,hea?'s ,p$agogical ,libr>y--#d         
,,mile3  ,,or1 ,,conc]n+ ,,education    
,,by  ,,jean ,,jacques ,,r\sseau        
,,extracts  ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,pr9cipal    
,,elem5ts ,,( ,,p$agogy ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,!  
,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,books2 ,,) ,,an         
,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by         
,,jules ,,/eeg1 ,d,,put1 ,,p>is1        
,,france    ,,translat$ ,,by  ,,eleanor 
,,wor?+ton  ,,=m]ly ,,( ,,! ,,cook      
,,c\nty 7,,ill47 ,,normal ,,s*ool       
,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?  ,,co41 ,,publi%]s       
,,bo/on -- ,,new ,,york -- ,,*icago     
,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 ,9 
! ye> #ahhh1 by  ,,g9n1 ,,hea?1  ,,co41 
,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1  
at ,wa%+ton4    ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4    
,,translator',s ,,preface4  ,m4 ,jules  
,/eeg has r5d]$ a real s]vice to ,fr5* &
 ,am]ican tea*]s by 8 judici\s          
selections f ,r\sseau's mile4  ,= !     
?ree-volume novel ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 )
 its long disquisitions & digressions1 s
 de> to ! he>t ( our pati5t ance/ors1 is
 n[ di/a/eful to all b lov]s ( ! curi\s 

9 books4  mile is l an antique mirror ( 
brass2 x reflects ! features (          
educational humanity no less fai?fully  
?an "o ( m mod]n con/ruction4  ,9 ^! few
 pages w be f\nd ! g]m ( all t is useful
 9 pres5t sy/ems ( education1 z well z  
mo/ ( ! ev]-recurr+ mi/akes ( well-mean+
 zealots4  ,! eighte5? c5tury           
translations ( ?is wond]ful book h = _m 
read]s ! disadvantage ( an ,engli% /yle 
long disus$4  ,x is hop$ t ?is attempt  
at a new translation may1 ) all its     
defects1 h ! "o m]it ( be+ 9 ! dialect (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & may ?us rea* a wid]
 circle ( read]s4     ,,introduction4   
,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau's book on       
education has _h a p[]ful influ5ce      
?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ev5 9 ! ,new ,_w4  ,x
 0 9 its day a k9d ( gospel4  ,x _h its 
%>e 9 br++ ab\t ! ,revolution :i*       
r5ovat$ ! entire aspect ( our c\ntry4   
,_m ( ! re=ms s laud$ by x h s9ce !n be5
 c>ri$ into effect1 & at ?is day seem   
e-day affairs4  ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y 
7 unhe>d-( d>+2 !y 7 m]e dreams4  ,long 

be=e t "t ! immortal satiri/ ,rabelais1 
&1 aft] him1 ,mi*ael ,montaigne1 _h     
already div9$ ! tru?1 _h po9t$ out s]i\s
 defects 9 education1 & ! way to re=m4  
,no "o foll[$ out _! sugge/ions1 or ev5 
gave !m a he>+4  ,r\t9e w5t on its way4 
,ex]cises ( memory1--! sci5ce t consi/s 
( m]e words1--p$antry1 b>r5 &           
va9-glori\s1--held fa/ _! bad em95ce4   
,! *ild 0 treat$ z a ma*9e1 or z a man 9
 m9iature1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( 8 nature
 or ( 8 real ne$s2 )\t any great]       
solicitude ab\t reasonable me?od--!     
hygi5e ( m9d--?an ab\t ! hygi5e ( !     
body4  ,r\sseau1 :o _h educat$ himself1 
& v badly at t1 0 impress$ ) ! dang]s ( 
! education ( 8 day4  ,a "m hav+ ask$ 8 
advice1 he took up ! p5 to write x2 &1  
little by little1 8 c\nsels grew into a 
book1 a l>ge "w1 a p$agogic romance4    
,?is romance1 :5 x appe>$ 9 #agfb1      
creat$ a great noise & a great sc&al4   
,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 ,*ri/ophe de      
,beaumont1 saw 9 x a dang]\s1 mis*iev\s 
"w1 & gave himself ! tr\ble ( writ+ a   

long encyclical lett] 9 ord] to po9t out
 ! book to ! reprobation ( ! fai?ful4   
,?is docum5t ( tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s is a   
=mal refutation ( ! !ories advanc$ 9    
mile4  ,! ar*bi%op decl>es t ! plan (   
education propos$ by ! au?or1 f> f be+ 9
 accordance ) ,*ri/ianity1 is n fitt$ to
 =m citiz5s1 or ev5 m54  ,he accuses    
,r\sseau ( irreligion & ( bad fai?2 he  
d5\nces him to ! temporal p[] z animat$ 
by a _s ( insubord9ation & ( revolt4    
,he sums up by solemnly condemn+ ! book 
z conta9+ an abom9able doctr9e1         
calculat$ to ov]?r[ natural law1 & to   
de/roy ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian        
religion2 e/abli%+ maxims contr>y to    
,gospel morality2 hav+ a t5d5cy to      
di/urb ! peace ( empires1 to /ir up     
subjects to revolt aga9/ _! sov]eign2 z 
conta9+ a great numb] ( propositions    
respectively false1 sc&al\s1 full (     
hatr$ t[>d ! ,*ur* & its m9i/]s1 d]ogat+
 f ! respect due to ,holy ,scripture & !
 traditions ( ! ,*ur*1 errone\s1 impi\s1
 blasphem\s1 & h]etical4  ,9 ^? days1   

su* a condemnation 0 a s]i\s matt]2 its 
consequ5ces to an au?or might be        
t]rible4  ,r\sseau _h b>ely "t to flee4 
,8 arre/ 0 decre$ by ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is1
 & 8 book 0 burn$ by ! execution]4  ,a  
few ye>s be=e ?is1 ! au?or w\ld h run ! 
risk ( be+ burn$ ) 8 book4  ,z a        
fugitive1 ,r\sseau did n f9d a safe     
retreat ev5 9 8 own c\ntry4  ,he 0      
oblig$ to leave ,g5eva1 :]e 8 book 0    
also condemn$1 & ,b]ne1 :]e he _h s\ght 
refuge1 b :5ce he 0 driv5 by intol]ance4
  ,he ow$ x to ! protection ( ,"l ,kei?1
 gov]nor ( ,neuf*tel1 a pr9cipality     
belong+ to ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 t he liv$ =
 "s "t 9 peace 9 ! little t[n ( ,moti]s 
9 ! ,val de ,trav]a4  ,x 0 f ?is place t
 he repli$ to ! ar*bi%op ( ,p>is by an  
apology1 a long-w9d$ "w 9 :i* he repels1
 "o aft] ano!r1 ! imputations ( 8       
accus]1 & sets =? anew ) great] urg5cy 8
 philosophical & religi\s pr9ciples4    
,?is "w1 writt5 on a r confus$ plan b ) 
impassion$ eloqu5ce1 manife/s a l(ty &  
s9c]e _s4  ,x is said t ! ar*bi%op 0    

deeply t\*$ by x1 & nev] aft]w>d spoke (
 ! au?or ( mile )\t extreme res]ve1     
sometimes ev5 eulogiz+ 8 "* & 8 virtues4
  ,! r5[n ( ! book1 condemn$ by s high  
an au?ority1 0 imm5se4 ,sc&al1 by       
attract+ public att5tion to x1 did x    
good s]vice4 ,:at 0 mo/ s]i\s & mo/     
sugge/ive 9 x 0 n1 p]haps1 seiz$ ^u2 b !
 craze ( :i* x 0 ! object _h1 not)/&+1  
good results4  ,mo!rs 7 won ov]1 &      
resolv$ to nurse _! own infants2 great  
lords began to le>n h&icrafts1 l        
,r\sseau's imag9>y pupil2 physical      
ex]cises came into fa%ion2 ! _s (       
innovation 0 =c+ itself a way4  ,x 0 n  
among ourselves1 h[ev]1 t ! !ories (    
,r\sseau 7 mo/ eag]ly exp]im5t$ ^u2 x 0 
among =eign]s1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,switz]l&1 t
 !y f\nd m resolute p>tisans1 & a field 
m ready to receive !m4  ,?ree m5 above  
all ! re/ are not$ = hav+ popul>iz$ !   
p$agogic me?od ( ,r\sseau1 & = hav+ be5 
inspir$ 9 _! labors by mile4  ,^! 7     
,bas$[1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel4  ,bas$[1
 a ,g]man !ologian1 _h devot$ himself   

entirely to dogmatic controv]sy1 until !
 read+ ( mile _h ! effect ( enl>g+ 8    
m5tal horizon1 & ( reveal+ to him 8 true
 vocation4  ,he wrote important books to
 %[ h[ ,r\sseau's me?od c\ld be appli$ 9
 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( in/ruction1 & f\nd$
 at ,dessau1 9 #aggd1 an in/itution to  
br+ t me?od )9 ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4  ,?is
 in/itution1 to :i* he gave ! "n (      
,philan?rop9um1 0 secul> 9 ! true s5se (
 ! ^w2 & at t "t ?is 0 9 itself a       
novelty4  ,x 0 op5 to pupils ( e belief 
& e nationality1 & propos$ to r5d] /udy 
easy1 pleasant1 & exp$iti\s to !m1 by   
foll[+ ! directions ( nature itself4  ,9
 ! fir/ rank ( 8 disciples may be plac$ 
,campe1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! managem5t ( !
 ,philan?rop9um4  ,pe/alozzi ( ,zri*1 "o
 ( ! =emo/ educators ( mod]n times1 also
 f\nd 8 :ole life trans=m$ by ! read+ ( 
mile1 :i* awoke 9 him ! g5ius ( a re=m]4
  ,he himself also1 9 #agge1 f\nd$ a    
s*ool1 9 ord] to put 9 practice !re 8   
progressive & pr(essional me?od ( tea*+1
 :i* 0 a fruitful developm5t ( se$s s[n 

by ,r\sseau 9 8 book4  ,pe/alozzi left  
num]\s writ+s1--romances1 treatises1    
reviews1--all hav+ = sole object !      
popul>ization ( 8 ideas & processes (   
education4  ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ among 8     
disciples & cont9uators is ,froebel1 !  
f\nd] ( ^? prim>y s*ools or asylums kn[n
 by ! "n ( k9d]g>t5s1 & ! au?or ( highly
 e/eem$ p$agogic works4  ,^! v>i\s      
attempts1 ^! new & +5i\s processes :i*1 
/ep by /ep1 h made _! way among u1 & are
 beg9n+ to make _! work+s felt1 ev5 9   
in/itutions mo/ /\tly oppos$ to         
progress1 are all traceable to          
,r\sseau's mile4  ,x is !re=e n too mu* 
= ,fr5*m51 = tea*]s1 = p>5ts1 = e "o 9  
our c\ntry :o is int]e/$ 9 :at conc]ns  
tea*+1 to g back to ! s\rce ( s great a 
movem5t4  ,x is true t mile conta9s     
pages t h outliv$ _! day1 _m odd        
precepts1 _m false ideas1 _m disputable 
& de/ructive !ories2 b at ! same "t we  
f9d 9 x s _m sagaci\s obs]vations1 su*  
upright c\nsels1 suitable ev5 to mod]n  
times1 s l(ty an ideal1 t1 9 spite (    

ev]y?+1 we _c read & /udy x )\t pr(it4  
,!re is no "o :o does n "k ! book by "n 
& by reputation2 b h[ _m p>5ts1 & ev5   
tea*]s1 h nev] read x6  ,?is is because 
a l>ge "p ( ! book is no long] 9        
accordance ) ! actual condition ( ?+s2  
because its v plan1 its fundam5tal idea1
 are outside ( ! tru?4  ,we are oblig$  
to ex]cise judgm5t1 to make selections4 
,"s ( x mu/ be tak51 "s left unt\*$4    
,?is is :at we h done 9 ! pres5t        
edition4  ,we h n1 inde$1 ! presumption 
to correct ,r\sseau1 or to sub/itute an 
expurgat$ mile = ! au!ntic mile4  ,we h 
simply wi%$ to draw ! att5tion ( !      
tea*]s ( *ildhood to ^? pages ( ?is book
 :i* h lea/ gr[n old1 :i* c /ill be (   
s]vice1 c ha/5 ! d[nfall ( ! old sy/ems1
 c emphasize1 by _! en]gy & beauty (    
language1 me?ods already inaugurat$ &   
re=ms already und]tak54  ,^! me?ods &   
re=ms _c be too (t5 recomm5d$ & set 9 a 
cle> light4  ,we h desir$ to call to !  
rescue ?is p[]ful & impassion$ writ]1 :o
 br+s to be> ^u e subject he approa*es !

 magical attractiv5ess ( 8 /yle4  ,!re  
is absolutely no?+ practicable 9 8      
sy/em4  ,x consi/s 9 isolat+ a *ild f ! 
re/ ( ! _w2 9 creat+ expressly = him a  
tutor1 :o is a pho5ix among 8 k9d2 9    
depriv+ him ( fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs1 & si/]s1
 8 companions 9 /udy2 9 surr\nd+ him ) a
 p]petual *>latanism1 "u ! pretext (    
foll[+ nature2 & 9 %[+ him only ?r\gh ! 
veil ( a factiti\s atmosph]e ! society 9
 :i* he is to live4  ,&1 nev]!less1 at  
ea* /ep x is s\nd reason by :i* we are  
met2 by an a/oni%+ p>adox1 ?is          
:imsicality is full ( good s5se2 ?is    
dream ov]fl[s ) realities2 ?is          
improbable & *im]ical romance conta9s ! 
sub/ance & ! m>r[ ( a rational & truly  
mod]n treatise on p$agogy4  ,sometimes  
we mu/ read betwe5 ! l9es1 add :at      
exp]i5ce has taught u s9ce t day1       
transpose into an atmosph]e ( op5       
democracy ^! pages1 writt5 "u ! old ord]
 ( ?+s1 b ev5 !n quiv]+ ) ! new _w :i*  
!y 7 br++ to light1 & = :i* !y prep>$ ! 
way4  ,read+ mile 9 ! light ( mod]n     

prejudices1 we c see 9 x m ?an ! au?or  
witt+ly put into x2 b n m ?an logic & ! 
in/9ct ( g5ius set d[n !re4  ,to unfold 
! p[]s ( *ildr5 9 due proportion to _!  
age2 n to transc5d _! ability2 to ar\se 
9 !m ! s5se ( ! obs]v] & ( ! pione]2 to 
make !m discov]]s r ?an imitators2 to   
tea* !m acc\ntability to !mselves & n   
slavi% dep5d5ce ^u ! words ( o!rs2 to   
address ourselves m to ! w ?an to cu/om1
 to ! reason r ?an to ! memory2 to      
sub/itute = v]bal recitations lessons   
ab\t ?+s2 to lead to !ory by way ( art2 
to assign to physical movem5ts &        
ex]cises a prom95t place1 f ! e>lie/    
h\rs ( life up to p]fect maturity2 su*  
are ! pr9ciples scatt]$ broadca/ 9 ?is  
book1 & =m+ a happy c\nt]poise to !     
oddities ( :i* ,r\sseau 0 p]haps mo/    
pr\d4  ,he takes ! *ild 9 its cradle1   
almo/ be=e its bir?2 he desires t mo!rs 
%\ld fulfil ! sacr$ duty ( nurs+ !m at !
 brea/4  ,if !re mu/ be a nurse1 he kn[s
 h[ to *oose h]1 h[ %e ought to be      
treat$1 h[ %e %\ld be f$4  ,he wat*es   

ov] ! movem5ts ( ! new-born *ild1 ov]   
its fir/ play?+s4  ,all ^! c\nsels be> !
 /amp ( good s5se & ( exp]i5ce2 or1 r1  
!y result f a p[] ( div9ation s+ul>     
en\gh 9 a man :o 0 n will+ to take c>e (
 8 own *ildr54  ,9 ?is way1 day by day1 
he foll[s up ! physical & moral         
developm5t ( ! little be+1 all ^: ideas 
& feel+s he analyzes1 :om he guides )   
wisdom & ) tact ?r\gh\t ! mazes ( a life
 made up ( conv5tion & artifice4  ,we h 
c>efully avoid$ suppress+ ! fictions ( !
 g>d5] & ( ! m\ntebank2 because !y are  
*>act]i/ic ( 8 mann]1 & because1 aft]   
all1 ^! pre-arrang$ sc5es :i*1 z !y /&1 
are any?+ 9 ! _w r ?an real tea*+1      
conta91 nev]!less1 "r notions1 & op9ions
 :i* may sugge/ to intellig5t tea*]s    
processes 9 prud5t education4  ,su*     
tea*]s w n copy ! =m2 !y w n imitate !  
awkw>d clap-trap2 b1 yield+ to !        
inspiration ( ! dom9ant idea1 !y w1 9 a 
way m 9 accordance ) nature1 manage to  
?rill ) life ! tea*+ ( facts1 & w aid ! 
m9d 9 giv+ bir? to its ideas4  ,?is is !

 old me?od ( ,socrates1 ! et]nal me?od (
 reason1 ! only me?od :i* really        
educates4  ,we h br\ght ?is volume to an
 end ) ! ?ird book ( mile4 ,! f\r? &    
fif? books :i* foll[ are n )9 ! doma9 ( 
p$agogy4  ,!y conta9 admirable pages1   
:i* ought to be read2 :i* occupy "o ( ! 
=emo/ places 9 our lit]ature2 :i* deal )
 philosophy1 ) e?ics1 ) !ology2 b !y    
conc]n !mselves ) ! mann] ( direct+ "y  
m5 & wom51 & no long] ) *ildhood4  ,!   
au?or conducts 8 mile ev5 z f> z to 8   
betro?al2 he devotes an entire book to !
 betro!d h]self1 ,sophie1 & closes 8    
volume only aft] he has unit$ !m 9      
m>riage4  ,we w n g s f>4  ,we w leave  
mile ^u ! conf9es ( y\?1 at ! "t :5 he  
escapes f s*ool1 & :5 he is ab\t beg9n+ 
to feel t he is a man4  ,at ?is         
difficult & critical p]iod ! tea*] no   
long] suffices4  ,!n1 above all ?+s1 is 
ne$$ all ! influ5ce ( ! family2 ! fa!r's
 example1 ! "m's cle>-sight$ t5d]ness1  
wor?y fri5d%ips1 an environm5t (        
m]itori\s p1 ( upright m9ds animat$ by  

l(ty ideas1 :o attract )9 _! orbit ?is  
ard5t & inquisitive be+1 eag] = novelty1
 = action1 & = indep5d5ce4  ,artifices &
 /ratagems are !n no long] good = any?+2
 !y are v soon laid op5 to ! light4     
,all t c be requir$ ( a tea*] is t he   
%all h furni%$ 8 pupils ) a s\nd & /rong
 education1 drawn f ! s\rces ( reason1  
exp]i5ce1 & nature2 t he %all h prep>$  
!m to le>n to =m judgm5ts1 to make use (
 _! faculties1 to ent] valiantly ^u /udy
 & ^u life4  ,x seems to u t ! pages (  
,r\sseau "h publi%$ may be a useful     
guide 9 ! pursuit ( su* a result4       
,,jules ,,/eeg4     ,,book ,,fir/4  ,!  
fir/ book1 aft] "s g5]al rem>ks ^u      
education1 treats especially ( e>ly     
infancy2 ( ! fir/ ye>s ( life2 ( ! c>e  
to be be/[$ ^u v "y *ildr52 ( ! nurs+ ( 
!m1 ( ! laws ( heal?4  ,he makes        
education beg9 at bir?2 expresses       
himself on ! subject ( ! habits to be   
giv5 or to be avoid$2 discusses ! use & 
mean+ ( te>s1 outcries1 ge/ures1 also ! 
language t %\ld be us$ ) "y *ildr51 s t1

 f _! t5d]e/ ye>s1 ! inculcat+ ( false  
ideas & ! giv+ a wrong b5t ( m9d may be 
avoid$4    ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4  ,! ,object
 ( ,education4  ,com+ f ! h& ( ! ,au?or 
( all ?+s1 ev]y?+ is good2 9 ! h&s (    
man1 ev]y?+ deg5]ates4  ,man obliges "o 
soil to n\ri% ! productions ( ano!r1 "o 
tree to be> ! fruits ( ano!r2 he m+les &
 conf\nds climates1 elem5ts1 seasons2 he
 mutilates 8 dog1 8 horse1 8 slave4  ,he
 ov]turns ev]y?+1 disfigures ev]y?+2 he 
loves de=mity1 mon/]s2 he desires t no?+
 %\ld be z nature made x1 n ev5 man     
himself4  ,to please him1 man mu/ be    
brok5 9 l a horse2 man mu/ be adapt$ to 
man's own fa%ion1 l a tree 9 8 g>d54#a  
,7 x n = all ?is1 matt]s w\ld be /ill   
worse4  ,no "o wi%es to be a            
half-develop$ be+2 & 9 ! pres5t         
condition ( ?+s1 a man left to himself  
among o!rs f 8 bir? w\ld be ! mo/ de=m$ 
among !m all4  ,prejudices1 au?ority1   
necessities1 example1 all ! social      
in/itutions 9 :i* we are subm]g$1 w\ld  
/ifle nature 9 him1 & w\ld put no?+ 9   

its place4  ,9 su* a man nature w\ld be 
l a %rub sprung up by *ance 9 ! mid/ ( a
 highway1 & jo/l$ f all sides1 b5t 9 e  
direction1 by ! pass]s-by4  ,plants are 
improv$ by cultivation1 & m5 by         
education4  ,if man 7 born l>ge & /rong1
 8 size & /r5g? w\ld be useless to him  
until he _h le>n$ to use !m4  ,!y w\ld  
be prejudicial to him1 by prev5t+ o!rs f
 ?9k+ ( assi/+ him2 & left to himself he
 w\ld die ( wret*$ness be=e he _h kn[n 8
 own necessities4 ,we pity ! /ate (     
infancy2 we d n p]ceive t ! human race  
w\ld h p]i%$ if man _h n begun by be+ a 
*ild4  ,we are born weak1 we ne$ /r5g?2 
we are born de/itute ( all ?+s1 we ne$  
assi/ance2 we are born /upid1 we ne$    
judgm5t4  ,all t we h n at our bir?1 & t
 we ne$ :5 gr[n up1 is giv5 u by        
education4  ,?is education comes to u f 
nature itself1 or f o!r m51 or f        
circum/ances4  ,! int]nal developm5t (  
our faculties & ( our organs is !       
education nature gives u2 ! use we are  
taught to make ( ?is developm5t is !    

education we get f o!r m52 & :at we     
le>n1 by our own exp]i5ce1 ab\t ?+s t   
int]e/ z1 is ! education ( circum/ances4
  ,ea* ( u is !re=e =m$ by ?ree k9ds (  
tea*]s4  ,! pupil 9 :om _! diff]5t      
lessons contradict "o ano!r is badly    
educat$1 & w nev] be 9 h>mony ) himself2
 ! "o 9 :om !y all t\* ^u ! same po9ts &
 t5d t[>d ! same object advances t[>d t 
goal only1 & lives accord+ly4  ,he alone
 is well educat$4  ,n[ ( ^! ?ree diff]5t
 educations1 t ( nature does n dep5d ^u 
u2 t ( circum/ances dep5ds ^u u only 9  
c]ta9 respects2 t ( m5 is ! only "o (   
:i* we are really ma/]s1 & t solely     
because we ?9k we are4  ,= :o c hope to 
direct entirely ! spee* & conduct ( all 
:o surr\nd a *ild8  ,z soon1 !re=e1 z   
education becomes an art1 its success is
 almo/ impossible1 s9ce ! agreem5t (    
circum/ances necess>y to ?is success is 
indep5d5t ( p]sonal ef=t4  ,all t !     
utmo/ c>e c d is to approa* m or less   
ne>ly our object2 b1 = atta9+ x1 special
 good =tune is ne$$4  ,:at is ?is       

object8  ,t ( nature itself1 z has j be5
 prov$4 ,s9ce ! agreem5t ( ! ?ree       
educations is necess>y to _! p]fection1 
x is t[>d ! "o = :i* we ourselves c d   
no?+ t we mu/ direct bo? ! o!rs4  ,b    
p]haps ?is ^w nature has too vague a    
mean+2 we mu/ "h try to def9e x4  ,9 !  
natural ord] ( ?+s1 all m5 be+ equal1 ! 
vocation common to all is ! /ate (      
manhood2 & :oev] is well tra9$ = t1 _c  
fulfil badly any vocation :i* dep5ds ^u 
x4  ,:e!r my pupil be de/9$ = ! army1 ! 
*ur*1 or ! b>1 matt]s little to me4     
,be=e he c ?9k ( adopt+ ! vocation ( 8  
p>5ts1 nature calls ^u him to be a man4 
,h[ to live is ! bus9ess ,i wi% to tea* 
him4  ,on leav+ my h&s he w n1 ,i admit1
 be a magi/rate1 a soldi]1 or a prie/2  
fir/ ( all he w be a man4  ,all t a man 
ought to be he c be1 at ne$1 z well z   
any "o else c4  ,=tune w 9 va9 alt] 8   
position1 = he w always occupy 8 own4   
,our real /udy is t ( ! /ate ( man4  ,he
 among u :o be/ kn[s h[ to be> ! good & 
evil =tunes ( ?is life is1 9 my op9ion1 

! be/ educat$2 :5ce x foll[s t true     
education consi/s less 9 precept ?an 9  
practice4  ,we beg9 to in/ruct ourselves
 :5 we beg9 to live2 our education      
comm5ces ) ! comm5cem5t ( our life2 our 
fir/ tea*] is our nurse4  ,= ?is reason 
! ^w education _h among ! anci5ts ano!r 
mean+ :i* we no long] atta* to x2 x     
signifi$ nutrim5t4  ,we mu/ !n take a   
broad] view ( ?+s1 & consid] 9 our pupil
 man 9 ! ab/ract1 man expos$ to all !   
accid5ts ( human life4 ,if man 7 born   
atta*$ to ! soil ( a c\ntry1 if ! same  
season cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 if e "o   
held 8 =tune by su* a t5ure t he c\ld   
nev] *ange x1 ! e/abli%$ cu/oms ( to-day
 w\ld be 9 c]ta9 respects good4  ,! *ild
 educat$ = 8 position1 & nev] leav+ x1  
c\ld n be expos$ to ! inconv5i5ces (    
ano!r4  ,b see+ t human affairs are     
*angeable1 see+ ! re/less & di/urb+ _s (
 ?is c5tury1 :i* ov]turns ev]y?+ once 9 
a g5]ation1 c a m s5seless me?od be     
imag9$ ?an to educate a *ild z if he 7  
nev] to leave 8 room1 z if he 7 oblig$  

to be con/antly surr\nd$ by 8 s]vants8  
,if ! poor creature takes b "o /ep on ! 
e>?1 if he comes d[n s mu* z "o /air1 he
 is ru9$4  ,?is is n tea*+ him to endure
 pa92 x is tra9+ him to feel x m ke5ly4 
,we ?9k only ( pres]v+ ! *ild3 ?is is n 
en\gh4  ,we ought to tea* him to pres]ve
 himself :5 he is a man2 to be> ! bl[s (
 fate2 to brave bo? weal? & wret*$ness2 
to live1 if ne$ be1 among ! sn[s (      
,icel& or ^u ! burn+ rock ( ,malta4  ,9 
va9 y take precautions aga9/ 8 dy+1--he 
mu/ die aft] all2 & if 8 dea? be n inde$
 ! result ( ^? v precautions1 !y are    
none ! less mi/ak54  ,x is less         
important to keep him f dy+ ?an x is to 
tea* him h[ to live4  ,to live is n     
m]ely to brea!1 x is to act4  ,x is to  
make use ( our organs1 ( our s5ses1 (   
our faculties1 ( all ! p[]s :i* be>     
witness to u ( our own exi/5ce4  ,he :o 
has liv$ mo/ is n he :o has numb]$ ! mo/
 ye>s1 b he :o has be5 mo/ truly        
consci\s ( :at life is4  ,a man may h   
himself buri$ at ! age ( a hundr$ ye>s1 

:o di$ f ! h\r ( 8 bir?4  ,he w\ld h    
ga9$ some?+ by go+ to 8 grave 9 y\?1 if 
up to t "t he _h only liv$4   ,!        
,new-born ,*ild4  ,! new-born *ild ne$s 
to /ret* & to move 8 limbs s z to draw  
!m out ( ! torpor 9 :i*1 roll$ into a   
ball1 !y h s long rema9$4  ,we d /ret* 8
 limbs1 x is true1 b we prev5t him f    
mov+ !m4  ,we ev5 con/ra9 8 head into a 
baby's cap4  ,x seems z if we 7 afraid  
he might appe> to be alive4  ,!         
inaction1 ! con/ra9t 9 :i* we keep 8    
limbs1 _c fail to int]f]e ) !           
circulation ( ! blood & ( ! secretions1 
to prev5t ! *ild f gr[+ /rong & /urdy1 &
 to *ange 8 con/itution4 ,9 regions :]e 
^! extravagant precautions are n tak51 !
 m5 are all l>ge1 /rong1 & well         
proportion$4  ,c\ntries 9 :i* *ildr5 are
 swaddl$ sw>m ) hun*backs1 ) cripples1 )
 p]sons crook-kne$1 /unt$1 rickety1     
de=m$ 9 all k9ds ( ways4 ,= fe> t !     
bodies ( *ildr5 may be de=m$ by free    
movem5ts1 we ha/5 to de=m !m by putt+ !m
 into a press4  ,( our own accord we    

cripple !m to prev5t _! lam+ !mselves4  
,mu/ n su* a cruel con/ra9t h an        
influ5ce ^u _! temp] z well z ^u _!     
con/itution8  ,_! fir/ feel+ is a feel+ 
( con/ra9t & ( suff]+4  ,to all _!      
necess>y movem5ts !y f9d only ob/acles4 
,m un=tunate ?an *a9$ crim9als1 !y make 
fruitless ef=ts1 !y fret !mselves1 !y   
cry4  ,d y tell me t ! fir/ s\nds !y    
make are cries8  ,i c well believe x2 y 
?w>t !m f ! "t !y are born4  ,! fir/    
gifts !y receive f y are *a9s1 ! fir/   
treatm5t !y und]go is torm5t4 ,hav+ no?+
 free b ! voice1 :y %\ld !y n use x 9   
compla9ts8  ,!y cry on acc\nt ( ! suff]+
 y cause !m2 if y 7 p9ion$ 9 ! same way1
 y\r own cries w\ld be l\d]4  ,:5ce     
arises ?is unreasonable cu/om ( swaddl+ 
*ildr58  ,f an unnatural cu/om4  ,s9ce !
 "t :5 mo!rs1 despis+ _! fir/ duty1 no  
long] wi% to nurse _! own *ildr5 at !   
brea/1 x has be5 necess>y to intru/ !   
little ones to hir$ wom54  ,^!1 f9d+    
!mselves 9 ?is way ! mo!rs ( /range     
*ildr51 conc]n+ :om ! voice ( nature is 

sil5t to !m1 seek only to sp>e !mselves 
annoyance4  ,a *ild at lib]ty w\ld      
require incessant wat*+2 b aft] he is   
well swaddl$1 !y ?r[ him into a corn]   
)\t tr\bl+ !mselves at all on acc\nt ( 8
 cries4  ,provid$ !re are no pro(s ( !  
nurse's c>elessness1 provid$ t ! nursl+ 
does n break 8 legs or 8 arms1 :at does 
x matt]1 aft] all1 t he is p9+ away1 or 
t he cont9ues feeble = ! re/ ( 8 life8  
,8 limbs are pres]v$ at ! exp5se ( 8    
life1 & :atev] happ5s1 ! nurse is held  
free f blame4  ,x is pret5d$ t *ildr51  
:5 left free1 may put !mselves into bad 
positions1 & make movem5ts liable to    
injure ! prop] con=mation ( _! limbs4   
,?is is "o ( ! weak argum5ts ( our false
 wisdom1 :i* no exp]i5ce has ev]        
confirm$4  ,( t multitude ( *ildr5 :o1  
among nations m s5sible ?an ourselves1  
are br\ght up 9 ! full fre$om ( _!      
limbs1 n "o is se5 to w\nd or lame      
himself4  ,!y _c give _! movem5ts =ce   
en\gh to make !m dang]\s2 & :5 !y assume
 a hurtful position1 pa9 soon w>ns !m to

 *ange x4  ,we h n yet br\ght ourselves 
to ! po9t ( swaddl+ puppies or kitt5s2 d
 we see t any inconv5i5ce results to !m 
f ?is neglig5ce8  ,*ildr5 are heavi]1   
inde$2 b 9 proportion !y are weak]4  ,!y
 c sc>cely move !mselves at all2 h[ c !y
 lame !mselves8  ,if laid ^u ! back !y  
w\ld die 9 t position1 l ! tortoise1 )\t
 be+ able ev] to turn !mselves aga94    
,?is want ( intellig5ce ,9 ! c>e be/[$  
^u "y *ildr5 is se5 p>ticul>ly 9 ^?     
mo!rs :o give !mselves no conc]n ab\t _!
 own1 d n !mselves nurse !m1 intru/ !m  
to hirel+ nurses4  ,?is cu/om is fatal  
to all2 fir/ to ! *ildr5 & f9ally to    
families1 :]e b>r5ness becomes ! rule1  
:]e woman sacrifices to h] own conv5i5ce
 ! joys & ! duties ( mo!rhood4   ,w\ld y
 recall e "o to 8 highe/ duties8  ,beg9 
) ! mo!rs2 y w be a/oni%$ at ! *anges y 
w effect4  ,f ?is fir/ depravity all    
o!rs come 9 succession4  ,! entire moral
 ord] is *ang$2 natural feel+ is        
ext+ui%$ 9 all he>ts4 ,)9 our homes !re 
is less *e]fulness2 ! t\*+ sight ( a    

gr[+ family no long] atta*es ! husb& or 
attracts ! att5tion ( /rang]s4  ,! "m ^:
 *ildr5 are n se5 is less respect$4     
,!re is no su* ?+ z a family liv+       
toge!r2 habit no long] /r5g!ns ! ties ( 
blood4  ,!re are no long] fa!rs & mo!rs 
& *ildr5 & bro!rs & si/]s4  ,!y all     
sc>cely "k "o ano!r2 h[ !n %\ld !y love 
"o ano!r8  ,ea* "o ?9ks only ( himself4 
,:5 home is a melan*oly1 lonely place1  
we mu/ inde$ g else:]e to enjoy         
ourselves4  ,b let mo!rs only v\*safe to
 n\ri% _! *ildr51#b & our mann]s w re=m 
!mselves2 ! feel+s ( nature w re-awak5 9
 all he>ts4  ,! ,/ate w be repeopl$2 ?is
 *ief ?+1 ?is "o ?+ w br+ all ! re/ into
 ord] aga94  ,! attractions ( home life 
pres5t ! be/ antidote to bad morals4  ,!
 bu/l+ life ( little *ildr51 consid]$ s 
tiresome1 becomes pleasant2 x makes !   
fa!r & ! "m m necess>y to "o ano!r1 m   
de> to "o ano!r2 x draws clos] betwe5 !m
 ! conjugal tie4  ,:5 ! family is       
sprightly & animat$1 dome/ic c>es =m !  
de>e/ occupation ( ! wife & ! sweete/   

recreation ( ! husb&4 ,?us ! correction 
( ?is "o abuse w\ld soon result 9 a     
g5]al re=m2 nature w\ld resume all h]   
rights4  ,:5 wom5 are once m true mo!rs1
 m5 w become true fa!rs & husb&s4  ,if  
mo!rs are n real mo!rs1 *ildr5 are n    
real *ildr5 t[>d !m4  ,_! duties to "o  
ano!r are reciprocal1 & if ^! be badly  
fulfill$ on ! "o side1 !y w be neglect$ 
on ! o!r side4  ,! *ild ought to love 8 
"m be=e he kn[s t x is 8 duty to love   
h]4  ,if ! voice ( natural affection be 
n /r5g!n$ by habit & by c>e1 x w gr[    
dumb ev5 9 *ildhood2 & ?us ! he>t dies1 
s to speak1 be=e x is born4  ,?us f !   
outset we are beyond ! pale ( nature4   
,!re is an opposite way by :i* a woman  
goes beyond x2 t is1 :51 in/ead (       
neglect+ a "m's c>es1 %e c>ries !m to   
excess2 :5 %e makes h] *ild h] idol4    
,%e increases & fo/]s 8 weakness to     
prev5t him f feel+ x4  ,hop+ to %elt]   
him f ! laws ( nature1 %e w>ds f him    
%ocks ( pa94  ,%e does n consid] h[1 = !
 sake ( pres]v+ him = a mom5t f "s      

inconv5i5ces1 %e is heap+ ^u 8 head     
future accid5ts & p]ils2 nor h[ cruel is
 ! caution :i* prolongs ! weakness (    
*ildhood 9 "o :o mu/ be> ! fatigues ( a 
gr[n-up man4  ,! fable says t1 to r5d]  
h] son invuln]able1 ,!tis plung$ him    
into ! ,/yx4  ,?is allegory is beautiful
 & cle>4  ,! cruel mo!rs ( :om ,i am    
speak+ d f> o!rwise2 by plung+ _! *ildr5
 into effem9acy !y op5 _! pores to ills 
( e k9d1 to :i*1 :5 gr[n up1 !y fall a  
c]ta9 prey4  ,wat* nature c>efully1 &   
foll[ ! pa?s %e traces out = y4 ,%e     
gives *ildr5 cont9ual ex]cise2 %e       
/r5g!ns _! con/itution by ordeals ( e   
k9d2 %e tea*es !m e>ly :at pa9 & tr\ble 
mean4  ,! cutt+ ( _! tee? gives !m fev]1
 %>p fits ( colic ?r[ !m into           
convulsions1 long c\gh+ *okes !m1 worms 
torm5t !m1 repletion corrupts _! blood1 
diff]5t leav5s f]m5t+ !re cause dang]\s 
eruptions4  ,ne>ly ! :ole ( infancy is  
sickness & dang]2 half ! *ildr5 born    
into ! _w die be=e _! eigh? ye>4  ,^!   
trials pa/1 ! *ild has ga9$ /r5g?1 & z  

soon z he c use life1 its pr9ciple      
becomes m assur$4  ,?is is ! law (      
nature4  ,:y d y oppose h]8  ,d y n see 
t 9 ?9k+ to correct h] y de/roy h] "w & 
c\nt]act ! effect ( all h] c>es8  ,9 y\r
 op9ion1 to d )\t :at %e is do+ )9 is to
 r$\ble ! dang]4  ,on ! contr>y1 x is   
really to av]t1 to mitigate t dang]4    
,exp]i5ce tea*es t m *ildr5 :o are      
delicately re>$ die ?an o!rs4  ,provid$ 
we d n exce$ ! measure ( _! /r5g?1 x is 
bett] to employ x ?an to ho>d x4  ,give 
!m practice1 !n1 9 ! trials !y w "o day 
h to endure4  ,inure _! bodies to !     
inclem5cies ( ! seasons1 ( climates1 (  
elem5ts2 to hung]1 ?ir/1 fatigue2 plunge
 !m into ! wat] ( ! ,/yx4  ,be=e !      
habits ( ! body are acquir$ we c give x 
su* z we please )\t risk4  ,b :5 once x 
has rea*$ its full vigor1 any alt]ation 
is p]il\s to its well-be+4 ,a *ild w    
endure *anges :i* a man c\ld n be>4  ,! 
fibres ( ! =m]1 s(t & pliable1 take )\t 
ef=t ! b5t we give !m2 ^? ( man1 m      
h>d5$1 d n )\t viol5ce *ange ^? !y h    

receiv$4  ,we may !re=e make a *ild     
robu/ )\t expos+ 8 life or 8 heal?2 &   
ev5 if !re 7 "s risk we /ill ought n to 
hesitate4  ,s9ce !re are risks          
insep>able f human life1 c we d bett]   
?an to ?r[ !m back ^u t p]iod ( life :5 
!y are lea/ disadvantage\s8  ,a *ild    
becomes m preci\s z he advances 9 age4  
,to ! value ( 8 p]son is add$ t ( ! c>es
 he has co/ u2 if we lose 8 life1 8 own 
consci\sness ( dea? is add$ to our s5se 
( loss4 ,above all ?+s1 !n1 9 wat*+ ov] 
8 pres]vation we mu/ ?9k ( ! future4    
,we mu/ arm him aga9/ ! mis=tunes ( y\? 
be=e he has rea*$ !m4  ,=1 if ! value ( 
life increases up to ! age :5 life      
becomes useful1 :at folly x is to sp>e !
 *ild "s tr\bles1 & to heap !m ^u ! age 
( reason6  ,are ^! ! c\nsels ( a ma/]8  
,9 all ages suff]+ is ! lot ( man4  ,ev5
 to ! c>es ( self-pres]vation pa9 is    
jo9$4  ,happy are we1 :o 9 *ildhood are 
acqua9t$ ) only physical                
mis=tunes--mis=tunes f> less cruel1 less
 pa9ful ?an o!rs2 mis=tunes :i* f> m    

r>ely make u r5\nce life4  ,we d n kill 
ourselves on acc\nt ( ! pa9s ( g\t2     
seldom d any b ^? ( ! m9d produce       
despair4#c  ,we pity ! lot ( infancy1 & 
x is our own lot t we ought to pity4    
,our greate/ mis=tunes come to u f      
ourselves4  ,at bir? a *ild cries2 8    
e>lie/ infancy is sp5t 9 cry+4          
,sometimes he is toss$1 he is pett$1 to 
appease him2 sometimes he is ?reat5$1   
beat51 to make him keep quiet4  ,we ei!r
 d z he pleases1 or else we exact f him 
:at we please2 we ei!r submit to 8 :ims1
 or make him submit to ours4  ,!re is no
 middle c\rse2 he mu/ ei!r give or      
receive ord]s4  ,?us 8 fir/ ideas are ^?
 ( absolute rule & ( slav]y4  ,be=e he  
kn[s h[ to speak1 he comm&s2 be=e he is 
able to act1 he obeys2 & sometimes he is
 puni%$ be=e he kn[s :at 8 faults are1  
or r1 be=e he is capable ( committ+ !m4 
,?us d we e>ly p\r into 8 "y he>t !     
passions t are aft]w>d imput$ to nature2
 &1 aft] hav+ tak5 pa9s to make him     
wick$1 we compla9 ( f9d+ him wick$4  ,a 

