,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
available by view+        ,see          
#cjejf-;h4htm or #cjejf-;h4zip3         
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cjejf_/pg#cjejf-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cjej
f_/cjejf-;h4zip7      ,,an>*ism ,,&     
,,socialism  by  ,,george ,,ple*an(f    
,translat$ ) ! p]mission ( ! au?or by   
,eleanor ,m>x ,avel+        ,*icago     
,*>les ,h4 ,k]r  ,company     ,,cont5ts4
   ,,publi%]s' ,,note                   
#g  ,,preface                           
#ac     ,i4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,(   
,,! ,,utopian ,,sociali/s               
#ag    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,(  
,,sci5tific ,,socialism                 
#cj   ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hi/orical            
,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,an>*i/ ,,doctr9e 
#ch    ,,iv4 ,,pr\dhon                  
#ec     ,v4 ,,bak\n9e                   
#gh    ,,vi4 ,,bak\n9e--7,,conclud$7    
#hi   ,,vii4 ,,! ,,small] ,,fry         
#ajc  ,,viii4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,an>*i/  
,,tactics4 ,,_! ,,morality          #abg

    ,,ix4 ,,! ,,b\rgeoisie1 ,,an>*ism1  
,,& ,,socialism                #adc     
,,publi%]s' ,,note   ,9 repr9t+ ,an>*ism
 & ,socialism1 by ,george ,ple*an(f1 we 
realize t !re is n ! same ne$ = assail+ 
& expos+ an>*ism at pres5t z !re has be5
 at diff]5t times 9 ! pa/4 ,yet ! book  
is valuable1 n m]ely because ( its      
hi/oric int]e/ b also to work]s com+    
into contact ) ! revolution>y movem5t = 
! fir/ "t4 ,! g5]al conception ( an>*ism
 t a beg9n] (t5 gets is t x is some?+   
extremely advanc$4 ,x is (t5 express$   
some:at z foll[s3 ,aft] capitalism comes
 socialism & !n comes an>*ism4 ,ple*an(f
 v ably explodes su* notions4  ,)9 !    
pages ( ?is "w ! au?or %[s n only !     
reaction>y "* ( an>*ism1 b he exposes   
its class bias & its empty philosophic  
idealism & utopian program4 ,he %[s     
an>*ism to be j ! opposite ( sci5tific  
socialism or communism4 ,x aims at a    
society dom9at$ by individualism1 :i* is
 simply a capitali/ ideal4 ,su* ideals z
 lib]ty1 equality1 frat]nity1 fir/      

sprang f ! ranks ( ! petty prop]ty own]s
 ( e>ly capitalism1 z ,ple*an(f %[s4 ,he
 also po9ts out t :ile ,pr\dhon is      
usually cr$it$ ) be+ ! fa!r ( an>*ism t 
actually ,max ,/irn] comes clos] to be+ 
its fa!r4 ,/irn]'s ,league ( ,egoi/s1 he
 says1 is only ! utopia ( a petty       
b\rgeois 9 revolt4 ,9 ?is s5se "o may   
say he has spok5 ! la/ ^w ( b\rgeois    
individualism4  ,bak\n9e & ,kropotk9e1 !
 fam\s ,russian an>*i/s1 are expos$ z   
confus$ ideali/s1 :o h n aid$ b r h9d]$ 
! developm5t ( ! work+-class movem5t4   
,l59 speaks highly ( ! book 9 ?is       
relation1 b takes ,ple*an(f sev]ely to  
task = 8 failure prop]ly to set =? !    
,m>xian concepts ( ! ,/ate1 & = 8 total 
evasion ( ! =m ! ,/ate mu/ take dur+ !  
"t x is 9 ! h&s ( ! work]s4 ,:5 writ+ on
 ! ,vulg>isation ( ,m>x by !            
,opportuni/s1 9 8 ,/ate & ,revolution1  
,l59 said3  ,ple*an(f devot$ a special  
pamphlet to ! "q ( ! relation (         
socialism to an>*ism entitl$ ,an>*ism & 
,socialism1 publi%$ 9 ,g]man 9 #ahid4   

,he manag$ someh[ to treat ! "q )\t t\*+
 on ! mo/ vital1 controv]sial po9t1 !   
ess5tial po9t politically1 9 ! /ruggle )
 ! an>*i/s3 ! relation ( ! revolution to
 ,/ate1 & ! "q ( ! ,/ate 9 g5]al4 ,8    
pamphlet may be divid$ into two p>ts3   
"o1 hi/orico-lit]>y1 conta9+ valuable   
mat]ial = ! hi/ory ( ! ideas ( ,/irn]1  
,pr\dhon1 & o!rs2 ! second1 ignorant &  
n>r[-m9d$1 conta9+ a clumsy disquisition
 on ! !me 't an an>*i/ _c be di/+ui%$ f 
a b&it1' an amus+ comb9ation ( subjects 
& mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! entire activity (  
,ple*an(f on ! eve ( revolution & dur+ !
 revolution>y p]iod 9 ,russia4 ,inde$1 9
 ! ye>s #aijh to #aiag ,ple*an(f %[$    
himself to be half doctr9aire & half    
phili/9e1 walk+1 politically1 9 ! wake (
 ! b\rgeoisie4  ,we saw h[ ,m>x &       
,engels1 9 _! polemics aga9/ ! an>*i/s1 
expla9$ mo/ ?or\ghly _! views on !      
relation ( ! revolution to ! ,/ate4     
,engels1 :5 edit+ 9 #ahia1 ,m>x's       
,criticism ( ! ,go?a ,program1 wrote t  
'we'--t is1 ,engels & ,m>x--'7 !n 9 !   

fi]ce/ phase ( our battle ) ,bak\n9e & 8
 an>*i/s2 h>dly two ye>s _h !n pass$    
s9ce ! ,hague ,congress ( !             
,int]national' 7! ,fir/74 ,! an>*i/s _h 
tri$ to claim ! ,p>is ,commune z _!     
'own1' z a confirmation ( _! tea*+s1 ?us
 %[+ t !y _h n 9 ! lea/ und]/ood !      
lessons ( ! ,commune or ! analysis ( ^? 
lessons by ,m>x4 ,an>*ism has giv5 no?+ 
approa*+ a true solution ( ! concrete   
political problems3 are we to break up !
 old ,/ate ma*9e1 & :at %all we put 9   
its place8  ,b to speak ( ,an>*ism &    
,socialism1 leav+ ! :ole "q ( ! ,/ate   
out ( acc\nt & tak+ no notice at all ( !
 :ole developm5t ( ,m>xism be=e & aft] !
 ,commune--t meant an inevitable fall   
into ! pit ( opportunism4 ,= t is j :at 
opportunism wants--to keep ^! two       
que/ions 9 abeyance4 ,to secure ?is is1 
9 itself1 a victory ( opportunism4  ,!  
an>*i/ desire to aboli% ! ,/ate at "o   
bl[1 & to aboli% money1 etc41 9 mu* !   
same way1 spr+s f _! inability to und]/&
 ! in/itutions ( capitali/ society4 ,to 

_m ( !m ! ,/ate is simply ! result ( p  
hav+ fai? 9 au?ority4 ,give up ?is      
belief & ! ,/ate w cease to exi/4 ,x is 
a my? l ,god & re/s entirely on fai?4 ,!
 an>*i/'s desire = ! abolition ( ! ,/ate
 arises f entirely diff]5t concepts to t
 ( ! communi/s4 ,to ^! an>*i/           
anti-au?orit>ians ! ,/ate is simply bad4
 ,x is ! mo/ au?orit>ian ?+ 9 sight4 ,x 
int]f]es ) individual fre$om &          
consequ5tly is ! greate/ ob/ruction to  
absolute lib]ty & o!r utopian desires ( 
! *ampions ( individualism4  ,communi/s 
also want a society )\t a ,/ate b       
realize t su* c only come ab\t :5       
society is )\t classes4 ,! aim ( !      
communi/ movem5t is to de/roy !         
capitali/ =m ( ! ,/ate & sub/itute a    
prolet>ian =m dur+ ! "t 9 :i* society is
 und]go+ its classless trans=mation4 ,:5
 all prop]ty is c5traliz$ into ! h&s (  
?is work+-class ,/ate & :5 !            
adm9i/ration ( ?+s has tak5 ! place (   
political dom9ance1 ! ,/ate1 9 its f9al 
=m1 w h )]$ away4 ,!re=e1 ! communi/    

realizes t ! ,/ate _c be aboli%$ 9 !    
mann] visualiz$ by an>*i/s1 b t x mu/ be
 us$1 t is1 ! prolet>iat mu/ be rais$ to
 ! position ( rul+ class1 = ! purpose ( 
expropriat+ ! capitali/s & putt+ an end 
to ! exploitation ( ! produc+ class4 ,! 
,/ate is n aboli%$4 ,only its capitali/ 
=m is aboli%$4 ,! ,/ate dies out 9 ! h&s
 ( ! work]s :5 !re is no long] an oppos+
 class to co]ce4     ,,preface4   ,! "w 
( my fri5d ,george ,ple*an(f1 ,an>*ism &
 ,socialism1 0 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,fr5*4
 ,x 0 !n translat$ into ,g]man by ,mrs4 
,b]n/e91 & issu$ 9 pamphlet =m by !     
,g]man ,social-,democratic ,publi%+     
,(fice ,vorwrts4 ,x 0 next translat$ by 
myself into ,engli%1 & s mu* ( !        
translation z exig5cies ( space w\ld    
p]mit1 publi%$ 9 ! ,weekly ,times &     
,e*o4 ,! orig9al ,fr5* v]sion is n[     
appe>+ 9 ! ,jeunesse ,sociali/e1 & w be 
issu$ 9 book =m %ortly4 ,! complete     
,engli% translation is n[ giv5 to       
,engli% read]s ?r\gh ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury 
,press4 ,i h to ?ank ! ,editor ( !      

,weekly ,times & ,e*o1 ,mr4 ,kibble:ite1
 = 8 k9dness 9 all[+ me to use ^?       
portions ( ! "w t appe>$ 9 8 pap]4  ,z  
to ! book itself4 ,!re are ^? :o ?9k t !
 preci\s "t ( s rem>kable a writ]1 &    
pr(\nd a ?9k] z ,george ,ple*an(f is    
simply wa/$ 9 prick+ ,an>*i/ w9d-bags4  
,b1 un=tunately1 !re are _m ( ! y\ng]1  
or ( ! m ignorant sort1 :o are incl9$ to
 take words = de$s1 high-s\nd+ phrases =
 acts1 m]e s\nd & fury = revolution>y   
activity1 & :o are too "y or too        
ignorant to "k t su* s\nd & fury signify
 no?+4 ,x is = ! sake ( ^! y\ng]1 or = !
 sake ( ! m ignorant1 folk1 t m5 l      
,ple*an(f deal s]i\sly ) ?is matt] (    
,an>*ism1 & d n feel _! "t lo/ if !y c1 
z ?is "w mu/1 help read]s to see ! true 
mean+ ( :at is call$ ,an>*ism4  ,& a "w 
l ?is "o ( ,ple*an(f's is d\bly necess>y
 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! ,sociali/ movem5t is   
/ill l>gely disorganis$1 :]e !re is /ill
 su* ignorance & confusion on all       
economic & political subjects2 :]e1 ) ! 
exception1 among ! l>g] ,sociali/       

organisations1 ( ! ,social-,democratic  
,f$]ation 7& ev5 among ! y\ng] ,s4,d4,f4
 memb]s !re is a vague sort ( idea t    
,an>*ism is some?+ f9e & revolution>y71 
!re has be5 no little coquett+ )        
,an>*ism "u an impression t x 0 v       
advanc$1 & :]e ! ,old ,unioni/ cry ( ,no
 politics6 has unconsci\sly play$ !     
reaction>y ,an>*i/ game4 ,we _c af=d to 
ov]look ! fact t ! ,sociali/ ,league    
became 9 "t--:5 "s ( u _h left x--an    
,an>*i/ organisation1 & t s9ce !n its   
lead]s h be51 or /ill are1 m or less    
av[$ ,an>*i/s4 ,:ile q rec5tly ! lead] (
 a new p>ty--& t a w\ld-be political    
"o6--did n hesitate to decl>e 8 ,an>*i/ 
sympa?ies or to /ate t ,! me?ods ( !    
,an>*i/s might diff] f ^? ( !           
,sociali/s1 b t might only prove t ! =m]
 7 m zeal\s ?an ! latt]4  ,x is also    
necess>y to po9t out once aga9 t        
,an>*ism & ,nihilism h no m 9 common ?an
 ,an>*ism & ,socialism4 ,z ,ple*an(f    
said at ! ,zri* ,int]national ,congress3
 ,we 7i4e41 ! ,russians7 h _h to endure 

e =m ( p]secution1 e ?9kable mis]y2 b we
 h be5 sp>$ "o disgrace1 "o humiliation2
 we1 at lea/1 h no ,an>*i/s4 ,a /atem5t 
endors$ & emphasis$ by o!r ,russian     
revolutioni/s1 & notably by ! ,am]ican  
delegate1 ,abraham ,cahan--himself a    
,russian refugee4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o are   
wag+ _! h]oic w> 9 ,russia & 9 ,pol&    
aga9/ ,cz>ism h no m 9 common ) ,an>*ism
 ?an _h ! f\nd]s ( ! mod]n ,sociali/    
movem5t--,c>l ,m>x & ,fr$]ick ,engels4  
,?is little book ( ,ple*an(f w assur$ly 
conv9ce ! y\nge/ ev5 t "u any           
circum/ances ,an>*ism is b ano!r ^w =   
reaction2 & ! m hone/ ! m5 & wom5 :o    
play ?is reactioni/ game1 ! m tragic &  
dang]\s x becomes = ! :ole work+ class  
movem5t4  ,f9ally1 !re is a la/ reason  
:y ! issu+ ( ?is "w at ! pres5t mom5t is
 timely4 ,9 #ahif ! next ,int]national  
,sociali/ & ,trade ,union ,congress     
meets 9 ,london4 ,x is well t ^? :o may 
att5d ?is great ,congress z delegates1 &
 t ! ?\s&s ( work]s :o w wat* its "w1   
%\ld und]/& :y ! resolutions arriv$ at  

by ! ,p>is1 ,brussels1 & ,zri*          
,int]national ,congresses ) reg>d to !  
,an>*i/s %\ld be en=c$4 ,! ,an>*i/s :o  
cynically decl>e ,work]s' ,congresses   
absurd1 motiveless1 & s5seless mu/ be   
taught once & = all1 t !y _c be all[$ to
 make ! ,congresses ( ! ,revolution>y   
,sociali/s ( ! :ole _w a playgr\nd =    
reaction & int]national spydom4         
,,eleanor ,,m>x ,,avel+4  ,gre5 ,/reet  
,gre51 ,orp+ton1 ,k5t4 ,augu/1 #ahie4   
,,an>*ism ,,& ,,socialism     ,,*apt] ,i
  ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,!         
,,utopian ,,sociali/s   ,! ,fr5*        
,mat]iali/s ( ! #ah? c5tury :ile wag+   
rel5tless w> aga9/ all ! infmes ^: yoke 
weigh$ ^u ! ,fr5* ( ?is p]iod1 by no    
means scorn$ ! se>* aft] :at !y call$   
p]fect legislation1 i4e41 ! be/ ( all   
possible legislations1 su* legislation z
 %\ld secure to human be+s ! greate/ sum
 ( happ9ess1 & c\ld be alike applicable 
to all exi/+ societies1 = ! simple      
reason t x 0 p]fect & !re=e ! mo/       
natural4 ,excursions into ?is doma9 (   

p]fect legislation occupy no small place
 9 ! works ( a d',holba* & a ,helvtius4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sociali/s ( ! fir/ half
 ( our c5tury ?rew !mselves ) imm5se    
zeal1 ) unequall$ p]sev]ance1 into !    
se>* aft] ! be/ ( possible social       
organisations1 aft] a p]fect social     
organisation4 ,?is is a /rik+ & notable 
*>act]i/ic :i* !y h 9 common ) ! ,fr5*  
,mat]iali/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 & x is ?is  
*>act]i/ic :i* especially dem&s our     
att5tion 9 ! pres5t "w4  ,9 ord] to     
solve ! problem ( a p]fect social       
organisation1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1
 ( ! be/ ( all possible legislation1 we 
mu/ ev5tually h "s crit]ion by ! help ( 
:i* we may comp>e ! v>i\s legislations  
"o ) ! o!r4 ,& ! crit]ion mu/ h a       
special attribute4 ,9 fact1 !re is no "q
 ( a legislation relatively ! be/1 i4e41
 ! be/ legislation "u giv5 conditions4  
,no1 inde$6 ,we h to f9d a p]fect       
legislation1 a legislation ^: p]fection 
%\ld h no?+ relative ab\t x1 %\ld be    
entirely indep5d5t ( "t & place1 %\ld   

be1 9 a ^w1 absolute4 ,we are !re=e     
driv5 to make ab/raction f hi/ory1 s9ce 
ev]y?+ 9 hi/ory is relative1 ev]y?+     
dep5ds ^u circum/ance1 "t1 & place4 ,b  
ab/raction made ( ! hi/ory ( humanity1  
:at is !re left to guide u 9 our        
legislative inve/igations8 ,humanity is 
left u1 man 9 g5]al1 human nature--( :i*
 hi/ory is b ! manife/ation4 ,"h !n we h
 our crit]ion def9itely settl$1 a p]fect
 legislation4 ,! be/ ( all possible     
legislation is t :i* be/ h>monises )    
human nature4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t ev5 
:5 we h su* a crit]ion we may1 = want ( 
light or ( logic1 fail to solve ?is     
problem ( ! be/ legislation4 ,err>e     
humanum e/1 b x seems incontrov]tible t 
?is problem c be solv$1 t we c1 by tak+ 
our /& ^u an exact k ( human nature1 f9d
 a p]fect legislation1 a p]fect         
organisation4  ,su* 01 9 ! doma9 (      
social sci5ce1 ! po9t ( view ( ! ,fr5*  
,mat]iali/s4 ,man is a s5ti5t &         
reasonable be+1 !y said2 he avoids      
pa9ful s5sations & seeks pleasurable    

ones4 ,he has suffici5t intellig5ce to  
recognise :at is useful to him z well z 
:at is h>mful to him4 ,once y admit ^!  
axioms1 & y c 9 y\r inve/igations into !
 be/ legislation1 arrive1 ) ! help (    
reflection & good int5tions1 at         
conclusions z well f\nd$1 z exact1 z    
incontrov]tible z ^? d]iv$ f a          
ma!matical demon/ration4 ,?us ,condorcet
 und]took to con/ruct d$uctively all    
precepts ( heal?y morality by />t+ f !  
tru? t man is a s5ti5t & reasonable be+4
  ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t 9 ?is   
,condorcet 0 mi/ak54 ,if ! philosoph]s 9
 ?is bran* ( _! inve/igations arriv$ at 
conclusions ( inconte/able ?\gh v       
relative value1 !y unconsci\sly ow$ ?is 
to ! fact t !y con/antly ab&on$ _!      
ab/ract /&po9t ( human nature 9 g5]al1 &
 took up t ( a m or less idealis$ nature
 ( a man ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate4 ,?is man felt
 & reason$1 aft] a fa%ion v cle>ly def9$
 by 8 social environm5t4 ,x 0 8 nature  
to believe firmly 9 b\rgeois prop]ty1   
repres5tative gov]nm5t1 fre$om ( trade  

7laissez-faire1 laissez pass]6 ! nature 
( ?is man 0 always cry+ out71 & s on4 ,9
 reality1 ! ,fr5* philosoph]s always    
kept 9 view ! economic & political      
requirem5ts ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate2 ?is 0 _!  
real crit]ion4 ,b !y appli$ x           
unconsci\sly1 & only aft] mu* w&]+ 9 !  
field ( ab/raction did !y arrive at x4  
,_! consci\s me?od always r$uc$ itself  
to ab/ract consid]ations ( human nature1
 & ( ! social & political in/itutions t 
be/ h>monise ) ?is nature4  ,_! me?od 0 
also t ( ! ,sociali/s4 ,a man ( ! #ah?  
c5tury1 ,morelly1 to anticipate a mass (
 empty objections t w\ld be endless1    
lays d[n z an incontrov]tible pr9ciple t
 9 morals nature is "o1 con/ant1        
inv>iable 444 t its laws nev] *ange2 & t
 ev]y?+ t may be advanc$ z to ! v>iety 9
 ! morals ( savage & civilis$ peoples1  
by no means proves t nature v>ies2 t at 
! outside x only %[s t f c]ta9 accid5tal
 causes :i* are =eign to x1 "s nations h
 fall5 away f ! laws ( nature2 o!rs h   
rema9$ submissive to !m1 9 "s respects f

 m]e habit2 f9ally1 o!rs are subject$ to
 !m by c]ta9 reason$-out laws t are n   
always 9 contradiction ) nature2 9 a ^w1
 man may ab&on ! ,true1 b ! ,true c nev]
 be annihilat$6#a ,f\ri] relies ^u !    
analysis ( ! human passions2 ,rob]t ,ow5
 />ts f c]ta9 consid]ations on ! =mation
 ( human "*2 ,sa9t ,simon1 despite 8    
deep compreh5sion ( ! hi/orical         
evolution ( humanity1 con/antly returns 
to human nature 9 ord] to expla9 ! laws 
( ?is evolution2 ! ,sa9t-,simonians     
decl>$ _! philosophy 0 bas$ ^u a new    
conception ( human nature4 ,! ,sociali/s
 ( ! v>i\s s*ools may qu>rel z to !     
cause ( _! diff]5t conceptions ( human  
nature2 all1 )\t a s+le exception1 are  
conv9c$ t social sci5ce has n & _c h1   
any o!r basis ?an an adequate concept ( 
?is nature4 ,9 ?is !y 9 no wise diff] f 
! ,mat]iali/s ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,human   
nature is ! "o crit]ion !y inv>iably    
apply 9 _! criticism ( exi/+ society1 & 
9 _! se>* aft] a social organisation z x
 %\ld be1 aft] a p]fect legislation4    

,morelly1 ,f\ri]1 ,sa9t ,simon1 ,ow5--we
 look ^u all ( !m to-day z ,utopian     
,sociali/s4 ,s9ce we "k ! g5]al po9t (  
view t is common to !m all1 we c det]m9e
 exactly :at ! ,utopian po9t ( view is4 
,?is w be ! m useful1 see+ t ! oppon5ts 
( ,socialism use ! ^w ,utopian )\t      
atta*+ to x any1 ev5 approximately1     
def9ite mean+4  ,! ,utopian is "o :o1   
/>t+ f an ab/ract pr9ciple1 seeks = a   
p]fect social organisation4  ,! ab/ract 
pr9ciple :i* s]v$ z />t+ po9t ( !       
,utopians 0 t ( human nature4 ,( c\rse  
!re h be5 ,utopians :o appli$ ! pr9ciple
 indirectly ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( concepts
 d]iv$ f x4 ,?us1 e4g41 9 seek+ = p]fect
 legislation1 = an ideal organisation ( 
society1 "o may />t f ! concept ( !     
,rights ( ,man4 ,b x is evid5t t 9 its  
ultimate analysis ?is concept d]ives f t
 ( human nature4  ,x is equally evid5t t
 "o may be a ,utopian )\t be+ a         
,sociali/4 ,! b\rgeois t5d5cies ( !     
,fr5* ,mat]iali/s ( ! la/ c5tury are mo/
 noticeable 9 _! inve/igations ( a      

p]fect legislation4 ,b ?is 9 no wise    
de/roys ! ,utopian "* ( ^! enquires4 ,we
 h se5 t ! me?od ( ! ,utopian ,sociali/ 
does n 9 ! lea/ diff] f t ( d',holba* or
 ,helvtius1 ^? *ampions ( ! revolution>y
 ,fr5* b\rgeoisie4  ,nay1 m4 ,"o may h !
 pr(\nde/ contempt = all music ( !      
future1 "o may be conv9c$ t ! social _w 
9 :i* "o has ! good =tune to live is !  
be/ possible ( all social worlds1 & yet 
9 spite ( ?is "o may look at ! /ructure 
& life ( ! body social f ! same po9t (  
view z t f :i* ! ,utopians reg>d$ x4    
,?is seems a p>adox1 & yet no?+ c\ld be 
m true4 ,take b "o example4  ,9 #agec   
!re appe>$ ,morelly's "w1 ,les ,isles   
,flottantes ou la ,basiliade du clbre   
,pelpai1 traduit de l',indi54#b ,n[1    
note ! argum5ts ) :i* a review1 ,la     
,biblio?que ,imp>tiale1 combat$ !       
communi/ic ideas ( ! au?or3--,"o kn[s   
well en\gh t a di/ance sep>ates ! f9e/  
speculations ( ?is k9d & ! possibility (
 _! realisation4 ,= 9 !ory "o takes     
imag9>y m5 :o l5d !mselves ob$i5tly to e

 arrangem5t1 & :o second ) equal zeal ! 
views ( ! legislator2 b z soon z "o     
attempts to put ^! ?+s into practice "o 
has to deal ) m5 z !y are1 t is to say1 
submissive1 lazy1 or else 9 ! ?raldom ( 
"s viol5t passion4 ,! s*eme ( equality  
especially is "o t seems mo/ repugnant  
to ! nature ( man2 !y are born to comm& 
or to s]ve1 a middle t]m is a burd5 to  
!m4  ,m5 are born to comm& or to s]ve4  
,we _c wond]1 !re=e1 if 9 society we see
 ma/]s & s]vants1 s9ce human nature     
wills x s4 ,x 0 all v well = ,la        
,biblio?que ,imp>tiale to repudiate ^!  
communi/ speculations4 ,! po9t ( view f 
:i* x itself look$ ^u social ph5om5a1 ! 
po9t ( view ( human nature1 x _h 9      
common ) ! ,utopian ,morelly4  ,& x _c  
be urg$ t ?is review 0 probably n s9c]e 
9 its argum5ts1 & t x appeal$ to human  
nature ) ! s+le object ( say+ some?+ 9  
fav\r ( ! exploit]s1 9 fav\r ( ^? :o    
comm&4 ,b s9c]e or hypocritical 9 its   
criticism ( ,morelly1 ! ,biblio?que     
,imp>tiale adopt$ ! /&po9t common to all

 ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,!y all ( !m     
appeal to human nature conceiv$ ( 9 "o  
=m or ano!r1 ) ! sole exception ( !     
retrogrades :o1 liv+ %ad[s ( pass$      
times1 cont9u$ to appeal to ! w ( ,god4 
,z we "k1 ?is concept ( human nature has
 be5 inh]it$ by ! #ai? c5tury f its     
pr$ecessor4 ,! ,utopian ,sociali/s _h no
 o!r4 ,b "h aga9 x is easy to prove t x 
is n peculi> to ! ,utopians4  ,ev5 at ! 
p]iod ( ! ,re/oration1 ! em95t ,fr5*    
hi/orian1 ,guizot1 9 8 hi/orical /udies1
 arriv$ at ! rem>kable conclusion t !   
political con/itution ( any giv5 c\ntry 
dep5d$ ^u ! condition ( prop]ty 9 t     
c\ntry4 ,?is 0 an imm5se advance ^u !   
ideas ( ! la/ c5tury :i* _h almo/       
exclusively consid]$ ! action ( !       
legislator4 ,b :at 9 its turn did ^!    
conditions ( prop]ty dep5d on8 ,guizot  
is unable to answ] ?is "q1 & aft] long1 
va9 ef=ts to f9d a solution ( ! enigma 9
 hi/orical circum/ances1 he returns1    
falls back nol5s vol5s1 ^u ! !ory (     
human nature4 ,augu/9 ,?i]ry1 ano!r     

em95t hi/orian ( ! ,re/oration1 f\nd    
himself 9 almo/ ! same case1 or r he    
w\ld h done s if only he _h tri$ to     
inve/igate ?is "q ( ! condition (       
prop]ty & its hi/orical vicissitudes4 ,9
 8 concept ( social life1 ,?i]ry 0 nev] 
able to g beyond 8 ma/] ,sa9t ,simon1   
:o1 z we h se5 above1 held firmly to !  
po9t ( view ( human nature4  ,! example 
( ! brilliant ,sa9t ,simon1 a man (     
encyclopdic le>n+1 demon/rates m cle>ly 
p]haps ?an any o!r1 h[ n>r[ &           
insuffici5t 0 ?is po9t ( view1 9 :at    
confusion worse conf\nd$ (              
contradictions x l&$ ^? :o appli$ x4    
,says ,sa9t ,simon1 ) ! pr(\nde/        
conviction3 ,! future is made up ( ! la/
 t]ms ( a s]ies1 ! fir/ ( :i* consi/ ( !
 pa/4 ,:5 "o has ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! fir/  
t]ms ( any s]ies x is easy to put d[n _!
 successors2 ?us f ! pa/ c>efully obs]v$
 "o c easily d$uce ! future4 ,?is is s  
true t "o asks oneself at ! fir/ blu% :y
 a man :o _h s cle> a conception ( !    
connection betwe5 ! v>i\s phases (      

hi/orical evolution1 %\ld be class$     
among ! ,utopians4 ,& yet1 look m       
closely at ! hi/orical ideas ( ,sa9t    
,simon1 & y w f9d t we are n wrong 9    
call+ him a ,utopian4 ,! future is      
d$ucible f ! pa/1 ! hi/orical evolution 
( humanity is a process gov]n$ by law4  
,b :at is ! impetus1 ! motive p[] t sets
 9 motion ! human species1 t makes x    
pass f "o phase ( its evolution to      
ano!r8 ,( :at does ?is impetus consi/8  
,:]e are we to seek x8 ,x is "h t ,sa9t 
,simon comes back to ! po9t ( view ( all
 ! ,utopians1 to ! po9t ( view ( human  
nature4 ,?us1 accord+ to him1 ! ess5tial
 fundam5tal cause ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 
0 a *ange 9 ! temporal & spiritual =ces1
 &1 9 ord] to direct x wisely & conclude
 x rightly1 x 0 necess>y to put into    
direct political activity ! =ces :i* _h 
become prepond]ant4 ,9 o!r words1 !     
manufactur]s & ! savants ought to h be5 
call$ ^u to =mulate a political sy/em   
correspond+ to ! new social conditions4 
,?is 0 n done1 & ! ,revolution :i* _h   

began s well 0 almo/ imm$iately direct$ 
into a false pa?4 ,! lawy]s &           
metaphysicians became ! ma/]s ( !       
situation4 ,h[ to expla9 ?is hi/orical  
fact8 ,x is 9 ! nature ( man1 replies   
,sa9t ,simon1 to be unable to pass )\t  
"s int]m$iate phase f any "o doctr9e to 
ano!r4 ,?is law applies mo/ /r+5tly to !
 v>i\s political sy/ems1 ?r\gh :i* !    
natural advance ( civilisation compels !
 human species to pass4 ,?us ! same     
necessity :i* 9 indu/ry has creat$ !    
elem5t ( a new temporal p[]1 de/9$ to   
replace milit>y p[]1 & :i* 9 ! positive 
sci5ces1 has creat$ ! elem5t ( a new    
spiritual p[]1 call$ ^u to take ! place 
( !ological p[]1 mu/ h develop$ & set 9 
activity 7be=e ! *ange 9 ! conditions ( 
society _h begun to be v p]ceptible7 a  
temporal or spiritual p[] ( an          
int]m$i>y1 ba/>d1 & transitory nature1  
^: only mission 0 to br+ ab\t !         
transition f "o social sy/em to ano!r4  
,s we see t ! hi/orical s]ies ( ,sa9t   
,simon really expla9$ no?+ at all2 !y   

