,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce ,by ,h5ry ,smi? ,williams ,assi/$ ,by ,edw>d ,h4 ,williams ,9 ,five ,volumes ,,volume ,v4 ,aspects ,( ,rec5t ,sci5ce ,new ,york ,& ,london ,h>p] ,& ,bro!rs ,copyright1 #aijd1 by ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aijd4 ,,cont5ts ,,book ,v ,,*apt] ,i--,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,! f\nd+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #d--,pur*ase ( ,sir ,hans ,sloane's collection ( curios by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 p4 #d--;,collection ( curios & libr>y locat$ 9 ,montague ,mansion1 p4 #e--;,acquisition ( ! collection ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 p4 #e--;,capture ( ,egyptian antiquities by ! ,engli%1 p4 #e--;,con/ruction ( ! pres5t museum build+1 p4 #f--,! ,mesopotamian dep>tm5t1 p4 #h--,! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 p4 #h--,novel features 9 ! /ructure ( ! build+1 p4 #i--;,arrangem5t ( specim5s to illu/rate evolution1 protective color+1 etc41 p4-- --,exhibits ( /uff$ specim5s amid _! natural surr\nd+s1 p4 #aj--;,int]e/ tak5 by visitors 9 ! in/itution1 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,ii--,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,op ,,london ,,= ,,improv+ ,,natural ,,k ,! ,royal ,society1 p4 #ad--,weekly meet+s ( ! society1 p4 #ae--,! tea be=e ! op5+ ( ! lecture1 p4 #ae--;,ann\ncem5t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! lecture by br++ 9 ! great mace1 p4 #af--,! lecture-room itself1 p4 #ag--;,comp>ison ( ! ,royal ,society & ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l91 p4 #ah--,! libr>y & read+-room1 p4 #ai--,! bu/s ( di/+ui%$ memb]s1 p4 #bj--,newton's telescope & ,boyle's air-pump1 p4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,iii--,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,& ,,l[-,,temp]ature ,,rese>*es ,! f\nd+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 p4 #bi--;,c\nt ,rum=d1 p4 #cj--;,8 plans = f\nd+ ! ,royal ,in/itution1 p4 #cb--;,*ange 9 ! _s ( ! ent]prise aft] ,rum=d's dea?1 p4 #cc--;,attitude ( ! e>li] work]s t[>ds ! "q ( heat z a =m ( motion1 p4 #cd--;,exp]im5ts ^u gases by ,davy & ,f>aday1 p4 #ce--;,f>aday's exp]im5ts ) l[ temp]atures1 p4 #ci--,o!r exp]im5ts to produce l[] temp]ature1 p4 #ci--,pr(essor ,de-w> beg9s l[-temp]ature rese>*1 p4 #ci--;,8 liquefaction ( hydrog51 p4 #dc--;,hampson's me?od ( produc+ l[ temp]atures1 p4 #dd--;,dew>'s inv5tion ( ! vacuum vessel1 p4 #ec--;,its use 9 reta9+ liquefi$ gases1 p4 #ed--;,*anges 9 physical prop]ties ( sub/ances at excessively l[ temp]atures1 p4 #ef--,magnetic ph5om5a at l[ temp]atures1 p4 #ef--;,*anges 9 ! color ( sub/ances at l[ temp]atures1 p4 #eg--,sub/ances made lum9\s by l[ temp]atures1 p4 #eh--;,effect ( l[ temp]atures ^u ! /r5g? ( mat]ials1 p4 #ei--;,decrease ( *emical activity at l[ temp]atures1 p4 #fj--,olzewski's exp]im5ts ) burn+ sub/ances 9 liquid oxyg51 p4 #fa--;,approa* to ! absolute z]o made by liquefy+ hydrog51 p4 #fi--,probable =m ( all matt] at ! absolute z]o1 p4 #gj--,unc]ta9 factors t ent] into ?is det]m9ation1 p4 #ga4 ,,*apt] ,,iv--,,"s ,,physical ,,laboratories ,,& ,,physical ,,problems ,sir ,norman ,locky] & ,spectroscopic ,/udies ( ! ,sun & ,/>s1 p4 #gc--,obs]vations made at ,s\? ,k5s+ton by ,sir ,norman & 8 /aff1 p4 #gd--;,8 !ories z to ! influ5ce ( sun-spots & t]re/rial wea!r1 p4 #ge--,spectroscopic /udies ( sun-spots1 p4 #gf--,/udies ( ! s-call$ rev]se l9es ( ! spectrum1 p4 #gh--;,discov]y ( ! new /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus1 p4 #hj--,spectroscopic /udies ( ! new />1 p4 #ha--,pr(essor ,ramsay & ! new gases1 p4 #hb--,univ]sity ,college 9 ,london1 p4 #hc--,pr(essor ,ramsay's laboratory & its equipm5t1 p4 #hd--,! discov]y ( argon1 p4 #hf--,pr(essor ,ramsay's "w on krypton1 neon1 & z5on1 p4 #hg--;,discov]ies ( new con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 p4 #hh--;,int]e/+ que/ions rais$ by ^! discov]ies1 p4 #hi--,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson & ! nature ( electricity1 p4 #ib--,/udy ( gases 9 relation to ! conduction ( electricity1 p4 #ic--;,electricity reg>d$ z a =m ( matt]1 p4 #ig--,radio-activity1 p4 #ig--,! nature ( emanations f radio-active bodies1 p4 #aj;a--,! s\rce ( en]gy ( radioactivity1 p4 #ajf--,radio-activity & ! /ructure ( ! atom1 p4 #ajh--;,effect ( radio-activity ^u heat-giv+ life ( ! sun & ! e>?1 p4 #aaa4 ,,*apt] ,v--,,! ,,m>9e ,,biological ,,laboratory ,! aqu>ium1 p4 #aac--,! arrangem5t ( ! tanks & exhibits1 p4 #aad--,! subm>9e effect ( ?is arrangem5t1 p4 #aae--;,appe>ance ( ! subm>9e dwell]s 9 _! natural surr\nd+s1 p4 #aaf--,! eels & cuttle-fi%es1 p4 #aaf--,! octopuses1 p4 #aag--,! te*nical dep>tm5t ( ! laboratory1 p4 #aai--,! "w ( ,dr4 ,anton ,dohrn1 f\nd] ( ! laboratory1 p4 #aba--,! associates ( ,dr4 ,dohrn1 p4 #abb--,! collect+ ( surface specim5s1 p4 #abc--;,collect+ specim5s by dr$g+1 p4 #abd--;,fauna ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 p4 #abd--;,abundance ( ! mat]ial = biological /udy1 p4 #abe--;,advantages (f]$ by m>9e specim5s = biological /udy1 p4 #abf--,me?od ( pres]v+ jelly-fi% & simil> fragile creatures1 p4 #abg--,uses made ( ! specim5s 9 sci5tific /udy1 p4 #abh--;,diff]5t nationalities repres5t$ among ! work]s at ! laboratory1 p4 #acj--,me?ods ( inve/igation1 p4 #aca--;,dr4 ,dies*'s /udies ( h]$ity at ! laboratory1 p4 #aca--,o!r subjects "u sci5tific inve/igation1 p4 #acb--,! /udy ( *romosomes1 p4 #acc--,pr(essor ,weismann's !ory ( h]$ity bas$ on ^! /udies1 p4 #cc--;,exp]im5ts 9 ! division ( egg-cells1 p4 #acd--;,exp]im5ts t5d+ to refute ,weismann's !ory1 p4 #acf--;,dr4 ,dohrn99s !ory ( ! type ( ! inv]tebrate ance/or1 p4 #acg--,publications ( ! laboratory1 p4 #aci--,meet+s ( ! inve/igators at ,signor ,bifulco's1 p4 #ada--,m>9e laboratories ( o!r c\ntries1 p4 #adb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi--,,ern/ ,,haeckel ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,zoology ,! dream city ( ,j5a1 p4 #ade--,! old m>ket-place1 p4 #adg--,! old lecture-halls ( ! univ]sity1 p4 #adh--;,ern/ ,haeckel1 p4 #aea--;,8 discov]ies ( num]\s species ( radiol>ians1 p4 #aec--,! "p play$ 9 evolution by radiol>ians1 p4 #aef--;,haeckel's "w on morphology1 & its aid to ,d>w9ian philosophy1 p4 #aef--;,fre$om ( ?\ght & expression 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 p4 #aeg--;,haeckel's laboratory1 p4 #afj--;,8 me?od ( work+1 p4 #afa--;,8 me?ods ( tea*+1 p4 #afd--,! import ( ! /udy ( zoology1 p4 #aff--;,its be>+ ^u evolution1 p4 #afh--,! pres5t /atus ( ,haeckel's g5ealogical tree reg>d+ ! ance/ry ( man1 p4 #aga--;,dubois's discov]y ( ! skull ( ! ape-man ( ,java1 p4 #agc--;,its close resemblance to ! skull ( ! ape1 p4 #agc--,man's l9e ( desc5t cle>ly trac$ by ,haeckel1 p4 #age--,! miss+ l9k no long] miss+1 p4 #agf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii--,,"s ,,m$ical ,,laboratories ,,& ,,m$ical ,,problems ,! ,b\lev>d ,pa/eur1 p4 #agi--,! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 p4 #ahj--,! tomb ( ,pa/eur )9 ! walls1 p4 #aha--;,aims & objects ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 p4 #ahb--;,antirabic treatm5t giv51 p4 #ahc--,me?ods ( tea*+ 9 ! in/itute1 p4 #ahe--,! director ( ! in/itute & 8 associates1 p4 #ahe--,! ,vir*[ ,in/itute ( ,pa?ology1 p4 #ahf--,/udies ( ! causes ( diseases1 p4 #ahg--,organic action & /udies ( cellul> activities1 p4 #ahh--,! discov]ies ( ,rudolph ,vir*[1 p4 #ahh--;,8 "w 9 pa?ology1 p4 #ahi--;,"* ( ! man1 8 ways ( liv+ & work+1 p4 #ahi--;,8 me?ods ( lectur+ & tea*+1 p4 #aia--,! ,b]l9 ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e1 p4 #aic--,"w ( ,pr(essor ,ko* z c>ri$ on 9 ! in/itute1 p4 #aid--,"w ( 8 successors 9 ! in/itute1 p4 #aie--;,inve/igations 9 hygi5e1 p4 #aif--;,inve/igations ( ! functions ( ! human body 9 _! relations to ev]yday environm5t1 p4 #aig--,! ,museum ( ,hygi5e1 p4 #aih--,/udies 9 me?ods ( con/ruct+ sew]age sy/ems 9 l>ge cities1 p4 #aii--,/udies 9 problems ( v5tilation1 p4 #bjj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii--,,"s ,,unsolv$ ,,sci5tific ,,problems ,! ev]-%ift+ gr\nd ( sci5tific progress1 p4 #bjc--,sol> & telluric problems1 p4 #bje--,may]'s explanation ( ! cont9u$ heat ( ! sun1 p4 #bjf--;,helmholtz's sugge/ion z to ! explanation1 p4 #bjg--,! e/imate ( ! heat-giv+ life ( ! sun by ,"l ,kelv9 & ,pr(essor ,tait1 p4 #bjh--,locky]'s sugge/ion t ! *emical comb9ation ( elem5ts might acc\nt = ! sun's heat1 p4 #bji--;,computations z to ! age ( ! e>?'s cru/1 p4 #baj--,"l ,kelv9's computation ( ! rigidity ( ! telluric /ructure1 p4 #baa--;,e/imates ( ! future life ( ! e>?1 p4 #bab--,physical problems1 p4 #bac--;,attempts to expla9 ! p[] ( gravitation1 p4 #bad--,! !ory ( ,le ,sage1 p4 #bad--,speculations bas$ ^u ! hypo!sis ( ! vortex atom1 p4 #baf--,"l ,kelv9's e/imate ( ! vortex !ory1 p4 #bag--;,attempt$ explanation ( ! aff9ity ( atoms1 p4 #bag--,solubility1 z expla9$ by ,o/wald & ,m5deleef1 p4 #bah--,pr(essor ,van 't ,ho('s /udies ( ! space relations ( atoms1 p4 #bai--,life problems1 p4 #bbj--,"q z to liv+ =ms on o!r worlds besides our own1 p4 #ba x--,! "q ( ! spontane\s g5]ation ( liv+ protoplasm1 p4 #bbb--,! "q ( ! evolution f non-vital to vital matt]1 p4 #bbc--,! possibility ( produc+ organic matt] f inorganic 9 ! laboratory1 p4 #bbd--,que/ions z to ! /ructure ( ! cell1 p4 #bbe--,van ,b5$5's discov]y ( ! c5trosome1 p4 #bbf--,"s problems ( an?ropology1 p4 #bbg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix--,,retrospect ,,& ,,prospect ,! sci5tific attitude ( m9d1 p4 #b #cj--,natural v]sus sup]natural1 p4 #bcc--;,inductive v]sus d$uctive reason+1 p4 #bce--,logical induction v]sus ha/y g5]alization1 p4 #bci--,! future ( ,d>w9ism1 p4 #bda4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,s\rces ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce--,,book ,v ,,aspects ,,( ,,rec5t ,,sci5ce ,,/ud5ts ( ! classics w recall t ! old ,roman hi/orians 7 accu/om$ to detail ! ev5ts ( ! remote pa/ 9 :at !y 7 pleas$ to call annals1 & to elaborate contempor>y ev5ts into s-call$ hi/ories4 ,actuat$ p]haps by ! same motives1 ?\gh ) no consci\s ?\ght ( imitation1 ,i h be5 l$ to conclude ?is hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( natural sci5ce ) a few *apt]s some:at diff]5t 9 scope & 9 mann] f ! ones t h gone be=e4 ,^! *apt]s h to d l>gely ) rec5t conditions4 ,n[ & aga91 to be sure1 !y h>k back into ! pa/1 z :5 !y tell ( ! orig9 ( su* in/itutions z ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,royal ,society1 & ! ,royal ,in/itution2 or :5 ! visitor 9 mod]n ,j5a imag9es himself transplant$ into ! ,j5a ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ^! rem9isc5t moods are exceptional4 ,our *ief conc]n is ) /rictly contempor>y ev5ts--) ! de$s & p]sonalities ( sci5tific inve/igators :o are /ill 9 ! full ex]cise ( _! v>i$ p[]s4 ,i _h ?\ght t su* outl9es ( ! me?ods ( contempor>y work]s1 su* glimpses ( ! p]sonalities ( liv+ celebrities1 might =m a fitt+ conclusion to ?is record ( progress4 ,!re is a /imulus 9 contact ) great m5 at fir/ h& t is sc>cely to be ga9$ 9 l degree 9 any o!r way4 ,s ,i h ?\ght t ^? :o h n be5 privileg$ to visit ! great tea*]s 9 p]son might l to meet "s ( !m at second h&4 ,i c only hope t some?+ ( ! en?usiasm :i* ,i h ga9$ f contact ) ^! m5 may make itself felt 9 ! succe$+ pages4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! /udies ( contempor>y work]s are supplem5t$ ) a *apt] 9 :i* a hurri$ review is tak5 ( ! field ( cosmical1 ( physical1 & ( biological sci5ce1 ) ref]5ce to a few ( ! problems t are /ill unsolv$4 ,z we h not$ ! cle>+ up ( my/]y aft] my/]y 9 ! pa/1 x may be wor? our :ile 9 conclusion ?us to consid] ! hordes ( my/]ies :i* ! inve/igators ( our own age are pass+ on to _! successors4 ,= ! unsolv$ problems ( to-day beckon to ! allur+ fields ( to-morr[4 ,i4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,,9 ! ye> #agec a rem>kable lott]y draw+ took place 9 ,london4 ,x 0 au?oriz$1 ?r\gh ,p>liam5t1 by 8 graci\s ,maje/y ,k+ ,george ! ,second4 ,su* notables z ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ! "l *ancellor ( ! realm took (ficial int]e/ 9 its success4 ,x 0 adv]tis$ f> & wide--z adv]tis+ w5t 9 ^? days--9 ! ,gazette1 & x f\nd a ho/ ( subscrib]s4 ,( ! fifty ?\s& tickets--ea* co/+ ?ree p\nds--m ?an f\r ?\s& 7 to be ( ! class :i* ! act ( ,p>liam5t naively describes z =tunate tickets4 ,! prizes aggregat$ a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,to be sure1 /ate lott]ies 7 no unique feature 9 ! ,engl& ( t day4 ,!y =m$ z common a me?od ( rais+ rev5ue 9 ! isl& realm ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 z !y /ill d 9 ! alleg$ cont95tal portion ( 8 realm1 ,france1 & 9 ! l& ( 8 nativity1 ,g]many4 ,inde$1 ! p>ticul> lott]y 9 "q 0 to be (fic]$ by ! /&+ committee on lott]ies1 ^: (ficial bus9ess 0 to secure two & a half million p\nds = 8 ,maje/y by ?is means4 ,b ! great lott]y ( #aged _h int]e/ f> beyond ! common run1 = x aim$ to meet a national ne$ ( an anomal\s k9d--a purely intellectual ne$4 ,! money :i* x 0 expect$ to br+ 0 to be us$ to pur*ase "s collections ( curiosities & ( books t _h be5 (f]$ ! gov]nm5t1 & to provide = _! future c>e & disposal z a public tru/ = ! b5efit & use ( ! p4 ,! lott]y br\ght ! desir$ money z a matt] ( c\rse1 = ! fool's tax is ! "o =m ( rev5ue t is paid )\t /9t & )\t grumbl+4 ,almo/ fifty ?\s& p\nds rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & 8 fell[-tru/ees aft] ! prizes 7 paid4 ,& ) ?is sum ! in/itution 0 f\nd$ :i* has be5 increas+ly fam\s ev] s9ce z ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! idea :i* _h ?is spl5did result _h orig9at$ ) ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 b>onet1 a highly respect$ practis+ physician ( ,*elsea1 :o _h accumulat$ a great /ore ( curios1 & :o desir$ to see ! collection kept intact & made useful to ! public aft] 8 dea?4 ,dy+ 9 #agec1 ?is g5tleman _h direct$ 9 8 w t ! collection %\ld be (f]$ to ! gov]nm5t = ! sum ( tw5ty ?\s& p\nds2 x _h co/ him fifty ?\s& p\nds4 ,! gov]nm5t promptly accept$ ! (f]--z :y %\ld x n1 s9ce x _h at h& s easy a means ( rais+ ! necess>y money8 ,x 0 det]m9$ to supplem5t ! collection ) a libr>y ( r>e books1 = :i* t5 ?\s& p\nds 0 to be paid to ! ,"r ,honorable ,h5rietta ,cav5di% ,holies1 ,c\ntess ( ,ox=d & ,c\ntess ,mortim]1 ,relict ( ,edw>d1 ,e>l ( ,ox=d & ,e>l ,mortim]1 & ! ,mo/ ,noble ,m>g>et ,cav5di%1 ,du*ess ( ,portl&1 _! only daught]4 ,! pur*ases 7 made & jo9$ ) ! ,cottonian libr>y1 :i* 0 already 9 h&4 ,a home 0 f\nd = ! jo9t collection1 along ) "s m9or ones1 9 ,montague ,mansion1 on ,great ,russell ,/reet1 & ! ,briti% ,museum came into be+4 ,view$ retrospectively1 x seems a small affair2 b x 0 a noble collection = its day2 inde$1 ! ,sloane collection ( birds & mammals _h be5 ! f9e/ private natural hi/ory collection 9 exi/5ce4 ,b1 oddly en\gh1 ! weak feature ( ! museum at fir/ 0 exactly t feature :i* has be5 its /ronge/ elem5t 9 m rec5t ye>s--namely1 ! dep>tm5t ( antiquities4 ,?is dep>tm5t 0 augm5t$ f "t to "t1 notably by ! acquisition ( ! treasures ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 #aggc2 b x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! w9dfall came :i* laid ! f\ndation = ! future incomp>able greatness ( ! museum z a repository ( ar*aeological treasures4 ,9 t memorable ye> ! ,briti% defeat$ ! ,fr5* at ,alex&ria1 & receiv$ z a "p ( ! conqu]or's spoils a collection ( ,egyptian antiquities :i* ! savants ( ,napoleon's exp$ition _h ga!r$ & c>efully pack$1 & ev5 %ipp$ prep>atory to s5d+ !m to ! ,l\vre4 ,! feel+s ( ^! savants may readily be imag9$ :51 ?r\gh ?is sad prank ( w>1 _! invaluable treasures 7 envoy$1 n to _! belov$ ,france1 b to ! l& ( _! de>e/ enemies1 !re to be turn$ ov] to ! tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! museum au?orities 7 n sl[ to appreciate ! value ( ! treasures t _h ?us fall5 into _! h&s1 yet = ! mom5t x prov$ to !m some?+ ( a :ite elephant4 ,montague ,mansion 0 already cr[d$2 moreov]1 its floors _h nev] be5 int5d$ to hold su* heavy objects1 s x became imp]atively necess>y to provide new qu>t]s = ! collection4 ,?is 0 done 9 #ahjg by ! erection ( a new build+ on ! old site4 ,b ! tru/ees ( t day fail$ to gauge prop]ly ! new impulse to gr[? t _h come to ! museum ) ! ,egyptian antiquities1 = ! new build+ 0 nei!r 9 itself suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! imm$iate future nor yet s plann$ z to be susceptible ( enl>gem5t ) reasonable ar*itectural effect4 ,! mi/akes 7 soon app>5t1 b1 despite v>i\s t5tatives & m$itat+s1 f\rte5 ye>s elaps$ be=e ! pres5t magnific5t build+ 0 plann$4 ,! con/ruction1 w+ by w+1 began 9 #ahbc1 b x 0 n until #ahdf t ! la/ ve/ige ( ! old museum build+s _h vani%$1 & 9 _! place1 spread+ cle> across ! spaci\s site1 /ood a /ructure really wor?y ( ! spl5did collection = :i* x 0 design$4 ,b no "o :o sees ?is build+ to-day w\ld suspect its relative y\?4 ,half a c5tury ( ,london air c rival a cycle ( ,greece or ,italy 9 wea!r+ effect1 & ! f9e build+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum fr[ns out at ! behold] to-day z grimy & anci5t-seem+ z if its massive columns dat$ 9 fact f ! old ,grecian days :i* !y recall4 ,reg>dless ( age1 h[ev]1 x is "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ massive specim5s ( ,ionic ar*itecture 9 exi/5ce4 ,=ty-f\r massive columns1 9 d\ble ti]s1 =m its frontal colonnade1 jutt+ =w>d 9 a w+ at ei!r end4 ,! flight ( /eps lead+ to ! c5tral entrance is 9 itself "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 ext5t2 ! front z a :ole cov]s ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty feet4 ,capp+ ! portico is a sculptur$ tympanum by ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/macott1 repres5t+ ! ,progress ( ,civilization n unwor?ily4 ,z a :ole1 ! build+ is "o ( ! few 9 ,london t are wor? visit+ = an inspection ( _! ext]ior alone4 ,x seems admirably design$ to be1 z x is1 ! repository ( "o ( ! f9e/ collections ( ,ori5tal & classical antiquities 9 ! _w4 ,!re is an air ( repose ab\t ! ensemble t is 9 itself sugge/ive ( ! ,ori5t2 & ! illusion is help$ out by ! pigeons t flock ev]y:]e undi/urb$ ab\t ! approa*es to ! build+1 flutt]+ to be f$ f ! h& ( "s recogniz$ fri5d1 & sc>cely evad+ ! feet ( ! casual wayf>]4 ,) ?is sc5e be=e him1 if "o w close 8 e>s to ! hum ( ! great city at 8 back he c readily imag9e himself on classical soil1 &1 dream+ ( ,greece & ,italy1 he w ent] ! door q prep>$ to f9d himself 9 ! mid/ ( antique m>bles & ! atmosph]e ( by-gone ages4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,museum came j at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 ) ! acquisition ( ! ,egyptian antiquities4 ,) ?is ! in/itution ?rew (f its swaddl+-clo!s4 ,hi!rto x _h be5 l>gely a museum ( natural hi/ory2 9 future1 )\t neglect+ ?is dep>tm5t1 x 0 to become equally important z a museum ( ar*aeology4 ,! ,elg9 m>bles1 includ+ ! wond]ful ,p>!non frieze1 confirm$ ?is "*1 & x 0 giv5 ! f9al t\* by ! reception1 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ( ! magnific5t ,assyrian collection j exhum$ at ! seat ( old ,n9eveh by ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,h5ry7 ,lay>d4 ,s9ce !n ^! collections1 ) additions ( simil> "*1 h =m$ by f> ! mo/ important feature ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,b 9 ! mean "t ar*aeology has become a sci5ce4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! natural hi/ory collection has be5 remov$ 9 toto f ! old build+ to a new site f> out 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & ! casual visitor is likely to ?9k ( x z a sep>ate in/itution4 ,! build+ :i* x occupies is v mod]n 9 appe>ance z 9 fact4 ,x is a l>ge & unque/ionably /rik+ /ructure1 & "o t gives opportunity = v radical diff]5ce ( op9ion z to its ar*itectural beauty4 ,by "s x is mu* admir$2 by o!rs x is almo/ equally sc(f$ at4 ,c]ta9 x is t x w h>dly be> comp>ison ) ! p>5t build+ 9 ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,int]iorly1 ! build+ ( ! natural hi/ory museum is admirably adapt$ = its purpose4 ,its gall]ies are = ! mo/ "p well light$1 & ! ma9 c5tral hall is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = an exhibition ( specim5s1 to :i* ,i %all ref] m at l5g? 9 a mom5t4 ,= ! re/ !re is no /rik+ dep>ture f ! conv5tional4 ,p]haps x is n desir$ t !re %\ld be1 s9ce long exp]i5ce seems to h settl$ fairly well ! problem ( greate/ economy ( space1 comb9$ ) be/ light+ facilities1 :i* always confronts ! ar*itect 9 f\nd+ a natural hi/ory museum4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o /rik+ novel feature 9 connection ) ! /ructure ( ! natural hi/ory museum at ,k5s+ton :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,?is is ! q unprec$5t$ use ( t]ra-cotta ornam5tation4 ,)\t !re is a /rik+ display ( half-decorative & half-reali/ic =ms2 :ile )9 ! walls & pill>s ev]y:]e are cov]$ ) t]racotta bas-reliefs repres5t+ ! v>i\s =ms ( life appropriate to ! p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( ! museum :i* !y ornam5t4 ,?is v excell5t feature might well be copi$ else:]e1 & d\btless w be f "t to "t4 ,z to ! exhibits prop] )9 ! museum1 x may be /at$ 9 a ^w t !y cov] ! entire range ( ! faunas & floras ( ! globe 9 a v>iety & abundance ( specim5s t are h>dly excell$ any:]e1 & only duplicat$ by "o or two o!r collections 9 ,europe & two or ?ree 9 ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld be b a reit]ation ( :at ! catalogues ( all l>ge collections exhibit 7 "o to enum]ate ! v>i\s =ms "h %[n1 b !re are two or ?ree exhibits 9 ?is museum :i* are m novel & :i* des]ve special m5tion4 ,"o ( ^! is to be f\nd 9 a set ( cases 9 ! ma9 c5tral hall4 ,"h are exhibit$1 9 a delightfully popul> =m1 "s ( ! lessons t ! evolutioni/ has taught u dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury4 ,appropriately en\gh1 a f9e m>ble /atue ( ,d>w91 ^: "w is ! f\nta9-head ( all ^! lessons1 is plac$ on ! /airway j beyond1 z if to view ) approval ?is beautiful exemplification ( 8 "w4 ,"o ( ^! cases illu/rates ! v>iations ( animals "u dome/ication1 ! p>ticul> specim5s select$ be+ *iefly ! famili> pigeon1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 & ! jungle-f[l ) its multi=m dome/icat$ desc5dants4 ,ano!r case illu/rates v /rik+ly ! subject ( protective coloration ( animals4 ,two companion cases are %[n1 ea* occupi$ by specim5s ( ! same species ( birds & animals--9 "o case 9 _! summ] plumage & pelage & 9 ! o!r clad 9 ! g>b ( w9t]4 ,! surr\nd+s 9 ! case h1 ( c\rse1 be5 c>efully prep>$ to repres5t ! true environm5ts ( ! creatures at ! appropriate seasons4 ,! p>ticul> birds & animals exhibit$ are ! will[-gr\se1 ! weasel1 & a l>ge species ( h>e4 ,all ( ^!1 9 _! summ] g>b1 h a br[n color1 :i* h>monizes m>vell\sly ) _! surr\nd+s1 :ile 9 w9t] !y are pure :ite1 to mat* ! sn[ t = "s mon?s cov]s ! gr\nd 9 _! habitat4 ,! o!r cases ( ?is int]e/+ exhibit %[ a l>ge v>iety ( birds & animals "u conditions ( some:at abnormal v>iation1 9 ! "o case ( alb9ism & ! o!r ( melanism4 ,^! cases are1 = ! casual visitor1 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( all1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !y tea* no su* compreh5sive lessons z ! o!r exhibits j ref]r$ to4 ,! second ( ! novel exhibits ( ! museum to :i* ,i wi% to ref] is to be f\nd 9 a s]ies ( alcoves close beside ! c5tral cases 9 ! ma9 hallway4 ,ea* ( ^! alcoves is devot$ to a class ( animals--"o to mammals1 "o to birds1 "o to fi%es1 & s on4 ,9 ea* case v beautiful sets ( specim5s h be5 prep>$1 illu/rat+ ! anatomy & physiology ( ! gr\p ( animals 9 "q4 ,"h "o may see1 = example1 9 ! alcove devot$ to birds1 specim5s %[+ n only details ( ! skeleton & muscul> sy/em1 b ! m /rik+ examples ( v>iation ( =m ( su* memb]s z ! bill1 legs1 w+s1 & tails4 ,"h are prep>ations also illu/rat+1 v /rik+ly1 ! vocal app>atus ( birds4 ,"h1 aga91 are f9ely prep>$ w+s1 9 :i* ! v>i\s sets ( fea!rs h be5 outl9$ ) diff]5t-color$ pigm5ts1 s t ! /ud5t c "n !m at a glance4 ,9 fact1 e ess5tial feature ( ! anatomy ( ! bird may be /udi$ "h z 9 no o!r collection t ,i "k (4 ,& ! same is true ( ea* ( ! o!r gr& divisions ( ! animal k+dom4 ,?is exhibit alone gives an opportunity = ! /ud5t ( natural hi/ory t is invaluable4 ,x is q cle> to any "o :o has se5 x t e natural hi/ory museum mu/ prep>e a simil> educational exhibit be=e x c claim to d full ju/ice to its patrons4 ,a ?ird feature t _c be ov]look$ is %[n 9 ! num]\s cases ( /uff$ birds1 9 :i* ! specim5s are exhibit$1 n m]ely by !mselves on conv5tional p]*es1 b amid natural surr\nd+s1 usually associat$ ) _! ne/s & eggs or "y4 ,^! exhibits h high arti/ic value 9 addition to _! /rik+ sci5tific wor?4 ,!y tea* orni?ology z x %\ld be taught1 giv+ su* clews to ! recognition ( birds 9 ! fields z are n at all to be f\nd 9 ord9>y collections ( /uff$ specim5s4 ,?is feature ( ! museum has1 to be sure1 be5 imitat$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york1 b ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 0 ! fir/ 9 ! field & is /ill ! lead]4 ,a few words %\ld be add$ z to ! use made by ! public ( ! treasures (f]$ = _! free inspection by ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i %all attempt no?+ fur!r ?an a few data reg>d+ actual visits to ! museum4 ,9 ! ye> #ahii ! total numb] ( su* visits aggregat$ #ffc1gbd2 9 #aijj ! figures rise to #fhi1bdi--well t[>ds ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million4 ,! numb] ( visits is smalle/ 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 b m\nts rapidly 9 ,april & ,may2 x rec$es slightly = ,june & ,july1 & !n comes =w>d to full tide 9 ,augu/1 dur+ :i* mon? m ?an n9ety-five ?\s& p visit$ ! museum 9 #aija1 ! l>ge/ att5dance 9 a s+le day be+ m ?an n9e ?\s&4 ,augu/1 ( c\rse1 is ! mon? ( t\ri/s--p>ticul>ly ( t\ri/s f ,am]ica--b x is int]e/+ & sugge/ive to note t x is n ! t\ri/ alone :o visits ! ,briti% ,museum1 = ! flood-tide days ( att5dance are always ! ,bank holidays1 includ+ ,*ri/mas box+-day & ,ea/] ,monday1 :5 ! work+-p turn out en masse4 ,on ^! days ! numb] ( visits sometimes m\nts above t5 ?\s&4 ,all ?is1 x w be und]/ood1 ref]s exclusively to ! ma9 build+ ( ! museum on ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,b1 meantime1 out 9 ,k5s+ton1 at ! natural hi/ory museum1 m ?an half a million visits ea* ye> are also made4 ,9 ! aggregate1 !n1 ab\t a million & a qu>t] ( visits are paid to ! ,briti% ,museum ye>ly1 & ?\gh ! bulk ( ! visitors may be m]e sight-se]s1 yet ev5 ^! mu/ c>ry away _m ideas ( value1 & x h>dly requires argum5t to %[ t1 z a :ole1 ! educational influ5ce ( ! ,briti% ,museum mu/ be enorm\s4 ,( its m direct /imulus to sci5tific "w ?r\gh ! tra9$ exp]ts connect$ ) ! in/itution ,i %all p]haps speak 9 ano!r connection4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,london ,,= ,,improv+ ,,natural ,,k ,a ,,session ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,!re is "o sci5tific in/itution 9 ,london m v5]able & m fam\s ev5 ?an ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! ,royal ,society1 a _w-fam\s body1 ^: *>t] dates f #affb1 b ^: actual sessions began at ,gre%am ,college "s tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,"o c be/ ga9 a pres5t-day idea ( ?is fam\s in/itution by att5d+ "o ( its weekly meet+s 9 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,piccadilly--a great1 ca/le-l /ructure1 :i* s]ves also z ! abode ( ! ,royal ,*emical ,society & ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts4 ,! =mality ( an invitation f a fell[ is requir$1 b ?is is easily secur$ by any sci5tific visitor :o may desire to att5d ! meet+4 ,! programme ( ! meet+ ea* week appe>s 9 t o!r great ,briti% in/itution1 ! ,times1 on ,tuesdays4 ,! weekly meet+ itself is held on ,?ursday aft]noon at half-pa/ f\r4 ,z "o ent]s ! door lead+ (f ! great c\rt ( ,burl+ton ,h\se a liv]i$ att5dant motions "o to ! rack :]e great-coat & hat may be left1 & )\t fur!r c]emony "o /eps into ! reception-room unann\nc$4 ,x is a middle-siz$1 almo/ squ>e room1 pill>$ & =mal 9 itself1 & almo/ )\t furniture1 save = a long tempor>y table on "o side1 ov] :i* cups ( tea are be+ h&$ out to ! gue/s1 :o clu/] !re to receive x1 & !n scatt] ab\t ! room to sip x at _! leisure4 ,we _h come to he> a lecture & _h expect$ to be u%]$ into an auditorium2 b we _h q =gott5 t ?is is ! h\r :5 all ,engl& takes its tea1 ! lite ( ! sci5tific _w1 seem+ly1 q z mu* z ! devotees ( ano!r k9d ( society4 ,inde$1 _h we come unaw>es into ?is room we %\ld nev] h suspect$ t we _h ab\t u o!r ?an an ord9>y gr\p ( cultur$ p ga!r$ at a conv5tional tea1 except1 inde$1 t suspicion might be ar\s$ by ! great prepond]ance ( m5--!re be+ only ?ree or f\r wom5 pres5t--& by ! fact t "h & !re a gue/ appe>s 9 unconv5tional dress--a %ort coat or ev5 a velvet work+-jacket4 ,= ! re/ !re is ! same ga!r+ into clu/]s ( ?ree or f\r1 ! same in>ticulate clatt] ( _m voices t m>k ! mo/ commonplace ( ga!r+s4 ,b if "o w )draw to an in(f5sive corn] & take a critical view ( ! assembly1 he w pres5tly discov] t _m ( ! faces are famili> to him1 al?\gh he suppos$ himself to be q among /rang]s4 ,! tall figure1 ) ! beautiful1 k9dly face set 9 :ite hair & be>d1 has surely sat = ! famili> portrait ( ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,?is %ort1 ?ick-set1 robu/1 bus9ess-l figure is t ( ,sir ,norman ,locky]4 ,yond] frail-seem+ s*ol>1 ) :ite be>d1 is surely ,pr(essor ,crookes4 ,& ?is o!r s*ol>1 ) tall1 r angul> frame & mo/ k9dly gleam ( eye1 is ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]2 & !re beyond is ! l>ge-seem+ ?\gh n tall figure1 & ! r\nd1 rosy1 y\?ful-seem+1 beautifully b5evol5t face ( ,"l ,li/]4 ,:at6 a real "l !re8 said a little ,am]ican girl to :om ,i enum]at$ ! company aft] my fir/ visit to ! ,royal ,society4 ,!n h[ did he act8 ,0 he v pr\d & haughty1 z if he c\ld n speak to o!r p8 ,& ,i 0 happy to be able to reply t ?\gh ,"l ,li/]1 p]haps ( all m5 liv+1 w\ld be mo/ excusable did he c>ry 9 8 mann] ! s5se ( 8 a*ievem5ts & honors1 yet 9 po9t ( fact no man c\ld conceivably be m free f any app>5t self-consci\sness4 ,z "o wat*es him n[ he is se5 to pass f gr\p to gr\p ) cordial h&-%ake & pleasant ^w1 cle>ly ! mo/ affable ( m51 "l ?\gh he be1 & presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 & =emo/ sci5ti/ ( 8 "t4 ,pres5tly an att5dant pass$ ?r\gh ! te>oom be>+ a trem5d\s silv] mace1 p]haps five feet long1 surm\nt$ by a massive cr[n & cross1 & look+ l no?+ s mu* z a gigantic w>-club4 ,?is is ! mace :i*1 :5 deposit$ on ! presid5t's desk 9 ! lecture-room beyond1 w signify t ! society is 9 session4 ,x is ! v]itable mace1 "s "o :isp]s at y\r elb[1 conc]n+ :i* ,cromwell gave 8 classical comm& to ',remove t bauble4' ,b s9ce ! mace 0 n made until #affc1 "s five ye>s aft] ,cromwell's dea?1 ?is acc\nt may lack sci5tific accuracy4 ,be t z x may1 ?is mace has held its own f> m /eadily ?an ! fame ( its alleg$ detractor1 & its transportation ?r\gh ! tea-room is ! only mann] ( ann\ncem5t t ! lecture is ab\t to op5 9 ! hall beyond4 ,inde$1 s inconspicu\s is ! proce$+1 & s quietly d ! memb]s t *oose to att5d pass into ! lecture-hall1 leav+ p]haps half ! company engag$ z be=e1 t ! /rang] --z ! non-memb] is "h (ficially designat$--might v readily fail to und]/& t ! sance prop] _h begun4 ,9 any ev5t1 he _c ent] until p]mission has be5 =mally vot$ by ! society4 ,:5 he is all[$ to ent] he f9ds ! meet+-room little diff]5t f ! "o he has left1 except t x is provid$ ) a sort ( ?rone on a rais$ plat=m at "o end & ) cu%ion$ b5*es = seats4 ,on ! ?rone1 if "o may s t]m x1 sits ,"l ,li/]1 sc>cely m ?an 8 head %[+ above :at seems to be a great velvet cu%ion :i* surm\nts 8 desk1 at ! base ( :i*1 9 full view ( ! society1 re/s ! mace1 fix+ ! eye ( ! /rang]1 z x is alleg$ to h fix$ t ( ,cromwell a=etime1 ) a peculi> fasc9ation4 ,on a l[] plane ?an ! presid5t1 at 8 "r & left1 sit ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] & ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,william ,ruck]1 ! two p]man5t secret>ies4 ,at ,sir ,mi*ael's "r1 & "o /age ne>] ! audi5ce1 /&s ! lectur]1 on ! rais$ plat=m & beh9d ! desk :i* ext5ds cle> across ! front ( ! room4 ,z x *ances1 ! lectur] ?is aft]noon is ,pr(essor ,ehrli*1 ( ,b]l9 & ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 :o has be5 invit$ to deliv] ! ,croonian lecture4 ,he is speak+ 9 ,g]man1 & h5ce mo/ ( ! fell[s are assi/+ _! e>s by foll[+ ! lecture 9 a pr9t$ translation1 copies ( :i*1 9 pro(1 7 to be secur$ at ! door4 ,! subject ( ! lecture is ,artificial ,immunization f ,disease4 ,x is cle> t ! read] is foll[$ ) int]e/$ att5tion1 :i* n[ & aga9 gives rise to a subdu$ %uffle ( applause4 ,! fact t ! lectur] is speak+ ,g]man s]ves p]haps to sugge/ ev5 m vividly ?an might o!rwise occur to "o ! contra/ betwe5 ?is meet+ & a meet+ ( ! correspond+ ,g]man society--! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l94 ,ea* is held 9 an old build+ ( palatial ca/ & dim5sions1 ( :i* ,burl+ton ,h\se1 "h 9 ,piccadilly1 is mu* ! old]--dat+ f #affd--;al?\gh its /eam-heat+ & electric-light+ app>atus1 :5 contra/$ ) ! tile /oves & c&les ( ! o!r1 w\ld n sugge/ ?is4 ,= ! re/1 ! rooms are n v dissimil> 9 g5]al appe>ance1 except = ! plat=m & ?rone4 ,b !re ! memb]s ( ! society are %ut (f f ! audi5ce bo? by ! physical b>ri] ( ! table & by ! /rik+ effect ( _! appe>ance 9 full dress1 :ile "h ! fell[s *iefly compose ! audi5ce1 !re be+ only a small company ( /rang]s pres5t1 & ^! 9 no way to be di/+ui%$ by dress or location f ! fell[s !mselves4 ,x may be add$ t ! cu/om ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces is int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two4 ,!re ! visitors occupy seats ap>t1 at ! side ( ! beautiful hall1 ! ma9 floor be+ res]v$ = memb]s4 ,b ! memb]s !mselves are n o!rwise di/+ui%able1 & !y come & g & conv]se toge!r ev5 dur+ ! read+ ( a pap] almo/ z if ?is 7 a m]e social ga!r+4 ,z x is ?us ! lea/ =mal1 ! ,fr5* meet+ is also by f> ! mo/ democratic ( great sci5tific ga!r+s4 ,its doors are op5 to :oev] may *oose to ent]4 ,! numb] :o avail !mselves ( ?is privilege is n l>ge1 b x includes1 on occasions1 m5 ( v>i$ social /atus & ( div]se races & colors--none ( :om1 s f> z ,i c\ld ev] disc]n1 attracts ! slighte/ att5tion4 ,at ! ,g]man meet+1 aga91 absolute sil5ce reigns4 ,no "o ?9ks ( leav+ dur+ ! session1 & to make any s\nd above a sigh w\ld seem almo/ a sacrilege4 ,b at ! ,royal ,society an occasional auditor goes or comes1 !re are repeat$ audible signs ( appreciation ( ! speak]'s words1 & at ! close ( ! disc\rse !re is vigor\s & prolong$ applause4 ,!re is also a debate1 ( ! usual "*1 ann\nc$ by ! presid5t1 9 :i* /rang]s are invit$ to p>ticipate1 & to :i* ! lectur] f9ally responds ) a brief ,na*wort1 all ( :i* is q anomal\s f ! ,g]man or ,fr5* /&-po9ts4 ,aft] t1 h[ev]1 ! meet+ is decl>$ adj\rn$ ) z little =mality 9 "o case z 9 ! o!rs1 & ! fell[s file leisurely out1 :ile ! att5dant spe$ily removes ! mace1 9 (ficial tok5 t ! sance ( ! ,royal ,society is ov]4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,& ,,read+-,,room ,b ! /rang] mu/ n leave ! build+ )\t m\nt+ to ! upp] floor = an inspection ( ! libr>y & read+-room4 ,! rooms bel[ 7 r b>e & inornate1 contra/+ unfavorably ) ! elegant meet+-room ( ! ,fr5* in/itute4 ,b ?is libr>y makes full am5ds = any?+ t ! o!r rooms may lack4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+--en*ant+ is ! ^w t ! ,pr9cess ,*ri/ian is said to h us$ :5 %e visit$ x rec5tly--& p]haps q ! mo/ inspir+ room to be f\nd 9 all ,london4 ,x is n v l>ge z libr>y rooms g1 b high1 & ) a balcony support$ by ,cor9?ian columns4 ,! alcoves bel[ are conv5tional en\gh1 & ! high tables d[n ! c5tre1 /rewn ) sci5tific p]iodicals 9 engag+ disord]1 are equally conv5tional4 ,b ! color-s*eme ( ! decorations--sage-gre5 & tawny--is h>moni\s & pleas+1 & ! effect ( ! :ole is mo/ reposeful & altoge!r delightful4 ,*ief di/9ction is giv5 ! room1 h[ev]1 by a r[ ( bu/s on ei!r side & by c]ta9 pieces ( app>atus on ! c5tre tables4 ,! bu/s1 z w readily be surmis$1 are portraits ( di/+ui%$ fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o exception to ?is1 = "o bu/ is t ( a woman--,m>y ,som]ville1 translator ( ! ,mcanique ,cle/e1 & p]haps ! mo/ popul> ( ! sci5tific writ]s ( h] "t4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to /ate t ! r[ ( bu/s beg9s ) t ( ,newton4 ,! place ( honor opposite is held by t ( ,f>aday4 ,encircl+ ! room to jo9 ^! two "o sees1 among o!rs1 ! famili> visages ( ,dr4 ,gilb]t2 ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ! fam\s surgeon ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 :o _h ! honor ( be+ ! only man t ev] held ! presid5tial *air ( ! ,royal ,society long] ?an x 0 held by ,newton2 ( ,james ,watts1 ( /eam-eng9e fame2 ( ,sab9e1 ! a/ronom]1 also a presid5t ( ! society2 & ( ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! fam\s geologi/s4 ,!re are num]\s o!r bu/s 9 o!r rooms1 "s ( !m /[$ away 9 nooks & crannies1 & ! li/ ( ^? select$ = ! libr>y does n1 p]haps1 sugge/ t ?is is ! room ( honor1 unless1 inde$1 ! pres5ce ( ,newton & ,f>aday gives x t /amp4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! images ( ^! two1 & ( ,lyell1 to g no f>!r1 "o feels a c]ta9 sacr$ness 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,if ?is is true ( ! m]e m>ble images1 :at %all we say ( ! emblems on ! c5tre table8 ,t little tubul> affair1 m\nt$ on a globe1 ! :ole cas$ 9 a glass frame p]haps two feet high1 is ! fir/ reflect+ telescope ev] made1 & x 0 %ap$ by ! h& ( ,isaac ,newton4 ,! brass me*anism at ! end ( ! next table is ! p]fect$ air-pump ( ,rob]t ,boyle1 ,newton's contempor>y1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,royal ,society & "o ( ! mo/ acute sci5tific m9ds ( any "t4 ,& "h betwe5 ^! two mem5tos is a high] app>atus1 ) crank & :eel & a l>ge glass bulb t make x conspicu\s4 ,?is is ! electrical ma*9e ( ,joseph ,prie/ley4 ,!re are o!r mem5tos ( ,newton--a /one grav5 ) a sun-dial1 :i* he c>v$ z a boy1 on ! pat]nal manor-h\se2 a *air1 said to h be5 81 gu>d$ "h by a silk cord aga9/ pr(anation2 bits ( ! fam\s apple-tree :i*1 z tradition w h x1 aid$ s tangibly 9 ! greate/ ( discov]ies2 & ! manuscript ( ! ,pr9cipia itself--done by ! h& ( an amanu5sis1 to be sure1 b ) int]l9e> corrections 9 ! small1 cle> script ( ! ma/]-h& itself4 ,"h1 too1 is ! fam\s dea?-mask1 s mu* m int]e/+ ?an any sculptur$ portrait1 & diff]+ s /rangely 9 its broad-bas$ nose & full1 firm m\? f ! ov]-ref9$ l9eam5ts ( ! sculptur$ bu/ close at h&4 ,9 a room n f> away1 to rea* :i* "o passes a score or two ( portraits & z _m bu/s ( celebrities--includ+1 by-!-bye1 bo? bu/ & portrait ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9--"o f9ds a cab9et conta9+ o!r mem5tos simil> to ^? on ! libr>y tables4 ,"h is ! fir/ model ( ,davy's safety-lamp2 !re a *ronomet] :i* aid$ ,cook 9 8 fam\s voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,?is is ,wolla/on's celebrat$ ,?imble ,batt]y4 ,x w slip readily into ! pocket1 yet he je/+ly %[$ x to a visitor z 8 entire laboratory4 ,t is a model ( ! d\ble-deck$ boat made by ,sir ,william ,petty1 & !re beyond is a specim5 ( almo/1 if n q1 ! fir/ radiomet] devis$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes4 ,z "o /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( all ^! priceless relics1 s vividly d ! traditions ( m ?an two c5turies ( sci5ce come to m9d t "o seems almo/ to h liv$ ?r\gh !m4 ,"o recalls1 z if x 7 a p]sonal recollection1 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,royal ,society itself 9 #affb1 & ! extraord9>y sc5es :i* ! society witness$ dur+ ! ye>s ( its adolesc5ce4 ,z "o views ! mem5tos ( ,boyle & ,newton1 "o seems to be liv+ 9 ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is a tr\bl\s "t 9 ,engl&4 ,revolution has foll[$ revolution4 ,commonweal? has supplant$ mon>*y & mon>*y commonweal?4 ,at la/ ! glori\s revolution ( #afhh has plac$ a secure mon>* on ! ?rone4 ,b n[ "o ext]nal w> foll[s ano!r1 & ! new k+1 ,william ( ,orange1 is lead+ ! ,gr& ,alliance aga9/ ! ,fr5* despot ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,!re is w> ev]y:]e 9 ,europe1 & ! treaty ( ,ryswick1 9 #afig1 is b ! prep>ation = ! w> ( ! ,spani% ,alliance1 :i* w u%] 9 ! new c5tury4 ,b amid all ?is political turmoil ! m>* ( sci5tific discov]y has gone s]5ely on2 or1 if n s]5ely1 !n /eadily1 & p]haps z s]5ely z c\ld be hop$4 ,boyle has discov]$ ! law ( ! ela/icity ( gases & a ho/ ( m9or ?+s4 ,rob]t ,hooke is on ! track ( _m m>vels4 ,b all else pales be=e ! fact t ,newton has j giv5 to ! _w 8 m>vell\s law ( gravitation1 :i* has be5 publi%$1 ) au?ority ( ! ,royal ,society1 ?r\gh ! f9ancial aid ( ,halley4 ,! brilliant b erratic ,hooke lias conte/$ ! priority ( discov]y & /r5u\sly claim$ a %>e 9 x4 ,halley ev5tually urges ,newton to consid] ,hooke's claim 9 "s ( ! details1 & ,newton yields to ! ext5t ( admitt+ t ! great fact ( gravitational =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance _h be5 indep5d5tly discov]$ by ,hooke2 b he includes also ,halley himself & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 along ) ,hooke1 z equally indep5d5t discov]]s ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,to ! tw5tie?-c5tury consci\sness x seems odd to he> ,wr5 ?us nam$ z a sci5tific discov]]2 b 9 tru? ! build] ( ,/4 ,paul's began life z a pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ,gre%am ,college1 & 0 ! imm$iate pr$ecessor ( ,newton himself 9 ! presid5tial *air ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,n[1 at ! v close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,boyle is rec5tly dead1 b ,hooke1 ,wr51 ,halley1 & ,newton /ill survive3 "s ( !m are sc>cely pa/ _! prime4 ,x is a wond]ful galaxy ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & ev5 %\ld no o!r su* names come 9 aft]-"t1 ,engl&'s place among ! sci5tific con/ellations is secure4 ,b n[ z we turn to ! s\v5irs ( ,cooke & ,wolla/on & ,davy ! sc5e %ifts by a hundr$ ye>s4 ,we are /&+ n[ 9 ! clos+ epo* ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! aga9 are tr\bl\s times4 ,! great new colony 9 ! ,we/ has j brok5 (f f ! p>5t sw>m4 ,n[ all ,europe is 9 turmoil4 ,! ,fr5* w>-cl\d ca/s its om9\s %ad[ ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& mutt]+s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution are n )\t an e*o4 ,! _s ( w> is 9 ! air4 ,& yet1 z be=e1 ! _s ( sci5ce also is 9 ! air4 ,! /ra9 ( ! political relations does n prev5t a p]petual ex*ange ( c\rtesy betwe5 sci5tific m5 & sci5tific bodies ( v>i\s nations4 ,davy's dictum t sci5ce kn[s no c\ntry is p]petually exemplifi$ 9 practice4 ,& at ! ,royal ,society1 to mat* ! great figures t 7 ^u ! sc5e a c5tury be=e1 !re are su* m5 z ! ecc5tric ,cav5di%1 ! pr(\nd ,wolla/on1 ! m>vell\sly v]satile ,prie/ley1 & ! equally v]satile & ev5 ke5]-vision$ ,rum=d4 ,"h1 too1 are ,h]s*el1 :o is giv+ ! _w a m>vell\s insight into ! con/itution ( ! univ]se2 & ,hutton1 :o = ! fir/ "t ga9s a cle> view ( ! ar*itecture ( our e>?'s cru/2 & ,j5n]1 :o is rescu+ 8 fell[-m5 f ! clut*es ( ! mo/ deadly ( plagues2 to say no?+ ( su* titanic /ripl+s z ,"y & ,davy1 :o are j ent]+ ! sci5tific li/s4 ,) su* a company ab\t u we are surely ju/ifi$ 9 feel+ t ! glory ( ,engl& z a sci5tific c5tre has n dimm$ 9 ^! fir/ hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ( ! ,royal ,society's exi/5ce4 ,& n[1 z we view ! radiomet]1 ! sc5e %ifts by yet ano!r c5tury1 & we come out ( cl\d-l& & into our own prop] age4 ,we are at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--no1 ,i =get1 we are fairly ent]+ ^u ! tw5tie?4 ,ne$ ,i say t ^! aga9 are tr\bl\s times8 ,man /ill wages w>f>e on 8 fell[-man z he has done "t out ( m9d2 z he w d--:o %all say h[ long8 ,b meantime1 z ( yore1 ! m5 ( sci5ce h kept /eadily on _! c\rse4 ,b rec5tly "h at ! ,royal ,society 7 se5 ! famili> figures ( ,d>w9 & ,lyell & ,huxley & ,tyndall4 ,nor ne$ we %un any comp>ison ) ! pa/ :ile ! pres5t li/s c %[ su* names z ,wallace1 ,kelv91 ,li/]1 ,crookes1 ,fo/]1 ,evans1 ,rayleigh1 ,ramsay1 & ,lock-y]4 ,:at revolution>y advances ^! names connote6 ,h[ little did ^? great m5 ( ! clos+ decades ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies "k ( ! mom5t\s tru?s ( organic evolution = :i* ! names ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace & ,huxley /&6 ,h[ little did !y "k a c5tury ago1 despite ,hutton's cle> prevision1 ( ^! m>vell\s sl[ revolutions ?r\gh :i*1 z ,lyell taught u1 ! e>?'s cru/ _h be5 built up6 ,n ev5 ,j5-n] c\ld =esee a c5tury ago ! revolution 9 surg]y :i* has be5 effect$ 9 our g5]ation ?r\gh ! tea*+s ( ,li/]4 ,& :at did ,rum=d & ,davy "k ( en]gy 9 its v>i\s manife/ations z comp>$ ) ! k ( to-day1 ( ,crookes & ,rayleigh & ,ramsay & ,kelv98 ,:at w\ld ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ! discov]] ( oxyg51 & ,cav5di%1 ! discov]] ( nitrog51 ?9k c\ld !y /ep into ! laboratory ( ,pr(essor ,ramsay & see te/-tubes conta9+ argon & helium & krypton & neon & z5on8 ,c\ld !y m ?an vaguely und]/& ! pap]s contribut$ 9 rec5t ye>s to ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,ramsay expla9s h[ ^! new con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e are obta9$ by exp]im5ts on liquid air4 ,"h1 says ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 9 effect1 9 a late pap] to ! society1 is ! app>atus ) :i* we liquefy hydrog5 9 ord] to sep>ate neon f helium by liquefy+ ! =m] :ile ! helium /ill rema9s gase\s4 ,neon1 helium1 liquid air1 liquid hydrog5--^! w\ld seem /range t]ms to ! m5 :o on discov]+ oxyg5 & nitrog5 nam$ !m dephlogi/icat$ air & phlogi/i-cat$ air respectively4 ,aga91 h[ elem5t>y seems ! tea*+ ( ,h]-s*el1 wond]ful ?\gh x 0 9 its day1 :5 comp>$ ) our pres5t k ( ! sid]eal sy/em z outl9$ 9 ! !ories ( ,sir ,norman ,lock-y]4 ,h]s*el /udi$ ! sun-spots1 = example1 ) assiduity1 & ev5 sugge/$ a possible connection betwe5 sun-spots & t]re/rial wea!r4 ,s f>1 !n1 he w\ld n be surpris$ on he>+ ! ann\ncem5t ( ,pr(essor ,locky]'s rec5t pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! connection betwe5 sun-spots & ! ra9fall 9 ,india4 ,b :5 ! pap] goes on to speak ( ! actual *emical nature ( ! sun-spots1 z te/$ by a spectroscope2 to tell ( a cool /age :5 ! vapor ( iron furni%es *ief spectrum l9es1 & ( a hot /age :5 ! iron has presumably be5 dissociat$ into unkn[n proto-iron con/itu5ts--!n inde$ does x g f> beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! ke5e/ eighte5?-c5tury intellect1 ?\gh keep+ )9 ! range ( und]/&+ ( ! m]e sci5tific tyro ( to-day4 ,or yet aga91 consid] a rec5t pap] contribut$ by ,pr(essor ,locky] to ! ,royal ,society1 entitl$ ,! ,new ,/> 9 ,p]seus3 ,prelim9>y ,note--ref]r+ to ! new /> t fla%$ sudd5ly on ! vision ( ! t]re/rial obs]v]s at m ?an fir/ magnitude on ,febru>y #bb1 #aija4 ,?is />1 ! pap] tells u1 :5 /udi$ by its spectrum1 is se5 to be due to ! impact ( two sw>ms ( meteors out 9 space--sw>ms mov+ 9 diff]5t directions ) a diff]5tial velocity ( some?+ l sev5 hundr$ miles a second4 ,e a/ronom] ( to-day und]/&s h[ su* a record is read f ! displacem5t ( l9es on ! spectrum1 z record$ on ! photographic negative4 ,b imag9e ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 r\s$ f a c5tury's slumb]1 li/5+ to ?is pap]1 :i* involves a subject ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ great ma/]4 ,ebulae1 he might say2 yes1 !y 7 a specialty ( m9e2 b sw>ms ( meteors--,i "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,& 'spectroscopes1' 'photographs'--:at1 pray1 are ^!8 ,9 my day !re 7 no su* words or ?+s z spectroscope & photograph2 to my m9d ^! words convey no mean+4 ,b :y g f>!r8 ,^! imag9+s suffice to po9t a moral t he :o runs may read4 ,( a tru? ! m>* ( sci5ce /ill goes on z x has gone on ) /eady tread ?r\gh\t ! long g5]ations ( ! ,royal ,society's exi/5ce4 ,if ! society _h giants among its memb]s 9 ! days ( its *ildhood & adolesc5ce1 no less are !re giants /ill to keep up its fame 9 ! "t ( its maturity4 ,! place ( ,engl& among ! sci5tific con/ellations is secure ?r\gh tradition1 b n ?r\gh tradition alone4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,& ,,! ,,l[-,,temp]ature ,,rese>*es ,,f\ndation ,,& ,,f\nd] ,,george ,,! ,,?ird1 by ! ,grace ( ,god ,k+ ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 etc41 to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come1 greet+4 ,:]eas sev]al ( our lov+ subjects are desir\s ( =m+ a ,public ,in/itution = diffus+ ! k & facilitat+ ! g5]al introduction ( ,useful ,me*anical ,inv5tions & ,improvem5ts2 & = tea*+1 by ,c\rses ( ,philosophical ,lectures & ,exp]im5ts1 ! ,application ( ,sci5ce to ! ,common ,purposes ( ,life1 we d h]eby give & grant--multif>i\s ?+s :i* ne$ n "h be quot$4 ,su* are ! op5+ words ( ! *>t] ) :i*1 a little m ?an a c5tury ago1 ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 came into exi/5ce & receiv$ its legal *ri/5+4 ,if "o reads on he f9ds t ! ?+s ?us graci\sly giv5 & grant$1 despite all ! (ficial v]biage1 am\nt to no?+ m ?an royal sanction & approval1 b d\btless t meant m 9 ! way ( assur+ popul> approval ?an might at fir/ glimpse appe>4 ,s1 too1 ( ! li/ ( e>ls1 b>onets1 & ! l1 :o appe> z (fic]s & manag]s ( ! und]tak+1 & :o are describ$ 9 ! *>t] z our "r tru/y & "r well-belov$ c\s9s1 our "r tru/y & well-belov$ c\nsellors1 & s on1 9 ! skilfully graduat$ language ( diplomacy4 ,! in/itution t _h ! ,k+ = patron & su* notables = (fic]s seem$ assur$ a bright c>e] f ! v beg9n+4 ,9 "n & 9 p]sonnel x _h ! flavor ( ari/ocracy1 a flavor t nev] palls on ,briti% palate4 ,& "r well ! in/itution has fulfill$ its promise1 ?