*ild passes six or sev5 ye>s ( 8 life 9 
?is mann] 9 ! h&s ( wom51 ! victim ( 8  
own caprice & ( !irs4  ,aft] hav+ made  
him le>n ?is & t1--aft] hav+ load$ 8    
memory ei!r ) words he _c und]/&1 or )  
facts :i* are ( no use to him1--aft]    
hav+ /ifl$ 8 natural disposition by !   
passions we h creat$1 we put ?is        
artificial creature into ! h&s ( a tutor
 :o f9i%es ! developm5t ( ! artificial  
g]ms he f9ds already =m$1 & tea*es him  
ev]y?+ except to "k himself1 ev]y?+     
except to "k h[ to live & h[ to make    
himself happy4  ,f9ally1 :5 ?is enslav$ 
*ild1 ?is little tyrant1 full ( le>n+ & 
devoid ( s5se1 enfeebl$ alike 9 m9d &   
body1 is ca/ ^u ! _w1 he !re by 8       
unfitness1 by 8 pride1 & by all 8 vices1
 makes u deplore human wret*$ness &     
p]v]sity4  ,we deceive ourselves2 ?is is
 ! man our :ims h creat$4  ,nature makes
 m5 by a diff]5t process4  ,d y !n wi%  
him to pres]ve 8 orig9al =m8  ,pres]ve x
 f ! mom5t he ent]s ! _w4  ,z soon z he 
is born take possession ( him1 & d n    

leave him until he is a man4  ,)\t ?is y
 w nev] succe$4  ,z ! "m is ! true      
nurse1 ! fa!r is ! true tea*]4  ,let !m 
be ( "o m9d z to ! ord] 9 :i* _!        
functions are fulfill$1 z well z 9 reg>d
 to _! plan2 let ! *ild pass f ! h&s ( !
 "o into ! h&s ( ! o!r4  ,he w be bett] 
educat$ by a fa!r :o is judici\s1 ev5   
?\gh ( mod]ate atta9m5ts1 ?an by ! mo/  
skilful ma/] 9 ! _w4 ,= zeal w supplem5t
 tal5t bett] ?an tal5t c supply :at only
 zeal c give4  ,a fa!r1 :5 he br+s 8    
*ildr5 into exi/5ce & supports !m1 has1 
9 s do+1 fulfill$ only a ?ird "p ( 8    
task4  ,to ! human race he owes m52 to  
society1 m5 fitt$ = society2 to ! ,/ate1
 citiz5s4  ,e man :o c pay ?is triple   
debt1 & does n pay x is a guilty man2 & 
if he pays x by halves1 he is p]haps m  
guilty /ill4  ,he :o _c fulfil ! duties 
( a fa!r has no "r to be a fa!r4  ,n    
pov]ty1 nor sev]e labor1 nor human      
respect c release him f ! duty (        
support+ 8 *ildr5 & ( educat+ !m        
himself4  ,read]s1 y may believe my     

words4  ,i prophesy to any "o :o has    
natural feel+ & neglects ^! sacr$       
duties1--t he w long %$ bitt] te>s ov]  
?is fault1 & t = ^? te>s he w f9d no    
consolation4#d   ,x be+ suppos$ t ! fa!r
 is unable or unwill+ to *>ge himself   
p]sonally ) ! education ( 8 son1 he mu/ 
*>ge a ?ird p]son ) x1 mu/ seek out a   
ma/]1 a tea*] = ! *ild4   ,!            
qualifications ( a good tutor are v     
freely discuss$4  ,! fir/ qualification 
,i %\ld require 9 him1 & ?is "o         
presupposes _m o!rs1 is1 t he %all n be 
capable ( sell+ himself4 ,!re are       
employm5ts s noble t we _c fulfil !m =  
money )\t %[+ ourselves unwor?y to      
fulfil !m4  ,su* an employm5t is t ( a  
soldi]2 su* a "o is t ( a tea*]4  ,:o1  
!n1 %all educate my *ild8  ,i h told y  
already1--y\rself4  ,i _c6 ,!n make =   
y\rself a fri5d :o c4  ,i see no o!r    
alt]native4  ,a tea*]6 :at a great s\l  
he ought to be6  ,truly1 to =m a man1 "o
 mu/ be ei!r himself a fa!r1 or else    
some?+ m ?an human4 ,& ?is is ! (fice y 

calmly entru/ to hirel+s6#e   ,! ,e>lie/
 ,education4  ,*ildr5's fir/ impressions
 are purely ^? ( feel+2 !y p]ceive only 
pleasure & pa94  ,unable ei!r to move   
ab\t1 or to grasp any?+ ) _! h&s1 !y ne$
 a great deal ( "t to =m s5sations :i*  
repres5t1 & s make !m aw>e ( objects    
outside ( !mselves4  ,b1 dur+ all ?is   
"t1 :ile ^! objects are ext5d+1 &1 z x  
71 rec$+ f _! eyes1 assum+1 to !m1 =m & 
dim5sion1 ! con/antly recurr+ s5sations 
beg9 to subject ! little creatures to ! 
sway ( habit4  ,we see _! eyes          
incessantly turn+ t[>d ! light2 &1 if x 
comes to !m f "o side1 unwitt+ly tak+ ! 
direction ( t side2 s t _! faces ought  
to be c>efully turn$ t[>d ! light1 le/  
!y become squ9t-ey$1 or accu/om !mselves
 to look awry4  ,!y %\ld1 also1 e>ly    
accu/om !mselves to d>kness1 or else !y 
w cry & scream z soon z !y are left 9 ! 
d>k4  ,food & sleep1 if too exactly     
proportion$1 become necess>y to !m aft] 
! lapse ( ! same int]vals2 & soon !     
desire arises n f necessity1 b f habit4 

,or r1 habit adds a new want to ^? (    
nature1 & ?is mu/ be prev5t$4  ,! only  
habit a *ild %\ld be all[$ to =m is to  
contract no habits :atev]4  ,let him n  
be c>ri$ ^u "o arm m ?an ^u ano!r2 let  
him n be accu/om$ to put =? "o h& r ?an 
! o!r1 or to use x (t5]2 nor to desire  
to eat1 to sleep1 to act 9 any way1 at  
regul> h\rs2 nor to be unable to /ay    
alone ei!r by night or by day4  ,prep>e 
long be=eh& = ! "t :5 he %all freely use
 all 8 /r5g?4  ,d ?is by leav+ 8 body "u
 ! control ( its natural b5t1 by fitt+  
him to be always ma/] ( himself1 & to   
c>ry out 8 own w 9 ev]y?+ z soon z he   
has a w ( 8 own4  ,s9ce ! only k9ds (   
objects pres5t$ to him are likely to    
make him ei!r timid or c\rage\s1 :y %\ld
 n 8 education beg9 be=e he speaks or   
und]/&s8  ,i w\ld habituate him to see+ 
new objects1 ?\gh !y be ugly1 repulsive1
 or s+ul>4  ,b let ?is be by degrees1 & 
f a di/ance1 until he has become        
accu/om$ to !m1 &1 f see+ !m h&l$ by    
o!rs1 %all at la/ h&le !m himself4  ,if 

dur+ 8 infancy he has se5 )\t fe> frogs1
 s]p5ts1 crawfi%es1 he w1 :5 gr[n up1   
see )\t %r9k+ any animal t may be %[n   
him4  ,= "o :o daily sees frightful     
objects1 !re are none su*4  ,all *ildr5 
are afraid ( masks4  ,i beg9 by %[+ mile
 ! mask ( a pleasant face4  ,by & by "s 
"o puts ! mask ^u 8 own face1 s t ! *ild
 c see x4  ,i beg9 to laugh2 e "o else  
laughs1 & ! *ild ) ! re/4  ,by degrees  
,i famili>ize him ) less comely masks1 &
 f9ally ) really hide\s ones4  ,if ,i h 
manag$ ! process well1 he w1 f> f be+   
fright5$ at ! la/ mask1 laugh at x z he 
laugh$ at ! fir/4  ,aft] t1 ,i %all n   
fe> 8 be+ fright5$ by any "o ) a mask4  
,:51 9 ! f>ewell sc5e betwe5 ,hector &  
,&roma*e1 ! little ,a/yanax1 t]rifi$ at 
! plume float+ f a helmet1 fails to     
recognize 8 fa!r1 ?r[s himself1 cry+1 ^u
 8 nurse's brea/1 & w9s f 8 "m a smile  
bright ) te>s1 :at ought to be done to  
soo! 8 fe>8  ,precisely :at ,hector     
does4  ,he places ! helmet on ! gr\nd1 &
 !n c>esses 8 *ild4  ,at a m tranquil   

mom5t1 ?is %\ld n h be5 all4  ,!y %\ld h
 drawn ne> ! helmet1 play$ ) its plumes1
 caus$ ! *ild to h&le !m4  ,at la/ !    
nurse %\ld h lift$ ! helmet & laugh+ly  
set x on h] own head--if1 inde$1 ! h& ( 
a woman d>$ t\* ! armor ( ,hector4  ,if 
,i wi% to famili>ize mile ) ! noise (   
fire-arms1 ,i fir/ burn "s p[d] 9 a     
pi/ol4  ,! quickly vani%+ flame1 ! new  
k9d ( lightn+1 greatly pleases him4  ,i 
repeat ! process1 us+ m p[d]4  ,by      
degrees ,i put into ! pi/ol a small     
*>ge1 )\t ramm+ x d[n2 !n a l>g] *>ge2  
f9ally1 ,i accu/om him to ! noise ( a   
gun1 to bombs1 to cannon-%ots1 to ! mo/ 
t]rific noises4  ,i h notic$ t *ildr5   
are r>ely afraid ( ?und]1 unless1 inde$1
 ! ?und]-claps are s frightful z        
actually to w\nd ! organ ( he>+4        
,o!rwise1 !y fe> x only :5 !y h be5     
taught t ?und] sometimes w\nds or kills4
  ,:5 reason beg9s to affright !m1 let  
habit reassure !m4  ,by a sl[ & well    
conduct$ process ! man or ! *ild is     
r5d]$ fe>less ( ev]y?+4  ,9 ?is outset (

 life1 :ile memory & imag9ation are /ill
 inactive1 ! *ild pays att5tion only to 
:at actually affects 8 s5ses4  ,! fir/  
mat]ials ( 8 k are 8 s5sations4  ,if1   
!re=e1 ^! are pres5t$ to him 9 suitable 
ord]1 8 memory c h]eaft] pres5t !m to 8 
und]/&+ 9 ! same ord]4  ,b z he att5ds  
to 8 s5sations only1 x w at fir/ suffice
 to %[ him v cle>ly ! connection betwe5 
^! s5sations1 & ! objects :i* give rise 
to !m4  ,he is eag] to t\* ev]y?+1 to   
h&le ev]y?+4  ,d n ?w>t ?is re/less     
desire2 x sugge/s to him a v necess>y   
appr5tice%ip4  ,x is ?us he le>ns to    
feel ! heat & coldness1 h>dness &       
s(tness1 heav9ess & lightness ( bodies2 
to judge ( _! size1 _! %ape1 & all _!   
s5sible qualities1 by look+1 by t\*+1 by
 li/5+2 above all1 by comp>+ ! results (
 sight ) ^? ( t\*1 e/imat+ ) ! eye !    
s5sation a ?+ produces ^u ! f+]s4  ,by  
movem5t alone we le>n ! exi/5ce ( ?+s   
:i* are n ourselves2 & x is by our own  
movem5ts alone t we ga9 ! idea (        
ext5sion4  ,because ! *ild has n ?is    

idea1 he /ret*es out 8 h& indiff]5tly to
 seize an object :i* t\*es him1 or "o   
:i* is a hundr$ paces di/ant f him4  ,! 
ef=t he makes 9 do+ ?is appe>s to y a   
sign ( dom9ation1 an ord] he gives !    
object to come ne>]1 or to y to br+ x to
 him4  ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x means only
 t ! object se5 fir/ )9 ! bra91 !n ^u ! 
eye1 is n[ se5 at arm's l5g?1 & t he    
does n conceive ( any di/ance beyond 8  
rea*4  ,be c>eful1 !n1 to walk (t5 )    
him1 to transport him f "o place to     
ano!r1 to let him feel ! *ange (        
position1 &1 9 ?is way to tea* him h[ to
 judge ( di/ances4  ,:5 he beg9s to "k  
!m1 *ange ! plan2 c>ry him only :]e x is
 conv5i5t = y to d s1 & n :]ev] x       
pleases him4  ,= z soon z he is no long]
 deceiv$ by ! s5ses1 8 attempts arise f 
ano!r cause4  ,?is *ange is rem>kable & 
dem&s explanation4  ,! uneas9ess aris+ f
 our wants expresses itself by signs    
:5ev] help 9 supply+ ^! wants is ne$$2  
h5ce ! cries ( *ildr54  ,!y cry a great 
deal1 & ?is is natural4  ,s9ce all _!   

s5sations are ^? ( feel+1 *ildr5 enjoy  
!m 9 sil5ce1 :5 ! s5sations are         
pleasant2 o!rwise !y express !m 9 _! own
 language1 & ask relief4  ,n[ z long z  
*ildr5 are awake !y _c be 9 a /ate (    
indiff]5ce2 !y ei!r sleep or are mov$ by
 pleasure & pa94  ,all our languages are
 ! result ( art4  ,:e!r !re is a natural
 language1 common to all mank9d1 has    
long be5 a matt] ( inve/igation4  ,)\t  
d\bt !re is su* a language1 & x is ! "o 
t *ildr5 utt] be=e !y "k h[ to talk4    
,?is language is n articulate1 b x is   
acc5tuat$1 sonor\s1 intelligible4  ,!   
us+ ( our own language has l$ u to      
neglect ?is1 ev5 s f> z to =get x       
altoge!r4  ,let u /udy *ildr51 & we %all
 soon acquire x aga9 f !m4  ,nurses are 
our tea*]s 9 ?is language4  ,!y und]/&  
all _! nursl+s say1 !y answ] !m1 !y hold
 really connect$ dialogues ) !m4  ,&1   
al?\gh !y pron\nce words1 ^! words are  
entirely useless2 ! *ild und]/&s1 n !   
mean+ ( ! words1 b ! acc5t :i*          
accompanies !m4  ,to ! language ( !     

voice is add$ ! no less =cible language 
( ge/ure4  ,?is ge/ure is n t ( *ildr5's
 feeble h&s2 x is t se5 9 _! faces4  ,x 
is a/oni%+ to see h[ mu* expression ^!  
immature c\nt5ances already h4  ,f mom5t
 to mom5t1 _! features *ange )          
inconceivable quickness4  ,on !m y see !
 smile1 ! wi%1 ! fe>1 spr+ into life1 & 
pass away1 l s _m lightn+ fla%es4  ,ea* 
"t y seem to see a diff]5t c\nt5ance4   
,!y c]ta9ly h mu* m flexible facial     
muscles ?an ours4  ,on ! o!r h&1 _! dull
 eyes tell u almo/ no?+ at all4  ,su* is
 naturally ! "* ( _! expression :5 all  
_! wants are physical4  ,s5sations are  
made kn[n by grimaces1 s5tim5ts by      
looks4  ,z ! fir/ /ate ( man is         
wret*$ness & weakness1 s 8 fir/         
utt]ances are compla9ts & te>s4  ,! *ild
 feels 8 ne$ & _c satisfy x2 he implores
 aid f o!rs by cry+4  ,if he is hungry  
or ?ir/y1 he cries2 if he is too cold or
 too w>m1 he cries2 if he wi%es to move 
or to be kept at re/1 he cries2 if he   
wi%es to sleep or to be mov$ ab\t1 he   

cries4  ,! less control he has ( 8 own  
mode ( liv+1 ! (t5] he asks ^? ab\t him 
to *ange x4 ,he has b "o language1      
because he feels1 s to speak1 b "o sort 
( discom=t4  ,9 ! imp]fect condition ( 8
 organs1 he does n di/+ui% _! diff]5t   
impressions2 all ills produce 9 him only
 a s5sation ( pa94  ,f ?is cry+1 reg>d$ 
z s little wor?y ( att5tion1 arises !   
fir/ relation ( man to all t surr\nds   
him2 j "h is =g$ ! fir/ l9k ( t long *a9
 :i* con/itutes social ord]4  ,:5 ! *ild
 cries1 he is ill at ease2 he has "s    
want t he _c satisfy4  ,we exam9e into  
x1 we se>* = ! want1 f9d x1 & relieve x4
  ,:5 we _c f9d x1 or relieve x1 ! cry+ 
cont9ues4  ,we are annoy$ by x2 we c>ess
 ! *ild to make him keep quiet1 we rock 
him & s+ to him1 to lull him asleep4    
,if he p]si/s1 we gr[ impati5t2 we      
?reat5 him2 brutal nurses sometimes     
/rike him4  ,^! are /range lessons = him
 ^u 8 entrance into life4  ,! fir/ cry+ 
( *ildr5 is a pray]4  ,if we d n he$ x  
well1 ?is cry+ soon becomes a comm&4    

,!y beg9 by ask+ our aid2 !y end by     
compell+ u to s]ve !m4  ,?us f _! v     
weakness1 :5ce comes1 at fir/1 _! feel+ 
( dep5d5ce1 spr+s aft]w>d ! idea (      
empire1 & ( comm&+ o!rs4  ,b z ?is idea 
is awak5$ less by _! own wants1 ?an by !
 fact t we are s]v+ !m1 ^? moral results
 ^: imm$iate cause is n 9 nature1 are "h
 p]ceiv$4  ,we !re=e see :y1 ev5 at ?is 
e>ly age1 x is important to disc]n !    
hidd5 purpose :i* dictates ! ge/ure or !
 cry4  ,:5 ! *ild /ret*es =? 8 h& ) an  
ef=t1 b )\t a s\nd1 he ?9ks he c rea* "s
 object1 because he does n prop]ly      
e/imate its di/ance2 he is mi/ak54  ,b  
if1 :ile /ret*+ out 8 h&1 he compla9s & 
cries1 he is no long] deceiv$ z to !    
di/ance4  ,he is comm&+ ! object to come
 to him1 or is direct+ y to br+ x to    
him4  ,9 ! fir/ case1 c>ry him to !     
object sl[ly1 & ) %ort /eps2 9 ! second 
case1 d n ev5 appe> to und]/& him4  ,x  
is wor? :ile to habituate him e>ly n to 
comm& p1 = he is n _! ma/]2 nor ?+s1 =  
!y _c und]/& him4  ,s1 :5 a *ild wants  

some?+ he sees1 & we mean to give x to  
him1 x is bett] to c>ry him to ! object 
?an to fet* ! object to him4  ,f ?is    
practice ( ours he w le>n a lesson suit$
 to 8 age1 & !re is no bett] way (      
sugge/+ ?is lesson to him4   ,maxims to 
,keep u ,true to ,nature4  ,reason alone
 tea*es u to "k good & evil4            
,consci5ce1 :i* makes u love ! "o & hate
 ! o!r1 is indep5d5t ( reason1 b _c gr[ 
/rong )\t its aid4  ,be=e rea*+ ye>s (  
reason1 we d good & evil unconsci\sly4  
,!re is no moral "* 9 our actions1      
al?\gh !re sometimes is 9 our feel+ t[>d
 ^? actions ( o!rs :i* relate to u4  ,a 
*ild likes to di/urb ev]y?+ he sees2 he 
breaks1 he %att]s ev]y?+ )9 8 rea*2 he  
lays hold ( a bird j z he w\ld lay hold 
( a /one1 & /rangles x )\t kn[+ :at he  
is do+4  ,:y is ?is8  ,at fir/ view1    
philosophy w\ld acc\nt = x on ! gr\nd ( 
vices natural to u--pride1 ! _s (       
dom9ation1 self-love1 ! wick$ness (     
mank9d4  ,x w\ld p]haps add1 t ! s5se ( 
8 own weakness makes ! *ild eag] to d   

?+s requir+ /r5g?1 & s prove to himself 
8 own p[]4  ,b see t old man1 infirm &  
brok5 d[n1 :om ! cycle ( human life br+s
 back to ! weakness ( *ildhood4  ,n only
 does he rema9 immovable & quiet1 b he  
wi%es ev]y?+ ab\t him to be 9 ! same    
condition4  ,! slighte/ *ange di/urbs & 
disquiets him2 he w\ld l to see /illness
 reign+ ev]y:]e4  ,h[ c\ld ! same       
p[]lessness1 jo9$ to ! same passions1   
produce su* diff]5t effects 9 ! two     
ages1 if ! prim>y cause 7 n *ang$8  ,&  
:]e c we seek = ?is diff]5ce ( cause1   
unless x be 9 ! physical condition ( !  
two individuals8  ,! active pr9ciple    
common to ! two is develop+ 9 ! "o1 &   
dy+ out 9 ! o!r2 ! "o is gr[+1 & ! o!r  
is we>+ itself out2 ! "o is t5d+ t[>d   
life1 & ! o!r t[>d dea?4  ,fail+        
activity conc5trates itself 9 ! he>t ( !
 old man2 9 ! *ild x is sup]ab\nd+1 &   
rea*es outw>d2 he seems to feel )9 him  
life en\gh to animate all t surr\nds    
him4  ,:e!r he makes or unmakes matt]s  
little to him4  ,x is en\gh t he *anges 

! condition ( ?+s1 & t e *ange is an    
action4  ,if he seems m incl9$ to de/roy
 ?+s1 x is n out ( p]v]s5ess1 b because 
! action :i* creates is always sl[2 & t 
:i* de/roys1 be+ m rapid1 bett] suits 8 
natural sprightl9ess4  ,:ile ! ,au?or ( 
nature gives *ildr5 ?is active pr9ciple1
 he takes c>e t x %all d little h>m2 =  
he leaves !m little p[] to indulge x4   
,b no soon] d !y look ^u ^? ab\t !m z   
in/rum5ts :i* x is _! bus9ess to set 9  
motion1 ?an !y make use ( !m 9 foll[+ _!
 own incl9ations & 9 mak+ up = _! own   
want ( /r5g?4  ,9 ?is way !y become     
disagreeable1 tyrannical1 imp]i\s1      
p]v]se1 unruly2 a developm5t n aris+ f a
 natural _s ( dom9ation1 b creat+ su* a 
_s4  ,= no v long exp]i5ce is requisite 
9 tea*+ h[ pleasant x is to act ?r\gh   
o!rs1 & to ne$ only move "o's tongue to 
set ! _w 9 motion4  ,z we gr[ up1 we ga9
 /r5g?1 we become less uneasy & re/less1
 we %ut ourselves m )9 ourselves4  ,!   
s\l & ! body put !mselves 9 equilibrium1
 z x 71 & nature requires no m motion   

?an is necess>y = out pres]vation4  ,b !
 wi% to comm& outlives ! necessity f    
:i*1 x sprang2 p[] to control o!rs      
awak5s & gratifies self-love1 & habit   
makes x /rong4  ,?us ne$ gives place to 
:im2 ?us d prejudices & op9ions fir/    
root !mselves )9 u4  ,! pr9ciple once   
und]/ood1 we see cle>ly ! po9t at :i* we
 leave ! pa? ( nature4  ,let u discov]  
:at we ought to d1 to keep )9 x4  ,f> f 
hav+ too mu* /r5g?1 *ildr5 h n ev5 en\gh
 = all t nature dem&s ( !m4  ,we ought1 
!n1 to leave !m ! free use ( all natural
 /r5g? :i* !y _c misuse4  ,fir/ maxim4  
,we mu/ aid !m1 supply+ :atev] !y lack 9
 intellig5ce1 9 /r5g?1 9 all t belongs  
to physical necessity4  ,second maxim4  
,9 help+ !m1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves to 
:at is really ( use to !m1 yield+ no?+  
to _! :ims or unreasonable wi%es4  ,= _!
 own caprice w n tr\ble !m unless we    
ourselves create x2 x is n a natural ?+4
  ,?ird maxim4  ,we mu/ /udy c>efully _!
 language & _! signs1 s t1 at an age :5 
!y _c dissemble1 we may judge :i* ( _!  

desires spr+ f nature itself1 & :i* ( !m
 f op9ion4  ,f\r? maxim4  ,! mean+ ( ^! 
rules is1 to all[ *ildr5 m p]sonal      
fre$om & less au?ority2 to let !m d m = 
!mselves1 & exact less f o!rs4  ,?us    
accu/om$ betimes to desire only :at !y c
 obta9 or d = !mselves1 !y w feel less  
ke5ly ! want ( :atev] is n )9 _! own    
p[]4  ,"h !re is ano!r & v important    
reason = leav+ *ildr5 absolutely free z 
to body & limbs1 ) ! sole precaution (  
keep+ !m f ! dang] ( fall+1 & ( putt+   
out ( _! rea* ev]y?+ t c injure !m4     
,d\btless a *ild ^: body & arms are free
 w cry less ?an "o b\nd fa/ 9 swaddl+   
clo!s4  ,he :o feels only physical wants
 cries only :5 he suff]s1 & ?is is a    
great advantage4  ,= !n we "k exactly :5
 he requires help1 & we ought n to delay
 "o mom5t 9 giv+ him help1 if possible4 
,b if y _c relieve him1 keep quiet2 d n 
try to soo! him by pett+ him4  ,y\r     
c>esses w n cure 8 colic2 b he w rememb]
 :at he has to d 9 ord] to be pett$4  ,&
 if he once discov]s t he c1 at w1 busy 

y ab\t him1 he w h become y\r ma/]2 !   
mis*ief is done4  ,if *ildr5 7 n s mu*  
?w>t$ 9 _! movem5ts1 !y w\ld n cry s    
mu*2 if we 7 less annoy$ by _! cry+1 we 
w\ld take less pa9s to hu% !m2 if !y 7 n
 s (t5 ?reat5$ or c>ess$1 !y w\ld be    
less timid or less /ubborn1 & m truly   
!mselves z nature made !m4  ,x is n s   
(t5 by lett+ *ildr5 cry1 z by ha/5+ to  
quiet !m1 t we make !m rupture !mselves4
  ,! pro( ( ?is is t ! *ildr5 mo/       
neglect$ are less subject ?an o!rs to   
?is infirmity4  ,i am f> f wi%+ !m to be
 neglect$1 h[ev]4  ,on ! contr>y1 we    
ought to anticipate _! wants1 & n wait  
to be notifi$ ( ^! by ! *ildr5's cry+4  
,yet ,i w\ld n h !m misund]/& ! c>es we 
be/[ on !m4  ,:y %\ld !y consid] cry+ a 
fault1 :5 !y f9d t x avails s mu*8      
,kn[+ ! value ( _! sil5ce1 !y w be      
c>eful n to be lavi% ( x4  ,!y w1 at    
la/1 make x s co/ly t we c no long] pay 
= x2 & !n x is t by cry+ )\t success !y 
/ra91 weak51 & kill !mselves4  ,! long  
cry+ fits ( a *ild :o is n compress$ or 

ill1 or all[$ to want = any?+1 are f    
habit & ob/9acy4  ,!y are by no means ! 
"w ( nature1 b ( ! nurse1 :o1 because %e
 _c endure ! annoyance1 multiplies x1   
)\t reflect+ t by /ill+ ! *ild to-day1  
he is induc$ to cry ! m to-morr[4  ,!   
only way to cure or prev5t ?is habit is 
to pay no att5tion to x4  ,no "o1 n ev5 
a *ild1 likes to take unnecess>y tr\ble4
  ,!y are /ubborn 9 _! attempts2 b if y 
h m firmness ?an !y h ob/9acy1 !y are   
disc\rag$1 & d n repeat ! attempt4  ,?us
 we sp>e !m "s te>s1 & accu/om !m to cry
 only :5 pa9 =ces !m to x4  ,nev]!less  
:5 !y d cry f caprice or /ubbornness1 a 
sure way to prev5t _! cont9u+ is1 to    
turn _! att5tion to "s agreeable & /rik+
 object1 & s make !m =get _! desire to  
cry4  ,9 ?is art mo/ nurses excel1 & :5 
skilfully employ$1 x is v effective4  ,b
 x is highly important t ! *ild %\ld n  
"k ( our int5tion to div]t him1 & t he  
%\ld amuse himself )\t at all ?9k+ we h 
him 9 m9d4  ,9 ?is all nurses are       
unskilful4  ,all *ildr5 are wean$ too   

e>ly4  ,! prop] "t is indicat$ by _!    
tee?+4  ,?is process is usually pa9ful &
 di/ress+4  ,by a me*anical in/9ct !    
*ild1 at t "t1 c>ries to 8 m\? & *ews   
ev]y?+ he holds4  ,we ?9k we make !     
op]ation easi] by giv+ him = a play?+ "s
 h>d sub/ance1 su* z ivory or coral4 ,i 
?9k we are mi/ak54  ,f> f s(t5+ ! gums1 
^! h>d bodies1 :5 appli$1 r5d] !m h>d & 
call\s1 & prep>e ! way = a m pa9ful &   
di/ress+ lac]ation4  ,let u always take 
in/9ct = guide4  ,we nev] see puppies   
try _! gr[+ tee? ^u fl9ts1 or iron1 or  
bones1 b ^u wood1 or lea!r1 or rags1--^u
 s(t mat]ials1 :i* give way1 & on :i* ! 
too? impresses itself4  ,we no long] aim
 at simplicity1 ev5 :]e *ildr5 are      
conc]n$4 ,gold5 & silv] bells1 corals1  
cry/als1 toys ( e price1 ( e sort4  ,:at
 useless & mis*iev\s affectations !y    
are6  ,let !re be none ( !m1--no bells1 
no toys4  ,a little twig cov]$ ) its own
 leaves & fruit1--a poppy-head1 9 :i* ! 
se$s c be he>d rattl+1--a /ick (        
liquorice he c suck & *ew1 ^! w amuse a 

*ild q z well z ! spl5did baubles1 & w n
 disadvantage him by accu/om+ him to    
luxury f 8 v bir?4   ,language4  ,f ! "t
 !y are born1 *ildr5 he> p speak4  ,!y  
are spok5 to n only be=e !y und]/& :at  
is said to !m1 b be=e !y c repeat !     
s\nds !y he>4  ,_! organs1 /ill b5umb$1 
adapt !mselves only by degrees to       
imitat+ ! s\nds dictat$ to !m1 & x is n 
ev5 c]ta9 t ^! s\nds are borne to _! e>s
 at fir/ z di/9ctly z to ours4  ,i d n  
disapprove ( a nurse's amus+ ! *ild )   
songs1 & ) bli! & v>i$ tones4  ,b ,i d  
disapprove ( h] p]petually deaf5+ him ) 
a multitude ( useless words1 ( :i* he   
und]/&s only ! tone %e gives !m4  ,i    
w\ld l ! fir/ articulate s\nds he mu/   
he> to be few 9 numb]1 easy1 di/9ct1 (t5
 repeat$4  ,! words !y =m %\ld repres5t 
only mat]ial objects :i* c be %[n him4  
,our un=tunate read9ess to cont5t       
ourselves ) words t h no mean+ to u     
:atev]1 beg9s e>li] ?an we suppose4     
,ev5 z 9 8 swaddl+-clo!s ! *ild he>s 8  
nurse's babble1 he he>s 9 class !       

v]biage ( 8 tea*]4  ,x /rikes me t if he
 7 to be s br\ght up t he c\ld n und]/& 
x at all1 he w\ld be v well in/ruct$4#f 
,reflections cr[d ^u u :5 we set ab\t   
discuss+ ! =mation ( *ildr5's language1 
& _! baby talk itself4  ,9 spite ( u1 !y
 always le>n to speak by ! same process1
 & all our philosophical speculations   
ab\t x are entirely useless4  ,!y seem1 
at fir/1 to h a gramm> adapt$ to _! own 
age1 al?\gh its rules ( syntax are m    
g5]al ?an ours4  ,& if we 7 to pay close
 att5tion to !m1 we %\ld be a/oni%$ at !
 exactness ) :i* !y foll[ c]ta9         
analogies1 v faulty if y w1 b v regul>1 
t are displeas+ only because h>%1 or    
because usage does n recognize !m4  ,x  
is unbe>able p$antry1 & a mo/ useless   
labor1 to attempt correct+ 9 *ildr5 e   
little fault aga9/ usage2 !y nev] fail  
!mselves to correct ^! faults 9 "t4     
,always speak correctly 9 _! pres5ce2   
ord] x s t !y are nev] s happy ) any "o 
z ) y2 & re/ assur$ _! language w       
ins5sibly be purifi$ by y\r own1 )\t y\r

 hav+ ev] reprov$ !m4  ,b ano!r error1  
:i* has an entirely diff]5t be>+ on !   
matt]1 & is no less easy to prev5t1 is  
our be+ ov]-anxi\s to make !m speak1 z  
if we fe>$ !y might n ( _! own accord   
le>n to d s4  ,our injudici\s ha/e has  
an effect exactly contr>y to :at we wi%4
  ,on acc\nt ( x !y le>n m sl[ly & speak
 m indi/9ctly4  ,! m>k$ att5tion paid to
 ev]y?+ !y utt] makes x unnecess>y = !m 
to articulate di/9ctly4  ,z !y h>dly    
condesc5d to op5 _! lips1 _m reta9      
?r\gh\t life an imp]fect pronunciation &
 a confus$ mann] ( speak+1 :i* makes !m 
ne>ly un9telligible4  ,*ildr5 :o are too
 mu* urg$ to speak h n "t suffici5t =   
le>n+ ei!r to pron\nce c>efully or to   
und]/& ?or\ghly :at !y are made to say4 
,if1 in/ead1 !y are left to !mselves1 !y
 at fir/ practise us+ ! syllables !y c  
mo/ readily utt]2 & gradually atta*+ to 
^! "s mean+ t c be ga!r$ f _! ge/ures1  
!y give y _! own words be=e acquir+     
y\rs4 ,?us !y receive y\rs only aft] !y 
und]/& !m4  ,n be+ urg$ to use !m1 !y   

notice c>efully :at mean+ y give !m2 &1 
:5 !y are sure ( ?is1 !y adopt x z _!   
own4  ,! greate/ evil aris+ f our ha/e  
to make *ildr5 speak be=e !y are old    
en\gh is n t our fir/ talks ) !m1 & !   
fir/ words !y use1 h no mean+ to !m1 b t
 !y h a mean+ diff]5t f ours1 )\t our   
be+ able to p]ceive x4 ,?us1 :ile !y    
seem to be answ]+ u v correctly1 !y are 
really address+ u )\t und]/&+ u1 & )\t  
our und]/&+ !m4  ,to su* ambigu\s       
disc\rse is due ! surprise we sometimes 
feel at _! say+s1 to :i* we atta* ideas 
! *ildr5 !mselves h n dream$ (4  ,?is   
inatt5tion ( ours to ! true mean+ words 
h = *ildr5 seems to me ! cause ( _! fir/
 mi/akes1 & ^! errors1 ev5 aft] *ildr5  
are cur$ ( !m1 influ5ce _! turn ( m9d = 
! rema9d] ( _! life4  ,! fir/           
developm5ts ( *ildhood occur almo/ all  
at once4  ,! *ild le>ns to speak1 to    
eat1 to walk1 ne>ly at ! same "t4  ,?is 
is1 prop]ly1 ! fir/ epo* ( 8 life4      
,be=e !n he is no?+ m ?an he 0 be=e he 0
 born2 he has n a s5tim5t1 n an idea2 he

 sc>cely has s5sations2 he does n feel  
ev5 8 own exi/5ce4    #a ,x is useless  
to enl>ge ^u ! absurdity ( ?is !ory1 &  
^u ! flagrant contradiction into :i*    
,r\sseau all[s himself to fall4  ,if he 
is "r1 man ought to be left )\t         
education1 & ! e>? )\t cultivation4     
,?is w\ld n be ev5 ! savage /ate4 ,b    
want ( space =bids u to pause at ea* l  
/atem5t ( our au?or1 :o at once busies  
himself 9 nullify+ x4  #b ,! voice (    
,r\sseau 0 he>d4  ,! nurs+ ( *ildr5 by  
_! own mo!rs1 :i* _h gone into disuse z 
vulg> & tr\blesome1 became a fa%ion4    
,great ladies prid$ !mselves ^u return+ 
to ! usage ( nature1 & infants 7 br\ght 
9 ) ! dess]t to give an exhibition (    
mat]nal t5d]ness4  ,?is affectation di$ 
out1 b 9 mo/ families ! good & :olesome 
cu/om ( mo!rhood 0 reta9$4  ,?is page ( 
,r\sseau's contribut$ its %>e to ! happy
 result4  #c ,?is rem>k is n a j "o4    
,h[ (t5 h we se5 unhappy creatures      
disgu/$ ) life because ( "s dreadful &  
incurable malady8  ,x is true t suicide1

 be+ an act ( madness1 is m frequ5tly   
caus$ by ^? tr\bles :i* imag9ation      
delights itself 9 magnify+ up to ! po9t 
( insanity4  #d ,?is is an allusion to  
"o ( ! mo/ un=tunate episodes 9 ! life (
 ,r\sseau1--8 ab&on+ ( ! *ildr5 :om     
,?rse ,levasseur bore him1 & :om he s5t 
to a f\ndl+ hospital because he felt )9 
him nei!r c\rage to labor = _! support1 
nor capacity to educate !m4  ,sad       
practical defect 9 ?is tea*] ( !ories ( 
education6  #e ,= ! p>ticul> example (  
education :i* he supposes1 ,r\sseau     
creates a tutor :om he consecrates      
absolutely1 exclusively1 to ! "w4  ,he  
desires "o s p]fect t he calls him a    
prodigy4  ,let u n blame him = ?is4  ,! 
ideal ( ^? :o assume ! noble & difficult
 (fice ( a tea*] ( *ildhood _c be plac$ 
too high4 ,z to ! pupil1 ,r\sseau       
imag9es a *ild ( av]age ability1 9 easy 
circum/ances1 & ( robu/ heal?4  ,he     
makes him an only son & an orphan1 s t  
no family vicissitudes may di/urb !     
logic ( 8 plan4  ,all ?is may be summ$  

up by say+ t he consid]s ! *ild 9       
himself ) reg>d to 8 individual         
developm5t1 & )\t reg>d to 8 relations  
to ord9>y life4  ,?is at ! same "t r5d]s
 8 task easy1 & deprives him ( an       
important elem5t ( education4  #f ,no   
d\bt ?is s>casm is applicable to ^?     
tea*]s :o talk s z to say no?+4  ,a     
tea*] ought1 on ! contr>y1 to speak only
 s z to be und]/ood by ! *ild4  ,he     
ought to adapt himself to ! *ild's      
capacity2 to employ no useless or       
conv5tional expressions2 8 language     
ought to ar\se curiosity & to imp>t     
light4     ,,book ,,second4   ,! second 
book takes ! *ild at ab\t ! fif? ye>1 & 
conducts him to ab\t ! twelf? ye>4  ,he 
is no long] ! little *ild2 he is ! "y   
boy4  ,8 education becomes m important4 
,x consi/s n 9 /udies1 9 read+ or writ+1
 or 9 duties1 b 9 well-*os5 plays1 9    
+5i\s recreations1 9 well-direct$       
exp]im5ts4  ,!re %\ld be no exagg]at$   
precautions1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 no h>%ness1
 no puni%m5ts4  ,we mu/ love ! *ild1 &  

enc\rage 8 play+4  ,to make him realize 
8 weakness & ! n>r[ limits )9 :i* x c   
"w1 to keep ! *ild dep5d5t only on      
circum/ances1 w suffice1 )\t ev] mak+   
him feel ! yoke ( ! ma/]4  ,! be/       
education is accompli%$ 9 ! c\ntry4     
,tea*+ by means ( ?+s4  ,criticism ( !  
ord9>y me?od4  ,education ( ! s5ses by  
cont9ually ex]cis+ !m4    ,avoid tak+   
too _m ,precautions4  ,?is is ! second  
p]iod ( life1 & ! "o at :i*1 prop]ly    
speak+1 infancy ends2 = ! words infans &
 pu] are n synonym\s4#a  ,! fir/ is     
includ$ 9 ! second1 & means "o :o _c    
speak3 ?us 9 ,val]ius ,maximus we f9d ! 
expression pu]um infantem4  ,b ,i %all  
cont9ue to employ ! ^w accord+ to !     
usage ( ! ,fr5* language1 until ,i am   
describ+ ! age = :i* !re are o!r names4 
,:5 *ildr5 beg9 to speak1 !y cry less   
(t54  ,?is /ep 9 advance is natural2 "o 
language is sub/itut$ = ano!r4  ,z soon 
z !y c utt] _! compla9ts 9 words1 :y    
%\ld !y cry1 unless ! suff]+ is too ke5 
to be express$ by words8  ,if !y !n     

cont9ue to cry1 x is ! fault ( ^? ar\nd 
!m4  ,aft] mile has once said1 ,x hurts 
me1 only acute suff]+ c =ce him to cry4 
,if ! *ild is physically s delicate &   
s5sitive t he naturally cries ab\t no?+1
 ,i w soon exhau/ ! f\nta9 ( 8 te>s1 by 
mak+ !m ineffectual4  ,s long z he      
cries1 ,i w n g to him2 z soon z he     
/ops1 ,i w run to him4  ,v soon 8 me?od 
( call+ me w be to keep quiet1 or at !  
utmo/1 to utt] a s+le cry4 ,*ildr5 judge
 ( ! mean+ ( signs by _! palpable       
effect2 !y h no o!r rule4  ,:atev] h>m a
 *ild may d himself1 he v r>ely cries :5
 alone1 unless ) ! hope ( be+ he>d4  ,if
 he fall1 if he bruise 8 head1 if 8 nose
 ble$1 if he cut 8 f+]1 ,i %\ld1 in/ead 
( bu/l+ ab\t him ) a look ( al>m1 rema9 
quiet1 at lea/ = a little :ile4  ,!     
mis*ief is done2 he mu/ endure x2 all my
 anxiety w only s]ve to fright5 him m1 &
 to increase 8 s5sitiv5ess4  ,aft] all1 
:5 we hurt ourselves1 x is less ! %ock  
:i* pa9s u ?an ! fright4  ,i w sp>e him 
at lea/ ?is la/ pang2 = he w c]ta9ly    

e/imate 8 hurt z he sees me e/imate x4  
,if he sees me run anxi\sly to com=t &  
to pity him1 he w ?9k himself s]i\sly   
hurt2 b if he sees me keep my pres5ce ( 
m9d1 he w soon recov] 8 own1 & w ?9k !  
pa9 cur$ :5 he no long] feels x4  ,at 8 
age we le>n our fir/ lessons 9 c\rage2 &
 by fe>lessly endur+ light] suff]+s1 we 
gradually le>n to be> ! heavi] ones4    
,f> f tak+ c>e t mile does n hurt       
himself1 ,i %all be dissatisfi$ if he   
nev] does1 & s gr[s up unacqua9t$ ) pa94
 ,to suff] is ! fir/ & mo/ necess>y ?+ =
 him to le>n4 ,*ildr5 are little & weak1
 app>5tly t !y may le>n ^! important    
lessons4  ,if a *ild fall 8 :ole l5g?1  
he w n break 8 leg2 if he /rike himself 
) a /ick1 he w n break 8 arm2 if he lay 
hold ( an edg$ tool1 he does n grasp x  
tightly1 & w n cut himself v badly4     
,our p$antic mania = in/ruct+ con/antly 
leads u to tea* *ildr5 :at !y c le>n f> 
bett] = !mselves1 & to lose sight ( :at 
we alone c tea* !m4  ,is !re any?+ m    
absurd ?an ! pa9s we take 9 tea*+ !m to 

walk8  ,z if we _h ev] se5 "o1 :o1 ?r\gh
 8 nurse's neglig5ce1 did n "k h[ to    
walk :5 gr[n6  ,on ! contr>y1 h[ _m p d 
we see mov+ awkw>dly all _! lives       
because !y h be5 badly taught h[ to     
walk6  mile %all h no head-protectors1  
nor c>riages1 nor g-c>ts1 nor           
lead+-/r+s4  ,or at lea/ f ! "t :5 he   
beg9s to be able to put "o foot be=e !  
o!r1 he %all n be support$1 except ov]  
pav$ places2 & he %all be hurri$ ov] ^!4
  ,in/ead ( lett+ him suffocate 9 !     
exhau/$ air indoors1 let him be tak5 e  
day1 f> out into ! fields4  ,!re let him
 run ab\t1 play1 fall d[n a hundr$ times
 a day2 ! (t5] ! bett]1 z he w ! soon]  
le>n to get up aga9 by himself4  ,! boon
 ( fre$om is wor? _m sc>s4  ,my pupil w 
h _m bruises1 b to make am5ds = t1 he w 
be always light-he>t$4  ,?\gh y\r pupils
 are less (t5 hurt1 !y are cont9ually   
?w>t$1 fett]$2 !y are always unhappy4   
,i d\bt :e!r ! advantage be on _! side4 
,! developm5t ( _! physical /r5g? makes 
compla9t less necess>y to *ildr54  ,:5  

able to help !mselves1 !y h less ne$ ( !
 help ( o!rs4  ,k to direct _! /r5g?    
gr[s ) t /r5g?4  ,at ?is second /age !  
life ( ! individual prop]ly beg9s2 he n[
 becomes consci\s ( 8 own be+4  ,memory 
ext5ds ?is feel+ ( p]sonal id5tity to e 
mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce2 he becomes really "o1
 ! same "o1 & consequ5tly capable (     
happ9ess or ( mis]y4  ,we mu/ !re=e1 f  
?is mom5t1 beg9 to reg>d him z a moral  
be+4   ,*ildhood is to be ,lov$4        
,al?\gh ! longe/ t]m ( human life1 & !  
probability1 at any giv5 age1 ( rea*+   
?is t]m1 h be5 comput$1 no?+ is m       
unc]ta9 ?an ! cont9uance ( ea*          
individual life3 v few atta9 ! maximum4 
,! greate/ risks 9 life are at its      
beg9n+2 ! less "o has liv$1 ! less      
prospect he has ( liv+4  ,( all *ildr5  
born1 only ab\t half rea* y\?2 & x is   
probable t y\r pupil may nev] atta9 to  
manhood4  ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ?\ght ( t    
b>b>\s education :i* sacrifices ! pres5t
 to an unc]ta9 future1 loads ! *ild ) e 
description ( fett]s1 & beg9s1 by mak+  

him wret*$1 to prep>e = him "s f>-away  
indef9ite happ9ess he may nev] enjoy6   
,ev5 suppos+ ! object ( su* an education
 reasonable1 h[ c we )\t indignation see
 ! un=tunate creatures b[$ "u an        
insupportable yoke1 doom$ to con/ant    
labor l s _m galley-slaves1 )\t any     
c]ta9ty t all ?is toil w ev] be ( use to
 !m6  ,! ye>s t ought to be bright &    
*e]ful are pass$ 9 te>s amid puni%m5ts1 
?reats1 & slav]y4  ,= 8 own good1 !     
unhappy *ild is tortur$2 & ! dea? ?us   
summon$ w seize on him unp]ceiv$ amid/  
all ?is melan*oly prep>ation4  ,:o kn[s 
h[ _m *ildr5 die on acc\nt ( !          
extravagant prud5ce ( a fa!r or ( a     
tea*]8  ,happy 9 escap+ 8 cruelty1 x    
gives !m "o advantage2 !y leave )\t     
regret a life :i* !y "k only f its d>k] 
side4#b  ,o m51 be humane6 x is y\r     
highe/ duty2 be humane to all conditions
 ( m51 to e age1 to ev]y?+ n ali5 to    
mank9d4  ,:at high] wisdom is !re = y   
?an humanity8  ,love *ildhood2 enc\rage 
its sports1 its pleasures1 its lovable  

in/9cts4  ,:o among u has n at times    
look$ back ) regret to ! age :5 a smile 
0 cont9ually on our lips1 :5 ! s\l 0    
always at peace8  ,:y %\ld we rob ^!    
little innoc5t creatures ( ! enjoym5t ( 
a "t s brief1 s transi5t1 ( a boon s    
preci\s1 :i* !y _c misuse8  ,:y w y fill
 ) bitt]ness & sorr[ ^! fleet+ ye>s :i* 
c no m return to !m ?an to y8  ,d y "k1 
y fa!rs1 ! mom5t :5 dea? awaits y\r     
*ildr58  ,d n /ore up = y\rselves       
remorse1 by tak+ f !m ! brief mom5ts    
nature has giv5 !m4 ,z soon z !y c      
appreciate ! delights ( exi/5ce1 let !m 
enjoy x4  ,at :atev] h\r ,god may call  
!m1 let !m n die )\t hav+ ta/$ life at  
all4  ,y answ]1 ,x is ! "t to correct ! 
evil t5d5cies ( ! human he>t4  ,9       
*ildhood1 :5 suff]+s are less ke5ly     
felt1 !y ought to be multipli$1 s t few]
 ( !m w h to be enc\nt]$ dur+ ! age (   
reason4  ,b :o has told y t x is y\r    
prov9ce to make ?is arrangem5t1 & t all 
^! f9e in/ructions1 ) :i* y burd5 ! t5d]
 m9d ( a *ild1 w n "o day be m p]nici\s 