!mselves ne$ explanation1 & = ?is we h  
aga9 to fall back ^u ?is inevitable     
human nature4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0    
direct$ along a c]ta9 l9e1 because human
 nature 0 s & s4  ,"o ( two ?+s4 ,ei!r  
human nature is1 z ,morelly ?\ght1      
inv>iable1 & !n x expla9s no?+ 9 hi/ory1
 :i* %[s u con/ant v>iations 9 !        
relations ( man to society2 or x does   
v>y accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* m5  
live1 & !n1 f> f be+ ! cause1 x is      
itself ! effect ( hi/orical evolution4  
,! ,fr5* ,mat]iali/s knew well en\gh t  
man is ! product ( 8 social surr\nd+s4  
,man is all education1 said ,helvtius4  
,?is w\ld lead "o to suppose t ,helvtius
 mu/ h ab&on$ ! human nature po9t ( view
 9 ord] to /udy ! laws ( ! evolution ( !
 environm5t t fa%ion human nature1 giv+ 
to socialis$ man su* or su* an          
education4 ,& inde$ ,helvtius did make  
"s ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,b n he1 nor 8
 contempor>ies1 nor ! ,sociali/s ( !    
fir/ half ( our c5tury1 nor any         
repres5tatives ( sci5ce ( ! same p]iod1 

succe$$ 9 discov]+ a new po9t ( view t  
%\ld p]mit ! /udy ( ! evolution ( !     
social environm5t2 ! cause ( ! hi/orical
 education ( man1 ! cause ( ! *anges :i*
 occur 9 8 nature4 ,!y 7 ?us =c$ back ^u
 ! human nature po9t ( view z ! only "o 
t seem$ to supply !m ) a fairly solid   
basis = _! sci5tific inve/igations4 ,b  
s9ce human nature 9 its turn v>i$1 x    
became indisp5sable to make ab/raction f
 its v>iations1 & to seek 9 nature only 
/able prop]ties1 fundam5tal prop]ties   
pres]v$ 9 spite ( all *anges ( its      
second>y prop]ties4 ,& 9 ! end all t ^! 
speculations result$ 9 0 a meagre       
ab/raction1 l t ( ! philosoph]s1 e4g41  
man is a s5ti5t & reasonable be+1 :i*   
seem$ all ! m preci\s a discov]y 9 t x  
left pl5ty ( room = e gratuit\s         
hypo!sis1 & e fanta/ical conclusion4  ,a
 ,guizot _h no ne$ to seek = ! be/ (    
social organisations = a p]fect         
legislation4 ,he 0 p]fectly satisfi$ ) !
 exi/+ ones4 ,& assur$ly ! mo/ p[]ful   
argum5t he c\ld h advanc$ to def5d !m f 

! attacks ( ! malcont5ts w\ld /ill h be5
 human nature1 :i* he w\ld h said r5d]s 
e s]i\s *ange 9 ! social & political    
con/itution ( ,france impossible4 ,!    
malcont5ts condemn$ ?is same            
con/itution1 mak+ use ( ! same          
ab/raction4 ,& s9ce ?is ab/raction1 be+ 
completely empty1 left1 z we h said1    
full room = e gratuit\s hypo!sis & !    
logical consequ5ces result+ !refrom1 !  
sci5tific mission ( ^! re=m]s assum$ !  
appe>ance ( a geometrical problem2 giv5 
a c]ta9 nature1 f9d :at /ructure (      
society be/ corresponds ) x4 ,s ,morelly
 compla9s bitt]ly because our old tea*]s
 fail$ to attempt ! solution ( ?is      
excell5t problem--to f9d ! condition 9  
:i* x %\ld be almo/ impossible = m5 to  
be deprav$1 or wick$1 or at any rate1   
m9ima de malis4 ,we h already se5 t =   
,morelly human nature 0 "o1 con/ant1    
inv>iable4  ,we n[ "k :at 0 ! sci5tific 
me?od ( ! ,utopians4 ,be=e we leave !m  
let u rem9d ! read] t 9 human nature1 an
 extremely ?9 & !re=e n v satisfy+      

ab/raction1 ! ,utopians really appeal$1 
n to human nature 9 g5]al1 b to !       
idealis$ nature ( ! m5 ( _! own day1    
belong+ to ! class ^: social t5d5cies !y
 repres5t$4 ,! social reality1 !re=e1   
inevitably appe>s 9 ! words ( !         
,utopians1 b ! ,utopians 7 unconsci\s ( 
?is4 ,!y saw ?is reality only across an 
ab/raction :i*1 ?9 z x 01 0 by no means 
transluc5t4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,see ,code
 de la ,nature1 ,p>is1 #ahda4           
,villeg>delle's edition1 ,note to p4    
#ff4  #b ,! float+ isl&s or !           
,basiliades ( ! celebrat$ ,pelpai1      
translat$ f ! ,indian4     ,,*apt] ,,ii 
,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,sci5tific   
,,socialism   ,! great ideali/ic        
philosoph]s ( ,g]many1 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1
 und]/ood ! insuffici5cy ( ! human      
nature po9t ( view4 ,hegel1 9 8         
,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 makes fun ( !    
,utopian b\rgeoisie 9 se>* ( ! be/ (    
con/itutions4 ,g]man ,idealism conceiv$ 
hi/ory z a process subject to law1 &    
s\ght ! motive-p[] ( ! hi/orical movem5t

 outside ! nature ( man4 ,?is 0 a great 
/ep t[>ds ! tru?4 ,b ! ,ideali/s saw ?is
 motive-p[] 9 ! absolute idea1 9 !      
,weltgei/2 & z _! absolute idea 0 only  
an ab/raction ( our process ( ?9k+1 9 _!
 philosophical speculation ^u hi/ory1 !y
 re9troduc$ ! old love ( ! ,mat]iali/   
philosoph]s--human nature--b dress$ 9   
robes wor?y ( ! respectable & au/]e     
society ( ,g]man ?9k]s4 ,drive nature   
out ( ! door1 %e flies 9 at ! w9d[6     
,despite ! great s]vices r5d]$ to social
 sci5ce by ! ,g]man ,ideali/s1 ! great  
problem ( t sci5ce1 its ess5tial        
problem1 0 no m solv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,g]man 
,ideali/s ?an 9 ! "t ( ! ,fr5*          
,mat]iali/s4 ,:at is ?is hidd5 =ce t    
causes ! hi/oric movem5t ( humanity8 ,no
 "o knew any?+ ab\t x4 ,9 ?is field !re 
0 no?+ to g ^u save a few isolat$       
obs]vations1 m or less accurate1 m or   
less +5i\s--sometimes inde$1 v accurate 
& +5i\s--b always disjo9t$ & always     
incomplete4  ,t social sci5ce at la/    
em]g$ f ?is ,no ,?or\ghf>e1 x owes to   

,k>l ,m>x4  ,accord+ to ,m>x1 legal     
relations1 l =ms ( ,/ate1 c nei!r be    
und]/ood 9 !mselves nor f ! s-call$     
g5]al developm5t ( ! human m9d1 b are r 
root$ 9 ^? mat]ial conditions ( life1 ^:
 totality ,hegel1 foll[+ ! ,engli% & !  
,fr5* ( ! #ah? c5tury1 summ$ up "u ! "n 
( 'b\rgeois society4' ,?is is almo/ !   
same z ,guizot meant :5 he said t       
political con/itutions _h _! roots 9 !  
condition ( prop]ty4 ,b :ile = ,guizot !
 condition ( prop]ty rema9$ a my/]y :i* 
he va9ly s\ght to elucidate ) ! help (  
reflections ^u human nature1 = ,m>x ?is 
condition _h no?+ my/]i\s2 x is det]m9$ 
by ! condition ( ! productive =ces at ! 
disposal ( a giv5 society4 ,! anatomy ( 
b\rgeois society is to be s\ght 9       
political economy4 ,b ,m>x himself %all 
=mulate 8 own conception ( hi/ory4  ,9 !
 social production ( _! lives1 m5 ent]  
^u c]ta9 def9ite1 necess>y relations1   
relations indep5d5t ( _! w1 relations ( 
production t correspond ) def9ite       
degrees ( developm5t ( _! mat]ial       

productive =ces4 ,! totality ( ^!       
relations ( production con/itute !      
economic /ructure ( society1 ! true     
basis f :i* arises a juridical &        
political sup]/ructure to :i* def9ite   
social =ms ( consci\sness correspond4 ,!
 mode ( production ( mat]ial life       
det]m9es ! social1 political &          
intellectual processes ( life4 ,x is n !
 consci\sness ( mank9d t det]m9es _!    
be+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _! social be+ t   
det]m9es _! consci\sness4 ,9 a c]ta9    
/age ( _! developm5t1 ! mat]ial =ces (  
production ( society come into          
contradiction ) ! exi/+ relations (     
production1 or1 :i* is only a juridical 
expression = ! same ?+1 ) ! relations ( 
prop]ty )9 :i* !y _h hi!rto mov$4 ,f =ms
 = ! developm5t ( ^! =ces ( production1 
!y are trans=m$ into _! fett]s4 ,we !n  
ent] ^u an epo* ( social revolution4#c  
,?is completely mat]iali/ conception (  
hi/ory is "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies (   
our c5tury1 s ri* 9 sci5tific           
discov]ies4 ,?anks to x alone sociology 

has at la/1 & = ev]1 escap$ f ! vici\s  
circle 9 :i* x _h1 until !n1 turn$2     
?anks to x alone ?is sci5ce n[ possesses
 a f\ndation z solid z natural sci5ce4  
,! revolution made by ,m>x 9 social     
sci5ce may be comp>$ ) t made by        
,kop]nicus 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 fact1 be=e    
,kop]nicus1 x 0 believ$ t ! e>? rema9$  
/ation>y1 :ile ! sun turn$ r\nd x4 ,!   
,poli% g5ius demon/rat$ t :at occurr$ 0 
! exact contr>y4 ,& s1 up to ! "t (     
,m>x1 ! po9t ( view tak5 by social      
sci5ce1 0 t ( human nature2 & x 0 f ?is 
po9t ( view t m5 attempt$ to expla9 !   
hi/orical movem5t ( humanity4 ,to ?is ! 
po9t ( view ( ! ,g]man g5ius is         
diametrically oppos$4 ,:ile man1 9 ord] 
to ma9ta9 8 exi/5ce1 acts ^u nature     
outside himself1 he alt]s 8 own nature4 
,! action ( man ^u ! nature outside     
himself1 pre-supposes c]ta9 in/rum5ts1  
c]ta9 means ( production2 accord+ to !  
"* ( _! means ( production m5 ent] into 
c]ta9 relations )9 ! process (          
production 7s9ce ?is process is a social

 "o71 & accord+ to _! relations 9 ?is   
social process ( production1 _! habits1 
_! s5tim5ts1 _! desires1 _! me?ods (    
?\ght & ( action1 9 a ^w1 _! nature1    
v>y4 ,?us x is n human nature :i*       
expla9s ! hi/orical movem5t2 x is !     
hi/orical movem5t :i* fa%ions div]sely  
human nature4  ,b if ?is is s1 :at is ! 
value ( all ! m or less labori\s1 m or  
less +5i\s enquiries into p]fect        
legislation & ! be/ ( possible social   
organisations8 ,none2 lit]ally none6 ,!y
 c b be> witness to ! lack ( sci5tific  
education 9 ^? :o pursue !m4 ,_! day is 
gone = ev]4 ,) ?is old po9t ( view (    
human nature mu/ disappe> ! ,utopias ( e
 %ade & col\r4 ,! great revolution>y    
p>ty ( our day1 ! ,int]national         
,social-,democracy1 is bas$ n ^u "s new 
conception ( human nature1 nor ^u any   
ab/ract pr9ciple1 b ^u a sci5tifically  
demon/rable economic necessity4 ,& h]e9 
lies ! real /r5g? ( ?is p>ty1 mak+ x z  
inv9cible z ! economic necessity itself4
  ,! means ( production & ex*ange on ^: 

f\ndation ! b\rgeoisie built itself up1 
7 g5]at$ 9 feudal society4 ,at a c]ta9  
/age 9 ! developm5t ( ^! means (        
production & ex*ange1 ! conditions "u   
:i* feudal society produc$ & ex*ang$1 ! 
feudal organisation ( agriculture &     
manufactur+ indu/ry1 9 "o ^w1 ! feudal  
relations ( prop]ty become no long]     
compatible ) ! already develop$         
productive =ces1 !y become s _m fett]s4 
,!y _h to be bur/ asund]2 !y 7 bur/     
asund]4 ,into _! place /epp$ free       
competition1 accompani$ by a social &   
political con/itution adapt$ to x1 & by 
! economical & political sway ( !       
b\rgeois class4 ,a simil> movem5t is go+
 on be=e our own eyes4 ,mod]n b\rgeois  
society1 ) its relations ( production1 (
 ex*ange1 & ( prop]ty1 a society t has  
conjur$ up su* gigantic means (         
production & ( ex*ange1 is l ! sorc]]1  
:o is no long] able to control ! p[]s ( 
! ne!r _w :om he has call$ up by 8      
spells4 ,= _m a decade pa/ ! hi/ory (   
indu/ry & comm]ce is b ! hi/ory ( !     

revolt ( mod]n productive =ces aga9/ !  
prop]ty relations t are ! conditions = !
 exi/5ce ( ! b\rgeoisie & its rule4 ,x  
is en\gh to m5tion ! comm]cial crises t 
by _! p]iodical return put on its trial1
 ea* "t m ?reat5+ly1 ! exi/5ce ( !      
entire b\rgeois society4444 ,! weapons )
 :i* ! b\rgeoisie fell$ feudalism to !  
gr\nd are n[ turn$ aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie   
itself4#d  ,! b\rgeoisie de/roy$ !      
feudal conditions ( prop]ty2 !          
prolet>iat w put an end to ! b\rgeois   
conditions ( prop]ty4 ,betwe5 !         
prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie a /ruggle1 an 
implacable w>1 a w> to ! knife1 is z    
inevitable z1 0 9 its way1 ! /ruggle    
betwe5 ! b\rgeoisie & ! privileg$       
e/ates4 ,b e class w> is a political w>4
 ,9 ord] to d away ) feudal society !   
b\rgeoisie _h to seize ^u political p[]4
 ,9 ord] to d away ) capitali/ society !
 prolet>iat mu/ d ! same4 ,its political
 task is !re=e trac$ out = x be=eh& by !
 =ce ( ev5ts !mselves1 & n by any       
ab/ract consid]ation4  ,x is a rem>kable

 fact t x is only s9ce ,k>l ,m>x t      
,socialism has tak5 its /& ^u ! class   
w>4 ,! ,utopian ,sociali/s _h no        
notion--ev5 an inexact "o--( x4 ,& 9 ?is
 !y lagg$ beh9d _! contempor>y !ori/s ( 
! b\rgeoisie1 :o und]/ood v well !      
hi/orical significance at any rate ( !  
/ruggle ( ! ?ird e/ate aga9/ ! nobles4  
,if e new conception ( human nature     
seem$ to supply v def9ite indications z 
to ! organisation ( ! society ( !       
future1 ,sci5tific ,socialism is v *>y (
 su* speculations4 ,! /ructure ( society
 dep5ds ^u ! conditions ( its productive
 =ces4 ,:at ^! conditions w be :5 !     
prolet>iat is 9 p[] we d n "k4 ,we n[ "k
 b "o ?+--t ! productive =ces already at
 ! disposal ( civilis$ humanity         
imp]atively dem& ! socialisation &      
sy/ematis$ organisation ( ! means (     
production4 ,?is is en\gh to prev5t our 
be+ l$ a/ray 9 our /ruggle aga9/ !      
reaction>y mass4 ,! ,communi/s1 !re=e1  
are practically ! mo/ advanc$ & resolute
 section ( ! work+ class p>ties ( e     

c\ntry 444 !oretically !y h ov] ! great 
mass ( ! prolet>iat ! advantage ( cle>ly
 und]/&+ ! l9e ( m>*1 ! conditions1 & ! 
ultimate g5]al results ( ! prolet>ian   
movem5t4#e ,^! words1 writt5 9 #ahdh1   
are to-day incorrect only 9 "o s5se3 !y 
speak ( work+ class p>ties indep5d5t ( !
 ,communi/ p>ty2 !re is to-day no work+ 
class p>ty :i* does n m or less closely 
foll[ ! flag ( ,sci5tific ,socialism1   
or1 z x 0 call$ 9 ! ,manife/o1          
,communism4  ,once aga91 !n1 ! po9t (   
view ( ! ,utopian ,sociali/s1 z inde$ ( 
all social sci5ce ( _! "t1 0 human      
nature1 or "s ab/ract pr9ciple d]iv+ f  
?is idea4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! social     
sci5ce1 ( ! ,socialism ( our "t is t (  
economic reality1 & ( ! imman5t laws (  
its evolution4  ,x is easy1 !re=e1 to =m
 an idea ( ! impression made ^u mod]n   
,sociali/s by ! argum5ts ( ! b\rgeois   
!ori/s :o s+ ceaselessly ! same old song
 ( ! incompatibility ( human nature &   
communism4 ,x is z ?\gh "o w\ld wage w> 
^u ! ,d>w9ians ) arms drawn f !         

sci5tific ars5al ( ,cuvi]'s "t4 ,& a mo/
 notewor?y fact is t ! evolutioni/s l   
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 !mselves are n above pip+
 to ! same tune4#f  ,& n[ let u see :at 
relation !re may be betwe5 mod]n        
,socialism & :at is call$ ,an>*ism4     
,,footnotes3  #c ,zur ,kritik d]        
,politis*5 ,o,ekonomie1 ,b]l91 #ahei4   
,preface iv4 v4  #d ,manife/o ( !       
,communi/ ,p>ty4 ,by ,k>l ,m>x &        
,fr$]ick ,engels4 ,au?oris$ ,engli%     
translation by ,s4 ,moore1 pp4 #aa-ab4  
#e ,communi/ ,manife/o1 p4 #af4  #f ,!  
belief n only ( ! ,sociali/s1 b also (  
^? s-call$ ,lib]als :o are dilig5tly    
prep>+ ! way = !m1 is t by due skill an 
ill-work+ humanity may be fram$ into    
well-work+ in/itutions4 ,x is a         
delusion4 ,! defective nature ( citiz5s 
w %[ !mselves 9 ! bad act+ ( :atev]     
social /ructure !y are arrang$ into4    
,!re is no political al*emy by :i* y c  
get gold5 conduct out ( lead5           
in/9cts4--,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,! ,man v]sus 
! ,/ate1 p4 #dc4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,! 

,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!        
,,an>*i/ ,,doctr9e  ,,! ,,po9t ,,(      
,,view ,,( ,,an>*ism4   ,i h (t5 be5    
reproa*$ ) be+ ! fa!r ( ,an>*ism4 ,?is  
is do+ me too great an hon\r4 ,! fa!r ( 
,an>*ism is ! immortal ,pr\dhon1 :o     
exp\nd$ x = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahdh4  ,?us    
spoke ,pet] ,kropotk9 9 8 def5ce be=e ! 
,correctional ,tribunal ( ,lyons at 8   
trial 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhc4 ,z is frequ5tly 
! case ) my amiable compatriot1         
,kropotk9 has "h made a /atem5t t is    
incorrect4 ,= ! fir/ "t ,pr\dhon spoke (
 ,an>*ism 0 9 8 celebrat$ book ,qu'e/-ce
 que le ,proprit1 ou ,re*]*es sur le    
pr9cipe du droit et du ,g\v]nem5t1 !    
fir/ edition ( :i* _h already appe>$ 9  
#ahdj4 ,x is true t he exp\nds v little 
( x "h2 he only devotes a few pages to  
x4#g ,& be=e he set ab\t exp\nd+ !      
,an>*i/ !ory 9 #ahdh1 ! job _h already  
be5 done by a ,g]man1 ,max ,/irn] 7!    
pseudonym ( ,casp> ,s*midt7 9 #ahde1 9 8
 book ,d] ,e9zige und se9 ,eig5?um4#h   
,max ,/irn] has !re=e a well def9$ claim

 to be ! fa!r ( ,an>*ism4 ,immortal or  
n1 x is by him t ! !ory 0 exp\nd$ = !   
fir/ "t4   ,,max ,,/irn]  ,! ,an>*i/    
!ory ( ,max ,/irn] has be5 call$ a      
c>icature ( ! philosophy ( religion (   
,ludwig ,feu]ba*4 ,x is ?us1 e4g41 t    
,ueb]weg 9 8 ,grundzge d] ,ges*i*te d]  
,philosophie1 7#crd4 "p1 ,philosophie d]
 ,neu ,zeit7 speaks ( x4 ,"s h ev5      
suppos$ t ! only object ,/irn] _h 9     
writ+ 8 book 0 to poke fun at ?is       
philosophy4 ,?is supposition is         
absolutely gratuit\s4 ,/irn] 9 exp\nd+ 8
 !ory 0 n jok+4 ,he is 9 deadly e>ne/   
ab\t x1 ?\gh he n[ & aga9 betrays a     
t5d5cy1 natural en\gh 9 ! re/less times 
:5 he wrote1 to outdo ,feu]ba* & !      
radical "* ( 8 conclusions4  ,=         
,feu]ba*1 :at m5 call ,div9ity1 is only 
! product ( _! phantasy1 ( a            
psy*ological ab]ration4 ,x is n ,div9ity
 t has creat$ man1 b man :o creates     
,div9ity 9 8 own image4 ,9 ,god man only
 adores 8 own be+4 ,god is only a       
fiction1 b a v h>mful fiction4 ,!       

,*ri/ian ,god is suppos$ to be all love1
 all pity = poor suff]+ humanity4 ,b 9  
spite ( ?is1 or r because ( x1 e        
,*ri/ian really wor?y ! "n1 hates1 & mu/
 hate1 ! ,a!i/s1 :o appe> to him ! liv+ 
negation ( all love & all pity4 ,?us !  
god ( love becomes ! god ( hate1 ! god (
 p]secution2 ! product ( ! phantasy (   
man becomes a real cause ( 8 suff]+4 ,s 
we mu/ make an end ( ?is phantasmagoria4
 ,s9ce 9 ,div9ity man adores only 8 own 
be+1 we mu/ once = all r5d & scatt] to !
 w9ds ! my/ic veil b5ea? :i* ?is be+ has
 be5 envelop$4 ,! love ( humanity mu/ n 
ext5d beyond humanity4 ,d] ,m5s* i/ dem 
,m5s*5 das h*/e ,wes5 7,man is ! highe/ 
be+ = man74  ,?us ,feu]ba*4 ,max ,/irn] 
is q at "o ) him1 b wi%es to d$uce :at  
he believes to be ! f9al1 ! mo/ radical 
consequ5ces ( 8 !ory4 ,he reasons 9 ?is 
fa%ion4 ,god is only ! product (        
phantasy1 is only a spook4 ,agre$4 ,b   
:at is ?is humanity ! love ( :i* y      
prescribe to me8 ,is n ?is also a spook1
 an ab/ract ?+1 a creature ( !          

imag9ation8 ,:]e is ?is humanity ( y\rs8
 ,:]e does x exi/ b 9 ! m9ds ( m51 9 !  
m9ds ( individuals8 ,! only reality1    
!re=e1 is ! individual1 ) 8 wants1 8    
t5d5cies1 8 w4 ,b s9ce ?is is s1 h[ c ! 
individual1 ! reality1 sacrifice himself
 = ! happ9ess ( man1 an ab/ract be+8 ,x 
is all v well = y to revolt aga9/ ! old 
,god2 y /ill reta9 ! religi\s po9t (    
view1 & ! emancipation y are try+ to    
help u to is absolutely !ological1 i4e41
 ,god-inspir$4 ,! highe/ ,be+ is c]ta9ly
 t ( man1 b because x is 8 ,be+ & is n  
he himself1 x is q indiff]5t if we see  
?is ,be+ outside ( him z ,god1 or f9d x 
9 him & call x ! ',be+ ( ,mank9d' or    
',man4' ,i am nei!r ,god nor ,man1 nei!r
 ! highe/ ,be+1 nor my own ,be+1 & !re=e
 x is ess5tially a matt] ( indiff]5ce if
 ,i imag9e ?is ,be+ 9 myself or outside 
myself4 ,&1 inde$1 we d always imag9e ! 
highe/ be+ 9 ! two future /ates1 9 !    
int]nal & ext]nal at once2 = ! ',_s (   
,god' is1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian         
conception1 also 'our _s' & 'dwells )9  

u4' ,x dwells 9 heav5 & dwells 9 u2 b we
 poor ?+s are b its 'dwell+-place1' & if
 ,feu]ba* de/roys its heav5ly           
dwell+-place & =ces x to come d[n to u  
bag & baggage1 we1 its e>?ly abode1 w   
f9d ourselves v ov]-cr[d$4#i  ,to escape
 ! inconv5i5ces ( su* ov]-cr[d+1 to     
avoid be+ dom9at$ by any spook1 to at   
la/ place our foot ^u actual gr\nd1 !re 
is b "o way3 to take z our />t+-po9t !  
only real be+1 our own ,ego1 ,away !n ) 
ev]y?+ t is n :olly & solely my own     
affair6 ,y ?9k my own conc]ns mu/ at    
lea/ be 'good ones8' ,a fig = good &    
evil6 ,i am ,i1 & ,i am nei!r good nor  
evil4 ,nei!r has any mean+ = me4 ,!     
godly is ! affair ( ,god1 ! human t (   
humanity4 ,my conc]n is nei!r ! ,godly  
nor ! ,human1 is n ! ,true1 ! ,good1 !  
,"r1 ! ,free1 etc41 b simply my own     
self1 & x is n g5]al1 x is individual1 z
 ,i myself am individual4 ,= me !re is  
no?+ above myself4#aj  ,religion1       
consci5ce1 morality1 "r1 law1 family1   
/ate1 are b s _m fett]s =c$ ^u me 9 ! "n

 ( an ab/raction1 b s _m despotic lords 
:om ,i1 ! individual consci\s ( my own  
conc]ns1 combat by e means 9 my p[]4    
,y\r morality1 n m]ely ! morality ( !   
b\rgeois phili/9es1 b ! mo/ elevat$1 !  
mo/ humanit>ian morality is only        
religion :i* has *ang$ its supreme be+s4
 ,y\r "r1 t y believe born ) man1 is b a
 gho/1 & if y respect x1 y are no f>!r  
advanc$ ?an ! h]oes ( ,hom] :o 7 afraid 
:5 !y beheld a god fight+ 9 ! ranks ( _!
 enemies4 ,"r is might4 ,:oev] has      
might1 he has "r2 if y h n ! =m] y h n !
 latt]4 ,is ?is wisdom s difficult (    
atta9m5t8#aa ,y w\ld p]suade me to      
sacrifice my int]e/s to ^? ( ! ,/ate4   
,i1 on ! contr>y1 decl>e w> to ! knife  
to all ,/ates1 ev5 ! mo/ democratic4 ,e 
,/ate is a despotism1 :e!r x is !       
despotism ( "o or _m1 or :e!r1 z "o     
might suppose w\ld be ! case 9 a        
,republic1 all are ma/]s1 i4e41 "o      
tyrannises ov] ! re/4 ,= ?is is ! case  
:5ev] a giv5 law1 ! express$ w p]haps ( 
"s assemblage ( ! p1 is imm$iately to   

become a law to ! individual1 :i* he mu/
 obey1 & :i* x is 8 duty to obey4 ,ev5  
if "o 7 to suppose a case 9 :i* e       
individual among ! p _h express$ ! same 
w1 & ?us a p]fect w ( all _h easily be5 
arriv$ at1 ! ?+ w\ld /ill be ! same4    
,%\ld ,i n to-day & 9 ! future be b\nd  
by my w ( ye/]day8 ,9 ?is ev5t my w w\ld
 be p>alyz$4 ,fatal /agnation6 ,my      
creation1 i4e41 a c]ta9 expression ( w  
w\ld h become my ma/]4 ,b ,i1 9 my w    
%\ld be con/ra9$1 ,i1 ! creator %\ld be 
con/ra9$ 9 my developm5t1 my work+ out4 
,because ,i 0 a fool ye/]day1 ,i mu/    
rema9 "o all my life4 ,s t 9 my life 9  
relation to ! ,/ate ,i am at be/--,i    
might z well say at wor/--a slave to my 
own self4 ,because ye/]day ,i _h a w1 ,i
 am to-day )\t "o2 ye/]day free1 to-day 
b\nd4#ab  ,"h a p>tisan ( ! ,p's ,/ate  
might obs]ve to ,/irn]1 t 8 ,i goes a   
little too f> 9 8 desire to r$uce       
democratic lib]ty to absurdity2 fur!r1 t
 a bad law may be abrogat$ z soon z a   
majority ( citiz5s desire x1 & t "o is n

 =c$ to submit to x all "o's life4 ,b   
?is is only an insignificant detail1 to 
:i*1 moreov]1 ,/irn] w\ld reply t ! v   
necessity = appeal+ to a majority proves
 t ,i am no long] ! ma/] ( my own       
conduct4 ,! conclusions ( our au?or are 
irrefutable1 = ! simple reason t to say1
 ,i recognize no?+ above myself1 is to  
say1 ,i feel oppress$ by e in/itution t 
imposes any duty ^u me4 ,x is simply    
tautology4  ,x is evid5t t no ,ego c    
exi/ q alone4 ,/irn] kn[s ?is p]fectly1 
& ?is is :y he advocates ,leagues (     
,egoi/s1 t is to say1 free associations 
into :i* e ,ego ent]s1 & 9 :i* he rema9s
 :5 & s long z x suits 8 int]e/s4  ,"h  
let u pause4 ,we are n[ face to face )  
an egoi/ sy/em p> excell5ce4 ,x is1     
p]haps1 ! only "o t ! hi/ory ( human    
?\ght has to *ronicle4 ,! ,fr5*         
,mat]iali/s ( ! la/ c5tury h be5 accus$ 
( prea*+ egoism4 ,! accusation 0 q      
wrong4 ,! ,fr5* ,mat]iali/s always      
prea*$ ,virtue1 & prea*$ x ) su*        
unlimit$ zeal t ,grimm c\ld1 n )\t      

reason1 make fun ( _! capuc9ades on !   
subject4 ,! "q ( egoism pres5t$ to !m a 
d\ble problem4 7#a7 ,man is all s5sation
 7?is 0 ! basis ( all _! speculations ^u
 man72 by 8 v nature he is =c$ to %un   
suff]+ & to seek pleasure2 h[ comes x !n
 t we f9d m5 capable ( endur+ ! greate/ 
suff]+s = ! sake ( "s idea1 t is to say1
 9 its f9al analysis1 9 ord] to provide 
agreeable s5sations = _! fell[-m54 7#b7 
,s9ce man is all s5sation he w h>m 8    
fell[-man if he is plac$ 9 a social     
environm5t :]e ! int]e/s ( an individual
 conflict ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,:at =m (        
legislation !re=e c h>monise public good
 & t ( individuals8 ,"h1 9 ?is d\ble    
problem1 lies ! :ole significance ( :at 
is call$ ! mat]iali/ e?ics ( ! #ah?     
c5tury4 ,max ,/irn] pursues an end      
entirely oppos$ to ?is4 ,he laughs at   
,virtue1 &1 f> f desir+ its triumph1 he 
sees reasonable m5 only 9 egoi/s1 = :om 
!re is no?+ above _! own ,ego4 ,once    
aga91 he is ! !ori/ p> excell5ce (      
egoism4  ,! good b\rgeois ^: e>s are z  

