m5t besides 8 co/ly furniture &  
extraord9>y provision1 0 v critical 9 ! 
ord] ( 8 fea/2 say+1 ,x is ! same man's 
task to ord] a t]rible battle & a       
pleas+1 ent]ta9m5t1 = bo? ( !m require  
skill 9 ! art ( dispos+ "r1 & ,hom] (t5 
calls ! /\te/ & ! greate/ pr9ces ,greek 
omitt$ dispos]s ( ! p2 & y use to say t 
! great ,creator1 by ?is art ( dispos+1 
turn$ disord] into beauty1 & nei!r tak+ 
away nor add+ any new be+1 b sett+      
ev]y?+ 9 its prop] place1 out ( ! mo/   
uncomely figure & confus$ *aos produc$  
?is beaute\s1 ?is surpris+ face ( nature
 t appe>s4 ,9 ^! great & noble doctr9es 
inde$ y in/ruct u2 b our own obs]vation 
suffici5tly assures u1 t ! greate/      
pr(us5ess 9 a fea/ appe>s nei!r         
delightful nor g5teel1 unless beautifi$ 
by ord]4 ,& !re=e x is absurd t cooks & 

wait]s %\ld be solicit\s :at di% mu/ be 
br\ght fir/1 :at next1 :at plac$ 9 !    
middle1 & :at la/2 & t ! g>l&s1 &       
o9tm5t1 & music 7if !y h any7 %\ld h a  
prop] place & ord] assign$1 & yet t !   
gue/s %\ld be seat$ promiscu\sly1 & no  
respect be _h to age1 honor1 or ! l2 no 
di/+ui%+ ord] by :i* ! man 9 dignity    
might be honor$1 ! inf]ior le>n to give 
place1 & ! dispos] be ex]cis$ 9 di/+ui%+
 :at is prop] & conv5i5t4 ,= x is n     
rational t1 :5 we walk or sit d[n to    
disc\rse1 ! be/ man %\ld h ! be/ place1 
& n ! same ord] be obs]v$ at table2 or t
 ! ent]ta9] %\ld 9 civility dr9k to "o  
be=e ano!r1 & yet make no diff]5ce 9 _! 
seats1 at ! fir/ da% mak+ ! :ole company
 "o ,myconus 7z !y say71 a hodge-podge &
 confusion4 ,?is my fa!r br\ght = 8     
op9ion4  ,& my bro!r said3 ,i am n s mu*
 wis] ?an ,bias1 t1 s9ce he refus$ to be
 arbitrator betwe5 two only ( 8 fri5ds1 
,i %\ld pret5d to be a judge betwe5 s _m
 /rang]s & acqua9tance2 especially s9ce 
x is n a money matt]1 b ab\t prec$5ce & 

dignity1 z if ,i invit$ my fri5ds n to  
treat !m k9dly1 b to abuse !m4 ,m5elaus 
is acc\nt$ absurd & pass$ into a prov]b1
 = pret5d+ to advise :5 unask$2 & sure  
he w\ld be m ridicul\s t in/ead ( an    
ent]ta9] %\ld set up = a judge1 :5      
nobody reque/s him or submits to 8      
det]m9ation :i* is ! be/ & :i* ! wor/   
man 9 ! company2 = ! gue/s d n come to  
cont5d ab\t prec$5cy1 b to fea/ & be    
m]ry4 ,besides1 x is no easy task to    
di/+ui% = "s claim respect by reason (  
_! age1 o!rs--f _! famili>ity &         
acqua9tance2 &1 z ^? t make declamations
 consi/+ ( comp>isons1 he mu/ h         
,ari/otle's ,greek omitt$ &             
,?rasyma*us's ,greek omitt$ 7books t    
furni% him ) heads ( argum5t7 at 8 f+]s'
 ends2 & all ?is to no good purpose or  
pr(itable effect b to br+ vanity f ! b> 
& ! !atre into our fea/s & ent]ta9m5ts1 
&1 :il/ by good fell[%ip endeavor to    
remit all o!r passions1 especially pride
 & arrogance1 f :i*1 9 my op9ion we %\ld
 be m c>eful to cleanse our s\ls ?an to 

wa% our feet f dirt1 t our conv]sation  
be free1 simple1 & full ( mir?4 ,& :ile 
by su* meet+s we /rive to end all       
diff]5ces t h at any "t ris5 among/ !   
invit$1 we %\ld make !m flame anew1 &   
k9dle !m aga9 by emulation1 by ?us      
humbl+ "s & puff+ up o!rs4 ,& if1       
accord+ z we seat !m1 we %\ld dr9k (t5] 
& disc\rse m ) "s ?an o!rs & set da9ti] 
di%es be=e !m1 in/ead ( be+ fri5dly we  
%\ld be lordly 9 our fea/s4 ,& if 9 o!r 
?+s we treat !m all equally1 :y %\ld we 
n beg9 at ! fir/ "p1 & br+ x into fa%ion
 = all to take _! seats promiscu\sly1   
)\t c]emony or pride1 & to let !m see1 z
 soon z !y ent]1 t !y are invit$ to a   
d9n] ^: ord] is free & democratical1 &  
n1 z p>ticul> *os5 m5 to ! gov]nm5t ( a 
city :]e ari/ocracy is ! =m2 s9ce !     
ri*e/ & ! poore/ sit promiscu\sly       
toge!r4  ,:5 ?is _h be5 (f]$ on bo?     
sides1 & all pres5t requir$ my          
det]m9ation1 ,i said3 ,be+ an arbitrator
 & n a judge1 ,i %all close /rictly )   
nei!r side1 b g indiff]5tly 9 ! middle  

betwe5 bo?4 ,if a man invites "y m51    
citiz5s1 or acqua9tance1 !y %\ld 7z     
,timon says7 be accu/om$ to be cont5t ) 
any place1 )\t c]emony or conc]nm5t2 &  
?is good nature & unconc]n$ness w\ld be 
an excell5t means to pres]ve & increase 
fri5d%ip4 ,b if we use ! same me?od to  
/rang]s1 magi/rates1 or old m51 ,i h j  
reason to fe> t1 :il/ we seem to ?ru/   
our pride at ! =e-door1 we br+ x 9 aga9 
at ! back1 toge!r ) a great deal (      
indiff]5cy & disrespect4 ,b 9 ?is1 cu/om
 & ! e/abli%$ rules ( dec5cy mu/ guide2 
or else let u aboli% all ^? modes (     
respect express$ by dr9k+ to or salut+  
fir/2 :i* we d n use promiscu\sly to all
 ! company b accord+ to _! wor? we honor
 e "o       ,) bett] places1 meat1 &    
l>g] cups1      7,iliad1 xii4 #caa47  z 
,agamemnon says1 nam+ ! place fir/1 z ! 
*iefe/ sign ( honor4 ,& we comm5d       
,alc9\s = plac+ 8 gue/ next himself3--  
,he /\t ,laom$on 8 son remov$1      ,:o 
sat next him1 = him he de>ly lov$2      
7,iliad1 xx4 #ae47  = to place a        

suppliant /rang] 9 ! seat ( 8 belov$ son
 0 wond]ful k9d1 & extreme c\rte\s4 ,nay
 ev5 among/ ! gods !mselves ?is         
di/9ction is obs]v$2 = ,neptune1 ?\gh he
 came la/ into ! assembly1       sat 9 !
 middle seat1      7,odyssey1 vii4      
#agj47  z if t 0 8 prop] place4 ,&      
,m9]va seems to h t assign$ h] :i* is   
next ,jupit] himself2 & ?is ! poet      
intimates1 :5 speak+ ( ,!tis he says1   
,%e sat next ,jove1 ,m9]va giv+ ,place4 
7,ibid4 xxiv4 #ajj47  ,& ,p9d> pla9ly   
says1       ,%e sits j next !           
?und]-brea?+ flames4  ,inde$ ,timon     
urges1 we ought n to rob _m to honor "o1
 :i* he seems to d himself1 ev5 m ?an   
o!rs2 = he robs t :i* makes some?+ t is 
individual common2 & suitable honor to 8
 wor? is ea* man's possession4 ,& he    
gives t preem95ce to runn+ fa/ & mak+   
ha/e1 :i* belongs to virtue1 k9dr$1     
magi/racies1 & su* o!r qualities2 & :il/
 he endeavors n to affront 8 gue/s1 he  
necess>ily falls into t v inconv5i5ce2 =
 he mu/ affront e "o by defraud+ !m ( _!

 prop] honor4 ,besides1 9 my op9ion x is
 no h>d matt] to make ?is di/9ction1 &  
seat our gue/s accord+ to _! quality2 = 
fir/1 x v seldom happ5s t _m ( equal    
honor are invit$ to ! same banquet2 &   
!n1 s9ce !re are _m honorable places1 y 
h room en\gh to dispose !m accord+ to   
cont5t1 if y c b guess t ?is man mu/ be 
seat$ upp]mo/1 t 9 ! middle1 ano!r next 
to y\rself1 fri5d1 acqua9tance1 tutor1  
or ! l1 appo9t+ e "o "s place ( honor2 &
 z = ! re/1 ,i w\ld supply _! want (    
honor ) "s little pres5ts1 affability1 &
 k9d disc\rse4 ,b if _! qualities are n 
easy to be di/+ui%$1 & ! m5 !mselves h>d
 to be pleas$1 see :at device ,i h 9 t  
case2 = ,i seat 9 ! mo/ honorable place 
my fa!r1 if invit$2 if n my gr&fa!r1    
fa!r-9-law1 uncle1 or somebody :om !    
ent]ta9] ha? a m p>ticul> reason to     
e/eem4 ,& ?is is "o ( ! _m rules (      
dec5cy t we h f ,hom]2 = 9 8 poem1 :5   
,a*illes saw ,m5elaus & ,antilo*us      
cont5d+ ab\t ! second prize ( !         
horse-race1 fe>+ t _! /rife & fury w\ld 

increase1 he gave ! prize to ano!r1 "u  
pret5ce ( com=t+ & honor+ ,eumelus1 b   
inde$ to take away ! cause ( _!         
cont5tion4  ,:5 ,i _h said ?is1         
,lamprias1 sitt+ 7z he always do?7 ^u a 
l[ b$1 cri$ out3 ,sirs1 w y give me     
leave to correct ?is sotti% judge8 ,& ! 
company bidd+ him speak freely & tell me
 r\ndly ( my faults1 & n sp>e1 he said3 
,& :o c =be> t philosoph] :o disposes ( 
places at a fea/ accord+ to ! bir?1     
weal?1 or (fices ( ! gue/s1 z if !y 7 9 
a !atre or ! ,c\ncil ,h\se1 s t pride & 
arrogance mu/ be admitt$ ev5 into our   
mir? & ent]ta9m5ts8 ,9 seat+ our gue/s  
we %\ld n h any respect to honor1 b mir?
 & conv]sation2 n look aft] e man's     
quality1 b _! agreem5t & h>mony ) "o    
ano!r1 z ^? d t jo9 sev]al diff]5t ?+s 9
 "o composure4 ,?us a mason do? n set an
 ,a!nian or a ,sp>tan /one1 because =m$ 
9 a m noble c\ntry1 be=e an ,asian or a 
,spani%2 nor a pa9t] give ! mo/ co/ly   
color ! *iefe/ place2 nor a %ipwright ! 
,cor9?ian fir or ,cretan cypress2 b s   

di/ribute !m z !y w be/ s]ve to ! common
 end1 & make ! :ole composure /rong1    
beautiful1 & fit = use4 ,nay1 y see ev5 
! deity himself 7by our ,p9d> nam$ ! mo/
 skilful artific]7 do? n ev]y:]e place !
 fire above & ! e>? bel[2 b1 z          
,emp$ocles ha? x1       ,! ,oy/]s       
,cov]+s d directly prove1      ,t heavy 
,e>? is sometimes rais'd above2  n hav+ 
t place t ,nature appo9ts1 b t :i* is   
necess>y to comp\nd bodies & s]viceable 
to ! common end1 ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4
 ,disord] is 9 ev]y?+ an evil2 b !n its 
badness is pr9cipally discov]$1 :5 x is 
among/ m5 :il/ !y are mak+ m]ry2 = !n x 
bre$s cont5tions & a ?\s& unspeakable   
mis*iefs1 :i* to =esee & h9d] %[s a man 
well skill$ 9 good ord] & dispos+ "r4   
,we all agre$ t he _h said well1 b ask$ 
him :y he w\ld n in/ruct u h[ to ord]   
?+s aright1 & communicate 8 skill4 ,i am
 cont5t1 says he1 to in/ruct y1 if y w  
p]mit me to *ange ! pres5t ord] ( !     
fea/1 & w yield z ready ob$i5ce to me z 
! ,!bans to ,epam9ondas :5 he alt]$ !   

ord] ( _! battle4 ,we gave him full p[]2
 & he1 hav+ turn$ all ! s]vants out1    
look$ r\nd ^u e "o1 & said3 ,he> 7= ,i w
 tell y fir/7 h[ ,i design to ord] y    
toge!r4 ,9 my m9d1 ! ,!ban ,pamm5es     
ju/ly taxe? ,hom] z unskilful 9 love    
matt]s1 = sett+ toge!r1 9 8 description 
( an army1 tribe & tribe1 family &      
family2 = he %\ld h jo9$ ! lov] & !     
belov$1 s t ! :ole body be+ unit$ 9 _!  
m9ds might p]fectly agree4 ,?is rule w  
,i foll[1 n set "o ri* man by ano!r1 a  
y\? by a y\?1 a magi/rate by a          
magi/rate1 & a fri5d by a fri5d2 = su*  
an ord] is ( no =ce1 ei!r to beget or   
increase fri5d%ip & good-w4 ,b fitt+ t  
:i* wants ) some?+ t is able to supply  
x1 next "o t is will+ to in/ruct ,i w   
place "o t is z desir\s to be in/ruct$2 
next a morose1 "o good-natur$2 next a   
talkative old man a y\? pati5t & eag] = 
a /ory2 next a boa/]1 a je]+ smoo?      
companion2 & next an angry man1 a quiet 
"o4 ,if ,i see a weal?y fell[ b\ntiful &
 k9d1 ,i w take "s poor hone/ man f 8   

obscure place1 & set him next1 t some?+ 
may run out ( t full vessel to ! o!r    
empty "o4 ,a sophi/] ,i w =bid to sit by
 a sophi/]1 & "o poet by ano!r2       ,=
 begg>s begg>s1 poets envy poets4       
7,hesiod1 ,"w & ,days1 #bf7  ,i sep>ate 
! clamor\s sc(f]s & ! te/y1 by putt+ "s 
good-nature betwe5 !m1 s !y _c jo/le s  
r\ghly on "o ano!r2 wre/l]s1 hunt]s1 &  
f>m]s ,i put 9 "o company4 ,= "s ( !    
same nature1 :5 put toge!r1 fight z     
cocks2 o!rs are v sociable z daws4      
,dr9k]s & lov]s ,i set toge!r1 n only ^?
 :o 7z ,sophocles says7 feel ! /+ (     
mascul9e love1 b ^? t are mad aft]      
virg9s or m>ri$ wom52 = !y be+ w>m$ ) ! 
l fire1 z two pieces ( iron to be jo9$1 
w m readily agree2 unless p]haps !y bo? 
fancy ! same p]son4    ,,"q ,,iii4 ,,^u 
,,:at ,,acc\nt ,,is ,,! ,,place ,,at ,,!
 ,,table ,,call$ ,,consul> ,,e/eem$     
,,honorable4  ,,! ,,same4  ,?is rais$ a 
dispute ab\t ! dignity ( places1 = !    
same seat is n acc\nt$ honorable among/ 
all nations2 9 ,p]sia ! mid/1 = t is !  

place prop] to ! k+ himself2 9 ,greece !
 upp]mo/2 at ,rome ! l[]mo/ ( ! middle  
b$1 & ?is is call$ ! consul>2 ! ,greeks 
ab\t ,pontus1 & ^? ( ,h]aclea1 reckon ! 
upp]mo/ ( ! middle b$ to be ! *ief4 ,b  
we 7 mo/ puzzl$ ab\t ! place call$      
consul>2 = ?\gh x is e/eem$ mo/         
honorable1 yet x is n because x is ei!r 
! fir/ or ! mid/2 & its o!r circum/ances
 are ei!r n prop] to t alone1 or v      
frivol\s4 ,?\gh ,i confess ?ree ( !     
reasons alleg$ seem$ to h some?+ 9 !m4  
,! fir/1 t ! consuls1 hav+ dissolv$ !   
mon>*y & r$uc$ ev]y?+ to a m equal level
 & popul> e/ate1 left ! middle1 ! k+ly  
place1 & sat 9 a l[] seat2 t by ?is     
means _! p[] & au?ority might be less   
subject to envy1 & n s griev\s to _!    
fell[-citiz5s4 ,! second1 t1 two b$s be+
 appo9t$ = ! invit$ gue/s1 ! ?ird--& !  
fir/ place 9 x--is mo/ conv5i5t = ! ma/]
 ( ! fea/1 f :5ce l a pilot1 he c guide 
& ord] ev]y?+1 & readily ov]look !      
managem5t ( ! :ole affair4 ,besides1 he 
is n s f> remov$ t he c easily disc\rse1

 talk to1 & complim5t 8 gue/s2 = next   
bel[ him 8 wife & *ildr5 usually are    
plac$2 next above him ! mo/ honorable ( 
! invit$1 t be+ ! mo/ prop] place1 z ne>
 ! ma/] ( ! fea/4 ,! ?ird reason 01 t x 
is peculi> to ! ?is place to be mo/     
conv5i5t = ! despat* ( any sudd5        
bus9ess2 = ! ,roman consul w n z        
,ar*ias1 ! gov]nor ( ,!bes1 say1 :5     
lett]s ( importance are br\ght to him at
 d9n]1 s]i\s ?+s to-morr[ & !n ?r[ aside
 ! packet & take ! great b[l2 b he w be 
c>eful1 circumspect1 & m9d x at t v     
in/ant4 ,= n only 7z ! common say+ ha?  
x7       ,ea* ?r[ do? make ! dic] fe>1  
b ev5 mid/ 8 fea/+ & 8 pleasure a       
magi/rate %\ld be int5t on int]v5+      
bus9ess2 & he ha? ?is place appo9t$1 z !
 mo/ conv5i5t = him to receive any      
message1 answ] x1 or sign a bill2 = !re 
! second b$ jo9+ ) ! ?ird1 ! turn+ at ! 
corn] leaves a vacant space1 s t a      
not>y1 s]vant1 gu>d1 or a mess5g] f !   
army might approa*1 deliv] ! message1 & 
receive ord]s2 & ! consul1 hav+ room    

en\gh to speak or use 8 h&1 nei!r       
tr\bles any "o1 nor is h9d]$ by any !   
gue/s4    ,,"q ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,mann] ,,(  
,,man ,,%\ld ,a ,,director ,,( ,a ,,fea/
 ,,be8  ,,crato1 ,,!on1 ,,plut>*1 ,,&   
,,o!rs4  ,crato my relative1 & ,!on my  
acqua9tance1 at a c]ta9 banquet1 :]e !  
glasses _h gone r\nd freely1 & a little 
/ir arose b 0 sudd5ly appeas$1 began to 
disc\rse ( ! (fice ( ! /ew>d ( a fea/2  
decl>+ t x 0 my duty to we> ! *aplet1   
ass]t ! decay+ privilege1 & re/ore t    
(fice :i* %\ld take c>e = ! dec5cy &    
good ord] ( ! banquet4 ,?is proposal    
pleas$ e "o1 & !y 7 all an end begg+ me 
to d x4 ,well !n1 said ,i1 s9ce y w h x 
s1 ,i make myself /ew>d & director ( y  
all1 comm& ! re/ to dr9k e "o :at he w b
 ,crato & ,!on1 ! fir/ propos]s & au?ors
 ( ?is decree1 ,i enjo9 to decl>e 9 %ort
 :at qualifications fit a man = ?is     
(fice1 :at he %\ld pr9cipally aim at &  
h[ behave himself t[>ds ^? "u 8 comm&4  
,?is is ! subject1 & let !m agree among/
 !mselves :i* head ea* %all manage4  ,!y

 made "s slight excuse at fir/2 b ! :ole
 company urg+ !m to obey1 ,crato began  
?us4 ,a capta9 ( a wat* 7z ,plato says7 
ought to be mo/ wat*ful & dilig5t       
himself1 & ! director ( m]ry companions 
ought to be ! be/4 ,& su* a "o he is1 t 
w n be easily ov]tak5 or apt to refuse a
 glass2 b z ,cyrus 9 8 epi/le to !      
,sp>tans says1 t 9 _m o!r ?+s he 0 m fit
 ?an 8 bro!r to be a k+1 & *iefly       
because he c\ld be> abundance ( w9e4 ,= 
"o t is drunk mu/ h an ill c>riage & be 
apt to affront2 & he t is p]fectly sob] 
mu/ be unpleasant1 & fitt] to be a      
gov]nor ( a s*ool ?an ( a fea/4 ,p]icles
 z (t5 z he 0 *os5 g5]al1 :5 he put on 8
 cloak1 us$ to say to himself1 z x 7 to 
refre% 8 memory1 ,take he$1 ,p]icles1 ?\
 do/ gov]n freem51 ?\ do/ gov]n ,greeks1
 ?\ do/ gov]n ,a!nians4 ,s let our      
director say privately to himself1 ,?\  
art a gov]nor ov] fri5ds1 t he may      
rememb] to nei!r suff] !m to be debau*$ 
nor /9t _! mir?4 ,besides he ought to h 
"s skill 9 ! s]i\s /udies ( ! gue/s & n 

be altoge!r ignorant ( mir? & humor yet 
,i w\ld h him 7z pleasant w9e ought to  
be7 a little sev]e & r\gh1 = ! liquor w 
s(t5 & smoo? him1 & make 8 temp]        
pleasant & agreeable4 ,= z ,x5ophon     
says1 t ,cle>*us's ru/ic & morose humor 
9 a battle1 by reason ( 8 brav]y & heat1
 seem$ pleasant & surpris+2 ?us "o t is 
n ( a v s\r nature1 b grave & sev]e1 be+
 s(t5$ by a *irp+ cup becomes m pleasant
 & complaisant4 ,b *iefly he %\ld be    
acqua9t$ ) e "o ( ! gue/s' humors1 :at  
alt]ation ! liquor makes 9 him1 :at     
passion he is mo/ subject to1 & :at     
quantity he c be>2 = x is n to be       
suppos$ diff]5t sorts ( wat] be> v>i\s  
proportions to diff]5t sorts ( w9e 7:i* 
k+s' cup-be>]s und]/&+ sometimes p\r 9  
m1 sometimes less71 & t man ha? no su*  
relation to !m4 ,?is our director ought 
to "k1 & kn[+1 punctually obs]ve2 s t l 
a good musician1 screw+ up "o & lett+   
d[n ano!r1 he may make betwe5 ^! diff]5t
 natures a pleas+ h>mony & agreem5t2 s t
 he %all n proportion 8 w9e by measure1 

b give e "o :at 0 prop] & agreeable1    
accord+ to ! pres5t circum/ances ( "t & 
/r5g? ( body4 ,b if ?is is too difficult
 a task1 yet x is necess>y t a /ew>d    
%\ld "k ! common accid5ts ( age &       
nature1 su* z ^!1--t an old man w be    
soon] ov]tak5 ?an a y\?1 "o t leaps ab\t
 or talks ?an he t is sil5t or sits     
/ill1 ! ?\ghtful & melan*oly ?an !      
*e]ful & ! brisk4 ,& he t und]/&s ^! ?+s
 is mu* m able to pres]ve quietness &   
ord]1 ?an "o t is p]fectly ignorant &   
unskilful4 ,besides1 ,i ?9k none w d\bt 
b t ! /ew>d ought to be a fri5d1 & h no 
pique at any ( ! gue/s2 = o!rwise 9 8   
injunctions he w be intol]able1 9 8     
di/ributions unequal1 9 8 je/s apt to   
sc(f & give (f5ce4 ,su* a figure1 ,!on1 
z out ( wax1 ha? my disc\rse fram$ = !  
/ew>d ( a fea/2 & n[ ,i deliv] him to y4
  ,& ,!on repli$3 ,he is welcome1--a v  
well-%ap$ g5tleman1 & fitt$ = ! (fice2 b
 :e!r ,i %all n spoil him 9 my p>ticul> 
application1 ,i _c tell4 ,9 my op9ion he
 seems su* a "o z w keep an ent]ta9m5t  

to its primitive in/itution1 & n suff] x
 to be *ang$1 sometimes into a moot+    
hall1 sometimes a s*ool ( rhetoric1 n[ &
 !n a dic+ room1 a playh\se1 or a /age4 
,= d n y obs]ve "s mak+ f9e orations &  
putt+ cases at a supp]1 o!rs declaim+ or
 read+ "s ( _! own compositions1 & o!rs 
propos+ prizes to danc]s & mimics8      
,alcibiades & ,!odorus turn$ ,polition's
 banquet into a temple ( initiation1    
repres5t+ !re ! sacr$ procession &      
my/]ies ( ,c]es2 n[ su* ?+s z ^!1 9 my  
op9ion1 ought n to be suff]$ by a /ew>d1
 b he mu/ p]mit su* disc\rse only1 su*  
%[s1 su* m]rim5t1 z promote ! p>ticul>  
end & design ( su* ent]ta9m5ts2 & t is1 
by pleasant conv]sation ei!r to beget or
 ma9ta9 fri5d%ip & good-w among ! gue/s2
 = an ent]ta9m5t is only a pa/ime table 
) a glass ( w9e1 end+ 9 fri5d%ip ?r\gh  
mutual goodwill4  ,b n[ because ?+s pure
 & unmix$ are usually surfeit+ & odi\s1 
& ! v mixture itself1 unless ! simples  
be well proportion$ & opportunely put   
toge!r1 spoils ! sweetness & goodness ( 

! composition2 x is evid5t t !re ought  
to be a director to take c>e t ! mir? & 
jollity ( ! gue/s be exactly &          
opportunely temp]$4 ,x is a common say+ 
t a voyage ne> ! l& & a walk ne> ! sea  
are ! be/ recreation4 ,?us our /ew>d    
%\ld place s]i\sness & gravity next     
jollity & humor2 t :5 !y are m]ry1 !y   
%\ld be on ! v bord]s ( gravity itself1 
& :5 grave & s]i\s1 !y might be refre%$ 
z sea-sick p]sons hav+ an easy & %ort   
prospect to ! mir? & jollity on l&4 ,=  
mir? may be exce$+ useful1 & make our   
grave disc\rses smoo? & pleasant1--     
,z ne> ! bramble (t ! lily gr[s1      ,&
 neighbor+ rue comm&s ! blu%+ rose4  ,b 
aga9/ va9 & empty temp]s1 t wantonly    
break 9 ^u our fea/s1 l h5bane mix$ ) ! 
w9e1 he mu/ advise ! gue/s1 le/ sc(f+ & 
affronts creep 9 "u ^!1 le/ 9 _!        
que/ions or comm&s !y gr[ scurril\s &   
abuse1 z = in/ance by enjo9+ /utt]]s to 
s+1 bald-pates to comb _! heads1 or a   
cripple to rise & dance4 ,z ! company   
abus$ ,agape/or ! ,academic1 "o ( ^:    

legs 0 lame & )]$1 :5 9 a ridicul+      
frolic !y orda9$ t e man %\ld /& ^u 8 "r
 leg & take (f 8 glass1 or pay a f9e2 & 
he1 :5 x 0 8 turn to comm&1 enjo9$ !    
company to foll[ 8 example dr9k z he    
did1 & hav+ a n>r[ e>!n pit*] br\ght 91 
he put 8 )]$ leg into x1 & drank 8 glass
 & e "o 9 ! company1 aft] a fruitless   
endeavor to imitate1 paid 8 =feit4 ,x 0 
a good humor ( ,agape/or's & ?us e      
little m]ry abuse mu/ be z m]rily       
rev5g$4 ,besides he mu/ give su* comm&s 
z w bo? please & pr(it1 putt+ su* z are 
famili> & easy to ! p]son1 & :5 p]=m$ w 
be = 8 cr$it & reputation4 ,a song/] mu/
 be enjo9$ to s+1 an orator to speak1 a 
philosoph] to solve a problem1 & a poet 
to make a song2 = e "o v readily &      
will+ly und]takes t       ,9 :i* he may 
outdo himself4  ,an ,assyrian k+ by     
public proclamation promis$ a rew>d to  
him t w\ld f9d out any new sort ( luxury
 & pleasure4 ,& let ! gov]nor1 ! k+ ( an
 ent]ta9m5ts propose "s pleasant rew>d =
 any "o t introduce? in(f5sive m]rim5t1 

pr(itable delight & laught]1 n su* z    
att5ds sc(fs & abusive je/s1 b k9dness1 
pleasant humor1 & goodwill2 = ^! matt]s 
n be+ well look$ aft] & obs]v$ spoil &  
ru9 mo/ ( our ent]ta9m5ts4 ,x is ! (fice
 ( a prud5t man to h9d] all sort ( ang] 
& cont5tion2 9 ! ex*ange1 t :i* spr+s f 
covet\sness2 9 ! f5c+ & wre/l+ s*ools1 f
 emulation2 9 (fices & /ate affairs1 f  
ambition2 & 9 a fea/ or ent]ta9m5t1 f   
pleasantness & joke4    ,,"q ,v4 ,,:y   
,,x ,,is ,,commonly ,,said ,,t ,,love   
,,makes ,a ,,man ,a ,,poet4  ,,sossius1 
,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,"o day :5       
,sossius ent]ta9$ u1 ^u s++ "s ,sapphic 
v]ses1 ?is "q 0 />t$1 h[ x c\ld be true 
,t love 9 all do? vigor\s ?\ghts        
inspire1      ,& tea*es ignorants to    
tune ! lyre8  ,s9ce ,philox5us1 on !    
contr>y1 ass]ts1 t ! ,cyclops       ,)  
sweet-tongu$ ,muses cur$ 8 love4  ,"s   
said t love 0 bold & d>+1 v5tur+ at new 
contrivances1 & eag] to accompli%1 ^u   
:i* acc\nt ,plato calls x ! ent]pris] ( 
ev]y?+2 = x makes ! res]v$ man          

talkative1 ! mode/ complim5tal1 !       
neglig5t & sluggi% indu/ri\s & obs]vant2
 &1 :at is ! greate/ wond]1 a close1    
h>d1 & covet\s fell[1 if he happ5s to be
 9 love1 z iron 9 fire1 becomes pliable 
& s(t1 easy1 good-natur$1 & v pleasant2 
z if !re 7 some?+ 9 t common je/4 ,a    
lov]'s purse is ti$ ) ! blade ( a leek4 
,o!rs said t love 0 l drunk5ness2 x     
makes m5 w>m1 m]ry1 & dilat$2 &1 :5 9 t 
condition1 !y naturally slide d[n to    
songs & words 9 measure2 & x is report$ 
( ,aes*ylus1 t he wrote trag$ies aft] he
 0 heat$ ) a glass ( w9e2 & my gr&fa!r  
,lamprias 9 8 cups seem$ to outdo       
himself 9 />t+ que/ions & sm>t disput+1 
& usually said t1 l frank9c5se1 he      
exhal$ m freely aft] he 0 w>m$4 ,& z    
lov]s are extremely pleas$ ) ! sight (  
_! belov$1 s !y praise ) z mu*          
satisfaction z !y behold2 & z love is   
talkative 9 ev]y?+1 s m especially 9    
comm5dation2 = lov]s !mselves believe1 &
 w\ld h all o!rs ?9k1 t ! object ( _!   
passion is pleas+ & excell5t2 & ?is made

 ,c&aules ! ,lydian =ce ,gyges into 8   
*amb] to behold ! beauty ( 8 nak$ wife4 
,= !y delight 9 ! te/imony ( o!rs1 &    
!re=e 9 all composures ^u ! lovely !y   
adorn !m ) songs & v]ses1 z we dress    
images ) gold1 t m may he> ( !m & t !y  
may be rememb]$ ! m4 ,= if !y pres5t a  
cock1 horse1 or any o!r ?+ to ! belov$1 
x is neatly trimm$ & set (f ) all !     
ornam5ts ( art2 & !re=e1 :5 !y w\ld     
pres5t a complim5t1 !y w\ld h x curi\s1 
pleas+1 z v]se usually appe>s4  ,sossius
 applaud+ ^! disc\rses add$3 ,p]haps we 
may make a probable conjecture f        
,!ophra/us's disc\rse ( ,music1 = ,i h  
lately read ! book4 ,!ophra/us lays d[n 
?ree causes ( music1--grief1 pleasure & 
en?usiasm2 = ea* ( ^! *anges ! usual    
tone1 & makes ! voice slide into a      
cad5ce2 = deep sorr[ has some?+ tunable 
9 its groans1 & !re=e we p]ceive our    
orators 9 _! conclusions1 & actors 9 _! 
compla9ts1 are some:at melodi\s1 &      
ins5sibly fall into a tune4 ,excess (   
joy provokes ! m airy m5 to frisk &     

dance & keep _! /eps1 ?\gh unskilful 9 !
 art2 &1 z ,p9d> ha? x1       ,!y %\t1 &
 ro>1 & wildly toss _! heads4  ,b !     
grav] sort are excit$ only to s+1 raise 
_! voice1 & tune _! words into a sonnet4
 ,b en?usiasm q *anges ! body & ! voice1
 & makes x f> diff]5t f its usual       
con/itution4 ,h5ce ! v ,bac*ae use      
measure1 & ! inspir$ give _! oracles 9  
measure4 ,& we %all see v few madm5 b   
are frantic 9 rhyme & rave 9 v]se4 ,?is 
be+ c]ta91 if y w b anatomize love a    
little1 & look n>r[ly into x1 x w appe> 
t no passion 9 ! _w is att5d$ ) m viol5t
 grief1 m excessive joy1 or great]      
ec/asies & fury2 a lov]'s s\l looks l   
,sophocles's city3--       ,at once 'tis
 full ( sacrifice1      ,( joyful songs1
 ( groans & cries4'      7,sophocles1   
,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 #d47  ,& !re=e x is  
no wond]1 t s9ce love conta9s all !     
causes ( music1--grief1 pleasure1 &     
en?usiasm1--& is besides indu/ri\s &    
talkative1 x %\ld incl9e u m ?an any o!r
 passion to poetry & songs4    ,,"q     

,,vi4 ,,:e!r ,,alex&] ,,0 ,a ,,great    
,,dr9k]4  ,,phil9us1 ,,plut>*1 ,,&      
,,o!rs4  ,"s said t ,alex&] did n dr9k  
mu*1 b sat long 9 company1 disc\rs+ ) 8 
fri5ds2 b ,phil9us %[$ ?is to be an     
error f ! k+'s di>y1 :]e x 0 v (t5      
regi/]$ t su* a day1 & sometimes two    
days toge!r1 ! k+ slept aft] a debau*2 &
 ?is c\rse ( life made him cold 9 love1 
b passionate & angry1 :i* argues a hot  
con/itution4 ,& "s report 8 sweat 0     
fragrant & p]fum$ 8 clo!s2 :i* is ano!r 
argum5t ( heat1 z we see ! hotte/ &     
drie/ climates be> frank9c5se & cassia2 
= a fragrant smell1 z ,!ophra/us ?9ks1  
proce$s f a due concoction ( ! humors1  
:5 ! noxi\s moi/ure is conqu]$ by !     
heat4 ,& x is ?\ght probable1 t he took 
a pique at ,cali/h5es = avoid+ 8 table  
because ( ! h>d dr9k+1 & refus+ ! great 
b[l call$ ,alex&]'s 9 8 turn1 add+1 ,i w
 n dr9k ( ,alex&]'s b[l1 to /& 9 ne$ (  
,aesculapius's4 ,& ?us mu* ( ,alex&]'s  
dr9k+4  ,/ory tells u1 t ,mi?ridates1 ! 
fam\s enemy ( ! ,romans1 among o!r      

trials ( skill t he in/itut$1 propos$ a 
rew>d to ! greate/ eat] & ! /\te/ dr9k] 
9 8 k+dom4 ,he won bo? ! prizes himself2
 he outdrank e man liv+1 & = 8 excell5cy
 t way 0 call$ ,bac*us4 ,b ?is reason = 
8 surname is a va9 fancy & an idle /ory2
 = :il/ he 0 an infant a fla% ( lightn+ 
burnt 8 cradle1 b did 8 body no h>m1 &  
only left a little m>k on 8 =ehead1 :i* 
8 hair cov]$ :5 he 0 gr[n a boy2 & aft] 
he came to be a man1 ano!r fla% broke   
into 8 b$*amb]s1 & burnt ! arr[s 9 a    
quiv] t 0 hang+ "u him2 f :5ce 8 div9]s 
presag$1 t ar*]s & light-arm$ m5 %\ld w9
 him consid]able victories 9 8 w>s2 & ! 
vulg> gave him ?is "n1 because 9 ^? _m  
dang]s by lightn+ he bore "s resemblance
 to ! ,!ban ,bac*us4  ,f h5ce great     
dr9k]s 7 ! subject ( our disc\rse2 & !  
wre/l] ,h]aclides 7or1 z ! ,alex&rians  
m9ce x1 ,h]aclus71 :o liv$ b 9 ! la/    
age1 0 acc\nt$ "o4 ,he1 :5 he c\ld get  
none to hold out ) him1 invit$ "s to    
take _! morn+'s draught1 o!rs to d9n]1  
to supp] o!rs1 & o!rs aft]1 to take a   

m]ry glass ( w9e2 s t z ! fir/ w5t (f1 !
 second came1 & ! ?ird & f\r? company & 
he all ! :ile )\t any int]mission took 8
 glass r\nd1 & outsat all ! f\r         
companies4  ,among/ ! reta9]s to        
,drusus1 ! ,emp]or ,tib]us's son1 0 a   
physician t drank d[n all ! c\rt2 he1   
be=e he sat d[n1 w\ld usually take five 
or six bitt] almonds to prev5t !        
op]ation ( ! w9e2 b :5ev] he 0 =bidd5 t1
 he knock$ "u pres5tly1 & a s+le glass  
doz$ him4 ,"s ?9k ^! almonds h a        
p5etrat+1 ab/]sive quality1 are able to 
cleanse ! face1 & cle> x f ! common     
freckles2 & !re=e1 :5 !y are eat51 by _!
 bitt]ness vellicate & fret ! pores1 &  
by t means draw d[n ! asc5d+ vapors f ! 
head4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 a bitt] quality  
is a dri]1 & consumes moi/ure2 & !re=e a
 bitt] ta/e is ! mo/ unpleasant4 ,=1 z  
,plato says1 dryness1 be+ an enemy to   
moi/ure1 unnaturally contracts ! spongy 
& t5d] n]ves ( ! tongue4 ,& gre5 ulc]s  
are usually dra9$ by bitt] injections4  
,?us ,hom]3--       ,he squeez$ 8 h]bs1 

& bitt] juice appli$2      ,& /raight ! 
blood 0 /an*$1 ! sore 0 dri$4           
7,iliad1 xi4 #hdf47  ,& he guesses well1
 t :at is bitt] to ! ta/e is a dri]4    
,besides1 ! p[d]s wom5 use to dry up _! 
sweat are bitt]1 & by reason ( t quality
 a/r+5t4 ,?is !n be+ c]ta91 x is no     
wond] t ! bitt]ness ( ! almonds h9d]s ! 
op]ation ( ! w9e1 s9ce x dries ! inside 
( ! body & keeps ! ve9s f be+ ov]*>g$2 =
 f _! di/5tion & di/urbance !y say      
drunk5ness proce$s4 ,& ?is conjecture is
 mu* confirm$ f t :i* usually happ5s to 
a fox2 = if he eats bitt] almonds )\t   
dr9k+1 8 moi/ure sudd5ly fails1 & x is  
pres5t dea?4    ,,"q ,,vii4 ,,:y ,,old  
,,m5 ,,love ,,pure ,,w9e4  ,,plut>* ,,& 
,,o!rs4  ,x 0 debat$ :y old m5 lov$ !   
/ronge/ liquors4 ,"s1 fancy+ t _!       
natural heat decay$ & _! con/itution    
grew cold1 said su* liquors 7 mo/       
necess>y & agreeable to _! age2 b ?is 0 
mean & ! obvi\s1 & besides1 nei!r a     
suffici5t nor a true reason2 = ! l      
happ5s to all _! o!r s5ses4 ,= !y are n 

easily mov$ or wr\ght on by any         
qualities1 unless !y are 9 int5se       
degrees & make a vigor\s impression2 b !
 reason is ! laxity ( ! habit ( _! body1
 = t1 be+ gr[n lax & weak1 loves a sm>t 
/roke4 ,?us _! ta/e is pleas$ mo/ )     
/rong sapors1 _! smell+ ) brisk odors2 =
 /rong & unalloy$ qualities make a m    
pleas+ impression on ! s5se4 ,_! t\* is 
almo/ s5seless to a sore1 & a w\nd      
g5]ally raises no %>p pa94 ,! l also 9  
_! he>+ may be obs]v$2 = old musicians  
play l\d] & %>p] ?an o!rs1 t !y may move
 _! own dull tympanum ) ! s\nd4 ,= :at  
/eel is to ! edge 9 a knife1 t _s is to 
! s5se 9 ! body2 & !re=e1 :5 ! spirits  
fail1 ! s5se gr[s dull & /upid1 & _c be 
rais$1 unless by some?+1 su* z /rong    
w9e1 t makes a vigor\s impression4      
,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:y ,,old ,,m5 ,,read     
,,be/ ,,at ,a ,,di/ance4  ,,plut>*1     
,,lamprias1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,to my disc\rse
 9 ! =m] problem "s objection may be    
drawn f ! s5se ( see+ 9 old m52 =1 if !y
 hold a book at a di/ance1 !y w read    

pretty well1 ne>] !y _c see a lett] &   
?is ,aes*ylus means by ^! v]ses3--      
,behold f f>2 = ne> ?\ can/ n see2      
,a good old scribe ?\ may/ mu* soon] be4
  ,& ,sophocles m pla9ly3--       ,old  
m5 are sl[ 9 talk1 !y h>dly he>2        
,f> (f !y see2 b all are bl9d :5 ne>4   
,& !re=e1 if old m5's organs are m      
ob$i5t to /rong & int5se qualities1 :y1 
:5 !y read1 d !y n take ! reflection ne>
 at h&1 b1 hold+ ! book a good way (f1  
mix & weak5 x by ! int]v5+ air1 z w9e by
 wat]8  ,"s answ]$1 t !y did n remove ! 
book to lesson ! light1 b to receive m  
rays1 & let all ! space betwe5 ! lett]s 
& _! eyes be fill$ ) lightsome air4     
,o!rs agre$ ) ^? t imag9e ! rays (      
vision mix ) "o ano!r2 = s9ce !re is a  
cone /ret*$ betwe5 ea* eye & ! object1  
^: po9t is 9 ! eye & ^: basis is !      
object1 x is probable t = "s way ea*    
cone ext5ds ap>t & by itself2 b1 :5 !   
di/ance increases1 !y mix & make b "o   
common light2 & !re=e e object appe>s   
s+le & n two1 ?\gh x is se5 by bo? eyes 

at once2 = ! conjunction ( ! cones makes
 ^! two appe>ances b "o4 ,^! ?+s        
suppos$1 :5 old m5 hold ! lett]s close  
to _! eyes1 ! cones n be+ jo9$1 b ea*   
ap>t & by itself1 _! sight is weak2 b :5
 !y remove x f>!r1 ! two lights be+ m+l$
 & increas$1 see bett]1 z a man ) bo?   
h&s c hold t = :i* ei!r s+ly is too     
weak4  ,b my bro!r ,lamprias1 ?\gh      
unacqua9t$ ) ,hi]onymus's notions1 gave 
u ano!r reason4 ,we see1 said he1 "s    
species t come f ! object to ! eye1 :i* 
at _! fir/ rise are ?ick & great2 &     
!re=e :5 ne> di/urb old m51 ^: eyes are 
/iff & n easily p5etrat$2 b :5 !y are   
sep>at$ & diffus$ into ! air1 ! ?ick    
ob/ruct+ p>ts are easily remov$1 & !    
subtile rema9d]s com+ to ! eye g5tly &  
easily slide into ! pores2 & s !        
di/urbance be+ less1 ! sight is m       
vigor\s & cle>4 ,?us a rose smells mo/  
fragrant at a di/ance2 b if y br+ x ne> 
! nose1 x is n s pure & delightful2 & ! 
reason is ?is1--_m e>?y di/urb+ p>ticles
 are c>ri$ ) ! smell1 & spoil !         

fragrancy :5 ne>1 b 9 a long] passage ^?
 are lo/1 & ! pure brisk odor1 by reason
 ( its subtility1 rea*es & acts ^u !    
s5se4  ,b we1 accord+ to ,plato's       
op9ion1 ass]t t a bright _s d>t$ f ! eye
 mixes ) ! light ab\t ! object1 & ^? two
 are p]fectly bl5d$ into "o simil> body2
 n[ ^! mu/ be jo9$ 9 due proportion "o  
to ano!r2 = "o "p ought n :olly to      
prevail on ! o!r1 b bo?1 be+            
proportionally & amicably jo9$1 %\ld    
agree 9 "o ?ird common p[]4 ,n[ ?is     
7:e!r flux1 illum9at$ _s1 or ray7 9 old 
m5 be+ v weak1 !re c be no comb9ation1  
no mixture ) ! light ab\t ! object2 b x 
mu/ be :olly consum$1 unless1 by remov+ 
! lett]s f _! eyes1 !y less5 !          
brightness ( ! light1 s t x comes to !  
sight n too /rong or unmix$1 b well     
proportion$ & bl5d$ ) ! o!r4 ,& ?is     
expla9s t common affection ( creatures  
see+ 9 ! d>k2 = _! eyesight be+ weak is 
ov]come & d>k5$ by ! spl5dor ( ! day2   
because ! little light t fl[s f _! eyes 
_c be proportionably mix$ ) ! /rong] & m

 num]\s beams2 b x is proportionable &  
suffici5t = ! feeble spl5dor ( ! />s1 & 
s c jo9 ) x1 & coop]ate to move ! s5se4 
,,"q ,,ix4 ,,:y ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,wa%es   
,,clo!s ,,bett] ,,?an ,,salt4  ,,!on1   
,,!mi/ocles1 ,,metrius1 ,,florus1       
,,plut>*2 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,!on ! gramm>ian1
 :5 ,metrius ,florus gave u an          
ent]ta9m5t1 ask$ ,!mi/ocles ! ,/oic1 :y 
,*rysippus1 ?\gh he frequ5tly m5tion$ "s
 /range ph5om5a 9 nature 7z t salt meat 
soak$ 9 salt wat] gr[s fre%] ?an be=e2  
fleeces ( wool are m easily sep>at$ by a
 g5tle ?an a quick & viol5t =ce1 & m5 t 
are fa/+ eat sl[] ?an ^? :o took a      
breakfa/71 yet nev] gave any reason = ! 
appe>ance4 ,& ,!mi/ocles repli$1 t      
,*rysippus only propos$ su* ?+s by ! by1
 z in/ances to correct u1 :o easily     
ass5t & )\t any reason to :at seems     
likely1 & disbelieve ev]y?+ t seems     
unlikely at ! fir/ sight4 ,b :y1 sir1   
are y conc]n$ at ?is8 ,= if y are       
speculative & w\ld inquire into ! causes
 ( ?+s y ne$ n want subjects 9 y\r own  

pr(ession2 b pray tell me :y ,hom] makes
 ,nausicaa wa% 9 ! riv] r ?an ! sea1    
?\gh x 0 ne>1 & 9 all likelihood hott]1 
cle>]1 & fitt] to wa% ) ?an t8  ,& ,!on 
repli$3 ,ari/otle ha? already giv5 an   
acc\nt = ?is f ! grossness ( ! sea wat]2
 = 9 ?is an abundance ( r\gh e>?y       
p>ticles is mix$1 & ^? make x salt2 & ^u
 ?is acc\nt swimm]s or any o!r weights  
s9k n s mu* 9 sea wat] z 9 fre% = !     
latt]1 be+ ?9 & weak1 yields to e       
pressure & is easily divid$1 because x  
is pure & unmix$ & by reason ( ?is      
subtility ( p>ts x p5etrates bett] ?an  
salt wat]1 & s loos5e? f ! clo!s ! /ick+
 p>ticles ( ! spot4 ,& is n ?is disc\rse
 ( ,ari/otle v probable8  ,probable     
inde$1 ,i repli$1 b n true2 = ,i h      
obs]v$ t ) a%es1 gravel1 or1 if ^! are n
 to be gott51 ) du/ itself !y usually   
?ick5 ! wat]1 z if ! e>?y p>ticles be+  
r\gh w\ld sc\r bett] ?an fair wat]1 ^:  
?9ness makes x weak & ineffectual4 ,&   
!re=e he is mi/ak5 :5 he says ! ?ickness
 ( ! sea wat] h9d]s ! effect1 s9ce !    

%>pness ( ! mix$ p>ticles v mu* conduces
 to make x cleans+2 = t op5 ! pores1 &  
draws out ! /a94 ,b s9ce all oily matt] 
is mo/ difficult to be wa%$ out & spots 
a clo?1 & ! sea is oily1 t is ! reason  
:y x do? n sc\r z well z fre% & t x is  
oily1 ev5 ,ari/otle himself ass]ts1 =   
salt 9 8 op9ion ha? "s oil 9 x1 & !re=e 
makes c&les1 :5 spr9kl$ on !m1 burn !   
bett] & cle>] ?an be=e4 ,& sea wat]     
spr9kl$ on a flame increase? x1 & x m   
easily k9dl$ ?an any o!r2 9 my op9ion1  
makes x hott] ?an ! fre%4 ,& besides1 ,i
 may urge ano!r cause2 = ! end ( wa%+ is
 dry+1 & t seems cleane/ :i* is drie/2 &
 ! moi/ure t sc\rs 7z hellebore1 ) !    
humors t x purges7 ought to fly away    
quickly toge!r ) ! /a94 ,! sun quickly  
draws out ! fre% wat]1 because x is s   
light b ! salt wat] be+ r\gh lodges 9 ! 
pores1 & !re=e is n easily dri$4   ,&   
,!on repli$3 ,y say j no?+1 sir2 =      
,ari/otle 9 ! same book affirms t ^? t  
wa% 9 ! sea1 if !y /& 9 sun1 are soon]  
dri$ ?an ^? t wa% 9 ! fre% /reams4 ,if x

 is true1 ,i am answ]$1 he says s2 b ,i 
hope t ,hom] ass]t+ ! contr>y w1 by y   
especially1 be m easily believ$2 =      
,ulysses 7z he writes7 aft] 8 %ipwreck  
meet+ ,nausicaa1       ,a frightful     
sight1 & ) ! salt besme>$  said to h]   
maid5s1       ,retire a :ile1 till ,i h 
wa%$ my sk91  ,& :5 he _h leap$ into !  
riv]1       ,he f 8 head did sc\r !     
foam+ sea4      7,see ,odyssey1 vi4     
#acg1 #bah1 #bbf47  ,! poet knew v well 
:at happ5s 9 su* a case2 = :5 ^? t come 
wet out ( ! sea /& 9 ! sun1 ! subtile/ &
 lighte/ p>ts sudd5ly exhale1 b ! salt &
 r\gh p>ticles /ick ^u ! body 9 a cru/1 
till !y are wa%$ away by ! fre% wat] ( a
 spr+4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:y ,,at ,,a!ns ,,! 
,,*orus ,,( ,,! ,,tribe ,,aeantis ,,0   
,,nev] ,,det]m9$ ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,la/4   
,,philopappus1 ,,m>cus1 ,,milo1         
,,glaucias1 ,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,:5  
we 7 fea/+ at ,s]apion's1 :o gave an    
ent]ta9m5t aft] ! tribe ,leontis "u 8   
ord] & direction _h won ! prize 7= we 7 
citiz5s & free ( t tribe71 a v p]t95t   

disc\rse1 & prop] to ! !n occasion1     
happ5$4 ,x _h be5 a v notable trial (   
skill1 ! k+ ,philopappus be+ v g5]\s &  
magnific5t 9 8 rew>ds1 & defray+ !      
exp5ses ( all ! tribes4 ,he 0 at ! same 
fea/ ) u & be+ a v good-humor$ man &    
eag] = in/ruction1 he w\ld n[ & !n      
freely disc\rse ( anci5t cu/oms1 & z    
freely he>4  ,m>cus ! gramm>ian began   
?us3 ,nean!s ! ,cyzic5ian1 9 8 book     
call$ ! ,fabul\s ,n>rations ( ! ,city1  
affirms t x 0 a privilege ( ! tribe     
,aeantis t _! *orus %\ld nev] be det]m9$
 to be ! la/4 ,x is true1 he br+s "s    
/ories = confirmation ( :at he says2 b  
if he falsifies1 ! matt] is op51 & let u
 all inquire aft] ! reason ( ! ?+4 ,b1  
says ,milo1 suppose x be a m]e tale4 ,x 
is no /range ?+ repli$ ,philopappus1 if 
9 our disquisitions aft] tru? we meet n[
 & !n ) su* a ?+ z ,democritus !        
philosoph] did2 = he "o day eat+ a      
cucumb]1 & f9d+ x ( a honey ta/e1 ask$ 8
 maid :]e %e b\ght x2 & %e tell+ him 9  
su* a g>d51 he rose f table & bade h]   

direct him to ! place4 ,! maid surpris$ 
ask$ him :at he meant2 & he repli$1 ,i  
mu/ se>* aft] ! cause ( ! sweetness ( ! 
fruit1 & %all f9d x ! soon] if ,i see ! 
place4 ,! maid ) a smile repli$1 ,sit   
/ill1 pray1 sir1 = ,i unwitt+ly put x   
into a honey b>rel4 ,& he1 z x 7        
discont5t$1 cri$ out1 ,%ame take !e1 yet
 ,i w pursue my purpose1 & seek aft] !  
cause1 z if ?is sweetness 7 a ta/e      
natural & prop] to ! fruit4 ,!re=e nei!r
 w we admit ,nean!s's cr$ulity &        
inadv]t5cy 9 "s /ories z an excuse & a  
good reason = avoid+ ?is disquisition2 =
 we %all ex]cise our ?\ghts by x1 ?\gh  
no o!r advantage rises f t inquiry4     
,pres5tly e "o p\r$ out some?+ 9        
comm5dation ( t tribe1 m5tion+ e matt] t
 made = its cr$it & reputation4 ,m>a?on 
0 br\ght 9 z belong+ to x1 & ,h>modius )
 8 associates1 by bir? ,aphidneans1 7   
also produc$ z glori\s memb]s ( t tribe4
 ,! orator ,glaucias prov$ t t tribe    
made up ! "r w+ 9 ! battle at ,m>a?on1 f
 ! elegies ( ,aes*ylus1 :o _h himself   

f\ght valiantly 9 ! same enc\nt]2 & f>!r
 ev9c$ t ,callima*us ! field m>%al 0 ( t
 tribe1 :o behav$ himself v bravely1 & 0
 ! pr9cipal cause next to ,miltiades1 ) 
^: op9ion he concurr$1 t t battle 0     
f\ght4 ,to ?is disc\rse ( ,glaucias ,i  
add$1 t ! edict :i* imp[]$ ,miltiades to
 lead =? ! ,a!nians1 0 made :5 ! tribe  
,aeantis 0 *ief ( ! assembly1 & t 9 !   
battle ( ,plataea ! same tribe won !    
greate/ glory2 & ^u t acc\nt1 z ! oracle
 direct$1 t tribe (f]$ a sacrifice = ?is
 victory to ! nymphs ,sphragitides1 !   
city provid+ a victim & all o!r         
necess>ies belong+ to x4 ,b y may obs]ve
 7,i cont9u$7 t o!r tribes likewise h _!
 peculi> glories2 & y "k t m9e1 ! tribe 
,leontids1 yields to none 9 any po9t (  
reputation4 ,besides1 consid] :e!r x is 
n m probable t ?is 0 grant$ out ( a     
p>ticul> respect1 & to please ,ajax1 f  
:om ?is tribe receiv$ its "n2 = we "k he
 c\ld n endure to be outdone1 b 0 easily
 hurri$ on to ! greate/ enormities by 8 
cont5ti\s & passionate humor2 & !re=e to

 comply ) him & af=d him "s com=t 9 8   
disa/]s1 !y secur$ him f ! mo/ vex+     
grievance t foll[s ! mis=tune ( !       
conqu]$1 by ord]+ t 8 tribe %\ld nev] be
 det]m9$ to be la/4     ,,book ,,ii4  ,(
 ! sev]al ?+s t are provid$ = an        
ent]ta9m5t1 "s1 my ,sossius ,s5ecio1 are
 absolutely necess>y2 su* are w9e1      
bread1 meat1 l\nges1 & tables4 ,o!rs are
 br\ght 91 n = necessity1 b pleasure2   
su* are songs1 %[s1 mimics1 & buffoons2 
:i*1 :5 pres5t1 delight inde$1 b :5     
abs5t1 are n eag]ly desir$2 nor is !    
ent]ta9m5t look$ ^u z mean because su*  
?+s are want+4 ,j s ( disc\rses2 "s !   
sob] m5 admit z necess>y to a banquet1 &
 o!rs = _! pretty nice speculations1 z m
 pr(itable & agreeable ?an ! fiddle & ! 
pipe4 ,my =m] book gives y examples (   
bo? sorts4 ,( ! fir/ are ^!1 ,:e!r we   
%\ld philosophize at table8--,:e!r !    
ent]ta9] %\ld appo9t prop] seats1 or    
leave ! gue/s to agree ^u !re own8 ,( ! 
second1 ,:y lov]s are incl9$ to poetry8 
,& ! "q ab\t ! tribe ( ,aeantis4 ,! =m] 

,i call prop]ly ,greek omitt$ b bo?     
toge!r ,i compreh5d "u ! g5]al "n (     
,symposiacs4 ,!y are promiscu\sly set   
d[n1 n 9 ! exact me?od1 b z ea* s+ly    
occurr$ to memory4 ,& let n my read]s   
wond] t ,i d$icate ^! collections to y1 
:i* ,i h receiv$ f o!rs or y\r own m\?2 
= if all le>n+ is n b>e remembrance1 yet
 to le>n & to rememb] are v commonly "o 
& ! same4    ,,"q ,i  ,,:at1 ,,z        
,,x5ophon ,,intimates1 ,,are ,,! ,,mo/  
,,agreeable ,,que/ions ,,& ,,mo/        
,,pleasant ,,raill]y ,,at ,,an          
,,ent]ta9m5t8  ,,sossius1 ,,s5ecio1 ,,& 
,,plut>*4  ,n[ ea* book be+ divid$ into 
t5 que/ions1 t %all make ! fir/ 9 ?is1  
:i* ,socratial ,x5ophon ha? z x 7       
propos$2 = he tells t1 ,gobryas banquet+
 ) ,cyrus1 among/ o!r ?+s he f\nd       
admirable 9 ! ,p]sians1 0 surpris$ to   
he> !m ask "o ano!r su* que/ions t x 0 m
 pleasant to be int]rogat$ ?an to be let
 alone1 & pass su* je/s on "o ano!r t x 
0 m pleasant to be je/$ on ?an n4 ,= if 
"s1 ev5 :il/ !y praise1 (f5d1 :y %\ld n 

_! polite & neat faceti\sness be admir$1
 ^: v raill]y is delightful & pleasant  
to him t is ! subject ( x8 ,once y said3
 ,i wi% ,i c\ld le>n :at k9d ( que/ions 
^? are2 = to be skill$ 9 & make "r use (
 apposite que/ions & pleasant raill]y1  
,i ?9k is no small "p ( conv]sation4  ,a
 consid]able "o1 ,i repli$2 b pray      
obs]ve :e!r ,x5ophon himself1 9 8       
descriptions ( ,socrates's & ! ,p]sian  
ent]ta9m5ts1 ha? n suffici5tly expla9$  
!m4 ,b if y w\ld h my ?\ghts1 fir/1 m5  
are pleas$ to be ask$ ^? que/ions to :i*
 !y h an answ] ready2 su* are ^? 9 :i* !
 p]sons ask$ h "s skill & compet5t k2 = 
:5 ! inquiry is above _! rea*1 ^? t c   
return no?+ are tr\bl$1 z if reque/$ to 
give some?+ beyond _! p[]2 & ^? t d     
answ]1 produc+ "s crude & insuffici5t   
demon/ration1 mu/ ne$s be v mu* conc]n$1
 & apt to blund] on ! wrong4 ,n[1 if !  
answ] n only is easy b ha? some?+ n     
common1 x is m pleas+ to !m t make x2 & 
?is happ5s1 :5 _! k is great] ?an t ( ! 
vulg>1 z suppose !y are well skill$ 9   

po9ts ( a/rology or logic4 ,= n only 9  
action & s]i\s matt]s1 b also 9         
disc\rse1 e "o ha? a natural disposition
 to be pleas$ 7z ,euripides ha? x7      
,to seem f> to outdo himself4  ,& all   
are delight$ :5 m5 put su* que/ions z !y
 und]/&1 & w\ld h o!rs "k t !y are      
acqua9t$ )2 & !re=e travell]s & m]*ants 
are mo/ satisfi$ :5 _! company is       
inquisitive ab\t o!r c\ntries1 ! unkn[n 
ocean1 & ! laws & mann]s ( ! b>b>ians2  
!y are v ready to in=m !m1 & describe ! 
c\ntries & ! creeks1 imag9+ ?is to be "s
 recomp5se = _! toil1 "s com=t = !      
dang]s !y h pass$4 ,9 %ort1 :atev] ?\gh 
unreque/$1 we are wont to disc\rse (1 we
 are desir\s to be ask$2 because !n we  
seem to gratify ^? :om o!rwise our      
prattle w\ld di/urb & =ce f our         
conv]sation4 ,& ?is is ! common disease 
( travell]s4 ,b m g5teel & mode/ m5 love
 to be ask$ ab\t ^? ?+s :i* !y h bravely
 & successfully p]=m$1 & :i* mode/y w n 
p]mit to be spok5 by !mselves be=e      
company2 & !re=e ,ne/or did well :51 be+

 acqua9t$ ) ,ulysses's desire (         
reputation1 he said1       ,tell1 brave 
,ulysses1 glory ( ! ,greeks1      ,h[ y 
! horses seiz$4      7,iliad1 x4 #edd47 
,= man _c endure ! insol5ce ( ^? :o     
praise !mselves & repeat _! own         
exploits1 unless ! company desires x &  
!y are =c$ to a relation2 !re=e x       
tickles !m to be ask$ ab\t _! embassies 
& adm9i/rations ( ! commonweal?1 if !y h
 done any?+ notable 9 ei!r4 ,& ^u ?is   
acc\nt ! envi\s & ill-natur$ />t v few  
que/ions ( t !y sort2 t ?w>t & h9d] all 
su* k9d ( motions1 be+ v unwill+ to give
 any occasion or opportunity = t        
disc\rse :i* %all t5d to ! advantage ( !
 relat]4 ,9 %ort1 we please ^? to :om we
 put !m1 :5 we />t que/ions ab\t ^?     
matt]s :i* _! enemies hate to he>4      
,ulysses says to ,alc9\s1       ,y bid  
me tell :at v>i\s ills ,i bore1      ,t 
! sad tale might make me grieve ! m4    
7,sophocles1 ,o$ipus at ,colonus1 #eaj47
  ,& ,o$ipus says to ! *orus1           
',tis pa9 to raise aga9 a buri$ grief4  

7,odyssey1 ix4 #ab47  ,b ,euripides on !
 contr>y1       ,h[ sweet x is1 :5 we   
are lull$ 9 ease1      ,to ?9k (        
toils6--:5 well1 ( a disease6           
7,euripides1 ,&rom$a1 ,frag4 #aca47     
,true inde$1 b n to ^? t are /ill toss$1
 /ill "u a mis=tune4 ,!re=e be sure nev]
 ask a man ab\t 8 own calamities2 x is  
irksome to relate 8 losses ( *ildr5 or  
e/ate1 or any unprosp]\s adv5ture by sea
 or l&2 b ask a man h[ he c>ri$ ! cause1
 h[ he 0 c>ess$ by ! k+1 h[ he escap$   
su* a /orm1 su* an assault1 ?ieves1 & ! 
l2 ?is please? him1 he seems to enjoy x 
ov] aga9 9 8 relation1 & is nev] we>y ( 
! topic4 ,besides1 m5 love to be ask$   
ab\t _! happy fri5ds1 or *ildr5 t h made
 good progress 9 philosophy or ! law1 or
 are great at c\rt2 z also ab\t !       
disgrace & op5 conviction ( _! enemies2 
or ( su* matt]s !y are mo/ eag] to      
disc\rse1 yet are cauti\s ( beg9n+ x    
!mselves1 le/ !y %\ld seem to insult ov]
 & rejoice at ! mis]y ( o!rs4 ,y please 
a hunt] if y ask him ab\t dogs1 a wre/l]

 ab\t ex]cise1 & an amor\s man ab\t     
beauties2 ! c]emoni\s & sup]/iti\s man  
disc\rses ab\t dreams1 & :at success he 
ha? _h by foll[+ ! directions ( om5s or 
sacrifices1 & by ! k9dness ( ! gods2 &  
"s que/ions conc]n+ ^? ?+s w extremely  
please him4 ,he t inquires any?+ ( an   
old man1 ?\gh ! /ory do? n at all conc]n
 him1 w9s 8 he>t1 & urges "o t is v     
will+ to disc\rse3--       ,nelides     
,ne/or1 fai?fully relate      ,h[ great 
,atrides di$1 :at sort ( fate2      ,&  
:]e 0 ,m5elaus l>gely tell8      ,did   
,argos hold him :5 ! h]o fell8          
7,odyssey1 iii4 #bdg47  ,"h is a        
multitude ( que/ions & v>iety (         
subjects2 :i* is mu* bett] ?an to conf9e
 & cramp 8 answ]s1 & s deprive ! old man
 ( ! mo/ pleasant enjoym5t he c h4 ,9   
%ort1 !y t _h r please ?an di/a/e w /ill
 propose su* que/ions1 ! answ]s to :i*  
%all r get ! praise & good-w ?an !      
contempt & hatr$ ( ! he>]s4 ,& s mu* (  
que/ions4  ,z = raill]y1 ^? t _c use x  
cauti\sly ) art1 & "t x well1 %\ld nev] 

v5ture at x4 ,= z 9 a slipp]y place1 if 
y b j t\* a man z y pass by1 y ?r[ him  
d[n2 s :5 we are 9 dr9k1 we are 9 dang] 
( tripp+ at e little ^w t is n spok5 )  
due address4 ,& we are m apt to be (f5d$
 ) a joke ?an a pla9 & scurril\s abuse2 
= we see ! latt] (t5 slip f a man       
unwitt+ly 9 passion1 b consid] ! =m] z a
 ?+ volunt>y1 proce$+ f malice &        
ill-nature2 & !re=e we are g5]ally m    
(f5d$ at a %>p je]] ?an a :i/l+ sn>l]4  
,su* a je/ has inde$ some?+ design$ly   
malici\s ab\t x1 & (t5 seems to be an   
insult skilfully devis$ & prep>$4 ,=    
in/ance1 he t calls !e salt-fi% mong]   
pla9ly & op5ly abuse?2 b he t says1 ,i  
rememb] :5 y wip$ y\r nose ^u y\r       
sleeve1 malici\sly je]s4 ,su* 0 ,cic]o's
 to ,octavius1 :o 0 ?\ght to be desc5d$ 
f an ,african slave2 = :5 ,cic]o spoke  
some?+1 & ,octavius said he did n he>   
him1 ,cic]o rejo9$1 ,rem>kable1 = y h a 
hole ?r\gh y\r e>4 ,& ,melan?ius1 :5 he 
0 ridicul$ by a com$ian1 said1 ,y pay me
 n[ some?+ t y d n owe me4 ,& ^u ?is    

acc\nt je]s vex m2 = l be>d$ arr[s !y   
/ick a long :ile1 & gall ! w\nd$ suff]]4
 ,_! sm>tness is pleasant1 & delights ! 
company2 & ^? t are pleas$ ) ! sav+ seem
 to believe ! detract+ speak]4 ,=       
accord+ to ,!ophra/us1 a je] is a       
figurative reproa* = "s fault or        
misdemeanor2 & !re=e he t he>s x        
supplies ! conceal$ "p1 z if he knew &  
gave cr$it to ! ?+4 ,= he t laughs & is 
tickl$ at :at ,!ocritus said to "o :om  
he suspect$ ( a design ^u 8 clo!s1 & :o 
ask$ him if he w5t to supp] at su* a    
place1--,yes1 he repli$1 ,i g1 b %all   
likewise lodge !re all night1--do?1 z x 
71 confirm ! accusation1 & believe !    
fell[ 0 a ?ief4 ,& !re=e an imp]t95t    
je]] makes ! :ole company seem          
ill-natur$ & abusive1 z be+ pleas$ ) &  
cons5t+ to ! scurrility ( ! je]4 ,x 0 "o
 ( ! excell5t laws 9 ,sp>ta1 t none %\ld
 be bitt] 9 _! je/s1 & ! je]$ %\ld      
pati5tly endure2 b if he took (f5ce1 !  
o!r 0 to =be>1 & pursue ! frolic no     
f>!r4 ,h[ is x possible !re=e to det]m9e

 su* raill]y z %all delight & please !  
p]son t is je/$ on1 :5 to be sm>t )\t   
(f5ce is no mean piece ( cunn+ &        
address8  ,fir/ !n1 su* z w vex & gall !
 consci\s mu/ please ^? t are clean1    
innoc5t1 & n suspect$ ( ! matt]4 ,su* a 
joke is ,x5ophon's1 :5 he pleasantly    
br+s 9 a v ugly ill-look+ fell[1 & is   
sm>t ^u him = be+ ,sambaulas's m9ion4   
,su* 0 t ( ,aufidius ,mode/us1 :o1 :5   
our fri5d ,qu9itus 9 an ague compla9$ 8 
h&s 7 cold1 repli$1 ,sir1 y br\ght !m   
w>m f y\r prov9ce2 = ?is made ,qu9tius  
laugh1 & extremely pleas$ him2 yet x _h 
be5 a reproa* & abuse to a covet\s &    
oppress+ gov]nor4 ,?us ,socrates1       
pret5d+ to comp>e faces ) ! beaute\s    
,critobulus1 ralli$ only1 & n abus$4 ,& 
,alcibiades aga9 0 sm>t on ,socrates1 z 
8 rival 9 ,aga?o's affection4 ,k+s are  
pleas$ :5 je/s are put ^u !m z if !y 7  
private & poor m54 ,su* 0 ! flatt]]'s to
 ,philip1 :o *id$ him3 ,sir1 don't ,i   
keep y8 ,= ^? t m5tion faults ( :i* !   
p]sons are n really guilty intimate ^?  

virtues ) :i* !y are really adorn$4 ,b  
!n x is requisite t ^? virtues %\ld be  
evid5t & c]ta9ly belong to !m2 o!rwise !
 disc\rse w bre$ di/urbance & suspicion4
 ,he t tells a v ri* man t he w procure 
him a sum ( money1--a temp]ate sob] man1
 & "o t dr9ks wat] only1 t he is fox$1  
or ha? tak5 a cup too mu*1--a           
hospitable1 g5]\s1 good-humor$ man1 t he
 is a nigg>d & p9*-p5ny1--or ?reat5s an 
excell5t lawy] to meet him at ! b>1--mu/
 make ! p]sons smile & please ! company4
 ,?us ,cyrus 0 v oblig+ & complaisant1  
:5 he *all5g$ 8 playfell[s at ^? sports 
9 :i* he 0 sure to be ov]come4 ,&       
,ism5ias pip+ at a sacrifice1 :5 no good
 om5s appe>$1 ! man t hir$ him snat*$ ! 
pipe1 & play$ v ridicul\sly himself2 &  
:5 all f\nd fault1 he said3 ,to play    
satisfactorily is ! gift ( ,heav54 ,&   
,ism5ias ) a smile repli$3 ,:il/ ,i     
play$1 ! gods 7 s well pleas$ t !y 7    
c>eless ( ! sacrifice2 b to be rid ( ?y 
noise !y pres5tly receiv$ x4  ,b m1 ^? t
 jocosely put sc&al\s names ^u ?+s      

comm5dable1 if x be opportunely done1   
please m ?an he t pla9ly & op5ly        
comm5ds2 = ^? t cov] a reproa* "u fair &
 respectful words 7z he t calls an unju/
 man ,ari/ides1 a c[>d ,a*illes7 gall m 
?an ^? t op5ly abuse4 ,su* is t (       
,o$ipus1 9 ,sophocles1--       ,!       
fai?ful ,creon1 my mo/ con/ant fri5d4   
7,sophocles1 ,o$ipus ,tyrannus1 #che47  
,! famili> irony 9 comm5dations answ]s  
to ?is on ! o!r side4 ,su* ,socrates    
us$1 :5 he call$ ! k9d endeavor &       
indu/ry ( ,anti/h5es to make m5 fri5ds  
pimp+1 bawds-craft1 & allurem5t2 & o!rs 
t call$ ,crates ! philosoph]1 :o :]ev]  
he w5t 0 c>ess$ & honor$1 ! door-op5]4  
,aga91 a compla9t t implies ?ankfulness 
= a receiv$ favor is pleasant raill]y4  
,?us ,diog5es ( 8 ma/] ,anti/h5es3--    
,t man t made me leave my preci\s ore1  
,clo!d me ) rags1 & =c$ me to be poor2  
,t man t made me w&]1 beg my bread1     
,& scorn to h a h\se to hide my head4   
,= x _h n be5 half s pleasant to h said1
 t man t made me wise1 cont5t1 & happy4 

,& a ,sp>tan1 mak+ z if he w\ld f9d     
fault ) ! ma/] ( ! ex]cises = giv+ him  
wood t w\ld n smoke1 said1 ,he w n p]mit
 u ev5 to %$ a te>4 ,& he calls a       
hospitable man1 & "o t treats (t51 a    
kidnapp]1 & a tyrant :o = a long "t w\ld
 n p]mit him to see 8 own table2 & he   
:om ! k+ ha? rais$ & enri*$1 t says he  
_h a design ^u him & robb$ him ( 8 sleep
 & quiet4 ,s if he t ha? an excell5t    
v9tage %\ld compla9 ( ,aes*lus's        
,cabeiri = mak+ him want v9eg>1 z !y    
haul jocosely ?reat5$4 ,= su* z ^! h a  
pung5t pleasantness1 s t ! prais$ are n 
(f5d$ nor take x ill4  ,besides1 he t   
w\ld be civilly faceti\s mu/ "k !       
diff]5ce betwe5 a vice & a comm5dable   
/udy or recreation2 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! 
love ( money or cont5tion & ( music or  
hunt+2 = m5 are griev$ if twitt$ ) !    
=m]1 b take x v well if !y are laugh$ at
 = ! latt]4 ,?us ,demo/h5es ! ,mityl5ean
 0 pleasant en\gh :51 knock+ at a man's 
door t 0 mu* giv5 to s++ & play+ on !   
h>p1 & be+ bid come 91 he said1 ,i w1 if

 y w tie up y\r h>p4 ,b ! flatt]] (     
,lysima*us 0 (f5sive2 = be+ fright$ at a
 wood5 scorpion t ! k+ ?rew into 8 lap1 
& leap+ out ( 8 seat1 he said aft] he   
knew ! humor1 ,& ,i'll fright y\r maje/y
 too2 give me a tal5t4  ,9 sev]al ?+s   
ab\t ! body too ! l caution is to be    
obs]v$4 ,?us he t is je/$ on = a flat or
 hook$ nose usually laughs at ! je/4    
,?us ,cass&]'s fri5d 0 n at all         
displeas$ :5 ,!ophra/us said to him1    
',tis /range1 sir1 t y\r eyes don't     
play1 s9ce y\r nose is s ne> & s well   
fitt$ = a pipe to give !m ! tune2 &     
,cyrus comm&$ a long hawk-nos$ fell[ to 
m>ry a flat-nos$ girl1 = !n !y w\ld v   
well agree4 ,b a je/ on any = 8 /9k+    
brea? or fil?y nose is irksome2 =       
baldness x may be borne1 b = bl9dness or
 infirmity 9 ! eyes x is intol]able4 ,x 
is true1 ,antigonus w\ld joke ^u        
himself1 & once1 receiv+ a petition     
writt5 9 great lett]s1 he said1 ,?is a  
man may read if he 7 />k bl9d4 ,b he    
kill$ ,!ocritus ! ,*ian = say+1--:      

,byzant9e to ,pasiades say+1 ,sir1 y\r  
eyes are weak1 repli$1 ,y upbraid me )  
?is infirmity1 n consid]+ t ?y son      
c>ries ! v5geance ( ,heav5 on 8 back3 n[
 ,pasiades's son 0 hun*-back$4 ,&       
,ar*ippus ! popul> ,a!nian 0 mu*        
displeas$ ) ,melan?ius = be+ sm>t on 8  
crook$ back2 = ,melan?ius _h said t he  
did n /& at ! head ( ! /ate b b[$ d[n   
be=e x4 ,x is true1 "s are n mu* conc]n$
 at su* je]s4 ,?us ,antigonus's fri5d1  
:5 he _h begg$ a tal5t & 0 d5i$1 desir$ 
a gu>d1 le/ somebody %\ld rob him ( t   
tal5t he 0 n[ to c>ry home4 ,diff]5t    
temp]s make m5 diff]5tly affect$1 & t   
:i* tr\bles "o is n reg>d$ by ano!r4    
,epam9ondas fea/+ ) 8 fell[-magi/rates  
drank v9eg>2 & "s ask+ if x 0 good = 8  
heal?1 he repli$1 ,i _c tell t1 b ,i "k 
x makes me rememb] :at ,i dr9k at home4 
,!re=e x becomes e man t w\ld rally1 to 
look into ! humors ( 8 company1 & take  
he$ to conv]se )\t (f5ce4  ,love1 z 9   
mo/ ?+s else1 s 9 ?is matt] causes      
diff]5t effects2 = "s lov]s are pleas$ &

 "s displeas$ at a m]ry je/4 ,!re=e 9   
?is case a fit "t mu/ be accurately     
obs]v$2 = z a bla/ ( w9d puffs out a    
fire :il/ x is weak & little1 b :5      
?or\ghly k9dl$ /r5g!ns & increase? x2 s 
love1 be=e x is evid5t & confess$1 is   
displeas$ at a discov]]1 b :5 x breaks  
=? & blazes 9 ev]ybody's eyes1 !n x is  
delight$ & ga!rs /r5g? by ! frequ5t     
bla/s ( joke & raill]y4 ,:5 _! belov$ is
 pres5t x w gratify !m mo/ to pass a je/
 ^u _! passion1 b to fall on any o!r    
subject w be c\nt$ an abuse4 ,if !y are 
rem>kably lov+ to _! own wives1 or      
ent]ta9 a g5]\s affection = a hopeful   
y\?1 !n are !y pr\d1 !n tickl$ :5 je]$ =
 su* a love4 ,& !re=e ,arcesilaus1 :5 an
 amor\s man 9 8 s*ool laid d[n ?is      
proposition1 9 my op9ion "o ?+ _c t\*   
ano!r1 repli$1 ,sir y t\* ?is p]son1    
po9t+ to a lovely boy t sat ne> him4    
,besides1 ! company mu/ be consid]$2 =  
:at a man w only laugh at :5 m5tion$    
among/ 8 fri5ds & famili> acqua9tance1  
he w n endure to be told ( be=e 8 wife1 

fa!r1 or 8 tutor1 unless p]haps x be    
some?+ t w please ^? too2 z = in/ance1  
if be=e a philosoph] "o %\ld je] a man =
 go+ b>efoot or /udy+ all night2 or be=e
 8 fa!r1 = c>efulness & ?rift2 or 9 !   
pres5ce ( 8 wife1 = be+ cold to 8       
companions & dot+ ^u h]4 ,?us ,tigranes1
 :5 ,cyrus ask$ him1 ,:at w y\r wife say
 :5 %e he>s t y are put to s]vile       
(fices8 repli$1 ,sir1 %e w n he> x1 b be
 pres5t h]self & see x4  ,aga91 ^? jokes
 are acc\nt$ less affront+ :i* reflect  
some:at also on ! man t makes !m2 z :5  
"o poor man1 base-born fell[1 or lov]   
jokes ^u ano!r4 ,= :atev] comes f "o 9 !
 same circum/ances looks m l a piece (  
mir? ?an a design$ affront2 b o!rwise x 
mu/ ne$s be irksome & di/a/eful4 ,^u ?is
 acc\nt1 :5 a slave :om ! k+ _h lately  
fre$ & enri*$ behav$ himself v          
imp]t95tly 9 ! company ( "s philosoph]s1
 ask+ !m1 h[ x came to pass t ! bro? (  
beans :e!r :ite or black1 0 always gre51
 ,aridices putt+ ano!r "q1 :y1 let !    
:ips be :ite or n1 ! wales & m>ks !y    

made 7 /ill r$1 displeas$ him extremely1
 & made him rise f ! table 9 a great    
rage & discont5t4 ,b ,amphias ! ,t>sian1
 :o 0 suppos$ to be sprung f a g>d5]1   
jok+ ^u ! gov]nor's fri5d = 8 obscure & 
mean bir?1 & pres5tly subjo9+1 ,b 'tis  
true1 ,i sprung f ! same se$1 caus$ mu* 
mir? & laught]4 ,& ! h>p] v faceti\sly  
put a *eek to ,philip's ignorance &     
imp]t95ce2 = :5 ,philip pret5d$ to      
correct him1 he cri$ out1 ,god =bid1    
sir1 t ev] y %\ld be br\ght s l[ z to   
und]/& ^! ?+s bett] ?an ,i4 ,= by ?is   
seem+ joke he in/ruct$ him )\t giv+ any 
(f5ce4 ,& !re=e "s ( ! com$ians seem to 
lay aside _! bitt]ness 9 e je/ t may    
reflect ^u !mselves2 z ,ari/ophanes1 :5 
he is m]ry ^u a baldpate2 & ,crat9us 9 8
 play ,pyt9e ^u drunk5ness & excess4    
,besides1 y mu/ be v c>eful t ! je/ %\ld
 seem to be extempore1 tak5 f "s pres5t 
"q or m]ry humor2 n f>-fet*$1 z if      
prem$itate & design$4 ,= z m5 are n mu* 
conc]n$ at ! ang] & disputes among      
!mselves at table :ile !y are dr9k+1 b  

if any /rang] %\ld come 9 & (f] abuse1  
!y w\ld hate & look ^u him z an enemy2 s
 !y w easily p>don & indulge a je/ if   
undesign$ly tak5 f any pres5t           
circum/ance2 b if x is no?+ to ! matt] 9
 h& b fet*$ f ano!r ?+1 x mu/ look l a  
design & be res5t$ z an affront4 ,su* 0 
t ( ,timag5es to ! husb& ( a woman t (t5
 vomit$1--,?\ beg9ne/ ?y tr\bles by br++
 home ?is vomit+ woman1 say+ ,greek     
omitt$ 7?is vomit+ woman71 :5 ! poet _h 
writt5 ,greek omitt$ 7?is ,muse72 & also
 8 "q to ,a!nodorus ! philosoph]1--,is  
affection to our *ildr5 natural8 ,= :5 !
 raill]y is n f\nd$ on "s pres5t        
circum/ance1 x is an argum5t (          
ill-nature & a mis*iev\s temp]2 & su* z 
^! d (t5 = a m]e ^w1 ! lighte/ ?+ 9 ! _w
 7z ,plato says71 suff] ! heavie/       
puni%m5t4 ,b ^? t "k h[ to "t & apply a 
je/ confirm ,plato's op9ion1 t to rally 
pleasantly & faceti\sly is ! bus9ess ( a
 s*ol> & a wit4    ,,"q ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,9  
,,autumn ,,m5 ,,h ,,bett] ,,/oma*s ,,?an
 ,,9 ,,o!r ,,seasons ,,( ,,! ,,ye>4     

,,glauclas1 ,,x5ocles1 ,,lamprias1      
,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,9 ,eleusis1 aft]
 ! solemn celebration ( ! sacr$ my/]ies1
 ,glaucias ! orator ent]ta9$ u at a     
fea/2 :]e aft] ! re/ _h done1 ,x5ocles (
 ,delphi1 z 8 humor is1 began to be sm>t
 ^u my bro!r ,lamprias = 8 good         
,boeotian /oma*4 ,i 9 8 def5ce oppos+   
,x5ocles1 :o 0 an ,epicurean1 said1     
,pray1 sir1 d n all place ! v sub/ance (
 pleasure 9 privation ( pa9 & suff]+8 ,b
 ,lamprias1 :o pref]s ! ,lyceum be=e !  
,g>d51 ought by 8 practice to confirm   
,ari/otle's doctr9e2 = he affirms t e   
man ha? a bett] /oma* 9 ! autumn ?an 9  
o!r seasons ( ! ye>1 & gives ! reason1  
:i* ,i _c rememb] at pres5t4 ,s mu* !   
bett] 7says ,glaucias71 = :5 supp] is   
done1 we w endeavor to discov] x        
ourselves4 ,t be+ ov]1 ,glaucias &      
,x5ocles drew ! autumnal fruit4 ,"o said
 t x sc\r$ ! body1 & by ?is evacuation  
cont9ually rais$ new appetites4 ,x5ocles
 affirm$1 t ripe fruit _h usually a     
pleas+1 vellicat+ sapor1 & !reby provok$

 ! appetite bett] ?an sauces or         
sweetmeats2 = sick m5 ( a vitiat$ /oma* 
usually recov] x by eat+ fruit4 ,b      
,lamprias said1 t our natural heat1 !   
pr9cipal in/rum5t ( nutrition1 9 ! mid/ 
( summ] is scatt]$ & becomes r>e & weak1
 b :5 autumn comes x unites aga9 & ga!rs
 /r5g?1 be+ %ut 9 by ! ambi5t cold &    
contraction ( ! pores1 & ,i = my "p     
said3 ,9 summ] we are m ?ir/y & use m   
moi/ure ?an 9 o!r seasons2 & !re=e      
,nature1 obs]v+ ! same me?od 9 all h]   
op]ations1 at ?is *ange ( seasons       
employs ! contr>y & makes u hungry2 & to
 ma9ta9 an equal temp] 9 ! body1 %e     
gives u dry food to c\nt]vail ! moi/ure 
tak5 9 ! summ]4 ,yet none c d5y b t !   
food itself is a p>tial cause2 = n only 
new fruit1 bread1 or corn1 b fle% ( !   
same ye>1 is bett] ta/$ ?an t ( ! =m]1 m
 =cibly provokes ! gue/s1 & entice? !m  
to eat on4    ,,"q ,,iii4 ,,:i* ,,0     
,,fir/ ,,! ,,bird ,,or ,,! ,,egg8       
,,plut>*1 ,,alex&]1 ,,sylla1 ,,firmus1  
,,sossius ,,s5ecio1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,:5 ^u 

a dream ,i _h =borne eggs a long "t1 on 
purpose t 9 an egg 7z 9 a he>t7 ,i might
 make exp]im5t ( a notable vision t (t5 
tr\bl$ me2 "s at ,sossius ,s5ecio's     
table suspect$ t ,i 0 ta9t$ ) ,orpheus's
 or ,py?agoras's op9ions1 & refus$ to   
eat an egg 7z "s d ! he>t & bra97 imag9+
 x to be ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation4 ,&      
,alex&] ! ,epicurean ridicul+ly repeat$1
       ,to fe$ on beans & p>5ts' heads  
,is equal s92  ,z if ! ,py?agoreans     
meant eggs by ! ^w ,greek omitt$        
7,,beans71 d]iv+ x f ,greek omitt$7,,to 
,,conceive71 & ?\ght x z unlawful to fe$
 on eggs z on ! animals t lay !m4 ,n[ to
 pret5d a dream = ! cause ( my ab/a9+1  
to an ,epicurean1 _h be5 a def5ce m     
irrational ?an ! cause itself2 & !re=e  
,i suff]$ jocose ,alex&] to enjoy 8     
op9ion1 = he 0 a pleasant man & an      
excell5t s*ol>4  ,soon aft] he propos$ t
 p]plex$ "q1 t plague ( ! inquisitive1  
,:i* 0 fir/1 ! bird or ! egg8 ,& my     
fri5d ,sylla1 say+ t ) ?is little "q1 z 
) an eng9e1 we %ook ! great & weighty   

problem 7:e!r ! _w _h a beg9n+71 decl>$ 
8 dislike ( su* que/ions4 ,b ,alex&]    
d]id+ ! "q z slight & imp]t95t1 my      
relation ,firmus said34 ,well1 sir1 at  
pres5t y\r atoms w d me "s s]vice2 = if 
we suppose t small ?+s mu/ be !         
pr9ciples ( great]1 x is likely t ! egg 
0 be=e ! bird2 = an egg among/ s5sible  
?+s is v simple1 & ! bird is m mix$1 &  
conta9s a great] v>iety ( p>ts4 ,x is   
univ]sally true t a pr9ciple is be=e t  
^: pr9ciple x is2 n[ ! se$ is a         
pr9ciple1 & ! egg is some:at m ?an ! se$
 & less ?an ! bird = z a disposition or 
a progress 9 goodness is some?+ betwe5 a
 tractable m9d & a habit ( virtue1 s an 
egg is z x 7 a progress ( ,nature t5d+ f
 ! se$ to a p]fect animal4 ,& z 9 an    
animal !y say ! ve9s & art]ies are =m$  
fir/1 ^u ! same acc\nt ! egg %\ld be    
be=e ! bird1 z ! ?+ conta9+ be=e ! ?+   
conta9$4 ,?us art fir/ makes rude &     
ill-%ap5 figures & aft]w>ds p]fects     
ev]y?+ ) its prop] =m2 & x 0 = ?is t !  
/atu>y ,polycletus said1 ,!n our "w is  

mo/ difficult1 :5 ! clay comes to be    
fa%ion$ by ! f+]s4 ,s x is probable t   
matt]1 n readily obey+ ! sl[ motions (  
contriv+ ,nature1 at fir/ frames rude & 
indef9ite masses1 z ! egg1 & ( ^! m\ld$ 
anew1 & jo9$ 9 bett] ord]1 ! animal     
aft]w>d is =m$4 ,z ! cank] is fir/1 & !n
 gr[+ dry & cleav+ lets =? a w+$ animal1
 call$ psy*e2 s ! egg is fir/ z x 7 !   
subject-matt] ( ! g5]ation4 ,= x is     
c]ta9 t1 9 e *ange1 t out ( :i* ! ?+    
*anges mu/ be be=e ! ?+ *ang+4 ,obs]ve  
h[ worms & cat]pill>s are br$ 9 trees f 
! moi/ure corrupt$ or concoct$2 n[ none 
c say b t ! eng5d]+ moi/ure is naturally
 be=e all ^!4 ,= 7z ,plato says7 matt]  
is z a "m or nurse 9 respect ( ! bodies 
t are =m$1 & we call t matt] out ( :i*  
any?+ t is made4 ,& ) a smile cont9u$   
he1 ,i speak to ^? t are acqua9t$ ) !   
my/ical & sacr$ disc\rse ( ,orpheus1 :o 
n only affirms ! egg to be be=e ! bird1 
b makes x ! fir/ be+ 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! o!r
 p>ts1 because deep my/]ies1 we %all n[ 
pass by2 b let u look ^u ! v>i\s k9ds ( 

animals1 & we %all f9d almo/ e "o beg9n+
 f an egg1--f[ls & fi%es2 l& animals1 z 
liz>ds2 amphibi\s1 z crocodiles2 "s )   
two legs1 z a cock2 "s )\t any1 z a     
snake2 & "s ) _m1 z a locu/4 ,& !re=e 9 
! solemn fea/ ( ,bac*us x is v well done
 to d$icate an egg1 z ! emblem ( t :i*  
begets & conta9s ev]y?+ 9 itself4  ,to  
?is disc\rse ( ,firmus1 ,s5ecio repli$3 
,sir1 y\r la/ similitude contradicts y\r
 fir/1 & y h unwitt+ly op5$ ! _w 7in/ead
 ( ! door1 z ! prov]b goes7 aga9/       
y\rself4 ,= ! _w 0 be=e all1 be+ ! mo/  
p]fect2 & x is rational t ! p]fect 9    
,nature %\ld be be=e ! imp]fect1 z !    
s\nd be=e ! maim$1 & ! :ole be=e ! "p4  
,= x is absurd t !re %\ld be a "p :5 !re
 is no?+ ^: "p x is2 & !re=e nobody says
 ! se$'s man or egg's h51 b ! man's se$ 
& h5's egg2 because ^? be+ aft] ^! & =m$
 9 !m1 pay z x 7 a debt to ,nature1 by  
br++ =? ano!r4 ,= !y are n 9 !mselves   
p]fect1 & !re=e h a natural appetite to 
produce su* a ?+ z t out ( :i* !y 7 fir/
 =m$2 & !re=e se$ is def9$ z a ?+       

produc$ t is to be p]fect$ by ano!r     
production4 ,n[ no?+ c be p]fect$ by or 
want t :i* z yet is n4 ,ev]ybody sees t 
eggs h ! nature ( a concretion or       
consi/5ce 9 "s animal or o!r1 b want ^? 
organs1 ve9s1 & muscles :i* animals     
enjoy4 ,& !re=e no /ory deliv]s t ev]   
any egg 0 =m$ imm$iately f e>?2 & !     
poets !mselves tell u1 t ! egg out ( :i*
 came ! ,tynd>idae fell d[n f heav54 ,b 
ev5 till ?is "t ! e>? produce? "s p]fect
 & organiz$ animals1 z mice 9 ,egypt1 & 
snakes1 frogs1 & gras%opp]s almo/       
ev]y:]e1 "s ext]nal & invigorat+        
pr9ciple assi/+ 9 ! production4 ,& 9    
,sicily1 :]e 9 ! s]vile w> mu* blood 0  
%$1 & _m c>casses rott$ on ! gr\nd1 :ole
 sw>ms ( locu/s 7 produc$1 & spoil$ !   
corn ov] ! :ole isle4 ,su* spr+ f & are 
n\ri%$ by ! e>?2 & se$ be+ =m$ 9 !m1    
pleasure & titillation provoke !m to    
mix1 ^u :i* "s lay eggs1 & "s br+ =? _! 
"y alive2 & ?is evid5tly proves t       
animals fir/ sprang f e>?1 & aft]w>ds by
 copulation1 aft] diff]5t ways1         

propagat$ _! sev]al k9ds4 ,9 %ort1 x is 
! same ?+ z if y said ! womb 0 be=e !   
woman2 = z ! womb is to ! egg1 ! egg is 
to ! *ick t is =m$ 9 x2 s t he t        
inquires h[ birds %\ld be :5 !re 7 no   
eggs1 might ask z well h[ m5 & wom5 c\ld
 be be=e any organs ( g5]ation 7 =m$4   
,p>ts g5]ally h _! subsi/5ce toge!r ) ! 
:ole2 p>ticul> p[]s foll[ p>ticul>      
memb]s1 & op]ations ^? ,p[]s1 & effects 
^? op]ations4 ,n[ ! effect ( ! g5]ative 
p[] is ! se$ & egg2 s t ^! mu/ be aft] !
 =mation ( ! :ole4 ,!re=e consid]1 z !re
 c be no dige/ion ( food be=e ! animal  
is =m$1 s !re c be no se$ nor egg2 = ^?1
 x is likely1 are made by "s dige/ion & 
alt]ations2 nor c x be t1 be=e ! animal 
is1 ! sup]flu\s p>ts ( ! food ( ! animal
 %\ld h a be+4 ,besides1 ?\gh se$ may   
p]haps pret5d to be a pr9ciple1 ! egg   
_c2 = x do? n subsi/ fir/1 nor ha? x !  
nature ( a :ole1 = x is imp]fect4 ,!re=e
 we d n affirm t ! animal is produc$ )\t
 a pr9ciple ( its be+2 b we call !      
pr9ciple t p[] :i* *anges1 mixes1 &     

temp]s ! matt]1 s t a liv+ creature is  
regul>ly produc$2 b ! egg is an         
aft]-production1 z ! blood or milk ( an 
animal aft] ! tak+ 9 & dige/ion ( !     
food4 ,= we nev] see an egg =m$         
imm$iately ( mud1 = x is produc$ 9 !    
bodies ( animals alone2 b a ?\s& liv+   
creatures rise f ! mud4 ,:at ne$ ( _m   
in/ances8 ,none ev] f\nd ! spawn or egg 
( an eel2 yet if y empty a pit & take   
out all ! mud1 z soon z o!r wat] settles
 9 x1 eels likewise are pres5tly        
produc$4 ,n[ t mu/ exi/ fir/ :i* ha? no 
ne$ ( any o!r ?+ t x may exi/1 & t aft]1
 :i* _c be )\t ! concurr5ce ( ano!r ?+4 
,& ( ?is priority is our pres5t         
disc\rse4 ,besides1 birds build ne/s    
be=e !y lay _! eggs2 & wom5 provide     
cradles1 swaddl+ clo?s & ! l2 yet :o    
says t ! ne/ is be=e ! egg1 or ! swaddl+
 clo?s be=e ! infant4 ,= ! e>? 7z ,plato
 says do? n imitate a woman1 b a woman1 
& s likewise all o!r females1 ! e>?47   
,moreov]1 x is probable t ! fir/        
production out ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 !n vigor\s

 & p]fect1 0 self-suffici5t & entire1   
nor /ood 9 ne$ ( ^? secund9es1          
membranes1 & vessels1 :i* n[ ,nature =ms
 to help ! weakness & supply ! defects (
 bre$]s4    ,,"q ,,iv4 ,,:e!r ,,or ,,no 
,,wre/l+ ,,is ,,! ,,olde/ ,,ex]cise4    
,,sosicles1 ,,lysima*us1 ,,plut>*1      
,,phil9us4  ,sosicles ( ,coronea hav+ at
 ! ,py?ian games won ! prize f all !    
poets1 gave u an ent]ta9m5t4 ,& ! "t =  
runn+1 cuff+1 wre/l+1 & ! l draw+ on1   
!re 0 a great talk ( ! wre/l]s2 = !re 7 
_m & v fam\s m51 :o came to try _!      
skill4 ,lysima*us1 "o ( ! company1 a    
procurator ( ! ,amphictyons1 said he    
he>d a gramm>ian lately affirm t wre/l+ 
0 ! mo/ anci5t ex]cise ( all1 z ev5 ! v 
"n witness$2 = "s mod]n ?+s h ! names ( 
m anci5t transf]r$ to !m2 ?us to tune a 
pipe is call$ fitt+ x1 & play+ on x is  
call$ /rik+2 bo? ^! names be+ transf]r$ 
to x f ! h>p4 ,?us all places ( ex]cise 
!y call wre/l+ s*ools1 wre/l+ be+ !     
olde/ ex]cise1 & !re=e giv+ its "n to ! 
new] sorts4 ,t1 said ,i1 is no good     

argum5t1 = ^! palae/ras or wre/l+ s*ools
 are call$ s f wre/l+ ,greek omitt$ n   
because x is ! mo/ anci5t ex]cise1 b    
because x is ! only sort 9 :i* !y use   
clay ,greek omitt$ du/1 & oil2 = 9 ^!   
!re is nei!r rac+ nor cuff+1 b wre/l+   
only1 & t feature ( ! pancratium 9 :i*  
!y /ruggle on ! gr\nd1--= ! pancratium  
comprises bo? wre/l+ & cuff+4 ,besides1 
x is unlikely t wre/l+1 be+ m artificial
 & me?odical ?an any o!r sort ( ex]cise1
 %\ld likewise be ! mo/ anci5t2 = m]e   
want or necessity putt+ u ^u new        
inv5tions1 produces simple & in>tificial
 ?+s fir/1 & su* z h m ( =ce 9 !m ?an   
sleight & skill4 ,?is end$1 ,sosicles   
said3 ,y speak "r1 & ,i w confirm y\r   
disc\rse f ! v "n2 =1 9 my op9ion1      
,greek omitt$ wre/l+1 is d]iv$ f ,greek 
omitt$ i4e4 to ?r[ d[n by sleight &     
artifice4 ,& ,phil9us said1 x seems to  
me to be d]iv$ f ,greek omitt$ ! palm ( 
! h&1 = wre/l]s use t "p mo/1 z cuff]s d
 ! ,greek omitt$ fi/2 & h5ce bo? ^!     
sorts ( ex]cises h _! prop] names1 ! "o 

,greek omitt$ ! o!r ,greek omitt$4      
,besides1 s9ce ! poets use ! ^w ,greek  
omitt$ = ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1 
to spr9kle1 & ?is action is mo/ frequ5t 
among/ wre/l]s1 ?is ex]cise ,greek      
omitt$ may receive its "n f t ^w4 ,b m1 
consid] t rac]s /rive to be di/ant f "o 
ano!r2 cuff]s1 by ! judges ( ! field1   
are n p]mitt$ to take hold2 & none b    
wre/l]s come up brea/ to brea/1 & clasp 
"o ano!r r\nd ! wai/1 & mo/ ( _! turn+s1
 lift+s1 lock+s br+ !m v close4 ,x is   
probable t ?is ex]cise is call$ ,greek  
omitt$ f ,greek omitt$ or ,greek omitt$ 
to come up close or to be ne> toge!r4   
,,"q ,v4 ,,:y1 ,,9 ,,reckon+ ,,up       
,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,ex]cises1 ,,hom] 
,,puts ,,cuff+ ,,fir/1 ,,wre/l+ ,,next1 
,,& ,,rac+ ,,la/4  ,,lysima*us1         
,,crates1 ,,timon1 ,,plut>*4  ,?is      
disc\rse be+ end$1 & ,phil9us humm$1    
,lysima*us began aga91 ,:at sort (      
ex]cise !n %all we imag9e to be fir/8   
,rac+1 z at ! ,olympian games8 ,= "h 9 !
 ,py?ian1 z e ex]cise comes on1 all !   

cont5d]s are br\ght 91 ! boy wre/l]s    
fir/1 !n ! m51 & ! same me?od is obs]v$ 
:5 ! cuff]s & f5c]s are to ex]cise2 b   
!re ! boys p]=m all fir/1 & !n ! m54 ,b1
 says ,timon int]pos+1 pray consid] :e!r
 ,hom] ha? n det]m9$ ?is matt]2 = 9 8   
poems cuff+ is always put 9 ! fir/      
place1 wre/l+ next1 & rac+ la/4 ,at ?is 
,m5ecrates ! ,!ssalian surpris$ cri$    
out1 ,good ,god1 :at ?+s we skip ov]6   
,b1 pray sir1 if y rememb] any ( 8 v]ses
 to t purpose1 d u ! favor to repeat !m4
 ,& ,timon repli$3 ,t ! fun]al          
solemnities ( ,patroclus _h ?is ord] ,i 
?9k e "o ha? he>d2 b ! poet1 all along  
obs]v+ ! same ord]1 br+s 9 ,a*illes     
speak+ to ,ne/or ?us3       ,) ?is rew>d
 ,i ,ne/or freely grace1      ,unfit =  
cuff+1 wre/l+1 or ! race4  ,& 9 8 answ] 
he makes ! old man imp]t95tly brag3--   
,i cuff+ conqu]$ ,o9op's fam\s son1     
,) ,anceus wre/l$1 & ! g>l& won1      ,&
 outran ,iphiclus4      7,iliad1 xxiii4 
#fbj & #fcd47  ,& aga9 he br+s 9        
,ulysses *all5g+ ! ,phaeacians       ,to

 cuff1 to wre/le1 or to run ! race2  &  
,alc9\s answ]s3       ,nei!r 9 cuff+ nor
 9 wre/l+ /rong      ,b swift ( foot are
 we4      7,odyssey viii4 #bjf & #bdf47 
,s t he do? n c>elessly conf\nd ! ord]1 
&1 accord+ to ! pres5t occasion1 n[     
place "o sort fir/ & n[ ano!r2 b he     
foll[s ! !n cu/om & practice & is       
con/ant 9 ! same4 ,& ?is 0 s z long z ! 
anci5t ord] 0 obs]v$4  ,to ?is disc\rse 
( my bro!r's ,i subjo9$1 t ,i lik$ :at  
he said1 b c\ld n see ! reason ( ?is    
ord]4 ,& "s ( ! company1 ?9k+ x unlikely
 t cuff+ or wre/l+ %\ld be a m anci5t   
ex]cise ?an rac+1 !y desir$ me to se>*  
f>!r into ! matt]2 & ?us ,i spake ^u !  
sudd54 ,all ^! ex]cises seem to me to be
 repres5tations ( feats ( arms & tra9+  
!re92 = aft] all1 a man arm$ at all     
po9ts is br\ght 9 to %[ t t is ! end at 
:i* all ^! ex]cises & tra9+s end4 ,& !  
privilege grant$ to ! conqu]ors1 viz41 z
 !y rode into ! city1 to ?r[ d[n "s "p (
 ! wall--ha? ?is mean+2 t walls are b a 
small advantage to t city :i* ha? m5    

able to fight & ov]come4 ,9 ,sp>ta ^? t 
7 victors 9 any ( ! cr[n$ games _h an   
honorable place 9 ! army & 7 to fight   
ne> ! k+'s p]son4 ,( all o!r creatures a
 horse only c h a "p 9 ^! games & w9 !  
cr[n1 = t alone is design$ by nature to 
be tra9$ to w>1 & to prove assi/+ 9 a   
battle4 ,if ^! ?+s seem probable1 let u 
consid] f>!r1 t x is ! fir/ "w ( a      
fight] to /rike 8 enemy & w>d ! o!r's   
bl[s2 ! second1 :5 !y come up close &   
lay hold ( "o ano!r1 to trip & ov]turn  
him2 & 9 ?is1 !y say1 our c\ntrym5 be+  
bett] wre/l]s v mu* di/ress$ ! ,sp>tans 
at ! battle ( ,leuctra4 ,& ,aes*ylus    
describes a w>rior ?us1--       ,"o /\t1
 & skill$ to wre/le 9 8 arms2  &        
,sophocles some:]e says ( ! ,trojans1-- 
,!y rid ! horse1 !y c\ld ! b[ comm&     
,& wre/le ) a rattl+ %ield 9 h&4  ,b x  
is ! ?ird & la/1 ei!r :5 conqu]$ to fly1
 :5 conqu]ors to pursue4 ,& !re=e x is  
likely t cuff+ is set fir/1 wre/l+ next1
 & rac+ la/2 = ! fir/ be>s ! resemblance
 ( *>g+ or w>d+ ! bl[s2 ! second1 (     

close fight+ & repell+2 ! ?ird1 ( fly+ a
 victori\s1 or pursu+ a r\t$ enemy4     
,,"q ,,vi4 ,,:y ,,fir-,,trees1          
,,p9e-,,trees1 ,,& ,,! ,,l ,,w ,,n ,,be 
,,graft$ ,,^u4  ,,socl>us1 ,,crato1     
,,philo4  ,socl>us ent]ta9+ u 9 8 g>d5s1
 r\nd :i* ! riv] ,cephissus runs1 %[$ u 
sev]al trees /rangely v>i$ by ! diff]5t 
grafts ^u _! /ocks4 ,we saw an olive ^u 
a junip]1 a pea* ^u a myrtle1 pe> grafts
 on an oak1 apple ^u a plane1 a mulb]ry 
on a fig & a great _m su* l1 :i* 7 gr[n 
/rong en\gh to be>4 ,"s jok$ on ,socl>us
 z n\ri%+ /rang] k9ds ( ?+s ?an ! poets'
 ,sph9xes or ,*ima]as1 b ,crato set u to
 inquire :y ^? /ocks only t are ( an    
oily nature w n admit su* mixtures = we 
nev] see a p9e1 fir1 or cypress be> a   
graft ( ano!r k9d4  ,& ,philo subjo9$3  
,!re is1 ,crato1 a reason = ?is among/ !
 philosoph]s1 :i* ! g>d5]s confirm &    
/r5g!n4 ,= !y say1 oil is v hurtful to  
all plants1 & any plant dipp$ 9 x l a   
bee1 w soon die4 ,n[ ^! trees are ( a   
fat & oily nature1 insomu* t !y weep    

pit* & ros92 &1 if y cut !n gore 7z x 77
 appe>s pres5tly 9 ! w\nd4 ,besides1 a  
tor* made ( !m s5ds =? an oily smoke1 & 
! brightness ( ! flame %[s x to be fat2 
& ^u ?is acc\nt ^! trees are z great    
enemies to all o!r k9ds ( grafts z oil  
itself4 ,to ?is ,crato add$1 t ! b>k 0 a
 p>tial cause2 = t1 be+ r>e & dry1 c\ld 
n af=d ei!r conv5i5t room or suffici5t  
n\ri%m5t to ! grafts2 b :5 ! b>k is     
moi/1 x quickly jo9s ) ^? grafts t are  
let into ! body ( ! tree4  ,!n ,socl>us 
add$3 ,?is too ought to be consid]$1 t t
 :i* receives a graft ( ano!r k9d ought 
to be easy to be *ang$1 t ! graft may   
prevail1 & make ! sap 9 ! /ock fit &    
natural to itself4 ,?us we break up !   
gr\nd & s(t5 x1 t be+ ?us brok5 x may m 
easily be wr\ght ^u1 & appli$ to :at we 
plant 9 x2 = ?+s t are h>d & rigid _c be
 s quickly wr\ght ^u nor s easily *ang$4
 ,n[ ^? trees1 be+ ( v light wood1 d n  
mix well ) ! grafts1 because !y are v   
h>d ei!r to be *ang$ or ov]come4 ,b m1 x
 is manife/ t ! /ock :i* receives !     

graft %\ld be in/ead ( a soil to x1 & a 
soil %\ld h a bre$+ faculty2 & !re=e we 
*oose ! mo/ fruitful /ocks to graft on1 
z wom5 t are full ( milk1 :5 we w\ld put
 out a *ild to nurse4 ,b ev]ybody kn[s t
 ! fir1 cypress1 & ! l are no great     
be>]s4 ,= z m5 v fat h few *ildr5 7=1 ! 
:ole n\ri%m5t be+ employ$ 9 ! body1 !re 
rema9s no ov]plus to make se$71 s ^!    
trees1 sp5d+ all _! sap 9 _! own /ock1  
fl\ri% inde$ & gr[ great2 b z = fruit1  
"s be> none at all1 "s v little1 & t too
 sl[ly rip5s2 !re=e x is no wond] t !y w
 n n\ri% ano!r's fruit1 :5 !y are s v   
sp>+ to _! own4    ,,"q ,,vii4 ,,ab\t   
,,! ,,fi% ,,call$ ,,remora ,,or         
,,e*5eis4  ,,*a]emonianus1 ,,plut>*1 ,,&
 ,,o!rs4  ,*a]emonianus ! ,trallian1 :5 
we 7 at a v noble fi% d9n]1 po9t+ to a  
little1 long1 %>p-head$ fi%1 said !     
e*5eis 7%ip-/opp]7 0 l t1 = he _h (t5   
se5 x z he sail$ 9 ! ,sicilian sea1 &   
wond]$ at its /range =ce2 = x /opp$ !   
%ip :5 "u full sail1 till "o ( ! seam5  
p]ceiv$ x /ick+ to ! outside ( ! %ip1 & 

took x (f4 ,"s laugh$ at ,*a]emonianus =
 believ+ su* an incr$ible & unlikely    
/ory4 ,o!rs on ?is occasion talk$ v mu* 
( antipa?ies1 & produc$ a ?\s& in/ances 
( su* /range effects2 = example1 ! sight
 ( a ram quiets an enrag$ elephant2 a   
vip] lies /ock-/ill1 if t\*$ ) a bee*5  
leaf2 a wild bull gr[s tame1 if b\nd ) !
 twigs ( a fig-tree2 & amb] draws all   
light ?+s to x1 except basil & su* z are
 dipp$ 9 oil2 & a load/one w n draw a   
piece ( iron t is rubb$ ) onion4 ,n[ all
 ^!1 z to matt] ( fact1 are v evid5t2 b 
x is h>d1 if n altoge!r impossible1 to  
f9d ! cause4  ,!n said ,i3 ,?is is a m]e
 %ift & avoid+ ( ! "q1 r ?an a          
decl>ation ( ! cause2 b if we please to 
consid]1 we %all f9d a great _m accid5ts
 t are only consequ5ts ( ! effect to be 
unju/ly e/eem$ ! causes ( x2 z =        
in/ance1 if we %\ld fancy t by !        
blossom+ ( ! *a/e-tree ! fruit ( ! v9e  
is rip5$2 because ?is is a common       
say+1--       ,! *a/e-tree blossoms1 & !
 grapes gr[ ripe2  ,or t ! little       

protub]ances 9 ! c&le-snuff ?ick5 ! air 
& make x cl\dy2 or ! hook$ness ( ! nails
 is ! cause & n an accid5t consequ5tial 
to an ulc]4 ,!re=e z ^? ?+s m5tion$ are 
b consequ5ts to ! effect1 ?\gh proce$+ f
 "o & ! same cause1 s "o & ! same cause 
/ops ! %ip1 & jo9s ! e*5eis to x2 = !   
%ip cont9u+ dry1 n yet made heavy by !  
moi/ure soak+ into ! wood1 x is probable
 t x lightly glides1 & z long z x is    
clean1 easily cuts ! waves2 b :5 x is   
?or\ghly soak$1 :5 we$s1 ooze1 & fil?   
/ick ^u its sides1 ! /roke ( ! %ip is m 
obtuse & weak2 & ! wat]1 com+ ^u ?is    
clammy matt]1 do? n s easily "p f x2 &  
?is is ! reason :y !y usually calk _!   
%ips4 ,n[ x is likely t ! e*5eis 9 ?is  
case1 /ick+ ^u ! clammy matt]1 is n     
?\ght an accid5tal consequ5t to ?is     
cause1 b ! v cause itself4    ,,"q      
,,viii4 ,,:y ,,!y ,,say ,,^? ,,horses   
,,call$ ,,greek ,,omitt$ ,,are ,,v      
,,mettlesome4  ,,plut>*1 ,,8 ,,fa!r1 ,,&
 ,,o!rs4  ,"s say ! horses call$ ,greek 
omitt$ receiv$ t "n f ! fa%ion ( _!     

bridles 7call$ ,greek omitt$71 t _h     
prickles l ! tee? on ! wolf's jaw2 = be+
 fi]y & h>d-m\!d1 ! rid]s us$ su* to    
tame !m4 ,b my fa!r1 :o seldom speaks b 
on good reason1 & bre$s excell5t horses1
 said1 ^? t 7 set ^u by wolves :5 colts1
 if !y escap$1 grew swift & mettlesome1 
& 7 call$ ,greek omitt$ ,_m agree+ to   
:at he said1 x began to be inquir$ :y   
su* an accid5t z t %\ld make !m m       
mettlesome & fi]ce2 & _m ( ! company    
?\ght t1 f su* an assault1 fe> & n      
c\rage 0 produc$2 & t !nce gr[+ fe>ful &
 apt to />t at ev]y?+1 _! motions became
 m quick & vigor\s1 z !y are 9 wild     
bea/s :5 entangl$ 9 a net4 ,b1 said ,i1 
x ought to be consid]$ :e!r ! contr>y be
 n m probable2 = ! colts d n become m   
swift by escap+ ! assault ( a wild bea/1
 b !y _h nev] escap$ unless !y _h be5   
swift & mettlesome be=e4 ,z ,ulysses 0 n
 made wise by escap+ f ! ,cyclops1 b by 
be+ wise be=e he escap$4    ,,"q ,,ix4  
,,:y ,,! ,,fle% ,,( ,,%eep ,,bitt5 ,,by 
,,wolves ,,is ,,sweet] ,,?an ,,t ,,(    

,,o!rs1 ,,& ,,! ,,wool ,,m ,,apt ,,to   
,,bre$ ,,lice4  ,,patroclias1 ,,!       
,,same4  ,aft] ! =m] disc\rse1 m5tion 0 
made ( ^? %eep t wolves h bitt52 = x is 
commonly said ( !m1 t _! fle% is v      
sweet1 & _! wool bre$s lice4 ,my        
relative ,patroclias seem$ to be pretty 
happy 9 8 reason+ ^u ! fir/ "p1 say+1 t 
! bea/ by bit+ x did mollify ! fle%2 =  
wolves' spirits are s hot & fi]y1 t !y  
s(t5 & dige/ ! h>de/ bones & = ! same   
reason ?+s bitt5 by wolves rot soon] ?an
 o!rs4 ,b conc]n+ ! wool we c\ld n      
agree1 be+ n fully resolv$ :e!r x bre$s 
^? lice1 or only op5s a passage = !m1   
sep>at+ ! fle% by its frett+ r\ghness or
 prop] w>m?2 & appe>$ t ?is p[] proce$$ 
f ! bite ( wolf1 :i* alt]s ev5 ! v hair 
( ! creature t x kills4 ,& ?is "s       
p>ticul> in/ances seem to confirm2 = we 
"k "s huntsm5 & cooks w kill a bea/ ) "o
 /roke1 s t x nev] brea!s aft]1 :il/    
o!rs repeat _! bl[s1 & sc>ce d x ) a    
great deal ( tr\ble4 ,b 7:at is m       
/range7 "s1 z !y kill x1 infuse su* a   

quality t ! fle% rots pres5tly & _c be  
kept sweet above a day2 yet o!rs t      
despat* x z soon f9d no su* alt]ation1 b
 ! fle% w keep sweet a long :ile4 ,& t  
by ! mann] ( kill+ a great alt]ation is 
made ev5 9 ! sk9s1 nails1 & hair ( a    
bea/1 ,hom] seems to witness1 :51 speak+
 ( a good hide1 he says1--       ,an    
ox's hide t fell by viol5t bl[s2        
7,iliad1 iii4 #cge47  = n ^? t fell by a
 disease or old age1 b by a viol5t dea?1
 leave u t\gh & /rong hides2 b aft] !y  
are bitt5 by wild bea/s1 _! ho(s gr[    
black1 _! hair falls1 _! sk9s putrefy & 
are good = no?+4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:e!r ,,! 
,,anci5ts1 ,,by ,,provid+ ,,e ,,"o ,,8  
,,mess1 ,,did ,,be/ ,,or ,,we1 ,,:o     
,,set ,,_m ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,di%4       
,,plut>*1 ,,hagias4  ,:5 ,i 0 *ief      
magi/rate1 mo/ ( ! supp]s consi/$ (     
di/9ct messes1 :]e e p>ticul> gue/ _h 8 
portion ( ! sacrifice all[$ him4 ,"s 7  
wond]fully well pleas$ ) ?is ord]2 o!rs 
blam$ x z unsociable & ung5teel1 & 7 ( !
 op9ion t1 z soon z ,i 0 out ( my (fice1

 ! mann] ( ent]ta9m5ts ought to be      
re=m$2 =1 says ,hagias1 we invite "o    
ano!r n b>ely to eat & dr9k1 b to eat & 
dr9k toge!r4 ,n[ ?is division into      
messes takes away all society1 makes _m 
supp]s1 & _m eat]s1 b no "o sups )      
ano!r2 b e man takes 8 p\nd ( beef1 z f 
! meat %op1 sets x be=e himself1 & falls
 on4 ,& is x n ! same ?+ to provide a   
diff]5t cup & diff]5t table = e gue/ 7z 
! ,demophontidae treat$ ,ore/es71 z n[  
to set ea* man 8 loaf ( bread & mess (  
meat1 & fe$ him1 z x 71 out ( 8 own     
prop] mang]8 ,only1 x is true1 we are n 
7z ^? t treat$ ,ore/es 77 oblig$ to be  
sil5t & n disc\rse4 ,besides1 t all !   
gue/s %\ld h a %>e 9 ev]y?+1 we may draw
 an argum5t f h5ce2--! same disc\rse is 
common to u all1 ! same song/ress s+s1 &
 ! same musician plays to all4 ,s1 :5 ! 
same cup is set 9 ! mid/1 n appropriat$ 
to any1 x is a l>ge spr+ ( good         
fell[%ip1 & ea* man may take z mu* z 8  
appetite requires2 n l ?is mo/ unju/    
di/ribution ( bread & meat1 :i* prides  

itself =soo? 9 be+ equal to all1 ?\gh   
unequal1 /oma*s2 = ! same %>e to a man (
 a small appetite is too mu*2 to "o ( a 
great]1 too little4 ,&1 sir1 z he t     
adm9i/]s ! v same dose ( physic to all  
sorts ( pati5ts mu/ be v ridicul\s2 s   
likewise mu/ t ent]ta9] :o1 invit+ a    
great _m gue/s t c nei!r eat nor dr9k   
alike1 sets be=e e "o an equal mess1 &  
measures :at is j & fit by an           
ari?metical n geometrical proportion4   
,:5 we g to a %op to buy1 we all use1 x 
is true1 "o & ! same public measure2 b  
to an ent]ta9m5t ea* man br+s 8 own     
belly1 :i* is satisfi$ ) a portion1 n   
because x is equal to t :i* o!rs h1 b   
because x is suffici5t = itself4 ,^?    
ent]ta9m5ts :]e e "o _h 8 s+le mess     
,hom] m5tions among/ soldi]s & 9 ! camp1
 :i* we ought n to br+ into fa%ion      
among/ u2 b r imitate ! good fri5d%ip ( 
! anci5ts1 :o1 to %[ :at rev]5ce !y _h =
 all k9ds ( societies1 n only respect$  
^? t liv$ ) !m or "u ! same ro(1 b also 
^? t drank out ( ! same cup or ate out (

 ! same di%4 ,let u nev] m9d ,hom]'s    
ent]ta9m5ts2 !y 7 good = no?+ b to />ve 
a man1 & ! mak]s ( !m 7 k+s m /+y &     
obs]vant ?an ! ,italian cooks2 insomu* t
 9 ! mid/ ( a battle1 :il/ !y 7 at      
h&y-bl[s ) _! enemies1 !y c\ld exactly  
reckon up h[ _m glasses ea* man drank at
 8 table4 ,b ^? t ,p9d> describes are   
mu* bett]1--       ,:]e h]oes mix$ sat  
r\nd ! noble bo>d1  because !y ma9ta9$  
society & good fell[%ip2 = ! latt] truly
 mix$ & jo9$ fri5ds1 b our mod]n sy/em  
divides & asp]ses !m z p]sons :o1 ?\gh  
seem+ly v good fri5ds1 _c s mu* z eat ) 
"o ano!r out ( ! same di%4  ,to ?is     
polite disc\rse ( ,hagias !y urg$ me to 
reply4 ,& ,i said3 ,hagias1 x is true1  
ha? reason to be tr\bl$ at ?is unusual  
disappo9tm5t1 because hav+ s great a    
belly 7= he 0 an excell5t tr5*]man7 he  
_h no l>g] mess ?an o!rs2 = 9 a fi% eat5
 toge!r ,democritus says1 !re are no    
bones4 ,b t v ?+ is likely to increase  
our %>e beyond our own prop] all[ance4  
,= x is equality1 z ! old woman 9       

,euripides ha? x1       ,t fa/5s t[ns to
 t[ns1 & fri5ds to fri5ds2              
7,euripides1 ,pho5issae1 #ecf47  &      
ent]ta9m5ts *iefly /& 9 ne$ ( ?is4 ,!   
necessity is f nature z well z cu/om1 & 
is n lately introduc$ or f\nd$ only on  
op9ion4 ,= :5 ! same di% lies 9 common  
be=e all1 ! man t is sl[ & eats little  
mu/ be (f5d$ at ! o!r t is too quick =  
him1 z a sl[ %ip at ! swift sailor4     
,besides1 snat*+1 cont5tion1 %ov+1 & !  
l1 are n1 9 my m9d1 neighborly beg9n+s (
 mir? & jollity2 b !y are absurd1       
doggi%1 & (t5 end 9 ang] or reproa*es1 n
 only aga9/ "o ano!r1 b also aga9/ !    
ent]ta9] himself or ! c>v]s ( ! fea/4 ,b
 z long z ,mo]a & ,la*esis 7,,division  
,,& ,,di/ribution7 ma9ta9$ equality 9   
fea/s1 no?+ uncivil or disord]ly 0 se51 
& !y call$ ! fea/s ,greek omitt$1       
,,di/ributions1 ! ent]ta9$ ,greek       
omitt$1 & ! c>v]s ,greek omitt$1        
,,di/ribut]s1 f divid+ & di/ribut+ to e 
man 8 prop] mess4 ,! ,lac$aemonians _h  
(fic]s call$ di/ribut]s ( ! fle%1 no    

mean m51 b ! *ief ( ! city2 = ,lys&]    
himself by k+ ,agesilaus 0 con/itut$ "o 
( ^! 9 ,asia4 ,b :5 luxury crept into   
our fea/s1 di/ribut+ 0 ?r[n out2 = ,i   
suppose !y _h n leisure to divide ^!    
num]\s t>ts1 *eese-cakes1 pies1 & o!r   
delicate v>ieties2 b1 surpris$ ) !      
pleasantness ( ! ta/e & tir$ ) ! v>iety1
 !y left (f cutt+ x into portions1 &    
left all 9 common4 ,& ?is is confirm$ f 
! pres5t practice2 = 9 our religi\s or  
public fea/s1 :]e ! food is simple &    
in>tificial1 ea* man ha? 8 mess assign$ 
him2 s t he t endeavors to retrieve !   
anci5t cu/om w likewise recov] ?rift &  
almo/ lo/ frugality aga94 ,b1 y object1 
:]e only prop]ty is1 community is lo/4  
,true inde$1 :]e equality is n2 = n !   
possession ( :at is prop] & our own1 b !
 tak+ away ( ano!r's & covet+ t :i* is  
common1 is ! cause ( all injury &       
cont5tion2 & ! laws1 re/ra9+ & conf9+ ^!
 )9 ! prop] b\nds1 receive _! "n f _!   
(fice1 be+ a p[] di/ribut+ equally to e 
"o 9 ord] to ! common good4 ,?us e "o is

 n to be honor$ by ! ent]ta9] ) ! g>l&  
or ! *iefe/ place2 b if any "o br+s )   
him 8 swee!>t or a s++ girl1 !y mu/ be  
common to him & 8 fri5ds1 t all         
possessions may be br\ght toge!r1 z     
,anaxagoras w\ld h x4 ,n[ if propriety 9
 ^! ?+s do? n 9 ! lea/ h9d] b t ?+s (   
great] mom5t1 & ! only consid]able1 z   
disc\rse & civility1 may be /ill common1
 let u leave (f abas+ di/ributions or ! 
lot1 ! son ( ,=tune 7z ,euripides ha?   
x71 :i* ha? no respect ei!r to ri*es or 
honor1 b 9 its inconsid]ate :eel n[ & !n
 raise? up ! humble & ! poor1 & makes   
him ma/] ( himself1 &1 by accu/om+ !    
great & ri* to endure & n be (f5d$ at   
equality1 pleas+ly in/ructs4     ,,book 
,,iii  ,simonides ! poet1 my ,sossius   
,s5ecio1 see+ "o ( ! company sit sil5t &
 disc\rse nobody1 said3 ,sir1 if y are  
fool1 x is wisely done2 if a wise man1 v
 fooli%ly4 ,x is good to conceal a man's
 folly 7b z ,h]aclitus says7 x is v h>d 
to d x ov] a glass ( w9e1--       ,:i*  
do? ! grave/ m5 to mir? advance1      ,&

 let !m loose to s+1 to laugh1 & dance1 
,& speak :at _h be5 bett] unsaid4       
7,odyssey1 xiv4 #dfd47  ,9 :i* l9es !   
poet 9 my m9d %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ 
a little heat$ & d[nright drunk2 = to   
s+1 laugh1 & dance may agree v well ) ^?
 t h gone no f>!r ?an ! m]ry cup2 b to  
prattle1 & speak :at _h be5 bett] left  
unsaid1 argues a man to be q gone4 ,&   
!re=e ,plato ?9ks t w9e is ! mu/ +5i\s  
discov]] ( m5's humors2 & ,hom]1 :5 he  
says1--       ,at fea/s !y _h n kn[n ea*
 o!r's m9ds1      7,ibid4 xxi4 #ce47    
evid5tly %[s t he knew w9e 0 p[]ful to  
op5 m5's ?\ghts1 & 0 full ( new         
discov]ies4 ,x is true f ! b>e eat+ &   
dr9k+1 if !y say no?+ we c give no guess
 at ! temp]s ( ! m52 b because dr9k+    
leads !m into disc\rse1 & disc\rse lays 
a great _m ?+s op5 & nak$ :i* 7 secret &
 hid be=e1 !re=e to sport a glass ( w9e 
toge!r lets u into "o ano!r's humors4 ,&
 !re=e a man may reasonably fall f\l on 
,aesop3 ,:y sir1 w\ld y h a w9d[ 9 e    
man's brea/1 ?r\gh :i* we may look 9 ^u 

8 ?\ghts8 ,w9e op5s & exposes all1 x w n
 suff] u to be sil5t1 b takes (f all    
mask & visor1 & makes u reg>dless ( !   
sev]e precepts ( dec5cy & cu/om4 ,?us   
,aesop or ,plato1 or any o!r t designs  
to look into a man1 may h 8 desires     
satisfi$ by ! assi/ance ( a bottle2 b ^?
 t are n solicit\s to pump "o ano!r1 b  
to be sociable & pleasant1 disc\rse (   
su* matt]s & h&le su* que/ions z make no
 discov]y ( ! bad p>ts ( ! s\l1 b su* z 
com=t ! good1 &1 by ! help ( neat &     
polite le>n+1 lead ! intellig5t "p into 
an agreeable pa/ure & g>d5 ( delight    
,?is made me collect & d$icate ! fir/ to
 y ?is ?ird d$ication ( table disc\rses1
 ! fir/ ( :i* is ab\t *aplets made (    
fl[]s4    ,,"q ,i4 ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is      
,,fitt+ ,,to ,,we> ,,*aplets ,,( ,,fl[]s
 ,,at ,,table4  ,,erato1 ,,ammonius1    
,,trypho1 ,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,at    
,a!ns ,erato ! musician keep+ a solemn  
fea/ to ! ,muses1 & invit+ a great _m to
 ! treat1 ! company 0 full ( talk1 & !  
subject ( ! disc\rse g>l&s4 ,= aft]     

supp] _m ( all sorts ( fl[]s be+ pres5t$
 to ! gue/s1 ,ammonius began to je] me =
 *oos+ a rose *aplet be=e a laurel1 say+
 t ^? made ( fl[]s 7 effem9ate1 & fitt$ 
toyi% girls & wom5 m ?an grave          
philosoph]s & m5 ( music4 ,& ,i admire t
 our fri5d ,erato1 t abom9ates all      
fl\ri%+ 9 songs1 & blames good ,aga?o1  
:o fir/ 9 8 trag$y ( ! ,mysians v5tur$  
to introduce ! *romatic airs1 %\ld      
himself fill 8 ent]ta9m5t ) su* v>i\s & 
su* florid colors2 yet1 :ile he %uts out
 all ! s(t delights t ?r\gh ! e>s c ent]
 to ! s\l1 he %\ld introduce o!rs ?r\gh 
! eyes & ?r\gh ! nose1 & make ^! g>l&s1 
in/ead ( signs ( piety1 to be in/rum5ts 
( pleasure4 ,= x mu/ be confess$ t ?is  
o9tm5t gives a bett] smell ?an ^? trifl+
 fl[]s1 :i* )] ev5 9 ! h&s ( ^? t wrea! 
!m4 ,besides1 all pleasure mu/ be bani%$
 ! company ( philosoph]s1 unless x is ( 
"s use or desir$ by natural appetite2 = 
z ^? t are c>ri$ to a banquet by "s ( _!
 invit$ fri5ds 7z1 = in/ance1 ,socrates 
c>ri$ ,ari/odemus to ,aga?o's table7 are

 z civilly ent]ta9$ z ! bidd5 gue/s1 b  
he t goes on 8 own acc\nt is %ut out (  
doors2 ?us ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+1  
be+ invit$ by natural appetite1 %\ld h  
admission2 b all ! o!rs :i* come on no  
acc\nt & h only luxury to introduce !m1 
ought 9 reason to be d5i$4  ,at ?is "s  
"y m51 n ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ,ammonius's
 humor1 be+ aba%$1 privately tore _!    
*aplets2 b ,i1 p]ceiv+ t ,ammonius      
propos$ ?is only = disc\rse &           
disputation's sake1 apply+ myself to    
,trypho ! physician1 said3 ,sir1 y mu/  
put (f t sp>kl+ rosy *aplet z well z we1
 or decl>e1 z ,i h (t5 he>d y1 :at      
excell5t pres]vatives ^! fl[]y g>l&s are
 aga9/ ! /r5g? ( liquor4 ,b "h ,erato   
putt+ 9 said3 ,:at1 is x decre$ t no    
pleasure mu/ be admitt$ )\t pr(it8 ,&   
mu/ we be angry ) our delight1 unless   
hir$ to endure x8 ,p]haps we may h      
reason to be a%am$ ( o9tm5ts & purple   
ve/s1 because s co/ly & exp5sive1 & to  
look ^u !m z 79 ! b>b>ian's phrase7     
trea*]\s g>m5ts & deceitful odors2 b ^! 

natural smells & colors are pure &      
simple z fruits !mselves1 & )\t exp5se  
or ! curiosity ( art4 ,& ,i appeal to   
any "o1 :e!r x is n absurd to receive ! 
pleasant savors ,nature gives u1 & enjoy
 & reject ^? smells & colors t ! seasons
 af=d u1 because =soo? !y blossom )     
delight1 if !y h no o!r ext]nal pr(it or
 advantage4 ,besides1 we h an axiom     
aga9/ y1 = if 7z y affirm7 ,nature makes
 no?+ 9 va91 ^? ?+s t h no o!r use 7    
design$ on purpose to please & to       
delight4 ,besides1 obs]ve t to ?riv+    
trees ,nature ha? giv5 leaves1 bo? = !  
pres]vation ( ! fruit & ( ! /ock itself2
 = ^? sometimes w>m+1 sometimes cool+ x1
 ! seasons creep on by degrees1 & d n   
assault x ) all _! viol5ce at once4 ,b  
n[ ! fl[]1 :il/ x is on ! plant1 is ( no
 pr(it at all1 unless we use x to       
delight our nose ) ! admirable smell1 & 
to please our eyes :5 x op5s t          
inimitable v>iety ( colors4 ,& !re=e1 :5
 ! leaves are pluck$ (f1 ! plants z x 7 
suff] injury & grief4 ,!re is a k9d ( an

 ulc] rais$1 & an unbecom+ nak$ness     
att5ds !m2 & we mu/ n only 7z ,emp$ocles
 says7       ,by all means sp>e ! leaves
 t grace ! palm1  b likewise ( all o!r  
trees1 & n injuri\sly aga9/ ,nature     
robb+ !m ( _! leaves1 br+ de=mity on !m 
to adorn ourselves4 ,b to pluck ! fl[]s 
do? no injury at all4 ,x is l ga!r+ (   
grapes at ! "t ( v9tage2 unless pluck$  
:5 ripe1 !y )] ( !mselves & fall4 ,&    
!re=e1 l ! b>b>ians :o clo! !mselves ) !
 sk9s m commonly ?an ) ! wool ( %eep1 ^?
 t wrea! leaves r ?an fl[]s into g>l&s  
seem to me to use ! plants nei!r accord+
 to ! dictates ( reason nor ! design (  
,nature4 ,& ?us mu* ,i say 9 def5ce ( ^?
 :o sell *aplets ( fl[]s2 = ,i am n     
gramm>ian en\gh to rememb] ^? poems :i* 
tell u t ! old conqu]ors 9 ! sacr$ games
 7 cr[n$ ) fl[]s4 ,yet1 n[ ,i ?9k ( x1  
!re is a /ory ( a rosy cr[n t belongs to
 ! ,muses2 ,sappho m5tions x 9 a copy ( 
v]ses to a woman unle>n$ & unacqua9t$ ) 
! ,muses3--       ,?\ %alt unreg>d$ lie 
,cause ne'er acqua9t$ ) ! ,muses' ,rose4

      7,f ,sappho1 ,frag4 #fh47  ,b if  
,trypho c produce any?+ to our advantage
 f physic1 pray let u h x4  ,!n ,trypho 
tak+ ! disc\rse said3 ,! anci5ts 7 v    
curi\s & well acqua9t$ ) all ^! ?+s1    
because plants 7 ! *ief +r$i5ts ( _!    
physic4 ,& ( ?is "s signs rema9 till n[2
 = ! ,tyrians (f] to ,ag5or1 & !        
,magnesians to ,*iron1 ! fir/ suppos$   
practition]s ( physic1 z ! fir/ fruits1 
! roots ( ^? plants :i* h be5 successful
 on a pati5t4 ,& ,bac*us 0 n only c\nt$ 
a physician = f9d+ w9e1 ! mo/ pleas+ &  
mo/ pot5t rem$y1 b = br++ ivy1 ! greate/
 opposite imag9able to w9e1 into        
reputation1 & = tea*+ 8 drunk5 foll[]s  
to we> g>l&s ( x1 t by t means !y might 
be secur$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( a debau*1 ! 
heat ( ! liquor be+ remitt$ by !        
coldness ( ! ivy4 ,besides1 ! names (   
sev]al plants suffici5tly evid5ce !     
anci5ts curiosity 9 ?is matt]2 = !y nam$
 ! walnut-tree ,greek omitt$1 because x 
s5ds =? a heavy & ,greek omitt$ dr[sy   
_s1 :i* affects _! heads :o sleep b5ea? 

x2 & ! daffodil1 ,greek omitt$1 because 
x b5umbs ! n]ves & causes a /upid       
n>cotic heav9ess 9 ! limbs1 & !re=e     
,sophocles calls x ! anci5t g>l& fl[] ( 
! great 7t is1 ! e>?y7 gods4 ,& "s say  
rue 0 call$ ,greek omitt$ f its a/r+5t  
quality2 =1 by its dryness prec$+ f its 
heat1 x fixes ,greek omitt$ or dries !  
se$1 & is v hurtful to great-belli$     
wom54 ,b ^? t imag9e ! h]b ame?y/ ,greek
 omitt$1 & ! preci\s /one ( ! same "n1  
are call$ s because p[]ful aga9/ ! =ce (
 w9e are mu* mi/ak52 = bo? receive !re  
names f _! color2 = its leaf is n ( !   
color ( /rong w9e1 b resembles t ( weak 
dilut$ liquor4 ,& inde$ ,i c\ld m5tion a
 great _m :i* h _! names f _! prop]     
virtues4 ,b ! c>e & ! exp]i5ce ( !      
anci5ts suffici5tly appe>s 9 ^? ( :i* !y
 made _! g>l&s :5 !y design$ to be m]ry 
& frolic ov] a glass ( w9e2 = w9e1      
especially :5 x seizes on ! head1 &     
weak5s ! body j at ! v spr+ & orig9 ( ! 
s5se1 di/urbs ! :ole man4 ,n[ ! effluvia
 ( fl[]s are an admirable pres]vative   

aga9/ ?is1 !y secure ! bra91 z x 7 a    
citadel1 aga9/ ! effects ( drunk5ness2 =
 ^? t are hot ^u ! pores & give ! fumes 
free passage to exhale1 & ^? mod]ately  
cold repel & keep d[n ! asc5d+ vapors4  
,su* are ! violet & rose2 = ! odors (   
bo? ^! are preval5t aga9/ any a*e &     
heav9ess 9 ! head4 ,! fl[]s ( ! privet &
 crocus br+ ^? t h drunk freely into a  
g5tle sleep2 = !y s5d =? a smoo? & g5tle
 effluvia1 :i* s(tly takes (f all       
asp]ities t arise 9 ! body ( ! drunk52 &
 s all ?+s be+ quiet & compos$1 !       
viol5ce on ! noxi\s humor is abat$ &    
?r[n (f4 ,! smells ( "s fl[]s be+       
receiv$ into ! bra9 cleanse ! organs &  
in/rum5ts ( s5se1 & g5tly by _! heat1   
)\t any viol5ce or =ce1 dissolve !      
humors1 & w>m & *]i% ! bra9 itself1 :i* 
is naturally cold4 ,& ^u ?is acc\nt1 !y 
call ^? little posies !y hang ab\t _!   
necks ,greek omitt$1 & ano9t$ _! brea/s 
) ! oils t 7 squeez$ f !m2 & ( ?is      
,alcaeus is a witness1 :5 he bids 8     
fri5ds1       ,p\r o9tm5ts o'er 8 labor+

 temples1 press$      ,) v>i\s c>es1 &  
o'er 8 ag$ brea/4  ,= ! w>m odors %oot  
upw>d into ! v bra91 be+ drawn up by !  
no/rils4 ,= !y did n call ^? g>l&s hung 
ab\t ! neck ,greek omitt$ because !y    
?\ght ! he>t 0 ! seat & citadel ( ! m9d 
,greek omitt$1 = on t acc\nt !y %\ld r h
 call$ !m ,greek omitt$1 b1 z ,i said   
be=e1 f _! vapor & exhalation4 ,besides1
 x is no /range ?+ t ^! smells ( g>l&s  
%\ld be ( s consid]able a virtue2 = "s  
tell u t ! %ad[ ( ! yew1 especially :5 x
 blossoms1 kills ^? t sleep "u x2 & a   
subtle _s arise? f press$ poppy1 :i*    
sudd5ly ov]comes ! unw>y squeez]s4 ,&   
!re is an h]b call$ alyssus1 :i* to "s t
 take x 9 _! h&s1 to o!rs t d b look on 
x1 is f\nd a pres5t rem$y aga9/ !       
hicc\gh2 & "s affirm t plant$ ne> !     
/alls x pres]ves %eep & goats f ! rot & 
mange4 ,& ! rose is call$ ,greek omitt$1
 probably because x s5ds =? a /ream     
,greek omitt$ ( odors2 & = t reason x   
)]s pres5tly4 ,x is a cool]1 yet fi]y to
 look ^u2 & no wond]1 = ^u ! surface a  

subtile heat1 be+ driv5 out by ! inw>d  
heat1 looks vivid & appe>s4    ,,"q     
,,ii4 ,,:e!r ,,ivy ,,is ,,( ,a ,,hot    
,,or ,,cold ,,nature4  ,,ammonius1      
,,trypho1 ,,erato4  ,^u ?is disc\rse1 :5
 we all humm$ ,trypho1 ,ammonius ) a    
smile said3 ,x is n dec5t by any        
contradiction to pull 9 pieces1 l a     
*aplet1 ?is v>i\s & florid disc\rse (   
,trypho's4 ,yet me?9ks ! ivy is a little
 oddly int]wov51 & unju/ly said by its  
cold p[]s to temp] ! heat ( /rong w9e2 =
 x is r fi]y & hot1 & its b]ries /eep$ 9
 w9e make ! liquor m apt to inebriate & 
inflame4 ,& f ?is cause1 z 9 /icks w>p$ 
by ! fire1 proce$s ! crook$ness ( !     
b\ghs4 ,& sn[1 t = _m days w lie on o!r 
trees1 pres5tly melts f ! bran*es ( !   
ivy1 & wa/es all ar\nd1 z f> z ! w>m?   
rea*es4 ,b ! greate/ evid5ce is ?is4    
,!ophra/us tells u1 t :5 ,alex&] comm&$ 
,h>palus to plant "s ,grecian trees 9 ! 
,babylonian g>d5s1 &--because ! climate 
is v hot & ! sun viol5t--su* z 7 leafy1 
?ick1 & fit to make a %ade1 ! ivy only  

w\ld n gr[2 ?\gh all art & dilig5ce     
possible 7 us$1 x )]$ & di$4 ,= be+ hot 
itself1 x c\ld n agree ) ! fi]y nature (
 ! soil2 = excess 9 simil> qualities is 
de/ructive1 & !re=e we see ev]y?+ z x 7 
affects its contr>y2 a cold plant       
fl\ri%es 9 a hot gr\nd1 & a hot plant is
 delight$ ) a cold4 ,^u :i* acc\nt x is 
t bleak m\nta9s1 expos$ to cold w9ds &  
sn[1 be> firs1 p9es1 & ! l1 full ( pit*1
 fi]y1 & excell5t to make a tor*4 ,b    
besides1 ,trypho1 trees ( a cold nature1
 _! little feeble heat n be+ able to    
diffuse itself b retir+ to ! he>t1 %$ _!
 leaves2 b _! natural oil9ess & w>m?    
pres]ve ! laurel1 olive1 & cypress      
always gre52 & ! l too 9 ! ivy may be   
obs]v$4 ,& !re=e x is n likely our de>  
fri5d ,bac*us1 :o call$ w9e ,greek      
omitt$ intoxicat+ & himself ,greek      
omitt$1 %\ld br+ ivy into reputation =  
be+ a pres]vative aga9/ drunk5ness & an 
enemy to w9e4 ,b 9 my op9ion1 z lov]s ( 
w9e1 :5 !y h n any juice ( ! grape      
ready1 dr9k ale1 mead1 cid]1 or ! l2 ?us

 he t 9 w9t] w\ld h a v9e-g>l& on 8     
head1 & f9d+ ! v9e nak$ & )\t leaves1   
us$ ! ivy t is l x2 = its b\ghs are     
twi/$ & irregul>1 its leaves moi/ &     
disord]ly confus$1 b *iefly ! b]ries1 l 
rip5+ clu/]s1 make an exact             
repres5tation ( ! v9e4 ,b grant ! ivy to
 be a pres]vative aga9/ drunk5ness1--t  
to please y1 ,trypho1 we may "n ,ba*us a
 physician1--/ill ,i affirm t p[] to    
proce$ f its heat1 :i* ei!r op5s ! pores
 or helps to dige/ ! w9e4  ,^u ?is      
,trypho sat sil5t1 /udy+ = an answ]4    
,erato address+ himself to u y\?s1 said3
 ,trypho wants y\r assi/ance2 help him 9
 ?is dispute ab\t ! g>l&s1 or be cont5t 
to sit )\t any4 ,ammonius too bade u n  
be afraid1 = he w\ld n reply to any (   
our disc\rses2 & ,trypho likewise urg+  
me to propose some?+1 ,i said3 ,to      
demon/rate t ! ivy is cold is n s prop] 
a task = me z ,trypho1 = he (t5 use?    
cool]s & b9d]s2 b t proposition1 t w9e 9
 :i* ivy b]ries h be5 is m inebriat+1 is
 n true2 = t di/urbance :i* x raise? 9  

^? t dr9k x is n s prop]ly call$        
drunk5ness z ali5ation ( m9d or madness1
 su* z hyoscyamus & a ?\s& o!r ?+s t set
 m5 beside !mselves usually produce4 ,! 
crook$ness ( ! b\gh is no argum5t at    
all1 = su* viol5t & unnatural effects _c
 be suppos$ to proce$ f any natural     
quality or p[]4 ,n[ /icks are b5t by !  
fire1 because t draws ! moi/ure1 & s !  
crook$ness is a viol5t di/ortion2 b !   
natural heat n\ri%es & pres]ves ! body4 
,consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r x is n ! weakness 
& coldness ( ! body t makes x w9d1 b5d1 
& creep ^u ! gr\nd2 = ^? qualities *eck 
its rise1 & depress x 9 its asc5t1 &    
r5d] x l a weak travell]1 t (t5 sits d[n
 & !n goes on aga94 ,& !re=e ! ivy      
requires some?+ to tw9e ab\t1 & ne$s a  
prop2 = x is n able to su/a9 & direct   
its own bran*es1 because x wants heat1  
:i* naturally t5ds upw>d4 ,! sn[ is     
melt$ by ! wetness ( ! leaf1 = wat]     
de/roys x easily1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ?9      
contexture1 x be+ no?+ b a cong]ies (   
small bubbles2 & !re=e 9 v cold b moi/  

places ! sn[ melts z soon z 9 hot4 ,t x 
is cont9ually gre5 do? n proce$ f its   
heat1 = to %$ its leaves do? n argue !  
coldness ( a tree4 ,?us ! myrtle & well 
f]n1 ?\gh n hot1 b confess$ly cold1 are 
gre5 all ! ye>4 ,"s imag9e ?is comes f !
 equal & duly proportion$ mixture ( !   
qualities 9 ! leaf1 to :i* ,emp$ocles   
ha? add$ a c]ta9 aptness ( pores1 ?r\gh 
:i* ! n\ri%+ juice is ord]ly transmitt$1
 s t !re is /ill supply suffici5t4 ,b n[
 x is o!rwise 9 trees ^: leaves fall1 by
 reason ( ! wid5ess ( _! high] &        
n>r[ness ( _! l[] pores2 = ! latt] d n  
s5d juice en\gh1 nor d ! =m] keep x1 b z
 soon z a small /ock is receiv$ p\r x   
out4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ f ! usual    
wat]+ ( our g>d5s2 = :5 ! di/ribution is
 unequal1 ! plants t are always wat]$ h 
n\ri%m5t en\gh1 seldom )]1 & look always
 gre54 ,b y fur!r argue1 t be+ plant$ 9 
,babylon x w\ld n gr[4 ,x 0 well done ( 
! plant1 me?9ks1 be+ a p>ticul> fri5d & 
famili> ( ! ,boeotian god1 to scorn to  
live among/ ! b>b>ians1 or imitate      

,alex&] 9 foll[+ ! mann]s ( ^? nations2 
b x 0 n its heat b cold t 0 ! cause (   
?is av]sion1 = t c\ld n agree ) !       
contr>y quality4 ,= "o simil> quality   
do? n de/roy b *]i% ano!r4 ,?us dry     
gr\nd be>s ?yme1 ?\gh x is naturally    
hot4 ,n[ at ,babylon !y say ! air is s  
suffocat+1 s intol]ably hot1 t _m ( ! m 
prosp]\s sleep ^u sk9s full ( wat]1 t !y
 may lie cool4    ,,"q ,,iii4 ,,:y      
,,wom5 ,,are ,,h>dly1 ,,old ,,m5        
,,easily1 ,,fox$4  ,,florus1 ,,sylla4   
,florus ?\ght x /range t ,ari/otle 9 8  
disc\rse ( ,drunk5ness1 affirm+ t old m5
 are easily1 wom5 h>dly1 ov]tak51 did n 
assign ! cause1 s9ce he seldom fail$ on 
su* occasions4 ,!re=e he propos$ x to u 
7we 7 a great _m acqua9tance met at     
supp]7 z a fit subject = our inquiry4   
,sylla began3 ,"o "p w conduce to !     
discov]y ( ! o!r2 & if we rightly hit ! 
cause 9 relation to ! wom51 !           
difficulty1 z x conc]ns ! old m51 w be  
easily despat*$2 = _! two natures are q 
contr>y4 ,moi/ness1 smoo?ness1 & s(tness

 belong to ! "o2 & dryness1 r\ghness1 & 
h>dness are ! accid5ts ( ! o!r4 ,z =    
wom51 ,i ?9k ! pr9cipal cause is !      
moi/ness ( _! temp]2 ?is produce? a     
s(tness 9 ! fle%1 a %9+ smoo?ness1 & _! 
usual purgations4 ,n[ :5 w9e is mix$ ) a
 great deal ( weak liquor1 x is ov]p[]$ 
by t1 loses its /r5g?1 & becomes flat & 
wat]i%4 ,"s reason likewise may be drawn
 f ,ari/otle himself2 = he affirms t ^? 
t dr9k fa/1 & take a l>ge draught )\t   
draw+ brea?1 are seldom ov]tak51 because
 ! w9e do? n /ay long 9 _! bodies1 b    
hav+ acquir$ an impetus by ?is gre$y    
dr9k+1 sudd5ly runs ?r\gh2 & wom5 are   
g5]ally obs]v$ to dr9k aft] t mann]4    
,besides1 x is probable t _! bodies1 by 
reason ( ! cont9ual d$uction ( ! moi/ure
 9 ord] to _! usual purgations1 are v   
por\s1 & divid$ z x 7 into _m little    
pipes & conduits2 into :i* :5 ! w9e     
falls1 x is quickly convey$ away1 & do? 
n lie & fret ! pr9cipal p>ts1 f ^:      
di/urbance drunk5ness proce$s4 ,b t old 
m5 want ! natural moi/ure1 ev5 ! "n     

,greek omitt$1 9 my op9ion1 intimates2 =
 t "n 0 giv5 !m n z /oop+ to ! e>?      
,greek omitt$ b z be+ 9 ! habit ( _!    
body ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1     
e>?like & e>?y4 ,besides1 ! /iffness &  
r\ghness prove ! dryness ( _! nature4   
,!re=e x is probable t1 :5 !y dr9k1 _!  
body1 be+ gr[n spongy by ! dryness ( its
 nature1 soaks up ! w9e1 & t ly+ 9 !    
vessels x affects ! s5ses & prev5ts !   
natural motions4 ,= z floods ( wat]     
glide ov] ! close gr\nds1 nor make !m   
slabby1 b quickly s9k into ! op5 & *app$
 fields2 ?us w9e1 be+ suck$ 9 by ! dry  
p>ts1 lies & works 9 ! bodies ( old m54 
,b besides1 x is easy to obs]ve1 t age (
 itself ha? all ! symptoms ( drunk5ness4
 ,^! symptoms ev]ybody kn[s2 viz41 %ak+ 
( ! jo9ts1 falt]+ ( ! tongue1 babbl+1   
passion1 =getfulness1 & di/raction ( !  
m9d2 _m ( :i* be+ incid5t to old m51 ev5
 :il/ !y are well & 9 p]fect heal?1 are 
height5$ by any little irregul>ity &    
accid5tal debau*4 ,s t drunk5ness do? n 
beget 9 old m5 any new & prop] symptoms1

 b only int5d & increase ! common ones4 
,& an evid5t sign ( ?is is1 t no?+ is s 
l an old man z a "y man drunk4    ,,"q  
,,iv4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,temp] ,,( ,,wom5 ,,is
 ,,cold] ,,or ,,hott] ,,?an ,,t ,,(     
,,m54  ,,apollonides1 ,,a?ryilatus4     
,?us ,sylla said1 & ,apollonides ! m>%al
 subjo9$3 ,sir1 :at y disc\rs$ ( old m5 
,i will+ly admit2 b 9 my op9ion y h     
omitt$ a consid]able reason 9 relation  
to ! wom51 viz41 ! coldness ( _! temp]1 
:i* qu5*e? ! heat ( ! /ronge/ w9e1 &    
makes x lose all its de/ructive =ce &   
fire4 ,?is reflection seem+ reasonable1 
,a?ryilatus ! ,?asian1 a physician1 kept
 u f a ha/y conclusion 9 ?is matt]1 by  
say+ t "s suppos$ ! female sex 0 n cold1
 b hott] ?an ! male2 & o!rs ?\ght w9e r 
cold ?an hot4  ,:5 ,florus seem$        
surpris$ at ?is disc\rse1 ,a?ryilatus   
cont9u$3 ,sir1 :at ,i m5tion ab\t w9e ,i
 %all leave to ?is man to make out      
7po9t+ to me1 = a few days be=e we _h   
h&l$ ! same matt]74 ,b t wom5 are ( a   
hot con/itution1 "s suppose1 may be     

prov$1 fir/1 f _! smoo?ness1 = _! heat  
wa/es all ! sup]flu\s n\ri%m5t :i* bre$s
 hair2 secondly f _! abundance ( blood1 
:i* seems to be ! f\nta9 & s\rce ( all !
 heat t is 9 ! body2--n[ ?is ab\nds s   
mu* 9 females1 t !y w\ld be all on fire1
 unless reliev$ by frequ5t & sudd5      
evacuations4 ,?irdly1 f a usual practice
 ( ! sextons 9 burn+ ! bodies ( ! dead1 
x is evid5t t females are hott] ?an     
males2 = ! b$sm5 are wont to put "o     
female body ) t5 males ^u ! same pile1 =
 t conta9s "s inflammable & oily p>ts1 &
 s]ves = fuel to ! re/4 ,besides1 if t t
 is soone/ fit = g5]ation is hotte/1 & a
 maid beg9s to be furi\s soon] ?an a    
boy1 ?is is a /rong pro( ( ! hotness ( !
 female sex4 ,b a m conv9c+ pro( foll[s3
 wom5 endure cold bett] ?an m51 !y are n
 s s5sible ( ! %>pness ( ! wea!r1 & are 
cont5t$ ) a few clo!s4  ,& ,florus      
repli$3 ,me?9ks1 sir1 f ! same topics ,i
 c\ld draw conclusions aga9/ y\r        
ass]tion4 ,=1 fir/1 !y endure cold      
bett]1 because "o simil> quality do? n s

 readily act ^u ano!r2 & !n aga91 _! se$
 is n active 9 g5]ation1 b passive matt]
 & n\ri%m5t to t :i* ! male injects4 ,b 
m1 wom5 gr[ effete soon] ?an m52 t !y   
burn bett] ?an ! males proce$s f _! fat1
 :i* is ! colde/ "p ( ! body2 & "y m51  
or su* z use ex]cise1 h b little fat4   
,_! mon?ly purgations d n prove !       
abundance1 b ! corruption & badness1 (  
_! blood2 = be+ ! sup]flu\s & undige/$  
"p1 & hav+ no conv5i5t vessel 9 ! body x
 fl[s out1 & appe>s languid & fecul5t1  
by reason ( ! weakness ( its heat4 ,& ! 
%iv]+ t seizes !m at ! "t ( _!          
purgations suffici5tly proves t :i* fl[s
 f !m is cold & undige/$4 ,& :o w       
believe _! smoo?ness to be an effect (  
heat r ?an cold1 :5 ev]ybody kn[s t !   
hotte/ p>ts ( a body are ! mo/ hairy8 ,=
 all su* excrem5ts are ?ru/ out by !    
heat1 :i* op5s & makes passages ?r\gh ! 
sk92 b smoo?ness is a consequ5t ( t     
clos5ess ( ! sup]ficies :i* proce$s f   
cond5s+ cold4 ,& t ! fle% ( wom5 is     
clos] ?an t ( m51 y may be in=m$ by ^? t

 lie ) wom5 t h ano9t$ !mselves ) oil or
 o!r p]fumes2 = ?\gh !y d n t\* ! wom51 
yet !y f9d !mselves p]fum$1 _! bodies by
 reason ( _! heat & r>ity draw+ ! odor  
to !m4 ,b ,i ?9k we h disput$ plausibly 
& suffici5tly ( ?is matt]4444    ,,"q   
,v4 ,,:e!r ,,w9e ,,is ,,pot5tially      
,,cold4  ,,a?ryilatus1 ,,plut>*4  ,b n[ 
,i w\ld fa9 "k ^u :at acc\nt y c imag9e 
t w9e is cold4 ,!n1 said ,i1 d y believe
 ?is to be my op9ion8 ,yes1 said he1 ^: 
else8 ,& ,i repli$3 ,i rememb] a good   
:ile ago ,i met ) a disc\rse (          
,ari/otle's ^u ?is v "q4 ,& ,epicurus1 9
 8 ,banquet1 ha? a long disc\rse1 ! sum 
( :i* is t w9e ( itself is n hot1 b t x 
conta9s "s atoms t cause heat1 & o!rs t 
cause cold2 n[1 :5 x is tak5 into !     
body1 x loses "o sort ( p>ticles & takes
 ! o!r out ( ! body itself1 z x agrees )
 "o's nature & con/itution2 s t "s :5 !y
 are drunk are v hot1 & o!rs v cold4    
,?is way ( talk+1 said ,florus1 leads u 
by ,protagoras directly to ,pyrrho2 = x 
is evid5t t1 suppose we 7 to disc\rse ( 

oil1 milk1 honey1 or ! l1 we %all avoid 
all inquiry into _! p>ticul> natures by 
say+ t ?+s are s & s by _! mutual       
mixture ) "o ano!r4 ,b h[ d y prove t   
w9e is cold8 ,& ,i1 be+ =c$ to speak    
extempore1 repli$3 ,by two argum5ts4 ,! 
fir/ ,i draw f ! practice ( physicians1 
= :5 _! pati5ts' /oma*s gr[ v weak1 !y  
prescribe no hot ?+s1 & yet give !m w9e 
z an excell5t rem$y4 ,besides1 !y /op   
loos5ess & immod]ate sweat+ by w9e2 &   
?is %[s t !y ?9k x m b9d+ & con/ipat+   
?an sn[ itself4 ,n[ if x 7 pot5tially   
hot1 ,i %\ld ?9k x z wise a ?+ to apply 
fire to sn[ z w9e to ! /oma*4  ,aga91   
mo/ tea* t sleep proce$s f ! coolness ( 
! p>ts2 & mo/ ( ! n>cotic m$ic9es1 z    
m&rake & opium1 are cool]s4 ,^? inde$ "w
 viol5tly1 & =cibly cond5se1 b w9e cools
 by degrees2 x g5tly /ops ! motion1     
accord+ z x ha? m or less ( su* n>cotic 
qualities4 ,besides1 heat has a g5]ative
 p[]2 = ow+ to heat ! fluid fl[s easily 
& ! vital _s gets vigor & a /imulat+    
=ce4 ,n[ ! great dr9k]s are v dull1     

inactive fell[s1 no wom5's m5 at all2 !y
 eject no?+ /rong1 vigor\s1 & fit =     
g5]ation1 b are weak & unp]=m+1 by      
reason ( ! bad dige/ion & coldness ( _! 
se$4 ,& x is f>!r obs]vable t ! effects 
( cold & drunk5ness ^u m5's bodies are !
 same1--trembl+1 heav9ess1 pal5ess1     
%iv]+1 falt]+ ( tongue1 numbness1 &     
cramps4 ,9 _m1 a debau* ends 9 a dead   
palsy1 :5 ! w9e /upefies & ext+ui%e? all
 ! heat4 ,& ! physicians use ?is me?od 9
 cur+ ! qualms & diseases gott5 by      
debau*2 at night !y cov] !m well & keep 
!m w>m2 & at day !y anno9t & ba!1 & give
 !m su* food z %all n di/urb1 b by      
degrees recov] ! heat :i* ! w9e ha?     
scatt]$ & driv5 out ( ! body4 ,?us1 ,i  
add$1 9 ^! appe>ances we trace obscure  
qualities & p[]s2 b z = drunk5ness1 x is
 easily kn[n :at x is4 ,=1 9 my op9ion1 
z ,i h9t$ be=e1 ^? t are drunk are v mu*
 l old m52 & !re=e great dr9k]s gr[ old 
soone/1 & !y are commonly bald & gray   
be=e _! "t2 & all ^! accid5ts c]ta9ly   
proce$ f want ( heat4 ,b m]e v9eg> is ( 

a v9\s nature1 & no?+ qu5*es fire s soon
 z t2 its extreme coldness ov]comes &   
kills ! flame pres5tly4 ,& ( all fruits 
physicians use ! v9\s z ! greate/       
cool]s1 z pomegranates & apples4        
,besides1 d !y n make w9e by mix+ honey 
) ra9-wat] or sn[2 = ! cold1 because ^? 
two qualities are ne> ak91 if x         
prevails1 *anges ! lusci\s into a       
poignant ta/e8 ,& did n ! anci5ts ( all 
! creep+ bea/s consecrate ! snake to    
,bac*us1 & ( all ! plants ! ivy1 because
 !y 7 ( a cold & froz5 nature8 ,n[1 le/ 
any "o %\ld ?9k ?is is a pro( ( its     
heat1 t if a man takes juice ( hemlock1 
a l>ge dose ( w9e cures him1 ,i %all1 on
 ! contr>y affirm t w9e & hemlock juice 
mix$ is an incurable poison1 & kills him
 t dr9ks x pres5tly4 ,s t we c no m     
conclude x to be hot because x resi/s1  
?an to be cold because x assi/s1 !      
poison4 ,= cold is ! only quality by :i*
 hemlock juice works & kills4    ,,"q   
,,vi4 ,,:i* ,,is ,,! ,,fitte/ ,,"t ,,=  
,a ,,man ,,to ,,"k ,,8 ,,wife8  ,,y\?s1 

,,zopyrus1 ,,olympi*us1 ,,socl>us4  ,"s 
"y /ud5ts1 t _h n gone f> 9 ! le>n+ ( ! 
anci5ts1 inveigh$ aga9/ ,epicurus = br++
 91 9 8 ,svmposium1 an imp]t95t &       
unseemly disc\rse1 ab\t :at "t 0 be/ to 
lie ) a woman2 = an old man at supp] 9 !
 company ( y\?s to talk ( su* a subject1
 & dispute :e!r aft] or be=e supp] 0 !  
mo/ conv5i5t "t1 argu$ him to be a v    
loose & debau*$ man4 ,to ?is "s said t  
,x5ophon1 aft] 8 ent]ta9m5t 0 end$1 s5t 
all 8 gue/s home on horseback1 to lie ) 
_! wives4 ,b ,zopyrus ! physician1 a man
 v well read 9 ,epicurus1 said1 t !y _h 
n duly weigh$ t piece2 = he did n       
propose t "q fir/1 & !n discuss t matt] 
on purpose2 b aft] supp] he desir$ ! "y 
m5 to take a walk1 & he !n disc\rs$ on  
x1 t he might p]suade !m to cont95ce1 & 
to abate _! desires & re/ra9 _!         
appetites2 %[+ !m t x 0 v dang]\s at all
 times1 b especially aft] !y _h be5 eat+
 or mak+ m]ry4 ,b suppose he _h propos$ 
?is z ! *ief topic = disc\rse1 do? x    
nev] become a philosoph] to inquire :i* 

is ! conv5i5t & prop] "t8 ,ought we n to
 "t x well1 & direct our embrace by     
reason8 ,or may su* disc\rse be o!rwise 
all[$1 & mu/ !y be ?\ght unseemly       
problems to be propos$ at table8 ,inde$ 
,i am ( ano!r m9d4 ,x is true1 ,i %\ld  
blame a philosoph] t 9 ! middle ( ! day1
 9 ! s*ools1 be=e all sorts ( m51 %\ld  
disc\rse ( su* a subject2 b ov] a glass 
( w9e betwe5 fri5ds & acqua9tance1 :5 x 
is necess>y to propose some?+ beside    
dull1 s]i\s disc\rse1 :y %\ld x be a    
fault to he> or speak any?+ t may in=m  
our judgm5ts or direct our practice 9   
su* matt]s8 ,& ,i prote/ ,i _h r t ,z5o 
_h ins]t$ 8 loose topics 9 "s m]ry      
disc\rses & agreeable table-talk1 ?an 9 
su* a grave1 s]i\s piece z 8 politics4  
,! y\?1 />tl$ at ?is free decl>ation1   
sat sil5t2 & ! re/ ( ! company desir$   
,zopyrus to deliv] ,epicurus's s5tim5t4 
,he said3 ,! p>ticul>s ,i _c rememb]2 b 
,i believe he fe>$ ! viol5t agitations (
 su* ex]cises1 because ! bodies employ$ 
9 !m are s viol5tly di/urb$4 ,= x is    

c]ta9 t w9e is a v great di/urb]1 & puts
 ! body out ( its usual temp]2 & !re=e1 
:5 ?us disquiet$1 if quiet & sleep d n  
compose x b o!r agitations seize x1 x is
 likely t ^? p>ts :i* knit & jo9 !      
memb]s may be loos5$1 & ! :ole frame be 
z x 7 unsettl$ f its f\ndation &        
ov]?r[n4 ,= !n likewise ! se$ _c freely 
pass1 b is confus$ly & =cibly ?r[n out1 
because ! liquor ha? fill$ ! vessels ( !
 body1 & /opp$ its way4 ,!re=e1 says    
,epicurus1 we mu/ use ^? sports :5 !    
body is at quiet1 :5 ! meat ha? be5     
?or\ghly dige/$1 c>ri$ ab\t & appli$ to 
sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 s t we beg9 to    
want a fre% supply ( food4 ,to ?is (    
,epicurus we might jo9 an argum5t tak5 f
 physic4 ,at day-"t1 :ile our dige/ion  
is p]=m+1 we are n s lu/y nor eag] to   
embrace2 & pres5tly aft] supp] to       
endeavor x is dang]\s1 = ! crudity ( !  
/oma*1 ! food be+ yet undige/$1 may be  
disord]ly motion ^u ?is crudity1 & s !  
mis*ief be d\ble4 ,olympicus1 cont9u+ ! 
disc\rse1 said3 ,i v mu* l :at ,cl9ias !

 ,py?agorean deliv]s4 ,= ! /ory goes t1 
be+ ask$ :5 a man %\ld lie ) a woman1 he
 repli$1 :5 he ha? a m9d to receive !   
greate/ mis*ief t he c4 ,= ,zopyrus's   
disc\rse seems rational1 & o!r times z  
well z ^? he m5tions h _! peculi>       
inconv5i5ces4 ,& !re=e1--z ,?ales !     
philosoph]1 to free himself f ! press+  
solicitations ( 8 "m :o advis$ him to   
m>ry1 said at fir/1 'tis n yet "t2 & :51
 n[ he 0 gr[+ old1 %e repeat$ h]        
admonition1 repli$1 nor is x n[ "t1--s x
 is be/ = e man to h ! same m9d 9       
relation to ^? sports ( ,v5us2 :5 he    
goes to b$1 let him say1 'tis n yet "t2 
& :5 he rises1 'tis n n[ "t4  ,:at y    
say1 ,olympicus1 said ,socl>us int]pos+1
 befits wre/l]s inde$2 x smells1 me?9ks1
 ( _! meals ( fle% & casks ( w9e1 b is n
 suitable to ! res5t company1 = !re are 
"s "y m>ri$ m5 "h1       ,^: duty 'tis  
to foll[ ,v5us' sports4  ,nay1 we       
ourselves seem to h "s relation to ,v5us
 /ill1 :5 9 our hymns to ! gods we pray 
?us to h]1       ,fair ,v5us1 keep (f   

feeble age4  ,b waiv+ ?is1 let u inquire
 7if y ?9k fit7 :e!r ,epicurus does     
well1 :5 contr>y to all "r & equity he  
sep>ates ,v5us & ! ,night1 ?\gh ,m5&]1 a
 man well skill$ 9 love matt]s1 says t  
%e likes h] company bett] ?an t ( any ( 
! gods4 ,=1 9 my op9ion1 night is a v   
conv5i5t veil1 spread ov] ^? t give     
!mselves to t k9d ( pleasure2 = x is n  
fit t day %\ld be ! "t1 le/ mode/y %\ld 
be bani%$ f our eyes1 effem9acy gr[     
bold1 & su* vigor\s impressions on our  
memories be left1 z might /ill possess u
 ) ! same fancies & raise new           
incl9ations4 ,= ! sight 7accord+ to     
,plato7 receives a m vigor\s impression 
?an any o!r bodily organ1 & jo9+ ) !    
imag9ation1 t lies ne> x1 works pres5tly
 ^u ! s\l1 & ev] causes fre% desires by 
^? images ( pleasure :i* x br+s4 ,b !   
night1 hid+ _m & ! mo/ furi\s ( !       
actions1 quiets & lulls nature1 & do? n 
suff] x to be c>ri$ to intemp]ance by ! 
eye4 ,b besides ?is1 h[ absurd is x1 t a
 man return+ f an ent]ta9m5t m]ry p]haps

 & jocund1 cr[n$ & p]fum$1 %\ld cov]    
himself up1 turn 8 back to 8 wife1 & g  
to sleep2 & !n at day-"t1 9 ! mid/ ( 8  
bus9ess1 s5d = h] out ( h] ap>tm5t to   
s]ve 8 pleasure or 9 ! morn+1 z a cock  
treads 8 h5s4 ,no1 sir ! ev5+ is ! end (
 our labor1 & ! morn+ ! beg9n+4 ,bac*us 
! ,loos5] & ,t]psi*ore & ,?alia preside 
ov] ! =m]2 & ! latt] raise? u up betimes
 to att5d on ,m9]va ! ,"w-mi/ress1 &    
,m]cury ! m]*&is]4 ,& !re=e songs1      
dances1 & epi?alamiums1 m]ry-meet+s1 )  
balls & fea/s1 & s\nds ( pipes & flutes1
 are ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! "o2 b 9 ! o!r1    
no?+ b ! noise ( hamm]s & anvils1 !     
scrat*+ ( saws1 ! city cries1 citations 
to c\rt or to att5d ?is or t pr9ce &    
magi/rate are he>d4       ,!n all !     
sports ( pleasure disappe>1      ,!n    
,v5us1 !n gay y\? removes3      ,no     
,?yrsus !n :i* ,bac*us loves2      ,b   
all is cl\d$ & o'erspread ) c>e4        
,besides1 ,hom] makes n "o ( ! h]oes lie
 ) 8 wife or mi/ress 9 ! day-"t1 b only 
,p>is1 :o1 hav+ %amefully fl$ f !       

battle1 sneak$ into ! embraces ( 8 wife2
 intimat+ t su* lascivi\sness by day did
 n befit ! sob] temp] ( a man1 b ! mad  
lu/ ( an adult]]4 ,b1 moreov]1 ! body w 
n 7z ,epicurus fancies7 be injur$ m aft]
 supp] ?an at any o!r "t1 unless a man  
be drunk or ov]*>g$1--= 9 ^? cases1 no  
d\bt1 x is v dang]\s & hurtful4 ,b if a 
man is only rais$ & *e]$1 n ov]p[]$ by  
liquor1 if 8 body is pliable1 8 m9d     
agree+1 & !n he sports1 he ne$ n fe> any
 di/urbance f ! load he has )9 him2 he  
ne$ n fe> cat*+ cold1 or too great a    
transportation ( atoms1 :i* ,epicurus   
makes ! cause ( all ! ensu+ h>m4 ,= if  
he lies quiet he w quickly fill aga91 & 
new spirits w supply ! vessels t are    
empti$4  ,b ?is is to be especially tak5
 c>e (1 t1 ! body be+ !n 9 a f]m5t &    
di/urb$1 no c>es ( ! s\l1 no bus9ess    
ab\t necess>y affairs1 no labor1 %\ld   
di/ract & seize x1 le/ !y %\ld corrupt &
 s\r its humors1 ,nature n hav+ _h "t   
en\gh = settl+ :at has be5 di/urb$4 ,=1 
sir1 all m5 h n ! comm& ( t happy ease &

 tranquillity :i* ,epicurus's philosophy
 procur$ him2 = _m great incumbrances   
seize almo/ ^u e "o e day1 or at lea/ "s
 disquiets2 & x is n safe to tru/ ! body
 ) any ( ^!1 :5 x is 9 su* a condition &
 di/urbance1 pres5tly aft] ! fury & heat
 ( ! embrace is ov]4 ,let1 accord+ to 8 
op9ion1 ! happy & immortal deity sit at 
ease & nev] m9d u2 b if we reg>d ! laws 
( our c\ntry1 we mu/ n d>e to ent] into 
! temple & (f] sacrifice1 if b a little 
be=e we h done any su* ?+4 ,x is fit    
!re=e to let night & sleep int]v5e1 &   
aft] !re is a suffici5t space ( "t pa/  
betwe51 to rise z x 7 pure & new1 & 7z  
,democritus 0 wont to say7 ) new ?\ghts 
^u ! new day4    ,,"q ,,vii4 ,,:y ,,new 
,,w9e ,,do? ,,n ,,inebriate ,,z ,,soon  
,,z ,,o!r4  ,,plut>*1 ,,8 ,,fa!r1       
,,hagias1 ,,ari/a5etus1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,y\?4
  ,at ,a!ns on ! elev5? day ( ,febru>y  
7!nce call$ ,greek omitt$ ,,!           
,,b>rel-,,op5+71 !y began to ta/e _! new
 w9e2 & 9 old times 7z x appe>s71 be=e  
!y drank1 !y (f]$ "s to ! gods1 & pray$ 

t t cordial liquor might prove good &   
:olesome4 ,by u ,!bans ! mon? is nam$   
,greek omitt$1 & x is our cu/om ^u !    
six? day to sacrifice to our good ,g5ius
 & !n ta/e our new w9e1 aft] ! zephyr   
has done bl[+2 = t w9d makes w9e f]m5t m
 ?an any o!r1 & ! liquor t c be> ?is    
f]m5tation is ( a /rong body & w keep   
well4 ,my fa!r (f]$ ! usual sacrifice1 &
 :5 aft] supp] ! "y m51 my fell[-/ud5ts1
 comm5d$ ! w9e1 he />t$ ?is "q3 ,:y does
 n new w9e inebriate z soon z o!r8 ,?is 
seem$ a p>adox & incr$ible to mo/ ( u2 b
 ,hagias said1 t lusci\s ?+s 7 cloy+ &  
w\ld pres5tly satiate1 & !re=e few c\ld 
dr9k en\gh to make !m drunk2 = :5 once !
 ?ir/ is allay$1 ! appetite w\ld be     
quickly pall$ by t unpleasant liquor2 = 
t a lusci\s is diff]5t f a sweet ta/e1  
ev5 ! poet intimates1 :5 he says1       
,) lusci\s w9e1 & ) sweet milk & *eese4 
7,odyssey1 xx4 #fi47  ,w9e at fir/ is   
sweet2 aft]w>d1 z x gr[s old1 x f]m5ts &
 beg9s to be prick$ a little2 !n x gets 
a sweet ta/e4  ,ari/a5etus ! ,nicaean   

said1 t he rememb]$ he _h read some:]e t
 sweet ?+s mix$ ) w9e make x less heady1
 & t "s physicians prescribe to "o t ha?
 drunk freely1 be=e he goes to b$1 a    
cru/ ( bread dipp$ 9 honey4 ,& !re=e1 if
 sweet mixtures weak5 /rong w9e1 x is   
reasonable t w9e %\ld n be heady till x 
ha? lo/ its sweetness4  ,we admir$ !    
acut5ess ( ! "y philosoph]s1 & 7 well   
pleas$ to see !m propose some?+ out ( ! 
common road & give u _! own s5tim5ts on 
?is matt]4 ,n[ ! common & obvi\s reason 
is ! heav9ess ( new w9e1--:i* 7z        
,ari/otle says7 viol5tly presse? !      
/oma*1--or ! abundance ( airy & wat]y   
p>ts t lie 9 x2 ! =m] ( :i*1 z soon z !y
 are press$1 fly out2 & ! wat]y p>ts are
 naturally fit to weak5 ! spiritu\s     
liquor4 ,n[1 :5 x gr[s old1 ! juice is  
improv$1 & ?\gh by ! sep>ation ( ! wat]y
 p>ts x loses 9 quantity1 x gets 9      
/r5g?4    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:y ,,d ,,^? ,,t
 ,,are ,,/>k ,,drunk ,,seem ,,n ,,s     
,,mu* ,,debau*$ ,,z ,,^? ,,t ,,are ,,b  
,,half ,,fox$8  ,,plut>*1 ,,8 ,,fa!r4   

,well !n1 said my fa!r1 s9ce we h fall5 
^u ,ari/otle1 ,i w endeavor to propose  
some?+ ( my own conc]n+ ^? t are half   
drunk2 =1 9 my m9d1 ?\gh he 0 a v acute 
man1 he is n accurate en\gh 9 su*       
matt]s4 ,!y usually say1 ,i ?9k1 t a    
sob] man's und]/&+ appreh5ds ?+s "r &   
judges well2 ! s5se ( "o q drunk is weak
 & enfeebl$2 b ( him t is half drunk !  
fancy is vigor\s & ! und]/&+ weak5$1 &  
!re=e1 foll[+ _! own fancies1 !y judge1 
b judge ill4 ,b pray1 sirs1 :at is y\r  
op9ion 9 ^! matt]s8  ,?is reason1 ,i    
repli$1 w\ld satisfy me ^u a private    
disquisition2 b if y w h my own         
s5tim5ts1 let u fir/ consid]1 :e!r ?is  
diff]5ce do? n proce$ f ! diff]5t temp] 
( ! body4 ,= ( ^? t are only half drunk1
 ! m9d alone is di/urb$1 b ! body n be+ 
q ov]:elm$ is yet able to obey its      
motions2 b :5 x is too mu* oppress$ & ! 
w9e has ov]p[]$ x1 x betrays & fru/rates
 ! motions ( ! m9d1 = m5 9 su* a        
condition nev] g s f> z action4 ,b ^? t 
are half drunk1 hav+ a body s]viceable  

to ! absurd motions ( ! m9d1 are r to be
 ?\ght to h great] ability to comply )  
^? !y h1 ?an to h worse incl9ations ?an 
! o!rs4 ,n[ if1 proce$+ on ano!r        
pr9ciple1 we consid] ! /r5g? ( ! w9e    
itself1 no?+ h9d]s b t ?is may be       
diff]5t & *angeable1 accord+ to !       
quantity t is drunk4 ,z fire1 :5        
mod]ate1 h>d5s a piece ( clay1 b if v   
/rong1 makes x brittle & crumble into   
pieces2 & ! heat ( ! spr+ fires our     
blood ) fev]s b z ! summ] comes on1 !   
disease usually abates2 :at h9d]s !n b t
 ! m9d1 be+ naturally rais$ by ! p[] ( !
 w9e1 :5 x is come to a pit*1 %\ld by   
p\r+ on m be weak5$ aga9 & its =ce      
abat$8 ,?us hellebore1 be=e x purges1   
di/urbs ! body2 b if too small a dose be
 giv51 di/urbs only & purges n at all2 &
 "s tak+ too little ( an opiate are m   
re/less ?an be=e2 & "s tak+ too mu*     
sleep well4 ,besides1 x is probable t   
?is di/urbance into :i* ^? t are half   
drunk are put1 :5 x comes to a pit*1    
leads to t decay4 ,= a great quantity   

be+ tak5 inflames ! body & consumes !   
fr5zy ( ! m9d2 z a m\rnful song &       
melan*oly music at a fun]al raises grief
 at fir/ & =ces te>s1 b z x cont9ues1 by
 little & little x takes away all dismal
 appreh5sions & consumes our sorr[s4    
,?us w9e1 aft] x ha? heat$ & di/urb$1   
calms ! m9d aga9 & quiets ! fr5zy2 & :5 
m5 are dead drunk1 _! passions are at   
re/4    ,,"q ,,ix4 ,,:at ,,is ,,!       
,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,say+3 ,,dr9k ,,ei!r   
,,five ,,or ,,?ree1 ,,b ,,n ,,f\r8      
,,ari/o1 ,,plut>*1 ,,plut>*',s ,,fa!r4  
,:5 ,i _h said ^! ?+s ,ari/o1 z 8 habit 
01 cri$ out3 ,a return has be5 decre$ 9 
banquets to a v popul> & j /&>d1 :i*1   
because x 0 driv5 away by unseasonable  
temp]ance z if by ! act ( a tyrant1 has 
long rema9$ 9 exile4 ,= j z ^? tra9$ 9 !
 canons ( ! lyre decl>e ! sesquialt]    
proportion produces ! symphony diap5te1 
! d\ble proportion ! diapason1 !        
sesquit]te ! diatess>on1 ! sl[e/ ( all1 
s ! speciali/s 9 ,bac*ic h>monies h     
detect$ ?ree accords betwe5 w9e &       

wat]--,diap5te1 ,diatrion1 ,diatess>on4 
,= s !y speak & s+1 dr9k five or ?ree1 b
 n f\r4 ,= five h ! sesquialt]          
proportion1 ?ree cups ( wat] be+ mix$ 9 
two ( w9e2 ?ree1 ! d\ble proportion1 two
 be+ mix$ ) "o2 f\r1 ! sesquit]ce1 ?ree 
cups ( wat] to "o ( w9e1 :i* is !       
epitrite proportion = ^? ex]cis+ _! m9ds
 9 ! c\ncil-*amb] or fr[n+ ov]          
dialectics1 :5 *anges ( spee*es are     
expect$1--a sob] & mild mixture4 ,b 9   
reg>d to ^? proportions ( two to "o1 t  
mixture gives ! /r5g? by :i* we are     
confus$ & made half drunk1 ,excit+ !    
*ords ( ! s\l nev] mov$ be=e4 ,= x does 
n admit ( sobriety1 nor does x induce ! 
s5selessness ( pure w9e4 ,! mo/ h>moni\s
 is ! proportion ( two to ?ree1 provok+ 
sleep1 g5]at+ ! =getfulness ( c>es1 & l 
t cornfield ( ,hesiod1 :i* mildly       
pacifie? *ildr5 & heals injuries4 ,x    
composes 9 u ! h>% & irregul> motions ( 
! s\l & secures deep peace = x4 ,aga9/  
^! say+s ( ,ari/o no "o _h any?+ to (f] 
9 reply1 s9ce x 0 q evid5t he 0 je/+4 ,i

 sugge/$ to him to take a cup & treat x 
z a lyre1 tun+ x to ! h>mony & ord] he  
prais$4 ,at ! same "t a slave came (f]+ 
him pure w9e4 ,b he refus$ x1 say+ ) a  
laugh t he 0 discuss+ logical n organic 
music4 ,to :at _h be5 said be=e my fa!r 
add$ t ,jove seem$ to h tak51 accord+ to
 ! anci5ts1 two nurses1 ,ite & ,adra/ea2
 ,juno "o1 ,euboea2 ,apollo also two1   
,tru? & ,cory?alea2 b ,bac*us sev]al1   
because he ne$$ sev]al measures ( wat]  
to make him manageable1 tra9$1 mild]1 & 
m prud5t4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:y ,,fle% ,,/9ks
 ,,soon] ,,:5 ,,expos$ ,,to ,,! ,,moon1 
,,?an ,,to ,,! ,,sun4  ,,eu?ydemus1     
,,satyrus4  ,eu?ydemus ( ,sunium gave u 
at an ent]ta9m5t a v l>ge bo>4 ,! gue/s 
wond]+ at ! bigness ( ! bea/1 he said t 
he _h "o a great deal l>g]1 b 9 !       
c>riage ! moon _h made x /9k2 he c\ld n 
imag9e h[ ?is %\ld happ51 = x 0 probable
 t ! sun1 be+ mu* hott] ?an ! moon1 %\ld
 make x /9k soon]4 ,b1 said ,satyrus1   
?is is n s /range z ! common practice ( 
! hunt]s2 =1 :5 !y s5d a bo> or a doe to

 a city "s miles di/ant1 !y drive a     
braz5 nail into x to keep x f /9k+4     
,aft] supp] ,eu?ydemus br++ ! "q into   
play aga91 ,mos*io ! physician said1 t  
putrefaction 0 a colliquation ( ! fle%1 
& t ev]y?+ t putrefi$ grew moi/] ?an    
be=e1 & t all heat1 if g5tle1 did /ir ! 
humors1 ?\gh n =ce !m out1 b if /rong1  
dry ! fle%2 & t f ^! consid]ations an   
answ] to ! "q might be easily d$uc$4 ,= 
! moon g5tly w>m+ makes ! body moi/2 b !
 sun by 8 viol5t beams dries r1 & draws 
all moi/ure f !m4 ,?us ,ar*ilo*us spoke 
l a naturali/1       ,i hope hot        
,sirius's beams w _m dra91  ,& ,hom] m  
pla9ly conc]n+ ,hector1 ov] ^: body     
,apollo spread a ?ick cl\d1       ,le/ !
 hot sun %\ld scor* 8 nak$ limbs4       
7,iliad1 xxiii1 #aij47  ,n[ ! moon's    
rays are weak]2 =1 z ,ion says1         
,!y d n rip5 well ! clu/]$ grapes4  ,:5 
he _h done1 ,i said3 ,! re/ ( ! disc\rse
 ,i l v well1 b ,i _c cons5t :5 y       
ascribe ?is effect to ! /r5g? & degree (
 heat1 & *iefly 9 ! hot seasons2 = 9    

w9t] e "o kn[s t ! sun w>ms little1 yet 
9 summ] x putrefies mo/4 ,n[ ! contr>y  
%\ld happ51 if ! g5tl5ess ( ! heat 7 !  
cause ( putrefaction4 ,& besides1 !     
hott] ! season is1 s mu* ! soon] meat   
/9ks2 & !re=e ?is effect is n to be     
ascrib$ to ! want ( heat 9 ! moon1 b to 
"s p>ticul> prop] quality 9 h] beams4 ,=
 heat is n diff]5t only by degrees2 b 9 
fires !re are "s prop] qualities v mu*  
unlike "o ano!r1 z a ?\s& obvi\s        
in/ances w prove4 ,goldsmi?s heat _!    
gold 9 *aff fires2 physicians use fires 
( v9e-twigs 9 _! di/illations2 & tam>isk
 is ! be/ fuel = a glass-h\se4          
,olive-b\ghs 9 a *imney w>m v well1 b   
hurt o!r ba?s3 !y spoil ! pla/]+1 &     
weak5 ! f\ndation2 & !re=e ! mo/ skilful
 ( ! public (fic]s =bid ^? t r5t ! ba?s 
to burn olive-tree wood1 or ?r[ d>nel   
se$ into ! fire1 because ! fumes ( x    
dizzy & br+ ! heada*e to ^? t ba!4      
,!re=e x is no wond] t ! moon diff]s 9  
h] qualities f ! sun2 & t ! sun %\ld %$ 
"s dry+1 & ! moon "s dissolv+1 influ5ce 

^u fle%4 ,& ^u ?is acc\nt x is t nurses 
are v cauti\s ( expos+ _! infants to !  
beams ( ! moon2 = !y be+ full ( moi/ure1
 z gre5 plants1 are easily wre/$ &      
di/ort$4 ,& ev]ybody kn[s t ^? t sleep  
abroad "u ! beams ( ! moon are n easily 
wak$1 b seem /upid & s5seless2 = !      
moi/ure t ! moon %$s ^u !m oppresses _! 
faculty & disables _! bodies4 ,besides1 
x is commonly said1 t wom5 br\ght to b$ 
:5 ! moon is a =tnight old1 h easy      
labors2 & = ?is reason ,i believe t     
,diana1 :i* 0 ! same ) ! moon1 0 call$ !
 goddess ( *ildbir?4 ,& ,timo!us        
appositely says1       ,by ! blue heav5 
t :eels ! />s1      ,& by ! moon t eases
 wom5's pa9s4  ,ev5 9 inanimate bodies !
 p[] ( ! moon is v evid5t4 ,= trees t   
are cut 9 ! full ( ! moon c>p5t]s       
refuse1 z be+ s(t1 &1 by reason ( _!    
moi/ness1 subject to corruption2 & 9 its
 wane f>m]s usually ?re% _! :eat1 t be+ 
dry x may bett] endure ! flail2 = ! corn
 9 ! full ( ! moon is moi/1 & commonly  
bruis$ 9 ?re%+4 ,besides1 !y say d\gh w 

be leav5$ soon] 9 ! full1 = !n1 ?\gh !  
leav5 is sc>ce proportion$ to ! meal1   
yet x r>efies & leav5s ! :ole lump4 ,n[ 
:5 fle% putrefies1 ! comb9+ _s is only  
*ang$ into a moi/ consi/5ce1 & ! p>ts ( 
! body sep>ate & dissolve4 ,& ?is is    
evid5t 9 ! v air itself1 = :5 ! moon is 
full1 mo/ dew falls2 & ?is ,alcman !    
poet intimates1 :5 he some:]e calls dew 
! air's & moon's daught]1 say+1         
,see h[ ! daught] ( ! ,moon & ,air      
,does n\ri% all ?+s4  ,?us a ?\s&       
in/ances d prove t ! light ( ! moon is  
moi/1 & c>ries ) x a s(t5+ & corrupt+   
quality4 ,n[ ! braz5 nail t is driv5    
?r\gh ! fle%1 if1 z !y say1 x keeps !   
fle% f putrefy+1 do? x by an a/r+5t     
quality prop] to ! brass4 ,! ru/ ( brass
 physicians use 9 a/r+5t m$ic9es1 & !y  
say ^? t dig brass ore h be5 cur$ ( a   
rheum 9 _! eyes1 & t ! hair ^u _!       
eyelids ha? gr[n aga92 = ! p>ticles ris+
 f ! ore1 be+ ins5sibly appli$ to !     
eyes1 /ops ! rheum & dries up ! humor1 &
 ^u ?is acc\nt1 p]haps2 ,hom] calls     

brass ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1 &  
,ari/otle says1 t w\nds made by a braz5 
d>t or a braz5 sword are less pa9ful &  
soon] cur$ ?an ^? t are made ( iron     
weapons1 because brass ha? some?+       
m$ic9al 9 itself1 :i* 9 ! v in/ant is   
appli$ to ! w\nd4 ,n[ x is manife/ t    
a/r+5ts are contr>y to putrefy+1 & heal+
 to corrupt+ qualities4 ,"s p]haps may  
say1 t ! nail be+ driv5 ?r\gh draws all 
! moi/ure to itself1 = ! humor /ill fl[s
 to ! "p t is hurt2 & !re=e x is said t 
by ! nail !re always appe>s "s speck &  
tumor2 & !re=e x is rational t ! o!r    
p>ts %\ld rema9 s\nd1 :5 all !          
corruption ga!rs ab\t t4     ,,book     
,,iv4  ,polybius1 my ,sossius ,s5ecio1  
advis$ ,scipio ,africanus nev] to return
 f ! ,=um1 :]e he 0 conv]sant ab\t !    
affairs ( ! city1 be=e he _h ga9$ "o new
 fri5d4 ,:]e ,i suppose ! ^w fri5d is n 
to be tak5 too nicely1 to signify a la/+
 & un*angeable acqua9tance2 b1 z x      
vulg>ly means1 a well-wi%]1 & z         
,dice>*us takes x1 :5 he says t we %\ld 

endeavor to make all m5 well-wi%]s1 b   
only good m5 fri5ds4 ,= fri5d%ip is to  
be acquir$ by "t & virtue2 b good-w is  
produc$ by a famili> int]c\rse1 or by   
mir? & trifl+ among/ civil & g5teel m51 
especially if opportunity assi/s _!     
natural incl9ations to good-nature4 ,b  
consid] :e!r ?is advice may n be        
accommodat$ to an ent]ta9m5t z well z ! 
,=um2 s t we %\ld n break up ! meet+    
be=e we _h ga9$ "o ( ! company to be a  
well-wi%] & a fri5d4 ,o!r occasions draw
 m5 into ! ,=um1 b m5 ( s5se come to an 
ent]ta9m5t z well to get new fri5ds z to
 make _! old ones m]ry2 inde$1 to c>ry  
away any?+ else is sordid & uncivil1 b  
to dep>t ) "o fri5d m ?an we _h is      
pleas+ & comm5dable4 ,& s1 on ! contr>y1
 he t do? n aim at ?is r5d]s ! meet+    
useless & unpleasant to himself1 &      
dep>ts at la/1 hav+ be5 a p>tak] ( an   
ent]ta9m5t ) 8 belly b n ) 8 m9d4 ,= he 
t makes "o at a fea/ do? n come only to 
enjoy ! meat & dr9k1 b likewise !       
disc\rse1 mir?1 & g5teel humor :i* ends 

at la/ 9 fri5d%ip & good-w4 ,! wre/l]s1 
t !y may hold fa/ & lock bett]1 use du/2
 & s w9e mix$ ) disc\rse is (           
extraord9>y use to make u hold fa/ (1 & 
fa/5 ^u1 a fri5d4 ,= w9e temp]$ )       
disc\rse c>ries g5tle & k9d affections  
out ( ! body into ! m9d2 o!rwise1 x is  
scatt]$ ?r\gh ! limbs1 & s]ves only to  
swell & di/urb4 ,?us z a m>ble1 by cool+
 r$ hot iron1 takes away its s(tness &  
makes x h>d1 fit to be wr\ght & receive 
impression2 ?us disc\rse at an          
ent]ta9m5t do? n p]mit ! m5 t are engag$
 to become altoge!r liquid by ! w9e1 b  
conf9es & makes _! jocund & oblig+      
temp]s v fit to receive an impression f 
! seal ( fri5d%ip if dext]\sly appli$4  
,,"q ,i4 ,,:e!r ,,diff]5t ,,sorts ,,(   
,,food1 ,,or ,,"o ,,s+le ,,di% ,,f$ ,,^u
 ,,at ,,once1 ,,is ,,m ,,easily         
,,dige/$4  ,,philo1 ,,plut>*1 ,,m>cion4 
,! fir/ "q ( my f\r? decade ( ,table    
,disc\rses %all be conc]n+ diff]5t sorts
 ( food eat5 at "o meal4 ,:5 we came to 
,hyampolis at ! fea/ call$ ,elaphebolia1

 ,philo ! physician gave u a v sumptu\s 
ent]ta9m5t2 & see+ a boy :o came )      
,phil9us fe$+ ^u dry bread & call+ =    
no?+ else1 he cri$ out1 ,o ,h]cules1    
well ,i see ! prov]b is v]ifi$1         
,!y f\ght mid/ /ones1 b c\ld n take up  
"o1  & pres5tly w5t out to fet* him "s  
agreeable food4 ,he /ay$ "s "t1 & at la/
 br\ght !m dri$ figs & *eese2 ^u :i* ,i 
said3 ,x is usually se5 t ^? t provide  
co/ly & sup]flu\s da9ties neglect1 or   
are n well furni%$ )1 useful & necess>y 
?+s4 ,i prote/1 said ,philo1 ,i did n   
m9d t ,phil9us designs to bre$ u a "y   
,sosa/rus1 :o 7!y say7 nev] all 8       
lifetime drank or ate any?+ beside milk1
 al?\gh x is probable t x 0 "s *ange 9 8
 con/itution t made him use ?is sort (  
diet2 b our ,*iron "h1--q contr>y to !  
old "o t br$ ,a*illes f 8 v bir?1--fe$+ 
8 son ) unbloody food1 gives p reason to
 suspect t l a gras%opp] he keeps him on
 dew & air4 ,inde$1 said ,phil9us1 ,i   
did n "k t we 7 to meet ) a supp] ( a   
hundr$ bea/s1 su* z ,ari/om5es made = 8 

fri5ds2 o!rwise ,i _h come ) "s poor &  
:olesome food ab\t me1 z a specific     
aga9/ su* co/ly & un:olesome            
ent]ta9m5ts4 ,= ,i h (t5 he>d t simple  
diet is n only m easily provid$1 b      
likewise m easily dige/$1 ?an su*       
v>iety4 ,at ?is ,m>cion said to ,philo3 
,phil9us ha? spoil$ y\r :ole provision  
by det]r+ gue/s f eat+2 b1 if y desire  
x1 ,i w be surety = y1 t su* v>iety is m
 easily dige/$ ?an simple food1 s t )\t 
fe> or di/ru/ !y may fe$ he>tily4 ,philo
 desir$ him to d s4  ,:5 aft] supp] we  
begg$ ,phil9us to discov] :at he _h to  
urge aga9/ v>iety ( food1 he ?us began3 
,i am n ! au?or ( ?is op9ion1 b our     
fri5d ,philo "h is ev] n[ & !n tell+ u1 
fir/1 t wild bea/s1 fe$+ on "o sort only
 & simple diet1 are mu* m heal?y ?an m5 
are2 & t ^? :i* are kept 9 p5s are mu* m
 subject to diseases & crudities1 by    
reason ( ! prep>$ v>iety we usually give
 !m4 ,secondly1 no physician is s d>+1 s
 v5tur\s at new exp]im5ts1 z to give a  
fev]i% pati5t diff]5t sorts ( food at   

once4 ,no1 simple food1 & )\t sauce1 z m
 easy to be dige/$1 is ! only diet !y   
all[4 ,n[ food mu/ be wr\ght on & alt]$ 
by our natural p[]s2 9 dye+1 clo? ( !   
mo/ simple color takes ! t9cture soone/2
 ! mo/ inodor\s oil is soone/ by p]fumes
 *ang$ into an ess5ce2 & simple diet is 
soone/ *ang$1 & soone/ yields to !      
dige/+ p[]4 ,= _m & diff]5t qualities1  
hav+ "s contr>iety1 :5 !y meet disagree 
& corrupt "o ano!r2 z 9 a city1 a mix$  
r\t are n easily r$uc$ into "o body1 nor
 br\ght to foll[ ! same conc]ns2 = ea*  
works accord+ to its own nature1 & is v 
h>dly br\ght to side ) ano!r's quality4 
,n[ ?is is evid5t 9 w9e2 mix$ w9e       
inebriates v soon1 & drunk5ness is mu* l
 a crudity ris+ f undige/$ w9e2 & !re=e 
! dr9k]s hate mix$ liquors1 & ^? t d mix
 !m d x privately1 z afraid to h _!     
design ^u ! company discov]$4 ,e *ange  
is di/urb+ & injuri\s1 & !re=e musicians
 are v c>eful h[ !y /rike _m /r+s at    
once2 ?\gh ! mixture & v>iety ( ! notes 
w\ld be ! only h>m t w\ld foll[4 ,?is ,i

 d>e say1 t belief & ass5t c be soon]   
procur$ by disagree+ argum5ts1 ?an      
concoction by v>i\s & diff]5t qualities4
 ,b le/ ,i %\ld seem jocose1 waiv+ ?is1 
,i w return to ,philo's obs]vations     
aga94 ,we h (t5 he>d him decl>e t x is !
 quality t makes meat h>d to be dige/$2 
t to mix _m ?+s toge!r is hurtful1 &    
begets unnatural qualities2 & t e man   
%\ld take t :i* by exp]i5ce he f9ds mo/ 
agreeable to 8 temp]4  ,n[ if no?+ is by
 its own nature h>d to be dige/$1 b x is
 ! quantity t di/urbs & corrupts1 ,i ?9k
 we h /ill great] reason to =be> t      
v>iety ) :i* ,philo's cook1 z x 7 9     
opposition to 8 ma/]'s practice1 w\ld   
draw u on to surfeits & diseases4 ,= by 
! diff]5t sorts ( food & new ways (     
dress+1 he /ill keeps up ! unwe>i$      
appetite1 & leads x f "o di% to ano!r1  
till ta/+ ( ev]y?+ we take m ?an is     
suffici5t & en\gh2 z ,hypsipyle's       
fo/]-son1       ,:o1 9 a g>d5 plac$1    
pluck$ up ! fl[]s1      ,"o aft] "o1 &  
sp5t delightful h\rs2      ,b /ill 8    

gre$y appetite goes on1      ,& /ill he 
pluck$ till all ! fl[]s 7 gone4      7,f
 ! ,hypsipyle ( ,euripides1 ,frag4      
#ged47  ,b m1 me?9ks1 ,socrates is "h to
 be rememb]$1 :o advise? u to =be> ^?   
junkets :i* provoke ^? t are n hungry to
 eat2 z if by ?is he caution$ u to fly  
v>iety ( meats4 ,= x is v>iety t 9      
ev]y?+ draws u on to use m ?an b>e      
necessity requires4 ,?is is manife/ 9   
all sorts ( pleasures1 ei!r ( ! eye1 e>1
 or t\*2 = x /ill propose? new          
provocatives2 b 9 simple pleasures1 &   
su* z are conf9$ to "o sort1 !          
temptation nev] c>ries u beyond nature's
 wants4 ,9 %ort1 9 my op9ion1 we %\ld m 
patie musician praise a disagree+ v>iety
 ( notes1 or a p]fum] mix$ o9tm5ts1 ?an 
a physician comm5d ! v>iety ( di%es2 =  
c]ta9ly su* *anges & turn+s z mu/       
necess>ily ensue w =ce u out ( ! "r way 
( heal?4  ,phil9us hav+ end$ 8 disc\rse1
 ,m>cion said3 ,9 my op9ion1 n only ^? t
 sep>ate pr(it f hone/y are obnoxi\s to 
,socrates's curse1 b ^? also t sep>ate  

pleasure f heal?1 z if x 7 its enemy &  
opposite1 & n its great fri5d & promot]4
 ,pa9 we use b seldom & unwill+ly1 z !  
mo/ viol5t in/rum5t4 ,b f all ?+s else1 
none1 ?\gh he w\ld will+ly1 c remove    
pleasure4 ,x /ill att5ds :5 we eat1     
sleep1 ba!1 or ano9t1 & takes c>e ( &   
nurses ! diseas$2 dissipat+ all t is    
hurtful & disagreeable1 by apply+ t :i* 
is prop]1 pleas+1 & natural4 ,= :at pa91
 :at want1 :at poison s quickly & s     
easily cures a disease z seasonable     
ba?+8 ,a glass ( w9e1 :5 a man wants x1 
or a di% ( palatable meat1 pres5tly     
frees u f all di/urb+ p>ticles1 &       
settles nature 9 its prop] /ate1 !re be+
 z x 7 a calm & s]5ity spread ov] !     
tr\bl$ humors4 ,b ^? rem$ies t are      
pa9ful d h>dly & by little & little only
 promote ! cure1 e difficulty pu%+ on & 
=c+ ,nature4 ,& !re=e let n ,phil9us    
blame u1 if we d n make all ! sail we c 
to fly f pleasure1 b m dilig5tly        
endeavor to make pleasure & heal?1 ?an  
o!r philosoph]s d to make pleasure &    

hone/y1 agree4 ,n[1 9 my op9ion1        
,phil9us1 y seem to be out 9 y\r fir/   
argum5t1 :]e y suppose ! bea/s use m    
simple food & are m heal?y ?an m52 nei!r
 ( :i* is true4 ,! fir/ ! goats 9       
,eupolis confute1 = !y extol _! pa/ure z
 full ( v>iety & all sorts ( h]bs1 9 ?is
 mann]1       ,we fe$ almo/ on e k9d (  
trees1      ,"y firs1 ! ilex1 & ! oak we
 crop3      ,sweet trefoil fragrant     
junip]1 & yew1      ,wild olives1       
?yme1--all freely yield _! /ore4  ,^! t 
,i h m5tion$ are v diff]5t 9 ta/e1      
smell1 & o!r qualities1 & he reckons m  
sorts :i* ,i h omitt$4 ,! second ,hom]  
skilfully refutes1 :5 he tells u t !    
plague fir/ began among/ ! bea/s4       
,besides1 ! %ortness ( _! lives proves t
 !y are v subject to diseases2 = !re is 
sc>ce any irrational creature long liv$1
 besides ! cr[ & ! *\gh2 & ^? two e "o  
kn[s d n conf9e !mselves to simple food1
 b eat any?+4 ,besides1 y take no good  
rule to judge :at is easy & :at is h>d (
 dige/ion f ! diet ( ^? t are sick2 =   

labor & ex]cise1 & ev5 to *ew our meat  
well1 contribute v mu* to dige/ion1     
nei!r ( :i* c agree ) a man 9 a fev]4   
,aga91 t ! v>iety ( meats1 by reason ( !
 diff]5t qualities ( ! p>ticul>s1 %\ld  
disagree & spoil "o ano!r1 y h no reason
 to fe>4 ,= if ,nature takes f dissimil>
 bodies :at is fit & agreeable1 ! div]se
 n\ri%m5t =ces _m & sundry qualities    
into ! mass & bulk ( ! body1 apply+ to e
 "p t :i* is meet & fit2 s t1 z         
,emp$ocles words x1      ,! sweet runs  
to ! sweet1 ! s\r comb9es     ,) s\r1 ! 
%>p ) %>p1 ! salt ) salt2  & aft] be+   
mix$ x is spread ?r\gh ! mass by ! heat1
 ! prop] p>ts are sep>at$ & appli$ to ! 
prop] memb]s4 ,inde$1 x is v probable t 
su* bodies z ours1 consi/+ ( p>ts (     
diff]5t natures1 %\ld be n\ri%$ & built 
up r ( v>i\s ?an ( simple matt]4 ,b if  
by concoction !re is an alt]ation made 9
 ! food1 ?is w be m easily p]=m$ :5 !re 
are diff]5t sorts ( meat1 ?an :5 !re is 
only "o1 9 ! /oma*2 = simil>s _c "w ^u  
simil>s & ! v contr>iety 9 ! mixture    

consid]ably promotes ! alt]ation ( !    
weak5$ qualities4 ,b if1 ,phil9us1 y are
 aga9/ all mixture1 d n *ide ,philo only
 = ! v>iety ( 8 di%es & sauces1 b also =
 us+ mixture 9 8 sov]eign antidotes1 :i*
 ,erasi/ratus calls ! gods' h&s4        
,conv9ce him ( absurdity & vanity1 :5 he
 mixes h]bs1 metals1 & animals1 & ?+s f 
sea & l&1 9 "o potion2 & recomm5d him to
 neglect ^!1 & to conf9e all physic to  
b>ley-bro?1 g\rds1 & oil mix$ ) wat]4 ,b
 y urge f>!r1 t v>iety entice? !        
appetite t ha? no comm& ov] itself4 ,t  
is1 good sir1 cleanly1 :olesome1 sweet1 
palatable1 pleas+ diet makes u eat &    
dr9k m ?an ord9>y4 ,:y !n1 in/ead ( f9e 
fl\r1 d n we ?ick5 our bro? ) co>se     
bran8 ,& in/ead ( asp>agus1 :y d we n   
dress nettle-tops & ?i/les2 & leav+ ?is 
fragrant & pleasant w9e1 dr9k s\r1 h>%  
liquor t gnats h be5 buzz+ ab\t a long  
:ile8 ,because1 p]haps y may reply1     
:olesome fe$+ do? n consi/ 9 a p]fect   
avoid+ ( all t is pleas+1 b 9 mod]at+ ! 
appetite 9 t respect1 & mak+ x pref]    

pr(it be=e pleasure4 ,b1 sir1 z a m>9]  
has a ?\s& ways to avoid a /iff gale (  
w9d1 b :5 x is cle> d[n & a p]fect calm1
 _c raise x aga92 ?us to correct &      
re/ra9 our extravagant appetite is no   
h>d matt]1 b :5 x gr[s weak & fa9t1 :5 x
 fails z to its prop] objects1 !n to    
raise x & make x vigor\s & active aga9  
is1 sir1 a v difficult & h>d task4 ,&   
!re=e v>iety ( vi&s is z mu* bett] ?an  
simple food1 :i* is apt to satisfy by   
be+ b ( "o sort1 z x is easi] to /op    
,nature :5 %e makes too mu* spe$ ?an to 
=ce h] on :5 langui%+ & fa9t4 ,besides1 
:at "s say1 t fullness is m to be avoid$
 ?an empt9ess1 is n true2 b1 on !       
contr>y1 fullness !n only hurts :5 x    
ends 9 a surfeit or disease2 b empt9ess1
 ?\gh x do? no o!r mis*ief1 is ( itself 
unnatural4 ,& let ?is suffice z an answ]
 to :at y propos$4 ,b y sp>+ m5 h =got1 
t v>iety is sweet] & m desir$ by !      
appetite1 unless too sweet4 ,=1 ! sight 
prep>+ ! way1 x is soon assimilat$ to ! 
eag] receiv+ body2 b t :i* is n         

desirable ,nature ei!r ?r[s (f aga91 or 
keeps x 9 = m]e want4 ,b pray obs]ve    
?is1 t ,i d n plead = v>iety 9 t>ts1    
cakes1 or cu/>ds2--^? are va91          
insignificant1 & sup]flu\s ?+s2--b ev5  
,plato all[$ v>iety to ^? f9e citiz5s ( 
81 sett+ be=e !m onions1 olives1 leeks1 
*eese1 & all sorts ( meat & fi%1 &      
besides ^!1 all[$ !m "s comfits4    ,,"q
 ,,ii4 ,,:y ,,mu%rooms ,,are ,,?\ght    
,,to ,,be ,,produc$ ,,by ,,?und]1 ,,&   
,,:y ,,x ,,is ,,believ$ ,,t ,,m5        
,,asleep ,,are ,,nev] ,,?und]/ruck4     
,,agema*us1 ,,plut>*1 ,,doro!us4  ,at a 
supp] 9 ,elis1 ,agema*us set be=e u v   
l>ge mu%rooms4 ,& :5 all admir$ at !m1  
"o ) a smile said1 ,^! are wor?y ! late 
?und]1 z x 7 d]id+ ^? :o imag9e mu%rooms
 are produc$ by ?und]4 ,"s said t ?und] 
did split ! e>?1 us+ ! air z a w$ge = t 
purpose1 & t by ^? *9ks ^? t s\ght aft] 
mu%rooms 7 direct$ :]e to f9d !m2 & !nce
 x grew a common op9ion1 t ?und] eng5d]s
 mu%rooms1 & n only makes !m a passage  
to appe>2 z if "o %\ld imag9e t a %[] ( 

ra9 bre$s snails1 & n r makes !m creep  
=? & be se5 abroad4 ,agema*us /ood up   
/iffly = ! receiv$ op9ion1 & told u1 we 
%\ld n disbelieve x only because x 0    
/range1 = !re are a ?\s& o!r effects (  
?und] & lightn+ & a ?\s& om5s d$uc$ f   
!m1 ^: causes x is v h>d1 if n          
impossible1 to discov]2 = ?is laugh$-at1
 ?is prov]bial mu%room do? n escape !   
?und] because x is s little1 b because x
 ha? "s antipa!tical qualities t pres]ve
 x f bla/+2 z likewise a fig-tree1 ! sk9
 ( a sea-calf 7z !y say71 & t ( ! hy5a1 
) :i* sailors cov] ! ends ( _! sails4 ,&
 husb&m5 call ?und]-%[]s n\ri%+1 & ?9k  
!m to be s4 ,inde$1 x is absurd to wond]
 at ^! ?+s1 :5 we see ! mo/ incr$ible   
?+s imag9able 9 ?und]1 z flame ris+ out 
( moi/ vapors1 & f s(t cl\ds su* a/oni%+
 noises4 ,?us1 he cont9u$1 ,i prattle1  
exhort+ y to inquire aft] ! cause2 & ,i 
%all accept ?is z y\r club = ^!         
mu%rooms4  ,!n ,i began3 ,agema*us      
himself helps u exce$+ly t[>ds ?is      
discov]y2 = no?+ at ! pres5t seems m    

probable ?an t1 toge!r ) ! ?und]1       
(t5times g5]ative wat]s fall1 :i* take t
 quality f ! heat mix$ ) !m4 ,= ! pi]c+ 
pure p>ts ( ! fire break away 9 lightn+2
 b ! gross] w9dy "p1 be+ wrapp$ up 9    
cl\d1 *anges x1 tak+ away ! coldness &  
heat+ ! moi/ure1 alt]+ & be+ alt]$ ) x1 
affects x s t x is made fit to ent] !   
pores ( plants1 & is easily assimilat$  
to !m4 ,besides1 su* ra9 gives ^? ?+s   
:i* x wat]s a peculi> temp]ature &      
diff]5ce ( juice4 ,?us dew makes ! grass
 sweet] to ! %eep1 & ! cl\ds f :i* a    
ra9b[ is reflect$ make ^? trees on :i*  
!y fall fragrant4 ,& our prie/s1        
di/+ui%+ x by ?is1 call ! wood ( ^?     
trees ,iris-/ruck1 fancy+ t ,iris1 or ! 
ra9b[1 ha? re/$ on !m4 ,n[ x is probable
 t :5 ^! ?und] & lightn+ %[]s ) a great 
deal ( w>m? & _s desc5d =cibly into !   
cav]ns ( ! e>?1 ^! are roll$ ar\nd1 &   
knobs & tumors are =m$ l ^? produc$ by  
heat & noxi\s humors 9 our bodies1 :i*  
we call w5s or k]nels4 ,= a mu%room is n
 l a plant1 nei!r is x produc$ )\t ra92 

x ha? no root nor spr\ts1 x dep5ds on   
no?+1 b is a be+ by itself1 hav+ its    
sub/ance ( ! e>?1 a little *ang$ &      
alt]$4 ,if ?is disc\rse seems frivol\s1 
,i assure y t su* are mo/ ( ! effects ( 
?und] & lightn+ :i* we see2 & ^u t      
acc\nt m5 ?9k !m to be imm$iately       
direct$ by ,heav51 & n dep5d+ on natural
 causes4  ,doro!us ! rhetorician1 "o (  
our company1 said3 ,y speak "r1 sir1 = n
 only ! vulg> & illit]ate1 b ev5 "s ( ! 
philosoph]s1 h be5 ( t op9ion4 ,i       
rememb] "h 9 ?is t[n lightn+ broke into 
a h\se & did a great _m /range ?+s4 ,x  
let ! w9e out ( a vessel1 ?\gh ! e>!n   
vessel rema9$ :ole2 & fall+ ^u a man    
asleep1 x nei!r hurt him nor bla/$ 8    
clo!s1 b melt$ c]ta9 pieces ( silv] t he
 _h 9 8 pocket1 defac$ !m q1 & made !m  
run into a lump4 ,^u ?is he w5t to a    
philosoph]1 a ,py?agorean1 t soj\rn$ 9 !
 t[n1 & ask$ ! reason2 ! philosoph]     
direct$ him to "s expiat+ rites1 &      
advis$ him to consid] s]i\sly ) himself 
& g to pray]s4 ,& ,i h be5 told1 ^u a   

s5t9el at ,rome1 z he /ood to gu>d !    
temple1 burn$ ! lat*et ( 8 %oe1 & did no
 o!r h>m2 & sev]al silv] c&le/icks ly+ 9
 wood5 boxes1 ! silv] 0 melt$ :ile !    
boxes lay unt\*$4 ,^! /ories y may      
believe or n z y please4 ,b t :i* is mo/
 wond]ful1 & :i* ev]ybody kn[s1 is      
?is1--! bodies ( ^? t are kill$ by      
?und]bolt nev] putrefy4 ,= _m nei!r burn
 nor bury su* bodies1 b let !m lie above
 gr\nd ) a f5ce ab\t !m1 s t e "o may   
see ! !y rema9 uncorrupt$1 confut$ by   
?is ,euripides's ,clym5e1 :o says ?us ( 
,phaeton1       ,my be/ belov$1 b n[ he 
lies      ,& putrefies 9 "s d>k vale4   
,& ,i believe brim/one is call$ ,greek  
omitt$ 7,,div9e71 because its smell is l
 t fi]y (f5sive sc5t :i* rises f bodies 
t are ?und]/ruck4 ,& ,i suppose t1      
because ( ?is sc5t1 dogs & birds w n    
prey on su* c>casses4 ,?us f> h ,i gone2
 let him proce$1 s9ce he ha? be5        
applaud$ = 8 disc\rse ( mu%rooms1 le/ ! 
same je/ might be put ^u u t 0 ^u       
,&rocydes ! pa9t]4 ,= :5 9 8 l&scape (  

