,,the ,,turkish ,,bath3 ,,its ,,design ,,and ,,construction2 ,,with ,,chapters ,,on ,,the ,,adaptation ,,of ,,the ,,bath ,,to ,,the ,,private ,,house1 ,,the ,,institution1 ,,and ,,the ,,training ,,stable4 ,,by ,,robert ,,owen ,,allsop1 ,,architect4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,plans ,,and ,,sections ,from ,scale ,drawings by the ,author4 ,illustration ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #abe1 ,,strand1 ,,london4 ,,new ,,york3 #ab1 ,,cortlandt ,,street4 #ahij ,,preface4 ,the present work originally appeared in the form of a series of illustrated articles in the columns of the ,building ,news4 ,it has been carefully revised and enlarged with the addition of much new matter4 ,the object of the author in publishing the work in its present form is to provide1 in addition to a text-book for the architect1 a treatise which shall enable the public to form their own judgment as to the relative merits of the baths that compete for their patronage4 ,the principles1 herein enunciated1 upon which good baths should be built1 will be easily grasped by the ordinary reader2 and the detailed plans and instructions will1 it is hoped1 supply such information as will enable the designer of baths to cope with the exigencies of any and every case with which he may be confronted4 #cg1 ,,norfolk ,,street1 ,,strand1 ,,london4 ,march #ahij4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,general ,,requirements ,,of ,a ,,public ,,bath #i ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,general ,,disposition ,,of ,,plan ,,of ,,public ,,baths #ag ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,a ,,detailed ,,consideration ,,of ,,features ,,peculiar ,,to ,,the ,,bath #cb ,,chapter ,v4 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilation #ei ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,water-,,fittings ,,and ,,appliances #hg ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,lighting1 ,,decorating1 ,,and ,,furnishing #ajb ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,turkish ,,bath ,,in ,,the ,,house #aah ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,bath ,,in ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,institutions1 ,,etc4 #acd ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,turkish ,,bath ,,for ,,horses #ada ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,turkish ,baths1 ,savoy ,hill1 ,london #ba #b4 ,turkish ,baths1 ,charing ,cross1 ,london #bd #c4 ,turkish ,baths1 ,euston ,road1 ,london #bh #d4 ,a ,plunge ,bath #ej1 #ea #e4 ,methods of arranging ,couches in ,cooling ,room #ef #f4 ,view of a small ,furnace ,chamber1 with portion of wall broken away to show the ,convoluted ,stove #fe #g4 ,an ,air ,filter #fg #h4 ,plans and ,section of a ,furnace ,chamber1 c41 for a ,bath on the ordinary ,hot-air ,principle #fh #i4 ,section of ,hot ,room1 showing ,foul-air ,conduit #gb #aj4 ,a ,fireclay ,heating ,apparatus #gd #aa4 ,longitudinal ,section of ,sudatory ,chambers #hd #ab4 ,a ,shampooing ,basin #ij #ac4 ,valve for ,regulating ,temperature of ,water #ia #ad4 ,a ,needle ,bath #id #ae4 ,spray1 ,wave1 and ,douche ,baths #ie #af4 ,regulating ,valves for ,needle1 ,douche1 c4 #if #ag4 ,bather's ,shower ,bath #ii #ah4 ,section and ,plan of an ,enamelled ,iron ,ceiling #ajg #ai4 ,plans of ,plunge ,baths #aab #bj4 ,section of ,benches in ,hot ,rooms1 and in ,cooling ,room ,divans #aae #ba4 ,furniture of a ,turkish ,bath #aag #bb4 ,plan of ,mr4 ,urquhart's ,small ,private ,bath and of the ,hot ,room at ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson's ,bath at ,richmond ,hill #aai #bc4 ,methods of constructing ,turkish ,baths in existing ,houses #abd #bd4 ,a complete ,private ,turkish ,bath #abf #be4 ,design for a ,private ,turkish ,bath #acj1 #aca #bf4 ,plan of the ,baths at the ,hotel ,mont ,dore1 ,bournemouth #ace #bg4 ,plan of the ,great ,northern ,railway ,company's ,turkish ,bath for ,horses #adb ,,the ,,turkish ,,bath4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,since the revival of the bath of antiquity1 and its introduction into this country under the name of the ,turkish bath1 this method of bathing has become very generally adopted2 and although onward progress is rendered less rapid than it might be1 by the wide-spread popular ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to the bath1 erroneous impressions are being gradually removed1 and the continual building of new baths testifies to the manner in which the institution flourishes on ,british soil4 ,to what extent the delusion concerning the supposed danger connected with this form of bathing is to be ascribed to popular ignorance and prejudice1 or to the fact that baths of unsuitable design and construction1 and of faulty heating and ventilation1 are put before the public1 it would be hard to say4 ,certain it is that the latter cause has done much--very much--injury4 ,i cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to the progress of the bath in this country1 is that little or nothing has been written or said about its proper design1 construction1 and working1 and that no full inquiry has been made into the best possible method of supplying heat to the bathers4 ,as a consequence1 we have had1 and still have1 placed before the public1 and meeting with undeserved success1 ,turkish baths which are such only in name--unhealthy1 ill-ventilated cellars1 where the air1 deteriorated at the outset by the heating apparatus1 stagnates in the sudatory chambers1 and becomes loaded with the exhalations and emanations of the bathers1 and not unfrequently charged with a nauseating and disgusting odour4 ,what wonder that we so often hear persons remark that they have tried the bath1 but neither enjoyed it nor did it agree with them6 ,the damaging effect of baths of this type on the prospects of the true bath is incalculable4 ,in the absence of enlightenment1 however1 thousands1 convinced of the value and benefit of the bathing1 periodically attend these miserable substitutes for properly-planned1 hygienically-heated1 and effectively-ventilated ,turkish baths4 ,viewing any self-evident shortcomings as irremediable evils1 ignorant of the true principles of bath construction1 and knowing little or nothing of the physiological action of the bath1 they have neither the means of ascertaining1 nor the power to detect1 the genuine article from the harmful substitute4 ,with the public the best bath will be the most elaborate and most flashily decorated1 and the moth-and-candle principle comes into play with striking semblance to the original type4 ,so much has been written and said about the arrangement1 design1 and working of the baths of the ancient ,romans1 and of the ,oriental nations of to-day1 that it will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter upon the subject1 fascinating though it be to any one interested in the building of modern baths4 ,an intelligent study of old plans1 and of the writings of those who have given their attention to the elucidation of the special purposes to which the various apartments of the ,roman ,therm were devoted1 serves in no small degree to a complete understanding of the problems involved in the perfecting of the bath in modern times4 ,so also with regard to the ,hammam of the ,east1 an acquaintance with its plan and working is equally instructive4 ,but to fully elucidate the history of thermo-therapeutic architecture would require a volume of itself1 since the many questions that present themselves to the student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood without considerable and lengthy description4 ,those desirous of studying the subject of the design of ancient and ,oriental baths will find many works within easy reach4 ,in his ',manual of the ,turkish ,bath1' the late ,david ,urquhart has given a most complete account of ,eastern baths2 and in ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson's ',eastern or ,turkish ,bath1' will be found a popular account of the sumptuous baths of antiquity1 which will serve as an introduction to further researches with the aid of more abstruse works1 such as ,wollaston's ',therm ,romano-,britannic1' ,cameron's ',baths of the ,romans1' and particularly the careful description of the ,pompeian ,balne in ,sir ,william ,gell's ',pompeiana4' ,in the admirable works of ,samuel ,lysons1 the ,gloucestershire antiquary1 will be found interesting accounts of the remains of old ,roman baths in this country2 and in ,daremberg and ,saglio's ',dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,romaines1' is a most capable essay on ancient ,balne4 ,in ,eastern travellers' books1 desultory descriptions of the ,oriental bath will be found2 and in ,owen ,jones's work on the ,palace of the ,alhambra1 at ,granada1 plans and sections are given of the elegant little bath that the ,moorish builders erected therein4 ,for the purposes of this work1 and for the sake of brevity and convenience1 ,i have thought fit to adopt the following terms from the old ,roman vocabulary1 to designate the apartments of the modern bath4 ,i respectively term the first1 second1 and third hot rooms1 the ,tepidarium1 ,calidarium1 and ,laconicum4 ,although the exact nature of the ancient ,roman laconicum is still a question in debate1 ,i have chosen to employ the term to designate herein the hottest of the hot4 ,the washing room ,i call the ,lavatorium2 the cooling room1 the ,frigidarium2 and the separate dressing room1 the ,apodyterium4 ,the modern ,turkish bath is rather a revival of the ,roman bath1 than that of the ,east4 ,among the ,orientals1 the air of the sudorific chambers is charged more or less heavily with vapour4 ,in the ancient ,roman bath1 the atmosphere must have been more or less dry4 ,and it has been decided by physiologists and physicians of the hydropathic school1 that the air of the bath cannot be too free of all moisture4 ,with a perfectly dry atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne1 and the dryness moreover is conducive to perspiration4 ,this absolute need for a dry atmosphere in the bath will be found fully explained in an admirable work by ,dr4 ,w4,b4 ,hunter1 ,m4,d41 entitled ',the ,turkish ,bath3 its ,uses and ,abuses4' ,but notwithstanding the fact that the type of bath employed at the present day resembles1 in point of dryness of atmosphere1 that of ancient ,rome1 the name of ,turkish bath1 originally given to it by ,mr4 ,urquhart1 has held good1 and must now be accepted as the correct modern designation4 ,neither the term ,turkish1 however1 nor the designation hot-air bath1 convey to the uninitiated any idea of the true principle of the bath1 as ,i shall hereinafter call it for brevity's sake4 ,more properly it is a heat bath--a thermal cure4 ,in the ordinary hot-air bath1 the heated air is simply a medium2 and1 as ,i have endeavoured to explain in the body of this little work1 the heat is best supplied to the body of the bather by direct radiation4 ,by the ,turkish bath1 therefore1 ,i would be understood to mean a method of supplying pure heat--not necessarily hot air--to the surface of the human body for hygienic1 remedial1 and curative purposes4#a ,in the following pages1 however1 ,i have1 in this respect1 treated of the subject from the broadest point of view1 and have explained the method of designing the hot-air bath pure and simple1 looking upon the convected and radiating heat principles as both good of their kind1 and perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the human frame4 ,i have adhered to this plan throughout1 because1 even supposing that it were shown conclusively to-morrow1 that the principle of heating by convection is absolutely wrong1 baths of this type would1 owing to the slow march of improvement in this country1 still be built and require to be planned4 ,moreover1 it has been in the past1 and still is1 the generally accepted idea that the ,turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and simple4 ,medical men of eminence who have studied the question have thought fit to retain the term hot air in descriptions of the ,turkish bath4 ,in deference to their opinion ,i may hereinafter1 in places1 speak of the hot-air bath4 ,the arguments put forward in favour of radiant heat1 with a comparatively cool atmosphere1 in the sudorific chambers1 are1 for the most part1 the result of my own experience and study4 ,i treat of my subject in two sections1 dealing with public and private baths respectively4 ,chapters ,,ii4 to ,,vii4 are devoted to the elucidation of the principles to be observed in the building of public baths1 either for true public purposes or as commercial speculations4 ,it is unnecessary to speak of these two classes of baths under separate heads3 what is required of the one is required of the other4 ,the only difference is that one is the property of the people1 and may be required to be designed in a block of buildings containing other kinds of baths2 and the other is owned by a company of persons or by a single individual as the case may be1 and is generally an establishment complete in itself4 ,it is not to the credit of the ,english nation that so little has been done in connection with ,turkish bath building for the people4 ,the attention given to the question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is of the most meagre character4 ,the provisions of the ,public ,baths and ,wash-houses ,act are entirely inadequate4 ,in these matters the ,german nation is far ahead of us4 ,fortunately for the general health1 the ,englishman is renowned for his morning tub4 ,but the cold tub is merely a tonic bath1 and the ,turkish bath cleanses both the inward and outward man1 besides constituting a most perfect tonic4 ,the cleanliness of the vast body of the ,english depends on the warm shallow bath1 an ineffective means at the best1 and1 often1 when taken at a high temperature1 fraught with a real danger to certain constitutions4 ,used1 as customary1 without a tonic application of cold water1 it is eminently conducive to cold-catching4 ,but one cannot blame the average ,englishman for his neglect of the health-giving habit of scientific bathing1 unless he sees the advantage of1 and has means to afford1 a ,turkish bath in his own house4 ,he looks in vain for an appropriate1 comfortable1 and attractive bath-house provided for him by the ,legislature1 and he dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere and odours of the so-called ,turkish baths provided by enterprising business men4 ,he can do nothing but fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub4 ,in the second section1 comprised in ,chapters ,,viii4 to ,x41 ,i have dealt with private baths1 including the bath in the house and mansion1 in institutions of one kind and another1 and in connection with training stables4 ,in the chapter on the bath in the private house1 will be found plans of baths of several types1 from the smallest and least expensive to the most elaborate and costly4 ,it is my hope that this little work may lead to some attention being bestowed on the question of providing public ,turkish baths worthy of the country2 that it may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths as commercial speculations2 and that1 from its pages1 those desirous of experiencing the luxury of a model ,turkish bath in their own homes1 may learn the best methods of its design and construction4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,the ,germans1 with more perception and accuracy than ourselves1 term the therapeutic agent that we called the ,turkish bath1 the ,roman-,irish bath--the ,rmisch-irische ,bder4 ,both the ancient ,roman bath and the old ,irish sweating-house1 gave out radiant heat from the walls to the bather1 and did not depend on the supplying of hot air4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,general ,,requirements ,,of ,a ,,public ,,bath4 ,in order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and management1 a public ,turkish bath should be convenient and compact in plan4 ,it should be as perfect as possible in regard to heating and ventilation1 in order to insure patronage2 and1 for the same reason1 it should be made a thing of beauty4 ,a badly-ventilated1 inconvenient1 and ill-adorned bath does harm1 both to the bather and the cause4 ,it is its own enemy1 and harmful also to all other baths2 whereas every ably-designed bath has in itself the elements of success1 and assists existing institutions by increasing the number of converts to the process4 ,a good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate and expensive one1 but primarily one where the heating and ventilation are on the latest and most approved principles1 and where the shampooing and washing rooms are kept sweet and clean1 the bathing appliances effective1 and the cooling rooms ample1 and supplied with an abundance of fresh air4 ,this is not the result of sumptuousness and elaboration1 but of pure applied science4 ,amplitude of space1 however1 facilitates its attainment1 as it is difficult to render a cramped bath beneficial and attractive4 ,by an attractive bath1 ,i would be understood to mean one in which the visitor will feel interest in the design2 where pleasant objects are presented to his eye1 both in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling rooms4 ,artistic decorations have here a commercial value4 ,the bath requiring time1 the bather is compelled to pass some hours in the various apartments1 and it is therefore highly desirable that his surroundings be rendered pleasant and entertaining4 ,in a ,turkish bath1 as in other architectural matters1 this is not the result of a prodigal expenditure on costly decorations and fittings1 but rather of a careful arrangement of necessary and desirable features1 and a knowledge of the methods of obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on the plan4 ,the arrangement of the modern bath is modified from that of the ,ancients and ,orientals to suit the accepted form of practice in this country1 so that the order of the different processes through which the bather passes governs the disposition of the various apartments4 ,the chief object to be attained is to induce a more or less vigorous perspiration by the application of heat4 ,this heat is now generally applied through the medium of the air1 which is raised to a high temperature by being passed over and in contact with the heated surfaces of stoves of various designs1 or by direct radiation from hot metal or firebrick4 ,theoretically1 the generally-adopted method of applying the heat to the bather might be greatly improved1 but practically it has been found the best4 ,into these questions1 however1 ,i shall enter when treating of the heating and ventilating of the bath4 ,for the present1 it will suffice to say that the chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying of an abundance of pure hot air to the various sudorific chambers1 and the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and exhalations4 ,since the disposition of the various apartments is governed by the methods of bathing in vogue1 it will be necessary to first give the reader a brief account of the various processes undergone by the bather4 ,the object of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold--7#a7 ,to cleanse the blood of impurities2 and 7#b7 to loosen the dead scales of the epidermis1 or scarf-skin1 that spreads itself everywhere over the true skin or cuticle4 ,besides this1 however1 physiologists tell us that the heat itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways1 and is1 in cases of disease1 a most powerful curative and remedial agent4 ,this latter fact explains the necessity for the high temperatures employed1 as mere perspiration could be attained with a comparatively low degree of heat4 ,the course of treatment to be undergone by the bather1 as given by ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson1 is--7#a7 ,exposure of the naked body to hot dry air4 7#b7 ,ablution with warm and cold water4 7#c7 ,cooling and drying the skin4 ,in addition to these1 however1 there should be added the process of massage or shampooing before washing4 ,the perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms--the ,tepidarium1 ,calidarium1 and ,laconicum4 ,the nature of these apartments--which ,i shall hereinafter consider in detail--must be determined by the pretensions of the establishment4 ,perspiration having been induced1 the bather submits to the kneading of the muscles of the trunk and limbs by the shampooer4 ,for this operation1 which restores tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system1 a separate and distinct apartment should1 in high class baths1 be provided4 ,vigorous friction with a coarse glove succeeds the shampooing4 ,this detaches the dead portions of the epidermis1 and is an operation generally practised in the ,lavatorium--a washing room adjoining the shampooing room4 ,in the same place the bather receives copious ablutions with warm water4 ,the less robust conclude the cleansing process with a douche1 needle1 spray1 or shower bath1 graduated from warm to cold2 and the strong bather1 by plunging into a bath of cold water1 the object of which is to contract and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin that have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures of the calorific apartments4 ,for these purposes a small room1 with the various appliances named1 and a large chamber containing a more or less ample plunge bath1 must be provided4 ,in small baths1 provision for both these operations is made in one general shampooing and washing room1 where the bather is massed1 rubbed down1 washed1 and takes the plunge or shower bath4 ,the plunge may1 if thought advantageous1 be placed partly in the cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms1 in which case1 the bather dives under a glazed partition of some sort1 which1 furnished with an india-rubber flap dangling in the water1 prevents the hot air of the sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms4 ,the above description gives an outline of the cleansing and hygienic processes1 and of the nature of the requirements of those portions of the bath devoted to their attainment4 ,i have named them first as being the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite of rooms1 since the bath may exist if it be merely in the form of an old ,irish sweating-house1 or a somewhat similar construction of the ,north ,american ,indian2 but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances there can be no bath4 ,the next important features to be considered are the dressing and cooling rooms4 ,before entering the bath rooms proper1 the bather must divest himself of his clothing1 and assume the bathing garment4 ,the dressing room or ,apodyterium1 and the cooling room or ,frigidarium1 are generally made one and the same2 but they may1 with advantage1 be designed as separate and distinct apartments1 the provision for dressing and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with small dressing-boxes around it4 ,the frigidarium will then be a simple apartment designed for the economical reception of the reposing couches1 it being absolutely essential that the bather rest awhile1 after the bath1 to allow the body to gradually assume its normal temperature4 ,neglect of this precaution may cause a renewal of perspiration1 and possibly a cold4 ,if a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be adopted1 it must be fitted with a number of divans to accommodate a given number of persons1 or be divided into smaller spaces with dwarf screens1 each space receiving a pair of couches4 ,the divisions may be effected by more or less elaborate and ornamental wooden partitions4 ,in ladies' baths more privacy must be observed4 ,each lady bather should have a private dressing and reposing room1 even if only formed by dwarf wooden partitions4 ,an arrangement may be designed whereby the bather enters first a room fitted with a number of dressing-boxes1 and then passes through the frigidarium on his way to the hot rooms1 whence he returns after his bath4 ,where the establishment is on a large scale1 the arrangement may lead the bather first to a room fitted with dressing-boxes1 then to the hot rooms1 and finally1 by way of the plunge bath1 into a commodious and separate cooling room4 ,subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should be others for the attendants1 manager1 and also for the hairdresser and chiropodist1 or1 at any rate1 some sort of provision made for them4 ,a pay office1 with counter and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch1 money1 and other valuables1 should be the first object that one meets on entering from the vestibule connecting the establishment with the street4 ,in connection with this office may be the manager's room1 and provision for the supply of refreshments4 ,if the bath be the property of a company1 a board room may be required4 ,as on entering a bath the visitor must immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes1 in order that he may not pollute apartments that are devoted to the attainment of that cleanliness which is next to godliness1 a raised step must be provided at the entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter unshod1 or a portion of the combined cooling and dressing room may be divided off by similar means4 ,provision for the boots and shoes must be in the form of a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance1 where1 also1 racks for coats and hats must be placed4 ,the hair-dressing room and accommodation for the chiropodist--if he does not practise his art at the couch of the bather--must adjoin the frigidarium1 as also should the attendants' room4 ,a lavatory must be placed in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room4 ,closet accommodation should be accessible from the same apartment1 but should be perfectly cut off from it by means of a passage or lobby4 ,the greatest care should be taken to prevent these conveniences from becoming offensive4 ,returning from the bath1 the sense of smell is peculiarly sensitive1 and the slightest odour is detected4 ,the worst position for the closets is near the door by which the bather leaves the lavatorium4 ,defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent bath4 ,if the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on separate floors1 the closets may be designed off a landing on the staircase4 ,in the separate accommodation for attendants and shampooers the same caution must be observed4 ,adjoining1 under1 or partly under1 the laconicum must be placed the heating apparatus in its chamber1 with stokery and provision for fuel1 c4 ,the stokery should be large1 light1 and properly ventilated1 and the attendants should be able easily to communicate with the stoker4 ,of the arrangements for heating and supplying the water to the lavatorium ,i shall speak in another chapter4 ,laundry1 linen and towel rooms1 and a drying room must be provided4 ,they are important necessities1 and should not be cramped in dimensions4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,general ,,disposition ,,of ,,plan ,,of ,,public ,,baths4 ,although the process of the bath determines the position of the various apartments in relation to one another1 the exact disposition of the plan must be governed by the shape of the ground to be covered1 the nature of the site and surroundings1 and--if the bath be constructed in an existing building--the amount of space allotted to it4 ,the relative position of chamber to chamber of the sudatorium1 and of the latter to the cooling rooms1 must remain more or less constant2 but the angle of connection with each other1 their shape1 proportions1 and floor levels1 must1 together with the positions of the subsidiary apartments1 be determined by the exigencies of the site1 and considerations of convenience and economy4 ,frequently1 the architect will be called upon to design a bath in a given space in the lower floors of some existing building4 ,he may be given the ground or basement floor to make the most of as best he can4 ,his plan is thus considerably hampered4 ,if the site includes the basement and ground floor of an ordinary house1 he may arrange the offices and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor2 and the hot rooms1 shampooing room1 and bath rooms1 in the basement4 ,where possible1 the hot rooms should be pushed out beyond the back wall of the houses1 and lighted from the top4 ,in cities1 the hot rooms will often have to be in the actual basement4 ,where space is valuable a whole house may be given up to baths if the floors be made fire and heat proof4 ,the basement may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms1 the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms1 and the first floor to cooling rooms4 ,ladies' baths1 again1 can be arranged on the floors above1 and both baths can be heated from one apparatus4 ,in a bath where three floors are available1 the first floor may be devoted to extra cooling and dressing rooms4 ,in inexpensive sites the bath may be all on one level4 ,this is the most convenient arrangement1 but in large cities is generally too costly4 ,the ,hammam and ,savoy baths1 in ,london1 are1 however1 all on one level1 the former being practically all above ground1 and the latter constructed in the basement of an existing building4 ,the ,london ,hammam was the first public ,turkish bath erected in this country1 and owes its existence to the fervid zeal of the late ,david ,urquhart4 ,it was erected in #ahfb1 from the designs of the late ,somers ,clarke4 ,the bath rooms proper are modelled on the ,eastern plan1 and have quite an ,oriental effect1 with the stars of stained glass sparkling in the sombre domed tepidarium4 ,in this bath the office is arranged in the old building in ,jermyn ,street1 adjoining which is the combined frigidarium and apodyterium1 a structure of wood1 originally intended as a temporary building only4 ,this is covered with an open-timbered roof1 and divided into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts1 and lighted by a clerestory4 ,these posts form the divisions of the divans1 which are separated from one another by ornamented wood partitions worked in an ,eastern manner4 ,connected by double doors with this apartment are the hot rooms4 ,the main room--a very moderately-heated tepidarium--is a square on plan1 with splayed angles1 over which rises a dome of brickwork4 ,on either side of this square1 and connected with it by the horseshoe arches supporting the dome1 are transept-like apartments1 used as portions of the tepidarium1 similar adjuncts existing at the ends and joining on the one hand the frigidarium1 and on the other a heated smoking saloon1 which occupies a position corresponding to that of a ,lady-chapel in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan4 ,on either side of this saloon are two calidaria4 ,a drying room and laundry are arranged over the smoking saloon1 and w4c4's1 c41 are placed at the end of the latter apartment4 ,in the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors leading to four apartments--two used as hot rooms of different temperatures1 and the others as a washing-room and a shampooer's waiting room4 ,under the dome there is an extensive platform of marble slabs1 beneath which is the douche room1 reached by a short flight of steps4 ,the plunge bath is placed1 partly in the tepidarium1 and partly in the frigidarium1 with an arrangement to prevent the transmission of the hot air1 such as ,i have herein before explained4 ,in the centre of the frigidarium is a little marble fountain4 ,one of the divans is partitioned off for the accommodation of the chiropodist4 ,a gallery is provided for the hairdresser1 and connected with a shop in ,jermyn ,street4 ,the ground sloping considerably1 a descent of a few steps has to be made to reach the frigidarium from the street4 ,a refreshment bar is placed in the frigidarium4 ,the manager's room is on the second floor1 adjoining the old building1 and has a window overlooking the frigidarium4 ,the ,hammam was the first public ,turkish bath erected in this country1 and the ,savoy 7,fig4 #a7 is one of the latest and largest1 and also on one level4 ,it was designed by ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,phipps1 ,f4,s4,a41 to suit the basement of an existing building4 ,entering from ,savoy ,hill1 a short passage conducts to a staircase leading to the vestibule1 where are provided rails for hats and coats4 ,the counter of the ticket-office is placed at the entrance to the frigidarium1 and near this office is the committee room--the bath being the property of a private company4 ,in vaults projecting under the street1 provision is made for an engine and dynamo4 ,the frigidarium serves also as the apodyterium1 and is cut up into divans by ornamental wood partitions4 ,connected with it is a saloon for the hairdresser and chiropodist1 and an attendants' room4 ,a lavatory is provided in a recess4 ,access is gained to the hot rooms through double doors4 ,the plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly in the frigidarium4 ,the tepidarium is divided by arcades into miniature nave and aisles4 ,two subdivisions at the end of the tepidarium lead to the calidarium1 adjoining which is the heating apparatus1 fitted with two of ,messrs4 ,constantine's ,convoluted stoves4 ,access to the stokery is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium4 ,the shampooing room is placed off the cooler end of the tepidarium1 dwarf walls separating it from the latter apartment1 as also from the lavatorium4 ,here1 there are six marble basins1 corresponding with the six marble slabs in the shampooing room4 ,a small chamber is screened off the lavatorium to accommodate the douche and spray4 ,a passage leads from the douche room to the attendants' room1 by way of the laundry4 ,off this passage1 and approached by doors from two of the divans1 are the w4c4's1 c41 for the bathers' use4 ,provision for the supply of refreshments is made at the back of the office4 ,this bath is designed in an ,eastern style4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 --,,plan-,,of ,,the-,,savoy-,,turkish-,,baths-- ,turkish ,baths1 ,savoy ,hill1 ,london4 ,in the generality of modern baths1 the frigidarium forms also the apodyterium4 ,this arrangement is economical of space1 and has been found1 in practice1 the most convenient for bathers2 but there is much to be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling room1 such as that at the ,camden ,town ,turkish ,baths4 ,erected from the designs of ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,bridgman1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 these baths are specially noteworthy for their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath4 ,entering from the street1 a corridor conducts to a short flight of stairs leading to the office4 ,adjoining this is an apodyterium1 fitted with two ranges of dressing-boxes1 one above the other1 a gallery forming the floor of the upper tier4 ,from hence a short staircase leads to the door of the tepidarium1 at right angles to which is the calidarium4 ,adjoining the tepidarium is a combined shampooing and washing room1 a door in which opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite exceptional dimensions4 ,a staircase leads to the door of the lofty and spacious cooling room4 ,this is lighted from the top1 and contains a fireplace1 a feature usually omitted in cooling rooms1 and really superfluous1 though adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter4 ,from this frigidarium the bather can return to his dressing-box by way of a lobby4 ,thus he makes a complete round1 and does not meet the incoming bathers on the staircase to the tepidarium4 ,the latest built elaborate commercial baths in ,london are those of ,messrs4 ,nevill in ,northumberland ,avenue 7,fig4 #b74 ,they were designed by ,mr4 ,robert ,walker1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's baths1 though1 as at the old ,pompeian ,balne1 the former set are ungallantly cramped into a very small space4 ,they occupy a corner site1 and the entrance to the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle4 ,in the vestibule is the usual cashier's office1 and provision for hats and coats4 ,from the vestibule the combined cooling and dressing room is entered1 after passing the boot room on the left and the refreshment bar on the right4 ,between the boot room and the staircase is the hairdresser's room4 ,dwarf wooden partitions divide the cooling room4 ,off a landing on the staircase are a lavatory and w4c4's and toilet-table4 ,the staircase leads to the first floor--where are provided extra couches--and to the bath rooms in the basement4 ,the first floor is practically a gallery4 ,in the basement are three hot rooms1 the tepidarium being an elegant apartment elaborately adorned with marbles and rich faence4 ,a heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room4 ,there are in this bath three shampooing rooms--an arrangement conducing greatly to privacy4 ,a douche room and plunge bath are provided in the angle of the building4 ,vaults under the street are utilised as a laundry1 attendants' room1 meter room1 and engineer's shop1 and as store-rooms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,turkish ,baths1 ,northumberland ,avenue1 ,charing ,cross4 ,the ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's1 and are partly separated by an area4 ,they are entered from the side street4 ,on the ground floor is the pay-office and cooling room4 ,additional couches are provided on the first floor1 where is also an attendants' room4 ,in the basement are three hot rooms and two shampooing rooms4 ,a washing room1 shower bath1 and plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms4 ,the hottest rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet of each other4 ,each1 however1 has its separate and distinct furnace4 ,a passage formed by the area allows access to the stokery and furnace chambers4 ,in ,messrs4 ,nevill's baths at ,london ,bridge the cooling rooms1 c41 are in the basement1 and the bath rooms proper in a sub-basement4 ,bartholomew's baths at ,leicester ,square are an excellent example of a compactly-arranged double set of baths4 ,the various apartments are designed one above the other on different floors1 the area of the building being limited4 ,on the ground floor1 as usual1 are the pay office and a combined cooling and dressing room1 and an attendant's room4 ,in the basement are the bath rooms1 arranged en suite--first a shampooing and washing room1 containing1 also1 in a very compact manner1 the plunge and shower baths2 next is the tepidarium2 then the smaller second hot room2 and1 lastly1 the smallest hot room of a very high temperature4 ,the heating chamber is placed adjoining this4 ,the principle of its construction is that generally adopted in the baths erected under the late ,mr4 ,bartholomew's direction1 viz4 a furnace with a coil of thin iron flue-pipes1 radiating1 in a measure1 a certain amount of heat directly into the hot rooms4 ,the bath rooms are divided from one another by glazed wood partitions1 as distinct from the solid walls dividing baths like the ,hammam and ,savoy4 ,a consideration of these two methods of dividing the hot rooms1 does not1 however1 concern us here4 ,a staircase from the entrance vestibule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and third floors1 where also are manager's and other private rooms4 ,broadly speaking1 baths may be divided into two classes1 viz4 those in which the various apartments are arranged en suite1 and those irregularly planned4 ,where possible the former arrangement is preferable1 as1 with the hot rooms in a line1 the circulation of air is facilitated4 ,fig4 #aa is a section of a set of hot rooms arranged en suite2 and the baths at ,figs4 #bd and #be1 in ,chapter ,,viii41 are planned on this principle4 ,as ,i have said above1 where a basement and ground floor are available1 and a little space can be gained at the back of the existing building1 the office1 cooling and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground floor1 and the bath rooms proper on the basement level1 but with light and air above4 ,if the site be an ordinary narrow-fronted town house1 and the bath an unassuming one1 the plan may be arranged after the manner of ,mr4 ,joseph ,burton's baths 7,fig4 #c71 in the ,euston ,road1 ,london4 ,here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses are pressed into the service of the bath4 ,the basement and ground floors are devoted to the baths1 the upper floors forming a private hotel4 ,on one side are the gentlemen's1 and on the other1 the ladies' baths4 ,entering the former1 we find a space on the ground floor1 fronting the street1 serving as an office4 ,adjoining this is a range of dressing-boxes1 and further on a cooling room1 excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole end of the apartment4 ,from this little frigidarium a marble staircase leads to the door of the tepidarium1 formed at basement level at the back of the houses4 ,this chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light constructed in the form of a small1 flat dome1 with stained-glass stars set therein4 ,a marble seat runs round the whole of this chamber4 ,on one side of the staircase is placed the calidarium1 and1 on the other1 the combined shampooing room and lavatorium1 a door from the latter forming an exit for the visitor who has completed his bath4 ,at one end of the shampooing room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and needle bath4 ,a door from hence leads to a staircase conducting to the furnace-chamber4 ,a laundry is provided at the head of these stairs4 ,the furnace-chamber is placed under the further end of the calidarium4 ,the baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan4 ,the gentlemen's baths are among the earliest erected in this country1 and still form a most compact and convenient institution4 ,they were designed by ,mr4 ,james ,schofield4 ,the illustration shows the ladies' baths4 ,the ceilings of the hot rooms are not indicated on the section4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,turkish ,baths1 ,euston ,road1 ,london4 ,the whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are the property of private individuals or companies4 ,the number of baths provided in this country under ,act of ,parliament or by civic corporations is so small1 and their size and design so insignificant1 that it would be waste of space to describe them here4 ,they are unworthy of the nation4 ,one of the best is the pretty little bath provided on the first floor of the public bath-house recently erected by the ,corporation of ,stockport4 ,the fine new baths at ,bath erected from designs by ,major ,davis1 the city architect1 do not include a ,turkish bath4 ,it must be admitted that some slight increase in the amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to bath-building is latterly to be noticed1 and a few years may possibly see a great advance in this direction4 ,that this may indeed be so should be our sincere hope1 since the lack of fine public baths is a standing disgrace to a nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness4 ,in ,germany1 considerable attention has been bestowed upon the design of the ,turkish bath1 many excellent baths having been built in the more complete bath-houses of the ,empire4 ,well-arranged ,turkish baths are to be found in the baths at ,nuremberg1 ,hanover1 and ,bremen1 the latter planned with both a first and second class frigidarium to the one set of bath rooms4 ,the plan1 however1 has nothing to recommend it1 and in this country would be useless4 ,the ,nuremberg bath is handsomely planned1 and has a spacious frigidarium4 ,it is placed in a building comprising ladies' and gentlemen's swimming baths1 shallow baths1 and a ,russian bath4 ,in many of the hydropathic establishments 7,kurbder7 of ,germany1 will be found excellent ,turkish baths4 ,a sumptuous double set of bath rooms is provided in the ,friedrichsbad in ,baden-,baden1 which was erected at a cost of about #ajj1jjjl4 ,the ,turkish baths are placed on the ground floor1 and in other floors are provided baths of every kind4 ,each set of rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's ,turkish baths comprises undressing room and cooling room1 two sudorific chambers1 shampooing room1 douche room with cold plunge bath1 and a separate chamber with warm plunge4 ,adjoining the shampooing room are the warm and hot rooms of the ,russian bath4 ,between the two sets of bath rooms is placed a handsome circular swimming-bath1 and adjoining1 the ,wildbad--a deep1 full bath of warm mineral water4 ,one of the most elaborate ,turkish baths erected1 in modern times1 is that on the ,praterstern1 at ,vienna1 which cost1 in round numbers1 #abe1jjjl4 ,the building comprises ladies' and gentlemen's ,turkish and ,russian baths1 and includes a residential block for those taking a course of baths4 ,the whole of the arrangements are on a most sumptuous scale4 ,the cooling room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than #ce4c metres long1 and #aj4e broad4 ,there are both warm and cold plunge baths1 besides a fine circular piscina1 in a circular domed chamber4 ,similar provisions are made for the ladies on a smaller scale4 ,though plain and somewhat heavy in external design1 the building internally is resplendent with tiles1 marble1 and ornamental woodwork4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,a ,,detailed ,,consideration ,,of ,,features ,,peculiar ,,to ,,the ,,bath4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to the subsidiary apartments of a ,turkish bath4 ,such adjuncts as the entrance hall and vestibule1 the pay office1 refreshment department1 laundry and drying-rooms1 hairdressing and attendants' rooms1 and other minor provisions1 are obviously simple matters1 requiring little or no detailed explanation4 ,sufficient has already been said about them to enable the architect1 assisted by the drawings given1 to design them with convenience and economy4 ,the features peculiar to the bath are those requiring careful consideration4 ,it is upon the design of the hot rooms1 the cooling rooms1 and the washing rooms that the success or non-success of a new bathing establishment depends1 and too much study cannot be given to these apartments4 ,,the ,,sudorific ,,chambers4 ,these are now generally required in a suite of three--first1 second1 and third hot4 ,the first is the tepidarium1 and must be by far the largest of the three1 since in it the greater number of bathers will assemble at one time4 ,the last must be the hottest room--the laconicum--and need only be a very small one1 as but few bathers use it1 and that1 generally1 for a very short time4 ,the second hot room should be about midway1 in size and temperature1 between the first and the third4 ,of a given area allotted to the hot rooms1 from one-half to two-thirds may be devoted to the tepidarium1 and from one-third to one-half to the super-heated rooms1 always remembering that it is well to err on the side of providing a large and roomy tepidarium4 ,of the space allowed for the smaller rooms1 one-quarter to one-third may be given to the hottest1 and the remaining space to the second hot-room1 or calidarium4 ,the hot rooms1 it should be remembered1 are strictly bath rooms1 and must be treated as such2 that is to say1 the whole of the floors1 walls1 ceilings1 partitions1 and fittings1 must be capable of being frequently cleansed with water4 ,the choice of materials to be employed for lining the walls1 c41 is therefore limited4 ,and in two ways4 ,for not only must they be of this washable nature1 but they must be of a character to resist the influence of the heat4 ,happily1 this is an age of glazed-ware and vitrified goods of every description4 ,glazed and fire-burnt bricks and tiles1 terracottas1 faence1 and pottery generally1 are now so extensively manufactured that there is little excuse for not constructing a bath throughout of materials at once washable and unaffected by high temperatures4 ,still1 in baths where rigid economy must be studied1 and lowness of cost is the great object1 plaster may be placed upon the walls of the hot rooms1 and in its way will answer admirably1 and be fairly washable4 ,it has even one advantage--it does not become unbearably hot to the touch1 should the bather lean against the walls1 whereas1 with a highly glazed surface the walls become burning hot1 and need lining with a dado of felt or other non-conducting substance4 ,and since this latter method overcomes the objection named1 the best possible material for lining the walls is glazed brickwork4 ,in cases where elaboration is desired1 they may be lined with marbles and faence4 ,with a judicious selection of colours1 however1 a very pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of simple glazed brickwork1 and at a very moderate cost4 ,the flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by simple unglazed tile pavement over concrete4 ,a slight roughness is very agreeable to the feet4 ,glazed tiles are inadmissible1 as they become too hot for the naked feet2 and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are rendered dangerously slippery4 ,in elaborate baths1 marble1 and marble mosaics may be used1 but the surface must not be too smooth4 ,in providing floorings1 