*a/e & virtu\s z _! he>ts are h>d2 !y   
:o1 dr9k+ w9e1 publicly prea* wat]1 7   
sc&alis$ to ! la/ degree by ! immorality
 ( ,/irn]4 ,x is ! complete ru9 ( !     
moral _w1 !y cri$4 ,b z usual ! virtue (
 ! phili/9es %[$ itself v weak 9        
argum5t4 ,! real m]it ( ,/irn] is t he  
has spok5 ! la/ ^w ( ! "y a!i/ s*ool    
7i4e41 ! left w+ ( ! ,hegelian s*ool71  
wrote ! ,fr5*man1 ,/4 ,rn ,taill&i]4 ,! 
phili/9es ( o!r l&s %>$ ?is view ( !    
m]its ( ! d>+ publici/4 ,f ! po9t ( view
 ( mod]n ,socialism ?is m]it appe>s 9 a 
v diff]5t light4  ,to beg9 )1 !         
inconte/able m]it ( ,/irn] consi/s 9 8  
hav+ op5ly & en]getically combat$ !     
sickly s5tim5talism ( ! b\rgeois re=m]s 
& ( _m ( ! ,utopian ,sociali/s1 accord+ 
to :i* ! emancipation ( ! prolet>iat    
w\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! virtu\s        
activity ( devot$ p]sons ( all classes1 
& especially ( ^? ( ! possess+-class4   
,/irn] knew p]fectly :at to expect f !  
devotion ( ! exploit]s4 ,! ri* are h>%1 
h>d-he>t$1 b ! poor 7! t]m9ology is t ( 

our au?or7 are wrong to compla9 ( x1    
s9ce x is n ! ri* :o create ! pov]ty ( !
 poor1 b ! poor :o create ! weal? ( !   
ri*4 ,!y ought to blame !mselves !n if  
_! condition is a h>d "o4 ,9 ord] to    
*ange x !y h only to revolt aga9/ ! ri*2
 z soon z !y s]i\sly wi% x1 !y w be !   
/ronge/ & ! reign ( weal? w be at an    
end4 ,salvation lies 9 /ruggle1 & n 9   
fruitless appeals to ! g5]osity ( !     
oppressors4 ,/irn]1 !re=e1 prea*es !    
class w>4 ,x is true t he repres5ts x 9 
! ab/ract =m ( ! /ruggle ( a c]ta9 numb]
 ( egoi/ ,egos aga9/ ano!r small] numb] 
( ,egos n less egoi/4 ,b "h we come to  
ano!r m]it ( ,/irn]'s4  ,accord+ to     
,taill&i]1 he has spok5 ! la/ ^w ( ! "y 
a!i/ s*ool ( ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,z a   
matt] ( fact he has only spok5 ! la/ ^w 
( ideali/ speculation4 ,b t ^w he has   
inconte/ably ! m]it ( hav+ spok54  ,9 8 
criticism ( religion ,feu]ba* is b half 
a ,mat]iali/4 ,9 wor%ipp+ ,god1 man only
 wor%ips 8 own ,be+ idealis$4 ,?is is   
true4 ,b religions spr+ up & die out1 l 

ev]y?+ else ^u e>?4 ,does ?is n prove t 
! human ,be+ is n immutable1 b *anges 9 
! process ( ! hi/orical evolution (     
societies8 ,cle>ly1 yes4 ,b1 !n1 :at is 
! cause ( ! hi/orical trans=mation ( !  
human ,be+8 ,feu]ba* does n "k4 ,= him !
 human ,be+ is only an ab/ract notion1 z
 human ,nature 0 = ! ,fr5* ,mat]iali/s4 
,?is is ! fundam5tal fault ( 8 criticism
 ( religion4 ,/irn] said t x _h no v    
robu/ con/itution4 ,he wi%$ to /r5g!n x 
by mak+ x brea! ! fre% air ( reality4   
,he turns 8 back ^u all phantoms1 ^u all
 ?+s ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 reality1 he said
 to himself1 ^! are only individuals4   
,let u take ! individual = our          
/>t+-po9t4 ,b :at individual does he    
take = 8 />t+-po9t8 ,tom1 ,dick1 or     
,h>ry8 ,nei!r4 ,he takes ! individual 9 
g5]al--he takes a new ab/raction1 !     
?9ne/ ( !m all--he takes ! ,ego4  ,/irn]
 navely imag9$ t he 0 f9ally solv+ an   
old philosophical "q1 :i* _h already    
divid$ ! ,nom9ali/s & ! ,reali/s ( !    
,middle ,ages4 ,no ,idea has an exi/5ce1

 he says1 = none is capable ( becom+    
corporeal4 ,! s*ola/ic controv]sy (     
,realism & ,nom9alism _h ! same cont5t4 
,alas6 ,! fir/ ,nom9ali/ he came across 
c\ld h demon/rat$ to our au?or by !     
complete/ evid5ce1 t 8 ,ego is z mu* an 
,idea z any o!r1 & t x is z little real 
z a ma!matical unit4  ,tom1 ,dick &     
,h>ry h relations ) "o ano!r t d n dep5d
 ^u ! w ( _! ,ego1 b are impos$ ^u !m by
 ! /ructure ( ! society 9 :i* !y live4  
,to criticise social in/itutions 9 ! "n 
( ! ,ego1 is !re=e to ab&on ! only      
pr(itable po9t ( view 9 ! case1 i4e41 t 
( society1 ( ! laws ( its exi/5ce &     
evolution1 & to lose oneself 9 ! mi/s ( 
ab/raction4 ,b x is j 9 ^! mi/s t !     
,nom9ali/ ,/irn] delights4 ,i am ,i--t  
is 8 />t+-po9t2 n ,i is n ,i--t is 8    
result4 ,i,i,ietc4--is 8 social ,utopia4
 ,x is subjective ,idealism1 pure &     
simple appli$ to social & political     
criticism4 ,x is ! suicide ( ideali/    
speculation4  ,b 9 ! same ye> 7#ahde7 9 
:i* ,d] ,e9zige ( ,/irn] appe>$1 !re    

appe>$ also1 at ,frank=t-on-,ma9e ! "w (
 ,m>x & ,engels1 ,die heilige ,familie1 
od] ,kritik d] ,kritis*5 ,kritik1 geg5  
,bruno ,bau] und ,consort54#ac ,9 x     
,ideali/ speculation 0 attack$ & beat5  
by ,mat]iali/ dialectic1 ! !oretical    
basis ( mod]n ,socialism4 ,d] ,e9zige   
came too late4  ,we h j said t          
,i,i,ietc4 repres5ts ! social ,utopia ( 
,/irn]4 ,8 ,league ( ,egoi/s is1 9 fact1
 no?+ b a mass ( ab/ract quantities4    
,:at are1 :at c be ! basis ( _! union8  
,_! int]e/s1 answ]s ,/irn]4 ,b :at w1   
:at c be ! true basis ( any giv5        
comb9ation ( _! int]e/s8 ,/irn] says    
no?+ ab\t x1 & he c say no?+ def9ite    
s9ce f ! ab/ract heights on :i* he /&s1 
"o _c see cle>ly economic reality1 ! "m 
& nurse ( all ! ,egos1 egoi/ic or       
altrui/ic4 ,nor is x surpris+ t he is n 
able to expla9 cle>ly ev5 ?is idea ( !  
class /ruggle1 ( :i* he nev]!less _h a  
happy inkl+4 ,! poor mu/ combat ! ri*4  
,& aft]1 :5 !y h conqu]$ ^!8 ,!n e "o ( 
! =m] poor1 l e "o ( ! =m] ri*1 w combat

 e "o ( ! =m] poor1 & aga9/ e "o ( ! =m]
 ri*4 ,!re w be ! w> ( all aga9/ all4   
7,^! are ,/irn]'s own words47 ,& ! rules
 ( ! ,leagues ( ,egoi/s w be s _m p>tial
 truces 9 ?is colossal & univ]sal w>f>e4
 ,!re is pl5ty ( fight 9 ?is idea1 b ( !
 realism ,max ,/irn] dream$ (1 no?+4  ,b
 en\gh ( ! ,leagues ( ,egoi/s4 ,a       
,utopian may %ut 8 eyes to economic     
reality1 b x =ces itself ^u him 9 spite 
( himself2 x pursues him ev]y:]e ) !    
brutality ( a natural =ce n controll$ by
 =ce4 ,! elevat$ regions ( ! ab/ract ,i 
d n save ,/irn] f ! attacks ( economic  
reality4 ,he does n speak to u only ( ! 
,individual2 8 !me is ! ,individual & 8 
prop]ty4 ,n[1 :at sort ( a figure does !
 prop]ty ( ! ,individual cut8  ,x goes  
)\t say+1 t ,/irn] is little incl9$ to  
respect prop]ty z an acquir$ "r4 ,only t
 prop]ty w be legally & lawfully ano!r's
 :i* x suits y %\ld be 8 prop]ty4 ,:5 x 
ceases to suit y1 x has lo/ its legality
 = y1 & any absolute "r 9 x y w laugh   
at4#ad ,x is always ! same tune3 ,= me  

!re is no?+ above myself4 ,b 8 scant    
respect = ! prop]ty ( o!rs does n prev5t
 ! ,ego ( ,/irn] f hav+ ! t5d5cies ( a  
prop]ty-own]4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/  
,communism1 is1 9 8 op9ion1 !           
consid]ation t ,communism by aboli%+    
individual prop]ty trans=ms all memb]s (
 society into m]e begg>s4 ,/irn] is     
indignant at su* an iniquity4           
,communi/s ?9k t ! ,commune %\ld be !   
prop]ty-own]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am a    
prop]ty-own]1 & c only agree ) o!rs z to
 my prop]ty4 ,if ! ,commune does n d z  
,i wi% ,i rebel aga9/ x1 & def5d my     
prop]ty1 ,i am ! own] ( prop]ty1 b      
prop]ty is n sacr$4 ,%\ld ,i only be !  
hold] ( prop]ty 7an allusion to         
,pr\dhon78 ,no1 hi!rto "o 0 only a hold]
 ( prop]ty1 assur$ ( possession ( a     
piece ( l&1 because "o left o!rs also 9 
possession ( a piece ( l&2 b n[ ev]y?+  
belongs to me1 ,i am ! own] ( ev]y?+ ,i 
ne$1 & c get hold (4 ,if ! ,sociali/    
says1 society gives me :at ,i ne$1 !    
,egoi/ says1 ,i take :at ,i want4 ,if ! 

,communi/s behave l begg>s1 ! ,egoi/    
behaves l an own] ( prop]ty4#ae ,!      
prop]ty ( ! egoi/ seems pretty %aky4 ,an
 ,egoi/1 reta9s 8 prop]ty only z long z 
! o!r ,egoi/s d n c>e to take x f him1  
?us trans=m+ him into a begg>4 ,b !     
devil is n s black z he is pa9t$4 ,/irn]
 pictures ! mutual relations ( ! ,egoi/ 
proprietors r z relations ( ex*ange ?an 
( pillage4 ,& =ce1 to :i* he con/antly  
appeals1 is r ! economic =ce ( a produc]
 ( commodities fre$ f ! trammels :i* !  
,/ate & ,society 9 g5]al impose1 or seem
 to impose1 ^u him4  ,x is ! s\l ( a    
produc] ( commodities t speaks ?r\gh !  
m\? ( ,/irn]4 ,if he falls f\l ( !      
,/ate1 x is because ! ,/ate does n seem 
to respect ! prop]ty ( ! produc]s (     
commodities suffici5tly4 ,he wants 8    
prop]ty1 8 :ole prop]ty4 ,! ,/ate makes 
him pay taxes2 x v5tures to expropriate 
him = ! public good4 ,he wants a jus    
ut5di et abut5di2 ! ,/ate says agre$--b 
adds t !re are abuses & abuses4 ,!n     
,/irn] cries /op ?ief6 ,i am ! enemy ( !

 ,/ate1 says he1 :i* is always fluctuat+
 betwe5 ! alt]native3 ,he or ,i4444 ,) !
 ,/ate !re is no prop]ty1 i4e41 no      
individual prop]ty1 only ,/ate prop]ty4 
,only ?r\gh ! ,/ate h ,i :at ,i h1 z x  
is only ?r\gh ! ,/ate t ,i am :at ,i am4
 ,my private prop]ty is only :at ! ,/ate
 leaves me ( its own1 :ile x deprives   
o!r citiz5s ( x3 t is ,/ate prop]ty4 ,s 
d[n ) ! ,/ate & long live full &        
complete individual prop]ty6  ,/irn]    
translat$ into ,g]man ,j4 ,b4 ,say's    
,trait ,d',economie ,politique ,pratique
 7,leipsic1 #ahde-df74 ,& al?\gh he also
 translat$ ,adam ,smi?1 he 0 nev] able  
to get beyond ! n>r[ circle ( ! ord9>y  
b\rgeois economic ideas4 ,8 ,league (   
,egoi/s is only ! ,utopia ( a petty     
b\rgeois 9 revolt4 ,9 ?is s5se "o may   
say he has spok5 ! la/ ^w ( b\rgeois    
individualism4  ,/irn] has also a ?ird  
m]it--t ( ! c\rage ( 8 op9ions1 ( hav+  
c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! v end 8 individuali/   
!ories4 ,he is ! mo/ intrepid1 ! mo/    
consequ5t ( ! ,an>*i/s4 ,by 8 side      

,pr\dhon1 :om ,kropotk91 l all ! pres5t 
day ,an>*i/s1 takes = ! fa!r ( ,an>*ism1
 is b a /raight-lac$ ,phili/9e4         
,,footnotes3  #g ,see pages #bie-cje ( !
 #ahda edition4  #h ,! ,individual & 8  
,prop]ty4  #i ,d] ,e9zige und se9       
,eig5?um4 #bnd ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 pp4
 #ce-cf4 7,am]ican translation3 ,! ,ego 
& 8 ,own4 ,new ,york3 #aijg47  #aj      
,ibid4 ,pp4 #g-h4  #aa ,ibid4 pp4       
#aif-aig4  #ab ,ibid4 p4 #bjj4  #ac ,!  
,holy ,family1 or ,criticism ( ,critical
 ,criticism1 aga9/ ,bruno ,bau] &       
,company4  #ad ,d] ,e9zige und se9      
,eig5?um4  #ae ,ibid4 p4 #bff4          
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,pr\dhon   ,if ,/irn]    
combats ,feu]ba*1 ! immortal ,pr\dhon   
imitates ,kant4 ,:at ,kant did "s sixty 
ye>s ago = religion1 :at he did e>li] = 
c]ta9ty ( c]ta9ties2 :at o!rs be=e him  
_h attempt$ to d = happ9ess or supreme  
good1 ! ',voice ( ! ,p' proposes to d = 
! ,gov]nm5t1 pomp\sly decl>es ! fa!r (  
,an>*ism4 ,let u exam9e 8 me?ods & _!   
results4  ,accord+ to ,pr\dhon1 be=e    

,kant1 ! believ] & ! philosoph] mov$ by 
an irresi/ible impulse1 ask$ !mselves1  
,:at is ,god8 ,!y !n ask$ !mselves ,:i*1
 ( all religions1 is ! be/8 ,9 fact1 if 
!re does exi/ a ,be+ sup]ior to         
,humanity1 !re mu/ also exi/ a sy/em ( !
 relations betwe5 ?is ,be+ & ,humanity4 
,:at !n is ?is sy/em8 ,! se>* = ! be/   
religion is ! second /ep t ! human m9d  
takes 9 reason & 9 fai?4 ,kant gave up  
^! insoluble que/ions4 ,he no long] ask$
 himself :at is ,god1 & :i* is ! be/    
religion1 he set ab\t expla9+ ! orig9 & 
developm5t ( ! ,idea ( ,god2 he und]took
 to "w out ! biography ( ?is idea4 ,& ! 
results he atta9$ 7 z great z !y 7      
unexpect$4 ,:at we seek1 :at we see1 9  
,god1 z ,malebran*e said 444 is our own 
,ideal1 ! pure ess5ce ( ,humanity4444 ,!
 human s\l does n become consci\s ( its 
,ego ?r\gh prem$itat$ contemplation1 z !
 psy*ologi/s put x2 ! s\l p]ceives      
some?+ outside itself1 z if x 7 a       
diff]5t ,be+ face to face ) itself1 & x 
is ?is inv]t$ image :i* x calls ,god4   

,?us morality1 ju/ice1 ord]1 law1 are no
 long] ?+s reveal$ f above1 impos$ ^u   
our free w by a s-call$ ,creator1 unkn[n
 & unund]/&able2 !y are ?+s t are prop] 
& ess5tial to u z our faculties & our   
organs1 z our fle% & our blood4 ,9 two  
words religion & society are synonym\s  
t]ms1 man is z sacr$ to himself z if he 
7 ,god4  ,belief 9 au?ority is z        
primitive1 z univ]sal z belief 9 ,god4  
,:5ev] m5 are gr\p$ toge!r 9 societies  
!re is au?ority1 ! beg9n+ ( a gov]nm5t4 
,f "t immemorial m5 h ask$ !mselves1    
,:at is au?ority8 ,:i* is ! be/ =m (    
gov]nm5t8 ,& replies to ^! que/ions h   
be5 s\ght = 9 va94 ,!re are z _m        
gov]nm5ts z !re are religions1 z _m     
political !ories z sy/ems ( philosophy4 
,is !re any way ( putt+ an end to ?is   
int]m9able & b>r5 controv]sy8 ,any means
 ( escape f ?is impasse6 ,assur$ly6 ,we 
h only to foll[ ! example ( ,kant4 ,we h
 only to ask ourselves :5ce comes ?is   
idea ( au?ority1 ( gov]nm5t8 ,we h only 
to get all ! in=mation we c ^u !        

legitimacy ( ! political idea4 ,once    
safe on ?is gr\nd & ! "q solves itself )
 extraord9>y ease4  ,l religion1        
gov]nm5t is a manife/ation ( social     
spontaneity1 a prep>ation ( humanity = a
 high] condition4  ,:at humanity seeks 9
 religion & calls ,god1 is itself4 ,:at 
! citiz5 seeks 9 ,gov]nm5t & calls k+1  
emp]or1 or presid5t1 is aga9 himself1 is
 lib]ty4 ,outside humanity !re is no    
,god2 ! !ological concept has no        
mean+3--outside lib]ty no gov]nm5t1 !   
political concept has no value4  ,s mu* 
= ! biography ( ! political idea4 ,once 
grasp$ x mu/ enlight5 u ^u ! "q z to :i*
 is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4  ,! be/ =m (   
gov]nm5t1 l ! mo/ p]fect ( religions1   
tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 is a contradictory
 idea4 ,! problem is n to discov] h[ we 
%all be be/ gov]n$1 b h[ we %all be mo/ 
free4 ,lib]ty comm5surate & id5tical )  
,ord]1--?is is ! only reality ( gov]nm5t
 & politics4 ,h[ %all ?is absolute      
lib]ty1 synonym\s ) ord]1 be br\ght     
ab\t8 ,we %all be taught ?is by !       

analysis ( ! v>i\s =mulas ( au?ority4 ,=
 all ! re/ we no m admit ! gov]n+ ( man 
by man ?an ! exploitation ( man by      
man4#af  ,we h n[ climb$ to ! topmo/    
heights ( ,pr\dhon's political          
philosophy4 ,x is f ?is t ! fre% &      
vivify+ /ream ( 8 ,an>*i/ ?\ght fl[s4   
,be=e we foll[ ! some:at tortu\s c\rse (
 ?is /ream let u glance back at ! way we
 h climb$4  ,we fanci$ we 7 foll[+      
,kant4 ,we 7 mi/ak54 ,9 8 ,critique (   
,pure ,reason ,kant has demon/rat$ !    
impossibility ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 
because ev]y?+ outside exp]i5ce mu/     
escape u absolutely4 ,9 8 ,critique (   
,practical ,reason ,kant admitt$ !      
exi/5ce ( ,god 9 ! "n ( morality4 ,b he 
has nev] decl>$ t ,god 0 a topsy-turvy  
image ( our own s\l4 ,:at ,pr\dhon      
attributes to ,kant1 indubitably belongs
 to ,feu]ba*4 ,?us x is 9 ! foot/eps ( !
 latt] t we h be5 tread+1 :ile r\ghly   
trac+ out ! biography ( ! political     
,idea4 ,s t ,pr\dhon br+s u back to ! v 
/>t+ po9t ( our mo/ uns5tim5tal j\rney )

 ,/irn]4 ,no matt]4 ,let u once m return
 to ! reason+ ( ,feu]ba*4  ,x is only   
itself t humanity seeks 9 religion4 ,x  
is only himself1 x is lib]ty t ! citiz5 
seeks 9 ,gov]nm5t4444 ,!n ! v ess5ce ( !
 citiz5 is lib]ty8 ,let u assume ?is is 
true1 b let u also note t our ,fr5*     
,kant has done no?+1 absolutely no?+1 to
 prove ! legitimacy ( su* an ,idea4 ,nor
 is ?is all4 ,:at is ?is lib]ty :i* we  
are assum+ to be ! ess5ce ( ! citiz58   
,is x political lib]ty :i* ought 9 !    
nature ( ?+s to be ! ma9 object ( 8     
att5tion8 ,n a bit ( x6 ,to assume ?is  
w\ld be to make ( ! citiz5 an           
au?orit>ian democrat4  ,x is ! absolute 
lib]ty ( ! individual1 :i* is at ! same 
"t comm5surate & id5tical ) ,ord]1 t our
 citiz5 seeks 9 ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 o!r words1
 x is ! ,an>*ism ( ,pr\dhon :i* is !    
ess5ce ( ! citiz54 ,x is impossible to  
make a m pleas+ discov]y1 b ! biography 
( ?is discov]y gives u pause4 ,we h be5 
try+ to demoli% e argum5t 9 fav\r ( !   
,idea ( ,au?ority1 z ,kant demoli%$ e   

pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,to atta9 ?is  
end we h--imitat+ ,feu]ba* to "s ext5t1 
accord+ to :om man ador$ 8 own ,be+ 9   
,god--assum$ t x is lib]ty :i* ! citiz5 
seeks 9 ,gov]nm5t4 ,& z to lib]ty we h 9
 a trice trans=m$ ?is into absolute     
lib]ty1 into ,an>*i/ lib]ty4 ,e9s1 zwei1
 drei2 ,ges*w9digkeit i/ ke9e           
,hex]ei6#ag  ,s9ce ! citiz5 only seeks  
absolute lib]ty 9 ,gov]nm5t ! ,/ate is  
no?+ b a fiction 7?is fiction ( a       
sup]ior p]son1 call$ ! ',/ate'71 & all  
^? =mulas ( gov]nm5t = :i* p & citiz5s h
 be5 cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats = ! la/    
sixty c5turies1 are b ! phantasmagoria (
 our bra91 :i* x w\ld be ! fir/ duty (  
free reason to relegate to ! museums &  
libr>ies4 ,:i* is ano!r *>m+ discov]y   
made en passant4 ,s t ! political hi/ory
 ( humanity has1 = sixty c5turies1 _h no
 o!r motive p[] ?an a phantasmagoria (  
our bra96  ,to say t man adores 9 ,god 8
 own ess5ce is to indicate ! orig9 (    
religion1 b x is n to "w out its        
biography4 ,to write ! biography (      

religion is to write its hi/ory1 expla9+
 ! evolution ( ?is ess5ce ( man :i* f\nd
 expression 9 x4 ,feu]ba* did n d       
?is--c\ld n d x4 ,pr\dhon1 try+ to      
imitate ,feu]ba*1 0 v f> f recognis+ !  
insuffici5cy ( 8 po9t ( view4 ,all      
,pr\dhon has done is to take ,feu]ba* = 
,kant1 & to ape 8 ,kant-,feu]ba* 9 a mo/
 pitiful mann]4 ,hav+ he>d t ,div9ity 0 
b a fiction1 he conclud$ t ! ,/ate is   
also a figm5t3 s9ce ,god does n exi/1 h[
 c ! ,/ate exi/8 ,pr\dhon wi%$ to combat
 ! ,/ate & began by decl>+ x non-exi/5t4
 ,& ! read]s ( ! ,voix du ,peuple       
applaud$1 & ! oppon5ts ( ,m4 ,pr\dhon 7 
al>m$ at ! pr(undity ( 8 philosophy6    
,truly a tragi-com$y6  ,x is h>dly      
necess>y = mod]n read]s to add t 9 tak+ 
! ,/ate = a fiction we make x altoge!r  
impossible to und]/& its ess5ce or to   
expla9 its hi/orical evolution4 ,& ?is 0
 :at happ5$ to ,pr\dhon4  ,9 e society  
,i di/+ui% two k9ds ( con/itution1 says 
he2 ! "o :i* ,i call social1 ! o!r :i*  
is its political con/itution2 ! fir/    

innate 9 humanity1 lib]al1 necess>y1 its
 developm5t consi/+ above all 9 weak5+1 
& gradually elim9at+ ! second1 :i* is   
ess5tially factiti\s1 re/rictive1 &     
transitory4 ,! social con/itution is    
no?+ b ! equilibration ( int]e/s bas$ ^u
 free contract & ! organisation ( !     
economic =ces1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 are 
lab\r1 division ( lab\r1 collective =ce1
 competition1 comm]ce1 money1 ma*9]y1   
cr$it1 prop]ty1 equality 9 transactions1
 reciprocity ( gu>antees1 etc4 ,!       
pr9ciple ( ! political con/itution is   
au?ority4 ,its =ms are3 di/9ction (     
classes1 sep>ation ( p[]s1 adm9i/rative 
c5tralisation1 ! judicial hi]>*y1 !     
repres5tation ( sov]eignty by elections1
 etc4 ,! political con/itution 0        
conceiv$ & gradually complet$ 9 ! int]e/
 ( ord]1 = want ( a social con/itution1 
! rules & pr9ciples ( :i* c\ld only be  
discov]$ z a result ( long exp]i5ce1 &  
are ev5 to-day ! object ( ,sociali/     
controv]sy4 ,^! two con/itutions1 z x is
 easy to see1 are by nature absolutely  

diff]5t & ev5 incompatible3 b z x is !  
fate ( ! political con/itution to       
con/antly call =? & produce ! social    
con/itution some?+ ( ! latt] ent]s into 
! =m]1 :i*1 soon becom+ inadequate1     
appe>s contradictory & odi\s1 is =c$ f  
concession to concession to its f9al    
abrogation4#ah  ,! social con/itution is
 innate 9 humanity1 necess>y4 ,yet x    
c\ld only be discov]$ z ! result ( long 
exp]i5ce1 & = want ( x humanity _h to   
inv5t ! political con/itution4 ,is n ?is
 an entirely ,utopian conception ( human
 nature1 & ( ! social organisation      
peculi> to x8 ,are we n com+ back to !  
/&po9t ( ,morelly :o said t humanity 9 !
 c\rse ( its hi/ory has always be5      
outside nature8 ,no--!re is no ne$ to   
come back to ?is /&po9t1 = ) ,pr\dhon we
 h nev]1 = a s+le in/ant1 got away f x4 
,:ile look+ d[n ^u ! ,utopians se>*+    
aft] ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 ,pr\dhon does 
n by any means c5sure ! ,utopian po9t ( 
view4 ,he only sc(fs at ! small         
p]spicacity ( m5 :o did n div9e t ! be/ 

political organisation is ! abs5ce ( all
 political organisation1 is ! social    
organisation1 prop] to human nature1    
necess>y1 imman5t 9 humanity4  ,! nature
 ( ?is social con/itution is absolutely 
diff]5t f1 & ev5 incompatible )1 t ( !  
political con/itution4 ,nev]!less x is !
 fate ( ! political con/itution to      
con/antly call =? & produce ! social    
con/itution4 ,?is is trem5d\sly confus+6
 ,yet "o might get out ( ! difficulty by
 assum+ t :at ,pr\dhon meant to say 0 t 
! political con/itutions act ^u !       
evolution ( ! social con/itution4 ,b !n 
we are inevitably met by ! "q4 ,is n !  
political con/itution 9 its turn        
root$--z ev5 ,guizot admitt$--9 ! social
 con/itution ( a c\ntry8 ,accord+ to our
 au?or no2 ! m emphatically no1 t !     
social organisation1 ! true & only "o1  
is only a ?+ ( ! future1 = want ( :i*   
poor humanity has inv5t$ ! political    
con/itution4 ,moreov]1 ! ,political     
,con/itution ( ,pr\dhon cov]s an imm5se 
doma91 embrac+ ev5 class di/9ctions1 &  

!re=e non-organis$ prop]ty1 prop]ty z x 
ought n to be1 prop]ty z x is to-day4 ,&
 s9ce ! :ole ( ?is political con/itution
 has be5 inv5t$ z a m]e /op-gap until ! 
adv5t ( ! an>*i/ organisation ( society1
 x is evid5t t all human hi/ory mu/ h   
be5 "o huge blund]4 ,! ,/ate is no long]
 exactly a fiction z ,pr\dhon ma9ta9$ 9 
#ahdh2 ! gov]nm5tal =mulas = :i* p &    
citiz5s h be5 cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats = 
sixty c5turies are no long] a m]e       
phantasmagoria ( our bra91 z ! same     
,pr\dhon believ$ at ?is same p]iod2 b ^!
 =mulas1 l ! ,/ate itself1 l e political
 con/itution1 are b ! product ( human   
ignorance1 ! "m ( all fictions &        
phantasmagorias4 ,at bottom x is always 
! same4 ,! ma9 po9t is t ,an>*i/        
7social7 organisation c\ld only be      
discov]$ z ! result ( _m exp]i5ces4 ,!  
read] w see h[ mu* ?is is to be         
regrett$4  ,! political con/itution has 
an unque/ionable influ5ce ^u ! social   
organisation2 at any rate x calls x =?1 
= su* is its fate z reveal$ by ,pr\dhon1

 ma/] ( ,kantian philosophy & social    
organisation4 ,! mo/ logical conclusion 
to be drawn !refrom is t ! p>tisans (   
social organisation mu/ make use ( !    
political con/itution 9 ord] to atta9 _!
 end4 ,b logical z ?is d$uction is1 x is
 n to ! ta/e ( our au?or4 ,= him x is b 
a phantasmagoria ( our bra94 ,to make   
use ( ! political con/itution is to (f] 
a burnt (f]+ to ! t]rible god (         
au?ority1 to take "p 9 ! /ruggle (      
p>ties4 ,pr\dhon w h none ( ?is4 ,no m  
p>ties1 he says2 no m au?ority1 absolute
 lib]ty ( ! man & ! citiz5--9 ?ree      
words1 su* is our political & social    
pr(ession ( fai?4#ai  ,e class-/ruggle  
is a political /ruggle4 ,:osoev]        
repudiates ! political /ruggle by ?is v 
act1 gives up all "p & lot 9 !          
class-/ruggle4 ,& s x 0 ) ,pr\dhon4 ,f !
 beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution ( #ahdh he      
prea*$ ! reconciliation ( classes4 ,"h  
e4g41 is a passage f ! ,circul> :i* he  
address$ to 8 electors 9 ,d\bs1 :i* is  
dat$ #crd ,april ( ?is same ye>3 ,!     