\gh 9 a f> diff]5t way f :at its orig9ator & f\nd] anticipat$4 ,its orig9ator & f\nd]1 ,i say1 & say advis$ly2 =1 ( c\rse1 "h1 z always1 !re is "o man :o is ! true he>t & s\l ( ! movem5t1 "o "n t /&s1 9 tru?1 = ! :ole project1 & to :i* all ! o!r names are m]e app5dages4 ,y w\ld nev] suspect :i* "n x is1 9 ! pres5t case1 f a /udy ( ! *>t]1 = x appe>s well d[n ! file ( grad$ titles1 aft] c\s9s & c\nsellors h _h _! day1 & is not$ simply z our tru/y & well-belov$ ,b5jam91 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d1 ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,little z !re is to signalize x 9 ! *>t]1 ?is is ! "n ( ! sole projector ( ! ent]prise 9 its incipi5cy1 ( ! projector ( e detail1 ( ! writ] ( ! *>t] itself ev54 ,! e/abli%m5t ?us laun*$ ) royal title might ) full propriety h be5 call$1 z inde$ x sometimes is call$1 ! ,rum=d ,in/itution4 ,! man :o ?us became ! f\nd] ( ?is rem>kable in/itution 0 9 _m ways a mo/ extraord9>y p]son4 ,he 0 an ,am]ican by bir?1 & if n ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,am]icans1 he surely 0 de/9$ to a m picturesque c>e] ?an ev] fell to ! lot ( any ( 8 c\ntrym5 ( l em95ce4 ,born on a ,massa*usetts f>m1 he 0 a typical d[n-ea/ ,yankee1 ) g5ius add$ to ! usual %rewd1 inquir+ m9d & native res\rcefulness4 ,he 0 self-educat$ & self-made 9 ! fulle/ s5se 9 :i* ^? t]ms c be appli$4 ,at f\rte5 he 0 an uns*ool$ groc]-lad--,b5jam9 ,?ompson by "n--9 a little ,new ,engl& village2 at =ty he 0 a _w-fam\s savant1 z facile ) ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 & ,g]man z ) 8 native tongue2 he _h become vice-presid5t & m$alli/ ( ! ,royal ,society1 memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 & ,i "k n :at o!r le>n$ bodies2 he _h be5 knight$ 9 ,great ,brita9 aft] s]v+ !re z "u-secret>y ( /ate & z an (fic]2 & he _h ris5 9 ,bav>ia to be m ?an half a k+ 9 p[]1 ) ! titles1 among o!rs1 ( privy c\ncillor ( /ate1 & head ( ! w> dep>tm5t1 lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! ,bav>ian armies1 hold] ( ! ,poli% ord] ( ,/4 ,/anislas & ! ,bav>ian ord] ( ! ,:ite ,eagle1 ambassador to ,engl& & to ,france1 &1 f9ally1 c\nt ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,once1 9 a "t ( crisis1 ,rum=d 0 actually left at ! head ( a c\ncil ( reg5cy1 9 full *>ge ( ,bav>ian affairs1 ! elector hav+ fl$4 ,! ,yankee groc]-boy _h become m ?an half a k+4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 did a man ( equal sci5tific atta9m5ts enjoy a correspond+ political p[]4 ,nev] 0 political p[] wield$ m ju/ly by any man4 ,= 9 ! mid/ ( all 8 political & milit>y triumphs1 ,rum=d rema9$ at he>t to ! v end ! sci5ti/ & humanit>ian4 ,he wield$ p[] = ! good ( mank9d2 he 0 n m]ely a rul] b a public educator4 ,he taught ! p ( ,bav>ia economy & ,yankee ?rift4 ,he e/abli%$ kit*5s = fe$+ ! poor on a plan t 0 adopt$ all ov] ,europe2 b1 bett] yet1 he creat$ also work%ops = _! employm5t & pleasure-g>d5s = _! recreation4 ,he actually bani%$ begg>y f ! pr9cipality4 ,x 0 9 ! hope ( do+ 9 "s measure = ,london :at he _h done = ,muni* t ?is l>ge-bra9$ & l>ge-he>t$ man 0 l$ to ! project ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he fir/ discuss$ 8 plans ) a committee ( ! ,society = ,alleviat+ ! ,condition ( ! ,poor1 = x 0 ! poor1 ! l[] ranks ( society1 :om he wi%$ *iefly to b5efit4 ,b he knew t to accompli% 8 object1 he mu/ "w ?r\gh ! ari/ocratic *annels2 h5ce ! "n ( ! e/abli%m5t & ! *>t] ) its li/ ( notables4 ,! ^w in/itution 0 select$ by ,rum=d1 aft] mu* delib]ation1 z1 on ! :ole1 ! lea/ objectionable title = ! e/abli%m5t1 z hav+ a g5]al inclusiv5ess n possess$ by su* words z s*ool or college4 ,yet 9 effect x 0 a s*ool :i* ,rum=d int5d$ to f\nd--a s*ool = ! g5]al diffusion ( useful k4 ,!re 7 to be classes = me*anics1 & work%ops1 kit*5s1 & model-rooms1 :]e ! application ( sci5ce to ! useful purposes ( life might be directly & practically taught2 also a laboratory = m te*nical inve/igations1 ) a pr(essor 9 *>ge1 :o %\ld also deliv] popul> lectures on sci5ce4 ,f9ally1 !re 0 to be a sci5tific libr>y4 ,all ^! aims 7 put into effect almo/ f ! beg9n+4 ,! necess>y funds 7 suppli$ solely by popul> subscription & by ! sale ( lecture tickets 7z all funds ( ! in/itution h be5 ev] s9ce71 & be=e ! close ( ! ye> #ahjj ,rum=d's dream _h become an actuality--z ?is practical man's dreams ne>ly always did4 ,! new ma*9e did n move altoge!r )\t friction1 ( c\rse1 b on ! :ole all w5t well = ! fir/ few ye>s4 ,! in/itution _h f\nd a local habitation 9 a l>ge build+ 9 ,albem>le ,/reet1 ! same build+ :i* x /ill occupies1 & = a "t ,rum=d liv$ !re & gave ! ent]prise 8 undivid$ att5tion4 ,he appo9t$ ! brilliant "y ,humphry ,davy to ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry1 & ! ev5 m wond]ful ,?omas ,"y to t ( natural philosophy4 ,he saw ! work%ops & kit*5s & model-rooms 9 runn+ ord]--! entire ent]prise fully laun*$4 ,!n o!r affairs1 p>ticul>ly an atta*m5t = a ,fr5* lady1 ! wid[ ( ! fam\s *emi/ ,lavoisi] 7:om he subsequ5tly m>ri$1 to 8 sorr[71 call$ him away f ,engl& nev] to return4 ,& ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 f9i%$4 ,,me?od ,,& ,,result ,rum=d1 ! humanit>ian1 gone1 a curi\s *ange came ov] ! _s ( ! ent]prise he _h f\nd$4 ,! ari/ocrats :o at fir/ 7 m]ely balla/ = ! ent]prise n[ made _! influ5ce felt4 ,) true ,briti% res]ve1 !y ann\nc$ _! belief t ! education ( ! masses involv$ a dang]\s political t5d5cy4 ,h5ce ! me*anics' s*ool 0 susp5d$ & ! work%ops & kit*5s aboli%$2 9 a ^w1 ! *ief ends = :i* ! in/itution 0 f\nd$ 7 annull$4 ,! libr>y & ! lectures rema9$1 to be sure1 b !y 7 = ! amusem5t ( ! ri*1 n = ! bett]m5t ( ! poor4 ,x 0 ! ,we/ ,end t made a fad ( ! in/itution & a society function ( ! lectures ( ,sydney ,smi? & ( ! *>m+ y\? ,davy4 ,?us ! in/itution came to ju/ify its ari/ocratic title & its regal patronage2 & ! poor seem$ q =gott54 ,b inde$ ! in/itution itself 0 poor en\gh 9 ^! days1 aft] ! fir/ flu% ( en?usiasm di$ away1 & x is b fair to rememb] t )\t ! support ( its popul> lectures its v exi/5ce w\ld h be5 ?reat5$4 ,nor 9 any ev5t are regrets mu* 9 ord] ov] ! possible might-h-be5s ( an in/itution ^: laboratories 7 ! seat ( ! physical inve/igations ( ,?omas ,"y1 ?r\gh :i* ! wave !ory ( light fir/ ga9$ a foot+1 & ( ! brilliant *emical rese>*es ( ,davy1 :i* practically f\nd$ ! sci5ce ( electro-*emi/ry & gave ! *emical _w fir/ k ( a galaxy ( hi!rto unkn[n elem5ts4 ,?r\gh ! labors ( ^! m51 & ?r\gh ! popul> lecture-c\rses deliv]$ at ! in/itution by su* o!r notables ( sci5ce z ,wolla/on1 ,dalton1 & ,rum-=d1 ! ent]prise _h become _w-fam\s be=e ! close ( ! fir/ decade ( its exi/5ce4 ,f t day till ?is ! "* ( ! ,royal ,in/itution has n greatly *ang$4 ,! ent]prise %ift$ ar\nd dur+ its e>lie/ ye>s1 :ile x 0 ga9+ its place 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s2 b once t 0 f\nd1 l a true ,briti% in/itution x held its c\rse ) an in]tia t a m]e c5tury ( "t c\ld n be expect$ to alt]4 ,rum=d 0 ! sole f\nd] ( ! ent]prise1 b x 0 ,davy :o gave x ! f9al & def9itive ca/4 ,he x 0 :o e/abli%$ ! tradition t ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 to be ess5tially a laboratory = brilliant orig9al inve/igations1 ! inve/igator to deliv] a ye>ly c\rse ( lectures1 b to be o!rwise untrammell$4 ,x occupi$1 & has cont9u$ to occupy1 ! anomal\s position ( a s*ool to :i* pupils are on no acc\nt admitt$1 & ^: pr(essors tea* no?+ except by a brief c\rse ( lectures to :i* :oev] c>es to pay ! admission price may freely ent]4 ,b ! m>vell\s results a*iev$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution h m ?an ju/ifi$ ! exi/5ce ( s anomal\s an ent]prise4 ,sup]latives are always dang]\s1 b x may well be d\bt$ :e!r !re is ano!r s+le in/itution 9 ! _w :]e s _m novel orig9al discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce h be5 made z h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! laboratories ( ! build+ on ,albem>le ,/reet dur+ ?is fir/ c5tury ( its occupancy2 = practically all t is to be cr$it$ to ,?omas ,"y1 ,humphry ,davy1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 & ,john ,tyndall1 n to m5tion liv+ inve/igators1 is to be cr$it$ also to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ^: pr(essorial *airs ^! great m5 h successively occupi$4 ,davy sp5t "h ! be/ ye>s ( 8 y\? & prime4 ,f>aday1 8 direct successor1 came to ! in/itution 9 a subord9ate capacity z a m]e boy1 & 0 ! life ( ! in/itution = half a c5tury4 ,tyndall gave x =ty ye>s ( s]vice4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t ! ,briton speaks ( ! in/itution z ! ,pan!on ( ,sci5ce8 ,if y visit ! ,royal ,in/itution to-day y w f9d x 9 mo/ ext]ior respects n unlike :at x presumably 0 a c5tury ago4 ,its long1 /one front1 d+$ ) age1 ) its some:at ,pan!on-l colonnade1 has an appe>ance ( dignity r ?an ( /rik+ impressiv5ess4 ,! ma9 entrance1 jutt+ full on ! sidewalk1 is at ! /reet level1 & ! glass door gives hospitable glimpses ( ! int]ior4 ,ent]+1 "o f9ds himself 9 a ma9 c5tral hall1 at ! foot ( ! ma9 c5tral /aircase4 ,! air ( em95t respectability s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% in/itution is ov] all2 likewise ! p]vasive hu% ( ,briti% res]ve4 ,b y w n miss also ! atmosph]e ( s9c]e if uneffusive ,briti% c\rtesy4 ,at y\r "r1 z y m\nt ! /airway1 is a l>ge /atue ( ,f>aday2 on ! wall "r ahead is a bronze m$allion ( ,tyndall1 plac$ b5ea? a l>ge portrait ( ,davy4 ,at ! turn ( ! /airs is a m>ble bu/ ( ,wolla/on4 ,f>!r on1 9 hall & libr>y1 y w f9d o!r bu/s ( ,f>aday1 o!r portraits ( ,davy2 portraits ( ,f>aday ev]y:]e1 & v>i\s o!r bu/s ( notables :o h _h connection ) ! in/itution4 ,y w be %[n ! lecture-hall :]e ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall pron\nc$ _! m>vell\s disc\rses2 ! arrangem5t1 ! seats1 ! cu%ions ev5 if appe>ances speak truly1 & c]ta9ly ! lecture-desk itself1 un*ang$ )9 ! c5tury4 ,y may see ! crude balance1 clumsy inde$ to mod]n eyes1 ) :i* ,davy p]=m$ 8 wond]s4 ,! names & ! memories ( ?ree great m5--,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall--w be incessantly be=e y1 & ! lea/ impressionable p]son c\ld n well escape a c]ta9 s5se ( consecration ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! hu% t is ov] ev]y?+ seems b fitt+4 ,all t is z x %\ld be4 ,b !re are o!r memories connect$ ) ^! surr\nd+s :i* are n s tangibly pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,= :]e1 amid all ^! bu/s & portraits1 is ! image ( t o!r great man1 ! f\nd] ( ! in/itution1 ! sole orig9ator ( ! ent]prise :i* has made possible ! aggregation ( all ^! names & ^! memories8 ,:]e are ! remembrances ( t extraord9>y man :om ! orig9al *>t] describes z our well-belov$ ,b5jam91 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d8 ,well1 y w f9d a portrait ( him1 x is true1 if y se>* f> en\gh1 hung high above a doorway 9 a room ) o!r portraits4 ,b "o f9ds x h>d to escape ! feel+ t !re has be5 j a trifl+ misc>riage ( ju/ice 9 ! disposal4 ,d\btless !re 0 no su* int5tion1 b ! tru? seems to be t ! glam\r ( ! new] fame ( ,f>aday has dazzl$ a little ! eyes ( ! rul]s ( ! in/itution ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b t1 aft] all1 is a small matt] ab\t :i* to quibble4 ,!re is glory en\gh = all 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & ! disposal ( bu/s & portraits is unwor?y to be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! la/+ fame ( ! great m5 :o are "h 9 "q4 ,x w\ld matt] little if !re 7 no portrait at all ( ,rum=d "h1 = all ! _w kn[s t ! ,royal ,in/itution itself is 9 effect 8 monum5t4 ,8 "n w always be l9k$ 9 sci5tific annals ) ! names ( ,"y1 ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall4 ,& x is wor?y su* association1 = nei!r 9 native g5ius nor 9 realiz$ accompli%m5ts 0 ,rum=d inf]ior to ^! successors4 ,,f ,,liquid ,,*lor9e ,,to ,,liquid ,,hydrog5 ,nor is x m]ely by mutual association ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution t ^! great names are l9k$4 ,!re 0 a curi\s & ev5 m la/+ bond betwe5 !m 9 ! "* ( _! sci5tific discov]ies4 ,!y 7 all pione]s 9 ! /udy ( ^? manife/ations ( molecul> activity :i* we n[1 foll[+ ,"y himself1 t]m en]gy4 ,?us ,rum=d1 ,davy1 & ,"y /ood almo/ alone among ! prom95t sci5ti/s ( ! _w at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 9 uphold+ ! idea t heat is n a mat]ial sub/ance--a *emical elem5t--b m]ely a manife/ation ( ! activities ( p>ticles ( matt]4 ,rum=d's pap]s on ?is !sis1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society1 7 almo/ ! fir/ widely h]ald$ claims = ?is !n novel idea4 ,!n ,davy came =w>d 9 support ( ,rum=d1 ) 8 fam\s exp]im5t ( melt+ ice by friction4 ,x 0 p]haps ?is intellectual aff9ity t l$ ,rum=d to select ,davy = ! pr(essor%ip at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & ?us 9 a s5se to pr$et]m9e ! "* ( ! sci5tific "w t %\ld be accompli%$ !re--! impulse :i* ,davy himself receiv$ f ,rum-=d be+ pass$ on to 8 pupil ,f>aday4 ,!re is1 !n1 an intangible b none ! less pot5t web ( association betwe5 ! sci5tific "w ( ,rum=d & "s ( ! mo/ important rese>*es t 7 conduct$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution long ye>s aft] 8 dea?2 & "o is l$ to feel t x 0 n m]ely a co9cid5ce t "s ( ,f>aday's mo/ important labors %\ld h s]v$ to place on a firm foot+ ! !sis = :i* ,rum=d battl$2 & t ,tyndall %\ld h be5 ! fir/ 9 8 beautiful book call$ ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion1 to give wide popul> ann\ncem5t to ! fact t at la/ ! sci5tific _w _h accept$ ! proposition :i* ,rum=d _h va9ly demon/rat$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury be=e4 ,?is same web ( association ext5ds j z cle>ly to ! mo/ important "w :i* has be5 done at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ! pres5t g5]ation1 & :i* is /ill be+ prosecut$ !re--! "w1 namely1 ( ,pr(essor ,james ,dew> on ! prop]ties ( matt] at excessively l[ temp]atures4 ,inde$1 ?is "w is 9 ! cle>e/ s5se a direct cont9uation ( rese>*es :i* ,davy & ,f>aday inaugurat$ 9 #ahbc & :i* ,f>aday cont9u$ 9 #ahdd4 ,9 ! =m] ye> ,f>aday1 act+ on a sugge/ion ( ,davy's1 p]=m$ an exp]im5t :i* result$ 9 ! production ( a cle> yell[ oil :i* 0 pres5tly prov$ to be liquid *lor9e4 ,n[ *lor9e1 9 its pure /ate1 _h previ\sly be5 kn[n 7except 9 a =gott5 exp]im5t ( ,nor?more's7 only z a gas4 ,its transmutation into liquid =m 0 !re=e reg>d$ z a v />tl+ ph5om5on4 ,b ! clew ?us ga9$1 o!r gases 7 subject$ to simil> conditions by ,davy1 & p>ticul>ly by ,f>aday1 ) ! result t sev]al ( !m1 includ+ sulphur\s1 c>bonic1 & hydro*loric acids 7 liquefi$4 ,! me?od employ$1 /at$ 9 famili> t]ms1 0 ! application ( cold & ( pressure4 ,! results w5t f> t[>ds ju/ify+ an extraord9>y pr$iction made by t extraord9>y man1 ,john ,dalton1 z long ago z #ahja1 to ! effect t by suffici5t cool+ & compress+ all gases might be trans=m$ into liquids--a conclusion to :i* ,dalton _h vault$1 ) ! sur5ess ( supreme g5ius1 f 8 fam\s /udies ( ! prop]ties ( aque\s vapor4 ,betwe5 ,dalton's !oretical conclusion1 h[ev]1 & exp]im5tal demon/ration !re 0 a trem5d\s gap1 :i* ! means at ! disposal ( ! sci5tific _w 9 #ahbc did n enable ,davy & ,f>aday m ?an p>tially to bridge4 ,a long li/ ( gases1 includ+ ! famili> oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 resi/$ all _! ef=ts utt]ly--not)/&+ ! facility ) :i* hydrog5 & oxyg5 are liquefi$ :5 comb9$ 9 ! =m ( wat]-vapor1 & ! relative ease ) :i* nitrog5 & hydrog51 comb9$ to =m ammonia1 c\ld also be liquefi$4 ,davy & ,f>aday 7 well satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ,dalton's proposition1 b !y saw ! futility ( fur!r ef=ts to put x into effect until new means ( produc+1 on ! "o h&1 great] pressures1 &1 on ! o!r1 m extreme degrees ( cold1 %\ld be practically available4 ,s ! exp]im5ts ( #ahbc 7 ab&on$4 ,b 9 #ahdd ,f>aday return$ to !m1 arm$ n[ ) new weapons1 9 ! way ( bett] air-pumps & cold] freez+ mixtures1 :i* ! labors ( o!r work]s1 *iefly ,?ilori]1 ,mit*ell1 & ,natt]]1 _h made available4 ,) ^! new means1 & )\t ! application ( any pr9ciple o!r ?an ! use ( cold & pressure z be=e1 ,f>aday n[ succe$$ 9 r$uc+ to ! liquid =m all ! gases !n kn[n ) ! exception ( six2 :ile a l>ge numb] ( ^! sub/ances 7 /ill fur!r r$uc$1 by ! application ( ! extreme degrees ( cold n[ atta9$1 to ! condition ( solids4 ,! six gases :i* /ill prov$ intractable1 & :i* h5ce came to be spok5 ( z p]man5t gases1 7 nitr\s oxide1 m>% gas1 c>bonic oxide1 oxyg51 nitrog51 & hydrog54 ,^! six refractory gases n[ became a t>get = ! exp]im5ts ( a ho/ ( work]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! res\rces ( me*anical +5uity ( ! "t 7 exhau/$ 9 ! ef=t to produce l[ temp]atures on ! "o h& & high pressures on ! o!r4 ,?us ,&rews1 9 ,engl&1 us+ ! ba? ( solid c>bonic acid & e!r :i* ,?ilori] _h discov]$1 & :i* produces a degree ( cold (--#hj ,c5tigrade1 appli$ a pressure ( five hundr$ atmosph]es1 or ne>ly f\r tons to ! squ>e in*1 )\t produc+ any *ange ( /ate4 ,natt]] increas$ ?is pressure to two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ atmosph]es1 or tw5ty-"o tons to ! squ>e in*1 ) ! same negative results4 ,! result ( ,&rews' exp]im5ts 9 p>ticul> 0 ! f9al pro( ( :at ,cagni>d de la ,t\r _h e>ly suspect$ & ,f>aday _h firmly believ$1 t pressure alone1 reg>dless ( temp]ature1 is n suffici5t to r$uce a gas to ! liquid /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fact ( a s-call$ critical temp]ature1 v>y+ = diff]5t sub/ances1 above :i* a giv5 sub/ance is always a gas1 reg>dless ( pressure1 0 def9itively discov]$4 ,x became cle>1 !n1 t be=e ! resi/ant gases w\ld be liquefi$ means ( rea*+ extremely l[ temp]atures mu/ be discov]$4 ,& = ?is1 :at 0 ne$$ 0 n s mu* new pr9ciples z elaborate & co/ly ma*9]y = ! application ( a pr9ciple long famili>--! pr9ciple1 namely1 t an evaporat+ liquid r$uces ! temp]ature ( its imm$iate surr\nd+s1 includ+ its own sub/ance4 ,+5i\s means ( apply+ ?is pr9ciple1 9 connection ) ! means previ\sly employ$1 7 develop$ indep5d5tly by ,pictet 9 ,g5eva & ,cailletet 9 ,p>is1 & a little lat] by ! ,crac[ pr(essors ,wroblewski & ,olzewski1 also work+ indep5d5tly4 ,pictet1 work+ on a comm]cial scale1 employ$ a s]ies ( liquefi$ gases to ga9 l[] & l[] temp]atures by successive /ages4 ,evaporat+ sulphur\s acid liquefi$ c>bonic acid1 & ?is 9 evaporat+ br\ght oxyg5 "u pressure to ne> its liquefaction po9t2 &1 ! pressure be+ sudd5ly releas$ 7a me?od employ$ 9 ,f>aday's e>lie/ exp]im5ts71 ! rapid expansion ( ! compress$ oxyg5 liquefies a portion ( its sub/ance4 ,?is result 0 obta9$ 9 #ahgg by ,pictet & ,cailletet almo/ simultane\sly4 ,cailletet _h also liquefi$ ! newly discov]$ acetyl5e gas4 ,five ye>s lat] ,wroblewski liquefi$ m>% gas1 & ! foll[+ ye> nitrog52 :ile c>bonic oxide & nitr\s oxide yield$ to ,olzewski 9 #ahhd4 ,?us =ty ye>s ( ef=t _h be5 requir$ to conqu] five ( ,f>aday's refractory gases1 & ! six?1 hydrog51 /ill rema9s resi/ant4 ,hydrog5 _h1 inde$1 be5 se5 to assume ! =m ( visible vapor1 b x _h n be5 r$uc$ to ! s-call$ /atic /ate--t is1 ! droplets _h n be5 collect$ 9 an appreciable quantity1 z wat] is collect$ 9 a cup4 ,until ?is %\ld be done1 ! f9al problem ( ! liquefaction ( hydrog5 c\ld n be reg>d$ z satisfactorily solv$4 ,m ?an ano!r decade 0 requir$ to make ?is f9al /ep 9 ! completion1 ( ,f>aday's "w4 ,&1 oddly en\gh1 yet v fitt+ly1 x 0 res]v$ = ,f>aday's successor 9 ! *air at ! ,royal ,in/itution to effect ?is culm9ation4 ,s9ce #ahhd ,pr(essor ,dew>'s "w has made ! ,royal ,in/itution aga9 ! c5tre ( l[-temp]ature rese>*4 ,by means ( improv$ ma*9]y & ( +5i\s devices = %ield+ ! sub/ance op]at$ on f ! accession ( heat1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made m 9 detail pres5tly1 ,pr(essor ,dew> 0 able to liquefy ! gas fluor9e1 rec5tly isolat$ by ,m\ssan1 & ! rec5tly discov]$ gas helium 9 #ahig4 ,& 9 ,may1 #ahih1 he 0 able to ann\nce t hydrog5 also _h yield$1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce t99 elusive sub/ance1 hi!rto p]man5tly gase\s1 0 held z a tangible liquid 9 a cuplike receptacle2 & ?is clos+ sc5e ( ! long /ruggle 0 enact$ 9 ! same laboratory 9 :i* ,f>aday p]=m$ ! fir/ liquefaction exp]im5t ) *lor9e j ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury be=e4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is f9al /age 9 ! liquefaction /ruggle 0 n effect$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! pr9ciple ( evaporat+ liquids :i* has j be5 ref]r$ to1 b by ! application ( a q diff]5t pr9ciple & its elaboration into a p]fectly novel me?od4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! "o e/abli%$ long ago by ,j\le & ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 t compress$ gases :5 all[$ to exp& freely are l[]$ 9 temp]ature4 ,9 ?is well-kn[n pr9ciple ! means 0 at h& greatly to simplify & improve ! me?od ( liquefaction ( gases1 only = a long "t no "o recogniz$ ! fact4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ! idea _h occurr$ to two m5 almo/ simultane\sly & q indep5d5tly4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,pr(essor ,l9de1 ! well-kn[n ,g]man exp]im5t] ) refrig]ation processes2 ! o!r1 ,dr4 ,william ,hampson1 a "y ,engli% physician4 ,ea* ( ^! m5 conceiv$ ! idea--& ultimately elaborat$ x 9 practice--( accumulat+ ! cool+ effect ( an exp&+ gas by all[+ ! expansion to take place ?r\gh a small orifice into a *amb] 9 :i* ! coil conta9+ ! compress$ gas 0 held4 ,9 ,dr4 ,hampson's words3 ,! me?od consi/s 9 direct+ all ! gas imm$iately aft] its expansion ov] ! coils :i* conta9 ! compress$ gas t is on its way to ! expansion-po9t4 ,! cold develop$ by expansion 9 ! fir/ exp&$ gas is ?us communicat$ to ! oncom+ compress$ gas1 :i* consequ5tly exp&s f1 & !re=e to1 a l[] temp]ature ?an ! prec$+ portion4 ,x communicates 9 ! same way its own int5sifi$ cold to ! succe$+ portion ( compress$ gas1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is made cold]1 bo? be=e & aft] expansion1 ?an any t _h gone be=e4 ,?is int5sification ( cool+ goes on until ! expansion-temp]ature is f> l[] ?an x 0 at />t+2 & if ! app>atus be well arrang$ ! effect is s p[]ful t ev5 ! small] am\nt ( cool+ due to ! free expansion ( gas ?r\gh a ?rottle-valve1 ?\gh pron\nc$ by ,siem5s & ,coleman incapable ( be+ utiliz$1 may be made to liquefy air )\t us+ o!r refrig]ants4 ,s well is ?is pr9ciple c>ri$ out 9 ,dr4 ,hamp-son's app>atus = liquefy+ air t compress$ air pass+ into ! coil at ord9>y temp]ature )\t o!r means ( refrig]ation beg9s to liquefy 9 ab\t six m9utes--a result t seems almo/ miracul\s :5 x is und]/ood t ! ess5tial me*anism by :i* ?is is br\ght ab\t is conta9$ 9 a cyl9d] only eighte5 in*es long & sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,z has be5 said1 x 0 by adopt+ ?is pr9ciple ( self-int5sive refrig]ation t ,pr(essor ,dew> 0 able to liquefy hydrog54 ,m rec5tly ! same result has be5 atta9$ ?r\gh use ( ! same pr9ciple by ,pr(essor ,ramsay & ,dr4 ,trav]s at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 :o are to be cr$it$ also ) fir/ publi%+ a detail$ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s /ages ( ! process4 ,x appe>s t ! use ( ! self-int5sification pr9ciple alone is n suffici5t ) hydrog5 z x is ) ! less volatile gases1 includ+ air1 = ! reason t at all ord9>y temp]atures hydrog5 does n cool 9 exp&+1 b actually becomes w>m]4 ,x is only aft] ! compress$ hydrog5 has be5 cool$ by imm]sion 9 refrig]at+ m$ia ( v l[ temp]ature t ?is gas becomes am5able to ! law ( cool+ on expansion4 ,9 ! app>atus us$ at ,univ]sity ,college ! coil ( compress$ hydrog5 is pass$ successively ?r\gh 7#a7 a j> conta9+ alcohol & solid c>bonic acid at a temp]ature (--#hj ,c5tigrade2 7#b7 a *amb] conta9+ liquid air at atmosph]ic pressure1 & 7#c7 liquid air boil+ 9 a vacuum br++ ! temp]ature to p]haps #bjej ,c5tigrade be=e ent]+ ! ,hampson coil1 9 :i* expansion & ! self-int5sive refrig]ation lead to actual liquefaction4 ,) ?is app>atus ,dr4 ,trav]s succe$$ 9 produc+ an abundant quantity ( liquid hydrog5 = use 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! new gases t 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! same laboratory ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts on liquid air--gases ab\t :i* ,i %all h some?+ m to say 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,at fir/ blu% x seems a v m>vell\s ?+1 ?is liquefaction ( sub/ances t "u all ord9>y conditions are gase\s4 ,x is c]ta9ly a little />tl+ to h a cup ( cle>1 wat]-l liquid (f]$ "o1 ) ! assurance t x is no?+ b air2 /ill m s to h ! same air pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a :ite avalan*e sn[4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x is m>vell\s1 because ! me*anical difficulties t h be5 ov]come 9 r$uc+ ! air to ^! unusual conditions are great4 ,yet1 9 ano!r & broad] view1 !re is no?+ m wond]ful ab\t liquid air ?an ab\t liquid wat]1 or liquid m]cury1 or liquid iron4 ,long be=e air 0 actually liquefi$1 x 0 p]fectly und]/ood by m5 ( sci5ce t "u c]ta9 conditions x c\ld be liquefi$ j z surely z wat]1 m]cury1 iron1 & e o!r sub/ance c\ld be br\ght to a simil> /ate4 ,?is be+ kn[n1 & ! pr9ciples involv$ und]/ood1 _h !re be5 no?+ m involv$ ?an ! b>e ef=t to realize ^! conditions all ! rec5t l[-temp]ature "w w\ld h be5 m]e sci5tific *ild's-play1 & liquid air w\ld be b a toy ( sci5ce4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact !re are _m o!r ?+s ?an ?is involv$2 new pr9ciples 7 be+ se>*$ = & f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! application ( ! old ones2 new light 0 be+ ?r[n into _m d>k corn]s2 new fields ( rese>*1 "s ( !m z yet b>ely ent]$1 7 be+ ?r[n op5 to ! inve/igator2 new applications ( en]gy1 ( va/ importance n m]ely 9 pure sci5ce b 9 comm]cial life z well1 7 be+ made available4 ,t is :y ! l[-temp]ature "w mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important sci5tific accompli%m5ts ( our c5tury4 ,at ! v outset x 0 ?is "w 9 l>ge measure :i* gave ! f9al answ] to ! long-moot$ "q z to ! nature ( heat1 demon/rat+ ! correctness ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's view t heat is only a condition n itself a sub/ance4 ,s9ce ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ?is view1 kn[n z ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 has be5 ! con/ant guide ( ! physici/s 9 all _! exp]im5ts1 & any "o :o w\ld und]/& ! l[-temp]ature ph5om5a mu/ keep ?is conception ( ! nature ( heat cle>ly & con/antly 9 m9d4 ,to und]/& ! !ory1 "o mu/ ?9k ( all matt] z compos$ ( m9ute isolat$ p>ticles or molecules1 :i* are always 9 motion--vibrat+1 if y w4 ,he mu/ m5tally magnify & visualize ^! p>ticles till he sees !m quiv]+ be=e him1 l tun+-=ks held 9 ! h&4 ,rememb]1 !n1 t1 l ! tun+-=k1 ea* molecule w\ld1 if left to itself1 quiv] less & less viol5tly1 until x ran d[n altoge!r1 b t ! motion ?us less5+ is n really lo/4 ,x is s5t out 9 ! =m ( e!r waves1 :i* c set up l motion 9 any o!r p>ticles :i* !y rea*1 be !y ne> or remote2 or x is transmitt$ z a direct pu%--a kick1 if y w--to any o!r p>ticle ) :i* ! molecule comes 9 physical contact4 ,b note n[1 fur!r1 t our molecule1 :ile incessantly giv+ out its en]gy ( motion 9 e!r waves & 9 direct pu%es1 is at ! same "t j z ceaslessly receiv+ motion f ! e!r waves made by o!r atoms1 & by ! return pu% ( ! molecules aga9/ :i* x pu%es4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 e molecule ( matt] is at once a c5tre = ! di/ribution ( motion 7s5d+ out impulses :i* affect1 soon] or lat]1 e o!r atom ( matt] 9 ! univ]se71 &1 f ! o!r po9t ( view1 also a c5tre = ! reception ( motion f e direction & f e o!r p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,:e!r any giv5 molecule w on ! :ole ga9 motion or lose x dep5ds cle>ly on ! simple me*anical pr9ciples ( give & take4 ,f equally famili> me*anical pr9ciples1 x is cle> t our vibrat+ molecule1 9 virtue ( its vibrations1 is ela/ic1 t5d+ to be ?r[n back f e o!r molecule ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 j z a vibrat+ tun+-=k kicks itself away f any?+ x t\*es4 ,& ( c\rse ! vigor ( ! recoil w dep5d ^u ! vigor ( ! vibration & ! previ\s movem5ts4 ,b s9ce ^! movem5ts con/itute temp]ature1 ?is is ano!r way ( say+ t ! high] ! temp]ature ( a body ! m its molecules w t5d to spr+ asund]1 su* sep>ation 9 ! aggregate con/itut+ expansion ( ! mass z a :ole4 ,?us ! famili> fact ( expansion ( a body "u increas$ temp]ature is expla9$4 ,b n[1 s9ce all molecules are vibrat+1 & s t5d+ to sep>ate1 x is cle> t no unconf9$ mass ( molecules w\ld long rema9 9 contiguity unless "s c\nt] influ5ce t5d$ to draw !m toge!r4 ,su* a c\nt] influ5ce 9 fact exi/s1 & is t]m$ ! =ce ( cohesion4 ,?is =ce is a v]itable gravitation influ5ce1 draw+ e molecule t[>ds e o!r molecule4 ,possibly x is id5tical ) gravitation4 ,x seems subject to "s law ( decreas+ 9 p[] ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 or1 at any rate1 x cle>ly becomes less pot5t z ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* x op]ates increases4 ,n[1 betwe5 ?is =ce ( cohesion :i* t5ds to draw ! molecules toge!r1 & ! heat vibrations :i* t5d to ?r[ ! molecules f>!r asund]1 !re seems to be an incessant battle4 ,if cohesion prevails1 ! molecules are held = ! "t into relatively fix$ sy/em1 :i* we t]m ! solid /ate4 ,if ! two =ces ab\t balance ea* o!r1 ! molecules move among !mselves m freely b ma9ta9 an av]age di/ance1 & we t]m ! condition ! liquid /ate4 ,b if ! heat impulse prepond]ates1 ! molecules 7unless re/ra9$ f )\t7 fly f>!r & f>!r asund]1 mov+ s actively t :5 !y collide ! recoil is too great to be *eck$ by cohesion1 & ?is condition we t]m ! gase\s /ate4 ,n[ aft] ?is /atem5t1 x is cle> t :at ! l[-temp]ature work] does :5 he w\ld liquefy a gas is to become ! *ampion ( ! =ce ( cohesion4 ,he _c directly aid x1 = s f> z is kn[n x is an unalt]able quantity1 l gravitation4 ,b he c accompli% ! same ?+ indirectly by weak5+ ! p[] ( ! rival =ce4 ,?us1 if he encloses a portion ( gas 9 a cyl9d] & drives a pi/on d[n aga9/ x1 he is virtually aid+ cohesion by =c+ ! molecules clos] toge!r1 s t ! hold ( cohesion1 act+ ?r\gh a less di/ance1 is /rong]4 ,:at he accompli%es "h is n all ga91 h[ev]1 = ! b\nd+ molecules1 ?us jamm$ toge!r1 come 9 collision ) "o ano!r m & m frequ5tly1 & ?us _! av]age activity ( vibration is increas$ & n dim9i%$2 9 o!r words1 ! temp]ature ( ! gas has ris5 9 virtue ( ! compression4 ,compression alone1 !n1 w n avail to enable cohesion to w9 ! battle4 ,b ! physici/ has ano!r res\rce4 ,he may place ! cyl9d] ( gas 9 a cold m$ium1 s t ! heat vibrations s5t into x w be less vigor\s ?an ^? x s5ds out4 ,t is a bl[ ! molecule _c )/&4 ,x is q impot5t to cease s5d+ out ! impulses h[ev] little comes 9 return2 h5ce ! aggregate motion becomes less & less active1 until f9ally ! molecule is mov+ s sluggi%ly t :5 x collides ) its fell[ cohesion is able to hold x !re4 ,cohesion1 !n1 has won ! battle1 & ! gas has become a liquid4 ,su*1 /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat1 is :at is br\ght to pass :5 a gas is liquefi$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! physici/4 ,x rema9s only to note t diff]5t *emical sub/ances %[ ! wide/ div]sity z to ! exact po9t ( temp]ature at :i* ?is balance ( ! expansive & cohesive t5d5cies is affect$1 b t ! po9t1 "u uni=m conditions ( pressure1 is always ! same = ! same sub/ance4 ,?is div]sity has to d pretty cle>ly ) ! size ( ! individual molecules involv$2 b its exact explanation is n yet =?com+1 &1 except 9 a g5]al way1 ! physici/ w\ld n be able to pr$ict ! critical temp]ature ( any new gas pres5t$ to him4 ,b once ?is has be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 he always kn[s j :at to expect ( any giv5 sub/ance4 ,he kn[s1 = example1 t 9 a mixture ( gases hydrog5 w\ld /ill rema9 gase\s aft] all ! o!rs _h assum$ ! liquid /ate1 & mo/ ( !m ! solid /ate z well4 ,^! me*anical conceptions well 9 m9d1 x is cle> t :at ! w\ld-be liquefi] ( gases has all along s\ght to atta9 is m]ely ! insulation ( ! portion ( matt] ) :i* he work$ aga9/ ! access ( heat-impulse f its environm5t4 ,x is cle> t 7 any texture kn[n :i* w\ld p]mit a heat-impulse to pass ?r\gh x 9 "o direction only1 no?+ m w\ld be necess>y ?an to place a portion ( gas 9 su* a receptacle ( ?is sub/ance1 s fac$ z to p]mit egress b n entrance ( ! heat1 & ! gas ?us enclos$1 7 x hydrog5 itself1 w\ld v soon become liquid & solid1 ?r\gh spontane\s giv+ (f ( its en]gy1 )\t any manipulation :atev]4 ,contr>iwise1 7 ! faces ( ! receptacle rev]s$1 a piece ( iron plac$ )9 x w\ld be made r$-hot & melt$ ?\gh ! receptacle 7 kept pack$ 9 salt & ice & no heat appli$ except su* z came f ?is freez+ mixture4 ,"o c\ld cook a beef/eak ) a cake ( ice _h he b su* a mat]ial z ?is ) :i* to make 8 /ove4 ,n ev5 ,rum=d or our mod]n ,edw>d ,atk9son ev] dream$ ( su* economy ( fuel z t4 ,b1 un=tunately1 no su* sub/ance z ?is is kn[n1 nor1 inde$1 any sub/ance t w fully prev5t ! passage ( heat-impulses 9 ei!r direction4 ,h5ce "o ( ! greate/ tasks ( ! exp]im5t]s has be5 to f9d a receptacle t w\ld insulate a cool$ sub/ance ev5 p>tially f ! incessant bomb>dm5t ( heat-impulses f )\t4 ,x is obvi\s t unless su* an insulat+ receptacle c\ld be provid$ none ( ! m resi/5t gases1 su* z oxyg51 c\ld be long kept liquid1 ev5 :5 once br\ght to t condition1 s9ce an environm5t ( requisite frigidity c\ld n practicably be provid$4 ,b n[ ano!r phase ( ! problem pres5ts itself to ! exp]im5t]4 ,oxyg5 has assum$ ! quiesc5t liquid /ate1 to be sure1 b 9 s do+ x has fall5 bel[ ! temp]ature ( its cool+ m$ium2 h5ce x is n[ receiv+ f t m$ium m en]gy ( vibration ?an x gives1 & unless ?is is prev5t$ v soon its p>ticles w aga9 h p[] to kick !mselves ap>t & resume ! gase\s /ate4 ,some?+1 !n1 mu/ be done to insulate ! liquefi$ gas1 else x w reta9 ! liquid /ate = too %ort a "t to be mu* exp]im5t$ )4 ,h[ might su* insulation be accompli%$8 ,! mo/ successful attack ^u ?is important problem has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,dew>4 ,he inv5t$ a receptacle = hold+ liquefi$ gases :i*1 :ile n fulfill+ ! ideal conditions ref]r$ to above1 yet accompli%es a v rem>kable degree ( heat insulation4 ,9 consi/s ( a glass vessel ) d\ble walls1 ! space betwe5 :i* is r5d]$ a vacuum ( ! highe/ practicable degree4 ,?is vacuum1 conta9+ practically no p>ticles ( matt]1 _c1 ( c\rse1 convey heat-impulses to or f ! matt] 9 ! receptacle ) any degree ( rapidity4 ,?us "o ( ! two possible means ( heat transf] is %ut (f & a degree ( insulation af=d$ ! liquefi$ sub/ance4 ,b ( c\rse ! o!r *annel1 e!r radiation1 rema9s4 ,ev5 ?is may be block$ to a l>ge ext5t1 h[ev]1 by leav+ a trace ( m]cury vapor 9 ! vacuum space1 :i* w be deposit$ z a f9e mirror on ! inn] surface ( ! *amb]4 ,?is mirror s]ves z an admirable reflector ( ! heat-rays t trav]se ! vacuum1 s5d+ m ?an half ( !m back aga94 ,s1 by ! comb9$ action ( vacuum & mirror1 ! am\nt ( heat t c p5etrate to ! int]ior ( ! receptacle is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-?irtie? ( :at w\ld ent] an ord9>y vessel4 ,9 o!r words1 a quantity ( liquefi$ gas :i* w\ld evaporate 9 "o m9ute f an ord9>y vessel w la/ half an h\r 9 "o ( ,pr(essor ,dew>'s be/ vacuum vessels4 ,?us 9 "o ( ^! vessels a quantity ( liquefi$ air1 = example1 c be kept = a consid]able "t 9 an atmosph]e at ord9>y temp]ature1 & w only volatilize at ! surface1 l wat] "u ! same conditions1 ?\gh ( c\rse m rapidly2 :]eas ! same liquid 9 an ord9>y vessel w\ld boil briskly away1 l wat] ov] a fire4 ,only1 be x rememb]$1 ! air 9 boil+ is at a temp]ature ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty degrees bel[ z]o1 s t x w\ld in/antly freeze almo/ any sub/ance plac$ into x4 ,a portion ( alcohol p\r$ on its surface w be *ang$ quickly into a globule ( ice1 :i* w rattle ab\t ! sides ( ! vessel l a m>ble4 ,t is n :at "o ord9>ily ?9ks ( z a boil+ temp]ature4 ,if ! vacuum vessel conta9+ a liquefi$ gas be kept 9 a cold m$ium1 & p>ticul>ly if two vacuum tubes be plac$ toge!r1 s t no expos$ surface ( liquid rema9s1 a portion ( liquefi$ air1 = example1 may be kept almo/ indef9itely4 ,?us x becomes possible to utilize ! liquefi$ gas = exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( matt] at l[ temp]atures t o!rwise w\ld be q impracticable4 ,great numb]s ( su* exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! pa/ decade or s by all ! work]s ) l[ temp]atures already m5tion$1 & by v>i\s o!rs1 includ+1 fitt+ly en\gh1 ! hold] ( ! ,rum=d pr(essor%ip ( exp]im5tal physics at ,h>v>d1 ,pr(essor ,tr[bridge4 ,! "w ( ,pr(essor ,dew> has p]haps be5 ! mo/ compreh5sive & v>i$1 b ! rese>*es ( ,pictet1 ,wroblewski1 & ,olzewski h also be5 important1 & x is n always possible to apportion cr$it = ! v>i\s discov]ies accurately1 s9ce ! au?orities !mselves are 9 un=tunate disagreem5t 9 sev]al que/ions ( priority4 ,b 9 any ev5t1 su* que/ions ( exact priority h no great int]e/ = any "o b ! p]sons directly involv$4 ,we may q disreg>d !m "h1 conf9+ att5tion to ! results !mselves1 :i* are full ( int]e/4 ,! que/ions inve/igat$ h to d ) ! physical prop]ties1 su* z electrical conductivity1 magnetic condition1 light-absorption1 cohesion1 & *emical aff9ities ( matt] at excessively l[ temp]atures4 ,x is f\nd t 9 all ^! reg>ds mo/ sub/ances are pr(\ndly modifi$ :5 excessively cool$4 ,?us if a piece ( any pure metal is plac$ 9 an electric circuit & plung$ into liquid air1 its resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electricity /eadily decreases z ! metal cools1 until at ! temp]ature ( ! liquid x is v trifl+ inde$4 ,! conclusion seems to be ju/ifi$ t if ! metal c\ld be /ill fur!r cool$ until x rea*$ ! !oretical absolute z]o1 or absolutely heatless condition1 ! electrical resi/ance w\ld also be nil4 ,s x appe>s t ! heat vibrations ( ! molecules ( a pure metal int]f]e ) ! electrical curr5t4 ,! ?\ght sugge/s itself t ?is may be because ! e!r waves set up by ! vibrat+ molecules conflict ) ! e!r /ra9 :i* is reg>d$ by "s !ori/s z con/itut+ ! electrical curr5t4 ,b ?is simple explanation falt]s be=e fur!r exp]im5ts :i* %[1 p>adoxically en\gh1 t ! electrical resi/ance ( c>bon exactly rev]ses :at has j be5 said ( pure metals1 becom+ great] & great] z ! c>bon is cool$4 ,if an hypo!sis 7 inv5t$ to cov] ?is case !re w\ld /ill rema9 a puzzle 9 ! fact t alloys ( metals d n act at all l ! pure metals !mselves1 ! electrical resi/ance ( su* alloys be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 unaffect$ by *ang$ temp]ature4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! facts ( electrical conduction at l[ temp]atures are q beyond ! rea* ( pres5t explanation4 ,!y mu/ await a full] k ( molecul> conditions 9 g5]al ?an is at pres5t available--a k to :i* ! l[-temp]ature "w itself seems "o ( ! sure/ *annels4 ,ev5 fur!r beyond ! rea* ( pres5t explanation are ! facts z to magnetic conditions at l[ temp]atures4 ,ev5 z to ! facts !mselves diff]5t exp]im5t]s h diff]$ some:at1 b ! f9al conclusion ( ,pr(essor ,dew> is t1 aft] a p]iod ( fluctuation1 ! p[] ( a magnet repeat$ly subject$ to a liquid-air ba? becomes p]man5tly increas$4 ,v>i\s sub/ances n m>k$ly magnetic at ord9>y temp]atures become s :5 cool$4 ,among ^!1 z ,pr(essor ,dew> discov]$1 is liquid oxyg5 itself4 ,?us if a portion ( liquid air be fur!r cool$ until x assumes a semi-solid condition1 ! oxyg5 may be drawn f ! mass by a magnet1 leav+ a pure nitrog5 jelly4 ,^! facts are curi\s en\gh1 & full ( sugge/ion1 b l all o!r que/ions hav+ to d ) magnetism1 !y hold = ! pres5t g5]ation ! d\ble fasc9ation ( insoluble my/]y4 ,to be sure1 "o may readily en\gh sugge/ t if magnetism be really a :irl 9 ! e!r1 ?is :irl is app>5tly int]f]$ ) by ! waves ( radiant heat2 or1 aga91 t magnetism is presumably due to molecul> motions :i* are app>5tly int]f]$ ) by ano!r k9d ( molecul> motions :i* we call heat vibrations2 b !re is a vagu5ess ab\t ! t]ms ( su* guesses t leaves !m cle>ly )9 ! category ( explanations t d n expla94 ,:5 x comes to ! ph5om5a ( light1 we c1 z is fitt+1 see our way a little m cle>ly1 s9ce1 ?anks to ,?omas ,"y & 8 successors1 we "k pretty def9itely :at light really is4 ,s :5 we le>n t _m sub/ances *ange _! color utt]ly at l[ temp]atures--r$ ?+s becom+ yell[ & yell[ ?+s :ite1 = example--we c /ep easily & surely to at lea/ a p>tial explanation4 ,we "k t ! color ( any object dep5ds simply ^u ! p>ticul> e!r waves ( ! spectrum :i* t p>ticul> sub/ance absorbs2 & x does n seem anomal\s t molecules pack$ close toge!r at--#ahj ( temp]ature %\ld treat ! e!r waves diff]5tly ?an :5 relatively wide ap>t at an ord9>y temp]ature4 ,yet1 aft] all1 t may n be ! clew to ! explanation4 ,! pack+ ( ! molecules may h no?+ to d ) x4 ,! real explanation may lie 9 ! *ange ( ! e!r waves s5t out by ! vibrat+ molecule2 inde$1 ! fact t ! waves ( radiant heat & ^? ( light diff] only 9 amplitude l5ds color to ?is latt] supposition4 ,s ! explanation ( ! *ang$ color ( ! cool$ sub/ance is at be/ a dubi\s "o4 ,ano!r int]e/+ light ph5om5on is f\nd 9 ! obs]v$ fact t v _m sub/ances become m>k$ly phosphoresc5t at l[ temp]atures4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dew>1 gelat9e1 celluloid1 p>aff9e1 ivory1 horn1 & india-rubb] become di/9ctly lum9\s1 ) a blui% or gre5i% phosphoresc5ce1 aft] cool+ to--#ahj & be+ /imulat$ by ! electric light4 ,! same ?+ is true1 9 v>y+ degrees1 ( alcohol1 nitric acid1 glyc]9e1 & ( pap]1 lea!r1 l951 tortoise-%ell1 & sponge4 ,pure wat] is b slightly lum9\s1 :]eas impure wat] gl[s brightly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 alcohol loses its phosphoresc5ce :5 a trace ( iod9e is add$ to x4 ,9 g5]al1 color$ ?+s are b little phosphoresc5t4 ,?us ! :ite ( egg is v brilliant b ! yolk mu* less s4 ,milk is mu* bright] ?an wat]1 & su* objects z a :ite fl[]1 a fea!r1 & egg-%ell gl[ brilliantly4 ,! mo/ rem>kable sub/ances ( all1 says ,pr(essor ,dew>1 :om ,i am all along quot+1 are ! plat9ocyanides among inorganic comp\nds & ! ketonic comp\nds among organic4 ,ammonium plat9ocyanide1 cool$ :ile /imulat$ by arc light1 gl[s fully at--#ahj2 b on w>m+ x gl[s l a lamp4 ,x seems cle>1 ,pr(essor ,dew> adds1 t ! sub/ance at ?is l[ temp]ature mu/ h acquir$ increas$ p[] ( absorption1 & x may be t at ! same "t ! factor ( molecul> friction or damp+ may h dim9i%$4 ,! cauti\s t]ms 9 :i* ?is p>tial explanation is c\*$ sugge/ h[ f> we /ill are f a full und]/&+ ( ! int]e/+ ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce4 ,t a molecule %\ld be able to vibrate 9 su* a way z to produce ! %ort waves ( light1 dissev]$ f ! usual l9k+ ) ! vibrations repres5t$ by high temp]ature1 is "o ( ! /&+ puzzles ( physics4 ,& ! demon/rat$ increase ( ?is capacity at v l[ temp]atures only adds to ! my/]y4 ,!re are at lea/ two ( ! l[-temp]ature ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 t seem a little less puzzl+--! facts1 namely1 t cohesion & rigidity ( /ructure are increas$ :5 a sub/ance is cool$ & t *emical activity is v greatly r$uc$1 9 fact almo/ aboli%$4 ,?is is q :at "o w\ld expect a priori--?\gh no wise man w\ld dwell on 8 expectation 9 advance ( ! exp]im5ts--s9ce ! :ole "q ( liquids & solids v]sus gases appe>s to be simply a conte/ betwe5 cohesive =ces t are t5d+ to draw ! molecules toge!r & ! heat vibration :i* is t5d+ to ?r[ !m ap>t4 ,z a sub/ance *anges f gas to liquid1 & f liquid to solid1 contract+ meantime1 simply ?r\gh ! less5+ ( ! heat vibrations ( its molecules1 we might naturally expect t ! solid w\ld become m & m t5aci\s 9 /ructure z its molecules came clos] & clos] toge!r1 & at ! same "t became less & less active1 z happ5s :5 ! solid is fur!r cool$4 ,& = once exp]im5t ju/ifies ! expectation4 ,pr(essor ,de-w> f\nd t ! break+ /ress ( an iron wire is m ?an d\bl$ :5 ! wire is cool$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid air1 & all o!r metals are l>gely /r5g!n$1 ?\gh none o!r to q ! same degree4 ,he f\nd t a spiral spr+ ( fusible metal1 :i* at ord9>y temp]ature 0 quickly drawn out into a /raight wire by a weight ( "o ounce1 w\ld1 :5 cool$ to -#ahb deg1 support a weight ( two p\nds1 & w\ld vibrate l a /eel spr+ s long z x 0 cool4 ,a bell ( fusible metal has a di/9ct metallic r+ at ?is l[ temp]ature2 & balls ( iron1 t91 lead1 or ivory cool$ to -#ahb deg & dropp$ f a height1 9 all cases h ! reb\nd greatly increas$4 ,! flatt5$ surface ( ! lead is only "o-?ird :at x w\ld be at ord9>y temp]ature4 ,^! conditions are due solely to ! cool+1 & p]si/ only :ile ! l[ temp]ature la/s4 ,if ?is increas$ /r5g? & h>dness ( a contract$ metal are :at "o w\ld expect on molecul> pr9ciples1 ! decreas$ *emical activity at l[ temp]atures is no less natural-seem+1 :5 "o reflects h[ g5]ally *emical ph5om5a are facilitat$ by ! application ( heat4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x has be5 f\nd t at ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5 practically all *emical activity is aboli%$1 ! unruly fluor9e mak+ ! only exception4 ,! explanation h+es on ! fact t e atom1 ( any k9d1 has p[] to unite ) only a limit$ numb] ( o!r atoms4 ,:5 ! aff9ities ( an atom are satisfi$1 no m atoms c ent] into ! union unless "s atoms already !re be displac$4 ,su* displacem5t takes place con/antly1 "u ord9>y conditions ( temp]ature1 because ! vibrat+ atoms t5d to ?r[ !mselves ap>t1 & o!r atoms may spr+ 9 to take ! places j vacat$--su* int]*ange1 9 fact1 con/itut+ ! ess5ce ( *emical activity4 ,b :5 ! temp]ature is r$uc$ ! heat-vibration becomes insuffici5t to ?r[ ! atoms ap>t1 h5ce any unions !y *ance to h made are p]man5t1 s long z ! l[ temp]ature is ma9ta9$4 ,?us x is t sub/ances :i* attack "o ano!r eag]ly at ord9>y temp]atures w lie side by side1 utt]ly in]t1 at ! temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 h[ev]1 mo/ int]e/+ *emical exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 :i* ! liquefi$ gases1 p>ticul>ly oxyg51 are utiliz$4 ,?us ,olzewski f\nd t a bit ( wood light$ & ?ru/ into liquid oxyg5 burns z x w\ld 9 gase\s oxyg51 & a r$-hot iron wire ?ru/ into ! liquid burns & spreads sp>ks ( iron4 ,b m novel /ill 0 ,dew>'s exp]im5t ( ins]t+ a small jet ( ignit$ hydrog5 into ! vessel ( liquid oxyg52 = ! jet cont9u$ to burn1 =m+ wat]1 ( c\rse1 :i* 0 c>ri$ away z sn[4 ,! idea ( a gas-jet burn+ )9 a liquid1 & hav+ sn[ = smoke1 is n ! lea/ anomal\s ( ! _m /range conceptions t ! l[-temp]ature "w has made famili>4 ,,practical ,,results ,,& ,,anticipations ,su* are "s ( ! /rictly sci5tific results ( ! l[-temp]ature "w4 ,b !re are o!r results ( a m directly practical k9d--nei!r m important nor m int]e/+ on t acc\nt1 to be sure1 b m directly appeal+ to ! g5]ality ( ! non-sci5tific public4 ,( ^! applications1 ! mo/ pat5t & ! fir/ to be made available 0 ! "o =eca/ by ,davy f ! v fir/--namely1 ! use ( liquefi$ gases 9 ! refrig]ation ( foods4 ,long be=e ! m resi/ant gases _h be5 liquefi$1 ! m manageable ones1 su* z ammonia & sulphur\s acid1 _h be5 utiliz$ on a comm]cial scale = refrig]at+ purposes4 ,to-day e brew]y & e l>ge cold-/orage w>eh\se is suppli$ ) su* a refrig]ator plant1 ! temp]ature be+ ?us regulat$ z is n o!rwise practicable4 ,_m l>ge halls are cool$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & ?us made com=table 9 ! summ]4 ,%ips c>ry+ p]i%ables h ! safety ( _! c>goes insur$ by a refrig]ator plant4 ,9 all l>ge cities !re are ice manufactories us+ ! same me?od1 & ( late ev5 relatively small e/abli%m5ts1 hotels1 & ap>tm5t h\ses h _! ice-ma*9e4 ,x seems probable t be=e long all su* build+s & _m private dwell+s w be provid$ ) a cool+ app>atus z regul>ly z !y are n[ equipp$ ) a heat+ app>atus4 ,! exact details ( ! v>i\s refrig]ator ma*9es ( c\rse v>y1 b all ( !m utilize ! pr9ciples t ! laboratory work]s fir/ e/abli%$4 ,inde$1 ! entire refrig]ator indu/ry1 n[ assum+ significant proportions1 may be said to be a direct outgr[? ( t te*nical "w :i* ,davy & ,f>aday inaugurat$ & prosecut$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution--a result :i* w\ld h be5 mo/ gratify+ to ! f\nd] ( ! in/itution c\ld he h =eca/ x4 ,! usual means ( di/ribut+ ! cool+ fluids 9 ! comm]cial plants is by ! famili> iron pipes1 n dissimil> 9 appe>ance 7:5 n 9 op]ation7 to ! famili> gas1 wat]1 & /eam pipes4 ,:5 op]at+1 h[ev]1 ! pipes !mselves are soon hidd5 f view by ! ?ick coat+ ( fro/ :i* =ms ov] !m4 ,9 a moi/ be]-cell> ?is coat+ is (t5 sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness1 giv+ a v *>act]i/ic & unmi/akable appe>ance4 ,ano!r comm]cial use to :i* refrig]ator ma*9es are n[ put is 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s drugs1 :]e absolute purity is desirable4 ,z diff]5t sub/ances congeal at diff]5t temp]atures1 b ! same sub/ances at uni=m pressure always at ! same temp]ature1 a means is af=d$ ( free+ a drug f impurities by freez+1 :]e sometimes ! same result _c be accompli%$ ) l ?or\ghness by any o!r practicable means4 ,inde$1 by ?is means impurities h be5 detect$ :]e n previ\sly suspect$4 ,& ,pr(essor ,ramsay has detect$ "s new elem5t>y sub/ances ev51 z con/itu5ts ( ! air1 :i* _h previ\sly n be5 dissociat$ f ! nitrog5 ) :i* !y are usually mix$4 ,su* applications ( ! refrig]ator pr9ciples z ^!1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ( va/ comm]cial importance1 are held by _m en?usia/s to be b a bagatelle comp>$ ) o!r uses to :i* liquefi$ gases may "s "t be put4 ,_! expectations are bas$ ^u ! enorm\s pot5tialities t are demon/rably /or$ 9 ev5 a t9y portion (1 say1 liquefi$ air4 ,^! are1 inde$1 truly appall+4 ,consid]1 = example1 a portion ( air at a temp]ature above its critical po9t1 to :i*1 z 9 ,?ilori]'s exp]im5ts1 a pressure ( ?irty-"o tons to ! squ>e in* ( ! encompass+ wall is be+ appli$4 ,recall t action & reaction are equal1 & x is app>5t t ! gas itself is pu%+ back--/ruggl+ aga9/ be+ compress$1 if y w--) an equal p[]4 ,suppose ! bulk ( ! gas is su* t at ?is pressure x occupies a cubical space six in*es on a side--some?+ l ! bulk ( a *ild's toy balloon1 let u say4 ,!n ! total outw>d pressure :i* t t9y bulk ( gas ex]ts1 9 its desp]ate molecul> /ruggle1 is little less ?an five ?\s& tons4 ,x w\ld support an enorm\s build+ )\t budg+ a hair's-bread?4 ,if ! build+ weigh$ less ?an five ?\s& tons x w\ld be lift$ by ! gas2 if mu* less x w\ld be ?r[n high into ! air z ! gas exp&$4 ,x gives "o a new s5se ( ! p[] ( numb]s to feel t inf9itesimal atoms1 m]ely by vibrat+ 9 unison1 c\ld accompli% su* a result4 ,b n[ suppose our portion ( gas1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ "u our hypo!tical build+1 is plung$ into a cold m$ium1 :i* w p]mit its heat-vibrations to exhau/ !mselves )\t be+ correspond+ly re/or$4 ,!n1 pres5tly1 ! temp]ature is l[]$ bel[ ! critical po9t1 &1 pre/o6 ! mad /ruggle ceases1 ! atoms lie amicably toge!r1 & ! gas has become a liquid4 ,:at a trans=m$ ?+ x is n[4 ,in/ead ( press+ out ) t enorm\s =ce1 x has volunt>ily contract$ z ! five ?\s& tons pressure c\ld n make x d2 & x lies !re n[1 limpid & h>mless-seem+1 9 ! receptacle1 = all ! _w l s mu* wat]4 ,&1 inde$1 ! comp>ison ) wat] is m ?an sup]ficial1 = 9 a cup ( wat] also !re are wond]ful pot5tialities1 z e /eam-eng9e atte/s4 ,b an enorm\s diff]5ce1 n 9 pr9ciple b 9 practical applications1 exi/s 9 ! fact t ! pot5tialities ( ! wat] _c be utiliz$ until relatively high temp]atures are rea*$4 ,co/ly fuel mu/ be burn$ & ! heat appli$ to ! wat] be=e x c avail to d its "w4 ,b suppose we 7 to place our portion ( liquid air1 limpid & wat]-l1 9 ! cyl9d] ( a locomotive1 :]e ! /eam ( wat] ord9>ily ent]s4 ,!n1 ?\gh no fuel 7 burn$--?\gh ! entire eng9e /ood emb$d$ 9 ! sn[ ( an arctic w9t]--x w\ld be b a few mom5ts be=e ! liquid air w\ld absorb ev5 f ?is cold m$ium heat en\gh to br+ x above its critical temp]ature2 &1 its atoms n[ danc+ ap>t once m & re-ex]t+ t enorm\s pressure1 ! pi/on ( ! eng9e w\ld be driv5 back & !n ! entire cyl9d] bur/ into fragm5ts z ! gas s\ght exit4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 a portion ( liquid air has a /ore ( pot5tial en]gy :i* c be made k9etic m]ely by draw+ ^u ! b\ndless & free supply ( heat :i* is ev]y:]e /or$ 9 ! atmosph]e we brea! & 9 e sub/ance ab\t u4 ,! difficulty is1 n to f9d fuel ) :i* to vaporize x1 z 9 case ( wat]1 b to keep ! fuel f f9d+ x :e!r or no4 ,7 liquid air 9 suffici5t quantities available1 ! fuel problem w\ld cease to h any significance4 ,b ( c\rse liquid air is n indef9itely available1 & exactly "h comes ! difficulty ) ! calculations ( _m en?usia/s :o hail liquefi$ gas z ! motive p[] ( ! ne> future4 ,= ( c\rse 9 liquefy+ ! air p[] has be5 appli$1 = ! mom5t wa/$1 & unless we c get out ( ! liquid m en]gy ?an we h appli$ to x1 !re is no economy ( p[] 9 ! transaction4 ,n[ ! simple/ /udy ( ! conditions1 ) ! me*anical !ory ( matt] 9 m9d1 makes x cle> t ?is is precisely :at "o c nev] hope to accompli%4 ,action & reaction are equal & 9 opposite directions at all /ages ( ! manipulation1 & h5ce1 "u ! mo/ ideal conditions1 we mu/ expect to wa/e z mu* "w 9 cond5s+ a gas 79 actual practice m7 z ! cond5s$ sub/ance c d 9 exp&+ to ! orig9al volume4 ,^? en?usia/s :o h ?