,scylla he pa9t$ fi% ! be/ & mo/ to !   
life ( any?+ 9 ! :ole draught1 he 0 said
 to use 8 appetite m ?an 8 art1 = he    
naturally lov$ fi%4 ,s "s may say t we  
philosophize ab\t mu%rooms1 ! cause ( ^:
 production is confess$ly d\btful1 = !  
pleasure we take 9 eat+ !m4444  ,& :5 ,i
 put 9 my sugge/ion1 say+ t x 0 z       
seasonable to dispute ab\t ?und] &      
lightn+ amid/ our banquets z x w\ld be 9
 a com$y to br+ 9 ma*9es to ?r[ out     
lightn+1 ! company agre$ to omit all o!r
 que/ions relat+ to ! subject1 & desir$ 
me only to proce$ on ?is head1 ,:y m5   
asleep are nev] /ruck ) lightn+4 ,& ,i1 
?\gh ,i knew ,i %\ld get no great cr$it 
by propos+ a cause ^: reason 0 common to
 o!r ?+s1 said ?us3 ,lightn+ is         
wond]fully pi]c+ & subtile1 p>tly       
because x rises f a v pure sub/ance1 &  
p>tly because by ! swiftness ( its      
motion x purges itself & ?r[s (f all    
gross e>?y p>ticles t are mix$ ) x4     
,no?+1 says ,democritus1 is bla/$ )     
lightn+1 t _c resi/ & /op ! motion ( !  

pure flame4 ,?us ! close bodies1 z      
brass1 silv]1 & ! l1 :i* /op x1 feel its
 =ce & are melt$1 because !y resi/2 :il/
 r>e1 ?9 bodies1 & su* z are full (     
pores1 are pass$ ?r\gh & are n hurt$1 z 
clo!s or dry wood4 ,x bla/s gre5 wood or
 grass1 ! moi/ure )9 !m be+ seiz$ &     
k9dl$ by ! flame4 ,n[ if x is true t m5 
asleep are nev] kill$ by lightn+1 f :at 
we h propos$1 & n f any?+ else1 we mu/  
endeavor to draw ! cause4 ,n[ ! bodies (
 ^? t are awake are /iff] & m apt to    
resi/1 all ! p>ts be+ full ( spirits2   
:i* z x 7 9 a h>p1 di/5d+ & screw+ up ! 
organs ( s5se1 makes ! body ( ! animal  
firm1 close1 & compact$4 ,b :5 m5 are   
asleep1 ! organs are let d[n1 & ! body  
becomes r>e1 lax1 & loose2 & ! spirits  
fail+1 x ha? abundance ( pores1 ?r\gh   
:i* small s\nds & smells d fl[          
ins5sibly4 ,= 9 t case1 !re is no?+ t c 
resi/ & by ?is resi/ance receive any    
s5sible impression f any objects t are  
pres5t$1 mu* less f su* z are s subtile 
& move s swiftly z lightn+4 ,?+s t are  

weak ,nature %ields f h>m1 f5c+ !m ab\t 
) "s h>d1 ?ick cov]+2 b ^? ?+s t _c be  
resi/$ d less h>m to ! bodies t yield   
?an to ^? t oppose _! =ce4 ,besides1 ^? 
t are asleep are n />tl$ at ! ?und]2 !y 
h no con/]nation ^u !m1 :i* kills a     
great _m t are no o!rwise hurt1 & we "k 
t ?\s&s die ) ! v fe> ( be+ kill$4 ,ev5 
%eph]ds tea* _! %eep to run toge!r :5 x 
?und]s1 = :il/ !y lie scatt]$ !y die )  
fe>2 & we see ?\s&s fall1 :i* h no m>ks 
( any /roke or fire ab\t !m1 _! s\ls 7z 
x seems71 l birds1 fly+ out ( _! bodies 
at ! fright4 ,= _m1 z ,euripides says1  
,a clap ha? kill$1 yet ne'er drew drop (
 blood4  ,= c]ta9ly ! he>+ is a s5se t  
is soone/ & mo/ vigor\sly wr\ght ^u1 & !
 fe> t is caus$ by an a/oni%+ noise     
raise? ! greate/ commotion & di/urbance 
9 ! body2 f all :i* m5 asleep1 because  
ins5sible1 are secure4 ,b ^? t are awake
 are (t5times kill$ ) fe> be=e !y are   
t\*$2 ! fe> contracts & cond5ses ! body1
 s t ! /roke mu/ be /rong1 because !re  
is s consid]able a resi/ance4    ,,"q   

,,iii4 ,,:y ,,m5 ,,usually ,,invite ,,_m
 ,,gue/s ,,to ,a ,,w$d+ ,,supp]4        
,,sossius ,,s5ecio1 ,,plut>*1 ,,!o4  ,at
 my son ,autobulus's m>riage1 ,sossius  
,s5ecio f ,*a]onea & a great _m o!r     
noble p]sons 7 pres5t at ! same fea/2   
:i* gave occasion to ?is "q 7,s5ecio    
propos$ x71 :y to a m>riage fea/ m gue/s
 are usually invit$ ?an to any o!r4 ,nay
 ev5 ^? law-giv]s t *iefly oppos$ luxury
 & pr(us5ess h p>ticul>ly conf9$ m>riage
 fea/s to a set numb]4 ,inde$1 9 my     
op9ion1 he cont9u$1 ,hecataeus !        
,abd]ite1 "o ( ! old philosoph]s1 ha?   
said no?+ to ! purpose 9 ?is matt]1 :5  
he tells u t ^? t m>ry wives invite a   
great _m to ! ent]ta9m5t1 t _m may see &
 be witnesses t !y be+ born free take to
 !mselves wives ( ! same condition4 ,=1 
on ! contr>y1 ! com$ians reflect on ^?  
:o revel at _! m>riages1 :o make a great
 ado & are pomp\s 9 _! fea/s1 z su* :o  
are tak+ wives ) n mu* confid5ce &      
c\rage4 ,?us1 9 ,m5&]1 "o replies to a  
bridegroom t bade him beset ! h\se )    

di%es1444       ,y\r words are great1 b 
:at's ?is to y\r bride8  ,b le/ ,i %\ld 
seem to f9d fault ) ^? reasons o!rs     
give1 only because ,i h none ( my own to
 produce1 cont9u$ he1 ,i w beg9 by      
decl>+ t !re is no su* evid5t or public 
notice giv5 ( any fea/ z !re is ( "o at 
a m>riage4 ,= :5 we sacrifice to ! gods1
 :5 we take leave ( or receive a fri5d1 
a great _m ( our acqua9tance ne$ n "k x4
 ,b a m>riage d9n] is proclaim$ by ! l\d
 s\nd ( ! w$d+ song1 by ! tor*es & !    
music1 :i* z ,hom] expresse? x1       ,!
 wom5 /& be=e ! doors to see & he>4     
7,iliad1 xviii4 #die47  ,& !re=e :5     
ev]ybody kn[s x1 ! p]sons are a%am$ to  
omit ! =mality ( an invitation1 & !re=e 
ent]ta9 _! fri5ds & k9dr$1 & e "o t !y  
are anyway acqua9t$ )4  ,?is be+ g5]ally
 approv$1 ,well1 said ,!o1 speak+ next1 
let x be s1 = x looks l tru?2 b let ?is 
be add$1 if y please1 t su* ent]ta9m5ts 
are n only fri5dly1 b also k9dr$ly1 !   
p]sons beg9n+ to h a new relation to    
ano!r family4 ,b !re is some?+ m        

consid]able1 & t is ?is2 s9ce by ?is    
m>riage two families jo9 9 "o1 ! man    
?9ks x 8 duty to be civil & oblig+ to ! 
woman's fri5ds1 & ! woman's fri5ds ?9k  
!mselves oblig$ to return ! same to him 
& 82 & ^u ?is acc\nt ! company is d\bl$4
 ,& besides1 s9ce mo/ ( ! little        
c]emonies belong+ to ! w$d+ are p]=m$ by
 wom51 x is necess>y t1 :]e !y are      
ent]ta9$1 _! husb&s %\ld be likewise    
pres5t4    ,,"q ,,iv4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,sea  
,,or ,,l& ,,af=ds ,,bett] ,,food4       
,,calli/ratus1 ,,symma*us1 ,,polycrates4
  ,a$epsus 9 ,euboea1 :]e ! ba?s are1 is
 a place by nature e way fitt$ = free & 
g5tle pleasures1 & )al s beautifi$ )    
/ately edifices & d9+ rooms1 t "o w\ld  
take x = no o!r ?an ! common place (    
repa/ = all ,greece4 ,"h1 ?\gh ! e>? &  
air yield pl5ty ( creatures = ! s]vice (
 m51 ! sea no less furni%e? ! table )   
v>iety ( di%es1 n\ri%+ a /ore ( delici\s
 fi% 9 its deep & cle> wat]s4 ,?is place
 is especially frequ5t$ 9 ! spr+2 = hi!r
 at ?is "t ( ye> abundance ( p resort1  

solac+ !mselves 9 ! mutual enjoym5t (   
all ^? pleasures ! place af=ds1 & at    
sp>e h\rs pass away ! "t 9 _m useful &  
edify+ disc\rses4 ,:5 ,calli/ratus !    
,sophi/ liv$ "h1 x 0 a h>d matt] to d9e 
at any place besides 8 h\se2 = he 0 s   
extremely c\rte\s & oblig+1 t no man :om
 he invit$ to d9n] c\ld h ! face to say 
him nay4 ,"o ( 8 be/ humors 0 to pick up
 all ! pleasant fell[s he c\ld meet )1 &
 put !m 9 ! same room4 ,sometimes he    
did1 z ,cimon "o ( ! anci5ts us$ to d1 &
 satisfactorily treat$ m5 ( all sorts & 
fa%ions4 ,b he always 7s to speak7      
foll[$ ,celeus1 :o 0 ! fir/ man1 x is   
said1 t assembl$ daily a numb] (        
honorable p]sons ( di/9ction1 & call$ ! 
place :]e !y met ! ,prytaneum4  ,sev]al 
times at ^! public meet+s div]s         
agreeable disc\rses 7 rais$2 & x fell   
out t once a v spl5did treat1 adorn$ )  
all v>iety ( da9ties1 gave occasion =   
inquiries conc]n+ food1 :e!r ! l& or sea
 yield$ bett]4 ,"h :5 a great "p ( !    
company 7 highly comm&+ ! l&1 z ab\nd+ )

 _m *oice1 nay1 an inf9ite v>iety ( all 
sorts ( creatures1 ,polycrates call+ to 
,symma*us1 said to him3 ,b y1 sir1 be+  
an animal br$ betwe5 two seas1 & br\ght 
up among s _m :i* surr\nd y\r sacr$     
,nicopolis1 w n y /& up = ,neptune8     
,yes1 ,i w1 repli$ ,symma*us1 & !re=e   
comm& y to /& by me1 :o enjoy ! mo/     
pleasant "p ( all ! ,a*aean ,sea4 ,well1
 says ,polycrates1 ! beg9n+ ( my        
disc\rse %all be gr\nd$ ^u cu/om2 = z ( 
a great numb] ( poets we usually give   
"o1 :o f> excels ! re/1 ! fam\s "n (    
poet2 s ?\gh !re be _m sorts ( da9ties1 
yet cu/om has s prevail$ t ! fi% alone1 
or above all ! re/1 is call$ ,greek     
omitt$1 because x is m excell5t ?an all 
o!rs4 ,= we d n call ^? glutton\s &     
great eat]s :o love beef z ,h]cules1 :o 
aft] fle% us$ to eat gre5 figs2 nor ^? t
 love figs1 z ,plato2 nor la/ly1 ^? t   
are = grapes1 z ,arcesilaus2 b ^? :o    
frequ5t ! fi%-m>ket1 & soone/ he> !     
m>ket-bell4 ,?us :5 ,demo/h5es _h told  
,philocrates t ! gold he got by trea*]y 

0 sp5t ^u :ores & fi%1 he upbraids him z
 a glutton\s & lascivi\s fell[4 ,&      
,ctesiphon said pat en\gh1 :5 a c]ta9   
glutton cri$ al\d 9 company t he %\ld   
bur/ asund]3 ,no1 by no means let u be  
baits = y\r fi%6 ,& :at did he mean1 d y
 ?9k1 :o made ?is v]se1       ,y cap]s  
gnaw1 :5 y may /urgeon eat8  ,& :at1 =  
,god's sake1 d ^? m5 mean :o1 invit+ "o 
ano!r to sumptu\s collations1 usually   
say3 ,to-day we w d9e ^u ! %ore8 ,is x n
 t !y suppose1 :at is c]ta9ly true1 t a 
d9n] ^u ! %ore is ( all o!rs mo/        
delici\s8 ,n by reason ( ! waves !      
sea-coa/ w\ld be cont5t to fe$ ^u a     
pulse or a cap]8--b because _! table is 
furni%$ ) pl5ty ( fre% fi%4 ,add to ?is1
 t sea-food is de>] ?an any o!r4 ,:]e=e 
,cato inveigh+ aga9/ ! luxury ( ! city1 
did n exce$ ! b\nds ( tru?1 :5 he said t
 at ,rome a fi% 0 sold = m ?an an ox4 ,=
 !y sell a small pot ( fi% = z mu* z a  
hecatomb ( %eep & all ! accessories (   
sacrifice4 ,besides1 z ! physician is ! 
be/ judge ( physic1 & ! musician (      

songs2 s he is able to give ! be/ acc\nt
 ( ! goodness ( meat :o is ! greate/    
lov] ( x4 ,= ,i w n make ,py?agoras &   
,x5ocrates arbitrators 9 ?is case2 b    
,antagoras ! poet1 & ,philox5us ! son ( 
,eryxis1 & ,&rocydes ! pa9t]1 ( :om x 0 
report$ t1 :5 he drew a l&scape (       
,scylla1 he drew fi% 9 a lively mann]   
swimm+ r\nd h]1 because he 0 a great    
lov] ( !m4 ,s ,antigonus ! k+1 surpris+ 
,antagoras ! poet 9 ! habit ( a cook1   
broil+ cong]s 9 8 t5t1 said to him3 ,do/
 ?\ ?9k t ,hom] 0 dress+ cong]s :5 he   
writ ,agamemnon's fam\s exploits8 ,& he 
z sm>tly repli$3 ,d y ?9k t ,agamemnon  
did s _m fam\s exploits :5 he 0 inquir+ 
:o dress$ cong]s 9 ! camp8 ,^! argum5ts1
 says ,polycrates1 ,i h urg$ 9 behalf ( 
fi%mong]s1 draw+ !m f te/imony & cu/om4 
,b1 says ,symma*us1 ,i w g m s]i\sly to 
"w1 & m l a logician4 ,= if t may truly 
be said to be a reli% :i* gives meat !  
be/ reli%1 x w evid5tly foll[1 t t is ! 
be/ sort ( reli% :i* gets m5 ! be/ /oma*
 to _! meat4 ,!re=e1 z ^? philosoph]s :o

 7 call$ ,elpi/ics 7f ! ,greek ^w       
signify+ hope1 :i* above all o!rs !y    
cri$ up7 av]r$ t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! _w :i*  
concurr$ m to ! pres]vation ( life ?an  
hope1 )\t ^: graci\s influ5ce life w\ld 
be a burd5 & altoge!r intol]able2 9 ! l 
mann] t ( all o!r ?+s may be said to get
 u a /oma* to our meat )\t :i* all meat 
w\ld be unpalatable & nause\s4 ,& among 
all ^? ?+s ! e>? yields1 we f9d no su*  
?+s z salt1 :i* we c only h f ! sea4    
,fir/ ( all1 )\t salt1 !re w\ld be no?+ 
eatable :i* mix$ ) fl\r seasons bread   
also4 ,neptune & ,c]es _h bo? ! same    
temple4 ,besides1 salt is ! mo/ pleasant
 ( all condim5ts4 ,= ^? h]oes :o l      
a?letes us$ !mselves to a sp>e diet1    
bani%+ f _! tables all va9 & sup]flu\s  
delicacies1 to su* a degree t :5 !y     
encamp$ by ! ,hellespont !y ab/a9$ f    
fi%1 yet = all ?is c\ld n eat fle% )\t  
salt2 :i* is a suffici5t evid5ce t salt 
is ! mo/ desirable ( all reli%es4 ,= z  
colors ne$ light1 s ta/es require salt1 
t !y may affect ! s5se1 unless y w\ld h 

!m v nause\s & unpleasant4 ,=1 z        
,h]aclitus us$ to say1 a c>cass is m    
abom9able ?an dung4 ,n[ all fle% is dead
 & "p ( a lifeless c>cass2 b ! virtue ( 
salt1 be+ add$ to x1 l a s\l1 gives x a 
pleas+ reli% & a poignancy4 ,h5ce x     
comes to pass t be=e meat m5 use to take
 %>p ?+s1 & su* z h mu* salt 9 !m2 = ^! 
beguile u into an appetite4 ,& :oev] has
 8 /oma* %>p5$ ) ^! sets *e]fully &     
fre%ly ^u all o!r sorts ( meat4 ,b if he
 beg9 ) any o!r k9d ( food1 all on a    
sudd5 8 /oma* gr[s dull & languid4 ,&   
!re=e salt do? n only make meat b dr9k  
palatable4 ,= ,hom]'s onion1 :i*1 he    
tells u1 !y 7 us$ to eat be=e !y drank1 
0 fitt] = seam5 & boatm5 ?an k+s4 ,?+s  
mod]ately salt1 by be+ pleas+ to ! m\?1 
make all sorts ( w9e mild & palateable1 
& wat] itself ( a pleas+ ta/e4 ,besides1
 salt creates none ( ^? tr\bles :i* an  
onion does1 b dige/s all o!r k9ds (     
meat1 mak+ !m t5d] & fitt] = concoction2
 s t at ! same "t x is sauce to ! palate
 & physic to ! body4 ,b all o!r seafood1

 besides ?is pleasantness1 is also v    
innoc5t = ?\gh x be fle%ly1 yet x does n
 load ! /oma* z all o!r fle% does1 b is 
easily concoct$ & dige/$4 ,?is ,z5o w   
av\* = me1 & ,crato too1 :o conf9e sick 
p]sons to a fi% diet1 z ( all o!rs !    
lighte/ sort ( meat4 ,& x /&s ) reason1 
t ! sea %\ld produce ! mo/ n\ri%+ &     
:olesome food1 see+ x yields u ! mo/    
ref9$1 ! pure/ & !re=e ! mo/ agreeable  
air4  ,y say "r1 says ,lamprias1 b let u
 ?9k ( some?+ else to confirm :at y h   
spok54 ,i rememb] my old gr&fa!r 0 us$  
to say 9 d]ision ( ! ,jews1 t !y ab/a9$ 
f mo/ lawful fle%2 b we w say t t is !  
mo/ lawful meat :i* comes f ! sea4 ,= we
 c claim no great "r ov] l& creatures1  
:i* are n\ri%$ ) ! same food1 draw !    
same air1 wa% 9 & dr9k ! same wat]1 t we
 d ourselves2 & :5 !y are slaught]$1 !y 
make u a%am$ ( :at we are do+1 ) _!     
hide\s cries2 & !n aga91 by liv+ among/ 
u1 !y arrive at "s degree ( famili>ity &
 intimacy ) u4 ,b sea creatures are     
altoge!r /rang]s to u1 & are born &     

br\ght up z x 7 9 ano!r _w2 nei!r does  
_! voice1 look1 or any s]vice !y h done 
u plead = _! life4 ,= ?is k9d (         
creatures are ( no use at all to u1 nor 
is !re any necessity t we %\ld love !m4 
,b t place :i* we inhabit is hell to !m1
 & z soon z ev] !y ent] ^u x !y die4    
,,"q ,v4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,jews ,,ab/a9$ ,,f 
,,sw9e',s ,,fle% ,,because ,,!y         
,,wor%ipp$ ,,t ,,creature1 ,,or         
,,because ,,!y ,,_h ,,an ,,antipa?y     
,,aga9/ ,,x4  ,,calli/ratus1            
,,polycrates1 ,,lamprias4  ,aft] ^! ?+s 
7 spok51 & "s 9 ! company 7 m9d$ to say 
some?+ 9 def5ce ( ! contr>y op9ion1     
,calli/ratus int]rupt$ _! disc\rse &    
said3 ,sirs1 :at d y ?9k ( t :i* 0 spok5
 aga9/ ! ,jews1 t !y ab/a9 f ! mo/      
lawful fle%8 ,v well said1 quo?         
,polycrates1 = t is a ?+ ,i v mu* "q1   
:e!r x 0 t ! ,jews ab/a9$ f sw9e's fle% 
because !y conf]r$ div9e honor ^u t     
creature1 or because !y _h a natural    
av]sion to x4 ,= :atev] we f9d 9 _! own 
writ+s seems to be altoge!r fabul\s1    

except !y h "s m solid reasons :i* !y h 
no m9d to discov]4  ,h5ce x is1 says    
,calli/ratus1 t ,i am ( an op9ion t ?is 
nation has t creature 9 "s v5]ation2 &  
?\gh x be grant$ t ! hog is an ugly &   
fil?y creature1 yet x is n q s vile nor 
naturally /upid z a beetle1 griff91     
crocodile1 or cat1 mo/ ( :i* are        
wor%ipp$ z ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s by "s prie/s 
among/ ! ,egyptians4 ,b ! reason :y !   
hog is _h 9 s mu* honor & v5]ation      
among/ !m is1 because z ! report goes1 t
 creature break+ up ! e>? ) its sn\t %[$
 ! way to tillage1 & taught !m h[ to use
 ! pl\gh%>e1 :i* in/rum5t = t v reason1 
z "s say1 0 call$ ,,hynis f ,greek      
omitt$1 ,a ,,sw9e4 ,n[ ! ,egyptians     
inhabit+ a c\ntry situat$ l[ & ^: soil  
is naturally s(t1 h no ne$ ( ! pl\gh2 b 
aft] ! riv] ,nile ha? retir$ f ! gr\nds 
x ov]fl[$1 !y pres5tly let 9 all _! hogs
 into ! fields1 & !y ) _! feet & sn\t   
break up ! gr\nd1 & cov] ! s[n se$4 ,nor
 ought ?is to seem /range to anyone1 t  
!re are 9 ! _w ^? t ab/a9 f sw9e's fle% 

on su* an acc\nt z ?is2 :5 x is evid5t t
 9 b>b>\s nations !re are o!r animals _h
 9 great] honor & v5]ation = less]      
reasons1 if n altoge!r ridicul\s4 ,= !  
field-m\se only = its bl9dness 0        
wor%ipp$ z a god among ! ,egyptians1    
because !y 7 ( an op9ion t d>kness 0    
be=e light & t ! latt] _h its bir? f    
mice ab\t ! fif? g5]ation at ! new moon2
 & moreov] t ! liv] ( ?is creature      
dim9i%es 9 ! wane ( ! moon4 ,b !y       
consecrate ! lion to ! sun1 because !   
lioness alone1 ( all claw$ f\r-foot$    
bea/s1 br+s =? h] "y ) _! eyesight2 = !y
 sleep 9 a mom5t1 & :5 !y are asleep _! 
eyes sp>kle4 ,besides1 !y place gap+    
lions' heads = ! sp\ts ( _! f\nta9s1    
because ,nilus ov]fl[s ! ,egyptian      
fields :5 ! sign is ,leo3 !y give x out 
t _! bird ibis1 z soon z hat*$1 weighs  
two dra*ms1 :i* are ( ! same weight ) ! 
he>t ( a newborn infant2 & t its legs   
be+ spread ) ! bill an exact equilat]al 
triangle4 ,& yet :o c f9d fault ) !     
,egyptians = ^! trifles1 :5 x is left ^u

 record t ! ,py?agoreans wor%ipp$ a :ite
 cock1 & ( sea creatures ab/a9$         
especially f mullet & urtic4 ,! ,magi t 
desc5d$ f ,zoroa/] ador$ ! l& h$gehog   
above o!r creatures b _h a deadly spite 
aga9/ wat]-rats1 & ?\ght t man 0 de> 9 !
 eyes ( ! gods :o de/roy$ mo/ ( !m4 ,b  
,i %\ld ?9k t if ! ,jews _h su* an      
antipa?y aga9/ a hog1 !y w\ld kill x z !
 magicians d mice2 :51 on ! contr>y1 !y 
are by _! religion z mu* prohibit$ to   
kill z to eat x4 ,& p]haps !re may be "s
 reason giv5 = ?is2 = z ! ass is        
wor%ipp$ by !m z ! fir/ discov]] (      
f\nta9s1 s p]haps ! hog may be _h 9 l   
v5]ation1 :i* fir/ taught !m to s[ &    
pl\gh4 ,nay1 "s say t ! ,jews also ab/a9
 f h>es1 z abom9able & unclean          
creatures4  ,!y h reason = t1 said      
,lamprias1 because a h>e is s l an ass  
:i* !y dete/2 = 9 its color1 e>s1 & !   
sp>kl+ ( its eyes1 x is s l an ass1 t ,i
 d n "k any little creature t repres5ts 
a great "o s mu* z a h>e do? an ass2    
except 9 ?is likewise imitat+ !         

,egyptians1 !y suppose t !re is some?+ (
 div9ity 9 ! swiftness ( ?is creature1 z
 also 9 its quickness ( s5se2 = ! eyes (
 h>es are s unwe>i$ t !y sleep ) !m op54
 ,besides1 !y seem to excel all o!r     
creatures 9 quickness ( he>+2 :5ce x 0 t
 ! ,egyptians pa9t$ a h>e's e> among/ _!
 o!r hi]oglyphics1 z an emblem ( he>+4  
,b ! ,jews d hate sw9e's fle%1 because  
all ! b>b>ians are naturally fe>ful ( a 
scab & leprosy1 :i* !y presume comes by 
eat+ su* k9d ( fle%4 ,= we may obs]ve t 
all pigs "u ! belly are ov]spread ) a   
leprosy & scab2 :i* may be suppos$ to   
proce$ f an ill disposition ( body &    
corruption )91 :i* breaks out ?r\gh !   
sk94 ,besides1 sw9e's fe$+ is commonly s
 na/y & fil?y1 t x mu/ ( necessity cause
 corruptions & vici\s humors2 =1 sett+  
aside ^? creatures t are br$ f & live ^u
 dung1 !re is no o!r creature t takes s 
mu* delight to wall[ 9 ! mire & 9 o!r   
unclean & /9k+ places4 ,hogs' eyes are  
said to be s flatt5$ & fix$ ^u ! gr\nd1 
t !y see no?+ above !m1 nor ev] look up 

to ! sky1 except :5 turn$ ^u _! back !y 
turn _! eyes upw>ds contr>y to nature4  
,!re=e ?is creature1 at o!r times mo/   
clamor\s' :5 laid ^u 8 back1 is /ill1 z 
a/oni%$ at ! unusual sight ( ! heav5s2  
:ile ! greatness ( ! fe> he is 9 7z x is
 suppos$7 is ! cause ( 8 sil5ce4 ,& if x
 be lawful to int]mix our disc\rse )    
fables1 x is said t ,adonis 0 sla9 by a 
bo>4 ,n[ ,adonis is suppos$ to be ! same
 ) ,bac*us2 & !re are a great _m rites 9
 bo? _! sacrifices :i* confirm ?is      
op9ion4 ,o!rs w h ,adonis to be         
,bac*us's p>am\r2 & ,phanocles an amor\s
 love-poet writes ?us1       ,bac*us on 
hills ! fair ,adonis saw1      ,& ravi%$
 him1 & reap$ a wondr\s joy4    ,,"q    
,,vi4 ,,:at ,,god ,,is ,,wor%ipp$ ,,by  
,,! ,,jews4  ,,symma*us1 ,,lamprias1    
,,mo]ag5es4   ,"h ,symma*us1 greatly    
wond]+ at :at 0 spok51 says3 ,:at1      
,lamprias1 w y p]mit our tutel> god1    
call$ ,evius1 ! incit] ( wom51 fam\s = !
 honors he has conf]r$ ^u him by madm51 
to be inscrib$ & enroll$ 9 ! my/]ies ( !

 ,jews8 ,or is !re any solid reason t c 
be giv5 to prove ,adonis to be ! same ) 
,bac*us8 ,"h ,mo]ag5es int]pos+1 said3  
,d n be s fi]ce ^u him1 = ,i :o am an   
,a!nian answ] y1 & tell y1 9 %ort1 t ^! 
two are ! v same4 ,& no man is able or  
fit to br+ ! *ief confirmation ( ?is    
tru?1 b ^? among/ u :o are initiat$ &   
skill$ 9 ! tri5nial ,greek omitt$ or    
*ief my/]ies ( ! god4 ,b :at no religion
 =bids to speak ( among fri5ds1         
especially ov] w9e1 ! gift ( ,bac*us1 ,i
 am ready at ! comm& ( ^! g5tlem5 to    
disclose4  ,:5 all ! company reque/$ &  
e>ne/ly begg$ x ( him2 fir/ ( all 7says 
he71 ! "t & mann] ( ! greate/ & mo/ holy
 solemnity ( ! ,jews is exactly         
agreeable to ! holy rites ( ,bac*us2 = t
 :i* !y call ! ,fa/ !y celebrate 9 !    
mid/ ( ! v9tage1 furni%+ _! tables ) all
 sorts ( fruits :ile !y sit "u          
tab]nacles made ( v9es & ivy2 & ! day   
:i* imm$iately goes be=e ?is !y call !  
day ( ,tab]nacles4 ,)9 a few days aft]  
!y celebrate ano!r fea/1 n d>kly b      

op5ly1 d$icat$ to ,bac*us1 = !y h a fea/
 among/ !m call$ ,kradephoria1 f c>ry+  
palm-trees1 & ,?yrsophoria1 :5 !y ent]  
into ! temple c>ry+ ?yrsi4 ,:at !y d )9 
,i "k n2 b x is v probable t !y p]=m !  
rites ( ,bac*us4 ,fir/ !y h little      
trumpets1 su* z ! ,grecians us$ to h at 
_! ,bac*analia to call ^u _! gods )al4  
,o!rs g be=e !m play+ ^u h>ps1 :i* !y   
call ,levites1 :e!r s nam$ f ,lusius or 
,evius1--ei!r ^w agrees ) ,bac*us4 ,& ,i
 suppose t _! ,sabba?s h "s relation to 
,bac*us2 = ev5 n[ _m call ! ,bac*i by ! 
"n ( ,sabbi1 & !y make use ( t ^w at !  
celebration ( ,bac*us's orgies4 ,& ?is  
may be discov]$ out ( ,demo/h5es &      
,m5&]4 ,nor w\ld x be out ( place1 7 any
 "o to say t ! "n ,sabba? 0 giv5 to ?is 
fea/ f ! agitation & excitem5t ,greek   
omitt$ :i* ! prie/s ( ,bac*us display4  
,! ,jews !mselves witness no less2 = :5 
!y keep ! ,sabba?1 !y invite "o ano!r to
 dr9k till !y are drunk2 or if !y *ance 
to be h9d]$ by "s m weighty bus9ess1 x  
is ! fa%ion at lea/ to ta/e ! w9e4 ,"s  

p]haps may surmise t ^! are m]e         
conjectures4 ,b !re are o!r argum5ts :i*
 w cle>ly ev9ce ! tru? ( :at ,i ass]t4  
,! fir/ may be drawn f _! ,high-prie/1  
:o on holidays ent]s _! temple ) 8 mitre
 on1 array$ 9 a sk9 ( a h9d embroid]$ ) 
gold1 we>+ busk9s1 & a coat hang+ d[n to
 8 ankles2 besides1 he has a great _m   
little bells dep5d+ f 8 g>m5t :i* make a
 noise z he walks4 ,s 9 ! nocturnal     
c]emonies ( ,bac*us 7z ! fa%ion is      
among/ u71 !y make use ( music1 & call !
 god's nurses ,greek omitt$4 ,high up on
 ! wall ( _! temple is a repres5tation (
 ! ?yrsus & timbrels1 :i* surely suits  
no o!r god ?an ,bac*us4 ,mor  anci5ts 7 
wont to make !mselves drunk1 be=e ! v9e 
0 kn[n4 ,& at ?is day b>b>\s p :o want  
w9e dr9k me!gl91 allay+ ! sweetness ( ! 
honey by bitt] roots1 mu* ( ! ta/e ( our
 w9e4 ,! ,greeks (f]$ to _! gods ^!     
temp]ate (f]+s or honey-(f]+s1 z !y     
call$ !m1 because t honey 0 ( a nature q
 contr>y to w9e4 ,b ?is is no           
inconsid]able argum5t t ,bac*us 0       

wor%ipp$ by ! ,jews1 9 t1 among/ o!r    
k9ds ( puni%m5t1 t 0 mo/ rem>kably odi\s
 by :i* malefactors 7 =bid ! use ( w9e =
 s long a "t z ! judge ?\ght fit to     
prescribe4 ,^? ?us puni%$4444  7,!      
rema9d] ( ! ,f\r? ,book is want+47      
,,"q ,,vii4 ,,:y ,,! ,,days ,,:i* ,,h   
,,! ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,,are ,,n 
,,arrang$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ord] ,,( 
,,! ,,planets1 ,,b ,,! ,,contr>y4 ,,!re 
,,is ,,add$ ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,!      
,,position ,,( ,,! ,,sun4   ,,"q ,,viii4
 ,,:y ,,signet-,,r+s ,,are ,,worn       
,,*iefly ,,on ,,! ,,f\r? ,,f+]4   ,,"q  
,,ix4 ,,:e!r ,,we ,,ought ,,to ,,c>ry   
,,9 ,,our ,,seal-,,r+s ,,effigies ,,(   
,,gods1 ,,or ,,^? ,,( ,,wise            
,,p]sonages4   ,,"q ,x4 ,,:y ,,wom5 ,,d 
,,n ,,eat ,,! ,,middle ,,"p ,,(         
,,lettuce4     ,,book ,v4  ,:at is y\r  
op9ion at pres5t1 ,sossius ,s5ecio1 ( ! 
pleasures ( m9d & body1 is n evid5t to  
me2       ,because u two a ?\s& ?+s     
divide1      ,va/ %ady hills1 & ! r\gh  
ocean's tide4      7,iliad i4 #aef7  ,b 

=m]ly1 ,i am sure1 y did n lean to nor l
 _! op9ion1 :o w n all[ ! s\l to h any  
prop] agreeable pleasure1 :i* )\t       
respect to ! body %e desires = h]self2 b
 def9e t %e lives z a =m assi/ant to !  
body1 is direct$ by ! passions ( x1 &1 z
 t is affect$1 is ei!r pleas$ or griev$1
 or1 l a look+-glass1 only receives !   
images ( ^? s5sible impressions made ^u 
! body4 ,?is sordid & debas+ op9ion is  
especially confut$ z foll[s2 = at a     
fea/1 ! g5teel well-br$ m5 aft] supp]   
fall ^u "s topic or ano!r z second      
c\rse1 & *e] "o ano!r by _! pleasant    
talk4 ,n[ ! body ha? v little or no %>e 
9 ?is2 :i* evid5tly proves t ?is is a   
p>ticul> banquet = ! s\l1 & t ^?        
pleasures are peculi> to h]1 & diff]5t f
 ^? :i* pass to h] ?r\gh ! body & are   
vitiat$ !reby4 ,n[1 z nurses1 :5 !y fe$ 
*ildr51 ta/e a little ( _! pap1 & h b   
little pleasure !refrom1 b :5 ! infants 
are satisfi$1 leave cry+1 & g to sleep1 
!n be+ at _! own disposal1 !y take su*  
meat & dr9k z is agreeable to _! own    

bodies2 ?us ! s\l p>takes ( ! pleasures 
t arise f eat+ & dr9k+1 l a nurse1 be+  
subs]vi5t to ! appetites ( ! body1 k9dly
 yield+ to its necessities & wants1 &   
calm+ its desires2 b :5 t is satisfi$ & 
at re/1 !n be+ free f h] bus9ess &      
s]vile employm5t1 %e seeks h] own prop] 
pleasures1 revels on disc\rse1 problems1
 /ories1 curi\s que/ions1 or subtle     
resolutions4 ,nay1 :at %all a man say1  
:5 he sees ! dull unle>n$ fell[s aft]   
supp] m9d+ su* pleasures z h n ! lea/   
relation to ! body8 ,!y tell tales1     
propose riddles1 or set "o ano!r        
a-guess+ at names1 compris$ & hid "u su*
 & su* numb]s4 ,?us mimics1 drolls1     
,m5&] & 8 actors 7 admitt$ into         
banquets1 n because !y c free ! eye f   
any pa91 or raise any tickl+ motion 9 ! 
fle%2 b because ! s\l1 be+ naturally    
philosophical & a lov] ( in/ruction1    
covets its own prop] pleasure &         
satisfaction1 :5 x is free f ! tr\ble ( 
look+ aft] ! body4    ,,"q ,i4 ,,:y ,,we
 ,,take ,,delight ,,9 ,,he>+ ,,^? ,,t   

,,repres5t ,,! ,,passions ,,( ,,m5      
,,angry ,,or ,,sorr[ful1 ,,& ,,yet ,,_c 
,,)\t ,,conc]n ,,behold ,,^? ,,:o ,,are 
,,really ,,s ,,affect$8  ,,plut>*1      
,,boe?us4  ,( ?is we disc\rs$ 9 y\r     
company at ,a!ns1 :5 ,/rato ! com$ian 7=
 he 0 a man ( great cr$it7 fl\ri%$4 ,=  
be+ ent]ta9$ at supp] by ,boe?us !      
,epicurean1 ) a great _m m ( ! sect1 z x
 usually happ5s :5 le>n$ & inquisitive  
m5 meet toge!r1 ! remembrance ( ! com$y 
l$ u to ?is inquiry1--,:y we are di/urb$
 at ! real voices ( m51 ei!r angry1     
p5sive1 or afraid1 & yet are delight$ to
 he> o!rs repres5t !m1 & imitate _!     
ge/ures1 spee*es1 & exclamations4 ,e "o 
9 ! company gave almo/ ! same reason4 ,=
 !y said1 he t only repres5ts excels him
 t really feels1 inasmu* z he do? n     
suff] ! mis=tunes2 :i* we kn[+ are      
pleas$ & delight$ on t acc\nt4  ,b ,i1  
?\gh x 0 n prop]ly my tal5t1 said t we1 
be+ by nature rational & lov]s ( +5uity1
 are delight$ ) & admire ev]y?+ t is    
artificially & +5i\sly contriv$4 ,= z a 

bee1 naturally lov+ sweet ?+s1 seeks    
aft] & flies to any?+ t has any mixture 
( honey 9 x2 s man1 naturally lov+      
+5uity & elegancy1 is v mu* incl9$ to   
accept & highly approve e ^w or action t
 is season$ ) wit & judgem5t4 ,?us1 if  
any "o (f]s a *ild a piece ( bread1 & at
 ! same "t1 a little dog or ox made 9   
pa/e1 we %all see ! boy run eag]ly to ! 
latt]2 s likewise if anyone1 (f]s silv] 
9 ! lump1 & ano!r a bea/ or a cup ( !   
same metal1 he w r *oose t 9 :i* he sees
 a mixture ( art & reason4 ,^u ! same   
acc\nt x is t a *ild is mu* 9 love )    
riddles1 & su* fool]ies z are difficult 
& intricate2 = :atev] is curi\s & subtle
 do? attract & allure mank9d1 z         
antec$5tly to all in/ruction agreeable &
 prop] to x4 ,& !re=e1 because he t is  
really affect$ ) grief or ang] pres5ts u
 ) no?+ b ! common b>e passion1 b 9 !   
imitation "s dext]ity & p]suasiv5ess    
appe>s1 we are naturally incl9$ to be   
di/urb$ at ! =m]1 :il/ ! latt] delights 
u4 ,x is unpleasant to see a sick man1  

or "o at 8 la/ gasp2 yet ) cont5t we c  
look ^u ! picture ( ,philoctetes1 or !  
/atue ( ,joca/a1 9 ^: face x is commonly
 said t ! workm5 mix$ silv]1 s t ! brass
 might depict ! face & color ( "o ready 
to fa9t & expire4 ,& ?is1 said ,i1 !    
,cyr5aics may use z a /rong argum5t     
aga9/ y ,epicureans1 t all ! s5se (     
pleasure :i* arises f ! work+ ( any     
object on ! e> or eye is n 9 ^? organs1 
b 9 ! intellect itself4 ,?us ! cont9ual 
cackl+ ( a h5 or caw+ ( a cr[ is v      
ungrateful & di/urb+2 yet he t imitates 
^? noises well pleases ! he>]s4 ,?us to 
behold a consumptive man is no          
delightful spectacle2 yet ) pleasure we 
c view ! pictures & /atues ( su* p]sons1
 because ! v imitat+ ha? some?+ 9 x v   
agreeable to ! m9d1 :i* allures &       
captivates its faculties4 ,= ^u :at o!r 
acc\nt1 = ,god's sake1 f :at ext]nal    
impression ^u our organs1 %\ld m5 be    
mov$ to admire ,p>m5o's s[ s mu* z to   
pass x into a prov]b8 ,yet x is report$1
 t ,p>m5o be+ v fam\s = imitat+ ! grunt+

 ( a pig1 "s endeav\r$ to rival & outdo 
him4 ,& :5 ! he>]s1 be+ prejudic$1 cri$ 
out1 ,v well inde$1 b no?+ comp>able to 
,p>m5o's s[2 "o took a pig "u 8 arm &   
came ^u ! /age4 ,& :51 ?\gh !y he>d ! v 
pig1 !y /ill cont9u$1 ,?is is no?+      
comp>able to ,p>m5o's s[2 he ?rew 8 pig 
among/ !m1 to %[ t !y judg$ accord+ to  
op9ion & n tru?4 ,& h5ce x is v evid5t1 
t l motions ( ! s5se d n always raise l 
affections 9 ! m9d1 :5 !re is n an      
op9ion t ! ?+ done 0 n neatly & +5i\sly 
p]=m$4    ,,"q ,,ii4 ,,t ,,! ,,prize ,,=
 ,,poets ,,at ,,! ,,games ,,0 ,,anci5t4 
,at ! solemnity ( ! ,py?ian names1 !re 0
 a consult ab\t tak+ away all su* sports
 z _h lately crept 9 & 7 n ( anci5t     
in/itution4 ,= aft] !y _h tak5 9 !      
trag$y 9 addition to ! ?ree anci5t1 :i* 
7 z old z ! solemnity itself1 ! ,py?ian 
pip]1 ! h>p]1 & ! s+] to ! h>p1 z if a  
l>ge gate 7 op5$1 !y c\ld n keep out an 
inf9ite cr[d ( plays & musical          
ent]ta9m5ts ( all sorts t ru%$ 9 aft]   
him4 ,:i* inde$ made no unpleasant      

v>iety1 & increas$ ! company1 b yet     
impair$ ! gravity & neatness ( !        
solemnity4 ,besides x mu/ create a great
 deal ( tr\ble to ! umpires1 &          
consid]able dissatisfaction to v _m1    
s9ce b few c\ld obta9 ! prize4 ,x 0     
*iefly agre$ ^u1 t ! orators & poets    
%\ld be remov$2 & ?is det]m9ation did n 
proce$ f any hatr$ to le>n+1 b =asmu* z 
su* cont5d]s are ! mo/ not$ & wor?ie/ m5
 ( all1 !re=e !y rev]5ce !m1 & 7 tr\bl$ 
t1 :5 !y mu/ judge e "o v des]v+1 !y    
c\ld n be/[ ! prize equally ^u all4 ,i1 
be+ pres5t at ?is consult1 dissuad$ ^?  
:o 7 = remov+ ?+s f _! pres5t settl$    
ord]1 & :o ?\ght ?is v>iety z unsuitable
 to ! solemnity z _m /r+s & _m notes to 
an in/rum5t4 ,& :5 at supp]1 ,petraeus !
 presid5t & director ( ! sports ent]ta9+
 u1 ! same subject 0 disc\rs$ on1 ,i    
def5d$ music1 & ma9ta9$ t poetry 0 no   
up/>t intrud]1 b t x 0 "t out ( m9d     
admitt$ into ! sacr$ games1 & cr[ns 7   
giv5 to ! be/ p]=m]4 ,"s /raight imag9$ 
t ,i int5d$ to produce "s old mu/y      

/ories1 l ! fun]al solemnities (        
,oeolycus ! ,!ssalian or ( ,amphidamas !
 ,*alcidean1 9 :i* !y say ,hom] &       
,hesiod cont5d$ = ! prize4 ,b pass+ by  
^! in/ances z ! common !me ( e          
gramm>ian1 z likewise _! criticisms :o1 
9 ! description ( ,patroclus's obsequies
 9 ,hom]1 read ,greek omitt$ ,,orators1 
& n ,greek omitt$1 ,,d>t]s1 7,iliad1    
xxiii1 #hhf47 z if ,a*illes _h propos$ a
 prize = ! be/ speak]1--omitt+ all ^!1  
,i said t ,aca/us at 8 fa!r ,pelias's   
fun]al set a prize = cont5d+ poets1 &   
,sibylla won x4 ,at ?is1 a great _m     
dem&+ "s au?ority = ?is unlikely &      
incr$ible relation1 ,i happily          
recollect+ myself produc$ ,aces&]1 :o 9 
8 description ( ,africa ha? ?is         
relation2 b ,i mu/ confess ?is is no    
common book4 ,b ,polemo ! ,a!nian's     
,comm5t>y ( ! ,treasures ( ! ,city      
,delphi ,i suppose mo/ ( y h dilig5tly  
p]us$1 he be+ a v le>n$ man 9 ! ,greek  
,antiquities4 ,9 him y %all f9d t 9 !   
,sicyonian treasure !re 0 a gold5 book  

d$icat$ to ! god1 ) ?is inscription3    
,ari/oma*e1 ! poetess ( ,ery?raea1      
d$icat$ ?is aft] %e _h got ! prize at ! 
,i/hmian games4 ,nor is !re any reason1 
,i cont9u$1 :y we %\ld s admire &       
rev]5ce ! ,olympic games1 z if1 l ,fate1
 !y 7 unalt]able1 & nev] admitt$ any    
*ange s9ce ! fir/ in/itution4 ,= !      
,py?ian1 x is true1 ha? _h ?ree or f\r  
musical prizes add$2 b all ! ex]cises ( 
! body 7 = ! mo/ "p ! same f ! beg9n+4  
,b 9 ! ,olympian all beside rac+ are    
late additions4 ,!y in/itut$ "s1 &      
aboli%$ !m aga92 su* 7 ! races ( mules1 
ei!r rode or 9 a *>iot z likewise ! cr[n
 appo9t$ = boys t 7 victor's 9 ! five   
conte/s4 ,&1 9 %ort1 a ?\s& ?+s 9 ^?    
games are m]e novelties4 ,at ,pisa !y _h
 a s+le combat1 :]e he t yield$ or 0    
ov]come 0 kill$ ^u ! place4 ,b pray = ! 
future require no au?or = my /ory1 le/  
,i may appe> ridicul\s if amid/ my cups 
,i %\ld =get ! "n4    ,,"q ,,iii4 ,,:y  
,,0 ,,! ,,p9e ,,c\nt$ ,,sacr$ ,,to      
,,neptune ,,& ,,bac*us8 ,,& ,,:y ,,at   

,,fir/ ,,! ,,conqu]or ,,9 ,,! ,,i/hmian 
,,games ,,0 ,,cr[n$ ,,) ,a ,,g>l& ,,(   
,,p9e1 ,,aft]w>ds ,,) ,,p>sley1 ,,& ,,n[
 ,,aga9 ,,) ,,p9e4  ,,lucanius1         
,,praxiteles4  ,?is "q 0 />t$1 :y !     
,i/hmian g>l& 0 made ( p9e4 ,we 7 !n at 
supp] 9 ,cor9?1 9 ! "t ( ! ,i/hmian     
games1 ) ,lucanius ! *ief prie/4        
,praxiteles ! comm5tator br\ght ?is     
fable = a reason2 x is said t ! body (  
,melic]tes 0 f\nd fix$ to a p9e-tree by 
! sea2 & n f> f ,meg>a1 !re is a place  
call$ ! ,race ( a ,fair ,lady1 ?r\gh :i*
 ! ,meg>ians say t ,ino1 ) h] son       
,melic]tes 9 h] arms1 ran to ! sea4 ,&  
:5 _m put =? ! common op9ion1 t !       
p9e-tree g>l& peculi>ly belongs to      
,neptune1 ,lucanius add$ t x is sacr$ to
 ,bac*us too1 b yet1 = all t1 x might   
also be appropriat$ to ! honor (        
,melic]tes2 ?is />t$ ! "q1 :y ! anci5ts 
d$icat$ ! p9e to ,neptune & ,bac*us4 ,z 
= my "p1 x did n seem incongru\s to me1 
= bo? ! gods seem to preside ov] ! moi/ 
& g5]ative pr9ciple2 & almo/ all !      

,greeks sacrifice to ,neptune ! n\ri%] (
 plants1 & to ,bac*us ! pres]v] ( trees4
 ,besides1 x may be said t ! p9e        
peculi>ly agrees to ,neptune1 n1 z      
,apollodorus ?9ks1 because x gr[s by !  
seaside1 or because x loves a bleak     
place 7= "s give ?is reason71 b because 
x is us$ 9 build+ %ips2 = x toge!r ) ! l
 trees1 z fir & cypress1 af=ds ! be/ & !
 lighte/ timb]1 & likewise pit* & ros91 
)\t :i* ! compact$ planks w\ld be       
altoge!r uns]viceable at sea4 ,to       
,bac*us !y d$icate ! p9e1 because x     
seasons w9e1 = among ! p9es !y say !    
sweete/ & mo/ delici\s grapes gr[4 ,!   
cause ( ?is ,!ophra/us ?9ks to be ! heat
 ( ! soil2 = p9es gr[ mo/ 9 *alky       
gr\nds4 ,n[ *alk is hot1 & !re=e mu/ v  
mu* conduce to ! concoction ( ! w9e2 z a
 *alky spr+ af=ds ! lighte/ & sweete/   
wat]2 & if *alk is mix$ ) corn1 by its  
heat x makes ! gra9s swell1 &           
consid]ably increases ! heap4 ,besides1 
x is probable t ! v9e itself is bett]$  
by ! p9e1 = t conta9s sev]al ?+s :i* are

 good to pres]ve w9e4 ,all cov] !       
insides ( w9e casks ) ros91 & _m mix    
ros9 ) w9e1 z ! ,euboeans 9 ,greece1 & 9
 ,italy ^? t live ab\t ! riv] ,po4 ,f ! 
p>ts ( ,gaul ab\t ,vi5na !re is a sort (
 pit*$ w9e br\ght1 :i* ! ,romans value v
 mu*2 = su* ?+s mix$ ) x d n only give x
 a good flavor1 b make ! w9e g5]\s1 tak+
 away by _! g5tle heat all ! crude1     
wat]y1 & undige/$ p>ticles4 ,:5 ,i _h   
said ?us mu*1 a rhetorician 9 ! company1
 a man well read 9 all sorts ( polite   
le>n+1 cri$ out3 ,good ,gods6 0 x n b ! 
o!r day t ! ,i/hmian g>l& began to be   
made ( p9e8 ,& 0 n ! cr[n anci5tly (    
tw9$ p>sley8 ,i am sure 9 a c]ta9 com$y 
a covet\s man is br\ght 9 speak+ ?us3-- 
,! ,i/hmian g>l& ,i w sell z *eap       
,z common wrea?s ( p>sley may be sold4  
,& ,timaeus ! hi/orian says t1 :5 !     
,cor9?ians 7 m>*+ to fight ! ,c>?ag9ians
 9 ! def5ce ( ,sicily1 "s p]sons c>ry+  
p>sley met !m1 & :5 sev]al look$ ^u ?is 
z a bad om51--because p>sley is acc\nt$ 
unlucky1 & ^? t are dang]\sly sick we   

usually say h ne$ ( p>sley1--,timoleon  
enc\rag$ !m by putt+ !m 9 m9d ( !       
,i/hmian p>sley g>l& ) :i* ! ,cor9?ians 
us$ to cr[n ! conqu]ors4 ,& besides1 !  
admiral-%ip ( ,antigonus's navy1 hav+ by
 *ance "s p>sley gr[+ on its poop1 0    
call$ ,i/hmia4 ,besides1 a c]ta9 obscure
 epigram ^u an e>!n vessel /opp$ )      
p>sley intimates ! same ?+4 ,x runs     
?us3--       ,! ,grecian e>?1 n[ h>d5$  
by ! flame1      ,holds 9 its holl[     
belly ,bac*us blood2      ,& ha? its m\?
 ) ,i/hmian bran*es /opp$4  ,sure1 he   
cont9u$1 !y nev] read ^! au?ors1 :o cry 
up ! p9e z anci5tly wrea!d 9 ! ,i/hmian 
g>l&s1 & w\ld n h x "s up/>t intrud]4 ,!
 "y m5 yield$ pres5tly to him1 z be+ a  
man ( v>i\s read+ & v le>n$4  ,b        
,lucanius1 ) a smile look+ ^u me1 cri$  
out3 ,good ,god6 "h's a deal ( le>n+4 ,b
 o!rs h tak5 advantage ( our ignorance &
 unacqua9t$ness ) su* matt]s1 &1 on !   
contr>y1 p]suad$ u t ! p9e 0 ! fir/     
g>l&1 & t aft]w>ds 9 honor ( ,h]cules ! 
p>sley 0 receiv$ f ! ,nemean games1 :i* 

9 a little "t prevail+1 ?ru/ out ! p9e1 
z if x 7 its "r to be ! wrea?2 b a      
little :ile aft] ! p9e recov]$ its      
anci5t honor1 & n[ fl\ri%es 9 its glory4
 ,i 0 satisfi$1 & ^u consid]ation f\nd t
 ,i _h run across a great _m au?orities 
= x4 ,?us ,euphorion writes (           
,melic]tes1       ,!y m\rn$ ! y\?1 & him
 on p9e b\ghs laid      ,( :i* !        
,i/hmian victors' cr[ns are made4       
,fate _h n yet seiz$ beaute\s ,m5e's son
      ,by smoo? ,asopus2 s9ce ^: fall ! 
cr[n      ,( p>sley wrea!d did grace !  
victor's br[4  ,& ,callima*us is pla9] &
 m express1 :5 he makes ,h]cules speak  
?us ( p>sley1                    ,?is at
 ,i/hmian sports      ,to ,neptune's    
glory n[ %all be ! cr[n2      ,! p9e    
%all be disus$1 :i* h]et(ore      ,9    
,cor9?'s fields successful victors wore4
  ,& besides1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 9      
,procles's hi/ory ( ! ,i/hmian games ,i 
met ) ?is passage2 at fir/ a p9e g>l&   
cr[n$ ! conqu]or1 b :5 ?is game began to
 be reckon$ among/ ! sacr$1 !n f !      

,nemean solemnity ! p>sley 0 receiv$4 ,&
 ?is ,procles 0 "o ( ,x5ocrates's       
fell[-/ud5ts at ! ,academy4    ,,"q     
,,iv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,t ,,expression ,,9    
,,hom]1 ,,greek ,,omitt$ 7,iliad1 ix4   
#bjc47  ,,nic]atus1 ,,sosicles1         
,,antipat]1 ,,plut>*4  ,"s at ! table 7 
( op9ion t ,a*illes talk$ nons5se :5 he 
bade ,patroclus mix ! w9e /rong]1 add+  
?is reason1       ,= n[ ,i ent]ta9 my   
de>e/ fri5ds4  ,b ,nic]atus a           
,mac$onian1 my p>ticul> acqua9tance1    
ma9ta9$ t ,greek omitt$ did n signify   
pure b hot w9e2 z if x 7 d]iv$ f ,greek 
omitt$ & ,greek omitt$ 7,,life-,,giv+   
,,& ,,boil+71 & x 7 requisite at ! com+ 
( 8 fri5ds to temp] a fre% b[l1 z e "o (
 u 9 8 (f]+ at ! alt> p\rs out fre% w9e4
 ,b ,sosicles ! poet1 rememb]+ a say+ ( 
,emp$ocles1 t 9 ! great univ]sal *ange  
^? ?+s :i* be=e 7 ,greek omitt$1        
,,unmix$1 %\ld !n be ,greek omitt$1     
affirm$ t ,greek omitt$ !re signifi$    
,greek omitt$1 ,,well-,,temp]$1 & t     
,a*illes might ) a great deal ( reason  

bid ,patroclus provide well-temp]$ w9e =
 ! ent]ta9m5t ( 8 fri5ds2 & x 0 absurd  
7he said7 to use ,greek omitt$ = ,greek 
omitt$ any m ?an ,greek omitt$ = ,greek 
omitt$1 or ,greek omitt$ = ,greek       
omitt$1 = ! comp>atives are v prop]ly   
put = ! positives4 ,my fri5d ,antipat]  
said t ye>s 7 anci5tly call$ ,greek     
omitt$1 & t ! p>ticle ,greek omitt$ 9   
composition signifi$ greatness2 & !re=e 
old w9e1 t _h be5 kept = _m ye>s1 0     
call$ by ,a*illes ,greek omitt$4  ,i put
 !m 9 m9d t "s imag9e t ,greek omitt$1  
hot1 is signifi$ by ,greek omitt$1 & t  
hott] means really fa/]1 z :5 we comm&  
s]vants to move !mselves m hotly or 9   
hott] ha/e4 ,b ,i mu/ confess1 y\r      
dispute is frivol\s1 s9ce x is rais$ ^u 
?is supposition t if ,greek omitt$1     
signifies m pure w9e1 ,a*illes's comm&  
w\ld be absurd1 z ,zoilus ( ,amphipolis 
imag9$4 ,= fir/ he did n consid] t      
,a*illes saw ,pho5ix & ,ulysses to be   
old m51 :o are n pleas$ ) dilut$ w9e1 & 
^u t acc\nt =bade any mixture4 ,besides1

 he hav+ be5 ,*iron's s*ol>1 & f him    
hav+ le>n$ ! rules ( diet1 he consid]$ t
 weak] & m dilut$ liquors 7 fitte/ = ^? 
bodies t lay at ease1 & 7 n employ$ 9 _!
 cu/om>y ex]cise or labor4 ,?us ) ! o!r 
prov5d] he gave 8 horses smallage1 & ?is
 ^u v good reason2 = horses t lie /ill  
gr[ sore 9 _! feet1 & smallage is ! be/ 
rem$y 9 ! _w aga9/ t4 ,& y w n f9d      
smallage or any?+ ( ! same nature giv5  
to any o!r horses 9 ! :ole ,iliad4 ,?us 
,a*illes1 be+ exp]i5c$ 9 physic1 provid$
 suitable prov5d] = 8 horses1 & us$ !   
lighte/ diet himself1 z ! fitte/ :il/ he
 lay at ease4 ,b ^? t _h be5 we>i$ all  
day 9 fight he did n ?9k conv5i5t to    
treat l ^? t _h la9 at ease1 b comm&$ m 
pure & /rong] w9e to be prep>$4         
,besides1 ,a*illes do? n appe> to be    
naturally addict$ to dr9k+1 b he 0 ( a  
haughty1 inexorable temp]4       ,no    
pleasant humor1 no1 s(t m9d he bore1    
,b 0 all fire & rage4      7,iliad1 xx4 
#dfg47  ,& 9 ano!r place v pla9ly ,hom] 
says1 t       ,_m a sleepless night he  

knew4      7,iliad1 ix4 #cbe47  ,n[     
little sleep _c cont5t ^? t dr9k /rong  
liquors2 & 9 8 rail+ at ,agamemnon1 !   
fir/ ill "n he gives him is drunk>d1    
propos+ 8 great dr9k+ z ! *iefe/ ( 8    
faults4 ,& = ^! reasons x is likely t1  
:5 !y came1 he ?\ght 8 usual mixture too
 weak & n conv5i5t = !m4    ,,"q ,v4    
,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,t ,,invite ,,_m ,,to ,a
 ,,supp]4  ,,plut>*1 ,,onesicrates1     
,,lamprias ,,! ,,eld]4  ,at my return f 
,alex&ria all my fri5ds by turns treat$ 
me1 invit+ all su* too z 7 any way      
acqua9t$1 s t our meet+s 7 usually      
tumultu\s & sudd5ly dissolv$2 :i*       
disord]s gave occasion to disc\rses     
conc]n+ ! inconv5i5ces t att5d su* cr[d$
 ent]ta9m5ts4 ,b :5 ,onesicrates !      
physician 9 8 turn invit$ only ! mo/    
famili> acqua9tance1 & m5 ( ! mo/       
agreeable temp]1 ,i ?\ght t :at ,plato  
says conc]n+ ! increase ( cities might  
be appli$ to ent]ta9m5ts4 ,= !re is a   
c]ta9 numb] :i* an ent]ta9m5t may       
receive1 & /ill be an ent]ta9m5t2 b if x

 exce$s t1 s t by reason ( ! numb] !re  
_c be a mutual conv]sation among/ all1  
if !y _c "k "o ano!r nor p>take ( ! same
 jollity1 x cease? to be su*4 ,= we %\ld
 n want mess5g]s !re1 z 9 a camp1 or    
boatswa9s1 z 9 a galley2 b we ourselves 
%\ld imm$iately conv]se ) "o ano!r4 ,z 9
 a dance1 s 9 an ent]ta9m5t1 ! la/ man  
%\ld be plac$ )9 he>+ ( ! fir/4  ,z ,i 0
 speak+1 my gr&fa!r ,lamprias cri$ out3 
,!n x seems !re is ne$ ( temp]ance n    
only 9 our fea/s1 b also 9 our          
invitations4 ,= me?9ks !re is ev5 an    
excess 9 k9dness1 :5 we pass by none (  
our fri5ds1 b draw !m all 91 z to see a 
sight or he> a play4 ,& ,i ?9k1 x is n s
 great a disgrace = ! ent]ta9] n to h   
bread or w9e en\gh = 81 gue/s1 z n to h 
room en\gh1 ) :i* he ought always to be 
provid$1 n only = invit$ gue/s1 /rang]s 
& *ance visitants4 ,= suppose he ha? n  
w9e & bread en\gh1 x may be imput$ ei!r 
to ! c>elessness or di%one/y ( 8        
s]vants2 b ! want ( room mu/ be imput$  
to ! imprud5ce ( ! invit]4 ,hesiod is v 

mu* admir$ = beg9n+ ?us1       ,a va/   
*aos fir/ 0 made4      7,hesiod1        
,!ogony1 #aaf47  ,= x 0 necess>y t !re  
%\ld be fir/ a place & room provid$ = ! 
be+s t 7 aft]w>d to be produc$2 & n z 0 
se5 ye/]day at my son's ent]ta9m5t1     
accord+ to ,anaxagoras's say+1          
,all lay jumbl$ toge!r4  ,b suppose a   
man ha? room & provision en\gh1 yet a   
l>ge company itself is to be avoid$ =   
its own sake1 z h9d]+ all famili>ity &  
conv]sation2 & x is m tol]able to let ! 
company h no w9e1 ?an to exclude all    
conv]se f a fea/4 ,& !re=e ,!ophra/us   
jocul>ly call$ ! b>b]s' %ops fea/s )\t  
w9e2 because ^? t sit !re usually       
prattle & disc\rse4 ,b ^? t invite a    
cr[d at once deprive all ( free         
communication ( disc\rse1 or r make !m  
divide into cabals1 s t two or ?ree     
privately talk toge!r1 & nei!r "k nor   
look on ^? t sit1 z x 71 half a mile    
di/ant4       ,"s took ?is way to       
valiant ,ajax's t5t1      ,& "s ! o!r to
 ,a*illes' w5t4      7,iliad1 xi4 #g47  

,& !re=e "s ri* m5 are fooli%ly pr(use1 
:o build rooms big en\gh = ?irty tables 
or m at once2 = su* a prep>ation c]ta9ly
 is = unsociable & unfri5dly            
ent]ta9m5ts1 & su* z are fit = a        
panegyri>* r ?an a symposi>* to preside 
ov]4 ,b ?is may be p>don$ 9 ^?2 = weal? 
w\ld n he weal?1 x w\ld be really bl9d &
 imprison$1 unless x _h witnesses1 z    
trag$ies w\ld be devoid ( spectators4   
,let u ent]ta9 few & (t51 & make t a    
rem$y aga9/ hav+ a cr[d at once4 ,= ^? t
 invite b seldom are =c$ to h all _!    
fri5ds1 & all t ^u any acc\nt !y are    
acqua9t$ ) toge!r2 b ^? t invite        
frequ5tly1 & b ?ree or f\r1 r5d] _!     
ent]ta9m5ts l little b>ks1 light &      
nimble4 ,besides1 ! v reason :y we ask  
fri5ds tea*es u to select "s out ( !    
numb]4 ,= z :5 we are 9 want we d n call
 all toge!r1 b only ^? t c be/ af=d1    
help 9 t p>ticul> case1--:5 we w\ld be  
advis$1 ! wis] "p2 & :5 we are to h a   
trial1 ! be/ plead]s2 & :5 we are to g a
 j\rney1 ^? t c live pleasantly & are at

 leisure1--?us to our ent]ta9m5ts we    
%\ld only call ^? t are at ! pres5t     
agreeable4 ,agreeable1 = in/ance1 to a  
pr9ce's ent]ta9m5t w be ! magi/rates1 if
 !y are 8 fri5ds1 or *iefe/ ( ! city2 to
 m>riage or bir?day fea/s1 all _! k9dr$1
 & su* z are "u ! protection ( ! same   
,jupit] ! gu>dian ( consangu9ity2 & to  
su* fea/s & m]ry-mak+s z ?is ^? are to  
be invit$ ^: temp]s are mo/ suitable to 
! occasion4 ,:5 we (f] sacrifice to "o  
god1 we d n wor%ip all ! o!rs t belong  
to ! same temple & alt> at ! same "t2 b 
suppose we h ?ree b[ls1 out ( ! fir/ we 
p\r oblations to "s1 out ( ! second to  
o!rs & out ( ! ?ird to ! re/1 & none ( !
 gods take di/a/e4 ,& 9 ?is a company ( 
fri5ds may be lik5$ to ! company ( gods2
 none takes di/a/e at ! ord] ( !        
invitation1 if x be prud5tly manag$ & e 
"o all[$ a turn4    ,,"q ,,vi4 ,,:at    
,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t ,,! ,,same ,,room 
,,:i* ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,supp]  
,,seems ,,too ,,n>r[ ,,appe>s ,,wide    
,,en\gh ,,aft]w>ds4  ,aft] ?is x 0      

pres5tly ask$1 :y ! room :i* at ! beg9n+
 ( supp] seems too n>r[ = ! gue/ is     
aft]w>ds wide en\gh2 :5 ! contr>y is mo/
 likely1 aft] !y are fill$ ) ! supp]4   
,"s said ! po/ure ( our sitt+ 0 ! cause2
 = !y sit :5 !y eat1 ) _! full bread? to
 ! table1 t !y may comm& x ) _! "r h&2 b
 aft] !y h supp$1 !y sit m sideways1 &  
make an acute figure ) _! bodies1 & d n 
t\* ! place accord+ to ! sup]ficies1 if 
,i may s say1 b ! l9e4 ,n[ z cockal     
bones d n take up z mu* room :5 !y fall 
^u "o end z :5 !y fall flat1 s e "o ( u 
at ! beg9n+ sitt+ broadwise1 & ) a full 
face to ! table1 aft]w>ds *anges !      
figure1 & turns 8 dep?1 n 8 bread?1 to !
 bo>d4 ,"s attribute x to ! b$s :]eon we
 sat1 = ^? :5 press$ /ret*2 z /rait %oes
 aft] a little we>+ h _! pores wid5$1 & 
gr[ fit =--sometimes too big =--! foot4 
,an old man 9 ! company m]rily said1 t !
 same fea/ _h two v diff]5t presid5ts & 
directors2 9 ! beg9n+1 ,hung]1 t is n 9 
! lea/ skill$ 9 ord]+ & dispos+1 b      
aft]w>d ,bac*us1 :om all ackn[l$ge to be

 ! be/ ord]] ( an army 9 ! _w4 ,z !re=e 
,epam9ondas1 :5 ! unskilful capta9s _h  
l$ _! =ces into n>r[ disadvantage\s     
/raits1 reliev$ ! phalanx t 0 fall5 f\l 
on itself & all 9 disord]1 & br\ght x   
into good rank & file aga92 ?us we 9 !  
beg9n+1 be+ l gre$y h\nds confus$ &     
disord]$ by hung]1 ! god 7h5ce nam$ !   
loos] & ! dancesett]7 settles u 9 a     
fri5dly & agreeable ord]4    ,,"q ,,vii4
 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,t ,,are ,,said ,,to   
,,bewit*4  ,,metrius ,,florus1 ,,plut>*1
 ,,socl>us1 ,,patrocles1 ,,caius4  ,a   
disc\rse happ5+ at supp] conc]n+ ^? t   
are said to bewit* or h a bewit*+ eye1  
mo/ ( ! company look$ ^u x z a :im1 &   
laugh$ at x4 ,b ,metrius ,florus1 :o !n 
gave u a supp]1 said t ! /range ev5ts   
wond]fully confirm$ ! report2 & because 
we _c give a reason = ! ?+1 !re=e to    
disbelieve ! relation 0 absurd1 s9ce !re
 are a ?\s& ?+s :i* evid5tly are1 !     
reasons ( :i* we _c readily assign4 ,&1 
9 %ort1 he t requires ev]y?+ %\ld be    
probable de/roys all wond] & admiration2

 & :]e ! cause is n obvi\s1 !re we beg9 
to d\bt1 t is1 to philosophize4 ,s t !y 
:o disbelieve all wond]ful relations d 9
 "s measure take away all philosophy4 ,!
 cause :y any?+ is s1 reason mu/ f9d    
out2 b t a ?+ is s1 te/imony is a       
suffici5t evid5ce2 & we h a ?\s&        
in/ances ( ?is sort atte/$4 ,we "k t "s 
m5 by look+ ^u "y *ildr5 hurt !m v mu*1 
_! weak & s(t temp]ature be+ wr\ght ^u &
 p]v]t$1 :il/ ^? t are /rong & firm are 
n s liable to be wr\ght ^u4 ,& ,phyl>*us
 tells u t ! ,?ibians1 ! old inhabitants
 ab\t ,pontus1 7 de/ructive n only to   
little *ildr51 b to "s also ( rip] ye>s2
 = ^? ^u :om !y look$ or brea!d1 or to  
:om !y spake1 w\ld langui% & gr[ sick4  
,& ?is1 likely1 ^? ( o!r c\ntries       
p]ceiv$ :o b\ght slaves !re4 ,b p]haps  
?is is n s mu* to be wond]$ at1 = 9 t\*+
 & h&l+ !re is "s app>5t pr9ciple &     
cause ( ! effect4 ,& z :5 y mix o!r     
birds' w+s ) ! eagles'1 ! plumes wa/e & 
sudd5ly consume2 s !re is no reason to !
 contr>y1 b t "o man's t\* may be good &

 advantage\s1 & ano!r's hurtful &       
de/ructive4 ,b t "s1 by be+ b>ely look$ 
^u1 are extremely prejudic$ is c]ta92   
?\gh ! /ories are disbeliev$1 because ! 
reason is h>d to be giv54  ,true1 said  
,i1 b me?9ks !re is "s small track to ! 
cause ( ?is effect1 if y come to !      
effluvia ( bodies4 ,= smell1 voice1     
brea?1 & ! l1 are effluvia f animal     
bodies1 & mat]ial p>ts t move ! s5ses1  
:i* are wr\ght ^u by _! impulse4 ,n[ x  
is v likely t su* effluvia mu/          
cont9ually "p f animals1 by reason ( _! 
heat & motion2 = by t ! spirits are     
agitat$1 & ! body1 be+ /ruck by ^?1 mu/ 
cont9ually s5d =? effluvia4 ,& x is     
probable t ^! pass *iefly ?r\gh ! eye4  
,= ! sight1 be+ v vigor\s & active1     
toge!r ) ! _s ^u :i* x dep5ds1 s5ds =? a
 /range fi]y p[]2 s t by x m5 act &     
suff] v mu*1 & are always proportionably
 pleas$ or displeas$1 accord+ z !       
visible objects are agreeable or n4     
,love1 t greate/ & mo/ viol5t passion ( 
! s\l1 takes its beg9n+ f ! eye2 s t a  

lov]1 :5 he looks ^u ! fair1 fl[s out z 
x 71 & seems to mix ) h]4 ,& !re=e :y   
%\ld any "o1 t believes m5 c be affect$ 
& prejudic$ by ! sight1 imag9e t !y _c  
act & hurt is well8 ,= ! mutual looks ( 
mature beauties1 & t :i* comes f ! eye1 
:e!r light or a /ream ( spirits1 melt & 
dissolve ! lov]s ) a pleas+ pa91 :i* !y 
call ! bitt]sweet ( love4 ,= nei!r by   
t\*+ or he>+ ! voice ( _! belov$ are !y 
s mu* w\nd$ & wr\ght ^u1 z by look+ &   
be+ look$ ^u aga94 ,!re is su* a        
communication1 su* a flame rais$ by "o  
glance1 t ^? mu/ be altoge!r unacqua9t$ 
) love t wond] at ! ,m$ian naph?a1 t    
takes fire at a di/ance f ! flame4 ,= ! 
glances ( a fair "o1 ?\gh at a great    
di/ance1 quickly k9dle a fire 9 ! lov]'s
 brea/4 ,besides e body kn[s ! rem$y = !
 jaundice2 if !y look ^u ! bird call$   
*>adrios !y are cur$4 ,= t animal seems 
to be ( t temp]ature & nature z to      
receive & draw away ! disease1 t l a    
/ream fl[s out ?r\gh ! eyes2 s t !      
*>adrios w n look on "o t ha? !         

jaundice2 he _c endure x1 b turns away 8
 head & %uts 8 eyes1 n envy+ 7z "s      
imag9e7 ! cure he p]=ms1 b be+ really   
hurt by ! effluvia ( ! pati5t4 ,& ( all 
diseases1 sor5ess ( ! eyes is ! mo/     
infecti\s2 s /rong & vigor\s is ! sight1
 & s easily does x cause infirmities 9  
ano!r4  ,v "r1 said ,patrocles1 & y     
reason well z to *anges wr\ght ^u !     
body2 b z to ! s\l1 :i* 9 "s measure    
ex]cises ! p[] ( wit*craft1 h[ c ?is    
cause any di/urbance by ! eye8 ,sir1 ,i 
repli$1 d n y consid] t ! s\l1 :5       
affect$1 works ^u ! body8 ,ideas ( love 
excite lu/1 & rage (t5 bl9ds dogs z !y  
fight ) wild bea/s4 ,sorr[1 covet\sness1
 or jeal\sy makes u *ange color1 &      
de/roys ! habit ( ! body2 & envy m ?an  
any passion1 :5 fix$ 9 ! s\l1 fills !   
body full ( ill humors1 & makes x pale &
 ugly2 :i* de=mities good pa9t]s 9 _!   
pictures ( envy endeavor to repres5t4   
,n[1 :5 m5 ?us p]v]t$ by envy fix _!    
eyes ^u ano!r1 & ^!1 be+ ne>e/ to ! s\l1
 easily draw ! v5om f x1 & s5d out z x 7

 poison$ d>ts1 x is no wond]1 9 my m9d1 
if he t is look$ ^u is hurt4 ,?us ! bit+
 ( a dog :5 mad is mo/ dang]\s2 & !n !  
se$ ( a man is mo/ prolific1 :5 he      
embraces "o t he loves2 & 9 g5]al !     
affections ( ! m9d /r5g!n & invigorate !
 p[]s ( ! body4 ,& !re=e p imag9e t ^?  
amulets t are pres]vative aga9/         
wit*craft are likewise good & efficaci\s
 aga9/ envy2 ! sight by ! /rang5ess ( ! 
spectacle be+ div]t$1 s t x _c make s   
/rong an impression ^u ! pati5t4 ,?is1  
,florus1 is :at ,i c say2 & pray sir1   
accept x z my club = ?is ent]ta9m5t4    
,well1 said ,socl>us1 b let u try :e!r !
 money be all good or no2 =1 9 my m9d "s
 ( x seems brass4 ,b if we admit ! g5]al
 report ab\t ^! matt]s to be true1 y "k 
v well t x is commonly suppos$ t "s h   
fri5ds1 acqua9tance1 & ev5 fa!rs1 t h   
su* evil eyes2 s t ! mo!rs w n %[ _!    
*ildr5 to !m1 nor = a long "t suff] !m  
to be look$ ^u by su*2 & h[ c ! effects 
wr\ght by ^! proce$ f envy8 ,b :at1 =   
,god's sake1 wilt ?\ say to ^? t are    

report$ to bewit* !mselves8--= ,i am    
sure y h he>d ( su*1 or at lea/ read ^! 
l9es3--       ,curls once on ,eutel's   
head 9 ord] /ood2      ,b :5 he view$ 8 
figure 9 a flood1      ,he ov]look$     
himself1 & n[ !y fall444  ,= !y say t   
?is ,eutelidas1 appe>+ v delicate &     
beaute\s to himself1 0 affect$ ) t sight
 & grew sick ^u x1 & lo/ 8 beauty & 8   
heal?4 ,n[1 pray sir1 :at reason c y f9d
 = ^! wond]ful effects8  ,at any o!r "t1
 ,i repli$1 ,i "q n b ,i %all give y    
full satisfaction4 ,b n[1 sir1 aft] su* 
a l>ge pot z y h se5 me take1 ,i boldly 
affirm1 t all passions :i* h be5 fix$ 9 
! s\l a long "t raise ill humors 9 !    
body1 :i* by cont9uance gr[+ /rong en\gh
 to be1 z x 71 a new nature1 be+ excit$ 
by any int]v5+ accid5t1 =ce m51 ?\gh    
unwill+1 to _! accu/om$ passions4       
,consid] ! timor\s1 !y are afraid ev5 ( 
^? ?+s t pres]ve !m4 ,consid] ! petti%1 
!y are angry ) _! be/ & de>e/ fri5ds4   
,consid] ! amor\s & lascivi\s1 9 !      
height ( _! fury !y d>e violate a       

,ve/al4 ,= cu/om is v p[]ful to draw !  
temp] ( ! body to any?+ t is suitable to
 x2 & he t is apt to fall w /umble at   
ev]y?+ t lies 9 8 way4 ,s x is no wond] 
t ^? t h rais$ 9 !mselves an envi\s &   
bewit*+ habit1 if accord+ to !          
peculi>ity ( _! passion !y are c>ri$ on 
to suitable effects2 = :5 !y are once   
mov$1 !y d t :i* ! nature ( ! ?+1 n :i* 
_! w1 leads !m to4 ,= z a sph]e mu/     
necess>ily move sph]ically1 & a cyl9d]  
cyl9drically1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( _!
 figures2 ?us 8 disposition makes an    
envi\s man move envi\sly to all ?+s2 & x
 is likely !y %\ld *iefly hurt _! mo/   
famili> acqua9tance & be/ belov$4 ,& t  
f9e fell[ ,eutelidas y m5tion$1 & ! re/ 
t are said to ov]look !mselves1 may be  
easily & ^u good rational gr\nds acc\nt$
 =2 =1 accord+ to ,hippocrates1 a good  
habit ( body1 :5 at height1 is easily   
p]v]t$1 & bodies come to _! full        
maturity d n /& at a /ay !re1 b fall &  
wa/e d[n to ! contr>y extreme4 ,& !re=e 
:5 !y are 9 v good plight1 & see        

!mselves look mu* bett] ?an !y expect$1 
!y gaze & wond]2 b !n _! body be+ nigh  
to *ange1 & _! habit decl9+ into a worse
 condition1 !y ov]look !mselves4 ,& ?is 
is done :5 ! effluvia are /opp$ &       
reflect$ by ! wat] r ?an by any o!r     
reflect+ body2 = ?is exhales ^u !m :il/ 
!y look ^u x1 s t ! v same p>ticles :i* 
w\ld hurt o!rs mu/ hurt !mselves4 ,& ?is
 p]*ance (t5 happ5s to "y *ildr51 & !   
cause ( _! diseases is falsely attribut$
 to ^? t look ^u !m4  ,:5 ,i _h done1   
,caius1 ,florus's son-9-law1 said3 ,!n x
 seems y make no m reckon+ or acc\nt (  
,democritus's images1 ?an ( ^? ( ,aegium
 or ,meg>a2 = he deliv]s t ! envi\s s5d 
out images :i* are n altoge!r void (    
s5se or =ce1 b full ( ! di/urb+ &       
poison\s qualities ( ^? f :om !y come4  
,n[ ^! be+ mix$ ) su* qualities1 &      
rema9+ ) & abid+ 9 ^? p]sons t injure !m
 bo? 9 m9d & body2 = ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is !  
mean+ ( t philosoph]1 a man 9 8 op9ion &
 expressions admirable & div9e4 ,v true1
 said ,i1 & ,i wond] t y did n obs]ve t 

,i took no?+ f ^? effluvia & images b   
life & w2 le/ y %\ld imag9e t1 n[ x is  
almo/ midnight1 ,i br\ght 9 spectres &  
wise & und]/&+ images to t]rify & fright
 y2 b 9 ! morn+1 if y please1 we w talk 
( ^? ?+s4    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:y ,,hom]   
,,calls ,,! ,,apple-,,tree ,,greek      
,,omitt$1 ,,& ,,emp$ocles ,,calls       
,,apples ,,greek ,,omitt$4  ,,plut>*1   
,,trypho1 ,,c]ta9 ,,gramm>ians1         
,,lamprias ,,! ,,eld]4  ,z we 7 at supp]
 9 ,*a]onea1 & _h all sorts ( fruit at !
 table1 "o ( ! company *anc$ to speak ^!
 v]ses1       ,! fig-trees sweet1 !     
apple-trees t be>      ,fair fruit1 &   
olives gre5 ?r\gh all ! ye>4            
7,odyssey1 vii4 #aae47  ,^u ?is !re     
arose a "q1 :y ! poet calls apple-trees 
p>ticul>ly ,greek omitt$1 ,,be>+ ,,fair 
,,fruit4 ,trypho ! physician said t ?is 
epi!t 0 giv5 comp>atively 9 respect ( ! 
tree1 because1 x be+ small & no goodly  
tree to look ^u1 be>s fair & l>ge fruit4
 ,somebody else said1 t ! p>ticul>      
excell5cies scatt]$ among/ all o!r      

fruits are unit$ 9 ?is alone4 ,z to !   
t\*1 x is smoo? & poli%$1 s t x makes ! 
h& t t\*e? x odor\s )\t defil+ x2 x is  
sweet to ! ta/e1 & to ! smell & sight v 
pleas+2 & !re=e !re is reason t x %\ld  
be duly prais$1 z be+ t :i* congregates 
& allures all ! s5ses toge!r4  ,?is     
disc\rse pleas$ u indiff]5tly well4 ,b  
:]eas ,emp$ocles has ?us writt51        
,:y pomegranates s late d ?rive1      ,&
 apples give a lovely %[ ,greek omitt$2 
,i guess ! epi!t to be giv5 to          
pomegranates1 because t at ! end (      
autumn1 & :5 ! heats beg9 to decrease1  
!y rip5 ! fruit2 = ! sun w n suff] !    
weak & ?9 moi/ure to ?ick5 into a       
consi/5ce until ! air beg9s to wax      
cold]2 !re=e1 says ,!ophra/us1 ?is only 
tree rip5s its fruit be/ & soone/ 9 !   
%ade4 ,b 9 :at s5se ! philosoph] gives !
 epi!t ,greek omitt$1 to apples1 ,i mu* 
"q1 s9ce x is n 8 cu/om to try to adorn 
8 v]ses ) v>ieties ( epi!ts1 z ) gay &  
florid colors4 ,b 9 e v]se he gives "s  
description ( ! sub/ance & virtue ( !   

subject :i* he treats2 z :5 he calls !  
body encircl+ ! s\l ! mortal-surr\nd+   
e>?2 z also :5 he calls ! air           
cl\d-ga!r+1 & ! liv] mu* blood$4  ,:5 n[
 ,i _h said ^! ?+s myself1 c]ta9        
gramm>ians affirm$1 t ^? apples 7 call$ 
,greek omitt$ by reason ( _! vigor &    
florid mann] ( gr[+2 = to blossom &     
fl\ri% aft] an extraord9>y mann] is by !
 poets express$ by ! ^w ,greek omitt$4  
,9 ?is s5se1 ,antima*us calls ! city (  
,cadmeans fl\ri%+ ) fruit2 & ,aratus1   
speak+ ( ! dog-/> ,sirius1 says t he    
,to "s gave /r5g?1 b o!rs did ru91      
,_! bloom2  call+ ! gre5ness ( ! trees &
 ! blossom+ ( ! fruit by ! "n ( ,greek  
omitt$4 ,nay1 !re are "s ( ! ,greeks    
also :o sacrifice to ,bac*us surnam$    
,greek omitt$4 ,& !re=e1 see+ ! v]dure &
 floridness *iefly recomm5d ?is fruit1  
philosoph]s call x ,greek omitt$4 ,b    
,lamprias our gr&fa!r us$ to say t ! ^w 
,greek omitt$ did n only d5ote excess & 
vehem5cy1 b ext]nal & sup]nal2 ?us we   
call ! upp] frame ( a door ,greek       

omitt$1 & ! upp] portion ( ! h\se ,greek
 omitt$2 & ! poet calls ! outw>d p>ts ( 
! victim ! upp]-fle%1 z he calls !      
entrails ! inn]-fle%4 ,let u see !re=e1 
says he1 :e!r ,emp$ocles did n make use 
( ?is epi!t 9 ?is s5se1 see+ t o!r      
fruits are encompass$ ) an outw>d r9d & 
) c]ta9 coat+s & membranes1 b ! only    
cortex r9d t ! apple has is a glut9\s & 
smoo? tunic 7or core7 conta9+ ! se$1 s t
 ! "p :i* c be eat51 & lies )\t1 0      
prop]ly call$ ,greek omitt$1 t ,,is     
,,ov] or ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,husk4      
,,"q ,,ix4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t  
,,! ,,fig-,,tree1 ,,be+ ,,itself ,,( ,a 
,,v ,,%>p ,,& ,,bitt] ,,ta/e1 ,,be>s ,,s
 ,,sweet ,,fruit8  ,,lamprias ,,!       
,,eld]1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,?is disc\rse end$1
 ! next "q 0 ab\t fig-trees1 h[ s       
lusci\s & sweet fruit %\ld come f s     
bitt] a tree4 ,= ! leaf f its r\ghness  
is call$ ,greek omitt$4 ,! wood ( x is  
full ( sap1 & z x burns s5ds =? a v bit+
 smoke2 & ! a%es ( x ?or\ghly burnt are 
s acrimoni\s1 t !y make a lye extremely 

det]sive4 ,&1 :i* is v /range1 all o!r  
trees t bud & be> fruit put =? blossoms 
too2 b ! fig-tree nev] blossoms4 ,& if  
7z "s say7 x is nev] ?und]/ruck1 t      
likewise may be attribut$ to ! %>p      
juices & bad temp] ( ! /ock2 = su* ?+s  
are z secure f ?und] z ! sk9 ( a sea    
calf or hy5a4 ,!n said ! old man3 ,x is 
no wond] t :5 all ! sweetness is sep>at$
 & employ$ 9 mak+ ! fruit1 t :i* is left
 %\ld be bitt] & unsavory4 ,= z ! liv]1 
all ! gall be+ ga!r$ 9 its prop] place1 
is itself v sweet2 s ! fig-tree hav+    
p>t$ ) its oil & sweet p>ticles to !    
fruit1 res]ves no portion = itself4 ,= t
 ?is tree ha? "s good juice1 ,i ga!r f  
:at !y say ( rue1 :i* gr[+ "u a fig-tree
 is sweet] ?an usual1 & ha? a sweet] & m
 palatable juice1 z if x drew "s sweet  
p>ticles f ! tree :i* mollifi$ its      
(f5sive & corrod+ qualities2 unless     
p]haps1 on ! contr>y1 ! fig-tree robb+ x
 ( its n\ri%m5t draws likewise "s ( its 
%>pness & bitt]ness away4    ,,"q ,x4   
,,:at ,,are ,,^? ,,t ,,are ,,said ,,to  

,,be ,,greek ,,omitt$1 ,,& ,,:y ,,hom]  
,,calls ,,salt ,,div9e8  ,,florus1      
,,apollophanes1 ,,plut>*1 ,,phil9us4    
,florus1 :5 we 7 ent]ta9$ at 8 h\se1 put
 ?is "q1 ,:at are ^? 9 ! prov]b :o are  
said to be ab\t ! salt & cumm98         
,apollophanes ! gramm>ian pres5tly      
satisfi$ him1 say+1 by t prov]b 7 meant 
intimate acqua9tance1 :o c\ld sup toge!r
 on salt & cumm94 ,!nce we proce$$ to   
inquire h[ salt %\ld come to be s mu*   
honor$ z x is2 = ,hom] pla9ly says1     
,& aft] t he /rew$ 8 salt div9e         
7,iliad1 ix4 #bad47  & ,plato deliv]s t 
by man's laws salt is to be acc\nt$ mo/ 
sacr$4 ,& ?is difficulty 0 increas$ by !
 cu/oms ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 :o pr(ess+
 *a/ity eat no salt1 no1 n s mu* z 9 _! 
bread4 ,= if x be div9e & holy1 :y %\ld 
!y avoid x8  ,florus bade u n m9d !     
,egyptians1 b speak accord+ to !        
,grecian cu/om on ! pres5t subject4 ,b  
,i repli$3 ,! ,egyptians are n contr>y  
to ! ,greeks 9 ?is matt]2 = ! pr(ession 
( purity & *a/ity =bids gett+ *ildr51   

laught]1 w9e1 & _m o!r v comm5dable &   
lawful ?+s2 & p]haps ^! prie/s avoid    
salt1 z be+1 accord+ to "s m5's op9ions1
 by its heat provocative & apt to raise 
lu/4 ,or !y refuse x z ! mo/ pleasant ( 
all sauces1 = inde$ salt may be call$ ! 
sauce ( all sauces2 & !re=e "s call salt
 ,greek omitt$2 because x makes food1   
:i* is necess>y = life1 to be reli%+ &  
pleasant4  ,:at !n1 said ,florus1 %all  
we say t salt is t]m$ div9e = t reason8 
,inde$ t is v consid]able1 = m5 = ! mo/ 
"p deify ^? common ?+s t are exce$+     
useful to _! necessities & wants1 z     
wat]1 light1 ! seasons ( ! ye>2 & ! e>? 
!y d n only ?9k to be div9e1 b a v god4 
,n[ salt is z useful z ei!r ( ^!1       
protect+ 9 a way ! food z x comes into !
 body1 & mak+ x palatable & agreeable to
 ! appetite4 ,b consid] f>!r1 :e!r its  
p[] ( pres]v+ dead bodies f rott+ a long
 "t be n a div9e prop]ty1 & opposite to 
dea?2 s9ce x pres]ves "p1 & w n suff] t 
:i* is mortal :olly to be de/roy$4 ,b z 
! s\l1 :i* is our div9] "p1 connects !  

limbs ( animals1 & keeps ! composure f  
dissolution2 ?us salt appli$ to dead    
bodies1 & imitat+ ! "w ( ! s\l1 /ops ^? 
p>ts t 7 fall+ to corruption1 b9ds &    
conf9es !m1 & s makes !m keep _! union &
 agreem5t ) "o ano!r4 ,& !re=e "s ( !   
,/oics say1 t sw9e's fle% !n des]ves !  
"n ( a body1 :5 ! s\l l salt spreads    
?r\gh x & keeps ! p>ts f dissolution4   
,besides1 y "k t we acc\nt lightn+ to be
 sacr$ & div9e1 because ! bodies t are  
?und]/ruck d n rot = a long "t2 :at     
wond] is x !n1 t ! anci5ts call$ salt z 
well z lightn+ div9e1 s9ce x ha? ! same 
prop]ty & p[]8  ,i mak+ no reply1       
,phil9us subjo9$3 ,d y n ?9k t t :i* is 
g5]ative is to be e/eem$ div9e1 see+    
,god is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s8 ,& ,i     
ass5t+1 he cont9u$3 ,salt1 9 ! op9ion ( 
"s m51 = in/ance ! ,egyptians y m5tion$1
 is v op]ative t way2 & ^? t bre$ dogs1 
:5 !y f9d _! bit*es n apt to be hot1    
give !m salt & season$ fle%1 to excite &
 ar\se _! sleep+ le*]y & vigor4         
,besides1 ! %ips t c>ry salt bre$       

abundance ( mice2 ! females1 z "s       
imag9e1 conceiv+ )\t ! help ( ! males1  
only by lick+ ! salt4 ,b x is mo/       
probable t ! salt raise? an it*+ 9      
animals1 & s makes !m salaci\s & eag] to
 c\ple4 ,& p]haps = ! same reason !y    
call a surpris+ & bewit*+ beauty1 su* z 
is apt to move & entice1 ,greek omitt$1 
,,salti%4 ,& ,i ?9k ! poets _h a respect
 to ?is g5]ative p[] ( salt 9 _! fable (
 ,v5us spr++ f ! sea4 ,& x may be f>!r  
obs]v$1 t !y make all ! sea gods v      
fruitful1 & give !m l>ge families4 ,&   
besides1 !re are no l& animals s        
fruitful z ! sea ones2 agreeable to :i* 
obs]vation is t v]se ( ,emp$ocles1      
,lead+ ! fooli% race ( fruitful fi%4    
,,book ,,vi4  ,timo!us ! son ( ,conon1  
,sossius ,s5ecio1 aft] a full enjoym5t (
 luxuri\s campaign diet1 be+ ent]ta9$ by
 ,plato 9 8 ,academy1 at a neat1 homely1
 & 7z ,ion says7 no surfeit+ fea/ 7su*  
an "o z is con/antly att5d$ by s\nd     
sleep1 & by reason ( ! calm & pleasant  
/ate ! body enjoys1 r>ely int]rupt$ )   

dreams & app>itions71 ! next day1 be+   
s5sible ( ! diff]5ce1 said t ^? t supp$ 
) ,plato 7 well treat$1 ev5 ! day aft] !
 fea/4 ,= su* a temp] ( a body n        
ov]*>g$1 b exp$ite & fitt$ = ! ready    
execution ( all its ent]prises1 is )\t  
all d\bt a great help = ! m com=table   
pass+ away ( ! day4 ,b !re is ano!r     
b5efit n inf]ior to ! =m]1 :i* does     
usually accrue to ^? t sup ) ,plato1    
namely1 ! recollection ( ^? po9ts t 7   
debat$ at ! table4 ,= ! remembrance ( ^?
 pleasures :i* arise f meat & dr9k is   
ung5teel1 & %ort-liv$ )al1 & no?+ b !   
rema9s ( ye/]day's smell4 ,b ! subjects 
( philosophical qu]ies & disc\rses1 be+ 
always fre% aft] !y are imp>t$1 are     
equally reli%$ by all1 z well by ^? t 7 
abs5t z by ^? t 7 pres5t at !m2 insomu* 
t le>n$ m5 ev5 n[ are z mu* p>tak]s (   
,socrates's fea/s z ^? :o really supp$ )
 him4 ,b if ?+s p]ta9+ to ! body _h af  
disc\rse1 b ( ! great v>iety ( di%es1   
sauces1 & o!r co/ly compositions t 7    
prep>$ 9 ! h\ses ( ,callias & ,aga?o4   

,yet !re is n ! lea/ m5tion made ( any  
su* ?+s1 ?\gh que/ionless !y 7 z        
sumptu\s z possible2 b :atev] ?+s 7     
treat$ ( & le>n$ly discuss$ by _! gue/s 
7 left ^u record & transmitt$ to po/]ity
 z prec$5ts1 n only = disc\rs+ at table1
 b also = rememb]+ ! ?+s t 7 h&l$ at su*
 meet+s4    ,,"q ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,!     
,,reason ,,t ,,^? ,,t ,,are ,,fa/+ ,,are
 ,,m ,,?ir/y ,,?an ,,hungry8  ,,plut>*  
,,& ,,o!rs4  ,i pres5t y ) ?is ,six?    
,book ( ,table ,disc\rses1 :]e9 ! fir/  
?+ t come? to be discuss$ is an inquiry 
into ! reason :y ^? t are fa/+ are m    
incl9able to dr9k ?an to eat4 ,= !      
ass]tion c>ries 9 x a repugnancy to !   
/&+ rules ( reason2 =asmu* z ! decay$   
/ock ( dry n\ri%m5t seems m naturally to
 call = its prop] supplies4 ,:]eupon ,i 
told ! company1 t ( ^? ?+s :]e( our     
bodies are compos$1 heat only--or1      
h[ev]1 above all ! re/--/&s 9 cont9ual  
ne$ ( su* accessions2 = ! tru? ( :i* ?is
 may be urg$ z a conv9c+ argum5t3 nei!r 
air1 wat]1 nor e>? requires any matt] to

 fe$ ^u1 or dev\rs :atsoev] lies next x2
 b fire alone do?4 ,h5ce x comes to pass
 t "y m51 by reason ( _! great] %>e (   
natural heat1 h commonly great] /oma*s  
?an old m52 :]eas on ! contr>y1 old m5 c
 endure fa/+ mu* bett]1 = ?is only      
reason1 because _! natural heat is gr[n 
weak] & decay$4 ,j s we see x f>es )    
bloodless animals1 :i* by reason ( !    
want ( heat require v little n\ri%m5t4  
,besides1 e "o ( u f9ds by exp]i5ce1 t  
bodily ex]cises1 clamors1 & :atev] o!r  
actions by viol5t motion occasion heat1 
commonly %>p5 our /oma*s & get u a bett]
 appetite4 ,n[1 z ,i take x1 ! mo/      
natural & pr9cipal n\ri%m5t ( heat is   
moi/ure1 z x evid5tly appe>s f flames1  
:i* increase by ! p\r+ 9 ( oil1 & f     
a%es1 :i* are ( ! drie/ ?+s 9 nature2 = 
aft] ! humidity is consum$ by ! fire1 ! 
t]r5e & gross] p>ts rema9 )\t any       
moi/ure at all4 ,add to ^!1 t fire      
sep>ates & dissolves bodies by extract+ 
t moi/ure :i* %\ld keep !m close &      
compact4 ,!re=e1 :5 we are fa/+1 ! heat 

fir/ ( all =ces ! moi/ure out ( ! relics
 ( ! n\ri%m5t t rema9 9 ! body1 & !n1   
pursu+ ! o!r humid p>ts1 preys ^u !     
natural moi/ure ( ! fle% itself4 ,h5ce !
 body l clay becom+ dry1 wants dr9k m   
?an meat2 till ! heat1 receiv+ /r5g? &  
vigor by our dr9k+1 excites an appetite 
= m sub/antial food4    ,,"q ,,ii4      
,,:e!r ,,want ,,( ,,n\ri%m5t ,,cause?   
,,hung] ,,& ,,?ir/ ,,or ,,! ,,*ange ,,9 
,,! ,,figures ,,( ,,! ,,pores4  ,,philo1
 ,,plut>*4  ,aft] ^! ?+s 7 spoke1 ,philo
 ! physician />t$ ! fir/ "q1 ass]t+ t   
?ir/ did n arise f ! want ( n\ri%m5t1 b 
f ! diff]5t transfiguration ( c]ta9     
passages4 ,=1 says he1 ?is may be made  
evid5t1 p>tly f :at we see happ5s to ^? 
t ?ir/ 9 ! night1 :o1 if sleep *ance to 
/eal ^u !m1 ?\gh !y did n dr9k be=e1 are
 yet rid ( _! ?ir/2 p>tly f p]sons 9 a  
fev]1 :o1 z soon z ! disease abates or  
is remov$1 ?ir/ no m4 ,nay1 a great _m  
m51 aft] !y h ba!d or vomit$1 p]ceive   
pres5tly t _! ?ir/ is gone2 yet none (  
^! add any?+ to _! =m] moi/ure1 b only !

 transfiguration ( ! pores cause? a new 
ord] & disposition4 ,& ?is is m evid5t 9
 hung]2 = _m sick p]sons1 at ! same "t  
:5 !y h ! greate/ ne$ ( meat1 h no      
/oma*4 ,o!rs1 aft] !y h fill$ _!        
bellies1 h ! same /oma*s1 & _! appetites
 are r increas$ ?an abat$4 ,!re are a   
great _m besides :o loa! all sorts (    
diet1 yet by tak+ ( a pickl$ olive or   
cap] recov] & confirm _! lo/ appetites4 
,?is do? cle>ly ev9ce1 t hung] proce$s f
 "s *ange 9 ! pores1 & n f any want (   
su/5ance1 =asmu* z su* k9d ( food less5s
 ! defect by add+ food1 b increases !   
hung]2 & ! pleas+ reli% & poignancy (   
su* pickles1 by b9d+ & /rait5+ ! m\? ( !
 v5tricle1 & aga9 by op5+ & loos5+ ( x1 
beget 9 x a conv5i5t disposition to     
receive meat1 :i* we call by ! "n (     
appetite4  ,i mu/ confess ?is disc\rse  
seem$ to c>ry 9 x "s %ad[ ( reason &    
probability2 b 9 ! ma9 x is directly    
repugnant to ! *ief end ( nature1 to :i*
 appetite directs e animal4 ,= t makes x
 desire a supply ( :at !y /& 9 ne$ (1 & 

avoid a defect ( _! prop] food4 ,= to   
d5y :at especially makes a liv+ creature
 diff] f an inanimate object z giv5 to u
 = our pres]vation & cons]vation 7be+ z 
x 7 ! receiv] ( :at supplem5ts & agrees 
) ! nature ( our body7 is ! argum5t ( "o
 :o takes no acc\nt ( natural law1      
especially :5 he w\ld add t ! *>act]i/ic
 proce$s f ! great or small size ( !    
pores4 ,besides1 x is absurd to ?9k t a 
body ?r\gh ! want ( natural heat %\ld be
 *ill$1 & %\ld n 9 l mann] hung] & ?ir/ 
?r\gh ! want ( natural moi/ure &        
n\ri%m5t4 ,& yet ?is is m absurd1 t     
,nature :5 ov]*>g$ %\ld desire to       
disburd5 h]self1 & yet %\ld n require to
 be suppli$ on acc\nt ( empt9ess1 b on  
acc\nt ( "s condition or o!r1 ,i "k n   
:at4 ,moreov]1 ^! ne$s & supplies 9     
relation to animals h "s resemblance to 
^? we see 9 husb&ry4 ,!re are a great _m
 l qualities & l provisions on bo?      
sides4 ,= 9 a dr\ght we wat] our gr\nds1
 & 9 case ( excessive heat1 we frequ5tly
 make use ( mod]ate cool]s2 & :5 our    

fruits are too cold1 we endeavor to     
pres]ve & *]i% !m1 by cov]+ & mak+ f5ces
 ab\t !m4 ,& = su* ?+s z are out ( !    
rea* ( human p[]1 we implore ! assi/ance
 ( ! gods1 t is1 to s5d u s(t5+ dews1 & 
sun%9es qualifi$ ) mod]ate w9ds2 t s    
,nature1 be+ always desir\s ( a due     
mixture1 may h h] wants suppli$4 ,& =   
?is reason ,i presume x 0 t n\ri%m5t is 
call$ ,greek omitt$ 7f ,greek omitt$71  
because x obs]ves & pres]ves ,nature4   
,n[ ,nature is pres]v$ 9 plants1 :i* are
 de/itute ( s5se1 by ! favorable        
influ5ce ( ! circumambi5t air 7z        
,emp$ocles says71 moi/5+ !m 9 su* a     
measure z is mo/ agreeable to _! nature4
 ,b z = u m51 our appetites prompt u on 
to ! *ase & pursuance ( :atsoev] is     
want+ to our natural temp]am5t4  ,b n[  
let u pass to ! exam9ation ( ! tru? ( ! 
argum5ts t seem to favor ! contr>y      
op9ion4 ,& = ! fir/1 ,i suppose t ^?    
meats t are palatable & ( a quick & %>p 
ta/e d n beget 9 u an appetite1 b r bite
 & fret ^? p>ts t receive ! n\ri%m5t1 z 

we f9d t scrat*+ ! sk9 causes it*+4 ,&  
suppos+ we %\ld grant t ?is affection or
 disposition is ! v ?+ :i* we call !    
appetite1 x is probable t1 by ! op]ation
 ( su* k9d ( food z ?is1 ! n\ri%m5t may 
be made small1 & s mu* ( x z is conv5i5t
 = ,nature sev]$ f ! re/1 s t ! indig5cy
 proce$s n f ! transmutation1 b f !     
evacuation & purgation ( ! passages4 ,= 
%>p1 t>t1 & salt ?+s grate ! inw>d      
matt]1 & by disp]s+ ( x cause dige/ion1 
s t by ! concoctions ( ! old !re may    
arise an appetite = new4 ,nor does !    
cessation ( ?ir/ aft] ba?+ spr+ f !     
diff]5t position ( ! passages1 b f a new
 supply ( moi/ure receiv$ into ! fle%1 &
 convey$ f !nce to !m also4 ,& vomit+1  
by ?r[+ (f :atev] is disagreeable to    
,nature1 puts h] 9 a capacity ( enjoy+  
:at is mo/ suitable = h]4 ,= ?ir/ does n
 call = a sup]fluity ( moi/ure1 b only =
 s mu* z suffice? ,nature2 & !re=e1 ?\gh
 a man _h pl5ty ( disagreeable &        
unnatural moi/ure1 yet he wants /ill1 = 
t /ops ! c\rse ( ! natural1 :i* ,nature 

is desir\s (1 & h9d]s a due mixture &   
temp]am5t1 till x be ca/ out & ! pores  
receive :at is mo/ prop] & conv5i5t =   
!m4 ,moreov]1 a fev] =ces all ! moi/ure 
d[nw>d2 & ! middle p>ts be+ 9 combu/ion1
 x all retires ?i!r1 & !re is %ut up &  
=cibly deta9$4 ,& !re=e x is usual ) a  
great _m to vomit1 by reason ( ! d5sity 
( ! inw>d p>ts squeez+ out ! moi/ure1 & 
likewise to ?ir/1 by reason ( ! poor &  
dry /ate ! re/ ( ! body is 94 ,b aft] ! 
viol5ce ( ! di/emp] is once abat$1 & !  
rag+ heat ha? left ! middle p>ts1 !     
moi/ure beg9s to disp]se itself aga92 & 
accord+ to its natural motion1 by a     
spe$y conveyance into all ! p>ts1 x     
refre%es ! entrails1 s(t5s & makes t5d] 
! dry & p>*$ fle%4 ,v (t5 also x causes 
sweat1 & !n ! defect :i* occasion$ ?ir/ 
ceases2 = ! moi/ure leav+ t "p ( ! body 
:]e9 x 0 =cibly deta9$1 & out ( :i* x   
h>dly made an escape1 retires to ! place
 :]e x is want$4 ,= z x f>es ) a g>d5   
:]e9 !re is a l>ge well1--if nobody draw
 !re( & wat] x1 ! h]bs mu/ ne$s )] &    

die1--s x f>es ) a body2 if all !       
moi/ure be contract$ into "o "p1 x is no
 wond] if ! re/ be 9 want & dry1 till x 
is diffus$ aga9 ov] ! o!r limbs4 ,j s x 
happ5s to p]sons 9 a fev]1 aft] ! heat (
 ! disease is ov]1 & likewise to ^? :o g
 to sleep ?ir/y4 ,= 9 ^!1 sleep draws ! 
moi/ure to ! middle p>ts1 & equally     
di/ributes x among/ ! re/1 satisfy+ !m  
all4 ,b1 ,i pray1 :at k9d (             
transfiguration ( ! passages is ?is :i* 
causes hung] & ?ir/8 ,= my "p1 ,i "k no 
o!r di/9ction ( ! pores b 9 respect ( _!
 numb] or t "s ( !m are %ut1 o!rs op54  
,z = ^? t are %ut1 !y c nei!r receive   
meat nor dr9k2 & z = ^? t are op51 !y   
make an empty space1 :i* is no?+ b a    
want ( t :i* ,nature requires4 ,?us1    
sir1 :5 m5 dye clo?1 ! liquor 9 :i* !y  
dip x ha? v %>p & ab/]sive p>ticles2    
:i*1 consum+ & sc\r+ (f all ! matt] t   
fill$ ! pores1 make ! clo? m apt to     
receive ! dye1 because its pores are    
empty & want some?+ to fill !m up4      
,,"q ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t 

,,hung] ,,is ,,allay$ ,,by ,,dr9k+1 ,,b 
,,?ir/ ,,increas$ ,,by ,,eat+8  ,,!     
,,ho/1 ,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,aft] we  
_h gone ?us f>1 ! ma/] ( ! fea/ told !  
company t ! =m] po9ts 7 reasonably well 
discuss$2 & waiv+ at pres5t ! disc\rse  
conc]n+ ! evacuation & repletion ( !    
pores1 he reque/$ u to fall ^u ano!r "q1
 t is1 h[ x comes to pass t hung] is    
/ay$ by dr9k+1 :51 on ! contr>y1 ?ir/ is
 m viol5t aft] eat+4 ,^? :o assign !    
reason to be 9 ! pores seem ) a great   
deal ( ease & probability1 ?\gh n ) s   
mu* tru?1 to expla9 ! ?+4 ,= see+ !     
pores 9 all bodies are ( diff]5t sorts &
 sizes1 ! m capaci\s receive bo? dry &  
humid n\ri%m5t1 ! less] take 9 dr9k1 n  
meat2 b ! vacuity ( ! =m] causes hung]1 
( ! latt] ?ir/4 ,h5ce x is t m5 t ?ir/  
are nev] bett] aft] !y h eat51 ! pores  
by reason ( _! /raitness d5y+ admittance
 to gross] n\ri%m5t1 & ! want ( suitable
 supply /ill rema9+4 ,b aft] hungry m5 h
 drunk1 ! moi/ure ent]s ! great] pores1 
fills ! empty spaces1 & 9 "p assuages ! 

viol5ce ( ! hung]4  ,( ?is effect1 said 
,i1 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ d\bt1 b ,i d n      
approve ( ! reason !y give = x4 ,= if   
any "o %\ld admit ^! pores 7:i* "s are s
 unreasonably fond (7 to be 9 ! fle%1 he
 mu/ ne$s make x a v s(t1 loose1 flabby 
sub/ance2 & t ! same p>ts d n receive ! 
meat & dr9k1 b t !y run ?r\gh diff]5t   
canals & /ra9]s 9 !m1 seems to me to be 
a v /range & unacc\ntable op9ion4 ,= !  
moi/ure mixes ) ! dry food1 & by !      
assi/ance ( ! natural heat & spirits    
cuts ! n\ri%m5t f> small] ?an any cleav]
 or *opp+-knife1 to ! end t e "p ( x may
 be exactly fitt$ to ea* "p ( ! body1 n 
appli$1 z !y w\ld h x1 to little vessels
 & pores1 b unit$ & incorporat$ ) ! :ole
 sub/ance4 ,& unless ! ?+ 7 expla9$ aft]
 ?is mann]1 ! h>de/ knot 9 ! "q w\ld    
/ill rema9 unsolv$4 ,= a man t has a    
?ir/ ^u him1 suppos+ he eats & do? n    
dr9k1 is s f> f qu5*+1 t he does highly 
increase x4 ,?is po9t is yet undiscuss$4
 ,b m>k1 said ,i1 :e!r ! positions on my
 side be cle> & evid5t or n4 ,9 ! fir/  

place1 we take x = grant$ t moi/ure is  
wa/$ & de/roy$ by heat1 t ! dri] p>ts ( 
! n\ri%m5t qualifi$ & s(t5$ by moi/ure1 
are diffus$ & fly away 9 vapors4        
,secondly1 we mu/ by no means suppose t 
all hung] is a total privation ( dry1 & 
?ir/ ( humid nutrim5t1 b only a mod]ate 
"o1 & su* z is suffici5t to cause ! "o  
or ! o!r2 = :oev] are :olly depriv$ (   
ei!r ( ^!1 !y nei!r hung] nor ?ir/1 b   
die in/antly4 ,^! ?+s be+ laid d[n z a  
f\ndation1 x w be no h>d matt] to f9d   
out ! cause4 ,= ?ir/ is increas$ by eat+
 = ?is reason1 because t meat by its    
natural siccity contracts & de/roys all 
t small quantity ( moi/ure :i* rema9$   
scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! body2 j z      
happ5s 9 ?+s obvi\s to our s5ses2 we see
 ! e>?1 du/1 & ! l pres5tly suck 9 !    
moi/ure t is mix$ ) !m4 ,n[1 on !       
contr>y1 dr9k mu/ ( necessity assuage   
hung]2 = ! moi/ure wat]+ & diffus+      
itself ?r\gh ! dry & p>*$ relics ( !    
meat we ate la/1 by turn+ !m into ?9    
juices1 conveys !m ?r\gh ! :ole body1 & 

succors ! indig5t p>ts4 ,& !re=e ) v    
good reason ,erasi/ratus call$ moi/ure !
 vehicle ( ! meat2 = z soon z ?is is    
mix$ ) ?+s :i* by reason ( _! dryness1  
or "s o!r quality1 are sl[ & heavy1 x   
raises !m up & c>ries !m al(t4 ,moreov]1
 sev]al m51 :5 !y h drunk no?+ at all1 b
 only wa%$ !mselves1 all on a sudd5 are 
fre$ f a v viol5t hung]1 because !      
extr9sic moi/ure ent]+ ! pores makes !  
meat )9 m succul5t & ( a m n\ri%+       
nature1 s t ! heat & fury ( ! hung]     
decl9es & abates2 & !re=e a great _m (  
^? :o h a m9d to />ve !mselves to dea?  
live a long "t only by dr9k+ wat]2 t is1
 z long z ! siccity does n q consume    
:atev] may be unit$ to & n\ri% ! body4  
,,"q ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t  
,a ,,bucket ,,( ,,wat] ,,drawn ,,out ,,(
 ,a ,,well1 ,,if ,,x ,,/&s ,,all ,,night
 ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,t ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,well1 
,,is1 ,,m ,,cold ,,9 ,,! ,,morn+ ,,?an  
,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,wat]8  ,a ,,gue/1   
,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,"o ( ! /rang]s  
at ! ! table1 :o took wond]ful great    

delight 9 dr9k+ ( cold wat]1 _h "s      
br\ght to him by ! s]vants1 cool$ aft]  
?is mann]2 !y _h hung 9 ! well a bucket 
full ( ! same wat]1 s t x c\ld n t\* !  
sides ( ! well1 & !re let x rema91 all  
night3 ! next day1 :5 x 0 br\ght to     
table1 x 0 cold] ?an ! wat] t 0         
newdrawn4 ,n[ ?is g5tleman 0 an         
indiff]5t good s*ol>1 & !re=e told !    
company t he _h le>n$ ?is f ,ari/otle1  
:o gives ! reason ( x4 ,! reason :i* he 
assign$ 0 ?is4 ,all wat]1 :5 x ha? be5  
once hot1 is aft]w>ds m cold2 z t :i* is
 prep>$ = k+s1 :5 x ha? boil$ a good    
:ile ^u ! fire1 is aft]w>ds put into a  
vessel set r\nd ) sn[1 & s made cold]2 j
 z we f9d our bodies m cool aft] we h   
ba!d1 because ! body1 aft] a %ort       
relaxation f heat1 is r>efi$ & m por\s1 
& !re=e s mu* ! m fitt$ to receive a    
l>g] quantity ( air1 :i* causes !       
alt]ation4 ,!re=e ! wat]1 :5 x is drawn 
out ( ! well1 be+ fir/ w>m$ 9 ! air1    
gr[s pres5tly cold4  ,:]eupon we began  
to comm5d ! man v highly = 8 happy      

memory2 b we call$ 9 "q ! pret5d$       
reason4 ,= if ! air :]e9 ! vessel hangs 
be cold1 h[1 ,i pray1 does x heat !     
wat]8 ,if hot1 h[ does x aft]w>ds make x
 cold8 ,= x is absurd to say1 t ! same  
?+ is affect$ by ! same ?+ ) contr>y    
qualities1 no diff]5ce at all int]v5+4  
,:ile ! g5tleman held 8 peace1 z n kn[+ 
:at to say2 !re is no cause1 said ,i1 t 
we %\ld raise any scruple conc]n+ !     
nature ( ! air1 =asmu* z we are asc]ta9$
 by s5se t x is cold1 especially 9 !    
bottom ( a well2 & !re=e we c nev]      
imag9e t x %\ld make ! wat] hot4 ,b ,i  
%\ld r judge ?is to be ! reason3 ! cold 
air1 ?\gh x _c cool ! great quantity (  
wat] :i* is 9 ! well1 yet c easily cool 
ea* "p ( x1 sep>ate f ! :ole4    ,,"q   
,v4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t ,,pebble
 ,,/ones ,,& ,,lead5 ,,bullets ,,?r[n   
,,into ,,! ,,wat] ,,make ,,x ,,m ,,cold8
  ,a ,,gue/1 ,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,i  
suppose y may rememb] t :at ,ari/otle   
says 9 8 problems1 ( little /ones &     
pieces ( iron1 h[ x ha? be5 obs]v$ by "s

 t be+ ?r[n into ! wat] !y temp] & cool 
x4 ,?is is no m ?an b>ely ass]t$ by him2
 b we w g f>!r & inquire into ! reason (
 x1 ! discov]y ( :i* w be a matt] (     
difficulty4 ,yes1 says ,i1 x w s1 & x is
 mu* if we hit ^u x2 = d b consid]1 fir/
 ( all1 d n y suppose t ! air :i* comes 
9 f )\t cools ! wat]8 ,b n[ air has a   
great deal m p[] & =ce1 :5 x beats aga9/
 /ones & pieces ( iron4 ,= !y d n1 l    
braz5 & e>!n vessels1 suff] x to pass   
?r\gh2 b1 by reason ( _! solid bulk1    
beat x back & reflect x into ! wat]1 s t
 ^u all p>ts ! cold works v /rongly4 ,& 
h5ce x comes to pass t riv]s 9 ! w9t]   
are cold] ?an ! sea1 because ! cold air 
has a p[] ov] !m1 :i* by reason ( its   
dep? x has n ov] ! sea1 :]e x is scatt]$
 )\t any reflection4 ,b x is probable t 
= ano!r reason ?9n] wat]s may be made   
cold] by ! air ?an ?ick]1 because !y are
 n s /rong to resi/ its =ce4 ,n[        
:et/ones & pebbles make ! wat] ?9n] by  
draw+ to !m all ! mud & o!r gross]      
sub/ances t be mix$ ) x1 t s by tak+ !  

/r5g? f x may ! m easily be wr\ght ^u by
 ! cold4 ,b besides1 lead is naturally  
cold1 z t :i*1 be+ dissolv$ 9 v9eg>1    
makes ! colde/ ( all poisons1 call$     
:ite-lead2 & /ones1 by reason ( _!      
d5sity1 raise cold 9 ! bottom ( ! wat]4 
,= e /one is no?+ else b a congeal$ lump
 ( froz5 e>?1 ?\gh "s m or less ?an     
o!rs2 & !re=e x is no absurdity to say t
 /ones & lead1 by reflect+ ! air1       
increase ! coldness ( ! wat]4    ,,"q   
,,vi  ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t ,,m5  
,,pres]ve ,,sn[ ,,by ,,cov]+ ,,x ,,)    
,,*aff ,,& ,,clo?s8  ,a ,,gue/1         
,,plut>*4  ,!n ! /rang]1 aft] he _h made
 a little pause1 said3 ,m5 9 love are   
ambiti\s to be 9 company ) _! swee!>ts2 
:5 t is d5i$ !m1 !y desire at lea/ to   
talk ( !m4 ,?is is my case 9 relation to
 sn[2 &1 because ,i _c h x at pres5t1 ,i
 am desir\s to le>n ! reason :y x is    
commonly pres]v$ by ! hotte/ ?+s4 ,=1 :5
 cov]$ ) *aff & clo? t has nev] be5 at !
 full]'s1 x is pres]v$ a long "t4 ,n[ x 
is /range t ! colde/ ?+s %\ld be pres]v$

 by ! hotte/4  ,yes1 said ,i1 x is a v  
/range ?+1 if true4 ,b x is n s2 & we   
coz5 ourselves by pres5tly conclud+ a ?+
 to be hot if x h a faculty ( caus+     
heat1 :5 z yet we see t ! same g>m5t    
causes heat 9 w9t]1 & cold 9 summ]4 ,?us
 ! nurse 9 ! trag$y1       ,9 g>m5ts ?9 
do? ,niobe's *ildr5 fold1      ,&       
sometimes heats & sometimes cools !     
babes4  ,! ,g]mans inde$ make use (     
clo!s only aga9/ ! cold1 ! ,e?iopians   
only aga9/ ! heat2 b !y are useful to u 
^u bo? acc\nts4 ,:y !re=e %\ld we r say 
! clo!s are hot1 because !y cause heat1 
?an cold1 because !y cause cold8 ,nay1  
if we mu/ be tri$ by s5se1 x w be f\nd t
 !y are m cold ?an hot4 ,= at ! fir/    
putt+ on ( a coat x is cold1 & s is our 
b$ :5 we lie d[n2 b aft]w>ds !y gr[ hot 
) ! heat ( our bodies1 because !y bo?   
keep 9 ! heat & keep out ! cold4 ,inde$1
 fev]i% p]sons & o!rs t h a viol5t heat 
^u !m (t5 *ange _! clo!s1 because !y    
p]ceive t fre% ones at ! fir/ putt+ on  
are mu* cold]2 b )9 a v little "t _!    

bodies make !m z hot z ! o!rs4 ,9 l     
mann]1 z a g>m5t heat$ makes u hot1 s a 
cov]+ cool$ keeps sn[ cold4 ,n[ t :i*   
causes ?is cold is ! cont9ual emanations
 ( a subtile _s ! sn[ has 9 x1 :i* _s1 z
 long z x rema9s 9 ! sn[1 keeps x       
compact & close2 b1 aft] once x is gone1
 ! sn[ melts & dissolves into wat]1 &   
in/antly loses its :it5ess1 occasion$ by
 a mixture ( ?is _s ) a fro?y moi/ure4  
,!re=e at ! same "t1 by ! help ( ^!     
clo!s1 ! cold is kept 91 & ! ext]nal air
 is %ut out1 le/ x %\ld ?aw ! concrete  
body ( ! sn[4 ,! reason :y !y make use (
 clo? t has n yet be5 at ! full]'s is   
?is1 because t 9 su* clo? ! hair & co>se
 flocks keep x (f f press+ too h>d ^u ! 
sn[1 & bruis+ x4 ,s *aff ly+ lightly ^u 
x does n dissolve ! body ( ! sn[1       
besides ! *aff lies close & %uts out !  
w>m air1 & keeps 9 ! natural cold ( !   
sn[4 ,n[ t sn[ melts by ! evaporat+ (   
?is _s1 we are asc]ta9$ by s5se2 = :5   
sn[ melts x raises a vapor4    ,,"q     
,,vii4 ,,:e!r ,,w9e ,,ought ,,to ,,be   

,,/ra9$ ,,or ,,n4  ,,nig]1 ,,ari/io4    
,nig]1 a citiz5 ( ours1 0 lately come f 
s*ool1 aft] he _h sp5t "s "t "u !       
discipl9e ( a celebrat$ philosoph]1 b _h
 absorb$ no?+ b ^? faults by :i* 8 ma/] 
0 odi\s to o!rs1 especially 8 cu/om (   
reprov+ & ( c>p+ at :atev] ^u any       
occasion *anc$ to be discuss$ 9 company4
 ,& !re=e1 :5 we 7 at supp] "o "t at    
,ari/io's1 n cont5t to assume to himself
 a lib]ty to rail at all ! re/ ( !      
prep>ations z too pr(use & extravagant1 
he _h a pique at ! w9e too1 & said t x  
ought n to be br\ght to table /ra9$1 b  
t1 obs]v+ ,hesiod's rule1 we ought to   
dr9k x new out ( ! vessel4 ,moreov]1 he 
add$ t ?is way ( purg+ w9e takes ! /r5g?
 f x1 & robs x ( its natural heat1 :i*1 
:5 w9e is p\r$ out ( "o vessel into     
ano!r1 evaporates & dies4 ,besides he   
w\ld ne$s p]suade u t x %[$ too mu* ( a 
va9 curiosity1 effem9acy1 & luxury1 to  
conv]t :at is :olesome into t :i* is    
palatable4 ,= z ! riot\s1 n ! temp]ate1 
use to cut cocks & geld pigs1 to make _!

 fle% t5d] & delici\s1 ev5 aga9/        
,nature2 j s 7if we may use a metaphor1 
says he7 ^? t /ra9 w9e geld & emasculate
 x1 :il/ _! squeami% /oma*s w nei!r     
suff] !m to dr9k pure w9e1 nor _!       
intemp]ance to dr9k mod]ately4 ,!re=e !y
 make use ( ?is exp$i5t1 to ! end t x   
may r5d] ! desire !y h ( dr9k+          
pl5tifully m excusable4 ,s !y take all !
 /r5g? f ! w9e1 leav+ ! palatabl5ess    
/ill3 z we use to deal ) ^? ) ^:        
con/itution cold wat] does n agree1 to  
boil x = !m4 ,= !y c]ta9ly take (f all !
 /r5g? f ! w9e1 by /ra9+ ( x4 ,& ?is is 
a great argum5t1 t ! w9e deads1 gr[s    
flat1 & loses its virtue1 :5 x is       
sep>at$ f ! lees1 z f its root & /ock2 =
 ! anci5ts = v good reason call$ w9e    
lees1 z we use to signify a man by 8    
head or s\l1 z ! pr9cipal "p ( him4 ,s 9
 ,greek1 grape-ga!r]s are said ,greek   
omitt$1 ! ^w be+ d]iv$ f ,greek omitt$1 
:i* signifies lees2 & ,hom] 9 "o place  
calls ! fruit ( ! w9e ,greek omitt$1 & !
 w9e itself high-color$ & r$1--n pale & 

yell[1 su* z ,ari/io gives u to supp]1  
aft] all ! goodness is purg$ out ( x4   
,!n ,ari/io smil+ pres5tly repli$3 ,sir1
 ! w9e ,i br+ to table does n look s    
pale & lifeless z y w\ld h x3 b x appe>s
 only 9 ! cup to be mild & well         
qualifi$4 ,b = y\r "p1 y w\ld glut      
y\rself ) night w9e1 :i* raises         
melan*oly vapors2 & ^u ?is acc\nt y cry 
out aga9/ purgation1 :i*1 by c>ry+ (f   
:atev] might cause melan*oly or load    
m5's /oma*s1 & make !m drunk or sick1   
makes x mild & pleasant to ^? t dr9k x1 
su* z h]oes 7z ,hom] tells u7 7 =m]ly   
wont to dr9k4 ,& x 0 n d>k w9e :i* he   
call$ ,greek omitt$1 b cle> & transp>5t2
 = o!rwise he w\ld nev] h nam$ brass    
,greek omitt$1 aft] *>act]iz+ x z       
man-exalt+ & respl5d5t4 ,!re=e z ! wise 
,ana*>sis1 discomm5d+ "s ?+s t !        
,grecians enjo9$1 comm5d$ _! coals1     
because !y leave ! smoke )\t doors1 &   
br+ ! fire into ! h\se2 s y judici\s m5 
might blame me = "s o!r reason ?an ?is4 
,b :at hurt1 ,i pray1 h ,i done to !    

w9e1 by tak+ f x a turbul5t & noisome   
quality1 & giv+ x a bett] ta/e1 ?\gh a  
pal] color8 ,nor h ,i br\ght y w9e to ! 
table :i*1 l a sword1 ha? lo/ its edge &
 vigor\s reli%1 b su* z is only purg$ ( 
its dregs & fil?4 ,b y w say t w9e n    
/ra9$ ha? a great deal m /r5g?4 ,:y s1  
my fri5d8 ,"o t is frantic & di/ract$   
has m /r5g? ?an a man 9 8 wits2 b :51 by
 ! help ( hellebore or "s o!r fit diet1 
he is come to himself1 t rage & fr5zy   
leave him & q vani%1 & ! true use ( 8   
reason & heal? ( body pres5tly comes    
into its place4 ,9 l mann]1 purg+ ( w9e 
takes f x all ! /r5g? t inflames &      
enrages ! m9d1 & gives x in/ead !re( a  
mild & :olesome temp]2 & ,i ?9k !re is a
 great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 gaud9ess &
 cleanl9ess4 ,= wom51 :ile !y pa9t1     
p]fume1 & adorn !mselves ) jewels &     
purple robes1 are acc\nt$ gaudy &       
pr(use2 yet nobody w f9d fault ) !m =   
wa%+ _! faces1 ano9t+ !mselves1 or      
platt+ _! hair4 ,hom] v neatly expresses
 ! diff]5ce ( ^! two habits1 :]e he br+s

 9 ,juno dress+ h]self3--       ,) sweet
 ambrosia fir/ %e wa%$ h] sk91      ,&  
aft] did ano9t h]self ) oil4            
7,iliad1 xiv4 #agj47  ,s mu* 0 all[able1
 be+ no m ?an a c>eful cleanl9ess4 ,b :5
 %e comes to call = h] gold5 buttons1 h]
 curi\sly wr\ght e>r+s1 & la/ ( all puts
 on h] bewit*+ girdle1 ?is appe>s to be 
an extravagant & idle curiosity1 &      
betrays too mu* ( wantonness1 :i* by no 
means becomes a m>ri$ woman4 ,j s !y t  
sophi/icate w9e by mix+ x ) aloes1      
c9namon1 or saffron br+ x to ! table l a
 gorge\s-app>ell$ woman1 & !re pro/itute
 x4 ,b ^? t only take f x :at is na/y & 
no way pr(itable d only purge x &       
improve x by _! labor4 ,o!rwise y may   
f9d fault ) all ?+s :atsoev] z va9 &    
extravagant1 beg9n+ at ! h\se y live 94 
,z fir/1 y may say1 :y is x pla/]$8 ,:y 
does x op5 especially on t side :]e x   
may h ! be/ conv5i5ce = receiv+ ! pure/ 
air1 & ! b5efit ( ! ev5+ sun8 ,:at is ! 
reason t our cups are wa%$ & made s     
clean t !y %9e & look bright8 ,n[ if a  

cup ought to h no?+ t is na/y or        
loa?some 9 x1 ought t :i* is drunk out (
 ! cup to be full ( dregs & fil?8 ,:at  
ne$ is !re = m5tion+ any?+ else8 ,! mak+
 corn into bread is a cont9ual cleans+2 
& yet :at a great ado !re is be=e x is  
effect$6 ,!re is n only ?re%+1 w9n[+1   
sift+1 & sep>at+ ! bran1 b !re mu/ be   
knead+ ! d\gh to s(t5 all p>ts alike1 & 
a cont9ual cleans+ & work+ ( ! mass till
 all ! p>ts become edible alike4 ,:at   
absurdity is x !n by /ra9+ to sep>ate ! 
lees1 z x 7 ! fil? ( ! w9e1 especially  
s9ce ! cleans+ is no *>geable or pa9ful 
op]ation8    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,!
 ,,cause ,,( ,,bulimy ,,or ,,! ,,gre$y  
,,disease8  ,,plut>*1 ,,socl>us1        
,,cleom5es1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,!re is a c]ta9
 sacrifice ( v anci5t in/itution1 :i* ! 
*ief magi/rate or ar*on p]=ms always 9 !
 common-hall1 & e private p]son 9 8 own 
h\se4 ',tis call$ ! driv+ out ( bulimy2 
= !y :ip out ( doors "s "o ( _! s]vants 
) a bun* ( will[ rods1 repeat+ ^! words1
 ,get out ( doors1 bulimy2 & ent] ri*es 

& heal?4 ,!re=e 9 my ye> !re 0 a great  
conc\rse ( p pres5t at ! sacrifice2 &1  
aft] all ! rites & c]emonies ( !        
sacrifice 7 ov]1 :5 we _h seat$         
ourselves aga9 at ! table1 !re 0 an     
inquiry made fir/ ( all into !          
signification ( ! ^w bulimy1 !n into !  
mean+ ( ! words :i* are repeat$ :5 !    
s]vant is turn$ out ( doors4 ,b !       
pr9cipal dispute 0 conc]n+ ! nature ( x1
 & all its circum/ances4 ,fir/1 z = ! ^w
 bulimy1 x 0 agre$ ^u by all to d5ote a 
great & public fam9e1 especially among u
 :o use ! ,aeolic dialect1 putt+ ,greek 
omitt$ = ,greek omitt$4 ,= x 0 n call$  
by ! anci5ts ,greek omitt$ b ,greek     
omitt$1 t is1 ,greek omitt$1 mu* hung]4 
,we conclud$ t x 0 n ! same ) ! disease 
call$ ,bubro/is1 by an argum5t fet*$ out
 ( ,metrodorus's ,ionics4 ,= ! said     
,metrodorus in=ms u t ! ,smyrnaeans1 :o 
7 once ,aeolians1 sacrific$ to ,bubro/is
 a black bull cut into pieces ) ! sk9   
on1 & s burnt x4 ,n[1 =asmu* z e species
 ( hung] resembles a disease1 b m       

p>ticul>ly ,bulimy1 :i* is occasion$ by 
an unnatural disposition ( ! body1 ^!   
two diff] z ri*es & pov]ty1 heal? &     
sickness4 ,b z ! ^w ,,nauseate ,greek   
omitt$ fir/ took its "n f m5 :o 7       
sea-sick 9 a %ip1 & aft]w>ds cu/om      
prevail$ s f> t ! ^w 0 appli$ to all    
p]sons t 7 any way 9 l sort affect$2 s !
 ^w ,,bulimy1 ris+ at fir/ f h5ce1 0 at 
la/ ext5d$ to a m l>ge & compreh5sive   
signification4 ,:at has be5 hi!rto said 
0 a g5]al club ( ! op9ions ( all ^? :o 7
 at table4  ,b aft] we began to inquire 
aft] ! cause ( ?is disease1 ! fir/ ?+ t 
puzzl$ u 0 to f9d out ! reason :y bulimy
 seizes ^u ^? t travel 9 ! sn[4 ,z      
,brutus1 "o "t m>*+ f ,dyrra*ium to     
,apollonia 9 a deep sn[1 0 endang]$ ( 8 
life by bulimy1 :il/ none ( ^? t c>ri$ !
 provisions = ! army foll[$ him2 j :5 ! 
man 0 ready to fa9t & die1 "s ( 8       
soldi]s 7 =c$ to run to ! walls ( !     
enemies' city1 & beg a piece ( bread ( !
 s5t9els1 by ! eat+ ( :i* he 0 pres5tly 
refre%$2 = :i* cause1 aft] ,brutus _h   

made himself ma/] ( ! city1 he treat$   
all ! inhabitants v m]cifully4 ,asses & 
horses are frequ5tly tr\bl$ ) bulimy1   
especially :5 !y are lad5 ) dry figs &  
apples2 &1 :i* is yet m /range1 ( all   
?+s t are eat51 bread *iefly refre%es n 
only m5 b bea/s2 s t1 by tak+ a little  
quantity ( bread1 !y rega9 _! /r5g? & g 
=w>d on _! j\rney4  ,aft] all 7 sil5t1  
,i 7:o _h obs]v$ t dull fell[s & ^? ( a 
less pi]c+ judgm5t 7 satisfi$ ) & did   
acquiesce 9 ! reasons ! anci5ts gave =  
bulimy1 b to m5 ( +5uity & indu/ry !y   
only po9t$ out ! way to a m cle>        
discov]y ( ! tru? ( ! bus9ess7 m5tion$  
,ari/otle's op9ion1 :o says1 t extreme  
cold )\t causes extreme heat &          
consumption )92 :i*1 if x fall into !   
legs1 makes !m lazy & heavy1 b if x come
 to ! f\nta9 ( motion & respiration1    
occasions fa9t+s & weakness4 ,:5 ,i _h  
said t1 "s ( ! company oppos$ x1 o!rs   
held ) me4  ,at l5g? says ,socl>us3 ,i l
 ! beg9n+ ( ?is reason v well1 = !      
bodies ( travell]s 9 a great sn[ mu/ (  

necessity be surr\nd$ & cond5s$ ) cold2 
b t f ! heat )9 !re %\ld arise su* a    
consumption z invades ! pr9ciple (      
respiration1 ,i c no way imag9e4 ,i r   
?9k1 says he1 t abundance ( heat p5n$ up
 9 ! body consumes ! n\ri%m5t1 & t      
fail+1 ! fire z x 7 goes out4 ,"h x     
comes to pass1 t m5 tr\bl$ ) ?is bulimy1
 :5 !y are ready to />ve ) hung]1 if !y 
eat nev] s little meat1 are pres5tly    
refre%$4 ,! reason is1 because meat     
dige/$ is l fuel = ! heat to fe$ ^u4  ,b
 ,cleom5es ! physician w\ld h ! ^w      
,greek omitt$ 7:i* signifies hung]7 to  
be add$ to ! mak+ up ( ! ^w ,greek      
omitt$ )\t suffici5t reason2 z ,greek   
omitt$1 to dr9k1 is add$ to ,greek      
omitt$1 to swall[2 & ,greek omitt$ to   
incl9e1 into ,greek omitt$ to raise !   
head4 ,nor is bulimy1 z x seems1 a k9d (
 hung]1 b an affection 9 ! /oma* caus+ a
 fa9tness on acc\nt ( ! conc\rse ( heat4
 ,!re=e z ?+s t h a good smell recall ! 
spirits ( ^? t are fa9t1 s bread affects
 ^? t are almo/ ov]come ) a bulimy2 n t 

!y h any ne$ ( food 7= ! lea/ piece ( x 
re/ores !m _! /r5g?71 b ! bread calls   
back _! vigor & langui%+ spirits4 ,n[ t 
bulimy is n hung] b a fa9tness1 is      
manife/ f all labor+ bea/s1 :i* are     
seiz$ ) x v (t5 ?r\gh ! smell ( dry figs
 & apples2 = a smell does n cause any   
want ( food1 b r a pa9 & agitation 9 !  
/oma*4  ,^! ?+s seem$ to be reasonably  
well urg$2 & yet x seem$ t mu* might be 
said = ! contr>y op9ion1 & t x 0        
possible en\gh to ma9ta9 t bulimy arise?
 n f cond5sation b r>efication ( !      
/oma*4 ,= ! _s :i* fl[s f ! sn[ is no?+ 
b ! ae!r & f9e/ fragm5t ( ! froz5       
sub/ance1 endu$ ) a virtue ( cutt+ &    
divid+ n only ! fle%1 b also silv] &    
braz5 vessels2 = we see t ^! are n able 
to keep 9 ! sn[1 = x dissolves &        
evaporates1 & glazes ov] ! outmo/       
sup]ficies ( ! vessels ) a ?9 dew1 n    
unlike to ice1 :i* ?is _s leaves z x    
secretly passes ?r\gh ! pores4 ,!re=e   
?is pi]c+ _s1 l a flame1 seiz+ ^u ^? t  
travel 9 ! sn[1 seems to burn _!        

outsides1 & l fire to ent] & p5etrate ! 
fle%4 ,h5ce x is t ! fle% is m r>efi$1 &
 ! heat is ext+ui%$ by ! cold _s t lies 
^u ! sup]ficies ( ! body2 !re=e ! body  
evaporates a dewy ?9 sweat1 :i* melts   
away & decays ! /r5g?4 ,n[ if a man %\ld
 sit /ill at su* a "t1 !re w\ld n mu*   
heat fly out ( 8 body4 ,b :5 ! motion ( 
! body do? quickly heat ! n\ri%m5t1 & t 
heat bur/s ?r\gh ! ?9 sk91 !re mu/      
necess>ily be a great loss ( /r5g?4 ,n[ 
we "k by exp]i5ce1 t cold ha? a virtue n
 only to cond5se b also to loos5 bodies2
 = 9 extreme cold w9t]s pieces ( lead   
are f\nd to sweat4 ,& :5 we see t a     
bulimy happ5s :]e !re is no hung]1 we   
may conclude t at t "t ! body is r 9 a  
fluid ?an cond5s$ /ate4 ,! reason t     
bodies are r>efi$ 9 w9t] is because ( ! 
subtility ( ! _s2 especially :5 ! mov+ &
 tir+ ( ! body /ir ! heat1 :i*1 z soon z
 x is subtiliz$ & agitat$1 flies apace1 
& spreads itself ?r\gh ! :ole body4     
,la/ly1 x is v possible t apples & dry  
figs exhale "s su* ?+ z ?is1 :i* r>efies

 & att5uates ! heat ( ! bea/s2 = "s ?+s 
h a natural t5d5cy z well to weak5 z to 
refre% diff]5t creatures4    ,,"q ,,ix4 
,,:y ,,does ,,hom] ,,appropriate ,a     
,,c]ta9 ,,peculi> ,,epi!t ,,to ,,ea*    
,,p>ticul> ,,liquid1 ,,& ,,call ,,oil   
,,only ,,liquid8  ,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 
,x 0 ! subject once ( a disc\rse1 :y1 :5
 !re are sev]al sorts ( liquids1 ! poet 
%\ld give e "o ( !m a peculi> epi!t1    
call+ milk :ite1 honey yell[1 w9e r$1 & 
yet = all ?is be/[ no o!r ^u oil b :at x
 ha? 9 common ) all o!r liquids4 ,to ?is
 x 0 answ]$ t1 z t is said to be mo/    
sweet :i* is p]fectly sweet1 & to be mo/
 :ite :i* is p]fectly :ite 7,i mean "h  
by p]fectly t :i* ha? no?+ ( a contr>y  
quality mix$ ) x71 s t ought to be call$
 p]fectly humid :]e( nev] a "p is dry2 &
 ?is is prop] to oil4  ,= fir/ ( all1   
its smoo?ness %[s ! ev5ness ( its p>ts2 
= t\* x :]e y please1 x is all alike4   
,besides1 y may see y\r face 9 x z      
p]fectly z 9 a mirror2 = !re is no?+    
r\gh 9 x to h9d] ! reflection1 b by     

reason ( its humidity x reflects to !   
eye ! lea/ p>ticle ( light f e portion4 
,z1 on ! contr>y1 milk1 ( all o!r       
liquids1 does n return our images1      
because x ha? too _m t]r5e & gross p>ts 
mix$ ) x2 aga91 oil ( all o!r liquids   
makes ! lea/ noise :5 mov$1 = x is      
p]fectly humid4 ,:5 o!r liquids are mov$
 or p\r$ out1 _! h>d & gross] p>ts fall 
& da% "o aga9/ ano!r1 & s make a noise  
by reason ( _! r\ghness4 ,moreov]1 oil  
only is pure & unmix$2 = x is ( all o!r 
liquids mo/ compact1 nor has x any empty
 spaces & pores betwe5 ! dry & e>?y p>ts
 to receive :at *ances to fall ^u x4    
,besides1 because ( ! similitude ( its  
p>ts1 x is closely jo9$ toge!r1 & unfit 
to be jo9$ to any?+ else4 ,:5 oil fro?s1
 x does n let any w9d 91 by reason ( !  
contiguity & subtility ( its p>ts2 & ?is
 is also ! cause :y fire is n\ri%$ by x4
 ,= fire fe$s ^u no?+ b :at is moi/1 =  
no?+ is combu/ible b :at is s2 = :5 !   
fire is k9dl$1 ! air turns to smoke1 & !
 t]r5e & gross] p>ts rema9 9 ! a%es4    

,fire only preys ^u ! moi/ure1 :i* is   
its natural n\ri%m5t4 ,inde$1 wat]1 w9e1
 & o!r liquors1 hav+ abundance ( e>?y & 
heavy p>ts 9 !m1 by fall+ into fire "p  
x1 & by _! r\ghness & weight smo!r &    
ext+ui% x4 ,b oil1 because purely       
liquid1 by reason ( its subtility1 is   
ov]come by ! fire1 & s *ang$ into flame4
  ,x is ! greate/ argum5t t c be ( its  
humidity1 t ! lea/ quantity ( x spreads 
itself a great way2 = s small a drop (  
honey1 wat]1 or any o!r liquid does n   
ext5d itself s f>1 b v (t51 by reason ( 
! dry mix$ p>ts1 is pres5tly wa/$4      
,because oil is ductile & s(t1 m5 are   
wont to make use ( x = ano9t+ _! bodies2
 = x runs along & spreads itself ?r\gh  
all ! p>ts1 & /icks s firmly to !m t x  
is n easily wa%$ (f4 ,we f9d by         
exp]i5ce1 t a g>m5t wet ) wat] is       
pres5tly dri$ aga92 b x is no easy matt]
 to wa% out ! spots & /a9 ( oil1 = x    
ent]s deep1 because ( its mo/ subtile & 
humid nature4 ,h5ce x is t ,ari/otle    
says1 t ! drops ( dilut$ w9e are ! h>de/

 to be got out ( clo!s1 because !y are  
mo/ subtile1 & run f>!r into ! pores ( !
 clo?4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:at ,,is ,,!       
,,reason ,,t ,,fle% ,,( ,,sacrific$     
,,bea/s1 ,,aft] ,,be+ ,,hung ,a ,,:ile  
,,^u ,a ,,fig-,,tree ,,is ,,m ,,t5d]    
,,?an ,,be=e8  ,,ari/io1 ,,plut>*1 ,,&  
,,o!rs4  ,at supp] we 7 comm&+ ,ari/io's
 cook1 :o1 among/ o!r di%es t he _h     
dress$ v curi\sly1 br\ght a cock to     
table j kill$ z a sacrifice to ,h]cules1
 z t5d] z ?\gh x _h be5 kill$ a day or  
two be=e4 ,:5 ,ari/io told u t ?is 0 no 
wond]1--see+ su* a ?+ might v easily be 
done1 if ! cock1 z soon z he 0 kill$1 0 
hung ^u a fig-tree1--we began to inquire
 into ! reason ( :at he ass]t$4 ,inde$1 
,i mu/ confess1 our eye assures u t a   
fig-tree s5ds out a fi]ce & /rong _s2   
:i* is yet m evid5t1 f :at we h he>d    
said ( bulls4 ,t is1 a bull1 aft] he is 
ti$ to a fig-tree1 ?\gh nev] s mad be=e1
 gr[s pres5tly tame1 & w suff] y to t\* 
him1 & on a sudd5 all 8 rage & fury cool
 & die4 ,b ! *iefe/ cause t works ?is   

*ange is ! %>p acrimoni\s quality ( !   
tree4 ,= ?is tree is ! fulle/ ( sap1 & s
 are its figs1 wood1 & b>k2 & h5ce x    
comes to pass1 t ! smoke ( fig-wood is  
mo/ (f5sive to ! eyes2 & :5 x is burn$1 
its a%es make ! be/ lye to sc\r )al4 ,b 
all ^! effects proce$ f heat4 ,n[ !re   
are "s t say1 :5 ! sap ( ?is tree ?r[n  
into milk curds x1 t ?is effect does n  
arise f ! irregul> figures ( ! p>ts ( ! 
milk1 :i* ! sap jo9s & 7z x 77 /icks    
toge!r1 ! smoo? & globose p>ts be+      
squeez$ out1 b t by its heat x loos5s ! 
un/able & wat]y p>ts ( ! liquid body4 ,&
 we may use z a pro( ! unpr(itabl5ess ( 
! sap ( ?is tree1 :i*1 ?\gh x is v      
sweet1 yet makes ! wor/ liquor 9 ! _w4  
,= x is n ! inequality 9 ! p>ts t       
affects ! smoo? "p1 b :at is cold & raw 
is /opp$ by heat4 ,& salt help to d ?is2
 = x is hot1 & works contr>y to ! unit+ 
( ! p>ts j m5tion$1 caus+ r a           
dissolution2 = to x1 above all o!r ?+s1 
,nature has giv5 a dissolv+ faculty4    
,!re=e ! fig-tree s5ds =? a hot & %>p   

_s1 :i* cuts & boils ! fle% ( ! bird4 ,!
 v same ?+ may be effect$ by plac+ !    
fle% ^u a heap ( corn1 or ne> nitre2 !  
heat w produce ! same t ! fig-tree did4 
,n[ x may be made manife/ t :eat is     
naturally hot1 9 t w9e1 put into a      
hog%ead & plac$ among :eat1 is pres5tly 
consum$4     ,,book ,,vii4  ,! ,romans1 
,sossius ,s5ecio1 rememb] a pretty say+ 
( a pleasant man & good companion1 :o   
supp+ alone said t he _h eat5 to-day1 b 
n supp$2 z if a supp] always want$      
company & agreem5t to make x palatable &
 pleas+4 ,ev5us said t fire 0 ! sweete/ 
( all sauces 9 ! _w4 ,& ,hom] calls salt
 ,greek omitt$1 div9e2 & mo/ call x     
,greek omitt$1 graces1 because1 mix$ )  
mo/ "p ( our food1 x makes x palatable &
 agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,n[ inde$ ! be/ & 
mo/ div9e sauce t c be at an ent]ta9m5t 
or a supp] is a famili> & pleasant      
fri5d2 n because he eats & dr9ks ) a    
man1 b because he p>ticipates ( &       
communicates disc\rse1 especially if !  
talk be pr(itable1 p]t95t1 & in/ructive4

 ,= commonly loose talk ov] a glass (   
w9e raise? passions & spoils company1 & 
!re=e x is fit t we %\ld be z critical 9
 exam9+ :at disc\rses z :at fri5ds are  
fit to be admitt$ to a supp]2 n foll[+  
ei!r ! say+ or op9ion ( ! ,sp>tans1 :o1 
:5 !y ent]ta9$ any "y man or a /rang] 9 
_! public halls1 %[$ him ! door1 ) ^!   
words1 ,no disc\rse goes out ?is way4   
,:at we use to talk ( may be freely     
disclos$ to ev]ybody1 because we h no?+ 
9 our disc\rses t t5ds to loos5ess1     
debau*]y1 debas+ ( ourselves1 or        
back-bit+ o!rs4 ,judge by ! examples1 ( 
:i* ?is sev5? book conta9s t54   ,,"q   
,i4 ,,aga9/ ,,^? ,,:o ,,f9d ,,fault ,,) 
,,plato ,,= ,,say+ ,,t ,,dr9k ,,passe?  
,,?r\gh ,,! ,,lungs4   ,,nicias1        
,,plut>*1 ,,protog5es1 ,,florus4  ,at a 
summ] ent]ta9m5t1 "o ( ! company        
pron\nc$ t common v]se1       ,n[ dr5*  
?y lungs ) w9e1 ! ,dog appe>s4  ,&      
,nicias ( ,nicopolis1 a physician1      
pres5tly subjo9$3 ,x is no wond] t      
,alcaeus1 a poet1 %\ld be ignorant ( t (

 :i* ,plato ! philosoph] 04 ,?\gh       
,alcaeus may be def5d$2 = x is probable 
t ! lungs1 ly+ ne> ! /oma*1 may         
p>ticipate ( ! /eam ( ! liquor1 & be    
dr5*$ ) x4 ,b ! philosoph]1 expressly   
deliv]+ t mo/ "p ( our dr9k passe? ?r\gh
 ! lungs1 ha? preclud$ all ways ( excuse
 to ^? t w\ld be will+ to def5d him4 ,= 
x is a v great & complicat$ ignorance2 =
 fir/1 x be+ necess>y t our liquid & dry
 food %\ld be mix$1 x is v probable t ! 
/oma* is ! vessel = !m bo?1 :i* ?r[s out
 ! dry food aft] x is gr[n s(t & moi/   
into ! guts4 ,besides1 ! lungs be+ a    
d5se & compact$ body1 h[ is x possible  
t1 :5 we sup gruel or ! l1 ! ?ick] p>ts 
%\ld pass ?r\gh !m8 ,& ?is 0 ! objection
 :i* ,erasi/ratus rationally made aga9/ 
,plato4 ,besides1 :5 he consid]$ = :at  
end e "p ( ! body 0 made1 & :at use     
,nature design$ 9 _! contrivance1 x 0   
easy to p]ceive t ! epiglottis 0 fram$  
on purpose t :5 we dr9k ! w9dpipe %\ld  
be %ut1 & no?+ be suff]$ to fall ^u !   
lungs4 ,= if any?+ by *ance gets d[n t  

way1 we are tr\bl$ ) ret*+ & c\gh+ till 
x is ?r[n up aga94 ,& ?is epiglottis be+
 fram$ s t x may fall on ei!r side1 :il/
 we speak x %uts ! weas&1 b :5 we eat or
 dr9k x falls ^u ! w9dpipe1 & s secures 
! passage = our brea?4 ,besides1 we "k t
 ^? :o dr9k by little & little are loos]
 ?an ^? :o dr9k gre$ily & l>ge draughts2
 = 9 ! latt] ! v =ce drives x into _!   
bladd]s1 b 9 ! =m] x /ays1 & by its /ay 
is mix$ ) & moi/5s ! meat ?or\ghly4 ,n[ 
?is c\ld n be1 if 9 ! v dr9k+ ! liquid 0
 sep>at$ f ! dry food2 b ! effect       
foll[s1 because we mix & convey !m bo?  
toge!r1 us+ 7z ,erasi/ratus phrase? x7 !
 liquid z a vehicle = ! dry4  ,nicias   
hav+ done1 ,protog5es ! gramm>ian       
subjo9$1 t ,hom] 0 ! fir/ t obs]v$ !    
/oma* 0 ! vessel ( ! food1 & ! w9dpipe  
7:i* ! anci5ts call$ ,greek omitt$ ( !  
brea?1 & ^u ! same acc\nt !y call$ ^? :o
 _h l\d voices ,greek omitt$74 ,& :5 he 
describes h[ ,a*illes kill$ ,hector1 he 
says1       ,he pi]c$ 8 weas&1 :]e dea? 
ent]s soon2  & adds1       ,b n 8       

w9dpipe1 s t he c\ld speak1             
7,iliad1 xxii4 #cbe-cbi47  tak+ !       
w9dpipe = ! prop] passage ( ! spee* &   
brea?4444  ,^u ?is1 all be+ sil5t1      
,florus began ?us3 ,:at1 %all we tamely 
suff] ,plato to be run d[n8 ,by no      
means1 said ,i1 = if we des]t him1 ,hom]
 mu/ be 9 ! same condition1 = he is s f>
 f d5y+ ! w9dpipe to be ! passage = our 
dr9k1 t ! dry food1 9 8 op9ion1 goes !  
same way4 ,= ^! are 8 words3--       ,f 
8 gullet ,greek omitt$ fl[$      ,!     
clott$ w9e & undige/$ fle%4             
7,odyssey1 ix4 #cgc47  ,unless p]*ance y
 w say t ! ,cyclops1 z he _h b "o eye1 s
 _h b "o passage = 8 food & voice2 or   
w\ld h ,greek omitt$ to signify weas&1 n
 w9dpipe1 z bo? all ! anci5ts & mod]ns  
use x4 ,i produce ?is because x is      
really 8 mean+1 n because ,i want o!r   
te/imonies1 = ,plato ha? /ore ( le>n$ & 
suffici5t m5 to jo9 ) him4 ,= n to      
m5tion ,eupolis1 :o 9 8 play call$ !    
,flatt]]s says1       ,protagoras bids u
 dr9k a lu/y b[l1      ,t :5 ! ,dog     

appe>s our lungs may /ill be moi/2  or  
elegant ,erato/h5es1 :o says1       ,&  
hav+ dr5*$ 8 lungs ) pure/ w9e2  ev5    
,euripides1 some:]e expressly say+1     
,! w9e pass$ ?r\gh ! holl[s ( ! lungs1  
%[s t he saw bett] & cle>] ?an          
,erasi/ratus4 ,= he saw t ! lungs h     
cavities & pores1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquids   
pass4 ,= ! brea? 9 expiration ha? no ne$
 ( pores1 b t ! liquids & ^? ?+s :i*    
pass ) !m might g ?r\gh1 x is made l a  
/ra9] & full ( pores4 ,besides1 sir1 z  
to ! example ( gruel :i* y propos$1 !   
lungs c dis*>ge !mselves ( ! ?ick] p>ts 
toge!r ) ! ?91 z well z ! /oma*4 ,= our 
/oma* is n1 z "s fancy1 smoo? & slipp]y1
 b full ( asp]ities1 9 :i* x is probable
 t ! ?9 & small p>ticles are lodg$1 & s 
n tak5 q d[n4 ,b nei!r ?is nor ! o!r c  
we positively affirm2 = ! curi\s        
contrivance ( ,nature 9 h] op]ation is  
too h>d to be expla9$2 nor c we be      
p>ticul>ly exact ^u ^? in/rum5ts 7,i    
mean ! _s & ! heat7 :i* %e makes use ( 9
 h] works4 ,b besides ^? we h m5tion$ to

 confirm ,plato's op9ion1 let u produce 
,phili/ion ( ,locri1 v anci5t & v fam\s 
physician1 & ,hippocrates too1 ) 8      
disciple ,dioxippus2 = !y ?\ght ( no o!r
 passage b t :i* ,plato m5tions4 ,dio   
says1 t :5 we fe$1 ! moi/ p>ts are ab\t 
t sep>at$ f ! dry1 & ! fir/ are c>ri$   
d[n ! w9dpipe1 ! o!r d[n ! weas&2 & t ! 
w9dpipe receives no p>ts ( ! food1 b !  
/oma*1 toge!r ) ! dry p>ts1 receives "s 
portion ( ! liquids4 ,& ?is is probable1
 = ! epiglottis lies ov] ! w9dpipe1 z a 
f5ce & /ra9]1 t ! dr9k may get 9 by     
little & little1 le/ desc5d+ 9 a l>ge   
full /ream1 x /op ! brea? & endang] !   
life4 ,& !re=e birds h no epiglottis1   
because !y d n sup or lap :5 !y dr9k1 b 
take up a little 9 _! beak1 & let x run 
g5tly d[n _! w9dpipe4  ,^! te/imonies ,i
 ?9k are en\gh2 & reason confirms       
,plato's op9ion by argum5ts drawn fir/ f
 s5se4 ,= :5 ! w9dpipe is w\nd$1 no dr9k
 w g d[n2 b z if ! pipe 7 brok5 x runs  
out1 ?\gh ! weas& be :ole & unhurt4 ,&  
all "k t 9 ! inflammation ( ! lungs !   

pati5t is tr\bl$ ) extreme ?ir/2 ! heat 
or dryness or "s o!r cause1 toge!r ) !  
inflammation1 mak+ ! appetite int5se4 ,b
 a /rong] evid5ce ?an all ^! foll[s4 ,^?
 creatures t h v small lungs1 or none at
 all1 nei!r want nor desire dr9k1       
because to "s p>ts !re belongs a natural
 appetite to dr9k1 & ^? t want ^? p>ts h
 no ne$ to dr9k1 nor any appetite to be 
suppli$ by x4 ,b m1 ! bladd] w\ld seem  
unnecess>y2 =1 if ! weas& receives bo?  
meat & dr9k & conveys x to ! belly1 !   
sup]flu\s p>ts ( ! liquids w\ld n want a
 prop] passage1 "o common "o w\ld       
suffice z a canal = bo? t 7 convey$ to !
 same vessel by ! same passage4 ,b n[ ! 
bladd] is di/9ct f ! guts1 because !    
dr9k goes f ! lungs1 & ! meat f ! /oma*2
 !y be+ sep>at$ z we take !m d[n4 ,& ?is
 is ! reason t 9 our wat] no?+ c be f\nd
 t ei!r 9 smell or color resembles dry  
food4 ,b if ! dr9k 7 mix$ ) ! dry meat 9
 ! belly1 x mu/ be impregnant ) its     
qualities1 & n come =? s simple & unt+$4
 ,besides1 a /one is nev] f\nd 9 !      

/oma*1 ?\gh x is likely t ! moi/ure %\ld
 be coagulat$ !re z well z 9 ! bladd]1  
if all ! liquor 7 convey$ ?r\gh ! weas& 
!n into ! belly4 ,b x is probable at !  
weas& robs ! w9dpipe ( a suffici5t      
quantity ( liquor z x is go+ d[n1 & use?
 x to s(t5 & concoct ! meat4 ,& !re=e   
its excrem5t is nev] purely liquid2 & ! 
lungs1 dispos+ ( ! moi/ure1 z ( ! brea?1
 to all ( ! p>ts t want x1 deposit !    
sup]flu\s portion 9 ! bladd]4 ,& ,i am  
sure t ?is is a mu* m probable op9ion   
?an ! o!r4 ,b :i* is ! tru? _c p]haps be
 discov]$1 & !re=e x is n fit s         
p]emptorily to f9d fault ) ! mo/ acute &
 mo/ fam$ philosoph]1 especially :5 !   
matt] is s obscure1 & ! ,platoni/s c    
produce su* consid]able reasons = _!    
position4    ,,"q ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,humor$  
,,man ,,is ,,he ,,t ,,plato ,,calls     
,greek omitt$8 ,,& ,,:y ,,d ,,^? ,,se$s 
,,t ,,fall ,,on ,,! ,,ox5',s ,,horns    
,,become ,greek omitt$8  ,,plut>*1      
,,patrocles1 ,,eu?ydemus1 ,,florus4  ,we
 _h always "s difficulty />t$ ab\t      

,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1 n :at    
humor ^? words signifi$ 7= x is c]ta9 t 
"s1 ?9k+ t ^? se$s :i* fall on ! ox5's  
horns be> fruit :i* is v h>d1 did by a  
metaphor call a /iff untractable fell[  
by ^! names71 b :at 0 ! cause t se$s    
fall+ on ! ox5's horns %\ld be> h>d     
fruit4 ,i _h (t5 desir$ my fri5ds to    
se>* no f>!r1 mo/ ( all fe>+ ! passage (
 ,!ophra/us1 9 :i* he has collect$ _m   
?+s ^: causes we _c discov]4 ,su* are ! 
h5's us+ a /raw to purify h]self ) aft] 
%e has laid1 ! seal's consum+ h] r5net  
:5 %e is caught1 ! de]'s bury+ 8 horns1 
& ! goat's /opp+ ! :ole h]d by hold+ a  
bran* ( sea-holly 9 8 m\?2 & among ! re/
 he reckon$ ?is is a ?+ ( :i* we are    
c]ta91 b ^: cause x is v difficult to   
f9d4 ,b once at supp] at ,delphi1 "s (  
my companions--z if we 7 n only bett]   
c\nsellors :5 our bellies are full 7z "o
 ha? x71 b w9e w\ld make u brisk] 9 our 
inquiries & bold] 9 our resolutions     
desir$ me to speak some:at to t problem4
  ,i refus$1 ?\gh ,i _h "s excell5t m5  

on my side1 namely1 ,eu?ydemus my       
fell[-prie/1 & ,patrocles my relative1  
:o br\ght sev]al ! l in/ances1 :i* !y _h
 ga!r$ bo? f husb&ry & hunt+2 = in/ance1
 t ^? (fic]s t are appo9t$ to wat* !    
com+ ( ! hail av]t ! /orm by (f]+ a     
mole's blood or a woman's clo?s2 t a    
wild fig be+ b\nd to a g>d5 fig-tree w  
keep ! fruit f fall+ & promote _! rip5+2
 t de] :5 !y are tak5 %$ salt te>s1 &   
bo>s sweet4 ,b if y h a m9d to su*      
que/ions1 ,eu?ydemus w pres5tly desire y
 to give an acc\nt ( smallage & cumm92  
"o ( ! :i*1 if trodd5 d[n z x spr+s1 w  
gr[ ! bett]1 & ! o!r m5 curse &         
blaspheme :il/ !y s[ x4  ,?is la/       
,florus ?\ght to be an idle fool]y2 b he
 said1 t we %\ld n =be> to se>* into !  
causes ( ! o!r ?+s z if !y 7            
incompreh5sible4 ,i h f\nd1 said ,i1 y\r
 design to draw me on to ?is disc\rse1 t
 y y\rself may aft]w>d give u a solution
 ( ! o!r propos$ difficulties4  ,9 my   
op9ion x is cold t causes ?is h>dness 9 
corn & pulse1 by contract+ & con/ipat+  

_! p>ts till ! sub/ance becomes close & 
extremely rigid2 :ile heat is a dissolv+
 & s(t5+ quality4 ,& !re=e ^? t cite ?is
 v]se aga9/ ,hom]1       ,! season1 n ! 
field1 be>s fruit1  d n ju/ly repreh5d  
him4 ,= fields t are w>m by nature1 !   
air be+ likewise temp]ate1 be> m mell[  
fruit ?an o!rs4 ,& !re=e ^? se$s t fall 
imm$iately on ! e>? out ( ! s[]'s h&1 & 
are cov]$ pres5tly1 & *]i%$ by be+      
cov]$1 p>take m ( ! moi/ure & heat t is 
9 ! e>?4 ,b ^? t /rike aga9/ ! ox5's    
horns d n enjoy :at ,hesiod names ! be/ 
position1 b seem to be scatt]$ r ?an    
s[n2 & !re=e ! cold ei!r de/roys !m q1  
or else1 light+ ^u !m z !y lie nak$1    
cond5se? _! moi/ure1 & makes !m h>d &   
woody4 ,?us /ones t lie "u gr\nd &1     
plant-animals h s(t] p>ts ?an ^? t lie  
above2 & !re=e /one-cutt]s bury ! /ones 
!y w\ld "w1 z if !y design$ to h !m     
prep>$ & s(t5$ by ! heat2 b ^? t lie    
above gr\nd are by ! cold made h>d1     
rigid1 & v hurtful to ! tools4 ,& if    
corn lies long ^u ! floor1 ! gra9s      

become mu* h>d] ?an t :i* is pres5tly   
c>ri$ away4 ,& sometimes too a cold w9d 
bl[+ :il/ !y w9n[ spoils ! corn1 z x ha?
 happ5$ at ,philippi 9 ,mac$onia2 & !   
*aff secures ! gra9s :il/ on ! floor4 ,=
 is x any wond] t z husb&-m5 affirm1 "o 
ridge w be> s(t & fruitful1 & ! v next  
to x h>d & unfruitful corn or--:i* is   
/rang]--t 9 ! same bean-cod "s beans are
 ( ?is sort1 "s ( ! o!r1 z m or less w9d
 & moi/ure falls ^u ?is or t8    ,,"q   
,,iii4 ,,:y ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,w9e1 ,,! 
,,top ,,( ,,oil1 ,,& ,,! ,,bottom ,,(   
,,honey ,,is ,,be/4  ,,alexion1         
,,plut>*1 ,,& ,,o!rs4  ,my fa!r-9-law   
,alexion laugh$ at ,hesiod1 = advis+ u  
to dr9k freely :5 ! b>rel is newly      
broa*$ or almo/ out1 b mod]ately :5 x is
 ab\t ! middle1 s9ce !re is ! be/ w9e4  
,= :o1 said he1 do? n "k1 t ! middle (  
w9e1 ! top ( oil1 & ! bottom ( honey is 
! be/8 ,yet he bids u sp>e ! middle1 &  
/ay till worse w9e runs1 :5 ! b>rel is  
almo/ out4 ,?is said1 ! company m9d$    
,hesiod no m1 b began to inquire into ! 

cause ( ?is diff]5ce4  ,we 7 n at all   
puzzl$ ab\t ! honey1 ev]ybody almo/ kn[+
 t t :i* is lighte/ is s because x is   
r>e1 & t ! heavie/ p>ts are d5se &      
compact1 & by reason ( _! weight settle 
bel[ ! o!rs4 ,s1 if y turn ! vessel1 ea*
 9 a little "t w recov] its prop] place1
 ! heavi] subsid+1 & ! light] ris+ above
 ! re/4 ,& z = ! w9e1 probable solutions
 pres5tly appe>$2 = its /r5g? consi/+ 9 
heat1 x is reasonable t x %\ld be       
conta9$ *iefly 9 ! middle1 & !re be/    
pres]v$2 = ! l[] p>ts ! lees spoil1 & ! 
upp] are impair$ by ! neighbor+ air4 ,= 
t ! air w impair w9e no man d\bts1 &    
!re=e we usually bury or cov] our       
b>rels1 t z little air z c be might come
 ne> !m4 ,& besides 7:i* is an evid5t   
sign7 a b>rel :5 full is n spoil$ s soon
 z :5 x is half empty2 because a great  
deal ( air gett+ into ! empty space     
tr\bles & di/urbs ! liquor1 :]eas ! w9e 
t is 9 ! unempti$ cask is pres]v$ &     
def5d$ by itself1 n admitt+ mu* ( !     
ext]nal air1 :i* is apt to injure &     

corrupt x4  ,b ! oil gave u ! mo/       
difficulty4 ,"o ?\ght t ! bottom ( ! oil
 0 affect$1 because x 0 f\l & tr\bl$ ) !
 lees2 & t ! top 0 n really bett] ?an ! 
re/1 b only seem$ s1 because x 0 f>!/   
remov$ f ^? corrupt+ p>ticles4 ,o!rs    
?\ght ! ?ickness ( ! liquor to be !     
reason1 :i* ?ickness keeps x f mix+ )   
o!r humids1 unless bl5d$ toge!r & %ak5  
viol5tly2 & !re=e x w n mix ) air1 b    
keeps x (f by its smoo?ness & close     
contexture1 s t x ha? no p[] to corrupt 
x4 ,b ,ari/otle seems to be aga9/ ?is   
op9ion1 :o ha? obs]v$ t oil gr[s sweet] 
by be+ kept 9 vessels n exactly fill$1 &
 aft]w>ds ascribes ?is melioration to ! 
air2 = m air1 & !re=e m p[]ful to       
produce ! effect1 fl[s into a vessel n  
well fill$4  ,well !n6 said ,i1 ! same  
quality 9 ! air may spoil w9e1 & bett]  
oil4 ,= long keep+ improves w9e1 b      
spoils oil4 ,n[ ! air keeps oil f gr[+  
old2 = t :i* is cool$ cont9ues fre% &   
new1 b t :i* is kept close up1 hav+ no  
way to exhale its corrupt+ p>ts1        

pres5tly decays1 & gr[s old4 ,!re=e x is
 probable t ! air com+ ^u ! sup]ficies (
 ! oil keepe? x fre% & new4 ,& ?is is ! 
reason t ! top ( w9e is wor/1 & ( oil   
be/2 because age bett]s ! "o1 & spoils !
 o!r4    ,,"q ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,01 ,,!      
,,reason ,,( ,,t ,,cu/om ,,( ,,!        
,,anci5t ,,romans ,,to ,,remove ,,!     
,,table ,,be=e ,,all ,,! ,,meat ,,0     
,,eat51 ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,put ,,out ,,!    
,,lamp8  ,,florus1 ,,eu/rophus1         
,,caes]nius1 ,,lucius4  ,florus1 :o     
obs]v$ ! anci5t mann]s1 w\ld n let !    
table be remov$ q empty1 b always left  
"s meat ^u x2 decl>+ likewise t 8 fa!r &
 gr&fa!r 7 n only curi\s 9 ?is matt]1 b 
w\ld nev] suff] ! lamp aft] supp] to be 
put out1--a ?+ ab\t :i* ! anci5t ,romans
 7 v c>eful1--:ile ^? ( to-day put x out
 imm$iately aft] supp]1 t !y may lose no
 oil4 ,eu/rophus ! ,a!nian be+ pres5t   
said3 ,:at c\ld !y get by t1 unless !y  
knew ! cunn+ trick ( our ,poly*>mus1 :o1
 aft] long delib]ation h[ to f9d out a  
way to prev5t ! s]vants' /eal+ ( ! oil1 

at la/ ) a great deal ( difficulty      
happ5$ ^u ?is3 ,z soon z y h put out !  
lamp1 fill x up1 & ! next morn+ look    
c>efully :e!r x rema9s full4 ,!n ,florus
 ) a smile repli$3 ,well1 s9ce we are   
agre$ ab\t t1 let u inquire = :at reason
 ! anci5ts 7 s c>eful ab\t _! tables &  
_! lamps4  ,fir/1 ab\t ! lamps4 ,& 8    
son-9-law ,caes]nius 0 ( op9ion t !     
anci5ts abom9at$ all ext9ction ( fire1  
because ( ! relation t x _h to ! sacr$ &
 et]nal flame4 ,fire1 l man1 may be     
de/roy$ two ways1 ei!r :5 x is viol5tly 
qu5*$1 or :5 x naturally decays4 ,!     
sacr$ fire 0 secur$ aga9/ bo? ways1 be+ 
always wat*$ & cont9ually suppli$2 b !  
common fire !y p]mitt$ to g out (       
itself1 n =c+ or viol5tly ext+ui%+ x1 b 
n supply+ x ) n\ri%m5t1 l a useless     
bea/1 t !y might n fe$ x to no purpose4 
,lucius1 ,florus's son1 subjo9$1 t all !
 re/ ( ! disc\rse 0 v good1 b t !y did n
 rev]5ce & take c>e ( ?is holy fire     
because !y ?\ght x bett] or m v5]able   
?an o!r fire2 b1 z among/ ! ,egyptians  

"s wor%ip ! :ole species ( dogs1 wolves1
 or crocodiles1 yet keep b "o wolf1 dog1
 or crocodile 7= all c\ld n be kept71 s 
! p>ticul> c>e :i* ! anci5ts took ( !   
sacr$ fire 0 only a sign ( ! respect !y 
_h = all fires4 ,= no?+ be>s su* a      
resemblance to an animal z fire4 ,x is  
mov$ & n\ri%$ by itself1 & by its       
brightness1 l ! s\l1 discov]s & makes   
ev]y?+ app>5t2 b 9 its qu5*+ x          
pr9cipally %[s "s p[] t seems to proce$ 
f our vital pr9ciple1 = x makes a noise 
& resi/s1 l an animal dy+ or viol5tly   
slaught]$4 ,& c y 7look+ ^u me7 (f] any 
bett] reason8  ,i c f9d fault1 repli$   
,i1 ) no "p ( ! disc\rse1 yet ,i w\ld   
subjo91 t ?is cu/om is an in/ruction =  
k9dness & good-w4 ,= x is n lawful = any
 "o t ha? eat5 suffici5tly to de/roy !  
rema9d] ( ! food2 nor = him t ha?       
suppli$ 8 necessities f ! f\nta9 to /op 
x up2 nor = him t ha? made use ( any    
m>ks1 ei!r by sea or l&1 to ru9 or      
deface !m2 b e "o ought to leave ^? ?+s 
t may be useful to ^? p]sons t aft]w>ds 

may h ne$ ( !m4 ,!re=e x is n fit1 out (
 a sav+ covet\s humor1 to put out a lamp
 z soon z we ne$ x n2 b we ought to     
pres]ve & let x burn = ! use ( ^? t     
p]haps want its light4 ,?us1 x w\ld be v
 g5]\s to l5d our e>s & eyes1 nay1 if   
possible1 our reason & und]/&+1 to o!rs1
 :il/ we are idle or asleep4 ,besides1  
consid] :e!r to /ir up m5 to gratitude  
^! m9ute obs]vances 7 practis$4 ,!      
anci5ts did n act absurdly :5 !y highly 
rev]5c$ an oak4 ,! ,a!nians call$ "o    
fig-tree sacr$1 & =bade any "o to cut   
d[n an olive4 ,= su* obs]vances d n 7z  
"s fancy7 make m5 prone to sup]/ition1 b
 p]suade u to be communicative &        
grateful to "o ano!r1 by be+ accu/om$ to
 pay ?is respect to ^! s5seless &       
inanimate creatures4 ,^u ! same reason  
,hesiod1 me?9ks1 advise? well1 :o w\ld n
 h any meat or bro? set on ! table out (
 ^? pots out ( :i* !re _h be5 no portion
 (f]$1 b ord]$ ! fir/-fruits to be giv5 
to ! fire1 z a rew>d = ! s]vice x did 9 
prep>+ x4 ,& ! ,romans1 deal+ well ) !  

lamps1 did n take away ! n\ri%m5t !y _h 
once giv51 b p]mitt$ !m to live & %9e by
 x4  ,:5 ,i _h said ?us1 ,eu/rophus     
subjo9$3 ,?is gives u "s light into t   
qu]y ab\t ! table2 = !y ?\ght t !y ought
 to leave "s portion ( ! supp] = !      
s]vants & wait]s1 = ^? are n s well     
pleas$ ) a supp] provid$ = !m ap>t1 z ) 
! relics ( _! ma/]'s table4 ,& ^u ?is   
acc\nt1 !y say1 ! ,p]sian k+ did n only 
s5d portions f 8 own table to 8 fri5ds1 
capta9s1 & g5tlem5 ( 8 b$-*amb]1 b _h   
always :at 0 provid$ = 8 s]vants & 8    
dogs s]v$ up to 8 own table2 t z f> z   
possible all ^? creatures ^: s]vice 0   
useful might seem to be 8 gue/s &       
companions4 ,=1 by su* fe$+ 9 common &  
p>ticipation1 ! wilde/ ( bea/s might be 
made tame & g5tle4  ,!n ,i ) a smile    
said3 ,b1 sir1 t fi% !re1 t accord+ to !
 prov]b is laid up1 :y d n we br+ out   
into play toge!r ) ,py?agoras's *o5ix1  
:i* he =bids any man to sit ^u1 !reby   
tea*+ u t we ought to leave some?+ ( :at
 we h be=e u = ano!r "t1 & on ! pres5t  

day be m9dful ( ! morr[8 ,we ,boeotians 
use to h t say+ frequ5tly 9 our m\?s1   
,leave some?+ = ! ,m$es1 ev] s9ce !     
,m$es ov]ran & spoil$ ,phocis & ! m>*es 
( ,boeotia2 b /ill1 & ^u all occasions1 
we ought to h t ready1 ,leave some?+ = !
 gue/s t may come4 ,& !re=e ,i mu/ ne$s 
f9d fault ) t always empty & />v+ table 
( ,a*illes2 =1 :5 ,ajax & ,ulysses came 
ambassadors to him1 he _h no?+ ready1 b 
0 =c$ out ( h& to dress a fre% supp]4 ,&
 :5 he w\ld ent]ta9 ,priam1 he aga9     
be/irs himself1 kills a :ite ewe1 jo9ts 
& dresses x1 & 9 t "w sp5t a great "p ( 
! night4 ,b ,eumaeus 7a wise s*ol> ( a  
wise ma/]7 _h no tr\ble ^u him :5       
,telema*us came home1 b pres5tly desir$ 
him to sit d[n1 & fea/$ him1 sett+ be=e 
him di%es ( boil$ meat1       ,! cleanly
 reliques ( ! la/ night's fea/4  ,b if  
?is seems trifl+1 & a small matt]1 ,i am
 sure x is no small matt] to comm& &    
re/ra9 appetite :ile !re are da9ties    
be=e y to satisfy & please x4 ,= ^? t   
are us$ to ab/a9 f :at is pres5t are n s

 eag] = abs5t ?+s z o!rs are4  ,lucius  
subjo9+ said1 t he _h he>d 8 gr&mo!r    
say1 t ! table 0 sacr$1 & no?+ t is     
sacr$ ought to be empty4 ,beside omitt$4
 ,!re=e z we desire t ! e>? %\ld always 
h & be> some?+ t is useful = u1 s we ?9k
 t we %\ld n let ! table be altoge!r    
empty & void ( all provision4    ,,"q   
,v4 ,,t ,,we ,,ought ,,c>efully ,,to    
,,pres]ve ,,ourselves ,,f ,,pleasures   
,,aris+ ,,f ,,bad ,,music ,,& ,,h[ ,,x  
,,may ,,be ,,done4  ,,calli/ratus1      
,,lamprias4  ,at ! ,py?ian games        
,calli/ratus1 procurator ( !            
,amphictyons1 =bade a pip]1 8 citiz5 &  
fri5d1 :o did n give 9 8 "n 9 due "t1 to
 appe> 9 ! solemnity1 accord+ to ! law4 
,b aft]w>d v f9e tune2 b aft]w>ds1 hav+ 
tickl$ & s\nd$ ! humor ( ! :ole company1
 & f\nd t mo/ 7 incl9$ to pleasure &    
w\ld suff] him to play :at effem9ate &  
lascivi\s tunes he pleas$1 ?r[+ aside   
all mode/y1 he %[$ t music 0 m          
intoxicat+ ?an w9e to ^? t wantonly &   
unskilfully use x4 ,= !y 7 n cont5t to  

sit /ill & applaud & clap1 b _m at la/  
leap$ f _! seats1 danc$ lascivi\sly1 &  
made su* g5tle /eps z became su*        
effem9ate & mollify+ tunes4 ,b aft] !y  
_h done1 & ! company1 z x 7 recov]$ (   
its madness1 began to come to itself    
aga91 ,lamprias w\ld h spok5 to &       
sev]ely *id ! "y m52 b z fe>+ he w\ld be
 too h>% & give (f5ce1 ,calli/ratus gave
 him a h9t1 & drew him on by ?is        
disc\rse3--  ,= my "p1 ,i absolve all   
lov]s ( %[s & music f intemp]ance2 yet  
,i _c altoge!r agree ) ,ari/ox5us1 :o   
says t ^? pleasures alone des]ve !      
approbation f9e4 ,= we call vi&s &      
o9tm5ts f9e2 & we say we h f9ely d9$1 :5
 we h be5 spl5didly ent]ta9$4 ,nor1 9 my
 op9ion1 do? ,ari/otle free ^?          
complac5cies we take 9 %[s & songs ^u   
good reason f ! *>ge ( excess1 say+1 t  
^? belong peculi>ly to man1 & ( o!r     
pleasures bea/s h a %>e4 ,= ,i am c]ta9 
t a great _m irrational creatures are   
delight$ ) music1 z de] ) pipes2 & to   
m>es1 :il/ !y are hors+1 !y play a tune 

call$ ,greek omitt$4 ,& ,p9d> says1 t 8 
songs make him move1       ,z brisk z   
,dolph9s1 :om a *>m+ tune      ,ha?     
rais$ f ?' bottom ( ! quiet flood4  ,&  
c]ta9 fi% are tak5 by means ( danc+2 = z
 ! dance goes on !y lift up _! heads    
above wat]1 be+ mu* pleas$ & delight$ ) 
! sight1 & twi/+ _! backs ?is way & t   
way1 9 imitation ( ! danc]s4 ,!re=e ,i  
see no?+ peculi> 9 ^? pleasures1 t !y   
%\ld be acc\nt$ prop] to ! m9d1 & all   
o!rs to belong to ! body1 s f> z to end 
!re4 ,b music1 rhy?m1 danc+1 song1 pass+
 ?r\gh ! s5se1 fix a pleasure &         
titilation 9 ! sportive "p ( ! s\l &    
!re=e none ( ^! pleasures is enjoy$ 9   
secret1 nor wants d>kness nor walls ab\t
 x1 accord+ to ! wom5's phrase2 b       
circuses & !atres are built = !m4 ,& to 
frequ5t %[s & music-meet+s ) company is 
bo? m delightful & m g5teel2 because we 
take a great _m witnesses1 n ( a        
luxuri\s & intemp]ate1 b ( a pleasant & 
respectable1 mann] ( pass+ away our "t4 
,^u ?is disc\rse ( ,calli/ratus1 my fa!r

 ,lamprias1 see+ ! musicians gr[ bold]1 
said3 ,t is n ! reason1 sir1 &1 9 my    
op9ion1 ! anci5ts 7 mu* out :5 !y nam$  
,bac*us ! son ( ,=getfulness4 ,!y ought 
to h call$ him 8 fa!r2 = x seems he ha? 
made y =get t ( ^? faults :i* are       
committ$ ab\t pleasures "s proce$ f a   
loose intemp]ate incl9ation1 & o!rs f   
he$lessness or ignorance4 ,:]e ! ill    
effect is v pla91 !re intemp]ate        
incl9ation captivates reason1 & =ces m5 
to s92 b :]e ! j rew>d ( intemp]ance is 
n directly & pres5tly inflict$1 !re     
ignorance ( ! dang] & he$lessness make  
m5 easily wr\ght oil & secure4 ,!re=e ^?
 t are vici\s1 ei!r 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 or   
v5]y1 :i* diseases1 wa/+ ( e/ates1 &    
evil reports usually att5d1 we call     
intemp]ate4 ,= in/ance1 ,!odectes1 :o   
hav+ sore eyes1 :5 8 mi/ress came to see
 him1 said1       ,all hail1 delightful 
light2  or ,anax>*us ! ,abd]ite1        
,a wret* :o knew :at evils wait on s91  
,yet love ( pleasure drove him back     
aga94      ,once almo/ free1 he sank    

aga9 to vice1      ,t t]ror & di/urb] ( 
! wise4  ,n[ ^? t take all c>e possible 
to secure !mselves f all ^? pleasures t 
assault !m ei!r at ! smell+1 t\*1 or    
ta/e1 are (t5 surpris$ by ^? t make _!  
trea*]\s approa*es ei!r at ! eye or e>4 
,b su*1 ?\gh z mu* l$ away z ! o!rs1 we 
d n 9 l mann] call incont95t &          
intemp]ate1 s9ce !y are ru9$ ?r\gh      
ignorance & want ( exp]i5ce4 ,= !y      
imag9e !y are f> f be+ slaves to        
pleasures1 if !y c /ay all day 9 ! !atre
 )\t meat or dr9k2 z if a pot =soo? %\ld
 be mighty pr\d t a man _c take x up by 
! bottom or ! belly & c>ry x away1 ?\gh 
he c easily d x by ! e>s4 ,& !re=e      
,agesilaus said1 x 0 all "o :e!r a man 7
 a ,,c9o$us be=e or beh9d4 ,we ought    
pr9cipally to dread ^? s(t5+ delights t 
please & tickle ?r\gh ! eyes & e>s1 & n 
?9k t city n tak5 :i* ha? all its o!r   
gates secur$ by b>s1 portcullises1 &    
*a9s1 if ! enemies are already ent]$    
?r\gh "o & h tak5 possession2 or fancy  
ourselves inv9cible aga9/ ! assaults (  

pleasure1 because /ews w n provoke u1 :5
 ! music-meet+ or !atre prevails4 ,= we 
9 "o case z mu* z ! o!r resign up our   
s\ls to ! impetu\sness ( pleasures1 :i* 
p\r+ 9 ^? potions ( songs1 cad5ces1 &   
tunes1 m p[]ful & bewit*+ ?an ! be/     
mixtures ( ! mo/ skilful cook or p]fum]1
 conqu] & corrupt u2 & 9 ! meantime1 by 
our own confession z x 71 ! fault is    
*iefly ours4 ,n[1 z ,p9d> sai?1 no?+ t !
 e>? & sea ha? provid$ = our tables c be
 ju/ly blam$2 b nei!r our meat nor bro?1
 nor ?is excell5t w9e :i* we dr9k1 ha?  
rais$ su* a noisy tumult\s pleasure z ^?
 songs & tunes did1 :i* n only fill$ !  
h\se ) clapp+ & %\t+1 b p]haps ! :ole   
t[n4 ,!re=e we ought pr9cipally to      
secure ourselves aga9/ su* delights1    
because !y are m p[]ful ?an o!rs2 z n   
be+ t]m9at$ 9 ! body1 l ^? :i* allure ! 
t\*1 ta/e1 or smell+1 b affect+ ! v     
intellectual & judg+ faculties4         
,besides1 f mo/ o!r delights1 ?\gh      
reason do? n free u1 yet o!r passions v 
commonly div]t u4 ,sp>+ nigg>dl9ess w   

keep a glutton f da9ty fi%1 &           
covet\sness w conf9e a le*] f a co/ly   
:ore4 ,z 9 "o ( ,m5&]'s plays1 :]e e "o 
( ! company 0 to be entic$ by ! bawd :o 
br\ght out a surpris+ :ore1 b ea* ( !m1 
?\gh all boon companions1       ,sat    
sull5ly1 & f$ ^u 8 cates4  ,= to pay    
int]e/ = money is a sev]e puni%m5t t    
foll[s intemp]ance1 & to op5 our purses 
is no easy matt]4 ,b ^! pleasures t are 
call$ g5teel1 & solicit ! e>s or eyes ( 
^? t are frantic aft] %[s & music1 may  
be _h )\t any *>ge at all1 9 e place    
almo/1 & ^u e occasion2 !y may be enjoy$
 at ! prizes1 9 ! !atre1 or at          
ent]ta9m5ts1 at o!rs co/4 ,& !re=e ^? t 
h n _! reason to assi/ & guide !m may be
 easily spoil$4  ,sil5ce foll[+ ^u ?is1 
,:at application1 said ,i1 %all reason  
make1 or h[ %all x assi/8 ,= ,i d n ?9k 
x w apply ^? e>-cov]s ( ,x5ocrates1 or  
=ce u to rise f ! table z soon z we he> 
a h>p /ruck or a pipe bl[n4 ,no inde$1  
repli$ ,lamprias1 b z soon z we meet ) !
 =esaid intoxications1 we ought to make 

our application to ! ,muses1 & fly to ! 
,helicon ( ! anci5ts4 ,to him t loves a 
co/ly /rumpet1 we _c br+ a ,pan!a or    
,p5elope = cure2 b "o t delights 9      
mimics & buffoons1 loose odes1 or       
debau*$ songs1 we c br+ to ,euripides1  
,p9d>1 & ,m5&]1 t he might wa% 7z ,plato
 phrase? x7 8 salt he>+ ) fre% reason4  
,z ! exorci/s comm& ! possess$ to read  
ov] & pron\nce ,ephesian lett]s1 s we 9 
^? possessions1 dur+ ! madness ( music &
 ! dance1 :5       ,we toss our h&s )   
noise1 & madly %\t1  rememb]+ ^? v5]able
 & sacr$ writ+s1 & comp>+ ) !m ^? odes1 
poems1 & va9 empty compositions1 %all n 
be altoge!r *eat$ by !m1 or p]mit       
ourselves to be c>ri$ away sidelong1 z  
by a smoo? & undi/urb$ /ream4    ,,"q   
,,vi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,gue/s ,,t ,,are  
,,call$ ,,%ad[s1 ,,& ,,:e!r ,,be+       
,,invit$ ,,by ,,"s ,,to ,,g ,,to        
,,ano!r',s ,,h\se1 ,,!y ,,ought ,,to    
,,g2 ,,& ,,:51 ,,& ,,to ,,:om4          
,,plut>*1 ,,florus1 ,,caes]nius4  ,hom] 
makes ,m5elaus come un9vit$ to 8 bro!r  

,agamemnon's treat1 :5 he fea/$ !       
comm&]s2       ,= well he knew great    
c>es 8 bro!r vex$4      7,iliad1 ii4    
#dji47  ,he did n take notice ( ! pla9 &
 evid5t omission ( 8 bro!r1 or %[ 8     
res5tm5ts by n com+1 z "s surly te/y    
p]sons usually d ^u su* ov]sights ( _!  
be/ fri5ds2 yet !y _h r be ov]look$ ?an 
p>ticul>ly invit$1 t !y may h "s color =
 _! petti% ang]4 ,b ab\t ! introduc$    
gue/s 7:i* we call %ad[s7 :o are n      
invit$ by ! ent]ta9]1 b by "s o!rs ( !  
gue/s1 a "q 0 />t$1 f :om t cu/om began4
 ,"s ?\ght f ,socrates1 :o p]suad$      
,ari/odemus1 :o 0 n invit$1 to g along )
 him to ,aga?o's1 :]e !re happ5$ a      
pretty je/4 ,= ,socrates by *ance /ay+  
some:at beh9d1 ,ari/odemus w5t 9 fir/2 &
 ?is seem$ v appropriate1 =1 ! sun %9+  
on _! backs1 ! %ad[ ought to g be=e !   
body4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 ?\ght necess>y at   
all ent]ta9m5ts1 especially ( great m51 
:5 ! invit] did n "k _! favorites &     
acqua9tance1 to desire ! invit$ to br+ 8
 company1 appo9t+ su* a set numb]1 le/  

!y %\ld be put to ! same %ifts :i* he 0 
put to :o invit$ ,k+ ,philip to 8       
c\ntry-h\se4 ,! k+ came ) a num]\s      
att5dance1 b ! provision 0 n equal to ! 
company4 ,!re=e1 see+ 8 ent]ta9] mu* ca/
 d[n1 he s5t "s ab\t to tell 8 fri5ds   
privately1 t !y %\ld keep "o corn] ( _! 
bellies = a l>ge cake t 0 to come4 ,&   
!y1 expect+ ?is1 f$ sp>+ly on ! meat t 0
 set be=e !m1 s t ! provision seem$     
suffici5t = !m all4  ,:5 ,i _h talk$ ?us
 waggi%ly to ! company ,florus _h a m9d 
to talk gravely conc]n+ ^! %ad[s1 & h x 
discuss$ :e!r x 0 fit = ^? t 7 s invit$ 
to g1 or no4 ,8 son-9-law ,caes]nius 0  
positively aga9/ x4 ,we %\ld1 says he1  
foll[+ ,hesiod's advice1       ,invite a
 fri5d to fea/1      7,works & ,days1   
#cdb47  or at lea/ we %\ld h our        
acqua9tance & famili>s to p>ticipate (  
our ent]ta9m5ts1 mir?1 & disc\rse ov] a 
glass ( w9e2 b n[1 z f]ry-m5 p]mit _!   
pass5g]s to br+ 9 :at f>del !y please1 s
 we p]mit o!rs to fill our ent]ta9m5ts )
 any p]sons1 let !m be good companions  

or n4 ,& ,i %\ld wond] t any man ( bre$+
 be+ s 7t is1 n at all7 invit$1 %\ld g2 
s9ce1 = ! mo/ "p1 he mu/ be unacqua9t$ )
 ! ent]ta9]1 or if he 0 acqua9t$1 0 n   
?\ght wor?y to be bidd54 ,nay1 he %\ld  
be m a%am$ to g to su* a "o1 if he      
consid]s t x w look l an upbraid+ ( 8   
unk9dness1 & yet a rude intrud+ into 8  
company aga9/ 8 w4 ,besides1 to g be=e  
or aft] ! gue/ t invites him mu/ look   
unh&somely1 nor is x cr$itable to g & /&
 9 ne$ ( witnesses to assure ! gue/s t  
he do? n come z a pr9cipally invit$     
p]son1 b su* a "o's %ad[4 ,besides1 to  
att5d o!rs ba?+ or ano9t+1 to obs]ve 8  
h\r1 :e!r he goes e>ly or late1 is      
s]vile & gna?onical 7= !re nev] 0 su* an
 excell5t fell[ z ,gna?o to fe$ at ano!r
 man's table74 ,besides1 if !re is no m 
prop] "t & place to say1       ,speak1  
tongue1 if ?\ wilt utt] jovial ?+s1  ?an
 at a fea/1 & fre$om & raill]y is mix$ )
 ev]y?+ t is ei!r done or said ov] a    
glass ( w9e1 h[ %\ld he behave himself1 
:o is n a true pr9cipally invit$ gue/1 b

 z x 7 a ba/>d & supposititi\s intrud]8 
,= :e!r he is free or n1 he lies op5 to 
! exception ( ! company4 ,besides1 ! v  
meanness & vil5ess ( ! "n is no small   
evil to ^? :o d n res5t x b c quietly   
endure to be call$ & answ] to ! "n (    
%ad[s4 ,=1 by endur+ su* base names1 m5 
are ins5sibly accu/om$ & drawn on to    
base actions4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i make an     
invitation1 = x is h>d to break ! cu/om 
( a place1 ,i give my gue/s leave to br+
 %ad[s2 b :5 ,i myself am invit$ z a    
%ad[1 ,i assure y ,i refuse to g4  ,a   
%ort sil5ce foll[$ ?is disc\rse2 !n     
,florus began ?us3 ,?is la/ ?+ y        
m5tion$1 sir1 is a great] difficulty ?an
 ! o!r4 ,= x is necess>y :5 we invite   
our fri5ds to give !m lib]ty to *oose _!
 own %ad[s1 z 0 be=e h9t$2 = to ent]ta9 
!m )\t _! fri5ds is n v oblig+1 nor is x
 v easy to "k :om ! p]son we invite w\ld
 be mo/ pleas$ )4 ,!n said ,i to him3   
,consid] !re=e :e!r ^? t give _! fri5ds 
?is lic5se to invite d n at ! same "t   
give ! invit$ lic5se to accept !        