?an useful to him8  ,:o assures y t y   
sp>e him any?+ :5 y deal him afflictions
 ) s lavi% a h&8  ,:y d y cause him m   
unhapp9ess ?an he c be>1 :5 y are n sure
 t ! future w comp5sate him = ^! pres5t 
evils8  ,& h[ c y prove t ! evil        
t5d5cies ( :i* y pret5d to cure him w n 
arise f y\r mi/ak5 c>e r ?an f nature   
itself6  ,unhappy =esight1 :i* r5d]s a  
creature actually mis]able1 9 ! hope1   
well or ill f\nd$1 ( "o day mak+ him    
happy6  ,if ^! vulg> reason]s conf\nd   
lic5se ) lib]ty1 & mi/ake a spoil$ *ild 
= a *ild :o is made happy1 let u tea* !m
 to di/+ui% ! two4  ,to avoid be+ misl$1
 let u rememb] :at really accords ) our 
pres5t abilities4  ,humanity has its    
place 9 ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s2 *ildhood has
 its place 9 ! ord] ( human life4       
,mank9d mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! individual  
man1 & *ildhood 9 ! individual *ild4    
,to assign ea* 8 place1 & to e/abli% him
 9 x--to direct human passions z human  
nature w p]mit--is all we c d = 8       
welf>e4  ,! re/ dep5ds on outside       

influ5ces n "u our control4   ,nei!r    
,slaves nor ,tyrants4  ,he alone has 8  
own way :o1 to compass x1 does n ne$ !  
arm ( ano!r to l5g!n 8 own4             
,consequ5tly fre$om1 & n au?ority1 is ! 
greate/ good4  ,a man :o desires only   
:at he c d = himself is really free to d
 :atev] he pleases4  ,f ?is axiom1 if x 
be appli$ to ! case ( *ildhood1 all !   
rules ( education w foll[4  ,a wise man 
und]/&s h[ to rema9 9 8 own place2 b a  
*ild1 :o does n "k 81 _c pres]ve x4  ,z 
matt]s /&1 !re are a ?\s& ways ( leav+  
x4  ,^? :o gov]n him are to keep him 9  
x1 & ?is is n an easy task4  ,he ought  
to be nei!r an animal nor a man1 b a    
*ild4  ,he %\ld feel 8 weakness1 & yet n
 suff] f x4  ,he %\ld dep5d1 n obey2 he 
%\ld dem&1 n comm&4 ,he is subject to   
o!rs only by reason ( 8 ne$s1 & because 
o!rs see bett] ?an he :at is useful to  
him1 :at w contribute to 8 well-be+ or w
 impair x4  ,no "o1 n ev5 8 fa!r1 has a 
"r to comm& a *ild to d :at is ( no use 
to him :atev]4  ,accu/om ! *ild to dep5d

 only on circum/ances1 & z 8 education  
goes on1 y w foll[ ! ord] ( nature4     
,nev] oppose to 8 imprud5t wi%es any?+ b
 physical ob/acles1 or puni%m5ts :i*    
arise f ! actions !mselves1 & :i* he w  
rememb] :5 ! occasion comes4  ,x is     
en\gh to prev5t 8 do+ h>m1 )\t =bidd+ x4
  ,) him only exp]i5ce1 or want ( p[]1  
%\ld take ! place ( law4  ,d n give him 
any?+ because he asks = x1 b because he 
ne$s x4  ,:5 he acts1 d n let him "k t x
 is f ob$i5ce2 & :5 ano!r acts = him1   
let him n feel t he is ex]cis+ au?ority4
  ,let him feel 8 lib]ty z mu* 9 y\r    
actions z 9 8 own4  ,add to ! p[] he    
lacks exactly en\gh to make him free & n
 imp]i\s1 s t1 accept+ y\r aid ) a k9d (
 humiliation1 he may aspire to ! mom5t  
:5 he c disp5se ) x1 & h ! honor ( s]v+ 
himself4  ,= /r5g!n+ ! body & promot+   
its gr[?1 nature has means :i* ought    
nev] to be ?w>t$4  ,a *ild ought n to be
 con/ra9$ to /ay any:]e :5 he wi%es to g
 away1 or to g away :5 he wi%es to /ay4 
,:5 _! w is n spoil$ by our own fault1  

*ildr5 d n wi% = any?+ )\t good reason4 
,!y ought to leap1 to run1 to %\t1 :5ev]
 !y w4  ,all _! movem5ts are necessities
 ( nature1 :i* is endeavor+ to /r5g!n   
itself4  ,b we mu/ take he$ ( ^? wi%es  
!y _c !mselves accompli%1 b mu/ fulfil  
by ! h& ( ano!r4  ,!re=e c>e %\ld be    
tak5 to di/+ui% ! real wants1 ! wants ( 
nature1 f ^? :i* arise f fancy or f !   
r$undant life j m5tion$4  ,i h already  
sugge/$ :at %\ld be done :5 a *ild cries
 = any?+4  ,i w only add t1 z soon z he 
c ask 9 words = :at he wants1 &1 to     
obta9 x soon]1 or to ov]come a refusal1 
re9=ces 8 reque/ by cry+1 x %\ld nev] be
 grant$ him4  ,if necessity has made him
 speak1 y ought to "k x1 & at once to   
grant :at he dem&s4  ,b yield+ to 8 te>s
 is enc\rag+ him to %$ !m3 x tea*es him 
to d\bt y\r good w1 & to believe t      
importunity has m influ5ce ov] y ?an y\r
 own k9dness ( he>t has4  ,if he does n 
believe y good1 he w soon be bad2 if he 
believes y weak1 he w soon be /ubborn4  
,x is ( great importance t y at once    

cons5t to :at y d n int5d to refuse him4
  ,d n refuse (t51 b nev] revoke a      
refusal4  ,above all ?+s1 bew>e ( tea*+ 
! *ild empty =mulas ( polit5ess :i* %all
 s]ve him in/ead ( magic words to       
subject to 8 own wi%es all :o surr\nd   
him1 & to obta9 in/antly :at he likes4  
,9 ! artificial education ( ! ri* !y are
 infallibly made politely imp]i\s1 by   
hav+ prescrib$ to !m :at t]ms to use s t
 no "o %all d>e resi/ !m4  ,su* *ildr5 h
 nei!r ! tones nor ! spee* ( suppliants2
 !y are z arrogant :5 !y reque/ z :5 !y 
comm&1 & ev5 m s1 = 9 ! =m] case !y are 
m sure ( be+ obey$4  ,f ! fir/ x is     
readily se5 t1 com+ f !m1 ,if y please  
means ,x pleases me2 & t ,i beg         
signifies ,i ord] y4  ,s+ul> polit5ess  
?is1 by :i* !y only *ange ! mean+ (     
words1 & s nev] speak b ) au?ority6  ,= 
myself1 ,i dread f> less mile's be+ rude
 ?an 8 be+ arrogant4  ,i w\ld r h him   
say ,d ?is z if reque/+ ?an ,i beg y z  
if comm&+4  ,i atta* f> less importance 
to ! t]m he uses ?an to ! mean+ he      

associates ) x4  ,ov]-/rictness &       
ov]-indulg5ce are equally to be avoid$4 
,if y let *ildr5 suff]1 y endang] _!    
heal? & _! life2 y make !m actually     
wret*$4  ,if y c>efully sp>e !m e k9d ( 
annoyance1 y are /or+ up = !m mu*       
unhapp9ess2 y are mak+ !m delicate &    
s5sitive to pa92 y are remov+ !m f !    
common lot ( man1 into :i*1 9 spite (   
all y\r c>e1 !y w "o day return4  ,to   
save !m "s natural discom=ts1 y contrive
 = !m o!rs :i* nature has n inflict$4   
,y w *>ge me ) fall+ into ! mi/ake ( ^? 
fa!rs ,i h reproa*$ = sacrific+ _!      
*ildr5's happ9ess to consid]ations ( a  
f>-away future t may nev] be4  ,n s2 = !
 fre$om ,i give my pupil w amply supply 
him ) ! slight discom=ts to :i* ,i leave
 him expos$4  ,i see ! little rogues    
play+ 9 ! sn[1 blue ) cold1 & sc>cely   
able to move _! f+]s4  ,!y h only to g &
 w>m !mselves1 b !y d no?+ ( ! k9d4  ,if
 !y are compell$ to d s1 !y feel !      
con/ra9t a hundr$ times m ?an !y d !    
cold4  ,:y !n d y compla98 ,%all ,i make

 y\r *ild unhappy if ,i expose him only 
to ^? inconv5i5ces he is p]fectly will+ 
to endure8  ,by leav+ him at lib]ty1 ,i 
d him s]vice n[2 by arm+ him aga9/ !    
ills he mu/ enc\nt]1 ,i d him s]vice = !
 "t to come4  ,if he c\ld *oose betwe5  
be+ my pupil or y\rs1 d y ?9k he w\ld   
hesitate a mom5t8  ,c we conceive ( any 
creature's be+ truly happy outside ( :at
 belongs to its own peculi> nature8  ,& 
if we w\ld h a man exempt f all human   
mis=tunes1 w\ld x n e/range him f       
humanity8 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld2 = we are s 
con/itut$ t to appreciate great good    
=tune we mu/ be acqua9t$ ) slight       
mis=tunes4  ,if ! body be too mu* at    
ease ! moral nature becomes corrupt$4   
,! man unacqua9t$ ) suff]+ w\ld n "k !  
t5d] feel+s ( humanity or ! sweetness ( 
compassion2 he w\ld n be a social be+2  
he w\ld be a mon/] among 8 k9d4  ,!     
sure/ way to make a *ild unhappy is to  
accu/om him to obta9 ev]y?+ he wants to 
h4  ,=1 s9ce 8 wi%es multiply 9         
proportion to ! ease ) :i* !y are       

gratifi$1 y\r inability to fulfil !m w  
soon] or lat] oblige y to refuse 9 spite
 ( y\rself1 & ?is unwont$ refusal w pa9 
him m ?an )hold+ f him :at he dem&s4    
,at fir/ he w want ! cane y hold2 soon  
he w want y\r wat*2 aft]w>d he w want ! 
bird he sees fly+1 or ! /> he sees %9+4 
,he w want ev]y?+ he sees1 & )\t be+    
,god himself h[ c y cont5t him8  ,man is
 naturally dispos$ to reg>d z 8 own     
:atev] is )9 8 p[]4  ,9 ?is s5se !      
pr9ciple ( ,hobbes is correct up to a   
c]ta9 po9t2 multiply ) our desires !    
means ( satisfy+ !m1 & ea* ( u w make   
himself ma/] ( ev]y?+4  ,h5ce ! *ild :o 
has only to wi% 9 ord] to obta9 8 wi%1  
?9ks himself ! own] ( ! univ]se4  ,he   
reg>ds all m5 z 8 slaves1 & :5 at la/ he
 mu/ be d5i$ some?+1 he1 believ+ ev]y?+ 
possible :5 he comm&s x1 takes refusal =
 an act ( rebellion4  ,at 8 age1        
incapable ( reason+1 all reasons giv5   
seem to him only pretexts4  ,he sees    
ill-w 9 ev]y?+2 ! feel+ ( imag9$        
inju/ice embitt]s 8 temp]2 he beg9s to  

hate ev]ybody1 & )\t ev] be+ ?ankful =  
k9dness1 is angry at any opposition     
:atev]4  ,:o supposes t a *ild ?us rul$ 
by ang]1 a prey to furi\s passions1 c   
ev] be happy8  ,he happy8  ,he is a     
tyrant2 t is1 ! vile/ ( slaves1 & at !  
same "t ! mo/ mis]able ( be+s4  ,i h se5
 *ildr5 ?us re>$ :o want$ ^? ab\t !m to 
pu% ! h\se d[n1 to give !m ! wea!rcock  
!y saw on a /eeple1 to /op ! m>* ( a    
regim5t s t !y c\ld enjoy ! drum-beat a 
little long]2 & z soon z ob$i5ce to ^!  
dem&s 0 delay$ !y r5t ! air ) _!        
screams1 & w\ld li/5 to no "o4  ,9 va9  
ev]ybody tri$ eag]ly to gratify !m4  ,! 
ease ) :i* !y f\nd _! wi%es obey$       
/imulat$ !m to desire m1 & to be /ubborn
 ab\t impossibilities4  ,ev]y:]e !y f\nd
 only contradictions1 imp$im5ts1 suff]+1
 & sorr[4  ,always compla9+1 always     
refractory1 always angry1 !y sp5t ! "t 9
 cry+ & frett+2 7 ^! creatures happy8   
,au?ority & weakness conjo9$ produce    
only madness & wret*$ness4  ,"o ( two   
spoil$ *ildr5 beats ! table1 & ! o!r has

 ! sea la%$4#c ,!y w h mu* to beat & to 
la% be=e !y are satisfi$ ) life4  ,if ^!
 ideas ( au?ority & ( tyranny make !m   
unhappy f _! v *ildhood1 h[ w x be ) !m 
:5 !y are gr[n1 & :5 _! relations ) o!rs
 beg9 to be ext5d$ & multipli$8         
,accu/om$ to see+ ev]y?+ give way be=e  
!m1 h[ surpris$ !y w be on ent]+ ! _w to
 f9d !mselves cru%$ b5ea? ! weight ( t  
univ]se !y h expect$ to move at _! own  
pleasure6  ,_! insol5t airs & *ildi%    
vanity w only br+ ^u !m mortification1  
contempt1 & ridicule2 !y mu/ swall[     
affront aft] affront2 cruel trials w    
tea* !m t !y und]/& nei!r _! own        
position nor _! own /r5g?4  ,unable to d
 ev]y?+1 !y w ?9k !mselves unable to d  
any?+4  ,s _m unusual ob/acles di%e>t5  
!m1 s mu* contempt degrades !m4 ,!y     
become base1 c[>dly1 cr++1 & s9k z f>   
bel[ _! real self z !y _h imag9$        
!mselves above x4  ,let u return to !   
orig9al ord] ( ?+s4  ,nature has made   
*ildr5 to be lov$ & help$2 has %e made  
!m to be obey$ & fe>$8  ,has %e giv5 !m 

an impos+ air1 a /]n eye1 a h>% &       
?reat5+ voice1 s t !y may inspire fe>8  
,i c und]/& :y ! ro> ( a lion fills o!r 
creatures ) dread1 & :y !y tremble at   
sight ( 8 t]rible c\nt5ance4  ,b if ev] 
!re 7 an unbecom+1 hateful1 ridicul\s   
spectacle1 x is t ( a body ( magi/rates 
9 _! robes ( c]emony1 & head$ by _!     
*ief1 pro/rate be=e an infant 9 long    
clo!s1 :o to _! pomp\s h>angue replies  
only by screams or by *ildi% drivel6#d  
,consid]+ infancy 9 itself1 is !re a    
creature on e>? m helpless1 m unhappy1 m
 at ! m]cy ( ev]y?+ ar\nd him1 m 9 ne$ (
 compassion1 ( c>e1 ( protection1 ?an a 
*ild8  ,does x n seem z if 8 sweet face 
& t\*+ aspect 7 int5d$ to int]e/ e "o :o
 comes ne> him1 & to urge !m to assi/ 8 
weakness8  ,:at !n is m outrage\s1 m    
contr>y to ! fitness ( ?+s1 ?an to see  
an imp]i\s & head/rong *ild ord]+ ab\t  
^? ar\nd him1 impud5tly tak+ ! tone ( a 
ma/] t[>d ^? :o1 to de/roy him1 ne$ only
 leave him to himself6  ,on ! o!r h&1 :o
 does n see t s9ce ! weakness ( infancy 

fett]s *ildr5 9 s _m ways1 we are b>b>\s
 if we add to ?is natural subjection a  
bondage to our own caprices by tak+ f !m
 ! limit$ fre$om !y h1 a fre$om !y are s
 little able to misuse1 & f ! loss ( :i*
 we & !y h s little to ga98 ,z no?+ is m
 ridicul\s ?an a haughty *ild1 s no?+ is
 m pitiable ?an a c[>dly *ild4  ,s9ce ) 
ye>s ( reason civil bondage#e beg9s1 :y 
anticipate x by slav]y at home8  ,let u 
leave "o mom5t ( life exempt f a yoke   
nature has n laid ^u u1 & all[ *ildhood 
! ex]cise ( t natural lib]ty :i* keeps x
 safe1 at lea/ = a "t1 f ! vices taught 
by slav]y4  ,let ! ov]-/rict tea*] & !  
ov]-indulg5t p>5t bo? come ) _! empty   
cavils1 & be=e !y boa/ ( _! own me?ods  
let !m le>n ! me?od ( ,nature h]self4   
,reason+ %\ld n beg9 too soon4  ,locke's
 great maxim 0 t we ought to reason )   
*ildr51 & j n[ ?is maxim is mu* 9       
fa%ion4  ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t its success   
does n w>rant its reputation1 & ,i f9d  
no?+ m /upid ?an *ildr5 :o h be5 s mu*  
reason$ )4  ,reason1 app>5tly a comp\nd 

( all o!r faculties1 ! "o late/         
develop$1 & ) mo/ difficulty1 is ! "o   
propos$ z ag5t 9 unfold+ ! faculties    
e>lie/ us$6  ,! noble/ "w ( education is
 to make a reason+ man1 & we expect to  
tra9 a "y *ild by mak+ him reason6  ,?is
 is beg9n+ at ! end2 ?is is mak+ an     
in/rum5t ( a result4  ,if *ildr5        
und]/ood h[ to reason !y w\ld n ne$ to  
be educat$4  ,b by address+ !m f _!     
t5d]e/ ye>s 9 a language !y _c und]/&1 y
 accu/om !m to be satisfi$ ) words1 to  
f9d fault ) :atev] is said to !m1 to ?9k
 !mselves z wise z _! tea*]s1 to wrangle
 & rebel4  ,& :at we mean !y %all d f   
reasonable motives we are =c$ to obta9 f
 !m by add+ ! motive ( av>ice1 or ( fe>1
 or ( vanity4  ,nature int5ds t *ildr5  
%all be *ildr5 be=e !y are m54  ,if we  
insi/ on rev]s+ ?is ord] we %all h fruit
 e>ly inde$1 b unripe & ta/eless1 &     
liable to e>ly decay2 we %all h "y      
savants & old *ildr54  ,*ildhood has its
 own me?ods ( see+1 ?9k+1 & feel+4      
,no?+ %[s less s5se ?an to try to       

sub/itute our own me?ods = ^!4  ,i w\ld 
r require a *ild t5 ye>s old to be five 
feet tall ?an to be judici\s4  ,inde$1  
:at use w\ld he h at t age = ! p[] to   
reason8  ,x is a *eck ^u physical /r5g?1
 & ! *ild ne$s none4  ,9 attempt+ to    
p]suade y\r pupils to ob$i5ce y add to  
?is alleg$ p]suasion =ce & ?reats1 or   
worse /ill1 flatt]y & promises4  ,b\ght 
ov] 9 ?is way by int]e/1 or con/ra9$ by 
=ce1 !y pret5d to be conv9c$ by reason4 
,!y see pla9ly t z soon z y discov]     
ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce 9 _! conduct1 !   
=m] is an advantage & ! latt] a         
disadvantage to !m4  ,b y ask ( !m only 
:at is di/a/eful to !m2 x is always     
irksome to c>ry out ! wi%es ( ano!r1 s  
by /eal? !y c>ry out _! own4  ,!y are   
sure t if _! disob$i5ce is n kn[n !y are
 do+ well2 b !y are ready1 = fe> (      
great] evils1 to ackn[l$ge1 if f\nd out1
 t !y are do+ wrong4  ,z ! reason = !   
duty requir$ is beyond _! capacity1 no  
"o c make !m really und]/& x4  ,b ! fe> 
( puni%m5t1 ! hope ( =giv5ess1 y\r      

importunity1 _! difficulty 9 answ]+ y1  
extort f !m ! confession requir$ ( !m4  
,y ?9k y h conv9c$ !m1 :5 y h only we>i$
 !m out or intimidat$ !m4  ,:at results 
f ?is8  ,fir/ ( all t1 by impos+ ^u !m a
 duty !y d n feel z su*1 y set !m aga9/ 
y\r tyranny1 & dissuade !m f lov+ y2 y  
tea* !m to be dissembl]s1 deceitful1    
willfully untrue1 = ! sake ( extort+    
rew>ds or ( escap+ puni%m5ts4  ,f9ally1 
by habituat+ !m to cov] a secret motive 
by an app>5t motive1 y give !m ! means (
 con/antly mislead+ y1 ( conceal+ _!    
true "* f y1 & ( satisfy+ y\rself & o!rs
 ) empty words :5 _! occasion dem&s4  ,y
 may say t ! law1 al?\gh b9d+ on !      
consci5ce1 uses con/ra9t 9 deal+ ) gr[n 
m54  ,i grant x2 b :at are ^! m5 b      
*ildr5 spoil$ by _! education8  ,?is is 
precisely :at ought to be prev5t$4  ,)  
*ildr5 use =ce1 ) m5 reason2 su* is !   
natural ord] ( ?+s4  ,! wise man        
requires no laws4   ,well-,regulat$     
,lib]ty4  ,treat y\r pupil z 8 age      
dem&s4  ,f ! fir/1 assign him to 8 true 

place1 & keep him !re s effectually t he
 w n try to leave x4  ,!n1 )\t kn[+ :at 
wisdom is1 he w practise its mo/        
important lesson4  ,nev]1 absolutely    
nev]1 comm& him to d a ?+1 :atev] x may 
be4#f  ,d n let him ev5 imag9e t y claim
 any au?ority ov] him4  ,let him "k only
 t he is weak & y are /rong3 t f 8      
condition & y\rs he is necess>ily at y\r
 m]cy4  ,let him "k ?is--le>n x & feel  
x4  ,let him e>ly "k t ^u 8 haughty neck
 is ! /]n yoke nature imposes ^u man1 ! 
heavy yoke ( necessity1 "u :i* e f9ite  
be+ mu/ toil4  ,let him discov] ?is     
necessity 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 nev] 9 human
 caprice4  ,let ! re9 t holds him back  
be p[]1 n au?ority4  ,d n =bid1 b       
prev5t1 8 do+ :at he ought n2 & 9 ?us   
prev5t+ him use no explanations1 give no
 reasons4  ,:at y grant him1 grant at ! 
fir/ ask+ )\t any urg+1 any entreaty f  
him1 & above all )\t conditions4        
,cons5t ) pleasure & refuse unwill+ly1 b
 let e refusal be irrevocable4  ,let no 
importunity move y4  ,let ! ,no once    

utt]$ be a wall ( brass aga9/ :i* ! *ild
 w h to exhau/ 8 /r5g? only five or six 
times be=e he ceases try+ to ov]turn x4 
,9 ?is way y w make him pati5t1         
ev5-temp]$1 resign$1 g5tle1 ev5 :5 he   
has n :at he wants4  ,= x is 9 our      
nature to endure pati5tly ! decrees (   
fate1 b n ! ill-w ( o!rs4  ,!re is no m1
 is an answ] aga9/ :i* no *ild ev]      
rebell$ unless he believ$ x untrue4     
,besides1 !re is no o!r way2 ei!r no?+  
at all is to be requir$ ( him1 or he mu/
 f ! fir/ be accu/om$ to p]fect ob$i5ce4
  ,! wor/ tra9+ ( all is to leave him   
wav]+ betwe5 8 own w & y\rs1 & to       
dispute incessantly ) him z to :i* %all 
be ma/]4  ,i %\ld a hundr$ times pref] 8
 be+ ma/] 9 e case4  ,x is m>vell\s t 9 
und]tak+ to educate a *ild no o!r means 
( guid+ him %\ld h be5 devis$ ?an       
emulation1 jeal\sy1 envy1 vanity1 gre$1 
vile fe>1--all ( !m passions mo/        
dang]\s1 readie/ to f]m5t1 fitte/ to    
corrupt a s\l1 ev5 be=e ! body is       
full-gr[n4  ,= ea* in/ruction too e>ly  

put into a *ild's head1 a vice is deeply
 implant$ 9 8 he>t4  ,fooli% tea*]s ?9k 
!y are do+ wond]s :5 !y make a *ild     
wick$1 9 ord] to tea* him :at goodness  
is2 & !n !y gravely tell u1 ,su* is man4
  ,yes2 su* is ! man y h made4  ,all    
means h be5 tri$ save "o1 & t ! v "o :i*
 insures success1 namely1 well-regulat$ 
fre$om4  ,we ought n to und]take a      
*ild's education unless we "k h[ to lead
 him :]ev] we please solely by ! laws ( 
! possible & ! impossible4  ,! sph]e (  
bo? be+ alike unkn[n to him1 we may     
ext5d or contract x ar\nd him z we w4   
,we may b9d him d[n1 incite him to      
action1 re/ra9 him by ! lea% ( necessity
 alone1 & he w n murmur4  ,we may r5d]  
him pliant & tea*able by ! =ce (        
circum/ances alone1 )\t giv+ any vice an
 opportunity to take root )9 him4  ,= ! 
passions nev] awake to life1 s long z !y
 are ( no avail4  ,d n give y\r pupil   
any sort ( lesson v]bally3 he ought to  
receive none except f exp]i5ce4         
,inflict ^u him no k9d ( puni%m5t1 = he 

does n "k :at be+ 9 fault means2 nev]   
oblige him to ask p>don1 = he does n "k 
:at x is to (f5d y4  ,8 actions be+ )\t 
moral quality1 he c d no?+ :i* is       
morally bad1 or :i* des]ves ei!r        
puni%m5t or repro(4#g  ,already ,i see !
 />tl$ read] judg+ ( ?is *ild by ^?     
ar\nd u2 b he is mi/ak54  ,! p]petual   
con/ra9t "u :i* y keep y\r pupils       
increases _! livel9ess4  ,! m cramp$ !y 
are :ile "u y\r eye ! m unruly !y are ! 
mom5t !y escape x4  ,!y mu/1 9 fact1    
make !mselves am5ds = ! sev]e re/ra9t y 
put ^u !m4  ,two s*ool-boys f a city w d
 m mis*ief 9 a community ?an ! "y p ( a 
:ole village4  ,%ut up 9 ! same room a  
little g5tleman & a little peasant2 !   
=m] w h ev]y?+ upset & brok5 be=e !     
latt] has mov$ f 8 place4  ,:y is ?is8  
,because ! "o ha/5s to misuse a mom5t ( 
lib]ty1 & ! o!r1 always sure ( 8 fre$om1
 is nev] 9 a hurry to use x4  ,& yet !  
*ildr5 ( villag]s1 (t5 pett$ or ?w>t$1  
are /ill v f> f ! condition 9 :i* ,i    
%\ld wi% to keep !m4   ,proce$ ,sl[ly4  

,may ,i v5ture to /ate "h ! greate/1 !  
mo/ important1 ! mo/ useful rule 9 all  
education8  ,x is1 n to ga9 "t1 b to    
lose x4 ,=give ! p>adox1 ,o my ord9>y   
read]6  ,x mu/ be utt]$ by any "o :o    
reflects1 & :atev] y may say1 ,i pref]  
p>adoxes to prejudices4  ,! mo/ p]il\s  
int]val ( human life is t betwe5 bir? & 
! age ( twelve ye>s4  ,at t "t errors & 
vices take root )\t our hav+ any means (
 de/roy+ !m2 & :5 ! in/rum5t is f\nd1 ! 
"t = uproot+ !m is pa/4  ,if *ildr5 c\ld
 spr+ at "o b\nd f ! "m's brea/ to ! age
 ( reason1 ! education giv5 !m n[-a-days
 w\ld be suitable2 b 9 ! due ord] (     
nature !y ne$ "o entirely diff]5t4  ,!y 
%\ld n use ! m9d at all1 until x has all
 its faculties4  ,= :ile x is bl9d x _c 
see ! tor* y pres5t to x2 nor c x foll[ 
on ! imm5se pla9 ( ideas a pa? :i*1 ev5 
= ! ke5e/ eyesight1 reason traces s     
fa9tly4  ,! e>lie/ education ought1 !n1 
to be purely negative4  ,x consi/s n 9  
tea*+ tru? or virtue1 b 9 %ield+ ! he>t 
f vice & ! m9d f error4  ,if y c\ld d   

no?+ at all1 & all[ no?+ to be done2 if 
y c\ld br+ up y\r pupil s\nd & robu/ to 
! age ( twelve ye>s1 )\t 8 kn[+ h[ to   
di/+ui% 8 "r h& f 8 left1 ! eyes ( 8    
und]/&+ w\ld f ! v fir/ op5 to reason4  
,)\t a prejudice or a habit1 !re w\ld be
 9 him no?+ to c\nt]act ! effect ( y\r  
c>e4  ,be=e long he w\ld become 9 y\r   
h&s ! wise/ ( m52 & beg9n+ by do+ no?+1 
y w\ld h accompli%$ a m>vel 9 education4
  ,rev]se ! common practice1 & y w ne>ly
 always d well4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s desir+  
to make ( a *ild n a *ild1 b a le>n$    
man1 h nev] begun e>ly en\gh to *ide1 to
 correct1 to reprim&1 to flatt]1 to     
promise1 to in/ruct1 to disc\rse reason 
to him4  ,d bett] ?an ?is3 be reasonable
 y\rself1 & d n argue ) y\r pupil1 lea/ 
( all1 to make him approve :at he       
dislikes4 ,= if y p]si/ 9 reason+ ab\t  
disagreeable ?+s1 y make reason+        
disagreeable to him1 & weak5 its        
influ5ce be=eh& 9 a m9d z yet unfitt$ to
 und]/& x4  ,keep 8 organs1 8 s5ses1 8  
physical /r5g?1 busy2 b1 z long z       

possible1 keep 8 m9d inactive4  ,gu>d   
aga9/ all s5sations aris+ 9 advance (   
judgm5t1 :i* e/imates _! true value4    
,keep back & *eck unfamili> impressions1
 & be 9 no ha/e to d good = ! sake (    
prev5t+ evil4  ,= ! good is n real      
unless enlight5$ by reason4  ,reg>d e   
delay z an advantage2 = mu* is ga9$ if !
 critical p]iod be approa*$ )\t los+    
any?+4  ,let *ildhood h its full gr[?4  
,if inde$ a lesson mu/ be giv51 avoid x 
to-day1 if y c )\t dang] delay x until  
to-morr[4  ,ano!r consid]ation :i*      
proves ?is me?od useful is ! peculi> b5t
 ( ! *ild's m9d4  ,?is ought to be well 
und]/ood if we w\ld "k :at moral        
gov]nm5t is be/ adapt$ to him4  ,ea* has
 8 own ca/ ( m9d1 9 accordance ) :i* he 
mu/ be direct$2 & if we w\ld succe$1 he 
mu/ be rul$ accord+ to ?is natural b5t &
 no o!r4  ,be judici\s3 wat* nature     
long1 & obs]ve y\r pupil c>efully be=e y
 say a ^w to him4  ,at fir/ leave ! g]m 
( 8 "* free to disclose itself4         
,repress x z little z possible1 s t y   

may ! bett] see all !re is ( x4  ,d y   
?9k ?is season ( free action w be "t lo/
 to him8  ,on ! contr>y1 x w be employ$ 
9 ! be/ way possible4  ,= by ?is means y
 w le>n n to lose a s+le mom5t :5 "t is 
m preci\s2 :]eas1 if y beg9 to act be=e 
y "k :at ought to be done1 y act at     
r&om4  ,liable to deceive y\rself1 y w h
 to retrace y\r /eps1 & w be f>!r f y\r 
object ?an if y _h be5 less 9 ha/e to   
rea* x4  ,d n !n act l a mis]1 :o1 9    
ord] to lose no?+1 loses a great deal4  
,at ! e>li] age sacrifice "t :i* y w    
recov] ) int]e/ lat] on4  ,! wise       
physician does n give directions at fir/
 sight ( 8 pati5t1 b /udies ! sick man's
 temp]am5t1 be=e prescrib+4  ,he beg9s  
late ) 8 treatm5t1 b cures ! man3 !     
ov]-ha/y physician kills him4  ,rememb] 
t1 be=e y v5ture und]tak+ to =m a man1 y
 mu/ h made y\rself a man2 y mu/ f9d 9  
y\rself ! example y ought to (f] him4   
,:ile ! *ild is yet )\t k !re is "t to  
prep>e ev]y?+ ab\t him s t 8 fir/ glance
 %all discov] only :at he ought to see4 

,make ev]ybody respect y2 beg9 by mak+  
y\rself belov$1 s t ev]ybody w try to   
please y4 ,y w n be ! *ild's ma/] unless
 y are ma/] ( ev]y?+ ar\nd him1 & ?is   
au?ority w n suffice unless f\nd$ on    
e/eem = virtue4  ,!re is no use 9       
exhau/+ y\r purse by lavi%+ money3 ,i h 
nev] obs]v$ t money made any "o belov$4 
,y mu/ n be mis]ly or unfeel+1 or lam5t 
! di/ress y c relieve2 b y w op5 y\r    
c(f]s 9 va9 if y d n op5 y\r he>t2 !    
he>ts ( o!rs w be =ev] clos$ to y4  ,y  
mu/ give y\r "t1 y\r c>e1 y\r affection1
 y\rself4  ,= :atev] y may d1 y\r money 
c]ta9ly is n y\rself4  ,tok5s ( int]e/ &
 ( k9dness g f>!r & are ( m use ?an any 
gifts :atev]4  ,h[ _m unhappy p]sons1 h[
 _m suff]]s1 ne$ consolation f> m ?an   
alms6  ,h[ _m :o are oppress$ are aid$ r
 by protection ?an by money6  ,reconcile
 ^? :o are at v>iance2 prev5t lawsuits2 
p]suade *ildr5 to filial duty & p>5ts to
 g5tl5ess4  ,enc\rage happy m>riages2   
h9d] di/urbances2 use freely ! int]e/ ( 
y\r pupil's family on behalf ( ! weak :o

 are d5i$ ju/ice & oppress$ by ! p[]ful4
  ,boldly decl>e y\rself ! *ampion ( !  
un=tunate4 ,be j1 humane1 b5efic5t4  ,be
 n cont5t ) giv+ alms2 be *>itable4     
,k9dness relieves m di/ress ?an money c 
rea*4 ,love o!rs1 & !y w love y2 s]ve   
!m1 & !y w s]ve y2 be _! bro!r1 & !y w  
be y\r *ildr54  ,blame o!rs no long] = !
 mis*ief y y\rself are do+4 ,*ildr5 are 
less corrupt$ by ! h>m !y see ?an by t y
 tea* !m4  ,always prea*+1 always       
moraliz+1 always act+ ! p$ant1 y give !m
 tw5ty wor?less ideas :5 y ?9k y are    
giv+ !m "o good "o4  ,full ( :at is     
pass+ 9 y\r own m9d1 y d n see ! effect 
y are produc+ ^u !irs4  ,9 ! prolong$   
torr5t ( words ) :i* y incessantly we>y 
!m1 d y ?9k !re are none !y may         
misund]/&8  ,d y imag9e t !y w n comm5t 
9 _! own way ^u y\r wordy explanations1 
& f9d 9 !m a sy/em adapt$ to _! own     
capacity1 :i*1 if ne$ be1 !y c use aga9/
 y8  ,li/5 to a little fell[ :o has j   
be5 "u in/ruction4  ,let him prattle1   
"q1 blund]1 j z he pleases1 & y w be    

surpris$ at ! turn y\r reason+s h tak5 9
 8 m9d4  ,he conf\nds "o ?+ ) ano!r2 he 
rev]ses ev]y?+2 he tires y1 sometimes   
worries y1 by unexpect$ objections4  ,he
 =ces y to hold y\r peace1 or to make   
him hold 84  ,& :at mu/ he ?9k ( ?is    
sil5ce1 9 "o s fond ( talk+8  ,if ev] he
 w9s ?is advantage & kn[s ! fact1       
f>ewell to 8 education4  ,he w no long] 
try to le>n1 b to refute :at y say4  ,be
 pla91 discreet1 retic5t1 y :o are      
zeal\s tea*]s4  ,be 9 no ha/e to act1   
except to prev5t o!rs f act+4  ,aga9 &  
aga9 ,i say1 po/pone ev5 a good lesson  
if y c1 = fe> ( convey+ a bad "o4  ,on  
?is e>?1 meant by nature to be man's    
fir/ p>adise1 bew>e le/ y act ! tempt]  
by giv+ to innoc5ce ! k ( good & evil4  
,s9ce y _c prev5t ! *ild's le>n+ f      
outside examples1 re/rict y\r c>e to !  
task ( impress+ ^! examples on 8 m9d 9  
suitable =ms4  ,viol5t passions make a  
/rik+ impression on ! *ild :o notices   
!m1 because _! manife/ations are        
well-def9$1 & =cibly attract 8 att5tion4

  ,ang] especially has su* /ormy        
indications t its approa* is            
unmi/akable4  ,d n ask1 ,is n ?is a f9e 
opportunity = ! p$agogue's moral        
disc\rse8  ,sp>e ! disc\rse3 say n a ^w3
 let ! *ild alone4  ,amaz$ at :at he    
sees1 he w n fail to "q y4  ,x w n be   
h>d to answ] him1 on acc\nt ( ! v ?+s t 
/rike 8 s5ses4  ,he sees an inflam$     
c\nt5ance1 fla%+ eyes1 ?reat5+ ge/ures1 
he he>s unusually excit$ tones ( voice2 
all sure signs t ! body is n 9 its usual
 condition4  ,say to him calmly1        
unaffect$ly1 )\t any my/]y1 ,?is poor   
man is sick2 he has a high fev]4  ,y may
 take ?is occasion to give him1 9 few   
words1 an idea ( maladies & ( _!        
effects2 = ^!1 be+ natural1 are trammels
 ( t necessity to :i* he has to feel    
himself subject4  ,f ?is1 ! true idea1 w
 he n e>ly feel repugnance at giv+ way  
to excessive passion1 :i* he reg>ds z a 
disease8  ,& d y n ?9k t su* an idea1   
giv5 at ! appropriate "t1 w h z good an 
effect z ! mo/ tiresome s]mon on morals8