\ght o!rwise1 & :o h be5 on ! po9t ( p]fect+ an app>atus :i* w readily & *eaply produce liquid air aft] ! fir/ portion is produc$1 are really b foll[+ ! old p]petual-motion-ma*9e w-o'-!-wisp4 ,x does n at all foll[ f ?is1 h[ev]1 t ! en]gies ( liquefi$ air may n be utiliz$ ) enorm\s advantage4 ,x is n always ! *eape/ =m ( p[]-trans=m] t is ! be/ = all purposes1 z ! use ( ! electrical /orage batt]y %[s4 ,& s x is q )9 ! possibilities t a multitude ( uses may be f\nd = ! employm5t ( liquid air z a motive p[]1 9 :i* its cond5s$ =m1 its transportability or o!r prop]ties w give x prec$5ce ov] /eam or electricity4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 = example1 t liquefi$ gas w\ld seem to af=d ! motive p[] p> excell5ce = ! fly+-ma*9e1 once t elusive vehicle is well 9 h>ness1 s9ce "o ( ! greate/ problems "h is to r$uce ! weight ( ! motor app>atus4 ,9 a less degree ! same problem ent]s into ! calculations ( %ips1 p>ticul>ly %ips ( w>2 & ) !m also x may come to pass t a /ore ( liquid air 7or o!r gas7 may come to take ! place ( a f> heavi] /ore ( coal4 ,x is ev5 )9 ! possibilities t ! explosive p[]s ( ! same liquid may take ! place ( ! great magaz9es ( p[d] n[ c>ri$ on w>-%ips2 =1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! liquefi$ gas w exp& ) explosive sudd5ness & viol5ce1 an explosion be+ 9 any case only a v sudd5 expansion ( a conf9$ gas4 ,! use ( ! compress$ air 9 ! dynamite guns1 z demon/rat$ 9 ! ,cuban campaign1 is a /ep 9 ?is direction4 ,&1 inde$1 ! use ( compress$ air 9 _m comm]cial fields already compet+ ) /eam & electricity is a /ep t[>ds ! use ( air /ill fur!r compress$1 & cool$1 meantime1 to a condition ( liquidity4 ,! enorm\s advantages ( ! air actually liquefi$1 & s = ! mom5t quiesc5t1 ov] ! air m]ely compress$1 & h5ce requir+ a p[]ful retort to hold x1 are pat5t at a glance4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! difficulty ( keep+ x liquid is a disadvantage t is equally pat5t4 ,h[ ! balance w be /ruck betwe5 ^! cont5d+ advantages & disadvantages x rema9s = ! practical eng9e]+ inv5tors ( ! future--! ne> future1 probably--to demon/rate4 ,meantime !re is ano!r l9e ( application ( ! ideas :i* ! l[-temp]ature "w has br\ght into prom95ce :i* has a peculi> int]e/ 9 ! pres5t connection because ( its s+ul>ly ,rum=dian ca/1 s to speak1 ,i mean ! idea ( ! insulation ( cool$ or heat$ objects 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 z1 = example1 9 cook+4 ,! subject 0 a v]itable hobby ) ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution all 8 life4 ,he /udi$ ! heat-transmitt+ & heat-reflect+ prop]ties ( v>i\s sub/ances1 includ+ su* directly practical applications z r\gh surfaces v]sus smoo? surfaces = /oves1 ! be/ color = clo?+ 9 summ] & 9 w9t]1 & ! l4 ,he promulgat$ 8 ideas f> & wide1 & demon/rat$ all ov] ,europe ! extreme wa/efulness ( curr5t me?ods ( us+ fuel4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 ideas 7 adopt$ ev]y:]e1 yet on ! :ole ! public prov$ s+ul>ly apa!tic2 &1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 an a/\nd+ wa/efulness 9 ! use ( fuel is ! g5]al cu/om n[ z x 0 a c5tury ago4 ,a ,fr5* cook w prep>e an entire d9n] ) a spl9t] ( wood1 a h&ful ( *>coal1 & a half-%ovelful ( coke1 :ile ! same fuel w\ld b>ely suffice to k9dle ! fire 9 an ,am]ican cook-/ove4 ,ev5 m wond]ful is ! ,g]man /ove1 ) its great bulk ( brick & mort> & its glaz$ tile surface1 9 :i*1 by keep+ ! heat 9 ! room in/ead ( s5d+ x up ! *imney1 a few bits ( compress$ coal d ! "w ( a hodful4 ,x is "o m]it ( ! l[-temp]ature "w1 ,i repeat1 to h call$ att5tion to ! possibilities ( heat insulation 9 application to ! useful purposes ( life4 ,if ,pr(essor ,dew>'s vacuum vessel c r$uce ! heat-transmitt+ capacity ( a vessel by almo/ n9ety-sev5 p] c5t41 :y %\ld n ! same pr9ciple1 9 modifi$ =m1 be appli$ to v>i\s h\sehold appliances--to ice-boxes1 = example1 & to cook+ ut5sils1 ev5 to ov5s & cook-/oves8 ,ev5 9 ! con/ruction ( ! walls ( h\ses ! pr9ciples ( heat insulation might advantage\sly be giv5 f> m att5tion ?an is usual at pres5t2 & no d\bt w be s soon z ! ,european s5se ( economy %all be br\ght home to ! p ( ! l& ( progress & inv5tions4 ,! pr9ciples to be appli$ are already cle>ly to h&1 ?anks l>gely to ! te*nical work]s ) l[ temp]atures4 ,x rema9s n[ = ! practical inv5tors to make ! application to ! useful purposes ( life4 ,! te*nical sci5ti/s1 ignor+ ! example :i* ,rum=d & a few o!rs h set1 h usually no conc]n ) su* un9t]e/+ conc]ns4 ,= ! te*nical sci5ti/s !mselves1 h[ev]1 ! l[-temp]ature field is /ill full ( invit+ possibilities ( a /rictly te*nical k9d4 ,! la/ gas has inde$ be5 liquefi$1 b t by no means implies ! la/ /age ( discov]y4 ,) ! successive conque/ ( ?is gas & ( t1 l[] & l[] levels ( temp]ature h be5 rea*$1 b ! f9al goal /ill lies well beyond4 ,?is is ! nor? pole ( ! physici/'s _w1 ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature--! po9t at :i* ! heat-vibrations ( matt] are suppos$ to be absolutely /ill$4 ,!oretically ?is po9t lies #bgbj bel[ ! ,c5tigrade z]o4 ,) ! liquefaction ( hydrog51 a temp]ature ( ab\t -#bec deg or -#bed deg ,c5tigrade has be5 rea*$4 ,s ! gap seems n s v great4 ,b l ! gap t sep>at$ ,nans5 f ! geographical pole1 x is a v h>d road to travel4 ,h[ to compass x w be ! /udy ( all ! l[-temp]ature explor]s 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,:o w fir/ rea* x1 & :51 & h[1 are que/ions = ! future to decide4 ,& :5 ! goal is rea*$1 :at w be reveal$8 ,t is a "q z full ( fasc9ation = ! physici/ z ! nor?-pole my/]y has ev] be5 = ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 any attempt to answ] x to-day mu/ p>take l>gely ( ! nature ( a guess1 yet c]ta9 =eca/s may be made ) reasonable probability4 ,?us x c h>dly be d\bt$ t at ! absolute z]o all matt] w h ! =m :i* we t]m solid2 &1 moreov]1 a degree ( solidity1 ( t5acity & compactness great] ?an ev] o!rwise atta9$4 ,all *emical activity w presumably h ceas$1 & any exi/+ comp\nd w reta9 unalt]$ its *emical composition s long z absolute z]o p]ta9s2 ?\gh 9 _m1 if n 9 all cases1 ! tangible prop]ties ( ! sub/ance--its color1 = example1 & p]haps its cry/all9e texture--w be s alt]$ z to be no long] recognizable by ord9>y /&>ds1 any m ?an "o w\ld ord9>ily recognize a mass ( sn[like cry/als z air4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t at absolute z]o all matt] may take ! =m ( an impalpable p[d]1 ! =ces ( cohesion be+ de/roy$ ) ! vibrations ( heat4 ,b exp]im5t seems to give no w>rant to ?is =eca/1 s9ce cohesion seems to increase exactly 9 proportion to ! decrease ( ! heat-vibrations4 ,! solidity ( ! meteorites :i* come to ! e>? out ( ! dep?s ( space1 :]e some?+ approa*+ ! z]o temp]ature is suppos$ to prevail1 also contradicts ?is assumption4 ,/ill less w>rant is !re = a vision>y =eca/ at "o "t ent]ta9$ t at absolute z]o matt] w utt]ly disappe>4 ,?is idea 0 sugge/$ by ! obs]vation1 :i* fir/ gave a clew to ! exi/5ce ( ! absolute z]o1 t a gas at ord9>y temp]atures & at uni=m pressure contracts by #a-bg #b;d ( its own bulk ) ea* successive degree ( l[]$ temp]ature4 ,if ?is law held true = all temp]atures1 ! gas w\ld app>5tly contract to no?+ness :5 ! la/ degree ( temp]ature 0 rea*$1 or at lea/ to a bulk s insignificant t x w\ld be inappreciable by /&>ds ( s5se4 ,b x 0 soon f\nd by ! l[-temp]ature exp]im5t]s t ! law does n hold exactly at extreme temp]atures1 nor does x apply at all to ! rate ( contraction :i* ! sub/ance %[s aft] x assumes ! liquid & solid conditions4 ,s ! conception ( ! disappe>ance ( matt] at z]o falls q to ! gr\nd4 ,b "o _c answ] ) s mu* confid5ce ! sugge/ion t at z]o matt] may take on prop]ties hi!rto q unkn[n1 & mak+ x1 p]haps1 diff] z mu* f ! conv5tional solid z ! solid diff]s f ! liquid1 or ?is f ! gas4 ,! =m ( vibration :i* produces ! ph5om5a ( temp]ature has1 cle>ly1 a det]m9+ %>e 9 ! disposal ( molecul> relations :i* records itself to our s5ses z a condition ( gase\sness1 liquidity1 or solidity2 h5ce x w\ld be ra% to pr$ict j :at int]-molecul> relations may n become possible :5 ! heat-vibration is altoge!r 9 abeyance4 ,t c]ta9 o!r =ms ( activity may be able to ass]t !mselves 9 unwont$ measure seems cle>ly =eca/ 9 ! ph5om5a ( increas$ magnetism1 & ( phosphoresc5ce at l[ temp]atures above outl9$4 ,:e!r /ill m novel ph5om5a may put 9 an appe>ance at ! absolute z]o1 & if s1 :at may be _! nature1 are que/ions t mu/ await ! v]dict ( exp]im5t4 ,b ! possibility t ?is may occur1 toge!r ) ! utt] novelty ( ! entire subject1 gives ! l[-temp]ature "w prec$5ce ov] almo/ e o!r subject n[ be=e ! _w = inve/igation 7possible exceptions be+ radio-activity & bact]iology74 ,! que/ ( ! geographical pole is b a *ild's pursuit comp>$ ) ! que/ ( ! absolute z]o4 ,9 vital int]e/ ! "o falls z f> %ort ( ! o!r z ! cold ( froz5 wat] falls %ort ( ! cold ( froz5 air4 ,:]e1 :51 & by :om ! absolute z]o w be fir/ rea*$ are que/ions t may be answ]$ f ! mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,b x is int]e/+ to "k t great prep>ations are be+ made today 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,royal ,in/itution = a fur!r attack ^u ! problem4 ,already ! rese>* equipm5t !re is ! be/ 9 ! _w 9 ?is field1 & rec5tly ?is has be5 completely ov]haul$ & /ill fur!r p]fect$4 ,x w\ld n be /range1 !n1 9 view ( pa/ triumphs1 if ! f9al goal ( ! l[-temp]ature work]s %\ld be fir/ rea*$ 9 ! same laboratory :]e ! out] t]ritories ( ! unkn[n l& 7 fir/ p5etrat$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago4 ,!re w\ld seem to be a poetic fitness 9 ! tr5d ( ev5ts %\ld x s transpire4 ,b ( c\rse poetic fitness does n always rule 9 ! l& ( sci5ce4 ,,iv4 ,,"s ,,physical ,,laboratories ,,& ,,physical ,,problems ,,sir ,,norman ,,locky] ,,& ,,sol> ,,*emi/ry ,,sir ,,norman ,,locky] is pr(essor ( a/ronomical physics & director ( ! sol> obs]vatory at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,"h x is t 8 *ief "w has be5 done = "s ?irty ye>s pa/4 ,! f\ndation-/one ( t "w is spectroscopic /udy ( ! sun & />s4 ,9 ?is /udy ,pr(essor ,locky] 0 a pione]1 & he has = ye>s be5 recogniz$ z ! lead]4 ,b he is no m]e obs]v]2 he is a g5]aliz] z well2 & he long s9ce evolv$ revolution>y ideas z to ! orig9 ( ! sid]eal & sol> sy/ems4 ,= a man ^: *ief occupation is ! /udy ( ! sun & />s1 smoky1 foggy1 cl\dy ,london may seem a /range location4 ,i ask$ ,pr(essor ,locky] ab\t ?is1 & 8 reply 0 mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,! fact is1 he said1 ! wea!r "h is too f9e f "o po9t ( view3 my work+ /aff is s small1 & ! numb] ( work+ nights s l>ge1 t mo/ ( ! "t !re is no "o ab\t to d any?+ dur+ ! day4 ,!n1 ano!r ?+1 "h at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,i am 9 t\* ) my colleagues 9 ! o!r dep>tm5ts--physics1 *emi/ry1 & s =?--& c at once draw ^u _! special k = aid on any obscure po9t 9 _! l9es t may crop up4 ,if we 7 out 9 ! c\ntry ?is w\ld n be s4 ,y see1 !n1 t x is a *oice betwe5 wea!r & bra9s4 ,i pref] ! bra9s4 ,pr(essor ,locky] w5t on to /ate1 h[ev]1 t he is by no means altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! obs]vations made at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,= c]ta9 purposes ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi* is 9 requisition1 & !re are ?ree obs]vatories at diff]5t places 9 ,india at :i* photographs ( ! sun-spots & sol> spectra are tak5 regul>ly4 ,f ^! comb9$ s\rces photographs ( ! sun are =?com+ practically e day ( ! ye>2 to be accurate1 on ?ree hundr$ & sixty days out ( ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five4 ,x 0 f> o!rwise :5 ,pr(essor ,locky] fir/ began 8 /udies ( ! sun1 z obs]vations 7 !n made & record$ on only ab\t "o-?ird ( ! days 9 ea* ye>4 ,ext]iorly ! obs]vatory at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is n at all su* a place z "o might expect to f9d4 ,x is1 9 ,pr(essor ,locky]'s own words1 little m ?an a collection ( %$s1 b )9 ^! alleg$ %$s may be f\nd an excell5t equipm5t ( telescopes1 bo? refract+ & reflect+1 & ( all o!r ?+s requisite to ! peculi> /udy :i* =ms ! subject ( special rese>* "h4 ,i h _h occasion aga9 & aga9 to call att5tion to ?is relatively meagre equipm5t ( ! ,european in/itutions1 b 9 no case1 p]haps1 is ! contra/ m /rik+ betwe5 ! ext]ior appe>ance ( a fam\s sci5tific in/itution & ! "w t is be+ accompli%$ )9 x ?an is %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton obs]vatory4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ?is rem>k does n apply to ! *ief build+ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce itself4 ,! !ories = :i* ,pr(essor ,locky] has s long be5 fam\s are well kn[n to e "o :o takes mu* int]e/ 9 ! progress ( sci5tific ideas4 ,!y are notably ! !ory t !re is a direct causal association betwe5 ! preval5ce ( sun-spots & t]re/rial wea!r2 ! !ory ( ! meteoritic orig9 ( all memb]s ( ! sid]eal family2 & ! dissociation !ory ( ! elem5ts1 accord+ to :i* our s-call$ elem5ts are really comp\nds1 capable ( be+ dissociat$ into simpl] =ms :5 subject$ to extreme temp]atures1 su* z p]ta9 9 _m />s4 ,z ,i h said1 ^! !ories are by no means new4 ,pr(essor ,locky] has made !m famili> by exp\nd+ !m = a full qu>t] ( a c5tury or m4 ,b if n new1 ^! !ories are mu* too important to h be5 accept$ at once )\t a prote/ f ! sci5tific _w4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ea* ( !m has be5 met ) mo/ ard5t opposition1 & x w\ld1 p]haps1 n be too mu* to say t n "o ( !m is1 z yet1 fully e/abli%$4 ,x is ( ! highe/ int]e/ to note1 h[ev]1 t ! multitud9\s obs]vations be>+ ^u ea* ( ^! topics dur+ ! pa/ decade h t5d$1 9 ,pr(essor ,locky]'s op9ion1 /rongly to corroborate ea* "o ( ^! op9ions4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago ,sir ,norman ,locky]1 9 association ) 8 son1 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society a pap] 9 :i* ! data rec5tly obta9$ z to ! relation betwe5 sun-spots & ! wea!r 9 ,india--! field ( obs]vations hav+ be5 conf9$ to t t]ritory--are fully elaborat$4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ! rec5t "w 9 t connection has be5 ! pro(1 or seem+ pro(1 t ! temp]ature ( ! sun fluctuates f ye> to ye>4 ,at times :5 ! sun-spots are num]\s & vigor\s 9 _! action1 ! spectrum ( ! elem5ts 9 ^! spots becomes *ang$4 ,dur+ ! times ( m9imum sun-spot activity ! spectrum %[s1 = example1 ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( iron 9 ^! spots--( c\rse 9 a /ate ( vapor4 ,b 9 times ( activity ?is iron disappe>s1 & ! l9es :i* previ\sly v\*$ = x are replac$ by o!r l9es spok5 ( z ! enhanc$ l9es ( iron--t is to say1 ! l9es :i* are believ$ to repres5t ! unkn[n sub/ance or sub/ances into :i* ! iron has be5 decompos$2 & :at is true ( iron is true ( v>i\s o!r elem5ts t are detect$ 9 ! sun-spots4 ,! explanation ( ?is ph5om5a1 if ,pr(essor ,locky] reads ! signs aright1 is t dur+ times ( m9imum sun-spot activity ! temp]ature ( ! sun-spots is relatively cool1 & t 9 times ( activity ! temp]ature becomes greatly increas$4 ,"o mu/ come1 !re=e1 to speak+ ( hot spots & cool spots on ! sun2 al?\gh ! cool spots1 x w be und]/ood1 w\ld h>dly be consid]$ cool 9 ! t]re/rial s5se1 s9ce _! temp]ature is suffici5t to vaporize iron4 ,n[ ! po9t ( ! rec5t obs]vations is t ! fluctuations 9 ! sun's heat1 due to ! p]iodic increase & subsid5ce ( sun-spot di/urbances--su* fluctuations hav+ be5 long recogniz$ z hav+ regul> cyclic int]vals ( ab\t elev5 ye>s--are in/rum5tal 9 effect+ *anges 9 ! t]re/rial wea!r4 ,accord+ to ! pap] j m5tion$1 x w\ld appe> to be demon/rat$ t ! p]iods ( decreas$ ra9fall 9 ,india h a direct & relatively unv>y+ relation%ip to ! preval5ce ( ! sun-spots1 & t1 !re=e1 x has n[ become possible1 )9 reasonable limits1 to pr$ict "s ye>s 9 advance ! times ( fam9e 9 ,india4 ,s important a conclusion z ?is is c]ta9ly n to be pass$ ov] lightly1 & all ! _w1 sci5tific & unsci5tific alike1 w c]ta9ly wat* ) acute int]e/ = ! v]ification ( ?is seem+ly />tl+ practical result ( s occult a sci5ce z sol> spectroscopy4 ,! !ory ( ! decomposition ( ! elem5ts is closely b\nd up ) ! meteoritic !ory4 ,9 a ^w1 x may be said ( ea* t ,pr(essor ,locky] is firmly conv9c$ t all ! evid5ce t has accumulat$ 9 rec5t ye>s is s /rongly 9 favor z to br+ ^! !ories almo/ to a demon/ration4 ,! ess5ce ( ! meteoritic !ory1 x w be recall$1 is t all />s h _! orig9 9 nebulae :i* consi/ ess5tially ( cl\ds ( relatively small meteorites4 ,x w be recall$ fur!r t ,pr(essor ,locky] long ago po9t$ out t />s pass ?r\gh a regul> s]ies ( *anges z to temp]ature1 ) correspond+ *anges ( /ructure1 becom+ = a "t hott] & hott] until a maximum is rea*$1 & !n pass+ ?r\gh gradual /ages ( cool+ until _! light dies out altoge!r4 ,v rec5tly ,pr(essor ,locky] has be5 enabl$1 ?r\gh utilization ( ! multi=m records accumulat$ dur+ ye>s ( /udy1 to def9e ! v>i\s typical /ages ( ! sid]eal evolution2 & n m]ely to def9e !m b to illu/rate !m practically by cit+ />s :i* belong to ea* ( ^! /ages1 & to give !m yet cle>] def9ition by nam+ ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* ! spectroscope reveals z pres5t 9 ea*4 ,8 /udies h %[n t ! elem5ts d n always give ! same spectrum "u all conditions2 a result q at v>iance ) ! e>li] ideas on ! subject4 ,ev5 9 ! t]re/rial laboratory x is possible to subject v>i\s metals1 includ+ iron1 to temp]atures atta9$ ) ! electric sp>k at :i* ! spectrum becomes diff]5t f t1 = example1 :i* 0 atta9$ ) ! l[] temp]ature ( ! electric arc4 ,?r\gh ^! /udies s-call$ s]ies-spectra h be5 atta9$ = v>i\s elem5ts1 & a comp>ison ( ^! s]ies-spectra ) ! spectra ( v>i\s />s has l$ to ! conclusion t _m ( ! unkn[n l9es previ\sly trac$ 9 ! spectra ( su* />s are due to ! decomposition products ( famili> elem5ts2 all ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 is directly 9 l9e ( pro( ( ! dissociation hypo!sis4 ,ano!r important result ( ,pr(essor ,locky]'s v rec5t /udies has come ab\t ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! sun 9 eclipse4 ,a v int]e/+ po9t at issue all along has be5 ! "q z to :at lay]s ( ! sun's atmosph]e are effici5t 9 produc+ ! s-call$ rev]se l9es ( ! spectrum4 ,x is n[ %[n t ! effect is n produc$1 z =m]ly suppos$1 by ! lay]s ( ! atmosph]e ly+ j above ! region :i* ,pr(essor ,locky] long ago nam$ ! *romosph]e1 b by ! gases ( high] regions4 ,reason+ f analogy1 x may be suppos$ t a correspond+ lay] ( ! atmosph]e ( o!r />s is ! "o :i* gives u ! rev]se spectrum ( ^? />s4 ,! exact composition ( ?is lay] ( ! sid]eal atmosph]e mu/1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) ! temp]ature ( ! diff]5t />s1 b 9 no case c we expect to receive f ! spectroscope a full record ( all ! sub/ances t may be pres5t 9 o!r lay]s ( ! atmosph]e or 9 ! body ( ! /> itself4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ord9>y ,freu5h(] spectrum ( ! sun %[s u no trace ( ! elem5t helium1 ?\gh ?r\gh o!r obs]vations at ! "t ( eclipse ,pr(essor ,locky] _h discov]$ t elem5t !re1 z we h se51 "s ?irty ye>s be=e any?+ 0 kn[n ( x on ! e>?4 ,9 a rec5t eclipse photographs 7 tak5 ( ! spectra ( ! l[] "p ( ! sun's atmosph]e by itself1 & x 0 f\nd t ! spectrum ( ?is re/rict$ area tak5 by itself gave ! l9es :i* specialize ! spectra ( s diff]5t a /> z ,procyon4 ,i recognize 9 ! result1 says ,pr(essor ,locky]1 a v]itable ,rosetta ,/one :i* w enable u to read ! cele/ial hi]oglyphics pres5t$ to u 9 /ell> spectra1 & help u to /udy ! spectra & to get at results mu* m di/9ctly & c]ta9ly ?an ev] be=e4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ confirmation :i* ! meteoritic hypo!sis has receiv$ has come to h& ?r\gh /udy ( ! spectrum ( ! new /> :i* appe>$ 9 ! con/ellation ,p]seus 9 ,febru>y1 #aija1 & :i* 0 s widely h]ald$ ev]y:]e 9 ! public press4 ,?is /> 0 discov]$ on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #bb;d by />-gaz]s 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 ,am]ica almo/ simultane\sly4 ,x _h c]ta9ly n be5 visible a few h\rs be=e1 & x _h blaz$ up sudd5ly to a great] brilliancy ?an t ( a fir/-magnitude />4 ,at fir/ x 0 blui%-:ite 9 color1 indicat+ an extremely high temp]ature1 b x rapidly subsid$ 9 brilliancy & assum$ a r$ color z x cool$1 pass+ ?us1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 ?r\gh /ages = :i* ord9>y />s require p]iods ( _m millions ( ye>s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! spectrum ( ?is new /> 0 ! fact t x %[$ bo? light & d>k l9es = ! same sub/ances1 ! two ly+ some:at ap>t4 ,?is means1 be+ int]pret$1 t "s portions ( a giv5 sub/ance are giv+ out light1 ?us produc+ ! bright l9es ( ! spectrum1 & t o!r portions ( ! same sub/ance are /opp+ c]ta9 rays ( transmitt$ light1 ?us produc+ ! d>k l9es4 ,! space betwe5 ! bright & d>k l9es1 be+ measur$1 indicat$ t !re 0 a diff]5tial motion betwe5 ! two portions ( sub/ance ?us record$ ( some?+ l sev5 hundr$ miles a second4 ,?is means1 accord+ to !ory--& x seems h>dly possible to expla9 x o!rwise--t two sid]eal masses1 "o at lea/ ( :i* 0 mov+ at an enorm\s rate ( spe$1 _h collid$1 su* collision1 ( c\rse1 be+ ! cause ( ! inc&esc5ce t made ! mass sudd5ly visible f ! e>? z a new />4 ,new />s are by no means e-day affairs1 !re hav+ be5 b ?irty-two ( !m record$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & ( ^! only two h exce$$ ! pres5t "o 9 brilliancy4 ,z a m]e spectacle1 !re=e1 ?is new /> 0 ( great int]e/2 b a f> great] importance atta*es to x ?r\gh ! fact t x con=ms s admirably to ! c\rse t meteoritic hypo!sis w\ld pr$ict = x4 ,t is :at conf\nds my oppon5ts1 said ,pr(essor ,locky]1 9 talk+ to me ab\t ! new />4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o oppose my !ory h n tak5 ! tr\ble to make obs]vations = !mselves1 b h cont5t$ !mselves ) fall+ back app>5tly on ! po/ulate t because a !ory is new x mu/ be wrong4 ,!n1 outside ! sci5tific _w1 comp>atively few p appreciate ! extreme p>simony ( nature4 ,!y expect1 !re=e1 t :5 su* a ph5om5on z ! appe>ance ( a new /> occurs1 ! new-com] w e/abli% new rules = itself & br+ *aos into ! sci5tific _w4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact nature nev] does ?+s 9 two ways if %e c possibly d !m 9 "o1 & ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t ! new />s is t all ! ph5om5a !y pres5t con=m s admirably to ! laws built up ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! old famili> />s4 ,z to our p>ticul> !ories1 we "h at ,s\? ,k5s+ton--x w be und]/ood t ?is use ( ! editorial we is m]ely a mode/ subt]fuge on ! "p ( ,pr(essor ,locky]--h no reg>d = !m at all simply z ours4 ,l all sci5ti/s wor?y ! "n1 we seek only ! tru?1 & %\ld new facts come along t seem to antagonize our !ory we %\ld welcome !m z eag]ly z we welcome all new facts ( :atev] be>+4 ,b ! tru? is t no su* new facts h appe>$ 9 all ^! ye>s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! meteoritic hypo!sis has receiv$ ev]-increas+ support f mo/ unexpect$ s\rces1 f none m brilliantly or m conv9c+ly ?an f ?is new /> 9 ,p]seus4 ,& ,i suspect t z mu* z ?is at lea/--if n inde$ a good deal m--w be freely admitt$ by e c&id inve/igator ( ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s !ory4 ,,sir ,,william ,,ramsay ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,gases ,! seat ( ,sir ,william ,ramsay's labors is ! ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,! college build+ itself1 :i* is locat$ on ,g[] ,/reet1 is1 l ! ,briti% ,museum1 rem9isc5t or r frankly duplicatory 9 its column$ ar*itecture ( ! classical4 ,int]iorly x is l s _m o!r ,european in/itutions 9 its relative simplicity ( equipm5t4 ,"o f9ds1 = example1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay & ,dr4 ,trav]s g5]at+ ! hydrog5 = _! wond]ful exp]im5ts 9 an old be]-cask4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay himself is a tall1 r sp>e man1 j ent]+ ! gray /age ( life1 ) ! e>ne/ visage ( ! s*ol>1 ! ke51 pi]c+ eye ( ! inve/igator--yet n )\t a tw9kle t ju/ifies ! l9eage ( ! canny ,scot4 ,he is approa*able1 affable1 g5ial1 full ( en?usiasm = 8 "w1 yet n tak+ x ) su* undue s]i\sness z to rob him ( human int]e/--9 a ^w1 ! type ( a man ( sci5ce z "o w\ld picture him 9 imag9ation1 & w\ld hope1 ) confid5t expectation1 to f9d him 9 reality4 ,i h said t ! equipm5t ( ! college is some:at primitive1 b ?is mu/ n be tak5 too compreh5sively4 ,su* in/ances z t ( ! be]-cask %[1 to be sure1 an adaptation ( means to ends on economical l9es2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! be]-cask s]ves its purpose admirably2 &1 9 a ^w1 x may be said t ,pr(essor ,ramsay's laboratory conta9s ev]y?+ t is ne$$ to equip x fully = ! special "w to :i* x has be5 d$icat$ = "s ye>s pa/4 ,9 g5]al1 x looks l any o!r laboratory--glass tubes1 ,buns5 burn]s1 retorts & j>s be+ 9 m or less mean+less tangles2 b !re are two or ?ree bits ( app>atus pretty sure to attract ! eye ( ! casual visitor :i* des]ve special m5tion4 ,"o ( ^! is a long1 wood51 tr\ghlike box :i* ext5ds across ! room ne> ! ceil+ & is accessible by means ( /eps & a plat=m at "o end4 ,?r\gh ?is boxlike tube ! *ief exp]t 9 spectroscopy 7,dr4 ,bay-ley7 spies on ! spectrum ( ! gas1 & le>ns "s ( its inn]mo/ secrets4 ,b an ev5 m my/ify+ app>atus is an elaborate array ( long glass tubes1 "s ( !m c>ri$ to ! height ( sev]al feet1 int]sp]s$ ) cups ( m]cury & ) !rmomet]s ( v>i\s sizes & %apes4 ,! te*nical sci5ti/ w\ld n make mu* ( ?is description1 b nei!r w\ld an unte*nical obs]v] make mu* ( ! app>atus2 yet to ,dr4 ,trav]s1 its inv5tor1 x is capable ( reveal+ su* extraord9>y ?+s z ! temp]ature ( liquid hydrog5--a temp]ature f> bel[ t at :i* ! cont5ts ( ev5 an alcoholic !rmomet] are solidifi$2 at :i*1 inde$1 ! prime con/itu5ts ( ! air suff] a l fate4 ,! responsible sub/ance :i* plays ! "p ( ! famili> m]cury1 or alcohol1 9 ,dr4 ,trav]s's m>vell\s !rmomet] is hydrog5 gas4 ,! pr9ciple by :i* x is utiliz$ does n diff]1 9 its r\gh ess5tials1 f t ( ord9>y !rmomet]s1 b ! details ( its con/ruction are mu* too intricate to be elaborat$ "h4 ,b if y w\ld see ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s 9 ?is laboratory--or r1 to be q accurate1 ,i %\ld say1 if y w\ld /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s--y mu/ g ) ,pr(essor ,ramsay to 8 own private laboratory1 & be introduc$ to "s little te/-tubes t /& inv]t$ 9 cups ( m]cury decorat+ a %elf at "o end4 ,y w\ld nev] notice ^! tubes ( y\r own accord 7 y to br[se ev] s long ab\t ! room4 ,ev5 :5 y\r att5tion is call$ to !m y /ill see no?+ rem>kable4 ,^! are ord9>y te/-tubes inv]t$ ov] ord9>y m]cury4 ,!y conta9 some?+1 s9ce ! m]cury does n rise 9 !m completely1 b if t some?+ be o!r ?an ord9>y air !re is no?+ ab\t its appe>ance1 or r lack ( appe>ance1 to demon/rate x4 ,b y\r int]e/ w h>dly fail to be arre/$ :5 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 indicat+ "o & ano!r ( ^! little tubes1 says3 ,"h y see1 or fail to see1 all ! krypton t has ev] be5 9 isolat$ exi/5ce 9 ! _w1 & "h all ! neon1 & "h1 aga91 all ! z5on4 ,y w und]/&1 ( c\rse1 t krypton1 neon1 & z5on are ! new gases ( ! atmosph]e ^: exi/5ce no "o suspect$ until ,pr(essor ,ramsay f]ret$ !m out a few ye>s ago & isolat$ !m4 ,9 "o s5se !re %\ld be no?+ my/]i\s ab\t sub/ances t e air-brea?+ creature on ! globe has be5 imbib+ pretty con/antly ev] s9ce lungs came into fa%ion4 ,b 9 ano!r view ! univ]sal pres5ce ( ^! gases 9 ! air makes x seem all ! m wond]ful t !y c\ld s long h evad$ detection1 consid]+ t *emi/ry has be5 a precise sci5ce = m ?an a c5tury4 ,dur+ t "t ?\s&s ( *emi/s h made millions ( exp]im5ts 9 ! v mid/ ( ^! atmosph]ic gases1 yet n "o ( ! exp]im5t]s1 until rec5tly1 suspect$ _! exi/5ce4 ,?is proves t ^! gases are no ord9>y sub/ances--common ?\gh !y be4 ,p]sonally ,i h exam9$ _m sci5tific exhibits 9 _m l&s1 b n[h]e h ,i se5 any?+ t fill$ my imag9ation ) s _m sci5tific visions z ^! little h>mless te/-tubes at ! back ( ,pr(essor ,ramsay's desk4 ,p]haps ,i %all attempt to visualize "s ( ^! imag9+s be=e f9i%+ ?is pap]1 b = ! mom5t ,i wi% to speak ( ! modus op]&i ( ! discov]y ( ^! additions to ! li/ ( elem5ts4 ,! discov]y ( argon came ab\t 9 a r s+ul> way4 ,"l ,rayleigh1 ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 _h notic$ 9 exp]im5ts ) nitrog5 t :5 samples ( ?is elem5t 7 obta9$ f *emicals1 su* samples 7 uni=mly ab\t "o p] c5t1 light] 9 weight ?an simil> quantities ( nitrog5 obta9$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is discrepancy l$ him to believe t ! atmosph]ic nitrog5 mu/ conta9 "s impurity4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,cav5di%1 ! discov]] ( nitrog5--exp]im5ts made m ?an a c5tury ago--_h seem$ to %[ q conclusively t "s gase\s sub/ance diff]5t f nitrog5 0 to be f\nd mix$ ) ! samples ( ?is gas z he obta9$ x f ! atmosph]e4 ,?is conclusion ( ,cav5di%1 put =w>d inde$ b t5tatively1 _h be5 q ignor$ by 8 successors4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x transpir$1 by exp]im5ts made jo9tly by ,"l ,rayleigh & ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 t ! conclusion 0 q ju/ifi$1 x be+ %[n pres5tly t !re actually exi/s 9 e portion ( nitrog51 z extract$ f ! atmosph]e1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ano!r gas1 hi!rto unkn[n1 & :i* n[ receiv$ ! "n ( argon4 ,x w be recall$ ) :at a/oni%m5t ! sci5tific & ! unsci5tific _w alike receiv$ ! ann\ncem5t made to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahie ( ! discov]y ( argon1 & ! pro( t ?is hi!rto unsuspect$ con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e really con/itutes ab\t "o p] c5t1 ( ! bulk ( atmosph]ic nitrog51 z previ\sly e/imat$4 ,! discov]y "h on ! e>? ( a sub/ance :i* ,pr(essor ,locky] _h detect$ z e>ly z #ahfh 9 ! sun1 & :i* he _h provisionally nam$ helium1 excit$ almo/ equal int]e/2 b ?is elem5t 0 f\nd 9 c]ta9 m9]als1 & n z a con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,hav+ discov]$ s int]e/+ a sub/ance z argon1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay & 8 assi/ants naturally devot$ mu* "t & att5tion to elucidat+ ! peculi>ities ( ! new sub/ance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! /udies x became evid5t to !m t ! pres5ce ( argon alone did n fully acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a !y obs]v$ 9 h&l+ liquefi$ air1 & 9 #ahih ,pr(essor ,ramsay 0 aga9 able to electrify 8 audi5ce at ! ,royal ,society by ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y1 9 pretty rapid succession1 ( ?ree o!r elem5t>y sub/ances z con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 ^! ?ree be+ ! ones j ref]r$ to--krypton1 neon1 & z5on4 ,x is a really ?rill+ exp]i5ce1 /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! only portions ( ^! new sub/ances t h be5 isolat$1 to he> ,pr(essor ,ramsay & ,dr4 ,trav]s1 8 *ief assi/ant1 tell ! /ory ( ! discov]y--h[ !y work$ m & m eag]ly z !y f\nd !mselves1 s to say1 on a w>m] sc5t1 foll[+ out ?is clew & t until ! "r "o at la/ br\ght ! *ase to a successful issue4 ,x 0 on a ,sabba? morn+ 9 ,june1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 :5 we f9ally ran z5on d[n1 says ,dr4 ,trav]s1 ) a half smile2 & ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 8 eyes tw9kl+ at ! recollection ( ?is v unor?odox proc$ure1 nods ass5t4 ,& h y got !m all n[8 ,i qu]i$1 aft] he>+ ! /ory4 ,yes2 we ?9k s1 repli$ ,pr(essor ,ramsay4 ,& ,i am r glad ( x1 he adds1 ) a half sigh1 = x 0 we>isome ev5 ?\gh fasc9at+ "w4 ,j h[ we>isome x mu/ h be5 only a pr(essional sci5tific inve/igator c fully compreh5d2 b ! fasc9ation ( x all may be compreh5d$ 9 "s measure by e "o :o has ev] attempt$ creative "w ( :atev] grade or 9 :atev] field4 ,i h j said t ! little te/-tubes conta9 ! only bit ( ea* ( ! sub/ances nam$ t has ev] be5 isolat$4 ,?is /atem5t might lead ! unte*nical read] to suppose t ^! sub/ances1 once isolat$1 h be5 c>efully /or$ away & jeal\sly gu>d$1 ea* 9 its imprison+ te/-tubes4 ,jeal\sly gu>d$ !y h be51 to be sure1 b !re has n be51 by any means1 ! solit>y conf9em5t t ! words might seem to imply4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* little :iff ( gas has be5 subject$ to a v>iety ( exp]im5ts--made to pass ?r\gh tortur+-tubes "u v>y+ conditions ( temp]ature1 & br\ght purposely 9 contact ) v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 t its physical & *emical prop]ties might be te/$4 ,b 9 ea* case ! exp]im5t end$ ) ! return ( ! sub/ance1 z pure z be=e1 to its prop] tube4 ,! precise results ( all ^! exp]im5ts h be5 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,pr(essor ,ramsay4 ,mo/ ( ^! results are ( a te*nical "*1 h>dly appeal+ to ! av]age read]4 ,!re is "o v sali5t po9t1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to :i* all ! new sub/ances1 includ+ argon & helium1 agree2 & x is t ea* ( !m seems to be1 s f> z pres5t exp]im5ts g1 absolutely devoid ( t fundam5tal *emical prop]ty1 ! p[] to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts4 ,all ( !m are believ$ to be monatomic--t is to say1 ea* ( _! molecules is compos$ ( a s+le atom4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n an absolutely novel feature z comp>$ ) o!r t]re/rial elem5ts1 = ! same ?+ is true1 = example1 ( su* a famili> sub/ance z m]cury4 ,b ! incapacity to ent] into *emical comb9ations seems v p>adoxical2 inde$ x is almo/ l say+ t ^! are *emical elem5ts :i* lack ! mo/ fundam5tal ( *emical prop]ties4 ,x is ?is lack ( comb9+ p[]1 ( c\rse1 t expla9s ! non-discov]y ( ^! elem5ts dur+ all ^! ye>s1 = ! usual way ( te/+ an elem5t is to br+ x 9 contact ) o!r sub/ances "u conditions t p]mit its atoms to comb9e ) o!r atoms to ! =mation ( new sub/ances4 ,b 9 ! case ( new elem5ts su* exp]im5ts z ?is h n prov$ possible "u any conditions z yet atta9$1 & reliance mu/ be _h ^u o!r physical te/s--su* z v>iation ( ! bulk ( ! gas "u pressure1 & "u v>y+ temp]atures1 & a /udy ( ! critical temp]atures & pressures "u :i* ea* gas becomes a liquid4 ,! *ief reliance1 h[ev]1 is ! spectroscope--! in/rum5t :i* reveal$ ! pres5ce ( helium 9 ! sun & ! />s m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ,pr(essor ,ramsay f]ret$ x out z a t]re/rial elem5t4 ,ea* :iff ( colorless gas 9 its te/-tube int]f]es ) ! light pass+ ?r\gh x 9 su* a way t :5 view$ ?r\gh a prism x gives a spectrum ( altoge!r unique l9es1 :i* /amp x z krypton1 neon1 or z5on z def9itely z c]ta9 famili> & m tangible prop]ties /amp ! liquid :i* imprisons x z m]cury4 ,,qu]ies ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,gases ,suppose t a few ye>s ago y _h ask$ "s *emi/1 ,:at are ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e8 ,he w\ld h respond$1 ) entire confid5ce1 ,oxyg5 & nitrog5 *iefly1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]-vapor & ( c>bonic-acid gas & a trace ( ammonia4 ,if que/ion$ z to ! *ief prop]ties ( ^! con/itu5ts1 he w\ld h repli$1 ) equal facility1 t ^! are among ! mo/ important elem5ts2 t oxyg5 might almo/ be said to be ! life-giv+ pr9ciple1 inasmu* z no air-brea?+ creature c\ld get along )\t x = _m mom5ts toge!r2 & t nitrog5 is equally important to ! organism1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 inasmu* z x is n tak5 up ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,z to ! wat]-vapor1 t1 ( c\rse1 is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 & no "o ne$ be told ( its importance1 z e "o kn[s t wat] makes up ! *ief bulk ( protoplasm2 c>bonic-acid gas is also a comp\nd ( oxyg51 ! o!r elem5t ?is "t be+ c>bon1 & x plays a q diff]5t rle 9 ! economy ( ! liv+ organism1 inasmu* z x is produc$ by ! break+ d[n ( tissues1 & mu/ be con/antly exhal$ f ! lungs to prev5t ! poison+ ( ! organism by its accumulation2 :ile ammonia1 :i* exi/s only 9 inf9itesimal quantities 9 ! air1 is a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog51 introduc+1 !re=e1 no new elem5t4 ,if "o /udies some:at att5tively ! relation :i* ^! elem5ts compos+ ! atmosph]e be> to ! liv+ organism he _c fail to be /ruck ) x2 & x w\ld seem a safe inductive reason+ f ! /&-po9t ( ! evolutioni/ t ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e h come to be all-ess5tial to ! liv+ organism1 precisely because all _! compon5ts are univ]sally pres5t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we consid] ! matt] 9 ! light ( ^! rese>*es reg>d+ ! new gases1 x becomes cle> t p]haps ! la/ ^w has n be5 said on ?is subject2 = "h are f\r or five o!r elem5t>y sub/ances :i*1 if f> less abundant ?an oxyg5 & nitrog51 are no less widely di/ribut$ & univ]sally pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 yet no "o ( :i* app>5tly takes any *emical %>e :atev] 9 m9i/]+ to ! ne$s ( ! liv+ organism4 ,?is surely is an enigma4 ,tak+ ano!r po9t ( view1 let u try to imag9e ! real /atus ( ^! new gases ( ! air4 ,we ?9k ( argon z connect$ ) nitrog5 because 9 isolation exp]im5ts x rema9s aft] ! oxyg5 has be5 exhau/$1 b 9 po9t ( fact !re is no su* connection betwe5 argon & nitrog5 9 nature4 ,! argon atom is j z closely 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e z ) ! nitrog52 x simply repels ea* indiscrim9ately4 ,b consid] a little fur!r2 ! argon atom n only repels all advance on ! "p ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 b x equally holds itself alo( f its own p>ticul> k9dr$ atoms4 ,! oxyg5 or nitrog5 atom nev] re/s until x has s\ght out a fell[1 b ! argon atom decl9es all fell[%ip4 ,:5 ! *emi/ has play$ 8 tricks ^u x1 x f9ds itself cr[d$ toge!r ) o!r atoms ( ! same k9d2 b lift up ! little te/-tube & ^! scurry (f f "o ano!r 9 e direction1 ea* los+ its fell[s =ev] z quickly z possible4 ,z "o pond]s ?is "o is almo/ dispos$ to sugge/ t ! atom ( argon 7or ( krypton1 helium1 neon1 or z5on1 = ! same ?+ applies to ea* & all ( ^!7 seems ! mo/ p]fect ?+ kn[n to u 9 ! _w1 = x ne$s no companion%ip1 x is self-suffic+4 ,!re is some?+ sublime ab\t ?is magnifici5t isolation1 ?is spl5did self-reliance1 ?is undaunt$ & undauntable self-suffici5cy--^! are traits :i* ! _w is wont to ascribe to be+s m ?an mortal4 ,b let u pause le/ we pu% too f> into ! old1 discr$it$ t]ritory ( metaphysics4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,,?ompson ,,& ,,! ,,nature ,,op ,,electricity ,_m fasc9at+ que/ions sugge/ !mselves 9 connection ) ^! /range1 new elem5ts--new1 ( c\rse1 only 9 ! s5se ( human k--:i* all ^! c5turies h be5 ab\t u1 yet :i* h manag$ until n[ to keep !mselves z invisible & z intangible z spirits4 ,h ^! celibate atoms rema9$ ?us always isolat$1 tak+ no "p 9 _w-build+8 ,are !y de/9$ ?r\gh\t ! sweep ( "t to keep up ?is celibate exi/5ce8 ,& :y d ^! elem5ts alone refuse all fell[%ip1 :ile ! atoms ( all ! o!r sev5ty-odd kn[n elem5ts seek out mates "u prop] conditions ) unv>y+ avidity8 ,x is p]haps n possible fully to answ] ^! que/ions z yet1 b rec5t /udies 9 some:at div]g5t fields give u sugge/ive clews to "s ( !m4 ,i ref] 9 p>ticul> to ! /udies 9 ref]5ce to ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh liquids & gases & to ! obs]vations on radioactivity4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s work] 9 ! field ( electricity is ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 :o = _m ye>s has _h *>ge ( ! ,cav5di% laboratory at ,cambridge4 ,9 briefly review+ c]ta9 phases ( 8 "w we %all f9d ourselves br\ght into contact ) "s ( ! same problems rais$ by work]s 9 ! o!r fields ( physics1 & %all secure "s v int]e/+ bits ( te/imony z to ! solution ( que/ions already outl9$4 ,! l9e ( obs]vation :i* has l$ to ! mo/ /rik+ results has to d1 z already sugge/$1 ) ! conduction ( electricity ?r\gh liquids & gases4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t _m liquids conduct electricity ) relative facility4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 obs]v$ t a *>ge ( electricity c>ri$ by any liquid be>s a curi\s relation to ! atomic composition ( t liquid4 ,if ! atom 9 "q is "o ( ! sort t c comb9e ) only a s+le o!r atom 7t is to say1 a monoval5t atom71 ea* atom conveys a unit *>ge1 :i* is spok5 ( z an ion ( electricity4 ,b if a dival5t atom is 9 "q ! *>ge c>ri$ is d\ble1 &1 simil>ly1 a trival5t atom c>ries a triple *>ge4 ,z !re are no int]m$iate *>ges x is obvi\s t "h a v close relation is sugge/$ betwe5 electrical units & ! atomic units ( matt]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a beg9n+4 ,f> m int]e/+ are ! results obta9$ by ! /udy ( gases 9 _! relation to ! conduction ( electricity4 ,z is well kn[n1 gases "u ord9>y conditions are nonconductors4 ,b !re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* a gas may be *ang$ s z to become a conductor2 = example1 by contact ) inc&esc5t metals or ) flame1 or by treat+ ) ultra-violet light1 ) ,rntg5 rays1 or ) ! rays ( a radio-active sub/ance4 ,n[ ! all-important "q is z to j :at *ange has tak5 place 9 ! gas s treat$ to make x a conductor ( electricity4 ,i _c g into details "h z to ! /udies t h be5 address$ to ! answ] ( ?is "q1 b ,i w briefly epitomize :at1 = our pres5t purpose1 are ! important results4 ,fir/ & =emo/ ( ^! is ! fact t a gas ?us r5d]$ conductive conta9s p>ticles t c be filt]$ out ( x by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh wool or ?r\gh wat]4 ,^! p>ticles are ! actual ag5ts ( conduction ( electricity1 s9ce ! gas :5 filt]$ ceases to be conductive4 ,b !re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! p>ticles may be remov$--namely1 by action ( electricity itself4 ,if ! gas be caus$ to pass betwe5 two metal plates1 "o ( !m insulat$ & atta*$ to an electromet]1 a *>ge ( positive electricity at high pot5tial s5t ?r\gh ! o!r plate w drive "p ( ! p>ticles aga9/ ! insulat$ plate4 ,?is proves t ! p>ticles 9 "q are positively electrifi$4 ,! am\nt ( ! *>ge :i* !y c>ry may be measur$ by ! electromet]4 ,! aggregate am\nt ( ! electrical *>ge c>ri$ by ^! m9ute p>ticles 9 ! gas be+ kn[n1 x is obvi\s t c\ld we "k ! numb] ( p>ticles involv$ ! simple/ calculation w\ld det]m9e ! *>ge ( ea* p>ticle4 ,pr(essor ,?ompson devis$ a s+ul>ly +5i\s me?od ( det]m9+ ?is numb]4 ,! me?od 0 bas$ on ! fact discov]$ by ,c4 ,t4 ,r4 ,wilson t *>g$ p>ticles act$ z nuclei r\nd :i* small drops ( wat] cond5se mu* z du/ p>ticles s]ve ! same purpose4 ,9 du/-free air1 says ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 z ,aitk5 %[$1 x is v difficult to get a fog :5 damp air is cool$1 s9ce !re are no nuclei = ! drops to cond5se r\nd4 ,if !re are *>g$ p>ticles 9 du/-free air1 h[ev]1 ! fog w be deposit$ r\nd ^! by sup]-saturation f> less ?an t requir$ to produce any appreciable fog :5 no *>g$ p>ticles are pres5t4 ,?us1 9 suffici5tly sup]saturat$ damp air a cl\d is deposit$ on ^! *>g$ p>ticles & !y are ?us r5d]$ visible4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds c\nt+ !m4 ,! drops are1 h[ev]1 f> too small & too num]\s to be c\nt$ directly4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 get _! numb] indirectly z foll[s3 suppose we h a numb] ( ^! p>ticles 9 du/-free air 9 a clos$ vessel1 ! air be+ saturat$ ) wat]-vapor2 suppose n[ t we produce a sudd5 expansion ( ! air 9 ! vessel2 ?is w cool ! air1 x w be sup]saturat$ ) vapor1 & drops w be deposit$ r\nd ! *>g$ p>ticles4 ,n[ if we "k ! am\nt ( expansion produc$ we c calculate ! cool+ ( ! gas1 &1 !re=e1 ! am\nt ( wat] deposit$4 ,?us we "k ! volume ( wat] 9 ! =m ( drops1 s t if we "k ! volume ( "o drop we c d$uce ! numb] ( drops4 ,to f9d ! size ( a drop1 we make use ( ! inve/igations made by ,sir ,george ,/okes on ! rate at :i* small sph]es fall ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! viscosity ( ! air small bodies fall exce$+ly sl[ly1 & ! small] !y are ! sl[] !y fall4 99 ,pr(essor ,?ompson gives u ! =mula by :i* ,/okes made 8 calculation4 ,x is a relatively simple algebraic "o1 b ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,= u x suffices t ) ! aid ( ?is =mula1 by m]ely measur+ ! actual desc5t ( ! top ( a vapor cl\d1 ,pr(essor ,?ompson 0 able to f9d ! volume ( ! drops & !nce ! numb] ( p>ticles4 ,! numb] ( p>ticles be+ kn[n1 ! *>ge ( electricity c>ri$ by ea* c\ld be det]m9$1 z already sugge/$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) air1 hydrog51 & c>bonic acid1 & x 0 f\nd t ! p>ticles _h ! same *>ge 9 all ( ^! gases4 ,a /rong argum5t1 says ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 9 favor ( ! atomic "* ( electricity4 ,:5 we add t ! *>ge 9 "q 0 f\nd to be ! same z ! unit *>ge ( an ion 9 a liquid1 x w be se5 t ! exp]im5t has o!r po9ts ( int]e/ & sugge/iv5ess4 ,ev5 m int]e/+ 9 "s reg>ds 7 ! results ( computation z to ! actual masses ( ! *>g$ p>ticles 9 "q4 ,pr(essor ,?ompson f\nd t ! c>ri] ( a negative *>ge c\ld h only ab\t "o-?\s&? "p ( ! mass ( a hydrog5 atom1 :i* latt] _h be5 reg>d$ z ! smalle/ mass able to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,pr(essor ,?ompson gave ! "n corpuscle to ^! units ( negative electricity2 !y are n[ m g5]ally t]m$ electrons4 ,^! corpuscles1 he says1 are ! same h[ev] ! electrification may h ris5 or :]ev] !y may be f\nd4 ,negative electricity 9 a gas at a l[ pressure has ?us a /ructure analog\s to t ( a gas1 ! corpuscles tak+ ! place ( ! molecules4 ,! 'negative electric fluid1' to use ! old notation1 resembles ! gase\s fluid ) a corpuscul> in/ead ( a molecul> /ructure4' ,pr(essor ,?ompson does n hesitate to decl>e t we n[ "k m ab\t 'electric fluid' ?an we "k ab\t su* fluids z air or wat]499#c99 ,! results ( 8 /udies lead him1 he decl>es1 to a view ( electrification :i* has a /rik+ resemblance to t ( ,frankl9's ,"o ,fluid ,!ory ( ,electricity4 ,in/ead ( tak+1 z ,frankl9 did1 ! electric fluid to be positive electricity1 he says1 we take x to be negative4 ,! 'electric fluid' ( ,frankl9 corresponds to an assemblage ( corpuscles1 negative electrification be+ a collection ( ^! corpuscles4 ,! transf]5ce ( electrification f "o place to ano!r is effect$ by ! motion ( corpuscles f ! place :]e !re is a ga9 ( positive electrification to ! place :]e !re is a ga9 ( negative4 ,a positively electrifi$ body is "o t has lo/ "s ( its corpuscles499#d99 ,accord+ to ?is view1 !n1 electricity is n a =m ( en]gy b a =m ( matt]2 or1 to be m precise1 ! electrical corpuscle is ! fundam5tal /ructure out ( :i* ! atom ( matt] is built4 ,?is is a q diff]5t view f t sc>cely less rec5t "o :i* reg>ds electricity z ! manife/ation ( e!r /ra91 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! corpuscul> !ory is support$ by a m>vell\s array ( exp]im5tal evid5ce1 ?\gh x c p]haps h>dly be claim$ t ?is br+s ! !ory to ! plane ( demon/ration4 ,b all roads ( physical sci5ce ( late ye>s h seem$ to lead t[>ds ! electron1 z w be made fur!r manife/ :5 we consid] ! ph5om5a ( radio-activity1 to :i* we n[ turn4 ,,radio-,,activity ,9 #ahif1 some?+ l a ye> aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,x-ray1 ,niew5gl[ski report$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces t ! well-kn[n *emical comp\nd calcium sulphide1 :5 expos$ to sunlight1 gave (f rays t p5etrat$ black pap]4 ,he _h made 8 exam9ations ( ?is sub/ance1 s9ce1 l sev]al o!rs1 x 0 kn[n to exhibit /rong fluoresc5t or phosphoresc5t effects :5 expos$ to ! ca?ode rays1 :i* are kn[n to be closely connect$ ) ! ,x-rays4 ,?is discov]y 0 foll[$ v %ortly by confirmatory exp]im5ts made by ,becqu]el1 ,troo/1 & ,arnold1 & ^! 7 foll[$ 9 turn by ! discov]y ( ,le ,bon1 made almo/ simultane\sly1 t c]ta9 bodies :5 act$ ^u by sunlight give out radiations :i* act ^u a photographic plate4 ,^! manife/ations1 h[ev]1 are n ! effect ( radio-activity1 b are probably ! effects ( %ort ultra-violet light waves1 & are n produc$ spontane\sly by ! sub/ances4 ,! radiations1 or emanations1 ( ! radio-active sub/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 are giv5 out spontane\sly1 pass ?r\gh sub/ances opaque to ord9>y light1 su* z metal plates1 act ^u photographic plates1 & dis*>ge electrifi$ bodies4 ,! sub/ances uranium1 ?orium1 polonium1 radium1 & _! comp\nds are radioactive1 radium be+ by f> ! mo/ active4 ,! fir/ def9ite discov]y ( su* a radio-active sub/ance 0 made by ,m4 ,h5ri ,becqu]el1 9 #ahif1 :ile mak+ "s exp]im5ts ^u ! peculi> ore pit*-bl5de4 ,pit*-bl5de is a heavy1 black1 pit*y-look+ m9]al1 f\nd pr9cipally at pres5t 9 "s p>ts ( ,saxony & ,bohemia on ! ,cont95t1 9 ,cornwall 9 ,great ,brita91 & 9 ,colorado 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is by no means a rec5tly discov]$ m9]al1 hav+ be5 = "s ye>s ! s\rce ( uranium & its comp\nds1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! brilliant colors1 h be5 us$ 9 dye-/uffs & "s k9ds ( /a9$ glass4 ,x is a complex m9]al1 conta9+ at lea/ eight or t5 elem5ts1 :i* c be sep>at$ f x only ) great difficulty & by complicat$ *emical processes4 ,becqu]]s discov]y 0 br\ght ab\t by a lucky accid5t1 al?\gh1 l s _m o!r app>5tly accid5tal sci5tific discov]ies1 x 0 ! outcome ( a long s]ies ( sci5tific exp]im5ts all tr5d+ 9 ! same direction4 ,he _h f\nd t uranium1 :5 expos$ to ! sun's rays1 appe>$ to possess ! prop]ty ( absorb+ !m & ( !n act+ ^u a photographic plate4 ,s9ce pit*-bl5de conta9$ uranium1 or uranium salts1 he surmis$ t a some:at simil> result might be obta9$ ) ! ore itself4 ,he !re=e prep>$ a photographic plate wrapp$ 9 black pap]1 int5d+ to attempt mak+ an impression on ! plate ( "s metal body int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! pit*-bl5de4 ,= ?is purpose he _h select$ a key2 b z ! day prov$ to be cl\dy he put ! plate1 ) ! key & pit*-bl5de re/+ ^u x1 9 a d>k draw] 9 8 desk1 & did n return to ! exp]im5t = sev]al days4 ,^u do+ s1 h[ev]1 he develop$ ! plate )\t fur!r exposure1 :5 to 8 a/oni%m5t he f\nd t ! develop$ negative %[$ a di/9ct impression ( ! key4 ,cle>ly ?is 0 ! manife/ation ( a prop]ty h]et(ore unkn[n 9 any natural sub/ance1 & 0 /rik+ly simil> to ! action ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,fur!r inve/igations by ,"l ,kelv91 ,beattie1 ,smolan1 & ,ru!r=d confirm$ ! fact t1 l ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 ! uranium rays n only act$ ^u ! photographic plate b dis*>g$ electrifi$ bodies4 ,& :at seem$ ! m wond]ful 0 ! fact t ^! ,becqu]el rays1 z !y 7 n[ call$1 emanat$ spontane\sly f ! pit*-bl5de4 ,b al?\gh ?is action is analog\s to ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 at lea/ z reg>ds its action ^u ! photographic plate & its influ5ce on ! electric field1 its action is extremely feeble 9 comp>ison1 ! ,ro5tg5 rays produc+ effects 9 m9utes1 or ev5 seconds1 :i* require days ( exposure to uranium rays4 ,! discov]y ( ! radio-active prop]ties ( uranium 0 foll[$ ab\t two ye>s lat] by ! discov]y t ?orium1 & ! m9]als conta9+ ?orium1 possess prop]ties simil> to ^? ( uranium4 ,?is discov]y 0 made indep5d5tly & at ab\t ! same "t by ,s*midt & ,madame ,skald[ska ,curie4 ,b ! importance ( ?is discov]y 0 soon completely ov]%ad[$ by ! discov]y ( radium by ,madame ,curie1 work+ ) h] husb&1 ,pr(essor ,pi]re ,curie1 at ! cole ,polyte*nique 9 ,p>is4 ,madame ,curie1 /imulat$ by h] own discov]ies & ^? ( ! o!r sci5ti/s j ref]r$ to1 began a s]ies ( exam9ations ^u v>i\s sub/ances by num]\s complicat$ me?ods to try & f9d a possible new elem5t1 z c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! sub/ances f\nd 9 ! pit*-bl5de seem$ to indicate ! pres5ce ( "s hi!rto unkn[n body4 ,! se>* prov$ a mo/ difficult "o on acc\nt ( ! peculi> nature ( ! object 9 "q1 b ! tireless en?usiasm ( ,madame ,curie knew no?