the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything liable to become slippery to the tread4 ,floors of ordinary-sized baths1 where the soil is reliable1 may be of #f in4 of concrete1 with mosaics or tiles laid in cement4 ,the benches for reclining and shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick risers and glazed fronts1 having weathered marble slabs with rounded nosings1 as illustrated at ,fig4 #c4 ,the ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors1 which1 when there are other apartments above1 must be provided over the hot rooms1 may be of plaster4 ,but the heat at the ceiling level is very great1 and the plaster here rapidly darkens and blackens1 and in this state looks anything but attractive in a place where the mere suspicion of uncleanliness is nauseating4 ,if employed 7and this remark also applies to plaster on walls71 it should be used in the simplest manner possible1 without the slightest attempt at modelling the surface4 ,enamelled iron may be used1 with effect1 for ceilings4 ,the little laconicum is best covered with a flat vault1 the soffit being of glazed bricks1 and the springing being brought down below the main ceiling level4 ,fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design that is also heat-proof4 ,the main point is to have a sufficient thickness of concrete1 and the iron joists and cross girders well buried therein4 ,ordinary floors may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or sheets of slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on the joists4 ,the sawdust should be filled up to the top of the joists2 over this a layer of thick felt1 and the boarding above4 ,this1 however1 is only a makeshift when compared with a solid floor of concrete4 ,when the hot rooms are in a basement in the open1 they may be top-lighted1 and the ceiling above need not be a heavy fire-proof construction4 ,a sufficient air space1 however1 must be provided between the ceiling and roof1 to prevent irradiation of heat--a remark that applies also to anything in the shape of a window in the sudatorium4 ,it must be double1 or look into an area covered with pavement lights4 ,in the case of a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a skylight4 ,where the hot rooms are constructed quite above ground1 consideration must be given to the prevention of loss of heat by radiation4 ,this may be effected by providing thick hollow walls1 the cavity being often usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated air4 ,heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring premises is a frequent source of trouble to the builder of a ,turkish bath1 but is always the result of want of study of the subject on the part of the designer4 ,the evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that no hot room1 shampooing room1 or lavatorium shall be constructed without a thick concrete floor above1 and that the furnace chamber be perfectly and completely insulated4 ,should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin apartments to which it is urgently necessary that the heat should be prevented from being transmitted1 they may be rendered heat-proof by building them hollow and filling the cavity with soot4 ,double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent the transmission of the heated air to rooms where its presence would be injurious4 ,to keep the hot air of the bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms1 c41 should be the great aim of the architect4 ,many baths are rendered quite repulsive by what ,i may perhaps term the sudorific smell that assails the nostrils of the visitor entering the vestibule4 ,the space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be divided into the various rooms1 either by glazed brick walls or by framed and glazed partitions2 or again1 they may be formed by a combination of solid brickwork and glazed woodwork4 ,any piers in these rooms must be of brickwork1 iron columns being inadmissible4 ,masonry1 too1 must be discarded throughout1 or used with caution4 ,some stones--such as red ,mansfield--become black with exposure to the heat1 and others fare still worse4 ,the employment of porous and absorbent materials must be guarded against throughout this portion of the bath1 as it should be remembered that effete matters1 particles of waste tissue1 and possibly the germs of disease1 are continually being given off by the perspiring bathers1 and must be prevented from finding a lodgment4 ,the best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-grained and free from essential oils4 ,mahogany is excellently adapted for the purpose1 and so1 also1 is teak4 ,pitch pine must be discarded altogether4 ,deal1 when employed1 should be perfectly seasoned1 and may then give trouble from the exudation of turpentine4 ,the partitions1 and the doorways in them1 must be so placed as to govern the flow of hot air4 ,so long as the main divisions be planned with this end in view1 the separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the architect may fancy4 ,but the constant flow of the heated air from the inlet in the hottest room towards the lavatorium must not be interfered with by recesses1 nooks1 and corners1 or anything that would cause the current to stagnate4 ,and here we may see the practical advantage possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are en suite1 and in a line with one axis4 ,for here the air sweeps uninterruptedly through the different chambers without eddying around corners and stagnating in recesses far out of the main stream4 ,the doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty4 ,they should not be hung with doors1 as anything necessary in this way will be amply supplied by depending curtains4 ,glazing in the hot rooms requires care4 ,the glass will expand considerably with the heat1 and1 what is more1 if the furnace fire die out rapidly at any time1 will contract and fracture4 ,this difficulty1 however1 is the result of bad management1 and does not concern the architect1 unless1 indeed1 it be the result of improper fixing4 ,even moderate-sized sheets of glass should be carefully fixed in chamois leather with screwed beading1 putty being wholly inadmissible4 ,the sheets of glass should not be of too large dimensions4 ,rolled glass will be found the cheapest in the end1 as inferior qualities1 where homogeneity of texture is wanting1 will crack and split in all directions4 ,lead glazing should be altogether discarded4 ,no provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary1 as they must1 when in use1 be kept free from moisture4 ,the floor may1 however1 if thought desirable1 be laid with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be swept when cleansing--viz4 towards the lavatorium4 ,as the best position for a bather to assume in the sudatorium is one approaching to the horizontal1 a bath cannot be considered complete unless a liberal number of marble-slabbed benches be provided4 ,these should run round the solid walls1 the risers of the benches being formed of brickwork--glazed1 faced with tiles1 or plastered--and white marble slabs set thereon4 ,these slabs cannot be less than #bd in4 wide1 and must be of the ordinary seat height--not lower4 ,in the risers must be provided a liberal number of hit-and-miss ventilator gratings1 the vitiated air finding its way from the space beneath the slabs in the way designed1 which may be into surrounding areas1 into hollow walls1 or into a flue or flues running the whole height of the building4 ,the air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level being of vastly different temperatures1 it follows that an arrangement might be designed whereby the benches might be stepped in three or four rows1 and1 by ascending1 the bather could select any temperature he might choose4 ,such an arrangement was often employed in the baths of the ancient ,romans1 and has been tried in modern institutions2 but it should be avoided4 ,the expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the bodies of the bathers fall1 and it therefore follows that all below the first tier would be breathing air polluted by those above them4 ,the system1 therefore1 stands condemned4 ,as regards height1 the sudorific chambers should not be too lofty1 or they cannot1 on the ordinary hot-air plan1 be heated with due economy4 ,the vastness of the old ,roman tepidarium would have been impracticable under this system2 but with the heat radiating direct from the walls and the floors1 there was no difficulty4 ,it is far better to have a comparatively low chamber with a constant stream of freshly-heated air passing through it1 than a lofty one with a sluggish current4 ,from #aj to #ae or #af ft4 may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a public bath4 ,the small third hot room will be less lofty if the heating-chamber be placed under it2 for by raising the floor of the laconicum a few feet1 so as to necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level of the tepidarium1 one can more economically construct the furnace chamber4 ,this latter1 which ,i have more particularly described and illustrated in the chapter on heating and ventilation1 should1 if the system adopted be on the ordinary hot-air principle1 be so placed that an abundant supply of fresh pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace1 which1 when heated1 can be delivered into the hottest room above1 not less than #e ft4 from the level of the floor of that chamber1 and1 also1 where a smoke flue of ample section can be constructed4 ,the heated air may be delivered through the gratings in the walls of the laconicum1 or a shaft of glazed brickwork1 of rectangular section1 may be constructed against the end wall and coped at the required level--#e ft4 or more above the floor line4 ,should the exigencies of the site separate the furnace chamber from immediate connection with the hottest room1 the heated air must be conducted from the former to the latter by means of a large shaft or shafts of glazed brickwork4 ,similar means may have to be employed to bring the cold air to the heating-chamber1 and at the mouth of this shaft some provision must be made for filtering the air before it is brought into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace4 ,horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or cold air may be carried from point to point on rolled iron joists having tooled ,york slabs set thereon1 the flues being constructed of #d-a_/b in4 brickwork with glazed face internally1 and covered with tooled ,york slabs4 ,provision must be made1 in such flues1 for effective cleansing1 by means of iron air-tight doors4 ,,the ,,lavatorium ,,and ,,shampooing ,,room4 ,the lavatorium and shampooing room now engage our attention4 ,in elaborate baths they may1 for the sake of effect1 be distinct apartments1 while1 where strict economy must be studied1 they may be comprised in one room2 and where1 again1 space is extremely valuable1 the plunge bath and douche may be also included4 ,if the first arrangement be adopted1 the shampooing room must be connected with the tepidarium1 and the lavatorium placed next4 ,where the combination apartment is used1 it will take the position of the shampooing room4 ,practically1 the combination arrangement is the best4 ,it is putting the bather to needless and undesirable trouble to require him to move from one apartment to another during the washing process4 ,the suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be arranged in either one of the following ways1 according to the pretensions and requirements of the establishment3--7#a7 ,a shampooing room1 a lavatorium1 a douche room1 and a plunge bath chamber2 7#b7 a combined shampooing and washing room1 and a combined douche and plunge bath chamber2 7#c7 several small combined shampooing and washing rooms1 a douche room1 and a plunge bath chamber2 7#d7 an apartment comprising shampooing slabs1 washing basins1 douche1 c41 and a plunge bath4 ,a single shampooing room does not present a very complicated problem to the designer4 ,the chief object to be borne in mind is that the shampooers require elbow-room1 and their patient in a convenient position to allow of their practising their art4 ,as this is no light task--if properly performed--it becomes of urgent moment that the apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than a sudorific chamber4 ,in a vitiated atmosphere1 no shampooer can work well for a prolonged period1 and1 moreover1 pure air is as necessary for the bathers when in these places1 as when they are in the hot rooms4 ,the shampooing benches may be similar in description and size to those in the hot rooms4 ,a width of #b ft4 is an ample provision1 since the shampooer can more conveniently work with the bather as near him as possible4 ,the benches may be constructed in a similar manner to those before described4 ,they must be arranged on plan so that the shampooer has ample room1 whilst at the same time space is not extravagantly wasted4 ,the benches must be topped with white marble slabs4 ,they may run round the wall1 or be placed at right angles to them2 or1 again1 if found more convenient1 they may be altogether isolated4 ,similar means of ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the hot rooms must be provided4 ,the vitiated air must be extracted at the floor level1 as the temperature here must be maintained considerably above that of respired air4 ,movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may be substituted for those of a permanent type2 but the plan has nothing to recommend it except lowness of cost4 ,the separate lavatorium need not be so large as its adjoining shampooing room1 as here the bathers will not recline1 but sit or stand before washing-basins1 to which must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water1 and branches from the cold water supply pipe4 ,these basins--which may be of glazed earthenware if solid marble cannot be afforded--should be large and capacious4 ,of water-fittings ,i shall speak under the head of ,appliances4 ,in a combined shampooing and washing room the benches and basins will be required together4 ,the basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble slabs1 or affixed to the walls1 as may be convenient4 ,whilst arranging the position of the benches with regard to the room1 and the basins with regard to the benches1 it will be as well to remember the postures that the bather assumes whilst being shampooed--viz4 #ast1 sitting2 #bnd1 on the back2 #crd1 reverse4 ,the basin must be so placed with respect to the slab that the shampooer may1 without altering his position1 take water from the basin with his handbowl1 and pour it over the bather4 ,a shampooer cannot well work with less than #e ft4 #f in4 between his slab and that of his adjoining fellow1 when the slabs are at right angles to the wall and the adjoining shampooer is also working in the same space between the two benches4 ,where the room is long and a row of benches are placed at right angles to the wall1 the shampooers have each their separate space to work in4 ,each one can then manage in #d ft41 and the slabs can be set out #f ft4 from centre to centre4 ,where the long sides of the slabs are against the walls and the basins are sunk into the slabs1 there must be at least #g ft4 #f in4 from basin to basin4 ,in the case of slabs at right angles to the walls1 the basins are best placed between the slabs4 ,it is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in one corner of the washing room1 behind which the entering bather may1 if he chooses1 have a warm spray from a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms4 ,in ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampooing recesses by means of partitions of sufficient height1 which may be of wood and obscure glass4 ,in this way any shampooing room may be rendered more private4 ,upright marble slabs will often be found useful in dividing the benches4 ,the walls and ceilings of the apartments now under consideration may1 so long as there be a dado of glazed ware1 be lined in the same way as the hot rooms4 ,but as regards flooring1 still more care is required to prevent slipperiness4 ,the soap and water that will be plentifully spilt around1 renders this precaution needful4 ,moreover1 provision must be made for drainage4 ,the flooring may be of rough tile mosaic1 or simple tiles4 ,marble is too slippery1 and glazed tiles are wholly inadmissible4 ,marble mosaics1 roughly set1 may be employed4 ,the fall to which the floor is laid must be determined by the position of the gullies4 ,the drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most important consideration4 ,in a place where the occupants are1 literally1 breathing at every pore1 it is obvious that too much care cannot be taken to prevent all possible odours1 and the slightest suspicion of an escape of deleterious sewer gases4 ,the traps employed in the washing rooms should be of the best possible design and material1 and proof against the evil known as siphoning4 ,the gullies above them are best placed adjoining one of the ventilators in the walls1 at the floor level1 as then a current of air sweeps over them and up the extraction flues4 ,it is not always that an opportunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the drainage2 where the bath rooms are above ground1 however1 this should be done if practicable4 ,where possible1 an excellent plan is to construct a culvert under the basement floor4 ,in this the whole of the pipes can be placed--the soil-pipes1 the lavatorium and plunge bath wastes1 c41 and access gained to them by a manhole4 ,by this means a cut-off could be effected between waste-pipes and the sewerage system4 ,the culvert itself could be ventilated by connecting it with an extraction flue4 ,this is all costly2 but the builder of a ,turkish bath will do well to be prepared to lay out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of the establishment1 and in the end1 when the public have appreciated the attention bestowed1 he will thank his architect for having impressed upon him the necessity for this extra expenditure4 ,,the ,,douche ,,room4 ,the douche room should be a small chamber adjoining the lavatorium1 and fitted with a circular needle bath with shower or douche above1 and any other kind of spray bath that may be required4 ,it should not be a dark1 cold1 uninviting hole4 ,for this reason1 and also because a corner is admirably adapted to receive an appliance of the shape of a needle bath1 it is better1 often1 to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium4 ,but of these additions ,i shall have much to say anon1 as one of the most important points about a bath is the arrangement of the water-fittings4 ,needle baths will be found indicated1 on the plans given in these pages1 by an incompleted circle4 ,,the ,,plunge ,,bath4 ,though1 according to medical authorities1 this does not form a necessary appendage to the hot-air bath1 it is yet a feature that must be provided in the least pretentious of public establishments4 ,ever since1 and long before1 ,cicero observed1 in a letter to his brother ,quintus1 ,latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non offenderentur1 men who have taken the hot-air bath have loved the ample plunge4 ,but although it should be sufficiently large for any bather to take a dive1 and for an expert to take a true header1 it is a vast mistake to overdo it1 and construct a small swimming bath1 out of all proportion with the other features of the establishment4 ,one does not look for such an adjunct3 it is a great expense to keep up1 requires a lot of space1 and tempts many to stay too long in the cold water4 ,all purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the bather to swim without touching the sides with his hands1 and to dive along under water without danger of striking his head at the other end before he rises to the surface4 ,wherever possible1 the bath should be quite #be ft4 in length and at least #g ft4 wide4 ,in inferior institutions it may be as narrow as #d ft4 and proportionately shorter2 but in such a bath one can only flounder about1 and healthy bathers will go elsewhere4 ,in deciding the position of the plunge bath there is one point to be strongly guarded against1 and that is1 that it be not stowed away in a damp1 cold-looking1 cellar-like place4 ,such a position may be all very well when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water2 but from every other point of view it is highly objectionable4 ,the wise man will bring his bath forward into the lightest possible position1 where its clear1 limpid waters will look enticing instead of repelling4 ,for preference1 it should be placed where the bather will take it naturally1 en route to the frigidarium1 as at the ,charing ,cross baths1 previously illustrated4 ,in baths all on one level1 it is convenient to place the bath partly in the lavatorium and partly in the frigidarium2 but1 to most persons1 the necessity for passing under the inevitable partition and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge4 ,if placed within the frigidarium1 and approached by a door from the lavatorium1 some sort of a screen should be provided over the bath1 as1 at times1 the apparition appearing at the above door1 in full view of the occupants of the cooling-room1 is somewhat ludicrous4 ,the demands of decency must be borne constantly in mind by the architect of a ,turkish bath4 ,if the bather1 on leaving the plunge bath1 finds himself in the frigidarium1 he must ascend the steps under hanging towels4 ,the arrangement that will be found the most convenient--a direct importation from the ,east--is to suspend a hoop from the ceiling1 and from this hang cords attached to towels4 ,the hoop can be swung by an attendant over the end of the bath1 and in it the bather can dry himself and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to his couch4 ,whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate chamber1 in the lavatorium1 or partly in the frigidarium1 its construction will remain essentially the same4 ,if not in shape and size1 in other respects it is a small swimming bath4 ,the weight and pressure of the water must be remembered4 ,a good foundation must be prepared for the bath1 with a thick layer of concrete passing well under the side walls and covering the whole floor4 ,the side walls should be built of concrete and lined with white glazed bricks4 ,in certain soils1 the excavation for the bath may be puddled with advantage1 but if properly constructed1 this should be unnecessary4 ,the bottom of the bath need not be flat1 as the most economical method of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest part about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the bather enters4 ,this may be about #d ft4 #f in4 in depth from bottom to water-line4 ,from this point the floor will slope towards either end1 gradually towards the entering end1 and more rapidly towards the exit4 ,at either end1 where the depth of water should be about #c ft1 must be provided steps for ascent and descent4 ,if the bath be not more than #f ft4 wide1 these should occupy the whole width1 and be of marble or slabs of some cheaper material on brick bearers1 or they may be built solid4 ,a coping of marble1 stone1 or purpose-made bricks must be placed on the side walls2 and1 if the bath be in the cooling room1 this may advantageously be raised several inches to protect from splashing4 ,on the coping may be required metal standards and a neat hand-railing4 ,a water-supply pipe and screw-down tap1 an overflow and a waste-pipe will be needed1 all of which ,i have more particularly specified hereinafter4 ,the plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties--it may leak1 and it may be below the level of drain4 ,the first evil is the result of an error in design1 or of bad workmanship2 the latter is unavoidable4 ,the following method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted with perfect success3--,on the bed of concrete prepared for its floor1 erect side walls of concrete1 and on the floors and walls thus formed spread two distinct layers of asphalt1 covering all and running up to the underside of coping4 ,against the sides build half-brick walls in cement1 with glazed face1 and lay the floor with glazed bricks flat4 ,the general principles of this construction ,i show in the accompanying illustration4 ,where the bath is lower than the drain1 all that can be done is to drain out as much as possible and pump the remaining water from a sump provided in a suitable position4 ,by raising the plunge bath chamber a few feet1 the bottom of bath may1 in some cases1 be just kept above the drain level2 but steps must then be placed between it and the washing-room1 and steps