  ,note also ! future consequ5ces ( ?is 
idea2 x w au?orize y1 if ev] necessity  
arises1 to treat a rebelli\s *ild z a   
sick *ild1 to conf9e him to 8 room1 &   
ev5 to 8 b$1 to make him und]go a c\rse 
( m$ical treatm5t2 to make 8 gr[+ vices 
al>m+ & hateful to himself4  ,he _c     
consid] z a puni%m5t ! sev]ity y are =c$
 to use 9 cur+ him4  ,s t if y y\rself1 
9 "s ha/y mom5t1 are p]haps /irr$ out ( 
! coolness & mod]ation x %\ld be y\r    
/udy to pres]ve1 d n try to disguise y\r
 fault1 b say to him frankly1 9 t5d]    
reproa*1 ,my boy1 y h hurt me4  ,i d n  
int5d to ent] fully into details1 b to  
lay d[n "s g5]al maxims & to illu/rate  
difficult cases4  ,i believe x          
impossible1 9 ! v he>t ( social         
surr\nd+s1 to educate a *ild up to ! age
 ( twelve ye>s1 )\t giv+ him "s ideas ( 
! relations ( man to man1 & ( morality 9
 human actions4  ,x w suffice if we put 
(f z long z possible ! necessity = ^!   
ideas1 & :5 !y mu/ be giv51 limit !m to 
su* z are imm$iately applicable4  ,we   

mu/ d ?is only le/ he consid] himself   
ma/] ( ev]y?+1 & s injure o!rs )\t      
scruple1 because unkn[+ly4  ,!re are    
g5tle1 quiet *>act]s :o1 9 _! e>ly      
innoc5ce1 may be l$ a long way )\t dang]
 ( ?is k9d4  ,b o!rs1 naturally viol5t1 
^: wildness is precoci\s1 mu/ be tra9$  
into m5 z e>ly z may be1 t y may n be   
oblig$ to fett] !m outright4   ,! ,idea 
( ,prop]ty4  ,our fir/ duties are to    
ourselves2 our fir/ feel+s are          
conc5trat$ ^u ourselves2 our fir/       
natural movem5ts h ref]5ce to our own   
pres]vation & well-be+4  ,?us our fir/  
idea ( ju/ice is n z due f u1 b to u4   
,"o error 9 ! education ( to-day is1 t  
by speak+ to *ildr5 fir/ ( _! duties &  
nev] ( _! rights1 we comm5ce at ! wrong 
end1 & tell !m ( :at !y _c und]/&1 & :at
 _c int]e/ !m4  ,if !re=e ,i _h to tea* 
"o ( ^! ,i h m5tion$1 ,i %\ld reflect t 
a *ild nev] attacks p]sons1 b ?+s2 he   
soon le>ns f exp]i5ce to respect 8      
sup]iors 9 age & /r5g?4  ,b ?+s d n     
def5d !mselves4  ,! fir/ idea to be giv5

 him1 !re=e1 is r t ( prop]ty ?an t (   
lib]ty2 & 9 ord] to und]/& ?is idea he  
mu/ h some?+ ( 8 own4  ,to speak to him 
( 8 clo!s1 8 furniture1 8 play?+s1 is to
 tell him no?+ at all2 = ?\gh he makes  
use ( ^! ?+s1 he kn[s nei!r h[ nor :y he
 has !m4  ,to tell him !y are 8 because 
!y h be5 giv5 to him is n mu* bett]1 = 9
 ord] to give1 we mu/ h4  ,?is is an    
own]%ip dat+ f>!r back ?an 8 own1 & we  
wi% him to und]/& ! pr9ciple ( own]%ip  
itself4  ,besides1 a gift is a          
conv5tional ?+1 & ! *ild _c z yet und]/&
 :at a conv5tional ?+ is4  ,y :o read   
?is1 obs]ve h[ 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 a     
hundr$ ?\s& o!rs1 a *ild's head is      
cramm$ ) words :i* f ! />t h no mean+ to
 him1 b :i* we imag9e we h taught him4  
,we mu/ g back1 !n1 to ! orig9 (        
own]%ip1 = !nce our fir/ ideas ( x %\ld 
arise4  ,! *ild liv+ 9 ! c\ntry w h ga9$
 "s notion ( :at field labor is1 hav+   
ne$$ only to use 8 eyes & 8 abundant    
leisure4  ,e age 9 life1 & especially 8 
own1 desires to create1 to imitate1 to  

produce1 to manife/ p[] & activity4     
,only twice w x be necess>y = him to see
 a g>d5 cultivat$1 se$ s[n1 plants re>$1
 beans spr\t+1 be=e he w desire to "w 9 
a g>d5 himself4  ,9 accordance )        
pr9ciples already laid d[n ,i d n at all
 oppose ?is desire1 b enc\rage x4  ,i   
%>e 8 ta/e2 ,i "w ) him1 n = 8 pleasure1
 b = my own3 at lea/ he ?9ks s4  ,i     
become 8 assi/ant g>d5]2 until 8 arms   
are /rong en\gh ,i "w ! gr\nd = him4    
,by plant+ a bean 9 x1 he takes         
possession ( x2 & surely ?is possession 
is m sacr$ & m to be respect$ ?an t     
assum$ by ,nuez de ,balboa ( ,s\?       
,am]ica 9 ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,spa91 by plant+
 8 /&>d on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 
,he comes e day to wat] ! beans1 &      
rejoices to see !m ?riv+4  ,i add to 8  
delight by tell+ him ,?is belongs to y4 
,9 expla9+ to him :at ,i mean by        
belongs1 ,i make him feel t he has put  
into ?is plot ( gr\nd 8 "t1 8 labor1 8  
c>e1 8 bodily self2 t 9 x is a "p (     
himself :i* he may claim back f any "o  

:atev]1 j z he may draw 8 own arm back  
if ano!r tries to hold x aga9/ 8 w4  ,"o
 f9e morn+ he comes z usual1 runn+1     
wat]+-pot 9 h&4  ,b oh1 :at a sight6    
,:at a mis=tune6  ,! beans are uproot$1 
! g>d5 b$ is all 9 disord]3 ! place     
actually no long] kn[s itself4  ,:at has
 become ( my labor1 ! sweet rew>d ( all 
my c>e & toil8  ,:o has robb$ me ( my   
own8  ,:o has tak5 my beans away f me8  
,! little he>t swells ) ! bitt]ness (   
its fir/ feel+ ( inju/ice4  ,8 eyes     
ov]fl[ ) te>s2 8 di/ress r5ds ! air )   
moans & cries4  ,we compassionate 8     
tr\bles1 %>e 8 indignation1 make        
inquiries1 sift ! matt] ?or\ghly4  ,at  
la/ we f9d t ! g>d5] has done ! de$3 we 
s5d = him4  ,b we f9d t we h reckon$ )\t
 our ho/4  ,:5 ! g>d5] he>s :at we are  
compla9+ (1 he compla9s m ?an we4  ,:at6
  ,s x 0 y1 g5tlem51 :o ru9$ all my     
labor6  ,i _h plant$ "s ,maltese melons1
 f se$ giv5 me z a great r>ity3 ,i hop$ 
to give y a gr& treat ) !m :5 !y 7 ripe4
  ,b = ! sake ( plant+ y\r mis]able     

beans !re1 y kill$ my melons aft] !y _h 
actually spr\t$2 & !re are no m to be   
_h4  ,y h done me m h>m ?an y c rem$y1 &
 y h lo/ ! pleasure ( ta/+ "s delici\s  
melons4  ,,jean ,,jacques4  ,excuse u1  
my good ,rob]t4  ,y put into !m y\r     
labor1 y\r c>e4  ,i see pla9ly t we did 
wrong to spoil y\r "w3 b we w get y "s m
 ,maltese se$1 & we w n till any m gr\nd
 )\t f9d+ out :e!r "s "o else has put 8 
h& to x be=e u4  ,,rob]t4  ,oh well1    
g5tlem51 y may z well end ! bus9ess2 =  
!re's no wa/e l&4  ,:at ,i "w 0 improv$ 
by my fa!r1 & x's ! same ) ev]ybody     
h]eab\t4  ,all ! fields y see 7 tak5 up 
long ago4  ,,mile4  ,mr4 ,rob]t1 d y (t5
 lose y\r melon-se$8  ,,rob]t4  ,p>don1 
my "y ma/]3 we don't (t5 h "y g5tlem5   
ab\t t are c>eless l y4  ,nobody t\*es 8
 neighbor's g>d52 ev]ybody respects o!r 
p's "w1 to make sure ( 8 own4  ,,mile4  
,b ,i hav5't any g>d54  ,,rob]t4  ,:at's
 t to me8  ,if y spoil m9e1 ,i won't let
 y walk 9 x any m2 = y are to und]/& t  
,i'm n go+ to h all my pa9s = no?+4     

,,jean ,,jacques4  ,c't we arrange ?is  
matt] ) hone/ ,rob]t8  ,j let my little 
fri5d & me h "o corn] ( y\r g>d5 to     
cultivate1 on condition t y h half !    
produce4  ,,rob]t4  ,i w let y h x )\t t
 condition2 b rememb]1 ,i w root up y\r 
beans if y m$dle ) my melons4  ,9 ?is   
essay on ! mann] ( tea*+ fundam5tal     
notions to *ildr5 x may be se5 h[ ! idea
 ( prop]ty naturally goes back to ! "r  
:i* ! fir/ occupant acquir$ by labor4   
,?is is cle>1 concise1 simple1 & always 
)9 ! compreh5sion ( ! *ild4 ,f ?is to ! 
"r ( hold+ prop]ty1 & ( transf]r+ x1 !re
 is b "o /ep1 & beyond ?is we are to /op
 %ort4  ,x w also be evid5t t !         
explanation ,i h includ$ 9 two pages    
may1 9 actual practice1 be ! "w ( an    
entire ye>4  ,= 9 ! developm5t ( moral  
ideas1 we _c advance too sl[ly1 or      
e/abli% !m too firmly at e /ep4  ,i     
entreat y1 "y tea*]s1 to ?9k ( ! example
 ,i h giv51 & to rememb] t y\r lessons  
^u e subject ought to be r 9 actions ?an
 9 words2 = *ildr5 readily =get :at is  

said or done to !m4  ,z ,i h said1 su*  
lessons ought to be giv5 e>li] or lat]1 
z ! disposition ( ! *ild1 g5tle or      
turbul5t1 ha/5s or ret>ds ! necessity = 
giv+ !m4  ,9 employ+ !m1 we call 9 an   
evid5ce t _c be misund]/ood4  ,b t 9    
difficult cases no?+ important may be   
omitt$1 let u give ano!r illu/ration4   
,y\r little m$dl] spoils ev]y?+ he      
t\*es2 d n be vex$1 b put out ( 8 rea*  
:atev] he c spoil4  ,he breaks !        
furniture he uses4  ,be 9 no hurry to   
give him any m2 let him feel !          
disadvantages ( do+ )\t x4  ,he breaks !
 w9d[s 9 8 room2 let ! w9d bl[ on him   
night & day4  ,h no fe> ( 8 tak+ cold2  
he _h bett] take cold ?an be a fool4  ,d
 n fret at ! inconv5i5ce he causes y1 b 
make him feel x fir/ ( all4  ,f9ally1   
)\t say+ any?+ ab\t x1 h ! panes ( glass
 m5d$4  ,he breaks !m aga94  ,*ange y\r 
me?od3 say to him coolly & )\t ang]1 ,^?
 w9d[s are m9e2 ,i took pa9s to h !m put
 !re1 & ,i am go+ to make sure t !y %all
 n be brok5 aga94  ,!n %ut him up 9 "s  

d>k place :]e !re are no w9d[s4  ,at ?is
 novel proce$+1 he beg9s to cry & /orm3 
b nobody li/5s to him4  ,he soon gr[s   
tir$ ( ?is1 & *anges 8 tone2 he compla9s
 & groans4  ,a s]vant is s5t1 :om !     
rebel entreats to set him free4  ,)\t   
try+ to f9d any excuse = utt] refusal1 !
 s]vant answ]s1 ,i h w9d[s to take c>e  
(1 too1 & goes away4  ,at la/1 aft] !   
*ild has be5 9 durance = sev]al h\rs1   
long en\gh to tire him & to make him    
rememb] x1 "s "o sugge/s an arrangem5t  
by :i* y %all agree to release him1 & he
 to break no m w9d[s4  ,he s5ds to      
besee* y to come & see him2 y come2 he  
makes 8 proposal4  ,y accept x          
imm$iately1 say+1 ,well ?\ght (2 t w be 
a good ?+ = bo? ( u4  ,:y didn't y ?9k (
 ?is capital plan be=e8  ,!n1 )\t       
requir+ any prote/ations1 or            
confirmation ( 8 promise1 y gladly c>ess
 him & take him to 8 room at once1      
reg>d+ ?is compact z sacr$ & inviolable 
z if ratifi$ by an oa?4  ,:at an idea ( 
! obligation1 & ! usefulness1 ( an      

engagem5t w he n ga9 f ?is transaction6 
,i am greatly mi/ak5 if !re is an       
unspoil$ *ild on e>? :o w\ld be pro(    
aga9/ x1 or :o w\ld ev] aft] ?9k (      
break+ a w9d[ purposely4   ,falsehood4  
,! ,=ce ( ,example4  ,we are n[ )9 !    
doma9 ( morals1 & ! door is op5 to vice4
 ,side by side ) conv5tionalities &     
duties spr+ up deceit & falsehood4  ,z  
soon z !re are ?+s we ought n to d1 we  
desire to hide :at we ought n to h done4
  ,z soon z "o int]e/ leads u to        
promise1 a /rong] "o may urge u to break
 ! promise4  ,our *ief conc]n is h[ to  
break x & /ill g unsca!d4  ,x is natural
 to f9d exp$i5ts2 we dissemble & we utt]
 falsehood4  ,unable to prev5t ?is evil1
 we mu/ nev]!less puni% x4  ,?us !      
mis]ies ( our life arise f our mi/akes4 
,i h said en\gh to %[ t puni%m5t1 z su*1
 %\ld n be inflict$ ^u *ildr51 b %\ld   
always happ5 to !m z ! natural result ( 
_! own wrong-do+4  ,d n1 !n1 prea* to !m
 aga9/ falsehood1 or puni% !m confess$ly
 on acc\nt ( a falsehood4  ,b if !y are 

guilty ( "o1 let all its consequ5ces    
fall heavily on _! heads4  ,let !m "k   
:at x is to be disbeliev$ ev5 :5 !y     
speak ! tru?1 & to be accus$ ( faults 9 
spite ( _! e>ne/ d5ial4  ,b let u       
inquire :at falsehood is1 9 *ildr54     
,!re are two k9ds ( falsehood2 t ( fact1
 :i* ref]s to ?+s already pa/1 & t ( "r1
 :i* has to d ) ! future4  ,! fir/      
occurs :5 we d5y do+ :at we h done1 & 9 
g5]al1 :5 we kn[+ly utt] :at is n true4 
,! o!r occurs :5 we promise :at we d n  
mean to p]=m1 &1 9 g5]al1 :5 we express 
an int5tion contr>y to ! "o we really h4
  ,^! two sorts ( untru? may sometimes  
meet 9 ! same case2 b let u "h discuss  
_! po9ts ( diff]5ce4  ,"o :o realizes 8 
ne$ ( help f o!rs1 & con/antly receives 
k9dness f !m1 has no?+ to ga9 by deceiv+
 !m4  ,on ! contr>y1 x is evid5tly 8    
int]e/ t !y %\ld see ?+s z !y are1 le/  
!y make mi/akes to 8 disadvantage4  ,x  
is cle>1 !n1 t ! falsehood ( fact is n  
natural to *ildr54  ,b ! law ( ob$i5ce  
makes falsehood necess>y2 because1      

ob$i5ce be+ irksome1 we secretly avoid x
 :5ev] we c1 & j 9 proportion z !       
imm$iate advantage ( escap+ repro( or   
puni%m5t outweighs ! remot] advantage to
 be ga9$ by reveal+ ! tru?4  ,:y %\ld a 
*ild educat$ naturally & 9 p]fect       
fre$om1 tell a falsehood8  ,:at has he  
to hide f y8  ,y are n go+ to reprove or
 puni% him1 or exact any?+ f him4  ,:y  
%\ld he n tell y ev]y?+ z frankly z to 8
 little playmate8  ,he sees no m dang] 9
 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4  ,! falsehood ( 
"r is /ill less natural to *ildr51      
because promises to d or n to d are     
conv5tional acts1 =eign to our nature & 
infr+em5ts ( our lib]ty4  ,besides1 all 
! engagem5ts ( *ildr5 are 9 !mselves    
void1 because1 z _! limit$ vision does n
 /ret* beyond ! pres5t1 !y "k n :at !y d
 :5 !y b9d !mselves4  ,x is h>dly       
possible = a *ild to tell a lie 9 mak+ a
 promise4  ,=1 consid]+ only h[ to      
ov]come a pres5t difficulty1 all devices
 t h no imm$iate effect become alike to 
him4  ,9 promis+ = a "t to come he      

actually does n promise at all1 z 8 /ill
 dormant imag9ation _c ext5d itself ov] 
two diff]5t p]iods ( "t4  ,if he c\ld   
escape a :ipp+ or e>n "s sug>-plums by  
promis+ to ?r[ himself out ( ! w9d[     
to-morr[1 he w\ld at once promise x4    
,!re=e ! laws pay no reg>d to engagem5ts
 made by *ildr52 & :5 "s fa!rs & tea*]s1
 m /rict ?an ?is1 require ! fulfill+ (  
su* engagem5ts1 x is only 9 ?+s ! *ild  
ought to d )\t promis+4  ,z ! *ild 9    
mak+ a promise is n aw>e :at he is do+1 
he _c be guilty ( falsehood 9 s do+3 b  
?is is n ! case :5 he breaks a promise4 
,= he well rememb]s hav+ made ! promise2
 :at he _c und]/& is1 ! importance (    
keep+ x4 ,unable to read ! future1 he   
does n =esee ! consequ5ces ( 8 actions2 
& :5 he violates engagem5ts he does no?+
 contr>y to :at might be expect$ ( 8    
ye>s4  ,x foll[s f ?is t all ! untru?s  
spok5 by *ildr5 are ! fault ( ^? :o     
in/ruct !m2 & t endeavor+ to tea* !m h[ 
to be tru?ful is only tea*+ !m h[ to    
tell falsehoods4  ,we are s eag] to     

regulate1 to gov]n1 to in/ruct !m1 t we 
nev] f9d means en\gh to rea* our object4
  ,we want to w9 new victories ov] _!   
m9ds by maxims n bas$ ^u fact1 by       
unreasonable precepts2 we w\ld r !y %\ld
 "k _! lessons & tell lies ?an to rema9 
ignorant & speak ! tru?4  ,z = u1 :o    
give our pupils none b practical tea*+1 
& w\ld r h !m good ?an kn[+1 we %all n  
exact ! tru? f !m at all1 le/ !y        
disguise x2 we w require ( !m no        
promises !y may be tempt$ to break4  ,if
 9 my abs5ce "s anonym\s mis*ief has be5
 done1 ,i w bew>e ( accus+ mile1 or (   
ask+ ,0 x y8#h  ,= :at w\ld t be b tea*+
 him to d5y x8  ,if 8 naturally         
tr\blesome disposition obliges me to    
make "s agreem5t ) him1 ,i w plan s well
 t any su* proposal %all come f him &   
nev] f me4  ,?us1 :5ev] he is b\nd by an
 engagem5t he %all h an imm$iate &      
tangible int]e/ 9 fulfill+ x4  ,& if he 
ev] fails 9 ?is1 ! falsehood %all br+ ^u
 him evil results :i* he sees mu/ arise 
f ! v nature ( ?+s1 & nev] f ! v5geance 

( 8 tutor4  ,f> f ne$+ rec\rse to su*   
sev]e measures1 h[ev]1 ,i am almo/ sure 
t mile w be long 9 le>n+ :at a lie is1 &
 ^u f9d+ x out w be greatly amaz$1 n    
und]/&+ :at is to be ga9$ by x4  ,x is v
 pla9 t ! m ,i make 8 welf>e indep5d5t (
 ei!r ! w or ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 ! m ,i   
uproot )9 him all int]e/ 9 tell+        
falsehoods4  ,:5 we are less eag] to    
in/ruct we are also less eag] to exact  
requirem5ts f our pupil1 & c take "t to 
require only :at is to ! purpose4  ,9 t 
case1 ! *ild w be develop$1 j because he
 is n spoil$4  ,b :5 "s blockhead tea*]1
 n und]/&+ :at he is ab\t1 cont9ually   
=ces ! *ild to promise ?+s1 mak+ no     
di/9ctions1 all[+ no *oice1 kn[+ no     
limit1 ! little fell[1 worri$ & weigh$  
d[n ) all ^! obligations1 neglects !m1  
=gets !m1 at la/ despises !m2 & consid]+
 !m m]e empty =mulas1 turns ! giv+ & !  
break+ ( !m into ridicule4  ,if !n y    
want to make him fai?ful to 8 ^w1 be    
discreet 9 requir+ him to give x4  ,!   
details j ent]$ ^u 9 reg>d to falsehood 

may apply 9 _m respects to all duties   
:i*1 :5 enjo9$ ^u *ildr51 become to !m n
 only hateful b impracticable4  ,9 ord] 
to seem to prea* virtue we make vices   
attractive1 & actually imp>t !m by      
=bidd+ !m4  ,if we w\ld h ! *ildr5      
religi\s1 we tire !m out tak+ !m to     
*ur*4  ,by mak+ !m mumble pray]s        
incessantly we make !m sigh = ! happ9ess
 ( nev] pray+ at all4  ,to inspire *>ity
 9 !m1 we make !m give alms1 z if we    
disda9$ do+ x ourselves4 ,x is n ! *ild1
 b 8 tea*]1 :o ought to d ! giv+4 ,h[ev]
 mu* y love y\r pupil1 ?is is an honor y
 ought to dispute ) him1 lead+ him to   
feel t he is n yet old en\gh to des]ve  
x4  ,giv+ alms is ! act ( "o :o kn[s !  
wor? ( 8 gift1 & 8 fell[-creature's ne$ 
( ! gift4  ,a *ild :o kn[s no?+ ( ei!r c
 h no m]it 9 be/[+4  ,he gives )\t *>ity
 or b5evol5ce3 he is almo/ a%am$ to give
 at all1 z1 judg+ f y\r example & 8 own1
 only *ildr5 give alms1 & leave x (f :5 
gr[n up4  ,obs]ve1 t we make ! *ild be/[
 only ?+s ^: value be does n "k3 pieces 

( metal1 :i* he c>ries 9 8 pocket1 & :i*
 are good = no?+ else4  ,a *ild w\ld r  
give away a hundr$ gold pieces ?an a    
s+le cake4  ,b sugge/ to ?is free-h&$   
giv] ! idea ( p>t+ ) :at he really      
prizes--8 play?+s1 8 sug>-plums1 or 8   
lun*eon2 y w soon f9d out :e!r y h made 
him really g5]\s4  ,to accompli% ! same 
end1 resort is _h to ano!r exp$i5t1 t ( 
in/antly return+ to ! *ild :at he has   
giv5 away1 s t he habitually gives      
:atev] he kn[s w be re/or$ to him4  ,i h
 r>ely met ) o!r ?an ^! two k9ds (      
g5]osity 9 *ildr51 namely1 ! giv+ ei!r (
 :at is no use to !mselves1 or else (   
:at !y are c]ta9 w come back to !m4  ,d 
?is1 says ,locke1 t !y may be conv9c$ by
 exp]i5ce t he :o gives mo/ g5]\sly has 
always ! bett] portion4  ,?is is mak+   
him lib]al 9 appe>ance & mis]ly 9       
reality4  ,he adds1 t *ildr5 w ?us      
acquire ! habit ( g5]osity4  ,yes2 a    
mis]'s g5]osity1 giv+ an egg to ga9 an  
ox4  ,b :5 call$ ^u to be g5]\s 9 e>ne/1
 good-bye to ! habit2 !y soon cease giv+

 :5 ! gift no long] comes back to !m4   
,we ought to keep 9 view ! habit ( m9d r
 ?an t ( ! h&s4  ,l ?is virtue are all  
o!rs taught to *ildr52 & _! e>ly ye>s   
are sp5t 9 sadness1 t we may prea* ^!   
/]l+ virtues to !m6  ,excell5t tra9+    
?is6  ,lay aside all affectation1 y     
tea*]s2 be y\rselves good & virtu\s1 s t
 y\r example may be deeply grav5 on y\r 
pupils' memory until su* "t z x f9ds    
lodgm5t 9 _! he>t4  ,in/ead ( e>ly      
requir+ acts ( *>ity f my pupil ,i w\ld 
r d !m 9 8 pres5ce1 tak+ f him all means
 ( imitat+ me1 z if ,i consid]$ x an    
honor n due to 8 age4  ,= he %\ld by no 
means be 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ a man's duties
 ! same z a *ild's4 ,see+ me assi/ !    
poor1 he que/ions me ab\t x &1 if       
occasion s]ve1 ,i answ]1 ,my boy1 x is  
because1 s9ce poor p are will+ !re %\ld 
be ri* p1 ! ri* h promis$ to take c>e ( 
^? :o h no money or _c e>n a liv+ by _! 
labor4  ,& h y promis$ x too8 inquires  
he4  ,( c\rse2 ! money t comes into my  
h&s is m9e to use only ^u ?is condition1

 :i* its own] has to c>ry out4  ,aft]   
?is conv]sation1 & we h se5 h[ a *ild   
may be prep>$ to und]/& x1 o!r *ildr5   
besides mile w\ld be tempt$ to imitate  
me by act+ l a ri* man4  ,9 ?is case ,i 
w\ld at lea/ see t x %\ld n be done     
o/5tati\sly4  ,i w\ld r h him rob me (  
my "r1 & conceal ! fact ( 8 g5]osity4   
,x w\ld be a /ratagem natural at 8 age1 
& ! only "o ,i w\ld p>don 9 him4  ,!    
only moral lesson suit$ to *ildhood & ! 
mo/ important at any age is1 nev] to    
injure any "o4  ,ev5 ! pr9ciple ( do+   
good1 if n subord9at$ to ?is1 is        
dang]\s1 false1 & contradictory4  ,= :o 
does n d good8  ,ev]ybody does1 ev5 a   
wick$ man :o makes "o happy at ! exp5se 
( mak+ a hundr$ mis]able3 & !nce arise  
all our calamities4  ,! mo/ exalt$      
virtues are negative3 !y are h>de/ to   
atta91 too1 because !y are uno/5tati\s1 
& rise above ev5 t gratification de> to 
! he>t ( man1--s5d+ ano!r p]son away    
pleas$ ) u4  ,if !re be a man :o nev]   
injures "o ( 8 fell[-creatures1 :at good

 mu/ he a*ieve = !m6  ,:at fe>lessness1 
:at vigor ( m9d he requires = x6  ,n by 
reason+ ab\t ?is pr9ciple1 b by attempt+
 to c>ry x into practice1 d we f9d out  
h[ great x is1 h[ h>d to fulfil4  ,!    
=ego+ conveys "s fa9t idea ( !          
precautions ,i w\ld h y employ 9 giv+   
*ildr5 ! in/ructions we sometimes _c    
)hold )\t risk ( _! injur+ !mselves or  
o!rs1 & especially ( contract+ bad      
habits ( :i* x w by & by be difficult to
 break !m4  ,b we may re/ assur$ t 9    
*ildr5 rightly educat$ ! necessity w    
seldom arise2 = x is impossible t !y    
%\ld become intractable1 vici\s1        
deceitful1 gre$y1 unless ! vices :i*    
make !m s are s[$ 9 _! he>ts4  ,= ?is   
reason :at has be5 said on ?is po9t     
applies r to exceptional ?an to ord9>y  
cases4  ,b su* exceptional cases become 
common 9 proportion z *ildr5 h m frequ5t
 opportunity to dep>t f _! natural /ate 
& to acquire ! vices ( _! s5iors4  ,^?  
br\ght up among m5 ( ! _w absolutely    
require e>li] tea*+ 9 ^! matt]s ?an ^?  

educat$ ap>t f su* surr\nd+s4 ,h5ce ?is 
private education is to be pref]r$1 ev5 
if x d no m ?an all[ *ildhood leisure to
 gr[ to p]fection4   ,negative or       
,temporiz+ ,education4  ,exactly contr>y
 to ! cases j describ$ are ^? :om a     
happy temp]am5t exalts above _! ye>s4   
,z !re are "s m5 :o nev] outgr[         
*ildhood1 s !re are o!rs :o nev] pass   
?r\gh x1 b are m5 almo/ f _! bir?4  ,!  
difficulty is t ^! exceptional cases are
 r>e & n easily di/+ui%$2 besides1 all  
mo!rs capable ( und]/&+ t a *ild c be a 
prodigy1 h no d\bt t _! own are su*4    
,!y g ev5 f>!r ?an ?is3 !y take =       
extraord9>y indications ! sprightl9ess1 
! bright *ildi% pranks & say+s1 ! %rewd 
simplicity ( ord9>y cases1 *>act]i/ic ( 
t "t ( life1 & %[+ pla9ly t a *ild is   
only a *ild4  ,is x surpris+ t1 all[$ to
 speak s mu* & s freely1 unre/ra9$ by   
any consid]ation ( propriety1 a *ild    
%\ld occasionally make happy replies8   
,if he did n1 x w\ld be ev5 m surpris+2 
j z if an a/rolog]1 among a hundr$ false

 pr$ictions1 %\ld nev] hit ^u a s+le    
true "o4  ,!y lie s (t51 said ,h5ry     
,,iv41 t !y end by tell+ ! tru?4  ,to be
 a wit1 "o ne$ only utt] a great _m     
fooli% spee*es4  ,heav5 help m5 (       
fa%ion1 ^: reputation re/s ^u j ?is     
f\ndation6  ,! mo/ brilliant ?\ghts may 
ent] a *ild's head1 or r1 ! mo/         
brilliant say+s may fall f 8 lips1 j z !
 mo/ valuable diamonds may fall into 8  
h&s1 )\t 8 hav+ any "r ei!r to ! ?\ghts 
or to ! diamonds4  ,at 8 age1 he has no 
real prop]ty ( any k9d4  ,a *ild's      
utt]ances are n ! same to him z to u2 he
 does n atta* to !m ! same ideas4  ,if  
he has any ideas at all on ! subject1 !y
 h nei!r ord] nor coh]5ce 9 8 m9d2 9 all
 8 ?\ghts no?+ is c]ta9 or /able4  ,if y
 wat* y\r suppos$ prodigy att5tively1 y 
w sometimes f9d him a well-spr+ ( en]gy1
 cle>-sight$1 p5etrat+ ! v m>r[ ( ?+s4  
,mu* (t5] ! same m9d appe>s commonplace1
 dull1 & z if envelop$ 9 a d5se fog4    
,sometimes he outruns y1 & sometimes he 
/&s /ill4  ,at "o mom5t y feel l say+1  

,he is a g5ius1 & at ano!r1 ,he is a    
fool4  ,y are mi/ak5 9 ei!r case3 he is 
a *ild2 he is an eaglet t "o mom5t beats
 ! air ) its w+s1 & ! next mom5t falls  
back into ! ne/4  ,9 spite ( appe>ances1
 !n1 treat him z 8 age dem&s1 & bew>e   
le/ y exhau/ 8 p[]s by attempt+ to use  
!m too freely4  ,if ?is "y bra9 gr[s    
w>m1 if y see x beg9n+ to see!1 leave x 
free to f]m5t1 b d n excite x1 le/ x    
melt altoge!r into air4  ,:5 ! fir/ fl[ 
( spirits has evaporat$1 repress & keep 
)9 b\nds ! re/1 until1 z "t goes on1 !  
:ole is trans=m$ into life-giv+ w>m? &  
real p[]4  ,o!rwise y w lose bo? "t &   
pa9s2 y w de/roy y\r own h&iwork1 & aft]
 hav+ ?\ghtlessly intoxicat$ y\rself )  
all ^! inflammable vapors1 y w h no?+   
left b ! dregs4  ,no?+ has be5 m g5]ally
 or c]ta9ly obs]v$ ?an t dull *ildr5    
make commonplace m54  ,9 *ildhood x is v
 difficult to di/+ui% real dullness f t 
mislead+ app>5t dullness :i* indicates a
 /rong "*4  ,at fir/ x seems /range t ! 
two extremes %\ld meet 9 indications s  

mu* alike2 & yet su* is ! case4  ,= at  
an age :5 man has no real ideas at all1 
! diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o has g5ius & "o  
:o has n is1 t ! latt] ent]ta9s only    
mi/ak5 ideas1 & ! =m]1 enc\nt]+ only    
su*1 admits none at all4  ,! two are    
!re=e alike 9 ?is1 t ! dull>d is capable
 ( no?+1 & ! o!r f9ds no?+ to suit him4 
,! only means ( di/+ui%+ !m is *ance1   
:i* may br+ to ! g5ius "s ideas he c    
compreh5d1 :ile ! dull m9d is always !  
same4  ,dur+ 8 *ildhood ! y\ng] ,cato 0 
at home consid]$ an idiot4 ,no "o said  
any?+ ( him beyond t he 0 sil5t &       
head/rong4 ,x 0 only 9 ! ante*amb] (    
,sulla t 8 uncle le>n$ to "k him4  ,if  
he _h nev] cross$ its ?re%old1 he might 
h be5 ?\ght a fool until he 0 gr[n4  ,if
 !re _h be5 no su* p]son z ,caes>1 ?is v
 ,cato1 :o read ! secret ( ,caes>'s     
fatal g5ius1 & f af> =esaw 8 ambiti\s   
designs1 w\ld always h be5 treat$ z a   
vision>y4#i  ,^? :o judge ( *ildr5 s    
ha/ily are v liable to be mi/ak54  ,!y  
are (t5 m *ildi% ?an ! *ildr5 !mselves4 

,conc]n+ ! ,memory4  ,respect *ildr51 & 
be 9 no ha/e to judge _! actions1 good  
or evil4  ,let ! exceptional cases %[   
!mselves su* = "s "t be=e y adopt       
special me?ods ( deal+ ) !m4  ,let      
nature be long at "w be=e y attempt to  
supplant h]1 le/ y ?w>t h] "w4  ,y say y
 "k h[ preci\s "t is1 & d n wi% to lose 
x4  ,d y n "k t to employ x badly is to 
wa/e x /ill m1 & t a *ild badly taught  
is f>!r f be+ wise ?an "o n taught at   
all8  ,y are tr\bl$ at see+ him sp5d 8  
e>ly ye>s 9 do+ no?+4  ,:at6 is x no?+  
to be happy8  ,is x no?+ to skip1 to    
play1 to run ab\t all day long8  ,nev] 9
 all 8 life w he be s busy z n[4        
,plato1 9 t "w ( 8 consid]$ s sev]e1 !  
,republic1 w\ld h *ildr5 accu/om$ to    
fe/ivals1 games1 songs1 & pa/imes2 "o   
w\ld ?9k he 0 satisfi$ ) hav+ c>efully  
taught !m h[ to enjoy !mselves4  ,&     
,s5eca1 speak+ ( ! ,roman y\? ( old1    
says1 ,!y 7 always /&+2 no?+ 0 taught !m
 t !y _h to le>n :5 seat$4  ,7 !y ( less
 acc\nt :5 !y rea*$ manhood8  ,h no fe>1

 !n1 ( ?is suppos$ idl5ess4  ,:at w\ld y
 ?9k ( a man :o1 9 ord] to use 8 :ole   
life to ! be/ advantage1 w\ld n sleep8  
,y w\ld say1 ,! man has no s5se2 he does
 n enjoy life1 b robs himself ( x4 ,to  
avoid sleep1 he ru%es on 8 dea?4  ,! two
 cases are p>allel1 = *ildhood is !     
slumb] ( reason4  ,app>5t quickness 9   
le>n+ is ! ru9 ( *ildr54  ,we d n       
consid] t ?is v quickness proves t !y   
are le>n+ no?+4  ,_! smoo? & poli%$ bra9
 reflects l a mirror ! objects pres5t$  
to x1 b no?+ abides !re1 no?+ p5etrates 
x4  ,! *ild reta9s ! words2 ! ideas are 
reflect$2 !y :o he> und]/& !m1 b he     
himself does n und]/& !m at all4        
,al?\gh memory & reason are two         
ess5tially diff]5t faculties1 ! "o is   
nev] really develop$ )\t ! o!r4  ,be=e !
 age ( reason1 ! *ild receives n ideas1 
b images4  ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !
 two1 t images are only absolute        
repres5tations ( objects ( s5se1 & ideas
 are notions ( objects det]m9$ by _!    
relations4  ,an image may exi/ alone 9 !

 m9d t repres5ts x1 b e idea supposes   
o!r ideas4  ,:5 we imag9e1 we only see2 
:5 we conceive ( ?+s1 we comp>e !m4     
,our s5sations are entirely passive1    
:]eas all our p]ceptions or ideas spr+ f
 an active pr9ciple :i* judges4  ,i say 
!n t *ildr51 incapable ( judg+1 really h
 no memory4 ,!y reta9 s\nds1 %apes1     
s5sations2 b r>ely ideas1 & /ill m r>ely
 ! relations ( ideas to "o ano!r4  ,if  
?is /atem5t is app>5tly refut$ by !     
objection t !y le>n "s elem5ts (        
geometry1 x is n really true2 t v fact  
confirms my /atem5t4 ,x %[s t1 f> f kn[+
 h[ to reason !mselves1 !y _c ev5 keep 9
 m9d ! reason+s ( o!rs4  ,= if y        
inve/igate ! me?od ( ^! little          
geometricians1 y discov] at once t !y h 
reta9$ only ! exact impression ( !      
diagram & ! words ( ! demon/ration4  ,^u
 ! lea/ new objection !y are puzzl$4 ,_!
 k is only ( ! s5sation2 no?+ has become
 ! prop]ty ( _! und]/&+4  ,ev5 _! memory
 is r>ely m p]fect ?an _! o!r faculties3
 = :5 gr[n !y h ne>ly always to le>n    

aga9 z realities ?+s ^: names !y le>n$ 9
 *ildhood4  ,h[ev]1 ,i am f> f ?9k+ t   
*ildr5 h no p[] ( reason+ :atev]4#aj  ,i
 obs]ve1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 ?+s !y       
und]/&1 ?+s relat+ to _! pres5t &       
manife/ int]e/s1 !y reason extremely    
well4  ,we are1 h[ev]1 liable to be     
misl$ z to _! k1 attribut+ to !m :at !y 
d n h1 & mak+ !m reason ab\t :at !y d n 
und]/&4  ,aga91 we make ! mi/ake ( call+
 _! att5tion to consid]ations by :i* !y 
are 9 no wise affect$1 su* z _! future  
int]e/s1 ! happ9ess ( _! com+ manhood1 !
 op9ion p w h ( !m :5 !y are gr[n up4   
,su* spee*es1 address$ to m9ds entirely 
)\t =esight1 are absolutely unmean+4    
,n[ all ! /udies =c$ ^u ^! poor         
un=tunates deal ) ?+s l ?is1 utt]ly     
=eign to _! m9ds4  ,y may judge :at     
att5tion su* subjects are likely to     
receive4   ,on ! ,/udy ( ,words4        
,p$agogues1 :o make su* an impos+       
display ( :at !y tea*1 are paid to talk 
9 ano!r /ra9 ?an m9e1 b _! conduct %[s t
 !y ?9k z ,i d4  ,= aft] all1 :at d !y  

tea* _! pupils8 ,words1 words1 words4   
,among all _! boa/$ subjects1 none are  
select$ because !y are useful2 su* w\ld 
be ! sci5ces ( ?+s1 9 :i* ^! pr(essors  
are unskilful4  ,b !y pref] sci5ces we  
seem to "k :5 we "k _! nom5clature1 su* 
z h]aldry1 geography1 *ronology1        
languages2 /udies s f> remov$ f human   
int]e/s1 & p>ticul>ly f ! *ild1 t x w\ld
 be wond]ful if any ( !m c\ld be ( !    
lea/ use at any "t 9 life4  ,x may cause
 surprise t ,i acc\nt ! /udy ( languages
 "o ( ! useless ?+s 9 education4  ,b    
rememb] ,i am speak+ ( ! /udies ( e>li] 
ye>s1 & :atev] may be said1 ,i d n      
believe t any *ild except a prodigy1 w  
ev] le>n two languages by ! "t he is    
twelve or fifte54#aa  ,i admit t if !   
/udy ( languages 7 only t ( words1 t is1
 ( =ms1 & ( ! s\nds :i* express !m1 x   
might be suitable = *ildr54  ,b         
languages1 by *ang+ _! signs1 modify    
also ! ideas !y repres5t4  ,m9ds are =m$
 ^u languages2 ?\ghts take color+ f     
idioms4  ,reason alone is common to all4

  ,9 ea* language ! m9d has its peculi> 
con=mation1 & ?is may be 9 "p ! cause or
 ! effect ( national "*4  ,! fact t e   
nation's language foll[s ! vicissitudes 
( t nation's morals1 & is pres]v$ or    
alt]$ ) !m1 seems to confirm ?is !ory4  
,( ^! diff]5t =ms1 cu/om gives "o to !  
*ild1 & x is ! only "o he reta9s until !
 age ( reason4  ,9 ord] to h two1 he mu/
 be able to comp>e ideas2 & h[ c he d   
?is :5 he is sc>cely able to grasp !m8  
,ea* object may = him h a ?\s& diff]5t  
signs1 b ea* idea c h b "o =m2 he c     
!re=e le>n to speak only "o language4   
,x is nev]!less ma9ta9$ t he le>ns      
sev]al2 ?is ,i d5y4  ,i h se5 little    
prodigies :o ?\ght !y c\ld speak six or 
sev53 ,i h he>d !m speak ,g]man 9 ,lat91
 ,fr5*1 & ,italian idioms successively4 
,!y did inde$ use five or six           
vocabul>ies1 b !y nev] spoke any?+ b    
,g]man4  ,9 %ort1 y may give *ildr5 z _m
 synonyms z y please1 & y w *ange only  
_! words1 & n _! language2 !y w nev] "k 
m ?an "o4  ,to hide ?is inability we1 by

 pref]5ce1 give !m practice 9 ! dead    
languages1 ( :i* !re are no long] any   
unexceptionable judges4  ,! famili> use 
( ^! tongues hav+ long be5 lo/1 we      
cont5t ourselves ) imitat+ :at we f9d ( 
!m 9 books1 & call ?is speak+ !m4  ,if  
su* be ! ,greek & ,lat9 ( ! ma/]s1 y may
 judge :at t ( ! *ildr5 is4  ,sc>cely h 
!y le>n$ by he>t ! rudim5ts1 )\t 9 !    
lea/ und]/&+ !m1 be=e !y are taught to  
utt] a ,fr5* disc\rse 9 ,lat9 words2 &1 
:5 fur!r advanc$1 to /r+ toge!r 9 prose1
 phrases f ,cic]o & cantos f ,virgil4   
,!n !y imag9e !y are speak+ ,lat91 & :o 
is !re to contradict !m8#ab  ,9 any     
/udy1 words t repres5t ?+s are no?+ )\t 
! ideas ( ! ?+s !y repres5t4  ,we1      
h[ev]1 limit *ildr5 to ^! signs1 )\t ev]
 be+ able to make !m und]/& ! ?+s       
repres5t$4  ,we ?9k we are tea*+ a *ild 
! description ( ! e>?1 :5 he is m]ely   
le>n+ maps4  ,we tea* him ! names (     
cities1 c\ntries1 riv]s2 he has no idea 
t !y exi/ any:]e b on ! map we use 9    
po9t+ !m out to him4  ,i recollect see+ 

some:]e a text-book on geography :i*    
began ?us3  ,:at is ! _w8  ,a pa/ebo>d  
globe4  ,precisely su* is ! geography ( 
*ildr54  ,i w v5ture to say t aft] two  
ye>s ( globes & cosmography no *ild (   
t51 by rules !y give him1 c\ld f9d ! way
 f ,p>is to ,/4 ,d5is4  ,i ma9ta9 t n "o
 ( !m1 f a plan ( 8 fa!r's g>d51 c\ld   
trace out its w9d+s )\t go+ a/ray4  ,&  
yet ^! are ! kn[+ creatures :o c tell y 
exactly :]e ,pek91 ,ispahan1 ,mexico1 & 
all ! c\ntries ( ! _w are4  ,i he> x    
sugge/$ t *ildr5 ought to be engag$ 9   
/udies 9 :i* only ! eye is ne$$4  ,?is  
might be true if !re 7 /udies 9 :i* _!  
eyes 7 n ne$$2 b ,i "k ( none su*4  ,a  
/ill m ridicul\s me?od obliges *ildr5 to
 /udy hi/ory1 suppos$ to be )9 _!       
compreh5sion because x is only a        
collection ( facts4#ac  ,b :at d we mean
 by facts8  ,d we suppose t ! relations 
out ( :i* hi/oric facts gr[ are s easily
 und]/ood t ! m9ds ( *ildr5 grasp su*   
ideas )\t difficulty8  ,d we imag9e t ! 
true und]/&+ ( ev5ts c be sep>at$ f t ( 