+ ( insurm\ntable ob/acles1 & soon drew h] husb& into ! se>* ) h]4 ,h] fir/ discov]y 0 t ( ! sub/ance polonium--s nam$ by ,madame ,curie aft] h] native c\ntry1 ,pol&4 ,?is prov$ to be ano!r ( ! radio-active sub/ances1 diff]+ f any o!r yet discov]$1 b /ill n ! s\ght-= elem5t4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ! two ,curies made ! great discov]y ( ! elem5t radium--a sub/ance :i*1 accord+ to _! e/imate1 is "s "o million eight hundr$ ?\s& times m radioactive ?an uranium4 ,! "n = ?is elem5t1 radium1 0 propos$ by ,madame ,curie1 :o _h also sugge/$ ! t]m radio-activity4 ,! be>+ ( ! discov]y ( radium & radioactivity ^u !ories ( ! atom & matt] w be consid]$ 9 a mom5t2 fir/ ! m tangible qualities ( ?is wond]ful sub/ance may be briefly ref]r$ to4 ,! fact t radio-active emanations trav]se all =ms ( matt] to great] or less dep?--t is1 pass ?r\gh wood & iron ) some?+ ! same ease t light passes ?r\gh a w9d[-glass--makes ! subject "o ( greate/ int]e/2 & p>ticul>ly s z ! demon/ration ( ?is fact is s tangible4 ,:ile ! rays giv5 out by radium _c1 ( c\rse1 be se5 by ! unaid$ eye1 ! effects ( ^! rays ^u c]ta9 sub/ances1 :i* !y cause to phosphoresce1 are /rik+ly %[n4 ,"o ( su* sub/ances is ! diamond1 & a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! p[] ( radium 9 p5etrat+ opaque sub/ances has be5 made by ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,kunz describes ?is exp]im5t z foll[s3 ,radium bromide ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& activity 0 plac$ 9 a seal$ glass tube inside a rubb] !rmomet]-hold]1 :i* 0 tightly screw$ to prev5t any emanation ( any k9d f pass+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts4 ,?is 0 plac$ "u a heavy silv] ture5 fully "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 ^u ?is 7 plac$ f\r copp] plates1 su* z are us$ = engrav+2 ^u ^! a heavy graduat$ measur+-glass #aj cm4 9 diamet]2 ?is 0 fill$ ) wat] to a dep? ( six in*es4 ,a diamond 0 susp5d$ 9 ! wat] & imm$iately phosphoresc$4 ,:5ev] ! tube ( radium 0 drawn away m ?an two or ?ree feet ! phosphoresce ceas$2 :5ev] x 0 plac$ "u ! ture5 ! diamond imm$iately phosphoresc$ aga94 ,?is exp]im5t proves t ! active p[] ( ! radium p5etrat$ ! foll[+ sub/ances3 ,glass 9 ! =m ( a tube1 seal$ at bo? ends2 ! rubb] !rmomet]-hold]2 silv] ture52 f\r copp] plates2 a glass vase or measur+-glass "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 ?ree in*es ( wat]4 ,!re is no previ\sly kn[n sub/ance or ag5t1 :e!r x be ev5 light or electricity1 t possesses su* wond]fully p5etrative p[]s499#e99 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,emanations ,,f ,,radio-,,active ,,bodies ,:at1 !n1 is ! nature ( ^! radiations8 ,are !y actually mat]ial p>ticles hurl$ ?r\gh ! e!r8 ,or are !y l light--& possibly ! ,ro5tg5 rays--simply undulations 9 ! e!r8 ,z yet ?is "q is an op5 "o1 al?\gh sev]al ( ! lead+ inve/igators h po/ulat$ t5tative hypo!ses :i* at lea/ s]ve z a work+ basis until !y are ei!r confirm$ or supplant$4 ,on "o po9t1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be unanimity ( op9ion--!re seems to be little "q t !re are at lea/ ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( rays produc$ by radio-active sub/ances4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ! fir/ ( ^! are free electrons1 or matt] 9 an ultra-gase\s /ate1 z %[n 9 ! ca?ode /ream4 ,^! p>ticles are extremely m9ute4 ,!y c>ry a negative *>ge ( electricity1 & are id5tifi$ ) ! electric corpuscles ( ,?ompson4 ,rays ( ! second k9d are comp>able 9 size to ! hydrog5 atom1 & are positively electrifi$4 ,^! are easily *eck$ by mat]ial ob/ructions1 al?\gh !y r5d] ! air a conductor & affect photographic plates4 ,! ?ird are v p5etrat+ rays1 :i* are n deflect$ by electricity & :i* are seem+ly id5tical ) ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ru!r=d has nam$ ^! rays beta 7,b71 alpha 7a71 & gamma 7v7 rays respectively4 ,( ^! ! beta rays are deviat$ /rongly by ! magnetic field1 ! alpha mu* less s--v slightly1 9 fact--:ile ! gamma rays are n affect$ at all4 ,! action ( ^! ?ree diff]5t sets ( rays ^u c]ta9 sub/ances is n ! same1 ! beta & gamma rays act+ /rongly ^u b>ium plat9ocyanide1 b feebly on ,sidot's bl5de1 :ile ! alpha rays act exactly ! rev]se ( ?is1 act+ /rongly on ,sidot's bl5de4 ,if a surface is coat$ ) ,sidot's bl5de & held ne> a piece ( radium nitrate1 ! coat$ surface beg9s to gl[4 ,if n[ x is exam9$ ) a l5s1 brilliant sp>ks or po9ts c be se54 ,z ! radium is br\ght clos] & clos] ^! sp>ks increase 9 numb]1 until1 z ,sir ,william ,crookes says1 we seem to be witness+ a bomb>dm5t ( fly+ atoms hurl$ f ! radium aga9/ ! surface ( ! bl5de4 ,a little in/rum5t call$ a sp9?>iscope1 devis$ by ,dr4 ,crookes & on sale at ! in/rum5t & optical-goods %ops1 may be _h = a trifl+ sum4 ,x is fitt$ ) a l5s focus$ ^u a bit ( ,sidot's bl5de & radium nitrate1 & 9 a d>k room %[s ^! beautiful sc9tillations l a %[] ( />s4 ,a /ill less exp5sive b simil> device is n[ made 9 ! =m ( a microscopic slide1 to be us$ ) ! ord9>y l5s4 ,z we said a mom5t ago1 radium appe>s to be an elem5t>y sub/ance1 z %[n by its sp>k-spectrum be+ diff]5t f t ( any o!r kn[n sub/ance--! det]m9ative te/ z fix$ by ! ,int]national ,*emical ,congress4 ,a p>ticle ( radium free f impurities %\ld1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! conv5tional conception ( an elem5t1 rema9 un*ang$ & un*angeable4 ,if any su* *ange did actually take place x w\ld mean t ! conception ( ! ,daltonian atom z ! ultimate p>ticle ( matt] is def9itively *all5g$ f a new direction4 ,?is is precisely :at has tak5 place4 ,9 ,july ( #aijc ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,soddy1 9 mak+ "s exp]im5ts ) radium1 saw produc$1 app>5tly f radium emanations1 ano!r q diff]5t & di/9ct sub/ance1 ! elem5t helium4 ,! report ( su* a revolution>y ph5om5on 0 naturally made ) sci5tific caution4 ,?\gh ! obs]vation seem$ to prove ! actual trans=mation ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay himself 0 by no means ready to decl>e ! absolute c]ta9ty ( ?is4 ,yet ! presumption 9 favor ( ?is int]pretation ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a is v /rong2 & s cauti\s a reason] z ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d has decl>$ rec5tly t !re c be no d\bt t helium is d]iv$ f ! emanations ( radium 9 consequ5ce ( *anges ( "s k9d occurr+ 9 x499#f99 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! pres5ce ( helium 9 radium on ord9>y *emical l9es1 says ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d1 x has be5 sugge/$ t radium is n a true elem5t1 b a molecul> comp\nd ( helium ) "s sub/ance kn[n or unkn[n4 ,! helium comp\nd gradually breaks d[n1 giv+ rise to ! helium obs]v$4 ,x is at once obvi\s t ?is po/ulat$ helium comp\nd is ( an entirely diff]5t "* to any o!r comp\nd previ\sly obs]v$ 9 *emi/ry4 ,weight = weight1 x emits dur+ its *ange an am\nt ( en]gy at lea/ "o million times great] ?an any molecul> comp\nd kn[n4 ,9 addition1 x mu/ be suppos$ t ! rate ( break+ up ( ! helium comp\nd is indep5d5t ( great ranges ( temp]ature--a result nev] be=e obs]v$ 9 any molecul> *ange4 ,! helium comp\nd 9 its break+ up mu/ give rise to ! peculi> radiations & also pass ?r\gh ! successive radio-active *ange obs]v$ 9 radium4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 radium1 z f> z x has be5 exam9$1 has fulfill$ e te/ requir$ ( an elem5t4 ,x has a well-m>k$ & *>act]i/ic spectrum1 & !re is no reason to suppose t x is n an elem5t 9 ! ord9>ily accept$ s5se ( ! t]m499#g99 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,en]gy ,,( ,,radio-,,activity ,9 #aijc ,messrs4 ,curie & ,laborde99#h99 made ! rem>kable ann\ncem5t t a cry/al ( radium is p]si/5tly w>m] ?an its surr\nd+ m$ium2 9 o!r words1 t x is p]petually giv+ out heat )\t app>5tly becom+ cool]4 ,at fir/ blu% ?is seem$ to contradict ! great physical law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 b physici/s 7 soon agre$ t a less revolution>y explanation ( ! ph5om5on is p]fectly t5able4 ,! giv+ (f ( heat is inde$ only an additional evid5ce ( ! dissipation ( en]gy to :i* ! radio-active atom is subject$4 ,& no "o n[ believes t radio-activity c p]si/ indef9itely )\t actually exhau/+ ! sub/ance ( ! atom4 ,ev5 s1 ! evid5ce ( s great a capacity to give out en]gy is />tl+1 & has giv5 rise to v>i\s !ories 7all z yet t5tative7 9 explanation4 ,?us ,j4 ,p]r999#i99 has sugge/$ t atoms may consi/ ( p>ts n unlike a m9iature planet>y sy/em1 & 9 ! atoms ( ! radio-elem5ts ! p>ts m di/ant f ! c5tre are cont9ually escap+ f ! c5tral attraction1 ?us giv+ rise to ! radiations4 ,monsieur & ,madame ,curie h sugge/$ t ! en]gy may be borr[$ f ! surr\nd+ air 9 "s way1 ! en]gy lo/ by ! atom be+ in/antly rega9$4 ,pilipo ,re199#aj99 9 #aijc1 advanc$ ! !ory t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! atom might at fir/ h be5 free p>ticles con/itut+ an extremely t5u\s nebula4 ,^! p>ts gradually becom+ collect$ ar\nd cond5s$ c5tres h =m$ :at we "k z ! atoms ( elem5ts1 ! atom ?us becom+ l an ext9ct sun ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! radio-active atoms repres5t an int]m$iate /age betwe5 nebulae & *emical atoms1 ! process ( contraction giv+ rise to ! heat emissions4 ,"l ,kelv9 has call$ att5tion to ! fact t :5 two pieces ( pap]1 "o :ite & ! o!r black1 are plac$ 9 exactly simil> glass vessels ( wat] & expos$ to light1 ! temp]ature ( ! vessel conta9+ ! black pap] is rais$ slightly high] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is sugge/s ! idea t 9 a simil> mann] radium may keep its temp]ature high] ?an ! surr\nd+ air by ! absorption ( o!r radiations z yet unkn[n4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson believes t ! s\rce ( en]gy is 9 ! atom itself & n ext]nal to x4 ,! reason1 he says1 :i* induces me to ?9k t ! s\rce ( ! en]gy is 9 ! atom ( radium itself & n ext]nal to x is t ! radio-activity ( sub/ances is 9 all cases 9 :i* we h be5 able to localize x a transi5t prop]ty4 ,no sub/ance goes on be+ radio-active v long4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ c ?is /atem5t be reconcil$ ) ! fact t ?orium & radium keep up _! activity )\t any appreciable fall+ (f ) "t4 ,! answ] to ?is is t1 z ,ru!r=d & ,soddy h %[n 9 ! case ( ?orium1 x is only an exce$+ly small fraction ( ! mass :i* is at any "o "t radio-active1 & t ?is radio-active portion loses its activity 9 a few h\rs1 & has to be replac$ by a fre% supply f ! non-radio-active ?orium499#aa99 ,if ,pr(essor ,?ompson's view be correct1 ! am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy inh]5t 9 ! atom mu/ be enorm\s4 ,,radio-,,activity ,,& ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,atom ,b :atev] ! s\rce ( ! en]gy display$ by ! radio-active sub/ances1 x is pretty g5]ally agre$ t ! radio-activity ( ! radio-elem5ts results 9 ! disruption ( _! atoms4 ,s9ce all sub/ances appe> to be radio-active 9 a great] or less degree1 x w\ld seem t1 unless !re be a v g5]al di/ribution ( radio-active atoms ?r\gh\t all sub/ances1 all atoms mu/ be und]go+ disruption4 ,s9ce ! di/ribution ( radio-active matt] ?r\gh\t ! e>? is s great1 h[ev]1 x is z yet impossible to det]m9e :e!r ?is may n acc\nt = ! radio-activity ( all sub/ances4 ,z we h j se51 rec5t evid5ce seems to po9t to ! cause ( ! disruption ( radio-active atoms z ly+ 9 ! atoms !mselves4 ,?is view is q 9 accord ) mod]n ideas ( ! in/ability ( c]ta9 atoms4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t "s atoms may und]go a sl[] dis9tegration )\t necess>ily ?r[+ (f "p ( _! sy/ems ) great velocity4 ,x is ev5 possible t all matt] may be und]go+ trans=mation1 ?is trans=mation t5d+ to simplify & r5d] m /able ! con/itu5ts ( ! e>?4 ,! radio-active bodies1 h[ev]1 are ! only ones t h af=d$ an opportunity = /udy+ ?is trans=mation4 ,9 ^! ! rapidity ( ! *ange w\ld be directly proportionate to _! radioactivity4 ,radium1 accord+ to ! rec5t e/imate ( ! ,curies1 w\ld be dis9tegrat+ ov] a million times m rapidly ?an uranium4 ,s9ce ! am\nt ( trans=mation occurr+ 9 radium 9 a ye> am\nts to f #a-bjjj to #a-aj1jjj ( ! total am\nt1 ! "t requir$ = ! complete trans=mation ( an atom ( uranium w\ld be some:]e betwe5 two billion & t5 billion ye>s--figures q beyond ! range ( human compreh5sion4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 po/ulat$ to acc\nt = ! in/ability ( ! atom4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ?9kable ( ^! to p]sons n specially tra9$ 9 deal+ ) ab/ruse subjects is t ( ,pr(essor ,?ompson4 ,x has ! additional m]it1 also1 ( com+ f "o ( ! be/-kn[n inve/igators 9 ?is p>ticul> field4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis ! atom may be consid]$ z a mass ( positively & negatively *>g$ p>ticles1 all 9 rapid motion1 _! mutual =ces hold+ !m 9 equilibrium4 ,9 case ( a v complex /ructure ( ?is k9d x is possible to conceive ( c]ta9 p>ticles acquir+ suffici5t k9etic en]gy to be project$ f ! sy/em4 ,or ! con/ra9+ =ces may be neutraliz$ mom5t>ily1 s t ! p>ticle is ?r[n (f at ! same velocity t x _h acquir$ at ! in/ant x is releas$4 ,! prim>y cause ( ?is dis9tegration ( ! atom may be due to electro-magnetic radiation caus+ loss ( en]gy ( ! atomic sy/em4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge sugge/s t ?is in/ability ( ! atom may be ! result ( ! atom's radiation ( en]gy4 ,lodge consid]$ ! simple case ( a negatively *>g$ electron revolv+ r\nd an atom ( mass relatively l>ge b hav+ an equal positive *>ge & held 9 equilibrium by electrical =ces4 ,?is sy/em w radiate en]gy1 & s9ce ! radiation ( en]gy is equival5t to motion 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 ! p>ticle t5ds to move t[>ds ! c5tre & its spe$ consequ5tly increases4 ,! rate ( radiation ( en]gy w increase rapidly ) ! spe$ ( ! electron4 ,:5 ! spe$ ( ! electron becomes v ne>ly equal to ! velocity ( light1 accord+ to ,lodge1 ! sy/em is un/able4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! app>5t mass ( an electron increases v rapidly z ! spe$ ( light is approa*$1 & is !oretically inf9ite at ! spe$ ( light4 ,!re w be at ?is /age a sudd5 increase ( ! mass ( ! revolv+ atom1 &1 on ! supposition t ?is /age c be rea*$1 a consequ5t di/urbance ( ! balance ( =ces hold+ ! sy/em toge!r4 ,lodge consid]s x probable t "u ^! conditions ! p>ts ( ! sy/em w break asund] & escape f ! sph]e ( "o ano!r's influ5ce4 ,x is probable1 adds ,ru!r=d1 t ! prim>y cause ( ! dis9tegration ( ! atom mu/ be look$ = 9 ! #a ss ( en]gy ( ! atomic sy/em due to electro-magnetic radiation499#ab99 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 devis$ = te/+ ! am\nt ( heat giv5 (f by radium & its comp\nds1 & = det]m9+ its actual rise 9 temp]ature above t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods is to place "s sub/ance1 su* z b>ium *loride1 9 a calorimet]1 not+ at :at po9t ! m]cury rema9s /ation>y4 ,radium is !n introduc$1 :]eupon ! m]cury 9 ! tube gradually rises1 fall+ aga9 :5 ! radium is remov$4 ,by c>eful te/s x has be5 det]m9$ t a gram ( radium emits ab\t tw5ty-f\r hundr$ gram-calories 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,on ?is basis a gram ( radium 9 a ye> emits en\gh en]gy to dissociate ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty-five grams ( wat]4 ,:at seems mo/ rem>kable ab\t ?is con/ant emission ( heat by ! radium atom is t x does n app>5tly draw ^u ext]nal s\rces = x1 b ma9ta9s x by ! int]nal en]gy ( ! atom itself4 ,?is lat5t en]gy mu/ be enorm\s1 b is only manife/$ :5 ! atom is break+ up4 ,9 ?is process ( disruption _m ( ! p>ticles are ?r[n (f2 b ! great] "p seem to be /opp$ 9 _! flight 9 ! radium itself1 s t _! en]gy ( motion is manife/$ 9 ! =m ( heat4 ,?us1 if ?is explanation is correct1 ! temp]ature ( ! radium is ma9ta9$ above t ( surr\nd+ sub/ances by ! bomb>dm5t ( its own p>ticles4 ,s9ce ! e>? & ! atmosph]e conta9 appreciable quantities ( radio-active matt]1 ?is mu/ play a v important "p 9 det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( ! globe--s important a "p1 inde$1 t all =m] e/imates z to ! probable l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! e>? & sun w cont9ue to radiate heat are invalidat$4 ,su* e/imates1 = example1 z t ( ,"l ,kelv9 z to ! probable heat-giv+ life ( ! sun mu/ n[ be multipli$ f fifty to five hundr$ times4 ,9 l mann] ! l5g? ( "t t ! e>? has be5 suffici5tly cool to support animal & vegetable life mu/ be re-e/imat$4 ,until ! discov]y ( radium x seem$ def9itely det]m9$ t ! e>? 0 gradually cool+1 & w\ld cont9ue to cool1 un til1 l ! moon1 x w\ld become too cold to support any k9d ( vegetable or animal life :atev]4 ,b rec5t e/imates ( ! am\nt ( radio-active matt] 9 ! e>? & atmosph]e1 & ! am\nt ( heat con/antly giv5 (f f ?is s\rce1 seem to indicate t ! loss ( heat is 7= ! mom5t7 ab\t ev5ly balanc$ by ! heat giv5 out by radio-active matt]4 ,?us at ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury we see ! ph5om5on ( a s+le discov]y 9 sci5ce completely ov]turn+ c]ta9 c>efully work$ out calculations1 al?\gh n *ang+ ! great pr9ciples involv$4 ,x is b ! repetition ( ! revolution>y *anges t occur at int]vals 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 a simple discov]y sett+ at naught "s ( ! mo/ c>eful calculations ( a g5]ation4 ,v4 ,,! ,,m>9e ,,biological ,,laboratory ,,at ,,naples ,,! ,,aqu>ium ,,_m t\ri/s :o h gone to ,naples )9 rec5t ye>s w recall _! visit to ! aqu>ium !re among _! mo/ pleasant exp]i5ces4 ,x is1 inde$1 a place wor? see+4 ,any ,neapolitan w direct y to ! beautiful :ite build+ :i* x occupies 9 ! public p>k close by ! wat]'s side4 ,! p>k itself1 /atue-gu>d$ & palm-/udd$1 is "o ( ! %[-places ( ! city2 & ! aqu>ium build+1 /&+ isolat$ ne> its c5tre1 is wor?y ( its surr\nd+s4 ,z se5 f ! bay1 x gleams :ite amid ! half-tropical foliage1 ) ! circl+ ramp>t ( hills1 flank$ by ,vesuvius itself1 = backgr\nd4 ,& ne> at h& ! picturesque cactus gr[? scrambl+ ov] ! walls gives precisely ! necess>y f9i% to ! o!rwise r sev]e type ( ! ar*itecture4 ,! ensemble prep>es "o to be pleas$ ) :atev] ! /ructure may h to %[ )94 ,x prep>es "o also1 ?\gh 9 q ano!r way1 = a surprise2 = :5 "o has cross$ ! ?re%old & n>r[ ve/ibule1 :ile ! gleam ( ! outside brightness /ill gl[s be=e 8 eyes1 he is plung$ sudd5ly into :at seems at fir/ glimpse a cav]n ( ,egyptian d>kness1 & ! contra/ is no?+ less ?an />tl+4 ,to add to ! effect1 "o sees all ab\t him1 ne> ! walls ( ! cav]n1 weird =ms ( mov+ creatures1 :i* seem to be float+ ab\t lazily 9 ! air1 9 grottos :i* gl[ ) a dim light or sp>kle ) v>i$ colors4 ,"o is really look+ ?r\gh glass walls into tanks ( wat] fill$ ) m>9e life2 b bo? glass & wat] are s transp>5t t x is difficult at fir/ glimpse to realize _! pres5ce1 unless a /ream ( wat]1 ) its att5dant bubbles1 is play+ into ! tanks4 ,& ev5 !n ! effect is mo/ elusive2 = ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* y are look+ up to f bel[1 mirrors ! cont5ts ( ! tanks s p]fectly t x is difficult to tell :]e ! reality ends & ! image beg9s1 7 x n t ! duplicat$ creatures move ab\t ) _! backs d[nw>d 9 a sc5e all topsy-turvy4 ,! effect is mo/ fanta/ic4 ,m ?an t1 x is mo/ beautiful z well4 ,y are1 9 effect1 at ! bottom ( ! ocean--or r1 at ! bottom ( _m oceans 9 "o4 ,no light comes to y except ?r\gh ! grottos ab\t y--grottos haunt$ by weird =ms ( ! deep1 f graceful to grotesque1 f almo/ colorless to gaudy-hu$4 ,to y\r dilat$ pupils ! light itself has ! weird gl[ ( unreality4 ,x is all l ! wond]s ( ! ,arabian ,nights made tangible or l a /range spectacul> dream4 ,if "o 7 9 a great div+-bell at ! bottom ( ! v]itable ocean he c\ld h>dly feel m deta*$ f ! ord9>y a]ial _w ( fact4 ,z "o recov]s 8 s5ses & beg9s to take def9ite note ( ?+s ab\t him he sees t ea* "o ( ! _m grottos has a diff]5t set ( occupants1 & t n all ( ! creatures !re are z unfamili> z at fir/ !y seem$4 ,_m ( ! fi%es1 = example1 & ! lob/]s1 crabs1 & ! l1 are famili> en\gh "u o!r conditions1 b ev5 ^! old acqua9tances look /range "u ^! *ang$ circum/ances4 ,b = ! re/ !re are multitudes ( =ms t "o _h nev] se5 or imag9$1 = ! sea hides a myriad ( wond]s :i* we :o sail ov] its surface1 & at mo/ glance dimly a few feet into its dep?s1 h>dly dream (4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o has se5 ^! /range creatures pres]v$ 9 museums1 he does n "k !m1 = ! alleg$ pres]vation !re has reta9$ little en\gh ( ess5tial facis ( ! real creature1 :i* ! dead %ell c no m ?an vaguely sugge/4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we see ! real ?+4 ,ea* creature lives & moves 9 a habitat z ne>ly z may be l t :i* x haunt$ :5 at lib]ty1 save t tribes t live at enmity ) "o ano!r are "h sep>at$1 s t ! active /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! wild life ( sea z well z l&1 is n repres5t$4 ,= ! re/ ! creatures ( ! deep are at home 9 ^! artificial grottos1 & disport !mselves z if !y desir$ no o!r resid5ce4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y pay no he$ :atev] to ! human inspectors )\t _! homelike prisons1 s "o may wat* _! activities "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,x is odd to notice h[ curi\sly s9u\s are all ! movem5ts1 n alone ( ! fi%1 b ( a l>ge proportion ( ! o!r =ms ( mov+ life ( ! wat]s4 ,! curve1 ! l9e ( beauty1 is ! symbol ( _! e act2 !re are no angles 9 _! _w4 ,!y glide hi!r & yon1 seem+ly )\t an ef=t1 & always ) wavy1 oscillat+ gracefulness4 ,! acme ( ?is s9uosity ( movem5t is rea*$ ) ^? long-drawn-out fi%es ! eels4 ,( ^! !re are two gigantic species repres5t$ "h--! cong]1 a d>k-sk9n$1 r ill-favor$ fell[1 & ! beautiful ,italian eel1 ) a velvety1 leop>d-spott$ sk94 ,^! creatures are gracefulness itself4 ,!y are ribbon-l 9 t5u\sness1 & to casual glance !y give ! impression ( long1 n>r[ p5nants s(tly wav+ 9 a g5tle breeze4 ,! great cong]--five or six feet 9 l5g?--has1 inde$1 a c]ta9 prop5sity to ext5d himself rigidly 9 a fi%like l9e & lie immovable1 b ! o!r species is always true to 8 colors1 s to say--8 =m is always outl9$ 9 curves4 ,! eels attract _! full %>e ( att5tion f ! visitors1 b !re is "o family ( creatures :i* easily holds ! palm ov] all ! o!rs 9 ?is reg>d4 ,^! are ! v>i\s repres5tatives ( ! great cult ( squids & cuttle-fi%es4 ,! cuttle-fi% prop]--:o1 ( c\rse1 is no fi% at all--is %ap$ /rangely l a dim9utive elephant1 ) a filmy1 wav+ membrane along its sides 9 lieu ( legs4 ,l ! o!r memb]s ( 8 clan1 he c *ange 8 color v>i\sly4 ,sometimes he is ( a dull br[n1 aga9 prettily mottl$2 !n1 ) almo/ kaleidoscopic sudd5ness1 he w assume a g>b beautifully /rip$ 9 black & :ite1 rivall$ by no?+ b ! coat ( ! zebra4 ,! cuttle-fi% is a sluggi% creature1 seek+ out ! d>k] corn]s ( 8 grotto1 & (t5 ly+ motionless = long p]iods toge!r4 ,b n s ! little squid4 ,he does n ?rive 9 captivity1 & incessantly w+s 8 way back & =?1 ) sl[1 wavy flapp+s ( 8 filmy app5dages1 until he we>s himself out & dies unreconcil$4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) bo? cuttle-fi% & squid is _! c\s9 ! octopus--a creepy1 crawly creature1 l eight s]p5ts 9 "o--at once ! odde/ & ! mo/ fasc9at+ creature 9 ! entire aqu>ium4 ,y w f9d a cr[d almo/ always be=e 8 grotto wat*+ 8 curi\s antics4 ,usually sl[ & delib]ate 9 movem5t1 he yet has capacity = a c]ta9 agility4 ,n[ & aga9 he dives (f sudd5ly1 head fir/1 ?r\gh ! wat]1 ) ! directness if n q ) ! spe$ ( an arr[4 ,a mom5t lat]1 tir$ ( 8 flight1 he sprawls 8 eight webb$ legs out 9 e direction1 break+ !m seem+ly into a ?\s& jo9ts1 & settles back l an animat$ p>a*ute awreck4 ,!n p]*ance he p]*es on a rock kn[+ly1 ) ! appe>ance ( owl-l wisdom1 albeit 8 head looks surpris+ly l a frog's4 ,anon he holds 8 head erect & /ret*es out 8 long arms 9 :at is mo/ palpably a yawn4 ,!n1 = pure div]sion1 he may hold himself half erect on 8 umbrella frame ( legs & sidle along a sort ( quadrille--a v]itable eight h&s 9 r\nd4 ,b all ! :ile he conveys di/9ctly ! impression ( a creature to ! la/ degree blas4 ,ev5 :5 a crab is let d[n into 8 grotto by an att5dant = ! edification ( ! visitors ! octopus seems to reg>d x ) only lukew>m int]e/4 ,if he deigns to g 9 pursuit1 x is ) ! air ( "o :o says1 ,any?+ to oblige1 r ?an ( eag]ness = a morsel ( food4 ,yet )al1 ev5 ?\gh unhurri$1 he usually falls ^u ! victim ) surpris+ sur5ess ( aim1 encompass+ x 9 8 multi=m net4 ,or p]haps1 ?9k+ ! game h>dly wor? s mu* ef=t1 he m]ely rea*es out sudd5ly ) "o ( 8 eight arms--ea* ( :i* is a long-drawn-out h& z well--& grasps ! victim & conveys x to 8 di/5sible maw )\t s mu* z *ang+ 8 attitude4 ,all ?is ( ! giant octopus--br[n & w>ty & wr9kl$ & blas4 ,b ! dim9utive c\s9 9 ! grotto ) ! jellyfi%es is a bird ( q ano!r fea!r4 ,physically he is con/ruct$ on ! same model z ! o!r1 b 8 m5tality is utt]ly oppos$4 ,no gr& rles = him2 8 "p is com$y4 ,he f9ds life full ( int]e/4 ,he is satisfi$ ) himself & ) ! _w4 ,he assumes an aspect ( positive raki%ness1 & intellig5ce1 s to say1 beams f 8 e limb4 ,all day long he mu/ be up & do+4 ,= want ( bett] bus9ess he w pursue a %rimp = h\rs at a "t ) ! ze/ ( a true sportsman4 ,n[ he d>ts aft] 8 int5d$ prey l a fox-h\nd4 ,aga9 he resorts to f9esse1 & sidles (f1 ) eyes fix$ 9 ano!r direction1 l a ma/] ( /ratagem4 ,to be sure1 he nev] cat*es ! %rimp--b :at ( t8 ,! true sportsman is f> remov$ f ! necessity = m]e mat]ial pr(it4 ,i half suspect t little octopus w\ld release ! %rimp if once he caught him1 z ! true fi%]man ?r[s back ! excess ( 8 cat*4 ,x is sport1 n game1 t he covets4 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,& ,,its ,,f\nd] ,:5 "o has made ! circuit ( ! aqu>ium he w h se5 & m>vell$ at "s hundr$s ( curi\s creatures utt]ly unlike any?+ to be f\nd above wat]4 ,brightly color$ />fi%es1 beautiful sea-ur*9s1 /range /ation>y ascidians1 & fl[]-l sea-anemones1 qua9t sea-horses1 & filmy1 fragile jellyfi%es & _! multi=m k9--all seem novel & wond]ful z "o sees !m 9 _! native elem5t4 ,?+s t appe> to be p>ts ( ! rocky or s&y b$ ( ! grottos />tle "o by mov+ ab\t1 & ?us discov]+ !mselves z liv+ creatures1 simulat+ _! environm5t = purposes ( protection4 ,or p]haps :at seems to be a giant snail sudd5ly unfurls w+s f its seem+ %ell1 & goes wav+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 to ! utt] bewild]m5t ( ! behold]4 ,su* freaks z ?is are q ! rule among ! /range tribes ( ! deep1 = ! cr[d+ ( population !re makes ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ke51 & necessitates all mann] ( subt]fuges = ! pres]vation ( species4 ,ea* & e "o ( ! ?irty-odd grottos w repay long obs]vation1 ev5 on ! "p ( ! mo/ casual visitor1 & :5 "o has se5 !m all1 he w "k m at fir/ h& ( ! me?od ( life ( ! creatures ( ! sea ?an all ! books c\ld tea* him4 ,he w dep>t fully satisfi$1 & probably1 if he be ! usual sight-se]1 he w nev] suspect t :at he has se5 is really b an incid5tal "p ( ! in/itution ^: build+ he has ent]$4 ,ev5 ?\gh he note casually ! inscription ,/azione ,zologica above ! entrance1 he may nev] suspect t ! aqu>ium he has j visit$ is only an adjunct--! popul> exhibit1 s to speak--( ! fam\s in/itution ( te*nical sci5ce kn[n to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w z ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory at ,naples4 ,yet su* is ! fact4 ,! aqu>ium seems wor?y en\gh to exi/ by & = itself4 ,x is a great popul> educator z well z amus]1 yet its importance is utt]ly insignificant comp>$ ) ! te*nical features ( ! in/itution ( :i* x is an adjunct4 ,?is te*nical dep>tm5t1 ! biological laboratory prop]1 has its local habitation 9 ! p>ts ( ! build+ n occupi$ by ! aqu>ium--p>ts ( :i* ! g5]al public1 z a rule1 sees no?+4 ,!re is1 inde$1 little to see t w\ld greatly int]e/ ! casual inspector1 = 9 its outw>d aspects "o laboratory is mu* l ano!r1 a seem+ hodgepodge ( wat]-tanks1 glass j>s ( specim5s1 & tables = microscopes4 ,! real /atus ( a laboratory is n det]m9$ by ! equipm5t4 ,& yet x w n d to press ?is ass]tion too f>1 = 9 "o s5se x is ! equipm5t ( ! ,naples laboratory t has made x :at x is4 ,n1 h[ev]1 ! equipm5t 9 ! s5se ( microscopes & o!r work+ p>aph]nalia4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! be/ ( _! k9d1 b ma*9]y alone does n make a great in/itution1 any m ?an clo!s make ! man4 ,! all-ess5tial & di/9ctive equipm5t ( ! laboratory reveals itself 9 its p]sonnel4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 z always 9 a truly great in/itution ( any k9d1 !re is "o dom9at+ p]sonality1 "o mov+ _s4 ,?is is ,dr4 ,anton ,dohrn1 f\nd] ( ! laboratory1 & /ill its controll] & director1 9 "n & 9 fact4 ,m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ago ,dr4 ,dohrn1 !n a "y man fre% f ! univ]sities ( 8 native ,g]many1 discov]$ :at he felt to be a real ne$ 9 ! biological _w4 ,he 0 /ruck ) ! fact t n[h]e 9 ! _w c\ld be f\nd an e/abli%m5t af=d+ good opportunities = ! /udy ( m>9e life4 ,wat] cov]s ?ree-fif?s ( ! e>?'s surface1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 & ev]y:]e ?is wat] teems ) life1 s t a va/ prepond]ance ( ! liv+ ?+s ( ! globe f9d _! habitat !re4 ,yet ! /ud5t :o might desire to make special /udies ( ?is life w\ld f9d himself balk$ at ! ?re%old = want ( opportunity4 ,x 0 no great ?+ to discov] ?is paucity1 :i*1 inde$1 fairly beckon$ ! discov]]4 ,! great ?+ 0 to supply ! defici5cy1 & ?is 0 :at ,dr4 ,dohrn det]m9$ to d4 ,he select$ ,naples z ! be/ location = ! laboratory he propos$ to f\nd1 because ( its climate & its location beside ! teem+ wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,he organiz$ a laboratory2 he call$ ab\t him a corps ( able assi/ants2 he made ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory at ,naples fam\s1 ! ,mecca ( all biological eyes ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x 0 n all done 9 a day4 ,x 0 f> en\gh f be+ done )\t opposition & disc\ragem5t2 b ^! are matt]s ( hi/ory :i* ,dr4 ,dohrn n[ pref]s n to dwell ^u4 ,suffice x t ! result aim$ at 0 f9ally a*iev$1 & 9 f> great] measure ?an c\ld at fir/ be hop$ =4 ,& f t day till ?is ,naples has be5 ! c5tre ( t bran* ( biological inquiry :i* has = its object ! inve/igation ( problems be/ /udi$ ) mat]ial ga!r$ f ! sea4 ,& ?is1 let me ha/5 to add1 includes f> m ?an a m]e /udy ( ! life hi/ories ( m>9e animals & plants z su*4 ,x includes problems ( cell activity1 problems ( h]$ity1 life problems ( _m k9ds1 hav+ f> wid] horizons ?an ! m]e "q z to h[ a c]ta9 fi% or cru/acean lives & moves & has its be+4 ,dr4 ,dohrn's *ief te*nical associates are all ,g]mans1 l _! lead]1 b1 l him also1 all gift$ ) a polyglot ma/]y ( tongues t has /ood !m 9 good /ead 9 _! int]c\rse ) ! biologi/s ( _m nationalities :o came to "w at ! laboratory4 ,i mu/ n pause to dwell ^u ! p]sonnel ( ! /aff 9 g5]al1 b !re is "o o!r memb] :o _c be ov]look$ ev5 9 ! mo/ casual survey ( ! "w ( ! in/itution4 ,"o might almo/ z well =get ,dr4 ,dohrn himself z to ov]look ,signor ,lo ,bianco1 *ief ( ! collect+ dep>tm5t4 ,signor ,bianco x is :o1 hav+ exp]t k ( ! haunts & habits ( e mann] ( m>9e creature1 c direct 8 fi%]m5 :]e to f9d & h[ to secure :atev] r>e specim5 any work] at ! laboratory may desire4 ,he x is1 too1 :o1 by /udy+ old me?ods & inv5t+ new ones1 has le>n$ h[ to pres]ve ! delicate =ms = subsequ5t /udy 9 lifelike ensemble t no "o else c q equal4 ,signor ,bianco x is1 9 %ort1 :o is ! indisp5sable "r-h& man ( ! in/itution 9 all t p]ta9s to its practical work+ outside ! range ( ! microscope4 ,ea* night ,signor ,lo ,bianco directs 8 b& ( fi%]m5 z to :at p>ticul> specim5s are mo/ to be s\ght aft] next day to meet ! ne$s ( ! work]s 9 ! laboratory4 ,be=e sunrise ea* day1 wea!r p]mitt+1 ! little scatt]$ fleet ( boats is f> out on ! ,bay ( ,naples2 = ! surface collect+1 :i* furni%es a l>ge %>e ( ! be/ mat]ial1 c be done only at dawn1 z ! great] "p ( ! creatures ?us secur$ s9k into ! retirem5t ( ! dep?s dur+ ! day1 com+ to ! surface to fe$ only at night4 ,y are n likely to see ! collect+ p>ty />t out1 !re=e1 b if y *oose y may see !m return ab\t n9e or t5 o'clock by go+ to ! dock n f> f ! laboratory4 ,! boats come 9 s+ly at ab\t ?is h\r1 _! occupants /&+ up to r[1 & pu%+ =w>d ) ! o>s1 aft] ! awkw>d ,neapolitan fa%ion4 ,_m ( ! fi%]m5 are qua9t en\gh 9 appe>ance2 "s ( !m h gr[n old 9 ! s]vice ( ! laboratory4 ,! morn+'s cat* is conta9$ 9 glass j>s plac$ 9 baskets especially con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! baskets h h&les1 b ^! are q sup]flu\s except to lift !m f ! boats1 = 9 ! transit to ! laboratory ! baskets are c>ri$1 z almo/ ev]y?+ else is c>ri$ 9 ,naples1 on ! head4 ,to ! novitiate x seems a /rik+ risk to pile baskets ( fragile glass & ev5 m fragile specim5s "o above ano!r1 & attempt to balance ! :ole on ! head1 b no?+ c\ld be easi]1 or seem+ly m secure1 = ^! exp]ts4 ,arriv$ at ! laboratory1 ! j>s are turn$ ov] to ,sign] ,lo ,bianco & 8 assi/ants1 :o sort ! mat]ial1 & s5d to ea* inve/igator 9 ! workrooms :atev] he may h ask$ =4 ,( c\rse surface-skimm+ is n ! only me?od ( secur+ mat]ial = ! laboratory4 ,! in/itution owns a /eam-laun* nam$ ! ,johannes ,mll]1 9 honor ( ! great physiologi/1 :i* op]ates a p[]ful dr$ge = secur+ all mann] ( specim5s f ! sea-bottom4 ,!n ord9>y l9es & nets are m or less 9 requisition = captur+ fi%4 ,& 9 addition to ! regul> corps ( collectors1 e fi%]man ( ! neighborhood has long s9ce le>n$ to br+ to ! laboratory all r>e specim5s ( any k9d t he may *ance to capture4 ,s 9 "o way & ano!r ! in/itution makes sure ( hav+ 9 tribute all t ! ri*ly peopl$ wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean c (f]4 ,& ?is well-regulat$ sy/em ( collect+1 comb9$ ) ! ri*ness ( ! fauna & flora ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 has no small %>e 9 ! success ( ! m>9e laboratory4 ,b ^!1 ( c\rse1 7 factors t ,dr4 ,dohrn took into acc\nt f ! beg9n+4 ,inde$1 x 0 precisely ) an eye to ^! important factors t ,naples 0 select$ z ! site ( ! future laboratory 9 ! days :5 ! project 0 =m+4 ,! ,bay ( ,naples is mo/ happily locat$ = ! ne$s ( ! zoologi/4 ,x is n too f> s\? to exclude ! fauna ( ! temp]ate zone1 yet f> en\gh s\? to furni% a habitat = _m =ms ( life almo/ tropical 9 "*4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 a mo/ v>i$ & abundant fauna4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l>ge colony ( ,neapolitan fi%]m5 made x c]ta9 t skill$ collectors w\ld always be at h& to make available ! weal? ( mat]ial4 ,x requires no te*nical education to appreciate ! value ( ?is to ! orig9al inve/igator1 p>ticul>ly to ! /ud5t ( life problems4 ,a skilful work] may d mu* ) a s+le specim51 z1 = example1 ,johannes ,mll] did half a c5tury ago ) ! "o available specim5 ( amphioxus1 ! l[e/ ( v]tebrates1 !n rec5tly discov]$4 ,:at ,mll] le>n$ f t "o specim5 seems almo/ miracul\s4 ,b :at if he _h _h a bucketful ( ! little boneless creatures at 8 disposal1 z ! work] at ,naples n[ may h any day = ! ask+8 ,:5 x comes to problems ( developm5t1 ( h]$ity1 a pr(usion ( mat]ial is almo/ a necessity4 ,b "h ! creatures ( ! sea respond to ! call ) amaz+ pr(ici5cy4 ,mo/ ( !m are1 ( c\rse1 ovip>\s1 & x is q ! rule = !m to deposit _! eggs by hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 by millions ev54 ,ev]ybody kn[s1 s9ce ,d>w9 taught u1 t ! av]age numb] ( (fspr+ ( any giv5 species ( animal or plant be>s an inv]se proportion to ! liability ( t species to juv5ile fatalities4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d a fi% or a lob/] or o!r pelagic creature deposit+ innum]able eggs1 we may feel p]fectly sure t ! va/ majority ( ! eggs !mselves1 or ! call[ creatures t come out ( !m1 w furni% food = _! neighbors at an e>ly day4 ,x is an unk9d _w into :i* ! resid5t ( ! deep is born4 ,b 8 adv]sity is 8 human contempor>y's ga91 & ! biologi/ w h>dly be blam$1 ev5 by ! mo/ t5d]-he>t$ anti-vivisectioni/1 = avail+ himself freely ( mat]ial :i* o!rwise w\ld probably s]ve no bett] purpose ?an to appease ! appetite ( "s rapaci\s fi%4 ,_! abundance is n ! only m]it1 h[ev]1 ( ! eggs ( pelagic creatures1 9 ! eyes ( ! biologi/4 ,by equal good-=tune x *ances t colorless ?+s are at a premium 9 ! sea1 s9ce to escape ! eye ( y\r enemy is a prime consid]ation4 ,s ! eggs 9 "q are usually transp>5t1 & ?us1 %ield$ f ! vision ( m>9e enemies1 are beautifully adapt$ = ! obs]vation ( ! biologi/4 ,z a f9al m]it1 !y are mo/ly ( conv5i5t size = manipulation "u ! microscope4 ,= _m reasons1 !n1 ! m>9e egg (f]s incomp>able advantages to ! /ud5t ( cell life1 an egg be+ ! typical cell4 ,& s9ce n[adays ! cell is ! v focus ( att5tion 9 ! biological _w1 ! importance ( m>9e laboratories has be5 enhanc$ proportionately4 ,b ( c\rse n all ! "w c be done ) eggs or ) liv+ specim5s ( any k9d4 ,x is equally important on occasion to exam9e ! tissues ( adult specim5s1 & = ?is1 z a rule1 ! tissues mu/ fir/ be subject$ to "s pres]v+ & h>d5+ process prelim9>y to ! cutt+ ( sections = microscopical exam9ation4 ,?is is done simply en\gh 9 ! case ( "s organisms1 b !re is a l>ge class ( filmy1 t5u\s1 fragile creatures 9 ! sea population ( :i* ! jellyfi% may be m5tion$ z famili> examples4 ,su* creatures1 :5 treat$ 9 an ord9>y way1 by dropp+ !m into alcohol1 %rivel up1 com+ to resemble no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & ceas+ to h any value = ! /udy ( normal /ructures4 ,h[ to ov]come ?is difficulty 0 "o ( ! problems attack$ f ! beg9n+ at ! ,naples laboratory4 ,! *ief "p ( ! practical "w ( ^! exp]im5ts fell to ! %>e ( ,signor ,lo ,bianco4 ,! success t att5d$ 8 ef=ts is rem>kable4 ,to-day y may see at ! laboratory all mann] ( filmy1 diaphan\s creatures pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 reta9+ e jot ( _! natural cont\r1 & ?us (f]+ unexampl$ opportunities = /udy en masse1 or = be+ section$ = ! microscope4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is surpris+ result has be5 accompli%$ are naturally diff]5t = diff]5t creatures2 ,signor ,lo ,bianco has writt5 a book tell+ h[ x all has be5 done4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important pr9ciple involv$ ) a majority ( ! m t5u\s =ms is to /upefy ! animal by gradually add+ small quantities ( a drug1 su* z *loral1 to ! wat] 9 :i* ! creature is deta9$4 ,:5 by ?is means ! animal has be5 r5d]$ s ins5sible t x responds v sluggi%ly to /imuli1 x is plung$ into a toxic solution1 usually =mal9e1 :i* kills x s sudd5ly t its muscles 9 _! b5umb$ /ate h n "t to contract4 ,any "o :o has ev] tri$ to pres]ve a jellyfi%1 = example1 by ord9>y me?ods w recall ! sorry result1 & be prep>$ to appreciate ,signor ,lo ,bianco's wond]fully beautiful specim5s4 ,naturali/s h come f all ov] ! _w to ,naples to le>n j h[ ! miracle is accompli%$1 = x mu/ be und]/ood t ! m]e citation ( ! modus op]&i by no means enables ! novitiate to apply x successfully at once4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ! long-drawn-out =ms ( clu/]$ ascidians & ! l1 ! delicacy ( manipulation requir$ to make successful pres]vations raises ! me?od z practis$ at ,naples almo/ to ! level ( a f9e art4 ,x is a boon to naturali/s ev]y:]e t ! in/itution "h is able sometimes to supply o!r laboratories less favorably situat$ ) duplicates f its weal? ( beautifully pres]v$ specim5s4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,results ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! mat]ial conditions t h contribut$ to make ! results ( ! sci5tific inve/igations at ! ,naples laboratory notable4 ,b ( c\rse1 ev5 ) a sup]abundance ( mat]ial1 discov]ies d n make !mselves4 ,:o uses ?is mat]ial8 is1 aft] all1 ! vital "q4 ,& 9 ?is reg>d ! laboratory at ,naples pres5ts1 = any "o :o gets at its he>t1 s to speak1 an ensemble t is di/9ctive en\gh2 = ! m5 :o "w 9 ! light & airy rooms ( ! laboratory prop] h come = ! purpose f all corn]s ( ! civiliz$ globe1 & n a few ( !m are m5 ( ! highe/ di/9ction 9 _! v>i\s l9es ( biological sci5ce4 ,a l>ge proportion are pr(essors 9 colleges & univ]sities ( _! v>i\s c\ntries2 & = ! re/ !re is sc>cely "o :o is n 9 "s s5se ma/] ( ! biological craft4 ,= x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is laboratory at ,naples is n int5d$ z a tra9+-s*ool = ! appr5tice4 ,x (f]s 9 ! wide/ s5se a univ]sity c\rse 9 biology1 & t alone4 ,!re is no in/ructor "h :o %[s ! new-com] h[ to use ! microscope1 h[ to utilize ! mat]ial1 h[ to g ab\t ! bus9ess ( discov]y4 ,! work] :o comes to ,naples is suppos$ to h le>n$ all ^! ?+s long be=e4 ,he is m]ely ask$1 !n1 :at class ( mat]ial he desires1 &1 ?is be+ furni%$ him1 he is p]mitt$ to g 8 own way unmole/$4 ,he may "w mu* or little1 or n at all2 he may make epo*al discov]ies or no discov]ies ( any sort1 & x w be all "o to ! managem5t4 ,no "o w ask him1 9 any ev5t1 :at he has done or :y he has n done o!rwise4 ,9 a ^w1 ! work] 9 ! laboratory "h1 :ile be+ suppli$ ) opportunities = /udy su* z he c\ld h>dly f9d else:]e1 reta9s all ! fre$om ( 8 own private laboratory4 ,little wond]1 !n1 t x is reg>d$ z a r>e privilege to be all[$ to "w 9 ?is laboratory4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 x is a privilege t may be obta9$ by almo/ any e>ne/ work] :o1 hav+ le>n$ ! te*nique ( ! craft else:]e1 desires n[ to prosecute special orig9al /udies 9 biology4 ,mo/ ( ! tables "h are leas$ 9 p]petuity1 = a fix$ sum p] annum1 by v>i\s public or private in/itutions ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?us1 = example1 ,am]ica has ! "r ( use ( sev]al tables1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution leas+ "o1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ano!r1 a woman's league a ?ird1 & s on4 ,any ,am]ican desir+ to "w at ,naples %\ld make application to "o ( ^! v>i\s s\rces1 /at+ ! exact "t :5 he w\ld l to g1 & if !re be a vacancy = t "t ! prop]ly accr$it$ applicant is almo/ sure to receive ! privilege he asks =4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is /ill a c\rt ( la/ appeal 9 ,dr4 ,dohrn himself1 :o may h a few unoccupi$ tables at 8 disposal1 & :o w surely ext5d ! c\rtesy ( _! occupancy1 = a reasonable p]iod1 to any prop] applicant1 come he :5ce he may4 ,?us x *ances t "o f9ds m5 ( all nations work+ 9 ! ,naples laboratory--biologi/s f all ov] ,europe1 includ+ ,russia1 f ,am]ica1 f ,au/ralia1 f ,japan4 ,"o f9ds wom5 also1 b ^!1 ,i believe1 are usually f ,am]ica4 ,biologi/s :o at home are at ! head ( fully equipp$ laboratories come "h to pr(it by ! weal? ( mat]ial1 z well z to keep an eye ^u ! newe/ me?ods ( _! craft1 & to ga9 ! inspiration ( contact ) o!r work]s 9 alli$ fields4 ,_m ( ! ,g]man univ]sity tea*]s1 = example1 make regul> pilgrimages to ,naples dur+ _! vacations1 & m ?an "o ( !m h made ! orig9al inve/igations "h t h giv5 !m an int]national reputation4 ,z to ! exact me?ods ( /udy employ$ by ! individual work]s "h1 little ne$ be said4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 z 9 reg>d to in/rum5tal equipm5t1 "o biological laboratory is necess>ily mu* l ano!r1 & ! g5]al conditions ( orig9al sci5tific exp]im5t are pretty mu* ! same ev]y:]e4 ,:at is ne$$ is1 fir/1 an appreciation ( ! logical be>+s ( ! problem to be solv$2 &1 secondly1 ! skill & pati5ce to c>ry out long l9es ( exp]im5ts1 _m ( :i* necess>ily lead to no tangible result4 ,! selection ( mat]ial = ! exp]im5ts plann$1 ! wat*+ & cultivat+ ( ! liv+ =ms 9 ! laboratory tanks1 ! cutt+ ( numb]less filmy sections = microscopical exam9ation--^! ?+s1 v>i\sly modifi$ = ea* case1 make up ! "w ( ! laboratory /ud5t ( g5]al biology4 ,& j 9 proportion z ! exp]im5ts are logically plann$ & c>efully execut$ w ! results be valuable1 ev5 ?\gh !y be b negative4 ,j 9 proportion z ! work]1 by inclusion & exclusion1 atta9s au!ntic results--results t w be> ! te/ ( repetition--does 8 reputation z a dep5dable work+ biologi/ become e/abli%$4 ,! subjects attack$ 9 ! m>9e laboratory fir/ & la/ are practically coext5sive ) ! range ( g5]al biology1 bact]iology except$4 ,naturally en\gh1 ! life hi/ories ( m>9e =ms ( animals & plants h come 9 = a full %>e ( att5tion4 ,b1 z ,i h already intimat$1 ?is zoological "w =ms only a small "p ( ! inve/igations und]tak5 "h1 = 9 ! ma9 ! work]s pref] to attack ^? g5]al biological problems :i* 9 _! broad] outl9es apply to all =ms ( liv+ be+s1 f highe/ to l[e/4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,dries*1 ! well-kn[n ,leipzig biologi/1 sp5ds sev]al mon?s ( ea* ye> at ! laboratory1 & has made "h mo/ ( ^? /udies ( cell activities ) :i* 8 "n is associat$4 ,! pa/ season he has /udi$ an int]e/+ & important problem ( h]$ity1 endeavor+ to asc]ta9 ! respective %>es ( ! male & female p>5ts 9 ! developm5t ( ! (fspr+4 ,! subjects ( 8 exp]im5ts h be5 v>i\s species ( sea-ur*9s1 b ! pr9ciples discov]$ w d\btless be f\nd to apply to mo/1 or p]haps all1 =ms ( v]tebrate life z well4 ,:ile ^! /udies 7 "u way ano!r developm5tal problem 0 be+ attack$ 9 a neighbor+ room ( ! laboratory by ,pr(essor ,kitasato1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,! subjects ?is "t 7 ! embryos ( c]ta9 fi%es1 & ! inve/igation _h to d ) ! developm5t ( in/ructive mon/rosities ?r\gh c>efully design$ s]ies ( injuries inflict$ ^u ! embryo at v>i\s /ages ( its developm5t4 ,meantime ano!r /age ( ! developm5tal hi/ory ( organic ?+s--?is "t a microscopical detail reg>d+ ! cell divisions ( c]ta9 plants--has be5 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,motti]1 ( ,indiana2 :ile ano!r ,am]ican botani/1 ,pr(essor ,sw+le1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 has be5 go+ s f> afield f m>9e subjects z to inve/igate ! v practical subject ( ! f]tilization ( figs z practis$ by ! agriculturi/s ab\t ,naples4 ,ev5 f ^! few citations x w appe> h[ v>i$ are ! l9es ( attack ( a s+le biological problem2 = "h we see1 at ! h&s ( a few work]s1 a great v>iety ( =ms ( life--radiates1 insects1 v]tebrates1 l[ m>9e plants & high t]re/rial ones--made to contribute to ! elucidation ( v>i\s phases ( "o g5]al topic1 ! all-important subject ( h]$ity4 ,all ^! /udies are conduct$ 9 absolute indep5d5ce1 & to casual inspection !y might seem to h little aff9ity ) "o ano!r2 yet 9 reality !y all tr5* ^u ! same t]ritory1 & ea* 9 its own way t5ds to ?r[ light ^u a topic :i*1 9 "s ( its phases1 is ( ! utmo/ practical importance to ! human family4 ,x is a long vault f ! embryo ( an obscure sea-we$ to ! well-be+ ( man1 yet x may well happ5--s wide 9 _! application are ! g5]al life pr9ciples--t /udy ( ! "o may po9t a practical moral = ! o!r4 ,inde$1 x con/antly happ5s t ! /ud5t ( biology1 :ile gaz+ ?r\gh 8 microscope1 hits ^u discov]ies t h ! mo/ f>-remov$ implications4 ,?us a few ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ t :5 a cell is ab\t to bisect itself & become two cells1 its nucleus und]goes a curi\s trans=mation4 ,)9 ! nucle> sub/ance little bodies are develop$1 usually ?readlike 9 =m1 :i* take on a deep /a91 & :i* ! biologi/ calls *romosomes4 ,^! *romosomes v>y 9 numb] 9 ! cells ( diff]5t animals1 b ! numb] is always ! same = any giv5 species ( animal4 ,if "o 7 to gr\p animate be+s 9 classes accord+ to ?is v fundam5tal quality ( ! cells he w\ld h "s v curi\s relations e/abli%$4 ,?us1 "u ! head+ creatures ^: cells h tw5ty-f\r *romosomes1 "o w\ld f9d be+s s diff]5t z ! m\se1 ! salam&]1 ! tr\t1 & ! lily1 :ile ! sixte5-*romosome gr\p w\ld introduce ! v />tl+ association ( ! ox1 ! gu9ea-pig1 ! onion1 & man himself4 ,b :atev] _! numb]1 ! *romosomes are always exactly bisect$ be=e ! cell divides1 "o-half be+ apportion$ to ea* ( ! two cells result+ f ! division4 ,n[ ! application is ?is3 ,x 0 ! /udy ( ^! odd nucle> /ructures & _! peculi> man\vr+s t1 9 l>ge measure1 l$ ,pr(essor ,weismann to 8 well-kn[n !ory ( h]$ity1 accord+ to :i* ! acquir$ traits ( any be+ are n transmissible to ! (fspr+4 ,pr(essor ,weismann came to believe t ! apportionm5t ( ! nucle> sub/ance1 ?\gh quantitatively imp>tial1 is sometimes radically unev5 9 quality2 9 p>ticul>1 t ! fir/ bisection ( ! egg-cell1 :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( embryonic developm5t1 produces two cells utt]ly diff]5t 9 pot5tiality1 ! "o conta9+ ! body plasm1 :i* is to develop ! ma9 animal /ructures1 ! o!r encompass+ ! g]m plasm1 by :i* ! racial integrity is to be pres]v$4 ,?r\gh\t ! life ( ! individual1 he believ$1 ?is isolation cont9u$2 h5ce ! assum$ lack ( influ5ce ( acquir$ bodily traits ^u ! g]m plasm & its eng5d]$ (fspr+4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! application ( ! microscopical discov]y to ! deepe/ que/ions ( human social evolution4 ,e "o w recall t ?is !ory1 born ( ! laboratory1 made a trem5d\s commotion 9 ! outside _w4 ,its application to ! welf>e & progress ( humanity gave x supreme int]e/1 & polemics unnumb]$ 7 laun*$ 9 its favor & 9 its condemnation4 ,eag] se>* 0 made ?r\gh\t ! fields ( botany & zoology = new evid5ce pro or con4 ,b ! def9itive answ] came f9ally f ! same field ( exploration 9 :i* ! !ory _h be5 orig9at$--! _w ( ! cell--& ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory 0 ! seat ( ! new s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* demon/rat$ ! unt5ability ( ! ,weismannian position4 ,mo/ curi\s exp]im5ts !y 71 = 9 effect !y consi/$ ( ! mak+ ( two or m liv+ creatures out ( "o1 9 ! case ( be+s s highly organiz$ z ! sea-ur*9s1 ! little fi%like v]tebrate1 amphioxus1 & ev5 ! l[] ord]s ( true fi%es4 ,( c\rse ! division ( "o be+ to =m two is p]fectly famili> 9 ! case ( ^? l[ly1 s+le-cell$ creatures su* z ! protozoa & ! bact]ia1 b x seems q ano!r matt] :5 "o ?9ks ( cutt+ a fi% 9 two & hav+ two complete liv+ fi% rema9+4 ,yet ?is is virtually :at ! biologi/s did4 ,let me ha/5 to add t ! miracul\s feat 0 n accompli%$ ) an adult fi%4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is f\nd necess>y to take ! subject q at ! beg9n+ ( its c>e]1 :5 x consi/s ( an egg-cell 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( prolif]ation4 ,yet ! pr9ciple is q ! same1 = ! adult organism is1 aft] all1 no?+ m ?an an aggregation ( cells result+ f repeat$ divisions 7gr[? accompany+7 & r$ivisions ( t orig9al egg-cell4 ,consid]+ its pot5tialities1 ! egg-cell1 seem+ly1 is z mu* entitl$ to be consid]$ an individual z is ! develop$ organism4 ,yet x transpires t ! biologi/ has be5 able s to manipulate a develop+ egg-cell1 aft] its bisection1 t ! two halves fall ap>t1 & t ea* half 7n[ become an indep5d5t cell7 develops into a complete individual1 in/ead ( ! half-individual = :i* x seem$ de/9$4 ,a /range trick1 t1 to play ) an individual ,ego1 is x n8 ,! traditional hydra ) its reanimat+ heads 0 no?