invitation & come to ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,= x 
is n fit ei!r to all[ or to desire ano!r
 to d t :i* is n dec5t to be done1 or to
 urge & p]suade to t :i* no "o ought to 
be p]suad$ or to cons5t to d4 ,:5 we    
ent]ta9 a great man or /rang]1 !re we _c
 invite or *oose 8 company1 b mu/       
receive ^? t come along ) him4 ,b :5 we 
fea/ a fri5d1 x w be m acceptable if we 
ourselves invite all1 z kn[+ 8          
acqua9tance & famili>s2 = x tickles him 
extremely to see t o!rs take notice t he
 ha? *iefly a respect = su* & su*1 loves
 _! company mo/1 & is well pleas$ :5 !y 
are honor$ & invit$ z well z he4 ,yet   
sometimes we mu/ deal ) our fri5d z     
petition]s d :5 !y make addresses to a  
god2 !y (f] v[s to all t belong to !    
same alt> & ! same %r9e1 ?\gh !y make no
 p>ticul> m5tion ( _! names4 ,= no      
da9ties1 w9e1 or o9tm5t c incl9e a man  
to m]rim5t1 z mu* z a pleasant agreeable
 companion4 ,= z x is rude & ung5teel to
 inquire & ask :at sort ( meat1 w9e1 or 
o9tm5t ! p]son :om we are to ent]ta9    

loves be/2 s x is nei!r disoblig+ nor   
absurd to desire him :o ha? a great _m  
acqua9tance to br+ ^? along ) him ^:    
company he likes mo/1 & 9 ^: conv]sation
 he c take ! greate/ pleasure4 ,= x is n
 s irksome & t$i\s to sail 9 ! same %ip1
 to dwell 9 ! same h\se1 or be a judge  
^u ! same b5*1 ) a p]son :om we d n l1 z
 to be at ! same table ) him2 & !       
contr>y is fully z pleasant4 ,an        
ent]ta9m5t is a communion ( s]i\s or    
m]ry disc\rse or actions2 & !re=e1 to   
make a m]ry company1 we %\ld n pick up  
any p]son at a v5ture1 b take only su* z
 are kn[n to "o ano!r & sociable4       
,cooks1 x is true1 mix s\r & sweet      
juices1 r\gh & oily1 to make _! sauces2 
b !re nev] 0 an agreeable table or      
pleasant ent]ta9m5t :]e ! gue/s 7 n all 
( a piece1 & all ( ! same humor4 ,n[1 z 
! ,p]ipatetics say1 ! fir/ mov] 9 nature
 moves only & is n mov$1 & ! la/ mov$ is
 mov$ only b does n move1 & betwe5 ^!   
!re is t :i* moves & is mov$ by o!rs2 s 
!re is ! same analogy betwe5 ^? ?ree    

sorts ( p]sons t make up a company1--!re
 is ! simple invit]1 ! simple invit$ & !
 invit$ t invites ano!r4 ,we h spok5    
already conc]n+ ! invit]1 & x w n be    
improp]1 9 my op9ion1 to deliv] my      
s5tim5ts ab\t ! o!r two4 ,he t is invit$
 & invites o!rs1 %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be  
sp>+ 9 ! numb] t he br+s4 ,he %\ld n1 z 
if he 7 to =age 9 an enemy's c\ntry1    
c>ry all he c ) him2 or1 l ^? :o g to   
possess a new-f\nd l&1 by ! excessive   
numb] ( 8 own fri5ds1 incommode or      
exclude ! fri5ds ( ! invit]1 s t !      
invit] mu/ be 9 ! same case ) ^? t set  
=? supp]s to ,hecate & ! gods :o turn   
away evil1 ( :i* nei!r !y nor any ( _!  
family p>take1 except ( ! smoke &       
tr\ble4 ,x is true !y only speak 9      
wagg]y t say1       ,he t at ,delphi    
(f]s sacrifice      ,mu/ aft] meat = 8  
own d9n] buy4  ,b ! same ?+ really      
happ5s to him :o ent]ta9s ill-br$ gue/s 
or acqua9tances1 :o ) a great _m %ad[s1 
z x 7 h>pies1 te> & dev\r 8 provision4  
,besides1 he %\ld n take anybody t he   

may come ^u along ) him to ano!r's      
ent]ta9m5t1 b *iefly ! ent]ta9]'s       
acqua9tance1 z x 7 cont5d+ ) him &      
prec$+ him 9 ! invitation4 ,b if t _c be
 effect$1 let him c>ry su* ( 8 own      
fri5ds z ! ent]ta9] w\ld *oose himself2 
to a civil mode/ man1 "s ( complaisant  
humor2 to a le>n$ man1 +5u\s p]sons2 to 
a man t ha? borne (fice1 "s ( ! same    
rank2 &1 9 %ort1 su* ^: acqua9tance he  
ha? =m]ly s\ght & w\ld be n[ glad (4 ,= 
x w be extremely pleas+ & oblig+ to br+ 
su* into company toge!r2 b "o :o br+s to
 a fea/ m5 :o h no lik5ess at all ) !   
fea/-mak]1 b :o are entire ali5s &      
/rang]s to him1--z h>d dr9k]s to a sob] 
man1--gluttons & sumptu\s p]sons to a   
temp]ate ?rifty ent]ta9]1--or to a "y1  
m]ry1 boon companion1 grave old         
philosoph]s solemnly speak+ 9 _!        
be>ds1--w be v disoblig+1 & turn all !  
int5d$ mir? into an unpleasant s\rness4 
,! ent]ta9$ %\ld be z oblig+ to !       
ent]ta9] z ! ent]ta9] to ! ent]ta9$2 &  
!n he w be mo/ oblig+1 :5 n only he     

himself1 b all ^? t come by 8 means1 are
 pleasant & agreeable4  ,! la/ ( ! ?ree 
:i* rema9s to be spok5 ( is he t is     
invit$ by "o man to ano!r's fea/4 ,n[ he
 t disda9s & is s mu* (f5d$ at ! "n ( a 
%ad[ w appe> to be afraid ( a m]e %ad[4 
,b 9 ?is matt] !re is ne$ ( a great deal
 ( caution1 = x is n cr$itable readily  
to g along ) e "o & to ev]ybody4 ,b fir/
 y mu/ consid] :o x is t invites2 = if  
he is n a v famili> fri5d1 b a ri* or   
great man1 su* :o1 z if ^u a /age1 wants
 a l>ge or spl5did ret9ue1 or su* :o    
?9ks t he puts a great obligation ^u y &
 does y a great deal ( honor by ?is     
invitation1 y mu/ pres5tly d5y4 ,b if he
 is y\r fri5d & p>ticul> acqua9tance1 y 
mu/ n yield ^u ! fir/ motion3 b if !re  
seems a necessity = "s conv]sation :i*  
_c be put (f till ano!r "t1 or if he is 
lately come f a j\rney or designs to g  
on "o1 & out ( m]e good-w & affection   
seems desir\s ( y\r company1 & do? n    
desire to c>ry a great _m1 or /rang]s1 b
 only "s few fri5ds along ) him2 or1    

besides all ?is1 if he designs to br+ y 
?us invit$ acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal invit]1
 :o is v wor?y ( y\r acqua9tance1 !n    
cons5t & g4 ,= z to ill-humor$ p]sons1 !
 m !y seize & take hold ( u l ?orns1 we 
%\ld endeavor to free ourselves f !m or 
leap ov] !m ! m4 ,if he t invites is a  
civil & well-br$ p]son1 yet do? n design
 to c>ry y to "o ( ! same temp]1 y mu/  
refuse1 le/ y %\ld take poison 9 honey1 
t is1 get ! acqua9tance ( a bad man by  
an hone/ fri5d4 ,x is absurd to g to "o 
y d n "k1 & ) :om y nev] _h any         
famili>ity1 unless1 z ,i said be=e1 !   
p]son be an extraord9>y man1 &1 by a    
civil wait+1 ^u him at ano!r man's      
invitation1 y design to beg9 an         
acqua9tance ) him4 ,& ^? fri5ds y %\ld  
*iefly g to z %ad[s1 :o w\ld come to y  
aga9 9 ! same quality4 ,to ,philip !    
je/]1 inde$1 he seem$ m ridicul\s t came
 to a fea/ ( 8 own accord ?an he t 0    
invit$2 b to well-br$ & civil fri5ds x  
is m oblig+ = m5 ( ! same temp] to come 
at ! nick ( "t ) o!r fri5ds1 :5 un9vit$ 

& unexpect$2 at once pleas+ bo? to ^? t 
invite & ^? t ent]ta94 ,b *iefly y mu/  
avoid go+ to rul]s1 ri* or great m51 le/
 y incur ! des]v$ c5sure ( be+ impud5t1 
saucy1 rude1 & unseasonably ambiti\s4   
,,"q ,,vii4 ,,:e!r ,,flute-,,girls ,,are
 ,,to ,,be ,,all[$ ,,at ,a ,,fea/8      
,,diog5ianus1 ,a ,,sophi/1 ,,philip4    
,at ,*a]onea1 ,diog5ianus ! ,p]tam5ian  
be+ pres5t1 we _h a long disc\rse once  
at an ent]ta9m5t ab\t music2 & we _h a  
great deal ( tr\ble to hold out aga9/ a 
great be>d$ sophi/] ( ! ,/oic sect1 :o  
quot$ ,plato z blam+ a company t admitt$
 flute-girls & 7 n able to ent]ta9 "o   
ano!r ) disc\rse4 ,& ,philip ! ,prusian1
 ( ! same sect1 said3 ,^? gue/s (       
,aga?o1 ^: disc\rse 0 m sweet ?an ! s\nd
 ( any pipe 9 ! _w1 7 no good au?ority 9
 ?is case2 = x 0 no wond] t 9 _! company
 ! flute-girl 0 n reg>d$2 b x is /range 
t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 ! extreme   
pleasantness ( ! disc\rse _h n made !m  
=get _! meat & dr9k4 ,yet ,x5ophon ?\ght
 x n indec5t to br+ 9 to ,socrates1     

,anti/h5es1 & ! l ! je/] ,philip2 z     
,hom] do? an onion to make ! w9e reli%4 
,& ,plato br\ght 9 ,ari/ophanes's       
disc\rse ( love1 z a com$y1 into 8      
ent]ta9m5t2 & at ! la/1 z x 7 draw+ all 
! curta9s1 he %[s a sc5e ( ! greate/    
v>iety imag9able1--,alcibiades drunk1   
frolick+1 & cr[n$4 ,!n foll[s t pleasant
 raill]y betwe5 him & ,socrates conc]n+ 
,aga?o1 & ! encomium ( ,socrates2 & :5  
su* disc\rse 0 go+ on1 good gods6 ,_h x 
n be5 all[able1 if ,apollo himself _h   
come 9 ) 8 h>p ready to desire ! god to 
=be> till ! argum5t 0 out8 ,^! m51 hav+ 
su* a pleasant way ( disc\rs+1 us$ ^!   
arts & ins9uat+ me?ods1 & grac$ _!      
ent]ta9m5t's by su* faceti\s raill]y4 ,b
 %all we1 be+ mix$ ) tradesm5 & m]*ants1
 & "s 7z x n[ & !n happ5s7 ignorants &  
ru/ics1 bani% out ( our ent]ta9m5ts ?is 
ravi%+ delight1 or fly ! musicians1 z if
 !y 7 ,sir5s1 z soon z we see !m com+8  
,clitoma*us ! wre/l]1 ris+ & gett+ away 
:5 any "o talk$ ( love1 0 mu* wond]$ at2
 & %\ld n a philosoph] t bani%e? music f

 a fea/1 & is afraid ( a musician1 &    
bids 8 l9k boy pres5tly light 8 l9k & be
 gone1 be laugh$ at1 s9ce he seems to   
abom9ate ! mo/ innoc5t pleasures1 z     
beetles d o9tm5t8 ,=1 if at any "t1     
c]ta9ly ov] a glass ( w9e1 music %\ld be
 p]mitt$1 & !n *iefly ! h>moni\s god    
%\ld h ! direction ( our s\ls2 s t      
,euripides1 ?\gh ,i l him v well 9 o!r  
?+s1 %all nev] p]suade me t music1 z he 
w\ld h x1 %\ld be appli$ to melan*oly & 
grief4 ,= !re sob] & s]i\s reason1 l a  
physician1 %\ld take c>e ( ! diseas$ m52
 b ^? pleasures %\ld be mix$ ) ,bac*us1 
& s]ve to increase our mir? & frolic4   
,!re=e x 0 a pleasant say+ ( t ,sp>tan  
at ,a!ns1 :o1 :5 "s new trag$ians 7 to  
cont5d = ! prize1 see+ ! prep>ations ( !
 ma/]s ( ! dances1 ! hurry & busy       
dilig5ce ( ! in/ructors1 said1 ! city 0 
c]ta9ly mad :i* sport$ ) s mu* pa9s4 ,he
 t designs to sport %\ld sport1 & n buy 
8 case & pleasure ) great exp5se1 or !  
loss ( t "t :i* might be useful to o!r  
?+s2 b :il/ he is fea/+ & free f        

bus9ess1 ^? %\ld be enjoy$4 ,& x is     
advisable to try amid/ our mir?1 :e!r   
any pr(it is to be gott5 f our delights4
    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:at ,,sort ,,(       
,,music ,,is ,,fitte/ ,,= ,,an          
,,ent]ta9m5t8  ,,diog5ianus1 ,a         
,,sophi/1 ,,philip4  ,:5 ,philip _h     
end$1 ,i h9d]$ ! sophi/] f return+ an   
answ] to ! disc\rse1 & said3 ,let u r   
inquire1 ,diog5ianus1 s9ce !re are a    
great _m sorts ( music1 :i* is fitte/ = 
an ent]ta9m5t4 ,& let u beg ?is le>n$   
man's judgm5t 9 ?is case2 = s9ce he is n
 prejudic$ or apt to be bias$ by any    
sort1 !re is no dang] t he %\ld pref] t 
:i* is pleasante/ be=e t :i* is be/4    
,diog5ianus jo9+ ) me 9 ?is reque/1 he  
pres5tly began4 ,all o!r sorts ,i bani% 
to ! !atre & playh\se1 & c only all[ t  
:i* ha? be5 lately admitt$ into !       
ent]ta9m5ts at ,rome1 & ) :i* ev]ybody  
is n yet acqua9t$4 ,y "k1 cont9u$ he1 t 
"s ( ,plato's dialogues are purely      
n>rative1 & "s dramatic4 ,! easie/ ( ?is
 latt] sort !y tea* _! *ildr5 to speak  

by he>t2 mak+ !m to imitate ! actions ( 
^? p]sons !y repres5t1 & to =m _! voice 
& affections to be agreeable to ! words4
 ,?is all ! grave & well-br$ m5 exce$+ly
 admire2 b s(t & effem9ate fell[s1 ^:   
e>s ignorance & ill-bre$+ ha? corrupt$1 
& :o1 z ,ari/ox5us phrase? x1 are ready 
to vomit :5 !y he> excell5t h>mony1     
reject x2 & no wond]1 :5 effem9acy      
prevails4  ,philip1 p]ceiv+ "s ( !      
company uneasy at ?is disc\rse1 said3   
,pray sp>e u1 sir1 & be n s sev]e ^u u2 
= we 7 ! fir/ t f\nd fault ) t cu/om :5 
x fir/ began to be c\nt5anc$ 9 ,rome1 & 
repreh5d$ ^? :o ?\ght ,plato fit to     
ent]ta9 u :il/ we 7 mak+ m]ry1 & :o w\ld
 he> 8 dialogues :il/ !y 7 eat+ cates & 
scatt]+ p]fumes4 ,:5 ,sappho's songs or 
,ana]eon's v]ses are recit$1 ,i prote/  
,i ?9k x dec5t to set aside my cup4 ,b  
%\ld ,i proce$1 p]haps y w\ld ?9k me mu*
 9 e>ne/1 & design+ to oppose y1 &      
!re=e1 toge!r ) ?is cup :i* ,i pres5t my
 fri5d1 ,i leave x to him to wa% y\r    
salt e> ) fre% disc\rse4  ,!n           

,diog5ianus1 tak+ ! cup1 said3 ,me?9ks  
?is is v sob] disc\rse1 :i* makes me    
believe t ! w9e do? n please y1 s9ce ,i 
see no effect ( x2 s t ,i fe> ,i ought  
to be correct$4 ,inde$1 _m sorts ( music
 are n to be reject$2 fir/1 trag$y1 z   
hav+ no?+ famili> en\gh = an ent]ta9m5t1
 & be+ a repres5tation ( actions att5d$ 
) grief & extremity ( passion4 ,i reject
 ! sort ( danc+ :i* is call$ ,pyladean f
 ,pylades1 because x is full ( pomp1 v  
pa!tical1 & requires a great _m p]sons2 
b if we w\ld admit any ( ^? sorts t     
des]ve ^? encomiums :i* ,socrates       
m5tions 9 8 disc\rse ab\t danc+1 ,i l t 
sort call$ ,ba?yllean1 :i* requires n s 
high a motion1 b ha? some?+ ( ! "* ( !  
,cordax1 & resembles ! motion ( an ,e*o1
 a ,pan1 or a ,satyr frolick+ ) love4   
,old com$y is n fit = m5 t are mak+     
m]ry1 by reason ( ! excuses t appe> 9 x2
 = t vehem5cy :i* !y use 9 ! p>abasis is
 l\d & indec5t1 & ! lib]ty !y take to   
sc(f & abuse is v surfeit+1 too op51 &  
full ( fil?y words & lewd expressions4  

,besides1 z at great m5's tables e man  
ha? a s]vant wait+ at 8 elb[1 s ea* ( 8 
gue/s w\ld ne$ a gramm>ian to sit by    
him1 & expla9 :o is ,laespodias 9       
,eupolis1 ,c9esias 9 ,plato1 & ,lampo 9 
,crat9us1 & :o is ea* p]son t is je]$ 9 
! play4 ,conc]n+ new com$y !re is no ne$
 ( any long disc\rse4 ,x is s fitt$1 s  
int]wov5 ) ent]ta9m5ts1 t x is easi] to 
h a regul> fea/ )\t w9e1 ?an )\t ,m5&]4 
,its phrase is sweet & famili>1 ! ,humor
 innoc5t & easy1 s t !re is no?+ = m5   
:il/ sob] to despise1 or :5 m]ry to be  
tr\bl$ at4 ,! s5tim5ts are s natural &  
un/udi$1 t mid/ w9e1 z x 7 9 fire1 !y   
s(t5 & b5d ! rigide/ temp] to be pliable
 & easy4 ,& ! mixture ( gravity & je/s  
seems to be contriv$ = no?+ s aptly z = 
! pleasure & pr(it ( ^? t are frolick+ &
 mak+ m]ry4 ,! love-sc5es 9 ,m5&] are   
conv5i5t = ^? :o h already drunk _!     
cups1 & :o 9 a %ort "t mu/ retire home  
to _! wives2 = 9 all 8 plays !re is no  
love ( boys m5tion$1 & all rapes        
committ$ on virg9s & dec5tly 9 m>riages 

at la/4 ,z = misses1 if !y are impud5t &
 jilt+1 !y are bobb$1 ! "y gallants     
turn+ sob]1 & rep5t+ ( _! lewd c\rses4  
,b if !y are k9d & con/ant1 ei!r _! true
 p>5ts are discov]$1 or a "t is det]m9$ 
= intrigue1 :i* br+s !m at la/ to oblig+
 mode/y & civil k9dness4 ,^! ?+s to m5  
busi$ ab\t o!r matt]s may seem sc>ce    
wor? tak+ notice (2 b :il/ !y are mak+  
m]ry1 x is no wond] t ! pleasantness &  
smoo?ness ( ! p>ts %\ld "w a neat       
con=mity & di/9ction 9 ! he>]s & make _!
 mann]s l ! patt]n !y h f ^? g5teel     
*>act]s4  ,diog5ianus1 ei!r design$ly or
 = want ( brea? end$ ?us4 ,& :5 !       
sophi/] attack$ him aga91 & cont5d$ t "s
 ( ,ari/ophanes's v]ses %\ld be read1   
,philip speak+ to me said3 ,diog5ianus  
ha? _h 8 wi% 9 prais+ 8 belov$ ,m5&]1 & 
seems n to c>e = any ( ! re/4 ,!re are a
 great _m sorts :i* we h n at all       
consid]$1 conc]n+ :i* ,i %\ld be v glad 
to h y\r op9ion2 & ! prize = ! c>v]s we 
w set up to-morr[1 :5 we are sob]1 if   
,diog5ianus & ?is /rang] ?9k fit4 ,(    

repres5tations1 said ,i1 "s are         
allegorical1 & "s are f>ces2 nei!r ( ^! 
are fit = an ent]ta9m5t2 ! fir/ by      
reason ( _! l5g? & co/1 & ! latt] be+ s 
full ( fil?y disc\rse & lewd actions1 t 
!y are n fit to be se5 by ! foot-boys t 
wait on civil ma/]s4 ,yet ! rabble1 ev5 
) _! wives & "y sons1 sit quietly to be 
spectators ( su* repres5tations z are   
apt to di/urb ! s\l m ?an ! greate/     
debau* 9 dr9k4 ,! h>p ev] s9ce ,hom]'s  
"t 0 well acqua9t$ ) fea/s &            
ent]ta9m5ts1 & !re=e x is n fitt+ to    
dissolve su* an anci5t fri5d%ip &       
acqua9tance2 b we %\ld only desire !    
h>p]s to =be> _! sad notes & melan*oly  
tunes1 & play only ^? t are delight+1 & 
fit = su* z are mak+ m]ry4 ,! pipe1 if  
we w\ld1 we _c reject1 = ! libation 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( ! ent]ta9m5t requires t z well 
z ! g>l&4 ,!n x ins9uates & passe? ?r\gh
 ! e>s1 spread+ ev5 to ! v s\l a        
pleasant s\nd1 :i* produce? s]5ity &    
calmness2 s t1 if ! w9e ha? n q dissolv$
 or driv5 away all vex+ solicit\s       

anxiety ?is1 by ! s(tness & delightful  
agreeabl5ess ( its s\nd1 smoo?s & calms 
! spirits1 if s be t x keeps )9 due     
b\nds1 & do? n elevate too mu*1 &1 by   
its num]\s surpris+ divisions1 raise an 
ec/asy 9 ! s\l :i* w9e ha? weak5$ & made
 easy to be p]v]t$4 ,= z brutes d n     
und]/& a rational disc\rse1 yet lie d[n 
or rise up at ! s\nd ( a %ell or :i/le1 
or ( a *irp or clap2 s ! bruti% "p ( !  
s\l1 :i* is ei!r incapable ( und]/&+ or 
obey+ reason1 m5 conqu] by songs &      
tunes1 & by music r$uce x to tol]able   
ord]4 ,b to speak freely :at ,i ?9k1 no 
pipe nor h>p simply play$ ^u1 & )\t a   
song ) x1 c be v fit = an ent]ta9m5t4 ,=
 we %\ld /ill accu/om ourselves to take 
our *iefe/ pleasure f disc\rse1 & sp5d  
our leisure "t 9 pr(itable talk1 & use  
tunes & airs z a sauce = ! disc\rse1 & n
 s+ly by !mselves1 to please !          
unreasonable delicacy ( our palate4 ,= z
 nobody is aga9/ pleasure t arise? f    
sauce or w9e go+ 9 ) our necess>y food1 
b ,socrates fl\ts & refuse? to admit t  

sup]flu\s & va9 pleasure :i* we take 9  
p]fumes & odors at a fea/2 ?us ! s\nd ( 
a pipe or h>p1 :5 s+ly appli$ to our    
e>s1 we utt]ly reject1 b if x           
accompanies words1 & toge!r ) an ode    
fea/s & delights our reason1 we gladly  
introduce x4 ,& we believe ! fam$       
,m>syas 0 puni%$ by ,apollo = pret5d+1  
:5 he _h no?+ b 8 s+le pipe1 & 8 muzzle 
to apply to 8 lips1 to cont5d ) ! h>p & 
song ( ! god4 ,let u only take c>e t1 :5
 we h su* gue/s z are able to *e] "o    
ano!r ) philosophy & good disc\rse we d 
n introduce any?+ t may r prove an      
uneasy h9drance to ! conv]sation ?an    
promote x4 ,= n only ^? are fools1 :o1 z
 ,euripides says1 hav+ safety at home & 
9 _! own p[]1 yet w\ld hire "s f abroad2
 b ^? too :o1 hav+ pleasantness en\gh   
)91 are eag] aft] "s ext]nal pa/imes to 
com=t & delight !m4 ,t extraord9>y piece
 ( honor :i* ! ,p]sian k+ %[$           
,antalcidas ! ,sp>tan seem$ rude &      
uncivil1 :5 he dipp$ a g>l& compos$ (   
crocus & roses 9 o9tm5t1 & s5t x him to 

we>1 by t dipp+ putt+ a slight ^u &     
spoil+ ! natural sweetness & beauty ( ! 
fl[]s4 ,he do? z bad1 :o hav+ a ,muse 9 
8 own brea/1 & all ! pleasantness t w\ld
 fit an ent]ta9m5t1 w h pipes & h>ps    
play1 & by t ext]nal adv5titi\s noise   
de/roy all ! sweetness t 0 prop] & 8    
own4 ,b 9 %ort1 all e>-delights are     
fitte/ !n1 :5 ! company beg9s to be     
di/urb$1 to fall out1 & qu>rel1 = !n !y 
may prev5t raill]y & reproa*1 & /op !   
dispute t is runn+ on to sophi/ical &   
unpleasant wrangl+1 & bridle all babbl+ 
declamatory alt]cations1 s t ! company  
may be fre$ ( noise & quietly compos$4  
,,"q ,,ix4 ,,t ,,x ,,0 ,,! ,,cu/om ,,(  
,,! ,,greeks ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,p]sians   
,,to ,,debate ,,( ,,/ate ,,affairs ,,at 
,,_! ,,ent]ta9m5ts4  ,,nico/ratus1      
,,glaucias4  ,at ,nico/ratus's table we 
disc\rs$ ( ^? matt]s :i* ! ,a!nians 7 to
 debate ( 9 _! next assembly4 ,& "o ( ! 
company say+1 ,x is ! ,p]sian fa%ion1   
sir1 to debate mid/ y\r cups2 ,& :y1    
said ,glaucias rejo9+1 n ! ,grecian     

fa%ion8 ,= x 0 a ,greek t said1         
,aft] y\r belly's full1 y\r c\nsel's    
be/4  ,& !y 7 ,greeks :o ) ,agamemnon   
besieg$ ,troy1 to :om1 :il/ !y 7 eat+ & 
dr9k+1       ,old ,ne/or fir/ began a   
grave debate2      7,iliad1 vii4 #cbd47 
& he himself advis$ ! k+ be=e to call ! 
comm&]s toge!r = ! same purpose3--      
,= ! comm&]s1 sir1 a fea/ prep>e1       
,& see :o c\nsels be/1 & foll[ him4     
7,ibid1 ix4 #gj & #gd47  ,!re=e ,greece1
 hav+ a great _m excell5t in/itutions1 &
 zeal\sly foll[+ ! cu/oms ( ! anci5ts1  
ha? laid ! f\ndations ( h] polities 9   
w9e4 ,= ! assemblies 9 ,crete call$     
,&ria1 ^? 9 ,sp>ta call$ ,phiditia1 7   
secret consultations & ari/ocratical    
assemblies2 su*1 ,i suppose1 z !        
,prytaneum & ,!smo!sium "h at ,a!ns4 ,& 
n diff]5t f ^! is t night-meet+1 :i*    
,plato m5tions1 ( ! be/ & mo/ polite m51
 to :i* ! greate/1 ! mo/ consid]able &  
puzzl+ matt]s are assign$4 ,& ^?        
,:o1 :5 !y d design to seek _! re/1     
,to ,m]cury _! j libations p\r1         

7,odyssey1 vii4 #ach47  d !y n jo9      
reason & w9e toge!r1 s9ce1 :5 !y are    
ab\t to retire1 !y make _! v[s to !     
wise/ god1 z if he 0 pres5t & p>ticul>ly
 presid5t ov] _! actions8 ,b ! anci5ts  
inde$ call ,bac*us ! good c\nsellor1 z  
if he _h no ne$ ( ,m]cury2 & = 8 sake !y
 nam$ ! night ,greek omitt$ z x 71      
,,good ,,advis]4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:e!r ,,!y
 ,,did ,,well ,,:o ,,delib]at$ ,,mid/   
,,_! ,,cups4  ,,glaucias1 ,,nico/ratus4 
,:il/ ,glaucias 0 disc\rs+ ?us1 ! =m]   
tumultu\s talk seem$ to be pretty well  
lull$2 & t x might be q =gott51         
,nico/ratus />t$ ano!r "q1 say+1 he nev]
 valu$ ! matt] be=e1 :il/ he ?\ght x a  
,p]sian cu/om1 b s9ce x 0 discov]$ to be
 ! ,greek fa%ion too1 x want$ 7he ?\ght7
 "s reason to excuse or def5d its seem+ 
absurdity4 ,= our reason 7 mu* moi/ure1 
is h>d to be mov$1 & unable to p]=m its 
op]ations4 ,& all sorts ( tr\bles &     
discont5ts1 l insects to ! sun1 creep+  
=?1 & be+ agitat$ by a glass ( w9e1 make
 ! m9d irresolute & incon/ant4 ,!re=e z 

a b$ is m conv5i5t = a man :il/ mak+    
m]ry ?an a *air1 because x conta9s !    
:ole body & keeps x f all di/urb+       
motion1 s x is be/ to h ! s\l p]fectly  
at quiet2 or1 if t _c be1 we mu/ give x1
 z to *ildr5 t w be do+1 n a sword or   
spe>1 b a rattle or a ball1--9 ?is      
foll[+ ! example ( ! god himself1 :o    
puts into ! h&s ( ^? t are mak+ m]ry a  
f]ula1 ! lighte/ & s(te/ ( all weapons1 
t1 :5 !y are mo/ apt to /rike1 !y may   
hurt lea/4 ,ov] a glass ( w9e m5 %\ld   
make only ridicul\s slips1 & n su* z may
 prove tragical1 lam5table1 or ( any    
consid]able conc]n4 ,besides1 9 s]i\s   
debates1 x is *iefly to be consid]$1 t  
p]sons ( mean und]/&+ & unacqua9t$ )    
bus9ess %\ld be guid$ by ! wise &       
exp]i5c$2 b w9e de/roys ?is ord]4       
,insomu* t ,plato says1 w9e is call$    
,greek omitt$ because x makes ^? t dr9k 
x ,greek omitt$ ?9k t !y h wit2 = none  
ov] a glass ( w9e ?9ks himself s noble1 
beaute\s1 or ri* 7?\gh he fancies       
himself all ^!71 z wise2 & !re=e w9e is 

babbl+1 full ( talk1 & ( a dictat+      
humor2 s t we are r = be+ he>d ?an he>+1
 = lead+ ?an be+ l$4 ,b a ?\s& su*      
objections may be rais$1 = !y are v     
obvi\s4 ,b let u he> :i* ( ! company1   
ei!r old or "y1 c allege any?+ = !      
contr>y op9ion4  ,!n said my bro!r      
cunn+ly3 ,& d y imag9e t any1 ^u a      
sudd51 c produce any probable reasons8  
,& ,nico/ratus reply+1 ,yes1 no d\bt1   
!re be+ s _m le>n$ m5 & good dr9k]s 9   
company2 he ) a smile cont9u$3 ,d y ?9k1
 sir1 y are fit to treat ( ^! matt]s1 :5
 w9e ha? disabl$ y to disc\rse (        
politics & /ate affairs8 ,or is n ?is   
all ! same z to ?9k t a man 9 8 liquor  
do? n see v well nor und]/& ^? t talk & 
disc\rse ) him1 yet he>s ! music & !    
pip]s v well8 ,= z x is likely t useful 
& pr(itable ?+s draw & affect ! s5se m  
?an f9e & gaudy2 s likewise !y d ! m9d  
too4 ,& ,i %all n wond] t ! nice        
philosophical speculation %\ld escape a 
man :o ha? drunk freely2 b yet1 ,i ?9k1 
if he 7 call$ to political debates1 8   

wisdom w\ld become m /rong & vigor\s4   
,?us ,philip at ,*a]onea1 be+ well      
heat$1 talk$ v fooli%ly1 & 0 ! sport ( !
 :ole company2 b z soon z !y began to   
disc\rse ( a truce & peace1 he compos$ 8
 c\nt5ance1 contract$ 8 br[s1 & dismiss+
 all va91 empty & dissolute ?\ghts1 he  
gave an excell5t1 wise1 & sob] answ] to 
! ,a!nians4 ,to dr9k freely is diff]5t f
 be+ drunk1 & ^? t dr9k till !y gr[     
fooli% ought to retire to b$4 ,b z = ^? 
t dr9k freely & are o!rwise m5 ( s5se1  
:y %\ld we fe> t !y w fail 9 _! und]/&+ 
or lose _! skill1 :5 we see t musicians 
play z well at a fea/ z 9 a !atre8 ,= :5
 skill & art are f\nd 9 ! s\l1 !y make !
 body correct & prop] 9 its op]ations1 &
 ob$i5t to ! motions ( ! _s4 ,besides1  
w9e inspirits "s m51 & raises a         
confid5ce & assurance 9 !m1 b n su* z is
 haughty & odi\s1 b pleas+ & agreeable4 
,?us !y say t ,aes*ylus compos$ 8       
trag$ies ov] a bottle1 & t all 8 plays  
7?\gh ,gorgias ?\ght t "o ( !m1 ! ,sev5 
aga9/ ,!bes1 0 full ( ,m>s7 7 ,bac*us's4

 ,= w9e 7accord+ to ,plato71 heat+ ! s\l
 toge!r ) ! body1 makes ! body pliable1 
quick1 & active1 & op5s ! passages2 :ile
 ! fancies draw 9 disc\rse ) boldness1 &
 d>+4  ,= "s h a good natural inv5tion1 
yet :il/ !y are sob] are too diffid5t & 
too close1 b mid/ _! w9e1 l frank9c5se1 
exhale & op5 at ! heat4 ,besides1 w9e   
expels all fe>1 :i* is ! greate/        
h9drance to all consultations1 & qu5*e? 
_m o!r deg5]ate & lazy passions2 x op5s 
! rancor & malice1 z x 71 ! two-leav$   
doors ( ! s\l1 & displays ! :ole        
disposition & qualities ( any p]son 9 8 
disc\rse4 ,fre$om ( spee*1 &1 ?r\gh t1  
tru? x pr9cipally produce?2 :i* x once  
want+1 nei!r quickness ( wit nor        
exp]i5ce availe? any?+2 & _m propos+ t  
:i* comes next r hit ! matt]1 ?an if !y 
w>ily & design$ly conceal _! pres5t     
s5tim5ts4 ,!re=e !re is no reason to fe>
 t w9e w /ir up our affections2 = x nev]
 /irs up ! bad1 unless 9 ! wor/ m51 ^:  
judgm5t is nev] sob]4 ,b z ,!ophra/us   
us$ to call ! b>b]s' %ops w9eless       

ent]ta9m5ts2 s !re is a k9d ( an unc\?  
w9eless drunk5ness always excit$ ei!r by
 ang]1 malice1 emulation1 or cl[ni%ness 
9 ! s\ls ( ! unle>n$4 ,n[ w9e1 blunt+ r 
?an %>p5+ _m ( ^! passions1 do? n make  
!m sots & fooli%1 b simple & +5u\s2 n   
neglig5t ( :at is pr(itable1 b desir\s (
 :at is good & hone/4 ,n[ ^? t ?9k craft
 to be cunn+1 & vanity or clos5ess to be
 wisdom1 h reason to ?9k ^? t ov] a     
glass ( w9e pla9ly & +5u\sly deliv] _!  
op9ions to be fools4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 !
 anci5ts call$ ! god ! ,fre] & ,loos5]1 
& ?\ght him consid]able 9 div9ation2 n1 
z ,euripides says1 because he makes m5  
rag+ mad1 b because he loose? & frees ! 
s\l f all base di/ru/ful fe>1 & puts !m 
9 a condition to speak tru? freely to "o
 ano!r4     ,,book ,,viii4  ,^?1 my     
,sossius ,s5ecio1 :o ?r[ philosophy out 
( ent]ta9m5ts d worse ?an ^? :o take    
away a light4 ,= ! c&le be+ remov$1 !   
temp]ate & sob] gue/s w n become worse  
?an !y 7 be=e1 be+ m conc]n$ to rev]5ce 
?an to see "o ano!r4 ,b if dulness &    

disreg>d to good le>n+ wait ^u ! w9e1   
,m9]va's gold5 lamp itself c\ld n make !
 ent]ta9m5t pleas+ & agreeable4 ,= a    
company to sit sil5t & only cram        
!mselves is1 9 good tru?1 sw9i% & almo/ 
impossible4 ,b he t p]mits m5 to talk1  
yet do? n all[ set & pr(itable          
disc\rses1 is mu* m ridicul\s ?an he :o 
?9ks t 8 gue/s %\ld eat & dr9k1 yet     
gives !m f\l w9e1 unsavory & na/ily     
prep>$ meat4 ,= no meat nor dr9k :i* is 
n prep>$ z x ought to be is s hurtful & 
unpleasant z disc\rse :i* is c>ri$ r\nd 
9 company insignificantly & out (       
season4 ,! philosoph]s1 :5 !y w\ld give 
drunk5ness a vile "n1 call x dot+ by    
w9e4 ,n[ dot+ is to use va9 & trifl+    
disc\rse2 & :5 su* babbl+ is accompani$ 
by w9e1 x usually ends 9 mo/            
disagreeable & rude contumely & reproa*4
 ,x is a good cu/om !re=e ( our wom51 :o
 9 _! fea/s call$ ,agrionia seek aft]   
,bac*us z if he 7 run away1 b 9 a little
 "t give ov] ! se>*1 & cry t he is fl$  
to ! ,muses & lurks ) !m2 & "s "t aft]1 

:5 supp] is done1 put riddles & h>d     
que/ions to "o ano!r4 ,= ?is my/]y      
tea*es u1 t mid/ our ent]ta9m5ts we %\ld
 use le>n$ & philosophical disc\rse1 &  
su* z ha? a ,muse 9 x2 & t su* disc\rse 
be+ appli$ to drunk5ness1 ev]y?+ t is   
bruti% & outrage\s 9 x is conceal$1 be+ 
pleas+ly re/ra9$ by ! ,muses4  ,?is     
book1 be+ ! eigh? ( my ,symposiacs1     
beg9s ) t disc\rse 9 :i* ab\t a ye> ago1
 on ,plato's bir?day1 ,i 0 conc]n$4     
,,"q ,i4 ,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,days ,,9 ,,:i*
 ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,m5 ,,7 ,,born2 ,,&      
,,also ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,! 
,,gods4  ,,diog5ianus1 ,,plut>*1        
,,florus1 ,,tynd>es4  ,on ! six? day (  
,may we celebrat$ ,socrates's bir?day1 &
 on ! sev5? ,plato's2 & t fir/ prompt$ u
 to su* disc\rse z 0 suitable to !      
meet+1 :i* ,diog5ianus ! ,p]gam5ian     
began ?us3 ,ion1 said he1 0 happy 9 8   
expression1 :5 he said t ,=tune1 ?\gh   
mu* unlike ,wisdom1 yet did _m ?+s v mu*
 l h]2 & t %e seem$ to h "s ord] &      
design1 n only 9 plac+ ! nativities ( ^!

 two philosoph]s s ne> toge!r1 b 9 sett+
 ! bir?day ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! two fir/1  
:o 0 also ! ma/] ( ! o!r4 ,i _h a great 
deal to say to ! company conc]n+ "s     
notable ?+s t fell out on ! same day1 z 
conc]n+ ! "t ( ,euripides's bir? & dea?2
 = he 0 born ! same day t ! ,greeks beat
 ,x]xes by sea at ,salamis1 & di$ ! same
 day t ,dionysius ! eld]1 ! ,sicilian   
tyrant1 0 born1--,=tune 7z ,timaeus ha? 
x7 at ! same "t tak+ out ( ! _w a       
repres5t]1 & br++ into x a real actor1 (
 trag$ies4 ,besides1 we rememb]$ t      
,alex&] ! k+ & ,diog5es ! ,cynic di$ ^u 
! same day4 ,& all agre$ t ,attalus ! k+
 di$ on 8 own bir?day4 ,& "s said1 t    
,pompey ! great 0 kill$ 9 ,egypt on 8   
bir?day1 or1 z o!rs w h x1 a day be=e4  
,we rememb] ,p9d> also1 :o1 be+ born at 
! "t ( ! ,py?ian games1 made aft]w>ds a 
great _m excell5t hymns 9 honor (       
,apollo4  ,to ?is ,florus subjo9$3 ,n[  
we are celebrat+ ,plato's nativity1 :y  
%\ld we n m5tion ,c>neades1 ! mo/ fam\s 
( ! :ole ,academy1 s9ce bo? ( !m 7 born 

on ,apollo's fea/2 ,plato1 :il/ !y 7    
celebrat+ ! ,?>gelia at ,a!ns1          
,c>neades1 :il/ ! ,cyr5ians kept _!     
,c>nea2 & bo? ^! fea/s are1 ^u ! same   
day4 ,nay1 ! god himself y 7he cont9u$71
 8 prie/s & prophets1 call ,hebdomag5es1
 z if he 7 born on ! sev5? day4 ,& !re=e
 ^? :o make ,apollo ,plato's fa!r d n1 9
 my op9ion1 di%onor ! god2 s9ce by      
,socrates's z by ano!r ,*iron's         
in/ructions he is become a physician = !
 diseases ( ! m9d4 ,& toge!r ) ?is1 he  
m5tion$ t vision & voice :i* =bade      
,ari/o1 ,plato's fa!r1 to come ne> or   
lie ) 8 wife = t5 mon?s4  ,to ?is       
,tynd>es ! ,sp>tan subjo9$3 ,x is v fit 
we %\ld apply t to ,plato1       ,he    
seem$ n sprung f mortal man1 b ,god4    
7,iliad1 xxiv4 #beh47  ,b1 = my "p1 ,i  
am afraid to beget1 z well z to be      
begott51 is repugnant to !              
incorruptibility ( ! deity4 ,= t implies
 a *ange & passion2 z ,alex&] imag9$1 :5
 he said t he knew himself to be mortal 
z (t5 z he lay ) a woman or slept4 ,=   

sleep is a relaxation ( ! body1         
occasion$ by ! weakness ( our nature2 & 
all g5]ation is a corruptive p>t+ ) "s (
 our own sub/ance4 ,b yet ,i take he>t  
aga91 :5 ,i he> ,plato call ! et]nal &  
unbegott5 deity ! fa!r & mak] ( ! _w &  
all o!r begott5 ?+s2 n z if he p>t$ )   
any se$1 b z if by 8 p[] he implant$ a  
g5]ative pr9ciple 9 matt]1 :i* acts ^u1 
=ms1 & fa%ions x4 ,w9ds pass+ ?r\gh a h5
 w on occasions impregnate h]2 & x seems
 no incr$ible ?+1 t ! deity1 ?\gh n aft]
 ! fa%ion ( a man1 b by "s o!r c]ta9    
communication1 fills a mortal creature )
 "s div9e conception4 ,nor is ?is my    
s5se2 b ! ,egyptians :o say ,apis 0     
conceiv$ by ! influ5ce ( ! moon1 & make 
no "q b t an immortal god may h         
communication ) a mortal woman4 ,b on ! 
contr>y1 !y ?9k t no mortal c beget     
any?+ on a goddess1 because !y believe !
 goddesses are made ( ?9 air1 & subtle  
heat & moi/ure4    ,,"q ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is
 ,,plato',s ,,mean+1 ,,:5 ,,he ,,says   
,,t ,,god ,,always ,,plays ,,!          

,,geomet]8  ,,diog5ianus1 ,,tynd>es1    
,,florus1 ,,autobulus4  ,sil5ce foll[+  
?is disc\rse1 ,diog5ianus began aga9 &  
said3 ,s9ce our disc\rse is ab\t ! gods1
 %all we1 especially on 8 own bir?day1  
admit ,plato to ! conf]5ce1 & inquire ^u
 :at acc\nt he says 7suppos+ x to be 8  
s5t5ce7 t ,god always plays ! geomet]8  
,i said t ?is s5t5ce 0 n pla9ly set d[n 
9 any ( 8 books2 yet !re are good       
argum5ts t x is 81 & x is v mu* l 8     
expression4 ,tynd>es pres5tly subjo9+   
said3 ,p]haps1 ,diog5ianus1 y imag9e t  
?is s5t5ce intimates "s curi\s &        
difficult speculation1 & n t :i* he ha? 
s (t5 m5tion$1 :5 he praise? geometry z 
a sci5ce t takes (f m5 f s5sible        
objects1 & makes !m apply !mselves to ! 
intelligible & et]nal ,nature1 !        
contemplation ( :i* is ! end (          
philosophy1 z ! view ( ! initiatory     
my/]ies into holy rites4 ,= ! nail ( pa9
 & pleasure1 t fa/5s ! s\l to ! body1   
seems to d u ! greate/ mis*ief1 by mak+ 
s5sible ?+s m p[]ful ov] u ?an          

intelligible1 & by =c+ ! und]/&+ to     
det]m9e ! r accord+ to passion ?an      
reason4 ,= ?is faculty1 be+ accu/om$ by 
! vehem5cy ( pa9 or pleasure to be int5t
 on ! mutable & unc]ta9 body1 z if x    
really & truly 71 gr[s bl9d z to t :i*  
really is1 & loses t in/rum5t & light ( 
! s\l1 :i* is wor? a ?\s& bodies1 & by  
:i* alone ! deity c be discov]$4 ,n[ 9  
all sci5ces1 z 9 pla9 & smoo? mirrors1  
"s m>ks & images ( ! tru? ( intelligible
 objects appe>1 b 9 geometry *iefly2    
:i*1 accord+ to ,philo1 is ! *ief &     
pr9cipal ( all1 & do? br+ back & turn ! 
und]/&+1 z x 71 purg$ & g5tly loos5$ f  
s5se4 ,& !re=e ,plato himself dislikes  
,eudoxus1 ,ar*ytas1 & ,m5ae*mus =       
endeavor+ to br+ d[n ! d\bl+ ! cube to  
me*anical op]ations2 = by ?is means all 
t 0 good 9 geometry w\ld be lo/ &       
corrupt$1 x fall+ back aga9 to s5sible  
?+s1 & n ris+ upw>d & consid]+ immat]ial
 & immortal images1 9 :i* ,god be+ v]s$ 
is always ,god4  ,aft] ,tynd>es1        
,florus1 a companion ( 81 & :o always   

jocosely pret5d$ to be 8 admir]1 said   
?us3 ,sir1 we are oblig$ to y = mak+ y\r
 disc\rse n prop] to y\rself1 b common  
to u all2 = y h made x possible to      
disprove x by demon/rat+ t geometry is n
 necess>y to ! gods1 b to u4 ,n[ ! deity
 do? n /& 9 ne$ ( sci5ce1 z an in/rum5t 
to )draw 8 intellect f ?+s creat$ & to  
turn x to ! real ?+s2 = ^! are all 9    
him1 ) him1 & ab\t him4 ,b pray consid] 
:e!r ,plato1 ?\gh y d n appreh5d x1 do? 
n intimate some?+ t is prop] & peculi>  
to y1 mix+ ,lycurgus ) ,socrates1 z mu* 
z ,dicae>*us ?\ght he did ,py?agoras4 ,=
 ,lycurgus1 ,i suppose y "k1 bani%$ out 
( ,sp>ta all ari?metical proportion1 z  
be+ democratical & favor+ ! cr[d2 b     
introduc$ ! geometrical1 z agreeable to 
an olig>*y & k+ly gov]nm5t t rules by   
law2 = ! =m] gives an equal %>e to e "o 
accord+ to numb]1 b ! o!r gives accord+ 
to ! proportion ( ! des]ts4 ,x do? n    
huddle all ?+s toge!r1 b 9 x !re is a   
fair discretion ( good & bad1 e "o hav+ 
:at is fit = him1 n by lot or weight1 b 

accord+ z he is virtu\s or vici\s4 ,!   
same proportion1 my de> ,tynd>es1 ,god  
introduce?1 :i* is call$ ,greek omitt$ &
 ,greek omitt$1 & :i* tea*e? u to acc\nt
 t :i* is j equal1 & n t :i* is equal j4
 ,= t equality :i* _m affect1 be+ (t5 ! 
greate/ inju/ice1 ,god1 z mu* z         
possible1 takes away2 & use? t          
proportion :i* respects e man's des]ts1 
geometrically def9+ x accord+ to law &  
reason4  ,?is exposition we applaud$2 & 
,tynd>es1 say+ he envi$ him1 desir$     
,autobulus to engage ,florus & confute 8
 disc\rse4 ,t he refus$ to d1 b produc$ 
ano!r op9ion ( 8 own4 ,geometry1 said   
he1 consid]s no?+ else b ! accid5ts &   
prop]ties ( ! extremities ( bodies2     
nei!r did ,god make ! _w any o!r way ?an
 by t]m9at+ matt]1 :i* 0 inf9ite be=e4  
,n t matt] 0 actually )\t limits z to   
ei!r magnitude or multitude2 b ! anci5ts
 us$ to call t inf9ite :i* by reason (  
its confusion & disord] is undet]m9$ &  
unconf9$4 ,n[ ! t]ms ( ev]y?+ t is =m$  
or figur$ are ! =m & figure ( t ?+1 &   

)\t :i* ! ?+ w\ld be =mless & unfigur$4 
,n[ numb]s & proportions be+ appli$ to  
matt]1 x is circumscrib$ & z x 7 b\nd up
 by l9es1 & ?r\gh l9es by surfaces &    
solids2 & s 7 settl$ ! fir/ types &     
diff]5ces ( bodies1 z f\ndations f :i*  
to create ! f\r elem5ts1 fire1 air1     
wat]1 & e>?4 ,= x 0 impossible t1 out ( 
an un/eady & confus$ matt]1 ! equality (
 ! sides1 ! lik5ess ( ! angles1 & !     
exact proportion ( octah$rons1          
icosah$rons1 pyramids1 & cubes %\ld be  
d$uc$1 unless by "s p[] t t]m9at$ & %ap$
 e p>ticle ( matt]4 ,!re=e1 t]ms be+    
fix$ to t :i* 0 undet]m9$ or inf9ite    
be=e1 ! :ole became & /ill cont9ues     
agreeable 9 all p>ts1 & excell5tly      
t]m9at$ & mix$2 ! matt] inde$ always    
affect+ an indet]m9ate /ate1 & fly+ all 
geometrical conf9em5t1 b proportion     
t]m9at+ & circumscrib+ x1 & divid+ x    
into sev]al diff]5ces & =ms1 out ( :i*  
all ?+s t arise are g5]at$ & subsi/4    
,:5 he _h said ?is1 he desir$ me to     
contribute some?+ to ! disc\rse2 & ,i   

applaud$ _! conceits z _! own devices1 &
 v probable4 ,b le/ y despise y\rselves 
7,i cont9u$7 & altoge!r look = "s       
ext]nal explication1 att5d to an        
exposition ^u ?is s5t5ce1 :i* y\r ma/]s 
v mu* approve4 ,among/ ! mo/ geometrical
 !orems1 or r problems1 ?is is "o3 ,two 
figures be+ giv51 to describe a ?ird1   
:i* %all be equal to "o & simil> to !   
o!r4 ,& x is report$ t ,py?agoras1 ^u ! 
discov]y ( ?is problem1 (f]$ a sacrifice
 to ! gods2 = ?is is a mu* m exquisite  
!orem ?an t :i* lays d[n1 t ! squ>e ( ! 
hypo!nuse 9 a "r-angl$ triangle is equal
 to ! squ>es ( ! two sides4 ,"r1 said   
,diog5ianus1 b :at is ?is to ! pres5t   
"q8 ,y w easily und]/&1 ,i repli$1 if y 
call to m9d h[ ,timaeus divides t :i*   
gave ! _w its beg9n+ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o
 ( :i* is ju/ly call$ ,god1 ! o!r matt]1
 & ! ?ird =m4 ,t :i* is call$ matt] is !
 mo/ confus$ subject1 ! =m ! mo/        
beautiful patt]n1 & ,god ! be/ ( causes4
 ,n[ ?is cause1 z f> z possible1 w\ld   
leave no?+ inf9ite & indet]m9ate1 b     

adorn ,nature ) numb]1 measure1 &       
proportion mak+ "o ?+ ( all ! subjects  
toge!r1 equal to ! matt]1 & simil> to ! 
=m4 ,!re=e propos+ to himself ?is       
problem1 he made & /ill makes a ?ird1 & 
always pres]ves x equal to ! matt]1 & l 
! =m2 & t is ! _w4 ,& ?is _w1 be+ 9     
con/ant *anges & alt]ations because ( ! 
natural necessity ( body1 is help$ &    
pres]v$ by ! fa!r & mak] ( all ?+s1 :o  
by proportion t]m9ates ! sub/ance       
accord+ to ! patt]n4    ,,"q ,,iii4 ,,:y
 ,,noises ,,are ,,bett] ,,he>d ,,9 ,,!  
,,night ,,?an ,,! ,,day4  ,,ammonius1   
,,boe?us1 ,,plut>*1 ,,?rasyllus1        
,,ari/odemus4  ,:5 we supp$ ) ,ammonius 
at ,a!ns1 :o 0 !n ! ?ird "t capta9 ( !  
city-b&s1 !re 0 a great noise ab\t !    
h\se1 "s )\t doors call+1 ,capta96      
,capta96 ,aft] he _h s5t 8 (fic]s to    
quiet ! tumult1 & _h disp]s$ ! cr[d1 we 
began to inquire :at 0 ! reason t ^? t  
are )9 doors he> ^? t are )\t1 b ^? t   
are )\t _c he> ^? t are )9 z well4 ,&   
,ammonius said1 t ,ari/otle _h giv5 a   

reason = t already2 = ! s\nd ( ^? )91   
be+ c>ri$ )\t into a l>ge tract ( air1  
gr[s weak] pres5tly & is lo/2 b t :i*   
comes 9 f )\t is n subject to ! l       
casualty1 b is kept close1 & is !re=e m 
easy to be he>d4 ,b t seem$ a m         
difficult "q1 ,:y s\nds seem great] 9 ! 
night ?an 9 ! day1 & yet altoge!r z     
cle>4 ,= my own "p 7cont9u$ he7 ,i ?9k  
,provid5ce ha? v wisely contriv$ t our  
he>+ %\ld be quicke/ :5 our sight c d u 
v little or no s]vice2 = ! air ( ! bl9d 
& solit>y ,night1 z ,emp$ocles calls x1 
be+ d>k1 supplies 9 ! e>s t defect (    
s5se :i* x makes 9 ! eyes4 ,b s9ce (    
natural effects we %\ld endeavor to f9d 
! causes1 & to discov] :at are ! mat]ial
 & me*anical pr9ciples ( ?+s is ! prop] 
task ( a natural philosoph]1 :o %all    
fir/ give u a rational acc\nt h]e(8     
,boe?us began1 & said3 ,:5 ,i 0 a novice
 9 lett]s1 ,i !n made use ( geometrical 
po/ulates1 & assum$ z und\bt$ tru?s "s  
undemon/rat$ suppositions2 & n[ ,i %all 
make use ( "s propositions :i* ,epicurus

 ha? demon/rat$ already4 ,bodies move 9 
a vacuum1 & !re are a great _m spaces   
int]sp]s$ among ! atoms ( ! air4 ,n[ :5 
! air be+ r>efi$ is m ext5d$1 s z to    
fill ! vacant space1 !re are only a few 
vacuities scatt]$ & int]sp]s$ among !   
p>ticles ( matt]2 b :5 ! atoms ( air are
 cond5s$ & laid close toge!r1 !y leave a
 va/ empty space1 conv5i5t & suffici5t =
 o!r bodies to pass ?r\gh4 ,n[ !        
coldness ( ! night makes su* a          
con/ipation4 ,heat op5s & sep>ates p>ts 
( cond5s$ bodies1 & !re=e bodies t boil1
 gr[ s(t1 or melt1 require a great]     
space ?an be=e2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ts 
( ! body t are cond5s$ or freeze are    
contract$ clos] to "o ano!r1 & leave ^? 
vessels & places f :i* !y retir$ p>tly  
empty4 ,n[ ! s\nd1 meet+ & /rik+ aga9/ a
 great _m bodies 9 its way1 is ei!r     
altoge!r lo/ or scatt]$1 & v mu* & v    
frequ5tly h9d]$ 9 its passage2 b :5 x   
ha? a pla9 & smoo? way ?r\gh an empty   
space1 & comes to ! e> un9t]rupt$1 !    
passage is s sudd51 t x pres]ves its    

articulate di/9ctness1 z well z ! words 
x c>ries4 ,y may obs]ve t empty vessels1
 :5 knock$1 answ] pres5tly1 s5d out a   
noise to a great di/ance1 & (t5times !  
s\nd :irl$ r\nd 9 ! holl[ breaks out ) a
 consid]able =ce2 :il/ a vessel t is    
fill$ ei!r ) a liquid or a solid body w 
n answ] to a /roke1 because ! s\nd ha?  
no room or passage to come ?r\gh4 ,&    
among solid bodies !mselves1 gold &     
/one1 because !y want pores1 c h>dly be 
made to s\nd2 & :5 a noise is made by a 
/roke ^u !m1 x is v flat1 & pres5tly    
lo/4 ,b brass is s\nd+1 x be+ a por\s1  
r>e1 & light metal1 n consi/+ ( p>ts    
tightly compact$1 b be+ mix$ ) a yield+ 
& uncompact$ sub/ance1 :i* gives free   
passage to o!r motions1 & k9dly receiv+ 
! s\nd s5ds x =w>d2 till "s t\*+ !      
in/rum5t d1 z x 71 seize on x 9 ! way1 &
 /op ! holl[2 = !n1 by reason ( ! h9d]+ 
=ce1 x /ops & goes no fur!r4 ,& ?is1 9  
my op9ion1 is ! reason :y ! night is m  
sonor\s1 & ! day less2 s9ce 9 ! day1 !  
heat r>efy+ ! air makes ! empty spaces  

betwe5 ! p>ticles to be v little4 ,b1   
pray1 let none argue aga9/ !            
suppositions ,i assum$4  ,& ,i          
7,ammonius bidd+ me oppose him7 said3   
,sir1 y\r suppositions :i* dem& a vacuum
 to be grant$ ,i %all admit2 b y err 9  
suppos+ t a vacuum is conducive ei!r to 
! pres]vation or conveyance ( s\nd4 ,= t
 :i* _c be t\*$1 act$ ^u1 or /ruck is   
peculi>ly favorable to sil5ce4 ,b s\nd  
is a /roke ( a s\nd+ body2 & a s\nd+    
body is t :i* has homog5e\sness &       
uni=mity1 & is easy to be mov$1 light1  
smoo?1 &1 by reason ( its t5s5ess &     
cont9uity1 x is ob$i5t to ! /roke2 & su*
 is ! air4 ,wat]1 e>?1 & fire are (     
!mselves s\ndless2 b ea* ( !m makes a   
noise :5 air falls ^u or gets into x4 ,&
 brass ha? no vacuum2 b be+ mix$ ) a    
smoo? & g5tle air x answ]s to a /roke1 &
 is s\nd+4 ,if ! eye may be judge1 iron 
mu/ be reckon$ to h a great _m          
vacuities1 & to be por\s l a honey-comb1
 yet x is ! dulle/1 & s\nds worse ?an   
any o!r metal4  ,!re=e !re is no ne$ to 

tr\ble ! night to contract & cond5se its
 air1 t 9 o!r p>ts we may leave         
vacuities & wide spaces2 z if ! air w\ld
 h9d] & corrupt ! sub/ance ( ! s\nds1 ^:
 v sub/ance1 =m1 & p[] itself is4       
,besides1 if y\r reason held1 mi/y &    
extreme cold nights w\ld be m sonor\s   
?an ^? :i* are temp]ate & cle>1 because 
!n ! atoms 9 our atmosph]e are          
con/ipat$1 & ! spaces :i* !y left rema9 
empty2 &1 :at is m obvi\s1 a cold day   
%\ld be m sonor\s ?an a w>m summ]'s     
night2 nei!r ( :i* is true4 ,!re=e1 lay+
 aside t explication1 ,i produce        
,anaxagoras1 :o tea*e? t ! sun makes a  
tremul\s motion 9 ! air1 z is evid5t f  
^? little motes :i* are se5 toss$ up &  
d[n & fly+ 9 ! sunbeams4 ,^! 7says he71 
be+ 9 ! day-"t :isk$ ab\t by ! heat1 &  
mak+ a humm+ noise1 less5 or dr[n o!r   
s\nds2 b at night _! motion1 &          
consequ5tly _! noise1 cease?4  ,:5 ,i _h
 ?us said1 ,ammonius began3 ,p]haps x w 
look l a ridicul\s attempt 9 u1 to      
endeavor to confute ,democritus &       

correct ,anaxagoras4 ,yet we mu/ n all[ 
t humm+ noise to ,anaxagoras's little   
motes1 = x is nei!r probable nor        
necess>y4 ,b _! tremul\s & :irl+ motion 
9 ! sunbeams is (t5times suffici5t to   
di/urb & break a s\nd4 ,= ! air 7z ha?  
be5 already said71 be+ itself ! body &  
sub/ance ( s\nd1 if x be quiet &        
undi/urb$1 makes a /raight1 easy1 &     
cont9u\s way to ! p>ticles or ! motions 
:i* make ! s\nd4 ,?us s\nds are be/ he>d
 9 calm /ill wea!r2 & ! contr>y is se5 9
 /ormy wea!r1 z ,simonides ha? x3--     
,no te>+ tempe/s rattl$ ?r\gh ! skies1  
,:i* h9d] sweet disc\rse f mortal e>s4  
,= (t5 ! di/urb$ air h9d]s !            
articulat5ess ( a disc\rse f com+ to !  
e>s1 ?\gh x may convey some?+ ( !       
l\dness & l5g? ( x4 ,n[ ! night1 simply 
consid]$ 9 itself1 ha? no?+ t may di/urb
 ! air2 ?\gh ! day ha?1--namely ! sun1  
accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,anaxagoras4  ,to 
?is ,?rasyllus1 ,ammonius's son1 subjo9+
 said3 ,:at is ! matt]1 = ,god's sake1 t
 we endeavor to solve ?is difficulty by 

! un9telligible fanci$ motion ( ! air1 &
 neglect ! toss+ & divulsion !re(1 :i*  
are evid5t8 ,= ,jupit]1 ! great rul]    
above1 do? n cov]tly & sil5tly move !   
little p>ticles ( air2 b z soon z he    
appe>s1 he /irs up & moves ev]y?+4      
,he s5ds =? lucky signs1      ,& /irs up
 nations to _! prop] "w1  ,& !y obey2 & 
7z ,democritus sai?7 ) fre% ?\ghts = ea*
 new day1 z if newly born aga91 !y fall 
to _! worldly conc]ns ) noisy &         
effectual contrivances4 ,& ^u ?is       
acc\nt1 ,ibycus oppositely calls ! dawn+
 ,greek omitt$ 7f ,greek omitt$1 ,,to   
,,he>71 because !n m5 fir/ beg9 to he> &
 speak4 ,n[ at night1 all ?+s be+ at    
re/1 ! air be+ quiet & undi/urb$ mu/    
!re=e probably transmit ! voice bett]1 &
 convey x :ole & unbrok5 to our e>s4    
,ari/odemus ! ,cyprian1 be+ !n 9 !      
company1 said3 ,b consid]1 sir1 :e!r    
battles or ! m>*es ( great armies by    
night d n confute y\r reason2 = ! noise 
!y make seems z l\d z o!rwise1 ?\gh !n !
 air is brok5 & v mu* di/urb$4 ,b !     

reason is p>tly 9 ourselves2 = our voice
 at night is usually vehem5t1 we ei!r   
comm&+ o!rs to d some?+ or ask+ %ort    
que/ions ) heat & conc]n4 ,= t1 at !    
same "t :5 ,nature requires re/1 we %\ld
 /ir to d or speak any?+1 !re mu/ be "s 
great & urg5t necessity = x2 & !nce our 
voices become m vehem5t & l\d4    ,,"q  
,,iv4 ,,:y1 ,,:5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,games
 ,,"o ,,sort ,,( ,,g>l& ,,0 ,,giv5 ,,9  
,,"o1 ,,& ,,ano!r ,,9 ,,ano!r1 ,,!      
,,palm ,,0 ,,common ,,to ,,all4 ,,& ,,:y
 ,,!y ,,call ,,! ,,great ,,dates ,greek 
omitt$4  ,,sospis1 ,,h]odes1            
,,protog5es1 ,,praxiteles1 ,,caphisus4  
,! ,i/hmian games be+ celebrat$1 :5     
,sospis 0 ! second "t director ( !      
solemnity1 we avoid$ o!r                
ent]ta9m5ts1--he treat+ a great _m      
/rang]s & (t5 all 8 fell[-citiz5s1--b   
once1 :5 he ent]ta9$ 8 ne>e/ & mo/ le>n$
 fri5ds at 8 own h\se1 ,i 0 "o ( !      
company4 ,aft] ! fir/ c\rse1 "o com+ to 
,h]odes ! rhetorician br\ght a palm & a 
wrea!d cr[n1 :i* "o ( 8 acqua9tance1 :o 

_h won ! prize = an encomia/ic ex]cise1 
s5t him4 ,?is ,h]odes receiv$ v k9dly1 &
 s5t x back aga91 b add$ t he c\ld n    
tell ! reason :y1 s9ce ea* ( ! games    
gave a p>ticul> g>l&1 yet all ( !m be/[$
 ! palm4 ,= ^? d n satisfy me 7said he7 
:o say t ! equality ( ! leaves is !     
reason1 :i* gr[+ out "o aga9/ ano!r seem
 to resemble "s /riv+ = ! prize1 & t    
victory is call$ ,greek omitt$ f ,greek 
omitt$1 n to yield4 ,= a great _m o!r   
trees1 almo/ by measure & weight divid+ 
! n\ri%m5t to _! leaves gr[+ opposite to
 "o ano!r1 %[ a dec5t ord] & wond]ful   
equality4 ,!y seem to speak m probably  
:o say ! anci5ts 7 pleas$ ) ! beauty &  
figure ( ! tree4 ,?us ,hom] comp>es     
,nausicaa to a palm-bran*4 ,= y all "k v
 well1 t "s ?rew roses at ! victors1 &  
o!rs pomegranates & apples1 to honor &  
rew>d !m4 ,b n[ ! palm ha? no?+ evid5tly
 m tak+ ?an _m o!r ?+s1 s9ce "h 9       
,greece x be>s no fruit t is good to    
eat1 x n rip5+ & gr[+ mature en\gh4 ,b  
if1 z 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 x bore a fruit 

t is ! mo/ pleasant to ! eyes ( any?+ 9 
! _w1 & ! sweete/ to ! ta/e1 !n ,i mu/  
confess no?+ c\ld comp>e ) x4 ,& !      
,p]sian mon>* 7z ! /ory goes71 be+      
extremely tak5 ) ,nicolaus ! ,p]ipatetic
 philosoph]1 :o 0 a v sweet-humor$ man1 
tall & sl5d]1 & ( a ruddy complexion1   
call$ ! greate/ & faire/ dates ,nicolai4
  ,?is disc\rse ( ,h]odes seem$ to give 
occasion = a qu]y ab\t ,nicolaus1 :i*   
w\ld be z pleasant z ! =m]4 ,!re=e1 said
 ,sospis1 let e "o c>efully give 8      
s5tim5ts ( ! matt] be=e u4 ,i beg91 &   
?9k t1 z f> z possible1 ! honor ( !     
victor %\ld rema9 fre% & immortal4 ,n[ a
 palm-tree is ! longe/ liv$ ( any1 z ?is
 l9e ( ,orpheus te/ifies3--       ,!y   
liv$ l bran*es ( a leafy palm4  ,& ?is  
almo/ alone has ! privilege 7?\gh x is  
said to belong to _m besides7 ( hav+    
always fre% & ! same leaves4 ,= nei!r ! 
laurel nor ! olive nor ! myrtle1 nor any
 o!r ( ^? trees nam$ ev]gre51 is always 
to be se5 ) ! v same leaves2 b z ! old  
fall1 new ones gr[4 ,s cities cont9ue ! 

same1 :]e new p>ts succe$ ^? t decay4 ,b
 ! palm1 nev] %$d+ a leaf1 is cont9ually
 adorn$ ) ! same gre54 ,& ?is p[] ( !   
tree1 ,i believe1 m5 ?9k agreeable to1 &
 fit to repres5t1 ! /r5g? ( victory4    
,:5 ,sospis _h done1 ,protog5es !       
gramm>ian1 call+ ,praxiteles !          
comm5tator by 8 "n1 said4 ,:at !n1 %all 
we suff] ^? rhetoricians to be ?\ght to 
h hit ! m>k :5 !y br+ argum5ts only f   
probabilities & conjectures8 ,& c we    
produce no?+ f hi/ory to club to ?is    
disc\rse8 ,lately1 ,i rememb]1 read+ 9 !
 ,attic annals1 ,i f\nd t ,!seus fir/   
in/itut$ games 9 ,delos1 & tore (f a    
bran* f ! sacr$ palm-tree1 :i* 0 call$  
spadix 7f ,greek omitt$ ,,to ,,te>74  ,&
 ,praxiteles said3 ,?is is n c]ta92 b   
p]haps "s w dem& ( ,!seus himself1 ^u   
:at acc\nt :5 he in/itut$ ! game1 he    
broke (f a bran* ( palm r ?an ( laurel  
or ( olive4 ,b consid] :e!r ?is be n a  
prize prop] to ! ,py?ian games1 z       
appropriate to ,amphictyon4 ,= !re !y   
fir/1 9 honor ( ! god1 cr[n$ ! victors )

 laurel & palm1 z consecrat+ to ! god1 n
 ! laurel or olive1 b ! palm4 ,s ,nicias
 did1 :o defray$ ! *>ges ( ! solemnity 9
 ! "n ( ! ,a!nians at ,delos ! ,a!nians 
!mselves at ,delphi2 & be=e ^!1         
,cypselus ! ,cor9?ian4 ,= ?is god is a  
lov] ( games1 & delights 9 cont5d+ = !  
prize at h>p+1 s++1 & ?r[+ ! b>1 &1 z "s
 say1 at cuff+2 & assi/s m5 :5 cont5d+1 
z ,hom] witnesse?1 by mak+ ,a*illes     
speak ?us1       ,let two come =? 9     
cuff+ /\t1 & try      ,to :i* ,apollo   
gives ! victory4      7,iliad1 xxiii4   
#fei47  ,& among/ ! ar*]s1 he t made 8  
address to ,apollo made ! be/ %ot1 & he 
t =got to pray to him miss$ ! m>k4 ,&   
besides1 x is n likely t ! ,a!nians w\ld
 ra%ly1 & ^u no gr\nds1 d$icate _! place
 ( ex]cise to ,apollo4 ,b !y ?\ght t !  
god :i* be/[s heal? gives likewise a    
vigor\s con/itution1 & /r5g? = !        
enc\nt]4 ,& s9ce "s ( ! enc\nt]s are    
light & easy1 o!rs labori\s & difficult1
 ! ,delphians (f]$ sacrifices to ,apollo
 ! cuff]2 ! ,cretans & ,sp>tans to      

,apollo ! rac]2 & ! d$ication ( spoils  
tak5 9 ! w>s & trophies to ,apollo      
,py?ias %[ t he is ( great p[] to give  
victory 9 w>4  ,:il/ he 0 speak+1       
,caphisus1 ,!on's son1 int]rupt$ him1 & 
said3 ,?is disc\rse smells nei!r (      
hi/ory nor comm5t1 b is tak5 out ( !    
common topics ( ! ,p]ipatetics1 &       
endeavors to p]suade2 besides1 y %\ld1 l
 ! trag$ians1 raise y\r ma*9e1 & fright 
all t contradict y ) ! god4 ,b ! god1 z 
inde$ x is requisite he %\ld be1 is     
equally b5evol5t to all4 ,n[ let u1     
foll[+ ,sospis 7= he fairly leads !     
way71 keep close to our subject1 !      
palm-tree1 :i* af=ds u suffici5t scope =
 our disc\rse4 ,! ,babylonians celebrate
 ?is tree1 z be+ useful to !m ?ree      
hundr$ & sixty sev]al ways4 ,b to u     
,greeks x is ( v little use1 b its lack 
( fruit makes x appropriate = cont5d]s 9
 ! games4 ,= be+ ! faire/1 greate/1 &   
be/ proportion$ ( all sorts ( trees1 x  
be>s no fruit among/ u2 b by reason (   
its /rong nature x exhau/s all its      

n\ri%m5t 7l an a?lete7 ^u its body1 & s 
has v little1 & t v bad1 left = se$4    
,besides all ?is1 x ha? some?+ peculi>1 
:i* _c be attribut$ to any o!r tree4 ,! 
bran* ( a palm1 if y put a weight ^u x1 
do? n yield & b5d d[nw>ds1 b turns !    
contr>y way z if x resi/$ ! press+ =ce4 
,! l is to be obs]v$ 9 ^! ex]cises4 ,=  
^? :o1 ?r\gh weakness or c[>dice1 yield 
to !m1 _! adv]s>ies oppress2 b ^? :o    
/\tly endure ! enc\nt] h n only _!      
bodies1 b _! m9ds too1 /r5g!n$ &        
increas$4    ,,"q ,v4 ,,:y ,,^? ,,t     
,,sail ,,^u ,,! ,,nile ,,take ,,up ,,!  
,,wat] ,,!y ,,are ,,to ,,use ,,be=e     
,,day4  ,"o dem&$ a reason :y ! sailors 
take up ! wat] = _! occasions out ( !   
riv] ,nile by night1 & n by day4 ,"s    
?\ght !y fe>$ ! sun1 :i* heat+ ! liquid 
w\ld make x m liable to putrefaction4 ,=
 ev]y?+ t is w>m$ becomes m easy to be  
*ang$1 hav+ already suff]$ :5 its       
natural quality 0 remitt$4 ,& cold      
con/ipat+ ! p>ts seems to pres]ve ev]y?+
 9 its natural /ate1 & wat] especially4 

,= t ! cold ( wat] is naturally con/r+5t
 is evid5t f sn[1 :i* keeps fle% f      
corrupt+ a long "t4 ,& heat1 z x de/roys
 ! prop] quality ( o!r ?+s1 s ( honey1 =
 x be+ boil$ is itself corrupt$1 ?\gh :5
 raw x pres]ves o!r bodies f corruption4
 ,& t ?is is ! cause1 ,i h a v          
consid]able evid5ce f /&+ pools2 = 9    
w9t] !y are z :olesome z o!r wat]1 b 9  
summ] !y gr[ bad & noxi\s4 ,!re=e !     
night seem+ 9 "s measure to resemble !  
w9t]1 & ! day ! summ]1 !y ?9k ! wat] t  
is tak5 up at night is less subject to  
be vitiat$ & *ang$4  ,to ^! seem+ly     
probable reasons ano!r 0 add$1 :i*      
confirm$ ! +5uity ( ! sailors by a v    
/rong pro(4 ,= "s said t !y took up _!  
wat] by night because !n x 0 cle> &     
undi/urb$2 b at day-"t1 :5 a great _m   
fet*$ wat] toge!r1 & _m boats 7 sail+ & 
_m bea/s swimm+ ^u ! ,nile1 x grew ?ick 
& muddy1 & 9 t condition x 0 m subject  
to corruption4 ,= mix$ bodies are m     
easily corrupt$ ?an simple & unmix$2 = f
 mixture proce$s disagreem5t ( ! p>ts1 f

 t disagreem5t a *ange1 & corruption is 
no?+ else b a c]ta9 *ange2 & !re=e      
pa9t]s call ! mix+ ( _! colors ,greek   
omitt$1 corrupt+2 & ,hom] expresse? dye+
 by ,greek omitt$ 7,,to ,,/a9 ,,or      
,,contam9ate74 ,commonly we call any?+ t
 is simple & unmix$ incorruptible &     
immortal4 ,n[ e>? be+ mix$ ) wat] soone/
 corrupts its prop] qualities1 & makes x
 unfit = dr9k+2 & !re=e /&+ wat] /9ks   
soone/1 be+ cont9ually fill$ ) p>ticles 
( e>?1 :il/ runn+ wat]s pres]ve !mselves
 by ei!r leav+ beh9d or ?r[+ (f ! e>? t 
falls into !m4 ,& ,hesiod ju/ly comm5ds 
,! wat] ( a pure & con/ant spr+4  ,= t  
wat] is :olesome :i* is n corrupt$1 & t 
is n corrupt$ :i* is pure & unmix$4 ,&  
?is op9ion is v mu* confirm$ f !        
diff]5ce ( e>?s2 = ^? spr+s t run ?r\gh 
a m\nta9\s1 rocky gr\nd are /rong] ?an  
^? :i* are cut ?r\gh pla9s or m>%es1    
because !y d n take (f mu* e>?4 ,n[ !   
,nile runn+ ?r\gh a s(t c\ntry1 l !     
blood m+l$ ) ! fle%1 is fill$ ) sweet   
juices t are /rong & v n\ri%+2 yet x is 

?ick & muddy1 & becomes m s if di/urb$4 
,= motion mixe? ! e>?ly p>ticles ) !    
liquid1 :i*1 because !y are heavi]1 fall
 to ! bottom z soon z ! wat] is /ill &  
undi/urb$4 ,!re=e ! sailors take up !   
wat] !y are to use at night1 by t means 
likewise prev5t+ ! sun1 :i* always      
exhales & consumes ! subtl] & light]    
p>ticles ( ! liquid4    ,,"q ,,vi4      
,,conc]n+ ,,^? ,,:o ,,come ,,late ,,to  
,,an ,,ent]ta9m5t2 ,,& ,,f ,,:5ce ,,^!  
,,words1 ,greek omitt$ ,,&1 ,greek      
omitt$ ,,are ,,d]iv$4  ,,plut>*',s      
,,sons1 ,,!on',s ,,sons1 ,,!on1         
,,plut>*1 ,,socl>us4  ,my y\ng] sons    
/ay+ too long at ! plays1 & com+ 9 too  
late to supp]1 ,!on's sons waggi%ly &   
jocosely call$ !m supp] h9d]]s1         
night-supp]s1 & ! l2 & !y 9 reply call$ 
_! runn]s-to-supp]4 ,& "o ( ! old m5 9 !
 company said ,greek omitt$ signifi$ "o 
t 0 too late = supp]2 because1 :5 he    
f\nd himself t>dy1 he m5d$ 8 pace1 &    
made m ?an common ha/e4 ,& he told u a  
je/ ( ,battus1 ,caes>'s je/]1 :o call$  

^? t came late supp]-lov]s1 because out 
( _! love to ent]ta9m5ts1 ?\gh !y _h    
bus9ess1 !y w\ld n desire to be excus$4 
,& ,i said1 t ,poly*>mus1 a lead+ orator
 at ,a!ns1 9 8 apology = 8 way ( liv+   
be=e ! assembly1 said3 ,besides a great 
_m ?+s :i* ,i c\ld m5tion1              
fell[-citiz5s1 :5 ,i 0 invit$ to supp]1 
,i nev] came ! la/ man4 ,= ?is is m     
democratical2 & on ! contr>y1 ^? t are  
=c$ to /ay = o!rs t come late are (f5d$ 
at !m z uncivil & ( an olig>*ical temp]4
  ,b ,socl>us1 9 def5ce ( my sons1 said3
 ,alcaeus 7z ! /ory goes7 did n call    
,pittacus a night-supp] = supp+ late1 b 
= delight+ 9 base & sc&al\s company4    
,h]et(ore to eat e>ly 0 acc\nt$ sc&al\s1
 & su* a meal 0 call$ ,greek omitt$1 f  
,greek omitt$ ,,intemp]ance4  ,!n ,!on  
int]rupt+ him said3 ,n at all1 if we mu/
 tru/ ^? :o h deliv]$ d[n to u ! anci5ts
 way ( liv+4 ,= !y say t ^? be+ us$ to  
"w1 & v temp]ate 9 a morn+1 ate a bit ( 
bread dipp$ 9 w9e1 & no?+ else1 & t !y  
call$ t meal ,greek omitt$ f ! ,greek   

omitt$ 7,,w9e74 ,_! supp] !y call$      
,greek omitt$1 because return+ f _!     
bus9ess !y took x ,greek omitt$         
7,,late74 ,^u ?is we began to inquire   
:5ce ^? two meals ,greek omitt$ & ,greek
 omitt$ took _! names4 ,9 ,hom] ,greek  
omitt$ & ,greek omitt$ seem to be ! same
 meal4 ,= he says t ,eumaeus provid$    
,greek omitt$ by ! break ( day2 & x is  
probable t ,greek omitt$ 0 s call$ f    
,greek omitt$1 because provid$ 9 !      
morn+2 & ,greek omitt$ 0 s nam$ f ,greek
 omitt$1 ,,eas+ ,,f ,,_! ,,labor4 ,= m5 
us$ to take _! ,greek omitt$ aft] !y _h 
f9i%$ _! bus9ess1 or :il/ !y 7 ab\t x4  
,& ?is may be ga!r$ f ,hom]1 :5 he says1
       ,!n :5 ! woodman do? 8 supp]     
dress4      7,iliad1 xi4 #hf47  ,b "s   
p]haps w d]ive ,greek omitt$ f ,greek   
omitt$1 ,,easie/ ,,provid$1 because t   
meal is usually made ^u :at is ready &  
at h&2 & ,greek omitt$ f ,greek omitt$1 
,,labor$1 because ( ! pa9s us$ 9 dress+ 
x4  ,my bro!r ,lamprias1 be+ ( a sc(f+1 
je]+ nature1 said3 ,s9ce we are 9 a     

trifl+ humor1 ,i c %[ t ! ,lat9 names ( 
^! meals are a ?\s& times m prop] ?an ! 
,greek2 ,greek omitt$ ,,supp]1 !y call  
co5a 7,greek omitt$7 f community2       
because !y took _! ,greek omitt$ by     
!mselves1 b _! co5a ) _! fri5ds4 ,greek 
omitt$ ,,d9n]1 !y call pr&ium1 f ! "t ( 
! dry2 = ,greek omitt$ signifies        
,,noon-,,tide1 & to re/ aft] d9n] is    
express$ by ,greek omitt$2 or else by   
pr&ium !y d5ote a bit tak5 9 ! morn+1   
,greek omitt$1 ,,be=e ,,!y ,,h ,,ne$ ,,(
 ,,any4 ,& n to m5tion /ragula1 f ,greek
 ,omitt$1 v9um f ,greek omitt$1 oleum f 
,greek omitt$1 mel f ,greek omitt$1     
gu/>e f ,greek omitt$1 prop9>e f ,greek 
omitt$1 & a great _m m words :i* !y h   
pla9ly borr[$ f ! ,greeks1--:o c d5y b t
 !y h tak5 _! comessatio1 ,,banquet+1 f 
our ,greek omitt$ & misc]e1 ,,to ,,m+le1
 f ! ,greeks too8 ,?us 9 ,hom]1         
,%e 9 a b[l h]self mixt 7,greek omitt$7 
g5]\s w9e4      7,odyssey1 x4 #cef47    
,!y call a table m5sam1 f ,greek omitt$1
 ,,plac+ ,,x ,,9 ,,! ,,middle2 bread1   

panem1 f satisfy+ ,greek omitt$1        
,,hung]2 a g>l&1 coronam1 f ,greek      
omitt$1 ,,! ,,head2--& ,hom] some:at    
lik5s ,greek omitt$1 a ,,head-,,piece1  
to a g>l&2--ca$]e1 ,,to ,,beat1 f ,greek
 omitt$2 & d5tes1 ,,tee?1 f ,greek      
omitt$2 lips !y call labra1 f ,greek    
omitt$1 ,,tak+ ,,our ,,victuals ,,)     
,,!m4 ,!re=e we mu/ ei!r li/5 to su*    
fool]ies z ^! )\t laugh+1 or n give !m s
 ready entrance by means ( words4444    
,,"q ,,vii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,py?agoras',s    
,,symbols1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,he ,,=bids ,,u   
,,to ,,receive ,a ,,swall[ ,,into ,,our 
,,h\se1 ,,& ,,bids ,,u ,,z ,,soon ,,z   
,,we ,,are ,,ris5 ,,to ,,ruffle ,,!     
,,b$clo!s4  ,,sylla1 ,,lucius1 ,,plut>*1
 ,,phil9us4  ,sylla ! ,c>?ag9ian1 ^u my 
return to ,rome aft] a long abs5ce1 gave
 me a welcom+ supp]1 z ! ,romans call x1
 & invit$ "s few o!r fri5ds1 & among !  
re/1 "o ,lucius an ,etrurian1 ! s*ol> ( 
,mod]atus ! ,py?agorean4 ,he see+ my    
fri5d ,phil9us ate no fle%1 began 7z !  
opportunity 0 fair7 to talk (           

,py?agoras2 & affirm$ t he 0 a ,tuscan1 
n because 8 fa!r1 z o!rs h said1 0 "o1 b
 because he himself 0 born1 br$1 &      
taught 9 ,tuscany4 ,to confirm ?is1 he  
br\ght consid]able argum5ts f su*       
symbols z ^!3--,z soon z y are ris51    
ruffle ! b$clo!s2 leave n ! pr9t ( ! pot
 9 ! a%es2 receive n a swall[ into y\r  
h\se2 nev] /ep ov] a besom2 nor keep 9  
y\r h\se creatures t h hook$ claws4 ,=  
^! precepts ( ! ,py?agoreans ! ,tuscans 
only1 z he said1 c>efully obs]ve4       
,lucius1 hav+ ?us said1 t precept ab\t !
 swall[ seem$ to be mo/ unacc\ntable1 x 
be+ a h>mless & k9d animal2 & !re=e x   
seem$ /range t t %\ld be =bid ! h\se1 z 
well z ! hook$-claw$ animals1 :i* are   
rav5\s1 wild1 & bloody4 ,nor did ,lucius
 himself approve t only int]pretation ( 
! anci5ts1 :o say1 ?is symbol aims      
directly at backbit]s & tale-be>+       
:isp]]s4 ,= ! swall[ :isp]s n at all2 x 
*att]s inde$1 & is noisy1 b n m ?an a   
pie1 a p>tridge1 or a h54 ,:at !n1 said 
,sylla1 is x ^u ! old fabul\s acc\nt (  

kill+ h] son1 t !y d5y ! swall[         
ent]ta9m5t1 by t means %[+ _! dislike to
 ^? passions :i* 7z ! /ory goes7 made   
,t]eus & ,procne & ,philomel bo? act &  
suff] su* wick$ & abom9able ?+s8 ,& ev5 
to ?is day !y call ! birds ,daulides4 ,&
 ,gorgias ! sophi/]1 :5 a swall[ mut$ ^u
 him1 look$ ^u h] & said1 ,philomel1 ?is
 0 n well done4 ,or p]haps ?is is all   
)\t f\ndation2 = ! night+ale1 ?\gh      
conc]n$ 9 ! same trag$y1 we will+ly     
receive4  ,p]haps1 sir1 said ,i1 :at y h
 alleg$ may be "s reason2 b pray consid]
 :e!r fir/ !y d n hate ! swall[ ^u !    
same acc\nt t !y abhor hook-claw$       
animals4 ,= ! swall[ fe$s on fle%2 &    
gras%opp]s1 :i* are sacr$ & musical1 !y 
*iefly dev\r & prey ^u4 ,&1 z ,ari/otle 
obs]ves1 !y fly ne> ! surface ( ! e>? to
 pick up ! little animals4 ,besides1 t  
alone ( all h\se-animals makes no return
 = h] ent]ta9m5t4 ,! /ork1 ?\gh %e is   
nei!r cov]$1 f$1 nor def5d$ by u1 yet   
pays = ! place :]e %e builds1 go+ ab\t &
 kill+ ! efts1 snakes1 & o!r v5om\s     

creatures4 ,b ! swall[1 ?\gh %e receives
 all ^? sev]al k9dnesses f u1 yet1 z    
soon z h] "y are fl$g$1 flies away      
fai?less & ungrateful2 & 7:i* is ! wor/ 
( all7 ( all h\se-animals1 ! fly & !    
swall[ only nev] gr[ tame1 suff] a man  
to t\* !m1 keep company ) or le>n ( him4
 ,& ! fly is s %y because (t5 hurt &    
driv5 away2 b ! swall[ naturally hates  
man1 suspects1 & d>es n tru/ any t w\ld 
tame h]4 ,& !re=e1--if we mu/ n look on 
! outside ( ^! ?+s1 b op5+ !m view !    
repres5tations ( "s ?+s 9               
o!rs1--,py?agoras1 sett+ ! swall[ = an  
example ( a w&]+1 un?ankful man1 advise?
 u n to take ^? :o come to u = _! own   
ne$ & ^u occasion into our famili>ity1 &
 let !m p>take ( ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s1 our   
h\se & fire4  ,?is disc\rse ( m9e gave !
 company enc\ragem5t to proce$1 s !y    
attempt$ o!r symbols1 & gave moral      
int]pretations ( !m4 ,= ,phil9us said1 t
 ! precept ( blott+ out ! pr9t ( ! pot  
in/ruct$ u n to leave any pla9 m>k (    
ang]1 b1 z soon z ev] ! passion ha? done

 boil+1 to lay aside all ?\ghts ( malice
 & rev5ge4 ,t symbol :i* advise? u to   
ruffle ! b$clo!s seem$ to "s to h no    
secret mean+1 b to be 9 itself v evid5t2
 = x is n dec5t t ! m>k & 7z x 77 /amp$ 
image %\ld rema9 to be se5 by o!rs1 9 ! 
place :]e a man ha? la9 ) 8 wife4 ,b    
,sylla ?\ght ! symbol 0 r int5d$ to     
prev5t m5's sleep+ 9 ! day-"t1 all !    
conv5i5ces = sleep+ be+ tak5 away 9 !   
morn+ z soon z we are up4 ,= night is ! 
"t = sleep1 & 9 ! day we %\ld rise &    
foll[ our affairs1 & n suff] s mu* z !  
pr9t ( our body 9 ! b$1 s9ce a man      
asleep is ( no m use ?an "o dead4 ,& ?is
 int]pretation seems to be confirm$ by t
 o!r precept1 9 :i* ! ,py?agoreans      
advise _! foll[]s n to take (f any man's
 bur!n f him1 b to lay on m1 z n        
c\nt5anc+ slo? & laz9ess 9 any4    ,,"q 
,,viii4 ,,:y ,,! ,,py?agoreans ,,comm&  
,,fi% ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,eat51 ,,m         
,,/rictly ,,?an ,,o!r ,,animals4        
,,emp$ocles1 ,,sylla1 ,,lucius1         
,,tynd>es1 ,,ne/or4  ,our =m] disc\rse  

,lucius nei!r repreh5d$ nor approv$1 b1 
sitt+ sil5t & mus+1 gave u ! he>+4 ,!n  
,emp$ocles address+ 8 disc\rse to       
,sylla1 said3 ,if our fri5d ,lucius is  
displeas$ ) ! disc\rse1 x is "t = u to  
leave (f2 b if ^! are "s ( _! my/]ies   
:i* ought to be conceal$1 yet ,i ?9k ?is
 may be lawfully divulg$1 t !y m        
cauti\sly ab/a9 f fi% ?an f o!r animals4
 ,= ?is is said ( ! anci5t ,py?agoreans2
 & ev5 n[ ,i h met ) ,alexicrates's     
s*ol>s1 :o w eat & kill & ev5 sacrifice 
"s ( ! o!r animals1 b w nev] ta/e fi%4  
,tynd>es ! ,sp>tan said1 !y sp>$ fi%    
because !y _h s great a reg>d = sil5ce1 
& !y call$ fi% ,greek omitt$1 because !y
 _h _! voice ,,%ut ,,up 7,greek omitt$72
 & my namesake ,emp$ocles advis$ "o :o  
_h be5 expell$ f ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras to
 %ut up 8 m9d l a fi%1 & !y ?\ght sil5ce
 to be div9e1 s9ce ! gods )\t any voice 
reveal _! mean+ to ! wise by _! works4  
,!n ,lucius gravely & compos$ly say+1 t 
p]haps ! true reason 0 obscure & n to be
 divulg$1 yet !y _h lib]ty to v5ture ^u 

probable conjectures1 ,!on ! gramm>ian  
began ?us3 ,to demon/rate t ,py?agoras 0
 a ,tuscan is a great & no easy task4 ,b
 x is confess$ t he conv]s$ a long "t ) 
! wise m5 ( ,egypt1 & imitat$ a great _m
 ( ! rites & in/itutions ( ! prie/s1 =  
in/ance1 t ab\t beans4 ,= ,h]odotus     
deliv]s1 t ! ,egyptians nei!r set nor   
eat beans1 nay1 _c endure to see !m2 &  
we all "k1 t ev5 n[ ! prie/s eat no fi%2
 & ! /rict] sort eat no salt1 & refuse  
all meat t is season$ ) x4 ,v>i\s       
reasons are (f]$ = ?is2 b ! only true   
reason is hatr$ to ! sea1 z be+ a       
disagreeable1 or r naturally a          
de/ructive elem5t to man4 ,= !y d n     
imag9e t ! gods1 z ! ,/oics did t ! />s1
 7 n\ri%$ by x4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 !y ?9k
 t ! fa!r & pres]v] ( _! c\ntry1 :om !y 
call ! deflux ( ,osiris1 is lo/ 9 x2 &  
:5 !y bewail him z born on ! left h&1 & 
de/roy$ 9 ! "r-h& p>ts1 !y intimate to u
 ! end+ & corruption ( _! ,nile by !    
sea1 & !re=e !y d n believe t its wat]  
is :olesome1 or t any creature produc$  

or n\ri%$ 9 x c be clean or :olesome    
food = man1 s9ce x brea!s n ! common    
air1 & fe$s n on ! same food ) him4 ,& !
 air t n\ri%e? & pres]ves all o!r ?+s is
 de/ructive to !m1 z if _! production & 
life 7 unnecess>y & aga9/ ,nature2 nor  
%\ld we wond] t !y ?9k animals br$ 9 !  
sea to be disagreeable to _! bodies1 & n
 fit to mix ) _! blood & spirits1 s9ce  
:5 !y meet a pilot !y w n speak to him1 
because he gets 8 liv+ by ! sea4  ,sylla
 comm5d$ ?is disc\rse1 & add$ conc]n+ ! 
,py?agoreans1 t !y !n *iefly ta/$ fle%  
:5 !y sacrific$ to ! gods4 ,n[ no fi% is
 ev] (f]$ 9 sacrifice4 ,i1 aft] !y _h   
done1 said t _m1 bo? philosoph]s &      
unle>n$1 consid]+ ) h[ _m good ?+s x    
furni%e? & makes our life m com=table1  
take ! sea's "p aga9/ ! ,egyptians4 ,b t
 ! ,py?agoreans %\ld ab/a9 f fi% because
 !y are n ( ! same k9d1 is ridicul\s &  
absurd2 nay1 to but*] & fe$ on o!r      
animals1 because !y be> a ne>] relation 
to u1 w\ld be a mo/ inhuman & ,cyclopean
 return4 ,& !y say t ,py?agoras b\ght a 

draught ( fi%es1 & pres5tly comm&$ !    
fi%]s to let !m all out ( ! net2 & ?is  
%[s t1 he did n hate or n m9d fi%es1 z  
?+s ( ano!r k9d & de/ructive to man1 b t
 !y 7 8 de>ly belov$ creatures1 s9ce he 
paid a ransom = _! fre$om4  ,!re=e !    
t5d]ness & humanity ( ^? philosoph]s    
sugge/ a q contr>y reason1 & ,i am apt  
to believe t !y sp>e fi%es to in/ruct   
m51 or to accu/om !mselves to acts (    
ju/ice2 = o!r creatures g5]ally give m5 
cause to afflict !m1 b fi%es nei!r d nor
 are capable ( do+ u any h>m4 ,& x is   
easy to %[1 bo? f ! writ+s & religion ( 
! anci5ts1 t !y ?\ght x a great s9 n    
only to eat b to kill an animal t did !m
 no h>m4 ,b aft]w>ds1 be+ necessitat$ by
 ! spread+ multitude ( m51 & comm&$ 7z  
!y say7 by ! ,delphic oracle to prev5t !
 total decay ( corn & fruit1 !y began to
 sacrifice1 yet !y 7 s di/urb$ & conc]n$
 at ! action1 t !y call$ x ,greek omitt$
 & ,greek omitt$ 7,,to ,,d71 z if !y did
 "s /range ?+ 9 kill+ an animal2 & !y   
are v c>eful n to kill ! bea/ be=e ! w9e

 has be5 ca/ ^u 8 head & he nods 9 tok5 
( cons5t4 ,s v cauti\s are !y (         
inju/ice4 ,& n to m5tion o!r            
consid]ations1 7 no *ick5s 7= in/ance7  
or h>es kill$1 9 a %ort "t !y w\ld s    
increase t !re c\ld be no liv+4 ,& n[ x 
w\ld be a v h>d matt] to put d[n ! eat+ 
( fle%1 :i* necessity fir/ introduc$1   
s9ce pleasure & luxury ha? esp\s$ x4 ,b 
! wat]-animals nei!r consum+ any "p (   
our air or wat]1 or dev\r+ ! fruit1 b z 
x 7 encompass$ by ano!r _w1 & hav+ _!   
own prop] b\nds1 :i* x is dea? = !m to  
pass1 !y af=d our belly no pret5ce at   
all = _! de/ruction2 & !re=e to cat* or 
be gre$y aft] fi% is pla9 delici\sness &
 luxury1 :i* ^u no j reason unsettle !  
sea & dive into ! deep4 ,= we _c call ! 
mullet corn-de/roy+1 ! tr\t grape-eat+1 
nor ! b>bel or seapike se$-ga!r+1 z we d
 "s l&-animals1 signify+ _! hurtfulness 
by ^! epi!ts4 ,nay1 ^? little mis*iefs  
:i* we compla9 ( 9 ^! h\se-creatures1 a 
weasel or fly1 none c ju/ly lay ^u !    
greate/ fi%4 ,!re=e ! ,py?agoreans1     

conf9+ !mselves n only by ! law :i*     
=bids !m to injure m51 b also by        
,nature1 :i* comm&s !m to d viol5ce to  
no?+1 f$ on fi% v little1 or r n at all4
 ,b suppose !re 7 no inju/ice 9 ?is     
case1 yet to delight 9 fi% w\ld argue   
da9t9ess & luxury2 because !y are su*   
co/ly & unnecess>y diet4 ,!re=e ,hom]   
do? n only make ! ,greeks :il/ encamp$  
ne> ! ,hellespont1 eat no fi%1 b he     
m5tions n any sea-provision t !         
dissolute ,phaeacians or luxuri\s woo]s 
_h1 ?\gh bo? isl&]s4 ,& ,ulysses's      
mates1 ?\gh !y sail$ ov] s mu* sea1 z   
long z !y _h any provision left1 nev]   
let d[n a hook or net4       ,b :5 !    
victuals ( _! %ip 0 sp5t1               
7,odyssey1 xii4 #cbi-ccb47  a little    
be=e !y fell ^u ! ox5 ( ! ,sun1 !y      
caught fi%1 n to please _! wanton       
appetite1 b to satisfy _! hung]1--      
,) crook$ hooks1 = cruel hung] gnaw$4   
,! same necessity !re=e =c$ !m to cat*  
fi% & dev\r ! ox5 ( ! ,sun4 ,!re=e n    
only among ! ,egyptian & ,syrians b     

,greeks too1 to ab/a9 f fi% 0 a piece ( 
sanctity1 !y avoid+ 7z ,i ?9k71 a       
sup]flu\s curiosity 9 diet1 z well z be+
 j4  ,to ?is ,ne/or subjo9+ said3 ,b    
sir1 ( my citiz5s z ( ! ,meg>ians 9 !   
prov]b1 y make no acc\nt2 al?\gh y h    
he>d me (t5 say t our prie/s ( ,neptune 
7:om we call ,hi]omnemons7 nev] eat fi%4
 ,= ,neptune himself is call$ ! ,bre$]4 
,& ! race ( ,hell5 sacrific$ to ,neptune
 z ! fir/ fa!r1 imag9+1 z likewise !    
,syrians did1 t man rose f a liquid     
sub/ance4 ,& !re=e !y wor%ip a fi% z ( !
 same production & bre$+ ) !mselves1 9  
?is matt] be+ m happy 9 _! philosophy   
?an ,anaxim&]2 = he says t fi% & m5 7 n 
produc$ 9 ! same sub/ances1 b t m5 7    
fir/ produc$ 9 fi%es1 &1 :5 !y 7 gr[n up
 & able to help !mselves1 7 ?r[n out1 & 
s liv$ ^u ! l&4 ,!re=e1 z ! fire dev\rs 
its p>5ts1 t is1 ! matt] out ( :i* x 0  
fir/ k9dl$1 s ,anaxim&]1 ass]t+ t fi% 7 
our common p>5ts1 condemne? our fe$+ on 
!m4    ,,"q ,,ix4 ,,:e!r ,,!re ,,c ,,be 
,,new ,,diseases1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,caus$4     

,,philo1 ,,diog5ianus1 ,,plut>*4  ,philo
 ! physician /\tly affirm$ t !          
elephantiasis 0 a disease b lately kn[n2
 s9ce none ( ! anci5t physicians speak  
"o ^w ( x1 ?\gh !y (t5times enl>ge ^u   
little1 frivol\s & obscure trifles4 ,&  
,i1 to confirm x1 cit$ ,a!nodorus !     
philosoph]1 :o 9 8 fir/ book (          
,epidemical ,diseases says1 t n only t  
disease1 b also ! hydrophobia or        
wat]-dread 7occasion$ by ! bit+ ( a mad 
dog71 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! "t (          
,asclepiades4 ,at ?is ! :ole company 7  
amaz$1 ?9k+ x v /range t su* diseases   
%\ld beg9 !n1 & yet z /range t !y %\ld n
 be tak5 notice ( 9 s long a "t2 yet mo/
 ( !m lean$ to ?is la/ op9ion1 z be+ mo/
 agreeable to man1 n 9 ! lea/ d>+ to    
imag9e t ,nature affect$ novelties1 or  
w\ld 9 ! body ( man1 z 9 a city1 create 
new di/urbances & tumults4  ,&          
,diog5ianus add$1 t ev5 ! passions &    
diseases ( ! m9d g on 9 ! same old road 
t =m]ly !y did2 & yet ! vici\sness ( our
 incl9ation is exce$+ly prone to v>iety1

 & our m9d is mi/ress ( itself1 & c1 if 
x please1 easily *ange & alt]4 ,yet all 
h] inord9ate motions h "s sort ( ord]1 &
 ! s\l ha? b\nds to h] passions1 z ! sea
 to h] ov]fl[+s4 ,& !re is no sort (    
vice n[ among u :i* 0 n practis$ by !   
anci5ts4 ,!re are a ?\s& diff]5ces (    
appetites & v>i\s motions ( fe>2 !      
s*emes ( grief & pleasure are           
innum]able4       ,yet are n !y ( late  
or n[ produc$1      ,& none c tell f    
:5ce !y fir/ arose4      7,sophocles1   
,antigone1 #def47  ,h[ !n %\ld ! body be
 subject to new diseases1 s9ce x ha? n1 
l ! s\l1 ! pr9ciple ( its own alt]ation 
9 itself1 b by common causes is jo9$ to 
,nature1 & receives a temp]ature ^:     
inf9ite v>iety ( alt]ations is conf9$ to
 c]ta9 b\nds1 l a %ip mov+ & toss+ 9 a  
circle ab\t its an*or4 ,n[ !re c be no  
disease )\t "s cause1 x be+ aga9/ ! laws
 ( ,nature t any?+ %\ld be )\t a cause4 
,n[ x w be v h>d to f9d a new cause1    
unless we fancy "s /range air1 wat]1 or 
food nev] ta/$ by ! anci5ts1 %\ld out ( 

o!r worlds or int]mundane spaces desc5d 
to u4 ,= we contract diseases f ^? v ?+s
 :i* pres]ve our life2 s9ce !re are no  
peculi> se$s ( diseases1 b ! disagreem5t
 ( _! juices to our bodies1 or our      
excess 9 us+ !m1 di/urbs ,nature4 ,^!   
di/urbances h /ill ! v same diff]5ces1  
?\gh n[ & !n call$ by new names4 ,=     
names dep5d on cu/om1 b ! passions on   
,nature2 & ^! be+ con/ant & ^? v>iable1 
?is error has aris54 ,z1 9 ! p>ts ( a   
spee* & ! syntax ( ! words1 "s new sort 
( b>b>ism or solecism c sudd5ly arise2 s
 ! temp]ature ( ! body ha? c]ta9        
deviations & corruptions into :i* x may 
fall1 ^? ?+s :i* are aga9/ & hurtful to 
,nature be+ 9 "s sort exi/5t 9 ,nature  
h]self4 ,! my?ograph]s are 9 ?is        
p>ticul> v +5i\s1 = !y say t mon/r\s    
unc\? animals 7 produc$ 9 ! "t ( !      
,giants w>1 ! moon be+ out ( its c\rse1 
& n ris+ :]e x us$ to d4 ,& ^? :o ?9k   
,nature produces new diseases l mon/]s1 
& yet give nei!r likely nor unlikely    
reasons ( ! *ange1 err1 z ,i imag9e1 my 

de> ,philo1 9 tak+ a less or a great]   
degree ( ! same disease to be a diff]5t 
disease4 ,! int5sion or increase ( a ?+ 
makes x m or great]1 b does n make !    
subject ( ano!r k9d4 ,?us !             
elephantiasis1 be+ an int5se scabb9ess1 
is n a new k9d2 nor is ! wat]-dread     
di/+ui%$ f o!r melan*olic & /oma*ical   
affections b only by ! degree4 ,& ,i    
wond] we did n obs]ve t ,hom] 0 acqua9t$
 ) ?is disease1 = x is evid5t t he calls
 a dog rabid f ! v same rage ) :i* :5 m5
 are possess$ !y are said to be mad4    
,aga9/ ?is disc\rse ( ,diog5ianus ,philo
 himself made "s objections1 & desir$ me
 to be ! old physicians' patron2 :o mu/ 
be br&$ ) inadv]t5cy & ignorance1 unless
 x appe>s t ^? diseases began s9ce _!   
"t4 ,fir/ !n ,diog5ianus1 me?9ks1 v     
prec>i\sly desires u to ?9k t !         
int5s5ess or remissness ( degrees is n a
 real diff]5ce1 & does n alt] ! k9d4 ,=1
 7 ?is true1 !n we %\ld hold t d[nright 
v9eg> is n diff]5t f prick$ w9e1 nor a  
bitt] f a r\gh ta/e1 d>nel f :eat1 nor  

g>d5-m9t f wild m9t4 ,= x is evid5t t ^!
 diff]5ces are only ! sev]al degrees ( !
 same qualities1 9 "s be+ m int5se1 9 "s
 m remiss4 ,s we %\ld n v5ture to affirm
 t flame is diff]5t f a :ite _s1 sun%9e 
f flame1 ho>fro/ f dew1 or hail f ra92 b
 t ! =m] h only m int5se qualities ?an !
 latt]4 ,besides1 we %\ld say t bl9dness
 is ( ! same k9d ) %ort-sight$ness1     
viol5t vomit+ 7or *ol]a7 ) weakness ( ! 
/oma*1 & t !y diff] only 9 degree4 ,?\gh
 :at !y say is no?+ to ! purpose2 = if  
!y all[ ! increase 9 int5sity & /r5g?1 b
 ass]t t ?is came b n[ ( late1--!       
novelty %[+ itself 9 ! quantity r ?an ! 
quality1--! same difficulties :i* !y    
urg$ aga9/ ! o!r op9ion oppress !m4     
,sophocles says v well conc]n+ ^? ?+s   
:i* are n believ$ to be n[1 because !y 7
 n h]et(ore1--       ,once at ! fir/ all
 ?+s _! be+ _h4  ,& x is probable t n   
all diseases1 z 9 a race1 ! b>ri] be+   
let d[n1 />t$ toge!r2 b t "o ris+ aft]  
ano!r1 at "s c]ta9 "t1 _h its beg9n+ &  
%[$ itself4 ,x is rational b aft]w>ds   

ov]eat+1 luxury1 & surfeit+1 enc\rag$ by
 ease & pl5ty1 rais$ bad & sup]flu\s    
juices1 & ^? br\ght v>i\s new diseases1 
& _! p]petual complications & mixtures  
/ill create m new4 ,:atev] is natural is
 det]m9$ & 9 ord]2 = ,nature is ord]1 or
 ! "w ( ord]4 ,disord]1 l ,p9d>'s s&1 _c
 be compris$ by numb]1 & t :i* is beside
 ,nature is /raight call$ indet]m9ate & 
inf9ite4 ,?us tru? is simple1 & b "o2 b 
falsities innum]able4 ,! exactness (    
motions & h>mony are def9ite1 b ! errors
 ei!r 9 play+ ^u ! h>p1 s++1 or danc+1  
:o c compreh5d8 ,inde$ ,phryni*us !     
trag$ian says ( himself1       ,z _m    
figures danc+ do? propose      ,z waves 
roll on ! sea :5 tempe/s toss4  ,&      
,*rysippus says t ! v>i\s complications 
( t5 s+le axioms am\nt to #a1jjj1jjj4 ,b
 ,hipp>*us ha? confut$ t acc\nt1 %[+ t !
 affirmative conta9s #aja1jdi complicat$
 propositions1 & ! negative #caj1ieb4 ,&
 ,x5ocrates says1 ! numb] ( syllables   
:i* ! lett]s w make is #ajj1bjj1jjj4 ,h[
 !n is x /range t ! body1 hav+ s _m     

diff]5t p[]s 9 itself1 & gett+ new      
qualities e day f its meat & dr9k1 & us+
 ^? motions & alt]ations :i* are n      
always 9 ! same "t nor 9 ! same ord]1   
%\ld ^u ! v>i\s complications ( all ^!  
be affect$ ) new diseases8 ,su* 0 !     
plague at ,a!ns describ$ by ,?ucydides1 
:o conjectures t x 0 new because t birds
 & bea/s ( prey w\ld n t\* ! dead       
c>casses4 ,^? t fell sick ab\t ! ,r$    
,sea1 if we believe ,aga?>cides1 besides
 o!r /range & unhe>d diseases1 _h little
 s]p5ts 9 _! legs & arms1 :i* did eat _!
 way out1 b :5 t\*$ %runk 9 aga91 &     
rais$ intol]able inflammations 9 !      
muscles2 & yet ?is k9d ( plague1 z      
likewise _m o!rs1 nev] afflict$ any     
beside1 ei!r be=e or s9ce4 ,"o1 aft] a  
long /oppage ( ur9e1 void$ a knotty     
b>ley /raw4 ,& we "k t ,ephebus1 ) :om  
we lodg$ at ,a!ns1 ?rew out1 toge!r ) a 
great deal ( se$1 a little hairy1       
_m-foot$1 nimble animal4 ,& ,ari/otle   
tells u1 t ,timon's nurse 9 ,cilicia e  
ye> = two mon?s lay 9 a cave1 )\t any   

vital op]ation besides brea?+4 ,& 9 !   
,m5onian books x is deliv]$ z a symptom 
( a diseas$ liv] c>efully to obs]ve &   
hunt aft] mice & rats1 :i* we see n[    
n[h]e practis$4  ,!re=e let u n wond] if
 some?+ happ5s :i* nev] 0 be=e1 or if   
some?+ do? n appe> among u ) :i* !      
anci5ts 7 acqua9t$2 = ! cause ( ^?      
accid5ts is ! nature ( our body1 ^:     
temp]ature is subject to be *ang$4      
,!re=e1 if ,diog5ianus w n introduce a  
new k9d ( wat] or air1 we1 hav+ no ne$ (
 x1 are v well cont5t4 ,yet we "k "s (  
,democritus's s*ol>s affirm t1 o!r      
worlds be+ dissolv$1 "s /range effluvia 
fall into ours1 & are ! pr9ciple ( new  
plagues & uncommon diseases4 ,b let u n 
n[ take notice ( ! corruption ( "s p>ts 
( ?is _w by e>?quake1 dr\ghts1 & floods1
 by :i* bo? ! vapors & f\nta9s ris+ out 
( ! e>? mu/ be necess>ily corrupt$4 ,yet
 we mu/ n pass by t *ange :i* mu/ be    
wr\ght 9 ! body by our meat1 dr9k1 & o!r
 ex]cises 9 our c\rse ( life4 ,= _m ?+s 
:i* ! anci5ts did n fe$ on are n[       

acc\nt$ da9ties2 = in/ance1 mead &      
sw9e's belly4 ,h]et(ore too1 z ,i h     
he>d1 !y hat$ ! bra9 ( animals s mu*1 t 
!y dete/$ ! v "n ( x2 z :5 ,hom] says1  
,i e/eem him at a bra9's wor?4 ,& ev5 n[
 we "k "s old m51 n be>+ to ta/e        
cucumb]1 melon1 orange1 or pepp]4 ,n[ by
 ^! meats & dr9ks x is probable t !     
juices ( our bodies are mu* alt]$1 & _! 
temp]ature *ang$1 new qualities aris+ f 
?is new sort ( diet4 ,& ! *ange ( ord] 9
 our fe$+ hav+ a great influ5ce on !    
alt]ation ( our bodies1 ! cold c\rses1 z
 !y 7 call$ =m]ly1 consi/+ ( oy/]s1     
polyps1 salads1 & ! l1 be+ 79 ,plato's  
phrase7 transf]r$ f tail to m\?1 n[ make
 ! fir/ c\rse1 :]eas !y 7 =m]ly ! la/4  
,besides1 ! glass :i* we usually take   
be=e supp] is v consid]able 9 ?is case2 
= ! anci5ts nev] drank s mu* z wat] be=e
 !y ate1 b n[ we dr9k freely be=e we sit
 d[n1 & fall to our meat ) a full &     
heat$ body1 us+ %>p sauces & pickles to 
provoke appetite1 & !n we fall gre$ily  
on ! o!r meat4 ,b no?+ conduce? m to    

alt]ations & new diseases 9 ! body ?an  
our diff]5t ba?s2 = "h ! fle%1 l iron 9 
! fire1 gr[s s(t & loose1 & is pres5tly 
con/ipat$ & h>d5$ by ! cold4 ,=1 9 my   
op9ion1 if any ( ! la/ age _h look$ into
 our ba?s1 he might h ju/ly said1       
,!re burn+ ,phlege?on meets ,a*]on4  ,= 
!y us$ su* mild g5tle ba?s1 t ,alex&] ! 
,great be+ fev]i% slept 9 "o4 ,& !      
,gauls' wives c>ry _! pots ( pulse to   
eat ) _! *ildr5 :il/ !y are 9 ! ba?4 ,b 
our ba?s n[ inflame1 vellicate1 &       
di/ress2 & ! air :i* we draw is a       
mixture ( air & wat]1 di/urbs ! :ole    
body1 tosses & displaces e atom1 till we
 qu5* ! fi]y p>ticles & allay _! heat4  
,!re=e1 ,diog5ianus1 y see t ?is acc\nt 
requires no new /range causes1 no       
int]mundane spaces2 b ! s+le alt]ation (
 our diet is en\gh to raise new diseases
 & aboli% old4    ,,"q ,x4 ,,:y ,,we    
,,give ,,lea/ ,,cr$it ,,to ,,dreams ,,9 
,,autumn4  ,,florus1 ,,plut>*1          
,,plut>*',s ,,sons1 ,,favor9us4  ,florus
 read+ ,ari/otle's physical problems1   

:i* 7 br\ght to him to ,!rmopylae1 0    
himself 7z philosophical wits us$ to be7
 fill$ ) a great _m d\bts1 & communicat$
 !m to o!rs2 !reby confirm+ ,ari/otle's 
say+1 t mu* le>n+ raises _m d\bts4 ,o!r 
topics made our walks e day v pleasant1 
b ! common say+ conc]n+ dreams1--t ^? 9 
autumn are ! va9e/1--,i "k n h[1 :il/   
,favor9us 0 engag$ 9 o!r matt]s1 0 />t$ 
aft] supp]4 ,y\r fri5ds & my sons ?\ght 
,ari/otle _h giv5 suffici5t satisfaction
 9 ?is po9t1 & t no o!r cause 0 to be   
s\ght aft] or all[$ b t :i* he m5tions1 
! fruit4 ,= ! fruit1 be+ new & flatul5t1
 raises _m di/urb+ vapors 9 ! body2 = x 
is n likely t only w9e f]m5ts1 or new   
oil only makes a noise 9 ! lamp1 ! heat 
agitat+ its vapor2 b new corn & all     
sorts ( fruit are plump & di/5d$1 till !
 unconcoct$ flatul5t vapor is broke     
away4 ,& t "s sorts ( food di/urb dreams
 !y said1 0 evid5t f beans & ! polypus's
 head1 f :i* ^? :o w\ld div9e by _!     
dreams are comm&$ to ab/a94  ,b         
,favor9us himself1 ?\gh 9 all o!r ?+s he

 admires ,ari/otle exce$+ly & ?9ks !    
,p]ipatetic philosophy to be mo/        
probable1 yet 9 ?is case resolv$ to sc\r
 up an old mu/y op9ion ( ,democritus4   
,he fir/ laid d[n t kn[n pr9ciple ( 81 t
 images pass ?r\gh ! pores into ! inmo/ 
p>ts ( ! body1 & be+ c>ri$ upw>d cause  
dreams2 & t ^! images fly f ev]y?+1     
vessels1 g>m5ts1 plants1 b especially f 
animals1 because ( _! heat & ! motion ( 
_! spirits2 & t ^! images n only c>ry ! 
outw>d %ape & lik5ess ( ! bodies 7z     
,epicurus ?9ks1 foll[+ ,democritus s f> 
& no f>!r71 b ! v designs1 motions1 &   
passions ( ! s\l2 & ) ^? ent]+ into !   
bodies1 z if !y 7 liv+ ?+s1 discov] to  
^? t receive !m ! ?\ghts & incl9ations (
 ! p]sons f :om !y come1 if s be t !y   
pres]ve _! frame & ord] entire4 ,& t is 
especially pres]v$ :5 ! air is calm &   
cle>1 _! passage !n be+ quick &         
undi/urb$4 ,n[ ! autumnal air1 :5 trees 
%$ _! leaves1 be+ v unev5 & di/urb$1    
ruffles & disord]s ! images1 &1 h9d]+ !m
 9 _! passage1 makes !m weak &          

ineffectual2 :51 on ! contr>y1 if !y    
rise f w>m & vigor\s subjects1 & are    
pres5tly appli$1 ! notices :i* !y give &
 ! impressions !y make are cle> &       
evid5t4  ,!n ) a smile look+ ^u         
,autobulus1 he cont9u$3 ,b1 sir1 ,i     
p]ceive y design to h an airy skirmi% ) 
^! images1 & try ! excell5ce ( ?is old  
op9ion1 z y w\ld a picture1 by y\r nail4
 ,& ,autobulus repli$3 ,pray1 sir1 d n  
endeavor to *eat u any long]2 = we "k v 
well t y1 design+ to make ,ari/otle's   
op9ion appe> ! bett]1 h us$ ?is (       
,democritus only z its %ade4 ,!re=e ,i  
%all pass by t1 & impugn ,ari/otle's    
op9ion1 :i* unju/ly lays ! blame on !   
new fruit4 ,= bo? ! summ] & ! e>ly      
autumn witness 9 its favor1 :51 z       
,antima*us says1 ! fruit is mo/ fre% &  
juicy2 = !n1 ?\gh we eat ! new fruit1   
yet our dreams are n s va9 z at o!r     
times4 ,& ! mon?s :5 ! leaves fall1 be+ 
next to w9t]1 s concoct ! corn & rema9+ 
fruit1 t !y gr[ %rivell$ & less1 & lose 
all _! brisk agitat+ _s4 ,z = new w9e1  

^? t dr9k x soone/ =be> till ,febru>y1  
:i* is aft] w9t]2 & ! day on :i* we beg9
 we call ! day ( ! ,good ,g5ius1 & !    
,a!nians ! day ( cask-op5+4 ,= :il/ w9e 
is work+1 we see t ev5 common1 labor]s w
 n v5ture on x4 ,!re=e no m accus+ !    
gifts ( ! gods1 let u seek aft] ano!r   
cause ( va9 dreams1 to :i* ! "n ( !     
season w direct u4 ,= x is call$        
,,leaf-,,%$d+1 because ! leaves !n fall 
(f by reason ( _! dryness & coldness2   
except ! leaves ( hot & oily trees1 z ( 
! olive1 ! laurel1 or ! palm2 or ( !    
moi/1 z ( ! myrtle & ! ivy4 ,b !        
temp]ature ( ^! pres]ves !m1 ?\gh n     
o!rs2 because 9 o!rs ! vici\s humor t   
holds ! leaves is con/ipat$ by ! cold1  
or be+ weak & little is dri$ up4 ,n[    
moi/ure & heat are necess>y = ! gr[? &  
pres]vation ( plants1 b especially (    
animals2 & on ! contr>y1 coldness &     
dryness are v noxi\s to bo?4 ,& !re=e   
,hom] elegantly calls m5 moi/ & juicy3  
to rejoice he calls to be w>m$2 & any?+ 
t is griev\s & frightful he calls cold &

 icy4 ,besides1 ! words ,greek omitt$ & 
,greek omitt$ are appli$ to ! dead1 ^?  
names intimat+ _! extreme dryness4 ,b m1
 our blood1 ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 our :ole    
body1 is moi/ & hot4 ,& old age ha?     
nei!r ( ^? two qualities4 ,n[ ! autumn  
seems to be z x 7 ! old age ( ! decay+  
ye>2 = ! moi/ure do? n yet fall1 & !    
heat decays4 ,& its incl9+ ! body to    
diseases is an evid5t sign ( its cold & 
dryness4 ,n[ x is necess>y t ! s\ls %\ld
 be indispos$ ) ! bodies & t1 ! subtile 
_s be+ cond5s$1 ! div9+ faculty ( ! s\l1
 l a glass t is brea!d ^u1 %\ld be      
sulli$2 & !re=e x _c repres5t any?+     
pla91 di/9ct1 & cle>1 z long z x rema9s 
?ick1 d>k1 & cond5s$4     ,,book ,,ix   
,?is n9? book1 ,sossius ,s5ecio1 conta9s
 ! disc\rses we held at ,a!ns at !      
,muses fea/1 = ?is numb] n9e is         
agreeable to ! numb] ( ! ,muses4 ,nor   
mu/ y wond] :5 y f9d m ?an t5 que/ions  
7:i* numb] ,i h obs]v$ 9 my o!r books7 9
 x2 = we ought to give ! ,muses all t   
belongs to !m1 & be z c>eful ( robb+ !m 

z ( a temple1 s9ce we owe !m mu* m & mu*
 bett] ?+s ?an ^!4    ,,"q ,i4 ,,conc]n+
 ,,v]ses ,,seasonably ,,& ,,unseasonably
 ,,appli$4  ,,ammonius1 ,,plut>*1       
,,erato1 ,,c]ta9 ,,s*oolma/]s1 ,,&      
,,fri5ds ,,( ,,ammonius4  ,ammonius1    
capta9 ( ! militia at ,a!ns1 w\ld %[    
,diog5ianus ! pr(ici5cy ( ^? y\?s t     
le>n$ gramm>1 geometry1 rhetoric1 &     
music2 & invit$ ! *ief ma/]s ( ! t[n to 
supp]4 ,!re 7 a great _m s*ol>s at !    
fea/1 & almo/ all 8 acqua9tance4        
,a*illes invit$ only ! s+le combatants  
to 8 fea/1 int5d+ 7z ! /ory goes7 t1 if 
9 ! heat ( ! enc\nt] !y _h conceiv$ any 
ang] or ill-w aga9/ "o ano!r1 !y might  
!n lay x aside1 be+ made p>tak]s ( "o   
common ent]ta9m5t4 ,b ! contr>y happ5$  
to ,ammonius1 = ! cont5tions ( ! ma/]s  
increas$ & grew m %>p mid/ _! cups &    
m]rim5t2 & all 0 disord] & confus$      
babbl+4  ,!re=e ,ammonius comm&$ ,erato 
to s+ to 8 h>p1 & he sang "s "p (       
,hesiod's ,works beg9n+ ?us1            
,cont5tion to "o sort is n conf9$2      

7,works & ,days1 #aa47  & ,i comm5d$ him
 = *oos+ s apposite a song4 ,!n he began
 to disc\rse ab\t ! seasonable use (    
v]se1 t x 0 n only pleasant b pr(itable4
 ,& /raight e "o's m\? 0 full ( t poet  
:o began ,ptolemy's epi?alamium 7:5 he  
m>ri$ 8 si/]1 a wick$ & abom9able mat*7 
?us1       ,jove ,juno call$ 8 si/] & 8 
wife2      7,iliad1 xviii4 #cef47  &    
ano!r1 :o refus$ to s+ aft] supp] to    
,demetrius ! k+1 b aft] he s5t him 8 "y 
son ,philip to be educat$ sang ?us1     
,bre$ ?\ ! boy z do? become      ,bo?   
,h]cules's race & u2  & ,anax>*us :o1   
be+ pelt$ ) apples by ,alex&] at supp]1 
rose up & said1       ,"s god %all w\nd$
 be by mortal h&4      7,euripides1     
,ore/es1 #bga47  ,b t ,cor9?ian captive 
boy excell$ all1 :o1 :5 ! city 0        
de/roy$1 & ,mummius1 tak+ a survey ( all
 ! free-born *ildr5 t und]/ood lett]s1  
comm&$ ea* to write a v]se1 wrote ?us3--
       ,?rice1 f\r times ble/1 ! happy  
,greeks t fell4      7,odyssey1 v4      
#cjf47  ,= !y say t ,mummius 0 affect$ )

 x1 wept & gave all ! free-born *ildr5 t
 7 alli$ to ! boy _! lib]ty4 ,& "s      
m5tion$ ! wife ( ,!odorus ! trag$ian1 :o
 refus$ 8 embraces a little be=e he     
cont5d$ = ! prize2 b1 :5 he 0 conqu]or &
 came 9 unto h]1 clasp$ him & said1     
,n[1 ,agamemnon's son1 y freely may     
7,sophocles ,electra1 #b47  ,aft] ?is a 
great _m say+s 7 m5tion$ z unseasonably 
spok51 x be+ fit t we %\ld "k su* &     
avoid !m2--z t to ,pompey ! ,great1 to  
:om1 ^u 8 return f a dang]\s w>1 !      
s*oolma/] br\ght 8 little daught]1 &1 to
 %[ him :at a pr(ici5t %e 01 call$ = a  
book1 & bade h] beg9 at ?is l9e1        
,return$ f w>2 b had/ ?\ !re be5 sla91  
,my wi% _h be5 complete2      7,iliad1  
iii4 #dbh47  & t to ,cassius ,long9us1  
to :om a fly+ report ( 8 son's dy+      
abroad be+ br\ght1 & he no ways appe>+  
ei!r to "k ! c]ta9 tru? or to cle> !    
d\bt1 an old s5ator came & said3        
,long9us1 w y n despise ! fly+ unc]ta9  
rumor1 z if y did n "k nor _h read ?is  
l9e1       ,= no report is :olly false8 

7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #gfc47  ,& he 
t at ,rhodes1 to a gramm>ian dem&+ a l9e
 ^u :i* he might %[ 8 skill 9 ! !atre1  
propos$ ?is1       ,fly f ! isl&1 wor/ (
 all mank9d1      7,odyssey1 x4 #gb47   
ei!r slyly put a trick ^u him1 or       
unwitt+ly blund]$4 ,& ?is disc\rse      
quiet$ ! tumult4    ,,que/ions ,,ii4 ,,&
 ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t     
,,alpha ,,is ,,plac$ ,,fir/ ,,9 ,,!     
,,alphabet1 ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,!          
,,proportion ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,numb] ,,(   
,,v[els ,,& ,,semi-,,v[els8  ,,ammonius1
 ,,h]meas1 ,,protog5es1 ,,plut>*1       
,,zopyrion4  ,x be+ ! cu/om ( ! ,muses' 
fea/ to draw lots1 & ^? t 7 mat*$ to    
propose curi\s que/ions to "o ano!r1    
,ammonius1 fe>+ t two ( ! same pr(ession
 might be mat*$ toge!r1 ord]$1 )\t draw+
 lots1 a geometrician to propose        
que/ions to a gramm>ian1 & a ma/] (     
music to a rhetorician4  ,fir/1 !re=e1  
,h]meas ! geometrician dem&$ (          
,protog5es ! gramm>ian a reason :y      
,alpha 0 ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,&  

he return$ ! common answ] ( ! s*ools1 t 
x 0 fit ! v[els %\ld be set be=e ! mutes
 & semi-v[els4 ,& ( ! v[els1 "s be+     
long1 "s %ort1 "s bo? long & %ort1 x is 
j t ! latt] %\ld be mo/ e/eem$4 ,& ( ^! 
t are long & %ort1 t is to be set fir/  
:i* is usually plac$ be=e ! o!r two1 b  
nev] aft] ei!r2 & t is ,alpha4 ,= t put 
aft] ei!r ,iota or ,upsilon w n be      
pron\nc$1 w n make "o syllable ) !m1 b z
 x 7 res5t+ ! affront & angry at !      
position1 seeks ! fir/ z its prop]      
place4 ,b if y place ,alpha be=e ei!r ( 
^?1 !y are ob$i5t1 & quietly jo9 9 "o   
syllable1 z 9 ^! words1 ,greek omitt$ & 
a ?\s& o!rs4 ,9 ^! ?ree respects !re=e1 
z ! conqu]ors 9 all ! five ex]cises1 x  
claims ! prec$5ce1--t ( mo/ o!r lett]s  
by be+ a v[el1 t ( o!r v[els by be+     
di*ron\s1 & la/ly1 t ( ^! d\ble-tim$    
v[els !mselves because x is its nature  
to g be=e & nev] aft] !m4  ,protog5es   
mak+ a pause1 ,ammonius1 speak+ to me1  
said3 ,:at6 h y1 be+ a ,boeotian1 no?+  
to say = ,cadmus1 :o 7z ! /ory goes7    

plac$ ,alpha ! fir/ 9 ord]1 because a c[
 is call$ ,alpha by ! ,pho5icians1 & !y 
acc\nt x n ! second or ?ird 7z ,hesiod  
do?7 b ! fir/ ( _! necess>y ?+s8 ,no?+  
at all1 ,i repli$1 = x is j t1 to ! be/ 
( my p[]1 ,i %\ld r assi/ my own ?an    
,bac*us's gr&fa!r4 ,= ,lamprias my      
gr&fa!r said1 t ! fir/ articulate s\nd t
 is made is ,alpha2 = ! air 9 ! m\? is  
=m$ & fa%ion$ by ! motion ( ! lips2 n[ z
 soon z ^? are op5$1 t s\nd breaks =?1  
be+ v pla9 & simple1 n requir+ or dep5d+
 ^u ! motion ( ! tongue1 b g5tly brea!d 
=? :il/ t lies /ill4 ,& !re=e t is !    
fir/ s\nd t *ildr5 make4 ,?us ,greek    
omitt$1 ,,to ,,he>1 ,greek omitt$1 ,,to 
,,s+1 ,greek omitt$1 ,,to ,,pipe1 ,greek
 omitt$1 ,,to ,,holl[1 beg9 ) ! lett]   
,alpha2 & ,i ?9k t ,greek omitt$1 ,,to  
,,lift ,,up1 & ,greek omitt$1 ,,to      
,,op51 7 fitly tak5 f t op5+ & lift+ up 
( ! lips :5 8 voice is utt]$4 ,?us all !
 names ( ! mutes besides "o h an ,alpha1
 z x 7 a light to assi/ _! bl9dness2 =  
,pi alone wants x1 & ,phi & ,*i are only

 ,pi & ,kappa ) an aspirate4   ,h]meas  
say+ t he approv$ bo? reasons1 :y !n    
7cont9u$ ,i7 d n y expla9 ! proportion1 
if !re be any1 ( ! numb] ( ! lett]s2 =1 
9 my op9ion1 !re is2 & ,i ?9k s1 because
 ! numb] ( mutes & semi-v[els1 comp>$   
betwe5 !mselves or ) ! v[els1 do? n seem
 casual & undesign$1 b to be accord+ to 
! fir/ proportion :i* y call            
ari?metical4 ,= _! numb] be+ n9e1 eight1
 & sev51 ! middle exce$s ! la/ z mu* z x
 wants ( ! fir/4 ,& ! fir/ numb] be+    
comp>$ ) ! la/1 ha? ! same proportion t 
! ,muses h to ,apollo2 = n9e is         
appropriat$ to !m1 & sev5 to him4 ,& ^! 
two numb]s ti$ toge!r d\ble ! middle2 & 
n )\t reason1 s9ce ! semi-v[els p>take !
 p[] ( bo?4  ,& ,h]meas repli$3 ,x is   
said t ,m]cury 0 ! fir/ god t discov]$  
lett]s 9 ,egypt2 & !re=e ! ,egyptians   
make ! figure ( an ,ibis1 a bird d$icat$
 to ,m]cury1 = ! fir/ lett]4 ,b x is n  
fit1 9 my op9ion1 to place an animal t  
makes no noise at ! head ( ! lett]s4    
,among/ all ! numb]s ! f\r? is peculi>ly

 d$icat$ to ,m]cury1 because1 z "s say1 
! god 0 born on ! f\r? day ( ! mon?4 ,& 
! fir/ lett]s call$ ,pho5ician f ,cadmus
 are f\r times f\r1 or sixte52 & ( ^? t 
7 aft]w>d add$1 ,palam$es f\nd f\r1 &   
,simonides f\r m4 ,n[ among/ numb]s1    
?ree is ! fir/ p]fect1 z consi/+ ( a    
fir/1 a middle1 & a la/2 & aft] t six1 z
 be+ equal ! sum ( its own divisors     
7#abc74 ,( ^!1 six multipli$ by f\r     
makes tw5ty-f\r2 & also ! fir/ p]fect   
numb]1 ?ree1 multipli$ by ! fir/ cube1  
eight1 make ! same4  ,:il/ he 0 disc\rs+
 ?us1 ,zopyrion ! gramm>ian sne]$ &     
mutt]$ betwe5 8 tee?2 &1 z soon z he _h 
done1 cri$ out t he mo/ egregi\sly      
trifl$2 = x 0 m]e *ance1 & n design1 t  
gave su* a numb] & ord] to ! lett]s1 z x
 0 m]e *ance t ! fir/ & la/ v]ses (     
,hom]'s ,iliads h j z _m syllables z !  
fir/ & la/ ( 8 ,odysseys4    ,,"q ,,iv4 
,,:i* ,,( ,,v5us',s ,,h&s ,,diom$es     
,,w\nd$4  ,,h]meas1 ,,zopyrion1         
,,maximus4  ,h]meas w\ld h repli$ to    
,zopyrion1 b we desir$ him to hold2 &   

,maximus ! rhetorician propos$ to him   
?is f>-fet*$ "q out ( ,hom]1 ,:i* (     
,v5us's h&s ,diom$es w\nd$4 ,& ,zopyrion
 pres5tly ask+ him aga91 ( :i* leg 0    
,philip lame8--,maximus repli$1 ,x is a 
diff]5t case1 = ,demo/h5es ha? left u no
 f\ndation ^u :i* we may build our      
conjecture4 ,b if y confess y\r         
ignorance 9 ?is matt]1 o!rs w %[ h[ !   
poet suffici5tly intimates to an und]/&+
 man :i* h& x 04 ,zopyrion be+ at a /&1 
we all1 s9ce he made no reply1 desir$   
,maximus to tell u4  ,& he began3 ,!    
v]ses runn+ ?us       ,!n ,diom$es rais$
 8 mighty spe>1      ,& leap+ t[>ds h] j
 did graze h] h&2      7,iliad1 v4 #cce4
  ,x is evid5t f :at foll[s t           
,plut>* int]prets ,greek omitt$ 9 ?is   
passage ,,hav+      ,,leap$ ,,to ,,"o   
,,side4 7,g477  x is evid5t t1 if he    
design$ to w\nd h] left h&1 !re _h be5  
no ne$ ( leap+1 s9ce h] left h& 0       
opposite to 8 "r4 ,besides1 x is        
probable t he w\ld endeavor to w\nd !   
/ronge/ h&1 & t ) :i* %e drew away      

,a5eas2 & :i* be+ w\nd$1 x 0 likely %e  
w\ld let him g4 ,b m1 aft] %e return$ to
 ,heav51 ,m9]va je]+ly said1       ,no  
d\bt fair ,v5us won a ,grecian dame1    
,to foll[ h] belov$ ,trojan y\?s1       
,& z %e g5tly /rok$ h] ) h] h&1      ,h]
 gold5 buckl] scrat*$ ?is petty w\nd4   
7,iliad1 v4 #dbb47  ,& ,i suppose1 y    
sir1 :5 y /roke any ( y\r s*ol>s1 y use 
y\r "r h&1 & n y\r left2 & x is likely t
 ,v5us1 ! mo/ skilful ( all ! goddesses1
 soo!d ! h]o9es aft] ! same mann]4      
,,"q ,v4 ,,:y ,,plato ,,says ,,t        
,,ajax',s ,,s\l ,,came ,,to ,,draw ,,h] 
,,lot ,,9 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,place ,,9     
,,hell4  ,,hylas1 ,,sospis1 ,,ammonius1 
,,lamprias4  ,^! disc\rses made all !   
o!r company m]ry2 b ,sospis !           
rhetorician1 see+ ,hylas ! gramm>ian sit
 sil5t & discompos$ 7= he _h n be5 v    
happy 9 8 ex]cises71 cri$ out1       ,b 
,ajax's s\l /ood f> ap>t2  & rais+ 8    
voice repeat$ ! re/ to him1       ,b    
sit1 draw ne>1 & pati5tly att5d1        
,he> :at ,i say1 & tame1 y\r viol5t     

rage4  ,to ?is ,hylas1 unable to conta91
 return$ a scurvy answ] say+ t ,ajax's  
s\l1 tak+ h] lot 9 ! tw5tie? place 9    
hell1 *ang$ h] nature1 accord+ to       
,plato1 = a lion's2 b1 = 8 "p1 he c\ld n
 b (t5 ?9k ^u ! say+ ( ! old com$ian1   
',tis bett] f> to be an ass ?an see     
,unwor?:ile m5 9 great] honor %9e  ,at  
?is ,sospis1 laugh+ he>tily1 said3 ,b 9 
! meantime1 be=e we h ! pack-saddles on1
 if y h any reg>d = ,plato1 tell u :y he
 makes ,ajax's s\l1 aft] ! lots drawn1  
to h ! tw5tie? *oice4 ,hylas1 ) great   
indignation1 refus$1 ?9k+ t ?is 0 a je]+
 reflection on 8 =m] misc>riage4 ,&     
!re=e my bro!r began ?us3 ,:at1 0 n     
,ajax c\nt$ ! second = beauty1 /r5g?1 & 
c\rage1 & ! next to ,a*illes 9 !        
,grecian army8 ,& tw5ty is ! second t51 
& t5 is ! *iefe/ ( numb]s1 z ,a*illes ( 
! ,greeks4 ,we laugh+ at ?is1 ,ammonius 
said3 ,well1 ,lamprias1 let ?is suffice 
= a joke ^u ,hylas2 b s9ce y h          
volunt>ily tak5 ^u y to give an acc\nt (
 ?is matt]1 leave (f je/+1 & s]i\sly    

proce$4  ,?is />tl$ ,lamprias a little1 
b1 aft] a %ort pause1 he cont9u$ ?us3   
,plato (t5 tells m]ry /ories "u borr[$  
names1 b :5 he puts any fable into a    
disc\rse conc]n+ ! s\l1 he ha? "s       
consid]able mean+ 9 x4 ,! intellig5t    
nature ( ! heav5s he calls a fly+ *>iot1
 intimat+ ! h>moni\s :irl ( ! _w4 ,& "h 
he introduce? "o ,er1 ! son ( ,h>monius1
 a ,pamphylian1 to tell :at he _h se5 9 
hell2 intimat+ t our s\ls are begott5   
accord+ to h>mony1 & are agreeably unit$
 to our bodies1 & t1 :5 !y are sep>at$1 
!y are f all p>ts c>ri$ toge!r into !   
air1 & f !nce return to second          
g5]ations4 ,& :at h9d]s b t ,greek      
omitt$ tw5tie? %\ld intimate t ?is 0 n a
 true /ory1 b only probable & fictiti\s 
,greek omitt$1 & t ! lot fell casually  
,greek omitt$4 ,= ,plato always t\*e? ^u
 ?ree causes1 he be+ ! fir/ & *iefe/    
philosoph] t knew h[ fate accords )     
=tune1 & h[ our free-w is mix$ &        
complicat$ ) bo?4 ,& n[ he ha? admirably
 discov]$ :at influ5ce ea* ha? ^u our   

affairs4 ,! *oice ( our life he ha? left
 to our free-w1 = virtue & vice are     
free4 ,b t ^? :o h made a good *oice    
%\ld live religi\sly1 & ^? :o h made an 
ill *oice %\ld lead a contr>y life1 he  
leaves to ! necessity ( fate4 ,b !      
*ances ( lots ?r[n at a v5ture introduce
 =tune into ! sev]al conditions ( life 9
 :i* we are br\ght up1 & :i*            
pre-occupates & p]v]ts our own *oice4   
,n[ consid] :e!r x is n irrational to   
inquire aft] a cause ( ^? ?+s t are done
 by *ance4 ,= if ! lot seems to be      
dispos$ ( by design1 x cease? to be     
*ance & =tune1 & becomes fate &         
provid5ce4  ,:il/ ,lamprias 0 speak+1   
,m>cus ! gramm>ian seem$ to be c\nt+ to 
himself1 & :5 he _h done1 he began ?us3 
,among/ ! s\ls :i* ,hom] m5tions 9 8    
,greek omitt$1 ,elp5or's is n to be     
reckon$ z mix$ ) ^? 9 hell1 b1 8 body   
be+ n buri$1 z w&]+ ab\t ! banks ( !    
riv] ,/yx4 ,nor is x fit t we %\ld      
reckon ,tiresias's s\l among/ ! re/1--  
,on :om alone1 :5 deep 9 hell b5ea?1    

,wisdom ,pros]p9a conf]r$1  to disc\rse 
& conv]se ) ! liv+ ev5 be=e he drank !  
sacrifice's blood4 ,!re=e1 ,lamprias1 if
 y subtract ^! two1 y w f9d t ,ajax 0 ! 
tw5tie? t ,ulysses saw1 & ,plato m]rily 
alludes to t place 9 ,hom]'s ,greek     
omitt$4    ,,"q ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is        
,,signifi$ ,,by ,,! ,,fable ,,ab\t ,,!  
,,defeat ,,( ,,neptune8 ,,& ,,also1 ,,:y
 ,,d ,,! ,,a!nians ,,omit ,,! ,,second  
,,day ,,( ,,! ,,mon? ,,bo$romion8       
,,m5ephylus1 ,,hylas1 ,,lamprias4  ,:ile
 all 7 mak+ a di/urbance1 ,m5ephylus1 a 
,p]ipatetic philosoph]1 address+ ,hylas3
 ,y see1 he said1 h[ ?is inve/igation is
 no fool]y nor insol5ce4 ,b leave n[1 my
 de> fell[1 t ob/9ate ,ajax1 ^: "n is   
ill-om5$1 z ,sophocles says1 & side )   
,poseidon1 :om y y\rself are wont to    
tell has (t5 be5 ov]come1 once by ,a!ne 
"h1 9 ,delphi by ,apollo1 9 ,argos by   
,"h1 9 ,aeg9a by ,zeus1 9 ,naxos by     
,bac*us1 yet 9 8 mis=tunes has always   
be5 mild & amiable4 ,"h at lea/ he %>es 
a temple 9 common ) ,a!ne1 9 :i* !re is 

an alt> d$icat$ to ,le!4 ,& ,hylas1 z if
 he _h become bett] temp]$3 ,"o ?+ has  
escap$ y1 ,m5ephylus1 t we h giv5 up !  
second day ( ,septemb]1 n on acc\nt ( ! 
moon1 b because on t day ! gods seem$ to
 h cont5d$ = ! c\ntry4 ,by all means1   
said ,lamprias1 by z mu* z ,poseidon 0 m
 civiliz$ ?an ,?rasybulus1 s9ce n l him 
a w9n] b a los]4444  7,! re/ ( ?is book 
to ,"q ,,xiii is lo/2 ) ! exception ( ! 
titles t foll[1 & ! fragm5t ( ,"q       
,,xii47    ,,"q ,,vii4 ,,:y ,,!         
,,accords ,,9 ,,music ,,are ,,sep>at$   
,,into ,,?ree4    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:]e9   
,,! ,,int]vals ,,melodi\s ,,diff] ,,f   
,,^? ,,t ,,are ,,h>monic4    ,,"q ,,ix4 
,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,accord8 ,,&
 ,,also1 ,,:y1 ,,:5 ,,two ,,accordant   
,,/r+s ,,are ,,t\*$ ,,toge!r1 ,,is ,,!  
,,melody ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,! ,,base8     
,,"q ,x4 ,,:y1 ,,:5 ,,! ,,ecliptic      
,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,moon   
,,are ,,equal ,,9 ,,numb]1 ,,! ,,moon   
,,appe>s ,,(t5] ,,eclips$ ,,?an ,,!     
,,sun4    ,,"q ,,xi4 ,,t ,,we ,,cont9ue 

,,n ,,always ,,! ,,same1 ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,(
 ,,! ,,deflux ,,( ,,our ,,sub/ance4     
,,"q ,,xii4 ,,is ,,x ,,m ,,probable ,,t 
,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,is ,,ev5    
,,or ,,odd8  ,m5 mu/ be *eat$ by oa?s4  
,& ,glaucias said3 ,i h he>d ?is say+   
us$ aga9/ ,polycrates ! tyrant2 probably
 too x 0 said aga9/ o!rs3 b :y d y ask  
^! que/ions8 ,because1 by ,zeus1 said   
,sospis1 ,i see ! *ildr5 play+ odd & ev5
 ) jack/ones & ! ,academics ) words4 ,= 
su* temp]s z ^! diff] 9 no way f ^? :o  
ask :e!r !y hold clut*$ 9 _! h&s odd or 
ev54 ,!n ,protog5es /ood up & call$ me  
by "n3 ,:at is ! matt] ) u t we all[ ^! 
rhetoricians to be s conceit$1 & to     
laugh d[n o!rs :ile !y are ask$ no?+1 & 
contribute no?+ 9 ! way (               
argum5t1--unless !y swe> t !y h no "p 9 
! w9e z admir]s & disciples (           
,demo/h5es1 a man :o 9 8 :ole life nev] 
drank w9e4 ,t is n ! cause ( ?is1 said  
,i2 b we h nev] ask$ !m any?+4 ,b unless
 y h some?+ m useful1 ,i ?9k ,i c put   
be=e !m f ,hom]'s poetry a case (       

ant9omy 9 rhetorical !ses4    ,,"q      
,,xiii4 ,a ,,moot-,,po9t ,,out ,,( ,,!  
,,?ird ,,book ,,( ,,hom]',s ,,iliads4   
,,plut>*1 ,,protog5es1 ,,glaucias1      
,,sospis4  ,:at "q w y put !m1 said     
,protog5es8 ,i w tell y1 cont9u$ ,i1 &  
let !m c>efully att5d4 ,p>is makes 8    
*all5ge 9 ^! express words3--       ,let
 me & valiant ,m5elaus fight      ,=    
,hel51 & = all ! goods %e br\ght2       
,& he t %all o'ercome1 let him enjoy    
,! goods & woman2 let !m be 8 own4  ,&  
,hector aft]w>ds publicly proclaim+ ?is 
*all5ge 9 ^! pla9 words3--       ,he    
bids ! ,trojans & ! valiant ,greeks     
,to fix _! arms ^u ! fruitful gr\nd2    
,let ,m5elaus & /\t ,p>is fight      ,= 
all ! goods2 & he t beats h all4        
,m5elaus accept$ ! *all5ge1 & !         
conditions 7 sworn to1 ,agamemnon       
dictat+ ?us3--       ,if ,p>is valiant  
,m5elaus kills1      ,let him h ,hel51 &
 ! goods possess2      ,if y\?ful       
,m5elaus ,p>is kills1      ,! woman & ! 
goods %all all be 84      7,see ,iliad1 

iii4 #fh1 #hh1 #bee1 & #bha47  ,n[ s9ce 
,m5elaus only ov]came b did n kill      
,p>is1 ea* p>ty ha? some:at to say =    
itself1 & aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! "o may dem&   
re/itution1 because ,p>is 0 ov]come2 !  
o!r d5y x1 because he 0 n kill$4 ,n[ h[ 
to det]m9e ?is case & cle> ! seem+      
repugnancies do? n belong to philosoph]s
 or gramm>ians1 b to rhetoricians1 t are
 well skill$ bo? 9 gramm> & philosophy4 
,!n ,sospis said3 ,! *all5g]'s ^w       
decides2 = ! *all5g] propos$ !          
conditions1 & :5 !y 7 accept$1 !        
opposite p>ty _h no p[] to make         
additions4 ,n[ ! condition propos$ 9 ?is
 *all5ge 0 n kill+1 b ov]com+2 & !re 0  
reason t x %\ld be s1 = ,hel5 ought to  
be ! wife ( ! brave/4 ,n[ ! brave/ is he
 t ov]comes2 = x (t5 happ5s t an        
excell5t soldi] might be kill$ by a     
c[>d1 z is evid5t 9 :at happ5$ aft]w>d1 
:5 ,a*illes 0 %ot by ,p>is4 ,= ,i d n   
believe t y w affirm1 t ,a*illes 0 n s  
brave a man z ,p>is because he 0 kill$  
by him1 & t x %\ld be call$ ! victory1 &

 n r ! unju/ good =tune1 ( him t %ot    
him4 ,b ,hector 0 ov]come be=e he 0     
kill$ by ,a*illes1 because he w\ld n /&1
 b trembl$ & fl$ at 8 approa*4 ,= he t  
refuse? ! combat or flies _c palliate 8 
defeat1 & pla9ly grants t 8 adv]s>y is !
 bett] man4 ,& !re=e ,iris tells ,hel5  
be=eh&1       ,9 s+le combat !y %all    
fight = y1      ,& y %all be ! glori\s  
victor's wife4      7#b ,ibid4 iii4     
#acg47  ,& ,jupit] aft]w>ds adjudges !  
victory to ,m5elaus 9 ^! words3       ,!
 conque/ leans to ,m5elaus's side4      
7#c ,ibid4 iv4 #ac47  ,= x w\ld be      
ridicul\s to call ,m5elaus a conqu]or :5
 he %ot ,podes1 a man at a great        
di/ance1 be=e he ?\ght ( or c\ld provide
 aga9/ 8 dang]1 & yet n all[ him ! rew>d
 ( conque/ ov] him :om he made fly &    
sneak into ! embraces ( 8 wife1 & :om he
 spoil$ ( 8 arms :il/ he 0 yet alive1 & 
:o _h himself (f]$ ! *all5ge1 by !      
articles ( :i* ,m5elaus n[ appe>$ to be 
! conqu]or4  ,glaucias subjo9$3 9 all   
laws1 decrees1 contracts1 & promises1 ^?

 late/ made are always acc\nt$ m valid  
?an ! =m]4 ,n[ ! lat] contract 0        
,agamemnon's1 ! condition ( :i* 0 kill+1
 & n only ov]com+4 ,besides ! =m] 0 m]e 
words1 ! latt] confirm$ by oa?2 &1 by ! 
cons5t ( all1 ^? 7 curs$ t broke !m2 s t
 ?is latt] 0 prop]ly ! contract1 & ! o!r
 a b>e *all5ge4 ,& ?is ,priam at 8 go+  
away1 aft] he _h sworn to ! conditions1 
confirms by ^! words3--       ,b ,jove &
 o!r gods alone d "k1      ,:i* is      
design$ to see ! %ades bel[2            
7,iliad1 iii4 #cjh47  = he und]/ood t to
 be ! condition ( ! contract4 ,& !re=e a
 little aft] ,hector says1       ,b     
,jove ha? undet]m9$ left our oa?s1      
7,ibid4 vii4 #fi47  = ! combat _h n its 
design$ & indisputable det]m9ation1 s9ce
 nei!r ( !m fell4 ,!re=e ?is "q do? n   
seem to me to conta9 any contr>iety (   
law1 s9ce ! =m] contract is compris$ &  
ov]rul$ by ! latt]2 = he t kills c]ta9ly
 ov]comes1 b he t ov]comes do? n always 
kill4 ,b1 9 %ort1 ,agamemnon did n      
annul1 b only expla9 ! *all5ge propos$  

by ,hector4 ,he did n *ange any?+1 b    
only add$ ! mo/ pr9cipal "p1 plac+      
victory 9 kill+2 = t is a complete      
conque/1 b all o!rs may be evad$ or     
disput$1 z ?is ( ,m5elaus1 :o nei!r     
w\nd$ nor pursu$ 8 adv]s>y4 ,n[ z1 :]e  
!re are laws really contr>y1 ! judges   
take t side :i* is pla9 & indisputable1 
& m9d n t :i* is obscure2 s 9 ?is case1 
let u admit t contract to be mo/ valid  
:i* conta9$ kill+1 z a kn[n & und5iable 
evid5ce ( victory4 ,b 7:i* is ! greate/ 
argum5t7 he t seems to h _h ! victory1 n
 be+ quiet1 b runn+ up & d[n ! army1 &  
se>*+ all ab\t1       ,to f9d neat ,p>is
 9 ! busy ?rong1      7,ibid4 iii4      
#dej47  suffici5tly te/ifies t he       
himself did n imag9e t ! conque/ 0      
p]fect & complete4 ,= :5 ,p>is _h escap$
 he did n =get 8 own words3--       ,&  
:i* ( u black fate & dea? design1       
,let him be lo/2 ! o!rs cease f w>4     
7,iliad1 iii4 #aja17  ,!re=e x 0        
necess>y = him to seek aft] ,p>is1 t he 
might kill him & complete ! combat2 b   

s9ce he nei!r kill$ nor took him1 he _h 
no "r to ! prize4 ,= he did n conqu]    
him1 if we may guess by :at he said :5  
he expo/ulat$ ) ,jove & bewail$ 8       
unsuccessful attempt3--       ,jove1    
,heav5 holds no m spiteful god ?an ?\4  
,n[ w\ld ,i puni% ,p>is = 8 crimes2     
,b oh6 my sword is broke1 my mighty     
spe>1      ,/ret*$ out 9 va91 flies idly
 f my h&6      7,ibid4 iii1 #cfe47  ,= 9
 ^! words he confess$ t x 0 to no       
purpose to pi]ce ! %ield or take !      
head-piece ( 8 adv]s>y1 unless he       
likewise w\nd$ or kill$ him4    ,,"q    
,,xiv4 ,,"s ,,obs]vations ,,ab\t ,,!    
,,numb] ,,( ,,! ,,muses1 ,,n ,,commonly 
,,kn[n4  ,,h]odes1 ,,ammonius1          
,,lamprias1 ,,tryphon1 ,,dionysius1     
,,m5ephylus1 ,,plut>*4  ,?is disc\rse   
end$1 we p\r$ out our (f]+s to ! ,muses1
 & toge!r ) a hymn 9 honor ( ,apollo1 ! 
patron ( ! ,muses1 we sung ) ,erato1 :o 
play$ ^u ! h>p1 ! g5]ation ( ! ,muses   
out ( ,hesiod4 ,aft] ! song 0 done1     
,h]od ! rhetorician said3 ,pray1 sirs1  

he>k54 ,^? t w n admit ,calliope to be  
ours say t %e keeps company ) k+s1 n    
su*1 ,i suppose1 z are busi$ 9 resolv+  
syllogisms or disput+1 b su* :o d ^? ?+s
 t belong to rhetoricians & /atesm54 ,b 
( ! re/ ( ! ,muses1 ,clio abets         
encomiums1 = praises are call$ ,greek   
omitt$2 & ,polymnia hi/ory1 = h] "n     
signifies ! remembrance ( _m ?+s2 & x is
 said t all ! ,muses 7 some:]e call$    
,remembrances4 ,& = my "p1 ,i ?9k       
,eut]pe ha? "s relation to u too1 if 7z 
,*rysippus says7 h] lot be agreeabl5ess 
9 disc\rse & pleasantness 9 conv]sation4
 ,= x belongs to an orator to conv]se1 z
 well z plead or give advice2 s9ce x is 
8 "p to ga9 ! favor ( 8 auditors1 & to  
def5d or excuse 8 cli5t4 ,to praise or  
dispraise is ! commone/ !me2 & if we    
manage ?is artfully1 x w turn to        
consid]able acc\nt2 if unskilfully1 we  
are lo/4 ,= t say+1       ,gods6 h[ he  
is honor$ & belov$ by all1              
7,odyssey1 x4 #ch47  *iefly1 9 my       
op9ion1 belongs to ^? m5 :o h a pleas+ &

 p]suasive faculty 9 disc\rse4  ,!n said
 ,ammonius to ,h]od3 ,we h no reason to 
be angry ) y = grasp+ all ! ,muses1 s9ce
 ! goods t fri5ds h are common1 & ,jove 
ha? begott5 a great _m ,muses1 t e man  
may be pl5tifully suppli$2 = we d n all 
ne$ skill 9 hunt+1 milit>y arts1        
navigation1 or any me*anical trades2 b  
le>n+ & in/ruction is necess>y = e "o t 
,consumes ! fruits ( ! spaci\s e>?4     
7,f ,simonides47  ,& !re=e ,jove made b 
"o ,m9]va1 "o ,diana1 "o ,vulcan1 b _m  
,muses4 ,b :y !re %\ld be n9e1 & no m   
nor less1 pray acqua9t u2 = y1 s great a
 lov] (1 & s well acqua9t$ )1 ! ,muses1 
mu/ c]ta9ly h consid]$ ?is matt]4 ,:at  
difficulty is !re 9 t8 repli$ ,h]od4 ,! 
numb] n9e is 9 ev]ybody's m\?1 z be+ !  
fir/ squ>e ( ! fir/ odd numb]2 & z d\bly
 odd1 s9ce x may be divid$ into ?ree    
equal odd numb]s4 ,ammonius ) a smile   
subjo9$3 ,boldly said2 & pray add1 t ?is
 numb] is compos$ ( ! two fir/ cubes1 "o
 & eight1 & accord+ to ano!r composition
 ( two triangles1 ?ree & six1 ea* ( :i* 

is itself p]fect4 ,b :y %\ld ?is belong 
to ! ,muses m ?an any o!r ( ! gods8 ,=  
we h n9e ,muses1 b n n9e ,c]eses1 n9e   
,m9]vas or ,dianas4 ,= ,i d n believe t 
y take x = a good argum5t1 t ! ,muses   
mu/ be s _m1 because _! "m's "n         
7,mnemosyne7 consi/s ( j s _m lett]s4   
,h]od smil+1 & ev]ybody be+ sil5t1      
,ammonius desir$ our op9ions4  ,my bro!r
 said1 t ! anci5ts celebrat$ b ?ree     
,muses1 & t to br+ pro(s = ?is ass]tion 
w\ld be p$antic & uncivil 9 su* a       
company4 ,! reason ( ?is numb] 0 7n z "s
 say7 ! ?ree diff]5t sorts ( music1 !   
diatonic1 ! *romatic1 & h>monic1 nor ^? 
/ops t make ! int]vals nete1 mese1 &    
hypate1 ?\gh ! ,delphians gave ! ,muses 
?is "n errone\sly1 9 my op9ion1         
appropriat+ x to "o sci5ce1 or r to a "p
 ( "o s+le sci5ce1 ! h>moniac "p (      
music4 ,b1 z ,i ?9k1 ! anci5ts1 r$uc+   
all arts & sci5ces :i* are execut$ &    
p]=m$ by reason or disc\rse to ?ree     
heads1 philosophy1 rhetoric1 &          
ma!matics1 acc\nt$ !m ! gifts ( ?ree    

gods1 & nam$ !m ! ,muses4 ,aft]w>ds1    
ab\t ,hesiod's "t1 ! sci5ces be+ bett] &
 m ?or\ghly look$ into1 & m5 subdivid+  
!m f\nd t ea* sci5ce conta9$ ?ree       
diff]5t p>ts4 ,9 ma!matics are          
compreh5d$ music1 ari?metic1 & geometry2
 9 philosophy are logic1 e?ics1 &       
physics4 ,9 rhetoric1 !y say ! fir/ "p 0
 demon/rative or encomia/ic1 ! second   
delib]ative1 ! ?ird judicial4 ,none (   
all :i* !y believ$ to be )\t a god or a 
,muse or "s sup]ior p[] = its patron1 & 
did n1 x is probable1 make ! ,muses     
equal 9 numb] to ^! divisions1 b f\nd !m
 to be s4 ,n[1 z y may divide n9e into  
?ree ?rees1 & ea* ?ree into z _m units2 
s !re is b "o rectitude ( reason1 :i* is
 employ$ ab\t ! highe/ tru?1 & :i*      
belongs to ! :ole 9 common1 :ile ea* ( !
 ?ree k9ds ( sci5ce is assign$ ?ree     
,muses1 & ea* ( ^! has h] di/9ct faculty
 assign$ to h]1 :i* %e disposes & ord]s4
 ,& ,i d n ?9k ! poets & a/rolog]s w f9d
 fault ) u = pass+ ov] _! pr(essions 9  
sil5ce1 s9ce !y "k1 z well z we1 t      

a/rology is compreh5d$ 9 geometry1 &    
poetry 9 music4  ,z soon z he _h said   
?is1 ,trypho ! physician subjo9$3 ,h[   
ha? our art (f5d$ y1 t y h %ut ! ,museum
 aga9/ u8 ,& ,dionysius ( ,melite add$3 
,sir1 y h a great _m t w side ) y 9 !   
accusation2 = we f>m]s ?9k ,?alia to be 
ours1 assign+ h] ! c>e ( spr++ & budd+  
se$s & plants4 ,b ,i int]pos+ said3 ,y\r
 accusation is n j2 = y h b\ntiful      
,c]es1 & ,bac*us :o 7z ,p9d> phrase? x7 
increase? ! trees1 ! *a/e beauty ( !    
fruits2 & we "k t ,aesculapius is !     
patron ( ! ,physicians1 & !y make _!    
address to ,apollo z ,paean1 b nev] z ! 
,muses' lead]4 ,all m5 7z ,hom] says7 /&
 9 ne$ ( ! gods1 b all /& n 9 ne$ ( all4
 ,b ,i wond] ,lamprias did n m9d :at !  
,delphians say 9 ?is matt]2 = !y affirm 
t ! ,muses among/ !m 7 n nam$ s ei!r f !
 /r+s or s\nds 9 music2 b ! univ]se be+ 
divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ portion 0 
( ! fix$ />s1 ! second ( ! planets1 !   
?ird ( ^? ?+s t are "u ! concave ( !    
moon2 & all ^! are ord]$ accord+ to     

h>monical proportions1 & ( ea* portion a
 ,muse takes c>e2 ,hypate ( ! fir/1     
,nete ( ! la/1 & ,mese 9 ! middle1      
comb9+ z mu* z possible1 & turn+ ab\t   
mortal ?+s ) ! gods & e>?ly ) heav5ly4  
,& ,plato intimates ! same ?+ "u ! names
 ( ! ,fates1 call+ "o ,atropos1 ! o!r   
,la*esis1 & ! o!r ,clo?o4 ,= he ha?     
committ$ ! revolutions ( ! eight sph]es 
to s _m ,sir5s1 & n ,muses4  ,!n        
,m5ephylus ! ,p]ipatetic subjo9$3 ,!    
,delphians' op9ion ha? inde$ some:at (  
probability 9 x2 b ,plato is absurd 9   
committ+ ! et]nal & div9e revolutions n 
to ! ,muses b to ! ,sir5s1 ,daemons t   
nei!r love nor are b5evol5t to mank9d1  
:olly pass+ by ! ,muses1 or call+ !m by 
! names ( ! ,fates1 ! daught]s (        
,necessity4 ,= ,necessity is av]se to ! 
,muses2 b ,p]suasion be+ m agreeable &  
bett] acqua9t$ ) !m1 9 my op9ion1 ?an ! 
grace ( ,emp$ocles1       ,intol]able   
,necessity abhors4  ,no d\bt1 said      
,ammonius1 z x is 9 u a viol5t &        
involunt>y cause2 b 9 ! gods ,necessity 

is n intol]able1 uncontrollable1 or     
viol5t1 unless x be to ! wick$2 z ! law 
9 a commonweal? to ! be/ man is its be/ 
gift1 n to be violat$ or transgress$1 n 
because !y h no p[]1 b because !y h no  
w1 to *ange x4 ,& ,hom]'s ,sir5s give u 
no j reason to be afraid2 = he 9 t fable
 rightly intimates ! p[] ( _! music n to
 be hurtful to man1 b delightfully *>m+1
 & deta9+ ! s\ls :i* pass f h5ce ?i!r & 
w&] aft] dea?2 work+ 9 !m a love =      
heav5ly & div9e ?+s1 & a =getfulness (  
ev]y?+ on e>?2 & !y extremely pleas$    
foll[ & att5d !m4 ,& f !nce "s imp]fect 
s\nd1 & z x 7 e*o ( t music1 com+ to u  
by ! means ( reason & good precepts1    
r\se? our s\ls1 & re/ores ! notice ( ^? 
?+s to our m9ds1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* lie 
encumb]$ ) & entangl$ 9 di/urbances ( ! 
fle% & di/ract+ passions4 ,b ! g5]\s s\l
 he>s & rememb]s1 & h] affection = ^?   
pleasures rise? up to ! mo/ ard5t       
passion1 :il/ %e eag]ly desires b is n  
able to free h]self f ! body4  ,x is    
true1 ,i d n approve :at he says2 b     

,plato seems to me1 z he ha? /rangely & 
unacc\ntably call$ ! axes sp9dles &     
di/affs1 & ! />s :irls1 s to h nam$ !   
,muses ,sir5s1 z deliv]+ div9e ?+s to ! 
gho/s bel[1 z ,ulysses 9 ,sophocles says
 ( ! ,sir5s1       ,i next to ,phorcus's
 daught]s came1      ,:o fix ! sull5    
laws bel[4  ,eight ( ! ,muses take c>e (
 ! sph]es1 & "o ( all ab\t ! e>?4 ,!    
eight :o gov]n ! motions ( ! sph]es     
ma9ta9 ! agreem5t ( ! planets ) ! fix$  
/>s & "o ano!r4 ,b t "o :o looks aft] ! 
place betwixt ! e>? & moon & takes c>e (
 mortal ?+s1 by means ( disc\rse & song 
introduce? p]suasion1 aid+ our natural  
cons5t to community & agreem5t1 & give? 
m5 z mu* h>mony1 grace1 & ord] z is     
possible = !m to take2 introduc+ ?is    
p]suasion to appease & quiet our        
di/urbances1 & z x 7 to recall our w&]+ 
desires out ( ! wrong way1 & to set u 9 
! "r pa?4 ,b1 z ,p9d> says1       ,:om  
,jove abhors1 he />ts to he>      ,!    
,muses s\nd+ 9 8 e>4      7,p9d>1       
,py?ian1 i4 #be47  ,to ?is disc\rse     

,ammonius1 z he us$ to d1 subjo9$ t v]se
 ( ,x5ophanes1       ,?is f9e disc\rse  
seems ne> alli$ to tru?1  & desir$ e "o 
to deliv] 8 op9ion4 ,& ,i aft] a %ort   
sil5ce1 said3 ,z ,plato ?9ks by ! "n1 z 
x 7 by tracks1 to discov] ! p[]s ( !    
gods1 s let u place 9 heav5 & ov]       
heav5ly ?+s "o ( ! ,muses1 ,urania4 ,& x
 is likely t ^? require no di/ract+     
v>iety ( c>es to gov]n !m1 s9ce !y h !  
same s+le nature = ! cause ( all _!     
motions4 ,b :]e are a great _m          
irregul>ities & disord]s1 !re we mu/    
place ! eight ,muses1 t we may h "o to  
correct ea* p>ticul> irregul>ity &      
misc>riage4 ,!re are two p>ts 9 a man's 
life1 ! s]i\s & ! m]ry2 & ea* mu/ be    
regulat$ & me?odiz$4 ,! s]i\s role1 :i* 
in/ructs u 9 ! k & contemplation ( !    
gods1 ,calliope1 ,clio1 & ,?alia appe>  
*iefly to look aft] & direct4 ,! o!r    
,muses gov]n our weak "p1 :i* *anges    
pres5tly into wantonness & folly2 !y d n
 neglect our bruti% & viol5t passions & 
let !m run _! own c\rse1 b by           

appropriate danc+1 music1 song1 & ord]ly
 motion mix$ ) reason1 br+ !m d[n to a  
mod]ate temp] & condition4 ,= my "p1    
s9ce ,plato admits two pr9ciples ( e    
action1 viz1 ! natural desire aft]      
pleasure1 & acquir$ op9ion :i* covets & 
wi%es = ! be/1 & calls "o reason & ! o!r
 passion1 & s9ce ea* ( ^! is manifold1  
,i ?9k t ea* requires a consid]able &1  
to speak ! tru?1 a div9e direction4 ,=  
in/ance1 "o faculty ( our reason is said
 to be political or imp]ial1 ov] :i*    
,hesiod says ,calliope presides2 ,clio's
 prov9ce is ! noble & aspir+2 &         
,polymnia's t faculty ( ! s\l :i*       
incl9es to atta9 & keep k 7& !re=e !    
,sicyonians call "o ( _! ?ree ,muses    
,polyma?ia72 to ,eut]pe ev]ybody all[s !
 se>*es into nature & physical          
speculations1 !re be+ no great]1 no     
s9c]] pleasure belong+ to any o!r sort (
 speculation 9 ! _w4 ,! natural desire  
to meat & dr9k ,?alia r$uce? f bruti% & 
uncivil to be sociable & fri5dly2 &     
!re=e we say ,greek omitt$ ( ^? t are   

fri5dly1 m]ry1 & sociable ov] _! cups1 &
 n ( ^? t are qu>relsome & mad4 ,erato1 
toge!r ) ,p]suasion1 t br+s along ) x   
reason & opportunity1 presides ov]      
m>riages2 %e takes away & ext+ui%e? all 
! viol5t fury ( pleasure1 & makes x t5d 
to fri5d%ip1 mutual confid5ce1 &        
ende>m5t1 & n to effem9acy1 lu/1 or     
discont5t4 ,! delight :i* ! eye or e>   
receives is a sort ( pleasure1 ei!r     
appropriate to reason or to passion1 or 
common to !m bo?4 ,?is ! two o!r ,muses1
 ,t]psi*ore & ,melpom5e1 s mod]ate1 t ! 
"o may only tickle & n *>m1 ! o!r only  
please & n bewit*4    ,,"q ,,xv4 ,,t    
,,!re ,,are ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,9 ,,danc+3  
,greek omitt$1 ,,motion1 ,greek omitt$1 
,,ge/ure1 ,,& ,greek omitt$1            
,,repres5tation4 ,,:at ,,ea* ,,( ,,^?   
,,is ,,& ,,:at ,,is ,,common ,,to ,,bo? 
,,poetry ,,& ,,danc+4  ,,ammonius ,,&   
,,?rasybulus4  ,aft] ?is1 a mat* ( danc+
 0 propos$1 & a cake 0 ! prize4 ,!      
judges 7 ,m5iscus ! danc+-ma/]1 & my    
bro!r ,lamprias2 = he danc$ ! ,pyrrhic v

 well1 & 9 ! ,palae/ra none c\ld mat*   
him = ! graceful motion ( 8 h&s & arms 9
 danc+4 ,n[ a great _m danc+ ) m heat   
?an art1 "s desir$ two ( ! company :o   
seem$ to be be/ skill$ & took mo/ c>e to
 obs]ve _! /eps1 to dance 9 ! k9d call$ 
,greek omitt$4 ,^u ?is ,?rasybulus1 !   
son ( ,ammonius1 dem&$ :at ,greek omitt$
 signifi$1 & gave ,ammonius occasion to 
run ov] mo/ ( ! p>ts ( danc+4  ,he said 
!y 7 ?ree1--,greek omitt$1 ,greek omitt$
 & ,greek omitt$4 ,= danc+ is made up ( 
motion & mann] ,greek omitt$ z a song ( 
s\nds & /ops2 /ops are ! ends ( motion4 
,n[ ! motions !y call ,greek omitt$1 & !
 ge/ures & lik5ess to :i* ! motions t5d1
 & 9 :i* !y end1 !y call ,greek omitt$3 
z1 = in/ance1 :5 by _! own motions !y   
repres5t ! figure ( ,apollo1 ,pan1 or   
any ( ! rag+ ,bac*ae4 ,! ?ird is ,greek 
omitt$2 :i* is n an imitation1 b a pla9 
d[nright indication ( ! ?+s repres5t$4  
,= z ! poets1 :5 !y w\ld speak (        
,a*illes1 ,ulysses1 ! e>?1 or heav51 use
 _! prop] names1 & su* z ! vulg> usually

 und]/&4 ,b = ! m lively repres5tation1 
!y use su* words z by _! v s\nd express 
"s em95t quality 9 ! ?+1 or metaphors2 z
 :5 !y say t /reams d babble & fla%2 t  
arr[s fly desir\s ! fle% to w\nd2 or :5 
!y describe an equal battle by say+ !   
fight _h equal heads4 ,!y h likewise a  
great _m significative compositions 9 _!
 v]ses4 ,?us ,euripides ( ,p]seus1      
,he t ,m$usa slew1 & flies 9 air2  &    
,p9d> ( a horse1       ,:5 by ! smoo?   
,alpheus's banks      ,he ran ! race1 & 
nev] felt ! spur2  & ,hom] ( a race1    
,! *>iots1 ov]laid ) t9 & brass1        
,by fi]y horses drawn ran swiftly on4   
7,eurip$es1 ,frag4 #ige2 ,p9d>1         
,olympian1 i4 #ca2      ,iliad1 xxiii4  
#ejc47  ,s 9 danc+1 ! ,greek omitt$     
repres5ts ! %ape & figure1 ! ,greek     
omitt$ %[s "s action1 passion1 or p[]2 b
 by ! ,greek omitt$ are prop]ly &       
significatively %[n ! ?+s !mselves1 =   
in/ance1 ! heav51 e>?1 or ! company4    
,:i*1 be+ done 9 a c]ta9 ord] & me?od1  
resembles ! prop] names us$ 9 poetry1   

dec5tly clo!d & att5d$ ) suitable       
epi!ts4 ,z 9 ^! l9es1       ,!mis !     
v5]able & admir$1      ,& ,v5us beaute\s
 ) h] b5d+ br[s1      ,fair ,dione1 &   
,june cr[n$ ) gold4      7,hesiod1      
,!ogony1 #af47  ,& 9 ^!1       ,f ,hell5
 k+s r5[n$ = giv+ laws1      ,great     
,dorus & ! mighty ,xu?us sprang1      ,&
 ,aeolus1 ^: *ief delight 0 horse4  ,=  
if poets did n take ?is lib]ty1 h[ mean1
 h[ grovell+ & flat1 w\ld be _! v]se6 ,z
 suppose !y wrote ?us1       ,f ?is     
sprung ,h]cules1 f ! o!r ,iphitus4      
,h] fa!r1 husb&1 & h] son 7 k+s1        
,h] bro!r & =efa!rs 7 ! same2      ,& %e
 9 ,greece ,olympias 0 call$4  ,! same  
faults may be committ$ 9 t sort ( danc+ 
call$ ,greek omitt$ unless !            
repres5tation be lively & graceful1     
dec5t & unaffect$4 ,&1 9 %ort1 we may   
aptly transf] :at ,simonides said (     
pa9t+ to danc+1 & call danc+ mute       
poetry1 & poetry speak+ danc+2 = poesy  
do? n prop]ly belong to pa9t+1 nor pa9t+
 to poesy1 nei!r d !y any way make use (

 "o ano!r4 ,b poesy & danc+ %>e mu* 9   
common especially 9 t type ( song call$ 
,hypor*ema1 9 :i* is ! mo/ lively       
repres5tation imag9able1 danc+ do+ x by 
ge/ure1 & poesy by words4 ,s t poesy may
 be> "s resemblance to ! colors 9 pa9t+1
 :ile danc+ is l ! l9es :i* m>k out !   
features4 ,& !re=e he :o 0 ! mo/ fam\s  
writ] ( ,hypor*emes1 :o "h ev5 surpass$ 
himself1 suffici5tly prove? t ^! two    
arts /& 9 ne$ ( "o ano!r he %[s :at     
t5d5cy poetry ha? to danc+2 :il/ ! s\nd 
excites ! h&s & feet1 or r z x 7 by "s  
cords di/5ds & raise? e memb] ( ! :ole  
body2 s t1 :il/ su* songs are recit$ or 
sung1 !y _c be quiet4 ,b n[adays no sort
 ( ex]cise ha? su* bad deprav$ music    
appli$ to x z danc+2 & s x suff]s t :i* 
,ibyeus z to 8 own conc]ns 0 fe>ful (1 z
 appe>s by ^! l9es1       ,i fe> le/1   
los+ fame among/ ! gods1      ,i %all   
receive respect f m5 alone4  ,= hav+    
associat$ to itself a mean paltry sort (
 music1 & fall+ f t div9e sort ( poetry 
) :i* x 0 =m]ly acqua9t$1 x rules n[ &  

dom9e]s among/ fooli% & inconsid]ate    
spectators1 l a tyrant1 x ha? subject$  
ne>ly all music1 b ha? lo/ all its honor
 ) excell5t & wise m54  ,^!1 my ,sossius
 ,s5ecio1 7 almo/ ! la/ disc\rses :i* we
 _h at ,ammonius's h\se dur+ ! fe/ival (
 ! ,muses4   ,,end ,,(                  
,,five------------     ,,common         
,,conceptions ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,/oics4      
,,lamprias1 ,,diadum5us  ,,lamprias4 ,y1
 ,o ,diadum5us1 seem n mu* to c>e1 if   
any "o ?9ks t y philosophize aga9/ !    
common notions2 s9ce y confess t y      
contemn also ! s5ses1 f :5ce ! mo/ "p ( 
^! notions 9 a mann] proce$1 hav+ = _!  
seat & f\ndation ! belief ( su* ?+s z   
appe> to u4 ,b ,i besee* y1 ) :at spe$ y
 c1 ei!r by reasons1 incantations1 or "s
 o!r mann] ( disc\rse1 to cure me1 :o   
come to y full1 z ,i seem to myself1 (  
great & /range p]turbations2 s mu* h ,i 
be5 %ak51 & into su* a p]plexity ( m9d h
 ,i be5 br\ght1 by c]ta9 ,/oics1 9 o!r  
?+s inde$ v good m5 & my famili> fri5ds1
 b mo/ bitt]ly & ho/ility b5t aga9/ !   

,academy4 ,^!1 = "s few words mode/ly   
spok5 by me1 h 7= ,i w tell y no lie7   
rudely & unk9dly repreh5d$ me2 angrily  
c5sur+ & br&+ ! anci5t philosoph]s z    
,sophi/s & corrupt]s ( philosophy1 &    
subv]t]s ( regul> doctr9es2 & say+ ?+s  
yet m absurd ?an ^!1 !y fell at la/ ^u !
 conceptions1 into :i* 7!y cont5d7 !    
,academics _h br\ght a c]ta9 confusion &
 di/urbance4 ,at l5g? "o ( !m said1 t he
 ?\ght x 0 n by =tune1 b by ! provid5ce 
( ! gods1 t ,*rysippus came into ! _w   
aft] ,arcesilaus & be=e ,c>neades2 ( :i*
 ! "o 0 ! au?or ( ! contumelies &       
injuries done to cu/om1 & ! o!r fl\ri%$ 
mo/ ( all ! ,academics4 ,*rysippus !n1  
com+ betwe5 !m1 by 8 writ+s aga9/       
,arcesilaus1 /opp$ also ! way aga9/ !   
eloqu5ce ( ,c>neades1 leav+ inde$ _m ?+s
 to ! s5ses1 z provisions aga9/ a siege1
 b :olly tak+ away ! tr\ble ab\t        
anticipations & conceptions1 direct+ e  
"o ( !m & putt+ x 9 its prop] place2 s t
 !y :o w aga9 embroil & disquiet matt]s 
%\ld ga9 no?+1 b be conv9c$ ( be+       

malici\s & deceitful ,sophi/s4 ,i1 hav+ 
be5 ?is morn+ set on fire by ^!         
disc\rses1 want "s cool+ rem$ies to     
ext+ui% & take away ?is d\bt+1 z an     
inflammation1 out ( my m9d4             
,,diadum5us4 ,y p]haps h suff]$ ! same  
?+s ) "s ( ! vulg>4 ,b if y believe !   
poets1 :o say t ! anci5t city ,sipylus 0
 ov]?r[n by ! provid5ce ( ! gods :5 !y  
puni%$ ,tantalus1 believe also !        
companions ( ! ,/oa say+ t ,nature1 n by
 *ance b by div9e provid5ce1 br\ght =?  
,*rysippus1 :5 %e _h a m9d to turn ?+s  
upside d[n & alt] ! c\rse ( life2 = :i* 
purpose nev] any man 0 fitt] ?an he4 ,b 
z ,cato said ( ,caes>1 t nev] any b he  
came to ! managem5t ( public affairs    
sob] & consid]ately resolv$ on ! ru9 ( !
 /ate2 s does ?is man seem to me ) !    
greate/ dilig5ce & eloqu5ce to ov]turn &
 demoli% cu/om1 z ^? :o magnify ! man   
te/ify1 :5 !y dispute aga9/ him conc]n+ 
! sophism call$ ,pseudom5os 7or ! ,li>74
 ,= to say1 my be/ fri5d1 t a conclusion
 drawn f contr>y positions is n         

manife/ly false1 & aga9 to say t "s     
argum5ts hav+ true premises & true      
inductions may yet moreov] h ! contr>y  
to _! conclusions true1 :at conception (
 demon/ration or :at assumption (       
confid5ce does x n ov]?r[8 ,!y say1 t ! 
polypus 9 ! w9t] gnaws 8 own claws2 b ! 
logic ( ,*rysippus1 tak+ away & cutt+ (f
 its own *iefe/ p>ts & pr9ciples1--:at  
o!r notion has x left unsuspect$ (      
falsehood8 ,= ! sup]/ructures _c be     
/eady & sure1 if ! f\ndations rema9 n   
firm b are %ak5 ) s _m d\bts & tr\bles4 
,b z ^? :o h du/ or dirt ^u _! bodies1  
if !y t\* or rub ! fil? t is ^u !m1 seem
 r to increase ?an remove x2 s "s m5    
blame ! ,academics1 & ?9k !m guilty ( ! 
faults ) :i* !y %[ !mselves to be       
burd5$4 ,= :o d m subv]t ! common       
conceptions ?an ! ,/oic s*ool8 ,b if y  
please1 let u leave accus+ !m1 & def5d  
ourselves f ! ?+s ) :i* !y *>ge u4      
,,lamprias4 ,me?9ks1 ,diadum5us1 ,i am  
?is day become a v>i\s & uncon/ant man4 
,= ere:ile ,i came deject$ & trembl+1 z 

"o t want$ an apology2 & n[ ,i am *ang$ 
to an accus]1 & desire to enjoy !       
pleasure ( rev5ge1 9 see+ !m all        
convict$ ( philosophiz+ aga9/ ! common  
conceptions & presumptions1 on :i* !y   
?9k *iefly _! doctr9e is f\nd$1 :5ce !y 
say t x alone agrees ) ,nature4         
,,diadum5us4 ,%all we !n fir/ attack ^? 
common & celebrat$ doctr9es ( !irs :i*  
!mselves1 g5tly admitt+ _! absurdity1   
/yle p>adoxes2 z t only wise m5 are k+s1
 t !y only are ri* & fair1 !y only      
citiz5s & judges8 ,or %all we s5d all   
?is to ! brok]s1 z old decay$ fripp]y1 &
 make our inquiry into su* ?+s z are mo/
 practical & ) ! greate/ e>ne/ness      
deliv]$ by !m8  ,,lamprias4 ,i inde$ l  
?is be/4 ,= :o is !re t is n already    
full ( ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ ^?       
p>adoxes8  ,,diadum5us4 ,fir/1 !n1      
consid] ?is1 :e!r1 accord+ to ! common  
conceptions1 !y c be said to agree )    
,nature1 :o ?9k all natural ?+s         
indiff]5t1 & e/eem nei!r heal?1 /r5g? ( 
body1 beauty1 nor /r5g? z desirable1    

commodi\s1 pr(itable1 or any way        
contributory to ! complet+ ( natural    
p]fection2 nor consid] t _! contr>ies1 z
 maims1 pa9s1 disgraces1 & diseases1 are
 hurtful or to be %unn$8 ,to ! latt] (  
^! !y !mselves say t ,nature gives u an 
abhorr5ce1 & an incl9ation to ! =m]4    
,:i* v ?+ is n a little repugnant to    
common und]/&+1 t ,nature %\ld incl9e u 
to su* ?+s z are nei!r good nor         
available1 & av]t u f su* z are nei!r   
ill nor hurtful1 & :i* is m1 t %e %\ld  
r5d] ?is incl9ation & ?is av]sion s     
viol5t1 t !y :o ei!r possess n ! "o or  
fall into ! o!r dete/ _! life ) good    
reason1 & )draw !mselves out ( x4  ,i   
?9k also t ?is is said by !m aga9/      
common s5se1 t ,nature h]self is        
indiff]5t1 & yet t x is good to agree ) 
,nature4 ,= x is n our duty ei!r to     
foll[ ! law or be p]suad$ by argum5t1   
unless ! law & argum5t be good & hone/4 
,& ?is inde$ is ! lea/ ( _! errors4 ,b  
if1 z ,*rysippus has writt5 9 8 ,fir/   
,book conc]n+ ,exhortation1 a happy life

 consi/s only 9 liv+ accord+ to virtue1 
o!r ?+s 7z he says7 be+ no?+ to u1 nor  
coop]at+ any ways t[>ds x1 ,nature is n 
only indiff]5t1 b fooli% also & /upid1 9
 incl9+ u to su* ?+s z belong no?+ to u2
 & we also are fools 9 ?9k+ felicity to 
be an agree+ ) ,nature1 :i* draws u aft]
 su* ?+s z contribute no?+ to happ9ess4 
,= :at c be m agreeable to common s5se1 
?an t1 z desirable ?+s are requisite to 
live commodi\sly1 s natural ?+s are     
necess>y t we may live accord+ to       
,nature8 ,n[ ^! m5 say n s2 b hav+      
settl$ ! liv+ accord+ to ,nature = _!   
end1 d nev]!less hold ^? ?+s :i* are    
accord+ to ,nature to be indiff]5t4     
,nor is ?is less repugnant to common    
s5se1 t an intellig5t & prud5t man %\ld 
n be equally affect$ to equal good ?+s1 
b %\ld put no value on "s1 & be ready to
 und]go & suff] any?+ = o!rs1 ?\gh ! ?+s
 !mselves are nei!r great] nor less "o  
?an ano!r4 ,= !y say1 ,x is ! same ?+ to
 ab/a9 f ! enjoym5t ( an old woman t is 
ab\t to die z to take "p 9 ! greate/    

actions ) mod]ation444 s9ce 9 bo? cases 
we d :at duty requires4 ,& yet = ?is1 z 
a great & glori\s ?+1 !y %\ld be ready  
to die2 :5 z to boa/ ( ! o!r w\ld be    
%ameful & ridicul\s4 ,& ev5 ,*rysippus  
himself 9 8 comm5t>y conc]n+ ,jupit]1 & 
9 ! ,?ird ,book ( ! ,gods1 says1 t x 7 a
 poor1 absurd1 & imp]t95t ?+ to glory 9 
su* acts1 z proce$+ f virtue1 z be>+    
valiantly ! /++ ( a wasp1 or ab/a9+     
*a/ely f an old woman t lies a dy+4 ,d n
 !y !n philosophize aga9/ ! common      
conception1 :o pr(ess no?+ to be m      
comm5dable ?an ^? ?+s :i* yet !mselves  
are a%am$ to praise8 ,= h[ c t be       
desirable or to be approv$1 :i* is wor?y
 nei!r ( praise nor admiration1 b !     
prais]s & admir]s ( :i* !y e/eem absurd 
& ridicul\s8  ,& yet ?is w 7,i suppose7 
appe> to y m aga9/ common s5se1 t a wise
 man %\ld take no c>e :e!r he enjoys or 
n enjoys ! greate/ good ?+s1 b %\ld c>ry
 himself aft] ! same mann] 9 ^! ?+s1 z 9
 ^? t are indiff]5t bo? 9 _! managem5t &
 adm9i/ration4 ,= all ( u1 :oev] we are 

t eat ! fruit ( ! broad e>?1 judge t    
desirable1 good1 & pr(itable1 :i* be+   
pres5t we use1 & abs5t we want & desire4
 ,b t :i* no man ?9ks wor? 8 conc]n1    
ei!r = 8 pr(it or delight1 is indiff]5t4
 ,= we by no o!r means di/+ui% a        
labori\s man f a trifl]1 :o is = ! mo/  
"p also employ$ 9 action1 b t ! "o      
busies himself 9 useless matt]s &       
indiff]5tly1 & ! o!r 9 ?+s commodi\s &  
pr(itable4 ,b ^! m5 act q contr>y2 = )  
!m1 a wise & prud5t man1 be+ conv]sant 9
 _m compreh5sions & memories (          
compreh5sion1 e/eems few ( !m to belong 
to him2 & n c>+ = ! re/1 he ?9ks he has 
nei!r m or less by rememb]+ t he lately 
_h ! compreh5sion ( ,dion sneez+ or ,!on
 play+ at ball4 ,& yet e compreh5sion 9 
a wise man1 & e memory hav+ assurance & 
firmness1 is a great1 yea1 a v great    
good4 ,:5 !re=e 8 heal? fails1 :5 "s    
organ ( 8 s5ses is disord]$1 or :5 8    
weal? is lo/1 is a wise man s c>eless z 
to ?9k t none ( ^! ?+s conc]n him8 ,or  
does he1 :5 sick1 give fees to !        

physicians3 = ! ga9+ ( ri*es sail to    
,leucon1 gov]nor 9 ! ,bosphorus1 or     
travel to ,idan?yrsus1 k+ ( ! ,scy?ians1
 z ,*rysippus says8 ,& be+ depriv$ ( "s 
( 8 s5ses1 does he n become we>y ev5 (  
life8 ,h[ !n d !y n ackn[l$ge t !y      
philosophize aga9/ ! common notions1    
employ+ s mu* c>e & dilig5ce on ?+s     
indiff]5t1 & n m9d+ :e!r !y h or h n    
great good ?+s8  ,b ?is is also yet     
aga9/ ! common conceptions1 t he :o is a
 man %\ld n rejoice :5 com+ f ! greate/ 
evils to ! greate/ goods4 ,n[ _! wise m5
 suff] ?is4 ,be+ *ang$ f extreme        
vici\sness to ! highe/ virtue1 & at !   
same "t escap+ a mo/ mis]able life &    
atta9+ to a mo/ happy "o1 he %[s no sign
 ( joy1 nor does ?is s great *ange lift 
him up or yet move him1 be+ deliv]$ f   
all infelicity & vice1 & com+ to a c]ta9
 sure & firm p]fection ( virtue4 ,?is   
also is repugnant to common s5se1 to    
hold t ! be+ immutable 9 "o's judgm5ts &
 resolutions is ! greate/ ( goods1 & yet
 t he :o has atta9$ to ! height wants n 

?is1 nor c>es = x :5 he has x1 nay1 _m  
times w n s mu* z /ret* =? a f+] = ?is  
security & con/ancy1 :i* nev]!less      
!mselves e/eem ! sov]eign & p]fect good4
 ,nor d ! ,/oics say only ^! ?+s1 b !y  
add also ?is to !m1--t ! cont9uance ( "t
 increases n any good ?+2 b if a man    
%all be wise b a m9ute ( an h\r1 he w n 
be any way inf]ior 9 happ9ess to him :o 
has all 8 "t practis$ virtue & l$ 8 life
 happily 9 x4 ,yet1 :il/ !y ?us boldly  
affirm ^! ?+s1 !y on ! contr>y also say1
 t a %ort-liv$ virtue is no?+ wor?2 ,=  
:at advantage w\ld ! atta9m5t ( wisdom  
be to him :o is imm$iately to be swall[$
 up by ! waves or tumbl$ d[n headlong f 
a precipice8 ,:at w\ld x h b5efit$      
,li*as1 if be+ ?r[n by ,h]cules1 z f a  
sl+ into ! sea1 he _h be5 on a sudd5    
*ang$ f vice to virtue8 ,^! !re=e are ! 
positions ( m5 :o n only philosophize   
aga9/ ! common conceptions b also       
conf\nd _! own1 if ! hav+ be5 b a little
 :ile endu$ ) virtue is no way %ort ( ! 
highe/ felicity1 & at ! same "t no?+    

wor?4 ,nor is ?is ! /range/ ?+ y w f9d 9
 _! doctr9e2 b _! be+ ( op9ion t virtue 
& happ9ess1 :5 pres5t1 are frequ5tly n  
p]ceiv$ by him :o enjoys !m1 nor does he
 disc]n t1 hav+ b a little be=e be5 mo/ 
mis]able & fooli%1 he is ( a sudd5      
become wise & happy4 ,= x is n only     
*ildi% to say t he :o is possess$ (     
wisdom is ignorant ( ?is ?+ alone1 t he 
is wise1 & kn[s n t he is deliv]$ f     
folly2 b1 to speak 9 g5]al1 !y make     
goodness to h v little weight or /r5g?1 
if x does n give s mu* z a feel+ ( x :5 
x is pres5t4 ,= accord+ ev5 to !m1 x is 
n by nature imp]ceptible2 nay1 ev5      
,*rysippus 9 8 books ( ! ,end expressly 
says t good is s5sible1 & demon/rates x 
also1 z he ma9ta9s4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t by 
its weakness & littl5ess x flies ! s5se1
 :5 be+ pres5t x is unkn[n & conceal$ f 
! possessors4 ,x 7 moreov] absurd to    
imag9e t ! sight1 p]ceiv+ ^? ?+s :i* are
 b a little :iti% or incl9+ to :ite1    
%\ld n disc]n su* z are :ite 9          
p]fection2 or t ! t\*1 feel+ ^? ?+s :i* 

are b w>m or mod]ately hot1 %\ld be     
ins5sible ( ^? t are hot 9 ! highe/     
degree4 ,& yet m absurd x is1 t a man :o
 p]ceives :at is commonly accord+ to    
,nature--z are heal? & good con/itution 
( body--%\ld yet be ignorant ( virtue :5
 x is pres5t1 :i* !mselves hold to be   
mo/ ( all & 9 ! highe/ degree accord+ to
 ,nature4 ,= h[ c x b be aga9/ s5se1 to 
conceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 heal? &      
sickness1 & yet s little to compreh5d t 
betwe5 wisdom & folly z to ?9k ! "o to  
be pres5t :5 x is gone1 & possess+ ! o!r
 to be ignorant t "o has x8 ,n[ because 
!re is f ! highe/ progress a *ange made 
to felicity & virtue1 "o ( ^! two ?+s   
mu/ ( necessity foll[2 ei!r t ?is       
progress is n vice & infelicity1 or t   
virtue is n f> di/ant f vice1 nor       
happ9ess f mis]y1 b t ! diff]5ce betwe5 
good & evil is v small & n to be p]ceiv$
 by s5se2 = o!rwise !y :o h ! "o = ! o!r
 c\ld n be ignorant ( x4  ,s9ce1 !n1 !y 
w n dep>t f any ( ^! contr>ieties1 b    
confess & hold !m all1--t ^? :o are     

proce$+ t[>ds virtue are fools & vici\s1
 t ^? :o are become good & wise p]ceive 
n ?is *ange 9 !mselves1 & t !re is a    
great diff]5ce betwe5 folly &           
wisdom1--!y mu/ assur$ly seem to y      
wond]fully to pres]ve an agreem5t 9 _!  
doctr9es1 & yet m s 9 _! conduct1 :5    
affirm+ all m5 :o are n wise to be      
equally wick$1 unju/1 fai?less1 & fools1
 !y on ! o!r side abhor & dete/ "s (    
!m1--nay1 sometimes to su* a degree t !y
 refuse ev5 to speak to !m :5 !y meet   
!m1--:ile o!rs ( !m !y tru/ ) _! money1 
*oose to (fices1 & take = husb&s to _!  
daught]s4 ,n[ if !y say ^! ?+s 9 je/1   
let !m smoo? _! br[s2 b if 9 e>ne/ & z  
philosoph]s1 x is aga9/ ! common notions
 to reprove & blame all m5 alike 9      
words1 & yet to deal ) "s ( !m z mod]ate
 p]sons & ) o!rs z v wick$2 & exce$+ly  
to admire ,*rysippus1 to d]ide ,alex9us1
 & yet to ?9k nei!r ( !m m or less mad  
?an ! o!r4 ',tis s1 say !y2 b z he :o is
 n above a cubit "u ! sup]ficies ( ! sea
 is no less dr[n$ ?an he :o is five     

hundr$ fa?om deep1 s !y t are com+ t[>ds
 virtue are no less 9 vice _! ^? t are  
f>!r (f4 ,& z bl9d m5 are /ill bl9d1    
?\gh !y %all p]haps a little aft] recov]
 _! sight2 s ^! t h proce$$ t[>ds       
virtue1 till su* "t z !y h atta9$ to x1 
cont9ue fooli% & wick$4 ,b t !y :o are 9
 ! way t[>ds virtue resemble n ! bl9d1 b
 su* z see less cle>ly1 nor are l to ^? 
:o are dr[n$1 b--^? :i* swim1 & t ne> ! 
h>bor--!y !mselves te/ify by _! actions4
 ,= !y w\ld n use c\nsellors & g5]als & 
lawgiv]s z bl9d lead]s1 nor w\ld !y     
imitate ! works & actions & words &     
lives ( "s1 if !y saw !m all equally    
dr[n$ 9 folly & wick$ness4 ,b leav+ ?is1
 wond] at ! m5 9 ?is behalf1 t !y are n 
taught by _! own examples to give up !  
doctr9e t ^! m5 are wise be+ ignorant ( 
x !mselves1 & nei!r kn[+ nor be+ s5sible
 t !y are recov]$ f be+ dr[n$ & see !   
light1 & t be+ gott5 above vice1 !y fet*
 brea? aga94  ,?is also is aga9/ common 
s5se1 t x %\ld be conv5i5t = a man :o   
has all good ?+s1 & wants no?+ requisite

 to felicity & happ9ess1 to make away   
himself2 & mu* m ?is1 t = him :o nei!r  
has nor ev] %all h any good ?+1 b :o is 
& ev] %all be accompani$ ) all          
adv]sities1 difficulties1 & mi%aps1 x   
%\ld n be fitt+ to quit ?is life unless 
"s ( ! indiff]5t ?+s befall him4 ,^!    
laws are enact$ 9 ! ,/oa2 & by ^! !y    
incite _m wise m5 to kill !mselves1 z if
 !y w\ld be !reby m happy2 & !y prev5t  
_m fooli% m51 z if x 7 prop] = !m to    
live on 9 mis]y4 ,al?\gh ! wise man is  
=tunate1 bless$1 e way happy1 secure1 & 
free f dang]2 b ! vici\s & fooli% man is
 full1 z ,i may say1 ( evils1 s t !re is
 n room to put !m 92 & yet !y ?9k t     
cont9u+ 9 life is fit = ! latt]1 &      
dep>t+ out ( x = ! =m]4 ,& n )\t cause1 
says ,*rysippus1 = we are n to measure  
life by good ?+s or evil1 b by ^? t are 
accord+ to ,nature4 ,9 ?is mann] d !y   
ma9ta9 cu/om1 & philosophize accord+ to 
! common conceptions4 ,:at d y say8--t  
he :o ent]s ^u a delib]ation ( life &   
dea? has no "r to consid]       ,:at    

good or ill 9 8 own h\se !re is2  or to 
weigh1 z 9 a balance1 :at ?+s h !       
greate/ sign ( s]v+ to felicity or      
infelicity2 b mu/ argue :e!r he %\ld    
live or die f ^? ?+s :i* are nei!r      
pr(itable nor prejudicial1 & foll[ su*  
pr9ciples & s5t5ces z comm& ! *oos+ ( a 
life full ( all ?+s to be avoid$1 & !   
%unn+ ( "o :i* wants no?+ ( all ^? ?+s t
 are desirable8 ,= ?\gh x is an absurd  
?+1 fri5d ,lamprias1 to %un a life 9 :i*
 !re is no evil1 x is yet m absurd1 if  
any "o %\ld leave :at is good because he
 is n possess$ ( :at is indiff]5t1 z ^! 
m5 d :o leave pres5t felicity & virtue =
 want ( ri*es & heal? :i* !y h n4       
,satumian ,jove f ,glaucus took 8 wits1 
:5 he w5t ab\t to *ange 8 suit ( gold5  
armor = a braz5 "o1 & to give :at 0 wor?
 a hundr$ ox5 = t :i* 0 wor? b n9e4 ,&  
yet ! braz5 armor 0 no less useful =    
fight ?an ! gold52 :]eas beauty & heal? 
( body1 z ! ,/oics say1 contribute n !  
lea/ advantage s f> z happ9ess is       
conc]n$4 ,& yet !y seek heal? 9 ex*ange 

= wisdom4 ,= !y say1 x w\ld well en\gh h
 become ,h]aclitus & ,ph]ecydes to h    
p>t$ ) _! virtue & wisdom1 if ! "o ( !m 
c\ld h !reby be5 fre$ f 8 l\sy disease1 
& ! o!r f 8 dropsy2 & if ,circe _h us$  
two sorts ( magical dr9ks1 "o to make   
wise m5 fools1 & ! o!r to make fools    
wise1 ,ulysses w\ld r h drunk t ( folly1
 ?an h *ang$ 8 %ape = ! =m ( a bea/1    
?\gh hav+ ) x wisdom1 & consequ5tly also
 happ9ess4 ,&1 !y say1 wisdom itself    
dictates to !m ^! ?+s1 exhort+ !m ?us3  
,let me g1 & value n my be+ lo/1 if ,i  
mu/ be c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! %ape ( an ass4 ,b 
?is1 "s w say1 is an ass-l wisdom :i*   
tea*e? ?us2 grant+ t to be wise & enjoy 
felicity is good1 & to we> ! %ape ( an  
ass is indiff]5t4 ,!y say1 !re is a     
nation ( ! ,e?iopians :]e a dog reigns1 
is call$ k+1 & has all regal honors &   
s]vices done to him2 b m5 execute !     
(fices ( magi/rates & gov]nors ( cities4
 ,d n ! ,/oics act 9 ! v same mann]8 ,!y
 give ! "n & appe>ance ( good to virtue1
 say+ t x alone is desirable1 pr(itable1

 & available2 b 9 ! meantime !y act ^!  
?+s1 !y philosophize1 !y live & die1 z  
at ! comm& ( ?+s indiff]5t4 ,& yet none 
( ! ,e?iopians kill t dog2 b he sits 9  
/ate1 & is rev]$ by all4 ,b ^! m5 de/roy
 & corrupt _! virtue1 t !y may obta9    
heal? & ri*es4  ,b ! coroll>y :i*       
,*rysippus himself has giv5 = a         
conclusion to 8 doctr9es seems to free u
 f ! tr\ble ( say+ any?+ m ab\t x4 ,=   
!re be+1 says he1 9 ,nature "s ?+s good1
 "s ?+s bad1 & "s ?+s betwe5 !m bo?1 :i*
 we call indiff]5t2 !re is no man b w\ld
 r h ! good ?an ! indiff]5t1 & !        
indiff]5t ?an ! bad4 ,& ( ?is we call ! 
gods to witness1 begg+ ( !m by our      
pray]s pr9cipally ! possession ( good   
?+s1 & if t may n be1 deliv]ance f evil2
 n desir+ t :i* is nei!r good nor bad   
in/ead ( good1 b will+ to h x in/ead (  
evil4 ,b ?is man1 *ang+ ,nature & inv]t+
 its ord]1 removes ! middle out ( its   
own place into ! la/1 & br+s back ! la/ 
into ! middle1--n unlike to ^? tyrants  
:o give ! fir/ place to ! wick$1--& he  

gives u a law1 fir/ to seek ! good1 &   
secondly ! evil1 & la/ly to judge t wor/
 :i* is nei!r good nor evil2 z if any "o
 %\ld place inf]nal ?+s next to         
cele/ial1 ?ru/+ ! e>? & e>?ly ?+s into  
,t>t>us1       ,:]e v f> f h5ce1 deep "u
 gr\nd1      ,lies a va/ gulf4          
7,iliad1 viii4 #ad47  ,hav+ !re=e said 9
 8 ,?ird ,book conc]n+ ,nature1 t x is m
 exp$i5t = a fool to live ?an n1 ?\gh he
 %\ld nev] atta9 to wisdom1 he adds ^!  
words3 ,= su* are ! good ?+s ( m51 t ev5
 evil ?+s d 9 a mann] prec$e o!r ?+s t  
are 9 ! middle place2 n t ^! ?+s        
!mselves really prec$e1 b reason1 :i*   
makes u *oose r to live1 ?\gh we 7 to be
 fools4 ,!re=e also1 ?\gh we 7 to be    
unju/1 wick$1 hat$ ( ! gods1 & unhappy2 
= none ( ^! ?+s are abs5t f ^? t live   
fooli%ly4 ,is x !n conv5i5t r to live   
mis]ably ?an n to live mis]ably1 & bett]
 to be hurt ?an n hurt1 to be unju/ ?an 
n unju/1 to break ! laws ?an n to break 
!m8 ,t is1 is x conv5i5t to d ?+s t are 
n conv5i5t1 & a duty to live ev5 aga9/  

duty8 ,yes inde$1 = x is worse to want  
s5se & reason ?an to be a fool4 ,:at !n 
ails !m1 t !y w n confess t to be evil  
:i* is worse ?an evil8 ,:y d !y say t   
folly alone is to be avoid$1 if x is n  
less b r m conv5i5t to %un t disposition
 :i* is n capable ( folly8  ,b :o c     
compla9 ( ?is1 t %all rememb] :at he has
 writt5 9 8 ,second ,book ( ,nature1    
decl>+ t vice 0 n unpr(itably made = !  
univ]se8 ,b x is meet ,i %\ld set d[n 8 
doctr9e 9 8 own words1 t y may und]/& 9 
:at place ^? rank vice1 & :at disc\rses 
!y hold ( x1 :o accuse ,x5ocrates &     
,speusippus = n reckon+ heal? indiff]5t 
& ri*es useless4 ,vice1 sai? he1 has its
 limit 9 ref]5ce to o!r accid5ts4 ,= x  
is also 9 "s sort accord+ to ! reason ( 
,nature1 & 7z ,i may s say7 is n :olly  
useless 9 respect ( ! univ]se2 = o!r    
wise !re w\ld n be any good4 ,is !re !n 
no good among ! gods1 because !re is no 
evil8 ,& :5 ,jupit]1 hav+ resolv$ all   
matt] into himself1 %all be alone1 o!r  
diff]5ces be+ tak5 away1 w !re !n be no 

good1 because !re w be no evil8 ,b is   
!re melody 9 a *oir ?\gh none 9 x s+s   
faultily1 & heal? 9 ! body ?\gh no memb]
 is sick2 & yet _c virtue h its exi/5ce 
)\t vice8 ,b z ! poison ( a s]p5t or !  
gall ( an hy5a is to be mix$ ) "s       
m$ic9es1 0 x also ( necessity t !re mu/ 
h be5 "s conjunction ( ! wick$ness (    
,meletus ) ! ju/ice ( ,socrates1 & !    
dissolute conduct ( ,cleon ) ! probity (
 ,p]icles8 ,& c\ld n ,jupit] h f\nd a   
means to br+ into ! _w ,h]cules &       
,lycurgus1 if he _h n also made = u     
,s>danapalus & ,phal>is8 ,x is n[ "t =  
!m to say t ! consumption 0 made = !    
s\nd con/itution ( m5's bodies1 & ! g\t 
= ! swiftness ( _! feet2 & t ,a*illes   
w\ld n h _h a good head ( hair if       
,!rsites _h n be5 bald4 ,= :at diff]5ce 
is !re betwe5 su* trifl]s & rav]s1 & ^? 
:o say t intemp]ance 0 n br\ght =?      
unpr(itably = cont95ce1 nor inju/ice =  
ju/ice1 s t we mu/ pray to ! gods1 !re  
may be always wick$ness1       ,lies1   
fawn+ spee*es1 & deceitful mann]s1      

7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #gh47  if1 :5 
^! are tak5 away1 virtue w also vani% & 
be lo/8  ,or d y desire to und]/& !     
greate/ sweetness ( 8 eloqu5ce &        
p]suasion8 ,=1 says he1 z com$ies h 9 !m
 sometimes ridicul\s epigrams1 :i*1 ?\gh
 bad 9 !mselves1 give nev]!less a c]ta9 
grace to ! :ole poem2 s1 ?\gh y may     
blame vice 9 itself1 yet is x n useless 
to o!r ?+s4 ,fir/1 !n1 to say t vice 0  
made by ! provid5ce ( ,god1 z a wanton  
epigram by ! w ( ! poet1 transc5ds 9    
absurdity all imag9ation4 ,= ?is be+    
grant$1 h[ w ! gods be r giv]s ( good   
?an evil8 ,h[ w wick$ness be displeas+  
to !m1 & hat$ by !m8 ,& :at %all we h to
 oppose aga9/ ^! ill-s\nd+ s5t5ces ( !  
poets4--       ,a cause to m5 ,god s5ds1
      ,:5 to *a/ise "s h\se 8 wra?      
int5ds2      7,f ! ,niobe ( ,aes*ylus1  
,frag4 #aea47  & aga91       ,:at ,god  
^? se$s ( /rife 'twixt !m did s[8       
7,iliad1 i4 #h47  ,moreov]1 a lewd      
epigram adorns ! com$y & contributes to 
its end1 :i* is to delight ! spectators 

& make !m laugh4 ,b ,jupit]1 :o is      
surnam$ fa!rly1 supreme1 j1 & 7z ,p9d>  
has x7 ! mo/ p]fect arti/1 fram+ ! _w1 n
 z a great int]lude1 full ( v>iety &    
great le>n+1 b z a common city ( ,gods &
 m51 liv+ toge!r 9 concord & happ9ess ) 
ju/ice & virtue1--:at ne$ _h he1 = !    
atta9+ to ?is excell5t end1 ( ?ieves1   
murd]]s1 p>ricides1 & tyrants8 ,= vice  
ent]$ n z a morris-dance1 pleas+ &      
delightful to ! ,div9ity2 nor 0 x br\ght
 9 among/ ! affairs ( m51 to cause mir? 
& laught] by its raill]y & faceti\sness1
 s9ce !re is n to be se5 9 x s mu* z a  
dream ( t celebrat$ agreem5t ) ,nature4 
,besides1 t fooli% epigram is a v small 
"p ( ! poem1 & takes up b a v little    
place 9 ! com$y2 nei!r d su* ?+s ab\nd 9
 x1 nor d !y corrupt any ( ^? ?+s :i*   
seem to h be5 well done1 or spoil _!    
grace4 ,b all human affairs are replete 
) vice1 & ! :ole life1 f ! v prologue & 
beg9n+ to ! end1 be+ disord]$1 deprav$1 
& di/urb$1 & hav+ no "p ( x pure or     
irrepreh5sible 7z ^! m5 say71 is ! mo/  

fil?y & mo/ unpleasant ( all f>ces4     
,:]e=e ,i w\ld will+ly ask1 9 :at vice  
is pr(itable to ! univ]se4 ,n surely 9  
respect ( heav5ly ?+s1 & su* z are div9e
 by nature4 ,= x w\ld be ridicul\s to   
say1 t if !re _h n aris51 or 7 n among/ 
m51 malice & covet\sness & ly+1 or t if 
we did n rob1 plund]1 sl&]1 & murd] "o  
ano!r1 ! sun w\ld n run 8 appo9t$ c\rse1
 ! _w enjoy its seasons & p]iods ( "t1  
or ! e>?1 :i* is seat$ 9 ! mid/ ( !     
univ]se1 af=d ! pr9ciples ( ! w9d & ra94
 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t ! exi/5ce ( vice mu/  
be pr(itable = u & our affairs2 & t     
p]haps ^! m5 mean4 ,are we m heal?y =   
be+ vici\s1 or d we m ab\nd )           
necess>ies8 ,or does vice contribute    
any?+ to our beauty & /r5g?8 ,!y say1   
no4 ,b :]e on e>? is virtue to be met )8
 ,is x !n only a base "n1 & a vision>y  
op9ion ( night-walk+ ,sophi/s1 & n an   
actual ?+ ly+ conspicu\s to all1 l vice1
 s t we _c p>take ( any?+ z             
pr(itable1444 b lea/1 ,o ye gods6 (     
virtue1 = :i* we 7 creat$8 ,is x n !n   

absurd1 t ! ut5sils ( ! husb&man1 m>9]1 
& *>iote] %\ld be s]viceable & aid+     
t[>ds 8 int5d$ end1 :il/ t :i* 0 by ,god
 made = virtue de/roys & corrupts       
virtue8 ,b p]haps x is "t n[ to leave   
?is po9t1 & pass to ano!r4  ,,lamprias4 
,n = my sake1 my de> fri5d1 ,i besee* y2
 = ,i desire to und]/&1 9 :at mann] ^!  
m5 br+ 9 evil ?+s be=e ! good1 & vice   
be=e virtue4  ,,diadum5us4 ,x is inde$1 
sir1 a ?+ wor? kn[+4 ,!y babble inde$   
mu*2 b 9 conclusion !y say t prud5ce1   
be+ ! k ( good & evil1 w\ld be :olly    
tak5 away if !re 7 no evil4 ,= z1 if !re
 are tru?s1 x is impossible b !re mu/ be
 "s lies also ne> to !m2 s x /&s )      
reason1 t if !re are good ?+s1 !re mu/  
also be evil ?+s4  ,,lamprias4 ,"o ( ^! 
?+s is n said amiss2 & ,i ?9k also t !  
o!r is n unappreh5d$ by me4 ,= ,i see a 
diff]5ce "h3 t :i* is n true mu/        
imm$iately be false2 b t is n (         
necessity evil :i* is n good2 because t 
betwe5 true & false !re is no m$ium1 b  
betwe5 good & evil !re is ! indiff]5t4  

,nor is x ( necessity t ! "o mu/ subsi/ 
) ! o!r4 ,= ,nature may h good )\t hav+ 
any ne$ ( evil1 b only hav+ t :i* is    
nei!r good nor evil4 ,b if !re is any?+ 
to be said by y to ! =m] reason1 let u  
he> x4  ,,diadum5us4 ,_m ?+s inde$ are  
said2 b at pres5t we %all make use only 
( :at is mo/ necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 
x is a folly to imag9e t good & evil h  
_! exi/5ce = ! sake ( prud5ce4 ,= good &
 evil be+ already extant1 prud5ce came  
aft]w>ds2 z ! art ( physic 0 inv5t$1 !re
 be+ already ?+s :olesome & un:olesome4 
,= good & evil are n !re=e extant t !re 
may be prud5ce2 b ! faculty by :i* we   
judge good & evil t are already 9 be+ is
 nam$ prud5ce4 ,z sight is a s5se       
di/+ui%+ :ite f black2 :i* colors 7 n   
!re=e made t we might h sight1 b we r   
want$ sight to disc]n ^! ?+s4 ,secondly1
 :5 ! _w %all be set on fire 7z ! ,/oics
 hold71 !re w !n no evil be left1 b all 
w !n be prud5t & wise4 ,!re is !re=e    
prud5ce1 ?\gh !re is no evil2 nor is x (
 necessity = evil to exi/ t prud5ce may 

h a be+4 ,b suppos+ t prud5ce mu/ always
 be a k ( good & evil1 :at inconv5i5ce  
w\ld x be if1 evil be+ tak5 away1       
prud5ce %\ld no long] subsi/2 b in/ead (
 ?is we %\ld h ano!r virtue1 n be+ ! k (
 good & evil1 b ( good only8 ,s1 if     
black %\ld be :olly lo/ f among !       
colors1 & any "o %\ld !re=e cont5d t    
sight is also lo/1 = t !re is no m !    
s5se ( disc]n+ black & :ite1 :at %\ld   
h9d] u f answ]+ him3 ,x is no prejudice 
to u1 if we h n :at y call sight1 b 9   
lieu ( t h ano!r s5se & faculty1 by :i* 
we appreh5d colors t are :ite & n :ite4 
,= ,i inde$ ?9k t nei!r our ta/e w\ld be
 lo/1 if bitt] ?+s 7 want+1 nor our     
feel+1 if pa9 7 tak5 away1 nor prud5ce1 
if evil _h no be+2 b t ^! s5ses w\ld    
rema91 to appreh5d ?+s sweet & grateful 
& ^? t are n s1 & prud5ce to be ! sci5ce
 ( ?+s good & n good4 ,b let ^? :o ?9k  
o!rwise take ! "n to !mselves1 leav+ u !
 ?+4  ,besides all ?is1 :at %\ld h9d] b 
!re may be an und]/&+ ( evil1 & an      
exi/5ce ( good8 ,z ! gods1 ,i believe1  

enjoy heal?1 b und]/& ! fev] & pleurisy4
 ,s9ce ev5 we1 :o1 z !y say1 h abundance
 ( evils b no good1 are n yet de/itute (
 ! k :at prud5ce1 :at goodness1 & :at   
happ9ess is4 ,& ?is also w\ld be        
rem>kable1 t if virtue 7 abs5t1 !re %\ld
 be ^? :o c\ld tea* u :at x is & give u 
a compreh5sion ( x1 :5 if vice 7 n      
extant1 x %\ld be impossible to h any   
und]/&+ ( x4 ,= see :at ^! m5 p]suade u 
:o philosophize aga9/ ! conceptions1--t 
by folly inde$ we compreh5d prud5ce1 b  
prud5ce )\t folly _c s mu* z compreh5d  
folly itself4  ,& if ,nature _h         
absolutely /ood 9 ne$ ( ! g5]ation (    
evil1 yet might "o or two examples (    
vice h be5 suffici5t2 or if y w1 x might
 h be5 requisite t t51 a ?\s&1 or t5    
?\s& vici\s m5 %\ld be br\ght =?1 & n t 
! multitude ( vices %\ld be s great z to
 exce$ 9 numb] ! s&s ( ! sea1 ! du/ ( ! 
e>?1 & ! fea!rs ( all ! v>i\s k9ds (    
birds 9 ! _w1 & yet t !re %\ld n be s   
mu* all ?is :ile z a dream ( virtue4 ,^?
 :o 9 ,sp>ta _h ! *>ge ( ! public halls 

or eat+ places call$ ,phiditia 7 wont to
 br+ =? two or ?ree ,helots drunk5 &    
full ( w9e1 t ! "y m51 see+ :at         
drunk5ness 01 might le>n to keep        
sobriety4 ,b 9 human life !re are _m su*
 examples ( vice4 ,= !re is n any "o    
sob] to virtue2 b we all /agg] up & d[n1
 act+ %amefully & liv+ mis]ably4 ,?us   
does reason inebriate u1 & ) s mu*      
tr\ble & madness does x fill u1 t we    
fall 9 no?+ %ort ( ^? dogs ( :om ,aesop 
says1 t see+ c]ta9 sk9s swimm+ 9 ! wat]1
 !y endeavor$ to gulp d[n ! sea1 b bur/ 
be=e !y c\ld get at !m4 ,= reason also1 
by :i* we hope to ga9 reputation & atta9
 to virtue1 does1 ere we c rea* to x1   
corrupt & de/roy u1 be+ be=e fill$ )    
abundance ( heady & bitt] vice2--if     
inde$1 z ^! m5 say1 !y :o are got ev5 to
 ! upp]mo/ /ep h no ease1 cessation1 or 
brea?+ f folly & infelicity4  ,b let u  
see :at mann] ( ?+ he %[s vice to be :o 
says t x 0 n br\ght =? unpr(itably1 & ( 
:at use & :at a ?+ he makes x to be to  
^? :o h x1 writ+ 9 8 book ( "r conduct1 

t a wick$ man wants no?+1 has ne$ (     
no?+1 no?+ is useful to him1 no?+ prop]1
 no?+ fit = him4 ,h[ !n is vice useful1 
) :i* nei!r heal? nor abundance ( ri*es 
nor advancem5t 9 virtue is pr(itable8   
,:o !n does n want ^! ?+s1 ( :i* "s are 
pref]able & acceptable & !re=e highly   
useful1 & o!rs are accord+ to ,nature1 z
 !mselves t]m !m8 ,b 7!y affirm7 no "o  
has ne$ ( !m1 unless he become wise4 ,s 
! vici\s man does n ev5 /& 9 want ( be+ 
made wise4 ,nor are m5 hungry & ?ir/y   
be=e !y become wise4 ,:5 ?ir/y1 !re=e1  
!y h no ne$ ( wat]1 nor :5 hungry1 (    
bread4       ,be l to c\rte\s gue/s1 &  
him      ,:o asks only fire & %elt]3    
does ?is man n[ n ne$ ent]ta9m5t8 ,nor  
_h he ne$ ( a cloak1 :o said1           
,give ,hipponax a cloak1 = ,i'm /iff )  
cold4  ,b w y speak a p>adox inde$1 bo? 
extravagant & s+ul>8 ,say !n t a wise   
man has ne$ ( no?+1 t he wants no?+1 he 
is =tunate1 he is free f want1 he is    
self-suffici5t1 bless$1 p]fect4 ,n[ :at 
madness is ?is1 t he to :om no?+ is     

want+ has ne$ ( ! goods he has1 b t !   
vici\s inde$ wants _m ?+s1 & /&s 9 ne$ (
 no?+4 ,= ?us inde$ says ,*rysippus1 t !
 vici\s wants b /&s n 9 ne$2 remov+ !   
common notions1 l *essm51 backw>ds &    
=w>ds4 ,= all m5 ?9k t hav+ ne$ prec$es 
want+1 e/eem+ him :o /&s 9 ne$ ( ?+s t  
are n at h& or easy to be got1 to want  
!m4 ,= no man wants horns or w+s1       
because no "o has ne$ ( !m4 ,b we say t 
^? want arms & money & clo!s :o are     
de/itute ( !m1 :5 !y h occasion = !m4 ,b
 ^! m5 are s desir\s ( seem+ always to  
say some?+ aga9/ ! common notions1 t = !
 love ( novelty !y (t5 dep>t f _! own   
op9ions1 z !y d "h4  ,recall y\rself to 
! consid]ation ( :at has be5 said a     
little above4 ,?is is "o ( _! ass]tions 
aga9/ ! common conception1 t no vici\s  
man receives any utility4 ,& yet _m be+ 
in/ruct$ pr(it1 _m be+ slaves are made  
free2 _m be+ besieg$ are deliv]$1 be+   
lame are l$ by ! h&1 & be+ sick are     
cur$4 ,b possess+ all ^! ?+s1 !y are    
nev] ! bett]1 nei!r d receive b5efits1  

nor h !y any b5efactors1 nor d !y slight
 !m4 ,vici\s m5 !n are n ungrateful1 no 
m ?an are wise m54 ,+ratitude !re=e has 
no be+2 because ! good receiv+ a b5efit 
fail n to ackn[l$ge x1 & ! bad are n    
capable ( receiv+ any4 ,behold1 n[1 :at 
!y say to ?is1--t b5efit is rank$ among 
mean or middle ?+s1 & t to give &       
receive utility belongs only to ! wise1 
b ! bad also receive a b5efit4 ,!n !y :o
 p>take ( ! b5efit p>take n also ( its  
use2 & :i!r a b5efit ext5ds1 !re is no?+
 useful or commodi\s4 ,n[ :at else is   
!re t makes a k9d (fice a b5efit1 b t ! 
be/[] ( x is1 9 "s respect1 useful to ! 
ne$y receiv]8  ,,lamprias4 ,b let ^! ?+s
 pass4 ,:at1 ,i besee* y1 is ?is s      
highly v5]at$ utility1 :i* pres]v+ z "s 
great & excell5t ?+ = ! wise1 !y p]mit n
 s mu* z ! "n ( x to ! vici\s8          
,,diadum5us4 ,if 7say !y7 "o wise man   
does b any way prud5tly /ret* out 8 f+]1
 all ! wise m5 all ! _w ov] receive     
utility by x4 ,?is is ! "w ( _! amity2 9
 ?is d ! virtues ( ! wise man t]m9ate by

 _! common utilities4 ,ari/otle !n &    
,x5ocrates dot$1 sav+ t m5 receive      
utility f ! gods1 f _! p>5ts1 f _!      
ma/]s1 be+ ignorant ( t wond]ful utility
 :i* wise m5 receive f "o ano!r1 be+    
mov$ accord+ to virtue1 ?\gh !y nei!r   
are toge!r nor yet "k x4 ,yet all m5    
e/eem1 t lay+ up1 keep+1 & be/[+ are !n 
useful & pr(itable1 :5 "s b5efit or     
pr(it is recov]$ by x4 ,! ?riv+ man buys
 keys1 & dilig5tly keeps 8 /ores1       
,) 's h& unlock+ weal?'s sweet treasury4
      7,f ! ,bell]ophontes ( ,euripides1
 ,frag4 #bhg1 vs4 #h47  ,b to /ore up & 
to keep ) dilig5ce & labor su* ?+s z are
 = no use is n seemly or honorable1 b   
ridicul\s4 ,if ,ulysses inde$ _h ti$ up 
) ! knot :i* ,circe taught him1 n !     
gifts he _h receiv$ f ,alc9\s1--tripods1
 caldrons1 clo?s1 & gold1--b heap+ up   
tra%1 /ones1 & su* l trump]y1 %\ld h    
?\ght 8 employm5t ab\t su* ?+s1 & !     
possession & keep+ ( !m1 a happy &      
bless$ "w1 w\ld any "o h imitat$ ?is    
fooli% provid5ce & empty c>e8 ,yet ?is  

is ! beauty1 gravity1 & happ9ess ( !    
,/oical cons5t1 be+ no?+ else b a ga!r+ 
toge!r & keep+ ( useless & indiff]5t    
?+s4 ,= su* are ?+s accord+ to ,nature1 
& m ext]ior ?+s2 if inde$ !y comp>e !   
greate/ ri*es to fr+es & gold5          
*amb]pots1 & sometimes also1 z x happ5s1
 to oil-cruets4 ,!n1 z ^? :o seem pr\dly
 to h affront$ & rail$ at "s gods or    
demigods pres5tly *ang+ _! note1 fall   
pro/rate & sit humbly on ! gr\nd1 prais+
 & magnify+ ! ,div9ity2 s ^! m51 hav+   
met ) puni%m5t ( ?is arrogancy & vanity1
 aga9 ex]cise !mselves 9 ^! indiff]5t   
?+s & su* z p]ta9 no?+ to !m1 cry+ out )
 a l\d voice t !re is only "o ?+ good1  
speci\s1 & honorable1 ! /or+ up ( ^! ?+s
 & ! communication ( !m1 & t x is n meet
 = ^? to live :o h !m n1 b to despat*   
out ( ! way & fami% !mselves1 bidd+ a   
long f>ewell to virtue4  ,!y e/eem inde$
 ,!ognis to h be5 a man altoge!r ( a    
base & abject _s1 = say+1 z "o ov]fe>ful
 9 reg>d to pov]ty1 :i* is an indiff]5t 
?+3--       ,f pov]ty to fly1 into !    

deep      ,?r[ ?yself1 ,cyrnus1 or f    
rocks s /eep4  ,yet !y !mselves exhort !
 same ?+ 9 prose1 & affirm t a man1 to  
free himself f "s great disease or      
exce$+ly acute pa91 if he h n at h&     
sword or hemlock1 ought to leap into !  
sea or ?r[ himself headlong f a         
precipice2 nei!r ( :i* is hurtful1 or   
evil1 or incommodi\s1 or makes !m :o    
fall into x mis]able4  ,) :at1 !n1 says 
he1 %all ,i beg98 ,& :at %all ,i take = 
! pr9ciple ( duty & matt] ( virtue1     
leav+ ,nature & t :i* is accord+ to     
,nature8  ,) :at1 ,o good sir1 d        
,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us beg98 ,:at       
beg9n+s d ,x5ocrates & ,polemo take8    
,does n also ,z5o foll[ ^!1 :o hold     
,nature & t :i* is accord+ to ,nature to
 be ! elem5ts ( happ9ess8 ,b !y inde$   
p]si/$ 9 ^! ?+s1 z desirable1 good1 &   
pr(itable2 & jo9+ to !m virtue1 :i*     
employs !m & uses e "o ( !m accord+ to  
its prop]ty1 ?\ght to complete &        
consummate a p]fect life & "o e way     
absolute1 produc+ t concord :i* is truly

 suitable & consonant to ,nature4 ,= ^! 
m5 did n run into confusion1 l ^? :o    
leap up f ! gr\nd & pres5tly fall d[n   
aga9 ^u x1 t]m+ ! same ?+s acceptable & 
n desirable1 prop] & n good1 unpr(itable
 & yet useful1 no?+ to u & yet !        
pr9ciples ( duties4 ,b _! life 0 su* z  
_! spee*1 & !y exhibit$ actions suitable
 & consonant to _! say+s4 ,b !y :o are (
 ! ,/oic sect--n unlike to t woman 9    
,ar*ilo*us1 :o deceitfully c>ri$ 9 "o h&
 wat]1 9 ! o!r fire--by "s doctr9es draw
 ,nature to !m1 & by o!rs drive h] f !m4
 ,or r1 by _! de$s & actions !y embrace 
^? ?+s :i* are accord+ to ,nature1 z    
good & desirable1 b 9 words & spee*es !y
 reject & contemn !m1 z indiff]5t & ( no
 use to virtue = ! acquir+ felicity4    
,n[1 =asmu* z all m5 e/eem ! sov]eign   
good to be joy\s1 desirable1 happy1 ( ! 
greate/ dignity1 self-suffici5t1 & want+
 no?+2 comp>e _! good1 & see h[ x agrees
 ) ?is common conception4 ,does ! /ret*+
 out a f+] prud5tly produce ?is joy8 ,is
 a prud5t torture a ?+ desirable8 ,is he

 happy1 :o ) reason breaks 8 neck8 ,is t
 ( ! greate/ dignity1 :i* reason (t5    
*ooses to let g = t :i* is n good8 ,is t
 p]fect & self-suffici5t1 by enjoy+ :i*1
 if !y possess n too indiff]5t ?+s1 !y  
nei!r c nor w endure to live8 ,!re is   
also ano!r t5et ( ! ,/oics1 by :i* cu/om
 is /ill m injur$1 tak+ & pluck+ f h]   
g5u9e notions1 :i* are z h] legitimate  
*ildr51 & suppos+ o!r ba/>dly1 wild1 &  
illegitimate ones 9 _! room1 &          
necessitat+ h] to n\ri% & *]i% ! "o     
in/ead ( ! o!r2 & t too 9 ^? pr9ciples  
:i* conc]n ?+s good & bad1 desirable &  
avoidable1 prop] & /range1 ! en]gy ( :i*
 ought to be m cle>ly di/+ui%$ ?an t (  
hot & cold1 black & :ite4 ,= !          
imag9ations ( ^! ?+s are br\ght 9 by !  
s5ses f )\t2 b ^? h _! orig9al br$ f !  
good ?+s :i* we h )9 u4 ,b ^! m5 ent]+ )
 _! logic ^u ! topic ( felicity1 z on ! 
sophism call$ ,pseudom5os1 or t nam$    
,kyrieuon1 h remov$ no ambiguities1 b   
br\ght 9 v _m4  ,inde$1 ( two good ?+s1 
( :i* ! "o is ! end & ! o!r belongs to !

 end1 none is ignorant t ! end is !     
great] & p]fect] good4 ,*rysippus also  
ackn[l$ges ?is diff]5ce1 z is manife/ f 
8 ,?ird ,book ( ,good ,?+s4 ,= he       
diss5ts f ^? :o make sci5ce ! end1 &    
sets x d[n4444 ,9 8 ,treatise ( ,ju/ice1
 h[ev]1 he does n ?9k t ju/ice c be     
pres]v$1 if any "o makes pleasure to be 
! end2 b all[s x may1 if pleasure is n  
said to be ! end1 b simply a good4 ,nor 
d ,i ?9k t y ne$ n[ to he> me repeat 8  
words1 s9ce 8 ,?ird ,book ( ,ju/ice is  
ev]y:]e to be _h4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,o my     
fri5d1 !y else:]e say t no "o good is   
great] or less ?an ano!r1 & t :at is n !
 end is equal to ! end1 !y contradict n 
only ! common conceptions1 b ev5 _! own 
words4 ,aga91 if ( two evils1 ! "o :5 x 
is pres5t r5d]s u worse1 & ! o!r hurts u
 b r5d]s u n worse1 x is aga9/ reason n 
to say t ! evil :i* by its pres5ce r5d]s
 u worse is great] ?an t :i* hurts u b  
r5d]s u n worse4 ,n[ ,*rysippus inde$   
confesses1 t !re are "s fe>s & sorr[s & 
errors :i* hurt u1 b r5d] u n worse4    

,read 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,ju/ice aga9/     
,plato2 = 9 respect ( o!r ?+s1 x is wor?
 ! :ile to note ! babbl+ ( ! man 9 t    
place1 exp\nd+ indiff]5tly all matt]s & 
doctr9es1 z well prop] to 8 own sect z  
=eign to x4  ,x is likewise aga9/ common
 s5se :5 he says t !re may be two ends  
or scopes propos$ ( life1 & t all ! ?+s 
we d are n to be ref]r$ to "o2 & yet ?is
 is m aga9/ common s5se1 to say t !re is
 an end1 & yet t e action is to be      
ref]r$ to ano!r4 ,nev]!less !y mu/ (    
necessity endure "o ( ^!4 ,= if ^? ?+s  
:i* are fir/ accord+ to ,nature are n   
eligible = !mselves1 b ! *oice & tak+ ( 
!m agreeably to reason is1 & if e "o    
!re=e does all 8 actions = ! acquir+ !  
fir/ ?+s accord+ to ,nature1 !n all ?+s 
:i* are done mu/ h _! ref]5ce to ?is1 t 
! pr9cipal ?+s accord+ to ,nature may be
 obta9$4 ,b !y ?9k t !y :o aim & aspire 
to get ^! ?+s d n h ! ?+s !mselves z !  
end1 b t to :i* !y mu/ make ref]5ce1    
namely1 ! *oice & n ! ?+s4 ,= ! end     
inde$ is to *oose & receive ^! ?+s      

prud5tly4 ,b ! ?+s !mselves & ! enjoy+ (
 !m are n ! end1 b ! mat]ial gr\nd1 hav+
 its value only f ! *oice4 ,= x is my   
op9ion t !y bo? use & write ?is v       
expression1 to %[ ! diff]5ce4           
,,lamprias4 ,y h exactly relat$ bo? :at 
!y say & 9 :at mann] !y deliv] x4       
,,diadum5us4 ,b obs]ve h[ x f>es ) !m1 z
 ) ^? t endeavor to leap ov] _! own     
%ad[2 = !y d n leave beh9d1 b always    
c>ry along ) !m 9 _! spee* "s absurdity 
mo/ remote f common s5se4 ,= z1 if any  
"o %\ld say t he :o %oots does all he c1
 n t he may hit ! m>k1 b t he may d all 
he c1 su* a "o w\ld rightly be e/eem$ to
 speak enigmatically & prodigi\sly2 s ^!
 dot+ dream]s1 :o cont5d t ! obta9+ (   
natural ?+s is n ! end ( aim+ aft]      
natural ?+s1 b ! tak+ & *oos+ !m is1 & t
 ! desire & endeavor aft] heal? is n 9 e
 "o t]m9at$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( heal?1 b on !
 contr>y1 ! enjoym5t ( heal? is ref]r$  
to ! desire & endeavor aft] x1 & t c]ta9
 walk+s & cont5tions ( spee* & suff]+   
incisions & tak+ ( m$ic9es1 s !y are    

done by reason1 are ! end ( heal?1 & n  
heal? ( !m1 !y1 ,i say1 trifle l to ^?  
:o say1 ,let u sup1 t we may (f]        
sacrifice1 t we may ba!4 ,b ?is r *anges
 ord] & cu/om1 & all ?+s :i* ^! m5 say  
c>ry ) !m ! total subv]sion & confusion 
( affairs4 ,?us1 we d n desire to take a
 walk 9 fit "t t we may dige/ our meat2 
b we dige/ our meat t we may take a walk
 9 fit "t4 ,has ,nature also made heal? 
= ! sake ( hellebore1 in/ead ( produc+  
hellebore = ! sake ( heal?8 ,= :at is   
want+ to br+ !m to ! highe/ degree (    
speak+ p>adoxes1 b ! say+ ( su* ?+s8    
,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 him :o says 
t heal? 0 made = ! sake ( m$ic9es & n   
m$ic9es = ! sake ( heal?1 & him :o makes
 ! *oice ( m$ic9es & _! composition &   
use m desirable ?an heal? itself8--or r 
:o e/eems heal? n at all desirable1 b   
plac+ ! end 9 ! negotiation ab\t ^! ?+s1
 pref]s desire to enjoym5t1 & n enjoym5t
 to desire8 ,= to desire1 =soo? 7!y     
affirm71 is jo9$ ! proce$+ wisely &     
discreetly4 ,x is true inde$1 we w say1 

if respect be _h to ! end1 t is1 !      
enjoym5t & possession ( ! ?+s x pursues2
 b o!rwise1 x is :olly void ( reason1 if
 x does all ?+s = ! obta9+ ( t !        
enjoym5t ( :i* is nei!r honorable nor   
happy4  ,n[1 s9ce we are fall5 ^u ?is   
disc\rse1 any?+ may r be said to agree )
 common s5se1 ?an t ^? :o h nei!r       
receiv$ nor h any conception ( good d   
nev]!less desire & pursue x4 ,= y see h[
 ,*rysippus drives ,ari/on into ?is     
difficulty1 t he %\ld und]/& an         
indiff]5ce 9 ?+s incl9+ nei!r to good   
nor to bad1 be=e ei!r good or bad is    
itself und]/ood2 = s indiff]5ce w appe> 
to h subsi/$ ev5 be=e itself1 if !      
und]/&+ ( x _c be p]ceiv$ unless good be
 fir/ und]/ood1 :ile ! good is no?+ else
 ?an ?is v indiff]5ce4 ,und]/& n[ &     
consid] ?is indiff]5ce :i* ! ,/oa       
refutes & calls cons5t1 :5ce & 9 :at    
mann] x gives u ! k ( good4 ,= if )\t   
good ! indiff]5ce to t :i* is n good _c 
be und]/ood1 mu* less does ! kn[+ ( good
 ?+s give any intellig5ce ( itself to ^?