in such places are dangerous1 being very liable to become slippery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,a ,plunge ,bath4 ,,the ,,frigidarium ,,or ,,cooling ,,room1 ,,and ,,dressing ,,accommodation ,,for ,,bathers4 ,dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath may be provided in one of the following ways3--#a4 ,a separate frigidarium and distinct dressing room1 arranged 7a7 in direct communication with one another1 or 7b7 connected by a lobby1 corridor1 or ante-room2--#b4 ,a combination apartment arranged 7a7 with dressing-boxes around the walls1 and couches in the centre1 or vice vers2 7b7 with ,oriental divans2 7c7 with couches screened off in pairs or singly by dwarf wood screens2 7d7 with a few private dressing-boxes1 a few couches1 and a few lounges1 and easy cushioned chairs2 and 7e7 as a simple room with couches placed therein1 by the side of which the bather will undress1 and on which he will recline after his bath4 ,the first of these arrangements may be admirably adapted to unpretentious establishments1 where1 however1 it is wished to employ separate rooms2 the second 7#a1 b7 is only suitable for elaborate baths of the highest class1 in which it may be adopted with excellent and with practical results4 ,of the combination arrangements 7a7 has little to recommend it2 7b7 is expensive and extravagant of space1 though it may be made very effective in appearance and very pleasing and comfortable2 7c7 is suitable for ladies' baths2 7d7 is very practicable1 and gives the apartment a pleasant1 homely look2 and 7e7 is best for cheap baths1 being the simplest arrangement possible1 wholly unsuited1 however1 to establishments of any pretension4 ,if the plan include a separate cooling room1 it is nothing more than a spacious1 cheerful apartment1 designed with a view to the reception of couches1 and the usual accessories designed in connection with it--the refreshment room1 hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon4 ,if this separate cooling room be provided1 a distinct apodyterium1 with little dressing-boxes1 must be designed4 ,if the bath be small and easily managed1 curtains may be employed to screen those undressing2 but if it be a large establishment1 with a number of bathers constantly dressing and undressing1 doors must be provided1 and these must be under lock and key in charge of an attendant4 ,each dressing-box must be fitted with a seat1 rack1 and shelf2 and looking-glasses1 toilet-tables1 and lavatories for general use must be placed in the room1 which must be designed in direct connection with the frigidarium4 ,this should be spacious1 light1 lofty1 and perfectly ventilated1 the vitiated air being here extracted at the ceiling level1 since the temperature at which the apartment will be kept is an ordinary one--over that of the exterior air when the weather is cold1 and under when it is at all hot4 ,where the cooling room and dressing room do not immediately adjoin1 the means of communication should be carefully studied1 so that it may be free from cross draughts of cold air1 and so that it may be dignified and room-like--not a mere passage4 ,it may have the air of an ante-room1 but must not be crossed by entering bathers who have not divested themselves of their boots or shoes4 ,slamming doors should be avoided1 having regard to the exposed condition of the bathers4 ,in spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages of separate cooling and dressing-rooms1 a combined frigidarium and apodyterium seems to have found favour latterly4 ,personally1 ,i would gladly enter a protest against the employment of the combined cooling and dressing room as a decidedly uncleanly habit4 ,it is certainly not pleasant to know that1 having obtained perfect physical cleanliness1 both inwardly and outwardly1 one must return to couches whereon previous bathers may1 as likely as not1 have1 however temporarily1 deposited more or less of their underclothing or superimposed raiment4 ,but economy of construction is nowadays a question that must be considered at every step1 and the combination apartment saves both space and materials1 and is also economical as regards attendance4 ,moreover1 it must be confessed that a cooling room provided with elegant and spacious divans1 wherein the bather dresses and undresses1 may be made very pleasing to the eye and withal comfortable and convenient4 ,the dressing-boxes1 too1 of the separate apodyterium are not conducive to the general sense of comfort4 ,in arranging the plan of a combined cooling and dressing room it is necessary to first decide as to how the apartment will be furnished--viz4 which of the plans above mentioned shall be adopted4 ,this is much a matter of individual taste1 though1 as ,i have said above1 the divan is to be preferred in many cases4 ,it is often well to provide a cooling room of what may be called the picturesque order1 or the reverse of stiff formality4 ,by this ,i mean such an arrangement as #b1 d4 ,the bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy or in the open1 or1 again1 resting in an easy chair4 ,with a handsome plunge bath and a pretty little fountain1 such rooms may be rendered very attractive4 ,whatever be the plan adopted1 it must1 ,i repeat1 be carefully thought out previously1 and not left as an afterthought4 ,the size of the reclining couch will be found to be the governing feature4 ,this should be #f ft4 #f in4 long by #b ft4 #f in4 wide1 or #f ft4 by #b ft41 according as luxury or economy is the end in view4 ,next to this must be considered the space allowed for each bather to dress in1 and also the routes for bathers and attendants4 ,four feet between the couches is a sufficient space where couches are screened off in pairs4 ,couches may be arranged in pairs or singly4 ,two pairs of couches screened off with only a small space between of #d ft4 or so is an objectional arrangement4 ,it is difficult to explain why this is so2 but the bather who has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up will appreciate the objection4 ,an arrangement of four couches must expand into a spacious divan4 ,at ,fig4 #e are shown different ways of arranging couches in the frigidarium4 ,a shows the objectionable arrangement spoken of2 ,b is the comfortable1 spacious divan2 ,c the method of placing couches in pairs2 and ,d is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths4 ,the floor of a cooling room must be boarded4 ,in a bath where cost is subordinate to excellence1 a parquetry floor may be provided1 and mats employed1 as cleaner than fixed carpets4 ,the walls and ceilings may be treated in any manner that may be chosen--plastered1 papered1 or decorated with colour4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,methods of arranging ,couches in ,cooling ,room4 ,any shaped room may be adopted as a combined frigidarium and apodyterium so long as it fulfils the essential points--i4e4 that it be spacious1 capable of easy and perfect ventilation1 and of being kept cool1 light1 and cheerful4 ,in the cooling room the bather will often stay longer than in any other apartment1 and no pains should be spared to render it healthy1 comfortable1 and attractive4 ,the hygienic points to be attended to are1 that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an effective withdrawal of vitiated air2 for the cold-air bath in the cooling room is1 in its way1 as all-important as the bath of hot air4 ,the freshness of the air is of equally vital importance1 as much of the invigorating effect of the bath--that effect which to the minds of the uninformed is weakening--results from submitting the heated skin to volumes of cold air4#b ,in arranging any screens or screen walls in the cooling room1 therefore1 regard must be had to the method of ventilation1 that there be no stagnant corners and recesses4 ,the scheme of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the apartment and its position4 ,in most cases the air is best admitted through the windows1 fitted with fanlights falling backwards from the top1 and extracted by a powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level4 ,in some positions extraction flues will have to be built1 and1 in others1 flues of large area must conduct to the source from which the fresh air is drawn4 ,under certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be obtainable without the aid of a powerful blowing fan-wheel driven by a motor of some sort1 and running so as to exhaust the vitiated air4 ,the means does not so much matter so long as the end be gained1 and an ample supply of cool air obtained4 ,a warm1 close cooling room is worse than useless4 ,in such places the bather will break out into renewed perspiration1 and lie perspiring for hours1 and become greatly weakened thereby1 with a good chance of taking a chill on leaving the establishment4 ,cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently warm in all weathers if they be in any ordinary relation to the heated apartments2 but in the height of summer care is required to keep them sufficiently cool4 ,where simple1 everyday precautions will not suffice1 the air itself must be cooled1 either by passing it through a cold chamber or over ice-boxes in inlet tubes1 or through a water-spray4 ,only in exceptional cases1 however1 is it necessary to resort to such measures1 as1 contrary to the teachings of theorists1 it has been found in practice that the proper temperature for the cooling room of a hot-air bath varies in different states of the weather1 and should not remain constant all the year round4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,not draughts4 ,the ancient ,romans1 it is curious to note1 would walk in the open air after the bath2 and both the ,frigidarium of the ,romans and the ,mustaby of the ,turks were1 and are1 open to the heavens4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,heating ,,and ,,ventilation4 ,of the many questions that merit attention and study in connection with the ,turkish bath1 all sink into insignificance by the side of that of the heating and the nature of the heat supplied in the sudatory chambers4 ,other things being equal1 it is1 after all1 the heating that distinguishes one bath from another on the score of excellence4 ,the heating of the bath is the ,alpha and ,omega of the whole matter4 ,there are two ways in which heat may be applied to the body--by direct radiation1 as from the sun or an open fire2 and by convection1 as through a volume of air4 ,the ancient ,roman bathers1 with floors below them which rested upon pil1 or little pillars of brick or tile1 around which the flames and hot gases from the furnace played1 and surrounded by heated1 hollow walls1 evidently submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must have been of a purely radiating character4 ,so1 also1 in a less perfect manner1 the ,turks1 who employ flues running beneath the floors1 and the ,moors1 who adopt stoves visible to the bathers4 ,theoretically1 radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior to that which is transmitted to the body through the medium of the air4 ,its virtues have been extolled by ,david ,urquhart and other eminent authorities on the bath4 ,there is a difference1 says ,mr4 ,urquhart1 between radiating and transmitted caloric4444 ,i cannot pretend to treat of this great secret of nature2 to work out this problem a ,liebig is required4 ,this ,i can say1 that such heat is more endurable than common heat4 ,there is a liveliness about it which transmitted heat lacks4 ,you are conscious of an electrical action4 ,it is to transmitted heat what champagne is to flat beer4444 ,let us drop1 if you please1 the word 'bath'3 it is 'heat4' ,let us away with that absurdity 'hot-air'3 it is the application of heat to the human frame4 ,elsewhere this writer has pointed out that the terms therm1 sjac1 and hammm--the names given to the bath by the ,romans1 ,moors1 and ,orientals proper--mean heat1 and not hot-air or hot-air bath4 ,my own studies1 observations1 and experience lead me to the conclusion that the direction in which we shall improve the ,turkish bath will be in the way of providing sudatories that shall give off pure1 radiant heat in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may be sensible of a degree of heat1 while the lungs may breathe comparatively cool air--air that has not passed over the sides of a fiery furnace and been suddenly raised to an enormous temperature1 but which has received its heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming4 ,under this system the heat of which we are sensible is as the gentle ,zephyr to rude ,boreas or the biting eastern winds4 ,if we go into a kiln of brickwork1 such as is employed in firing clay goods1 after the charge has been removed and all fumes and odours have disappeared1 we shall note the soft and balmy nature of the heat that radiates directly from the walls and vaulting4 ,we are1 to all practical intents and purposes1 in a ,roman laconicum4 ,the thick walls have been highly charged with caloric during the firing of the bricks or other articles4 ,they have absorbed vast quantities of heat1 and are now giving off the same to the enclosed air and to ourselves standing within4 ,in the old ,roman bath the walls were charged with caloric by means of innumerable earthen tubes lining the sides of the laconicum1 and covered with a peculiar plaster4 ,but in both cases the nature of the resultant heat is identical4 ,it radiates to one from all sides4 ,there is no acrid biting of the face such as one feels in the worst type of hot-air baths2 no unpleasant fulness or aching of the head2 and no panting or palpitating4 ,such is the bath of pure radiant heat1 a thing totally distinct from1 and altogether of a different genus to1 the bath of heated air4 ,and one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the supplying of this kind of radiant heat in the modern bath that true and rapid progress can be expected1 and possibly that not until this great or partial--according as the system of radiation and convection pertains in existing baths--revolution has been effected1 will the bath1 at present used by the few1 become the custom of the many4 ,some day1 peradventure1 this hypothetical method of employing pure radiant heat may be rendered possible and practicable1 and we may be placed in a bath where we shall receive great heat whilst breathing a comparatively cool atmosphere1 and thus receive a measure of that electrical invigoration we experience when1 in some sheltered bathing cove1 we have exposed our bodies to the fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe the fresh1 cool1 ozone-laden air4 ,till modern invention1 however1 has provided us with this desideratum in the heating of the bath1 we must be satisfied with existing methods4 ,and unless something really practical is perfected1 it is far wiser to rely upon the system of heating by convection through the air--the principle1 generally adopted1 of continuously passing large quantities of freshly-heated air through the sudatory chambers2 exposing1 however1 the heating apparatus1 so that a maximum of radiant heat may be obtained2 and carefully guarding against injuring the air whilst raising its temperature4 ,if only existing baths were in perfect harmony with this principle1 one would have little cause for complaint1 and might the more leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating principle of heating1 which ,i am satisfied is the one upon which we must base all our hopes for the future of the ,turkish bath4 ,for practical purposes1 it will suffice if the method of heating and ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle be explained4 ,this ,i shall now do1 and subsequently give plans and instructions for methods of heating and ventilating on systems where1 by the exposure of the heating surfaces of furnaces1 a large proportion of radiant heat is thrown into the hot-rooms4 ,the necessary appliances1 and arrangements for the heating and ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air principle comprise a furnace in its chamber1 with flues or shafts supplying cold1 and drawing off the heated air1 and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing coke1 c4 ,too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped1 and the life of the stoker thereby rendered anything but pleasant4 ,its design is a simple matter1 and perhaps for this reason neglected4 ,the arrangement and construction of the furnace chamber requires care1 and the selection of a stove or furnace great judgment4 ,as regards the latter feature1 the most important point to consider is the nature of the heating or radiating surfaces4 ,what will raise the air to the required temperature1 without in the process depriving it in any way of its vitalising elements1 and without adulterating it with either smoke and fumes from leakage1 or with particles of foreign matter given off from the material employed in its construction8 ,there is nothing really better as a radiating surface than ordinary firebrick4 ,from this material a soft heat is given off1 differing in quality from that obtained from iron4 ,an iron furnace1 however1 requires less thought in design1 gives less trouble in fitting up1 and is cheap1 economical1 and expeditious4 ,stoves1 therefore1 with an iron radiating surface1 have been largely adopted in the past1 in spite of the objection that1 when super-heated1 particles of metal are thrown into the air of the hot rooms4 ,of iron furnaces there are many placed before the public2 but though all are doubtless suited to ordinary requirements1 there are few that are capable of creditably fulfilling the conditions indispensable for the hygienic heating of the air of a ,turkish bath4 ,these conditions may be summarised as follows3-- #a4 ,a maximum of heating-surface1 with a minimum of grate space4 #b4 ,perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from the furnace into the hot-air chamber or conduit4 #c4 ,freedom from the defect of liability to overheat the air4 #d4 ,inability to adulterate the air by throwing off matter from the heating surfaces4 ,such primary essentials must be constantly borne in mind by the designer of furnaces for the ,turkish bath4 ,their importance must be obvious to all4 ,of the many iron stoves1 ,messrs4 ,constantine's ,convoluted stove has been adopted the most frequently1 as an eminently practical furnace for the effective heating of the sudatory chambers4 ,the appearance of this stove is familiar to all architects1 and it will be unnecessary1 in these pages1 to minutely describe its construction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,view of a small ,furnace ,chamber1 with portion of wall broken away to show the ,convoluted ,stove4 ,the method of constructing a furnace suitable for a small public bath is1 however1 shown at ,fig4 #f4 ,the excavations for stokery and heating chamber being completed1 and the position of the furnace determined a solid foundation of concrete must be prepared1 upon which the brickwork to support the stove must be laid4 ,at the same time1 the foundations for walls of furnace chamber1 stokery1 coke store1 and the side walls for the horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared4 ,these latter must then be built in half-brick with glazed interior face1 and the furnace inclosed in similar work1 as shown in perspective sketch4 ,the flues must be covered with ,york stone slabs #c in4 thick1 up to within three inches or so of the convolutions of the stove1 at which distance the side walls of the furnace must be erected1 the back one similarly1 and the front one round the four projecting doors1 which are1 respectively1 the ash-pit door1 the fire door1 and two doors for cleansing the horizontal smoke-box and interior of convolutions4 ,the furnace walls must be continued up to a few inches above the bend of iron smoke flue1 and then--if1 as shown1 the furnace be small--covered with a #d-;in4 ,york slab in one piece4 ,if the furnace be large1 a flat brick arch must form the covering1 as at ,fig4 #h1 where this arch supports the flooring of the laconicum4 ,the openings for the admission of the heated air into the conduit leading into the hot rooms may be either directly above1 as shown in the last-named illustration1 or in the side1 as in ,fig4 #f1 with inclined flues4 ,as a rule1 it is more economical1 in heating on the principle now under consideration1 to place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms2 but if desirable to place both on one level1 the back wall of the furnace chamber becomes the party wall of the laconicum1 and it must be stopped short of the ceiling1 and the air debouched over it4 ,in cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber may be of stock brickwork2 but best glazed work should be adopted in good ones4 ,all hot and cold-air ducts should be similarly lined with glazed ware4 ,in first-class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues should be of white glazed tiles set in cement4 ,manholes must be provided for cleaning when necessary4 ,every portion of furnace chamber1 flues1 shafts1 and conduits for hot and cold air must be get-at-able either by means of manholes or by long brushes4 ,air-tight doors must be indicated on the plans wherever this necessity demands them4 ,the iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted to the smoke flue1 and the connection between furnace chamber and flue hermetically sealed4 ,the walls for a small furnace chamber need not be more than #d-a_/b in4 thick4 ,large furnaces require walls one-brick thick4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,an ,air ,filter4 ,the cold-air flues leading from either side of the furnace must be conducted to their respective inlets4 ,if possible1 at least two inlets should be provided1 facing different ways3 this with regard to the possibility of certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to enter4 ,the openings should be vertical1 like windows1 and1 in cities1 furnished with a solid frame and casement1 fitted with louvres of plate glass with polished edges4 ,between the rebate and the casement it is a good plan to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable stretcher-frame holding several layers of cheese-cloth to filter the air4 ,the construction of such an air filter is shown at ,fig4 #g4 ,the glass louvres keep out the wet1 and throw off coarse particles of falling soot2 and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones--a very important point1 though little heeded1 if not1 perhaps1 wholly ignored4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,plans and ,section of a ,furnace ,chamber1 c41 for a ,bath on the ordinary ,hot-air ,principle4 ,the position of air intake is a matter of great importance1 especially in large towns4 ,it evidently is bad to draw a supply of air from the bottom of an area4 ,even the position shown in ,fig4 #h is not good3 the shaft should be carried higher4 ,the best places for the intakes are where there is always a current of pure air blowing1 and away from smoky chimneys4 ,theoretically1 it would seem that the higher the level of intake the better2 but in cities1 by going high we get among the belching chimney-tops1 even if we escape the stagnation below4 ,moreover1 a high inlet with a strong wind tending to exhaust the air in the shaft might find the architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath1 and all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft4 ,a large lobster-back automatically turning towards the wind1 would in many cases prevent such a disastrous result4 ,even in low-level intakes1 as ,i have said1 trouble will sometimes arise from the same cause4 ,this may be remedied by providing more than one inlet1 so that only the one facing the current of air will be employed1 the other being closed1 which could be effected by fixing the glass louvres1 spoken of above1 on pivots1 and connecting them with a rod and adjustable rack4 ,it would be a very simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open and shut the louvres4 ,the theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot rooms requires most careful study1 and the particular scheme to be adopted in any new bath must be well considered with respect to the restrictions of the site4 ,at ,fig4 #h1 ,i have endeavoured to show how to make the best of what is perhaps a bad job3 the site only admits of ventilation at a back area1 it is impossible to construct flues anywhere else1 and the fresh air must be drawn from the same area4 ,on the ground floor are cooling and dressing rooms2 the bath rooms are in the basement and the furnace in a sub-basement1 reached from a passage at the end of the stairs for the bather4 ,two convoluted stoves are shown in