+ to ?is sci5tific hydra1 :i*1 :5 bisect$ bodily1 rises up calmly z two :ole bodies4 ,b ev5 ?is is n ! full measure ( ! a*ievem5t1 = x has be5 f\nd t 9 "s cases ! exp]im5t may be delay$ until ! develop+ egg has made a second bisection1 ?us rea*+ ! f\r-cell /age1 :5 f\r completely =m$ individuals em]ge f ! dismemb]$ egg4 ,& 9 ! case ( c]ta9 m$usae1 success has att5d$ exp]im5ts made at ! eight-cell & ev5 at ! sixte5-cell /age ( developm5t1 ! creature :i* _h got ?us f> on its c>e] 9 s+le bless$ness becom+ eight or sixte5 individuals at ! wave ( ! en*ant$ w&--t is to say1 ! dissect+-ne$le--( ! biologi/4 ,all ( :i* savors ( conjury1 b is really only matt]-(-fact biological exp]im5t--exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ! implications by no means conf9e !mselves to matt]s ( fact biological4 ,= cle>ly ! fact t ! sep>at$ egg-cells gr[ into complete individuals %[s t ,weismann's !ory1 accord+ to :i* "o ( ! cells conta9$ only body plasm1 ! o!r only g]m plasm1 is q unt5able4 ,?us ! !ory ( ! non-transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s is depriv$ ( its suppos$ anatomical support & left q 9 ! air1 to ! imm95t p]il ( a s*ool ( sociologi/s :o _h built !reon new !ories ( human progress4 ,also ! "q ( ! multipli$ p]sonalities cle>ly ext5ds f> beyond ! field ( ! biologi/1 & mu/ be turn$ ov] to ! consid]ation ( ! psy*ologi/--if1 inde$1 x does n fall r )9 ! scope ( ! morali/4 ,b ?\gh x ?us (t5 *ances t ! biologi/1 :ile gaz+ /oically ?r\gh 8 microscope1 may discov] ?+s 9 8 microcosm t be> v closely ^u ! practical int]e/s ( ! mo/ unsci5tific memb]s ( ! human family1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t x is ?is class ( facts t ! work] is p>ticul>ly seek+4 ,! tru? is t1 z a rule1 ! pure biologi/ is engag$ 9 "w = ! love ( x1 & no?+ is fur!r f 8 ?\ghts ?an ! practical be>+s or remote implications ( :at he may discov]4 ,inde$1 _m ( 8 mo/ hotly pursu$ problems seem utt]ly divorc$ f :at an outsid] w\ld call practical be>+s1 ?\gh1 to be sure1 "o c nev] tell j :at any new pa? may lead to4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! problem :i*1 next to que/ions ( cell activities1 comes 9 = p]haps z l>ge a %>e ( att5tion n[adays z any o!r "o biological topic2--namely1 ! "q z to j :i* ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( inv]tebrate creatures is ! type f :i* v]tebrates 7 evolv$ 9 ! pa/ ages--9 o!r words1 :at inv]tebrate creature 0 ! direct ance/or ( ! v]tebrates1 includ+ man4 ,cle>ly x c be ( v little practical importance to man ( to-day z to j :o 0 8 ance/or ( sev]al million ye>s ago4 ,b j z cle>ly ! "q has int]e/1 & ev5 ! layman c und]/& some?+ ( ! en?usiasm ) :i* ! speciali/ attacks x4 ,z yet1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! "q is n decisively answ]$1 sev]al rival !ories cont5d+ = supremacy 9 ! case4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! !ories _h its orig9 at ! ,naples laboratory2 inde$1 ,dr4 ,dohrn himself is its au?or4 ,?is is ! view t ! type ( ! inv]tebrate ance/or is ! annelid--a =m ^: mo/ famili> repres5tative is ! e>?-worm4 ,! _m argum5ts = & aga9/ accept+ ! cr$5tials ( ?is un>i/ocratic ance/or _c be dwelt ^u "h4 ,b x may be consolatory1 9 view ( ! v plebeian "* ( ! e>?-worm1 to "k t v>i\s ( ! annelids ( ! sea h a mu* m ari/ocratic be>+4 ,?us ! filmy & delicately beautiful /ructures t decorate ! pleasant home ( ! qua9t little seahorse 9 ! aqu>ium--/ructures hav+ m ! appe>ance ( m9iature palm-trees ?an ( animals--are really annelids4 ,"o c view ,dr4 ,dohrn's !ory ) a c]ta9 add$ measure ( equanimity aft] he le>ns ?is1 = ! m>9e annelids are se51 "s ( !m1 to be v beautiful creatures1 q fitt$ to grace _! di/+ui%$ (fspr+ %\ld !y make good _! ance/ral claims4 ,^! glimpses w suffice1 p]haps1 to give at lea/ a g5]al idea ( ! mann] ( ?+ :i* ! work] at ! m>9e laboratory is seek+ to discov] :5 he int]rogates ! mat]ial t ! sea has giv5 him4 ,9 reg>d to ! publication ( ! results ( "w done at ! ,naples laboratory1 ! same lib]al _s prevails t actuates ! conduct ( ! in/itution f fir/ to la/4 ,:at ! inve/igator dis99 cov]s is reg>d$ z 8 own intellectual prop]ty1 & he is absolutely free1 s f> z ! managem5t ( ?is in/itution is conc]n$1 to *oose 8 own m$ium 9 giv+ x to ! _w4 ,he may1 & (t5 does1 pref] to make 8 ann\ncem5ts 9 p]iodicals or books issu$ 9 8 own c\ntry & hav+ no connection :atev] ) ! ,naples laboratory4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 8 "w be+ suffici5tly important1 he may1 if he s desire1 f9d a publi%] 9 ! in/itution itself1 :i* issues ?ree diff]5t s]ies ( important publications1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,pr(essor ,may]4 ,"o ( ^!1 entitl$ ,mit!ilung5 aus d] ,zoologis*e ,/ation zu ,neapel1 p]mits ! au?or to take 8 *oice among f\r languages--,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or ,italian4 ,x is issu$ int]mitt5tly1 z occasion requires4 ,! second set ( publications consi/s ( pond]\s monographs ^u ! fauna & flora ( ! ,gulf ( ,naples4 ,^! are beautifully illu/rat$ 9 color1 & sometimes a s+le volume co/s z mu* z sev5te5 ?\s& doll>s to issue4 ,( c\rse only a fraction ( t sum is ev] recov]$ ?r\gh sale ( ! book4 ,! ?ird publication1 call$ ,zoologis*5 ,jahresb]i*t1 is a valuable rsum ( biological lit]ature ( all languages1 keep+ ! work] at ! laboratory 9 t\* ) ! discov]ies ( inve/igators else:]e4 ,! latt] end is atta9$ fur!r by ! libr>y ( ! in/itution1 :i* is suppli$ ) all ! p]iodicals ( int]e/ to ! biologi/ & ) a f9e assortm5t ( te*nical books4 ,! libr>y-room1 aside f its pr9t$ cont5ts1 is ( int]e/ because ( its appropriate mural decorations1 & because ( ! bronze portrait bu/s ( ! two patron sa9ts ( ! in/itution1 ,von ,ba] & ,d>w91 :i* look d[n inspir+ly ^u ! read]4 ,all 9 all1 !n1 x w\ld be h>d to f9d a defici5cy 9 ! ,/azione ,zoologica z an in/ruem5t ( biological discov]y4 ,a long li/ might be cit$ ( ! revelations fir/ br\ght to light )9 its walls4 ,& yet1 z x seems to me1 ! greate/ value ( ?is in/itution z an educational factor 9 sci5ce--z a biological lev] ( progress--does n dep5d s mu* ^u ! tangible revelations ( fact t h come out ( its laboratories z ^u o!r ( its influ5ces4 ,sci5tific ideas1 l all o!r =ms ( human ?\ght1 move m or less 9 %oals4 ,v r>ely does a great discov]y emanate f an isolat$ obs]v]4 ,! man :o _c come 9 contact ) o!r work]s 9 k9dr$ l9es becomes m or less insul>1 n>r[1 & unfitt$ = progress4 ,n[adays1 ( c\rse1 ! free communication betwe5 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe takes away some:at f ! insul>ity ( any qu>t]1 & ea* sci5ti/ ev]y:]e kn[s some?+ ( :at ! o!rs are do+1 ?r\gh wide-spread publications4 ,b ?is c nev] altoge!r take ! place ( p]sonal contact & ! inspirational communication f man to man4 ,h5ce x is t a r5dezv\s1 :]e all ! m5 ( a craft g f "t to "t & meet _! fell[s f all ov] ! _w1 has an influ5ce = ! advancem5t ( ! guild :i* is enorm\s & unequivocal1 ev5 ?\gh difficult ( direct demon/ration4 ,?is feature1 !n1 x seems to me1 gives ,dr4 ,dohrn's laboratory its greate/ value z an educational factor1 z a mov+ =ce 9 ! biological _w4 ,x is true t ! new-com] !re is likely to be /ruck at fir/ ) a s5se ( isolation1 & to wond] at ! seem+ exclusiv5ess ( ! work]s1 ! self-absorption ( ea* & e "o4 ,outside ! managem5t1 :om he meets necess>ily1 no "o pays ! slighte/ att5tion to him at fir/1 or seems to be aw>e ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,he is simply assign$ to a room or table1 told to ask = :at he wants1 & left to 8 own devices4 ,z he walks along ! hallways he sees tack$ on ! doors ! c>ds ( biologi/s f all ov] ! _w1 expos+ names ) :i* he has long be5 famili>4 ,he und]/&s t ! be>]s ( ! names are at "w )9 ! designat$ rooms1 b no "o (f]s to introduce him to !m1 & = "s "t1 p]haps1 he does n s mu* z see !m1 nor w\ld he recognize !m if he did4 ,he feels /range & isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is /ronghold ( 8 pr(ession4 ,b soon ?is feel+ leaves him4 ,he beg9s to meet 8 fell[-work]s casually "h & !re--9 ! hallways1 at ! di/ribut+-tanks1 9 ! libr>y4 ,!re are no =mal ga!r+s1 & !re are "s work]s :o nev] seem to affiliate at all ) ! o!rs2 b 9 ! long-run1 "h z else:]e1 k9dr$ spirits f9d "o ano!r out2 & ev5 ! unsocial ones take _! %>e1 :e!r or no1 9 ! indef9able b v s5sible influ5ce ( mass$ numb]s4 ,pres5tly "s "o sugge/s to ! new-com] t he jo9 "s ( ! o!rs ( a ,w$nesday or ,saturday ev5+1 at a r5dezv\s :]e a numb] ( !m meet regul>ly4 ,he goes1 "u escort ( 8 sponsor1 & is guid$ ?r\gh "o ( ^? n>r[1 d>k1 hill-side /reets ( ,naples :]e he w\ld h>dly feel secure to g alone1 to a little w9e-%op 9 :at seems a v]itable dungeon--a place :i*1 if a /rang] 9 ,naples1 he w\ld nev] ev5 remotely ?9k ( ent]+4 ,b !re he f9ds 8 confrres ( ! laboratory ga!r$ ab\t a long table1 ) ! mo/ conglom]ate gr\ps ( ,neapolitans ( a seem+ly d\btful class at _! elb[s4 ,ea* biologi/ has a c>affa ( light w9e on ! table be=e him1 & all are smok+4 ,&1 /aid m5 ( sci5ce t !y are1 !y are *att]+ away on trivial topics ) ! animation ( a company ( s*ool-boys4 ,! /ock language is probably ,g]man1 = ?is bohemian ga!r+ is ess5tially a ,g]man in/itution2 b ! ,g]mans are polyglots1 & y w h>dly f9d y\rself lo/ 9 _! company1 :atev] y\r native tongue4 ,y\r companions w tell y t = ye>s ! laboratory frat]nity h met twice a week at ?is homely b hospitable e/abli%m5t4 ,! ho/1 hone/ ,dom9ico ,v9c5zo ,bifulco1 w gladly corroborate ! /atem5t by br++ out = inspection a great blank-book 9 :i* successive companies ( 8 gue/s f ! laboratory h scrawl$ _! names1 writt5 epigrams1 or made clev] sket*es4 ,t book w "s day be treasur$ 9 ! libr>y ( a bibliophile1 b t w n be until ,bifulco is dead1 = :ile he lives he w nev] "p ) x4 ,"o comes to look ^u ?is bohemian w9e-%op z an adjunct ( ! laboratory1 & to feel t ! free-&-easy meet+s !re are 9 _! way z important = ! progress ( sci5ce z ! private sances ( ! individual work]s 9 ! laboratory itself4 ,n because sci5tific topics are discuss$ "h1 ?\gh d\btless t sometimes happ5s1 b because ( t vitaliz+ influ5ce ( ! contact ( k9dr$ spirits ( :i* ,i am speak+1 & because ?is is ! "o place :]e a consid]able numb] ( ! work]s at ! laboratory meet toge!r ) regul>ity4 ,! m5 :o ent] into su* associations g out f !m revitaliz$1 full ( ! _s ( propag&a4 ,return$ to _! own homes1 !y agitate ! "q ( organiz+ m>9e laboratories !re2 & x is l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! graduates1 s to say1 ( ! ,naples laboratory t simil> in/itutions h be5 e/abli%$ all ov] ! _w4 ,?anks l>gely to ! orig9al ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,dohrn1 ne>ly all civiliz$ c\ntries ) a coa/-l9e n[ h _! m>9e laboratories4 ,france has half a doz51 two ( !m "u gov]nm5t control4 ,russia has two on ! ,black ,sea & "o on ! ,fr5* ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,great ,brita9 has important /ations at ,/4 ,&rews1 at ,liv]pool1 & at ,plym\?4 ,! ,sc&9avian p59sula has also ?ree important /ations4 ,g]many %[s a paucity by comp>ison1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is easily und]/ood :5 "o reflects t ! "m-laboratory at ,naples is ess5tially a ,g]man in/itution despite its location4 ,! ,am]ican /ations are locat$ at ,woods' ,holl & at ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 on opposite coa/s ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,! ,japanese /ation is an adjunct ( ,tokio ,univ]sity4 ,= ! re/1 ! m9or (fspr+ ( ! ,naples laboratory are too num]\s to be cit$ "h4 ,nor c ,i ent] into any details reg>d+ ev5 ! m important ones4 ,ea* 9 its way ent]s into ! same g5]al l9e ( "w1 v>y+ ! details accord+ to ! b5t ( m9d ( individual directors & ! limitations ( individual res\rces4 ,b 9 ! broad] outl9es ! aim ( all is ! same1 & :at we h se5 at ,naples is typical ( :at is be/ 9 all ! o!rs4 ,,vi4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,zoology ,,! ,,dream ,,city ,,! tra9 crept on its tortu\s way d[n ! picturesque valley ( ! little ,saale4 ,at la/ we saw1 high above u1 on a jutt+ crag1 ?ree qua9t old ca/les1 9 "o ( :i*1 z we knew f our ,ba$ek]2 ,goe! at "o "t liv$4 ,we 7 ent]+ ! region ( traditions4 ,soon we knew we %\ld be pass+ t fam\s battle-field on :i* ,napoleon1 9 #ahjf1 seal$ ! fate ( ,g]many = a g5]ation4 ,b ?is spot1 z se5 f ! c> w9d[1 bore no emblem to di/+ui% x1 & be=e we 7 q sure t we _h rea*$ x we _h 9 po9t ( fact pass$ on1 & ! tra9 0 com+ to a /op4 ,j5a6 call$ ! gu>d1 & ! scramble = luggage began1 leav+ u = ! mom5t no place = o!r ?\ghts ?an to make sure t all our v>i\s p>cels 7 prop]ly dragg$ out along ) ourselves4 ,= a wond] no ,di5/man appe>$ to give u aid--%[+ h[ unexpect$ is ! arrival ( any wayf>] at ?is unt[>d season--& = a mom5t "o seem$ 9 dang] ( be+ r$uc$ to ! unhe>d-( exp$i5t ( c>ry+ "o's own sat*el4 ,b1 =tunately1 "o is rescu$ f ?is mo/ un-,g]man pr$icam5t by ! port] ( a wait+ hotel omnibus1 & s at la/ we h "t to look ab\t u1 & to awak5 to a realiz+ s5se t we h rea*$ ! l& ( traditions2 t we h come to ,mecca2 t we are 9 ! quondam home ( ,gu]icke1 ,fi*te1 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,ok51 & ,gag5baur2 9 ! pres5t home ( ,haeckel4 ,! fir/ glimpse ( a m\nta9 beam+ d[n at u f across ! way 0 9 admirable con=mity ) our expectations1 b = ! re/1 ! vic9age ( ! depot pres5t$ a mo/ di/ress+ air ( mod]nity4 ,a clu/] ( new build+s--"s ( !m yet unf9i%$--/>$ back at u & ! m\nta9 ) ! mo/ b>efac$ aspect ( cosmopolitanism4 ,0 ?is1 !n1 ,j5a1 ! home ( traditions8 ,or 7 we ent]+ "s ,i[a village1 :]e ! fir/ settl]s /ill live :o b ye/]day bani%$ ! prairie-dog & ! buffalo8 ,b ?is disappo9tm5t & its ironical prompt+s 7 b fleet+4 ,five m9utes' drive & we 7 9 ! true ,j5a ) ! real flavor ( m$iaeval-ism ab\t u4 ,"h is ! ho/elry :]e ,lu!r met ! ,swiss /ud5ts 9 #aebb4 ,!re is no?+ 9 t date to sugge/ our ,i[a village1 nor 9 ! aspect ( ! ho/elry itself1 ?ank =tune4 ,& !re rises ! spire ( ! city *ur*1 up ! hill yond]1 :i* 0 ag+1 z 7 mo/ ( ! build+s t /ill flank x1 :5 ,lu!r made t memorable visit4 ,am]ica 0 n discov]$1 let alone ,i[a1 :5 ^! /ructures 7 erect$4 ,n[1 sure en\gh1 we are 9 ! dream city4 ,a dream city x truly seems1 :5 "o comes to w&] ?r\gh its n>r[1 tortu\s /reets1 betwe5 "t-/a9$ walls1 amid its ru/ic population4 ,com+ f ,b]l91 f ,dresd51 f ,leipzig--n to m5tion ,am]ica--"o feels z if he _h /epp$ sudd5ly back two or ?ree c5turies into ! pa/4 ,!re are "s evid5ces ( mod]nity t m> ! illusion1 to be sure2 b ! prepond]ance ( ! old-"t emblems is suffici5t to leave ! m9d 9 a delightful gl[ ( rem9isc5ces4 ,z a :ole1 ! aspect ( ! c5tral portion ( ! village--( ! true ,j5a--_c greatly h *ang$ s9ce ! days :5 ,lu!r /opp$ "h on 8 way to ,witt5b]g2 surely n s9ce #affb1 :5 ! mighty "y ,leibnitz1 ! ,ari/otle ( ,g]many1 came to ,j5a to /udy "u ,weigel1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ,g]man ma!maticians ( t c5tury4 ,"h & !re an old h\se has be5 demoli%$1 to be sure2 ev5 n[ y may see ! "w ( de/ruction go+ on1 z a new /reet is be+ cut ?r\gh a "t-honor$ block close to ! old *ur*4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! old ?or\ghf>es run hi!r & ?i!r1 seem+ly at r&om1 z ( old1 disclos+ ev]y:]e at _! limits a sky-l9e ( picturesque gables1 & %ut 9 by walls t (t5 are almo/ canon-l 9 n>r[ness2 :ile ! heavy1 buttress$ doors & ! small1 high-plac$ w9d[s speak ( a "t :5 e h\se p>took ( ! nature ( ! =tress4 ,! footway ( ! ?or\ghf>es has no d\bt va/ly *ang$1 = x is = ! mo/ "p pav$ n[--badly en\gh1 to be sure1 yet1 aft] all1 pav$ z no city 0 9 ! good old days :5 g>bage fill$ ! /reets & cleanl9ess 0 an unkn[n virtue4 ,! ,j5a /reets ( to-day are v mod]n 9 _! cleanl9ess2 yet a t\* ( m$ievalism is reta9$ 9 t ! ma9 "w ( clean+ is done by wom54 ,b1 = t matt]1 x seems to ! casual obs]v] z if ! bulk ( all ! "w "h 7 p]=m$ by ! suppos$ly weak] sex4 ,c]ta9ly woman is "h ! *ief bea/ ( burd54 ,9 e direction %e may be se51 9 ru/ic g>b1 /ruggl+ *e]ily along "u ! burd5 ( a gigantic basket /rapp$ at h] back4 ,y may see ! l any:]e else 9 ,g]many1 to be sure1 b n (t5 else:]e 9 su* prepond]ant numb]s4 ,& sc>cely else:]e does ! sight j> s little on "o's ,new-,_w s5sibilities z 9 ! mid/ ( ?is m$iaeval sett+4 ,"o is ev5 able to wat* ! old wom5 saw+ & splitt+ wood 9 ! /reets "h1 ) no ?\ght ( any?+ b ! picturesque-ness ( ! incid5t4 ,if "o foll[s a b& ( basket-lad5 wom51 he w f9d t _! goal is t focal-po9t ( e old-"t city1 ! m>ket-place4 ,!re arriv$1 he w witness a sc5e common en\gh 9 ,europe b h>dly to be duplicat$ any:]e 9 ,am]ica4 ,hundr$s ( v5d]s ( meat1 fi%1 vegetables1 clo?s1 & h\sehold ut5sils h _! op5-air boo?s scatt]$ all across ! wide space1 & o!r hundr$s ( pur*as]s are !re z well4 ,qua9t g>bs & qua9t] faces are ev]y:]e1 & ! :ole seems q 9 keep+ ) ! backgr\nd ( fifte5?-c5tury h\ses t h$ges x 9 on e side4 ,c\ld ,john ! ,magnanim\s1 :o rises up 9 bronze 9 ! mid/ ( ! assembly1 come to life1 he w\ld nev] guess t ?ree & a half c5turies h pass$ s9ce he fell into 8 la/ sleep4 ,?is same ,john ! ,magnanim\s x 0 :o f\nd$ ! in/itution :i* gives ,j5a its fame & di/+ui%es x f all ! o!r qua9t hypnotic clu/]s ( h\ses t ne/le simil>ly "h & !re 9 o!r picturesque valleys ( ! ,fa!rl&--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 its _w-r5[n$ univ]sity4 ,x is b a few m9utes' walk f ! m>ket-place1 pa/ ! home :]e ,s*ill] once liv$ & ?r\gh ! /reet sc>cely m ?an arms'-bread? wide beyond1 to ! site ( ! old] build+s ( ! univ]sity4 ,inornate1 prosaic build+s !y are1 unreliev$ ev5 by ! dom9ant note ( picturesqu5ess2 rescu$1 h[ev]1 f all sugge/ion ( ! commonplace by ! rugg$ ru9s ( ! fam$ p[d]-t[] jutt+ out f ! cre/ ( ! hill j above1 by ! spire ( ! old *ur* :i* seems to rise f ! olde/ univ]sity build+ itself1 & by ! m\nta9 peaks t jut up into view f> beyond4 ,if y w\ld ent] "o ( ! old build+s !re is naught to h9d]4 ,g into "o ( ! lecture-halls :i* *ances at ! mom5t to be unoccupi$1 & y w see an array ( crude old b5*es = seats t look z if !y might h be5 plac$ !re at ! v inaugural ( ! in/itution4 ,! bo>ds t s]ve = desks1 if y scan !m clos]1 y w f9d sc>r$ all ov] ) ! m>ks ( knives1 %[+ h[ "s hundr$s ( successive classes ( li/5]s h :il$ away ! we>y lecture-h\rs4 ,n a squ>e in* c y f9d ( ! entire desk surface t is un-sc>r$4 ,if "o w\ld woo a new s5sation1 he has b to seat himself on "o ( ^! puritanical old b5*es & conjure up 9 imag9ation ! long s]ies ( pr(essors t may h occupi$ ! rais$ plat=m 9 front1 recall+ ! mann] ( ?\ght & dogma t ea* laid d[n z v]ity4 ,he ( ! fir/ s]ies appe>s 9 ! g>b ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) m9d j eag]ly /riv+ to pe] a little way out ( ! p5umbra ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! /ud5ts :o c>ve ! fir/ ga%es 9 ! new desks w le>n1 if p]*ance !y li/5 9 int]vals ( :ittl+1 t ?is ,_w on :i* !y live is p]haps n flat1 b actually r\nd1 l a ball4 ,x is debatable doctr9e1 to be sure1 b we mu/ n =get t ,signor ,columbus1 rec5tly dead1 f\nd l& (f to ! we/ :i* is probably a "p ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,if ! e>? be inde$ a ball1 !n ! sun & />s :irl cle> ar\nd x 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 travell+ ?us at an a/oni%+ spe$1 = ! sph]e 9 :i* !y are fa/5$ is situat$ hundr$s ( miles away4 ,! sun mu/ be a really great ball ( fire--p]haps a mile ev5 9 diamet]4 ,! moon1 z is pla9 to see1 is ne>ly z l>ge4 ,! />s1 ( c\rse1 are only sp>ks1 ?\gh ( great brilliancy4 ,!y are fix$ 9 a diff]5t sph]e f t ( ! sun4 ,9 /ill o!r sph]es are ! moon1 & a small set ( l>ge />s call$ planets1 ( :i* latt] !re are f\r1 9 ord] t1 ) ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! o!r />s1 !re may be made sev5 ord]s ( heav5ly bodies--sev5 be+1 ( c\rse1 ! magic numb] 9 accordance ) :i* ! univ]se is plann$4 ,?is is1 9 sub/ance1 ! :ole subject ( a/ronomy1 z t fir/ pr(essor mu/ h taught x1 ev5 7 he ! wise/ man ( 8 "t4 ,( ! o!r sci5ces1 except an elem5t>y ma!matics1 !re 0 h>dly s mu* z an inkl+ taught t fir/ class ( /ud5ts4 ,y w f9d x appall+1 z y muse1 to reflect ^u ! amaz+ mixture ( utt] ignorance & false k :i* ! le>n$ pr(essor ( t day br\ght to ! class-room1 & :i* ! educat$ /ud5t c>ri$ away along ) 8 degree4 ,! "o & ! o!r knew ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,bible hi/ory & doctr9e4 ,beyond t _! m9ds 7 z ! m9ds ( babes4 ,yet no d\bt ! /ud5t :o w5t out f ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a 9 ! ye> #aeej ?\ght himself ^u ! p9nacles ( le>n+4 ,s he 0 9 8 day & age1 b c\ld he come to life to-day1 9 ! full flu% ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 yond] wood-v5d]1 ply+ h] saw out "h 9 front ( ! univ]sity build+1 w\ld laugh 9 d]ision at 8 simplicity & ignorance4 ,s x seems t1 aft] all1 ! subjects ( ,john ! ,magnanim\s h *ang$ m ?an a little dur+ ! ?ree hundr$ & odd ye>s t ,john himself1 done 9 bronze1 has be5 /&+ out !re 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,,! ,,c>e] ,,( ,a ,,zoologi/ ,_h "o "t = x1 !re w\ld be real int]e/ 9 not+ ! /eps by :i* ! m5tal *ange 9 "q has be5 br\ght ab\t2 9 p>ticul> to note ! %>e :i* ! successive g5]ations ( ,j5a pr(essors h tak5 9 ! great upw>d /ruggle4 ,b we mu/ n pause = t "h4 ,our real conc]n1 despite ! haunt+ rem9isc5ces1 is n ) ! ,j5a ( ! pa/1 b ) ! ,j5a ( to-day2 n ) gho/s1 b ) ! liv+ p]sonality :o has made ! ,j5a ( our g5]ation "o ( ! greate/ c5tres ( progress 9 human ?\ght 9 all ! _w4 ,j5a is ,j5a to-day n s mu* because ,gu]icke & ,fi*te & ,hegel & ,s*ill] & ,ok5 taught "h 9 ! pa/1 z because x has = ?irty-eight ye>s be5 ! seat ( ! labors ( ,g]many's greate/ naturali/1 "o ( ! mo/ philosophical zoologi/s ( any c\ntry or any age1 ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,x is ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel & 8 "w t ,i *iefly mean to write1 & if ,i h dwelt some:at ^u ,j5a itself1 x is because ?is qua9t1 retir$ village has be5 ! !atre ( ,haeckel's activities all ! mature ye>s ( 8 life1 & because ! "w he has "h accompli%$ c\ld h>dly h be5 done s well else:]e2 "s ( x1 = reasons ,i %all pres5tly m5tion1 c\ld h>dly h be5 done else:]e at all--at lea/ 9 ano!r univ]sity4 ,x 0 9 #ahfa t "y ,dr4 ,haeckel came fir/ to ,j5a z a tea*]4 ,he _h made a t5tative ef=t at ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ,b]l91 !n v gladly _h turn$ f a di/a/eful pursuit to ! field ( pure sci5ce4 ,8 fir/ love1 be=e he took up ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 _h be5 botany1 ?\gh pictorial art1 !n z lat]1 compet$ ) sci5ce = 8 favorable att5tion4 ,b ! influ5ce ( 8 great tea*]1 ,johannes ,mll]1 toge!r ) 8 m$ical /udies1 _h turn$ 8 att5tion m directly to ! animal r ?an vegetable life1 & :5 he left m$ic9e x 0 to turn explicitly to zoology z a life /udy4 ,"h he believ$ he %\ld f9d a wid] field ?an 9 art1 :i* he lov$ almo/ z well1 & :i*1 x may be add$1 he has foll[$ all 8 life z a dilettante ( mu* m ?an amateuri% skill4 ,_h he s elect$1 ,haeckel might h made 8 m>k 9 art q z def9itely z he has made x 9 sci5ce4 ,inde$1 ev5 z ! case /&s1 8 draughtsman's skill has be5 m ?an a m]e recreation to him1 = )\t 8 beautiful draw+s1 (t5 made & reproduc$ 9 color1 8 classical monographs on v>i\s ord]s ( liv+ creatures w\ld h lack$ mu* ( _! pres5t value4 ,moreov]1 q aside f ^! m]ely te*nical draw+s1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has made hundr$s ( pa9t+s purely = recreation & ! love ( x1 illu/rat+--& t too (t5 ) true arti/ic feel+ = bo? =m & color--! v>i\s l&s to :i* 8 zoological que/s h c>ri$ him1 su* z ,sicily1 ! ,can>ies1 ,egypt1 & ,india4 ,f ,india alone1 aft] a f\r-mon?s' visit1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel br\ght back two hundr$ fair-siz$ wat]-colors1 a feat :i* speaks at once = 8 love ( art & 8 amaz+ indu/ry4 ,i dwell ^u ?is phase ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's "* & temp]am5t f ! v outset because ,i wi% x con/antly to be borne 9 m9d1 9 connection ) "s ( ! doctr9es to be m5tion$ pres5tly1 t "h we h to d ) no dry-z-du/ sci5ti/1 cold & s\lless1 b ) a broad1 v]satile1 imag9ative m9d1 "o t l9ks ! sci5tific & ! arti/ic temp]am5ts 9 r>e/ measure4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ) ^: "n ! "n ( ,haeckel w always be l9k$1 told ) regret t 9 8 lat] ye>s he _h become s /eep$ 9 sci5tific facts t he _h lo/ all love = or appreciation ( art or music4 ,!re has be5 no su* m5tal w>p+ & atrophy 9 ! m9d ( ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,yet !re is probably no man liv+ to-day ^: m9d conta9s a l>g] /ore ( te*nical sci5tific facts ?an 81 nor a man :o has enri*$ zoology ) a l>g] numb] ( new data1 ! result ( direct p]sonal obs]vation 9 field or laboratory4 ,h[ l>ge ,haeckel's contribution 9 ?is la/ reg>d has be5 c be b vaguely appreciat$ by runn+ ov] ! long li/ ( 8 important publications1 ?\gh ! li/ includes m ?an "o hundr$ titles1 unless x is und]/ood t "s s+le titles /& = monographs ( gigantic proportions1 :i* h involv$ ye>s ( labor 9 ! production4 ,?us ! text alone ( ! monograph on ! radiol>ians1 a =m ( microscopic sea-animalcule 7to say no?+ ( ! volume ( plates71 is a "w ( ?ree gigantic volumes1 weigh+1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel laugh+ly rem>ks1 "s ?irty p\nds1 & repres5t+ twelve ye>s ( h>d labor4 ,?is p>ticul> monograph1 by-!-bye1 is writt5 9 ,engli% 7( :i*1 z ( sev]al o!r languages1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel is p]fect ma/]71 & has a hi/ory ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/4 ,x appe>s t ! radiol>ians 7 discov]$ ab\t a half-c5tury ago by ,johannes ,mll]1 :o made an especial-/udy ( !m1 :i* 0 uncomplet$ at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aheh4 ,8 monograph1 describ+ ! fifty species !n kn[n1 0 publi%$ po/hum\sly4 ,haeckel1 on :om ! mantle ( ! great tea*] 0 to fall1 & :o _h be5 ,mll]'s la/ pupil1 took up ! "w 8 rev]$ ma/] _h left unf9i%$ z 8 own fir/ great orig9al ,arbeit4 ,he w5t to ,mess9a & 0 delight$ to f9d ! sea !re replete ) radiol>ians1 ( :i* he 0 able to discov] "o or two new species almo/ e day1 until he _h add$ "o hundr$ & fifty all told to ,mll]'s li/1 or m ?an triple ! :ole numb] previ\sly kn[n4 ,! description ( ^! "o hundr$ & fifty new radiol>ians con/itut$ ,haeckel's fir/ great contribution to zoology1 & won him 8 place z tea*] at ,j5a 9 #ahfa4 ,h5ce=? ,haeckel 01 ( c\rse1 kn[n z ! greate/ au?ority on ?is p>ticul> ord] ( creatures4 ,= ?is reason x 0 t ,pr(essor ,murray1 ! naturali/ ( ! fam\s exp$ition :i* ! ,briti% gov]nm5t s5t ar\nd ! _w 9 ! %ip ,*all5g]1 ask$ ,haeckel to "w up ! radiol>ian mat]ial t _h be5 ga!r$ dur+ t voyage4 ,murray %[$ ,haeckel a little bottle conta9+ wat]1 ) a deposit ( seem+ clay or mud 9 ! bottom4 ,t mud1 he said1 0 dr$g$ up f ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & e p>ticle ( x is ! %ell ( a radiol>ian4 ,impossible1 said ,haeckel4 ,yet true1 repli$ ,murray1 z ! microscope w soon prove to y4 ,s x did1 & ,pr(essor ,haeckel sp5t twelve ye>s exam9+ t mud "u ! microscope1 ) ! result t1 be=e he _h done1 he _h discov]$ no few] ?an f\r ?\s& new species ( radiol>ians1 all ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h to be figur$1 describ$1 & *ri/5$4 ,?9k ( baptiz+ f\r ?\s& creatures1 f9d+ a new1 di/9ct1 & appropriate ,lat9 "n = ea* & e "o1 & t1 too1 :5 ! creatures !mselves are ( microscopic size1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m (t5 s slight t only ! exp]t eye c\ld detect x4 ,?9k1 too1 ( ! deadly t$ium ( labor 9 detect+ ^! diff]5ces1 9 sket*+ !m1 & 9 writ+ out1 to ! l5g? ( ?ree mon/] volumes1 te*nical diss]tations ^u !m4 ,to ! unte*nical read] t mu/ seem a deadly1 a v]itably m9d-sapp+ task4 ,& su*1 inde$1 x w\ld prove to ! av]age zoologi/4 ,b ) ! m9d ( a ,haeckel x is f> o!rwise4 ,to him a radiol>ian1 or any o!r creature1 is ( int]e/1 n s mu* on its own acc\nt z = its associations4 ,he sees x n z an individual b z a l9k 9 ! scale ( organic ?+s1 z ! be>] ( a c]ta9 message ( _w-hi/ory4 ,?us ! radiol>ians1 insignificant creatures ?\gh !y seem1 h really tak5 an extraord9>y %>e 9 build+ up ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! ooze at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* f9ally becomes metamorphos$ into *alk or /one1 is b ! aggregation ( ! %ells ( dead radiol>ians4 ,9 ! light ( su* a rle ! animalcule takes on a new int]e/4 ,b ev5 great] is ! int]e/ t atta*es to e creature 9 reg>d to ! "q ( its place 9 ! organic scale ( evolution4 ,:at are ! homologies ( ?is =m & t8 ,:at its probable ance/ry8 ,:at gaps does x bridge8 ,:at c x tell u ( ! /ory ( animal creation8 ,^! & su* l are ! que/ions t h be5 ceaselessly be=e ,haeckel's m9d 9 all 8 /udies ( zoology4 ,h5ce ! ri* f\nta9 ( philosophical k t has well$ up f :at o!rwise might h be5 ! mo/ b>r5 ( laboratory bor+s4 ,?us f a c>eful inve/igation ( ! sponge ,haeckel 0 l$ to 8 fam\s ga/rula !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! p\*like sponge-animalcule--virtually a /oma* )\t memb]s--is ! type ( organism on :i* all high organisms are built1 s to speak--t is1 out ( :i* all h evolv$4 ,?is ga/rula !ory1 n[ g5]ally accept$1 is "o ( ,haeckel's two great fundam5tal contributions to ! evolution philosophy ) ! hi/ory ( :i* 8 life "w is s intimately l9k$4 ,! o!r contribution is ! !ory1 ev5 m fam\s & n[ equally undisput$1 t e individual organism1 9 its em-bryological developm5t1 rehe>ses 9 slurr$ b unmi/akable epitome ! /eps ( evolution by :i* ! ance/ors ( t individual came into racial be+4 ,t is to say1 e mammal1 = example1 orig9at+ 9 an egg /age1 :5 x is comp>able to a protozoon1 passes ?r\gh successive /ages :5 x is virtually 9 succession a ga/rula1 a fi%1 & an amphibian be=e x atta9s ! mammalian /atus1 because its direct ance/ors 7 9 succession1 ?r\gh ! long geological ages1 protozoons1 ga/rulae1 fi%es1 amphibians be=e ! true mammal 0 evolv$4 ,?is !ory ca/ a flood ( light into _m d>k places ( ! ,d>w9ian philosophy4 ,x 0 prop\nd$ 9 #ahff 9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's great "w on morphology1 & x has ev] s9ce be5 a guid+ pr9ciple 9 8 important philosophical /udies4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is same "w on morphology t ,haeckel fir/ came to be univ]sally recogniz$ z ! great cont95tal *ampion ( ,d>w9ism--! ,huxley ( ,g]many4 ,l ,huxley1 ,haeckel _h at once made ! logical application ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory to man himself1 & he s\ght n[ to trace ! exact l9eage ( ! human family z no "o _h hi!rto attempt$ to fa?om x4 ,utiliz+ 8 wide range ( zoological & anatomical k1 he con/ruct$ a hypo!tical tree ( desc5t--or1 if y pref]1 asc5t--f ! root 9 a protozoon to ! topmo/ twig or mo/ rec5t (f%oot1 man4 ,f t day till ?is ,haeckel's p]si/5t labors h be5 direct$ t[>ds ! p]fection ( t g5ealogical tree4 ,?is "w on morphology 0 mu* too te*nical to rea* ! g5]al public1 b 9 #ahfh ,haeckel prep>$1 at ! in/igation ( 8 fri5d & confrre ,gag5baur1 :at 0 practically a popul> abridgm5t ( ! te*nical "w1 :i* 0 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,?is "w creat$ a furor at once4 ,x has be5 translat$ into a doz5 languages1 & has pass$ ?r\gh n9e editions 9 ! orig9al ,g]man4 ,?r\gh x ! "n ( ,haeckel became almo/ a h\sehold ^w ! _w ov]1 & subject = m+l$ applause & opprobrium--applause f ! unprejudic$ = its great m]it2 opprobrium f ! bigot$ because ( ! unprec$5t$ c&or ) :i* x foll[$ ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis to its logical goal4 ,! same complete c&or ( expression has m>k$ e /age ( ! unfold+ ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's philosophical pron\ncem5ts4 ,?is fact is ! m rem>kable because ,pr(essor ,haeckel is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! only sci5ti/ ( our g5]ation :o has felt at lib]ty to ann\nce1 absolutely )\t res]ve1 ! full conclusions to :i* 8 philosophy has c>ri$ him1 :5 ^! conclusions ran c\nt] to ! preval5t prejudices ( 8 "t4 ,"s "o has said t ! ,g]man univ]sities are oases ( fre$om4 ,! rem>k is absolutely true ( ,j5a4 ,x is n true1 ,i believe1 9 any?+ l ! same degree ( any o!r ,g]man univ]sity1 or ( any o!r univ]sity 9 ! _w4 ,"o ?+ be=e o!rs t has ende>$ ,j5a to ,haeckel1 & kept him !re 9 ! face ( repeat$ flatt]+ calls to o!r univ]sities1 is t full lib]ty ( _s has be5 accord$ him !re1 z he knew x w\ld n be accord$ else:]e4 ,:5 a man comes into ! atmosph]e ( ,j5a1 says ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 he p]=ce beg9s to ?9k--!re is no escape f x4 ,& he is free to let 8 ?\ghts c>ry him :i!rsoev] !y hone/ly may4 ,my beliefs1 he add$1 are sub/antially ! beliefs ( my colleagues 9 sci5ce ev]y:]e1 z ,i "k f private conv]sations2 b !y1 unlike myself1 are n free to speak ! full tru? z !y see x4 ,i myself w\ld n be tol]at$ else:]e1 z ,i am well aw>e4 ,_h ,i desir$ to rema9 9 ,b]l91 = example1 ,i mu/ h kept sil5t4 ,b "h 9 ,j5a "o is free4 ,& he smiles b5ignly z he says x4 ,! controv]sies ?r\gh :i* he has pass$ & ! calumnies ( :i* he has be5 ! t>get h left no sc>s ^u ?is broad1 calm _s4 ,,haeckel ,,z ,,man ,,& ,,tea*] ,x is inde$ a delightful exp]i5ce to meet ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 ! mid/ ( 8 *>m+ oasis ( fre$om1 8 belov$ ,j5a4 ,to rea* 8 laboratory y walk d[n a n>r[ lane1 pa/ ,s*ill]'s h\se1 & ! g>d5 :]e ,s*ill] & ,goe! us$ to sit & :]e n[ ! new obs]vatory /&s4 ,haeckel's laboratory itself is a simple oblong build+ ( yell[i% brick1 /&+ on a jutt+ po9t ( l& high above ! /reet-level4 ,ent]+ x1 y\r eye is fir/ caught by a set ( simple panels 9 ! wall opposite ! door be>+ six illu/ri\s names3 ,ari/otle1 ,l9ne1 ,lam>ck1 ,cuvi]1 ,mll]1 ,d>w9--a ,greek1 a ,sw$e1 two ,fr5*m51 a ,g]man1 & an ,engli%man4 ,su* a li/ is significant2 x tells ( ! cosmopolitan _s t "h holds sway4 ,! gr\nd-floor ( ! build+ is occupi$ by a lecture-room & by ! zoological collection4 ,! latt] is a good work+-collection1 & purports to be no?+ else4 ,( c\rse x does n = a mom5t comp>e ) ! collections ( ! museums 9 any l>ge city ( ,europe or ,am]ica1 nor inde$ is x num]ically comp>able ) _m private collections1 or collections ( less] colleges 9 ,am]ica4 ,simil>ly1 :5 "o m\nts ! /airs & ent]s ! laboratory prop]1 he f9ds a room ( no great dim5sions & n[ise />tl+ 9 its appo9tm5ts4 ,x is admirably light$1 to be sure1 & 9 all respects suitably equipp$ = its purpose1 b x is by no means s l>ge or s luxuri\s z ! av]age college laboratory ( ,am]ica4 ,inde$1 x is n to be m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? ) ! laboratories ( a score or two ( our l>g] colleges4 ,yet1 ) ,haeckel "h1 x is unque/ionably ! f9e/ laboratory 9 :i* to /udy zoology t exi/s 9 ! _w to-day1 or has exi/$ = ! la/ ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,haeckel himself is domicil$1 :5 n in/ruct+ 8 classes1 9 a com=table b pla9 room across ! hall--a room ^: w9d[s look out across ! valley ( ! ,saale on an exquisite m\nta9 l&scape1 ) ! cle>-cut m\nta9 t ,s*ill]'s l9es made fam\s at its focus4 ,z y ent] ! room a big1 robu/ man /eps quickly =w>d to grasp y\r h&4 ,six feet or m 9 height1 compactly built1 )\t corpul5ce2 erect1 vigor\s1 ev5 a?letic2 ) florid complexion & cle>1 laugh+1 light-blue eyes t belie ! :ite hair & :it5+ be>d2 ! ensemble p]sonify+ at once k9dl9ess & virility1 simplicity & dep?1 above all1 frank1 fe>less hone/y1 )\t a trace ( pose or affectation--su* is ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t 8 simple1 frank1 e>ne/1 sympa!tic1 yet robu/1 mascul9e p]sonality t rem9ds "o in/9ctively1 z does 8 facial cont\r also1 ( ,walt ,:itman4 ,a glance ab\t ! room %[s y at once t x is a place = /udy1 & also t x is ! room ( ! mo/ me?odical ( /ud5ts4 ,!re are books & pap]s ev]y:]e1 yet n ! slighte/ trace ( disord]4 ,cle>ly e book & e p>cel ( pap]s has a place1 & is kept 9 t place4 ,! own] c at any mom5t lay 8 h& ^u any?+ he desires among all ^! docum5ts4 ,?is habit ( ord]l9ess has _h no small %>e1 ,i take x1 9 contribut+ to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's success 9 c>ry+ =w>d _m l9es ( rese>* at ! same "t1 & c>ry+ all to successful t]m9ations4 ,!n !re goes ) x1 z a natural accompanim5t1 a me?odical habit ( work+1 )\t :i* no s+le man c\ld h put beh9d him ! multif>i\s accompli%m5ts t /& to ,pr(essor ,haeck]s cr$it4 ,ord]l9ess is n a m pron\nc$ innate gift ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel ?an is ! gift ( initial en]gy to und]take & c>ry on "w :i* leads to accompli%m5t--a trait reg>d+ :i* m51 ev5 active m51 s widely diff]4 ,b ,pr(essor ,haeckel holds t :atev] 8 normal b5t 9 ?is direction1 x 0 enorm\sly /r5g!n$ 9 boyhood by ! precepts ( 8 "m--f :om1 by-!-bye1 he *iefly inh]its 8 tal5ts4 ,my "m1 he says1 w\ld nev] p]mit me to be idle = a mom5t4 ,if ,i /ood at a w9d[ day-dream+1 %e w\ld always urge me to be up & do+4 ',"w or play1' %e w\ld urge1 'b d n /& idle4' ,?r\gh ?is reit]at$ admonition1 physical activity became a life-long habit ) me1 & "w almo/ a necessity ( my be+4 ,if ,i h be5 able to accompli% my full %>e ( labors1 ?is is ! reason4 ,i am nev] idle1 & ,i sc>cely "k ! mean+ ( ennui4 ,?is mu/ n be int]pret$ z mean+1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,haeckel takes up a task & works at x all day long unceas+ly4 ,t is n ! ,g]man me?od ( work+1 & 9 ?is reg>d ,pr(essor ,haeckel is a ?or\gh ,g]man4 ,:5 ,i 0 a "y man1 he says1 ,i at "o "t1 ?anks to ! p]suasions ( "s ,engli% fri5ds1 became a conv]t to ! ,engli% me?od ( work+1 & ev5 attempt$ to introduce x into ,g]many4 ,b ,i soon rel9qui%$ x1 & laps$ back into our ,g]man me?od1 :i* ,i am conv9c$ w produce bett] results = ! av]age work]4 ,! ess5tial ( ?is me?od is ! long midday re/1 :i* enables "o late 9 ! aft]noon to beg9 :at is virtually a new day's-"w1 & c>ry x out ) vigor & )\t undue fatigue4 ,?us ,i1 :o am an e>ly ris]1 beg9 "w at five 9 summ] & six 9 w9t]1 aft] ! cu/om>y light breakfa/ ( c(fee & rolls4 ,i d n take a second breakfa/ at t5 or elev51 z _m ,g]mans d1 b "w cont9u\sly until "o o'clock1 :5 ,i h d9n]4 ,?is1 ) me1 z ) all ,g]mans1 is ! he>ty meal ( ! day4 ,aft] d9n] ,i p]haps take a half-h\r's nap2 !n read ! newspap]1 or *at ) my family = an h\r1 & p]haps g = a long walk4 ,at ab\t f\r1 l all ,g]mans1 ,i take my cup ( c(fee1 b )\t cake or o!r food4 ,!n1 at f\r1 hav+ _h ?ree full h\rs ( bra9-re/ & div]sion1 ,i am ready to g to "w aga91 & c accompli% f\r h\rs m ( "w )\t undue fatigue4 ,at eight ,i h my r light supp]1 & aft] t ,i attempt no fur!r "w1 giv+ ! ev5+ to read+1 conv]sation1 or o!r recreation4 ,i d n retire till r late1 z ,i require only five or six h\rs' sleep4 ,su* is ! me?od ( labor division t enables n ,pr(essor ,haeckel only1 b a ho/ ( o!r ,g]man bra9-work]s to accompli% enorm\s labors1 yet to ?rive on ! accompli%m5t & to c>ry ! rugg$ness & heal? ( y\? f> into ! decades t are too (t5 ) our own work]s giv5 ov] to decrepitude4 ,haeckel at sixty-five looks z if he 7 good = at lea/ a score ( ye>s ( fur!r ef=t4 ,& %\ld he fulfil ! promise ( 8 pres5t rugg$-ness1 he w d no m ?an numb]s ( 8 colleagues 9 ,g]man univ]sities h done & are do+4 ,:5 "o runs ov] ! li/ ( octog5>ians1 & consid]s at ! same "t ! am\nt ( ! individual output ( ! be/ ,g]man work]s1 he is l$ to feel t ,pr(essor ,haeckel 0 probably "r 9 giv+ up ! cont9u\s-day me?od ( labor & rev]t+ to ! ,g]man me?od4 ,9 addition to ! orig9al rese>*es t ,pr(essor ,haeckel has c>ri$ out1 to :i* ,i h already made "s ref]5ce1 !re has1 ( c\rse1 be5 all along ano!r l>ge item ( "t-consumption to be *>g$ up to 8 duties z a tea*]4 ,^!1 to be sure1 are some:at less exact+ 9 ! case ( a ,g]man univ]sity pr(essor ?an !y are 9 correspond+ positions 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,?us1 outside ! h\rs ( tea*+1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has all along be5 able to f9d ab\t eight h\rs a day = p]sonal1 orig9al rese>*4 ,:5 he told ,pr(essor ,huxley s 9 ! days ( _! e>ly fri5d%ip1 ,huxley exclaim$3 ,!n y ought to be ! happie/ man alive4 ,:y1 ,i c f9d at mo/ b two h\rs a day to use = myself4 ,s mu* = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,g]man me?ods ( tea*+1 :]e ! univ]sity pr(essor usually conf9es 8 contact ) ! pupils to an h\r's lecture ea* day1 & ! ,engli% sy/em1 accord+ to :i* ! lectur] is a tea*] 9 o!r ways z well4 ,yet x mu/ be add$ t 9 ?is reg>d ,pr(essor ,haeckel is n an or?odox ,g]man1 = 8 contact ) 8 /ud5ts is by no means conf9$ to ! lecture-h\r4 ,inde$1 if "o w\ld see him at 8 be/1 he mu/ g1 n to ! lecture-hall1 b to ! laboratory prop] dur+ ! h\rs :5 ,pr(essor ,haeckel p]sonally presides !re1 & br+s k & inspiration to ! eag] b& ( "y dissectors :o ga!r !re4 ,x w p]haps seem /range to ! read] to be told t ! h\rs on :i* ?is occurs are f n9e till "o o'clock ( a day :i* is p]haps n devot$ to class-room ex]cises 9 any o!r s*ool ( ,*ri/5dom :atev]--namely1 ! ,sabba?4 ,x is int]e/+ to reflect :at w\ld be ! comm5t on su* a proc$ure 9 ,london1 = example1 :]e ! und]gr\nd railway tra9s ev5 mu/ /op runn+ dur+ ! h\rs ( morn+ s]vice4 ,b ,j5a is n ,london1 &1 z ,pr(essor ,haeckel says1 ,9 ,j5a "o is free4 ,x pleases u to h our ,sabba? s]vice 9 our tab]nacle ( sci5ce4 ,all que/ions ( "t aside1 x is a favor$ body ( "y m5 :o occupy ! b5*es 9 ! laboratory dur+ ,pr(essor ,haeckel's unique ,sunday-morn+ s]vice4 ,ea* /ud5t has be=e him a microscope & a specim5 ( ! p>ticul> animal t is ! subject ( ! morn+'s lesson4 ,let u say t ! subject ?is morn+ is ! crawfi%4 ,!n 9 addition to ! specim5s ) :i* ! /ud5ts are provid$1 & :i* ea* w dissect = himself "u ! pr(essor's guidance1 !re are scatt]$ ab\t ! room1 on ! v>i\s tables1 all mann] ( specim5s ( alli$ creatures1 su* z crabs1 lob/]s1 & ! l4 ,!re are dissect$ specim5s also ( ! crawfi%1 ea* prep>ation %[+ a diff]5t set ( organs1 exhibit$ 9 pres]v+ fluids4 ,!n !re are *>ts hung all ab\t ! room illu/rat+ on a magnifi$ scale1 by diagram & picture1 all phases ( ! anatomy ( ! subjects "u discussion4 ,! entire atmosph]e ( ! place ?is morn+ smacks ( ! crawfi% & 8 allies4 ,! session beg9s ) a brief (f-h& discussion ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics & aff9ities ( ! gr\p ( ar?ropoda1 ( :i* ! crawfi% is a memb]4 ,!n1 p]haps1 ! pr(essor calls ! /ud5ts ab\t him & gives a demon/ration ( ! curi\s ph5om5a ( hypnotism z appli$ to ! crawfi%1 ?r\gh :i* a liv+ specim51 :5 held = a few mom5ts 9 a con/ra9$ attitude1 w pass into a rigid trance1 & rema9 /&+ on its head or 9 any o!r grotesque position = an indef9ite p]iod1 until ar\s$ by a bl[ on ! table or o!r %ock4 ,su* are "s ( ! little asides1 s to speak1 ) :i* ! virile tea*] enliv5s 8 subject & gives x broad1 human int]e/4 ,n[ ea* /ud5t turns to 8 microscope & 8 individual dissection1 & ! pr(essor passes f "o inve/igator to ano!r ) comm5t1 sugge/ion1 & criticism2 answ]+ que/ions1 prop\nd+ anatomical enigmas = solution--enliv5+1 vivify+1 inspir+ ! entire situation4 ,z ! "w proce$s1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel n[ & aga9 calls ! att5tion ( ! entire class to "s p>ticul> phase ( ! subject j pass+ "u _! individual obs]vation1 & 9 ! mo/ in=mal ( talks1 illu/rat$ on blackbo>d & *>t1 cle>s up any lurk+ my/]ies ( ! anatomy1 or enliv5s ! subject ) an incursion into physiology1 embryology1 or comp>ative morphology ( ! p>ts "u obs]vation4 ,?us by ! close ( ! session ! /ud5t has some?+ f> m ?an a m]e fir/-h& k ( ! anatomy ( ! crawfi%--?\gh t 9 itself 7 mu*4 ,he has an insight also into a half-doz5 alli$ subjects4 ,he has le>n$ to look on ! crawfi% z a l9k 9 a liv+ *a9--a creature ) physiological1 psy*ological1 ontological aff9ities t give x a human int]e/ n hi!rto suspect$ by ! novitiate4 ,& :5 ! entire s]ies ( ,sunday-morn+ s]vices has be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh1 "o ord] aft] ano!r ( ! animal k+dom be+ simil>ly made tribute1 ! favor$ /ud5t has gone f> t[>ds ! goal ( a truly philosophical zoology1 z diff]5t f ! old-"t dry-bones anatomy z ! liv+ crawfi% is diff]5t f ! dead %ell :i* x ca/s (f 9 its annual m\lt+ "t4 ,,! ,,new ,,zoology ,:at1 !n1 is ! ess5ce ( ?is philosophical zoology ( :i* ,haeckel is ! greate/ liv+ expon5t & tea*] & ( :i* 8 pupils are among ! mo/ active promot]s8 ,9 o!r words1 :at is ! real /atus1 & ! import & mean+1 ! raison d'tre1 if y w1 ( ! sci5ce ( zoology to-day8 ,to cle> ! gr\nd = an answ] to t "q1 "o mu/ glance backw>d1 say half a c5tury1 & note ! /atus ( ! zoology ( t day1 t "o may see h[ utt]ly ! po9t ( view has *ang$ s9ce !n2 :at a diff]5t ?+ zoology has become 9 our g5]ation f :at x 01 = example1 :5 "y ,haeckel 0 a /ud5t at ,j5a back 9 ! fifties4 ,at t "t ! sci5ce ( zoology 0 a conglom]ation ( facts & obs]vations ab\t liv+ ?+s1 gr\p$ ab\t a set ( speci\s & sadly mi/ak5 pr9ciples4 ,x 0 held1 foll[+ ,cuvi]1 t ! be+s ( ! animal k+dom _h be5 creat$ 9 accordance ) five preconceiv$ types3 ! v]tebrate1 ) a sp9al column2 ! articulate1 ) jo9t$ body & memb]s1 z repres5t$ by ! famili> cru/aceans & insects2 ! mollusk1 ( :i* ! oy/] & ! snail are famili> examples2 ! radiate1 ) its axially dispos$ memb]s1 z se5 9 ! />fi%2 & ! l[1 almo/ =mless protozoon1 mo/ ( ^: repres5tatives are ( microscopic size4 ,ea* ( ^! s-call$ classes 0 suppos$ to /& utt]ly isolat$ f ! o!rs1 z ! embodim5t ( a di/9ct & tangible idea4 ,s1 too1 ( ! less] gr\ps or ord]s )9 ea* class1 & ( ! /ill m subord9ate gr\ps1 nam$ te*nically families1 g5]a2 &1 f9ally1 ! individual species4 ,t ! gr\p+ ( species into ^! gr\ps 0 m or less arbitr>y 0 ( c\rse to "s ext5t und]/ood1 yet x 0 n que/ion$ by ! g5]al run ( zoologi/s t a g5us1 = example1 repres5t$ a truly natural gr\p ( species t _h be5 creat$ z v>iations ^u "o idea or plan1 mu* z an ar*itect might make a v>iety ( h\ses1 no "o exactly l any o!r1 yet all con=m+ to a p>ticul> type or g5us ( ar*itecture--= example1 ! ,go?ic or ! ,romanesque4 ,t ea* ( ! gr\ps def9$ by ! classifi]s _h su* /atus z ?is 0 ! /ock doctr9e ( zoology1 z also t ! individual species mak+ up ! gr\ps1 & h5ce ! gr\ps !mselves1 ma9ta9$ _! individual id5tity absolutely unalt]$ f ! mom5t ( _! creation1 ?r\gh\t all successive g5]ations1 to ! end ( _! racial exi/5ce4 ,su* be+ ! fundam5tal conception ( zoology1 x rema9$ only = ! inve/igator to /udy ea* individual species ) an eye to its aff9ities ) o!r species1 t ea* might be assign$ by a sci5tific classification to ! p>ticul> place 9 ! orig9al s*eme ( creation :i* x 0 de/9$ to occupy4 ,once su* aff9ities _h be5 correctly det]m9$ & int]pret$ = all species1 ! zoological classification w\ld be complete = all "t4 ,a survey ( ! complet$ s*$ule ( classification w\ld !n %[ at a glance ! details ( ! preconceiv$ sy/em 9 accordance ) :i* ! memb]s ( ! animal k+dom 7 creat$1 & zoology w\ld be a f9i%$ sci5ce4 ,9 ! application ( ?is relatively simple s*eme1 to be sure1 no end ( difficulties 7 enc\nt]$4 ,ea* high] animal is compos$ ( s _m memb]s & organs1 ( su* div]se v>iations1 t naturali/s c\ld nev] agree among !mselves z to j :]e a balance ( aff9ities betwe5 resemblances & diff]5ces %\ld be /ruck2 :e!r1 = example1 a giv5 species v>i$ s mu* f ! type species ( a g5us--say ! g5us ,go?ic h\se--z to belong prop]ly to an indep5d5t g5us--say ,romanesque h\se2 or :e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 its div]g5cies 7 /ill s outweigh$ by its resemblances z to p]mit ( its ret5tion z an ab]rant memb] ( g5us numb] "o4 ,p]petual quibbl+ ov] ^! matt]s 0 q ! ord] ( ! day1 no two au?orities ev] agree+ z to details ( classification4 ,! sole po9t ( agreem5t 0 t preconceiv$ types 7 9 "q--if only ! zoologi/s c\ld ev] det]m9e j :at ^! types 74 ,meantime1 ! /ud5t :o suppos$ classifications to be matt]s ( mom5t1 & :o labori\sly le>n$ to label ! animals & birds ( 8 acqua9tance ) an au?oritative ,lat9 "n1 0 p]petually oblig$ to unle>n :at he _h acquir$1 z a new classifi] br\ght new res\rces ( hair-splitt+ pursuit ( a suppos$ type or ideal to be> on ! subject4 ,:]e1 = example1 our great orni?ologi/s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 su* z ,wilson & ,audubon1 _h class$ all our num]\s hawks 9 a g5us falco1 lat] /ud5ts split ! gr\p up into num]\s g5]a--j h[ _m x is impossible to say1 z no two au?orities agre$ on t po9t4 ,wilson1 c\ld he h come back a g5]ation aft] 8 dea?1 w\ld h f\nd himself q at a loss to conv]se ) 8 successors ab\t ! birds he knew & lov$ s well1 us+ _! te*nical names--?