 :o _h n be=e "s notion ( ! good4 ,b z  
!re c be no k ( ! art ( ?+s :olesome &  
un:olesome 9 ^? :o h n fir/ "s k ( ! ?+s
 !mselves2 s !y _c conceive any notion (
 ! sci5ce ( good & evil :o h n "s =e-k (
 good & evil4  ,,lamprias4 ,:at !n is   
good8 ,,diadum5us4 ,no?+ b prud5ce4     
,,lamprias4 ,& :at is prud5ce8          
,,diadum5us4 ,no?+ b ! sci5ce ( good4   
,,lamprias4 ,!re is mu* !n ( ,jupit]'s  
,cor9? 7t is1 mu* begg+ ! "q7 admitt$   
into _! reason+4 ,= ,i w\ld h y let     
alone ! say+ ab\t ! turn+ ( ! pe/le1 le/
 y %\ld seem to mock !m2 al?\gh an      
accid5t l to t has ins9uat$ itself into 
_! disc\rse4 ,= x seems t1 to ! und]/&+ 
( good1 "o has ne$ to und]/& prud5ce1 & 
to seek = prud5ce 9 ! und]/&+ ( good1   
be+ =c$ always to pursue ! "o by ! o!r1 
& ?us fail+ ( bo?2 s9ce to ! und]/&+ (  
ea* we h ne$ ( t :i* _c be kn[n )\t !   
o!r be fir/ und]/ood4  ,,diadum5us4 ,b  
!re is yet ano!r way1 by :i* y may      
p]ceive n only ! p]v]sion b ! ev]sion ( 
_! disc\rse1 & ! r$uction ( x entirely  

to no?+4 ,!y hold ! ess5ce ( good to be 
! reasonable election ( ?+s accord+ to  
,nature4 ,n[ ! election is n reasonable 
:i* is n direct$ to "s end1 z has be5   
said be=e4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is end8 ,no?+  
else1 say !y1 b to reason rightly 9 !   
election ( ?+s accord+ to ,nature4      
,fir/1 !n1 ! conception ( good is lo/ & 
gone4 ,= to reason rightly 9 election is
 an op]ation proce$+ f an habit ( "r    
reason+1 & !re=e be+ con/ra9$ to get ?is
 f ! end2 & ! end n )\t ?is1 we fail (  
und]/&+ ei!r ( !m4 ,besides1 :i* is m1  
?is reasonable election ought /rictly to
 be a *oice ( ?+s good & useful1 &      
coop]at+ to ! end2 = h[ c x be          
reasonable to *oose ?+s :i* are nei!r   
conv5i5t nor honorable nor at all       
eligible8 ,= be x1 z !y say1 a          
reasonable election ( ?+s hav+ a fitness
 = ! caus+ felicity2 see !n to :at a    
beautiful & solemn conclusion _!        
disc\rse br+s !m4 ,= ! end is 7x seems71
 accord+ to !m1 to reason rightly 9 !   
*oice ( ?+s :i* are useful 9 caus+ u to 

reason rightly4  ,,lamprias4 ,:5 ,i he> 
^! words1 my fri5d1 :at is laid d[n     
seems to me /rangely extravagant2 & ,i  
f>!r want to "k h[ ?is happ5s4          
,,diadum5us4 ,y mu/ !n be m att5tive2 = 
x is n = e "o to und]/& ?is riddle4 ,he>
 !re=e & answ]4 ,is n ! end1 accord+ to 
!m1 to reason rightly 9 ! election ( ?+s
 accord+ to ,nature8  ,,lamprias4 ,s !y 
say4  ,,diadum5us4 ,& are ^! ?+s accord+
 to ,nature *os5 z good1 or z hav+ "s   
fitness or pref]5ces444 ei!r = ?is end  
or = some?+ else8  ,,lamprias4 ,i ?9k n 
= any?+ else b = ?is end4  ,,diadum5us4 
,n[1 !n1 hav+ discov]$ ! matt]1 see :at 
befalls !m4 ,!y affirm t ! end is to    
reason rightly 9 ! selection ( ?+s :i*  
are ( value 9 caus+ u to reason rightly1
 = !y say t we nei!r h nor und]/& any   
o!r pr9ciple ei!r ( good or ( felicity b
 ?is preci\s rectitude ( reason+ 9 !    
election ( ?+s t are ( wor?4 ,b !re are 
"s :o ?9k t ?is is spok5 aga9/          
,antipat]1 & n aga9/ ! :ole sect2 = t   
he1 be+ press$ by ,c>neades1 fell into  

^! fool]ies4  ,b z = ^? ?+s t are aga9/ 
! common conceptions taught 9 ! ,/oa    
conc]n+ love1 !y are all ( !m conc]n$ 9 
! absurdity4 ,!y say y\?s are de=m$ :o  
are vici\s & fooli%1 & t ! wise are     
fair2 & yet t none ( ^! beautiful ones  
is ei!r belov$ or wor?y ( be+ belov$4   
,nor yet is ?is ! wor/2 b !y add1 t ^?  
:o love ! de=m$ ones cease to d s :5 !y 
are become fair4 ,n[ :oev] knew su* a   
love z is k9dl$ & has its be+ at ! sight
 ( ! body's de=mity jo9$ ) t ( ! s\l1 & 
is qu5*$ & decays at ! accession (      
beauty jo9$ ) prud5ce1 ju/ice1 &        
temp]ance8 ,^! m5 are n unlike to ^?    
gnats :i* love to settle on ! dregs (   
w9e1 or on v9eg>1 b %un & fly away f    
potable & pleasant w9e4 ,z = t :i* !y   
call & t]m an appe>ance ( beauty1 say+ t
 x is ! inducem5t ( love1--fir/1 x has  
no probability1 = 9 ^? :o are v f\l &   
highly wick$ !re _c be an appe>ance (   
beauty1 if inde$ 7z is said7 ! wick$ness
 ( ! disposition fills ! face ) de=mity4
 ,& secondly1 x is absolutely aga9/ all 

common exp]i5ce = ! de=m$ to be wor?y ( 
love because he "o day w be fair &      
expects to h beauty1 b t :5 he has got x
 & is become fair & good1 he is to be   
belov$ ( none4  ,,lamprias4 ,love1 !y   
say1 is a c]ta9 hunt+ aft] a "y p]son :o
 is z yet inde$ undevelop$1 b naturally 
well dispos$ t[>ds virtue4  ,,diadum5us4
 ,& :at d we n[ else1 ,o my be/ fri5d1 b
 demon/rate t _! sect p]v]ts & de/roys  
all our common conceptions ) improbable 
?+s & unusual expressions8 ,= none w\ld 
h9d] ! solicitude ( ^! wise m5 t[>ds "y 
p]sons1 if x 7 free f all passionate    
affection1 f be+ nam$ hunt+ or love (   
in/ruction2 b !y ought to call love :at 
all m5 & wom5 und]/& & call by ?is "n1 l
 t :i* ,p5elope's suitors 9 ,hom] seem  
to ackn[l$ge1       ,:o all desir$ to   
lie ) h]2      7,odyssey1 i4 #cff7  or z
 ,jupit] 9 ano!r place says to ,juno1   
,= nei!r goddess yet nor mortal dame    
,e'er k9dl$ 9 my he>t s great a flame4  
7,iliad4 xiv4 #cae47  ,?us ca/+ moral   
philosophy into ^! matt]s1 9 :i* all is 

,a mazy :irl1 ) no?+ s\nd1 & all        
p]plex$1      7,euripides1 ,&roma*e1    
#ddh47  !y contemn & d]ide x1 z if boa/+
 !mselves to be ! only m5 :o obs]ve     
nature & cu/om z x ought to be1 & :o at 
! same "t adapt$ reason to ea* man by   
means ( av]sions1 desires1 appetites1   
pursuits1 & impulses4 ,b cu/om has      
receiv$ no good f _! logic1 b1 l ! e>   
diseas$ by va9 s\nds1 is fill$ )        
difficulty & obscurity1--( :i*1 if y ?9k
 good1 we w else:]e beg9 a new disc\rse4
 ,b n[ we w run ?r\gh ! *ief & pr9cipal 
heads ( _! natural philosophy1 :i* no   
less conf\nds ! common conceptions ?an t
 o!r conc]n+ ends4  ,fir/1 ?is is       
altoge!r absurd & aga9/ s5se1 to say t  
is :i* is n1 & ?+s :i* are n are4 ,b    
above all t is mo/ absurd :i* !y say ( !
 univ]se4 ,=1 putt+ r\nd ab\t !         
circumf]5ce ( ! _w an inf9ite vacuum1 !y
 say t ! univ]se is nei!r a body nor    
bodiless4 ,x foll[s !n f ?is t ! univ]se
 has no be+1 s9ce ) !m body only has a  
be+4 ,s9ce !re=e x is ! "p ( t :i* has a

 be+ bo? to d & suff]1 & ! univ]se has  
no be+1 x foll[s t ! univ]se w nei!r d  
nor suff]4 ,nei!r w x be 9 a place2 = t 
:i* takes up place is a body1 & !       
univ]se is n a body1 !re=e ! univ]se    
exi/s n[h]e4 ,& s9ce t only re/s :i*    
cont9ues 9 "o & ! same place1 ! univ]se 
re/s n1 because x takes n up place4     
,nei!r yet is x mov$1 = :at is mov$ mu/ 
h a place & space 9 :i* to move4        
,moreov]1 :at is mov$ ei!r moves itself1
 or suff]s motion f ano!r4 ,n[1 t :i* is
 mov$ by itself has "s b5ts &           
incl9ations proce$+ f its gravity or    
levity2 & gravity & levity are ei!r     
c]ta9 habits or faculties or diff]5ces (
 bodies4 ,b ! univ]se is n a body4 ,x   
foll[s !n ( necessity1 t ! univ]se is   
nei!r1 heavy nor light1 & consequ5tly1 t
 x has n 9 itself any pr9ciple ( motion4
 ,nor yet w ! univ]se be mov$ by any    
o!r2 = !re is no?+ else besides !       
univ]se4 ,?us are !y necessitat$ to say 
z !y d1 t ! univ]se nei!r re/s nor is   
mov$4 ,la/ly s9ce accord+ to _! op9ion x

 mu/ n be said t ! univ]se is a body1 & 
yet ! heav51 ! e>?1 animals1 plants1 m51
 & /ones are bodies1 x foll[s t t :i* is
 no body w h bodies = its p>ts1 & ?+s   
:i* h exi/5ce w be p>ts ( t :i* has no  
exi/5ce1 & t :i* is n heavy w h p>ts t  
are heavy1 & :at is n light w h p>ts t  
are light2--?an :i* !re _c be any dreams
 imag9$ m repugnant to ! common         
conceptions4  ,moreov]1 !re is no?+ s   
evid5t or s agree+ to common s5se z ?is1
 t :at is n animate is inanimate1 & :at 
is n inanimate is animate4 ,& yet !y    
ov]?r[ also ?is evid5ce1 confess+ !     
univ]se to be nei!r animate nor         
inanimate4 ,besides ?is1 none ?9ks !    
univ]se1 ( :i* !re is no "p want+ to be 
imp]fect2 b !y d5y ! univ]se to be      
p]fect1 say+ t :at is p]fect may be     
def9$1 b ! univ]se because ( its        
inf9it5ess _c be def9$4 ,!re=e1 accord+ 
to !m1 !re is some?+ :i* is nei!r p]fect
 nor imp]fect4 ,moreov]1 ! univ]se is   
nei!r a "p1 s9ce !re is no?+ great] ?an 
x2 nor ! :ole1 = ! :ole 7!y say7 is     

pr$icat$ only ( t :i* is dige/$ into    
ord]2 b ! univ]se is1 ?r\gh its         
inf9it5ess1 undet]m9$ & unord]$4        
,moreov]1 !re is no o!r ?+ :i* c be !   
cause ( ! univ]se1 !re be+ no?+ besides 
! univ]se2 nor is ! univ]se ! cause (   
o!r ?+s or ev5 ( itself2 = its nature   
suff]s x n to act1 & a cause is und]/ood
 by its act+4 ,suppose1 n[1 "o %\ld ask 
all m5 :at !y imag9e ,,no?+ to be1 & :at
 notion !y h ( x4 ,w\ld !y n answ]1 t x 
nei!r is a cause nor has a cause1 t x is
 nei!r ! :ole nor a "p t x is nei!r     
p]fect nor imp]fect1 t x is nei!r       
animate nor inanimate1 t x nei!r is mov$
 nor re/s nor subsi/s1 t x is nei!r     
corporeal nor incorporeal2 & t ?is & no 
o!r ?+ is meant by ,,no?+8 ,s9ce1 !n1 !y
 alone pr$icate t ( ! univ]se :i* all   
o!rs d ( ,,no?+1 x seems pla9 t !y make 
! univ]se & ,,no?+ to be ! same4 ,"t mu/
 !n be said to be no?+2 ! same also mu/ 
be said ( pr$icate1 axiom1 junction1    
conjunction1 :i* t]ms !y use m ?an any (
 ! o!r philosoph]s1 yet !y say t !y h no

 exi/5ce4 ,b f>!r1 to say t :at is true 
has no be+ or subsi/5ce b is compreh5d$1
 & t t is compreh5sible & cr$ible :i* no
 way p>takes ( ! ess5ce ( be+1--does n  
?is exce$ all absurdity8  ,b le/ ^! ?+s 
%\ld seem to h too mu* ( logical        
difficulty1 let u proce$ to su* z p]ta9 
m to natural philosophy4 ,s9ce1 !n1 z   
!mselves say1       ,jove is ( all      
beg9n+1 mid/1 & end1      7,see ,orphic 
,fragm5ts1 vi4 #aj 7,h]m4747  !y ought  
*iefly to h appli$ !mselves to rem$y1   
r$ress1 & r$uce to ! be/ ord] !         
conceptions conc]n+ ! gods1 if !re 7 9  
!m any?+ confus$ or errone\s2 or if n1  
to h left e "o 9 ^? s5tim5ts :i* !y _h f
 ! laws & cu/om conc]n+ ! ,div9ity3--   
,= nei!r n[ nor ye/]day ,b always ^! ?+s
 liv$1     ,no "o kn[s f :5ce !y came4  
7,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #def47  ,b ^!   
m51 hav+ begun 7z x 77 f ,ve/a to di/urb
 ! op9ions settl$ & receiv$ 9 e c\ntry  
conc]n+ ! gods1 h n 7to speak s9c]ely7  
left any?+ entire & uncorrupt$4 ,= :at  
man is !re or ev] 01 except ^!1 :o does 

n believe ! ,div9ity to be immortal &   
et]nal8 ,or :at 9 ! common anticipations
 is m unanim\sly *ant$ =? conc]n+ ! gods
 ?an su* ?+s z ^!3--       ,!re ! ble/  
gods et]nally enjoy      ,_! sweet      
delights2      7,odyssey1 vi4 #df47  &  
aga91       ,bo? gods immortal1 &       
e>?-dwell+ m52      7,iliad1 v4 #ddb47  
& aga91       ,exempt f sickness & old  
age are !y1      ,& free f toil1 & h    
escap$ ! /ream      ,( ro>+ ,a*]on8     
7,f ,p9d>47  ,"o may p]haps light ^u "s 
nations s b>b>\s & savage z n to ?9k !re
 is a ,god2 b !re 0 nev] f\nd any man   
:o1 believ+ a ,god1 did n at ! same "t  
believe him immortal & et]nal4 ,c]ta9ly1
 ^? :o 7 call$ ,a!i/s1 l ,!odorus1      
,diagoras1 & ,hippo1 dur/ n say t !     
,div9ity is corruptible1 b !y did n     
believe t !re is any?+ incorruptible2 n 
inde$ admitt+ ! subsi/5ce ( an          
incorruptibility1 b keep+ ! notion ( a  
,god4 ,b ,*rysippus & ,clean!s1 hav+    
fill$ 7z "o may say7 heav51 e>?1 air1 & 
sea ) gods1 h n yet made any "o ( all ^!

 gods immortal or et]nal1 except ,jupit]
 alone1 9 :om !y consume all ! re/2 s t 
x is no m suitable = him to consume o!rs
 ?an to be consum$ himself4 ,= x is     
alike an infirmity to p]i% by be+       
resolv$ into ano!r1 & to be sav$ by be+ 
n\ri%$ by ! resolution ( o!rs into      
himself4 ,n[ ^! are n l o!r ( _!        
absurdities1 ga!r$ by argum5t f _!      
suppositions or drawn by consequ5ce f _!
 doctr9es2 b !y !mselves proclaim x al\d
 9 _! writ+s conc]n+ ! gods1 ,provid5ce1
 ,fate1 & ,nature1 expressly say+ t all 
! o!r gods 7 born1 & %all die by ! fire1
 melt+ away1 9 _! op9ion1 z if !y 7 (   
wax or t94 ,x is inde$ z mu* aga9/      
common s5se t ,god %\ld be mortal z !   
man %\ld be immortal2 nay1 inde$1 ,i d n
 see :at ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & man w 
be1 if ,god also is a reasonable &      
corruptible animal4 ,= if !y oppose u ) 
?is subtle di/9ction1 t man is mortal1 &
 ,god n mortal b corruptible1 see :at !y
 get by x4 ,= !y w say ei!r t ,god is at
 ! same "t bo? immortal & corruptible1  

or else t he nei!r is mortal nor        
immortal2 ! absurdity ( :i* ev5 ^? _c   
exce$ :o set !mselves indu/ri\sly to    
devise positions repugnant to common    
s5se4 ,i speak ( o!rs2 = ^! m5 h left no
 "o ( ! absurde/ ?+s unspok5 or         
unattempt$4  ,to ^! ?+s ,clean!s1       
cont5d+ = ! conflagration ( ! _w1 says1 
t ! sun w make ! moon & all ! o!r />s l 
to himself1 & w *ange !m into himself4  
,inde$1 if ! />s1 be+ gods1 %\ld        
contribute any?+ to ! sun t[>ds _! own  
de/ruction by add+ to its conflagration1
 x w\ld be v ridicul\s = u to make      
pray]s to !m = our salvation1 & to ?9k  
!m ! savi\rs ( m51 ^: nature x is to    
accel]ate _! own corruption &           
dissolution4  ,& yet ^! m5 leave no?+   
unsaid aga9/ ,epicurus1 cry+ out1 ,fie1 
fie ^u him1 z conf\nd+ _! presumption   
conc]n+ ,god by tak+ away ,provid5ce2 = 
,god 7!y say7 is presum$ & und]/ood to  
be n only immortal & happy1 b also a    
lov] ( m5 & c>eful ( !m & b5eficial to  
!m1 & h]e9 !y say true4 ,n[ if !y :o    

aboli% ,provid5ce take away !           
preconception conc]n+ ,god1 :at d !y :o 
say t ! gods inde$ h c>e ( u1 b d5y !m  
to be helpful to u1 & make !m n be/[]s (
 good ?+s b ( indiff]5t ones1 giv+1 to  
wit1 n virtue1 b weal?1 heal?1 *ildr51 &
 su* l ?+s1 none ( :i* is helpful1      
pr(itable1 desirable1 or available8 ,or 
%all we n r ?9k1 t ,epicurus does n take
 away ! conceptions conc]n+ ! gods2 b t 
^! ,/oics sc(f at ! gods & d]ide !m1    
say+ "o is a god ( fruits1 ano!r (      
m>riage1 ano!r a physician1 & ano!r a   
div9]1 :ile yet heal?1 issue1 & pl5ty ( 
fruits are n good ?+s1 b indiff]5t ?+s &
 unpr(itable to ^? :o h !m8  ,! ?ird    
po9t ( ! conception conc]n+ ! gods is1 t
 ! gods d 9 no?+ s mu* diff] f m5 z 9   
happ9ess & virtue4 ,b accord+ to        
,*rysippus1 !y h n s mu* z ?is diff]5ce4
 ,= he says t ,jupit] does n exce$ ,dion
 9 virtue1 b t ,jupit] & ,dion1 be+ bo? 
wise1 are equally aid$ by "o ano!r1 :5  
"o comes into ! motion ( ! o!r4 ,= ?is &
 none else is ! good :i* ! gods d to m51

 & likewise m5 to ! gods :5 !y are wise4
 ,= !y say1 t a man :o falls n %ort 9   
virtue comes n beh9d !m 9 felicity1 & t 
he :o1 torm5t$ ) diseases & be+ maim$ 9 
! body1 makes himself away1 is equally  
happy ) ,jupit] ! ,savi\r1 provid$ he be
 b wise4 ,b ?is man nei!r is nor ev] 0  
^u ! e>?2 b !re are inf9ite millions (  
m5 unhappy to ! highe/ degree 9 ! /ate &
 gov]nm5t ( ,jupit]1 :i* is mo/         
excell5tly adm9i/]$4 ,n[ :at c be m     
aga9/ s5se ?an t1 :5 ,jupit] gov]ns     
exce$+ly well1 we %\ld be exce$+ly      
mis]able8 ,b if 7:i* x is unlawful ev5  
to say7 he w\ld desire no long] to be a 
savi\r1 nor a deliv]]1 nor a protector1 
b ! contr>y to all ^! glori\s           
appellations1 !re c no goodness be add$ 
to ! ?+s t are1 ei!r z to _! multitude  
or magnitude1 s9ce1 z ^! m5 say1 all m5 
live to ! height mis]ably & wick$ly1    
nei!r vice receiv+ addition1 nor        
unhapp9ess increase4  ,nor is ?is !     
wor/2 b !y are angry ) ,m5&] = say+ ^u !
 /age1       ,! *ief beg9n+ ( m5's      

mis]ies      ,are ?+s exce$+ good2  = t 
?is is aga9/ s5se4 ,& yet !y make ,god1 
:o is good1 ! beg9n+ ( evils4 ,= matt]1 
!y cont5d1 produc$ n any evil ( itself2 
= x is )\t quality1 & :atev] diff]5ces x
 has1 x has receiv$ !m all f t :i* moves
 & =ms x4 ,b t :i* moves & =ms x is !   
reason dwell+ 9 x1 s9ce matt] is n made 
to move & =m itself4 ,s t ( necessity   
evil1 if x come by no?+1 mu/ h be5      
produc$ f t :i* has no be+2 b if by "s  
mov+ pr9ciple1 f ,god4 ,b if !y ?9k t   
,jupit] has n ! comm& ( 8 p>ts nor uses 
e "o ( !m accord+ to 8 reason1 !y speak 
aga9/ common s5se1 & imag9e an animal1  
_m ( ^: p>ts are n subs]vi5t to 8 w b   
use _! own op]ations & actions1 to :i* !
 :ole gives no incitation nor beg9s _!  
motion4 ,= !re is no?+ :i* has life s   
ill compact$ z t1 aga9/ its w1 its feet 
%all g1 its tongue speak1 its horns pu%1
 or its tee? bite4 ,! mo/ ( :i* ?+s ,god
 mu/ ( necessity suff]1 if ! wick$1 be+ 
p>ts ( him1 d aga9/ 8 w lie1 *eat1 rob1 
& murd] "o ano!r4 ,b if1 z ,*rysippus   

says1 ! v lea/ "p _c possibly behave    
itself o!rwise ?an accord+ to ,jupit]'s 
pleasure1 & if e liv+ ?+ is s fram$ by  
,nature z to re/ & move accord+ z he    
incl9es x & z he turns1 /ays1 & disposes
 x1       ,?is say+ is m impi\s ?an !   
fir/4      7,see ,nauck's ,tragic       
,fragm5ts1 p4 #gjd 7,no4 #cde747  ,= x 7
 m tol]able to say t _m p>ts ( ,jupit]  
are1 ?r\gh 8 weakness & want ( p[]1     
hurri$ on to d _m absurd ?+s aga9/ 8    
nature & w1 ?an t !re is n any          
intemp]ance or wick$ness ( :i* ,jupit]  
is n ! cause4 ,moreov]1 s9ce !y affirm !
 _w to be a city & ! />s citiz5s1 if ?is
 be s1 !re mu/ be also tribes-m5 &      
magi/rates1 ! sun mu/ be "s consul1 & ! 
ev5+ /> a praetor or mayor ( a city4 ,n[
 ,i "k n :e!r any "o t %all g ab\t to   
disprove su* ?+s w n %[ himself m       
ridicul\s ?an ^? :o ass]t & affirm !m4  
,is x n !re=e aga9/ s5se to say t ! se$ 
is m & great] ?an t :i* is produc$ ( x8 
,= we see t ,nature 9 all animals &     
plants1 ev5 ^? t are wild1 has tak5     

small1 sl5d]1 & sc>ce visible ?+s =     
pr9ciples ( g5]ation to ! greate/4 ,= x 
does n only f a gra9 ( :eat produce an  
e>-be>+ /alk1 or a v9e f ! /one ( a     
grape2 b f a small b]ry or acorn :i* has
 escap$ be+ eat5 by ! bird1 k9dl+ &     
sett+ g5]ation on fire 7z x 77 f a      
little sp>k1 x s5ds =? ! /ock ( a bu%1  
or ! tall body ( an oak1 palm1 or p9e   
tree4 ,:5ce also !y say t se$ is 9      
,greek call$ ,greek omitt$1 z x 71 !    
,greek omitt$ or ! ,,w9d+ ,,up ( a great
 mass 9 a little compass2 & t ,nature   
has ! "n ( ,greek omitt$1 z if x 7 !    
,,inflation ,greek omitt$ & diffusion ( 
reason & numb]s op5$ & loos5$ by x4 ,b  
n[1 9 opposition to ?is1 !y hold t fire 
is ! se$ ( ! _w1 :i* %all aft] !        
conflagration *ange into se$ ! _w1 :i* w
 !n h a copi\s nature f a small] body & 
bulk1 & possess an inf9ite space (      
vacuum fill$ by its increase2 & ! _w be+
 made1 ! =m aga9 rec$es & settles1 !    
matt] be+ aft] ! g5]ation ga!r$ &       
contract$ into itself4  ,y may he> !m & 

read _m ( _! writ+s1 9 :i* !y jangle ) !
 ,academics1 & cry out aga9/ !m z       
conf\nd+ all ?+s ) _! p>adox (          
indi/+ui%able id5tity1 & z vehem5tly    
cont5d+ t !re is b "o quality 9 two     
sub/ances4 ,& yet !re is no man :o      
und]/&s n ?is1 & w\ld n on ! contr>y ?9k
 x wond]ful & extremely /range if !re   
%\ld n 9 all "t be f\nd "o k9d ( dove   
exactly & 9 all respects l to ano!r     
dove1 a bee to a bee1 a gra9 ( :eat to a
 gra9 ( :eat1 or 7z ! prov]b has x7 "o  
fig to ano!r4 ,b ^! ?+s are pla9ly aga9/
 common s5se :i* ! ,/oics say &         
feign1--t !re are 9 "o sub/ance two     
individual qualities1 & t ! same        
sub/ance1 :i* has p>ticul>ly "o quality1
 :5 ano!r quality is add$1 receives &   
equally cons]ves !m bo?4 ,= if !re may  
be two1 !re may be also ?ree1 f\r1 &    
five1 & ev5 m ?an y c "n1 9 "o & ! same 
sub/ance2 ,i say n 9 its diff]5t p>ts1 b
 all equally 9 ! :ole1 ?\gh ev5 inf9ite 
9 numb]4 ,= ,*rysippus says1 t ,jupit] &
 ! _w are l to man1 z is also ,provid5ce

 to ! s\l2 :5 !re=e ! conflagration %all
 be1 ,jupit]1 :o alone ( all ! gods is  
incorruptible1 w retire into ,provid5ce1
 & !y be+ toge!r1 w bo? p]petually rema9
 9 ! "o sub/ance ( ! e!r4  ,b leav+ n[ !
 gods1 & besee*+ !m to give ^! ,/oics   
common s5se & a common und]/&+1 let u   
look into _! doctr9es conc]n+ ! elem5ts4
 ,x is aga9/ ! common conceptions t "o  
body %\ld be ! place ( ano!r1 or t a    
body %\ld p5etrate ?r\gh a body1 nei!r (
 !m conta9+ any vacuity1 b ! full pass+ 
into ! full1 & 9 :i* !re is no          
vacuity--b is full & has no place by    
reason ( its cont9uity--receiv+ !       
mixture4 ,b ^! m51 n ?ru/+ "o ?+ into   
"o1 nor yet two or ?ree or t5 toge!r1 b 
jumbl+ all ! p>ts ( ! _w1 be+ cut       
piecemeal1 into any "o ?+ :i* !y %all   
fir/ light on1 & say+ t ! v lea/ :i* is 
p]ceiv$ by s5se w conta9 ! greate/ t    
%all come unto x1 boldly frame a new    
doctr9e1 prov+ !mselves "h1 z 9 _m o!r  
?+s1 to be hold+ = _! suppositions ?+s  
repugnant to common s5se4 ,& pres5tly ^u

 ?is !y are =c$ to admit into _!        
disc\rse _m mon/r\s & /range positions1 
mix+ :ole bodies ) :ole2 ( :i* ?is also 
is "o1 t ?ree are f\r4 ,= ?is o!rs put z
 an example ( ^? ?+s :i* _c be conceiv$ 
ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,b to ! ,/oics x is a matt]
 ( tru?1 t :5 "o cup ( w9e is mix$ ) two
 ( wat]1 if x is n to disappe> & if !   
mixture is to be equaliz$1 x mu/ be     
spread ?r\gh ! :ole & be conf\nd$ !re)1 
s z to make t :i* 0 "o two by !         
equalization ( ! mixture4 ,= ! "o       
rema9s1 b is ext5d$ z mu* z two1 & ?us  
is equal to ! d\ble ( itself4 ,n[ if x  
happ5s 9 ! mixture ) two to take !      
measure ( two 9 ! diffusion1 ?is is     
toge!r ! measure bo? ( ?ree & f\r1--(   
?ree because "o is mix$ ) two1 & ( f\r  
because1 be+ mix$ ) two1 x has an equal 
quantity ) ^? ) :i* x is mix$4 ,n[ ?is  
f9e subtilty is a consequ5ce ( _! putt+ 
bodies into a body1 & s likewise is !   
un9telligibl5ess ( ! mann] h[ "o is     
conta9$ 9 ! o!r4 ,= x is ( necessity t1 
( bodies pass+ "o into ano!r by mixture1

 ! "o %\ld n conta9 & ! o!r be conta9$1 
nor ! "o receive & ! o!r be receiv$ )92 
= ?is w\ld n be a mixture1 b a          
contiguity & t\*+ ( ! sup]ficies1 ! "o  
ent]+ 91 & ! o!r enclos+ x )\t1 & ! re/ 
( ! p>ts rema9+ unmix$ & pure1 & s x    
w\ld be m]ely _m diff]5t ?+s4 ,b !re be+
 a necessity1 accord+ to _! axiom (     
mixture1 t ! ?+s :i* are mix$ %\ld be   
m+l$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & t ! same ?+s %\ld   
toge!r be conta9$ by be+ )91 & by       
receiv+ conta9 ! o!r1 & t nei!r ( !m    
c\ld possibly exi/ aga9 z x 0 be=e1 x   
comes to pass t bo? ! subjects ( !      
mixture mutually p5etrate ea* o!r1 & t  
!re is n any "p ( ei!r rema9+ sep>ate1 b
 t !y are necess>ily all fill$ ) ea*    
o!r4  ,"h n[ t fam$ leg ( ,arcesilaus   
comes 91 ) mu* laught] insult+ ov] _!   
absurdities2 = if ^! mixtures are ?r\gh 
! :ole1 :at %\ld h9d] b t1 a leg be+ cut
 (f & putrefi$ & ca/ into ! sea &       
diffus$1 n only ,antigonus's fleet 7z   
,arcesilaus said7 might sail ?r\gh x1 b 
also ,x]xes's twelve hundr$ %ips1 toge!r

 ) ! ,grecians' ?ree hundr$ galleys1    
might fight 9 x8 ,= ! progress w n      
h5ce=? fail1 nor ! less] cease to be 9 !
 great]2 or else ! mixture w be at an   
end1 & ! extremity ( x1 t\*+ :]e x %all 
end1 w n pass ?r\gh ! :ole1 b w give ov]
 be+ m+l$4 ,b if ! mixture is ?r\gh !   
:ole1 ! leg w n inde$ ( itself give !   
,greeks room = ! sea-fight1 = to ?is !re
 is ne$ ( putrefaction & *ange2 b if "o 
glass or b "o drop ( w9e %all fall f    
h5ce into ! ,aegean or ,cretan ,sea1 x w
 pass into ! ,ocean or ma9 ,atlantic    
,sea1 n lightly t\*+ its sup]ficies1 b  
be+ spread q ?r\gh x 9 dep?1 bread?1 &  
l5g?4 ,& ?is ,*rysippus admits1 say+    
imm$iately 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,natural   
,que/ions1 t !re is no?+ to h9d] "o drop
 ( w9e f be+ mix$ ) ! :ole sea4 ,& t we 
may n wond] at ?is1 he says t ?is "o    
drop w by mixtion ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole _w2
 ?an :i* ,i "k n any?+ t c appe> m      
absurd4  ,& ?is also is aga9/ s5se1 t   
!re is n 9 ! nature ( bodies any?+ ei!r 
supreme or fir/ or la/1 9 :i* !         

magnitude ( ! body may t]m9ate2 b t !re 
is always "s ph5om5on beyond ! body1    
/ill go+ on :i* c>ries ! subject to     
inf9ity & undet]m9at5ess4 ,= "o body _c 
be imag9$ great] or less ?an ano!r1 if  
bo? ( !m may by _! p>ts proce$ ,,9      
,,inf9itum2 b ! nature ( inequality is  
tak5 away4 ,= ( ?+s t are e/eem$        
unequal1 ! "o falls %ort 9 its la/ p>ts1
 & ! o!r goes on & exce$s4 ,n[ if !re is
 no inequality1 x foll[s t !re is no    
unev5ness nor r\ghness ( bodies2 =      
unev5ness is ! inequality ( ! same      
sup]ficies ) itself1 & r\ghness is an   
unev5ness jo9$ ) h>dness2 nei!r ( :i* is
 left u by ^? :o t]m9ate no body 9 its  
la/ "p1 b ext5d !m all by ! multitude ( 
_! p>ts unto an inf9ity4 ,& yet is x n  
evid5t t a man consi/s ( m p>ts ?an a   
f+]1 & ! _w ( m ?an a man8 ,?is inde$   
all m5 "k & und]/&1 unless !y become    
,/oics2 b if !y are once ,/oics1 !y on !
 contr>y say & ?9k t a man has no m p>ts
 ?an a f+]1 nor ! _w ?an a man4 ,=      
division r$uces bodies to an inf9ity2 & 

( inf9ites nei!r is m or less or exce$s 
9 multitude1 or ! p>ts ( ! rema9d] w    
cease to be divid$ & to af=d a multitude
 ( !mselves4  ,,lamprias4 ,h[ !n d !y   
extricate !mselves out ( ^!             
difficulties8  ,,diadum5us4 ,surely ) v 
great cunn+ & c\rage4 ,= ,*rysippus     
says3 ,if we are ask$1 if we h any p>ts1
 & h[ _m1 & ( :at & h[ _m p>ts !y       
consi/1 we are to use a di/9ction1 mak+ 
x a position t ! :ole body is compact$ (
 ! head1 trunk1 & legs1 z if t 7 all :i*
 is inquir$ & d\bt$ (4 ,b if !y ext5d _!
 int]rogation to ! la/ p>ts1 no su* ?+  
is to be und]tak51 b we are to say t !y 
consi/ n ( any c]ta9 p>ts1 nor yet ( s  
_m1 nor ( inf9ite1 nor ( f9ite4 ,& ,i   
seem to myself to h us$ 8 v words1 t y  
may p]ceive h[ he ma9ta9s ! common      
notions1 =bidd+ u to ?9k ( :at or h[ _m 
p>ts e body is compact$1 & :e!r (       
inf9ite or f9ite4 ,= if !re 7 any m$ium 
betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite1 z ! indiff]5t is
 betwe5 good & evil1 he %\ld1 by tell+ u
 :at t is1 h solv$ ! difficulty4 ,b     

if--z t :i* is n equal is pres5tly      
und]/ood to be unequal1 & t :i* is n    
mortal to be immortal--we also und]/& t 
:i* is n f9ite to be imm$iately inf9ite1
 to say t a body consi/s ( p>ts nei!r   
f9ite nor inf9ite is1 9 my op9ion1 !    
same ?+ z to affirm t an argum5t is     
compact$ ( positions nei!r true nor     
false4444  ,to ?is he ) a c]ta9 y\?ful  
ra%ness adds1 t 9 a pyramid consi/+ (   
triangles1 ! sides incl9+ to ! juncture 
are unequal1 & yet d n exce$ "o ano!r 9 
t !y are great]4 ,?us does he keep !    
common notions4 ,= if !re is any?+      
great] & n exce$+1 !re w be also some?+ 
less & n defici5t1 & s also some?+      
unequal :i* nei!r exce$s nor is         
defici5t2 t is1 !re w be an unequal ?+  
equal1 a great] n great]1 & a less n    
less4 ,see x yet f>!r1 9 :at mann] he   
answ]$ ,democritus1 inquir+             
philosophically & to ! po9t1 if a cone  
is divid$ by a plane p>allel ) its base1
 :at is to be ?\ght ( ! sup]ficies ( its
 segm5ts1 :e!r !y are equal or unequal2 

= if !y are unequal1 !y w r5d] ! cone   
unev51 receiv+ _m /eplike incisions &   
r\ghnesses2 b if !y are equal1 !        
sections w be equal1 & ! cone w seem to 
h ! same qualities z ! cyl9d]1 to wit1  
to be compos$ n ( unequal b ( equal     
circles2 :i* is mo/ absurd4 ,"h1 t he   
may conv9ce ,democritus ( ignorance1 he 
says1 t ! sup]ficies are nei!r equal or 
unequal1 b t ! bodies are unequal1      
because ! sup]ficies are nei!r equal nor
 unequal4 ,inde$ to ass]t ?is = a law1 t
 bodies are unequal :ile ! sup]ficies   
are n unequal1 is ! "p ( a man :o takes 
to himself a wond]ful lib]ty ( writ+    
:atev] comes into 8 head4 ,= reason &   
manife/ evid5ce1 on ! contr>y1 give u to
 und]/&1 t ! sup]ficies ( unequal bodies
 are unequal1 & t ! bigg] ! body is1 !  
great] also is ! sup]ficies1 unless !   
excess1 by :i* x is ! great]1 is void ( 
a sup]ficies4 ,= if ! sup]ficies ( !    
great] bodies d n exce$ ^? ( ! less1 b  
soon] fail1 a "p ( t body :i* has an end
 w be )\t an end & inf9ite4 ,= if he    

says t he is compell$ to ?is4 ,= ^?     
rabbet$ incisions1 :i* he suspects 9 a  
cone1 are made by ! inequality ( ! body1
 & n ( ! sup]ficies4 ,x is ridicul\s    
!re=e n to reckon ! sup]ficies1 & to    
leave ! inequality 9 ! bodies !mselves4 
,b to p]si/ /ill 9 ?is matt]1 :at is m  
repugnant to s5se ?an ! imag9+ ( su*    
?+s8 ,= if we admit t "o sup]ficies is  
nei!r equal nor unequal to ano!r1 we may
 say also ( magnitude & ( numb]1 t "o is
 nei!r equal nor unequal to ano!r2 &    
?is1 n hav+ any?+ t we c call or ?9k to 
be a neut] or m$ium betwe5 equal &      
unequal4 ,besides1 if !re are sup]ficies
 nei!r equal nor unequal1 :at h9d]s b   
!re may be also circles nei!r equal nor 
unequal8 ,= inde$ ^! sup]ficies ( conic 
sections are circles4 ,& if circles1 :y 
may n also _! diamet]s be nei!r equal   
nor unequal8 ,& if s1 :y n also angles1 
triangles1 p>allelograms1 p>allelopip$s1
 & bodies8 ,= if ! longitudes are nei!r 
equal nor unequal to "o ano!r1 s w !    
weight1 p]cussion1 & bodies be nei!r    

equal nor unequal4 ,h[ !n d>e ^! m5     
inveigh aga9/ ^? :o introduce vacuums1 &
 suppose t !re are indivisible atoms1 & 
:o say t motion & re/ are n incompatible
 ) ea* o!r1 :5 !y !mselves affirm su*   
axioms z ^! to be false3 ,if any ?+s are
 n equal to "o ano!r1 !y are unequal to 
"o ano!r2 & ! same ?+s are n equal &    
unequal to "o ano!r8 ,b :5 he says t !re
 is some?+ great] & yet n exce$+1 x 7   
wor? ! :ile to ask1 :e!r ^! ?+s quadrate
 ) "o ano!r4 ,= if !y quadrate1 h[ is   
ei!r ! great]8 ,& if !y d n quadrate1 h[
 c x be b ! "o mu/ exce$ & ! o!r fall   
%ort8 ,= if nei!r ( ^! are true1 ! o!r  
bo? w & w n quadrate ) ! great]4 ,= ^?  
:o keep n ! common conceptions mu/ (    
necessity fall into su* p]plexities4  ,x
 is moreov] aga9/ s5se to say t no?+    
t\*es ano!r2 nor is ?is less absurd1 t  
bodies t\* "o ano!r1 b t\* by no?+4 ,=  
!y are necessitat$ to admit ^! ?+s1 :o  
all[ n ! lea/ p>ts ( a body1 b assume   
some?+ be=e t :i* appe>s to t\*1 & nev] 
ceases to proce$ /ill f>!r4 ,:at1 !re=e1

 ^! m5 pr9cipally object to ! patrons ( 
^? indivisible bodies call$ atoms is    
?is1 t !re is nei!r a t\*+ ( ! :ole by !
 :ole1 nor ( ! p>ts by ! p>ts2 = t ! "o 
makes n a t\*+ b a mixture1 & t ! o!r is
 n possible1 ^! individuals hav+ no     
p>ts4 ,h[ !n d n !y !mselves fall into !
 same inconv5i5ce1 leav+ no fir/ or la/ 
"p1 :il/ !y say1 t :ole bodies mutually 
t\* "o ano!r by a t]m or extremity & n  
by a "p8 ,b ?is t]m is n a body2 !re=e  
"o body %all t\* "o ano!r by t :i* is   
incorporeal1 & aga9 %all n t\*1 t :i* is
 incorporeal com+ betwe5 !m4 ,& if x    
%all t\*1 ! body %all bo? d & suff]     
some?+ by t :i* is incorporeal4 ,= x is 
! nature ( bodies mutually to d & suff]1
 & to t\*4 ,b if ! body has a t\*+ by t 
:i* is incorporeal1 x w h also a        
contact1 & a mixture1 & a coalition4    
,aga91 9 ^! contacts & mixtures !       
extremities ( ! bodies mu/ ei!r rema91  
or n rema9 b be corrupt$4 ,n[ bo? ( ^!  
are aga9/ s5se4 ,= nei!r d !y !mselves  
admit corruptions & g5]ations (         

incorporeal ?+s2 nor c !re be a mixture 
& coalition ( bodies reta9+ _! own      
extremities4 ,= ! extremity det]m9es &  
con/itutes ! nature ( ! body2 &         
mixtions1 unless ! mutual lay+ ( p>ts by
 p>ts are !reby und]/ood1 :olly conf\nd 
all ^? t are mix$4 ,&1 z ^! m5 say1 we  
mu/ admit ! corruption ( extremities 9  
mixtures1 & _! g5]ation aga9 9 !        
sep>ation ( !m4 ,b ?is none c easily    
und]/&4 ,n[ by :at bodies mutually t\*  
ea* o!r1 by ! same !y press1 ?ru/1 &    
cru% ea* o!r4 ,n[ t ?is %\ld be done or 
take place 9 ?+s t are incorporeal1 is  
impossible & n s mu* z to be imag9$4 ,b 
yet ?is !y w\ld con/ra9 u to conceive4  
,= if a sph]e t\* a plane by a po9t1 x  
is manife/ t x may be also drawn ov] !  
plane ^u a po9t2 & if ! sup]ficies ( x  
is pa9t$ ) v]milion1 x w impr9t a r$ l9e
 on ! plane2 & if x is fi]y hot1 x w    
burn ! plane4 ,n[ = an incorporeal ?+ to
 color1 or a body to be burn$ by t :i*  
is incorporeal1 is aga9/ s5se4 ,b if we 
%\ld imag9e an e>!n or glassy sph]e to  

fall f on high ^u a plane ( /one1 x 7   
aga9/ reason to ?9k x w\ld n be brok51  
be+ /ruck aga9/ t :i* is h>d & solid2 b 
x w\ld be m absurd t x %\ld be brok51   
fall+ ^u an extremity or po9t t is      
incorporeal4 ,s t ! presumptions conc]n+
 ?+s incorporeal & corporeal are :olly  
di/urb$1 or r tak5 away1 by _! jo9+ to  
!m _m impossibilities4  ,x is also aga9/
 common s5se1 t !re %\ld be a "t future 
& pa/1 b no "t pres5t2 & t ,,ere:ile &  
,,lately subsi/1 b ,,n[ is no?+ at all4 
,yet ?is (t5 befalls ! ,/oics1 :o admit 
n ! lea/ "t betwe51 nor w all[ ! pres5t 
to be indivisible2 b :atsoev] any "o    
?9ks to take & und]/& z pres5t1 "o "p ( 
t !y say to be future1 & ! o!r "p pa/2 s
 t !re is no "p rema9+ or left ( !      
pres5t "t3 b ( t :i* is said to be      
pres5t1 "o "p is di/ribut$ to ! future1 
! o!r to ! pa/4 ,!re=e "o ( ^! two ?+s  
foll[s3 ei!r t1 hold+ !re 0 a "t & !re w
 be a "t1 we mu/ d5y !re is a "t2 or we 
mu/ hold t !re is a "t pres5t1 "p ( :i* 
has already be5 & "p w be1 & say t ( t  

:i* n[ is1 "o "p is future & ! o!r pa/2 
& t ( ,,n[1 "o "p is be=e & ! o!r beh9d2
 & t n[ is t :i* is nei!r yet n[ nor any
 long] ,,n[2 = t :i* is pa/ is no long] 
n[1 & t :i* is to come is n yet ,,n[4 ,&
 divid+ ?us ! pres5t1 !y mu/ ne$s say ( 
! ye> & ( ! day1 t "p ( x 0 ( ! ye> or  
day pa/1 & "p w be ( ! ye> or day to    
come2 & t ( :at is toge!r1 !re is a "p  
be=e & a "p aft]4 ,= no less are !y     
p]plex$1 conf\nd+ toge!r ^! t]ms1 ,,n   
,,yet & ,,already & ,,no ,,long] & ,,n[ 
& ,,n ,,n[4 ,b all o!r m5 suppose1      
e/eem1 & ?9k ,,ere:ile & ,,a:ile ,,h5ce 
to be diff]5t p>ts ( "t f ,,n[1 :i* is  
foll[$ by ! "o & prec$$ by ! o!r4 ,b    
,ar*$emus1 say+ t n[ is ! beg9n+ &      
juncture ( t :i* is pa/ & t :i* is ne>  
at h&1 has 7z x seems7 )\t p]ceiv+ x    
!reby de/roye? all "t4 ,= if ,,n[ is no 
"t1 b only a t]m or extremity ( "t1 & if
 e "p ( "t is su* z n[1 all "t seems to 
h no p>ts1 b to be :olly dissolv$ into  
t]ms1 jo9ts1 & beg9n+s4 ,b ,*rysippus1  
desir+ to %[ m artifice 9 8 division1 9 

8 book ( ,vacuity & "s o!rs1 says1 t !  
pa/ & future "t are n1 b h subsi/$ 7or w
 subsi/71 & t ! pres5t only is2 b 9 8   
?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? books conc]n+ ,p>ts1 
he ass]ts1 t ( ! pres5t "t "o "p is pa/1
 ! o!r to come4 ,?us x comes to pass1 t 
he divides subsi/+ "t into non-subsi/+  
p>ts ( a subsi/+ total1 or r leaves no?+
 at all ( "t subsi/+1 if ! pres5t has no
 "p b :at is ei!r future or pa/4  ,^!   
m5's conception !re=e ( "t is n unlike !
 grasp+ ( wat]1 :i*1 ! h>d] x is held1  
all ! m slides & runs away4 ,z to       
actions & motions1 all evid5ce is utt]ly
 conf\nd$4 ,= if ,,n[ is divid$ into pa/
 & future1 x is ( necessity t :at is n[ 
mov$ p>tly has be5 mov$ & p>tly %all be 
mov$1 t ! end & beg9n+ ( motion h be5   
tak5 away1 t no?+ ( any "w has be5 done 
fir/1 nor %all any?+ be la/1 ! actions  
be+ di/ribut$ ) "t4 ,= z !y say t (     
pres5t "t1 "p is pa/ & "p to come2 s ( t
 :i* is do+1 x w be said t "p is done & 
"p %all be done4 ,:5 !re=e _h ,,to      
,,d9e1 ,,to ,,write1 ,,to ,,walk1 a     

beg9n+1 & :5 %all !y h an end1 if e "o  
:o is d9+ has d9$ & %all d9e1 & e "o :o 
is walk+ has walk$ & %all walk8 ,b ?is  
is1 z x is said1 ( all absurdities ! mo/
 absurd1 t if he :o n[ lives has already
 liv$ & %all live1 !n to live nei!r _h  
beg9n+ nor %all h end2 b e "o ( u1 z x  
seems1 0 born )\t comm5c+ to live1 &    
%all die )\t ceas+ to live4 ,= if !re is
 no la/ "p1 b he :o lives has some?+ ( !
 pres5t /ill rema9+ = ! future1 to say  
,socrates %all live w nev] be false s   
long z x %all be true to say ,socrates  
lives2 & s long also w x be false to say
 ,socrates is dead4 ,s t1 if ,socrates  
%all live is true 9 inf9ite p>ts ( "t1 x
 w 9 no "p ( "t be true to say ,socrates
 is dead4 ,& v]ily :at end w !re be ( a 
"w1 & :]e w y t]m9ate an action1 if1 z  
(t5 z x is true to say ,?is is do+1 x is
 likewise true to say ,?is %all be do+8 
,= he w lie :o %all say1 !re w be an end
 ( ,plato's writ+ & disput+2 s9ce ,plato
 w nev] give ov] writ+ & disput+1 if x  
is nev] false to say ( him :o disputes t

 he %all dispute1 & ( him :o writes t he
 %all write4 ,moreov]1 !re w be no "p ( 
t :i* n[ is1 b ei!r has be5 or is to be1
 & is ei!r pa/ or future2 b ( :at has   
be5 & is to be1 ( pa/ & future1 !re is  
no s5se2 :]e=e !re is absolutely no s5se
 ( any?+4 ,= we nei!r see :at is pa/ &  
future1 nor d we he> or h any o!r s5se (
 :at has be5 or is to be4 ,no?+1 !n1 ev5
 :at is pres5t1 is to be p]ceiv$ by     
s5se1 if ( ! pres5t1 "p is always future
 & "p pa/1--if "p has be5 & "p is to be4
  ,n[ !y inde$ say1 t ,epicurus does    
intol]able ?+s & violates ! conceptions1
 9 mov+ all bodies ) equal cel]ity1 &   
admitt+ none ( !m to be swift] ?an      
ano!r4 ,& yet x is mu* m intol]able &   
f>!r remote f s5se1 t no?+ c be ov]tak5 
by ano!r3--       ,n ?\gh ,adra/us's    
swift-foot$ /e$      ,%\ld *ase !       
tortoise sl[1  z ! prov]b has x4 ,n[ ?is
 mu/ ( necessity fall out1 if ?+s move  
accord+ to ,,prius & ,,po/]ius1 & !     
int]vals ?r\gh :i* !y pass are 7z ^!    
m5's t5et is7 divisible ,,9 ,,inf9itum2 

= if ! tortoise is b a furlong be=e !   
horse1 !y :o divide ?is furlong 9       
inf9itum1 & move !m bo? accord+ to      
,,prius & ,,po/]ius1 w nev] br+ !       
swifte/ to ! sl[e/2 ! sl[] always add+  
"s int]val divisible into inf9ite       
spaces4 ,n[ to affirm t1 wat] be+ p\r$ f
 a b[l or cup1 x w nev] be all p\r$ out1
 is x n bo? aga9/ common s5se1 & a      
consequ5ce ( :at ^! m5 say8 ,= no man c 
und]/& ! motion accord+ to ,,prius ( ?+s
 inf9itely divisible to be consummat$2 b
 leav+ always some:at divisible1 x w    
make all ! effusion1 all ! runn+ & flux 
( a liquid1 motion ( a solid1 & fall (  
an heavy ?+ imp]fect4  ,i pass by _m    
absurdities ( !irs1 t\*+ only su* z are 
aga9/ s5se4 ,! dispute conc]n+ increase 
is inde$ anci5t2 = ! "q1 z ,*rysippus   
says1 0 put by ,epi*>mus4 ,n[1 :]eas ^? 
( ! ,academy ?9k t ! d\bt is n v easy & 
ready all ( a sudd5 to be cle>$1 ^! m5 h
 mightily exclaim$ aga9/ !m1 & accus$ !m
 ( tak+ away ! fix$ ideas1 & yet        
!mselves are s f> f pres]v+ ! common    

notions1 t !y p]v]t ev5 s5se itself4 ,= 
! disc\rse is simple1 & ^! m5 grant !   
suppositions1--t all p>ticul> sub/ances 
fl[ & are c>ri$1 "s ( !m emitt+ =?      
some:at f !mselves1 & o!rs receiv+ ?+s  
com+ f else:]e2 & t ! ?+s to :i* !re is 
made an accession or f :i* !re is a     
decession by numb]s & multitudes1 d n   
rema9 ! same1 b become o!rs by ! said   
accessions1 ! sub/ance receiv+ a *ange2 
& t ^! *anges are n rightly call$ by    
cu/om increas+s or dim9utions1 b x is   
fitt] !y %\ld be /yl$ g5]ations &       
corruptions1 because !y drive by =ce f  
"o /ate to ano!r1 :]eas to increase & be
 dim9i%$ are passions ( a body t is     
subject & p]man5t4 ,^! ?+s be+ ?us 9 a  
mann] said & deliv]$1 :at w\ld ^!       
def5d]s ( evid5ce & canonical ma/]s (   
common conceptions h8 ,e "o ( u 7!y say7
 is d\ble1 tw9-l1 & compos$ ( a d\ble   
nature2 n z ! poets feign$ ( !          
,molionidae1 t !y 9 "s p>ts gr[ toge!r &
 9 "s p>ts are sep>at$1--b e "o ( u has 
two bodies1 hav+ ! same color1 ! same   

figure1 ! same weight & place4444 ,^!   
?+s 7 nev] be=e se5 by any man2 b ^! m5 
alone h disc]n$ ?is composition1        
d\bl5ess1 & ambiguity1 h[ e "o ( u is   
two subjects1 ! "o sub/ance1 ! o!r      
quality2 & ! "o is 9 p]petual flux &    
motion1 nei!r increas+ nor be+ dim9i%$  
nor rema9+ altoge!r2 ! o!r rema9s &     
increases & is dim9i%$1 & suff]s all ?+s
 contr>y to ! =m]1 ) :i* x is s         
concorporat$1 conjo9$1 & conf\nd$1 t x  
exhibits n any diff]5ce to be p]ceiv$ by
 s5se4 ,inde$1 ,lynceus is said to h    
p5etrat$ /ones & oaks ) 8 sight2 & a    
c]ta9 man sitt+ on a wat*-t[] 9 ,sicily 
beheld ! %ips ( ! ,c>?ag9ians sett+ =? f
 _! h>bor1 :i* 0 a day & a night's sail 
f !nce4 ,callicrates & ,myrmecides are  
said to h made *>iots t might be cov]$ )
 ! w+s ( a fly1 & to h engrav$ v]ses (  
,hom] on a sesame se$4 ,b none ev]      
disc]n$ or discov]$ ?is div]sity 9 u2   
nor h we p]ceiv$ ourselves to be d\ble1 
9 "o "p always fl[+1 & 9 ! o!r rema9+ ! 
same f our bir? ev5 to our dea?4 ,b ,i  

make ! disc\rse m simple1 s9ce !y make  
f\r subjects 9 e "o1 or r e "o ( u to be
 f\r4 ,b two are suffici5t to %[ _!     
absurdity4 ,= if1 :5 we he> ,p5!us 9 !  
trag$y affirm t he sees two suns & two  
cities ( ,!bes1 7,euripides1 ,bac*ae1   
#iah47 we say t he does n see1 b t 8    
sight is dazzl$1 he be+ transport$ &    
tr\bl$ 9 8 head2 :y d we n bid ^?       
f>ewell1 :o ass]t n "o city alone1 b all
 m5 & animals1 & all trees1 vessels1    
in/rum5ts1 & clo!s1 to be d\ble &       
compos$ ( two1 z m5 :o con/ra9 u to dote
 r ?an to und]/&8 ,b ?is feign+ o!r     
natures ( subjects mu/ p]haps be p>don$ 
!m2 = !re appe>s no o!r inv5tion by :i* 
!y c ma9ta9 & uphold ! augm5tations (   
:i* !y are s fond4  ,b by :at cause     
mov$1 or = ! adorn+ ( :at o!r           
suppositions1 !y frame 9 a mann]        
innum]able diff]5ces & =ms ( bodies 9 ! 
s\l1 !re is none c say1 unless x be t !y
 remove1 or r :olly abdicate & de/roy1 !
 common & usual notions1 to introduce   
o!r =eign & /range ones4 ,= x is v      

absurd t1 mak+ all virtues & vices--& ) 
!m all arts1 memories1 fancies1         
passions1 impulses1 & ass5ts--to be     
bodies1 !y %\ld affirm t !y nei!r lie   
nor subsi/ 9 any subject1 leav+ !m = a  
place "o only hole1 l a prick 9 ! he>t1 
:]e !y cr[d ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s\l1      
enclos$ ) s _m bodies1 t a v great numb]
 ( !m lie hid ev5 f ^? :o ?9k !y c sp>e 
& di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r4 ,nay t !y %\ld 
n only make !m bodies1 b also intellig5t
 be+s1 & ev5 a sw>m ( su* creatures1 n  
fri5dly or mild1 b a multitude rebelli\s
 & hav+ a ho/ile m9d1 & %\ld s make (   
ea* "o ( u a p>k or m5ag]ie or ,trojan  
horse1 or :atev] else we may call _!    
inv5tions1--?is is ! v height ( contempt
 & contradiction to evid5ce & cu/om4 ,b 
!y say1 t n only ! virtues & vices1 n   
only ! passions1 z ang]1 envy1 grief1 & 
malici\sness1 n only compreh5sions1     
fancies1 & ignorances1 n only arts1 z   
%oemak+ & work+ 9 brass1 are animals2 b 
besides ^!1 also !y make ev5 ! op]ations
 bodies & animals1 say+ t walk+ is an   

animal1 z also danc+1 suppos+1 salut+1 &
 rail+4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t laugh+ 
& weep+ are also animals2 & if s1 !n    
also are c\gh+1 sneez+1 groan+1 spitt+1 
bl[+ ! nose1 & o!r su* l ?+s suffici5tly
 kn[n4 ,nei!r h !y any cause to take x  
ill t !y are by reason1 proce$+         
leisurely1 r$uc$ to ?is1 if !y %all call
 to m9d h[ ,*rysippus1 9 8 ,fir/ ,book (
 ,natural ,que/ions1 argues ?us3 ,is n  
night a body8 ,& are n !n ! ev5+1 dawn+1
 & midnight bodies8 ,or is n a day a    
body8 ,is n !n ! fir/ day ( ! mon? a    
body8 ,& ! t5?1 ! fifte5?1 & ! ?irtie?1 
are !y n bodies8 ,is n a mon? a body8   
,summ]1 autumn1 & ! ye>1 are !y n       
bodies8  ,^! ?+s !y ma9ta9 aga9/ !      
common conceptions2 b ^? :i* foll[ !y   
hold also aga9/ _! own1 eng5d]+ t :i* is
 mo/ hot by refrig]ation1 & t :i* is mo/
 subtile by cond5sation4 ,= ! s\l1 to   
wit1 is a sub/ance mo/ hot & mo/        
subtile4 ,b ?is !y make by !            
refrig]ation & cond5sation ( ! body1    
*ang+1 z x 71 by induration ! _s1 :i* ( 

vegetative is made animal4 ,moreov]1 !y 
say t ! sun became animat$1 8 moi/ure   
*ang+ into intellectual fire4 ,behold h[
 ! sun is imag9$ to be eng5d]$ by       
refrig]ation6 ,x5ophanes inde$1 :5 "o   
told him t he _h se5 eels liv+ 9 hot    
wat]1 answ]$1 ,we w boil !m !n 9 cold4  
,b if ^! m5 eng5d] heat by refrig]ation 
& lightness by cond5sation1 x foll[s1 !y
 mu/ also g5]ate cold ?+s by heat1 ?ick 
?+s by dissolution1 & heavy ?+s by      
r>efaction1 t s !y may keep "s          
proportion 9 _! absurdity4  ,& d !y n   
also det]m9e ! sub/ance & g5]ation (    
conception itself1 ev5 aga9/ ! common   
conceptions8 ,= conception is a c]ta9   
imag9ation1 & imag9ation an impression 9
 ! s\l4 ,n[ ! nature ( ! s\l is an      
exhalation1 9 :i* x is difficult = an   
impression to be made because ( its     
t5uity1 & = :i* x is impossible to keep 
an impression x may h receiv$4 ,= its   
nutrim5t & g5]ation1 consi/+ ( moi/ ?+s1
 h cont9ual accession & consumption4 ,& 
! mixture ( respiration ) ! air always  

makes "s new exhalation :i* is alt]$ &  
*ang$ by ! flux ( ! air com+ f abroad & 
aga9 go+ out4 ,= "o may m easily imag9e 
t a /ream ( runn+ wat] c reta9 figures1 
impressions1 & images1 ?an t a _s c be  
c>ri$ 9 vapors & humors1 & cont9ually   
m+l$ ) ano!r idle & /range brea? f )\t4 
,b ^! m5 s f> =get !mselves1 t1 hav+    
def9$ ! conceptions to be c]ta9 /or$-up 
intellig5ces1 & memoirs to be con/ant & 
habitual impressions1 & hav+ :olly fix$ 
! sci5ces1 z hav+ /ability & firmness1  
!y pres5tly place "u !m a basis & seat (
 a slipp]y sub/ance1 easy to be         
dissipat$ & 9 p]petual flux & motion4   
,n[ ! common conception ( an elem5t &   
pr9ciple1 naturally impr9t$ 9 almo/ all 
m51 is ?is1 t x is simple1 unmix$1 &    
uncomp\nd$4 ,= t is n an elem5t or      
pr9ciple :i* is mix$2 b ^? ?+s are s (  
:i* x is mix$4 ,b ^! m51 mak+ ,god1 :o  
is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 to be an       
intellectual body & a m9d seat$ 9 matt]1
 pron\nce him to be nei!r simple nor    
uncomp\nd$1 b to be compos$ ( & by      

ano!r2 matt] be+ ( itself inde$ )\t     
reason & void ( quality1 & yet hav+     
simplicity & ! prop]tv ( a pr9ciple4    
,if1 !n1 ,god is n incorporeal &        
immat]ial1 he p>ticipates ( matt] z a   
pr9ciple4 ,= if matt] & reason are "o & 
! same ?+1 !y h n rightly def9$ matt] to
 be reasonless2 b if !y are diff]5t ?+s1
 !n is ,god con/itut$ ( !m bo?1 & is n a
 simple b comp\nd ?+1 hav+ to !         
intellectual tak5 ! corporeal f matt]4  
,moreov]1 call+ ^! f\r bodies1 e>?1     
wat]1 air1 & fire1 ! fir/ elem5ts1 !y d 
7,i "k n h[7 make "s ( !m simple & pure1
 & o!rs comp\nd & mix$4 ,= !y ma9ta9 t  
e>? & wat] hold toge!r nei!r !mselves   
nor o!r ?+s1 b pres]ve _! unity by !    
p>ticipation ( air & =ce ( fire2 b t air
 & fire d bo? =tify !mselves by _! own  
/r5g?1 or be+ mix$ ) ! o!r two1 give !m 
=ce1 p]man5ce1 & subsi/5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 is 
ei!r e>? or wat] an elem5t1 if nei!r (  
!m is ei!r simple1 or fir/ or           
self-suffici5t1 b if ea* "o wants       
some:at f )\t to conta9 & keep x 9 its  

be+8 ,= !y h n left s mu* z a ?\ght ( _!
 sub/ance2 b ?is disc\rse conc]n+ ! e>? 
has mu* confusion & unc]ta9ty1 :5 !y say
 t x subsi/s ( itself2 = if ! e>? is (  
itself1 h[ has x ne$ ( ! air to fix &   
conta9 x8 ,b nei!r ! e>? nor wat] c any 
m be said to be ( itself2 b ! air1 draw+
 toge!r & ?ick5+ ! matt]1 has made !    
e>?1 & aga9 dissolv+ & mollify+ x1 has  
produc$ ! wat]4 ,nei!r ( ^! !n is an    
elem5t1 s9ce some?+ else has contribut$ 
be+ & g5]ation to !m bo?4  ,moreov]1 !y 
say t subsi/5ce & matt] are subject to  
qualities1 & d s 9 a mann] def9e !m2 &  
aga91 !y make ! qualities to be also    
bodies4 ,b ^! ?+s h mu* p]plexity4 ,= if
 qualities h a peculi> sub/ance1 = :i*  
!y bo? are & are call$ bodies1 !y ne$ no
 o!r sub/ance2 = !y h "o ( _! own4 ,b if
 !y h "u !m 9 common only t :i* ! ,/oic 
s*ool calls ess5ce & matt]1 x is manife/
 !y d b p>ticipate ( ! body2 = !y are n 
bodies4 ,b ! subject & recipi5t mu/ (   
necessity diff] f ^? ?+s :i* x receives 
& to :i* x is subject4 ,b ^! m5 see by  

halves2 = !y say inde$ t matt] is void (
 quality1 b !y w n call qualities       
immat]ial4 ,n[ h[ c !y make a body )\t  
quality1 :o und]/& no quality )\t a     
body8 ,= ! reason :i* jo9s a body to all
 quality suff]s n ! und]/&+ to compreh5d
 any body )\t "s quality4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 
he :o oppugns incorporeal quality seems 
also to oppugn unqualifi$ matt]2 or     
sep>at+ ! "o f ! o!r1 he mutually p>ts  
!m bo?4 ,z = ! reason :i* "s pret5d1 t  
matt] is call$ unqualifi$ n because x is
 void ( all quality1 b because x has all
 qualities1 x is mo/ ( all aga9/ s5se4  
,= no man calls t unqualifi$ :i* is     
capable ( e quality1 nor t impassible   
:i* is by nature always apt to suff] all
 ?+s1 nor t immovable :i* is mov$ e way4
 ,& ?is d\bt is n solv$1 t1 h[ev] matt] 
is always und]/ood ) quality1 yet x is  
und]/ood to be ano!r ?+ & diff]+ f      
quality4   ,,end ,,( ,,six------------- 
,,contradictions ,,( ,,! ,,/oics4  ,i   
fir/ lay ?is d[n = an axiom1 t !re ought
 to be se5 9 m5's lives an agreem5t ) _!

 doctr9es4 ,= x is n s necess>y t !     
plead] 7z ,aes*9es has x7 & ! law speak 
"o & ! same ?+1 z t ! life ( a          
philosoph] be consonant to 8 spee*4 ,= !
 spee* ( a philosoph] is a law ( 8 own &
 volunt>ily impos$ on himself1 unless !y
 e/eem philosophy to be a game1 or an   
acut5ess 9 disput+ inv5t$ = ! ga9+ (    
applause1 & n--:at x really is--a ?+    
des]v+ our greate/ /udy4  ,s9ce1 !n1 !re
 are 9 _! disc\rses _m ?+s writt5 by    
,z5o himself1 _m by ,clean!s1 & mo/ (   
all by ,*rysippus1 conc]n+ policy1      
gov]n+1 & be+ gov]n$1 conc]n+ judg+ &   
plead+1 & yet !re is n to be f\nd 9 any 
( _! lives ei!r lead+ ( armies1 mak+ (  
laws1 go+ to p>liam5t1 plead+ be=e !    
judges1 fight+ = _! c\ntry1 travell+ on 
embassies1 or mak+ ( public gifts1 b !y 
h all1 fe$+ 7if ,i may s say7 on re/ z  
on ! lotus1 l$ _! :ole lives1 & ^? n    
%ort b v long ones1 9 =eign c\ntries1   
among/ disputations1 books1 & walk+s2 x 
is manife/ t !y h liv$ r accord+ to !   
writ+s & say+s ( o!rs ?an _! own        

pr(essions1 hav+ sp5t all _! days 9 t   
repose :i* ,epicurus & ,hi]onymus s mu* 
comm5d4  ,*rysippus inde$ himself1 9 8  
,f\r? ,book ( ,lives1 ?9ks !re is no    
diff]5ce betwe5 a s*ola/ic life & a     
voluptu\s "o4 ,i w set d[n "h 8 v words3
 ,!y :o are ( op9ion t a s*ola/ic life  
is f ! v beg9n+ mo/ suitable to         
philosoph]s seem to me to be 9 an error1
 ?9k+ t m5 ought to foll[ ?is = ! sake (
 "s recreation or "s o!r ?+ l to x1 & 9 
t mann] to sp9 out ! :ole c\rse ( _!    
life2 t is1 if x may be expla9$1 to live
 at ease4 ,= ?is op9ion ( !irs is n to  
be conceal$1 _m ( !m deliv]+ x cle>ly1 &
 n a few m obscurely4 ,:o !re=e did m   
gr[ old 9 ?is s*ola/ic life ?an         
,*rysippus1 ,clean!s1 ,diog5es1 ,z5o1 & 
,antipat]1 :o left _! c\ntries n out (  
any discont5t b t !y might quietly enjoy
 _! delight1 /udy+1 & disput+ at _!     
leisure4 ,to v]ify :i*1 ,ari/ocreon1 !  
disciple & intimate fri5d ( ,*rysippus1 
hav+ erect$ 8 /atue ( brass ^u a pill>1 
engrav$ on x ^! v]ses3--       ,?is     

braz5 /atue ,ari/ocreon      ,to's fri5d
 ,*rysippus newly "h has put1      ,^:  
%>p-edg$ wit1 l sword ( *ampion1        
,did ,academic knots 9 sund] cut4  ,su* 
a "o !n 0 ,*rysippus1 an old man1 a     
philosoph]1 "o :o prais$ ! regal & civil
 life1 & ?\ght !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 
a s*ola/ic & voluptu\s "o4  ,b ^? o!rs (
 !m :o int]m$dle 9 /ate affairs act yet 
m contradictorily to _! own doctr9es4 ,=
 !y gov]n1 judge1 consult1 make laws1   
puni%1 & honor1 z if ^? 7 inde$ cities 9
 ! gov]nm5t ( :i* !y conc]n !mselves1 ^?
 truly c\nsellors & judges :o are at any
 "t allott$ to su* (fices1 ^? g5]als :o 
are *os5 by suffrages1 & ^? laws :i* 7  
made by ,cli/h5es1 ,lycurgus1 & ,solon1 
:om !y affirm to h be5 vici\s m5 &      
fools4 ,?us ev5 ov] ! managem5t ( /ate  
affairs are !y at v>iance ) !mselves4   
,inde$ ,antipat]1 9 8 writ+s conc]n+ !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ,clean!s & ,*rysippus1  
has relat$ t ,z5o & ,clean!s w\ld n be  
made citiz5s ( ,a!ns1 le/ !y might seem 
to injure _! own c\ntries4 ,i %all n mu*

 insi/ ^u x1 t1 if !y did well1         
,*rysippus act$ amiss 9 suff]+ himself  
to be enroll$ z a memb] ( t city4 ,b ?is
 is v contradictory & absurd1 t1 remov+ 
_! p]sons & _! lives s f> (f among/     
/rang]s1 !y res]v$ _! names = _!        
c\ntries2 :i* is ! same ?+ z if a man1  
leav+ 8 wife1 & cohabit+ & b$d+ ) ano!r1
 & gett+ *ildr5 on h]1 %\ld yet refuse  
to contract m>riage ) ! second1 le/ he  
might seem to wrong ! =m]4  ,aga91      
,*rysippus1 writ+ 9 8 treatise (        
,rhetoric1 t a wise man w s plead & s   
act 9 ! managem5t ( a commonweal?1 z if 
ri*es1 glory1 & heal? 7 really good1    
confesses t 8 spee*es are inextricable &
 impolitic1 & 8 doctr9es unsuitable = ! 
uses & actions ( human life4  ,x is     
moreov] a doctr9e ( ,z5o's1 t temples   
are n to be built to ! gods2 = t a      
temple is nei!r a ?+ ( mu* value nor    
holy2 s9ce no "w ( c>p5t]s &            
h&icrafts-m5 c be ( mu* value4 ,& yet !y
 :o praise ^! ?+s z well & wisely said  
are initiat$ 9 ! sacr$ my/]ies1 g up to 

! ,citadel 7:]e ,m9]va's temple /&s71   
adore ! %r9es1 & adorn ) g>l&s !        
sacr>ies1 be+ ! works ( c>p5t]s &       
me*anical p]sons4 ,aga91 !y ?9k t !     
,epicureans1 :o sacrifice to ! gods &   
yet d5y !m to m$dle ) ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1
 d !reby refute !mselves2 :]eas !y      
!mselves are m contr>y to !mselves1     
sacrific+ on alt>s & 9 temples1 :i* !y  
affirm ought n to /& nor to h be5 built4
  ,moreov]1 ,z5o admits 7z ,plato does7 
sev]al virtues hav+ v>i\s di/9ctions--to
 wit1 prud5ce1 =titude1 temp]ance1 &    
ju/ice--z be+ inde$ insep>able1 b yet   
div]s & diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,b aga91    
def9+ e "o ( !m1 he says t =titude is   
prud5ce 9 execut+1 ju/ice prud5ce 9     
di/ribut+1 z be+ "o & ! same virtue1 b  
seem+ to diff] 9 its relation to diff]5t
 affairs :5 x comes to action4 ,nor does
 ,z5o alone seem to contradict himself 9
 ^! matt]s2 b ,*rysippus also1 :o blames
 ,ari/on = say+ t ! o!r virtues are     
diff]5t habits ( "o & ! same virtue1 &  
yet def5ds ,z5o1 :o 9 ?is mann] def9es e

 "o ( ! virtues4 ,& ,clean!s1 hav+ 9 8  
,comm5t>ies conc]n+ ,nature said1 t     
vigor is ! /rik+ ( fire1 :i*1 if x is   
suffici5t 9 ! s\l to p]=m ! duties      
pres5t$ to x1 is call$ =ce & /r5g?2     
subjo9s ^! v words3 ,n[ ?is =ce & /r5g?1
 :5 x is 9 ?+s app>5t & to be p]si/$ 91 
is cont95ce2 :5 9 ?+s to be endur$1 x is
 =titude2 :5 ab\t wor?9ess1 x is ju/ice2
 & :5 ab\t *oos+ or refus+1 x is        
temp]ance4 ,aga9/ him1 :o said1         
,give n ?y judgm5t till bo? sides are   
he>d1      7,9 ! ,pseudo-,phocylidea1   
vs4 #hg 7,b]gk747  ,z5o on ! contr>y    
made use ( su* an argum5t z ?is3 ,if he 
:o spake fir/ has pla9ly prov$ 8 cause1 
! second is n to be he>d1 = ! "q is at  
an end2 & if he has n prov$ x1 x is !   
same case z if be+ cit$ he did n appe>1 
or appe>+ did no?+ b wrangle2 s t1 :e!r 
he has prov$ or n prov$ 8 cause1 !      
second is n to be he>d4 ,& yet he :o    
made ?is dilemma has writt5 aga9/       
,plato's ,commonweal1 dissolv$ sophisms1
 & exhort$ 8 s*ol>s to le>n logic1 z    

enabl+ !m to d ! same4 ,n[ ,plato has   
ei!r prov$ or n prov$ ^? ?+s :i* he writ
 9 8 ,commonweal2 b 9 nei!r case 0 x    
necess>y to write aga9/ him1 b :olly    
sup]flu\s & va94 ,! same may be said    
conc]n+ sophisms4  ,*rysippus is (      
op9ion1 t "y /ud5ts %\ld fir/ le>n      
logic1 secondly1 e?ics1 & aft] ^!1      
physics1 & likewise 9 ?is to m$dle la/ (
 all ) ! disputes conc]n+ ! gods4 ,n[ ^!
 ?+s hav+ be5 (t5 said by him1 x w      
suffice to set d[n :at is f\nd 9 8 ,f\r?
 ,book ( ,lives1 be+ ?us ^w = ^w3 ,fir/1
 !n1 x seems to me1 accord+ z x has be5 
rightly said by ! anci5ts1 t !re are    
?ree k9ds ( philosophical speculations1 
logical1 e?ical1 & physical1 & t ( ^!1 !
 logical ought to be plac$ fir/1 !      
e?ical second1 & ! physical ?ird1 & t ( 
! physical1 ! disc\rse conc]n+ ! gods   
ought to be ! la/2 :]e=e also !         
traditions conc]n+ ?is h be5 /yl$ ,greek
 omitt$1 or ! ,,end+s4 ,b t v disc\rse  
conc]n+ ! gods1 :i* he says ought to be 
plac$ ! la/1 he usually places fir/ &   

sets be=e e moral "q4 ,= he is se5 n to 
say any?+ conc]n+ ! ends1 or conc]n+    
ju/ice1 or conc]n+ good & evil1 or      
conc]n+ m>riage & ! education ( *ildr51 
or conc]n+ ! law & ! commonweal?2 b1 z  
^? :o propose decrees to /ates set be=e 
!m ! words ,to ,good ,=tune1 s he also  
premises some?+ ( ,jupit]1 ,fate1       
,provid5ce1 & ( ! _w's be+ "o & f9ite & 
ma9ta9$ by "o p[]4 ,none ( :i* any "o c 
be p]suad$ to believe1 :o has n p5etrat$
 deeply into ! disc\rses ( natural      
philosophy4 ,he> :at he says ( ?is 9 8  
,?ird ,book ( ! ,gods3 ,= !re is n to be
 f\nd any o!r beg9n+ or any o!r g5]ation
 ( ,ju/ice1 b :at is f ,jupit] & common 
,nature4 ,f !nce mu/ e su* ?+ h its     
beg9n+1 if we w say any?+ conc]n+ good &
 evil4 ,& aga91 9 8 ,natural ,positions 
he says3 ,= "o _c o!rwise or m prop]ly  
come to ! disc\rse ( good & evil1 to !  
virtues1 or to felicity1 ?an f common   
,nature & ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w4 ,& go+ 
f>!r on1 he adds3 ,= to ^! we mu/ annex 
! disc\rse conc]n+ good & evil1 !re be+ 

no o!r bett] beg9n+ or relation !re(1 & 
! speculation ( ,nature be+ le>n$ = no?+
 else1 b to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5    
good & evil4 ,accord+ to ,*rysippus1    
!re=e1 ! natural sci5ce is bo? be=e &   
aft] ! moral2 or r1 x is an inv]sion (  
ord] altoge!r absurd1 if ?is mu/ be put 
aft] ^? ?+s none ( :i* c be compreh5d$  
)\t ?is2 & 8 contradict+ himself is     
manife/1 :5 he ass]ts ! disc\rse (      
,nature to be ! beg9n+ ( t conc]n+ good 
& evil1 & yet comm&s x to be deliv]$1 n 
be=e1 b aft] x4  ,n[1 if any "o %all say
 t ,*rysippus 9 8 book conc]n+ ! ,use ( 
,spee* has writt51 t he :o applies      
himself to logic fir/ ne$s n absolutely 
to ab/a9 f ! re/1 b %\ld take z mu* ( !m
 z %all fall 9 8 way1 he w inde$ say !  
tru?1 b w )al confirm ! fault4 ,= he    
oppugns himself1 "o :ile comm&+ t !     
sci5ce conc]n+ ,god %\ld be tak5 la/ & =
 a conclusion1 z be+ !re=e also call$   
,greek omitt$1 & aga91 ano!r :ile say+ t
 ?is is to be le>n$ toge!r ) ! v fir/4  
,= ord] is at an end1 if all ?+s mu/ be 

us$ at all times4 ,b ?is is m1 t hav+   
made ! sci5ce conc]n+ ! gods ! beg9n+ ( 
t conc]n+ good & evil1 he bids n ^? :o  
apply !mselves to ! e?ics to beg9 ) t2 b
 le>n+ ^!1 to take ( t also z x %all    
come 9 _! way1 & !n to g f ^! to t1 )\t 
:i*1 he says1 !re is no beg9n+ or       
entrance ^u ^!4  ,z = disput+ on bo?    
sides1 he says1 t he does n univ]sally  
reject x1 b exhorts u to use x )        
caution1 z is done 9 plead+s1 n ) ! aim 
really to disprove1 b to dissolve _!    
probability4 ,= to ^?1 says he1 :o      
endeavor a susp5sion ( ass5t conc]n+ all
 ?+s1 x is conv5i5t to d ?is1 & x       
co-op]ates to :at !y desire2 b z = ^? :o
 w\ld "w & con/itute 9 u a c]ta9 sci5ce 
accord+ to :i* we %all pr(ess$ly live1  
!y ought1 on ! contr>y1 to /ate ! fir/  
pr9ciples1 & to direct _! novices :o are
 ent]$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end2 & :]e !re is
 occasion to make m5tion ( contr>y      
disc\rses1 to dissolve _! probability1 z
 is done 9 plead+s4 ,= ?is he ha? said 9
 express words4 ,n[ t x is absurd =     

philosoph]s to ?9k t !y ought to set d[n
 ! contr>y op9ion1 n ) all its reasons1 
b l plead]s1 disabl+ x1 z if !y cont5d$ 
n = tru? b victory1 we h else:]e spok5  
aga9/ him4 ,b t he himself has1 n 9 "o  
or two places 9 8 disputations1 b       
frequ5tly1 confirm$ ! disc\rses :i* are 
contr>y to 8 own op9ions1 & t /\tly1 & )
 s mu* e>ne/ness & cont5tion t x 0 n = e
 "o to und]/& :at he lik$1--! ,/oics    
!mselves affirm1 :o admire ! man's      
acut5ess1 & ?9k t ,c>neades said no?+ ( 
8 own1 b t cat*+ hold ( ^? argum5ts :i* 
,*rysippus alleg$ = ! contr>y op9ion1 he
 assault$ ) !m 8 positions1 & (t5 cri$  
out1       ,wret*1 ?y own /r5g? w !e    
undo1      7,iliad1 vi4 #djg47  z if    
,*rysippus _h giv5 great advantages     
aga9/ himself to ^? :o w\ld di/urb &    
calumniate 8 doctr9es4  ,b ( ^? ?+s :i* 
he has writt5 aga9/ ,cu/om !y are s pr\d
 & boa/ful1 t !y fe> n to affirm1 t all 
! say+s ( all ! ,academics toge!r1 if !y
 7 collect$ into "o body1 are n         
comp>able to :at ,*rysippus has writ 9  

disp>agem5t ( ! s5ses4 ,:i* is an evid5t
 sign ( ! ignorance or self-love ( !    
speak]s2 b ?is inde$ is true1 t be+     
aft]w>ds desir\s to def5d cu/om & !     
s5ses1 he 0 inf]ior to himself1 & !     
latt] treatise 0 mu* weak] ?an ! =m]4 ,s
 t he contradicts himself2 = hav+ always
 direct$ ! propos+ ( an adv]s>y's       
op9ions n ) approbation1 b ) a          
demon/ration ( _! falsity1 he has %[$   
himself m acute 9 oppos+ ?an def5d+ 8   
own doctr9es2 & hav+ admoni%$ o!rs to   
take he$ ( contr>y argum5ts1 z )draw+   
compreh5sion1 he has be5 m s$ul\s 9     
fram+ su* pro(s z take away             
compreh5sion1 ?an su* z confirm x4 ,&   
yet he pla9ly %[s t he himself fe>$ ?is1
 writ+ ?us 9 8 ,f\r? ,book ( ,lives3    
,repugnant argum5ts & probabilities on !
 contr>y side are n ra%ly to be propos$1
 b ) caution1 le/ ! he>]s di/ract$ by !m
 %\ld let g _! conceptions1 n be+ able  
suffici5tly to appreh5d ! solutions1 b s
 weakly t _! compreh5sions may easily be
 %ak54 ,= ev5 ^? :o h1 accord+ to cu/om1

 preconceiv$ bo? s5sible ph5om5a & o!r  
?+s dep5d+ on ! s5ses quickly =ego !m1  
be+ di/ract$ by ,meg>ian int]rogatories 
& by o!rs m num]\s & =cible4 ,i w\ld    
will+ly !re=e ask ! ,/oics1 :e!r !y ?9k 
^! ,meg>ian int]rogatories to be m      
=cible ?an ^? :i* ,*rysippus has writt5 
9 six books aga9/ cu/om2 or r ?is %\ld  
be ask$ ( ,*rysippus himself4 ,= obs]ve 
:at he has writt5 ab\t ! ,meg>ian       
reason1 9 8 book conc]n+ ! ,use (       
,spee*1 ?us3 ,"s su* ?+s fell out 9 !   
disc\rse ( ,/ilpo & ,m5$emus2 =1 :]eas  
!y 7 r5[n$ = wisdom1 _! disput+ has     
turn$ to _! reproa*1 _! argum5ts be+ "p 
clumsy1 & ! re/ pla9ly sophi/ical4 ,&   
yet1 good sir1 y fe> le/ ^? argum5ts :i*
 y d]ide & t]m ! disgrace ( _! propos]s1
 z hav+ a manife/ fault9ess1 %\ld div]t 
"s f compreh5sion4 ,& did n y y\rself1  
writ+ s _m books aga9/ cu/om1 9 :i* y h 
add$ :atev] y c\ld inv5t1 ambiti\sly    
/riv+ to exce$ ,arcesilaus1 expect t y  
%\ld p]plex "s ( y\r read]s8 ,= nei!r   
does he use sl5d] argum5ts aga9/ cu/om2 

b z if he 7 plead+1 he ) "s passion 9   
himself /irs up ! affections ( o!rs1    
tell+ 8 oppon5t t he talks fooli%ly &   
labors 9 va94 ,& t he may leave no room 
to d5y 8 speak+ ( contradictions1 he has
 9 8 ,natural ,positions writt5 ?us3 ,x 
may be lawful = ^? :o compreh5d a ?+ to 
argue on ! contr>y side1 apply+ to x t  
k9d ( def5ce :i* ! subject itself af=ds2
 & sometimes1 :5 !y compreh5d nei!r1 to 
disc\rse :at is alleg$ = ei!r4 ,& hav+  
said 9 8 book conc]n+ ! ,use ( ,spee*1 t
 we ought no m to use ! =ce ( reason ?an
 ( arms = su* ?+s z are n fitt+1 he     
subjo9s ?is3 ,= !y are to be employ$ = !
 f9d+ out ( tru?s & = ! alliance ( !m1 &
 n = ! contr>y1 ?\gh _m m5 d x4 ,by _m  
p]haps he means ^? :o )hold _! ass5t4 ,b
 ^! tea*]s1 und]/&+ nei!r1 dispute on   
bo? sides1 believ+ t1 if any?+ is       
compreh5sible1 ?us only or *iefly does  
tru? af=d a compreh5sion ( itself4 ,b y1
 :o accuse !m1 & d y\rself write contr>y
 to ^? ?+s :i* y und]/ood conc]n+ cu/om1
 & exhort o!rs "u y\r au?ority to d !   

same1 confess t y wantonly use ! faculty
 ( disput+1 out ( va9 ambition1 ev5 on  
useless & hurtful ?+s4  ,!y say1 t a    
good de$ is ! comm&1 & s9 ! prohibition 
( ! law2 & !re=e t ! law =bids ! wick$  
_m ?+s1 b comm&s !m no?+1 because !y _c 
d a good de$4 ,b :o is ignorant t he :o 
_c d a good de$ _c also s98 ,!re=e !y   
make ! law to contradict itself1 comm&+ 
m5 ^? ?+s :i* !y _c p]=m1 & =bidd+ !m ^?
 ?+s f :i* !y _c ab/a94 ,= a man :o _c  
be temp]ate _c b act intemp]ately2 & he 
:o _c be wise _c b act fooli%ly4 ,& !y  
!mselves affirm1 t ^? :o =bid say "o ?+1
 =bid ano!r & comm& ano!r4 ,= he :o says
 ,?\ %alt n /eal at ! same "t t he says 
^! words1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 =bids also to
 /eal & directs n to /eal4 ,! law !re=  
bids ! wick$ no?+1 unless x also comm&s 
!m some?+4 ,& !y say1 t ! physician bids
 8 disciple to cut & caut]ize1 omitt+ to
 add ^! words1 'seasonably & mod]ately'2
 & ! musician comm&s 8 s*ol> to play on 
! h>p & s+1 omitt+ 'tunably' & 'keep+   
"t'4 ,:]e=e also !y puni% ^? :o d ^! ?+s

 unskilfully & faultily2 = t !y 7 comm&$
 to d !m well1 & !y h done !m ill4 ,if  
!re=e a wise man comm&s 8 s]vant to say 
or d some?+1 & puni%es him = do+ x      
unseasonably or n z he ought1 is x n    
manife/ t he comm&$ him to d a good     
action & n an indiff]5t "o8 ,b if wise  
m5 comm& wick$ ones indiff]5t ?+s1 :at  
h9d]s b ! comm&s ( ! law may be also    
su*8 ,moreov]1 ! impulse 7call$ ,greek  
omitt$7 is1 accord+ to him1 ! reason ( a
 man comm&+ him to d some?+1 z he has   
writt5 9 8 book ( ! law4 ,is n !re=e    
also ! av]sion 7call$ ,greek omitt$7 a  
prohibit+ reason1 & a dis9cl9ation1 a   
dis9cl9ation agreeable to reason8       
,caution !re=e is also reason prohibit+ 
a w cauti\s is prop] only to ! wise1 & n
 to ! wick$4 ,if1 !n1 ! reason ( a wise 
man is "o ?+ & ! law ano!r1 wise m5 h   
caution contr>y to ! law2 b if ! law is 
no?+ else b ! reason ( a wise man1 ! law
 is f\nd to =bid wise m5 ! do+ ( ^? ?+s 
( :i* !y are cauti\s4  ,*rysippus says1 
t no?+ is pr(itable to ! wick$1 t !     

wick$ h nei!r use nor ne$ ( any?+4 ,hav+
 said ?is 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,good ,de$s1
 he says aga91 t bo? commodi\sness &    
grace p]ta9 to mean or indiff]5t ?+s1   
none ( :i* accord+ to !m1 is pr(itable4 
,9 ! same place he affirms1 t !re is    
no?+ prop]1 no?+ conv5i5t = a vici\s    
man1 9 ^! words3 ,on ! same pr9ciple we 
decl>e t !re is no?+ =eign or /range to 
! good man1 & no?+ prop] or rightfully  
belong+ to ! bad man1 s9ce ! "o is good 
& ! o!r bad4 ,:y1 !n1 does he break our 
heads1 writ+ p>ticul>ly 9 e "o ( 8      
books1 z well natural z moral1 t z soon 
z we are born we are appropriat$ to     
ourselves1 our p>ts1 & our (fspr+8 ,& :y
 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,ju/ice does he say t
 ! v brutes1 proportionably to !        
necessity ( _! "y1 are appropriat$ to   
!m1 except fi%es1 ^: "y are n\ri%$ by   
!mselves8 ,= nei!r h !y s5se :o h no?+  
s5sible1 nor !y appropriation :o h no?+ 
prop]2 = appropriation seems to be !    
s5se & p]ception ( :at is prop]4  ,& ?is
 op9ion is consequ5t to _! pr9cipal     

ones4 ,x is moreov] manife/ t           
,*rysippus1 ?\gh he has also writt5 _m  
?+s to ! contr>y1 lays ?is = a position1
 t !re is n any vice great] or any s9 m 
griev\s ?an ano!r1 nor any virtue m     
excell5t or any good de$ bett] ?an      
ano!r2 s t he says 9 8 ,?ird ,book (    
,nature3 ,z x well beseems ,jupit] to   
glory 9 himself & 8 life1 to magnify    
himself1 & 7if we may s say7 to be> up 8
 head1 h an high conceit ( himself1 &   
speak big1 = t he leads a life wor?y (  
l(ty spee*2 s ! same ?+s d n misbeseem  
all good m51 s9ce !y are 9 no?+ exce$$  
by ,jupit]4 ,& yet himself1 9 8 ,?ird   
,book ( ,ju/ice1 says1 t !y :o make     
pleasure ! end de/roy ju/ice1 b !y :o   
say x is only a good d n de/roy x4 ,^!  
are 8 v words3 ,= p]haps1 if we leave   
?is to pleasure1 t x is a good b n !    
end1 & t hone/y is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are  
eligible = !mselves1 we may pres]ve     
ju/ice1 mak+ ! hone/ & ! j a great] good
 ?an pleasure4 ,b if t only is good :i* 
is hone/1 he :o affirms pleasure to be a

 good is 9 an error1 b he errs less ?an 
he :o makes x also ! end2 = ! "o de/roys
 ju/ice1 ! o!r pres]ves x2 & by ! "o    
human society is ov]?r[n1 b ! o!r leaves
 a place to goodness & humanity4 ,n[ ,i 
let pass 8 say+ f>!r 9 8 book conc]n+   
,jupit]1 t ! virtues increase & g on1   
le/ ,i may seem to cat* at words2 ?\gh  
,*rysippus is inde$ 9 ?is k9d v %>p ^u  
,plato & o!rs4 ,b :5 he =bids ! prais+ (
 ev]y?+ t is done accord+ to virtue1 he 
%[s t !re is "s diff]5ce betwe5 good    
de$s4 ,n[ he says ?us 9 8 book conc]n+  
,jupit]3 ,= s9ce ea* virtue has its own 
prop] effects1 !re are "s ( ^! t are to 
be prais$ m highly ?an o!rs2 = he w\ld  
%[ himself to be v frigid1 t %\ld       
und]take to praise & extol any man =    
hold+ out ! f+] /\tly1 = ab/a9+         
cont95tly f an old woman ready to drop  
into ! grave1 & pati5tly he>+ x said t  
?ree are n exactly f\r4 ,:at he says 9 8
 ,?ird ,book ( ! ,gods is n unlike to   
?is3 ,= ,i moreov] ?9k t ! praises ( su*
 ?+s z to ab/a9 f an old woman :o has "o

 foot 9 ! grave1 & to endure ! /+ ( a   
fly1 ?\gh proce$+ f virtue1 w\ld be v   
imp]t95t4 ,:at o!r repreh5d] ( 8        
doctr9es does ?is man !n expect8 ,= if  
he :o praises su* ?+s is frigid1 he :o  
ass]ts e "o ( !m to be a great--nay1 a v
 great good de$--is mu* m frigid4 ,= if 
to endure a fly is equal to be+ valiant1
 & to ab/a9 f an old woman n[ at ! edge 
( ! grave is equal to be+ temp]ate1 !re 
is1 ,i ?9k1 no diff]5ce :e!r a virtu\s  
man is priz$ = ^! or = ^?4 ,moreov]1 9 8
 ,second ,book ( ,fri5d%ip1 tea*+ t     
fri5d%ips are n = e fault to be         
dissolv$1 he has ^! v expressions3 ,= x 
is meet t "s faults %\ld be :olly pass$ 
by1 o!rs lightly repreh5d$1 o!rs m      
sev]ely1 & o!rs deem$ wor?y a total     
dissolution ( fri5d%ip4 ,& :i* is m1 he 
says 9 ! same book1 t we w conv]se ) "s 
m & "s less1 s t "s %all be m & "s less 
fri5ds2 & ?is div]sity ext5d+ v f>1 "s  
are wor?y ( su* an amity1 o!rs ( a      
great]2 & ^! w des]ve to be s f> tru/$1 
^? n s f>1 & ! l4 ,= :at else has he    

done 9 ^! places1 b %[n ! great div]sity
 !re is betwe5 ^! ?+s8 ,moreov]1 9 8    
book conc]n+ ,hone/y1 to demon/rate t   
only to be good :i* is hone/1 he uses ^!
 words3 ,:at is good is eligible2 :at is
 eligible is acceptable2 :at is         
acceptable is laudable2 & :at is        
laudable is hone/4 ,& aga93 ,:at is good
 is joy\s2 :at is joy\s is v5]able2 :at 
is v5]able is hone/4 ,b ^! spee*es are  
repugnant to himself2 = ei!r all good is
 comm5dable1 & !n ! ab/a9+ *a/ely f an  
old woman is also comm5dable2 or all    
good is nei!r v5]able nor joy\s1 & 8    
reason+ falls to ! gr\nd4 ,= h[ c x     
possibly be frigid 9 o!rs to praise any 
= su* ?+s1 & n ridicul\s = him to       
rejoice & glory 9 !m8  ,su* inde$ he    
frequ5tly is2 b 9 8 disputations aga9/  
o!rs he takes n ! lea/ c>e ( speak+ ?+s 
contr>y & dissonant to himself4 ,= 9 8  
books ( ,exhort+1 repreh5d+ ,plato1 :o  
said1 t to him :o has nei!r le>n$ nor   
kn[s h[ to live x is pr(itable n to     
live1 he speaks 9 ?is mann]3 ,= ?is     

spee* is bo? repugnant to itself1 & n at
 all conclusive4 ,= fir/ ins9uat+ t x is
 be/ = u n to live1 & 9 a sort c\nsell+ 
u to die1 he w excite u r to any?+ else 
?an to be philosoph]s2 = nei!r c he :o  
does n live philosophize1 nor he :o %all
 live long wick$ly & ignorantly become  
wise4 ,& go+ on1 he says t x is conv5i5t
 = ! wick$ also to cont9ue 9 life4 ,&   
aft]w>ds ?us1 ^w = ^w3 ,fir/1 z virtue1 
b>ely tak51 has no?+ t[>ds our liv+1 s  
nei!r has vice any?+ to oblige u to     
dep>t4 ,nor is x necess>y to turn ov]   
o!r books1 t we may %[ ,*rysippus's     
contradictor9ess to himself2 b 9 ^!     
same1 he sometimes ) comm5dation br+s =?
 ?is say+ ( ,anti/h5es1 t ei!r und]/&+  
or a halt] is to be provid$1 z also t ( 
,tyrtaeus1       ,come nigh ! b\nds (   
virtue or ( dea?4  ,n[ :at else w ?is   
%[1 b t to wick$ m5 & fools n to live is
 m pr(itable ?an to live8 ,& sometimes  
correct+ ,!ognis1 he says1 t ! poet %\ld
 n h writt51       ,f pov]ty to fly2--  
b r ?us1       ,f wick$ness to fly1 into

 ! deep      ,?r[ ?yself1 ,cyrnus1 or f 
rocks s /eep4      7,see ,!ognis1 vs4   
#age47  ,:at !re=e else does he seem to 
d1 b to set d[n himself ^? ?+s &        
doctr9es :i*1 :5 o!rs write !m1 he      
expunges2 condemn+1 inde$1 ,plato = %[+ 
t n to live is bett] ?an to live        
vici\sly & ignorantly2 & yet advis+     
,!ognis to let a man break 8 neck or ?r[
 himself into ! sea1 t he may avoid     
vice8 ,= hav+ prais$ ,anti/h5es =       
direct+ fools to an halt]1 he aga9      
blames him1 say+ t vice has no?+ t %\ld 
oblige u to dep>t out ( life4  ,moreov]1
 9 8 books aga9/ ! same ,plato1 conc]n+ 
,ju/ice1 he imm$iately at ! v beg9n+    
leaps into a disc\rse t\*+ ! gods1 &    
says1 t ,cephalus did n rightly av]t m5 
f inju/ice by ! fe> ( ! gods1 & t 8     
tea*+ is easily refut$1 & t x af=ds to !
 contr>y _m argum5ts & probabilities    
impugn+ ! disc\rse conc]n+ div9e        
puni%m5ts1 z no?+ diff]+ f ! tales (    
,acco & ,alphito 7or ,raw-,head &       
,bloody-,bones71 ) :i* wom5 are wont to 

fright5 little *ildr5 f _! unlucky      
pranks4 ,hav+ ?us traduc$ ,plato1 he 9  
o!r places aga9 praises him1 & (t5      
alleges ?is say+ ( ,euripides3--        
,h[e'er y may d]ide x1 !re's a ,jove1   
,) o!r gods1 :o sees m5's ills above4   
,& likewise1 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,ju/ice  
cit+ ^! v]ses ( ,hesiod1       ,!n ,jove
 f heav5 puni%m5ts did s5d1      ,&     
plague & fam9e br\ght !m to _! end1     
7,works & ,days1 #bdb47  he says1 ! gods
 d ^! ?+s1 t ! wick$ be+ puni%$1 o!rs   
admoni%$ by ^! examples may less d>e to 
attempt ! do+ ( su* ?+s4  ,aga91 9 8    
book ( ,ju/ice1 subjo9+1 t x is possible
 = ^? :o make pleasure a good b n ! end 
to pres]ve also ju/ice1 he said 9       
express t]ms3 ,= p]haps if we leave ?is 
to pleasure1 t x is a good b n ! end1 & 
t hone/y is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are eligible
 = !mselves1 we may pres]ve ju/ice1 mak+
 ! hone/ & ! j a great] good ?an        
pleasure4 ,s mu* he says 9 ?is place    
conc]n+ pleasure4 ,b 9 8 book aga9/     
,plato1 accus temp]ance1 & all ! o!r    

virtues w be tak5 away1 if we make      
pleasure1 heal?1 or any?+ else :i* is n 
hone/1 to be a good4 ,:at !re=e is to be
 said = ,plato1 we h else:]e writt5     
aga9/ him4 ,b "h 8 contradict+ himself  
is manife/1 :5 he says 9 "o place1 t if 
a man supposes t ) hone/y pleasure also 
is a good1 ju/ice is pres]v$1 & 9 ano!r1
 accuses ^? :o make any?+ besides hone/y
 to be a good ( tak+ away all ! virtues4
 ,b t he may n leave any means ( mak+ an
 apology = 8 contradictions1 writ+ aga9/
 ,ari/otle conc]n+ ju/ice1 he affirms   
him n to h spok5 rightly :5 he said1 t  
pleasure be+ made ! end1 ju/ice is tak5 
away1 & toge!r ) ju/ice1 e "o also ( !  
o!r virtues4 ,= ju/ice 7he says7 w inde$
 be tak5 away2 b !re is no?+ to h9d] !  
o!r virtues f rema9+ & be+1 ?\gh n      
eligible = !mselves1 yet good & virtues4
 ,!n he reckons up e "o ( !m by "n4 ,b x
 w be bett] to set d[n 8 own words4 ,=  
pleasure1 says he1 appe>+ accord+ to ?is
 disc\rse to be made ! end1 yet all ?is 
seems n to me to be conta9$ 9 x4 ,:]e=e 

we mu/ say1 t nei!r any ( ! virtues is  
eligible nor any ( ! vices to be avoid$ 
= itself1 b t all ^! ?+s are to be      
ref]r$ to ! propos$ scope4 ,yet no?+1   
accord+ to _! op9ion1 w h9d] b t        
=titude1 prud5ce1 cont95ce1 & pati5ce   
may be good1 & _! contr>ies to be       
avoid$4 ,has !re ev] !n be5 any man m   
peevi% 9 8 disputes ?an he1 :o has blam$
 two ( ! pr9cipal philosoph]s1 ! "o =   
tak+ away all virtue1 by n mak+ t only  
to be good :i* is hone/1 & ! o!r = n    
?9k+ all ! virtues except ju/ice to be  
pres]v$1 ?\gh pleasure is made ! end8 ,=
 x is a wond]ful lic5ti\sness t1        
disc\rs+ ( ! same matt]s1 he %\ld :5    
accus+ ,plato take away aga9 ^? v ?+s   
:i* himself sets d[n :5 repreh5d+       
,ari/otle4 ,moreov]1 9 8 demon/rations  
conc]n+ ju/ice1 he says expressly1 t e  
good de$ is bo? a lawful action & a j   
op]ation2 b t ev]y?+ :i* is done accord+
 to cont95ce1 pati5ce1 prud5ce1 or      
=titude is a good de$1 & !re=e also a j 
op]ation4 ,:y1 !n1 does he n also leave 

ju/ice to !m to :om he leaves prud5ce1  
=titude1 & cont95ce2 s9ce :atev] !y d   
well accord+ to ! said virtue1 !y d also
 ju/ly8  ,moreov]1 ,plato hav+ said1 t  
inju/ice1 z be+ ! corruption & s$ition (
 ! s\l1 loses n its p[] ev5 9 ^? :o h x 
)9 !m1 b sets ! wick$ man aga9/ himself1
 & mole/s & di/urbs him2 ,*rysippus1    
blam+ ?is1 affirms t x is absurdly said1
 ,a man injures himself2 = t inju/ice is
 to ano!r1 & n to "o's self4 ,b =gett+  
?is1 he aga9 says1 9 8 demon/rations    
conc]n+ ju/ice1 t ! unju/ man is injur$ 
by himself & injures himself :5 he      
injures ano!r1 becom+ to himself ! cause
 ( transgress+1 & undes]v$ly hurt+      
himself4 ,9 8 books inde$ aga9/ ,plato1 
cont5d+ t we _c talk ( inju/ice aga9/   
"o's self1 b z conc]ns ano!r1 he has ^! 
words3 ,= m5 _c be unju/ by !mselves2   
inju/ice requires sev]al on diff]5t     
sides1 speak+ contr>y "o unto ano!r & ! 
inju/ice mu/ be tak5 9 diff]5t ways4 ,b 
no su* ?+ ext5ds to "o alone1 except    
inasmu* z he is affect$ t[>ds 8         

neighbor4 ,b 9 8 demon/rations he has   
su* disc\rses z ^!1 conc]n+ ! unju/     
man's be+ injuri\s also to himself3 ,!  
law =bids ! be+ any way ! au?or (       
transgression1 & to act unju/ly w be    
transgression4 ,he !re=e :o is to       
himself ! au?or ( act+ unju/ly          
transgresses aga9/ himself4 ,n[ he t    
transgresses aga9/ any "o also injures  
him2 !re=e he :o is injuri\s to any "o  
:omsoev] is injuri\s also to himself4   
,aga93 ,s9 is a hurt1 & e "o :o s9s s9s 
aga9/ himself2 e "o !re=e :o s9s hurts  
himself undes]v$ly1 & if s1 is also     
unju/ to himself4 ,& f>!r ?us3 ,he :o is
 hurt by ano!r hurts himself1 & t       
undes]v$ly4 ,n[ t is to be unju/4 ,e "o 
!re=e t is injur$1 by :omsoev] x is1 is 
unju/ also to himself4  ,he says1 t !   
doctr9e conc]n+ good & evil :i* himself 
introduces & approves is mo/ agreeable  
to life1 & does mo/ ( all rea* ! inbr$  
pr5otions2 = ?is he has affirm$ 9 8     
,?ird ,book ( ,exhortations4 ,b 9 8     
,fir/ ,book he says1 t ?is doctr9e takes

 a man (f f all o!r ?+s1 z be+ no?+ to  
u1 nor co-op]at+ any?+ t[>ds felicity4  
,see1 n[1 h[ consonant he is to himself1
 :5 he ass]ts a doctr9e :i* takes u (f f
 life1 heal?1 indol5ce1 & integrity ( ! 
s5ses1 & says t ^? ?+s we beg ( ! gods  
are no?+ to u1 ?\gh mo/ agreeable to    
life & to ! common presumptions4 ,b t   
!re may be no d5ial ( 8 speak+          
contradictions1 9 8 ,?ird ,book (       
,ju/ice he has said ?us3 ,:]e=e also1 f 
! excell5ce ( _! greatness & beauty1 we 
seem to speak ?+s l to fictions1 & n    
accord+ to man or human nature4 ,is x !n
 possible t any "o c m pla9ly confess 8 
speak+ ?+s contr>y to himself ?an ?is   
man does1 :o affirms ^? ?+s :i* 7he     
says7 = _! excell5cy seem to be fictions
 & to be spok5 above man & human nature1
 to be agreeable to life1 & mo/ ( all to
 rea* ! inbr$ pr5otions8  ,9 e "o ( 8   
natural & e?ical books1 he ass]ts vice  
to be ! v ess5ce ( unhapp9ess2 writ+ &  
cont5d+ t to live vici\sly is ! same ?+ 
z to live unhappily4 ,b 9 8 ,?ird ,book 

( ,nature1 hav+ said t x is pr(itable = 
a fool to live r ?an to die1 ?\gh he is 
nev] to become wise1 he subjo9s3 ,= su* 
is ! nature ( good ?+s among mortals1 t 
evil ?+s are 9 "s sort *os5 be=e        
indiff]5t ones4 ,i let pass !re=e1 t    
hav+ else:]e said t no?+ is pr(itable to
 fools1 he "h says t to live fooli%ly is
 pr(itable to !m4 ,n[ ^? ?+s be+ by !m  
call$ indiff]5t :i* are nei!r bad nor   
good1 :5 he says t bad ?+s prec$e !m1 he
 says no?+ else b t evil ?+s prec$e ^? t
 are n evil1 & t to be unhappy is m     
pr(itable ?an n to be unhappy2 & if s1  
he e/eems n to be unhappy to be m       
unpr(itable--& if m unpr(itable1 m      
hurtful--?an to be unhappy4 ,desir+     
!re=e to mitigate ?is absurdity1 he adds
 conc]n+ evils3 ,b x is n ^! evils t h  
prec$5ce1 b reason2 ) :i* x is m        
conv5i5t to live1 ?\gh we %all be fools4
 ,fir/ !re=e he says t vice & ?+s       
p>ticipat+ ( vice are evil1 & t no?+    
else is s4 ,n[ vice is some?+           
reasonable1 or r deprav$ reason4 ,= ^?  

!re=e :o are fools to live ) reason1 is 
no?+ else b to live ) vice4 ,!nce to    
live be+ fools is to live be+ unhappy4  
,9 :at !n is ?is to be pref]r$ to       
indiff]5t ?+s8 ,= he surely w n say t ) 
reg>d to happ9ess unhapp9ess is to be   
pref]r$4 ,b nei!r1 say !y1 does         
,*rysippus altoge!r ?9k t ! rema9+ 9    
life is to be reckon$ among/ good ?+s1  
or ! go+ out ( x among/ bad2 b bo? ( !m 
among/ indiff]5t ones1 accord+ to       
,nature4 ,:]e=e also x sometimes becomes
 meet = ! happy to make !mselves away1 &
 aga9 = ! unhappy to cont9ue 9 life4 ,n[
 :at great] repugnance c !re be ?an ?is 
9 ! *oice & avoid+ ( ?+s1 if x is       
conv5i5t = ^? :o are 9 ! highe/ degree  
happy to =sake ^? good ?+s t are pres5t1
 = ! want ( "s "o indiff]5t ?+8 ,& yet  
!y e/eem none ( ! indiff]5t ?+s ei!r    
desirable or to be avoid$2 b only good  
desirable1 & only evil to be avoid$4 ,s 
t x comes to pass1 accord+ to !m1 t !   
reason+ ab\t actions reg>ds nei!r ?+s   
desirable nor ?+s refusable2 b t aim+ at

 o!r ?+s1 :i* !y nei!r %un nor *oose1 !y
 make life & dea? to dep5d on ^!4       
,*rysippus confesses t good ?+s are     
totally diff]5t f bad2 & x mu/ (        
necessity be s1 if ^! make !m ) :om !y  
are pres5t mis]able to ! v utmo/ po9t1 &
 ^? r5d] _! possessors 9 ! highe/ degree
 happy4 ,n[ he says1 t good & evil ?+s  
are s5sible1 writ+ ?us 9 8 ,fir/ ,book (
 ! ,end3 ,t good & evil ?+s are         
p]ceptible by s5se1 we are by ^! reasons
 =c$ to say2 = n only ! passions1 ) _!  
species1 z sorr[1 fe>1 & su* o!rs1 are  
s5sible2 b we may also h a s5se ( !ft1  
adult]y1 & ! l1 & g5]ally1 ( folly1     
c[>dice1 & o!r vices n a few2 & aga91 n 
only ( joy1 b5efic5ce1 & _m o!r         
dep5d5ces on good de$s1 b also (        
prud5ce1 =titude1 & ! o!r virtues4 ,let 
u pass by ! o!r absurdities ( ^! ?+s2 b 
t !y are repugnant to ^? ?+s :i* are    
deliv]$ by him conc]n+ ! wise man t kn[s
 no?+ ( 8 be+ s1 :o does n confess8 ,=  
good1 :5 pres5t1 be+ s5sible & hav+ a   
great diff]5ce f evil1 is x n mo/       

absurd1 t he :o is ( bad become good    
%\ld be ignorant ( x1 & n p]ceive virtue
 :5 pres5t1 b ?9k t vice is /ill )9 him8
 ,= ei!r none :o has all virtues c be   
ignorant & d\bt ( 8 hav+ !m2 or !       
diff]5ce ( virtue f vice1 ( happ9ess f  
mis]y1 & ( a mo/ hone/ life f a mo/     
%ameful "o1 is little & altoge!r        
difficult to be disc]n$1 if he :o has   
tak5 ! "o 9 ex*ange = ! o!r does n      
p]ceive x4  ,he has writt5 "o volume (  
lives divid$ into f\r books2 9 ! f\r? ( 
^! he says1 t a wise man m$dles ) no    
bus9ess b 8 own1 & is employ$ ab\t 8 own
 affairs4 ,8 words are ^!3 ,= ,i am (   
op9ion1 t a prud5t man %uns affairs1    
m$dles little1 & at ! same "t m9ds 8 own
 occasions2 civil p]sons be+ bo? m9d]s (
 _! own affairs & m$dl]s ) little else4 
,he has said almo/ ! same 9 8 book (    
,?+s eligible = ,!mselves1 9 ^! v words3
 ,= inde$ a quiet life seems to h 9 x a 
c]ta9 security & fre$om f dang]1 ?\gh   
!re are n v _m :o c compreh5d x4 ,x is  
manife/ t he does n mu* diss5t f        

,epicurus1 :o takes away ,provid5ce t he
 may leave ,god 9 repose4 ,b ! same     
,*rysippus 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,lives     
says1 t a wise man will+ly takes ^u him 
a k+dom1 mak+ 8 pr(it by x2 & if he _c  
reign himself1 w dwell ) a k+1 & g to ! 
w>s ) a k+ l ,hydan?yrsus ! ,scy?ian or 
,leucon ! ,pontic4 ,b ,i w "h also set  
d[n 8 v disc\rse1 t we may see :e!r1 z f
 ! treble & ! base /r+s !re arises a    
symphony 9 music1 s ! life ( a man :o   
*ooses quietness & m$dl+ ) little       
accords ) him :o1 ^u any necessity1     
rides along ) ! ,scy?ians & manages !   
affairs ( ! tyrants 9 ! ,bosphorus3 ,= t
 a wise man w bo? g to ! w>s & live )   
pot5tates1 we w aga9 consid] ?is        
h]eaft]2 "s inde$ ^u ! l argum5ts n s   
mu* z suspect+ ?is1 & we = semblable    
reasons admitt+ x4 ,& a little aft]3 ,n 
only ) ^? :o h proce$$ well1 & are      
become pr(ici5ts 9 discipl9e & good     
mann]s1 z ) ,leucon & ,hydan?yrsus4  ,"s
 !re are :o blame ,calli/h5es = sail+ to
 ,alex&] 9 hopes to obta9 ! rebuild+ (  

,olyn?us1 z ,ari/otle _h procur$ t (    
,/agira2 & comm5d ,ephorus1 ,x5ocrates1 
& ,m5$emus1 :o reject$ ,alex&]'s        
solicitation4 ,b ,*rysippus ?ru/s 8 wise
 man head=w>ds = ! sake ( ga91 z f> z   
,panticapaeum & ! des]t ( ! ,scy?ians4  
,& t he does ?is = ! sake ( pr(it & ga91
 he has %[$ be=e1 suppos+ ?ree ways (   
ga9+ mo/ suitable = a wise man1--! fir/ 
by a k+dom1 ! second by 8 fri5ds1 & !   
?ird1 besides ^!1 by tea*+ philosophy4  
,& yet he frequ5tly ev5 tires u ) 8     
praises ( ?is say+3--       ,:at ne$ h  
m5 ( m ?an ^! two ?+s8  ,& 9 8 books (  
,nature he says1 t a wise man1 if he has
 lo/ ! greate/ weal? imag9able1 seems to
 h lo/ b a s+le groat4 ,b hav+ !re ?us  
elevat$ & puff$ him up1 he aga9 "h ?r[s 
him d[n to m]c5>9ess & sophi/ry2 nay1 to
 ask+ money & ev5 to receiv+ x be=eh&1  
sometimes at ! v entrance ( 8 s*ol>1 &  
o!r:iles aft] "s "t pa/4 ,! la/1 he says
 inde$1 is ! m polite1 b to receive     
be=eh& ! m sure2 delay all[+ ( injuries4
 ,n[ he says ?us3 ,all :o are well      

advis$ d n require _! sal>y 9 ! same    
mann]1 b diff]5tly2 a multitude ( !m1 z 
opportunity (f]s1 n promis+ to make _!  
s*ol>s good m51 & t )9 a ye>1 b to d    
?is1 z f> z 9 !m lies1 )9 a "t agre$ on4
 ,& aga9 go+ on1 he says3 ,b he w "k 8  
opportunity1 :e!r he ought to receive 8 
recomp5se pres5tly at ! v entrance 7z _m
 h done71 or to give !m "t1 ?is mann]   
be+ m liable to injuries1 b )al1 seem+ !
 m c\rte\s4 ,& h[ is ! wise man a       
contemn] ( weal?1 :o ^u a contract      
deliv]s virtue = money1 & if he has n   
deliv]$ x1 yet requires 8 rew>d1 z hav+ 
done :at is 9 him8 ,or h[ is he above   
be+ endamag$1 :5 he is s cauti\s le/ he 
be wrong$ ( 8 recomp5se8 ,= no man is   
wrong$ :o is n endamag$4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh he
 has else:]e ass]t$ t a wise man _c be  
injur$1 he "h says1 t ?is mann] ( deal+ 
is liable to injury4  ,9 8 book ( a     
,commonweal he says1 t 8 citiz5s w nei!r
 act nor prep>e any?+ = ! sake (        
pleasure1 & praises ,euripides = hav+   
utt]$ ?is s5t5ce3--       ,:at ne$ h m5 

( m ?an ^! two ?+s1      ,! fruits (    
,c]es1 & ?ir/-qu5*+ spr+s8  ,& yet a    
little aft] ?is1 go+ on1 he comm5ds     
,diog5es1 :o =c$ 8 nature to pass f     
himself 9 public1 & said to ^? t 7      
pres5t3 ,i wi% ,i c\ld 9 ! same mann]   
drive hung] also out ( my belly4 ,:at   
reason !n is !re to praise 9 ! same     
books him :o rejects all pleasure1 &    
)al1 him :o = ! sake ( pleasure does su*
 ?+s1 & proce$s to su* a degree (       
fil?9ess8 ,moreov]1 hav+ 9 8 book (     
,nature writt51 t ,nature has produc$ _m
 creatures = ! sake ( beauty1 delight+ 9
 pul*ritude & pleas+ h]self ) v>iety1 & 
hav+ add$ a mo/ absurd expression1 t !  
peacock 0 made = ! sake ( 8 tail & = !  
beauty ( x2 he has1 9 8 treatise ( a    
,commonweal1 %>ply repreh5d$ ^? :o br$  
peacocks & night+ales1 z if he 7 mak+   
laws contr>y to ! lawgiv] ( ! _w1 &     
d]id+ ,nature = pleas+ h]self 9 ! beauty
 ( animals to :i* a wise man w\ld n give
 a place 9 8 city4 ,= h[ c x b be absurd
 to blame ^? :o n\ri% ^! creatures1 if  

he comm5ds ,provid5ce :i* creat$ !m8 ,9 
8 ,fif? ,book ( ,nature1 hav+ said1 t   
bugs pr(itably awak5 u out ( our sleep1 
t mice make u cauti\s n to lay up ev]y?+
 neglig5tly1 & t x is probable t        
,nature1 rejoic+ 9 v>iety1 takes delight
 9 ! production ( fair creatures1 he    
adds ^! words3 ,! evid5ce ( ?is is      
*iefly %[n 9 ! peacock's tail2 = "h %e  
manife/s t ?is animal 0 made = ! sake ( 
8 tail1 & n ! contr>y2 s1 ! male be+    
made1 ! female foll[s4 ,9 8 book ( a    
,commonweal1 hav+ said t we are ready to
 pa9t ev5 dunghills1 a little aft] he   
adds1 t "s beautify _! cornfields ) v9es
 climb+ up trees1 & myrtles set 9 r[s1 &
 keep peacocks1 doves1 & p>tridges1 t !y
 may he> !m cry & coo1 & night+ales4 ,n[
 ,i w\ld gladly ask him1 :at he ?9ks (  
bees & honey8 ,= x 0 ( consequ5ce1 t he 
:o said bugs 7 creat$ pr(itably %\ld    
also say t bees 7 creat$ unpr(itably4 ,b
 if he all[s ^! a place 9 8 city1 :y    
does he drive away 8 citiz5s f ?+s t are
 pleas+ & delight ! e>8 ,to be brief1--z

 he w\ld be v absurd :o %\ld blame !    
gue/s = eat+ sweetmeats & o!r delicacies
 & dr9k+ ( w9e1 & at ! same "t comm5d   
him :o invit$ !m & prep>$ su* ?+s = !m2 
s he t praises ,provid5ce1 :i* has af=d$
 fi%es1 birds1 honey1 & w9e1 & at ! same
 "t f9ds fault ) ^? :o reject n ^! ?+s1 
nor cont5t !mselves )       ,! fruits ( 
,c]es & ?ir/-qu5*+ spr+s1  :i* are      
pres5t & suffici5t to n\ri% u1 seems to 
make no scruple ( speak+ ?+s            
contradictory to himself4  ,moreov]1    
hav+ said 9 8 book ( ,exhortations1 t ! 
hav+ c>nal comm]ce ) our mo!rs1         
daught]s1 or si/]s1 ! eat+ =bidd5 food1 
& ! go+ f a woman's b$ or a dead c>cass 
to ! temple1 h be5 )\t reason blam$1 he 
affirms1 t we ought = ^! ?+s to h a     
reg>d to ! brute bea/s1 & f :at is done 
by !m conclude t none ( ^! is absurd or 
contr>y to ,nature2 = t ! comp>isons (  
o!r animals are fitly made = ?is        
purpose1 to %[ t nei!r _! c\pl+1        
br++-=?1 nor dy+ 9 ! temples pollutes ! 
,div9ity4 ,yet he aga9 9 8 ,fif? ,book (

 ,nature says1 t ,hesiod rightly =bids  
ur9at+ into riv]s & f\nta9s1 & t we %\ld
 r ab/a9 f do+ ?is aga9/ any alt>1 or   
/atue ( ! gods2 & t x is n to be admitt$
 = an argum5t1 t dogs1 asses1 & "y      
*ildr5 d x1 :o h no discretion or       
consid]ation ( su* ?+s4 ,x is !re=e     
absurd to say 9 "o place1 t ! savage    
example ( irrational animals is fit to  
be consid]$1 & 9 ano!r1 t x is          
unreasonable to allege x4  ,to give a   
solution to ! incl9ations1 :5 a man     
seems to be necessitat$ by ext]ior      
causes1 "s philosoph]s place 9 !        
pr9cipal faculty ( ! s\l a c]ta9        
adv5titi\s motion1 :i* is *iefly        
manife/$ 9 ?+s diff]+ 9 no way f "o     
ano!r4 ,= :51 ) two ?+s altoge!r alike &
 ( equal importance1 !re is a necessity 
to *oose ! "o1 !re be+ no cause incl9+  
to ei!r1 = t nei!r ( !m diff]s f ! o!r1 
?is adv5titi\s p[] ( ! s\l1 seiz+ on its
 incl9ation1 det]m9es ! d\bt4           
,*rysippus1 disc\rs+ aga9/ ^! m51 z (f]+
 viol5ce to ,nature by imag9+ an effect 

)\t a cause1 9 _m places alleges ! die &
 ! balance1 & sev]al o!r ?+s1 :i* _c    
fall or incl9e ei!r "o way or ! o!r )\t 
"s cause or diff]5ce1 ei!r :olly )9 !m  
or com+ to !m f )\t2 = t :at is         
causeless 7he says7 is :olly insubsi/5t1
 z also :at is =tuit\s2 & 9 ^? motions  
devis$ by "s & call$ adv5titi\s1 !re    
occur c]ta9 obscure causes1 :i*1 be+    
conceal$ f u1 move our incl9ations to "o
 side or o!r4 ,^! are "s ( ^? ?+s :i*   
are mo/ evid5tly kn[n to h be5 frequ5tly
 said by him2 b :at he has said contr>y 
to ?is1 n ly+ s expos$ to e "o's sight1 
,i w set d[n 9 8 own words4 ,= 9 8 book 
( ,judg+1 hav+ suppos$ two runn+ = a    
wag] to h exactly f9i%$ _! race toge!r1 
he exam9es :at is fit = ! judge 9 ?is   
case to d4 ,:e!r1 says he1 may ! judge  
give ! palm to :i* ( !m he w1 s9ce !y   
bo? happ5 to be s famili> to him1 t he  
w\ld 9 "s sort appe> to be/[ on !m      
some:at ( 8 own8 ,or r1 s9ce ! palm is  
common to bo?1 may x be1 z if lots _h   
be5 ca/1 giv5 to ei!r1 accord+ to !     

incl9ation he *ances to h8 ,i say !     
incl9ation he *ances to h1 z :5 two     
groats1 e way else alike1 be+ pres5t$ to
 u1 we incl9e to "o ( !m & take x4 ,& 9 
8 ,six? ,book ( ,duties1 hav+ said t !re
 are "s ?+s n wor?y ( mu* /udy or       
att5tion1 he ?9ks we ought1 z if we _h  
ca/ lots1 to commit ! *oice ( ^? ?+s to 
! casual incl9ation ( ! m9d3 ,z if1 says
 he1 ( ^? :o try ! same two drams 9 a   
c]ta9 "t1 "s %\ld approve ?is & o!rs t1 
& !re be+ no m cause = ! tak+ ( "o ?an !
 o!r1 we %\ld leave (f mak+ any f>!r    
inve/igation & take t :i* *ances to come
 fir/2 ?us ca/+ ! lot 7z x 77 accord+ to
 "s unc]ta9 pr9ciple1 & be+ 9 dang] (   
*oos+ ! worse ( !m4 ,= 9 ^! passages1 ! 
ca/+ ( lots & ! casual incl9+ ( ! m9d1  
:i* is )\t any cause1 introduce ! *oice 
( indiff]5t ?+s4  ,9 8 ,?ird ,book (    
,dialectics1 hav+ said t ,plato1        
,ari/otle1 & ^? :o came aft] !m1 ev5 to 
,polemon & ,/raton1 b especially        
,socrates1 dilig5tly /udi$ dialectics1 &
 hav+ cri$ out t "o w\ld ev5 *oose to   

err ) su* & s great m5 z ^!1 he br+s 9  
^! words3 ,= if !y _h spok5 ( ^! ?+s    
cursorily1 "o might p]haps h cavill$ at 
?is place2 b hav+ treat$ ( dialectic    
skill z "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ necess>y   
faculties1 x is n probable !y %\ld h be5
 s mu* mi/ak51 hav+ be5 su* 9 all ! p>ts
 ( philosophy z we e/eem !m4 ,:y1 !n    
7might "s "o say to him71 d y nev] cease
 to oppose & argue aga9/ su* & s great  
m51 z if y ?\ght !m to err 9 ! pr9cipal 
& greate/ matt]s8 ,= x is n probable t  
!y writ s]i\sly ( dialectics1 & only    
transitorily & 9 sport ( ! beg9n+1 end1 
gods1 & ju/ice1 9 :i* y affirm _!       
disc\rse to be bl9d & contradictory to  
itself1 & to h a ?\s& o!r faults4  ,9 "o
 place he says1 t ! vice call$ ,greek   
omitt$1 or ! rejoic+ at o!r m5's h>ms1  
has no be+2 s9ce no good man ev] rejoic$
 at ano!r's evils4 ,b 9 8 ,second ,book 
( ,good1 hav+ decl>$ envy to be a sorr[ 
at o!r m5's good1--to wit1 9 su* z      
desire ! depression ( _! neighbors t    
!mselves may excel1 he jo9s to x ?is    

rejoic+ at o!r m5's h>ms1 say+ ?us3 ,to 
?is is contigu\s ! rejoic+ at o!r m5's  
h>ms1 9 su* z = l causes desire to h _! 
neighbors l[2 b 9 ^? t are turn$ accord+
 to o!r natural motions1 is eng5d]$     
m]cy4 ,= he manife/ly admits ! joy at   
o!r m5's h>ms to be subsi/5t1 z well z  
envy & m]cy2 ?\gh 9 o!r places he       
affirms x to h no subsi/5ce2 z he does  
also ! hatr$ ( wick$ness1 & ! desire (  
di%one/ ga94  ,hav+ 9 _m places said1 t 
^? :o h a long "t be5 happy are no?+ m  
s1 b equally & 9 l mann] ) ^? :o h b a  
mom5t be5 p>tak]s ( felicity1 he has    
aga9 9 _m o!r places affirm$1 t x is n  
fit to /ret* out s mu* z a f+] = !      
obta9+ mom5t>y prud5ce1 :i* flies away l
 a fla% ( lightn+4 ,x w be suffici5t to 
set d[n :at is to ?is purpose writt5 by 
him 9 8 ,six? ,book ( ,moral ,que/ions4 
,= hav+ said1 t nei!r does e good ?+    
equally cause joy1 nor e good de$ ! l   
glory+1 he subjo9s ^! words3 ,= if a man
 %\ld h wisdom only = a mom5t ( "t or ! 
f9al m9ute ( life1 he ought n s mu* z to

 /ret* out 8 f+] = su* a %ortliv$       
prud5ce4 ,& yet m5 are nei!r m happy =  
be+ long] s1 nor is et]nal felicity m   
eligible ?an t :i* la/s b a mom5t4 ,if  
he _h inde$ held prud5ce to be a good1  
produc+ felicity1 z ,epicurus ?\ght1 "o 
%\ld h blam$ only ! absurdity & !       
p>adoxicalness ( ?is op9ion2 b s9ce     
prud5ce ( itself is n ano!r ?+ diff]+ f 
felicity1 b felicity itself1 h[ is x n a
 contradiction to say1 t mom5t>y        
happ9ess is equally desirable ) et]nal1 
& yet t mom5t>y happ9ess is no?+ wor?8  
,*rysippus also says1 t ! virtues foll[ 
"o ano!r1 & t n only he :o has "o has   
all1 b also t he :o acts accord+ to any 
"o ( !m acts accord+ to !m all2 & he    
affirms1 t !re is n any man p]fect :o is
 n possess$ ( all ! virtues1 nor any    
action p]fect to ! do+ ( :i* all !      
virtues d n concur4 ,b yet 9 8 ,six?    
,book ( ,moral ,que/ions he says1 t a   
good man does n always act valiantly1   
nor a vici\s man always fe>fully2 =     
c]ta9 objects be+ pres5t$ to ! fancies1 

! "o mu/ p]si/ 9 8 judgm5ts1 & ! o!r    
dep>t f !m2 & he says t x is n probable 
a wick$ man %\ld be always indulg+ 8    
lu/4 ,if !n to act valiantly is ! same  
?+ z to use =titude2 & to act timor\sly 
z to yield to fe>1 !y _c b speak        
contradictions :o say1 t he :o is       
possess$ ( ei!r virtue or vice acts at  
%e same "t accord+ to all ! virtues or  
all ! vices1 & yet t a valiant man does 
n always act valiantly nor a vici\s man 
timor\sly4  ,he def9es ,rhetoric to be  
an art conc]n+ ! ornam5t & ! ord]+ ( a  
disc\rse t is pron\nc$4 ,& f>!r 9 8     
,fir/ ,book he has writt5 ?us3 ,& ,i am 
( op9ion n only t a reg>d ought to be _h
 to a lib]al & simple adorn+ ( words1 b 
also t c>e is to be tak5 = prop]        
deliv]y1 z reg>ds ! "r elevation ( !    
voice & ! compositions ( ! c\nt5ance &  
h&s4 ,yet he1 :o is 9 ?is place s curi\s
 & exact1 aga9 9 ! same book1 speak+ ( !
 collision ( ! v[els1 says3 ,we ought n 
only to let ^! ?+s pass1 m9d+ some:at t 
is bett]1 b also to neglect c]ta9       

obscurities & defects1 nay1 solecisms   
also1 ( :i* o!rs1 & ^? n a few1 w\ld be 
a%am$4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 "o place to all[ ^?  
:o w\ld speak eloqu5tly s c>efully to   
dispose _! spee* z ev5 to obs]ve a      
decorum 9 ! v composition ( _! m\? &    
h&s1 & 9 ano!r place to =bid ! tak+ c>e 
( defects & inelegancies1 & ! be+ a%am$ 
ev5 ( committ+ solecisms1 is ! prop]ty (
 a man :o little c>es :at he says1 b    
ra%ly utt]s :atev] comes fir/ into 8    
m\?4  ,moreov]1 9 8 ,natural ,positions 
hav+ w>n$ u n to tr\ble ourselves b to  
be at quiet ab\t su* ?+s z require      
exp]i5ce & sci5tific inve/igation1 he   
says3 ,let u n ?9k aft] ! same mann] )  
,plato1 t liquid n\ri%m5t is convey$ to 
! lungs1 & dry to ! /oma*2 nor let u    
embrace o!r errors l to ^!4 ,n[ x is my 
op9ion1 t to repreh5d o!rs1 & !n n to   
keep "o's self f fall+ into ^? ?+s :i*  
"o has repreh5d$1 is ! greate/ (        
contradictions & %amefulle/ ( errors4 ,b
 he says1 t ! connections made by t5    
axioms am\nt to above a million 9 numb]1

 hav+ nei!r se>*$ dilig5tly into x by   
himself nor atta9$ to ! tru? by m5      
exp]i5c$ 9 x4 ,yet ,plato _h to te/ify =
 him ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! physicians1        
,hippocrates1 ,phili/ion1 & ,dioxippus !
 disciple ( ,hippocrates2 & ( ! poets1  
,euripides1 ,aleaeus1 ,eupolis1 &       
,erato/h5es1 :o all say t ! dr9k passes 
?r\gh ! lungs4 ,b all ! ari?meticians   
refute ,*rysippus1 among/ :om also is   
,hipp>*us1 demon/rat+ t ! error ( 8     
computation is v great2 s9ce !          
affirmative makes ( ! t5 axioms "o      
hundr$ & ?ree ?\s& =ty & n9e            
connections1 & ! negative ?ree hundr$ & 
t5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ fifty & two4  ,"s ( !
 anci5ts h said1 t ! same befell ,z5o   
:i* befalls him :o has s\r w9e :i* he c 
sell nei!r = v9eg> nor w9e2 = 8 ?+s     
pref]able1 z he call$ !m1 _c be dispos$ 
(1 ei!r z good or z indiff]5t4 ,b       
,*rysippus has made ! matt] yet f> m    
intricate2 = he sometimes says1 t !y are
 mad :o make no acc\nt ( ri*es1 heal?1  
fre$om f pa91 & integrity ( ! body1 nor 

take any c>e to atta9 !m2 & hav+ cit$ t 
s5t5ce ( ,hesiod1       ,"w h>d1 ,o     
,god-born ,p]ses1      7,works & ,days1 
#bii47  he cries out1 t x w\ld be a     
madness to advise ! contr>y & say1      
,"w n1 ,o ,god-born ,p]ses4  ,& 9 8 book
 ( ,lives he affirms1 t a wise man w = !
 sake ( ga9 live ) k+s1 & tea* = money1 
receiv+ f "s ( 8 s*ol>s 8 rew>d be=eh&1 
& mak+ contract ) o!rs ( !m2 & 9 8      
,sev5? ,book ( ,duties he says1 t he w n
 scruple to turn 8 heels ?rice ov] 8    
head1 if = s do+ he may h a tal5t4 ,9 8 
,fir/ ,book ( ,good ,?+s1 he yields &   
grants to ^? t desire x to call ^!      
pref]able ?+s good & _! contr>ies evil1 
9 ^! v words3 ,any "o :o likes1 accord+ 
to ^! p]mutations1 may call "o ?+ good &
 ano!r evil1 if he has a reg>d to ! ?+s 
!mselves1 n w&]+ else:]e1 n fail+ 9 !   
und]/&+ ( ! ?+ signifi$1 & 9 ! re/      
accommodat+ himself to cu/om 9 !        
d5om9ation4 ,hav+ ?us 9 ?is place set 8 
?+s pref]able s ne> to good1 & mix$ !m  
!re)1 he aga9 says1 t none ( ^! ?+s     

belongs at all to u1 b t reason )draws &
 av]ts u f all su* ?+s2 = he has writt5 
?us 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,exhortations4 ,& 
9 8 ,?ird ,book ( ,nature he says1 t "s 
e/eem ^? happy :o reign & are ri*1 :i*  
is all "o z if ^? %\ld be reput$ happy  
:o make wat] 9 gold5 *amb]-pots & we>   
gold5 fr+es2 b to a good man ! los+ ( 8 
:ole e/ate is b z ! los+ ( "o groat1 & !
 be+ sick no m ?an if he _h /umbl$4     
,:]e=e he has n fill$ virtue only1 b    
,provid5ce also1 ) ^! contradictions4 ,=
 virtue w\ld seem to ! utmo/ degree     
sordid & fooli%1 if x %\ld busy itself  
ab\t su* matt]s1 & enjo9 a wise man = _!
 sake to sail to ,bosphorus or tumble ) 
8 heels ov] 8 head4 ,& ,jupit] w\ld be v
 ridicul\s to be /yl$ ,ctesius1         
,epic>pius1 & ,*>itodotes1 because =soo?
 he gives ! wick$ gold5 *amb]-pots &    
gold5 fr+es1 & ! good su* ?+s z are     
h>dly wor? a groat1 :5 ?r\gh ,jupit]'s  
provid5ce !y become ri*4 ,& yet mu* m   
ridicul\s is ,apollo1 if he sits to give
 oracles conc]n+ gold5 fr+es &          

*amb]-pots & ! recov]+ ( a /umble4  ,b  
!y make ?is repugnancy yet m evid5t by  
_! demon/ration4 ,= !y say1 t :at may be
 us$ bo? well & ill1 ! same is nei!r    
good nor bad2 b fools make an ill use ( 
ri*es1 heal?1 & /r5g? ( body2 !re=e none
 ( ^! is good4 ,if !re=e ,god gives n   
virtue to m51--b hone/y is eligible (   
itself1--& yet be/[s on !m ri*es & heal?
 )\t virtue1 he conf]s !m on ^? :o c use
 !m n well b ill1 t is hurtfully1       
%amefully1 & p]nici\sly4 ,n[1 if ! gods 
c be/[ virtue & d n1 !y are n good2 b if
 !y _c make m5 good1 nei!r c !y help !m1
 = outside ( virtue no?+ is good &      
advantage\s4 ,n[ to judge ^? :o are     
o!rwise made good accord+ to virtue &   
/r5g?444 is no?+ to ! purpose1 = good m5
 also judge ! gods accord+ to virtue &  
/r5g?2 s t !y d no m aid m5 ?an !y are  
aid$ by !m4  ,n[ ,*rysippus nei!r       
pr(esses himself nor any "o ( 8         
disciples & tea*]s to be virtu\s4 ,:at  
!n d !y ?9k ( o!rs1 b ^? ?+s :i* !y     
say1--t !y are all mad fools1 impi\s1   

transgressors ( laws1 & 9 ! mo/ degree (
 mis]y & unhapp9ess8 ,& yet !y say t our
 affairs1 ?\gh we act ?us mis]ably1 are 
gov]n$ by ! provid5ce ( ! gods4 ,n[ if !
 gods1 *ang+ _! m9ds1 %\ld desire to    
hurt1 afflict1 ov]?r[1 & q cru% u1 !y   
c\ld n put u 9 a worse condition ?an we 
already are2 z ,*rysippus demon/rates t 
life c admit only "o degree ei!r ( mis]y
 or ( unhapp9ess2 s t if x _h a voice1 x
 w\ld pron\nce ^! words ( ,h]cules3     
,i am s full ( mis]ies1 !re is      ,no 
place to /[ !m 94      7,euripides1     
,h]cules ,fur5s1 #abde47  ,n[ :o c      
imag9e any ass]tions m repugnant to "o  
ano!r ?an *at ( ,*rysippus conc]n+ !    
gods & t conc]n+ m52 :5 he says1 t !    
gods d 9 ! be/ mann] possible provide = 
m51 & yet m5 are 9 ! wor/ condition     
imag9able8  ,"s ( ! ,py?agoreans blame  
him = hav+ 9 8 book ( ,ju/ice writt5    
conc]n+ cocks1 t !y are usefully        
procreat$1 because !y awak5 u f our     
sleep1 hunt out scorpions1 & animate u  
to battle1 bre$+ 9 u a c]ta9 emulation  

to %[ c\rage2 & yet t we mu/ eat !m1 le/
 ! numb] ( *ick5s %\ld be great] ?an 7  
exp$i5t4 ,b he s d]ides ^? :o blame him 
= ?is1 t he has writt5 ?us conc]n+      
,jupit] ! ,savi\r & ,creator1 ! fa!r (  
ju/ice1 equity1 & peace1 9 8 ,?ird ,book
 ( ! ,gods3 ,z cities ov]*>g$ ) too     
great a numb] ( citiz5s s5d =? colonies 
into o!r places & make w> ^u "s1 s does 
,god give ! beg9n+s ( corruption4 ,& he 
br+s 9 ,euripides = a witness1 ) o!rs :o
 say t ! ,trojan w> 0 caus$ by ! gods1  
to exhau/ ! multitude ( m54  ,b lett+   
pass _! o!r absurdities 7= our design is
 n to inquire :at !y h said amiss1 b    
only :at !y h said dissonantly to       
!mselves71 consid] h[ he always         
attributes to ! gods speci\s & k9d      
appellations1 b at ! same "t cruel1     
b>b>\s1 & ,galatian de$s4 ,= ^? s great 
slaught]s & e>nages1 z 7 ! productions (
 ! ,trojan w> & aga9 ( ! ,p]sian &      
,peloponnesian1 7 no way l to colonies  
unless ^! m5 "k ( "s cities built 9 hell
 & "u ! e>?4 ,b ,*rysippus makes ,god l 

to ,deiot>us1 ! ,galatian k+1 :o hav+ _m
 sons1 & be+ desir\s to leave 8 k+dom & 
h\se to "o ( !m1 kill$ all ! re/2 z he t
 cuts & prunes away all ! o!r bran*es f 
! v9e1 t "o :i* he leaves rema9+ may gr[
 /rong & great4 ,& yet ! v9e-dress] does
 ?is1 ! sprigs be+ sl5d] & weak2 & we1  
to favor a bit*1 take f h] _m ( h]      
new-born puppies1 :il/ !y are yet bl9d4 
,b ,jupit]1 hav+ n only suff]$ & se5 m5 
to gr[ up1 b hav+ also bo? creat$ &     
increas$ !m1 plagues !m aft]w>ds1 devis+
 occasions ( _! de/ruction & corruption2
 :]eas he %\ld r n h giv5 !m any causes 
& beg9n+s ( g5]ation4  ,h[ev]1 ?is is b 
a small matt]2 b t :i* foll[s is great]4
 ,= !re is no w> among/ m5 )\t vice4 ,b 
sometimes ! love ( pleasure1 sometimes !
 love ( money1 & sometimes ! love (     
glory & rule is ! cause ( x4 ,if !re=e  
,god is ! au?or ( w>s1 he mu/ be also ( 
s9s1 provok+ & p]v]t+ m54 ,& yet himself
 says 9 8 treatise ( ,judgm5t & 8       
,second ,book ( ! ,gods1 t x is no way  
rational to say t ! ,div9ity is 9 any   

respect ! cause ( di%one/y4 ,= z ! law c
 9 no way be ! cause ( transgression1 s 
nei!r c ! gods ( be+ impi\s2 !re=e nei!r
 is x rational t !y %\ld be ! causes (  
any?+ t is fil?y4 ,:at !re=e c be m     
fil?y to m5 ?an ! mutual kill+ ( "o     
ano!r8--to :i* ,*rysippus says t ,god   
gives beg9n+s4 ,b "s "o p]haps w say1 t 
he else:]e praises ,euripides = say+1   
,if gods d aught di%one/1 !y're no gods2
  & aga91       ',tis a mo/ easy ?+ t'  
accuse ! gods2      7,f ! ,bell]ophontes
 ( ,euripides1 ,frag4 #bid2      & !    
,ar*elaus1 ,frag4 #bef47  z if we 7 n[  
do+ any?+ else ?an sett+ d[n su* words &
 s5t5ces ( 8 z are repugnant to "o      
ano!r4 ,yet t v ?+ :i* is n[ prais$ may 
be object$1 n once or twice or ?rice1 b 
ev5 t5 ?\s& times1 aga9/ ,*rysippus3--  
',tis a mo/ easy ?+ t' accuse ! gods4   
,= fir/ hav+ 9 8 book ( ,nature comp>$ !
 et]nity ( motion to a dr9k made ( div]s
 species confus$ly mix$ toge!r1 turn+ & 
jumbl+ ! ?+s t are made1 "s ?is way1    
o!rs t way1 he goes on ?us3 ,n[ !       

adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se proce$+ 9 ?is  
mann]1 x is ( necessity we %\ld be 9 !  
condition we are1 :e!r contr>y to our   
own nature we are sick or maim$1 or :e!r
 we are gramm>ians or musicians4 ,& aga9
 a little aft]1 ,accord+ to ?is reason  
we %all say ! l ( our virtue & vice1 &  
g5]ally ( arts or ! ignorance ( arts1 z 
,i h said4 ,& a little aft]1 tak+ away  
all ambiguity1 he says3 ,= no p>ticul>  
?+1 n ev5 ! lea/1 c be o!rwise ?an      
accord+ to common ,nature & its reason4 
,b t common ,nature & ! common reason ( 
,nature are ) him ,fate & ,provid5ce &  
,jupit]1 is n unkn[n ev5 to ! antipodes4
 ,= ^! ?+s are ev]y:]e inculcat$ 9 !    
,/oic sy/em2 & ,*rysippus affirms t     
,hom] said v well1       ,jove's        
purposes 7 rip5+1      7,iliad1 i4 #e47 
hav+ respect to ,fate & ! ,nature ( !   
univ]se1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ is       
gov]n$4 ,h[ !n d ^! agree1 bo? t ,god is
 no way ! cause ( any di%one/ ?+1 &     
aga91 t n ev5 ! lea/ ?+ imag9able c be  
o!rwise done ?an accord+ to common      

,nature & its reason8 ,= among/ all ?+s 
t are done1 !re mu/ ( necessity be also 
evil ?+s attribut$ to ! gods4 ,& ?\gh   
,epicurus inde$ turns himself e way1 &  
/udies artifices1 devis+ h[ to deliv] & 
set loose our volunt>y free w f ?is     
et]nal motion1 t he may n leave vice    
irrepreh5sible2 yet ,*rysippus gives    
vice a mo/ absolute lib]ty1 z be+ done n
 only ( necessity or accord+ to ,fate1 b
 also accord+ to ! reason ( ,god & be/  
,nature4 ,& ^! ?+s are yet f>!r se5 9   
:at he says aft]w>ds1 be+ ?us ^w = ^w3  
,= common ,nature ext5d+ to all ?+s1 x w
 be ( necessity t ev]y?+1 h[soev] done 9
 ! :ole or 9 any "o soev] ( its p>ts1   
mu/ be done accord+ to ?is common       
,nature & its reason1 proce$+ on        
regul>ly )\t any imp$im5t4 ,= !re is    
no?+ )\t t c h9d] ! adm9i/ration1 nor is
 !re any ( ! p>ts t c be mov$ or        
habituat$ o!rwise ?an accord+ to common 
,nature4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^! habits &      
motions ( ! p>ts8 ,x is manife/1 t !    
habits are vices & diseases1            

covet\sness1 luxury1 ambition1 c[>dice1 
inju/ice2 & t ! motions are adult]ies1  
!fts1 treasons1 murd]s1 p>ricides4 ,( ^!
 ,*rysippus ?9ks1 t no "o1 ei!r little  
or great1 is contr>y to ! reason (      
,jupit]1 or to 8 law1 ju/ice1 &         
provid5ce2 s nei!r is ! transgress+ ( ! 
law done aga9/ ! law1 nor ! act+ unju/ly
 aga9/ ju/ice1 nor ! committ+ ( s9 aga9/
 ,provid5ce4  ,& yet he says1 t ,god    
puni%es vice1 & does _m ?+s = ! *a/is+ (
 ! wick$4 ,& 9 8 ,second ,book ( ! ,gods
 he says1 t _m adv]sities sometimes     
befall ! good1 n z !y d ! wick$1 =      
puni%m5t1 b accord+ to ano!r            
disp5sation1 z x is 9 cities4 ,& aga9 9 
^! words3 ,fir/ we are to und]/& ( evils
 9 l mann] z has be5 said be=e3 !n t ^! 
?+s are di/ribut$ accord+ to ! reason ( 
,jupit]1 :e!r = puni%m5t1 or accord+ to 
"s o!r disp5sation1 hav+ 9 "s sort      
respect to ! univ]se4 ,?is !re=e is     
inde$ sev]e1 t wick$ness is bo? done &  
puni%$ accord+ to ! reason ( ,jupit]4 ,b
 he aggravates ?is contradiction 9 8    

,second ,book ( ,nature1 writ+ ?us3     
,vice 9 ref]5ce to griev\s accid5ts1 has
 a c]ta9 reason ( its own4 ,= x is also 
9 "s sort accord+ to ! reason ( ,nature1
 &1 z ,i may s say1 is n :olly useless 9
 respect ( ! univ]se4 ,= o!rwise also   
!re w\ld n be any good4 ,?us does he    
repreh5d ^? t dispute indiff]5tly on bo?
 sides1 :o1 out ( a desire to say some?+
 :olly s+ul> & m exquisite conc]n+      
ev]y?+1 affirms1 t m5 d n unpr(itably   
cut purses1 calumniate1 & play madm51 & 
t x is n unpr(itable !re %\ld be        
unpr(itable1 hurtful1 & unhappy p]sons4 
,:at mann] ( god !n is ,jupit]1--,i mean
 ,*rysippus's ,jupit]1--:o puni%es an   
act done nei!r will+ly nor unpr(itably8 
,= vice is inde$1 accord+ to            
,*rysippus's disc\rse1 :olly            
repreh5sible2 b ,jupit] is to be blam$1 
:e!r he has made vice :i* is an         
unpr(itable ?+1 or1 hav+ made x n       
unpr(itable1 puni%es x4  ,aga91 9 8     
,fir/ ,book ( ,ju/ice1 hav+ spok5 ( !   
gods z resi/+ ! inju/ices ( "s1 he says3

 ,b :olly to take away vice is nei!r    
possible nor exp$i5t4 ,:e!r x 7 n bett] 
t law-break+1 inju/ice1 & folly %\ld be 
tak5 away1 is n ! design ( ?is pres5t   
disc\rse to inquire4 ,b he himself1 z   
mu* z 9 him lies1 by 8 philosophy tak+  
away vice1 :i* x is n exp$i5t to take   
away1 does some?+ repugnant bo? to      
reason & ,god4 ,besides ?is1 say+ t ,god
 resi/s "s inju/ices1 he aga9 makes pla9
 ! impiety ( s9s4  ,hav+ (t5 writt5 t   
!re is no?+ repreh5sible1 no?+ to be    
compla9$ ( 9 ! _w1 all ?+s be+ f9i%$    
accord+ to a mo/ excell5t nature1 he    
aga9 else:]e leaves c]ta9 neglig5ces to 
be repreh5d$1 & ^? n conc]n+ small or   
base matt]s4 ,= hav+ 9 8 ,?ird ,book (  
,sub/ance relat$ t "s su* ?+s befall    
hone/ & good m51 he says3 ,may x n be t 
"s ?+s are n reg>d$1 z 9 great families 
"s bran--yea1 & "s gra9s ( corn         
also--are scatt]$1 ! g5]ality be+       
nev]!less well ord]$2 or maybe !re are  
evil ,g5ii set ov] ^? ?+s 9 :i* !re are 
real & faulty neglig5ce8 ,& he also     

affirms t !re is mu* necessity int]mix$4
 ,i let pass1 h[ inconsid]ate x is to   
comp>e su* accid5ts befall+ hone/ & good
 m51 z 7 ! condemnation ( ,socrates1 !  
burn+ ( ,py?agoras1 :il/ he 0 yet liv+1 
by ! ,cyloneans1 ! putt+ to dea?--& t ) 
torture--( ,z5o by ! tyrant ,demylus1 & 
( ,antiphon by ,dionysius1 ) ! lett+ (  
bran fall4 ,b t !re %\ld be evil ,g5ii  
plac$ by ,provid5ce ov] su* *>ges1--h[ c
 x b be a reproa* to ,god1 z x w\ld be  
to a k+1 to commit ! adm9i/ration ( 8   
prov9ces to evil & ra% gov]nors &       
capta9s1 & suff] ! be/ ( 8 subjects to  
be despis$ & ill-treat$ by !m8 ,&       
fur!rmore1 if !re is mu* necessity mix$ 
among/ affairs1 !n ,god has n p[] ov] !m
 all1 nor are !y all adm9i/]$ accord+ to
 8 reason4  ,he cont5ds mu* aga9/       
,epicurus & ^? t take away provid5ce f !
 conceptions we h ( ! gods1 :om we e/eem
 b5eficial & graci\s to m54 ,& ^! ?+s   
be+ frequ5tly said by !m1 !re is no     
necessity ( sett+ d[n ! words4 ,yet all 
d n conceive ! gods to be good &        

favorable to u4 ,= see :at ! ,jews &    
,syrians ?9k ( ! gods2 consid] also ) h[
 mu* sup]/ition ! poets are fill$4 ,b   
!re is n any "o1 9 a mann] to speak (1 t
 imag9es ,god to be corruptible or to h 
be5 born4 ,& to omit all o!rs1 ,antipat]
 ! ,t>sian1 9 8 book ( ! gods writes    
?us1 ^w = ^w3 ,at ! op5+ ( our disc\rse 
we w briefly repeat ! op9ion we h       
conc]n+ ,god4 ,we und]/& !re=e ,god to  
be an animal1 bless$ & incorruptible1 & 
b5eficial to m54 ,& !n exp\nd+ e "o ( ^!
 t]ms he says3 ,& inde$ all m5 e/eem !  
gods to be incorruptible4 ,*rysippus    
!re=e is1 accord+ to ,antipat]1 n "o (  
all m52 = he ?9ks none ( ! gods1 except 
,fire1 to be incorruptible1 b t !y all  
equally 7 born & w die4 ,^! ?+s are1 9 a
 mann]1 ev]y:]e said by him4 ,b ,i w set
 d[n 8 words out ( 8 ,?ird ,book ( !    
,gods3 ,x is o!rwise ) ! gods4 ,= "s (  
!m are born & corruptible1 b o!rs n     
born4 ,& to demon/rate ^! ?+s f ! beg9n+
 w be m fit = a treatise ( ,nature4 ,= !
 ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & o!r gods :o are ( a l 

nature1 7 begott52 b ,jupit] is et]nal4 
,& aga9 go+ on3 ,b ! l w be said conc]n+
 dy+ & be+ born1 bo? conc]n+ ! o!r gods 
& ,jupit]4 ,= !y inde$ are corruptible1 
b 8 pa/ incorruptible4 ,) ^! ,i comp>e a
 few ( ! ?+s said by ,antipat]3 ,:osoev]
 !y are t take away f ! gods b5efic5ce1 
!y affect 9 "s "p our conception ( !m2 &
 accord+ to ! same reason !y also d ?is1
 :o ?9k !y p>ticipate ( g5]ation &      
corruption4 ,if1 !n1 he :o e/eems ! gods
 corruptible is equally absurd ) him :o 
?9ks !m n to be provid5t & graci\s to   
m51 ,*rysippus is no less 9 an error ?an
 ,epicurus4 ,= "o ( !m deprives ! gods (
 b5efic5ce1 ! o!r ( incorruptibility4   
,& moreov]1 ,*rysippus1 9 8 ,?ird ,book 
( ! ,gods treat+ ( ! o!r gods be+       
n\ri%$1 says ?us3 ,! o!r gods inde$ use 
n\ri%m5t1 be+ equally su/a9$ by x2 b    
,jupit] & ! ,_w are ma9ta9$ aft] ano!r  
mann] f ^? :o are consum$ & 7 eng5d]$ by
 fire4 ,"h inde$ he decl>es1 t all ! o!r
 gods are n\ri%$ except ! ,_w & ,jupit]2
 b 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,provid5ce he says3

 ,jupit] increases till he has consum$  
all ?+s into himself4 ,= s9ce dea? is ! 
sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 & ! s\l ( ! 
,_w is n inde$ sep>at$1 b increases     
cont9ually till x has consum$ all matt] 
into itself1 x is n to be said t ! ,_w  
dies4 ,:o c !re=e appe> to speak ?+s m  
contradictory to himself ?an he :o says 
t ! same god is n[ n\ri%$ & aga9 n      
n\ri%$8 ,nor is !re any ne$ ( ga!r+ ?is 
by argum5t3 = himself has pla9ly writt5 
9 ! same place3 ,b ! ,_w alone is said  
to be self-suffici5t1 because x alone   
has 9 itself all ?+s x /&s 9 ne$ (1 & is
 n\ri%$ & augm5t$ ( itself1 ! o!r p>ts  
be+ mutually *ang$ into "o ano!r4 ,he is
 !n repugnant to himself1 n only by     
decl>+ 9 "o place t all ! gods are      
n\ri%$ except ! ,_w & ,jupit]1 & say+ 9 
ano!r1 t ! ,_w also is n\ri%$2 b mu* m1 
:5 he affirms t ! ,_w increases by      
n\ri%+ itself4 ,n[ ! contr>y _h be5 mu* 
m probable1 to wit1 t ! ,_w alone does n
 increase1 hav+ its own de/ruction = its
 food2 b t addition & increase are      

incid5t to ! o!r gods1 :o are n\ri%$ f  
)\t1 & ! ,_w is r consum$ into !m1 if s 
x is t ! ,_w fe$s on itself1 & !y always
 receive some?+ & are n\ri%$ f t4       
,secondly1 ! conception ( ! gods conta9s
 9 x felicity1 bless$ness1 &            
self-p]fection4 ,:]e=e also ,euripides  
is comm&$ = say+3--       ,= ,god1 if   
truly ,god1 does no?+ want1      ,s all 
^! spee*es are ! poets' cant4           
7,h]cules ,fur5s1 #acde47  ,b ,*rysippus
 9 ! places ,i h alleg$ says1 t ! ,_w   
only is self-suffici5t1 because ?is     
alone has 9 itself all ?+s x ne$s4 ,:at 
!n foll[s f ?is1 t ! ,_w alone is       
self-suffici5t8 ,t nei!r ! ,sun1 ,moon1 
nor any o!r ( ! gods is self-suffici5t1 
& n be+ self-suffici5t1 !y _c be happy  
or bless$4  ,he says1 t ! infant 9 !    
womb is n\ri%$ by ,nature1 l a plant2 b 
:5 x is br\ght =?1 be+ cool$ & h>d5$ by 
! air1 x *anges its _s & becomes an     
animal2 :5ce ! s\l is n unfitly nam$    
,psy*e because ( ?is refrig]ation ,greek
 omitt$4 ,b aga9 he e/eems ! s\l ! m    

subtile & f9e _s ( ,nature1 !re9        
contradict+ himself2 = h[ c a subtile ?+
 be made ( a gross "o1 & be r>efi$ by   
refrig]ation & cond5sation8 ,& :at is m1
 h[ does he1 decl>+ an animal to be made
 by refrig]ation1 ?9k ! sun to be       
animat$1 :i* is ( fire & made ( an      
exhalation *ang$ into fire8 ,= he says 9
 8 ,?ird ,book ( ,nature3 ,n[ ! *ange ( 
fire is su*1 t x is turn$ by ! air into 
wat]2 & ! e>? subsid+ f ?is1 ! air      
exhales2 ! air be+ subtiliz$1 ! e!r is  
produc$ r\nd ab\t x2 & ! />s are1 ) !   
sun1 k9dl$ f ! sea4 ,n[ :at is m contr>y
 to k9dl+ ?an refrig]ation1 or to       
r>efaction ?an cond5sation8 ,= ! "o     
makes wat] & e>? ( fire & air1 & ! o!r  
*anges t :i* is moi/ & e>?y into fire & 
air4 ,b yet 9 "o place he makes k9dl+1 9
 ano!r cool+1 to be ! beg9n+ (          
animation4 ,& he moreov] says1 t :5 !   
inflammation is ?r\gh\t1 x lives & is an
 animal1 b be+ aga9 ext9ct & ?ick5$1 x  
is turn$ into wat] & e>? & corporeity4  
,n[ 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,provid5ce he     

says3 ,= ! _w1 inde$1 be+ :olly set on  
fire1 is pres5tly also ! s\l & guide (  
itself2 b :5 x is *ang$ into moi/ure1 & 
has alt]$ ! s\l rema9+ )9 x by "s me?od 
into a body & s\l1 s z to consi/ ( ^!   
two x exi/s !n aft] ano!r mann]4 ,"h1   
=soo?1 he pla9ly says1 t ! inanimate    
p>ts ( ! _w are by inflammation turn$   
into an animat$ ?+1 & t aga9 by         
ext9ction ! s\l is relax$ & moi/5$1 be+ 
*ang$ into corporeity4 ,he seems !re=e v
 absurd1 "o :ile by refrig]ation mak+   
animals ( s5seless ?+s1 & aga91 by !    
same *ang+ ! greate/ "p ( ! _w's s\l    
into s5seless & inanimate ?+s4  ,b      
besides ?is1 8 disc\rse conc]n+ !       
g5]ation ( ! s\l has a demon/ration     
contr>y to 8 own op9ion2 or he says1 t !
 s\l is g5]at$ :5 ! infant is already   
br\ght =?1 ! _s be+ *ang$ by            
refrig]ation1 z by h>d5+4 ,n[ = ! s\l's 
be+ eng5d]$1 & t aft] ! bir?1 he *iefly 
uses ?is demon/ration1 t ! *ildr5 are = 
! mo/ "p 9 mann]s & incl9ations l to _! 
p>5ts4 ,n[ ! repugnancy ( ^! ?+s is     

evid5t4 ,= x is n possible t ! s\l1 :i* 
is n g5]at$ till aft] ! bir?1 %\ld h its
 incl9ation be=e ! bir?2 or x w fall out
 t ! s\l is l be=e x is g5]at$2 t is1 x 
w be 9 lik5ess1 & yet n be1 because x is
 n yet g5]at$4 ,b if any "o says t1 !   
lik5ess be+ br$ 9 ! temp]s ( ! bodies1 !
 s\ls are *ang$ :5 !y are g5]at$1 he    
de/roys ! argum5t ( ! s\l's be+ g5]at$4 
,= ?us x may come to pass1 t ! s\l1 ?\gh
 n g5]at$1 may at its entrance into !   
body be *ang$ by ! mixture ( lik5ess4   
,he says sometimes1 t ! air is light &  
m\nts upw>ds1 & sometimes1 t x is nei!r 
heavy nor light4 ,= 9 8 ,second ,book ( 
,motion he says1 t ! fire1 be+ )\t      
gravity1 asc5ds upw>ds1 & ! air l to t2 
! wat] approa*+ m to ! e>?1 & ! air to !
 fire4 ,b 9 8 ,physical ,arts he incl9es
 to ! o!r op9ion1 t ! air ( itself has  
nei!r gravity nor levity4  ,he says t ! 
air is by nature d>k1 & uses ?is z an   
argum5t ( its be+ also ! fir/ cold2 = t 
its d>kness is opposite to ! brightness1
 & its coldness to ! heat ( fire4 ,mov+ 

?is 9 8 ,fir/ ,book ( ,natural          
,que/ions1 he aga9 9 8 treatise (       
,habits says1 t habits are no?+ else b  
airs2 = bodies are conta9$ by ^!1 & !   
cause t e "o ( ! bodies conta9$ 9 any   
habit is su* z x is1 is ! conta9+ air1  
:i* !y call 9 iron h>dness1 9 /one      
solidness1 9 silv] :it5ess4 ,^! words h 
9 !m mu* absurdity & contradiction4 ,=  
if ! air rema9s su* z x is ( its own    
nature1 h[ comes black1 9 t :i* is n    
:ite1 to be made :it5ess2 & s(t1 9 t :i*
 is n h>d1 to be made h>dness2 & r>e1 9 
t :i* is n ?ick1 to be made ?ickness8 ,b
 if1 be+ mix$ ) ^!1 x is alt]$ & made l 
to !m1 h[ is x a habit or p[] or cause (
 ^! ?+s by :i* x is subdu$8 ,= su* a    
*ange1 by :i* x loses its own qualities1
 is ! prop]ty ( a pati5t1 n ( an ag5t1 &
 n ( a ?+ conta9+1 b ( a ?+ langui%+4   
,yet !y ev]y:]e affirm1 t matt]1 be+ (  
its own nature idle & motionless1 is    
subject$ to qualities1 & t ! qualities  
are spirits1 :i*1 be+ also a]ial        
t5sions1 give a =m & figure to e "p (   

matt] to :i* !y adh]e4 ,^! ?+s !y _c    
rationally say1 suppos+ ! air to be su* 
z !y affirm x4 ,= if x is a habit &     
t5sion1 x w assimilate e body to itself1
 s t x %all be black & s(t4 ,b if by !  
mixture ) ^! ?+s x receives =ms contr>y 
to ^? x has1 x w be 9 "s sort ! matt]1 &
 n ! cause or p[] ( matt]4  ,x is (t5   
said by ,*rysippus1 t !re is )\t ! _w an
 inf9ite vacuum1 & t ?is inf9ity has    
nei!r beg9n+1 middle1 nor end4 ,& by ?is
 ! ,/oics *iefly refute t spontane\s    
motion ( ! atoms d[nw>d1 :i* is taught  
by ,epicurus2 !re n be+ 9 inf9ity any   
diff]5ce accord+ to :i* "o ?+ is ?\ght  
to be above1 ano!r bel[4 ,b 9 8 ,f\r?   
,book ( ,?+s ,possible1 hav+ suppos$ a  
c]ta9 middle place & middle region1 he  
says t ! _w is situat$ !re4 ,! words are
 ^!3 ,:]e=e1 if x is to be said ( ! _w t
 x is corruptible1 ?is seems to want    
pro(2 yet nev]!less x r appe>s to me to 
be s4 ,h[ev]1 its occupation ( ! place  
:]e9 x /&s coop]ates v mu* t[>ds its    
immunity f corruption1 because x is 9 ! 

mid/2 s9ce if x 7 conceiv$ to be any:]e 
else1 corruption w\ld absolutely happ5  
to x4 ,& aga91 a little aft]3 ,= s also 
9 a mann] has ess5ce happ5$ et]nally to 
possess ! middle place1 be+ imm$iately f
 ! beg9n+ su* z x is2 s t bo? by ano!r  
mann] & ?r\gh ?is *ance x admits n any  
corruption1 & is !re=e et]nal4 ,^! words
 h "o app>5t & visible contradiction1 to
 wit1 8 admitt+ a c]ta9 middle place &  
middle region inf9ity4 ,!y h also a     
second1 m obscure inde$1 b )al m absurd 
?an ?is4 ,= ?9k+ t ! _w w\ld n h rema9$ 
incorruptible if its situation _h happ5$
 to h be5 9 any o!r "p ( ! vacuum1 he   
manife/ly appe>s to h fe>$ le/1 ! p>ts (
 ess5ce mov+ t[>ds ! middle1 !re %\ld be
 a dissolution & corruption ( ! _w4 ,n[ 
?is he w\ld n h fe>$1 _h he n ?\ght t   
bodies d by nature t5d f e place t[>ds !
 middle1 n ( ess5ce1 b ( ! region       
conta9+ ess5ce2 ( :i* also he has       
frequ5tly spok51 z ( a ?+ impossible &  
contr>y to ,nature2 = t 7z he says7 !re 
is n 9 ! vacuum any diff]5ce by :i*     

bodies are drawn r ?is way ?an t way1 b 
! con/ruction ( ! _w is ! cause (       
motion1 bodies incl9+ & be+ c>ri$ f e   
side to ! c5tre & middle ( x4 ,x is     
suffici5t to ?is purpose1 to set d[n !  
text out ( 8 ,second ,book ( ,motion2 = 
hav+ disc\rs$1 t ! _w inde$ is a p]fect 
body1 b t ! p>ts ( ! _w are n p]fect1   
because !y h 9 "s sort respect to ! :ole
 & are n ( !mselves2 & go+ =w>d conc]n+ 
its motion1 z hav+ be5 fram$ by ,nature 
to be mov$ by all its p>ts t[>ds        
compaction & cohesion1 & n t[>ds        
dissolution & break+1 he says ?us3 ,b ! 
univ]se ?us t5d+ & be+ mov$ to ! same   
po9t1 & ! arts hav+ ! same motion f !   
nature ( ! body1 x is probable t all    
bodies h ?is fir/ motion accord+ to     
,nature t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! _w1--! _w be+ 
?us mov$ z conc]ns itself1 & ! p>ts be+ 
mov$ z be+ its p>ts4 ,:at1 !n1 ail$ y1  
good sir 7might "s "o say to him71 t y h
 s f> =gott5 ^? words1 z to affirm t !  
_w1 if x _h n casually possess$ ! middle
 place1 w\ld h be5 dissoluble &         

corruptible8 ,= if x is by nature s     
fram$ z always to incl9e t[>ds ! middle1
 & its p>ts f e side t5d to ! same1 into
 :at place soev] ( ! vacuum x %\ld h be5
 transpos$1--?us conta9+ & 7z x 77      
embrac+ itself1--x w\ld h rema9$        
incorruptible & )\t dang] ( break+4 ,=  
?+s t are brok5 & dissipat$ suff] ?is by
 ! sep>ation & dissolution ( _! p>ts1 e 
"o ( !m ha/+ to its own place f t :i* x 
_h contr>y to ,nature4 ,b y1 be+ (      
op9ion t1 if ! _w %\ld h be5 seat$ 9 any
 o!r place ( ! vacuum1 x w\ld h be5     
:olly liable to corruption1 & affirm+ ! 
same1 & !re=e ass]t+ a middle 9 t :i*   
naturally c h no middle1--to wit1 9 t   
:i* is inf9ite1--h inde$ dismiss$ ^!    
t5sions1 coh]5ces1 & incl9ations1 z hav+
 no?+ available to its pres]vation1 &   
attribut$ all ! cause ( its p]man5cy to 
! possession ( place4 ,&1 z if y 7      
ambiti\s to confute y\rself1 to ! ?+s y 
h said be=e y jo9 ?is also3 ,9 :atsoev] 
mann] e "o ( ! p>ts moves1 be+ coh]5t to
 ! re/1 x is agreeable to reason t 9 !  

same also ! :ole %\ld move by itself2   
yea1 ?\gh we %\ld1 = argum5t's sake1    
imag9e & suppose x to be 9 "s vacuity ( 
?is _w2 = z1 be+ kept 9 on e side1 x    
w\ld move t[>ds ! middle1 s x w\ld      
cont9ue 9 ! same motion1 ?\gh by way (  
disputation we %\ld admit t !re 7 on a  
sudd5 a vacuum r\nd ab\t x4 ,no "p !n   
:atsoev]1 ?\gh encompass$ by a vacuum1  
loses its incl9ation mov+ x t[>ds !     
middle ( ! _w2 b ! _w itself1 if *ance  
_h n prep>$ x a place 9 ! middle1 w\ld h
 lo/ its conta9+ vigor1 ! p>ts ( its    
ess5ce be+ c>ri$ "s "o way1 "s ano!r4   
,& ^! ?+s inde$ conta9 great            
contradictions to natural reason2 b ?is 
is also repugnant to ! doctr9e conc]n+  
,god & ,provid5ce1 t assign+ to !m !    
lea/ causes1 he takes f !m ! mo/        
pr9cipal & greate/4 ,= :at is m pr9cipal
 ?an ! p]man5cy ( ! _w1 or t its ess5ce1
 unit$ 9 its p>ts1 is conta9$ 9 itself8 
,b ?is1 z ,*rysippus says1 fell out     
casually4 ,= if ! possession ( place is 
! cause ( incorruptibility1 & ?is 0 !   

production ( *ance1 x is manife/ t !    
pres]vation ( ! univ]se is a "w ( *ance1
 & n ( ,fate & ,provid5ce4  ,n[1 z = 8  
doctr9e ( possibles1 h[ c x b be        
repugnant to 8 doctr9e ( ,fate8 ,= if t 
is n possible :i* ei!r is true or %all  
be true1 z ,diodorus has x1 b ev]y?+ :i*
 is capable ( be+1 ?\gh x nev] %all be1 
is possible1 !re w be _m ?+s possible   
:i* w nev] be accord+ to inv9cible1     
inviolable1 & all-conqu]+ ,fate4 ,& ?us 
ei!r ,fate w lose its p[]2 or if t1 z   
,*rysippus ?9ks1 has exi/5ce1 t :i* is  
susceptible ( be+ w (t5 fall out to be  
impossible4 ,& ev]y?+ inde$ :i* is true 
w be necess>y1 be+ compreh5d$ by !      
pr9cipal ( all necessities2 & ev]y?+ t  
is false w be impossible1 hav+ ! greate/
 cause to oppose its ev] be+ true4 ,= h[
 is x possible t he %\ld be susceptible 
( dy+ on ! l&1 :o is de/9$ to die at    
sea8 ,& h[ is x possible = him :o is at 
,meg>a to come to ,a!ns1 if he is       
prohibit$ by ,fate8  ,b moreov]1 ! ?+s t
 are boldly ass]t$ by him conc]n+       

fantasies or imag9ations are v opposite 
to ,fate4 ,= desir+ to %[ t fantasy is n
 ( itself a p]fect cause ( cons5t1 he   
says1 t ! ,sages w prejudice u by       
impr9t+ false imag9ations 9 our m9ds1 if
 fantasies d ( !mselves absolutely cause
 cons5t2 = wise m5 (t5 make use (       
falsity aga9/ ! wick$1 repres5t+ a      
probable imag9ation1--:i* is yet n !    
cause ( cons5t1 = !n x w\ld be also a   
cause ( false appreh5sion & error4 ,any 
"o !re=e1 transf]r+ ^! ?+s f ! wise man 
to ,fate1 may say1 t cons5ts are n caus$
 by ,fate2 = if !y 71 false cons5ts &   
op9ions & deceptions w\ld also be by    
,fate4 ,?us ! reason :i* exempts ! wise 
man f do+ hurt also demon/rates at !    
same "t t ,fate is n ! cause ( all ?+s4 
,= if m5 nei!r op9e nor are prejudic$ by
 ,fate1 x is manife/ also t !y nei!r act
 rightly nor are wise nor rema9 firm 9  
_! s5tim5ts nor h utility by ,fate1 b t 
!re is an end ( ,fate's be+ ! cause (   
all ?+s4 ,n[ if any "o %all say t       
,*rysippus makes n ,fate ! absolute     

cause ( all ?+s1 b only a               
,,procat>clical 7or antec$5t7 "o1 he w  
aga9 %[ t he is contradictory to        
himself1 s9ce he excessively praises    
,hom] = say+ ( ,jupit]1       ,receive  
:atev] good or ill      ,he s5ds to ea* 
( y2  z also ,euripides = ^! words1     
,o ,jove1 h[ c ,i say t wret*$ we1      
,poor mortals1 aught d und]/&8  ,on !e  
,we all dep5d1 & no?+ c transact1       
,b z ?y sacr$ wisdom %all enact4        
7,euripides1 ,suppliants1 #gcd47  ,&    
himself writes _m ?+s agreeable to ^!4  
,9 f9e1 he says t no?+1 be x nev] s     
little1 ei!r re/s or is mov$ o!rwise ?an
 accord+ to ! reason ( ,jupit]1 :i* is !
 same ?+ ) ,fate4 ,moreov]1 ! antec$5t  
cause is weak] ?an ! absolute "o1 &     
atta9s n to its effect :5 x is subdu$ by
 o!rs t rise up aga9/ x4 ,b he himself  
decl>+ ,fate to be an inv9cible1        
unimpea*able1 & inflexible cause1 calls 
x ,atropos1 7,t is1 ,un*angeable47      
,adra/eia1 7,t is1 ,unavoidable47       
,necessity1 & ,peprom5e 7z putt+ a limit

 to all ?+s74 ,:e!r !n %all we say1 t   
nei!r cons5ts nor virtues nor vices nor 
do+ well nor do+ ill is 9 our p[]8 ,or  
%all we affirm1 t ,fate is defici5t1 t  
t]m9at+ de/9y is unable to det]m9e1 & t 
! motions & habits ( ,jupit] _c be      
effective8 ,= ! "o ( ^! two consequ5ces 
w foll[ f ,fate's be+ an absolute1 ! o!r
 f its be+ only an antec$5t cause4 ,= if
 x is an absolute cause1 x takes away   
our free w & leaves no?+ 9 our control2 
& if x is only antec$5t1 x loses its be+
 unimpea*able & effectual4 ,= n once or 
t5 times1 b ev]y:]e1 especially 9 8     
,physics1 he has writt51 t !re are _m   
ob/acles & imp$im5ts to p>ticul> natures
 & motions1 b none to t ( ! univ]se4 ,& 
h[ c ! motion ( ! univ]se1 ext5d+ z x   
does to p>ticul> ones1 be undi/urb$ &   
unimpea*$1 if ^! are /opp$ & h9d]$8 ,=  
nei!r c ! nature ( man be free f        
imp$im5t1 if t ( ! foot or h& is n s2   
nor c ! motion ( a %ip b be h9d]$1 if   
!re are any ob/acles ab\t ! sails or !  
op]ation ( ! o>s4  ,besides all ?is1 if 

! fantasies are n accord+ to ,fate1     
nei!r are !y causes ( cons5ts2 b if1    
because x impr9ts fantasies lead+ to    
cons5t1 ! cons5ts are said to be accord+
 to ,fate1 h[ is x n contr>y to itself1 
impr9t+ 9 ! greate/ matt]s diff]5t      
imag9ations & su* z draw ! und]/&+      
contr>y ways8 ,= 7!y say7 ^? :o adh]e to
 "o ( !m1 & )hold n _! cons5t1 d amiss3 
if !y yield to obscure ?+s1 !y /umble2  
if to false1 !y are deceiv$2 if to su* z
 are n commonly compreh5d$1 !y op9e4 ,& 
yet "o ( ^! ?ree is ( necessity1--ei!r t
 e fantasy is n ! "w ( ,fate1 or t e    
receipt & cons5t ( fantasy is faultless1
 or t ,fate itself is n irrepreh5sible4 
,= ,i d n "k h[ x c be blameless1       
propos+ to u su* fantasies t n ! resi/+ 
or go+ aga9/ !m1 b ! foll[+ & yield+ to 
!m1 is blamable4 ,moreov]1 bo?          
,*rysippus & ,antipat]1 9 _! disputes   
aga9/ ! ,academics1 take n a little pa9s
 to prove t we nei!r act nor are incit$ 
)\t cons5t1 say+1 t !y build on fictions
 & false suppositions :o ?9k t1 a prop] 

fantasy be+ pres5t$1 we are pres5tly    
incit$1 )\t hav+ ei!r yield$ or cons5t$4
 ,aga91 ,*rysippus says1 t ,god impr9ts 
9 u false imag9ations1 z does also !    
wise man2 n t !y w\ld h u cons5t or     
yield to !m1 b only t we %\ld act & be  
incit$ ) reg>d to t :i* appe>s2 b we1   
be+ evil1 d ?r\gh infirmity cons5t to   
su* fantasies4 ,n[1 ! p]plexity &       
discrepancy ( ^! disc\rses among        
!mselves are n v difficult to be        
disc]n$4 ,= he t w\ld n h m5 cons5t b   
only act accord+ to ! fantasies :i* he  
(f]s unto !m--:e!r he be ,god or a wise 
man--kn[s t ! fantasies are suffici5t = 
act+1 & t cons5ts are sup]flu\s4 ,= if1 
kn[+ t ! imag9ation gives u n an in/9ct 
to "w )\t cons5t1 he m9i/]s to u false &
 probable fantasies1 he is ! volunt>y   
cause ( our fall+ & err+ by ass5t+ to   
incompreh5sible ?+s4   ,,end ,,(        
,,sev5-----------     ,,! ,,eat+ ,,(    
,,fle%4  ,,tract ,i4 ,y ask ( me !n =   
:at reason x 0 t ,py?agoras ab/a9$ f    
eat+ ( fle%4 ,i = my "p d mu* wond] 9   

:at humor1 ) :at s\l or reason1 ! fir/  
man ) 8 m\? t\*$ slaught]1 & rea*$ to 8 
lips ! fle% ( a dead animal1 & hav+ set 
be=e p c\rses ( gha/ly corpses & gho/s1 
c\ld give ^? p>ts ! names ( meat &      
victuals1 t b a little be=e l[$1 cri$1  
mov$1 & saw2 h[ 8 sight c\ld endure !   
blood ( slaught]$1 flay$1 & mangl$      
bodies2 h[ 8 smell c\ld be> _! sc5t2 &  
h[ ! v na/9ess happ5$ n to (f5d ! ta/e1 
:ile x *ew$ ! sores ( o!rs1 & p>ticipat$
 ( ! saps & juices ( deadly w\nds4      
,crept ! raw hides1 & ) a bell[+ s\nd   
,ro>$ ! dead limbs2 ! burn+ entrails    
groan$4      7,odyssey1 xii4 #cie47     
,?is inde$ is b a fiction & fancy2 b !  
f>e itself is truly mon/r\s &           
prodigi\s1--t a man %\ld h a /oma* to   
creatures :ile !y yet bell[1 & t he %\ld
 be giv+ directions :i* ( ?+s yet alive 
& speak+ is fitte/ to make food (1 &    
ord]+ ! sev]al k9ds ( ! season+ & dress+
 !m & s]v+ !m up to tables4 ,y ought r1 
9 my op9ion1 to h inquir$ :o fir/ began 
?is practice1 ?an :o ( late times left x

 (f4  ,& truly1 z = ^? p :o fir/ v5tur$ 
^u eat+ ( fle%1 x is v probable t ! :ole
 reason ( _! s do+ 0 sc>city & want (   
o!r food2 = x is n likely t _! liv+     
toge!r 9 lawless & extravagant lu/s1 or 
_! gr[+ wanton & caprici\s ?r\gh !      
excessive v>iety ( provisions !n among  
!m1 br\ght !m to su* unsociable         
pleasures z ^!1 aga9/ ,nature4 ,yea1 _h 
!y at ?is in/ant b _! s5se & voice      
re/or$ to !m1 ,i am p]suad$ !y w\ld     
express !mselves to ?is purpose3  ,oh6  
happy y1 & highly favor$ ( ! gods1 :o n[
 live6 ,into :at an age ( ! _w are y    
fall51 :o %>e & enjoy among y a pl5tiful
 portion ( good ?+s6 ,:at abundance (   
?+s spr+ up = y\r use6 ,:at fruitful    
v9ey>ds y enjoy6 ,:at weal? y ga!r f !  
fields6 ,:at delicacies f trees &       
plants1 :i* y may ga!r6 ,y may glut &   
fill y\rselves )\t be+ pollut$4 ,z = u1 
we fell ^u ! mo/ dismal & affright+ "p (
 "t1 9 :i* we 7 expos$ by our production
 to manifold & inextricable wants &     
necessities4 ,z yet ! ?ick5$ air        

conceal$ ! heav5 f our view1 & ! />s 7 z
 yet confus$ ) a disord]ly huddle ( fire
 & moi/ure & viol5t fluxions ( w9ds4 ,z 
yet ! sun 0 n fix$ to a regul> & c]ta9  
c\rse1 s z to sep>ate morn+ & ev5+1 nor 
did ! seasons return 9 ord] cr[n$ )     
wrea?s f ! fruitful h>ve/4 ,! l& 0 also 
spoil$ by ! inundations ( disord]ly     
riv]s2 & a great "p ( x 0 de=m$ ) m>%es1
 & utt]ly wild by reason ( deep         
quagmires1 unf]tile =e/s1 & woods4 ,!re 
0 !n no production ( tame fruits1 nor   
any in/rum5ts ( art or inv5tion ( wit4  
,& hung] gave no "t1 nor did se$-"t !n  
/ay = ! ye>ly season4 ,:at wond] is x if
 we made use ( ! fle% ( bea/s contr>y to
 ,nature1 :5 mud 0 eat5 & ! b>k ( wood1 
& :5 x 0 ?\ght a happy ?+ to f9d ei!r a 
spr\t+ grass or a root ( any plant6 ,b  
:5 !y _h by *ance ta/$ ( or eat5 an     
acorn1 !y danc$ = v joy ab\t "s oak or  
esculus1 call+ x by ! names ( life-giv]1
 "m1 & n\ri%]4 ,& ?is 0 ! only fe/ival t
 ^? times 7 acqua9t$ )2 ^u all o!r      
occasions1 all ?+s 7 full ( angui% &    

dismal sadness4 ,b :5ce is x t a c]ta9  
rav5\sness & fr5zy drives y 9 ^! happy  
days to pollute y\rselves ) blood1 s9ce 
y h su* an abundance ( ?+s necess>y =   
y\r subsi/5ce8 ,:y d y belie ! e>? z    
unable to ma9ta9 y8 ,:y d y pr(ane !    
lawgiv] ,c]es1 & %ame ! mild & g5tle    
,bac*us1 z n furni%+ y ) suffici5cy8    
,are y n a%am$ to mix tame fruits )     
blood & slaught]8 ,y are inde$ wont to  
call s]p5ts1 leop>ds1 & lions savage    
creatures2 b yet y\rselves are defil$ ) 
blood1 & come no?+ beh9d !m 9 cruelty4  
,:at !y kill is _! ord9>y n\ri%m5t1 b   
:at y kill is y\r bett] f>e4  ,= we eat 
n lions & wolves by way ( rev5ge2 b we  
let ^? g1 & cat* ! h>mless & tame sort1 
& su* z h nei!r /+s nor tee? to bite )1 
& slay !m2 :i*1 s may ,jove help u1     
,nature seems to u to h produc$ = _!    
beauty & comel9ess only4 ,j z if "o see+
 ! riv] ,nilus ov]fl[+ its banks1 &     
!reby fill+ ! :ole c\ntry ) g5ial &     
f]tile moi/ure1 %\ld n at all admire t  
secret p[] 9 x t produces plants &      

pl5te\sness ( mo/ sweet & useful fruits1
 b behold+ some:]e a crocodile swimm+ 9 
x1 or an asp crawl+ along1 or mice      
7savage & fil?y creatures71 %\ld        
pres5tly affirm ^! to be ! occasion (   
all t is amiss1 or ( any want or defect 
t may happ54 ,or z if inde$ "o          
contemplat+ ?is l& or gr\nd1 h[ full x  
is ( tame fruits1 & h[ heavy ) e>s (    
corn1 %\ld aft]w>ds espy some:]e 9 ^!   
same cornfields an e> ( d>nel or a wild 
vet*1 & !reupon neglect to reap & ga!r 9
 ! corn1 & fall a compla9+ ( ^!4 ,su*   
ano!r ?+ x w\ld be1 if "o--li/5+ to !   
h>angue ( "s advocate at "s b> or       
plead+1 swell+ & enl>g+ & ha/5+ t[>ds ! 
relief ( "s imp5d+ dang]1 or else1 by   
,jupit]1 9 ! impea*+ & *>g+ ( c]ta9     
audaci\s villanies or indictm5ts1 fl[+ &
 roll+ along1 & t n 9 a simple & poor   
/ra91 b ) _m sorts ( passions all at    
once1 or r inde$ ) all sorts1 9 "o & !  
same mann]1 into ! _m & v>i\s & diff]+  
m9ds ( ei!r he>]s or judges t he is ei!r
 to turn & *ange1 or else1 by ,jupit]1  

to s(t51 appease1 & quiet--%\ld ov]look 
all ?is bus9ess1 & nev] consid] or      
reckon ^u ! labor or /ruggle he _h      
und]gone1 b pick up c]ta9 loose         
expressions1 :i* ! rapid motion ( !     
disc\rse _h c>ri$ along ) x1 z by !     
curr5t ( its c\rse1 & s _h slipp$ &     
escap$ ! re/ ( ! oration1 &1 h]eupon    
und]value ! orator4  ,b we are no?+ put 
out ( c\nt5ance1 ei!r by ! beaute\s     
gayety ( ! colors1 or by ! *>m+ness ( ! 
musical voices1 or by ! r>e sagacity ( !
 intellects1 or by ! cleanl9ess &       
neatness ( diet1 or by ! r>e discretion 
& prud5ce ( ^! poor un=tunate animals2 b
 = ! sake ( "s little m\?ful ( fle%1 we 
deprive a s\l ( ! sun & light1 & ( t    
proportion ( life & "t x _h be5 born    
into ! _w to enjoy4 ,& !n we fancy t !  
voices x utt]s & screams =? to u are    
no?+ else b c]ta9 in>ticulate s\nds &   
noises1 & n ! sev]al deprecations1      
entreaties1 & plead+s ( ea* ( !m1 z x 7 
say+ ?us to u3 ,i deprecate n ?y        
necessity 7if su* !re be71 b ?y         

wantonness4 ,kill me = ?y fe$+1 b d n   
take me (f = ?y bett] fe$+4 ,o horrible 
cruelty6 ,x is truly an affect+ sight to
 see ! v table ( ri* p laid be=e !m1 :o 
keep !m cooks & cat]]s to furni% !m )   
dead corpses = _! daily f>e2 b x is yet 
m affect+ to see x tak5 away1 = !       
mammocks rema9+ are m ?an t :i* 0 eat54 
,^! !re=e 7 sla9 to no purpose4 ,o!rs   
!re are1 :o are s (f5d$ by :at is set   
be=e !m t !y w n suff] x to be cut or   
slic$2 ?us ab/a9+ f !m :5 dead1 :ile !y 
w\ld n sp>e !m :5 alive4  ,well1 !n1 we 
und]/& t t sort ( m5 are us$ to say1 t 9
 eat+ ( fle% !y foll[ ! conduct &       
direction ( ,nature4 ,b t x is n natural
 to mank9d to fe$ on fle%1 we fir/ ( all
 demon/rate f ! v %ape & figure ( !     
body4 ,= a human body no ways resembles 
^? t 7 born = rav5\sness2 x ha? no      
hawk's bill1 no %>p talon1 no r\ghness (
 tee?1 no su* /r5g? ( /oma* or heat (   
dige/ion1 z c be suffici5t to conv]t or 
alt] su* heavy & fle%y f>e4 ,b ev5 f    
h5ce1 t is1 f ! smoo?ness ( ! tongue1 & 

! sl[ness ( ! /oma* to dige/1 ,nature   
seems to disclaim all pret5ce to fle%y  
victuals4 ,b if y w cont5d t y\rself 0  
born to an incl9ation to su* food z y h 
n[ a m9d to eat1 d y !n y\rself kill :at
 y w\ld eat4 ,b d x y\rself1 )\t ! help 
( a *opp+-knife1 mallet1 or axe1--z     
wolves1 be>s1 & lions d1 :o kill & eat  
at once4 ,r5d an ox ) ?y tee?1 worry a  
hog ) ?y m\?1 te> a lamb or a h>e 9     
pieces1 & fall on & eat x alive z !y d4 
,b if ?\ had/ r /ay until :at ?\ greate/
 is become dead1 & if ?\ art loa? to =ce
 a s\l out ( its body1 :y !n do/ ?\     
aga9/ ,nature eat an animate ?+8 ,nay1  
!re is nobody t is will+ to eat ev5 a   
lifeless & a dead ?+ z x is2 b !y boil  
x1 & roa/ x1 & alt] x by fire & m$ic9es1
 z x 71 *ang+ & qu5*+ ! slaught]$ gore )
 ?\s&s ( sweet sauces1 t ! palate be+   
!reby deceiv$ may admit ( su* unc\? f>e4
 ,x 0 inde$ a witty expression ( a      
,lac$aemonian1 :o1 hav+ pur*as$ a small 
fi% 9 a c]ta9 inn1 deliv]$ x to 8 l&lord
 to be dress$2 & z he dem&$ *eese1 &    

v9eg>1 & oil to make sauce1 he repli$1  
if ,i _h _h ^?1 ,i w\ld n h b\ght ! fi%4
 ,b we are gr[n s wanton 9 our bloody   
luxury1 t we h be/[$ ^u fle% ! "n ( meat
 ,greek omitt$1 & !n require ano!r      
season+ ,greek omitt$1 to ?is same fle%1
 mix+ oil1 w9e1 honey1 pickle1 & v9eg>1 
) ,syrian & ,arabian spices1 z ?\gh we  
really meant to embalm x aft] its       
disease4 ,inde$ :5 ?+s are dissolv$ &   
made ?us t5d] & s(t1 & are z x 7 turn$  
into a sort ( a c>rionly corruption1 x  
mu/ ne$s be a great difficulty =        
concoction to ma/] !m1 & :5 x ha? ma/]$ 
!m1 !y mu/ ne$s cause griev\s           
oppressions & qualmy indige/ions4       
,diog5es v5tur$ once to eat a raw       
p\rcontrel1 t he might disuse himself f 
meat dress$ by fire2 & z sev]al prie/s &
 o!r p /ood r\nd him1 he wrapp$ 8 head 9
 8 cassock1 & s putt+ ! fi% to 8 m\?1 he
 ?us said unto !m3 ,x is = y\r sake1    
sirs1 t ,i und]go ?is dang]1 & run ?is  
risk4 ,a noble & gallant risk1 by       
,jupit]6 ,= f> o!rwise ?an z ,pelopidas 

v5tur$ 8 life = ! lib]ty ( ! ,!bans1 &  
,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton = t ( !         
,a!nians1 did ?is philosoph] enc\nt] ) a
 raw p\rcontrel1 to ! end he might make 
human life m bruti%4 ,moreov]1 ^! same  
fle%-eat+s n only are pret]natural to   
m5's bodies1 b also by clogg+ & cloy+   
!m1 !y r5d] _! v m9ds & intellects      
gross4 ,= x is well kn[n to mo/1 t w9e &
 mu* fle%-eat+ make ! body inde$ /rong &
 lu/y1 b ! m9d weak & feeble4 ,& t ,i   
may n (f5d ! wre/l]s1 ,i w make use (   
examples out ( my own c\ntry4 ,!        
,a!nians are wont to call u ,boeotians  
gross1 s5seless1 & /upid fell[s1 = no   
o!r reason b our ov]-mu* eat+2 by ,p9d> 
we are call$ hogs1 = ! same reason4     
,m5&] ! com$ian calls u fell[s ) long   
jaws4 ,x is obs]v$ also t1 accord+ to ! 
say+ ( ,h]aclitus1 ! wise/ s\l is l a   
dry light4 ,e>!n j>s1 if y /rike !m1 w  
s\nd2 b if !y be full1 !y p]ceive n !   
/rokes t are giv5 !m4 ,copp] vessels    
also t are ?9 communicate ! s\nd r\nd   
ab\t !m1 unless "s "o /op & dull !      

ambi5t /roke ) 8 f+]s4 ,moreov]1 ! eye1 
:5 seiz$ ) an ov]-great pl5itude (      
humors1 gr[s dim & feeble = its ord9>y  
"w4 ,:5 we behold ! sun ?r\gh a humid   
air & a great quantity ( gross &        
indige/$ vapors1 we see x n cle> &      
bright1 b obscure & cl\dy1 & ) glimm]+  
beams4 ,j s 9 a muddy & clogg$ body1 t  
is swagg$ d[n ) heavy & unnatural       
n\ri%m5ts2 x mu/ ne$s happ5 t ! gayety &
 spl5dor ( ! m9d be confus$ & dull$1 & t
 x ramble & roll aft] little & sc>ce    
disc]nible objects1 s9ce x wants        
cle>ness & vigor = high] ?+s4  ,b to    
pass by ^! consid]ations1 is n accu/om+ 
"o's self to mildness & a human temp] ( 
m9d an admirable ?+8 ,= :o w\ld wrong or
 injure a man t is s sweetly & humanly  
dispos$ ) respect to ! ills ( /rang]s t 
are n ( 8 k9d8 ,i rememb] t ?ree days   
ago1 z ,i 0 disc\rs+1 ,i made m5tion ( a
 say+ ( ,x5ocrates1 & h[ ! ,a!nians gave
 judgm5t ^u a c]ta9 p]son :o _h flay$ a 
liv+ ram4 ,= my "p ,i _c ?9k him a worse
 crim9al t torm5ts a poor creature :ile 

liv+1 ?an a man t %all take away its    
life & murd] x4 ,b 7z x seems7 we are m 
s5sible ( :at is done aga9/ cu/om ?an   
aga9/ ,nature4 ,!re1 h[ev]1 ,i discuss$ 
^! matt]s 9 a m popul> /yle4 ,b z = t   
gr& & my/]i\s pr9ciple :i* 7z ,plato    
speaks7 is incr$ible to base m9ds & to  
su* z affect only mortal ?+s1 ,i z      
little c>e to move x 9 ?is disc\rse z a 
pilot do? a %ip 9 a /orm1 or a com$ian 8
 ma*9e :ile ! sc5es are mov+2 b p]haps x
 w\ld n be amiss1 by way ( introduction 
& preface1 to repeat c]ta9 v]ses (      
,emp$ocles4444 ,= 9 ^!1 by way (        
allegory1 he h9ts at m5's s\ls1 z t !y  
are ti$ to mortal bodies1 to be puni%$ =
 murd]s1 eat+ ( fle% & ( "o ano!r1      
al?\gh ?is doctr9e seems mu*1 anci5t]   
?an 8 "t4 ,= ! fables t are /ori$ &     
relat$ ab\t ! disc]ption ( ,bac*us1 & ! 
attempts ( ! ,titans ^u him1 & ( _! ta/+
 ( 8 sla9 body1 & ( _! sev]al puni%m5ts 
& fulm9ations aft]w>ds1 are b a         
repres5tation ( ! reg5]ation4 ,= :at 9 u
 is unreasonable1 disord]ly1 & boi/]\s1 

be+ n div9e b demoniac1 ! anci5ts t]m$  
,titans1 t is1 ,,torm5t$ & ,,puni%$ 7f  
,greek omitt$74444    ,,tract ,,ii4     
,reason p]suades u n[ to return ) fre%  
cogitations & dispositions to :at we    
left cold ye/]day ( our disc\rse ab\t   
fle%-eat+4 ,x is inde$ a h>d & a        
difficult task to und]take 7z ,cato once
 said7 to dispute ) m5's bellies1 t h no
 e>s2 s9ce mo/ h already drunk t draught
 ( cu/om1 :i* is l t ( ,ciree1       ,( 
groans & frauds & sorc]y replete4       
7,odyssey1 x4 #bcd47  ,& x is no easy   
task to pull out ! hook ( fle%-eat+ f ! 
jaws ( su* z h gorg$ !mselves ) luxury &
 are 7z x 77 nail$ d[n ) x4 ,x w\ld     
inde$ be a good action1 if z !          
,egyptians draw out ! /oma* ( a dead    
body1 & cut x op5 & expose x to ! sun1 z
 ! only cause ( all its evil actions1 s 
we c\ld1 by cutt+ out our gluttony &    
blood-%$d+1 purify & cleanse ! rema9d] (
 our lives4 ,= ! /oma* itself is n      
guilty ( blood%$1 b is involunt>ily     
pollut$ by our intemp]ance4 ,b if ?is   

may n be1 & we are a%am$ by reason (    
cu/om to live unblamably1 let u at lea/ 
s9 ) discretion4 ,let u eat fle%2 b let 
x be = hung] & n = wantonness4 ,let u   
kill an animal2 b let u d x ) sorr[ &   
pity1 & n abus+ & torm5t+ x1 z _m       
n[adays are us$ to d1 :ile "s run r$-hot
 spits ?r\gh ! bodies ( sw9e1 t by !    
t9cture ( ! qu5*$ iron ! blood may be to
 t degree mortifi$1 t x may sweet5 &    
s(t5 ! fle% 9 its circulation2 o!rs jump
 & /amp ^u ! udd]s ( s[s t are ready to 
pig1 t s !y may cru% into "o mass 7,o   
,piacul> ,jupit]67 9 ! v pangs (        
deliv]y1 blood1 milk1 & ! corruption ( !
 ma%$ & mangl$ "y ones1 & s eat ! mo/   
inflam$ "p ( ! animal2 o!rs sew up !    
eyes ( cranes & swans1 & s %ut !m up 9  
d>kness to be fatt5$1 & !n s\se up _!   
fle% ) c]ta9 mon/r\s mixtures & pickles4
  ,by all :i* x is mo/ manife/1 t x is n
 = n\ri%m5t1 or want1 or any necessity1 
b = m]e gluttony1 wantonness1 &         
exp5siv5ess1 t !y make a pleasure (     
villany4 ,j z x happ5s 9 p]sons :o _c   

satiate _! passion ^u wom51 & hav+ made 
trial ( ev]y?+ else & fall+ into        
vag>ies1 at la/ attempt ?+s n to be     
m5tion$2 ev5 s inord9at5ess 9 fe$+1 :5 x
 ha? once pass$ ! b\nds ( nature &      
necessity1 /udies at la/ to div]sify !  
lu/s ( its intemp]ate appetite by       
cruelty & villany4 ,= ! s5ses1 :5 !y    
once quit _! natural measures1 sympa?ize
 ) ea* o!r 9 _! di/emp]s1 & are entic$  
by ea* o!r to ! same cons5t &           
intemp]ance4 ,?us a di/emp]$ e> fir/    
debau*$ music1 ! s(t & effem9ate notes (
 :i* provoke immode/ t\*es & lascivi\s  
tickl+4 ,^! ?+s fir/ taught ! eye n to  
delight 9 ,pyrrhic dances1 ge/iculations
 ( h&s1 or elegant pantomimes1 nor 9    
/atues & f9e pa9t+s2 b to reckon !      
slaught]+ & dea? ( mank9d & w\nds &     
duels ! mo/ sumptu\s ( %[s & spectacles4
 ,?us unlawful tables are accompani$ )  
intemp]ate copulations1 ) unmusicianlike
 balls1 & !atres become mon/r\s ?r\gh   
%ameful songs & rehe>sals2 & b>b>\s &   
bruti% %[s are aga9 accompani$ ) an     

unrel5t+ temp] & savage cruelty t[>ds   
mank9d4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! div9e ,lycurgus 9 
8 ,?ree ,books ( ,laws gave ord]s t !   
doors & ridges ( m5's h\ses %\ld be made
 ) a saw & an axe1 & t no o!r in/rum5t  
%\ld s mu* z be br\ght to any h\se4 ,n t
 he did h]eby int5d to decl>e w> aga9/  
aug]s & planes & o!r in/rum5ts ( f9] "w2
 b because he v well knew t ) su* tools 
z ^! y w nev] br+ into y\r h\se a gild$ 
c\*1 & t y w nev] attempt to br+ into a 
sl5d] cottage ei!r silv] tables1 purple 
c>pets1 or co/ly /ones2 b t a pla9 supp]
 & a homely d9n] mu/ accompany su* a    
h\se1 c\* table1 & cup4 ,! beg9n+ ( a   
vici\s diet is pres5tly foll[$ by all   
sorts ( luxury & exp5siv5ess1           
,ev'n z a m>e is by h] ?ir/y colt4  ,&  
:at meal is n exp5sive8 ,"o = :i* no    
animal is put to dea?4 ,%all we reckon a
 s\l to be a small exp5se8 ,i w n say   
p]haps ( a "m1 or a fa!r1 or ( "s fri5d1
 or *ild1 z ,emp$ocles did2 b "o        
p>ticipat+ ( feel+1 ( see+1 ( he>+1 (   
imag9ation1 & ( intellection2 :i* ea*   

animal ha? receiv$ f ,nature = ! acquir+
 ( :at is agreeable to x1 & ! avoid+ :at
 is disagreeable4 ,d b consid] ?is )    
y\rself n[1 :i* sort ( philosoph]s r5d] 
u mo/ tame & civil1 !y :o bid p to fe$  
on _! *ildr51 fri5ds1 fa!rs1 & wives1 :5
 !y are dead2 or ,py?agoras &           
,emp$ocles1 t accu/om m5 to be j t[>ds  
ev5 ! o!r memb]s ( ! creation4 ,y laugh 
at a man t w n eat a %eep3 b we 7!y w   
say aga97--:5 we see y cutt+ (f ! p>ts (
 y\r dead fa!r or "m1 & s5d+ x to y\r   
abs5t fri5ds1 & call+ ^u & invit+ y\r   
pres5t fri5ds to eat ! re/ freely &     
he>tily--%all we n smile8 ,nay1         
p]adv5ture we (f5d at ?is in/ant "t :ile
 we t\* ^! books1 )\t hav+ fir/ cleans$ 
our h&s1 eyes1 feet1 & e>s2 if x be n   
7by ,jupit]7 a suffici5t purgation ( !m 
to h disc\rs$ ( ^! matt]s 9 potable &   
fre% language 7z ,plato speake?71 !reby 
wa%+ (f ! bracki%ness ( he>+4 ,n[ if a  
man %\ld set ^! books & disc\rses 9     
opposition to ea* o!r1 he w f9d t !     
philosophy ( ! "o sort suits ) !        