a vault2 three air-inlets are provided1 and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke flues1 two in number1 which1 above1 could join one another4 ,let us follow the air in its passage through the bath4 ,entering at the intakes1 any coarse impurities are thrown off by the smooth louvres1 and the tendency of finer particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas cheese-cloths4 ,thus deprived of its actually visible impurities1 the air passes through a longer or shorter conduit of glazed brickwork until it reaches the horizontal flues running to beneath the furnace walls1 along which it is rapidly drawn1 and1 ascending between the walls and heating surfaces and between the two adjacent heating surfaces1 absorbs the radiating heat and enters the laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft constructed above the vault spanning the two stoves4 ,questions of temperature ,i will omit for the present4 ,the air1 on passing through the laconicum1 will be practically pure1 as it is in such great bulk compared with the number of occupants of this highly-heated chamber1 and it will not be absolutely necessary to provide ventilators4 ,these should commence in the calidarium1 and should1 in the scheme of ventilation here considered1 be so disposed that the nearer they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room1 the more frequent will they become4 ,the object of this disposition of outlets for vitiated air is1 that the cross currents thus created may not interfere with the main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium4 ,were too many ventilators to be placed near the hotter end of the sudatorium1 this stream would be diverted4 ,too much of the freshly-heated air would flow out at these points1 and the onward movement of the air would be enfeebled4 ,there would then be difficulty in maintaining the temperature in the tepidarium and lavatorium4 ,in passing onward through the various rooms1 two changes are wrought in the air3 it loses so much of the caloric with which it is charged for every foot it travels1 and it becomes laden with the exhalations from the lungs of the bathers4 ,a large proportion of carbonic acid is thrown into the air1 and as the normal temperature of the human body remains1 in a healthy person1 at about #ih ,fahr41 and rises but a few points even when submitted to the action of heat1 these exhalations1 in addition to being heavier than air1 are very much below the average temperature of a sudatory chamber4 ,consequently they fall1 and must be extracted at the floor level4 ,the total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be about equal to the area of the narrowest part of the shaft that conducts the fresh1 hot air from the heating chamber4 ,thus1 supposing the latter to be #e superficial feet1 and the size of outlet ventilators a clear #ab in4 by #c in41 there may be #bj ventilators disposed round the bath-rooms1 say #d in the calidarium1 #g in the tepidarium1 and #i in the combined shampooing room and lavatorium4 ,in the diagrams at ,figs4 #h and #i the foul-air conduit is the space comprised under the marble-topped benches running round the hot rooms4 ,at the end of the laconicum they enter flues1 which ,i have shown as running side by side with the smoke flues4 ,other methods of heating the air1 besides those mentioned1 include coils of iron flue-pipes in a brick chamber--a principle that has been frequently adopted in the past--and plain cylindrical iron radiating stoves1 such as employed at the ,hammam in ,jermyn ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,section of ,hot ,room1 showing ,foul-air ,conduit4 ,in the latter plan1 however1 a great expense is created by the large number of furnace-fires to be kept constantly burning4 ,an exposed stove in a hot room1 has1 moreover1 the objection to its use that it re-heats the air in the bath1 which should never on any account be done4 ,if the iron stove-pipe system is adopted1 a furnace similar to the one shown at ,fig4 #aj must be provided1 and after an additional few feet of brick flue the iron pipe would commence and turn back upon itself much as the flue in the fire-brick furnace4 ,proper supports must be provided1 and the pipes must be stout and jointed together with expansion joints1 otherwise considerable difficulty will be found in keeping a long length of flue pipe perfectly free from leakage4 ,furnaces on this principle may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms1 and they possess this advantage over a mere stove1 that they warm the air more gradually4 ,the furnace should be built adjoining the laconicum1 the partition wall being of #d-a_/b-;inch glazed brickwork1 having a large number of small openings made therein by leaving void spaces as described further on for the fireclay heating apparatus4 ,behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should be placed1 turning back upon itself1 as described above1 for perhaps half-a-dozen times1 and ending in the vertical brick flue4 ,the furnace itself should be of fire-clay1 and so designed that its utmost heating power may be economically employed in warming the incoming air1 which should pass over the furnace and iron flues1 through the holes in partition wall1 and thus into the hot rooms4 ,the flue1 if of wrought iron1 should be rectangular in section1 but if of cast-iron it should be round4 ,the most economical way of obtaining a high temperature in a small1 inexpensive1 and unpretentious private bath is by means of a common laundry stove1 with a longer or shorter length of iron flue in the apartment4 ,this is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the temperature of a room for sudorific purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,fireclay ,heating ,apparatus4 ,to turn to methods of heating from a radiating surface of firebrick1 at ,fig4 #aj ,i have given the plan1 elevation1 and sections of a fireclay heating apparatus4 ,it is constructed wholly of fireclay--fireclay bricks1 quarries1 and cement4 ,in the main it consists of a long flue of firebricks and slabs1 which coils backwards and forwards over itself till the desired amount of radiating surface is gained4 ,between the coils are spaces for super-heating the air already warmed by passing over the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber1 the air passing through by means of perforated bricks4 ,the illustration shows a simple furnace2 but it would be an easy matter to improve upon this by providing iron air-tight doors lined with fireclay1 for cleansing flues and air-chambers4 ,the example given is only suited to heat a small public bath4 ,for a large set of hot rooms1 a compound apparatus could be constructed by placing an additional furnace in a sub-basement1 the one on the level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat1 and the lower one hot air4 ,two such apparatus might be placed one behind the other1 end to end1 or might form the sides of the laconicum2 the last plan1 however1 being the least to be recommended1 as in such positions they would not directly radiate their heat into the adjoining hot rooms4 ,the advantage of such a furnace as that shown is that it supplies radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind1 besides a proportion of heated air1 and from a fireclay surface1 the employment of which renders it absolutely impossible to overheat the air1 or to contaminate it by deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of metal4 ,moreover1 the stoking of this class of furnace requires less arduous attention than an iron stove4 ,its disadvantage is that1 should the temperature of the bath be allowed to fall markedly1 it requires some time for the extra heat to be made up again4 ,inasmuch1 however1 as fires at public baths must be kept banked up overnight1 this is not a matter of importance4 ,it is this very slowness of increase in temperature that constitutes the safeguard against that overheated air1 the presence of which we can1 with practice1 detect by the smell in so many baths4 ,the difficulties involved in the construction of a furnace of this nature relate to the prevention of cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous fumes and carbon into the air4 ,the very simplicity of the construction of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the chief danger1 as the chances are that1 unless the architect stands by and sees every joint made1 the work will be done badly4 ,absolutely faultless workmanship must be employed throughout1 and the fireclay materials must be literally of the very best and soundest description4 ,every single joint must be perfectly made with fireclay cement or paste4 ,the fireclay bricks1 c41 must be selected with regard to the amount of indestructible silica in the clay1 consistent with hardness and toughness4 ,homogeneity of material must be obtained1 having regard to expansion and contraction4 ,the same material used for the bricks1 c41 worked into a paste1 must be employed for the joints4 ,the design for a furnace on the principle shown at ,fig4 #aj must be prepared with constant regard to expansion and contraction in heating and cooling4 ,should this warning be disregarded1 fractures will result4 ,it will be seen1 upon reference to the plans1 that the block of flues and air spaces is left quite free1 to allow of any expansion1 the connection with the smoke-shaft being by means of an iron flue-pipe1 which1 being provided in considerable length before passing through the party-wall of laconicum and stokery1 by its flexible nature permits any slight movement in a vertical direction4 ,if an expansion joint were provided1 there would be a sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed direct from the junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery4 ,so much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be coated with asbestos or some composition1 or the heating will not be wholly by firebrick4 ,the junction of iron flue and heating apparatus is shown by a cast-iron cap sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay1 moulded into the last quarry cover1 similar to the way in which cast-iron mouthpieces are fitted to retorts4 ,this heating apparatus is shown visible in the laconicum1 but if thought desirable it could be screened by a wall of glazed bricks--#i in4 and miss #d-a_/b in4 ,the #d-a_/b by #c in4 holes can be arranged in diamond patterns4 ,this screen wall1 however1 cuts off a large quantity of radiant heat4 ,the first flue past the actual furnace--shown with ordinary dead-plate1 raking fire-bars1 ashpit1 fire-door1 and ashpit door for regulating draught--has walls #d-a_/b in4 thick2 above1 smaller bricks1 #c in4 wide2 but in a larger apparatus1 #i in4 and #d-a_/b in4 respectively would be required4 ,the quarries between flues and air spaces are #bd in4 by #bd in4 by #c in41 with rebated joints4 ,larger covers would be more liable to crack at any provocation4 ,in addition to heating by means of furnaces1 steam-heating may be employed1 if found1 as in many cases it would be1 convenient and economical4 ,the chief disadvantage of this method of heating ,turkish baths1 is the constant danger1 however slight1 of bursting a pipe in the heating coil1 which1 by immediately filling the highly-heated atmosphere with vapour1 might prove most disastrous to the occupants of the hot rooms1 who would be seriously scalded4 ,nevertheless1 the principle has been largely employed in the heating of the most recent ,turkish baths in ,germany4 ,if adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating plan1 as in heating by means of furnaces4 ,in the first method the fresh air is introduced into a chamber containing a coil of steam-pipes1 and passes thence into the laconicum by a shaft or conduit1 as in the case of air heated by a stove4 ,in the second method1 steam radiators--compact batteries of pipes--must be placed in recesses in the hot rooms1 fresh air being introduced over them4 ,the steam-pipes employed should be of the small bore type1 about #e_/h inch internal diameter1 and of wrought iron or copper4 ,in order to ensure as far as possible against the danger of explosion1 the system of pipes should be tested1 when fixed1 by severe hydraulic pressure4 ,it is certainly a great advantage1 in point of ease and economy1 to be able to warm a building1 drive machinery1 and heat ,turkish and ,russian baths from one boiler1 which can readily be done1 very ordinary pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to keep the radiators of the requisite temperature4 ,but the nature of the heating accomplished by means of steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating surfaces of firebrick4 ,the average temperatures of a public bath should range from about #aaj in the shampooing rooms to #bej-bfj in the hottest part of the laconicum1 taking the readings of the thermometer at a level of #f ft4 #f in4 above floor-line4 ,between the entrance of the heated air and its point of furthest travel in the shampooing rooms1 the bather should be able to select any temperature that may be most agreeable to him1 and as many find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best suited to themselves1 it shows attention to the habitus of the bath1 if the hot rooms are carefully maintained at the same uniform temperatures throughout the year4 ,this may be #aaj-abj in the shampooing rooms1 #adj in the tepidarium1 #ahj in the calidarium1 and #bej in the laconicum4 ,these must be the maxima of the average temperatures of each room at #f ft4 #f in4 above the floor4 ,in a pure atmosphere the highest temperatures are comfortable1 but in a foul one they become insupportable4 ,in a good bath1 where there is a rapid and continuous flow of air1 there will be comparatively little difference between the temperature at say #d ft41 #f ft41 and #h ft4 above the floor4 ,in badly-ventilated rooms1 where the air stagnates1 there will be a considerable difference4 ,and here we may note a serious objection to the heating of a bath by convection2 for while the head may be in a high degree of heat the feet are in comparatively cool air1 whereas1 if possible1 it should be just the reverse4 ,in convected heat1 this of course applies in its entirety1 as where so-called radiant heat is employed the evil is not quite so marked4 ,and here1 too1 we may note the admirable nature of the ,roman system of heating1 where the floors radiated the majority of the heat1 and the walls a slightly less amount4 ,the fresh air under the ancient system must have entered through the cooler rooms1 and being drawn towards the calidarium found its exit through the ceilings1 at times by way of the regulating device mentioned by ,vitruvius4 ,thus the ancient bather would not suffer the inconvenience that accrues to the bather in the modern hot-air bath1 whose head1 when he is standing upright1 is in a considerably higher temperature than any other portion of his body4 ,the temperature of a bath should not be regulated by the firing of the furnace4 ,this should be regularly stoked1 and kept at one uniform heat-giving condition4 ,bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove should it be of iron1 and the air may be overheated4 ,the temperature should be regulated by means of the hit-and-miss ventilators at the floor level4 ,fanlights between the various hot rooms1 with screw-rod adjustment1 serve as a means for regulating their relative temperatures4 ,the heating power of furnaces must be studied4 ,having calculated the cubical contents of the rooms to be heated1 and given the heating power of the stove or apparatus to be employed per cwt4 of metal or superficial foot of radiating surface1 we arrive at the necessary size4 ,messrs4 ,constantine give the following tables to show the heating power of the ,convoluted stove4 ,the figures give the requisite size of stove to raise the air to about the relative temperatures ,i have mentioned before1 and with ordinary firing4 ,weight of ,sq4 ft4 of ,area capable metal4 heating surface4 of heating4 --- --- --- cwt4 sq4 ft4 cub4 ft4 #ad #ce #ejj #bj #ee #a1bjj #bb #fi #b1jjj #cd #aai #c1ejj #cf #aci #e1jjj #de #ahj #h1jjj #ej #bca #ab1jjj #ef #bif #af1jjj ,when different kinds of heating apparatus are employed1 their heating power must be carefully ascertained and calculations entered into1 or it may be found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating process of dragging out the stove or pulling down the furnace and refitting a larger one4 ,this point is worth attention4 ,such mistakes are not unfrequently made4 ,as regards the amount of air that should flow through the hot rooms1 an allowance of #dj cubic feet per head per minute should be the minimum1 if purity of atmosphere is to be maintained4 ,in a bath1 the importance of perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated1 as not only has the respired air from the lungs to be removed1 but also the deleterious exhalations from the skin which are produced by perspiration4 ,the allowance of #dj cubic feet per head per minute should not1 if properly distributed1 cause an unpleasant draught in any part of the hot rooms2 for it must be remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold4 ,the main thing to be studied in this provision of a large volume of air is that the cold inlet be ample1 and the passage from this intake to the point where the air is debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and unobstructed4 ,the rapidity of flow will depend upon the means provided for the extraction of the foul air4 ,with large horizontal flues1 and a capacious and tall shaft1 the so-called natural system of ventilation will be as effective as could be desired4 ,greater extraction power is gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed running up the whole height4 ,in many cases mechanical ventilation could be employed with the greatest benefit4 ,a powerful air-propeller fixed at the end of a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the hot rooms1 and running so as to exhaust1 would do away with all the objectionable odours and nastiness of many baths4 ,the purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms forms all the difference between a good bath and a bad one1 which latter is infinitely worse than no bath at all4 ,there exist1 at the present time1 scores of baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating4 ,such foulness arises from stagnation of the air4 ,there is no continuous flow1 and the respirations and exhalations of the bathers are not removed4 ,a system of ventilation may be pointed out1 but it is on the wrong principle1 and does not act4 ,there is no change of air4 ,the atmosphere of such places becomes pestilential4 ,owing to the expansion by heat1 a relatively greater volume of air enters the laconicum than the cold intake4 ,this fact1 however1 does not practically affect the arrangements for ventilation1 c4 ,theoretically1 however1 it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting from furnace to hot rooms should be of greater sectional area than that to the furnace from the intake--about one-third larger--and that the total area of outlets for the escape of vitiated air should be about midway between the two4 ,the whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms of a ,turkish bath resolves itself1 primarily1 into the fact that we have to continually remove the bottom layer of air4 ,the provision of the foul-air conduits below the floor level is equivalent to providing a suspended floor with a hollow space under4 ,this is just the reverse of the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary temperature1 where we require to constantly remove the top layer1 and often actually do so when we provide false ceilings to passages1 c4 ,the ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot rooms should be actually so1 and not #c in4 or #f in4 above4 ,long1 wide gratings #f in4 deep are preferable to those of deeper and narrower design4 ,in theory1 indeed1 the whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined round with gratings1 thus making the sudatorium like a lidless box inverted1 into which hot air is thrown and escapes all round the bottom edges4 ,there is one point about the circulation of air in a set of hot rooms that requires considerable attention1 and that is the back-flow along the floor4 ,in any bath where hot air is supplied1 if the bather will hold his linen check across the top of the doorway between the rooms he will find that the air is flowing from the laconicum to the shampooing room4 ,if1 however1 the sheet be held across the lower portion of the doorway1 he will find that there is a current of air setting in an opposite direction--from the shampooing room to the laconicum4 ,this is shown at ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,longitudinal ,section of ,sudatory ,chambers4 ,it will be seen from the diagram that the bather is really in this back-flow when he is standing between and in a line with the doors of the hot rooms4 ,all the air appears to be travelling along the top of the bath1 and the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would seem to be bathed in air that has passed along the top of the bath1 round the shampooing rooms1 and back along the floor4 ,in reality1 however1 it is only from door to door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the diagram1 ,fig4 #aa1 there being a secondary circulating process in each room4 ,this circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on the modern system--that is to say1 where freshly-heated air is passed in in sufficient quantity4 ,it is a natural result1 and tends to distribute the heat more equally4 ,the back-flow is only objectionable when a door is opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a cooler apartment1 as the plunge bath chamber4 ,the bather standing in a line between the doorways may then feel a cold draught4 ,to guard against this1 double doors1 with a small lobby between1 should be provided to any means of communication with a cold chamber4 ,a set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the bather would be in the top current of air that flows from the heating apparatus4 ,by reference to ,fig4 #aa the reader will understand that by the provision of a platform or grating midway between the floor and ceiling this end would be attained4 ,the atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly free from vapour4 ,perfect dryness of the air1 says ,mr4 ,urquhart1 is indispensable to the enduring of a high temperature4444 ,this dryness is further requisite for electrical isolation4 ,with vapour in the chamber an atmosphere is created injurious to health and conducive to disease4 ,it is the very condition in which low1 putrid1 and typhus fevers flourish4 ,the electrical spark will not ignite in such an atmosphere1 and the magnet will lose its attractive power4 ,we all know the difference of our own sensations on a dry and on a damp day4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,water ,,fittings ,,and ,,appliances4 ,the water-fittings of a ,turkish bath include a boiler of some form for heating the water1 a cold-water cistern1 and a hot-water tank2 supply-pipes1 flow and return pipes1 and branch pipes2 lavatorium fittings1 comprising bowls1 basins1 and cocks2 douche room fittings1 as the needle bath1 shower1 douche1 spray1 and wave baths2 a warm shower-bath for bathers entering the bath1 or desiring such a shower at intervals2 and the fittings of the plunge bath4 ,in addition to this there may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium1 and an ornamental fountain in the frigidarium2 lavatories in various positions2 and1 possibly1 fittings and appliances for the laundry4 ,premising an ample supply of pure water1 it must be brought into the building through a water-meter to the cold water cistern1 which should be at a sufficiently high level to obtain a good head4 ,this cistern must be capacious and properly connected1 on the ordinary circulating principle1 with a hot water tank and boiler4 ,of suitable boilers there are several in the market1 of many and varied designs4 ,simplicity of construction should be the guide to a selection4 ,the boiler will perhaps its most conveniently placed in the stokery1 and have be separate furnace and flue1 any scheme for combining the heating of the hot rooms and of the water being out of the question4 ,in small baths1 however1 the hot-water tank may1 for economy's sake1 be placed near the ceiling in the laconicum4 ,where waste steam can be obtained1 a water super-heater1 with steam coil1 may be employed with advantage2 but in the majority of cases the ordinary circulating system will be found the most suitable4 ,the supply-pipes must be