_! causes & effects8 & t ! hi/oric & !  
moral are s f> asund] t ! "o c be       
und]/ood )\t ! o!r8  ,if 9 m5's actions 
y see only purely ext]nal & physical    
*anges1 :at d y le>n f hi/ory8          
,absolutely no?+2 & ! subject1 despoil$ 
( all int]e/1 no long] gives y ei!r     
pleasure or in/ruction4  ,if y int5d to 
e/imate actions by _! moral relations1  
try to make y\r pupils und]/& ^!        
relations1 & y w discov] :e!r hi/ory is 
adapt$ to _! ye>s4  ,if !re is no sci5ce
 9 words1 !re is no /udy especially     
adapt$ to *ildr54  ,if !y h no real     
ideas1 !y h no real memory2 = ,i d n    
call t memory :i* reta9s only           
impressions4  ,( :at use is x to write  
on _! m9ds a catalogue ( signs t        
repres5t no?+ to !m8  ,9 le>n+ ! ?+s    
repres5t$1 w\ld !y n also le>n ! signs8 
,:y d y give !m ! useless tr\ble ( le>n+
 !m twice8  ,besides1 y create dang]\s  
prejudices by mak+ !m suppose t sci5ce  
consi/s ( words mean+less to !m4 ,! fir/
 m]e ^w ) :i* ! *ild satisfies himself1 

! fir/ ?+ he le>ns on ! au?ority ( ano!r
 p]son1 ru9s 8 judgm5t4 ,long mu/ he %9e
 9 ! eyes ( un?9k+ p]sons be=e he c     
repair su* an injury to himself4  ,no2  
nature makes ! *ild's bra9 s yield+ t x 
receives all k9ds ( impressions2 n t we 
may make 8 *ildhood a di/ress+ burd5 to 
him by engrav+ on t bra9 dates1 names ( 
k+s1 te*nical t]ms 9 h]aldry1 ma!matics1
 geography1 & all su* words1 unmean+ to 
him & unnecess>y to p]sons at any age 9 
life4 ,b all ideas t he c und]/&1 & t   
are ( use to him1 all t conduce to 8    
happ9ess & t w "o day make 8 duties     
pla91 %\ld e>ly write !mselves !re      
indelibly1 to guide him ?r\gh life z 8  
condition & 8 intellect require4  ,!    
memory ( :i* a *ild is capable is f> f  
inactive1 ev5 )\t ! use ( books4  ,all  
he sees & he>s impresses him1 & he      
rememb]s x4  ,he keeps a m5tal regi/] ( 
p's say+s & do+s4  ,ev]y?+ ar\nd him is 
! book f :i* he is cont9ually b         
unconsci\sly enri*+ 8 memory aga9/ ! "t 
8 judgm5t c b5efit by x4  ,if we int5d  

rightly to cultivate ?is *ief faculty ( 
! m9d1 we mu/ *oose ^! objects c>efully1
 con/antly acqua9t+ him ) su* z he ought
 to und]/&1 & keep+ back ^? he ought n  
to "k4  ,9 ?is way we %\ld endeavor to  
make 8 m9d a /oreh\se ( k1 to aid 9 8   
education 9 y\?1 & to direct him at all 
times4  ,?is me?od does n1 x is true1   
produce ph5om5al *ildr51 nor does x make
 ! reputation ( _! tea*]s2 b x produces 
judici\s1 robu/ m51 s\nd 9 body & 9 m9d1
 :o1 al?\gh n admir$ 9 y\?1 w make      
!mselves respect$ 9 manhood4  mile %all 
nev] le>n any?+ by he>t1 n ev5 fables   
su* z ^? ( ,la ,fonta9e1 simple & *>m+ z
 !y are4  ,= ! words ( fables are no m !
 fables !mselves ?an ! words ( hi/ory   
are hi/ory itself4  ,h[ c we be s bl9d z
 to call fables moral lessons = *ildr58 
,we d n reflect t :ile ^! /ories amuse  
!y also mislead *ildr51 :o1 c>ri$ away  
by ! fiction1 miss ! tru? convey$2 s t  
:at makes ! lesson agreeable also makes 
x less pr(itable4  ,m5 may le>n f       
fables1 b *ildr5 mu/ be told ! b>e tru?2

 if x be veil$1 !y d n tr\ble !mselves  
to lift ! veil4#ad  ,s9ce no?+ ought to 
be requir$ ( *ildr5 m]ely 9 pro( ( _!   
ob$i5ce1 x foll[s t !y c le>n no?+ ( :i*
 !y _c und]/& ! actual & imm$iate       
advantage1 :e!r x be pleasant or useful4
  ,o!rwise1 :at motive w induce !m to   
le>n x8  ,! art ( conv]s+ ) abs5t       
p]sons1 & ( he>+ f !m1 ( communicat+ to 
!m at a di/ance1 )\t ! aid ( ano!r1 our 
feel+s1 int5tions1 & wi%es1 is an art ^:
 value may be expla9$ to *ildr5 ( almo/ 
any age :atev]4  ,by :at a/oni%+ process
 has ?is useful & agreeable art become s
 irksome to !m8 ,!y h be5 =c$ to le>n x 
9 spite ( !mselves1 & to use x 9 ways !y
 _c und]/&4  ,a *ild is n anxi\s to     
p]fect ! in/rum5t us$ 9 torm5t+ him2 b  
make ! same ?+ m9i/] to 8 pleasures1 & y
 _c prev5t him f us+ x4  ,mu* att5tion  
is paid to f9d+ out ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+
 *ildr5 to read4  ,we inv5t pr9t+-(fices
 & *>ts2 we turn a *ild's room into a   
pr9t]'s e/abli%m5t4#ae  ,locke proposes 
tea*+ *ildr5 to read by means ( dice2 a 

brilliant contrivance inde$1 b a mi/ake 
z well4  ,a bett] ?+ ?an all ^!1 a ?+ no
 "o ?9ks (1 is ! desire to le>n4  ,give 
a *ild ?is desire1 & y w n ne$ dice or  
read+ lott]ies2 any device w s]ve z     
well4  ,if1 on ! plan ,i h begun to lay 
d[n1 y foll[ rules exactly contr>y to ^?
 mo/ 9 fa%ion1 y w n attract & bewild]  
y\r pupil's att5tion by di/ant places1  
climates1 & ages ( ! _w1 go+ to ! ends (
 ! e>? & into ! v heav5s !mselves1 b w  
make a po9t ( keep+ x fix$ ^u himself & 
:at imm$iately conc]ns him2 & by ?is    
plan y w f9d him capable ( p]ception1   
memory1 & ev5 reason+2 ?is is ! ord] (  
nature4#af  ,9 proportion z a creature  
end[$ ) s5sation becomes active1 x      
acquires disc]nm5t suit$ to its p[]s1 & 
! surplus ( /r5g? ne$$ to pres]ve x is  
absolutely necess>y 9 develop+ t        
speculative faculty :i* uses ! same     
surplus = o!r ends4 ,if1 !n1 y mean to  
cultivate y\r pupil's und]/&+1 cultivate
 ! /r5g? x is int5d$ to gov]n4  ,give   
him con/ant physical ex]cise2 make 8    

body s\nd & robu/1 t y may make him wise
 & reasonable4  ,let him be at "w do+   
some?+2 let him run1 %\t1 be always 9   
motion2 let him be a man 9 vigor1 & he w
 ! soon] become "o 9 reason4  ,y w\ld   
inde$ make a m]e animal ( him by ?is    
me?od if y are cont9ually direct+ him1 &
 say+1 ,g2 come2 /ay2 d ?is2 /op do+ t4 
,if y\r head is always to guide 8 arm1 8
 own head w be ( no use to him4  ,b     
recollect our agreem5t2 if y are a m]e  
p$ant1 !re is no use 9 y\r read+ :at ,i 
write4  ,to imag9e t physical ex]cise   
injures m5tal op]ations is a wret*$     
mi/ake2 ! two %\ld move 9 unison1 & "o  
ought to regulate ! o!r4  ,my pupil1 or 
r nature's pupil1 tra9$ f ! fir/ to     
dep5d z mu* z possible on himself1 is n 
cont9ually runn+ to o!rs = advice4      
,/ill less does he make a display ( 8 k4
  ,on ! o!r h&1 he judges1 he =esees1 he
 reasons1 ^u ev]y?+ t imm$iately conc]ns
 him2 he does n prate1 b acts4  ,he is  
little in=m$ z to :at is go+ on 9 ! _w1 
b kn[s v well :at he ought to d1 & h[ to

 d x4  ,incessantly 9 motion1 he _c     
avoid obs]v+ _m ?+s1 & kn[+ _m effects4 
,he e>ly ga9s a wide exp]i5ce1 & takes 8
 lessons f nature1 n f m54  ,he in/ructs
 himself all ! bett] = discov]+ n[h]e   
any int5tion ( in/ruct+ him4  ,?us1 at !
 same "t1 body & m9d are ex]cis$4       
,always c>ry+ out 8 own ideas1 & n ano!r
 p]son's1 two processes are             
simultane\sly go+ on )9 him4  ,z he gr[s
 robu/ & /rong1 he becomes intellig5t & 
judici\s4  ,9 ?is way he w "o day h ^?  
two excell5ces1--?\ght incompatible     
inde$1 b *>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all great   
m51--/r5g? ( body & /r5g? ( m9d1 !      
reason ( a sage & ! vigor ( an a?lete4  
,i am recomm5d+ a difficult art to y1 "y
 tea*]1--! art ( gov]n+ )\t rules1 & (  
do+ ev]y?+ by do+ no?+ at all4  ,i      
grant1 t at y\r age1 ?is art is n to be 
expect$ ( y4 ,x w n enable y1 at !      
outset1 to exhibit y\r %9+ tal5ts1 or to
 make y\rself priz$ by p>5ts2 b x is !  
only "o t w succe$4  ,to be a s5sible   
man1 y\r pupil mu/ fir/ h be5 a little  

scapegrace4  ,! ,sp>tans 7 educat$ 9 ?is
 way2 n ti$ d[n to books1 b oblig$ to   
/eal _! d9n]s2#ag & did ?is produce m5  
inf]ior 9 und]/&+8  ,:o does n rememb]  
_! =cible1 pi?y say+s8  ,tra9$ to       
conqu]1 !y wor/$ _! enemies 9 e k9d (   
enc\nt]2 & ! babbl+ ,a!nians dread$ _!  
%>p spee*es q z mu* z _! valor4  ,9     
/rict] sy/ems ( education1 ! tea*]      
comm&s & ?9ks he is gov]n+ ! *ild1 :o   
is1 aft] all1 ! real ma/]4  ,:at y exact
 f him he employs z means to get f y :at
 he wants4  ,by "o h\r ( dilig5ce he c  
buy a week's indulg5ce4  ,at e mom5t y h
 to make t]ms ) him4  ,^! b>ga9s1 :i* y 
propose 9 y\r way1 & :i* he fulfils 9 8 
own way1 always turn out to ! advantage 
( 8 :ims1 especially :5 y are s c>eless 
z to make /ipulations :i* w be to 8     
advantage :e!r he c>ries out 8 %>e ( !  
b>ga9 or n4  ,usually1 ! *ild reads !   
tea*]'s m9d bett] ?an ! tea*] reads 84  
,?is is natural2 = all ! sagacity ! *ild
 at lib]ty w\ld use 9 self-pres]vation  
he n[ uses to protect himself f a       

tyrant's *a9s2 :ile ! latt]1 hav+ no    
imm$iate int]e/ 9 kn[+ ! *ild's m9d1    
foll[s 8 own advantage by leav+ vanity &
 indol5ce unre/ra9$4  ,d o!rwise ) y\r  
pupil4  ,let him always suppose himself 
ma/]1 :ile y really are ma/]4  ,no      
subjection is s p]fect z t :i* reta9s ! 
appe>ance ( lib]ty2 = ?us ! w itself is 
made captive4  ,is n ! helpless1 unkn[+ 
*ild at y\r m]cy8  ,d y n1 s f> z he is 
conc]n$1 control ev]y?+ ar\nd him8  ,h y
 n p[] to influ5ce him z y please8  ,are
 n 8 "w1 8 play1 8 pleasure1 8 pa91 9   
y\r h&s1 :e!r he kn[s x or n8  ,d\btless
 he ought to d only :at he pleases2 b   
y\r *oice ought to control 8 wi%es4  ,he
 ought to take no /ep t y h n direct$2  
he ought n to op5 8 lips )\t y\r kn[+   
:at he is ab\t to say4  ,9 ?is case he  
may1 )\t fe> ( debas+ 8 m9d1 devote     
himself to ex]cises ( ! body4  ,in/ead (
 %>p5+ 8 wits to escape an irksome      
subjection1 y w obs]ve him :olly occupi$
 9 f9d+ out 9 ev]y?+ ar\nd him t "p be/ 
adapt$ to 8 pres5t well-be+4  ,y w be   

amaz$ at ! subtilty ( 8 contrivances =  
appropriat+ to himself all ! objects )9 
! rea* ( 8 und]/&+1 & = enjoy+ ev]y?+   
)\t reg>d to o!r p's op9ions4  ,by ?us  
leav+ him free1 y w n fo/] 8 caprices4  
,if he nev] does any?+ t does n suit    
him1 he w soon d only :at he ought to d4
  ,&1 al?\gh 8 body be nev] at re/1     
/ill1 if he is c>+ = 8 pres5t &         
p]ceptible int]e/s1 all ! reason ( :i*  
he is capable w develop f> bett] & m    
appropriately ?an 9 /udies purely       
speculative4  ,z he does n f9d y b5t on 
?w>t+ him1 does n di/ru/ y1 has no?+ to 
hide f y1 he w n deceive y or tell y    
lies4 ,he w fe>lessly %[ himself to y j 
z he is4  ,y may /udy him entirely at   
y\r ease1 & plan lessons = him :i* he w 
all unconsci\sly receive4  ,he w n pry )
 suspici\s curiosity into y\r affairs1 &
 feel pleasure :5 he f9ds y 9 fault4    
,?is is "o ( our mo/ s]i\s              
disadvantages4  ,z ,i h said1 "o ( a    
*ild's fir/ objects is to discov] !     
weaknesses ( ^? :o h control ( him4     

,?is disposition may produce ill-nature1
 b does n arise f x1 b f _! desire to   
escape an irksome bondage4  ,oppress$ by
 ! yoke laid ^u !m1 *ildr5 endeavor to  
%ake x (f2 & ! faults !y f9d 9 _! tea*]s
 yield !m excell5t means = do+ ?is4  ,b 
!y acquire ! habit ( obs]v+ faults 9    
o!rs1 & ( enjoy+ su* discov]ies4  ,?is  
s\rce ( evil evid5tly does n exi/ 9     
mile4  ,hav+ no int]e/ to s]ve by       
discov]+ my faults1 he w n look = !m 9  
me1 & w h little temptation to seek !m 9
 o!r p4  ,?is c\rse ( conduct seems     
difficult because we d n reflect ^u x2 b
 tak+ x altoge!r1 x ought n to be s4  ,i
 am ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t y "k en\gh to   
und]/& ! bus9ess y h und]tak52 t y "k ! 
natural progress ( ! human m9d2 t y     
und]/& /udy+ mank9d 9 g5]al & 9         
individual cases2 t among all ! objects 
int]e/+ to 8 age t y mean to %[ y\r     
pupil1 y "k be=eh& :i* ( !m w influ5ce 8
 w4  ,n[ if y h ! appliances1 & "k j h[ 
to use !m1 are y n ma/] ( ! op]ation8   
,y object t *ildr5 h caprices1 b 9 ?is y

 are mi/ak54 ,^! caprices result f      
faulty discipl9e1 & are n natural4  ,!  
*ildr5 h be5 accu/om$ ei!r to obey or to
 comm&1 & ,i h said a hundr$ times t    
nei!r ( ^! two ?+s is necess>y4 ,y\r    
pupil w !re=e h only su* caprices z y   
give him1 & x is j y %\ld be puni%$ =   
y\r own faults4  ,b d y ask h[ ^! are to
 be rem$i$8  ,x c /ill be done by means 
( bett] managem5t & mu* pati5ce4        
,physical ,tra9+4  ,man's fir/ natural  
movem5ts are = ! purpose ( comp>+       
himself ) :atev] surr\nds him & f9d+ 9  
ea* ?+ ^? s5sible qualities likely to   
affect himself4  ,8 fir/ /udy is1 !re=e1
 a k9d ( exp]im5tal physics relat+ to 8 
own pres]vation4  ,f ?is1 be=e he has   
fully und]/ood 8 place "h on e>?1 he is 
turn$ aside to speculative /udies4      
,:ile yet 8 delicate & pliable organs c 
adapt !mselves to ! objects ^u :i* !y   
are to act1 :ile 8 s5ses1 /ill pure1 are
 free f illusion1 x is "t to ex]cise bo?
 9 _! peculi> functions1 & to le>n !    
p]ceptible relations betwe5 ourselves & 

outw>d ?+s4  ,s9ce :atev] ent]s ! human 
und]/&+ ent]s by ! s5ses1 man's         
primitive reason is a reason ( ! s5ses1 
s]v+ z f\ndation = ! reason ( !         
intellect4  ,our fir/ tea*]s 9          
philosophy are our own feet1 h&s1 &     
eyes4  ,to sub/itute books = ^! is tea*+
 u n to reason1 b to use ! reason (     
ano!r2 to believe a great deal1 & to "k 
no?+ at all4  ,9 practis+ an art we mu/ 
beg9 by procur+ app>atus = x2 & to use  
?is app>atus to advantage1 we mu/ h x   
solid en\gh to be> use4  ,9 le>n+ to    
?9k1 we mu/ !re=e employ our memb]s1 our
 s5ses1 our organs1 all :i* are !       
app>atus ( our und]/&+4  ,& to use !m to
 ! be/ advantage1 ! body :i* furni%es !m
 mu/ be s\nd & robu/4  ,our reason is   
!re=e s f> f be+ indep5d5t ( ! body1 t a
 good con/itution r5d]s m5tal op]ations 
easy & accurate4  ,9 indicat+ h[ ! long 
leisure ( *ildhood ought to be employ$1 
,i am ent]+ into p>ticul>s :i* maybe    
?\ght ridicul\s4  ,pretty lessons1 y w  
tell me1 :i* y y\rself criticize = tea*+

 only :at !re is no ne$ ( le>n+6  ,:y   
wa/e "t 9 in/ructions :i* always come ( 
_! own accord1 & co/ nei!r c>e nor      
tr\ble8  ,:at *ild ( twelve does n "k   
all y are go+ to tea* y\rs1 & all t 8   
ma/]s h taught him besides8  ,g5tlem51 y
 are mi/ak54  ,i am tea*+ my pupil a v  
t$i\s & difficult art1 :i* y\rs c]ta9ly 
h n acquir$1--t ( be+ ignorant4  ,= ! k 
( "o :o gives himself cr$it = kn[+ only 
:at he really does "k r$uces itself to a
 v small compass4  ,y are tea*+ sci5ce3 
v good2 ,i am deal+ ) ! in/rum5t by :i* 
sci5ce is acquir$4  ,all :o h reflect$  
^u ! mode ( life among ! anci5ts        
attribute to gymna/ic ex]cises t vigor (
 body & m9d :i* s notably di/+ui%es !m f
 u mod]ns4  ,montaigne's support ( ?is  
op9ion %[s t he _h fully adopt$ x2 he   
returns to x aga9 & aga91 9 a ?\s& ways4
 ,speak+ ( ! education ( a *ild1 he     
says1 ,we mu/ make 8 m9d robu/ by h>d5+ 
8 muscles2 inure him to pa9 by accu/om+ 
him to labor2 break him by sev]e ex]cise
 to ! ke5 pangs ( dislocation1 ( colic1 

( o!r ailm5ts4  ,! wise ,locke1#ah !    
excell5t ,roll91#ai ! le>n$ ,fleury1#bj 
! p$antic de ,cr\zas1#ba s diff]5t 9    
ev]y?+ else1 agree exactly on ?is po9t (
 abundant physical ex]cise = *ildr54  ,x
 is ! wise/ lesson !y ev] taught1 b ! "o
 t is & always w be mo/ neglect$4       
,clo?+4  ,z to clo?+1 ! limbs ( a gr[+  
body %\ld be entirely free4 ,no?+ %\ld  
cramp _! movem5ts or _! gr[?2 no?+ %\ld 
fit too closely or b9d ! body2 !re %\ld 
be no ligatures :atev]4  ,! pres5t ,fr5*
 dress cramps & disables ev5 a man1 & is
 especially injuri\s to *ildr54  ,x     
arre/s ! circulation ( ! humors2 !y     
/agnate f an inaction made worse by a   
s$5t>y life4 ,?is corruption ( ! humors 
br+s on ! scurvy1 a disease becom+ e day
 m common among u1 b unkn[n to !        
anci5ts1 protect$ f x by _! dress & _!  
mode ( life4  ,! huss> dress does n     
rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 b increases x1   
s9ce1 to save ! *ild a few ligatures1 x 
compresses ! entire body4  ,x w\ld be   
bett] to keep *ildr5 9 frocks z long z  

possible1 & !n put !m into loosely fitt+
 clo!s1 )\t try+ to %ape _! figures &   
!reby spoil !m4  ,_! defects ( body & ( 
m9d ne>ly all spr+ f ! same cause3 we   
are try+ to make m5 ( !m be=e _! "t4  ,(
 bright & dull colors1 ! =m] be/ please 
a *ild's ta/e2 su* colors are also mo/  
becom+ to !m2 & ,i see no reason :y we  
%\ld n 9 su* matt]s consult ^! natural  
co9cid5ces4  ,b ! mom5t a mat]ial is    
pref]r$ because x is ri*]1 ! *ild's m9d 
is corrupt$ by luxury1 & by all sorts ( 
:ims4  ,pref]5ces l ?is d n spr+ up ( _!
 own accord4  ,x is impossible to say h[
 mu* *oice ( dress & ! motives ( ?is    
*oice influ5ce education4  ,n only d    
?\ghtless mo!rs promise *ildr5 f9e clo!s
 by way ( rew>d1 b fooli% tutors ?reat5 
!m ) co>s] & simpl] dress z puni%m5t4   
,if y d n /udy y\r lessons1 if y d n    
take bett] c>e ( y\r clo!s1 y %all be   
dress$ l t little ru/ic4  ,?is is say+  
to him1 ,re/ assur$ t a man is no?+ b   
:at 8 clo!s make him2 y\r own wor?      
dep5ds on :at y we>4  ,is x surpris+ t  

sage lessons l ?is s influ5ce "y m5 t !y
 c>e = no?+ b ornam5t1 & judge ( m]it by
 outw>d appe>ance only8  ,g5]ally1      
*ildr5 are too w>mly clo!d1 especially 9
 _! e>li] ye>s4  ,!y %\ld be inur$ to   
cold r ?an heat2 sev]e cold nev]        
incommodes !m :5 !y enc\nt] x e>ly4  ,b 
! tissue ( _! sk91 z yet yield+ & t5d]1 
all[s too free passage to p]spiration1 &
 exposure to great heat inv>iably weak5s
 !m4  ,x has be5 obs]v$ t m *ildr5 die 9
 ,augu/ ?an 9 any o!r mon?4  ,besides1  
if we comp>e nor!rn & s\!rn races1 we   
f9d t excessive cold1 r ?an excessive   
heat1 makes man robu/4  ,9 proportion z 
! *ild gr[s & 8 fibres are /r5g!n$1     
accu/om him gradually to )/& heat2 & by 
degrees y w )\t risk tra9 him to endure 
! gl[+ temp]ature ( ! torrid zone4      
,sleep4  ,*ildr5 ne$ a great deal (     
sleep because !y take a great deal (    
ex]cise4  ,! "o acts z corrective to !  
o!r1 s t bo? are necess>y4  ,z nature   
tea*es u1 night is ! "t = re/4  ,con/ant
 obs]vation %[s t sleep is s(t] & m     

pr(\nd :ile ! sun is bel[ ! horizon4  ,!
 heat$ air does n s p]fectly            
tranquillize our tir$ s5ses4  ,= ?is    
reason ! mo/ salut>y habit is to rise & 
to g to re/ ) ! sun4  ,9 our climate    
man1 & animals g5]ally1 require m sleep 
9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4  ,b our mode ( life 
is n s simple1 natural1 & uni=m t we c  
make ?is regul> habit a necessity4  ,we 
mu/ )\t d\bt submit to regulations2 b x 
is mo/ important t we %\ld be able to   
break !m )\t risk :5 occasion requires4 
,d n !n imprud5tly s(t5 y\r pupil by    
lett+ him lie peacefully asleep )\t ev] 
be+ di/urb$4  ,at fir/ let him yield )\t
 re/ra9t to ! law ( nature1 b d n =get t
 9 our day we mu/ be sup]ior to ?is law2
 we mu/ be able to g late to re/ & rise 
e>ly1 to be awak5$ sudd5ly1 to be up all
 night1 )\t discom=t4  ,by beg9n+ e>ly1 
& by always proce$+ sl[ly1 we =m !      
con/itution by ! v practices :i* w\ld   
ru9 x if x 7 already e/abli%$4  ,x is   
important t y\r pupil %\ld f ! fir/ be  
accu/om$ to a h>d b$1 s t he may f9d    

none uncom=table4  ,g5]ally1 a life (   
h>d%ip1 :5 we are us$ to x1 gives u a f>
 great] numb] ( agreeable s5sations ?an 
does a life ( ease1 :i* creates an      
inf9ite numb] ( unpleasant ones4  ,"o   
too delicately re>$ c f9d sleep only ^u 
a b$ ( d[n2 "o accu/om$ to b>e bo>ds c  
f9d x any:]e4  ,no b$ is h>d to him :o  
falls asleep z soon z 8 head t\*es !    
pill[4  ,! be/ b$ is ! "o :i* br+s ! be/
 sleep4  ,?r\gh\t ! day no slaves f     
,p]sia1 b mile & ,i1 w prep>e our b$s4  
,:5 we are till+ ! gr\nd we %all be mak+
 !m s(t = our slumb]4   ,ex]cise ( !    
,s5ses4  ,a *ild has n a man's /ature1  
/r5g?1 or reason2 b he sees & he>s almo/
 or q z well4  ,8 s5se ( ta/e is z ke51 
?\gh he does n enjoy x z a pleasure4    
,our s5ses are ! fir/ p[]s p]fect$ 9 u4 
,!y are ! fir/ t %\ld be cultivat$ & !  
only ones =gott51 or at lea/1 ! mo/     
neglect$4  ,to ex]cise ! s5ses is n     
m]ely to use !m1 b to le>n h[ to judge  
correctly by means ( !m2 we may say1 to 
le>n h[ to feel4 ,= we _c feel1 or he>1 

or see1 o!rwise ?an z we h be5 taught4  
,!re is a k9d ( ex]cise1 purely natural 
& me*anical1 t r5d]s ! body robu/ )\t   
injur+ ! m9d4  ,( ?is description are   
swimm+1 runn+1 leap+1 sp9n+ tops1 & ?r[+
 /ones4 ,all ^! are well en\gh2 b h we  
no?+ b arms & legs8  ,h we n eyes & e>s 
z well8 & are !y ( no use :ile ! o!rs   
are employ$8  ,use1 !n1 n only y\r      
bodily /r5g?1 b all ! s5ses :i* direct  
x4  ,make z mu* ( ea* z possible1 &     
v]ify ! impressions ( "o by ^? ( ano!r4 
,measure1 c\nt1 weigh1 & comp>e4  ,use  
no /r5g? till aft] y h calculat$ !      
resi/ance x w meet4  ,be c>eful to      
e/imate ! effect be=e y use ! means4    
,int]e/ ! *ild 9 nev] mak+ any useless  
or inadequate trials ( /r5g?4  ,if y    
accu/om him to =eca/ ! effect ( e       
movem5t1 & to correct 8 errors by       
exp]i5ce1 is x n c]ta9 t ! m he does !  
bett] 8 judgm5t w be8  ,if ! lev] he    
uses 9 mov+ a heavy weight be too long1 
he w exp5d too mu* motion2 if too %ort1 
he w n h p[] en\gh4 ,exp]i5ce w tea* him

 to *oose "o exactly suitable4  ,su*    
practical k1 !n1 is n beyond 8 ye>s4    
,if he wi%es to c>ry a burd5 exactly z  
heavy z 8 /r5g? w be>1 )\t ! te/ ( fir/ 
lift+ x1 mu/ he n e/imate its weight by 
! eye8 ,if he und]/&s comp>+ masses ( ! 
same mat]ial b ( diff]5t size1 let him  
*oose betwe5 masses ( ! same size b (   
diff]5t mat]ial4  ,?is w oblige him to  
comp>e !m z to specific gravity4  ,i h  
se5 a well-educat$ "y man :o1 until he  
_h tri$ ! exp]im5t1 w\ld n believe t a  
pail full ( l>ge *ips weighs less ?an x 
does :5 full ( wat]4   ,! ,s5se ( ,t\*4 
,we h n equal control ( all our s5ses4  
,"o ( !m1 ! s5se ( t\*1 is 9 cont9ual   
action s long z we are awake4  ,diffus$ 
ov] ! entire surface ( ! body1 x s]ves z
 a p]petual s5t9el to w>n u ( :at is    
likely to h>m u4  ,by ! con/ant use (   
?is s5se1 volunt>y or o!rwise1 we ga9   
our e>lie/ exp]i5ce4  ,x !re=e /&s less 
9 ne$ ( special cultivation4  ,we obs]ve
 h[ev]1 t ! bl9d h a m delicate &       
accurate t\* ?an we1 because1 n hav+    

sight to guide !m1 !y dep5d ^u t\* = !  
judgm5ts we =m ) ! aid ( sight4  ,:y !n 
d we n tra9 ourselves to walk1 l !m1 9 !
 d>k1 to recognize by ! t\* all bodies  
we c rea*1 to judge ( objects ar\nd u1 9
 %ort1 to d by night & 9 ! d>k all !y d 
9 daytime )\t eyesight8  ,s long z ! sun
 %9es1 we h ! advantage ( !m2 b !y c    
guide u 9 d>kness4  ,we are bl9d dur+   
half our life-"t1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !   
really bl9d c always guide !mselves1    
:]eas we d>e n take a /ep 9 ! dead (    
night4  ,y may rem9d me t we h          
artificial light4  ,:at6 mu/ we always  
use ma*9es8 ,:o c insure _! be+ always  
at h& :5 we ne$ !m8  ,= my "p1 ,i pref] 
t mile1 in/ead ( keep+ 8 eyes 9 a *&l]'s
 %op1 %\ld h !m at ! ends ( 8 f+]s4  ,z 
mu* z possible1 let him be accu/om$ to  
play ab\t at night4 ,?is advice is m    
important ?an x w\ld seem4  ,= m51 &    
sometimes = animals1 night has naturally
 its t]rors4  ,r>ely d wisdom1 or wit1  
or c\rage1 free u f pay+ tribute to ^!  
t]rors4  ,i h se5 reason]s1 free-?9k]s1 

philosoph]s1 soldi]s1 :o 7 utt]ly       
fe>less 9 broad daylight1 tremble l wom5
 at ! ru/le ( leaves by night4  ,su*    
t]rors are suppos$ to be ! result (     
nurs]y tales4  ,! real cause is ! same  
?+ :i* makes ! deaf di/ru/ful1 & ! l[]  
classes sup]/iti\s2 & t is1 ignorance ( 
objects & ev5ts ar\nd u4  ,! cause ( !  
evil1 once f\nd1 sugge/s ! rem$y4  ,9   
ev]y?+1 habit b5umbs ! imag9ation2 new  
objects alone quick5 x aga94 ,e-day     
objects keep active n ! imag9ation1 b ! 
memory2 :5ce ! say+ ,ab assuetis non fit
 passio4#bb  ,= only ! imag9ation c set 
on fire our passions4  ,if1 !re=e1 y wi%
 to cure any "o ( ! fe> ( d>kness1 d n  
reason ) him4  ,take him into ! d>k (t51
 & y may be sure t w d him m good ?an   
philosophical argum5ts4  ,:5 at "w on ! 
ro(s ( h\ses1 slat]s d n feel _! heads  
swim2 & ^? accu/om$ to d>kness d n fe> x
 at all4  ,!re w be "o advantage ( our  
plays 9 ! d>k4  ,b if y mean !m to be   
successful1 y mu/ make !m z gay z       
possible4  ,d>kness is ( all ?+s ! mo/  

gloomy2 s d n %ut y\r *ild up 9 a       
dungeon4  ,:5 he goes into ! d>k make   
him laugh2 :5 he leaves x make him laugh
 aga92 & all ! "t he is !re1 let ! ?\ght
 ( :at he is enjoy+1 & :at he w f9d !re 
:5 he returns1 protect him f ! %ad[y    
t]rors :i* might o!rwise inhabit x4  ,i 
h he>d "s propose to tea* *ildr5 n to be
 afraid at night1 by surpris+ !m4  ,?is 
is a bad plan1 & its effect is contr>y  
to ! "o s\ght3 x only makes !m m timid  
?an be=e4  ,nei!r reason nor habit c    
accu/om u to a pres5t dang]1 ! nature & 
ext5t ( :i* we d n "k1 nor c !y less5   
our dread ( unexpect$ ?+s h[ev] (t5 we  
meet ) !m4  ,b h[ c we gu>d our pupil   
aga9/ su* accid5ts8  ,i ?9k ! foll[+ is 
! be/ plan4  ,i w tell my mile1 ,if any 
"o attacks y at night1 y are ju/ifi$ 9  
def5d+ y\rself2 = y\r assailant gives y 
no notice :e!r he means to hurt y or    
only to fright5 y4  ,z he has tak5 y at 
a disadvantage1 seize him boldly1 no    
matt] :at he may seem to be4  ,hold him 
fa/1 & if he (f]s any resi/ance1 hit him

 h>d & (t54  ,:atev] he may say or d1   
nev] let g until y "k exactly :o he is4 
,! explanation w probably %[ y t !re is 
no?+ to be afraid (2 & if y treat a     
practical jok] 9 ?is way1 he w n be     
likely to try ! same ?+ aga94  ,al?\gh1 
( all our s5ses1 t\* is ! "o mo/        
con/antly us$1 /ill1 z ,i h said1 its   
conclusions are ! mo/ rude & imp]fect4  
,?is is because x is always us$ at !    
same "t ) sight2 & because ! eye atta9s 
its object soon] ?an ! h&2 ! m9d ne>ly  
always decides )\t appeal+ to t\*4  ,on 
! o!r h&1 ! decisions ( t\*1 j because  
!y are s limit$ 9 _! range1 are ! mo/   
accurate4  ,= z !y ext5d no f>!r ?an our
 arm's l5g?1 !y correct ! errors ( o!r  
s5ses1 :i* deal ) di/ant objects1 &     
sc>cely grasp ^! objects at all1 :]eas  
all t ! t\* p]ceives x p]ceives         
?or\ghly4  ,besides1 if to n]ve-=ce we  
add muscul> action1 we =m a simultane\s 
impression1 & judge ( weight & solidity 
z well z ( temp]ature1 size1 & %ape4    
,?us t\*1 :i* ( all our s5ses be/ in=ms 

u conc]n+ impressions made ^u u by      
ext]nal ?+s1 is ! "o (t5e/ us$1 & gives 
u mo/ directly ! k necess>y to our      
pres]vation4   ,! ,s5se ( ,sight4  ,!   
s5se ( t\* conf9es its op]ations to a v 
n>r[ sph]e ar\nd u1 b ^? ( sight ext5d  
f> beyond2 ?is s5se is !re=e liable to  
be mi/ak54  ,) a s+le glance a man takes
 9 half 8 own horizon1 & 9 ^! myriad    
impressions1 & judgm5ts result+ f !m1 h[
 is x cr$ible t !re %\ld be no mi/akes8 
,sight1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ defective ( all 
our s5ses1 precisely because x is mo/   
f>-rea*+1 & because its op]ations1 by f>
 prec$+ all o!rs1 are too imm$iate & too
 va/ to receive correction f !m4        
,besides1 ! v illusions ( p]spective are
 ne$$ to make u und]/& ext5sion1 & to   
help u 9 comp>+ its p>ts4  ,if !re 7 no 
false appe>ances1 we c\ld see no?+ at a 
di/ance2 if !re 7 no gradations 9 size1 
we c\ld =m no e/imate ( di/ance1 or r   
!re w\ld be no di/ance at all4  ,if (   
two trees ! "o a hundr$ paces away seem$
 z l>ge & di/9ct z ! o!r1 t5 paces      

di/ant1 we %\ld place !m side by side4  
,if we saw all objects 9 _! true        
dim5sions1 we %\ld see no space :atev]2 
ev]y?+ w\ld appe> to be directly b5ea?  
our eye4  ,= judg+ ( ! size & di/ance ( 
objects1 sight has only "o measure1 & t 
is ! angle !y =m ) our eye4  ,z ?is is !
 simple effect ( a comp\nd cause1 !     
judgm5t we =m f x leaves ea* p>ticul>   
case undecid$ or is necess>ily imp]fect4
  ,= h[ c ,i by ! sight alone tell :e!r 
! angle :i* makes "o object appe> small]
 ?an ano!r is caus$ by ! really less]   
magnitude ( ! object or by its great]   
di/ance f me8  ,an opposite me?od mu/   
!re=e be pursu$4  ,in/ead ( rely+ on "o 
s5sation only1 we mu/ repeat x1 v]ify x 
by o!rs1 subord9ate sight to t\*1       
repress+ ! impetuosity ( ! fir/ by !    
/eady1 ev5 pace ( ! second4  ,= lack (  
?is caution we measure v inaccurately by
 ! eye1 9 det]m9+ height1 l5g?1 dep?1 & 
di/ance4  ,t ?is is n due to organic    
defect1 b to c>eless use1 is prov$ by ! 
fact t eng9e]s1 surveyors1 ar*itects1   

masons1 & pa9t]s g5]ally h a f> m       
accurate eye ?an we1 & e/imate measures 
( ext5sion m correctly4  ,_! bus9ess    
gives !m exp]i5ce t we neglect to       
acquire1 & ?us !y correct ! ambiguity ( 
! angle by means ( appe>ances associat$ 
) x1 :i* enable !m to det]m9e m exactly 
! relation ( ! two ?+s produc+ ! angle4 
,*ildr5 are easily l$ into any?+ t all[s
 uncon/ra9$ movem5t ( ! body4  ,!re are 
a ?\s& ways ( int]e/+ !m 9 measur+1     
discov]+1 & e/imat+ di/ances4  ,yond] is
 a v tall *]ry-tree2 h[ c we manage to  
get "s *]ries8  ,w ! ladd] 9 ! b>n d8   
,!re is a v wide brook2 h[ c we cross x8
  ,w\ld "o ( ! planks 9 ! y>d be long   
en\gh8  ,we want to ?r[ a l9e f our     
w9d[s & cat* "s fi% 9 ! moat ar\nd !    
h\se2 h[ _m fa?oms long ought ! l9e to  
be8  ,i want to put up a sw+ betwe5 ^?  
two trees2 w\ld f\r y>ds ( rope be en\gh
 = x8  ,!y say t 9 ! o!r h\se our room w
 be tw5ty-five feet squ>e2 d y ?9k t w  
suit u8  ,w x be l>g] ?an ?is8  ,we are 
v hungry2 :i* ( ^? two villages yond] c 

we rea* soone/1 & h our d9n]8  ,z ! s5se
 ( sight is ! "o lea/ easily sep>at$ f !
 judgm5ts ( ! m9d1 we ne$ a great deal (
 "t = le>n+ h[ to see4  ,we mu/ = a long
 "t comp>e sight ) t\*1 if we w\ld      
accu/om our eye to report =ms & di/ances
 accurately4  ,)\t t\* & )\t progressive
 movem5t1 ! ke5e/ eye-sight 9 ! _w c\ld 
give u no idea ( ext5t4  ,to an oy/] !  
entire univ]se mu/ be only a s+le po9t4 
,only by walk+1 feel+1 c\nt+1 & measur+1
 d we le>n to e/imate di/ances4  ,if we 
always measure !m1 h[ev]1 our eye1      
dep5d+ on ?is1 w nev] ga9 accuracy4     
,yet ! *ild ought n to pass too soon f  
measur+ to e/imat+4  ,x w be bett] =    
him1 aft] comp>+ by p>ts :at he _c      
comp>e z :oles1 f9ally to sub/itute =   
measur$ aliquot p>ts o!rs1 obta9$ by !  
eye alone4  ,he %\ld tra9 himself 9 ?is 
mann] ( measur+ in/ead ( always measur+ 
) ! h&4  ,i pref] t ! v fir/ op]ations (
 ?is k9d %\ld be v]ifi$ by actual       
measurem5ts1 s t he may correct !       
mi/akes aris+ f false appe>ances by a   

bett] judgm5t4  ,!re are natural        
measures1 ne>ly ! same ev]y:]e1 su* z a 
man's pace1 ! l5g? ( 8 arm1 or 8 height4
  ,:5 ! *ild is calculat+ ! height ( !  
/ory ( a h\se1 8 tutor may s]ve z a unit
 ( measure4  ,9 e/imat+ ! altitude ( a  
/eeple1 he may comp>e x ) t ( !         
neighbor+ h\ses4  ,if he wants to "k h[ 
_m leagues !re are 9 a giv5 j\rney1 let 
him reckon ! numb] ( h\rs sp5t 9 mak+ x 
on foot4  ,& by all means d none ( ?is  
"w = him2 let him d x himself4  ,we _c  
le>n to judge correctly ( ! ext5t & size
 ( bodies )\t also le>n+ to recognize _!
 =ms1 & ev5 to imitate !m4  ,= su*      
imitation is absolutely dep5d5t on !    
laws ( p]spective1 & we _c e/imate ext5t
 f appe>ances )\t "s appreciation ( ^!  
laws4   ,draw+4  ,all *ildr51 be+       
natural imitators1 try to draw4  ,i w\ld
 h my pupil cultivate ?is art1 n exactly
 = ! sake ( ! art itself1 b to r5d] !   
eye true & ! h& flexible4  ,9 g5]al1 x  
matt]s little :e!r he und]/&s ?is or t  
ex]cise1 provid$ he acquires ! m5tal    

insight1 & ! manual skill furni%$ by !  
ex]cise4  ,i %\ld take c>e1 !re=e1 n to 
give him a draw+-ma/]1 :o w\ld give him 
only copies to imitate1 & w\ld make him 
draw f draw+s only4  ,he %all h no tea*]
 b nature1 no models b real ?+s4  ,he   
%all h be=e 8 eyes ! orig9als1 & n !    
pap] :i* repres5ts !m4  ,he %all draw a 
h\se f a real h\se1 a tree f a tree1 a  
human figure f ! man himself4  ,9 ?is   
way he w accu/om himself to obs]ve      
bodies & _! appe>ances1 & n mi/ake =    
accurate mutations ^? t are false &     
conv5tional4  ,i %\ld ev5 object to 8   
draw+ any?+ f memory1 until by frequ5t  
obs]vations ! exact =ms ( ! objects _h  
cle>ly impr9t$ !mselves on 8 imag9ation1
 le/1 sub/itut+ odd & fanta/ic %apes = !
 real ?+s1 he might lose ! k (          
proportion & a ta/e = ! beauties (      
nature4  ,i "k v well t he w g on daub+ 
= a long "t )\t mak+ any?+ wor? notic+1 
& w be long 9 ma/]+ elegance ( outl9e1 &
 9 acquir+ ! deft /roke ( a skill$      
draughtsman4  ,he may nev] le>n to      

disc]n picturesque effects1 or draw )   
sup]ior skill4  ,on ! o!r h&1 he w h a m
 correct eye1 a tru] h&1 a k ( ! real   
relations ( size & %ape 9 animals1      
plants1 & natural bodies1 & practical   
exp]i5ce ( ! illusions ( p]spective4    
,?is is precisely :at ,i int5d2 n s mu* 
t he %all imitate objects z t he %all "k
 !m4  ,i w\ld r h him %[ me an acan?us  
?an a f9i%$ draw+ ( ! foliation ( a     
capital4  ,yet ,i w\ld n all[ my pupil  
to h ! enjoym5t ( ?is or any o!r ex]cise
 all to himself4  ,by %>+ x ) him ,i w  
make him enjoy x /ill m4  ,he %all h no 
competitor b myself2 b ,i w be t        
competitor cont9ually1 & )\t risk (     
jeal\sy betwe5 u4  ,x w only int]e/ him 
m deeply 9 8 /udies4 ,l him ,i w take up
 ! p5cil1 & at fir/ ,i w be z awkw>d z  
he4  ,if ,i 7 an ,apelles1 ev51 ,i w    
make myself a m]e daub]4  ,i w beg9 by  
sket*+ a man j z a boy w\ld sket* "o on 
a wall1 ) a da% = ea* arm1 & ) f+]s l>g]
 ?an ! arms4 ,by & by "o or ! o!r ( u w 
discov] ?is disproportion4  ,we %all    

obs]ve t a leg has ?ickness1 & t ?is    
?ickness is n ! same ev]y:]e2 t ! l5g? (
 ! arm is det]m9$ by its proportion to !
 body2 & s on4  ,z we g on ,i w d no m  
?an keep ev5 /ep ) him1 or w excel him  
by s little t he c always easily ov]take
 & ev5 surpass me4  ,we w get colors &  
bru%es2 we w try to imitate n only !    
outl9e b ! color+ & all ! o!r details ( 
objects4  ,we w color2 we w pa9t2 we w  
daub2 b 9 all our daub+ we %all be      
cont9ually pe]+ into nature1 & all we d 
%all be done "u ! eye ( t great tea*]4  
,if we _h difficulty 9 f9d+ decorations 
= our room1 we h n[ all we c\ld desire4 
,i w h our draw+s fram$1 s t we c give  
!m no f9i%+ t\*es2 & ?is w make u bo?   
c>eful to d no neglig5t "w4  ,i w       
arrange !m 9 ord] ar\nd our room1 ea*   
draw+ repeat$ tw5ty or ?irty times1 &   
ea* repetition %[+ ! au?or's progress1 f
 ! repres5tation ( a h\se by an almo/   
%apeless attempt at a squ>e1 to !       
accurate copy ( its front elevation1    
pr(ile1 proportions1 & %ad+4  ,! draw+s 