social "q is !re2 y _c escape f x4 ,to  
solve x we mu/ h m5 :o comb9e extreme   
,radicalism ( m9d ) extreme ,cons]vatism
 ( m9d4 ,work]s1 hold out y\r h&s to y\r
 employ]s2 & y1 employ]s1 d n           
delib]ately repulse ! advances ( ^? :o 7
 y\r wage-e>n]s4  ,! man :om ,pr\dhon   
believ$ to comb9e ?is extreme           
,radicalism ( m9d ) extreme ,cons]vatism
 ( m9d1 0 himself--,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon4    
,!re 01 on ! "o h&1 at ! bottom ( ?is   
belief1 a fiction1 common to all        
,utopians :o imag9e !y c rise above     
classes & _! /ruggles1 & navely ?9k t ! 
:ole ( ! future hi/ory ( humanity w be  
conf9$ to ! peaceful propagation ( _!   
new gospel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is t5d5cy to 
comb9e ,radicalism & ,cons]vatism %[s   
conclusively ! v ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r (     
,an>*y4  ,pr\dhon 0 ! mo/ typical       
repres5tative ( petty b\rgeois          
socialism4 ,n[ ! fate ( ! petty         
b\rgeois--9 s f> z he does n adopt !    
prolet>ian /&po9t--is to con/antly      
oscillate betwe5 ,radicalism &          

,cons]vatism4 ,to make m und]/&able :at 
we h said1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d :at ! plan (
 social organisation prop\nd$ by        
,pr\dhon 04  ,our au?or %all tell u     
himself4 ,x goes )\t say+ t we %all n   
escape a m or less au!ntic int]pretation
 ( ,kant4 ,?us ! l9e we propose to foll[
 9 deal+ ) ! political "q & 9 prep>+ !  
mat]ials = a con/itution w be ! same z t
 we h foll[$ hi!rto 9 deal+ ) ! social  
"q4 ,! ,voix du ,peuple :ile complet+ ! 
"w ( its pr$ecessors1 ! two e>li]       
j\rnals1 w foll[ fai?fully 9 _!         
foot/eps4#bj ,:at did we say 9 ^! two   
publications1 "o aft] ! o!r ( :i* fell  
b5ea? ! bl[s ( ! reaction & ! /ate (    
siege8 ,we did n ask1 z our precursors &
 colleagues _h done1 ,:i* is ! be/ sy/em
 ( community8 ,! be/ organisation (     
prop]ty8 ,or aga93 ,:i* is ! bett]1     
prop]ty or ! community8 ,! !ory ( ,/4   
,simon or t ( ,f\ri]8 ,! sy/em ( ,l\is  
,blanc or t ( ,cabet8 ,foll[+ ! example 
( ,kant we /at$ ! "q ?us3 ,h[ is x t man
 possesses8 ,h[ is prop]ty acquir$8 ,h[ 

lo/8 ,:at is ! law ( its evolution &    
trans=mation8 ,:i!r does x t5d8 ,:at    
does x want8 ,:at1 9 f9e1 does x        
repres5t8444 ,!n h[ is x t man lab\rs8  
,h[ is ! comp>ison ( products in/itut$8 
,by :at means is circulation c>ri$ out 9
 society8 ,"u :at conditions8 ,accord+  
to :at laws8 ,& ! conclusion arriv$ at  
by ?is monograph ( prop]ty 0 ?is3       
,prop]ty indicates function or          
attribution2 community2 reciprocity (   
action2 usury ev] decreas+1 ! id5tity ( 
lab\r & capital 7sic674 ,9 ord] to set  
free & to realise all ^! t]ms1 until n[ 
hidd5 b5ea? ! old symbols ( prop]ty1 :at
 mu/ be done8 ,! work]s mu/ gu>antee "o 
ano!r lab\r & a m>ket2 & to ?is end mu/ 
accept z money _! reciprocal pl$ges4    
,good6 ,to-day we say t political       
lib]ty1 l indu/rial lib]ty1 w result = u
 f our mutual gu>antees4 ,x is by       
gu>antee+ "o ano!r lib]ty t we %all get 
rid ( ?is gov]nm5t1 ^: de/9y is to      
symbolise ! republican motto3 ,lib]ty1  
,equality1 ,frat]nity1 :ile leav+ x to  

our intellig5ce to br+ ab\t !           
realisation ( ?is4 ,n[1 :at is ! =mula (
 ?is political & lib]al gu>antee8 ,at   
pres5t univ]sal suffrage2 lat] on free  
contract4444 ,economic & social re=m    
?r\gh ! mutual gu>antee ( cr$it2        
political re=m ?r\gh ! int]-action (    
individual lib]ties2 su* is ! programme 
( ! ,voix du ,peuple4#ba ,we may add to 
?is t x is n v difficult to write !     
biography ( ?is programme4  ,9 a society
 ( produc]s ( commodities1 ! ex*ange (  
commodities is c>ri$ out accord+ to !   
lab\r socially necess>y = _! production4
 ,lab\r is ! s\rce & ! measure ( _!     
ex*ange-value4 ,no?+ c\ld seem m j ?an  
?is to any man imbu$ ) ! ideas eng5d]$  
by a society ( produc]s ( commodities4  
,un=tunately ?is ju/ice is no m et]nal  
?an any?+ else "h bel[4 ,! developm5t ( 
! production ( commodities necess>ily   
br+s 9 its tra9 ! trans=mation ( !      
great] "p ( society into prolet>ians1   
possess+ no?+ b _! lab\r-p[]1 & ( ! o!r 
"p into capitali/s1 :o1 buy+ ?is p[]1 ! 

only commodity ( ! prolet>ians1 turn x  
into a s\rce ( weal? = !mselves4 ,9     
work+ = ! capitali/s ! prolet>ian       
produces ! income ( 8 exploit]1 at !    
same "t z 8 own pov]ty1 8 own social    
subjection4 ,is n ?is suffici5tly unju/8
 ,! p>tisan ( ! rights ( ! produc] (    
commodities deplores ! lot ( !          
prolet>ians2 he ?und]s aga9/ capital4 ,b
 at ! same "t he ?und]s aga9/ !         
revolution>y t5d5cies ( ! prolet>ians :o
 speak ( expropriat+ ! exploit] & ( a   
communi/ic organisation ( production4   
,communism is unju/1 x is ! mo/ odi\s   
tyranny4 ,:at wants organis+ is n       
production b ex*ange1 he assures u4 ,b  
h[ organise ex*ange8 ,t is easy en\gh1 &
 :at is daily go+ on be=e our eyes may  
s]ve to %[ u ! way4 ,lab\r is ! s\rce & 
! measure ( ! value ( commodities4 ,b is
 ! price ( commodities always det]m9$ by
 _! value8 ,d n prices cont9ually v>y   
accord+ to ! r>ity or abundance ( ^!    
commodities8 ,! value ( a commodity &   
its price are two diff]5t ?+s2 & ?is is 

! mis=tune1 ! great mis=tune ( all ( u  
poor1 hone/ folk1 :o only want ju/ice1 &
 only ask = our own4 ,to solve ! social 
"q1 !re=e we mu/ put a /op to !         
arbitr>9ess ( prices1 & to ! anomaly (  
value 7,pr\dhon's own expressions74 ,& 9
 ord] to d ?is we mu/ con/itute value2  
i4e41 see t e produc] %all always1 9    
ex*ange = 8 commodity1 receive exactly  
:at x co/s4 ,!n w private prop]ty n only
 cease to be !ft1 x w become ! mo/      
adequate expression ( ju/ice4 ,to       
con/itute value is to con/itute small   
private prop]ty1 & small private prop]ty
 once con/itut$1 ev]y?+ w be ju/ice &   
happ9ess 9 a _w n[ s full ( mis]y &     
inju/ice4 ,& x is no good = prolet>ians 
to object1 !y h no means ( production3  
by gu>antee+ !mselves cr$it gratis1 all 
:o want to "w w1 z by ! t\* ( a magic   
w&1 h ev]y?+ necess>y = production4     
,small prop]ty & small p>cell$-out      
production1 its economic basis1 0 always
 ! dream ( ,pr\dhon4 ,! huge mod]n      
me*anical work%op always inspir$ him )  

pr(\nd av]sion4 ,he says t lab\r1 l     
love1 flies f society4 ,no d\bt !re are 
"s indu/ries--,pr\dhon in/ances         
railways--9 :i* association is ess5tial4
 ,9 ^!1 ! isolat$ produc] mu/ make way =
 companies ( work]s4 ,b ! exception only
 proves ! rule4#bb ,small private       
prop]ty mu/ be ! basis ( social         
organization4  ,small private prop]ty is
 t5d+ to disappe>4 ,! desire n m]ely to 
pres]ve x1 b to trans=m x into ! basis (
 a new social organisation is extreme   
cons]vatism4 ,! desire at ! same "t to  
put an end to ! exploitation ( man by   
man1 to ! wage-sy/em1 is assur$ly to    
comb9e ) ! mo/ cons]vative ! mo/ radical
 aspirations4  ,we h no desire "h to    
criticise ?is petty b\rgeois ,utopia4   
,?is criticism has already be5 und]tak5 
by a ma/] h& 9 ! works ( ,m>x3 ,la      
,misre de la ,philosophie1 & ,zur       
,kritik d] ,politis*5 ,oekonomie4 ,we w 
only obs]ve ! foll[+3--  ,! only bond t 
unites ! produc]s ( commodities ^u !    
doma9 ( economics is ex*ange4 ,f !      

juridical po9t ( view1 ex*ange appe>s z 
! relation betwe5 two wills4 ,! relation
 ( ^! two wills is express$ 9 !         
contract4 ,! production ( commodities   
duly con/itut$ is !re=e ! reign (       
absolute individual lib]ty4 ,by f9d+    
myself b\nd ?r\gh a contract t obliges  
me to d su* & su* a ?+1 ,i d n r5\nce my
 lib]ty4 ,i simply use x to ent] into   
relations ) my neighb\rs4 ,b at ! same  
"t ?is contract is ! regulator ( my     
lib]ty4 ,9 fulfill+ a duty t ,i h freely
 laid ^u myself :5 sign+ ! contract1 ,i 
r5d] ju/ice to ! rights ( o!rs4 ,x is   
?us t absolute lib]ty becomes           
comm5surate ) ord]4 ,apply ?is          
conception ( ! contract to ! political  
con/itution & y h ,an>*y4  ,! idea ( !  
contract excludes t ( gov]nm5t4 ,:at    
*>act]ises ! contract1 reciprocal       
conv5tion1 is t by virtue ( ?is         
conv5tion ! lib]ty & well-be+ ( man are 
increas$1 :ile by ! in/itution (        
au?ority bo? are necess>ily decreas$4444
 ,contract is ?us ess5tially            

synallagmatic2 x lays ^u ! contract+    
p>ties no o!r obligation ?an t :i*      
results f _! p]sonal promise (          
reciprocal pl$ges2 x is subject to no   
ext]nal au?ority2 x alone lays d[n a law
 common to bo? p>ties1 & x c be c>ri$   
out only ?r\gh _! own initiative4 ,if ! 
contract is already ?is 9 its mo/ g5]al 
acceptation & 9 its daily practice1 :at 
w ! social contract be--t contract :i*  
is meant to b9d toge!r all ! memb]s ( a 
nation by ! same int]e/8 ,! social      
contract is ! supreme act by :i* e      
citiz5 pl$ges to society 8 love1 8      
intellect1 8 lab\r1 8 s]vice1 8         
products1 8 possessions1 9 ex*ange = !  
affection1 ! ideas1 ! lab\r1 products1  
s]vice1 & possessions ( 8 fell[s2 !     
measure ( "r = ea* "o be+ always det]m9$
 by ! ext5t ( 8 own contribution1 & !   
am\nt recov]able be+ 9 accordance ) :at 
has be5 giv54444 ,! social contract mu/ 
be freely discuss$1 individually cons5t$
 to1 sign$ manu propri1 by all :o       
p>ticipate 9 x4 ,if its discussion 7    

prev5t$1 curtail$ or burk$2 if cons5t to
 x 7 fil*$2 if ! signature 7 giv5 to a  
blank docum5t 9 pure confid5ce1 )\t a   
read+ ( ! articles & _! prelim9>y       
explanation2 or ev5 if1 l ! milit>y oa?1
 x 7 all pr$et]m9$ & en=c$1 !n ! social 
contract w\ld be no?+ b a conspiracy    
aga9/ ! lib]ty & well-be+ ( ! mo/       
ignorant1 ! mo/ weak1 & mo/ num]\s      
individuals1 a sy/ematic spoliation1    
aga9/ :i* e means ( resi/ance or ev5 (  
reprisal might become a "r & a duty4444 
,! social contract is ( ! ess5ce ( !    
reciprocal contract2 n only does x leave
 ! sign] ! :ole ( 8 possessions2 x adds 
to 8 prop]ty2 x does n encroa* ^u 8     
lab\r2 x only affects ex*ange4444 ,su*1 
accord+ to ! def9itions ( "r & univ]sal 
practice1 mu/ be ! social contract4#bc  
,once x is admitt$ z an inconte/able    
fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! contract is !   
only moral bond t c be accept$ by free &
 equal human be+s no?+ is easi] ?an a   
radical criticism ( ! political         
con/itution4 ,suppose we h to d ) ju/ice

 & ! p5al law1 = example8 ,well1        
,pr\dhon w\ld ask y by virtue ( :at     
contract society arrogates to itself !  
"r to puni% crim9als4 ,:]e !re is no    
compact !re c be1 s f> z any ext]nal    
tribunal is conc]n$1 nei!r crime nor    
misdemean\r4 ,! law is ! expression ( ! 
sov]eignty ( ! p2 t is1 or ,i am        
altoge!r mi/ak51 ! social contract & !  
p]sonal pl$ge ( ! man & ! citiz54 ,s    
long z ,i did n want ?is law1 s long z  
,i h n cons5t$ to x1 vot$ = x1 x is n   
b9d+ ^u me1 x does n exi/4 ,to make x a 
prec$5t be=e ,i h recognis$ x1 & to use 
x aga9/ me 9 spite ( my prote/s is to   
make x retroactive1 & to violate ?is v  
law itself4 ,e day y h to rev]se a      
decision because ( "s =mal error4 ,b !re
 is n a s+le "o ( y\r laws t is n ta9t$ 
) nullity1 & ! mo/ mon/r\s nullity (    
all1 ! v hypo!sis ( ! law4 ,s\ffl>d1    
,lac5aire1 all ! sc\ndrels :om y s5d to 
! scaffold turn 9 _! graves & accuse y (
 judicial =g]y4 ,:at answ] c y make     
!m8#bd  ,if we are deal+ ) !            

adm9i/ration & ! police ,pr\dhon s+s !  
same song ( contract & free cons5t4 ,_c 
we adm9i/] our goods1 keep our acc\nts1 
arrange our diff]5ces1 look aft] our    
common int]e/s at lea/ z well z we c    
look aft] our salvation & take c>e ( our
 s\ls8 ,:at m h we to d ) ,/ate         
legislation1 ) ,/ate ju/ice1 ) ,/ate    
police1 & ) ,/ate adm9i/ration ?an )    
,/ate religion8#be  ,z to ! ,m9i/ry (   
,f9ance1 x is evid5t t its raison d'tre 
is entirely includ$ 9 t ( ! o!r         
m9i/ries4444 ,get rid ( all ! political 
h>ness & y w h no use = an adm9i/ration 
^: sole object is ! procur+ &           
di/ribution ( supplies4#bf  ,?is is     
logical & radical2 & ! m radical1 t ?is 
=mula ( ,pr\dhon's--con/itut$ value1    
free contract--is a univ]sal "o1 easily1
 & ev5 necess>ily applicable to all     
peoples4 ,political economy is1 inde$1 l
 all o!r sci5ces2 x is ( necessity !    
same all ov] ! _w2 x does n dep5d ^u !  
arrangem5ts ( m5 or nations1 x is       
subject to no "o's caprice4 ,!re is no m

 a ,russian1 ,engli%1 ,au/rian1 ,t>t>1  
or ,h9doo political economy ?an !re is a
 ,hung>ian1 ,g]man1 or ,am]ican physics 
or geometry4 ,tru? is ev]y:]e equal to  
itself3 ,sci5ce is ! unity ( ! human    
race4 ,if sci5ce1 !re=e1 & no long]     
religion or au?ority is tak5 9 all      
c\ntries z ! rule ( society1 ! sov]eign 
arbit] ( all int]e/s1 gov]nm5t becomes  
null & void1 ! legislators ( ! :ole     
univ]se are 9 h>mony4#bg  ,b en\gh (    
?is6 ,! biography ( :at ,pr\dhon call$ 8
 programme is n[ suffici5tly cle> to u4 
,economically x is b ! ,utopia ( a petty
 b\rgeois1 :o is firmly conv9c$ t !     
production ( commodities is ! mo/ j (   
all possible modes ( production1 & :o   
desires to elim9ate its bad sides 7h5ce 
8 ,radicalism7 by reta9+ to all et]nity 
its good sides 7h5ce 8 ,cons]vatism74   
,politically ! programme is only !      
application to public relations ( a     
concept 7! contract7 drawn f ! doma9 ( !
 private "r ( a society ( produc]s (    
commodities4 ,con/itut$ value 9         

economics1 ! contract 9 politics--^! are
 ! :ole sci5tific tru? ( ,pr\dhon4 ,x is
 all v well = him to combat ! ,utopians2
 he is a ,utopian himself to 8 f+] tips4
 ,:at di/+ui%es him f m5 l ,sa9t ,simon1
 ,f\ri]1 & ,rob]t ,ow5 is 8 extreme     
pett9ess & n>r[ness ( m9d1 8 hatr$ ( e  
really revolution>y movem5t & idea4     
,pr\dhon criticis$ ! political          
con/itution f ! po9t ( view ( private   
"r4 ,he wi%$ to p]petuate private       
prop]ty1 & to de/roy t p]nici\s fiction 
! ,/ate1 = ev]4  ,guizot _h already said
 t ! political con/itution ( a c\ntry   
has its root 9 ! conditions ( prop]ty   
exi/+ !re4 ,= ,pr\dhon ! political      
con/itution owes its orig9 only to human
 ignorance1 has only be5 imag9$ 9       
default ( ! social organisation at la/  
inv5t$ by him1 ,pr\dhon1 9 ! ye> ( our  
,"l s & s4 ,he judges ! political hi/ory
 ( mank9d l a ,utopian4 ,b ! ,utopian   
negation ( all reality by no means      
pres]ves u f its influ5ce4 ,d5i$ ^u "o  
page ( a ,utopian "w1 x takes its rev5ge

 on ano!r1 :]e x (t5 appe>s 9 all its   
nak$ness4 ,?us ,pr\dhon d5ies ! ,/ate4  
,! ,/ate--no1 no--,i w none ( x1 ev5 z  
s]vant2 ,i reject all gov]nm5t1 ev5     
direct gov]nm5t1 he cries ad nauseam4   
,b1 oh6 irony ( reality6 ,d y "k h[ he  
inv5ts ! con/itution ( value8 ,x is v   
funny4  ,! con/itution ( value is !     
sell+ at a fair price1 at ! co/         
price4#bh ,if a m]*ant refuses to supply
 8 m]*&ise at co/ price x is because he 
is n c]ta9 ( sell+ a suffici5t quantity 
to secure a due return1 & fur!r he has  
no gu>antee t he w get quid pro quo = 8 
pur*ases4 ,s he mu/ h gu>antees4 ,& !re 
may be v>i\s k9ds ( ^! gu>antees4 ,"h is
 "o4  ,let u suppose t ! ,provisional   
,gov]nm5t or ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 444 
_h s]i\sly wi%$ to help along bus9ess1  
enc\rage comm]ce1 indu/ry1 agriculture1 
/op ! depreciation ( prop]ty1 assure "w 
to ! work]s--x c\ld h be5 done by       
gu>antee+1 e4g41 to ! fir/ #aj1jjj      
contractors1 factory own]s1             
manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 etc41 9 ! :ole   

,republic1 an int]e/ ( #e p] c5t4 on !  
capital1 say1 on ! av]age1 #ajj1jjj     
francs1 t ea* ( !m _h emb>k$ 9 8        
competitive bus9ess4 ,= x is evid5t t ! 
,/ate 444 ,en\gh6 ,x is evid5t t ! ,/ate
 has =c$ itself ^u ,pr\dhon1 at lea/ z  
s]vant4 ,& x has done ?is ) su*         
irresi/ible =ce t our au?or ends by     
surr5d]+1 & solemnly proclaim+3  ,yes1  
,i say x al\d3 ! work]s' associations ( 
,p>is & ! dep>tm5ts hold 9 _! h&s !     
salvation ( ! p1 ! future ( !           
revolution4 ,!y c d ev]y?+1 if !y set   
ab\t x clev]ly4 ,r5ew$ en]gy on _! "p   
mu/ c>ry ! light into ! dulle/ m9ds1 &  
at ! election ( #aheb he wrote ?is 9 !  
summ] ( #ahea mu/ place on ! ord] ( !   
day1 & at ! head ( x1 ! con/itution (   
value4#bi  ,?us ,no m p>ties6 ,no       
politics6 :5 x is a "q ( ! class        
/ruggle--& ,hurrah = politics6 ,hurrah =
 electoral agitation6 ,hurrah = ,/ate   
int]f]5ce6 :5 x is a "q ( realis+ !     
vapid & meagre ,utopia ( ,pr\dhon6      
,de/ruam et dificabo1 says ,pr\dhon1 ) !

 pomp\s vanity peculi> to him4 ,b on !  
o!r h&--to use ! phrase ( ,fig>o--x is !
 true/ tru? ( all he has ev] utt]$ 9 8  
life4 ,he de/roys & he builds4 ,only !  
my/]y ( 8 de/ruction reveals itself     
completely 9 8 =mula1 ,! ,contract      
solves all problems4 ,! my/]y ( 8       
dificatio is 9 ! /r5g? ( ! social &     
political b\rgeois reality ) :i* he     
reconcil$ himself1 ! m readily 9 t he   
nev] manag$ to pluck f x any ( its      
secrets4  ,pr\dhon w n he> ( ! ,/ate at 
any price4 ,& yet--ap>t f ! political   
propositions su* z ! con/itution (      
value1 ) :i* he turns to ! odi\s        
fiction--ev5 !oretically he builds up ! 
,/ate z fa/ z he de/roys x4 ,:at he     
takes f ! ,/ate he be/[s ^u ! communes &
 dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ! place ( "o great ,/ate 
we see built up a numb] ( small /ates2 9
 ! place ( "o great fiction a mass (    
little ones4 ,to sum up1 an>*y resolves 
itself into f$]alism1 :i* among o!r     
advantages has t ( mak+ ! success (     
revolution>y movem5ts mu* m difficult   

?an x is "u a c5tralis$ ,/ate4#cj ,s    
ende? ,pr\dhon's ,g5]al ,idea ( !       
,revolution4  ,x is a curi\s fact t     
,sa9t ,simon is ! fa!r ( ,pr\dhon's     
an>*y4 ,sa9t ,simon has said t ! end (  
social organisation is production1 & t1 
!re=e1 political sci5ce mu/ be r$uc$ to 
economics1 ! art ( gov]n+ m5 mu/ give   
way to ! art ( adm9i/ration ( ?+s4 ,he  
has comp>$ mank9d to ! individual1 :o1  
obey+ 8 p>5ts 9 *ildhood1 9 8 ripe age  
ends by obey+ no "o b himself4 ,pr\dhon 
seiz$ ^u ?is idea & ?is comp>ison1 & ) !
 help ( ! con/itution ( value1 built up 
an>*y4 ,b ,sa9t ,simon1 a man ( f]tile  
g5ius1 w\ld h be5 ! v fir/ to be al>m$  
at :at ?is ,sociali/ic petty b\rgeois   
made ( 8 !ory4 ,mod]n sci5tific         
,socialism has work$ out ! !ory ( ,sa9t 
,simon v diff]5tly1 & :ile expla9+ !    
hi/orical orig9 ( ! ,/ate1 %[s 9 ?is v  
orig91 ! conditions ( ! future          
disappe>ance ( ! ,/ate4  ,! ,/ate 0 !   
(ficial repres5tative ( society z a     
:ole1 ! ga!r+ ( x toge!r into a visible 

embodim5t4 ,b x 0 ?is only 9 s f> z x 0 
! ,/ate ( t class :i* itself repres5t$1 
= ! "t be+1 society z a :ole2 9 anci5t  
times ! ,/ate ( slave-own+ citiz5s2 9 ! 
middle ages1 ! feudal lords2 9 our own  
"t1 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,:5 at la/ x becomes !
 real repres5tative ( ! :ole ( society1 
x r5d]s itself unnecess>y4 ,z soon z !re
 is no long] any social class to be held
 9 subjection2 z soon z class rule & !  
individual /ruggle = exi/5ce bas$ on our
 pres5t an>*y 9 production1 ) !         
collisions & excesses aris+ f ^! are    
remov$1 no?+ m rema9s to be repress$1 & 
a special repressive =ce1 a ,/ate1 is no
 long] necess>y4 ,! fir/ act by virtue (
 :i* ! ,/ate really con/itutes itself ! 
repres5tative ( ! :ole ( society1 ! tak+
 possession ( ! means ( production 9 !  
"n ( society1 ?is is1 at ! same "t1 its 
la/ indep5d5t act z a ,/ate4 ,/ate      
int]f]5ce 9 social relations becomes1 9 
"o doma9 aft] ano!r1 sup]flu\s1 & !n    
dies out ( itself2 ! gov]nm5t ( p]sons  
is replac$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ?+s1 & by

 ! conduct ( processes ( production4 ,! 
,/ate is n 'aboli%$4' ,x dies out4#ca   
,,footnotes3  #af ,= all ^! quotations  
see ! preface to ! ?ird edition ( !     
,confessions d'un ,rvolutionnaire4 ,?is 
preface is simply an article repr9t$ f !
 ,voix du ,peuple1 ,novemb]1 #ahdi4 ,x 0
 n till #ahdi t ,pr\dhon began to exp\nd
 8 ,an>*i/ !ory4 ,9 #ahdh1 pace         
,kropotk9e1 he only exp\nd$ 8 !ory (    
ex*ange1 z anyone c see = himself by    
read+ ! six? volume ( 8 complete works  
7,p>is1 #ahfh74 ,?is critique (         
,democracy1 writt5 9 ,m>*1 #ahdh1 did n 
yet exp\nd 8 ,an>*i/ !ory4 ,?is critique
 =ms "p ( 8 "w1 ,solution du ,problme   
,social1 & ,pr\dhon proposes to br+ ab\t
 ?is solution )\t taxes1 )\t loans1 )\t 
ca% paym5ts1 )\t pap]-money1 )\t        
maximum1 )\t levies1 )\t bankruptcy1 )\t
 agr>ian laws1 )\t any poor tax1 )\t    
national work%ops1 )\t association 7671 
)\t any p>ticipation or int]v5tion by ! 
,/ate1 )\t any int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty (   
comm]ce & ( indu/ry1 )\t any violation (

 prop]ty1 9 a ^w & above all1 )\t any   
class w>4 ,a truly immortal idea & wor?y
 ! admiration ( all b\rgeois1           
peace-lov+1 s5tim5tal1 or               
blood?ir/y--:ite1 blue1 or r$6  #ag ,"o1
 two1 ?ree2 leg]dema9 isn't wit*craft4  
#ah ,les ,confessions d'un              
,rvolutionnaire4 ,vol4 ix41 #ahfh       
edition ( ! complete works ( ,pr\dhon1  
pages #aff & #afg4  #ai ,confessions1   
pp4 #be-bf4  #bj ,he is speak+ ( ! two  
pap]s ,le ,peuple & ,le ,rprs5tant du   
,peuple1 :i* he _h publi%$ 9 #ahdh-i    
be=e ! ,voix du ,peuple4  #ba           
,confessions1 pp4 #g-h4  #bb ,= ,pr\dhon
 ! pr9ciple ( association invok$ by mo/ 
s*ools 7he means ! v>i\s ,sociali/      
s*ools71 a pr9ciple ess5tially /]ile1 is
 nei!r an indu/rial =ce nor an economic 
law 444 x supposes gov]nm5t & ob$i5ce1  
two t]ms exclud$ by ! ,revolution4 7,ide
 ,gnrale de la ,rvolution au ,,xix      
,sicle1 #b ed41 ,p>is #ahea1 p4 #agc74  
#bc ,ide ,gnrale de la ,revolution4     
,p>is1 #ahea1 pp4 #abd-abg4  #bd ,ide   

,gnrale1 pp4 #bih-bii4  #be ,ide        
,gnrale1 p4 #cjd4  #bf ,ibid4 p4 #cbd4  
#bg ,ibid4 p4 #cbh4  #bh ,x 0 ?us t     
,pr\dhon und]/ood ! det]m9+ ( value by  
lab\r4 ,he c\ld nev] und]/& a ,ric>do4  
#bi ,ide ,gnrale1 p4 #bfh4  #cj ,see 8  
book1 ,du ,pr9cipe ,fdratif4  #ca       
,socialism3 ,utopian & ,sci5tific4 ,by  
,f4 ,engels4 ,translat$ by ,edw>d       
,avel+4 ,pp4 #ge-gg4     ,,*apt] ,v     
,,bak\n9e   ,we h se5 t 9 _! criticism (
 ! political con/itution1 ! fa!rs (     
an>*y always bas$ !mselves on ! ,utopian
 po9t ( view4 ,ea* "o ( !m bas$ 8 !ories
 ^u an ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,/irn] ^u t ( !
 ,ego1 ,pr\dhon ^u t ( ! ,contract4 ,!  
read] has also se5 t ^! two fa!rs 7     
individuali/s ( ! fir/ wat]4  ,!        
influ5ce ( ,pr\dhonian individualism 01 
= a "t1 v /rong 9 ! ,romance c\ntries   
7,france1 ,belgium1 ,italy1 ,spa97 & 9 !
 ,slaav c\ntries1 especially ,russia4 ,!
 int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,int]national ,work+
 ,m5's ,association is ! hi/ory ( ?is   
/ruggle betwe5 ,pr\dhonism & ! mod]n    

,socialism ( ,m>x4 ,n only m5 l ,tola91 
,*emal or ,murat1 b m5 v sup]ior to !m1 
su* z ,de ,paepe1 e4g41 7 no?+ b m or   
less op9ionat$1 m or less consi/5t      
,mutuali/s4 ,b ! m ! work+ class movem5t
 develop$1 ! m evid5t x became t        
,mutualism c\ld n be its !oretical      
expression4 ,at ! ,int]national         
,congresses ! ,mutuali/s 7 =c$ by !     
logic ( facts to vote = ! ,communi/     
resolutions4 ,?is 0 ! case1 e4g41 at    
,brussels 9 ! discussion on l&$         
prop]ty4#cb ,little by little ! left w+ 
( ! ,pr\dhonian army left ! doma9 (     
,individualism to intr5* itself ^u t (  
,collectivism4  ,! ^w ,collectivism 0   
us$ at ?is p]iod 9 a s5se altoge!r      
oppos$ to t :i* x n[ has 9 ! m\?s ( !   
,fr5* ,m>xi/s1 l ,jules ,guesde & 8     
fri5ds4 ,! mo/ prom95t *ampion (        
,collectivism 0 at ?is "t ,mi*el        
,bak\n9e4  ,9 speak+ ( ?is man we %all  
pass ov] 9 sil5ce 8 propag&a 9 fav\r ( !
 ,hegelian philosophy1 z f> z he        
und]/ood x1 ! "p he play$ 9 !           