,sey?ians1 ,sogdians1 & ,melan*la5ians1 
( :om ,h]odotus's relation is sc>ce     
believ$2 b ! s5tim5ts ( ,py?agoras &    
,emp$ocles 7 ! laws & cu/oms ( ! anci5ts
 ,grecians4  ,:o1 !n1 7 ! fir/ au?ors ( 
?is op9ion1 t we owe no ju/ice to dumb  
animals8       ,:o fir/ beat out accurs$
 /eel1      ,& made ! lab'r+ ox a knife 
to feel4  ,9 ! v same mann] oppressors &
 tyrants beg9 fir/ to %$ blood4 ,=      
example1 ! fir/ man t ! ,a!nians ev] put
 to dea? 0 "o ( ! base/ ( all knaves1 :o
 _h ! reputation ( des]v+ x2 aft] him !y
 put to dea? a second & a ?ird4 ,aft]   
?is1 be+ n[ accu/om$ to blood1 !y       
pati5tly saw ,nic]atus ! son ( ,nicias1 
& _! own g5]al ,!ram5es1 & ,polem>*us ! 
philosoph] suff] dea?4 ,ev5 s1 9 !      
beg9n+1 "s wild & mis*iev\s bea/ 0 kill$
 & eat51 & !n "s little bird or fi% 0   
entrapp$4 ,& ! desire ( slaught]1 be+   
fir/ exp]im5t$ & ex]cis$ 9 ^!1 at la/   
pass$ ev5 to ! labor+ ox1 & ! %eep t    
clo!s u1 & to ! poor cock t keeps !     
h\se2 until by little & little1         

unsatiabl5ess1 be+ /r5g!n$ by use1 m5   
came to ! slaught] ( m51 to blood%$ &   
w>s4 ,n[ ev5 if "o _c demon/rate & make 
out1 t s\ls 9 _! reg5]ations make a     
promiscu\s use ( all bodies1 & t t :i*  
is n[ rational w at ano!r "t be         
irrational1 & t aga9 tame :i* is n[     
wild1--= t ,nature *anges & transmutes  
ev]y?+1       ,) diff]5t fle%y coats new
 clo?+ all1--  ?is ?+ %\ld be suffici5t 
to *ange & %[ m51 t x is a savage &     
intemp]ate habit1 t x br+s sickness &   
heav9ess ^u ! body1 & t x incl9es ! m9d 
! m bruti%ly to blood%$ & de/ruction1 :5
 we h once accu/om$ ourselves nei!r to  
ent]ta9 a gue/ nor keep a w$d+ nor to   
treat our fri5ds )\t blood & slaught]4  
,& if :at is argu$ ab\t ! return ( s\ls 
into bodies is n ( =ce en\gh to beget   
fai?1 yet me?9ks ! v unc]ta9ty ( ! ?+   
%\ld fill u ) appreh5sion & fe>4        
,suppose1 = in/ance1 "o %\ld 9 "s       
night-engagem5t run on ) 8 drawn sword  
^u "o t _h fall5 d[n & cov]$ 8 body ) 8 
arms1 & %\ld 9 ! meantime he> "o say1 t 

he 0 n v sure1 b t he fanci$ & believ$1 
t ! p>ty ly+ !re 0 8 own son1 bro!r1    
fa!r1 or t5t-companion2 :i* 7 m         
advisable1 ?9k y1--to he>k5 to a false  
sugge/ion1 & s to let g an enemy "u !   
notion ( a fri5d1 or to slight an       
au?ority n suffici5t to beget fai?1 & to
 slay a fri5d in/ead ( a foe8 ,?is y w  
all say w\ld be insupportable4 ,d b     
consid] ! fam\s ,m]ope 9 ! trag$y1 :o   
tak+ up a hat*et1 & lift+ x at h] son's 
head1 :om %e took = h] son's murd]]1    
speaks ?us z %e 0 ready to give ! fatal 
bl[1       ,villa91 ?is holy bl[ %all   
cleave ?y head2      7,euripides1       
,cresphontes1 ,frag4 #deg47  :at a bu/le
 %e raises 9 ! :ole !atre :ile %e raises
 h]self to give ! bl[1 & :at a fe> !y   
are all 91 le/ %e %\ld prev5t ! old man 
t comes to /op h] h&1 & %\ld w\nd ! y\?4
 ,n[ if ano!r old man %\ld /& by h] &   
say1 ,/rike1 x is ?y enemy1 & ?is1      
,hold1 x is ?y son2 :i*1 ?9k y1 w\ld be 
! great] inju/ice1 to omit ! puni%+ ( an
 enemy = ! sake ( "o's *ild1 or to suff]

 "o's self to be s c>ri$ away ) ang] at 
an enemy z to slay "o's *ild8 ,s9ce !n  
nei!r hatr$ nor wra? nor any rev5ge nor 
fe> = ourselves c>ries u to ! slaught] (
 a bea/1 b ! poor sacrifice /&s ) an    
incl9$ neck1 only to satisfy ?y lu/ &   
pleasure1 & !n "o philosoph] /&s by &   
tells !e1 ,cut him d[n1 x is b an       
unreasonable animal1 & ano!r cries1     
,hold1 :at if !re %\ld be ! s\l ( "s    
k9sman or god enclos$ 9 him8--good gods6
 is !re ! l dang] if ,i refuse to eat   
fle%1 z if ,i = want ( fai? murd] my    
*ild or "s o!r fri5d8  ,! ,/oics' way ( 
reason+ ^u ?is subject ( fle%-eat+ is no
 way equal nor consonant ) !mselves4 ,:o
 is ?is t ha? s _m m\?s = 8 belly & !   
kit*58 ,:5ce comes x to pass1 t !y s v  
mu* womanize & reproa* pleasure1 z a ?+ 
t !y w n all[ to be ei!r good or        
pref]able1 or s mu* z agreeable1 & yet  
all on a sudd5 become s zeal\s advocates
 = pleasures8 ,x 7 inde$ b a reasonable 
consequ5ce ( _! doctr9e1 t1 s9ce !y     
bani% p]fumes & cakes f _! banquets1 !y 

%\ld be mu* m av]se to blood & to fle%4 
,b n[1 j z if !y w\ld r$uce _!          
philosophy to _! acc\nt-books1 !y less5 
! exp5ses ( _! supp]s 9 c]ta9 unnecess>y
 & ne$less matt]s1 b ! untam$ & murd]\s 
"p ( _! exp5se !y no?+ boggle at4 ,well6
 ,:at !n8 say !y4 ,we h no?+ to d )     
brute bea/s4 ,nor h y any ) p]fumes1 nor
 ) =eign sauces1 may "s "o answ]2 !re=e 
leave ^! out ( y\r banquets1 if y are   
driv+ out ev]y?+ t is bo? useless &     
ne$less4  ,let u !re=e 9 ! next place   
consid]1 :e!r we owe any ju/ice to !    
brute bea/s4 ,nei!r %all we h&le ?is    
po9t artificially1 or l subtle sophi/]s1
 b by ca/+ our eye into our own brea/s1 
& conv]s+ ) ourselves z m51 we w weigh &
 exam9e ! :ole matt]4444   ,,end ,,(    
,,eight-----------     ,,conc]n+ ,,fate4
   7,?is little ,treatise is s piti\sly 
torne1 maim$1 & dismembr$ ?or[\t1 t a   
man may soon] div9e & guess !reat 7z ,i 
h done7 ?an translate x4--,,holl&47  ,i 
w endeavor1 my de>e/ ,piso1 to s5d y my 
op9ion conc]n+ ,fate1 writt5 ) all !    

cle>ness & comp5di\sness ,i am capable  
(2 s9ce y1 :o are n ignorant h[ cauti\s 
,i am ( writ+1 h ?\ght fit to make x !  
subject ( y\r reque/4  ,y are fir/1 !n1 
to "k t ?is ^w ,fate is spok5 & und]/ood
 two mann] ( ways2 ! "o z x is an en]gy1
 ! o!r z x is a sub/ance4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 
z x is an action1 ,plato 7,see ,plato1  
,pha$rus1 p4 #bdh ,c2 ,timaeus1 p4#da   
,e2 ,republic1 x4 p4#fag ,d47 has "u a  
type describ$ x1 say+ ?us 9 8 dialogue  
entitl$ ,pha$rus3 ,& ?is is a sanction (
 ,adra/ea 7or an inevitable ord9ance71 t
 :atev] s\l be+ an att5dant on ,god1 c4 
,& 9 8 treatise call$ ,timaeus3 ,! laws 
:i* ,god 9 ! nature ( ! univ]se has     
e/abli%$ = immortal s\ls4 ,& 9 8 book ( 
a ,commonweal he entitles ,fate ! spee* 
( ! virg9 ,la*esis1 :o is ! daught] (   
,necessity4 ,by :i* s5t5ces he n        
tragically b !ologically %[s u :at 8    
s5tim5ts are 9 ?is matt]4 ,n[ if any "o1
 p>aphras+ ! =e-cit$ passages1 w\ld h !m
 express$ 9 m famili> t]ms1 !           
description 9 ,pha$rus may be ?us       

expla9$3 ,t ,fate is a div9e s5t5ce1    
intransgressible s9ce its cause _c be   
dive/$ or h9d]$4 ,& accord+ to :at he   
has said 9 8 ,timaeus1 x is a law ensu+ 
on ! nature ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to :i* 
all ?+s t are done are transact$4 ,= ?is
 does ,la*esis effect1 :o is inde$ !    
daught] ( ,necessity1--z we h bo?       
already relat$1 & %all yet bett] und]/& 
by t :i* w be said 9 ! progress ( our   
disc\rse4 ,?us y see :at ,fate is1 :5 x 
is tak5 = an action4  ,b z x is a       
sub/ance1 x seems to be ! univ]sal s\l (
 ! _w1 & admits ( a ?reefold            
di/ribution2 ! fir/ de/9y be+ t :i* errs
 n2 ! second1 t :i* is ?\ght to err2 & !
 ?ird t :i*1 be+ "u ! heav51 is         
conv]sant ab\t ! e>?4 ,( ^!1 ! highe/ is
 call$ ,clo?o1 ! next ,atropos1 & !     
l[e/1 ,la*esis2 :o1 receiv+ ! cele/ial  
influ5ces & efficacies ( h] si/]s1      
transmits & fa/5s !m to ! t]re/rial ?+s 
:i* are "u h] gov]nm5t4 ,?us h we decl>$
 briefly :at is to be said ( ,fate1 tak5
 z a sub/ance2 :at x is1 :at are its    

p>ts1 aft] :at mann] x is1 h[ x is      
orda9$1 & h[ x /&s1 bo? 9 respect to    
itself & to u4 ,b z to ! p>ticul>ities (
 ^! ?+s1 !re is ano!r fable 9 8         
,commonweal1 by :i* !y are 9 "s measure 
cov]tly ins9uat$1 & we ourselves h1 9 ! 
be/ mann] we c1 endeavor$ to expla9 !m  
to y4  ,b we n[ once aga9 turn our      
disc\rse to ,fate1 z x is an en]gy4 ,=  
conc]n+ ?is x is t !re are s _m natural1
 moral1 & logical que/ions4 ,hav+ !re=e 
already 9 "s sort suffici5tly def9$ :at 
x is1 we are n[ 9 ! next place to say   
some?+ ( its quality1 al?\gh x may to _m
 seem absurd4 ,i say !n t ,fate1 ?\gh   
compreh5d+ z x 7 9 a circle ! inf9ity ( 
all ^? ?+s :i* are & h be5 f inf9ite    
times & %all be to inf9ite ages1 is n 9 
itself inf9ite1 b det]m9ate & f9ite2 =  
nei!r law1 reason1 nor any o!r div9e ?+ 
c be inf9ite4 ,& ?is y w ! bett] und]/&1
 if y consid] ! total revolution & !    
total "t 9 :i* ! revolutions ( ! eight  
circles 7t is1 ( ! eight sph]es ( ! fix$
 />s1 sun1 moon1 & five planets71 hav+  

7z ,timaeus 7,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4#ci    
,d47 says7 f9i%$ _! c\rse1 return to "o 
& ! same po9t1 be+ measur$ by ! circle (
 ! ,same1 :i* goes always aft] "o mann]4
 ,= 9 ?is ord]1 :i* is f9ite &          
det]m9ate1 %all all ?+s 7:i*1 z well 9  
heav5 z 9 e>?1 consi/ by necessity f    
above7 be r$uc$ to ! same situation1 &  
re/or$ aga9 to _! fir/ beg9n+4 ,:]e=e ! 
habitude ( heav5 alone1 be+ ?us orda9$ 9
 all ?+s1 z well 9 reg>d ( itself z ( ! 
e>? & all t]re/rial matt]s1 %all aga9   
7aft] long revolutions7 "o day return2 &
 ^? ?+s t 9 ord] foll[ aft]1 & be+ l9k$ 
toge!r 9 a cont9uity are ma9ta9$ 9 _!   
c\rse1 %all foll[1 e "o ( !m by         
necessity br++ :at is its own4 ,b = !   
bett] cle>+ ( ?is matt]1 let u und]/& t 
:atev] is 9 u or ab\t u is n wr\ght by !
 c\rse ( ! heav5s & heav5ly influ5ces1 z
 be+ entirely ! effici5t cause bo? ( my 
writ+ :at ,i n[ write1 & ( y\r do+ also 
:at y at pres5t d1 & 9 ! same mann] z y 
d x4 ,h]eaft]1 !n1 :5 ! same cause %all 
return1 we %all d ! same ?+s we n[ d & 9

 ! same mann]1 & %all aga9 become ! same
 m52 & s x w be ) all o!rs4 ,& t :i*    
foll[s aft] %all also happ5 by ! foll[+ 
cause2 & 9 brief1 all ?+s t %all happ5 9
 ! :ole & 9 e "o ( ^! univ]sal          
revolutions %all aga9 become ! same4 ,by
 ?is x appe>s 7z we h said be=e7 t      
,fate1 be+ 9 "s sort inf9ite1 is        
nev]!less det]m9ate & f9ite2 & x may be 
also 9 "s sort se5 & compreh5d$1 z we h 
f>!r said1 t x is z x 7 a circle4 ,= z a
 motion ( a circle is a circle1 & ! "t t
 measures x is also a circle2 s ! ord] (
 ?+s :i* are done & happ5 9 a circle may
 be ju/ly e/eem$ & call$ a circle4      
,?is1 !re=e1 ?\gh !re %\ld be no?+ else1
 almo/ %[s u :at sort ( ?+ ,fate is2 b n
 p>ticul>ly or 9 e respect4 ,:at k9d (  
?+ !n is x 9 its own =m8 ,x is1 z f> z  
"o c comp>e x1 l to ! civil or politic  
law4 ,= fir/ x ord]s ! mo/ "p ( ?+s at  
lea/1 if n all1 conditionally2 & !n x   
comprises 7z f> z is possible = x7 all  
?+s t belong to ! public 9 g5]al2 & !   
bett] to make y und]/& bo? ! "o & ! o!r1

 we mu/ specify !m by an example4 ,!    
civil law speaks & orda9s 9 g5]al ( a   
valiant man1 & also ( a des]t] & a c[>d2
 & 9 ! same mann] ( o!rs4 ,n[ ?is is n  
to make ! law speak ( ?is or t man 9    
p>ticul>1 b pr9cipally to propose su*   
?+s z are univ]sal or g5]al1 &          
consequ5tly su* z fall "u !m4 ,= we may 
v well say1 t x is legal to rew>d ?is f 
8 colors2 because ! law has             
virtually--?\gh n 9 express t]ms &      
p>ticul>ly yet 9 su* g5]al ones z !y are
 compreh5d$ "u1--s det]m9$ ( !m4 ,z !   
law 7if ,i may s speak7 ( physicians &  
ma/]s ( corporal ex]cises pot5tially    
compreh5ds p>ticul> & special ?+s )9 !  
g5]al2 s ! law ( ,nature1 det]m9+ fir/ &
 pr9cipally g5]al matt]s1 second>ily &  
subord9ately det]m9es su* z are         
p>ticul>4 ,?us1 g5]al ?+s be+ decre$ by 
,fate1 p>ticul> & individual ?+s may    
also 9 "s sort be said to be s1 because 
!y are s by consequ5ce ) ! g5]al4 ,b    
p]haps "s "o ( ^? :o m accurately exam9e
 & m subtly se>* into ^! ?+s may say1 on

 ! contr>y1 t p>ticul> & individual ?+s 
prec$e ! composition ( g5]al ?+s1 & t ! 
g5]al exi/ only = ! p>ticul>1 s9ce t =  
:i* ano!r ?+ is always goes be=e t :i*  
is = x4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is n ! prop]    
place to treat ( ?is difficulty1 b x is 
to be remitt$ to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 t ,fate 
compreh5ds n all ?+s cle>ly & expressly1
 b only su* z are univ]sal & g5]al1 let 
x pass = resolv$ on at pres5t1 z well = 
:at we h already said a little be=e1 z =
 :at we %all say h]eaft]4 ,= t :i* is   
f9ite & det]m9ate1 agree+ prop]ly )     
div9e ,provid5ce1 is se5 m 9 univ]sal & 
g5]al ?+s ?an 9 p>ticul>2 su* !re=e is !
 div9e law1 & also ! civil2 b inf9ity   
consi/s 9 p>ticul>s & individuals4      
,aft] ?is we are to decl>e :at ?is t]m  
conditionally means2 = x is to be ?\ght 
t ,fate is also "s su* ?+4 ,t1 !n1 is   
said to be conditionally1 :i* is suppos$
 to exi/ n ( itself or absolutely1 b z  
really dep5d5t ^u & jo9$ to ano!r2 :i*  
signifies a suit & consequ5ce4 ,& ?is is
 ! sanction ( ,adra/ea 7or an inevitable

 ord9ance71 t :atev] s\l1 be+ an        
att5dant on ,god1 %all see any?+ ( tru?1
 %all till ano!r revolution be exempt f 
puni%m5t2 & if x is ev] able to d !     
same1 x %all nev] suff] any damage4 ,?is
 is said bo? conditionally & also       
univ]sally4 ,n[ t ,fate is "s su* ?+ is 
cle>ly manife/1 z well f its sub/ance z 
f its "n4 ,= x is call$ ,greek omitt$ z 
be+ ,greek omitt$1 t is1 dep5d5t & l9k$2
 & x is a sanction or law1 because ?+s  
are !re9 orda9$ & dispos$               
consequ5tially1 z is usual 9 civil      
gov]nm5t4  ,we ought 9 ! next place to  
consid] & treat ( mutual relation &     
affection2 t is1 :at ref]5ce & respect  
,fate has to div9e ,provid5ce1 :at to   
,=tune1 :at also to t :i* is 9 our p[]1 
:at to cont+5t & o!r su* l ?+s2 &       
fur!rmore we are to det]m9e1 h[ f> & 9  
:at x is true or false t all ?+s happ5 &
 are done by & accord+ to ,fate4 ,= if !
 mean+ is1 t all ?+s are compreh5d$ &   
conta9$ 9 ,fate1 x mu/ be grant$ t ?is  
proposition is true2 & if any w\ld f>!r 

h x s und]/ood1 t all ?+s :i* are done  
among/ m51 on e>?1 & 9 heav5 are plac$ 9
 ,fate1 let ?is also pass z grant$ = !  
pres5t4 ,b if 7z ! expression seems r to
 imply7 ! be+ done accord+ to ,fate     
signifies n all ?+s1 b only t :i* is a  
direct consequ5t ( ,fate1 !n x mu/ n be 
said t all ?+s happ5 & are done by &    
accord+ to ,fate1 ?\gh all ?+s are s    
accord+ to ,fate z to be compris$ 9 x4  
,= all ?+s t ! law compreh5ds & ( :i* x 
speaks are n legal or accord+ to law2 = 
x compreh5ds treason1 x treats ( !      
c[>dly runn+ away f "o's colors 9 "t (  
battle1 ( adult]y1 & _m o!r su* l ?+s1 (
 :i* x _c be said t any "o ( !m is      
lawful4 ,nei!r inde$ c ,i affirm ( !    
p]=m+ a valor\s act 9 w>1 ! kill+ ( a   
tyrant1 or ! do+ any o!r virtu\s de$1 t 
x is legal2 because t only is prop] to  
be call$ legal1 :i* is comm&$ by ! law4 
,n[ if ! law comm&s ^! ?+s1 h[ c !y     
avoid be+ rebels aga9/ ! law &          
transgressors ( x1 :o nei!r p]=m valiant
 feats ( arms1 kill tyrants1 nor d any  

o!r su* rem>kable acts ( virtue8 ,& if  
!y are transgressors ( ! law1 :y is x n 
j !y %\ld be puni%$8 ,b if ?is is n     
reasonable1 x mu/ !n be also confess$ t 
^! ?+s are n legal or accord+ to law2 b 
t legal & accord+ to law is only t :i*  
is p>ticul>ly prescrib$ & expressly     
comm&$ by ! law1 9 any action :atsoev]4 
,9 l mann]1 ^? ?+s only are fatal &     
accord+ to ,fate1 :i* are ! consequ5ces 
( causes prec$+ 9 ! div9e disposition4  
,s t ,fate inde$ compreh5ds all ?+s :i* 
are done2 yet _m ( ^? ?+s t are         
compreh5d$ 9 x1 & almo/ all t prec$e1   
%\ld n 7to speak prop]ly7 be pron\nc$ to
 be fatal or accord+ to ,fate4  ,^! ?+s 
be+ s1 we are next 9 ord] to %[1 h[ t   
:i* is 9 our p[] 7or free w71 ,=tune1   
possible1 cont+5t1 & o!r l ?+s :i* are  
plac$ among ! antec$5t causes1 c consi/ 
) ,fate1 & ,fate ) !m2 = ,fate1 z x     
seems1 compreh5ds all ?+s1 & yet all ^! 
?+s w n happ5 by necessity1 b e "o ( !m 
accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( its nature4 ,n[ 
! nature ( ! possible is to presubsi/1 z

 ! g5us1 & to g be=e ! cont+5t2 & !     
cont+5t1 z ! matt] & subject1 is to be 9
 ! sph]e ( free w2 & our free w ought z 
a ma/] to make use ( ! cont+5t2 & ,=tune
 comes 9 by ! side ( free w1 ?r\gh !    
prop]ty ( ! cont+5t ( incl9+ to ei!r "p4
 ,n[ y w m easily appreh5d :at has be5  
said1 if y %all consid] t ev]y?+ :i* is 
g5]at$1 & ! g5]ation itself1 is n done  
)\t a g5]ative faculty or p[]1 & ! p[]  
is n )\t a sub/ance4 ,z = example1 nei!r
 ! g5]ation ( man1 nor t :i* is g5]at$1 
is )\t a p[]2 b ?is p[] is ab\t man1 &  
man himself is ! sub/ance4 ,n[ ! p[] or 
faculty is betwe5 ! sub/ance1 :i* is !  
p[]ful1 & ! g5]ation & ! ?+ g5]at$1 :i* 
are bo? possibles4 ,!re be+ !n ^! ?ree  
?+s1 ! p[]1 ! p[]ful1 & ! possible2 be=e
 ! p[] c exi/1 ! p[]ful mu/ ( necessity 
be presuppos$ z its subject1 & ! p[] mu/
 also necess>ily subsi/ be=e ! possible4
 ,by ?is d$uction !n may 9 "s measure be
 und]/ood :at is meant by possible2 :i* 
may be grossly def9$ z t :i* p[] is able
 to produce2 or yet m exactly1 if to ?is

 same !re be add$1 provid$ !re be no?+ f
 )\t to h9d] or ob/ruct x4 ,n[ (        
possible ?+s !re are "s :i* c nev] be   
h9d]$1 z are ^? 9 heav51 to wit1 ! ris+ 
& sett+ ( ! />s1 & ! l to ^!2 b o!rs may
 inde$ be h9d]$1 z are ! mo/ "p ( human 
?+s1 & _m also ( ^? :i* are done 9 !    
air4 ,! fir/1 z be+ done by necessity1  
are call$ necess>y2 ! o!rs1 :i* may fall
 "o way or o!r1 are call$ cont+5t2 & !y 
may bo? ?us be describ$4 ,! necess>y    
possible is t ^: contr>y is impossible2 
& ! cont+5t possible is t ^: contr>y is 
also possible4 ,= t ! sun %\ld set is a 
?+ bo? necess>y & possible1 =asmu* z x  
is contr>y to ?is t ! sun %\ld n set1   
:i* is impossible2 b t1 :5 ! sun is set1
 !re %\ld be ra9 or n ra91 bo? ! "o & ! 
o!r is possible & cont+5t4 ,& !n aga9 ( 
?+s cont+5t1 "s happ5 (t5]1 o!rs r>ely &
 n s (t51 o!rs fall out equally or      
indiff]5tly1 z well ! "o way z ! o!r1   
ev5 z x happ5s4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ^?   
are contr>y to "o ano!r1--to wit1 ^? :i*
 fall out (t5] & ^? :i* happ5 b         

seldom1--& !y bo? = ! mo/ "p are dep5d5t
 on ,nature2 b t :i* happ5s equally1 z  
mu* "o way z ano!r1 dep5ds on ourselves4
 ,= t "u ! ,dog x %\ld be ei!r hot or   
cold1 ! "o (t5]1 ! o!r seldom]1 are bo? 
?+s subject to ,nature2 b to walk & n to
 walk1 & all su* ?+s ( :i* bo? ! "o & ! 
o!r are submitt$ to ! free w ( man1 are 
said to be 9 u & our election2 b r m    
g5]ally to be 9 u4 ,= !re are two sorts 
( ?is be+ 9 our p[]2 ! "o ( :i* proce$s 
f "s sudd5 passion & motion ( ! m9d1 z f
 ang] or pleasure2 ! o!r f ! disc\rse & 
judgm5t ( reason1 :i* may prop]ly be    
said to be 9 our election4 ,& "s reason 
!re is to hold t ?is possible & cont+5t 
is ! same ?+ ) t :i* is said to be 9 our
 p[] & accord+ to our free w1 al?\gh    
nam$ diff]5tly4 ,= 9 respect to !       
future1 x is call$ possible & cont+5t2 &
 9 respect ( ! pres5t1 x is nam$ 9 our  
p[] & 9 our free *oice4 ,^! ?+s may ?us 
be def9$3 ,! cont+5t is t :i* is        
itself--z well z its contr>y--possible2 
& t :i* is 9 our p[] is "o "p ( !       

cont+5t1 to wit1 t :i* n[ takes place   
accord+ to our *oice4 ,?us h we 9 a     
mann] decl>$1 t ! possible 9 ! ord] (   
,nature prec$es ! cont+5t1 & t ! cont+5t
 exi/s be=e free w2 z also :at ea* ( !m 
is1 :5ce !y are s nam$1 & :at are !     
qualities adjo9$ or app]ta9+ to !m4  ,x 
n[ rema9s1 t we treat ( ,=tune & casual 
adv5ture1 & :atev] else is to be        
consid]$ ) !m4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 t      
,=tune is a cause4 ,n[ ( causes1 "s are 
causes by !mselves1 & o!rs by accid5t4  
,?us = example1 ! prop] cause by itself 
( an h\se or a %ip is ! art ( ! mason1 !
 c>p5t]1 or ! %ipwright2 b accid5tal    
causes are music1 geometry1 & :atev]    
else may happ5 to be jo9$ ) ! art (     
build+ h\ses or %ips1 9 respect ei!r ( !
 body1 ! s\l1 or any ext]ior ?+4 ,:5ce x
 appe>s1 t ! cause by itself mu/ ne$s be
 det]m9ate & "o2 b ! causes by accid5t  
are nev] "o & ! same1 b inf9ite &       
undet]m9$4 ,= _m--nay1                  
inf9ite--accid5ts1 :olly diff]5t "o f ! 
o!r1 may be 9 "o & ! same subject4 ,n[ !

 cause by accid5t1 :5 x is f\nd 9 a ?+  
:i* n only is done = "s end b has 9 x   
free w & election1 is !n call$ ,=tune2 z
 is ! f9d+ a treasure :ile "o is digg+ a
 hole to plant a tree1 or ! do+ or      
suff]+ "s extraord9>y ?+ :il/ "o is     
fly+1 foll[+1 or o!rwise walk+1 or only 
turn+ ab\t1 provid$ x be n = ! sake ( t 
:i* happ5s1 b = "s o!r int5tion4 ,h5ce x
 is1 t "s ( ! anci5ts h decl>$ ,=tune to
 be a cause unkn[n t _c be =ese5 by !   
human reason4 ,b accord+ to !           
,platonics1 :o h approa*$ yet ne>] to ! 
true reason ( x1 x is ?us def9$3 ,=tune 
is a cause by accid5t1 9 ^? ?+s :i* are 
done = "s end1 & :i* are ( our election4
 ,& aft]w>ds !y add1 t x is un=ese5 &   
unkn[n to ! human reason2 al?\gh t :i*  
is r>e & /range appe>s also by ! same   
means to be 9 ?is k9d ( cause by        
accid5t4 ,b :at ?is is1 if x is n       
suffici5tly evid5c$ by ! oppositions &  
disputations made aga9/ x1 w at lea/ mo/
 cle>ly be se5 by :at is writt5 9       
,plato's ,pha$o1 :]e y w f9d ^! words3--

  ,,pha$4 ,h y n he>d h[ & 9 :at mann] !
 judgm5t pass$8 ,,e*4 ,yes inde$2 = !re 
came "o & told u ( x4 ,at :i* we wond]$ 
v mu* t1 ! judgm5t hav+ be5 giv5 long   
be=e1 x seems t he di$ a great :ile     
aft]4 ,& :at1 ,pha$o1 might be ! cause (
 x8 ,,pha$4 ,x 0 a =tune :i* happ5$ to  
him1 ,e*ecrates4 ,= x *anc$ t1 ! day    
be=e ! judgm5t1 ! pr[ ( ! galley :i* !  
,a!nians s5d e ye> to ! isle ( ,delos 0 
cr[n$4 7,plato1 ,pha$o1 p4#eh ,a47  ,9  
:i* disc\rse x is to be obs]v$1 t !     
expression ,,happ5$ ,,to ,,him is n     
simply to be und]/ood by ,,0 ,,done or  
,,came ,,to ,,pass1 b x mu* r reg>ds :at
 befell him ?r\gh ! concurr5ce ( _m     
causes toge!r1 "o be+ done 9 connection 
) ano!r4 ,= ! prie/ cr[n$ ! %ip & adorn$
 x ) g>l&s = ano!r end & int5tion1 & n =
 ! sake ( ,socrates2 & ! judges also _h 
= "s o!r cause condemn$ him4 ,b ! ev5t 0
 contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & ( su* a nature t
 x might seem to h be5 effect$ by !     
=esight ( "s human creature1 or r ( !   
sup]ior p[]s4 ,& s mu* may suffice to %[

 ) :at ,=tune mu/ ( necessity subsi/1 & 
t !re mu/ subsi/ fir/ su* ?+s z are 9   
our free w3 :at x effects is1 l itself  
call$ ,=tune4  ,b *ance or casual       
adv5ture is ( a l>g] ext5t ?an ,=tune2  
:i* x compreh5ds1 & also sev]al o!r ?+s 
:i* may ( _! own nature happ5 sometimes 
"o way1 sometimes ano!r4 ,& ?is1 z x    
appe>s by ! d]ivation ( ! ^w1 :i* is 9  
,greek ,greek omitt$ ,,*ance1 is t :i*  
happ5s ( itself1 :5 t :i* is ord9>y     
happ5s n1 b ano!r ?+ 9 its place2 su* z 
cold 9 ! dog-days seems to be2 = x is   
sometimes !n cold4444 ,once = all1 z t  
:i* is 9 our p[] is a "p ( ! cont+5t1 s 
,=tune is a "p ( *ance or casual        
adv5ture2 & bo? ! two ev5ts are conjo9$ 
& dep5d5t on ! "o & ! o!r1 to wit1 *ance
 on cont+5t1 & ,=tune on t :i* is 9 our 
*oice1--& yet n on all1 b on :at is 9   
our election1 z we h already said4      
,:]e=e *ance is common to ?+s inanimate1
 z well z to ^? :i* are animat$2 :]eas  
,=tune is prop] to man only1 :o has 8   
actions volunt>y4 ,& an argum5t ( ?is   

is1 t to be =tunate & to be happy are   
?\ght to be "o & ! same ?+4 ,n[ happ9ess
 is a c]ta9 well-do+1 & well-do+ is     
prop] only to man1 & to him p]fect4     
,^!1 !n1 are ! ?+s :i* are compris$ 9   
,fate1 to wit1 cont+5t1 possible1       
election1 t :i* is 9 our p[]1 ,=tune1   
*ance1 & _! adjuncts1 z are ! ?+s       
signifi$ by ! words p]haps & p]adv5ture2
 all :i* inde$ are conta9$ 9 ,fate4 ,yet
 none ,( !m is fatal4 ,x n[ rema9s1 t we
 disc\rse ( div9e ,provid5ce1 & %[ h[ x 
compreh5ds ev5 ,fate itself4  ,! supreme
 !re=e & fir/ ,provid5ce is ! und]/&+ or
 7if y _h r7 ! w ( ! fir/ & sov]eign    
,god1 do+ good to ev]y?+ t is 9 ! _w1 by
 :i* all div9e ?+s h univ]sally &       
?r\gh\t be5 mo/ excell5tly & mo/ wisely 
orda9$ & dispos$4 ,! second ,provid5ce  
is t ( ! second gods1 :o g ?r\gh !      
heav51 by :i* temporal & mortal ?+s are 
ord]ly & regul>ly g5]at$1 & :i* p]ta9s  
to ! cont9uation & pres]vation ( e k9d4 
,! ?ird may probably be call$ !         
,provid5ce & procuration ( ! ,daemons1  

:i*1 be+ plac$ on ! e>?1 are ! gu>dians 
& ov]se]s ( human actions4 ,?is ?reefold
 ,provid5ce !re=e be+ se51 ( :i* ! fir/ 
& supreme is *iefly & pr9cipally s nam$1
 we %all n be afraid to say1 al?\gh we  
may 9 ?is seem to contradict ! s5tim5ts 
( "s philosoph]s1 t all ?+s are done by 
,fate & by ,provid5ce1 b n also by      
,nature4 ,b "s are done accord+ to      
,provid5ce1 ^! accord+ to "o1 ^? accord+
 to ano!r1--& "s accord+ to ,fate2 &    
,fate is altoge!r accord+ to ,provid5ce1
 :ile ,provid5ce is 9 no wise accord+ to
 ,fate4 ,b let ?is disc\rse be und]/ood 
( ! fir/ & supreme ,provid5ce4 ,n[ t :i*
 is done accord+ to ano!r1 :atev] x is1 
is always po/]ior to t accord+ to :i* x 
is done2 z t :i* is accord+ to ! law is 
aft] ! law1 & t :i* is accord+ to       
,nature is aft] ,nature1 s t :i* is     
accord+ to ,fate is aft] ,fate1 & mu/   
consequ5tly be m new & mod]n4 ,:]e=e    
supreme ,provid5ce is ! mo/ anci5t ( all
 ?+s1 except him ^: w or und]/&+ x is1  
to wit1 ! sov]eign au?or1 mak]1 & fa!r (

 all ?+s4 ,let u !re=e1 says ,timaeus1  
disc\rse = :at cause ! ,creator made &  
fram$ ?is ma*9e ( ! univ]se4 ,he 0 good1
 & 9 him t is good !re c nev] be impr9t$
 or eng5d]$ any envy aga9/ any?+4 ,be+  
!re=e :olly free f ?is1 he desir$ t all 
?+s %\ld1 z f> z x is possible1 resemble
 himself4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o admits ?is to h
 be5 *iefly ! pr9cipal orig9al ( !      
g5]ation & creation ( ! _w1 z x has be5 
deliv]$ to u by wise m51 receives t :i* 
is mo/ "r4 ,= ,god1 :o desir$ t all ?+s 
%\ld be good1 & no?+1 z f> z possibly   
might be1 evil1 tak+ ?us all t 0        
visible1--re/less z x 01 & mov+ ra%ly & 
confus$ly1--r$uc$ x f disord] to ord]1  
e/eem+ ! "o to be altoge!r bett] ?an !  
o!r4 ,= x nei!r 0 nor is conv5i5t = him 
:o is 9 all p]fection good1 to make     
any?+ t %\ld n be v excell5t &          
beautiful4 7,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4#bi ,d47
 ,?is1 !re=e1 & all t foll[s1 ev5 to 8  
disputation conc]n+ human s\ls1 is to be
 und]/ood ( ! fir/ ,provid5ce1 :i* 9 !  
beg9n+ con/itut$ all ?+s4 ,aft]w>ds he  

speaks ?us3 ,hav+ fram$ ! univ]se1 he   
orda9$ s\ls equal 9 numb] to ! />s1 &   
di/ribut$ to ea* ( !m "o2 & hav+ set !m1
 z x 71 9 a *>iot1 %[$ ! nature ( !     
univ]se1 & appo9t$ !m ! laws ( ,fate4   
7,ibid4 p4#da ,d47 ,:o1 !n1 w n believe1
 t by ^! words he expressly & manife/ly 
decl>es ,fate to be1 z x 71 a f\ndation 
& political con/itution ( laws1 fitt$ = 
! s\ls ( m58 ,( :i* he aft]w>ds r5d]s ! 
cause4  ,z = ! second ,provid5ce1 he ?us
 9 a mann] expla9s x1 say+3 ,hav+       
prescrib$ !m all ^! laws1 to ! end t1 if
 !re %\ld aft]w>ds happ5 any fault1 he  
might be exempt f be+ ! cause ( any ( _!
 evil1 he disp]s$ "s ( !m ^u ! e>?1 "s  
into ! moon1 & "s into ! o!r in/rum5ts (
 "t4 ,& aft] ?is disp]sion1 he gave 9   
*>ge to ! "y gods ! mak+ ( human bodies1
 & ! mak+ up & add+ :atev] 0 want+ &    
defici5t 9 human s\ls2 & aft] !y _h     
p]fect$ :atev] is adh]5t & consequ5t to 
?is1 !y %\ld rule & gov]n1 9 ! be/ mann]
 !y possibly c\ld1 ?is mortal creature1 
s f> z x might n be ! cause ( its own   

evils4 7,ibid4 p4#db ,d47 ,= by ^!      
words1 t he might be exempt f be+ !     
cause ( any ( _! evil1 he mo/ cle>ly    
signifies ! cause ( ,fate2 & ! ord] &   
(fice ( ! "y gods manife/s ! second     
,provid5ce2 & x seems also 9 "s sort to 
h t\*$ a little ^u ! ?ird1 if he !re=e  
e/abli%$ laws & ord9ances t he might be 
exempt f be+ ! cause ( any ( _! evil4 ,=
 ,god1 :o is free f all evil1 has no ne$
 ( laws or ,fate2 b e "o ( ^! petty     
gods1 drawn on by ! provid5ce ( him :o  
has eng5d]$ !m1 p]=ms :at belongs to 8  
(fice4 ,n[ t ?is is true & agreeable to 
! op9ion ( ,plato1 ^! words ( ! lawgiv]1
 spok5 by him 9 8 ,book ( ,laws1 seems  
to me to give suffici5t te/imony3 ,if   
!re 7 any man s suffici5t by ,nature1   
be+ by div9e ,=tune happily eng5d]$ &   
born1 t he c\ld compreh5d ?is1 he w\ld h
 no ne$ ( laws to comm& him4 ,= !re is n
 any law or ord9ance m wor?y & p[]ful   
?an k2 nor is x suitable t ,m9d1 provid$
 x be truly & really free by ,nature1   
%\ld be a subject or slave to any "o1 b 

x ought to comm& all4 7,plato1 ,laws1   
ix4 p4#hge ,c47  ,i !re=e d = m9e own "p
 ?us und]/& & int]pret ?is s5t5ce (     
,plato4 ,!re be+ a ?reefold ,provid5ce1 
! fir/1 z hav+ eng5d]$ ,fate1 does 9 "s 
sort compreh5d x2 ! second1 hav+ be5    
eng5d]$ ) ,fate1 is ) x totally         
compreh5d$ & embrac$ by ! fir/2 ! ?ird1 
z hav+ be5 eng5d]$ aft] ,fate1 is       
compreh5d$ by x 9 ! same mann] z are    
free *oice & ,=tune1 z we h already     
said4 ,= !y :om ! assi/ance ( a         
,daemon's p[] does help 9 _! int]c\rse  
says ,socrates1 decl>+ to ,!ages :at is 
! almo/ settl$ ord9ance ( ,adra/ea are  
^? :om y also mean2 = !y advance        
quickly4 7,plato1 ,!ages1 p4#abi ,e47 ,9
 :i* words1 :at he says ( a ,daemon's   
aid+ "s is to be ascrib$ to ! ?ird      
,provid5ce1 & ! gr[+ & com+ =w>d ) spe$ 
to ,fate4 ,9 brief1 x is n obscure or   
d\btful b t ?is also is a k9d ( ,fate4  
,& p]haps x may be f\nd mu* m probable t
 ! second ,provid5ce is also compreh5d$ 
"u ,fate1 & inde$ all ?+s t are done2   

s9ce ,fate1 z a sub/ance1 has be5       
rightly divid$ by u into ?ree p>ts1 & ! 
simile ( ! *a9 compreh5ds ! revolutions 
( ! heav5s 9 ! numb] & rank ( ^? ?+s :i*
 happ5 conditionally4 ,b conc]n+ ^! ?+s 
,i w n mu* cont5d1 to wit1 :e!r !y %\ld 
be call$ conditional1 or r conjo9$ )    
,fate1 ! prec$5t cause & comm&] ( ,fate 
be+ also fatal4  ,our op9ion1 !n1 to    
speak briefly1 is su*4 ,b ! contr>y     
s5tim5t n only places all ?+s 9 ,fate1 b
 affirms !m all to be done by ,fate4 ,x 
agrees inde$ 9 all ?+s to ! o!r 7!      
,/oic7 doctr9e2 & t :i* accords to ano!r
 ?+1 'tis cle>1 is ! same ) x4 ,9 ?is   
disc\rse !re=e we h fir/ spok5 ( !      
cont+5t2 secondly1 ( t :i* is 9 our p[]2
 ?irdly1 ( ,=tune & *ance1 & :atev]     
dep5ds on !m2 f\r?ly1 ( praise1 blame1 &
 :atev] dep5ds on !m2 ! fif? & la/ ( all
 may be said to be pray]s to ! gods1 )  
_! s]vices & c]emonies4  ,= ! re/1 z to 
^? :i* are call$ idle & cropp+ argum5ts1
 & t :i* is nam$ ! argum5t aga9/ de/9y1 
!y are inde$ b va9 subtleties & capti\s 

sophisms1 accord+ to ?is disc\rse4 ,b   
accord+ to ! contr>y op9ion1 ! fir/ &   
pr9cipal conclusion seems to be1 t !re  
is no?+ done )\t a cause1 b t all ?+s   
dep5d ^u antec$5t causes2 ! second1 t ! 
_w is gov]n$ by ,nature1 & t x          
conspires1 cons5ts1 & is compatible )   
itself2 ! ?ird seems r to be            
te/imonies1--( :i* ! fir/ is div9ation1 
approv$ by all sorts ( p1 z be+ truly 9 
,god2 ! second is ! equanimity & pati5ce
 ( wise m51 :o take mildly & be>        
pati5tly :atev] befalls1 z happ5+ by    
div9e ord9ance & z x ought2 ! ?ird is ! 
spee* s common & usual 9 e "o's m\?1 to 
wit1 t e proposition is true or false4  
,?us h we contract$ ?is disc\rse into a 
small numb] ( %ort articles1 t we might 
9 few words compreh5d ! :ole matt] (    
,fate2 into :i* a scrut9y ought to be   
made1 & ! reasons ( bo? op9ions to be   
weigh$ ) a mo/ exact balance4 ,b we %all
 come to discuss p>ticul>s lat]4   ,,end
 ,,( ,,n9e-----------     ,,aga9/       
,,colotes1 ,,! ,,disciple ,,& ,,favorite

 ,,( ,,epicurus4  ,,colotes1 :om        
,epicurus 0 wont dim9utively & by way ( 
famili>ity or fondness to call ,colot>as
 & ,colot>ion1 compos$1 ,o ,saturn9us1 &
 publi%$ a little book :i* he entitl$1  
,t accord+ to ! op9ions ( ! o!r         
philosoph]s "o _c s mu* z live4 ,?is 0  
d$icat$ to ,k+ ,ptolemy4 ,n[ ,i suppose 
t x w n be unpleasant = y to read1 :5   
set d[n 9 writ+1 :at came into my m9d to
 speak aga9/ ?is ,colotes1 s9ce ,i "k y 
to be a lov] ( all elegant & hone/      
treatises1 & p>ticul>ly ( su* z reg>d ! 
sci5ce ( antiquity1 & to e/eem ! be>+ 9 
memory & hav+ 7z mu* z possible may be7 
9 h& ! disc\rses ( ! anci5t sages to be 
! mo/ royal ( all /udies & ex]cises4  ,n
 long s9ce1 !re=e1 z ?is book 0 be+     
read1 ,ari/odemus ( ,aegium1 a famili>  
fri5d ( ours 7:om y well "k to be "o ( !
 ,academy1 & n a m]e ?yrsus-be>]1 b "o (
 ! mo/ frantic celebrators ( ,plato's   
"n71 did1 ,i "k n h[1 keep himself      
contr>y to 8 cu/om v /ill all ! :ile1 & 
pati5tly gave e> to x ev5 to ! end4 ,b !

 read+ 0 sc>ce well ov] :5 he said3     
,well1 !n1 :om %all we cause to rise up 
& fight aga9/ ?is man1 9 def5ce ( !     
philosoph]s8 ,= ,i am n ( ,ne/or's      
op9ion1 :o1 :5 ! mo/ valiant ( ^? n9e   
w>riors t pres5t$ !mselves to ent] into 
combat 0 to be *os51 committ$ ! election
 to ! =tune ( a lot4  ,yet1 answ]$ ,i1 y
 see he s dispos$ himself 9 ref]5ce to !
 lot1 t ! *oice might pass accord+ to ! 
arbitram5t ( ! wise/ man2       ,& ?'   
lot drawn f ! helmet1 z !y wi%$1        
,on ,ajax fell4  ,b yet s9ce y comm& me 
to make ! election1       ,h[ c ,i ?9k a
 bett] *oice to make      ,?an ! div9e  
,ulysses8      7,iliad1 vii4 #ahb2 x4   
#bdc47  ,consid] !re=e1 & be well       
advis$1 9 :at mann] y w *a/ise ?is man4 
,b y "k1 repli$ ,ari/odemus1 t ,plato1  
:5 highly (f5d$ ) 8 boy t wait$ on him1 
w\ld n himself beat him1 b reque/$      
,speusippus to d x = him1 say+ t he     
himself 0 angry4 ,z mu* !re=e may ,i say
 to y2 ,take ?is fell[ to y1 & treat him
 z y please2 = ,i am 9 a fit ( *ol]4    

,:5 !re=e all ! re/ ( ! company desir$  
me to und]take ?is (fice2 ,i mu/ !n1    
said ,i1 speak1 s9ce x is y\r pleasure4 
,b ,i am afraid t ,i also %all seem m   
vehem5tly transport$ ?an is fitt+ aga9/ 
?is book1 9 ! def5d+ & ma9ta9+ ,socrates
 aga9/ ! rud5ess1 scurrility1 & insol5ce
 ( ?is man2 :o1 because ,socrates       
affirm$ himself to "k no?+ c]ta9ly1     
in/ead ( bread 7z "o w\ld say7 pres5t   
him hay1 z if he 7 a bea/1 & asks him :y
 he puts meat into 8 m\? & n into 8 e>4 
,& yet p]haps "s w\ld make b a laugh+   
matt] ( ?is1 consid]+ ! mildness &      
g5tl5ess ( ,socrates2 b = ! :ole ho/ ( !
 ,greeks1 t is1 ( ! o!r philosoph]s1    
among/ :i* are ,democritus1 ,plato1     
,/ilpo1 ,emp$ocles1 ,p>m5ides1 &        
,melissus1 :o h be5 basely traduc$ &    
revil$ by him1 x 7 n only a %ame to be  
sil5t1 b ev5 a sacrilege 9 ! lea/ po9t  
to =be> or rec$e f fre$om ( spee* 9 _!  
behalf1 :o h advanc$ philosophy to t    
honor & reputation x has gott54  ,& our 
p>5ts inde$ h1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! gods1  

giv5 u our life2 b to live well comes to
 u f reason1 :i* we h le>n$ f !         
philosoph]s1 :i* favors law & ju/ice1 & 
re/ra9s our concupisc5ce4 ,n[ to live   
well is to live sociably1 fri5dly1      
temp]ately1 & ju/ly2 ( all :i*          
conditions !y leave u n "o1 :o cry out t
 man's sov]eign good lies 9 8 belly1 & t
 !y w\ld n pur*ase all ! virtues toge!r 
at ! exp5se ( a crack$ f>?+1 if pleasure
 7 totally & on e side remov$ f !m4 ,& 9
 _! disc\rses conc]n+ ! s\l & ! gods1 !y
 hold t ! s\l p]i%es :5 x is sep>at$ f !
 body1 & t ! gods conc]n n !mselves 9   
our affairs4 ,?us ! ,epicureans reproa* 
! o!r philosoph]s1 t by _! wisdom !y    
b]eave man ( 8 life2 :il/ ! o!rs on !   
contr>y accuse !m ( tea*+ m5 to live    
deg5]ately & l bea/s4  ,n[ ^! ?+s are   
scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ! writ+s ( ,epicurus1
 & disp]s$ ?r\gh all 8 philosophy4 ,b   
?is ,colotes1 by hav+ extract$ f !m     
c]ta9 pieces & fragm5ts ( disc\rses1    
de/itute ( any argum5ts :atev] to r5d]  
!m cr$ible & intelligible1 has compos$ 8

 book1 be+ l a %op or cab9et ( mon/]s & 
prodigies2 z y bett] "k ?an any "o else1
 because y h always 9 y\r h&s ! works ( 
! anci5ts4 ,b he seems to me1 l !       
,lydian1 to op5 n only "o gate aga9/    
himself1 b to involve ,epicurus also 9  
_m & ^? ! greate/ d\bts & difficulties4 
,= he beg9s ) ,democritus1 :o receives (
 him an excell5t & wor?y rew>d = 8      
in/ruction2 x be+ c]ta9 t ,epicurus = a 
long "t call$ himself a ,democritean1   
:i* z well o!rs affirm1 z ,leonteus1 a  
pr9cipal disciple ( ,epicurus1 :o 9 a   
lett] :i* he writ to ,lycophron says1 t 
,epicurus honor$ ,democritus1 because he
 fir/ atta9$1 ?\gh a little at a        
di/ance1 ! "r & s\nd und]/&+ ( ! tru?1 &
 t 9 g5]al all ! treatise conc]n+       
natural ?+s 0 call$ ,democritean1       
because ,democritus 0 ! fir/ :o happ5$  
^u ! pr9ciples & met ) ! primitive      
f\ndations ( ,nature4 ,& ,metrodorus    
says op5ly ( philosophy1 ,if ,democritus
 _h n gone be=e & taught ! way1         
,epicurus _h nev] atta9$ to wisdom4 ,n[ 

if x be true1 z ,colotes holds1 t to    
live accord+ to ! op9ions ( ,democritus 
is n to live1 ,epicurus 0 !n a fool 9   
foll[+ ,democritus1 :o l$ him to a      
doctr9e :i* taught him n to live4  ,n[ !
 fir/ ?+ he lays to 8 *>ge is1 t1 by    
suppos+ ev]y?+ to be no m individual ?an
 ano!r1 he :olly conf\nds human life4 ,b
 ,democritus 0 s f> f hav+ be5 ( ?is    
op9ion1 t he oppos$ ,protagoras !       
philosoph] :o ass]t$ x1 & writ _m       
excell5t argum5ts conclud+ aga9/ him1   
:i* ?is f9e fell[ ,colotes nev] saw nor 
read1 nor yet s mu* z dream$ (2 b       
deceiv$ himself by misund]/&+ a passage 
:i* is 9 8 works1 :]e he det]m9es t     
,greek omitt$ is no m ?an ,greek omitt$1
 nam+ 9 t place ! body by ,greek omitt$1
 & ! void by ,greek omitt$1 & mean+ t ! 
void has its own prop] nature &         
subsi/5ce1 z well z ! body4  ,b he :o is
 ( op9ion t no?+ has m ( "o nature ?an  
ano!r makes use ( a s5t5ce ( ,epicurus1 
9 :i* he says t all ! appreh5sions &    
imag9ations giv5 u by ! s5ses are true4 

,= if ( two say+1 ! "o1 t ! w9e is s\r1 
& ! o!r1 t x is sweet1 nei!r ( !m %all  
be deceiv$ by 8 s5sation1 h[ %all ! w9e 
be m s\r ?an sweet8 ,& we may (t5 see t 
"s m5 us+ "o & ! same ba? f9d x to be   
hot1 & o!rs f9d x to be cold2 because ^?
 ord] cold wat] to be put into x1 z ^! d
 hot4 ,x is said t1 a c]ta9 lady go+ to 
visit ,b]5ice1 wife to ,k+ ,deiot>us1 z 
soon z ev] !y approa*$ ea* o!r1 !y bo?  
imm$iately turn$ _! backs1 ! "o1 z x    
seem$1 n be+ able to be> ! smell (      
p]fume1 nor ! o!r ( butt]4 ,if1 !n1 !   
s5se ( "o is no tru] ?an ! s5se ( ano!r1
 x is also probable1 t wat] is no m cold
 ?an hot1 nor sweet o9tm5t or butt]     
bett] or worse sc5t$ "o ?an ! o!r4 ,= if
 any "o %all say t x seems ! "o to "o1 &
 ! o!r to ano!r1 he w1 be=e he is aw>e1 
affirm t !y are bo? ! "o & ! o!r4  ,& z 
= ^! symmetries & proportions ( ! pores1
 or little passages 9 ! organs ( !      
s5ses1 ab\t :i* !y talk s mu*1 & ^?     
diff]5t mixtures ( se$s1 :i*1 !y say1   
be+ disp]s$ ?r\gh all savors1 odors1 &  

colors1 move ! s5ses ( diff]5t p]sons to
 p]ceive diff]5t qualities1 d !y n      
manife/ly drive !m to ?is1 t ?+s are no 
m ( "o nature ?an ano!r8 ,= to pacify ^?
 :o ?9k ! s5se is deceiv$ & lies because
 !y see contr>y ev5ts & passions 9 su* z
 use ! same objects1 & to solve ?is     
objection1 !y tea*1--t :5 almo/ ev]y?+ 0
 confus$ & mix$ up toge!r1 s9ce x has   
be5 arrang$ by ,nature t "o ?+ %all fit 
ano!r ?+1 x 0 n ! contact or !          
appreh5sion ( ! same quality nor 7 all  
p>ts affect$ 9 ! same way by :at 0      
influ5c+ !m4 ,b ^? only coalesc$ ) any?+
 to :i* !y _h a *>act]i/ic1 symmetrical 
9 a correspond+ proportion2 s t !y are 9
 error s ob/9ately to insi/ t a ?+ is   
ei!r good or bad1 :ite or n :ite1 ?9k+  
to e/abli% _! own s5ses by de/roy+ ^? ( 
o!rs2 :]eas !y ought nei!r to combat !  
s5ses1--because !y all t\* "s quality1  
ea* "o draw+ f ?is confus$ mixture1 z f 
a liv+ & l>ge f\nta91 :at is suitable & 
conv5i5t1--nor to pron\nce ( ! :ole1 by 
t\*+ only ! p>ts1 nor to ?9k t all ought

 to be affect$ aft] "o & ! same mann] by
 ! same ?+1 see+ t "o is affect$ by "o  
quality & faculty ( x1 & ano!r by ano!r4
 ,let u inve/igate :o ^? m5 are :i* br+ 
9 ?is op9ion t ?+s are n m ( "o quality 
?an ano!r1 if !y are n ^? :o affirm t e 
s5sible object is a mixture1 comp\nd$ ( 
all sorts ( qualities1 l a mixture ( new
 w9e f]m5t+1 & :o confess t all _! rules
 are lo/ & _! faculty ( judg+ q gone1 if
 !y admit any s5sible object t is pure &
 simple1 & d n make ea* "o ?+ to be _m8 
,see n[ to ?is purpose1 :at disc\rse &  
debate ,epicurus makes ,polya5us to h ) 
him 9 8 ,banquet conc]n+ ! heat ( w9e4  
,= :5 he ask$1 ,d y1 ,epicurus1 say1 t  
w9e does n heat8 "s "o answ]$1 ,x is n  
univ]sally to be affirm$ t w9e heats4 ,&
 a little aft]3 ,= w9e seems n to be    
univ]sally a heat]2 b su* a quantity may
 be said to heat su* a p]son4 ,& aga9   
subjo9+ ! cause1 to wit1 ! compressions 
& dissem9ations ( ! atoms1 & hav+ alleg$
 _! commixtures & conjunctions ) o!rs :5
 ! w9e comes to be m+l$ 9 ! body1 he    

adds ?is conclusion3 ,x is n univ]sally 
to be said t w9e is endu$ ) a faculty ( 
heat+2 b t su* a quantity may heat su* a
 nature & "o s dispos$1 :ile su* a      
quantity to su* a nature is cool+4 ,= 9 
su* a mass !re are su* natures &        
complexions ( :i* cold might be compos$1
 & :i*1 unit$ ) o!rs 9 prop] measure1   
w\ld yield a refrig]ative virtue4 ,:]e=e
 "s are deceiv$1 :o say t w9e is        
univ]sally a heat]2 & o!rs1 :o say t x  
is univ]sally a cool]4 ,he !n :o says t 
mo/ m5 are deceiv$ & err1 9 hold+ t :i* 
is hot to be heat+ & t :i* is cold to be
 cool+1 is himself 9 an error1 unless he
 %\ld all[ t 8 ass]tion ends 9 ! doctr9e
 t "o ?+ is n m ( "o nature ?an ano!r4  
,he f>!r adds aft]w>ds t (t5times w9e   
ent]+ into a body br+s ) x ?i!r nei!r a 
calefy+ nor refrig]at+ virtue1 b1 ! mass
 ( ! body be+ agitat$ & di/urb$1 & a    
transposition made ( ! p>ts1 !          
heat-effect+ atoms be+ assembl$ toge!r d
 by _! multitude cause a heat &         
inflammation 9 ! body1 & sometimes on ! 

contr>y disassembl+ !mselves cause a    
refrig]ation4  ,b x is moreov] :olly    
evid5t1 t we may employ ?is argum5t to  
all ^? ?+s :i* are call$ & e/eem$ bitt]1
 sweet1 purg+1 dormitive1 & lum9\s1 n   
any "o ( !m hav+ an entire & p]fect     
quality to produce su* effects1 nor to  
act r ?an to be act$ on :5 !y are 9 !   
bodies1 b be+ !re susceptible1 ( v>i\s  
temp]atures & diff]5ces4 ,= ,epicurus   
himself1 9 8 ,second ,book aga9/        
,!ophra/us1 affirm+ t colors are n      
connatural to bodies1 b are eng5d]$ !re 
accord+ to c]ta9 situations & positions 
) respect to ! sight ( man1 says3 ,= ?is
 reason a body is no m color$ ?an       
de/itute ( color4 ,& a little above he  
writes ?us1 ^w = ^w3 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ,i  
"k n h[ a man may say t ^? bodies :i*   
are 9 ! d>k h color2 al?\gh v (t51 an   
air equally d>k be+ spread ab\t !m1 "s  
di/+ui% div]sities ( colors1 o!rs       
p]ceive !m n ?r\gh ! weakness ( _!      
sight4 ,& moreov]1 go+ into a d>k h\se  
or room1 we at our fir/ entrance see no 

color1 b aft] we h /ay$ !re a:ile1 we d4
 ,:]e=e we are to say t e body is n m   
color$ ?an n color$4 ,n[1 if color is   
relative & has its be+ 9 reg>d to some?+
 else1 s also !n is :ite1 & s likewise  
blue2 & if colors are s1 s also are     
sweet & bitt]4 ,s t x may truly be      
affirm$ ( e quality1 t x _c m prop]ly be
 said to exi/ ?an n to exi/4 ,= to ^? :o
 are 9 a c]ta9 mann] dispos$1 !y w be2 b
 to ^? :o are n s dispos$1 !y w n be4   
,colotes !re=e has b$a%$ & bespatt]$    
himself & 8 ma/] ) t dirt1 9 :i* he says
 ^? lie :o ma9ta9 t ?+s are n m ( "o    
quality ?an ano!r4  ,b is x 9 ?is alone1
 t ?is excell5t man %[s himself--       
,to o!rs a physician1 :il/ himself      
,is full ( ulc]s8      7,euripides1     
,frag4 #ajga47  ,no inde$2 b yet mu*    
f>!r 9 8 second repreh5sion1 )\t any way
 m9d+ x1 he drives ,epicurus &          
,democritus out ( ?is life4 ,= he       
affirms t ! /atem5t ( ,democritus--t !  
atoms are to ! s5ses color by a c]ta9   
human law or ord9ance1 t !y are by !    

same law sweetness1 & by ! same law     
concretion--is at w> ) our s5ses1 & t he
 :o uses ?is reason & p]si/s 9 ?is      
op9ion _c himself imag9e :e!r he is liv+
 or dead4 ,i "k n h[ to contradict ?is  
disc\rse2 b ?is ,i c boldly affirm1 t   
?is is z insep>able f ! s5t5ces &       
doctr9es ( ,epicurus z !y say figure &  
weight are f atoms4 ,= :at is x t       
,democritus says8 ,!re are sub/ances1 9 
numb] inf9ite1 call$ atoms 7because !y  
_c be divid$71 )\t diff]5ce1 )\t        
quality1 & passibility1 :i* move1 be+   
disp]s$ "h & !re1 9 ! inf9ite voidness2 
& t :5 !y approa* "o ano!r1 or meet &   
are conjo9$1 ( su* masses ?us heap$     
toge!r1 "o appe>s wat]1 ano!r fire1     
ano!r a plant1 ano!r a man2 & t all ?+s 
are ?us prop]ly atoms 7z he call$ !m71 &
 no?+ else2 = !re is no g5]ation f :at  
does n exi/2 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are no?+ c  
be g5]at$1 because ^! atoms are s firm1 
t !y c nei!r *ange1 alt]1 nor suff]2    
:]e=e !re _c be made color ( ^? ?+s :i* 
are )\t color1 nor nature or s\l ( ^?   

?+s :i* are )\t quality & impassible4   
,democritus !n is to be blam$1 n =      
confess+ ^? ?+s t happ5 ^u 8 pr9ciples1 
b = suppos+ pr9ciples ^u :i* su* ?+s    
happ54 ,= he %\ld n h suppos$ immutable 
pr9ciples2 or hav+ suppos$ !m1 he %\ld h
 se5 t ! g5]ation ( all quality is tak5 
away2 b hav+ se5 ! absurdity1 to d5y x  
is mo/ impud5t4 ,b ,epicurus says1 t he 
supposes ! same pr9ciples ) ,democritus1
 b t he says n t color1 sweet1 :ite1 &  
o!r qualities1 are by law & ord9ance4   
,if !re=e ,,n ,,to ,,say is ! same z ,,n
 ,,to ,,confess1 he does m]ely :at he is
 wont to d4 ,= x is z :51 tak+ away     
div9e ,provid5ce1 he nev]!less says t he
 leaves piety & devotion t[>ds ! gods2 &
 :51 *oos+ fri5d%ip = ! sake ( pleasure1
 t he suff]s mo/ griev\s pa9s = 8       
fri5ds2 & suppos+ ! univ]se to be       
inf9ite1 t he nev]!less takes n away    
high & l[4444 ,inde$ hav+ tak5 ! cup1 "o
 may dr9k :at he pleases1 & return !    
re/4 ,b 9 reason+ "o ought *iefly to    
rememb] ?is wise apo!gm1 t :]e !        

pr9ciples are n necess>y1 ! ends &      
consequ5ces are necess>y4 ,x 0 n !n     
necess>y = him to suppose or 7to say    
bett]7 to /eal f ,democritus1 t atoms   
are ! pr9ciples ( ! univ]se2 b hav+     
suppos$ ?is doctr9e1 & hav+ pleas$ &    
glorifi$ himself 9 ! fir/ probable &    
speci\s appe>ances ( x1 he mu/ aft]w>ds 
also swall[ t :i* is tr\blesome 9 x1 or 
mu/ %[ h[ bodies :i* h n any quality c  
br+ all sorts ( qualities to o!rs only  
by _! meet+s & jo9+ toge!r4 ,z--to take 
t :i* comes next nei!r _h heat :5 !y    
came1 nor are become hot aft] _! be+    
jo9$ toge!r8 ,= ! "o presupposes t !y _h
 "s quality1 & ! o!r t !y 7 fit to      
receive x4 ,& y affirm1 t nei!r ! "o nor
 ! o!r mu/ be said to be congru\s to    
atoms1 because !y are incorruptible4    
,h[ !n8 ,d n ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 &       
,x5ocrates produce gold f t :i* is n    
gold1 & /one f t :i* is n /one1 & _m o!r
 ?+s f ! f\r simple fir/ bodies8 ,yes   
inde$2 b ) ^? bodies imm$iately concur  
also ! pr9ciples = ! g5]ation ( ev]y?+1 

br++ ) !m great contributions1 t is1 !  
fir/ qualities :i* are 9 !m2 !n1 :5 !y  
come to assemble & jo9 9 "o ! dry ) !   
moi/1 ! cold ) ! hot1 & ! solid ) !     
s(t1--t is1 active bodies ) su* z are   
fit to suff] & receive e alt]ation &    
*ange1--!n is g5]ation wr\ght by pass+ f
 "o temp]ature to ano!r4 ,:]eas ! atom1 
be+ alone1 is alone1 is depriv$ &       
de/itute ( all quality & g5]ative       
faculty1 & :5 x comes to meet ) ! o!rs1 
x c make only a noise & s\nd because (  
its h>dness & firmness1 b no?+ m4 ,= !y 
always /rike & are /rick51 n be+ able by
 ?is means to compose or make an animal1
 a s\l1 or a nature1 nay1 n s mu* z a   
mass or heap ( !mselves2 = t z !y beat  
^u "o ano!r1 s !y fly back aga9 asund]4 
,b ,colotes1 z if he 7 speak+ to "s     
ignorant & unlett]$ k+1 aga9 attacks    
,emp$ocles = express+ ! same ?\ght3--   
,i've "o ?+ m to say4  ',mong/ mortals  
!re      ,no ,nature is2 nor t grim ?+  
m5 fe>      ,s mu*1 call$ dea?4  ,!re   
only happ5s fir/      ,a mixture1 & mixt

 ?+s asund] bur/      ,aga91 :5 !m      
disunion does befall4      ,& ?is is t  
:i* m5 d ,nature call4  ,= my "p1 ,i d n
 see h[ ?is is repugnant & contr>y to   
life or liv+1 especially among/ ^? :o   
hold t !re is no g5]ation ( t :i* is n1 
nor corruption ( t :i* is1 b t !        
assembl+ & union ( ! ?+s :i* are is     
call$ g5]ation1 & _! dissolution &      
disunion nam$ corruption & dea?4 ,= t he
 took ,nature = g5]ation1 & t ?is is 8  
mean+1 he has himself decl>$1 :5 he     
oppos$ ,nature to dea?4 ,& if !y nei!r  
live nor c live :o place g5]ation 9     
union & dea? 9 disunion1 :at else d ^!  
,epicureans8 ,yet ,emp$ocles1 glu+1 7z x
 77 & conjo9+ ! elem5ts toge!r by heats1
 s(tnesses1 & humidifies1 gives !m 9 "s 
sort a mixtion & unitive composition2 b 
^! m5 :o hunt & drive toge!r ! atoms1   
:i* !y affirm to be immutable &         
impassible1 compose no?+ proce$+ f !m1 b
 inde$ make _m & cont9ual p]cussions (  
!m4  ,= ! int]lacem5t1 h9d]+ !          
dissolution1 m & m augm5ts ! collision &

 concussion2 s t !re is nei!r mixtion   
nor adhesion & conglut9ation1 b only a  
discord & combat1 :i* accord+ to !m is  
call$ g5]ation4 ,& if ! atoms d n[      
recoil = a mom5t by reason ( ! %ock !y h
 giv51 & !n return aga9 aft] ! bl[ is   
pa/1 !y are above d\ble ! "t abs5t f "o 
ano!r1 )\t ei!r t\*+ or approa*+1 s z   
no?+ c be made ( !m1 n ev5 s mu* z a    
body )\t a s\l4 ,b z = s5se1 s\l1       
und]/&+1 & prud5ce1 !re is n any man :o 
c 9 ! lea/ conceive or imag9e h[ x is   
possible !y %\ld be made 9 a voidness1 &
 atoms :i* nei!r :5 sep>ate & ap>t h any
 quality1 nor any passion or alt]ation  
:5 !y are assembl$ & jo9$ toge!r1       
especially see+ ?is _! meet+ toge!r is n
 an incorporation or congress1 mak+ a   
mixture or coalition1 b r p]cussions &  
rep]cussions4 ,s t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e
 ( ^! p1 life is tak5 away1 & ! exi/5ce 
( an animal d5i$1 s9ce !y posit         
pr9ciples void1 impassible1 godless1 &  
s\lless1 & su* z _c all[ or receive any 
mixture or comm+l+ :atev]4  ,h[ !n is x1

 t !y admit & all[ ,nature1 s\l1 & liv+ 
creature8 ,ev5 9 ! same mann] z !y d an 
oa?1 pray]1 & sacrifice1 & ! adoration (
 ! gods4 ,?us !y adore by ^w & m\?1 only
 nam+ & feign+ t :i* by _! pr9ciples !y 
totally take away & aboli%4 ,if n[ !y   
call t :i* is born ,nature1 & t :i* is  
eng5d]$ g5]ation1--z ^? :o are accu/om$ 
to call wood wood-"w & ! voices t accord
 & s\nd toge!r symphony1--:5ce came x   
into 8 m9d to object ^! words aga9/     
,emp$ocles8 ,:y1 says he1 d we tire     
ourselves 9 tak+ su* c>e ( ourselves1 9 
desir+ & long+ aft] c]ta9 ?+s1 & %unn+ &
 avoid+ o!rs8 ,= we nei!r are ourselves1
 nor d we live by mak+ use ( o!rs4 ,b be
 ( good *e]1 my de> little ,colotes1 may
 "o p]haps say to him3 !re is none :o   
h9d]s y f tak+ c>e ( y\rself by tea*+ t 
! nature ( ,colotes is no?+ else b      
,colotes himself1 or :o =bids y to make 
use ( ?+s 7n[ ?+s ) y are pleasures7 by 
%[+ t !re is no nature ( t>ts &         
m>*panes1 ( sweet odors1 or ( v5]eal    
delights1 b t !re are t>ts1 m>*panes1   

p]fumes1 & wom54 ,= nei!r does !        
gramm>ian :o says t ! /r5g? ( ,h]cules  
is ,h]cules himself d5y ! be+ (         
,h]cules2 nor d ^? :o say t symphonies &
 ro(+s are b absolute d]ivations affirm 
t !re are nei!r s\nds nor timb]s2 s9ce  
also !re are "s :o1 tak+ away ! s\l &   
intellig5ce1 d n yet seem to take away  
ei!r liv+ or be+ intellig5t4  ,& :5     
,epicurus says t ! nature ( ?+s is to be
 f\nd 9 bodies & _! place1 d we s       
compreh5d him z if he meant t ,nature 7 
some?+ else ?an ! ?+s :i* are1 or z if  
he ins9uat$ t x is m]ely ! ?+s :i* are1 
& no?+ else8--z1 to wit1 he is wont to  
call voidness itself ! nature (         
voidness1 & ! univ]se1 by ,jupit]1 !    
nature ( ! univ]se4 ,& if any "o %\ld   
?us "q him2 ,:at say/ ?\1 ,epicurus1 t  
?is is voidness1 & t ! nature (         
voidness8 ,no1 by ,jupit]1 w\ld he      
answ]2 b ?is transf]5ce ( names is 9 use
 by law & cu/om4 ,i grant x is4 ,n[ :at 
has ,emp$ocles done else1 b taught t    
,nature is no?+ else save t :i* is born1

 & dea? no o!r ?+ b t :i* dies8 ,b z !  
poets v (t51 =m+ z x 7 an image1 say ?us
 9 figurative language1       ,/rife1   
tumult1 noise1 plac$ by "s angry god1   
,mis*ief1 & malice !re _h _! abode2     
7,iliad1 xvii4 #ebe47  s d "s au?ors    
attribute g5]ation & corruption to ?+s t
 are contract$ toge!r & dissolv$4 ,b s  
f> has he be5 f /irr+ & tak+ away t :i* 
is1 or contradict+ t :i* evid5tly       
appe>s1 t he ca/s n s mu* z "o s+le ^w  
out ( ! accu/om$ use2 b tak+ away all   
figurative fraud t might hurt or        
endamage ?+s1 he aga9 re/or$ ! ord9>y & 
useful signification to words 9 ^!      
v]ses3--       ,:5 f mix$ elem5ts we    
sometimes see      ,a man produc$1      
sometimes a bea/1 a tree1      ,or bird1
 ?is bir? & g5iture we "n2      ,b dea?1
 :5 ?is s well compact$ frame      ,&   
juncture is dissolv$4  ,& yet ,i myself 
say t ,colotes1 ?\gh he alleg$ ^! v]ses1
 did n und]/& t ,emp$ocles took n away  
m51 bea/s1 trees1 or birds1 :i* he      
affirm$ to be compos$ ( ! elem5ts mix$  

toge!r2 & t1 by tea*+ h[ mu* !y are     
deceiv$ :o call ?is composition ,nature 
& life1 & ?is dissolution unhappy       
de/ruction & mis]able dea?1 he did n    
abrogate ! us+ ( ! cu/om>y expressions 9
 ?is respect4  ,& x seems to me1 inde$1 
t ,emp$ocles did n aim 9 ?is place at ! 
di/urb+ ! common mann] ( expression1 b t
 he really1 z x has be5 said1 _h a      
controv]sy ab\t g5]ation f ?+s t h no   
be+1 :i* "s call ,nature4 ,:i* he       
manife/ly %[s by ^! v]ses3--            
,fools1 & ( little ?\ght1 we well may   
deem      ,^?1 :o s silly are z to e/eem
      ,t :at ne'er 0 may n[ eng5d]$ be1 
,& t :at is may p]i% utt]ly4  ,= ^! are 
! words ( "o :o cries l\d en\gh to ^?   
:i* h e>s1 t he takes n away g5]ation1 b
 procreation f no?+2 nor corruption1 b  
total de/ruction t is1 r$uction to no?+4
 ,= to him :o w\ld n s savagely &       
fooli%ly b m g5tly calumniate1 ! foll[+ 
v]ses might give a colorable occasion ( 
*>g+ ,emp$ocles ) ! contr>y1 :5 he      
says3--       ,no prud5t man c e'er into

 8 m9d      ,admit t1 :il/ m5 liv+ "h on
 e>?      7,:i* only life !y call7 bo?  
=tunes f9d1      ,!y be+ h1 b t be=e !  
bir?      ,!y no?+ 71 nor %all be :5    
once dead4  ,= ^! are n ! expressions ( 
a man :o d5ies ^? t are born to be1 b r 
( him :o holds ^? to be t are n yet born
 or t are already dead4 ,& ,colotes also
 does n altoge!r accuse him ( ?is1 b    
says t accord+ to 8 op9ion we %all nev] 
be sick1 nev] w\nd$4 ,b h[ is x         
possible1 t he :o affirms m5 to h be+   
bo? be=e _! life & aft] _! dea?1 & dur+ 
_! life to f9d bo? =tunes 7or to be     
accompani$ bo? by good & evil71 %\ld n  
leave !m ! p[] to suff]8 ,:o !n are !y1 
,o ,colotes1 t are endu$ ) ?is privilege
 nev] to be w\nd$1 nev] to be sick8 ,ev5
 y y\rselves1 :o are compos$ ( atoms &  
voidness1 nei!r ( :i*1 y say1 has any   
s5se4 ,n[ !re is no great hurt 9 ?is2 b 
! wor/ is1 y h no?+ left t c cause y    
pleasure1 see+ an atom is n capable to  
receive ^? ?+s :i* are to effect x1 &   
voidness _c be affect$ by !m4  ,b       

because ,colotes w\ld1 imm$iately aft]  
,democritus1 seem to int] & bury        
,p>m5ides1 & ,i h pass$ ov] & a little  
po/pon$ 8 def5ce1 to br+ 9 betwe5 !m t (
 ,emp$ocles1 z seem+ to be m coh]5t &   
consequ5t to ! fir/ repreh5sions1 let u 
n[ return to ,p>m5ides4 ,him1 !n1 does  
,colotes accuse ( hav+ broa*$ & set     
abroad c]ta9 %ameful & villan\s         
sophi/ries2 & yet by ^! 8 sophisms he   
has nei!r r5d]$ fri5d%ip less honorable1
 nor voluptu\sness or ! desire (        
pleasures m audaci\s & unbridl$4 ,he has
 n tak5 f hone/y its attractive prop]ty 
or its be+ v5]able or recomm5dable (    
itself1 nor has he di/urb$ ! op9ions we 
ought to h ( ! gods4 ,& ,i d n see h[1  
by say+ t ! ,all 7or ! univ]se7 is "o1  
he h9d]s or ob/ructs our liv+4 ,= :5    
,epicurus himself says t ! ,all is      
inf9ite1 t x is nei!r eng5d]$ nor       
p]i%able1 t x c nei!r increase nor be   
dim9i%$1 he speaks ( ! univ]se z ( "o   
only ?+4 ,& hav+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 treatise
 conc]n+ ?is matt] said1 t ! nature ( ^?

 ?+s :i* h be+ consi/s ( bodies & (     
vacuum1 he makes a division 7z x 77 ( "o
 ?+ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* has 9       
reality no subsi/5ce1 be+1 z y y\rselves
 t]m x1 impalpable1 void1 & incorporeal2
 s t by ?is means1 ev5 ) y also1 all    
comes to be "o2 unless y desire1 9      
speak+ ( voidness1 to use words void (  
s5se1 & to combat ! anci5ts1 z if y 7   
fight+ aga9/ a %ad[4  ,b ^! atomical    
bodies1 y w say1 are1 accord+ to !      
op9ion ( ,epicurus1 inf9ite 9 numb]1 &  
ev]y?+ :i* appe>s to u is compos$ ( !m4 
,see n[1 !re=e1 :at pr9ciples ( g5]ation
 y suppose1 inf9ity & voidness2 "o (    
:i*1 to wit1 voidness1 is inactive1     
impassible1 & incorporeal2 ! o!r1 to    
wit1 inf9ity1 is disord]ly1             
unreasonable1 & un9telligible1 dissolv+ 
& conf\nd+ itself1 because x _c = its   
multitude be conta9$1 circumscrib$1 or  
limit$4 ,b ,p>m5ides has nei!r tak5 away
 fire1 nor wat]1 nor precipices1 nor yet
 cities 7z ,colotes says7 :i* are       
inhabit$ z well 9 ,europe z 9 ,asia2    

s9ce he has bo? con/ruct$ an ord] ( !   
_w1 & mix+ ! elem5ts1 to wit1 light &   
d>k1 does ( !m & by !m arrange & f9i%   
all ?+s t appe> 9 ! _w4 ,= he has writt5
 v l>gely ( ! e>?1 heav51 sun1 moon1 &  
/>s1 & has spok5 ( ! g5]ation ( man2 &  
be+1 z he 01 an anci5t au?or 9          
physiology1 & "o :o 9 writ+ s\ght to    
save 8 own & n to de/roy ano!r's        
doctr9e1 he has ov]look$ none ( !       
ess5tial ?+s 9 ,nature4 ,moreov]1       
,plato1 & be=e him ,socrates himself1   
und]/ood t 9 ,nature !re is "o "p       
subject to op9ion1 & ano!r subject to   
intellig5ce4 ,z = t :i* is subject to   
op9ion1 x is always uncon/ant1 w&]+1 &  
c>ri$ away ) sev]al passions & *anges1  
liable to dim9ution & increase1 & to be 
v>i\sly dispos$ to v>i\s m51 & n always 
appe>+ aft] "o mann] ev5 to ! same      
individual4 ,b z to ! intelligible "p1 x
 is q ( ano!r k9d1       ,con/ant1      
entire1 & /ill eng5]able1  z himself    
says1 always l to itself1 & p]durable 9 
its be+4  ,"h ,colotes1 sycophant-l1    

cat*+ at 8 expressions & draw+ !        
disc\rse f ?+s to words1 flatly affirms 
t ,p>m5ides 9 "o ^w de/roys ! exi/5ce ( 
all ?+s by suppos+ ,,ens 7or t :i* is7  
to be "o4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 he takes    
away nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r "p ( ,nature2 
b r5d]+ to ea* ( !m :at belongs to x &  
is conv5i5t = x1 he places !            
intelligible 9 ! idea ( "o & ( t :i* is1
 call+ x ,,ens because x is et]nal &    
incorruptible1 & "o because x is always 
l itself & admits no div]sity4 ,& z = t 
"p :i* is s5sible1 he places x 9 ! rank 
( unc]ta91 disord]ly1 & always mov+4 ,( 
:i* two p>ts1 we may see ! di/9ct       
judgm5t3--       ,"o c]ta9 tru? & s9c]e 
k is1  z reg>d+ t :i* is intelligible1 &
 always alike & ( ! same sort2       ,! 
o!r does on m5's op9ions re/1      ,:i* 
bre$ no true belief )9 our brea/1       
because x is conv]sant 9 ?+s :i* receive
 all sorts ( *anges1 passions1 &        
inequalities4 ,n[ h[ he c\ld h left s5se
 & op9ion1 if he _h n also left any     
s5sible & op9able object1 x is          

impossible = any man to say4 ,b because 
to t :i* truly ,,is x app]ta9s to       
cont9ue 9 its be+1 & because s5sible ?+s
 sometimes are1 sometimes are n1        
cont9ually pass+ f "o be+ to ano!r &    
p]petually *ang+ _! /ate1 he ?\ght !y   
requir$ "s o!r "n ?an t ( ,,entia1 or   
?+s :i* always are4 ,?is spee* !re=e    
conc]n+ ,,ens 7or t :i* is71 t x %\ld be
 b "o1 is n to take away ! plurality (  
s5sible ?+s1 b to %[ h[ !y diff] f t :i*
 is intelligible4 ,:i* diff]5ce ,plato 9
 8 discussion ( ,ideas m fully decl>+1  
has !reby af=d$ ,colotes an opportunity 
( cavill+4  ,!re=e x seems n unfitt+ to 
me to take next into our consid]ation1 z
 x 7 all 9 a tra91 :at he has also said 
aga9/ him4 ,b fir/ let u contemplate a  
little ! dilig5ce--toge!r ) ! manifold &
 pr(\nd k--( ?is our philosoph]1 :o     
says1 t ,ari/otle1 ,x5ocrates1          
,!ophra/us1 & all ! ,p]ipateties h      
foll[$ ^! doctr9es ( ,plato4 ,= 9 :at   
corn] ( ! un9habitable _w h y1 ,o       
,colotes1 writt5 y\r book1 t1 compos+   

all ^! accusations aga9/ su* p]sonages1 
y nev] h light$ ^u _! works1 nor h tak5 
into y\r h&s ! books ( ,ari/otle conc]n+
 ,heav5 & ! ,s\l1 nor ^? ( ,!ophra/us   
aga9/ ! ,naturali/s1 nor ! ,zoroa/] (   
,h]aclides1 nor 8 books ( ,hell1 nor t (
 ,natural ,d\bts & ,difficulties1 nor ! 
book ( ,dicae>*us conc]n+ ! ,s\l2 9 all 
:i* books !y are 9 ! highe/ degree      
contradictory & repugnant to ,plato ab\t
 ! pr9cipal & greate/ po9ts ( natural   
philosophy8 ,nay1 ,/rato himself1 ! v   
head & pr9ce ( ! o!r ,p]ipatetics1      
agrees n 9 _m ?+s ) ,ari/otle1 & holds  
op9ions altoge!r contr>y to ,plato1     
conc]n+ motion1 ! und]/&+1 ! s\l1 &     
g5]ation4 ,9 f9e1 he says t ! _w is n an
 animal1 & t :at is accord+ to ,nature  
foll[s :at is accord+ to ,=tune2 = t    
,*ance gave ! beg9n+1 & s e "o ( !      
natural effects 0 aft]w>ds f9i%$4  ,n[ z
 to ! ideas1--= :i* he qu>rels )        
,plato1--,ari/otle1 by mov+ ?is matt] at
 e turn1 & alleg+ all mann] ( d\bts     
conc]n+ !m1 9 8 ,e?ics1 9 8 ,physics1 & 

9 8 ,exot]ical ,dialogues seems to "s r 
ob/9ately ?an philosophically to h      
disput$ aga9/ ^! doctr9es1 z hav+       
propos$ to himself ! debas+ & und]valu+ 
( ,plato's philosophy2 s f> he 0 f      
foll[+ x4 ,:at an impud5t ra%ness !n is 
?is1 t hav+ nei!r se5 nor und]/ood :at  
^! p]sons h writt5 & :at 7 _! op9ions1  
he %\ld g & devise su* ?+s z !y nev]    
imag9$2 & p]suad+ himself t he repreh5ds
 & refutes o!rs1 he %\ld produce a pro(1
 writt5 ) 8 own h&1 argu+ & conv9c+     
himself ( ignorance1 lic5ti\sness1 &    
%ameful impud5ce1 9 say+ t ^? :o        
contradict ,plato agree ) him1 & t ^? :o
 oppose him foll[ him4  ,plato1 says he1
 writes t horses are 9 va9 by u consid]$
 horses1 & m5 m54 ,& 9 :i* ( ,plato's   
comm5t>ies has he f\nd ?is hidd58 ,= z  
to u1 we read 9 all 8 books1 t horses   
are horses1 t m5 are m51 & t fire is by 
him e/eem$ fire1 because he holds t e "o
 ( ^! ?+s is s5sible & subject to       
op9ion4 ,b ?is ,colotes1 z if he 7 n a  
hair's bread? di/ance f wisdom1 takes x 

to be "o & ! same ?+ to say1 ,man is n &
 ,man is a ,,non ,,ens4  ,n[ to ,plato  
!re seems to be a wond]ful great        
diff]5ce betwe5 n be+ at all & be+ a    
,,non ,,ens2 because ! fir/ imports an  
annihilation & aboli%m5t ( all sub/ance1
 & ! o!r %[s ! div]sity !re is betwe5 t 
:i* is p>ticipat$ & t :i* p>ticipates4  
,:i* div]sity ^? :o came aft] di/+ui%$  
only into ! diff]5ce ( g5us & species1 &
 c]ta9 common & prop] qualities or      
accid5ts1 z !y are call$1 b asc5d$ no   
high]1 fall+ into m logical d\bts &     
difficulties4 ,n[ !re is ! same         
proportion betwe5 t :i* is p>ticipat$ & 
t :i* p>ticipates1 z !re is betwe5 !    
cause & ! matt]1 ! orig9al & ! image1 ! 
faculty & ! result4 ,:]e9 t :i* is by   
itself & always ! same pr9cipally diff]s
 f t :i* is by ano!r & nev] rema9s 9 "o 
& ! same mann]2 because ! "o nev] 0 nor 
ev] %all be non-exi/5t1 & is !re=e      
totally & ess5tially an ,,ens2 b to !   
o!r t v be+1 :i* x has n ( itself b     
happ5s to take by p>ticipation f ano!r1 

does n rema9 firm & con/ant1 b x goes   
out ( x by its imbecility1--! matt]     
always glid+ & slid+ ab\t ! =m1 &       
receiv+ sev]al functions & *anges 9 !   
image ( ! sub/ance1 s t x is cont9ually 
mov+ & %ak+4 ,z !re=e he :o says t !    
image ( ,plato is n ,plato takes n away 
! s5se & sub/ance ( ! image1 b %[s !    
diff]5ce ( t :i* is ( itself f t :i* is 
only 9 reg>d to "s o!r1 s nei!r d !y    
take away ! nature1 use1 or s5se ( m51  
:o affirm t e "o ( u1 by p>ticipat+ 9 a 
c]ta9 common sub/ratum1 t is1 9 ! idea1 
is become ! image ( t :i* af=d$ !       
lik5ess = our g5]ation4 ,= nei!r does he
 :o says t a r$-hot iron is n fire1 or t
 ! moon is n ! sun1 b1 z ,p>m5ides has  
x1       ,a tor* :i* r\nd ! e>? by night
      ,does be> ab\t a borr[$ light1    
take away !re=e ! use ( iron1 or !      
nature ( ! moon4 ,b if he %\ld d5y x to 
be a body1 or affirm t x is n illum9at$1
 he w\ld !n contradict ! s5ses1 z "o :o 
admitt$ nei!r body1 animal1 g5]ation1   
nor s5se4 ,b he :o by 8 op9ion imag9es t

 ^! ?+s subsi/ only by p>ticipation1 &  
reflects h[ f> remote & di/ant !y are f 
t :i* always is & :i* communicates to !m
 _! be+1 does n reject ! s5sible1 b     
affirms t ! intelligible is2 nor does he
 take away & aboli% ! results :i* are   
wr\ght & appe> 9 u2 b he %[s to ^? :o   
foll[ him t !re are o!r ?+s1 firm] & m  
/able ?an ^! 9 respect ( _! ess5ce1     
because !y are nei!r eng5d]$1 nor p]i%1 
nor suff] any?+2 & he tea*es !m1 m      
purely t\*+ ! diff]5ce1 to express x by 
names1 call+ ^! ,greek omitt$ or ,greek 
omitt$ 7,,?+s ,,t ,,h ,,be+71 & ^?      
,greek omitt$ or ,,fi5tia 7,,?+s        
,,eng5d]$74 ,& ! same also usually      
befalls ! mod]ns2 = !y deprive _m--& ^? 
great ?+s--( ! appellation ( ,,ens or   
,,be+2 su* z are voidness1 "t1 place1 & 
simply ! entire g5us ( ?+s spok51 9 :i* 
are compris$ all ?+s true4 ,= ^! ?+s1 !y
 say1 are n ,,entia b ,,"s ,,?+s2 & !y  
p]petually treat ( !m 9 _! lives & 9 _! 
philosophy1 z ( ?+s hav+ subsi/5ce &    
exi/5ce4  ,b ,i w\ld will+ly ask ?is our

 fault-f9d]1 :e!r !mselves d n 9 _!     
affairs p]ceive ?is diff]5ce1 by :i* "s 
?+s are p]man5t & immutable 9 _!        
sub/ances1--z !y say ( _! atoms1 t !y   
are at all times & cont9ually aft] "o & 
! same mann]1 because ( _! impassibility
 & h>dness1--b t all comp\nd ?+s are    
fluxible1 *angeable1 g5]at$1 & p]i%+2   
=asmu* z inf9ite images are always      
dep>t+ & go+ f !m1 & inf9ite o!rs z x is
 probable1 repair to !m f ! ambi5t air1 
fill+ up :at 0 dim9i%$ f ! mass1 :i* is 
mu* div]sifi$ & transvasat$1 z x 71 by  
?is *ange1 s9ce ^? atoms :i* are 9 ! v  
bottom ( ! said mass c nev] cease /irr+ 
& reciprocally beat+ ^u "o ano!r2 z !y  
!mselves affirm4 ,!re is !n 9 ?+s su* a 
div]sity ( sub/ance4 ,b ,epicurus is 9  
?is wis] & m le>n$ ?an ,plato1 t he     
calls !m all equally ,,entia1--to wit1 !
 impalable voidness1 ! solid & resi/+   
body1 ! pr9ciples1 & ! ?+s compos$ (    
!m1--& ?9ks t ! et]nal p>ticipates ( !  
common sub/ance ) t :i* is g5]at$1 !    
immortal ) ! corruptible1 & ! natures t 

are impassible1 p]durable1 un*angeable1 
& t c nev] fall f _! be+1 ) ^? :i* h _! 
ess5ce 9 suff]+ & *ang+1 & c nev]       
cont9ue 9 "o & ! same /ate4 ,b ?\gh     
,plato _h ) all ! ju/ness imag9able     
des]v$ to be condemn$ = hav+ (f5d$ 9    
?is1 yet %\ld he h be5 s5t5c$ by ^!     
g5tlem51 :o use ,greek m elegantly &    
disc\rse m correctly ?an he1 only z hav+
 conf\nd$ ! t]ms1 & n z hav+ tak5 away !
 ?+s & driv5 life f u1 because he nam$  
!m ,,fi5tia 7or ?+s eng5d]$71 & n       
,,entia 7?+s t h be+71 z ^! m5 d4  ,b   
because we h pass$ ov] ,socrates1 :o    
%\ld h come next aft] ,p>m5ides1 we mu/ 
n[ turn back our disc\rse to him4 ,him  
!re=e has ,colotes begun at ! v fir/ to 
remove1 z ! common prov]b has x1 f !    
sacr$ l9e2 & hav+ m5tion$ h[ ,*a]ephon  
br\ght f ,delphi an oracle1 well kn[n to
 u all1 conc]n+ ,socrates1 he says ?us3 
,n[ z to ?is n>ration ( ,*a]ephon's1    
because x is odi\s & entirely           
sophi/ical1 we w ov]pass x4 ,plato1 !n1 
t we may say no?+ ( o!rs1 is also odi\s1

 :o has committ$ x to writ+2 & !        
,lac$aemonians are yet m odi\s1 :o keep 
! oracle ( ,lycurgus among/ _! mo/      
anci5t & mo/ au!ntic inscriptions4 ,!   
oracle also ( ,!mi/ocles1 by :i* he     
p]suad$ ! ,a!nians to quit _! t[n1 & 9 a
 naval fight defeat$ ! b>b>\s ,x]xes1 0 
a sophi/ical fiction4 ,odi\s also 7 all 
! anci5t legislators & f\nd]s ( ,greece 
:o e/abli%$ ! mo/ "p ( _! temples1      
sacrifices1 & solemn fe/ivals by ! answ]
 ( ! ,py?ian ,oracle4 ,b if ! oracle    
br\ght f ,delphi conc]n+ ,socrates1 a   
man ravi%$ ) a div9e zeal to virtue1 by 
:i* he is /yl$ & decl>$ wise1 is odi\s1 
fictiti\s1 & sophi/ical1 by :at "n %all 
we call y\r cries1 noises1 & %\ts1 y\r  
applauses1 adorations & canonizations1 )
 :i* y extol & celebrate him :o incites 
& exhorts y to frequ5t & cont9ual       
pleasures8 ,= ?us has he writt5 9 8     
epi/le to ,anax>*us3 ,i = my "p incite &
 call y to cont9ual pleasures1 & n to   
va9 & empty virtues1 :i* h no?+ b       
turbul5t hopes ( unc]ta9 fruits4 ,& yet 

,metrodorus1 writ+ to ,tim>*us1 says3   
,let u d "s extraord9>ily excell5t ?+1 n
 suff]+ ourselves to be plung$ 9        
reciprocal affections1 b retir+ f ?is l[
 & t]re/rial life1 & elevat+ ourselves  
to ! truly holy & div9ely reveal$       
c]emonies & my/]ies ( ,epicurus4 ,& ev5 
,colotes himself1 he>+ "o day ,epicurus 
disc\rs+ ( natural ?+s1 fell sudd5ly at 
8 feet & embrac$ 8 knees1 z ,epicurus   
himself1 glory+ 9 x1 ?us writes3 ,= z if
 y _h ador$ :at we 7 !n say+1 y 7       
sudd5ly tak5 ) a desire1 proce$+ n f any
 natural cause1 to come to u1 pro/rate  
y\rself on ! gr\nd1 embrace our knees1 &
 use all ^? ge/ures to u :i* are        
ord9>ily practis$ by ^? :o adore & pray 
to ! gods4 ,s t y made u also1 says he1 
reciprocally sanctify & adore y4 ,^?1 by
 ,jupit]1 well des]ve to be p>don$1 :o  
say1 !y w\ld will+ly give any money = a 
picture 9 :i* %\ld be pres5t$ to ! life 
?is f9e /ory ( "o ly+ pro/rate at !     
knees & embrac+ ! legs ( ano!r1 :o      
mutually aga9 adores him & makes 8 dev\t

 pray]s to him4 ,nev]!less ?is dev\t    
s]vice1 h[ well soev] x 0 ord]$ &       
compos$ by ,colotes1 receiv$ n ! condign
 fruit he expect$2 = he 0 n decl>$ wise2
 b x 0 only said to him3 ,g !y ways1 &  
walk immortal2 & und]/& t we also are 9 
l mann] immortal4  ,^! m51 kn[+ well 9  
_! consci5ces t !y h us$ su* fooli%     
spee*es1 h _h su* motions1 & su*        
passions1 d>e nev]!less call o!rs odi\s4
 ,& ,colotes1 hav+ %[n u ^! f9e         
fir/-fruits & wise positions t\*+ !     
natural s5ses1--t we eat meat1 & n hay  
or =age2 & t :5 riv]s are deep & great1 
we pass !m 9 boats1 b :5 %all[ & easily 
=dable1 on foot1--cries out1 ,y use va9 
& arrogant spee*es1 ,o ,socrates2 y say 
"o ?+ to ^? :o come to disc\rse ) y1 &  
practise ano!r4 ,n[ ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at  
^! va9 & arrogant spee*es ( ,socrates 71
 s9ce he ord9>ily said t he knew no?+1 t
 he 0 always le>n+1 & t he w5t inquir+ &
 se>*+ aft] ! tru?4 ,b if1 ,o ,colotes1 
y _h happ5$ on su* expressions (        
,socrates z are ^? :i* ,epicurus writ to

 ,idom5eus1 ,s5d me !n ! fir/-fruits = !
 ent]ta9m5t ( our sacr$ body1 = ourself 
& = our *ildr53 = s x comes ^u me to    
speak2 :at m arrogant & insol5t words   
c\ld y h us$8 ,& yet t ,socrates spake  
o!rwise ?an he liv$1 y h wond]ful pro(s 
9 8 ge/s at ,delium1 at ,potidaea1 9 8  
behavior dur+ ! "t ( ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 
t[>ds ,ar*elaus1 t[>ds ! p ( ,a!ns1 9 8 
pov]ty1 & 9 8 dea?4 ,= are n ^! ?+s     
beseem+ & answ]able to ! doctr9e (      
,socrates8 ,!y w\ld inde$1 good sir1 h  
be5 indubitable te/imonies to %[ t he   
act$ o!rwise ?an he taught1 if1 hav+    
propos$ pleasure = ! end ( life1 he _h  
l$ su* a life z ?is4  ,?us mu* = !      
calumnies he has utt]$ aga9/ ,socrates4 
,colotes besides p]ceives n t he is     
himself f\nd guilty ( ! same (f5ces 9   
reg>d to !ory & practice :i* he objects 
aga9/ ,socrates4 ,= ?is is "o ( !       
s5t5ces & propositions ( ,epicurus1 t   
none b ! wise man ought irrevocably &   
un*angeably to be p]suad$ ( any?+4 ,s9ce
 !n ,colotes1 ev5 aft] ^? adorations he 

p]=m$ to ,epicurus1 became n "o ( !     
sages1 let him fir/ make ^! que/ions &  
int]rogatories 8 own3 ,h[ is x t be+    
hungry he eats meat & n hay1 & t he puts
 a robe ab\t 8 body & n ab\t a pill>1   
s9ce he is n indubitably p]suad$ ei!r t 
a robe is a robe or t meat is meat8 ,b  
if he n only does ^! ?+s1 b also passes 
n ov] riv]s1 :5 !y are great & high1 on 
foot1 & flies f wolves & s]p5ts1 n be+  
irrevocably p]suad$ t any ( ^! ?+s is   
su* z x seems1 b yet do+ ev]y?+ accord+ 
to :at appe>s to him2 s likewise !      
op9ion ( ,socrates conc]n+ ! s5ses 0 no 
ob/acle to him1 b t he might 9 l mann]  
make use ( ?+s z !y appe>$ to him4 ,= x 
is n likely t bread appe>$ bread & hay  
hay to ,colotes1 because he _h read ^?  
holy rules ( ,epicurus :i* came d[n f   
heav51 :ile ,socrates on acc\nt ( 8     
vanity imag9$ t hay 0 bread & bread hay4
 ,= ^! wise m5 use bett] op9ions &      
reasons ?an we2 b to h s5se1 & to       
receive an impression f objects z !y    
appe>1 is common z well to ! ignorant z 

to ! wise1 z proce$+ f causes :]e !re   
ne$s n ! disc\rse ( reason4 ,& !        
proposition :i* affirms t ! natural     
s5ses are n p]fect1 nor c]ta9 en\gh to  
cause an entire belief1 h9d]s n t ev]y?+
 may appe> to u2 b leav+ u to make use (
 our s5ses 9 our actions accord+ to t   
:i* appe>s1 x p]mits u n s to give cr$it
 to !m z if !y 7 exactly true & )\t     
error4 ,= x is suffici5t t 9 :at is     
necess>y & commodi\s = use !re is no?+  
bett]4 ,b z = ! sci5ce & k :i* ! s\l ( a
 philosoph] desires to h conc]n+ ev]y?+1
 ! s5ses h x n4  ,b z to ?is1 ,colotes w
 f>!r give u occasion to speak ( x      
h]eaft]1 = he br+s ?is objection aga9/  
sev]al o!rs4 ,fur!rmore1 :]eas he       
pr(usely d]ides & despises ,socrates =  
ask+ :at man is1 & 9 a y\?ful brav]y 7z 
he t]ms x7 affirm+ t he 0 ignorant ( x1 
x is manife/ t he himself1 :o sc(fs at  
x1 nev] s mu* z ?\ght ( ?is matt]2 b    
,h]aclitus on ! contr>y1 z hav+ done "s 
great & wor?y ?+1 said1 ,i h be5 seek+  
myself4 ,& ( ! s5t5ces t 7 writt5 9     

,apollo's temple at ,delphi1 ! mo/      
excell5t & mo/ div9e seems to h be5 ?is1
 ,"k ?yself4 ,& ?is x 0 :i* gave        
,socrates an occasion & beg9n+ ( d\bt+ &
 inquir+ into x1 z ,ari/otle says 9 8   
,platonics4 ,& yet ?is appe>s to        
,colotes ridicul\s & fit to be sc(f$ at4
 ,& ,i wond] t he d]ides n also 8 ma/]  
himself1 :o does z mu* :5ev] he writes  
conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( ! s\l & ! creation 
( man4 ,= if t :i* is comp\nd$ ( bo?1 z 
!y !mselves hold1--( ! body1 to wit1 & !
 s\l1--is man1 he :o se>*es into !      
nature ( ! s\l consequ5tly also se>*es  
into ! nature ( man1 beg9n+ f 8 *iefe/  
pr9ciple4 ,n[ t ! s\l is v difficult to 
be compreh5d$ by reason1 & altoge!r     
incompreh5sible by ! ext]ior s5ses1 let 
u n le>n f ,socrates1 :o is a va+lori\s 
& sophi/ical disput]1 b let u take x f  
^! wise m51 :o1 hav+ =g$ & fram$ !      
sub/ance ( ! s\l ( some:at hot1         
spiritual1 & a]ial1 z f> z to !         
faculties ( ! fle%1 by :i* %e gives     
heat1 s(tness & /r5g? to ! body1 proce$ 

n to t :i* is ! pr9cipal1 b give ov]    
fa9t & tir$ by ! way4 ,= t by :i* %e    
judges1 rememb]s1 loves1 hates1--9 a ^w1
 t :i* is prud5t & rational1 is1--say   
!y1 made aft]w>ds ( ,i "k n :at nameless
 quality4 ,n[ we well "k1 t ?is nameless
 ?+ is a confession ( _! %ameful        
ignorance1 :il/ !y pret5d !y _c "n :at  
!y are n able to und]/& or compreh5d4 ,b
 let ?is1 z !y say1 be p>don$ !m4 ,= x  
seems n to be a light & easy matt]1 :i* 
e "o c at ! fir/ attempt f9d out & atta9
 to1 b has retir$ itself to ! bottom (  
"s v remote place1 & !re lies obscurely 
conceal$4 ,s t !re is n1 among/ s _m    
words & t]ms z are 9 use1 any "o t c    
expla9 or %[ x4 ,socrates !re=e 0 n a   
fool or blockhead = seek+ & se>*+ :at   
himself 02 b !y are r to be ?\ght %all[ 
coxcombs1 :o inquire aft] any o!r ?+    
be=e ?is1 ! k ( :i* is s necess>y & s   
h>d to f9d4 ,= h[ c\ld he expect to ga9 
! k ( o!r ?+s1 :o has n be5 able to     
compreh5d ! pr9cipal elem5t ev5 (       
himself8  ,b grant+ a little to         

,colotes1 t !re is no?+ s va91 useless1 
& odi\s z ! seek+ into "o's self1 let u 
ask him1 :at confession ( human life is 
9 ?is1 & h[ x is t a man _c cont9ue to  
live1 :5 he comes once ?us to reason &  
disc\rse 9 himself3 ,g to n[1 :at am ,i8
 ,am ,i a composition1 made up ( s\l &  
body2 or r a s\l1 s]v+ itself & mak+ use
 ( ! body1 z an horseman us+ 8 horse is 
n a subject compos$ ( horse & man8 ,or  
is e "o ( u ! pr9cipal "p ( ! s\l1 by   
:i* we und]/&1 inf]1 & act2 & are all ! 
o!r p>ts1 bo? ( s\l & body1 only organs 
& ut5sils ( ?is p[]8 ,or1 to conclude1  
is !re no prop] sub/ance ( ! s\l at all 
ap>t1 b is only ! temp]ature &          
complexion ( ! body s dispos$1 t x has  
=ce & p[] to und]/& & live8 ,b ,socrates
 does n by ^! que/ions ov]?r[ human     
life1 s9ce all natural philosoph]s treat
 ( ! same matt]4 ,b ^? p]haps are !     
mon/r\s que/ions & inquiries t turn     
ev]y?+ upside d[n1 :i* are 9 ,pha$rus1  
7,plato1 ,pha$rus1 p4 #bcj ,a47 :]e he  
says1 t e "o ought to exam9e & consid]  

himself1 :e!r he is a savage bea/1 m    
cautel\s1 outrage\s1 & furi\s ?an ev] 0 
! mon/] ,typhon2 or on ! contr>y1 an    
animal m mild & g5tle1 p>tak+ by ,nature
 ( a c]ta9 div9e portion1 & su* z is    
free f pride4 ,n[ by ^! disc\rses &     
reason+s he ov]turns n ! life ( man1 b  
drives f x presumption & arrogance1 & ^?
 haughty & extravagant op9ions &        
conceits he has ( himself4 ,= ?is is t  
mon/] ,typhon1 :i* y\r tea*] & ma/] has 
made to be s great 9 y by 8 w>r+ aga9/ !
 gods & div9e m54  ,hav+ done )         
,socrates & ,plato1 he next attacks     
,/ilpo4 ,n[ z = ^? 8 true doctr9es &    
good disc\rses1 by :i* he manag$ &      
gov]n$ himself1 8 c\ntry1 8 fri5ds1 &   
su* k+s & pr9ces z lov$ him & e/eem$    
him1 he has n writt5 a ^w2 nor yet :at  
prud5ce & magnanimity 0 9 8 he>t1       
accompani$ ) meekness1 mod]ation1 &     
mode/y4 ,b hav+ made m5tion ( "o ( ^?   
little s5t5ces he 0 wont 9 mir? &       
raill]y to object aga9/ ! sophi/]s1 he  
does1 )\t alleg+ any reason aga9/ x or  

solv+ ! subtlety ( ! objection1 /ir up a
 t]rible trag$y aga9/ ,/ilpo1 say+ t !  
life ( man is subv]t$ by him1 inasmu* z 
he affirms t "o ?+ _c be pr$icat$ (     
ano!r4 ,= h[1 says he1 %all we live1 if 
we _c /yle a man good1 nor a man a      
capta91 b mu/ sep>ately "n a man a man1 
good good1 & a capta9 a capta92 nor c   
say t5 ?\s& horsem51 or a =tifi$ t[n1 b 
only call horsem5 horsem51 & t5 ?\s& t5 
?\s&1 & s ( ! re/8 ,n[ :at man ev] 0 !re
 t liv$ ! worse = ?is8 ,or :o is !re t1 
he>+ ?is disc\rse1 does n imm$iately    
p]ceive & und]/& x to be ! spee* ( a man
 :o rallies gallantly1 & proposes to    
o!rs ?is logical "q = ! ex]cise ( _!    
wits8 ,x is n1 ,o ,colotes1 a great &   
dang]\s sc&al n to call any man good1 or
 n to say t5 ?\s& horsem52 b n to call  
,god ,god1 & n to believe him to be     
,god1--z y & ! re/ d1 :o w n confess t  
!re is a ,jupit] presid+ ov] g5]ation1  
or a ,c]es giv+ laws1 or a ,neptune     
n\ri%+ ! plants1--x is ?is sep>ation (  
names t is p]nici\s1 & fills our life ) 

audaci\sness & an a!i/ical contempt ( ! 
gods4 ,:5 y pluck f ! gods ! names &    
appellations t are ti$ to !m1 y aboli%  
also ! sacrifices1 my/]ies1 processions1
 & fea/s4 ,= to :om %all we (f] !       
sacrifices prec$+ ! till+ ( ! gr\nd8 ,to
 :om ^? = ! obta9+ ( pres]vation8 ,h[   
%all we celebrate ! ,phosphoria or      
tor*-fe/ivals1 ! ,bac*anals1 & !        
c]emonies t g be=e m>riage1 if we admit 
nei!r ,bac*antes1 gods ( light1 gods :o 
protect ! s[n field1 nor pres]v]s ( !   
/ate8 ,= ?is x is t t\*es ! pr9cipal &  
greate/ po9ts1 be+ an error 9 ?+s1--n 9 
words1 9 ! /ructure ( propositions1 or  
use ( t]ms4  ,n[ if ^! are ! ?+s t      
di/urb & subv]t human life1 :o are !re t
 m (f5d 9 spee* ?an y8 ,= y take utt]ly 
away ! :ole category ( namable ?+s1 :i* 
con/itute ! sub/ance ( language2 & leave
 only words & _! accid5tal objects1 :ile
 y take away 9 ! meantime ! ?+s         
p>ticul>ly signfi$ by !m1 by :i* are    
wr\ght discipl9es1 doctr9es1            
preconceptions1 intellig5ces1           

incl9ation1 & ass5t1 :i* y hold to be   
no?+ at all4  ,b z = ,/ilpo1 ?us 8      
reason+ proce$s4 ,if ( a man we pr$icate
 good1 & ( an horse runn+1 ! pr$icate or
 ?+ pr$icat$ is n ! same ) ! subject or 
t ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 b ! ess5tial     
def9ition ( man is "o1 & ( good ano!r4  
,& aga91 to be a horse diff]s f to be   
runn+4 ,= be+ ask$ ! def9ition ( ! "o & 
( ! o!r1 we d n give ! same = !m bo?2 & 
!re=e ^? err :o pr$icate ! "o ( ! o!r4  
,= if good is ! same ) man1 & to run !  
same ) a horse1 h[ is good affirm$ also 
( food & m$ic9e1 & aga9 7by ,jupit]7 to 
run ( a lion & a dog8 ,b if ! pr$icate  
is diff]5t1 !n we d n rightly say t a   
man is good1 & a horse runs4 ,n[ if     
,/ilpo is 9 ?is exorbitant & grossly    
mi/ak51 n admitt+ any copulation ( su*  
?+s z are 9 ! subject1 or affirm$ ( !   
subject1 ) ! subject itself2 b hold+ t e
 "o ( !m1 if x is n absolutely "o & !   
same ?+ ) t to :i* x happ5s or ( :i* x  
is spok51 ought n to be spok5 or affirm$
 ( x1--no1 n ev5 z an accid5t2 x is     

nev]!less manife/1 t he 0 only (f5d$ )  
"s words1 & oppos$ ! usual & accu/om$   
mann] ( speak+1 & n t he ov]?rew man's  
life1 & turn$ 8 affairs upside d[n4     
,colotes1 !n1 hav+ got rid ( ! old      
philosoph]s1 turns to ^? ( 8 own "t1 b  
)\t nam+ any ( !m2 ?\gh he w\ld h done  
bett] ei!r to h reprov$ by "n ^! mod]ns1
 z he did ! anci5ts1 or else to h nam$  
nei!r ( !m4 ,b he :o has s (t5 employ$ 8
 p5 aga9/ ,socrates1 ,plato1 &          
,p>m5ides1 evid5tly demon/rates t x is  
?r\gh c[>dice he d>es n attack ! liv+1 &
 n = any mode/y or rev]5ce1 ( :i* he %[$
 n ! lea/ sign to ^? :o 7 f> m excell5t 
?an ^!4 ,b 8 mean+ is1 z ,i suspect1 to 
assault ! ,cyr5aics fir/1 & aft]w>ds !  
,academics1 :o are foll[]s (            
,arcesilaus4 ,= x 0 ^! :o d\bt$ ( all   
?+s2 b ^?1 plac+ ! passions &           
imag9ations 9 !mselves1 7 ( op9ion t !  
belief proce$+ f !m is n suffici5t = !  
assur+ & affirm+ ( ?+s b1 z if x 7 9 !  
siege ( a t[n1 ab&on+ :at is )\t1 !y h  
%ut !mselves up 9 ! passions1 us+ only x

 seems1 & n ass]t+ x is1 ( ?+s )\t4 ,&  
!re=e !y _c1 z ,colotes says ( !m1 live 
or h ! use ( ?+s4 ,& !n speak+ comically
 ( !m1 he adds3 ,^! d5y t !re is a man1 
a horse1 a wall2 b say t !y !mselves 7z 
x 77 become walls1 horses1 m51 or take  
on ! images ( walls1 horses1 or m54 ,9  
:i* he fir/ malici\sly abuses ! t]ms1 z 
calum9ators are usually wont to d4 ,=   
?\gh ^! ?+s foll[ f ! say+s ( !         
,cyr5aics1 yet he ought to h decl>$ !   
fact z !y !mselves tea* x4 ,= !y affirm 
t ?+s !n become sweet1 bitt]1 lightsome1
 or d>k1 :5 ea* ?+ has 9 itself !       
natural unob/ruct$ op]ation ( "o ( ^!   
impressions4 ,b if honey is said to be  
sweet1 an olive-bran* bitt]1 hail cold1 
w9e hot1 & ! nocturnal air d>k1 !re are 
_m bea/s1 ?+s1 & m5 t te/ify ! contr>y4 
,= "s h an av]sion = honey1 o!rs fe$ on 
! bran*es ( ! olive-tree2 "s are scor*$ 
by hail1 o!rs cool$ ) w9e2 & !re are "s 
^: sight is dim 9 ! sun b :o see well by
 night4 ,:]e=e op9ion1 conta9+ itself )9
 ^! s5sations1 rema9s safe & free f     

error2 b :5 x goes =? & attempts to be  
curi\s 9 judg+ & pron\nc+ conc]n+       
ext]ior ?+s1 x (t5 deceives itself1 &   
opposes o!rs1 :o f ! same objects       
receive contr>y s5sations & diff]5t     
imag9ations4  ,& ,colotes seems prop]ly 
to resemble ^? "y *ildr5 :o are b beg9n+
 to le>n _! lett]s4 ,=1 be+ accu/om$ to 
le>n !m :]e !y see !m 9 _! own          
horn-books & prim]s1 :5 !y see !m writt5
 any:]e else1 !y d\bt & are tr\bl$2 s ^?
 v disc\rses1 :i* he praises & approves 
9 ! writ+s ( ,epicurus1 he nei!r und]/&s
 nor kn[s aga91 :5 !y are spok5 by o!rs4
 ,= ^? :o say t ! s5se is truly in=m$ & 
m\ld$ :5 !re is pres5t$ "o image r\nd & 
ano!r brok51 b nev]!less p]mit u n to   
pron\nce t ! t[] is r\nd & ! o> brok51  
confirm _! own s5sations & imag9ations1 
b !y w n ackn[l$ge & confess t ! ?+s )\t
 are s affect$4 ,b z ! ,cyr5aics mu/ say
 t !y are impr9t$ ) ! figure ( a horse  
or ( a wall1 b refuse to speak ( ! horse
 or ! wall2 s also x is necess>y to say 
t ! sight is impr9t$ ) a figure r\nd or 

) ?ree unequal sides1 & n t ! t[] is 9 t
 mann] triangul> or r\nd4 ,= ! image by 
:i* ! sight is affect$ is brok52 b ! o> 
:5ce t image proce$s is n brok54 ,s9ce1 
!n1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sation 
& ! ext]nal subject1 ! belief mu/ ei!r  
rema9 9 ! s5sation1 or else--if x       
ma9ta9s ! be+ 9 addition to ! appe>+--be
 reprov$ & conv9c$ ( untru?4 ,& :]eas !y
 cry out & are (f5d$ 9 behalf ( ! s5se1 
because ! ,cyr5aics say n t ! ?+ )\t is 
hot1 b t ! effect made on ! s5se is su*2
 is x n ! same ) :at is said t\*+ !     
ta/e1 :5 !y say t ! ?+ )\t is n sweet1 b
 t "s function & motion ab\t ! s5se is  
su*8 ,& = him :o says t he has receiv$ !
 appreh5sion ( an human =m1 b p]ceives n
 :e!r x is a man1 :5ce has he tak5      
occasion s to say8 ,is x n f ^? :o      
affirm t !y receive an appreh5sion ( a  
b[$ figure & =m1 b t ! sight pron\nces n
 t ! ?+ :i* 0 se5 is b[$ or r\nd1 b t a 
c]ta9 image ( x is su*8 ,yes1 by        
,jupit]1 w "s "o say2 b ,i1 go+ ne> !   
t[] or t\*+ ! o>1 w pron\nce & affirm t 

! "o is /raight & ! o!r has _m angles & 
faces2 b he1 :5 he comes ne> x1 w       
confess t x seems & appe>s s to him1 &  
no m4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 good sir1 & m ?an  
?is1 :5 he sees & obs]ves ! consequ5ce1 
t e imag9ation is equally wor?y ( belief
 = itself1 & none = ano!r2 b t !y are   
all 9 l condition4 ,b ?is y\r op9ion is 
q lo/1 t all ! imag9ations are true &   
none false or to be disbeliev$1 if y ?9k
 t ^! ought to pron\nce positively ( t  
:i* is )\t1 b ^? y cr$it no f>!r ?an t  
!y are s affect$4 ,= if !y are 9 equal  
condition z to _! be+ believ$1 :5 !y are
 ne> or :5 !y are f> (f1 x is j t ei!r  
^u all ( !m1 or else n ^u ^!1 %\ld foll[
 ! judgm5t pron\nc+ t a ?+ is4 ,b if !re
 is a diff]5ce 9 ! be+ affect$ betwe5 ^?
 t are ne> & ^? t are f> (f1 x is !n    
false t "o s5se & imag9ation is n m     
express & evid5t ?an ano!r4 ,!re=e ^? !y
 call atte/ations & c\nt]-atte/ations   
are no?+ to ! s5se1 b are conc]n$ only )
 op9ion4 ,s1 if !y w\ld h u foll[+ ^! to
 pron\nce conc]n+ ext]ior ?+s1 mak+ be+ 

a judgm5t ( op9ion1 & :at appe>s an     
affection ( s5se1 !y transf] !          
judicature f :i* is totally true to t   
:i* (t5 fails4  ,b h[ full ( tr\ble &   
contradictions 9 respect ( "o ano!r ^!  
?+s are1 :at ne$ is !re to say at       
pres5t8 ,b ! reputation ( ,arcesilaus1  
:o 0 ! be/ belov$ & mo/ e/eem$ ( all !  
philosoph]s 9 8 "t1 seems to h be5 no   
small eyesore to ,epicurus2 :o says (   
him t deliv]+ no?+ peculi> to himself or
 ( 8 own inv5tion1 he impr9t$ 9         
illit]ate m5 ! op9ion & e/eem ( 8 be+ v 
kn[+ & le>n$4 ,n[ ,arcesilaus 0 s f> f  
desir+ any glory by be+ a br+]-9 ( new  
op9ions1 & f arrogat+ to himself ^? ( ! 
anci5ts1 t ! sophi/]s ( t "t blam$ him =
 attribut+ to ,socrates1 ,plato1        
,p>m5ides1 & ,h]aclitus ! doctr9es      
conc]n+ ! ret5tion ( ass5t1 & !         
incompreh5sibility ( ?+s2 hav+ no ne$ s 
to d1 b only t he might /r5g!n !m & r5d]
 !m recomm5dable by ascrib+ !m su*      
illu/ri\s p]sonages4 ,= ?is1 !re=e1     
?anks to ,colotes1 & to e "o :o decl>es 

t ! academic doctr9e 0 f a high] times  
d]iv$ to ,arcesilaus4 ,n[ z = ret5tion (
 ass5t & ! d\bt+ ( all ?+s1 n ev5 ^? :o 
h mu* labor$ 9 ! mann]1 & /ra9$ !mselves
 to compose great books & l>ge treatises
 conc]n+ x1 7 ev] able to /ir x2 b br++ 
at la/ out ( ! ,/oa itself ! cessation f
 all actions1 z ! ,gorgon to fright5    
away ! objections t came aga9/ !m1 !y 7 
at la/ q tir$ & gave ov]4 ,= !y c\ld n1 
:at attempts & /irs soev] !y made1 obta9
 s mu* f ! in/9ct by :i* ! appetite is  
mov$ to act1 z to suff] itself to be    
call$ an ass5t1 or to ackn[l$ge s5se = !
 orig9 & pr9ciple ( its prop5sion1 b x  
appe>$ ( its own accord to pres5t itself
 to act1 z hav+ no ne$ to be jo9$ )     
any?+ else4 ,= aga9/ su* adv]s>ies !    
combat & dispute is lawful & j4 ,&      
,su* words z y h spoke1 ! l y may       
,expect to he>4      7,iliad1 xx4 #bej47
  ,= to speak to ,colotes ( in/9ct &    
cons5t is1 ,i suppose1 all "o z to play 
on ! h>p be=e an ass4 ,b to ^? :o c give
 e> & conceive1 x is said t !re are 9 ! 

s\l ?ree sorts ( motions1--! imag9ative1
 ! appetitive1 & ! cons5t+4 ,z to !     
imag9ative or ! appreh5sion1 x _c be    
tak5 away1 ?\gh "o w\ld4 ,= "o _c1 :5   
?+s approa*1 avoid be+ in=m$ & 7z x 77  
m\ld$ by !m1 & receiv+ an impression f  
!m4 ,! appetite1 be+ /irr$ up by !      
imag9ative1 effectually moves man to t  
:i* is prop] & agreeable to 8 nature1 j 
z :5 !re is made a prop5sion &          
incl9ation 9 ! pr9cipal & reasonable "p4
 ,n[ ^? :o )hold _! ass5t & d\bt ( all  
?+s take n away ?is1 b make use ( !     
appetition or in/9ct naturally conduct+ 
e man to t :i* seems conv5i5t = him4    
,:at1 !n1 is ! only ?+ t !y %un8 ,t 9   
:i* is br$ falsehood & deceit1--t is1   
op9+1 & ha/e 9 giv+ cons5t1--:i* is a   
yield+ ?r\gh weakness to t :i* appe>s1 &
 has n any true utility4 ,= action /&s 9
 ne$ ( two ?+s1 to wit1 ! appreh5sion or
 imag9ation ( :at is agreeable to       
,nature1 & ! in/9ct or appetition driv+ 
to t :i* is s imag9$2 ( :i*1 nei!r ! "o 
nor ! o!r is repugnant to ! ret5tion (  

ass5t4 ,= reason )draws u f op9ion1 & n 
f appetition or imag9ation4 ,:51 !re=e1 
t :i* is delectable seems to u to be    
prop] = u1 !re is no ne$ ( op9ion to    
move & c>ry u to x1 b appetition        
imm$iately ex]ts itself1 :i* is no?+    
else b ! motion & incl9ation ( ! s\l4   
,x is _! own axiom1 t a man mu/ only h  
s5se & be fle% & blood & pleasure w     
appe> to be good4 ,:]e=e also x w seem  
good to him :o )holds 8 ass5t4 ,= he    
also p>ticipates ( s5se1 & is made (    
fle% & blood1 & z soon z he has conceiv$
 an imag9ation ( good1 desires x & does 
all ?+s t x may n escape f him2 b z mu* 
z possibly he c1 he w keep himself ) t  
:i* is agreeable to 8 nature1 be+ drawn 
by natural & n by geometrical con/ra9ts4
 ,= ^! goodly1 g5tle1 & tickl+ motions (
 ! fle% are1 )\t any tea*]1 attractive  
en\gh ( !mselves--ev5 z ^! m5 =get n to 
say--to draw ev5 him :o w n 9 ! lea/    
ackn[l$ge & confess t he is s(t5$ &     
r5d]$ pliable by !m4 ,b h[ comes x to   
pass1 p]haps y w say1 t he :o is ?us    

d\btful & )holds 8 ass5t ha/5s n away to
 ! m\nta91 in/ead ( go+ to ! ba?8 ,or t1
 ris+ up to g =? into ! m>ket-place1 he 
runs n 8 head aga9/ ! wall1 b takes 8   
way directly to ! door8 ,d y ask ?is1 :o
 hold all ! s5ses to be infallible1 & ! 
appreh5sions ( ! imag9ation c]ta9 &     
true8 ,x is because ! ba? appe>s to him 
n a m\nta91 b a ba?2 & ! door seems n a 
wall1 b a door2 & ! same is to be said (
 e o!r ?+4 ,= ! doctr9e ( ret5tion does 
n p]v]t ! s5se1 nor by absurd passions &
 motions "w 9 x an alt]ation di/urb+ !  
imag9ative faculty2 b x only takes away 
op9ions1 & = ! re/1 makes use ( o!r ?+s 
accord+ to _! nature4  ,b x is          
impossible1 y w say1 n to cons5t to ?+s 
t are evid5t2 = to d5y su* ?+s z are    
believ$ is m absurd ?an nei!r to d5y nor
 affirm4 ,:o !n are !y t call 9 "q ?+s  
believ$1 & cont5d aga9/ ?+s t are       
evid5t8 ,!y :o ov]?r[ & take away       
div9ation1 :o say t !re is n any        
gov]nm5t ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :o d5y !  
sun & ! moon--to :om all m5 (f]         

sacrifices & :om !y honor & adore--to be
 animat$4 ,& d n y take away t :i* is   
app>5t to all ! _w1 t ! "y are conta9$ 9
 ! nature ( _! p>5ts8 ,d y n1 contr>y to
 ! s5se ( all m51 affirm t !re is no    
m$ium betwe5 pleasure & pa91 say+ t n to
 be 9 pa9 is to be 9 ! fruition (       
pleasure1 t n to d is to suff]1 & t n to
 rejoice is to be griev$8  ,b to let    
pass all ! re/1 :at is m evid5t & m     
g5]ally believ$ by all m51 ?an t ^? :o  
are seiz$ ) melan*oly di/emp]s1 & ^:    
bra9 is tr\bl$ & ^: wits are di/ract$1  
d1 :5 ! fit is on !m & _! und]/&+ alt]$ 
& transport$1 imag9e t !y see & he> ?+s 
:i* !y nei!r see nor he>8 ,:5ce !y      
frequ5tly cry out3--        ,wom5 9     
black array$ be> 9 _! h&s1      ,to burn
 m9e eyes1 tor*es & fi]y br&s4  ,&      
aga93--       ,see1 9 h] arms %e holds  
my "m de>4      7,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9
 ,tauris1 #bhi47  ,^!1 & _m o!r         
illusions m /range & tragical ?an       
^!1--resembl+ ^? mormos & bugbe>s :i* !y
 !mselves laugh at & d]ide1 z !y are    

describ$ by ,emp$ocles to be1 ) s9u\s   
feet & undevelop$ h&s1 bodi$ l ox & fac$
 l man1--) c]ta9 o!r prodigi\s &        
unnatural phantoms1 ^! m5 h ga!r$ toge!r
 out ( dreams & ! ali5ations ( di/ract$ 
m9ds1 & affirm t none ( !m is a         
deception ( ! sight1 a falsity1 or      
inconsi/5ce2 b t all ^! imag9ations are 
true1 be+ bodies & figures t come f !   
ambi5t air4 ,:at ?+ !n is !re s         
impossible 9 ,nature z to be d\bt$ (1 if
 x is possible to believe su* rev]ies z 
^!8 ,= ^! m51 suppos+ t su* ?+s z nev]  
any mask-mak]1 pott]1 design] ( wond]ful
 images1 or skilful & all-d>+ pa9t] dur/
 jo9 toge!r1 to deceive or make sport = 
! behold]s1 are s]i\sly & 9 good e>ne/  
exi/5t1--nay1 :i* is m1 affirm+ t1 if !y
 are n really s1 all firmness ( belief1 
all c]ta9ty ( judgm5t & tru?1 is =ev]   
gone1--d by ^! _! suppositions &        
affirmations ca/ all ?+s into obscurity1
 & br+ fe>s into our judgm5ts1 &        
suspicions into our actions1--if ! ?+s  
:i* we appreh5d1 d1 are famili>ly       

acqua9t$ )1 & h at h& are gr\nd$ on !   
same imag9ation & belief ) ^! furi\s1   
absurd1 & extravagant fancies4 ,= !     
equality :i* !y suppose to be 9 all     
appreh5sions r d]ogates f ! cr$it ( su* 
z are usual & rational1 ?an adds any    
belief to ^? t are unusual & repugnant  
to reason4 ,:]e=e we "k _m philosoph]s  
:o w\ld r & m will+ly grant t no        
imag9ation is true ?an t all are s1 & t 
w\ld r simply disbelieve all ! m5 !y    
nev] _h conv]s$ )1 all ! ?+s !y _h n    
exp]im5t$1 & all ! spee*es !y _h n he>d 
) _! own e>s1 ?an p]suade !mselves t any
 "o ( ^! imag9ations1 conceiv$ by ^!    
frantic1 fanatical1 & dream+ p]sons1 is 
true4 ,s9ce !n !re are "s imag9ations   
:i* may1 & o!rs :i* may n be reject$1 x 
is lawful = u to reta9 our ass5t conc]n+
 !m1 ?\gh !re 7 no o!r cause b ?is      
discordance1 :i* is suffici5t to "w 9 u 
a suspicion ( ?+s1 z hav+ no?+ c]ta9 &  
assur$1 b be+ altoge!r full ( obscurity 
& p]turbation4 ,= 9 ! disputes ab\t !   
inf9ity ( worlds & ! nature ( atoms &   

individuums & _! incl9ations1 al?\gh !y 
tr\ble & di/urb v _m1 !re is yet ?is    
com=t1 t none ( all ^! ?+s t are 9 "q is
 ne> u1 b r e "o ( !m is f> remote f    
s5se4 ,b z to ?is diffid5ce1 p]plexity1 
& ignorance conc]n+ s5sible ?+s &       
imag9ations1 f\nd ev5 9 our eyes1 our   
e>s1 & our h&s1 :at op9ion does x n     
%ock8 ,:at cons5t does x n turn upside  
d[n8 ,= if m5 nei!r drunk1 intoxicat$1  
nor o!rwise di/urb$ 9 _! s5ses1 b sob]1 
s\nd 9 m9d1 & pr(ess$ly writ+ ( ! tru? &
 ( ! canons & rules by :i* to judge x1 d
 9 ! mo/ evid5t passions & motions ( !  
s5ses set d[n ei!r t :i* has no exi/5ce 
= true1 or t :i* is exi/5t = false1 x is
 n /range t a man %\ld be sil5t ab\t all
 ?+s1 b r t he ass5t to any?+2 nor is x 
incr$ible t he %\ld h no judgm5t ab\t   
?+s :i* appe>1 b r t he %\ld h contr>y  
judgm5ts4 ,= x is less to be wond]$1 t a
 man %\ld nei!r affirm ! "o nor ! o!r b 
keep himself 9 a mean betwe5 two        
opposite ?+s1 ?an t he %\ld set d[n ?+s 
repugnant & contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,= he t

 nei!r affirms nor d5ies1 b keeps       
himself quiet1 is less repugnant to him 
:o affirms an op9ion ?an he :o d5ies x1 
& to him :o d5ies an op9ion ?an he :o   
affirms x4 ,n[ if x is possible to )hold
 "o's ass5t conc]n+ ^! ?+s1 x is n      
impossible also conc]n+ o!rs1 at lea/   
accord+ to y\r op9ion1 :o say t "o s5se 
does n exce$ ano!r1 nor "o imag9ation   
ano!r4  ,! doctr9e !n ( reta9+ ! ass5t  
is n1 z ,colotes ?9ks1 a fable or an    
inv5tion ( ra% & light-head$ "y m5 :o   
please !mselves 9 babbl+ & prat+2 b a   
c]ta9 habit & disposition ( m5 :o desire
 to keep !mselves f fall+ into error1 n 
leav+ ! judgm5t at a v5ture to su*      
suspect$ & incon/ant s5ses1 nor suff]+  
!mselves to be deceiv$ by ^? :o hold t 9
 d\btful matt]s ?+s :i* d n appe> to !  
s5ses are cr$ible & ought to be believ$1
 :5 !y see s great obscurity & unc]ta9ty
 9 ?+s :i* d appe>4 ,b ! inf9ity y ass]t
 is a fable1 & s inde$ are ! images y   
dream (3 & he bre$s 9 "y m5 ra%ness &   
self-conceit$ness :o writ ( ,py?ocles1 n

 yet eighte5 ye>s ( age1 t !re 0 n 9 all
 ,greece a bett] or m excell5t nature1 t
 he admirably well express$ 8           
convictions1 & t he 0 9 o!r respects    
behav$ l a wom51--pray+ t all ^!        
extraord9>y end[m5ts ( ! "y man might n 
"w him hatr$ & envy4 ,b ^! are sophi/s &
 arrogant1 :o write s impud5tly & pr\dly
 aga9/ great & excell5t p]sonages4 ,i   
confess inde$1 t ,plato1 ,ari/otle1     
,!ophra/us & ,democritus contradict$ ^? 
:o w5t be=e !m2 b nev] dur/ any man     
besides ,colotes set =? ) su* an insol5t
 title z ?is aga9/ all at once4  ,:5ce x
 comes to pass t1 l to su* z h (f5d$ "s 
,div9ity1 confess+ 8 fault1 he says ?us 
t[>ds ! end ( ,8 book3 ,^? :o h e/abli%$
 laws & ord9ances & in/itut$ mon>*ies & 
o!r gov]nm5ts 9 t[ns & cities1 h plac$  
human life 9 great repose & security &  
deliv]$ x f _m tr\bles2 & if any "o %\ld
 g ab\t to take ?is away1 we %\ld lead !
 life ( savage bea/s1 & %\ld be e "o    
ready to eat up "o ano!r z we meet4 ,=  
^! are ! v words ( ,colotes1 ?\gh nei!r 

ju/ly nor truly spok54 ,= if any "o1    
tak+ away ! laws1 %\ld leave u nev]!less
 ! doctr9es ( ,p>m5ides1 ,socrates1     
,plato1 & ,h]aclitus1 we %\ld be f> f   
mutually dev\r+ "o ano!r & lead+ ! life 
( bea/s4 ,= we %\ld fe> di%one/ ?+s1 &  
%\ld = hone/y alone v5]ate ju/ice1 !    
gods our sup]iors1 & magi/rates1 believ+
 t we h spirits & daemons :o are !      
gu>dians & sup]9t5d5ts ( human life1    
e/eem+ all ! gold t is ^u & )9 ! e>? n  
to be equival5t to virtue2 & do+ t      
will+ly by reason1 z ,x5ocrates says1   
:i* we n[ d by =ce & ?r\gh fe> ( ! law4 
,:5 !n w our life become savage1        
unciviliz$1 & be/ial8 ,:51 ! laws be+   
tak5 away1 !re %all be left doctr9es    
incit+ m5 to pleasure2 :5 ! _w %all     
be?\ght n to be rul$ & gov]n$ by ,div9e 
,provid5ce2 :5 ^? m5 %all be e/eem$ wise
 :o spit at hone/y if x is n jo9$ )     
pleasure2 & :5 su* disc\rses & s5t5ces z
 ^! %all be sc(f$ at & d]id$3--       ,=
 ,ju/ice has an eye :i* all ?+s sees2  &
 aga93--       ,god ne> u /&s1 & views  

:ate'er we d2  & once m3 ,god1 z        
antiquity has deliv]$ to hold+ ! beg9n+1
 middle1 & end ( ! univ]se1 makes a     
direct l9e1 walk+ accord+ to ,nature4   
,aft] him foll[s ,ju/ice1 a puni%] ( ^? 
:o h be5 defici5t 9 _! duties by        
transgress+ ! div9e law4  ,= !y :o      
contemn ^! ?+s z if !y 7 fables1 & ?9k t
 ! sov]eign good ( man consi/s ab\t !   
belly1 & 9 ^? o!r passages by :i*       
pleasure is admitt$1 are su* z /& 9 ne$ 
( ! law1 & fe>1 & /ripes1 & "s k+1      
pr9ce1 or magi/rate1 hav+ 9 8 h& ! sword
 ( ju/ice2 to ! end t !y may n dev\r _! 
neighbors ?r\gh _! gluttony1 r5d]$      
confid5t by _! a!i/ical impiety4 ,= ?is 
is ! life ( brutes1 because brute bea/s 
"k no?+ bett] nor m hone/ ?an pleasure1 
und]/& n ! ju/ice ( ! gods1 nor rev]e ! 
beauty ( virtue2 b if ,nature has be/[$ 
on !m any po9t ( c\rage1 subtlety1 or   
activity1 !y make use ( x = !           
satisfaction ( _! fle%ly pleasure & !   
accompli%m5t ( _! lu/s4 ,& ! sapi5t     
,metrodorus believes t ?is %\ld be s1 = 

he says3 ,all ! f9e1 subtle1 & +5i\s    
inv5tions ( ! s\l h be5 f\nd out = !    
pleasure & delight ( ! fle%1 or = !     
hopes ( atta9+ to x & enjoy+ x1 & e act 
:i* t5ds n to ?is end is va9 &          
unpr(itable4 ,! laws be+ by su*         
disc\rses & philosophical reasons z ^!  
tak5 away1 !re wants no?+ to a bea/-l   
life b lions' paws1 wolves' tee?1 ox5's 
paun*es1 & camels' necks2 & ^! passions 
& doctr9es d ! bea/s !mselves1 = want ( 
spee* & lett]s1 express by _! bell[+s1  
neigh+s1 & bray+s1 all _! voice be+ = _!
 belly & ! pleasure ( _! fle%1 :i* !y   
embrace & rejoice 9 ei!r pres5t or      
future2 unless x be p]haps "s animal :i*
 naturally takes delight 9 *att]+ &     
g>rulity4  ,no suffici5t praise !re=e or
 equival5t to _! des]ts c be giv5 ^? :o1
 = ! re/ra9+ ( su* be/ial passions1 h   
set d[n laws1 e/abli%$ policy & gov]nm5t
 ( /ate1 in/itut$ magi/rates & orda9$   
good & :olesome laws4 ,b :o are !y t    
utt]ly conf\nd & aboli% ?is8 ,are !y n  
^? :o )draw !mselves & _! foll[]s f all 

"p 9 ! gov]nm5t8 ,are !y n ^? :o say t !
 g>l& ( tranquillity & a repos$ life are
 f> m valuable ?an all ! k+doms &       
pr9cipalities 9 ! _w8 ,are !y n ^? :o   
decl>e t reign+ & be+ a k+ is a mi/ak+ !
 pa? & /ray+ f ! "r way ( felicity8 ,&  
!y write 9 express t]ms3 ,we are to     
treat h[ a man may be/ keep & pres]ve ! 
end ( ,nature1 & h[ he may f ! v beg9n+ 
avoid ent]+ ( 8 own free w & volunt>ily 
^u (fices ( magi/racy1 & gov]nm5t ov] ! 
p4 ,& yet aga91 ^! o!r words are !irs3  
,!re is no ne$ at all t a man %\ld tire 
out 8 m9d & body to pres]ve ! ,greeks1 &
 to obta9 f !m a cr[n ( wisdom2 b to eat
 & dr9k well1 ,o ,timocrates1 )\t       
prejudic+1 b r pleas+ ! fle%4 ,& yet 9 !
 con/itution ( laws & policy1 :i*       
,colotes s mu* praises1 ! fir/ & mo/    
important article is ! belief &         
p]suasion ( ! gods4 ,:]e=e also         
,lycurgus h]et(ore consecrat$ !         
,lac$aemonians1 ,numa ! ,romans1 !      
anci5t ,ion ! ,a!nians1 & ,deucalion    
univ]sally all ! ,greeks1 ?r\gh pray]s1 

oa?s1 oracles1 & om5s1 mak+ !m dev\t &  
affectionate to ! gods by means ( hopes 
& fe>s at once4 ,& if y w take ! pa9s to
 travel ?r\gh ! _w1 y may f9d t[ns &    
cities )\t walls1 )\t lett]s1 )\t k+s1  
)\t h\ses1 )\t weal?1 )\t money1 )\t    
!atres & places ( ex]cise2 b !re 0 nev] 
se5 nor %all be se5 by man any city )\t 
temples & gods1 or )\t mak+ use (       
pray]s1 oa?s1 auguries1 & sacrifices = !
 obta9+ ( bless+s & b5efits1 & ! av]t+ (
 curses & calamities4 ,nay1 ,i am (     
op9ion1 t a city might soon] be built   
)\t any gr\nd to fix x on1 ?an a        
commonweal be con/itut$ altoge!r void ( 
any religion & op9ion ( ! gods1--or be+ 
con/itut$1 be pres]v$4 ,b ?is1 :i* is ! 
f\ndation & gr\nd ( all laws1 d ^! m51 n
 go+ circul>ly ab\t1 nor secretly & by  
enigmatical spee*es1 b attack+ x ) !    
fir/ ( _! mo/ pr9cipal op9ions directly 
subv]t & ov]?r[2 & !n aft]w>ds1 z if !y 
7 haunt$ by ! ,furies1 !y come & confess
 t !y h griev\sly (f5d$ 9 ?us tak+ away 
! laws1 & conf\nd+ ! ord9ances ( ju/ice 

& policy1 t !y may n be capable ( p>don4
 ,= to err 9 op9ion1 ?\gh x be n ! "p ( 
wise m51 is at lea/ human2 b to impute  
to o!rs ! errors & (f5ces !y commit     
!mselves1 h[ c any "o decl>e :at x is1  
if he =be>s to give x ! "n x des]ves8   
,= if1 9 writ+ aga9/ ,antidorus or ,bion
 ! sophi/]1 he _h made m5tion ( laws1   
policy1 ord]1 & ju/ice1 might n ei!r (  
!m h said to him1 z ,electra did to h]  
mad bro!r ,ore/es3--       ,lie /ill at 
ease1 poor wret*2 keep 9 ?y b$1         
7,euripides1 ,ore/es1 #beh47  & !re *]i%
 ?y bit ( body1 leav+ ^? to expo/ulate &
 f9d fault ) me :o h !mselves liv$ !    
life ( a citiz5 & h\sehold]8 ,n[ su* are
 all ^? :om ,colotes has revil$ & rail$ 
at 9 8 book4 ,among/ :om1 ,democritus 9 
8 writ+s advises & exhorts to ! le>n+ ( 
! sci5ce ( politics1 z be+ ! greate/ (  
all1 & to ! accu/om+ "o's self to be>   
fatigues1 by :i* m5 atta9 to great weal?
 & honor4 ,& z = ,p>m5ides1 he beautifi$
 & adorn$ 8 native c\ntry ) mo/ excell5t
 laws :i* he !re e/abli%$1 s t ev5 to   

?is day ! (fic]s e ye>1 :5 !y ent] fir/ 
on ! ex]cise ( _! *>ges1 are oblig$ to  
swe> t !y w obs]ve ! laws & ord9ances ( 
,p>m5ides4 ,emp$ocles br\ght to ju/ice  
"s ( ! pr9cipal ( 8 city1 & caus$ !m to 
be condemn$ = _! insol5t behavior &     
embezzl+ ( ! public treasure1 & also    
deliv]$ 8 c\ntry f /]ility & !          
plague--to :i* calamities x 0 be=e      
subject--by immur+ & /opp+ up ! holes ( 
c]ta9 m\nta9s1 :5ce !re issu$ an hot s\?
 w9d1 :i* ov]spread all ! pla9 c\ntry & 
bla/$ x4 ,& ,socrates1 aft] he 0        
condemn$1 :5 8 fri5ds (f]$ him1 if he   
pleas$1 an opportunity ( mak+ 8 escape1 
absolutely refus$ to make use ( x1 t he 
might ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( ! laws1 *oos+ 
r to die unju/ly ?an to save himself by 
disobey+ ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,melissus1  
be+ capta9 g5]al ( 8 c\ntry1 vanqui%$ ! 
,a!nians 9 a battle at sea4 ,plato left 
9 8 writ+s excell5t disc\rses conc]n+ ! 
laws1 gov]nm5t1 & policy ( a commonweal2
 & yet he impr9t$ mu* bett] 9 ! he>ts & 
m9ds ( 8 disciples & famili>s1 :i* caus$

 ,sicily to be fre$ by ,dion1 & ,?race  
to be set at lib]ty by ,py?o &          
,h]aclides1 :o slew ,cotys4 ,*abrias    
also & ,phocion1 ^? two great g5]als ( !
 ,a!nians1 came out ( ! ,academy4  ,z = 
,epicurus1 he inde$ s5t c]ta9 p]sons    
into ,asia to *ide ,timocrates1 & caus$ 
him to be remov$ out ( ! k+'s palace1   
because he _h (f5d$ 8 bro!r ,metrodorus2
 & ?is is writt5 9 _! own books4 ,b     
,plato s5t ( 8 disciples & fri5ds1      
,ari/onymus to ! ,arcadians1 to set 9   
ord] _! commonweal1 ,phormio to !       
,eleans1 & ,m5$emus to ! ,pyrrhaeans4   
,eudoxus gave laws to ! ,cnidians1 &    
,ari/otle to ! ,/agirites1 :o 7 bo? ( !m
 ! intimates ( ,plato4 ,& ,alex&] !     
,great dem&$ ( ,x5ocrates rules &       
precepts = reign+ well4 ,& he :o 0 s5t  
to ! same ,alex&] by ! ,grecians dwell+ 
9 ,asia1 & :o mo/ ( all inflam$ &       
/imulat$ him to embrace & und]take ! w> 
aga9/ ! b>b>ian k+ ( ,p]sia1 0 ,delius !
 ,ephesian1 "o ( ,plato's famili>s4     
,z5o1 ! disciple ( ,p>m5ides1 hav+      

attempt$ to kill ! tyrant ,demylus1 &   
fail+ 9 8 design1 ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e (   
,p>m5ides1 l pure & f9e gold tri$ 9 !   
fire1 t !re is no?+ :i* a magnanim\s man
 ought to dread b di%onor1 & t !re are  
none b *ildr5 & wom51 or effem9ate &    
wom5-he>t$ m51 :o fe> pa94 ,=1 hav+ ) 8 
own tee? bitt5 (f 8 tongue1 he spit x 9 
! tyrant's face4  ,b out ( ! s*ool (    
,epicurus1 & f among ^? :o foll[ 8      
doctr9e1 ,i w n ask :at tyrant-kill] has
 proce$$1 nor yet :at man valiant &     
victori\s 9 feats ( arms1 :at lawgiv]1  
:at pr9ce1 :at c\nsellor1 or :at gov]nor
 ( ! p2 nei!r w ,i dem&1 :o ( !m has be5
 torm5t$ or has di$ = support+ "r &     
ju/ice4 ,b :i* ( all ^! sages has = !   
b5efit & s]vice ( 8 c\ntry und]tak5 s   
mu* z "o voyage at sea1 gone ( an       
embassy1 or exp5d$ a sum ( money8 ,:at  
record is !re extant ( "o civil action 9
 matt] ( gov]nm5t1 p]=m$ by any ( y8 ,& 
yet1 because ,metrodorus w5t d[n "o day 
f ! city z f> z ! hav5 ( ,piraeus1 tak+ 
a j\rney ( =ty /adia to assi/ ,mi?res a 

,syrian1 "o ( ! k+ ( ,p]sia's c\rt :o _h
 be5 arre/$ & tak5 prison]1 he writ ( x 
to e "o & 9 all 8 lett]s1 ,epicurus also
 highly magnify+ & extoll+ ?is wond]ful 
voyage4 ,:at value !n1 ?9k y1 w\ld !y h 
put ^u x1 if !y _h done su* an act z    
,ari/otle did1 :o procur$ ! re/oration &
 rebuild+ ( ,/agira1 ! t[n ( 8 nativity1
 aft] x _h be5 de/roy$ by ,k+ ,philip8  
,or z ,!ophra/us1 :o twice deliv]$ 8    
city1 :5 possess$ & held by tyrants8    
,w\ld n ! riv] ,nile soon] h giv5 ov] to
 be> ! pap]-re$1 ?an !y h be5 we>y (    
writ+ _! brave exploits8  ,& x is n !   
greate/ di%onor1 t1 ( s _m sects (      
philosoph]s z h exi/$1 !y alone %\ld    
enjoy ! b5efits t are 9 cities1 )\t hav+
 ev] contribut$ to !m any?+ ( _! own2 b 
f> m s]i\s is x t1 :ile !re are n ev5   
any tragical or comical poets :o d n    
always endeavor to d or say "s good ?+  
or o!r 9 def5ce ( ! laws & policy ^! m51
 if p]adv5ture !y write1 write ( policy1
 t we may n conc]n ourselves 9 !        
gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal1--( rhetoric1 t 

we may n p]=m an act ( eloqu5ce1--& (   
royalty1 t we may %un ! liv+ & conv]s+ )
 k+s4 ,nor d !y ev] "n any ( ^? great   
p]sonages :o h int]m$dl$ 9 civil        
affairs1 b only to sc(f at !m & aboli%  
_! glory4 ,?us !y say t ,epam9ondas _h  
some?+ ( good1 b t inf9itesimal1 or     
,greek omitt$1 = t is ! v ^w !y use4 ,!y
 moreov] call him iron-he>t$1 & ask :at 
ail$ him t he w5t m>*+ 8 army ?r\gh all 
,peloponnesus1 & :y he did n r keep     
himself quiet at home ) a g>l& on 8     
head1 employ$ only 9 *]i%+ & mak+ mu* ( 
8 body4 ,b me?9ks ,i ought n 9 ?is place
 to omit :at ,metrodorus writ 9 8 book (
 ,philosophy1 :51 utt]ly abjur+ all     
m$dl+ 9 ! managem5t ( ! /ate1 he said   
?us3 ,"s1 ?r\gh an excess ( vanity &    
arrogance1 h s deep a compreh5sion into 
! bus9ess ( x1 t 9 discuss+ ! precepts (
 good life & virtue1 !y all[ !mselves to
 be c>ri$ away ) ! v same desires z 7   
,lycurgus & ,solon4 ,:at is ?is8 ,0 x !n
 vanity & abundance ( vanity1 to set    
free ! city ( ,a!ns1 to r5d] ,sp>ta     

well-polici$ & gov]n$ by :olesome laws1 
t "y m5 might d no?+ lic5ti\sly1 nor get
 *ildr5 ^u common c\rtesans & :ores1 & t
 ri*es1 delights1 intemp]ance1 &        
dissolution might no long] be> sway & h 
comm& 9 cities1 b law & ju/ice8 ,= ^! 7 
! desires ( ,solon4 ,to ?is ,metrodorus1
 by way ( scorn & contumely1 adds ?is   
conclusion3 ,x is !n v well beseem+ a   
native born g5tleman to laugh he>tily1 z
 at o!r m51 s especially at ^! ,solons &
 ,lycurguses4 ,b su* a "o1 ,o           
,metrodorus1 is n a g5tleman1 b a s]vile
 & dissolute p]son1 & des]ves to be     
sc\rg$1 n ) t :ip :i* is = free-born    
p]sons1 b ) t sc\rge made ) ankle-bones1
 ) :i* ^? eunu* sacrific]s call$ ,galli 
7 wont to be *a/is$1 :5 !y fail$ ( p]=m+
 _! duty 9 ! c]emonies & sacrifices ( ! 
,goddess ,cybele1 ! great ,"m ( ! ,gods4
  ,b t !y made w> n aga9/ ! lawgiv]s b  
aga9/ ! laws !mselves1 "o may he> &     
und]/& f ,epicurus4 ,= 9 8 que/ions1 he 
asks himself1 :e!r a wise man1 be+      
assur$ t x w n be kn[n1 w d any?+ t !   

laws =bid4 ,to :i* he answ]s3 ,t is n s 
easy to settle simply1--t is ,i w d x   
inde$1 b ,i am n will+ to confess x4 ,& 
aga91 ,i suppose writ+ to ,idom5eus1 he 
exorts him n to make 8 life a slave to !
 laws or to ! options ( m51 unless x be 
to avoid ! tr\ble !y prep>e1 by ! sc\rge
 & *a/isem5t1 s ne> at h&4 ,if ^? :o    
aboli% laws1 gov]nm5ts1 & polices ( m5  
subv]t & de/roy human life1 & if        
,metrodorus & ,epicurus d ?is1 by       
dehort+ & )draw+ _! fri5ds f conc]n+    
!mselves 9 public affairs1 by hat+ ^? :o
 int]m$dle 9 !m1 by revil+ ! fir/ mo/   
wise lawgiv]s1 & by advis+ contempt ( ! 
laws provid$ !re is no fe> & dang] ( !  
:ip puni%m5t4 ,i d n see t ,colotes has 
br\ght s _m false accusations aga9/ !   
o!r philosoph]s z he has alleg$ &       
advanc$ true ones aga9/ ! writ+s &      
doctr9es ( ,epicurus4   ,,end ,,(       
,,t5------------     ,,platonic         
,,que/ions4  ,,"q ,i4 ,,:y ,,did ,,god  
,,comm& ,,socrates ,,to ,,act ,,!       
,,midwife',s ,,"p ,,to ,,o!rs1 ,,b      

,,*>g$ ,,himself ,,n ,,to ,,g5]ate2 ,,z 
,,he ,,affirms ,,9 ,,!aetetus8 7,see    
,plato1 ,!aetetus1 p4 #adi ,b47  ,= he  
w\ld nev] h us$ ! "n ( ,god 9 su* a     
m]ry1 je/+ mann]1 ?\gh ,plato 9 t book  
makes ,socrates sev]al times to talk )  
great boa/+ & arrogance1 z he does n[4  
,!re are _m1 de> fri5d1 s affect$ t[>ds 
me1 t !y are ready ev5 to snap at me1 :5
 ,i (f] to cure !m ( ! lea/ madness4 ,= 
!y w n be p]suad$ t ,i d x out (        
goodwill1 because !y are ignorant t no  
god be>s ill-w to man1 & t !re=e ,i wi% 
ill to no man2 b ,i _c all[ myself ei!r 
to /& 9 a lie or to /ifle ! tru?4       
7,ibid4 p4 #aea ,c47 ,:e!r !re=e did he 
/yle 8 own nature1 :i* 0 ( a v /rong &  
pregnant wit1 by ! "n ( ,god1--z ,m5&]  
says1 ,= our m9d is ,god1 & z           
,h]aclitus1 ,man's g5ius is a ,deity8   
,or did "s div9e cause or "s daemon or  
o!r imp>t ?is way ( philosophiz+ to     
,socrates1 :]eby con/antly int]rogat+   
o!rs1 he cle>$ !m ( pride1 error1 &     
ignorance1 & ( be+ tr\blesome bo? to    

!mselves & to o!rs8 ,= ab\t t "t !re    
happ5$ to be 9 ,greece sev]al sophi/s2  
to ^! "s "y m5 paid great sums ( money1 
= :i* !y pur*as$ a /rong op9ion ( le>n+ 
& wisdom1 & ( be+ /\t disputants2 b ?is 
sort ( disputation sp5t mu* "t 9 trifl+ 
squabbl+s1 :i* 7 ( no cr$it or pr(it4   
,n[ ,socrates1 us+ an argum5tative      
disc\rse by way ( a purgative rem$y     
procur$ belief & au?ority to :at he     
said1 because 9 refut+ o!rs he himself  
affirm$ no?+2 & he ! soon] ga9$ ^u p1   
because he seem$ r to be inquisitive    
aft] ! tru? z well z !y1 ?an to ma9ta9 8
 own op9ion4  ,n[1 h[ev] useful a ?+    
judgm5t is1 x is mightily infect$ ,by ! 
begett+ ( a man's own fancies4 ,= ! lov]
 is bl9d$ ) ! ?+ lov$2 & no?+ ( a man's 
own is s belov$ z is ! op9ion & disc\rse
 he has begott54 ,& ! di/ribution (     
*ildr5 said to be ! ju/e/1 9 respect (  
disc\rses is ! unju/e/2 = !re a man mu/ 
take 8 own1 b "h a man mu/ *oose ! be/1 
?\gh x be ano!r man's4 ,!re=e he t has  
*ildr5 ( 8 own1 is a worse judge ( o!r  

m5's2 x be+ true1 z ! sophi/] said well1
 ,! ,eleans w\ld be ! mo/ prop] judges (
 ! ,olympic games1 7 no ,eleans game/]s4
 ,s he t w\ld judge ( disputations _c be
 j1 if he ei!r seeks ! bays = himself1  
or is himself antagoni/ to ei!r ( !     
antagoni/s4 ,= z ! ,grecian capta9s1 :5 
!y 7 to settle by _! suffrages :o _h    
behav$ himself ! be/1 e man ( !m vot$ = 
himself2 s !re is n a philosoph] ( !m   
all b w\ld d ! l1 besides ^? t          
ackn[l$ge1 l ,socrates1 t !y c say no?+ 
t is _! own2 & ^! only are ! pure       
uncorrupt judges ( ! tru?4 ,= z ! air 9 
! e>s1 unless x be /ill & void ( noise 9
 itself1 )\t any s\nd or humm+1 does n  
exactly take s\nds s ! philosophical    
judgm5t 9 disputations1 if x be di/urb$ 
& ob/rep]\s )91 is h>dly compreh5sive ( 
:at is said )\t4 ,= our famili> & inbr$ 
op9ion w n all[ t :i* disagrees )       
itself1 z ! numb] ( sects & p>ties %[s1 
( :i* philosophy--if %e deals ) !m 9 !  
be/ mann]--mu/ ma9ta9 "o to be "r1 & all
 ! o!rs to be contr>y to ! tru? 9 _!    

positions4  ,fur!rmore1 if m5 c         
compreh5d & "k no?+1 ,god did ju/ly     
int]dict ,socrates ! procreation ( false
 & un/able disc\rses1 :i* are l         
w9d-eggs1 & did him conv9ce o!rs :o 7 ( 
any o!r op9ion4 ,& reason+1 :i* rids u (
 ! greate/ ( evils1 error & vanity (    
m9d1 is none ( ! lea/ b5efit to u2 ,=   
,god has n grant$ ?is to ! ,esculapians4
 7,!ognis1 vs4 #dcb17 ,nor did ,socrates
 give physic to ! body2 inde$ he purg$ !
 m9d ( secret corruption4 ,b if !re be  
any k ( ! tru?1 & if ! tru? be "o1 he   
has z mu* t le>ns x ( him t inv5t$ x1 z 
! inv5tor himself4 ,n[ he ! mo/ easily  
atta9s ! tru?1 t is p]suad$ he has x n2 
& he *ooses be/1 j z he t has no *ildr5 
( 8 own adopts ! be/4 ,m>k ?is well1 t  
poetry1 ma!matics1 oratory1 & sophi/ry1 
:i* are ! ?+s ! ,deity =bade ,socrates  
to g5]ate1 are ( no value2 & t ( ! sole 
wisdom ab\t :at is div9e & intelligible 
7:i* ,socrates call$ amiable & eligible 
= itself71 !re is nei!r g5]ation nor    
inv5tion by man1 b rem9isc5ce4 ,:]e=e   

,socrates taught no?+1 b sugge/+        
pr9ciples ( d\bt1 z bir?-pa9s1 to "y m51
 he excit$ & at ! same "t confirm$ !    
innate notions4 ,?is he call$ 8 ,art (  
,midwif]y1 :i* did n 7z o!rs pr(ess$7   
extr9sically conf] intellig5ce ^u 8     
auditors2 b demon/rat$ x to be innate1  
yet imp]fect & confus$1 & 9 want ( a    
nurse to fe$ & =tify x4    ,,"q ,,ii4   
,,:y ,,does ,,he ,,call ,,! ,,supreme   
,,god ,,fa!r ,,& ,,mak] ,,( ,,all ,,?+s8
 7,plato1 ,timaeus1 p4 #bh ,c47  ,is x  
because he is 7z ,hom] calls him7 (     
creat$ gods & m5 ! ,fa!r1 & ( brutes &  
?+s t h no s\l ! mak]8 ,if ,*rysippus   
may be believ$1 he is n prop]ly /yl$ !  
fa!r ( ! aft]bir? :o suppli$ ! se$1     
al?\gh x arose f ! se$4 ,or has ,plato  
figuratively call$ ! mak] ( ! _w ! fa!r 
( x8 ,9 8 ,convivium he calls ,pha$rus !
 fa!r ( ! amatori\s disc\rse :i* he _h  
comm5c$2 & s 9 8 ,pha$rus 7,pha$rus1 p4 
#bfa ,a47 he calls him fa!r ( noble     
*ildr51 :5 he _h be5 ! occasion ( _m    
pre-em95t disc\rses ab\t philosophical  

que/ions4 ,or is !re any diff]5ce betwe5
 a fa!r & a mak]8 ,or betwe5 procreation
 & mak+8 ,= z :at is procreat$ is also  
made1 b n ! contr>y recreat$ did also   
make1 = ! procreation ( an animal is !  
mak+ ( x4 ,n[ ! "w ( a mak]--z ( a      
build]1 a weav]1 a musical-in/rum5t     
mak]1 or a /atu>y--is altoge!r ap>t &   
sep>ate f its au?or2 b ! pr9ciple & p[] 
( ! procreator is implant$ 9 ! prog5y1 &
 conta9s 8 nature1 ! prog5y be+ a piece 
pull$ (f ! procreator4 ,s9ce !re=e ! _w 
is nei!r l a piece ( pott]'s "w nor     
jo9]'s "w1 b !re is a great %>e ( life &
 div9ity 9 x1 :i* ,god f himself        
communicat$ to & mix$ ) matt]1 ,god may 
prop]ly be call$ ,fa!r ( ! _w--s9ce x   
has life 9 x--& also ! mak] ( x4  ,&    
s9ce ^! ?+s come v ne> to ,plato's      
op9ion1 consid]1 ,i pray1 :e!r !re may n
 be "s probability 9 !m4 ,:]eas ! _w    
consi/s ( two p>ts1 body & s\l1 ,god    
inde$ made n ! body2 b matt] be+ at h&1 
he =m$ & fitt$ x1 b9d+ up & confirm+ :at
 0 inf9ite )9 prop] limits & figures4 ,b

 ! s\l1 p>tak+ ( m9d1 reason1 & h>mony1 
0 n only ! "w ( ,god1 b "p ( him n only 
made by him1 b begot by him4    ,,"q    
,,iii4 ,9 ! ,republic1 7,republic1 vi4  
pp4 #eji ,d-#eaa ,e47 he assumes !      
univ]se1 z "o l9e to be cut into two    
unequal p>ts2 aga9 he cuts ea* ( ^! p>ts
 9 two aft] ! same mann]1 & supposes !  
two sections fir/ made to =m ! two g5]a 
( ?+s s5sible & ?+s intelligible4 ,!    
fir/ /&s = ! g5us ( intelligibles1      
compreh5d+ 9 ! fir/ subdivision !       
primitive =ms1 9 ! second ! ma!matics4  
,( s5sibles1 ! fir/ subdivision         
compreh5ds solid bodies1 ! second       
compreh5ds ! images & repres5tations (  
!m4 ,moreov]1 to e "o ( ^! f\r he has   
assign$ its prop] crit]ion2--to ! fir/  
reason2 to ! ma!matics1 ! und]/&+2 to   
s5sibles1 belief2 to images & lik5esses1
 conjecture4  ,,b ,,:at ,,does ,,he     
,,mean ,,by ,,divid+ ,,! ,,univ]se      
,,into ,,unequal ,,p>ts8 ,,& ,,:i* ,,(  
,,! ,,sections1 ,,! ,,intelligible ,,or 
,,! ,,s5sible1 ,,is ,,! ,,great]8 ,,=   

,,9 ,,?is ,,he ,,has ,,n ,,expla9$      
,,himself4  ,at fir/ glance x w appe> t 
! s5sible is ! great] portion4 ,= !     
ess5ce ( intelligibles be+ indivisible1 
& 9 ! same respect ev] ! same1 is       
contract$ into a little1 & pure2 b an   
ess5ce divisible & runn+ ?r\gh bodies   
con/itutes ! s5sible "p4 ,n[ :at is     
immat]ial is limit$2 b body 9 respect ( 
matt] is inf9ite & unlimit$1 & x becomes
 s5sible only :5 x is limit$ by p>tak+ (
 ! intelligible4 ,besides1 z e s5sible  
has _m images1 %ad[s1 & repres5tations1 
& f "o & ! same orig9al sev]al copies   
may be tak5 bo? by nature & art2 s !    
latt] mu/ surpass ! =m] 9 numb]1 accord+
 to ,plato1 :o makes ?+s ( ! intellect  
to be patt]ns or ideas ( ?+s s5sible1 z 
if ! la/ 7 images & reflections4 ,fur!r1
 ,plato d]ives ! k ( ideas by ab/raction
 & cutt+ away ( body1 lead+ u by        
ma!matical discipl9e f ari?metic to     
geometry1 !nce to a/ronomy1 & plac+     
h>mony above !m all4 ,= ?+s become      
geometrical by ! accession ( magnitude  

to quantity2 solid1 by ! accession (    
pr(undity to magnitude2 a/ronomical1 by 
! accession ( motion to solidity2       
h>monical1 by ! accession ( s\nd to     
motion4 ,take !n s\nd f mov+ bodies1    
motion f solids1 pr(undity f sup]ficies1
 magnitude f quantity1 we !n rea* pure  
intelligible ideas1 :i* h no diff]5ce   
among !mselves z reg>ds ! "o s+le       
intelligible ess5ce4 ,= unity makes no  
numb] unless jo9$ by ! inf9ite b9>y2 !n 
x makes a numb]4 ,& !nce we proce$ to   
po9ts1 !nce to l9es1 f !m to sup]ficies1
 & solids1 & bodies1 & to ! qualities ( 
! bodies s & s affect$4 ,n[ ! reason is 
! only crit]ion ( intelligibles2 & !    
und]/&+ is ! reason 9 ! ma!matics1 :]e  
intelligibles appe> z if 9 mirrors4 ,b z
 to ! k ( bodies1 because ( _!          
multitude1 ,nature has giv5 u five p[]s 
or di/9ctions ( s5ses2 nor are all      
bodies disc]n$ by !m1 _m escap+ s5se by 
reason ( _! smallness4 ,& ?\gh e "o ( u 
consi/s ( a body & s\l1 yet ! hegemonic 
& intellectual faculty is small1 be+ hid

 9 ! huge mass ( fle%4 ,& ! case is !   
same 9 ! univ]se1 z to s5sible &        
intelligible4 ,= intelligibles are !    
pr9ciples ( bodily ?+s1 b ev]y?+ is     
great] ?an ! pr9ciple :5ce x came4      
,yet1 on ! contr>y1 "s w say t1 by      
comp>+ s5sibles ) intelligibles1 we mat*
 ?+s mortal ) div9e1 9 "s measure2 =    
,god is 9 intelligibles4 ,besides1 ! ?+ 
conta9$ is ev] less ?an ! conta9+1 & !  
nature ( ! univ]se conta9s ! s5sible 9 !
 intelligible4 ,= ,god1 hav+ plac$ ! s\l
 9 ! middle1 ha? ext5d$ x ?r\gh all1 &  
ha? cov]$ x all r\nd ) bodies4 ,! s\l is
 invisible1 & _c be p]ceiv$ by any ( !  
s5ses1 z ,plato says 9 8 ,book ( ,laws2 
!re=e e man mu/ die1 b ! _w %all nev]   
die4 ,= mortality & dissolution surr\nd 
e "o ( our vital faculties4 ,! case is q
 o!rwise 9 ! _w2 = ! corporeal "p1      
conta9$ 9 ! middle by ! m noble &       
unalt]able pr9ciple1 is ev] pres]v$4 ,& 
a body is said to be )\t p>ts &         
indivisible = its m9ut5ess2 b :at is    
incorporeal & intelligible is s1 z be+  

simple & s9c]e1 & void ( all firmness & 
diff]5ce4 ,besides1 x 7 folly to ?9k to 
judge ( incorporeal ?+s by corporeal4 ,!
 pres5t1 or n[1 is said to be )\t p>ts &
 indivisible1 s9ce x is ev]y:]e & no "p 
( ! _w is void ( x4 ,b all affections & 
actions1 & all corruptions & g5]ations 9
 ! _w1 are conta9$ by ?is same n[4 ,b ! 
m9d is judge only ( :at is intelligible1
 z ! sight is ( light1 by reason ( its  
simplicity & similitude4 ,b bodies1 hav+
 sev]al diff]5ces & div]sities1 are     
compreh5d$1 "s by "o judicatory         
function1 o!rs by ano!r1 z by sev]al    
organs4 ,yet !y d n well :o despise !   
discrim9ative faculty 9 u2 = be+ great1 
x compreh5ds all s5sibles1 & atta9s to  
?+s div9e4 ,! *ief ?+ he himself tea*es 
9 8 ,banquet1 :]e he %[s u h[ we %\ld   
use amatori\s matt]s1 turn+ our m9ds f  
s5sible goods to ?+s disc]nible only by 
! m9d1 t we ought n to be enslav$ by !  
beauty ( any body1 /udy1 or le>n+1 b    
lay+ aside su* weakness1 %\ld turn to ! 
va/ ocean ( beauty4 7,see ,plato's      

,symposium1 p4 #baj ,d47    ,,"q ,,iv4  
,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,reason ,,t1 ,,?\gh     
,,plato ,,always ,,says ,,t ,,! ,,s\l   
,,is ,,anci5t] ,,?an ,,! ,,body1 ,,& ,,t
 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,cause ,,& ,,pr9ciple ,,(
 ,,its ,,rise1 ,,yet ,,he ,,likewise    
,,says1 ,,t ,,nei!r ,,c\ld ,,! ,,s\l    
,,exi/ ,,)\t ,,! ,,body1 ,,nor ,,!      
,,reason ,,)\t ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,b ,,! ,,s\l 
,,9 ,,! ,,body ,,& ,,! ,,reason ,,9 ,,! 
,,s\l8 ,,= #hj ,,! ,,body ,,w ,,seem    
,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be1 ,,because  
,,x ,,bo? ,,exi/s ,,) ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,&    
,,is ,,begot ,,by ,,! ,,s\l4  ,p]haps   
:at we h (t5 said is true2 viz41 t ! s\l
 )\t reason & ! body )\t =m did mutually
 ev] coexi/1 & nei!r ( !m _h g5]ation or
 beg9n+4 ,b aft] ! s\l did p>take (     
reason & h>mony1 & be+ ?r\gh cons5t made
 wise1 x wr\ght a *ange 9 matt]1 & be+  
/rong] ?an ! o!r's motions1 x drew &    
conv]t$ ^! motions to itself4 ,s ! body 
( ! _w drew its orig9al f ! s\l1 &      
became con=mable & l to x4 ,= ! s\l did 
n make ! nature ( ! body out ( itself1  

or out ( no?+2 b x wr\ght an ord]ly &   
pliable body out ( "o disord]ly &       
=mless4 ,j z if a man %\ld say t !      
virtue ( ! se$ is ) ! body1 & yet t !   
body ( ! fig-tree or olive-tree 0 made (
 ! se$1 he w\ld n be mu* out2 = ! body1 
its innate motion & mutation proce$+ f !
 se$1 grew up & became :at x is4 ,s1 :5 
=mless & indef9ite matt] 0 once =m$ by !
 inbe+ s\l1 x receiv$ su* a =m &        
disposition4    ,,"q ,v4 ,,:y1 ,,s9ce   
,,bodies ,,& ,,figures ,,are ,,conta9$  
,,p>tly ,,by ,,rectil9e>s ,,& ,,p>tly   
,,by ,,circles1 ,,does ,,he ,,make      
,,isosceles ,,triangles ,,& ,,triangles 
,,( ,,unequal ,,sides ,,! ,,pr9ciples   
,,( ,,rectil9e>s2 ,,( ,,:i* ,,!         
,,isosceles ,,triangle ,,con/itutes ,,! 
,,cube1 ,,! ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>?2 ,,& 
,a ,,scal5e ,,triangle ,,=ms ,,!        
,,pyramid1 ,,! ,,octah$ron ,,! ,,se$ ,,(
 ,,fire1 ,,air ,,& ,,wat]               
,,respectively1 ,,& ,,!                 
,,icosah$ron2--,,:ile ,,he ,,passes     
,,ov] ,,circul>s1 ,,?\gh ,,he ,,does    

,,m5tion ,,! ,,globe1 ,,:]e ,,he ,,says 
,,t ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,a=e-,,reckon$       
,,figures ,,divides ,a ,,r\nd ,,body ,,t
 ,,circumscribes ,,x ,,into ,,equal     
,,p>ts4 7,see ,timaeus1 pp4 #ec-ef47    
,is _! op9ion true :o ?9k t he ascrib$ a
 dodecah$ron to ! globe1 :5 he says t   
,god made use ( x 9 del9eat+ ! univ]se8 
,= ^u acc\nt ( ! multitude ( its bases &
 ! obtus5ess ( its angles1 avoid+ all   
rectitude1 x is flexible1 & by          
circumt5sion1 l globes made ( twelve    
sk9s1 x becomes circul> & compreh5sive4 
,= x has tw5ty solid angles1 ea* ( :i*  
is conta9$ by ?ree obtuse planes1 & ea* 
( ^! conta9s "o & ! fif? "p ( a "r      
angle4 ,n[ x is made up ( twelve        
equilat]al & equangul> qu9quangles 7or  
p5tagons71 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( ?irty ( !
 fir/ scal5e triangles4 ,!re=e x seems  
to resemble bo? ! ,zodiac & ! ye>1 x be+
 divid$ into ! same numb] ( p>ts z ^!4  
,or is a "r l9e 9 ,nature prior to      
circumf]5ce2 or is circumf]5ce b an     
accid5t ( rectil9e>8 ,= a "r l9e is said

 to b5d2 & a circle is describ$ by a    
c5tre & di/ance1 :i* is ! place ( a "r  
l9e f :i* a circumf]5ce is measur$1 ?is 
be+ ev]y:]e equally di/ant f ! middle4  
,& a cone & a cyl9d] are made by        
rectil9e>s2 a cone by keep+ "o side ( a 
triangle fix$ & c>ry+ ano!r r\nd ) !    
base1--a cyl9d]1 by do+ ! l ) a         
p>allelogram4 ,fur!r1 t is ne>e/ to     
pr9ciple :i* is less2 b a "r is ! lea/ (
 all l9es1 z x is simple2 :]eas 9 a     
circumf]5ce "o "p is convex )\t1 ano!r  
concave )94 ,besides1 numb]s are be=e   
figures1 z unity is be=e a po9t1 :i* is 
unity 9 position4 ,b inde$ unity is     
triangul>2 = e triangul> numb]          
7,triangul> numb]s are ^? ( :i*         
equilat]al triangles c be =m$ 9 ?is way3
                                4       
4      44           4    44    444      
4 44 444 4444 44444444444444  ,su* are3 
#c1 #f1 #aj1 #ae1 #ba1 #bh1 #cf1 #de1   
etc42 t is1 numb]s =m$ by add+ ! digits 
9 regul> ord]4 7,g477 tak5 eight times1 
by add+ unity1 becomes quadrate2 & ?is  

happ5s to unity4 ,!re=e a triangle is   
be=e a circle1 :5ce a "r l9e is be=e a  
circumf]5ce4 ,besides1 no elem5t is     
divid$ into ?+s comp\nd$ ( itself2 inde$
 !re is a dissolution ( all o!r ?+s into
 ! elem5ts4 ,n[ a triangle is divid$    
into no circumf]5ce1 b two diamet]s cut 
a circle into f\r triangles2 !re=e a    
rectil9e> figure is be=e a circul>1 &   
has m ( ! nature ( an elem5t4 ,& ,plato 
himself %[s t a rectil9e> is 9 ! fir/   
place1 & a circul> is only consequ5tial 
& accid5tal4 ,= :5 he says ! e>? consi/s
 ( cubes1 ea* ( :i* is conta9$ )        
rectil9e> sup]ficies1 he says ! e>? is  
sph]ical & r\nd4 ,!re=e !re 0 no ne$ (  
mak+ a peculi> elem5t = r\nd ?+s1 s9ce  
rectil9e>s1 fitt$ aft] a c]ta9 mann]    
among !mselves1 d make up ?is figure4   
,besides1 a "r l9e1 :e!r great or       
little1 pres]ves ! same rectitude2 b z  
to ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 ! less x   
is1 ! crook$] x is2 ! l>g]1 ! /raight]4 
,!re=e if a convex surface /&s on a     
plane1 x sometimes t\*es ! "u plane 9 a 

po9t1 sometimes 9 a l9e4 ,s t a man may 
imag9e t a circumf]5ce is made up (     
little "r l9es4  ,b obs]ve :e!r ?is be n
 true1 t no circle or sph]e 9 ?is _w is 
exactly drawn2 b s9ce by ! t5sion &     
circumt5sion ( ! /raight l9es1 or by !  
m9ut5ess ( ! p>ts1 ! diff]5ce is hidd51 
! figure seems circul> & r\nd4 ,!re=e no
 corruptible body moves circul>ly1 b    
altoge!r 9 a "r l9e4 ,to be truly       
sph]ical is n 9 a s5sible body1 b is !  
elem5t ( ! s\l & m9d1 to :i* he has giv5
 circul> motion1 z be+ agreeable to _!  
nature4    ,,"q ,,vi4 ,,h[ ,,comes ,,x  
,,to ,,pass ,,t ,,9 ,,pha$rus ,,x ,,is  
,,said1 ,,t ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,w+1   
,,by ,,:i* ,,any?+ ,,t ,,is ,,heavy ,,is
 ,,c>ri$ ,,upw>ds1 ,,p>ticipates ,,mo/  
,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,god8 7,see         
,pha$rus1 p4 #bdf ,d47  ,is x because ! 
disc\rse is ( love1 & love is ( beauty  
inh]5t 9 a body8 ,n[ beauty1 by         
similitude to ?+s div9e1 moves & rem9ds 
! s\l4 ,or x may be 7)\t too mu*        
curiosity7 he may be und]/ood 9 pla9    

mean+1 to wit1 t ! sev]al faculties ( ! 
s\l be+ employ$ ab\t bodies1 ! p[] (    
reason+ & und]/&+ p>takes mo/ ab\t div9e
 & heav5ly ?+s2 :i* he did n improp]ly  
call a w+1 x rais+ ! s\l f mean & mortal
 ?+s to ?+s above4    ,,"q ,,vii4 ,,9   
,,:at ,,s5se ,,does ,,plato ,,say1 ,,t  
,,! ,,antip]i/asis 7,,or ,,reaction7 ,,(
 ,,motion--,,by ,,reason ,,!re ,,is ,,no
 ,,vacuum--,,is ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,!     
,,ph5om5a ,,9 ,,physicians'             
,,cupp+-,,glasses1 ,,9 ,,swall[+1 ,,9   
,,ca/+ ,,weights1 ,,9 ,,! ,,runn+ ,,(   
,,wat]1 ,,9 ,,?und]1 ,,9 ,,!            
,,attraction ,,( ,,! ,,load/one1 ,,& ,,9
 ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,s\nds8 7,see        
,timaeus1 pp4 #gi-ha47  ,= x seems      
unreasonable to ascribe ! reason ( su*  
diff]5t effects to ! selfsame cause4    
,h[ respiration is made by ! reaction ( 
! air1 he has suffici5tly %[n4 ,b !     
o!rs1 he says1 seem to be effect$       
miracul\sly1 b really ! bodies =ce ea*  
o!r aside & *ange places ) "o ano!r2    
:ile he has left = u to discov] h[ ea*  

is p>ticul>ly done4  ,z to              
cupp+-glasses1 ! case is ?us3 ! air next
 to ! fle% be+ compreh5d$ & inflam$ by !
 heat1 & be+ made m r>e ?an ! pores ( ! 
brass1 does n g into a vacuum 7= !re is 
no su* ?+71 b into ! air t is )\t !     
cupp+-glass1 & has an impulse ^u x4 ,?is
 air drives t be=e x2 & ea*1 z x gives  
way1 /rives to succe$ into ! place :i* 0
 vacuat$ by ! cession ( ! fir/4 ,& s !  
air approa*+ ! fle% compreh5d$ by !     
cupp+-glass1 & attract+ x1 draws !      
humors into ! cupp+-glass4  ,swall[+    
takes place 9 ! same way4 ,= ! cavities 
ab\t ! m\? & /oma* are full ( air2 :5   
!re=e ! meat is squeez$ d[n by ! tongue 
& tonsils1 ! elid$ air foll[s :at gives 
way1 & also =ces d[n ! meat4  ,weights  
also ?r[n cleave ! air & dissipate x1 z 
!y fall ) =ce2 ! air recoil+ back1      
accord+ to its prop] t5d5cy to ru% 9 &  
fill ! vacuum1 foll[s ! impulse1 &      
accel]ates ! motion4  ,! fall also (    
?und]bolts is l to d>t+ any?+4 ,= by !  
bl[ 9 ! cl\d1 ! fi]y matt] explod$      

breaks into ! air2 & x be+ brok5 gives  
way1 & aga9 be+ contract$ above1 by ma9 
=ce x presses ! ?und]bolt d[nw>ds       
contr>y to ,nature4  ,& nei!r amb] nor !
 load/one draws any?+ to x :i* is ne>1  
nor does any?+ spontane\sly approa* !m4 
,b ?is /one emits /rong exhalations1 by 
:i* ! surr\nd+ air be+ impell$ =ce? t   
:i* is be=e x2 & ?is be+ drawn r\nd 9 ! 
circle1 & return+ into ! vacuat$ place1 
=cibly draws ! iron 9 ! same movem5t4 ,9
 amb] !re is a flamme\s & spiritu\s     
nature1 & ?is by rubb+ on ! surface is  
emitt$ by recluse passages1 & does !    
same t ! load/one does4 ,x also draws ! 
lighte/ & drie/ ( adjac5t bodies1 by    
reason ( _! t5uity & weakness2 = x is n 
s /rong nor s endu$ ) weight & /r5g? z  
to =ce mu* air & to act ) viol5ce & to h
 p[] ov] great bodies1 z ! magnet has4  
,b :at is ! reason ! air nev] draws a   
/one1 nor wood1 b iron only1 to !       
load/one8 ,?is is a common "q bo? by ^? 
:o ?9k ! coition ( ^! bodies is made by 
! attraction ( ! load/one1 & by su* z   

?9k x done by ! incitem5t ( ! iron4     
,iron is nei!r s r>e z wood1 nor        
altoge!r s solid z gold or a /one2 b has
 c]ta9 pores & asp]ities1 :i* z f> z    
inequality is conc]n$ are proportionable
 to ! air2 & ! air be+ receiv$ 9 c]ta9  
positions1 & hav+ 7z x 77 c]ta9 /ays to 
hang to1 does n slip (f2 b :5 x is c>ri$
 up to ! /one & is =c$ aga9/ x1 x draws 
! iron by =ce along ) x to ! /one4 ,su* 
!n may be ! reason ( ?is4  ,b ! mann] ( 
! wat]s runn+ ov] ! e>? is n s evid5t4  
,b x is obs]vable t ! wat]s ( lakes &   
ponds /& immovable1 because ! air ab\t  
!m /agnates immovable & admits ( no     
vacuity4 ,= ! wat] on ! surface ( lakes 
& seas is tr\bl$ & fluctuates z ! air is
 mov$1 x foll[+ ! motion ( ! air1 & mov+
 z x is mov$4 ,= ! =ce f bel[ causes !  
holl[ness ( ! wave1 & f above ! swell+  
!re(2 until ! air ambi5t & conta9+ !    
wat] is /ill4 ,!re=e ! flux ( su* wat]s 
z foll[ ! motion ( ! rec$+ air1 & are   
impell$ by t :i* presses beh9d1 is      
cont9u$ )\t end4 ,& ?is is ! reason t ! 