?us grad$ mu/ be int]e/+ to ourselves1  
curi\s to o!rs1 & likely to /imulate    
fur!r ef=t4  ,i w inclose ! fir/ & rude/
 ( ^! 9 %[y gild$ frames1 to set !m (f  
well2 b z ! imitation improves1 & :5 !  
draw+ is really good1 ,i w add only a v 
simple black frame4  ,! picture ne$s no 
ornam5t b itself1 & x w\ld be a pity t !
 bord]+ %\ld receive half ! att5tion4   
,bo? ( u w aspire to ! honor ( a pla9   
frame1 & if ei!r wi%es to condemn !     
o!r's draw+1 he w say x ought to h a    
gilt frame4  ,p]haps "s day ^! gild$    
frames w pass into a prov]b ) u1 & we   
%all be int]e/$ to obs]ve h[ _m m5 d    
ju/ice to !mselves by fram+ !mselves 9 !
 v same way4   ,geometry4  ,i h said t  
geometry is n intelligible to *ildr52 b 
x is our own fault4  ,we d n obs]ve t _!
 me?od is diff]5t f ours1 & t :at is to 
u ! art ( reason+ %\ld be to !m only !  
art ( see+4  ,in/ead ( giv+ !m our      
me?od1 we %\ld d bett] to take !irs4  ,=
 9 our way ( le>n+ geometry1 imag9ation 
really does z mu* z reason4  ,:5 a      

proposition is /at$1 we h to imag9e !   
demon/ration2 t is1 we h to f9d ^u :at  
proposition already kn[n ! new "o       
dep5ds1 & f all ! consequ5ces ( ?is kn[n
 pr9ciple select j ! "o requir$4        
,accord+ to ?is me?od ! mo/ exact       
reason]1 if n naturally inv5tive1 mu/ be
 at fault4  ,& ! result is t ! tea*]1   
in/ead ( mak+ u discov] demon/rations1  
dictates !m to u2 in/ead ( tea*+ u to   
reason1 he reasons = u1 & ex]cises only 
our memory4  ,make ! diagrams accurate2 
comb9e !m1 place !m "o ^u ano!r1 exam9e 
_! relations1 & y w discov] ! :ole (    
elem5t>y geometry by proce$+ f "o       
obs]vation to ano!r1 )\t us+ ei!r       
def9itions or problems1 or any =m (     
demon/ration ?an simple sup]position4   
,= my "p1 ,i d n ev5 pret5d to tea* mile
 geometry2 he %all tea* x to me4  ,i w  
look = relations1 & he %all discov] !m4 
,i w look = !m 9 a way t w lead him to  
discov] !m4  ,9 draw+ a circle1 =       
in/ance1 ,i w n use a compass1 b a po9t 
at ! end ( a cord :i* turns on a pivot4 

,aft]w>d1 :5 ,i want to comp>e ! radii (
 a semi-circle1 mile w laugh at me &    
tell me t ! same cord1 held ) ! same    
t5sion1 _c describe unequal di/ances4   
,:5 ,i want to measure an angle ( sixty 
degrees1 ,i w describe f ! apex ( !     
angle n an arc only1 b an entire circle2
 = ) *ildr5 no?+ mu/ be tak5 = grant$4  
,i f9d t ! portion int]cept$ by ! two   
sides ( ! angle is "o-six? ( ! :ole     
circumf]5ce4  ,aft]w>d1 f ! same c5tre1 
,i describe ano!r & a l>g] circle1 & f9d
 t ?is second arc is "o-six? ( ! new    
circumf]5ce4  ,describ+ a ?ird conc5tric
 circle1 ,i te/ x 9 ! same way1 &       
cont9ue ! process ) o!r conc5tric       
circles1 until mile1 vex$ at my         
/upidity1 in=ms me t e arc1 great or    
small1 int]cept$ by ! sides ( ?is angle1
 w be "o-six? ( ! circumf]5ce to :i* x  
belongs4  ,y see we are almo/ ready to  
use ! in/rum5ts intellig5tly4  ,9 ord]  
to prove ! angles ( a triangle equal to 
two "r angles1 a circle is usually      
drawn4  ,i1 on ! contr>y1 w call mile's 

att5tion to ?is 9 ! circle1 & !n ask    
him1 ,n[1 if ! circle 7 tak5 away1 & !  
/raight l9es 7 left1 w\ld ! size ( !    
angles be *ang$8  ,x is n cu/om>y to pay
 mu* att5tion to ! accuracy ( figures 9 
geometry2 ! accuracy is tak5 = grant$1 &
 ! demon/ration alone is reg>d$4  mile &
 ,i w pay no he$ to ! demon/ration1 b   
aim to draw exactly /raight & ev5 l9es2 
to make a squ>e p]fect & a circle r\nd4 
,to te/ ! exactness ( ! figure we w     
exam9e x 9 all its visible prop]ties1 & 
?is w give u daily opportunity ( f9d+   
out o!rs4  ,we w fold ! two halves ( a  
circle on ! l9e ( ! diamet]1 & ! halves 
( a squ>e on its diagonal1 & !n exam9e  
our two figures to see :i* has its b\nd+
 l9es mo/ ne>ly co9cid5t1 & is !re=e be/
 con/ruct$4  ,we w debate z to :e!r ?is 
equality ( p>ts exi/s 9 all             
p>allelograms1 trapeziums1 & l figures4 
,sometimes we w endeavor to guess at !  
result ( ! exp]im5t be=e we make x1 &   
sometimes to f9d out ! reasons :y x %\ld
 result z x does4  ,geometry = my pupil 

is only ! art ( us+ ! rule & compass    
well4  ,x %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) draw+1   
:i* uses nei!r ( ^! in/rum5ts4  ,! rule 
& compass are to be kept "u lock & key1 
& he %all be all[$ to use !m only       
occasionally1 & = a %ort "t1 le/ he fall
 into ! habit ( daub+4  ,b sometimes1 :5
 we g = a walk1 we w take our diagrams )
 u1 & talk ab\t :at we h done or w\ld l 
to d4   ,he>+4  ,:at has be5 said z to !
 two s5ses mo/ cont9ually employ$ & mo/ 
important may illu/rate ! way 9 :i* ,i  
%\ld ex]cise ! o!r s5ses4  ,sight & t\* 
deal alike ) bodies at re/ & bodies 9   
motion4  ,b z only ! vibration ( ! air c
 ar\se ! s5se ( he>+1 noise or s\nd c be
 made only by a body 9 motion4 ,if      
ev]y?+ 7 at re/1 we c\ld n he> at all4  
,at night1 :5 we move only z we *oose1  
we h no?+ to fe> except f o!r bodies 9  
motion4  ,we !re=e ne$ quick e>s to     
judge f our s5sations :e!r ! body caus+ 
!m is l>ge or small1 di/ant or ne>1 &   
:e!r its motion is viol5t or slight4  ,!
 air1 :5 9 agitation1 is subject to     

rev]b]ations :i* reflect x back1 produce
 e*oes1 & repeat ! s5sation1 mak+ !     
sonor\s body he>d else:]e ?an :]e x     
really is4  ,9 a pla9 or valley1 if y   
put y\r e> to ! gr\nd1 y c he> ! voices 
( m5 & ! s\nd ( horses' ho(s mu* f>!r   
?an :5 /&+ upright4  ,z we h comp>$     
sight ) t\*1 let u also comp>e x ) he>+1
 & consid] :i* ( ! two impressions1     
leav+ ! same body at ! same "t1 soone/  
rea*es its organ4  ,:5 we see ! fla% ( a
 cannon !re is /ill "t to avoid ! %ot2 b
 z soon z we he> ! s\nd !re is n "t2 !  
ball has /ruck4  ,we c e/imate ! di/ance
 ( ?und] by ! int]val betwe5 ! fla% & ! 
?und]bolt4  ,make ! *ild und]/& su*     
exp]im5ts2 try ^? t are )9 8 own p[]1 & 
discov] o!rs by inf]5ce4  ,b x w\ld be  
bett] he %\ld "k no?+ ab\t ^! ?+s ?an t 
y %\ld tell him all he is to "k ab\t !m4
  ,we h an organ t corresponds to t (   
he>+1 t is1 ! voice4  ,sight has no?+ l 
?is1 = ?\gh we c produce s\nds1 we _c   
give (f colors4  ,we h !re=e full] means
 ( cultivat+ he>+1 by ex]cis+ its active

 & passive organs ^u "o ano!r4   ,!     
,voice4  ,man has ?ree k9ds ( voice3 !  
speak+ or articulate voice1 ! s++ or    
melodi\s voice1 & ! pa!tic or acc5t$    
voice1 :i* gives language to passion &  
animates song & spee*4  ,a *ild has ^!  
?ree k9ds ( voice z well z a man1 b he  
does n "k h[ to bl5d !m 9 ! same way4   
,l 8 eld]s he c laugh1 cry1 compla91    
exclaim1 & groan4  ,b he does n "k h[ to
 bl5d ^! inflections ) ! two o!r voices4
  ,p]fect music be/ accompli%es ?is     
bl5d+2 b *ildr5 are incapable ( su*     
music1 & !re is nev] mu* feel+ 9 _! s++4
  ,9 speak+1 _! voice has little en]gy1 
& little or no acc5t4  ,our pupil w h   
ev5 a simpl] & m uni=m mode ( speak+1   
because 8 passions1 n yet ar\s$1 w n    
m+le _! language ) 84  ,d n1 !re=e1 give
 him dramatic p>ts to recite1 nor tea*  
him to declaim4  ,he w h too mu* s5se to
 emphasize words he _c und]/&1 & to     
express feel+s he has nev] kn[n4  ,tea* 
him to speak ev5ly1 cle>ly1             
articulately1 to pron\nce correctly &   

)\t affectation1 to und]/& & use ! acc5t
 dem&$ by gramm> & prosody4  ,tra9 him  
to avoid a common fault acquir$ 9       
colleges1 ( speak+ l\d] ?an is necess>y2
 h him speak l\d en\gh to be und]/ood2  
let !re be no exagg]ation 9 any?+4      
,aim1 also1 to r5d] 8 voice 9 s++1 ev51 
flexible1 & sonor\s4  ,let 8 e> be      
s5sitive to "t & h>mony1 b to no?+ m4   
,d n expect ( him1 at 8 age1 imitative &
 !atrical music4  ,x w\ld be bett] if he
 did n ev5 s+ words4  ,if he wi%$ to s+ 
!m1 ,i %\ld try to inv5t songs          
especially = him1 su* z w\ld int]e/ him1
 z simple z 8 own ideas4   ,! ,s5se (   
,ta/e4  ,( our diff]5t s5sations1 ^? (  
ta/e g5]ally affect u mo/4 ,we are m    
int]e/$ 9 judg+ correctly ( sub/ances t 
are to =m "p ( our own bodies ?an ( ^?  
:i* m]ely surr\nd u4  ,we are indiff]5t 
to a ?\s& ?+s1 z objects ( t\*1 ( he>+1 
or ( sight2 b !re is almo/ no?+ to :i*  
our s5se ( ta/e is indiff]5t4  ,besides1
 ! action ( ?is s5se is entirely        
physical & mat]ial4  ,imag9ation &      

imitation (t5 give a t+e ( moral "* to !
 impressions ( all ! o!r s5ses2 b to ?is
 x appeals lea/ ( all1 if at all4       
,g5]ally1 also1 p]sons ( passionate &   
really s5sitive temp]am5t1 easily mov$  
by ! o!r s5ses1 are r indiff]5t 9 reg>d 
to ?is4  ,?is v fact1 :i* seems 9 "s    
measure to degrade ! s5se ( ta/e1 & to  
make excess 9 its indulg5ce m           
contemptible1 leads me1 h[ev]1 to       
conclude t ! sure/ way to influ5ce      
*ildr5 is by means ( _! appetite4       
,gluttony1 z a motive1 is f> bett] ?an  
vanity2 = gluttony is a natural appetite
 dep5d+ directly on ! s5ses1 & vanity is
 ! result ( op9ion1 is subject to human 
caprice & to abuse ( all k9ds4          
,gluttony is ! passion ( *ildhood1 & _c 
hold its own aga9/ any o!r2 x disappe>s 
on ! slighte/ occasion4  ,believe me1 ! 
*ild w only too soon leave (f ?9k+ ( 8  
appetite2 = :5 8 he>t is occupi$1 8     
palate w give him little conc]n4  ,:5 he
 is a man1 a ?\s& impulsive feel+s w    
div]t 8 m9d f gluttony to vanity2 = ?is 

la/ passion alone takes advantage ( all 
o!rs1 & ends by absorb+ !m all4  ,i h   
sometimes wat*$ closely ^? :o are       
especially fond ( da9ties2 :o1 z soon z 
!y awoke1 7 ?9k+ ( :at !y %\ld eat dur+ 
! day1 & c\ld describe a d9n] ) m       
m9ut5ess ?an ,polybius uses 9 describ+ a
 battle2 & ,i h always f\nd t ^! suppos$
 m5 7 no?+ b *ildr5 =ty ye>s old1 )\t   
any =ce or /ead9ess ( "*4  ,gluttony is 
! vice ( m5 :o h no /am9a4  ,! s\l ( a  
g\rm& has its seat 9 8 palate alone2 =m$
 only = eat+1 /upid1 incapable1 he is 9 
8 true place only at ! table2 8 judgm5t 
is wor?less except 9 ! matt] ( di%es4   
,z he values ^! f> m highly ?an o!rs 9  
:i* we are int]e/$1 z well z he1 let u  
)\t regret leave ?is bus9ess ( ! palate 
to him4  ,x is weak precaution to fe> t 
gluttony may take root 9 a *ild capable 
( any?+ else4  ,z *ildr51 we ?9k only ( 
eat+2 b 9 y\?1 we ?9k ( x no m4  ,ev]y?+
 ta/es good to u1 & we h _m o!r ?+s to  
occupy u4  ,yet ,i w\ld n use s l[ a    
motive injudici\sly1 or rew>d a good    

action ) a sug>-plum4  ,s9ce *ildhood is
 or %\ld be altoge!r made up ( play &   
frolic1 ,i see no reason :y ex]cise     
purely physical %\ld n h a mat]ial &    
tangible rew>d4  ,if a "y ,majorcan1    
see+ a basket 9 ! top ( a tree1 br+s x  
d[n ) a /one f 8 sl+1 :y %\ld he n h !  
recomp5se ( a good breakfa/1 to repair !
 /r5g? us$ 9 e>n+ x8  ,a "y ,sp>tan1    
brav+ ! risk ( a hundr$ la%es1 /ole into
 a kit*51 & c>ri$ (f a live fox-cub1 :i*
 conceal$ "u 8 coat1 scrat*$ & bit him  
till ! blood came4  ,to avoid ! disgrace
 ( detection1 ! *ild all[$ ! creature to
 gnaw 8 entrails1 & did n lift an eyela%
 or utt] a cry4#bc  ,0 x n j t1 z a     
rew>d1 he 0 all[$ to dev\r ! bea/ t _h  
done its be/ to dev\r him8  ,a good meal
 ought nev] to be giv5 z a rew>d2 b :y  
%\ld x n sometimes be ! result ( ! pa9s 
tak5 to secure x8  mile w n consid] !   
cake ,i put ^u a /one z a rew>d = runn+ 
well2 he only kn[s t he _c h ! cake     
unless he rea*es x be=e "s o!r p]son    
does4  ,?is does n contradict ! pr9ciple

 be=e laid d[n z to simplicity 9 diet4  
,= to please a *ild's appetite we ne$ n 
ar\se x1 b m]ely satisfy x2 & ?is may be
 done ) ! mo/ ord9>y ?+s 9 ! _w1 if we d
 n take pa9s to ref9e 8 ta/e4  ,8       
cont9ual appetite1 aris+ f 8 rapid gr[?1
 is an unfail+ sauce1 :i* supplies !    
place ( _m o!rs4  ,) a little fruit1 or 
"s ( ! da9ties made f milk1 or a bit (  
pa/ry r m ( a r>ity ?an ! e-day bread1  
&1 m ?an all1 ) "s tact 9 be/[+1 y may  
lead an army ( *ildr5 to ! _w's end )\t 
giv+ !m any ta/e = highly spic$ food1 or
 runn+ any risk ( cloy+ _! palate4      
,besides1 :atev] k9d ( diet y give      
*ildr51 provid$ !y are us$ only to      
simple & common articles ( food1 let !m 
eat1 run1 & play z mu* z !y please1 & y 
may re/ assur$ !y w nev] eat too mu*1 or
 be tr\bl$ ) indige/ion4  ,b if y />ve  
!m half ! "t1 & !y c f9d a way to escape
 y\r vigilance1 !y w injure !mselves )  
all _! might1 & eat until !y are        
entirely surfeit$4  ,unless we dictate  
to our appetite o!r rules ?an ^? (      

nature1 x w nev] be inord9ate4  ,always 
regulat+1 prescrib+1 add+1 retr5*+1 we d
 ev]y?+ ) scales 9 h&4  ,b ! scales     
measure our own :ims1 & n our dige/ive  
organs4  ,to return to my illu/rations2 
among c\ntry folk ! l>d] & ! or*>d are  
always op51 & nobody1 "y or old1 kn[s   
:at indige/ion means4   ,result4  ,!    
,pupil at ! ,age ( ,t5 or ,twelve4      
,suppos+ t my me?od is inde$ t ( nature 
itself1 & t ,i h made no mi/akes 9      
apply+ x1 ,i h n[ conduct$ my pupil     
?r\gh ! region ( s5sations to ! b\nd>ies
 ( *ildi% reason4 ,! fir/ /ep beyond    
%\ld be t ( a man4  ,b be=e beg9n+ ?is  
new c>e]1 let u = a mom5t ca/ our eyes  
ov] :at we h j trav]s$4  ,e age & /ation
 9 life has a p]fection1 a maturity1 all
 its own4  ,we (t5 he> ( a full-gr[n    
man2 9 contemplat+ a full-gr[n *ild we  
%all f9d m novelty1 & p]haps no less    
pleasure4  ,! exi/5ce ( f9ite be+s is s 
b>r5 & s limit$ t :5 we see only :at is1
 x nev] /irs u to emotion4  ,real       
objects are adorn$ by ! creations (     

fancy1 & )\t ?is *>m yield u b a b>r5   
satisfaction1 t5d+ no f>!r ?an to !     
organ t p]ceives !m1 & ! he>t is left   
cold4  ,! e>?1 clad 9 ! glories (       
autumn1 displays a weal? :i* ! wond]+   
eye enjoys1 b :i* ar\ses no feel+ )9 u2 
x spr+s less f s5tim5t ?an f reflection4
  ,9 spr+ ! l&scape is /ill almo/ b>e2 !
 =e/s yield no %ade2 ! v]dure is only   
beg9n+ to bud2 & yet ! he>t is deeply   
mov$ at ! sight4  ,we feel )9 u a new   
life1 :5 we see nature ?us revive2      
delightful images surr\nd u2 !          
companions ( pleasure1 g5tle te>s1 ev]  
ready to spr+ at ! t\* ( t5d] feel+s1   
brim our eyes4  ,b ^u ! panorama ( !    
v9tage season1 animat$ & pleasant ?\gh x
 be1 we h no te>s to be/[4  ,:y is !re  
?is diff]5ce8  ,x is because imag9ation 
jo9s to ! sight ( spr+-"t t ( foll[+    
seasons4  ,to ! t5d] buds ! eye adds !  
fl[]s1 ! fruit1 ! %ade1 sometimes also !
 my/]ies t may lie hid 9 !m4  ,into a   
s+le po9t ( "t our fancy ga!rs all !    
ye>'s seasons yet to be1 & sees ?+s less

 z !y really w be ?an z x w\ld *oose to 
h !m4  ,9 autumn1 on ! contr>y1 !re is  
no?+ b b>e reality4  ,if we ?9k ( spr+  
!n1 ! ?\ght ( w9t] *ecks u1 & b5ea? sn[ 
& ho>-fro/ ! *ill$ imag9ation dies4  ,! 
*>m we feel 9 look+ ^u a lovely *ildhood
 r ?an ^u ! p]fection ( mature age1     
arises f ! same s\rce4  ,if ! sight ( a 
man 9 8 prime gives u l pleasure1 x is  
:5 ! memory ( :at he has done leads u to
 review 8 pa/ life & br+ up 8 y\ng]     
days4  ,if we ?9k ( him z he is1 or z he
 w be 9 old age1 ! idea ( decl9+ nature 
de/roys all our pleasure4  ,!re c be    
none 9 see+ a man rapidly draw+ ne> !   
grave2 ! image ( dea? is a blight ^u    
ev]y?+4  ,b :5 ,i imag9e a *ild ( t5 or 
twelve1 s\nd1 vigor\s1 well develop$ = 8
 age1 x gives me pleasure1 :e!r on      
acc\nt ( ! pres5t or ( ! future4  ,i see
 him impetu\s1 sprightly1 animat$1 free 
f anxiety or corrod+ c>e1 liv+ :olly 9 8
 own pres5t1 & enjoy+ a life full to    
ov]fl[+4  ,i =esee :at he w be 9 lat]   
ye>s1 us+ ! s5ses1 ! intellect1 ! bodily

 vigor1 e day unfold+ )9 him4  ,:5 ,i   
?9k ( him z a *ild1 he delights me2 :5  
,i ?9k ( him z a man1 he delights me    
/ill m4  ,8 gl[+ pulses seem to w>m my  
own2 ,i feel 8 life )9 myself1 & 8      
sprightl9ess r5ews my y\?4  ,8 =m1 8    
be>+1 8 c\nt5ance1 manife/              
self-confid5ce & happ9ess4  ,heal? gl[s 
9 8 face2 8 firm /ep is a sign ( bodily 
vigor4  ,8 complexion1 /ill delicate1 b 
n insipid1 has 9 x no effem9ate s(tness1
 = air & sun h already giv5 him !       
honorable /amp ( 8 sex4  ,8 /ill r\nd$  
muscles are beg9n+ to %[ signs ( gr[+   
expressiv5ess4  ,8 eyes1 n yet light$ ) 
! fire ( feel+1 h all _! natural s]5ity4
  ,ye>s ( sorr[ h nev] made !m dim1 nor 
h 8 *eeks be5 furr[$ by unceas+ te>s4   
,8 quick b decid$ movem5ts %[ !         
sprightl9ess ( 8 age1 & 8 /urdy         
indep5d5ce2 !y be> te/imony to !        
abundant physical ex]cise he has enjoy$4
  ,8 be>+ is frank & op51 b n insol5t or
 va94 ,8 face1 nev] glu$ to 8 books1 is 
nev] d[nca/2 y ne$ n tell him to raise 8

 head1 = nei!r fe> nor %ame has ev] made
 x droop4  ,make room = him among y1 &  
exam9e him1 g5tlem54  ,"q him ) all     
confid5ce1 )\t fe> ( 8 tr\bl+ y ) idle  
*att] or imp]t95t qu]ies4  ,d n be      
afraid ( 8 tak+ up all y\r "t1 or mak+ x
 impossible = y to get rid ( him4  ,y   
ne$ n expect brilliant spee*es t ,i h   
taught him1 b only ! frank & simple tru?
 )\t prep>ation1 ornam5t1 or vanity4    
,:5 he tells y :at he has be5 ?9k+ or   
do+1 he w speak ( ! evil z freely z ( ! 
good1 n 9 ! lea/ emb>rass$ by its effect
 ^u ^? :o he> him4  ,he w use words 9   
all ! simplicity ( _! orig9al mean+4    
,we l to prophesy good ( *ildr51 & are  
always sorry :5 a /ream ( nons5se comes 
to disappo9t hopes ar\s$ by "s *ance    
rep>tee4  ,my pupil seldom awak5s su*   
hopes1 & w nev] cause su* regrets3 = he 
nev] utt]s an unnecess>y ^w1 or wa/es   
brea? 9 babble to :i* he kn[s nobody w  
li/54  ,if 8 ideas h a limit$ range1 !y 
are nev]!less cle>4  ,if he kn[s no?+ by
 he>t1 he kn[s a great deal f exp]i5ce4 

,if he does n read ord9>y books s well z
 o!r *ildr51 he reads ! book ( nature f>
 bett]4  ,8 m9d is 9 8 bra91 & n at 8   
tongue's end4  ,he has less memory ?an  
judgm5t4  ,he c speak only "o language1 
b he und]/&s :at he says3 & if he does n
 say x z well z ano!r1 he c d ?+s f>    
bett] ?an !y c4  ,he does n "k ! mean+ (
 cu/om or r\t9e4  ,:at he did ye/]day   
does n 9 any wise affect 8 actions (    
to-day4  ,he nev] foll[s a rigid =mula1 
or gives way 9 ! lea/ to au?ority or to 
example4  ,ev]y?+ he does & says is aft]
 ! natural fa%ion ( 8 age4  ,expect (   
him1 !re=e1 no =mal spee*es or /udi$    
mann]s1 b always ! fai?ful expression ( 
8 own ideas1 & a conduct aris+ f 8 own  
incl9ations4  ,y w f9d he has a few     
moral ideas 9 relation to 8 own conc]ns1
 b 9 reg>d to m5 9 g5]al1 none at all4  
,( :at use w\ld ^! la/ be to him1 s9ce a
 *ild is n yet an active memb] (        
society8 ,speak to him ( lib]ty1 (      
prop]ty1 ev5 ( ?+s done by common       
cons5t1 & he may und]/& y4  ,he kn[s :y 

8 own ?+s belong to him & ^? ( ano!r    
p]son d n1 & beyond ?is he kn[s no?+4   
,speak to him ( duty & ob$i5ce1 & he w n
 "k :at y mean4  ,comm& him to d a ?+1 &
 he w n und]/& y4 ,b tell him t if he w 
d y su* & su* a favor1 y w d ! same =   
him :5ev] y c1 & he w readily oblige y2 
= he likes no?+ bett] ?an to increase 8 
p[]1 & to lay y "u obligations he kn[s  
to be inviolable4  ,p]haps1 too1 he     
enjoys be+ recogniz$ z somebody &       
acc\nt$ wor? some?+4  ,b if ?is la/ be 8
 motive1 he has already left ! pa? (    
nature1 & y h n effectually clos$ !     
approa*es to vanity4  ,if he ne$s help1 
he w ask x ( ! v fir/ p]son he meets1 be
 he mon>* or man-s]vant2 to him "o man  
is z good z ano!r4  ,by 8 mann] ( ask+1 
y c see t he feels y d n owe him any?+2 
he kn[s t :at he asks is really a favor 
to him1 :i* humanity w induce y to      
grant4  ,8 expressions are simple &     
laconic4  ,8 voice1 8 look1 8 ge/ure1   
are ^? ( "o equally accu/om$ to cons5t  
or to refusal4  ,!y %[ nei!r ! cr++     

submission ( a slave1 nor ! imp]i\s tone
 ( a ma/]2 b mode/ confid5ce 9 8        
fell[-creatures1 & ! noble & t\*+       
g5tl5ess ( "o :o is free1 b s5sitive &  
feeble1 ask+ aid ( ano!r1 also free1 b  
p[]ful & k9d4  ,if y d :at he asks1 he  
does n ?ank y1 b feels t he has laid    
himself "u obligation4  ,if y refuse1 he
 w n compla9 or insi/2 he kn[s x w\ld be
 ( no use4  ,he w n say1 ,i 0 refus$1 b 
,x 0 impossible4  ,&1 z has be5 already 
said1 we d n (t5 rebel aga9/ an         
ackn[l$g$ necessity4  ,leave him at     
lib]ty & by himself1 & )\t say+ a ^w1   
wat* :at he does1 & h[ he does x4  ,kn[+
 p]fectly well t he is free1 he w d no?+
 f m]e ?\ghtlessness1 or j to %[ t he c 
d x2 = is he n aw>e t he is always 8 own
 ma/]8  ,he is al]t1 nimble1 & active2 8
 movem5ts h all ! agility ( 8 ye>s2 b y 
w n see "o t has n "s def9ite aim4  ,no 
matt] :at he may wi% to d1 he w nev]    
und]take :at he _c d1 = he has te/$ 8   
own /r5g?1 & kn[s exactly :at x is4  ,! 
means he uses are always adapt$ to ! end

 s\ght1 & he r>ely does any?+ )\t be+   
assur$ he w succe$ 9 x4  ,8 eye w be    
att5tive & critical1 & he w n ask fooli%
 que/ions ab\t ev]y?+ he sees4  ,be=e   
mak+ any inquiries he w tire himself    
try+ to f9d a ?+ out = himself4 ,if he  
meets ) unexpect$ difficulties1 he w be 
less di/urb$ by !m ?an ano!r *ild1 &    
less fright5$ if !re is dang]4  ,z no?+ 
has be5 done to ar\se 8 /ill dormant    
imag9ation1 he sees ?+s only z !y are1  
e/imates dang] accurately1 & is always  
self-possess$4  ,he has s (t5 _h to give
 way to necessity t he no long] rebels  
aga9/ x4  ,hav+ borne its yoke ev] s9ce 
he 0 born1 he is accu/om$ to x1 & is    
ready = :atev] may come4  ,"w & play are
 alike to him2 8 plays are 8            
occupations1 & he sees no diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! two4  ,he ?r[s himself into    
ev]y?+ ) *>m+ e>ne/ness & fre$om1 :i*   
%[s ! b5t ( 8 m9d & ! range ( 8 k4  ,:o 
does n enjoy see+ a pretty *ild ( ?is   
age1 ) 8 bright expression ( s]5e       
cont5t1 & laugh+1 op5 c\nt5ance1 play+  

at ! mo/ s]i\s ?+s1 or deeply occupi$ ) 
! mo/ frivol\s amusem5ts8  ,he has rea*$
 ! maturity ( *ildhood1 has liv$ a      
*ild's life1 n ga9+ p]fection at ! co/ (
 8 happ9ess1 b develop+ ! "o by means ( 
! o!r4  ,:ile acquir+ all ! reason+ p[] 
possible to 8 age1 he has be5 z happy & 
z free z 8 nature all[$4  ,if ! fatal   
scy! is to cut d[n 9 him ! fl[] ( our   
hopes1 we %all n be oblig$ to lam5t at !
 same "t 8 life & 8 dea?4  ,our grief w 
n be embitt]$ by ! recollection ( !     
sorr[s we h made him feel4 ,we %all be  
able to say1 ,at lea/1 he enjoy$ 8      
*ildhood2 we robb$ him ( no?+ t nature  
gave him4  ,9 reg>d to ?is e>ly         
education1 ! *ief difficulty is1 t only 
f>-see+ m5 c und]/& x1 & t a *ild s     
c>efully educat$ seems to an ord9>y     
obs]v] only a "y scapegrace4  ,a tutor  
usually consid]s 8 own int]e/s r ?an ^? 
( 8 pupil4  ,he devotes himself to prov+
 t he loses no "t & e>ns 8 sal>y4  ,he  
tea*es ! *ild su* accompli%m5ts z c be  
readily exhibit$ :5 requir$1 )\t reg>d  

to _! usefulness or wor?lessness1 s long
 z !y are %[y4  ,)\t select+ or disc]n+1
 he *>ges ! *ild's memory ) a va/ am\nt 
( rubbi%4  ,:5 ! *ild is to be exam9$1 !
 tutor makes him display 8 w>es2 &1 aft]
 ?us giv+ satisfaction1 folds up 8 pack 
aga91 & goes 8 way4  ,my pupil is n s   
ri*2 he has no pack at all to display2  
he has no?+ b himself4  ,n[ a *ild1 l a 
man1 _c be se5 all at once4  ,:at obs]v]
 c at ! fir/ glance seize ^u ! *ild's   
peculi> traits8  ,su* obs]v]s !re are1 b
 !y are uncommon2 & among a hundr$ ?\s& 
fa!rs y w n f9d "o su*4    #a ,pu]1     
*ild2 infans1 "o :o does n speak4  #b   
,read+ ^! l9es1 we are rem9d$ ( !       
admirable works ( ,dick5s1 ! celebrat$  
,engli% noveli/1 :o s t\*+ly depicts !  
suff]+s ( *ildr5 made unhappy by !      
inhumanity ( tea*]s1 or neglect$ z to _!
 ne$ ( free air1 ( lib]ty1 ( affection3 
,david ,copp]field1 ,h>d ,times1        
,ni*olas ,nickleby1 ,dombey & ,son1     
,oliv] ,twi/1 ,little ,dorrit1 & ! l4   
#c ,"h he means ,x]xes1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 :o

 _h built an imm5se bridge ( boats ov] !
 ,hellespont to transport 8 army f ,asia
 into ,europe4  ,a /orm hav+ de/roy$ ?is
 bridge1 ! all-p[]ful mon>*1 furi\s at !
 insubord9ation ( ! elem5ts1 ord]$ *a9s 
to be ca/ into ! sea1 & _h ! rebelli\s  
waves beat5 ) rods4  #d ,! feel+ ( a    
republican1 ( ! citiz5 ( ,g5eva1 ju/ly  
%ock$ by mon>*ial sup]/itions4  ,l\is   
,,xiv4 & ,l\is ,,xv4 _h _h1 9 fact1 f ! 
days ( _! fir/ play?+s1 ! degrad+       
spectacle ( a univ]sal s]vility pro/rat$
 be=e _! cradle4  ,! s5tim5t "h utt]$ 0 
/ill uncommon & almo/ unkn[n :5 ,r\sseau
 wrote x4  ,he did mu* t[>d creat+ x &  
mak+ x popul>4  #e ,civil bondage1 z    
und]/ood by ,r\sseau1 consi/s 9 ! laws &
 obligations ( civiliz$ life itself4    
,he extols ! /ate ( nature z ! ideal    
condition1 ! condition ( p]fect fre$om1 
)\t see+ t1 on ! contr>y1 true lib]ty _c
 exi/ )\t ! protection ( laws1 :ile !   
/ate ( nature is only ! enslavem5t ( !  
weak by ! /rong--! triumph ( brute =ce4 
#f ,9 ?is unconditional =m ! pr9ciple is

 inadmissible4  ,any "o :o has ! re>+ ( 
*ildr5 kn[s ?is4  ,b ! idea und]ly+ !   
p>adox ought to be recogniz$1 = x is a j
 "o4  ,we ought n to comm& m]ely = !    
pleasure ( comm&+1 b solely to int]pret 
to ! *ild ! requirem5ts ( ! case 9 h&4  
,to comm& him = ! sake ( comm&+ is an   
abuse ( p[]3 x is a bas5ess :i* w end 9 
disa/]4  ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c leave x to 
circum/ances to =bid :at ought n to be  
done4  ,only1 ! comm& %\ld be           
intelligible1 reasonable1 & unyield+4   
,?is is really :at ,r\sseau means4  #g  
,?is is n /rictly true4  ,! *ild e>ly   
has ! consci\sness ( "r & wrong2 & if x 
be true t nei!r *a/isem5t nor repro( is 
to be abus$1 x is no less c]ta9 t       
consci5ce is e>ly awake )9 him1 & t x   
ought n to be neglect$ 9 a "w s delicate
 z t ( education3 on condition1 be x    
und]/ood1 t we act ) simplicity1 )\t    
p$antry1 & t we employ example m ?an    
lectures4  ,r\sseau says ?is admirably a
 few pages f>!r on4  #h ,no?+ is m      
injudici\s ?an su* a "q1 especially :5 !