revolution>y movem5t ( #ahdh1 8         
,panslavi/ writ+s 9 ! beg9n+ ( !        
sixties1 & 8 pamphlet1 ,r\man[1         
,p\gat*ew or ,pe/el#cc 7,london1 #ahfb71
 9 :i* he propos$ to g ov] to ,alex&]   
,,ii41 if ! latt] w\ld become ! ,tz> ( !
 ,m\jiks4 ,"h we are exclusively conc]n$
 ) 8 !ory ( ,an>*i/ ,collectivism4  ,a  
memb] ( ! ,league ( ,peace & ,lib]ty1   
,bak\n9e1 at ! ,congress ( ?is          
,association at ,b]ne 9 #ahfi1 call$ ^u 
! ,league--an entirely b\rgeois body--to
 decl>e 9 fav\r ( ! economical & social 
equalisation ( classes & ( individuals4 
,o!r delegates1 among :om 0 ,*audey1    
reproa*$ him ) advocat+ ,communism4 ,he 
indignantly prote/$ aga9/ ! accusation4 
,because ,i dem& ! economic & social    
equalisation ( classes & individuals1   
because1 ) ! ,work]s' ,congress (       
,brussels1 ,i h decl>$ myself 9 fav\r ( 
collective prop]ty1 ,i h be5 reproa*$ ) 
be+ a ,communi/4 ,:at diff]5ce1 ,i h be5
 ask$1 is !re betwe5 ,communism &       
,collectivism4 ,i am really a/\nd$ t ,m4

 ,*audey does n und]/& ?is diff]5ce1 he 
:o is ! te/am5t>y executor ( ,pr\dhon6  
,i dete/ ,communism1 because x is !     
negation ( lib]ty1 & ,i _c conceive     
any?+ human )\t lib]ty4 ,i am n a       
,communi/1 because ,communism           
conc5trates & causes all ! =ces (       
society to be absorb$ by ! ,/ate1       
because x necess>ily ends 9 !           
c5tralisation ( prop]ty 9 ! h&s ( !     
,/ate1 :ile ,i desire ! abolition ( !   
,/ate--! radical extirpation ( ?is      
pr9ciple ( ! au?ority & ! tutelage ( !  
,/ate1 :i*1 "u ! pretext ( moralis+ &   
civilis+ m51 has until n[ enslav$1      
oppress$1 exploit$1 & deprav$ !m4 ,i    
desire ! organisation ( society & (     
collective or social prop]ty f bel[     
upw>ds1 by means ( free association1 & n
 f above d[nw>ds by means ( "s au?ority 
( "s sort4 ,desir+ ! abolition ( !      
,/ate1 ,i desire ! abolition ( prop]ty  
individually h]$it>y1 :i* is no?+ b an  
in/itution ( ! ,/ate1 no?+ b a result ( 
! pr9ciple ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is is ! s5se1   

g5tlem51 9 :i* ,i am a ,collectivi/1 & n
 at all a ,communi/4  ,9 ano!r spee* at 
! same ,congress ,bak\n9e reit]ates :at 
he _h already said ( ,/ati/ ,communism4 
,x is n we1 g5tlem51 he said1 :o        
sy/ematically d5y all au?ority & all    
tutel>y p[]s1 & :o 9 ! "n ( ,lib]ty dem&
 ! v abolition ( ! au?orit>ian pr9ciple 
( ! ,/ate2 x is n we :o w recognise any 
sort ( political & social organisation  
:atev]1 t is n f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ complete  
lib]ty ( e "o4444 ,b ,i am 9 fav\r (    
collective prop]ty1 because ,i am       
conv9c$ t s long z prop]ty1 individually
 h]$it>y1 exi/s1 ! equality ( ! fir/    
/>t1 ! realisation ( equality1          
economical & social1 w be impossible4#cd
 ,?is is n p>ticul>ly lucid z a /atem5t 
( pr9ciples4 ,b x is suffici5tly        
significant f ! biographical po9t (     
view4  ,we d n insi/ ^u ! ineptitude ( !
 expression ! economic & social         
equalisation ( classes2 ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil
 ( ! ,int]national dealt ) t long       
ago4#ce ,we w\ld only rem>k t ! above   

quotations %[ t ,bak\n9e--  #a4 ,combats
 ! ,/ate & ,communism 9 ! "n ( ! mo/    
complete lib]ty ( ev]ybody2  #b4        
,combats prop]ty1 individually h]$it>y1 
9 ! "n ( economic equality2  #c4 ,reg>ds
 ?is prop]ty z an in/itution ( ! ,/ate1 
z a consequ5ce ( ! v pr9ciples ( !      
,/ate2  #d4 ,has no objection to        
individual prop]ty1 if x is n h]$it>y2  
has no objection to ! "r ( inh]itance1  
if x is n individual4  ,9 o!r words3    
#a4 ,bak\n9e is q at "o ) ,pr\dhon s f> 
z conc]ns ! negation ( ! ,/ate &        
,communism2  #b4 ,to ?is negation he    
adds ano!r1 t ( prop]ty1 individually   
h]$it>y2  #c4 ,8 programme is no?+ b a  
total arriv$ at by ! add+ up ( ! two    
ab/ract pr9ciples--t ( lib]ty1 & t (    
equality2 he applies ^! two pr9ciples1  
"o aft] ! o!r1 & indep5d5tly "o ( ! o!r1
 9 8 criticism ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1    
nev] ask+ himself :e!r ! results ( ^!   
two negations are reconcilable ) "o     
ano!r4  #d4 ,he und]/&s1 j z little z   
,pr\dhon1 ! orig9 ( private prop]ty & ! 

causal connection betwe5 its evolution &
 ! developm5t ( political =ms4  #e4 ,he 
has no cle> conception ( ! mean+ ( !    
words individually h]$it>y4  ,if        
,pr\dhon 0 a ,utopian1 ,bak\n9e 0 d\bly 
s1 = 8 programme 0 no?+ b a ,utopia (   
,lib]ty1 re9=c$ by a ,utopia (          
,equality4 ,if ,pr\dhon1 at lea/ to a v 
l>ge ext5t1 rema9$ fai?ful to 8 pr9ciple
 ( ! contract1 ,bak\n9e1 divid$ betwe5  
lib]ty & equality1 is oblig$ f ! v      
outset ( 8 argum5t con/antly to ?r[ ov] 
! =m] = ! b5efit ( ! latt]1 & ! latt] = 
! b5efit ( ! =m]4 ,if ,pr\dhon is a     
,pr\dhonian sans repro*e1 ,bak\n9e is a 
,pr\dhonian adult]at$ ) dete/able       
,communism1 nay ev5 by ,m>xism4  ,9     
fact1 ,bak\n9e has no long] t immutable 
fai? 9 ! g5ius ( ! ma/] ,pr\dhon1 :i*   
,tola9 seems to h pres]v$ intact4       
,accord+ to ,bak\n9e ,pr\dhon1 9 spite (
 all 8 ef=ts to get a foo?old ^u ! firm 
gr\nd ( reality1 rema9$ an ideali/ &    
metaphysician4 ,8 />t+ po9t is ! ab/ract
 side ( law2 x is f ?is t he />ts 9 ord]

 to arrive at economic facts1 :ile ,m>x1
 on ! contr>y1 has enunciat$ & prov$ !  
tru?1 demon/rat$ by ! :ole ( ! anci5t & 
mod]n hi/ory ( human societies1 (       
peoples & ( /ates1 t economic facts     
prec$$ & prec$e ! facts ( political &   
civil law4 ,! discov]y & demon/ration ( 
?is tru? is "o ( ! greate/ m]its ( ,m4  
,m>x4#cf ,9 ano!r ( 8 writ+s he says1 ) 
entire conviction1 ,all ! religions1 &  
all ! sy/ems ( morals t gov]n a giv5    
society are always ! ideal expression ( 
its real1 mat]ial condition1 t is1      
especially ( its economic organisation1 
b also ( its political organisation1 !  
latt]1 inde$1 be+ nev] any?+ b !        
juridical & viol5t consecration ( ! =m]4
 ,& he aga9 m5tions ,m>x z ! man to :om 
belongs ! m]it ( hav+ discov]$ &        
demon/rat$ ?is tru?4#cg ,"o asks oneself
 ) a/oni%m5t h[ ?is same ,bak\n9e c\ld  
decl>e t private prop]ty 0 only a       
consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,!  
solution ( ! riddle lies 9 ! fact t he  
did n und]/& ! mat]iali/ conception (   

hi/ory2 he 0 only adult]at$ by x4  ,& "h
 is a /rik+ pro( ( ?is4 ,9 ! ,russian   
"w1 already quot$1 ,/atism & ,an>*y1 he 
says t 9 ! situation ( ! ,russian p !re 
are two elem5ts :i* con/itute !         
conditions necess>y = ! social 7he means
 ,sociali/7 revolution4 ,! ,russian p c 
boa/ ( excessive pov]ty1 & unp>allel$   
slav]y4 ,_! suff]+s are innum]able1 & !y
 be> ^!1 n ) pati5ce1 b ) a pr(\nd &    
passionate despair1 t twice already 9   
our hi/ory has manife/$ itself 9 t]rible
 outbur/s3 9 ! revolt ( ,/ephan ,raz9e1 
& 9 t ( ,p\gats*ew4#ch ,& t is :at      
,bak\n9e und]/ood by ! mat]ial          
conditions ( a ,sociali/ revolution6 ,is
 x necess>y to po9t out t ?is ,m>xism is
 a little too sui g5]is8  ,:ile combat+ 
,mazz9i f ! /&po9t ( ! mat]iali/        
conception ( hi/ory1 ,bak\n9e himself is
 s f> f und]/&+ ! true import ( ?is     
conception1 t 9 ! same "w 9 :i* he      
refutes ! ,mazz9ian !ology1 he speaks1 l
 ! ?or\gh-fac$ ,pr\dhonian t he is1 (   
absolute human morality1 & he bol/]s up 

! idea ( ?is morality--! morality (     
solid>ity1--) su* argum5ts z ^!3  ,e    
actual be+1 s long z he exi/s1 exi/s    
only by virtue ( a pr9ciple :i* is      
inh]5t 9 himself1 & :i* det]m9es 8      
p>ticul> nature2 a pr9ciple t is n      
impos$ ^u him by a div9e law-giv] ( any 
sort 7?is is ! mat]ialism ( our au?or671
 b is ! protract$ & con/ant result (    
comb9ations ( natural causes & effects2 
t is n1 accord+ to ! ludicr\s idea ( !  
ideali/s1 %ut up 9 him l a s\l )9 its   
body1 b is1 9 fact1 only ! inevitable & 
con/ant =m ( 8 real exi/5ce4 ,! human1 l
 all o!r species1 has inh]5t pr9ciples q
 special to itself1 & all ^! pr9ciples  
are summ$ up 91 or are r$ucible to1 a   
s+le pr9ciple1 :i* we call solid>ity4   
,?is pr9ciple may be =mulat$ ?us3 ,no   
human individual c recognise 8 own      
humanity1 nor1 !re=e1 realise x 9 8 life
 except by recognis+ x 9 o!rs1 & by     
help+ to realise x = o!rs4 ,no man c    
emancipate himself1 except by emancipat+
 ) him all ! m5 ar\nd him4 ,my lib]ty is

 ! lib]ty ( ev]yone1 = ,i am n truly    
free1 free n only 9 ?\ght b 9 de$1      
except :5 my lib]ty & my rights f9d _!  
confirmation1 _! sanction1 9 ! lib]ty & 
! rights ( all m51 my equals4#ci  ,z a  
moral precept1 solid>ity1 z int]pret$ by
 ,bak\n9e1 is a v excell5t ?+4 ,b to set
 up ?is a morality1 :i* by ! way is n at
 all absolute1 z pr9ciple inh]5t 9      
humanity & det]m9+ human nature1 is     
play+ ) words1 & completely ignor+ :at  
mat]ialism is4 ,humanity only exi/s by  
virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity4 ,?is is
 com+ x a little too /rong4 ,h[ ab\t !  
class w>1 & ! curs$ ,/ate1 & prop]ty1   
individually h]$it>y--are ^! only       
manife/ations ( solid>ity1 inh]5t 9     
humanity1 det]m9+ its special nature1   
etc41 etc8 ,if ?is is s1 ev]y?+ is all  
"r1 & ,bak\n9e 0 wa/+ 8 "t 9 dream+ ( a 
social revolution4 ,if ?is is n s1 ?is  
proves t humanity may h exi/$ by virtue 
( o!r pr9ciples ?an t ( solid>ity1 & t  
?is latt] pr9ciple is by no means inh]5t
 9 x4 ,inde$1 ,bak\n9e only enunciat$ 8 

absolute pr9ciple 9 ord] to arrive at ! 
conclusion t no p c\ld be completely    
free1 free ) solid>ity1 9 ! human s5se (
 ! ^w1 if ! :ole ( humanity is n free   
also4#dj  ,?is is an allusion to !      
tactics ( ! mod]n prolet>iat1 & x is    
true 9 ! s5se t--z ! rules ( !          
,int]national ,work+m5's ,association   
put x--! emancipation ( ! work]s is n a 
m]ely local or national problem1 b1 on !
 contr>y1 a problem conc]n+ e civilis$  
nation1 its solution be+ necess>ily     
dep5d5t ^u _! !oretical & practical     
coop]ation4 ,x is easy en\gh to prove   
?is tru? by ref]5ce to ! actual economic
 situation ( civilis$ humanity4 ,b no?+ 
is less conclusive1 "h z else:]e1 ?an a 
demon/ration f\nd$ ^u a ,utopian        
conception ( human nature4 ,! solid>ity 
( ,bak\n9e only proves t he rema9$ an   
incorrigible ,utopian1 al?\gh he became 
acqua9t$ ) ! hi/orical !ory ( ,m>x4     
,,footnotes3  #cb  444 ,among ^? :o call
 !mselves ,mutuali/s1 & ^: economic     
ideas incl9e1 on ! :ole1 to ! !ories (  

,pr\dhon1 9 ! s5se t !y1 l ! great      
revolution>y writ]1 dem& ! suppression (
 all levies ( capital ^u lab\r1 !       
suppression ( int]e/1 reciprocity (     
s]vice1 equal ex*ange ( products on !   
basis ( co/ price1 free reciprocal      
cr$it1 sev]al vot$ = ! collective       
own]%ip ( ! l&4 ,su*1 e4g41 are ! f\r   
,fr5* delegates1 ,aubry ( ,r\51 ,delac\r
 ( ,p>is1 ,ri*>d ( ,lyons1 ,lemonni] (  
,m>seilles1 & among ! ,belgians1        
,companions ,a4 ,moet5s1 ,v]rick51 ,de  
,paepe1 ,m>i*al1 etc4 ,= !m !re is no   
contradiction betwe5 ,mutualism         
applicable to ! ex*ange ( s]vices & !   
ex*ange ( products on ! basis ( co/     
price1 t is to say1 ! quantity ( lab\r  
conta9$ 9 ! s]vices & ! products1 &     
collective prop]ty applicable to ! l&1  
:i* is n a product ( lab\r1 & !re=e does
 n seem to !m to come "u ! law (        
ex*ange1 "u ! law ( circulation4--,reply
 to an article by ,dr4 ,c\ll]y 9 ! ,voix
 de l',av5ir1 ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 by !    
,belgians ,v&]h\t51 ,de ,paepe1         

,delasalle1 ,h]mann1 ,delplanque1       
,r\lants1 ,guillaume ,brasseur1 pr9t$ 9 
! same newspap] & repr9t$ z a docum5t 9 
! ,mmoire ( ! ,fdration ,jurasi5ne1     
,s\villi]1 #ahgc1 pp4 #ai-bj4  #cc      
,r\man[ is ! "n ( ! reign+ family 9     
,russia--d]iv$ 7if we ov]look ! adult]y 
( ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 admitt$ by h]self 9 h] 
memoirs7 f ,pet] ,,iii41 ! husb& (      
,ca!r9e ,,ii41 & ,pr9ce (               
,hol/e9-,gottorp4 ,p\gat*ew1 ! pret5d$  
,pet] ,,iii41 0 a ,cossack1 :o plac$    
himself at ! head ( a ,russian peasant  
ris+ 9 #aggc4 ,pe/el 0 a ,republican    
conspirator1 hang$ by ,nicolas 9 #ahbf4 
#cd ,see ! docum5ts publi%$ ) ! ,mmoire 
de la ,fdration ,jurasi5ne1 pp4 #bh1    
#bi1 #cg4  #ce ,! equalisation (        
classes1 wrote ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil to !    
,alliance ( ,bak\n9e1 :o desir$ to be   
admitt$ into ! ,int]national ,work+     
,m5's ,association1 & _h s5t ! ,c\ncil  
its programme 9 :i* ?is fam\s           
equalisation phrase occurs1 lit]ally    
int]pret$ comes to ! h>mony ( capital & 

lab\r1 s p]t9aci\sly advocat$ by        
b\rgeois ,sociali/s4 ,x is n !          
equalisation ( classes1 logically a     
contradiction1 impossible to realise1 b 
on ! contr>y1 ! abolition ( classes1 !  
real secret ( ! prolet>ian movem5t1 :i* 
is ! great aim ( ! ,int]national ,work+ 
,m5's ,association4  #cf ,/atism &      
,an>*y1 #ahgc 7! ,russian place (       
publication is n giv571 pp4 #bbc-bbd    
7,russian74 ,we "k ! ^w ,/atism is a    
b>b>ism1 b ,bak\n9e uses x1 & !         
flexibility ( ! ,russian language l5ds  
itself to su* =ms4  #cg ,la ,?ologie    
,politique de ,mazz9i et                
l',int]nationale1 ,neu*atel1 #ahga1 pp4 
#fi & #gh4  #ch ,ibid4 ,app5dix ,a1 p4  
#g4  #ci ,la ,?ologi ,politique de      
,mazz9i1 p4 #ia4  #dj ,ibid4 pp4 #aaj1  
#aaa4     ,,*apt] ,,vi                  
,,bak\n9e--7,,conclud$7   ,we h said t !
 pr9cipal features ( ,bak\n9e's         
programme orig9at$ 9 ! simple addition (
 two ab/ract pr9ciples3 t ( lib]ty & t (
 equality4 ,we n[ see t ! total ?us     

obta9$ might easily be increas$ by !    
addition ( a ?ird pr9ciple1 t (         
solid>ity4 ,inde$1 ! programme ( ! fam\s
 ,alliance1 adds sev]al o!rs4 ,=        
example1 ,! ,alliance decl>es itself    
,a!i/2 x desires ! abolition (          
religions1 ! sub/itution ( sci5ce =     
fai?1 ( human = div9e ju/ice4 ,9 !      
proclamation ) :i* ! ,bak\ni/s plac>d$ !
 walls ( ,lyons1 dur+ ! attempt$ ris+ at
 ! end ( ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 we read      
7,article #da7 t ,! ,/ate1 fall5 into   
decay1 w no long] be able to int]v5e 9 !
 paym5t ( private debts4 ,?is is        
inconte/ably logical1 b x w\ld be       
difficult to d$uce ! non-paym5t (       
private debts f pr9ciples inh]5t 9 human
 nature4  ,s9ce ,bak\n9e 9 tack+ 8 v>i\s
 absolute pr9ciples toge!r does n ask   
himself1 & does n ne$ to ask            
himself--?anks to ! absolute "* ( 8     
me?od--:e!r "o ( ^! pr9ciples might n   
some:at limit ! absolute p[] ( o!rs1 &  
might n 9 its turn be limit$ by !m1 he  
f9ds x an absolute impossibility to     

h>monise ! v>i\s items ( 8 programme    
:5ev] words no long] suffice1 & x       
becomes necess>y to replace !m by m     
precise ideas4 ,he desires ! abolition (
 religion4 ,b1 ! ,/ate hav+ fall5 into  
decay1 :o is to aboli% x8 ,he desires ! 
abolition ( prop]ty1 individually       
h]$it>y4 ,b :at is to be done if1 !     
,/ate hav+ fall5 into decay1 x %\ld     
cont9ue to exi/8 ,bak\n9e himself feels 
! ?+ is n v cle>1 b he consoles himself 
v easily4  ,9 a pamphlet writt5 dur+ !  
,franco-,g]man w>1 ,lettres  un franais 
sur la crise actuelle1 :ile demon/rat+ t
 ,france c only be sav$ by a great      
revolution>y movem5t1 he comes to !     
conclusion t ! peasants mu/ be incit$ to
 lay h&s ^u ! l& belong+ to ! ari/ocracy
 & ! b\rgeoisie4 ,b s f>1 ! ,fr5*       
peasants h be5 9 fav\r ( prop]ty1       
individually h]$it>y1 s ?is unpleasant  
in/itution w\ld be bol/]$ up by ! new   
,social ,revolution8  ,n at all1 answ]s 
,bak\n9e1 once ! ,/ate is aboli%$ !y    
7i4e41 ! peasants7 w no long] h !       

juridical & political consecration1 !   
gu>antee ( prop]ty by ! ,/ate4 ,prop]ty 
w no long] be a "r1 x w be r$uc$ to !   
condition ( a simple fact4 7,! italics  
are ,bak\n9e's own47  ,?is is v         
reassur+4 ,! ,/ate hav+ fall5 into      
decay1 any fell[ t happ5s to come along1
 /rong] ?an ,i1 w incont95tly possess   
himself ( my field1 )\t hav+ any ne$ to 
appeal to ! pr9cipal ( solid>ity2 !     
pr9ciple ( lib]ty w suffici5tly answ] 8 
purpose4 ,a v pleasant equalisation (   
individuals6  ,x is c]ta91 ,bak\n9e     
admits1 t at fir/ ?+s won't "w 9 an     
absolutely peaceful mann]2 !re w be     
/ruggles2 public ord]1 t ar* sa9t ( !   
b\rgeois1 w be di/urb$1 & ! j de$s :i* w
 result f su* a /ate ( ?+s may con/itute
 :at "o is agre$ to call a civil w>4 ,b 
d y pref] to h& ov] ,france to !        
,prussians8444 ,moreov]1 d y fe> t !    
peasants w dev\r "o ano!r2 ev5 if !y    
tri$ to d s 9 ! beg9n+1 !y w\ld soon be 
conv9c$ ( ! mat]ial impossibility (     
p]si/+ 9 ?is c\rse1 & !n we may be sure 

!y w\ld try to arrive at "s und]/&+1 to 
come to t]ms1 to organise among         
!mselves4 ,! necessity ( eat+1 ( provid+
 = _! families1 & ! necessity !re=e (   
safegu>d+ _! h\ses1 _! families1 & _!   
own lives aga9/ un=ese5 attacks1 all ?is
 w\ld soon =ce !m individually to ent]  
into mutual arrangem5ts4 ,& d n believe1
 ei!r1 t 9 ^! arrangem5ts1 arriv$ at    
outside all (ficial tutelage 7italicis$ 
by ,bak\n9e71 by ! m]e =ce ( ev5ts1 !   
/ronge/1 ! ri*e/1 w ex]cise a pr$om9ant 
influ5ce4 ,! weal? ( ! weal?y1 no long] 
gu>ante$ by juridical in/itutions1 w    
cease to be a p[]4444 ,z to ! mo/ cunn+1
 ! /ronge/1 !y w be r5d]$ innocu\s by ! 
collective /r5g? ( ! mass ( ! small1 & v
 small peasants1 z well z by !          
agricultural prolet>ians1 a mass ( m5   
to-day r$uc$ to sil5t suff]+1 b :om !   
revolution>y movem5t w arm ) an         
irresi/ible p[]4 ,please note t ,i d n  
cont5d t ! agricultural di/ricts :i* w  
?us reorganise !mselves1 f bel[ upw>ds1 
w imm$iately create an ideal            

organisation1 agree+ at all po9ts ) ! "o
 ( :i* we dream4 ,:at ,i am conv9c$ ( is
 t ?is w be a liv+ organisation1 & z    
su*1 "o a ?\s& times sup]ior to :at     
exi/s n[4 ,moreov]1 ?is new organisation
 be+ always op5 to ! propag&a ( ! t[ns1 
z x c no long] be held d[n1 s to say    
petrifi$ by ! juridical sanction ( !    
,/ate1 x w progress freely1 develop+ &  
p]fect+ itself indef9itely1 b always    
liv+ & free1 nev] decre$ nor legalis$1  
until x atta9s z reasonable a condition 
z we c hope = 9 our days4  ,! ideali/   
,pr\dhon 0 conv9c$ t ! political        
con/itution _h be5 inv5t$ = want ( a    
social organisation imman5t 9 humanity4 
,he took ! pa9s to discov] ?is latt]1 & 
hav+ discov]$ x1 he c\ld n see :at fur!r
 raison d'tre !re 0 = ! political       
con/itution4 ,! mat]iali/ ,bak\n9e has  
no social organisation ( 8 own make4 ,! 
mo/ pr(\nd & rational sci5ce1 he says1  
_c div9e ! future =ms ( social life4#da 
,?is sci5ce mu/ be cont5t to di/+ui% !  
liv+ social =ms f ^? t owe _! orig9 to !

 petrify+ action ( ! ,/ate1 & to condemn
 ^! latt]4 ,is n ?is ! old ,pr\dhonian  
anti!sis ( ! social organisation imman5t
 9 humanity1 & ( ! political con/itution
 inv5t$ exclusively 9 ! int]e/s ( ord]8 
,is n ! only diff]5ce t ! mat]iali/     
trans=ms ! ,utopian programme ( !       
ideali/1 into some?+ ev5 m ,utopian1 m  
nebul\s1 m absurd8  ,to believe t !     
m>vell\s s*eme ( ! univ]se is due to    
*ance1 is to imag9e t by ?r[+ ab\t a    
suffici5t numb] ( pr9t]s' *>act]s at    
haz>d1 we might write ! ,iliad4 ,s      
reason$ ! ,dei/s ( ! #ah? c5tury 9      
refut+ ! ,a!i/s4 ,! latt] repli$ t 9 ?is
 case ev]y?+ 0 a "q ( "t1 & t by ?r[+   
ab\t ! lett]s an inf9ite numb] ( times1 
we mu/ c]ta9ly1 at "s p]iod1 make !m    
arrange !mselves 9 ! requir$ sequ5ce4   
,discussions ( ?is k9d 7 to ! ta/e ( !  
#ah? c5tury1 & we %\ld be wrong to make 
too mu* fun ( !m n[-a-days4 ,b x w\ld   
seem t ,bak\n9e took ! ,a!i/ argum5t ( !
 good old times q s]i\sly1 & us$ x 9    
ord] to make himself a programme4       

,de/roy :at exi/s2 if only y d ?is (t5  
en\gh y are b\nd at la/ to produce a    
social organisation1 approa*+ at any    
rate ! organisation y dream (4 ,all w g 
well :5 once ! revolution has come to   
/ay4 ,is n ?is suffici5tly mat]iali/8   
,if y ?9k x is n1 y are a metaphysician1
 dream+ ( ! impossible6  ,! ,pr\dhonian 
anti!sis ( ! social organisation & !    
political con/itution reappe>s liv+ & 9 
its entirety 9 :at ,bak\n9e is = ev]    
reit]at+ z to ! social revolution on !  
"o h&1 & ! political revolution on !    
o!r4 ,accord+ to ,pr\dhon ! social      
organisation has un=tunately1 up to our 
own days1 nev] exi/$1 & = want ( x      
humanity 0 driv5 to inv5t a political   
con/itution4 ,accord+ to ,bak\n9e !     
social revolution has nev] yet be5 made1
 because humanity1 = want ( a good      
social programme _h to cont5t itself )  
political revolutions4 ,n[ t ?is        
programme has be5 f\nd1 !re is no ne$ to
 bo!r ab\t ! political revolution2 we h 
q en\gh to d ) ! social revolution4  ,e 

class /ruggle be+ necess>ily a political
 /ruggle1 x is evid5t t e political     
revolution1 wor?y ( ! "n1 is a social   
revolution2 x is evid5t also t = !      
prolet>iat ! political /ruggle is z mu* 
a necessity z x has always be5 = e class
 /ruggl+ to emancipate itself4 ,bak\n9e 
ana!matises all political action by !   
prolet>iat2 he extols ! social /ruggle  
exclusively4 ,n[ :at is ?is social      
/ruggle8  ,"h our ,pr\dhonian once aga9 
%[s himself adult]at$ by ,m>xism4 ,he   
relies z f> z possible ^u ! ,rules ( !  
,int]national ,work+m5's ,association4  
,9 ! preamble ( ^! ,rules x is laid d[n 
t ! subjection ( ! work] to capital lies
 at ! bottom ( all s]vitude1 political1 
moral & mat]ial1 & t !re=e ! economic   
emancipation ( ! work]s is ! great end  
to :i* all political movem5ts mu/ be    
subord9at$ z a means4 ,bak\n9e argues f 
?is t e political movem5t :i* has n =   
its imm$iate & direct object ! f9al &   
complete economic emancipation ( !      
work]s1 & :i* has n inscrib$ ^u its     

bann] q def9itely & cle>ly1 ! pr9ciple (
 economic equality1 t is1 ! integral    
re/itution ( capital to lab\r1 or else !
 social liquidation--e su* political    
movem5t is a b\rgeois "o1 & z su* mu/ be
 exclud$ f ! ,int]national4 ,b ?is same 
,bak\n9e has he>d x said t ! hi/orical  
movem5t ( humanity is a process 9       
con=mity ) c]ta9 laws1 & t a revolution 
_c be improvis$ at a mom5t's notice4 ,he
 is !re=e =c$ to ask himself1 :at is !  
policy :i* ! ,int]national is to adopt  
dur+ t m or less prolong$ p]iod ( "t :i*
 sep>ates u f ! t]rible social          
revolution :i* ev]yone =esees to-day8   
,to ?is he replies1 ) ! mo/ pr(\nd      
conviction1 &1 z if quot+ ! ,rules ( !  
,int]national3  ,)\t m]cy ! policy ( !  
democratic b\rgeois1 or                 
b\rgeois-,sociali/s1 mu/ be exclud$1    
:i*1 :5 ^! decl>e t political fre$om is 
a necess>y condition ( economic         
emancipation1 c only mean ?is3 political
 re=ms1 or political revolutions mu/    
prec$e economic re=ms or economic       

revolutions2 ! work]s mu/ !re=e jo9 h&s 
) ! m or less ,radical b\rgeois1 9 ord] 
to c>ry out ! =m] toge!r ) !m1 !n1 be+  
free1 to turn ! latt] into a reality    
aga9/ !m4 ,we prote/ l\dly aga9/ ?is    
un=tunate !ory1 :i*1 s f> z ! work]s are
 conc]n$1 c only result 9 _! aga9 lett+ 
!mselves be us$ z tools aga9/ !mselves1 
& h&+ !m ov] once m to b\rgeois         
exploitation4  ,! ,int]national comm&s u
 to disreg>d all national or local      
politics2 x mu/ give ! work+-class      
movem5t 9 all c\ntries an ess5tially    
economic "*1 by sett+ up z f9al aim !   
%ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( lab\r1 & ! increase ( 
wages1 & z a means ! association ( !    
work+ masses1 & ! />t+ ( funds = fight+4
 ,x is ne$less to add t ! %ort5+ ( !    
h\rs ( lab\r mu/1 ( c\rse1 be obta9$ )\t
 any int]v5tion f ! accurs$ ,/ate4#db   
,bak\n9e _c und]/& t ! work+ class 9 its
 political action c completely sep>ate  
itself f all ! exploit+ p>ties4 ,accord+
 to him1 !re is no o!r rle 9 ! political
 movem5t = ! work]s ?an t ( satellite ( 