\gh ! birds !mselves _h n *ang$4 ,not)/&+ all ! diff]5ces ( op9ion ab\t matt]s ( detail1 h[ev]1 !re 01 nev]!less1 sub/antial agreem5t ab\t ! broad] outl9es ( classifications1 & x might fairly en\gh h be5 hop$ t "s day1 :5 long] /udy _h l$ to f9] discrim9ation1 ! my/]ies ( all ! types ( creation w\ld be fa?om$4 ,b !n1 :ile ?is hope /ill seem$ f> en\gh f realization1 ,*>les ,d>w9 came =w>d ) 8 revolutioniz+ doctr9e--& ! :ole "t-honor$ my? ( types ( creation vani%$ 9 ?9 air4 ,x became cle> t ! zoologi/s _h be5 attempt+ a task utt]ly ,sisyphean4 ,!y _h s\ght to e/abli% natural gr\ps :]e gr\ps d n exi/ 9 nature4 ,!y 7 eag]ly pe]+ aft] an ideal t _h no exi/5ce outside _! imag9ation4 ,_! b>ri]s ( words c\ld n be made to con=m to b>ri]s ( nature1 because 9 nature !re are no b>ri]s4 ,:at1 !n1 0 to be done8 ,%\ld ! :ole fabric ( classification be ab&on$8 ,cle>ly n1 s9ce !re c be no sci5ce )\t classification ( facts ab\t labell$ gr\p+s1 h[ev] arbitr>y4 ,classifications !n mu/ be reta9$1 p]fect$2 only 9 future x mu/ be rememb]$ t any classification mu/ be m or less arbitr>y1 & 9 a s5se false2 t x is at be/ only a v]bal conv5i5ce1 n ! embodim5t ( a f9al ideal4 ,if1 = example1 we consid] ! v natural gr\p ( birds commonly call$ hawks1 we are q ju/ifi$ 9 divid+ ?is gr\p into sev]al g5]a or m9or gr\ps1 ea* compos$ ( sev]al species m l "o ano!r ?an l ! memb]s ( o!r gr\ps ( species--t is1 ( o!r g5]a4 ,b 9 s do+ we mu/ rememb] t if we c\ld trace ! ance/ry ( our v>i\s species ( hawks we %\ld f9d t 9 ! remote pa/ ! diff]5ces t n[ sep>ate ! gr\ps _h be5 less & less m>k$1 & orig9ally q non-exi/5t1 all ! v>i\s species hav+ sprung f a common ance/or4 ,! g5]a ( to-day are c\s9-gr\ps1 let u say2 b ! p>5ts ( ! exi/+ species 7 ( "o brood1 bro!rs & si/]s4 ,& :at applies to ! m9or gr\ps call$ g5]a applies also1 go+ f>!r into ! pa/1 to all l>g] gr\ps z well1 s t 9 ! la/ analysis1 all exi/+ creatures be+ really ! evolv$ & modifi$ desc5dants ( "o primordial type1 x may be said t all animate creation is b a s+le k9d4 ,9 ?is broad5$ view ! details ( classification ceas$ to h ! importance once ascrib$ to !m1 & ! quibbl+s ( ! classifi]s seem amus+ r ?an s]i\s4 ,yet ! *ang$ po9t ( view left ! subject by no means b>r5 ( int]e/4 ,= if ! multitud9\s creatures ( ! liv+ _w are b div]sifi$ twig-lets ( a great tree ( asc5t1 spread by bran*+ f a common root1 at lea/ x is wor? kn[+ :at l>g] bran*es ea* gr\p ( twiglets--repres5t+ a g5us1 let u say--has sprung f4 ,9 p>ticul>1 s9ce ! topmo/ twig ( ! tree is repres5t$ by man himself & 8 ne>e/ relatives1 is x ( human int]e/ to inquire j :at bran*es & ma9 /ems w be come ^u 9 trac+ back ! l9eage ( ?is p>ticul> (f%oot4 ,?is attempt _h1 p]haps1 no va/1 vital importance 9 ! utilit>ian s5se 9 :i* ^! t]ms are (t5e/ us$1 b at lea/ x _h human int]e/4 ,important or o!rwise1 x 0 ! task t lay op5 to zoology1 & app>5tly its only task1 s soon z ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis _h made good its /atus4 ,! man :o fir/ took ?is task 9 h&1 & :o has mo/ p]si/5tly & wisely foll[$ x1 & h5ce ! man :o became ! recogniz$ lead] 9 ! field ( ! new zoology1 01 z ,i h already intimat$1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel4 ,8 hypo!tical tree ( man's l9eage1 trac+ ! ance/ry ( ! human family back to ! e>lie/ geological times & ! l[e/ ord]s ( be+s1 has be5 famili> n[ = j a ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,x 0 at fir/ confess$ly only a t5tative g5ealogy1 ) _m weak limbs & untrac$ bran*es4 ,x 0 p]fect$ f "t to "t1 z new data came to h&1 ?r\gh /udies ( paleontology1 ( embryology1 & ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,x w be ( int]e/1 !n1 to inquire j :at is its /atus today & to exam9e briefly ,pr(essor ,haeckel's own mo/ rec5t pron\ncem5t reg>d+ x4 ,p]haps x is n wor? our :ile "h to g too f> d[n t[>ds ! root ( ! g5ealogical tree to beg9 our inquiry4 ,s long z x is admitt$ t ! remote ance/ry is gr\nd$ 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( organisms1 x p]haps does n greatly matt] to ! av]age read] t !re are d>k places 9 ! l9eage dur+ ! p]iod :5 our ance/or _h n yet develop$ a sp9al column--:51 9 o!r words1 he _h n atta9$ ! dignity ( ! l[e/ fi%4 ,nei!r1 p]haps1 ne$ we m\rn greatly t ! exact bran* by :i* our reptilian or amphibian non-mammalian ance/or became ! fir/ & mo/ primitive ( mammals is /ill hidd5 9 unexplor$ recesses ( e>ly /rata4 ,! mo/ patrician mon>* ( to-day w\ld n be greatly di/urb$ z to j :o 7 8 ance/ors ( ! days ( ! cave-dwell]4 ,x is :5 we come a little ne>] home t ! "q beg9s to take on its seem+ly p]sonal significance4 ,que/ions ( gr&p>5ts & great-gr&p>5ts conc]n ! patrician v closely4 ,& s all along1 ! "q t has int]e/$ ! av]age casual inve/igator ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory has be5 ! "q z to man's imm$iate ance/or--! p>5ts & gr&p>5ts ( our race1 s to speak4 ,h5ce ! l9k+ ( ! ^w monkey ) ! phrase ,d>w9ian !ory 9 ! popul> m9d2 & h5ce1 also1 ! int]pretation ( ! phrase miss+ l9k 9 relation to man's ance/ry1 z apply+ only to our ance/or & n to any o!r ( ! gaps 9 ! g5ealogical *a94 ,:at1 !n1 is ! pres5t /atus ( ,haeckel's g5ealogical tree reg>d+ man's mo/ direct ance/or8 ,prom :at non-human p>5t did ! human race directly spr+8 ,t is a "q t has prov$ itself ( la/+1 vital human int]e/4 ,x is a "q t long 0 answ]$ only ) an hypo!sis1 b :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel to-day pr(esses to be able to answ] ) a decisive & affirmative citation n ( !ories b ( facts4 ,9 a ^w1 x is claim$ t man's imm$iate ance/or is n[ actually ^u record1 t ! mu*-h]ald$ miss+ l9k is miss+ no long]4 ,! pr9cipal s+le docum5t1 s to speak1 on :i* ?is claim is bas$ consi/s ( ! n[ fam\s skull & ?igh-bone :i* ! ,dut* surgeon1 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,dubois1 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahia 9 ! t]ti>y /rata ( ! isl& ( ,java4 ,t]ti>y /rata1 x %\ld be expla9$1 _h nev] hi!rto yield$ any fossils bord]+ on ! human type1 b ?is n[ fam\s skeleton 0 unmi/akably ak9 to ! human4 ,! ?igh 9 p>ticul>1 tak5 by itself1 w\ld h be5 pron\nc$ by any compet5t anatomi/ to be ( human orig94 ,unque/ionably ! individual :o bore x _h be5 accu/om$ to take an erect attitude 9 walk+4 ,& yet ! skull 0 f> inf]ior 9 size & %ape to t ( any exi/+ tribe ( man--01 inde$1 r ( a simian type1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ab\t twice ! capacity ( any exi/+ ape4 ,9 a ^w1 x seem$ cle> t ! creature ^: "p skeleton _h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,dubois 0 ( a type int]m$iate betwe5 ! l[e/ exi/+ man & ! highe/ exi/+ man-apes4 ,x 01 9 %ort1 ! actual prototype ( t hypo!tical creature :i* ,haeckel1 9 8 g5ealogical tree1 _h *ri/5$ pi!can?ropus1 ! ape-man4 ,z su* x 0 *ri/5$ ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 ! erect ape-man4 ,n[ ! discov]y ( ?is rem>kable =m did n make ,pr(essor ,haeckel any m c]ta9 t "s su* =m _h exi/$ ?an he 0 ?irty ye>s be=e :5 he *ri/5$ a hypo!tical subject ) ! title n[ tak5 by a tangible claimant4 ,b1 aft] all1 !re is some?+ v tak+ ab\t a prophecy fulfill$1 & s ! appe>ance ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus creat$ no small s5sation 9 ! zoological _w4 ,he 0 hail$ by ,haeckel & 8 foll[]s z ! v]itable miss+ l9k1 & z su* ga9$ imm$iate notoriety4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a reaction>y p>ty at once attack$ him ) ! mo/ bitt] animadv]sions1 d5\nc+ him z no true ance/or ( man ) a bitt]ness t is h>d to und]/&1 consid]+ t ! orig9 ( man f "s l[] =m has long ceas$ to be matt] ( controv]sy4 ,pi!can?ropus is at lea/ half an ape1 !y cri$1 ) ! cle> implication ( any?+ b an ape = an ance/or6 ,i confess ,i h always f\nd x h>d to und]/& j :y ?is peculi> av]sion %\ld always be held aga9/ ! un(f5d+ ape tribe4 ,:y x w\ld n be q z satisfactory to f9d "o's ance/or 9 an ape z 9 ! alt]native l9es (1 = example1 ! c[1 or ! hippopotamus1 or ! :ale1 or ! dog has always be5 a my/]y4 ,yet ! fact ( ?is prejudice holds4 ,probably we dislike ! ape because ( ! v pat5cy ( 8 human aff9ities4 ,! poor relation is objectionable n s mu* because he is poor z because he is a relation4 ,s1 p]haps1 x is n ! ap5ess1 s to speak1 ( ! ape t is objectionable1 b r ! human-ness4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! av]sion has be5 matt] ( common notoriety ev] s9ce ! ,d>w9ian !ory became fully accept$2 x %[$ itself n[ ) r5ew$ =ce aga9/ poor pi!can?ropus4 ,a half-score ( objections 7 laun*$ aga9/ him4 ,x is ne$less to rehe>se !m n[1 s9ce !y 7 all met valiantly1 & ! f9al v]dict saw ! new-com] triumphantly ensconc$ 9 man's ance/ral halls z ! olde/ soj\rn] !re :o has any title to be spok5 ( z human4 ,he is only half human1 to be sure--a v]itable ape-man1 z 8 "n implies--b exactly !re9 lies 8 altoge!r unique di/9ction4 ,he is ! embodim5t ( t miss+ l9k ^: nonappe>ance _h hi!rto giv5 s mu* com=t to ! sceptical4 ,p]haps "s crumbs ( com=t may be f\nd by ! reactioni/s 9 ! fact t x is n held by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 or by any o!r compet5t au?ority1 t ! l9k :i* pi!can?ropus supplies welds man directly ) any exi/+ man-ape--) gorilla1 *impanzee1 or orang4 ,x is held t ^! highe/ exi/+ apes are side bran*es1 s to say1 ( ! ance/ral tree1 :o develop$1 9 _! sev]al ways1 contemporane\sly ) our direct ance/ors1 b are n !mselves directly ( ! royal l9e4 ,! exi/+ ape t has clung close/ to ! direct ance/ral type ( our own race1 x appe>s1 is ! gibbon--a creature f> less objectionable 9 t rle because ( ! v paucity ( 8 human *>act]i/ics1 z reveal$ to ! casual obs]v]4 ,gibbon-l fossil apes are kn[n1 9 /rata repres5t+ a "t "s millions ( ye>s antec$5t to ! epo* ( pi!can?ropus ev51 :i* are held to be directly ( ! royal l9e ?r\gh :i* pi!can?ropus1 & ! hypo!tical ,homo /upidus1 & ! kn[n ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 &1 la/ly1 pr\d ,homo sapi5s himself h desc5d$4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,haeckel is able to make ! affirmation1 z he did rec5tly be=e ! ,int]national ,zoological ,congress 9 ,cambridge1 t man's l9e ( desc5t is n[ cle>ly trac$1 f a /age back 9 ! ,eoc5e "t :5 our ance/or 0 n yet m ?an half arriv$ to ! ape's e/ate1 d[n to ! "t ( true human developm5t4 ,!re no long] exi/s1 he says1 a 'miss+ l9k4' ,! phyletic cont9uity ( ! primate /em1 f ! olde/ lemurs d[n to man himself1 is an hi/orical fact4 ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 be add$ t ! =ce ( ?is r />tl+ conclusion re/s by no means exclusively ^u ! f9d+ ( pi!can?ropus & ! o!r fossils1 nor inde$ ^u any paleontological evid5ce :atev]4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 furni% data ( a v tangible & conv9c+ k9d2 b ! evid5ce 9 its totality includes also a ho/ ( data f ! realms ( embryology & comp>ative anatomy--data :i*1 z already sugge/$1 enabl$ ,pr(essor ,haeckel to pr$icate ! exi/5ce ( pi!can?ropus long 9 advance ( 8 actual discov]y4 ,:e!r ! m remote gaps 9 ! *a9 ( man's ance/ry w be bridg$ 9 a mann] simil>ly 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel's pr$ications1 x rema9s = future discov]ies ( zoologi/ & paleontologi/ to det]m9e4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! rec5t f9d+s h add$ an increm5t ( glory to t philosophical zoology ( :i* ,pr(essor ,haeckel is ! greate/ liv+ expon5t4 ,?is trac+ ( g5ealogies is d\btless ! mo/ spectacul> feature ( ! new zoology1 yet x mu/ be cle> t ! e/abli%m5t ( l9es ( evolution is at be/ m]ely a prep>ation = ! all-important "q1 ,:y h ^! creatures1 man includ$1 evolv$ at all8 ,t "q goes to ! he>t ( ! new zoological philosophy4 ,a p>tial answ] 01 ( c\rse1 giv5 by ,d>w9 9 8 great doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,b ?is doctr9e1 :ile expla9+ ! pres]vation ( favorable v>iations1 made no attempt to acc\nt = ! v>iations !mselves4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's contribution to ! subject consi/$ 9 ! revival ( ! doctr9e ( ,lam>ck1 t individual v>iations1 9 response to environm5tal influ5ces1 are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 & ?us furni% ! mat]ial ^u :i*1 apply+ ,d>w9's pr9ciple1 evolution may proce$4 ,?is ,lam>ck-,haeckel doctr9e 0 "u a cl\d = a rec5t decade1 dur+ ! brief pass+ ( ! ,weismannian my?1 b x has n[ em]g$1 & /&s z ! "o recogniz$ factor 9 ! orig9 ( ^? v>iations ^: cumulative pres]vation ?r\gh natural selection has result$ 9 ! evolution ( organic =ms4 ,b may !re n be o!r factors1 z yet unrecogniz$1 t supplem5t ! ,lam>ckian & ,d>w9ian pr9ciples 9 br++ ab\t ?is m>vell\s evolution ( be+s8 ,t1 x w\ld seem1 is ! mo/ vital "q t ! philosophical zoology ( our g5]ation mu/ h& on to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,= today n ev5 ,pr(essor ,haeckel himself c give x answ]4 ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,m$ical ,,laboratories ,,& ,,m$ical ,,problems ,,! ,,pa/eur ,,in/itute ,,! national egotism t *>act]izes ! ,fr5* m9d is n )\t its comp5sations4 ,x leads1 = example1 to ! tangible recognition ( ! m]its ( ! great m5 ( ! nation & to ! promulgation ( _! names 9 _m public ways4 ,?us x w\ld be h>d to m5tion a truly di/+ui%$ ,fr5*man ( ! old] g5]ations ^: "n has n be5 giv5 to a /reet 9 ,p>is4 ,( ! m5 ( sci5ce ?us honor$1 "o recalls (f-h& ! names ( ,buffon1 ,cuvi]1 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,p9el1 ,esquirol1 ,lam>ck1 ,laplace1 ,lavoisi]1 ,arago1 ,claude ,b]n>d1 ,broca--inde$1 "o c\ld readily ext5d ! li/ to tiresome dim5sions4 ,moreov]1 x is a li/ t is p]iodically increas$ by ! addition ( new names1 z occasion (f]s1 = ! ,p>isian au?orities nev] hesitate to re*ri/5 a /reet or a portion ( a /reet1 reg>dless ( =m] associations4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t additions to ?is roll ( fame is ! "n ( ,pa/eur4 ,! b\lev>d t be>s t fam\s "n is situat$ 9 a some:at out-(-!-way corn] ( ! city1 ?\gh to rea* x "o has b to trav]se ! relatively %ort c\rse ( ! ,av5ue de ,breteuil f s c5tral a position z ! tomb ( ,napoleon4 ,! ,b\lev>d ,pa/eur itself is a n long b v spaci\s ?or\ghf>e1 :i* w "s day be v beautiful1 :5 ! "* ( its environ+ build+s has some:at *ang$ & its quadruple r[s ( trees h _h "t = developm5t4 ,at pres5t its *ief di/9ction1 9 ! eyes ( mo/ obs]v]s1 w\ld probably be f\nd 9 ! fact t x is ! location ( ! fam\s fte =a9 at "o ( ! annually recurr+ /ages ( ! endless it9]>y ( t not$ function4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ?is di/9ction1 :i* falls 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ! b\lev>d becomes trans=m$ into a v]itable ,coney ,isl& ( m]ry-g-r\nds1 %oot+-gall]ies1 g+]-bread boo?s1 & clap-trap side-%[s1 to ! endless delight ( ?rongs ( pleasure-seek]s4 ,!re is no sight 9 all ,p>is wor?i] inspection = ! =eign] ?an ! ,b\lev>d ,pa/eur (f]s at ?is season1 = "o ga9s a deep insight into ! psy*ology ( a p ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! infantile delight ) :i* ! adult population "h ?r[s itself into ! _s ( amusem5ts :i* ) o!r nations are = ! mo/ "p res]v$ = s*ool-*ildr54 ,only a race ei!r 9 *ildhood or s5esc5ce1 x w\ld seem1 c\ld ?us give itself ov] ) undisguis$ delight to ! en*antm5ts ( wood5 horses1 cattle1 cats1 & pigs2 to ! cat*+ ( wood5 fi% ) hooks2 to ! %oot+ at t>gets t "o c\ld almo/ t\* ) ! gun-muzzle1 & to ! grave obs]vation ( side%[ p]=mances t w\ld excite ! risibilities ( ! mo/ unsophi/icat$ audi5ce t c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,z we move among ?is light-he>t$ & ligh!ad$ ?rong we %all sc>cely escape a feel+ ( good-humor$ contempt = :at seems an inf]ior race4 ,x w be :olesome1 !re=e1 = u to turn aside f ! b\lev>d into ! ,rue ,dotot1 :i* leads f x ne> its c5tre1 & walk a few hundr$ y>ds away f ! pleasure-seek]s1 :]e an evid5ce ( a q diff]5t & a no less *>act]i/ic phase ( ! national psy*ology w be be=e u4 ,= "h1 )9 easy s\nd ( ! jangl+ discords ( ! organs t keep "t = ! m>* ( ! *eveaux de bois1 rises up a build+ t is 9 a s5se ! monum5t ( a man :o 0 bro!r 9 blood & 9 s5tim5t to ! revell]s we h j left 9 ! b\lev>d1 yet ^: c>e] /amp$ him z "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( g5ius ( any race or any "t4 ,t man 0 ,l\is ,pa/eur4 ,! build+ be=e u is ! fam\s in/itute t be>s 8 "n4 ,9 itself ?is build+ is a simple & unimpos+ /ructure1 yet ( pleas+ cont\r4 ,x is z well plac$ z ! surr\nd+s p]mit1 on a grass$ t]race1 a little back f ! /reet1 :]e a high iron f5ce gu>ds x & gives x a degree ( seclusion4 ,!re are o!r build+s visible 9 ! re>1 :i*1 z "o le>ns on ent]+1 are laboratories & ! l1 :]e ! rabbits & gu9ea-pigs & dogs t are s ess5tial to ! "w ( ! laboratory are kept4 ,on ! t]race 9 front is a bronze /atue ( a boy /ruggl+ ) a rabid dog--a rem9d] ( ! p>ticul> labor ( ! ma/]-work] :i* l$ directly to ! f\ndation ( ! in/itution4 ,x w be rememb]$ t x 0 prim>ily to give ,pa/eur a wid] opportunity to apply 8 newly discov]$ treatm5t = ! prev5tion ( rabies t ! subscription 0 und]tak5 :i* l$ f9ally to ! erection ( ! build+s be=e u & br\ght ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 its pres5t =m into be+4 ,( ! o!r aims & objects ( ! in/itution ,i %all speak m at l5g? 9 a mom5t4 ,i h j said t ! build+ be=e u is 9 effect ! monum5t ( ! great savant4 ,?is is true 9 a some:at m lit]al s5se ?an might be suppos$1 = ! body ( ,pa/eur re/s 9 a crypt at its base4 ,! p]sonal labors ( ! great discov]] 7 practically end$ at ! "t :5 ! in/itute 0 op5$ 9 #ahhh1 on :i* occasion1 z w be rememb]$1 ! sci5tific repres5tatives ( all nations ga!r$ 9 ,p>is to d honor to ! greate/ ,fr5*man ( 8 g5]ation4 ,he 0 sp>$ to ! _w1 h[ev]1 = sev5 ye>s m1 dur+ :i* "t he fully organiz$ ! "w ( ! in/itution along ! l9es x has s9ce foll[$1 & 01 ( c\rse1 ! animat+ _s ( all ! labors und]tak5 !re by 8 devot$ /ud5ts & assi/ants4 ,he is ! animat+ _s ( ! in/itution /ill1 & x is fitt+ t 8 body %\ld re/ 9 ! wor?y mausoleum )9 ! walls ( t build+ ^: erection 0 ! tangible culm9ation ( 8 life labors4 ,! s>cophagus is a %r9e )9 ?is temple ( sci5ce :i* w s]ve to /imulate g5]ations ( work]s "h to walk wor?ily 9 ! foot/eps ( ! great f\nd] ( ! in/itution4 ,= he mu/ be an unimag9ative p]son inde$ :o1 pass+ b5ea? t ar* be>+ ! simple inscription ,ici ,repose ,pa/eur1 c\ld desc5d into ! simple b impressive mausoleum & /& beside ! massive granite s>cophagus )\t feel+ ! same k9d ( m5tal uplift :i* comes f contact ) a great & noble p]sonality4 ,! pret5ti\s tomb ( ,galileo 9 ! nave ( ,santa ,croce at ,flor5ce1 & ! cr[d$ re/+-place ( ,newton & ,d>w9 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 h no su* impressiv5ess z ?is solit>y vault :]e re/s ! body ( ,pa/eur1 isolat$ 9 dea? z ! mighti] spirits mu/ always be 9 life4 ,,aims ,,& ,,objects ,,( ,,! ,,pa/eur ,,in/itute ,if "o *ances to come to ! in/itute 9 ! lat] h\rs ( ! morn+ he w p]haps be surpris$ to f9d a motley company ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 app>5tly ( _m nationalities & f v>i$ walks ( life1 ga!r$ ab\t "o ( ! entrances or saunt]+ ne> by4 ,^! are ! mo/ direct b5efici>ies ( ! in/itution1 ! un=tunate victims ( ! bites ( rabid dogs1 :o h come "h to take ! treatm5t :i* alone c give !m immunity f ! t]rible consequ5ces ( t mi%ap4 ,rabies1 or hydrophobia z x is m commonly t]m$ ) u1 is well kn[n to be an absolutely fatal malady1 !re be+ no case on record ( recov]y f ! disease once fully e/abli%$4 ,ev5 ! treatm5t :i* ,pa/eur develop$ & :i* is "h c>ri$ out _c avail to save ! victim 9 :om ! active symptoms ( ! malady are actually pres5t4 ,b1 =tunately1 ! disease is peculi>ly sl[ 9 its onset1 sometimes n manife/+ itself = weeks or mon?s aft] ! inoculation2 & ?is delay1 :i* =m]ly 0 to ! pati5t a p]iod ( fe>ful d\bt & anxiety1 n[ suffices1 happily1 = ! application ( ! protective inoculations :i* enable ! p]son o!rwise doom$ to resi/ ! poison & g unsca!d4 ,?us x is t ! p]sons :o ga!r "h ea* day to ! numb] ( fifty1 or ev5 "o hundr$1 h ! appe>ance ( & ! feel+s ( av]age heal?1 ?\gh a l>ge proportion ( !m be> 9 _! sy/ems1 on arrival1 ! g]ms ( a disease t w\ld br+ !m spe$ily to a t]rible end 7 x n t ! g5ius ( ,pa/eur _h f\nd a way to give !m immunity4 ,! numb] ( p]sons :o h be5 giv5 ! anti-rabic treatm5t "h is m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s&4 ,to h giv5 safety to su* an army ( un=tunates is1 inde$1 en\gh m]it = any s+le in/itution2 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is record is by any mann] ( means ! full measure ( ! b5efits :i* ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur has conf]r$ ^u humanity4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! prep>ation & use ( ! anti-rabic s]um is only "o ( _m aims ( ! in/itution1 ^: full scope is z wide z ! entire doma9 ( contagi\s diseases4 ,pa/eur's p]sonal discov]ies _h demon/rat$ ! relation ( c]ta9 l[] organisms1 notably ! bact]ia1 to ! contagi\s diseases1 & _h %[n ! possibility ( giv+ immunity f c]ta9 ( ^! diseases ?r\gh ! use ( cultures ( ! noxi\s bact]ia !mselves4 ,he believ$ t ^! me?ods c\ld be ext5d$ & develop$ until all ! contagi\s diseases1 :i* hi!rto h acc\nt$ = s />tl+ a proportion ( all dea?s1 7 br\ght )9 ! control ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,8 deepe/ ?\ght 9 f\nd+ ! in/itute 0 to supply a tangible seat ( op]ations = ?is attempt$ conque/1 :]e ! brilliant assi/ants he _h ga!r$ ab\t him1 & _! successors 9 turn1 might take a %>e 9 ?is great /ruggle1 unhamp]$ by ! mat]ial drawbacks :i* s (t5 confront ! w\ld-be work] 9 sci5ce4 ,he desir$ also t ! in/itution %\ld be a c5tre ( education along ! l9es ( its "w1 add+ ?us an indirect influ5ce to ! score ( its direct a*ievem5ts4 ,9 bo? ^! reg>ds ! in/itution has be5 & cont9ues to be wor?y ( its f\nd]4 ,! ,pa/eur ,in/itute is 9 effect a s*ool ( bact]iology1 :]e ea* ( ! pr(essors is at once a tea*] & a brilliant inve/igator4 ,! *ief c\rses ( in/ruction consi/ ( two s]ies ea* ye> ( lectures & laboratory demon/rations on topics )9 ! field ( bact]iology4 ,^! c\rses1 at :i* all ! regul> /aff ( ! in/itution assi/ m or less1 are op5 to physicians & o!r compet5t /ud5ts reg>dless ( nationality1 & !y suffice to inculcate ! pr9ciples ( bact]iology to a l>ge b& ( seek]s ea* ye>4 ,b m important1 p]haps1 ?an ?is =m ( educational influ5ce is ! impetus giv5 by ! in/itute to ! rese>*es ( a small1 select b& ( inve/igators :o h tak5 up bact]iology = a life "w1 & :o come "h to p]fect !mselves 9 ! f9al niceties ( ! te*nique ( a mo/ difficult pr(ession4 ,?us su* m5 z ,calmette1 ! discov]] ( ! s]um treatm5t ( s]p5t-poison+1 & ,y]s91 fam\s = 8 rese>*es 9 ! prev5tion & cure ( *ol]a by inoculation1 are graduates ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,inde$1 almo/ all ! *ief labor]s 9 ?is field 9 ! _w to-day1 includ+ ! directors ( practically all ! daught] in/itutes be>+ ! same "n t are n[ scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1 h _h at lea/ a %>e ( _! tra9+ 9 ! "m in/itute "h 9 ,p>is4 ,( ! "w ( ! m5 :o =m ! regul> /aff ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute only a few words ne$ be said "h4 ,doctors ,r\x1 ,gran*]1 ,met*nik(f1 & ,*amb]l& all _h ! privilege ( %>+ ,pa/eur's labors dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! ma/]'s life1 & ea* ( !m is a wor?y foll[] ( ! belov$ lead] & at ! same "t a brilliant orig9al inve/igator499#a99 ,r\x is kn[n ev]y:]e 9 connection ) ! s]um treatm5t ( diph!ria1 :i* he 0 s l>gely in/rum5tal 9 develop+4 ,gran*] directs ! anti-rabic dep>tm5t & alli$ fields4 ,met*nik(f1 a ,russian by bir? & ,p>isian by adoption1 is fam\s z ! au?or ( ! !ory t ! :ite blood-corpuscles ( ! blood are ! effici5t ag5ts 9 combat+ bact]ia4 ,*amb]l& directs ! field ( practical bact]iology 9 its applications to hygi5e1 includ+ ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* protective s]ums are develop$ = ! prev5tion ( v>i\s diseases ( dome/icat$ animals1 notably sw9e fev] & an?rax4 ,ab\t "o million %eep & half z _m cattle are annually giv5 immunity f an?rax by ! s]um "h produc$4 ,( ! pati5t & unremitt+ toil dem&$ ( ! inve/igator 9 ?is realm ( ! inf9itely little2 ( ! skill 9 manipulation1 ! f]tility ( res\rce1 ! scrupul\s exactness ( exp]im5t t are absolutely pr]equisite to success2 ( ! dang]s t att5d inve/igations :i* deal ) noxi\s g]ms1 e "o :o kn[s any?+ ( ! subject has "s conception1 b ^? alone c h full compreh5sion :o h !mselves attempt$ to foll[ ! devi\s & delicate pa?ways ( bact]iology4 ,b ! goals to :i* ^! pa?ways lead h a tangibility t give !m a vital int]e/ = all ! _w4 ,! hopes & expectations ( bact]iology halt at no?+ %ort ( ! ultimate extirpation ( contagi\s diseases4 ,! way to t goal is long & h>d1 yet 9 "t x w be made passable4 ,& 9 our g5]ation !re is no company ( m5 :o are do+ m t[>ds t end ?an ! /aff ( t mo/ fam\s ( bact]iological laboratories ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,vir*[ ,,in/itute ,,( ,,pa?ology ,ev5 7 ! contagi\s diseases well 9 h&1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 a suffici5t cot]ie ( maladies ^: orig9 is n due to ! influ5ce ( liv+ g]ms4 ,!re are1 = example1 _m diseases ( ! dige/ive1 nutritive1 & excretory sy/ems1 ( ! he>t & art]ies1 ( ! bra9 & n]ves1 & v>i\s less cle>ly localiz$ abnormal conditions1 t owe _! orig9 to inh]5t defects ( ! organism1 or to v>i\s indiscretions ( food or dr9k1 to unhygi5ic surr\nd+s1 to mat]ial injuries1 or to o!r =ms ( environm5tal /ress q dissociat$ f ! action ( bact]ia4 ,x is true t "o w\ld ne$ to use extreme c>e n[adays 9 def9+ m exactly ! diseases t ?us lie )\t ! field ( ! bact]iologi/1 z t pry+ individual seems prone to claim almo/ ev]y?+ )9 sight1 & to ju/ify 8 claim ) ! microscope2 b aft] t in/rum5t has done its be/ or wor/1 !re w /ill rema9 a fair cont+5t ( maladies t _c fairly be br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( ! ev]-pres5t g]m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all g]m diseases h ( c\rse _! p>ticul> effects ^u ! sy/em1 br++ _! results )9 ! scope ( ! pa?ologi/4 ,?us :ile ! bact]iologi/ has no conc]n directly ) any disease t is n ( bact]ial orig91 ! pa?ologi/ has a direct int]e/ 9 e =m ( disease :atev]2 9 o!r words1 bact]iology1 prop]ly consid]$1 is only a special dep>tm5t ( pa?ology1 j z pa?ology itself is only a special dep>tm5t ( g5]al m$ic9e4 ,:i*ev] way "o turns 9 sci5ce1 subjects are always f\nd ?us dovetail+ into "o ano!r & refus+ to be %>ply outl9$4 ,nev]!less1 "h z else:]e1 !re are !oretical b\nds t suffice = purposes ( def9ition1 if n v rigidly liv$ up to 9 practice2 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ ( ! pa?ologi/ 7p]haps ,i %\ld say ! pa?ological anatomi/7 z ! inve/igator ( disease :o is directly conc]n$ ) effects r ?an ) causes1 :o aims directly at ! diseas$ tissue itself & reasons only second>ily to ! causes4 ,8 problem is3 giv5 a c]ta9 disease 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ ?is p]sonifi$ =m ( expression71 to f9d :at tissues ( ! body are *ang$ by x f ! normal & 9 :at mann] *ang$4 ,x requires b a mom5t's reflection to make x cle> t a c]ta9 crude insight into ! solution ( ?is problem1 z reg>ds all common diseases1 mu/ h be5 ! common k ( m$ical m5 s9ce ! e>lie/ times4 ,?us n ev5 m$ical k 0 ne$$ to demon/rate t ! tissues ( an 93 flam$ "p become r$ & swoll52 & num]\s o!r *anges ( diseas$ tissues are almo/ equally pat5t4 ,b ?is species ( k1 bas$ on microscopic inspection1 0 v vague & untru/wor?y1 & x 0 only aft] ! adv5t ( ! p]fect$ microscope1 "s ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago1 t pa?ological anatomy began to h any prop] claim to sci5tific rank4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until ab\t ! ye> #ahfe t ! real clew 0 discov]$ :i* gave ! same impetus to pa?ology t ! demon/ration ( ! g]m !ory ( disease gave at ab\t ! same "t to etiology1 or ! /udy ( causes ( disease4 ,?is clew consi/$ ( ! f9al demon/ration t all organic action is 9 ! la/ resort a "q ( cellul> activities1 &1 specifically1 t all abnormal *anges 9 any tissues ( ! body1 due to :atev] disease1 c consi/ ( no?+ m ?an ! de/ruction1 or ! prolif]ation1 or ! alt]ation ( ! cells t compose t tissue4 ,t seems a simple en\gh proposition n[adays1 b x 0 at once revolution>y & inspir+ 9 ! day ( its orig9al enunciation "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,! man :o _h made ! discov]y 0 a "y ,g]man physician1 pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg1 by "n ,rudolph ,vir*[4 ,! discov]y made him fam\s1 & f t day to ?is ! "n ( ,vir*[ has held some:at ! same position 9 ! _w ( pa?ology t ! "n ( ,pa/eur occupi$ 9 ! realm ( bact]iology4 ,vir*[ 0 call$ pres5tly to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,9 connection ) ?is *air he e/abli%$ 8 fam\s ,in/itute ( ,pa?ology1 :i* has be5 ! ,mecca ( all /ud5ts ( pa?ology ev] s9ce4 ,he did a ho/ ( o!r notable ?+s z well1 among o!rs1 ent]+ ! field ( politics1 & becom+ a recogniz$ lead] !re no less ?an 9 sci5ce4 ,inde$1 x seem$ dur+ ! lat] decades ( 8 life z if "o enc\nt]$ ,vir*[ 9 :atev] direction "o turn$ 9 ,b]l91 & "o feels t x 0 n )\t reason t 8 compatriots spoke ( him z ! man :o kn[s ev]y?+4 ,to ! end he reta9$ all ! al]tness ( intellect & ! en]gy ( body t _h made him :at he 04 ,"o f\nd him at an e>ly h\r 9 ! morn+ att5d+ to ! r\t9e ( 8 hospital duties1 8 lectures1 & cl9ical demon/rations4 ,^! f9i%$1 he ru%$ (f1 p]haps to 8 p>liam5t>y duties2 !nce to a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 or to preside at ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e or at "s o!r sci5tific ga!r+4 ,& 9 int]vals ( ^! div]sifi$ pursuits he 0 besieg$ ev] by a ho/ ( private call]s1 :o s\ght 8 op9ion1 8 advice1 8 influ5ce 9 "s matt] ( practical politics1 ( /atecraft1 or ( sci5ce1 or :o1 p]haps1 _h m]ely come ! l5g? ( ! cont95t t !y might grasp ! h& ( ! fa!r ( pa?ology4 ,9 :atev] capacity "o s\ght him out1 provid$ ! seek+ 7 n too presumptu\s1 "o 0 sure to f9d ! great savant approa*able1 c\rte\s1 ev5 cordial4 ,a man ( multif>i\s affairs1 he impress$ "o z hav+ abundance ( "t = !m all1 & to sp>e4 ,!re is a leisurel9ess ab\t ! seem+ habit ( exi/5ce on ! ,cont95t t does n p]ta9 9 ,am]ica1 & "o felt ! flavor ( x q z mu* 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is great work] z among ^? p :o f our /&-po9t seem nev] really to "w at all4 ,?is is to a c]ta9 ext5t expla9$ if "o visit$ ,vir*[ 9 8 home1 & f\nd to 8 a/oni%m5t t ! _w-r5[n$ physician1 /atesman1 pa?ologi/1 an?ropologi/ 0 domicil$ 9 a little ap>tm5t ( ! mo/ mode/ equipm5t1 up two flights1 9 a h\se ( mo/ unpret5ti\s "*4 ,ev]y?+ 0 entirely respectable1 altoge!r com=table1 to be sure2 b x 0 a grade ( liv+ :i* a man ( correspond+ position 9 ,am]ica c\ld n hold to )\t f9d+ himself q out ( /ep ) 8 confrres & ! subject ( endless comm5t4 ,b 9 ?is city ( univ]sal ap>tm5t-h\se occupancy & relatively l[ av]age ( display 9 liv+ x is q o!rwise4 ,vir*[ liv$ on ! same plane1 g5]ally speak+1 ) ! o!r sci5ti/s ( ,europe2 x is only f ! ,am]ican /&po9t t !re is any seem+ disp>ity betwe5 8 fame & 8 mat]ial /ation 9 life2 nor d ,i claim ?is z a m]it ( ! ,am]ican /&-po9t4 ,be t z x may1 h[ev]1 our pres5t conc]n lies n ) ^! matt]s1 b ) ,vir*[ ! pa?ologi/ & tea*]4 ,to see ! great sci5ti/ at 8 be/ 9 ?is rle1 x 0 necess>y to visit ! ,in/itute ( ,pa?ology on a ,?ursday morn+ at ! h\r ( n9e4 ,on ! morn+ ( our visit we f\nd ! /ud5ts already assembl$ & ga!r$ 9 clu/]s all ab\t ! room1 exam9+ specim5s ( morbid anatomy1 "u guidance ( v>i\s laboratory assi/ants4 ,?is 0 to give !m a g5]al famili>ity ) ! appe>ances ( ! disease-products t w\ld be describ$ to !m 9 ! ensu+ lecture4 ,b :at is mo/ /rik+ ab\t ! room 0 ! v unique me?od ( arrangem5t ( ! desk or table on :i* ! specim5s re/$4 ,x 0 virtually a long-drawn-out s]ies ( desks w9d+ back & =? ?r\gh\t ! entire room1 b all unit$ into "o1 s t a specim5 pass$ along ! table f end to end w make a zigzag t\r ( ! room1 pass+ f9ally be=e ea* p]son 9 ! entire audi5ce4 ,to facilitate su* transit1 !re 0 a little iron railway all along ! c5tre ( ! table1 ) m9iature turn-tables at ! corn]s1 along :i* microscopes1 ) adju/$ specim5s = exam9ation1 might be convey$ )\t dang] ( maladju/m5t or injury4 ,?is may seem a small detail1 b x is really an important auxili>y 9 ! tea*+ by demon/ration ) specim5s = :i* ?is room 0 peculi>ly int5d$4 ,! ord9>y lectures ( ,pr(essor ,vir*[ 7 held 9 a neighbor+ amphi!atre ( conv5tional type4 ,( a sudd5 !re 0 a hu% 9 ! hum ( voices1 z a little1 ?91 frail-seem+ man ent]$ & /epp$ briskly to ! front ( ! room & ^u ! l[ plat=m be=e ! blackbo>d 9 ! corn]4 ,a mom5t's pause = ! /ud5ts to take _! places1 & ! lectur]1 :o ( c\rse 0 ,vir*[ himself1 began1 9 a cle>1 conv]sational voice1 to disc\rse on ! topic ( ! day1 :i* *anc$ to be ! =mation ( clots 9 blood-vessels4 ,!re 0 no p>ticul> attempt at oratory2 r ! lectur] proce$$ z if talk+ man to man1 ) no ?\ght b to make 8 mean+ p]fectly cle>4 ,he began at once putt+ specim5s 9 circulation1 z suppli$ on 8 dem& by 8 assi/ants f a r grewsome-look+ collection be=e him4 ,n[ he paus$ to *aff ! assi/ant :o 0 mak+ ! labels1 pok+ good-humor$ jokes at 8 awkw>dness1 b ) no trace ( /+4 ,aga9 he became animat$1 8 voice rais$ a little1 8 spee* m vehem5t1 z he advanc$ 8 own views on "s conte/$ !ory or refut$ ! objections t "s oppon5t _h urg$ aga9/ him1 always1 h[ev]1 ) a smile lurk+ ab\t 8 eyes or op5ly %[+ on 8 lips4 ,con/antly ! lectur] turn$ to ! blackbo>d to illu/rate ) color$1 crayons su* po9ts ( 8 disc\rse z ! actual specim5s 9 circulation might leave obscure4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be made pla9 to e he>] or he w\ld n be satisfi$4 ,"o c b contra/ su* tea*+ z ?is ) ! lectures ( ! av]age ,g]man pr(essor1 :o seems n to conc]n himself 9 ! lea/ z to :e!r any?+ is und]/ood by any "o4 ,b ,vir*[ _h ! _s ( ! true tea*]4 ,he _h ! air ( lov+ 8 task1 old /ory z x 0 to him4 ,mo/ ( 8 auditors 7 m]e /ud5ts1 yet he appeal$ to !m z e>ne/ly z if !y 7 associates & equals4 ,he seem$ to try to put himself on _! level--to make 8 ?\ght ne> to !m4 ,physically he 0 ne> to !m z he talk$1 ! plat=m on :i* he /ood be+ b a few in*es 9 height1 & su* physical ne>ness conduces to a famili>ity ( disc\rse t is be/ fitt$ = plac+ lectur] & he>]s en rapport4 ,all 9 all1 appeal+ z x does almo/ equally to e> & eye1 x is a type ( :at a lectur] %\ld be4 ,n a /ud5t !re b w5t away ) an add$ fund ( in=mation1 :i* is f> m ?an c be said ( mo/ ( ! lectures 9 a ,g]man univ]sity4 ,ne$less to say1 !re are o!r dep>tm5ts to ! ,in/itute ( ,pa?ology4 ,!re are collections ( beautifully pres]v$ specim5s = exam9ation2 rooms = practical exp]im5tation 9 all phases ( ! subject1 ! *emical side includ$2 b ^! are n v diff]5t f ! simil> dep>tm5ts ( simil> in/itutions ev]y:]e4 ,:at 0 unique & *>act]i/ic ab\t ?is in/itution 0 ! p]sonality ( ! director4 ,n[ he is gone1 b 8 influ5ce w n soon be =gott54 ,! pupils ( a great tea*] are sure to c>ry =w>d ! "w some:at 9 ! _s ( ! ma/] = at lea/ a g5]ation4 ,,! ,,b]l9 ,,in/itute ,,op ,,hygi5e ,i purposely refra9 f ent]+ into any details z to ! "* ( ! te*nical "w done at ! ,vir*[ ,in/itute1 because ! subject ( pa?ology1 despite its directly practical be>+s1 is 9 itself necess>ily some:at remov$ f ! k ( ! g5]al read]4 ,"o _c well und]/& ! details ( *anges 9 tissues "u abnormal conditions unless "o fir/ und]/&s ! normal conditions ( ! tissues !mselves1 & su* k is res]v$ = ! special /ud5ts ( anatomy4 ,= ! nonpr(essional obs]v] ! int]e/ ( ! ,vir*[ ,in/itute mu/ lie 9 its g5]al scope r ?an 9 ! details ( ! subjects !re br\ght "u inve/igation1 :i* latt] h1 inde$1 ( necessity1 a some:at grewsome "* despite ! b5efic5t results t spr+ f !m4 ,x is q o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ) ! "w ( ! alli$ in/itution ( :i* ,i n[ come to speak4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e deals ) topics n v remote f ^? /udi$ 9 ! ,vir*[ ,in/itute1 "p ( its "w1 inde$1 fall+ cle>ly )9 ! scope ( pa?ology2 b x diff]s 9 be+ cle>ly compreh5sible to ! g5]al public & ( imm$iate & tangible int]e/ f ! mo/ /rictly utilit>ian /&-po9t1 hygi5e be+1 9 effect1 ! tangible l9k betwe5 ! m ab/ract m$ical sci5ces & ! affairs ( e-day life4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e has also ! int]e/ t always atta*es to association ) a fam\s "n1 = x 0 "h t ,pr(essor ,ko* made ! great] "p ( ^? inve/igations :i* made 8 "n ! be/ kn[n1 next to t ( ,pa/eur1 ( any 9 ! field ( bact]iology4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! rese>*es on ! *ol]a g]m1 & ^? ev5 m widely h]ald$ rese>*es t l$ to ! discov]y ( ! bacillus ( tub]culosis1 & ! developm5t ( ! rem$y tub]cul91 ( :i* s mu* 0 at fir/ expect$1 7 made by ,pr(essor ,ko* 9 ! laboratories ( ! antiquat$ build+ :i* 0 !n & is /ill ! seat ( ! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e4 ,m rec5tly ,pr(essor ,ko* has sev]$ 8 connection ) ! in/itution aft] presid+ ov] x = _m ye>s1 hav+ n[ a semi-private laboratory j across f ! ,vir*[ ,in/itute1 9 connection ) ! ,*>it ,hospital2 b "o /ill ?9ks ( ! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e z peculi>ly ! ,ko* ,in/itute )\t inju/ice1 s fully does its "w foll[ ! l9es laid out = x by ! great lead]4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! /amp ( any individual p]sonality may re/ ^u ! in/itute1 x is (ficially a dep>tm5t ( ! univ]sity1 j z is ! ,vir*[ ,in/itute4 ,l ! latt]1 also1 its local habitation is an antiquat$ build+1 /rangely at v>iance1 accord+ to ,am]ican ideas1 ) its reputation1 ?\gh by no means notewor?y 9 ?is reg>d 9 ! case ( a ,g]man in/itution4 ,x is situat$ 9 a "p ( ! city di/ant f any o!r dep>tm5t ( ! univ]sity1 & !re is no?+ ab\t x ext]iorly to di/+ui% x f o!r h\ses ( ! solid block 9 :i* x /&s4 ,int]iorly1 x rem9ds "o r ( a conv]t$ dwell+ ?an a laboratory prop]4 ,its rooms are well en\gh adapt$ to _! purpose1 b !y give "o ! impression ( a make%ift4 ,! smalle/ ,am]ican college w\ld be ill-satisfi$ ) su* an equipm5t = any dep>tm5t ( its "w4 ,yet 9 ^! d+y qu>t]s has be5 accompli%$ "s ( ! be/ "w 9 ! new sci5ce ( bact]iology t our c5tury w h to boa/4 ,! actual equipm5t ( ! bact]iological laboratory "h is n1 inde$1 q z meagre z x seems at fir/1 !re be+ num]\s rooms1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 :i* 9 ! aggregate give opportunity = "w to a l>ge numb] ( inve/igators1 ?\gh no s+le room makes an impressive appe>ance4 ,!re is "o room1 h[ev]1 l>ge en\gh to give audi5ce to a consid]able class1 & "h lectures 7 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ko* & cont9ue to be giv5 by 8 successors to ! special /ud5ts ( bact]iology :o come f all ov] ! _w1 z well z to ! univ]sity /ud5ts :o take ! c\rse z a "p ( _! regul> m$ical curriculum4 ,9 reg>d to ?is feature ( its "w1 ! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e diff]s 9 no ess5tial respect f ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute & o!r laboratories ( bact]iology4 ,! same g5]al r\t9e ( "w p]ta9s3 ! pati5t cultivation ( ! m9ute organisms 9 v>i\s m$iums1 _! c>eful /a9+ by special processes1 & _! inve/igation "u ! microscope m>k ! "w ( ! bact]iologi/ ev]y:]e4 ,_m details ( ! special me?ods ( culture or treatm5t orig9at$ "h ) ,pr(essor ,ko*1 b su* matt]s are nev] kept secret 9 sci5ce1 s "o may see !m practis$ q z g5]ally & z effici5tly 9 o!r laboratories z 9 ?is "o4 ,inde$1 x may frankly be admitt$ t1 aside f its hi/orical associations ) ! pione] "w 9 bact]iology1 :i* w always make x memorable1 !re is no?+ ab\t ! bact]iological laboratory "h to give x di/9ction ov] hundr$s ( simil> ones else:]e2 :ile 9 po9t ( te*nical equipm5t1 z already not$1 x is rem>kable r = :at x lacks ?an = :at x pres5ts4 ,! dep>tm5t ( bact]iology1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( sev]al important features ( ! in/itute4 ,"o has b to asc5d ano!r flight ( /airs to pass out ( ! sph]e ( ! microbe & ent] a dep>tm5t :]e att5tion is direct$ to q ano!r field4 ,we h n[ come to :at may be consid]$ ! laboratory ( hygi5e prop]1 s9ce "h ! inve/igations h to d directly ) ! function+s ( ! human body 9 _! relations to ! e-day environm5t4 ,"h aga9 "o is /ruck ) ! meagre equipm5t ) :i* important results may be atta9$ by pati5t & skill$ inve/igators4 ,9 only "o room does "o f9d a really elaborate piece ( app>atus4 ,?is exceptional me*anism consi/s ess5tially ( a cab9et l>ge en\gh to give com=table lodgm5t to a human subject--a cab9et ) walls ( peculi> /ructure1 p>tly ( glass1 & connect$ by v>i\s pipes ) sundry my/]i\s-seem+ retorts4 ,?is s+le app>atus1 h[ev]1 is susceptible ( be+ employ$ = ! inve/igation ( an almo/ endless v>iety ( que/ions p]ta9+ to ! function+s ( ! human body consid]$ z a work+ me*anism4 ,?us1 = example1 a human subject to be exp]im5t$ ^u may rema9 = an indef9ite p]iod )9 ?is cab9et1 occupi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 tak+ physical ex]cise1 read+1 engag$ 9 creative m5tal labor1 or sleep+4 ,meantime1 air is suppli$ = respiration 9 measur$ quantities1 & ( a precisely det]m9$ composition1 z reg>ds *emical impurities1 moi/ure1 & temp]ature4 ,! air aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! *amb] be+ aga9 analyz$1 ! exact con/itu5ts add$ to x z wa/e products ( ! human ma*9e 9 action "u v>y+ conditions are det]m9$4 ,x w readily be se5 t by indef9itely v>y+ ! conditions ( su* exp]im5ts a great v>iety ( data may be secur$ z to ! exact physiological accompanim5ts ( v>i\s bodily & m5tal activities4 ,su* data are ( manife/ importance to ! physiologi/ & pa?ologi/ on ! "o h&1 :ile at ! same "t hav+ a direct be>+ on su* em95tly practical topics z ! con/ruction ( %ops1 auditoriums1 & dwell+s 9 ref]5ce to light1 heat1 & v5tilation4 ,x rema9s only = practical ar*itecture to take advantage ( ! unequivocal data ?us plac$ at its disposal--an opportunity ( :i* practical ar*itecture1 9 ,g]many z else:]e on ! ,cont95t1 has hi!rto be5 v sl[ to avail itself4 ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hygi5e ,! practical lessons ?us giv5 9 ! laboratory are supplem5t$ 9 an ev5 m tangible mann]1 because 9 a way m accessible to ! public1 9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( ! in/itution :i* occupies a contigu\s build+1 & is kn[n z ! ,museum ( ,hygi5e4 ,?is1 unlike ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! in/itute1 is op5 to ! g5]al public on c]ta9 days ( ea* week1 & x (f]s a v>iety ( exhibits ( di/9ctly novel "* & ( high educational value4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! exhibits may be inf]r$ f ! "n1 b p]haps ! scope is ev5 wid] ?an might be expect$4 ,9 a ^w1 x may be said t sc>cely any?+ hav+ to d ) practical hygi5e has be5 ov]look$4 ,?us "o f9ds "h numb]less models ( dwell+-h\ses1 %[+ details ( light+1 heat+1 & v5tilation2 models n m]ely ( individual dwell+s1 b also ( s*ool-build+s1 hospitals1 asylums1 & ev5 prisons4 ,sometimes ! models repres5t m]ely ideal build+s1 b m g5]ally !y reproduce 9 m9iature actual habitations4 ,9 ! case ( ! public build+s1 ! model usually includes n m]ely ! /ructures !mselves b ! surr\nd+s--lawns1 drives1 trees1 out-build+s--s t "o c get a v good idea ( ! m important hospitals1 asylums1 & prisons ( ,g]many by mak+ a t\r ( ! ,museum ( ,hygi5e4 ,reg>d+ ! details ( /ructure1 "o c actually ga9 a full] k 9 _m cases ?an he c\ld obta9 by actual visits to ! orig9al in/itutions !mselves4 ,! same ?+ is true ( v>i\s o!r features ( ! subjects repres5t$4 ,?us !re is a v elaborate model "h exhibit$ ( ! fam\s ,b]l9 sy/em ( sewage-disposal4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ess5tial features ( ?is sy/em consi/ ( ! dra9age ( sewage into local res]voirs1 f :i* x is =c$ by pumps1 natural dra9age n suffic+1 to di/ant fields1 :]e x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh tile pipes laid 9 a network ab\t a y>d b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! fields !mselves1 ?us r5d]$ f]tile by ! wa/e products ( ! city1 are cultivat$1 & yield a ri* h>ve/ ( vegetables & gra9s ( e v>iety suitable to ! climate4 ,! visitor to ?is field sees only ri* f>ms & m>ket-g>d5s "u ord9>y process ( cultivation4 ,! sy/em ( pipes by :i* ! l& is f]tiliz$ is z fully hidd5 f 8 view z are1 = example1 ! tribut>y sewage-pipes b5ea? ! city pavem5ts4 ,! av]age visitor to ,b]l9 kn[s no?+1 ( c\rse1 ab\t "o or ! o!r1 & goes away1 z he came1 ignorant ( ! important fact t ,b]l9 has rea*$ a bett] solution ( ! great sewage problem ?an has be5 atta9$ by any o!r l>ge city4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is likely to be ! case unless ! sight-se] *ance to pay a visit to ! ,museum ( ,hygi5e1 9 :i* case a few m9utes' inspection ( ! model !re w make ! matt] entirely cle> to him4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! au?orities ( o!r l>ge cities d n make special visits to ,b]l9 = ?is purpose2 ?\gh x %\ld be add$ t "s ( !m h done s1 & t ! ,b]l9 sy/em ( canalization has be5 adopt$ 9 v>i\s places 9 ,am]ica4 ,b _m o!rs might wisely foll[ _! example1 notably ! ,p>isians1 ^: sew]age sy/em1 despite ! boa/$ exhibition canal-sew]1 is1 l s _m o!r ?+s ,p>isian1 ( ! mo/ primitive "* & a reproa* to pres5t-day civilization4 ,x may be add$ t !re are pl5ty ( ?+s exhibit$ 9 ?is museum :i* ! ,g]mans !mselves might /udy to advantage1 = x mu/ be und]/ood t ! o!r hygi5ic conditions p]ta9+ to ,b]l9 are by no means all on a p> ) ! high mod]n /&>d ( ! sew]age sy/em4 ,9 ! matt] ( v5tilation1 = example1 "o may f9d admirable models 9 ! museum1 %[+ j h[ ! dwell+ & %op & s*ool-room %\ld make provision = a prop] supply ( pure air = _! occupants4 ,b if "o goes out f ! museum & se>*es 9 ! actual dwell+ or %op or s*ool-room = ! c\nt]p>ts ( ^! models1 "o w be sorely puzzl$ :]e to f9d !m4 ,! g5]al impression :i* a casual inspection w leave 9 8 m9d is t ! ^w v5tilation mu/ be z mean+less to ! ,g]man m9d z x is1 = example1 to ! m9d ( a ,fr5*man or an ,italian4 ,?is probably is n q j1 s9ce ! ,g]man has at lea/ rea*$ ! /age ( hav+ museum models ( v5tilat$ h\ses1 ?us prov+ t ! idea does exi/1 ev5 ?\gh lat5t1 9 8 m5tal equipm5t1 :]eas ! o!r cont95tal nationalities seem n to h rea*$ ev5 ?is incipi5t /age ( progress4 ,all ov] ,europe ! p fe> a curr5t ( air z if v]itable miasm mu/ lurk 9 x4 ,!y seem q oblivi\s to any sy/ematic necessity = repl5i%+ ! oxyg5 supply among l>ge assemblies1 z any "o c te/ify :o has1 = example1 visit$ _! !atres or s*ools4 ,& z to ! private dwell+s1 aft] mak+ !m z ne>ly air-tight z practicable1 !y endeavor to pres]ve ! /atus quo z reg>ds air supply seem+ly f season to season4 ,!y ev5 seem to h pass$ beyond a m]e negative reg>d = ! subject ( fre% air1 inasmu* z !y w bravely assure y t to sleep 9 a room ) an op5 w9d[ w surely subject y to ! p5alty ( inflam$ eyes4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,france1 :]e ! op5 fireplace is ! usual means employ$ to modify ! temp]ature 7,i w n say w>m ! room71 ! dwell+s d ( necessity get a c]ta9 am\nt ( v5tilation1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! w9d[s are n usually ( ! be/ con/ruction4 ,b ! ,g]man1 ) 8 ne>ly air-tight d\ble w9d[s & 8 ev5 m ne>ly seal$ tile /ove1 sp5ds ! w9t] 9 an atmosph]e sugge/ive ( ! descriptions t arctic travell]s give u ( ! air 9 ! hut ( an ,eskimo4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! models 9 ! ,museum ( ,hygi5e h ?us f> fail$ ( ! proselyt+ purpose = :i* !y 7 presumably int5d$4 ,h[ x has *anc$ t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry ma9ta9 s high an av]age ( robu/ heal? aft] ?is op5 defiance is a subject :i* ! physiological dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e might well inve/igate4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! impli$ precepts ( ! ,museum ( ,hygi5e are s l>gely disreg>d$1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! museum is a hopeful sign4 ,x is a valuable educational in/itution1 & if its salut>y lessons are b sl[ly accept$ by ! p1 !y _c be altoge!r )\t effect4 ,at lea/ ! museum proves t !re are lead]s 9 sci5ce "h :o h got beyond ! range ( eighte5?-c5tury ?\ght 9 matt]s ( practical liv+1 & ! sign is hopeful = ! future1 ?\gh its promise w p]haps n be fulfill$ 9 our g5]ation4 ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,unsolv$ ,,sci5tific ,,problems ,,9 rec5t *apt]s we h witness$ a m>vell\s developm5t 9 _m bran*es ( pure sci5ce4 ,9 view+ s wond]fully div]sifi$ a field1 x has ( c\rse be5 impossible to dwell ^u details1 or ev5 to glance at e m9or discov]y4 ,at be/ "o c\ld b summ>ize ! broad sweep ( progress some:at z a battle might be describ$ by a di/ant eye-witness1 tell+ ( ! g5]al direction ( action1 ( ! movem5ts ( l>ge masses1 ! names ( lead]s ( brigades & divisions1 b necess>ily ignor+ ! less] fluctuations ( advance or recession & ! individual gallantry ( ! rank & file4 ,9 p>ticul>1 int]e/ has c5tr$ ^u ! /orm+ ( ! v>i\s special /rongholds ( ignorant or prejudic$ opposition1 :i* at la/ h be5 triumphantly occupi$ by ! b& ( progress4 ,9 ea* case :]e su* a /ronghold has fall51 ! victory has be5 a*iev$ solely ?r\gh ! de/ructive ag5cy ( newly discov]$ or newly m>%all$ facts--! only weapons :i* ! w>rior ( sci5ce seeks or c>es =4 ,facts mu/ be m>%all$1 ( c\rse1 ab\t ! guidon ( a hypo!sis1 b t guidon c lead on to victory only :5 ! facts !mselves support x4 ,once plant$ victori\sly on ! conqu]$ ramp>ts ! hypo!sis becomes a !ory--a g5]alization ( sci5ce--m>k+ a fre% coign ( vantage1 :i* c nev] be successfully assail$ unless by a new ho/ ( antagoni/ic facts4 ,su* g5]alizations1 ) ! ev5ts lead+ directly up to !m1 h *iefly occupi$ our att5tion4 ,b a mom5t's reflection makes x cle> t ! battle ( sci5ce1 ?us consid]$1 is ev] %ift+ gr\nd & nev] end$4 ,?us at any giv5 p]iod !re are _m unsettl$ skirmi%es "u way2 _m hypo!ses are yet only /ruggl+ t[>ds ! /ronghold ( !ory1 p]haps nev] to atta9 x2 9 _m directions ! ho/s ( antagoni/ic facts seem s ev5ly mat*$ t ! haz>d ( w> appe>s unc]ta92 or1 aga91 s few facts are available t z yet no attack wor?y ! "n is possible4 ,su* unsettl$ controv]sies z ^! h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 ignor$ 9 our survey ( ! field4 ,b x w\ld n be fair to conclude our /ory )\t adv]t+ to !m1 at lea/ 9 brief2 = "s ( !m h to d ) ! mo/ compreh5sive & important que/ions ) :i* sci5ce deals1 & ! aggregate numb] ( facts involv$ 9 ^! unf9i%$ battles is (t5 great1 ev5 ?\gh z yet ! m>%all+ has n l$ to f9al victory = any faction4 ,9 "s cases1 d\btless1 ! "r hypo!sis is actually 9 ! field1 b its supremacy n yet conclusively prov$--p]haps n to be prov$ = _m ye>s or decades to come4 ,"s ( ! *ief sci5tific results ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h be5 b ! ga9+ ( supremacy = hypo!ses t 7 m]e =lorn hopes1 look$ on ) g5]al contempt1 if at all he$$1 :5 ! eighte5? c5tury came to a close--witness ! doctr9es ( ! great age ( ! e>?1 ( ! immat]iality ( heat1 ( ! undulatory "* ( light1 ( *emical atomicity1 ( organic evolution4 ,contr>iwise1 ! opposite ideas to all ( ^! _h seem+ly a safe supremacy until ! new facts drove !m f ! field4 ,:o %all say1 !n1 :at =lorn hope ( to-day's sci5ce may n be ! conqu]+ ho/ ( to-morr[8 ,all t "o d>e attempt is to cite ! pret5sions ( a few hypo!ses t are /ruggl+ ov] ! /ill conte/$ gr\nd4 ,,sol> ,,& ,,telluric ,,problems ,our sun be+ only a m9or atom ( ! /ell> pebble1 sol> problems 9 g5]al are ( c\rse /ell> problems also4 ,b !re are c]ta9 special que/ions reg>d+ :i* we are able to int]rogate ! sun because ( 8 proximity1 & :i* h1 fur!rmore1 a peculi> int]e/ = ! resid5ts ( our little globe because ( our dep5d5ce ^u ?is p>ticul> />4 ,"o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( ^! is z to :]e ! sun gets ! heat t he gives (f 9 su* lib]al quantities4 ,we h already se5 t ,dr4 ,may]1 ( cons]vation-(-en]gy fame1 0 ! fir/ to ask ?is "q4 ,z soon z ! doctr9e ( ! p]si/5ce & conv]tibility ( en]gy 0 grasp$1 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 x became cle> t ?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ ( que/ions4 ,x did n at all suffice to answ] t ! sun is a ball ( fire1 = computation %[$ t1 at ! pres5t rate ( heat-giv+1 if ! sun 7 a solid mass ( coal1 he w\ld be totally consum$ 9 ab\t five ?\s& ye>s4 ,z no su* decrease 9 size z ?is implies _h tak5 place )9 hi/oric times1 x 0 cle> t "s o!r explanation mu/ be s\ght4 ,dr4 ,may] himself hit ^u :at seem$ a t5able solution at ! v outset4 ,/>t+ f ! obs]v$ fact t myriads ( t9y meteorites are hurl$ into ! e>?'s atmosph]e daily1 he argu$ t ! sun mu/ receive ^! visitants 9 really enorm\s quantities--suffici5t1 probably1 to ma9ta9 8 temp]ature at ! obs]v$ limits4 ,!re 0 no?+ at all unreasonable ab\t ?is assumption1 = ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 a swiftly mov+ body capable ( be+ trans=m$ into heat if ! body be arre/$ is relatively enorm\s4 ,?us x is calculat$ t a p\nd ( coal dropp$ into ! sun f ! ma!matician's favorite />t+-po9t1 inf9ity1 w\ld produce "s six ?