 *ild is 9 fault4  ,9 t case1 if he ?9ks
 y "k :at he has done1 he w see t y are 
lay+ a sn>e = him1 & ?is op9ion _c fail 
to set him aga9/ y4  ,if he ?9ks y d n  
"k he w say to himself1 ,:y %\ld ,i     
disclose my fault8  ,& ?us ! fir/       
temptation to falsehood is ! result (   
y\r imprud5t "q4--,note by ,j4 ,j4      
,,r\sseau4  #i ,he ref]s to ,cato1      
surnam$ ( ,utica1 f ! ,african city 9   
:i* he end$ 8 own life4  ,:5 a *ild1 he 
0 (t5 invit$ by 8 bro!r to ! h\se ( !   
all-p[]ful ,sulla4  ,! cruelties ( !    
tyrant r\s$ ! boy to indignation1 & x 0 
necess>y to wat* him le/ he %\ld attempt
 to kill ,sulla4  ,x 0 9 ! latt]'s      
ante*amb] t ! sc5e describ$ by ,plut>*  
occurr$4  #aj ,:ile writ+ ?is ,i h      
reflect$ a hundr$ times t 9 an ext5d$ "w
 x is impossible always to use ! same   
words 9 ! same s5se4  ,no language is   
ri* en\gh to furni% t]ms & expressions  
to keep pace ) ! possible modifications 
( our ideas4  ,! me?od :i* def9es all ! 
t]ms1 & sub/itutes ! def9ition = ! t]m1 

is f9e1 b impracticable2 = h[ %all we !n
 avoid travell+ 9 a circle8  ,if        
def9itions c\ld be giv5 )\t us+ words1  
!y might be useful4  ,nev]!less1 ,i am  
conv9c$ t1 poor z our language is1 we c 
make ourselves und]/ood1 n by always    
atta*+ ! same mean+ to ! same words1 b  
by s us+ ea* ^w t its mean+ %all be     
suffici5tly det]m9$ by ! ideas ne>ly    
relat$ to x1 & s t ea* s5t5ce 9 :i* a ^w
 is us$ %all s]ve to def9e ! ^w4        
,sometimes ,i say t *ildr5 are incapable
 ( reason+1 & sometimes ,i make !m      
reason extremely well2 ,i ?9k t my ideas
 d n contradict ea* o!r1 ?\gh ,i _c     
escape ! inconv5i5t contradictions ( my 
mode ( expression4  #aa ,ano!r          
exagg]ation3 ! idea is n to tea* *ildr5 
to speak ano!r language z p]fectly z _! 
own4  ,!re are ?ree diff]5t objects to  
be atta9$ 9 /udy+ languages4  ,fir/1 ?is
 /udy is meant to r5d] easy by comp>ison
 & practice ! k & free use ( ! "m       
tongue4  ,second1 x is useful z         
intellectual gymna/ics1 develop+        

att5tion1 reflection1 reason+1 & ta/e4  
,?is result is to be expect$ p>ticul>ly 
f ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages4  ,?ird1 x
 l[]s ! b>ri]s sep>at+ nations1 &       
furni%es valuable means ( int]c\rse :i* 
sci5ce1 indu/ries1 & comm]ce _c af=d to 
d )\t4  ,! ,fr5* h n always %[n wisdom 9
 ignor+ ! language ( _! neighbors or _! 
rivals4  #ab ,f ?is passage1 x is pla9 t
 ! objections lately rais$ by intellig5t
 p]sons aga9/ ! abuse ( ,lat9           
conv]sations & v]ses are n ( rec5t date1
 aft] all4  #ac ,!re is inde$ a faulty  
me?od ( tea*+ hi/ory1 by giv+ *ildr5 a  
dry li/ ( facts1 names1 & dates4  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 to (f] !m !ories ^u ! philosophy
 ( hi/ory is q z unpr(itable4  ,yet x is
 n an absurd error1 b a duty1 to tea* !m
 ! broad outl9es ( hi/ory1 to tell !m ( 
de$s ( r5[n1 ( mighty works accompli%$1 
( m5 celebrat$ = ! good or ! evil !y h  
done2 to int]e/ !m 9 ! pa/ ( humanity1  
be x melan*oly or glori\s4  ,by abuse ( 
logic ,r\sseau1 9 prote/+ aga9/ "o      
excess1 falls into ano!r4  #ad ,r\sseau 

"h analyzes sev]al ( ,la ,fonta9e's     
fables1 to %[ ! immorality & ! dang] (  
_! e?ics4  ,he dwells p>ticul>ly ^u !   
fable ( ! ,fox & ! ,cr[4  ,9 ?is he is  
"r2 ! morality ( ! great] "p ( ^! fables
 leaves mu* to be desir$4  ,b !re is    
no?+ to prev5t ! tea*] f mak+ !         
application4  ,! memory ( a *ild is     
pliable & vigor\s2 n to cultivate x w\ld
 be do+ him great inju/ice4  ,we ne$ n  
say t a true tea*] n only *ooses1 b by 8
 in/ructions expla9s & rectifies ev]y?+ 
he requires 8 pupil to read or to le>n  
by he>t4  ,) ?is res]vation "o _c b     
admire ?is av]sion ( ,r\sseau's =       
p>rot-le>n+1 ^w-wor%ip1 & exclusive     
cultivation ( ! memory4  ,9 a few pages 
may "h be f\nd a complete philosophy (  
tea*+1 adapt$ to ! reg5]ation ( a p4    
#ae ,r\sseau "h alludes to !            
typographical lott]y inv5t$ by ,l\is    
,dumas1 a ,fr5* au?or ( ! eighte5?      
c5tury4  ,x 0 an imitation ( a          
pr9t+-(fice1 & 0 int5d$ to tea*1 9 an   
agreeable way1 n only read+1 b ev5      

gramm> & spell+4  ,!re may be good      
features 9 all ^! sy/ems1 b we c]ta9ly  
_c save ! *ild all tr\ble2 we ought to  
let him und]/& t "w mu/ be 9 e>ne/4     
,besides1 z morali/s & tea*]s1 we ought 
n to neglect giv+ *ildr5 "s k9ds ( "w   
dem&+ application4  ,!y w be 9 bett]    
spirits = recreation h\rs aft] /udy4    
#af ,x is well to comb9e ! two me?ods2  
to keep ! *ild occupi$ ) :at imm$iately 
conc]ns him1 & to int]e/ him also 9 :at 
is m remote1 :e!r 9 space or 9 "t4  ,he 
ought n to become too positive1 nor yet 
%\ld he be *im]ical4  ,! ord] ( nature  
itself has provid$ = ?is1 by mak+ ! *ild
 inquisitive ab\t ?+s ar\nd him1 & at ! 
same "t ab\t ?+s f> away4  #ag ,?is     
expresses r too vehem5tly a true idea4  
,d n try to imp>t a rigid education ^:  
app>5t correctness hides grave defects4 
,all[ free c\rse to ! *ild's in/9ctive  
activity & turbul5ce2 let nature speak2 
d n crave res]ve & fa/idi\sness at !    
exp5se ( frankness & vigor ( m9d4  ,?is 
is :at ! writ] really means4  #ah ,an   

,engli% philosoph]1 :o di$ 9 #agja4  ,he
 wrote a v celebrat$ ,treatise on !     
,education ( ,*ildr54  #ai ,a celebrat$ 
pr(essor1 ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity (      
,p>is1 :o di$ 9 #agda4  ,he left a numb]
 ( works on education4  #bj ,an abb ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury :o wrote a mu* valu$    
,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 & a ,treatise on !   
,me?od & ,*oice ( ,/udies4  ,he 0 tutor 
to ,c\nt ,v]m&ois1 natural son to ,l\is 
,,xiv4  #ba ,a pr(essor ( ma!matics1    
born at ,lausanne1 tutor to ,pr9ce      
,fr$rick ( ,hesse ,cassel4  #bb ,passion
 is n born ( famili> ?+s4  #bc ,record$ 
z illu/rat+ ,sp>tan education4          
,,book ,,?ird4   ,! ?ird book has to d )
 ! y\? z he is betwe5 ! ages ( twelve & 
fifte54  ,at ?is "t 8 /r5g? is          
proportionately greate/1 & ?is is ! mo/ 
important p]iod 9 8 life4  ,x is ! "t = 
labor & /udy2 n inde$ = /udies ( all    
k9ds1 b = ^? ^: necessity ! /ud5t       
himself feels4  ,! pr9ciple t ought to  
guide him n[ is t ( utility4  ,all !    
ma/]'s tal5t consi/s 9 lead+ him to     

discov] :at is really useful to him4    
,language & hi/ory (f] him little t is  
int]e/+4  ,he applies himself to /udy+  
natural ph5om5a1 because !y ar\se 8     
curiosity & af=d him means ( ov]com+ 8  
difficulties4  ,he makes 8 own          
in/rum5ts1 & inv5ts :at app>atus he     
ne$s4  ,he does n dep5d ^u ano!r to     
direct him1 b foll[s :]e 8 own good s5se
 po9ts ! way4  ,rob9son ,crusoe on 8    
isl& is 8 ideal1 & ?is book furni%es !  
read+ be/ suit$ to 8 age4  ,he %\ld h "s
 manual occupation1 z mu* on acc\nt ( ! 
unc]ta9 future z = ! sake ( satisfy+ 8  
own con/ant activity4  ,side by side ) !
 body ! m9d is develop$ by a ta/e =     
reflection1 & is f9ally prep>$ = /udies 
( a high] ord]4 ,) ?is p]iod *ildhood   
ends & y\? beg9s4    ,! ,age ( ,/udy4   
,al?\gh up to ! beg9n+ ( y\? life is1 on
 ! :ole1 a p]iod ( weakness1 !re is a "t
 dur+ ?is e>li] age :5 our /r5g?        
increases beyond :at our wants require1 
& ! gr[+ animal1 /ill absolutely weak1  
becomes relatively /rong4  ,8 wants be+ 

z yet p>tly undevelop$1 8 pres5t /r5g?  
is m ?an suffici5t to provide = ^? ( !  
pres5t4  ,z a man1 he w\ld be v weak2 z 
*ild1 he is v /rong4  ,:5ce arises ?is  
weakness ( ours b f ! inequality betwe5 
our desires & ! /r5g? we h = fulfill+   
!m8  ,our passions weak5 u1 because !   
gratification ( !m requires m ?an our   
natural /r5g?4  ,if we h few] desires1  
we are s mu* ! /rong]4  ,:oev] c d m ?an
 8 wi%es dem& has /r5g? to sp>e2 he is  
/rong inde$4 ,( ?is1 ! ?ird /age (      
*ildhood1 ,i h n[ to speak4  ,i /ill    
call x *ildhood = want ( a bett] t]m to 
express ! idea2 = ?is age1 n yet t (    
pub]ty1 approa*es y\?4  ,at ! age (     
twelve or ?irte5 ! *ild's physical /r5g?
 develops mu* fa/] ?an 8 wants4  ,he    
braves )\t inconv5i5ce ! inclem5cy (    
climate & seasons1 sc>cely feel+ x at   
all4  ,natural heat s]ves him in/ead (  
clo?+1 appetite in/ead ( sauce4  ,:5 he 
is dr[sy1 he lies d[n on ! gr\nd & falls
 asleep4  ,?us he f9ds ar\nd him ev]y?+ 
he ne$s2 n gov]n$ by caprices1 8 desires

 ext5d no f>!r ?an 8 own arms c rea*4   
,n only is he suffici5t = himself1 b1 at
 ?is "o "t 9 all 8 life1 he has m /r5g? 
?an he really requires4  ,:at !n %all he
 d ) ?is sup]abundance ( m5tal &        
physical /r5g?1 :i* he w h]eaft] ne$1 b 
endeavor to employ x 9 ways :i* w at "s 
"t be ( use to him1 & ?us ?r[ ?is       
surplus vitality =w>d into ! future8  ,!
 robu/ *ild %all make provision = 8     
weak] manhood4  ,b he w n g>n] x 9 b>ns1
 or lay x up 9 c(f]s t c be plund]$4    
,to be real own] ( ?is treasure1 he mu/ 
/ore x up 9 8 arms1 9 8 bra91 9 himself4
  ,! pres5t1 !n1 is ! "t to labor1 to   
receive in/ruction1 & to /udy2 nature s 
orda9s1 n ,i4  ,human intellig5ce has   
its limits4  ,we c nei!r "k ev]y?+1 nor 
be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! little t o!r m5
 "k4  ,s9ce ! rev]se ( e false          
proposition is a tru?1 ! numb] ( tru?s1 
l ! numb] ( errors1 is inexhau/ible4    
,we h to select :at is to be taught z   
well z ! "t = le>n+ x4  ,( ! k9ds ( k )9
 our p[] "s are false1 "s useless1 "s   

s]ve only to fo/] pride4  ,only ! few t 
really conduce to our well-be+ are wor?y
 ( /udy by a wise man1 or by a y\?      
int5d$ to be a wise man4  ,! "q is1 n   
:at may be kn[n1 b :at w be ( ! mo/ use 
:5 x is kn[n4  ,f ^! few we mu/ aga9    
d$uct su* z require a rip5ess ( und]/&+ 
& a k ( human relations :i* a *ild _c   
possibly acquire2 su* z1 ?\gh true 9    
!mselves1 incl9e an inexp]i5c$ m9d to   
judge wrongly ( o!r ?+s4  ,?is r$uces u 
to a circle small inde$ 9 relation to   
exi/+ ?+s1 b imm5se :5 we consid] !     
capacity ( ! *ild's m9d4 ,h[ d>+ 0 ! h& 
t fir/ v5tur$ to lift ! veil ( d>kness f
 our human und]/&+6  ,:at abysses1 due  
to our unwise le>n+1 yawn ar\nd !       
un=tunate y\?6  ,tremble1 y :o are to   
conduct him by ^! p]il\s ways1 & to lift
 = him ! sacr$ veil ( nature4  ,be sure 
( y\r own bra9 & ( 81 le/ ei!r1 or      
p]haps bo?1 gr[ dizzy at ! sight4       
,bew>e ( ! glam\r ( falsehood & ( !     
intoxicat+ fumes ( pride4  ,always be> 9
 m9d t ignorance has nev] be5 h>mful1 t 

error alone is fatal1 & t our errors    
arise1 n f :at we d n "k1 b f :at we ?9k
 we d "k4#a   ,! ,inc5tive ( ,curiosity4
  ,! same in/9ct animates all ! diff]5t 
faculties ( man4  ,to ! activity ( !    
body1 /riv+ to develop itself1 succe$s !
 activity ( ! m9d1 endeavor+ to in/ruct 
itself4  ,*ildr5 are at fir/ only       
re/less2 aft]w>ds !y are inquisitive4   
,_! curiosity1 rightly tra9$1 is !      
inc5tive ( ! age we are n[ consid]+4 ,we
 mu/ always di/+ui% natural incl9ations 
f ^? t h _! s\rce 9 op9ion4  ,!re is a  
?ir/ = k :i* is f\nd$ only ^u a desire  
to be ?\ght le>n$1 & ano!r1 spr++ f our 
natural curiosity conc]n+ any?+ :i*     
ne>ly or remotely int]e/s u4  ,our      
desire = happ9ess is inborn1 & z x c    
nev] be fully satisfi$1 we are always   
seek+ ways to increase :at we h4  ,?is  
fir/ pr9ciple ( curiosity is natural to 
! he>t ( man1 b is develop$ only 9      
proportion to our passions & to our     
advance 9 k4  ,call y\r pupil's att5tion
 to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & y w soon r5d] 

him inquisitive4  ,b if y w\ld keep ?is 
curiosity alive1 d n be 9 ha/e to       
satisfy x4  ,ask him que/ions t he c    
compreh5d1 & let him solve !m4  ,let him
 "k a ?+ because he has f\nd x out =    
himself1 & n because y h told him ( x4  
,let him n le>n sci5ce1 b discov] x =   
himself4  ,if once y sub/itute au?ority 
= reason1 he w n reason any m2 he w only
 be ! sport ( o!r p's op9ions4  ,:5 y   
are ready to tea* ?is *ild geography1 y 
get toge!r y\r globes & y\r maps2 & :at 
ma*9es !y are6  ,:y1 in/ead ( us+ all ^!
 repres5tations1 d y n beg9 by %[+ him !
 object itself1 s z to let him "k :at y 
are talk+ (8  ,on "s beautiful ev5+ take
 ! *ild to walk ) y1 9 a place suitable 
= y\r purpose1 :]e 9 ! unob/ruct$       
horizon ! sett+ sun c be pla9ly se54    
,take a c>eful obs]vation ( all !       
objects m>k+ ! spot at :i* x goes d[n4  
,:5 y g = an air+ next day1 return to   
?is same place be=e ! sun rises4  ,y c  
see x ann\nce itself by arr[s ( fire4   
,! brightness increases2 ! ea/ seems all

 aflame2 f its gl[ y anticipate long    
be=eh& ! com+ ( day4  ,e mom5t y imag9e 
y see x4  ,at la/ x really does appe>1 a
 brilliant po9t :i* rises l a fla% (    
lightn+1 & in/antly fills all space4  ,!
 veil ( %ad[s is ca/ d[n & disappe>s4   
,we "k our dwell+-place once m1 & f9d x 
m beautiful ?an ev]4  ,! v]dure has tak5
 on fre% vigor dur+ ! night2 x is       
reveal$ ) its brilliant net-"w (        
dew-drops1 reflect+ light & color to !  
eye1 9 ! fir/ gold5 rays ( ! new-born   
day4  ,! full *oir ( birds1 none sil5t1 
salute 9 conc]t ! ,fa!r ( life4  ,_!    
w>bl+1 /ill fa9t ) ! languor ( a        
peaceful awak5+1 is n[ m l+]+ & sweet   
?an at o!r h\rs ( ! day4  ,all ?is fills
 ! s5ses ) a *>m & fre%ness :i* seems to
 t\* our inmo/ s\l4  ,no "o c resi/ ?is 
en*ant+ h\r1 or behold ) indiff]5ce a   
spectacle s gr&1 s beautiful1 s full (  
all delight4  ,c>ri$ away by su* a      
sight1 ! tea*] is eag] to imp>t to !    
*ild 8 own en?usiasm1 & ?9ks to ar\se x 
by call+ att5tion to :at he himself     

feels4  ,:at folly6  ,! drama ( nature  
lives only 9 ! he>t2 to see x1 "o mu/   
feel x4  ,! *ild sees ! objects1 b n !  
relations t b9d !m toge!r2 he c make    
no?+ ( _! h>mony4  ,! complex & mom5t>y 
impression ( all ^! s5sations requires  
an exp]i5ce he has nev] ga9$1 & feel+s  
he has nev] kn[n4  ,if he has nev]      
cross$ ! des]t & felt its burn+ s&s     
scor* 8 feet1 ! /ifl+ reflection ( ! sun
 f its rocks oppress him1 h[ c he fully 
enjoy ! coolness ( a beautiful morn+8   
,h[ c ! p]fume ( fl[]s1 ! cool+ vapor ( 
! dew1 ! s9k+ ( 8 foot/ep 9 ! s(t &     
pleasant turf1 en*ant 8 s5ses8  ,h[ c ! 
s++ ( birds delight him1 :ile ! acc5ts (
 love & pleasure are yet unkn[n8  ,h[ c 
he see ) transport ! rise ( s beautiful 
a day1 unless imag9ation c pa9t all !   
transports ) :i* x may be fill$8  ,&    
la/ly1 h[ c he be mov$ by ! beautiful   
panorama ( nature1 if he does n "k by ^:
 t5d] c>e x has be5 adorn$8  ,d n talk  
to ! *ild ab\t ?+s he _c und]/&4  ,let  
him he> f y no descriptions1 no         

eloqu5ce1 no figurative language1 no    
poetry4  ,s5tim5t & ta/e are j n[ out ( 
! "q4 ,cont9ue to be cle>1 unaffect$1 & 
dispassionate2 ! "t = us+ ano!r language
 w come only too soon4  ,educat$ 9 ! _s 
( our pr9ciples1 accu/om$ to look =     
res\rces )9 himself1 & to h rec\rse to  
o!rs only :5 he f9ds himself really     
helpless1 he w exam9e e new object = a  
long "t )\t say+ a ^w4  ,he is ?\ghtful1
 & n dispos$ to ask que/ions4  ,be      
satisfi$1 !re=e1 ) pres5t+ objects at   
appropriate times & 9 appropriate ways4 
,:5 y see 8 curiosity fairly at "w1 ask 
him "s laconic "q :i* w sugge/ its own  
answ]4  ,on ?is occasion1 hav+ wat*$ !  
sunrise f beg9n+ to end ) him1 hav+ made
 him notice ! m\nta9s & o!r neighbor+   
objects on ! same side1 & all[$ him to  
talk ab\t !m j z he pleases1 be sil5t = 
a few m9utes1 z if 9 deep ?\ght1 & !n   
say to him1 ,i ?9k ! sun set ov] !re1 & 
n[ x has ris5 ov] "h4  ,h[ c t be s8    
,say no m2 if he asks que/ions1 d n     
answ] !m3 speak ( some?+ else4  ,leave  

him to himself1 & he w be c]ta9 to ?9k !
 matt] ov]4  ,to give ! *ild ! habit (  
att5tion & to impress him deeply ) any  
tru? affect+ ! s5ses1 let him pass      
sev]al re/less days be=e he discov]s t  
tru?4  ,if ! "o 9 "q does n ?us impress 
him1 y may make him see x m cle>ly by   
rev]s+ ! problem4  ,if he does n "k h[ !
 sun passes f its sett+ to its ris+1 he 
at lea/ does "k h[ x travels f its ris+ 
to its sett+2 8 eyes alone tea* him ?is4
  ,expla9 y\r fir/ "q by ! second4  ,if 
y\r pupil be n absolutely /upid1 !      
analogy is s pla9 t he _c escape x4     
,?is is 8 fir/ lesson 9 cosmography4  ,z
 we pass sl[ly f "o s5sible idea to     
ano!r1 famili>ize ourselves = a long "t 
) ea* be=e consid]+ ! next1 & d n =ce   
our pupil's att5tion2 x w be a long way 
f ?is po9t to a k ( ! sun's c\rse & ( ! 
%ape ( ! e>?4  ,b z all ! app>5t motions
 ( ! heav5ly bodies are ^u ! same       
pr9ciple1 & ! fir/ obs]vation prep>es ! 
way = all ! re/1 less ef=t1 if m "t1 is 
requir$ to pass f ! daily rotation ( !  

e>? to ! calculation ( eclipses ?an to  
und]/& cle>ly ! ph5om5a ( day & night4  
,s9ce ! sun 7app>5tly7 revolves ab\t !  
e>?1 x describes a circle1 & we already 
"k t e circle mu/ h a c5tre4  ,?is      
c5tre1 be+ 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?1 _c be se52 
b we may m>k ^u ! surface two opposite  
po9ts t correspond to x4  ,a rod pass+  
?r\gh ^! ?ree po9ts1 & ext5d+ f "o side 
( ! heav5s to ! o!r1 %all be ! axis ( ! 
e>?1 & ( ! sun's app>5t daily motion4   
,a sph]ical top1 turn+ on its po9t1 %all
 repres5t ! heav5s revolv+ on _! axis2 !
 two extremities ( ! top are ! two      
poles4  ,! *ild w be int]e/$ 9 kn[+ "o (
 !m1 :i* ,i w %[ him ne> ! tail ( ,ursa 
,m9or4  ,?is w s]ve to amuse u = "o     
night4  ,by degrees we %all gr[ famili> 
) ! />s1 & ?is w awak5 a desire to "k ! 
planets & to wat* ! con/ellations4  ,we 
h se5 ! sun rise at midsumm]2 we w also 
wat* its ris+ at ,*ri/mas or "s o!r f9e 
day 9 w9t]4  ,= be x kn[n t we are n at 
all idle1 & t we make a joke ( brav+ !  
cold4  ,i take c>e to make ?is second   

obs]vation 9 ! same place z ! fir/2 &   
aft] "s conv]sation to pave ! way = x4  
,"o or ! o!r ( u w be sure to exclaim1  
,h[ que] t is6 ! sun does n rise :]e x  
us$ to rise6  ,"h are our old l&m>ks1 & 
n[ x is ris+ ov] yond]4  ,!n !re mu/ be 
"o ea/ = summ]1 & ano!r = w9t]4  ,n[1 "y
 tea*]1 y\r way is pla94  ,^! examples  
ought to suffice y = tea*+ ! sph]e v    
und]/&+ly1 by tak+ ! _w = y\r globe1 & !
 real sun in/ead ( y\r artificial sun4  
,?+s ,r ?an _! ,signs4  ,9 g5]al1 nev]  
%[ ! repres5tation ( a ?+ unless x be   
impossible to %[ ! ?+ itself2 = ! sign  
absorbs ! *ild's att5tion1 & makes him  
lose sight ( ! ?+ signifi$4  ,! armill>y
 sph]e#b seems to me poorly design$ & 9 
bad proportion4  ,its confus$ circles & 
odd figures1 giv+ x ! look ( a conjur]'s
 app>atus1 are en\gh to fright5 a *ild4 
,! e>? is too small2 ! circles are too  
_m & too l>ge4  ,"s ( !m1 ! colures1#c =
 in/ance1 are entirely useless4  ,e     
circle is l>g] ?an ! e>?4  ,! pa/ebo>d  
gives !m an appe>ance ( solidity :i*    

creates ! mi/ak5 impression t !y are    
circul> masses :i* really exi/4  ,:5 y  
tell ! *ild t ^! are imag9>y circles1 he
 und]/&s nei!r :at he sees nor :at y    
mean4  ,%all we nev] le>n to put        
ourselves 9 ! *ild's place8  ,we d n    
ent] into 8 ?\ghts1 b suppose !m exactly
 l our own4 ,con/antly foll[+ our own   
me?od ( reason+1 we cram 8 m9d n only ) 
a concat5ation ( tru?s1 b also )        
extravagant notions & errors4  ,9 ! /udy
 ( ! sci5ces x is an op5 "q :e!r we     
ought to use syn!sis or analysis4  ,x is
 n always necess>y to *oose ei!r4  ,9 ! 
same process ( inve/igation we c        
sometimes bo? resolve & comp\nd1 & :ile 
! *ild ?9ks he is only analyz+1 we c    
direct him by ! me?ods tea*]s usually   
employ4  ,by ?us us+ bo? we make ea*    
prove ! o!r4  ,/>t+ at ! same mom5t f   
two opposite po9ts & nev] imag9+ t "o   
road connects !m1 he w be agreeably     
surpris$ to f9d t :at he suppos$ to be  
two pa?s f9ally meet z "o4  ,i w\ld1 =  
example1 take geography at ^! two       

extremes1 & add to ! /udy ( ! e>?'s     
motions ! measurem5t ( its p>ts1 beg9n+ 
) our own dwell+-place4  ,:ile ! *ild1  
/udy+ ! sph]e1 is transport$ into !     
heav5s1 br+ him back to ! measurem5t ( !
 e>?1 & fir/ %[ him 8 own home4  ,! two 
/>t+-po9ts 9 8 geography %all be ! t[n 9
 :i* he lives1 & 8 fa!r's h\se 9 !      
c\ntry4  ,aft]w>d %all come ! places ly+
 betwe5 ^! two2 !n ! neighbor+ riv]s2   
la/ly1 ! aspect ( ! sun1 & ! mann] (    
f9d+ out :]e ! ea/ is4 ,?is la/ is !    
po9t ( union4  ,let him make himself a  
map ( all ^! details2 a v simple map1   
includ+ at fir/ only two objects1 !n by 
degrees ! o!rs1 z he le>ns _! di/ance & 
position4 ,y see n[ :at an advantage we 
h ga9$ be=eh&1 by mak+ 8 eyes s]ve him  
in/ead ( a compass4  ,ev5 ) ?is x may be
 necess>y to direct him a little1 b v   
little1 & )\t appe>+ to d s at all4  ,:5
 he makes mi/akes1 let him make !m2 d n 
correct !m4  ,wait 9 sil5ce until he c  
see & correct !m himself4  ,or1 at mo/1 
take a good opportunity to set 9 motion 

"s ?+ :i* w direct 8 att5tion to !m4    
,if he 7 nev] to make mi/akes1 he c\ld n
 le>n half s well4 ,besides1 ! important
 ?+ is1 n t he %\ld "k ! exact          
topography ( ! c\ntry1 b t he %\ld le>n 
h[ to f9d x out by himself4  ,x matt]s  
little :e!r he has maps 9 8 m9d or n1 s 
t he und]/&s :at !y repres5t1 & has a   
cle> idea ( h[ !y are made4  ,m>k !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! le>n+ ( y\r pupils & !
 ignorance ( m9e4  ,!y "k all ab\t maps1
 & he c make !m4 ,our maps w s]ve z new 
decorations = our room4   ,imp>t+ a     
,ta/e = ,sci5ce4  ,be> 9 m9d always t ! 
life & s\l ( my sy/em is1 n to tea* !   
*ild _m ?+s1 b to all[ only correct &   
cle> ideas to ent] 8 m9d4  ,i d n c>e if
 he kn[s no?+1 s long z he is n mi/ak54 
,to gu>d him f errors he might le>n1 ,i 
furni% 8 m9d ) tru?s only4  ,reason &   
judgm5t ent] sl[ly2 prejudices cr[d 92 &
 he mu/ be pres]v$ f ^! la/4  ,yet if y 
consid] sci5ce 9 itself1 y laun* ^u an  
unfa?omable & b\ndless sea1 full (      
unavoidable dang]s4  ,:5 ,i see a man   

c>ri$ away by 8 love = k1 ha/5+ f "o    
allur+ sci5ce to ano!r1 )\t kn[+ :]e to 
/op1 ,i ?9k ,i see a *ild ga!r+ %ells ^u
 ! sea%ore4  ,at fir/ he loads himself )
 !m2 !n1 tempt$ by o!rs1 he ?r[s ^!     
away1 & ga!rs m4  ,at la/1 weigh$ d[n by
 s _m1 & no long] kn[+ :i* to *oose1 he 
ends by ?r[+ all away1 & return+        
empty-h&$4  ,9 our e>ly ye>s "t pass$   
sl[ly2 we endeavor$ to lose x1 = fe> (  
misus+ x4  ,! case is rev]s$2 n[ we h n 
"t en\gh = do+ all t we f9d useful4     
,be> 9 m9d t ! passions are draw+ ne>]1 
& t z soon z !y knock at ! door1 y\r    
pupil w h eyes & e>s = !m alone4  ,!    
tranquil p]iod ( intellig5ce is s brief1
 & has s _m o!r necess>y uses1 t only   
folly imag9es x long en\gh to make !    
*ild a le>n$ man4 ,! ?+ is1 n to tea*   
him k1 b to give him a love = x1 & a    
good me?od ( acquir+ x :5 ?is love has  
gr[n /rong]4  ,c]ta9ly ?is is a         
fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 all good          
education4  ,n[1 also1 is ! "t to       
accu/om him gradually to conc5trate     

att5tion on a s+le object4  ,?is        
att5tion1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] result f     
con/ra9t1 b f desire & pleasure4  ,be   
c>eful t x %all n gr[ irksome1 or       
approa* ! po9t ( we>9ess4  ,leave any   
subject j be=e he gr[s tir$ ( x2 = !    
le>n+ x matt]s less to him ?an ! nev]   
be+ oblig$ to le>n any?+ aga9/ 8 w4  ,if
 he himself que/ions y1 answ] s z to    
keep alive 8 curiosity1 n to satisfy x  
altoge!r4  ,above all1 :5 y f9d t he    
makes inquiries1 n = ! sake ( le>n+     
some?+1 b to talk at r&om & annoy y )   
silly que/ions1 pause at once1 assur$ t 
he c>es no?+ ab\t ! matt]1 b only to    
occupy y\r "t ) himself4  ,less reg>d   
%\ld be paid to :at he says ?an to !    
motive :i* leads him to speak4  ,?is    
caution1 h]et(ore unnecess>y1 is ( !    
utmo/ importance z soon z a *ild beg9s  
to reason4  ,!re is a *a9 ( g5]al tru?s 
by :i* all sci5ces are l9k$ to common   
pr9ciples & successively unfold$4  ,?is 
*a9 is ! me?od ( philosoph]s1 ) :i*1 = !
 pres5t1 we h no?+ to d4 ,!re is ano!r1 

altoge!r diff]5t1 :i* %[s ea* object z !
 cause ( ano!r1 & always po9ts out ! "o 
foll[+4  ,?is ord]1 :i*1 by a p]petual  
curiosity1 keeps alive ! att5tion dem&$ 
by all1 is ! "o foll[$ by mo/ m51 & (   
all o!rs necess>y ) *ildr54  ,:51 9 mak+
 our maps1 we f\nd out ! place ( ! ea/1 
we 7 oblig$ to draw m]idians4  ,! two   
po9ts ( int]section betwe5 ! equal %ad[s
 ( night & morn+ furni% an excell5t     
m]idian = an a/ronom] ?irte5 ye>s old4  
,b ^! m]idians disappe>2 x takes "t to  
draw !m2 !y oblige u to "w always 9 !   
same place2 s mu* c>e1 s mu* annoyance1 
w tire him out at la/4  ,we h se5 &     
provid$ = ?is be=eh&4  ,i h aga9 begun  
^u t$i\s & m9ute details4  ,read]s1 ,i  
he> y\r murmurs1 & disreg>d !m4  ,i w n 
sacrifice to y\r impati5ce ! mo/ useful 
"p ( ?is book4  ,d :at y please ) my    
t$i\sness1 z ,i h done z ,i pleas$ 9    
reg>d to y\r compla9ts4   ,! ,juggl]4   
,= "s "t my pupil & ,i _h obs]v$ t      
diff]5t bodies1 su* z amb]1 glass1 &    
wax1 :5 rubb$1 attract /raws1 & t o!rs d

 n attract !m4  ,by accid5t we discov]$ 
"o t has a virtue m extraord9>y /ill1--t
 ( attract+ at a di/ance1 & )\t be+     
rubb$1 iron fil+s & o!r bits ( iron4    
,?is peculi>ity amus$ u = "s "t be=e we 
saw any use 9 x4  ,at la/ we f\nd out t 
x may be communicat$ to iron itself1 :5 
magnetiz$ to a c]ta9 degree4  ,"o day we
 w5t to a fair1 :]e a juggl]1 ) a piece 
( bread1 attract$ a duck made ( wax1 &  
float+ on a b[l ( wat]4  ,mu* surpris$1 
we did n h[ev] say1 ,he is a conjur]1 = 
we knew no?+ ab\t conjur]s4  ,cont9ually
 /ruck by effects ^: causes we d n "k1  
we 7 n 9 ha/e to decide ! matt]1 &      
rema9$ 9 ignorance until we f\nd a way  
out ( x4  ,:5 we rea*$ home we _h talk$ 
s mu* ( ! duck at ! fair t we ?\ght we  
w\ld endeavor to copy x4  ,tak+ a p]fect
 ne$le1 well magnetiz$1 we inclos$ x 9  
:ite wax1 modell$ z well z we c\ld d x  
into ! %ape ( a duck1 s t ! ne$le pass$ 
entirely ?r\gh ! body1 & ) its l>g] end 
=m$ ! duck's bill4  ,we plac$ ! duck ^u 
! wat]1 appli$ to ! beak ! h&le ( a key1

 & saw1 ) a delight easy to imag9e1 t   
our duck w\ld foll[ ! key precisely z ! 
"o at ! fair _h foll[$ ! piece ( bread4 
,we saw t "s "t or o!r we might obs]ve !
 direction 9 :i* ! duck turn$ :5 left to
 itself ^u ! wat]4 ,b absorb$ at t "t by
 ano!r object1 we want$ no?+ m4  ,t     
ev5+1 hav+ 9 our pockets bread prep>$ = 
! occasion1 we return$ to ! fair4  ,z   
soon z ! m\ntebank _h p]=m$ 8 feat1 my  
little philosoph]1 sc>cely able to      
conta9 himself1 told him t ! ?+ 0 n h>d 
to d1 & t he c\ld d x himself4  ,he 0   
tak5 at 8 ^w4  ,in/antly he took f 8    
pocket ! bread 9 :i* he _h hidd5 ! bit (
 iron4  ,approa*+ ! table 8 he>t beat   
fa/2 almo/ trembl+ly1 he pres5t$ !      
bread4  ,! duck came t[>d x & foll[$ x2 
! *ild %\t$ & danc$ = joy4  ,at ! clapp+
 ( h&s1 & ! acclamations ( all pres5t1 8
 head swam1 & he 0 almo/ beside himself4
  ,! juggl] 0 a/oni%$1 b embrac$ &      
congratulat$ him1 begg+ t we w\ld honor 
him aga9 by our pres5ce on ! foll[+ day1
 add+ t he w\ld take c>e to h a l>g]    

company pres5t to applaud our skill4    
,my little naturali/1 fill$ ) pride1    
began to prattle2 b ,i sil5c$ him1 & l$ 
him away load$ ) praises4  ,! *ild c\nt$
 ! m9utes until ! morr[ ) impati5ce t   
made me smile4  ,he invit$ ev]ybody he  
met2 gladly w\ld he h _h all mank9d z   
witnesses ( 8 triumph4  ,he c\ld sc>cely
 wait = ! h\r agre$ ^u1 &1 long be=e x  
came1 flew to ! place appo9t$4  ,! hall 
0 already full1 & on ent]+1 8 little    
he>t beat fa/4  ,o!r feats 7 to come    
fir/2 ! juggl] outdid himself1 & !re 7  
"s really wond]ful p]=mances4  ,! *ild  
paid no att5tion to ^!4  ,8 excitem5t _h
 ?r[n him into a p]spiration2 he 0 almo/
 brea?less1 & f+]$ ! bread 9 8 pocket ) 
a h& trembl+ ) impati5ce4  ,at la/ 8    
turn came1 & ! ma/] pomp\sly ann\nc$ !  
fact4 ,r ba%fully ! boy drew ne> & held 
=? 8 bread4  ,alas = ! *anges 9 human   
affairs6  ,! duck1 ye/]day s tame1 _h   
gr[n wild4  ,in/ead ( pres5t+ its bill1 
x turn$ ab\t & swam away1 avoid+ ! bread
 & ! h& :i* pres5t$ x1 z c>efully z x _h

 be=e foll[$ !m4  ,aft] _m fruitless    
attempts1 ea* receiv$ ) d]ision1 ! *ild 
compla9$ t a trick 0 play$ on him1 &    
defi$ ! juggl] to attract ! duck4  ,!   
man1 )\t a ^w1 took a piece ( bread &   
pres5t$ x to ! duck1 :i* in/antly foll[$
 x1 & came t[>ds 8 h&4  ,! *ild took !  
same bit ( bread2 b f> f hav+ bett]     
success1 he saw ! duck make sport ( him 
by :irl+ r\nd & r\nd z x swam ab\t !    
edge ( ! bas94  ,at la/ he retir$ 9     
great confusion1 no long] d>+ to enc\nt]
 ! hisses :i* foll[$4  ,!n ! juggl] took
 ! bit ( bread ! *ild _h br\ght1 &      
succe$$ z well ) x z ) 8 own4  ,9 !     
pres5ce ( ! entire company he drew out !
 ne$le1 mak+ ano!r joke at our exp5se2  
!n1 ) ! bread ?us dis>m$1 he attract$ ! 
duck z be=e4  ,he did ! same ?+ ) a     
piece ( bread :i* a ?ird p]son cut (f 9 
! pres5ce ( all2 aga91 ) 8 glove1 & ) ! 
tip ( 8 f+]4  ,at la/1 go+ to ! middle (
 ! room1 he decl>$ 9 ! emphatic tone    
peculi> to 8 sort1 t ! duck w\ld obey 8 
voice q z well z 8 ge/ure4  ,he spoke1 &

 ! duck obey$ him2 comm&$ x to g to !   
"r1 & x w5t to ! "r2 to return1 & x did 
s2 to turn1 & x turn$ itself ab\t4  ,ea*
 movem5t 0 z prompt z ! comm&4  ,!      
r$\bl$ applause 0 a repeat$ affront to  
u4  ,we /ole away unmole/$1 & %ut       
ourselves up 9 our room1 )\t proclaim+  
our success f> & wide z we _h meant to  
d4  ,!re 0 a knock at our door next     
morn+2 ,i op5$ x1 & !re /ood !          
m\ntebank1 :o mode/ly compla9$ ( our    
conduct4  ,:at _h he done to u t we %\ld
 try to ?r[ discr$it on 8 p]=mances &   
take away 8 livelihood8  ,:at is s      
wond]ful 9 ! art ( attract+ a wax duck1 
t ! honor %\ld be wor? ! price ( an     
hone/ man's liv+8  ,fai?1 g5tlem51 if ,i
 _h any o!r way ( e>n+ my bread1 ,i %\ld
 boa/ v little ( ?is way4  ,y may well  
believe t a man :o has sp5t 8 life 9    
practis+ ?is pitiful trade und]/&s x mu*
 bett] ?an y1 :o devote only a few      
m9utes to x4  ,if ,i did n %[ y my be/  
p]=mances ! fir/ "t1 x 0 because a man  
ought n to be su* a fool z to p>ade     

ev]y?+ he kn[s4  ,i always take c>e to  
keep my be/ ?+s = a fit occasion2 & ,i h
 o!rs1 too1 to rebuke "y & ?\ghtless p4 
,besides1 g5tlem51 ,i am go+ to tea* y1 
9 ! goodness ( my he>t1 ! secret :i*    
puzzl$ y s mu*1 begg+ t y w n abuse y\r 
k ( x to injure me1 & t ano!r "t y w use
 m discretion4  ,!n he %[$ u 8 app>atus1
 & we saw1 to our surprise1 t x consi/$ 
only ( a p[]ful magnet mov$ by a *ild   
conceal$ b5ea? ! table4  ,! man put up 8
 ma*9e aga92 & aft] ?ank+ him & mak+ due
 apologies1 we (f]$ him a pres5t4  ,he  
refus$1 say+1 ,no1 g5tlem51 ,i am n s   
well pleas$ ) y z to accept pres5ts f y4
  ,y _c help be+ "u an obligation to me1
 & t is rev5ge en\gh4  ,b1 y see1       
g5]osity is to be f\nd 9 e /ation 9     
life2 ,i take pay = my p]=mances1 n = my
 lessons4  ,z he 0 go+ out1 he reprim&$ 
me po9t$ly & al\d4  ,i will+ly p>don ?is
 *ild1 said he2 he has (f5d$ only ?r\gh 
ignorance4  ,b y1 sir1 mu/ h kn[n !     
nature ( 8 fault2 :y did y all[ him to  
commit su* a fault8  ,s9ce y live       

toge!r1 y1 :o are old]1 ought to h tak5 
! tr\ble ( advis+ him2 ! au?ority ( y\r 
exp]i5ce %\ld h guid$ him4  ,:5 he is   
old en\gh to reproa* y = 8 *ildi%       
errors1 he w c]ta9ly blame y = ^? ( :i* 
y did n w>n him4#d  ,he w5t away1 leav+ 
u greatly aba%$4  ,i took ^u myself !   
blame ( my easy compliance1 & promis$ ! 
*ild t1 ano!r "t1 ,i w\ld sacrifice x to
 8 int]e/1 & w>n him ( 8 faults be=e !y 
7 committ$4  ,= a "t 0 com+ :5 our      
relations w\ld be *ang$1 & ! sev]ity ( !
 tutor mu/ succe$ to ! complaisance ( an
 equal4  ,?is *ange %\ld be gradual2    
ev]y?+ mu/ be =ese51 & t long be=eh&4   
,! foll[+ day we return$ to ! fair1 to  
see once m ! trick ^: secret we _h      
le>n$4  ,we approa*$ our juggl+         
,socrates ) deep respect1 h>dly v5tur+  
to look at him4  ,he ov]:elm$ u )       
civilities1 & seat$ u ) a m>k$ att5tion 
:i* add$ to our humiliation4  ,he p]=m$ 
8 tricks z usual1 b took pa9s to amuse  
himself = a long "t ) ! duck trick1 (t5 
look+ at u ) a r defiant air4  ,we      

und]/ood x p]fectly1 & did n brea! a    
syllable4  ,if my pupil _h ev5 d>$ to   
op5 8 m\?1 he w\ld h des]v$ to be       
annihilat$4  ,all ! details ( ?is       
illu/ration are f> m important ?an !y   
appe>4  ,h[ _m lessons are "h comb9$ 9  
"o6  ,h[ _m mortify+ effects does ! fir/
 feel+ ( vanity br+ ^u u6 ,"y tea*]s1   
wat* c>efully its fir/ manife/ation4    
,if y c ?us turn x into humiliation &   
disgrace1 be assur$ t a second lesson w 
n soon be necess>y4  ,:at an am\nt (    
prep>ation6 y w say4  ,true2 & all to   
make u a compass to use in/ead ( a      
m]idian l9e6  ,hav+ le>n$ t a magnet    
acts ?r\gh o!r bodies1 we 7 all         
impati5ce until we _h made an app>atus l
 ! "o we _h se51--a holl[ table-top ) a 
v %all[ bas9 adju/$ ^u x & fill$ ) wat]1
 a duck r m c>efully made1 & s on4      
,wat*+ ?is app>atus att5tively & (t51 we
 f9ally obs]v$ t ! duck1 :5 at re/1     
ne>ly always turn$ 9 ! same direction4  
,foll[+ up ! exp]im5t by exam9+ ?is     
direction1 we f\nd x to be f s\? to     

nor?4  ,no?+ m 0 necess>y2 our compass 0
 inv5t$1 or might z well h be54  ,we _h 
begun to /udy physics4   ,exp]im5tal    
,physics4  ,! e>? has diff]5t climates1 
& ^! h diff]5t temp]atures4  ,z we      
approa* ! poles ! v>iation ( seasons is 
m p]ceptible1--all bodies contract )    
cold & exp& ) heat4 ,?is effect is m    
readily measur$ 9 liquids1 & is         
p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 spiritu\s       
liquors4  ,?is fact sugge/$ ! idea ( !  
!rmomet]4  ,! w9d /rikes our faces2 air 
is !re=e a body1 a fluid2 we feel x ?\gh
 we _c see x4  ,turn a glass vessel     
upside d[n 9 wat]1 & ! wat] w n fill x  
unless y leave a v5t = ! air2 !re=e air 
is capable ( resi/ance4  ,s9k ! glass   
l[]1 & ! wat] rises 9 ! air-fill$ region
 ( ! glass1 al?\gh x does n entirely    
fill t space4  ,air is !re=e to "s ext5t
 compressible4  ,a ball fill$ )         
compress$ air b\nds mu* bett] ?an :5    
fill$ ) any?+ else3 air is !re=e ela/ic4
  ,:5 ly+ at full l5g? 9 ! ba?1 raise ! 
arm horizontally out ( ! wat]1 & y feel 

x burd5$ by a great weight2 air is !re=e
 heavy4  ,put air 9 equilibrium ) o!r   
bodies1 & y c measure its weight4  ,f ^!
 obs]vations 7 con/ruct$ ! b>omet]1 !   
siphon1 ! air-gun1 & ! air-pump4 ,all ! 
laws ( /atics & hydro/atics 7 discov]$  
by exp]im5ts z simple z ^!4  ,i w\ld n h
 my pupil /udy !m 9 a laboratory (      
exp]im5tal physics4  ,i dislike all t   
array ( ma*9es & in/rum5ts4  ,! p>ade ( 
sci5ce is fatal to sci5ce itself4  ,all 
^? ma*9es fright5 ! *ild2 or else _!    
s+ul> =ms divide & di/ract ! att5tion he
 ought to give to _! effects4  ,i w\ld  
make all our own ma*9es1 & n beg9 by    
mak+ ! in/rum5t be=e ! exp]im5t has be5 
tri$4  ,b aft] app>5tly light+ by *ance 
on ! exp]im5t1 ,i %\ld by degrees inv5t 
in/rum5ts = v]ify+ x4  ,^! in/rum5ts    
%\ld n be s p]fect & exact z our ideas (
 :at !y %\ld be & ( ! op]ations result+ 
f !m4  ,= ! fir/ lesson 9 /atics1 in/ead
 ( us+ balances1 ,i put a /ick across ! 
back ( a *air1 & :5 ev5ly balanc$1      
measure its two portions4  ,i add       

weights to ea* "p1 sometimes equal1     
sometimes unequal4  ,pu%+ x to or fro z 
may be necess>y1 ,i f9ally discov] t    
equilibrium results f a reciprocal      
proportion betwe5 ! am\nt ( weight & !  
l5g? ( ! lev]s4  ,?us my little /ud5t ( 
physics c rectify balances )\t hav+ ev] 
se5 !m4  ,:5 we ?us le>n by ourselves   
in/ead ( le>n+ f o!rs1 our ideas are f> 
m def9ite & cle>4  ,besides1 if our     
reason is n accu/om$ to slavi%          
submission to au?ority1 ?is discov]+    
relations1 l9k+ "o idea to ano!r1 &     
inv5t+ app>atus1 r5d]s u mu* m +5i\s4   
,if1 in/ead1 we take ev]y?+ j z x is    
giv5 to u1 we all[ our m9ds to s9k d[n  
into indiff]5ce2 j z a man :o always    
lets 8 s]vants dress him & wait on him1 
& 8 horses c>ry him ab\t1 loses f9ally n
 only ! vigor b ev5 ! use ( 8 limbs4    
,boileau boa/$ t he _h taught ,rac9e to 
rhyme ) difficulty4  ,!re are _m        
excell5t labor-sav+ me?ods = /udy+      
sci5ce2 b we are 9 sore ne$ ( "o to tea*
 u h[ to le>n !m ) m ef=t ( our own4  ,!