of large section1 and indeed1 the whole scheme of water-fitting should be liberal4 ,it must be remembered that1 in addition to the wants of the lavatorium and douche room1 plunge1 c41 there will be a large amount of water required for laundry purposes1 if washing be done upon the premises4 ,the cold supply cistern may1 by the exigencies of the case1 be kept down as low as the ceiling of the bath-rooms1 and be placed over some subsidiary apartment4 ,this does not give much pressure of water4 ,for all purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum height of about #bj ft4 above the draw-off taps and valves of the various bathing appliances4 ,this will ensure a good head of water1 and make the douche a formidable affair4 ,the pipes1 unions1 tees1 valves1 and cocks should all be of the best description in so important a work as the fitting-up of a public bath4 ,ordinary bungling plumbing is here out of place4 ,lead piping should be discarded for all but very cheap work1 and iron employed in its stead1 with proper screwed joints1 angles1 and tees4 ,should there be sufficient means1 copper piping should be employed for anything under #a in4 internal diameter1 and gunmetal should be used for unions1 c41 and for cocks and valves4 ,handsome1 large1 and well-made water-fittings conduce1 in no small degree1 to the effect of a bath4 ,there should be no attempt at hiding away of pipes1 c4 ,they should be made features of the bath1 and be designed with care and neatly finished4 ,every pipe1 joint1 and connection should be prearranged1 and the means of fixing and supporting the same carefully designed4 ,boxings1 and the like1 should be discarded1 and everything frankly exhibited4 ,the day for mysterious plumbing has gone by4 ,there is some beauty even in a pipe4 ,to consider the fittings1 we will commence with the lavatorium4 ,branches from the hot and cold water supply pipes must be conducted to each shampooer's basin4 ,these may be finished separately1 with independent nozzles1 as at ,fig4 #ab2 or the pipes may be connected with the valve shown at ,fig4 #ac1 about #ah in4 above the basin1 the outlet of the valve being fitted with a foot or #ae in4 of indiarubber hose4 ,in the latter case the pipes and valve would stand some #i in4 from the wall1 and depend from the horizontal supply pipes1 which in their turn could be carried on wrought-iron brackets affixed to the wall1 or be hung by iron ties1 as indicated by dotted lines at ,fig4 #af4 ,the internal diameter--the measurement given in all the figures--of these branch pipes to taps over shampooing basins should be #c_/d in4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,a ,shampooing ,basin4 ,cocks and valves for the purposes of the ,turkish bath are best of the gland pattern4 ,they should have bold handles4 ,those of the screw-down type are useless1 except as stop-cocks4 ,roundways should be used1 and1 to insure freedom of running1 the turning part should be equal to the inner diameter of the pipes4 ,the whole should be of gunmetal1 and1 if the pipes to be used be of iron1 screwed at the end4 ,fig4 #ac shows the type of valve to be employed to regulate the temperature of water for shower baths1 c4 ,to be useful1 as well as bold and effective in appearance1 the handles should be large4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,valve for ,regulating ,temperature of ,water4 ,in every case1 the cold water must be placed on the right hand1 and the hot on the left4 ,the earthenware basin is provided to hold water mixed to the required temperature4 ,a waste and overflow are not shown in the illustration1 but they should be provided4 ,the basin is best wide and shallow--shallower than shown4 ,there should be no overhanging ledge to catch the shampooer's hand-basin2 for this reason ,i have shown1 at ,fig4 #ab1 the basin sunk into the marble slab1 instead of the marble being on top1 as ordinary4 ,the copper hand-basin is provided for the shampooer to take water from the earthenware basin and throw over the shampooing slab1 or over the bather4 ,in addition1 a wooden1 copper-banded soap-bowl must be provided4 ,should there be a row of shampooing basins and benches1 the horizontal supply-pipes must be continued along the wall1 and branches dropped to each basin4 ,the basins are most conveniently placed when raised somewhat higher than the benches4 ,in the illustration given1 ,i have shown how to arrange horizontal foul-air flues under the basins4 ,in other cases the fixing of the basins will be much simpler4 ,for pure lavatorium purposes these basins1 cocks1 c41 are all the water-fittings to be considered2 but in an apartment combining the purposes of douche room--and perhaps a plunge bath chamber--as well as a washing and massage room1 more or less of the fittings about to be described will have to be accommodated4 ,the tonic appliances for treating the bather subsequently to the shampooing1 the soaping1 and the cleansing1 are various4 ,the most useful is the simple shower bath1 with a very large rose1 and amply supplied with water through a regulating valve4 ,it is employed for thoroughly cleansing the bather before he enters the plunge1 whose waters are for the common use of all4 ,in many small baths its place is efficiently taken by an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at ,fig4 #ae4 ,the shower proper is usually fixed above the needle bath1 as at ,fig4 #ad1 or formed by a continuation of the backbone of the needle4 ,it is best to have separate regulating valves for the needle and shower1 as at ,fig4 #af2 but at ,fig4 #ad it is shown with a branch from the pipe conducting to the needle1 and with stop cocks4 ,the needle-bath is a skeleton-like structure having a large hollow backbone and branching ribs4 ,the water ascends the backbone1 and1 passing into the ribs1 squirts out of small holes punctured in their internal circumferences4 ,the bather stands in the centre of the apparatus1 with the ribs encircling him4 ,the ribs should be of #a_/b-;in4 copper piping1 the backbone and lesser supports being of iron1 #b-a_/b and #a-a_/b in4 diameter respectively4 ,in a convenient position for the attendant must be placed the regulating valve4 ,a more elaborate contrivance may be made1 which will include needle1 shower1 ascending shower1 spinal douche1 and back shower2 but this should be left for hydropathic institutions and invalids4 ,simplicity in these matters should be the great desideratum4 ,the above-named additions1 however1 may be briefly described4 ,at ,fig4 #ad ,i have indicated the position of ascending shower4 ,it would be connected with the pipe supplying needle and shower1 and have a stop-cock4 ,the spinal douche is a little nozzle behind the shower proper1 and should have similar connection with the supply-pipe4 ,the back shower or spinal spray would be a rose placed about half-way up the iron backbone1 and be connected in the same manner4 ,avoid these complications in a bath for healthy persons4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a ,needle ,bath4 ,the needle bath is best left exposed1 but it may be enclosed in a metal shield if desired4 ,this bath may be placed in one of three positions--7#a7 in the shampooing room1 7#b7 in a separate chamber1 7#c7 in the plunge bath chamber4 ,it is most conveniently placed where the bather passes it en route from the washing room to the plunge4 ,for this appliance a good head of water is absolutely essential1 as with a low pressure it is very ineffective4 ,the illustration shows the bath standing on iron shoes4 ,if fixed in a corner1 as ordinarily1 it can be secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may be necessary4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,spray1 ,wave1 and ,douche ,baths4 ,besides the needle and shower1 as above1 the tonic bathing appliances may include an ordinary horizontal douche that can be pointed in any direction1 a spray1 or large rose1 and a wave4 ,these three appliances may be placed together as at ,fig4 #ae4 ,they are connected to the pipes from the regulating valves by means of a foot or so of flexible hose4 ,to this is secured a tapering copper pipe4 ,the douche has a gunmetal nozzle4 ,it is directed against the back and spine1 but must not be used upon the head or chest4 ,with a good head of water this is a most powerful appliance1 feeling more like a rod of some solid substance pressing against one than a stream of water4 ,the wave is formed by a copper spreader4 ,the spray is simply a large rose1 #f in4 or #h in4 diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,regulating ,valves for ,needle1 ,douche1 c4 ,it may be found convenient to arrange the valves for the whole of the above-mentioned appliances together1 as at ,fig4 #af4 ,each pair of hot and cold handles are here brought together4 ,these handles should be long1 so as to admit of easy regulating of the temperature of the water2 they may well be #i in4 in length4 ,the douche1 wave1 and spray should be kept as close as possible to the handles that regulate their temperature4 ,i would repeat the caution that it is very necessary to beware of complications in these water-fittings and appliances4 ,some of the more fussy contrivances--as1 for example1 the elaborated needle bath as above described--require so much regulating1 and so many valves and stop-cocks1 that it is quite an undertaking for the attendant to set them going4 ,simplicity in design and construction should be observed in this work3 the pipes as few as need be2 the valves as simple as possible2 and the whole put together in a manner that will permit of their being easily examined and repaired4 ,i have before hinted at the desirability of making some sort of provision whereby the bather may1 on entering the bath1 have a warm spray or shower1 of any temperature that may be agreeable to him4 ,in high class baths this feature should always be provided1 as it is a great luxury1 and1 moreover1 to certain constitutions a necessity1 thus to be able to take such a shower before entering the hot rooms1 or at such intervals during the sojourn in these apartments as may be desired4 ,the proper position for this shower-bath requires some consideration4 ,were it only for the entering bather that it should be provided1 it would be best placed in a lobby near the entrance to the hot rooms2 but as the occupants of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such shower1 it must be arranged with regard to this fact4 ,it should be convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the bath4 ,a small chamber entered by doors from the lobby to the tepidarium1 and also from the tepidarium itself1 would be convenient4 ,at times it may be placed in a nook off the shampooing room4 ,wherever it be placed1 the apparatus provided for the purpose of the shower must be such as can be managed by the bather himself1 so as not to take up the time of the attendants2 and for this reason it must be capable of easy regulation1 and free from liability of scalding the user1 unless through gross carelessness4 ,a valve with one handle only must be employed1 as1 unless the bather has had some practice1 it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger of scalding when two handles are used4 ,a valve such as that shown at ,fig4 #ag should be employed4 ,this valve must be so designed as to supply cold1 tepid1 and hot water in regular gradation--not intermittently1 as do some valves of this description4 ,it must be so placed that any one taking the shower may1 whilst beneath the rose1 be able to easily reach the handle4 ,the rose should not be less than #f in4 or #g in4 diameter4 ,fig4 #ab illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's shower-bath4 ,in hydropathic establishments it might be an improvement to add a small foot-bath1 formed by a sinking of about #f in4 in the floor1 and filled with hot water2 for physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to enter the hot rooms with cold feet4 ,supply pipes1 a waste1 and overflow would have to be provided for this bath1 and a marble seat might be placed round it4 ,a marble coping and mosaic flooring would render it pleasing in appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,bather's ,shower ,bath4 ,i have hereinbefore1 at ,fig4 #d1 given plan and sections of a plunge bath1 and shown its water-fittings4 ,the overflow and waste run into cast-iron drainpipes1 which should be employed till outside the building4 ,on the end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose with leather packing1 the screw-holes being drilled into the flange of pipe4 ,for the waste ,i have shown a disc valve of gunmetal4 ,this is similarly screwed to flange of pipe1 and with leather packing4 ,the valve is opened and closed by a movable rod4 ,if fixed1 it might catch the toes of the swimmer1 and for this reason it would perhaps be best to set the valve itself back in a recess4 ,instead of this valve1 an ordinary #d-;in41 #e-;in41 or #f-;in4 plug waste could be employed1 but it is rather clumsy on such a scale4 ,when practicable1 a screw-down valve1 with wheel and spindle outside the bath1 is the best means of letting out the waste water4 ,the supply-pipe should be connected with the main supply just after the water meter4 ,the valve should be of the screw-down pattern1 either with a thumbscrew1 wheel and spindle1 or a key4 ,in coast towns1 where a sea-water plunge may be employed1 a little rose on a bracket should be provided in a convenient position1 for cleansing the hair from salt water4 ,of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room1 and of the sanitary water-fittings1 it is unnecessary to speak1 except to say that1 in a place devoted to the attainment of cleanliness1 plumbing of this nature should be as perfect as possible4 ,a drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the tepidarium of a bath of any pretension4 ,it should be placed at the coolest end of the room1 affixed to a wall1 and provided with a supply-pipe1 waste1 and tap of some sort4 ,the bowl is best formed of glazed earthenware4 ,if an ornamental fountain be required in the frigidarium1 it should be of terra-cotta or modelled glazed ware1 and must be provided with supply-pipe1 waste1 and means of regulating the jet of water4 ,a fountain is a very desirable addition to a cooling room1 as it is restful to the ear1 and may be made pleasant to the eye by means of flowers and plants arranged around and upon it4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,lighting1 ,,decorating1 ,,and ,,furnishing4 ,light and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect1 we may well consider first the methods of lighting the bath4 ,as a rule1 much artificial light will be required4 ,the hot rooms1 being often in a basement1 are as a rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like4 ,seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apartments is of so vital importance1 the method of artificial lighting adopted should not be such as impregnates the air with obnoxious and harmful1 if unnoticeable1 fumes4 ,gas1 for this reason1 used in the ordinary manner1 is objectionable1 as the ventilation being by means of low-level exits for the foul air1 the products of combustion must of necessity pass by and envelop persons below the burners1 though1 of course1 in a diluted state4 ,should1 therefore1 gas-lighting be employed in a sudatory chamber1 it should for preference be on one of those systems whereby the burner is cut off from the atmosphere of the room1 and provision made for carrying off the fumes4 ,happily1 the use of electric lighting is at last increasing with marked rapidity2 and the incandescent light is admirably adapted for all purposes of the ,turkish bath4 ,where it can possibly be adopted it is a great addition to a bath4 ,for cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable1 except that it is heating1 and assists in vitiating the atmosphere4 ,but inasmuch as the fumes in this case will ascend with the general body of air1 the objection to gas is much lessened in these apartments4 ,nevertheless1 the electric light is the illuminant to be coveted4 ,the quality of the lighting in the cooling room should be toned and softened4 ,it is not a place for brilliant general illumination1 but rather for a soft light pervading the whole1 and auxiliary lights where required1 such as near couches1 c4--a system1 in fact1 diametrically opposed to sun-burner illumination4 ,nothing more objectionable of its kind can well be imagined than a glaring light in the ceiling of a cooling room4 ,it would be found intolerable4 ,for practical purposes1 the greatest amount of light required in any part of a frigidarium is that at the heads of the couches1 where it must be of such strength as will admit of comfortable reading4 ,one gas-burner1 or one small incandescent lamp1 to every two couches is a fair allowance4 ,if effect be desired1 there is1 of course1 much in the distribution of the illuminating agent that affects for good or evil1 and the placing and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must be considered4 ,the dominant point of light might be a prettily-designed lantern with a few brilliant points of colour in it1 depending from a chain over a fountain1 throwing its rays downwards on to the falling waters1 and not in the eyes of those bathers who may be reclining upon the couches4 ,throughout the bath1 in either natural or artificial lighting1 by windows or lamps1 it should be the aim not to throw strong light in the eyes of the bather--a principle of universal application1 but especially to be regarded in a place where1 more often than not1 the occupants of the various apartments are reclining1 face upwards1 on benches or couches4 ,in the hot rooms1 as in the cooling room1 little general illumination is required4 ,a bright artificial light in such places seems especially painful to the eyes4 ,what light1 therefore1 may be provided in the sudatory chambers1 should be as diffused as possible1 the additional lights for the few who practise reading in these apartments being so arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of bathers4 ,the lights should be shaded so as to throw their rays downwards in a very small compass4 ,considerably more light is required in the lavatoria and shampooing rooms4 ,in scheming the plan of bath rooms in a basement1 where daylight can only be obtained at one point1 it is desirable1 if practicable1 to arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the benefit of this light4 ,for effect1 the scale of lighting in the bath rooms may be a rather dark laconicum1 and a gradually-increased amount of light from thence to the shampooing room4 ,the plunge-bath chamber should be well lighted1 but not above the tone of the frigidarium1 or the bather will feel to be going from cheerfulness to comparative gloom1 which would be unpleasant4 ,a bright1 warm light should be that in the plunge-bath chamber1 with perhaps an ornamental lamp over the bath itself2 and if the intermediary staircase--should there be such a feature--be lighted on a lower scale1 the effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful one4 ,,decorating4 ,under this heading1 ,i would speak of the means of obtaining effect in a bath1 of the materials to be employed1 and of the design of features--of the effect of the whole and the proportions of its parts1 rather than of anything implying the laying on of so-called ornament4 ,the architecture of a bath is interior architecture as distinct from that involving external work4 ,much of this1 moreover1 can often only be seen by artificial light4 ,these two restrictions point to the employment1 for the most part1 of surface decoration1 rather than of modelling--of tiles1 mosaics1 marbles1 in place of mouldings1 cornices1 and pilasters4 ,there are three features of the bath that are fit subjects for handsome designing1 and they are the frigidarium1 the tepidarium1 and the plunge bath4 ,there is an excuse for elaborating the first two1 in that these are the apartments in which the bather remains the longest time2 and as for the plunge1 it is in itself an object capable of giving a very pleasing effect4 ,over-elaboration--in respect to added ornament--in the hot rooms1 however1 gives an air of incongruity4 ,simplicity1 with good proportions1 seems here the most pleasing4 ,the general effect of the hot rooms should be light1 a statement which is wholly in harmony with what ,i have said on their lighting1 though it may not at first sight appear to be so4 ,the tone of the ceilings and walls and floors should be light1 the darkest portions being a dado4 ,a generally dark and heavy tone of colouring is very oppressive in a sudatory chamber4 ,keep them light3 light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths1 and of lightly decorated1 large1 thin tiles1 or lightly-tinted enamelled iron1 for more expensive establishments2 light walls of white1 ivory1 cream1 or buff glazed bricks1 without startling bands of a vulgar1 as distinct from a really bold1 contrast2 and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not too dark pattern4 ,the risers to marble-topped benches may be of another tone1 but not too dark2 and1 in place of a dado of bare glazed bricks1 it is perhaps best to stretch ,indian matting to keep the bather from the burning wall1 as at ,fig4 #bj4 ,this will necessitate fillets affixed to plugs in the brickwork4 ,woodwork looks best dark and polished1 affording an agreeable contrast to the lighter materials4 ,bright points of colour may be obtained by stained glass in ceiling-lights or windows1 and at night by coloured glass shades over lamps1 c4 ,the use of iron joists with glazed brick arches between is not to be recommended for the ceilings of the hot rooms4 ,to say the least1 it is a heavy-looking arrangement4 ,enamelled iron may be made to look very well if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light patterns1 and affixed with buttons with enamelled heads to the fireproof floors1 as at ,fig4 #ah4 ,large thin tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths4 ,they may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets1 or made with screw-holes and affixed to ceiling joists4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,section and ,plan of an ,enamelled ,iron ,ceiling4 ,glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms1 c41 should be specified to be executed with an extra neat joint1 and should bond to less than #ab in4 to the foot2 otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is clumsy4 ,this applies equally to walling and to arches and vaults4 ,work which may pass as fair in ordinary cases1 looks coarse and rough in the glazed interior walls of a bath4 ,in selecting glazed bricks there is some difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints2 much of the work produced is unfortunately of a very crude colouring4 ,one portion of the tepidarium1 and other bath rooms1 admits of being rendered very attractive2 and that is the flooring4 ,mosaic work is always pleasing1 if it be designed with taste and executed artistically4 ,marble and tile mosaics are both good1 the former admitting of a richness of effect quite its own1 and the latter of brilliant colouring4 ,in designing marble-mosaic floors1 however1 one may well fight shy of including that senseless1 purposeless description which is nowadays so often employed as a filling-in between borders4 ,i refer to the heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed without regard to one another1 and giving at a distance a dirty grey tone1 and near at hand an effect like a gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom--to be flattering4 ,despite the fact that this method of design is of antique origin1 and has a real classical designation1 ,i cannot but think that it is to be avoided1 and that fillings-in should be made with tesser of one tint1 or that mosaic should be abandoned altogether4 ,given the means1 it is easy to render a set of bath rooms elaborate1 with faence and modelled glazed ware1 marbles and painted encaustic tiles1 and many other suitable but expensive materials2 but for my own part ,i prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory chamber1 though by this ,i do not mean monastic severity of style4 ,the general air of the frigidarium requires some consideration4 ,it should have an effect of its own1 quite distinct from anything else4 ,it should have something of the conservatory in it4 ,it should be richly carpeted1 have much woodwork about it1 and be pleasant with plants and laden with the murmur of falling waters4 ,it should be light1 certainly2 cheerful1 cool1 and airy looking2 and as lofty as possible within reason and common sense4 ,the ceiling should be of a light tone4 ,a