/ream increases ) ! wat]s1 & is sl[ :]e 
! wat] is weak1 ! air n giv+ way1 &     
!re=e endur+ less reaction4 ,s ! wat] ( 
f\nta9s mu/ ne$s g upw>ds1 ! extr9sic   
air succe$+ into ! vacuity & ?r[+ ! wat]
 out4 ,9 a close h\se1 t keeps 9 ! air &
 w9d1 ! floor spr9kl$ ) wat] causes an  
air or w9d1 because1 z ! spr9kl$ wat]   
falls1 ! air gives way4 ,= x is s       
provid$ by ,nature t air & wat] =ce "o  
ano!r & give way to "o ano!r2 because   
!re is no vacuity 9 :i* "o c be fix$ )\t
 exp]i5c+ ! *ange & alt]ation 9 ! o!r4  
,conc]n+ symphony1 he %[s h[ s\nds      
h>monize4 ,a quick s\nd is acute1 a sl[ 
is grave4 ,!re=e acute s\nds move !     
s5ses ! quick]2 & ^! dy+ & grave s\nds  
sup]v5+1 :at arises f ! contemp]ation ( 
"o ) ! o!r causes pleasure to ! e>1 :i* 
we call h>mony4 ,& by :at has be5 said1 
x may easily be und]/ood t air is !     
in/rum5t ( ^! ?+s4 ,= s\nd is ! /roke ^u
 ! s5se ( ! he>]1 caus$ by ! air2 & !   
air /rikes z x is /ruck by ! ?+         
mov+1--if viol5t1 acutely1--if languid1 

s(tly4 ,! viol5t /roke comes quick to ! 
e>2 !n ! circumambi5t air receiv+ a     
sl[]1 x affects & c>ries ! s5se along ) 
x4    ,,"q ,,viii4 ,,:at ,,means        
,,timaeus 7,see ,timaeus1 p4 #db ,d47   
,,:5 ,,he ,,says ,,t ,,s\ls ,,are       
,,disp]s$ ,,into ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,! ,,moon1 
,,& ,,into ,,o!r ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,"t8  
,does ! e>? move l ! sun1 moon1 & five  
planets1 :i* = _! motions he calls      
organs or in/rum5ts ( "t8 ,or is ! e>?  
fix$ to ! axis ( ! univ]se2 yet n s     
built z to rema9 immovable1 b to turn & 
:eel ab\t1 z ,ari/>*us & ,seleucus h %[n
 s9ce2 ,ari/>*us only suppos+ x1        
,seleucus positively ass]t+ x8          
,!ophra/us writes h[ t ,plato1 :5 he    
grew old1 rep5t$ him t he _h plac$ ! e>?
 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se1 :i* 0 n its    
place4  ,or is ?is contradictory to     
,plato's op9ion else:]e1 & 9 ! ,greek   
in/ead ( ,greek omitt$ %\ld x be writt5 
,greek omitt$1 tak+ ! dative case in/ead
 ( ! g5itive1 s t ! />s w n be said to  
be in/rum5ts1 b ! bodies ( animals8 ,s  

,ari/otle has def9$ ! s\l to be !       
actualization ( a natural organic body1 
hav+ ! p[] ( life4 ,! s5se !n mu/ be    
?is1 t s\ls are disp]s$ into meet       
organical bodies 9 "t4 ,b ?is is f>     
besides 8 op9ion4 ,= x is n once1 b     
sev]al times1 t he calls ! />s in/rum5ts
 ( "t2 z :5 he says1 ! sun 0 made1 z    
well z o!r planets1 = ! di/9ction &     
cons]vation ( ! numb]s ( "t4  ,x is     
!re=e mo/ prop] to und]/& ! e>? to be "h
 an in/rum5t ( "t2 n t ! e>? is mov$1 z 
! />s are2 b t1 !y be+ c>ri$ ab\t x1 x  
/&+ /ill makes sunset & sunris+1 by :i* 
! fir/ measures ( "t1 nights & days1 are
 circumscrib$4 ,:]e=e he call$ x !      
infallible gu>d & artific] ( night &    
day4 ,= ! gnomons ( dials are in/rum5ts 
& measures ( "t1 n 9 be+ mov$ ) ! %ad[s1
 b 9 /&+ /ill2 !y be+ l ! e>? 9 clos+   
out ! light ( ! sun :5 x is d[n1--z     
,emp$ocles says t ! e>? makes night by  
int]cept+ light4 ,?is !re=e may be      
,plato's mean+4  ,& s mu* ! r might we  
consid] :e!r ! sun is n absurdly & )\t  

probability said to be made = !         
di/9ction ( "t1 ) ! moon & ! re/ ( !    
planets4 ,= z 9 o!r respects ! dignity (
 ! sun is great2 s by ,plato 9 8        
,republic 7,plato1 ,republic4 vi4 pp4   
#ejh1 #eji47 ! sun is call$ ! k+ & "l ( 
! :ole s5sible nature1 z ! ,*ief ,good  
is ( ! intelligible4 ,= x is said to be 
! (fspr+ ( ,good1 x supply+ bo? g5]ation
 & appe>ance to ?+s visible2 z x is f   
,good t ?+s intelligible bo? are & are  
und]/ood4 ,b t ?is ,god1 hav+ su* a     
nature & s great p[]1 %\ld be only an   
in/rum5t ( "t1 & a sure measure ( !     
diff]5ce t happ5s among ! eight orbs1 z 
!y are sl[ or swift 9 motion1 seems     
nei!r dec5t nor highly rational4 ,x mu/ 
!re=e be said to su* z are />tl$ at ^!  
?+s1 t x is _! ignorance to ?9k t "t is 
! measure ( motion 9 respect ( soon] or 
lat]1 z ,ari/otle calls x2 or quantity 9
 motion1 z ,speusippus2 or an int]val ( 
motion & no?+ else1 z "s ( ! ,/oics     
def9e x1 by an accid5t1 n compreh5d+ its
 ess5ce & p[]1 :i* ,p9d> has n ineptly  

express$ 9 ^! words3 ,"t1 :o surpasses  
all 9 ! seats ( ! ble/4 ,py?agoras also1
 :5 he 0 ask$ :at "t 01 answ]$1 x 0 !   
s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,= "t is no affection  
or accid5t ( motion1 b ! cause1 p[]1 &  
pr9ciple ( t symmetry & ord] t conf9es  
all creat$ be+s1 by :i* ! animat$ nature
 ( ! univ]se is mov$4 ,or r1 ?is ord] & 
symmetry itself--s f> z x is motion--is 
call$ "t4 ,= ?is1       ,walk+ by /ill &
 sil5t ways1      ,mortal ?+s ) ju/ice  
leads4      7,euripides1 ,troades1      
#hhg47  ,accord+ to ! anci5ts1 !        
pr9ciple ( ! s\l is a numb] mov+ itself4
 ,!re=e ,plato says t "t & heav5 7      
coexi/5t1 b t motion 0 be=e heav5 _h    
be+4 ,b "t 0 n4 ,= !n !re nei!r 0 ord]1 
nor measure1 nor det]m9ation2 b         
indef9ite motion1 z x 71 ! =mless & rude
 matt] ( "t4444 ,b :5 matt] 0 in=m$ )   
figures1 & motion ) circuitions1 f t    
came ! _w1 f ?is "t4 ,bo? are           
repres5tations ( ,god2 ! _w1 ( 8 ess5ce2
 "t1 ( 8 et]nity 9 ! sph]e ( motion1 z !
 _w is ,god 9 creation4 ,!re=e !y say   

heav5 & motion1 be+ br$ toge!r1 w p]i%  
toge!r1 if ev] !y d p]i%4 ,= no?+ is    
g5]at$ )\t "t1 nor is any?+ intelligible
 )\t et]nity2 if ?is is to endure =ev]1 
& t nev] to die :5 once br$4 ,"t1 !re=e1
 hav+ a necess>y connection & aff9ity ) 
heav51 _c be call$ simple motion1 b 7z x
 77 motion 9 ord] hav+ t]ms & p]iods2   
:]e( s9ce ! sun is prefect & ov]se]1 to 
det]m9e1 mod]ate1 produce1 & obs]ve     
*anges & seasons1 :i* 7accord+ to       
,h]aclitus7 produce all ?+s1 he is      
coadjutor to ! gov]n+ & *ief ,god1 n 9  
trivial ?+s1 b 9 ! greate/ & mo/ mom5t\s
 affairs4    ,,"q ,,ix4 ,s9ce ,plato 9 8
 ,commonweal?1 disc\rs+ ( ! faculties ( 
! s\l1 has v well comp>$ ! symphony (   
reason & ( ! irascible & ! concupisc5t  
faculties to ! h>mony ( ! middle1 l[e/1 
& highe/ *ord1 7,see ,republic1 iv4 p4  
#ddc47 "s m5 may prop]ly inquire3--     
,,did ,,plato ,,place ,,! ,,rational    
,,or ,,! ,,irascible ,,faculty ,,9 ,,!  
,,middle8 ,,= ,,he ,,is ,,n ,,cle> ,,9  
,,! ,,po9t4  ,inde$1 accord+ to !       

natural sy/em ( ! p>ts1 ! place ( !     
irascible faculty mu/ be 9 ! middle1 & (
 ! rational 9 ! highe/1 :i* ! ,greeks   
call hypate4 ,= !y ( old call$ ! *ief & 
supreme ,greek omitt$4 ,s ,x5ocrates    
calls ,jove1 9 respect ( immutable ?+s1 
,greek omitt$ 7or ,,highe/71 9 respect (
 sublun>y ?+s ,greek omitt$ 7or ,,l[e/74
 ,& long be=e him1 ,hom] calls ! *ief   
,god ,greek omitt$1 ,,highe/ ,,(        
,,rul]s4 ,& ,nature has ( due giv5 !    
highe/ place to :at is mo/ excell5t1    
hav+ plac$ reason z a /e]sman 9 ! head1 
& ! appetitive faculty at a di/ance1 la/
 ( all & l[e/4 ,& ! l[e/ place !y call  
,greek omitt$1 z ! names ( ! dead1      
,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1 d %[4 ,& 
"s say1 t ! s\? w9d1 inasmu* z x bl[s f 
a l[ & obscure place1 is call$ ,greek   
omitt$4 ,n[ s9ce ! appetitive faculty   
/&s 9 ! same opposition to reason 9 :i* 
! l[e/ /&s to ! highe/ & ! la/ to !     
fir/1 x is n possible = ! reason to be  
upp]mo/ & fir/1 & yet = any o!r "p to be
 ! "o call$ ,greek omitt$ 7or ,,highe/74

 ,= !y t ascribe ! p[] ( ! middle to x1 
z ! rul+ p[]1 are ignorant h[ !y deprive
 x ( a high] p[]1 namely1 ( ! highe/1   
:i* is compatible nei!r to ! irascible  
nor to ! concupisc5t faculty2 s9ce x is 
! nature ( !m bo? to be gov]n$ by &     
obsequi\s to reason1 & ! nature ( nei!r 
( !m to gov]n & lead x4 ,& ! mo/ natural
 place ( ! irascible faculty seems to be
 9 ! middle ( ! o!r two4 ,= x is !      
nature ( reason to gov]n1 & ( !         
irascible faculty bo? to gov]n & be     
gov]n$1 s9ce x is obsequi\s to reason1 &
 comm&s ! appetitive faculty :5 ?is is  
disob$i5t to reason4 ,& z 9 lett]s !    
semi-v[els are middl+ betwe5 mutes &    
v[els1 hav+ some?+ m ?an ^? & less ?an  
^!2 s 9 ! s\l ( man1 ! irascible faculty
 is n purely passive1 b ha? (t5 an      
imag9ation ( good mix$ ) ! irrational   
appetite ( rev5ge4 ,plato himself1 aft] 
he _h comp>$ ! s\l to a pair ( horses & 
a *>iote]1 lik5$ 7z e "o kn[s7 !        
rational faculty to ! *>iote]1 & !      
concupisc5t to "o ( ! horses1 :i* 0 re/y

 & unmanageable altoge!r1 bri/ly ab\t ! 
e>s1 deaf & disob$i5t bo? to :ip & spur2
 & ! irascible he makes = ! mo/ "p v    
obsequi\s to ! bridle ( reason1 &       
assi/ant to x4 ,z !re=e 9 a *>iot1 !    
middl+ "o 9 virtue & p[] is n ! *>iote]1
 b t "o ( ! horses :i* is worse ?an 8   
guid] & yet bett] ?an 8 fell[2 s 9 !    
s\l1 ,plato gives ! middle place n to ! 
pr9cipal "p1 b to t faculty :i* has less
 ( reason ?an ! pr9cipal "p & m ?an !   
?ird4 ,?is ord] also keeps ! analogy ( !
 symphonies1 i4e4 ! proportion ( !      
irascible to ! rational 7:i* is plac$ z 
hypate7 mak+ ! diatess>on 7or f\r?71 t (
 ! irascible to ! concupisc5t 7or nete7 
mak+ ! diap5te 7or fif?71 & t ( !       
rational to ! concupisc5t 7z hypate to  
nete7 mak+ an octave or diapason4 ,b    
%\ld y place ! rational 9 ! middle1 y   
w\ld make ! irascible f>!r f !          
concupisc5t2 ?\gh "s ( ! philosoph]s h  
tak5 ! irascible & ! concupisc5t faculty
 = ! selfsame1 by reason ( _! lik5ess4  
,b x may be ridicul\s to describe !     

fir/1 middle1 & la/ by _! place2 s9ce we
 see hypate highe/ 9 ! h>p1 l[e/ 9 !    
pipe2 & :]esoev] y place ! mese 9 ! h>p1
 provid$ x is tunable1 x s\nds m acute  
?an hypate1 & m grave ?an nete4 ,nor    
does ! eye possess ! same place 9 all   
animals2 b :]eev] x is plac$1 x is      
natural = x to see4 ,s a p$agogue1 ?\gh 
he goes n =emo/ b foll[s beh9d1 is said 
to lead 7,greek omitt$71 z ! g5]al ( !  
,trojan army1       ,n[ 9 ! front1 n[ 9 
! re> 0 se51      ,& kept comm&2        
7,iliad1 xi4 #fd47  b :]ev] he 01 he 0  
fir/ & *ief 9 p[]4 ,s ! faculties ( !   
s\l are n to be rang$ by m]e =ce 9 ord] 
( place or "n1 b accord+ to _! p[] &    
analogy4 ,= t 9 ! body ( man reason is 9
 ! highe/ place1 is accid5tal4 ,b x     
holds ! *ief & highe/ p[]1 z mese to    
hypate1 9 respect ( ! concupisc5t2 z    
mese to nete1 9 respect ( ! irascible2  
insomu* z x depresses & height5s1--& 9  
f9e makes a h>mony1--by abat+ :at is too
 mu* & by n suff]+ !m to flatt5 & gr[   
dull4 ,= :at is mod]ate & symmetr\s is  

def9$ by m$iocrity4 ,/ill m is x ! end (
 ! rational faculty to br+ ! passions to
 mod]ation1 :i* is call$ sacr$1 z mak+ a
 h>mony ( ! extremes ) reason1 & ?r\gh  
reason ) ea* o!r4 ,= 9 *>iots ! be/ ( ! 
team is n 9 ! middle2 nor is ! skill (  
driv+ to be plac$ z an extreme1 b x is a
 mean betwe5 ! inequality ( ! swiftness 
& ! sl[ness ( ! horses4 ,s ! =ce (      
reason takes up ! passions irrationally 
mov$1 & r$uc+ !m to measure1 con/itutes 
a mean betwixt too mu* & too little4    
,,"q ,x4 ,,:y ,,said ,,plato1 ,,t       
,,spee* ,,0 ,,compos$ ,,( ,,n\ns ,,&    
,,v]bs8 7,plato's ,sophi/1 p4 #bfb ,a47 
,= he seems to make no o!r p>ts ( spee* 
b !m4 ,b ,hom] 9 a playful humor has    
compreh5d$ !m all 9 "o v]se3--  ,greek  
omitt$ 7,iliad1 i4 #ahe47  ,= 9 x !re is
 pron\n1 p>ticiple1 n\n1 preposition1   
article1 conjunction1 adv]b1 & v]b1 !   
p>ticle--,greek omitt$ be+ put in/ead ( 
! preposition ,greek omitt$2 = ,greek   
omitt$1 ,,to ,,! ,,t5t1 is said 9 ! same
 s5se z ,greek omitt$1 ,,to ,,a!ns4 ,:at

 !n %all we say = ,plato8  ,is x t at   
fir/ ! anci5ts call$ t ,greek omitt$1 or
 spee*1 :i* once 0 call$ protasis & n[  
is call$ axiom or proposition1--:i* z   
soon z a man speaks1 he speaks ei!r true
 or false8 ,?is consi/s ( a n\n & v]b1  
:i* logicians call ! subject & pr$icate4
 ,= :5 we he> ?is said1 ,socrates       
philosphize? or ,socrates is *ang$1     
requir+ no?+ m1 we say ! "o is true1 !  
o!r false4 ,= v likely 9 ! beg9n+ m5    
want$ spee* & articulate voice1 to      
enable !m to express cle>ly at once !   
passions & ! pati5ts1 ! actions & !     
ag5ts4 ,n[1 s9ce actions & affections   
are adequately express$ by v]bs1 & !y t 
act & are affect$ by n\ns1 z he says1 ^!
 seem to signify4 ,& "o may say1 ! re/  
signify n4 ,= in/ance1 ! groans & %rieks
 ( /age play]s1 & ev5 _! smiles &       
sil5ce1 make _! disc\rse m emphatic4 ,b 
!y h no absolute p[] to signify any?+1 z
 a n\n & v]b h1 b only an ascititi\s p[]
 to v>y spee*2 j z !y v>y lett]s :o m>k 
spirits & quantities ^u lett]s1 ^! be+ !

 accid5ts & diff]5ces ( lett]s4 ,?is !  
anci5ts h made manife/1 :om sixte5      
lett]s suffic$ to speak & write any?+4  
,besides1 we mu/ n fail to obs]ve1 t    
,plato says t spee* is compos$ ,,( ^!1 n
 ,,by ^!2 nor mu/ we f9d fault ) ,plato 
= omitt+ conjunctions1 prepositions1 & !
 re/1 any m ?an we %\ld criticise a man 
:o %\ld say su* a m$ic9e is compos$ (   
wax & galbanum1 because fire & ut5sils  
are omitt$1 )\t :i* x _c be produc$4 ,= 
spee* is n compos$ ( ^!2 yet by _!      
means1 & n )\t !m1 spee* mu/ be compos$4
 ,z1 if a man says ,,beats or ,,is      
,,beat51 & adds ,socrates & ,py?agoras  
to ! same1 he gives u some?+ to conceive
 & und]/&4 ,b if a man pron\nce ,,inde$ 
or ,,= or ,,ab\t & no m1 none c conceive
 any notion ( a body or matt]2 & unless 
su* words z ^! be utt]$ ) v]bs & n\ns1  
!y are b empty noise & *att]+4 ,= nei!r 
alone nor jo9$ "o ) ano!r d !y signify  
any?+4 ,& jo9 & conf\nd toge!r          
conjunctions1 articles1 & prepositions1 
suppos+ y w\ld make some?+ ( !m2 yet y w

 be tak5 to babble1 & n to speak s5se4  
,b :5 !re is a v]b 9 con/ruction ) a    
n\n1 ! result is spee* & s5se4 ,!re=e "s
 d ) ju/ice make only ^! two p>ts (     
spee*2 & p]haps ,hom] is will+ to decl>e
 himself ( ?is m9d1 :5 he says s (t51   
,greek omitt$  ,= by ,greek omitt$ he   
usually means a v]b1 z 9 ^! v]ses4      
,greek omitt$1  &1       ,greek omitt$  
7,odyssey1 xxiii4 #ahc2 viii4 #djh47  ,=
 nei!r conjunction1 article1 nor        
preposition c\ld be said to be ,greek   
omitt$ 7,,t]rible7 or ,greek omitt$     
7,,s\l ,,griev+71 b only a v]b signify+ 
a base action or a fooli% passion ( !   
m9d4 ,!re=e1 :5 we w\ld praise or       
dispraise poets or writ]s1 we are wont  
to say1 su* a man uses ,attic n\ns &    
good v]bs1 or else common n\ns & v]bs2 b
 none c say t ,?ucydides or ,euripides  
us$ ,attic or common articles4  ,:at !n8
 ,may "s say1 d ! re/ ( ! p>ts conduce  
no?+ to spee*8 ,i answ]1 ,!y conduce1 z 
salt does to victuals2 or wat] to b>ley 
cakes4 ,& ,eu5us calls fire ! be/ sauce4

 ,?\gh sometimes !re is nei!r occasion =
 fire to boil1 nor = salt to season our 
food1 :i* we h always occasion =4 ,nor  
has spee* always occasion = articles4 ,i
 ?9k ,i may say ?is ( ! ,lat9 tongue1   
:i* is n[ ! univ]sal language2 = x has  
tak5 away all prepositions1 sav+ a few1 
nor does x use any articles1 b its n\ns 
are 7z x 77 )\t skirts & bord]s4 ,nor is
 x any wond]1 s9ce ,hom]1 :o 9 f95ess ( 
epic surpasses all m51 has put articles 
only to a few n\ns1 l h&les to cans1 or 
cre/s to helmets4 ,!re=e ^! v]ses are   
rem>kable :]e9 ! articles are           
suppress$4--       ,greek omitt$        
7,iliad1 xiv4 #dei47  &1       ,greek   
omitt$ 7,ibid4 xx4 #adg47  & "s few     
besides4 ,b 9 a ?\s& o!rs1 ! omission ( 
! articles h9d]s nei!r p]spicuity nor   
elegance ( phrase4  ,n[ nei!r an animal 
nor an in/rum5t nor arms nor any?+ else 
is m f9e1 efficaci\s1 or pleasant]1 = ! 
loss ( a "p4 ,yet spee*1 by tak+ away   
conjunctions1 (t5 becomes m p]suasive1 z
 "h3--       ,"o re>'d a dagg] at a     

captive's brea/2      ,"o held a liv+   
foe1 t fre%ly bl$      ,) new-made      
w\nds1 ano!r dragg'd a dead4            
7,ibid4 xviii4 #ecf47  ,& ?is (         
,demo/h5es3--  ,a bully 9 an assault may
 d mu* :i* 8 victim _c ev5 report to    
ano!r p]son1--by 8 attitude1 8 look1 8  
voice1--:5 he insults1 :5 he attacks z  
an enemy1 :5 he smites ) 8 fi/1 :5 he   
/rikes a bl[ on ! face4 ,^! r\se a man2 
^! make a man beside himself :o is unus$
 to su* f\l abuse4  ,& aga93--  ,n s )  
,midias2 b f ! v day1 he talks1 he      
abuses1 he %\ts4 ,is !re an election (  
magi/rates8 ,midias ! ,anagyrrasian is  
nom9at$4 ,he is ! advocate ( ,plut>*us2 
he kn[s /ate secrets2 ! city _c conta9  
him4 7,demo/h5es aga9/ ,midias1 p4      
#ecg1be1 & p4 #egh1 #bi47  ,!re=e !     
figure asyndeton1 :]eby conjunctions are
 omitt$1 is highly comm5d$ by writ]s (  
rhetoric4 ,b su* z keep ov]/rict to !   
law1 & 7accord+ to cu/om7 omit n a      
conjunction1 rhetoricians blame = us+ a 
dull1 flat1 t$i\s /yle1 )\t any v>iety 9

 x4 ,& inasmu* z logicians mightily want
 conjunctions = ! jo9+ toge!r _! axioms1
 z mu* z *>iote]s want yokes1 & ,ulysses
 want$ )s to tie ,cyclop's %eep2 ?is %[s
 !y are n p>ts ( spee*1 b a conjunctive 
in/rum5t !re(1 z ! ^w conjunction       
imports4 ,nor d conjunctions jo9 all1 b 
only su* z are n spok5 simply2 unless y 
w make a cord "p ( ! bur!n1 glue a "p ( 
a book1 or di/ribution ( money "p ( !   
gov]nm5t4 ,= ,demades says1 t money :i* 
is giv5 to ! p out ( ! ex*equ] = public 
%[s is ! glue ( a democracy4 ,n[ :at    
conjunction does s ( sev]al propositions
 make "o1 by fitt+ & jo9+ !m toge!r1 z  
m>ble jo9s iron t is incit$ ) x 9 !     
fire8 ,yet ! m>ble nei!r is nor is said 
to be "p ( ! iron2 al?\gh 9 ?is case !  
sub/ances compose ! mixture & are melt$ 
toge!r1 s z to make a common sub/ance f 
sev]al & to be mutually affect$4 ,b !re 
be "s :o ?9k t conjunctions d n make    
any?+ "o1 b t ?is k9d ( spee* is m]ely  
an enum]ation1 z :5 magi/rates or days  
are reckon$ 9 ord]4  ,moreov]1 z to !   

o!r p>ts ( spee*1 a pron\n is manife/ly 
a sort ( n\n2 n only because x has      
cases1 b because "s pron\ns1 :5 !y are  
us$ ( objects already def9$1 by _! m]e  
utt]ance give ! mo/ di/9ct designation (
 !m4 ,nor d ,i "k :e!r he t says        
,,socrates or he t says ,,?is ,,"o does 
m by "n decl>e ! p]son4  ,! ?+ we call a
 p>ticiple1 be+ a mixture ( a v]b & n\n 
is no?+ ( itself1 z are n ! common names
 ( male & female qualities 7i4e1        
adjectives71 b 9 con/ruction x is put ) 
o!rs1 9 reg>d ( t5ses belong+ to v]bs1 9
 reg>d ( cases to n\ns4 ,logicians call 
!m ,greek omitt$1 7i4e41 ,,reflect$71--z
 ,greek omitt$1 comes f ,greek omitt$1 &
 f ,greek omitt$1--hav+ ! =ce bo? ( n\ns
 & appellatives4  ,& prepositions are l 
to ! cre/s ( a helmet1 or foot/ools &   
p$e/als1 :i* 7"o may r say7 d belong to 
words ?an are words !mselves4 ,see :e!r 
!y r be n pieces & scraps ( words1 z !y 
t are 9 ha/e write b da%es & po9ts =    
lett]s4 ,= x is pla9 t ,greek omitt$ &  
,greek omitt$ are abbreviations ( ! :ole

 words ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$4 ,z
 und\bt$ly = ha/e & brevity's sake1     
in/ead ( ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$  
m5 fir/ said ,greek omitt$ & ,greek     
omitt$4  ,!re=e e "o ( ^! is ( "s use 9 
spee*2 b no?+ is a "p or elem5t ( spee* 
7z has be5 said7 except a n\n & a v]b1  
:i* make ! fir/ juncture all[+ ( tru? or
 falsehood1 :i* "s call a proposition or
 protasis1 o!rs an axiom1 & :i* ,plato  
call$ spee*4   ,,end ,,(                
,,elev5-----------     ,,lit]>y         
,,essays4  ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,poetry ,,(  
,,hom]  7,hom]ic quotations are almo/   
all tak5 f ,"l ,d]by's ,iliad & ,but*] &
 ,long's ,odyssey4 ,! fir/ is indicat$  
by ! lett] ,i1 ! second by ,o47  ,hom]1 
:o 0 9 "t fir/ among mo/ poets & by 8   
p[] fir/ ( all poets1 we ju/ly read     
fir/1 !reby ga9+ ! greate/ advantages = 
our language1 = our intellect1 & =      
practical k4 ,let u speak ( 8 poetry1   
fir/ hav+ %ortly recall$ 8 orig94       
,hom]1 ,p9d> says1 0 a ,*ian & (        
,smyrnae2 ,simonides says a ,*ian2      

,antima*us & ,nic&]1 a ,colophonion2 b !
 philosoph] ,ari/otle says he 0 ( ,iete2
 ! hi/orian ,ephorus says he 0 f ,kyme4 
,"s d n hesitate to say he 0 f ,salamis 
9 ,cyprus2 "s1 an ,argive4 ,ari/>*us &  
,dionysius ! ,?racian say t he 0 an     
,a!nian4 ,by "s he is spok5 ( z ! son ( 
,maeon & ,kri!us2 by o!rs1 7a son7 ( !  
riv]-god ,meles4  ,j z !re is a         
difficulty ab\t 8 orig91 s !re is ab\t !
 "t 9 :i* he fl\ri%$4 ,ari/>*us says he 
liv$ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! ,ionian           
emigration2 ?is happ5$ sixty ye>s aft] !
 return ( ! ,h]aclidae4 ,b ! affair ( ! 
,h]aclidae took place eighty ye>s aft] !
 de/ruction ( ,troy4 ,crates reports t  
he liv$ be=e ! return ( ! ,h]aclidae1 s 
he 0 n altoge!r eighty ye>s di/ant f !  
,trojan ,w>4 ,b by v _m x is believ$ t  
he 0 born "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,trojan 
,w>1 n mu* be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,olympic
 games1 f :i* ! "t accord+ to !         
,olympics is reckon$4  ,!re are two     
poems ( 81 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 bo?1 (
 :i* are arrang$ accord+ to ! numb] (   

lett]s 9 ! alphabet1 n by ! poet        
himself1 b by ,ari/>*us1 ! gramm>ian4 ,(
 ^!1 ! ,iliad records ! de$s ( ! ,greeks
 & ,b>b>ians 9 ,ilium on acc\nt ( ! rape
 ( ,hel51 & p>ticul>ly ! valor display$ 
9 ! w> by ,a*illes4 ,9 ! ,odyssey are   
describ$ ! return ( ,ulysses home aft] !
 ,trojan ,w>1 & 8 exp]i5ces 9 8 w&]+s1 &
 h[ he took v5geance on ^? :o plott$    
aga9/ 8 h\se4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ,hom]
 sets be=e u1 ?r\gh ! ,iliad1 bodily    
c\rage2 9 ! ,odyssey1 nobility ( s\l4   
,b ! poet is n to be blam$ because 9 8  
poetry he sets =? n only ! virtues b !  
evils ( ! s\l1 its sadness & its joys1  
its fe>s & desires2 = be+ a poet1 x is  
necess>y = him to imitate n only good b 
evil *>act]s4 ,= )\t ^! ! de$s w\ld n   
get ! admiration ( ! he>]1 :o mu/ pick  
out ! bett] *>act]s4 ,& he has made !   
gods associat+ ) m5 n only = ! sake (   
int]e/ & ent]ta9m5t1 b t he might decl>e
 by ?is t ! gods c>e = & d n neglect m54
  ,to sum up1 an extraord9>y & my?ical  
n>ration ( ev5ts is employ$ 9 ord] to   

/ir 8 read]s ) wond] & to make 8 he>]s  
/rongly impress$4 ,:5ce he seems to h   
said "s ?+s contr>y to :at is likely4 ,=
 ! p]suasive always foll[s :]e !        
rem>kable & elevat$ are previ\sly       
conjo9$4 ,!re=e he n only elevates      
actions1 & turns !m f _! cu/om>y c\rse1 
b words z well4 ,t he always h&les novel
 ?+s & ?+s out ( ! common sph]e1 & leads
 on 8 he>]s1 is evid5t to e "o4 ,& inde$
 9 ^! fabul\s n>ratives1 if "o reads n  
unatt5tively b c>efully ea* elem5t ( :at
 is said1 ,hom] appe>s to h be5 at home 
9 ! :ole sph]e & art ( logic1 & to h    
suppli$ _m inc5tives1 & z x 7 se$s ( all
 k9ds ( ?\ght & action to 8 po/]ity1 n  
to poets alone1 b to ! au?ors (         
hi/orical & sci5tific works4 ,let u fir/
 look at 8 v>i$ =m ( spee*1 & aft]w>d at
 8 s\nd k on matt]s ( fact4 ,all poetry 
grips ! he>] by def9ite ord] ( coord9at$
 expressions1 by rhy?m & metre1 s9ce !  
smoo? & fl[+1 by becom+ at ! same "t    
grave & sweet1 =ces ! att5tion by its   
action on ! s5ses4 ,:5ce x comes to pass

 also t x delights n only by ! /rik+ &  
attractive p>ts1 b easily p]suades by ! 
p>ts t5d+ to virtue4  ,! poems ( ,hom] h
 ! mo/ p]fect metre1 ! hexamet]1 :i* is 
also call$ h]oic4 ,x is call$ hexamet]  
because ea* l9e has six feet3 "o ( ^! is
 ( two long syllables1 call$ spondee2 ! 
o!r1 ( ?ree syllables1 "o long & two    
%ort1 :i* is call$ dactyl4 ,bo? are     
iso*ronic4 ,^! 9 int]*angeable ord] fill
 out ! hexamet] v]se4 ,x is call$ h]oic 
because 9 x ! de$s ( ! h]oes are        
rec\nt$4  ,he makes use ( a s\nd        
diction1 comb9+ ! *>act]i/ics ( e ,greek
 dialect1 f :i* x is pla9 t he travell$ 
ov] ! :ole ( ,greece & among e p 9 x4   
,he uses ! ellipse ( ! ,dorians1 due to 
_! practice ( %ort5+ _! spee*1 say+ =   
,greek omitt$1 z 7,o4 i4 #cib73         
,imm$iately a beautiful horse 7,greek   
omitt$7 0 81 & = ,greek omitt$ he uses  
,greek omitt$1 z 7,o4 xix4 #edc73       
,because 7,greek omitt$7 an eagle kill$ 
my geese2 & = ,greek omitt$1 back1      
,greek omitt$1 *ang+ ! o into a1 !      

,greek lett] omitt$ & ! ,greek lett]    
omitt$ into its relat$ lett]4 ,& ,greek 
omitt$ he *anges to ,greek omitt$7,i4   
xiv4 #bdi73 ,= be=e at ano!r "t 7,greek 
omitt$7 y\r precepts made me mode/1 &   
simil> cases4 ,likewise1 dropp+ ! middle
 syllable1 he says = ,greek omitt$1 ( l 
hair1 & ,greek omitt$1 ( ! same ye>s1   
,greek omitt$2 & = ,greek omitt$1 t is1 
( ! same fa!r1 ,greek omitt$2 = ,greek  
omitt$2 to tremble1 ,greek omitt$ =     
,greek omitt$1 ,i hon\r1 ,greek omitt$4 
,x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,dorians also to 
transpose lett]s1 z :5 !y say = ,greek  
omitt$1 ,greek omitt$4  ,9 composite    
words he makes use ( ! syncope ( !      
,aeolians1 say+ ,greek omitt$ in/ead (  
,greek omitt$1 !y w5t to sleep1 & ,greek
 omitt$1 = ,greek omitt$1 to subject4   
,!n :5 ! ?ird p]son ( ! imp]fect among  
o!r ,greek peoples ends 9 ! diph?ong    
,greek lett]1 ! ,eolians end 9 ,greek   
lett]1 z :5 !y say = ,greek omitt$1 he 0
 lov+1 ,greek omitt$1 & = ,greek omitt$1
 he 0 ?9k+1 ,greek omitt$4 ,?is cu/om   

,hom] foll[$1 say+ 7,i4 xi4 #aje73 ,he  
b\nd 7,greek omitt$7 9 t5d] twigs1      
in/ead ( ,greek omitt$1 & 7,o4 v4 #dgh73
 ,:i* nei!r any humid p[] ( ! w9d       
p5etrates ,greek omitt$4 ,besides ?is !y
 *ange ,greek lett] into ,greek lett]1 z
 !y say ,greek omitt$ = ,greek omitt$1  
odor1 & ,greek ,omitt$ = ,greek omitt$1 
we knew4  ,besides1 !y use pleonasm 9 "s
 expressions1 z :5 !y put = ,greek      
omitt$1 calm1 ,greek omitt$1 ,greek     
omitt$ = ,greek omitt$1 b1 ,greek omitt$
 got ,greek omitt$1 hav+ cri$4 ,& :5 to 
! second p]son ( v]bs !y add ,greek     
omitt$1 = ,greek omitt$ ?\ speake/1     
,greek omitt$1 & = ,greek omitt$1 ?\ ha/
 spok51 ,greek omitt$4 ,"s attribute !  
d\bl+ ( ! consonant to ! ,dorians1 "s to
 ! ,aeolians4 ,su* z we f9d 9 ,i4 v4    
#hc3 ,black dea? laid hold on ,greek    
omitt$ him1 ,greek omitt$2 = ,greek     
omitt$ z ,i4 iii4 #cba3 ,ea* did ^!     
de$s4  ,he pres]ves ! peculi>ity ( !    
,ionians = ! pret]ite t5ses ( v]bs !    
apha]esis1 z :]e he says ,greek omitt$ =

 ,greek omitt$4 ,s 9 pa/ t5ses !y are   
want to beg9 ) ! same lett] z 9 pres5t  
t5ses & to leave (f ! ,greek lett] 9 !  
^w ,greek omitt$1 prie/ & ,greek omitt$1
 hawk4 ,besides1 !y add ,greek lett] to 
! ?ird p]sons ( ! subjunctive mood1 z :5
 !y say = ,greek omitt$ may h come1     
,greek omitt$1 & = ,greek omitt$1 may h 
tak51 ,greek omitt$4 ,?is p>ticiple !y  
add to ! dative1 ,greek omitt$1 to !    
gates1 to ! woods4 ,besides1 !y say     
,greek omitt$ = "n1 & ,greek omitt$ =   
,greek omitt$1 disease & ,greek omitt$ =
 ,greek omitt$1 empty1 & ,greek omitt$ =
 ,greek omitt$1 black4 ,& !n !y *ange   
long ,greek lett] into ,greek lett]1    
z,greek omitt$ = ,greek omitt$1 ,juno1 &
 = ,greek omitt$1 ,m9]va4 ,& sometimes  
!y *ange ,greek lett] into ,greek lett]1
 say+ = ,greek omitt$1 hav+ =gott54     
,moreov]1 !y write 9 full by dia]esis   
words :i* are circumflex$1 = ,greek     
omitt$1 intellig5t1 ,greek omitt$4 ,9 ! 
same way !y l5g!n g5itive s+ul>s 9      
,greek omitt$1 z ,greek omitt$1 &       

g5itive fem99es 9 ,greek omitt$1 z      
,greek omitt$1 ( gates1 ,greek omitt$1 (
 nymphs1 & f9ally regul> plurals ( n\ns 
9 ! neut] g5d] end+ 9 ,greek lett] z    
,greek omitt$1 ,greek omitt$1 brea/s1   
d>ts1 & _! g5itives likewise4 ,!y say 9 
_! way ,greek omitt$ = ,greek omitt$4   
,b he mo/ l>gely us$ ! ,attic dialect = 
x 0 comb9$ ) o!rs4 ,= j z 9 ,attic !y   
say ,greek omitt$ = ,greek omitt$1 p1 s 
he did1 z ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1
 debt4 ,x is a cu/om ) !m sometimes to  
use contractions & to put "o syllable = 
two1 z = ,greek omitt$1 ^w1 ,greek      
omitt$1 & = ,greek omitt$1 clo!s1 ,greek
 omitt$4 ,relat$ to ^! is t ,hom]ic     
expression1 ! ,trojans 9 cr[ds b5t ov]  
,greek omitt$1 & ano!r case1 fields be>+
 ! lotos ,greek omitt$1 in/ead ( ,greek 
omitt$4 ,besides !y take ,greek lett] f 
t type ( optative1 say+ = ,greek omitt$1
 x might seem good to !e1 ,greek omitt$1
 = ,greek omitt$1 mightie/ ?\ be honor$1
 ,greek omitt$4 ,!re is also an         
,atticism ,greek omitt$ = ,greek omitt$ 

9 8 v]se 7,i4 iii4 #ajb73--       ,b y  
o!rs disc]n$ mo/ quickly4  ,likewise    
?is1 too1 is ,attic1 ! m 7 worse ,greek 
omitt$1 ! few bett] ,greek omitt$1 ?an  
_! fa!rs2 we say ,greek omitt$ or ,greek
 omitt$4 ,& !y d n prolong ^! by        
dia]esis1 ,greek omitt$1 z ox5 ,greek   
omitt$ fall+ d[n1 &1 fi%es ,greek omitt$
 & birds4 ,& t1 too1 is said 9 ! ,attic 
fa%ion 7,o4 xii4 #cca73--       ,nor    
fl[+ d !y break 7,greek omitt$ =        
,greek omitt$7 by _! viol5ce4  ,9 ! same
 way z ,greek omitt$1 ,greek omitt$4  ,&
 ! tak+ away %ort v[els is ,attic3      
,greek omitt$1 he is wa%$1 ,greek       
omitt$1 ,i ?9k1 ,greek omitt$2 9 ! same 
way = ,greek omitt$1 he is loos$1 he    
says ,greek omitt$4 ,! ,attics say      
,greek omitt$1 add+ an unnecess>y ,greek
 lett]1 :5ce also comes ,greek omitt$1  
he 0 p\r+ out w9e4 ,!y contract ! iota 9
 words ( ?is sort1 z = ,greek omitt$1   
%ores1 ,greek omitt$1 %ores1 & = ,greek 
omitt$1 ,greek omitt$4 ,s also 7,i4 xi4 
#ghb73--       ,y two ,greek omitt$ wi%$

 x v mu*4  ,f9ally 9 datives end+ 9 pure
 iota ) a p5ultimate ( alpha ! same is  
done1 z ,greek omitt$1 horn1 ,greek     
omitt$1 old age1 ,greek omitt$1 ray4 ,& 
?is1 too1 is ,attic1 :]e x is said      
,greek omitt$1 let !m be1 & ,greek      
omitt$1 let !m foll[1 = ,greek omitt$ & 
,greek omitt$4 ,! use ( ! dual :i* ,hom]
 repeat$ly employs is ( ! same type4    
,also ) fem99e sub/antives he jo9s      
mascul9e articles1 p>ticiples1 &        
adjectives1 z ,greek omitt$4 ,?is is a  
practice ) ,plato1 z :5 he uses ,greek  
omitt$ pillag+1 & ,greek omitt$1 ! wise 
j woman4 ,s1 too1 ,hom] 7,i4 viii4      
#dee71 speak+ ( ,"h & ,a!ne1 says3--    
,9 va9 smitt5 ,greek omitt$ ) a         
?und]bolt on      our *>iots1--  & 7,i4 
iv4 #bb73--       ,a!ne 0 inde$ unwill+ 
,greek omitt$1--  & 7,i4 ii4 #gdb73--   
,fam\s ,greek omitt$ ,hippodamea4       
,moreov] ! dialects h _m peculi>ities ( 
con/ruction4 ,:5 ! poet says 7,i4 iv4   
#ajj73--       ,b seek ) y\r javel9s (  
div9e ,m5elaos1--  in/ead ( !           

accusative1 he pres5ts an ,attic usage4 
,b :5 he says 7,i4 ii4 #ahf73--         
,he took = him ! sceptre & he took ! cup
 =      fair-*eek$ ,!mis--  in/ead ( f  
him & f ,!mis1 he is employ+ a ,dorian  
usage4  ,accord+ly x appe>s h[ he makes 
8 diction v>i$ by ?r[+ toge!r words (   
all ! ,greek dialects1 & sometimes he   
makes use ( =eign words z are ! a=esaid1
 sometimes ar*aic words1 z :5 he says   
,greek omitt$1 fal*ion1 & ,greek omitt$1
 sword1 sometimes common & ord9>y words1
 z :5 he says ,greek omitt$1 sword &    
%ield2 "o might wond] h[ well common    
words 9 8 poetry pres]ve dignity (      
spee*4  ,b an artificially wr\ght /yle  
cultivates v>iation f ! cu/om>y1 by :i* 
x becomes clev]1 m dignifi$1 & altoge!r 
m attractive4 ,! turn ( expression is   
call$ a ,trope1 & *ange ( con/ruction is
 call$ a ,s*ema4 ,! =ms ( ^! are        
describ$ 9 te*nical treatises4 ,let u   
exam9e if any ( ^! is omitt$ by ,hom] or
 :e!r any?+ else 0 discov]$ by 8        
successors :i* he himself did n use     

fir/4  ,among ,tropes1 ,onomatopoeia is 
v common4 ,= he knew ! e>ly orig9 (     
words4 ,! fir/ :o gave names to ?+s     
call$ _m ( !m f :at _h tak5 place1 &    
!re=e introduc$ in>ticulate s\nds into  
writ+4 ,z :5 !y said ,greek omitt$1 to  
bl[1 ,greek omitt$1 to cut1 ,greek      
omitt$1 to woo1 ,greek omitt$1 to ?und]1
 & o!rs l ^!4 ,:5ce he himself creat$   
c]ta9 words n previ\sly exi/+1 copy+ !  
?+s !y signifi$1 z ,greek omitt$1 s\nd1 
& o!r ?+s also indicat+ s\nds1 ,greek   
omitt$1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,none c\ld 
be f\nd m significant4 ,& aga9 :]e "s   
words p]ta9+ to c]ta9 ?+s he attributes 
to o!rs1 z :5 he says 7,i4 xxi4 #ccg73--
       ,be>+ an evil fire1--  :i*       
signifies its p[] 9 burn+1 & fev] he    
uses = fire4 ,l ^! is ! expression 7,i4 
xix4 #be73--       ,brass /rik+ w\nds1--
  he writes to express w\nds inflict$ by
 brass4 ,& to sum up he uses mu* novelty
 ( spee*1 ) great fre$om1 *ang+ "s f _! 
cu/om>y use1 giv+ di/9ction to o!rs = ! 
sake ( infus+ 9 8 language beauty &     

gr&eur4  ,he has also mu* f]tility 9    
epi!ts2 ^! be+ fitt$ to _! objects      
prop]ly & naturally h ! =ce ( prop]     
names1 z :5 he gives to ! sev]al gods   
ea* "s prop] designation1 s he calls    
,zeus ! all-wise & high ?und]+1 & !     
,sun1 ,hyp]ion1 advanc+ al(t1 & ,apollo1
 ,phoebus1 t is1 %9+4 ,b aft] !         
,onomatopoeia let u exam9e o!r ,tropes4 
,cate*resis1 :i* *anges a ^w f a cu/om>y
 signification to ano!r n recogniz$4    
,?is is to be f\nd 9 ! poet :5 he says  
gold5 *a9 ,greek omitt$1 b ,greek omitt$
 prop]ly means a rope1 & :5 he says a   
goat helmet ,greek omitt$2 n[ a helmet  
is ,greek omitt$ 9 ,hom]1 because x us$ 
to be made ( dog's sk91 n ( goat's sk94 
,metaphor1 s-call$ because x transf]s a 
?+ f its prop] significance to ano!r )  
an analog\s lik5ess to bo?1 occurs 9 _m 
& v>i$ =ms 9 v]se1 z is ! l9e 7,o4 ix4  
#dha73--       ,he comes1 hav+ brok5 (f 
! cr[n ( a great m\nta91--  & 7,o4 x4   
#aie73       ,an isl& :i* ! sea laves & 
cr[ns4  ,= ! relation a cr[n has to him 

:om x encircles1 ! same ! sea has to an 
isl&4 ,by mak+ use ( relat$ b n usual   
words he makes 8 spee* n only m         
beautiful b m picturesque4  ,!re are 9  
,hom] v>i\s k9ds ( metaphors2 "s appli$ 
f animate ?+s to animate1 z1 ! driv] ( !
 ca]ulean %ip spoke in/ead ( ! sailor1 &
 he w5t to ,agamemnon ! son ( ,atreus1 !
 %eph]d ( ! p in/ead ( k+4 ,"s are      
appli$ f animate to inanimate1 z 7,i4   
ii4 #hbd73--       ,"u ! extreme foot ( 
,ida1--  t is1 ! ris+ gr\nd4 ,also 7,i4 
ix4 #ada73--       ,! brea/ ( ! field1--
  t is1 ! f]tility4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1
 f inanimate to animate1 z 7,i4 xxiv4   
#bje73--       ,! iron brea/4  ,f       
inanimate to animate1 z 7,o4 v4 #dij73--
       ,pres]v+ ! se$ ( fire1--  in/ead 
( ! g5]at+ orig94 ,!n he has metaphors (
 v]bs z well z sub/antives 7,i4 xvii4   
#bfe73--       ,z ! %ores bell[ ) !     
smit+ salt & gale1--  in/ead ( res\nd4  
,ano!r ,trope :i* is call$ ,metalepsis1 
signify+ a diff]5t ?+ by a synonym 7,o4 
xv4 #bii73--       ,i bea*$ ! %ip 9 !   

%>p isl&s1--  = he wi%es to signify     
isl&s prop]ly call$ jagg$4 ,bo? words 9 
,greek are synonyms4 ,= 9 ,greek %>p n  
only signifies swiftness ( motion1 b    
also 9 a figure t :i* rises into a sl5d]
 %ape4 ,su* is ! quotation 7,o4 ix4     
#cbg73--       accompani$ him & %>p5$ my
 pace4  ,ano!r ,trope is nam$           
,synecdo*e1 call$ f ?is reason2 t f :at 
is prop]ly meant1 ano!r ( ! l k9d is    
und]/ood4 ,?is ,trope has also _m       
v>ieties4 ,= ei!r we p]ceive ! "p f !   
:ole1 z 7,i4 xii4 #acg73--       ,!y    
advanc$ /raight to ! walls ! burn+      
bulls1--  = he wi%es to indicate by !   
appellation bulls ! lea!r out ( :i*     
%ields are wont to be made4 ,or f a "p !
 :ole 7,o4 i4 #cdc73--       ,i long =  
su* a head1--  = f ! head he signifies !
 man4 ,& :5 = beautiful he says end[$ ) 
beautiful *eeks1 & = well arm$ he says  
well greav$4 ,or f "o ! _m1 z :5 he     
speaks ( ,odysseus 7,o4 i4 #b73--       
,:5 he wa/$ ! sacr$ citadel ( ,troy4  ,n
 he by himself took ,troy1 b along ) !  

re/ ( ! ,greeks4 ,f ! _m "o1 z 7,i4 iii4
 #cig71 happy brea/s1 i4e4 brea/4 ,f !  
species ! g5us1 z 7,i4 xii4 #chj73--    
,ca/+ on ! h>d m>ble1--  = m>ble is a   
species ( rock4 ,f ! g5us ! species 7,o4
 ii4 #aei74--       ,to "k ! birds & to 
say _m fitt+ ?+s4  ,he wi%es to say n   
all birds1 b only ! birds ( auspices4 ,f
 ! in/rum5ts ! action1 z 7,i4 ii4       
#hbg73--       ,p&orus to :om he gave ! 
b[ ( ,apollo4  ,by ! b[ he indicates !  
skill 9 us+ x4 ,& 7,o4 xii4 #agb73--    
,sitt+ !y made ! wat] :ite1--  & 7,o4   
iii4 #dhf73--       ,n[ o!rs mov$ ! :ole
 day ! ?ong ( _! s&al4  ,?is comes f an 
accid5tal feature2 9 ! fir/ case !y 7   
r[+1 9 ! next !y 7 runn+1 is to be      
impli$4 ,besides !re is ! consequ5t to !
 prec$5t1 z 7,o4 xi4 #bde73--       ,%e 
loos$ ! virg9 zone4  ,x foll[s t %e     
defil$ x4 ,f ! consequ5t ! prec$5t1 z :5
 in/ead ( say+ to kill he says to dis>m1
 t is1 to spoil4  ,!re is ano!r ,trope  
call$ ,metonymy1 i4e4 :5 an expression  
appli$ prop]ly to "o ?+ indicates ano!r 

relat$ to x1 su* z 7,i4 ii4 #dbf73--    
,b ! "y m5 proce$ to gr9d ,demet]1--  = 
he means ! crop ( gra9 nam$ f its       
inv5tor1 ,demet]4 ,& :5 he says 7,o4    
xix4 #bh73--       ,!y held ! transfix$ 
entrails ov] ,hephae/us4  ,by ! "n      
,hephae/us he signifies fire4 ,l :at has
 previ\sly be5 m5tion$ is ?is 7,i4 i4   
#bbc74--       ,:oev] %all t\* my       
*o5ix1--  = :at is conta9$ 9 ! *o5ix is 
int5d$4  ,!re is besides ano!r ,trope1  
,autonomasia1 :5 an epi!t or co-title is
 us$ = a prop] "n1 z 9 ?is example 7,i4 
viii4 #ci73--       ,! son ( ,peleus    
aga9 attack$ ! son ( ,atreus      )     
petulant words4  ,by ?is he indicates   
,a*illes & ,agamemnon respectively4 ,&  
aga9 7,i4 xxii4 #ahc73--       ,be (    
good *e]1 ,tritonia1 de> daught]1--  & 9
 o!r places 7,i4 xx4 #ci73--       ,%orn
 ,phoebus4  ,9 ! "o case he means ,a!ne 
& 9 ! o!r ,apollo4  ,!re is1 too1       
,antiphrasis1 or an expression signify+ 
! opposite f :at x appe>s to d 7,i4 i4  
#ccj73--       ,see+ ^! ,a*illes did n  

rejoice4  ,he wi%es to say ! contr>y1 t 
see+ !m he 0 disgu/$4  ,!re is also     
,emphasis1 :i* ?r\gh reflection adds    
vigor to :at is said 7,o4 xi4 #ebc73--  
,b desc5d+ into ! home :i* ,epeus       
con/ruct$4  ,9 ! ^w desc5d+ he reveals !
 great size ( ! h\se4 ,( ! same k9d is !
 l9e 7,i4 xvi4 #ccc73--       ,! :ole s&
 0 hot ) blood1--  = 9 ?is he furni%es a
 m int5se description1 z if ! s& 0 s    
ba!d ) blood t x 0 hot4 ,^! k9d (       
,tropes 7 inv5t$ by ,hom] fir/ ( all4   
,let u look at ! *anges ( con/ruction   
:i* are call$ figures to see if ,hom]   
also fir/ inv5t$ ^!4 ,figure is a me?od 
( expression div]g5t f ord9>y cu/om = ! 
sake ( ornam5t or utility1 alt]$ by a   
k9d ( fiction4 ,= beauty is add$ to     
n>rative by v>iety & *ange ( expression1
 & ^! make ! /yle m impressive4 ,!y are 
also useful because !y exalt & int5sify 
innate qualities & p[]s4  ,among !      
figures ,pleonasm is sometimes us$ = !  
sake ( ! metre2 z 9 7,i4 xix4 #bdg73--  
,odysseus add+ all t5 tal5ts ( gold1--  

= ! ^w all is add$ )\t contribut+ to !  
s5se4 ,x is done = ! sake ( ornam5t1 cf4
 7,i4 xviii4 #ab74--       ,c]ta9ly !   
/r5u\s son ( ,m5oetius is q dead1--  = !
 ^w q is pleona/ic aft] ! ,attic fa%ion4
  ,sometimes by sev]al =ms ( spee* he   
unfolds 8 mean+4 ,?is is call$          
,p]iphrasis4 ,z :5 he says ,sons ( !    
,a*aeans = ,a*aeans1 & ! ,h]culean might
 = ,h]cules4  ,?+s are said figuratively
 by ,mutation :5 ! ord9>y ord] is       
inv]t$4 ,b he puts 9 an expression 9 !  
mid/ :i* is call$ ,hyp]baton1 z 9 ?is   
7,i4 xvii4 #edb73--       ,j z a lion   
fe$s on an eat5 bull1--  in/ead ( say+ !
 lion eats up ! bull4 ,& s he passes !  
limits ( ! s5t5ce 7,i4 ii4 #ccc73--     
,he said1 & l\dly *e]$ ! ,greeks--& l\d 
,f all ! holl[ %ips came back ! *e]s--  
,9 admiration ( ,ulysses' spee*4  ,!    
ord] is ! ,argives applaud$ ) a great   
%\t ! spee* ( div9e ,odysseus4  ,( !    
same k9d is ! figure call$ ,p>embole1 or
 int]position1 :5 some?+ outside hav+   
no?+ to d ) ! subject is introduc$4 ,if 

x is remov$1 ! con/ruction is n affect$ 
7,i4 i4 #bcd73--       ,by ?is ,i say & 
) an oa? confirm      ,by ?is my royal  
/aff1 :i* nev] m      ,%all put =? leaf 
nor spray1 s9ce fir/ x left      ,^u !  
m\nta9 side its p>5t /em      ,nor      
blossom m2 s9ce all ar\nd ! axe         
,ha? lopp$ bo? leaf & b>k--444  & ! re/ 
z mu* z he has said ab\t ! sceptre1 !n  
jo9+ :at foll[s ) ! beg9n+ 7,i4 i4      
#cdj73--       ,! "t %all come :5 all ! 
sons ( ,greece      ,%all m\rn ,a*illes'
 loss4  ,he uses also ,palillogia--t is 
! repetition ( "s "p ( a s5t5ce1 or     
sev]al p>ts are repeat$4 ,?is figure is 
call$ ,r$uplication1 su* z 7,i4 xx4     
#cga73--       ,enc\nt] him well6  ,?\gh
 8 h&s 7 h&s ( fire1      ,( fire1 8    
h&s1 8 /r5g? z burni%$ /eel4  ,sometimes
 c]ta9 ins]tions are made & !y are      
repeat$1 z 9 7,o4 i4 #bb73--            
,h[beit ,poseidon _h n[ dep>t$ = !      
di/ant ,e?iopians1      ! ,e?iopians t  
are sund]$ 9 twa91 ! utt]mo/      ( m54 
,?is is a figure reveal+ ! feel+ ( !    

speak] & at ! same "t affect+ ! he>]4   
,( ! same k9d is ,relation2 :5 at !     
comm5cem5t ( sev]al memb]s ( a s5t5ce ! 
same "p is repeat$4 ,an example ( ?is f 
! poet is 7,i4 ii4 #fga73--             
,nireus ?ree well-trimm$ %ips f ,syme   
br\ght4      ,nireus to ,*>ops :om      
,aglaia bore4      ,nireus ! goodlie/   
man ( all ! ,greeks4  ,?is figure is    
likewise adapt$ to excite ! emotions &  
give sweetness to ! expression4  ,he has
 also ,regression4 ,?is is :5 "o puts   
=w>d two names ( objects4 ,:5 ! s5se is 
n yet complete1 ! poet returns to bo? ( 
! names1 complet+ :at is lack+ 9 ! s5se1
 z 7,i4 v4 #eah74--       ,foll[$ !     
?rong+ b&s ( ,troy1 by ,m>s & fi]ce     
,bellona l$3 %e by ! h& wild upro> held2
 :ile ,m>s      a giant spe> br&i%$     
al(t4  ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is figure is    
v>iety & p]spicuity4  ,he has also !    
figure call$ ,homoioteleuton 9 :i* !    
p>ts ( ! s5t5ce h end+s simil> 9 s\nd & 
h ! same syllables at ! end 7,o4 xv4    
#gd73--       ,m5 %\ld love a gue/ :ile 

he is ) !m1 & s5d      him on 8 way :5  
he w\ld dep>t1--  & 9 ! foll[+ 7,o4 vi4 
#db73--  ,& %e dep>t$ to ,olympus1 :]e  
!y say is ! seat ( ! gods t /&e? fa/    
=ev]4 ,n by ! w9d is x %ak5 nor ev] wet 
) ra9 nor do? ! sn[ come nigh !reto1 b  
mo/ cle> air is spread ab\t x cl\dless &
 ! :ite light floats ov] x4  ,:5 p]iods 
or _! memb]s end 9 n\ns :i* are ( ! same
 decl5sion ?is is prop]ly call$         
,homoioptolon1 z ! foll[+ 7,i4 ii4      
#hg73--       ,greek omitt$       ,z    
sw>ms ( bees1 t p\r 9 ceaseless /ream   
,f out ! crevice ( "s holl[ rock4  ,!   
above & o!rs l !m add grace &           
attractiv5ess to ! n>rative4  ,z a pro( 
( 8 c>e 9 composition we (t5 see he     
employs two figures 9 ! same v]ses1 z   
,epanaphora & ,homoioteleuton 7,i4 ii4  
#chb73--       ,ea* %>p5 well 8 spe>1 8 
%ield prep>e      ,ea* to 8 fi]y /e$s _!
 =age give4  ,belong+ to ^! is ! figure 
call$ ,p>ison1 :i* is =m$ out ( two or m
 numb]s hav+ an equal numb] ( words 7,i4
 vii4 #ic73--       ,%am$ to refuse1 b  

fe>ful to accept4--  & aga9 7,i4 xvi4   
#bhb73--       ,_h ca/ away diff]5ce1 _h
 resum$ fri5d%ip1--  ,t ?is figure gives
 mu* ornam5t ( /yle is v cle>4  ,! l    
grace comes f ,p>anomasia1 :5 besides ! 
"n 9 "q ano!r simil> "o is add$ at a    
slight int]val 7,i4 vi4 #acj73--        
,n long did ,dryas' son1 ,lycurgus      
brave1--  & 9 ano!r 7,i4 ii4 #geh73--   
,swift-foot$ ,pro!us l$4  ,b ! above    
examples are arrang$ ei!r by ,pleonasm  
or by "s su* l artifice4 ,b !re is ano!r
 due to abs5ce ( a ^w4 ,( !s omitt$ !   
s5se is pla9 f :at has gone be=e1 z 9 ! 
foll[+ 7,i4 ix4 #cbh73--       ,twelve  
cities h ,i tak5 ) my %ips1      ,elev5 
m by l& on ,trojan soil1--  :]e ! words 
h ,i tak5 are want+ 9 la/ l9e1 b are    
suppli$ f ! prec$+ "o4 ,?is is said to  
be by ,ellipse 7,i4 xii4 #bdc73--       
,"o bird be/ to def5d ! fa!rl&1--  :]e !
 ^w is is lack+4 ,& 7,i4 xx4 #bic73--   
,alas ,i ! grief to me ( great-he>t$    
,a5eas1--  :5 ! words is pres5t1 comes1 
or some?+ ( ! k9d1 are und]/ood4  ,!re  

are _m k9ds ( ,ellipses 9 ,hom]2 !      
effect ( ! figure is quickness4  ,( ?is 
sort is ,asyndeton :5 ! conjunctions    
unit+ s5t5ces are remov$4 ,?is is done n
 only = ! sake ( cel]ity1 b also ( !    
sake ( emotional emphasis4 ,su* z is !  
foll[+ 7,o4 x4 #bea73--       ,we w5t on
 our way1 noble ,odysseus1 up ?r\gh !   
coppice      ev5 z ?\ did/ comm&2 we    
f\nd )9 ! =e/ glades      ! fair halls  
build$ ( poli%$ /one ( ,circe4  ,9 ^! ! 
conjunction is dropp$ s9ce ! speak]     
seeks ! quicke/ me?od ( express+ 8      
message4 ,!re is among ! figures :at is 
call$ ! ,incongru\s or ! ,v>iation4 ,x  
is us$ :5 ! ord9>y arrangem5t is made   
diff]5t4 ,& ! v>iety is due ei!r to     
impress+ grace & elegance to ! words2 ! 
ord9>y movem5ts n seem+ to be foll[$1 b 
! alt]ation has an arrangem5t ( its own4
  ,x (t5 takes place :5 ! g5d]s ( n\ns  
are *ang$ z ,greek omitt$ in/ead (      
,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$4 ,x 0 n   
unusual = ! anci5ts1 & especially among 
! p ( ,attica1 to use mascul9e = fem99e 

z sup]ior & m vigor\s4 ,nor did !y d ?is
 )\t rhyme & reason1 b :5 !y made use ( 
a ^w1 z an epi!t ap>t f ! body :i* 0    
spok5 (4 ,= ! words conc]n$ ) ! body are
 great1 beautiful1 ^? n connect$ ) x1   
glori\s1 =tunate4 ,besides1 !y are      
ambigu\s on acc\nt ( _! composition4 ,= 
9 g5]al all comp\nd ?+s are common to   
ei!r g5d]4 ,& :]ev] a v]b or p>ticiple  
is us$ ) a mascul9e & fem99e n\n1 !     
mascul9e prevails 7,i4 vi4 #efg73--     
,! virg9s & ! y\?s m9d+ *ildi% ?+s1--   
:]e ! p>ticiple is mascul9e4  ,c]ta9    
?+s1 ow+ to ! peculi>ity ( ! dialect or 
! cu/om ( t "t1 are said diff]5tly1     
,greek omitt$ fem99e in/ead ( ,greek    
omitt$ 7,o4 i4 #ec73--       ,& himself 
upholds ! tall pill>s :i* keep e>?      
& sky asund]4  ,(t5 z ! n>rative proce$s
 he *anges ! g5d]s1 z 9 7,o1 xv4        
#abe73--       ,i give to y ! gift1 my  
de> son4  ,son is a neut] sub/antive to 
:i* ! adjective agrees2 ! poet ref]s x  
to ! p]son4 ,( ! same k9d is t :i* is   
said by ,dione to ,v5us 7,i4 v4 #chb73--

       ,h pati5ce1 de>e/ *ild2 ?\gh mu* 
en=c$4  ,analog\s to x is t 7,o4 xi4    
#ij73--       ,anon came ! s\l ( ,!ban  
,teiresias1 ) a gold5 sceptre      9 8  
h&1--  = he made ! p>ticiple ,greek     
omitt$ agree n ) ! g5d] ( s\l ,greek    
omitt$1 b ! g5d] ( ! body1 t is1        
,teiresias4 ,= (t5 he looks n to ! ^w b 
to ! s5se1 z 9 ?is passage 7,i4 xvi4    
#bhj73--       ,9 all _! _s /irr$1 & !  
phalanxes mov$ hop+      = ! idle son ( 
,peleus f ! %ips1--  = ! p>ticiple      
,greek omitt$ does n agree ) ! ^w       
phalanxes1 b ) ! m5 compos+ !m4  ,9     
ano!r way he *anges g5d]s1 z :5 he says 
7,o4 xii4 #ge73--       ,& a d>k cl\d   
encompasses x2 ?is nev] /reams away1--  
s9ce ,greek omitt$ & ,greek omitt$1     
cl\d1 are synonyms1 us+ fir/ ,greek     
omitt$ he aft]w>d makes 8 adjectives    
agree ) ,greek omitt$ und]/ood4 ,l ?is  
are ^! v]ses 7,i4 ii4 #dei73--       ,z 
v>i\s tribes ( w+$ f[l or geese      ,or
 cranes or long neck$ swans             
,besides ,coy/]s /ream1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1  

,disport+1 ply _! w+s4  ,= hav+ fir/ set
 d[n g5]ically ! k9ds ( birds1 :i* are  
neut]1 !n aft] speak+ ( ! species 9 !   
mascul9e he comes back aga9 to !        
neut]--settl+ d[n ) a noise giv+ ! prop]
 agreem5t to ! g5]al ^w ( ! species4  ,!
 poet (t5 *anges ! numb] z well z ! g5d]
 7,i4 xv4 #cje73--       ,! cr[d approa*
 ! %ips ( ! ,a*aeans4  ,fir/ comes a    
s+ul> !n a plural v]b1 pla9ly look+ to !
 s5se1 = al?\gh ! ^w cr[d is call$      
s+ul>1 yet x embraces _m individuals4   
,l x 9 ! opposite way is :5 ! plural    
prec$es ! s+ul> foll[s 7,i4 xvi4        
#bfd73--       ,!y hav+ a m>tial he>t   
ea* "o ru%es on4  ,! ^w ,greek omitt$ is
 s+ul>1 be+ appli$ to a multitude has ! 
same effect z all 7,greek omitt$74 ,!   
same k9d ( figure is ! foll[+ 7,o4 iii4 
#d73--       ,& !y rea*$ ,pylas1 !      
/abli%$ ca/le ( ,neleus1 &      ! p 7   
do+ sacrifice on ! sea%ore4  ,! p (     
,pylas are meant4  ,he has *anges (     
cases1 ! nom9ative & ! vocative be+     
int]*ang$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se 7,i4 ii4      

#ajg73--       ,to ,agamemnon la/       
,?ye/is left x1--  & 7,i4 i4 #daa73--   
,cl\d-compell+ ,zeus1--  & 7#j4 xvii4   
#dae73--       ,fri5d ,greek omitt$ give
 me = ?\ do/ n seem to me      to be !  
wor/ ( ! ,greeks4  ,! g5itive & dative  
are *ang$ 9 ! next example 7,i4 iii4    
#af73--       ,godlike ,p>is fights 9   
front = ! ,trojans1--  in/ead ( 9 front 
(4 ,& ! contr>y 9 ! next 7,o4 v4 #fh73--
       ,!re ab\t ! holl[ cave trail$ a  
gadd+ v9e4  ,:]e 9 ! orig9al ! ,greek ^w
 cave is 9 ! g5itive case1 n z x %\ld   
be1 dative4 ,& ! cause ( ! mutation is t
 ! nom9ative accusative & vocative seem 
to h a c]ta9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,on  
:i* acc\nt n\ns ( ! neut] g5d] & _m     
mascul9e & fem99e ones h ^! ?ree cases  
alike4 ,likewise ! g5itive has a c]ta9  
aff9ity ) ! dative4 ,?is is f\nd 9 !    
dual numb] ( all words4 ,h5ce ! cases   
are *ang$ contr>y to :at is usual4      
,sometimes x is possible to discov] !   
reason = ! *ange1 z 9 ! expression 7,i4 
v4 #bbb73--       ,und]/&+ ( ! field1-- 

& 7,i4 ii4 #ghe73--       ,!y cross$ !  
field1--  j z if he _h us$ ! preposition
 ?r\gh4  ,a f9e example ( *ange ( case  
is f\nd 9 ! beg9n+ ( bo? 8 poems3--     
,s+1 ,o ,muse1 ! v5geance1 etc41 :5ce to
 ,greece unnumb]$      ills arose4      
,tell me1 ,muse1 ( t man1 ( _m a %ift & 
_m ! woes      he suff]$4  ,sometimes   
aft] ! g5itive he br+s 9 ! nom9ative1 z 
9 ?is 7,i4 i4 #bgb73--       ,( o!rs :o 
are n[ mortal4  ,he arranges _m ?+s 9   
figures 9 v>i\s ways1 z ! foll[+ passage
 7,i4 ii4 #cej73--       ,= well ,i we51
 t on ! day :5 fir/      ,we ,grecians  
hi!rw>d our c\rse address'd      ,to    
,troy ! mess5g]s ( blood & dea?      ,?'
 o'errul+ son ( ,saturn1 on our "r      
,8 lightn+ fla%+1 ) auspici\s sign      
,assur'd u ( 8 favor4  ,& ! foll[+ is n 
unlike x 7,i4 vi4 #eaj73--       ,8     
bright arms fla%+ l ! gorge\s sun       
,ha/5'd ) boa/ful mi5 & rapid /ep4  ,&  
^! ?+s1 accord+ to ! anci5t fa%ion1 he  
exalts n unreasonably4 ,if any "o *anges
 ! p>ticiples into v]bs1 he w discov] ! 

sequ5ce1 = ! ^w lightn+ has ! same value
 z :5 x 0 lightn+1 & rely+ s9ce he      
reli$4 ,l ^! cases are ! foll[+ 7,o4    
xii4 #gc73--       ,!re are two crags1  
"o rea*es ! broad sky1  & 7,i4 vii4     
#cjf73--       ,!y p>t$3 ,ajax to !     
,grecian camp      ,& ,hector to ! ranks
 ( ,troy return$4  ,& o!rs ( ! same k9d4
 ,= x is reasonable :5 "o is ab\t to    
speak ( two individuals to put fir/ :at 
is common to ! two1 keep+ ! nom9ative 9 
bo? cases4 ,x is pla9 t ?is common use  
displays mu* grace4 ,sometimes employ+ a
 common case he signifies only "o1 z 9 !
 foll[+ 7,i4 iii4 #baa73--       ,bo?   
sat d[n1 ,ulysses 0 ! high] 9 honor4  ,!
 =m ( words he (t5 *anges1 sometimes    
putt+ ! comp>ative in/ead ( ! absolute  
7,i4 i4 #cb73--       ,t y may return a 
m sane be+4  ,sometimes ! sup]lative = !
 positive1 z 7,i4 xi4 #hcb72--          
,mo/ j ( ,c5taurs4  ,su* is ! *ange 9   
n\ns4 ,b 9 v]bs !re is a *ange 9 moods1 
z :5 ! inf9itive is us$ = ! imp]ative1 z
 7,i4 v4 #abd73--       ,g fe>less      

onw>d1 ,diom$1 to meet ! ,trojan d>ts1--
  :]e ! imp]ative meet might be expect$4
  ,or ! indicative 9 place ( ! optative1
 z 7,i4 ii4 #dhh73--       ,! cr[d ,i   
%all n relate nor "n1--  :]e "o w\ld    
expect ,i c\ld n relate nor "n4 ,&1 on !
 contr>y1 ! optative = ! indicative1 z  
7,i4 v4 #chh73--       ,m>s w\ld !n be  
lo/1--= 0 lo/4  ,!re is a v>iation (    
t5ses :5 ! pres5t is us$ = ! future 7,i4
 l4 #bi7--       ,h] ,i release n till  
h] y\? be fl$1--  in/ead ( %all flee4   
,or = ! imp]fect 7,o4 vi4 #hf73--       
,:]e truly 7 ! unfail+ ci/]ns1 & bright 
wat]      wells up free f b5ea?1--      
in/ead ( well$ up4 ,& ! future = !      
pres5t 7,o4 i4 #bd73--       ,abid+ "s1 
:]e ,hyp]ion w s9k2 & "s1 :]e      he   
rises4  ,or 9 place ( ! pa/ 7,o4 v4     
#cjj73--       ,i fe> t inde$ ! goddess 
may spake all ?+s truly4  ,& ! voices   
are (t5 *ang$4 ,in/ead ( ! active1 !    
passive & middle are (t5 us$1 z 7,i4 i4 
#aid73--       ,a great sword is drawn f
 its %ea?1--  in/ead ( he drew4 ,& 7,i4 

xiii4 #d73--       ,8 ke5 glance turn+  
to view1--in/ead ( see+4  ,&1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! active in/ead ( ! passive3--      
,i %all give a tripod ) a gold5         
h&le1--in/ead (      %all be giv54  ,x c
 be se5 h[ he *anges numb]s1 putt+ !    
plural = ! s+ul> z (t5 happ5s 9 common  
spee* :5 "o speaks ( himself z if (     
sev]al1 z 9 ! foll[+ 7,o4 i4 #aj73--    
,( ^! ?+s1 goddess daught] ( ,zeus1 f   
:atsoev]      s\rce ?\ wilt decl>e ev5  
to u1--  in/ead ( to me4  ,we f9d ) him 
a *ange ( p]sons ( "o sort1 z 7,i4 v4   
#hgg73--       ,! o!r gods1 :o 9        
,olympus dwell1      ,are to !e ob$i5t &
 we are submissive4  ,= s9ce !re are _m 
gods1 among :om is ! p]son speak+1 bo?  
classes are well indicat$ by say+1 !y   
are ob$i5t & we are submissive4 ,9 ano!r
 way leav+ ! p]son :o is spok5 (1 he    
*anges f "o to ano!r4 ,?is is call$     
specifically ,apo/rophe1 & affects u by 
its emotional "* & /imulates ! he>]1 z 9
 ! foll[+ /anza 7,i4 xv4 #cdf73--       
,:ile l\dly ,hector to ! ,trojans call$ 

,to assail ! %ips & leave ! bloody      
spoils      ,:om ,i else:]e & f ! %ips  
alo(      ,%all f9d1--  *ang+ f !       
n>rative to direct disc\rse4 ,9 !       
n>ration itself he (t5 uses ,apo/rophe  
7,i4 xx4 #b473       ,r\nd !e eag] = !  
fray /ood ! sons ( ,greece4  ,b he makes
 use ( direct n>rative & *ange ( p]sons1
 z 9 ! foll[+ passage 7,i4 ii4 #ccg73-- 
,l *ildr51 ,grecian w>riors1 ye debate  
,l babes to :om unkn[n are feats ( arms4
      ,atrides ?\1 z is ?y wont1 ma9ta9 
,un*ang'd ?y c\nsel2 = ! /ubborn fight  
,array ! ,greeks4  ,!re is ano!r k9d (  
?is ,apo/rophe 7,i4 ii4 #cdd73--        
,?\ w\ld/ n "k to :om ,tydides may jo9  
himself1--  in/ead ( no "o c "k4  ,&    
aga9 7,o4 ix4 #baj73--       ,& a       
m>vell\s sweet smell w5t up f ! mix+    
b[l3      !n truly x 0 no pleasure to   
refra94  #eh4 ,he uses p>ticiples 9 !   
place ( v]bs1 z 9 ^! words 7,i4 viii4   
#cjf73--       ,weigh$ d[n 9 a g>d5 by  
?is fruit1--  in/ead ( x is weigh$1 &   
7,o4 xiii4 #aac73--       ,?i!r !y z    

hav+ k ( t place drive      _! %ips1--  
in/ead ( be=e !y knew4  ,& articles he  
(t5 *anges1 sett+ demon/rative in/ead ( 
relatives 7,i4 xvi4 #aej73--       ,:om 
,pod>ge1 swift ( foot1 to ,zephyr       
bore1--& ! contr>y      7,i4 xvii4      
#dfj73--       ,& brea/plate3 = 8 own 8 
fai?ful fri5d ha? lo/4  ,s he 0 wont to 
*ange prepositions 7,i4 i4 #dbd73--     
,ye/]day he w5t ?r\gh ! banquet1--in/ead
 ( to ! banquet4  ,& 7,i4 i4 #aj73--    
,& he /irr$ up an evil plague ?r\gh !   
army4  ,likewise he jo9s ) a preposition
 a n\n improp]ly1 z 9 ! v]se 7,i4 x4    
#aja73--       ,le/ p]*ance !y wi% to   
decide ! conte/ 9 ! night1--  :]e !     
preposition is foll[$ by1 ! accusative1 
n ! g5itive4 ,& z to o!r prepositions1  
"s he *anges1 "s he omits 7,i4 ii4      
#fif73--       ,( :om he lies           
lam5t+1--in/ead ( conc]n+ :om4  ,& 7,o4 
xxiii4 #ia73--       ,expect+ :e!r he   
w\ld bespeak him1--in/ead (      speak  
to him4  ,& o!r prepositions he 9 ! same
 fa%ion *anges or leaves out4 ,& adv]bs 

he *anges1 us+ indiff]5tly motion t[>ds1
 re/ 91 & motion f a place 7,i4 xx4     
#aea73--       ,8 gr&*ildr5 7 sett+ d[n 
f else:]e1--in/ead (      else:]e 7,i4  
vii4 #bai73--       ,& ,ajax came f     
ne>1--in/ead ( ne>4  ,f9ally he has     
*anges ( conjunctions1 z 7,o4 i4        
#dcc73--       ,he nev] lay ) h] & he   
%unn$ ! wra? ( 8 lady1--      in/ead ( =
 he %unn$1 etc4  ,& ^! are ! figures (  
spee* :i* n only all poets b ! writ]s ( 
prose h      employ$4  ,b significance  
is giv5 by him 9 _m ways4 ,"o ( :i* is  
,proanaphonesis1 :i* is us$ :5 any "o 9 
! mid/ ( a n>ration uses an ord] prop]  
to o!r ?+s1 z 9 ! foll[+ l9e 7,o4 xxi1  
#ih73--       ,he 0 to be ! fir/ t %\ld 
ta/e ! arr[1--      & ,epiphonesis 7,i4 
xvii4 #cb73--       ,aft] ! ev5t may    
e'en a fool be wise4  ,! use (          
,prosopopoiia is frequ5t & v>i$ ) him4  
,= he introduces _m diff]5t p speak+    
toge!r1 to :om he attributes v>i\s      
*>act]i/ics4 ,sometimes he re-creates   
*>act]s no long] liv+1 z :5 he says 7,i4

 vii4 #abe73--       ,:at grief w\ld    
fill ! ag$ ,pellus's s\l4  ,!re is1 too1
 ,diatyposis1 :i* is ! work+ out ( ?+s  
com+ into be+ or actually exi/5t or t h 
come to pass1 br\ght 9 to make :at is   
said cle>]1 z 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 ix4       
#eic73--       ,! slaught]$ m51 ! city  
burnt ) fire1      ,! helpless *ildr5 & 
deep-bosom$ dames4  ,or1 to produce pity
 7,i4 xxii4 #fj73--       ,look1 too1 on
 me ) pity3 me on :om      ,e'en on !   
?re%old ( m9e age1 ha? ,jove      ,a    
bitt] bur!n ca/1 condemn$ to see        
,my sons /ruck d[n1 my daught]s dragg$  
away      ,9 s]vile bonds3 our *amb]'s  
sanctity      ,invad$2 & our babes by   
ho/ile h&s      ,da%$ to ! gr\nd4  ,!re 
is also to be f\nd 9 him ,irony1 i4e4 an
 expression reveal+ ! opposite ( :at is 
said ) a c]ta9 e?ical artifice2 z 9 !   
spee* ( ,a*illes 7,i4 ix4 #cia73--      
,let him *oose among ! ,greeks a fitt]  
,k+4  ,= he h9ts t he w\ld n f9d "o ( m 
royal temp]4 ,& ?is is ! same ,trope us$
 :5 "o speaks ab\t himself 9 ext5uation 

& gives a judgm5t contr>y to "o's own4  
,!re is ano!r =m :5 any "o pret5ds to   
praise ano!r & really c5sures him4 ,z ! 
v]se 9 ,hom]1 put 9 ! m\? ( ,telema*us  
7,o4 xvii4 #cig73--       ,ant9\s--v]ily
 ?\ ha/ good c>e ( me1 z x 7 a      fa!r
 = 8 son4  ,= he says to an enemy t he  
c>es z a fa!r = 8 son1 &1 aga91 :5 any  
"o by way ( je/ extolls 8 neighbor1 z ! 
suitors 7,o4 ii4 #cbe73--       ,9 my   
tru? ,telema*us planne? our de/ruction4 
,he w      br+ a rescue ei!r f s&y      
,pylos1 or x may be f      ,sp>ta1 s    
t]ribly is he set on slay+ u4  ,s>casm  
is a species ( ,irony us$ :5 any "o     
jibes at ano!r ) a pret5ce ( smil+4 ,z  
,a*illes1 9 ! foll[+ passage 7,i4 ix4   
#cce73--       ,he met$ out      ,_!    
sev]al portions1 & !y hold !m /ill4     
,f me1 f me alone ( all ! ,greeks1      
,he bore away & keeps my *]i%$ wife4    
,well6 let him keep h]1 solace ( 8 b$4  
,l ?is 9 k9d is ,allegory1 :i* exhibits 
"o ?+ by ano!r1 z 9 ! foll[+ 7,o4 xxii4 
#aie73--       ,n[ 9 good tru?          

,melan?iusi %alt ?\ wat* all night1     
ly+ on1 a s(t b$ z beseems !e4  ,= be+ 9
 *a9s & hang+1 he says he c re/ on a s(t
 b$4  ,(t51 too1 he makes use (         
,hyp]bole1 :i*1 by exagg]at+ ! tru?1    
indicates emphasis1 z 7,i4 x4 #dcg73--  
,^! surpass 9 brilliancy ! sn[1 9 spe$ !
 eagle4  ,hom] us$ ,tropes & figures (  
?is sort & h&$ !m d[n to po/]ity1 &     
ju/ly obta9s glory beyond all o!rs4     
,s9ce !re are also ,*>act]s ( spee*     
call$ ,=ms1 ( :i* "o is ,copi\sness1 !  
o!r ,gracefulness1 & ! ?ird ,re/ra9t1   
let u see if ,hom] has all ^! sep>ate   
classes1 on :i* poets & orators h work$ 
aft] him4 ,!re are examples (           
^!--copi\sness 9 ,?ucydides1            
gracefulness 9 ,lysias1 re/ra9t 9       
,demo/h5es4 ,t is copi\s :i* by         
comb9ation ( words & s5t5ces has great  
emphasis4 ,an example ( ?is is 7,o4 v4  
#bia73--       ,) t he ga!r$ ! cl\ds &  
tr\bl$ ! wat]s (      ! deep1 rasp+ 8   
trid5t 9 8 h&s3 & he r\s$ all      /orms
 ( all mann] ( w9ds & %r\d$ 9 cl\ds ! l&

      & sea3 & d[n sp$ night f heav54   
,! graceful is delicate by ! "* ( !     
matt]4 ,x is drawn out by ! way x is    
express$ 7,i4 vi4 #dff74--       ,?us he
 spake1 great ,hector /ret*'d 8 arms    
,to take ! *ild3 b back ! infant %rank1 
,cry+1 & s\ght 8 nurse's %elt]+ brea/1  
,sc>'d by ! braz5 helm & horse-hair     
plume4  ,! re/ra9$ is betwe5 ! two1 !   
copi\s & ! graceful1 z 7,o4 xxii4       
#bia73--       ,!n ,odysseus1 ri* 9     
c\nsel1 /ripp$ him ( 8 rags &      leap$
 on ! great ?re%old ) 8 b[ & quiv] full 
(      arr[s1 & p\r$ =? all ! swift     
%afts !re be=e 8      feet1 & spake     
among ! woo]s4  ,b ! florid /yle (      
spee*1 :i* has beauty & capacity =      
creat+ delight & pleasure1 l a fl[]1 is 
frequ5t 9 our poet2 8 poetry is full (  
su* examples4 ,! k9ds ( phras+ h mu*    
novelty 9 ,hom]1 z we %all g on to %[1  
by giv+ a few examples f :i* ! re/ may  
be ga!r$4  ,e type ( /yle practis$ among
 m5 is ei!r hi/orical1 !oretic1 or      
political4 ,let u exam9e :e!r ! beg9n+s 

( ^! are to be f\nd 9 him4 ,hi/orical   
/yle conta9s a n>ration ( facts4 ,!     
elem5ts ( su* a n>ration are "*1 cause1 
place1 "t1 in/rum5t1 action1 feel+1     
mann]4 ,!re is no hi/orical n>ration )\t
 "s ( ^!4 ,s x is ) our poet1 :o relates
 _m ?+s 9 _! developm5t & happ5+4       
,sometimes 9 s+le passages c be f\nd    
relations ( ?is k9d4  ,( "*1 z ! foll[+ 
7,i4 v4 #i73--       ,!re 0 "o ,dores   
'mid ! ,trojan ho/1      ,! prie/ (     
,vulcan1 ri*1 ( blameless life2         
,two gallant sons he _h1 ,idaeus nam$   
,& ,phegeus1 skill$ 9 all ! po9ts ( w>4 
,he describes features1 also1 z 9 ! case
 ( ,!rsites 7,i4 ii4 #bag73--       ,)  
squ9t+ eyes1 & "o di/ort$ foot1      ,8 
%\ld]s r\nd1 & buri$ 9 8 brea/      ,8  
n>r[ head1 ) scanty gr[? ( hair4  ,& _m 
o!r ?+s1 9 :i* he (t5 pictures ! type or
 appe>ance or "*1 or action or =tune ( a
 p]son1 z 9 ?is v]se 7,i4 xx4 #bae73--  
,d>danus fir/1 cl\d-compell+      ,zeus 
begot1--& ! re/4  ,!re is 9 8 poetry    
description ( locality2 :]e he speaks   

ab\t ! isl& ne> t ( ! ,cyclops1 9 :i* he
 describes ! look ( ! place1 its size1  
its quality1 & ! ?+s 9 x1 & :at is ne>  
x4 ,also1 :5 he describes ! ?+s adjac5t 
to ! isl& ( ,calypso 7,o4 v4 #fc73--    
,& r\nd ab\t ! cave !re 0 a             
wood-blossom+ ald]      & popl>1 &      
sweet-smell+ cypress4  ,& :at foll[s4 ,&
 innum]able o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d4  ,"t  
n>ratives are f\nd z foll[s 7,i4 ii4    
#acd73--       ,already n[ n9e we>y ye>s
 h pass$4  ,& 7,i4 ii4 #cjc73--       ,n
 long ago1 :5 %ips ( ,greece 7 met at   
,aulis *>g$      ) evil freight = ,troy4
  ,!n !re are ! causes1 9 :i* he %[s :y 
some?+ is com+ to pass or has come to   
pass4 ,su* are ! ?+s said at ! beg9n+ ( 
! ,iliad 7,i4 i4 #h73--       ,say !n1  
:at god ! fatal /rife provok$           
,jove's & ,latona's son2 he fill$ ) wra?
      ,aga9/ ! ,k+1 ) deadly pe/il5ce   
,! ,camp afflict$--& ! p di$      ,=    
,*ryses' sake1 8 prie/1 :om ,atreus' son
      ,) scorn dismiss$1  --& ! re/4  ,9
 ?is passage he says ! cause ( !        

diff]5ce betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon 0 
! plague2 b ! plague 0 caus$ by ,apollo1
 & 8 wra? 0 due to ! insult put ^u 8    
prie/4  ,description ( ! in/rum5t he    
gives1 z :5 he tells ( ! %ield made by  
,vulcan = ,a*illes4 ,& !re is a brief]  
"o on ! spe> ( ,hector 7,i4 viii4       
#dic73--                         ,9 8 h&
      ,8 massive spe> he held twelve    
cubits long1      ,^: glitt]+ po9t      
fla%'d bright ) hoop ( gold             
,encircl$ r\nd4  ,n>rations ( fact are (
 sev]al k9ds1 "s l ! foll[+ 7,i4 vii4   
#fj73--       ,:5 9 ! mid/ !y met1      
toge!r ru%'d      ,buckl]s & lances1 & !
 furi\s might      ,( mail-clad w>riors2
 bossy %ield on %ield      ,clatt]$ 9   
conflict2 l\d ! clamor rose4  ,!        
emotional n>rative is :]e ! incid5t is  
connect$ ) "s p]sonal cause or en]gy1 z 
:5 he speaks ab\t ?+s aris+ f ang] or   
fe> or sorr[1 or :5 p are w\nd$1 kill$1 
or any o!r su* ?+ happ5s to !m4 ,z a    
specim5 ( cause1 take ! foll[+ 7,i4 i4  
#ajc73--       ,8 d>k s\l fill$ ) fury1 

& 8 eyes      ,fla%$ l flames ( fire4   
,( an action 7,i4 xvii4 #ea73--         
,^? locks1 t ) ! ,graces hair might vie1
      ,^? tresses bright1 ) gold & silv]
 b\nd1      ,7 dabbl$ all ) blood4  ,a  
,trope is con/ructive ( action1 or      
exp]i5ce1 or =m1 accord+ z "o acts 9 a  
special way or is act$ ^u4 ,he foll[s ! 
:ole sc5e 9 ?is sort ( n>rative4 ,an    
example ( x w\ld be z foll[s 7,o4 xxii4 
#ae73--       ,b ,odysseus aim$ & smote 
him ) ! arr[ 9 8 ?roat1      & ! po9t   
pass$ clean out ?r\gh 8 delicate neck & 
he fell back1 & ! cup dropp$ f 8 h& z he
 0      smitt51 & at once ?r\gh 8       
no/rils !re came up a      ?ick jet (   
sla9 man's blood4  ,!re is also 9 ,hom] 
n>ration :i* has = ! mo/ "p copi\s      
expression1 a me?od ( work+ 9 full1     
fitt+ ! subject4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is
 concise1 z 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 xviii4      
#bj73--       ,patroclus lies 9 dea?1   
,& o'er 8 body n[ ! w> is wag$1      ,8 
nak$ body1 = 8 arms are n[      ,! prize
 ( ,hector ( ! glanc+ helmet4  ,?is type

 is (t5 useful1 = ! quickness ( ! words 
make ! read] & speak] m int5t1 & he     
imm$iately takes 9 ! subject4           
,sometimes he tells 8 /ory lightly2     
sometimes by an image or lik5ess or     
simile4 ,an image1 z :5 he says 7,o4    
xix4 #ec73--       ,n[ =? f h] *amb]    
came ! wise ,p5elope l      ,artemis or 
gold5 ,aphrodite4  ,a lik5ess z 7,i4    
iii4 #aif73--       ,he l a goat cross$ 
! s]ri$ l9es fir/4  ,a simile1 :5 he    
makes a comp>ison ( closely relat$ ?+s t
 has a connection ) subject n>rat$4 ,!re
 are 9 ,hom] v>i\s k9ds ( similes4      
,con/antly & 9 _m ways he comp>es !     
behavior & nature ( animals to ! arts & 
habits ( m54  ,sometimes he takes a     
similitude f v small ?+s1 n consid]+ !  
size ( ! body1 b ! nature ( ea*2 :5ce he
 lik5s boldness to a fly 7,i4 xvii4     
#egj73--       ,& %e brea!d 9 8 brea/ ! 
c\rage ( ! fly4  ,& he comp>es assiduity
 to ! same creature 7,i4 ii4 #dfi73--   
,z ! _m g5]ations ( numb]less flies4  ,!
 pack+ toge!r & ord]ly mov+ cr[d to bees

 7,i4 ii4 #hg73--       ,z are ! cr[ds (
 c\ntless bees4  ,s he %[s ang] &       
irritation 7,i4 xvi4 #bei73--       ,l  
skilful wasps4  ,& he adds 9 ! same     
place :5 boys are wont to tease1 9 ord] 
t he might height5 _! passionate temp]  
by be+ /irr$ up by *ildr54 ,( a cont9u\s
 s\nd1 he says 7,i4 iii4 #aea73--       
,abundant z ! cricket4  ,= x is a mo/   
*att]+ creature & incessant 9 x4  ,b ^? 
t produce ) no ord] all k9ds ( s\nds1 he
 lik5s to 7,i4 iii4 #c73--       ,j z ! 
clamor ( geese /rikes to heav54  ,b !   
multitudes re/+ 9 ord]1 he lik5s to     
birds settl+ d[n 7,i4 ii4 #dic73--      
,sitt+ d[n ) clamor4  ,%>pness ( sight &
 act he sometimes lik5s to ! falcon 7,i4
 xv4 #bch73--       ,l to a falcon1     
swoop+ on a dove1 swifte/ ( birds4  ,b  
sometimes to an eagle 7,i4 xvii4        
#fgf73--       ,l to an eagle1 fam$ (   
%>pe/ sight      ,( all t fly b5ea? !   
vault ( ,heav'n      ,:om1 so>+ 9 !     
cl\ds1 ! cr\*+ dove      ,eludes n4  ,he
 decl>es its %>pness by its see+ f af>  

(f2 its swiftness1 by its seiz+ a v     
active animal4 ,a man1 ov]come by !     
sight ( an enemy he comp>es to "o :o    
sees a snake1 = he does n hesitate to   
take examples f reptiles 7,i4 iii4      
#cc73--       ,z :5 "s travell] spies1  
c\ld 9 8 pa? ^u !      m\nta9 side1 a   
deadly snake4  ,f ! o!r animals he takes
 examples2 ( timidity f ! h>e & also f !
 /ag 7,i4 iv4 #bdc73--       ,:y /& ye  
?us l timid fawns8  ,f dogs sometimes he
 takes d>+ 7,i4 x4 #cfj73--       ,& z !
 h\nds1 well practis'd 9 ! *ase4        
,sometimes love = _! (fspr+ 7,i4 x4     
#ad73--       ,z a dog loves & def5ds   
its pups4  ,b sometimes _! read9ess 9   
wat*+ 7,i4 x4 #ahc73--       ,z r\nd a  
%eepfold keep _! anxi\s wat*      ,!    
dogs4  ,a capture done ) passion &      
boldness he is wont to comp>e to wolves 
7,i4 xvi4 #ceb73--       ,z rav'n+      
wolves t lambs or kids assail4  ,brav]y 
& con/ancy he %[s by wild bo>s1 pan!rs1 
& lions1 divid+ to ea* "o :at belongs to
 its nature4 ,f bo>s1 ! onslaught !y h1 

9 fight+1 mak+ x irresi/ible 7,i4 iv4   
#bec73--       ,idom5eus ( c\rage       
/ubborn z ! =e/ bo>4  ,f pan!rs1        
inexhau/ible d>+ 7,i4 xxi4 #egg73--     
,z :5 a pan!r by ! spe> transfix$ does n
 remit      h] rage4  ,f lions1         
hesitation1 f9ally brav]y1 z 7,i4 xx4   
#aga73--       ,& ) 8 tail he la%es bo? 
8 flanks & limbs4  ,aga9 ! ru% ( a      
valiant man he lik5s to a horse :i* has 
_h a full meal 7,i4 vi4 #ejf73--        
,z "s pr\d /e$1 at well-fill'd mang] f$4
  ,&1 on ! contr>y1 "o sl[ to move2 b 9 
endurance n easily ov]come1 he %[s 9 ?is
 way 7,i4 xi4 #eeh73--       ,z ne> a   
field ( corn1 a /ubborn ass o'p[]s 8    
boyi% guides4  ,! k+ly temp] & dignity  
he expresses 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 ii4        
#dhj73--       ,z 'mid ! ?rong+ heif]s 9
 a h]d      ,/&s1 pr\dly em95t1 ! lordly
 bull4  ,he does n omit similes tak5 f  
m>9e creatures1 ! p]sev]ance ( a polypus
 & ! difficulty ( remov+ x f a rock 7,o4
 v4 #dcb73--       ,z :5 ! cuttlefi% is 
dragg$ =? f 8 *amb]4  ,! lead]%ip &     

prom95ce ( ! dolph9 ov] ! re/ 7,i4 xxi4 
#bb73--       ,z fi%es fly+ f a dolph94 
,(t5times ?+s made by m5 he comp>es to  
o!rs simil>ly made1 z 9 ?is 7,i4 xi4    
#fg73--       ,! rival b&s ( reap]s m[ !
 swa!4  ,%[+ ! resi/ance & brav]y ( m54 
,b "o lam5t+ ignobly1 he blames 9 a cle>
 comp>ison 7,i4 xvi4 #g73--       ,:y   
weeps ,patroelus l an infant girl8  ,he 
d>$ to comp>e human actions to ! elem5ts
 ( nature1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage 7,i4 ii4
 #cid73--         ,f ?' applaud+ ranks (
 ,greece        ,rose a l\d s\nd1 z :5 !
 ocean wave1        ,driv'n by ! s\? w9d
 on "s l(ty bea*1        ,da%es aga9/ a 
prom95t crag expos'd        ,to bla/s f 
e /orm t w>s ar\nd4  ,9 ^! x is pla9 he 
us$ ,hyp]bola & ,amplification1 = he 0 n
 satisfi$ ) comp>+ ! clamor to ! s\nd ( 
! w9d1 b to ! waves beat+ on a craggy   
%ore1 :]e ! high sea makes ! noise      
great]4 ,nor is ! tempe/ an ord9>y "o1 b
 x comes f ! s\?1 :i* especially /irs up
 ! bill[s1 & x is driv5 aga9/ a project+
 crag /ret*+ out into ! sea1 & surr\nd$ 

by x1 & x has ! sea ov] x con/antly1 & f
 e side ! w9ds bl[ & fall ^u x4 ,su* ?+s
 z ^! are work$ out by him 9 8          
descriptions4 ,f a few examples we c    
become acqua9t$ ) _m4  ,let u see if !  
o!r =ms ( n>rative are to be f\nd 9 our 
au?or & h[ he took cognizance ( !m &    
cle>ly prep>$ !m4 ,we w give a few      
examples & s facilitate acqua9tance ) ! 
re/4  ,!re is ! !oretic /yle1 :i*       
embraces :at is call$ speculative matt]1
 :i* is a k ( ! tru? conceiv$ 9 art4 ,by
 ^! x is possible to "k ! nature (      
reality1 bo? div9e & human ?+s1 & to    
discrim9ate virtues & vices 9 morals &  
to le>n h[ to atta9 tru? by logical     
skill4 ,^! ?+s are ! prov9ce ( ^? :o are
 occupi$ 9 philosophy1 :i* is divid$    
into natural1 e?ical1 & dialectical4 ,if
 we f9d out ,hom] supply+ ! beg9n+s & ! 
se$s ( all ^!1 is he n1 beyond all o!rs1
 wor?y ( admiration8 ,because he %[s    
matt]s ( intellig5ce by d>k say+s &     
my?ical expressions1 x ought n to be    
consid]$ /range4 ,! reason is to be f\nd

 9 poetic art & anci5t cu/om4 ,s ^? :o  
desir$ to le>n1 be+ l$ by a c]ta9       
intellectual pleasure1 might ! easi]    
seek & f9d ! tru?1 & t ! unle>n$ might n
 despise :at !y are n able to und]/&4 ,=
 :at is indicat$ indirectly is /imulat+1
 :ile :at is said cle>ly is valu$ m     
mod]ately4  ,let u beg9 ) ! beg9n+ &    
creation ( ! :ole univ]se1 :i* ,?ales ! 
,milesian ref]s to ! sub/ance wat]1 &   
let u see :e!r ,hom] fir/ discov]$ ?is  
:5 he said 7,i4 xiv4 #bdf73--       ,ev5
 to ! /ream ( old ,oceanus ,prime orig9 
( all4  ,aft] him ,x5ophanes (          
,colophon1 lay+ d[n t ! fir/ elem5ts 7  
wat] & l&1 seems to h tak5 ?is          
conception f ! ,hom]ic poems 7,i4 vii4  
#ii73--      ,to du/ & wat] turn all ye 
:o "h +lori\s sit4  ,= he indicates _!  
dissolution into ! orig9al elem5ts ( !  
univ]se4 ,b ! mo/ likely op9ion makes   
f\r elem5ts1--fire1 air1 wat]1 e>?4 ,^! 
,hom] %[s he kn[s1 z 9 _m places he     
makes m5tion ( !m4  ,he knew1 too1 !    
ord] ( _! arrangem5t4 ,we %all see t !  

l& is ! l[e/ ( !m all1 = z ! _w is      
sph]ical1 ! sky1 :i* conta9s all ?+s1 c 
reasonably be said to h ! highe/        
position4 ,! e>? be+ 9 ! mid/ ev]y:]e is
 bel[ :at surr\nds x4 ,?is ! poet       
decl>es *iefly 9 ! l9es :]e he says if  
,zeus let a *a9 d[n f ,olympus1 he c\ld 
turn ov] ! l& & sea s t ev]y?+ w\ld be 9
 ! air 7,i4 viii4 #bc73--       ,b if ,i
 *oose to make my p['r be kn[n1      ,! 
e>? itself & ocean ,i c\ld raise1       
,& b9d+ r\nd ,olympus' ridge ! cord     
,leave !m susp5d$ s 9 middle air4       
,al?\gh ! air is ar\nd ! e>?1 he says ! 
e!r is high] 9 ! foll[+ l9es 7,i4 xiv4  
#bhg73--       ,& go+ up on a l(ty p9e1 
:i* !n grew on ! summit      ( ,ida &   
?r\gh ! air rea*$ into ! e!r4  ,b high] 
?an ! e!r is heav5 7,i4 xvii4 #dbd73--  
,& ?us !y f\ght3 ! iron clangor pi]c'd  
,! airless e!r & braz5 vault ( ,heav54  
,&1 besides1 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 i4 #dig73--
       ,! vapor asc5d$ to ! great heav5 
& to ,olympus4  ,! top "p ( ! air is f9]
 & m di/ant f ! e>? & its exhalations4  

,!re=e x is said ,olympus is call$ :olly
 %9+4 ,:]e ! poet says ,h]a is ! wife ( 
,zeus1 al?\gh %e is 8 si/]1 he seems to 
speak 9 an allegory1 s9ce ,h]a /&s = !  
air1 :i* is a humid sub/ance4 ,!re=e he 
says 7,i4 xxi4 #f73--       ,h]a spread 
be=e _! pa? cl\ds ( ?ick d>kness4  ,by  
,zeus is signifi$ ! e!r1 t is ! fi]y &  
heat$ sub/ance 7,i4 xv4 #aib73--        
,broad ,heav'n amid ! sky & cl\ds1 to   
,jove4  ,!y seem bro!r & si/] on acc\nt 
( a c]ta9 lik5ess & relation%ip1 because
 bo? are light & mobile2 !y dwell toge!r
 & are intimate1 because f _! int]c\rse 
all ?+s are g5]at$4 ,!re=e !y meet 9    
,ida1 & ! l& produces = !m plants &     
fl[]s4  ,! same explanation h ^? words 9
 :i* ,zeus says he w1 hang ,h]a & fa/5  
two weights to h] feet1 namely1 ! l& & !
 sea4 ,he works out especially !        
pr9ciples ( ! elem5ts 9 :at ,poseidon   
says to him 7,i4 xv4 #ahg73--       ,we 
7 bre?r51 all ( ,rhaea born      ,to    
,saturn3 ,jove & ,i & ,pluto ?ird1      
,:o o'er ! ne!r regions holds 8 sway1  &

 7,i4 xv4 #ahi73--       ,?reefold 0 our
 p>tition3 ea* obta9'd      ,8 me$ (    
honor due4  ,& 9 ! division ( ! :ole1   
,zeus obta9$ ! elem5t fire1 ,poseidon   
wat]1 & ,hades t ( air4 ,him he also    
calls a]ial d>kness1 because ! air has  
no prop] light1 b is light5$ by ! sun1  
moon1 & o!r planets4  ,! f\r? "p 0 left 
common to all1 = ! primal ess5ce ( !    
?ree elem5ts is always 9 motion4 ,! e>? 
alone rema9s unmov$1 to :i* he add$ also
 ,olympus2 x may h be5 because x is a   
m\nta91 be+ a "p ( ! e>?4 ,if x belongs 
to heav51 z be+ ! mo/ brilliant & pure/ 
"p ( x1 ?is may be ! fif? ess5ce 9 !    
elem5ts1 z c]ta9 di/+ui%$ philosoph]s   
?9k4 ,s he1 ) reason1 has conjectur$ x 0
 common1 ! l[e/ "p belong+ to ! e>? by  
its weight1 & ! top p>ts to ,olympus by 
_! lightness4 ,! natures betwe5 ! two   
are borne upw>d to ! "o & d[nw>d to !   
o!r4  ,s9ce ! nature ( ! elem5ts is a   
comb9ation ( contr>ies1 ( dryness &     
moi/ure1 hot & cold1 & s9ce by _!       
relation & comb9ation all ?+s are       

con/ruct$ & und]go p>tial *anges1--!    
:ole n admitt+ (                        
dissolution1--,emp$ocles says all ?+s   
exi/ 9 ?is mann]3 ,sometimes 9 love all 
?+s meet+ toge!r 9 "o4 ,sometimes1 aga91
 ea* be+ c>ri$ away by animosity ( hate4
 ,! concord & unity ( ! elem5ts he calls
 love1 _! opposition1 hate4  ,be=e 8 "t 
,hom] =e%ad[$ love & hate 9 :at he says 
9 8 poetry 7,i4 xiv4 #bjj73--       ,i g
 to visit old ,oceanus      ,! sire (   
gods1 & ,te?ys1      ,i g to visit !m & 
reconcile a l5g!n'd feud4  ,a simil>    
mean+ has ! my? ab\t1 ,aphrodite &      
,ares1 ! "o hav+ ! same =ce z           
,emp$ocles's love1 ! o!r 8 hate4 ,:5 !y 
sometimes come toge!r1 & aga9 sep>ate1 !
 sun reveals !m1 ,hephae/us b9ds !m1 &  
,poseidon releases !m4 ,:5ce x is evid5t
 t ! w>m & dry ess5ce1 & ! contr>y ( ^!1
 ! cold & wet1 sometimes comb9e all ?+s 
& aga9 dissolve !m4  ,relat$ to ^! is   
:at is said by o!r poets t by !         
int]c\rse ( ,ares & ,aphrodite arises   
,h>mony2 a comb9ation ( contr>ies grave 

& acute analog\sly accommodat+ !mselves 
to "o ano!r4 ,by :i* arrangem5t ?+s :i* 
are end[$ ) a contr>y nature are all    
mutually oppos$4 ,! poet seems to h     
signifi$ ?is enigmatically 9 ! conflict 
( ! gods1 9 :i* he makes "s help !      
,greeks & "s ! ,trojans1 %[+            
allegorically ! "* ( ea*4 ,& he set ov] 
aga9/ ,poseidon ,phoebus1 ! cold & wet  
aga9/ ! hot & dry3 ,a!ne to ,ares1 !    
rational to ! irrational1 t is1 ! good  
to ! bad4 ,h]a to ,artemis1 t is1 ! air 
to ! moon1 because ! "o is /able & ! o!r
 un/able4 ,h]mes to ,latona1 because    
spee* inve/igates & rememb]s1 b oblivion
 is contr>y to ^!4 ,hephae/us to ! ,riv]
 ,god1 = ! same reason t ! sun is oppos$
 to ! sea4 ,! spectator ( ! fight 0 !   
prim>y god1 & he is made tak+ joy 9 x4  
,f ! a=e-m5tion$ matt] ,hom] seems to %[
 ?is3 t ! _w is "o & f9ite4 ,= if x _h  
be5 inf9ite1 x w\ld nev] h be5 divid$ 9 
a numb] hav+ a limit4 ,by ! "n all he   
signifies ! collective :ole4 ,= 9 _m o!r
 cases he uses ! plural = ! s+ul>4 ,he  

signifies ! same ?+ m cle>ly 9 say+ 7,i4
 xiv4 #bjj73--       ,! ends ( ! e>?1--&
 aga9 :]e he says 7,i4 vii4 #dgh73--    
,nor %\ld ,i c>e      ,?\gh ?\ w]t ?ru/ 
b5ea? ! l[e/ deep      ,( e>? &         
ocean1--& 9       ,on ! v top ( _m-peak$
 ,olympus :]e !re is a top1      !re1   
too1 is a limit4  ,8 op9ions ab\t ! sun 
are pla94 ,t x has an orbicul> en]gy    
sometimes appe>+ ov] ! e>?1 sometimes   
go+ "u x1 ?is he makes evid5t by say+   
7,o4 x4 #aij73--       ,my fri5ds1 lo we
 "k n :]e is ! place ( d>kness or      (
 dawn+1 nor :]e ! sun t gives light to  
m5 goes      b5ea? ! e>?1 nor :]e he    
rises4  ,& t he is always prec$+ ov] u &
 on ?is acc\nt is call$ ,hyp]ion by our 
poet2 t he makes ! sun ris+ f ! wat] :i*
 surr\nds ! e>? ! ocean1 t ! sun desc5ds
 into x1 is cle>ly express$4 ,fir/1 z to
 ! ris+ 7,o4 iii4 l73--       ,n[ ! sun 
arose & left ! lovely m]e spe$+ to !    
braz5 heav51 to give light to !         
immortals & to mortal      m5 on ! e>?4 
,its sett+ 7,i4 vii4 #dhf73--       ,!  

sun1 n[ sunk b5ea? ! ocean wave1        
,drew o'er ! teem+ e>? ! veil ( night4  
,& he decl>es its =m 7,o4 xix4 #bcd73-- 
,he 0 brilliant z ! sun1  & its size    
7,i4 xi4 #gce73--       ,we z sunlight  
ov]spread ! e>?4  & m 9 ! foll[+ 7,o4   
iv4 #djj73--       ,s (t5 z ! sun 9 8   
c\rse has rea*$ !      mid-heav51--& its
 p[] 7,o4 ii4 log73--       ,( ,helios1 
:o ov]see? all & ord]e? all ?+s4        
,f9ally t x has a s\l1 & 9 its movem5t  
is guid$ by *oice 9 c]ta9 m5aces x makes
 7,o4 xii4 #chc73--       ,i w g d[n to 
,hades & %9e among ! dead4  ,& on ?is   
?us ,zeus exhorts him3--       ,helios1 
see t ?\ %9e on amid/ ! dea?less gods   
amid      mortal m5 ^u ! e>?1 ! gra9    
giv]4  ,f :i* x is pla9 t ! sun is n a  
fire1 b "s m pot5t be+1 z ,ari/otle     
conjectur$4 ,assur$ly1 fire is borne    
al(t1 is )\t a s\l1 is easily qu5*able &
 corruptible2 b ! sun is orbicul> &     
animate1 et]nal & imp]i%able4  ,& z to !
 o!r planets scatt]$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 t  
,hom] is n ignorant is evid5t 9 8 poems 

7,i4 xviii4 #dhj73--       ,pleiads &   
,hyads & ,orions might4  ,! ,be> :i*    
always encircles ! ,nor? ,pole is       
visible to u4 ,by reason ( its height x 
nev] t\*es ! horizon1 because 9 an equal
 "t1 ! smalle/ circle 9 :i* ! ,be> is1 &
 ! l>ge/ 9 :i* ,orion is1 revolves 9 !  
p]iph]y ( ! _w4 ,& ,bootes1 sl[ly s9k+  
because x makes a frequ5t sett+1 has t  
k9d ( position1 t is c>ri$ along 9 a    
/raight l9e4 ,x s9ks ) ! f\r signs (    
,zodiac1 !re be+ six zodiacal signs     
divid$ 9 ! :ole night4 ,t he has n gone 
?r\gh all obs]vations ( ! />s1 z ,aratus
 or "s ( ! o!rs1 ne$ be surpris+ to no  
"o4 ,= ?is 0 n 8 purpose4  ,he is n     
ignorant ( ! causes ( di/urbances to !  
elem5ts z e>?quakes & eclipses1 s9ce !  
:ole e>? %>es 9 itself air1 fire1 &     
wat]1 by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,reasonably1
 9 its dep?s are f\nd vapors full ( _s1 
:i* !y say be+ borne outw>d move ! air2 
:5 !y are re/ra9$1 !y swell up & break  
viol5tly =?4 ,t ! _s is held )9 ! e>? !y
 consid] is caus$ by ! sea1 :i*         

sometimes ob/ructs ! *annels go+ outw>d1
 & sometimes by )draw+1 ov]turns p>ts ( 
! e>?4 ,?is ,hom] knew1 lay+ ! cause (  
e>?quakes on ,poseidon1 call+ him ,e>?  
,conta9] & ,e>? ,%ak]4  ,n[1 !n1 :5 ^!  
volatile movem5ts are kept )9 ! e>?1 !  
w9ds cease to bl[1 !n arises ! d>kness &
 obscurity ( ! sun4 ,let u see :e!r he 0
 aw>e also ( ?is4 ,he made ,poseidon    
mov+ ! e>? aft] ,a*illes issu$ =? to    
fight4 ,= he _h previ\sly m5tion$ on !  
day be=e :at ! /ate ( ! air 04 ,9 !     
incid5t ( ,s>p$on 7,i4 xvi4 #efg73--    
,zeus ext5d$ opaque %ad[s ov] ! fight1--
  & aga9 9 ! case ( ,patroclus 7,i4     
xvii4 #cff73--       ,n[ might ye deem !
 glori\s sun himself nor moon 0 safe1   
= d>ke/ cl\ds ( night ov]spread !       
w>riors4  ,& a little :ile aft]w>d ,ajax
 prays 7,i4 xvii4 #fde73--       ,o     
,fa!r ,jove1 f o'er ! sons ( ,greece1   
,remove ?is cl\dy d>kness2 cle> ! sky   
,t we may see our fate4  ,b aft] !      
e>?quake1 ! vapor issu+ =?1 !re are     
viol5t w9ds1 :5ce ,h]a says 7,i4 xxi4   

#ccd73--       ,:ile f ! sea ,i call !  
/rong bla/      ,( ,zephyr & brisk      
,notus :o %all drive      ,! rag+ flames
 ahead4  ,on ! foll[+ day ,iris calls ! 
w9ds to ! pyre ( ,patroclus 7,i4 xxiii4 
#bab73--       ,!y ) ru%+ s\nd rose &   
be=e !m drove !      hurry+ cl\ds4  ,s !
 eclipse ( ! sun takes place 9 a natural
 mann]1 :5 ! moon on its passage by x   
goes "u x p]p5dicul>ly & is d>k5$4 ,?is 
he seems to h kn[n4 ,= he said be=e t   
,odysseus 0 ab\t to come 7,o4 xiv4      
#afb73--       ,z ! old moon wanes1 & ! 
new is born2--  t is1 :5 ! mon? ends &  
beg9s1 ! sun be+ conjo9$ ) ! moon at !  
"t ( 8 com+4 ,! se] says to ! suitors   
7,o4 xiv4 #cec73--       ,ah1 wret*$ m51
 :at woe is ?is ye suff]1 %r\d$ 9       
night are y\r heads & y\r faces & knees1
 & k9dl$ is      ! voice ( wail+ & ! pa?
 is full ( phantoms & full      is !    
c\rt1 ! %ad[s ( m5 ha/+ hellw>ds b5ea? !
      gloom1 & ! sun is p]i%$ out (     
heav51 & an evil mi/      has ov]spread 
! _w4  ,he closely obs]v$ ! nature ( !  

w9ds1 h[ !y arise f ! moi/ elem5t4 ,= ! 
wat] trans=m$ goes into air4 ,! w9d is  
air 9 motion4 ,?is he %[s 9 v _m places1
 & :]e he says 7,o4 v4 #dgh73--       ,!
 =ce ( ! wet w9ds blew1--  he arrang$ ! 
ord] ( _! s]ies 7,o4 v4 #bie73--        
,! ,ea/ w9d & ! ,s\? w9d cla%$ & ! /ormy
 ,we/      & ! ,nor? t is born 9 !      
bright air1 well+ onw>ds      a great   
wave4  ,( ^! "o comes f ! ris+1 "o f !  
midday qu>t]1 "o f ! sett+1 "o f ! nor?4
  ,& ,subsolanus1 be+ humid1 *anges into
 ! ,s\?1 :i* is w>m4 ,& ! ,s\?1 r>efy+1 
is *ang$ into ! ,ea/2 b ! ,ea/1 becom+  
fur!r r>efi$1 is purifi$ into ! ,nor?   
w9d1 !re=e 7,o4 v4 #che73--       ,%e   
r\s$ ! swift ,nor? & brake ! waves be=e 
him4  ,_! cont5tion he expla9s naturally
 7,o4 v4 #cca73--       ,n[ ! ,s\? w\ld 
toss x to ! ,nor? to c>ry1 & n[         
aga9 ! ,ea/ w\ld yield x to ! ,we/4  ,he
 knew besides t ! ,nor? ,pole is susp5d$
 ov] ! e>?1 & h[ x weighs on ! m5 :o    
dwell 9 t climate4 ,b ! ,s\? ,pole1 on !
 contr>y1 is pr(\nd2 z :5 he says ( !   

,nor? ,pole 7,o4 v4 #bif73--       ,& ! 
,nor? t is born 9 ! bright air roll+ on 
a      great wave on ! ,s\?we/ w9d4     
7,o4 iii4 #bie73--       ,:]e ! ,s\?we/ 
w9d drives a great wave aga9/ !         
left headl&4  ,= by say+ roll+ he notes 
! =ce ( ! wave ru%+ on f above1 b ! w9d 
driv+ signifies a =ce appli$ to :at is  
high]1 com+ f :at is l[]4  ,t ! g5]ation
 ( ra9s comes f ! evaporation ( ! humid1
 he demon/rates1 say+ 7,i4 xi4 #ed73--  
,:o s5t f ,heav'n a %['r ( blood-/a9$   
ra91--  & 7,i4 xvi4 #dei73--       ,b to
 ! gr\nd "s drops ( blood let fall1--  =
 he _h previ\sly said 7,i4 vii4 #cbi73--
       ,^: blood1 beside ,scam&]'s fl[+ 
/ream1      ,fi]ce ,m>s has %$1 :ile to 
! viewless %ade      ,_! spirits are    
gone1--  :]e x is evid5t t humors ( ?is 
sort exhal$ f ! wat]s ab\t ! e>?1 mix$ )
 blood1 are borne upw>d4 ,! same argum5t
 is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 xvi4 #che73--  
,z 9 ! autumnal season :5 ! e>? ) weight
 ( ra9 is saturate1--= !n ! sun on      
acc\nt ( ! dryness ( ! gr\nd draws out  

humors f bel[ & br+s f above t]re/rial  
di/urbances4 ,! humid exhalations       
produce ra9s1 ! dry ones1 w9ds4 ,:5 !   
w9d is 9 impact ) a cl\d & by its =ce   
r5ds ! cl\d1 x g5]ates ?und] & lightn+4 
,if ! lightn+ falls1 x s5ds a ?und]bolt4
 ,kn[+ ?is our poet speaks z foll[s 7,i4
 xvii4 #eie73--       ,8 lightn+s fla%1 
8 roll+ ?und]s ro>4  ,& 9 ano!r place   
7,o4 xii4 #dae73--       ,9 t same h\r  
,zeus ?und]$ & ca/ 8 bolt ^u      ! %ip4
  ,ju/ly ?9k+ m5 consid] t gods exi/1 & 
fir/ ( all ,hom]4 ,= he is always       
recall+ ! gods 7,i4 i4 #djf73--       ,!
 bless$ gods liv+ a happy life4  ,= be+ 
immortal !y h an easy exi/5ce & an      
inexhau/ible abundance ( life4 ,& !y d n
 ne$ food ( :i* ! bodies ( mortal m5 h  
ne$ 7,i4 v4 #cda73--       ,!y eat no   
bread1 !y dr9k no ruddy w9e1      ,&    
bloodless & dea?less !y become4  ,b     
poetry requires gods :o are active2 t he
 may br+ ! notion ( !m to ! intellig5ce 
( 8 read]s he gives bodies to ! gods4 ,b
 !re is no o!r =m ( bodies ?an man's    

capable ( und]/&+ & reason4 ,!re=e he   
gives ! lik5ess ( ea* "o ( ! gods !     
greate/ beauty & adornm5t4 ,he has %[n  
also t images & /atues ( ! gods mu/ be  
fa%ion$ accurately aft] ! patt]n ( a man
 to furni% ! sugge/ion to ^? less       
intellig5t1 t ! gods exi/4  ,b ! lead] &
 head ( all ^!1 ! *ief god ! be/        
philosoph]s ?9k1 is )\t a body1 & is r  
compreh5sible by ! intellig5ce4 ,hom]   
seems to assume ?is2 by him ,zeus is    
call$ 7,i4 iv4 #fh73--       ,! ,sire ( 
gods & m54 ,o fa!r ours1 son ( ,kronos1 
*ief      ( ! great] be+s4  ,& ,zeus    
himself says 7,i4 viii4 #bg73--       ,z
 mu* z ,i am bett] ?an gods & m54  ,&   
,a!ne says ( him 7,i4 viii4 #cb73--     
,well d we "k ?y p[] inv9cible4  ,if x  
is necess>y to ask h[ he knew t ,god 0  
an object ( ! intellig5ce1 x 0 n        
directly %[n1 z he 0 us+ poetic =m      
comb9$ ) my?4 ,yet we c ga!r x f ! ?+s  
he says 7,i4 i4 #dih73--       ,!       
all-see+ son ( ,saturn !re %e f\nd sitt+
 ap>t4  ,& :]e he himself says 7,i4 xx4 

#bb73--       ,yet he w ^u ,olympus'    
l(ty ridge rema9 & view s]5e      !     
combat4  ,t solitude & ! n m+l+ ) ! o!r 
gods1 b be+ gladly by himself & us+     
leisure = "o direct+ & ord]+ all ?+s1 ^!
 con/itute ! "* ( an intelligible ,god4 
,he knew besides t ,god is m9d & und]/&s
 all ?+s1 & gov]ns all4 ,= c5sur+       
,poseidon1 he says 7,i4 xiii4 #ced73--  
,equal ! rank ( bo?1 _! bir? ! same1    
,b ,jupit] 9 wisdom z 9 ye>s ! fir/4  ,&
 ?is expression frequ5tly is us$ :5 he  
aga9 ?\ght ov] o!r ?+s4 ,?is %[s t he 0 
ev] 9 ?\ght4  ,b to ! m9d ( ,god p]ta9  
,provid5ce & ,fate1 conc]n+ :i* !       
philosoph]s h spok5 mu*4 ,! /imulus to  
?is came f ,hom]1--:y %\ld any "o insi/ 
on ! provid5ce ( ! gods8 ,s9ce 9 all 8  
poetry n only d !y speak to "o ano!r on 
behalf ( m51 b desc5d+ on ! e>? !y      
associate ) m54 ,a few ?+s we %all look 
at = ! sake ( illu/rations2 among ^! is 
,zeus speak+ to 8 bro!r 7,i4 xx4 #bj73--
       ,! purpose1 ,neptune1 well ?\    
"k'/ ?yself      ,= :i* ,i call$ !e2    

true1 !y ne$s mu/ die1      ,b /ill !y  
claim my c>e4  ,& 9 o!r places 7,i4     
xxii4 #afh73--       ,a w(ul sight m9e  
eyes behold3 a man      ,i love 9 plight
 ar\nd ! walls6 my he>t      ,= ,hector 
grieves4  ,he ref]s to ! royal dignity (
 ! gods & _! lov+ c>e ( m51 say+ 7,o4 i4
 #fe73--       ,h[ %\ld ,i =get div9e   
,odysseus1 :o 9 und]/&+ is      beyond  
mortals1 & beyond all m5 ha? done       
sacrifice to !      dea?less gods :o    
keep ! wide heav58  ,h[ he makes ! gods 
m+l+ ) & work+ ) m5 !mselves x is       
possible to le>n completely 9 _m        
passages = j z he repres5ts ,a!ne once  
help+ ,a*illes & always aid+ ,odysseus1 
s he repres5ts ,h]mes help+ ,priam1 &   
aga9 ,odysseus1 = he says 7,o4 xvii4    
#dhe73--       ,yea ev5 ! gods1 9 !     
lik5ess ( /rang]s f f>      c\ntries1   
put on all mann] ( %apes1 & w&] ?r\gh   
cities to wat* ! viol5ce & !            
righte\sness ( m54  ,x is ! *>act]i/ic (
 div9e provid5ce to wi% m5 to live      
ju/ly4 ,?is ! poet indicates v cle>ly   

7,o4 xiv4 #hc73--       ,v]ily x is n   
=w>d de$s ! gods love1 b !y      rev]5ce
 ju/ice & ! righte\s acts ( m54  ,& 7,o4
 xvi4 #chf73--                          
,:5 ,jove      ,p\rs d[n 8 fi]ce/ /orms 
9 wra? to m51      ,:o 9 _! c\rts       
unrighte\s judgm5ts pass4  ,!n j z he   
introduces ! gods c>+ = m51 s he        
repres5ts m5 z m9dful ( !m 9 e crisis4  
,z ! lead]1 succe$+ 9 an action1 says   
7,i4 viii4 #ebf73--       ,hopeful to   
,jove ,i pray1 & all ! gods      ,to    
*ase f h5ce ^! fate-inflict$ h\nds4  ,& 
9 dang] 7,i4 xvii4 #fdf73--       ,fa!r 
,jove1 f o'er ! sons ( ,greece1         
,remove ?is cl\dy d>kness4  ,& aga9 :5  
"o has slay$ ano!r 7,i4 xxii4 #cgi73--  
,s9ce heav5 has grant$ u ?is man to     
slay4  ,& dy+ 7,i4 xxii4 #ceh73--       
,b see ,i br+ n d[n ^u ?y head ! wra? ( 
heav54  ,f :at o!r place ?an "h did     
orig9ate t doctr9e ( ! ,/oics8 ,i mean  
?is1 t ! _w is "o & 9 x bo? gods & m5   
m9i/]1 %>+ 9 ju/ice by _! nature4 ,= :5 
he says 7,i4 xx4 #d73--       ,!n ,jove 

to ,!mis gave comm& to call      ,! gods
 to c\ncil f ! l(ty height      ,( _m   
ridg'd ,olympus4      ,:y1 ,"l (        
lightn+1 ha/ ?\ summon$ "h      ,! gods 
( c\ncil1 do/ ?\ aught desire      ,t\*+
 ! ,greeks & ,trojans8  ,:at does ?is   
mean except t ! _w is conduct$ by       
civiliz$ laws & ! gods consult "u !     
presid5cy ( ! fa!r ( gods & m58  ,8     
op9ion on fate he %[s cle>ly 9 8 poems  
7,i4 vi4 #dhh73--       ,de>e/1 wr+ n   
?us my he>t1      ,= till my day ( de/9y
 is come      ,no man may take my life1 
& :5 x comes      ,nor brave1 nor c[>d c
 escape t day4  ,b among ! o!r ?+s 9 :i*
 he confirms ! p[] ( fate1 he ?9ks z !  
mo/-approv$ philosoph]s h ?\ght aft]    
him1--,plato1 ,ari/otle1 &              
,!ophra/us1--t n all ?+s happ5 by fate1 
b "s ?+s are 9 ! p[] ( m51 ! *oice ( :om
 is free4 ,! same man 9 a way acts z he 
desires & falls into :at he does n      
desire4 ,& ?is po9t ( view he has cle>ly
 exp\nd$ 9 _m places1 z 9 ! beg9n+ ( ea*
 ( 8 poems3 9 ! ,iliad say+ ! wra? (    

,a*illes 0 ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( !   
,greeks & t ! w ( ,zeus 0 fulfill$2 9 ! 
,odyssey t ! comrades ( ,odysseus w5t to
 _! de/ruction by _! own folly4 ,= !y _h
 (f5d$ by t\*+ ! sacr$ ox5 ( ! ,sun1    
al?\gh !y c\ld h ab/a9$ f do+ s4 ,yet x 
0 =eorda9$ 7,o4 xi4 #aaj73--       ,b if
 ?\ hurte/ !m1 ,i signify ru9 = ?y %ips1
 &      = ?y m51 & ev5 ?\gh ?\ %alt     
?yself escape4      ,if ?\ doe/ !m no   
hurt & art c>eful to return1 s may      
ye yet rea* ,i?aca1 albeit 9 evil case4 
,s n to violate !m dep5d$ on !mselves1 b
 t ^? :o _h done ! evil %\ld p]i% foll[s
 f fate4  ,x is possible to avoid :at   
happ5s accid5tally by =esight z he %[s 9
 ! foll[+ 7,o4 v4 #dcf73--       ,!n ( a
 tru? w\ld luckless ,odysseus h p]i%$   
beyond      :at 0 orda9$ _h n gray-ey$  
,a!ne giv5 him "s      c\nsel4 ,he ru%$ 
9 & ) bo? 8 h&s clut*$ !      rock :]eto
 he clung till ! great wave w5t by4  ,!n
 on ! o!r h& runn+ a great dang] z he 01
 he _h p]i%$ by =tune2 yet by prud5ce he
 0 sav$4  ,j z ab\t div9e ?+s !re are _m

 div9e reason+s 9 ! philosoph]s tak+ _! 
orig9 f ,hom]1 s also ) human affairs x 
is ! same4 ,fir/ we w take up ! subject 
( ! s\l4 ,! mo/ noble ( ! doctr9es (    
,py?agoras & ,plato is t ! s\l is       
immortal4 ,to x 9 8 argum5t ,plato      
affix$ w+s4 ,:o fir/ det]m9$ ?is8 ,hom] 
says ?is among o!r ?+s 7,i4 xvi4        
#hef73--  ,b ! s\l fly+ on its memb]s   
came to ,hades1--i4e4 into a =mless &   
invisible place1 :e!r y ?9k x 9 ! air or
 "u ! e>?4 ,b 9 ! ,iliad he makes ! s\l 
( ,patroclus /& by ! side ( ,a*illes    
7,i4 xxiii4 #fe73--       ,! s\l (      
wret*$ ,patroclus came4  ,he makes a    
small spee* = him 9 :i* he says ?is 7,i4
 xxiii4 #gb73--       ,! spirits &      
spectres ( dep>t$ m5      ,drove me f   
!m1 nor all[ to      ,cross ! abhorr$   
riv]4  ,9 ! ,odyssey ?r\gh ! :ole acc\nt
 ( ! desc5t to ,hades :at else does he  
%[ b t s\ls survive aft] dea?1 & :5 !y  
dr9k blood c speak4 ,= he kn[s t blood  
is ! food & dr9k ( ! _s1 b _s is ! same 
?+ z s\l or ! vehicle ( ! s\l4  #abc4   

,mo/ cle>ly he reveals t he consid]s man
 is no?+ else b s\l1 :]e he says 7,o4   
xi4 #ij73--       ,!re came up ! s\l ( !
 ,!ban      ,tiresias hav+ a gold5      
sceptre4  ,purposely he *anges ! ^w =   
s\l to ! mascul9e1 to %[ t x 0          
,tiresias4 ,& aft]w>d 7,o4 xi4 #fja73-- 
,& aft] him ,i describ$ ! mighty        
,h]acles1 8 phantom      ,i say2 b z =  
himself he ha? joy at ! banquet among ! 
dea?less gods4  ,= "h aga9 he %[$ t !   
semblance ?r[n (f f ! body appe>$1 b no 
long] connect$ ) its matt]4 ,! pure/ "p 
( ! s\l _h gone away2 ?is 0 ,h]acles    
himself4  #abd4 ,:5ce t seems to        
philosoph]s a probable !ory t ! body is 
9 a way ! prison h\se ( ! s\l4 ,& ?is   
,hom] fir/ reveal$2 t :i* belongs to !  
liv+ he calls ,greek omitt$ 7f b9d+7 z 9
 ?is l9e 7,i4 i4 #aae73--       ,n !    
body nor ! nature4  ,o4 iv4 #aif3--     
,a body came to ! woman4  ,o4 xvi4      
#bea3--       ,by my =m1 my virtue1 my  
body4  ,b t :i* has put (f ! s\l he     
calls no?+ else b body z 9 ^! l9es 7,i4 

vii4 #gi73--       ,to br+ home my body 
aga94  ,& 7,o4 xxiv4 #ahg73--       ,!  
bodies lie unc>$ = 9 ! hall ( ,odysseus4
  ,o4 xi4 #ec3--       ,& we left ! body
 9 ! h\se ( ,circe4  ,= ! same ?+1 :ile 
a man lives1 0 ! bond ( ! s\l2 :5 he    
dies x is left1 z x 71 8 monum5t4  ,to  
?is is relat$ also ano!r doctr9e (      
,py?agoras1 namely1 t ! s\ls ( ! dead   
pass into o!r =ms ( bodies4 ,?is did n  
escape ,hom]'s notice1 = he made ,hector
 talk+ ) horses1 & ,antilo*us & ,a*illes
 himself n only talk+ ) !m b li/5+ to   
!m1 & a dog recogniz+ ,odysseus be=e m51
 ev5 be=e 8 intimates4 ,:at o!r ?+ is he
 e/abli%+ b a community ( spee* & a     
relation ( s\l betwe5 m5 & bea/s8       
,besides1 !re are ^? :o ate up ! ox5 ( !
 ,sun & aft] ?is fell into de/ruction4  
,does he n %[ t n only ox5 b all o!r    
liv+ creatures1 z %>]s ( ! same common  
nature1 are belov$ by ! gods8  ,! *ange 
( ! comrades ( ,odysseus into sw9e & t  
type ( animal signifies ?is1 t ! s\ls ( 
undes]v+ m5 are *ang$ into ! lik5ess (  

brute bea/s2 !y fall into ! circul>     
p]iph]y ( ! :ole1 :i* he calls ,circe2  
:]eas %e is ju/ly repres5t$ z ! *ild ( !
 ,sun1 dwell+ 9 ! isl& ( ,aeaea1 = ?is  
^w ,greek omitt$ is s call$ because m5  
lam5t & wail by reason ( dea?4 ,b !     
prud5t man ,odysseus did n suff] !      
*ange1 because f ,h]mes1 i4e4 reason1 he
 _h receiv$ immortality4 ,he w5t d[n    
into ,hades1 z x 71 dissolv+ & sep>at+ !
 s\l f ! body1 & became a spectator (   
s\ls bo? good & bad4  ,! ,/oics def9e ! 
s\l z a cognate _s1 s5sible to          
exhalations4 ,x has its orig9 f ! humid 
portions ( ! body4 ,9 ?is !y foll[      
,hom]1 :o says 7,i4 ix4 #fji74--        
,:ile ! brea? abides 9 ! brea/4  ,& aga9
 7,i4 xxiii4 #ajj73--       ,vani%'d l  
smoke1 ! _s b5ea? ! e>?4  ,"h he makes !
 vital _s1 be+ humid1 a brea?2 :5 x is  
ext+ui%$ he lik5s x to smoke4 ,& ! ^w _s
 itself he uses = s\l 7,i4 xv4 #bfb73-- 
,8 words fre% vigor 9 ! *ief infus'd4   
,& 7,i4 iv4 #ebd73--       ,brea?+ away 
8 _s4  ,& 7,i4 xxii4 #dge73--       ,b  

:5 h] brea? & _s return$ aga94  ,t is1  
%e collect$ h] di/ract$ _s 7,i4 v4      
#fig73--       ,b soon reviv$1 z on 8   
=ehead blew1      ,:ile yet he gasp$ =  
brea?1 ! cool+ breeze4  ,:ile 8 _s 0    
fail+ him 9 a fa9t1 ! outside breeze    
hav+ a natural aff9ity to x br\ght him  
back to life4 ,?is argum5t is /r5g!n$   
because = ! ext]nal _s he uses ! ^w s\l1
 say+ 7,i4 xxiii4 #ddj73--       ,he    
turn$ aside ) lighte/ brea?4  ,he wi%es 
to say3 ,hav+ got back 8 brea?4  ,plato 
& ,ari/otle consid]$ ! s\l incorporeal1 
b always associat+ ) ! body & ne$+ x z a
 vehicle4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !n1 x drew    
along ! spiritual matt] ) x1 (t5times z 
an image1 :i* _h ! %ape ( ! body        
impress$ ^u x4 ,s !re=e ,hom] is nev] 9 
8 poetry f\nd call+ ! s\l body1 b to :at
 is depriv$ ( s\l he always gives ! "n1 
z we h m5tion$ 9 :at has gone be=e4  ,! 
s\l has1 accord+ to ! views ( !         
philosoph]s1 a rational "p1 seat$ 9 !   
head1 & an irrational "p ( :i* "o       
elem5t1 ! passionate1 dwells 9 ! he>t & 

ano!r1 ! appetitive1 9 ! inte/9es4 ,did 
n ,hom] see ?is di/9ction :5 he made 9 !
 case ( ,a*illes1 ! rational /ruggl+ ) !
 passionate1 delib]at+ 9 ! same mom5t   
:e!r he %\ld drive (f ! "o :o _h fill$  
him ) grief or %\ld /ay 8 ang] 7,i4 i4  
#aic73--       ,up to ?is "t he revolv$ 
^! ?+s 9 8 m9d      & he>t1  t is1 !    
intellig5t "p & :at is oppos$ to x8 ,!  
emotional ang] is repres5t$ by him z    
ov]come by prud5ce4 ,= ! appe>ance (    
,a!ne signifies ?is4 ,& 9 ^! places he  
makes reason admoni% ! emotions1 z a    
rul] giv+ ord]s to a subject 7,o4 xx4   
#ah73--       ,endure my he>t2 yea1 a   
bas] ?+ ?\ once did/ be>4  ,& (t5 !     
passionate elem5t gives way to reason   
7,i4 xx4 #bb73--       ,pallas inde$ sat
 sil5t & ?\gh inly wro? ) ,jove1        
yet answ]$ n a ^w4  ,likewise injury    
7,i4 xviii4 #aab73--       ,?\gh /ill my
 he>t be sore1      ,yet w ,i s*ool my  
angry _s d[n4  ,sometimes he %[s !      
passionate elem5t gett+ ! bett] (       
reason4 ,?is he does n praise1 b op5ly  

blames2 z :5 ,ne/or speaks upbraid+ !   
insult (f]$ by ,agamemnon to ,a*illes   
7,i4 ix4 #ajh73--                     ,n
 by my advice      ,i fa9 w\ld h        
dissuad$ !e2 b ?\1      ,sway$ by !     
prompt+s ( a l(ty s\l1      ,did/ to our
 brave/ wrong di%onor+ him      ,:om    
ev'n ! ,immortals honor'd4  ,a*illes    
speaks l ?+s to ,ajax 7,i4 ix4 #fde73-- 
,all ?\ ha/ said ha? semblance j & fair1
      ,b swells my he>t ) fury at !     
?\ght ( him1      ,( ,agamemnon1 :o1    
amid ! ,greeks      ,assembl$1 held me  
=? to scorn4  ,s1 too1 reason is p>alys$
 by fe>1 :]e ,hector delib]ates :e!r he 
w abide ! conflict ) ,a*illes 7,i4 xxii4
 #abi73--       ,bett] to d>e ! fight & 
"k at once      ,to :om ,olympian ,jove 
! triumph wills1  ,!n he )draws :5 he   
gets ne> ,a*illes 7,i4 xxii4 #acf73--   
,nor d>$ he !re await ?' attack1 b left 
,! gates beh9d1 & t]ror-/rick5 fl$4  ,x 
is also pla9 t he places ! emotions ab\t
 ! he>t4 ,ang] z 7,o4 xx4 #ac73--       
,! he>t )9 b>k$ = him4  ,grief 7,i4 xiv4

 #abh73--       ,h[ long1 my son1 wilt  
?\ ?y s\l consume ) grief      an m\rn+8
  ,!n fe> 7,i4 x4 #ie73--       ,& leaps
 my tr\bl$ he>t z ?o' x w\ld bur/       
,my bosom's b\nds2 my limbs b5ea? me    
%ake4  ,9 ! same way j z fe>1 s he      
decl>es d>+ to be ab\t ! he>t 7,i4 xvi4 
#aa73--                ,& fix'd 9 e     
brea/      ,! fi]ce resolve to wage     
unwe>i$ w>4  ,f ^! passages ! ,/oics    
took ! op9ion t ! lead+ elem5t is ab\t !
 he>t4 ,t ! appetitive elem5t is plac$ 9
 ! inte/9es 9 _m places he decl>es2 9 ^!
 v]ses1 = example 7,o4 xviii4 #ed73--   
,b my belly's call is urg5t on me1 t    
evil work]1--  & 7,o4 xvii4 #bhf73--    
,b n[ may conceal a rav5+ belly1 a ?+   
accurs$4  ,& ! causes :i* belong to !   
passionate elem5t ( ! s\l he says happ5 
by nature4 ,= wra? creat$ by grief he   
%[s is a k9d ( eff]vesc5ce ( ! blood & !
 _s 9 x z 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 i4 #ajc73--   
,8 d>k s\l fill$ ) fury1 & 8 eyes fla%+ 
l      flames ( fire4  ,= he seem$ to   
call _s ,greek omitt$1 i4e4 wra?1 & ?is 

9 ! case ( ^? :o are angry he ?9ks is   
ext5d$ & inflam$4 ,aga9 ! _s1 if !re is 
fe>1 is p]turb$ & made cold1 g5]ates    
tremors & t]rors & pallors 9 ! body4    
,pallor1 by ! heat c\rs+ into ! int]ior 
rudd9ess leaves ! surface4 ,tremor1     
because be+1 conf9$ )9 ! _s x %akes !   
body4 ,t]ror1 because :5 ! moi/ure is   
congeal$ ! hairs are contract$ & /& on  
end4 ,all ( ^! ,hom] cle>ly indicates :5
 he says 7,i4 xv4 #d73--       ,pallid f
 fe>4  ,& 7,i4 vii4 #dgi73--            
,pallid fe> lay hold on him4  7,i4 x4   
#ie73--       ,my valiant memb]s        
tremble4  ,& 7,i4 xxiv4 #ceh73--        
,! old man he>d1 8 m9d confus'd ) dread1
      ,s griev\sly he fe>'d t e hair    
,^u 8 b5d$ head did /& on end4  ,accord+
 to ^! passages = fe>$ he says froz5 &  
fe> he calls freez+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = d>+
 & c\rage he uses ,greek omitt$1 heat4  
,evil effects1 he di/+ui%es 9 ^! ways4  
,aga9 :5 ,ari/otle consid]s indignation 
a m]cy among ! g5]\s emotions 7= :5 good
 m5 are /irr$ because _! neighors seem  

to succe$ beyond _! wor?1 x is call$    
indignation4 ,:5 !y1 beyond _! des]t1 h 
mis=tunes1 x is call$ pity47 ,^! two    
,hom] consid]s to belong1 to ! good1 =  
he reckons !m z belong+ to ,zeus4 ,o!r  
passages he has z well z ! foll[+ 7,i4  
xi4 #edb73--       ,b ,jove1 high-?ron$1
 ! s\l ( ,ajax fill$ ) fe>4  ,& 9 o!r   
places he pities him be+ *as$ ab\t !    
wall4  ,:at op9ion ! poet _h ab\t virtue
 & vice he %[s 9 _m places4 ,= s9ce "o  
"p ( ! s\l is intellig5t & rational1 & !
 o!r devoid ( reason & op5 to emotions1 
& on ?is acc\nt man has a middle        
position betwe5 ,god & brute1 he ?9ks ! 
highe/1 virtue1 is div9e1 & ! o!r       
extremity1 evil1 is brutelike4 ,j z lat]
 on ,ari/otle ?\ght1 he adopts ^!       
pr9ciples 9 8 companions4 ,= he always  
consid]s good m5 to be l gods1 & z he   
says 7,i4 ii4 #afg73--       ,by a      
c\nsel n1 unwor?y ( ,zeus4  ,among !    
evil ones he names c[>ds 7,i4 xiii4     
#ajb73--       ,l to timid /ags1--  & to
 %eep )\t a %eph]d & to h>es 9 flight4  

,ab\t ^? borne headlong & he$lessly to  
ang] 7,i4 xvii4 #bj73--       ,nor p>d1 
nor lion1 nor ! =e/ bo>1      ,fi]ce/ ( 
bea/s1 & provid5t ( 8 /r5g?      ,9 _!  
own e/eem      ,) ,pan?\s' sons = c\rage
 nor may vie4  ,! lam5ts ( ^? griev+ to 
no purpose he comp>es to ! s\nds ( birds
 7,o4 xvi4 #bah73--       ,:]e ,y\ngl+s 
! c\ntry folk h tak5 f ! ne/      ere   
yet !y are fl$g$4  ,! ,/oics :o place   
virtue 9 apa?y foll[ ! passages 9 :i* he
 takes up e feel+1 say+ ab\t grief 7,i4 
xix4 #bah73--       ,behoves u bury out 
( sight our dead1      ,/eel+ our he>t &
 weep+ b a day4  ,& 7,i4 xvi4 #g73--    
,:y weep ov] ,patroclus z a girl8  ,ab\t
 ang] 7,i4 xviii4 #ajg73--       ,may   
/rife p]i% f gods & m54  ,ab\t fe> 7,i4 
v4 #beb73--       ,d n speak ( fe>1 if  
?\ ?9ke/ to p]suade me4  ,& 7,o4 xv4    
#did73--       ,/ruck & smitt5 see+ fate
 & dea?1 he fell h]oicly      f ! sword4
  ,s ^? *all5g$ to s+le combat obey     
fe>lessly1 & sev]al arise to take !     
place ( "o4      ,& ! w\nd$ man has none

 ! less abid+ c\rage4  7,i4 xi4 #chh73--
       ,& n[ because ?y %aft has graz$  
my foot1 ?\ mak'/      ?y empty boa/4   
,& e valiant p]son is lik5$ to a lion1  
bo>1 to a torr5t & :irlw9d4  ,n[ !      
,p]ipatetics ?9k t fre$om f emotion is  
unatta9able by m54 ,!y br+ 9 a c]ta9    
mean2 by tak+ away excess ( feel+1 !y   
def9e virtue by mod]ation4 ,& ,hom] br+s
 9 ! be/ m5 nei!r feeble nor altoge!r   
fe>less nor devoid ( pa91 b yet diff]+ f
 ! wor/ 9 n be+ ov]come extravagantly by
 _! feel+s4 ,= he says 7,i4 xiii4       
#bgi73--       ,! c[>ds color *anges1   
nor 8 s\l      ,)9 8 he>t its ev5       
balance keeps      ,b *ang+ /ill1 f foot
 to foot he %ifts1      ,& 9 8 bosom    
l\dly beats 8 he>t      ,expect+ dea?2 &
 *att] all 8 tee?4      ,! brave man's  
color *anges n ) fe>1      ,he kn[s !   
ambu% ent'r+4  ,= x is evid5t t by tak+ 
away excessive fe> f ! good man he      
leaves ! mean betwe5 ! two4 ,! same mu/ 
be ?\ght ab\t ! l emotions1 pa9 & ang]4 
,to ?is effect is t v]se ( 8 7,i4 vii4  

#bae73--      ,! ,trojans' limbs b5ea?  
!m %rank ) fe>1     ,e'en ,hector's he>t
 beat quick] 9 8 brea/1     ,! o!rs1 ev5
 at ! sight1 trembl$4  ,b he1 9 ! mid/ (
 dang]s be+ brave1 0 only tr\bl$4 ,s he 
makes ,dolon & ,lycaon feel+ fe>2 ,ajax 
& ,m5elaus1 turn+ gradually & go+ away  
/ep by /ep1 z lions driv5 f _! qu>ry4 ,9
 ! same way he %[s ! diff]5ces ( ^? :o  
grieve & also ( ^? :o rejoice4 ,z       
,odysseus1 relat+ ! way he deceiv$ !    
,cyclops1 says 7,o4 ix4 #dac73--        
,my he>t )9 me laugh$4  ,! suitors see+ 
! begg> lay+ on ! gr\nd 7,o4 xviii4     
#ajj73--       ,b ! pr\d woo]s ?rew up  
_! h&s1 & cri$ outright      = laught]4 
,b 9 m trivial matt]s ! diff]5ce (      
mod]ation appe>s4 ,odysseus ?\gh lov+ 8 
wife1 & see+ h] lam5t+ on 8 acc\nt1     
conta9s himself 7,o4 xix4 #baa73--      
,8 eyes kept /eadfa/ betwe5 8 eyelids z 
x 7      horn or iron4  ,b ! suitors :o 
7 9 love ) h] :5 !y saw h] 7,o4 xviii4  
#bab73--       ,& /raightways ! knees ( 
! woo]s 7 loos5$1 &      _! he>ts 7     

en*ant$ ) love1 & ea* "o utt]$      a   
pray] t he might be h] b$fell[4  ,su* is
 ! poet's treatm5t ( ! p[]s & passions (
 ! s\l4  ,al?\gh !re are v>i\s ?+s said 
by ! philosoph]s ab\t ! *ief end (      
virtue & happ9ess1 x is agre$ by all t  
virtue ( ! s\l is ! greate/ ( goods4 ,b 
! ,/oics consid] t virtue by itself is  
suffici5t = happ9ess1 tak+ ! cue f !    
,hom]ic poems 9 :i* he has made ! wise/ 
& mo/ prud5t man on acc\nt ( virtue     
despis+ tr\ble & disreg>d+ pleasure4 ,z 
to ! fir/ po9t 9 ?is way 7,o4 iv4       
#bdb73--       ,n[ all ( !m ,i c\ld n   
tell or numb]1 s _m z 7      ! adv5tures
 ( ! pati5t ,odysseus4  ,he bruis$      
himself      ) unseemly /ripes & ca/ a  
sorry cov]+ ov] 8      %\ld]s1 & 9 !    
fa%ion ( a s]vant he w5t into !         
wide-way$ city ( ! foem54  ,& z to !    
second1 i4e4 7,o4 ix4 #bi73--           
,va9ly ,calypso1 ! fair goddess1 w\ld   
fa9 h kept me      ) h] 9 h] holl[ caves
 long+ to h me = h] "l4      ,circe (   
,aia w\ld h /ay$ me 9 h] halls1 long+ to

      h me = h] "l4  ,b nev] did !y     
prevail ^u my      he>t )9 my brea/4    
,especially does he exp\nd 8 op9ion (   
virtue 9 ! passages 9 :i* he makes      
,a*illes n only brave b mo/ beautiful 9 
=m1 & swifte/ ( foot1 & mo/ illu/ri\s 9 
bir? & di/+ui%$ 9 race & aid$ by !      
*iefe/ ( ! gods2 & ,odysseus und]/&+ &  
firm 9 s\l--9 o!r respects n enjoy+ an  
equal =tune4 ,8 /ature & aspect n       
conspicu\s1 8 p>5tage n altoge!r        
notewor?y1 8 c\ntry obscure1 hat$ by a  
god :o 0 all b fir/4 ,none ( ^! ?+s     
prev5t$ him f be+ fam\s1 f ga9+ ! *ief  
good ( ! s\l4  ,b ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool  
?9k ! goods ( ! s\l h ! pre-em95ce1 su* 
z prud5ce1 =titude1 temp]ance1 ju/ice4  
,aft]w>d are ^? ( ! body1 su* z heal?1  
/r5g?1 beauty1 swiftness2 & !re are     
besides ext]nal goods su* z reputation1 
nobility1 weal?4 ,= !y ?9k any "o wor?y 
( praise & admiration if he1 =tifi$ by !
 protective virtues ( ! s\l1 holds out  
aga9/ evils 9 ! mid/ ( suff]+s1 disease1
 want1 un=ese5 accid5ts1 b t ?is        

situation is n a desirable nor a happy  
"o4 ,= n only ! possession ( virtue d !y
 ?9k good1 b its use & its activity4 ,& 
^! di/9ctions ,hom] directly %[$1 = he  
always makes ! gods 7,o4 viii4 #cbe73-- 
,! giv]s ( good ?+s1--  ^! ?+s also m5  
pray ! gods to furni% !m1 z be+ pla9ly  
nei!r useless to !m nor indiff]5t1 b    
advantage\s to happ9ess4  ,:at ! goods  
are m5 aim at1 & ?r\gh :i* !y are call$ 
happy1 he decl>es 9 _m places4 ,b all ( 
!m toge!r 7 c5tr$ 9 ,h]mes 7,i4 xxiv4   
#cgf73--       ,bless$ are ?y p>5ts 9 a 
son s grac'd1      ,9 face & pres5ce1 & 
( m9d s wise4  ,he be>s witness to 8    
beauty ( body1 8 intellig5ce1 & 8       
l9eage4 ,sep>ately he takes !m up 7,i4  
vi4 #aef73--       ,on :om ! gods be/[$ 
,! gifts ( beauty & ( manly grace1      
,& ,zeus p\r$ out lordly weal?1--  =    
?is1 too1 is a gift ( ,god 7,o4 vi4     
#ahh73--       ,= ,zeus himself gives   
prosp]ity to mortals4  ,sometimes he    
e/eems honor a good 7,i4 viii4 #edj73-- 
,w\ld t ,i might be ador$ z ,a!ne &     

,apollo4  ,sometimes good =tune 9 *ildr5
 7,o4 iii4 #aif73--       ,s good a ?+ x
 is t a son ( ! dead %\ld be left4      
,sometimes1 too1 ! b5efit ( "o's family 
7,o4 xiii4 #ci73--       ,p\r ye ! dr9k 
(f]+1 & s5d me safe on my way1 &      z 
= y1 f>e ye well4  ,= n[ ,i h all my    
he>t's      desire1--an escort & lov+   
gifts4  ,may ! gods ( heav5      give me
 good =tune ) !m & may ,i f9d my noble  
wife      9 my home1 & my fri5ds unh>m$ 
:ile ye1 = y\r "p1      abide "h1 & make
 glad y\r g5tle wives & *ildr51 &       
may ! gods v\*safe all mann] ( good &   
may no evil      come1 nigh ! p4  ,t 9 a
 comp>ison ( goods valor is bett] ?an   
weal?1 he %[s 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 ii4       
#hgb73--       ,) *ildi% folly to ! w>  
he came1      ,lad5 ) /ress ( gold2 yet 
naught avail$      ,8 gold to save him f
 ! doom ( dea?4  ,& 7,o4 iv4 #ic73--    
,i h no joy ( my lord%ip among ^! my    
possessions4  ,& t intellig5ce is bett] 
?an beauty ( =m 7,o4 viii4 #afi73--     
,= "o man is feebl] ?an ano!r 9 pres5ce1

 yet !      gods cr[n 8 words ) beauty4 
,x is evid5t t bodily excell5ce &       
ext]nal ?+s he consid]s z good1 & t )\t 
^! virtue alone is n suffici5t =        
happ9ess he decl>es 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,he 
creat$ two m5 :o atta9$ to ! height (   
virtue1 ,ne/or & ,odysseus1 diff]5t     
inde$ f "o ano!r1 b l "o ano!r 9 prud5ce
 & valor & p[] ( eloqu5ce4 ,he has made 
!m n at all equal 9 =tune1 b on ! side (
 ,ne/or he has plac$ ! gods 7,o4 iv4    
#bjh73--       ,"r easily is kn[n t     
man's se$ = :om ,cronion      weaves !  
ske9 ( luck at bridal & at bir?1 ev5 z  
n[      ha? he grant$ prosp]ity to      
,ne/or =ev]1 = all 8      days1 t he    
himself %\ld gr[ into smoo? old age 9 8 
halls1 & 8 sons moreov] %\ld be wise & !
 be/      ( spe>sm54  ,b ,odysseus1 ?\gh
 %rewd & clev] & prud5t1 he (t5 calls   
un=tunate4 ,= ,ne/or goes back home     
quickly & safely1 b ,odysseus w&]s ab\t 
= a long "t & endures con/antly         
innum]able suff]+s & dang]s4 ,s x is a  
desirable & bless$ ?+ if =tune is at h& 

help+ & n oppos+ virtue4  ,h[ !         
possession ( virtue is ( no use unless x
 accompli%es some?+1 is evid5t f !      
passages :]e ,patroclus compla9s to     
,a*illes & says 7,i4 xvi4 #ca73--       
,:oe'er may hope 9 future days by !e    
,to pr(it1 if ?\ n[ =be> to save      ,!
 ,greeks f %ame & loss4  ,s he speaks to
 him because he makes 8 virtue useless  
by inactivity4 ,a*illes himself deplores
 8 inactivity 7,i4 xviii4 #ajd373--     
,b idly "h ,i sit cumb'r+ ! gr\nd1      
,i1 :o amid ! ,greeks no equal own      
,9 fight1--  = he lam5ts because ?\gh   
possess+ virtue he does n make use ( x2 
b be+ indignant ) ! ,greeks 7,i4 i4     
#dij73--                   ,no m he     
s\ght      ,! le>n$ c\ncil1 nor !       
battlefield2      ,b wore 8 s\l away1 & 
only p9$      ,= ! fi]ce joy & tumult ( 
! fight4  ,& s ,pho5ix admoni%$ him 7,i1
 ix4 #dcc73--       ,to tea* !e h[ to   
frame      ,befitt+ spee*1 & mighty de$s
 a*ieve4  ,aft] 8 dea? he is indignant  
at t in]tia1 say+ 7,o4 xi4 #dhi73--     

,r w\ld ,i live ^u ! soil z ! hirel+ (  
ano!r      ) a lordless man :o _h no    
great livelihood1 ?an be>      sway     
among ! dead t are no m4  ,& he adds !  
cause 7,o4 xi4 #dih73--       ,= ,i am  
no long] 8 *ampion "u ! sun1 s mighty a 
man z once ,i 01 :5 9 wide ,troy ,i slew
 ! be/ ( !      ho/1 succor+ ! ,argives4
  ,t say+ ( ! ,/oics1 t good m5 are     
fri5ds ( ! gods1 is tak5 f ,hom]1 :o    
says ab\t ,amphia]us 7,o4 xv4 #bde73--  
,:om ,zeus1 "l ( ! ages1 & ,apollo lov$ 
) all      mann]  ( love4  ,& (         
,odysseus 7,o4 iii4 #eb73--       ,&    
,a!ne rejoic$ 9 ! wisdom & judgm5t ( !  
man4  ,!re is1 too1 an op9ion ( ! same  
philosophic s*ool t virtue is tea*able1 
& has = its beg9n+ good bir?4 ,= ,hom]  
says 7,o4 iv4 #bjf73--       ,& f su* a 
sire ?\ too art sprung1 :]e=e ?\ do/    
ev5 speak wisely4  ,& by tra9+ x is     
br\ght to p]fection4 ,= virtue is ! k ( 
liv+ rightly1 i4e4 ( do+ ! ?+s :i* x is 
necess>y = ^? :o live well to d4 ,^!    
pr9ciples c also be f\nd 9 ,hom]1 = he  

says 7,i4 ix4 #ddj73--       ,inexp]i5c$
 yet 9 w>1 t sorr[ br+s alike on all    
,& sage debate 9 :i* att5ds r5[n4  ,& 9 
o!r places 7,i4 vi4 #ddf73--       ,nor 
did my he>t compel me1 s9ce ,i _h le>nt 
to be good1  ,& ,pho5ix says ( ,a*illes 
7,i4 ix4 #ddb73--       ,me !n he s5t1  
to tea* !e h[ to frame      ,befitt+    
spee*1 & mighty de$s a*ieve4  ,= s9ce   
life is made up ( acts & spee*1 !re=e he
 says he 0 ! "y man's tea*] 9 ^! ?+s4 ,f
 :at has be5 said x is pla9 t he decl>es
 ! :ole ( virtue to be tea*able4 ,s1 !n1
 ,hom] is ! fir/ philosoph] 9 e?ics & 9 
philosophy4  ,n[ to ! same sci5ce       
belongs ari?metic & music1 :i*          
,py?agoras especially honor$4 ,let u see
 :e!r ^! are m5tion$ by our poet4 ,v    
(t54 ,a few examples f v _m w suffice4  
,= ,py?agoras ?\ght numb] _h ! greate/  
p[] & r$uc$ ev]y?+ to numb]s--bo? !     
motions ( ! />s & ! creation ( liv+     
be+s4 ,& he e/abli%$ two supreme        
pr9ciples1--"o f9ite unity1 ! o!r       
inf9ite duality4 ,! "o ! pr9ciple (     

good1 ! o!r ( evil4 ,= ! nature ( unity 
be+ innate 9 :at surr\nds ! :ole        
creation gives ord] to x1 to s\ls       
virtue1 to bodies heal?1 to cities &    
dwell+s peace & h>mony1 = e good ?+ is  
conv]sant ) concord4 ,! nature ( duality
 is j ! contr>y1--to ! air di/urbance1  
to s\ls evil1 to bodies disease1 to     
cities & dwell+s factions & ho/ilities4 
,= e evil comes f discord & disagreem5t4
 ,s he demon/rates ( all ! successive   
numb]s t ! ev5 are imp]fect & b>r52 b ! 
odd are full & complete1 because jo9$ to
 ! ev5 !y pres]ve _! own "*4 ,nor 9 ?is 
way alone is ! odd numb] sup]ior1 b also
 add$ to itself x g5]ates an ev5 numb]4 
,= x is creative1 x keeps its orig9al   
=ce & does n all[ ( division1 s9ce ,,p] 
,,se ! m9d is sup]ior4 ,b ! ev5 add$ to 
itself nei!r produces ! odd nor is      
indivisible4 ,& ,hom] seems to place !  
nature ( ! "o 9 ! sph]e ( ! good1 & !   
nature ( ! dual 9 ! opposite _m times4  
,(t5 he decl>es a good man to be ,greek 
omitt$ k9d & ! adjective f x is         

b5ignity2 z foll[s 7,i4 ii4 #bjd73--    
,x is n good = _m to reign1 let !re be b
 "o rul]4  ,& 7,o4 iii4 #abg73--        
,we nev] spake div]sely ei!r 9 !        
assembly or 9 !      c\ncil1 b always 7 
( "o m9d4  ,he always makes use ( !     
unev5 numb] z ! bett]4 ,= mak+ ! :ole _w
 to h five p>ts1 ?ree ( ^! be+ ! mean1  
he divides x 7,i4 xv4 #ahi73--          
,?reefold 0 our portion ea* obta9$1     
,8 ne$ ( honor due4  ,!re=e1 too1       
,ari/otle ?\ght !re 7 five elem5ts1 s9ce
 ! unev5 & p]fect numb] _h ev]y:]e !    
pr$om9ance4 ,& to ! heav5ly gods he     
gives ! unev5 %>es4 ,= ,ne/or n9e times 
to ,poseidon sacrific$ n9e bulls2 &     
,tiresias bids ,odysseus sacrifice 7,o4 
xi4 #aca73--       ,a ram & a bull & a  
bo>1 ! mate ( sw9e4  ,b ,a*illes        
immolat$ = ,patroclus1 all 9 ev5 numb]s1
 f\r horses & 7,i4 xxiii4 #age73--      
,twelve noble sons he slew1 ! sons (    
,troy1--  & ( n9e dogs he ca/s two on ! 
pyre1 9 ord] to leave = himself sev54 ,&
 9 _m places he uses ! t]n>y1 qu9>y1 &  

sept5>y numb]1 especially ! numb] n9e   
7,i4 vii4 #afa73--       ,! old man     
spoke reproa*fully2 at 8 words          
,uprose n9e w>riors4  ,& 7,o4 xi4       
#caa73--       ,at n9e seasons old !y 7 
( bread? n9e cubits1 &      n9e fa?oms 9
 height4  7,i4 i4 #ec73--       ,n9e    
days ! heav5ly ,ar*] on ! troops hurl'd 
8      dread %afts4  ,& 7,i4 vi #agd73--
       ,n9e days he fea/$ him1 n9e ox5  
slew4  ,:y pray1 is ! numb] n9e ! mo/   
p]fect8 ,because x is ! squ>e ( ! fir/  
odd numb]1 & unev5ly odd s9ce x is      
divid$ into ?ree triads1 ( :i* aga9 ea* 
is divid$ into ?ree units4  ,b n only ! 
virtue ( numb]s b a natural way ( c\nt+ 
he %[$1 z 9 ! catalogue ( %ips he made  
7,i4 ii4 #eji73--       ,) ^! came fifty
 %ips2 & 9 ea*      ,7 sixscore y\?s1   
,boeotia's noble/ fl['r4  ,& aga9 7,i4  
xvi4 #agj73--       ,!y 7 fifty m54     
,:5ce x is possible to compute t z all !
 %ips 7 ne> #abjj1 & ea* _h #ajj m51 !  
:ole numb] is #ab myriads--#abj1jjj4    
,aga9 speak+4 ( ! ,trojans 7,i4 viii4   

#efc73--       ,a ?\s& fires burnt      
brightly2 & r\nd ea*      ,sat fifty    
w>riors 9 ! ruddy gl>e4  ,he enables "o 
to compute t )\t c\nt+ allies !y 7      
#ej1jjj m54  ,n[ music be+ close/ to !  
s\l1 s9ce x is a h>mony produc$ by      
diff]5t elem5ts1 by melodies1 & by      
rhy?ms1 int5sifies :at is relax$ &      
relaxes ! int5se4 ,! ,py?agoreans h     
cle>ly prov$ ?is1 & be=e !m ,hom]4 ,= he
 gives praise to music1 9 ! case ( !    
,sir5s1 to :i* he adds ! foll[+ 7,o4    
xii4 #ahh7       ,& _h joy !re( & gone  
on 8 way ! wis]4  ,9 ano!r place he     
introduces 9 banquets ! lyre1 z among ! 
suitors 7,o4 xvii4 #bga73--       ,& !  
voice ( ! lyre is he>d !re :i* ! gods   
made      to be mate ( ! fea/4  ,& at ! 
h\se ( ,alc9\s ! play] on ! lyre 7,o4   
vii4 #bff73--       ,0 compos+ a        
beautiful song4  ,& at m>riages 7,i4    
xviii4 #die73--       ,! pipes & lyres 7
 s\nd+4  ,& 9 ! works ( ! v9tage 7,i4   
xvii4 #efi73--       ,a boy amid !m1 f a
 cle>-ton'd pipe      ,drew lovely      

music2 well 8 liquid voice      ,! /r+s 
accompani$4  ,besides 9 w> 7,i4 x4      
#ac73--       ,( pipes & flutes he he>d 
! s\nd4  ,also he uses music to express 
grief 7,i4 xxiv4 #gba73--       ,p\r$ =?
 ! music ( ! m\rnful dirge1  by !       
sweetness ( melodies s(t5+ ! bitt]ness (
 ! s\l4  ,x is cle> t melody is         
tw(old1--"o ( ! voice1 ! o!r (          
in/rum5ts1 p>tly w9d1 p>tly /r+4 ,( s\nd
 "s are bass1 "s treble4 ,^! diff]5ces  
,hom] knew1 s9ce he repres5ts wom5 &    
boys ) treble voices1 by reason ( !     
t5uity ( _! brea?2 m51 he makes ) bass  
voices4 ,z 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 xviii4       
#gj73--                ,%e ) bitt] cry  
,clasp$ 9 h] h&s 8 head1 &      ,sorr[+ 
spoke4  ,& aga9 7,i4 ix4 #af73--        
,s ) deep groans he ?us address$ !      
,greeks4  ,b old m5 l ! locu/s 7,i4 iii4
 #aea7 he comp>es to %rill-voic$        
creatures4 ,in/rum5ts ^: /r+s are ?9 &  
vibrate quickly1 easily cut ! air1 &    
give an acute s\nd4 ,^? ) ?ick ones1    
?r\gh ! sl[ movem5t1 h a deep s\nd4     

,hom] calls ! pipe acute--acute because 
be+ ?9 x gives an acute s\nd4 ,hom] has 
?is in=mation ab\t music4  ,s9ce we are 
speak+ "h ab\t ,py?agoras1 to :om       
taciturnity & n express+ ^? ?+s :i* x is
 wrong to speak 7 especially pleas+1 let
 u see :e!r ,hom] _h also ?is op9ion4 ,=
 ab\t ^? drunk5 ) w9e he says 7,o4 xiv4 
#dff73--       ,& makes him speak out a 
^w :i* 7 bett] unsaid4  ,& ,odysseus    
upbraids ,!rsites 7,i4 ii4 #bdf73--     
,?\ babbl+ fool ,!rites1 prompt ( spee*1
      ,re/ra9 ?y tongue4  ,& ,ajax      
speaks1 blam+ ,idom5eus 7,i4 xxiii4     
#dgh73--       ,b ?\ art ev] ha/y 9 ?y  
spee*4      ,& ill becomes !e ?is       
precipitance  ,& :ile ! armies are ent]+
 ! fight 7,i4 iii4 #b-h73--       ,)    
noise & cl>mor1 z a flight ( birds1     
,! m5 ( ,troy advanc$1      ,on ?'o!r   
side ! ,greeks 9 sil5ce mov'd4  ,clamor 
is b>b>ic1 sil5ce is ,greek4 ,!re=e he  
has repres5t$ ! mo/ prud5t man z        
re/ra9$1 9 spee*4 ,& ,odysseus exhorts 8
 son 7,o4 xvi4 #cjj73--       ,if 9 v   

tru? ?\ art my son & ( our blood1 !n let
      no man he> t ,odysseus is come    
home2 nei!r let ,la]tes      "k x nor ! 
sw9eh]d nor any ( ! h\sehold nor        
,p5elope h]self4  ,& aga9 he exhorts him
 7,o4 xix4 #db73--       ,hold ?y peace 
& keep all ?is 9 ?9e he>t & ask      n  
!re(4  ,s ! op9ions ( fam\s philosoph]s 
h _! orig9 9 ,hom]4  ,if x is necess>y  
to m5tion ^? :o elect$ = !mselves c]ta9 
individual views1 we c\ld f9d !m tak+ _!
 s\rce 9 ,hom]4 ,democritus 9 con/ruct+ 
8 idola1 or repres5tative =ms1 takes !  
?\ght f ! foll[+ passage 7,i4 v4        
#ddi73--       ,mean:ile ,apollo ( !    
silv] b[      ,a phantom =m prep>'d1 !  
c\nt]p>t      ,( great ,a5eas & alike 9 
arms4  ,o!rs deviat$ into error 9 ways  
he w\ld n approve (1 b he repres5t$ !m z
 fitt+ to ! special "t4 ,= :5 ,odysseus 
0 deta9$ ) ,alc9\s1 :o liv$ 9 pleasure &
 luxury1 he speaks to him 9 a           
complim5t>y way 7,o4 ix4 #e73--         
,nay1 z = me ,i say t !re is no m       
graci\s or p]fect      delight ?an :5 a 

:ole p make m]ry1 & ! m5 sit      ord]ly
 at fea/s 9 ! halls & li/5 to ! s+]1 &  
! tables by !m lad5 ) food & fle%1 & a  
w9ebe>]      draw+ ! w9e s]ves x into ! 
cups4  ,! fa%ion seems      to me !     
faire/ ?+ 9 ! _w4  ,l$ by ^! words1     
,epicurus took up ! op9ion t pleasure 0 
! ,,summum ,,bonum4 ,& ,odysseus himself
 is at "o "t cov]$ ) a preci\s & ?9 wov5
 g>m5t1 sometimes repres5t$ 9 rags ) a  
wallet4 ,n[ he is re/+ ) ,calypso1 n[   
insult$ by ,iros & ,melan!us4 ,ari/ippus
 tak+ ! model ( ?is life n only /ruggl$ 
valiantly ) pov]ty & toil1 b also       
intemp]ately made use ( pleasure4  ,b x 
is possible to take ^! z specim5s (     
,hom]'s wisdom1 because he fir/         
enunciat$ ! _m excell5t say+s ( ! ,wise 
,m51 z foll[ ,god 7,i4 i4 #bah73--      
,:o he>s ! gods1 ( !m 8 pray]s are he>d1
  ,& no?+ too mu* 7,o4 xv4 #gj73--      
,i ?9k x %ame ev5 9 ano!r he>t1 :o loves
 ov]mu*      or hates ov]mu*2 measure is
 9 all ?+s be/4  ,& ! expression 7,o4   
viii4 #cea73--       ,a pl$ge is ne> to 

evil1      ,evil are evil folks' pl$ges 
to hold4  ,& t say+ ( ,py?agoras to "o  
:o ask$ :o is a fri5d said an ,,alt]    
,,ego4  ,hom]'s p>allel say+ is 7,o4    
xviii4 #hb73--       ,! equal to my     
head4  ,belong+ to ! same species (     
,apo!gm is :at is call$ ! ,gnome1 a     
univ]sal expression ab\t life /at$      
briefly4 ,all poets & philosoph]s &     
orators h us$ x & h attempt$ to expla9  
?+s gnomically4 ,hom] 0 ! fir/ to       
introduce 9 8 poetry _m excell5t ,gnomes
 /at+ a pr9ciple he wi%es to lay d[n2 z 
:5 he says 7,i4 i4 #hj73--       ,&     
t]rible to m5 ( l[ e/ate ! ang] ( a k+4 
,& aga9 :at mu/ ne$s be done or n done  
7,i4 ii #bd73--       ,to sleep all     
night b ill becomes a *ief4  ,( ,hom]'s 
_m good say+s & admonitions n a few     
aft]w>d h be5 p>aphras$4 ,"s examples ( 
^! %\ld f9d a place "h2 z ! foll[+      
passage ( ,hom] 7,i4 xv4 #ajd73--       
,fools are we all1 :o madly /rive )     
,jove1      ,or hope1 by access to 8    
?rone1 to sway      ,by ^w or de$ 8     

c\rse6  ,f all ap>t1      ,he all our   
c\nsels he$s n1 b d]ides6      ,& boa/s 
o'er all ! immortal gods to reign4      
,prep>e1 !n1 ea* 8 sev]al woes to be>4  
,l ?is is a say+ ( ,py?agoras3--        
,:atev] pa9s mortals h f ! gods1 :atev] 
fate      ?\ ha/1 be> x nor murmur4  ,& 
also ^! words ( ,euripides3--       ,nor
 is x fitt+ to be indignant at ev5ts1 no
 good comes      ( x2 b :5 ?+s g wrong1 
if "o be>s !m "r1      !y d g well4     
,aga9 ,hom] says 7,i4 xxiv4 #abh73--    
,h[ long1 my son1 wilt ?\ ?y s\l consume
 ) grief      & m\rn+8  ,s ,py?agoras3--
       ,sp>e ?y life1 d n we> out ?y    
s\l4  ,!n ,hom] says 7,o4 xviii4        
#acf73--       ,= ! _s ( m5 ^u ! e>? is 
ev5 z _! day1      t comes ^u !m f !    
fa!r ( gods & m54  ,ar*ilo*us1 :o       
imitates o!r ?+s ( ,hom]1 has p>aphras$ 
?is too1 say+3--       ,su* = mortal m51
 ,o ,glaucus1 son ( ,lept9eus1 is _!    
m9d1 z ,zeus directs = a day4  ,& 9 o!r 
words1 ,hom] says 7,i4 xiii4 #gcj73--   
,to "o ! gods h grant$ w>like might1    

,:ile 9 ano!r's brea/ all-see+ ,jove    
,ha? plac'd ! _s ( wisdom & m9d         
,disc]n+ = ! common good ( all4      ,by
 him are /ates pres]v$6 & he himself    
,be/ kn[s ! value ( ! preci\s gift4     
,euripides has foll[$ ?is orig9al3--    
,cities are well ord]$ by ! in/ructions 
( "o man4      ,s1 too1 a h\se4  ,"o    
aga9 is mighty 9 w>4  ,= "o wise        
judgm5t conqu]s _m h&s1 b ignorance ) a 
cr[d      br+s ! mo/ evil4  ,:]e he     
makes ,idom5eus exhort+ 8 comrade1 he   
says 7,i4 xii4 #cbb73--       ,o fri5d1 
if we survivors ( ?is w>      ,c\ld live
 f age & dea? =ev] free1      ,?\ %\ld/ 
n see me =emo/ 9 ! fight1      ,nor w\ld
 ,i urge !e to ! glori\s field2      ,b 
s9ce 9 man t5 ?\s& =ms ( dea?           
,att5d1 :i* none may 'scape1 !n on t we 
,may glory 9 o!rs' ga91 or !y on u6     
,aes*ylus say+ aft] him3--       ,nor   
receiv+ _m w\nds 9 8 he>t does any "o   
die1      unless ! goal ( life is run4  
,nor does any "o sitt+ by      ! he>?   
flee any bett] ! decre$ fate4  ,9 prose1

 ,demo/h5es speaks z foll[s 7,o4 xviii4 
#i73--       ,= all mortals1 dea? is !  
end ( life ev5 if "o keeps      himself 
%ut up 9 a cell2 x is necess>y ev] =    
good m5      to attempt noble ?+s &     
bravely to be> :atev] ,god      may     
give4  ,aga9 take ,hom] 7,i4 iii4       
#fe73--       ,! gifts ( ,heav'n are n  
to be despis'd4  ,sophocles p>aphrases  
?is1 say+3--       ,?is is ,god's gift2 
:atev] ! gods may give1 "o mu/ nev]     
avoid any?+1 my son4  ,9 ,hom] !re are !
 words 7,i4 i4 #bdi73--       ,f ^:     
p]suasive lips4  ,sweet] ?an      ,honey
 fl[$ ! /ream ( spee*4  ,!ocritus said  
7,i4 vii4 #hb73--       ,!re=e ! ,muse  
p\r$ 9 8 m\?        ,sweet nect>4  ,h[1 
also1 ,aratus p>aphras$ ?is 7,i4 xviii4 
#dhi73--       ,sole /> t nev] ba!s 9 ?'
 ocean wave1--  say+3--       ,! ,be>s  
protect$ f c]ulean ocean4  7,i4 xv4     
#fbh73--       ,!y w9 _! s\l f dea?1  is
 p>aphras$3--       ,he escap$ ,hades by
 a small peg4  ,let ?is be en\gh on ?is 
subject4  ,b civil disc\rse belongs to !

 rhetorical art1 ) :i* x seems ,hom] 0  
fir/ to be famili>4 ,if ,rhetoric is !  
p[] ( p]suasive speak+1 :o m ?an ,hom]  
dep5d$ on ?is p[]8 ,he excels all 9     
eloqu5ce2 also 9 ! grasp ( 8 subject he 
reveals an equal lit]>y p[]4  ,& ! fir/ 
"p ( ?is art is ,arrangem5t1 :i* he     
exhibits 9 all 8 poetry1 & especially at
 ! beg9n+ ( 8 n>ratives4 ,= he did n    
make ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad at a di/ant    
p]iod1 b at ! "t :5 affairs 7 develop+ )
 en]gy & _h come to a head4 ,! m        
inactive p]iods1 :i* came into pa/ "t1  
he goes ov] 9 o!r places succ9ctly4 ,!  
same he did 9 ! ,odyssey1 beg9n+ f !    
close ( ! times ( ,odysseus's w&]+s1 9  
:i* x 0 cle>ly "t to br+ 9 ,telema*us & 
to %[ ! haughty conduct ( ! suitors4    
,:atev] happ5$ to ,odysseus 9 8 w&]+s   
be=e ?is he introduces into ,odysseus's 
n>rative4 ,^! ?+s he pref]s to %[ z m   
probable & m effective1 :5 said by ! "o 
:o exp]i5c$ !m4  ,z !re=e all orators   
make use ( introductory rem>ks to get ! 
b5evol5t att5tion ( _! audi5ce1 s our   

poet makes use ( exordiums fitt$ to move
 & rea* ! he>]4 ,9 ! ,iliad he fir/     
decl>es t he is ab\t to say h[ _m evils 
happ5$ to ! ,a*aeans ?r\gh ! wra? (     
,a*illes & ! high-h&$ conduct (         
,agamemnon2 & 9 ! ,odyssey h[ _m labors 
& dang]s ,odysseus enc\nt]$ & surm\nt$  
all ( !m by ! judgm5t & p]sev]ance ( 8  
s\l4 ,& 9 ea* "o ( ! exordiums he       
invokes ! ,muse t %e may make ! value ( 
:at is said great] & m div9e4  ,:ile !  
*>act]s introduc$ by him are made to say
 _m ?+s ei!r to _! relatives or fri5ds  
or enemies or ! p1 yet to ea* he assigns
 a fitt+ type ( spee*1 z 9 ! beg9n+ he  
makes ,*ryseis 9 8 words to ! ,greeks   
use a mo/ appropriate exordium4 ,fir/ he
 desires = !m t !y may be sup]ior to _! 
enemies & may return home1 9 ord] t he  
might ga9 _! k9dly feel+4 ,!n he dem&s 8
 daught]4 ,b ,a*illes be+ ang]$ by !    
?reat ( ,agamemnon comb9es a spee* = !  
,greeks & = himself1 9 ord] to make !m m
 fri5dly dispos$4 ,=1 he says1 all _h   
proce$$ to ! w>1 n on acc\nt ,( "s      

private enmity1 b to please ,agamemnon  
himself & 8 bro!r1 & he w5t on to say he
 _h done _m ?+s himself & _h receiv$ a  
pres5t n f ,agamemnon & ,m5elaus1 b f ! 
:ole body ( ! ,greeks4 ,agamemnon reply+
 to him has no difficulty 9 w9n+ ! cr[d4
 ,= :5 ,a*illes says he means to sail   
back home1 on acc\nt ( ! insult he has  
receiv$1 he does n say g b flee1 *ang+  
:at is said abruptly into an attack on  
,a*illes reputation4 ,& 8 words are3--  
,i d n exhort y to rema92 !re are "h :o 
value me4  ,& ?is 0 agreeable to 8      
he>]s4  ,& aft]w>d he introduces ,ne/or1
 :om he _h previ\sly call$ sweet 9 spee*
 & a %rewd orator 7,i4 i4 #bdi73--      
,^: voice fl[$ f 8 tongue sweet] ?an    
honey4  ,!re c\ld be no great] praise = 
an orator4 ,he />ts (f ) an exordium by 
:i* he tries to *ange ! m9ds ( ! conte/+
 *iefs1 bidd+ !m consid] by oppos+ "o   
ano!r !y give occasion ( joy to _!      
enemies4 ,he goes on to admoni% bo? & to
 exhort !m to give he$ to him z _! eld]4
 ,& by tell+ "o to be prud5t1 he says   

:at gratifies ! o!r4 ,he advises        
,agamemnon n to take away :at has be5   
giv5 to a man :o has labor$ mu*2        
,a*illes1 n to /rive ) ! k+ :o is 8     
sup]ior4 ,& he gives suitable praise to 
bo?3 to ! "o z rul+ ov] m p2 to ! o!r1 z
 hav+ m pr[ess4 ,9 ?is way he seeks to  
mod]ate !m4  ,aga91 9 :at foll[s1 :5    
,agamemnon saw ! dream be>+ good hopes  
to him f ,zeus1 & exhort+ him to arm !  
,greeks1 did he n use rhetorical art    
speak+ to ! multitude1 say+ ! contr>y ( 
:at he wi%es1 to try _! feel+ & to see  
if !y w be disgu/$ by be+ compell$ to d 
battle = him4 ,b he speaks to please !m4
 ,ano!r ( ! m5 able to influ5ce !m bids 
!m /ay 9 _! t5ts1 z if ! k+ really wi%$ 
?is4 ,= to ^? he speaks to he indicates 
t he desires ! contr>y4 ,odysseus tak+  
up ^! words1 & mak+ use ( a conv5i5t    
fre$om1 p]suades ! lead]s by 8 mild     
language2 ! common p he compels by      
?reats to he$ _! sup]iors4 ,/opp+ !     
mut9y & agitation ( ! cr[d1 he p]suades 
all by 8 %rewd words1 mod]ately blam+ !m

 = n c>ry+ out :at !y promis$1 & at !   
same "t excus+ !m on ! gr\nd t !y h be5 
idle = "s "t & h be5 depriv$ ( :at is   
de>e/ to !m4 ,he p]suades !m to rema9 by
 ! hope ( ! se]'s prophecy4  ,likewise  
,ne/or1 us+ argum5ts un*ang$ inde$ b    
t5d+ to ! same end1 & also us+ great]   
fre$om to ^? :o h be5 spoilt by         
inaction1 br+s ov] ! cr[d4 ,he places ! 
blame ( _! neglig5ce on a few unwor?y p 
& advises ! re/4 ,he ?reat5s ! disob$i5t
 & imm$iately takes c\nsel ) ! k+ z to  
h[ ! =ces are to be drawn up4  ,aga91 :5
 9 ! de$s ( w> ! ,greeks h p>tly succe$$
 & p>tly fail$ & be5 r$uc$ to t]ror1    
,diom$1 s9ce he has ! audacity ( y\? &  
fre$om ( spee* by reason ( 8 success1   
be=e he _h %[n 8 valor1 took ! k+'s     
repro( 9 sil5ce1 b aft]w>d he turns on  
,agamemnon z if he _h c\nsell$ flight   
?r\gh c[>dice4 ,= he says 7,i4 ix4      
#cb73--       ,atrides ,i ?y folly mu/  
confront1      ,z is my "r 9 c\ncil6 ?\1
 ,o ,k+1      ,be n (f5d$4  ,9 8 spee*  
he tries to advise him & at ! same "t   

deprecate 8 ang]4 ,he !n recites ! ?+s j
 p]=m$ by him1 )\t envy1 say+ 7,i4 ix4  
#cf73--                                 
,h[ ju/ly s      ,is kn[n to all !      
,greeks bo? "y & old4  ,aft]w>d he      
exhorts ! ,greeks1 giv+ !m indirect     
praise 7,i4 ix4 #dj73--       ,h[ can/  
?\ hope ! sons ( ,greece %all prove     
,su* he>tless c[>ds z ?y words suppose8 
,& he %ames ,agamemnon1 excus+ him if he
 wi%es to dep>t1 say+ ! o!rs w be       
suffici5t1 or if all flee1 he w rema9   
alone ) 8 comrade & fight 7,i4 ix4      
#dh73--       ,yet ,i & ,/h5elaus1 we   
two1 w fight4  ,ne/or comm5ds !         
excell5ce ( 8 judgm5t & 8 actions4 ,z to
 ! aim ( ! c\ncil he consid]s t1 z !    
elde/1 he has ! "r to (f] advice4 ,& he 
cont9ues endeavor+ to arrange = s5d+    
ambassadors to ,a*illes4  ,& 9 ! embassy
 itself he makes ! speak]s employ       
diff]5t devices ( argum5ts4 ,=          
,odysseus1 at ! op5+ ( 8 spee*1 did n   
say imm$iately t ,agamemnon rep5t$ !    
tak+ away ( ,briseis1 & w\ld give ! girl

 back1 & t he 0 giv+ "s gifts imm$iately
 & promis$ ! re/ lat]4 ,= x 0 n useful1 
:ile 8 feel+s 7 excit$1 to rememb] ^!   
?+s4 ,b fir/ he wi%$ to provoke ,a*illes
 to sympa?ize ) ! mis=tunes ( ! ,greeks4
 ,!n he sugge/s t lat] on he w want to  
rem$y ^! disa/]s & w n be able to4 ,aft]
 ?is he recalls to him ! advice (       
,peleus2 remov+ any res5tm5t t[>d       
himself1 he attributes x to ! "* ( 8    
fa!r z be+ m able to move him4 ,& :5 he 
seem$ mollifi$1 !n he m5tion$ ! gifts ( 
,agamemnon & aga9 goes back to          
entreaties on behalf ( ! ,greeks1 say+ t
 if ,agamemnon is ju/ly blam$1 at lea/ x
 0 a good ?+ to save ^? :o _h nev]      
injur$ him4  ,x 0 necess>y to h a       
p]oration ( ?is k9d conta9+ no?+ to     
irritate ! he>]4 ,he specifically       
recalls ! purpose ( ! spee*4 ,! f9al    
exhortation has some?+ to /ir him aga9/ 
! enemy1 = !y are repres5t$ z despis+   
him4 ,= n[ y c take ,hector if he /&s   
oppos$ to y6 ,s9ce he says none ( !     
,greeks is 8 equal4 ,b ,pho5ix1 fe>+ t  

he has us$ less entreaties ?an 7        
befitt+1 %$s te>s4 ,& fir/ he agrees ) 8
 impulse1 say+ he w n leave him if he   
sails away4 ,?is 0 pleasant = him to    
he>4 ,& he tells ,a*illes h[ ,peleus    
intru/$ ,pho5ix to br+ ,a*illes up1 tak+
 him z a *ild1 & h[ he 0 ?\ght wor?y to 
be 8 tea*] 9 words & de$s4 ,9 pass+ he  
relates ,a*illes' y\?ful errors1 %[+ h[ 
?is p]iod ( life is inconsid]ate4 ,&    
proce$+ he omits no exhortation1 us+    
briefly all rhetorical =ms1 say+ t x is 
a good ?+ to be reconcil$ ) a suppliant1
 a man :o has s5t gifts1 & has despat*$ 
! be/ & mo/ honor$ ambassadors2 t he    
himself 0 wor?y to be he>d1 be+ 8 tutor 
& tea*]2 t if he let ! pres5t occasion  
g1 he w\ld rep5t4 ,he makes use ( !     
example ( ,meleag] :o1 :5 call$ ^u to   
help 8 fa!rl&1 did n he$ until by !     
necessity ( ! calamities t ov]took !    
city he turn$ to def5d1 x4 ,b ,ajax us$ 
nei!r entreaty nor pity1 b fre$om (     
spee*4 ,he det]m9$ to remove ,a*illes'  
haught9ess p>tly by blam+ him           

seasonably1 p>tly by exhort+ him g5ially
 n to be completely embitt]$4 ,= x      
befitt$ 8 excell5cy 9 virtue4 ,reply+ to
 ea* ( ^! ,a*illes %[s nobility &       
simplicity4 ,! o!rs he refutes clev]ly &
 g5]\sly by br++ out wor?y causes ( 8   
ang]2 to ,ajax he excuses himself4 ,& to
 ,odysseus he says t he w sail away on !
 foll[+ day2 !n be+ /irr$ by !          
entreaties ( ,pho5ix1 he says he w take 
c\nsel ab\t leav+4 ,mov$ by ! free spee*
 ( ,ajax1 he confesses all t he int5ds  
to d3 t he w n g =? to fight until      
,hector gets z f> z 8 t5ts & ! %ips1    
aft] kill+ _m ( ! ,greeks4 ,!n he says1 
,i ?9k ,i %all /op ,hector no matt] h[  
e>ne/ly he fights4 ,& ?is argum5t he    
(f]s 9 rebuttal to ,odysseus ab\t resi/+
 ! onslaught ( ,hector4  ,9 ! words (   
,pho5ix he %[s t !re is su* a ?+ z ! art
 ( ,rhetoric4 ,= he says to ,a*illes t  
he _h tak5 him ov] 7,i4 ix4 #ddj73--    
,inexp]i5c$ yet 9 w> t sorr[ br+s alike 
on all      ,& sage debate1 on :i*      
att5ds r5[n      ,me !n he s5t1 to tea* 

!e h[ to frame      ,befitt+ spee* &    
mighty de$s a*ieve4  ,^! words %[ t !   
p[] ( spee* especially makes m5 r5[n$4  
,x is besides possible to f9d 9 _m o!r  
p>ts ( 8 poems passages p]ta9+ to ! art 
( ,rhetoric4 ,= he %[s ! me?od (        
accusation & purgation else:]e & 9 !    
place :]e ,hector taxes 8 bro!r1 accus+ 
him ( c[>dice & dissolut5ess4 ,because  
he _h ?is "*1 he _h injur$ ^? :o 7 f>   
diff]5t f him2 s he _h become ! cause ( 
evil to 8 family4 ,& ,alex&] s(t5s 8    
bro!rs' temp] by confess+ he 0 rightly  
blam$2 he wipes (f ! *>ge ( c[>dice by  
promis+ to meet ,m5elaus 9 combat4 ,& t 
,hom] 0 a skilful speak]1 no "o 9 8 "r  
m9d w\ld d5y1 = x is all cle> f read+ 8 
poems4  ,he did n ov]look to give c]ta9 
types to 8 speak]s4 ,he introduces      
,ne/or z agreeable & attractive to 8    
he>]s2 ,m5elaus1 fond ( brevity1        
attractive1 & /ick+ to 8 subject2       
,odysseus1 abundant subtility ( spee*4  
,^! ?+s ,ant5or te/ifies ab\t ! two     
h]oes2 he _h he>d !m :5 !y came to      

,ilium z ambassadors4 ,& ^! *>act]i/ics 
( spee* ,hom] himself introduces1       
display+ !m 9 all 8 poetry4  ,he 0      
acqua9t$ ) ,anti!sis 9 eloqu5ce4 ,?is 9 
e subject introduces ! contr>y1 & proves
 & disproves ! same ?+ by clev] h&l+ ( !
 art ( logic4 ,= he says 7,i4 xx4       
#bdh73--       ,= glibly runs ! tongue1 
& c at w      ,give utt'rance to        
disc\rse 9 e ve92      ,wide is ! range 
( language1 & su* words      ,z "o may  
speak1 ano!r may return4  ,he knew h[ to
 say ! same ?+s at l5g?1 & to repeat !m 
briefly1 :i* is call$ ,recapitulation1 &
 is us$ by orators :5ev] x is necess>y  
to recall briefly ! num]\s ?+s :i* h be5
 said4 ,= :at ,odysseus relat$ 9 f\r    
books 9 ! ,phaeacians1 ^! he goes ov]   
aga9 %ortly 9 ! passage beg9n+ 7,o4     
xxiii4 #caj73--       ,he began by sett+
 =? h[ he ov]came ! ,cicones1 etc4  ,b  
civil disc\rse embraces also k ( laws4  
,no "o c really say :e!r ! ^w law 0 us$ 
9 8 "t4 ,"s say t he c]ta9ly knew x1 =  
he said 7,o4 xvii4 #dhg73--       ,to   

wat* ! viol5ce & righte\sness ( m54     
,ari/a*us says ! ^w righte\sness 7,greek
 omitt$7 comes f ! words to di/ribute   
well4 ,h5ce law 7,greek omitt$7 seems to
 be call$1 because x di/ributes 7,greek 
omitt$7 equal p>ts to all or to ea*     
accord+ to 8 wor?4 ,b t he knew ! =ce ( 
law 0 cons]v$1 if n 9 writ+ at lea/ 9 ! 
op9ion ( m51 he %[s 9 _m ways4 ,= he    
makes ,a*illes talk+ ab\t ! sceptre say 
7,i4 i4 #bcg73--                     ,& 
n[ 'tis borne1      ,emblem ( ju/ice1 by
 ! sons ( ,greece1      ,:o gu>d ! sacr$
 m9i/ry ( law      ,be=e ! face ( ,jove4
  ,= usages & cu/oms1 ! laws ( :i* ,zeus
 is report$ z ! lawgiv]1 ) :om ,m9os !  
k+ ( ! ,cretans _h conv]se m5 say2 :i*  
conv]se is1 z ,plato be>s witness1 !    
le>n+ ( ! laws4 ,cle>ly 9 8 poems he    
reveals t x is necess>y to foll[ ! laws 
& n to d wrong 7,o4 xviii4 #ada73--     
,:]e=e let no man =ev] be lawless any m1
 b keep      quietly ! gifts ( ! gods1  
:atsoev] !y may give4  ,hom] fir/ ( all 
divid$ into diff]5t p>ts civil polity4  

,= 9 ! %ield :i* 0 made 9 imitation ( ! 
:ole _w by ,hephae/us 7t is1 spiritual  
p[]7 he imag9$ two cities to be conta9$3
 "o enjoy+ peace & happ9ess2 ! o!r at   
w>1 & expos+ ! advantages ( ea* he %[s t
 ! "o life is civil & ! o!r milit>y4    
,nei!r did he pass ov] ev5 !            
agricultural4 ,b he %[$ ?is1 too1 mak+ x
 cle> & beautiful 9 8 language4  ,9 e   
city x is sanction$ by ! law t !re is to
 be a meet+ ( a c\ncil to consid] be=e !
 popul> assembly is call$ toge!r4 ,?is  
is evid5t f ! words ( ,hom] 7,i4 ii4    
#ec73--              ,b fir/ ( all !    
,eld]s      ,a secret conclave          
,agamemnon call$4  ,agamemnon collects !
 ,eld]s1 & exam9es ) !m h[ to arm ! p = 
! fight4  ,& t x is necess>y = ! lead]  
be=e all ?+s to c>e = ! salvation ( !   
:ole1 he tea*es 9 8 *>act]s by ! advice 
he gives 7,i4 ii4 #bd73--       ,to     
sleep all night b ill becomes a *ief4   
,& h[ x is necess>y = subjects to obey  
_! lead]1 & h[ ! comm&] %\ld be> himself
 t[>d ea* class2 ,odysseus %[s ?is1     

p]suad+ ! sup]ior class by s(t words1 b 
us+ t[>d ! cr[d bitt] words ( rebuke4   
,to rise up = "o's sup]iors is sanction$
 9 all laws4 ,?is ! gods !mselves d 9 ! 
case ( ,zeus 7,i4 i4 #ece73--           
,at 8 entrance all      ,rose f _! seats
 at once2 n "o presum$      ,to wait 8  
com+4  ,!re is a rule among mo/ t !     
elde/ %all speak4 ,diom$ by necessity ( 
! w> hav+ d>$ to speak fir/1 reque/s to 
be p>don$ 7,i4 xiv4 #aaa73--            
,nor take (f5ce t ,i1      ,! y\nge/ (  
all1 presume to speak4  ,& x is an      
univ]sal rule t volunt>y (f5ces are     
puni%$ & involunt>y ones are excus$4    
,?is1 too1 ! poet %[s1 9 :at ! m9/rel   
says 7,o4 xxii4 #cej73--       ,&       
,telema*us w te/ify ( ?is1 ?9e own de>  
son1 t      n by m9e own w or desire did
 ,i resort to ?y h\se to      s+ to !   
woo]s aft] _! fea/s2 b be+ s _m &       
/rong] ?an ,i1 !y l$ me by con/ra9t4    
,!re are ?ree =ms ( polity int5d$ to    
atta9 ju/ice & good laws1--,royalty1    
,ari/ocracy1 & ,democracy4 ,to ^! are   

oppos$ ?ree :i* end 9 inju/ice &        
lawlessness1--,tyranny1 ,olig>*y1 & ,mob
 ,rule4 ,hom] does n seem ignorant ( ^!4
 ,?r\gh\t 8 :ole poem he names k+ly rule
 & praises x2 = example 7,i4 ii4        
#aif73--       ,= fi]ce 8 ang]1 & ! ,"l 
( c\nsel1 ,jove1      ,f :om proce$s all
 honor1 loves him well4  ,& :at sort ( a
 man a k+ mu/ be1 he pla9ly reveals 7,o4
 ii4 #bcf73--       ,be k9d & g5tle )   
all 8 he>t4  ,& 7,o4 iv4 #fij73--       
,"o t wr\ght no iniquity t[>d any man1  
nor spake aught      unrighte\s 9 !     
t[n%ip1 z is ! wont ( div9e k+s4  ,&    
sev]ally :]e he enum]ates five k+s ( !  
,boeotians1 & among ! ,phaeacians 7,o4  
viii4 #cij73--       ,behold !re are    
twelve glori\s pr9ces :o rule among ?is 
p & be> sway1 & ,i myself am ! ?irte5?4 
,! image ( democracy he %[s cle>ly on ! 
%ield1 9 :i* he makes two cities4 ,! "o 
he says is rul$ democratically1 s9ce !y 
h no lead]1 yet all by _! own w conduct 
!mselves accord+ to ! laws2 !n1 too1 he 
introduces a trial proce$+4 ,& he       

exhibits a democracy :5 he says 7,o4    
xvi4 #dbe73--       ,9 fe> ( ! p1 = !y 7
 exce$+ly wro? aga9/      him1 because  
he _h foll[$ ) ,topheon sea-robb]s &    
h>ri$  ! ,!sprotians1 :o 7 at peace ) u4
  ,a man rul+ ) viol5ce & contr>y to !  
laws he does n call a tyrant1 = ! "n is 
( m rec5t date4 ,b 8 nature he exhibits 
9 8 de$s 7,o4 vxiii4 #he73--       ,&   
s5d !e to ! ma9l& to ,e*etus ! k+1 !    
maim]      ( all mank9d1 :o w cut (f ?y 
nose & e>s ) !      pitiless /eel4  ,&  
he %[s ,aegi/hus tyrannical1 :o kill$   
,agamemnon & lord$ ov] ,myc5ae4 ,& :5 he
 0 kill$ he says he w\ld h _h no        
sepul*re if ,m5elaus _h be5 !re4 ,= ?is 
0 ! cu/om ) tyrants 7,o4 iii4 #beh73--  
,!n ev5 9 8 dea? w\ld !y n h heap$ !    
pil$      e>? ov] him1 b dogs & f[ls ( !
 air w\ld h      dev\r$ him z he lay on 
! pla9 f> f ! t[n3      s dread 0 ! de$ 
he contriv$4  ,olig>*y he seems to %[ 9 
! ambition ( ! suitors1 ab\t :om he says
 7,o4 i4 #bdg73--       ,z _m z "l x 9  
rocky ,i?aca4  ,he describes ! mob rule 

9 ! ,trojan gov]nm5t 9 :i* all are      
accomplices ( ,alex&] & all are involv$ 
9 mis=tunes4 ,priam accuses 8 sons ( be+
 ! cause 7,i4 xxiv4 #bec73--            
,ha/e1 wor?less sons1 my sc&al & my     
%ame6  ,& also ano!r ,trojan1 ,antima*us
 7,i4 xi4 #abd73--                      
',twas he :o *ief      ,s$uc'd by ,p>is'
 gold & spl5did gifts      ,advis'd !   
re/itution to refuse      ,( ,hel5 to h]
 "l4    ,x is e/eem$ j among m5 to      
di/ribute to ea* accord+ to 8 wor?4 ,?is
 pr9ciple conc]ns especially rev]5c+ !  
gods1 & honor+ p>5ts & relations4 ,piety
 t[>d ! gods he tea*es 9 _m passages1   
introduc+ ! h]oes sacrific+1 pray+1 (f]+
 gifts to ! gods1 & celebrat+ !m 9      
hymns1 & z a rew>d = _! piety !y receive
 f ! gods4  ,honor to p>5ts he %[s      
especially1 9 ! "* ( ,telema*us1 & 9 8  
praise ( ,ore/es 7,o4 i4 #bih73---      
,or ha/ ?\ n he>d :at r5[n ! goodly     
,ore/es got      among all m5 9 t he    
slew ! slay] ( 8 fa!r8  ,= p>5ts to be  
c>$ = 9 _! old age by _! *ildr5 is j by 

nature & a debt ( retribution2 ?is he   
%[$ 9 "o passage :]e he says 7,i4 xvii4 
#cjb73--       ,n de/9'd he 8 p>5ts to  
repay _! e>ly c>e4  ,! good w & good    
fai? ( bro!rs to "o ano!r he %[s 9      
,agamemnon & ,m5elaus1 ( fri5ds 9       
,a*illes & ,patroclus1 prud5ce & wifely 
love 9 ,p5elope1 ! long+ ( a man = 8    
wife 9 ,odysseus4  ,h[ we %\ld act t[>d 
our c\ntry he %[$ especially 9 ^! words 
7,i4 xii4 #bdc73--       ,! be/ ( om5s  
is our c\ntry's cause4  ,& h[ citiz5s   
%\ld %>e a common fri5d%ip 7,i4 ix4     
#fc73--       ,outca/ f k9dr$1 law1 &   
he>? is he      ,^: s\l delights 9      
fi]ce1 int]nal /rife4  ,t tru?fulness is
 honorable & ! contr>y to be avoid$ 7,i4
 ix4 #cab73--       ,him z ! gates (    
hell my s\l abhors      ,:]e outw>d     
spee* 8 secret ?\ght belies4  ,& 7,o4   
xviii4 #afh73--       ,:o speak fri5dly 
) _! lips1 b imag9e evil 9 !      latt] 
end4  ,h\seholds are *iefly well ord]$  
:5 ! wife does n make a fuss ov] !      
undecl>$ plans ( h] husb& nor )\t 8     

c\nsel und]takes to d any ?+4 ,bo? he   
%[s 9 ! p]son ( ,h]a2 ! =m] he          
attributes to ,zeus z speak] 7,i4 i4    
#ede73--       ,expect n ,juno1 all my  
m9d to "k4  ,& ! latt] ,h]a h]self      
speaks 7,i4 xiv4 #caj73--       ,le/ x  
displease !e1 if1 to !e unkn[n1      ,i 
s\ght ! ,ocean's deeply fl[+ /ream1     
,!re is a cu/om among all p = ^? :o g to
 a w> or :o are 9 dang] to s5d "s       
message to _! families4 ,our poet 0     
famili> ) ?is cu/om4 ,= ,&roma*e1       
bewail+ ,hector1 says 7,i4 xxiv4        
#gdc73--       ,= n to me 0 giv'n to    
clasp ! h& ext5d$ f ?y         dy+ b$1  
,nor words ( wisdom cat*1 :i* night &   
day1      ,) te>s1 ,i might h treasur'd 
9 my he>t4  ,p5elope recalls ! comm&s ( 
,odysseus :5 he set =? 7,o4 xviii4      
#bfe73--       ,:]e=e ,i "k n if ! gods 
w suff] me to return1 or      :e!r ,i   
%all be cut (f !re 9 ,troy2 s d ?\ h a  
c>e = all ^! ?+s4  ,be m9dful ( my fa!r 
& my      "m 9 ! halls1 ev5 z ?\ art or 
yet m ?an n[1      :ile ,i am f> away4  