! ,radical b\rgeoisie4 ,he glorifies !  
ess5tially economic tactics ( ! old     
,engli% ,trade ,unions1 & has n ! fa9te/
 idea t x 0 ^! v tactics t made !       
,engli% work]s ! tail ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty4
  ,bak\n9e objects to ! work+ class l5d+
 a h& 9 any movem5t ^: object is !      
obta9+ or ! ext5sion ( political rights4
 ,9 condemn+ su* movem5ts z b\rgeois1 he
 fancies himself a trem5d\s             
revolutioni/4 ,z a matt] ( fact he ?us  
proves himself ess5tially ,cons]vative1 
& if ! work+ class 7 ev] to foll[ ?is   
l9e ( inaction ! ,gov]nm5ts c\ld only   
rejoice4#dc  ,! true revolutioni/s ( our
 days h a v diff]5t idea ( ,sociali/    
tactics4 ,!y ev]y:]e support e          
revolution>y movem5t aga9/ ! exi/+      
social & political ord] ( ?+s2#dd :i*   
does n prev5t !m 7b q ! contr>y7 f =m+ !
 prolet>iat into a p>ty sep>ate f all ! 
exploit] p>ties1 oppos$ to ! :ole       
reaction>y mass4  ,pr\dhon1 :o we "k _h 
n any ov]:elm+ sympa?y = politics1      
nev]!less advis$ ! ,fr5* work]s to vote 

= ! c&idates :o pl$g$ !mselves to       
con/itute value4 ,bak\n9e w\ld n h      
politics at any price4 ,! work] _c make 
use ( political lib]ty3 9 ord] to d s he
 ne$s two little ?+s--leisure & mat]ial 
means4 ,s x is all only a b\rgeois lie4 
,^? :o speak ( work+-class c&idates are 
b mock+ ! prolet>iat4 ,work+-class      
c&idates1 transf]r$ to b\rgeois         
conditions ( life1 & into an atmosph]e (
 completely b\rgeois political ideas1   
ceas+ to be actually work]s 9 ord] to   
become /atesm51 w become b\rgeois1 &    
possibly w become ev5 m b\rgeois ?an !  
b\rgeois !mselves4 ,= x is n ! m5 :o    
make positions1 b1 on ! contr>y1        
positions :i* make ! m54#de  ,?is la/   
argum5t is ab\t all ,bak\n9e 0 able to  
assimilate ( ! mat]iali/ conception (   
hi/ory4 ,x is unque/ionably true t man  
is ! product ( 8 social environm5t4 ,b  
to apply ?is inconte/able tru? )        
advantage x is necess>y to get rid ( !  
old1 metaphysical me?od ( ?\ght :i*     
consid]s ?+s "o aft] ! o!r1 &           

indep5d5tly "o ( ! o!r4 ,n[ ,bak\n9e1 l 
8 ma/]1 ,pr\dhon1 9 spite ( 8 flirtation
 ) ! ,hegelian philosophy1 all 8 life   
rema9$ a metaphysician4 ,he does n      
und]/& t ! environm5t :i* makes man may 
*ange1 ?us *ang+ man its own product4 ,!
 environm5t he has 9 8 m9d's eye :5     
speak+ ( ! political action ( !         
prolet>iat1 is ! b\rgeois p>liam5t>y    
environm5t1 t environm5t :i* mu/        
necess>ily fatally corrupt lab\r        
repres5tatives4 ,b ! environm5t ( !     
electors1 ! environm5t ( a work+-class  
p>ty1 consci\s ( its aim & well         
organis$1 w\ld ?is h no influ5ce ^u !   
elect$ ( ! prolet>iat8 ,no6             
,economically enslav$1 ! work+ class mu/
 always rema9 9 political s]vitude2 9   
?is doma9 x w always be ! weake/2 to    
free itself x mu/ beg9 by an economic   
revolution4 ,bak\n9e does n see t by ?is
 process ( reason+ he inevitably arrives
 at ! conclusion t a victory ( !        
prolet>iat is absolutely impossible1    
unless ! own]s ( ! means ( production   

volunt>ily rel9qui% _! possessions to   
!m4 ,9 effect ! subjection ( ! work] to 
capital is ! s\rce n only ( political b 
( moral s]vitude4 ,& h[ c ! work]s1     
morally enslav$1 rise aga9/ !           
b\rgeoisie8 ,= ! work+ class movem5t to 
become possible1 accord+ to ,bak\n9e1 x 
mu/ !re=e fir/ make an economic         
revolution4 ,b ! economic revolution is 
only possible z ! "w ( ! work]s         
!mselves4 ,s we f9d ourselves 9 a vici\s
 circle1 out ( :i* mod]n ,socialism c   
easily break1 b 9 :i* ,bak\n9e & !      
,bak\ni/s are = ev] turn+ ) no o!r hope 
( deliv]ance ?an a logical salto        
mortale4  ,! corrupt+ influ5ce ( !      
,p>liam5t>y environm5t on work+-class   
repres5tatives is :at ! ,an>*i/s h up to
 ! pres5t consid]$ ! /ronge/ argum5t 9  
_! criticism ( ! political activity (   
,social-,democracy4 ,we h se5 :at its   
!oretical value am\nts to4 ,& ev5 a     
slight k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,sociali/
 p>ty w suffici5tly %[ h[ 9 practical   
life ! ,an>*i/ appreh5sions are answ]$4 

,9 repudiat+ all politics ,bak\n9e 0 =c$
 to adopt ! tactics ( ! old ,engli%     
,trade ,unions4 ,b ev5 he felt t ^!     
tactics 7 n v revolution>y4 ,he tri$ to 
get out ( ! difficulty by ! help ( 8    
,alliance1 a k9d ( int]national secret  
society1 organis$ on a basis ( fr5etic  
c5tralisation & grotesque fancifulness4 
,subject$ to ! dictatorial rule ( !     
sov]eign pontiff ( ,an>*y1 !            
int]national & ! national bre?r5 7 b\nd 
to accel]ate & direct ! ess5tially      
economic revolution>y movem5t4 ,at !    
same "t ,bak\n9e approv$ ( riots1 (     
isolat$ ris+s ( work]s & peasants :i*1  
al?\gh !y mu/ inevitably be cru%$ out1  
w\ld1 he decl>$1 always h a good        
influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( !            
revolution>y _s among ! oppress$4 ,x    
goes )\t say+ t ) su* a programme he 0  
able to d mu* h>m to ! work+ class      
movem5t1 b he 0 n able to draw ne>]1 ev5
 by a s+le /ep1 to t imm$iate economic  
revolution ( :i* he dream$4#df ,we %all 
pres5tly see ! result ( ! ,bak\ni/ !ory 

( riots4 ,= ! pres5t let u sum up :at we
 h said ( ,bak\n9e4 ,& "h1 he %all help 
u himself4  ,^u ! ,pang]manic bann]     
i4e41 also ^u ! bann] ( ,g]man          
,social-,democracy1 & consequ5tly ^u !  
,sociali/ bann] ( ! :ole civilis$ _w is 
inscrib$3 ,! cons]vation & /r5g!n+ ( !  
,/ate at all co/s2 on !                 
,sociali/-revolution>y bann] 7read      
,bak\ni/ bann]7 is inscrib$ 9 *>act]s ( 
blood1 9 lett]s ( fire3 ! abolition (   
all ,/ates1 ! de/ruction ( b\rgeois     
civilisation2 free organisation f !     
bottom to ! top1 by ! help ( free       
associations2 ! organisation ( ! work+  
populace 7sic67 fre$ f all trammels1 !  
organisation ( ! :ole ( emancipat$      
humanity1 ! creation ( a new human _w4  
,x is ) ^! words t ,bak\n9e concludes 8 
pr9cipal "w ,/atism & ,an>*y 7,russian74
 ,we leave our read]s to appreciate !   
rhetorical beauties ( ?is passage4 ,=   
our own "p we %all be cont5t ) say+ t x 
conta9s absolutely no human mean+       
:atsoev]4  ,! absurd1 pure & simple--t  

is :at is inscrib$ ^u ! ,bak\ni/ bann]4 
,!re is no ne$ ( lett]s ( fire & ( blood
 to make ?is evid5t to any "o :o is n   
hypnotis$ by a phraseology m or less    
sonor\s1 b always void ( s5se4  ,!      
,an>*ism ( ,/irn] & ( ,pr\dhon 0        
completely individuali/4 ,bak\n9e did n 
want individualism1 or to speak m       
correctly1 "o p>ticul> phase (          
individualism4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor (        
,collectivi/-,an>*ism4 ,& ! inv5tion co/
 him little4 ,he complet$ ! lib]ty      
,utopia1 by ! equality ,utopia4 ,z ^!   
two ,utopias w\ld n agree1 z !y cri$ out
 at be+ yok$ toge!r1 he ?rew bo? into ! 
furnace ( ! p]man5t revolution :]e !y 7 
bo? at la/ =c$ to hold _! tongues1 = !  
simple reason t !y bo? evaporat$1 ! "o z
 completely z ! o!r4  ,bak\n9e is !     
dcad5t ( ,utopism4  ,,footnotes3  #da   
,/atism & ,an>*y1 ,app5dix ,a4 ,b =     
,russia ! sci5ce ( ,bak\n9e 0 q equal to
 div9+ ! future =ms ( social life2 !re  
is to be ! ,commune1 ^: ult]ior         
developm5t w />t f ! actual rural       

commune4 ,x 0 especially ! ,bak\ni/s :o 
9 ,russia spread ! notion ab\t !        
m>vell\s virtues ( ! ,russian rural     
commune4  #db ,see ,bak\n9e's articles  
on ! ,politics ( ! ,int]national 9 !    
,egalit ( ,g5eva1 ,augu/1 #ahfi4  #dc ,!
 ana!mas pron\nc$ by ,bak\n9e aga9/     
political lib]ty = a "t _h a v          
deplorable influ5ce ^u ! revolution>y   
movem5t 9 ,russia4  #dd ,communi/       
,manife/o1 p4 #cj4  #de ,egalit1 #bh?   
,augu/1 #ahfi4  #df ,on ! action (      
,bak\n9e 9 ! ,int]national1 see ! two   
works publi%$ by ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( t   
organisation3 ,les ,prt5dus ,scissions  
dans l',int]nationale1 & ,l',alliance de
 la ,democratic ,sociale4 ,see also     
,engels' article ,die ,bakuni/5 an d]   
,arbeit1 repr9t$ 9 ! rec5tly publi%$    
pamphlet1 ,int]nationales aus dem       
,volk/aat 7i4e41 a s]ies ( articles     
publi%$ 9 ! ,volk/aat17 #ahgc-ge4 ,b]l91
 #ahid4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,! ,,small] 
,,fry   ,among our pres5t-day ,an>*i/s  
"s1 l ,john ,mackay1 ! au?or ( ,die     

,an>*i/51 ,kulturgemlde aus dem ,ende   
des xix4 ,jahrhund]ts1 decl>e =         
individualism1 :ile o!rs--by f> ! m     
num]\s--call !mselves ,communi/s4 ,^!   
are ! desc5dants ( ,bak\n9e 9 ! ,an>*i/ 
movem5t4 ,!y h produc$ a fairly         
consid]able lit]ature 9 v>i\s languages1
 & x is !y :o are mak+ s mu* noise ) !  
help ( ! propag&a by de$4 ,! prophet (  
?is s*ool is ! ,russian refugee1 ,p4 ,a4
 ,kropotk9e4  ,i %all n "h /op to       
consid] ! doctr9es ( !                  
,individuali/-,an>*i/ ( to-day1 :om ev5 
_! bre?r51 ! ,communi/-,an>*i/s1 look ^u
 z b\rgeois4#dg ,we w g /raight on to ! 
,an>*i/-,communi/4  ,:at is ! /&po9t (  
?is new species ( ,communism8 ,z to !   
me?od foll[$ by ! ,an>*i/ ?9k]1 x       
entirely diff]s f t ( ! ,utopi/s1       
,kropotk9e assures u4 ,! ,an>*i/ ?9k]   
does n resort to metaphysical           
conceptions 7l 'natural rights1' !      
'duties ( ! ,/ate' & s on7 to e/abli%   
:at are1 9 8 op9ion1 ! be/ conditions = 
realis+ ! greate/ happ9ess ( humanity4  

,he foll[s1 on ! contr>y1 ! c\rse trac$ 
by ! mod]n philosophy ( evolution4444   
,he /udies human society z x is n[1 & 0 
9 ! pa/2 &1 )\t ei!r end[+ m5 altoge!r1 
or sep>ate individuals1 ) sup]ior       
qualities :i* !y d n possess1 he m]ely  
consid]s society z an aggregation (     
organisms try+ to f9d out ! be/ ways (  
comb9+ ! wants ( ! individual ) ^? (    
coop]ation = ! welf>e ( ! species4 ,he  
/udies society & tries to discov] its   
t5d5cies1 pa/ & pres5t1 its gr[+ ne$s1  
intellectual & economical1 & 9 ?is he   
m]ely po9ts out 9 :i* direction         
evolution goes4#dh  ,s !                
,an>*i/-,communi/s h no?+ 9 common ) !  
,utopians4 ,!y d n1 9 ! elaborat+ ( _!  
ideal1 turn to metaphysical conceptions 
l natural rights1 ! duties ( ! ,/ate1   
etc4 ,is ?is really s8  ,s f> z ! duties
 ( ! ,/ate are conc]n$1 ,kropotk9e is q 
"r2 x w\ld be too absurd if ! ,an>*i/s  
invit$ ! ,/ate to disappe> 9 ! "n ( its 
own duties4 ,b z to natural rights he is
 altoge!r mi/ak54 ,a few quotations w   

suffice to prove ?is4  ,already 9 !     
,bullet9 de la ,fdration ,jurasi5ne     
7,no4 #c1 #ahgg71 we f9d ! foll[+ v     
significant decl>ation3 ,! sov]eignty ( 
! p c only exi/ ?r\gh ! mo/ complete    
autonomy ( individuals & ( gr\ps4 ,?is  
mo/ complete autonomy1 is x n also a    
metaphysical conception8  ,! ,bullet9 de
 la ,fdration ,jurasi5ne 0 an organ (   
,collectivi/ ,an>*ism4 ,at bottom !re is
 no diff]5ce betwe5 ,collectivi/ &      
,communi/ ,an>*ism4 ,& yet1 s9ce x might
 be t we are mak+ ! ,communi/s          
responsible = ! ,collectivi/s1 let u    
glance at ! ,communi/ publications1 n   
only accord+ to ! _s b ! lett]4 ,9 !    
autumn ( #ahib a few companions appe>$  
be=e ! ,assize ,c\rt ( ,v]sailles 9     
consequ5ce ( a !ft ( dynamite at        
,soisy-s\s-,etiolles4 ,among o!rs !re 0 
"o ,g4 ,etivant1 :o drew up a decl>ation
 ( ,an>*i/-,communi/ pr9ciples4 ,!      
tribunal w\ld n all[ him to read x1     
:]eupon ! (ficial organ ( ! ,an>*i/s1   
,la ,rvolte1 und]took to publi% ?is     

decl>ation1 hav+ tak5 great pa9s to     
secure an absolutely correct copy ( !   
orig9al4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,g4 ,etivant  
made a s5sation 9 ! ,an>*i/ _w1 & ev5   
cultur$ m5 l ,octave ,mirbeau quote x ) 
respect along ) ! works ( ! !ori/s1     
,bak\n9e1 ,kropotk9e1 ! unequall$       
,pr\dhon1 & ! ari/ocratic ,sp5c]6 ,n[   
?is is ! l9e ( ,etivant's reason+3  ,no 
idea is innate 9 u2 ea* idea is born (  
inf9itely div]se & multiple s5sations1  
:i* we receive by means ( our organs4 ,e
 act ( ! individual is ! result ( "o or 
sev]al ideas4 ,! man is n !re=e         
responsible4 ,9 ord] t responsibility   
%\ld exi/1 w w\ld h to det]m9e !        
s5sations1 j z ^! det]m9e ! idea1 & !   
idea1 ! act4 ,b z x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! 
s5sations :i* det]m9e ! w1 all judgm5t  
becomes impossible1 e rew>d1 e puni%m5t 
unju/1 h[ev] great ! good or ! evil done
 may be4 ,?us "o _c judge m5 & acts     
unless "o has a suffici5t crit]ion4 ,n[ 
no su* crit]ion exi/s4 ,at any rate x is
 n 9 ! laws t x c\ld be f\nd1 = true    

ju/ice is immutable & laws are          
*angeable4 ,x is ) laws z ) all ! re/   
7674 ,= if laws are b5efic5t :at is !   
good ( deputies & s5ators to *ange !m8  
,& if !y are bad :at is ! good (        
magi/rates to apply !m8  ,hav+ ?us      
demon/rat$ lib]ty1 ,etivant passes on to
 equality4  ,f ! zoophytes to m51 all   
be+s are provid$ ) m or less p]fect     
organs de/9$ to s]ve !m4 ,all ^! be+s h 
!re=e ! "r to make use ( _! organs      
accord+ to ! evid5t w ( "m ,nature4 ,s =
 our legs we h ! "r to all ! space !y c 
trav]se2 = our lungs to all ! air we c  
brea!2 = our /oma* to all ! food we c   
dige/2 = our bra9 to all we c ?9k1 or   
assimilate ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs2 = our     
faculty ( elocution to all we c say2 =  
our e>s to all we c he>2 & we h a "r to 
all ?is because we h a "r to life1 &    
because all ?is con/itutes life4 ,^! are
 ! true rights ( man6 ,no ne$ to decree 
!m1 !y exi/ z ! sun exi/s4 ,!y are      
writt5 9 no con/itution1 9 no law1 b !y 
are inscrib$ 9 ineffaceable lett]s 9 !  

great book ( ,nature & are              
imprescriptible4 ,f ! *eese-mite to !   
elephant1 f ! blade ( grass to ! oak1 f 
! atom to ! />1 ev]y?+ proclaims x4  ,if
 ^! are n metaphysical conceptions1 & ( 
! v wor/ type1 a mis]able c>icature ( ! 
metaphysical mat]ialism ( ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 if ?is is ! philosophy (        
evolution1 !n we mu/ confess t x has    
no?+ 9 common ) ! sci5tific movem5t (   
our day4  ,let u he> ano!r au?ority1 &  
quote ! n[ fam\s book ( ,jean ,grave1   
,la ,socit m\rante et l',an>*ie1 :i* 0  
rec5tly condemn$ by ,fr5* judges1 :o    
?\ght x dang]\s1 :ile x is only         
supremely ridicul\s4  ,an>*y means !    
negation ( au?ority4 ,n[1 ,gov]nm5t     
claims to base ! legitimacy ( its       
exi/5ce ^u ! necessity ( def5d+ social  
in/itutions3 ! family1 religion1        
prop]ty1 etc4 ,x has creat$ a va/ ma*9]y
 9 ord] to assure its ex]cise & its     
sanction4 ,! *ief are3 ! law1 !         
magi/racy1 ! army1 ! legislature1       
executive p[]s1 etc4 ,s t ! ,an>*i/     

idea1 =c$ to reply to ev]y?+1 0 oblig$  
to attack all social prejudices1 to     
become ?or\ghly p5etrat$ by all human k1
 9 ord] to demon/rate t its conceptions 
7 9 h>mony ) ! physiological &          
psy*ological nature ( man1 & 9 h>mony ) 
! obs]vance ( natural laws1 :ile our    
actual organisation has be5 e/abli%$ 9  
contrav5tion ( all logic & all good     
s5se4444 ,?us1 9 combat+ au?ority1 x has
 be5 necess>y = ! ,an>*i/s to attack all
 ! in/itutions :i* ! ,gov]nm5t def5ds1 !
 necessity = :i* x tries to demon/rate 9
 ord] to legitimate its own exi/5ce4#di 
,y see :at 0 ! developm5t ( ! ,an>*i/   
,idea4 ,?is ,idea d5i$ au?ority4 ,9 ord]
 to def5d itself1 au?ority appeal$ to ! 
family1 religion1 prop]ty4 ,!n ! ,idea  
f\nd itself =c$ to attack in/itutions1  
:i* x _h n1 app>5tly1 notic$ be=e1 & at 
! same "t ! ,idea1 9 ord] to make ! mo/ 
( its conceptions1 p5etrat$ to ! v dep?s
 ( all human k 7x is an ill w9d t does n
 bl[ "s good67 ,all ?is is only ! result
 ( *ance1 ( ! unexpect$ turn giv5 by    

au?ority to ! discussion t _h aris5     
betwe5 itself & ! ,idea4  ,x seems to u 
t h[ev] ri* 9 human k x may be n[1 !    
,an>*i/ ,idea is n at all communi/ic2 x 
keeps its k to itself1 & leaves ! poor  
companions 9 complete ignorance4 ,x is  
all v well = ,kropotk9e to s+ ! praises 
( ! ,an>*i/ ?9k]2 he w nev] be able to  
prove t 8 fri5d ,grave has be5 able to  
rise ev5 a little above ! feeble/       
metaphysics4  ,kropotk9e %\ld read ov]  
aga9 ! ,an>*i/ pamphlets ( ,elise       
,reclus--a great !ori/ ?is--& !n1 q     
s]i\sly tell u if he f9ds any?+ else 9  
!m b appeals to ju/ice1 lib]ty1 & o!r   
metaphysical conceptions4  ,f9ally1     
,kropotk9e himself is n s emancipat$ f  
metaphysics z he fancies he is4 ,f> f x6
 ,"h1 e4g41 is :at he said at ! g5]al   
meet+ ( ! ,f$]ation ( ! ,jura1 on ! #ab?
 ,octob]1 #ahgi1 at ,*aux-de-,fonds3--  
,!re 0 a "t :5 !y d5i$ ,an>*i/s ev5 ! "r
 to exi/5ce4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( !      
,int]national treat$ u z facti\s1 !     
press z dream]s2 almo/ all treat$ u z   

fools2 ?is "t is pa/4 ,! ,an>*i/ p>ty   
has prov$ its vitality2 x has surm\nt$ !
 ob/acles ( e k9d t imp$$ its           
developm5t2 to-day x is accept$4 ,by    
:om8 ,to atta9 to ?is1 x has be5        
necess>y1 above all else1 = ! p>ty to   
hold its own 9 ! doma9 ( !ory1 to       
e/abli% its ideal ( ! society ( !       
future1 to prove t ?is ideal is ! be/2  
to d m ?an ?is--to prove t ?is ideal is 
n ! product ( ! dreams ( ! /udy1 b fl[s 
directly f ! popul> aspirations1 t x is 
9 accord ) ! hi/orical progress (       
culture & ideas4 ,?is "w has be5 done1  
etc4444  ,?is hunt aft] ! be/ ideal ( ! 
society ( ! future1 is n ?is ! ,utopian 
me?od p> excell5ce8 ,x is true t        
,kropotk9e tries to prove t ?is ideal is
 n ! product ( dreams ( ! /udy1 b fl[s  
directly f ! popul> aspirations1 t x is 
9 accord ) ! hi/orical progress (       
culture & ideas4 ,b :at ,utopian has n  
tri$ to prove ?is equally ) himself8    
,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! value ( ! pro(s1 &  
"h our amiable compatriot is inf9itely  

weak] ?an ! great ,utopians :om he      
treats z metaphysicians1 :ile he himself
 has n ! lea/ notion ( ! actual me?ods (
 mod]n social sci5ce4 ,b be=e exam9+ !  
value ( ^! pro(s1 let u make !          
acqua9tance ( ! ideal itself4 ,:at is   
,kropotk9e's conception ( ,an>*i/       
society8  ,pre-occupi$ ) ! reorganis+ ( 
! gov]nm5tal ma*9e1 !                   
revolutioni/-politicians1 ! ,jacob9s    
7,kropotk9e dete/s ! ,jacob9s ev5 m ?an 
our amiable ,empress1 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41    
dete/$ !m7 all[$ ! p to die ( hung]4 ,! 
,an>*i/s w act diff]5tly4 ,!y w de/roy !
 ,/ate1 & w urge on ! p to !            
expropriation ( ! ri*4 ,once ?is        
expropriation accompli%$1 an inv5tory ( 
! common weal? w be made1 & !           
di/ribution ( x organis$4 ,ev]y?+ w be  
done by ! p !mselves4 ,j give ! p elb[  
room1 & 9 a week ! bus9ess ( ! food     
supply w proce$ ) admirable regul>ity4  
,only "o :o has nev] se5 ! h>d-work+ p  
at _! lab\r1 only "o :o has buri$       
himself 9 docum5ts1 c\ld d\bt ?is4      

,speak ( ! organis+ capacity ( ! ,great 
,misund]/ood1 ! ,p1 to ^? :o h se5 !m at
 ,p>is on ! days ( ! b>ricades 7:i* is  
c]ta9ly n ! case ( ,kropotk9e7 or 9     
,london at ! "t ( ! la/ great /rike1 :5 
!y _h to fe$ half a million />v+ p1 & !y
 w tell y h[ sup]ior ! p is to all !    
hide-b\nd (ficials4#ej  ,! basis ^u :i* 
! enjoym5t 9 common ( ! food supply is  
to be organis$ w be v fair1 & n at all  
,jacob94 ,!re is b "o1 & only "o1 :i* is
 consi/5t ) s5tim5ts ( ju/ice1 & is     
really practical4 ,! tak+ 9 heaps f :at 
"o possesses abundance (6 ,ration+ out  
:at mu/ be measur$1 divid$6 ,out ( #cej 
millions :o inhabit ,europe1 #bjj       
millions /ill foll[ ?is p]fectly natural
 practice--:i* proves1 among o!r ?+s1 t 
! ,an>*i/ ideal fl[s f ! popul>         
aspirations4  ,x is ! same ) reg>d to   
h\s+ & clo?+4 ,! p w organise ev]y?+    
accord+ to ! same rule4 ,!re w be an    
upheaval2 t is c]ta94 ,only ?is upheaval
 mu/ n become m]e loss1 x mu/ be r$uc$  
to a m9imum4 ,& x is aga9--we _c repeat 

x too (t5--by turn+ to ^? imm$iately    
int]e/$ & n to bureaucrats t ! lea/     
am\nt ( inconv5i5ce w be inflict$ ^u    
ev]ybody4#ea  ,?us f ! beg9n+ ( !       
revolution we %all h an organisation2 ! 
:ims ( sov]eign individuals w be kept )9
 reasonable b\nds by ! wants ( society1 
by ! logic ( ! situation4 ,&1 nev]!less1
 we %all be 9 ! mid/ ( full-bl[n ,an>*y2
 individual lib]ty w be safe & s\nd4    
,?is seems incr$ible1 b x is true2 !re  
is an>*y1 & !re is organisation1 !re are
 obligatory rules = ev]yone1 & yet      
ev]yone does :at he likes4 ,y d n foll[4
 ',tis simple en\gh4 ,?is               
organisation--x is n ! au?orit>ian      
revolutioni/s :o w h creat$ x2--^!      
rules1 obligatory ^u all1 & yet         
an>*ical1 x is ! ,p1 ! ,great           
,misund]/ood1 :o w h proclaim$ !m1 & !  
,p are v kn[+ z anyone :o has se51--:at 
,kropotk9e nev] _h ! opportunity (      
see+--days ( b>ricade riots1 kn[s4#eb   
,b if ! ,great ,misund]/ood _h !        
/upidity to create ! bureaux s dete/$ ( 

,kropotk9e8 ,if1 z x did 9 ,m>*1 #ahga1 
x gave itself a revolution>y ,gov]nm5t8 
,!n we %all say ! p is mi/ak51 & %all   
try to br+ x back to a bett] /ate ( m9d1
 & if ne$ be we w ?r[ a few bombs at !  
hide b\nd (ficials4 ,we w call ^u ! ,p  
to organise1 & w de/roy all ! organs x  
may provide itself )4  ,?is !n is ! way 
9 :i* we realise ! excell5t ,an>*i/     
ideal--9 imag9ation4 ,9 ! "n ( ! lib]ty 
( individuals all action ( ! individuals
 is done away )1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,p we get 
rid ( ! :ole class ( revolutioni/s2 !   
individuals are dr[n$ 9 ! mass4 ,if y c 
only get us$ to ?is logical process1 y  
meet ) no m difficulties1 & y c boa/ t y
 are nei!r au?orit>ian nor ,utopian4    
,:at c\ld be easi]1 :at m pleasant8  ,b 
9 ord] to consume1 x is necess>y to     
produce4 ,kropotk9e kn[s ?is s well t he
 reads ! au?orit>ian ,m>x a lesson on ! 
subject4  ,! evil ( ! pres5t            
organisation is n 9 t ! 'surplus value' 
( production passes ov] to !            
capitali/--z ,rodb]tus & ,m>x _h        

cont5d$--?us n>r[+ d[n ! ,sociali/      
conception1 & ! g5]al ideas on !        
capitali/ regime4 ,surplus value itself 
is only a consequ5ce ( m pr(\nd causes4 
,! evil is t !re c be any k9d ( 'surplus
 value1' in/ead ( a surplus n consum$ by
 ea* g5]ation2 =1 9 ord] t !re may be   
'surplus value1' m51 wom51 & *ildr5 mu/ 
be oblig$ by hung] to sell _! lab\r     
p[]s1 = a trifl+ portion ( :at ^! p[]s  
produce1 &1 especially ( :at !y are     
capable ( produc+ 7poor ,m>x1 :o knew   
no?+ ( all ^! pr(\nd tru?s1 al?\gh s    
confus$ly exp\nd$ by ! le>n$ ,pr9ce67444
 ,x does n1 inde$1 suffice to di/ribute 
9 equal %>es ! pr(its realis$ 9 "o      
indu/ry1 if1 at ! same "t1 "o has to    
exploit ?\s&s ( o!r work]s4 ,! po9t is  
to produce ) ! smalle/ possible         
exp5diture ( human lab\r p[] ! greate/  
possible am\nt ( products necess>y = !  
well be+ ( all4 7,italicis$ by          
,kropotk9e himself47  ,ignorant ,m>xi/s 
t we are6 ,we h nev] he>d t a ,sociali/ 
society pre-supposes a sy/ematic        

organisation ( production4 ,s9ce x is   
,kropotk9e :o reveals ?is to u1 x is    
only reasonable t we %\ld turn to him to
 "k :at ?is organisation w be l4 ,on ?is
 subject also he has "s v int]e/+ ?+s to
 say4  ,imag9e a ,society compris+      
sev]al million inhabitants engag$ 9     
agriculture1 & a great v>iety (         
indu/ries--,p>is1 = example1 ) !        
,dep>tm5t ( ,se9e-et-,oise4 ,imag9e t 9 
?is ,society all *ildr5 le>n to "w ) _! 
h& z well z ) _! bra94 ,admit1 9 f9e1 t 
all adults1 ) ! exception ( ! wom5      
occupi$ ) ! education ( *ildr51 und]take
 to "w five h\rs a day f ! age ( tw5ty  
or tw5ty-two to =ty-five or fifty1 & t  
!y sp5d ?is "t 9 any occupations !y     
*oose1 9 no matt] :at bran* ( human     
lab\r consid]$ necess>y4 ,su* a ,society
 c\ld1 9 return1 gu>antee well-be+ to   
all its memb]s1 i4e41 f> great] com=t   
?an t enjoy$ by ! b\rgeoisie to-day4 ,& 
e work] 9 ?is ,society w\ld moreov] h at
 8 disposal at lea/ five h\rs a day1 :i*
 he c\ld devote to sci5ce1 to art1 & to 