lantern-light where the light may come in1 rather than be seen1 and where the vitiated air may go out1 is a pleasant and useful addition4 ,points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect are the stairs to hot rooms--if a staircase be needed--the divans or screens for couches1 and an ornamental fountain as above described4 ,the staircase may be rendered attractive with bowl newels1 and perhaps white marble treads to the stairs4 ,the divans may be rendered things of beauty by designing ornamental1 open-work wood partitions1 in either an ,oriental style or otherwise4 ,it is not easy to make small dwarf partitions1 enclosing a couple of couches1 look handsome4 ,as a rule1 they are of a flimsy and gimcrack order of architecture4 ,they should be made as solid as possible4 ,for effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed divans4 ,as regards style1 ,i do not see why one method of design should be more suited than another for the bath4 ,having become popularly known as the ,turkish bath1 an ,eastern or ,saracenic style has been often adopted in the past4 ,and1 inasmuch as such style is essentially an interior style of architecture1 there is something to be said on this score4 ,it is1 moreover1 a style in which surface decoration pertains rather than modelled work1 or1 at least1 the modelling is in very low relief4 ,there is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design of a bath in an ,oriental style1 as hitherto such attempts have only been made in a half-hearted manner2 and in many smaller commercial baths the unskilful use of the style has vulgarised it to no small extent4#c ,considering that the old ,romans brought the bath to a great pitch of excellence--far1 very far1 ,i should be inclined to say1 in advance of our present knowledge of the subject--their style of architecture would seem fitted to its design at this day2 and for large public baths1 larger than any yet erected in this country1 one can imagine that a very interesting design could be made in the ,roman style1 founded on a study of the old baths1 and1 for the sake of the interest attaching to them1 reproducing many of the original mosaics1 pictures1 details1 c41 of the public baths of the time of the ,empire4 ,in a like manner in the ,moorish style one could obtain a very elegant effect by a careful study of old baths in ,eastern countries1#d drawing1 perhaps1 some inspiration from the courts of the palaces of the ,moors1 with their pleasant retired air1 for the frigidarium4 ,i have often thought1 when looking at the late ,owen ,jones' splendid model at the ,crystal ,palace1 what an admirable frigidarium the ,court of the ,lions would make1 with its spacious central area1 and retired nooks suitable for couches1 and its pretty sparkling fountain and green plants1 its brilliant colouring1 and general cheerfulness of effect4 ,similarly1 in a ,roman style1 a ,pompeian court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine frigidarium1 with its cubicula for couches1 and its central area and fountain4 ,the above are but theoretical suggestions as to what might be done should the bath make such progress in this country as may necessitate the provision of handsome public baths for the people4 ,in everyday practice there is not a great field for elaborate designing in baths4 ,although only the ,roman and ,eastern styles have been mentioned1 there can be no manner of reason why an architect should not design his bath in whatsoever style he may please4 ,i have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable of being rendered a thing of beauty4 ,this is in reference as much to its plan as to the materials of the sides and floor1 c4 ,there is no reason why a plunge should always be a plain oblong on plan4 ,it may be of any of the shapes indicated at ,fig4 #ai4 ,many bathers1 especially in warm weather1 like to stay some minutes in the plunge1 and not go straight through2 they may like to swim up and down the bath1 and thus require room to turn1 and a keyhole plan1 such as at ,a1 is suitable1 and especially useful where the bather has to return to the end of bath he entered4 ,another shape is shown at ,b4 ,in ladies' baths still more margin for novel planning is allowable1 as here the true dive seldom pertains4 ,a delicate semi-oval plan1 such as that at ,d1 which is much after the pattern of the ,roman bath recently discovered at ,box1 could be employed2 or a plain1 circular bath with steps around1 such as that of the ,pompeian ,balneum1 shown at ,c2 or1 again1 such a plan as that at ,e1 after the classic one at ,bognor in ,sussex4 ,for inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths1 we cannot do better than refer direct to the old ,roman remains1 either in ,italy itself1 or in ,great ,britain and other provinces and colonial dependencies of the old ,empire4 ,the ,romans were fully alive to the possibilities of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design1 and often produced baths of great beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,plans of ,plunge ,baths4 ,the flooring and sides of these baths should be of a light tint1 and there should always be more or less pure white4 ,nothing really is better than plain white glazed bricks1 with neat joints4 ,with this bottom the water always looks clean when it is clean1 and shows contamination when it exists4 ,marble-mosaic floorings should be chiefly of white tesser1 any simple patterns being executed in light tints4 ,delicate tints1 such as strawberry1 pea green1 and peacock blue1 look well through the water4 ,the floor of the plunge bath may thus be made very pretty4 ,the sides are best of glazed brickwork1 neatly executed1 and coping and treads of steps of so-called white marble4 ,,furnishing4 ,the work of the upholsterer in fitting up a ,turkish bath comprises the complete furnishing of the cooling room with couches1 lounges1 ottomans1 carpets1 mats1 and any chairs and tables that may be required1 besides the usual furniture common to all rooms4 ,in the sudatory chambers may be required easy chairs of peculiar construction1 with stretched canvas seats2 in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed marble-topped ones2 and any carpeting1 matting1 felt for benches1 curtains 7if any71 and ,indian matting for dadoes4 ,these are the principal requirements that need consideration1 the remaining furnishing of subordinate apartments being1 of course1 of commonplace and ordinary description4 ,the refreshment department requires possibly a coffee-maker1 refrigerator1 ice-box1 and shelf fittings2 but1 as a general rule1 no arrangements for actual cooking4 ,the cooling room couches are usually made #f ft4 by #b ft42 but #f ft4 #f in4 by #b ft4 #f in4 is a more liberal allowance4 ,they should be made of polished wood1 strongly framed1 stuffed with horsehair and covered with a red ,turkey twill1 as at ,a1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,where divans are adopted1 on the ,eastern model1 the benches must be framed of wood1 permanently fixed1 and covered with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet1 as ,fig4 #bj4 ,above the couch thus formed it is well to stretch a dado of ,indian matting1 affixed above to a moulded rail4 ,the carpets employed in the cooling room should be soft to the tread4 ,nothing1 of course1 equals a ,persian or ,turkey carpet1 and one or the other should be provided when their cost can be afforded4 ,a rich carpet adds greatly to the effect of the room4 ,in cases where a polished wood floor is adopted and shown1 soft durable matting or strips of carpet must be placed along any routes1 such as from and to the hot rooms and the boot-room1 by the sides of couches1 to lounges and tables1 c4--anywhere1 in fact1 where the bather may require to tread4 ,anything in the nature of fastenings likely1 by any possibility1 to injure the feet1 must be carefully avoided4 ,a table or two for books1 papers1 magazines1 c41 should be provided in the cooling room4 ,the provision of lounges1 c41 must depend upon the design of the room1 and whether nooks or angles are available for their accommodation4 ,little wooden or metal tripod tables must be placed by the heads of the couches 7,fig4 #ba1 ,b74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,section of ,benches in ,hot ,rooms and in ,cooling ,room ,divans4 ,the chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon some such lines as at ,c and ,d1 whereat are shown an iron1 and a wooden1 framed chair4 ,beechen frames are best1 and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve4 ,a few of these seats should always be provided in the hot rooms4 ,movable wooden benches are constructed of beech1 oak1 or well-seasoned yellow deal1 as at ,e4 ,the head end is best raised as shown4 ,very carefully-seasoned wood should be employed1 for all joinery purposes1 in the hot rooms4 ,in the boot room1 the pigeon-holes must not be forgotten1 and a cushioned seat1 perhaps1 for taking off boots and shoes4 ,a shelf or shelves for linen checks is useful in this position4 ,sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all over1 but strips of matting or carpet are better4 ,the hot laconicum is best carpeted throughout4 ,the tepidarium should have strips of carpet where the bathers must necessarily tread4 ,in some baths it is the custom to provide1 instead of carpet1 felt sandals for use in the hot rooms4 ,for similar reasons to the carpeting--the non-conduction of heat--fine white felting is sometimes placed in strips along the marble benches1 as at ,fig4 #bj4 ,of the ,indian matting for a portion of the walls above the benches1 ,i have already spoken4 ,in the shampooing rooms1 little blocks of wood shaped as at ,e1 ,fig4 #e1 are required as head-rests4 ,they should be about #ab by #e by #d in41 and hollowed to fit the head4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,furniture of a ,turkish ,bath4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,i do not know of any building--bath or otherwise1 civil or domestic--in this country where the true spirit of ,oriental colour decoration has been grasped4 ,one of the chief principles which seems to have been missed is that in real ,saracenic art the colours are employed in very small portions only1 and no colour becomes insubordinate to the general effect4 ,footnote #d3 ,here is a branch of architectural design absolutely unstudied4 ,few architects visit the ,east1 and none enter the baths there1 either in ,egypt1 ,turkey1 or ,morocco4 ,the ordeal of the true ,oriental shampooing doubtless deters the few who might be curious about these buildings4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,private ,,baths4 ,the ,turkish bath in the house may be designed on any scale1 from a single room heated to the required temperature by a common laundry stove1 to an elaborate suite of apartments1 providing all that is found in the public bath1 and even added luxuries4 ,it may be an addition to an existing building or a feature designed at one and the same time as the house4 ,there are1 of course1 many expedients for producing perspiration by heated air much simpler than by the special construction of a suite of bath rooms2 but as they will be familiar to all studying the subject of baths1 ,i will pass them over here as mere makeshifts4 ,for although there is something to be said in their favour1 in that the head is free and one can breathe cooler air1 there are serious objections to their use1 as the lamps employed burn the air1 and there is also an absence of that rapid arial circulation which is so much to be desired4 ,besides the actual objections to their use1 more or less inconvenience attends the employment of the sheet and lamp 7or cabinet and lamp7 baths1 and there is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the extemporised bath1 admirable as it may be as a hydropathic expedient4 ,the bath in the house may consist of one of the following arrangements3--7#a7 ,a single room used as a sudatory chamber and for washing2 7#b7 a hot room and a washing room2 7#c7 a combined hot room and washing room1 and a cooling room2 7#d7 a cooling room1 washing room1 and hot room2 or 7#e7 a suite of chambers of such extent as to provide every possible luxury1 such as even the old ,roman gentlemen would have coveted4 ,where there is no second room the bather must use his bed room as a cooling and reposing room1 as he must also in the cases where only a washing room and a hot room are provided4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,plan of ,mr4 ,urquhart's ,small ,private ,bath and of the ,hot ,room at ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson's ,bath at ,richmond ,hill4 ,for a simple sudatory chamber1 where washing operations are also conducted1 all that is required is a room with brick walls and fire- and heat-proof floor and ceiling1 with an adjoining lobby1 a flue to conduct smoke from a simple stove1 and a sunk washing tank or lavatrina4 ,allowance must be made for a couch opposite the stove4 ,fig4 #bb 7,a7 shows the simplest form of a bath room possible2 it is that which ,mr4 ,urquhart constructed1 and has described in his ',manual of the ,turkish ,bath4' ,it was erected by him to show how cheaply an effective bath room might be built1 the whole arrangement1 with water fittings and building of three of its walls1 only costing #cgl4 ,the room or rooms forming the ,turkish bath in a private house should be cut off by a lobby from the other apartments of the house1 with carefully-fitting self-closing doors at either end2 and in the case of an elaborate bath1 another little lobby with double doors and heavy curtains1 should be placed between the cooling room and the two bathing rooms1 as at ,fig4 #bd4 ,the air of the hot rooms should1 of course1 be perfectly and absolutely cut off from that of the house4 ,the position of the bath in a house will depend upon the size of the bath and the house and its situation4 ,in town houses1 where the bath consists of only a washing and a hot room1 the first floor will be the most convenient4 ,where a cooling room is provided1 the ground floor is as handy as anywhere2 and this position allows of the easier construction of the heating apparatus4 ,in the country1 the bath is best built away from the house1 connected by a short lobby1 which may be utilised for boots1 c41 as at ,fig4 #bd4 ,the main difficulties to be overcome are the heating of the bath1 and the non-conduction of heat to places where it is not wanted4 ,the heating apparatus of a private bath may be1 for the simplest1 a common laundry stove1 as at ,fig4 #bb 7,a7 and at ,fig4 #bc2 for bigger baths1 a small convoluted stove1 as at ,fig4 #bd2 or a furnace of firebrick with an iron flue1 as at ,b1 ,fig4 #bb--;a plan of the hot room 7#ae ft4 by #ab ft47 of the bath which ,sir ,erasmus ,wilson built at ,richmond ,hill4 ,for elaborate baths1 a small furnace wholly constructed of fireclay1 such as that of which ,i have given complete plans in the chapter on ,heating and ,ventilation1 would be the best4 ,a furnace of this description is shown in the design for an elaborate private bath1 at ,fig4 #be4 ,should the bath be heated regularly every day1 a firebrick furnace is certainly the best1 as such furnaces retain their heat a long time4 ,it should be banked at night4 ,a bath only required at times1 and quickly1 is best heated with a thin iron stove4 ,a portable iron stove and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise the temperature4 ,the simple baths illustrated at ,figs4 #bb 7,a7 and #bc1 are therefore very convenient and effective4 ,the principle of heating by the transmission to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very convenient one for private purposes1 as on this system the bath may be on an upper floor1 and yet have its heating apparatus conveniently stowed away below1 as at ,fig4 #bd4 ,a small furnace chamber1 such as that at ,fig4 #f1 ante1 must be constructed1 and a hot-air flue of large section built up to the hot room4 ,if the bath be on the ground floor1 the construction of any form of heating apparatus is rendered easier4 ,to prevent the transmission of heat to other apartments of the house1 the precautions hereinbefore mentioned must be observed4 ,hollow walls must be provided round the heated chambers1 to prevent loss of heat on the external side1 and the transmission of heat through internal walls4 ,the floors above and below should--if not of solid fireproof construction--be formed as described in the section dealing with the design of the sudorific chambers1 with puggings of slag-wool1 asbestos1 sawdust1 or materials having similar properties4 ,windows should be double4 ,wherever possible1 concrete floors should be provided to the hot rooms and washing rooms1 so that they may be covered with tiles or mosaics1 and on account of the spilling of water4 ,it should be needless to point out the necessity of having most careful regard to safety from fire by the stoves or furnaces4 ,the ventilation of private baths should receive as much careful attention as those for public use4 ,the hollow external walls may often be used with advantage for the extraction of the vitiated air1 which must be let into the cavity at the floor level4 ,if the bath be constructed on the ground floor1 with nothing beneath1 the system of carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits--recommended for public baths--should be employed1 as in the accompanying design for a large private bath1 where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one vertical shaft of sufficiently wide section4 ,much that ,i have said on the heating and ventilation1 and1 indeed1 on many matters in connection with the design of public baths1 applies in the case of the private one1 and the reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many hints as to its construction4 ,in the accompanying figures ,i have endeavoured to explain the arrangement and construction of private baths1 from those formed by converting existing rooms into bath rooms1 to an elaborate and complete design4 ,fig4 #bb 7,a7 is a plan of ,mr4 ,urquhart's cheap private bath1 an apartment only measuring #aa ft4 by #af ft41 yet forming an effective sudatory chamber1 with simple iron stove1 couch1 seat1 and sunk tank or lavatrina4 ,on this principle ,i have arranged the plans of the baths adapted to existing rooms in a house1 shown at ,fig4 #bc4 ,one plan shows a hot room built on to an existing ordinary bath room4 ,a doorway is formed in the old external wall1 and the new chamber constructed with hollow walls1 with glazed bricks internally4 ,an extra room would1 of course1 be thus formed on the floor below4 ,a fireproof floor would be provided1 and the pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in bath room1 which would become the lavatorium1 and undressing room if necessary4 ,a double-doored lobby is formed in the latter apartment1 and the slipper bath used as ordinarily4 ,it will be seen that by appropriating the adjoining bed room1 a frigidarium is obtained1 by taking away the flue-pipe to a new chimney1 and knocking a doorway through the old partition wall1 thus making a complete set of bath rooms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,methods of constructing ,turkish ,baths in existing ,houses4 ,the other plan1 given at ,fig4 #bc1 shows an existing room divided into a combined hot room and washing room1 and a cooling room4 ,three of the walls being ordinary external walls1 the hot room is lined with lath and plaster on quartering1 leaving an air-space between to prevent loss of heat by absorption and radiation4 ,one or two of the spaces between the quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues1 for the withdrawal of the vitiated air1 being connected below with the hot room1 and above lead into the open air4 ,a pugged partition and double-doored lobby separate the rooms4 ,space is left in the hot room for a full-length couch opposite the radiating stove1 which has a metal screen around to protect the more adjacent walls from the heat4 ,a lavatrina is provided1 as shown at the enlarged section4 ,a nook is formed for a shower4 ,this recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen and hood1 as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths4 ,a couple of couches1 lavatory1 and toilet table are compactly arranged in the little frigidarium4 ,where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed1 the fresh air should be admitted as near the stove as possible1 and if the inlet be connected with a space formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket1 the air will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature4 ,the temperature of the incoming air in a bath where the heat radiates directly from the stove or furnace to the body of the bather1 is not a matter of such vital importance as it is in cases where the heat is transmitted through the agency of the air itself4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,a complete ,private ,turkish ,bath4 ,cost of construction being now so constant a factor in every consideration1 ,i have been led to give the above plans and descriptions of cheaply-formed baths as suggestions for the adaptation of other rooms4 ,but plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required1 and at ,fig4 #bd ,i give the plan and cross section of a bath constructed as an appendage to1 and at one and the same time as1 the house4 ,in this plan all necessaries are liberally provided for1 but there is no extravagant outlay on elaboration of features and decoration4 ,it is arranged on the first floor of a projecting wing off the main building4 ,the frigidarium is cut off from the corridor or landing of the house by a lobby1 which provides a w4c4 and a space for boots and shoes and linen and towels4 ,between the frigidarium and bath rooms is a double-doored lobby of a kind that is very useful in both public and private baths4 ,hung with heavy curtains over the inner face of either door1 it forms a perfect preventive against the entry of the air of the hot rooms into the cooling room4 ,between the combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the laconicum is a glazed partition with a doorway1 fitted with a curtain if necessary4 ,the walls are #ah in4--#i in4 and #d-a_/b in41 with #d-a_/b in4 cavity1 used for ventilation4 ,the bath rooms are lined with glazed brickwork4 ,the floor is of fireproof1 iron and concrete1 construction4 ,enamelled iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot rooms1 and pugging placed over4 ,under the laconicum is the stokery and furnace chamber1 fitted with a small convoluted stove1 a hot-air shaft leading to the bath room4 ,fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal flues from either side of the building4 ,the windows in the bath rooms are double4 ,in the laconicum are two felt-covered wooden benches1 as at ,fig4 #ba 7,e71 ante1 and a similar bench occupies one side of lavatorium1 opposite which is the lavatrina1 #ah in4 deep1 partly sunk into the floor and partly raised4 ,the shower should be placed over this4 ,in the frigidarium are two couches1 hooks for clothes1 lavatory1 and toilet tables1 c4 ,this would be a very effective plan for a comfortable private bath4 ,the ordinary slipper1 length1 or shallow bath is out of place in the rooms of a ,turkish bath2 but where the bath has to be adapted with economy to an existing bath room1 as at ,fig4 #bc1 and in cases where1 say1 some members of a family take the ,turkish bath and others the ordinary warm bath1 it may remain as at the last-named figure1 and serve the purposes of a lavatrina4 ,the lavatrina1 as designed in the plan of the large ,turkish bath appended1 however1 is the most convenient apparatus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and washing oneself in this style of bathing1 as distinct from the ordinary method of immersion in a large body of water2 and as the former manner is the most economical of water1 it is unnecessary1 in providing a ,turkish bath in a house1 to make any increased provision for the supply of hot and cold water over and above that which would be allowed for an ordinary slipper-bath4 ,in a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the purpose of a tepidarium4 ,this chamber should therefore be as large as possible4 ,in it may be required a shampooing slab1 and1 possibly1 a small plunge bath1 in addition to the lavatrina1 reclining-bench1 and what water fittings are to be provided4 ,all that will be required are hot and cold water taps over the edge of the lavatrina1 which should also have a waste and overflow4 ,having to be worked by the bather himself1 the shower arrangement should be such as shown at ,fig4 #ag1 ante4 ,this will serve all purposes1 unless a douche and a