,b :5 ?\ see'/ ?y son a be>d$      man1 
m>ry :om ?\ wilt & leave ?9e own h\se4  
,he knew also ! cu/om ( hav+ /ew>ds 7,o4
 ii4 #bbf73--       ,he x 0 to :om      
,odysseus1 z he dep>t$ 9 ! fleet1 _h    
giv5 ! *>ge ov] all 8 h\se t x %\ld obey
 !      old man1 & t he %\ld keep all   
?+s safe4  ,grief at ! dea? 9 "o's      
h\sehold he ?9ks %\ld n be unmeasur$2 = 
?is is unwor?y1 nor does he all[ x      
altoge!r to be repress$2 = apa?y is     
impossible = mank9d1 :5ce he says !     
foll[+ 7,i4 xxiv4 #dh73--       ,he     
m\rns & weeps1 b "t 8 grief allays1     
,= fate to man a pati5t m9d ha? giv54   
,o!r places he says 7,i4 xix4 #bbh73--  
,behooves u bury out ( sight our dead   
,/eel+ our he>ts & weep+ b a day4  ,he  
also knew ! cu/oms us$ n[ at fun]als1 9 
o!r passages & 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 xvi4     
#def73--       ,!re %all 8 bre?r5 & 8   
fri5ds p]=m      ,8 fun'ral rites1 &    
m\nd & column raise      ,! fitt+       
tribute to ! mighty dead  ,& z ,&roma*e 
says 7be=e7 ! nak$ & pro/rate body (    

,hector 7,i4 xxii4 #eji73--       ,b n[ 
on !e1 beside ! beak$ %ips      ,f> f ?y
 p>5ts1 :5 ! rav'n+ dogs      ,h _h _!  
fill1 ! wriggl+ worms %all fe$      ,9  
!e all nak$2 :ile )9 ?y h\se      ,lies 
/ore ( raim5t1 ri* & r>e1 ! "w      ,(  
wom5's h&s3 ^! ,i w burn ) fire      ,n 
= ?y ne$--?\ ne'er %alt we> !m m      ,b
 = ?9e honor 9 ! sight ( ,troy4  ,s1    
too1 ,p5elope prep>es ! %r\d 7,o4 ii4   
#ii73--       ,ev5 ?is %r\d = ! h]o     
,la]tes4  ,b ^! are examples (          
mod]ation4 ,b exce$+ ^! are ! liv+      
creatures & m5 ,a*illes burns on ! pyre 
( ,patroclus4 ,he tells u ( !m1 b does n
 d s 9 words ( praise4 ,!re=e he        
exclaims 7,i4 xxi4 #ai73--       ,on    
savage de$s int5t4  ,& he fir/ ( all    
m5tions monum5ts to ! sla9 7,i4 vii4    
#ccf73--                  ,& on ! pla9s 
erect      ,ar\nd ! pyre "o common pyre 
= all4  ,& he gave ! fir/ example (     
fun]al games4 ,^! are common to times ( 
peace & w>4  ,exp]i5ce 9 w>like affairs1
 :i* "s au?orities call ,tactics1 8     

poetry be+ v>i$ by infantry1 siege1 &   
naval engagem5ts1 & also by individual  
conte/s1 cov]s _m types ( /rategy4 ,"s (
 ^! are wor? m5tion+4 ,9 draw+ up armies
 x is necess>y always to put ! cavalry 9
 front1 & aft] x ! infantry4 ,?is he    
indicates 9 ! foll[+ v]ses 7,i4 ii4     
#big73--       ,9 ! front rank1 ) *>iot 
& ) horse1      ,he plac'd ! c>-borne   
w>riors2 9 ! re>1      ,num'r\s & brave1
 a cl\d ( infantry6  ,& z to plac+      
lead]s among ! soldi]s z !y are arrang$ 
9 files 7,i4 ix4 #hf73--       ,sev5 7 !
 lead]s2 & ) ea* w5t =?1      ,a hundr$ 
gallant y\?s1 ) lances arm$4  ,"s ( !   
lead]s fight 9 ! front rank2 "s 9 ! re> 
exhort ! re/ to fight 7,i4 iv4 #beb73-- 
,& come :]e r\nd _! *ief      ,idom5eus1
 ! w>like b>ds ( ,crete      ,7 com+ = !
 fight2 ,idom5eus      ,( c\rage /ubborn
 z ! =e/ bo>      ,! =emo/ ranks        
array'd2 ,m]iones      ,! re>mo/        
squadrons _h 9 *>ge4  ,x is necess>y =  
^? :o are valiant to camp 9 ! extreme   
limits1 mak+ z x 7 a wall = ! re/2 b = !

 k+ is pit*$ 8 t5t 9 ! safe/ place1 t   
is1 9 ! mid/4 ,he %[s ?is by mak+ ! mo/ 
valor\s m51 ,a*illes & ,ajax1 encamp 9 !
 mo/ expos$ spaces ( ! fleet1 b         
,agamemnon & ! re/ 9 ! middle4  ,! cu/om
 ( surr\nd+ ! camp ) e>?-works1 & digg+ 
ar\nd x a deep & wide dit* & plant+ x 9 
a circle ) /akes s t no "o c jump ov] x 
by reason ( its bread?1 nor g d[n into x
 because ( its dep?1 is f\nd 9 ! w>like 
op]ations ( ,hom] 7,i4 xii4 #eb73--     
,9 va9 we seek to drive      ,our horses
 o'er ! dit*3 x is h>d to cross1        
',tis cr[n$ ) po9t$ /akes1 & !n beh9d   
,is built ! ,grecian wall2 ^! to desc5d1
      ,& f our c>s 9 n>r[ space to      
fight1      ,7 c]ta9 ru94  ,& 9 battle  
^? :o foll[ ! example ( ,hom]'s h]oes   
die bravely 7,i4 xxii4 #cjd73--         
,yet n )\t a /ruggle let me die1        
,nor all +lori\s2 b let "s great act1   
,:i* future days may he> (1 m>k my fall4
  ,& ano!r "t 7,o4 xv4 #did73--       ,&
 if !re be among y :o ?is day %all meet 
8 doom by      sword or arr[ sla91 e'en 

let him die6 a glori\s dea? is      8 :o
 = 8 c\ntry falls4  ,to ^? :o di/+ui%   
!mselves he di/ributes gifts 7,i4 ix4   
#ccd73--       ,to o!r *iefs & k+s he   
met$ out _! sev]al portions4  ,& he     
?reat5s des]t]s 7,i4 xv4 #cdh73--       
,:om ,i else:]e1 & f ! %ips alo(        
,%all f9d1 my h& %all d[n him on ! spot4
  ,:y is x necess>y to speak ( ! h]oes 9
 battle8 ,h[ diff]5tly & v>i\sly he     
makes !m give & receive w\nds4 ,"o he   
?9ks wor?y ( m5tion1 because he ?9ks ^? 
w\nd$ 9 front are ! m honorable because 
!y prove /eadfa/ness & a desire to abide
 ! %ock4 ,^? :o are /ruck 9 ! back or   
neck 7 less honorable1 s9ce ^! bl[s !y  
receiv$ 9 flight4 ,bo? ( ^! are m5tion$ 
9 ,hom] 7,i4 xii4 #bhh73--       ,n 9 ! 
neck beh9d1 nor 9 ?y back      ,%\ld    
fall ! bl[1 b 9 ?y brea/ 9 front1       
,?y c\rage none might call 9 d\bt       
,%\ld/ ?\ f spe> or sword receive a     
w\nd4  ,& aga9 7,i4 xxii4 #bac73--      
,n 9 my back w ,i receive ?y spe>1      
,b ?r\gh my he>t4  ,9 putt+ enemies to  

flight he gives useful advice1 n to be  
busi$ ) ! spoil1 nor give "t = flight1 b
 to press on & pursue 7,i4 vi4 #fh73--  
,loit] n n[ beh9d1 to ?r[ y\rselves     
,^u ! prey1 & be> x to ! %ips2     ,let 
all y\r aim be n[ to kill1 !n     ,ye   
may at leisure spoil y\r slaught]$ foe4 
,!re are 9 8 poetry successful de$s     
a*iev$ by e age1 by :i* e "o1 no matt]  
:o he may be1 c be enc\rag$3 ! man 9 !  
fl[] ( 8 /r5g? by ,a*illes1 ,ajax1 &    
,diom$2 by y\ng] ones ,antilo*us &      
,m]iones2 ! mature by ,idom5eus &       
,odysseus2 ! old m5 by ,ne/or2 & e k+ by
 all ( ^! nam$ & by ,agamemnon4 ,su* are
 9 ,hom] ! examples ( ! disc\rse &      
action ( civiliz$ life4  ,let u see n[  
:e!r ,hom] _h any famili>ity ) m$ic9e4  
,t he held ! art 9 high reg>d is cle> f 
! foll[+ 7,i4 xi4 #ead73--       ,wor?  
_m a life is 81 ! skilful lee*4  ,m$ical
 sci5ce appe>s to be ! sci5ce ( disease 
& heal?4 ,t x is a sci5ce any "o c le>n 
f ?is 7,o4 iv4 #bc73--       ,!re ea* "o
 is a lee* skill$ beyond all m54  ,t x  

deals ) disease & heal? 7,o4 iv4        
#bcj73--       ,_m t are heal+ 9 ! cup1 
& _m baneful1--  he indicates ) ^! ?+s4 
,m$ic9e has1 too1 a !oretical side :i*  
rea*es ! k ( p>ticul>s by univ]sal      
reason+ & by inductive me?od4 ,! p>ts ( 
?is are ! /udy ( symptoms & ! k ( !     
c\rses ( disease4 ,! active "p treat+ ( 
action & effect2 ! p>ts ( x diatetic1   
surgical1 m$ic9al4 ,h[ did ,hom]        
appraise ea* ( ^!8 ,t he knew !         
!oretical side is evid5t f ?is 7,o4 iv4 
#bbg73--       ,m$ic9es ( su* virtue & s
 helpful _h ! daught]s      ( ,zeus4    
,he calls !m ( su* virtue because !y 7  
prep>$ by !oretic art4  ,b ! /udy (     
symptoms he goes ov] 9 ! case (         
,a*illes4 ,= he 0 a disciple ( ,*>on4   
,he fir/ obs]v$1 !n1 ! causes ( !       
pe/il5ce :i* 0 attack+ ! ,greeks4 ,= he 
knew t ! causes ( common diseases 7 f   
,apollo1 :o seems to be ! same z ! ,sun4
 ,= he notices ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,if ^!
 are intemp]ate1 !y become ! causes (   
disease4 ,=1 9 g5]al1 ! safety &        

de/ruction ( m5 are to be ascrib$ to    
,apollo1 ( wom5 to ,artemis1 i4e4 to !  
,sun & ,moon1 mak+ !m ! ca/]s ( arr[s by
 reason ( ! rays !y ?r[ out4 ,s divid+ !
 male & female he makes ! male ( ! w>m] 
temp]am5t4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 at any rate1 
he says ,telema*us is ( ?is type1 by !  
guidance ( ,apollo2 b ! daught]s (      
,tynd>us grew up1 he says1 "u !         
protection ( ,artemis4 ,moreov]1 to ^!  
gods he attributes dea? 9 _m places1 &  
among o!rs 9 ! foll[+ 7,i4 xxiv4        
#fje73--       ,! y\?s1 ,apollo ) 8     
silv] b[2      ,! maids1 ! ,ar*] ,que5  
,diana slew4  ,:]e he relates ! ris+ ( !
 ,dog ,/>1 ! same is a sign & cause (   
fev] & disease 7,i4 xxii4 #cj73--       
,! highe/ he b sign to mortal man       
,( evil augury & fi]y heat4  ,he gives !
 causes ( disease :]e he speaks ab\t !  
gods 7,i4 v4 #cda73--       ,!y eat no  
bread1 !y dr9k no ruddy w9e1      ,!nce 
are !y bloodless & exempt f dea?4  ,=   
food1 :e!r dry or humid1 is g5]ative (  
blood4 ,& ?is n\ri%es ! body2 if x is   

excessive or corrupt1 x becomes ! cause 
( disease4  ,! practical "p ( m$ic9e he 
c>efully di/+ui%es4 ,9 ?is is !         
dietetic4 ,fir/1 he knew ! p]iods &     
cures ( diseases1 z :5 he says 7,o4 xi4 
#aga73--       ,:at doom ov]came !e (   
dea? t lays m5 at _!      l5g?8 ,0 x a  
sl[ disease1 or did ,artemis ! ar*] slay
      !m ) ! visitation ( h] g5tle      
%afts8  ,x is evid5t t he ?9ks a light  
diet is heal?ful4 ,= he pictures 8 h]oes
 mak+ use ( cook$ food & s removes      
extravagant att5tion ab\t ?+s to eat4 ,&
 s9ce ! /oma* ne$s con/ant repletion1 :5
 cook$ food1 :i* has ! close/ relation  
to ! body1 is dige/$ 9 ! he>t & ve9s1 & 
! surfeit is ca/ =?1 he says words l !  
foll[+ 7,o4 vii4 #bae73--       ,b z =  
me suff] me to sup afflict$ z ,i am2 =  
naught      is !re m %ameless ?an a     
rav5+ belly1 :i* bidde? a      man p]=ce
 be m9dful ( him4  ,& aga9 7,o4 vii4    
#bai73--       ,yet ev] m he bidde? me  
eat & dr9k1 & make? utt]ly      to =get 
all my suff]+s & comm&e? me to take my  

fill4  ,he knew1 too1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! use
 ( w9e3 t immod]ate dr9k+ is h>mful b   
mod]ate pr(itable2 z foll[s 7,o4 xxi4   
#bid73--       ,honey sweet w9e1 t is ! 
bane ( o!rs too1 ev5 ( all      :o take 
great draughts & dr9k out ( measure4  ,!
 o!r s 7,i4 vi4 #bfa73--                
,b great ! /r5g?1      ,:i* g5'r\s w9e  
imp>ts to m5 :o toil      ,& t gives    
additional =ce4  & 7,i4 xix4 #afg73--   
,b he :o fir/ ) food & w9e refre%$      
,all day ma9ta9s ! combat ) ! foe4      
,8 _s reta9s unbrok51 & 8 limbs         
,unwe>i$ till bo? armies quit ! field4  
,& he ?9ks ! agreeable ta/e contributes 
to good fell[%ip 7,o4 vii4 #ahb73--     
,s spake he1 & ,ponton\s mix$ ! gladd5+ 
w9e4  ,! /rong & heady k9d ,odysseus    
gives to ! ,cyclops1 ! %>p k9d = a      
m$ic9e1 = su* is ! ,promneon br&1 :i* he
 gives to w\nd$ ,ma*aon4  ,t he advises 
! use ( gymna/ics is evid5t 9 _m places1
 = he makes 8 *>act]s always at "w1 "s 9
 appropriate occupations1 "s = ! sake ( 
ex]cise4 ,al?\gh ! ,phaeacians are      

ext]nally giv5 to s(tness1 & ! suitors  
are dissolute1 he introduces !m do+     
gymna/ic feats4 ,& mod]ate ex]cise he   
?9ks is ! cause ( heal?4 ,= a tir$ body 
sleep is a rem$y4 ,= he says sleep came 
^u ,odysseus aft] he _h be5 tir$ out by 
! sea 7,o4 v4 #dic73--       ,t s x     
might soon release him f 8 we>y travail1
      ov]%ad[+ 8 eyelids4  ,nature      
requires a tir$ body to take re/4 ,& :]e
 !re is too little heat1 z x is n able  
to p5etrate ev]y:]e1 x rema9s at ! l[e/ 
level4 ,:y does ! body re/8 ,because !  
t5sion ( ! s\l is remitt$ & ! memb]s are
 dissolv$ & ?is he cle>ly says 7,o4 iv4 
#gid73--       ,& %e sank back 9 sleep1 
& all h] jo9ts 7 loos5$4  ,z 9 o!r ?+s1 
immod]ation is n advantage\s2 s he      
decl>es ! same ) reg>d to sleep1 at "o  
"t say+ 7,o1 xiv4 #cid73--  ,we>9ess &  
mu* sleep4  ,& ano!r 7,o4 xx4 #eb73--   
,to wake & wat* all night1 ?is1 too1 is 
vexation ( _s4  ,he knew1 too1 t        
cle>ness ( air contributes to heal?1 :]e
 he says 7,o4 iv4 #efc73--       ,b !   

dea?less gods w convey !e to ! ,elysian 
pla9      & ! ,_w's end1 :]e is         
,rhadaman?us ( ! fair hair1      :]e    
life is easie/ = m54  ,no sn[ is !re1   
nor yet      great /orm1 nor any ra92 b 
always ocean s5de? =? !      breeze ( ! 
%rill we/ to bl[ cool on m54  ,he knew  
rem$ies = suff]+s2 = cold revives ^? :o 
are fa9t+1 z 9 ! case ( ,s>p$on 7,i4 v4 
#fig73--       ,he swoon$1 & giddy mi/s 
o'erspread 8 eyes1      ,b soon reviv$ z
 on 8 =ehead blew      ,:ile yet he     
gasp$ = brea? ! cool+ breeze4  ,heat is 
a rem$y = cold1 z 9 ! case ( /orm-toss$ 
,odysseus1 :o b5ds d[n 9 ! ?icket1 :]e  
!re is a protection aga9/ w9ds & ra9s1 &
 he cov]s himself ) ! wood ab\t him4 ,& 
o!r places he m5tions ba?s & ano9t+1 z 9
 ! case ( ,diom$ & ,odysseus return+ f  
_! night exp$ition4 ,! special          
usefulness ( ba?s he %[s especially 9 ! 
foll[+ 7,o4 x4 #cfb73--       ,%e ba!d  
me ) wat] f out a great caldron1 p\r+ x 
ov] head & %\ld]s1 :]e %e _h mix$ x to a
 pleasant      w>m? till f my limbs %e  

took away consum+ we>9ess4  ,x is pla9 t
 ! n]ves h _! orig9 9 ! head & %\ld]s4  
,s probably f ?is he makes ! heal+ (    
fatigue to be tak54 ,?is takes place by 
! wett+ & w>m+2 = labors are p>*+4  ,we 
h n[ to consid] h[ he treat$ ! function 
( surg]y4 ,ma*aon heals ,m5elaus by fir/
 remov+ ! javel92 !n he exam9es ! w\nd &
 presses out ! blood1 & scatt]s ov] x   
dry m$icam5ts4 ,& x is evid5t t ?is is  
done by him 9 a te*nical fa%ion4        
,eurypalus1 :o is w\nd$ 9 ! ?igh1 fir/  
treats x ) a %>p knife1 !n he wa%es x ) 
cle> wat]2 aft]w>d to dim9i% ! pa91 he  
employs an h]b4 ,= !re are _m 9 exi/5ce 
t heal w\nds4 ,he knew ?is1 too1 t bitt]
 ?+s are suitable2 = to dry up w\nds    
requires exsiccation4 ,aft] ,patroclus  
has appli$ ! heal+ art1 he did n g away 
imm$iately1 b 7,i4 xv4 #cic73--         
,rema9+1 ) 8 conv]se soo!d ! *ief4  ,= a
 suff]] ne$s sympa?y4 ,ma*aon w\nd$ n ) 
a great or fatal w\nd on ! %\ld]1 he    
makes us+ int5tionally a some:at c>eless
 diet4 ,p]haps "h he %[s 8 art4 ,= he :o

 takes c>e ( himself at ord9>y times is 
able to heal himself4  ,?is is not$1    
too1 9 ,hom]1 t he kn[s ! di/9ction (   
drugs4 ,"s are to be us$ z pla/]s1 o!rs 
z p[d]s1 z :5 he says 7,i4 iv4 #bah73-- 
,& appli$ ) skilful h& ! h]bs ( heal+   
p[]4  ,b "s are to be drunk1 z :]e ,hel5
 mixes a m$ic9e 9 a b[l 7,o4 iv4        
#bba73--       ,a drug to lull all pa9 &
 ang]1 & br+ =getfulness (      e sorr[4
  ,he kn[s1 too1 t "s poison\s drugs are
 to be appli$ z o9tm5ts 7,o4 i4 #bfa73--
       ,to seek a deadly drug1 t he     
might h :]e)al to      sme> 8 bronze-%od
 arr[s4  ,o!rs are to be drunk1 z 9 ^!  
words 7,o4 ii4 #ccj73--       ,to fet* a
 poison\s drug t he may ca/ x into ! b[l
      & make an end ( all ( u4  ,s mu* =
 m$ic9es 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4  ,div9ation 
is useful to man l m$ic9e4 ,a "p ( ?is !
 ,/oics call artificial1 z ! inspection 
( entrails & birds' oracles1 lots1 &    
signs4 ,all ( ^! !y call 9 g5]al        
artificial4 ,b :at is n artificial1 & is
 n acquir$ by le>n+1 are trances &      

ec/asy1 ,hom] knew1 too1 ( ^! ph5om5a4  
,b he also knew ( se]s1 prie/s1         
int]pret]s ( dreams1 & augurs4 ,a c]ta9 
wise man 9 ,i?aca he tells ( 7,o4 ii    
#aei73--       ,he excell$ 8 pe]s 9 k ( 
birds & 9 utt]+      words ( fate4  ,&  
,odysseus1 pray+1 says 7,o4 xx4 #ajj73--
       ,let "s "o ,i pray ( ! folk t are
 wak+ %[ me a      ^w ( good om5 )9 &   
)\t2 let soon o!r sign be      reveal$  
to me f ,zeus4  ,snor+ ) him is a good  
sign4 ,a div9ely inspir$ se] is ) !     
suitors1 tell+ ! future by div9e        
inspiration4 ,once1 too1 ,hel5us says   
7,i4 vii4 #ec73--       ,he 0 ! recipi5t
 ( a div9e voice4      ,by revelation f 
?' et]nal gods4  ,he gives cause (      
believ+ t ,socrates _h actually         
communications f ! voice ( ! daemon4    
,:at natural or sci5tific art is left   
unt\*$8 ,trag$y took its />t f ,hom]1 & 
aft]w>d 0 rais$ to supremacy 9 words &  
?+s4 ,he %[s t !re is e =m ( trag$y2    
great & extraord9>y de$s1 appe>ances ( !
 gods1 spee* full ( wisdom1 reveal+ all 

sorts ( natures4 ,9 a ^w1 8 poems are   
all dramas1 s]i\s & sublime 9           
expression1 also 9 feel+ & 9 subject4 ,b
 !y conta9 no exhibition ( unholy de$s1 
lawless m>riages1 or ! murd] ( p>5ts &  
*ildr51 or ! o!r m>vels ( m rec5t       
trag$y4 ,b :5 he m5tions a ?+ ( ?is k9d1
 he seems to conceal r ?an to condemn ! 
crime4 ,z he does 9 ! case ( (          
,clytemne/ra4 ,= he says 7,o4 iii4      
#bff73--       ,t %e 0 end[$ ) an       
excell5t m9d z %e _h )      h] a tea*]  
appo9t$ by ,agamemnon1 to give h] !     
be/ advice4  ,aegi/hus got ?is tutor out
 ( ! way & p]suad$ h] to s94 ,he all[s t
 ,ore/es ju/ly av5g$ 8 fa!r's dea? by   
kill+ ,aegi/hus2 b he passes ov] 9      
sil5ce ! murd] ( 8 "m4 ,_m ( ! l        
examples are to be se5 9 ! poet1 z a    
writ] ( maje/ic1 b n inhuman1 trag$y4   
,none ! less1 h[ev]1 ,com$y took f him  
its orig92 = he conta9s1 al?\gh he      
relates ! grave/ & mo/ s]i\s ?+s1       
episodes :i* move to laught]1 z 9 !     
,iliad ,hephae/us is introduc$ limp+ &  

p\r+ out w9e = ! gods 7,i4 i4 #eii73--  
,rose laught] irrepressible1 at sight   
,( ,vulcan hobbl+ r\nd ! spaci\s hall4  
,!rsites is mo/ contemptible 9 body &   
mo/ evil 9 disposition1 f 8 rais+ a     
di/urbance1 & 8 sl&]\s spee* &          
boa/fulness4 ,odysseus attacks him on   
?is acc\nt & gives occasion to all to   
laugh 7,i4 ii4 #bgj73--       ,!        
,greeks1 despite _! ang]1 laugh'd al\d4 
,9 ! ,odyssey among ! pleasure-lov+     
,phaeacians _! b>d s+s ! adult]y ( ,ares
 & ,aphrodite4 ,he tells h[ !y fell into
 ! sn>es ( ,hephea/us1 & 7 tak5 9 ! act1
 & caus$ all ! gods to laugh1 & h[ !y   
jok$ frequ5tly ) "o ano!r4 ,& among !   
dissolute suitors ,irus ! begg> is      
br\ght 91 conte/+ = a prize ) ! mo/     
noble ,odysseus1 & h[ he appe>$         
ridicul\s 9 ! action4 ,altoge!r x is !  
"* ( human nature1 n only to be int5se1 
b to take a moral holiday s t ! m5 may  
be equal to ! tr\bles ( life4 ,su*      
relaxation = ! m9d is to be f\nd 9 our  
poet4 ,^? :o 9 lat] days introduc$      

,com$y to produce laught] made use ( b>e
 & nak$ language1 b !y _c claim to h    
inv5t$ any?+ bett]4 ,( erotic feel+s &  
expression1 ,hom] makes b a mod]ate use2
 z ,zeus says 7,i4 iii4 #ddb73--        
,= nev] did ?y beauty s inflame my s5se4
  ,& :at foll[s1 & ab\t ,hel5 7,i4 iii4 
#aef73--       ,& 'tis no m>vel1 "o to  
o!r said1      ,! valiant ,trojans & !  
well-greav$ ,greeks      ,= beauty su* z
 ?is %\ld long endure      ,! toils (   
w>4  ,& o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d4 ,o!r poets
 h repres5t$ m5 tak5 by ?is passion     
uncontrollably & immod]ately4 ,?is is   
suffici5t = ?is subject4  ,epigrams are 
a pleas+ v>iety ( spee*2 !y are f\nd on 
/atues & on monum5ts indicat+ succ9ctly 
to :om !y are d$icat$4 ,& ?is1 too1 is a
 m>k ( ,hom] :]e he says 7,i4 vii4      
#hi73--       ,lo6 !re a w>rior's tomb (
 days gone by1      ,a mighty *ief :om  
glori\s ,hector slew4  ,& aga9 7,i4 vi4 
#dfj73--       ,lo6 ?is 0 ,hector's     
wife1 :o1 :5 !y f\ght      ,on pla9s (  
,troy1 0 ,ilion's brave/ *ief4  ,b if   

any "o %\ld say t ,hom] 0 a ma/] (      
pa9t+1 he w\ld make no mi/ake4 ,= "s ( !
 wise m5 said t poetry 0 speak+ pa9t+1 &
 pa9t+ sil5t poetry4 ,:o be=e or :o m   
?an ,hom]1 by ! imag9ation ( 8 ?\ghts or
 by ! h>mony ( 8 v]se1 %[$ & exalt$     
gods1 m51 places1 & diff]5t k9ds ( de$s8
 ,= he %[$ by abundance ( language all  
sorts ( creatures & ! mo/ notable       
?+s--lions1 sw9e1 leop>ds4 ,describ+ _! 
=ms & *>act]s & comp>+ !m to human de$s1
 he %[$ ! prop]ties ( ea*4 ,he d>$ to   
lik5 ! =ms ( gods to ^? ( m54 ,hephae/us
 prep>$ ,a*illes' %ield2 he sculptur$ 9 
gold1 l&1 sky1 sea1 ! greatness ( ! ,sun
 & ! beauty ( ! ,moon & ! ho/ ( ! />s   
cr[n+ all4 ,he plac$ on x cities 9      
diff]5t /ates & =tunes1 & animals mov+ &
 speak+4 ,:o has m skill ?an ! artific] 
( su* an art8  ,let u see 9 ano!r       
example out ( _m h[ poems resemble m ^? 
?+s t are se5 ?an ^? t are he>d4 ,z =   
example1 9 ! passage :]e he tells ( !   
w\nd ( ,odysseus1 he introduces :at     
,eury*leias did 7,o4 xix4 #dfh73--      

,n[ ! old woman took ! sc>r$ limb &     
pass$ h] h&      d[n x1 & knew x by !   
t\* & let ! foot drop      sudd5ly1 s t 
! knees fell into ! ba?1 & ! vessel     
broke1 be+ turn$ ov] on ! o!r side1 & t 
wat] 0      spill$ on ! gr\nd4  ,!n     
grief & joy came on h] 9 "o      mom5t1 
& h] eyes fill$ ) te>s1 & ! voice ( h]  
utt]ance 0 /ay$1 & t\*+ ! *9 (          
,odysseus1 %e      spake to him say+1   
,yea1 v]ily1 ?\ art ,odysseus1 my de>   
*ild1 & ,i knew !e n be=e till ,i _h    
h&l$ all !      body ( my "l4  ,!re)al  
%e look$ t[>d ,p5elope1 z      m9d$ to  
make a sign & ! re/4  ,= "h m ?+s are   
%[n ?an c be 9 a picture & ^? c be      
weigh$ by ! eyes4 ,!y are n to be tak5 9
 by ! eyes1 b by ! intellig5ce alone3   
su* z ! lett+ g ( ! foot ?r\gh emotion1 
! s\nd ( ! te>s1 ! spilt wat] & ! grief1
 & at ! same "t ! joy ( ! old wom51 h]  
words to ,odysseus1 & :at %e is ab\t to 
say z %e looks t[>d ,p5elope4 ,_m o!r   
?+s are graphically reveal$ 9 ! poet :i*
 come out :5 he is read4  ,x is "t to   

close a "w :i* we h wov51 l a cr[n f a  
befl[]$ & v>iegat$ field1 & :i* we (f]  
to ,muses4 ,& we1 we %all n lay x to !  
he>t if any "o c5sures u1 because !     
,hom]ic poems conta9 ! basis ( evil ?+s1
 if we ascribe to him v>i\s political1  
e?ical1 & sci5tific discussions4 ,s9ce  
good ?+s are by !mselves simple1        
/raight=w>d1 & unprep>$2 b :at is mix$ )
 evil has _m diff]5t modes & all k9ds ( 
comb9ations1 f :i* ! sub/ance ( ! matt] 
is d]iv$4 ,if evil is add$ to ! o!rs1 ! 
k & *oice ( ! good is made easi]4 ,& on 
! :ole a subject ( ?is sort gives       
occasion to ! poet = orig9at+ disc\rse (
 all k9ds1 "s belong+ to himself1 "s    
prop] to ! *>act]s he introduces4 ,f ?is
 circum/ance be gives mu* pr(it to 8    
read]s4 ,:y %\ld we n ascribe to ,hom] e
 excell5ce8 ,^? ?+s t he did n "w up1 !y
 :o came aft] him h notic$4 ,& "s make  
use ( 8 v]ses = div9ation1 l ! oracles (
 ,god4 ,o!rs sett+ =w>d o!r projects fit
 to !m = our use :at he has said by     
*ang+ or transpos+ x4   ,,end ,,(       

,,twelve--------------     ,,! ,,banquet
 ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,wise ,,m54  ,,!       
,,sev51--,,solon1 ,,dias1 ,,?ales1      
,,ana*>sis1 ,,cleobulus1 ,,pittacus1    
,,*ilo4  ,,nilox5us1 ,,eumetis1         
,,alexidemus ,,p]i&]1 ,,ardalus1        
,,aesop1 ,,cleodemus1 ,,mnesiphilus1    
,,*]sias1 ,,gorgias1 ,,diocles4         
,,diocles ,,to ,,nic>*us  ,no wond]1 my 
fri5d ,nic>*us1 to f9d old tru?s s      
disguis$1 & ! words & actions ( m5 s    
grossly & misrepres5t$ & lamely deliv]$1
 see+ p are s dispos$ to give e> & cr$it
 to fictions ( ye/]day's /&+4 ,= !re 7 n
 m]ely sev5 pres5t at t fea/1 z y 7     
in=m$2 !re 7 m ?an d\ble ! numb]4 ,i 0  
!re myself 9 p]son famili>ly acqua9t$ ) 
,p]i&] 7my art _h ga9$ me 8             
acqua9tance72 & ,?ales bo>d$ at my h\se1
 at ! reque/ & ^u ! recomm5dation (     
,p]i&]4 ,:oev] !n gave y t acc\nt ( our 
fea/ did x v inadequately2 x is pla9 he 
did x ^u he>say & t he 0 n !re among u4 
,n[1 t we are toge!r & at leisure1 &    
possibly we may n live to f9d an        

opportunity s conv5i5t ano!r "t1 ,i w 7z
 y wi% x7 give y a fai?ful acc\nt ( !   
:ole proce$+s at t meet+4  ,p]i&] _h    
prep>$ a d9n] = u1 n 9 ! t[n1 b 9 a     
d9+-hall :i* /&s close to ! temple (    
,v5us1 to :om !re 0 a sacrifice t day4  
,= hav+ neglect$ ! duty ev] s9ce 8 "m   
di$ = love1 he 0 resolv$ n[ to atone = !
 omission1 be+ w>n$ s to d by ! dreams (
 ,melissa4 ,9 ord] !reunto1 !re 0       
provid$ a ri* *>iot = e "o ( ! gue/s4 ,x
 0 summ]-"t1 & e "p ( ! way q to !      
seaside 0 h>dly passable1 by reason (   
?rongs ( p & :ole cl\ds ( du/4 ,z soon z
 ,?ales espi$ ! *>iot wait+ at ! door1  
he smil+ly dis*>g$ x1 & we walk$ ?r\gh !
 fields to avoid ! press & noise4 ,!re 0
 9 our company a ?ird p]son1 ,nilox5us a
 ,naucratian1 an em95t man1 :o 0 v      
intimately acqua9t$ ) ,solon & ,?ales 9 
,egypt2 he _h a message to deliv] to    
,bias1 & a lett] seal$1 ! cont5ts :]e(  
he knew n2 only he guess$ x conta9$ a   
second "q to be resolv$ by ,bias1 & 9   
case ,bias und]took n to answ] x1 he _h 

9 commission to imp>t x to ! wise/ m5 9 
,greece4 ,:at a =tune is ?is 7quo?      
,nilox5us7 to f9d y all toge!r6 ,?is    
pap] 7%[+ x u7 ,i am br++ to ! banquet4 
,?ales repli$1 aft] 8 wont$ smil+ way1  
,if x conta9s any h>d "q1 away ) x to   
,pri5e4 ,bias w resolve x ) ! same      
read9ess he did y\r =m] problem4 ,:at   
problem 0 t8 quo? he4 ,:y1 sai? ,?ales1 
a c]ta9 p]son s5t him a bea/ = sacrifice
 ) ?is comm&1 t he %\ld return him t "p 
( 8 fle% :i* 0 be/ & wor/2 our          
philosoph] v gravely & wisely pull$ out 
! tongue ( ! bea/1 & s5t x to !         
donor2--:i* s+le act procur$ him ! "n & 
reputation ( a v wise man4 ,x 0 n ?is   
act alone t advanc$ him 9 ! e/imation ( 
! _w1 quo? ,nilox5us2 b he joyfully     
embraces :at y s c>efully %un1 !        
acqua9tance & fri5d%ip ( k+s & great m52
 & :]eas he honors y = div]s great      
accompli%m5ts1 he p>ticul>ly admires y =
 ?is inv5tion1 t ) little labor & no    
help ( any ma!matical in/rum5t y took s 
truly ! height ( "o ( ! pyramids2 = fix+

 y\r /aff erect at ! po9t ( ! %ad[ :i* !
 pyramid ca/1 two triangles be+ ?us made
 by ! tang5t rays ( ! sun1 y demon/rat$ 
t :at proportion "o %ad[ _h to ! o!r1   
su* ! pyramid bore to ! /ick4  ,b1 z ,i 
said1 y are accus$ ( be+ a hat] ( k+s1 &
 c]ta9 false fri5ds ( y\rs h pres5t$    
,amasis ) a pap] ( y\rs /uff$ ) s5t5ces 
reproa*ful to maje/y2 z = in/ance1 be+  
at a c]ta9 "t ask$ by ,molpagoras !     
,ionian1 :at ! mo/ absurd ?+ 0 y _h     
obs]v$ 9 y\r notice1 y repli$1 ,an old  
k+4 ,ano!r "t1 9 a dispute t happ5$ 9   
y\r company ab\t ! nature ( bea/s1 y    
affirm$ t ( wild bea/s1 a k+1 ( tame1 a 
flatt]]1 0 ! wor/4 ,su* apo!gms mu/ ne$s
 be unacceptable to k+s1 :o pret5d !re  
is va/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & tyrants4    
,?is 0 ,pittacus's reply to ,myrsilus1 &
 x 0 spok5 9 je/1 quo? ,?ales2 nor 0 x  
an old k+ ,i said ,i %\ld m>vel at1 b an
 old pilot4 ,9 ?is mi/ake h[ev]1 ,i am  
mu* ( ! y\?'s m9d :o1 ?r[+ a /one at a  
dog1 hit 8 /epmo!r1 add+1 ,n s bad4 ,i  
!re=e e/eem$ ,solon a v wise & good man1

 :5 ,i und]/ood he refus$ empire2 & if  
,pittacus _h n tak5 ^u himself a mon>*y1
 he _h nev] exclaim$1 ,o ye gods6 h[ h>d
 a matt] x is to be good6 ,& ,p]i&]1    
h[ev] he seems to be sick ( 8 fa!r's    
disease1 is yet to be comm5d$ t he gives
 e> to :olesome disc\rses & conv]ses    
only ) wise & good m51 reject+ ! advice 
( ,?rasybulus my c\ntryman :o w\ld h    
p]suad$ him to *op (f ! heads ( ! lead+ 
m54 ,= a pr9ce t *ooses r to gov]n      
slaves ?an freem5 is l a fooli% f>m]1 :o
 ?r[s 8 :eat & b>ley 9 ! /reets1 to fill
 8 b>ns ) sw>ms ( locu/s & :ole cages ( 
birds4 ,= gov]nm5t has "o good ?+ to    
make am5ds = its _m evils1 namely1 honor
 & glory1 provid$ "o rules good m5 z be+
 bett] ?an !y & great m5 because great] 
?an !y4 ,b he t hav+ asc5d$ ! ?rone m9ds
 only 8 own int]e/ & ease1 is fitt] to  
t5d %eep or to drive horses or to fe$   
cattle ?an to gov]n m54  ,b ?is /rang]  
7cont9ues he7 has engag$ u 9 a deal (   
imp]t95t *at1 = we h omitt$ to speak or 
(f] any disc\rse suitable to ! occasion 

& end ( our meet+2 = d\btless x becomes 
! gue/ z well z ! ho/1 to make          
prep>ation be=eh&4 ,x is report$ t !    
,syb>ites us$ to invite _! neighbors'   
wives a :ole twelve-mon? be=e to _!     
ent]ta9m5ts1 t !y might h conv5i5t "t to
 trim & adorn !mselves2 = my "p1 ,i am (
 op9ion1 t he :o w\ld fea/ z he %\ld    
ought to all[ himself m "t = prep>ation 
?an !y1 x be+ a m difficult matt] to    
compose ! m9d into an agreeable temp]   
?an to fit "o's clo!s = ! outw>d ornam5t
 ( ! body4 ,= a prud5t man comes n hi!r 
only to fill 8 belly1 z if he 7 to fill 
a bottle1 b to be sometimes grave &     
s]i\s1 sometimes pleasant1 sometimes to 
li/5 to o!rs1 & sometimes to speak      
himself :at may b5efit or div]t !       
company1 if ! meet+ is int5d$ = any good
 use or purpose4 ,= if ! victuals be n  
good1 m5 may let !m alone1 or if ! w9e  
be bad1 m5 may use wat]2 b = a          
weak-bra9$1 imp]t95t1 unmann]ly1 %all[  
fell[-common] !re is no cure2 he m>s all
 ! mir? & music1 & spoils ! be/         

ent]ta9m5t 9 ! _w4 ,& x w be no easy    
bus9ess to lay aside a sull5 temp]2 s9ce
 we f9d div]s m51 ang]$ 9 _! debau*es1 h
 yet rememb]$ ! provocation to _! dy+   
day1 ! spite rema9+ l a surfeit aris+ f 
wrong done or an insult receiv$ 9 dr9k+4
 ,:]e=e ,*ilo did v well & wisely2 = :5 
he invit$ ye/]day1 he w\ld n promise to 
come till he _h a p>ticul> giv5 him (   
all _! names :o 7 to meet him4 ,=1 quo? 
he1 if my bus9ess calls me to sea or ,i 
am press$ to s]ve my pr9ce 9 8 w>s1 !re 
is a necessity ^u me to re/ cont5t$ )   
:atev] company ,i fall into1 ?\gh nev] s
 unsuitable to my quality or            
disagreeable to my nature & humor2 b    
volunt>ily & ne$lessly to associate     
myself ) any riffraff rabble w\ld ill   
become any man pret5d+ to b common      
discretion4  ,! ,egyptian skeleton :i*  
!y br\ght into _! fea/s & expos$ to !   
view ( _! gue/s1 ) ?is advice1 t !y %\ld
 n 9 _! m]rim5t =get !y w\ld %ortly be  
!mselves su* z t 01--?\gh x 0 a sight n 
s acceptable 7z may be suppos$71--_h yet

 ?is conv5i5cy & use1 to incite !       
spectators n to luxury & drunk5ness b to
 mutual love & fri5d%ip1 p]suad+ !m n to
 protract a life 9 itself %ort & unc]ta9
 by a t$i\s c\rse ( wick$ness4  ,9      
disc\rses ( ?is k9d we sp5t our "t by ! 
way1 & 7 n[ come to ! h\se4 ,"h ,?ales  
w\ld n be wa%$1 = he _h b a :ile be=e   
ano9t$ himself2 :]e=e he took a r\nd to 
view ! horse-race & ! wre/l+-place1 & ! 
grove ^u ! wat]-side1 :i* 0 neatly      
trimm$ & beautifi$ by ,p]i&]2 ?is he    
did1 n s mu* to satisfy 8 own curiosity 
7= he seldom or nev] admir$ any?+ he    
saw71 b t he might n disoblige ,p]i&] or
 seem to ov]look or despise ! glory &   
magnific5ce ( our ho/4 ,( ! re/ e "o1   
aft] he _h ano9t$ & wa%$ himself1 !     
s]vants introduc$ into a p>ticul> room1 
purposely fitt$ & prep>$ = ! m52 !y 7   
guid$ ?i!r ?r\gh a por*1 9 :i* ,ana*>sis
 sat1 & !re 0 a c]ta9 "y lady ) him     
comb+ 8 hair4 ,?is lady /epp+ =w>d to   
welcome ,?ales1 he kiss$ h] mo/         
c\rte\sly1 & smil+ said3 ,madam1 make   

our ho/ fair & pleasant1 s t1 be+ 7z he 
is7 ! milde/ man 9 ! _w1 he may n be    
fe>ful & t]rible = u to look on4 ,:5 ,i 
0 curi\s to inquire :o ?is lady 01 he   
said1 ,d y n yet "k ! wise & fam\s      
,eumetis8 = s h] fa!r calls h]1 ?\gh    
o!rs call h] aft] h] fa!r's "n          
,cleobul9a4 ,d\btless1 sai? ,nilox5us1  
!y call h] by ?is "n to comm5d h]       
judgm5t & wit1 & h] rea* into ! m       
ab/ruse & recondite "p ( le>n+2 = ,i h  
myself 9 ,egypt se5 & read "s problems  
fir/ />t$ & discuss$ by h]4 ,n s1 sai?  
,?ales1 = %e plays ) ^! z )             
cockal-bones1 & deals boldly ) all %e   
meets2 %e is a p]son ( an admirable     
und]/&+1 ( a %rewd capaci\s m9d1 ( a v  
oblig+ conv]sation1 & "o t prevails ^u  
h] fa!r to gov]n 8 subjects ) ! greate/ 
mildness4 ,h[ democratic %e is appe>s1  
sai? ,nilox5us1 pla9ly to any t obs]ves 
h] simple innoc5t g>b4 ,b pray1 cont9ues
 he1 :]e=e is x t %e %[s su* affection  
to ,ana*>sis8 ,because1 repli$ ,?ales1  
he is a temp]ate & le>n$ man1 :o fully &

 freely makes kn[n to h] ^? my/]i\s ways
 ( diet+ & physic+ ! sick :i* are n[ 9  
use among ! ,scy?ians2 & ,i d\bt n %e n[
 coaxes & c\rts ! old g5tleman at ! rate
 y see1 tak+ ?is opportunity to disc\rse
 ) him & le>n some?+ ( him4  ,z we 7    
come ne> ! d9+-room1 ,alexidemus !      
,milesian1 a ba/>d son ( ,?rasybulus !  
,tyrant1 met u4 ,he seem$ to be di/urb$1
 & 9 an angry tone mutt]$ to himself "s 
words :i* we c\ld n di/9ctly he>2 b     
espy+ ,?ales1 & recov]+ himself out ( 8 
disord]1 he compla9$ h[ ,p]i&] _h put an
 insuff]able affront ^u him4 ,he w\ld n 
p]mit me1 sai? he1 to g to sea1 ?\gh ,i 
e>ne/ly importun$ him1 b he w\ld press  
me to d9e ) him4 ,& :5 ,i came z invit$1
 he assign$ me a seat unbecom+ my p]son 
& "*1 ,aeolians & isl&]s & o!rs (       
inf]ior rank be+ plac$ above me2 :5ce x 
is easy to inf] h[ meanly he ?9ks ( my  
fa!r1 & x is und5iable h[ ?is affront   
put ^u me reb\nds disgracefully 9 my    
p>5t's face4 ,say y s8 quo? ,?ales1 are 
y afraid le/ ! place less5 or dim9i% y\r

 honor & wor?1 z ! ,egyptians commonly  
hold ! />s are magnifi$ or less5$       
accord+ to _! high] or l[] place &      
position8 ,& are y m fooli% ?an t       
,sp>tan :o1 :5 ! prefect ( ! music _h   
appo9t$ him to sit 9 ! l[e/ seat 9 !    
*oir1 repli$1 ,?is is prud5tly done1 =  
?is is ! ready way to br+ ?is seat into 
repute & e/eem8 ,x is a frivol\s        
consid]ation1 :]e or bel[ :om we sit2 & 
x is a wis] "p to adapt ourselves to !  
judgm5t & humor ( our "r & left h& man &
 ! re/ ( ! company1 t we may approve    
ourselves wor?y ( _! fri5d%ip1 :5 !y f9d
 we take no pet at our ho/1 b are r     
pleas$ to be plac$ ne> su* good company4
 ,& :osoev] is di/urb$ ^u ! acc\nt ( 8  
place seems to be m angry ) 8 neighbor  
?an ) 8 ho/1 b c]ta9ly is v tr\blesome &
 nause\s to bo?4  ,^! are f9e words1 &  
no m1 quo? ,alexidemus1 = ,i obs]ve y1 !
 wise/ ( m51 z ambiti\s z o!r m52 & hav+
 said ?us1 he pass$ by u dogg$ly &      
troop$ (f4 ,?ales1 see+ u admir+ !      
insol5ce ( ! man1 decl>$ he 0 a fell[   

naturally ( a blocki%1 /upid            
disposition2 = :5 he 0 a boy1 he took a 
p>cel ( ri* p]fume t 0 pres5t$ to       
,?rasybulus & p\r$ x into a l>ge b[l &  
mix+ x ) a quantity ( w9e1 drank x (f & 
0 ev] hat$ = x4 ,z ,?ales 0 talk+ aft]  
?is fa%ion1 9 comes a s]vant & tells u x
 0 ,p]i&]'s pleasure we w\ld come 9 &   
in=m him :at we ?\ght ( a c]ta9 creature
 br\ght into 8 pres5ce t in/ant1 :e!r x 
7 s born by *ance or 7 a mon/] &        
om52--himself seem+ mightily affect$ &  
conc]n$1 = he judg$ 8 sacrifice pollut$ 
by x4 ,at ! same "t he walk$ be=e u into
 a c]ta9 h\se adjo9+ to 8 g>d5-wall1 :]e
 we f\nd a "y be>dless %eph]d1 tol]ably 
h&some1 :o hav+ op5$ a lea!rn bag       
produc$ & %[$ u a *ild born 7z he av]r$7
 ( a m>e4 ,8 upp] p>ts z f> z 8 neck & 8
 h&s1 0 ( human %ape1 & ! re/ ( 8 body  
resembl$ a p]fect horse2 8 cry 0 l t ( a
 *ild newly born4 ,z soon z ,nilox5us   
saw x1 he cri$ out4 ,! gods deliv] u2 & 
away he fl$ z "o sadly affright$4 ,b    
,?ales ey$ ! %eph]d a consid]able :ile1 

& !n smil+ 7= x 0 8 way to je] me       
p]petually ab\t my art7 says he1 ,i d\bt
 n1 ,diocles1 b y h be5 all ?is "t seek+
 = "s expiatory sacrifice1 & mean+ to   
call to y\r aid ^? gods ^: prov9ce & "w 
x is to av]t evils f m51 z if "s greet &
 griev\s ?+ _h happ5$4 ,:y n8 quo? ,i1 =
 und\bt$ly ?is prodigy port5ds s$ition &
 w>1 & ,i fe> ! dire port5ts !re( may   
ext5d to myself1 my wife1 & my *ildr51 &
 prove all our ru92 s9ce1 be=e ,i h     
aton$ = my =m] fault1 ! goddess gives u 
?is second evid5ce & pro( ( h]          
displeasure4 ,?ales repli$ nev] a ^w1 b 
laugh+ w5t out ( ! h\se4 ,p]i&]1 meet+  
him at ! door1 inquir$ :at we ?\ght ( t 
creature2 he dismiss$ me1 & tak+ ,p]i&] 
by ! h&1 said1 ,:atsoev] ,diocles %all  
p]suade y to d1 d x at y\r be/ leisure2 
b ,i advise y ei!r n to h su* y\?ful m5 
to keep y\r m>es1 or to give !m leave to
 m>ry4 ,:5 ,p]i&] he>d him out1 he seem$
 inf9itely pleas$1 = he laugh$ outright1
 & hugg+ ,?ales 9 8 arms he kiss$ him2  
!n sai? he1 ,o ,diocles1 ,i am apt to   

?9k ! wor/ is ov]1 & :at ?is prodigy    
port5d$ is n[ at an end2 = d y n        
appreh5d :at a loss we h su/a9$ 9 ! want
 ( ,alexidemus's good company at supp]8 
,:5 we ent]$ into ! h\se1 ,?ales rais+ 8
 voice inquir$ :]e x 0 8 wor%ip refus$  
to be plac$2 :i* be+ %[n him1 he sat    
himself 9 t v place1 & pray$ u to sit   
d[n by him1 & said1 ,i w\ld gladly give 
any money to h an opportunity to sit &  
eat ) ,ardalus4 ,?is ,ardalus 0 a       
,troez5ian by bir?1 by pr(ession a      
m9/rel1 & a prie/ ( ! ,ardalian ,muses1 
^: temple old ,ardalus _h f\nd$ &       
d$icat$4 ,"h ,aesop1 :o 0 s5t f ,croesus
 to visit ,p]i&]1 & )al to consult !    
oracle at ,delphi1 sitt+ by & b5ea?     
,solon ^u a l[ /ool1 told ! company ?is 
fable3 ,a ,lydian mule1 view+ 8 own     
picture 9 a riv]1 & admir+ ! bigness &  
beauty ( 8 body1 raises 8 cre/2 he waxes
 pr\d1 resolv+ to imitate ! horse 9 8   
gait & runn+2 b pres5tly1 recollect+ 8  
extraction1 h[ t 8 fa!r 0 b an ass at   
be/1 he /ops 8 c>e] & *eeks 8 own       

haught9ess & brav]y4 ,*ilo repli$1 aft] 
8 %ort concise way1 ,y are sl[ & yet try
 to run1 9 imitation ( y\r mule4  ,amid/
 ^! disc\rses 9 comes ,melissa & sits h]
 d[n by ,p]i&]2 ,eumetis foll[$ & came 9
 z we 7 at supp]2 !n ,?ales calls to me 
7,i sat me d[n above ,bias71 ,:y d y n  
make ,bias acqua9t$ ) ! problems s5t him
 f ! ,k+ by ,nilox5us ?is second "t1 t  
he may sob]ly & w>ily weigh !m8 ,bias   
answ]$1 ,i h be5 already sc>$ ) t news4 
,i h kn[n t ,bac*us is o!rwise a p[]ful 
deity1 & = 8 wisdom is t]m$ ,greek      
omitt$ t is1 ,,! ,,int]pret]2 !re=e ,i  
%all und]take x :5 my belly is full (   
w9e4 ,?us !y je/$ & rep>te$ & play$ "o  
^u ano!r all ! :ile !y sat at table4    
,obs]v+ ! unwont$ frugality ( ,p]i&] at 
?is "t1 ,i consid]$ ) myself t !        
ent]ta9m5t ( wise & good m5 is a piece (
 good husb&ry1 & t s f> f enhanc+ a     
man's exp5ses 9 tru? x s]ves to save    
*>ge1 ! *>ge 7to wit7 ( co/ly =eign     
ungu5ts & junkets1 & ! wa/e ( ! ri*e/   
w9es1 :i* ,p]i&]'s /ate & greatness     

requir$ him e day 9 8 ord9>y treats to  
exp5d4 ,su* co/ly provisions 7 useless  
"h1 & ,p]i&]'s wisdom appe>$ 9 8        
frugality4 ,moreov]1 8 lady _h laid     
aside h] ri*] habit1 & appe>$ 9 an      
ord9>y1 b a v becom+ dress4    ,supp] n[
 end$1 & ,melissa hav+ di/ribut$ !      
g>l&s1 we (f]$ sacrifice2 & :5 ! m9/rel 
_h play$ u a tune or two1 %e )drew4 ,!n 
,ardalus inquir$ ( ,ana*>sis1 if !re 7  
wom5 fiddl]s at ,scy?ia4 ,he sudd5ly &  
sm>tly repli$1 ,!re are no v9es !re4    
,ardalus ask$ a second "q1 :e!r !       
,scy?ians _h any gods among !m4 ,yes1   
quo? ,ana*>sis1 & !y und]/& :at m5 say  
to !m2 nor are ! ,scy?ians ( ! ,grecian 
op9ion 7h[ev] ^! la/ may be ! bett]     
orators71 t ! gods are bett] pleas$ ) ! 
s\nds ( flutes & pipes ?an ) ! voice (  
m54 ,my fri5d1 sai? ,aesop1 :at w\ld y  
say if y saw our pres5t pipe-mak]s ?r[  
away ! bones ( fawns & h9d-calves1 to   
use ^? ( asses1 affirm+ !y yield !      
sweet] & m melodi\s s\nd8 ,:]eupon      
,cleobul9a made "o ( h] riddles ab\t !  

,phrygian flute1444 9 reg>d to ! s\nd1 &
 wond]$ t an ass1 a gross animal & s    
ali5 f music %\ld yet supply bones s fit
 = h>mony4 ,!re=e x is d\btless1 quo?   
,nilox5us1 t ! p ( ,busiris blame u     
,naucratians = us+ pipes made ( asses'  
bones x be+ an insuff]able crime 9 an ( 
!m to li/5 to ! flute or cornet1 ! s\nd 
!re( be+ 7z !y e/eem x7 s l ! bray+ ( an
 ass2 & y "k an ass is hateful to !     
,egyptians on acc\nt ( ,typhon4  ,!re   
happ5+ "h a %ort sil5ce1 ,p]i&]1 obs]v+ 
,nilox5us will+ b n d>+ to speak1 said3 
,i _c b comm5d ! civility ( ^?          
magi/rates :o give audi5ce fir/ to      
/rang]s & aft]w>ds to _! own citiz5s2   
:]e=e ,i judge x conv5i5t t we          
inhabitants & neighbors %\ld proce$ no  
f>!r at pres5t 9 our disc\rse1 & t n[   
att5tion be giv5 to ^? royal            
propositions s5t u f ,egypt1 :i* ! wor?y
 ,nilox5us is commission$ to deliv] to  
,bias1 :o wi%es t he & we may scan &    
exam9e !m toge!r4 ,& ,bias said3 ,= :]e 
or 9 :at company w\ld a man m joyfully  

adv5ture to give 8 op9ion ?an "h 9 ?is8 
,& s9ce x is 8 ,maje/y's pleasure t ,i  
%\ld give my judgm5t fir/1 9 ob$i5ce to 
8 comm&s ,i w d s1 & aft]w>ds !y %all   
come to e "o ( y 9 ord]4  ,!n ,nilox5us 
deliv]$ ! pap] to ,bias1 :o broke up !  
seal & comm&$ x to be read 9 all _!     
he>+4 ,! cont5ts 7 ^!3  ,amasis ! k+ (  
,egypt1 to ,bias1 ! wise/ ( ! ,grecians1
 greet+4 ,!re is a conte/ betwe5 my     
bro!r ( ,e?iopia & myself ab\t wisdom2 &
 be+ baffl$ 9 div]s o!r p>ticul>s1 he n[
 dem&s ( me a ?+ absurd & impracticable2
 = he requires me to dr9k up ! ocean    
dry4 ,if ,i be able to read ?is 8       
riddle1 div]s cities & t[ns n[ 9 8      
possession are to be annex$ to my k+dom2
 b if ,i _c resolve ?is h>d s5t5ce1 &   
give him ! "r mean+ !re(1 he requires ( 
me my "r to all ! t[ns bord]+ ^u        
,elephant9a4 ,consid] ) spe$ ! premises1
 & let me receive y\r ?\ghts by         
,nilox5us4 ,pray lose no "t4 ,if 9 any?+
 ,i c be s]viceable to y\r city or      
fri5ds1 y may comm& me4 ,f>ewell4       

,bias1 hav+ p]us$ & = a little "t       
m$itat$ ^u ! lett]1 & :isp]+ ,cleobulus 
9 ! e> 7he sat by him71 exclaim$3 ,:at a
 n>ration is "h1 ,o ,nilox5us6 ,w       
,amasis1 :o gov]ns s _m m5 & is seiz$ ( 
s _m fl\ri%+ t]ritories1 dr9k up ! ocean
 = ! ga9 ( a few paltry1 begg>ly        
villages8 ,nilox5us repli$ ) a smile3   
,consid]1 good sir1 :at is to be done1  
if he w obey4 ,:y !n1 said ,bias1 let   
,amasis require ! ,e?opian k+ to /op !  
/ream :i* f all p>ts fl[ & empty        
!mselves 9 ! ocean1 until he h drunk out
 ! :ole rema9d]2 = ,i conceive he means 
! pres5t wat]s1 n ^? :i* %all fl[ into x
 h]eaft]4 ,nilox5us 0 s ov]joy$ at ?is  
answ]1 t he c\ld n conta9 himself4 ,he  
hugg$ & kiss$ ! au?or1 & ! :ole company 
lik$ 8 op9ion admirably well2 & ,*ilo   
laugh+ desir$ ,nilox5us to get abo>d    
imm$iately be=e ! sea 0 consum$1 & tell 
8 ma/] he %\ld m9d m h[ to r5d] 8       
gov]nm5t sweet & potable to 8 p1 ?an h[ 
to swall[ su* a quantity ( salt wat]4 ,=
 ,bias1 he told him1 und]/&s ^! ?+s v   

well1 & kn[s h[ to oblige y\r "l ) v    
useful in/ructions1 :i* if he v\*safe to
 att5d1 he %all no m ne$ a gold5 bas9 to
 wa% 8 feet1 to ga9 respect f 8         
subjects2 all w love & honor him = 8    
virtue1 ?\gh he 7 t5 ?\s& times m       
hateful to !m ?an he is4 ,x 7 well &    
wor?ily done1 quo? ,p]i&]1 if all ( u   
did pay him our fir/-fruits 9 ?is k9d by
 ! poll 7z ,hom] said74 ,su* a c\rse    
w\ld br+ him an accession ( pr(it great]
 ?an ! :ole proce$s ( ! voyage1 besides 
be+ ( great use to ourselves4  ,to ?is  
po9t x is fit t ,solon %\ld fir/ speak1 
quo? ,*ilo1 n only because he is ! elde/
 9 ! company & !re=e sits upp]mo/ at    
table1 b because he gov]ns & gives laws 
to ! ample/ & mo/ complete & fl\ri%+    
republic 9 ! _w1 t ( ,a!ns4 ,"h         
,nilox5us :isp]$ me 9 ! e>3 ,o ,diocles1
 sai? he1 h[ _m reports fly ab\t & are  
believ$1 & h[ "s m5 delight 9 lies :i*  
!y ei!r feign ( _! own heads or mo/     
gre$ily swall[ f ! m\?s ( o!rs4 ,9      
,egypt ,i he>d x report$ h[ ,*ilo _h    

r5\nc$ all fri5d%ip & correspond5ce )   
,solon1 because he ma9ta9$ ! mutability 
( laws4 ,a ridicul\s fiction1 quo? ,i1 =
 !n he & we mu/ h r5\nc$ ,lycurgus1 :o  
*ang$ ! laws & inde$ ! :ole gov]nm5t (  
,sp>ta4  ,solon1 paus+ a:ile1 gave 8    
op9ion 9 ^! words4 ,i conceive t mon>*1 
:e!r k+ or tyrant1 7 inf9itely to be    
comm&$1 :o w\ld ex*ange 8 mon>*y = a    
commonweal?4 ,bias subjo9$1 ,& :o w\ld  
be fir/ & =emo/ 9 con=m+ to ! laws ( 8  
c\ntry4 ,?ales add$1 ,i reckon t pr9ce  
happy1 :o1 be+ old1 dies 9 8 b$ a       
natural dea?4 ,f\r?ly1 ,ana*>sis1 ,if he
 alone be a wise man4 ,fif?ly1          
,cleobulus said1 ,if he tru/ none ( 8   
c\rti]s4 ,six?ly1 ,pittacus spake ?us1  
,if he c\ld s treat 8 subjects t !y fe>$
 n him b = him4 ,la/ly1 ,*ilo conclud$  
?us1 ,a magi/rate ought to m$itate no   
mortal ?+ b ev]y?+ immortal4  ,:5 all _h
 giv5 9 _! judgm5ts ^u ?is po9t1 we     
reque/$ ,p]i&] to let u "k 8 ?\ghts4    
,disord] & discont5t appe>+ 9 8         
c\nt5ance1 he said1 ,^! op9ions are     

en\gh to sc>e any wise man f affect+1   
empire4 ,^! ?+s1 sai? ,aesop aft] 8     
reprov+ way1 ought r to h be5 discuss$  
privately among ourselves1 le/ we be    
acc\nt$ antimon>*ical :ile we desire to 
be e/eem$ fri5ds & loyal c\nsellors4    
,solon1 g5tly t\*+ him on ! head &      
smil+1 answ]$3 ,d y n p]ceive t any "o  
w\ld make a k+ m mod]ate & a tyrant m   
favorable1 :o %\ld p]suade him t x is   
bett] n to reign ?an to reign8 ,:o w\ld 
believe y be=e ! oracle deliv]$ unto y1 
quo? ,aesop :i* pron\nc$ t city happy t 
he>d b "o cri]4 ,yes1 quo? ,solon1 &    
,a!ns1 n[ a commonweal?1 ha? b "o cri] &
 "o magi/rate1 ! law1 ?\gh ! gov]nm5t be
 democratical2 b y1 my fri5d1 h be5 s   
accu/om$ to ! croak+ ( rav5s & ! prat+ (
 jays1 t y d n he> cle>ly y\r own voice4
 ,= y ma9ta9 x to be ! happ9ess ( a city
 to be "u ! comm& ( "o man1 & yet acc\nt
 x ! m]it ( a fea/ if lib]ty is all[$ e 
man to speak 8 m9d freely ^u :at subject
 he pleases4 ,b y h n prohibit$ y\r     
s]vants' drunk5ness at ,a!ns1 ,aesop    

said1 z y h =bidd5 !m to love or to use 
dry o9tm5ts4 ,solon laugh$ at ?is2 b    
,cleodorus ! physician said3 ,to use dry
 o9tm5t is l talk+ :5 a man is soak$ )  
w9e2 bo? are v pleasant4 ,!re=e1 sai?   
,*ilo1 m5 ought ! m c>efully to avoid x4
 ,aesop proce$s1 ,?ales seem$ to imply t
 he %\ld soon gr[ old4  ,p]i&] said     
laugh+3 ,we suff] des]v$ly1 =1 be=e we h
 p]fect$ any rem>ks ^u ! lett]1 we are  
fall5 ^u disputes =eign to ! matt] "u   
consid]ation2 & !re=e ,i pray1          
,nilox5us1 read out ! rema9d] ( y\r "l's
 lett]1 & slip n ?is opportunity to     
receive :at satisfaction all t are      
pres5t %all be able to give y4 ,! comm& 
( ! k+ ( ,e?iopia1 says ,nilox5us1 is no
 m & no less ?an 7to use ,ar*ilo*us's   
phrase7 a brok5 scytale2 t is1 ! mean+  
is inscrutable & _c be f\nd out4 ,b y\r 
ma/] ,amasis 0 m mild & polite 9 8      
qu]ies2 = he comm&$ him only to resolve 
him :at 0 mo/ anci5t1 mo/ beautiful1    
greate/1 wise/1 mo/ common1 & )al1 :at 0
 mo/ pr(itable1 mo/ p]nici\s1 mo/ /rong1

 & mo/ easy4 ,did he resolve & answ] e  
"o ( ^! que/ions8 ,he did1 quo?         
,nilox5us1 & d y judge ( 8 answ]s & !   
s\ndness !re(3 & x is my ,pr9ce's       
purpose n to misrepres5t 8 responses &  
condemn unju/ly :at he sai? well1 s1 :]e
 he f9ds him "u a mi/ake1 n to suff] t  
to pass )\t correction4 ,8 answ]s to !  
=esaid que/ions ,i w read to y4--,:at is
 mo/ anci5t8 ,"t4 ,:at is greate/8 ,!   
,_w4 ,:at is wise/8 ,tru?4 ,:at is mo/  
beautiful8 ,! light4 ,:at is mo/ common8
 ,dea?4 ,:at is mo/ pr(itable8 ,god4    
,:at is mo/ ,p]nici\s8 ,an evil g5ius4  
,:at is /ronge/8 ,=tune4 ,:at is mo/    
easy8 ,t :i* is pleasant4  ,:5 ,nilox5us
 _h read out ^! answ]s1 !re 0 a %ort    
sil5ce among !m2 by & by ,?ales desires 
,nilox5us to in=m him if ,amasis approv$
 ( ^! answ]s4 ,nilox5us said1 he lik$ "s
 & dislik$ o!rs4 ,!re is n "o ( !m "r & 
s\nd1 quo? ,?ales1 b all are full (     
wret*$ folly & ignorance4 ,z = in/ance1 
h[ c t be mo/ anci5t :]e( "p is pa/1 "p 
is n[ pres5t1 & "p is yet to come2 e man

 kn[s x is y\ng] ?an ourselves & our    
actions4 ,z to 8 answ] t tru? is ! mo/  
wise ?+1 x is z incongru\s z if he _h   
affirm$ ! light to be an eye if he judg$
 ! light to be ! mo/ beautiful h[ c\ld  
he omit ! sun2 z to 8 solutions conc]n+ 
! gods & evil g5uises1 !y are full (    
presumption & p]il4 ,:at he sai? (      
,=tune is void ( s5se1 = h] incon/ancy &
 fickl5ess proce$ f want ( /r5g? & p[]4 
,nor is dea? ! mo/ common ?+2 ! liv+ are
 /ill at lib]ty1 x ha? n arre/$ !m4 ,b  
le/ we be blam$ z hav+ a faculty to f9d 
fault only1 we w lay d[n our op9ions (  
^! ?+s1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( ! ,e?iopian2 
,i (f] my self fir/1 if ,nilox5us       
pleases1 to deliv] my op9ion on e "o    
s+ly & ,i w relate bo? que/ions & answ]s
 9 t me?od & ord] 9 :i* !y 7 s5t to     
,e?iopia & read to u4 ,:at is mo/ anci5t
 ,?ales answ]$1 ,god1 = he _h no beg9n+4
 ,:at is greate/8 ,place2 ! ,_w conta9s 
all o!r ?+s1 ?is surr\nds & conta9s !   
_w4 ,:at is mo/ beautiful8 ,! _w2 =     
:atev] is fram$ artificially &          

me?odically is a "p ( x4 ,:at is mo/    
wise8 ,"t2 = x has f\nd out "s ?+s      
already1 x w f9d out ! re/ 9 due "t4    
,:at is mo/ common ,hope2 = !y t want   
o!r ?+s are ma/]s ( ?is4 ,:at is mo/    
pr(itable8 ,virtue2 = by a "r manag]y ( 
o!r ?+s %e makes !m all b5eficial &     
advantage\s4 ,:at is mo/ p]nici\s8      
,vice2 = x depraves ! be/ ?+s we enjoy4 
,:at is mo/ /rong8 ,necessity2 = ?is    
alone is insup]able4 ,:at is mo/ easy8  
,t :i* is mo/ agreeable to nature2 =    
pleasures !mselves are sometimes t$i\s &
 nauseat+4  ,all ! consult approv$ (    
,?ale's solutions4 ,cleodemus said3 ,my 
fri5d ,nilox5us1 x becomes k+s to       
prop\nd & resolve su* que/ions2 b !     
insol5ce ( t b>b>ian :o w\ld h ,amasis  
dr9k ! sea w\ld h be5 bett] fitt$ by su*
 a sm>t reprim& z ,pittacus gave        
,alyattes1 :o s5t an imp]i\s lett] to ! 
,lesbians4 ,he made him no o!r answ]1 b 
to bid him sp5d 8 "t 9 eat+ 8 hot bread 
& onions4  ,p]i&]1 "h assum$ ! disc\rse1
 & said3 ,x 0 ! mann] ( ! anci5t        

,grecians h]et(ore1 ,o ,cleodemus1 to   
prop\nd d\bts to "o ano!r2 & x ha? be5  
told u1 t ! mo/ fam\s & em95t poets us$ 
to meet at ! grave ( ,amphidamas 9      
,*alcis4 ,?is ,amphidamas 0 a lead+     
comm&]1 "o t _h p]petual w>s ) !        
,eretrians1 & at la/ lo/ 8 life 9 "o ( !
 battles f\ght = ! possession ( !       
,lelant9e pla94 ,n[1 because ! writ+s ( 
^? poets 7 set to v]se & s made !       
argum5t m knotty & ! decision m ardu\s1 
& ! great names ( ! antagoni/s1 ,hom] & 
,hesiod1 ^: excell5ce 0 s well kn[n1    
made ! umpires timor\s & %y to det]m9e2 
!y !re=e betook !mselves to ^! sorts (  
que/ions1 & ,hom]1 says ,les*es1        
prop\nd$ ?is riddle3--       ,tell me1  
,o ,muse1 :at nev] 0      ,& nev] yet   
%all be4  ,hesiod answ]$ readily &      
extempore 9 ?is wise3--       ,:5 /e$s )
 e*o+ ho(1 to w9        ,! prize1 %all  
run ama92      ,& on ! tomb ( l(ty ,jove
        ,_! *>iots break 9 twa94  ,= ?is
 reply he 0 inf9itely comm5d$ & got !   
tripod4 ,pray tell me1 quo? ,cleodemus1 

:at diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ^! riddles & 
^? ( ,eumetis1 :i* %e frames & inv5ts to
 recreate h]self ) z mu* pleasure z o!r 
virg9s make nets & girdles8 ,!y may be  
fit to (f] & puzzle wom5 )al2 b = m5 to 
beat _! bra9s to f9d out _! my/]y w\ld  
be mighty ridicul\s4 ,eumetis look$ l "o
 t _h a great m9d to reply2 b h] mode/y 
w\ld n p]mit h]1 = h] face 0 fill$ )    
blu%es4 ,b ,aesop 9 h] v9dication ask$3 
,is x n mu* m ridicul\s t all pres5t _c 
resolve ! riddle %e prop\nd$ to u be=e  
supp]8 ,?is 0 z foll[s3--       ,a man  
,i saw1 :o by 8 fire        ,did set a  
piece ( brass      ,fa/ to a man1 s t x 
seem$        ,to him x weld$ 04  ,c y   
tell me1 said he1 h[ to con/rue ?is1 &  
:at ! s5se ( x may be8 ,no1 said        
,cleodemus1 x is no pr(it to "k :at x   
means4 ,& yet1 quo? ,aesop1 no man      
und]/&s ?is ?+ bett] & practises x m    
judici\sly & successfully ?an y\rself4  
,if y d5y x1 ,i h my witnesses ready2 = 
!re are y\r cupp+-glasses4 ,cleodemus   
laugh$ outright2 = ( all ! physicians 9 

8 "t1 none us$ cupp+-glasses l him1 he  
be+ a p]son t by 8 frequ5t & =tunate    
application !re( br\ght !m fir/ into    
reque/ 9 ! _w4  ,mnesiphilus ! ,a!nian1 
a fri5d & favorite ( ,solon's1 said3 ,o 
,p]i&]1 our disc\rse1 z our w9e1 ought  
to be di/ribut$ n accord+ to our p[] or 
priority1 b freely & equally1 z 9 a     
popul> /ate2 = :at ha? be5 already      
disc\rs$ conc]n+ k+doms & empires       
signifies little to u :o live 9 a       
democracy4 ,:]e=e ,i judge x conv5i5t t 
e "o ( y1 comm5c+ ) ,solon1 %\ld freely 
& imp>tially decl>e 8 s5se ( a popul>   
/ate4 ,! motion pleas$ all ! company2 !n
 sai? ,solon3 ,my fri5d ,mnesiphilus1 y 
he>d1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ?is good company1
 my op9ion conc]n+ republics2 b s9ce y  
are will+ to he> x aga91 ,i hold t city 
or /ate happy & mo/ likely to rema9     
free1 9 :i* ^? t are n p]sonally injur$ 
are yet z =w>d to try & puni% wrongdo]s 
z t p]son :o is wrong$4 ,bias add$1 ,:]e
 all fe> ! law z !y fe> a tyrant4       
,?irdly1 ,?ales said1 ,:]e ! citiz5s are

 nei!r too ri* nor too poor4 ,f\r?ly1   
,ana*>sis said1 ,:]e1 ?\gh 9 all o!r    
respects !y are equal1 yet virtu\s m5   
are advanc$ & vici\s p]sons degrad$4    
,fif?ly1 ,cleobulus said1 ,:]e ! rul]s  
fe> repro( & %ame m ?an ! law4 ,six?ly1 
,pittacus said1 ,:]e evil m5 are kept f 
rul+1 & good m5 f n rul+4 ,*ilo1 paus+ a
 little :ile1 det]m9$ t ! be/ & mo/     
endur+ /ate 0 :]e ! subject m9d$ ! law  
mo/ & ! lawy]s lea/4 ,p]i&] conclud$ ) 8
 op9ion1 t all ( !m w\ld be/ approve t  
democracy :i* came next & 0 like/ to an 
ari/ocracy4  ,aft] !y _h end$ ?is       
disc\rse1 ,i begg$ !y w\ld condesc5d to 
direct me h[ to gov]n a h\se2 = !y 7 few
 :o _h cities & k+doms to gov]n1 comp>$ 
) ^? :o _h h\ses & families to manage4  
,aesop laugh$ & said3 ,i hope y except  
,ana*>sis out ( y\r numb]2 = hav+ no    
h\se he glories because he c be cont5t$ 
) a *>iot only1 z !y say ! sun is :irl$ 
ab\t f "o end ( ! heav5s to ! o!r 9 8   
*>iot4 ,!re=e1 sai? ,ana*>sis1 he alone1
 or he pr9cipally1 is mo/ free among !  

gods1 & ev] at 8 own lib]ty & dispose4  
,he gov]ns all1 & is gov]n$ & subject to
 none1 b he rides & reigns2 & y "k n h[ 
magnific5t & broad 8 *>iot is2 if y did1
 y w\ld n ?us fl\t+ly depreciate our    
,scy?ian *>iots4 ,= y seem 9 my         
appreh5sion to call ^! cov]+s made (    
wood & mud h\ses1 z if y %\ld call !    
%ell & n ! liv+ creature a snail4 ,!re=e
 y laugh$ :5 ,solon told y h[1 :5 he    
view$ ,croesus's palace & f\nd x ri*ly &
 glori\sly furni%$1 he yet c\ld n yield 
he liv$ happily until he _h tri$ ! inw>d
 & invisible /ate ( 8 m9d2 = a man's    
felicity consi/s n 9 ! outw>d & visible 
favors & bless+s ( =tune1 b 9 ! inw>d & 
unse5 p]fections & ri*es ( ! m9d4 ,& y  
seem to h =got y\r own fable ( ! fox1   
:o1 cont5d+ ) ! leop>d z to :i* possess$
 m colors & spots1 & hav+ ref]r$ ! matt]
 9 controv]sy to ! arbitration ( an     
umpire1 desir$ him to consid] n s mu* ! 
outside z ! inside2 =1 sai? he1 ,i h m  
v>i\s & diff]5t fet*es & tricks 9 my m9d
 ?an he has m>ks or spots 9 8 body4 ,y  

reg>d only ! h&iwork ( c>p5t]s & masons 
& /one-cutt]s1 & call ?is a h\se2 n :at 
"o ha? )91 8 *ildr51 8 wife1 8 fri5ds & 
att5dants1 ) :om if a man liv$ 9 an     
emmet's b$ or a bird's ne/1 enjoy+ 9    
common ! ord9>y com=ts ( life1 ?is man  
may be affirm$ to live a happy & a      
=tunate life4  ,?is is ! answ] ,i       
purpose to return ,aesop1 quo?          
,ana*>sis1 & ,i t5d] x to ,diocles z my 
%>e 9 ?is disc\rse2 only let ! re/ give 
9 _! op9ions1 if !y please4 ,solon ?\ght
 t h\se mo/ happy :]e ! e/ate 0 got )\t 
inju/ice1 kept )\t di/ru/1 & sp5t )\t   
rep5tance4 ,bias said1 ,t h\se is happy 
:]e ! ma/] does freely & volunt>ily :at 
! law w\ld else compel him to d4 ,?ales 
held t h\se mo/ happy :]e ! ma/] _h mo/ 
leisure & respite f bus9ess4 ,cleobulus 
said1 ,t 9 :i* ! ma/] is m belov$ ?an   
fe>$4 ,pittacus said1 mo/ t is happy :]e
 sup]fluities are n requir$ & necess>ies
 are n want+4 ,*ilo add$1 t h\se is mo/ 
happy :]e "o rules z a mon>* 9 8 k+dom4 
,& he proce$$1 :5 a c]ta9 ,lac$aemonian 

desir$ ,lycurgus to e/abli% a democracy 
9 ! city4 ,g y1 fri5d1 repli$ he1 & try 
! exp]im5t fir/ 9 y\r own h\se4  ,:5 !y 
_h all giv5 9 _! op9ions ^u ?is po9t1   
,eumetis & ,melissa )drew4 ,!n ,p]i&]   
call$ = a l>ge b[l full ( w9e1 & drank  
to ,*ilo2 & ,*ilo too drank to ,bias4   
,ardalus !n /&+ up call$ to ,aesop1 &   
said3 ,w y n h& ! cup to y\r fri5ds at  
?is end ( ! table1 :5 y behold ^? p]sons
 !re swill+ up all t good liquor1 &     
imp>t+ none to u "h z if ! cup 7 t (    
,ba?ycles4 ,b ?is cup1 quo? ,aesop1 is  
no public cup1 x ha? /ood s long by     
,solon's tr5*>d4 ,!n ,pittacus call$ to 
,mnesiphilus3 ,:y1 sai? he1 does n      
,solon dr9k1 b act 9 contradiction to 8 
own v]ses8--       ,i love t ruby god1  
^: bless+s fl[      ,9 tides1 to        
recreate my ?ir/y maw2      ,v5us ,i    
c\rt1 ! ,muses ,i adore1      ,:o give u
 w9e & pleasures ev]more4  ,ana*>sis    
subjo9$3 ,he fe>s y\r sev]e law1 my     
fri5d ,pittacus1 :]e9 y decre$ ! drunk>d
 a d\ble puni%m5t4 ,y seem1 said        

,pittacus1 a little to fe> ! p5alty1 :o 
h adv5tur$ h]et(ore1 & n[ aga9 be=e my  
face1 to break t law & to dem& a cr[n = 
! rew>d ( y\r debau*4 ,:y n1 quo?       
,ana*>sis1 :5 !re is a rew>d promis$ to 
! h>de/ dr9k]8 ,:y %\ld ,i n dem& my    
rew>d1 hav+ drunk d[n all my fell[s8--or
 in=m me ( any o!r end m5 drive at 9    
dr9k+ mu* w9e1 b to be drunk4 ,pittacus 
laugh$ at ?is reply1 & ,aesop told !m   
?is fable3 ,! wolf see+ a p>cel (       
%eph]ds 9 _! boo? fe$+ ^u a lamb1       
approa*+ ne> !m1--,:at a bu/le & noise &
 upro> w\ld !re h be51 sai? he1 if ,i _h
 b done :at y d6 ,*ilo said3 ,aesop ha? 
v ju/ly rev5g$ himself ^u u1 :o a:ile   
ago /opp$ 8 m\?2 n[ he obs]ves h[ we    
prev5t$ ,mnesiphilus's disc\rse1 :5 ! "q
 0 put :y ,solon did n dr9k up 8 w9e4   
,mnesiphilus !n spake to ?is effect3 ,i 
"k ?is to be ! op9ion ( ,solon1 t 9 e   
art & faculty1 div9e & human1 ! "w :i*  
is done is m desir$ ?an ! in/rum5t :]e) 
x is done1 & ! end ?an ! means conduc+  
to t end2 z1 = in/ance1 a weav] ?9ks a  

cloak or coat m prop]ly 8 "w ?an ! ord]+
 ( 8 %uttles or ! div]s motions ( 8     
beams4 ,a smi? m9ds ! sold]+ ( 8 irons &
 ! %>p5+ ( ! axe m ?an ^? little ?+s    
accessory to ^! ma9 matt]s1 z ! k9dl+ ( 
! coals & prep>+ ! /one-du/4 ,yet f>!r1 
a c>p5t] w\ld ju/ly blame u1 if we %\ld 
affirm x is n 8 "w to build h\ses or    
%ips b to bore holes or to make mort>2 &
 ! ,muses w\ld be implacably inc5s$ )   
him t %\ld say _! bus9ess is only to    
make h>ps1 pipes & su* musical          
in/rum5ts1 n ! in/itution & correct+ (  
mann]s & ! gov]nm5t ( ^? m5's passions  
:o are lov]s ( s++ & ma/]s ( music4 ,&  
agreeably copulation is n ! "w ( ,v5us1 
nor is drunk5ness t ( ,bac*us2 b love & 
fri5d%ip1 affection & famili>ity1 :i*   
are begot & improv$ by & ! means ( ^!4  
,solon t]ms ^! works div9e1 & he        
pr(esses he loves & n[ prosecutes !m 9 8
 decl9+ ye>s z vigor\sly z ev] 9 8      
y\?ful days4 ,t mutual love betwe5 man &
 wife is ! "w ( ,v5us1 ! greatness ( !  
pleasure affect+ _! bodies mixes & melts

 _! v s\ls2 div]s o!rs1 hav+ little or  
no acqua9tance be=e1 h yet contract$ a  
firm & la/+ fri5d%ip ov] a glass ( w9e1 
:i* l fire s(t5$ & melt$ _! temp]s1 &   
dispos$ !m = a happy union4 ,b 9 su* a  
company1 & ( su* m5 z ,p]i&] ha? invit$1
 !re is no ne$ ( c & *alice1 b ! ,muses 
!mselves ?r[+ a subject ( disc\rse among
 y1 z x 7 a sob] cup1 :]e9 is conta9$   
mu* ( delight & droll]y & s]i\sness too1
 d h]eby provoke1 n\ri%1 & increase     
fri5d%ip among y1 all[+ ! cup to re/    
quietly ^u ! b[l1 contr>y to ! rule :i* 
,hesiod 7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #gdd47
 gives = ^? :o h m skill = c>\s+ ?an =  
disc\rs+4       ,?\gh all ! re/ ) /at$  
rules we b\nd      ,unmix'd1 unmeasur$  
are ?y goblets cr[n'd      7,iliad iv4  
#bfa47  = x 0 ! old ,greek way1 z ,hom] 
"h tells u1 to dr9k "o to ano!r 9 c\rse 
& ord]4 ,s ,ajax gave a %>e ( 8 meat to 
8 next neighbor4  ,:5 ,mnesiphilus _h   
disc\rs$ aft] ?is mann]1 9 comes ,*]sias
 ! poet1 :om ,p]i&] _h lately p>don$ &  
receiv$ into favor ^u ,*ilo's m$iation4 

,sai? ,*]ias3 ,does n ,jupit] di/ribute 
to ! gods _! proportion & %>e sp>+ly &  
sev]ally1 z ,agamemnon did to 8 comm&]s 
:5 8 gue/s pl$g$ "o ano!r8 ,if1 ,o      
,*]sias1 quo? ,cleodemus1 z y n>rate1   
c]ta9 pigeons br+ him ambrosia e meal1  
w++ ) a _w ( h>d%ip ?r\gh ! rocks call$ 
,,planctae 7or ,,w&]+71 c y blame him = 
8 sp>+ness & frugality & deal+ out to 8 
gue/s by measure8  ,i am satisfi$1 quo? 
,*]sias1 & s9ce we are fall5 ^u our old 
disc\rse ( h\sekeep+1 :i* ( ! company c 
rememb] :at rema9s to be said !re(8 ,!re
 rema9s1 if ,i mi/ake n1 to %[ :at t    
measure is :i* may cont5t any man4      
,cleobulus answ]$3 ,! law has prescrib$ 
a measure = wise m52 b z t\*+ fooli%    
ones ,i w tell y a /ory ,i once he>d my 
fa!r relate to my bro!r4 ,on a c]ta9 "t 
! moon begg$ ( h] "m a coat t w\ld fit  
h]4 ,h[ c t be done1 quo? ! "m1 =       
sometime y are full1 sometimes ! "o half
 ( y seems lo/ & p]i%$1 sometimes only a
 pair ( horns appe>4 ,s1 my ,*]sias1 to 
! desires ( a fooli% immod]ate man no   

c]ta9 measure c be fitt$2 = accord+ to !
 ebb+ & fl[+ ( 8 lu/ & appetite1 & !    
frequ5t or seldom casualties t befall   
him1 accord+ly 8 necessities ebb & fl[1 
n unlike ,aesop's dog1 :o1 be+ p9*$ &   
ready to />ve ) ! cold w9t]1 0 a m9d to 
build himself a h\se2 b :5 summ] came   
on1 he lay all along ^u ! gr\nd1 &      
/ret*+ himself 9 ! sun ?\ght himself    
mon/r\s big1 & ?\ght x unnecess>y &     
besides no small labor to build him a   
h\se portionable to t bulk & bigness4 ,&
 d y n obs]ve1 ,o ,*]sias1 cont9ues he1 
_m poor m51--h[ "o :ile !y p9* _!       
bellies1 ^u :at %ort commons !y live1 h[
 sp>+ & nigg>dly & mis]able !y are2 &   
ano!r :ile y may obs]ve ! same m5 z     
di/ru/ful & covet\s )al1 z if ! pl5ty ( 
! city & c\nty1 ! ri*es ( k+ & k+dom 7 n
 suffici5t to pres]ve !m f want &       
begg>y4  ,:5 ,*]sias _h conclud$ ?is    
disc\rse1 ,cleodemus began ?us3 ,we see 
y t are wise m5 possess+ ^! outw>d goods
 aft] an unequal mann]4 ,good sweet sir1
 answ]$ ,cleobulus1 ! law weav]-l ha?   

di/ribut$ to e man a fitt+1 dec5t1      
adequate portion1 & 9 y\r pr(ession y\r 
reason does :at ! law does "h1--:5 y    
fe$1 or diet1 or physic y\r pati5t1 y   
give n ! quantity he desires1 b :at y   
judge to be conv5i5t = ea* 9 8          
circum/ances4 ,ardalus inquires3        
,epim5ides1 to ab/a9 f all o!r victuals1
 & to cont5t himself ) a little         
composition ( 8 own1 :i* ! ,greeks call 
,greek omitt$ 7,,hung]-,,reliev+78 ,?is 
he takes into 8 m\? & *ews1 & eats nei!r
 d9n] nor supp]4 ,?is in/ance oblig$ !  
:ole company to be a little :ile sil5t1 
until ,?ales 9 a je/+ way repli$1 t     
,epim5ides did v wisely1 = h]eby he sav$
 ! tr\ble & *>ge ( gr9d+ & boil+ 8 meat1
 z ,pittacus did4 ,i myself soj\rn+ z   
,lesbos ov]he>d my l&lady1 z %e 0 v busy
 at h] h&-mill1 s++ z %e us$ to d h] "w1
 ,gr9d mill2 gr9d mill2 = ev5 ,pittacus 
! pr9ce ( great ,mityl5e1 gr9ds ,greek  
footnote ommitt$4 ,quo? ,solon3         
,ardalus1 ,i wond] y h n read ! law (   
,epim5ides's frugality 9 ,hesiod's      

writ+s1 :o prescribes him & o!rs ?is    
sp>e diet2 = he 0 ! p]son t gratifi$    
,epim5ides ) ! se$s ( ?is nutrim5t1 :5  
he direct$ him to inquire h[ great      
b5efit a man might receive by mall[s &  
asphodel 7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #da47
 ,d y believe1 said ,p]i&]1 t ,hesiod   
meant ?is lit]ally2 or r t1 be+ himself 
a great admir] ( p>simony1 he h]eby     
int5d$ to exhort m5 to use mean & sp>e  
diet1 z mo/ heal?ful & pleasant8 ,= !   
*ew+ ( mall[s is v :olesome1 & ! /alk ( 
asphodel is v lusci\s2 b ?is expell] (  
hung] & ?ir/ ,i take to be r physic ?an 
natural food1 consi/+ ( honey & ,i "k n 
:at b>b>ian *eese1 & ( _m & co/ly drugs 
fet*$ f =eign p>ts4 ,if to make up ?is  
composition s _m +r$i5ts 7 requisite1 & 
s difficult to come by & s exp5sive1    
,hesiod might h kept 8 brea? to cool 8  
pottage1 & nev] bless$ ! _w ) !         
discov]y4 ,& yet ,i admire h[ y\r       
l&lord1 :5 he w5t to p]=m ! great       
purification = ! ,delians n long s9ce1  
c\ld ov]look ! monum5ts & patt]ns ( !   

fir/ alim5t :i* ! p br\ght into !       
temple1--&1 among o!r *eap fruits su* z 
gr[ ( !mselves1 ! mall[s & ! asphodel2 !
 usefulness & innoc5cy :]e( ,hesiod     
seem$ 9 8 "w to magnify4 ,moreov]1 quo? 
,ana*>sis1 he affirms bo? plants to be  
great re/oratives4 ,y are 9 ! "r1 quo?  
,cleodemus2 = x is evid5t ,hesiod 0 no  
ord9>y physician1 :o c\ld disc\rse s    
le>n$ly & judici\sly ( diet1 ( ! nature 
( w9es1 & ( ! virtue ( wat]s & ba?s1 & (
 wom51 ! prop] times = procreation1 & ! 
site & position ( infants 9 ! womb2     
insomu*1 t 7z ,i take x7 ,aesop des]ves 
mu* m ! "n ( ,hesiod's s*ol> & disciple 
?an ,epim5ides1 ^: great & excell5t     
wisdom ! fable ( ! night+ale & hawk     
demon/rates4 ,b ,i w\ld gladly he>      
,solon's op9ion 9 ?is matt]2 = hav+     
soj\rn$ long at ,a!ns & be+ famili>ly   
acqua9t$ ) ,epim5ides1 x is m ?an       
probable he might le>n ( him ! gr\nds ^u
 :i* he accu/om$ himself to s sp>e a    
diet4  ,to :at purpose1 said ,solon1    
%\ld ,i tr\ble him or myself to make    

inquiry 9 a matt] s pla98 ,= if x be a  
bless+ next to ! greate/ to ne$ little  
victuals1 !n x is ! greate/ felicity to 
ne$ none at all4 ,if ,i may h leave to  
deliv] my op9ion1 quo? ,cleodemus1 ,i   
mu/ pr(ess myself ( a diff]5t judgm5t1  
especially n[ we sit at table2 = z soon 
z ! meat is tak5 away1 :at belongs to ^?
 gods t are ! patrons ( fri5d%ip &      
hospitality has be5 remov$4 ,z ^u !     
removal ( ! e>?1 quo? ,?ales1 !re mu/   
ne$s foll[ an univ]sal confusion ( all  
?+s1 s 9 =bidd+ m5 meat1 !re mu/ ne$s   
foll[ ! disp]sion & dissolution ( !     
family1 ! sacr$ fire1 ! cups1 ! fea/s & 
ent]ta9m5t's1 :i* are ! pr9cipal & mo/  
innoc5t div]sions ( mank9d2 & s all !   
com=ts ( society are at end4 ,= to m5 ( 
bus9ess "s recreation is necess>y1 & !  
prep>ation & use ( victuals conduces mu*
 !reunto4 ,aga91 to be )\t victuals w\ld
 t5d to ! de/ruction ( husb&ry1 = want  
:]e( ! e>? w\ld soon be ov]gr[n ) we$s1 
& ?r\gh ! slo? ( m5 ov]fl[$ ) wat]s4 ,& 
toge!r ) ?is1 all arts w\ld fail :i* are

 support$ & enc\rag$ h]eby2 nay1 m1 take
 away hospitality & ! use ( victuals & !
 wor%ip & honor ( ! gods w s9k & p]i%2 !
 sun w h b small & ! moon yet small]    
rev]5ce if ?y af=d m5 only light & heat4
 ,& :o w build an alt> or (f] sacrifices
 to ,jupit] ,pluvius1 or to ,c]es !     
patroness ( husb&m51 or to ,neptune !   
pres]v] ( plants & trees8 ,or h[ c      
,bac*us be any long] t]m$ ! donor ( all 
good ?+s1 if m5 make no fur!r use ( !   
good ?+s he gives8 ,:at %all m5         
sacrifice8 ,:at fir/-fruits %all !y (f]8
 ,9 %ort1 ! subv]sion & confusion ( !   
greate/ bless+s att5d ?is op9ion4       
,promiscu\sly & indefatigable to pursue 
all sorts ( pleasures ,i own to be      
bruti%1 & to avoid all ) a suitable     
av]sion equally blocki%1 let ! m9d !n   
freely enjoy su* pleasures z are        
agreeable to its nature & temp]4 ,b = ! 
body1 !re is c]ta9ly no pleasure m      
h>mless & comm5dable & fitt+ ?an t :i*  
spr+s f a pl5tiful table1--:i* is grant$
 by all m51 =1 plac+ ?is 9 ! middle1 m5 

conv]se ) "o ano!r & %>e 9 ! provision4 
,z to ! pleasures ( ! b$1 m5 use ^! 9 ! 
d>k1 reput+ ! use !re( %ameful & bea/ly 
z well z ! total disuse ( ! pleasures ( 
! table4  ,cleodemus hav+ f9i%$ ?is long
 h>angue1 ,i began to ?is effect4 ,y    
omit "o ?+1 my fri5d1 h[ !y t decry food
 decry sleep too1 & !y t declaim aga9/  
sleep declaim aga9/ dreams 9 ! same     
brea?1 & s de/roy ! primitive & anci5t  
way ( div9ation4 ,add to ?is1 t our :ole
 life w be ( "o =m & fa%ion1 & our s\l  
enclos$ 9 a body to no purpose2 _m & ^? 
! pr9cipal p>ts !re( are naturally s =m$
 & fa%ion$ z to be organs ( nutrim5t2 s 
! tongue1 ! tee?1 ! /oma*1 & ! liv]1    
:]e( none are idle1 none fram$ = o!r    
use1 s t :osoev] ha? no ne$ ( nutrim5t  
has no ne$ ( 8 body2 t is1 9 o!r words1 
no man ha? any ne$ ( himself1 = e man   
ha? a body ( 8 own4 ,?is ,i h ?\ght fit 
to (f] 9 v9dication ( our bellies2 if   
,solon or any o!r has any?+ to object to
 :at ,i h said1 ,i am will+ to he> him4 
,yea1 d\btless1 replies ,solon1 or we   

may be reput$ m injudici\s ?an !        
,egyptians4 ,= :5 any p]son dies among  
!m1 !y op5 him & %[ him s dissect$ to ! 
sun2 8 guts !y ?r[ into ! riv]1 to !    
rema9+ p>ts !y all[ a dec5t burial1 = !y
 ?9k ! body n[ pure & clean2 & to speak 
truly !y are ! f\le/ p>ts ( ! body1 & l 
t l[] hell cramm$ ) dead c>casses & at !
 same "t fl[+ ) (f5sive riv]s1 su* z    
flame ) fire & are di/urb$ ) tempe/s4   
,no live creature fe$s ^u ano!r liv+    
creature1 b we fir/ take away _! lives1 
& 9 t action we d !m great wrong4 ,n[ ! 
v plants h life 9 !m1--t is cle> &      
manife/1 = we p]ceive !y gr[ & spread4  
,b to ab/a9 f eat+ fle% 7z !y say       
,orpheus ( old did7 is m a pret5ce ?an a
 real avoid+ ( an injury proce$+ f ! j  
use ( meat4 ,"o way !re is1 & b "o way1 
:]eby a man may avoid (f5ce1 namely by  
be+ cont5t$ ) 8 own1 n covet+ :at       
belongs to 8 neighbor4 ,b if a man's    
circum/ances be su* & s h>d t he _c     
subsi/ )\t wrong+ ano!r man1 ! fault is 
,god's1 n 84 ,! case be+ su* ) "s       

p]sons1 ,i w\ld fa9 le>n if x be n      
advisable to de/roy1 at ! same "t )     
inju/ice1 ^! in/rum5ts ( inju/ice1 !    
belly1 /oma*1 & liv]1 :i* h no s5se (   
ju/ice or appetite to hone/y1 & !re=e   
may be fitly comp>$ to y\r cook's       
implem5ts1 8 knives & 8 caldrons1 or to 
a bak]'s *imney & b9s & knead+-tubs4    
,v]ily "o may obs]ve ! s\ls ( "s m5     
conf9$ to _! bodies1 z to a h\se (      
correction1 b>ely to d ! drudg]y & to   
s]ve ! necessities !re(4 ,x 0 our own   
case b ev5 n[4 ,:ile we m9d$ our meat & 
our bellies1 we _h nei!r eyes to see nor
 e>s to he>2 b n[ ! table is tak5 away1 
we are free to disc\rse among ourselves 
& to enjoy "o ano!r2 & n[ our bellies   
are full1 we h no?+ else to d or c>e =4 
,& if ?is condition & /ate :]e9 we at   
pres5t are w\ld la/ our :ole life1 we   
hav+ no wants to fe> nor ri*es to covet 
7= a desire ( sup]fluities att5ds a     
desire ( necess>ies71 w\ld n our lives  
be mu* m com=table & life itself mu* m  
desirable8  ,yea1 b ,cleodemus /iffly   

ma9ta9s ! necessity ( eat+ & dr9k+1 else
 we %all ne$ tables & cups1 & %all n be 
able to (f] sacrifice to ,c]es &        
,pros]p9a4 ,by a p>ity ( reason !re is a
 necessity !re %\ld be cont5tions & w>s1
 t m5 may h bulw>ks & citadels &        
=tifications by l&1 fleets & navies     
abroad at sea1 & t hav+ sla9 hundr$s1 we
 may (f] ,hecatombs aft] ! ,mess5ian    
mann]4 ,by ?is reason we %all f9d m5    
grudg+ _! own heal?1 = 7!y w say7 !re w 
be no ne$ ( d[n or fea!r b$s unless !y  
are sick2 & s ^? heal+ gods1 &          
p>ticul>ly ,esculapius1 w be va/        
suff]]s1 = !y w infallibly lose s _m fat
 & ri* sacrifices ye>ly4 ,nay1 ! art (  
*irurg]y w p]i%1 & all ^? +5i\s         
in/rum5ts t h be5 inv5t$ = ! cure ( man 
w lie by useless & insignificant4 ,& :at
 great diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ?is & t8  
,= meat is a m$ic9e aga9/ hung]1 & su* z
 use a con/ant diet are said to cure    
!mselves1--,i mean su* z use meat n =   
wantonness b ( necessity4 ,= x is pla91 
! prejudices we receive by fe$+ f>      

surm\nt ! pleasures4 ,& ! enjoym5t (    
eat+ fills a v small place 9 our bodies 
& v little "t4 ,b :y %\ld ,i tr\ble y or
 myself ) a catalogue ( ! _m vexations  
:i* att5d t man :o is necessitat$ to    
provide = a family1 & ! _m difficulties 
:i* di/ract him 9 8 und]tak+8 ,= my "p1 
,i v]ily believe ,hom] _h an eye to ?is 
v ?+1 :51 to prove ! immortality ( !    
gods1 he made use ( ?is v argum5t1 t !y 
7 su* because !y us$ no victuals2       
,= n ! bread ( man _! life su/a9s1      
,nor w9e's inflam+ juice supplies _!    
ve9s2      7,iliad1 v4 #cda47  intimat+ 
meat to be ! cause ( dea? z well z !    
means ( su/a9+ & support+ life4 ,f h5ce 
proce$ div]s fatal di/emp]s caus$ mu* m 
by fulness ?an by fa/+2 & to dige/ :at  
we h eat5 proves frequ5tly a h>d] matt] 
?an to provide & procure :at we eat4 ,& 
:5 we solicit\sly inquire be=eh& :at we 
%\ld d or h[ we %\ld employ ourselves if
 we _h n su* c>e & bus9ess to take up   
our "t1 ?is is z if ,danaus's daught]s  
%\ld tr\ble _! heads to "k :at !y %\ld d

 if !y _h no sieves to fill ) wat]4 ,we 
drudge & toil = necess>ies1 = want (    
bett] & nobl] occupation4 ,z slaves !n  
:o h ga9$ _! fre$om d n[ & !n ^?        
drudg]ies & dis*>ge ^? s]vile employm5ts
 & (fices = _! own b5efit :i* !y        
und]took h]et(ore = _! ma/]s' advantage1
 s ! m9d ( man1 :i* at pres5t is enslav$
 to ! body & ! s]vice !re(1 :5 once x   
becomes free f ?is slav]y1 w take c>e ( 
itself1 & sp5d its "t 9 contemplation ( 
tru? )\t di/raction or di/urbance4 ,su* 
7 our disc\rses ^u ?is head1 ,o         
,nic>*us4  ,& be=e ,solon _h fully      
f9i%$1 9 came ,gorgias1 ,p]i&]'s bro!r1 
:o 0 j return$ f ,ta5>um1 :i!r he _h be5
 s5t by ! advice ( ! oracle to sacrifice
 to ,neptune & to conduct a deputation4 
,^u 8 entrance we welcom$ him home2 &   
,p]i&] hav+ among ! re/ salut$ him1     
,gorgias sat by him ^u a b$1 & privately
 :isp]$ some?+ to 8 bro!r :i* we c\ld n 
he>4 ,p]i&] by 8 v>i\s ge/ures & motions
 discov]$ diff]5t affections2 sometimes 
he seem$ sad & melan*olic1 by & by      

di/urb$ & angry2 frequ5tly he look$ z   
d\btful & di/ru/ful m5 use to d2 a:ile  
aft] he lifts up 8 eyes1 z is usual ) m5
 9 a maze4 ,at la/ recov]+ himself1 sai?
 he1 ,i h a m9d to imp>t to y ! cont5ts 
( ?is embassy2 b ,i sc>ce d>e d x1      
rememb]+ ,?ales's aphorism1 h[ ?+s      
impossible or incr$ible are to be       
conceal$ & only ?+s cr$ible & probable  
are to be relat$4 ,bias answ]$1 ,i crave
 leave to expla9 ,?ales's say+1 ,we may 
di/ru/ enemies1 ev5 ?\gh !y speak ?+s   
cr$ible1 & tru/ fri5ds1 ev5 ?\gh !y     
relate ?+s incr$ible2 & ,i suppose by   
enemies he meant vici\s m5 & fooli%1 &  
by fri5ds1 wise & good m54 ,!n1 bro!r   
,gorgias1 quo? ,p]i&]1 ,i pray relate ! 
:ole /ory p>ticul>ly4  ,gorgias 9       
ob$i5ce to 8 bro!r's comm& began 8 /ory 
?us3--  ,:5 we _h fa/$ n[ = ?ree days & 
(f]$ sacrifice ^u ea* ( ^? days1 we 7   
all resolv$ to sit up ! ?ird night &    
sp5d x 9 pa/ime & danc+4 ,! moon %one v 
bright ^u ! wat]1 & ! sea 0 exce$+ calm 
& /ill2 ?is we saw1 = we sport$         

ourselves ^u ! %ore4 ,be+ ?us tak5 up1  
all ( a sudd5 we espi$ a wond]ful       
spectacle (f at sea1 mak+ ) incr$ible   
exp$ition to ! adjo9+ promontory4 ,!    
viol5ce ( ! motion made ! sea foam aga91
 & ! noise 0 s l\d1 t ! :ole company    
=sook _! sport & ran toge!r t[>d !      
place1 admir+ :at ! matt] %\ld be4 ,be=e
 we c\ld make a full discov]y ( ! :ole1 
! motion 0 s rapid1 we p]ceiv$ div]s    
dolph9s1 "s swimm+ 9 a r+ or circle1    
o!rs ha/5+ ama9 to t "p ( ! %ore :i* 0  
mo/ %all[1 & o!rs foll[+ aft] & 7z x 77 
br++ up ! re>4 ,9 ! middle !re 0 a c]ta9
 heap :i* we c\ld p]ceive above ! wat]2 
b we c\ld n di/9ctly appreh5d :at x 01  
till draw+ ne> ! %ore we saw all !      
dolph9s flock+ toge!r1 & hav+ made ne> !
 l& !y safely surr5d]$ _! *>ge1 & left  
out ( dang] a man brea?+ & %ak+ himself4
 ,!y return$ to ! promontory1 & !re     
seem$ to rejoice m ?an be=e = ?is _!    
=tunate und]tak+4 ,div]s 9 ! company 7  
affright$ & ran away2 myself & a few m  
took c\rage1 & w5t on to see & satisfy  

ourselves :at ?is unusual matt] might   
be2 !re we f\nd & in/antly knew our old 
acqua9tance ,arion ! musician1 :o told u
 8 "n4 ,he wore t v g>m5t he us$ :5 he  
/rove = ma/]y4 ,we br\ght him into our  
t5t & f\nd he _h receiv$ no damage 9 8  
passage1 save only a little lassitude by
 ! viol5ce ( ! motion4 ,he told u ! :ole
 /ory ( 8 adv5ture1--a /ory incr$ible to
 all b su* z saw x ) _! eyes4 ,he told u
 h[1 :5 he _h det]m9$ to leave ,italy1  
be+ ha/5$ away by ,p]i&]'s lett]s1 he   
w5t abo>d a ,cor9?ian m]*antman !n 9    
port & ready to sail2 be+ (f at sea ) ! 
w9ds favorable1 he obs]v$ ! seam5 b5t to
 ru9 him1 & ! ma/] ( ! vessel told him z
 mu*1 & t !y purpos$ to execute _!      
design ^u him t v night4 ,9 ?is di/ress1
 ! poor man 7z if inspir$ by 8 good     
,g5ius7 girds ab\t him 8 h]et(ore       
victori\s1 n[ 8 m\rn+ cloak1 ) a brave  
resolution to compose & s+ 8 own        
epitaph1 z ! swans :5 !y appreh5d !     
approa*es ( dea? are report$ to d4 ,be+ 
?us habit$1 he told ! seam5 he 0 m9d$ to

 commit ! protection ( himself & 8      
fell[-pass5g]s to ! provid5ce ( ! gods 9
 a ,py?ian song2 !n /&+ ^u ! poop ne> ! 
side ( ! vessel1 & hav+ invok$ ! help & 
assi/ance ( all ! sea gods1 he /rikes up
 briskly & s+s to 8 h>p4 ,be=e he _h    
half f9i%$ 8 c>ol1 ! sun set1 & he c\ld 
disc]n ,peloponnesus be=e him4 ,! seam5 
?\ght x t$i\s to t>ry = ! night1 :]e=e  
!y resolv$ to murd] him imm$iately1 to  
:i* purpose !y un%ea!d _! swords4 ,see+ 
?is1 & obs]v+ ! /e]sman cov]+ 8 face1 he
 leap$ into ! sea z f> z he c\ld2 b be=e
 8 body sunk he f\nd himself support$ by
 dolph9s4 ,at fir/ he 0 surpris$ ) c>e &
 tr\ble2 b by & by1 f9d+ himself m>*+   
=w>d ) mu* ease & security1 & obs]v+ a  
:ole %oal ( dolph9s flock+ ab\t him &   
joyfully cont5d+ :i* %\ld appe> mo/ =w>d
 & s]viceable 9 8 pres]vation1 & disc]n+
 ! vessel at a consid]able di/ance      
beh9d1 he appreh5d$ ! nimbl5ess ( 8     
port]s2 !n1 & n till !n1 8 fe>s =sook   
him1 & he pr(ess$ he 0 nei!r s fe>ful ( 
dea? nor desir\s ( life z he 0 full (   

ambiti\s desire1 t he might %[ to all m5
 t he /ood 9 ! grace & favor ( ! gods1 &
 t he might himself h a firm belief 9   
!m4 ,9 8 passage1 z he lift$ up 8 eyes  
t[>d heav51 & beheld ! />s glitt]+ &    
tw9kl+ & ! moon full & glori\s1 & ! sea 
calm all ab\t h] z %e seem$ to rise out 
( x1 & yield+ him 7z x 77 a beat5 track2
 he decl>$1 he ?\ght ,god's ju/ice _h m 
eyes ?an "o1 & t ) ^! innum]able eyes ! 
gods beheld :at 0 act$ "h bel[ bo? by   
sea & l&4 ,) su* contemplations he p]=m$
 8 voyage less anxi\sly1 :i* mu* abat$ !
 t$i\sness !re( & 0 a com=t & refre%m5t 
to him 9 8 solitude & dang]4 ,at la/1   
arriv+ ne> ! promontory :i* 0 bo? /eep &
 high1 & fe>+ dang] 9 a /raight c\rse & 
direct l9e1 !y unanim\sly ve]$ ab\t1 &  
mak+ to %ore ) a little compass =       
security !y deliv]$ ,arion to u 9       
safety1 s t he pla9ly p]ceiv$ & ) ?anks 
ackn[l$g$ a ,provid5ce4  ,:5 ,arion _h  
f9i%$ ?is n>rative ( 8 escape1 ,i ask$  
him 7quo? ,gorgias7 :i!r ! %ip 0 b\nd2  
he told me = ,cor9?1 b x w\ld n be !re v

 sudd5ly1 = :5 he leap$ out ( ! %ip & 0 
c>ri$ 7z he conceiv$7 ab\t five hundr$  
furlongs1 he p]ceiv$ a calm1 :i* mu/    
ne$s mu* ret>d _! arrival :o 7 abo>d4   
,gorgias add$ t1 hav+ le>n$ ! names ( ! 
pilot & ma/] & ! colors ( ! %ip1 he     
imm$iately despat*$ out %ips & soldi] to
 exam9e all ! ports1 all ?is :ile keep+ 
,arion conceal$1 le/ ! crim9als %\ld ^u 
notice ( ,8 deliv]ance escape ! pursuit 
( ju/ice4 ,?is action happ5$ v luckily2 
= z soon z he arriv$ at ,cor9?1 news 0  
br\ght him t ! same %ip 0 9 port1 & t 8 
p>ty _h seiz$ x & secur$ all ! m51      
m]*ants & o!rs4 ,:]eupon ,p]i&] comm&$  
,gorgias's discretion & zeal1 desir+ him
 to proce$ & lose no "t1 b imm$iately to
 clap !m 9 close prison1 & to suff] none
 to come at !m to give ! lea/ notice (  
,arion's miracul\s escape4  ,g5tlem51   
quo? ,aesop1 ,i rememb] y d]id$ my      
dialogue ( ! daws & rooks2 & n[ y c     
admire & believe z improbable a /ory (  
dolph9s4 ,y are mightily out1 said ,i1 =
 ?is is no novel /ory :i* we believe1 b 

x is record$ 9 ! annals ( ,ino & ,a?amas
 above a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,^! passages are
 sup]natural1 quo? ,solon & mu* above   
our reason2 :at befell ,hesiod is ( a   
l[] k9d1 & m prop] = our disc\rse1 & if 
y h n he>d ( x be=e1 x is wor? y\r he>+4
  ,hesiod once soj\rn$ at ! same h\se 9 
,locris ) a c]ta9 ,milesian4 ,9 ?is 8   
soj\rn+ "t x happ5$ ! g5tleman's daught]
 0 got ) *ild by ! ,milesian :i* be+    
discov]$1 ! :ole family conclud$        
,hesiod1 if n guilty1 mu/ be privy to ! 
fact4 ,8 innoc5ce 0 b a weak f5ce aga9/ 
_! jeal\sy & asp]sions2 & !re=e1 ra%ly  
c5sur+ him guilty1 ! bro!rs ( ! woman   
waylaid him 9 8 return home1 & slew him 
& 8 companion ,troilus ne> ! %r9e (     
,nemean ,jove 9 ,locris4 ,_! c>casses !y
 ?rew into ! sea2 t ( ,troilus 0 c>ri$  
into ! riv] ,daphnus1 & re/$ ^u a c]ta9 
rock compass$ ) wat]s1 j above ! surface
 ( ! sea1 :i* rock be>s 8 "n to ?is day4
 ,! body ( ,hesiod 0 no soon] fall5 ^u !
 surface ( ! wat]1 b a company ( dolph9s
 receiv$ x1 & convey$ x to ,rhium &     

,moly]ia4 ,x happ5$ ! ,locrians 7       
assembl$ at ,rhium t day to fea/ & make 
m]ry accord+ to ! cu/om :i* cont9ues    
/ill among !m4 ,z soon z !y p]ceiv$ a   
c>cass float+ or r swimm+ t[>ds !m1 !y  
ha/5$1 n )\t admiration1 to see :at x 02
 & kn[+ ! body to be ,hesiod's1 !y      
in/antly resolv$ to f9d out ! murd]]s4  
,x prov$ an easy discov]y4 ,aft]        
conviction !y ?rew !m headlong alive    
into ! sea1 & ord]$ _! h\ses to be      
demoli%$ to ! v f\ndations4 ,! body !y  
buri$ 9 ! grove ( ! temple ( ,jove1 t no
 =eign] might f9d x out2 ! reason ( ?is 
act 0 t ! ,or*om5ians _h se>*$ f> & ne> 
= x at ! in/igation ( ! oracle1 :o      
promis$ !m ! greate/ felicity if !y c\ld
 get ! bones ( ,hesiod & bury !m 9 _!   
city4 ,n[ if dolph9s are s favorable to 
dead m51 x is v probable !y h a /rong   
affection = ! liv+1 especially = su* z  
delight 9 music1 :e!r vocal or          
in/rum5tal4 ,& ?is we "k und\bt$ly1 t ^!
 creatures delight inf9itely 9 music2 !y
 love x1 & if any man s+s or plays1 !y w

 quietly come by ! side ( ! %ip1 & li/5 
till ! music is end$4 ,:5 *ildr5 ba! 9 !
 wat] & sport !mselves1 y %all h a p>cel
 ( !m flock toge!r & sport & swim by !m2
 & !y may d x ! m securely1 s9ce x is a 
brea* ( ! law ( ,nature to hurt !m4 ,y  
nev] he>d ( any man t fi%es = !m        
purposely or hurts !m wilfully1 unless  
fall+ into ! nets !y spoil ! sport1 & s1
 l bad *ildr51 are correct$ = _!        
misdemeanors4 ,i v well rememb] !       
,lesbians told me h[ a maid ( _! t[n 0  
pres]v$ f dr[n+ by !m4  ,x 0 a v true   
/ory1 quo? ,pittacus1 & !re are div]s   
/ill alive :o w atte/ x1 if ne$ be4 ,!  
build]s or f\nd]s ( ,lesbos 7 comm&$ by 
! oracle to sail till !y came to a hav5 
call$ ,mesogaeum1 !re !y %\ld sacrifice 
a bull to ,neptune1 & = ! honor (       
,amphitrite & ! sea-nymphs !y %\ld (f] a
 virg94 ,! pr9cipal p]sons 9 ?is colony 
7 sev5 9 numb]2 ! eigh? 0 "o ,e*elaus by
 "n1 & appo9t$ head ( ! re/ by ! oracle 
himself2 & he 0 a ba*elor4 ,a daught] ( 
"o ( ^! sev5 0 to be sacrific$1 b :o x  

%\ld be 0 to be decid$ by lot1 & ! lot  
fell ^u ,sm9!us's si/]4 ,h] !y dress$   
mo/ ri*ly1 & s app>ell$ !y convey$ h] 9 
abundance ( /ate to ! wat]-side1 & hav+ 
compos$ a pray] = h]1 !y 7 n[ ready to  
?r[ h] ov]bo>d4 ,!re 0 9 ! company a    
c]ta9 +5u\s "y g5tleman ^: "n 0 ,enalus2
 he 0 desp]ately 9 love ) ?is "y lady1 &
 8 love prompt$ him to endeavor all he  
c\ld = h] pres]vation1 or at lea/ to    
p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,9 ! v mom5t %e 0 to  
be ca/ away1 he clasps h] 9 8 arms &    
?r[s himself & h] toge!r into ! sea4    
,%ortly aft] !re 0 a fly+ report !y 7   
bo? convey$ safe to l&4 ,a :ile aft]    
,enalus 0 se5 at ,lesbos1 :o gave out !y
 7 pres]v$ by dolph9s4 ,i c\ld tell y   
/ories m incr$ible ?an ^!1 su* z w\ld   
amuse "s & please o!rs2 b x is          
impossible to comm& m5's fai?4 ,! sea 0 
s tempe/u\s & r\gh1 ! p 7 afraid to come
 too ne> ! wat]s1 :5 ,enalus arriv$4 ,a 
numb] ( polypuses foll[$ him ev5 to     
,neptune's temple1 ! bigge/ & /ronge/ ( 
:i* c>ri$ a great /one4 ,?is ,enalus    

d$icat$1 & ?is /one is !re=e call$      
,enalus to ?is day4 ,to be %ort & to    
speak all 9 a few words1--he t kn[s h[  
to di/+ui% betwe5 ! impossible & !      
unusual1 to make a diff]5ce betwe5 !    
unlikely & ! absurd1 to be nei!r too    
cr$ul\s nor too di/ru/ful1--he ha? le>n$
 y\r lesson1 ,d n ov]do4 7,greek omitt$1
 ,,ne ,,quid ,,nimis47  ,ana*>sis aft]  
all ?is disc\rse spake to ?is purpose3  
,s9ce ,?ales has ass]t$ ! be+ ( a s\l 9 
all ! pr9cipal & mo/ noble p>ts ( !     
univ]se1 x is no wond] t ! mo/          
comm5dable acts are gov]n$ by an ov]rul+
 ,p[]2 =1 z ! body is ! organ ( ! s\l1 s
 ! s\l is an in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ,god4 ,n[
 z ! body has _m motions ( its own      
proce$+ f itself1 b ! be/ & mo/ f ! s\l1
 s ! s\l acts "s ?+s by its own p[]1 b 9
 mo/ ?+s x is subord9ate to ! w & p[] ( 
,god1 ^: glori\s in/rum5t x is4 ,to me x
 seems highly unreasonable--& ,i %\ld be
 b too apt to c5sure ! wisdom ( ! gods1 
if ,i 7 conv9c$--t !y use fire1 & wat]1 
& w9d1 & cl\ds1 & ra9 = ! pres]vation & 

welf>e ( "s & = ! detrim5t & de/ruction 
( o!rs1 :ile at ! same "t !y make no use
 ( liv+ creatures t are d\btless m      
s]viceable to _! ends ?an b[s are to !  
,scy?ians or h>ps or pipes to ! ,greeks4
  ,*]sias ! poet broke (f ?is disc\rse1 
& told ! company ( div]s t 7 miracul\sly
 pres]v$ to 8 c]ta9 k1 & m p>ticul>ly ( 
,cypselus1 ,p]i&]'s fa!r1 :o be+ newly  
born1 8 adv]s>y s5t a p>ty ( bloody     
fell[s to murd] him4 ,!y f\nd ! *ild 9 8
 nurse's arms1 & see+ him smile         
innoc5tly ^u !m1 !y _h n ! he>t to hurt 
him1 & s dep>t$2 b pres5tly recall+     
!mselves & consid]+ ! p]emptor9ess ( _! 
ord]s1 !y return$ & se>*$ = him1 b c\ld 
n f9d him1 = 8 "m _h hid him v c>efully 
9 a *e/4 7,call$ ,greek omitt$ 9 ,greek1
 :5ce ! *ild 0 nam$ ,cypelus47,g477 ,:5 
he came to ye>s ( discretion1 & und]/ood
 ! greatness ( 8 =m] dang] & deliv]ance1
 he consecrat$ a temple at ,delphi to   
,apollo1 by ^: c>e he conceiv$ himself  
pres]v$ f cry+ 9 t critical "t1 & by 8  
cries f betray+ 8 own life4 ,pittacus1  

address+ 8 disc\rse to ,p]i&]1 said3 ,x 
is well done ( ,*]sias to make m5tion ( 
t %r9e1 = ?is br+s to my m9d a "q ,i    
sev]al times purpos$ to ask y b /ill    
=got1 namely1--,to :at int5t all ^?     
frogs 7 c>v$ ^u ! palm-tree be=e ! door1
 & h[ !y affect ei!r ! deity or !       
d$icator8 ,p]i&] remitt$ him to ,*]sias 
= answ]1 z a p]son bett] v]s$ 9 ^!      
matt]s = he 0 pres5t :5 ,cypselus       
consecrat$ ! %r9e4 ,b ,*]sias smil+ w\ld
 n satisfy !m1 until !y resolv$ him !   
mean+ ( ^! aphorisms2 ,d n ov]do1 ,"k   
?yself1 b p>ticul>ly & pr9cipally       
?is1--:i* _h sc>$ div]s f w$lock & o!rs 
f surety%ip & o!rs = speak+ at          
all1--promise1 & y are ru9$4 ,:at ne$ we
 to expla9 to y ^!1 :5 y y\rself h s    
mightily magnifi$ ,aesop's comm5t ^u ea*
 ( !m4 ,aesop repli$3 ,:5 ,*]sias is    
dispos$ to je/ ) me ^u ^! subjects1 & to
 je/ s]i\sly1 he is pleas$ to fa!r su*  
say+s & s5t5ces ^u ,hom]1 :o1 br++ 9    
,hector furi\sly fly+ ^u o!rs1 yet at   
ano!r "t repres5ts him z fly+ f ,ajax   

son ( ,telamon1 7,iliad1 xi4 #edb47--;an
 argum5t t ,hector knew himself4 ,&     
,hom] made ,ulysses use ! say+ ,d n     
ov]do1 :5 he bes\ght 8 fri5d ,diom$es n 
to comm5d him1 too mu* nor yet to c5sure
 him too mu*4 ,& = surety%ip he exposes 
x z a matt] unsafe1 nay highly dang]\s1 
decl>+ t to be b\nd = idle & wick$ m5 is
 full ( haz>d4 7,iliad1 x4 #bdi2        
,odyssey1 viii4 #cea47 ,to confirm ?is1 
,*]sias report$ h[ ,jupit] _h ?r[n ,ate 
headlong out ( heav51 because %e 0 by :5
 he made ! promise ab\t ! bir? (        
,h]cules :]eby he 0 circumv5t$4  ,"h    
,solon broke 93 ,i advise1 t we n[ give 
e> to ,hom]1--       ,b n[ ! night      
ext5ds h] awful %ade3      ,! ,goddess  
p>ts y3 be ! night obey$4      7,iliad1 
vii4 #bhb47  ,if x please ! company !n1 
let u sacrifice to ! ,muses1 to         
,neptune1 & to ,amphitrite1 & s bid ea* 
adieu = ?is night4  ,?is 0 ! conclusion 
( t meet+1 my de> ,nic>*us4     ,,end   
,,( ,,?irte5----------   ,,h[ ,a ,,"y   
,,man ,,ought ,,to ,,he> ,,poems4  ,?\gh

 x may be all[$ to be a "q fit = !      
det]m9ation ( ^? conc]n+ :om ,cato said1
 ,_! palates are m s5sitive ?an _! m9ds1
 :e!r t say+ ( ,philox5us ! poet be true
 or no1 ,! mo/ savory fle% is t :i* is  
no fle%1 & fi% t is no fi%4 ,yet ?is to 
me1 ,m>cus ,s$atus1 is out ( "q1 t ^?   
precepts ( philosophy :i* seem n to be  
deliv]$ ) a design$ gravity1 su* z      
becomes philosoph]s1 take mo/ ) p]sons t
 are v "y1 & meet ) a m ready acceptance
 & compliance f !m4 ,:5ce x is t !y d n 
only read ?r\gh ,aesop's fables & !     
fictions ( poets & ! ,ab>is ( ,h]aclides
 & ,ari/on's ,lyco2 b also su* doctr9es 
z relate to ! s\ls ( m51 if some?+      
fabul\s be mix$ ) !m1 ) an excess (     
pleasure t bord]s on en?usiasm4 ,:]e=e  
we are n only to gov]n _! appetites 9 ! 
delights ( eat+ & dr9k+1 b also 7& mu*  
m7 to inure !m to a l temp]ance 9 read+ 
& he>+1 t1 :ile !y make use ( enjoym5t z
 a sauce1 !y may pursue t :i* is        
:olesome & pr(itable 9 ^? ?+s :i* !y    
read4 ,= nei!r c a city be secure if b  

"o gate be left op5 to receive ! enemy1 
?\gh all ! re/ be %ut2 nor a "y man     
safe1 ?\gh he be suffici5tly =tifi$     
aga9/ ! assaults ( all o!r pleasures1   
:il/ he is )\t any gu>d aga9/ ^? ( ! e>4
 ,yea1 ! ne>] ! comm]ce is betwixt !    
delights ( t s5se & ^? ( ! m9d & reason1
 by s mu* ! m1 :5 he lies op5 on t side1
 is he apt to be debau*$ & corrupt$     
!reby4 ,see+ !re=e we _c 7& p]haps w\ld 
n if we c\ld7 deb> "y m5 ( ! size ( my  
,socl>us & ?y ,cle&] altoge!r f ! read+ 
( poets1 yet let u keep ! /rict] gu>d ^u
 !m1 z ^? :o ne$ a guide to direct !m 9 
_! read+ m ?an on _! j\rneys4 ,^u :i*   
consid]ation1 ,i f9d myself dispos$ to  
s5d !e at pres5t 9 writ+ t disc\rse     
conc]n+ ,poetry :i* ,i _h lately an     
occasion to deliv] by ^w ( m\?2 t1 :5 ?\
 ha/ read x ov] ?yself1 ?\ may/ also    
make su* use ( x1 if ?\ judge/ x may be 
s]viceable to t purpose1 z ^? :i* are   
engag$ to dr9k h>d d ( amulets 7or      
pres]vatives aga9/ drunk5ness71--t is1 t
 ?\ may/ communicate x to ,cle&]1 to    

prepossess him !re)2 see+ he is         
naturally end[$ ) a brisk1 pi]c+1 & d>+ 
wit1 & !re=e m prone to be inveigl$ by t
 sort ( /udy4  ,!y say ( ! fi% call$    
polypus t       ,8 head 9 "o respect is 
v good1      ,b 9 ano!r v naughty food2 
because1 ?\gh x be v lusci\s to eat1 yet
 x is ?\ght to di/urb ! fancy )         
frightful & confus$ dreams4 ,& ! l      
obs]vation may be made conc]n+ poetry1 t
 x af=ds sweet & )al :olesome n\ri%m5t  
to ! m9ds ( "y m51 b yet x conta9s      
likewise no less matt] ( di/urbance &   
emotion to !m t want a "r conduct 9 !   
/udy !re(4 ,= ( x also1 z well z (      
,egypt1 may x be said t 7to ^? :o w use 
x7       ,its ov]-f]tile & luxuriant    
field      ,m$ic9es & poisons int]mixt  
do? yield2  = !re9       ,love ) s(t    
passions & ri* language dre/      ,(t   
/eals ! he>t out ( ?' +5u\s brea/4      
7,odyssey1 iv4 #bcj2 ,iliad1 xiv4 #baf47
  ,& inde$ su* only are endang]$ !reby1 
= ! *>ms ( t art ord9>ily affect n ^? t 
are d[nright sots & naturally incapable 

( le>n+4 ,:]e=e1 :5 ,simonides 0 ask$ :y
 ( all m5 he c\ld n deceive !           
,!ssalians1 8 answ] 01 ,because !y are n
 s well br$ z to be capable ( be+ cajol$
 by me4 ,& ,gorgias us$ to call tragical
 poems *eats1 :]e9 he t did *eat 0 ju/] 
?an he t did n *eat1 & he t 0 *eat$ 0   
wis] ?an he t 0 n *eat$4  ,x des]ves    
!re=e our consid]ation1 :e!r we %all put
 "y m5 into ,epicurus's boat1--:]e91    
hav+ _! e>s /opp$ ) wax1 z ^? ( ! m5 (  
,i?aca 71 !y %all be oblig$ to sail by &
 n s mu* z t\* at poetry1--or r keep a  
gu>d on !m1 s z to oblige _! judgm5ts by
 pr9ciples ( "r reason to use x aright1 
& pres]ve !m f be+ s$uc$ to _! hurt by t
 :i* af=ds !m s mu* delight4 ,= nei!r   
did ,lycurgus1 ! valiant son ( ,dryas 7z
 ,hom] calls him7 7,iliad1 vi4 #acj47   
act l a man ( s\nd reason 9 ! c\rse :i* 
he took to re=m 8 p t 7 mu* incl9$ to   
drunk5ness1 by travell+ up & d[n to     
de/roy all ! v9es 9 ! c\ntry2 :]eas he  
%\ld h ord]$ t e v9e %\ld h a well (    
wat] ne> x1 t 7z ,plato sai?7 ! drunk5  

deity might be r$uc$ to temp]ance by a  
sob] "o4 ,= wat] mix$ ) w9e takes away !
 hurtful spirits1 :ile x leaves ! useful
 ones 9 x4 ,nei!r %\ld we cut d[n or    
de/roy ! ,muses' v9e1 poetry2 b :]e we  
p]ceive x luxuriates & gr[s wild ?r\gh  
an ungov]n$ appetite ( applause1 !re    
ought we to prune away or keep "u !     
fabul\s & !atrical bran*es !re(2 & :]e  
we f9d any ( ! ,graces l9k$ to any ( !  
,muses1--t is1 :]e ! lusci\sness &      
tempt+ *>ms ( language are n altoge!r   
b>r5 & unpr(itable1--!re let u make use 
( philosophy to incorporate ) x4  ,= z1 
:]e ! m&rake gr[s ne> ! v9e & s         
communicates some?+ ( its =ce !reto1 !  
w9e t is made ( its grapes makes ! sleep
 ( ^? t dr9k x m refre%+2 s do? ! temp]+
 poetry ) ! pr9ciples ( philosophy &    
allay+ _! r\ghness ) its fictions r5d] !
 /udy ( !m m easy & ! reli% ( !m m      
grateful to "y le>n]s4 ,:]e=e ^? t w\ld 
give _! m9ds to philosophical /udies are
 n oblig$ to avoid poetry altoge!r1 b r 
to introduce !mselves to philosophy by  

poems1 accu/om+ !mselves to se>* = &    
embrace t :i* may pr(it 9 t :i* please? 
!m1 & reject+ & disc>d+ t :]e9 !y f9d   
no?+ ( ?is nature4 ,= ?is discrim9ation 
is ! fir/ /ep to le>n+2 & :5 ?is is     
atta9$1 !n1 accord+ to :at ,sophocles   
sai?1--       ,to h begun well :at we d 
int5d      ,gives hope & prospect ( z   
good an end4  ,let u !re=e 9 ! fir/     
place possess ^? :om we initiate 9 !    
/udy ( poetry ) ?is notion 7z "o :i* !y 
ought always to h at h&71 t       ',tis 
frequ5tly ! poet's guise      ,to       
int]m+le tru? ) lies2--  :i* !y d       
sometimes ) & sometimes aga9/ _! wills4 
,!y d x ) _! wills1 because !y f9d /rict
 tru? too rigid to comply ) t sweetness 
& gracefulness ( expression1 :i* mo/ are
 tak5 )1 s readily z fiction do?4 ,=    
real tru?1 ?\gh x disgu/ nev] s mu*1 mu/
 be told z x is1 )\t alt]ation2 b t :i* 
is feign$ 9 a disc\rse c easily yield & 
%ift its g>b f ! di/a/eful to t :i* is m
 pleas+4 ,& inde$1 nei!r ! measures nor 
! tropes nor ! gr&eur ( words nor !     

aptness ( metaphors nor ! h>mony ( !    
composition gives su* a degree (        
elegance & gracefulness to a poem z a   
well-ord]$ & artificial fiction do?4 ,b 
z 9 pictures ! colors are m delightful  
to ! eye ?an ! l9es because ^? give !m a
 ne>] resemblance to ! p]sons !y 7 made 
=1 & r5d] !m ! m apt to deceive !       
behold]2 s 9 poems we are m apt to be   
smitt5 & fall 9 love ) a probable       
fiction ?an ) ! greate/ accuracy t c be 
obs]v$ 9 measures & phrases1 :]e !re is 
no?+ fabul\s or fictiti\s jo9$ ) x4     
,:]e=e ,socrates1 be+ induc$ by "s      
dreams to attempt some?+ 9 poetry1 &    
f9d+ himself unapt1 by reason t he _h   
all 8 lifetime be5 ! *ampion ( sev]e    
tru?1 to hamm] out ( 8 own inv5tion a   
likely fiction1 made *oice ( ,aesop's   
fables to turn into v]se2 z judg+ no?+  
to be true poetry t _h 9 x no?+ (       
falsehood4 ,= ?\gh we h kn[n "s         
sacrifices p]=m$ )\t pipes & dances1 yet
 we own no poetry :i* is utt]ly de/itute
 ( fable & fiction4 ,:5ce ! v]ses (     

,emp$ocles & ,p>m5ides1 ! ,!riaca (     
,nic&]1 & ! s5t5ces ( ,!ognis1 are r to 
be acc\nt$ spee*es ?an poems1 :i*1 t !y 
might n walk contemptibly on foot1 h    
borr[$ f poetry ! *>iot ( v]se1 to      
convey !m ! m cr$itably ?r\gh ! _w4     
,:5soev] !re=e any?+ is spok5 9 poems by
 any not$ & em95tly fam\s man1 conc]n+  
gods or daemons or virtue1 t is absurd  
or h>%1 he t takes su* say+s = tru?s is 
!reby misl$ 9 8 appreh5sion & corrupt$ )
 an errone\s op9ion4 ,b he t con/antly  
keeps 9 8 m9d & ma9ta9s z 8 pr9ciple t !
 wit*craft ( poetry consi/s 9 fiction1  
he t c at all turns acco/ x 9 ?is       
language1--       ,riddle ( art6 l :i*  
no sph9x beguiles2      ,^: face on "o  
side fr[ns :ile ?' o!r smiles6      ,:y 
*eat'/ ?\1 ) pret5ce to make u wise1    
,& bid'/ sage precepts 9 a fool's       
disguise8--  su* a "o1 ,i say1 w take no
 h>m by x1 nor admit f x any absurd ?+  
into 8 belief4 ,b :5 he meets 9 poetry )
 expressions ( ,neptune's r5d+ ! e>? to 
pieces & dicov]+ inf]nal regions1 7,see 

,iliad1 xx4 #eg47 he w be able to *eck 8
 fe>s ( ! reality ( any su* accid5t2 &  
he w blame himself = 8 ang] aga9/       
,apollo = ! *ief comm&] ( ! ,greeks1--  
,:om at a banquet1 :iles he s+s 8 praise
      ,& speaks him fair1 yet trea*]\sly
 he slays4      7,f ,aes*ylus ,! :ole   
passage is quot$ 9 ,plato's             
,republic1 end ( book ,,ii4 7,g4747     
,yea1 he w repress 8 te>s = ,a*illes &  
,agamemnon1 :ile !y are res5t$ z m\rn+  
aft] _! dea?1 & /ret*+ =? _! limb] &    
feeble h&s to express _! desire to live 
aga94 ,& if at any "t ! *>ms ( poetry   
transport him into any disquiet+        
passions1 he w quickly say to himself1 z
 ,hom] v elegantly 7consid]+ ! prop5sion
 ( t sex to li/5 aft] fables7 says 9 8  
,necyia1 or relation ( ! /ate ( !       
dead1--       ,b f ! d>k dom9ions spe$  
?y way1      ,& climb ! /eep asc5t to   
upp] day2      ,to ?y *a/e bride !      
wondr\s /ory tell1      ,! woes1 !      
horrors1 & ! laws ( hell4               
7,odyssey1 xi4 #bbc47    ,su* ?+s z ,i h

 t\*$ ^u are ^? :i* ! poets will+ly     
feign4 ,b m !re are :i* !y d n feign1 b 
believ+ !mselves z _! own prop]         
judgm5ts1 !y put fictiti\s colors ^u !m 
to +ratiate !m to u4 ,z :5 ,hom] says ( 
,jupit]1--       ,jove lifts ! gold5    
balances1 t %[      ,! faces ( mortal   
m51 & ?+s bel[4      ,"h ea* cont5d+    
h]o's lot he tries1      ,& weighs )    
equal h& _! de/9ies      ,l[ s9ks !     
scale sur*>g$ ) ,hector's fate2         
,heavy ) dea? x s9ks1 & hell receives ! 
weight4      7,iliad1 xxii4 #baj47  ,to 
?is fable ,aes*ylus ha? accommodat$ a   
:ole trag$y :i* he calls ,psy*o/asia1   
:]e9 he introduce? ,!tis & ,aurora /&+  
by ,jupit]'s balances1 & deprecat+ ea* (
 !m ! dea? ( h] son engag$ 9 a duel4 ,n[
 !re is no man b sees t ?is fable is a  
creature ( ! poet's fancy1 design$ to   
delight or sc>e ! read]4 ,b ?is o!r     
passage1--       ,great ,jove is made ! 
treasur] ( w>s2      7,ibid4 iv4 #hd47  
& ?is o!r also1--       ,:5 a god means 
a noble h\se to raze1      ,he frames "o

 r ?an he'll want a cause3      7,f !   
,niobe ( ,aes*ylus1 ,frag4 #aea47  ^!   
passages1 ,i say1 express _! judgm5t &  
belief :o !reby discov] & sugge/ to u ! 
ignorant or mi/ak5 appreh5sions !y _h ( 
! ,deities4 ,moreov]1 almo/ e "o kn[s   
n[adays1 t ! port5t\s fancies &         
contrivances ( /ories conc]n+ ! /ate ( !
 dead are accommodat$ to popul>         
appreh5sions1--t ! spectres & phantasms 
( burn+ riv]s & horrid regions & t]rible
 tortures express$ by frightful names   
are all mix$ ) fable & fiction1 z poison
 ) food2 & t nei!r ,hom] nor ,p9d> nor  
,sophocles ev] believ$ !mselves :5 !y   
wrote at ?is rate3--       ,!re endless 
floods ( %ady d>kness /ream      ,f !   
va/ caves1 :]e "m ,night do? teem2  &1  
,!re gho/s o'er ! va/ ocean's waves did 
glide1      ,by ! ,leucadian            
promontory's side2      7,odyssey1 xxiv4
 #aa47  &1       ,!re f ?' unfa?om$ gulf
 ?' inf]nal lake      ,?r\gh n>r[ /raits
 recurr+ tides do? make4  ,& yet1 z _m (
 !m z deplore dea? z a lam5table ?+1 or 

! want ( burial aft] dea? z a calamit\s 
condition1 are wont to break out into   
expressions ( ?is nature3--       ,o    
pass n by1 my fri5d2 nor leave me "h    
,)\t a grave1 & on t grave a te>2       
7,odyssey1 xi4 #gb47  &1       ,!n to ! 
gho/s ! m\rnful s\l did fly1      ,sore 
griev$ 9 mid/ ( y\? & /r5g? to die2     
7,iliad1 xvi4 #hef47  & aga91           
',tis sweet to see ! light4  ,o sp>e me 
!n1      ,till ,i arrive at ?' usual age
 ( m53      ,nor =ce my unfl$g$ s\l f   
h5ce1 to "k      ,! doleful /ate (      
dismal %ades bel[4      7,euripides1    
,iphig5ia at ,aulus1 #abah47  ,^!1 ,i   
say1 are ! spee*es ( m5 p]suad$ ( ^!    
?+s1 z be+ possess$ by errone\s op9ions2
 & !re=e !y t\* u ! m ne>ly & torm5t u  
inw>dly1 because we ourselves are full (
 ! same impot5t passion f :i* !y 7      
utt]$4 ,to =tify u !re=e aga9/          
expressions ( ?is nature1 let ?is       
pr9ciple cont9ually r+ 9 our e>s1 t     
poetry is n at all solicit\s to keep to 
! /rict measure ( tru?4 ,& inde$1 z to  

:at t tru? 9 ^! matt]s is1 ev5 ^? m5    
!mselves :o make x _! only /udy to le>n 
& se>* x out confess t !y c h>dly       
discov] any c]ta9 foot/eps to guide !m 9
 t inquiry4 ,let u !re=e h ^! v]ses (   
,emp$ocles1 9 ?is case1 at h&3--        
,no sight ( man's s cle>1 no e> s quick1
      ,no m9d s pi]c+1 t's n "h to seek2
  z also ^? ( ,x5ophanes3--       ,!    
tru? ab\t ! gods & gho/s1 no man        
,e'er 0 or %all be t det]m9e c2  &      
la/ly1 t passage conc]n+ ,socrates1 9   
,plato1 :]e he by ! solemnity ( an oa?  
disclaims all k ( ^? ?+s4 ,= ^? :o      
p]ceive t ! se>*+ into su* matt]s makes 
! heads ( philosoph]s !mselves giddy _c 
b be ! less incl9$ to reg>d :at poets   
say conc]n+ !m4  ,& we %all fix our "y  
m5 m if1 :5 we ent] him 9 ! poets1 we   
fir/ describe poetry to him & tell him t
 x is an imitat+ art & is 9 _m respects 
l unto pa9t+2 n only acqua9t+ him ) t   
common say+1 t poetry is vocal pa9t+ &  
pa9t+ sil5t poetry1 b %[+ him1 moreov]1 
t :5 we see a liz>d or an ape or ! face 

( a ,!rsites 9 a picture1 we are        
surpris$ ) pleasure & wond] at x1 n     
because ( any beauty 9 ! ?+s1 b = !     
lik5ess ( ! draught4 ,= x is repugnant  
to ! nature ( t :i* is itself f\l to be 
at ! same "t fair2 & !re=e x is !       
imitation--be ! ?+ imitat$ beautiful or 
ugly--t1 9 case x d express x to ! life1
 is comm&$2 & on ! contr>y1 if !        
imitation make a f\l ?+ to appe> fair1 x
 is disprais$ because x obs]ves n dec5cy
 & lik5ess4 ,n[ "s pa9t]s !re are t pa9t
 uncomely actions2 z ,timo!us drew ,m$ea
 kill+ h] *ildr52 ,!on1 ,ore/es murd]+ 8
 "m2 & ,p>rhasius1 ,ulysses c\nt]feit+  
madness2 yea1 ,*a]ephanes express$ 9    
picture ! un*a/e conv]se ( wom5 ) m54   
,n[ 9 su* cases a "y man is to be       
famili>ly acqua9t$ ) ?is notion1 t1 :5  
m5 praise su* pictures1 !y praise n !   
actions repres5t$ b only ! pa9t]'s art  
:i* do? s lively express :at 0 design$ 9
 !m4 ,:]e=e1 9 l mann]1 see+ poetry _m  
times describes by imitation f\l actions
 & unseemly passions & mann]s1 ! "y     

/ud5t mu/ n 9 su* descriptions 7al?\gh  
p]=m$ nev] s clev]ly & comm5dably7      
believe all t is said z true or embrace 
x z good1 b give its due comm5dation s  
f> only z x suits ! subject treat$ (4 ,=
 z1 :5 we he> ! grunt+ ( hogs & ! %riek+
 ( pulleys & ! ru/l+ ( w9d & ! ro>+ (   
seas1 we are1 x may be1 di/urb$ &       
displeas$1 & yet :5 we he> any "o       
imitat+ ^! or ! l noises h&somely 7z    
,p>m5io did t ( an hog1 & ,!odorus t ( a
 pulley71 we are well pleas$2 & z we    
avoid 7z an unpleas+ spectacle7 ! sight 
( sick p]sons & ( a man full ( ulc]s1 & 
yet are delight$ to be spectators ( !   
,philoctetes ( ,ari/ophon & ! ,joca/a ( 
,silanion1 :]e9 su* wa/+ & dy+ p]sons   
are well act$2 s mu/ ! "y s*ol>1 :5 he  
reads 9 a poem ( ,!rsites ! buffoon or  
,sisyphus ! :orema/] or ,batra*us ! bawd
 speak+ or do+ any?+1 s praise !        
artificial manag]y ( ! poet1 adapt+ !   
expressions to ! p]sons1 z )al to look  
on ! disc\rses & actions s express$ z   
odi\s & abom9able4 ,= ! goodness ( ?+s  

!mselves diff]s mu* f ! goodness ( !    
imitation ( !m2 ! goodness ( ! latt]    
consi/+ only 9 propriety & aptness to   
repres5t ! =m]4 ,:5ce to f\l acts f\l   
expressions are mo/ suitable & prop]4 ,z
 ! %oes ( ,demonides ! cripple 7:i*1 :5 
he _h lo/ !m1 he wi%$ might suit ! feet 
( him t /ole !m7 7 b poor %oes1 b yet   
fit = him2 s we may say ( su*           
expressions z ^!3--       ,if t'is      
necess>y an unju/ act to d1      ,x is  
be/ to d x = a ?rone2      7,euripides1 
,pho5issae1 #ebd47       ,get ! repute (
 ,j1      ,& 9 x d all ?+s :5ce ga9 may 
come2       ,a tal5t d[ry6  ,c\ld ,i    
,sleep1 or live1 if !e ,i %\ld neglect8 
,& %\ld ,i n 9 hell torm5t$ be1         
,c\ld ,i be guilty ( su* sacrilege8     
7,f ,m5&]47  ,^!1 x is true1 are wick$ z
 well z false spee*es1 b yet are dec5t  
en\gh 9 ! m\? ( an ,eteocles1 an ,ixion1
 & a grip+ usur]4 ,if !re=e we m9d our  
*ildr5 t ! poets write n su* ?+s z      
prais+ & approv+ !m1 b d really acc\nt  
!m base & vici\s & !re=e accommodate su*

 spee*es to base & vici\s p]sons1 !y w  
nev] be damnifi$ by !m f ! e/eem !y h ( 
! poets 9 :om !y meet ) !m4 ,b1 on !    
contr>y1 ! suspicions ins9uat$ into !m (
 ! p]sons w r5d] ! words & actions      
ascrib$ to !m suspect$ = evil1 because  
proce$+ f su* evil m54 ,& ( ?is nature  
is ,hom]'s repres5tation ( ,p>is1 :5 he 
describes him runn+ out ( ! battle into 
,hel5's b$4 ,= 9 t he attributes no su* 
indec5t act to any o!r1 b only to t     
incont95t & adult]\s p]son1 he evid5tly 
decl>es t he int5ds t relation to import
 a disgrace & reproa* to su*            
intemp]ance4  ,9 su* passages !re=e we  
are c>efully to obs]ve :e!r or n ! poet 
himself d any:]e give any intimation t  
he dislikes ! ?+s he makes su* p]sons   
say2 :i*1 9 ! prologue to 8 ,?ais ,m5&] 
does1 9 ^! words3--       ,!re=e1 my    
,muse1 describe me n[ a :ore1           
,fair1 bold1 & furni%$ ) a nimble       
tongue2      ,"o t ne'er scruples to d  
lov]s wrong2      ,t always craves1 &   
d5i$ %uts h] door2      ,t truly loves  

no man1 yet1 = h] ends1      ,affection 
true to e man pret5ds4  ,b ,hom] ( all !
 poets does x be/4 ,= he do? be=eh&1 z x
 71 bespeak dislike ( ! evil ?+s &      
approbation ( ! good ?+s he utt]s4 ,( ! 
latt] take ^! in/ances3--       ,he     
readily did ! occasion take1      ,&    
sweet & com=table words he spake2       
7,odyssey1 vi4 #adh47       ,by him he  
/ood1 & ) s(t spee*es quell$      ,!    
wra? :i* 9 8 heat$ bosom swell$4        
7,iliad1 ii4 #ahj47  ,& = ! =m]1 he s   
p]=ms x z 9 a mann] solemnly to =bid u  
to use or he$ su* spee*es z ^? he       
m5tions1 z be+ fooli% & wick$4 ,=       
example1 be+ to tell u h[ uncivilly     
,agamemnon treat$ ! prie/1 he premises  
^! words ( 8 own1--       ,n s ,atrides3
 he ) k+ly pride      ,repuls$ ! sacr$  
sire1 & ?us repli$2      7,ibid4 i4     
#bd47  intimat+ ! insol5cy &            
unbecom+ness ( 8 answ]4 ,& :5 he        
attributes ?is passionate spee* to      
,a*illes1--       ,o mon/]1 mix'd (     
insol5ce & fe>1      ,?\ dog 9 =ehead1 &

 9 he>t a de]6      7,ibid4 i4 #bbe47   
he accompanies x ) ?is c5sure1--        
,nor yet ! rage 8 boil+ brea/ =sook1    
,:i* ?us r$\bl+ on ,atrides broke2      
7,ibid4 i4 #bbc47  = x 0 unlikely t     
speak+ 9 su* ang] he %\ld obs]ve any    
rules ( dec5cy4  ,& he passe? l c5sures 
on actions4 ,z on ,a*illes's f\l usage (
 ,hector's c>cass1--       ,gloomy he   
said1 & 7horrible to view7      ,be=e ! 
bi] ! ble$+ ,hector ?rew4      7,iliad1 
xxiii4 #bd47  ,& 9 l mann] he do? v     
dec5tly %ut up relations ( ?+s said or  
done1 by add+ "s s5t5ce :]e9 he decl>es 
8 judgm5t ( !m4 ,z :5 he p]sonates "s ( 
! gods say+1 on ! occasion ( ! adult]y (
 ,m>s & ,v5us discov]$ by ,vulcan's     
artifice1--       ,see ! swift god      
o'ertak5 by ! lame6      ,?us ill acts  
prosp] n1 b end 9 %ame4      7,odyssey1 
viii4 #cbi47  ,& ?us conc]n+ ,hector's  
insol5t boa/+ he says1--       ,) su*   
big words 8 m9d pr\d ,hector eas$1      
,b v5]able ,juno he displeas$4          
7,iliad1 viii4 #aih47  ,& :5 he speaks (

 ,p&>us's %oot+1 he adds1--       ,he   
he>d1 & madly at ! motion pleas$1       
,8 poli%'d b[ ) ha/y ra%ness seiz$4     
7,ibid4 iv4 #ajd47  ,n[ ^! v]bal        
intimations ( ! m9ds & judgm5ts ( poets 
are n difficult to be und]/ood by any "o
 t w he$fully obs]ve !m4 ,b besides ^!1 
!y give u o!r h9ts f actions4 ,z        
,euripides is report$1 :5 "s blam$ him =
 br++ su* an impi\s & flagiti\s villa9 z
 ,ixion ^u ! /age1 to h giv5 ?is answ]3 
,b yet ,i br\ght him n (f till ,i _h    
fa/5$ him to a tortur+ :eel4 ,?is same  
way ( tea*+ by mute actions is to be    
f\nd 9 ,hom] also1 af=d+ u useful       
contemplations ^u ^? v fables :i* are   
usually mo/ dislik$ 9 him4 ,^! "s m5 (f]
 =ce to1 t !y may r$uce !m to allegories
 7:i* ! anci5ts call$ ,greek omitt$71 & 
tell u t ,v5us committ+ adult]y ) ,m>s1 
discov]$ by ! ,sun1 is to be und]/ood   
?us3 t :5 ! /> call$ ,v5us is 9         
conjunction ) t :i* ha? ! "n ( ,m>s1    
ba/>dly bir?s are produc$1 & by ! ,sun's
 ris+ & discov]+ !m !y are n conceal$4  

,s w !y h ,juno's dress+ h]self s       
accurately to tempt ,jupit]1 & h] mak+  
use ( ! girdle ( ,v5us to inflame 8     
love1 to be no?+ else b ! purification (
 t "p ( ! air :i* drawe? ne>e/ to !     
nature ( fire4 ,z if we 7 n told ! mean+
 ( ^? fables f> bett] by ! poet himself4
 ,= he tea*e? u 9 t ( ,v5us1 if we he$  
x1 t light music & wanton songs &       
disc\rses :i* sugge/ to m5 obsc5e       
fancies debau* _! mann]s1 & incl9e !m to
 an unmanly way ( liv+ 9 luxury &       
wantonness1 ( cont9ually haunt+ !       
company ( wom51 & ( be+       ,giv5 to  
fa%ions1 t _! g>b may please1      ,hot 
ba?s1 & c\*es :]e !y loll at case4  ,&  
!re=e also he br+s 9 ,ulysses direct+ ! 
musician ?us1--       ,leave ?is1 & s+ !
 horse1 out ( ^: womb      ,! gallant   
knights t conqu]$ ,troy did come2       
7,odyssey1 viii4 #bdi & #dib47  evid5tly
 tea*+ u t poets & musicians ought to   
receive ! argum5ts ( _! songs f sob] &  
und]/&+ m54 ,& 9 ! o!r fable ( ,juno he 
excell5tly %[s t ! conv]sation ( wom5 ) 

m51 & ! favors !y receive f !m procur$  
by sorc]y1 wit*craft1 or o!r unlawful   
arts1 are n only %ort1 un/able1 & soon  
cloy+1 b also 9 ! issue easily turn$ to 
loa?+ & displeasure1 :5 once ! pleasure 
is ov]4 ,= s ,jupit] !re ?reat5s ,juno1 
:5 he tells h]1--       ,he> ?is1       
rememb]1 & our fury dread1      ,nor    
pull ! unwill+ v5geance on ?y head2     
,le/ arts & bl&i%m5ts successless prove 
,?y s(t deceits & well dissembl$ love4  
7,iliad1 xv4 #cb47  ,= ! fiction &      
repres5tation ( evil acts1 :5 x )al     
acqua9ts u ) ! %ame & damage befall+ !  
do]s1 hurts n b r pr(its him t reads !m4
 ,= :i* end philosoph]s make use (      
examples = our in/ruction & correction  
out ( hi/orical collections2 & poets d !
 v same ?+1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y inv5t
 fabul\s examples !mselves4 ,!re 0 "o   
,melan?ius1 :o 7:e!r 9 je/ or e>ne/ he  
said x1 x matt]s n mu*7 affirm$ t ! city
 ( ,a!ns ow$ its pres]vation to !       
diss5sions & factions t 7 among !       
orators1 giv+ )al ?is reason = 8        

ass]tion1 t !reby !y 7 kept f incl9+ all
 ( !m to "o side1 s t by means ( !      
diff]5ces among ^? /atesm5 !re 7 always 
"s t drew ! saw ! "r way = ! defeat+ (  
de/ructive c\nsels4 ,& ?us x is too 9 ! 
contradictions among poets1 :i*1 by     
less5+ ! cr$it ( :at !y say1 r5d] !m !  
less p[]ful to d mis*ief2 & !re=e1 :5   
comp>+ "o say+ ) ano!r we discov] _!    
contr>iety1 we ought to adh]e to ! bett]
 side4 ,z 9 ^! in/ances3--        ,!    
gods1 my son1 deceive poor m5 (t-times4 
,,ans4 ',tis easy1 sir1 on ,god to lay  
our crimes4        ',tis com=t to !e to 
be ri*1 is't n6 ,,ans4 ,no1 sir1 'tis   
bad to be a weal?y sot4        ,die r   
?an su* toilsome pa9s to take4 ,,ans4   
,to call ,god's s]vice toil's a f\l     
mi/ake4  ,su* contr>ieties z ^! are     
easily solv$1 if 7z ,i said7 we tea* y\?
 to judge aright & to give ! bett] say+ 
pref]5ce4 ,b if we *ance to meet ) any  
absurd passages )\t any o!rs at _! heels
 to confute !m1 we are !n to ov]?r[ !m )
 su* o!rs z else:]e are to be f\nd 9 !  

same au?or4 ,nor mu/ we be (f5d$ ) !    
poet or griev$ at him1 b only at !      
spee*es !mselves1 :i* he utt]s ei!r     
accord+ to ! vulg> mann] ( speak+ or1 x 
may be1 b 9 droll]y4 ,s1 :5 ?\ reade/ 9 
,hom] ( gods ?r[n out ( heav5 headlong  
"o by ano!r1 or gods w\nd$ by m5 &      
qu>rell+ & brawl+ ) ea* o!r1 ?\ maye/   
readily1 if ?\ wilt1 say to him1--      
,sure ?y inv5tion "h 0 sorely out1      
,or ?\ had/ said f> bett] ?+s1 no d\bt2 
7,iliad1 viii4 #ceh47  yea1 & ?\ do/ s  
else:]e1 & accord+ z ?\ ?9ke/1 to wit1 9
 ^! passages ( ?9e3--       ,! gods1    
remov$ f all t m5 do? grieve1      ,a   
quiet & cont5t$ life d live4       ,h]e9
 ! immortal gods =ev] ble/      ,feel   
endless joys & undi/urb$ re/4       ,!  
gods1 :o h !mselves no cause to grieve1 
,= wret*$ man a web ( sorr[ weave4      
7,ibid4 vi4 #ach2 ,odyssey1 vi4 #df2    
,iliad1 xxiv1 #ebf47  ,= ^! argue s\nd &
 true op9ions ( ! gods2 b ^? o!r 7 only 
feign$ to raise passions 9 m54 ,aga91 :5
 ,euripides speaks at ?is rate1--       

,! gods are bett] ?an we m5 by f>1      
,& yet by !m we (t deceiv$ are1--  may d
 well to quote him else:]e aga9/ himself
 :]e he says bett]1--       ,if gods d  
wrong1 surely no gods !re are4  ,s also1
 :5 ,p9d>1 sai? bitt]ly & ke5ly1        
,no law =bids u any?+ to d1      ,:]eby 
a mis*ief may befall a foe1  tell him3  
,b1 ,p9d>1 ?\ ?yself saye/ else:]e1     
,! pleasure :i* injuri\s acts att5ds    
,always 9 bitt] consequ5ces ends4  ,& :5
 ,sophocles speaks ?us1       ,sweet is 
! ga91 :]e9 to lie & *eat      ,adds !  
repute ( wit to :at we get1  tell him3  
,b we h he>d !e say f> o!rwise1         
,:5 ! acc\nt's ca/ up1 ! ga9's b poor   
,:i* by a ly+ tongue augm5ts ! /ore4  ,&
 z to :at he sai? ( ri*es1 to wit3--    
,weal?1 :]e x m9ds to g1 meets ) no /ay2
      ,= :]e x f9ds n1 x c make a way2  
,_m fair (f]s do? ! poor let g1      ,& 
lose 8 tal5t because 8 purse is l[2     
,! fair tongue makes1 :]e weal? c       
pur*ase x1      ,! f\l face beautiful1 !
 fool a wit3--  aga9/ ?is ! read] may   

set 9 opposition div]s o!r say+s ( !    
same au?or4 ,= example1       ,f honor  
pov]ty do? n deb>1      ,:]e poor m5    
virtu\s & des]v+ are4       ,:ate'er    
fools ?9k1 a man is ne'er ! worse       
,if he be wise1 ?\gh ) an empty purse4  
,! com=t :i* he gets :o weal? enjoys1   
,! vex+ c>e by :i* 'tis kept de/roys4   
,& ,m5&] also some:]e magnifies a       
voluptu\s life1 & inflames ! m9ds ( va9 
p]sons ) ^! amor\s /ra9s1       ,!      
glori\s sun no liv+ ?+ do? see1      ,b 
:at's a slave to love z well z we4  ,b  
yet else:]e1 on ! o!r side1 he fa/5s on 
u & pulls u back to ! love ( virtue1 &  
*ecks ! rage ( lu/1 :5 he says ?us1     
,! life t is di%onorably sp5t1      ,be 
x ne'er s pleasant1 yields no true      
cont5t4  ,= ^! l9es are contr>y to !    
=m]1 z !y are also bett] & m pr(itable2 
s t by comp>+ !m consid]ately "o _c b   
ei!r be incl9$ to ! bett] side1 or at   
lea/ flag 9 ! belief ( ! worse4  ,b n[1 
suppos+ t any ( ! poets !mselves af=d no
 su* correct+ passages to solve :at !y h

 said amiss1 x w !n be advisable to     
confront !m ) ! contr>y say+s ( o!r     
fam\s m51 & !re) to sway ! scales ( our 
judgm5t to ! bett] side4 ,z1 :5 ,alexis 
tempts to debau*]y 9 ^! v]ses1       ,! 
wise man kn[s :at ( all ?+s is be/1     
,:il/ *oos+ pleasure he slights all !   
re/4      ,he ?9ks life's joys complete 
9 ^! ?ree sorts1      ,to dr9k & eat1 & 
foll[ wanton sports2      ,& :at besides
 seems to pret5d to pleasure1      ,if x
 betide him1 c\nts x ov] measure1  we   
mu/ rememb] t ,socrates said ! contr>y1 
to wit3 t !y are bad m5 :o live t !y may
 eat & dr9k1 :]eas good m5 eat & dr9k t 
!y may live4 ,& aga9/ ! man t wrote 9   
?is mann]1       ,he t designs to       
enc\nt] ) a knave1      ,an equal /ock (
 knav]y mu/ h1  see+ he h]e9 advises u  
to foll[ o!r vici\s examples1 t (       
,diog5es may well be return$1 :o be+    
ask$ by :at means a man might rev5ge    
himself ^u 8 enemy1 answ]$1 ,by becom+  
himself a good & hone/ man4 ,& ! same   
,diog5es may be quot$ also aga9/        

,sophocles1 :o1 writ+ ( ! sacr$ my/]ies1
 caus$ great grief & despair to         
multitudes ( m53--       ,mo/ happy !y  
^: eyes are ble/ to see      ,! my/]ies 
:i* "h conta9$ be1      ,be=e !y die6 ,=
 only !y h joy4      ,9 ?' o!r _w2 ! re/
 all ills annoy4  ,?is passage be+ read 
to ,diog5es1 ,:at !n6 says he1 %all !   
condition ( ,pataecion1 ! notori\s      
robb]1 aft] dea? be bett] ?an t (       
,epam9ondas1 m]ely = 8 be+ initiat$ 9 ^!
 my/]ies8 ,9 l mann]1 :5 "o ,timo!us on 
! !atre1 s++ ( ! ,goddess ,diana1 call$ 
h] furi\s1 rag+1 possess$1 mad1 ,c9esias
 sudd5ly int]rupt$ him1 ,may ?y daught]1
 ,timo!us1 be su* a goddess6 ,& witty   
also 0 t ( ,bion to ,!ognis1 :o said1-- 
,"o _c say nor d1 if poor he be2      ,8
 tongue is b\nd to ?' peace1 z well z   
he4      7,!ognis1 vss4 #agg1 #agh47    
,h[ comes x to pass !n1 said he1 ,!ognis
 t ?\ ?yself be+ s poor prate/ & grate/ 
our e>s 9 ?is mann]8  ,nor are we to    
omit1 9 our read+ ^? h9ts :i*1 f "s o!r 
words or phrases bord]+ on ^? t (f5d u1 

may help to rectify our appreh5sions4 ,b
 z physicians use can?>ides1 believ+ t1 
?\gh _! bodies be deadly poison1 yet _! 
feet & w+s are m$ic9al & are antidotes  
to ! poison itself1 s mu/ we deal )     
poems4 ,if any n\n or v]b ne> at h& may 
assi/ to ! correction ( any su* say+1 & 
pres]ve u f putt+ a bad con/ruction ^u  
x1 we %\ld take hold ( x & employ x to  
assi/ a m favorable int]pretation4 ,z "s
 d 9 ref]5ce to ^? v]ses ( ,hom]1--     
,sorr[s & te>s mo/ commonly are se5     
,to be ! gods' rew>ds to wret*$ m53--   
,! gods1 :o h no cause !mselves to      
grieve1      ,= wret*$ man a web ( sorr[
 weave4      7,odyssey1 iv4 #aig2       
,iliad1 xxiv4 #ebf47  ,=1 !y say1 he    
says n ( m5 simply1 or ( all m51 t !    
gods weave = !m ! fatal web ( a sorr[ful
 life1 b he affirms x only ( fooli% &   
imprud5t m51 :om1 because _! vices make 
!m su*1 he !re=e calls wret*$ &         
mis]able4  ,ano!r way :]eby ^? passages 
:i* are suspici\s 9 poets maybe         
transf]r$ to a bett] s5se may be tak5 f 

! ord9>y use ( words1 :i* a "y man ought
 inde$ to be m ex]cis$ 9 ?an 9 ! use (  
/range & obscure t]ms4 ,= x w be a po9t 
( philology :i* x w n be unpr(itable to 
him to und]/&1 t :5 he meets ) ,greek   
omitt$ 9 a poet1 t ^w means an ,,evil   
,,dea?2 = ! ,mac$onians use ! ^w ,greek 
omitt$ to signify ,,dea?4 ,s ! ,aeolians
 call victory gott5 by pati5t endurance 
( h>d%ips ,greek omitt$ & ! ,dryopians  
call daemons ,greek omitt$4  ,b ( all   
?+s x is mo/ necess>y1 & no less        
pr(itable if we design to receive pr(it 
& n hurt f ! poets1 t we und]/& h[ !y   
make use ( ! names ( gods1 z also ( !   
t]ms ( ,evil & ,good2 & :at !y mean by  
,s\l & ,fate2 & :e!r ^! words be always 
tak5 by !m 9 "o & ! same s5se or r 9    
v>i\s s5ses1 z also _m o!r words are4 ,=
 s ! ^w ,greek omitt$ sometimes         
signifies a ,,mat]ial ,,h\se1 z1 ,into !
 high-ro($ h\se2 & sometimes ,,e/ate1 z1
 ,my h\se is dev\r$4 ,s ! ^w ,greek     
omitt$ sometimes signifies life1 &      
sometimes weal?4 ,& ,greek omitt$ is    

sometimes tak5 = be+ uneasy & disquiet$ 
9 m9d1 z 9  ,greek omitt$ 7,iliad1 v4   
#ceb47  & else:]e = boa/+ & rejoic+1 z 9
  ,greek omitt$ 7,odyssey1 xviii4 #ccc47
  ,9 l mann] ,greek omitt$ signifies    
ei!r to ,,move1 z 9 ,euripides :5 he    
sai?1  ,greek omitt$--  or ,,to ,,sit1 z
 9 ,sophocles :5 he writes ?us1  ,greek 
omitt$ 7,sophocles1 ,o$ipus ,tyranus1   
#b47  ,x is elegant also :5 !y fit to ! 
pres5t matt]1 z gramm>ians tea*1 ! use (
 words :i* h ano!r signification4 ,z    
"h3--  ,greek omitt$  ,= "h ,greek      
omitt$ signifies ,,to ,,praise 7in/ead (
 ,greek omitt$71 & ,,to ,,praise is us$ 
= ,,to ,,refuse4 ,s 9 conv]sation x is  
common ) u to say1 ,greek omitt$1 ,,x   
,,is ,,well 7i4e41 ,,no1 ,i ,,?ank ,,y71
 & to bid any?+ ,,f>ewell ,greek omitt$2
 by :i* =ms ( spee* we refuse a ?+ :i*  
we d n want1 or receive x n1 b /ill ) a 
civil complim5t4 ,s also "s say t       
,pros]p9a is call$ ,greek omitt$ 9 !    
notion ( ,greek omitt$1 ,,to ,,be       
,,deprecat$1 because dea? is by all m5  

%unn$4  ,& ! l di/9ction ( words we     
ought to obs]ve also 9 ?+s m weighty &  
s]i\s4 ,to beg9 ) ! gods1 we %\ld tea*  
our y\? t poets1 :5 !y use ! names (    
gods1 sometimes mean prop]ly ! ,div9e   
,be+s s call$1 b o!r:iles und]/& by ^?  
names c]ta9 p[]s ( :i* ! gods are !     
donors & au?ors1 !y hav+ fir/ l$ u into 
! use ( !m by _! own practice4 ,z :5    
,ar*ilo*us prays1       ,k+ ,vulcan1 he>
 ?y suppliant1 & grant      ,t :at ?\'rt
 wont to give & ,i to want1  x is pla9 t
 he means ! god himself :om he invokes4 
,b :5 else:]e he bewails ! dr[n+ ( 8    
si/]'s husb&1 :o _h n obta9$ lawful     
burial1 & says1       ,_h ,vulcan 8 fair
 limbs to a%es turn$1      ,i = 8 loss  
_h ) less passion m\rn$1  he gives ! "n 
( ,vulcan to ! fire & n to ! ,deity4    
,aga91 ,euripides1 :5 he says1          
,no2 by ! glori\s />s ,i swe>1      ,&  
bloody ,m>s & ,jupit]1      7,euripides1
 ,pho5issae1 #ajjf47  means ! gods      
!mselves :o b>e ^? names4 ,b :5         
,sophocles sai?1       ,bl9d ,m>s do?   

mortal m5's affairs conf\nd1      ,z !  
sw9e's sn\t do? q deface ! gr\nd1  we   
are to und]/& ! ^w ,m>s to d5ote n ! god
 s call$1 b w>4 ,& by ! same ^w we are  
to und]/& also weapons made ( h>d5$     
brass1 9 ^? v]ses ( ,hom]1       ,^!1   
are ! gallant m5 ^: noble blood         
,ke5 ,m>s did %$ ne> swift ,scam&]'s    
flood4      7,iliad1 vii4 #cbi47        
,:]e=e1 9 con=mity to ! in/ances giv51  
we mu/ conceive & be> 9 m9d t by ! names
 ( ,jupit] also sometimes !y mean ! god 
himself1 sometimes ,=tune1 & (t5times   
also ,fate4 ,= :5 !y say1--       ,great
 ,jupit]1 :o f ! l(ty hill      ,( ,ida 
gov]n'/ all ! _w at w2      7,iliad1    
iii4 #bgf47       ,t wra? :i* hurl$ to  
,pluto's gloomy realm      ,! s\ls (    
mighty *iefs3--       ,su* 0 ! sov]eign 
doom1 & su* ! w ( ,jove2      7,ibid4 i4
 #c & #e47       ,= :o 7b :o himself too
 fondly loves7      ,d>es lay 8 wisdom 9
 ! scale ) ,jove's8--  !y und]/& ,jupit]
 himself4 ,b :5 !y ascribe ! ev5t ( all 
?+s done to ,jupit] z ! cause1 say+ (   

him1--       ,_m brave s\ls to hell     
,a*illes s5t1      ,& ,jove's design    
accompli%$ 9 ?' ev5t1--  !y mean by     
,jove no m b ,fate4 ,= ! poet do? n     
conceive t ,god contrives mis*ief aga9/ 
mank9d1 b he s\ndly decl>es ! m]e       
necessity ( ! ?+s !mselves1 to wit1 t   
prosp]ity & victory are de/9$ by ,fate  
to cities & armies & comm&]s :o gov]n   
!mselves ) sobriety1 b if !y give way to
 passions & commit errors1 !reby divid+ 
& crumbl+ !mselves into factions1 z ^? (
 :om ! poet speaks did1 !y d unh&some   
actions1 & !reby create great           
di/urbances1 su* z are att5d$ ) sad     
consequ5ces4       ,= to all unadvis$   
acts1 9 f9e1      ,! ,fates unhappy     
issues d assign4      7,f ,euripides47  
,b :5 ,hesiod br+s 9 ,prome!us ?us      
c\nsell+ 8 bro!r ,epime!us1             
,bro!r1 if ,jove to !e a pres5t make1   
,take he$ t f 8 h&s ?\ no?+ take1       
7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #hf47  he use?
 ! "n ( ,jove to express ,=tune2 = he   
calls ! good ?+s :i* come by h] 7su* z  

ri*es1 & m>riages1 & empires1 & inde$   
all ext]nal ?+s ! enjoym5t :]e( is      
pr(itable to only !m :o "k h[ to use !m 
well7 ! gifts ( ,jove4 ,& !re=e he      
advise? ,epime!us 7an ill man1 & a fool 
)al7 to /& 9 fe> ( & to gu>d himself f  
prosp]ity1 z t :i* w\ld be hurtful &    
de/ructive to him4  ,aga91 :]e he sai?1 
,reproa* ?\ n a man = be+ poor2      ,8 
pov]ty's ,god's gift1 z is ?y /ore1     
7,hesiod ,works & ,days1 #gag47  he     
calls t :i* befalls m5 by ,=tune ,god's 
gift1 & intimates t x is an unwor?y ?+  
to reproa* any man = t pov]ty :i* he    
falls into by ,=tune1 :]eas pov]ty is !n
 only a matt] ( disgrace & reproa* :5 x 
is att5dant on slo? & idl5ess1 or       
wantonness & prodigality4 ,=1 be=e ! "n 
( ,=tune 0 us$1 !y knew !re 0 a p[]ful  
cause1 :i* mov$ irregul>ly & unlimit$ly 
& ) su* a =ce t no human reason c\ld    
avoid x2 & ?is cause !y call$ by ! names
 ( gods4 ,s we are wont to call div]s   
?+s & qualities & disc\rses1 & ev5 m5   
!mselves1 div9e4 ,& ?us may we rectify  

_m su* say+s conc]n+ ,jupit] z w\ld     
o!rwise seem v absurd4 ,z ^!1 =         
in/ance3--       ,be=e ,jove's door two 
fatal hog%eads1 fill$      ,) human     
=tunes1 good & bad luck yield4--        
,( violat$ oa?s ,jove took no c>e1      
,b spitefully bo? p>ties cru%$ by w>3-- 
,to ,greeks & ,trojans bo? ?is 0 ! rise 
,( ,mis*ief1 suitable to ,jove's device4
      7,iliad1 xxiv4 #ebg2 vii4 #fi2    
,odyssey1 viii4 #ha47  ,^! passages we  
are to int]pret z spok5 conc]n+ ,=tune  
or ,fate1 ( ! casuality ( bo? :i* no    
acc\nt c be giv5 by u1 nor d _! effects 
fall "u our p[]4 ,b :]e any?+ is said ( 
,jupit] t is suitable1 rational1 &      
probable1 !re we are to conceive t !    
names ( t god is us$ prop]ly4 ,z 9 ^!   
in/ances3--       ,?r\gh o!rs' ranks he 
conqu]+ did range1      ,b %unn$ ) ,ajax
 any bl[s t' ex*ange2       ,b ,jove's  
displeasure on him he _h br\ght1        
,_h he ) "o s mu* 8 bett] f\ght4        
7,iliad1 xi4 #edj47       ,= ?\gh great 
matt]s are ,jove's special c>e1         

,small ?+s t' inf]ior daemons tru/$ are4
  ,& o!r words !re are :i* ! poets      
remove & translate f _! prop] s5se by   
accommodation to v>i\s ?+s1 :i* des]ve  
also our s]i\s notice4 ,su* a "o1 =     
in/ance1 is ,greek omitt$1 ,,virtue4 ,= 
because virtue does n only r5d] m5      
prud5t1 j1 & good1 bo? 9 _! words &     
de$s1 b also (t5times pur*ase? to !m    
honor & p[]1 !re=e !y call likewise ^!  
by t "n4 ,s we are wont to call bo? !   
olive-tree & ! fruit ,greek omitt$1 & ! 
oak-tree & its acorn ,greek omitt$      
communicat+ ! "n ( ! "o to ! o!r4       
,!re=e1 :5 our "y man reads 9 ! poets   
su* passages z ^!1--       ,?is law ?'  
immortal gods to u h set1      ,t none  
arrive at virtue b by sweat2            
7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #bhi47        
,! adv]se troops !n did ! ,grecians /\t 
,by _! m]e virtue pr(ligate & r\t2      
7,iliad1 xi4 #ij47       ,if n[ ! ,fates
 det]m9$ h our dea?1      ,to virtue    
we'll consign our p>t+ brea?2--  let him
 pres5tly conceive t ^! ?+s are spok5 ( 

t mo/ excell5t & div9e habit 9 u :i* we 
und]/& to be no o!r ?an "r reason1 or ! 
highe/ atta9m5t ( ! reasonable nature1 &
 mo/ agreeable to ! con/itution !re(4 ,&
 aga91 :5 he reads ?is1       ,( virtue 
,jupit] to "o gives m1      ,& less5s1  
:5 he lifts1 ano!r's /ore2  & ?is1      
,virtue & honor ^u weal? att5d2         
7,ibid4 xx4 #bdb2 ,hesiod ,works &      
,days1 #cac47  let him n sit d[n 9 an   
a/oni%+ admiration ( ri* m51 z if !y 7  
enabl$ by _! weal? to pur*ase virtue1   
nor let him imag9e t x is 9 ! p[] (     
,=tune to increase or less5 8 own       
wisdom2 b let him conceive t ! poet by  
virtue meant ei!r glory or p[] or       
prosp]ity or some?+ ( l import4 ,= poets
 use ! same ambiguity also 9 ! ^w ,greek
 omitt$1 ,,evil1 :i* sometimes 9 !m     
prop]ly signifies a wick$ & malici\s    
disposition ( m9d1 z 9 t ( ,hesiod1     
,evil is soon acquir$2 = ev]y:]e        
,!re's pl5ty on't & t'all m5's dwell+s  
ne>2      7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1     
#bhg47  & sometimes "s evil accid5t or  

mis=tune1 z :5 ,hom] says1       ,sore  
evils1 :5 !y haunt u 9 our prime1       
,ha/5 old age on u be=e our "t4         
7,odyessy1 xix4 #cfj47  ,s also 9 ! ^w  
,greek omitt$1 he w\ld be sorely deceiv$
 :o %\ld imag9e t1 :]esoev] he meets ) x
 9 poets1 x means 7z x does 9           
philosophy7 a p]fect habitual enjoym5t (
 all good ?+s or ! lead+ a life e way   
agreeable to ,nature1 & t !y d n )al by 
! abuse ( su* words call ri* m5 happy or
 bless$1 & p[] or glory felicity4 ,=1   
?\gh ,hom] rightly use? t]ms ( t nature 
9 ?is passage1--       ,?\gh ( su* great
 e/ates ,i am posse/1      ,yet ) true  
inw>d joy ,i am n ble/2      7,ibid4 iv4
 #ic47  & ,m5&] 9 ?is1--       ,s       
great's ?' e/ate ,i am end[$ )al3       
,all say ,i'm ri*1 b none me happy      
call2--  yet ,euripides disc\rse? m     
confus$ly & p]plex$ly :5 he writes aft] 
?is mann]1--       ,i d n want a happy  
life t is t$i\s2      ,&1 man1 :y       
praise/ ?\      ,?' unju/ beatitude (   
tyranny8      7,euripides1 ,m$ea1 #eih2 

,pho5issae1 #edi47  except1 z ,i said1  
we all[ him ! use ( ^! words 9 a        
metaphorical & abusive mean+4 ,b en\gh  
ha? be5 spok5 ( ^! matt]s4  ,nev]!less1 
?is pr9ciple is n once only b (t5 to be 
inculcat$ & press$ on "y m51 t poetry :5
 x und]takes a fictiti\s argum5t by way 
( imitation1 ?\gh x make use ( su*      
ornam5t & illu/ration z suit ! actions &
 mann]s treat$ (1 yet disclaims n all   
likelihood ( tru?1 see+ ! =ce (         
imitation1 9 ord] to ! p]suad+ ( m51    
lies 9 probability4 ,:]e=e su* imitation
 z does n altoge!r %ake h&s ) tru?      
c>ries along ) x c]ta9 signs ( virtue & 
vice mix$ toge!r 9 ! actions :i* x do?  
repres5t4 ,& ( ?is nature is ,hom]'s    
poetry1 :i* totally bids adieu to       
,/oicism1 ! pr9ciples :]e( w n admit any
 vice to come ne> :]e virtue is1 nor    
virtue to h any?+ to d :]e any vice     
lodge?1 b affirms t he t is n a wise man
 c d no?+ well1 & he t is s c d no?+    
amiss4 ,?us !y det]m9e 9 ! s*ools4 ,b 9 
human actions & ! affairs ( common life 

! judgm5t ( ,euripides is v]ifi$1 t     
,virtue & vice ne'er sep>ately exi/1    
,b 9 ! same acts ) ea* o!r twi/4        
7,f ! ,aeolus ( ,euripides47  ,next1 x  
is to be obs]v$ t poetry1 waiv+ ! tru? (
 ?+s1 does mo/ labor to beautify its    
fictions ) v>iety & multiplicity (      
contrivance4 ,= v>iety be/[s ^u fable   
all t is pa!tical1 unusual1 & surpris+1 
& !reby makes x m tak+ & graceful2 :]eas
 :at is void ( v>iety is unsuitable to !
 nature ( fable1 & s raise? no passions 
at all4 ,^u :i* design ( v>iety x is1 t 
! poets nev] repres5t ! same p]sons     
always victori\s or prosp]\s or act+ ) !
 same con/ant t5or ( virtue2--yea1 ev5 !
 gods !mselves1 :5 !y engage 9 human    
actions1 are n repres5t$ z free f       
passions & errors2--le/1 = ! want ( "s  
difficulties & cross passages1 _! poems 
%\ld be de/itute ( t briskness :i* is   
requisite to move & a/oni% ! m9ds ( m54 
,^! ?+s !re=e s /&+1 we %\ld1 :5 we ent]
 a "y man into ! /udy ( ! poets1        
endeavor to free 8 m9d f t degree (     

e/eem ( ! good & great p]sonages 9 !m   
describ$ z may incl9e him to ?9k !m to  
be mirrors ( wisdom & ju/ice1 ! *ief (  
pr9ces1 & ! exempl>y measures ( all     
virtue & goodness4 ,= he w receive mu*  
prejudice1 if he %all approve & admire  
all t comes f su* p]sons z great1 if he 
dislike no?+ 9 !m himself1 nor w endure 
to he> o!rs blame !m1 ?\gh = su* words &
 actions z ! foll[+ passages import3--  
,oh6 w\ld to all ! immortal p[]s above1 
,apollo1 ,pallas1 & almighty ,jove6     
,t n "o ,trojan might be left alive1    
,& n a ,greek ( all ! race survive4     
,might only we ! va/ de/ruction %un1    
,& only we de/roy ! accurs$ t[n6        
,h] brea/ all gore1 ) lam5table cries1  
,! ble$+ innoc5t ,cass&ra dies1         
,murd]$ by ,clytemne/ra's fai?less h&3  
,lie ) ?y fa!r's :ore1 my "m said1      
,t %e ?' old man may loa!2 & ,i obey$3  
,( all ! gods1 ,o fa!r ,jove1 !re's none
      ,?us giv5 to mis*ief b ?yself     
alone4      7,iliad1 xvi4 #ig2 ,odyssey1
 xi4 #dba2 ,iliad1 ix1 #deb2      ,ibid4

 iii1 #cfe47  ,our "y man is to be      
taught n to comm5d su* ?+s z ^!1 no1 nor
 to %[ ! nimbl5ess ( 8 wit or subtlety 9
 ma9ta9+ argum5t by f9d+ out plausible  
colors & pret5ces to v>ni% ov] a bad    
matt]4 ,b we %\ld tea* him r to judge t 
poetry is an imitation ( ! mann]s &     
lives ( su* m5 z are n p]fectly pure &  
unblameable1 b su* z are t9ctur$ )      
passions1 misl$ by false op9ions1 &     
muffl$ ) ignorance2 ?\gh (t5times !y    
may1 by ! help ( a good natural temp]1  
*ange !m = bett] qualities4 ,= ! "y     
man's m9d1 be+ ?us prep>$ & dispos$1 w  
receive no damage by su* passages :5 he 
meets ) !m 9 poems1 b w on ! "o side be 
elevat$ ) rapture at ^? ?+s :i* are well
 said or done1 & on ! o!r1 w n ent]ta9 b
 dislike ^? :i* are ( a contr>y "*4 ,b  
he t admires & is transport$ ) ev]y?+1 z
 hav+ 8 judgm5t enslav$ by ! e/eem he   
ha? = ! names ( h]oes1 w be unaw>es     
:e$l$ into _m evil ?+s1 & be guilty ( ! 
same folly ) ^? :o imitate ! crook$ness 
( ,plato or ! /amm]+ ( ,ari/otle4 ,nei!r

 mu/ he c>ry himself timor\sly h]e91    
nor1 l a sup]/iti\s p]son 9 a temple1   
trembl+ly adore all he meets )2 b use   
himself to su* confid5ce z may enable   
him op5ly to pron\nce1 ,?is 0 ill or    
incongru\sly said1 &1 ,t 0 bravely &    
gallantly spok54 ,= example1 ,a*illes 9 
,hom]1 be+ (f5d$ at ! sp9n+ out t w> by 
delays1 :]e9 he 0 desir\s by feats (    
arms to pur*ase to himself glory1 calls 
! soldi]s toge!r :5 !re 0 an epidemical 
disease among !m4 ,b hav+ himself "s    
smatt]+ skill 9 physic1 & p]ceiv+ aft] !
 n9? day1 :i* use? to be decretory 9 su*
 cases1 t ! disease 0 no usual "o nor   
proce$+ f ord9>y causes1 :5 he /&s up to
 speak1 he waives apply+ himself to !   
soldi]s1 & addresse? himself z a        
c\ncillor to ! g5]al1 ?us3--       ,:y  
leave we n ! fatal ,trojan %ore1      ,&
 measure back ! seas we cross'd be=e8   
7,= ?is & ! f\r foll[+ quotations1 see  
,iliad1 i4 #ei1 #ij1 #bbj1 #cdi2 ix1    
#deh47  ,& he spake well1 & ) due       
mod]ation & decorum4 ,b :5 ! soo?say]   

,*alcas _h told him t he fe>$ ! wra? ( !
 mo/ pot5t among ! ,grecians1 aft] an   
oa? t :ile he liv$ no man %\ld lay      
viol5t h&s on him1 he adds1 b n ) l     
wisdom & mod]ation1       ,n e'en ! *ief
 by :om our ho/s are l$1      ,! k+ (   
k+s1 %all t\* t sacr$ head2  9 :i* spee*
 he decl>es 8 l[ op9ion or r 8 contempt 
( 8 *ief comm&]4 ,& !n1 be+ f>!r        
provok$1 he drew 8 weapon ) a design to 
kill him1 :i* attempt 0 nei!r good nor  
exp$i5t4 ,& !re=e by & by he rep5t$ 8   
ra%ness1--       ,he said1 obs]vant ( ! 
blue-ey$ maid2      ,!n 9 ! %ea? return$
 ! %9+ blade2  :]e9 aga9 he did rightly 
& wor?ily1 9 t1 ?\gh he c\ld n altoge!r 
quell 8 passion1 yet he re/ra9$ & r$uc$ 
x "u ! comm& ( reason1 be=e x brake =?  
into su* an irrep>able act ( mis*ief4   
,aga91 ev5 ,agamemnon himself talks 9 t 
assembly ridicul\sly1 b c>ries himself m
 gravely & m l a pr9ce 9 ! matt] (      
,*ryseis4 ,= :]eas ,a*illes1 :5 8       
,briseis 0 tak5 away f him1       ,9    
sull5ness )draws f all 8 fri5ds1      ,&

 9 8 t5t 8 "t lam5t+ sp5ds2  ,agamemnon 
himself h&s into ! %ip1 deliv]s to h]   
fri5ds1 & s s5ds f him1 ! woman conc]n+ 
:om a little be=e he decl>$ t he lov$ h]
 bett] ?an 8 wife2 & 9 t action did no?+
 unbecom+ or savor+ ( fond affection4   
,also ,pho5ix1 :5 8 fa!r bitt]ly curs$  
him = hav+ to d ) "o t 0 8 own h>lot1   
says1       ,him 9 my rage ,i purpos$ to
 h kill$1      ,b t my h& "s god 9      
k9dness held2      ,& m9d$ me t1 ,greeks
 w\ld taunt+ say1      ,lo1 "h's ! man t
 did 8 fa!r slay4  ,x is true t         
,ari/>*us 0 afraid to p]mit ^! v]ses to 
/& 9 ! poet1 & !re=e c5sur$ !m to be    
expung$4 ,b !y 7 ins]t$ by ,hom] v aptly
 to ! occasion ( ,pho5ix's in/ruct+     
,a*illes :at a p]nici\s ?+ ang] is1 &   
:at f\l acts m5 d by its in/igation1    
:ile !y are capable nei!r ( mak+ use (  
_! own reason nor ( he>+ ! c\nsel (     
o!rs4 ,to :i* end he also introduce?    
,meleag] at fir/ highly (f5d$ ) 8       
citiz5s1 & aft]w>ds pacifi$2 ju/ly !re9 
repreh5d+ disord]$ passions1 & prais+ x 

z a good & pr(itable ?+ n to yield to   
!m1 b to resi/ & ov]come !m1 & to rep5t 
:5 "o ha? be5 ov]come by !m4  ,n[ 9 ^!  
in/ances ! diff]5ce is manife/4 ,b :]e a
 l cle> judgm5t _c be pass$1 !re we are 
to settle ! "y man's m9d ?us1 by way (  
di/9ction4 ,if ,nausicaa1 hav+ ca/ h]   
eyes ^u ,ulysses1 a /rang]1 & feel+ !   
same passion = him z ,calypso _h be=e1  
did 7z "o t 0 ripe = a husb&7 out (     
wantonness talk ) h] maid5s at ?is      
fooli% rate1--        ,o ,heav56 9 my   
connubial h\r decree       ,?is man my  
sp\se1 or su* a sp\se z he6             
7,odyssey1 vi4 #bed47  %e is blamewor?y 
= h] impud5ce & incont95ce4 ,b if1      
p]ceiv+ ! man's bre$+ by 8 disc\rse1 &  
admir+ ! prud5ce ( 8 addresses1 %e r    
wi%e? to h su* a "o = a husb& ?an a     
m]*ant or a danc+ gallant ( h]          
fell[-citiz5s1 %e is to be comm5d$4 ,&  
:5 ,ulysses is repres5t$ z pleas$ )     
,p5elope's jocul> conv]sation ) h]      
woo]s1 & at _! pres5t+ h] ) ri* g>m5ts &
 o!r ornam5ts1       ,because %e cunn+ly

 ! fools cajol$1      ,& b>t]$ light    
words = _! heavy gold2      7,odyssey1  
xvii1 #bhb47  if t joy 7 occasion$ by   
gre$9ess & covet\sness1 he discov]s     
himself to be a m sordid pro/itut] ( 8  
own life ?an ,poliag] is wont to be     
repres5t$ on ! /age to h be51 ( :om x is
 said1--       ,happy man he1 ^: wife1 l
 ,capricorn1      ,/ores him ) ri*es f a
 gold5 horn6  ,b if ?r\gh =esight he    
?\ght !reby to get !m ! m )9 8 p[]1 z   
be+ lull$ asleep 9 security = ! future  
by ! hopes %e gave !m at pres5t1 ?is    
rejoic+1 jo9$ ) confid5ce 9 8 wife1 0   
rational4 ,aga91 :5 he is br\ght 9      
numb]+ ! goods :i* ! ,phaeacians _h set 
on %ore toge!r ) himself & dep>t$2 if   
inde$1 be+ himself left 9 su* a         
solitude1 s ignorant :]e he 01 & hav+ no
 security !re = 8 own p]son1 he is yet  
solicit\s = 8 goods1 le/       ,! sly   
,phaeacians1 :5 !y /ole to sea1      ,_h
 /ol5 "s "p ( :at !y br\ght away2       
7,ibid4 xiii4 #baf47  ! covet\sness ( ! 
man des]v$ 9 tru? to be piti$1 or r     

abhorr$4 ,b if1 z "s say 9 8 def5ce1 be+
 d\btful :e!r or no ! place :]e he 0 l&$
 7 ,i?aca1 he made use ( ! j tale ( 8   
goods to inf] !nce ! hone/y ( !         
,phaeacians1--because x 0 n likely !y   
w\ld expose him 9 a /range place & leave
 him !re ) 8 goods by him unt\*$1 s z to
 get no?+ by _! di%one/y1--!n he makes  
use ( a v fit te/ = ?is purpose1 &      
des]ves comm5dation = 8 wisdom 9 t      
action4 ,"s also !re are :o condemn t   
passage ( ! putt+ him on %ore :5 he 0   
asleep1 if x really s happ5$1 & !y tell 
u t ! p ( ,tuscany h /ill a traditional 
/ory among !m conc]n+ ,ulysses1 t he 0  
naturally sleepy1 & !re=e a man :om _m p
 c\ld n freely conv]se )4 ,b if 8 sleep 
0 b %amm$1 & he made use ( ?is pret5ce  
only ( a natural infirmity1 by          
c\nt]feit+ a nap1 to hide ! /rait he 0 9
 at ! "t 9 8 ?\ghts1 betwixt ! %ame (   
s5d+ away ! ,phaeacians )\t giv+ !m a   
fri5dly collation & hospitable gifts1 & 
! fe> he _h ( be+ discov]$ to 8 enemies 
by ! treat+ su* a company ( m5 toge!r1  

!y !n approve x4  ,n[1 by %[+ "y m5 ^!  
?+s1 we %all pres]ve !m f be+ c>ri$ away
 to any corruption 9 _! mann]s1 &       
dispose !m to ! election & imitation (  
^? t are good1 z be+ be=e in/ruct$      
readily to disapprove ^? & comm5d ^!4 ,b
 ?is ought ) ! mo/ c>e to be done 9 !   
read+ ( trag$ies :]e9 probable & subtle 
spee*es are made use ( 9 ! mo/ f\l &    
wick$ actions4 ,= t is n always true :i*
 ,sophocles sai?1 t       ,f evil acts  
good words c nev] come4  ,= ev5 he      
himself is wont to apply pleasant       
reason+s & plausible argum5ts to ^?     
mann]s & actions :i* are wick$ or       
unbecom+4 ,& 9 ano!r ( 8                
fell[-trag$ians1 we may see ev5 ,pha$ra 
h]self repres5t$ z ju/ify+ h] unlawful  
affection = ,hippolytus by accus+ ,!seus
 ( ill-c>riage t[>ds h]4 ,& 9 8         
,troades1 he all[s ,hel5 ! same lib]ty (
 spee* aga9/ ,hecuba1 :om %e judge? to  
be m wor?y ( puni%m5t ?an h]self = h]   
adult]y1 because %e 0 ! "m ( ,p>is t    
tempt$ h] !reto4 ,a "y man !re=e mu/ n  

be accu/om$ to ?9k any?+ ( t nature     
h&somely or wittily spok51 nor to be    
pleas$ ) su* colorable inv5tions2 b r m 
to abhor su* words z t5d to ! def5ce (  
wanton acts ?an ! v acts !mselves4  ,&  
la/ly1 x w be useful likewise to inquire
 into ! cause :y ea* ?+ is said4 ,= s   
,cato1 :5 he 0 a boy1 ?\gh he 0 wont to 
be v obs]vant ( all 8 ma/]'s comm&s1 yet
 )al us$ to ask ! cause or reason :y he 
s comm&$4 ,b poets are n to be obey$ z  
p$agogues & promulgators ( laws are1    
except !y h reason to back :at !y say4  
,& t !y w n want1 :5 !y speak well2 & if
 !y speak ill1 :at !y say w appe> va9 & 
frivol\s4 ,b n[adays mo/ "y m5 v briskly
 dem& ! reason ( su* trivial spee*es z  
^!1 & inquire 9 :at s5se !y are spok53--
       ,x bodes ill1 :5 vessels y set   
up1      ,to put ! ladle on ! mix+-cup4 
,:o f 8 *>iot to ano!r's leaps1         
,seldom 8 seat )\t a combat keeps4      
7,hesiod ,works & ,days1 #gdd2 ,iliad1  
iv4 #cjf47  ,b to ^? ( great] mom5t !y  
give cr$5ce )\t exam9ation1 z to ^? t   

foll[3--       ,! bolde/ m5 are daunt$  
(t5times1      ,:5 !y're reproa*$ ) _!  
p>5ts' crimes3      7,euripides1        
,hippolytus1 #dbd47       ,:5 any man is
 cru%$ by adv]se fate1      ,8 _s %\ld  
be l[ z 8 e/ate4  ,& yet su* spee*es    
relate to mann]s1 & disquiet m5's lives 
by begett+ 9 !m evil op9ions & unwor?y  
s5tim5ts1 except !y h le>n$ to return   
answ] to ea* ( !m ?us3 ,:]e=e is x      
necess>y t a man :o is cru%$ by adv]se  
fate %\ld h a deject$ _s8 ,yea1 :y r    
%\ld he n /ruggle aga9/ ,=tune1 & raise 
himself above ! pressures ( 8 l[        
circum/ances8 ,:y1 if ,i myself be a    
good & wise son ( an evil & fooli% fa!r1
 does x n r become me to be> myself     
confid5tly ^u ! acc\nt ( my own virtue1 
?an to be deject$ & dispirit$ because ( 
my fa!r's defects8 ,= he t c enc\nt] su*
 spee*es & oppose !m aft] ?is mann]1 n  
yield+ himself up to be ov]set ) ! bla/ 
( e say+1 b approv+ t spee* (           
,h]aclitus1 t       ,:ate'er is said1   
?\gh void ( s5se & wit1      ,! size ( a

 fool's intellect do? fit1  w reject _m 
su* ?+s z falsely & idly spok54  ,^! ?+s
 !re=e may be ( use to pres]ve u f !    
hurt we might get by ! /udy ( poems4    
,n[1 z on a v9e ! fruit (t5times lies   
conceal$ & hidd5 "u its l>ge leaves &   
luxuriant bran*es1 s 9 ! poet's phrases 
& fictions t encompass !m !re are also  
_m pr(itable & useful ?+s conceal$ f !  
view ( "y m54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ought n to be
 suff]$2 nor %\ld we be l$ away f ?+s   
!mselves ?us1 b r adh]e to su* ( !m z   
t5d to ! promot+ ( virtue & ! well =m+ (
 our mann]s4 ,x w n be altoge!r useless1
 !re=e1 to treat briefly 9 ! next place 
( passages ( t nature4 ,:]e9 ,i int5d to
 t\* only at "s p>ticul>s1 leav+ all    
long] discussion1 & ! trimm+ up &       
furni%+ !m ) a multitude ( in/ances1 to 
^? :o write m = display & o/5tation4    
,fir/1 !re=e1 let our "y man be taught  
to und]/& good & bad mann]s & p]sons1 & 
f !nce apply 8 m9d to ! words & de$s :i*
 ! poet dec5tly assigns to ei!r ( !m4 ,=
 example1 ,a*illes1 ?\gh 9 "s wra?1     

speaks to ,agamemnon ?us dec5tly3--     
,nor1 :5 we take a ,trojan t[n1 c ,i    
,) !e 9 spoils & spl5did prizes vie2    
7,= ?is & ! five foll[+ quotations1     
see ,iliad1 i4 #afc2 ii4 #bbf2 i4 #abh2 
ii4 #bca2      iv4 #djb & #djd47  :]eas 
,!rsites to ! same p]son speaks         
reproa*fully 9 ?is mann]3--       ',tis 
?9e :ate'er ! w>rior's brea/ inflames1  
,! gold5 spoil1 ?9e ! lovely dames4     
,) all ! weal? our w>s & blood be/[1    
,?y t5ts are cr[d$ & ?y *e/s o'erfl[4   
,aga91 ,a*illes ?us3--       ,:5e'er1 by
 ,jove's decree1 our conqu]+ p[]s       
,%all humble to ! du/ ,troy's l(ty t[]s2
  b ,!rsites ?us3--       ,:om ,i or "s 
,greek else z captive br+4  ,aga91      
,diom$es1 :5 ,agamemnon tak+ a view ( ! 
army spoke reproa*fully to him1         
,to 8 h>d words =bore to make reply1    
,= ! respect he b>e to maje/y2  :]eas   
,/h5elus1 a man ( small note1 replies on
 him ?us3--       ,sir1 :5 y "k ! tru?1 
:at ne$ to lie8      ,= ) our fa!rs we =
 valor vie4  ,n[ ! obs]vation ( su*     

diff]5ce w tea* ! "y man ! dec5cy ( a   
mode/ & mod]ate temp]1 & ! unbecom+     
nause\sness ( ! contr>y vices ( boa/+ & 
crack+ ( a man's own wor?4 ,& x is wor? 
:ile also to take notice ( ! demeanor ( 
,agamemnon 9 ! same place4 ,= he passe? 
by ,/h5elus unspok5 to2 b p]ceiv+       
,ulysses to be (f5d$1 he neglects n him1
 b applies himself to answ] him3--      
,/ruck ) 8 g5]\s wra?1 ! k+ replies4    
7,iliad1 iv4 #ceg4 ,= ! f\r foll[+1 see 
,iliad1 ix4 #cd      & #gj2 iv4 #dca2 x4
 #cbe47  ,= to h apologiz$ to e "o _h   
be5 too s]vile & misbecom+ ! dignity ( 8
 p]son2 :]eas equally to h neglect$ e "o
 _h be5 an act ( insol5ce & imprud5ce4  
,& v h&some x is t ,diom$es1 ?\gh 9 !   
heat ( ! battle he answ]s ! k+ only )   
sil5ce1 yet aft] ! battle 0 ov] use? m  
lib]ty t[>ds him1 speak+ ?us3--       ,y
 call$ me c[>d1 sir1 be=e ! ,greeks4  ,x
 is exp$i5t also to take notice ( !     
diff]5t c>riage ( a wise man & ( a      
soo?say] popul>ly c\rt+ ! multitude4 ,= 
,*alcas v unseasonably makes no scruple 

to traduce ! k+ be=e ! p1 z hav+ be5 !  
cause ( ! pe/il5ce t 0 befall5 !m4 ,b   
,ne/or1 int5d+ to br+ 9 a disc\rse      
conc]n+ ! reconcil+ ,a*illes to him1 t  
he might n seem to *>ge ,agamemnon be=e 
! multitude ) ! misc>riage 8 passion _h 
occasion$1 only advise? him ?us3--      
,b ?\1 ,o k+1 to c\ncil call ! old4444  
,wise weighty c\nsels aid a /ate        
di/ress$1      ,& su* a mon>* z c *oose 
! be/2  :i* done1 accord+ly aft] supp]  
he s5ds 8 ambassadors4 ,n[ ?is spee* (  
,ne/or t5d$ to ! rectify+ ( :at he _h   
be=e done amiss2 b t ( ,*alcas1 only to 
accuse & disp>age him4  ,!re is likewise
 consid]ation to be _h ( ! diff]5t      
mann]s ( nations1 su* z ^!4 ,! ,trojans 
ent] into battle ) l\d outcries & great 
fi]c5ess2 b 9 ! army ( ! ,greeks1       
,s$ate & sil5t move ! num]\s b&s2       
,no s\nd1 no :isp]1 b ! *ief's comm&s2  
,^? only he>d1 ) awe ! re/ obey4  ,= :5 
soldi]s are ab\t to engage an enemy1 !  
awe !y /& 9 ( _! (fic]s is an argum5t   
bo? ( c\rage & ob$i5ce4 ,= :i* purpose  

,plato tea*e? u t we ought to inure     
ourselves to fe>1 blame & disgrace m ?an
 labor & dang]4 ,& ,cato 0 wont to say t
 he lik$ m5 t 7 apt to blu% bett] ?an ^?
 t look$ pale4  ,moreov]1 !re is a      
p>ticul> "* to be not$ ( ! m5 :o        
und]take = any action4 ,= ,dolon ?us    
promise?3--       ,i'll pass ?r\gh all  
_! ho/ 9 a disguise      ,to _!         
flag-%ip1 :]e %e at an*or lies4  ,b     
,diom$es promise? no?+1 b only tells !m 
he %all fe> ! less if !y s5d a companion
 ) him2 :]eby is intimat$1 t discreet   
=esight is ,grecian & civil1 b ra%      
confid5ce is b>b>\s & evil2 & ! =m] is  
!re=e to be imitat$1 & ! latt] to be    
avoid$4  ,x is a matt] too ( no         
unpr(itable consid]ation1 h[ ! m9ds ( ! 
,trojans & ( ,hector too 7 affect$ :5 he
 & ,ajax 7 ab\t to engage 9 a s+le      
combat4 ,= ,aes*ylus1 :51 ^u "o ( !     
fight]s at fi/icuffs 9 ! ,i/hmian games 
receiv+ a bl[ on ! face1 !re 0 made a   
great outcry among ! p1 said3 ,:at a ?+ 
is practice6 ,see h[ ! look]s-on only   

cry out1 b ! man t receiv$ ! /roke is   
sil5t4 ,b :5 ! poet tells u1 t ! ,greeks
 rejoic$ :5 !y saw ,ajax 9 8 gli/]+     
armor1 b       ,! ,trojans' knees = v   
fe> did quake1      ,& ev5 ,hector's    
he>t began to a*e2      7,iliad1 vii4   
#bae4  ,= ! ?ree foll[+1      see       
,iliad1 ii4 #bbj2 v4 #bf & #bca47  :o is
 !re t wond]s n at ?is diff]5ce1--:5 !  
he>t ( him t 0 to run ! risk ( ! combat 
only beats inw>dly1 z if he 7 to        
und]take a m]e wre/l+ or runn+ mat*1 b !
 v bodies ( ! spectators tremble & %ake1
 out ( ! k9dness & fe> :i* !y _h = _!   
k+8  ,9 ! same poet also we may obs]ve !
 diff]5ce betwixt ! humor ( a c[>d & a  
valiant man4 ,= ,!rsites       ,aga9/   
,a*illes a great malice _h1      ,& wise
 ,ulysses he did hate z bad2  b ,ajax is
 always repres5t$ z fri5dly to ,a*illes2
 & p>ticul>ly he speaks ?us to ,hector  
conc]n+ him3--       ,hector ,i approa* 
my arm1 & s+ly "k      ,:at /r5g? ?\    
ha/1 & :at ! ,grecian foe4      ,a*illes
 %uns ! fight2 yet "s !re are      ,n   

void ( s\l1 & n unskill'd 9 w>3  :]e9 he
 ins9uates ! high comm5dation ( t       
valiant man4 ,& 9 :at foll[s1 he speaks 
l h&some ?+s ( 8 fell[-soldi]s 9 g5]al1 
?us3--       ,:ole troops ( h]oes       
,greece has yet to boa/1      ,& s5ds !e
 "o1 a sample ( h] ho/2  :]e9 he do? n  
boa/ himself to be ! only or ! be/      
*ampion1 b "o ( ^?1 among _m o!rs1 :o 7 
fit to und]take t combat4  ,:at ha? be5 
said is suffici5t ^u ! po9t (           
dissimilitudes2 except we ?9k fit to add
 ?is1 t _m ( ! ,trojans came into !     
enemy's p[] alive1 b none ( ! ,grecians2
 & t _m ,trojans supplicat$ to _!       
enemies1--z 7= in/ance7 ,adra/us1 ! sons
 ( ,antima*us1 ,lycaon1--& ev5 ,hector  
himself entreats ,a*illes = a sepulture2
 b n "o ( ^! do? s1 z judg+ x b>b>\s to 
supplicate to a foe 9 ! field1 & m      
,greek-l ei!r to conqu] or die4  ,b z1 9
 ! same plant1 ! bee fe$s on ! fl[]1 !  
goat on ! bud1 ! hog on ! root1 & o!r   
liv+ creatures on ! se$ & ! fruit2 s 9  
read+ ( poems1 "o man s+le? out !       