\s& times ! heat x c\ld eng5d] if m]ely burn$ at ! sun's surface4 ,9 o!r words1 if a little ov] two p\nds ( mat]ial f inf9ity 7 to fall into ea* squ>e y>d ( ! sun's surface ea* h\r1 8 obs]v$ heat w\ld be acc\nt$ =2 :]eas almo/ sev5 tons p] squ>e y>d ( /ation>y fuel w\ld be requir$ ea* h\r to produce ! same effect4 ,9 view ( ! pelt+ :i* our little e>? receives1 x seem$ n an excessive requisition ^u ! meteoric supply to suppose t ! requisite am\nt ( matt] may fall into ! sun1 & = a "t ?is explanation ( 8 inc&esc5ce 0 pretty g5]ally accept$4 ,b soon a/ronom]s began to make calculations z to ! am\nt ( matt] :i* ?is assumption add$ to our sol> sy/em1 p>ticul>ly z x aggregat$ ne> ! sun 9 ! conv]g+ radii1 & !n x 0 cle> t no su* mass ( matt] c\ld be !re )\t int]f]+ demon/rably ) ! obs]v$ c\rse ( ! int]ior planets4 ,s ano!r s\rce ( ! sun's en]gy _h to be s\ght4 ,x 0 f\nd =?) by t o!r great ,g]man1 ,helmholtz1 :o po9t$ out t ! fall+ matt] ?r\gh :i* heat may be g5]at$ might j z well be )9 ! sub/ance ( ! sun z )\t--9 o!r words1 t contraction ( ! sun's heat$ body is q suffici5t to acc\nt = a long-su/a9$ heat-supply :i* ! m]e burn+ ( any kn[n sub/ance c\ld n approa*4 ,moreov] ! am\nt ( matt] ?us fall+ t[>ds ! sun's c5tre be+ enorm\s--namely1 ! total sub/ance ( ! sun--a relatively small am\nt ( contraction w\ld be !oretically suffici5t to keep ! sun's furnace at p>1 s to speak4 ,at fir/ sight ?is explanation seem$ a little puzzl+ to _m laym5 & "s exp]ts1 = x seem$ to imply1 z ,"l ,kelv9 po9t$ out1 t ! sun contracts because x is gett+ cool]1 & ga9s heat because x contracts4 ,b ?is feat is n really z p>adoxical z x seems1 = x is n impli$ t !re is any real ga9 ( heat 9 ! sun's mass z a :ole1 b q ! rev]se4 ,all t is s\ght is an explanation ( a ma9t5ance ( heat-giv+ capacity relatively un*ang$ = a long1 b n an int]m9able1 p]iod4 ,inde$1 exactly "h comes 9 ! novel & />tl+ feature (4 ,helmholtz's calculation4 ,accord+ to ,may]'s meteoric hypo!sis1 !re 7 no data at h& = any e/imate :atev] z to ! sun's p]man5cy1 s9ce no "o c\ld surmise :at might be ! limits ( ! meteoric supply4 ,b ,helmholtz's e/imate impli$ an inc&esc5t body cool+--keep+ up a some:at equable temp]ature ?r\gh contraction = a "t1 b = a limit$ "t only2 de/9$ ultimately to become liquid1 solid2 to cool bel[ ! temp]ature ( inc&esc5ce--to die4 ,n only s1 b x became possible to calculate ! limits ( "t )9 :i* ?is culm9ation w\ld probably occur4 ,x 0 only necess>y to calculate ! total am\nt ( heat :i* c\ld be g5]at$ by ! total mass ( our sol> sy/em 9 fall+ toge!r to ! sun's c5tre f inf9ity to f9d ! total heat-supply to be drawn ^u4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! pres5t obs]v$ rate ( heat-giv+ has be5 ! av]age ma9ta9$ 9 ! pa/1 a simple division gives ! numb] ( ye>s = :i* ! orig9al supply is adequate4 ,! supply w be exhau/$1 x w be obs]v$1 :5 ! mass comes into /able equilibrium z a solid body1 no long] subject to contraction1 ab\t ! sun's c5tre--su* a body1 9 %ort1 z our e>? is at pres5t4 ,?is calculation 0 made by ,"l ,kelv91 ,pr(essor ,tait1 & o!rs1 & ! result 0 "o ( ! mo/ truly dynamitic surprises ( ! c5tury4 ,= x transpir$ t1 accord+ to ma!matics1 ! entire limit ( ! sun's heat-giv+ life c\ld n exce$ some?+ l tw5ty-five millions ( ye>s4 ,! publication ( t e/imate1 ) ! appe>ance ( au?ority1 br\ght a v]itable /orm ab\t ! heads ( ! physici/s4 ,! entire geological & biological worlds 7 up 9 arms 9 a trice4 ,two or ?ree g5]ations be=e1 !y hurl$ brickbats at any "o :o ev5 h9t$ t ! sol> sy/em might be m ?an six ?\s& ye>s old2 n[ !y je]$ 9 d]ision at ! attempt to limit ! life-be>+ p]iod ( our globe to a paltry fifte5 or tw5ty millions4 ,! controv]sy z to sol> "t ?us rais$ prov$ "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ sci5tific disputations ( ! c5tury4 ,! sc5e soon %ift$ f ! sun to ! e>?2 = a little reflection made x cle> t ! data reg>d+ ! sun alone 7 n suffici5tly def9ite4 ,?us ,dr4 ,croll cont5d$ t if ! p>5t bodies ( ! sun _h *anc$ to be fly+ />s be=e collision1 a va/ly great] supply ( heat w\ld h be5 eng5d]$ ?an if ! matt] m]ely fell toge!r4 ,aga91 x c\ld n be ov]look$ t a ho/ ( meteors are fall+ into ! sun1 & t ?is s\rce ( en]gy1 ?\gh n 9 itself suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! heat 9 "q1 might be suffici5t to vitiate utt]ly any exact calculations4 ,yet aga91 ,pr(essor ,locky] call$ att5tion to ano!r s\rce ( v>iation1 9 ! fact t ! *emical comb9ation ( elem5ts hi!rto exi/+ sep>ately mu/ produce l>ge quantities ( heat1 x be+ ev5 sugge/$ t ?is s\rce alone might possibly acc\nt = all ! pres5t output4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x became cle> t ! contraction !ory ( ! sun's heat mu/ itself await ! demon/ration ( obs]v$ %r9kage ( ! sol> disk1 z view$ by future g5]ations ( obs]v]s1 be=e tak+ rank z an inconte/able !ory1 & t computations z to "t bas$ solely on ?is hypo!sis mu/ 9 ! mean "t be view$ askance4 ,b ! "t controv]sy hav+ tak5 root1 new me?ods 7 naturally f\nd = te/+ x4 ,! geologi/s s\ght to e/imate ! p]iod ( "t t mu/ h be5 requir$ = ! deposit ( ! s$im5t>y rocks n[ obs]v$ to make up ! out] cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( a great riv] furni%es a clew to ! rate ( d5udation ( ! area dra9$ by t riv]4 ,?us ! /udies ( ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbot1 made = a diff]5t purpose1 %[ t ! av]age level ( ! t]ritory dra9$ by ! ,mississippi is be+ r$uc$ by ab\t "o foot 9 six ?\s& ye>s4 ,! s$im5t is1 ( c\rse1 be+ pil$ up out 9 ! ,gulf at a proportionate rate4 ,if1 !n1 ?is be assum$ to be an av]age rate ( d5udation & deposit 9 ! pa/1 & if ! total ?ickness ( s$im5t>y deposits ( pa/ ages 7 kn[n1 a simple calculation w\ld %[ ! age ( ! e>?'s cru/ s9ce ! fir/ cont95ts 7 =m$4 ,b un=tunately ^! ifs /& m\nta9-high "h1 all ! ess5tial factors be+ indet]m9ate4 ,nev]!less1 ! geologi/s cont5d$ t !y c\ld easily make out a case prov+ t ! con/ructive & de/ructive "w /ill 9 evid5ce1 to say no?+ ( ant]ior revolutions1 c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ 9 less ?an f tw5ty-five to fifty millions ( ye>s4 ,?is computation w\ld h c>ri$ little weight ) ! physici/s _h x n *anc$ t ano!r computation ( _! own 0 soon made :i* _h ev5 m />tl+ results4 ,?is computation1 made by ,"l ,kelv91 0 bas$ on ! rate ( loss ( heat by ! e>?4 ,x ?us resembl$ ! previ\s sol> e/imate 9 me?od4 ,b ! result 0 v diff]5t1 = ! new e/imate seem$ to prove t a p]iod ( f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ millions ( ye>s has elaps$ s9ce ! f9al cru/ ( ! e>? =m$4 ,) ?is all controv]sy ceas$1 = ! mo/ grasp+ geologi/ or biologi/ w\ld cont5t himself ) a fraction ( t "t4 ,b ! case = ! geologi/ 0 to receive yet ano!r prop f ! /udies ( radio-activity1 :i* seem to prove t ! atom ( matt] has 9 /ore a trem5d\s1 supply ( pot5tial en]gy :i* may be drawn on 9 a way to vitiate utt]ly all ! computations to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,?us a p>ticle ( radium is giv+ out heat incessantly 9 suffici5t quantity to raise its own weight ( wat] to ! boil+-po9t 9 an h\r4 ,! demon/rat$ wide di/ribution ( radio-active matt]--mak+ x at lea/ an op5 "q :e!r all matt] does n possess ?is prop]ty 9 "s degree--has l$ to ! sugge/ion t ! total heat ( ! sun may be due to radio-active matt] 9 its sub/ance4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 all e/imates ( ! sun's age bas$ on ! heat-supply mu/ = ! pres5t be held q 9 abeyance4 ,:at is m to ! po9t1 h[ev]1 is ! fact1 :i* ^! v>y+ e/imates h made pat5t1 t computations ( ! age ( ! e>? bas$ on any data at h& are little bett] ?an r\gh guesses4 ,long be=e ! def9ite e/imates 7 und]tak51 geologi/s _h prov$ t ! e>? is v1 v old1 & x c h>dly be said t ! attempt$ computations h add$ mu* ( def9it5ess to t proposition4 ,!y h1 inde$1 prov$ t ! p]iod ( "t to be drawn ^u is n inf9ite2 b ! nebul> hypo!sis1 to say no?+ ( common-s5se1 c>ri$ u z f> z t long ago4 ,if ! computations 9 "q h fail$ ( _! direct purpose1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 by no means lack+ 9 important collat]al results4 ,to m5tion b "o ( ^!1 ,"l ,kelv9 0 l$ by ?is controv]sy ov] ! e>?'s age to make 8 fam\s computation 9 :i* he prov$ t ! telluric /ructure1 z a :ole1 mu/ h at lea/ ! rigidity ( /eel 9 ord] to resi/ ! moon's tidal pull z x does4 ,hopk9s _h1 inde$1 made a some:at simil> e/imate z e>ly z #ahci1 prov+ t ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ be at lea/ eight hundr$ or a ?\s& miles 9 ?ickness2 b geologi/s _h utt]ly ignor$ ?is computation1 & ! idea ( a ?9 cru/ on a fluid int]ior _h cont9u$ to be ! or?odox geological doctr9e4 ,s9ce ,"l ,kelv9's e/imate 0 made1 8 claim t ! f9al cru/ ( ! e>? c\ld n h =m$ until ! mass 0 solid ?r\gh\t1 or at lea/ until a honeycomb ( solid matt] _h be5 bridg$ up f c5tre to circumf]5ce1 has ga9$ pretty g5]al acceptance4 ,x /ill rema9s an op5 "q1 h[ev]1 z to :at proportion ! lacunas ( molt5 matt] be> at ! pres5t day to ! solidifi$ portions1 & !re=e to :at ext5t ! e>? w be subject to fur!r %r9kage & att5dant surface contortions4 ,t "s su* lacunae d exi/ is demon/rat$ daily by ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes4 ,s1 aft] all1 ! cru/ !ory has be5 supplant$ by a compromise !ory r ?an completely ov]?r[n1 & our k ( ! condition ( ! telluric dep?s is /ill f> f def9ite4 ,if s mu* unc]ta9ty att5ds ^! fundam5tal que/ions z to ! e>?'s pa/ & pres5t1 x is n /range t op5 problems z to h] future are /ill m num]\s4 ,we h se5 h[1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,d>w9's computations1 ! moon ?reat5s to come back to e>? ) de/ructive =ce "s day4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,d>w9 himself urges t !re are elem5ts ( fallibility 9 ! data involv$ t rob ! computation ( all c]ta9ty4 ,mu* ! same ?+ is true ( p]haps all ! e/imates t h be5 made z to ! e>?'s ultimate fate4 ,?us x has be5 sugge/$ t1 ev5 %\ld ! sun's heat n =sake u1 our day w become mon?-long1 & !n ye>-long2 t all ! wat] ( ! globe mu/ ultimately filt] into its dep?s1 & all ! air fly (f into space1 leav+ our e>? z dry & z devoid ( atmosph]e z ! moon2 &1 f9ally1 t e!r-friction1 if x exi/1 or1 9 default ( t1 meteoric friction1 mu/ ultimately br+ ! e>? back to ! sun4 ,b 9 all ^! progno/ications !re are possible comp5sat+ factors t vitiate ! e/imates & leave ! exact results 9 d\bt4 ,! la/ ^w ( ! cosmic sci5ce ( our g5]ation is a prophecy ( evil--if annihilation be an evil4 ,b x is left = ! sci5ce ( ano!r g5]ation to po9t out m cle>ly ! exact t]ms 9 :i* ! prophecy is mo/ likely to be fulfill$4 ,,physical ,,problems ,9 reg>d to all ^! cosmic & telluric problems1 x w be se51 !re is always ! same appeal to "o c5tral rule ( action--! law ( gravitation4 ,:5 we turn f macrocosm to microcosm x w\ld appe> z if new =ces ( int]action 7 introduc$ 9 ! p[]s ( cohesion & ( *emical action ( molecules & atoms4 ,b ,"l ,kelv9 has argu$ t x is possible to =m su* a conception ( ! =ms & space relations ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] t _! mutual attractions may be expla9$ by invok+ t same law ( gravitation :i* holds ! />s & planets 9 _! c\rse4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is all-compass+ p[] ( gravitation :i* occupies s c5tral a position 9 ! s*eme ( me*anical ?+s8 ,! simple answ] is t no man kn[s4 ,! wise/ physici/ ( to-day w assure y t he kn[s absolutely no?+ ( ! :y ( gravitation--t he c no m expla9 :y a /one toss$ into ! air falls back to e>? ?an c ! boy :o tosses ! /one4 ,b :ile ?is /atem5t puts 9 a nut%ell ! sci5tific /atus ( explanations ( gravitation1 yet x is n 9 human nature t speculative sci5ti/s %\ld refra9 f ! ef=t to expla9 x4 ,su* ef=ts h be5 made2 yet1 on ! :ole1 !y are surpris+ly few 9 numb]2 inde$1 !re are b two t ne$ claim our att5tion "h1 & "o ( ^! has h>dly m ?an hi/orical int]e/4 ,"o ( ^! is ! s-call$ ultramundane-corpuscle hypo!sis ( ,le ,sage2 ! o!r is bas$ on ! vortex !ory ( matt]4 ,! !ory ( ,le ,sage assumes t ! entire univ]se is fill$ ) inf9itely m9ute p>ticles fly+ 9 "r l9es 9 e direction ) inconceivable rapidity4 ,e mass ( tangible matt] 9 ! univ]se is incessantly bomb>d$ by ^! p>ticles1 b any two non-contigu\s masses 7:e!r sep>at$ by an inf9itesimal space or by ! limits ( ! univ]se7 are mutually %ield$ by "o ano!r f a c]ta9 numb] ( ! p>ticles1 & ?us impell$ t[>ds "o ano!r by ! excess ( bomb>dm5t on _! opposite sides4 ,:at applies to two masses applies also1 ( c\rse1 to any numb] ( masses--9 %ort1 to all ! matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,to make ! hypo!sis workable1 s to say1 x is necess>y to assume t ! ultramundane p>ticles are possess$ ( absolute ela/icity1 s t !y reb\nd f "o ano!r on collision )\t loss ( spe$4 ,x is also necess>y to assume t all tangible matt] has to an almo/ un?9kable degree a sievelike texture1 s t ! va/ proportion ( ! co]cive p>ticles pass entirely ?r\gh ! body ( any mass !y enc\nt]--a /> or _w1 = example--)\t really t\*+ any "p ( its actual sub/ance4 ,?is assumption is necess>y because gravitation takes no acc\nt ( m]e corporeal bulk1 b only ( mass or ultimate solid>ity4 ,?us a v bulky object may be s closely me%$ t x ret>ds relatively few ( ! corpuscles1 & h5ce gravitates ) relative feebl5ess--or1 to adopt a m famili> mode ( expression1 is light 9 weight4 ,?is is c]ta9ly heap+ hypo!ses toge!r 9 a reckless way1 & x is p]haps n surpris+ t ,le ,sage's conception did n at fir/ ar\se any v great am\nt ( int]e/4 ,x 0 put =w>d ab\t a c5tury ago1 b = two or ?ree g5]ations rema9$ practically unnotic$4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! fir/ half ( our c5tury seem to h despair$ ( expla9+ gravitation1 ?\gh ,f>aday long exp]im5t$ 9 ! hope ( e/abli%+ a relation betwe5 gravitation & electricity or magnetism4 ,b n long aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 :5 a new sci5ce ( dynamics 0 claim+ p>am\nt importance1 & physici/s 7 /riv+ to express all tangible ph5om5a int5us ( matt] 9 motion1 ! !ory ( ,le ,sage 0 reviv$ & giv5 a l>ge measure ( att5tion4 ,x seem$ to h at lea/ ! m]it ( expla9+ ! facts )\t conflict+ ) any kn[n me*anical law1 :i* 0 m ?an c\ld be said ( any o!r guess at ! "q t _h ev] be5 made4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ano!r explanation has be5 f\nd :i* also meets ?is condition4 ,x is a conception bas$1 l mo/ o!r physical speculations ( ! la/ g5]ation1 ^u ! hypo!sis ( ! vortex atom1 & 0 sugge/$1 no d\bt1 by ^? speculations :i* consid] electricity & magnetism to be conditions ( /ra9 or twi/ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! univ]sal e!r4 ,9 a ^w1 x supposes t gravitation also is a =m ( /ra9 9 ?is e!r--a /ra9 t may be lik5$ to a suction :i* ! vortex atom is suppos$ to ex]t on ! e!r 9 :i* x lies4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 gravitation is n a pu% f )\t1 b a pull f )92 n due to ext]ior influ5ces1 b an inh]5t & indissoluble prop]ty ( matt] itself4 ,! conception has ! fur!r m]it ( correlat+ gravitation ) electricity1 magnetism1 & light1 z a condition ( t /range e!real ocean ( :i* mod]n physics takes s mu* acc\nt4 ,b "h1 aga91 cle>ly1 we are b heap+ hypo!sis ^u hypo!sis1 z be=e4 ,/ill1 an hypo!sis t violates no kn[n law & has ! w>rant ( philosophical probability is always wor?y ( a he>+4 ,b we mu/ n =get t x is hypo!sis only1 n conclusive !ory4 ,! same caution applies1 manife/ly1 to all ! o!r speculations :i* h ! vortex atom1 s to say1 = _! f\ndation-/one4 ,?us ,pr(essors ,/ew>t & ,tait's inf]5ces z to ! de/ructibility ( matt]1 bas$ on ! supposition t ! e!r is n q frictionless2 ,pr(essor ,dolbe>'s sugge/ions z to ! creation ( matt] ?r\gh ! developm5t ( new e!r ripples1 & ! same ?9k]'s speculations z to an upp] limit ( temp]ature1 bas$ on ! me*anical conception ( a limit to ! possible vibrations ( a vortex r+1 n to m5tion o!r m or less fasc9at+ speculations bas$ on ! vortex hypo!sis1 mu/ be reg>d$1 :atev] _! intr9sic int]e/1 z insecurely gr\nd$1 until su* "t z new exp]im5tal me?ods %all give !m ano!r foot+4 ,"l ,kelv9 himself holds all su* speculations utt]ly 9 abeyance4 ,! vortex !ory1 he says1 is only a dream4 ,itself unprov51 x c prove no?+1 & any speculations f\nd$ ^u x are m]e dreams ab\t a dream499#a99 ,t c]ta9ly mu/ be consid]$ an unduly mode/ pron\ncem5t reg>d+ ! only workable hypo!sis ( ! con/itution ( matt] t has ev] be5 imag9$2 yet ! fact c]ta9ly holds t ! vortex !ory1 ! great contribution ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t[>ds ! solution ( a _w-old problem1 has n be5 c>ri$ beyond ! /age ( hypo!sis1 & mu/ be pass$ on1 ) its burd5 ( int]e/+ coroll>ies1 to ano!r g5]ation = ! exp]im5tal evid5ce t w lead to its acceptance or its refutation4 ,our c5tury has giv5 exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! atom1 b has n be5 able to fa?om 9 ! same way ! exact =m or nature ( ?is ultimate p>ticle ( matt]4 ,equally 9 ! d>k are we z to ! explanation ( t /range aff9ity = its neighbors :i* e atom manife/s 9 "s degree4 ,if we assume t ! p[] :i* holds "o atom to ano!r is ! same :i* 9 ! case ( l>g] bodies we t]m gravitation1 t answ] c>ries u b a little way1 s9ce1 z we h se51 gravitation itself is ! greate/ ( my/]ies4 ,b aga91 h[ *ances x t diff]5t atoms attract "o ano!r 9 su* v>y+ degrees1 s t1 = example1 fluor9e unites ) ev]y?+ x t\*es1 argon ) no?+8 ,& h[ is x t diff]5t k9ds ( atoms c hold to !mselves su* v>y+ numb]s ( fell[-atoms--oxyg5 "o1 hydrog5 two1 & s on8 ,^! are que/ions = ! future4 ,! wise/ *emi/ does n "k :y ! simple/ *emical exp]im5t results z x does4 ,take1 = example1 a wat]-l solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & let fall into x a few drops ( ano!r wat]-l solution ( hydro*loric acid2 a :ite insoluble precipitate ( *loride ( silv] is =m$4 ,any tyro 9 *emi/ry c\ld h pr$ict$ ! result ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,b ! pr$iction w\ld h be5 bas$ purely ^u previ\s empirical k--solely ^u ! fact t ! ?+ _h be5 done be=e ov] & ov]1 always ) ! same result4 ,:y ! silv] =sook ! nitrog5 atom & grappl$ ! atom ( oxyg5 no "o kn[s4 ,nor c any "o z yet expla9 j :y x is t ! new comp\nd is an insoluble1 color$1 opaque sub/ance1 :]eas ! antec$5t ones 7 soluble1 colorless1 & transp>5t4 ,m ?an t1 no "o c expla9 ) c]ta9ty j :at is meant by ! famili> ^w soluble itself4 ,t is to say1 no "o kn[s j :at happ5s :5 "o drops a lump ( salt or sug> into a b[l ( wat]4 ,we may believe ) ,pr(essor ,o/wald & 8 foll[]s t ! molecules ( sug> m]ely glide ev]y:]e betwe5 ! molecules ( wat]1 )\t *emical action2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 dismiss+ ?is me*anical explanation1 we may say ) ,m5deleef t ! process ( solution is ! mo/ active ( *emical ph5om5a1 involv+ t incessant int]play ( atoms kn[n z dissociation4 ,b ^! two explanations are mutually exclusive1 & nobody c say positively :i* "o1 if ei!r1 is "r4 ,nor is ei!r !ory at be/ m ?an a half explanation1 = ! :y ( ! /range me*anical or *emical activities po/ulat$ is q ignor$4 ,h[ is x1 = example1 t ! molecules ( wat] are able to loos5 ! int]molecul> bonds ( ! sug> p>ticles1 enabl+ !m to scamp] ap>t8 ,b1 = t matt]1 :at is ! nature ( ^! int]molecul> bonds 9 any case8 ,& :y1 at ! same temp]ature1 are "s sub/ances held toge!r ) su* enorm\s rigidity1 o!rs s loosely8 ,:y does n a lump ( iron dissolve z readily z ! lump ( sug> 9 our b[l ( wat]8 ,guesses may be made to-day at ^! riddles1 to be sure1 b any?+ l t5able solutions w only be possible :5 we "k mu* m ?an at pres5t ( ! nature ( int]molecul> =ces & ( ! me*anism ( molecul> /ructures4 ,z to ?is la/1 /udies are "u way t are full ( promise4 ,= ! pa/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s ,pr(essor ,van 't ,ho( ( ,am/]dam 7n[ ( ,b]l971 ) a company ( foll[]s1 has made ! space relations ( atoms a special /udy1 ) ! result t s-call$ /]eo-*emi/ry has atta9$ a firm position4 ,a truly amaz+ insight has be5 ga9$ into ! space relations ( ! molecules ( c>bon comp\nds 9 p>ticul>1 & o!r comp\nds are "u inve/igation4 ,b ^! results1 wond]ful ?\gh !y seem :5 ! intricacy ( ! subject is consid]$1 are1 aft] all1 only t5tative4 ,x is demon/rat$ t "s molecules h _! atoms arrang$ 9 p]fectly def9ite & unalt]able s*emes1 b j h[ ^! sy/ems are to be me*anically pictur$--:e!r z m9iature planet>y sy/ems or :at n--rema9s = ! inve/igators ( ! future to det]m9e4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t :i*ev] way "o turns 9 ! realm ( ! atom & molecule1 "o f9ds x a l& ( my/]ies4 ,9 no field ( sci5ce h m />tl+ discov]ies be5 made 9 ! pa/ c5tury ?an "h2 yet n[h]e else d !re seem to lie wid] realms yet unfa?om$4 ,,life ,,problems ,9 ! life hi/ory ( at lea/ "o ( ! myriad /> sy/ems !re has come a "t :51 on ! surface ( "o ( ! m9or memb]s ( ! gr\p1 atoms ( matt] h be5 aggregat$ into su* associations z to con/itute :at is call$ liv+ matt]4 ,a "q t at once sugge/s itself to any "o :o conceives ev5 vaguely ! relative uni=mity ( conditions 9 ! diff]5t /> gr\ps is z to :e!r o!r worlds ?an ours h also _! complem5t ( liv+ =ms4 ,! "q has int]e/$ speculative sci5ce m p]haps 9 our g5]ation ?an ev] be=e1 b x c h>dly be said t mu* progress has be5 made t[>ds a def9ite answ]4 ,at fir/ blu% ! demon/ration t all ! worlds kn[n to u are compos$ ( ! same matt]1 subject to ! same g5]al laws1 & probably pass+ ?r\gh k9dr$ /ages ( evolution & decay1 w\ld seem to c>ry ) x ! reasonable presumption t to all prim>y planets1 su* z ours1 a simil> life-be>+ /age mu/ come4 ,b a mom5t's reflection %[s t sci5tific probabilities d n c>ry "o safely s f> z ?is4 ,liv+ matt]1 z we "k x1 not)/&+ its capacity = v>iation1 is condition$ )9 v n>r[ limits z to physical surr\nd+s4 ,n[ x is easily to be conceiv$ t ^! peculi> conditions h nev] be5 duplicat$ on any o!r ( all ! myriad worlds4 ,if n1 !n ^? m complex aggregations ( atoms :i* we mu/ suppose to h be5 built up 9 "s degree on all cool+ globes mu/ be ( a "* s diff]5t f :at we t]m liv+ matt] t we %\ld n recognize !m z su*4 ,"s ( !m may be inf9itely m complex1 m div]sifi$ 9 _! capacities1 m widely responsive to ! influ5ces ab\t !m1 ?an any liv+ ?+ on e>?1 & yet n respond at all to ! conditions :i* we apply z te/s ( ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,?is is b ano!r way ( say+ t ! peculi> limitations ( specializ$ aggregations ( matt] :i* *>act]ize :at we t]m liv+ matt] may be m]e incid5tal details ( ! evolution ( our p>ticul> /> gr\p1 our p>ticul> planet ev5--hav+ "s su* relative magnitude 9 ! cosmic ord]1 z1 = example1 ! exact detail ( outl9e ( "s p>ticul> leaf ( a tree be>s to ! entire subject ( vegetable life4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also conceivable t ! conditions on all planets comp>able 9 position to ours1 ?\gh nev] absolutely id5tical1 yet pass at "s /age ?r\gh s simil> an epo* t on ea* & e "o ( !m !re is develop$ some?+ measurably comp>able1 9 human t]ms1 to :at we "h "k z liv+ matt]2 diff]+ widely1 p]haps1 f any p>ticul> =m ( liv+ be+ "h1 yet /ill con=m+ broadly to a def9ition ( liv+ ?+s4 ,9 t case ! life-be>+ /age ( a planet mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ f> m g5]al significance2 p]haps ev5 z con/itut+ ! "t ( fruitage ( ! cosmic organism1 ?\gh no?+ b human egotism gives w>rant to ?is p>ticul> presumption4 ,betwe5 ^! two oppos+ views e "o is free to *oose accord+ to 8 preconceptions1 = z yet sci5ce is unable to give a decid+ vote4 ,equally op5 to discussion is t o!r "q1 z to :e!r ! evolution ( univ]sal atoms into a vital association mass f :i* all ! div]sifi$ =ms evolv$1 or :e!r su* %ift+ f ! s-call$ non-vital to ! vital 0 _m times repeat$--p]haps /ill goes on incessantly4 ,x is q true t ! te/imony ( our c5tury1 s f> z x goes1 is all aga9/ ! idea ( spontane\s g5]ation "u exi/+ conditions4 ,x has be5 cle>ly en\gh demon/rat$ t ! bact]ia & o!r l[ =ms ( famili> life :i* =m]ly 7 suppos$ to orig9ate spontane\sly _h a q diff]5t orig94 ,b ! solution ( ?is special case leaves ! g5]al problem /ill f> f solv$4 ,:o kn[s :at are ! conditions necess>y to ! evolution ( ! ev]-pres5t atoms into vital associations8 ,p]haps extreme pressure may be "o ( ^! conditions2 &1 = aught any man kn[s to ! contr>y1 ! spontane\s g5]ation ( liv+ protoplasms may be tak+ place incessantly at ! bottom ( e ocean ( ! globe4 ,?is ( c\rse is a m]e bald /atem5t ( possibilities4 ,x may be met by ano!r /atem5t ( possibilities1 to ! effect t p]haps ! conditions necess>y to ! evolution ( liv+ matt] "h may h be5 fulfill$ b once1 s9ce :i* "t ! entire curr5t ( life on our globe has be5 a div]sifi$ /ream f t "o s\rce4 ,obs]ve1 please1 t ?is assumption does n fall )9 t category :i* ,i m5tion above z contrab& ( sci5ce 9 speak+ ( ! orig9 ( worlds4 ,! exi/5ce ( life on our globe is only an incid5t limit$ to a relatively insignificant p]iod ( "t1 & :e!r ! exact conditions necess>y to its evolution p]ta9$ b "o second or a hundr$ million ye>s does n 9 ! lea/ matt] 9 a philosophical analysis4 ,x is m]ely a "q ( fact1 j z ! p>ticul> temp]ature ( ! e>?'s surface at any giv5 epo* is a "q ( fact1 ! "o condition1 l ! o!r1 be+ tempor>y & incid5tal4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! "q ( fact z to ! exact "t ( orig9 ( life on our globe is a "q t sci5ce z yet _c answ]4 ,b1 9 any ev5t1 :at is va/ly m important ?an ?is "q z to ! duration ( "t 9 :i* liv+ matt] 0 evolv$ is a compreh5sion ( ! philosophical /atus ( ?is evolution f ! non-vital to ! vital4 ,if "o assumes t ?is evolution 0 br\ght ab\t by an int]ruption ( ! play ( =ces hi!rto work+ 9 ! univ]se--t ! correlation ( =ces involv$ 0 unique1 act+ !n & !n only--by t assumption he removes ! "q ( ! orig9 ( life utt]ly f ! doma9 ( sci5ce--exactly z ! assumption ( an initial pu% w\ld remove ! "q ( ! orig9 ( worlds f ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,b ! sci5ce ( to-day mo/ emphatically demurs to any su* assumption4 ,e sci5ti/ ) a wide grasp ( facts1 :o c ?9k cle>ly & )\t prejudice ov] ! field ( :at is kn[n ( cosmic evolution1 mu/ be driv5 to believe t ! alleg$ wide gap betwe5 vital & non-vital matt] is l>gely a figm5t ( prejudic$ human und]/&+4 ,9 ! broad] view !re seem no gaps 9 ! s*eme ( cosmic evolution--no break 9 ! incessant reciprocity ( atomic actions1 :e!r ^? atoms be float+ z a fire mi/ out 9 "o "p ( space1 or aggregat$ into ! bra9 ( a man 9 ano!r "p4 ,& x seems well )9 ! range ( sci5tific expectation t ! laboratory work] ( ! future w le>n h[ s to duplicate telluric conditions t ! univ]sal =ces w build liv+ matt] out ( ! inorganic 9 ! laboratory1 z !y h done1 & p]haps /ill are do+1 9 ! t]re/rial oceans4 ,to ! timid reason] t assumption ( possibilities may seem />tl+4 ,b assur$ly x is no m s ?an seem$1 a c5tury ago1 ! assumption t man has evolv$1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural laws only1 f ! l[e/ organism4 ,yet ! timidity ( t eld] day has be5 oblig$ by ! progress ( ! pa/ c5tury to adapt its conceptions to t assur$ sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,& "s day1 9 all probability1 ! timidity ( to-day w be oblig$ to take t f9al logical /ep :i* to-day's k =e%ad[s z a future if n a pres5t necessity4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,cell ,:atev] future sci5ce may be able to accompli% 9 ?is direction1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t pres5t sci5ce f9ds its h&s q full1 )\t go+ f>!r afield ?an to obs]ve ! succession ( g5]ations among exi/+ =ms ( life4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( organic evolution1 que/ions ( h]$ity1 always suffici5tly int]e/+1 h be5 at ! v focus ( att5tion ( ! biological _w4 ,^! que/ions1 "u mod]n treatm5t1 h resolv$ !mselves1 s9ce ! me*anism ( su* transmission has be5 proximately und]/ood1 into problems ( cellul> activity4 ,& mu* z has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! cell ( late1 t int]e/+ microcosm /ill (f]s a multitude ( intricacies = solution4 ,?us1 at ! v ?re%old1 "s ( ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( me*anical con/ruction ( ! cell are /ill matt]s ( controv]sy4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is held by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,buts*li & 8 foll[]s t ! sub/ance ( ! typical cell is ess5tially alveol>1 or foamlike1 comp>able to an emulsion1 & t ! obs]v$ reticul> /ructure ( ! cell is due to ! int]sections ( ! walls ( ! m9ute ultimate globules4 ,b ano!r equally au?oritative s*ool ( work]s holds to ! view1 fir/ express$ by ,frommann & ,arnold1 t ! reticulum is really a sy/em ( ?reads1 :i* con/itute ! mo/ important basis ( ! cell /ructure4 ,x is ev5 held t ^! fibres p5etrate ! cell walls & connect adjo9+ cells1 s t ! entire body is a reticulum4 ,= ! mom5t !re is no f9al decision betwe5 ^! oppos+ views4 ,pr(essor ,wilson ( ,columbia has sugge/$ t bo? may conta9 a measure ( tru?4 ,aga91 x is a "q :e!r ! f9] granules se5 )9 ! cell are or are n typical /ructures1 capable ( assimilation1 gr[?1 & division1 & h5ce to be reg>d$ z elem5t>y units ( /ructure /&+ betwe5 ! cell & ! ultimate molecules ( liv+ matt]4 ,! m philosophical ?9k]s1 l ,sp5c]1 ,d>w91 ,haeckel1 ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 ,augu/ ,weismann1 & _m o!rs1 believe t su* int]m$iate units mu/ exi/1 :e!r or n ! microscope reveals !m to view4 ,weismann1 :o has mo/ fully elaborat$ a hypo!tical s*eme ( ! relations ( ! intracellul> units1 id5tifies ! l>g] ( ^! units n ) ! ord9>y granules ( ! cell1 b ) a rem>kable /ructure call$ *romat91 :i* becomes aggregat$ )9 ! cell nucleus at ! "t ( cellul> division--a /ructure :i* divides into def9ite p>ts & goes ?r\gh "s mo/ sugge/ive manoeuvres 9 ! process ( cell multiplication4 ,all ^! are puzzl+ /ructures2 & !re is ano!r m9ute body )9 ! cell1 call$ ! c5tro-"s1 t is q z mu* s4 ,?is /ructure1 discov]$ by ,van ,b5$51 has be5 reg>d$ z ess5tial to cell division1 yet "s rec5t botanical /udies seem to %[ t sometimes x is altoge!r want+ 9 a divid+ cell4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ar*itecture ( ! cell has be5 %[n by mod]n rese>*es to be wond]fully complicat$1 b ! accumulat+ rese>*es are j at a po9t :]e mu* is obscure ab\t _m ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! imm$iate future seems full ( promise ( advances ^u pres5t und]/&+ ( cell processes4 ,b = ! mom5t x rema9s = u1 z = prec$+ g5]ations1 ab\t ! mo/ incompreh5sible1 sci5tifically speak+1 ( obs]v$ ph5om5a1 t a s+le microscopic egg cell %\ld conta9 )9 its sub/ance all ! pot5tialities ( a highly diff]5tiat$ adult be+4 ,! fact t x does conta9 su* pot5tialities is ! mo/ famili> ( e-day biological obs]vations1 b n ev5 a proximal explanation ( ! fact is z yet atta9able4 ,,! ,,ance/ry ,,( ,,! ,,mammals ,turn+ f ! cell z an individual to ! mature organism :i* ! cell composes :5 aggregat$ ) its fell[s1 "o f9ds ! usual complem5t ( op5 que/ions1 ( great] or less significance1 focaliz+ ! att5tion ( work+ biologi/s4 ,?us ! evolutioni/1 secure z is 8 g5]al position1 is yet 9 d\bt :5 x comes to trac+ ! exact l9eage ( v>i\s =ms4 ,he does n "k1 = example1 exactly :i* ord] ( inv]tebrates conta9s ! type f :i* v]tebrates sprang1 ?\gh sev]al hotly conte/$ op9ions1 ea* exclusive ( ! re/1 are 9 ! field4 ,aga91 !re is l unc]ta9ty & diff]5ce ( op9ion z to j :i* ord] ( l[] v]tebrates =m$ ! direct ance/ry ( ! mammals4 ,among ! mammals !mselves !re are sev]al ord]s1 su* z ! :ales1 ! elephants1 & ev5 man himself1 ^: exact l9es ( m imm$iate ance/ry are n z fully reveal$ by pres5t paleontology z is to be desir$4 ,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,an?ropology ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 are details t h>dly take rank ) ! g5]al problems t we are notic+4 ,!re are o!r que/ions1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! hi/ory & pres5t evolution ( man himself t are ( wid] scope1 or at lea/ seem+ly great] importance f a human /&-po9t1 :i* )9 rec5t decades h come = ! fir/ "t )9 ! scope ( truly inductive sci5ce4 ,^! are ! problems ( an?ropology--a sci5ce ( su* wide scope1 su* f>-rea*+ collat]al implications1 t z yet its specific field & functions are n z cle>ly def9$ or z g5]ally recogniz$ z !y are probably de/9$ to be 9 ! ne> future4 ,! prov9ce ( ?is new sci5ce is to correlate ! discov]ies ( a wide range ( collat]al sci5ces--paleontology1 biology1 m$ic9e1 & s on--f ! po9t ( view ( human hi/ory & human welf>e4 ,to ?is end all obs]vable races ( m5 are /udi$ z to _! physical *>act]i/ics1 _! m5tal & moral traits1 _! mann]s1 cu/oms1 languages1 & religions4 ,a mass ( data is already at h&1 & 9 process ( sort+ & correlat+4 ,out ( ?is ef=t w probably come all mann] ( useful g5]alizations1 p]haps 9 "t br++ sociology1 or ! /udy ( human social relations1 to ! rank ( a v]itable sci5ce4 ,b great z is ! promise ( an?ropology1 x c h>dly be d5i$ t ! broad] que/ions ) :i* x has to deal--que/ions ( race1 ( gov]nm5t1 ( social evolution--are /ill ?is side ! fix$ plane ( assur$ g5]alization4 ,no small "p ( its int]e/ & importance dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! great problems t engage x are z yet unsolv$ problems4 ,9 a ^w1 an?ropology is p]haps ! mo/ important sci5ce 9 ! entire hi]>*y to-day1 precisely because x is an immature sci5ce4 ,its position to-day is p]haps n unlike t ( paleontology at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,may its promise f9d z full fruition6 ,,ix4 ,,retrospect ,,& ,,prospect ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,attitude ,,( ,,m9d ,,any "o :o has n _h a rigid tra9+ 9 sci5ce may advantage\sly reflect at "s l5g? ^u ! mean+ ( true sci5tific induction4 ,v>i\s illu/rations 9 our text are meant to convey ! idea t logical ?9k+ consi/s simply 9 draw+ correct conclusions z to ! probable sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 nature4 ,x w soon be evid5t to any "o :o c>efully consid]s ! subject t we "k v little inde$ ab\t cause & effect 9 a rigid acceptance ( ^! words4 ,we obs]ve t c]ta9 ph5om5a always foll[ c]ta9 o!r ph5om5a1 & ^! obs]vations fix ! idea 9 our m9d t su* ph5om5a be> to "o ano!r ! relation ( effect & cause4 ,! conclusion is a p]fectly valid "o s long z we rememb] t 9 ! la/ analysis ! words cause & effect h sc>cely great] =ce ?an ! t]ms inv>iable antec$5t & inv>iable consequ5t--t is to say1 !y express an obs]v$ sequ5ce :i* our exp]i5ce has nev] contradict$4 ,n[ ! :ole /ructure ( sci5ce w\ld be hopelessly und]m9$ _h n sci5tific m5 come to h ! fulle/ confid5ce 9 ! inv>iability ( c]ta9 ( ^! sequ5ces ( ev5ts4 ,let u1 = example1 take ! famili> & fundam5tal obs]vation t any unsupport$ object1 hav+ :at we t]m weight1 inv>iably falls directly t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,we express ?is fact 9 t]ms ( a s-call$ law ( gravitation1 & e "o1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 gives full def]5ce to ?is law4 ,s firmly conv9c$ are we t ! gravitation pull is a cause t works ) absolute1 unv>y+ uni=mity t we %\ld reg>d x z a miracle 7 any heavy body to disreg>d ! law ( gravitation & rise into ! air :5 n impell$ by "s o!r =ce ( :i* we h k4 ,?anks to ,newton1 we "k t ?is =ce ( gravitation is n at all conf9$ to ! e>?1 b affects ! :ole univ]se1 s t e two bits ( matt]1 reg>dless ( location1 pull at ea* o!r ) a =ce proportionate to _! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! di/ance4 ,7 ?is s-call$ law ( gravitation to cease to op]ate1 ! entire plan ( our univ]se w\ld be sadly dis>rang$4 ,! e>?1 = example1 & ! o!r planets w\ld leave _! elliptical orbits & hurtle away on a tang5tial c\rse4 ,we %\ld soon be beyond ! rea* ( ! sun's b5efic5t influ5ce2 an arctic *ill w\ld p]vade pol> & tropical regions alike1 & ! t]m ( man's exi/5ce w\ld come sudd5ly to a close4 ,"h1 !n1 is a =ce at once ! mo/ compreh5sible & mo/ important f a human /&-po9t t c be conceiv$2 yet x _c be too (t5 repeat$1 we "k no?+ :atev] z to ! nature ( ?is =ce4 ,we d n "k t !re may n be o!r />like clu/]s beyond our univ]se :]e ?is =ce does n prevail4 ,we d n "k t !re may n come a p]iod :5 ?is =ce w cease to op]ate 9 our univ]se1 & :51 = example1 x w be sup]s$$ by ! univ]sal dom9ation ( a =ce ( mutual repulsion4 ,= aught we "k to ! contr>y1 our univ]se may be a puls+ organism1 or portion ( an organism1 all ! p>ticles ( :i* are at "o mom5t pull$ toge!r & ! next mom5t hurl$ ap>t--! mom5ts ( ?is computation be+1 ( c\rse1 myriads ( ye>s z we human pygmies compute "t4 ,to u x w\ld be a miracle if a heavy body1 unsupport$1 %\ld fly (f into space in/ead ( dropp+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 yet ! "t may come :5 all su* heavy objects w ?us fly (f into space1 & :5 ! obs]v]1 c\ld !re be su*1 mu/ m>vel at ! miracle ( see+ a heavy object fall t[>ds ! e>?4 ,su* ?\ghts z ^! %\ld comm& ! att5tion ( e /ud5t ( sci5ce :o w\ld really und]/& ! mean+ ( :at are t]m$ natural laws4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 su* sugge/ions mu/ be held c>efully 9 *eck by ! obs]vation t sci5tific imag9+ z to :at may come to pass at "s remote future "t mu/ 9 no wise influ5ce our practical fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( c]ta9 natural laws 9 ! pres5t epo*4 ,we may imag9e a "t :5 t]re/rial gravitation no long] ex]ts its p[]1 b we d>e n *all5ge t p[] 9 ! pres5t4 ,!re c\ld be no sci5ce did we n accept c]ta9 con/antly obs]v$ ph5om5a z ! effect ( c]ta9 causes4 ,! :ole body ( sci5ce is made up solely ( su* obs]vations & inf]5ces4 ,natural sci5ce is s call$ because x has to d ) obs]v$ ph5om5a ( nature4 ,,natural ,,v]sus ,,sup]natural ,a fur!r ^w mu/ be said z to ?is ^w natural1 & its complem5t>y ^w sup]natural4 ,i h said 9 an e>ly *apt] t prehi/oric man came1 ?r\gh a use ( false inductions1 to ! belief 9 sup]natural p[]s4 ,let u exam9e ?is /atem5t 9 "s detail1 = x w ?r[ mu* light on our lat] /udies4 ,! ?+ to get cle>ly 9 m9d is ! idea t :5 we say natural ph5om5a we mean m]ely ph5om5a t h be5 obs]v$ to occur4 ,f a truly sci5tific /&-po9t !re is no preconception z to :at mann] ( ph5om5on may1 or may n1 occur4 ,all mann] ( ?+s d occur con/antly t w\ld seem improbable 7 !y n matt]s ( famili> k4 ,! simple/ facts 9 reg>d to gravitation involve difficulties t 7 /umbl+-blocks to _m g5]ations ( ?9k]s1 & :i* cont9ue /umbl+-blocks to ! m9ds ( ea* g5]ation ( pres5t-day *ildr54 ,?us mo/ ( u c recall a "t :5 we fir/ le>n$ ) a/oni%m5t t ! e>? is r\nd l a ball2 t !re are p walk+ ab\t on ! o!r side ( ! _w ) _! feet t[>ds ours1 & t ! _w itself is ru%+ ?r\gh space & sp9n+ rapidly ab\t z x goes4 ,!n we le>n1 fur!r1 t numb]less famili> ph5om5a w\ld be q diff]5t c\ld we be transport$ to o!r globes4 ,t1 = example1 a man :o c spr+ two or ?ree feet into ! air "h w\ld be able1 ) ! same muscul> ex]tion1 to vault almo/ to ! h\se-tops if he liv$ on a small planet l ! moon2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld be held prone by 8 own weight if transport$ to a great planet l ,jupit]4 ,:51 fur!r1 we reflect t ) all our capacity to measure & e/imate ?is /range =ce ( gravitation we1 aft] all1 "k absolutely no?+ z to its real nature2 t we _c ev5 imag9e h[ "o portion ( matt] c act on ano!r across an inf9ite abysm 7or1 = t matt]1 across ! smalle/ space71 we see at once t our mo/ elem5t>y sci5tific /udies br+ u into ! pres5ce ( inscrutable my/]ies4 ,9 :atev] direction we turn ?is view is b emphasiz$4 ,electricity1 magnetism1 ! hypo!tical e!r1 ! inscrutable =ces manife/$ ev]y:]e 9 ! biological field--all ^! are1 z reg>d _! ultimate nature1 altoge!r my/]i\s4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /ud5t ( nature is deal+ ev]y:]e ) ! wond]ful1 ! incompreh5sible4 ,yet all ! manife/ations t he obs]ves are f\nd to repeat !mselves 9 c]ta9 unv>y+ sequ5ces4 ,c]ta9 applications ( en]gy w produce c]ta9 movem5ts ( matt]4 ,we may n "k ! nature ( ! s-call$ cause1 b we le>n to measure ! result1 & 9 o!r alli$ cases we le>n to reason back or inf] ! cause f obs]vation ( results4 ,! latt] inde$ is ! ess5ce ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,:5 c]ta9 s]ies ( ph5om5a h be5 classifi$ toge!r z obvi\sly occurr+ "u ! dom9ation ( ! same or simil> causes1 we speak ( hav+ det]m9$ a law ( nature4 ,= example1 ! fact t any body 9 motion t5ds to g on at ! same rate ( spe$ 9 a direct l9e =ev]1 expresses su* a law4 ,! fact t ! gravitation pull is directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! bodies x involves1 expresses ano!r su* law4 ,! fact t ! planet>y bodies ( ! sol> sy/em revolve 9 elliptical orbits "u ! jo9t influ5ce ( ! two laws j nam$1 expresses yet ano!r law4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ^! s-call$ laws are no?+ m ?an conv5i5t =mulae to express ! classification ( obs]v$ facts4 ,,inductive ,,v]sus ,,d$uctive ,,reason+ ,! anci5t ?9k]s indulg$ con/antly 9 :at we n[ speak ( z d$uctive reason+4 ,!y gave he$ to :at we t]m metaphysical preconceptions z to laws gov]n+ natural ph5om5a4 ,! ,greeks1 = example1 conceiv$ t ! circle is ! p]fect body1 & t ! univ]se is p]fect2 !re=e1 sun & moon mu/ be p]fect sph]es or disks1 & all ! orbits ( ! heav5ly bodies mu/ be exactly circul>4 ,we h se5 t ?is metaphysical conception1 dom9at+ ! _w = _m c5turies1 ex]t$ a con/antly hamp]+ influ5ce ^u ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,!re 7 num]\s o!r in/ances ( ! same ret>d+ influ5ce ( d$uctive reason+4 ,mod]n sci5ce tries to ca/ aside all su* preconceptions4 ,x does n always q succe$1 b x makes a /r5u\s ef=t to draw conclusions logically f obs]v$ ph5om5a in/ead ( try+ to =ce obs]vations into h>mony ) a preconeiv$ idea4 ,h]e9 lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! primitive me?od & ! p]fect$ mod]n me?od4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is int5d$ to transc5d ! b\nds ( ! natural4 ,t is to say1 bo? are conc]n$ ) ! sequ5ce ( actual ev5ts1 ) ! obs]vation ( actual ph5om5a2 b ! mod]n obs]v] has ! almo/ inf9ite advantage ( be+ able to draw ^u an imm5se /ore ( c>eful & accurate obs]vations4 ,a k ( ! mi/akes ( 8 pr$ecessors has taught him ! value ( caution 9 int]pret+ ph5om5a t seem to fall outside ! range ( su* laws ( nature z exp]i5ce has seem$ to demon/rate4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! old metaphysical laws h be5 =c$ aside by obs]vation2 z1 = example1 :5 ,kepl] %[$ t ! planet>y orbits are n circul>1 & ,galileo's telescope prov$ t ! spot-be>+ sun _c be a p]fect body 9 ! old ,ari/otelian s5se4 ,new means ( obs]vation h f "t to "t op5$ up new fields1 yet ) all ! ext5sions ( our k we come1 p>adoxically en\gh1 to realize b ! m fully ! limitations ( t k4 ,we seem sc>cely ne>] to-day to a true und]/&+ ( ! real nature ( ! =ces ^: op]ation we see manife/$ ab\t u ?an 7 our mo/ primitive ance/ors4 ,b 9 "o great ess5tial we h surely progress$4 ,we h le>n$ t ! "o true s*ool is ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce2 t metaphysical causes are ( absolutely no consequ5ce unless !y c ga9 support ?r\gh tangible obs]vations4 ,ev5 s late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! great ?9k]1 ,hegel1 reta9+ ess5tially ! ,greek ca/ ( ?\ght1 c\ld make ! metaphysical decl>ation t1 s9ce sev5 planets 7 kn[n1 & s9ce sev5 is ! p]fect numb]1 x w\ld be futile to se>* = o!r planets4 ,b ev5 z he made ?is decl>ation ano!r planet 0 f\nd4 ,x w\ld be safe to say t no ?9k] ( ! pres5t day w\ld *all5ge defeat 9 q ! ,ari/otelian or ,hegelian mann]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is equally little op5 to d\bt t1 9 matt]s slightly less susceptible ( tangible demon/ration1 metaphysical conceptions /ill hold sway2 & z reg>ds ! av]age m9ds ( our "t1 x is p]haps n an unfair e/imate to say !y surely h n advanc$ a jot beyond ! ,ari/otelian /&-po9t4 ,untra9$ ?r\gh actual exp]i5ce 9 any field ( inductive sci5ce1 !y rema9 easy victims ( metaphysical reason+4 ,inde$1 s9ce ! conditions ( civilization ?r[ a protect+ influ5ce ab\t u1 & make ! civiliz$ man less am5able to results ( illogical action ?an 0 ! b>b>ian1 x may almo/ be que/ion$ :e!r ! av]age p]son ( to-day is ! equal1 z a sci5tific reason]1 ( ! av]age man ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,a few ( ! m tangible sup]/itions ( primitive man h be5 bani%$ f ev5 ! popul> m9d by ! cle> demon/ration ( sci5ce1 b a ho/ rema9s4 ,i v5ture to "q :e!r1 if ! te/ c\ld be made 9 ! case ( t5 ?\s& av]age p]sons ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 x w\ld n be f\nd t a majority ( ^! p]sons ent]ta9 m utt]ly mi/ak5 metaphysical ideas reg>d+ natural ph5om5a ?an !y d truly sci5tific conceptions4 ,we pride ourselves on ! enlight5m5t ( our age1 b our pride is l>gely bas$ on an illusion4 ,mank9d at l>ge is /ill 9 ! d>k age4 ,! hi/orian ( ! remote future w see no radical di/9ction betwe5 ! sup]/itions ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & ! sup]/itions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b he w probably admit t a great] *ange took place 9 ! _w ( ?\ght betwe5 ! ye> #ahei & ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an _h occurr$ 9 ! lapse ( two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,if ?is e/imate be correct1 x is inde$ a privilege to be liv+ 9 ?is g5]ation1 = we are on ! eve ( great ?+s1 & beyond "q ! revolution t is go+ on ab\t u d5otes ! triumph ( sci5ce & its inductive me?od4 ,j 9 proportion z we get away f ! old metaphysical preconceptions1 sub/itut+ = !m ! new inductive me?od1 j 9 t proportion d we progress4 ,! ess5ce ( ! new me?od is to h no preconceptions z to ! b\nds ( nature2 to reg>d no ph5om5on1 no sequ5ce ( ph5om5a1 z impossible2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 to accept no alleg$ law1 no !ory1 no hypo!sis1 t has n ! w>rant ( obs]v$ ph5om5a 9 its favor4 ,! great error ( ! untra9$ m9d ( ! primitive man 0 t he did n "k ! value ( sci5tific evid5ce4 ,he made wide leaps f obs]v$ ph5om5a to imag9$ causes1 q ov]look+ ! proximal causes t 7 ne> to h&4 ,! untra9$ obs]v] ( to-day makes ! same mi/ake2 h5ce ! cont9u$ preval5ce ( ^? sup]/iti\s misconceptions :i* primitive man foi/$ ^u our race4 ,b ea* new g5]ation ( to-day is com+ ^u ! field bett] tra9$ 9 at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( sci5tific me?od ?an ! prec$+ g5]ation1 & ?is is p]haps ! mo/ hopeful feature ( pres5t-day education4 ,"s day e "o w und]/& t !re is no valid di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural2 9 fact1 t no su* ?+ z a sup]natural ph5om5on1 9 ! pres5t-day acceptance ( ! ^w1 c conceivably exi/4 ,all conceivable manife/ations ( nature are natural1 nor c we d\bt t all are r$ucible to law--t is to say1 t !y c be classifi$ & r$uc$ to sy/ems4 ,b ! sci5tific imag9ation1 z already po9t$ out1 mu/ admit t any & e sci5tific law ( our pres5t epo* may be negativ$ 9 "s future epo*4 ,x is always possible1 also1 t a seem+ law ( to-day may be prov$ false to-morr[1 :i* is ano!r way ( say+ t man's classification improves f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,= a natural law1 let x be repeat$1 is n nature's me?od1 b man's int]pretation ( t me?od4 ,,logical ,,induction ,,v]sus ,,ha/y ,,g5]alization ,a great difficulty is f\nd 9 ! fact t m5 are =ev] mak+ g5]alizations--t is1 =mulat+ laws too ha/ily4 ,a few ph5om5a are obs]v$ & at once ! hypo!sis-con/ruct+ m9d makes a guess z to ! proximal causes ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! guess1 once =mulat$ & accept$1 has a c]ta9 influ5ce 9 prejudic+ ! m9ds ( future obs]v]s2 inde$1 :]e ! ph5om5a involve obscure pr9ciples ! true explanation ( :i* is long def]r$1 a false g5]alization may impress itself ^u mank9d ) su* =ce z to rema9 a /umbl+-block = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,?us ! ,ptolemaic conception ( ! univ]se dom9at$ ! ?\ght ( ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s1 & c\ld n be sub/itut$ by ! true !ory )\t a fi]ce /ruggle2 &1 to cite an ev5 m /rik+ illu/ration1 ! e>ly g5]alizations ( primitive man :i* expla9 numb]less ph5om5a ( nature z due to an influ5ce ( unse5 an?ropomorphic be+s rema9 to ?is day "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces t affect our race--an influ5ce f :i* we %all nev] %ake ourselves altoge!r free until ! av]age man--& p>ticul>ly ! av]age woman--le>ns to be a good obs]v] & a logical reason]4 ,some?+ t[>ds ?is end is be+ accompli%$ by ! introduction ( exp]im5tal rese>* & sci5tific /udy 9 g5]al 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,x is hop$ t some?+ t[>ds ! same end may be accompli%$ ?r\gh /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,sc>cely any?+ is m illum9ative ?an to obs]ve critically ! mi/akes ( our pr$ecessors1 not+ h[ natural ! mi/akes 7 & h[ t5aci\sly !y 7 held to1 h[ /r5u\sly def5d$4 ,mo/ ( all x w\ld be ( value to note t ! false inductions :i* h ev]y:]e hamp]$ ! progress ( sci5ce h be51 f ! /&-po9t ( ! g5]ation 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 = ! mo/ "p logical inductions4 ,we h se5 t ! ,ptolemaic s*eme ( ! univ]se1 false ?\gh x 0 9 its v ess5tials1 yet expla9$ 9 :at may be t]m$ a ?or\ghly sci5tific fa%ion ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,x is "o way ( express+ a fact to say t ! sun moves across ! heav5s f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n horizon2 & = mo/ practical purposes ?is assumption answ]s p]fectly4 ,x is only :5 we endeavor to ext5d ! range ( !oretical a/ronomy1 & to ga9 a correct conception ( ! me*anism ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 t ! ess5tially faulty "* ( ! geoc5tric conception becomes app>5t4 ,& s x is 9 _m ano!r field2 ! false g5]alizations & ha/y inductions s]ve a tempor>y purpose4 ,our only qu>rel ) !m is t !y t5d ?r\gh a sort ( in]tia to g =ev] un*ang$4 ,x requires a p[]ful ?ru/ to div]t ! aggregate m9d ( our race f a giv5 c\rse1 nor is ! effect ( a new impulse imm$iately appreciable2 t is :y ! masses ( ! p always lag a g5]ation or two beh9d ! advanc$ ?9k]s4 ,a few receptive m9ds1 cognizant ( new obs]vations t refute an old g5]alization1 accept new laws1 &1 f ! vantage-gr\nd ?us ga9$1 rea* out aft] yet o!r tru?s4 ,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! new laws ?us accept$ by ! lead]s rema9 unkn[n to ! p at l>ge = at lea/ "o or two g5]ations4 ,x requir$ ab\t a c5tury = ! helioc5tric doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus to beg9 to make its way4 ,9 ?is age ( /eam & electricity1 progress is m rapid1 & ! greate/ sci5tific conception ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 may be said to h made some?+ t approa*es an absolute conque/ )9 less ?an half a c5tury4 ,?is seems a m>vell\sly sudd5 conque/1 b x mu/ be und]/ood t x is only ! crude & m tangible be>+s ( ! !ory t h ?us made _! way4 ,! remot] consequ5ces ( ! !ory are n ev5 suspect$ by ! great majority ( ^? :o call !mselves ,d>w9ians to-day4 ,x w require at lea/ ano!r c5tury = ^! ideas to produce _! full effect4 ,!n1 9 all probability1 x w appe> t ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! mo/ revolution>y epo* by f> t ! hi/ory ( ?\ght has kn[n4 ,& x owes ?is pr\d position to ! fact t x 0 ! epo* 9 all hi/ory mo/ fully subject to ! dom9ant influ5ce ( inductive sci5ce4 ,?anks to ?is influ5ce1 we ( ! new g5]ation are able to />t out on a c\rse widely div]g5t f ! pa? ( our ance/ors4 ,our lead]s ( ?