needle are desired1 when the regulating valve of this appliance must be placed conveniently within the bather's reach while standing in the bath4 ,the private bather1 unless he can afford to engage a bath-man1 must look upon shampooing as a luxury but not a necessity of the bath4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,fleming1 in a lecture on the ,physiology of ,turkish ,baths1 read before the ,glasgow ,physiological ,society some years back1 said that the accessories of shampooing1 c41 are1 despite the popular opinion to the contrary1 non-essential4 ,a shampooing slab--which must be of marble--is therefore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate private baths4 ,a complete private bath must contain the piscina1 or plunge4 ,unless space and expense be no object1 this cannot well be made capable of affording a vigorous dive2 but endeavours should be made to secure a bath of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immersion of the whole body4 ,it will be constructed and fitted exactly as a small public plunge bath4 ,the frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant1 cheerful1 and comfortable as possible4 ,it should be a cosy place where the bather may recline and cool1 and smoke and read1 or otherwise divert himself to his heart's content4 ,if so preferred1 it might be arranged like an ,eastern divan2 or it might be a simple1 homely room1 fitted with one or two comfortable couches4 ,a fireplace may here be a desirable feature1 for appearance sake1 during the winter months4 ,the room should be really ventilated--viz4 well supplied with pure1 fresh air1 and with effective means of withdrawing the vitiated atmosphere1 since1 as ,i have pointed out in the chapters on public baths1 the cooling process is1 in its way1 as important as the heating1 it being essential that the bather should expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure cool air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,design ,,for ,a ,,private ,,turkish ,,bath ,,longitudinal ,,section4 ,at ,fig4 #be1 pages #acj and #aca1 ,i give plans of a large private ,turkish bath4 ,it is such a building as would be a most desirable and pleasing addition to a country mansion2 and considering the money prodigally lavished over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house1 it is indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in the way of appending a feature that is at once a talisman of health1 a cure for disease1 and an untold luxury4 ,the public bath may be a blessing1 but for comfort and luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private bath4 ,illustration3 ,design for a ,private ,turkish ,bath4 ,the design ,i give as a suggestion1 to be modified and adapted to any style of design4 ,the building could be connected to the house by a corridor1 or by a glazed xystos1 either abutting on to the main wall of house or a little detached4 ,off the lobby to the frigidarium are recesses for boots and for linen4 ,the frigidarium--about #ae ft4 square--has benches fitted up like one side of a divan1 bay windows with space for plants and flowers1 lavatory and toilet-table1 and an ornamental fountain4 ,a lobby separates this apartment from the bath rooms1 and off it are a w4c4 and a towel closet1 which latter could be supplied with hot air4 ,the combined lavatorium and tepidarium--#ad ft4 square--is a domed chamber1 with semicircular recesses containing the plunge bath and lavatrina4 ,a shampooing bench is shown4 ,a marble dado surrounds the walls1 and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of dome--which could be of brick or terracotta and concrete--and marble springers to horse-shoe arches4 ,the shower is placed over the lavatrina4 ,plenty of space is left for a bench or chair in this chamber4 ,adjoining is the laconicum with a firebrick furnace1 after the nature of that of which ,i have before given full detailed drawings4 ,the vitiated air is drawn through flues in the floor1 to a shaft on the opposite side to the chimney4 ,the stokery and coke-store adjoin the laconicum4 ,fresh air would be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed description of the furnace illustrated at ,fig4 #aj4 ,if there were no available supply of water from house1 a boiler and tank could be placed in the stokery1 and a cistern on the flat roof4 ,the flat roof1 if of iron and concrete1 would form an abutment to dome4 ,if thought desirable1 the same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepidarium and lavatorium4 ,an air space should be left between the masonry of dome and covering of copper or other material4 ,the lights should be double glazed4 ,with the radiating stove there is no objection to the loftiness of the dome4 ,this bath could be perfectly ventilated and supplied with pure heat of a most hygienic character4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,bath ,,in ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,institutions1 ,,etc4 ,the bath for the hydropathic establishment will generally be required in connection with1 and--what is of greater moment--in harmony with1 other baths1 such as medicated baths1 ,russian or vapour baths1 and the ordinary douche1 wave1 spray1 and needle baths1 which1 where the ,turkish bath is included1 may often be efficiently administered with the appliances usually provided in the shampooing and washing room4 ,moreover1 if the establishment include the pumilio-pine treatment1 or system of pine-therapeutics1 there will be required rooms or halls for the inhalation of dry pine and pinal vapour4 ,the nature of the communication between these different baths1 as the medicated1 ,russian1 c41 and the ,turkish bath1 and their relative positions1 must be carefully studied4 ,it should be compact and the various passages and corridors as short as possible1 these passages and corridors being provided with means for maintaining them at a suitable1 and uniformly equable1 temperature4 ,this latter point we do not find so carefully studied in hydropathic establishments as its importance would warrant4 ,the consequence is that1 in passing backwards and forwards to and from the different bath rooms1 the delicate invalid contracts a serious chill4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,plan of the ,baths at the ,htel ,mont ,dore1 ,bournemouth4 ,i give herewith1 at ,fig4 #bf1 a plan of the baths at the ,htel ,mont ,dore1 at ,bournemouth1 which1 though not confessedly a hydropathic institution1 has yet a fine bathing establishment of the hydropathic type1 as well as complete arrangements for the administration of the pine cure4 ,these baths include a ,turkish bath1 with three hot rooms1 a shampooing room1 and cooling room1 connected by an anteroom with the suite of miscellaneous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department4 ,the latter comprise a room for the tonic water baths1 such as the needle1 douche1 sitz1 hip1 and wave2 a room or hall for the inhalation of pine vapour1 whilst in a bath of condensed steam2 and a room for the administration of the ,mont ,dore cure1 consisting of the application of pulverised ,mont ,dore water1 or spray1 to the eye1 nose1 or ear1 as may be required1 this room being also used for the inhalation of dry pine4 ,in addition are a range of slipper baths1 in comfortably fitted bath rooms1 for the purposes of electric and medicated baths1 such as those of pine extract1 sulphur1 iodine1 c41 c41 and for ordinary hot and cold spring-water and salt-water baths4 ,in connection are arranged dressing and reposing rooms1 besides necessary subsidiary apartments4 ,a somewhat similar suite of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other side of the block4 ,there is no separate ,turkish bath1 however2 certain days of the week are set apart exclusively for ladies' use4 ,the steam boilers1 which supply the steam to the vapour baths and pine-vapour baths1 and the water super heaters1 as well as the hotel lift and pumping machinery1 are arranged in a basement under the stairs1 anteroom1 tepidarium1 and shampooing room4 ,it will be seen that the compact little ,turkish bath1 which was arranged under the direction of the late ,mr4 ,charles ,bartholomew1 is in direct communication with the other baths1 allowing the bather to pass from the hot rooms1 or shampooing room1 to medicated or pine bath1 or vice vers4 ,in designing the plan of baths of the type of those at the ,mont ,dore1 this intercommunication between the various baths is the point to be most carefully studied4 ,direct communication is required between the ,turkish1 and the ,russian1 bath1 inhalation hall1 and medicated baths1 as some methods of treatment render this an absolute necessity4 ,in a small establishment the hydropathic appliances are movable1 and used in ordinary bath rooms1 the ,turkish bath being the only feature requiring special design4 ,a true hydropathic establishment of any size should be provided with two ,turkish baths1 one for ladies and one for gentlemen1 as the power and efficiency of the treatment may depend upon the regularity and persistency with which it is carried out4 ,where there is only one bath1 it has to be set apart on different days for the use of ladies and gentlemen1 and it is evident that the benefit of a course of baths may be greatly lessened by the occasional unreadiness of the bath4 ,two suites of rooms should1 therefore1 be provided4 ,it may be that they will be most economically constructed and worked if arranged side by side1 so that they may have their furnaces together1 and be stoked with economy4 ,where1 as in country establishments1 there is plenty of room1 it is often convenient to arrange the ,turkish and other baths on the ground floor adjoining the main building1 a corridor of connection being placed1 if necessary4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that invalids have to be taken--often carried or wheeled in movable chairs--to the baths1 and allowance should therefore be made for the passage of such a wheeled chair from the top story1 by way of a lift1 to the door of the baths4 ,in a large establishment1 a full complement of rooms should be provided for the ,turkish bath--viz4 three hot rooms1 a washing and shampooing room1 and a cooling room4 ,they will1 of course1 be on a small scale2 but the whole number should be provided4 ,a plunge bath should also be added1 but in small hydropathics may be dispensed with altogether4 ,for hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally required to have rather more elaborate water-fittings than other baths4 ,the needle bath should include the ascending shower1 the back shower1 and the spinal douche--a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower4 ,the regulating appliances for these various showers1 sprays1 c41 should be brought together1 and conveniently placed for the attendant4 ,a very ingenious appliance1 suitable for a hydropathic bath1 is a thermometer regulating valve1 which indicates the temperature of the water being supplied to the bather4 ,the waters mix in a ball1 into which is inserted the bulb of a sensitive thermometer1 which rises and falls as the hot or cold handles are turned4 ,if the shampooing and washing room of the ,turkish bath is to be used for the administration of the tonic water baths to other bathers besides those taking the ,turkish bath1 it must be made of ample dimensions4 ,so1 also1 if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing room for other bathers1 it must be made of large size4 ,perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths used for the treatment of disease4 ,purity of atmosphere in the hot rooms is a vital necessity1 and so also is it in the miscellaneous bath rooms of a hydropathic establishment4 ,unreadiness is a great vice in the ,turkish bath appended to these institutions4 ,hot rooms beneath their proper temperature1 and lukewarm water1 are unpardonable delinquencies1 either in the early morning1 in the evening1 or during the day4 ,for this reason ,i would recommend a furnace of fireclay1 as it retains its heat for a long time1 and is not subject to the rapid changes of iron stoves4 ,much of that which ,i have said with respect to the hydropathic bath will apply to the design of the bath for hospital and asylum purposes4 ,here1 however1 efficiency is all that is required1 and everything need be but of the plainest description4 ,the conditions and exigencies of each case must determine the size1 position1 and nature of the suite of bath rooms4 ,all that has been said upon the subject of the design and construction of the bath must be studied1 and the principles1 herein given1 applied to the peculiar circumstances4 ,so also in regard to ,turkish baths for hotels1 and for residential blocks of buildings1 and for clubs4 ,there is a wide field for activity in ,turkish bath building1 in the increased provision of baths in hospitals1 asylums1 and public and private institutions of one kind and another2 and also in hotels1 flats1 and clubs4 ,the hydropathic establishments have long adopted the ,turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent in perfect harmony with the principles of the ,water ,cure4 ,but it is only occasionally that such provision has been made in hospitals and asylums2 and although within the last few years noticeable innovations have been made in this respect1 the subject has heretofore been greatly neglected4 ,seeing1 too1 the immense extent to which co-operative living has developed1 and the consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels1 residential blocks1 c41 ,i cannot but think that the builders of such tenements could with advantage turn their attention to the supplying of small ,turkish baths for the visitors and residents4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,turkish ,,bath ,,for ,,horses4 ,animals of many kinds1 including horses1 dogs1 cows1 sheep1 and pigs1 have been experimented upon with regard to the bath1 and with much success4 ,but for practical purposes all we need here consider is the design of the bath for horses1 since a bath for a horse will evidently be suitable for a cow1 and might not be wholly beneath the dignity of a pig4 ,it is1 after all1 only in connection with the training of horses that anything of practical importance has been accomplished in this direction4 ,several ,turkish baths for horses have been erected in this country in connection with hospitals for horses1 attached to large businesses1 and appended to training stables4 ,in the development of race-horses the treatment has1 according to the opinion of several authorities1 been found eminently beneficial4 ,the bath must be arranged in connection1 and in direct communication with the stables4 ,it may consist1 as ,fig4 #bg--;a plan of a bath built for the ,great ,northern ,railway ,company's hospital for horses--of a washing1 and two hot1 rooms4 ,an airy shed will do for a place for the animals to cool1 and in fine weather they will derive more benefit from being turned out in the open4 ,in the plan given it will be seen that the horse is led through the washing room into the first hot room4 ,without turning round1 he may be led into the second hot room and thence into the washing room again4 ,in the hot rooms1 which are heated by a convoluted stove1 are stocks1 wherein1 if restive1 the animal can be secured4 ,a similar arrangement is made in the washing room1 where1 after undergoing the sweating process1 the horse is groomed down1 an operation that should be performed in part with an iron strigil1 much after the pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by the ancient ,romans4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,plan of the ,great ,northern ,railway ,company's ,turkish ,bath for ,horses4 ,these equine ,turkish baths need be very inexpensive and simply constructed1 though1 where it is desired to do the thing well1 glazed bricks should1 for the sake of cleanliness1 be used for lining the walls4 ,all that will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of draw-off taps with hot and cold water1 some pails1 a scraper1 and wash-leather4 ,on leaving the sudatory chamber1 the horse should first be well scraped with the scraper1 carefully sponging1 or dousing him1 if necessary1 with warm water4 ,buckets of hot1 tepid1 and cold water should then be thrown over him1 and having been well rubbed down with the leather1 he should then be covered with a cotton sheet1 and his legs bandaged with cotton bands1 the sheets1 c41 being gradually removed after an interval of about a quarter of an hour1 and the animal turned into a shed1 or into the open1 to cool4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,,page ,air1 allowance of1 in hot rooms1 #ha backflow of1 #hc circulation of1 in hot rooms1 #he expansion in heating1 #hb filters1 #fg flues for vitiated1 #ib inlets for cold1 #fg intake1 position of1 #fh arrangement of1 #fi its changes in the bath1 #ga of bath1 necessity for dryness of1 #he overheated1 #gf passage of1 through bath rooms1 #gj rapidity of flow of1 #hb ,apodyterium1 the1 #d1 #ac and frigidarium1 combined1 #ac ,b4 ,bath1 architecture of1 #aje ascending shower1 #ic back shower1 #id decoration of1 #aje elaborate needle1 #ach foot1 #ih materials for1 #aje ,mr4 ,urquhart's cheap private1 #abj1 #abc needle1 #ic1 #id position of private1 #abj preliminary shower1 #ig primary object of1 #aj public1 general requirements of1 #i shower1 #ib style of design for1 #aji subsidiary apartments of1 #ad the1 in asylums1 #aci the1 in hospitals1 #aci the slipper1 #abg wave1 #ie ,baths1 ancient and modern1 difference between1 #aj ,roman and ,oriental1 #b works on1 #c cheap1 #ff private1 #abe complete private1 #abe-abg construction of1 in private houses1 #abc1 #abd ,eastern1 #aaj elaborate private1 #abi1 #acb1 #acc importance of double sets of1 #acg importance of intercommunication between various1 #acg in crowded sites1 #ah nature of private1 #aai objections to extemporised hot air1 #aah ,old ,roman1 #aaj on one level1 #ah private1 #aah public and commercial1 #f public1 lack of1 in ,england1 #g supply of water for private1 #abh two classes of1 #bf ventilation of private1 #abb ,bath-rooms arranged en suite1 advantage of1 #cg drainage of1 #dd ,balne1 the ,pompeian1 #aab ancient1 #d ,benches1 felting for marble1 #aaf ,bignor1 ,roman1 bath at1 #aab ,boilers1 #hg ,boot-room1 fittings for1 #aaf ,box1 ,roman bath at1 #aab ,c4 ,calidarium1 the1 #d1 #cc floor of1 #aaf ,ceilings of enamelled iron1 #ajf ,checks1 shelves for1 #aaf ,cisterns1 #hg1 #hh ,cleansing process1 ways of concluding1 #ab ,cold plunge1 object of1 #ab ,combined cooling and dressing room1 its arrangement1 #ed ,cooling and dressing rooms combined1 their merits and demerits1 #ed ,cooling room1 carpets for1 #aad couches in1 #aad furniture of1 #aac importance of ventilating1 #eg method1 #eg lighting of1 #ajc the separate1 #ec ,cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments1 #ach fireplaces in1 #bc methods of arranging1 #eb temperature of1 #ec1 #eh ,d4 ,divans1 construction of1 #aad ,douche1 horizontal1 #ie room1 the1 #de spinal1 #ic ,drainage1 importance of perfect1 #dd ,dressing and cooling rooms1 #ac ,dry atmosphere1 necessity for1 in bath1 #d ,f4 ,firing1 evil of bad and forced1 #hj ,floorings for cheap baths1 #cd ,flues1 hot and cold air1 construction of1 #dj ,foul air conduits1 #ga ,frigidarium1 design of1 #ajh divans in1 #aji fountain in1 #aja of private baths1 #abi the1 #d1 #ac the old ,roman1 #eg ,furnace1 advantage of a fireclay1 #ge fireclay1 for private bath1 #acb method of constructing1 #gd expansion and contraction of1 #gf ,furnaces for private baths1 #aba heating power of1 #hj with iron flues1 #gb ,furnace chamber1 position of1 #dj ,g4 ,gas1 objections to1 in bath1 #ajb ,glazed earthenware1 its suitability for baths1 #cc ,good and bad baths1 difference between1 #hb ,good bath1 what it is1 and how gained1 #i ,h4 ,hair-dresser and chiropodist1 #ae ,hammam1 the1 ,jermyn ,street1 #ah ,hammam1 the ,oriental1 #c ,heat1 convected and radiant1 #e1 #ei methods of applying to bather1 #aj1 #ef prevention of transmission of1 #abb ,heating apparatuses for private baths1 #abj screen walls to1 #gg ,heating by fireclay furnaces1 #gc iron flue-pipes1 #gb ordinary stoves1 #gb convection1 objection to1 #gi steam1 #gg arrangements for1 #gh dangers attendant upon1 #gg of small baths1 #gc of the bath1 its importance1 #ei by the ordinary method1 #fb on the hot-air principle1 #fb and ventilation1 #ei theory of1 #fi ,high temperatures1 beneficial effect of in cases of disease1 #aa necessity for1 #aa ,horses1 bathing of1 #adb ,hot-air bath1 a misleading term1 #e ,hot-air bath1 the1 #f appliances and arrangements for1 #fc ,hot air1 height of delivery of1 into laconicum1 #dj manner1 #dj principle1 objections to1 #fa ,hot rooms1 benches in1 #ch brickwork in1 #ajg ceilings of1 #cd chairs and benches in1 #aaf decoration of1 #aje doorways in1 #ch fireproof floors over1 #ce glazing in1 #ch height of1 #ci ,indian matting in1 #ajf joinery in1 #cg lighting of1 #ajb materials for1 #ch objection to stepped benches in1 #ci proportional area of1 #cc position of partitions in1 #cg radiation of heat from1 #ce ,hot rooms1 windows in1 #ce treatment of woodwork in1 #ajf ,hydropathy and the ,turkish bath1 #adj ,hydropathic establishments1 the bath in1 #acd ,i4 ,invalids1 consideration for1 in bathing establishments1 #ach ,irish sweating houses1 old1 #e1 #ac ,l4 ,laconicum1 the1 #d1 #cb ceiling of1 #ce floor of1 #aaf ,ladies' baths1 #ad1 #dd1 #aaa ,laundry1 #af ,lavatorium1 the1 #d1 #dc and shampooing room1 #da the hydropathic1 #ach of private bath1 #abh washing basins in1 #dc water fittings of1 #hi ,lavatrina1 the1 #aai1 #abg ,m4 ,mont ,dore1 baths at the ,hotel1 #ace cure1 the1 #acf ,moorish bath1 heating of the1 #ei ,mustaby1 the ,turkish1 #eg ,o4 ,obstacles to the progress of the bath1 #a ,oriental colour decoration1 #aaj ,p4 ,pay office1 the1 #ad ,perspiration1 object of1 #aa ,plumbing1 #hh1 #ajj ,plunge bath1 the1 #df between hot rooms and frigidarium1 #ab chamber1 lighting of1 #ajd construction of1 #dh decoration of1 #aac depth of1 #dh for private baths1 #abi in hydropathic establishments1 #ach water fittings of1 #ii ,popular ignorance and the bath1 #a ,processes of the bath1 #aa ,public ,baths and ,wash-houses ,act1 inadequacy of1 #g ,public baths in ,england1 unworthy of the nation1 #bi general disposition of plan of1 #ag ,r4 ,rest after bath1 necessity for1 #ac ,roman baths1 method of heating the old1 #ei nature of heat in old1 #gi ,s4 ,sanitary accommodation1 necessity for care in providing1 #ae ,shampooer1 space required by each1 #dc ,shampooing and the private bath1 #abh benches1 #cd1 #db positions of bather during1 #dc value of1 #ab and washing room combined1 arrangement of1 #dc room1 #db ventilation of1 #db lighting of1 #ajd ,shower for head1 #ajj preliminary warm1 #dd ,so-called ,turkish baths1 their harmfulness1 #b ,stokery1 the1 #ae ,stoves1 attributes of good1 #fd ,convolute1 #bfd heating power of #hj method1 of constructing1 furnace chamber for1 #fd iron1 #fc objections to exposing in hot rooms1 #gb plain iron radiating #abe radiating surfaces of1 #fc ,subsidiary apartments of the bath1 #cb ,sudatorium1 best position for bathers in #ch ,sudatory chamber1 a simple1 #aai ,t4 ,tank1 hot water1 #hg ,temperature1 importance of maintaining #gi of bath rooms #gh regulating1 #hj variations in #gi ,tepidarium1 the #d1 #cb drinking fountain in1 #ajj mosaic floors in1 #ajh of private bath1 #abh old ,roman1 #ci ,therm1 old ,roman1 #c ,tonic baths #ib ,transmission of heated air1 prevention of1 #cf heat1 #cf ,treatment1 course of1 in the bath1 #aa ,turkish bath1 association of miscellaneous hydropathic baths with the1 #acd building1 field for activity in #aci for animals #ada for horses #ada ,great ,northern ,railway ,company's #ada heating of the true #ei the1 a misnomer #e what it is1 #d direction in which improvement may be made in the1 #fj ,turkish baths1 ,baden-,baden1 #cj ,bartholomew's1 ,leicester ,square1 #be ,bremen1 #bi ,burton's1 ,euston ,road1 #bg ,camden ,town1 #bb foul atmosphere of some so-called1 #b1 #hb in ,germany1 #bi lukewarm1 #aci ,nevill's1 ,london ,bridge1 #be ,northumberland ,avenue1 #bc ,nuremberg1 #cj ,savoy ,hill1 #bj ,vienna1 #cj ,v4 ,valve1 thermometer regulating1 #ach ,valves and cocks1 #ij regulating1 for shower bath1 c41 #if ,ventilation1 #aci importance of1 in hot rooms1 #ha in cramped sites1 #fi mechanical1 #hb ,ventilator gratings1 #hc ,ventilators1 disposition of1 in hot rooms1 #gj number and size of1 #ga position of1 #ga ,w4 ,washing and shampooing rooms1 various ways of arranging1 #da ,water1 pressure of1 #hh ,water fittings1 #hg of private bath1 #abh value of simplicity in1 #ig ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4