hi/orical "p1 ano!r dwells ^u ! elegancy
 & fit disposal ( words1 z ,ari/ophanes 
says ( ,euripides1--       ,8 gallant   
language runs s smoo? & r\nd1      ,t ,i
 am ravi%t ) ?' h>moni\s s\nd2          
7,see ,ari/ophanes1 ,frag4 #cig47  b    
o!rs1 to :om ?is "p ( my disc\rse is    
direct$1 m9d only su* ?+s z are useful  
to ! bett]+ ( mann]s4 ,& su* we are to  
put 9 m9d t x is an absurd ?+1 t ^? :o  
delight 9 fables %\ld n let any?+ slip  
!m ( ! va9 & extravagant /ories !y f9d 9
 poets1 & t ^? :o affect language %\ld  
pass ov] no?+ t is elegantly & floridly 
express$2 & t only ! lov]s ( honor &    
virtue1 :o apply !mselves to ! /udy (   
poems n = delight b = in/ruction's sake1
 %\ld slightly & neglig5tly obs]ve :at  
is spok5 9 !m relat+ to valor1          
temp]ance1 or ju/ice4 ,( ?is nature is !
 foll[+3--       ,& /& we de$less1 ,o   
et]nal %ame6      ,till ,hector's arm   
involve ! %ips 9 flame8      ,ha/e1 let 
u jo91 & combat side by side4           
7,iliad1 xi4 #cac4  ,= ! f\r foll[+ see 

,odyssey1 iii4 #eb2 ,iliad1 xxiv4 #efj &
 #ehd2      ,odyssey1 xvi4 #bgd47  ,= to
 see a man ( ! greate/ wisdom 9 dang] ( 
be+ totally cut (f ) all ^? t take "p ) 
him1 & yet affect$ less ) fe> ( dea? ?an
 ( %ame & di%onor1 mu/ ne$s excite 9 a  
"y man a passionate affection = virtue4 
,& ?is1       ,joy$ 0 ! ,goddess1 = %e  
mu* did prize      ,a man t 0 alike bo? 
j & wise1  tea*e? u to inf] t ! ,deity  
delights n 9 a ri* or a prop] or a /rong
 man1 b 9 "o t is furni%$ ) wisdom &    
ju/ice4 ,aga91 :5 ! same goddess        
7,m9]va7 sai? t ! reason :y %e did n    
des]t or neglect ,ulysses 0 t he 0      
,g5tle1 ( ready wit1 ( prud5t m9d1  %e  
!re9 tells u t1 ( all ?+s p]ta9+ to u1  
no?+ is de> to ! gods & godlike b our   
virtue1 see+ l naturally delights 9 l4  
,& see+1 moreov]1 t x bo? seeme? &      
really is a great ?+ to be able to      
mod]ate a man's ang]1 b a great] by f>  
to gu>d a man's self be=eh& by prud5ce1 
t he fall n into x nor be surpris$ by x1
 !re=e also su* passages z t5d t way are

 n slightly to be repres5t$ to ! read]s2
 = example1 t ,a*illes himself--:o 0 a  
man ( no great =be>ance1 nor incl9$ to  
su* meekness--yet admoni%es ,priam to be
 calm & n to provoke him1 ?us1          
,move me no m 7,a*illes ?us replies1    
,:ile k9dl+ ang] sp>kl$ 9 8 eyes71      
,nor seek by te>s my /eady s\l to b5d3  
,to yield ?y ,hector ,i myself int5d3   
,cease2 le/1 neglectful ( high ,jove's  
comm&1      ,i %[ !e1 k+1 ?\ tread'/ on 
ho/ile l&2  & t he himself fir/ wa%e? & 
dec5tly cov]e? ! body ( ,hector & !n    
puts x into a *>iot1 to prev5t 8 fa!r's 
see+ x s unwor?ily mangl$ z x 01--      
,le/ ! unhappy sire1      ,provok$ to   
passion1 once m r\se to ire      ,! /]n 
,pelides2 & nor sacr$ age1      ,nor    
,jove's comm&1 %\ld *eck ! ris+ rage4   
,= x is a piece ( admirable prud5ce = a 
man s prone to ang]1 z be+ by nature    
ha/y & furi\s1 to und]/& himself s well 
z to set a gu>d ^u 8 own incl9ations1 & 
by avoid+ provocations to keep 8 passion
 at due di/ance by ! use ( reason1 le/  

he %\ld be unaw>es surpris$ by x4 ,&    
aft] ! same mann] mu/ ! man t is apt to 
be drunk5 =e>m himself aga9/ t vice2 &  
he t is giv5 to wantonness1 aga9/ lu/1 z
 ,agesilaus refus$ to receive a kiss f a
 beautiful p]son address+ to him1 &     
,cyrus w\ld n s mu* z endure to see     
,pan!a4 ,:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ^? t are n
 virtu\sly br$ are wont to ga!r fuel to 
inflame _! passions1 & volunt>ily to    
ab&on !mselves to ^? temptations to :i* 
( !mselves !y are endang]$4 ,b ,ulysses 
does n only re/ra9 8 own ang]1 b        
7p]ceiv+ by ! disc\rse ( 8 son          
,telema*us1 t ?r\gh indignation conceiv$
 aga9/ su* evil m5 he 0 greatly provok$7
 he blunts 8 passion too be=eh&1 &      
compose? him to calmness & pati5ce1     
?us3--       ,!re1 if base scorn insult 
my rev]5d age1      ,be> x1 my son6     
repress ?y ris+ rage4      ,if outrag$1 
cease t outrage to repel2      ,be> x1  
my son6 h[e'er ?y he>t rebel4  ,= z m5  
are n wont to put bridles on _! horses  
:5 !y are runn+ 9 full spe$1 b br+ !m   

bridl$ be=eh& to ! race2 s d !y use to  
preoccupy & pr$ispose ! m9ds ( ^? p]sons
 ) rational consid]ations to enable !m  
to enc\nt] passion1 :om !y p]ceive to be
 too mettlesome & unmanageable ^u !     
sight ( provok+ objects4  ,fur!rmore1 ! 
"y man is n altoge!r to neglect names   
!mselves :5 he meets ) !m2 ?\gh he is n 
oblig$ to give mu* he$ to su* idle      
descants z ^? ( ,clean!s1 :o1 :ile he   
pr(esse? himself an int]pret]1 plays !  
trifl]1 z 9 ^! passages ( ,hom]3 ,greek 
omitt$1 7,iliad1 iii4 #cbj2 xvi4 #bcc47 
,= he w ne$s read ! two ( ^! words jo9$ 
into "o1 & make !m ,greek omitt$ = t !  
air evaporat$ f ! e>? by exhalation     
,greek omitt$ is s call$4 ,yea1 &       
,*rysippus too1 ?\gh he does n s trifle1
 yet is v jejune1 :ile he hunts aft]    
improbable etymologies4 ,z :5 he w ne$  
=ce ! words ,greek omitt$ to import     
,jupit]'s excell5t faculty 9 speak+ &   
p[]fulness to p]suade !reby4  ,b su* ?+s
 z ^! are fitt] to be left to !         
exam9ation ( gramm>ians & we are r to   

insi/ ^u su* passages z are bo?         
pr(itable & p]suasive4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 
z ^!2--       ,my e>ly y\? 0 br$ to     
m>tial pa9s1      ,my s\l impels me to !
 embattl$ pla9s6       ,h[ skill'd he 0 
9 ea* oblig+ art2      ,! milde/ mann]s1
 & ! g5tle/ he>t4      7,ibid4 vi4 #ddd2
 xvii4 #fga47  ,= :ile ! au?or tells u t
 =titude may be taught1 & t an oblig+ & 
graceful way ( conv]s+ ) o!rs is to be  
gott5 by art & ! use ( reason1 he       
exhorts u n to neglect ! improvem5t (   
ourselves1 b by obs]v+ our tea*]s'      
in/ructions to le>n a becom+ c>riage1 z 
kn[+ t cl[ni%ness & c[>dice argue       
ill-bre$+ & ignorance4 ,& v suitable to 
:at ha? be5 said is t :i* is said (     
,jupit] & ,neptune3--       ,gods ( "o  
s\rce1 ( "o e!real race1      ,alike    
div9e1 & heav5 _! native place2       ,b
 ,jove ! great]2 fir/ born ( ! skies1   
,& m ?an m5 or ,gods supremely wise4    
7,iliad1 xiii4 #ced47  ,= ! poet !re9   
pron\nce? wisdom to be ! mo/ div9e &    
royal quality ( all2 z plac+ !re9 !     

greate/ excell5cy ( ,jupit] himself1 &  
judg+ all virtues else to be necess>ily 
consequ5t !reunto4 ,we are also to      
accu/om a "y man att5tively to he> su*  
?+s z ^!3--       ,urge him ) tru? to   
frame 8 fair replies3      ,& sure he w1
 = wisdom nev] lies3       ,! praise (  
wisdom1 9 ?y y\? obta9'd1      ,an act s
 ra%1 ,antilo*us1 has /a9'd3       ,say1
 is x j1 my fri5d1 t ,hector's e>       
,f su* a w>rior su* a spee* %\ld he>8   
,i deem$ !e once ! wise/ ( ?y k9d1      
,b ill ?is insult suits a prud5t m9d4   
7,odyssey1 iii4 #bj2 ,iliad1 xxiii4     
#egj2 xvii4 #agj47  ,^! spee*es tea* u t
 x is b5ea? wise m5 to lie or to deal   
o!rwise ?an fairly1 ev5 9 games1 or to  
blame o!r m5 )\t j cause4 ,& :5 ! poet  
attributes ,p9d>us's violation ( ! truce
 to 8 folly1 he )al decl>es 8 judgm5t t 
a wise man w n be guilty ( an unju/     
action4 ,! l may we also inf] conc]n+   
cont95ce1 tak+ our gr\nd = x f ^!       
passages3--       ,= him ,antaea burn'd 
) lawless flame1      ,& /rove to tempt 

him f ! pa?s ( fame3      ,9 va9 %e     
tempt$ ! rel5tless y\?1      ,endu$ )   
wisdom1 sacr$ fe>1 & tru?3       ,at    
fir/1 ) wor?y %ame & dec5t pride1       
,! royal dame1 8 lawless suit d5i$6     
,= virtue's image yet possess$ h] m9d3  
7,iliad1 vi4 #afj2 ,odyssey1 iii4 #bfe47
  9 :i* spee*es ! poet assigns wisdom to
 be ! cause ( cont95ce4 ,& :5 9         
exhortations made to enc\rage soldi]s to
 fight1 he speaks 9 ?is mann]3--        
,:at mean y1 ,lycians8  ,/&6 ,o /&1 =   
%ame6       ,yet ea* reflect :o prizes  
fame or brea?1      ,on endless infamy1 
on in/ant dea?2      ,=1 lo6 ! fat$ "t1 
! appo9t$ %ore2      ,h>k6 ! gates bur/1
 ! braz5 b>ri]s ro>6      7,iliad1 xvi4 
#dbb2 xiii4 #aba47  he seems to intimate
 t prud5t m5 are valiant m52 because !y 
fe> ! %ame ( base actions1 & c trample  
on pleasures & /& _! gr\nd 9 ! greate/  
haz>ds4 ,:5ce ,timo!us1 9 ! play call$  
,p]sae1 takes occasion h&somely to      
exhort ! ,grecians ?us3--       ,brave  
soldi]s ( j %ame 9 awe %\ld /&2      ,= 

! blu%+ face (t helps ! fight+ h&4  ,&  
,aes*ylus also makes x a po9t ( wisdom n
 to be bl[n up ) pride :5 a man is      
honor$1 nor to be mov$ or elevat$ ) !   
acclamations ( a multitude1 writ+ ?us ( 
,amphi>aus3--       ,8 %ield no emblem  
be>s2 8 g5]\s s\l      ,wi%es to be1 n  
to appe>1 ! be/2      ,:ile ! deep      
furr[s ( 8 noble m9d      ,h>ve/s ( wise
 & prud5t c\nsel be>4      7,see note 9 
! same passage (      ,aes*ylus 7,sept4 
#eia71 i4 #baj4 7,g747  ,= x is ! "p ( a
 wise man to value himself ^u !         
consci\sness ( 8 own true wor? &        
excell5cy4  ,:]eas1 !re=e1 all inw>d    
p]fections are r$ucible to wisdom1 x    
appe>s t all sorts ( virtue & le>n+ are 
includ$ 9 x  ,aga91 boys may be         
in/ruct$1 by read+ ! poets z !y ought1  
to draw ev5 f ^? passages t are mo/     
suspect$ z wick$ & absurd some?+ t is   
useful & pr(itable2 z ! bee is taught by
 ,nature to ga!r ! sweete/ & mo/        
pleasant honey f ! h>%e/ fl[]s & %>pe/  
?orns4 ,x does inde$ at ! fir/ blu% ca/ 

a %rewd suspicion on ,agmemnon ( tak+ a 
bribe1 :5 ,hom] tells u t he dis*>g$ t  
ri* man f ! w>s :o pres5t$ him ) 8 fleet
 m>e ,ae!3--       ,:om ri* ,e*epolus1 m
 ri* ?an brave1      ,to 'scape ! w>s1  
to ,agamemnon gave      7,ae! h] "n71 at
 home to end 8 days2      ,base weal?   
pref]r+ to et]nal praise4      7,iliad1 
xxiii4 #big47  ,yet1 z sai? ,ari/otle1 x
 0 well done ( him to pref] a good bea/ 
be=e su* a man4 ,=1 ! tru? is1 a dog or 
ass is ( m value ?an a timor\s & c[>dly 
man t wall[s 9 weal? & luxury4 ,aga91   
,!tis seems to d indec5tly1 :5 %e       
exhorts h] son to foll[ 8 pleasures &   
m9ds him ( company+ ) wom54 ,b ev5 "h1  
on ! o!r side1 ! cont95cy ( ,a*illes is 
wor?y to be consid]$2 :o1 ?\gh he de>ly 
lov$ ,briseis1--newly return$ to him    
too1--yet1 :5 he knew 8 life to be ne>  
its end1 does n ha/5 to ! fruition (    
pleasures1 nor1 :5 he m\rns = 8 fri5d   
,patroclus1 does he 7z mo/ m5 are wont7 
%ut himself up f all bus9ess & neglect 8
 duty1 b only b>s himself f recreations 

= 8 sorr['s sake1 :ile yet he gives     
himself up to action & milit>y          
employm5ts4 ,& ,ar*ilo*us is n          
praisewor?y ei!r1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 m\rn+
 = 8 si/]'s husb& dr[n$ 9 ! sea1        
contrives to dispel 8 grief by dr9k+ &  
m]rim5t4 ,& yet he gives ?is plausible  
reason to ju/ify t practice ( 81        
,to dr9k & dance1 r ?an m\rn1 ,i *oose2 
,nor wrong ,i him1 :om m\rn+ c't r$uce4 
,=1 if he judg$ himself to d no?+ amiss 
:5 he foll[$ sports & banquets1 sure1 we
 %all n d worse1 if 9 :atev]            
circum/ances we foll[ ! /udy (          
philosophy1 or manage public affairs1 or
 g to ! m>ket or to ! ,academy1 or foll[
 our husb&ry4 ,:]e=e ^? corrections also
 are n to be reject$ :i* ,clean!s &     
,anti/h5es h made use (4 ,= ,anti/h5es1 
see+ ! ,a!nians all 9 a tumult 9 !      
!atre1 & ju/ly1 ^u ! pronunciation ( ?is
 v]se1--       ,except :at m5 ?9k wrong1
 !re's no?+ ill1      7,f ! ,aeolus (   
,euripides1 ,frag4 #ai47  pres5tly      
subjo9$ ?is corrective1       ,:at's    

wrong is s1--believe m5 :at !y w4  ,&   
,clean!s1 he>+ ?is passage conc]n+      
weal?3--       ,great is ?' advantage t 
great weal? att5ds1      ,= (t ) x we   
pur*ase heal? & fri5ds1                 
7,euripides1 ,electra1 #dbh47  pres5tly 
alt]$ x ?us3       ,great disadvantage  
(t att5ds on weal?2      ,we pur*ase    
:ores )'t & de/roy our heal?4  ,& ,z5o  
correct$ t ( ,sophocles1       ,! man t 
9 a tyrant's palace dwells      ,8      
lib]ty ='s ent]ta9m5t sells1  aft] ?is  
mann]3--       ,no3 if he came 9 free1  
he _c lose      ,8 lib]ty1 ?\gh 9 a     
tyrant's h\se2  mean+ by a free man "o t
 is undaunt$ & magnanim\s1 & "o ( a _s  
too great to /oop b5ea? itself4 ,& :y   
may n we also1 by "s su* acclamations z 
^?1 call (f "y m5 to ! bett] side1 by   
us+ "s ?+s spok5 by poets aft] ! same   
mann]8 ,= example1 x is said1           
',tis all t 9 ?is life "o c require1    
,to hit ! m>k he aims at 9 desire4  ,to 
:i* we may reply ?us3--       ',tis     
false2 except "o level 8 desire      ,at

 :at's exp$i5t1 & no m require4  ,= x is
 an unhappy ?+ & n to be wi%$1 = a man  
to obta9 & be ma/] ( :at he desires if x
 be inexp$i5t4 ,aga9 ?is say+1          
,?\1 ,agamemnon1 mu/ ?yself prep>e      
,( joy & grief by turns to take ?y %>e1 
,?y fa!r1 ,atreus1 sure1 ne'er !e begat1
      ,to be an un*ang$ favorite (      
,fate3      7,euripides1 ,iphig5ia at   
,aulus1 #bi47  we may ?us inv]t3--      
,?y fa!r1 ,atreus1 nev] !e begat1       
,to be an un*ang$ favorite ( ,fate3     
,!re=e1 if mod]ate ?y =tunes are1       
,?\ %\ld/ rejoice always1 & grief =be>4 
,aga9 x is said1       ,alas6 ?is ill   
comes f ! p[]s div9e      ,t (t we see  
:at's good1 yet x decl9e4      7,f !    
,*rysippus ( ,euripides1 ,frag4 #hch47  
,yea1 r1 say we1 x is a bruti% &        
irrational & wret*$ fault ( ours1 t :5  
we und]/& bett] ?+s1 we are c>ri$ away  
to ! pursuit ( ^? :i* are worse1 ?r\gh  
our intemp]ance & effem9acy4 ,aga91 "o  
says1       ,= n ! tea*]'s spee* b      
practice moves4      7,f ,m5&]47  ,yea1 

r1 say we1 bo? ! spee* & practice1--or !
 practice by ! means ( spee*1--z ! horse
 is manag$ ) ! bridle1 & ! %ip ) ! helm4
 ,= virtue ha? no in/rum5t s suitable & 
agreeable to human nature to "w on m5   
)al1 z t ( rational disc\rse4 ,aga91 we 
meet ) ?is "* ( "s p]son3--       ,a4   
,is he m incl9$ to male or female love8 
,b4  ,he b5ds bo? ways1 :]e beauty      
moves4  ,b x _h be5 bett] said ?us3--   
,he's flexible to bo?1 :]e virtue moves4
  ,= x is no comm5dation ( a man's      
dext]ity to be toss$ up & d[n z pleasure
 & beauty move him1 b an argum5t r ( a  
weak & un/able disposition4 ,once m1 ?is
 spee*1       ,religion damps ! c\rage (
 our m9ds1      ,& ev'n wise m5 to      
c[>dice incl9es1  is by no means to be  
all[$2 b r ! contr>y1       ,religion   
truly =tifies m5's m9ds1      ,& a wise 
man to valiant acts incl9es1  & gives n 
occasion ( fe> to any b weak & fooli%   
p]sons & su* z are ungrateful to !      
,deity1 :o are apt to look on t div9e   
p[] & pr9ciple :i* is ! cause ( all good

 ) suspicion & jeal\sy1 z be+ hurtful   
unto !m4 ,& s mu* = t :i* ,i call       
correction ( poets' say+s4  ,!re is yet 
ano!r way ( improv+ poems1 taught u well
 by ,*rysippus2 :i* is1 by accommodation
 ( any say+1 to transf] t :i* is useful 
& s]viceable 9 x to div]s ?+s ( ! same  
k9d4 ,= :]eas ,hesiod sai?1       ,if b 
a c[ misc>ry1 ! common fame      ,^u !  
next ill neighbor lays ! blame2         
7,hesiod1 ,"w & ,days1 #cdh47  ! same   
may be appli$ to a man's dog or ass or  
any o!r bea/ ( 8 :i* is liable to ! l   
mis*ance4 ,aga91 ,euripides sai?1       
,h[ c t man be call$ a slave1 :o slights
      ,ev'n dea? itself1 :i* s]vile     
spirits frights8  ! l :]e( may be said (
 h>d labor or pa9ful sickness4 ,= z     
physicians1 f9d+ by exp]i5ce ! =ce ( any
 m$ic9e 9 ! cure ( "s "o disease1 make  
use ( x by accommodation1 proportionably
 to e o!r disease ( aff9ity !reto1 s are
 we to deal ) su* spee*es z are ( a     
common import & apt to communicate _!   
value to o!r ?+s2 we mu/ n conf9e !m to 

t "o ?+ only to :i* !y 7 at fir/ adapt$1
 b transf] !m to all o!r ( l nature1 &  
accu/om "y m5 by _m p>allel in/ances to 
see ! communicabl5ess ( !m1 & ex]cise ! 
promptness ( _! wits 9 su* applications 
s t :5 ,m5&] says1       ,happy is he :o
 weal? & wisdom ha?1  !y may be able to 
judge t ! same is fitly applicable to   
glory & au?ority & eloqu5ce also4 ,& !  
repro( :i* ,ulysses gives ,a*illes1 :5  
he f\nd him sitt+ 9 ,scyrus 9 ! ap>tm5t 
( ! "y ladies1       ,?\1 :o f noble/   
,greeks d]iv'/ ?y race1      ,do/ ?\ )  
sp9n+ wool ?y bir? disgrace8  may be z  
well giv5 to ! prodigal1 to him t       
und]takes any di%one/ way ( liv+1 yea1  
to ! slo?ful & unle>n$ p]son1 ?us3--    
,?\1 :o f noble/ ,greeks d]iv'/ ?y race1
      ,do/ ?\ ) fuddl+ ?y great bir?    
disgrace8  or do/ ?\ sp5d ?y "t 9 dic+1 
or quail-/rik+1 7,! ^w "h us$ ,greek    
omitt$ d5otes a game among ! ,grecians1 
:i* ,suidas describes to be ! sett+ (   
quails 9 a r\nd compass or r+ & /rik+ at
 ! heads ( !m2 & he t 9 ! r+ /ruck "o _h

 lib]ty to /rike at ! re/ 9 ord]1 b he t
 miss$ 0 oblig$ to set up quails = o!rs2
 & ?is !y did by turns47 or deal 9      
adult]ate w>es or grip+ usury1 n m9d+   
any?+ t is great & wor?y ?y noble       
extraction8 ,s :5 !y read1       ,=     
weal?1 ! ,god mo/ s]v$1 ,i little c>e1  
,s9ce ! wor/ m5 8 favors (t5 we>1       
7,f ! ,aeolus1 ( ,euripides1 ,frag4     
#bj47  !y may be able to inf]1 !re=e1 z 
little reg>d is to be _h to glory &     
bodily beauty & pr9cely robes & prie/ly 
g>l&s1 all :i* also we see to be !      
enjoym5ts ( v bad m54 ,aga91 :5 !y read 
?is passage1       ,a c[>d fa!r         
propagates 8 vice1      ,& gets a son   
heir to 8 c[>dice1  !y may 9 tru? apply 
! same to intemp]ance1 to sup]/ition1 to
 envy1 & all o!r diseases ( m5's m9ds4  
,aga91 :]eas x is h&somely said ( ,hom]1
       ,unhappy ,p>is1 faire/ to behold6
  &       ,hector1 ( noble =m4          
7,iliad1 iii4 #ci2 xvii4 #adb47  = h]e9 
he %[s t a man :o ha? no great]         
excell5cy ?an t ( beauty to comm5d him  

des]ves to h x m5tion$ ) contempt &     
ignom9y1--su* expressions we %\ld make  
use ( 9 l cases to repress ! insol5ce ( 
su* z be> !mselves high ^u ! acc\nt (   
su* ?+s z are ( no real value1 & to tea*
 "y m5 to look ^u su* compellations z ,o
 ?\ ri*e/ ( m51 & ,o ?\ t excelle/ 9    
fea/+1 9 multitudes ( att5dants1 9 h]ds 
( cattle1 yea1 & 9 eloqu5t speak+       
itself1 to be 7z !y are inde$7          
expressions t import reproa* & infamy4  
,=1 9 tru?1 a man t designs to excel    
ought to endeavor x 9 ^? ?+s t are 9    
!mselves mo/ excell5t1 & to become *ief 
9 ! *iefe/1 & great 9 ! greate/ ?+s4    
,:]eas glory t arise? f ?+s 9 !mselves  
small & inconsid]able is +lori\s &      
contemptible4 ,to m9d u :]e( we %all    
nev] be at a loss = in/ances1 if1 9     
read+ ,hom] especially1 we obs]ve h[ he 
applie? ! expressions t import praise or
 disgrace2 :]e9 we h cle> pro( t he     
makes small acc\nt ( ! good ?+s ei!r ( !
 body or ,=tune4 ,& fir/ ( all1 9 meet+s
 & salutations1 m5 d n call o!rs fair or

 ri* or /rong1 b use su* t]ms (         
comm5dation z ^!3--       ,son (        
,la]tes1 f great ,jove d]iv+      ,?y   
p$igree1 & skill$ 9 wise contriv+2      
,hector1 ?\ son ( ,priam1 ^: advice     
,) wise/ ,jove's m5 c\nt ( equal price2 
,a*illes1 son ( ,peleus1 :om all /ory   
,%all m5tion z ! ,grecians greate/      
glory2       ,div9e ,patroclus1 = ?y    
wor? ?\ art1      ,( all ! fri5ds ,i h1 
lodg$ next my he>t4      7,iliad1 ii4   
#agc2 vii4 #dg2 xix4 #baf2 xi4 #fjh47   
,& moreov]1 :5 !y speak disgracefully ( 
any p]son1 !y t\* n at bodily defects1 b
 direct all _! reproa*es to vici\s      
actions2 z = in/ance3--       ,a        
dogg$-look+1 drunk5 bea/ ?\ art1      ,&
 9 ?y bosom ha/ a de]'s fa9t he>t2      
,ajax at brawl+ valiant /ill1      ,^:  
tongue is us$ to speak+ ill2       ,a   
tongue s loose hung1 & s va9 )al1       
,idom5eus1 becomes !e n at all2         
,ajax ?y tongue do? (t (f5d2      ,= (  
?y boa/+ !re's no end4      7,ibid4 i4  
#bbe2 xxiii4 #dhc & #dgd-dgi2 xiii4     

#hbd47  ,la/ly1 :5 ,ulysses reproa*e?   
,!rsites1 he objecte? n to him 8 lam5ess
 nor 8 baldness nor 8 hun*$ back1 b !   
vici\s quality ( indiscreet babbl+4 ,on 
! o!r side1 :5 ,juno means to express a 
dalliance or mo!rly fondness to h] son  
,vulcan1 %e c\rts him ) an epi!t tak5 f 
8 halt+1 ?us1       ,r\se !e1 my limp+  
son6      7,ibid1 xxi4 #cca47  ,9 ?is   
in/ance1 ,hom] does 7z x 77 d]ide ^? :o 
are a%am$ ( _! lam5ess or bl9dness1 z n 
?9k+ any?+ a disgrace t is n 9 itself   
disgraceful1 nor any p]son liable to a  
reproa* = t :i* is n imputable to       
himself b to ,=tune4 ,^! two great      
advantages may be made by ^? :o         
frequ5tly /udy poets2--! le>n+          
mod]ation1 to keep !m f unseasonable &  
fooli% reproa*+ o!rs ) _! mis=tunes1 :5 
!y !mselves enjoy a con/ant curr5t (    
prosp]ity2 & magnanimity1 t "u v>iety ( 
accid5ts !y be n deject$ nor di/urb$1 b 
meekly be> ! be+ sc(f$ at1 reproa*$1 &  
droll$ ^u4 ,especially1 let !m h t say+ 
( ,philemon ready at h& 9 su* cases3--  

,t _s's well 9 tune1 ^: sweet repose    
,no rail]'s tongue c ev] discompose4  ,&
 yet1 if "o t s rails d himself m]it    
repreh5sion1 ?\ may/ take occasion to   
retort ^u him 8 own vices & inord9ate   
passions2 z :5 ,adra/us 9 ! trag$y is   
assault$ ?us by ,alcmaeon1       ,?y    
si/]'s "o t did h] husb& kill1  he      
returns him ?is answ]1       ,b ?\      
?yself ?y "m's blood did spill4  ,= z !y
 :o sc\rge a man's g>m5ts d n t\* !     
body1 s ^? t turn o!r m5's evil =tunes  
or mean bir?s to matt] ( reproa* d only 
) vanity & folly en\gh la% _! ext]nal   
circum/ances1 b t\* n _! int]nal "p1 !  
s\l1 nor ^? ?+s :i* truly ne$ correction
 & repro(4  ,moreov]1 z we h above      
taught y to abate & less5 ! cr$it ( evil
 & hurtful poems by sett+ 9 opposition  
to !m ! fam\s spee*es & s5t5ces ( su*   
wor?y m5 z h manag$ public affairs1 s w 
x be useful to u1 :]e we f9d any ?+s 9  
!m ( civil & pr(itable import1 to       
improve & /r5g!n !m by te/imonies &     
pro(s tak5 f philosoph]s1 )al giv+ ^! ! 

cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ inv5tors ( !m4 ,= ?is
 is bo? j & pr(itable to be done1 see+  
by ?is means su* say+s receive an       
additional /r5g? & e/eem1 :5 x appe>s t 
:at is spok5 on ! /age or sung to ! h>p 
or occurs 9 a s*ol>'s lesson is         
agreeable to ! doctr9es ( ,py?agoras &  
,plato1 & t ! s5t5ces ( ,*ile & ,bias   
t5d to ! same issue ) ^? t are f\nd 9 ! 
au?ors :i* *ildr5 read4 ,!re=e mu/ we   
indu/ri\sly %[ !m t ^! poetical s5t5ces1
       ,n ^!1 ,o daught]1 are ?y prop]  
c>es1      ,!e mild] arts befit1 & s(t] 
w>s2      ,sweet smiles are ?9e1 & k9d  
ende>+ *>ms2      ,to ,m>s & ,pallas    
leave ! de$s ( arms2       ,jove's angry
 ) !e1 :5 ?y unmanag$ rage      ,) ^? t 
ov]mat* !e do? engage2      7,iliad1 v4 
#bdh2 xi4 #edc47  diff] n 9 sub/ance b  
be> pla9ly ! same s5se ) t philosophical
 s5t5ce1 ,"k ?yself1 ,& ^!       ,fools1
 :o by wrong seek to augm5t _! /ore1    
,& "k n h[ mu* half ?an all is m2       
,( c\nsel giv'n to mis*iev\s int5ts1    
,! man t gives x mo/ ( all rep5ts2      

7,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #dj & #bff47  
are ( ne> k9 to :at we f9d 9 !          
det]m9ation ( ,plato1 9 8 books entitl$ 
,gorgias & ,conc]n+ ! ,commonweal?1 to  
wit1 t x is worse to d ?an to suff]     
injury1 & t a man m endamage? himself :5
 he hurts ano!r1 ?an he w\ld be damnifi$
 if he 7 ! suff]]4 ,& t ( ,aes*ylus1    
,*e] up1 fri5d2 sorr[s1 :5 !y highe/    
climb1      ,:at !y exce$ 9 measure want
 9 "t1  we mu/ in=m !m1 is b ! same     
fam\s s5t5ce :i* is s mu* admir$ 9      
,epicurus1 t great griefs are b %ort1 & 
^? t are ( long cont9uance are b small4 
,! =m] clause :]e( is t :i* ,aes*ylus "h
 sai? expressly1 & ! latt] b ! consequ5t
 ( t4 ,= if a great & int5se sorr[ d n  
la/1 !n t :i* do? la/ is n great nor h>d
 to be borne4 ,& ^? words ( ,!spis1     
,see/ n h[ ,jove1--because he _c lie    
,nor vaunt nor laugh at impi\s droll]y1 
,& pleasure's *>ms are ?+s to him       
unkn[n1--       ,among ! gods we>s !    
imp]ial cr[n8  :]e9 diff] !y f :at      
,plato says1 t ! div9e nature is remote 

f bo? joy & grief8 ,& t say+ (          
,bac*ylides1       ,virtue alone do?    
la/+ honor ga91      ,b m5 ( base/ s\ls 
(t weal? atta92  & ^? ( ,euripides mu* (
 ! same import1       ,h5ce temp]ance 9 
my e/eem excels1      ,because x        
con/antly ) good m5 dwells2       ,h[ev]
 y may /rive = honor      ,& y may seem 
to h secur$ by weal? virtue1      ,good 
m5 w place y among ! mis]able2  d !y n  
evid5tly confirm to u :at ! philosoph]s 
say ( ri*es & o!r ext]nal good ?+s1 t   
)\t virtue !y are fruitless &           
unpr(itable enjoym5ts8  ,n[ ?us to      
accommodate & reconcile poetry to !     
doctr9es ( philosophy /rips x ( its     
fabul\s & p]sonat$ p>ts1 & makes ^? ?+s 
:i* x deliv]s usefully to acquire also !
 reputation ( gravity2 & ov] & above1 x 
incl9es ! s\l ( a "y man to receive !   
impressions ( philosophical precepts4 ,=
 he w h]eby be enabl$ to come to !m n   
altoge!r de/itute ( "s sort ( reli% (   
!m1 n z to ?+s t he has he>d no?+ (     
be=e1 nor ) an head confus$ly full ( !  

false notions :i* he ha? suck$ 9 f !    
daily tattle ( 8 "m & nurse1--yea1      
sometimes too ( 8 fa!r & p$ant1--:o h   
be5 wont to speak ( ri* m5 z ! happy m5 
& m5tion !m always ) honor1 & to express
 !mselves conc]n+ dea? & pa9 ) horror1 &
 to look on virtue )\t ri*es & glory z a
 ?+ ( n\ght & n to be desir$4 ,:5ce x   
comes to pass1 t :5 su* y\?s fir/ d he> 
?+s ( a q contr>y nature f philosoph]s1 
!y are surpris$ ) a k9d ( amazem5t1     
tr\ble1 & /upid a/oni%m5t1 :i* makes !m 
afraid to ent]ta9 or endure !m1 except  
!y be dealt ) z ^? :o come out ( v great
 d>kness into ! light ( ! bright sun1 t 
is1 be fir/ accu/om$ = a :ile to behold 
^? doctr9es 9 fabul\s au?ors1 z 9 a k9d 
( false light1 :i* ha? b a mod]ate      
brightness & is easy to be look$ on &   
borne )\t di/urbance to ! weak sight4 ,=
 hav+ be=e he>d or read f poets su* ?+s 
z ^! are1--       ,m\rn "o's bir?1 z !  
entrance ( all ills2      ,b joy at     
dea?1 z t :i* f9i%es mis]y2       ,(    
worldly ?+s a mortal ne$s b two2      ,a

 dr9k ( wat] & ! gift ( ,c]es3       ,o 
tyranny1 to b>b>\s nations de>6         
,?is 9 all human happ9ess is *ief1      
,to "k z little z we c ( grief2  !y are 
! less di/urb$ & (f5d$ :5 !y he> f      
philosoph]s t no man ought to be        
ov]conc]n$ ab\t dea?2 t ri*es are limit$
 to ! necessities ( nature2 t ! happ9ess
 ( man's life do? n consi/ 9 ! abundance
 ( weal? or va/ness ( employm5ts or     
height ( au?ority & p[]1 b 9 fre$om f   
sorr[1 9 mod]ation ( passions1 & 9 su* a
 temp] ( m9d z measures all ?+s by ! use
 ( ,nature4  ,:]e=e1 ^u all ^! acc\nts1 
z well z = all ! reasons be=e m5tion$1  
y\? /&s 9 ne$ ( good gov]nm5t to manage 
x 9 ! read+ ( poetry1 t be+ free f all  
prejudicate op9ions1 & r in/ruct$ be=eh&
 9 con=mity !reunto1 x may ) m calmness1
 fri5dl9ess1 & famili>ity pass f !nce to
 ! /udy ( philosophy4   ,,end ,,(       
,,f\rte5------------     ,,ab/ract ,,(  
,a ,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,ari/ophane ,,&
 ,,m5&]  ,to speak 9 sum & 9 g5]al1 he  
pref]s ,m5&] by f>2 & z to p>ticul>s1 he

 adds :at "h ensues4 ,ari/ophanes1 he   
sai?1 is importune1 !atric1 & sordid 9 8
 expression2 b ,m5&] n s at all4 ,= !   
rude & vulg> p]son is tak5 ) ! ?+s ! =m]
 speake?2 b ! well-br$ man w be q out ( 
humor ) !m4 ,i mean1 8 oppos$ t]ms1 8   
words ( "o cad5ce1 & 8 d]ivatives4 ,= ! 
"o makes use ( ^! ) due obs]vance & b   
seldom1 & be/[s c>e ^u !m2 b ! o!r      
frequ5tly1 unseasonably1 & frigidly4 ,= 
he is mu* comm5d$1 said he1 = duck+ !   
*amb]la9s1 !y be+ inde$ n *amb]la9s     
,greek omitt$ b wit*es4,greek omitt$4 ,&
 aga91--,?is rascal brea!s out no?+ b   
rogu]y & sycophanty2 & ,smite him well 9
 8 belly ) ! entrails & ! guts2 &1 ,by  
laugh+ ,i %all get to ,laugh+ton ,greek 
omitt$2 &1 ,?\ poor %>d$ o/raciz$ pot1  
:at %all ,i d ) !e8 &1 ,to y wom5 surely
 he is a mad plague1 = he 0 br\ght up   
among ^! mad worts2--&1 ,look "h1 h[ !  
mo?s h eat5 away my cre/2 &1 ,br+ me    
hi!r ! gorgon-back$ circle ( my %ield2  
,give me ! r\nd-back$ circle ( a        
*eese-cake2--& mu* m ( ! same k9d4 7,see

 ,ari/ophanes1 ,knights1 #dcg1 #dee2    
,!smophoriazusae1 #dee2 ,a*>nians1      
#aaji1 #aabd47 ,!re is !n 9 ! /ructure (
 8 words some?+ tragic & some?+ comic1  
some?+ blu/]+ & some?+ l[1 an obscurity1
 a vulg>ness1 a turgidness1 & a /rutt+1 
) a nause\s prattl+ & fool+4 ,& z 8 /yle
 has s great v>ieties & dissonances 9 x1
 s nei!r do? he give to 8 p]sons :at is 
fitt+ & prop] to ea*1--z /ate 7=        
in/ance7 to a pr9ce1 =ce to an orator1  
innoc5ce to a woman1 meanness ( language
 to a poor man1 & sauc9ess to a         
tradesman1--b he deals out to e p]son1 z
 x 7 by lot1 su* words z come next to 8 
h&1 & y w\ld sc>ce disc]n :e!r he be a  
son a fa!r1 a peasant1 a god1 an old    
woman1 or a h]o t is talk+4  ,b n[      
,m5&]'s phrase is s well turn$ &        
contemp]$ ) itself1 & s ev]y:]e         
conspir+1 t1 :ile x trav]ses _m passions
 & humors & is accommodat$ to all sorts 
( p]sons1 x /ill %[s ! same1 & reta9s   
its semblance ev5 9 trite1 famili>1 &   
ev]yday expressions4 ,& if 8 ma/] d n[ &

 !n require some?+ ( rant & noise1 he   
do? b 7l a skilful fluti/7 set op5 all !
 holes ( 8 pipe1 & _! pres5tly /op !m   
aga9 ) good decorum & re/ore ! tune to  
its natural /ate4 ,& ?\gh !re be a great
 numb] ( excell5t arti/s ( all          
pr(essions1 yet nev] did any %oemak]    
make ! same sort ( %oe1 or tireman !    
same sort ( visor1 or tailor ! same sort
 ( g>m5t1 to fit a man1 a woman1 a *ild1
 an old man1 & a slave4 ,b ,m5&] ha? s  
address$ 8 /yle1 z to proportion x to e 
sex1 condition1 & age2 & ?is1 ?\gh he   
took ! bus9ess 9 h& :5 he 0 v "y1 & di$ 
9 ! vigor ( 8 composition & action1 :51 
z ,ari/otle tells u1 au?ors receive mo/ 
& greate/ improvem5t 9 _! /yles4 ,if a  
man %all !n comp>e ! middle & la/ ) !   
fir/ ( ,m5&]'s plays1 he w by !m easily 
conceive :at o!rs he w\ld h add$ to !m1 
_h he _h b long] life4  ,he adds fur!r1 
t ( dramatic exhibitors1 "s address     
!mselves to ! cr[d & populace1 & o!rs   
aga9 to a few2 b x is a h>d matt] to say
 :i* ( !m all knew :at 0 befitt+ 9 bo? !

 k9ds4 ,b ,ari/ophanes is nei!r grateful
 to ! vulg>1 nor tol]able to ! wise2 b x
 f>es ) 8 poesy z x do? ) a c\rtesan :o1
 :5 %e f9ds %e is n[ /rick5 & pa/ h]    
prime1 c\nt]feits a sob] matron1 & !n ! 
vulg> _c endure h] affectation1 & !     
bett] sort abom9ate h] lewdness & wick$ 
nature4 ,b ,m5&] ha? ) 8 *>ms %[n       
himself e way suffici5t = satisfaction1 
be+ ! sole lecture1 argum5t1 & dispute  
at !atres1 s*ools1 & at tables2 h]eby   
r5d]+ 8 poesy ! mo/ univ]sal ornam5t t 0
 ev] produc$ by ,greece1 & %[+ :at & h[ 
extraord9>y 8 ability 9 language 01 :ile
 he passes e way ) an irresi/ible       
p]suasion1 & ga9s e man's e> & und]/&+  
:o has any k ( ! ,greek tongue4 ,& = :at
 o!r reason 9 tru? %\ld a man ( p>ts &  
erudition be at ! pa9s to frequ5t !     
!atre1 b = ! sake ( ,m5&] only8 ,& :5   
are ! playh\ses bett] fill$ ) m5 (      
lett]s1 ?an :5 8 comic mask is exhibit$8
 ,& at private ent]ta9m5ts among fri5ds1
 = :om do? ! table m ju/ly make room or 
,bac*us give place ?an = ,m5&]8 ,to     

philosoph]s also & h>d /ud5ts 7z pa9t]s 
are wont1 :5 !y h tir$ out _! eyes at _!
 "w1 to div]t !m to c]ta9 florid & gre5 
colors7 ,m5&] is a repose f _! auditors 
& int5se ?9k+s1 & ent]ta9s _! m9ds ) gay
 %ady mead[s refre%$ ) cool & g5tle     
breezes4  ,he adds1 moreov]1 t ?\gh ?is 
city bre$s at ?is "t v _m & excell5t    
repres5t]s ( com$y1 ,m5&]'s plays       
p>ticipate ( a pl5te\s & div9e salt1 z  
?\gh !y 7 made ( ! v sea out ( :i* ,v5us
 h]self sprang4 ,b t ( ,ari/ophanes is  
h>% & co>se1 & ha? 9 x an angry & bit+  
%>pness4 ,& = my "p ,i _c tell :]e 8 s  
mu* boa/$ ability lies1 :e!r 9 8 /yle or
 p]sons4 ,! p>ts he acts ,i am sure are 
q ov]act$ & deprav$4 ,8 knave 7=        
in/ance7 is n f9e1 b dirty2 8 peasant is
 n assur$1 b /upid2 8 droll is n jocose1
 b ridicul\s2 & 8 lov] is n gay1 b lewd4
 ,s t to me ! man seems n to h writt5 8 
poesy = any temp]ate p]son1 b to h      
int5d$ 8 smut & obsc5ity = ! debau*$ &  
lewd1 8 invective & satire = ! malici\s 
& ill-humor$4   ,,end ,,( ,,fifte5------

     ,,! ,,malice ,,( ,,h]odotus4  ,!   
/yle1 ,o ,alex&]1 ( ,h]odotus1 z be+    
simple1 free1 & easily suit+ itself to  
its subject1 has deceiv$ _m2 b m1 a     
p]suasion ( 8 dispositions be+ equally  
s9c]e4 ,= x is n only 7z ,plato says7 an
 extreme inju/ice1 to make a %[ ( be+ j 
:5 "o is n s2 b x is also ! highe/      
malignity1 to pret5d to simplicity &    
mildness & be 9 ! meantime really mo/   
malici\s4 ,n[ s9ce he pr9cipally ex]ts 8
 malice aga9/ ! ,boeotians & ,cor9?ians1
 ?\gh )\t sp>+ any o!r1 ,i ?9k myself   
oblig$ to def5d our ance/ors & ! tru?   
aga9/ ?is "p ( 8 writ+s1 s9ce ^? :o w\ld
 detect all 8 o!r lies & fictions w\ld h
 ne$ ( _m books4 ,b1 z ,sophocles has x1
 ! face ( p]suasion1 is preval5t1       
especially :5 deliv]$ 9 ! good language1
 & su* z has p[] to conceal bo? ! o!r   
absurdities & ! ill-nature ( ! writ]4   
,k+ ,philip told ! ,greeks :o revolt$ f 
him to ,titus ,qu9ctius t !y _h got a m 
poli%$1 b a long] la/+ yoke4 ,s ! malice
 ( ,h]odotus is inde$ m polite &        

delicate ?an t ( ,!opompus1 yet x p9*es 
clos]1 & makes a m sev]e impression1--n 
unlike to ^? w9ds :i*1 bl[+ secretly    
?r\gh n>r[ *9ks1 are %>p] ?an ^? t are m
 diffus$4 ,n[ x seems to me v conv5i5t  
to del9eate1 z x 71 9 ! r\gh draught1 ^?
 signs & m>ks t di/+ui% a malici\s      
n>ration f a c&id & unbiass$ "o1 apply+ 
aft]w>ds e po9t we %all exam9e to su* z 
app]ta9 to !m4  ,fir/ !n1 :oev] 9 relat+
 a /ory %all use ! odi\s t]ms :5 g5tl]  
expressions might d z well1 is x n to be
 e/eem$ imp>tial1 b an enjoy] ( 8 own   
fancy1 9 putt+ ! wor/ con/ruction on    
?+s2 z if any "o1 in/ead ( say+ ,nicias 
is too sup]/iti\s1 %\ld call him        
fanatic1 or %\ld accuse ,cleon (        
presumption & madness r ?an (           
inconsid]at5ess 9                       
spee*4----------,secondly1 :5 a writ]1  
cat*+ hold ( a fault :i* has no ref]5ce 
to 8 /ory1 %all draw x into ! relation (
 su* affairs z ne$ x n1 ext5d+ 8        
n>rative ) cicumlocutions1 only t he may
 ins]t a man's mis=tune1 (f5ce1 or      

discomm5dable action1 x is manife/ t he 
delights 9 speak+ evil4 ,!re=e          
,?ucydides w\ld n cle>ly relate ! faults
 ( ,cleon1 :i* 7 v num]\s2 & z =        
,hyp]bolus ! orator1 hav+ t\*$ at him 9 
a ^w & call$ him an ill man1 he let him 
g4 ,phili/us also pass$ ov] all ^?      
outrages committ$ by ,dionysius on !    
b>b>ians :i* _h no connection ) !       
,grecian affairs4 ,= ! excursions &     
digressions ( hi/ory are pr9cipally     
all[$ = fables & antiquities1 &         
sometimes also = encomiums4 ,b he :o    
makes reproa*es & detractions an        
addition to 8 disc\rse seems to incur ! 
trag$ian's curse on ! collector ( m5's  
calamities4  ,n[ ! opposite to ?is is   
kn[n to e "o1 z ! omitt+ to relate "s   
good & laudable action1 :i*1 ?\gh x may 
seem n to be repreh5sible1 yet is !n    
done malici\sly :5 ! omission happ5s 9 a
 place t is p]t95t to ! hi/ory4 ,= to   
praise unwill+ly is s f> f be+ m civil  
?an to dispraise will+ly1 t x is p]haps 
r m uncivil4  ,! f\r? sign ( a p>tial   

disposition 9 writ+ ( hi/ory ,i take to 
be ?is3 ,:5 a matt] is relat$ 9 two or m
 sev]al mann]s1 & ! hi/orian %all       
embrace ! wor/4 ,sophi/]s inde$ are     
p]mitt$1 = ! obta9+ ei!r ( pr(it or     
reputation1 to und]take ! def5ce ( !    
wor/ cause2 = !y nei!r create any firm  
belief ( ! matt]1 nor yet d !y d5y t !y 
are (t5 pleas$ 9 ma9ta9+ p>adoxes & mak+
 incr$ible ?+s appe> probable4 ,b an    
hi/orian is !n j1 :5 he ass]ts su* ?+s z
 he kn[s to be true1 & ( ^? t are       
unc]ta9 reports r ! bett] ?an ! worse4  
,nay1 !re are _m writ]s :o :olly omit ! 
worse4 ,?us ,ephorus writes (           
,!mi/ocles1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! treason 
( ,pausanias & 8 negotiations ) ! ,k+'s 
lieut5ants1 b t he nei!r cons5t$ to x1  
nor he>k5$ to ,pausanias's pr(f]s ( mak+
 him p>tak] ( 8 hopes2 & ,?ucydides left
 ! :ole matt] out ( 8 /ory1 z judg+ x to
 be false4  ,moreov]1 9 ?+s confess$ to 
h be5 done1 b = do+ :i* ! cause &       
int5tion is unkn[n1 he :o ca/s 8        
conjectures on ! wor/ side is p>tial &  

malici\s4 ,?us d ! com$ians1 :o affirm !
 ,peloponnesian w> to h be5 k9dl$ by    
,p]icles = ! love ( ,aspasia or ! sake (
 ,phidias1 & n ?r\gh any desire ( honor1
 or ambition ( pull+ d[n !              
,peloponnesian pride & giv+ place 9 no?+
 to ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,= ^? :o suppose a
 bad cause = laudable works & comm5dable
 actions1 endeavor+ by calumnies to     
ins9uate s9i/] suspicions ( ! actor :5  
!y _c op5ly discomm5d ! act1--z !y t    
impute ! kill+ ( ,alex&] ! tyrant by    
,!ba n to any magnanimity or hatr$ (    
vice1 b to a c]ta9 fem99e jeal\sy &     
passion1 & ^? t say ,cato slew himself =
 fe> ,caes> %\ld put him to a m %ameful 
dea?1--su* z ^! are manife/ly 9 ! highe/
 degree envi\s & malici\s4  ,an         
hi/orical n>ration is also m or less    
guilty ( malice1 accord+ z x relates !  
mann] ( ! action2 z if "o %\ld be said  
to h p]=m$ an exploit r by money ?an    
brav]y1 z "s affirm ( ,philip2 or else  
easily & )\t any labor1 z x is said (   
,alex&]2 or else n by prud5ce1 b by     

,=tune1 z ! enemies ( ,timo!us pa9t$    
cities fall+ into 8 nets z he lay       
sleep+4 ,= !y und\bt$ly dim9i% !        
greatness & beauty ( ! actions1 :o d5y !
 p]=m] ( !m to h done !m g5]\sly1       
indu/ri\sly1 virtu\sly1 & by !mselves4  
,moreov]1 ^? :o w directly speak ill (  
any "o incur ! reproa* ( moros5ess1     
ra%ness1 & madness1 unless !y keep )9   
measure4 ,b !y :o s5d =? calumnies      
obliquely1 z if !y 7 %oot+ arr[s out (  
corn]s1 & !n /epp+ back ?9k to conceal  
!mselves by say+ !y d n believe :at !y  
mo/ e>ne/ly desire to h believ$1 :il/ !y
 disclaim all malice1 condemn !mselves  
also ( f>!r dis+5uity4  ,next to ^! are 
!y :o ) _! reproa*es int]mix "s praises1
 z did ,ari/ox5us1 :o1 hav+ t]m$        
,socrates unle>n$1 ignorant1 & libid9\s1
 add$1 ,yet 0 he free f inju/ice4 ,=1 z 
!y :o flatt] artificially & craftily    
sometimes m+le light repreh5sions ) _!  
_m & great praises1 jo9+ ?is lib]ty (   
spee* z a sauce to _! flatt]y2 s malice1
 t x may ga9 belief to its accusations1 

adds also praise4  ,we might "h also    
reckon up m notes2 b ^! are suffici5t to
 let u und]/& ! nature & mann]s (       
,h]odotus4  ,fir/ !re=e1--beg9n+1 z !   
prov]b is1 ) ,ve/a1--:]eas all !        
,grecians affirm ,io1 daught] to        
,ina*us1 to h be5 wor%ipp$ ) div9e honor
 by ! b>b>ians1 & by h] glory to h left 
h] "n to _m seas & pr9cipal ports1 & to 
h giv5 a s\rce & orig9al to mo/ noble & 
royal families2 ?is fam\s au?or says (  
h]1 t %e gave h]self to c]ta9 ,pho5ician
 m]*ants1 hav+ be5 n unwill+ly defl[]$  
by a m>9]1 & fe>+ le/ %e %\ld be f\nd by
 h] fri5ds to be ) *ild 7,h]odotus1 i4  
#e47 ,& he belies ! ,pho5icians z hav+  
deliv]$ ^! ?+s ( h]1 & says t ! ,p]sian 
/ories te/ify ( h] be+ c>ri$ away by !  
,pho5icians ) o!r wom54 7,ibid4 i4 #a47 
,pres5tly aft]1 he gives s5t5ce on !    
brave/ & greate/ exploits ( ,greece1    
say+ t ! ,trojan w> 0 fooli%ly und]tak5 
= an ill woman4 ,= x is manife/1 says   
he1 t _h !y n be5 will+ !y _h nev] be5  
ravi%$4 7,ibid4 i4 #d47 ,let u !n say1 t

 ! gods also act$ fooli%ly1 9 inflict+  
_! indignation on ! ,sp>tans = abus+ !  
daught]s ( ,sc$asus ! ,leuctrian1 & 9   
puni%+ ,ajax = ! violation ( ,cass&ra4  
,= x is manife/1 if we believe          
,h]odotus1 t if !y _h n be5 will+ !y _h 
nev] be5 defil$4 ,& yet he himself said 
t ,ari/om5es 0 tak5 alive by ! ,sp>tans2
 & ! same aft]w>ds happ5$ to            
,philopoem51 g5]al ( ! ,a*aeans2 & !    
,c>?ag9ians took ,regulus1 ! consul ( ! 
,romans2 ?an :om !re are n easily to be 
f\nd m valiant & w>like m54 ,nor is x to
 be wond]$1 s9ce ev5 leop>ds & tig]s are
 tak5 alive by m54 ,b ,h]odotus blames !
 poor wom5 t h be5 abus$ by viol5ce1 &  
patronizes _! ravi%]s4  ,nay1 he is s   
favorable to ! b>b>ians1 t1 acquitt+    
,busiris ( ^? human sacrifices & t      
slaught] ( 8 gue/s = :i* he is accus$1 &
 attribut+ by 8 te/imony to ! ,egyptians
 mu* religion & ju/ice1 he endeavors to 
ca/ t abom9able wick$ness & ^? impi\s   
murd]s on ! ,grecians4 ,= 9 8 ,second   
,book he says1 t ,m5elaus1 hav+ receiv$ 

,hel5 f ,proteus & hav+ be5 honor$ by   
him ) _m pres5ts1 %[$ himself a mo/     
unju/ & wick$ man2 = want+ a favorable  
w9d to set sail1 he f\nd out an impi\s  
device1 & hav+ tak5 two ( ! inhabitants'
 boys1 consult$ _! entrails2 = :i*      
villany be+ hat$ & p]secut$1 he fl$ ) 8 
%ips directly into ,libya4 7,see        
,h]odotus1 ii4 #de47 ,f :at ,egyptian   
?is /ory proce$s1 ,i "k n4 ,=1 on !     
contr>y1 _m honors are ev5 at ?is day   
giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ,hel5 &         
,m5elaus4  ,! same ,h]odotus1 t he may  
/ill be l himself1 says t ! ,p]sians    
le>n$ ! defil+ ( ! male sex f ! ,greeks4
 7,ibid1 i4 #ace47 ,& yet h[ c\ld !     
,greeks h taught ?is impurity to !      
,p]sians1 among/ :om1 z is confess$ by  
_m1 boys _h be5 ca/rat$ be=e ev] !y     
arriv$ 9 ! ,grecian seas8 ,he writes    
also1 t ! ,greeks 7 in/ruct$ by !       
,egyptians 9 _! pomps1 solemn fe/ivals1 
& wor%ip ( ! twelve gods2 t ,melampus   
also le>n$ ( ! ,egyptians ! "n (        
,dionysus 7or ,bac*us7 & taught x ! o!r 

,greeks2 t ! my/]ies likewise & rites ( 
,c]es 7 br\ght out ( ,egypt by !        
daught]s ( ,danaus2 & t ! ,egyptians 7  
wont to beat !mselves & make great      
lam5tation1 b yet he himself refus$ to  
tell ! names ( _! deities1 b conceal$ !m
 9 sil5ce4 ,z to ,h]cules & ,bac*us1 :om
 ! ,egyptians nam$ gods1 & ! ,greeks v  
ag$ m51 he n[h]e has su* scruples &     
hesitation2 al?\gh he places also !     
,egyptian ,h]cules among/ ! gods ( !    
second rank1 & ,bac*us among/ ^? ( !    
?ird1 z hav+ _h "s beg9n+ ( _! be+ & n  
be+ et]nal1 & yet he pron\nces ^? to be 
gods2 b to ! gods ,bac*us & ,h]cules1 z 
hav+ be5 mortal & be+ n[ demi-gods1 he  
?9ks we ought to p]=m anniv]s>y         
solemnities1 b n to sacrifice to !m z to
 gods4 ,! same also he said ( ,pan1     
ov]?r[+ ! mo/ v5]able & pure/ sacrifices
 ( ! ,greeks by ! pr\d vanities &       
my?ologies ( ! ,egyptians4 7,= !        
passages ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 see     
,h]odotus1 ii4 #dh1 #ea1 #ade1 #adf1    
#aga47  ,nor is ?is impi\s en\gh2 b     

moreov]1 d]iv+ ! p$igree ( ,h]cules f   
,p]seus1 he says t ,p]seus 0 an         
,assyrian1 z ! ,p]sians affirm4 ,b !    
lead]s1 says he1 ( ! ,dorians may appe> 
to be desc5d$ 9 a "r l9e f ! ,egyptians1
 reckon+ _! ance/ors f be=e ,danae &    
,acrisius4 7,h]odotus1 vi4 #ec1 #ed47   
,"h he has :olly pass$ by ,epaphus1 ,io1
 ,iasus1 & ,argus1 be+ ambiti\s n only  
to make ! o!r ,h]culeses ,egyptians &   
,pho5icians b to c>ry ?is also1 :om     
himself decl>es to h be5 ! ?ird1 out (  
,greece to ! b>b>ians4 ,b ( ! anci5t    
le>n$ writ]s1 nei!r ,hom]1 nor ,hesiod1 
nor ,ar*ilo*us1 nor ,pis&]1 nor         
,/esi*orus1 nor ,alcman1 nor ,p9d>1     
makes any m5tion ( ! ,egyptian or !     
,pho5ician ,h]cules1 b all ackn[l$ge ?is
 our own ,boeotian & ,argive ,h]cules4  
,n[ ( ! sev5 sages1 :om he calls        
,sophi/]s1 he affirms ,?ales to h be5 a 
b>b>ian1 desc5d$ ( ! ,pho5icians4       
7,ibid1 i4 #agj47 ,speak+ ill also ( !  
gods "u ! p]son ( ,solon1 he has ^!     
words3 ,?\1 ,o ,croesus1 aske/ me       

conc]n+ human affairs1 :o "k t e "o ( ! 
deities envi\s & tumultu\s4 7,ibid1 i4  
#cb47 ,?us attribut+ to ,solon :at      
himself ?9ks ( ! gods1 he jo9s malice to
 blasphemy4 ,hav+ made use also (       
,pittacus 9 "s trivial matt]s1 n wor? ! 
m5tion+1 he has pass$ ov] ! greate/ &   
gallante/ action t 0 ev] done by him4 ,=
 :5 ! ,a!nians & ,mityl5aeans 7 at w>   
ab\t ,sigaeum1 ,phrynon1 ! ,a!nian      
g5]al1 *all5g+ :oev] w\ld come =? to a  
s+le combat1 ,pittacus advanc$ to meet  
him1 & cat*+ him 9 a net1 slew t /\t &  
giant-l man2 = :i* :5 ! ,mityla5ans (f]$
 him great pres5ts1 d>t+ 8 javel9 z f> z
 he c\ld out ( 8 h&1 he desir$ only s   
mu* gr\nd z he %\ld rea* ) t ?r[2 & !   
place is to ?is day call$ ,pittacium4   
,n[ :at does ,h]odotus1 :5 he comes to  
?is8 ,in/ead ( ,pittacus's valiant act1 
he tells u ! fight ( ,alcaeus ! poet1 :o
 ?r[+ away 8 arms ran out ( ! battle2 by
 ?us n writ+ ( honorable de$s & n pass+ 
ov] su* z are di%onorable1 he (f]s 8    
te/imony to ^? :o say1 t f "o & ! same  

malice proce$ bo? envy & a rejoic+ at   
o!r m5's h>ms4 7,h]odotus v4 #ie47      
,aft] ?is1 he accuses ( treason !       
,alcmaeonidae :o %[$ !mselves g5]\s m51 
& deliv]$ _! c\ntry f tyranny4 7,ibid4  
i4 #fa47 ,he says1 t !y receiv$         
,pisi/ratus aft] 8 bani%m5t & got him   
call$ home1 on condition he %\ld m>ry ! 
daught] ( ,megacles2 b ! damsel say+ to 
h] "m1 ,d y see1 "m1 h[ ,i am kn[n by   
,pisi/ratus contr>y to nature8 ,!       
,alcmaeonidae 7 s (f5d$ at ?is villany1 
t !y expell$ ! tyrant4  ,n[ t !         
,lac$aemonians might h no less %>e ( 8  
malice ?an ! ,a!nians1 behold h[ he     
bespatt]s ,o?ryadas1 ! man mo/ admir$ & 
honor$ by !m4 ,he only1 says ,h]odotus1 
rema9+ alive ( ! ?ree hundr$1 & a%am$ to
 return to ,sp>ta1 8 companions be+ lo/1
 slew himself on ! spot at ,?yreae4     
7,ibid4 i4 #hb47 ,= hav+ be=e said !    
victory 0 d\btful on bo? sides1 he "h1  
by mak+ ,o?ryadas a%am$1 witnesses t !  
,lac$aemonians 7 vanqui%$4 ,= x 0       
%ameful = him to survive1 if conqu]$2 b 

glori\s1 if conqu]or4  ,i pass by n[1 t 
hav+1 repres5t$ ,croesus z fooli%1      
va+lori\s1 & ridicul\s 9 all ?+s1 he    
makes him1 :5 a prison]1 to h taught &  
in/ruct$ ,cyrus1 :o seems to h excell$  
all o!r k+s 9 prud5ce1 virtue1 &        
magnanimity4 7,ibid4 i4 #aee1 #aef1     
#bjg1 #bjh47 ,hav+ te/ifi$ ( ! same     
,croesus no?+ else t 0 comm5dable b 8   
honor+ ! gods ) _m & great oblations1 he
 %[s t v act ( 8 to h be5 ! mo/ impi\s (
 all4 ,= he says1 t he & 8 bro!r        
,pantoleon cont5d$ = ! k+dom :ile _!    
fa!r 0 yet alive2 & t ,croesus1 hav+    
obta9$ ! cr[n1 caus$ a companion &      
famili> fri5d ( ,pantoleon's to be torn 
9 pieces 9 a full+-mill1 & s5t pres5ts  
to ! gods f 8 prop]ty4 7,ibid4 i4 #ib47 
,( ,deioces also1 ! ,m$ian1 :o by virtue
 & ju/ice obta9$ ! gov]nm5t1 he says t  
he got x n by real b pret5d$ ju/ice4    
7,ibid4 i4 #if47  ,b ,i let pass !      
b>b>ian examples1 s9ce he has (f]$ u    
pl5ty en\gh 9 ! ,grecian affairs4 ,he   
says1 t ! ,a!nians & _m o!r ,ionians 7 s

 a%am$ ( t "n t !y :olly refus$ to be   
call$ ,ionians2 & t ^? :o e/eem$        
!mselves ! noble/ among !m1 & :o _h come
 =? f ! v ,prytaneum ( ,a!ns1 begat     
*ildr5 on b>b>ian wives ^: p>5ts1       
husb&s1 & =m] *ildr5 !y _h sla92 t !    
wom5 _h !re=e made a law among !mselves1
 confirm$ x by oa?1 & deliv]$ x to be   
kept by _! daught]s1 nev] to eat ) _!   
husb&s1 nor to call any ( !m by 8 "n2 & 
t ! pres5t ,milesians are desc5d$ f ^!  
wom54 ,hav+ aft]w>ds add$ t ^? are true 
,ionians :o celebrate ! fea/ call$      
,apaturia2 !y all1 says he1 keep x      
except ! ,ephesians & ,colophonians4    
7,h]odotus1 i4 #adc-adh47 ,9 ?is mann]  
does he deprive ^! two /ates ( _!       
nobility4  ,he says moreov]1 t !        
,cumaeans & ,mityl5aeans agre$ ) ,cyrus 
to deliv] up to him = a price ,pactyas1 
:o _h revolt$ f him4 ,i "k n inde$1 says
 he1 = h[ mu*2 s9ce x is n c]ta9 :at x  
04 ,bravo6--n to "k :at x 01 & yet to   
ca/ su* an infamy on a ,grecian city1   
)\t an assur$ k6 ,he says f>!r1 t !     

,*ians took ,pactyas1 :o 0 br\ght to !m 
out ( ! temple ( ,m9]va ,poliu*us 7or   
,gu>dianess ( ! city71 & deliv]$ him up1
 hav+ receiv$ ! city ,at>neus = _!      
recomp5se4 ,& yet ,*>on ! ,lampsac5ian1 
a m anci5t writ]1 relat+ ?is matt]      
conc]n+ ,pactyas1 *>ges nei!r !         
,mityl5aeans nor ! ,*ians ) any su*     
action4 ,^! are 8 v words3 ,pactyas1    
he>+ t ! ,p]sian army drew ne>1 fl$ fir/
 to ,mityl5e1 !n to ,*ios1 & !re fell   
into ! h&s ( ,cyrus4 7,see ,h]odotus1 i4
 #aeg4 etc47  ,our au?or 9 8 ,?ird      
,book1 relat+ ! exp$ition ( !           
,lac$aemonians aga9/ ! tyrant           
,polycrates1 affirms1 t ! ,samians ?9k &
 say t ! ,sp>tans1 to recomp5se !m = _! 
=m] assi/ance aga9/ ! ,mess5ians1 bo?   
br\ght back ! ,samians t 7 bani%$1 &    
made w> on ! tyrant2 b t !              
,lac$aemonians d5y ?is1 & say1 !y       
und]took ?is design n to help or deliv] 
! ,samians1 b to puni% !m = hav+ tak5   
away a cup s5t by !m to ,croesus1 &     
besides1 a brea/plate s5t !m by ,amasis4

 7,ibid4 iii4 #dg1 #dh47 ,& yet we "k t 
!re 0 n at t "t any city s desir\s (    
honor1 or su* an enemy to tyrants1 z    
,sp>ta4 ,= :at brea/plate or cup 0 !    
cause ( _! driv+ ! ,cypselidae out (    
,cor9? & ,ambracia1 ,lygdamis out (     
,naxos1 ! *ildr5 ( ,pisi/ratus out (    
,a!ns1 ,aes*9es out ( ,sicyon1 ,symma*us
 out ( ,?asus1 ,aulis out ( ,phocis1 &  
,ari/og5es out ( ,miletus2 & ( _!       
ov]turn+ ! dom9e]+ p[]s ( ,!ssaly1 pull+
 d[n ,ari/om$es & ,angelus by ! help (  
,k+ ,leoty*ides8--:i* facts are else:]e 
m l>gely describ$4 ,n[1 if ,h]odotus    
says true1 !y 7 9 ! highe/ degree guilty
 bo? ( malice & folly1 :51 d5y+ a mo/   
honorable & mo/ j cause ( _! exp$ition1 
!y confess$ t 9 remembrance ( a =m]     
injury1 & too highly valu+ an           
inconsid]able matt]1 !y invad$ a        
mis]able & afflict$ p4  ,n[ p]haps he   
gave ! ,lac$aemonians ?is /roke1 z      
directly fall+ "u 8 p52 b ! city (      
,cor9?1 :i* 0 :olly out ( ! c\rse ( 8   
/ory1 he has br\ght 9--go+ out ( 8 way  

7z !y say7 to fa/5 ^u x--& has bespatt]$
 x ) a mo/ fil?y crime & mo/ %ameful    
calumny4 ,! ,cor9?ians1 says he1        
/udi\sly help$ ?is exp$ition ( !        
,lac$aemonians to ,samos1 z hav+        
!mselves also be5 =m]ly affront$ by !   
,samians4 ,! matt] 0 ?is4 ,p]i&] tyrant 
( ,cor9? s5t ?ree hundr$ boys1 sons to !
 pr9cipal m5 ( ,corcyra1 to ,k+         
,alyattes1 to be gelt4 ,^!1 go+ a%ore 9 
! isl& ( ,samos1 7 by ! ,samians taught 
to sit z suppliants 9 ! temple ( ,diana1
 :]e !y pres]v$ !m1 sett+ be=e !m = _!  
food sesame m+l$ ) honey4 ,?is our au?or
 calls an affront put by ! ,samians on !
 ,cor9?ians1 :o !re=e in/igat$ !        
,lac$aemonians aga9/ !m1 to wit1 because
 ! ,samians _h sav$ ?ree hundr$ *ildr5 (
 ! ,greeks f be+ unmann$4 ,by attribut+ 
?is villany to ! ,cor9?ians1 he makes ! 
city m wick$ ?an ! tyrant4 ,he inde$ 0  
rev5g+ himself on ^? ( ,corcyra :o _h   
sla9 8 son2 b :at _h ! ,cor9?ians       
suff]$1 t !y %\ld puni% ! ,samians =    
putt+ an ob/acle to s great a cruelty & 

wick$ness8--& ?is1 aft] ?ree g5]ations1 
reviv+ ! memory ( an old qu>rel = ! sake
 ( t tyranny1 :i* !y f\nd s griev\s &   
intol]able t !y are /ill endlessly      
aboli%+ all ! monum5ts & m>ks ( x1 ?\gh 
long s9ce ext9ct4 ,su* !n 0 ! injury    
done by ! ,samians to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,n[ 
:at a k9d ( puni%m5t 0 x ! ,cor9?ians   
w\ld h inflict$ on !m8 ,_h !y be5 inde$ 
angry ) ! ,samians1 !y %\ld n h incit$ !
 ,lac$aemonians1 b r div]t$ !m f _! w>  
aga9/ ,polycrates1 t ! ,samians might n 
by ! tyrant's ov]?r[ recov] lib]ty1 & be
 fre$ f _! slav]y4 ,b 7:at is mo/ to be 
obs]v$7 :y 7 ! ,cor9?ians s (f5d$ ) !   
,samians1 t desir$ inde$ b 7 n able to  
save ! ,corcyraeans *ildr51 & yet 7 n   
displeas$ ) ! ,cnidians1 :o bo? pres]v$ 
!m & re/or$ !m to _! fri5ds8 ,nor inde$ 
h ! ,corcyraeans any great e/eem = !    
,samians on ?is acc\nt2 b ( ! ,cnidians 
!y pres]ve a grateful recollection1 hav+
 grant$ !m sev]al honors & privileges1 &
 made decrees 9 _! favor4 ,= ^!1 sail+  
to ,samos1 drove away ,p]i&]'s gu>ds f !

 temple1 & tak+ ! *ildr5 abo>d _! %ips1 
c>ri$ !m safe to ,corcyra2 z x is       
record$ by ,ant5or ! ,cretan1 & by      
,dionysius ! ,*alcidian 9 8 f\ndations4 
,n[ t ! ,sp>tans und]took n ?is w> on   
any design ( puni%+ ! ,samians1 b to    
save !m by deliv]+ !m f ! tyrant1 we h !
 te/imony ( ! ,samians !mselves4 ,= !y  
affirm t !re is 9 ,samos a monum5t      
erect$ at ! public *>ge1 & honors !re   
done to ,ar*ias a ,sp>tan1 :o fell      
fight+ valiantly 9 t qu>rel2 = :i* cause
 also 8 po/]ity /ill keep a famili> &   
fri5dly correspond5ce ) ! ,samians1 z   
,h]odotus himself witnesses4  ,9 8 ,fif?
 ,book1 he says1 t ,cli/h5es1 "o ( ! be/
 & noble/ m5 9 ,a!ns1 p]suad$ ! prie/ess
 ,py?ia to be a false prophetess1 &     
always to exhort ! ,lac$aemonians to    
free ,a!ns f ! tyrants2 calumniat+ ?is  
mo/ excell5t & j action by ! imputation 
( s great a wick$ness & impo/ure1 & tak+
 f ,apollo ! cr$it ( t true & good      
prophecy1 beseem+ ev5 ,!mis h]self1 :o  
is also said to h jo9$ ) him4 ,he says  

f>!r1 t ,isagoras pro/itut$ 8 wife to   
,cleom5es1 :o came to h]4 7,h]odotus1 v4
 #fc1 #gj47 ,!n1 z 8 mann] is1 to ga9   
cr$it by mix+ "s praises ) 8 reproa*es1 
he says3 ,isagoras ! son ( ,tis&] 0 ( a 
noble family1 b ,i _c tell ! orig9al (  
x2 8 k9sm51 h[ev]1 sacrifice to ! ,c>ian
 ,jupit]4 7,h]odotus1 v4 #ff47 ,o ?is   
pleasant & cunn+ sc(f] ( a writ]1 :o ?us
 disgracefully s5ds ,isagoras to !      
,c>ians1 z x 7 to ! rav5s4 ,z =         
,ari/ogiton1 he puts him n =? at ! back 
door1 b ?ru/s him directly out ( ! gate 
into ,pho5icia1 say+ t he _h 8 orig9al f
 ! ,gephyraeans1 & t ! ,gephyraeans 7 n1
 z "s ?9k1 ,euboeans or ,eretrians1 b   
,pho5icians1 z himself has he>d by      
report4 7,ibid1 v4 #eh47 ,& s9ce he _c  
altoge!r take f ! ,lac$aemonians ! glory
 ( hav+ deliv]$ ! ,a!nians f ! tyrants1 
he endeavors to cl\d & disgrace t mo/   
honorable act by z f\l a passion4 ,= he 
says1 !y pres5tly rep5t$ ( x1 z n hav+  
done well1 9 t !y _h be5 p]suad$ by     
spuri\s & deceitful oracles to drive !  

tyrants1 :o 7 _! allies & _h promis$ to 
put ,a!ns into _! h&s1 out ( _! c\ntry1 
& _h re/or$ ! city to an ungrateful p4  
,he adds1 t !y 7 ab\t to s5d = ,hippias 
f ,sigeum1 & br+ him back to ,a!ns2 b t 
!y 7 oppos$ by ! ,cor9?ians1 ,sosicles  
tell+ !m h[ mu* ! city ( ,cor9? _h      
suff]$ "u ! tyranny ( ,cypselus &       
,p]i&]4 7,ibid1 v4 #ij1 #ia47 ,& yet !re
 0 no outrage ( ,p]i&]'s m abom9able &  
cruel ?an 8 s5d+ ! ?ree hundr$ *ildr5 to
 be emasculat$1 = ! deliv]+ & say+ ( :om
 f t contumely ! ,cor9?ians1 he says1 7 
angry & bore a grudge aga9/ ! ,samians1 
z hav+ put an affront ^u !m4 ,) s mu*   
repugnance & contradiction is t malice (
 8 disc\rse fill$1 :i* on e occasion    
ins9uates itself into 8 n>rations4      
,aft] ?is1 relat+ ! action ( ,s>dis1 he1
 z mu* z 9 him lies1 dim9i%es &         
discr$its ! matt]2 be+ s audaci\s z to  
call ! %ips :i* ! ,a!nians s5t to !     
assi/ance ( ! ,ionians1 :o _h revolt$ f 
! ,k+ ! beg9n+ ( evils1 because !y      
endeavor$ to deliv] s _m & s great      

,grecian cities f ! b>b>ians4 7,ibid1 v4
 #ig47 ,z to ! ,eretrians1 mak+ m5tion (
 !m only by ! way1 he passes ov] 9      
sil5ce a great1 gallant1 & memorable    
action ( !irs4 ,= :5 all ,ionia 0 9 a   
confusion & upro>1 & ! ,k+'s fleet drew 
nigh1 !y1 go+ =? to meet him1 ov]came 9 
a sea-fight ! ,cyprians 9 ! ,pamphylian 
,sea4 ,!n turn+ back & leav+ _! %ips at 
,ephesus1 !y invad$ ,s>dis & besieg$    
,artaph]nes1 :o 0 fl$ into ! ca/le1 t s 
!y might raise ! siege ( ,miletus4 ,&   
?is inde$ !y effect$1 caus+ ! enemies to
 break up _! camp & remove !nce 9 a     
wond]ful fright1 & !n see+ !mselves 9   
dang] to be oppress$ by a multitude1    
retir$4 ,?is n only o!rs1 b ,lysanias ( 
,mallus also 9 8 hi/ory ( ,eretria      
relates1 ?9k+ x conv5i5t1 if = no o!r   
reason1 yet aft] ! tak+ & de/ruction ( !
 city1 to add ?is valiant & h]oic act4  
,b ?is writ] ( ours says1 !y 7 defeat$1 
& pursu$ ev5 to _! %ips by ! b>b>ians2  
?\gh ,*>on ! ,lampsac5ian has no su* ?+1
 b writes ?us1 ^w = ^w3 ,! ,a!nians set 

=? ) tw5ty galleys to ! assi/ance ( !   
,ionians1 & go+ to ,s>dis1 took all     
!reab\ts1 except ! ,k+'s wall2 :i* hav+ 
done1 !y return$ to ,miletus4  ,9 8     
,six? ,book1 our au?or1 disc\rs+ ( !    
,plataeans1--h[ !y gave !mselves to !   
,lac$aemonians1 :o exhort$ !m r to h    
rec\rse to ! ,a!nians1 :o 7 ne>] to !m &
 no bad def5d]s1--adds1 n z a matt] (   
suspicion or op9ion1 b z a ?+ c]ta9ly   
kn[n by him1 t ! ,lac$aemonians gave !  
,plataeans ?is advice1 n s mu* = any    
goodwill1 z ?r\gh a desire to f9d "w = !
 ,a!nians by engag+ !m ) ! ,boeotians4  
7,h]odotus1 vi4 #ajh47 ,if !n ,h]odotus 
is n malici\s1 ! ,lac$aemonians mu/ h   
be5 bo? fraudul5t & spiteful2 & !       
,a!nians fools1 9 suff]+ !mselves to be 
?us impos$ on2 & ! ,plataeans 7 br\ght  
into play1 n = any good-w or respect1 b 
z an occasion ( w>4  ,he is f>!r        
manife/ly conv9c$ ( bely+ !             
,lac$aemonians1 :5 he says t1 :il/ !y   
expect$ ! full moon1 !y fail$ ( giv+ _! 
assi/ance to ! ,a!nians at ,m>a?on4 ,=  

!y n only made a ?\s& o!r excursions &  
fights at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?1 )\t /ay+ = 
! full moon2 b want$ s little ( be+     
pres5t at ?is v battle1 :i* 0 f\ght !   
six? day ( ! mon? ,bo$romion1 t at _!   
com+ !y f\nd ! dead /ill ly+ 9 ! field4 
,& yet he has writt5 ?us ( ! full moon3 
,x 0 impossible = !m to d ^! ?+s at t   
pres5t1 be+ unwill+ to break ! law2 = x 
0 ! n9? ( ! mon?1 & !y said1 !y c\ld n g
 =? on ! n9? day1 ! orb ( ! moon be+ n  
yet full4 ,& !re=e !y /ay$ = ! full     
moon4 7,h]odotus1 vi4 #ajf47 ,b ?\1 ,o  
,h]odotus1 transf]e/ ! full moon f !    
middle to ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?1 & at ! same
 "t conf\nde/ ! heav5s1 days1 & all ?+s2
 & yet ?\ do/ claim to be ! hi/orian (  
,greece6  ,& pr(ess+ to write m         
p>ticul>ly & c>efully ( ! affairs (     
,a!ns1 ?\ do/ n s mu* z say a ^w ( t    
solemn procession :i* ! ,a!nians ev5 at 
?is day s5d to ,agrae1 celebrat+ a fea/ 
( ?anksgiv+ to ,hecate = _! victory4 ,b 
?is helps ,h]odotus to refel ! crime )  
:i* he is *>g$1 ( hav+ flatt]$ !        

,a!nians = a great sum ( money he       
receiv$ ( !m4 ,= if he _h rehe>s$ ^! ?+s
 to !m1 !y w\ld n h omitt$ or neglect$  
to rem>k t ,philippides1 :5 on ! n9? he 
summon$ ! ,lac$aemonians to ! fight1 mu/
 h come f x himself1 s9ce 7z ,h]odotus  
says7 he w5t 9 two days f ,a!ns to      
,sp>ta2 unless ! ,a!nians s5t = _!      
allies to ! fight aft] _! enemies 7     
ov]come4 ,inde$ ,diyllus ! ,a!nian1 none
 ( ! mo/ contemptible z an hi/orian1    
says1 t he receiv$ f ,a!ns a pres5t ( t5
 tal5ts1 ,anytus propos+ ! decree4      
,moreov] ,h]odotus1 z _m say1 has 9     
relat+ ! fight at ,m>a?on d]ogat$ f !   
cr$it ( x1 by ! numb] he sets d[n ( !   
sla94 ,= x is said t ! ,a!nians made a  
v[ to sacrifice s _m kids to ,diana     
,agrot]a1 z !y %\ld kill b>b>ians2 b t  
aft] ! fight1 ! numb] ( ! dead appe>+   
inf9ite1 !y appeas$ ! goddess by mak+ a 
decree to immolate five hundr$ to h] e  
ye>4  ,b lett+ ?is pass1 let u see :at 0
 done aft] ! fight4 ,! b>b>ians1 say he1
 retir+ back ) ! re/ ( _! %ips1 & tak+ !

 ,eretrian slaves out ( ! isl&1 :]e !y  
_h left !m1 d\bl$ ! po9t ( ,sunium1     
desir+ to prev5t ! ,a!nians be=e !y c\ld
 ga9 ! city4 ,! ,a!nians suspect$ ?is to
 h be5 done by a plot ( ! ,alcmaeonidae1
 :o by agreem5t %[$ a %ield to !        
,p]sians :5 !y 7 got into _! %ips4 ,!y  
!re=e d\bl$ ! cape ( ,sunium4           
7,h]odotus1 vi4 #aae1 #aba-abd47 ,let u 
9 ?is place take no notice ( 8 call+ !  
,eretrians slaves1 :o %[$ z mu* c\rage &
 gallantry 9 ?is w> z any o!r ( !       
,grecians1 & suff]$ ?+s unwor?y _!      
virtue4 ,nor let u insi/ mu* on !       
calumny ) :i* he defames !              
,alcmaeonidae1 "s ( :om 7 bo? ! greate/ 
families & noble/ m5 ( ! city4 ,b !     
greatness ( ! victory itself is ov]?r[n1
 & ! end ( t s celebrat$ action comes to
 no?+1 nor does x seem to h be5 a fight 
or any great exploit1 b only a light    
skirmi% ) ! b>b>ians1 z ! envi\s &      
ill-will]s affirm1 if !y did n aft] !   
battle fly away1 cutt+ _! cables & giv+ 
!mselves to ! w9d1 to c>ry !m z f> z    

might be f ! ,attic coa/1 b hav+ a %ield
 lift$ up to !m z a signal ( treason1   
made /raight ) _! fleet = ,a!ns1 9 hope 
to surprise x1 & hav+ at leisure d\bl$ !
 po9t ( ,sunium1 7 discov]$ above ! port
 ,phal]um1 s t ! *ief & mo/ illu/ri\s   
m51 despair+ to save ! city w\ld h      
betray$ x4 ,= a little aft]1 acquitt+ ! 
,alcmaeonidae1 he *>ges o!rs ) !        
treason4 ,= ! %ield inde$ 0 %[n1 nor c x
 be d5i$1 says he1 z if he _h se5 x     
himself4 ,b ?is c\ld no way be1 s9ce !  
,a!nians obta9$ a solid victory2 & if x 
_h be5 done1 x c\ld n h be5 se5 by !    
b>b>ians1 fly+ 9 a hurry amid/ w\nds &  
arr[s into _! %ips1 & leav+ e "o ! place
 ) all possible spe$4 ,b :5 he aga9     
pret5ds to excuse ! ,alcmaeonidae ( ^?  
crimes :i* he fir/ ( all m5 object$     
aga9/ !m1 & speaks ?us3 ,i _c cr$it !   
report t ! ,alcmaeonidae by agreem5t    
w\ld ev] h lift$ up a %ield to !        
,p]sians1 & h br\ght ! ,a!nians "u ! p[]
 ( ! b>b>ians & ,hippias2 x rem9ds me ( 
a c]ta9 prov]bial sav+1--,/ay & be      

caught1 crab1 & ,i'll let y g4 ,= :y art
 ?\ s eag] to cat* him1 if ?\ wilt let  
him g :5 he is caught8 ,?us y fir/      
accuse1 !n apologize2 & y write         
calumnies aga9/ illu/ri\s m51 :i* aga9 y
 refute4 ,& y discr$it y\rself2 = y he>d
 no "o else b y\rself say t !           
,alcmaeonidae lift$ up a %ield to !     
vanqui%$ & fly+ b>b>ians4 ,& 9 ^? v ?+s 
:i* y allege = ! ,alcmaeonidae1 y %[    
y\rself a sycophant4 ,= if1 z "h y      
write1 ! ,alcmaeonidae 7 m or no less   
enemies to tyrants ?an ,callias1 ! son (
 ,pha5ippus & fa!r ( ,hipponicus1 :]e w 
y place _! conspiracy1 ( :i* y write 9  
y\r ,fir/ ,book1 t assi/+ ,pisi/ratus !y
 br\ght him back f exile to ! tyranny & 
did n drive him away till he 0 accus$ ( 
unnaturally abus+ 8 wife8 ,su* !n are ! 
repugnances ( ^! ?+s2 & by 8 int]mix+ ! 
praises ( ,callias1 ! son ( ,pha5ippus1 
amid/ ! crimes & suspicions ( !         
,alcmaeonidae1 & jo9+ to him 8 son      
,hipponicus1 :o 0 7z ,h]odotus himself  
says7 "o ( ! ri*e/ m5 9 ,a!ns1 he       

confesses t he br\ght 9 ,callias n = any
 necessity ( ! /ory1 b to +ratiate      
himself & ga9 favor ) ,hipponicus4  ,n[1
 :]eas all "k t ! ,argives d5i$ n to    
ent] into ! common league ( ! ,grecians1
 ?\gh !y ?\ght n fit to foll[ & be "u ! 
comm& ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 :o 7 _! mortal
 enemies1 & t ?is 0 no o!rways1 our     
au?or subjo9s a mo/ malici\s cause = x1 
writ+ ?us3 ,:5 !y saw !y 7 compris$ by !
 ,greeks1 kn[+ t ! ,lac$aemonians w\ld n
 admit !m into a %>e ( ! comm&1 !y      
reque/$ x1 t !y might h a pret5ce to lie
 /ill4 ,& ( ?is1 he says1 ! ,argive     
ambassadors aft]w>ds put ,artax]xes 9   
m9d1 :5 !y att5d$ him at ,susa1 & ! ,k+ 
said1 he e/eem$ no city m 8 fri5d ?an   
,argos4 ,!n add+1 z 8 mann] is1 to cov] 
! matt]1 he says3 ,( ^! ?+s ,i "k no?+  
c]ta9ly2 b ?is ,i "k1 t all m5 h faults1
 & t ! wor/ ?+s 7 n done by ! ,argives2 
b ,i mu/ tell su* ?+s z are report$1    
?\gh ,i am n b\nd to believe !m all2 &  
let ?is be und]/ood ( all my n>rations4 
,= x is f>!r said t ! ,argives1 :5 !y 7 

n able to su/a9 ! w> aga9/ !            
,lac$aemonians1 call$ ! ,p]sians into   
,greece1 will+ to suff] any?+ r ?an !   
pres5t tr\ble4 7,h]odotus1 vii4         
#adh-aeb47 ,!re=e1 z himself reports !  
,e?iopian to h said ( ! o9tm5t & purple1
 ,deceitful are ! beauties1 deceitful ! 
g>m5ts ( ! ,p]sians1 7,h]odotus1 iii4   
#bb47 may n any "o say also ( him1      
,deceitful are ! phrases1 deceitful !   
figures ( ,h]odotus's spee*es2 z be+    
p]plex$1 uns\nd1 & full ( ambiguities8  
,= z pa9t]s set (f & r5d] m em95t !     
lum9\s "p ( _! pictures by add+ %ad[s1 s
 he by 8 d5ials ext5ds 8 calumnies1 & by
 8 dubi\s spee*es makes 8 suspicions    
take deep] impression4 ,if ! ,argives   
jo9$ n ) ! o!r ,greeks1 b /ood out ?r\gh
 an emulation ( ! ,lac$aemonians comm& &
 valor1 x _c be d5i$ b t !y act$ 9 a    
mann] n beseem+ _! nobility & desc5t f  
,h]cules4 ,= x _h be5 m honorable = !   
,argives "u ! lead]%ip ( ,siphnians &   
,cy?nians to h def5d$ ! ,grecian lib]ty1
 ?an cont5d+ ) ! ,sp>tans = sup]iority  

to h avoid$ s _m & su* signal combats4  
,& if x 0 !y :o br\ght ! ,p]sians into  
,greece1 because _! w> aga9/ !          
,lac$aemonians succe$$ ill1 h[ came x to
 pass1 t !y did n at ! com+ ( ,x]xes    
op5ly jo9 !mselves to ! ,m$es8 ,or if !y
 w\ld n fight "u ! ,k+1 :y did !y n1 be+
 left at home1 make incursions into     
,laconia or aga9 attempt ,?yreae or by  
"s o!r way di/urb & infe/ !             
,lac$aemonians8 ,= !y might h greatly   
damag$ ! ,grecians1 by h9d]+ ! ,sp>tans 
f go+ ) s great an army to ,plataea4  ,b
 9 ?is place inde$ he has highly        
magnifi$ ! ,a!nians & pron\nc$ !m !     
savi\rs ( ,greece1 do+ h]e9 rightly &   
ju/ly1 if he _h n int]mix$ _m reproa*es 
) _! praises4 ,b n[1 :5 he says 7,ibid4 
vii4 #aci47 t 7b = ! ,a!nians7 !        
,lac$aemonians w\ld h be5 betray$ by !  
o!r ,greeks1 & !n1 be+ left alone & hav+
 p]=m$ great exploits1 !y w\ld h di$    
g5]\sly2 or else1 hav+ be=e se5 t !     
,greeks 7 favor+ ! ,m$es1 !y w\ld h made
 t]ms ) ,x]xes2 x is manife/1 he speaks 

n ^! ?+s to ! comm5dation ( ! ,a!nians1 
b he praises ! ,a!nians t he may speak  
ill ( all ! re/4 ,= h[ c any "o n[ be   
angry ) him = s bitt]ly & intemp]ately  
upbraid+ ! ,!bans & ,phocians at e turn1
 :5 he *>ges ev5 ^? :o expos$ !mselves  
to all p]ils = ,greece ) a treason :i* 0
 nev] act$1 b :i* 7z he ?9ks7 might h   
be54 ,nay1 ( ! ,lac$aemonians !mselves1 
he makes x d\btful :e!r !y might h fall5
 9 ! battle or h yield$ to ! enemy1     
m9imiz+ ! pro(s ( _! valor :i* 7 %[n at 
,!rmopylae2--& ^! inde$ 7 small6  ,aft] 
?is1 :5 he decl>es ! %ipwreck t befell !
 ,k+'s fleet1 & h[1 an inf9ite mass (   
weal? be+ ca/ away1 ,am9ocles !         
,magnesian1 son ( ,cres9es1 0 greatly   
enri*$ by x1 hav+ gott5 an imm5se       
quantity ( gold & silv]2 he c\ld n s mu*
 z let ?is pass )\t sn>l+ at x4 ,= ?is  
man1 say %e1 :o _h till !n be5 none ( ! 
mo/ =tunate1 by wrecks became exce$+    
ri*2 = ! mis=tune he _h 9 kill+ 8 son   
mu* afflict$ 8 m9d4 7,h]odotus1 vii4    
#aij47 ,?is inde$ is manife/ to e "o1 t 

he br\ght ?is gold5 treasure & ?is weal?
 ca/ up by ! sea into 8 hi/ory1 t he    
might make way = ! ins]t+ ,am9ocles's   
kill+ 8 son4  ,n[ ,ari/ophanes !        
,boeotian wrote1 t ,h]odotus dem&$ money
 ( ! ,!bans b receiv$ none & t go+ ab\t 
to disc\rse & reason ) ! "y m51 he 0    
prohibit$ by ! magi/rates ?r\gh _!      
cl[ni%ness & hatr$ ( le>n+2 ( :i* !re is
 no o!r argum5t4 ,b ,h]odotus be>s      
witness to ,ari/ophanes1 :il/ he *>ges !
 ,!bans ) "s ?+s falsely1 ) o!rs        
ignorantly1 & ) o!rs z hat+ !m & hav+ a 
qu>rel ) !m4 ,= he affirms t !          
,!ssalians at fir/ ^u necessity incl9$  
to ! ,p]sians1 7,ibid1 vii4 #agb47 9 :i*
 he says ! tru?2 & prophesy+ ( ! o!r    
,grecians t !y w\ld betray !            
,lac$aemonians1 he add$1 t !y w\ld n d x
 will+ly1 b ^u necessity1 "o city be+   
tak5 aft] ano!r4 ,b he does n all[ !    
,!bans ! same plea ( necessity1 al?\gh  
!y s5t to ,tempe five hundr$ m5 "u !    
comm& ( ,mnamias1 & to ,!rmopylae z _m z
 ,leonidas desir$1 :o also alone ) !    

,!spians /ood by him1 ! re/ leav+ him   
aft] he 0 surr\nd$4 ,b :5 ! b>b>ian1    
hav+ possess$ himself ( ! av5ues1 0 got 
into _! conf9es1 & ,dem>atus ! ,sp>tan1 
favor+ 9 "r ( hospitality ,attag9us1 !  
*ief ( ! olig>*y1 _h s wr\ght t he      
became ! ,k+'s fri5d & famili>1 :il/ !  
o!r ,greeks 7 9 _! %ips1 & none came on 
by l&2 !n at la/ be+ =sak5 did !y accept
 conditions ( peace1 to :i* !y 7        
compell$ by great necessity4 ,= !y _h   
nei!r ! sea & %ips at h&1 z _h !        
,a!nians2 nor did !y dwell f> (f1 z !   
,sp>tans1 :o inhabit$ ! mo/ remote p>ts 
( ,greece2 b 7 n above a day & half's   
j\rney f ! ,p]sian army1 :om !y _h      
already ) ! ,sp>tans & ,!spians alone   
resi/$ at ! entrance ( ! /raits1 & 7    
defeat$4  ,b ?is writ] is s equitable1 t
 hav+ said1 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 be+ alone
 & des]t$ by _! allies1 w\ld p]haps h   
made a composition ) ,x]xes1 he yet     
blames ! ,!bans1 :o 7 =c$ to ! same act 
by ! same necessity4 ,b :5 he c\ld n    
:olly oblit]ate ?is mo/ great & glori\s 

act ( ! ,!bans1 yet w5t he ab\t to      
deface x ) a mo/ vile imputation &      
suspicion1 writ+ ?us3 ,! conf$]ates :o  
_h be5 s5t return$ back1 obey+ ! comm&s 
( ,leonidas2 !re rema9$ only ) !        
,lac$aemonians ! ,!spians & ! ,!bans3 ( 
^!1 ! ,!bans /ay$ aga9/ _! wills1 =     
,leonidas reta9$ !m z ho/ages2 b !      
,!spians mo/ will+ly1 z !y said !y w\ld 
nev] dep>t f ,leonidas & ^? t 7 ) him4  
7,h]odotus1 vii4 #bbb47 ,does he n "h   
manife/ly discov] himself to h a peculi>
 pique & hatr$ aga9/ ! ,!bans1 by !     
impulse ( :i* he n only falsely &       
unju/ly calumniat$ ! city1 b did n s mu*
 z take c>e to r5d] 8 contradiction     
probable1 or to conceal1 at lea/ f a few
 m51 8 be+ consci\s ( hav+ kn[+ly       
contradict$ himself8 ,= hav+ be=e said t
 ,leonidas1 p]ceiv+ 8 conf$]ates n to be
 9 good he>t nor prep>$ to und]go dang]1
 wi%$ !m to dep>t1 he a little aft] adds
 t ! ,!bans 7 aga9/ _! wills deta9$ by  
him2 :]eas1 if he _h believ$ !m incl9$  
to ! ,p]sians1 he %\ld h driv5 !m away  

?\gh !y _h be5 will+ to t>ry4 ,= if he  
?\ght t ^? :o 7 n brisk w\ld be useless1
 to :at purpose 0 x to mix among 8      
soldi]s ^? t 7 suspect$8 ,nor 0 ! k+ ( !
 ,sp>tans & g5]al ( all ,greece s       
s5seless z to ?9k t f\r hundr$ arm$     
,!bans c\ld be deta9$ z ho/ages by 8    
?ree hundr$1 especially ! enemy be+ bo? 
9 8 front & re>4 ,= ?\gh at fir/ he     
might h tak5 !m along ) him z ho/ages2 x
 is c]ta9ly probable t at la/1 hav+ no  
reg>d = him1 !y w\ld h gone away f him1 
& t ,leonidas w\ld h m fe>$ 8 be+       
encompass$ by !m ?an by ! enemy4        
,fur!rmore1 w\ld n ,leonidas h be5      
ridicul\s1 to h s5t away ! o!r ,greeks1 
z if by /ay+ !y %\ld soon aft] h di$1 & 
to h deta9$ ! ,!bans1 t be+ himself ab\t
 to die1 he might keep !m = ! ,greeks8  
,= if he _h inde$ c>ri$ !m along ) him =
 ho/ages1 or r = slaves1 he %\ld n h    
kept !m ) ^? t 7 at ! po9t ( p]i%+1 b h 
deliv]$ !m to ! ,greeks t w5t away4 ,!re
 rema9$ b "o cause t might be alleg$ =  
,leonidas's unwill+ness to let !m g1 to 

wit1 t !y might die ) him2 & ?is our    
hi/orian himself has tak5 away1 writ+   
?us ( ,leonidas's ambition3 ,leonidas1  
consid]+ ^! ?+s1 & desir\s t ?is glory  
might r$\nd to ! ,sp>tans alone1 s5t    
away 8 conf$]ates r = ?is ?an because !y
 diff]$ 9 _! op9ions4 7,h]odotus1 vii4  
#bbj47 ,= x _h c]ta9ly be5 ! height (   
folly to keep 8 enemies aga9/ _! wills1 
to be p>tak]s ( t glory f :i* he drove  
away 8 conf$]ates4 ,b x is manife/ f !  
effects1 t ,leonidas suspect$ n ! ,!bans
 ( ins9c]ity1 b e/eem$ !m to be 8       
/eadfa/ fri5ds4 ,= he m>*$ ) 8 army into
 ,!bes1 & at 8 reque/ obta9$ t :i* 0    
nev] grant$ to any o!r1 to sleep )9 !   
temple ( ,h]cules2 & ! next morn+ he    
relat$ to ! ,!bans ! vision t _h appe>$ 
to him4 ,= he imag9$ t he saw ! mo/     
illu/ri\s & greate/ cities ( ,greece    
irregul>ly toss$ & float+ up & d[n on a 
v /ormy & tempe/u\s sea2 t ,!bes1 be+   
c>ri$ above all ! re/1 0 lift$ up on    
high to heav51 & sudd5ly aft] disappe>$4
 ,& ?is inde$ _h a resemblance ( ^? ?+s 

:i* long aft] befell t city4  ,n[       
,h]odotus1 9 8 n>ration ( t fight1 ha?  
obscur$ also ! brave/ act ( ,leonidas1  
say+ t !y all fell 9 ! /raits ne> !     
hill4 7,h]odotus1 vii4 #bbe47 ,b !      
affair 0 o!rwise manag$4 ,= :5 !y       
p]ceiv$ by night t !y 7 encompass$ by ! 
b>b>ians1 !y m>*$ /raight to ! enemies' 
camp1 & got v ne> ! ,k+'s pavilion1 ) a 
resolution to kill him & leave _! lives 
ab\t him4 ,!y came !n to 8 t5t1 kill+ or
 putt+ to flight all !y met2 b :5 ,x]xes
 0 n f\nd !re1 seek+ him 9 t va/ camp & 
w&]+ ab\t1 !y 7 at la/ ) mu* difficulty 
sla9 by ! b>b>ians1 :o surr\nd$ !m on e 
side4 ,:at o!r acts & say+s ( ! ,sp>tans
 ,h]odotus has omitt$1 we w write 9 !   
,life ( ,leonidas2 yet t h9d]s n b we   
may "h set d[n also "s few4 ,be=e       
,leonidas w5t =? to t w>1 ! ,sp>tans    
exhibit$ to him fun]al spectacles1 at   
:i* ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ^? t w5t along )  
him 7 spectators4 ,leonidas himself1 :5 
"o said to him1 ,y lead v few ) y to !  
battle1 answ]$1 ,!re are _m to die !re4 

,:5 8 wife1 at 8 dep>ture1 ask$ him :at 
comm&s he _h = h]2 he1 turn+ to h]1     
said1 ,i comm& y to m>ry a good man1 &  
br+ him good *ildr54 ,aft] he 0 enclos$ 
by ! enemy at ,!rmopylae1 desir+ to save
 two t 7 relat$ to him1 he gave "o ( !m 
a lett] & s5t him away2 b he reject$ x1 
say+ angrily1 ,i foll[$ y z a soldi]1 n 
z a po/man4 ,! o!r he comm&$ to g on a  
message to ! magi/rates ( ,sp>ta2 b he1 
answ]+1 t is a mess5g]'s bus9ess1 took 8
 %ield1 & /ood up 9 8 rank4 ,:o w\ld n h
 blam$ ano!r t %\ld h omitt$ ^! ?+s8 ,b 
he :o has collect$ & record$ ! f>t (    
,amasis1 ! com+ ( ! ?ief's asses1 & !   
giv+ ( bottles1 & _m su* l ?+s1 _c seem 
to h omitt$ ^! gallant acts & ^!        
rem>kable say+s by neglig5ce & ov]sight1
 b z be>+ ill-w & be+ unju/ to "s4  ,he 
says t ! ,!bans1 be+ at ! fir/ ) !      
,greeks1 f\ght compell$ by necessity4   
7,ibid1 vii4 #bcc47 ,= belike n only    
,x]xes1 b ,leonidas also1 _h :ip/]s     
foll[+ 8 camp1 by :om ! ,!bans 7 sc\rg$ 
& =c$ aga9/ _! wills to fight4 ,& :at m 

ru?less libell] c\ld !re be ?an         
,h]odotus1 :5 he says t !y f\ght ^u     
necessity1 :o might h gone away & fl$1 &
 t !y incl9$ to ! ,p]sians1 :]eas n "o  
came 9 to help !m4 ,aft] ?is1 he writes 
t1 ! re/ mak+ to ! hill1 ! ,!bans       
sep>at$ !mselves f !m1 lift$ up _! h&s  
to ! b>b>ian1 & com+ ne>1 cri$ ) a mo/  
true voice1 t !y _h favor$ ! ,p]sians1  
_h giv5 e>? & wat] to ! ,k+1 t n[ be+   
=c$ by necessity !y 7 come to           
,!rmopylae1 & t !y 7 innoc5t ( ! ,k+'s  
w\nd4 ,hav+ said ^! ?+s1 !y obta9$      
qu>t]2 = !y _h ! ,!ssalians = witnesses 
( all !y said4 ,behold1 h[ amid/ !      
b>b>ians1 exclamations1 tumults ( all   
sorts1 flights & pursuits1 _! apology 0 
he>d1 ! witnesses exam9$2 & !           
,!ssalians1 9 ! mid/ ( ^? t 7 sla9 &    
trodd5 "u foot1 all be+ done 9 a v n>r[ 
passage1 patroniz$ ! ,!bans1 to wit1    
because ! ,!bans _h b a little be=e     
driv5 away !m1 :o 7 possess$ ( all      
,greece z f> z1 ,!spiae1 hav+ conqu]$ !m
 9 a battle1 & sla9 _! lead] ,lattamyas6

 ,= ?us at t "t /ood matt]s betwe5 !    
,boeotians & ! ,!ssalians1 )\t any      
fri5d%ip or good-w4 ,b yet h[ did !     
,!bans escape1 ! ,!ssalians help+ !m )  
_! te/imonies8 ,"s ( !m1 says he1 7 sla9
 by ! b>b>ians2 _m ( !m 7 by comm& (    
,x]xes m>k$ ) ! royal m>k1 beg9n+ ) _!  
lead] ,leontiades4 ,n[ ! capta9 ( !     
,!bans at ,!rmopylae 0 n ,leontiades1 b 
,anax&]1 z bo? ,ari/ophanes1 out ( !    
,comm5t>ies ( ! ,magi/rates1 & ,nic&] ! 
,colophonian h taught u4 ,nor did any   
man be=e ,h]odotus "k t ! ,!bans 7      
/igmatiz$ by ,x]xes2 = o!rwise ?is w\ld 
h be5 an excell5t plea = !m aga9/ 8     
calumny1 & ?is city might well h glori$ 
9 ^! m>ks1 t ,x]xes _h puni%$ ,leonidas 
& ,leontiades z 8 greate/ enemies1 hav+ 
outrag$ ! body ( ! "o :5 he 0 dead1 &   
caus$ ! o!r to be torm5t$ :il/ liv+4 ,b 
z to a writ] :o makes ! b>b>ian's       
cruelty aga9/ ,leonidas :5 dead a sign t
 he hat$ him mo/ ( all m5 :5 liv+1      
7,h]odotus1 vii4 #bch47 & yet says t !  
,!bans1 ?\gh favor+ ! ,p]sians1 7       

/igmatiz$ by !m at ,!rmopylae1 & hav+   
be5 ?us /igmatiz$1 aga9 *e]fully took _!
 p>ts at ,plataea1 x seems to me t su* a
 man--l t ,hippoclides 7,see ,h]odotus1 
vi4 #abf-acj47 :o ge/iculat+ ) 8 limbs  
by /&+ on 8 head on a table--w\ld dance 
away ! tru? & say1 ,x makes no diff]5ce 
to ,h]odotus4  ,9 ! ,eigh? ,book our    
au?or says1 t ! ,greeks be+ fright$     
design$ to fly f ,artemisium into       
,greece1 & t1 be+ reque/$ by ! ,euboeans
 to /ay a little till !y c\ld dispose ( 
_! wives & families1 !y reg>d$ !m n1    
till su* "t z ,!mi/ocles1 hav+ tak5     
money ( !m1 divid$ x betwe5 ,eurybiades 
& ,adimantus1 ! capta9 ( ! ,cor9?ians1 &
 t !n !y /ay$ & _h a sea-fight ) !      
b>b>ians 7,ibid4 viii4 #d47 ,yet ,p9d>1 
:o 0 n a citiz5 ( any ( ! conf$]ate     
cities1 b ( "o t 0 suspect$ to take "p )
 ! ,m$ians1 hav+ made m5tion (          
,artemisium1 brake =? into ?is          
exclamation3 ,?is is ! place :]e ! sons 
( ! ,a!nians laid ! glori\s f\ndation ( 
lib]ty4 ,b ,h]odotus1 by :om1 z "s w h  

x1 ,greece is honor$1 makes t victory a 
"w ( brib]y & !ft1 say+ t ! ,greeks1    
deceiv$ by _! capta9s1 :o _h to t end   
tak5 money1 f\ght aga9/ _! wills4 ,nor  
does he "h put an end to 8 malice4 ,all 
m5 9 a mann] confess t1 al?\gh ! ,greeks
 got ! bett] at sea1 !y nev]!less ab&on$
 ,artemisium to ! b>b>ians aft] !y _h   
receiv$ ! news ( ! ov]?r[ at ,!rmopylae4
 ,= x 0 to no purpose = !m to /ay !re & 
keep ! sea1 ! w> be+ already )9         
,!rmopylae1 & ,x]xes hav+ possess$      
himself ( ! av5ues4 ,b ,h]odotus makes !
 ,greeks contriv+ to fly be=e !y he>d   
any?+ ( ,leonidas's dea?4 ,= ?us he     
says3 ,b !y hav+ be5 ill-treat$1 &      
especially ! ,a!nians1 half ( ^: %ips 7 
sorely %att]$1 consult$ to take _!      
flight into ,greece4 7,ibid4 viii4 #ah47
 ,b let him be p]mitt$ s to "n 7or r    
reproa*7 ?is retreat ( !irs be=e !      
fight2 b hav+ be=e call$ x a flight1 he 
bo? n[ /yles x a flight1 & w aga9 a     
little aft] t]m x a flight2 s bitt]ly   
does he adh]e to ?is ^w flight4         

,pres5tly aft] ?is1 says he1 !re came to
 ! b>b>ians 9 ! p9nace a man ( ,he/iaea1
 :o acqua9t$ !m ) ! flight ( ! ,grecians
 f ,artemisium4 ,!y1 because ! ?+ seem$ 
incr$ible1 kept ! mess5g] 9 cu/ody1 &   
s5t =? "s light galleys to discov] !    
tru?4 7,h]odotus1 viii4 #bc47 ,b :at is 
?is y say8 ,t !y fl$ z conqu]$1 :om !   
enemies aft] ! fight c\ld n believe to h
 fl$1 z hav+ got mu* ! bett]8 ,is !n ?is
 a fell[ fit to be believ$ :5 he writes 
( any man or city1 :o 9 "o ^w deprives  
,greece ( ! victory1 ?r[s d[n ! trophy1 
& pron\nces ! inscriptions !y _h set up 
to ,diana ,proseoa 7,,ea/w>d-,,fac+7 to 
be no?+ b pride & va9 boa/+8 ,! t5or ( !
 inscription 0 z foll[s3--       ,:5    
,a!ns y\? _h 9 a naval fight      ,all  
,asia's =ces on ?is sea o'v]?r[n1       
,& all ! ,p]sian army put to flight1    
,?an :i* a great] sc>e 0 ev] kn[n1      
,to %[ h[ mu* ,diana !y respect$1       
,?is trophy to h] honor !y erect$4      
,moreov]1 n hav+ describ$ any ord] ( !  
,greeks1 nor told u :at place e city (  

!irs held dur+ ! sea-fight1 he says t 9 
?is retreat1 :i* he calls _! flight1 !  
,cor9?ians sail$ fir/ & ! ,a!nians la/4 
7,ibid4 viii1 #ba47  ,he inde$ ought n  
to h too mu* insult$ ov] ! ,greeks t    
took "p ) ! ,p]sians1 :o1 be+ by o!rs   
?\ght a ,?urian1 reckons himself among !
 ,halic>nassians1 :o1 be+ ,dorians by   
desc5t1 w5t ) _! wives & *ildr5 to ! w> 
aga9/ ! ,greeks4 ,b he is s f> f giv+   
fir/ an acc\nt ( ! /raits !y 7 9 :o     
revolt$ to ! ,p]sians1 t1 hav+ relat$ h[
 ! ,!ssalians s5t to ! ,phocians1 :o 7  
_! mortal enemies1 & promis$ to pres]ve 
_! c\ntry free f all damage if !y might 
receive f !m a rew>d ( fifty tal5ts1 he 
writ ?us ( ! ,phocians3 ,= ! ,phocians 7
 ! only p 9 ^! qu>t]s :o incl9$ n to !  
,p]sians1 & t1 z f> z ,i ^u due         
consid]ation c f9d1 = no o!r reason b   
because !y hat$ ! ,!ssalians2 = if !    
,!ssalians _h be5 affect$ to ! ,grecian 
affairs1 ,i suppose ! ,phocians w\ld h  
jo9$ !mselves to ! ,p]sians4 ,& yet1 a  
little aft] he w\ld say t ?irte5 cities 

( ! ,phocians 7 burn$ by ! b>b>ians1 _! 
c\ntry laid wa/e1 & ! temple :i* 0 9    
,abae set on fire1 & all ( bo? sexes put
 to ! sword1 except ^? t by flight      
escap$ to ,p>nassus4 7,h]odotus1 viii4  
#cj-cc4 ,comp>e ix4 #ag47 ,nev]!less1 he
 puts ^? :o suff]$ all extremities r ?an
 lose _! hone/y 9 ! same rank ) ^? :o   
mo/ affectionately sid$ ) ! ,p]sians4 ,&
 :5 he c\ld n blame ! ,phocians actions1
 writ+ at 8 desk inv5t$ false causes &  
got up suspicions aga9/ !m1 & bids u    
judge !m n by :at !y did1 b by :at !y   
w\ld h done if ! ,!ssalians _h n tak5 ! 
same side1 z if !y _h be5 prev5t$ f     
treason because !y f\nd ! place already 
occupi$ by o!rs6 ,n[ if any "o1 go+ ab\t
 to excuse ! revolt ( ! ,!ssalians to ! 
,p]sians1 %\ld say t !y w\ld n h done x 
b = ! hatr$ !y b>e ! ,phocians1--:om :5 
!y saw jo9$ to ! ,greeks1 !y aga9/ _!   
incl9ations foll[$ ! p>ty ( !           
,p]sians1--w\ld n su* a "o be ?\ght mo/ 
%amefully to flatt]1 & = ! sake ( o!rs  
to p]v]t ! tru?1 by reign+ good causes =

 evil actions8 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k1 he w\ld4 
,:y !n w\ld n he be ?\ght op5ly to      
calumniate1 :o says t ! ,phocians *ose !
 be/1 n = ! love ( virtue1 b because !y 
saw ! ,!ssalians on ! contr>y side8 ,=  
nei!r does he ref] ?is device to o!r    
au?ors1 z he is else:]e wont to d1 b    
says t himself f\nd x out by conjecture4
 ,he %\ld !re=e h produc$ c]ta9         
argum5ts1 by :i* he 0 p]suad$ t !y1 :o  
did ?+s l ! be/1 foll[$ ! same c\nsels )
 ! wor/4 ,= :at he alleges ( _! hatr$s  
is ridicul\s4 ,= nei!r did ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! ,aeg9etans & ! ,a!nians1 nor t 
betwe5 ! ,*alcidians & ! ,eretrians1 nor
 yet t betwe5 ! ,cor9?ians & !          
,meg>ians1 h9d] !m f fight+ toge!r =    
,greece4 ,nor did ! ,mac$onians1 _! mo/ 
bitt] enemies1 turn ! ,!ssalians f _!   
fri5d%ip ) ! b>b>ians1 by jo9+ ! ,p]sian
 p>ty !mselves4 ,= ! common dang] did s 
bury _! private grudges1 t bani%+ _! o!r
 passions1 !y appli$ _! m9ds ei!r to    
hone/y = ! sake ( virtue1 or to pr(it   
?r\gh ! impulse ( necessity4 ,& inde$1  

aft] t necessity :i* compell$ !m to obey
 ! ,p]sians 0 ov]1 !y return$ aga9 to ! 
,greeks1 z ,lacrates ! ,sp>tan has op5ly
 te/ifi$ ( !m4 ,& ,h]odotus1 z con/ra9$ 
to x1 9 8 relation ( ! affairs at       
,plataea1 confess$ t ! ,phocians took "p
 ) ! ,greeks4 7,h]odotus1 ix4 #ca47     
,nei!r ought x to seem /range to any1 if
 he ?us bitt]ly inveighs aga9/ !        
un=tunate2 s9ce he reckons among/       
enemies & traitors ^? :o 7 pres5t at !  
engagem5t1 & toge!r ) ! o!r ,greeks     
haz>d$ _! safety4 ,= ! ,naxians1 says   
he1 s5t ?ree %ips to ! assi/ance ( !    
b>b>ians2 b ,democritus1 "o ( _!        
capta9s1 p]suad$ ! o!rs to take ! p>ty (
 ! ,greeks4 7,ibid4 viii4 #df47 ,s      
unable he is to praise )\t disprais+1 t 
if he comm5ds "o man he mu/ condemn a   
:ole city or p4 ,b 9 ?is !re give       
te/imony aga9/ him1 ( ! m anci5t writ]s 
,hellanicus1 & ( ! lat] ,ephorus1 "o (  
:i* says t ! ,naxians came ) six %ips to
 aid ! ,greeks1 & ! o!r ) five4 ,&      
,h]odotus conv9ces himself ( hav+ feign$

 ^! ?+s4 ,= ! writ]s ( ! ,naxian annals 
say1 t !y _h be=e beat5 back ,megabates1
 :o came to _! isl& ) two hundr$ %ips1 &
 aft] t _h put to flight ! g5]al ,datis 
:o _h set _! city on fire4 ,n[ if1 z    
,h]odotus has else:]e said1 ! b>b>ians  
burn$ _! city s t ! m5 7 glad to save   
!mselves by fly+ into ! m\nta9s1 _h !y n
 j cause r to s5d aid to ! de/roy]s ( _!
 c\ntry ?an to help ! protectors ( !    
common lib]ty8 ,b t he fram$ ?is lie n s
 mu* to honor ,democritus1 z to ca/     
infamy on ! ,naxians1 is manife/ f 8    
omitt+ & :olly pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce !     
valiant acts !n p]=m$ by ,democritus1 ( 
:i* ,simonides gives u an acc\nt 9 ?is  
epigram3--       ,:5 z ! ,greeks at sea 
! ,m$es did meet1      ,& _h ne>        
,salamis a naval fight1      ,democritus
 z ?ird l$ up ! fleet1      ,*>g+ !     
enemy ) all 8 might2      ,he took five 
( _! %ips1 & did ano!r1      ,:i* !y _h 
tak5 f ! ,greeks1 recov]4  ,b :y %\ld   
any "o be angry ) him ab\t ! ,naxians8  
,if we h1 z "s say1 antipodes inhabit+ !

 o!r hemisph]e1 ,i believe t !y also h  
he>d ( ,!mi/ocles & 8 c\nsel1 :i* he    
gave to ! ,greeks1 to fight a naval     
battle be=e ,salamis1 on :i*1 ! b>b>ian 
be+ ov]come1 he built 9 ,melite a temple
 to ,diana ! ,c\nsellor4 ,?is g5tle     
writ]1 endeavor+1 z mu* z 9 him lies1 to
 deprive ,!mi/ocles ( ! glory ( ?is1 &  
transf] x to ano!r1 writes ?us ^w = ^w3 
,:il/ ?+s 7 ?us1 ,mnesiphilus1 an       
,a!nian1 ask$ ,!mi/ocles1 z he 0 go+    
abo>d 8 %ip1 :at _h be5 resolv$ on 9    
c\ncil4 ,& be+ answ]$1 t x 0 decre$ !   
%ips %\ld be br\ght back to ,i/hmus1 & a
 battle f\ght at sea be=e ,peloponnesus2
 he said1 ,if !n !y remove ! navy f     
,salamis1 y w no long] be fight+ = "o   
c\ntry = !y w return e "o to 8 own city4
 ,:]e=e1 if !re be any way left1 g &    
endeavor to break ?is resolution2 &1 if 
x be possible1 p]suade ,eurybiades to   
*ange 8 m9d & /ay "h4 ,!n add+ t ?is    
advice pleas$ ,!mi/ocles1 :o1 )\t mak+  
any reply1 w5t /raight to ,eurybiades1  
he has ^! v expressions3 ,& sitt+ by him

 he relat$ :at he _h he>d f             
,mnesiphilus1 feign+ z if x came f      
himself1 & add+ o!r ?+s4 7,h]odotus1    
viii4 #eg1 #eh47 ,y see h[ he accuses   
,!mi/ocles ( dis+5uity 9 arrogat+ to    
himself ! c\nsel ( ,mnesiphilus4  ,&    
d]id+ ! ,greeks /ill fur!r1 he says1 t  
,!mi/ocles1 :o 0 call$ ano!r ,ulysses = 
8 wisdom1 0 s bl9d t he c\ld n =esee :at
 0 fit to be done2 b t ,artemisia1 :o 0 
( ! same city ) ,h]odotus1 )\t be+      
taught by any "o1 b by h] own           
consid]ation1 said ?us to ,x]xes3 ,!    
,greeks w n long be able to hold out    
aga9/ y1 b y w put !m to flight1 & !y w 
retire to _! own cities2 nor is x       
probable1 if y m>* y\r army by l& to    
,peloponnesus1 t !y w sit /ill1 or take 
c>e to fight at sea = ! ,a!nians4 ,b if 
y make ha/e to give !m a naval battle1  
,i fe> le/ y\r fleets receiv+ damage may
 prove also v prejudicial to y\r        
l&-=ces4 7,ibid4 viii4 #fh47 ,c]ta9ly   
,h]odotus want$ no?+ b v]ses to make    
,artemisia ano!r ,sibyl1 s exactly      

prophesy+ ( ?+s to come4 ,!re=e ,x]xes  
also deliv]$ 8 sons to h] to be c>ri$ to
 ,ephesus = he _h 7x seems7 =got to br+ 
wom5 ) him f ,susa1 if inde$ ! *ildr5   
want$ a tra9 ( female att5dants4  ,b x  
is n our design to se>* into ! lies (   
,h]odotus2 we only make inquiry into ^? 
:i* he inv5t$ to detract f ! glory (    
o!rs4 ,he says3 ,x is report$ by !      
,a!nians t ,adimantus1 capta9 ( !       
,cor9?ians1 :5 ! enemies 7 n[ ready to  
jo9 battle1 0 /ruck ) su* fe> &         
a/oni%m5t t he fl$2 n ?ru/+ 8 %ip       
backw>d by ! /]n1 or leisurely retreat+ 
?r\gh ^? t 7 engag$1 b op5ly hoi/+ up 8 
sails1 & turn+ ! heads ( all 8 vessels4 
,& ab\t ! f>!r "p ( ! ,salam9ian coa/1  
he 0 met by a p9nace1 out ( :i* "o spake
 ?us to him3 ,?\ inde$1 ,adimantus1     
flie/1 hav+ betray$ ! ,grecians2 yet !y 
ov]come1 & accord+ to _! desires h !    
bett] ( _! enemies4 7,h]odotus1 viii4   
#id47 ,?is p9nace 0 c]ta9ly let d[n f   
heav54 ,= :at %\ld h9d] him f erect+ a  
tragical ma*9e1 :o by 8 boa/+ excell$ ! 

trag$ians 9 all o!r ?+s8 ,adimantus !n  
cr$it+ him 7he adds7 return$ to ! fleet1
 :5 ! bus9ess 0 already done4 ,?is      
report1 says he1 is believ$ by !        
,a!nians2 b ! ,cor9?ians d5y x1 & say1  
!y 7 ! fir/ at ! sea-fight1 = :i* !y h !
 te/imony ( all ! o!r ,greeks4 ,su* is  
?is man 9 _m o!r places4 ,he spreads    
diff]5t calumnies & accusations (       
diff]5t m51 t he may n fail ( mak+ "s "o
 appe> altoge!r wick$4 ,& x has succe$$ 
well ) him 9 ?is place2 = if ! calumny  
is believ$1 ! ,cor9?ians--if x is n1 !  
,a!nians--are r5d]$ infam\s4 ,b 9       
reality ! ,a!nians did n belie !        
,cor9?ians1 b he ha? beli$ !m bo?4      
,c]ta9ly ,?ucydides1 br++ 9 an ,a!nian  
ambassador conte/+ ) a ,cor9?ian at     
,sp>ta1 & glori\sly boa/+ ( _m ?+s ab\t 
! ,p]sian w> & ! sea-fight at ,salamis1 
*>ges n ! ,cor9?ians ) any crime (      
trea*]y or leav+ _! /ation4 ,nor 0 x    
likely ! ,a!nians %\ld object any su* ?+
 aga9/ ,cor9?1 :5 !y saw h] engrav5 9 ! 
?ird place aft] ! ,lac$aemonians &      

!mselves on ^? spoils :i*1 be+ tak5 f ! 
b>b>ians1 7 consecrat$ to ! gods4 ,& 9  
,salamis !y _h p]mitt$ !m to bury ! dead
 ne> ! city1 z be+ m5 :o _h behav$      
!mselves gallantly1 & to write ov] !m   
?is elegy3--       ,well-wat]$ ,cor9?1  
/rang]1 0 our home2        ,salamis1    
,ajax's isle1 is n[ our grave2      ,"h 
,m$es & ,p]sians & ,pho5ician %ips      
,we f\ght & r\t$1 sacr$ ,greece to save4
  ,& _! honor>y sepul*re at ! ,i/hmus   
has on x ?is epitaph3--       ,:5       
,greece ^u ! po9t ( dang] /ood1      ,we
 fell1 def5d+ h] ) our life-blood4      
,moreov]1 on ! (f]+s ( ,diodorus1 "o ( !
 ,cor9?ian sea-capta9s1 res]v$ 9 !      
temple ( ,latona1 !re is ?is            
inscription3--       ,diodorus's seam5  
to ,latona s5t      ,^! arms1 ( ho/ile  
,m$es ! monum5t  ,& z = ,adimantus      
himself1 aga9/ :om ,h]odotus frequ5tly  
inveighs1--say+1 t he 0 ! only capta9 :o
 w5t ab\t to fly f ,artemisium1 & w\ld n
 /ay ! fight1--behold 9 h[ great honor  
he is3--       ,"h ,adimantus re/s3 !   

same 0 he1      ,^: c\nsels won =       
,greece ! cr[n ( lib]ty4  ,= nei!r is x 
probable1 t su* honor w\ld h be5 %[n to 
a c[>d & a traitor aft] 8 decease2 nor  
w\ld he h d>$ to give 8 daught]s ! names
 ( ,naus9ica1 ,acro?9ius1 & ,alexibia1 &
 8 son t ( ,ari/eas1 if he _h n p]=m$ "s
 illu/ri\s & memorable action 9 t fight4
 ,nor is x cr$ible t ,h]odotus 0        
ignorant ( t :i* c\ld n be unkn[n ev5 to
 ! meane/ ,c>ian1 t ! ,cor9?ian wom5    
alone made t glori\s & div9e pray]1 by  
:i* !y bes\ght ! ,goddess ,v5us to      
inspire _! husb&s ) a love ( fight+     
aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,= x 0 a ?+ divulg$   
abroad1 conc]n+ :i* ,simonides made an  
epigram to be inscrib$ on ! braz5 image 
set up 9 t temple ( ,v5us :i* is said to
 h be5 f\nd$ by ,m$ea1 :5 %e desir$ !   
goddess1 z "s affirm1 to deliv] h] f    
lov+ h] husb& ,jason1 or1 z o!rs say1 to
 free him f lov+ ,!tis4 ,! t5or ( !     
epigram foll[s3--       ,= ^? :o1 fight+
 on _! c\ntry's side1      ,oppos$ ?'   
imp]ial ,m$e's advanc+ tide1      ,we1  

vot>esses1 to ,cy!ra pray'd2      ,?'   
indulg5t p[] v\*saf$ h] timely aid1     
,& kept ! citadel ( ,hellas free      ,f
 rude assaults ( ,p]sia's ar*]y4  ,^!   
?+s he %\ld r h writt5 & record$1 ?an h 
ins]t$ ,am9ocles's kill+ ( 8 son4  ,aft]
 he _h abundantly satisfi$ himself ) !  
accusations br\ght aga9/ ,!mi/ocles1--( 
:om he says t1 unkn[n to ! o!r capta9s1 
he incessantly robb$ & spoil$ !         
isl&s1--7,h]odotus1 viii4 #aab47 he at  
l5g? op5ly takes away ! cr[n ( victory f
 ! ,a!nians1 & sets x on ! head ( !     
,aeg9etans1 writ+ ?us3 ,! ,greeks hav+  
s5t ! fir/-fruits ( _! spoils to        
,delphi1 ask$ 9 g5]al ( ! god1 :e!r he  
_h a suffici5t "p ( ! booty & 7 cont5t$ 
) x4 ,he answ]$1 t he _h en\gh ( all !  
o!r ,greeks1 b n ( ! ,aeg9etans = he    
expect$ a don>y ( !m1 z hav+ won !      
greate/ honor 9 ! battle at ,salamis4   
7,ibid4 viii4 #abb47 ,see "h h[ he      
attributes n 8 fictions to ! ,scy?ians1 
to ! ,p]sians1 or to ! ,egyptians1 z    
,aesop did 8 to ! rav5s & apes2 b us+ ! 

v p]son ( ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 he takes f 
,a!ns ! *ief honor ( ! battle at        
,salamis4 ,& ! second place 9 honor be+ 
giv5 to ,!mi/ocles at ! ,i/hmus by all !
 o!r capta9s1--e "o ( :i* attribut$ to  
himself ! fir/ degree ( valor1 b give ! 
next to ,!mi/ocles1--& ! judgm5t n com+ 
to a det]m9ation1 :5 he %\ld h repreh5d$
 ! ambition ( ! capta9s1 he said1 t all 
! ,greeks weigh$ an*or f !nce ?r\gh     
envy1 n be+ will+ to give ! *ief honor (
 ! victory to ,!mi/ocles4 7,ibid4 viii4 
#abc1 #abd47  ,9 8 n9? & la/ book1 hav+ 
no?+ left to v5t 8 malice on b !        
,lac$aemonians & _! glori\s action aga9/
 ! b>b>ians at ,plataea1 he writes1 t ! 
,sp>tans at fir/ fe>$ le/ ! ,a!nians    
%\ld suff] !mselves to be p]suad$ by    
,m>donius to =sake ! o!r ,greeks2 b t   
n[1 ! ,i/hmus be+ =tifi$1 !y1 suppos+   
all to be safe at ,peloponnesus1 slight$
 ! re/1 fea/+ & mak+ m]ry at home1 &    
delud+ & delay+ ! ,a!nian ambassadors4  
7,h]odotus1 ix4 #h4 ,see also viii4     
#ada47 ,h[ !n did !re g =? f ,sp>ta to  

,plataea a ?\s& & five m51 hav+ e "o (  
!m ) him sev5 ,helots8 ,or h[ came x t1 
expos+ !mselves to s _m dang]s1 !y      
vanqui%$ & ov]?rew s _m ?\s& b>b>ians8  
,he> n[ 8 probable cause ( x4 ,x happ5$1
 says he1 t !re 0 !n at ,sp>ta a c]ta9  
/rang] ( ,tegea1 nam$ ,*ileus1 :o _h "s 
fri5ds among/ ! ,ephori1 betwe5 :om &   
him !re 0 mutual hospitality4 ,he !n    
p]suad$ !m to s5d =? ! army1 tell+ !m t 
! =tification on ! ,i/hmus1 by :i* !y _h
 f5c$ 9 ,peloponnesus1 w\ld be ( no     
avail if ! ,a!nians jo9$ !mselves )     
,m>donius4 7,ibid4 ix4 #i47 ,?is c\nsel 
!n drew ,pausanias ) 8 army to ,plataea2
 b if any private bus9ess _h kept t     
,*ileus at ,tegea1 ,greece _h nev] be5  
victori\s4  ,aga91 n kn[+ :at to d ) !  
,a!nians1 he tosses to & fro t city1    
sometimes extoll+ x1 & sometimes debas+ 
x4 ,he says t1 cont5d+ = ! second place 
) ! ,tegeatans !y made m5tion ( !       
,h]aclidae1 alleg$ _! acts aga9/ !      
,amazons1 & ! sepul*res ( !             
,peloponnesians t di$ "u ! walls (      

,cadmea1 & at la/ br\ght d[n _! disc\rse
 to ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 say+1 h[ev]1 t  
!y w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! comm& ( ! left  
w+4 7,ibid4 ix4 #bf1 #bg47 ,a little    
aft]1 he says1 ,pausanias & ! ,sp>tans  
yield$ !m ! fir/ place1 desir+ !m to    
fight 9 ! "r w+ aga9/ ! ,p]sians & give 
!m ! left1 :o excus$ !mselves z n skill$
 9 fight+ aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 7,ibid4 ix4 
#df47 ,n[ x is a ridicul\s ?+1 to be    
unwill+ to fight aga9/ an enemy unless  
"o has be5 us$ to him4 ,b he says f>!r1 
t ! o!r ,greeks be+ l$ by _! capta9s to 
encamp 9 ano!r place1 z soon z !y 7     
mov$1 ! horse fl$ ) joy t[>ds ,plataea1 
& 9 _! flight came z f> z ,juno's       
temple4 7,ibid4 ix4 #eb47 ,9 :i* place  
inde$ he *>ges !m all 9 g5]al )         
disob$i5ce1 c[>dice1 & treason4 ,at la/ 
he says1 t only ! ,lac$aemonians & !    
,tegeates f\ght ) ! b>b>ians1 & !       
,a!nians ) ! ,!bans2 equally defraud+   
all ! o!r cities ( _! "p 9 ! honor ( !  
victory1 :il/ he affirms t none ( !m    
jo9$ 9 ! fight1 b t all ( !m1 sitt+ /ill

 h>d by 9 _! arms1 betray$ & =sook ^? :o
 f\ght = !m2 t ! ,phliasians & ,meg>ians
 inde$1 :5 !y he>d ,pausanias _h got !  
bett]1 came 9 lat]1 & fall+ on ! ,!ban  
horse1 7 all cut (f2 t ! ,cor9?ians 7 n 
at ! battle1 & t aft] ! victory1 by     
ha/5+ on ov] ! hills1 !y escap$ ! ,!ban 
cavalry4 7,see ! acc\nt ( ! battle (    
,plataea1 ,h]odotus1 ix1 #ei-gj47 ,= !  
,!bans1 aft] ! b>b>ians 7 ov]?r[n1 go+  
be=e ) _! horse1 affectionately assi/$  
!m 9 _! flight2 to return !m ?anks      
7=soo?7 = ! m>ks !y _h /igmatiz$ !m ) at
 ,!rmopylae6 ,n[ :at rank ! ,cor9?ians  
_h 9 ! fight at ,plataea aga9/ !        
b>b>ians1 & h[ !y p]=m$ _! duty1 y may  
he> f ,simonides 9 ^! v]ses3       ,i'  
?' mid/ 7 m51 9 w>like feats excell+1   
,:o ,ephyre full ( spr+s1 inhabit$1     
,& :o 9 ,cor9?1 ,glaucus' city1 dwell+1 
,great praise by _! great valor m]it$2  
,( :i* !y to p]petuate ! fame1      ,to 
?' gods ( well-wr\ght gold did (f]+s    
frame4  ,= he wrote n ^! ?+s1 z "o t    
taught at ,cor9? or t made v]ses 9 honor

 ( ! city1 b only z record+ ^! actions 9
 elegiac v]ses4 ,b ,h]odotus1 :il/ he   
desires to prev5t t objection by :i* ^? 
might conv9ce him ( ly+ :o %\ld ask1    
,:5ce !n are s _m m\nts1 tombs1 &       
monum5ts ( ! dead1 at :i* ! ,plataeans1 
ev5 to ?is day1 celebrate fun]al        
solemnities 9 ! pres5ce ( !             
,greeks8--has *>g$1 unless ,i am mi/ak51
 a f\l] crime ?an t ( treason on _!     
po/]ity4 ,= ^! are 8 words3 ,z = ! o!r  
sepul*res t are se5 9 ,plataea1 ,i h    
he>d t _! successors1 be+ a%am$ ( _!    
prog5itors' abs5ce f ?is battle1 erect$ 
e man a monum5t = po/]ity's sake4       
7,h]odotus1 ix4 #he47 ,( ?is trea*]\s   
des]t+ ! battle ,h]odotus 0 ! only man t
 ev] he>d4 ,= if any ,greeks )drew      
!mselves f ! battle1 !y mu/ h deceiv$   
,pausanias1 ,ari/ides1 ! ,lac$aemonians1
 & ! ,a!nians4 ,nei!r yet did ! ,a!nians
 exclude ! ,aeg9etans :o 7 _! adv]s>ies 
f ! inscription1 nor conv9ce !          
,cor9?ians ( hav+ fl$ f ,salamis be=e ! 
victory1 ,greece be>+ witness to !      

contr>y4 ,inde$ ,cleadas1 a ,plataean1  
t5 ye>s aft] ! ,p]sian w>1 to gratify1 z
 ,h]odotus says1 ! ,aeg9etans1 erect$ a 
m\nt be>+ _! "n4 ,n[ came x !n to pass t
 ! ,a!nians & ,lac$aemonians1 :o 7 s    
jeal\s ( ea* o!r t !y 7 pres5tly aft] ! 
w> ready to g toge!r by ! e>s ab\t !    
sett+ up a trophy1 did n yet repel ^?   
,greeks :o fl$ 9 a fe> f ! battle f hav+
 a %>e 9 ! honor ( ^? t behav$ !mselves 
valiantly1 b inscrib$ _! names on !     
trophies & colossuses1 & grant$ !m "p ( 
! spoils8 ,la/ly !y set up an alt>1 on  
:i* 0 engrav5 ?is epigram3       ,!     
,greeks1 by valor hav+ put to flight    
,! ,p]sians & pres]v$ _! c\ntry's "r1   
,erect$ "h ?is alt> :i* y see1      ,to 
,jove1 pres]v] ( _! lib]ty4  ,did       
,cleadas1 ,o ,h]odotus1 or "s o!r1 write
 ?is also1 to oblige ! cities by        
flatt]y8 ,:at ne$ _h !y !n to employ    
fruitless labor 9 digg+ up ! e>?1 to    
make tombs & erect monum5ts = po/]ity's 
sake1 :5 !y saw _! glory consecrat$ 9 ! 
mo/ illu/ri\s & greate/ don>ies8        

,pausanias1 inde$1 :5 he 0 aspir+ to !  
tyranny1 set up ?is inscription 9       
,delphi3--       ,pausanias1 ( ,greeks !
 g5]al      ,:5 he ! ,m$es 9 fight _h   
ov]?r[n1      ,(f]$ to ,phoebus a       
memorial      ,( victory1 ?is monum5tal 
/one4  ,9 :i* he gave ! glory to !      
,greeks1 ^: g5]al he pr(ess$ himself to 
be4 ,yet ! ,greeks n endur+ b utt]ly    
mislik+ x1 ! ,lac$aemonians1 s5d+ to    
,delphi1 caus$ ?is to be cut out1 & !   
names ( ! cities1 z x 0 fit1 to be      
engrav5 in/ead ( x4 ,n[ h[ is x possible
 t ! ,greeks %\ld h be5 (f5d$ t !re 0 no
 m5tion made ( !m 9 ! inscription1 if !y
 _h be5 consci\s to !mselves ( des]t+ ! 
fight8 or t ! ,lac$aemonians w\ld h     
eras$ ! "n ( _! lead] & g5]al1 to ins]t 
des]t]s & su* z )drew !mselves f !      
common dang]8 ,= x w\ld h be5 a great   
indignity1 t ,sophanes1 ,aeimne/us1 &   
all ! re/ :o %[$ _! valor 9 t fight1    
%\ld calmly suff] ev5 ! ,cy?nians &     
,melians to be inscrib$ on ! trophies2 &
 t ,h]odotus1 attribut+ t fight only to 

?ree cities1 %\ld raze all ! re/ out (  
^? & o!r sacr$ monum5ts & don>ies4  ,!re
 hav+ be5 !n f\r fights ) ! b>b>ians2 he
 says1 t ! ,greeks fl$ f ,artemisium2 t1
 :il/ _! k+ & g5]al expos$ himself to   
dang] at ,!rmopylae1 ! ,lac$aemonians   
sat neglig5t at home1 celebrat+ !       
,olympian & ,c>nean fea/s2 & disc\rs+ ( 
! action at ,salamis1 he uses m words   
ab\t ,artemisia ?an he does 9 8 :ole    
n>rative ( ! naval battle4 ,la/ly1 he   
says1 t ! ,greeks sat /ill at ,plataea1 
kn[+ no m ( ! fight1 till x 0 ov]1 ?an  
if x _h be5 a skirmi% betwe5 mice &     
frogs 7l t :i* ,pigres1 ,artemisia's    
fell[ c\ntryman1 m]rily & sc(f+ly relat$
 9 a poem71 & x _h be5 agre$ to fight   
sil5tly1 le/ !y %\ld be he>d by o!rs2 & 
t ! ,lac$aemonians excell$ n ! b>b>ians 
9 valor1 b only got ! bett]1 z fight+   
aga9/ nak$ & un>m$ m54 ,to wit1 :5      
,x]xes himself 0 pres5t1 ! b>b>ians 7 ) 
mu* difficulty compell$ by sc\rges to   
fight ) ! ,greeks2 b at ,plataea1 hav+  
tak5 o!r resolutions1 z ,h]odotus says1 

!y 7 no way inf]ior 9 c\rage & /r5g?2 b 
_! g>m5ts be+ )\t armor 0 prejudicial to
 !m1 s9ce be+ nak$ !y f\ght aga9/ a     
completely arm$ enemy4 ,:at !n is !re   
left great & memorable to ! ,grecians ( 
^? fights1 if ! ,lac$aemonians f\ght )  
un>m$ m51 & ! o!r ,greeks1 ?\gh pres5t1 
7 ignorant ( ! battle2 if empty monum5ts
 are set up ev]y:]e1 & tripods & alt>s  
full ( ly+ inscriptions are plac$ be=e !
 gods2 if1 la/ly1 ,h]odotus only kn[s ! 
tru?1 & all o!rs t give any acc\nt ( !  
,greeks h be5 deceiv$ by ! fame ( ^?    
glori\s actions1 z ! effect ( an        
admirable pr[ess8 ,b he is an acute     
writ]1 8 /yle is pleasant1 !re is a     
c]ta9 grace1 =ce1 & elegancy 9 8        
n>rations2 & he has1 l a musician1      
elaborat$ 8 disc\rse1 ?\gh n kn[+ly1    
/ill cle>ly & elegantly4 ,^! ?+s        
delight1 please1 & affect all m54 ,b z 9
 roses we mu/ bew>e ( ! v5om\s flies    
call$ can?>ides2 s mu/ we take he$ ( !  
calumnies & envy ly+ hid "u smoo? &     
well-c\*$ phrases & expressions1 le/ we 

imprud5tly ent]ta9 absurd & false       
op9ions ( ! mo/ excell5t & greate/      
cities & m5 ( ,greece4   ,,end ,,(      
,,sixte5-----------     ,,index4  ,abuse
 ( & by "o's enemies4  ,a*el\s1 my?s (  
!4  ,a*illes1 ,hom]'s lessons f4        
,a*illes's ,grove4  ,acrotatus1 say+ (4 
,actaeon1 tragic hi/ory (4  ,actors1    
tragic vs4 comic4  ,adm9i/ration1       
caution ab\t4  ,admonitions1 on he>+4   
,adra/ea1 root ( madness4  ,adult]y &   
curiosity comp>$4  ,advantage f enemies4
  ,aeantis1 *orus ( tribe4  ,aegyptus1  
,nile =m]ly call$4  ,greek1  ,aemilii1  
tyrants call$4  ,aemilius1 ,paulus4     
,a5ianes1 !4  ,aes*9es ! ,academic1     
,life (2 quot$4  ,aes*ylus1 v]ses (2    
quot$2 p>aphrase ( ,hom] by4            
,aesculapius1 temple (4  ,aesop1 at     
,delphi2 at banquet ( sev5 ,wise ,m54   
,agasicles1 ,sp>tan k+4  ,aga?ocles1 k+ 
( ,sicily4  ,age1 cause ( old4  ,ag$1 ! 
"p ( !1 9 /ate affairs2 love ( pure w9e 
by2 intoxication among !4  ,ag5or1 grove
 (4  ,agesilaus1 say+s (4  ,agesipolis1 

son ( ,cleombrotus4  ,agesipolis1 son ( 
,pausanias4  ,agis1 ,k+2 example (2 /ory
 (4  ,agis ! ,y\ng]4  ,air1 an elem5t4  
,ajax1 p>5ts (2 place ( s\l (4          
,alalcom5ae1 city call$4  ,greek        
,alcam5es1 son ( ,teleclus4             
,alcibiades1 /ories ab\t4  ,alcippus1   
wife & daught]s (4  ,alex&] ! ,great1   
say+s & /ories (2 & ,timoclea2 orations 
on2 rem>k ( ,!ocritus ab\t2 ,diog5es &2 
9 ,india2 z a great dr9k]4  ,alex&]1    
tyrant ( ,ph]aeans4  ,alex&ridas1 son ( 
,laid to4  ,allegory 9 ,hom]4  ,almonds 
= dr9k]s4  ,alpha1 position (1 9        
alphabet4  ,alpheus1 hi/ory (4  ,alt> ( 
a%es at ,olympia4  ,alt] ego (          
,py?agoras1 p>allel say+ 9 ,hom]4       
,amasis1 ,h]odotus relates a detail     
conc]n+4  ,amazonian riv]4              
,ambassadors1 record+ names (4          
,ambition1 accompanim5ts (4  ,am]ica1 a 
h9t (4  ,ammon1 ,egyptian "n = ,jupit]2 
temple (4  ,ammonius ! philosoph]4      
,greek  ,amoebus1 musician4             
,amphilo*us1 oracle (4  ,amplification 9

 ,hom]4  ,anatole1 m\nta94  ,anaxagoras1
 /ory (4  ,anax&]1 son ( ,eurycrates4   
,anax>*us4  ,anaxilas1 say+ (4  ,an*us  
comp>$ ) ,curtius4  ,anci5ts1 c\ncil (4 
,&ocides1 ,greek orator4  ,&roclidas1   
say+ (4  ,ang]1 nature (2 ! re/ra9t (2  
,hom] on4  ,animals1 human be+s born (2 
self-cures by wild2 craft9ess ( wat] & (
 l&2 am\rs (1 ) human be+s2 reason 92   
g5]ation (2 embryos (2 me?od ( nutrition
 & gr[? (2 appetites & pleasures 92     
vision (1 9 ! d>k4  ,answ]s to que/ions4
  ,antalcidas1 say+s (4  ,an!don1       
explanation (4  ,anticyra1 cure (       
madness f4  ,antigonus ! ,fir/4         
,antigonus ! ,second4  ,antio*us2       
surnam$ ! ,falcon4  ,antio*us ,hi]ax4   
,antio*us ! ?ird4  ,antipat]1 nickname  
(4  ,antiphon1 ,greek orator4           
,antiphrasis 9 ,hom]4  ,anti!sis1       
,hom]'s use (4  ,ants1 intellig5ce (4   
,apelles & ,megabyzus4  ,apesantus1     
m\nta94  ,greek1 def9$4  ,greek         
,aphrodite1 epi!ts (2 /atue (1 at ,elis2
 call$ fruitful ,cy!rea42 *>m$ girdle (4

  ,aphrodite ! ,murd]ess1 temple (4     
,apis4  ,apollo1 place ( bir?2 temple (1
 at ,delphi2 d]ivation f ,greek &       
,greek2 titles (2 an oracle deliv]$ by2 
a flatt]] ! enemy (2 motto 9 temple (2  
inv5tor ( music2 causes ( common        
diseases are f4  ,apollodorus1 pa9t]4   
,apollonius1 consolation to1 on dea? (  
son4  ,apoplexy produc$ by fumes (      
lamp-wick4  ,greek  ,apo/rophe1 figure (
 spee* call$4  ,apo!gms1 ( k+s & great  
comm&]s2 ,roman2 ,laconic or ,sp>tan2 9 
,hom]4  ,appetites 9 animals4  ,apples &
 apple-trees4  ,ara5us1 sea %ore (4     
,ar>1 riv]1 d]ivation ( "n4  ,aratus1   
p>aphrase ( say+s ( ,hom] by4           
,ar*im$es1 /ory (4  ,aregeus1 say+s (4  
,ares1 v>y+ op9ions (4  ,aretaphila1    
,cyr5aean woman4  ,argive wom51 !4      
,argives1 images call$2 cu/oms (4       
,argyllus1 m\nta9 9 ,egypt4  ,ari/>*us1 
arrangem5t ( ,iliad & ,odyssey by4      
,ari/ides ! ,j4  ,ari/ippus1 rebuke ( a 
fa!r by4  ,ari/o1 puni%m5t (4           
,ari/oclia ( ,hali>tus4  ,ari/odemus1   

tyrant ( ,cumae4  ,ari/on1 say+s (4     
,ari/ophanes1 & ,socrates2 comp>ison    
betwe5 ,m5&] &4  ,ari/otimus1 tyrant (  
,elis2 daught]s (4  ,ari/otle2 on       
talkativ5ess2 on use & abuse ( weal?2 on
 music2 conception ( ,god2 views on     
indignation & m]cy held 9 common )      
,hom]4  ,ari?metic ( ,py?agoras & 9     
,hom]4  ,arrangem5t1 ,hom]'s skill 94   
,arrhippe1 virg9 ravi%$ by ,tmolus4     
,artax]xes ,longimanus1 say+s (4        
,artax]xes ,mnemon1 say+s (4  ,artemis1 
temple (1 at ,ehpesus4  ,asbe/os produc$
 by anci5ts4  ,asp>agus = brides4  ,ass1
 connection ( ,typhon )2 musical        
in/rum5ts made f bones (4  ,a/]1 /one   
call$4  ,a/ronomy1 obs]vations conc]n+2 
goats %[ k (2 anci5t2 ,hom]'s k (4      
,a/ycratidas1 quot$4  ,asyndeton 9      
,hom]4  ,ateas1 say+s (4  ,a!ism &      
sup]/ition4  ,a!i/s1 beliefs (4         
,a!naeum1 m\nta94  ,a!ne ,*alcioecus1   
temple (4  ,a!nians1 decrees propos$ to2
 "q ( r5[n (4  ,a!nodorus & ,x5o4       
,atoms ! f9al cause4  ,attalus4         

att5tion1 directions conc]n+4  ,augurs1 
t5ure ( (fice (4  ,augu/us ,caes>1 9 8  
lat] ye>s4  ,aurea1 cause ( !4          
,auspices1 prohibition ( use (1 aft]    
,augu/4  ,autoglyphus1 /one call$4      
,autonamasia 9 ,hom]4  ,autumn1 m5's    
/oma*s 92 lea/ cr$it to dreams 94       
,axioms1 complications ( t54  ,bac*us1  
call$ ,lib] ,pat]2 call$ ,bull-begot2   
,greek & ,roman puni%$ by2 id5tity (    
,osiris &2 fea/ (2 ,mi?ridates call$1 on
 acc\nt ( great dr9k+2 ,adonis id5tifi$ 
)2 call$ ! good c\nsellor2 ,h]odotus'   
e/imate (4  ,ball5aeus1 m\nta94         
,bani%m5t1 essay on4  ,banquets1        
philosophis+ at2 arrang+ gue/s at2      
consul> place at2 position ( director (2
 suitability ( *aplets ( fl[]s at2      
invit+ _m gue/s to2 flute-girls at4     
,b>b]s1 talkativ5ess (4  ,b>ley1 soil = 
gr[+4  ,b>r5ness1 9 wom52 ( mules4      
,ba%fulness4  ,ba?+ aft] ex]cise4       
,ba?s1 hot vs4 cold2 =m] comp>$ )       
pres5t2 ,hom] on4  ,be>s1 paws (1 z     
food4  ,bees1 ,simonides' allusion to2  

illu/rations drawn f2 effect ( smoke on2
 t5d5cy (1 to /+ ! impure2 craft9ess (  
,cretan4  ,begg>s' fle% among ,a5ianes4 
,bell]ophon1 cont95ce (4  ,b]ecyntus1   
m\nta9 & prie/ nam$4  ,bessus1 puni%m5t 
(4  ,bias1 ,sp>tan lead]4  ,bird or egg1
 :i* 0 fir/8  ,birds1 9 soo?say+2 wisdom
 %[n by2 tree :i* is a natural sn>e =4  
,bir?1 value ( good4  ,bir?days ( fam\s 
m54  ,bir?s1 premature4  ,biton &       
,cleobis4  ,bo>1 *>act]i/ics ( !4       
,bo>s1 trees1 sweet4  ,bodies1 division 
& mixture (4  ,body1 def9ition ( a4     
,boeotians1 sull5ness (4  ,boeotus1 son 
( ,neptune4  ,bona1 temple (4  ,borr[]s1
 treatm5t (4  ,borr[+ money4  ,bottiaean
 maids4  ,boys1 ,sepul*re ( !2 love (2  
,h]odotus on defil+ (4  ,boys'          
necklaces4  ,brasidas1 say+s (2 /ories  
(4  ,brea?+1 !ory ab\t4  ,bridal cu/oms1
 ,roman4  ,brides1 food =4  ,brita91    
f\nta9-head ( religion2 longevity (     
inhabitants (4  ,brixaba1 m\nta94       
,bronze1 weapons (4  ,bro?1             
,lac$aemonian4  ,bro!rly love4  ,bro!rs 

& si/]s1 ,greek & ,roman p>allels       
conc]n+4  ,bucephalus1 intellig5ce (4   
,bulimy1 gre$y disease4  ,bullae1 boys' 
necklaces4  ,bundle ( /icks /ory4       
burial1 among ,lac$aemonians4  ,bysius1 
! mon?4  ,caes>1 ,augu/us1 say+s (4     
,caes>1 ,julius1 /ories & say+s (4      
,caicus1 riv] ( ,mysia4  ,callicratidas1
 ,sp>tan admiral4  ,callipides1 ,greek  
actor4  ,calydon1 m\nta94  ,camillus1   
dictator4  ,camma1 /ory (4  ,c&les1     
matt] ( ext+ui%+4  ,c>bonate ( soda1    
anci5t use (4  ,c>m5ta1 temple (4       
,c>m9a1 v]ses call$4  ,cases1 *anges (1 
9 ,hom]4  ,caspian ,sea4  ,ca/or &      
,pollux1 /atues (2 />s call$4           
,cate*resis 9 ,hom]4  ,cato ! ,eld]1 at 
,utica4  ,cats1 ,egyptian views on2 ! "y
 (2 madness (2 caus$ by p]fumes4        
,cattle1 salt us$ =4  ,catulus1         
,lutatius4  ,caucasus1 m\nta91 /ory (4  
,caud9e ,=ks1 ,roman h]o at4  ,causes1  
def9ition & division (4  ,celtic wom51  
!4  ,c5sors1 inauguration c]emonies (4  
,c]es1 fea/ 9 hon\r (4  ,*abrias1 say+s 

(4  ,*alc$onian wom51 cu/om (4          
,*aldeans1 belief (4  ,*anges ( g5d]1   
numb]1 etc41 9 ,hom]4  ,*>ila1          
sacrificial rites (4  ,*>illus1 ,k+4    
,*>on1 ,hom] a disciple (4  ,*a/ity1 (  
animals2 h]b = protection (4            
,*ild-bir?1 effect ( moon on4  ,*ildr51 
"t ( nam+ ,roman2 tra9+ (2 love ( only2 
conception & bir? (4  ,*iom>a1 /ory (4  
,*ios1 wom5 (4  ,greek  ,*ri/ianity1    
allusions to4  ,*rys]mus1 ,hi/ory (     
,india by4  ,*rysippus1 on v>i\s        
virtues2 works (4  ,cic]o1 say+s (4     
,cios1 wom5 (4  ,circe & ,odysseus4     
,ci?a]on1 m\nta94  ,civil polity1       
division (1 by ,hom]4  ,claudia1 virtues
 (4  ,clean!s1 ,a!nian philosoph]4      
,cle>*us1 tyrant ( ,h]aclea4  ,cleoma*us
 ! ,ph>salian4  ,cleombrotus1 son (     
,pausanias4  ,cleombrotus !             
,lac$aemonian4  ,cleom5es1 quot$4       
,cleom5es1 son ( ,anax&ridas4           
,cleom5es1 son ( ,cleombrotus4          
,clitoris1 /one call$4  ,cloelia1 ,roman
 maid54  ,clo?+ ( ,lac$aemonians4       

,cl\ds1 causes (4  ,cnidians1 ,cr[n ( !4
  ,coccygium1 m\nta94  ,cocks1 use (1   
accord+ to ,*rysippus4  ,co]anus1 /ory  
(4  ,co9s1 images on4  ,cold1 fir/      
pr9ciple (2 a pres]v] ( heal?2 use (1 9 
,hom]4  ,coliads1 !4  ,col\r1 def9$4    
,col\rs ( e>ly pa9t]s4  ,colotes !      
,epicurean4  ,com$y1 orig9 (1 ) ,hom]4  
,comets1 beliefs ab\t4  ,comm5dation1   
consid]ation 94  ,comm9ius1 /ory (4     
,congelation4  ,conjugal precepts4      
,con/ancy1 cr[ns (4  ,consualia1 fea/s  
call$4  ,consul> place at table4        
,copi\sness1 a "* ( spee*4  ,cor9?ians1 
,hall ( !4  corruption1 are animals     
obnoxi\s to8  ,cotys1 say+s (4  ,c\nt+1 
by fives2 animals' p[] (2 9 ,hom]4      
,cranes1 intellig5ce (2 fi% comp>$ )4   
,crassus1 hay b\nd ab\t horns (4  ,crat]
 hi/ory1 vase call$4  ,creation ( ! _w4 
,crocodiles1 intellig5ce (2 ! bird      
tro*ilus ! fri5d (2 cu/oms (1 9 bre$+4  
,croesus1 ,h]odotus on4  ,cronium1      
m\nta94  ,cronos1 fe/ivals (4           
,cry/allus1 riv] call$4  ,cuff+1 ex]cise

 (4  ,cupp+-glasses1 ph5om5on 94        
,curiosity1 essay on4  ,curius1 ,m'41   
/ory (4  ,curtius1 ,roman knight4       
,cuttle-fi%1 sign ( /orm2 cunn+ (4      
,cybele1 wor%ip (4  ,cynic & k+         
anecdote4  ,cyr5aics1 temp]ance (4      
,cyrus1 say+s (4  ,cyrus ! ,y\ng]1 say+s
 (4  ,daemon ( ,socrates4  ,daemons1    
rem>ks on4  ,dam9das1 /ory (4  ,damis1  
quot$4  ,damonidas1 say+s (4  ,danc+1   
?ree p>ts 94  ,d>ius1 say+s (2 ,alex&] !
 ,great & ! corpse (2 ,alex&] & ! wife  
(4  ,d>kness1 visibility (2 reason (    
animals' see+ 94  ,daught]s sacrific$ by
 fa!rs4  ,day1 "t ( beg9n+4  ,dead1     
rites ( ! hon\r$4  ,dea?1 op9ions (2    
rem>ks on2 sleep be=e2 a good ?+2 cause 
(2 "q ( app]ta9+ to s\l or body4  dea?s 
( sons1 cases (4  debtors1 un=tunate lot
 (4  ,decrees propos$ to ,a!nians4      
,defamation ( "*1 curiosity results 94  
,deity1 k ( a4  ,dem>atus1 say+s (4     
,demet]1 w&]+s (4  ,demetrius1 say+s (4 
,demetrius ,phal]eus4  ,demetrius !     
gramm>ian4  ,democracy depict$ by ,hom]4

  ,democritus1 attack$ by ,colotes !    
,epicurean2 def5ce (4  ,demo/h5es1 ,life
 (2 spee* ,,on ,,! ,,cr[n2 p>allel      
passages 9 ,hom] &4  ,d]cyllidas1       
,sp>tan ambassador4  ,de/9y1 necessity  
consid]$ ! same z4  ,dexicrcon1 ,v5us (4
  ,diana1 temples (1 9 ,rome2 prie/esses
 (4  ,diana ,dictynna4  ,diana ,or?ia1  
rites (4  ,diatyposis 9 ,hom]4  ,didymus
 ! ,cynic1 surnam$ ,planetiades4  ,diet 
( ,lac$aemonians2 9 sickness2 9 heal?2  
effect (1 on heal?2 v>iety 92 ,hom]'s   
views ab\t4  ,dige/ion ( food4  ,d9>*us1
 ,greek orator4  ,diog5es1 ,alex&] &2   
advice (1 to boys2 soliloquy (2 say+s & 
/ories (2 ,melan?ius on a trag$y (2 eats
 a raw fi%4  ,dion1 say+s (4            
,dionysius1 tyrant ( ,sicily4           
,dionysius ! ,hydragogue4  ,dionysius ! 
,y\ng]2 ,diog5es &4  ,diorphus1 m\nta94 
,director ( a fea/4  ,disc\rse1 sep>at+ 
! useful "p ( a4  ,diseases1 causes (   
new4  ,div9ation1 art (2 ,hom]'s k (4   
,dog1 ,locrians' wood52 ,wor%ip (1 by   
,egyptians2 p[] ( mimicry 9 a4  ,dogs1  

set be=e ,l>es2 sacrifice (1 to ,mana   
,g5eta2 sacrifice (1 9 ,lup]cal games2  
/one-*as+ (2 intellig5ce %[n by4        
,dolph91 tribute to !4  ,domitius1      
,cneus4  ,d n ov]do1 say+4  ,greek      
def9$4  ,dreams1 orig9 (4  ,drimylus1   
m\nta94  ,dr9k]s1 c]ta9 great4  ,dr9k   
five or ?ree1 b n f\r1 say+4  ,dr9k+1   
ref]5ces to1 9 ! ,iliad4  ,drugs 9      
,hom]4  ,druidical /ud5ts4  ,drunk5ness1
 talkativ5ess &2 ( old m5 z comp>$ ) old
 wom52 p>tial comp>$ ) total4  ,e>?1 an 
elem5t2 nature & magnitude ( !2 figure1 
site & position1 motion1 & zones (4 ,see
 ,_w4  ,e>?quakes1 cause (4  ,ease (    
m9d2 9 exile4  ,e*o1 production ( an4   
,eclipse1 cause (2 %ad[ 9 an1 9         
proportion to moon's diamet]2 ( sun2 (  
moon4  ,eclipses 9 ,hom]4  ,education ( 
*ildr54  ,greek  ,egypt1 k+s (4         
,egyptian gods & my?s2 leg5d ab\t ,love4
  ,,ei ! ^w1 on ,apollo's temple at     
,delphi4  ,elaeus1 f\nd+ (4             
,elaphebolia1 fe/ival (4  ,elasii4      
,elem5t1 diff]5ce betwe5 pr9ciple &4    

,elem5ts1 ,nature view$ z ! mixture &   
sep>ation ( !2 ( memb]s ( human body2 & 
pr9ciples4  ,elephant1 am\r ( an1 )     
,alex&rian maid4  ,elephantiasis4       
,elephants1 intellig5ce (2 excell$ by   
fi%es4  ,elephas1 m\nta94  ,eleu!ria1   
orig9 ( fe/ival (4  ,ellipse1 a figure (
 spee*4  ,embryo1 nature ( human2 (     
animals4  ,emetics1 use (4  ,emmets1    
intellig5ce (4  ,emp$ocles1 quot$2      
/rictures ( ,colotes aga9/2 def5ce (4   
,emphasis1 trope call$4  ,emprepes1 /ory
 (4  ,enmities accompany fri5d%ip4      
,enmity1 advantage & pr(it f4  ,envy1   
foll[s ability2 an enemy to peace ( m9d2
 & hatr$2 prais+ "o's self )\t excit+2 9
 he>]s2 ! ag$ mo/ free f attacks proce$+
 f2 ( /atesm54  ,epa5etus1 on li>s4     
,epam9oxidas1 /ories (4  ,epica/e4      
,epicureans1 !ories (4  ,epicurus1 !    
doctr9e (2 admits x is pleasant] to d   
?an receive a k9dness2 views on ! deity2
 ,colotes1 disciple (1 confut$2 foll[]s 
(1 di/+ui%$ by inactivity 9 public      
matt]s4  ,epidamnians1 ,,poletes among4 

,epigrams 9 ,hom]4  ,epilepsy1 sacr$    
disease14  ,epiphonesis 9 ,hom]4        
,epitaphs1 uselessness (4  ,epi!ts 9    
,hom]4  ,eretria1 wom5 (4  ,eryxo4      
,greek  ,euboidas1 say+ (4              
,eudaemonidas1 quot$4  ,eudamidas1 son (
 ,ar*idamus4  ,eum5es2 & ,attalus4      
,euno/us1 h]o ( ,tanagra4  ,euphranor1  
pa9t]4  ,euphrates1 my?s ( !4           
,euripides1 quot$2 on bani%m5t2 on ,god2
 p>aphrase ( ,hom] by4  ,eurotas1 riv]4 
,eurycratidas1 son ( ,anax&ridas4       
,eu?yn\s ! ,italian4  ,ev5us1 quotation 
f4  ,ex]cise1 importance (2 ,hom]'s     
acqua9tance ) value (4  ,ex]cises1      
,hom]'s ord] (4  ,exordiums1 ,hom]'s4   
,fabius1 fri5d ( ,augu/us ,caes>4       
,fabius ,maximus1 h]oic act (4          
,fabricius1 ,c41 & ,pyrrhus4  ,face 9 ! 
moon4  ,fail+ sickness4  ,false mode/y4 
,fancy1 def9$4  ,fa/ f evil1 say+4      
,fa/+1 practice (2 ?ir/ f4  ,fate1      
necessity consid]$ ! same z2 ! nature (2
 essay conc]n+2 p]ta9s to m9d ( ,god2   
,hom]'s views (4  ,fates1 prov9ce ( !4  

,fa!rs1 & daught]s1 c]ta9 ,greek &      
,roman cases (2 advice to2 love (1 =    
daught]s4  ,fe>1 & sup]/ition2 ,hom] on4
  ,fea/ ( ,fools4  ,fea/s4 ,see         
,banquets4  ,febru>y1 d]ivation (4      
,fev]1 cause & nature (4  ,fig-leaf z an
 om54  ,fig-trees1 fruit (4  ,figures1  
def9ition (4  ,figures ( spee*1 ,hom]'s4
  ,fire1 comp>$ ) wat] z to usefulness2 
an elem5t4  ,fi%1 ab/5tion f eat+2 cunn+
 (2 k9d (1 call$ remora or e*5eis2 eat+ 
(1 =bidd5 by ,py?agoreans4  ,fi%-l9es1  
horses' hair =4  ,fi%-nets1 rott+ (4    
,five1 significance ( numb]2 ! numb]    
d$icat$ by ! ,wise ,m54  ,five elem5ts 9
 ! _w4  ,five gods ( ,rhea4  ,fives1    
c\nt+ by4  ,five s5ses1 !4  ,five ,wise 
,m54  ,flam5 ,dialis1 "q conc]n+2 rules 
=4  ,flam9ian ,way4  ,flatt]y vs4       
fri5d%ip4  ,fle%1 ( sacrific$ bea/s2 !  
eat+ (4  ,fl[]s1 *aplets (1 worn at     
table4  ,flute1 m5tion$ by ,hom]4       
,flute-girls at fea/s4  ,flute-music4   
,flutes f asses' bones4  ,foll[ ,god1   
say+4  ,food1 sup]/itions ab\t2 *oice (2

 dige/ion (2 f ! sea vs4 food f l&4 ,see
 ,diet4  ,=tuna ,primig5ia1 ,wor%ip (4  
,=tune1 temples (2 ( ! ,romans2 essay   
on2 v>i\s op9ions (4  ,f\r1 ! numb]1    
v5]at$ by ,py?agoreans4  ,f\r species ( 
animals4  ,fox1 cunn+ ( !4  ,fre$om (   
spee*1 ill-advis$4  ,fri5ds1 folly (    
seek+ _m2 disc]n+ flatt]]s f4           
,fri5d%ip1 a dual relation2 enmities an 
accompanim5t (2 con/ancy a requisite 94 
,frogs1 bre$+ (4  ,fro/1 hunt+ imp$$ by4
  ,froz5 spee*4  ,fruit1 salt lack+ 94  
,fun]al cu/oms 9 ,hom]4  ,fun]al rites1 
,roman4  ,furcif]i4  ,g1 ! lett]1       
introduction (4  ,galatia1 h]o9es (4    
,galaxy1 or ,milky ,way4  ,galba &      
,maec5as4  ,ganges1 riv]1 /ory (4       
,g>d5s ( ,adonis4  ,g>l&s1 ( oak5       
leaves2 9 games4  ,g>lic1 scruples      
conc]n+4  ,g>rulity4  ,gauran1 m\nta94  
,geese1 sacr$4  ,gelo1 say+s (4  ,g5d]s1
 *ange (1 9 ,hom]4  ,g5]ation1 ext5t (  
a4  ,g5]ation1 & corruption2 ( human    
be+s2 anci5t !ories (2 ( animals2 (     
gods4  ,g5]ative se$4  ,g5eta1 dogs     

sacrific$ to4  ,g5iuses & h]oes4        
,geomet]1 ,god z a4  ,gifts1 bridal4    
,gnome1 def9$2 ,hom]'s use (4           
,gnossians1 cu/oms among4  ,god1 !      
tutel>y1 ( ,rome2 exi/5ce & ess5ce ( a2 
:at is82 immortality & et]nity (2       
,platonic conception (2 ,hom]'s         
conception4  ,gods1 anci5ts' conception 
(2 g5]ation (2 ,hom]'s belief 92 piety  
t[>d1 taught by ,hom]4  ,gold1 sc>city  
(1 9 anci5t times4  ,gracefulness1 a "* 
( spee*4  ,graft+ ( trees4  ,great      
,tr5*1 battle ( !4  ,gre$y disease4     
,greek ,que/ions4  ,grief1 advice       
conc]n+2 exhibitions (2 ,hom] on4       
,grief-eas+ /one4  ,gue/s1 at w$d+      
supp]s2 ent]ta9m5t ( _m1 at a supp]2 t  
are call$ %ad[s2 :o come late4 ,see also
 ,banquets4  ,gymna/ics 9 ,hom]4        
,haemus1 m\nta94  ,hail1 :y r\nd4       
,halcyon1 virtues ( !4  ,hal9da1 plant  
call$4  ,halo1 cause ( !4               
,hamaxocyli/s1 race (4  ,hannibal1      
,fabius ,maximus &2 & ! wom5 (          
,salmantica4  ,happ9ess1 true seat (4   

,h>mony1 9 music4  ,h>p-music4  ,h>ps1  
at ent]ta9m5ts4  ,h>t1 te>s (1 salt4    
,hatr$1 envy &4  ,hay-mak+1 pray]s =4   
,head1 cov]+ & uncov]+ !4  ,heal?1      
e/imates (2 rules = pres]vation (2      
pres]v]s (4  ,he>+1 essay conc]n+2 cause
 ( s5se (4  ,he>t1 seat ( ! emotions    
accord+ to ,/oics1 foll[+ ,hom]4  ,heat1
 a fir/ pr9ciple2 causes premature old  
age2 ( wom52 ,hom]'s appreciation (4    
,heav51 nature end ess5ce (2 circles or 
division (4  ,hebrus riv]4  ,h$ge-hogs1 
cunn+ (2 sea h$ge-hogs4  ,hegesippus1   
quot$4  ,helicon1 /ory (4  ,h5s1        
impregnation (1 by ! w9d4  ,h]a z       
goddess ( m>riage4  ,h]aclides1 wre/l]1 
a great dr9k]4  ,h]bs gr[+ 9 c]ta9 riv]s
 & m\nta9s4  ,h]cules1 paym5t ( ti!s to2
 swe>+ by2 & ! ,muses1 alt> common to2  
sacrifices to2 ,greek & ,roman /ories (2
 ,h]odotus' e/imate (4  ,h]odotus1 on   
mode/y ( wom52 criticism (4  ,h]oes1    
beliefs conc]n+2 ( ,hom]4  ,h]oic metre 
9 ,hom]4  ,h]ondas1 say+ (4  ,hesiod1 on
 gods1 daemons1 h]oes1 & m52 quot$2 on  

begett+ *ildr52 on receiv+ gifts (      
=tune4  ,hi]o1 say+s (4  ,hippocratidas4
  ,hippodamus1 ,sp>tan comm&]4          
,hippolytus1 /ory (4  ,hippo?orus1 tune 
call$4  ,hi/riones1 play]s call$4       
,hogs1 ,jews' antipa?y t[>d4  ,hom]1 on 
prophets2 gives "n ( fri5d%ip to sexual 
love2 quot$2 on brav]y2 unmetrical l9e  
(2 on man's wret*$ lot2 on mode/y2 on   
advantages ( music2 ord] ( diff]5t k9ds 
( ex]cises accord+ to2 on int]c\rse     
betwe5 m5 & _! wives2 calls salt div9e2 
epi!ts appli$ to liquids by2 a moot po9t
 9 ?ird book ( ,iliad2 essay on life &  
poetry (2 biographical sket* (2 ! two   
works (2 metre & dialects us$ by2 epi!ts
 us$ by2 tropes f\nd 92 figures ( spee* 
92 v>i\s /yles us$ by2 on con/itution ( 
! univ]se2 natural philosophy (2 on ,god
 & ! gods2 on ! human s\l2 places       
emotions ab\t ! he>t2 on virtue & vice2 
m5tion ( ari?metic & music 92           
philosophies :i* f\nd _! orig9 )2 say+s 
(1 p>aphras$ by lat] writ]s2 rhetorical 
art (2 types repres5t$ 9 8 speak]s2 k ( 

laws2 civil polity 92 exp]i5ce (1 9     
w>like affairs2 h]oes describ$ by2 k (  
m$ic9e1 diet1 w9e1 surg]y1 etc42 (      
div9ation & om5s2 ( trag$y & com$y2     
ma/]y ( ^w-pa9t+4  ,homoioptelon 9      
,hom]4  ,homoioteleuton1 ,hom]'s use (4 
,honor1 ! god s call$4  ,honor to p>5ts1
 9 ,hom]4  ,horatius & ,horatia1 &      
,greek p>allel4  ,horse1 cure ( a       
/umbl+4  ,horse-races1 rites (4  ,horses
 call$ ,greek4  ,horta1 temple (4       
,ho/ages1 ,roman virg9s z4  ,hung]1     
causes (2 allay$ by dr9k+4  ,hurricanes1
 causes (4  ,hybri/ica1 rites (4        
,hydaspes1 riv]4  ,hyp]bole 9 ,hom]4    
,hyp]ides1 ,greek orator4  ,hy/]opotmi4 
,ibis1 wor%ip ( !2 use ( physic by2     
figure (1 fir/ lett] 9 ,egyptian        
alphabet4  ,ibycus1 /ory ( murd]]s (4   
,ic>ius1 /ory (4  ,iceb]gs1 tradition (4
  ,i*neumon1 armor ( !2 outmat*$ by !   
tro*ilus4  ,ida1 ,m\nt4  ,ida?yrsus1    
say+s (4  ,ideas1 def9$4  ,idl5ess1 a   
g5tlemanly crime2 & heal?4  ,idola (    
,democritus orig9ate ) ,hom]4           

,imag9ation1 def9$4  ,immortality ( !   
s\l4  ,impot5cy 9 m54  ,ina*us1 riv]4   
,inc5se us$ by ,egyptians4  ,incl9ation 
( ! _w4  ,incongru\s1 a figure ( spee*4 
,india1 riv] & m\nta9 (2 ,alexaiid] !   
,great 94  ,indus1 /ory ( !4  ,ino4     
,inquisitiv5ess4  ,intemp]ance 9 eat+4  
,int]c\rse betwe5 m5 & _! wives4        
,int]pret]s ( oracles4  ,intoxication1  
signs (4 ,see ,drunk5ness4              
,introductions1 ,hom]'s4  ,ion ! poet1  
cit$4  ,iphicrates1 say+s (4  ,irel&1   
m5tion (4  ,iris-/ruck trees4  ,irony1  
use (1 9 ,hom]4  ,isaeus1 ,greek orator4
  ,isis & ,osiris1 essay on4  ,imn5us1  
riv]4  ,isocrates1 ,greek orator4       
,isosceles triangles4  ,i/hmian games1  
cr[ns at4  ,ivy1 beliefs conc]n+2       
consecrat$ to ,bac*us & to ,osirls2 !   
nature (4  ,janu>y z ! fir/ mon?4       
,janus1 d\ble-fac$ god2 image (1 on     
co9s4  ,jeal\sy4 ,see ,envy4  ,je/+ at  
an ent]ta9m5t4  ,jews1 allusion to2     
,sp>tans ( same /ock z !2 effect (      
sup]/ition on2 ab/5tion (1 f sw9e's     

fle%2 cu/oms (2 ,god wor%ipp$ by4       
,joca/a1 dea? (4  ,j\rneys1 days =      
beg9n+4  ,juno1 ,roman beliefs ab\t2    
nuptial c]emonies connect$ )4  ,jupit]1 
prie/s (2 conception ( ye> belong+ to2  
rules or prie/s (2 /atue (1 9 ,c>ia4    
,see ,zeus4  ,ju/ice1 anci5ts'          
conception (4  ,,jus ,,trium ,,lib]orum4
  ,greek1 ,cretans call$4  ,k+ly rule1  
,hom]'s praise (4  ,kiss+1 cu/om (4  ,"k
 ?yself1 ,delphic motto2 to be obs]v$ by
 c5sori\s p]sons4  ,greek & ,greek4     
,greek4  ,greek4  ,l1 ! lett]1 pron\nc$ 
,r4  ,labotus1 say+ (4  ,labradean      
,jupit]1 /atue (4  ,lac$aemonians1 laws 
& cu/oms (4  ,lais1 fam\s c\rtesan4     
,lama*us1 /ory (4  ,lamp1 !             
unext+ui%able4  ,lamps1 putt+ out (4    
,lampsace4  ,language1 c>e ( !4 ,sea    
,spee*4  ,lan?orns ( prie/s4  ,l>es1    
cu/oms conc]n+4  ,l>ks mu/ h _! cre/s1  
,greek prov]b4  ,laur5tia1 wor%ip (4    
,law1 p[] (1 ov] k+s2 ,hom]'s k ( ! ^w4 
,lea5a1 ,greek h]o9e4  ,leisure1        
heal?ful use (4  ,lemnos1 wom5 (4  ,leo1

 son ( ,eucratidas4  ,leonidas1 h]o (   
,!r9opylae4  ,leoty*idas1 son ( ,ari/o4 
,leoty*idas ! ,fir/4  ,leprosy1 f dr9k+ 
sw9e's milk2 f dewy trees2 /one :i*     
cures4  ,lett]s1 avoidance ( ha/e 9     
op5+2 ( alphabet4  ,let ?is be ratifi$1 
say+4  ,leucophyllus1 re$ ) :ite leaf4  
,leuco!a1 fe/ivals (4  ,li>s1 a say+    
ab\t4  ,lib]t9ism & lib]ty4  ,libit9a4  
,lic9ius1 ,publius4  ,lictors1 d]ivation
 ( "n4  ,lightn+1 !ories conc]n+4       
,lilaeus1 m\nta94  ,lion1 tracks ( !4   
,lions1 cunn+ (4  ,liquids1 9 "o's diet2
 epi!ts (2 passage (1 ?r\gh ! lungs4    
,live unkn[n1 precept4  ,load/one1 !4   
,lo*agus1 quot$4  ,locrians1 in=mation  
ab\t !4  ,love1 tragical hi/ories (2    
fe/ival to ,god (2 essay on2 bro!rly2 m5
 made poets by4  ,lov]s ( boys4  ,,luc>1
 d]ivation (4  ,lucullus4  ,lugdunum1   
m\nta9 & city4  ,lungs1 passage ( dr9k  
?r\gh4  ,lup]cal plays4  ,lutatius      
,catulus4  ,lute1 inv5tion (4  ,lycia1  
wom5 (4  ,lycormas1 riv]4  ,lycurgus1   
,life (2 tea*es brevity & t]s5ess4      

,lydian mood 9 music4  ,lyre1 play+ on  
!2 m5tion (1 by ,hom]4  ,lys&]1         
,lac$aemonian g5]al2 /ories & say+s (4  
,lysias1 ,greek orator4  ,macellum1     
m>ket call$4  ,madness1 ang] &2 root &  
plant = caus+ & cur+4  ,mae&]1 riv]4    
,magpie1 /ory ( a4  ,manlius1 ,m4  ,m>e1
 *ild horn ( a4  ,m>ius1 ,c42 & ,sylla4 
,m>riage cu/oms1 ,roman4  ,m>riage (    
k9dr$4  ,m>s1 ,greek & ,roman p>allels  
conc]n+4  ,m>syas1 ,phrygian riv]4      
,matt]1 def9$2 motion &4  ,matt]s (     
conc]n to-morr[14  ,matuta1 temple (2   
fe/ivals (4  ,maximus1 ,fabius1 /ories  
(4  ,may1 ,roman m>riages =bidd5 dur+4  
,meals1 ,lat9 & ,greek names (4  ,meat1 
! eat+ (2 putrefaction (1 by moon4      
,m$ic9e1 ,hom]'s famili>ity )4          
,m$ietics1 h>monical & ari?metical4     
,megi/o1 & ,ari/otimus4  ,melian wom51  
!4  ,memnon1 say+s (4  ,memory1         
cultivat+ !4  ,m51 impot5cy 94  ,m5&]1  
quot$2 comp>ison betwe5 ,ari/ophanes &4 
,m]cury1 /atue (1 among ! ,graces2      
/atues (4  ,metageitnia1 fe/ival4       

,metaphor 9 ,hom]4  ,metellus1          
,caecillus4  ,metellus ,nepos4  ,meteors
 resembl+ rods4  ,metonymy 9 ,hom]4     
,micca1 /ory (4  ,midas f\nta9 (4       
,milesian wom54  ,milky ,way4  ,mills   
gr9d+1 li/5]s to4  ,m9]als1 anci5t      
production (4  ,m9]va1 prie/ess (4      
,m9]va ( ! ,braz5 ,h\se4  ,m9]va !      
,artisan & ,m9]va ! ,protectress (      
,cities4  ,m9/rels1 wom5's dress worn   
by4  ,mirror1 comp>ison ( wife &4       
,mirrors1 ru/+ (2 ( ! anci5ts2 ! work+  
(4  ,misc>riage1 h]b = caus+4           
,mi?ridates1 & ! woman ( ,p]gamus2 a    
great dr9k]4  ,mix>*agetas4  ,mnemosyne1
 "m ( ,muses4  ,mob rule 9 ,hom]4       
,mode/y1 ! vice ( false2 ( wom54        
,mon>*y1 democracy1 & olig>*y comp>$4   
,monophagi1 !1 9 ,aeg9a4  ,mon/rosities1
 bir? (4  ,mon?1 relation betwe5 ,juno &
 !4  ,mon?s1 ord] (2 beg9n+s & p]iods (4
  ,moon1 relation ( ,juno to2 ! face 9  
!2 influ5ce (1 on tides2 & ,/yx2 ess5ce1
 size1 figure1 light (1 etc42           
putrefaction ( fle% expos$ to4  ,moons  

on %oes4  ,moon-wor%ip4  ,moral virtue4 
,mo!rs1 love (1 = sons4  ,motion1 def9$2
 ( ! s\l4  ,m\nta9s1 names (1 & details 
conc]n+4  ,m\rn+1 :ite1 = wom54  ,mucius
 ,scaevola4  ,mule1 an intellig5t2 fable
 (1 lad5 ) salt2 b>r5ness ( !4          
,mullets1 beliefs reg>d+4  ,muses1      
d]ivation ( "n2 obs]vation ab\t ! numb] 
(4  ,mu%rooms1 produc$ by ?und]4        
,music1 ,lac$aemonian2 essay conc]n+2   
effect (1 on v>i\s animals2 pleasures   
aris+ f bad2 k9d (1 fitte/ =            
ent]ta9m5ts2 z m5tion$ 9 ,hom]4         
,musicians1 anci5t4  ,mu/1 effect ( cold
 on4  ,mutation1 a figure ( spee*4      
,mutilations ( m\rn]s4  ,myc5ae1 m\nta94
  ,my5us1 m\nta9 ( ,aetolia4  ,myops1   
magic h]b4  ,myronides4  ,myrrh us$ =   
inc5se4  ,nam]tes1 rem>k (4  ,nam+      
,roman *ildr54  ,n>rative /yle f\nd 9   
,hom]4  ,natural philosophy2 ( ,hom]4   
,natural ,que/ions4  ,nature1 s5tim5ts  
conc]n+2 :at is8  ,necessity1           
philosoph]s on4  ,necklaces call$       
bullae4  ,ne/or & ,odysseus 9 ,hom]4    

,nic&]1 say+s (4  ,xico/ratus1 say+ (4  
,nig] & ! fi%-bone4  ,night1 ! "t =     
?\ght2 call$ ! good advis]2 noises bett]
 he>d 91 ?an 9 day4  ,nile1 riv]2 !     
ov]-fl[+ ( !2 use ( wat] (1 = dr9k+4    
,n9e1 mo/ p]fect numb]4  ,no1 c\rage to 
say4  ,noisy-)-!-p51 nickname be/[$ on  
,antipat]4  ,nome1 d]ivation (4  ,nor?  
,pole1 ,hom]'s & ,plut>*'s k (4  ,no?+  
too mu*1 inscrib$ 9 temple ( ,apollo2 9 
hom]4  ,n s _h philosophy4  ,n\ns &     
v]bs1 spee* compos$ (4  ,numa1 reign (4 
,numb]1 ! p]fect2 *ange (1 9 ,hom]4     
,numb]s1 sup]/itions conc]n+2 9         
procreation ( ! s\l2 ,py?agorean view ( 
nature (2 triangul>2 sci5ce (1 9        
,py?agoras & 9 ,hom]4  ,nurs+ ( *ildr54 
,nutrition & gr[? ( animals4  ,nymphs1  
life (4  ,oak1 g>l&s ( leaves (2 d>kness
 at ! oak14  ,oa?s1 by ,h]cules2 =bidd5 
to prie/s4  ,o*imus4  ,ocresia1 ,roman  
virg94  ,ocridion1 temple (4  ,octaves 9
 music4  ,odd & ev5 numb]s 9 ,hom]4     
,odysseus1 ,circe &2 self-control (2    
,hom]'s mean+ 94  ,(fspr+1 affection =  

"o's4  ,ogyian isle 7,irel&74  ,oil1    
p\r$ on ! sea2 cause ( transp>5cy (2    
consid]$ z purely liquid4  ,old m51     
c\ncil (4 ,see ,ag$4  ,olig>*y depict$  
by ,hom]4  ,olympus1 inv5tor ( ,grecian 
& nomic music4  ,onesicratus4  ,onions =
 lung disease4  ,onobatis1 woman call$4 
,onomatopoeia 9 ,hom]4  ,oracles1 essay 
on ! cessation (4  ,oracul> responses4  
,orations1 political4  ,orators1 ,lives 
( ! ,t54  ,oratory1 extempore & /udi$4  
,ore/es1 /ory (1 & ,roman p>allel4      
,orontes1 say+s (4  ,orpheus1 ?r[n into 
! ,hebrus4  ,oryx1 fables ( !4  ,greek  
,osiris1 ,isis &2 bir? (2 dea? (2       
d]ivation ( "n4  ,otus1 me?od ( captur+ 
!4  ,outspok5ness1 false & true4        
,ov]eat+4  ,ov]turn]s ( wagons4  ,ox1   
sacrifice (1 by ,pyrrhias2 9 ,egyptian  
sacrifices2 & ! camel4  ,ox51 hay b\nd  
ab\t horns (2 c\nt+ by4  ,oxyrhyncus1   
wor%ip ( !4  ,pactolus1 riv] ( ,lydia4  
,pa$>etus1 anecdote (2 say+s (4  ,pa9t+1
 def9$ z sil5t poetry2 ,hom] a ma/] 9   
pa9t+ by words4  ,palae/9us1 riv]1 & son

 ( ,neptune4  ,palillogia1 ,hom]'s use  
(4  ,greek1 def9$4  ,palladium1 ,greek &
 ,roman p>allels relat+ to4  ,palm1     
g>l&s (1 giv5 9 games4  ,palms1 gr[? (1 
increas$ by weights laid on !m4  ,pan1  
,spania d]iv$ f4  ,panaema1 d]ivation (4
  ,pangaeus1 m\nta94  ,pan?oidas1 say+s 
(4  ,p>allels drawn betwe5 ,greek &     
,roman hi/ory4  ,p>anomasia 9 ,hom]4    
,p>aphrases ( ,hom] by lat] writ]s4     
,p>embole1 a figure ( spee*4  ,p>5ts1   
advice to2 honor to1 %[n 9 ,hom]4       
,p>ison1 a figure ( spee*4  ,p>m5ides1  
on love2 an ,epicurean's attack on2     
def5ce (4  ,p>sley1 cr[ns (4            
,p>tridges1 cunn+ (4  ,p>ysatis1 say+s  
(4  ,passions ( ! body4  ,pat]          
,patratus4  ,patres ,conscripti di/+ui%$
 f ,patres4  ,patricians prohibit$ to   
dwell ab\t ,capitol4  ,pausanias1 son ( 
,cleombrotus4  ,pausanias1 son (        
,pli/onanax4  ,pausanias & ,cleonice4   
,peace ( m9d2 9 exile4  ,p$agogues1     
*oice (4 ,see ,tutors4  ,p$etes1 ,&ron 9
 ,samos call$4  ,peep+ ,girl1 !4        

,p]gamus1 ! woman (4  ,p]icles1 say+s (4
  ,p]ipatetics & ,hom]4  ,p]iphrasis 9  
,hom]4  ,p]sian wom51 !4  ,greek1 def9$4
  ,phallus1 fe/ival ( !4  ,phantom1     
def9$4  ,phasis1 riv]4  ,philadelphi1   
/ones call$4  ,philip ( ,mac$on &       
,arcadio ! ,a*aean4  ,philosoph]s1      
conv]sation (2 reason+s (1 orig9ate )   
,hom]4  ,philosophiz+ at table4         
,philosophy1 def9$2 difficulties 91 may 
be ov]come4  ,phocion ! ,a!nian4        
,phocis1 wom5 (4  ,phocus1 daught] (4   
,phoebidas1 quot$4  ,phryne ! c\rtesan4 
,phryxa1 h]b call$4  ,phylact]ies ( !   
,jews4  ,physics1 use (2 animals' use (4
  ,phyxemelum1 def9$4  ,pi]ia4  ,piety  
t[>d ! gods taught by ,hom]4  ,p9>ii1 !4
  ,p9d>1 elegy (4  ,p9e1 g>l&s (4       
,pipe1 m5tion$ by ,hom]2 made f asses'  
bones4  ,pipe-music at ent]ta9m5ts4     
,pisi/ratus1 tyrant ( ,a!ns4  ,pittacus1
 philosophy (4  ,place1 def9ition (4    
,planets1 musical proportions 9 di/ances
 betwe54 ,see ,a/ronomy4  ,plants1 )    
special prop]ties2 me?od ( increase (4  

,plato1 on music2 on procreation ( !    
s\l2 on music ( ! sph]es2 on an oracle  
deliv]$ by ,apollo2 on fatigue z ! enemy
 ( le>n+2 quot$2 repro( ( ,socrates by2 
praise ( concise speak+ by2 on !        
immortality ( ! s\l2 k ( music %[n by2  
on ,god2 /atem5t (1 t dr9k passes ?r\gh 
! lungs2 bir?day (2 ,*rysippus' works   
aga9/2 ,colotes' criticisms (2 def5ce (4
  ,platonic ,que/ions4  ,platy*aetas4   
,pleonasm 9 ,hom]4  ,pli/>*us1 son (    
,leonidas4  ,pli/oanax1 son (           
,pausanias4  ,ploiades1 cl\ds call$4    
,poetry1 ,lac$aemonian2 rank ( music &2 
& love2 p>ts common to danc+ &2 ( ,hom]2
 h[ a "y man ought to he>4  ,poets1     
great] improbabilities spok5 by ,/oics  
?an by2 prize =1 at games4  ,poletes1   
among ,epidamnians4  ,political         
precepts4  ,polity1 civil1 9 ,hom]4     
,poltys1 say+s (4  ,polycratidas4       
,polycrita4  ,polydorus4  ,polypus1 !2  
*ange ( color (4  ,pompeius1 ,cn4       
,pontius1 ,c41 ,roman h]o4  ,polpilius4 
,pors5a & ! ,roman maid5s4  ,porus4     

,posidonius1 s*ool (4  ,po/umia1 ,ve/al 
,virg94  ,pov]ty & weal?4  ,praise (    
"o's self4  ,prais+1 directions conc]n+2
 c>e to be obs]v$ 94  ,prie/ ( ,h]cules 
at ,cos4  ,prie/s1 cu/oms ( ,roman4     
,pr9ce1 ,disc\rse to an unle>n$4        
,pr9ciple1 diff]5ce betwe5 elem5t &4    
,pr9ciples1 f\r fir/2 def9$4  ,pr9i/um1 
f\nd+ (4  ,proanaphonesis 9 ,hom]4      
,procreation1 ( ! s\l2 ( *ildr54        
,prome!us1 fate (1 & h]b nam$ =4        
,prosopopoiia1 ,hom]'s use (4           
,provid5ce1 & fate2 p]ta9s to m9d (     
,god2 ,hom]'s views (4  ,ptolemies1 !1 &
 flatt]]s2 titles ( !4  ,ptolemy1 son ( 
,lagus4  ,publius ,decius1 case (1 &    
,greek p>allel4  ,pulse1 ab/5tion f2 use
 (1 by ! ,trallians4  ,puni%+1 ,god's   
delay 94  ,putrefaction ( fle%4         
,pyrrhus ! ,epirot1 surnam$ ! ,eagle2   
,c4 ,fabricius &4  ,py?agoras1          
disc\rages cruelty to animals2 judgm5t (
 music by2 on pr9ciples & elem5ts2      
conception ( ,god2 symbols & sup]/itions
 (2 doctr9es (1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,hom]2   

p>allel say+s ( ,hom] &4  ,py?agoreans1 
beliefs ab\t eat+4  ,py!as1 /ory (4     
,py!s1 ! wife (4  ,py?ia1 dea? (4       
,py?ian responses4  ,qu>ry ( asbe/os4   
,quat]n>y ( ,py?agoreans4  ,que/ions1   
answ]s to2 ! ask+ (2 = discussion at    
table4  ,quickness effect$ by ellipsis 9
 ,hom]4  ,qu9ce1 to be eat5 by brides4  
,qu9ctius1 ,t41 /ories (4  ,qu9tess5ce1 
!1 ( ! ,ari/ote#a;ians4  ,quir9alia1 !  
,fea/ ( ,fools4  ,quiritis & ,quir9us4  
,raill]y at an ent]ta9m5t4  ,ra9b[1     
cause (4  ,ra9s1 g5]ation (1 kn[n to    
,hom]4  ,razor1 m5tion$ by ,hom]4       
,read+ by old m54  ,reason1 p>alyz$ by  
fe>4  ,recapitulation1 ,hom]'s use (4   
,r$ ,sea1 woods & plants 94             
,regression1 a figure ( spee*4          
,relation1 a figure ( spee*4  ,repro(s1 
on be>+4  ,res9 us$ = inc5se4           
,respiration1 voice &2 cause (4         
,re/ra9t1 a "* ( spee*4  ,rex ,sacrorum1
 k+ ( prie/s4  ,rhea1 my? relat+ to2    
five gods (4  ,rhetoric1 ,hom] a ma/] (4
  ,rhodope1 ! c\rtesan2 m\nta94  ,ri*es1

 rem>ks on4  ,riv]s & _! *>act]i/ics4   
,rods & axes c>ri$ be=e (fic]s4  ,rogue 
,t[n1 ,philip's4  ,roman ,apo!gms4      
,roman ,que/ions4  ,romans1 ! =tune ( !4
  ,romulus & ,remus2 ,greek p>allel4    
,r\ndelay1 ,t]p&] inv5ts4  ,roxana4     
,rules ( heal?4  ,rum9a1 sacrifices to4 
,runn]s-to-supp]4  ,ru/icus1 anecdote (4
  ,sacr$ geese1 !4  ,sacrifices1 ( human
 be+s by ,romans2 ! result ( sup]/ition2
 fle% (4  ,sag>is1 riv] ( ,phrygia4     
,sail+1 rate (1 9 w9t]4  ,/4 ,elmo's    
,fire4  ,salmantica1 wom5 (4  ,salt1    
,egyptian beliefs conc]n+2 use (1 =     
cattle2 reasons = lack (1 9 fruit2 held 
9 honor4  ,sambicus1 suff]+s (4  ,same &
 ,o!r1 ,plato's4  ,samian cu/oms4       
,s>casm1 use (1 9 ,hom]4  ,s>dians1 sale
 (4  ,saturn1 ! fa!r ( tru?2 temple (1 z
 treasury & (fice ( record2 /> ( !      
,jews4  ,saturnalia4  ,sav+s1 rem>kable2
 9 ,hom]4  ,scam&]1 riv] 9 ,boeotia4    
,scape-goat1 c]emony (1 among           
,egyptians4  ,sc$asus1 daught]s (4      
,scilurus1 say+s (4  ,scipio ! ,eld]4   

,scipio ,junior1 say+s (4  ,scold+1     
fault (4  ,sea1 less salt 9 w9t]2 wat]  
(1 p\r$ ^u w9e2 waves (1 heat$ by       
motion2 calm+ !1 by p\r+ on oil2        
composition & o!r qualities (3 food f !1
 vs4 food f l&4  ,sea-sickness1 degrees 
(4  ,sea-wat] & trees4  ,secret1 keep+  
a4  ,se$1 g5]ative4  ,self-control4     
,self-praise4  ,semiramis1 monum5t (4   
,s5ses1 def9ition1 objects1 numb]1      
action (1 etc4  ,septimontium1 fe/ival  
call$4  ,s]apis1 ,egyptian "n = ,pluto4 
,s]p5t1 am\r ( a4  ,s]vants' ,holiday1  
orig9 (4  ,s]vius1 ,roman k+4  ,sev5te51
 sup]/ition conc]n+ ! numb]4  ,sev5     
,wise ,m51 banquet ( !4  ,sexes1        
g5]ation ( ! diff]5t4  ,%ad[s1 gue/s    
call$4  ,%eep1 qualities ( fle% (1 :5   
bitt5 by wolves4  ,%etl& ,isl&s4  ,%ips1
 /]ns & /ems on co9s4  ,%yness1 an      
excess ( mode/y4  ,sickness1 causes (4  
,sight1 h]b = cur+ weak2 cause (2 ( old 
m52 process (4  ,sil5ce1 advantages (1  
contra/$ ) talkativ5ess2 an answ] to    
wise m54  ,simonides1 quotation f4      

,s9i/]1 birds call$1 9 soo?say+4        
,sipylus1 m\nta9 ( ,asia4  ,sir5s1 music
 ( !4  ,skeleton at ! fea/4  ,slave1 an 
ob$i5t b /upid4  ,slaves1 fea/-day (    
,roman2 bl9d+ (4  ,sleep1 & dea?2 eat+  
ore2 cause (2 "q (1 app]ta9+ to s\l or  
body2 ,hom]'s valuation (4  ,small      
,=tune1 temple (4  ,smell+1 means (4    
,sneez+1 ! ,daemon ( ,socrates4  ,snor+ 
z a good om5 9 ,hom]4  ,sn[1 g5]ation (2
 pres]vation (4  ,soap1 natron ! anci5t 
sub/itute =4  ,sob]-/one1 !4  ,socrates1
 ! ,daemon (2 on tra9+ ( *ildr52 on !   
seat ( true happ9ess2 quot$2 conception 
( ,god2 bir?day (2 ,colotes' criticisms 
(2 def5ce (2 a midwife to o!rs1 himself 
n g5]at+14  ,solon1 precept (2 &        
,croesus2 on virtue & weal?4  ,sol/ice1 
w9t] & summ]4  ,sons1 conspicu\s        
examples ( dea?s (4  ,soos1 /ory (4     
,soo?say+1 birds =2 9 ,hom]4            
,sophocles1 quotation f2 p>aphrase (    
,hom] by4  ,sorr[1 advice on2           
exhibitions (4  ,s\l1 essay on          
procreation (2 passions (1 vs4 disord]s 

( body2 nature1 ess5ce1 p>ts1 motion (1 
etc42 means by :i* s5sible1 & pr9cipal  
"p (2 sympa?y (1 ) passions ( ! body2   
,plato's reason+ conc]n+2 immortality (1
 accord+ to ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ,hom]2
 transmigration ( !2 ,hom]'s treatm5t ( 
p[]s & passions (4  ,s\nds1 he>d bett] 9
 ! night ?an 9 ! day2 h>moniz+ (4  ,s[s1
 f>r[+ (4  ,space1 !ories (4  ,sp>ta1   
cu/oms 94  ,sp>tans1 say+s ( !2         
rem>kable spee*es ( "s obscure4  ,spee*1
 ill-advis$ fre$om (2 control ( "o's2 ( 
/atesm52 value (1 to ! heal?2 compos$ ( 
n\ns & v]bs1 accord+ to ,plato4  ,sp]m1 
con/itution (4  ,sp]matic emission (    
wom54  ,spid]s1 z an om52 skill (4      
,spies1 unpopul>ity result+ f4  ,spoils 
( w>1 fate (4  ,spurius1 significance ( 
"n1 & reason4  ,/>s1 ,egyptian beliefs  
conc]n+ !2 ess5ce & composition2 =m (2  
ord] & place2 motion & circulation1 :5ce
 _! light1 & o!r qualities2 circles     
ab\t4  ,/atesm51 may praise !mselves4   
,/eal+1 among ,lac$aemonians4  ,/epmo!r1
 fl[] :i* dies at "n (2 ! h]b phryxa a  

protection aga9/4  ,/ew>d at banquets4  
,/ilpo1 & ,poseidon2 ref]5ces to2       
attack$ by ,colotes4  ,/oics1 views (   
,god2 improbabilities spok5 by2 common  
conceptions aga9/2 contradictions ( !2  
orig9 ( doctr9es (1 ) ,hom]4  ,/ones )  
special prop]ties4  ,/ories ( riv]s &   
m\nta9s4  ,/ratonica1 ,galatian woman4  
,/rymon1 riv] ( ,?race4  ,/yle1 types (1
 9 ,hom]4  ,summ]1 cause (2 ,/oics' view
 (4  ,sun1 titles ( !2 beliefs conc]n+  
!2 ,hom]'s op9ions ab\t2 id5tification (
 ,apollo )4  ,sun & ,w9d1 fable (4      
,sun-wor%ip4  ,sup]/ition1 essay on4    
,surg]y 9 ,hom]4  ,swall[s1 ne/s (2     
sup]/itions ab\t4  ,sw9e z an unholy    
animal4  ,sword-blades1 cold-hamm]$4    
,sycophant1 d]ivation (4  ,sylia !      
,=tunate2 ,m>ius's treatm5t (4          
,syllables1 numb] (1 possible to make4  
,symposiacs4  ,synecdo*e 9 ,hom]4       
,table cu/oms1 ,roman2 ,greek1 see      
,banquets4  ,table-talk 7,symposiacs74  
,tactics1 ,hom]'s k (4  ,tagyrae1 oracle
 at4  ,talkativ5ess1 essay on4  ,tanais1

 riv] ( ,scy?ia4  ,t>peia1 ,roman       
traitress1 & ,greek p>allel4  ,ta/e1    
cause (4  ,taygetus1 m\nta94  ,taylor1  
,j]emy1 a borr[] f ,plut>*4  ,te>s ( bo>
 & h>t4  ,teleclus1 ,k+4  ,telecrus1    
say+s (4  ,telesilla1 poetess4  ,temp]1 
gov]n+ !4 ,see ,ang]4  ,temp]ance1      
wisdom (4  ,temples1 9 ,rome2 traitors  
wall$ up 94  ,t5es1 temple (4  ,t5ses 9 
,hom]4  ,t]es1 say+ (4  ,t]m9us1 ! god4 
,t]p&]1 ,lac$aemonian musician4         
,teu?ras1 m\nta94  ,?alassius1 "n sung  
at nuptials4  ,?ales ! ,milesian2       
conception ( ,god4  ,!ag5es1 ,!ban h]o4 
,!ano1 wife ( ,py?agoras4  ,!>idas1 say+
 (4  ,!ctam5es4  ,!mi/eas ! prophet4    
,!mi/ocles4  ,!ocritus1 unlucky rem>ks  
(2 p>aphrase ( ,hom] by4  ,!odorus (    
,soli1 quot$4  ,!ogony1 ! anci5t4       
,!opompus2 quot$4  ,!oretic /yle 9      
,hom]4  ,!ox5ia1 fe/ival call$4         
,!rmodon riv] ( ,scy?ia4  ,!seus &      
,piri?\s4  ,!spesius1 /ory (4  ,!ssaly1 
en*antm5ts (4  ,?iasi1 sacrifice call$4 
,?ir/1 causes (2 increas$ by eat+4      

,?orycion4  ,?\ art & ,"k ?yself14      
,?ree accords betwe5 w9e & wat]4  ,?ree 
elem5ts necess>y = moral excell5ce4     
,?ree p>ts 9 danc+4  ,?und]1 !ories     
ab\t4  ,?und]-%[]s1 wat] (4  ,tib]ius & 
flatt]]4  ,tides1 cause (4  ,tigris1    
my?s ( !4  ,timaeus1 on ! procreation ( 
! s\l2 ,atlantic by1 cit$4  ,"t1 def9$2 
sub/ance & nature (4  ,timoelea4        
,timo!us2 say+s (4  ,timox5a1 daught] ( 
,plut>*1 dea? (4  ,tmolus1 m\nta91 /ory 
(4  ,tobacco1 use (1 h9t$4  ,togas )\t  
tunics = c&idates = (fice4  ,tor*es at  
nuptials4  ,torture1 inv5tors ( eng9es  
(1 rew>d$4  ,track+ wild bea/s4         
,trag$y1 orig9 (1 ) ,hom]4  ,tra9+ (    
*ildr54  ,traitors1 p>allel cases (     
,greek & ,roman4  ,tranquillity ( m9d4  
,transmigration ( ! s\l4  ,trees1       
sea-wat] &2 ?rive bett] ) ra9 ?an )     
wat]+2 graft+ ( fir1 p9e1 etc42 s-call$ 
,iris-/ruck4  ,triangle1 rev]$ by       
,egyptians4  ,triangles1 ,plato's !ories
 ab\t4  ,tribune ( ! p4  ,tropes 9      
,hom]4  ,troy1 wom5 (4  ,truce f words1 

,py?agoras'4  ,tru?fulness1 honorabl5ess
 (1 %[n 9 ,hom]4  ,tutors1              
qualifications (2 responsibilities (4   
,tw9s & triplets1 causes (4  ,typhon1   
leg5ds (4  ,tyranny depict$ by ,hom]4   
,tyrrh5e wom51 !4  ,ulysses1 & !        
,coliads2 temple (1 9 ,lac$aemon2 &     
,circe4 ,see ,odysseus4  ,unhapp9ess    
caus$ by vice4  ,union results 9 /r5g?4 
,univ]se1 !ories ( ! gov]nm5t ( !2      
conceptions ( !2 pr9ciples & elem5ts (2 
"q z to :e!r x is "o   ,,la/ ,,page ,,( 
,,index ,,miss+