^? individual ne$s t d n come )9 !      
category ( necessities1 :ile lat] on1 :5
 ! productive =ces ( man h augm5t$1     
ev]y?+ may be introduc$ into ?is        
category t is /ill to-day look$ ^u z a  
luxury or unatta9able4#ec  ,9 ,an>*i/   
,society !re w be no au?ority1 b !re w  
be ! ,contract 7oh6 immortal ,monsieur  
,pr\dhon1 "h y are aga92 we see all /ill
 goes well ) y67 by virtue ( :i* !      
inf9itely free individuals agree to "w 9
 su* or su* a free commune4 ,! contract 
is ju/ice1 lib]ty1 equality2 x is       
,pr\dhon1 ,kropotk9e1 & all ! ,sa9ts4   
,b1 at ! same "t1 d n trifle ) !        
contract6 ,x is a ?+ n s de/itute (     
means to def5d itself z w\ld seem4      
,inde$1 suppose ! signatory ( a contract
 freely made does n wi% to fulfil 8     
duty8 ,he is driv5 =? f ! free commune1 
& he runs ! risk ( dy+ ( hung]--:i* is n
 a p>ticul>ly gay outlook4  ,i suppose a
 gr\p or a c]ta9 numb] ( volunte]s1     
comb9+ 9 "s ent]prise1 to secure !      
success ( :i* all rival ea* o!r 9 zeal1 

) ! exception ( "o associate1 :o        
frequ5tly abs5ts himself f 8 po/4 ,%\ld 
!y1 on 8 acc\nt1 dissolve ! gr\p1 appo9t
 a presid5t :o w\ld inflict f9es1 or    
else1 l ! ,academy1 di/ribute           
att5dance-c\nt]s8 ,x is evid5t t we %all
 d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 b t "o day !   
comrade :o ?reat5s to jeop>dise !       
ent]prise w be told3 ',my fri5d1 we %\ld
 h be5 glad to "w ) y1 b z y are (t5    
abs5t f y\r po/1 or d y\r "w neglig5tly1
 we mu/ "p4 ,g & look = o!r comrades :o 
w put up ) y\r (f-h& ways4'#ed ,?is is  
pretty /rong at bottom2 b note h[       
appe>ances are sav$1 h[ v ,an>*i/ is 8  
language4 ,really1 we %\ld n be at all  
surpris$ if 9 ! ,an>*i/-,communi/       
society p 7 guillot9$ by p]suasion1 or1 
at any rate1 by virtue ( a freely-made  
contract4  ,b f>!r1 ?is v ,an>*i/ me?od 
( deal+ ) lazy free individuals is      
p]fectly natural1 & is practis$ ev]y:]e 
to-day 9 all indu/ries1 9 competition ) 
e possible sy/em ( f9es1 /oppages f     
wages1 espionage1 etc42 ! workman may g 

to 8 %op at ! regul> h\r1 b if he does 8
 "w badly1 if he int]f]es ) 8 comrades  
by 8 laz9ess or o!r faults1 if !y fall  
out1 x is all ov]4 ,he is oblig$ to     
leave ! work%op4#ee ,?us is ! ,an>*i/   
,ideal 9 complete h>mony ) ! t5d5cies ( 
capitali/ society4  ,= ! re/1 su* /rong 
measures z ^! w be extremely r>e4       
,deliv]$ f ! yoke ( ! ,/ate & capitali/ 
exploitation1 individuals w ( _! own    
free motion set !mselves to supply !    
wants ( ! great ,all ( society4 ,ev]y?+ 
w be done by means ( free arrangem5t4   
,well1 ,citiz5s1 let o!rs prea*         
indu/rial b>racks1 & ! conv5t (         
,au?orit>ian ,communism1 we decl>e t !  
t5d5cy ( societies is 9 ! opposite      
direction4 ,we see millions & millions (
 gr\ps con/itut+ !mselves freely 9 ord] 
to satisfy all ! v>i$ wants ( human     
be+s1 gr\ps =m$1 "s by di/ricts1 by     
/reets1 by h\ses2 o!rs hold+ out h&s    
across ! walls 767 ( cities1 ( fronti]s1
 ( oceans4 ,all made up ( human be+s    
freely seek+ "o ano!r1 & hav+ done _! "w

 z produc]s1 associat+ !mselves1 to     
consume1 or to produce articles (       
luxury1 or to turn sci5ce into a new    
direction4 ,?is is ! t5d5cy ( ! n9ete5? 
c5tury1 & we are foll[+ x2 we ask only  
to develop x freely1 )\t let or h9drance
 on ! "p ( gov]nm5ts4 ,lib]ty = !       
individual6 ,take "s pebbles1 said      
,f\ri]1 put !m into a box & %ake !m2 !y 
w arrange !mselves into a mosaic su* z y
 c\ld nev] succe$ 9 produc+ if y told (f
 "s "o to arrange !m h>moni\sly4#ef  ,a 
wit has said t ! pr(ession ( fai? ( !   
,an>*i/s r$uces itself to two articles (
 a fanta/ic law3 7#a7 ,!re %all be no?+4
 7#b7 ,no "o is *>g$ ) c>ry+ out ! above
 article4  ,?is is n correct4 ,!        
,an>*i/s say3  7#a7 ,!re %all be ev]y?+4
 7#b7 ,no "o is held responsible = see+ 
t !re is any?+ at all4  ,?is is a v     
s$uctive ,ideal1 b its realisation is   
un=tunately v improbable4  ,let u n[    
ask1 :at is ?is free agreem5t :i*       
accord+ to ,kropotk9e1 exi/s ev5 9      
capitali/ society8 ,he quotes two k9ds (

 examples by way ( evid5ce3 7a7 ^?      
connect$ ) production & ! circulation ( 
commodities2 7b7 ^? belong+ to all k9ds 
( societies ( amateurs--le>n$ societies1
 philan?ropic societies1 etc4  ,take all
 ! great ent]prises3 ! ,suez ,canal1    
e4g41 ,trans-,atlantic navigation1 !    
telegraph t unites ! two ,am]icas4      
,take1 9 f9e1 ?is organisation (        
comm]ce1 :i* provides t :5 y get up 9 ! 
morn+ y are sure to f9d bread at !      
bak]s' 444 meat at ! but*]s'1 & ev]y?+ y
 want 9 ! %ops4 ,is ?is ! "w ( ! ,/ate8 
,c]ta9ly1 to-day we pay middlem5        
abom9ably de>ly4 ,well1 all ! m reason  
to suppress !m1 b n to ?9k x necess>y to
 confide to ! ,gov]nm5t ! c>e ( provid+ 
our goods & our clo?+4#eg  ,rem>kable   
fact6 we began by snapp+ our f+]s at    
,m>x1 :o only ?\ght ( suppress+ surplus 
value1 & _h no idea ( ! organisation (  
production1 & we end by dem&+ !         
suppression ( ! pr(its ( ! middleman1   
:ile1 s f> z production is conc]n$1 we  
prea* ! mo/ b\rgeois laissez-faire1     

laissez pass]4 ,m>x might1 n )\t reason1
 h said1 he laughs be/ :o laughs la/6   
,we all "k :at ! free agreem5t ( !      
b\rgeois entrepr5eur is1 & we c only    
admire ! absolute navt ( ! man :o sees 9
 x ! precursor ( communism4 ,x is       
exactly ?is ,an>*ic arrangem5t t mu/ be 
got rid ( 9 ord] t ! produc]s may cease 
to be ! slaves ( _! own products4#eh  ,z
 to ! really free societies ( savants1  
arti/s1 philan?ropi/s1 etc41 ,kropotk9e 
himself tells u :at _! example is wor?4 
,!y are made up ( human be+s freely     
seek+ "o ano!r aft] hav+ done _! "w z   
produc]s4 ,al?\gh ?is is n correct--s9ce
 9 ^! societies !re is (t5 n a s+le     
produc]--?is /ill f>!r proves t we c    
only be free aft] we h settl$ our acc\nt
 ) production4 ,! fam\s t5d5cy ( !      
n9ete5? c5tury1 !re=e1 tells u no?+ on !
 ma9 "q--h[ ! unlimit$ lib]ty ( !       
individual c be made to h>monise ) !    
economic requirem5ts ( a communi/ic     
society4 ,& z ?is t5d5cy con/itutes !   
:ole ( ! sci5tific equipm5t ( our       

,an>*i/ ?9k]1 we are driv5 to !         
conclusion t 8 appeal to sci5ce 0 m]ely 
v]biage1 t he is1 9 spite ( 8 contempt =
 ! ,utopians1 "o ( ! lea/ +5i\s ( ^!1 a 
vulg> hunt] 9 se>* ( ! be/ ,ideal4  ,!  
free agreem5t works wond]s1 if n 9      
,an>*i/ society1 :i* un=tunately does n 
yet exi/1 at lea/ 9 ,an>*i/ argum5ts4   
,our pres5t society be+ aboli%$1        
individuals no long] ne$+ to ho>d 9 ord]
 to make sure ( ! morr[1 ?is1 inde$ be+ 
made impossible1 by ! suppression ( all 
money or symbol ( value--all _! wants   
be+ satisfi$ & provid$ = 9 ! new        
society1 ! /imulus ( individuals be+ n[ 
only t ideal ( always /riv+ t[>ds ! be/1
 ! relations ( individuals or gr\ps no  
long] be+ e/abli%$ ) a view to ^?       
ex*anges 9 :i* ea* contract+ p>ty only  
seeks to 'd' 8 p>tn] 7! free agreem5t ( 
! b\rgeois1 ( :i* ,kropotk9e has j spok5
 to u7 ^! relations w n[ only h = object
 ! r5d]+ ( mutual s]vices1 ) :i*        
p>ticul> int]e/s h no?+ to d1 ! agreem5t
 w be r5d]$ easy1 ! causes ( discord    

hav+ disappe>$4#ei  ,"q3 ,h[ w ! new    
society satisfy ! ne$s ( its memb]s8 ,h[
 w x make !m c]ta9 ( ! morr[8  ,answ]3  
,by means ( free agreem5ts4  ,"q3 ,w    
production be possible if x dep5ds      
solely ^u ! free agreem5t ( individuals8
  ,answ]3 ,( c\rse6 ,& 9 ord] to conv9ce
 y\rself ( x1 y h only to assume t y\r  
morr[ is c]ta91 t all y\r ne$s are      
satisfi$1 &1 9 a ^w1 t production1 ?anks
 to free agreem5t1 is gett+ on swimm+ly4
  ,:at wond]ful logicians ^! companions 
are1 & :at a beautiful ideal is t :i*   
has no o!r f\ndation ?an an illogical   
assumption6  ,x has be5 object$ t 9     
leav+ individuals free to organise z !y 
l1 !re w\ld arise t competition betwe5  
gr\ps :i* to-day exi/s betwe5           
individuals4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 = 9 !    
society we desire money w\ld be aboli%$1
 consequ5tly !re w\ld no long] be any   
ex*ange ( products1 b ex*ange ( s]vices4
 ,besides1 9 ord] t su* a social        
revolution z we contemplate c h be5     
accompli%$ we mu/ assume t a c]ta9      

evolution ( ideas w h tak5 place 9 ! m9d
 ( ! masses1 or1 at ! lea/1 ( a         
consid]able m9ority among !m4 ,b if !   
work]s h be5 suffici5tly intellig5t to  
de/roy b\rgeois exploitation1 x w n be 9
 ord] to re-e/abli% x among !mselves1   
especially :5 !y are assur$ all _! wants
 w be suppli$4#fj  ,x is incr$ible1 b x 
is inconte/ably true3 ! only basis = !  
,ideal ( ! ,an>*i/-,communi/s1 is ?is   
petitio pr9cipii1 ?is assumption ( ! v  
?+ t has to be prov$4 ,companion ,grave1
 ! pr(\nd ?9k]1 is p>ticul>ly ri* 9     
assumptions4 ,z soon z any difficult    
problem pres5ts itself1 he assumes t x  
is already solv$1 & !n ev]y?+ is = ! be/
 9 ! be/ ( ideals4  ,! pr(\nd ,grave is 
less circumspect ?an ! le>n$ ,kropotk9e4
 ,& s x is only he :o succe$s 9 r$uc+ ! 
ideal to absolute absurdity4  ,he asks  
himself :at w be done if 9 ! society ( !
 day aft] ! revolution !re %\ld be a    
papa :o %\ld refuse 8 *ild all          
education4 ,! papa is an individual )   
unlimit$ rights4 ,he foll[s ! ,an>*i/   

rule1 ,d z ?\ w\ld/4 ,no "o has any "r1 
!re=e1 to br+ him to 8 s5ses4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 ! *ild also may d z he likes1 & he  
wants to le>n4 ,h[ to get out ( ?is     
conflict1 h[ resolve ! dilemma )\t (f5d+
 ! holy laws ( ,an>*y8 ,by an           
assumption4 ,relations 7betwe5 citiz5s7 
be+ mu* wid] & m imbu$ ) frat]nity ?an 9
 our pres5t society1 bas$ z x is ^u !   
antagonism ( int]e/s1 x foll[s t ! *ild 
by means ( :at he w see pass+ be=e 8    
eyes1 by :at he w daily he>1 w escape f 
! influ5ce ( ! p>5t1 & w f9d e facility 
necess>y = acquir+ ! k 8 p>5ts refuse to
 give him4 ,nay m1 if he f9ds himself   
too unhappy "u ! au?ority !y try to =ce 
^u him1 he w\ld ab&on !m 9 ord] to place
 himself "u ! protection ( individuals )
 :om he 0 9 great] sympa?y4 ,! p>5ts    
c\ld n s5d ! g5d>mes aft] him to br+    
back to _! au?ority ! slave :om ! law   
to-day gives up to !m4#fa  ,x is n !    
*ild :o is runn+ away f 8 p>5ts1 b !    
,utopian :o is runn+ away f an          
insurm\ntable logical difficulty4 ,& yet

 ?is judgm5t ( ,solomon has seem$ s     
pr(\nd to ! companions t1 x has be5     
lit]ally quot$ by ,emil ,d>naud 9 8 book
 ,la ,socit ,future 7,foix4 #ahij1 p4   
#bf7--;a book especially int5d$ to      
popul>ise ! lucubrations ( ,grave4      
,an>*y1 ! ,no-gov]nm5t sy/em (          
,socialism1 has a d\ble orig94 ,x is an 
outgr[? ( ! two great movem5ts ( ?\ght 9
 ! economical & ! political fields :i*  
*>act]ise our c5tury1 & especially its  
second "p4 ,9 common ) all ,sociali/s1 !
 ,an>*i/s hold t ! private own]%ip ( l&1
 capital1 & ma*9]y has _h its "t2 t x is
 condemn$ to disappe>2 & t all          
requisites ( production mu/1 & w1 become
 ! common prop]ty ( society1 & be manag$
 9 common by ! produc]s ( weal?4 ,&1 9  
common ) ! mo/ advanc$ repres5tatives ( 
political ,radicalism1 !y ma9ta9 t !    
ideal ( ! political organisation (      
society is a condition ( ?+s :]e !      
functions ( gov]nm5t are r$uc$ to a     
m9imum1 & ! individual recov]s 8 full   
lib]ty ( initiative & action = satisfy+1

 by means ( free gr\ps &                
f$]ations--freely con/itut$--all !      
inf9itely v>i$ ne$s ( ! human be+4 ,z   
reg>ds ,socialism1 mo/ ( ! ,an>*i/s     
arrive at its ultimate conclusion1 t is1
 at a complete negation ( ! wage-sy/em1 
& at ,communism4 ,& ) ref]5ce to        
political organisation1 by giv+ a f>!r  
developm5t to ! above-m5tion$ "p ( !    
,radical programme1 !y arrive at !      
conclusion t ! ultimate aim ( society is
 ! r$uction ( ! functions ( gov]nm5ts to
 nil--t is1 to a society )\t gov]nm5t1  
to ,an>*y4 ,! ,an>*i/s ma9ta91 moreov]1 
t su* be+ ! ideal ( social & political  
organisation !y mu/ n remit x to future 
c5turies1 b t only ^? *anges 9 our      
social organisation :i* are 9 accordance
 ) ! above d\ble ideal1 & con/itute an  
approa* to x1 w h a *ance ( life & be   
b5eficial = ! commonweal?4#fb           
,kropotk9e "h reveals to u1 ) admirable 
cle>ness1 ! orig9 & nature ( 8 ,ideal4  
,?is ,ideal1 l t ( ,bak\n9e1 is truly   
d\ble2 x is really born ( ! connection  

betwe5 b\rgeois ,radicalism1 or r t ( ! 
,man*e/] s*ool1 & ,communism2 j z ,jesus
 0 born 9 connection betwe5 ! ,holy     
,gho/ & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! two natures ( 
! ,an>*i/ ideal are z difficult to      
reconcile z ! two natures ( ! ,son (    
,god4 ,b "o ( ^! natures evid5tly gets !
 bett] ( ! o!r4 ,! ,an>*i/s want to beg9
 by imm$iately realis+ :at ,kropotk9e   
calls ! ultimate aim ( society1 t is to 
say1 by de/roy+ ! ,/ate4 ,_! />t+ po9t  
is always ! unlimit$ lib]ty ( !         
individual4 ,man*e/]ism be=e ev]y?+4    
,communism only comes 9 aft]w>ds4#fc ,b 
9 ord] to reassure u z to ! probable    
fate ( ?is second nature ( _! ,ideal1 ! 
,an>*i/s are con/antly s++ ! praises ( !
 wisdom1 ! goodness1 ! =e?\ght ( ! man (
 ! future4 ,he w be s p]fect t he w no  
d\bt be able to organise ,communi/      
production4 ,he w be s p]fect t "o asks 
oneself1 :ile admir+ him1 :y he _c be   
tru/$ ) a little au?ority4  ,,footnotes3
  #dg ,! few ,individuali/s we come     
across are only /rong 9 _! criticism ( !

 ,/ate & ( ! law4 ,z to _! con/ructive  
ideal1 a few prea* an idyll t !y        
!mselves w\ld nev] c>e to practise1 :ile
 o!rs1 l ! editor ( ,lib]ty1 ,bo/on1    
fall back ^u an actual b\rgeois sy/em4  
,9 ord] to def5d _! ,individualism !y   
recon/ruct ! ,/ate ) all its attributes 
7law1 police1 & ! re/7 aft] hav+ s      
c\rage\sly d5i$ !m4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 l    
,aub]on ,h]b]t1 are /r&$ 9 a ,lib]ty &  
,prop]ty ,def5ce ,league--a ,league = ! 
def5ce ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,la ,rvolte1 ,no4 
#ch1 #ahic1 ,a lecture on ,an>*ism4  #dh
 ,an>*i/-,communism2 its ,basis &       
,pr9ciples1 by ,pet] ,kropotk9e1        
republi%$ by p]mission ( ! ,editor ( !  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,febru>y & ,augu/1    
#ahhg1 ,london4  #di l4c41 pp4 #a-b4    
#ej ,la ,conqute du ,pa94 ,p>is1 #ahib4 
pp4 #gg-gh4  #ea ,ibid41 p4 #aaa4  #eb  
,z1 h[ev]1 ,kropotk9e 0 9 ,london at !  
"t ( ! great ,dock ,/rike1 & !re=e _h an
 opportunity ( le>n+ h[ ! food supply 0 
manag$ = ! /rik]s1 x is wor? po9t+ out t
 ?is 0 manag$ q diff]5tly f ! me?od     

sugge/$ above4 ,an organis$ ,committee1 
consi/+ ( ,trade ,unioni/s help$ by     
,/ate ,sociali/s 7,*ampion7 &           
,social-,democrats 7,john ,burns1 ,tom  
,mann1 ,eleanor ,m>x ,avel+1 etc47 made 
contracts ) %opkeep]s1 & di/ribut$ /amp$
 tickets1 = :i* c\ld be obta9$ c]ta9    
articles ( food4 ,! food suppli$ 0 paid 
= ) ! money t _h be5 rais$ by           
subscriptions1 & to ^! subscriptions !  
b\rgeois public1 enc\rag$ by ! b\rgeois 
press1 _h v l>gely contribut$4 ,direct  
di/ributions ( food to /rik]s1 & ^? ?r[n
 out ( "w ?r\gh ! /rike1 7 made by !    
,salvation ,army1 an ess5tially         
c5tralis$1 bureaucratically organis$    
body1 & o!r philan?ropic societies4 ,all
 ?is has v little to d ) ! procur+ &    
di/ribut+ ( ! food supply1 ! day aft] ! 
revolution2 ) ! organis+ ( ! s]vice =   
supply+ food4 ,! food 0 !re1 & x 0 only 
a "q ( buy+ & divid+ x z a means (      
support4 ,! ,p1 i4e41 ! /rik]s1 by no   
means help$ !mselves 9 ?is respect2 !y 7
 help$ by o!rs4  #ec ,la ,conqute du    

,pa91 pp4 #abh-abi4  #ed ,ibid41 pp4    
#bja-bjb4  #ee ,ibid41 p4 #bjb4  #ef    
,l',an>*ie dans l',evolution sociali/e4 
,lecture at ! ,salle ,levis1 ,p>is1     
#ahhh1 pp4 #bj-ba4  #eg ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 
#eh ,kropotk9e speaks ( ! ,suez ,canal6 
,:y n ! ,panama ,canal8  #ei ,la ,socit 
au l5dema9 de la ,rvolution4 ,j4 ,grave1
 #ahhi1 ,p>is1 pp4 #fa-fb4  #fj ,ibid41 
p4 #dg4  #fa ,ibid41 p4 #ii4  #fb       
,an>*i/ ,communism1 p4 #c4  #fc         
,l',an>*ia  il funzionam5to armonico di 
tutte le autonomie1 risolv5tesi nella   
eguaglianza totale delle condizioni     
umane4 ,l',an>*ia nella sci5za e nelle  
evoluzione4 7,traduzione dello          
,spagnuolo7 ,piato1 ,toscana1 #ahib1 p4 
#bf4 ,an>*y is ! h>moni\s function+ (   
all autonomy resolv$ 9 ! complete       
equalisation ( all human conditions4    
,an>*y 9 ,sci5ce &                      
,evolution4--,italian1 translat$ f !    
,spani%4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,!        
,,s-,,call$ ,,an>*i/ ,,tactics4 ,,_!    
,,morality   ,! ,an>*i/s are ,utopians4 

,_! po9t ( view has no?+ 9 common ) t ( 
mod]n sci5tific ,socialism4 ,b !re are  
,utopias & ,utopias4 ,! great ,utopians 
( ! fir/ half ( our c5tury 7 m5 ( g5ius2
 !y help$ =w>d social sci5ce1 :i* 9 _!  
"t 0 /ill entirely ,utopian4 ,!         
,utopians ( to-day1 ! ,an>*i/s1 are !   
ab/ract]s ( qu9tess5ce1 :o c only fully 
draw =? "s poor conclusions f c]ta9     
mummifi$ pr9ciples4 ,!y h no?+ to d )   
social sci5ce1 :i*1 9 its onw>d m>*1 has
 di/anc$ !m by at lea/ half a c5tury4   
,_! pr(\nd ?9k]s1 _! l(ty !ori/s1 d n   
ev5 succe$ 9 mak+ ! two ends ( _!       
reason+ meet4 ,!y are ! decad5t         
,utopians1 /rick5 ) incurable           
intellectual anmia4 ,! great ,utopians  
did mu* = ! developm5t ( ! work+ class  
movem5t4 ,! ,utopians ( our days d no?+ 
b ret>d its progress4 ,& x is especially
 _! s-call$ tactics t are h>mful to !   
prolet>iat4  ,we already "k t ,bak\n9e  
int]pret$ ! ,rules ( ! ,int]national 9 !
 s5se t ! work+ class mu/ give up all   
political action1 & conc5trate its ef=ts

 ^u ! doma9 ( ! imm$iately economic     
/ruggle = high] wages1 a r$uction ( !   
h\rs ( lab\r1 & s =?4 ,bak\n9e himself  
felt t su* tactics 7 n v revolution>y4  
,he tri$ to complete !m ?r\gh ! action (
 8 ,alliance2 he prea*$ riots4#fd ,b ! m
 ! class consci\sness ( ! prolet>iat    
develops1 ! m x incl9es t[>ds political 
action1 & gives up ! riots1 s common    
dur+ its infancy4 ,x is m difficult to  
induce ! work+ m5 ( ,we/]n ,europe1 :o h
 atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( political      
developm5t1 to riot1 ?an1 = example1 !  
cr$ul\s & ignorant ,russian peasants4 ,z
 ! prolet>iat has %[n no ta/e = !       
tactics ( riot1 ! companions h be5 =c$  
to replace x by individual action4 ,x 0 
especially aft] ! attempt$ insurrection 
at ,b5ev5to 9 ,italy 9 #ahgg t !        
,bak\ni/s began to glorify ! propag&a ( 
de$4 ,b if we glance back at ! p]iod t  
sep>ates u f ! attempt ( ,b5ev5to1 we   
%all see t ?is propag&a too assum$ a    
special =m3 v few riots1 & ^! q         
insignificant1 a great _m p]sonal       

attempts aga9/ public edifices1 aga9/   
individuals1 & ev5 aga9/                
prop]ty--individually h]$it>y1 ( c\rse4 
,x c\ld n be o!rwise4  ,we h already se5
 num]\s revolts by p :o wi%$ to obta9   
urg5t re=ms1 says ,l\ise ,mi*el1 9 an   
int]view ) a correspond5t ( ! ,mat91 on 
! occasion ( ! ,vaillant attempt4 ,:at 0
 ! result8 ,! p 7 %ot d[n4 ,well1 we ?9k
 ! p has be5 suffici5tly bl$2 x is bett]
 l>ge-he>t$ p %\ld sacrifice !mselves1  
&1 at _! own risk1 commit acts ( viol5ce
 ^: object is to t]rorise ! ,gov]nm5t & 
! b\rgeois4#fe  ,?is is exactly :at we h
 said--only 9 slightly diff]5t words4   
,l\ise ,mi*el has =gott5 to say t       
revolts1 caus+ ! blood%$ ( ! p1 figur$  
at ! head ( ! ,an>*i/s' programme1 until
 ! ,an>*i/s became conv9c$1 n t ^!      
p>tial ris+s 9 no way s]ve ! cause ( !  
work]s1 b t ! work]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 w n h 
any?+ to d ) ^! ris+s4  ,error has its  
logic z well z tru?4 ,once y reject !   
political action ( ! work+-class1 y are 
fatally driv5--provid$ y d n wi% to s]ve

 ! b\rgeois politicians--to accept !    
tactics ( ! ,vaillants & ! ,h5rys4 ,!   
s-call$ ,indep5d5t 7,unabhngige7 memb]s 
( ! ,g]man ,sociali/ ,p>ty h prov$ ?is 9
 _! own p]sons4 ,!y began by attack+    
,p>liam5t>ism1 & to ! re=mi/ tactics ( !
 old memb]s !y oppos$--on pap]1 (       
c\rse--! revolution>y /ruggle1 ! purely 
economic /ruggle4 ,b ?is /ruggle1       
develop+ naturally1 mu/ inevitably br+  
ab\t ! entry ( ! prolet>iat into ! ar5a 
( political /ruggles4 ,n wi%+ to come   
back to ! v />t+-po9t ( _! negation1 !  
,indep5d5ts1 = a "t1 prea*$ :at !y call$
 political demon/rations1 a new k9d (   
old ,bak\ni/ riots4 ,z riots1 by :atev] 
"n !y are call$1 always come too late = 
! fi]y revolutioni/s1 !re 0 only left to
 ! ,indep5d5ts to m>* =w>d1 to become   
conv]ts to ,an>*y1 & to propagate--9    
words--! propag&a ( de$4 ,! language ( !
 "y ,l&au]s & ,co4 is already z         
revolution>y z t ( ! olde/ ,an>*i/s4    
,reason & k only ?\ despise      ,!     
highe/ /r5g? 9 man t lies6      ,let b !

 ly+ _s b9d !e1      ,) magic works &   
%[s t bl9d !e1      ,& ,i %all h !e fa/ 
& sure4   ,z to ! magic "w & %[s1 !y are
 innum]able 9 ! argum5ts ( ! ,an>*i/s   
aga9/ ! political activity ( !          
prolet>iat4 ,"h hate becomes v]itable   
wit*craft4 ,?us ,kropotk9e turns _! own 
arm--! mat]iali/ conception (           
hi/ory--aga9/ ! ,social-,democrats4 ,to 
ea* new economical phase ( life         
corresponds a new political phase1 he   
assures u4 ,absolute mon>*y--t is       
,c\rt-rule--correspond$ to ! sy/em (    
s]fdom4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t         
corresponds to capital-rule4 ,bo?1      
h[ev]1 are class-rule4 ,b 9 a society   
:]e ! di/9ction betwe5 capitali/ &      
lab\r] has disappe>$1 !re is no ne$ (   
su* a gov]nm5t2 x w\ld be an ana*ronism1
 a nuisance4#ff ,if ,social-,democrats 7
 to tell him !y "k ?is at lea/ z well z 
he does1 ,kropotk9e w\ld reply t        
possibly !y d1 b t !n !y w n draw a     
logical conclusion f ^! premises4 ,he1  
,kropotk9e1 is y\r real logician4 ,s9ce 

! political con/itution ( e c\ntry is   
det]m9$ by its economic condition1 he   
argues1 ! political action ( ,sociali/s 
is absolute nons5se4 ,to seek to atta9  
,socialism or ev5 767 an agr>ian        
revolution by means ( a political       
revolution1 is ! m]e/ ,utopia1 because !
 :ole ( hi/ory %[s u t political *anges 
fl[ f ! great economic revolutions1 & n 
vice v]s4#fg ,c\ld ! be/ geometrician 9 
! _w ev] produce any?+ m exact ?an ?is  
demon/ration8 ,bas+ 8 argum5t ^u ?is    
impregnable f\ndation1 ,kropotk9e       
advises ! ,russian revolutioni/s to give
 up _! political /ruggle aga9/ ,tz>ism4 
,!y mu/ foll[ an imm$iately economic    
end4 ,! emancipation ( ! ,russian       
peasants f ! yoke ( s]fdom t has until  
n[ weigh$ ^u !m1 is !re=e ! fir/ task ( 
! ,russian revolutioni/4 ,9 work+ along 
^! l9es he directly & imm$iately works =
 ! good ( ! p 444 & he moreov] prep>es =
 ! weak5+ ( ! c5tralis$ p[] ( ! ,/ate & 
= its limitation4#fh  ,?us !            
emancipation ( ! peasants w h prep>$ !  