\ght h /ruggl$ free f ! bogs ( sup]/ition1 & are press+ =w>d calmly yet ) exultation t[>ds ! heights4 ,,app5dix 7p4 #ie74 ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41etc41 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #ge ff41 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,! ,silli-man ,lectures1 deliv]$ at ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,may1 #aijc4 7p4 #if74 ,ibid41 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 #c 7p- #ig7- ,ibid41 p4 #hi4 7p4 #ig74 ,ibid41 p4 #hg4 7p4 #ajb74 ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ,radium & its ,wond]s1 9 ! ,review ( ,reviews = ,novemb]1 #aijc1 p4 #ehi4 7p4 #aje74 ,e4 ,ru!r=d1 ,radio-,activity1 p4 #ccj1 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 7p4 #ajf74 ,ibid41 p4 #ccj4 7p4 #ajf74 ,compte ,r5du1 pp4 #acf1 #fgc1 ,p>is1 #aijc4 7p4 #ajf74 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,april #ac1 #aija4 #aj 7p4 #ajf74 ,compte ,r5du1 p4 #acf1 ,p>is1 #aijc4 7p4 #ajh74 ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 ,electricity & ,matt]1 p4 #afb1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 7p4 --74 ,e4 ,ru!r=d1 ,radio-,activity1 p4 #cdj1 ,cambridge1 #aijd4 7p4 #ahe74 ,dr4 ,duclaux1 :o 0 "o ( ,pa/eur's *ief assi/ants1 & :o succe$$ him 9 ! director%ip ( ! ,in/itute1 di$ 9 #aijc4 ,he held a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 & 8 special /udies _h to d l>gely ) ! *emical side ( bact]iology4 7p4 #bag74 ,"l ,kelv9's e/imate z quot$ 0 express$ to ! writ] v]bally4 ,i d n "k :e!r he has any:]e giv5 a simil> writt5 v]dict4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,s\rces ,i4--,,p]iod ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,volume ,i4 ,an ax agoras4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bdj4 ,ar*im$es4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aif4 ,_m ( ! works ( ,ar*im$es are lo/1 b ! foll[+ h come d[n to u3 7#a7 ,on ! ,sph]e & ,cyl9d]2 7#b7 ,! ,measure ( ! ,circle2 7#c7 ,conoids & ,sph]oids2 7#d7 ,on ,spirals2 7#e7 ,equipond]ants & ,c5tres ( ,gravity2 7#f7 ,! ,quadrature ( ! ,p>abola2 7#g7 ,on ,bodies ,float+ 9 ,liquids2 7#h7 ,! ,psammites2 7#i7 ,a ,collection ( ,lemmas4 ,ari/>*us4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bab4 ,magnitudes & ,di/ances ( ! ,sun & ,moon is ! only surviv+ "w4 ,9 ! ,arm>ius ( ,ar*im$es ano!r "w ( ,ari/>*us is quot$--! "o 9 :i* he anticipates ! discov]y ( ,cop]nicus4 ,delambre1 9 8 ,hi/oire de ,va/ronomie anci5ne1 treats fully ! discov]ies ( ,ari/>*us4 ,ari/otle4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #hb4 ,an edition ( ,ari/otle 0 publi%$ by ,aldus1 ,v5ice1 #adie-adih1 #e vols4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ eighty ye>s sev5 editions ( ! ,greek text ( ! entire works 7 publi%$1 & _m ,lat9 translations4 ,b]osus4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #eh4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus h be5 trans1 by ,i4 ,p4 ,cory1 & includ$ 9 8 ,anci5t ,fragm5ts ( ,pho5ician1 ,*aldean1 ,egyptian1 & ,o!r ,writ]s1 ,london1 #ahbf2 second edition1 #ahcb4 ,democritus4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #afa4 ,fragm5ts only ( ! num]\s works ascrib$ to ,democritus h be5 pres]v$4 ,democriii ,abd]eo op]um fragm5ta1 ,b]l91 #ahdc1 edit$ by ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*4 ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #gg4 ,! ,hi/orical ,libr>y4 ,p]haps ! be/ available editions ( ,diodorus are ,wessel+'s1 #b vols42 ,am/el1 #agde2 & ,d9dorf's1 #e vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahbh-ahca4 ,engli% trans1 by ,boo?1 ,london1 #agjj4 ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aba4 ,! ,lives & ,op9ions ( ,em95t ,philosoph]s 7trans4 by ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge71 ,london1 #ahec4 ,erato/h5es4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbe4 ,! fragm5ts ( 8 philosophical works 7 publi%$ at ,b]l91 #ahbb1 "u ! title ,erato/h5ica4 ,8 poetical works 7 publi%$ at ,leipzig1 #ahgb4 ,euclid4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aic4 ,8 ,elem5ts ( ,geometry is /ill available z an ,engli% s*ool text-book4 ,gal5 7,claudius ,gal5us74 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bgb4 ,gal5's pres]v$ works are exce$+ly bulky4 ,! be/-kn[n edition is t ( ,c4 ,g4 ,kuhn1 9 #ba volumes4 ,h]o4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bdb4 ,! ,pneumatics ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 f ! orig9al ,greek4 ,trans1 by ,b4 ,woodcr(t1 ,london1 #ahea4 ,h]odotus4 ,see vol4 i4t p4 #ajc4 ,hi/ory4 ,engli% trans1 by ,beloe1 #agia & #ahjf4 ,trans1 by ,canon ,rawl9son1 ,london1 #aheh-ahfj4 ,hipp>*us4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bcc4 ,! only "w ( ,hipp>*us :i* has surviv$ 0 publi%$ fir/ by ,vittorius at ,flor5ce1 #aefg4 ,hippocrates4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #agj4 ,num]\s editions h be5 publi%$ ( ! ,hippo-cratic writ+s1 includ+ _m works n writt5 by ! ma/] himself4 ,"o ( ! be/ editions is t ( ,littr1 ,p>is1 #ahci1 etc4 ,khamurabi1 ,codb op4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #gf4 ,?is fam\s inscription is on a block ( black diorite ne>ly eight feet 9 height4 ,x 0 discov]$ at ,susa by ! ,fr5* exp$ition "u ,m4 de ,morgan 9 ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,leucippus4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #afa4 ,pl9y 7,caius ,pl9ius ,secundus74 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bfe4 ,8 ,natural ,hi/ory is available 9 sev]al ,engli% editions & repr9ts4 ,p]haps ! be/ edition ( ! orig9al text is ! "o publi%$ by ,julius ,sillig1 #e vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahed-ahei4 ,plut>*4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aih4 ,life ( ,m>cellus1 9 ,p>allel ,lives4 ,9 ?is ! me*anical inv5tions ( ,ar*im$es are describ$4 ,polybius4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bja4 ,9 8 ,hi/ories ,polybius describes ! me*anical contrivances & w>-eng9es ( ,ar*im$es1 & also gives an acc\nt ( 8 dea?4 ,ptolbmy 7,claudius ,ptolemaeus74 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bfi4 ,geographia 7or ,almage/ ( ! ,arabs74 ,! edition publi%$ by ,nobbe1 9 #c vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahdb1 0 "o ( ! be/ complete editions ( ! ,greek text4 ,! edition publi%$ 9 ,didot's ,biblio!ca ,classicorum ,grocorum1 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 is excell5t4 ,e>li] editions conta9 _m errors4 ,/rabo4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bee4 ,! ,geography ( ,/rabo4 ,trans1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,hamilton & ,w4 ,falcon]1 #c vols41 ,london1 #aheg4 ,!re are sev]al o!r editions ( ,/rabo's "w available 9 ,engli%4 ,t]tullian4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aie4 ,apologeticus4 ,!ophra/us4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #ahh4 ,utpivl>oplas1 ,on ! ,hi/ory ( ,plants4 ,writt5 9 #aj books4 ,?is is "o ( ! e>lie/ works on botany :i* h come to u4 ,x 0 l>gely us$ by ,pl9y4 ,9 complete works1 ,s*neid]1 ,leipzig1 #ahah-ahba1 #e vols4 ,on ,plants1 edit$ by ,wimm]1 ,breslau1 #bdg #ahdb-ahfb4 ,on ,plants1 edit$ by ,slackh\se1 ,ox=d1 #ahad4 atria1 ,on ! ,causes ( ,plants1 ,?is 0 orig9ally 9 #h books1 ( :i* #f are n[ exi/ant4 ,bibliog4 vid4 ,hi/ory ( ,plants4 ,,ii4--,,p]iod ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,volume ,,ii4 ,albategnius1 ,mohamm$ bbn ,jabir4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ae4 ,! orig9al ,,ms4 ( 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,zidje ,sabt1 is 9 ! ,vatican4 ,a ,lat9 translation 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,plato ,tiburt9us at ,nuremb]g1 9 #aecg1 "u ! title ,de sci5tia /ell>unt4 ,v>i\s repr9ts ( ?is h be5 made4 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #abg4 ,philosophic99 ,naturalis ,isagoge1 ,vi5na1 #aead4 ,alhaz5 7full "n1 ,abu ,ali al-,hasan ,ibn ,alhasan74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ah4 ,only two ( 8 works h be5 pr9t$1 8 ,treatise on ,twilight & 8 ,!saurus opticae1 ^! be+ available 9 ,mi*ael ,casiri's ,biblio!ca ,arabico-,hispana ,escuri-al5sis1 #b vols41 ,madrid1 #agfj-aggj4 ,bacon1 ,francis4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #aib4 ,novum ,organum 0 publi%$ 9 ,london1 #afbj4 ,! ,lett]s & ,life ( ,l>d ,bacon1 9 #g vols41 by ,james ,sp$d+1 appe>$ 9 #ahfb-ahgd4 ,bacon1 ,rog]4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #dd4 ,only an approximate e/imate ( ! numb] ( ,bacon's works c be giv5 ev5 n[1 al?\gh an inf9ite am\nt ( "t & labor has be5 sp5t 9 collect+ !m4 ,8 great "w is ! ,opus ma jus1 ! ,encyclopa$ia & ! ,organum ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,a p>tial li/ ( "s ( 8 o!r works is ! foll[+3 ,speculum al*emio1 #aeda 7trans1 into ,engli%72 ,de mirabili pote/ate artis et naturo1 #aedb 7trans1 into ,engli%1 #afei72 ,libellus de ret>dants se-nectutis accid5tibus1 #aeij 7trans1 z ,! ,cure ( ,old4 ,age1 #afhc72 & ,sanioris m$ic9o ,magi/ri d4 ,rog]i ,baconis ,anglici de arte *ymio scripta1 #afjc4 #bdh ,boyle1 ,rob]t4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bje4 ,philosophical ,works1 #c vols41 ,london1 #agch4 ,cop]nicus1 ,nicolaus4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ed4 ,ad cl>4 v4 d4 ,s*on]um de libris revolutionism eruditiss4 viri et ma!mattci excell5tiss4 ,rev4 ,doctoris ,nicolai ,cop]nici ,torunnaei1 ,canonici ,w>mi5sis1 p] quemdam juv5em ma!matico /udio sum1 ,n>ratio prima1 ,dantzic1 #aedj4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ publi%$ /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus1 & 0 a lett] publi%$ by ,rheticus4 ,?ree ye>s aft]w>ds ,cop]nicus's ,de orbium cole/ium revolutionibus1 ,libri ,,vi41 0 publi%$ at ,nuremb]g 7#aedc74 ,desc>tes1 ,r54 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #aic4 ,trait de ,vhomme 7,c\s9s's edition1 9 #aa vols41 ,p>is1 #ahbd74 ,galilei1 ,galileo4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ia4 ,dialogo dei due massimi si/emi del mondo1 ,flor5ce1 #afcb4 ,discorsi e dimo/razioni matemati*e intorno a due nuove sci5ze1 ,leyd51 #afch4 ,gilb]t1 ,william 7#aedj-afjc74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #aac4 ,de magnete1 magneticisque corporibus1 et de magno magnete tellure1 ,london1 #afjj4 ,de magnete 0 trans4 by ,p4 ,fleury ,motteley1 ,london1 #ahic4 ,gu]icke1 ,otto von 7#afbj-afhf74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bac4 ,exprim5ta nova1 ut vocant1 ,magdeburgica de vacuo spatio1 ,am/]dam1 #afgb4 ,9 ! ,phil4 ,trans1 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,no4 #hh1 = #afgb4 ,hales1 ,/eph5 7#afgg-agfa74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bih4 ,/atical ,essays1 compris+ ,vegetable ,/aticks1 ,london1 #agbg1 & ,homo/atics1 ,london1 #agcc4 ,h>vey1 ,william4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #afi4 ,ex]citatio anatomica de motu cordis et sangu9is1 ,frank=t-on-,ma91 #afbh4 ,! ,works (1 trans1 by ,rob]t ,willis1 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,hauksbeb1 ,francis4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bei4 ,physico-,me*anical ,exp]im5ts on ,v>i\s ,subjects1 ,london1 #agji4 ,?is conta9s descriptions ( 8 v>i\s discov]ies 9 electricity1 _m ( :i* are giv5 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ,hooee1 ,rob]t4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bae4 ,micrographia1 or ,"s ,philosophical ,descriptions ( ,"s ,m9ute ,bodies1 ,london1 #affe4 ,an ,attempt to ,prove ! ,motion ( ! ,e>?1 ,london1 #afgd4 ,microscopical ,obs]vations1 ,london1 #aghj4 ,mo/ ( ,hooke's important discov]ies 7 contribut$ z pap]s to ! ,royal ,society & are available 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ,huyg5s1 ,*ri/ian 7#afbi-afie74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bah4 ,traite de la lumire1 ,leyd51 #afij4 ,complete works 7 publi%$ at ,! ,hague 9 #ahhh1 "u !tit le ,ouvres compltes1 by ! ,socit ,holl&aise des ,sci5ces4 ,^! books h n be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,huyg5s's fam\s pap] on ! laws gov]n+ ! collision ( ela/ic bodies appe>$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans1 ( ! ,royal ,society = #affi4 ,kepl]1 ,johann4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #gj4 ,a/ronomia nova de motibus ,/ella ,mortis1 ,leipzig1 #afji1 conta9s ,kepl]'s two fir/ laws2 & ,h>monices mundi1 #afai1 conta9s ! ?ird law1 ,phomom5on s+ul>e1 seu ,m]curius 9 sole1 ,leipzig1 #afji4 ,joannis ,kep,uri op]a omnia1 9 #h vols41 ,frank=t1 #aheh-ahga4 ,leeuw5hoek1 ,an?ony van4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #agi4 ,8 discov]ies are mo/ly record$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ( ! ,royal ,society1 betwe5 ! ye>s #afgc & #agbc--"o hundr$ & twelve pap]s 9 all4 ,8 discov]y ( bact]ia is record$ 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #afhc2 & t ( ! discov]y ( ! capill>y circulation ( ! blood 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #agij4 ,li,n,ni,eus1 ,c>olus 7#agjg-aggh74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bii4 ,8 ,sy/ema natures 0 publi%$ 9 #agce4 ,tro ye>s lat] 7#agcg7 he publi%$ ,g5]a plant>um1 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n botany4 ,8 publi%$ works am\nt to m ?an "o hundr$ & eighty4 ,m>iotte1 ,edme 7di$ #afhd74 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #baj4 ,essais de physique 7f\r essays71 ,p>is1 #afgf-afgi4 #bej ,8 ,de la nature de l'air1 conta9+ 8 /atem5t ( ! law connect+ ! volume & pressure ( a gas1 is conta9$ 9 ! second essay4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bda4 ,philosophies naturalis pr9cipia ma!matica1 complet$ 9 ,july ( #afhg4 ,! fir/ edition 0 exhau/$ 9 a few mon?s4 ,!re are sev]al translations1 among o!rs "o by ,&rew ,motte1 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 ,p>acelsus4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #aei4 ,! ,h]metic & ,al*emical ,writ+s ( ,p>acelsus1 trans1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahid4 ,pascal1 ,blaise4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #abb4 ,rcit de la gr&e expri5ce de ,vquilibre de liqueurs1 ,p>is1 #afdh4 ,sawtree1 ,john4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #abd ff4 ,( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 ,london1 #afeb4 ,swamm]dam1 ,john4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #big4 ,bibel d] ,natur1 trans1 into ,g]man1 ,leipzig1 #ageb4 ,syd5ham1 ,?omas4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ahi4 ,8 fir/ "w1 ,me?odus cur&i febres1 0 publi%$ 9 #afff4 ,8 la/ "w1 ,processus integri1 appe>$ 9 #afib4 ,8 complete works1 9 ,lat91 7 publi%$ by ! ,syd5ham ,society1 ,london1 #ahdd1 :i* publi%$ also an ,engli% translation by ,pr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,la?am 9 #ahdh4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ,engli% translations4 ,torricelli1 ,evanoeli/a4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #abj4 ,op]a geometrica1 ,flor5ce1 #afdd4 ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #fe4 ,de mundi ae!rei rec5tioribus phonom5is1 ,prague1 #afjc4 ,?is has be5 trans1 into ,g]man by ,m4 ,bruns1 ,k>lsruhe1 #ahid4 ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #dg4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,arti/1 ,?9k]1 & ,man ( ,sci5ce1 by ,eug5e ,muntz1 #b vols41 ,new ,york1 #ahib1 is p]haps ! mo/ complete treatm5t ( all phases ( ,leon>do's "w z a sci5ti/ z well z an arti/4 ,! old] ,fr5* "w1 ,essai sur les ouvrages physico-ma?matiques de ,lon>d de ,v9ci1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,v5turi1 ,p>is1 #agig1 is excell5t4 ,9 ,g]man1 ,h4 ,gro!'s ,leon>do da ,v9ci als ,+nieur und ,philosophy ,b]l91 #ahgd1 is good4 ,,iii4--,,mod]n ,,cosmical ,,& ,,telluric ,,sci5ces ,agassiz1 ,l4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #adg4 ,etudes sur les glaci]s1 ,neu*tel1 #ahdj4 ,arago1 ,franois ,j4 ,d4 ,see vol4 ,hi41 p4 #fg4 ,ouvres 7complete71 if vols41 ,p>is1 #ahed-ahfb4 ,arago's ,meteorological ,essays1 trans1 into ,engli%1 ,london1 #ahee4 ,?is has an introduction by ,humboldt4 ,boscovi*1 ,rog] ,joseph4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bic4 ,!oria philosophio naturalis r$acta ad unicam legem virium 9 natura exi/5tium1 ,vi5na1 #ageh4 ,bradley1 ,james4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ac4 ,conc]n+ an ,app>5t ,motion ,obs]v$ 9 ,sotne ( ! ,fix$ ,/>s1 ,london1 #agdh1 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xlv41 pp4 #h1i4 ,cuvi]199,b>on de4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ajc4 ,re*]*es sur les ossem5ts fossiles de quadrupdes1 #d vols41 ,p>is1 #ahab4 7,! introduction to ?is "w 0 translat$ & publi%$ z a volume be>+ title ( ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 ,new ,york1 #ahah47 ,delambre1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,joseph4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #af4 ,hi/oire d'a/ronomie1 ,p>is1 #ahag-ahba4 ,?is "w conta9s n only ! hi/ory ( ! discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 b is also a complete text-book ( a/ronomy z und]/ood at ?is p]iod4 ,falcon]1 ,hugh4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ii4 ,9 ,paloontological ,memoirs1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #eif-eih4 #beb ,h]s*bl1 ,william4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bj ff4 ,on ! ,prop] ,motion ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 #gc1 = #aghc4 7,?is pap] 0 read 9 ,m>*1 #aghc47 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,heav5s1 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #aghe1 vol4 #ge1 p4 #bac4 ,h[>d1 ,luke4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ahb4 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahjc4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #aib4 ,des lignes iso!rmes et de la di/ribution de la *aleur sur le globe1 publi%$ 9 vol4 iii41 ( ,mmoires de physique et de *imie de la ,socit d',arcueil1 ,p>is1 #ahai4 ,hutton1 ,james4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #agh4 ,!ory ( ,ra91 9 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #aghh1 vol4 i41 pp4 #ec-ef4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #aba4 ,f ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #aghh1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bad-cjd4 ,a pap] on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 read be=e ! society 9 #agha4 ,kant1 ,immanuel 7i#gbd-ahjd74 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bg4 ,allgeme9e ,naturges*i*te und ,?orie des ,himmels1 #agee4 ,cosmogony1 ed4 & trans1 by ,w4 ,h>tie1 ,d4,d41 ,glasg[1 #aijj4 ,laplace1 ,m4 le ,m>quis de4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #cb4 ,exposition du sy/me du monde1 ,p>is1 #agif1 is available 9 ,ouvres completes1 9 #ab vols41 ,p>is1 #ahbe-ahccja4 vi41 p4 #dih4 ,lyell1 ,*>les4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #hh4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 #d vols41 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,m>%1 ,o4 ,c4 ,see vol4 ,hi41 p4 #ajg4 ,fossil ,horses 9 ,am]ica 7repr9t$ f ,am]ican ,naturali/1 vol4 viii41 ,may1 #ahgd71 pp4 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,playpair1 ,john4 ,see vol4 iii41 pp4 #aca1 #afe4 ,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 #ahjb4 ,scrope1 ,g4 ,p\lett4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #acb4 ,consid]ation ( ,volcanoes1 ,london1 #ahbc1 pp4 #bbh-bcd4 ,wells1 ,w4 ,c4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ahe4 ,essay on ,dew1 ,london1 #ahah4 ,,iv4--,,mod]n ,,physical ,,& ,,*emical ,,sci5ces ,black1 ,joseph4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ab4 ,de acido e cibis orlo1 et de magnesia1 repr9t$ at ,ed9burgh1 #ahed4 ,9 ?is he sket*$ 8 discov]y ( c>bonic acid4 ,lat] ?is pap] 0 incorporat$ 9 8 ,exp]im5ts on ,magnesia1 ,quicklime1 & ,o!r ,alkaltne ,sub/ances4 ,buns51 ,william4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #fi4 ,cav5di%1 ,h5ry4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ae4 ,exp]im5ts on ,air1 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 #aghd1 p4 #aai4 ,?is pap] conta9s ,cav5di%'s discov]y ( ! composition ( wat] & ( nitric acid4 ,dagu]re1 ,l\is ,j4 ,m4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #gj4 ,hi/orique et description des procds du dagu]rotype et du diorama1 ,p>is1 #ahci4 7,?is 0 translat$ into ,engli%47 ,dalton1 ,john4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #dj4 ,on ! ,absorption ( ,gases by ,wat]1 read be=e ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahjc4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahje1 & conta9s ! atomic weight ( tw5ty-"o sub/ances1 "s ( :i* 7 probably add$1 or correct$1 betwe5 ! date ( ! fir/ read+ & ! publication4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry4 ,see vol4 iv41 pp4 #dh1 #bji4 ,"s ,*emical ,ag5cies ( ,electricity1 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #ahjf1 vol4 viii4 ,rese>*es1 ,*emical & ,philosophical1 *iefly conc]n+ ,nitr\s ,oxide or ,de-phlogi/icat$ ,nitr\s ,air & its ,respiration1 ,london1 #ahjj4 ,dew>1 ,james4 ,see vol4 v41 p4 #ci4 ,solid ,hydrog51 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,in/1 = #aijj4 ,! ,nadir ( ,temp]ature & ,alli$ ,problems 7,bak]ian ,lecture71 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc1 #aija4 ,dufay1 ,ci/]nay4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bfg4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 betwe5 #agcc & #agcg1 conta9s ,dufay's pr9cipal pap]s4 ,eulbr1 ,leon>d 7#agjg-aghc74 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ag4 ,lettres a une ,pr9cesse d',allemagne sur quelques sujets de physique et de philosophie1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #agfh4 ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bda4 ,on ! ,induction ( ,electric ,curr5ts1 9 ,phil4 ,trans4 ( ,royal ,society = #ahcb1 pp4 #abf-abh4 ,explication ( ,arago's ,magnetic ,ph5om5a1 by ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,phil4 ,trans1 ( ,royal ,society = #ahcb1 pp4 #adf-adi4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam94 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bhf4 ,new ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,electricity1 ,london1 #agfj4 ,galvani1 ,luigi 7#agcg-agih74 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bbi4 ,de viribus electricitatis 9 motu muscul>i comm5tatio1 ,bologna1 #agia4 ,?is discov]y ( ,galvani 0 fir/ br\ght to notice by ,volta's fam\s pap] to ! ,royal ,society1 entitl$ ,an ,acc\nt ( "s ,discov]ies made by ,mr4 ,galvani1 ( ,bologna1 publi%$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans1 = #agic1 pp4 #aj-dd4 ,gay-,lussac1 ,joseph ,l\is4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #da4 ,mmoire sur la comb9aison des sub/ances gazeuses1 ,mem4 ,soc4 d',arcueil1 #ahji4 ,halley1 ,edmund4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #g4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,sev]al ,extraord9>y ,meteors or ,lights 9 ! ,sky1 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xxix41 pp4 #aei-afb1 ,london1 #agad4 ,helmholtz1 ,h4 ,l4 ,f4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bhj4 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*e ,optik1 ,leipzig1 #ahfg4 ,j\le1 ,j4 ,p4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bfi4 ,on ! ,calorific ,effects ( ,magneto-,electricity & ! ,me*anical ,value ( ,heat1 9 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahdc1 vol4 xii p4 #cc- ,kirwan1 ,r4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #c ff4 ,an ,essay on ,phlogi/on & ! ,con/itution ( ,acids1 ,london1 #aghi4 ,?is is int]e/+1 writt5 z x 0 j be=e ,lavoisi]'s ,elem5ts treat$ ! same subject f ! /&-po9t ( ! anti-phlogi/ic *emi/s4 ,klei/1 ,dean von4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bhj4 ,9 ! ,danzick ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 conta9s ! description giv5 by ,von ,klei/ ( 8 discov]y ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,a translation is giv5 also 9 ,prie/ley's ,hi/ory ( ,electricity4 ,lavoisi]1 ,anto9e ,laur5t4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #cc4 ,trait lm5taire de *imie1 ,p>is1 #aggd1 trans1 z ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1 by ,rob]t ,k]r1 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #agij4 ,li/]1 ,joseph ,jackson4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aac4 ,on ,"s ,prop]ties 9 ,a*romatic ,object ,glasses ,applicable to ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,microscope1 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #ahcj4 ,maxwell1 ,james ,cl]k-4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #de4 ,on ! ,motions & ,collisions ( ,p]fectly ,ela/ic ,sph]es 9 ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,janu>y & ,july1 i#hfj4 ,! ,sci5tific ,pap]s ( ,j4 ,cl]k-,maxwell1 edit$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,nev9 7#b vols471 vol4 i41 pp4 #cgb-cgd1 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 ,?is is a repr9t ( ,maxwell's prize pap] ( #ahei4 ,may]1 ,dr4 ,julius ,rob]t4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bei4 ,! ,=ces ( ,inorganic ,nature1 #ahdb4 ,?is is ,may]'s /atem5t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,m5delepp1 ,dmitri ,ivanovit*4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #fh4 ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahfh-ahgj4 7,!re h be5 sev]al subsequ5t editions47 ,o]/$1 ,hans ,*ri/ian4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bcf4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,effects ( ! ,electric ,curr5t on ! ,magnetic ,ne$le1 publi%$ at ,b]l91 #ahaf4 ,prie/ley1 ,joseph4 ,see vol4 iv41 pp4 #bj1 #cf4 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,air1 #c vols41 ,birm+ham1 #agij4 ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 #bef vol4 ii41 p4 #bhj1 ,london1 #agge4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,phlogi/on ,e/abli%$1 #ahjj4 ,ramsay & ,ravlbigh4 ,see vol4 v41 p4 #hf4 ,on an ,anomaly ,enc\nt]$ 9 ,det]m9+ ! ,d5sity ( ,nitrog5 ,gas1 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc1 ,april1 #ahid4 ,a /atem5t ( ! prop]ties ( argon 0 made by ! discov]]s to ! ,royal ,society1 giv5 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 clxxxvi41 p4 #ahg1 ,janu>y1 #ahie4 ,sc,h,b,b,l,b1 ,k>l ,william4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bc4 ,om ,brun/51 ell] ,magnesia1 o* dess ,eg5akap]1 ,/ockholm1#aggd4 ,?is conta9s 8 discov]y ( *lor9e4 ,8 book1 ,*emis*e ,abh&lung von d] ,luft und d5t ,feu]1 0 publi%$ 9 #aggg4 ,?ompson1 ,b5jam9 7,c\nt ,rum=d74 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bjh4 ,essays ,political1 ,economical1 & ,philosophical 7#b vols471 vol4 ii41 pp4 #dgj-dic1 ,london1 ,t4 ,cadell1 ,jr41 & ,w4 ,davies1 #agig4 ,?omson1 ,william 7,"l ,kelv974 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bgf4 ,on a ,univ]sal ,t5d5cy 9 ,nature to ! ,dissipation ( ,me*anical ,en]gy1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #aheb4 ,wolla/on1 ,william ,hyde4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #da4 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #ahad1 vol4 civ41 p4 i1 conta9s a synoptic scale ( *emical equival5ts4 ,?is pap] 0 confirmatory ( ,dalton's !ory4 ,"y1 ,?omas4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #bah4 ,on ! ,colors ( ,?9 ,plates ,i4e4 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 = #ahjb1 pp4 #ce-cg4 ,v4--,,mod]n ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,av5bruggbr1 ,lbopold4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bjj4 ,inv5tum novum ex p]cussione ?oracis humant int]ni pectoris morbos deteg5di1 ,vi5na1 #agfa4 vot4 ,v4-#ag #beg ,bell1 ,sir ,*>les ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bdi4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,n]ves ( ! ,human ,body1 be+ a ,republication ( ! ,pap]s deliv]$ to ! ,royal ,society on ! ,subject ( ! ,n]ves 9 #ahaa1 etc4 ,b]n>d1 ,claude4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #acg4 ,,bo]haavb1 ,,h]mann4 ,see ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #ahb4 ,in/itutions m$icos1 ,leyd51 #agjh2 & ,de *emie expurgante suos errores1 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agah4 ,br[n1 ,rob]t4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aae4 ,on ! ,organs & ,mode ( ,fecundation ( ,or*ideo & ,asclepiadeo1 9 ,miscellane\s ,botanical ,works1 ,london1 #ahff4 ,*amb]s1 ,rob]t4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #afa4 ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,london1 #ahdd 7publi%$ anonym\sly74 ,8 ,sequel to ,ve/iges 0 publi%$ a ye> lat]4 ,*>cot1 ,jean ,m>t94 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfi4 ,leons sur ,u maladies du sy/me n]veux1 ,p>is1 beg9n+ 9 #ahgc4 ,cuvi]1 ,george1 ,b>on de4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aei4 ,hi/oire naturelle des animaux sans v]tbres1 ,p>is1 #ahae4 ,sy/me des connaissances positives de ,vhomme1 ,p>is1 #ahbj4 ,d>w91 ,erasmus4 ,see vol4 iv41 pp4 #id1 #adg4 ,! ,botanic ,g>d51 ,london1 #agii4 ,! ,temple ( ,nature1 or ,! ,orig9 ( ,society1 edition publi%$ 9 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,d>w91 ,*>les4 ,see vol4 iii41 p4 #ie1 & vol4 iv41 p4 #agc4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,london1 #ahei4 ,pe*n]1 ,gu/av4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfc4 ,elem5te du ,psy*ophysik1 i#hfj4 ,fl\r5s1 ,m>ie ,jean ,pi]re4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bgj4 ,exp]i5ces sur le sy/me n]veux1 ,p>is1 #ahbe4 ,c\rs sur la gnration1 ,vovologie1 et ,vembryologie1 ,p>is1 #ahcf1 etc4 ,gall1 ,franz ,joseph4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bdh4 ,re*]*es sur le sy/me n]veux en gnral1 et sur celui du c]veau en p>ticuli]1 ,p>is1 #ahji4 7,?is pap] 0 laid be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,france 9 ,m>*1 #ahjh47 ,goe!1 ,johann ,wolfgang4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #adj4 ,die ,metamorphose d] ,pflanz51 #agij4 ,gray1 ,/eph54 ,see vol4 ii4t p4 #bfb4 ,mo/ ( 8 orig9al pap]s appe>$ 9 ! ,ph,u4 ,trans1 betwe5 #agbj & #agcg4 ,haeckel1 ,ern/ ,he9ri*4 ,see vol4 v41 p4 #add4 ,naturli* ,s*opfungsges*i*te1 #ahff1 rewritt5 9 a m popul> /yle two ye>s lat] z ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,"s ( 8 m important monographs are3 ,radiol>ia 7#ahfb71 ,siphonophora 7#ahfi71 ,mon]a 7#ahgj71 ,calc>i\s ,sponges 7#ahgb71 ,arabian ,corals 7#ahgf71 ano!r ,radiol>ia1 enum]at+ sev]al ?\s& new species1 accompani$ by "o hundr$ & =ty plates 7#ahhg71 & ,die ,weltr?sel1 trans1 9 #aijj z ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se4 ,hahnemann1 ,wilhelm von4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ahi4 ,organon d] rationell5 ,heilkunde1 ,dresd51 #ahaj4 ,hall1 ,m>%all1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,l4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bea4 ,on ! ,reflex ,functions ( ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata & ! ,m$ulla ,sp9alis1 9 ,phil4 ,trans1 ( ,royal ,society1 vol4 xxxiii41 #ahcc4 ,hunt]1 ,john4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ib4 ,on ! ,dige/ion ( ! ,/oma* aft] ,dea?1 fir/ edition1 pp4 #ahc-ahh4 ,j5n]1 ,edw>d4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aij4 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,causes & ,effects ( ! ,v>iolo ,vacc9o1 ,london1 #agii4 ,lannec1 ,r5 ,?ophile ,hyac9!4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bja4 ,trait d'auscultation mdiate1 ,p>is1 #ahai4 ,lam>ck1 ,jean ,bapti/e de4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aeb4 ,philosophie zoologique1 #h vols41 ,p>is1 #ahja4 ,8 fam\s /atem5t ( ! suppos$ orig9 ( species occurs on p4 #bce ( vol4 i41 z foll[s3 ,ev]y?+ :i* nature has caus$ individuals to acquire or lose by ! influ5ce ( ! circum/ance to :i* _! race is long expos$1 & consequ5tly by ! influ5ce ( ! pr$om9ant employm5t ( su* organ1 or its con/ant disuse1 %e pres]ves by g5]ation to ! new individuals proce$+ f !m1 provid$ t ! *anges are common to ! two sexes1 or to ^? :i* h produc$ ^! new individuals4 ,libbig1 ,ju/94 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aca4 ,animal ,*emi/ry1 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,libbig & ,whl]4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #ef4 ,! important "w ( ,liebig & ,whl] appe>$ until #ahc;a mo/ly 9 ,pogg5dorff's ,armal51 b aft] #ahcb mo/ ( ,liebig's "w appe>$ 9 8 own ,annal54 ,ab\t ! e>lie/ z well z "o ( 8 mo/ important sep>ate works is ,anleitung zur ,analyse organis*51 ,korp]1 #ahcg4 ,lotze1 ,h]mann4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfc4 ,m$iz9is*e ,psy*ologie1 od] ,physiologie d] ,seele1 ,leipzig1 #aheb4 ,mohl1 ,hugo von4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #abe4 ,ub] d] ,saftbewegung im ,inn]n d4 ,zelle1 ,bot4 ,zei-tung1 #ahdf4 ,morgagni1 ,giovanni ,batti/a4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #gf4 ,de s$ibus et causis ntorborum1 #b vols41 ,v5ice1 #agfa4 ,ok51 ,lor5z4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #afj4 ,philosophie d] ,natur1 ,zuri*1 #ahjb4 ,pa/eur1 ,l\is4 ,see vol4 iv41 pp4 #bag1 #bcc4 ,/udies on ,f]m5tation1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,8 fam\s pap] on att5uation & inoculation 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,compte ,r5du ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,p>is1 #ahha 7vol4 xcii474 ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #afj4 ,philosophie anatomique1 vol4 i41 ,p>is1 #ahah4 ,s*wann1 ,!odor4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #aai4 ,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung5 ub] die ,ub]e9/im-mung 9 d] ,/ructur und dem ,wa*/hum d] ,?i]e und ,pflanz51 ,b]l91 #ahci4 ,trans1 by ,syd5ham ,soc41 #ahdg4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfh4 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,london1 #ahee4 #bfj ,treviranus1 ,gottfri$ ,re9hold4 ,see vol4 iv4t p4 #aei4 ,biologie1 od] ,philosophie d] leb5d5 ,natur1 #ahjb4 ,web]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfc4 ,! /atem5t ( ,web]'s ,law99' 0 fir/ made 9 articles by ,web] contribut$ to ,wagn]'s ,h&wrt]-bu* d] ,physiologie1 b is aga9 /at$ & elaborat$ 9 ,fe*n]'s ,psy*ophysik4 7,see ,fe*n]47 ,weismann1 ,augu/4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #agi4 ,/udies 9 ! ,!ories ( ,desc5t4 ,trans1 by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,meldola1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,! introduction to ?is "w 0 writt5 by ,d>w94 ,wohl]1 ,fri$ri*4 ' 7,see ,liebig & ,whl]47 ,wundt1 ,wilhelm ,max4 ,see vol4 iv41 p4 #bfh4 ,grundzuge d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 #ahgd4 ,_m articles by ,wundt h appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 publi%$ at ,leipzig4 ,v4--,,a/ronomy ,a/ronomis*e ,g es disc haft4 ,a qu>t]ly j\rnal ( a/ronomy publi%$ 9 ,leipzig4 ,b]ry1 ,ar?ur4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,b]tr&1 ,j4 ,l4 ,f4 ,les fondateurs de ,va/ronomie mod]n3 ,cop]nic1 ,ty*o ,brake1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 et ,newton1 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,?is gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! lives & works ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,flamm>ion1 ,c4 ,vie de ,cop]nic1 et hi/oire de la dc\v]te du sy/me du monde1 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 ,=/]1 ,w4 ,johann ,kepl] und die ,h>monie d] ,sphcr51 ,b]l91 #ahfb4 ,j5s51 ,p4 ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 ,/rasburg1 #ahij4 #bfa ,locky]1 ,joseph ,norman4 ,! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy2 a ,/udy ( ! ,temple ,wor%ip & ,my?ology ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,london1 #ahid4 ,loom is4 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 ,new ,york1 #ahee4 ,ro?mann4 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 79 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k71 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,socit ,a/ronomique de ,france4 ,mon?ly bullet91 ,p>is4 ,?ompson1 ,r4 ,campbell4 ,reports ( ! ,magicians & ,a/rolog]s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #ai1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie1 ,muni*1 #ahgg4 ,,vi4--,,physics 7,,electricity7 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,paul ,drude4 7,note--,heavy1 sci5tific1 up-to-date4 ,is app>5tly "u ! patronage ( all ! big physici/s1 su* z ,ro5tg51 etc47 ,a tit della ,associazione ,ele?otecnica ,italiana 7at ,rome74 ,a l>ge bi-mon?ly magaz9e1 /rictly te*nical1 devot$ l>gely to !oretical problems ( electricity & alli$ subjects4 ,bullet9 ,int]national de ,v,electricit et ,j\rnal de ,v,electricit runis74 ,a semi-mon?ly f\r-page pap] deal+ ) ! te*nical application ( electricity 9 its v>i\s fields4 ,die ,dissozu]ung und ,umw&lung *emis*] ,atome1 by ,dr4 ,johannes ,/>k1 #aijc4 ,price #aej m4 ,a compreh5sive view ( ! application ( ! electron !ory to c]ta9 ph5om5a4--,nature1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,die ,ka?od5/rahl51 by ,g4 ,c4 ,s*midt1 ,brunswick1 #aijd4 ,a concise & complete acc\nt ( ! prop]ties ( ! ca?ode rays4--,nature1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,electrical ,magaz9e4 ,electricity4 ,a weekly j\rnal1 publi%$ by ! ,electricity ,newspap] ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,devot$ l>gely to que/ions ( ! practical application ( electricity1 b deal+ also ) ! !oretical side4 ,elem5ts ( ,electro-magnetic ,!ory1 by ,s4 ,j4 ,b>nett1 ,le-l& ,/an=d1 ,junior1 ,univ]sity4 ,macmillan ,co41 #aijd4 7#c47 ,h&bu* d] ,physik1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w9kelmann1 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,an indisp5sable /oreh\se ( exp]t k4--,nature1 ,july1 #aijd4 ,h>d94 ,rise & ,developm5t ( ! ,liquefaction ( ,gases1 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,la ?orie de ,maxwell et les oscillations h]tzi5nes1 la ,tlgraphie sans flt by ,h4 ,po9c>1 ,p>is1 #aijd 7price #b fr474 ,int]e/+ /udies ( light1 etc4 ,an int]e/+ bro*ure4--,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,july1 #aijd4 ,le radium et la radioactivit1 by ,paul ,besson1 ,p>is1 #aijd 7price #b fr4 #ge74 ,a good exposition ( ! kn[n prop]ties ( radium1 m>r$1 h[ev]1 by an attempt to put 9 accord sci5ce & religion-- propos du radium6 --,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,july1 #aijd4 ,lehrbu* d] ,physik1 by ,von ,o4 ,d4 ,*wolson1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijd4 #b vols4 out4 ,fir/ vol4 cov]s g5]al physics & me*anics4 ,second vol4 s\nd & radiant en]gy4 ,excell5t & q compreh5sive4--,sci5ce1 review4 ,p>k1 ,b5jam94 ,! ,intellectual ,rise 9 ,electricity1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,?is is a popul> acc\nt ( ! progress 9 ! field ( electricity f ,gilb]t to ,frankl94 ,radium & all ,ab\t ,x1 by ,s4 ,bottone1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,publi%$ by ,:ittak] ,co4 ,price is4 ,an accurate acc\nt ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a4--,nature1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,! ,physical ,review4 ,a mon?ly j\rnal ( exp]im5tal & !oretical physics4 ,publi%$ = ,cornell ,univ]sity by ! ,macmillan ,company4 #bfc ,!ory ( ,heat1 by ,?omas ,pre/on1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second edition j out4 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahe4 ,,vii4-,,*emi/ry ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal4 ,edit$ by ,ira ,rems51 presid5t ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,publi%$ mon?ly at ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,price #e p] annum4 ,a /rictly te*nical j\rnal4 ,bacon1 ,rog]4 ,mirror ( ,al*emy1 & ,admirable ,p[] ( ,art & ,nature1 ,london1 #aeig4 ,b]?blot1 ,p4 ,e4 ,m4 ,introduction a l'tude de la *imie des anci5s et du moy5 age1 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,les orig9es de l'al*imie1 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is4 ,a mon?ly te*nical j\rnal1 treat+ all phases ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,food ,inspection & ,analysis1 by ,alb]t ,e4 ,lea*1 ,s4 ,b4 7,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,n4 ,y41 #g4ej74 ,note4 --,?is book is design$ = ! use ( public analy/s1 heal? (fic]s1 food economi/s1 etc4 ,hoef]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hi/oire de la *imie1 ,p>is1 #ahff-ahfi4 ,?is gives biographical sket*es ( _m ( ! great *emi/s z well z ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( *emi/ry4 ,jahresb]i*t ub] die ,=ts*ritte d] ,*emie4 ,a j\rnal ( ! progress 9 *emi/ry1 publi%$ irregul>ly 9 ,brunswick4 ,kopp1 ,h4 ,ges*i*te d] ,*emie 7#d vols471 ,brunswick1 #ahdc-ahdg4 ,?is is an exhau/ive hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( *emi/ry4 ,lehrbu* d] ,/]eo*emie1 by ,a4 ,w]n]1 ,j5a1 #aijd1 price #aj m4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e organic *emi/4--,nature = ,augu/1 #aijd4 ,lemo9e1 ,y4 ,f4 ,la vitalism et l'am9isme de ,/ahl1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,?is discusses fully ,/ahl's fam\s !ories ( matt] & life4 ,mey]1 ,e4 von4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,pres5t ,day1 ,london1 #ahih4 ,?is treats fully ! subject ( ! phlogi/on !ory & its influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( *emi/ry4 ,muir1 ,m4 ,p4 ,/ory ( ,al*emy & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,*emi/ry1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,a popul> acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! phlogi/on !ory f al*emy1 giv+ explanations ( ! curi\s beliefs & me?ods ( work+ ( ! al*emi/s4 ,rodwell1 ,g4 ,f4 ,! ,bir? ( ,*emi/ry1 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,?ompson1 ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 ,! ,my/]y & ,romance ( ,al*emy & ,ph>macy1 9 ! ,sci5tific ,press1 ,london1 #ahig4 ,?is is v int]e/+ & readable4 ,?ompson1 ,t4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 ,london1 #ahcj1 #ahca4 ,waite1 ,ar?ur ,edw>d4 ,lives ( ,al*emi/tcal ,philosoph]s1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,a biographical acc\nt ( ! mo/ not$ al*emi/s4 ,?is is v complete4 ,waite has also collect$ a li/ ( ! pr9cipal works ( ! al*emi/s1 ?is li/ fill+ ab\t ?irty pages ( f9e pr9t4 ,,viii4--,,geology4 ,,biology1 ,,paleontology ,am]ican ,geologi/4 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,bullet9s1 ,new ,york4 ,a m]ican ,naturali/4 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur 7#ah fr4 p] annum74 ,a mon?ly bullet9 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 conta9+ mo/ly te*nical articles1 b also articles ( int]e/ to p]sons int]e/$ 9 problems ( immunization & immune s]a4 ,annales des sci5ces naturelles3 zoologie et palontologie1 ,p>is4 ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 includ+ zoology1 botany1 & geology4 ,mon?ly4 ,london4 ,a te*nical magaz9e4 ,( little int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,ar*iv fur ,naturges*i*te4 ,a j\rnal ( natural hi/ory publi%$ bi-mon?ly at ,b]l94 ,ar*iv fur ,rass5-und--,gesells*aft--,biologie e9s*liefsli* ,rass5--und ,gesell4-,hygi5e4 ,ar*ives de biologie 7qu>t]ly71 ,lige4 ,ar*ives des sci5ces biologiques4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,five numb]s a ye>4 ,ar*ives ,itali5nes de biologie4 ,tur94 ,bi-mon?ly4 ,biological ,bullet9 ( ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 ,wood's ,holl1 ,massa*usetts4 ,publi%$ mon?ly by ! laboratory4 ,manag+ editor1 ,prank ,r4 ,lillie4 ,sci5tific & te*nical--v good4 ,biologie gnrale des bactries1 by ,e4 ,bod91 pr(essor ( bact]iology1 ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,price #b ,x4 #ej4 ,/udies ( bact]ia 9 g5]al treat$ 9 a semi-popul> mann]4 ,"s new ideas prep>$ to expla9 bact]ial action 9 normal life--v good4--,revue ,sci5tifique1 review1 ,augu/1 #aijd4 ,biometrika4 ,a j\rnal = ! /ati/ical /udy ( biological problems 7qu>t]ly71 #cje4 p] annum4 ,edit$1 9 consultation ) ,francis ,galton1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,r4 ,weldon1 ,k>l ,pe>son1 & ,c4 ,b4 ,dav5port4 ,a bulky j\rnal1 beautifully illu/rat$ ) plates & l9e cuts4 ,l>gely te*nical1 b conta9+ _m articles ( int]e/ to g5]al read]s on laws ( inh]itance1 h]$it>y influ5ces1 etc4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,publi%$ irregul>ly at ,ro*e/]4 ,gcologis*e und ,paloontologis*e ,abh&lung51 ,j5a4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,memoirs f ! ,biological ,laboratory4 ,l'*ange ,revue ,l9ni5ne1 fonde p> le ,docteur ,jacquet4 ,directeur1 ,m4 ,pic4 ,a mon?ly j\rnal ( natural hi/ory1 devot$ l>gely to entomology--small & te*nical4 ,( int]e/ to entomologi/s only4 ,les lois naturelles1 p> ,flix le ,danteg1 *>ge du c\rs d'embryologie gnrale la ,sorbonne1 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,price #f fr4 ,a /udy 9 biology4 ,! "n corresponds exactly ) ! cont5ts ( ?is admirable "w4--,revue ,sci5tifique1 review1 ,septemb]1 #aijd4 ,m>9e ,biological ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,plym\?4 ,socit ,dauph9oise d',e?nologie et d',an?ropologie4 ,qu>t]ly bullet94 ,gr5oble4 ,socit ,zoologique de ,france4 ,mon?ly bullet94 ,text-book ( ,geology1 by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 a vols4 ,f\r? edition4 #aj4 ,macmillan ,co41 #aijd4 ,text-book ( ,paleontology 7,macmillan1 #aijd1 #c71 by ,c>l ,a4 von ,zittel1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,! ,geological ,magaz9e1 or ,mon?ly ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 edit$ by ,h5ry ,woodw>d1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,london1 #ae4 d4 p] copy4 ,a high-class te*nical magaz9e4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 edit$ by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ,e4 ,c4 ,san=d1 & ,e4 ,b4 ,tit*n5]4 ,publi%$ at ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 mon?ly4 ,a te*nical j\rnal devot$ to psy*ological rese>*es4 ,! ,naturali/1 ,london4 ,a mon?ly j\rnal = ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,%epp>d1 ,p4,g4,s41 & ,t4 ,w4 ,woodhead1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,annual subscription1 #fe4 #f;d4 ,a local j\rnal1 b conta9+ g5]al articles ( int]e/4 ,semi-popul>4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 edit$ by ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,ix4--,,m$ic9e ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,insanity4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,annales m$ico-psy*ologiques1 ,p>is4 ,arbeit5 aus dem leais]li*5 ,gesundheitsamte4 ,a j\rnal ( hygi5e publi%$ irregul>ly at ,b]l94 ,ar*iv fur ,anatomie und ,physiologic4 ,a semi-mon?ly j\rnal ( ! progress 9 anatomy & physiology1 publi%$ at ,leipzig4 ,ar*iv fur die gesammte ,physiologie1 ,bonn4 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,london4 ,immune ,s]a1 by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,wass]mann1 ,m4,d41 trans1 by ,*>les ,bolduan1 ,m4,d41 ,new ,york & ,london1 #aijd4 ,we confid5tly comm5d ?is little book to all p]sons desir\s ( acqua9t+ !mselves ) ! ess5tial facts on ! subject ( immune s]a4--,nature1 ,july1 #aijd4 ,lancet1 ,london4 ,lecl]c1 ,luci54 ,hi/oire de la mdec9e arabe1 #b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,?is "w is v complete & well writt54 ,m$ical ,record1 ,new ,york4 ,m$ical ,times1 ,new ,york4 ,pagel1 ,julius4 ,e9fuhrung 9 die ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic91 ,b]l91 #ahih4 ,?is is n z exhau/ive z ,baas's book1 b is writt5 9 a mu* m readable /yle4 ,p>k1 ,roswell4 ,epitome ( ?f ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 ,philadelphia1 #ahii4 ,paul ( ,a,egina4 ,! ,works (1 publi%$ by ! ,syd5ham ,society1 ,london1 #ahda1 are well wor? read+1 z giv+ a cle> und]/&+ ( ! /atus ( m$ic9e 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,spr5gal1 ,k4 ,p4 ,j4 ,hi/oire de la mdec9e depuis son orig9e jusqu'au dix-neuvime sicle1 #h vols41 ,p>is1 #ahae-ahbj4 ,?is is a ,fr5* translation ( ! ,g]man "w1 & is m available ?an ! orig9al volumes4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ exhau/ive hi/ory ( m$ic9e ev] attempt$4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,hygi5e1 edit$ by ,george ,h4 ,f4 ,nuttall1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,a qu>t]ly j\rnal ( hygi5e 7#b is4 p] annum71 conta9+ _m int]e/+ articles on subjects connect$ ) hygi5e & ( int]e/ to g5]al read]s4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 edit$ by ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,j4 ,n4 ,langley1 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,issu$ qu>t]ly4 ,price ,ss4 ,c4 ,j4 ,clay ,sons1 ,london4 ,x4--,,an?ropology ,,& ,,ar*aeology ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hodge1 editor1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,publi%$ qu>t]ly = ! ,am]ican ,an?ropological ,association 7#d4ej p] annum74 ,te*nical 7or semi-te*nical74 ,a m$ium ( communication betwe5 /ud5ts ( all bran*es ( an?ropology4 ,mu* space devot$ to ,indian language1 etc4--2a v good j\rnal4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*oology4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology4 ,ar*ivo p] ,v antropologia e ,v etnologia1 ,flor5ce4 ,?ree numb]s a ye>4 ,a j\rnal devot$ to an?ropology & e?nology4 ,avebury1 ,"l 7,sir ,john ,lubbock74 ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilization & ! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man4 ,m5tal & social condition ( mod]n savages4 ,new ,york1 #ahgj4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g>rison1 ,m4,d4 ,! ,basis ( ,social ,relation1 a ,/udy 9 ,e?nic ,psycliol-ogy1 edit$ by ,l4 ,f>r&1 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,clodd1 ,edw>d4 ,my?s & ,dreams1 ,london4 #ahhe4 ,/ory ( ,primitive ,man1 #c;d edition1 ,london1 #ahig4 ,! ,*ildhood1 ( tlte ,_w4 ,a simple acc\nt ( man 9 e>ly times4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,dawk9s1 ,w4 ,boyd4 ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita91 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,cave ,hunt+4 ,rese>*es on ! evid5ce ( caves respect+ ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,dell5baugh1 ,fr$]ick ,s4 ,! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,ye/]day1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,d5ik]1 ,joseph4 ,races ( ,man4 ,an outl9e ( an?ropology & e?nology4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,gri]son1 ,p4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hamilton4 ,! ,sil5t ,trade4 ,a contribution to ! e>ly hi/ory ( human int]c\rse4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,haeckel1 ,dr4 ,ern/ ,he9ri*4 ,an?ropog5ic2 od] ,entwickelungsges*i*tc des ,m5-s*51 #d? edition1 #b vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 #bfi ,mll]1 ,fri$ri*4 ,e?nographie2 auf ,grund des von ,k4 von ,s*]z] gesammett5 ,mat]ials4 ,vi5na1 #ahfh4 ,murtillbt1 ,gabriel de4 ,le prhi/orique antiquit de ,vhomme4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,p[ell1 ,john ,wesley4 ,relation ( ,primitive ,peoples to ,environm5t4 ,9 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,report4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 ,reports ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 9 ! annual reports ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology s9ce #ahgg4 ,quatrepages 7,a4 de ,q4 de ,brun74 ,hi/oire gnrale des races huma9es4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,ratzel1 ,fri$ri*4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #c vols41 trans1 by ,a4 ,j4 ,bubl]1 ,london1 #ahif-ahih4 ,revue de l',ecole d',an?ropologie de ,p>is4 ,mon?ly4 ,publi%$ by ! pr(essors4 ,treats all phases & bran*es ( an?ropology4 ,sci5ce de l'homme et m?ode an?ropologique1 by ,alphonse ,cels1 ,p>is & ,brussels1 #aijd4 #g francs4 ,z a highly ab/ract & sugge/ive exposition ( ! nature & scope ( an?ropology1 ?is book des]ves a place 9 ! libr>y ( ! an?ropologi/4--,nature1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aijd4 ,socit ,acadmique d',ar*ologie1 ,p>is4