 mo/ manife/ value ( ^! sl[ & labori\s  
rese>*es is1 t amid speculative /udies  
!y ma9ta9 ! activity & suppl5ess ( !    
body1 by tra9+ ! h&s to labor1 & creat+ 
habits useful to any man4  ,s _m        
in/rum5ts are inv5t$ to aid 9 our       
exp]im5ts & to supplem5t ! action ( our 
s5ses1 t we neglect to use ! s5ses      
!mselves4  ,if ! graphomet] measures !  
size ( an angle = u1 we ne$ n e/imate x 
ourselves4  ,! eye :i* measur$ di/ances 
) precision intru/s ?is "w to ! *a92 !  
/eely>d saves me ! tr\ble ( measur+     
weights by ! h&4  ,! m +5i\s our        
app>atus1 ! m clumsy & awkw>d d our     
organs become4  ,if we surr\nd ourselves
 ) in/rum5ts1 we %all no long] f9d !m )9
 ourselves4  ,b :51 9 mak+ ! app>atus1  
we employ ! skill & sagacity requir$ 9  
do+ )\t !m1 we d n lose1 b ga94  ,by    
add+ art to nature1 we become m +5i\s & 
no less skilful4  ,if1 in/ead ( keep+ a 
*ild at 8 books1 ,i keep him busy 9 a   
work%op1 8 h&s labor to 8 m9d's         
advantage3 :ile he reg>ds himself only z

 a workman he is gr[+ into a philosoph]4
  ,?is k9d ( ex]cise has o!r uses1 ( :i*
 ,i w speak h]eaft]2 & we %all see h[   
philosophic amusem5ts prep>e u = ! true 
functions ( manhood4  ,i h already      
rem>k$ t purely speculative /udies are  
r>ely adapt$ to *ildr51 ev5 :5 approa*+ 
! p]iod ( y\?2 b )\t mak+ !m ent] v     
deeply into sy/ematic physics1 let all !
 exp]im5ts be connect$ by "s k9d (      
dep5d5ce by :i* ! *ild c arrange !m 9 8 
m9d & recall !m at ne$4  ,= we _c )\t   
some?+ ( ?is sort reta9 isolat$ facts or
 ev5 reason+s long 9 memory4  ,9        
inve/igat+ ! laws ( nature1 always beg9 
) ! mo/ common & mo/ easily obs]v$      
ph5om5a1 & accu/om y\r pupil n to       
consid] ^! ph5om5a z reasons1 b z facts4
  ,tak+ a /one1 ,i pret5d to lay x ^u ! 
air2 op5+ my h&1 ! /one falls4 ,look+ at
 mile1 :o is wat*+ my motions1 ,i say to
 him1 ,:y did ! /one fall8  ,no *ild w  
hesitate 9 answ]+ su* a "q1 n ev5 mile1 
unless ,i h tak5 great c>e t he %all n  
"k h[4  ,any *ild w say t ! /one falls  

because x is heavy4  ,& :at does heavy  
mean8  ,:atev] falls is heavy4  ,"h my  
little philosoph] is really at a /&4    
,:e!r ?is fir/ lesson 9 exp]im5tal      
physics aids him 9 und]/&+ t subject or 
n1 x w always be a practical lesson4    
,no?+ to be ,tak5 ^u ,au?ority4  ,le>n+ 
f ! ,pupil's own ,necessities4  ,z !    
*ild's und]/&+ matures1 o!r important   
consid]ations dem& t we *oose 8         
occupations ) m c>e4  ,z soon z he      
und]/&s himself & all t relates to him  
well en\gh & broadly en\gh to disc]n :at
 is to 8 advantage & :at is becom+ 9    
him1 he c appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5  
"w & play1 & to reg>d ! "o solely z     
relaxation f ! o!r4  ,objects really    
useful may !n be includ$ among 8 /udies1
 & he w pay m att5tion to !m ?an if     
amusem5t alone 7 conc]n$4  ,! ev]-pres5t
 law ( necessity e>ly tea*es u to d :at 
we dislike1 to escape evils we %\ld     
dislike ev5 m4  ,su* is ! use ( =esight 
f :i*1 judici\s or injudici\s1 spr+s all
 ! wisdom or all ! unhapp9ess ( mank9d4 

,we all long = happ9ess1 b to acquire x 
we ought fir/ to "k :at x is4  ,to !    
natural man x is z simple z 8 mode (    
life2 x means heal?1 lib]ty1 & !        
necess>ies ( life1 & fre$om f suff]+4   
,! happ9ess ( man z a moral be+ is ano!r
 ?+1 =eign to ! pres5t "q4  ,i _c too   
(t5 repeat t only objects purely        
physical c int]e/ *ildr51 especially ^? 
:o h n _h _! vanity ar\s$ & _! nature   
corrupt$ by ! poison ( op9ion4  ,:5 !y  
provide be=eh& = _! own wants1 _!       
und]/&+ is some:at develop$1 & !y are   
beg9n+ to le>n ! value ( "t4  ,we ought 
!n by all means to accu/om & to direct  
!m to its employm5t to useful ends1 ^!  
be+ su* z are useful at _! age & readily
 und]/ood by !m4  ,! subject ( moral    
ord] & ! usages ( society %\ld n yet be 
pres5t$1 because *ildr5 are n 9 a       
condition to und]/& su* ?+s4  ,to =ce _!
 att5tion ^u ?+s :i*1 z we vaguely tell 
!m1 w be = _! good1 :5 !y d n "k :at ?is
 good means1 is fooli%4  ,x is no less  
fooli% to assure !m t su* ?+s w b5efit  

!m :5 gr[n2 = !y take no int]e/ 9 ?is   
suppos$ b5efit1 :i* !y _c und]/&4  ,let 
! *ild take no?+ = grant$ because "s "o 
says x is s4 ,no?+ is good to him b :at 
he feels to be good4  ,y ?9k x f> sight$
 to pu% him beyond 8 und]/&+ ( ?+s1 b y 
are mi/ak54  ,= ! sake ( arm+ him )     
weapons he does n "k h[ to use1 y take f
 him "o univ]sal among m51 common s5se3 
y tea* him to all[ himself always to be 
l$1 nev] to be m ?an a ma*9e 9 ! h&s (  
o!rs4  ,if y w h him docile :ile he is  
"y1 y w make him a cr$ul\s dupe :5 he is
 a man4  ,y are cont9ually say+ to him1 
,all ,i require ( y is = y\r own good1 b
 y _c und]/& x yet4  ,:at does x matt]  
to me :e!r y d :at ,i require or n8  ,y 
are do+ x entirely = y\r own sake4  ,)  
su* f9e spee*es y are pav+ ! way = "s   
k9d ( trick/] or fool1--"s vision>y     
babbl] or *>latan1--:o w entrap him or  
p]suade him to adopt 8 own folly4  ,a   
man may be well acqua9t$ ) ?+s ^:       
utility a *ild _c compreh5d2 b is x "r1 
or ev5 possible1 = a *ild to le>n :at a 

man ought to "k8  ,try to tea* ! *ild   
all t is useful to him n[1 & y w keep   
him busy all ! "t4  ,:y w\ld y injure ! 
/udies suitable to him at 8 age by giv+ 
him ^? ( an age he may nev] atta98  ,b1 
y say1 w !re be "t = le>n+ :at he ought 
to "k :5 ! "t to use x has already come8
  ,i d n "k2 b ,i am sure t he _c le>n x
 soon]4  ,= exp]i5ce & feel+ are our    
real tea*]s1 & we nev] und]/& ?or\ghly  
:at is be/ = u except f ! circum/ances (
 our case4  ,a *ild kn[s t he w "o day  
be a man4  ,all ! ideas ( manhood t he c
 und]/& give u opportunities ( tea*+    
him2 b ( ^? he _c und]/& he %\ld rema9 9
 absolute ignorance4  ,?is entire book  
is only a cont9u$ demon/ration ( ?is    
pr9ciple ( education4   ,f9d+ out !     
,ea/4  ,! ,=e/ ( ,montmor5cy4  ,i d n l 
explanatory lectures2 "y p pay v little 
att5tion to !m1 & seldom rememb] !m4    
,?+s6 ?+s6  ,i _c repeat (t5 en\gh t we 
atta* too mu* importance to words4  ,our
 babbl+ education produces no?+ b       
babbl]s4  ,suppose t :ile we are /udy+ !

 c\rse ( ! sun1 & ! mann] ( f9d+ :]e !  
ea/ is1 mile all at once int]rupts me1  
to ask1 ,:at is ! use ( all ?is8  ,:at  
an opportunity = a f9e disc\rse6  ,h[ _m
 ?+s ,i c\ld tell him ( 9 answ]+ ?is "q1
 especially if anybody 7 by to li/56  ,i
 c\ld m5tion ! advantages ( travel & (  
comm]ce2 ! peculi> products ( ea*       
climate2 ! mann]s ( diff]5t nations2 !  
use ( ! cal5d>2 ! calculation ( seasons 
9 agriculture2 ! art ( navigation1 & !  
mann] ( travell+ by sea1 foll[+ ! true  
c\rse )\t kn[+ :]e we are4  ,i might    
take up politics1 natural hi/ory1       
a/ronomy1 ev5 e?ics & int]national law1 
by way ( giv+ my pupil an exalt$ idea ( 
all ^! sci5ces1 & a /rong desire to le>n
 !m4  ,:5 ,i h done1 ! boy w n h        
und]/ood a s+le idea out ( all my       
p$antic display4  ,he w\ld l to ask     
aga91 ,:at is ! use ( f9d+ out :]e ! ea/
 is8 b d>es n1 le/ ,i might be angry4   
,he f9ds x m to 8 int]e/ to pret5d to   
und]/& :at he has be5 compell$ to he>4  
,?is is n at all an uncommon case 9     

sup]ior education1 s-call$4  ,b our     
mile1 br\ght up m l a ru/ic1 & c>efully 
taught to ?9k v sl[ly1 w n li/5 to all  
?is4  ,he w run away at ! fir/ ^w he    
does n und]/&1 & play ab\t ! room1 leav+
 me to h>angue all by myself4  ,let u   
f9d a simpl] way2 ?is sci5tific display 
does him no good4  ,we 7 notic+ !       
position ( ! =e/ nor? ( ,montmor5cy1 :5 
he int]rupt$ me ) ! eag] "q1 ,:at is !  
use ( kn[+ t8  ,y may be "r1 said ,i2 we
 mu/ take "t to ?9k ab\t x2 & if !re is 
really no use 9 x1 we w n try x aga91 = 
we h en\gh to d t is ( use4  ,we w5t at 
some?+ else1 & !re 0 no m geography t   
day4  ,! next morn+ ,i propos$ a walk   
be=e breakfa/4  ,no?+ c\ld h pleas$ him 
bett]2 *ildr5 are always ready to run   
ab\t1 & ?is boy _h /urdy legs ( 8 own4  
,we w5t into ! =e/1 & w&]$ ov] ! fields2
 we lo/ ourselves1 hav+ no idea :]e we  
72 & :5 we int5d$ to g home1 c\ld n f9d 
our way4  ,"t pass$2 ! heat ( ! day came
 on2 we 7 hungry4  ,9 va9 did we hurry  
ab\t f place to place2 we f\nd ev]y:]e  

no?+ b woods1 qu>ries1 pla9s1 & n a     
l&m>k t we knew4  ,heat$1 worn out )    
fatigue1 & v hungry1 our runn+ ab\t only
 l$ u m & m a/ray4  ,at la/ we sat d[n  
to re/ & to ?9k ! matt] ov]4 mile1 l any
 o!r *ild1 did n ?9k ab\t x2 he cri$4   
,he did n "k t we 7 ne> ! gate (        
,montmor5cy1 & t only a n>r[ /rip (     
woodl& hid x f u4  ,b to him ?is n>r[   
/rip ( woodl& 0 a :ole =e/2 "o ( 8      
/ature w\ld be lo/ to sight among bu%es4
  ,aft] "s mom5ts ( sil5ce ,i said to   
him1 ) a tr\bl$ air1  ,my de> mile1 :at 
%all we d to get away f "h8  ,,mile4  ,9
 a pr(use p]spiration1 & cry+ bitt]ly4  
,i don't "k4  ,i'm tir$4  ,i'm hungry4  
,i'm ?ir/y4  ,i c't d any?+4  ,,jean    
,,jacques4  ,d y ?9k ,i am bett] (f ?an 
y1 or t ,i w\ld m9d cry+ too1 if cry+   
w\ld d = my breakfa/8  ,!re is no use 9 
cry+2 ! ?+ is1 to f9d our way4  ,let me 
see y\r wat*2 :at "t is x8  ,,mile4  ,x 
is twelve o'clock1 & ,i hav5't _h my    
breakfa/4  ,,jean ,,jacques4  ,t is     
true4  ,x is twelve o'clock1 & ,i hav5't

 _h my breakfa/1 ei!r4  ,,mile4  ,oh1 h[
 hungry y mu/ be6  ,,jean ,,jacques4  ,!
 wor/ ( x is t my d9n] w n come "h to   
f9d me4  ,twelve o'clock8  x 0 j ?is "t 
ye/]day t we notic$ :]e ,montmor5cy is4 
,c\ld we see :]e x is j z well f ?is    
=e/8  ,,mile4  ,yea2 b ye/]day we saw ! 
=e/1 & we _c see ! t[n f ?is place4     
,,jean ,,jacques4  ,t is a pity4  ,i    
wond] if we c\ld f9d out :]e x is )\t   
see+ x8  ,,mile4  ,oh1 my de> fri5d6    
,,jean ,,jacques4  ,did n we say t ?is  
=e/ is--  ,,mile4  ,nor? ( ,montmor5cy4 
,,jean ,,jacques4  ,if t is true1       
,montmor5cy mu/ be--  ,,mile4  ,s\? ( ! 
=e/4  ,,jean ,,jacques4  ,!re is a way (
 f9d+ out ! nor? at noon4  ,,mile4      
,yes2 by ! direction ( our %ad[s4       
,,jean ,,jacques4  ,b ! s\?8  ,,mile4   
,h[ c we f9d t8  ,,jean ,,jacques4  ,!  
s\? is opposite ! nor?4  ,,mile4  ,t is 
true2 all we h to d is to f9d ! side    
opposite ! %ad[s4  ,oh1 !re's ! s\?6    
!re's ! s\?6  ,montmor5cy mu/ surely be 
on t side2 let u look on t side4  ,,jean

 ,,jacques4  ,p]haps y are "r4  ,let u  
take ?is pa? ?r\gh ! =e/4  ,,mile4      
,clapp+ 8 h&s1 ) a joyful %\t4 ,oh1 ,i  
see ,montmor5cy2 !re x is1 j be=e u1 9  
pla9 sight4  ,let u g to our breakfa/1  
our d9n]2 let u run fa/4  ,a/ronomy is  
good = some?+6  ,obs]ve t ev5 if he does
 n utt] ^! la/ words1 !y w be 9 8 m9d4  
,x matt]s little s long z x is n ,i :o  
utt] !m4 ,re/ assur$ t he w nev] 9 8    
life =get ?is day's lesson4 ,n[ if ,i _h
 only made him imag9e x all indoors1 my 
lecture w\ld h be5 entirely =gott5 by ! 
next day4  ,we %\ld tea* z mu* z        
possible by actions1 & say only :at we  
_c d4   ,rob9son ,crusoe4  ,9 8         
legitimate pref]5ce = tea*+ by ! eye &  
h& & by real ?+s1 & 9 8 av]sion to !    
b>r5 & errone\s me?od ( tea*+ f books   
alone1 ,r\sseau1 con/antly c>ri$ away by
 ! passionate ardor ( 8 nature1 ru%es   
into an opposite extreme1 & exclaims1 ,i
 hate books2 !y only tea* u to talk ab\t
 :at we d n und]/&4  ,!n1 *eck$ 9 ! full
 tide ( ?is declamation by 8 own good   

s5se1 he adds3--   ,s9ce we mu/ h books1
 !re is "o :i*1 to my m9d1 furni%es !   
f9e/ ( treatises on education accord+ to
 nature4  ,my mile %all read ?is book   
be=e any o!r2 x %all = a long "t be 8   
entire libr>y1 & %all always hold an    
honorable place4  ,x %all be ! text on  
:i* all our discussions ( natural sci5ce
 %all be only comm5t>ies4  ,x %all be a 
te/ = all we meet dur+ our progress t[>d
 a rip5$ judgm5t1 & s long z our ta/e is
 unspoil$1 we %all enjoy read+ x4  ,:at 
wond]ful book is ?is8  ,ari/otle8 ,pl9y8
  ,buffon8  ,no2 x is ,rob9son ,crusoe4 
,! /ory ( ?is man1 alone on 8 isl&1     
unaid$ by 8 fell[-m51 )\t any art or its
 implem5ts1 & yet provid+ = 8 own       
pres]vation & subsi/5ce1 ev5 contriv+ to
 live 9 :at might be call$ com=t1 is    
int]e/+ to p]sons ( all ages4  ,x may be
 made delightful to *ildr5 9 a ?\s&     
ways4  ,?us we make ! des]t isl&1 :i* ,i
 us$ at ! outset = a comp>ison1 a       
reality4  ,?is condition is n1 ,i grant1
 t ( man 9 society2 & to all appe>ance  

mile w nev] occupy x2 b f x he ought to 
judge ( all o!rs4  ,! sure/ way to rise 
above prejudice1 & to judge ( ?+s 9 _!  
true relations1 is to put ourselves 9 ! 
place ( an isolat$ man1 & decide z he   
mu/ conc]n+ _! real utility4            
,dis5cumb]$ ( its less pr(itable        
portions1 ?is romance f its beg9n+1 !   
%ipwreck ( ,crusoe on ! isl&1 to its    
end1 ! arrival ( ! vessel :i* takes him 
away1 w yield amusem5t & in/ruction to  
mile dur+ ! p]iod n[ 9 "q4  ,i w\ld h   
him completely c>ri$ away by x1         
cont9ually ?9k+ ( ,crusoe's =t1 8 goats1
 & 8 plantations4  ,i w\ld h him le>n1 n
 f books1 b f real ?+s1 all he w\ld ne$ 
to "k "u ! same circum/ances4  ,he %\ld 
be enc\rag$ to play ,rob9son ,crusoe2 to
 imag9e himself clad 9 sk9s1 we>+ a     
great cap & sword1 & all ! array ( t    
grotesque figure1 d[n to ! umbrella1 (  
:i* he w\ld h no ne$4  ,if he happ5s to 
be 9 want ( any?+1 ,i hope he w contrive
 some?+ to supply its place4  ,let him  
look c>efully into all t 8 h]o did1 &   

decide :e!r any ( x 0 unnecess>y1 or    
might h be5 done 9 a bett] way4  ,let   
him notice ,crusoe's mi/akes & avoid !m 
"u l circum/ances4  ,he w v likely plan 
= himself surr\nd+s l ,crusoe's1--a real
 ca/le 9 ! air1 natural at 8 happy age  
:5 we ?9k ourselves ri* if we are free &
 h ! necess>ies ( life4  ,h[ useful ?is 
hobby might be made if "s man ( s5se    
w\ld only sugge/ x & turn x to good     
acc\nt6  ,! *ild1 eag] to build a       
/oreh\se = 8 isl&1 w\ld be m desir\s to 
le>n ?an 8 ma/] w\ld be to tea* him4    
,he w\ld be anxi\s to "k ev]y?+ he c\ld 
make use (1 & no?+ besides4  ,y w\ld n  
ne$ to guide1 b to re/ra9 him4   ,"h    
,r\sseau insi/s ^u giv+ a *ild "s trade1
 no matt] :at 8 /ation 9 life may be2 & 
9 #agfb he utt]$ ^! prophetic words1    
rem>kable inde$1 :5 we call to m9d !    
disord]s at ! close ( t c5tury3--   ,y  
tru/ to ! pres5t condition ( society1   
)\t reflect+ t x is subject to          
unavoidable revolutions1 & t y c nei!r  
=esee nor prev5t :at is to affect ! fate

 ( y\r own *ildr54 ,! great are br\ght  
l[1 ! poor are made ri*1 ! k+ becomes a 
subject4  ,are ! bl[s ( fate s uncommon 
t y c expect to escape !m8  ,we are     
approa*+ a crisis1 ! age ( revolutions4 
,:o c tell :at w become ( y !n8  ,all t 
man has done man may de/roy4  ,no       
*>act]s b ^? /amp$ by nature are        
ineffaceable2 & nature did n make       
pr9ces1 or ri* m51 or nobles4   ,?is    
advice 0 foll[$4  ,9 ! highe/ grades (  
society x became ! fa%ion to le>n "s    
h&icraft4  ,x is well kn[n t ,l\is      
,,xvi4 0 pr\d ( 8 skill z a locksmi?4   
,among ! exiles ( a lat] p]iod1 _m ow$  
_! liv+ to ! trade !y _h ?us le>n$4  ,to
 return to mile3 ,r\sseau selects = him 
! trade ( a jo9]1 & goes s f> z to      
employ him & 8 tutor 9 t k9d ( labor =  
"o or m days ( e week "u a ma/] :o pays 
!m actual wages = _! "w4   ,judg+ f     
,appe>ances4  ,! ,brok5 ,/ick4  ,if ,i h
 ?us f> made myself und]/ood1 y may see 
h[1 ) regul> physical ex]cise & manual  
labor1 ,i am at ! same "t giv+ my pupil 

a ta/e = reflection & m$itation4  ,?is w
 c\nt]balance ! indol5ce :i* might      
result f 8 indiff]5ce to o!r m5 & f !   
dormant /ate ( 8 passions4  ,he mu/ "w l
 a peasant & ?9k l a philosoph]1 or he w
 be z idle z a savage4  ,! great secret 
( education is to make physical & m5tal 
ex]cises s]ve z relaxation = ea* o!r4   
,at fir/ our pupil _h no?+ b s5sations1 
& n[ he has ideas4  ,!n he only p]ceiv$1
 b n[ he judges4  ,= f comp>ison ( _m   
successive or simultane\s s5sations1 ) !
 judgm5ts bas$ on !m1 arises a k9d (    
mix$ or complex s5sation :i* ,i call an 
idea4  ,! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* ideas are 
=m$ gives ea* m9d its peculi> "*4  ,a   
m9d is solid if x %ape its ideas accord+
 to ! true relations ( ?+s2 sup]ficial1 
if cont5t ) _! app>5t relations2        
accurate1 if x behold ?+s z !y really   
are2 uns\nd1 if x und]/& !m incorrectly2
 disord]$1 if x fabricate imag9>y       
relations1 nei!r app>5t nor real2       
imbecile1 if x d n comp>e ideas at all4 
,great] or less m5tal p[] 9 diff]5t m5  

consi/s 9 _! great] or less read9ess 9  
comp>+ ideas & discov]+ _! relations4   
,f simple z well z complex s5sations1 we
 =m judgm5ts :i* ,i w call simple ideas4
  ,9 a s5sation ! judgm5t is :olly      
passive1 only affirm+ t we feel :at we  
feel4  ,9 a preception or idea1 !       
judgm5t is active2 x br+s toge!r1       
comp>es1 & det]m9es relations n det]m9$ 
by ! s5ses4  ,?is is ! only po9t (      
diff]5ce1 b x is important4  ,nature    
nev] deceives u2 x is always we :o      
deceive ourselves4  ,i see a *ild eight 
ye>s old help$ to "s froz5 cu/>d4  ,)\t 
kn[+ :at x is1 he puts a spoonful 9 8   
m\?1 & feel+ ! cold s5sation1 exclaims1 
,ah1 t burns6  ,he feels a ke5 s5sation2
 he kn[s ( none m s ?an heat1 & ?9ks t  
is :at he n[ feels4  ,he is ( c\rse     
mi/ak52 ! *ill is pa9ful1 b does n burn 
him2 & ! two s5sations are n alike1     
s9ce1 aft] enc\nt]+ bo?1 we nev] mi/ake 
"o = ! o!r4  ,x is n1 !re=e1 ! s5sation 
:i* misleads him1 b ! judgm5t bas$ on x4
  ,x is ! same :5 any "o sees = ! fir/  

"t a mirror or optical app>atus2 or     
ent]s a deep cell> 9 mid-w9t] or        
midsumm]2 or plunges 8 h&1 ei!r v w>m or
 v cold1 into tepid wat]2 or rolls a    
little ball betwe5 two ( 8 f+]s held    
crosswise4  ,if he is satisfi$ )        
describ+ :at he p]ceives or feels1 keep+
 8 judgm5t 9 abeyance1 he _c be mi/ak54 
,b :5 he decides ^u appe>ances1 8       
judgm5t is active2 x comp>es1 & inf]s   
relations x does n p]ceive2 & x may !n  
be mi/ak54  ,he w ne$ exp]i5ce to prev5t
 or correct su* mi/akes4  ,%[ y\r pupil 
cl\ds pass+ ov] ! moon at night1 & he w 
?9k t ! moon is mov+ 9 an opposite      
direction1 & t ! cl\ds are at re/4  ,he 
w ! m readily inf] t ?is is ! case1     
because he usually sees small objects1 n
 l>ge ones1 9 motion1 & because ! cl\ds 
seem to him l>g] ?an ! moon1 ( ^:       
di/ance he has no idea4 ,:5 f a mov+    
boat he sees ! %ore at a little di/ance1
 he makes ! contr>y mi/ake ( ?9k+ t !   
e>? moves4  ,=1 unconsci\s ( 8 own      
motion1 ! boat1 ! wat]1 & ! entire      

horizon seem to him "o immovable :ole ( 
:i* ! mov+ %ore is only "o "p4  ,! fir/ 
"t a *ild sees a /ick half imm]s$ 9     
wat]1 x seems to be brok54  ,! s5sation 
is a true "o1 & w\ld be1 ev5 if we did n
 "k ! reason = ?is appe>ance4  ,if !re=e
 y ask him :at he sees1 he answ]s truly1
 ,a brok5 /ick1 because he is fully     
consci\s ( ! s5sation ( a brok5 /ick4   
,b :51 deceiv$ by 8 judgm5t1 he goes    
f>!r1 & aft] say+ t he sees a brok5     
/ick1 he says aga9 t ! /ick really is   
brok51 he says :at is n true2 & :y8     
,because 8 judgm5t becomes active2 he   
decides no long] f obs]vation1 b f      
inf]5ce1 :5 he decl>es z a fact :at he  
does n actually p]ceive2 namely1 t t\*  
w\ld confirm ! judgm5t bas$ ^u sight    
alone4  ,! be/ way ( le>n+ to judge     
correctly is ! "o :i* t5ds to simplify  
our exp]i5ce1 & enables u to make no    
mi/akes ev5 :5 we disp5se ) exp]i5ce    
altoge!r4  ,x foll[s f ?is t aft] hav+  
long v]ifi$ ! te/imony ( "o s5se by t ( 
ano!r1 we mu/ fur!r le>n to v]ify !     

te/imony ( ea* s5se by itself )\t appeal
 to any o!r4  ,!n ea* s5sation at once  
becomes an idea1 & an idea 9 accordance 
) ! tru?4  ,) su* acquisitions ,i h     
endeavor$ to /ore ?is ?ird p]iod ( human
 life4  ,to foll[ ?is plan requires a   
pati5ce & a circumspection ( :i* few    
tea*]s are capable1 & )\t :i* a pupil w 
nev] le>n to judge correctly4  ,=       
example3 if1 :5 he is misl$ by !        
appe>ance ( a brok5 /ick1 y endeavor to 
%[ him 8 mi/ake by tak+ ! /ick quickly  
out ( ! wat]1 y may p]haps undeceive    
him1 b :at w y tea* him8  ,no?+ he might
 n h le>n$ = himself4 ,y ought n ?us to 
tea* him "o deta*$ tru?1 in/ead ( %[+   
him h[ he may always discov] = himself  
any tru?4  ,if y really mean to tea*    
him1 d n at once undeceive him4  ,let   
mile & myself s]ve y = example4  ,9 !   
fir/ place1 any *ild educat$ 9 ! ord9>y 
way w\ld1 to ! second ( ! two que/ions  
above m5tion$1 answ]1 ,( c\rse ! /ick is
 brok54  ,i d\bt :e!r mile w\ld give ?is
 answ]4 ,see+ no ne$ ( be+ le>n$ or (   

appe>+ le>n$1 he nev] judges ha/ily1 b  
only f evid5ce4  ,kn[+ h[ easily        
appe>ances deceive u1 z 9 ! case (      
p]spective1 he is f> f f9d+ ! evid5ce 9 
! pres5t case suffici5t4  ,besides1 kn[+
 f exp]i5ce t my mo/ trivial "q always  
has an object :i* he does n at once     
discov]1 he is n 9 ! habit ( giv+       
he$less answ]s4  ,on ! contr>y1 he is on
 8 gu>d & att5tive2 he looks into !     
matt] v c>efully be=e reply+4  ,he nev] 
gives me an answ] ) :i* he is n himself 
satisfi$1 & he is n easily satisfi$4    
,moreov]1 he & ,i d n pride ourselves on
 kn[+ facts exactly1 b only on mak+ few 
mi/akes4  ,we %\ld be mu* m disconc]t$  
if we f\nd ourselves satisfi$ ) an      
insuffici5t reason ?an if we _h discov]$
 none at all4  ,! confession1 ,i d n "k1
 suits u bo? s well1 & we repeat x s    
(t51 t x co/s nei!r ( u any?+4  ,b :e!r 
= ?is once he is c>eless1 or avoids !   
difficulty by a conv5i5t ,i d n "k1 my  
answ] is ! same3 ,let u see2 let u f9d  
out4  ,! /ick1 half-way 9 ! wat]1 is    

fix$ 9 a v]tical position4  ,to f9d out 
:e!r x is brok51 z x appe>s to be1 h[   
mu* we mu/ d be=e we take x out ( !     
wat]1 or ev5 t\* x6  ,fir/1 we g        
entirely r\nd x1 & obs]ve t ! fracture  
goes ar\nd ) u4 ,x is our eye alone1 !n1
 t *anges x2 & a glance _c move ?+s f   
place to place4  ,secondly1 we look     
directly d[n ! /ick1 f ! end outside ( !
 wat]2 !n ! /ick is no long] b5t1       
because ! end next our eye exactly hides
 ! o!r end f u4  ,has our eye /raight5$ 
! /ick8  ,?irdly1 we /ir ! surface ( !  
wat]1 & see ! /ick b5d itself into      
sev]al curves1 move 9 a zig-zag         
direction1 & foll[ ! undulations ( !    
wat]4  ,has ! motion we gave ! wat] be5 
en\gh ?us to break1 to s(t51 & to melt !
 /ick8  ,f\r?1 we draw (f ! wat] & see !
 /ick /raight5 itself z fa/ z ! wat] is 
l[]$4  ,is n ?is m ?an en\gh to         
illu/rate ! fact & to f9d out !         
refraction8  ,x is n !n true t ! eye    
deceives u1 s9ce by its aid alone we c  
correct ! mi/akes we ascribe to x4      

,suppose ! *ild s dull z n to und]/& !  
result ( ^! exp]im5ts4  ,!n we mu/ call 
t\* to ! aid ( sight4  ,in/ead ( tak+ ! 
/ick out ( ! wat]1 leave x !re1 & let   
him pass 8 h& f "o end ( x to ! o!r4    
,he w feel no angle2 ! /ick1 !re=e1 is n
 brok54  ,y w tell me t ^! are n only   
judgm5ts b =mal reason+s4  ,true2 b d y 
n see t1 z soon z ! m9d has atta9$ to   
ideas1 all judgm5t is reason+8  ,!      
consci\sness ( any s5sation is a        
proposition1 a judgm5t4  ,z soon1 !re=e1
 z we comp>e "o s5sation ) ano!r1 we    
reason4  ,! art ( judg+ & ! art (       
reason+ are precisely ! same4  ,if1 f ! 
lesson ( ?is /ick1 mile does n und]/& ! 
idea ( refraction1 he w nev] und]/& x at
 all4  ,he %all nev] dissect insects1 or
 c\nt ! spots on ! sun2 he %all n ev5 "k
 :at a microscope or a telescope is4    
,y\r le>n$ pupils w laugh at 8          
ignorance1 & w n be v f> wrong4  ,= be=e
 he uses ^! in/rum5ts1 ,i int5d he %all 
inv5t !m2 & y may well suppose t ?is w n
 be soon done4  ,?is %all be ! _s ( all 

my me?ods ( tea*+ dur+ ?is p]iod4  ,if !
 *ild rolls a bullet betwe5 two cross$  
f+]s1 ,i w n let him look at x till he  
is o!rwise conv9c$ t !re is only "o     
bullet !re4   ,result4  ,! ,pupil at !  
,age ( ,fifte54  ,i ?9k ^! explanations 
w suffice to m>k di/9ctly ! advance my  
pupil's m9d has hi!rto made1 & ! r\te by
 :i* he has advanc$4  ,y are probably   
al>m$ at ! numb] ( subjects ,i h br\ght 
to 8 notice4  ,y are afraid ,i w ov]:elm
 8 m9d ) all ?is k4  ,b ,i tea* him r n 
to "k !m ?an to "k !m4  ,i am %[+ him a 
pa? to k n inde$ difficult1 b )\t limit1
 sl[ly measur$1 long1 or r endless1 &   
t$i\s to foll[4  ,i am %[+ him h[ to    
take ! fir/ /eps1 s t he may "k its     
beg9n+1 b all[ him to g no f>!r4        
,oblig$ to le>n by 8 own ef=t1 he       
employs 8 own reason1 n t ( ano!r4  ,mo/
 ( our mi/akes arise less )9 ourselves  
?an f o!rs2 s t if he is n to be rul$ by
 op9ion1 he mu/ receive no?+ ^u         
au?ority4  ,su* cont9ual ex]cise mu/    
invigorate ! m9d z labor & fatigue      

/r5g!n ! body4  ,! m9d z well z ! body c
 be> only :at its /r5g? w all[4  ,:5 !  
und]/&+ fully ma/]s a ?+ be=e intru/+ x 
to ! memory1 :at x aft]w>d draws !refrom
 is 9 reality its own4  ,b if in/ead we 
load ! memory ) matt]s ! und]/&+ has n  
ma/]$1 we run ! risk ( nev] f9d+ !re    
any?+ t belongs to x4  mile has little  
k1 b x is really 8 own2 he kn[s no?+ by 
halves2 & ! mo/ important fact is t he  
does n n[ "k ?+s he w "o day "k2 t _m   
?+s kn[n to o!r p he nev] w "k2 & t !re 
is an inf9ity ( ?+s :i* nei!r he nor any
 "o else ev] w "k4  ,he is prep>$ = k ( 
e k9d2 n because he has s mu*1 b because
 he kn[s h[ to acquire x2 8 m9d is op5  
to x1 &1 z ,montaigne says1 if n taught1
 he is at lea/ tea*able4  ,i %all be    
satisfi$ if he kn[s h[ to f9d out !     
:]e=e ( ev]y?+ he kn[s & ! :y ( ev]y?+  
he believes4  ,i repeat t my object is n
 to give him k1 b to tea* him h[ to     
acquire x at ne$2 to e/imate x at its   
true value1 & above all ?+s1 to love !  
tru?4  ,by ?is me?od we advance sl[ly1 b

 take no useless /eps1 & are n oblig$ to
 retrace a s+le "o4  mile und]/&s only !
 natural & purely physical sci5ces4  ,he
 does n ev5 "k ! "n ( hi/ory1 or ! mean+
 ( metaphysics & e?ics4  ,he kn[s !     
ess5tial relations betwe5 m5 & ?+s1 b   
no?+ ( ! moral relations betwe5 man &   
man4  ,he does n readily g5]alize or    
conceive ( ab/ractions4  ,he obs]ves !  
qualities common to c]ta9 bodies )\t    
reason+ ab\t ! qualities !mselves4  ,) !
 aid ( geometric figures & algebraic    
signs1 he kn[s some?+ ( ext5sion &      
quantity4  ,^u ^! figures & signs 8     
s5ses re/ _! k ( ! ab/ractions j nam$4  
,he makes no attempt to le>n ! nature ( 
?+s1 b only su* ( _! relations z conc]n 
himself4  ,he e/imates ext]nal ?+s only 
by _! relation to him2 b ?is e/imate is 
exact & positive1 & 9 x fancies &       
conv5tionalities h no %>e4  ,he values  
mo/ ^? ?+s t are mo/ useful to him2 &   
nev] deviat+ f ?is /&>d1 is n influ5c$  
by g5]al op9ion4  mile is indu/ri\s1    
temp]ate1 pati5t1 /eadfa/1 & full (     

c\rage4  ,8 imag9ation1 nev] ar\s$1 does
 n exagg]ate dang]s4 ,he feels few      
discom=ts1 & c be> pa9 ) =titude1       
because he has nev] le>n$ to cont5d )   
fate4  ,he does n yet "k exactly :at    
dea? is1 b1 accu/om$ to yield to ! law (
 necessity1 he w die :5 he mu/1 )\t a   
groan or a /ruggle4  ,nature c d no m at
 t mom5t abhorr$ by all4  ,to live free 
& to h little to d ) human affairs is ! 
be/ way ( le>n+ h[ to die4  ,9 a ^w1    
mile has e virtue :i* affects himself4  
,to h ! social virtues z well1 he only  
ne$s to "k ! relations :i* make !m      
necess>y2 & ?is k 8 m9d is ready to     
receive4  ,he consid]s himself          
indep5d5tly ( o!rs1 & is satisfi$ :5    
o!rs d n ?9k ( him at all4  ,he exacts  
no?+ f o!rs1 & nev] ?9ks ( ow+ any?+ to 
!m4  ,he is alone 9 human society1 &    
dep5ds solely ^u himself4  ,he has ! be/
 "r ( all to be indep5d5t1 = he is all t
 any "o c be at 8 age4  ,he has no      
errors b su* z a human be+ mu/ h2 no    
vices b ^? f :i* no "o c w>rant himself 

exempt4  ,he has a s\nd con/itution1    
active limbs1 a fair & unprejudic$ m9d1 
a he>t free & )\t passions4  ,self-love1
 ! fir/ & mo/ natural ( all1 has sc>cely
 manife/$ itself at all4  ,)\t di/urb+  
any "o's peace ( m9d he has l$ a happy1 
cont5t$ life1 z free z nature w all[4   
,d y ?9k a y\? :o has ?us atta9$ 8      
fifte5? ye> has lo/ ! ye>s t h gone     
be=e8    #a ,?is might be c>ri$ too f>1 
& is to be admitt$ ) "s res]vations4    
,ignorance is nev] alone2 its companions
 are always error & presumption4  ,no "o
 is s c]ta9 t he kn[s1 z he :o kn[s     
no?+2 & prejudice ( all k9ds is ! =m 9  
:i* our ignorance is clo!d4  #b ,!      
armill>y sph]e is a gr\p ( pa/ebo>d or  
copp] circles1 to illu/rate ! orbits ( !
 planets1 & _! position 9 relation to ! 
e>?1 :i* is repres5t$ by a small wood5  
ball4  #c ,! imag9>y circles trac$ on ! 
cele/ial sph]e1 & figur$ 9 ! armill>y   
sph]e by metallic circles1 are call$    
culures4  #d ,r\sseau "h in=ms 8 read]s 
t ev5 ^! reproa*es are expect$1 he hav+ 

dictat$ !m be=eh& to ! m\ntebank2 all   
?is sc5e has be5 arrang$ to deceive !   
*ild4  ,:at a ref9em5t ( artifice 9 ?is 
passionate lov] ( ! natural6