way = ! weak5+ ( ,russian ,tz>ism4 ,b h[
 to emancipate ! peasants be=e ov]?r[+  
,tz>ism8 ,absolute my/]y6 ,su* an       
emancipation w\ld be a v]itable         
wit*craft4 ,old ,lisc[ 0 "r :5 he said1 
,x is easi] & m natural to write ) !    
f+]s ?an ) ! head4  ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !
 :ole political action ( ! work+-class  
mu/ be summ$ up 9 ^! few words3 ,no     
politics6 ,long live ! purely economic  
/ruggle6 ,?is is ,bak\nism1 b p]fect$   
,bak\nism4 ,bak\n9e himself urg$ !      
work]s to fight = a r$uction ( ! h\rs ( 
lab\r1 & high] wages4 ,!                
,an>*i/-,communi/s ( our day seek to    
make ! work]s und]/& t !y h no?+ to ga9 
f su* *ild's play z ?is1 & t society c  
only be trans=m$ by de/roy+ !           
in/itutions :i* gov]n x4#fi ,! rais+ (  
wages is also useless4 ,nor? ,am]ica &  
,s\? ,am]ica1 are !y n !re to prove to u
 t :5ev] ! work] has succe$$ 9 gett+    
high] wages1 ! prices ( articles (      
consumption h increas$ proportionately1 
& t :]e he has succe$$ 9 gett+ #bj      

francs a day = 8 wages1 he ne$s #be to  
be able to live accord+ to ! /&>d ( !   
bett] class workman1 s t he is always   
bel[ ! av]age8#gj ,! r$uction ( ! h\rs (
 lab\r is at any rate sup]flu\s s9ce    
capital w always make x up by a         
sy/ematic int5sification ( lab\r by     
means ( improv$ ma*9]y4 ,m>x himself has
 demon/rat$ ?is z cle>ly z possible4#ga 
,we "k1 ?anks to ,kropotk9e1 t ! ,an>*i/
 ideal has a d\ble orig94 ,& all !      
,an>*i/ demon/rations also h a d\ble    
orig94 ,on ! "o h& !y are drawn f !     
vulg> h& books ( political economy1     
writt5 by ! mo/ vulg> ( b\rgeois        
economi/s1 e4g41 ,grave's diss]tation ^u
 wages1 :i* ,ba/iat w\ld h applaud$     
en?usia/ically4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !         
companions1 rememb]+ ! some:at ,communi/
 orig9 ( _! ideal1 turn to ,m>x & quote1
 )\t und]/&+1 him4 ,ev5 ,bak\n9e has be5
 sophi/icat$ by ,m>xism4 ,! latt]-day   
,an>*i/s1 ) ,kropotk9e at _! head1 h be5
 ev5 m sophi/icat$4  ,! ignorance (     
,grave1 ! pr(\nd ?9k]1 is v rem>kable 9 

g5]al1 b x exce$s ! b\nds ( all         
probability 9 matt]s ( political        
economy4 ,"h x is1 only equall$ by t ( !
 le>n$ geologi/ ,kropotk9e1 :o makes !  
mo/ mon/r\s /atem5ts :5ev] he t\*es ^u  
an economic "q4 ,we regret t space w n  
all[ u to amuse ! read] ) "s samples (  
,an>*i/ economics4 ,!y mu/ cont5t       
!mselves ) :at ,kropotk9e has taught !m 
ab\t ,m>x's surplus-value4  ,all ?is    
w\ld be v ridicul\s1 if x 7 n too sad1 z
 ! ,russian poet ,l]mont(f says4 ,& x is
 sad inde$4 ,:5ev] ! prolet>iat makes an
 attempt to some:at ameliorate its      
economic position1 l>ge-he>t$ p1 v[+ !y 
love ! prolet>iat mo/ t5d]ly1 ru% 9 f   
all po9ts ( ! compass1 & dep5d+ on _!   
halt+ syllogisms1 put spokes into ! :eel
 ( ! movem5t1 d _! utmo/ to prove t !   
movem5t is useless4 ,we h _h an example 
( ?is ) reg>d to ! eight h\rs day1 :i* !
 ,an>*i/s combat$1 :5ev] !y c\ld1 ) a   
zeal wor?y ( a bett] cause4 ,:5 !       
prolet>iat takes no notice ( ?is1 &     
pursues its imm$iately economic aims    

undi/urb$--z x has ! =tunate habit (    
do+--! same l>ge-he>t$ p re-appe> ^u !  
sc5e arm$ ) bombs1 & provide ! gov]nm5t 
) ! desir$ & s\ght = pretext = attack+ !
 prolet>iat4 ,we h se5 ?is at ,p>is on  
,may #a1 #ahij2 we h se5 x (t5 dur+     
/rikes4 ,f9e fell[s ^! l>ge-he>t$ m56 ,&
 to ?9k t among ! work]s !mselves !re   
are m5 simple en\gh to consid] z _!     
fri5ds1 ^! p]sonages :o are1 9 reality1 
! mo/ dang]\s enemies ( _! cause6  ,an  
,an>*i/ w h no?+ to d ) p>liam5t>ism1   
s9ce x only lulls ! prolet>iat to sleep4
 ,he w none ( re=ms1 s9ce re=ms are b s 
_m compromises ) ! possess+ classes4 ,he
 wants ! revolution1 a full1 complete1  
imm$iate1 & imm$iately economic         
revolution4 ,to atta9 ?is end he arms   
himself ) a saucepan full ( explosive   
mat]ials1 & ?r[s x among/ ! public 9 a  
!atre or a caf4 ,he decl>es ?is is !    
revolution4 ,= our own "p x seems to u  
no?+ b imm$iate madness4  ,x goes )\t   
say+ t ! b\rgeois gov]nm5ts1 :il/       
inveigh+ aga9/ ! au?ors ( ^! attempts1  

_c b congratulate !mselves ^u ^!        
tactics4 ,society is 9 dang]6 ,caveant  
consules6 ,& ! police consuls become    
active1 & public op9ion applauds all !  
reaction>y measures resort$ to by m9i/]s
 9 ord] to save society4 ,! t]rori/     
savi\rs ( society 9 uni=m1 to ga9 !     
respect ( ! ,phili/9e masses mu/ appe> )
 ! halo ( true sons ( 'holy ord]1' !    
daught] ( ,heav5 ri* 9 bless+s1 & to ?is
 halo ! s*ool-boy attempts ( ^!         
,t]rori/s help !m4 ,su* a silly fool1   
lo/ 9 8 fanta/ical imag9+s1 does n ev5  
see t he is only a puppet1 ^: /r+s are  
pull$ by a clev]] "o 9 ! ,t]rori/ w+s2  
he does n see t ! fe> & t]ror he causes 
only s]ve to s dead5 all ! s5ses ( !    
,phili/9e cr[d1 t x %\ts approval ( e   
massacre t cle>s ! road = reaction4#gb  
,napoleon ,,iii4 already indulg$ f "t to
 "t 9 an outrage 9 ord] once aga9 to    
save society m5ac$ by ! enemies ( ord]4 
,! f\l admissions ( ,&rieux1#gc ! acts &
 de$s ( ! ,g]man & ,au/rian ag5ts       
provocateurs1 ! rec5t revelations z to !

 attempt aga9/ ! ,madrid ,p>liam5t1     
etc41 prove abundantly t ! pres5t       
,gov]nm5ts pr(it enorm\sly by ! tactics 
( ! companions1 & t ! "w ( ! ,t]rori/s 9
 uni=m w\ld be mu* m difficult if !     
,an>*i/s 7 n s eag] to help 9 x4  ,?us x
 is t spies ( ! vile/ k9d1 l ,joseph    
,peuk]t1 = long ye>s figur$ z %9+ lights
 ( ,an>*ism1 translat+ into ,g]man !    
works ( =eign ,an>*i/s2 ?us x is t !    
,fr5* b\rgeois & prie/s directly        
subv5tion ! companions1 & t ! law-&-ord]
 m9i/ry does ev]y?+ 9 its p[] to ?r[ a  
veil ov] ^! %ady ma*9ations4 ,& s1 too1 
9 ! "n ( ! imm$iate revolution1 !       
,an>*i/s become ! preci\s pill>s (      
b\rgeois society1 inasmu* z !y furni% ! 
raison d'tre = ! mo/ imm$iately         
reaction>y policy4  ,?us ! reaction>y & 
,cons]vative press has always %[n a     
h>dly disguis$ sympa?y = ! ,an>*i/s1 &  
has regrett$ t ! ,sociali/s1 consci\s ( 
_! end & aim1 w h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,!y   
drive !m away l poor dogs1 pitifully    
exclaims ! ,p>is ,fig>o1  propos ( !    

expulsion ( ! ,an>*i/s f ! ,zuri*       
,congress4#gd  ,an ,an>*i/ is a man     
:o--:5 he is n a police ag5t--is fat$   
always & ev]y:]e to atta9 ! opposite ( t
 :i* he attempts to a*ieve4  ,to s5d    
work+ m5 to a ,p>liam5t1 said ,bordat1  
be=e ! ,lyons tribunal 9 #ahic1 is to   
act l a "m :o w\ld take h] daught] to a 
bro!l4 ,?us x is also 9 ! "n ( morality 
t ! ,an>*i/s repudiate political action4
 ,b :at is ! outcome ( _! fe> (         
p>liam5t>y corruption8 ,! glorification 
( !ft1 7,put money 9 ?y purse1 wrote    
,mo/ 9 8 ,freiheit1 already 9 #ahhj71 ! 
exploits ( ! ,duvals & ,rava*ols1 :o 9 !
 "n ( ! cause commit ! mo/ vulg> &      
disgu/+ crimes4 ,! ,russian writ]1      
,h]z51 relates some:]e h[ on arriv+ at  
"s small ,italian t[n1 he met only      
prie/s & b&its1 & 0 greatly p]plex$1 be+
 unable to decide :i* 7 ! prie/s & :i* !
 b&its4 ,& ?is is ! position ( e        
imp>tial p]son to-day2 = h[ are y go+ to
 div9e :]e ! companion ends & ! b&it    
beg9s8 ,! ,an>*i/s !mselves are n always

 sure1 z 0 prov$ by ! controv]sy caus$ 9
 _! ranks by ! ,rava*ol affair4 ,?us !  
bett] among !m1 ^? ^: hone/y is         
absolutely unque/ionable1 con/antly     
fluctuate 9 _! views ( ! propag&a ( de$4
  ,condemn ! propag&a ( de$8 says ,elyse
 ,reclus4 ,b :at is ?is propag&a except 
! prea*+ ( well-do+ & love ( humanity by
 example8 ,^? :o call ! propag&a ( de$  
acts ( viol5ce prove t !y h n und]/ood !
 mean+ ( ?is expression4 ,! ,an>*i/ :o  
und]/&s 8 "p1 in/ead ( massacr+ somebody
 or o!r1 w exclusively /rive to br+ ?is 
p]son r\nd to 8 op9ions1 & to make ( him
 an adept :o1 9 8 turn1 w make propag&a 
( de$ by %[+ himself good & j to all ^? 
:om he may meet4#ge  ,we w n ask :at is 
left ( ! ,an>*i/ :o has divorc$ himself 
f ! tactics ( de$s4  ,we only ask !     
read] to consid] ! foll[+ l9es3 ,!      
editor ( ! ,sempre ,avanti wrote to     
,elyse ,reclus ask+ him = 8 true op9ion 
( ,rava*ol4 ',i admire 8 c\rage1 8      
goodness ( he>t1 8 greatness ( s\l1 !   
g5]osity ) :i* he p>dons 8 enemies1 or r

 8 betray]s4 ,i h>dly "k ( any m5 :o h  
surpass$ him 9 nobl5ess ( conduct4 ,i   
res]ve ! "q z to h[ f> x is always      
desirable to pu% to extremities "o's own
 "r1 & :e!r o!r consid]ations mov$ by a 
_s ( human solid>ity ought n to prevail4
 ,/ill ,i am none ! less "o ( ^? :o     
recognise 9 ,rava*ol a h]o ( a          
magnanimity b little common4'#gf  ,?is  
does n at all fit 9 ) ! decl>ation quot$
 above1 & x proves irrefutably t citiz5 
,reclus fluctuates1 t he does n "k      
exactly :]e 8 companion ends & ! b&it   
beg9s4 ,! problem is ! m difficult to   
solve t !re are a good _m individuals :o
 are at ! same "t b&its & ,an>*i/s4     
,rava*ol 0 no exception4 ,at ! h\se ( ! 
,an>*i/s1 ,oritz & ,*i]icotti1 rec5tly  
arre/$ at ,p>is1 an enorm\s mass ( /ol5 
goods 7 f\nd4 ,nor is x only 9 ,france t
 y h ! comb9ation ( ^! two app>5tly     
diff]5t trades4 ,x w suffice to rem9d ! 
read] ( ! ,au/rians ,kamm]] & ,/ellma*]4
  ,kropotk9e w\ld h u believe t ,an>*i/ 
morality1 a morality free f all         

obligations or sanction1 oppos$ to all  
utilit>ian calculations1 is ! same z !  
natural morality ( ! p1 ! morality f !  
habit ( well do+4#gg ,! morality ( !    
,an>*i/s is t ( p]sons :o look ^u all   
human action f ! ab/ract po9t ( view ( !
 unlimit$ rights ( ! individual1 & :o1 9
 ! "n ( ^! rights1 pass a v]dict ( ,n   
guilty on ! mo/ atroci\s de$s1 ! mo/    
revolt+ arbitr>y acts4 ,:at matt] !     
victims1 exclaim$ ! ,an>*i/ poet ,laur5t
 ,tailhade1 on ! v ev5+ ( ,vaillant's   
outrage1 at ! banquet ( ! ,plume        
,society1 provid$ ! ge/ure is beautiful8
  ,tailhade is a decad5t1 :o1 because he
 is blas has ! c\rage ( 8 ,an>*i/       
op9ions4 ,9 fact ! ,an>*i/s combat      
democracy because democracy1 accord+ to 
!m1 is no?+ b ! tyranny ( ! majority z  
aga9/ ! m9ority4 ,! majority has no "r  
to impose its wi%es ^u ! m9ority4 ,b if 
?is is s1 9 ! "n ( :at moral pr9ciple d 
! ,an>*i/s revolt aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie8   
,because ! b\rgeoisie are n a m9ority8  
,or because !y d n d :at !y w to d8  ,d 

z ?\ w\ld'/1 proclaim ! ,an>*i/s4 ,!    
b\rgeoisie want to exploit ! prolet>iat1
 & d x rem>kably well4 ,!y ?us foll[ !  
,an>*i/ precept1 & ! companions are v   
wrong to compla9 ( _! conduct4 ,!y      
become altoge!r ridicul\s :5 !y combat !
 b\rgeoisie 9 ! "n ( _! victims4 ,:at   
matt]s ! dea? ( vague human             
be+s--cont9ues ! ,an>*i/ logician       
,tailhade--if !reby ! individual affirms
 himself8 ,"h we h ! true morality ( !  
,an>*i/s2 x is also t ( ! cr[n$ heads4  
,sic volo1 sic jubeo6#gh  ,?us1 9 ! "n (
 ! revolution1 ! ,an>*i/s s]ve ! cause (
 reaction2 9 ! "n ( morality !y approve 
! mo/ immoral acts2 9 ! "n ( individual 
lib]ty !y trample "u foot all ! rights (
 _! fell[s4  ,& ?is is :y ! :ole ,an>*i/
 doctr9e f\nd]s ^u its own logic4 ,if   
any maniac may1 because he wants to1    
kill z _m m5 z he likes1 society1       
compos$ ( an imm5se numb] ( individuals1
 may c]ta9ly br+ him to 8 s5ses1 n      
because x is its caprice1 b because x is
 its duty1 because su* is ! conditio s9e

 qu non ( its exi/5ce4  ,,footnotes3    
#fd ,9 _! dreams ( riots & ev5 ( !      
,revolution1 ! ,an>*i/s1 burn1 ) real   
passion & delight1 all title-de$s (     
prop]ty1 & all gov]nm5tal docum5ts4 ,x  
is ,kropotk9e especially :o attributes  
imm5se importance to ^! auto-da-fe4     
,really1 "o w\ld ?9k him a rebelli\s    
civil s]vant4  #fe ,republi%$ 9 !       
,peuple ( ,lyons1 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahic4  
#ff ,an>*i/ ,communism1 p4 #h4  #fg     
,kropotk9e's preface to ! ,russian      
edition ( ,bak\n9e's pamphlet ,la       
,commune de ,p>is et la notion de       
l',etat4 ,g5eva1 #ahib1 p4 #e4  #fh     
,ibid41 same page4  #fi ,j4 ,grave ,la  
,socit ,m\rante et ,l',an>*ie1 p4 #bec4 
#gj ,ibid41 p4 #bdi4  #ga ,ibid41 pp4   
#bej-bea4  #gb ,vorwrts1 ,janu>y #bc1   
#ahid4  #gc ,! companions 7 look+ =     
someone to advance funds1 b infam\s     
capital did n seem 9 a hurry to reply to
 _! appeal4 ,i urg$ on infam\s capital1 
& succe$$ 9 p]suad+ x t x 0 to its own  
int]e/ to facilitate ! publication ( an 

,an>*i/ pap]4444 ,b don't imag9e t ,i ) 
frank brutality (f]$ ! ,an>*i/s !       
enc\ragem5t ( ! ,prefect ( police4 ,i   
s5t a well-dress$ b\rgeois to "o ( ! mo/
 active & intellig5t ( !m4 ,he expla9$ t
 hav+ made a =tune 9 ! druggi/ l9e1 he  
want$ to devote a "p ( 8 income to      
advanc+ ! ,sociali/ propag&a4 ,?is      
b\rgeois1 anxi\s to be dev\r$1 inspir$ !
 companions ) no suspicion4 ,?r\gh 8 h&s
 ,i plac$ ! caution-money caution-money 
has to be deposit$ be=e />t+ a pap] 9   
,france 9 ! c(f]s ( ! ,/ate1 & ! j\rnal1
 ,la ,rvolution ,sociale1 made its      
appe>ance4 ,x 0 a weekly pap]1 my       
druggi/'s g5]osity n ext5d+ to ! exp5ses
 ( a daily4--,s\v5irs d'un ,prfet de    
,police4 ,memoirs ( a ,prefect (        
,police4 ,by ,j4 ,&rieux4 7,jules ,r\ff 
et ,cie1 ,p>is1 #ahhe47 ,vol4 ,i41 p4   
#ccg1 etc4  #gd ,9 pass+1 we may rem>k t
 x is 9 ! "n ( fre$om ( spee* t !       
,an>*i/s claim to be admitt$ to         
,sociali/ ,congresses4 ,yet ?is is !    
op9ion ( ! ,fr5* (ficial j\rnal ( !     

,an>*i/s ^u ^! ,congresses3--,! ,an>*i/s
 may congratulate !mselves t "s ( _!    
numb] att5d$ ! ,troyes ,congress4       
,absurd1 motiveless1 & s5seless z an    
,an>*i/ ,congress w\ld be1 j z logical  
is x to take advantage ( ,sociali/      
,congresses 9 ord] to develop our ideas 
!re4--,la ,rvolte1 #f-ab ,janu>y1 #ahhi4
 ,may n we also1 9 ! "n ( fre$om1 ask ! 
companions to leave u alone8  #ge ,see 9
 ! ,l',etudiant ,sociali/e ( ,brussels1 
,no4 #f 7#ahid7 ! republication ( !     
decl>ation made by ,elyse ,reclus1 to a 
correspond5t :o _h que/ion$ him ^u !    
,an>*i/ attempts4  #gf ,! ,tw5tie?      
,c5tury1 a weekly ,radical magaz9e1 ,new
 ,york1 ,septemb]1 #ahib1 p4 #ae4  #gg  
,see ,kropotk9e's ,an>*i/ ,communism1   
pp4 #cd-ce2 also 8 ,an>*ie dans         
l',evolution ,sociali/e1 pp4 #bd-be1 &  
_m passages 9 8 ,morale ,an>*i/e4  #gh  
,! pap]s h j ann\nc$ t ,tailhade 0 w\nd$
 by an explosion at ! ,re/aurant ,foyot4
 ,! telegram 7,la ,tribune de ,g5ve1 #e?
 ,april1 #ahid7 adds--,m4 ,tailhade is  

con/antly prote/+ aga9/ ! ,an>*i/ !ories
 he is cr$it$ )4 ,"o ( ! h\se surgeons1 
hav+ rem9d$ him ( 8 article & ! fam\s   
phrase quot$ above1 ,m4 ,tailhade rema9$
 sil5t1 & ask$ = *loral to alleviate 8  
pa94     ,,*apt] ,,ix--,,conclusion  ,,!
 ,,b\rgeoisie1 ,,an>*ism1 ,,&           
,,socialism   ,! fa!r ( ,an>*y1 !       
immortal ,pr\dhon1 bitt]ly mock$ at ^? p
 = :om ! revolution consi/$ ( acts (    
viol5ce1 ! ex*ange ( bl[s1 ! %$d+ (     
blood4 ,! desc5dants ( ! fa!r1 ! mod]n  
,an>*i/s1 und]/& by revolution only ?is 
brutally *ildi% me?od4 ,ev]y?+ t is n   
viol5ce is a betrayal ( ! cause1 a f\l  
compromise ) au?ority4#gi ,! sc>$       
b\rgeoisie does n "k :at to d aga9/ !m4 
,9 ! doma9 ( !ory !y are absolutely     
impot5t ) reg>d to ! ,an>*i/s1 :o are _!
 own enfants t]ribles4 ,! b\rgeoisie 0 !
 fir/ to propagate ! !ory ( laissez     
faire1 ( di%evell$ individualism4 ,_!   
mo/ em95t philosoph] ( to-day1 ,h]b]t   
,sp5c]1 is no?+ b a cons]vative ,an>*i/4
 ,! companions are active & zeal\s      

p]sons1 :o c>ry ! b\rgeois reason+ to   
its logical conclusion4  ,! magi/rates (
 ! ,fr5* b\rgeois ,republic h condemn$  
,grave to prison1 & 8 book1 ,la ,socit  
,m\rante et l',an>*ie to de/ruction4 ,! 
b\rgeois m5 ( lett]s decl>e ?is pu]ile  
book a pr(\nd "w1 & its au?or a man (   
r>e intellect4  ,& n only has !         
b\rgeoisie#hj no !oretical weapons ) :i*
 to combat ! ,an>*i/s2 !y see _! "y folk
 enam\r$ ( ! ,an>*i/ doctr9e4 ,9 ?is    
society1 satiat$ & rott5 to ! m>r[ ( its
 bones1 :]e all fai?s are long s9ce     
dead1 :]e all s9c]e op9ions appe>       
ridicul\s1 9 ?is monde o l'on s'ennui1  
:]e aft] hav+ exhau/$ all =ms ( enjoym5t
 !y no long] "k 9 :at new fancy1 9 :at  
fre% excess to seek novel s5sations1 !re
 are p :o l5d a will+ e> to ! song ( !  
,an>*i/ sir54 ,among/ ! ,p>is companions
 !re are already n a few m5 q comme il  
faut1 m5 ab\t t[n :o1 z ! ,fr5* writ]1  
,ra\l ,alli]1 says1 we> no?+ less ?an   
pat5t lea!r %oes1 & put a gre5 c>nation 
9 _! button-holes be=e !y g to meet+s4  

,decad5t writ]s & arti/s are conv]t$ to 
,an>*ism & propagate its !ories 9       
reviews l ! ,m]cure de ,france1 ,la     
,plume1 etc4 ,& ?is is compreh5sible    
en\gh4 ,"o might wond] inde$ if         
,an>*ism1 an ess5tially b\rgeois        
doctr9e1 _h n f\nd adepts among ! ,fr5* 
b\rgeoisie1 ! mo/ blase ( all           
b\rgeoisies4  ,by tak+ possession ( !   
,an>*i/ doctr9e1 ! decad5t1 f9-de-sicle 
writ]s re/ore to x its true "* (        
b\rgeois individualism4 ,if ,kropotk9e &
 ,reclus speak 9 ! "n ( ! work]1        
oppress$ by ! capitali/1 ,la ,plume & ! 
,m]cure de ,france speak 9 ! "n ( !     
individual :o is seek+ to %ake (f all ! 
trammels ( society 9 ord] t he may at   
la/ d freely :at he wants to4 ,?us      
,an>*ism comes back to its />t+-po9t4   
,/irn] said3 ,no?+ = me goes beyond     
myself4 ,laur5t ,tailhade says3 ,:at    
matt]s ! dea? ( vague human be+s1 if    
!reby ! individual affirms himself4  ,! 
b\rgeoisie no long] kn[s :]e to turn4 ,i
 :o h f\ght s mu* = ,positivism1 moans  

,emile ,zola1 well1 yes6 aft] ?irty ye>s
 ( ?is /ruggle1 ,i feel my convictions  
are %ak54 ,religi\s fai? w\ld h prev5t$ 
su* !ories f be+ propagat$2 b has x n   
almo/ disappe>$ to-day8 ,:o w give u a  
new ideal8  ,alas1 g5tlem51 !re is no   
ideal = walk+ corpses su* z y6 ,y w try 
ev]y?+4 ,y w become ,buddhi/s1 ,druids1 
,srs1 ,*aldeans1 ,occulti/s1 ,magi1     
,!osophi/s1 or ,an>*i/s1 :i*ev] y       
pref]--& yet y w rema9 :at y are        
n[--be+s )\t fai? or pr9ciple1 bags1    
empti$ by hi/ory4 ,! ideal ( ! b\rgeois 
has liv$4  ,= ourselves1                
,social-,democrats1 we h no?+ to fe> f !
 ,an>*i/ propag&a4 ,! *ild ( !          
b\rgeoisie1 ,an>*ism1 w nev] h any s]i\s
 influ5ce ^u ! prolet>iat4 ,if among !  
,an>*i/s !re are workm5 :o s9c]ely      
desire ! good ( _! class1 & :o sacrifice
 !mselves to :at !y believe to be ! good
 cause1 x is only ?anks to a misund]/&+ 
t !y f9d !mselves 9 ?is camp4 ,!y only  
"k ! /ruggle = ! emancipation ( !       
prolet>iat "u ! =m :i* ! ,an>*i/s are   

try+ to give x4 ,:5 m enlight5$ !y w    
come to u4  ,"h is an example to prove  
?is4 ,dur+ ! trial ( ! ,an>*i/s at      
,lyons 9 #ahhc1 ! work+ man ,desgranges 
relat$ h[ he _h become an ,an>*i/1 he :o
 _h =m]ly tak5 "p 9 ! political movem5t1
 & _h ev5 be5 elect$ a municipal        
c\ncillor at ,villefran*e 9 ,novemb]1   
#ahgi4 ,9 #ahha1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1  
:5 ! dy]s' /rike broke out at           
,villefran*e1 ,i 0 elect$ secret>y ( !  
/rike committee1 & x 0 dur+ ?is         
memorable ev5t 444 t ,i became conv9c$ (
 ! necessity ( suppress+ au?ority1 =    
au?ority spells despotism4 ,dur+ ?is    
/rike1 :5 ! employ]s refus$ to discuss !
 matt] ) ! work]s1 :at did ! prefectural
 & communal adm9i/rations d to settle ! 
dispute8 ,fifty g5d>mes1 ) sword 9 h&1 7
 told (f to settle ! "q4 ,t is :at is   
call$ ! pacific means employ$ by        
,gov]nm5ts4 ,x 0 !n1 at ! end ( ?is     
/rike1 t "s work+ m51 myself among !    
numb]1 und]/ood ! necessity ( s]i\sly   
/udy+ economic que/ions1 &1 9 ord] to d 

s1 we agre$ to meet 9 ! ev5+ to /udy    
toge!r4#ha ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t
 ?is gr\p became ,an>*i/4  ,t is h[ !   
trick is done4 ,a work+ man1 active &   
intellig5t1 supports ! programme ( "o or
 ! o!r b\rgeois p>ty4 ,! b\rgeois talk  
ab\t ! well-be+ ( ! p1 ! work]s1 b      
betray !m on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,!     
work+ man :o has believ$ 9 ! s9c]ity (  
^! p]sons is indignant1 wants to sep>ate
 f !m1 & decides to /udy s]i\sly        
economic que/ions4 ,an ,an>*i/ comes    
along1 & rem9d+ him ( ! trea*]y ( !     
b\rgeois1 & ! sabres ( ! g5d>mes1       
assures him t ! political /ruggle is    
no?+ b b\rgeois nons5se1 & t 9 ord] to  
emancipate ! work]s political action mu/
 be giv5 up1 mak+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate
 ! f9al aim4 ,! work+ man :o 0 only     
beg9n+ to /udy ! situation ?9ks !       
companion is "r1 & s he becomes a       
conv9c$ & devot$ ,an>*i/6 ,:at w\ld     
happ51 if pursu+ 8 /udies ( ! social "q 
fur!r1 he _h und]/ood t ! companion 0 a 
pret5ti\s ignoramus1 t he talk$ twaddle1

 t 8 ,ideal is a delusion & a sn>e1 t   
outside b\rgeois politics !re is1 oppos$
 to ^!1 ! political action ( !          
prolet>iat1 :i* w put an end to ! v     
exi/5ce ( capitali/ society8 ,he w\ld h 
become a ,social-,democrat4  ,?us ! m   
widely our ideas become kn[n among !    
work+ classes1 & !y are ?us becom+ m & m
 widely kn[n1 ! less w prolet>ians be   
incl9$ to foll[ ! ,an>*i/4 ,an>*ism1 ) !
 exception ( its le>n$ h\sebreak]s1 w m 
& m trans=m itself into a k9d ( b\rgeois
 sport1 = ! purpose ( provid+ s5sations 
= individuals :o h indulg$ too freely 9 
! pleasures ( ! _w1 ! fle% & ! devil4   
,& :5 ! prolet>iat are ma/]s ( !        
situation1 !y w only ne$ to look at !   
companions1 & ev5 ! f9e/ ( !m w be      
sil5c$2 !y w only h to brea! to disp]se 
all ! ,an>*i/ du/ to ! w9ds ( heav54    
,,footnotes3  #gi ,x is true t m5 l     
,reclus d n always approve ( su* notions
 ( ! revolution4 ,b aga9 we ask1 :at is 
left ( ! ,an>*i/ :5 once he rejects !   
propag&a ( de$8 ,a s5tim5tal1 vision>y  

b\rgeois--no?+ m4  #hj ,9 ord] to obta9 
"s idea ( ! weakness ( ! b\rgeois !ori/s
 & politicians 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ !     
,an>*i/s1 x suffices to read ! articles 
( ,c4 ,lombroso & ,a4 ,br>d 9 ! ,revue  
des ,revues1 #ae? ,febru>y1 #ahid1 or ! 
article ( ,j4 ,b\rdeau 9 ! ,revue de    
,p>is1 #ae? ,m>*1 #ahid4 ,! latt] c only
 appeal to human nature :i*1 he ?9ks1 w 
n be *ang$ ?r\gh ! pamphlets (          
,kropotk9e & ! bombs ( ,rava*ol4  #ha   
,see report ( ! ,an>*i/ trial be=e !    
,correctional ,police & ! ,c\rt (       
,appeal ( ,lyons2 ,lyons1 #ahhc1 pp4    
#ij-ia4